IMPROVEMENTS IN MANUFACTURING THE PRUSSIATE OF POTASH AND THE PRUSSIATE OF SODA, AND IMPROVEMENTS IN DYEING BLUE COLOURS WITHOUT INDIGO
Year: 1833

page_text: HENDRIKS' SPECIFICATION.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, HERMAN
HENDRIKS, of Dunkirk, in the Kingdom of France, but now of the Strand, in
the County of Middlesex, Gentleman, send greeting.
WHEREAS His present most Excellent Majesty King William the Fourth,
by His Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at
Westminster, the Nineteenth day of October, in the fourth year of His reign,
did, for Himself, His heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said
Herman Hendricks, His especial license, full power, sole privilege and autho-
rity, that I, the said Herman Hendriks, my exors, admors, and assigns, or
such others as I, the said Herman Hendriks, my executors, admors, or
assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and
at all times during the term of years therein expressed, should and lawfully
might make, use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and the Town
of Berwick-upon-Tweed, the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN MANUFACTURING
THE PRUSSIATE OF POTASH AND THE PRUSSIATE OF SODA, AND IMPROVEMENTS IN
DYEING BLUE COLOURS WITHOUT INDIGO," communicated to me by a certain
foreigner residing abroad; in which said Letters Patent is contained a proviso
that I, the said Herman Hendriks, shall cause a particular description of the
nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed,
to be inrolled in His said Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said in part
recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference being thereunto had,
will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Herman Hendriks, do hereby declare that the nature of the said Invention,

page_text: and the manner in which the same is to be performed, is described and
ascertained in the Plates or Plans annexed to these Presents, and the
following explanations thereof, that is to say :-
FIRST, AS TO THE IMPROVEMENTS IN MANUFACTURING THE PRUSSIATE OF
POTASH.
"
The Plates or Plans, Numbers 1 and 2, relate to those improvements, and
the following is a description of them :-
Figure 1, Woulff's apparatus:-A, tube by which the hydrogen and carbonic
acid gas escape; the former may be employed for lighting the premises, or any
other purpose; B, tubes, which conduct and distribute the ammoniacal gas
from the cylinder in the vessels E; C, tubes with stop-cocks, through which
water is to be poured into the vessels E; D, disk, pierced with round holes
for the purpose of dividing the ammoniacal gas, and to cause it to condense
in the water with greater facility; E, vessels, in which the ammoniacal gas
and the empyreumatic oil is condensed; U, cocks, to draw off the ammoniacal
liquids; F, tube, which conducts the gas into the first vessel E; M, calcining
cylinder; G, flanches, uniting the tube F with the branch tube from the
calcining cylinder; J, end supports of the agitator or machine, for stirring up
the matters submitted to calcination; H, fore part of the axis of the agitator; I,
front disk of the agitator with its pin; K, bars of iron, which pass through and
are secured in the axis of the agitator; N, fixed part of the disk; W, moveable
part of ditto; L, wedges to fasten ditto; O, pins or wedges upon the axis of the
agitator 7 ditto; D, hinges of the moveable part of the disk; 5, handles, by
taking hold of which the disk is drawn out of the cylinder; H, axis of the
agitator; P, pin, uniting the axis of the agitator with the forked end of the
hinder parts; Q, fork, uniting the fore and hinder parts of the agitator; 8,
prolongation of an axis, upon which a screw is placed; R, extension of the
cylinder; 9, pin, which secures the toothed wheel G upon the axis of a screw;
S, bars of the extended part of the cylinder; a, screwed bolts with nuts; T,
door of the prolonged piece of the cylinder; V, projecting piece entering the
groove 6; 6, groove, in which the projecting piece V enters; Z, oval piece of
iron to facilitate the junction of the door, and the prolongation piece of the
cylinder; 2, opening of a conical form on the side of the collar A; 3, staple or
circle, fixed on the door by bolts; 4, pression screw with cleats, armed with a
disk at the end for the purpose of pressing on the luting, and thus closing the
aperture; A, neck or collar; B, bars, in the form of the letter S, serving as
bolts to connect the neck of the ellongated piece or part of the cylinder with
the door T; K, stuffing box, closed with cement or lute; O, cement or lute;

page_text: D, friction wheels, under which the bolts S are placed; U, rings of the collar;
F, staples or guides of the bolts S; W, joints of the bolts; X, screw bolts,
uniting the two parts of the collar; Z, hinges of the door & holes to receive
studs inside the door, so that when the cylinder is turned it. may be equally
5 supported all around
Paw of the gares asperuunt on the List Ligure.
a, support of the agitator called the resting piece; b, key of the screw E
screw; c, round pins to affix to the resting place; d, support of the agitator;
F, broad toothed wheel, in which the toothed wheel of the agitator works;
G, toothed wheels acting on each other; H, supports of the wheels F;
I, handle fixed upon the axis of the broad toothed wheel.
Objects attached to or placed around the Furnace.
Figure 1. k, brick or stonework of the furnace, on which the cylinder is
placed; L, mouth of the furnace for supplying fuel; M, brick or stone
supports of the cylinder; N, bars of the furnace; 0, fire-place; P, ash-pit;
Q, aperture in the top of the furnace, to convey a current of heat under the
evaporating boiler; R, current of heat passing under boiler T; T, evaporating
boiler, & y, regulators of the heat of the combustibles; S, projecting pieces or
ledges below the boiler T, which enter grooves filled with sand; U, asperities
formed around the cylinder in casting it; V, tube leading from the boiler T
about four inches diameter instead of two, as designated in the Drawing.
Figure 2, carriage to receive the calcined products. A, funnel; B, tubes
for the escape of air or for the introduction of liquids; R, cock; C, ditto; D,
border or ledge; E, conical moulds, for the purpose of receiving the calcined
substances from the cylinder in a red hot state; S, bolts; H, carriage wheels;
K, axles; L, axis to raise the carriage.
Figure 3. A, crane; B, hooks, to support the agitator on its being with-
drawn from the cylinder; C, cog wheel; D, barrel, on which the cord of the
crane winds; O, handle.
Figure 4. A, vessel in which the calcined matter is steeped in water; B,
stays or bars with screwed nuts.
Figure 5, boiler. A, funnel, for introducing the calcined animal substances
after being moistened; B, tube immersed in the liquid contained in one of
the two vessels belonging to a Woulff's apparatus to be placed near the boiler;
but not represented in the Drawing; C, cock of the tube from the reservoir D;
D, reservoir of cast iron lined with lead, soldered from the lid V of the
boiler; E, a leaden inverted bell with screw and bolt; G, screw bolt, screwed
I
.

page_text: on the agitator to prevent the ammoniacal gas escaping by the agitator, and
thus forcing it to descend below the bell; V, lid; F, bevil wheels, for the
purpose of turning the agitator; Z, screws and bolts uniting the lid with the
boiler; H, pin to lift or raise the agitator :P, if it is stopped or impeded in its
movement by any sort of obstacle in the boiler; K, brace for supporting the
axis of the agitator; L, hooks of the chains to raise the lid by the loops I;
M, pulleys or tackle; N, bolts of the braces; I, loops; O, stems or axis of the
agitator; P, agitator; Q, conical pointed screw, on which the pivot of the
axis turns at the bottom; R, cock; S, mouth of the furnace; T, balastrade
of the stairs; X, cock on the pipe which conducts water or the weak solutions
of the prussiates into the boiler; J, flues of the boiler; 'U, stays, on which the
grate rests; W, bars of the grate; Y, ash-pit; these two are the same as in
ordinary furnaces.
Figures 6, 8, and 17, filters. The three filters are similar, therefore only
No. 6 is described. A, part of a grating made of iron wires attached to the
points L, on which grating a linen cloth is to be placed, in order that the
grating may support the entire weight of the matter placed on the filter; this
linen cloth must also be fastened to the points L, and be tightened by means
of the bolts B, against the padding I made of cloth; Z, moveable doors; B,
bolts; C, cocks; J, pail; S, stop.; E door, closed by bolts and keys; D, door
in the form of a horse shoe, screwed against the posts H; I, padding of cloth ;
F, gutter, which receives the liquid from the filters; G, pipe, to convey the
filtered liquid into the reservoir with a pump.
Figure 11. H, posts; L, points, to hook the linen and metallic grating;
M, braces; N, cross beams; K, cords supporting the gutter.
Figure 7. A, ordinary boiler, about six feet deep, placed over a furnace;
B, cock; C, cock, for the purpose of conveying water or the weak solutions of
the prussiates into the boiler; D, door of the furnace for supplying fuel.
Figure 9, strainer. A, upright posts; B, gutter; C, inclined planes; D,
braces, connecting the two inclined planes; E, grooves in the interior of the
strainer; F, cross bars, supporting the inclined planes; G, matting, surround-
ing the strainer for the passage of the liquid; R; cross beams.
Figure 10, wooden reservoir lined with lead, of which the bottom must be
placed higher than the boiler T; G, lead lining; H, reservoir; C, cock; 0,
pipe, which conveys the liquid to the boiler T; this pipe is pierced with holes
on the under part, which passes through the boiler T.
Figures 11, 13, 20, and 27. A reservoir lined with lead, about seven feet
deep, and sunk in the earth; B, wooden or any other kind of pump; C,.pipe
to convey the liquid to the reservoir, Figure 10; D, handle of the pump; E

page_text: stone foundations for the supports of the pump; F, supports and bolts of the
staple which hold the pump; G, lead lining in the inside of the reservoir;
H, reservoir; the other reservoirs with pumps placed in the ground are
nearly alike to the one just described.
Figures 12, 19, 25, and 26. A, crystallizing vessel or reservoir; B, cock;
E, foundation of stone or brick; G, lead lining; H, reservoir; to the last of
these Figures a cock is added, see O.
Figure 14, ordinary boiler of about three feet six inches in depth, placed
over a furnace to concentrate the solutions of potash. A, boiler; C, tube;
U, mouth of the furnace; E, chimney.
Figure 15, stove. A, door of the stove; B, grooves lined with sand, into
which, ledges L enter; C, cross pieces, on which the hurdles F are placed,
when filled with the calcined substances for the purpose of being dried; D, posts
or supports of the cross pieces; E, cross pieces supporting the hurdles; F,
hurdles.
'
Observation. It would be preferable to have the doors, posts, the cross
pieces, and hurdles,, either made of iron or of wood made fire proof by a
preparation of alum; G, handle of the door of the stove; L, ledge underneath
the door; R, flues;, & y, regulators of heat..
Figure 16, cast-iron vessel, in which the concentrated solution of potash
and the dry calcined substances are mixed. S, handles.
Figure 18, furnace with an ordinary boiler for the last crystallization of
the prussiates; this boiler should be about five feet in depth, and like the
crystallising vessel, No. 19, be placed apart or in a separate place from the works
to prevent the dust or smoke from entering, if this can be conveniently done.
P, boiler; Q, cock; V, door of the furnace for supplying fuel; S, chimney.
Figure 21, carriage or platform supporting the agitator 8, and the wheels
F and G, when it is determined on not. employing fixed supports, as in the
Plates or Plans, 1 and 2, Figure 1, and marked d, H. A, carriage or platform;
B, railway; C, upright post, fixed on each side of the rails; D, piece of iron
fixed in the middle of the rails to stop the wheels of the carriage against the
piece of iron D; E, wheels; F, axletrees; H, platform; G, large pins,
passing through the middle of the posts C, and fastening the wheels of the
carriage with the piece of iron D.
Figure 22, building about seven feet long, carefully closed, and in which the
calcined matter or substances are deposited. A, swinging gate or lid, placed
at one part of the breadth of the building ;. B, door, by which the calcined
matter is gradually withdrawn, for the purpose of being placed in the
damping vessel, Figure 4; C, hinges of the door; D, steps...

page_text: Figure 23.. Z, boiler, to concentrate the solution of muriate of ammonia.
Figure 28. A, pump; Z, cock; R, tubes.
Having described the Figures on Plates or Plans Numbers 1 and 2, I
now describe the Figure on Plate or Plan No. 2, B, as follows:-
A, square cast-iron plate belonging to the lengthening piece of the cylinder;
B, bolts to attach the same, which are placed in different directions so as to
serve when the cylinder is turned from one side to another, in consequence
of the lower part becoming worn from the effect of heat; C, fixed pieces with
pins on which the binges are slipped on and worked; D, hinges; E, latches
to close the door against the lengthening piece; F, lever to open or close the
same; G, inclined planes for the latches to work on; H, groove; I, part
entering the grove; J, door of the lengthening piece; K, toothed wheel fixed
on the stem of the agitator; L, front part of the agitator; M, connecting
joints of the first and second parts of the agitator; N, hinder part of the
agitator; O, pinion and its collar working the toothed wheel K; P, handle,
Q, plate to which the pinion is fixed; R, supports of the plate; S, tube
through which the first part of the agitator passes and turns; this tube must
be well fitted and adjusted to and with that part of the agitator, which turns
in it so as to fit exactly; T, opening with its pin through which the state of
calcination will be known by observing the smoke as hereafter described for
Plates or Plans Numbers 1 and 2; U, supports of the latches E; V, round
flanch of the cylinder with the lengthening piece; X, screw bolt and nut
fixed in the part N of the agitator to connect the disk Z with the scraper or
agitator a; Z, moveable disk which is to be put on and taken off the agitator
whenever the cylinder is to be charged and discharged;, a, scraper or agitator
acting on the interior of the cylinder and preventing the matter submitted to
calcination from adhering to the sides and for constantly agitating such
matter; b, disk fixed on the agitator with its scraper.
The following is the process or method of manufacturing the prussiate of
potash by means of the machinery and utensils figured as described in the
Plates or Plans Numbers 1 and 2:-The different vessels and apparatus
described in these plates or plans being erected and placed in a space
sufficiently large; make a mixture of equal parts by weight of the animal
substances and potash, (the less charged with sulphate the better,) having pre-
viously mixed with the potash about one part of scraps of cast or forged iron or
smith's scales, or one half part of calcothar (peroxide of iron,) or two parts
of red ochre containing little lime to fifty parts of the potash. The animal
substances may consist of dried blood, horn cuttings, horns, hoofs of animals,
hair, feathers, refuse woollen cloths, leather and leather cuttings, bones, and

page_text: in fact all other description of animal matter are more or less fit and proper
to form this mixture, however corrupt such animal matter may be. In cases
of necessity the excrements of animals (even those mixed with the litter) may
be employed in part, but in all such cases good animal matter must also be
added, and in such cases I recommend dried blood or hoofs or both in
preference to any others. Heat the cylinder M (by making a fire under it),
when the cylinder is heated to a low read heat, place the front disk I and its
pin on the fore part H of the axis of the agitator, bend the pin a little; after
having introduced it into the holes of the collar of the disk of the agitator,
place the agitator in the cylinder, so that the round pointed end H rests about
a foot on the support J, the cross bars K being placed horizontally in the
axis, then fix the hinder disk W on the agitator by means of the pins or
wedges 7, close it by means of the hinges D of the moveable part W of the
disk, then throw the before-mentioned mixture into the cylinder as quickly as
possible, (instead of the disk W, one may be used similar to that marked I, but
it must not be placed in the cylinder until after it has been charged with the
before-named mixture.) This done, remove such parts of the mixtures as
may remain behind the part of the disk N by means of a broom, raise the
parts W and N, place the pins O against the parts W and N ; lute the upper
groove 6 of the door of the cylinder, and the opening 2 of the screw 4 with
potters' earth mixed with hair to form a lute of a proper consistency. At the
same time the prolongation piece 8 of the agitator must be passed into the
stuffing box, and lute be stuffed all
roun the agitator as far as O. Ou
turning the door T on its hinges, the extending piece R will be reached, there
introduce the square end of the part H of the agitator into the fork Q of the
hinder part, place them so that the holes H and 8 come opposite to each
other, so as to pass the pin P through them, which piu must be bent a little
so that it may not fall out of those holes without force. That done, push the
door against the extending piece R, pass a lever in the ring U of the collar A,
and force them so that the parts R and T may be closely joined by means of
the bars and pieces marked B in the form of the letter S, which pass under-
neath friction rollers D, guided by the staples F. The projecting part V
enters the groove 6, and lutes the entrance to the cylinder, then.in:roduce
the wedges L of the stuffing box in the agitator 8, pass a lever in the ring U
of its collar A, press the cones or wedges L against the bottom 0 of the
stuffing box, (previously coating with lute in the manner also described) these
two parts of the different pieces. Put the screwed socket E upon the
agitator 8, raise the resting piece a of the support d, (see note 1,) put the two
pins C into the holes in the pieces a and d, pass the pin or key into the

page_text: space between the thread of the screw E, and place the toothed wheel G on
the agitator, the teeth of that wheel entering those of the broad wheel F; then
place the pin 9 into the hole at the end of the axis of the agitator, turn the
handle I affixed upon the axis of the wheel F, and thus continually stir up the
animal and other substances submitted to calcination in the closed cylinder,
(see note 2,) the gaseous products will be passed into the first vessel of
the Woulff's apparatus by means of the tube F, and afterwards (by means of
the tube B) into the other vessels E, such of these gaseous substances as are
condensible as the empryreumatic oil, and the ammoniacal gas will be con-
densed; the carbonate and hydrogen gas will escape by the tube A. When the
agitator has been made to traverse or work in the cylinder (by means of the
screw) a distance between two of the traverses or bars K, the workman who turns
the handle I must pass to the other side of the agitator, and turn the handle in
the same way; by this means the agitator will be worked in the reverse
direction at the first movement; when it arrives at the same distance, he must
again pass to the other side and proceed thus during the operation of calcining,
but more quickly than at the first turning; continue thus about an hour, and
then turn much more quickly, and when he finds less resistance in the interior
of the cylinder and that the movement is more easy, (and to this great
attention must be paid,) he must then turn very quick for about eight
or ten minutes, for then the substances are in general brought near to the
desired state of calcination. At this period he must open the aperture 2, and
if but little smoke is apparent, then the calcination has arrived at its proper
period. Then immediately proceed to discharge the cylinder thus :-Take out
the pin 9 of the wheel G, at the same time taking out those of the resting
piece a, the support d, and the screw (if the supports are used under the
carriage, Figure 21), then remove the carriage from underneath the extending
piece of the agitator, take off the screw E, unfasten the collar A of the stuffing
box, remove the wedges L, unfasten the collar A of the door and open it half
way, take out the pin P which unites the two parts of the agitator, open the
door entirely, and by means of crooked pieces of iron (which must be passed into
the handles 5 of the disk) draw the agitator out of the cylinder quickly, and
let the calcined matter fall into the connical moulds E of the carriage, Figure 2,
(see note 3,) placed under the extension of the cylinder R; in withdrawing
the agitator out of the cylinder, it must be held by the hooks B of the crane,
Figure 3. The agitator being withdrawn from the cylinder, the little calcined
matter which remains adhering to it must be removed by means of a brush
formed of small wires, and with an iron rake remove such of the calcined
matter from the cylinder as was not withdrawn by the front disk 1 of the

page_text: agitator. Take the carriage from under the extension of the cylinder and
immediately recharge the cylinder and proceed as in the first instance. The
calcined matter being cooled (it is preferable that it should not be thrown into
water until after it has become cool) convey it to the moistening vessel, Figure 4,
which must only contain water for the first moistening, and afterwards the
weak solutions of prussiate, arising from the washings of the calcined substances,
videlicet, about one quart to each pound of the calcined matter, stir with a
rake (from the bottom of the vessel) during the time the calcined substances.
are thrown into the solution, and continue to stir for some few minutes at
different intervals. After a few hours the calcined matter thus moistened.
must be put into the funnel A of the boiler of the steam vessel, Figure 5,
charge the boiler of this vessel to about three feet of its height, and then admit
water for the first process (and afterwards use the weak solutions in the
reservoir) raised by the pump, Figure 20, to about one foot of the lid. Things
being thus disposed; fill the reservoir D to about half its height with. a.
mixture of one part of sulphuric acid to ten parts of water. Screw the.
bell E on the axis G of the agitator until the lower part of it is about two:
inches from the bottom of the reservoir D, then place the tube B with its
cock open into the first vessel of a Woulff's apparatus, that is, into the first of
two vessels to be placed at a little distance from the boiler, Figure 5, fill the.
first one to about half its height with a solution of the muriate. of lime, which
should mark fifteen degrees of Beaume's areometer for salts, and in the second
vessel (left entirely open) put about as much water (as in the first one)
acidulated as in the reservoir D. Fire must then be placed under the boiler,
and the substances kept boiling for about one hour and a half, and during this
time the matter in the boiler must be continually stirred by means of a handle
fixed on the axis of one of the bevil wheels F, after this a linen cloth must be
spread over the grating A of the filter, Figure 6, and be fastened to the points
L, and be drawn tight against the padding I, between (the cock C being
closed) the doors D and Z, tightly fastened by the wedges B, the cutters
placed underneath the filters, and a second linen cloth be put between them
to receive the liquid which may proceed from the sides, and conduct it to the
gutter with the limpid filtered liquor. The bucket or pail P of the cock R
being placed at the end of the pipe of the boiler, and kept there by means of
the stop S; shut the cock of the pipe B, open the cocks V and R, taking care to
stir the agitator P briskly during the time the liquid and its deposit runs on the
filterer. The liquid being drawn off to the height of the cock R, close that cock
and recharge the boiler with fresh matter, and proceed as in the first instance:
When the liquid above the cock C of the filterer is clear, let it run into the

page_text: gutter by means of a moveable pipe suspended underneath the cock by a cord,
and which pipe may be lowered from one cock to another as required. The
calcined substances being sufficiently drained, take it off the filterer, and put it
into the boiler, Figure 7, where it must be boiled (the vessel remaining open)
the first time with water, and in the following processes with the weak solution
of the prussiate for about one hour, then let it fall into the filterer, Figure 8, by
means of the tube B. The calcined substances being drained is then to be
carried to the strainer, Figure 9, where it must be washed (to obtain the
weak solutions, of which mention has been made for boiling the calcined
substances), with hot water proceeding from the case of the carriage, Figure 2,
and which water must be raised up to the strainer by means of a pump or
otherwise. The use of water from the case is only ordered on account of
economy, it may be supplied by any other means. The prussiate waters of the
two boilings of the calcined matter being brought into one common solution
in the reservoir, Figure 10, by means of the pumps of the reservoir, Figure 11;
let it fall into the boiler T, Figure 1, by the cock C and pipe O. The
solution of the prussiate being concentrated into this boiler until it forms a
pellicle (see note 4) on the surface of the boiling liquid, open the cock in the
pipe V (which should be about four inches diameter instead of two), and the
solution will fall into the crystallizor, Figure 12. When the prussiate is
cryttallized and the solution cooled, open the cock B of the crystallizor,
Figure 12, break the crystals opposite to the tube, and the mother waters
will flow (that is to say, the solution of carbonate of potash) into the reser-
voir Figure 13, after which the crystals are to be thrown on the filterer,
Figure 17, to be drained, and the solution conducted (by the pump belonging
to the reservoir) to the boiler, Figure 14, for the purpose of being concen-
trated. When the calcined substances are washed and drained in order to
obtain the required weak waters, close the register Y and & of one of the stoves,
Figure 15. In order to direct the heat and smoke into the other stoves, place
the calcined substances on the hurdles F of the first stove, and when the
required number of hurdles are placed in it, shut the door A, of which the
projecting ledge L will enter into the groove B running all round and filled
with sand. Open the registers, and when the matters has become dry, shut
them again and take out the hurdles. Having concentrated the solution of
potash in the boiler, Figure 14, until it precipitates a sufficient quantity of its
carbonates, the calcined matter being dry and as hot as possible, is to be carried
to the vessel, Figure 16, placed close to the boiler 14, which is to be filled
about one-third, add to it (by portions, and that continually) the solution of
boiling concentrated potash, mix the calcined matter with the potash as equally

page_text: and quickly as possible. The liquid must be added until the calcined matter
becomes cool, and so on for the succeeding operations. The mixture is sub-
mitted either in its humid or dry state to calcination, in the same manner as
a mixture formed with fresh animal matter and potash, nevertheless, a small
quantity of any animal substance may be added for the first operation, but
not to exceed one-fiftieth part in weight of the mixture, and one-tenth part
for the second operation, and which second operation is the last one, generally
speaking. As regards the potash from the mother waters, it will serve for an
indefinite number of operations, until the whole is converted into prussiate ;
but previously to that mother waters will have become almost entirely in the
state of subcarbonate and bicarbonate of potash. To clear them of those salts
they may from time to time be crystallized, and the crystals be employed
for such purposes as may be desired, or they may be decarbonated by
calcination.
Second crystallization.-Saturate boiling water with the prussiate of potash
of the first crystallization in the boiler 18, this will be afterwards discharged
to the crystallisor, Figure 19. The solution being in the crystallisor, suspend
small lead weights by means of pack thread attached to sticks placed across
the vessel, for the purpose of obtaining the masses of crystals, and to procure
them more clearly and larger it will be
crystallizing from cooling too suddenly.
take out the crystals, let them dry, and
waters are to be concentrated to obtain fresh crystals.
necessary to prevent the liquid in
The crystallization being finished,
they are fit for use. The mother
Notes referred to by the Figures within Brackets in the foregoing Description.
Note (1). When it is required to render the supports d, II, (and their
accessories) moveable, the carriage A, Figure 21, must be employed, which
carries its own supports on its platform H. This carriage must be rolled on
the rails lines B (affixed in the ground). The resting piece a is moveable,
and also its supports; but when it is desired to render it fixed and to form it
into only one piece with its posts, the carriage ought to be on the rails W.
Note (2).This system of agitating the matter in the cylinder may be
employed without forcing the gaseous and volatile substances to traverse a
liquid. In that case the tube F must be conducted underneath the fire-place
of the furnace, in order that these offensive products may be burnt, or -the
tube may be prolonged, so that the opening enters the chimney or otherwise.
This last method may, above all, be employed for the second calcination, which
produces very little of these volatile or gaseous substances.
Note (3). The case of the carriage must be filled with cold water (by

page_text: means of the pump, Figure 28,) and be placed under the prolongation R, the
funnel A being removed after the cylinder has been recharged. The water
must be drawn off from the case of the carriage by the cock C, and be then
refilled with cold-water before another calcination is ready, and again drawn
off from the case; close the cocks R, C, take hold of the carriage at the
point L, by the stocks B of the crane, Figure 3, and then raise the carriage
to a convenient height and turn it over. The calcined matter will then fall
out of the cones E, and be carried to the room, Figure 22.
Note (4). The formation of pellicle is not always to be regarded as a sure
sign of perfect concentration and fit state for crystallization. The carbonated
salts may vary in this respect considerably, therefore it is recommended before
putting the matter into the crystallizor, to take a little of the solution, cool it
quickly, filter it, saturate the excess of potash, add to it a little weak solution
of the per salt of iron, and if the filtered liquid precipitate a blue substance,
the solution bas not yet attained the desired point; on the contrary, if it does
not produce this precipitate or in very small quantities, the work is complete.
General Observations.
Great advantages will arise if the divers reservoirs, the Woullfe's apparatus,
and all others in the manufactory, the pumps and filterers, are made of metal
(cast iron in preference to all others), as those constructed with wood do not
answer quite so well. Each workman should be exercised in the mode of
charging and discharging the cylinder, so that the work may be carried on
regularly and rapidly, because it is important to ensure perfect success in the
operation, that the calcined matter should be withdrawn from the cylinder as
soon as it has arrived at the proper point. It may therefore be necessary to
repeat, that from the moment the screw of the agitator is taken out until the
whole of the calcined matter is withdrawn from the cylinder, the greatest
possible celerity is necessary to be maintained; and the same observation
applies to charging the cylinders, so that the materials remain as short a time
as possible without being agitated. The calcined matter on being withdrawn
from the cylinder should be of a clammy nature, somewhat like the mortar
generally used by masons. If, notwithstanding this state of fluidity, small or
trifling appearances of smoke should proceed from it (and which will be
ascertained by opening 2), the calcination will nevertheless be complete. This
fluidity will never take place if a sufficient quantity of potash has not been
added; therefore care should be taken to apply rather an excess of alkali,
because such part of it which is not converted into prussiate will not be lost;
the precise quantity can only be ascertained by experience. The work of

page_text: calcination once commenced, should be continued night and day for the sake
of economy, and conducted in the same manner, with this only difference:
when the mixture is made of animal substances, which have been already
employed, the operation is more prompt, and in general it will not be neces-
sary to add any, or at most only at times, a small quantity of the ferruginous
substances. It is important that all the substances should be kept in metal
or stone vessels in preference to wooden ones, which in general do not answer
as well. Every reservoir sunk in the ground should have a pump, which
ought to be of metal, although wooden ones have been spoken of. The lining
of the piston should be of hemp, and in place of the hinge of the clapper, let
a band be put made of several pieces of strong linen. The pump may be
supported by a staple or any other means, and be sufficiently raised from the
bottom of the reservoirs to prevent any part of the deposit from being drawn
off; this deposit must be drawn from time to time. The leading pipes of the
pump must be placed sufficiently high to allow the liquid to be conducted to
the desired vessel by means of pipes or channels, because the liquids can be
transported infinitely more quickly and without the waste occasioned by trans-
porting them by hand. The reservoirs, Figures 11, 13, 20, and 27, and those
Figures 10, 12, 19, 25, and 26, should be about seven feet high; the first one

page_text: in the two vessels of a Woulffe apparatus near the boiler, Figure 5, it is only
necessary to collect, and to sublime it to obtain the salt in its ordinary form:
The foregoing relates to the employment of the cylinder and other apparatus;
vessels, &c., as represented in plates or plans Nos. 1 and 2. The mode of
charging and discharging the cylinder represented in plate or plan No. 2 B is
as follows: Place the hinder disk and the agitator in the cylinder, charge it
with the same mixture as has already been described for the other cylinder, put
on the front disk, lute the groove II with mastic, close the opening T and the
door by means of the latches, and immediately work the agitator by the wheel
and pinion, and continue turning for two hours or until the operation of
calcining is completed; this will be ascertained by taking out the pin T, and if
but little smoke is apparent, draw out the calcined matter by the agitator and
hinder disk, let it fall in an iron vessel, which should be closely covered until
the matter has cooled to prevent the atmospheric air from entering.
SECONDLY, AS TO THE PROCESS OR IMPROVED MANUFACTURE OF THE
PRUSSIATE OF SODA.
The manufacture of this salt is carried on in the same vessels, utensils,
cylinder, &c., as are used for the manufacture of the prussiate of potash, and
the materials, proportions, and processes are the same, only substituting soda
for potash. The prussiate of soda possesses only one disadvantage, that is to
say, it carbonates more quickly than potash. The advantages which it offers
are as follows:-
First, the very low price of artificial soda when purified, compared with
potash; second, this soda does not produce the hydro-sulphurets by calcination,
as is the case, more or less, with all potashes, in consequence of which, the
muriates of iron, for example, made with the scales of iron in order to have
the oxide in a state of hydrate may be added to the water, or the weak
solutions of potash (if desired), before the calcined product is thrown into it;
third, the artificial soda is the produce of our soil and our industry, whereas
potash is of foreign manufacture. It may here be necessary to observe, that
in the arrangement of the system of apparatus or objects already described,
such changes may be made in their disposition or in the building, as the
proprietor or operator may desire or fancy, so that those changes do not alter
the system or mode of operating, for it must be observed that the distribution
indicated in the plates or plans are nearly in the order in which the work is
carried on. The same remark applies to distances between each object, for it
is not absolutely necessary to preserve them, as indicated in the said plates
or plans; in fact, if circumstances will permit it, from the locality of the.

page_text: THIRDLY, AS TO THE IMPROVEMENTS IN DYEING BLUE COLOURS WITHOUT
INDIGO.
The plates or plans Nos. 4 to 10 exhihit these improvements as far as
relates to the machinery utensils, vessels, &c., employed in dyeing, and the
following is a description of the figures in such plates
or
plans.
For Mordanting and Dyeing Wool in the Flock or Fleece. Plate or Plan
Νο. 4.
Figure 1 A, vessels or vats, of a round, cylindrical, or conical form (note 47),
in which the baths are prepared (note 48); B, an open vessel or stove, into which
a current of warm air is conducted (note 49), to oxiginate the proto-oxide of
iron; C, stand or frame, on which the vessel a is to be placed; D, principal
steam pipe; E, the tube with cocks, for the purpose of conducting steam into
each vessel; F, tubes with a cock, carried round the interior of the vessels,
for the purpose of heating the liquids by steam, but without conveying water
into them; G, battens nailed inside the vessels, and entering into grooves on
the outside, to prevent its coming into contact with the tube E; H, tubes
joined together, for conducting warm air; I, cocks at the bottoms of the
vessels, for drawing off the liquids; K, posts surrounding the stoves, over
which a coarse woollen cloth is to be nailed, for the purpose of coating and
keeping them warm, at the same time leaving a free passage for the humidity
to escape; L, the cover or frame of the last vessel, to which a woollen cloth
is nailed, as to posts K, for the purpose of closing the stove at the upper part
(note 50); M, stays or posts to keep the stove open; O, tubes for the purposé
of conducting water into the different vessels; P, staging round the vessels';
Q, the stairs; R, crane for conveying the vessel with the wool in it from one
vessel to another; N, principal tube, for supplying the vessels with water;
S, extending piece of the crane, to convey the vessel d outside of the circle
in which the vessels are placed; T, paul; V, cord, which rolls round the
windlass, with hooks at the end to take hold of the vessel d; X, handle of
the pinion; Y, handle of the pinion, which acts in the wheel bearing the
chain, which causes the extending piece to advance or recede by means of
the pinion Z; Z, pinion in the iron rack, working on friction rollers under-

page_text: neath it; & rack fixed on the piece s,
with pins working on the pinion;
a, staples, through which the piece S passes; b, friction rollers; d, vessel
pierced with holes all round and at the bottom; e, strong cast-iron hoop or
ring, the weight of which causes the vessel d to descend to the bottom of the
other vessels; f, loops on the hoop, by which the vessel is raised and lowered
into the baths; g, pipe with a screw at one end, the other end pointed and
pierced with sinall holes for the warm air to pass through from a pipe at its
extremity; h, pipe proceeding from the bellows, the screwed joint of which
is occasionally fitted to the pipe g; k, bellows; e, slings to work the same.
Figure 2 A, vessel of an eliptic form, containing the bath No. 4. B, cock
to draw off the liquid; C, pipe to conduct steam to warm the bath; D, vessel
in which the wool intended to be dyed is placed; E, axes on which the
vessel D is hung; F, support of the axes; G, moveable bottom with hinges
at the bottom of the vessel; H, bolt or pin to close the same, by entering into
one of the hinges; I, pipe, composed of two parts, fixed to the bottom G, the
lower part of which is moveable, and descends to nearly the bottom of the
vessel A; J, pipe fixed inside the vessel D, and passing through the lid N,
having an adjusting piece S; L, pump, the suction pipe of which descends to
nearly the bottom of vessel A; this pump is fixed to one of the posts F, for
the purpose of raising the liquid to the vessel D; M, pipe, connected with
that marked J; N, lid of the vessel, with its hinges; P, pipe and screwed
junction box, for conveying warm air into vessel D; Q, stairs; R, pump
handle; S, moveable part of that pipe J.
Figure 3: A, vessel in which the protosalts of iron are prepared.
B, vessel, in the shape of an inverted bell, with a cover at top for the
purpose of confining the hydrogen gas, which may be employed for any
required purpose; C, vessel, with a cock at the bottom; D, cock for con-
veying the liquid from A to C; E, pump, the suction pipe descending to the
bottom of vessel C, against which it is fixed, for the purpose of raising
the liquid, and causing it to enter the vessel B, Figure 1; F, branches, pierced
with a hole in each, into which two triangles pass, which are fixed to vessel A
to guide the vessel B; G, case pierced with holes, and suspended by four
cords tied to wooden pins fixed to the lid or cover of B; in this vessel or
case iron is put with acids, for the purpose of making the protosalt of iron.
H, air tube, with a cock; I, loops to raise G; J, tube to heat the liquid to
about 60 degrees Fahrenheit, when it is desired to saturate the protosalt more
promply before letting the solutions fall into vessel C; this tube may be
placed at the bottom, if more convenient; K, tube by which the hydrogen
gas escapes or is conveyed away.

page_text: Figure 4: the wool harpoon. A, sheaths of the hooks; B, iron bar, to
which the springs are attached; C, springs for the purpose of drawing out
the hooks, and raising the wool; D, apertures in the sheath for the passage
of the hooks and action of the springs; E, guiding screw, passing through
an aperture in the sheath into the bar B, by which the apertures are brought
opposite the springs; F, handles to raise or lower the sheath.
Plates or Plans, Nos. 5 and 6. For Mordanting Stuffs, Cloths, &c. in the Piece.
Elevation of the Lines A and B.
A, vessels, supposed of cast iron, in which the baths are formed; B, roller
on which the cord N is coiled, to which cord the cloth, &c., is attached, in order.
that it may be passed into and out of the baths, and over the rollers and
pressing cylinders by means of the cord N of the roller C, which takes hold
of the cloth placed in the frame; C, roller, to repass the cloth when tightened
with the cord under the rollers in the bath, whence the cloth is again raised;
D, handles of rollers B and C; E, open frame, in which the cloth, stuffs, &c.
are deposited in folds, to be passed into the baths; F, cloth; G, fluted rollers,
of which the lower one bears a wheel, to carry the Vaucanson chain, and a
stud is also fixed to this wheel to give movement to the handle of the bellows,
section C, D; the upper roller moves in upright grooves; H, roller to
support the stuffs, cloths, &c.; I, roller; J, pressing screw, bringing together
and separating roller S; k, arms and bars of the wheels, for the purpose of
striking the cloth, and facilitating its imbibing the liquid; these arms or bars
extend nearly the whole length of the rollers; L, cog wheel working in that
marked M, which has cogs and double wheels, which receive the commanding
chain T, and is acted on by the chain Q, with the wheel placed on the axle of the
roller N, which roller has on one side of its axle.a wheel which is worked
by the chain Q; O, arms and bars of the wheels fastened on the disks P
(these arms may be made of wood) under which the cloth passes; P, disks,
supposed of wood, and four in number, placed at equal distances along the
rollers R, which guide the cloth in a straight line between the pressing rollers
S (note 51); Q, Vaucanson actuating chains working in cog wheels affixed
on the rollers I and M; T, chains; V, main steam pipe; U, tube conducting
the steam into the different vessels; X, tube placed round the interior of the
different vessels to heat the bath by the simple beat of the steam without
condensing it in the liquid. The excess of this steam escapes by the tube §,
or it may be allowed to enter the baths (suppose No. 5) as is done with the
excess of steam proceeding from the bath No. 4; Y, tube to conduct hot air
into the stove; Z, cocks to draw off the liquid from the vessels; & tube, by

page_text: which the excess of steam escapes after having traversed the pipe X; a, tube
to conduct steam into the cylinder; b, fluted roller with pressing screw to
bring together or separate the rollers d; d, fluted roller with a small wheel ;
e, small chain wheel; f, ditto; g, chain working on the wheels e and f;
h, stud fixed in the face of the wheel f, producing an eccentric movement of
the part i, having a groove in which the stud works, which causes an upward
and downward movement to the sheath j, which has a bar across it, over
which the cloth passes in order that it may fall into the frame; k, frame in
which the cloth falls in folds; l, roller for similar purposes as roller b; m,
instrument holder or tool for stretching or tightening the cloth; this tool is
attached to two pieces 1 and 2; n, half flat iron bar pierced with holes;
p, iron bar, also half flat, on which points are fixed which enter into the
bar n; q, cords which divide 1 and 2 (about 40 inches long) proceeding from
the division to their extremities, always augmenting in size so that the
extremity is larger than the thickness of the bars n and p united. These bars
are to be fastened together with packthread at the point 7. The fluted and
pressing cylinders are gradually separated by the passage of 1
and 2, n and p,
r, frame in which the pressing screw J is fixed; s, braces in which the
axis of the moveable pressing rollers S and 6 work; t, axis of the moveable
pressing roller; v, screw bolts to fix the frame on the edge of the vessels.
Detail of a System which may be used instead of the Pressing Screw J of the
Rollers S.
a, spring pressing against the axis, which then passes the carriage of the 2
moveable roller; W, support on which the axis of the roller works; X,
staples in which the base of the springs are fastened; Y, screw to fix the
springs according to their elastic force in order that they may exercise a
sufficient pressure on the axis of the cylinder.
Elevation of the line C, D, of the plan A, B, plate or plan No. 4. A, &
bellows B, handle which passes through a loop on the rod c, with an
adjusting screw at one of its ends to act in the handle B, the other end
having a loop in which the stud acts, which is fixed on the wheel of the
roller G, which acts by the movement it receives from the chain T, and puts
the bellows in motion, or which may be moved in any other manner; P,
stud on the roller G, receiving from the latter an eccentric movement; D,
bellows pipe conducting air into the pipe Y, which air must be heated pre-

page_text: viously to its introduction into the stove I; E, rollers to prevent the cloth from
coming into contact with the planks; F, cloth stuffs, &c.; G, pipe pearced
with holes in one side lengthways for the passage of warm air proceeding
from the pipe Y; H, cylinder in which steam passes to warm the stove I for
oxiginating the protoxide of iron; J, fluted rollers between which the cloth
passes; the one placed uppermost turns in a groove placed upright; K,
rollers to guide the cloth; L, rollers to support ditto; O, fluted rollers
between which the cloth passes; Q, partition which separates the cloth which
ascends from that which descends, in order that the latter may be as little
moistened or wetted as possible on entering bath No. 7; S, framework
covering the stove under the roof, on which a thick coarse woollen cloth is
to be nailed, in order to leave a free passage for the humidity or steam to
pass which proceeds from the water in the cloth, &c., and a similar covering
may be placed over the stove with an openwork covering, for example, like
Vor the roof of a glasshouse tannery be

page_text: Figure 4, frame or apparatus to receive the skeins. A, frame; C, ring to
raise the same; D, handle of the pinion which actuates the cog wheels E on
the rollers; G, upper fluted roller, which passes through the skeins and keeps
them stretched or expanded; J, skeins; K, bar into which the stop and
suspension screws are secured; L, stop and suspension screws; M, metal cup
inserted into the rollers in which the ends of the stop and suspension screws
are introduced; N, bar to support the axis of the roller H; O, chain, which
works on a windlass, and causes the bar N to ascend or descend; P, windlass;
Q, axis of ditto; S, Vaucanson chain to put the windlass P into motion; T, bar
which supports the axis of the rollers (lower) passing between the skeins, and
keeping them extended; this roller must be charged with lead or iron in its
interior, in order to give it weight; R, handle of the axis of the windlass;
V, pressing screw to bring the bar T forward, and to fasten it under the axis
of the rollers G; X, supports of the windlass and the small wheels; U, bar
traversing the frame A to prevent the skeins from coming in contact with the
axis of the rollers G and H.
Figure 5, bellows. A, tube; B, handle. Reference number, note 1.
The vats may be made in other forms instead of oblong square, for instance,
oval or round (note No. 2), such of the vats as are not intended to contain
acid liquids may be made of metal, but those ones are only recommended for
economy or convenience (note No. 3). The air may be warmed by steam
proceeding from water (or any other desired or convenient mode), for example,
from a cylinder placed by the side of a furnace constructed between the bellows
the stor
Figure 1: A, vessels or vats, of an oblong or eliptic form, in which the baths
are prepared; B, tube, supported on stays and running round the interior of
the vessels C, into which high-pressure steam passes and is raised up the sides
of one of the vessels, and enters the adjoining ones; C, vats, into which steam
passes to warm the baths without being condensed in them; D, clamps to
strengthen and support the vats and stove; G, main steam pipe; H, tubes
conveying steam to heat the liquids; I, cocks of the tubes H and B; K, tube
with a cock to convey hot air; L, cocks at the bottom of the vessels and stove
to draw off the liquids; M, stove; N, cylinder, through which steam passes to
heat the stoves. The excess of this vapour and the condensed water is passed
into the neighbouring vessel; O, rails on which the carriage (Figure 4) is
rolled; this carriage contains the cloth intended to be placed in the stove.

page_text: P, bolts and keys to close the door by which the carriage enters the stove;:
Q, lid or door at the upper part of the stove, by which the cloth is lowered
when hooked to the frame (Figure 6); R, posts to support the doors or lids
when open; S, main pipe to convey water into the vessels; T, moveable pipes,
with cocks to conduct the water into the different vessels; V, planks or stage;
U, stairs.
Figure 2: X, crane; Y, handle of the pinion acting on the cog wheels of
the double windlass; Z, handle of the pinion acting on the intermediate wheel,
which advances a second one affixed to the barrel on which the chain acts, so.
as to extend or withdraw the lengthening piece of the crane; &, windlass divided
into two compartments with a cord for each division, one of which cords rolls
about whilst the other unrolls on the other division; A, paul to stop the crane;
B, cord; C, lengthening piece; D, iron-toothed rack, fixed on the lengthening
piece; F, pinion working into the rack; G, friction rollers, on which the
lengthening piece traverses; H, rollers over which the cord of the crane
passes; I, guiding roller facilitating the separation of the cords of the crain;
K, rings of the cords; L, iron bar to separate the cords when the frames (B
and G, Figure 6) are suspended; M, hooks to lay hold of the frame in which
the cloths are, placed for the purpose of being placed in the baths.
Figure 3: A, bellows; B, handle of ditto.
Figure 4: A, stove; B, rails on which the carriage C is rolled; C, carriage
on wheels, in which the frames containing the cloth are placed; D, frame
containing the cloth; E, tenters, with points to lay hold of the cloth;
G, points to which the cloth is hooked; H, scrowls or screwed nuts to stretch
the cloth when hooked to the points G; I, scroll to loosen the cloth; J, crutch
or fork placed at the angles of the carriage to receive the hooked part K of
the frame D; K, hooked part of the frame; L, screw bolt with a nut con-
necting the braces of the frame; M, screw coupling box, which is passed into
the part P to be screwed on the nut L, and keep the frame properly suspended
in order that a free passage may be left underneath to hook the cloth;
N, hooked part to take hold of the frame by the hooks of the crane; O, braces
of the frame; P, piece of iron to be fixed to the plate which supports the
coupling box; Q, reservoir; R, cock to empty the reservoir; S, door, closed
by bolts and pins; T, bolts and pins; V, tube; U, ditto, producing a cir-
culation of air; Y, moveable doors at the upper part of the stove; Z, props to.
support the doors when open; F, directors of the current of air.
Figure 5: A, bellows; B, handle of ditto.
Figure 6: A, vessels or vats to receive the frames B and Q, which convey
the cloths into the baths: B. unner frame which support the cloth: C. screwed

page_text: bars, on which are placed four screwed nuts, two to stretch and two to relax the
cloth; D, screwed nuts to stretch the cloth; E, ditto to relax ditto; F, pieces
with cleats to relax the cloth; G, hooks to hook ditto; I, shields separating
the hooks; J, bar on which the screwed hooks are slipped, and to which
screws the cloth is spread to prevent its losing its perpendicular state; K,
bars upon which the screws rest when their points are directed upwards;
M, loops to raise the frames B and Q after the cloth is hooked; N, pieces
supposed of copper, pierced with a hole in order that a cord may be passed
through each one, the remainder of which cord passes through a moveable
shield; these pieces are screwed on their circumference to take hold of the
framework which they traverse; O, handles to the upper part of the pieces N;
P, hooked parts of the arms of the frames to rest them on the edges of the
vessels; Q, lower frame varnished and enveloped in cloth; R, hole through
which the cord S passes; S, cord traversing the list of the cloth formed into
several folds; T, small round glass bodies which are placed between the folds
of the cloth to prevent their touching each other; V, holes through which the
cords of the part N of the frame D are passed; these four cords (of which one
is at each end or angle of the frame) support the lower frame when it is
placed lowermost, and the frame B when the one Q is placed uppermost, as
explained in the process of dyeing or conducting the operations; U, screwed
nuts binding the braces ✗ together; ✗, cross braces of the frame; Y,
coupling box with screwed nut passed into the piece Z, to which piece the
frame is suspended during the time the cloth is being hooked; &, cords which
unite the frames B and Q.
The following is the Description of Improved Method or Methods of Dyeing
Blue Colours without Indigo, and of the Baths, &c. employed therein.
Baths. Acid bath, No. 1.-This bath is composed of one part of muriatic
acid of ordinary strength (note No. 2, at the end of the description of baths),
and about fifty parts of water, and to be employed (the bath) at a temperature
of from 77° to 100° Fahrenheit, or thereabouts.
Alkaline bath, No. 2, composed of one part of carbonate of soda to a
hundred parts of water; this bath to be employed at about 77° to 100°
Fahrenheit.
Alkaline bath, No. 3 (note 6), to be composed of carbonate of soda, and of
three degrees, specific gravity, of Beaume's areometer for salts; the bath to
be employed either cold or at about 77 to 100 degrees of Fahrenheit, as will
be stated hereafter.
Ferruginous bath, No. 4.-All that is stated as regards this bath as

page_text: regards its composition (except as regards its specific gravity), is to be under-
stood as applying also to the other baths formed of the protoxide of iron, such
as baths Nos. 5 and 10, in every instance where the contrary is not mentioned.
This bath is composed of the protosalt of iron (note 7); as, for instance,
the neutral proto-muriate (note 8), about six degrees of the areometer, and
to be employed at about 144 to 167 degrees of Fahrenheit.
Protoxided ferruginous bath, No. 5. To be formed with a protosalt of
iron (as the proto-muriate), of little specific gravity, which may be so trifling
as to be nearly insensible to the areometer (note 10); to be employed at
about 144° to 167° Fahrenheit.
Alkaline bath, No. 6, is prepared with an alkali; for instance, one part
of carbonate of soda to about one hundred parts of water; this bath is the
same as No. 2, and is to be employed at the same degree of heat. The one
or the other of these baths are ordinarily made of the bath No. 3, become
spent, and more or less improper for the purpose for which it was originally
formed, and this will do away with the necessity of employing fresh carbonate
of soda.
Carbonate saponaceous bath, No. 7, composed of soap, for example,
neutralized (note 12), of the specific gravity of about a quarter of a degree of
the areometer, and to be employed at 190° to 212° Fahrenheit, or there-
abouts.
Prussiate bath, No. 8. To be made with prussiate of potash (note 13)
and muriatic acid (note 14), in such proportions as may be required to vary
the degree of colour which is required to be given to the substance intended
to be dyed, and to be employed at 122° to 144° Fahrenheit, or thereabouts.
Prussiate bath, No. 9, to be used according to circumstances, as will be
hereafter pointed out. This bath is to be formed with the same prussiates
which have been spoken of (in note 13) in reference to bath No. 8, and to
mark about one degree of the areometer, and to be employed at about 120° to
144° Fahrenheit.
Protoxided ferruginous bath, No. 10.-This bath is made with the proto-
muriate of iron (note 15) at about four degrees of the areometer. for salts,
and to be employed at about 190° to 212° Fahrenheit..
Peroxidated ferruginous bath, No. 11, composed of any of the persalts
of iron at about a quarter of a degree of the areometer.
I will suppose it
made with the permuriate of iron which has been oxiginated; for example,
with the chloride of lime (note 17). This bath is to be employed at about
122° to 144° of Fahrenheit.
Acid bath, No. 12, formed of water slightly acidulated with muriate-or

page_text: any other acid which will be found equally good, except nitric acid, which
gives the wool a yellow tinge; to be employed at about 144 to 167 degrees.
Ammoniacal bath, No. 13.-This bath is made of liquid ammonia, to be
employed in the proportions varying according to the colour required to be
given to the cloth, but in general in the following proportions, videlicit, one
part of the ammonia in volume to two hundred parts of water. This bath is
generally used at the ordinary temperature, either to saturate the excess of
acid in the cloth, or to regulate, augment, or diminish the intensity of the
blue.
Aluminous or tin bath, No. 14, to be made either with the muriates of
alumine or tin, (at about a quarter of a degree of the areometer or even a
Jittle less), and water charged with an earthy carbonate, such as lime, &c.; to
be employed at 112° to 144° Fahrenheit.
Red bath, No. 15.-This bath is made with madder (note 22) by the
ordinary method; but before employing the bath it should be slightly acidulated
by means of boracic acid (note 23); this bath to be employed at 190° to 212°
Fahrenheit. The different vessels (note 25) in which the baths Nos. 1, 2, 5,,
6, 7, 12, 14, and 15 are formed, should have an overflow pipe sufficiently
large to prevent the liquid from running over elsewhere.
Hot stove bath, No. 16.-A temperature about 122 to 144 degrees will
generally produce the same action on metallic colourants as a liquid bath, for
example, when a current of warm air (note 49) has been introduced on the
textile substances, either when they contain a protoxide of iron which passes to
a higher state of oxigination, or when the said textile substances are impreg-
nated with a protosalt of iron, which is decomposed by the super deoxigination
according to the understanding or generally received principle, that the blue
prussiate of iron is a white prussiate of iron obtained by decomposing an
alkaline prussiate by a protosalt of iron, which is a perhydrocyanate, or
that the blue colour is a cyanuret of iron, or either the one or the other,
therefore whenever the fabrics or other substances are in either of these three
conditions, and when they are exposed to a current of air peculiar to this
operation, which is called the hot stove bath, and which is to be employed at
about 122° to 144° Fahrenheit.
Ammoniacal bath, No. 17.-The exposure of the cloth or other textile
substances or matters dyed by the prussiate of iron to an ammoniacal bath
(vapour or liquid), gives to the prussiate of iron an intensity of colour and
fastness, depending on the quantity of colouring matter itself. This bath may
be used at the ordinary temperature.
Acid vapour bath, No. 18.-The exposure of the different substances or

page_text: matters dyed by the prussiate of iron to an acid bath, either sulphuric, muriatic,
acetic, &c., causes the intensity of colour produced by the ammoniacal vapour
by soap, &c., to lower or become of less intensity. This bath may be employed
at an ordinary temperature, or from that to any other approaching to 167° to
190° Fahrenheit, in cases when so desired.
The baths 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, and 12 are of very little value, and may be
continued in use for about fifteen days, or much longer if they are constantly
(or nearly so) employed. The bath No. 3 will be serviceable for about a
month if the wools are well freed from grease, and washed before being
submitted to this bath; under all circumstances it will be quite fit for use until
it becomes soapy and dirty, in that case those quantities would appear on the
wools on being taken out of the bath No. 5 in this state; No. 3 must be
considered as waste. The bath No. 4 should indicate about four or five
degrees of the areometer for salts, having become alkalined by simple or
double decomposition of a ferruginous salt indicating from five to six degrees,
that is to say, indicating in the whole ten or eleven degrees of the areometer
for acids before it becomes spent; in that case it may be employed, if desired,
to form the bath No. 10, or above all others, that of. No. 11; bath No. 8 will
serve for eight or ten operations for cloths in the piece or wool in skeins, or.
other substances; this difference arises only from the circumstance of being
enabled to put more of the prussiate of potash in the bath when operating on
the former article, as a less quantity of wool can be placed in the vessel than
when operating on the latter, which would absorb a much larger proportion of
the prussiate. The prussiate bath No. 9 is never to be thrown away, what-
ever may be its specific gravity; it will always serve to form the bath No. 8
on adding acid to it. If it be too strong of prussiate of potash add water, if,
too weak add prussiate. Bath No. 13 will serve for twenty or thirty operations,.
and after that will be serviceable in forming the bath No. 8, instead of
employing water and the prussiate of potash; as regards the other baths it
may be generally said that they continue useful for the same time as baths in
ordinary use among dyers; nevertheless, it may be but reasonable to state that
as they are not so likely to become agitated or unsettled as common baths,
their useful qualities may be calculated on for a longer period. The baths
should consist of about the same volume of liquid, except No. 8; the vessel.
which contains it may, for economy's sake, be smaller, say, only sufficiently
large to admit the vessel containing the wool, &c., whenever a bath is mentioned.
it is presumed that it is in the state pointed out and fit for use, then it will be.
found fit for all descriptions of substances, but should any change be necessary.
it will be pointed out.

page_text: Notes referred to respecting the Baths.
(Note 2), almost all the acids or acid salts are fit for the formation of thi
bath. (Note 6), soda, potash, or ammonia, either caustic or carbonated, are
fit for the formation of this bath; but the carbonates are preferable as well a
for baths Nos. 2 and 6, but the carbonate of soda is recommended in preference
to all others. The earthy caustic alkalies may also be used to form this bath
If the baths should be formed of caustic ammonia they must be of the strengt
as has been indicated. In composing these baths with earthy alkalies a large
quantity must be introduced, because they dot not contain the same degree o
alkaline properties, and the vessels in which the baths are formed must be
deeper, in order to contain an excess in deposit. When the baths are formed
of caustic alkalies they must not be raised to quite so high a degree of heat as
when operating with baths composed of carbonates. When the baths formed
of earthy caustic alkalies are used they must be about the same degree as those
formed with caustic alkalies, and that temperature is in general what is termed
ordinary temperature. It would be imprudent when operating on animal sub-
stances to use caustic alkalies which have been but little carbonated, above all
for the bath No. 3, its ill effects would soon appear on the wool, even though
the bath should be used in a cold state. (Note 7).-All the protosalts of iron,
though I prefer the protomuriate, are more or less useful to form this bath,
which must be rendered neutral by adding the carbonate of lime until the
formation of a pellicle on the surface, which will be ascertained by blowing on
it. (Note 8). This salt or this bath may be rendered neutral before it is
employed or in the course of operation. Here it may be necessary to remark,
as a thing of much importance, that the means now recommended are very
different from those already known or practised for fixing the oxide of iron or
textile substances and for dyeing with the prussiate of iron. The baths which
are now recommended become more acid during the progress of their use; a
different effect arises from their use under ordinary processes, where they
become more neutralized, particularly bath No. 4, which is kept in a neutral
state to produce the effect of fixing the oxide of iron (by an oxide more
oxiginated) on the cloths, stuffs, wools, &c. This bath or this protosalt of iron
is rendered neutral by an excess of the oxide of iron, by caustic or other
alkalies or carbonates, but more particularly so by the carbonate of lime. The
ferruginous baths rendered neutral by alkaline caustics, alkalies, or carbonates
one called neutral alkaline baths, and those rendered so by earthy alkaline
caustics or carbonates are called earthy neutral baths. (Note 10.)-This bath
may be formed with the water into which the cloths, stuff's, wools, &c. have
been passed after being withdrawn from bath No. 4, as it will be found that a

page_text: sufficient quantity of the protosalt of iron has been deposited for the required
purposes. (Note 12).--This bath is prepared in a more than neutralized
state with common soap in solution of about twenty degrees of the areometer
for salts, about one-fifth part of which must be decomposed by an acid, then
add to the solution when at about 167° to 190° of Fahrenheit a well car-
bonized alkali, for example, soda, the alkaline principle of which represents
about the one-half of the same principle of which the soap is composed.
Another mode may be employed to neutralize this bath, vizt, after having
added the alkaline carbonate, boil the solution with a sufficient quantity of oil or
grease to saturate the alkali, so that after the saturation shall have taken place a
very trifling excess of the oil or grease may remain in the bath. Instead of emi-
ploying soap rendered more than neutralized or in excess with a caustic alkali,
employ that which has been rendered so with an alkaline carbonate. Instead
of employing a saponaceous solution, you may use the weak solution of an
alkaline carbonate, which must be boiled with some animal substance; waste
white woollen cloth will be found to answer better than any other. This solu-
tion should be used before the bath, or, in fact, the textile or other substances
may be allowed to remain in the bath for a longer time than will be men-
tioned, and in that case it will not be necessary to prepare a solution of soap
or an alkaline carbonate, but to form one of water, more or less impregnated
with the carbonate of lime, more particularly so if the substance to be operated
on is of an oily or greasy nature, either naturally or when oil or grease has
been added to it, as if before being passed into this bath they should have been
passed into a weak solution of soap, then into a slightly acidulated bath, viz,
that prepared with boracic acid, and then in water, to remove the little excess
of acid. In general, by resorting to any of these various methods of:
forming this bath, a small portion of oil or grease may be left in the
bath or on the material on which you are operating, and particularly so if you
are operating on an animal substance. Caustic alkalies will always be found
to act on animal matters. This action may be avoided, whatever may be the
nature of the materials employed to form this bath, by boiling the wool before
employing the bath. This precaution is not necessary when operating on
vegetable substances, as cotton, &c. (Note 13).-All the prussiates, alkaline
as well as earthy, will be found useful for the formation of this. bath, as well as
that of No. 9. (Note 14).-All the acids which, on coming into contact with the
articles mentioned in the preceding note, will cause the prussic acid to
combine with the oxide of iron and form the prussiate of iron, will be found
fit for the formation of this bath. (Note 15).--See note respecting bath, No. 4.
(Note 17). All sorts of chlorides will be found good for the purpose of oxigi-

page_text: nating the persalt of iron, and to keep it in the state already indicated
(Note, No. 22).-All read colouring matters, either vegetable or animal, wil
be found useful in the formation of this bath, but logwood, Brasil wood, and
some others tend to give a black appearance to the material intended to be
dyed. (Note 23).-Boracic acid, without taking out the alumine of the
mordant No. 5, will produce a sensible change or alteration of the prussiate
of iron in the bath, No. 15. (Note 25).-In naming 18 baths (for all the
colours) it is done merely for the purpose of avoiding the necessity of empty-
ing any of the vessels. It is also supposed that all the baths should be placed
in one building, and have only one crane, but they may be distributed and
have different cranes, if it is so desired and found to be more convenient.
(Note 49). The air may be heated by means of the hot stove bath, or by
passing it through a cast-iron cylinder placed by the fire place, or in a double
chimney of a furnace, or by steam passed through a double conductór or pipe,
as is indicated in the plates or plans, or in any other convenient mode. In
all cases where a current of air is forced in by means of a pair of bellows, they
should be placed at such a distance from the place whence the heat proceeds as
will ensure a perfect and a general diffusion of air in the required places. For
several years last past, various cloth manufacturers have introduced into their
work a new method of operating, which they term a "deccatissage" or sponging
in order to prevent the cloth from being spotted by rain, &c., and which they
applied to the cloth in different stages of its manufacture, and at the last and
finishing one, and when fit to be made into garments. This operation has
sometimes the apparent inconvenience of changing or modifying the clearness
and beauty of the colour of the prussiate of iron upon the cloths to which it is
applied. But this change is effected without decomposing the blue, its natural
beauty returns on exposing it to the air, and especially to a humid air, to
water, or to a liquid alkali, or to ammonia more or less dry. In general, if
the dye upon the cloth, &c., is perfect in colour this change will be produced in
a less degree; it should be remarked that the colours on very old garments
(compared with cloth newly finished) more advantageously resist the action of
steam than those upon which the air has only acted for a short time. This is
a complete answer to the partisans in favor of dyeing with indigo, and who
may be opposed to this new process, and which they pretend to say changes on
being exposed to the action of the air; whereas, on the contrary, exposing it to
the air makes it more perfect. This valuable property is entirely different
from the radical defect of indigo when applied upon cloth, &c., the color of
which is partially destroyed from the moment it is exposed to the action of the
light or air, and becomes white by friction.

page_text: Description of the Process of Mordanting and Dyeing, and Employment of the
Figures in Plate or Plan, No. 4, for Wool in the Fleece or Flock.
For this process take, for example, wool which has undergone the first
operation of being freed from grease, fill the vessel d loosely with it and put it
into the bath No. 1; soon after the wool has been in the bath, the vessel con-
taining it should be raised out of the bath by means of the crane R, Figure 1,
or by any other means, and lowered again and allowed to remain for ten
minutes; then stir the wool about for a short time and again raise the vessel,
if the liquor which drains from it be sensibly acid to the taste, the operation
is thus far accomplished. If on the contrary it be not, add a little acid to the
bath, and repeat the operation; then place the vessel containing the wool on
the stand or frame for ten minutes, then turn the vessel on the other side and
leave it for ten minutes, after which introduce it into the bath No. 2, and treat
it in the same manner and during the same time as in No. 1. The liquid which
drains from the wool on its being withdrawn from the bath No. 2 should have
an alkaline taste. When the operation is intended to be performed upon
wool in an oily or dirty state, it should in some measure be freed from the oil
or grease before it is submitted to the baths No. 1 and 2; it would indeed be
preferable that it should be perfectly freed from such oil and dirt before the
mordants are applied. The mode of freeing the wool from oil or grease may
be by the ordinary way, or by means of a vessel like d, in which the wool,
after being so freed from the oil or grease and drained, may be washed. The
baths No. 1 and 2 will be found more serviceable and advantageous for wool
which has been recently shorn from the animal, and in all cases where the
wool is in the fleece, because the wool worked into cloth has in general been
fulled, and therefore these baths are considered as less necessary; whatever
may be the nature of the wool submitted to these two baths, or at least to the.
first one, it will absorb a much greater quantity of the oxide of iron than if it
had been prepared by any other method, and after the oxide has been saturated
by means of prussic acid, the cloth will preserve its colour during the opera-
tion of finishing and in its general wear and usage. For common wool it may.
only be necessary to pass it into bath No. 1, which will entirely destroy the
pellicle that surrounds its roots, and which pellicle prevents its imbibing a dye,.
when used in the ordinary way, or if it do imbibe it the colour is soon destroyed,
and the cloth becomes white at the edges and seams, Wool in the fleece may,
after having been submitted to the bath No. 1, be put into the bath No. 3
without employing bath No. 2 (or without scouring or even washing), as when
operating on cloths or fulled wool; but the omitting of these operations is not
recommended, as it will be much less perfect.

page_text: The baths Nos. 1 and 2 intended for cloths or stuffs may be formed in the
ordinary vessels used by dyers, and the work conducted as in ordinary cases.
Wool in the fleece passed into the baths Nos. 1 and 2, and afterwards washed
with water, will be free from all smell proceeding from the oil or grease which
it originally contained, whereas wools treated in the ordinary way, however
good and complete may have been the means employed to clean and to scour
it, it will always preserve more or less that smell which it is desirable to get
The paths intended for cloths of stuns may be formed in the
ordinary vessels used by dyers, and the work conducted as in ordinary cases.
Wool in the fleece passed into the baths Nos. 1 and 2, and afterwards washed
with water, will be free from all smell proceeding from the oil or grease which
it originally contained, whereas wools treated in the ordinary way, however
good and complete may have been the means employed to clean and to scour
it, it will always preserve more or less that smell which it is desirable to get
rid of.
General Means of Applying the Mordant or of Fixing the Deutoxide of Iron on
Cloths and other Substances, in general fit for Dyeing by the Employment
of the Protosalts of Iron, &c. (Note 30.)
I will commence first with wool in the fleece, then with that in cloth stuff
or piece, and afterwards with wool and all other matter or material in skeins.
The general method of fixing the oxide rests on two principles which I
distinguish by the names first and second methods.
The first method is that of fixing the protoxide of iron on the wool by means
of simple or double decomposition of the protosalts of iron, by alkalies or by
their alkaline carbonates, or by caustic earthy alkalines.
The second method is founded on the general nature or quality of the oxide
of the protosalts of iron, a portion of which is constantly oxiginated when it
comes in contact with the air, and when it abandons or throws off a part of its
acid, and by this abandonment causing a much greater degree of oxigination,
and thus fixing on and impregnating the wool with this salt when this chemical
change takes place.
.
The general means of applying the mordants consists also, first, in producing
a change in the protoxide on the wool either when this change shall be simply
produced by the decomposition of a part of the protosalt of iron when it comes
in contact with the air, or arising from double decomposition of the salts by
conducting a current of hot air to the wool to oxiginate the protosalts, and to
produce that oxigination in a prompt and equal manner on all parts of the
mass of wool; second, on the number of immersions in the bath; third, on the
manner of preparing the baths, on treating and maintaining them in a fit state
for subsequent use when applying the mordants, and on so doing with celerity
and economy; fourth, on the employment of the various machinery, vessels,
utensils, &c², constructed for the divers operations of applying the mordants
when those vessels are arranged in a proper manner to carry on the work with
promptitude, ease, and correctness. The first method may be dispensed with,
that is to say, that part which relates to double decomposition and the

page_text: operation of applying the mordant, or the other operations may be carried on
as if the aid of this double decomposition had been resorted to.
First Method of Applying the Mordant on Wool in the Fleece or Flock.―The
wool having been prepared by the baths Nos. 1 and 2 and washed, is to be put
into the vessel d, Figure 1, which vessel has been previously placed in the bath
No. 3, the wool may be packed rather close; when the quantity required is so
placed, raise the vessel out of the bath and lower it again almost immediately;
repeat this operation a second time, then put the vessel on the frame. The
wool thus placed will be sufficiently drained in half an hour (or at least that
part which is in the upper part) to be put into the bath, No. 4, the small
quantity which lies at the bottom of the vessel should be squeezed or wrung
before it is put into that bath. The more the wool has been drained after
washing (before being put into the bath No. 3) the better in fact if it be quite
dry, it would be preferable, but in that case it imbibes the water with greater
difficulty, and care must then be taken not to put so great a quantity into the
vessel, as it would be necessary to stir it about in order that it might be
equally wetted in the bath.
Ferruginous bath, No. 4. Put the vessel d into this bath, let one or more
workmen take about one-third part of the wool which has been passed into
bath No. 3, and let it fall into the vessel in small quantities at a time, and be
as much opened as possible, also taking care to spread it as equally as may be
in the vessel, in order that the mordant may be equally diffused to prevent an
irregularity of colour; one workman must continually agitate the surface of
the bath with a stick, in order to submerge the wool, and he should be careful
not to push the wool to the bottom of the vessel until it has been well bathed
in the liquid. Once or twice during this operation it may be well to discon-
tinue putting wool into the bath for a few seconds, during which time the wool
already in the bath should be well turned round from top to bottom. This
operation is more for the purpose of agitating the liquid than anything else, by
which means the same quantity of the ferruginous matter continues to be
applied upon the surface of the wool as at the commencement of the
operation. After having thus turned the wool over, continue to add more to
it, until it sinks into the vessel without pressure. After having remained
in the bath for about quarter of an hour, take out the vessel and place
it on the frame in an inclined position (note 38) for about ten minutes,
and then change its position from 3 to 4, and vice versa, in order to
equalize the distribution of the liquid upon the wool. A few minutes
afterwards convey it to the warm stove bath No. 16 (to oxiginate the protoxide)
where a current of hot air will be introduced into the interior of the vessel (for

page_text: about ten minutes) by means of the bellows K, the vessel being suspended or
placed in the stove B, Figure 1, and the pipe g being attached to the one
marked H belonging to the bellows K; a current of air heated and forced
into the vessel is preferable to that of a natural circulation. The oxide being
sufficiently oxiginated, the wool is to be removed to another bath; this bath
I suppose to be No. 5. As soon as the bottom of the vessel containing the
wool touches the liquid let it be lowered as quickly as possible to about the
middle of the depth of the liquid, where the wool may be turned over with
facility by means of sticks. After having remained in this bath for about five
minutes, take out the vessel and place it on the frame on the same side as
before, because the wool will have been turned in the operation. In this case
it will not be necessary to introduce the pipe g into the vessel. But if instead
of putting the wool into the bath No. 5 it should be determined to replunge it
into bath No. 4, as is done in ordinary cases, to fix or apply mordants by the
second method it will be found convenient and adviseable to expose it a second
time to the hot stove bath; and in the case of the latter mode of applying the
mordant it will be well to employ that mode of exposition after each immersion.
Three or four successive and complete immersions after the first should be
made in the bath No. 5 without placing the vessel on the frame except for a
short time only after the last immersion. Proceed now to bath No. 6, where
the same course must be followed as with No. 5. When it is desired to obtain
a greater intensity of colour from the oxide of iron, the wool must be repassed
several times into the baths Nos. 3, 4, 5, and 6, in the same manner as has
been already pointed out, passing the wool in succession from one to the other
of those baths, and a few more immersions into No. 4 than into the others will
increase the intensity of colour. In fact, many things relating to this method
depend on the colour of the oxide which it is desired to obtain, for example, if
you desire to have a colour less intense, with an alkaline bath of less strength,
or conduct the process of applying the mordant by the second method or
employ the baths in general less strong, or do not make use of the hot stove
bath, &c.
Second Method of Applying the Mordant.-The principal difference in this
method from the first one is that of the bath No. 3 is not employed, it is
substituted more or less by immersing the wool in bath No. 4, and also by the
use of baths rendered neutral by means of the earthy alkaline carbonates.
These baths are called neutral earthy baths. The oxide of iron will become
fixed on the textile substances by repeated immersions in bath No. 4, or any
other bath containing the protosalt of iron and a neutral earthy carbonate.
If necessary, saturation of the excess of acid (set at liberty by the oxide being

page_text: fixed in the wool) may be resorted to after every immersion (except after the
first one, because the bath will remain in a neutral alkaline state, if the work
has been conducted by the mode recommended for the first method), for
example, until the bath forms a pellicle on its surface, which will be perceived
by blowing on it. It will appear milky on adding chalk to it, but become
perfectly clear on being stirred if too great a quantity of the carbonate of lime
has not been put into it.
In applying the mordant by the first method the order of passing the wool
into the baths may be changed if desired, videlicet, pass it into bath No. 4 at
three degrees of the arcometor, then into bath No. 3 at six degrees; but at
each immersion much less of the oxide will become fixed than if recourse be
had to the method already pointed out for the use of these baths.
The foregoing methods are not the only ones by which the application of the
mordant can be effected; the two following may be resorted to :-
Process by Lixiviation. The cylindrical vessel D, Figure 2, must be
employed in this operation, which I shall call the second one. All the cocks
of this vessel must be closed; the cover G must be tightly fixed by means of
the bolts or pins H, against the bottom of the cylindrical vessel, the hole in
the middle of the cover being stopped, and the temperature of the neutral
earthy bath No. 4 being from 167° to 190° Fahrenheit or thereabouts in the
vessel A; put the wool in the vessel D rather closely packed, but particularly
so if the wool be dry; put on the lid N, but do not close it entirely; fix on
the moveable tube J, and by means of the pump L fill the vessel with the
mordant, and unite the two parts of the tube I with that in the cover G, and
place the instrument called the wool harpoon (No. 32) in the vessel. After
the mordant is nearly run off, introduce the tube P (previously taken out),
passing through the cover G, and work the bellows K by its handle L, and
thereby cause a current of hot air to enter the vessel by means of the tube P,
and in this manner the wool must be treated as in a warm stove bath for about
a quarter of an hour. After this, take out the tube P, and close the hole
through which it was withdrawn, open the cover G, remove a part of the wool
from the bottom of the vessel, and place it at the upper part (this is not
absolutely necessary); shut the cover G close; also close the cock of the tube I,
the moveable part of which being taken out, introoduce the mordant a second
time in the vessel, and proceed as above directed. This operation must be
repeated until the desired colour is obtained from the oxide, then pass the wook
into the baths No. 5 and 6, which for this operation may be formed in any
ordinary vessels.
Process for Wool in a Loose State, that is to say, without being enclosed in.

page_text: the vessel D or in any other vessel.
Put the wool in the before-named baths,
and treat it by hand as is done in the ordinary process of dyeing, taking care
that the wool is sufficiently drained on being withdrawn from one bath before
it is placed in another; put the wool in bath No. 4, and if the operation is
intended to be carried on by the first method, care must be taken to do so in
small portions at a time, and as much opened as possible. After the wool has
remained a sufficient time in the mordant, take it out with sticks or any other
manner, and put into a basket or other open vessel to drain; proceed in the
same way as regards the other baths. When there is but little wool remaining
in a bath it may be taken out with a perforated scoop.
The mordant being applied to the wool (by either of these methods) and
the wool drained or dried, which is preferable, pass it into the saponaceous
bath No. 7, in the following manner :-Put about one-third part of the wool
which has been removed from bath No. 4 into the open vessel d (previously
placed in the bath), throw the wool into it as quickly as possible (scattering
it about as much as you conveniently can) by handfulls at a time, stir it about
continually whilst it remains in the bath; and after having remained there
for two or three minutes, take out the vessel. When the wool has been
sufficiently drained, let it be washed in plenty of water; it is better to wash
it in the same manner in the course of operation on applying the mordants in
the baths which precede No. 7.
Mode of Applying the Mordant to Stuffs or Cloths in the Piece, after the
First Method or System. See Plates or Plans 5 and 6.
The instrument holder or tool m (see details P, N,) being passed with the
ropes 1 and 2 between the various fluted and pressing rollers until it arrives
near the roller B, near to which the cloth, &c. is folded; for example, in the
open frame E (it should also be passed over the roller c) pass the instrument
or holder m between 1 and 2, fasten the parts N and P together with pack-
thread, and then fasten them to 1 and 2 in the same manner.
The pressure
roller S and the fluted one b are made to approach each other by means of
the springs U, by means of any proper moving power of machinery, but I
will suppose by that of the system of Vaucanson chains, the chains T are put
into motion (care having been previously taken that everything has been
properly arranged), the cloth (preceded by the instrument or holder m) will
be passed into the liquid baths, and also into the hot stove, traversing all the
points marked F, where it will fall into the frame k with the mordant
perfectly applied to it; after this it must be cleaned and washed in the
ordinary manner. By this system of applying the mordant, the operation

page_text: may be carried on with any indefinite number of pieces of stuffs or cloths,
the one following the other, care being taken to keep the baths constantly
in the state above indicated by adding the ingredients which are weakened or
changed in their specific gravities from time to time. If it is desired to
apply the mordant by the second method, various other means may be
resorted to, among them, the following:-
First, place a greater or lesser number of the baths No. 4 in succession,
the number to depend on the intensity of the dye required. After the stuff
or cloth has been passed through these baths No. 4 by means of the different
rollers S, J, and then into the hot stove I, it must directly be repassed into
bath No. 4.
Second, by employing only one bath, No. 4, for example, rendered neutral
by an earthy alkaline, the stuff or cloth being fastened at each end as
already directed and passed into this bath; and the stove I should be kept
constantly moved about, and when the oxigination appears to be sufficiently
accomplished, pass the cloth or stuff into baths 5, 6, and 7, as already
recommended.
Third, hook the stuff or cloth to the stretching frame (see Plates or Plans
9 and 10) Figure No. 4), immerse it in the baths agreeably to either of the
two systems, whichever it may be determined on to employ, and after being
withdrawn from the baths, equalize the liquid in the way which will be pointed
out in respect to bath No. 9. In either of these cases the baths Nos. 5 and 6
may be prepared in the ordinary vessels, but for bath No. 7 it is necessary
that the stuff or cloth should be passed regularly through it, either in the
manner indicated or in any other.
Fourth, the diffusion of the liquid uniformly over the surface of the cloths, &c.,
must be effected when they are withdrawn from the bath No. 3, and the oxide
of iron be oxiginated after being withdrawn from No. 4, &c., in the following
way: Pass the cloth around large open rollers or drums surrounded with
coarse woollen cloth, these rollers must be alternately placed on end and
horizontally. The cloth on which you are operating may also be covered
with another cloth in order to equally diffuse the liquid and to preserve
the heat.
Method of Applying the Mordant to Wool, Cotton, or other Fibrous Substances
in Skeins. (See Plates or Plans 7 and 8).
First Method of Application.-Take of substances in skeins, put them into
should be cuenoudad by the areve Figure 1
Th

page_text: cups M in the rollers G which suspend them, put as many skeins on the
rollers as may be desired; slip them along the roller nearly as far as the
suspension screws, then place the pressing screw V on the bar T in order to
fix the same together with the axis of the roller G, which will be supported on
their ends by the bar T; unscrew the suspension screws L, turn the handle R
and by this means lift the bar N, which will raise the rollers H. The skeins
must then be distributed along the whole length of the rollers H and G, then
place the bar V across the frame A, and pass it into bath No. 3 by means of
the crane. Turn the handle D for about a quarter of an hour, then take the
frame out of the bath and leave it suspended by the crane for about twenty
minutes, then equalize the liquid by turning the handle D in such manner
that those parts of the skeins which were under the roller H should be
brought near to the roller G. When the liquid is thus equally distributed as
much as possible over every part of the skeins, pass the frame to bath No. 4,
turn the handle D from the moment the frame enters the bath (or even
before it does so), and continue to turn until the whole of the skeins are
immersed into the liquid, turn three or four times, afterwards at intervals of
five minutes each for a quarter of an hour, then withdraw the frame from
the bath and leave it to drain for five minutes, then turn the handle twice
round and pass the frame into the stove Figure 3, in order to be submitted
to the hot stove 16. To perform this operation, close the lid A of the stove,
put the handles of the bellows Figure 5 into motion. The pipe A, from
which (supplied by the tube O will conduct warm air into the stove (note 35);
after leaving the frame in the stove for twenty minutes withdraw it, and pass
the skeins into baths 5, 6, and 7, in the manner already indicated. Here I
will add that No. 5 may be used before 16. Wash the skeins in plenty of
water. It would be preferable if the frames were placed in a strong current
and that the handle D should be turned quickly, or the washing may be
conducted by hand.
The second method of applying the mordant by repeated immersions into
bath No. 4 (which I suppose to be neutralized by earths), and from thence
to the stove No 16, and thence to the baths 5, 6, and 7, and there to be
treated as already mentioned.
Method of Dyeing Wools Blue with the Elements or the Component Parts of
the Prussiate of Iron, or by the Saturation of the Oxide of Iron by Means
of Ferrocyanic Acid. (See Plate or Plan No. 4.)
The wool having been mordanted by either the first or second method and

page_text: into bath No. 8 (note 38), by means of a perforated open vessel such as d.
The bath No. 8 should be prepared in the following manner:-For (I will
suppose) 400lbs. of wool mordanted for a royal or dark blue colour (No. 40),
with 40lbs. of prussiate of potash or soda, and about 30lbs. of muriatic or other
acid (see note 14), after the description of baths) mixed together in about
700 gallons of water, put all the wool into the vessel d, and then lower it into
the bath by means of the crane. The wool having been perfectly immersed
in the liquid, withdraw the vessel quickly just above the surface of the bath,
and let it be immediately afterwards lowered into it, repeat this a second time
and after this immersion at intervals of ten minutes between each, but the
vessel need not then be raised entirely out of the bath, but only partly. This
mode of proceeding will cause sufficient agitation of the liquid to keep up an
equality in all parts of the bath. The operation will be complete in about an
hour, if it should not be necessary to add either one or the other of the two
articles with which the bath is formed, of which the operator will judge
whether there be any change in the specific gravities; if such should be the
case, the vessel must be entirely withdrawn out of the bath, while such
addition is made, and immediately afterwards be lowered into it; an excess of
the substances forming the bath may always be left in it, and in general it
will be found convenient in case you are dyeing wool (as in this instance) in
the fleece or flock, but above all it will be found so if the mordant has been
applied on the wool in the fleece, and when you do not wish to discolour or
obscure the test marks or figures, and when it is intended to pass the same
into baths Nos. 10 and 11.
The wool being now in a coloured state after passing through the bath No. 8,
the operation of dyeing may be continued by the manipulations and processes
which follow, and which may be termed variations by passing it successively
into bath No. 9, and from that up to No. 17, as may be requisite. The fol-
lowing are examples of some of these variations:-First, the wool may be
left in the state in which it was withdrawn from bath No. 8; second, it may
be dipped into bath No. 9 for about five minutes, and then withdraw the vessel
out of this bath and place it sideways on the frame. After remaining thus
for a quarter of an hour, distribute the liquid equally on the wool by turning
the vessel over from one side to the other on the frame, let it remain so for a
few minutes, and then put the vessel into bath No. 10, raise and lower it with
promptitude from the moment the wool has been immersed, then lower the
vessel into (I suppose) bath No. 12, where it must be immersed two or three
times in quick succession, without being entirely withdrawn out of the liquid;
third, instead of passing the wool into bath No. 12, or withdrawing it from

page_text: No. 10, it may be previously passed into No. 11; fourth, on the wool being
withdrawn from the principal baths Nos. 8, 10, and 12, it may be carried
to the warm stove in order to oxiginate and augment the intensity of the
prussiate of iron, after which it should be repassed into bath No. 8, but
that is not absolutely necessary except in cases where it has previously been
submitted to the bath No. 8 or 16; in such cases it is recommended to
repass it to No. 8; fifth, the wool after having been passed into only one
or several of the baths from No. 8 to 9, 10, 11, 12, 16, may be passed
to No. 14 for about a quarter of an hour, then take out the vessel and place
it on the frame, equalize the liquid for about the same time as before and
in the same manner, and then convey it to No. 15, where it may remain
for about twelve or fifteen minutes; sixth, the bath No. 14 may be omitted
and the wool be passed simply in No. 15, as the one intended to produce a
reddish line upon the blue. After these various manupulations the wool is to
be washed in plenty of water, then to be dried in order that it may be finished
or brought into the required state to be woven into cloth, &c. After bath No. 8
has been used, those numbered 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, and 17, are all
employed to produce more or less clearness, brilliancy, or redness to the blue,
but No. 14 is only a preliminary bath when it is intended to produce redness.
Mode of Saturating the Oxide of Iron on Stuff or Cloth by Ferrocyanic Acid.
(See Plates or Planes 9 and 10.
The stuff or cloth having been mordanted and washed in plenty of water
(whether in worsted, spun, carded, twisted, or woven into cloth, which latter I
shall now consider as the kind I am treating upon), and finished as if intended
for an ordinary black, having, for example, the list figures and letters of the
most solid yellow, (that is to say, solid in resting acids,) and the frame B,
Figure 6, being suspended to the braces Z, Figure 6, connected by the
coupling box Y; stretch the cloth on the frame, either in a wet or dry state
(but the latter in preference), on the hooks G; to do so let a workmen
be placed on each side of the frame to take hold of the cloth with
both hands, his right hand outside, and his left within the frame, whilst
the other workman draws the cloth forward in order to assist the one
who is engaged in hooking it, commencing with the first hook G (note 42)
fastened above the piece R, and so pass on in this manner to the other hooks
in regular succession, until all the piece or pieces of cloth are hooked; then
fasten the nut screws D, in order to keep it properly stretched, then secure the
lower list (with packthread S, by means of a needle) along the length of the
folds or plaits by placing into each fold a round piece of glass, through which

page_text: pass the pack thread which has passed through the hole R of the frame Q,
knot or tie it, and thus keep the whole of the cloth stretched. The cords
being then fixed on the frame Q, after having passed through the pieces N
of the frame B, and knotted at the upper part 0; turn this point, and thus
bring the two frames together so that the cloth, which should be a little
stretched, does not bear on the support of the frame Q, as it ought to be
entirely supported by the cords. Things being thus disposed, and the bath,
No. 8, being prepared in a convenient vessel, take hold of the frame by the
loops M, by means of the hooks M of the crane X, Figure 2, unfasten the
coupling box y, Figure 6, and lower the former into the bath; as soon as the
cloth is immersed in the liquid, let the frames be continually raised and
lowered by means of the handle of the crane X; this operation will generally
be completed in an hour, then either treat the cloth by one of the manipu-
lations, or vary the process by any of the means already spoken of in reference
to variations (note 43). In order to equally distribute the liquid over the
surface of the cloth, and cause it to descend from the upper list to the lower,
lay hold of the frame Q near the middle part B, turn the handle Y of the
crane, and the frame B will descend as low as may be required, or to the
place of the frame Q, until this frame assume the upper position, and the frame
B the lower one. When the liquid is equalized as much as possible over the
surface of the cloth, place the frames into their original positions and pass the
cloth into another bath, according to the change of colour which it is determined
to make in order to complete the work. The cloth may be passed into the bath
No. 8, and the following ones, and then be fulled and finished in the same
way as though it had been made of wool dyed in the fleece.
Mode of Dyeing Textile Substances in Skeins, by Saturating the Oxide of Iron
with Ferrocyanic Acid, &c. (See Plates or Plans 7 and 8.)
The mordant having been applied and the skeins washed in plenty of water,
after being taken out of the bath No. 7, pass them into bath No. 8, and
the following ones (by the different processes already pointed out), according
to the colours required (this also applies to other textile substances besides
skeins); place the skeins upon the rollers of the frame like those employed in
applying the mordants, but it will be found more convenient and desirable
that these should be made entirely of wood, or at least such parts of them as
enter the baths. In operating with the changeable or varying baths accord-
ing to choice, the manipulations must be the same, and the same cranes,
vessels, and utensils must be used in the manner already indicated. The hair
of different animals and other substances, which are not generally used for

page_text: making cloth or other fabrics, but which are generally felted, will be found
more or less useful, and may with facility be dyed of the different colors which
have already been spoken of in respect to other substances, after having been
mordanted as already described. In fact, all organic substances, such as straw,
wood, &c., may be dried by the processes and means before stated.
Mode of Employing the Frame and Carriage Apparatus exhibited in Plates
or Plans 9 and 10, Figure 4.
Stove ammoniacal bath for darkening or augmenting the colours.-All kinds
of textile substances may be passed into this bath either in a wet or dry state;
here, however, especially I treat on woollen cloth in a dry and almost a
finished state; the frame D, being joined to the coupling box M of the braces
P, two workmen must operate as with the frames (already named), hooking
the cloth to the points G. This done the screwed nuts or scrolls H must be
brought near to the tenters E, taking hold of the frame at the hooked parts K,
with the hooks M of the crane, Figure 2, Plate or Plan 9, or by hand,.only
unscrew the coupling box M, and place the frame on the carriage C, whether
it be placed on the rails or on the stove A. If the carriage is on the rails,
take out the pins T of the door S, which will then open; push the carriage
frame into the stove, open the door Y, which rests against the post Z, place
the frame on the carriage, close the doors, and fix the tube V (which I suppose
to be made of stuff which is air and waterproof) to the tube of the door Y of
the bellows A, Figure 5.
Liquid ammonia (note 45) must be conveyed into the reservoir Q, by
means of a funnel placed in the connecting tube which has a cock R, then
put the bellows A into motion, and thus expose the cloth to the action
of the stove bath No. 17, by extracting the ammoniacal gas by means of
the tube V, and again passing it through the stove, by which means the
cloth will imbibe the gas, which is extracted and acted on by the action
of the bellows and the tube U. This gas will thus circulate freely and
enter into all parts of the cloth, whether in the upper, middle, or lower part
of the stove, and will have the effect of increasing the intensity of the blue
colour. After being thus exposed for about twenty minutes, stop the opera-
tion, take out the pin T of the door S, withdraw the carriage from the stove,
close its door, remove the tube V from the bellows, open the cover Y and lift the
frame out of the stove by means of the crane, slacken the screws or scrolls H,
and draw them nearer to those marked I of the piece E, let the frame be laid
lengthways on a wooden tressel or horse, in such manner as may be found
convenient for the purpose of unhooking the cloth from the frames, from both

page_text: (Note 30). The deutosalt of iron may also be employed, and will be
decomposed on the textile substances in the bath. (Note 32).-Thrust the
wool harpoon into the midst of the mass of wool until it approaches near to
the bottom of the vessel, then raise and work it a little, previously letting the
springs and hooks loose from the sheath, and then hook it to the rope of the
crane. Remove the wool harpoon before the wool is immersed in the following
bath, and let the springs and hooks be sheathed. The wool harpoon must
be used at each immersion into bath No. 4, whether you are operating by
either of the methods indicated. When you are operating by the method of
lixiviation, the wool harpoon must be put into the cylindrical vessel D, where
it must be occasionally worked and allowed to remain during the entire
operation of applying the mordant. The employment of the wool harpoon is
not absolutely indispensible; but it is recommended. (Note 33). To equalize
the liquid, it will be necessary after each immersion to place the vessel con-
taining the wool on a frame or horse, which must be placed across the vessel
containing this bath; this vessel should be placed on its side, and be occa-
sionally turned over to the opposite side, so that the liquid may pass freely
from one side of the wool, &c., to the other, and thus prevent an irregularity
of colour; and in order to arrive at this end, care should be taken to prevent
the wool, which was at the bottom or against the sides of the vessel in the
first immersion, from remaining there at the subsequent ones, and it should
rather be brought as near the middle as possible; turning the vessel con-
taining the wool, as directed, will generally accomplish this point. And when
you are operating on wool in the fleece, change the position of the vessel from

page_text: side to side, as from 3 to 4, and the reverse (see Plate or Plan 4). This
operation of equalizing the liquid will be much more necessary when the
baths Nos. 3, 4, and 9 have been used, than when operating with the other
baths. As regards the use of the latter bath No. 9, it may be well to observe
that the liquid should not only be well and equally distributed, but that the
wool should be drained as much as possible when it is put into bath No. 7;
if the wool is even dry, so much the better. (Note 35).-It will be found
convenient to make a hole in the stove opposite to that part where the axis of
the handle D was placed, that handle having been removed with the vessel;
then fit another handle on the axis, in order that the rollers G and II may be
kept in constant motion, which will serve to facilitate the oxigination of the
oxide of iron. (Note 37).-If the wool has been washed during the process of
mordanting, it will not be absolutely necessary to wash it again on withdrawing
it from the bath No. 7, and before passing it into bath No. 8; but if it can be
conveniently done, it will be better to wash it after withdrawing it from the
bath No. 7. (Note 38).-The vessels employed in the operation of saturating
the textile substances by means of ferrocyanic acid, are supposed to be placed
in a circular position, somewhat like that partly indicated in Plates or Plans,
Nos. 4, 8, and 10. (Note 40).-The wool being nearly in a finished state.
(Note 42). The screws should be varnished to defend them against the action
of the acids, and the varnish be renewed from time to time. (Note 43).-When
the stove or hot stove bath is employed for cloths or stuffs, &c., either in the
process of mordanting or any of the various manipulations, but more particu-
larly so for the fifth, the vessel or frame containing the cloth, &c., should be
placed in the carriage C, stove A, Plate or Pan 9, Figure 4, and M, Figure 1.
(Note 45). Instead of introducing liquid ammonia into the reservoir Q, you
may employ ammoniacal gas, more or less dry, in the stove; in fact, the
ammonia may be introduced in any other convenient manner, and the same
observation applies in respect to the acid vapour bath. (Note 47).-The forms
of the vessels, the cranes, &c., (notes referred to, see Plate or Plan 4,) are not
obligatory, they are chosen for convenience and facility, and as such are
recommended, and may be constructed with wood or metal, except such of
them as are intended to contain acids; in all these cases wooden vessels are
preferable. (Note 48).-After a process or operation is finished, the baths
should be brought into the states already indicated in speaking of their for-
mation and numbers before commencing another operation. By baths are to
be understood all sorts of liquids, gas, vapour, or steam, to the action of which
the textile substances are exposed. (Note 50).-It is advisable that the stoves
should be covered at their upper parts, and be surrounded with coarse woollen

page_text: cloth; this will leave a free passage for the humidity to pass without losing
much of the heat which has been introduced. This will be found a very
advantageous mode, and superior to the ordinary fitting up of stoves, when
the humidity traverses massive buildings and escapes through openings in the
roof, and where more heat than humidity passes off that way: (Note 51).—
The yielding and pressing rollers may be made of different materials and in
various manners, for example, the wooden roller is supported upon an axis,
having a small neck or pivot at each end, around which roller bags, paddings,
or envelopes must be tied with packthread; the one of these envelopes nearest
the roller should be of linen, the other of coarse woollen cloth. The envelopes
must be previously filled with small spherical bodies, either of glass, lead, or
iron, and afterwards be attached to the necks or pivots at each end of the rollers.
Having now fully described the nature of the Invention, communicated to
me as aforesaid, and also the best means known of carrying the same into
effect, I do hereby declare that I do not intend to claim any of the machinery
or apparatus herein described, some of which are well known and in use,
neither do I confine myself to the precise arrangements herein described, for
carrying the Invention into effect; but I do hereby distinctly limit the claim
of Invention, secured under my present Letters Patent, to the following
particulars or improvements:-
First, the process of calcining and constantly agitating the mixture of
animal and other substances in closed cylinders or other closed vessels, for pro-
ducing the prussiate of potash and the prussiate of soda, as above described.
And, secondly, the fixing the oxide of iron on textile or other substances,
by means of simple or double decomposition of the protosalt of iron; the
fixing the deutoxide of iron on the like substances, by immersing them in
a bath formed of the protoxide of iron in a neutral state; the producing an
uniform oxigination of the protoxide, by means of a current of warm air and
the use of an alkaline and a saponaceous bath before uniting the oxide of
iron with the ferrocyanic acid, and afterwards by passing them into a bath
composed of a soluble ferrocyanate or prussiate, and thus producing an
uniformity of colour; and the employment of a stove or bath for reviving,
increasing, or diminishing the intensity of colour when dyeing blues without
ndigo, as above described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Herman Hendriks, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Seventeenth day of April, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and thirty-four.
HERMAN (L.S.) HENDRIKS.

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Seventeenth day of April, in
the year of our Lord 1834, the aforesaid Herman Hendriks came before our
said Lord the King in His Chancery, and acknowledged the Specification
aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained and specified, in form
above written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped according to
the tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.
Inrolled the Nineteenth day of April, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and thirty-four.