matthewleechen/300YearsOfBritishPatents huggingface dataset:
AN IMPROVED FASTENING OR COUPLING
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Joseph Eden M'Doual at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 20th March
1861.
I, JOSEPH EDEN MODOUAL, of Litchfield Street, Soho, in the County of
Middlesex, Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"AN IMPROVED FASTENING OR COUPLING," to be as follows:-
My Invention of an improved fastening or coupling is applicable to a
variety of purposes in which it is desired to couple or connect two things
together. The Invention is intended to be employed for fastening or attaching
parts of dress together, but it may also be employed for fastening or securing
articles of jewellery, such as pins, brooches, watches, and other articles to the
dress of the wearer.
The principle upon which my improved coupling or fastening is constructed
is also applicable for coupling railway carriages and for other purposes in the
mechanical arts.
The Invention consists in the adaptation to a screw (made with any suitable
thread) of a loose head, in which one end of the shaft of the screw is allowed
to rotate as the screw is pushed forward.
In applying the Invention to articles of dress, one part of the head is made
flat so that it may rest against the dress or person of the wearer, and be
thereby prevented from rotating or allowing the screw itself to rotate. By
this means the screw will be securely held in the dress until the head is
released and the screw allowed to rotate on its axis.

page_text: Another mode of locking the screw and preventing it from rotating, consists
in adapting to the screw shaft a transverse bar or locking lever, which as it
passes through the screw shaft will prevent the latter from rotating while the
bar is kept against the dress or person of the wearer.
In adapting the Invention for coupling or securing belts (waist belts, for
instance), I attach to each end of the belt a block or slide in which is made a
female screw, and in order to couple the two parts of the belt together the
ends of the belt should first be brought together, and then the male screw
introduced or pushed forward into the female screws of the two blocks; the
moveable squared head of the screw will then rest against a flat part of the
belt, and be thereby prevented from rotating; the fastening will therefore be
secure. A right and left handed screw on the same shaft will also answer
for fastening pins, brooches, or articles of jewellery to dresses.
It will be obvious that the principle of this improved coupling may be
adapted for coupling railway carriages by securing a block with a female screw
therein on each end of the carriages, so that whenever the ends of two
carriages are brought together the screw shaft may be inserted, and by pro-
viding any convenient contrivance to prevent the screwed shaft from rotating,
the shaft will securely couple the two carriages together.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MEANS OF SECURING THE DOORS OF RAILWAY CARRIAGES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Americus Fanshawe and
James Archibald Jaques at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents,
with their Petition, on the 31st October 1861.
We, JOHN AMERICUS FANSHAWE, of Tottenham, in the County of Middlesex,
Engineer, and JAMES ARCHIBALD JAQUES, of the same Place, Chemist, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
MEANS OF SECURING THE DOORS OF RAILWAY CARRIAGES," to be as follows:-
The object of our Invention of improvements in railway carriages is to prevent
the doors of railway carriages from being opened while the train is in motion,
and yet to allow the door to be opened when the train or carriage stops. This
two-fold object is effected by self-acting machinery placed beneath the car-
riage, and set in motion by the running wheels. When the train is in motion
all the doors are secured by means of bolts, which are pushed forward from the
jambs, sills, or other convenient part of the framing into sockets made in the
doors. These locking bolts are connected by means of rods to a vibrating
lever or shaft, which is connected by a lever and rod to the machinery below
the carriage, whereby these parts are operated. The most convenient plan for
operating the locking bolts is by connecting the locking bolt levers to the
piston of a small cylinder which is kept constantly filled with oil, water, or air,
by means of another and larger pump. This large pump is worked by means
of an excentric on one of the running axletrees of the carriage, and as this
larger pump will always keep the small cylinder full, the piston and the latter
will be kept constantly at the end of the cylinder, and consequently will keep

page_text: the locking bolts pushed forward into their sockets in the doors, so that these
latter cannot be opened so long as the large pump is kept in action; but
immediately this stops, a strong spring which acts on the vibrating lever or
shaft will force back the piston in the small cylinder and draw back the locking
bolts, and thus leave the doors free to be opened.
In order to enable the doors to be shut should any be left open accidentally
when the train has started into motion, the ends of the bolts may be bevilled
off like the spring bolt of an ordinary door!
From the foregoing it will be seen that there are always two opposing forces
acting on the locking bolts, viz., the spring, which is always endeavouring to
unlock them, and the piston of the large pump which is constantly forcing
liquid or air into the small cylinder, and thereby forcing forward the smaller
piston and the levers and bolts connected therewith. As the large pump at
every stroke pumps more liquid or air than the small cylinder can receive, the
excess escapes therefrom through an aperture made in the side, and con-
sequently is pumped over and over again.
IMPROVEMENTS IN SPRINGS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Alfred Leighton at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 24th April
1861.
I, ALFRED LEIGHTON, of No. 9, Buckingham Street, Strand, in the Parish
of St. Martin's in the Fields, in the County of Middlesex, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN SPRINGS," to be as
follows:-
A ball or balls of india-rubber, or india-rubber and gutta percha, or vul-
canised india-rubber, or of any elastic material, or any combination of elastic
materials placed in a chamber or receptacle of iron, or of any other material,
the area of which chamber or receptacle is capable of being reduced upon
receiving pressure. Upon pressure being applied to the chamber or receptacle
such pressure would be communicated to the ball or balls, inclining them to
fill up any interstices that there might be between such ball or balls in such
chamber or receptacle. The ball or balls when relieved from the pressure
would incline to resume their original shape, and thereby form a spring on
account of their elasticity.
The ball or balls, where necessary, would be provided with bearers or sliders
of brass, or any other material, so as to prevent them wearing away by friction
with the chamber or receptacle. (The aforesaid bearers or sliders I conceive
to be a very important feature in my Invention).
I do not restrict myself to the ball or balls used in my spring being either
round or solid, as various modifications in shape and density of elastic material
used may be applied with similar results..
IMPROVEMENTS IN REAPING AND MOWING MACHINES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Leakey Bowhay at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 16th May
1861.
I, JOHN LEAKEY BOWHAY, of Modbury, in the County of Devon, Agri-
cultural Implement Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN REAPING AND MOWING MACHINES," to be as
follows:-
This Invention relates to a peculiar construction and arrangement of the
cutting mechanism in reaping and mowing machines, whereby a power of
adjustment of the cutting edge is obtained whilst the friction of the knife
bar is regulated to the greatest nicety, thereby obtaining a perfect cut with
the least possible amount of friction. This arrangement also dispenses with
guards over the top of the knife or knives, and consequently the clogging
produced by the entrance and collection of straw or grass therein is obviated.
According to one mode of carrying out this Invention, it is proposed to
adjust the front edge of the travelling knife firmly to the under cutting edge
by a lever action brought to bear upon the front edge of the travelling knife
bar. This lever action is obtained by having two or more short arms secured
to the under blade which rests upon the fingers and upon the front edge of
the top knife; these arms extend back under the main bar, and are depressed
by set screws, thereby tending to keep the front edges of the two cutting
surfaces well together without the intervention of guides.

page_text: According to another arrangement, the lower blade may be clamped firmly
to the fingers, and the back edge of the upper knife bar may be pressed
upwards by a spring or lever action and set screws; or the under knife may
be dispensed with, by having a steel finger with a lever fixed thereto, and
brought back with a catch in the knife, and extending to the main bar,
where it is acted upon by set screws; or a finger with a nib or slot in it may
be employed for the front edge of the knife to work in, so that by bringing a
spring or lever action to bear on the back edge of the knife or knife bar, the
requisite adjustment of its cutting edge will be obtained.
IMPROVEMENTS IN CHIMNEYS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Charles Stevens, at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 27th February
1861. A communication from abroad by Mr. Desanges, of 42, Rue
Laffitte, Paris, in the Empire of France.
I, CHARLES STEVENS, of 31, Charing Cross, in the County of Middlesex,
Patent Agent, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN CHIMNEYS," & that it has been communicated to me from
abroad by M. Desanges, of 42, Rue Laffitte, Paris, in the Empire of
France, to be as follows:-
This Invention consists in certain improvements in chimneys, by means of
which good ventilation is secured and the caloric which is lost in chimneys of
ordinary construction is utilised.
The system employed consists in connecting the whole of the flues arranged
in the thickness of the walls or otherwise by means of a chamber situated
under the roof or elsewhere, or by means of an independant apparatus
answering the same purpose, and causing them to terminate in one or more
collecting chambers, so that the smoke from these several flues may enter
freely and then escape by a single opening at the upper part of the chamber
as nearly as possible in its centre, but in any case at the point rendered
preferable by the exterior decorations. The size of this opening, which may
if necessary be furnished with a smoke-preventing apparatus, varies according
to the number of the flues. This opening is raised above the ridge of the
house, and may be ornamented according to the taste of the architect.

page_text: The collecting chamber should be built of fire-proof materials; thus the
floor may be of iron, and the sides of solid or hollow bricks. The angles
connecting the upper or vaulted part with the escape flue can be rounded or
otherwise. The flues are arranged in the usual way, care being taken to
unite them as much as possible at the upper floor, in order to lessen the
dimensions of the collecting space. This chamber for collecting the smoke
must be hermetically closed either by a door of strong sheet iron or otherwise,
and a boiler may be placed in it having a box with a float on the outside, by
means of which a certain quantity of water may be heated for baths or
domestic purposes, or it may serve as a hot water stove. An air receiver
may also be arranged, and employed to heat the apartments, the chamber
may be utilised for ventilating the apartments or even cesspools, on account of
its high temperature.
IMPROVE- MENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CARDS FOR JACQUARD WEAVING
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Stewart at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 4th November
1861. A communication from abroad by Louis Joseph Fillion, of
Grougis, Aisne, France.
I, JOHN STEWART, of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark, North Britain,
Plumber, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CARDS FOR JACQUARD WEAVING," communicated
to me from abroad by Louis Joseph Fillion, of Grougis, Aisne, France, to
be as follows:-
This Invention relates to a system or mode of renewing the cards used in
jacquard weaving mechanism, so as to avoid waste of material.
Under one modification two cards representing different colours are taken,
and the layers of paper which form the card are slightly separated at the
corner to a small extent by means of a knife, or other suitable instrument.
The layers of paper are then completely separated, and the layer or half of one
card is glued or otherwise cemented to the half of the other card. The two
remaining halves of the cards are in like manner glued or cemented together,
so that the four parts again form two perfect cards as the perforations in each
half are covered by the solid parts of the other half, and the parts when joined
in this manner are again ready for being punched. As the moistening of the
cardboard has the effect of altering its length to some extent, the barrel or
guide holes at one end are made to correspond, and at the other they are filled

page_text: up by interposing a piece of paper between the layers of the card, and the
barrel hole is afterwards punched out. The cards thus prepared are sub-
sequently submitted to pressure in any convenient manner, so as to cause the
layers of cardboard to blend or adhere firmly together.
Another mode of making these renewed cards where a greater degree of
stiffness is required, is to combine three layers of paper together by cementing
one layer of new card paper to the surface of two old or used cards, and so
forming two new cards, the new ones being re-punched in the ordinary
manner.
Another mode or process consists in cementing, one layer of new card paper
on to each half of the old or used cards, separated as before described, so as
to make the renewed cards of the original weight.
Under another modification, which avoids the necessity of unlacing the
cards, the old or used cards have cemented to their faces two strips of card-
paper, each piece extending from the end or guide holes to the central holes,
where the cards are united or laced together.. The two pieces of card thus
glued to the surface of the cards then cover the old holes, so as to admit of
their being again punched to form a new set of cards. This mode of pro-
ceeding avoids the necessity of separating the series of cards, and thus effects
a considerable saving of time as well as of material.
NEW OR IMPROVED MACHINERY FOR THE MANUFACTURE OR CUTTING OF CORKS AND BUNGS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Joseph Griffin and Charles Griffin
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their Petition, on the
9th August 1861.
We, JOSEPH GRIFFIN, of Walsall, in the County of Stafford, Biscuit Manu-
facturer, and CHARLES GRIFFIN, of Walsall aforesaid, Biscuit Manufacturer,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "NEW OR IMPROVED
MACHINERY FOR THE MANUFACTURE OR CUTTING OF CORKS AND BUNGS," to be as
follows:-
The piece of cork to
centres, and is made
Our said new or improved machinery is constructed essentially in the
following manner :-A knife supported horizontally has a rapid reciprocating
motion given to it by the means herein-after explained.
be made into a cork or bung is supported between two
to rotate slowly. The centres supporting the piece of cork are in a line
parallel or nearly parallel to the edge of the knife, and at a distance from the
said edge equal to one half the diameter of the cork or bung to be cut, and
while the said piece of cork slowly rotates, the rapidly-moving knife cuts the
cork into a cylindrical or slightly conical figure. The knife and the centres
carrying the piece of cork work independently of each other. The said knife
is moved rapidly backwards and forwards by means of a connecting rod
actuated by a crank made in or fixed on an axis situated at right angles to
the line of the knife's motion. A rapid rotatory motion is communicated to
the said cranked axis by hand or other power. The centres carrying the piece
of cork to be operated upon are turned by means of pinions fixed on them

page_text: respectively, which said pinions gear into other pinions on an axis parallel to
the line of the said centres. The last-named axis is turned slowly by hand by
means of a winch on one end of it. One of the said centres is capable of a
sliding as well as a rotatory motion. The said sliding motion enables the
pieces of cork to be introduced between the two centres. The said centres
have several points on their ends which enter the ends of the piece of cork
and effectually transmit the rotatory motion of the said centres to the said
piece of cork. The piece of cork to be cut is carried by a table to the centres,
the said table rising by springs and being capable of being depressed by a foot
treadle. As soon as the piece of cork has been fixed between the centres, and
before the said piece of cork is made to rotate, the table is depressed by the
treadle out of the way of the cork. A sponge charged with oil is fixed upon
a frame at the back of the knife for the purpose of oiling the said knife. The
sponge is held to the knife by means of springs attached to the frame. When
the treadle is depressed to remove the table which carries the cork to the
centres it removes the sponge from the knife at the same time.
IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR GRINDING ROLLERS AND CYLINDERS COVERED WITH CARD TEETH
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Heywood at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 3rd January
1861.
I, WILLIAM HEYWOOD, of the Ellesmere Street Works, in the City of
Manchester, Machinist, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR GRINDING ROLLERS AND CYLINDERS COVERED
WITH CARD TEETH," to be as follows:-
The nature of my Invention consists in an improved combination of
machinery for grinding the main cylinder and doffer of carding engines or
other rollers which are covered with card teeth; the machinery consists of a
plate covered with emery or other grinding material to which longitudinal
and lateral to-and-fro motions are given, the grinding plate is supported on
a suitable frame, and adjustable brackets attached to the framing of the
carding engine or other machine; the longitudinal motion is given to the
grinding plate by a crank and connecting rod, and the lateral motion is also
given by a crank and connecting rod and a pair of bell-crank levers, the
cranks above referred to are fixed respectively in a pair of spur pinions
(having the same or different numbers of teeth) one of which is on the
same shaft as a bevel wheel driven by a pinion on a shaft, to which motion
is given by a pulley, or in any other convenient manner. The combination
of cranks and levers above described for moving the grinding plate may be
considerably varied or modified.
IMPROVE- MENTS IN THE PERMANENT WAY OF RAILWAYS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Eugenius Birch and Herman Dirs
Mertens at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their
Petition, on the 1st March 1861.
We, EUGENIUS BIRCH, of 43, Parliament Street, in the City of Westminster,
Engineer, and HERMAN DIRS MERTENS, of Margate, in the County of Kent,
Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE PERMANENT WAY OF RAILWAYS," to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to a peculiar form of combined sleeper chair and
fishing plates, made of wrought iron in one piece. The wrought-iron plate
or slab, from which the combined sleeper chair and fishing plates is made, is
bent or drawn whilst hot, so as to bring its opposite edges near to each other,
and to turn them up for the purpose of forming the fishing plates. The
general section of the sleeper is that of a hollow arch, the rail being gripped
between the turned-up edge of the plate, and remains suspended above the
base of the plate and out of contact therewith, so as to allow it to yield to a
passing load, and so form an elastic permanent way.
combined sleepers may be placed in the ballast itself without the intervention
of wooden or other sleepers, suitable tie rods fitting the base of the combined
sleepers being used to preserve the proper guage. By making some portions
of the sleeper thinner than others, and by varying the general thickness of the
plate, any desired amount of elasticity may be obtained.
These wrought-iron
AN IM- PROVED MODE OF CONSTRUCTING AND FIXING THE RAILS OF RAILWAYS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Charles Marie Pouillet at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 18th
November 1861.
I, CHARLES MARIE POUILLET, of Paris, in the French Empire, Civil
Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN IM-
PROVED MODE OF CONSTRUCTING AND FIXING THE RAILS OF RAILWAYS," to be as
follows:-
My Invention consists, first, in the construction and employment of a rail
of the shape represented at Figure 1 of the accompanying Drawings. N is a
rib formed on the under side of the rail inserted in a groove b, c, d, cut in a
sleeper T; a, a, are flanges projecting from the base of the rail R, but above
the rib N and resting on the upper part of the sleeper e, e, are keys for securing
the rail to the sleeper or wood screws, or other means may be adopted for this
purpose. The junction of the rails is effected by flanged fish plates tightened
up by bolts, as shown in Figure 2. I prefer that this junction should take
place between two sleepers brought close together, and resting on the same
table or bed; but the union may be effected on the sleeper itself, in which
case the flanges must be so made as to enable them to be bolted on each side
of the sleeper. Sometimes for the sake of economy I employ short sleepers
between those extending across the line.
My Invention consists, secondly, in constructing and fixing rails, as shown
at Figure 3. The rail proper R rests on a sub-rail S, the rib N of which is

page_text: inserted in the groove b, c, d, formed in the sleeper T. The rail proper R
and sub-rail S are secured by keys e, e, and the rail R is further secured by
bolts inserted in the spaces between the sleepers. Cramps G, G, Figures 4
and 5, may be used instead of the keys. e, e; or the rail may be secured as
shown in Figure 6, where the shape of the sub-rail is somewhat altered; two
flanges or projections f, f, being left, a kind of groove is thus formed in which
the base of the rail rests. The junction of the rail and sub-rail is effected as
before, except that the joints alternate, so that the connections of the rail, for
example, are in a line with those on the sub-rail. A defective rail can by
this plan be removed and a fresh one fitted without disturbing the sub-rail.
My Invention consists, thirdly, in extending the arms or wings of the sub-
rail, and securing. them to the sleepers by keys or bolts, with a base plate
placed under the wings, and as shown in Figure 7. The rail R with its base
is fixed on the sub-rail either by bolts or hooks and keys H, H, at top or
bottom, and as shown in Figures 10 and 11. Bars or angle irons maintain
the parallelism of the line, and are secured by bolts to the flanges on the
sub-rails.
Figure 8 shows a method I adopt for coupling the rails near a joint of the
sub-rail, which is effected by flanged fish plates held by bolts to the rail. In
some cases the sub-rail is laid upon the ground without sleepers, but to render
it more secure I prefer adding joists, as shown in Figure 9.
IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR EVAPORATING IN VACUO
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by James John Field at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 30th March
1861.
I, JAMES JOHN FIELD, of Holloway Place, Holloway, in the County of
Middlesex, Analytical and Manufacturing Chemist, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR EVAPORATING
IN VACUO," to be as follows:-
My Invention consists in effecting the condensation of the vapor arising from
fluids evaporating in vacuo within the covered vessel, or some part thereof, in
which the evaporation is carried on, instead of passing the vapor out through
a tube, neck, or similar contrivance into a separate condenser.
The object of my Invention being the more speedy removal of the vapor by
enabling it to have such free and immediate access to the refrigerated surfaces
that its condensation is effected almost immediately after its liberation from the
fluid, and with a degree of rapidity unattainable when the vapor has to
traverse long curved or angular circuits to reach the condenser.
My Invention may be carried into effect with an ordinary vacuum pan by
making certain additions thereto, but I prefer to employ a vacuum pan
having a head or cover of different form and construction to those ordinarily
used.
In carrying my Invention into effect I refrigerate the cover, head, or upper
part of the vacuum pan, so as to keep that portion of the internal surface of

page_text: the apparatus sufficiently cooled to condense the vapor arising from the fluid
operated upon, or I place within the upper part of the apparatus some form
of surface condenser which may be used in substitution for, or in addition to
the refrigerated head or cover itself. In either case the fluid resulting from
the condensing action of the upper part of the apparatus is prevented from
returning to that operated upon in the lower part of the apparatus by one or
more internal channels or gutters surrounding or bordering the lower margin
of each refrigerated surface, into which channels or gutters the fluid resulting
from the condensed vapor falls as fast as it is produced, & from whence it is
conducted out of the vacuum pan by means of a pipe or pipes opening from
the channels or gutters, passing thence out of the apparatus, and terminating
in a receiving vessel kept in the same state of atmospheric exhaustion as the
vacuum pan itself. This method of conducting
This method of conducting evaporation in vacuo is
particularly applicable to the concentration of saccharine solutions & the
preparation of medicinal extracts.
A PORTABLE SPRING BEDSTEAD AND MATTRASS, MOVEABLE AND FIXED, A HAMMOCK BED AND SPRING MATTRASS, MOVEABLE AND FIXED
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Joseph Moiroux at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 28th September
1861.
I, JOSEPH MOIROUX, of 11, Rue St. Elizabeth, Lyon, France, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "A PORTABLE SPRING BEDSTEAD
AND MATTRASS, MOVEABLE AND FIXED, A HAMMOCK BED AND SPRING MATTRASS,
MOVEABLE AND FIXED," to be as follows:-
The aim of this Invention is by its moveable spring to rendor more or less
flexible any portion, right or left, middle, or all parts, according to the wants
of the purchaser. Each spring is partially fixed; in loosening the catch holding
the transverse shank No. 1 one or two elastics come out, each spring has three
elastics, which is composed of an assemblage of eighty gutta percha threads,
galvanized, which are each 1 square millimètre A, which are covered as a
stay lace. These threads act in unison as a cord (iron wire). I also employ
gulvanized elastic iron, iron wire, and copper wire, from which I obtain the
same effect. The spring mattrass bedstead is two mètres long, its breadth is
undetermined. In a minute the complete spring mattrass bedstead is reduced
to 35 square centimètres, and can be enclosed in an ordinary trunk.
The way of folding.-We pull out the pins No. 7, to which are attached a
small chain, then we fold in the four legs No. 6, then we fold in the ends of
which the half fits inside behind No. 8. Inasmuch as the ends have a niche
into which they fit at the bottom, No. 10, then we lift up each cross piece
(No. 2) from its nitch, and the joints No. 4 & 5 join each other crossways.

page_text: We then pull the cord No. 3 and all the cross pieces carrying the springs
come together like the leaves of a fan, wo lift up and turn down the other
parts of the back; the cord No. 3 is used to keep it up, going round it as a
band. The pillows No. 12 are to keep it closed temporarily with the cord
No. 3. The rollers No. 11 are to lower the mattrass bed of 30 centimetres;
it can then be used as a couch or child's bed, avoiding by that means their
having a serious fall. In only folding the bottom legs, a bed of 35 centi-
metres slope is obtained; it is for that purpose that there are 8 rollers.
The hammock bed is made on the same folding-up principle, only that the
springs are replaced by a piece of canvass at the head and foot, as there are
no springs, its length of two metres is reduced to 18 square centimetres; it can
easily, on account of its lightness, be carried under the arm or be placed in a
very small box. The spring mattrass, which will suit any bed, has the same
springs and the same cover, that is to say, sacking wove with very strong
cotton, No. 13, which does not shrink by damp or stretch when dry, as does
sacking wove with thread. This spring mattrass can be taken to pieces by
means of a screw driver, and is reduced to a compass not bigger than 30 centi-
metres by 18 centimetres. The bands preserve their length, which is two
metres.
AN IMPROVED STEEL BUTTON, AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURING THE SAME
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Richard Archibald Brooman
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
30th October 1861.-A communication from abroad by Henri Jesson,
o Paris, France.
"
I, RICHARD ARCHIBALD BROOMAN, of 166, Fleet Street, in the City of
London, Patent Agent, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "AN IMPROVED STEEL BUTTON, AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURING THE SAME,"
(communicated to me from abroad by Henri Jesson, of Paris, France,) to be
as follows:-
This Invention consists in manufacturing a spherical steel button with a
shank, and in a single piece without soldering. The button and method of
manufacturing it will be best understood by reference to the accompanying
Drawing.
Figure 1 represents in plan and edge view a blank a, produced by a punch,
and which forms the button and shank; Figure 2 shows in elevation, and
in plan, the blank a, after having undergone the first stamping; b, c, are the
parts, which, after being brought together, form the shank. The blank is
brought into the shape shown at d, Figure 2, by being placed upon the matrix,
Figure 3, and by having the punch, Figure 4, brought down upon it. The
partially-shaped blank is next removed to the matrix e, Figure 5, and the
hollow conical tool f is brought down upon it, in order to bring the parts
b, c, together, as shown at Figure 6. The button is next piaced in the matrix
9, Figure 7, and the tool his brought down upon it. The button will then

page_text: assume the form shown in the three views, Figures 8, 9, and 10. The button
as shown at Figure 10, is placed on the matrix, Figure 12, a punch is made to
round off the angles of the shank i, and at the same time to pierce a hole
through it, as shown at Figure 11. The finished button is ready for the
ordinary polishing before being sent into the market.
IMPROVEMENTS IN INSTRUMENTS FOR MEASURING ANGLES AND DISTANCES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Pierre Henry Antoine Constantin
Sapia at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition,
on the 22nd June 1861.
I, PIERRE HENRY ANTOINE CONSTANTIN SAPIA, of Paris, France, Officer of
the French Army, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN INSTRUMENTS FOR MEASURING ANGLES AND DISTANCES," to be
as follows:-
These improvements relate, Ily, to an improved arrangement or combination
of parts applicable to instruments for measuring angles, and 2ly, to the
application of this arrangement to an instrument for measuring distances.
It has been hitherto extremely difficult in instruments for measuring angles to
ascertain in a rapid manner very small angles or variations of them; my improved
arrangement, applicable in general to instruments in which the magnitudes of
angles are to be measured, allows of ascertaining such magnitudes or variations
of them with the utmost rapidity. For this purpose I apply the indicator of
the albidade, or of the telescope, in an eccentric manner on a circular limb or
dial plate. A second indicator or pointer works in a concentric manner on
the dial plate, and is connected to the first indicator by an appendix of its
axis acting against this latter, so as to make the motion of both indicators
dependant on each other, while the pointer or second indicator will mark on
an amplified or multiplied scale (on the dial plate provided with curved lines

page_text: calculated in such manner as to mark suitable geometrical spots) the angle
taken by the telescope or albidade.
The principle of amplifying or multiplying the observed angle I apply to an
instrument for measuring distances; the same consists of a vertical circular dial
plate, which may revolve in the horizontal direction in a foot to be set in any
suitable position on a table or solid basis by means of set screws and levels, if
required; one of the surfaces of the dial plate forms a limb, having suitable curved
lines marked thereon, calculated according to certain mathematical laws, and a
pointer or hand is allowed to turn concentrically on this limb for indicating
thereon at once the distance existing between the object taken sight at and the
spot where the instrument is situated. On the opposite surface of the dial
plate an albidade or a telescope is allowed to revolve also, but on a fulcrum
situated eccentrically in respect to that of the pointer or hand, and to the centre
of the dial plate. An appendix, curved finger, or eccentricum is fixed to the
axis of the pointer, and works against the rule of the alhidade or of the telescope,
so as to make the motion of this latter and of the pointer dependant on each
other; when taking sight at an object by means of the alhidade or the telescope,
the pointer or hand will at once indicate on the dial plate the distance at which
the said object is situated from the instrument.
IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH CONDUCTORS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Alexander Parkes at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 12th February
1861.
I, ALEXANDER PARKES, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick, do
hereby declare the nature of the Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRIC
TELEGRAPH CONDUCTORS," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in electric telegraph con-
ductors. For these purposes when the conductors are composed of copper, in
order to increase the conducting power, in place of drawing or rolling out a
rod of copper to the desired size and section as heretofore, I employ one or
more tubes, and place them one within the other, generally filling the centre
with a solid rod of copper. I then extend the same by drawing or rolling ;
and when using silver in combination with copper as a conductor, in order to
increase the conducting power, I proceed as follows:-I place a tube or rod
of silver within a tube of copper, or I introduce several tubes or rods of silver
into an outer tube or tubes of copper, or silver and copper may alternate.
These are then drawn or rolled down to the desired extent, the object being to
obtain silver within copper, and in place of the silver being prepared separately
the tubes or rods introduced into copper tubes may be first electrotyped or
coated with silver before introducing them into the outer tube of copper; or
copper may be deposited on to silver, and in that condition drawn or rolled.
It is desirable that the copper and the silver used should be as pure as may be,
though the same may be alloyed with each other, and to some extent with
other metals.
AN IMPROVED STAND FOR EXHIBITING DRAPERY OR OTHER GOODS FOR SALE
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Egbert Horlick at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 2nd April
1861.
I, EGBERT HORLICK, of Tredegar, in the County of Monmouth, Outfitter,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVED STAND
FOR EXHIBITING DRAPERY OR OTHER GOODS FOR SALE," to be as follows:-
This improved stand is adapted specially for drapers and outfitters for the
purpose of exhibiting goods for sale, such as woven fabrics in the piece, dresses,
shawls, mantles, coats, vests, and other articles of dress or furniture, and is
intended for supporting and displaying such goods, and at the same time
preventing them from being thrown down accidentally or stolen when such
goods are displayed at the door or in other exposed situations.
The stand is to be made of wrought iron or other suitable metal, and is
composed of four or more uprights having at intervals fixed transverse rails
upon which the goods or articles are hung. Behind these fixed rails are other
moveable rails capable of being moved to and from the fixed rails by means of
cranks all simultaneously worked by means of a lever. The goods to be
displayed or exhibited for sale are hung over the fixed rails, and the moveable
rails are then (by means of the lever) brought forward so as to hold or nip the
articles tightly between them and the fixed rails, and the lever may then be
fastened by means of a padlock or otherwise, and thus the goods will be held
perfectly secure at the same time that they are displayed to the best advantage.

page_text: The frame, which is portable and may be placed in any convenient or desirable
situation, is also provided with a roller blind at the top, which can be drawn
over the goods in case of rain so as to avoid the trouble and inconvenience of
taking the stands in and out frequently in showery weather.
IMPROVEMENTS IN BREECH-LOADING FIRE-ARMS AND ORDNANCE
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by James Picken at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 15th January
1861.
I, JAMES PICKEN, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick, Gun Maker,.
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
BREECH-LOADING FIRE-ARMS AND ORDNANCE," to be as follows:-
The annexed Drawings represent in section the breech end of a small-arm
barrel constructed according to my Invention, (Fig. 1) representing the breech.
closed, and (Fig. 2) shewing the breech open. (a) is the charging chamber,
into which the cartridge or charge is placed; (b) a solid plug formed on the
fore end of a bolt (c), which passes through the solid breech piece (d). To
the rear end of the bolt (c) the closer (E) is pinned or hinged by a species of
knife joint. This closer (E) is of such form that when shut down, as in
(Fig. 1), it encloses the bolt (c) at the sides as well as at the top. The
cartridge or charge being placed in the chamber (a), the bolt is pushed up into
the position seen in (Fig. 1), thus forcing the charge into the barrel, and
following it up with the plug (b); the closer (E) is then shut down, and the
piece is ready for firing. A small thumb-piece (f) is provided for the
purpose of raising the closer, and thus laying open the charging chamber,
when the bolt can be drawn back and a fresh charge inserted.
For ordnance, similar parts will be employed; and for heavy guns, any
suitable mechanical power, such as levers, can be used to raise the closer.
IMPROVEMENTS IN RAILWAY CARRIAGES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Murray at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 4th February
1861.
I, JOHN MURRAY, of Whitehall Place, London, Gentleman, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN RAILWAY
CARRIAGES," to be as follows:-
'This Invention relates to a peculiar construction and arrangement of railway
carriages, whereby the injurious consequences arising from a collision or sudden
derangement of the train are to a great extent neutralized. According to this
Invention it is proposed to cover the entire, or the greater portion of the roof,
bottom, and ends of railway carriages with a thick padding of soft or elastic
material, so as to form a complete external cushion at those parts. This
cushion at the ends of the carriages may serve in lieu of the ordinary buffers,
the entire surface or portions of one end of each carriage bearing against the
corresponding padded end of the next carriage, and so on throughout the train.
By this means, should a collision occur, the soft padding distributed over the
surfaces of the carriage will effectually deaden the shock and protect the body
of the same, and especially the passengers, from injury. If found desirable,
portions of the end padding may be made to interlock or fit loosely into corre-
sponding recessed or sunk portions in the end of the next carriage, so that
should an axle or wheel become broken or detached the damaged carriage will
be still supported by the interlocking of its extremity with the next carriage,
and thereby prevented from falling.

page_text: It is further proposed to so arrange the seats in each compartment that the
passengers will sit in one direction in place of face to face.
In order to give greater strength to the carriage I propose to construct the
shell or framing with curved in place of flat ends, and to envelop this carriage
with an outer padding, as above described, such padding being, however, flat
or corrugated at the ends, so that an additional amount of padding will be
placed at each corner, thereby greatly protecting those parts most liable to
fracture.
IMPROVEMENTS APPLICABLE TO STOVES OR OPEN FIRE-PLACES FOR UTILIZING MORE OF THE HEAT THERE FROM THAN HERETOFORE, ALSO FOR ECONO- MIZING FUEL, AND IGNITING SAME
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Wilhelm Adolf Von Kanig at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, ön- the 28th
November 1861.
I, WILHELM ADOLF VON KANIO, of Brompton 'Row, Brompton Road,
Brompton, in the County of Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of the
said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS APPLICABLE TO STOVES OR OPEN FIRE-PLACES
FOR UTILIZING MORE OF THE HEAT THERE FROM THAN HERETOFORE, ALSO FOR ECONO-
MIZING FUEL, AND IGNITING SAME," to be as follows:-
This Invention consists in adapting to ordinary stoves or open fire-places
the following parts, namely, in the back of the stove I form a hole, say, for
example, three inches in diameter, into which I fit an elbow pipe, and connect
thereto behind and at the back of the stove an upright pipe, the top of which
is open. Around said upright pipe I place and fix another larger pipe so as
to leave space between the two pipes, and I form branches right and left from
the top of the larger pipe leading to gratings or openings at the front of the
stove under the mantelshelf or over same, as may be found most desirable,
and fitted with ventilators for opening and closing, or regulating the passage
of heated air at will. I also adapt a slide to the front of the pipe fixed in the
back of the stove for the same purpose. At the bottom of the hearth of the
fire-place or other convenient part I adapt a pipe for the admission of cold air
into the space between the two vertical pipes aforesaid situate behind the back
of the stove. The effect of this arrangement is as follows:-As the heat

page_text: up
from the fire passes along the inner pipe inserted in the back of the stove, the
cold air passing in the space around same becomes heated, and passes through
the openings under or over the mantelpiece into the room instead of passing
the chimney as heretofore. I also propose to employ a screen formed of
solid plate metal, having an opening in front thereof fitted with a door; this
screen is intended to be placed a short distance from the fire to protect persons
from the direct rays thereof, and to give off heat by radiation.. Said screen
may be used with ordinary, stoves, or with the arrangement previously
described. The arrangement for igniting fuel consists of a jointed branch
pipe or pipes fitted to the side or sides of the mantel, and connected either
with a gas meter or a reservoir containing naptha, turpentine, or other inflam-
mable liquid. The aforesaid branch pipe is fitted with a burner or jet, which
when lighted, is introduced into the fire-grate beneath the fuel, and left there
until the fuel is ignited; by these means the necessity for using wood to light
fires is entirely dispensed with. I propose to adapt a modified arrangement
of hot air pipes to kitchen ranges, and to employ the heat therefrom for
various culinary purposes.
AN IMPROVED MODE OF BLEACHING AND REFINING OILS AND OTHER FATTY SUBSTANCES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Alfred Vincent Newton at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on tho 20th
April 1861-A communication from abroad by Ferdinand Feist Mayer,
of the City of New York, United States of America.
I, ALFRED VINCENT NEWTON, of the Office for Patents, 66, Chancery Lane,
in the County of Middlesex, Mechanical Draughtsman, do hereby declaro the
nature of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVED MODE OF BLEACHING AND REFINING
OILS AND OTHER FATTY SUBSTANCES," to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to the employment of brown oxide of lead, either
pure or in composition with other substances, for the purpose of bleaching and
refining fatty substances, such as linseed oil, rape-seed oil, poppy-seed oil,
animal or vegetable wax, palm oil, and tallow.
For the purpose of bleaching and refining linseed oil, for example, a hot
solution of alum is prepared, and the crude oil is thoroughly incorporated
therewith by strongly agitating under and with the influence of moist steam.
The steam being then shut off, brown oxide of lead, or a composition con-
taining that substance, is thinned with water, and added to the oil mixture.
The whole is then stirred until the bleaching of the oil has sufficiently
advanced. Hot water is now poured into the tank, and the mixture is steamed
and stirred till the color has disappeared. Instead of using the brown oxide
of lead in combination with alum, it can be used with advantage either in
combination with dilute sulphuric or acetic acid.
IMPROVE- MENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CERTAIN COLOURS FOR PRINTING AND DYEING FABRICS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Alexander Schultz at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 2nd
December 1861.
I, ALEXANDER SCHULTZ, of Paris, in the Empire of France, Manufacturing
Chemist, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CERTAIN COLOURS FOR PRINTING AND DYEING
FABRICS," to be as follows:-
The nature of my Invention consists in the employment of a decoction of
logwood, combined with caustic soda, for producing different shades of black,
chocolate, olive, and other colours upon cotton, wool, silk,. and other fabrics, or
upon fabrics made of a combination of cotton, wool, silk, and other fibres.
The mordant which I employ for fixing the colours prepared by combining
logwood and caustic soda, consists of a mixture of acetate of lead and acetate
of tin; but alum and the stannate of soda, or the various salts of tin may be
employed. It is evident that the shades of colours to be produced may be
varied by adding to the combined decoction of logwood and caustic soda other
dye materials now known and in use.