IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF DOUGH, AND ESPECIALLY OF FERMENTED DOUGH
Year: 1862

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Turner, of the Steam Bakery, No. 39,
Hockley, in the Town and County of the Town of Nottingham, Baker
and Flour Dealer, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY
OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF DOUGH, AND ESPECIALLY
OF FERMENTED DOUGH."
Sealed the 25th September 1862, and dated the 1st April 1862.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Turner at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 1st
April 1862.
I, WILLIAM TURNER, of the Steam Bakery, No. 39, Hockley, in the
Town and County of the Town of Nottingham, Baker and Flour Dealer,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
MACHINERY OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF DOUGH, AND
ESPECIALLY OF FERMENTED DOUGH," to be as follows:-
This my present. Invention has for its object the more effectually mixing of
dough, and especially of dough of a fermented nature, and it is adapted for
mixing fermented dough without retarding the process of fermentation or
impairing its vitality, towards which all other machinery used for manufacturing
dough adversely tend in a greater or less degree.
My Invention consists of apparatus in which are employed standards or a
frame made of wood, metal, or other suitable material, and is used for the.
purpose of supporting the machinery or apparatus.. On the upper part of

page_text: these standards or frames are placed bearings, in which run two cranked or
other suitably shaped shafts or axles, which said shafts or axles revolve in
opposite directions. I attach to each shaft or axle an iron bar, shaft, or arm,
which said bar, shaft, or arm, as the shaft or axle revolves, slides or moves
up and down in a slot, or the bar, shaft, or arm itself may be slotted, in which
case it would slide or move up and down on a pin or stud; this slot, pin, or
stud may be provided with friction rollers, to facilitate the sliding or moving
of this bar, shaft, or arm; the slot, pin, or stud, is attached to the standard in
a perpendicular line with the bearing carrying the shafts or axles; these arms
are employed for the purpose of communicating a motion to the mixers in the
mixing trough, the form and dimension of which said motion will be determined
partly by the distance the slot, pin, or stud is placed from the said shaft or axle,
and partly by the length of the bar, shaft, or arm. I attach to each arm a
mixer; these mixers are.composed of bars of iron, or wood, or other suitable
material, which may cross each other at every revolution of the shaft or axle,
or less frequently if desired. These mixers do not revolve on their own axis,
but each of them passes through the dough, one in one direction, and the other
in another, an opposite direction,, which will incorporate the flour with the
liquid, without the excessive manipulation hitherto required, which said exces
sive manipulation is injurious to fermented dough. Power is communicated
to the mixers without piercing of the trough at either end, or at the sides,
the trough therefore is perfectly even throughout. I also attach the feeder or
feeding apparatus mentioned in my former Patent, dated the 22nd day of
March 1860, and Nod. 741, which said feeder or feeding apparatus consists of
hopper or supply vessel for containing the flour; a feeding roller or spindle
for conveying the flour into the mixing trough, and a slide or slides for regu-
lating the supply of flour, and also a sifter consisting of revolving brushes and
wire gauze or perforated zinc or other suitable material, as mentioned or
shown in the Specification of my said former Patent.
a
Although I use two cranked shafts or axles, the mixing may be performed
with one cranked shaft or axle only, but it will be obvious that when using
only one cranked shaft or axle, the cross motion herein-before mentioned
cannot be obtained, and consequently the operation' of mixing the dough is of
necessity prolonged, and the quality thereof becomes impaired:..
:
I do not confine myself to the employment of two cranked shafts or axles
and I use the above mentioned operation or its equivalent as means for
communicating power to mixers, and without conveying the same through the
trough, and of the employment of the motion or motions herein-before
described for mixing fermented dough.

page_text: In setting the sponge the trough may be divided into two or more compart-
ments, and one cranked shaft or axle only.be used, in which case it will be
manifest that any form and position of mixing bars may be employed.
The advantages to be derived from this Invention, are, first, a more speedy
mixing of the dough; second, the mixing of the dough without deterioration;
and, third, the mixer at each revolution of the cranked shaft or axle being
raised to a level with the top of the trough will consequently require no taking
out thereof.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said William Turner in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
1st October 1862.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM
TURNER, of the Steam Bakery, No. 39, Hockley, in the Town and County of
the Town of Nottingham; Baker and Flour Dealer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the First day of April, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-two, in the twenty-fifth year of
Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto
me, the said William Turner, Her special licence that I, the said William
Turner, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I,
the said William Turner, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should
at any time agree with, and no others, from time, to time and at all times
thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might
make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for
IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED IN THE MANUFACTURE
OF DOUGH, AND ESPECIALLY OF FERMENTED DOUGH," upon the condition (amongst
others) that I, the said William Turner, my executors or administrators, by
an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and
seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Inven-
tion, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same
to be filed in the Great Seal-Patent Office within six calendar months Lext
and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said William Turner, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner, the same is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the

page_text: following statement thereof, reference being had to the accompanying Drawings,
and to the letters and figures marked thereon, that is to say:-
. My Invention has for object the more effectually mixing of dough, and is
especially applicable to the mixing of dough of a fermented nature; my
Invention being adapted for mixing fermented dough without in anywise
retarding the process of fermentation or impairing its vitality, whereas other
machinery hitherto used in the manufacture of dough tends more or less to
retard the process, or impair its vitality.
My Invention consists of apparatus for the mixing of dough, in which
standards, or a frame made of wood, metal, or other convenient material, are or
is employed for supporting the rest of the machinery or apparatus. On the
upper part of these standards or frame are bearings, in which run two cranked
_or other conveniently shaped shafts or axles, which said shafts or axles revolve
in opposite directions. I attach to each shaft or axle an iron bar, rod, or
arm, which bar, rod, or arm as the aforesaid shaft or axle revolves, slides or
moves up and down in a slot; or the bar,, rod, or arm itself may be slotted,
in which case it would slide or move up and down on a pin or stud. The slot,
pin, or stud, which may be provided with friction rollers to facilitate the
sliding or moving of the bar, rod, or arm, is attached to the standard or
framework in a perpendicular line with the bearing carrying the shafts or
axles. The bars, rods, or arms are employed for the purpose of commu-
nicating motion to the mixers in the mixing trough, the path or range of
which said motion will be determined partly by the distance at which the slot,
pin, or stud is placed from the shaft or axle, and partly by the length of the
bar, rod, or arm. I attach to each arm a mixer; these mixers are composed
of bars of iron or wood, or other convenient material, which may cross each
other at every revolution of the shaft or axle, or less frequently if desired.
These mixers. do not revolve on their own axis, but each of them passes
through the dough, one in one direction and the other in an opposite direction,
and thus will incorporate the flour with the liquid without the excessive
manipulation which has been hitherto required, and is injurious to fermented
dough. Power is communicated to the mixers without piercing the trough
at either end, or at the sides thereof. The trough, therefore, is perfectly even
throughout.
I would here remark that in order to feed my improved machine I
attach thereto the feeder or feeding apparatus described in my former Patent,
dated the 22nd day of March, 1860, and numbered 741, which said feeder or
feeding apparatus consists of a hopper or supply vessel for containing the
flour, a feeding roller or spindle for conveying the flour into the mixing

page_text: trough, a slide or slides for regulating the supply of flour, and also a sifter
consisting of revolving brushes and wire gauze, or perforated zinc, or other
suitable material, all as described and shown in the Specification of my said
Patent.
Although I have mentioned the use of two cranked shafts or axles, the
mixing may be performed with one cranked shaft or axle only; but it will be
obvious that when only one cranked shaft or axle be used the cross motion
herein-before mentioned cannot be obtained, and consequently the operation
of mixing the dough will be of necessity prolonged, and the quality thereof
will become impaired.
I wish it to be understood, however, that I do not confine myself to the
employment of two cranked shafts or axles, and that I employ the above-
mentioned driving arrangements, or their equivalent, as a means for commu-.
nicating power to mixers without carrying the driving arrangements through
the ends of the trough, and my Invention mainly refers to the employment of
the motion or motions herein-before described for mixing fermented dough.
In setting the sponge the trough used may be divided into two or more com-
partments, and one cranked shaft or axle only be used; in which case it will
be manifest that any convenient form and position of mixing bars may be
adopted.
The advantages to be derived from my Invention are these, first, a more
speedy mixing of the dough is obtained; second, the dough is mixed without
deterioration; and, thirdly, as the mixer at each revolution of the cranked
shaft or axle is raised to a level with the top of the trough no taking out of
the trough is necessitated.
Having thus set forth the nature of the said Invention, I now proceed more
párticularly to describe the manner of performing the same with reference to
the accompanying Drawings.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS.
Figure 1, Sheet 1, is a front view of my kneading machine or apparatus
constructed according to my Invention. The trough is shewn in section to
exhibit the.mixers.
Figure 2, Sheet 2, is an end view of the said machine or apparatus, with
one standard, and the right-hand end of the trough taken away; the upper
part of the machine is shewn in section on the line A*, A*, of Figure 1.
Figure 3 represents one set of mixers as viewed from above, and Figure 4 is
a view of the mixers looking from the pointed ends thereof. The corresponding
Figure 1, Sheet 1, is a front view of my kneading machine or apparatus
constructed according to my Invention. The trough is shewn in section to
exhibit the.mixers.
Figure 2, Sheet 2, is an end view of the said machine or apparatus, with
one standard, and the right-hand end of the trough taken away; the upper
part of the machine is shewn in section on the line A*, A*, of Figure 1.
Figure 3 represents one set of mixers as viewed from above, and Figure 4 is
a view of the mixers looking from the pointed ends thereof. The corresponding
parts in each Figure are lettered alike.

page_text: A, A, are two end standards connected at the top by a front bracketed tie
bar B, and back bracketed tie bar C. In Figure 1, the front tie bar is
removed, so that the arrangement of the cross bearers D may be the more
plainly seen. The standards are further connected at the back thereof by the
tie rods E and F, and each standard is bolted to the floor, both back and
,front at its foot. Both standards have a bracket cast on them at the back
and near the top, which brackets form bearings for a shaft G, which extends
somewhat beyond the rest of the machine. This shaft G is connected direct
to the driving shaft of a steam engine, or other motive power engine; on the
shaft Gare, secured two spur wheels H and H', one at either end of the
machine. The spur wheel H gears into a toothed wheel I on the end of a
shaft or crank axle K, which is in two parts, connected together by an axle
pin L, the use of which I will refer to herein-after. The spur wheel H¹ gears
into a spur wheel H, which is connected to and moves with a spur wheel H³
on a short axle, supported in the standard at the left-hand end of the machine.
The spur wheel H³ gears into a large toothed wheel 1' on the end of a shaft or
crank axle K¹, furnished with an axle pin M; the wheels being geared as
described, it follows that when motion is communicated to the shaft G by a
steam engine, or other motive power, the axles L and M will revolve in
opposite directions. The crank shafts K and K are connected together by a
collar screwed to the shaft K', the end of the shaft K revolves freely in the
other end of this collar. To each standard is fixed a bracket N, to which
friction, rollers O are secured; each roller is embraced by a slotted arm P, to
the upper end of which are secured bearings, which embrace the axle pins L
and M. To the lower end of the arms P, I attach a mixer Q, composed of
bars of iron, wood, or other material. These mixers are shown as crossing
each other in the front view, Figure 1, Sheet 1.. The path and range of the
movement of the mixers are determined partly by the distance. The friction
rollers are placed from the crank axles, and partly by the length of the slotted
arms. Each of the mixers passes through the dough, one in one direction,
and the other in an opposite direction, and thereby the flour is incorporated
with the liquid without the excessive and injurious manipulation hitherto
required. Motion is communicated to the mixers without piercing the troughs
either at the ends or at the sides thereof, so that the interior of the trough is
perfectly even throughout.
The feeder or feeding apparatus, which is described in my former Patent,
dated the 22nd day of March 1860, and numbered 741, and which feeding
apparatus is connected to this my improved mixing machine, is shown, in
dotted lines in Figure 2, Sheet 2. The said feeding apparatus consisting of

page_text: a hopper or supply vessel R for containing the flour, a feeding roller or
spindle S for conveying the flour into the mixing trough, a slide or slides T
for regulating the supply of flour, and a sifter consisting of revolving brushes
U, and wire gauze W, of perforated zinc or other suitable material, all as
mentioned in the Specification of my said former Patent, and shewn in the
Drawings accompanying the same. The spindle S may be driven by a wheel
✗ gearing into the wheel I, and at the other end of the feeding spindle a
wheel may be placed to gear into a smaller wheel on the axle of the brushes,
so as to cause them to revolve at a greater speed than the feeder spindle.
I wish it to be understood that I do not claim under this my present
Patent the feeding apparatus herein-before described, as the same was
described in the Specification of my previous, Patent of the 22nd day of
Marcb, 1860.
Having now described the nature of the said Invention, and in what
manner the same may be performed, I declare that I claim,-
First, the arrangement and combination of parts constituting the improved
apparatus for mixing dough, substantially as herein-before described.
Second, the arrangement and combination of parts for actuating the mixers,
substantially as described.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Turner, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Twenty-ninth day of September, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-two.
Witness,
GEO. JON. ROBINSON,
- Patent Office,
Nottingham.
WILLIAM TURNER. (L.S.)