Year: 1888

page_text: I, JOHN AUGUSTINE KINGDON, of 29 Marlborough Hill, St John's Wood London,
in the County of Middlesex, Electrical Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this
invention to be as follows:-
My invention relates partly to my improved dynamo electric machine which form
the subject of Letters Patent granted to me No. 15837 of 1886, and in which the
conducting wire both of the field or primary magnets and also of the secondary
magnets is fixed.
A particular secondary magnet in my inductor dynamo being magnetically
connected by the rotating inductors alternately with the two adjacent primary
magnets is acted on by them but is unaffected by the remaining secondaries.
According to my present invention when it is desired to switch off the current
in a secondary coil or group of secondary coils, I switch off at the same time the
exciting current from all such primaries as are not required for the secondary coils
which remain in action.
Thus suppose the magnets and their coils to be indicated by the letters a A b B
c Cd D and so on, where A B C D are primary magnets and a b c d e are secondary
magnets. The secondary d for instance is magnetized alternately by C and D. If
the secondary e is out of action and it is desired to put d out of action also, it is
evident that it is unnecessary to excite the primary D. I therefore disconnect D
from the exciting dynamo or other source of electricity, at the same time that D is
put out action.
As power is absorbed in exciting the primaries, and wasted in driving the
inductors past primaries, whose corresponding secondaries are supplying no current,
there is evidently a saving of power when the primary D is not excited.
If it is desired to regulate the current or electromotive force of d, I regulate the
exciting current of D, until the desired result is obtained, and such regulation may
be effected independently of the exciting current in the other primaries A B C
A secondary d with its primary D may be put out of or in to action by means of
one switch or double commutator or two separate switches may be employed.

page_text: A group of secondaries and their corresponding primaries may be similarly
controlled by one switch.
When the secondary or armature coils of one or more dynamo machines are feeding
one circuit, it is generally necessary to keep either the electromotive force or the
current constant or approximately constant. This is effected according to my
invention by switching on or off secondaries according as it is desired to increase or
diminish the current or electromotive force.
In the case of inductor dynamos I switch on or off the secondaries and their
corresponding primaries at the same time. This may be done by hand or by means
of any suitable automatic apparatus.
When the switches are put on by hand' 1 sometimes, arrange an electromagnet or
other controlling device to cause or allow the switch to go off, when the current or
electromotive force exceeds a certain limit. Such electromagnet may be either in
the main circuit or wound as a shunt to the main circuit or in a separate circuit
controlled by a relay in the main or in a shunt circuit.
One relay may control the electromagnets of several such switches provision being
made for causing the switches to act in a certain order. This is effected by
arranging that the switch which controls the primary and secondary D and d for
instance shall break or make the circuit of the magnet controlling the switch next in
order.
Instead of actuating the switches by hand they may be actuated automatically in
any convenient manner such as the following.
Suppose that the secondaries are in parallel and intended to supply an external
circuit with a constant electromotive force. In the circuit of the secondary a I place
an electromagnet which switches on the coils b and B when the current in a exceeds
a certain limit. Similarly when the current in b exceeds a certain limit, an electro-
magnet in its circuit switches on c and C. In order to allow the switches to fall off
when the current is decreasing in the reverse order to that of being put on, I
graduate the strength of the magnets, making the last one weakest.
In order to avoid waste of power in the magnets which control the switches, I
sometimes control them by relay devices.
One such relay may be arranged to control a number of magnets which work
switches, by causing them to switch on when the current or electromotive force falls
or to switch off when the current or electromotive force rises. Provision is made
as before by means of contact breakers in the circuits of the electromagnets to cause
the switches to be put on in order and off in the reverse order.
When it is desired to regulate the electromotive force the single relay is connected
as a shunt to the main circuit. When the current is to be regulated, the magnets
which work the switches or their controlling relays are wound with coils which are
shunts to the respective secondary coils. The single relay is connected in series with
the main circuit.
Where desirable I supplement this method of regulation by any known method of
keeping the current or electromotive force of a separately excited dynamo constant
such as regulating the speed of the dynamo or of the exciter or introducing
resistances into the exciting circuit or into the field magnet circuit of the
exciter.
1 sometimes use switches with mercury contacts.
In order to avoid sudden fluctuations of the current when a secondary coil is
switched on or off, I use a gradually decreasing or increasing resistance, such as a
rheostat or a variable carbon or other resistance, or I move the iron core of a
solenoid in the circuit of the secondary coil.
One such resistance device may be used successively with different secondary coils
either when worked by hand or automatically as for instance in the following
arrangement.
A relay or other equivalent device actuated by the main current or electromotive
force is arranged to control an electromotor which by means of suitable mechanism
switches on the secondary coils in order when running in one direction, and switches

page_text: them off when running in the opposite direction. The motor is also made to raise and
lower with a reciprocating motion the iron core of a solenoid which has one terminal
connected with one of the mains. A secondary coil instead of being switched
directly on to the mains is connected first in series with the solenoid when its iron
core is lowered and its coefficient of self induction is a maximum. The core is
then gradually raised as the motor rotates until the controlling relay cuts off its
current, which may be conveniently obtained from the exciting dynamo. The
secondary is thus gradually fed on to the mains.
Two such solenoids may be employed so that one has its core raised while the other
has its core lowered and being used alternately it is unnecessary to lower a core
before switching on an additional secondary.
When the core is completely raised the secondary is disconnected from the solenoid
and connected direct with the main.
Instead of using an electromotor I sometimes actuate the cores of the solenoids by
hand or by any convenient mechanism.
I sometimes use flat bobbins instead of solenoids and supplement the inductive
action of the core by means of an iron shell partially or wholly enclosing the bobbin
and arranged to move with the core so as to almost complete the magnetic circuit
when the core is lowered.
One core or shell can be used alternately for the two solenoids.
The relay or controlling device is so arranged that the electromotor is at rest
when the electromotive force or current is normal and rotates in one direction or the
other according as the electromotive force or current is too great or too small.
One such regulating apparatus may be used to control successively the secondaries
of two or more electric generators.
When there is additional rogulating apparatus I sometimes make it control
the switch apparatus as for instance when the resistance of the exciting circuit is
less than a certain amount, an additional secondary is fed on to the mains.
In a central station for the generation and distribution of electricity, it will
generally be advisable to have several dynamos supplying the mains and driven by
independent engines so that a break down of one such engine or dynamo may not
cause an interruption in the supply.
It is well known that alternating current dynamos will synchronize when con-
nected in parallel, but that if they are connected to a circuit before they have
become synchronous there will be fluctuations in the light.
Before connecting a fresh dynamo with the mains when it is running at its
normal speed I connect one or more of its secondary coils with one or more of the
secondary coils of one of the synchronizing dynamos which are supplying the
mains.
'
The secondaries which are thus connected for the purpose of synchronizing the
machines are for the time being disconnected from the mains, but after synchronism
has been obtained they may be connected in the ordinary way or reserved for
synchronising an additional dynamo when required.
One set of regulating apparatus may be arranged to operate alternately on the
secondaries of two dynamos so that when all the secondaries of one machine have
been fed in or out half only of the secondaries of the other machine are in use.
There will thus be time for the electrician to start a fresh dynamo and when it is
synchronous to connect it to the regulating & controlling apparatus.
An electric indicator may be used to give notice when all the secondaries of a
machine have been fed in or out.
An automatic cut out may be used to disconnect from the mains the secondaries
of a dynamo which is not synchronous with the other machines.
For this purpose I wind a few coils on the same core with that secondary which is
first introduced. This synchronizing coil which is quite independent of the other
secondaries is connected with the coil of a magnetic cut out which has also another
coil wound as a shunt to the mains.

page_text: The coils are so proportioned that when there is synchronism their joint magnetic
effects are nil and the circuit through the cut out is completed.
When however the currents do not synchronize as for example when the dynamo
in question is at rest, the circuit is broken by means of the coil connected with the
mains.
Machines and in Apparatus therefor.
I, JOHN AUGUSTINE KINGDON, of 29 Marlborough Hill, St. John's Wood London in
the County of Middlesex, Electrical Engineer do hereby declare the nature of this
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described
and ascertained in and by the following statement:-
My invention relates partly to my improved dynamo electric machine which forms
the subject of letters Patent granted to me No. 15837 of 1886 and in which the
conducting wire both of the field or primary magnets and also of the secondary
magnets is fixed, and partly to alternating current machines in general.
A particular, secondary in my inductor dynamo being magnetically connected by
the rotating inductors with only the two adjacent primary magnets is acted on by
them but is unaffected by the remaining primaries.
According to my present invention when it is desired to switch off the current in a
secondary or in a group of secondaries, I switch off at the same time the exciting
current from all such primaries as are not required for the secondaries which remain
in action, a saving of power being hereby effected.
In fig. 1. of the accompanying drawings A B (D) represent the primary coils of
an inductor dynamo which are excited by being connected with the conductors m₁ my
which are connected with the terminals of a small continuous current dynamo. The
secondary a is supplying an arc lamp R. The secondaries b c d are connected with the
mains M₁ M, so as to supply the incandescent lamps ii or other translating devices.
The secondary e can also be connected with the mains M, M, if it is desired to supply
them with additional current, but is at present disconnected by means of the
switch S. Suppose that some of the lamps ii are disconnected so that it is no
longer necessary to employ all the three secondaries bed at present feeding the
mains M₁ M2.

page_text: In this case I may switch off the secondary d and at the same time by means
of the same switch S, I switch off the primary D which is no longer required, or I
may use a separate switch.
Similarly when the secondaries a b c are switched off, at the same time I switch off
their corresponding primaries A B C.
The switch S₁ is arranged to introduce resistances r₁₁ in the circuit of the
primary so as to regulate the exciting current of B.
If the potential difference of the conductors m₁ m, is maintained constant the
currents generated in b and c will be increased by cutting out the resistance r₁;
and will be decreased by introducing the resistances into the circuit of B.
Any known means of regulating a continuous current may be employed instead of
the switch S, and the resistances "13"
When the several secondary coils of one or more dynamos are feeding one circuit I
regulate the current or electromotive force of the dynamo by connecting or dis-
connecting secondary coils with or from the mains according as it is desired to
increase or diminish the current or electromotive force. The secondaries may be
switched on or off by hand.
In fig. 2 is shown a method of automatically disconnecting the secondary g from the
mains M₁ M, if their potential difference exceeds a certain limit. The solenoid K is
wound with a fine wiro coil connected with the mains M₁ M.
When the potential difference of M, M, reaches a certain point the solenoid draws
down the iron core I, which pulls over the switch S and breaks the circuit of y.
The potential difference of the mains M₁ M₁ is thereby reduced. Any known
apparatus such as a Cunynghame's Magnetic cut out may be used in this way.
In figs. 4 and 5 is shown an improved apparatus by means of which secondary coils
may be fed in or out of circuit with the mains so as to keep the potential difference
constant or approximately so.
The solenoid U is wound with a fine wire connected with the mains. When the
potential difference of the mains is normal the lever T to which is attached the core
remains in the position shown in the drawing. If the potential difference falls, a
spring draws T into contact with D thus completing the circuit of the battery W and
the armature of the electro motor N M.
The brushes fi f₂ are so placed that when the magnet m is not excited the
armature rotates in the direction of the arrow. By means of a gut band the motor
drives the wheel G which carries the pin Q and the pinion H, which drives the
spur wheel K. As K rotates the pin O engages in the ends of the levers L₁ L La
and turns them consecutively. The metallic segments ₁ x, 23 are connected with
one terminal of the exciter. The segments A B C are connected with the ends of
corresponding primaries whose other ends are joined to the other terminal of the
exciter. Contact pieces F, on the levers make contact between 3 and C for example
so that the primary is excited. ₁₂ are connected with one of the mains and
with the ends of the two solenoids S₁ S. The other end of S, is connected with
the segments y₁ 33 and the. other end of S₁ is connected with the segment y₂-
abc are the inner ends of primaries whose outer ends are joined to the other
main.
In the position shown in the figure a and bare connected direct with the mains
but c is connected with the mains through the solenoid S2, which offers more or less
resistance to the alternating current generated by c according to the position of the
iron core R.
When the potential difference of the mains is too low Takes contact with D and
the motor drives the wheels in the direction of the arrows. The Cord Q raises the
core R so that the inductive resistance of S, is diminished and the current supplied
by C is gradually increased. When R is completely raised out of the solenoid S, so
that its resistance is a minimum, the contact piece F on the lever L, joins C direct
to Z thus cutting out the solenoid S.
Suppose now that the potential difference becomes too high, the lever T of the
relay will make contact with E thus completing the circuit of the battery W the

page_text: armature and the field magnet m of the motor. The magnet m is so connected with
relation to the armature that a North pole N is presented to the north Pole N¹ of the
armature. The motor will now work by repulsion and will rotate in the opposite
direction to the arrow.
As the motor rotates the core R is lowered thus gradually cutting off the
secondary c.
When R is in its lowest position it is arranged that the pin O should turn the
lever switch L, so as to break contact between c and y, and between C and 3.
As the wheels continue to rotate in the direction opposite to the arrow, the cord R is
again raised so as to increase the resistance of the solenoid S₁. The lever L, is now
turned so that b is brought into contact with y2 and the current of b is gradually
decreased as before.
Where more than three switches L₁ L₂ L, are employed the segments y1 y2 y3 are
connected alternately with the solenoids S, and S₁. The core R is about equal in
length to each of the solenoids so as to be completely within one when it is outside
the other. The resistance of S, S, to an alternating current is varied according to
the position of R as is well known. The numbers of teeth of the pinion H and
the wheel K are arranged so that the wheel G turns once and the core R is raised
and lowered while the pin O has switched two of the levers I3 L2 from the position
on" to the position "off."
"
་
The contact pieces F, F, are insulated from one another.
The magnets of the motor N M are of soft iron and the armature is of such power
that when the current is passed round the armature only that is when T is in contact
with D, the magnetism of the armature is strong enough to reverse the polarity of the
magnets N & M.
Under these conditions the motor will run in one direction when the current passes
round the armature and in the opposite direction when it passes through the magnets
as well as the armature.
Instead of using a motor I sometimes drive the wheel G from the dynamo shaft
using a clutch controlled by the relay U.
Instead of a magnetic relay UI may also use an expanding metallic conductor
arranged to bring T into contact with D or E according as it contracts or expands
when heated by a varying current passing through it.
Fig. 3 shows my improved method of synchronizing alternating current dynamos.
a b c are secondary coils of a dynamo already supplying the mains M₁ M, from one
or more coils a.
de fare corresponding coils of a dynamo which is running approximately at the
same speed as the first but is not in synchronism with it.
My object is to synchronise the two dynamos by connecting together the coils
and e.
As is well known when two alternating current dynamos are connected in
parallel they tend to become synchronous.
The primaries A and D are connected to the exciting wires.
The secondary a is connected to the mains M₁ M, but d is not connected until the
machines synchronize.
W1 W2 are wires connecting the coils band e for the purpose of synchronism.
Short coils c and are wound on the dynamos and connected with the coils k
and k of the cut outs. The other coils k₁ k₁ are wound as shunts to the mains
& the current is passed round them in such a direction that when the current
from corf synchronizes with the currents in k₁ and 3 the magnetic effect is nil.
When on the other hand there is not synchronism the magnetic effect of k₁ and k3
is enough to attract the armature & break the circuit. The operation is as follows:
The switches S3 and S₁ are turned as shown in the drawing and S, is closed.
Owing to the action of the coils and e which are now connected together but
are not connected with the mains the machines gradually become synchronous. As
soon as this happens the magnetism of k counteracts that of k, and allows the
cut out to close the circuit. The coil d may then be connected with the mains by
closing the switch S.. S, or. S. may then be turned to the other position so as to

page_text: connect b and e with the mains, but if there are more dynamos to be synchronized I
keep one coil e for example connected with the wires W₁ W2.
Instead of switching a direct on to the mains when synchronism is attained I may
introduce it gradually by means of a solenoid switch such as that shown in fig. 5.
There will then be no jump in the lights.
Having now particularly described & ascertained the nature of my said Inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I
claim is
1. Simultaneously controlling the secondaries of an inductor dynamo and their
corresponding primaries.
2. Effecting the regulation of the current of one or more secondaries by regulating
the current of one or more primaries independently of the others.
3. Regulating the current or electromotive force of a dynamo or set of dynamos by
switching on or off secondary coils.
4. Synchronizing two or more alternating current dynamos by connecting two, or
more secondary coils which are disconnected from the supply mains.
5. Synchronizing electrically two alternating current dynamos as described herein-
before and illustrated in fig. 3.
6. The apparatus illustrated in figs. 4 and 5 and hereinbefore described for
regulating the potential difference of one or more dynamos.
Dated this 21st day of December 1888.