IMPROVEMENTS IN ROOFING TILES AND IN THE METHOD OF LOCKING OR FASTENING THEM TOGETHER WHEN BEING FORMED INTO A ROOF, AND IN THE RIDGING FOR TILED ROOFS, AND IN THE APPARATUS USED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF SUCH TILES, FASTENINGS, AND RIDGES, AND ALSO OF ARTICLES USED FOR SIMILAR PURPOSES AND FOR BRICKS." PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION
Year: 1870

page_text: ETTERS PATENT to Joseph Armytage Wade, of the Borough of
Kingston-upon-Hull, and of Hornsea, in the East Riding of
the County of York, Timber Merchant, Shipowner, and Brick
Manufacturer, and John Cherry, of Hornsea, aforesaid, Brickyard
Manager, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN ROOFING TILES AND
IN THE METHOD OF LOCKING OR FASTENING THEM TOGETHER WHEN BEING
FORMED INTO A ROOF, AND IN THE RIDGING FOR TILED ROOFS, AND IN THE
APPARATUS USED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF SUCH TILES, FASTENINGS, AND
RIDGES, AND ALSO OF ARTICLES USED FOR SIMILAR PURPOSES AND FOR BRICKS."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Joseph Armytage Wade
and John Cherry at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents,
with their Petition, on the 22nd April 1870.
We, JOSEPH ARMYTAGE WADE, of the Borough of Kingston-upon-Hull,
and of Hornsea, in the East Riding of the County of York, Timber
Merchant, Shipowner, and Brick Manufacturer, and JOHN CHERRY, of
Hornsea, aforesaid, Brickyard Manager, do hereby declare the nature of

page_text: the said Invention for " IMPROVEMENTS IN ROOFING TILES AND IN THE
METHOD OF LOCKING OR FASTENING THEM TOGETHER WHEN BEING FORMED INTO A
ROOF, AND IN THE RIDGING FOR TILED ROOFS, AND IN THE APPARATUS USED IN THE
MANUFACTURE OF SUCH TILES, FASTENINGS, AND RIDGES, AND ALSO OF ARTICLES USED
FOR SIMILAR PURPOSES AND FOR BRICKS," to be as follows:-
We propose to manufacture a flat tile, oblong, or square, or otherwise
shaped, with flanged edges, the flanges being so shaped as to overhang
the tile towards its centre, either by being made wider on their edge or
surface or by being bevilled towards the centre. This arrangement is to
enable a segment or roll to take hold of the flange of one tile and lock it
securely to the next tile, and the flanges are so arranged as to enable
the segments or rolls to slide down into their places when the tiles are
being placed upon a roof by being made to approach the edge of the
tile more closely as they proceed towards that end thereof which is to be
uppermost when placed upon a roof. The tile is furnished with a knob
on the under side wherewith to take hold upon the tile lath, and it may
be corrugated underneath to admit of ventilation and prevent decay of
both tile and tile lath, and a rib may be formed on the under side of the
tile as a stop to rest against the head of the succeeding lower tile to
strengthen the roof and prevent wind or rain driving into it, and a
corresponding stop is formed for the segment by a widening of the flanges,
the lower end of which is cut away to admit the small end of a segment.
The segments or rolls which slide upon the flanges of two tiles when
properly placed upon the roof and fasten or lock them together are wider
at one end than at the other, tapering regularly from the bottom to the
top, and they are cut away for a short distance at their wider ends on
their inner edges so as to admit the continuation of the flanges of the
tiles after the occurrence of the stop named in the foregoing description
of the tile, and also to admit the upper or smaller end of the segments
or roll fastening the succeeding lower course of tiles. The ridge will
be so formed as to correspond in its leaves or lower portion with the
deflection in the surface of the tiles and rolls or segments when laid
upon the roof and to rest equally or nearly so upon all portions of it,
and thus avoid the necessity for using an excessive quantity of mortar.
The joints of the ridging may be overlapped to protect them against
rain and to give increased stability, and the overlapping may be grooved
and tongued vertically or otherwise. The ridge may be so formed as to

page_text: admit of the insertion of ornamental work at its apex, or it may be
surmounted by a plain roll or pointed ridge, or terminate in any other
ornamental device. We propose in placing the tiles upon the roof to
lock the edges of each together by sliding the segments upon the flanges
so as to make unbroken lines or courses along the entire length of the
roof, each tile resting by means of its knob upon a tile lath, and each
succeeding higher course overwrapping the preceding or lower one, the
rib on the under side of each tile resting or impinging upon or against
the upper edge of the corresponding tile in the next lower course or
being as close as may be to it, and the wider end which also will be the
lower end of each roll or segment overwrapping the upper end of each
roll or segment in the preceding or next lower course, the lower end of
each tile being cut away and the flanges diverted so as to admit such
smaller ends of the segments or rolls, the rolls in each course being
firmly held in their places by those above them and by the gradual
widening out of the flanges and by that portion of the flange causing
the stop before-named, finally the covering of the roof is firmly held at
its apex and hips by the ridging.
The tiles, segments, or rolls, and the ridging may be formed of clay,
concrete, glass, or any other suitable material, and are manufactured by
the dies, moulds, pallets, and presses hereafter referred to, and in the
ordinary manner.
The accompanying plans more particularly illustrate the Invention
as follows: Sheets No. 1 and No. 14, in which
Figure A is a plan of the tile; b, b, the flanges; 4, 4, the stops in the
"
"
دو
"
"
-
"
وو
flanges.
B, an end view of the same; b, b, the flanges; 2, the knob.
B³, the reverse end; 3, the rib; b, b, the reverse ends of the
flanges.
C is a section shewing the upper end of the tiles as locked
together.
D is a section shewing the reverse or lower ends.
E is the reverse or lower side of the tile; 3 is the rib; 5, 5,
shews the bevils under the flanges.
F, a section shewing the tiles when fixed.
G, a plan of the lock, roll, or segment.

page_text: در
I, a section of the lock, roll, or segment.
د,
J, a plan shewing the tiles and rolls or segments when fixed.
Sheets No. 2 and 2ª illustrate the ridging.
We claim the tiles, the rolls or segments, the ridging, the mode of
construction and fixing.
And we also claim, the dies, mouths, moulds, pallets, and presses by
the use of which we propose to manufacture the same, and we also claim
the rollers which we propose to use as dies in the manufacture of the
tiles, segments, and ridging, or some of them, and of other articles used
for similar purposes and also for bricks.
We do not claim as our Invention the knob or the corrugation in
Figures B and E, or the insertion of ornamental work in the apex of the
ridge or the overlapping of the ridge, except when grooved and tongued,
either vertically or otherwise, but we use these in combination with our
Invention when we please.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Joseph Armytage Wade and John Cherry in the
Great Seal Patent Office on the 18th October 1870.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, JOSEPH
ARMYTAGE WADE, of the Borough of Kingston-upon-Hull, and of
Hornsea, in the East Riding of the County of York, Timber Merchant,
Shipowner, and Brick Manufacturer, and JOHN CHERRY, of Hornsea,
aforesaid, Brickyard Manager, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Twenty-second day of April, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy, in the
thirty-third year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and
successors, give and grant unto us, the said Joseph Armytage Wade
and John Cherry, Her special licence that we, the said Joseph Armytage
Wade and John Cherry; our executors, administrators, and assigns,
or such others as we, the said Joseph Armytage Wade and John Cherry,
our executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree

page_text: with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter
during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make,
use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for
IMPROVEMENTS IN ROOFING TILES AND IN THE METHOD OF LOCKING OR FASTENING
66
THEM
TOGETHER WHEN BEING FORMED INTO A ROOF, AND IN THE RIDGING FOR
TILED ROOFS, AND IN THE APPARATUS USED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF SUCH TILES,
FASTENINGS, AND RIDGES, AND ALSO OF ARTICLES USED FOR SIMILAR PURPOSES AND
FOR BRICKS," upon the condition (amongst others) that we, the said Joseph
Armytage Wade and John Cherry, our executors or administrators, by
an instrument in writing under our, or their, or one of their hands
and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the
said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and
cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said Joseph Armytage Wade and John
Cherry, do hereby declare the nature of our said Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and
ascertained in and by the following statement, reference being had to
the Drawings hereunto annexed, and to the letters and figures marked
thereon (that is to say) :-
Our Invention of "Improvements in Roofing Tiles and in the Method
of Locking or Fastening them together when being formed into a Roof,
and in the Ridging for Tiled Roofs, and in the Apparatus used in the
Manufacture of such Tiles, Fastenings, and Ridges, and also of Articles
used for similar Purposes and for Bricks" consists in the first place in
the manufacture and use of tiles and rolls or fastening pieces formed in
the manner herein-after described, whereby the tiles are adapted to be
held together by means of tapered rolls or fastening pieces of dovetail
section, in order to admit of the tiles being grasped and held together by
the rolls or fastening pieces in horizontal lines or courses along the
entire length of a roof; also in forming the tiles and rolls or fastening
picces respectively in the manner herein-after described, so as to admit
of the lower part of one course of tiles and rolls or fastening pieces over-
lapping the next lower course. For this purpose the tiles are formed on
the outer side or face with flanges increasing in breadth towards the

page_text: bottom, and they are or may be formed with a stop on the inner side of
the flange near the bottom for the roll or fastening piece to rest on, and
cut away on the outer side to allow of the tile passing between the
flanges of and overlapping the next lower tile, and for the purpose of
receiving the upper end of the next lower roll or fastening piece; then
on the inner face the tile is or may be formed with bevilled edges under
the flanges, and a rib to rest on the upper edge of the next lower tile,
and a knob or projection by which it is suspended from the tile lath, it
may also be corrugated or channeled on either or both faces if required,
and it may be perforated for an additional fastening. The rolls or
fastening pieces are in cross section, formed with flanges or dovetailed
edges corresponding with and clasping the flanges on the tiles, and
tapering longitudinally so as to become wider at the bottom. A portion
of the flange is also cut away at the bottom or wider end so as to leave
a widened groove, which receives the smaller end of the roll or fastening
picce which covers and clasps the flanges of the succeeding or lower
course of tiles, and two shoulders are formed by the widening of the roll
or fastening piece; these shoulders rest upon the stops on the flanges of
the tiles. By means of tiles and rolls or fastening pieces formed
respectively as above stated (that is, by means of tiles with flanges
correspondingly dovetailed, rabbetted, or otherwise undercut and
tapered, and rolls or fastening pieces correspondingly shaped) a course
of tiles is laid on the roof by suspending them on the laths with the
right-hand flange of one tile and the left-hand flange of the next tile
in contact, these two flanges being covered by sliding the tapered
dovetail roll or fastening piece over them, thereby grasping the said
flanges and fixing the tiles together. Then the next higher course of
tiles is laid by suspending them on the next higher lath of the roof, the
bottom parts of these tiles fitting between the flanges and covering a
portion of the upper faces of the tiles previously laid, the rolls or
fastening pieces also covering the upper ends of those previously laid.
Our Invention consists, in the second place, in the manufacture and
use of ridges with their leaves or lower portions formed to correspond
with the variations from a level surface in the tiles and rolls or fastening
pieces when laid together instead of having their leaves or lower portions
flat or in level surfaces as usual. Ridges of this form are adapted to
rest equally or nearly so on all portions of the roof on which they are

page_text: laid, and thus avoid the necessity for using an excessive quantity of
mortar. The joints of the several ridge pieces may be overlapped in
order to keep out rain and to give increased stability, and the over-
lapping parts may be grooved and tongued vertically or otherwise formed
suitably for the purpose.
Ridges formed as stated when composed of clay may be manufactured
by first passing the clay through an ordinary die, and then pressing this
partly formed ridge in a mould made with a hinge at that part of the
same which receives the apex of the ridge, so as to enable the mould to
open in order to admit the partially formed ridge or let out the completed
ridge, as required. These ridges may however be manufactured by
pressure in suitably formed moulds without first passing the clay through
an ordinary die. Moulds may be made without an apex, or in two
halves without hinges. The precise shape of the ridge and the mould
for producing it may be varied to suit the patterns of the tiles and rolls or
fastening pieces which they are intended to cover.
And our Invention consists in the last place in the adaptation and
application to tile and brick-making machines of suitably formed
moulds, press boxes, pallets, and shaping rollers for the purpose of
making tiles and rolls or fastening pieces of the kind herein-before
described, bricks, and other articles, from clay or other plastic material.
The shaping rollers are suitably mounted in adjustable bearings, and may
be made to occupy a position between the ordinary die or mouthpicce
through which the clay or other material is forced and the cutting table,
the tiles or other articles being conducted over rollers mounted in the
table as they are delivered from the shaping rollers, and being cut
transversely as required by the usual cutting apparatus; or they may be
used with or without any other appurtenance, and may be used to
produce a form or pattern in clay or any other plastic material passed
through them in moulds.
In order that our Invention may be fully understood and readily
carried into effect, we will proceed to describe it more particularly by
the aid of the accompanying Drawings.

page_text: c, c, are the portions of the flanges cut away on each side of the tile at
the bottom to allow of its passing between the flanges of and overlapping
the tile in the next lower course.
Fig. 2 is an end view of the tile shewing the dovetailed form of the
flanges. d is the knob or projection on the under face at the top of the
tile by which the tile is suspended on the lath.
Fig. 3 is an edge view of the top of a course of tiles shewing the tiles
locked or fastened together; Fig. 4 is a similar edge view of the bottom
of the course; Fig. 5 is a plan of the under face of the tile. .
e, e, are the bevils underneath the flanges; f,f, are flutes or apertures
for ventilation; g is a rib to rest on the top of the tile in the next lower
course.
Fig. 6 is an edge view of the bottom of the tile; Fig. 7 is a section
shewing the tiles when fixed; Fig. 8 is a plan of the roll or fastening
piece, which is tapered longitudinally and bevilled at the inner sides;
Fig. 9 is a plan of the under face of the same.
h, h, are flanges adapted to fit over and grasp so as to lock or fasten
together the adjacent flanges of two tiles. The dovetail groove or space
between the flanges h, h, is tapered as shewn in order to admit of the roll
or fastening piece being readily placed over, and slidden down the
flanges a, a, of the tiles, grasping them tightly when moved to the
bottom of the course. i, i, are shoulders to rest on the steps or stops b, b,
of the tiles.
Fig. 10 is an edge view of the top or narrow end of the roll or
fastening piece shewing its dovetail groove; Fig. 11 is a similar view of
the bottom or wide end of the same; Fig. 12 is a plan shewing five
courses of tiles and rolls or fastening pieces when fixed on a roof.
A, A, are the tiles; and B, B, are the rolls or fastening pieces. For
the sake of clearness the two first tiles in the upper course are shewn
bare or without being covered by a roll or fastening piece, all the rest a
being shewn as covered thereby.
In the foregoing Drawings have been represented tiles and rolls or
fastening pieces adapted to be used in combination for the purpose of
covering a roof, and such tiles and rolls or fastening pieces are respec-
tively formed as represented and described with reference to their being
used in combination. They may be manufactured of such forms either

page_text: from clay, concrete, glass, or other suitable material. When made from
clay we prefer to manufacture the tiles by means of the shaping rollers
represented in Figures 13, 14, and 15.
Fig. 13 is a plan or horizontal view of a roller frame with the top
roller removed shewing tiles passing from the ordinary die or mouth
and the shaping rollers. C, O, are the rollers mounted in the cutting
table to guide the tile over the same, during its passage over which it is
cut by a wire in the usual manner. D, D, are the top and bottom
shaping rollers shewn in side view detached at Fig. 14, and in end view
at Fig. 15 as mounted between the ordinary die or mouth E and the
cutting table. F is a tile formed by passing through the rollers D, D,
and cut off as required; F* is a tile in course of formation, which is the
better shewn by the omission of the top roller in Fig. 13. In Fig. 14
is shewn a section of a tile as formed by the shaping rollers D, D, when
fixed to and worked by the machine by means of a pulley on the roller
shaft, a similar pulley being keyed to the first motion shaft to insure
the revolution of the press rollers with the advancing stream or sheet of
clay, so that it may give out the tile in a proper shape. The shaping
rollers D, D, are geared together by two spur pinions to insure their
revolving together, as required; Fig. 15 is an elevation shewing the
cutting frame, the ordinary die or mouth E, the shaping rollers D, D,
and the cutting table, when fixed to an ordinary machine. In some
cases the rollers may have a rib at the required length of tile to stamp or
cut the tile to its proper length, in which cases the cutting frame and
wires will not be needed.
Fig. 16 represents a pair of shaping rollers for shaping the rolls or
fastening pieces. G is the roller for forming the top side of the roll, and
H the roller for forming the bottom or inside of the roll. The clay
passing through them in the formation of two rolls or fastening pieces is
shewn by red colour.
Fig. 17 represents a press box and pallets. I is the box made to press
a roll of the required length; K is the bottom of the box made to slide
up and down in order to give the required pressure; L is the lid to give
the required form to the top side of the roll; M, M, are the pallets to give
the required form to the bottom or inside of the roll. The pallets are
made to slide out at one end of the box so that the rolls may be removed
from the pallets. The box is represented as constructed to press two

page_text: rolls at once when fitted to an ordinary press adapted for the purpose.
The rolls are indicated by red colour. The pallets used for pressing in
this manner need not be lengthened out beyond the rolls. Tiles of the
form represented and described or of other required forms and rolls or
fastening pieces may be made by means of suitably formed shaping
rollers combined where needful with moulds, presses, and pallets. The
ridges to cover the apex of the roof are made with their leaves or lower
portions to correspond with the superficial form of the tiles and rolls or
fastening pieces when put together. Such ridge pieces may be manufac-
tured in moulds as herein-before described, which may be understood
from such description without the aid of Drawings, or they may be
otherwise made if preferred.
Having thus described the nature of the said Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, we would remark that the tiles and
fastening pieces herein-before described may be modified by omitting
the dovetail, rabbet, or undercut at the upper or small end of the rolls or
fastening pieces, so as to strengthen them and provide additional stops.
in case of need, the upper ends of the flanges on the tiles being corre-
spondingly shaped. In such cases the flanges on the tiles and fastening
pieces respectively might, if preferred, be continued down to the bottom,
instead of being formed as at 6, 6, and i, i. We are aware that it has
been proposed to make tiles with dovetailed but parallel flanges, and to
cover such flanges with fastening pieces having dovetailed but parallel
grooves, also to make tiles with one end or side formed to serve as a
fastening piece to the next tile, but without any dovetailing or tapering
of the flanges; we do not therefore claim any such modes of forming
tiles and fastening pieces respectively. But we hereby declare that what
we claim as of our Invention is,―
First. The manufacture and use of tiles with flanges both dovetailed,
rabbetted, or undercut and tapered, combined with rolls or fastening
pieces with dovetailed or correspondingly shaped and tapered grooves,
adapted to lock the tiles together as described, such tiles being also cut
away at the lower part as represented and described, in order to admit
and overlap the next lower course of tiles, and receive the upper ends of
the next lower course of rolls or fastening pieces.
Secondly. The manufacture and use of ridges with their leaves or

page_text: lower portions formed to correspond with the superficial formation of the
tiles and rolls or fastening pieces when put together.
And, lastly. The manufacture of tiles and rolls or fastening pieces by
means of shaping rollers of the kind described combined with presses,
pallets, and moulds or otherwise.
In witness whereof, we, the said Joseph Armytage Wade and
John Cherry, have hereunto set our hands and seals, the
Fourteenth day of October, in the year of our Lord One thousand
cight hundred and seventy.
Witness,
R. I. WADE,
Hornsea,
Clerk.
J. A. WADE.
(L.S.)
JOHN CHERRY. (L.S.)

page_text: The Roll or Apex.
Part overwrapping the Ends of Segments
Part resting upon the Edge of the Tiles
Groove or Tongue in portion overlapped corresponding
with Tongue or Groove in overlapping portion.
Overlapping portion of leaf of the Ridge
Segment or Roll described in Sheet Ñº1Ạ