IMPROVEMENTS IN DIVING APPARATUS, AND APPARATUS TO BE USED FOR WORKING IN DEEP WATER
Year: 1862

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Frederick Ernest Blatspiel, of Warwick Court, in
the County of Middlesex, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN DIVING
APPARATUS, AND APPARATUS TO BE USED FOR WORKING IN DEEP WATER."—
A communication from abroad by Richard Alexander Kobitzsch, residing
at Bucharest, in Wallachia.
Sealed the 27th March 1863, and dated the 4th October 1862.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Frederick Ernest Blatspiel
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
4th October 1862.
I, FREDERICK ERNEST BLATSPIEL, of Warwick Court, in the County of
Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of the Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN DIVING APPARATUS, AND APPARATUS TO BE USED FOR WORKING IN DEEP WATER,"
to be as follows:-
The Invention has for its object improvements in diving apparatus, and
apparatus to be used for working in deep water. For this purpose I employ
diving apparatus which is constructed in a manner to permit the diver to
remain. in it for many hours under water shut out from all communication
with the atmosphere, also to protect him from the pressure and coldness of the
water, and allow of his moving about freely in all directions.
The construction of the apparatus is as follows:-The apparatus proper,
that is to say, the hood surrounding the space in which the diver and the con-

page_text: trivances for the purposes stated are placed, consists of the body and cases for
the arms and legs. The body is made of iron or steel, and the cases for
the arms and legs are made of several thicknesses of leather and waterproof
material, with iron rings, plates, and articulations; the diver within the
apparatus is thus able to walk about freely on the bottom, and to use his
arms to effect any work required; the metal rings or plates in the dress keep
the pressure of the water off the limbs of the diver. The aperture of entry is
made to screw on and off. The respiratory process is maintained as follows:-
The carbonic acid exhaled is neutralized by driving the air, with bellows
worked by the diver, into lime water, and the oxygen consumed is replaced by
oxygen artificially generated within the diving apparatus, or in apparatus
connected therewith, or by oxygen taken down in a condensed state. A
manometer indicates to the diver the density of the air in the apparatus.
Another manometer communicating with the water indicates to the diver the
depth which the apparatus has reached. Two or several large cylinders for
taking in water, and contrivance to remove the same again serve to put the
apparatus in equilibrium with the water displaced, and accordingly to make it
sink. Two small cylinders also for taking in water, and with. contrivances to
remove the same again, are intended to increase or diminish to a slight degree
the weight of the apparatus, so as to allow it gently to rise or sink, or keep it
suspended at a certain depth under water. Two, or several metal weights
with long lines to them may be let down or wound up on rollers, in this
manner the diver may on the weights reaching the bottom keep himself
suspended at any desired depth. A case with double covers or doors, to be
opened or closed by screws from within or without, serves to enable the diver
to take things into the apparatus from the sea, or to put them out; as motive
power to enable the diver to move about when at a distance from the bottom,
the screw or oar may be employed, and actuated by the diver within the
apparatus.
Implements and other objects placed outside the apparatus are fastened to
chains and rings. The apparatus has windows, and the known arrangements
for lighting. The apparatus may be made to contain several divers if desired,
and in this case it is made with several sets of cases or flexible coverings for
the limbs of the divers, there being a complete set of such cases or coverings
for each diver. I also, according to the Invention, employ auxiliary apparatus
for sinking or lifting weights. This apparatus consists of two cases, a large
one filled with water, and with an aperture at bottom, and a smaller one filled
with compressed air, and with an aperture at top connected with the opening
of the upper one.
The upper case is attached to the object which is to be

page_text: raised, the aperture of the lower case is opened, when the air rushes into the
upper case, drives out the water, and thus enables the apparatus to lift its
burthen. The same apparatus will serve equally for sinking, but the
manipulation is varied.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Frederick Ernest Blatspiel in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 4th April 1863.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, FREDERICK
ERNEST BLATSPIEL, of Warwick Court, in the County of Middlesex, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Fourth day of October, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and sixty-two, in the twenty-sixth year of Her reign
did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said
Frederick Ernest Blatspiel, Her special licence that I, the said Frederick
Ernest Blatspiel, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as
I, the said Frederick Ernest Blatspiel, my executors, administrators, and
assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and
at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully
might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN DIVING APPARATUS, AND APPARATUS TO BE USED FOR
WORKING IN DEEP WATER," a communication to me from abroad by Richard
Alexander Kobitzsch, a person resident at Bucharest, in Wallachia, upon the
condition (amongst others) that I, the said Frederick Ernest Blatspiel, my
executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their,
or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the
nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be per-
formed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said
Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Frederick Ernest Blatspiel, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is
to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement thereof, that is to say :-

page_text: The external form. and construction, as well as the internal regulation
and arrangement of the diving apparatus are widely different according as it is:
intended for one or more divers. Those apparatuses which serve for single
divers are more in the form of a suit of clothes, and resemble the diving dress
at present in use, and I have accordingly given them the name of "diver's
dress." Those apparatuses which serve for several divers are similar in form
to the diving bells and to the submarine ships mentioned in the Plan, and are
employed for the like purpose, to those apparatuses I give, by way of
special distinction, the name of "diving apparatus." I shall first give a
description of the diver's apparatus, and afterwards of the diver's dress.
.
1st. The diver's apparatus:-The apparatus, properly so called, that is to
say, the portion thereof which is constructed for the diver's form, the protecting
cover or box (so to speak); which contains the diver himself, as well as the
greater portion of the machinery for executing the requisite work, consists of
the body and the coverings of the arms. and feet. More minutely the body
consists of the middle portion and the two extremities. According to the
nature of the work to which it is to be applied, the apparatus has a vertical or
horizontal position. In the former case the extremities are above and below,
whilst in the latter they are in front and behind. The apparatuses and their
internal arrangements should be constructed exclusively either for a vertical or
for a horizontal position, as the case may be. Or at least in such a manner
as to admit of their being equally well employed in either a vertical or
horizontal position.
I
I have made choice of iron or steel as the materials for making the
apparatus, and as for other metals, they are only employed in a secondary
degree with regard to form, that of the middle piece is an upright cylinder,
Figure 1A and Figure 3A; or of a straight regular prism, Figure 5 A ;
the shape of the two extremities is that of a half ball or shot, Figure 1 B, B;
or of a funnel, Figure 3 B, B; or of a prism, Figure 5 B, B, with such
modifications as may be required by the nature of the machinery connected
therewith; bút any deviations from the shapes in question should be only
exceptional. Figures 2, 4, and 6 shew the exact section of the centre piece
of the primative or fundamental form (as given) of the apparatus.
The mode of proceeding with regard to the construction of the apparatus-is
as follows: In the first place a framework is to be prepared corresponding
with the form which may have been chosen, and composed of hoops or rings
laid parallel one to the other, which so far as the middle piece is concerned

page_text: are to be connected by means of perpendicular straight bars, and with respect
to the extremities by means of crooked or straight bars according to the form
chosen. On these hoops and bars the plates are to be placed externally and
afterwards to be fastened inside and outside, as well as rivetted in the most
careful manner, so as to be air-tight and water-tight. The apparatus should
float one or more feet above the water, according to its size and position after
all its compartments have been fitted to it, and after it has been furnished
with whatever appertains to it to render it complete, including the number of
divers for which it is intended, but the cylinders which are described in
section 2 are not to be filled with water. When the apparatus is properly
arranged, but before the loading or divers are placed therein, its metacentrum'
should be found somewhere in the boundaries between the lower and centre
third part. The resisting power of the apparatus, calculated by the known
laws regarding shape, strength of the sides, quality of material employed, and
nature of construction, will determine to what depth the apparatus" may go
without incurring any risk. The opening for entering the apparatus is so
arranged that it can be screwed and unscrewed as well as opened and shut,
both from the outside and inside; when the apparatus is in a vertical position'
that opening is in its upper extremity, and when the former is in a horizontal
position the latter may be placed either at the extremities or in the centre
piece.
Figure 7 serves for shewing the opening for entering. A is the covering,
and B the screw which is placed therein, and which is a hollow one, fastening
together with its windings or threads a, a, a, a, in the cavities 6, 6, 6, 6, of the
vertical intersected screw nuts (female screws) C, C, and D, 'D; 'F, F, are
the perpendicular intersected surfaces of a ring, which is placed on and projects
from the edge or rim of the covering or lid (cap), and which passes in the
cavity E, E, said cavity being of a ring-like shape, and supplied with pressing
plates, and being moreover only visible as a section. The ring F, F, in the
lower extremity of the screw presses on a press plate arranged in c, d. In the
internal portion of the screws, as well as outside the covering, there are
handles for the purpose of screwing up and unscrewing the covering." If the
covering is screwed out it will be lifted up by means of the wheel H through
the rack or pinion G, G, and will be held up in tent-like shape by the supports
represented in Figure 8, and the orifice by which an entrance is effected is
rendered free for communication therewith after the rack or pinion has been
screwed again.
Coverings for the arms and feet.-The coverings for the arms and feet
consist of several layers of leather and waterproof stuff, as well as of metal

page_text: rings, cylinders, plates, and joints. It will depend on the greater or lesser
depth whether with regard to construction preference should be given to a
greater quantity of leather and waterproof stuff or to metal. For a lesser
depth the arms and feet will be placed in broad coverings consisting of several
layers of leather and waterproof stuff, which by-means of metal rings, cylinders,
and plates, will be kept extended in such wise as to protect those members of
the body against the pressure of the water. This arrangement is applicable to
the fingers. The rotatory movements will be effected by means of rotatory
joints made of metal. The movements with regard to curvatures and
extensions will be facilitated by means of the folds of the coverings between
the metallic portions; for example, in the following manner :-Several plates
shaped like a ring or horse-shoe, and of various sizes, turn on a cylindrical
iron rod, placed on the inflection side of the joint, and that movement is
effected in such a way that the larger plate, which comes immediately after
the smaller one, surrounds the latter, whilst, however, leaving sufficient space
between the two. The plates are fastened internally to the appropriately
formed coverings, and in such a manner as to admit of a circular movement
of 90 or more degrees as "play" for inflections and extensions; there must be
sufficient space between the plates to allow of the taking up of the folds which
the inflections form in the coverings. By means of those coverings all those
manoeuvres can be executed which in lesser depths cannot be easily effected
except with the aid of the elbow joint, the hand joint, and the fingers. In
depths wherein the pressure of the water might bear them down, they are
protected on the principle set forth in section the 10th, whereby the unilateral
external pressure is removed. With that object in view the opening for the
arm in the apparatus is closed by a plate which can be unscrewed, and which
is in connection with a cylindrical piece in the side of the apparatus where
there are three corresponding cocken bạc no cot forth in Figure 16

page_text: to the removal of the apparatus from one place to the other, or to the work
which is to be carried on in the water, that is to say, work originating from
within the apparatus, and extending to the water without.
The part which I have named "cylinder joint," and which I shall have
to describe, not only replaces the motion of a revolving ball, but inasmuch as
it surpasses it in elementary motion, acts with greater safety, and is to be
preferred to any ball, however perfect it may be.
cylinder ("cylinder No. 1," "C. I.") properly speaking, the working cylinder,
which, according to the purpose for which it is intended, may be a solid or a
hollow one, and long and thick according to circumstances, penetrates a
second larger and exact cylinder (cylinder No. 2, C. II.) centrally to the
traverse in such wise that the axes of these two cylinders perpendicularly
intersect in a horizontal level, and thus their exact levels of intersection rest
perpendicularly on those horizontal levels, and intersect at right angles. The
cylinder I. may either make only a rotatory movement in C. II., and in that
case it should readily revolve by means of ring-shaped projections or emboss-
ments in corresponding depths with its layer No. I. (L. I.) in the centre of
C. II., or else it may also make an alternate motion, and in that case it
remains smooth or level without any elevations or projections. The C. II. is
central to the traverse symmetrically, and thoroughly enclosed in a third
exact cylinder C. III., with its axis perpendicularly intersecting the axes of
C. I. and C. II. in their point of intersection, wherein the straight level of
intersection of C. III. also intersects at right angles the straight and rectan-
gularly intersected levels of intersection of C. I. and C. II.; C. II. may have
ring-shaped projections or embossments both on its mantle or casing surface,
and on its latent face, which projections revolve at a depth corresponding so
far as its own layer in C. III. is concerned, with the layer No. II. (L. II.);
C. III. moves in turn in a layer corresponding with the layer No. III.
(L. III.) in the mouth of the apparatus precisely as C. II. in C. III.,
thereby the axis and straight plane of intersection of each cylinder stand per-
pendicularly on the axes and intersecting plane or surface of the two other
cylinders, and the axes of all three cylinders intersect in a central point
corresponding with the central point of a ball or sphere. That position I
define as the "normal or regular position." Now in order to be able to
produce the movements of a ball, the two orifices wherein C. I. penetrates

page_text: and C. III. should be, on an average, 90 degrees, that is to say, a right angle.
By such an arrangement there is always in L. II. and L. III., and on both
sides of C. I. a sufficient extent of the superficies of the layer covered by the
mantle surface of the cylinder, so as to be air-tight and waterproof. On the
water side C. I. which can be made as long as one pleases, is shut in by a
plate, which can be screwed and unscrewed. In the portion of the plate com-
prising the arm coverings there is also a cylinder joint, by means of which the
various kinds of tools or instruments employed in waterwork can be directed
from within the coverings, and the work carried on in greatest depths, work
which in lesser depths is performed with the hand in the diver's sleeves. This
joint is, therefore, a substitute for the band in direct operations in the water.
At the closed end of the foot covering are iron props similar to stilts; these
arm and foot coverings correspond, as seen by the instructions concerning
them, with the upper parts of the arms and thighs, whereas the tools or
instruments working in the cylinder joint of the plates correspond with the
lower parts of the arms, including the hands, and with the lower parts of the
legs. Those instruments or tools which consist of only one piece, and make
only rotatory or alternate movements, such as bores, knives, saws, piles or
crushers, and hooks, as well as such as at the same time make side move-
ments, for example, all instruments of the lever kind represent cylinder I. in
the cylinder joints of the plates, and must be constructed in conformity there-
with. For such instruments, however, as consist of two parts, such as shears,
pincers, and double hooks, special arrangements are made in C. I. whereby
two cylindrical plates or discs, superposed one over the other, turn on a little
concentric bar placed in the middle thereof; on each of those plates and
towards the water side there is a working quantity of the tools or instruments
in question, and on the side of the apparatus sufficient space for the corre-
sponding handles of those implements. C. I. is in this case only a short one,
extends only to the point of intersection of the cylinder III., serves only
as a medium of motion, and in the direction where the place for the tools
diverges from that which is destined for the handles is sufficiently cut out.
In proportion to the size and arrangement of the apparatus, as well as the
number of divers therein, will be the greater or lesser number of arm and foot
coverings at the extremities or at the middle piece. All the openings, which
in the wall of the apparatus extend to these coverings, are provided with lids,
whereby, and also by means of plates or screws, they may be rendered air-tight
and waterproof.
The Drawing, Figure 8 a, 8b, &c., exhibits the principle of the cylinder joint.

page_text: In order to produce an equilibrium between the apparatus and the water
pressing on it, it is requisite to make use of two or more large cylinders filled
with water, Figures 9 and 10; those cylinders are provided with plates not
only in their upper extremity, which is turned towards the apparatus, but also
in the lower one which is turned towards the water. In the middle of the
upper plate A, A, there is a screw contrivance B, B, B, B, whereby a
piston C, C, is moved up and down, and water introduced or ejected; the
screw D, D, makes an alternate motion, and the screw nut (female screw)
B, B, B, B, a rotatory one. In the press plate B, B, outside the cylinder is
a cog wheel E, E, which is set in motion by an endless screw as represented
in Figure 9. This screw arrangement must be so effected that with a 10
pound power double the power may be employed as is in fact necessary to be
done in order to resist the weight which presses on the piston at the greatest
depths to which without incurring danger the apparatus may descend. In
the upper plate, or the upper rim of the cylinder, is a tap F, by means of which
an internal and external communication may be effected between the cylinder
room outside the piston and the apparatus room. In the lower plate is a
neck or channel G by means of which and of a tap the water room is placed
in internal and external communication with the cylinder room outside the
piston. Moreover in the lower plate or lower rim of the cylinder is a second
channel H, whereby, and by means of a tap, the cylinder room under the piston
is placed in internal and external communication with the so called " general
receiver" that is to say, a receptacle wherein all the water which may enter
the apparatus is conducted. The working is as follows:-In order to bring
the water from the apparatus room into the cylinder, the channel H must be
opened, the channel G shut, the piston E, E, screwed up, and the water drawn
in; to remove the water from the apparatus the channel H must be shut, the
channel G opened, and the piston screwed down, the water being thereby forced
into the water room. Figure 11 represents a communication between two
such cylinders, and that communication is intended to facilitate the working
without any alterations with regard to the weight of the apparatus. The
cylinders act in a contrary sense, if A draws in water, B removes it in like
quantity, and vice versa. Each of the two cylinders can be placed by means
of channels in internal and external communication both with the water room s
and the "general receiver." In proportion to the size of the apparatus these
cylinders should only take in so much water as is requisite to submerge the

page_text: shafts are firmly connected with the apparatus and the sockets with the
cylinders, or vice versa. The object of this hinge joint is a two-fold one, in the
first place to allow of the lifting up and submerging of the cylinder, and in the
second place to establish four lines of communication between the apparatus room
and the cylinder room by means of canels in the interior of the former without
the possibility of there being any obstacles raised by the surrounding water to
the carrying on the works through the irruption of water into the channels.
Figure 13 represents a perpendicular apparatus with three hollow cylinders;
Figure 12 the horizontal intersection through the apparatus and cylinder,
and Figure 14 a horizontal apparatus in the intersection with the position of
the cylinder. In A, A, the cylinders are in a state of repose, and in B, B,
the water holder or reservoir is filled with air, and is in a state of activity
(working). In Figure 15 the arrangement of a perpendicular cylinder of
that kind is represented, and moreover in its horizontal position, and in the
intersection of its length. A is the air holder or reservoir, and through the
opening a communicates with the channel a and its socket G, firmly connected
therewith and joining in t with the canal a in the shaft M, which is firmly
connected with the apparatus by means of the supports N, N. R, R, R, is
the wall of the apparatus; B is the water holder or reservoir, and through
the canal b, b, communicates with b, its socket G firmly connected therewith
and joining in t with the channel or canal 6 in the shaft M, which is firmly
attached to the apparatus by means of the supports N, N. f is the opening
in B for a constant communication with the water. The working is as follows:-
Supposing that the cylinder is to be brought from a perpendicular to a
horizontal position a forcing or compressing pump must be placed on the opening
C. I. whereon the taps A and Y are open whilst the taps Z and u shut, and
through the canal b, b, b, the air is compressed in the water holder until the
cylinder ascends, as the air bas to expel the water through f, whereupon it may
be elevated to any desired height by means of a rope or chain in the under
rim b, b, and by the contrivances which have been already described in the
part relating to the weights. When the cylinders have to be again submerged
the compression or forcing pumps must be unscrewed, the water forced back
again into the apparatus, and so soon as it makes its appearance the taps
X and Y may be left closed, the tap X, Z, u, open, and the air in. B may be
expelled into the water space through 62; this 63 whilst not working great
depths should be always open, and so also should X.
Figure 16 represents a horizontal intersection, whilst. the connecting
pipes T,.T, T, T, are in a horizontal position. The working and arrange-
ments are precisely similar to those resorted to with regard to the cylinders

page_text: with a perpendicular position, but with the following exceptions which it is
necessary to mention. There are here two air holders or reservoirs A and A,
and two water holders or reservoirs B and B which are in immediate com-
munication with the sockets, but through the medium of the pipes T, T, T, T.
SECTION 9.
There are two or more metal weights in the cylinder quite unattached,
and without any friction under the following arrangements:-The cylinder by
means of its tap can be shut on the water side so completely as to be rendered.
air-tight and waterproof. A roller or pulley is placed in the upper extremity
of the cylinder, or in any other part thereof specially suited for the purpose
for coiling up the ropes of the apparatus. The pulley is turned by a crank
in the apparatus. The cylindrical plate which shuts in the receptacle for.
its weight so as to render it air-tight and waterproof is represented in
Figures 17, 18, 19 and 20. Figure 18 represents the layer which contains
the plate; Figure 19 the position of the plate when the communication is
closed. In Figure 20 the plate, the channel of which serves to glide. the
weight along, and is of the same width as the cylinder, is in. the position in
which the weight can be lowered into the surrounding water. When these
weights are lowered a few feet they prevent the apparatus from striking
against the ground or rocks. Moreover by lowering those weights to the
ground, and by raising them again, the apparatus can be readily elevated or
submerged, as the case may be, and be kept suspended in the water.
SECTION 10.
The arrangements when the apparatus is under the water for removing
objects out of the former into the latter, and out of the latter into the former
are as follows:-A suitably contrived "room" like mine, one that can be
shut in, so as to be made air-tight and waterproof has one opening in the
apparatus and one in the water, and both those openings are made airproof
and waterproof by means of plates furnished with screws or other contrivances.
The inner room can be placed in internal and external communication both
with the water room and the apparatus room by means of channels which can
be rendered air-tight and waterproof by taps or cocks.
Figures 21, 22, and 23, further explain those arrangements; through the
channel a the communication room is connected with the water room, and
through the channels b and c with the apparatus room. A, A, Figures 21,
22, 23, is the intersection of the wall of the apparatus; B, Figures 21
and 23 is the intersection of the communication reservoir; B, Figure 22,
is an open communicating reservoir on the water side.

page_text: In Figures 21 and 22, the external covering plate (roof plate) is slided
along in Figure 23, that plate is raised up simularly to the arrangement
for coiling up the weights through the pulley D by means of a rope
which leads through the pipes F over the wheel G to the lower rim
of the covering or roof plate, which, together with its upper rim, is connected
by a hinge joint with the communicating reservoir. The working is effected
in the following manner:-1st, to bring anything out of the apparatus into
the water I open the inner covering or roof plate, place the object which is to
be removed in the communicating reservoir, and then close the plate. Next
I open the tap a and the tap 6. Through the tap a the water rushes in and
expels the air from b, which is to be closed the moment the water makes its
appearance. Under those circumstances the hydraulic pressure, both on the
inner and outward surface of the outward covering plate, is equal, and I then
slide out that plate, as set forth in Figure 21, or else I wind up the covering,
as in Figure 23. I then bring forward the objects out of the apparatus by
means of a cylinder-joint arrangement or contrivance in the wall of the com-
municating reservoir, and the objects which I wish to bring into the apparatus
are introduced through the cylinder-joint contrivance into the communicating
room, and then I shut the outer covering or lid. In Figure 21 I draw back
that lid, in Figure 23 I allow it to sink by its own weight. I then shut tap a
and open tap 6, and the ensuing one-sided hydraulic pressure from without
firmly forces the plate air-tight and waterproof into its layer, which is provided
with press plates; I next open tap c and allow the water in the communi-
cating reservoir to rush into the general reservoir for water herein described.
The water is then expelled from out the apparatus and thrown back into the
water room through the medium of the cylinder, which is likewise described
in that section. I now open the inner lid, take the article out of the com-
municating reservoir or receptacle, and shut the lid and taps.
SECTION 11.
The means of movement are the ordinary ship screws and helm as well as
the "screen helms" which I have constructed. The screen helms consist
like all helms of a tiller and rudder, and the rudder itself consists of wedge
and side plates. The wedge, Figure 26 A, is a strong small plate sloping in
front to a thin edge, with its hinder edge furnished with rings for chains,
which are in connection with the rudder plates. The rudder plates, B and B,
move in hinge joints which are parallel with the wedge plates and asa.com

page_text: as the wedge with regard to length, or else it makes an alternate motion in a
straight line, and then the tiller is perpendicular in the middle of the binder
edge. In forward movements the rudder plates do not act in a conjoined
state, they cut the water in backward movements, they are driven one from
the other until retained by the chains, form a circle (or cincture) with the
wedge, turn their surfaces towards the water, and then begin to act. Several
rudders acting with reference to one system form the rudder apparatus, and
their principal component parts are-the rudder holder, the rudder and the
arrangements with regard to motion. The rudder holder or main piece,
Figure 28, consists of three parallel rods, A, B, and C, the middle of one is a
rack, at both extremities it is firmly kept together by traverses D, D, and
externally on these traverses are guides E, E, E, E, which at corresponding
interstices run into layer F. The rudder holding then forms a solid whole;
crosswise through the long poles A, B, C, run cylindrical poles G, G, G, G,
which revolve in appropriate pieces. Those poles I term "cross poles." The
oars are suspended from the extremities of the cross poles (Figure 29), which
extremities project over the holders, and those oars are symmetrically arranged.
Besides the foregoing contrivances the following ones may be mentioned in
respect of the oars:-The lever or tiller consists of two parts, the head A and
the trunk B. The head, which is provided with a layer C corresponding with
the cross pole or traverse can be made to move with an alternate motion with
its helved in a layer g of the trunk. The arrangement in Figures 30 with
regard to movement is one of the well-known contrivances for changing.
SECTION 12.
A manometer enables the divers to ascertain the density of the air in the
apparatus. Another manometer, which is in connection with the water, shows
them to what depth they have descended. Besides the ordinary manometers
there is another contrivance of my own with the like object in view. A
cylinder, Figure 4¹, wherein a piston moves upwards and downwards, and
wherein there is a conductor, which is a stuffing box mechanism, penetrates
the upper lid in such wise as to shut in the room over the piston so completely
as to render it air-tight, is placed from below in communication with the water
through a narrow channel in its lower plate. That channel may be opened
and shut by means of a tap. When the tap is open the water compresses
through the piston the air which is above it. A traverse laid on the top of
the conduit or conductor may be employed for the purpose of giving, on a
scale specially constructed for that purpose, the atmospheric pressure on the
piston. That scale, may be determined in the following manner:-Take a

page_text: rule, describe therewith a line, A and B, equal to the play of the piston, and
divide the other line B, C, into equal parts, beginning from the point. If
it be desirable to obtain the division of the scale according to th atmospheric,
as set forth in Figure 42, the process is as follows:-Let straight lines 9, 10,
11, &c., be drawn to the end B of the line A, B, which is to form the
scale, and then, with all these lines, let a parallel be drawn out of 8, and each
point in which this parallel intersects the line A, B, shows th more atmo-
spheric pressure than the next adjacent point to it, and which is further
removed from the head piece.
The air, without any risk, consists of four volumes of nitrogen and one of
oxygen. By inhalation the oxygen is converted into carbonate, and a man
may die in a shut up space by being poisoned by carbonate as well as for want
of oxygen. In order, therefore, to avoid suffocation, the carbonate must be
forthwith removed from the air, and the loss of oxygen made good. The
carbonate is removed by driving the air forthwith into lime water well supplied
with slackened lime, whereby the carbonate will be precipitated as well as by
bringing the lime water in connection with the air by letting it fall through it
like rain. In consequence of the carbonate being precipitated the air loses in
expansion, as shown by the manometer, consequently I allow so much of
this gas to escape from my reservoir of compressed oxygen as to admit of the
expansion of the air is always one of the atmospheric equals or else somewhat
larger.
By the following means, however, the constitution of the air can be
regulated in the most exact manner :-A hollow cylinder, Figure 40, with a
readily working piston A, which must be closed so completely as to be air-
tight, is placed in communication at one end with the apparatus room, and
at the other with a larger room, shut out from the apparatus. The con-

page_text: struction of the stemple or piston is either of the ordinary kind or else of the
kind which I have described in Figure 40.
The stemple A, A, the axis of which is on a line with the axis of the cylinder,
does not come out altogether from the cylinder, but an opening remains between
its extreme circumference and the interior of the cylinder. The play of this
stemple is restricted above and below by ring-shaped edges or rims B, B,
and C, C. The edge of the stemple is so connected both above and below
with these ring-shaped edges, by means of funnel-shaped coverings or bandages
of air-tight stuff that it (the stemple) can reach in both directions to the rings.
On both sides and in the centre of the stemple, as well as in the direction of
its axes, there are conducting chambers (D, D,) which slide almost without
friction into the conductors or slides E and E, and set the stemple going in
suchwise that it cannot diverge either from its central position or the position
of its axes. This stemple machinery is of so delicate a nature that it exhibits
the slightest variation in the expansion of the air in the apparatus and in the
shut up room thereof; one thing, however, is requisite, the room which is
placed in communication with the cylinder by means of H must be of sufficient
size. In the outward conducting or sliding little chamber F is a leverage g,
which is in communication with the tap F of a reservoir K, filled with com-
pressed air. When the stemple stands on the inner edge B, B, the canal
through which the oxygen streams forth is shut, when, on the other hand,
it approaches the lower edge it opens the canal by turning the tap.
The object and internal ensemble of this arrangement are as follows:-As the
air of the apparatus is propelled by the bellows into the lime water it loses its
capacity or constitutive element of oxygen as well as its expansive power. On
the other hand, the air of the pent up room retains its power of expansion,
presses outwardly on the stemple, opens the canal for the outpouring of the
oxygen gases, and does not shut it again until the oxygen thus issuing renews
the expansive power of the air of the shut up room and that of the apparatus,
and forces the stemple again into its inner edge or rim. In that way the
compensating supply of oxygen is regulated per se, and moreover in the most"
exact manner; and it is a matter of no importance whether one or several
divers be in the apparatus, the main point whereon the entire arrangement in
question depends being the neutralizing of the oxygen.
In Figures 31, 32, and 33, will be found a representation of the bellows
with double action of my construction. Figure 31 is a perpendicular inter-
section. The side plates A1 and A2 are fixed with sufficiently numerous and
sufficiently large orifices for the free admission of air. Figure 33 represents
the view of a side wall. The intermediate plate B, Figure 31, can be removed

page_text: from one side plate to another, and in an air-tight manner shuts in the two
rooms containing the bellows. The air comes through two series of broad
pipes into the reservoir with lime water, and each series of those openings for
admission is in communication with a pair of bellows. For example, the
series a, Figures 31 and 32 with C', and the series 6 with C³.
In Figure 34 a pump is represented which forces the lime water out of the
reservoir A into the reservoir B, and both reservoirs being provided with sieve-
like plates, into which the water falls in rain fashion and then returns into
the reservoir A through the canal C. Both appliances, that is to say, the
bellows and the pump, are set working by the feet, by means of the wheel-
work represented in Figure 35. In Figure 35, A and B, the arrangement of
the wheels and the situation of the straps or cords are defined and explained.
In Figures 87 and 39 a further explanation is given respecting the con-
nection of the wheels A and B, which are represented in Figure 35.
In Figure 85 A, the wheel a' of Figure 37 is covered by 6', and in
Figures 35 B the wheel C, Figure 39 is covered by the wheel C³. The cord
or strap which connects the wheels b' and 6%, is fastened at its extremities
to both wheels, and is also firmly attached to the head C of the inter-
mediate plate, Figure 35, as more clearly represented in Figure 36.
F, F, is a slide or passage wherein the fork G slides up and down.
The strap which connects the wheels C' and C passes through the hole O
in the fork, and is firmly therein to the fork. By turning the wheels C 1
and C 2 an alternate motion will be given to the intermediate wheel, and by
shifting the fork represented in Figure 36, a circular motion may be imparted
to the intermediate plate through a rectilinear course. The wheels C
and C² are set working by means of the wheels a¹ and a³, which are firmly
connected with them, and the latter are set going by the footboards or
treddles M and M2, which is connected with them by cords or straps.
From the treddle or footboard M', a strap runs over the wheel a', with which
it is firmly connected. In like manner a strap runs from M2 over the
isolated pulley C₁ to roller a², which is firmly connected with roller 6,
encircling it from the lower part, and being also firmly connected with it.
The play of the foot plates M' and M³, as well as of the strap running
therefrom to the wheels a' and a², must be so arranged that the intermediate
plate may by means of the above two wheels be removed direct from one
lateral plate to the other; M' drives the intermediate plate H from K²
to K, and M2 brings it back to K2; the business of C2, which is con-
nected with 63, is to impart an upward and downward motion to the lever D
of the pamp in Figure 34. Moreover the wheel C2 is as firmly connected

page_text: with the wheel a¹ as the two wheels b₁ and 6 with each other. The
working is in a general point of view as follows:-The left foot plate M' is
pressed down, the wheel or the pulley a, i, turns in the direction g, t, and
with it in the like direction the wheels b¹, a, b, C, and D, 6¹ passes H
to K i, a³ lifts up the foot plate M³, and C, K does the like for the pump
lever. Afterwards the right hand plate is afterwards let down, a³ turns in
the direction x, z, and with it b³, C, D, 6, and 62, in the like direction;
62 passes H to K 2, a 1 lifts up the foot board M 1, and C 2 brings the
pump lever down.
The appliances for sinking objects in the water, and for raising sunken
objects thereout consists principally of two kinds of reservoir, one kind of a
larger description, viz., the piston or lever reservoirs properly called, and one
of a smaller sort, which are filled with compressed air. The piston reservoirs
are similar in form and construction to the body of the driving apparatus,
they have a garniture of parallel rims or cinctures, which are connected by
uprights and are provided with plates, which shut up the pent room so com-
pletely as to render it air-tight and waterproof. Like the driving apparatus
itself the piston reservoirs can be employed either in a vertical or a horizontal
position. As the chief advantage in having a piston reservoir consists in its
power of supporting any given weight, and as that power is proportionately
the greater the less it yields to water pressure, I have arranged that reservoir
in such a manner that at any depth under water it is secured both internally
and externally against any over pressure, so that it will be sufficient to base
its solidity or power of resistance against any over pressure is based on
about atmospheric internally and externally, and in the second place all
due care must be taken at the time of construction to see that it possesses
in the open air the firmness and solidity required by its circumference and
size. Midway through the reservoir, and firmly bound by the rims or cinctures,
is a pole or rod, the so called bearing or supporting pole, which from above
projects downwards over the walls of the reservoir. The bearing power, that
is to say, the thickness of this pole must be calculated by the analogous power
of the reservoir, and that power can be arrived at in the following way :--Let
the volume of water discharged through the piston reservoir be converted
into the weight of the former, deduct therefrom the weight of the piston
reservoir, as well as of whatever is in it, and on it, and you will find the
B 2

page_text: bearing or supporting power in question. Chains or ropes are attached to the
end of the supporting pole to guide the reservoir from a high, and on the lower
end are chains or ropes with hooks, slings, and so forth, for the purpose of
fastening the various objects, which are to be submerged or raised up, and
also with the view of enabling the diver to guide the reservoir from below.
The following appliances are found in and on the piston reservoir :-
"
1st. The reservoirs for compressed air.-These reservoirs must be constructed
so as to bear with safety atmospheric pressure of from 10 to 20, or more.
The issuing canal is situated in a neck or gorge, the upper portion of which is
garnished with "worms or "threads" (schranhengangen), with which it is
screwed into the wall of the apparatus so firmly as to be air-tight and water-
proof. In the neck or gorge is a tap which is set working by a lever arm or
lift, and which both opens and closes the issuing canal. The compressed air
issue forth through pipework in the highest elevation of the piston reservoir.
The lever is either lifted up by workmen above or by divers below, by means
of ropes, chains, et cetera, whereby it opens the canal, and as it sinks by its
own weight when left to itself, closes it again.
In suchwise are all the taps of the following appliances worked whenever
they are opened by hand, otherwise the taps can be opened and closed by
means of the lever connection, which is further described below, and of certain
mechanical and physical arrangements for self-regulation. Similar reservoirs
with compressed air can be attached to all the walls of the piston reservoir.
Two at least must be contained in every apparatus, one to be directed on the
self-regulating principle and the other by hand. In fact, as necessity may
require, there may be for all purposes more than one piston reservoir.
2nd. Cylinder for air issuing from above.-In the upper wall or on the upper
rim of a side wall is a cylinder furnished with a tap and with a lever arm,
which acts thereon, and whereby the air may be expelled from the reservoir.
The tap is managed by hand.
3rd. Cylinder for incoming and outgoing water.-In the lower wall or on
the lower rim of a side wall is a cylinder with a tap and a lift, which acts on
that tap, whereby the water can be let in and out. The tap is managed by
hand.
4th. Cylinder for air issuing from below. In the lower wall is also the
aperture of a cylinder, which is contained in the piston reservoir until it reaches
its upper wall, and has its inner aperture in the proximity of the upper wall.
The opening in the lower wall can be closed by a tap, which by means of a lift
is moved on the self-regulating principles described under No. 6. The object

page_text: of this cylinder is to allow the air to rush out through the lower opening when-
ever there is an over pressure.
6th. Cylinder for the self-regulating of the taps of the reservoir for com-
pressed air, and of the one belonging to the cylinder for air issuing below.-
That cylinder is also placed in the lower wall or the lower circumference of
the reservoir, and it is arranged as follows:-In a short cylinder is a stemple
or piston, and on the latter is the lift of the above taps, either above or below
in a passage. When the stemple is in the middle of the cylinder both taps
are shut, and it is then in a state of non-activity, but whilst it is still working
under the influence of the pressure from without, the lift opens the tap of the
reservoir with compressed air. The air keeps issuing until the internal and
external pressure are equalized, whereby the piston is again propelled to the
middle in a state of rest, and the canal for emitting the compressed air is'
closed. The piston in the cylinder should have, when in a state of non-
activity in the middle thereof, only so much play in a downward direction as is
necessary to open the respective taps, and any further motion is consequently
prevented by projecting rims in the interior of the wall of the cylinders and on
both sides of the play.
7. It is necessary moreover to have some small metal air reservoirs of a
bearing power of altogether from 10 to 20 pounds or thereabouts, with corre-
sponding weights.
In order to submerge or raise any objects by means of the appliances
described, the various processes of working are in general and mainly the
following:-
A. For submerging any objects.
1st. The piston reservoir with all its taps closed is attached by iron chains or
ropes to the upper projecting end of the upright, and which chains or ropes
are managed from above.
2nd. Then the object which is to be submerged is fastened by an iron chain
or rope to the lower extremity of the supporting pole.
3rd. The tap for letting out the air at the top and the one for letting the
water in are to be opened, and must not be shut again before the piston reservoir
is entirely under water, so that it shall only be a few pounds heavier than the
discharged water room.
4th. The next process is to slowly submerge the piston reservoir with the

page_text: object which is to be sunk, and which is attached to the rope or chain, whereby
the constantly increasing pressure from without propels upwards the stemple
of the cylinder arrangement b, and by means of the leverage connected there-
with, opens the top of the cylinder for compressed air, which, whilst equalizing
the external and internal pressure, continues issuing until the submerged
object is attained, when the stemple is again forced back in a downward
direction to its resting place (non-working position), and the tap of the
reservoir for compressed air is closed.
5th. So soon as the submerged object has been attained, the smaller air
reservoirs and weights which are suspended from the chain or rope are made
use of by the divers, in order to lift up slightly the submerged object, and to
fix it again accordingly as the weights or air reservoirs are hung out.
6th. After the submerged object is thus brought home, the air reservoirs
and the weights attached to the rope of the piston reservoir are suspended to
the object in question, in such a manner as to be a few feet from the
ground.
.
7th. Then the respective taps for letting out the air from the top and for
letting in the water are to be opened and kept open until the piston reservoir
sinks with an overweight of some pounds. The object in having small weights
attached to it is to allow of its submersion to such a depth only as is equiva-
lent to the distance of the weights from the bottom ground.
8th. The sunken object is to be suspended from the piston reservoir or to be
let loose, the smaller air reservoirs are to be appended to it, and the piston
reservoir which is to be conducted by the diver to a rope, slowly ascends to the
surface; the piston reservoir can also be raised up by workmen at the top
without attaching to it the smaller air reservoirs.
9th. On ascending and on account of the gradually decreasing external
pressure, the piston of the cylinder in the arrangement and the tap for letting
out the air from below are opened; the former through the over pressure from
the interior to the exterior, and the air whilst constantly equalizing the internal
and external pressure continues issuing until the piston reservoir has reached
the surface, whereupon the stemple or piston is forced back to its inert
position and the tap of the cylinder for letting out the air from below is
closed.
B. For raising sunken objects.
1st. Similar to the sinking process No. 1.
2nd. Similar to the sinking process No. 3.
2
99

page_text: The piston reservoir continues sinking until the chain or rope touches the
ground.
4th. The object to be lifted is made fast to the chain or rope.
5th. The next process is to open the tap of the cylinder (for incoming and
outgoing water by means of the lever ropes, and also the tap of a reservoir for
compressed air, which, however, must be only allowed to escape by degrees (or
at intervals), until the outpouring air has discharged as much water as shall
enable the piston reservoir to begin its ascent, whereupon the taps are to be
closed.
6th. Similar to the sinking process described under No. 9.
water.
Diver's dress. The diver's dress is constructed on the same principles as
the diving apparatus; the former consists of two principal divisions, namely,
and in the first place, of the respiration reservoir of the head, as well as of the
medium of respiration in the shut-up space or room; and in the second place,
of the cuirass for the protection of the remaining portions of the body. The
fundamental shape of the (respiration reservoir) resembles the primitive form
prescribed for the body part of the diving apparatus when in a horizontal
position; with regard to its diameter, it may be set down as a general rule
that when the diver is in it, head and all, he should be able to bring his
hands to the same height as the periphery thereof; moreover, it should nearly
always be as long as broad. The head is in the front division; an aperture
with a cover or lid, which can be screwed and unscrewed internally and exter-
nally, provides the diver with the means of respiration so long as he is out of
In the lower wall is the aperture for communicating with the cuirass
or panoply by means of appropriate screw contrivances, whereby the respi-
rating reservoir and the cuirass are so completely connected as to be air-tight
and waterproof; this opening must be of sufficient size to allow the diver to
creep in through it. The front rim thereof is about 2 inches distance from the
circumference of the front rim of the wall. The normal position of the head
is with the face turned in the direction of the front wall. As the cuirass
should be in every case large enough to allow the diver when under water to
withdraw his arms and feet from out the coverings, and to completely turn
round; there are windows not only on the front wall, but also above, below,
and on both sides of the head, and also in front and behind it. A manometer,
showing the pressure of the water, and the depth to which the diver has
attained, and a second manometer, exhibiting the expansion of the air in the
respirating reservoir are, together with their scales, placed near the windows
in such wise as to be always seen. The bellows are placed in the lower half;

page_text: in the middle of the lower circumference is an aperture, with screw arrange-
ments, wherein the reservoir for oxygen is secured, and also apertures on both
sides wherein the reservoirs for lime water are screwed. Each bellows room
is in communication with a lime water reservoir. A shaft runs externally
from both sides through the respirating reservoir to the emitting aperture of
the lime water reservoir. On the outward and projesting extremities of this
shaft are levers which open and shut the emitting canal; moreover, short
cylindrical shaft run externally from both sides to that part of the bellows
where the pipes and the hypomochliun of the intermediate bellows plate are
situate. There is a lever on the inner and outer piece of each shaft; the
inner ones go to a traverse projecting from the handle of the intermediate
bellows plate, in which traverse will be found a passage for eqalizing the
various circular movements which are made by the plate and lever, and the
bellows are set working by the external levers. An opening with plates that may
be screwed on and off, the upper circumference serves to arrange the machinery
for the use of the divers; there are, moreover, several windows for the
admission of light. The whole of this upper piece, if a weight of about 10
or 20 pounds be appended to the neck opening, should float in the water in a
horizontal position, and should project about one-fourth out of the water.
The body is in a cuirass or panoply, which should be constructed entirely on
the plan prescribed for the arm and foot coverings for lesser depths, that is to
say, of coverings which, with sufficient space between, encircles the body and
the members thereof, said cuirass consisting of several layers of leather and
waterproof stuff bound by iron or steel rings, plates, cylinders, and joints,
and also, if desired, by cylinder joints. Each layer of these coverings forms a
distinct and firmly-fastened whole, so that no water can enter unless all the
coverings be torn asunder. There are weights in the interior of the dress, and
by moving these weights the diver can give the dress any position he desires,
and re-establish the normal position, that is to say, the horizontal one of the
respirating reservoir and the perpendicular one of the cuirass or panoply. On the
external side of the cuirass, and in the proximity of the bands are weights or
rollers which the diver can roll round himself and remove, so as to descend or
rise, and keep floating at any desired depth under water; at the same time
those weights serve to equipoise the diver in his dress and the discharged
water room. In the front part of the middle, and near the stomach is a
cylinder with stemple and screw machinery, whereby the air-room may be
diminished and enlarged, and whereby, also, the diver may at one time make
himself somewhat heavier and at another time somewhat lighter than the

page_text: discharged water-room, and likewise sink or ascend, at will, and keep himself
at any given depth under water. By means of a lever, the diver can screw
and unscrew the respirating reservoir from within, and the like operation can
be performed by workmen from without. By screwing either outwardly
inwardly the distinct portions of the cuirass or panoply, it may be made larger
or smaller.
In witness whereof, I, the said Frederick Ernst Blatspiel, have here-
unto set my hand and seal, this Twenty-eighth day of March, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-three.
inwardly the distinct portions of the cuirass or panoply, it may be made larger
or smaller.
In witness whereof, I, the said Frederick Ernst Blatspiel, have here-
unto set my hand and seal, this Twenty-eighth day of March, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-three.
F. E. BLATSPIEL. (L.8.)