A METHOD FOR ECONOMISING FUEL IN THE HEATING OF HOUSES, AND FOR IMPROVING THE CONSTRUCTION OF HOT-HOUSES, BY A NEW APPLICATION OF KNOWN PRINCIPLES
Year: 1801

page_text: مله
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JAMES
ANDERSON, of Mounie, in the Shire of Aberdeen,. Doctor of Laws, send
greeting:
WHEREAS His most Excellent Majesty King George the Third did, by
His Letters Patent, under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, bearing date, at Westminster, the Tenth day of February,
in the forty-first year of His reign, give and grant unto inc, the said James
Anderson, His special licence that I, the said James Anderson, during the term
of years therein mentioned, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick upon Tweed, my
Invention of "A METHOD FOR ECONOMISING FUEL IN THE HEATING OF HOUSES,
AND FOR IMPROVING THE CONSTRUCTION OF HOT-HOUSES, BY A NEW APPLICATION
OF KNOWN PRINCIPLES;" in which said Letters Patent there is contained a pro-
viso obliging me, the said Janies, Anderson, by an instrument in writing under
my. hand and seal, to cause a particular description of the nature of my said
Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be inrolled in
His Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar months after the
date of the said recited Letters Patent, as in and. by the same, relation being
thereunto had, may more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance of the said proviso, I, the said James.
Anderson, do. hereby declare that my said Invention is described in manner,
following, that is to say:

page_text: Let the heated smoke as it issues from the fire be conducted into a chamber
that will be most commodiously situated beneath the floor of the house or apart-
ment intended to be heated, extending the whole of its length and width, if it
can conveniently be done, leaving only a vacuity between the inner side of the
wall of the house and the wall of the smoke chamber all round, of two feet or
thereby, no precise nicety as to its dimensions being requisite. This chamber
for the sınoke may be of any form or dimensions, so as to suit the situation,
and from two to six feet or more in depth, as circumstances will admit (the
deeper always the better), and the roof of it ought to be below the level of
the floor of the house or apartment intended to be heated, so as to leave a
vacuity thereof one foot at least in depth, and if two feet or more, so much the
better. The roof and sides of this smoke chamber should be made air-tight,
and may be constructed of plates of metal or of any other matter that is capable
of bearing heat, and of easily transmitting it, and of being made air-tight. The
grate where the fuel is to be consumed ought to be placed lower than the floor
of this chamber, if it can be conveniently done (but this is not indispensably
necessary), and the chimney leading from the fire ought to rise upwards within
the smoke chamber, till it reach within about one foot of its roof, where it
should be discontinued and left open, having a spark stone or cover laid over
it to spread the heat. The chimney for carrying the smoke from this chamber,
and for making the fire burn, should communicate with the chamber near the
floor or bottom of that chamber, and in no other place, unless occasionally for
particular purposes, by an opening formed into it immediately below the roof
of the smoke chamber, which is shut in general by means of a valve that can be
opened at pleasure. This chimney may either rise directly to the height of the
building without interruption, or it may me made to open into a succession of
chambers, of a similar construction to the smoke chamber just described, as far as
respects the transmission of the smoke, though they may be varied in all other
respects to suit the circumstances of the case in infinitum; that is to say, these
chambers may vary in size, shape, proportions, in position, being either above or
below, or upon the same level with the original chamber, and so on. But
although the best position for the smoke.chamber be directly beneath the build-
ing to be heated, yet should obstructions prevent this, it may be placed without
it; or under some other building, as near the building that is to be heated
as may be. Connected with the original smoke chamber there may be formed
another of an auxiliary sort, which should also be air-tight, in the roof and sides.
This auxiliary smoke chamber should communicate with the first by means of
two pipes that can be closed or opened at pleasure, one placed immediately
above the floor, and the other next the roof of the principal smoke chamber;

page_text: and it should also communicate with the open air by another opening or pipe,
issuing from the bottom of that auxiliary chamber; this last pipe ought
to have a valve, to stop or open at pleasure, and should always be closed
when the fire is burning, and opened whenever it is extinguished, the lower
opening into the principal smoke chamber being closed at the same instant that
the other is opened; and if there be no auxiliary smoke chamber, an opening
of this sort must be made into the principal smoke chamber. Either at the top
or in any other convenient part of the chimney, should be fitted a valve or stopper,
which admits of being opened or perfectly closed at pleasure. When closed, it
will stop circulation, and soon extinguish the fire. Whenever it is closed the
air hole of the furnace (if the heat be not required for another chamber) ought
also to be closed, and the fire will then be instantly extinguished; and the
chamber being full of heated smoke, will gradually transmit that heat through
it's cover and sides to the air chamber which surrounds it. The hottest part of
the air thus heated will rise to the top. As the heat in the smoke chamber
gradually abates, it will of course contract in bulk, and by thus forming a kind
of vacuum, must then draw in a supply of air from the auxiliary smoke chamber
to supply that want. As the higher opening into that chamber alone is now
open, it must draw in only the hottest part of the air, while the air from
without is drawn into the bottom part of the auxiliary chamber; and as it
will continue to occupy the lowest place, no cool air can be drawn in until
the whole of the heated shall be exhausted. The vacuity immediately above
and around the principal smoke chamber is intended for an air chamber, the
floor above which, and its sides all over, must be impervious to air or water,
and may be formed of flooring tiles, or stones, or any other material proper
for such uses, that can be got cheapest at the place. From this air
chamber let a pipe or pipes pass into the apartment intended to be
heated, that can be opened or closed at pleasure, and that can admit at
pleasure also of being opened either immediately below the floor or at
any greater depth, so as to allow air more or less heated, as shall best suit the
purpose, to pass into the apartment intended to be heated. This heated air
may (when thus admitted) be either allowed to spread in the apartment
immediately above the floor, so as to heat the whole of the apartment, or it
may be conveyed nearly to the roof before it is let loose; so that the upper part
of the apartment may be heated to a great degree without affecting the lower
part of it, if it should be so required. Connected with the air chamber may
also be an auxiliary air chamber, capable of retaining the heated air, between
which two chambers there should likewise be a communication by means of a

page_text: pipe, and this auxiliary air chamber should also communicate with the common
air by an 'opening just above the floor of it, in the lowest place, and nowhere
else. The pipe that communicates between the air chamber and its auxiliary
should be so made as that the end of it which enters into the principal chamber
should be placed just above the floor, and the other end of it should open into
the auxiliary chamber high up, very near the upper part of it, and should never
be closed. In consequence of this arrangement, when the air in the principal
chamber for heated air comes to be heated, if the pipe communicating with
the apartment above be kept shut, then as the air expands, in consequence of
the heat acting on it from the smoke chamber below, the coldest part of the air
in that air chamber will be forced to pass into the auxiliary air chamber,
which in its turn will force some from thence into the open air. In this way,
after the cold air is all discharged from the principal air chamber, some part of
the heated air will be driven into the auxiliary air chamber, in which, assuming
the highest place, it will there be retained, forcing the colder air below to pass
out into the atmosphere. This process must be continued as long as the air
in the internal air chamber continues to augment in heat; but when a portion
of that heated air is let off into the apartment above, or when the fire is
slackened.so long as to communicate no more heat to it, then in that case a
suction will be made from the inner chamber, so as to draw in air from
the auxiliary air chamber; but as the pipe opens into the higher part of
the chamber, it will draw back only the hottest part of the air in it, and so
on it will continue to draw back the superfluous air, so as to derive the
whole benefit of it without any waste whatever. But although this auxiliary
air chamber will be of great utility, it may nevertheless be dispensed with if
the owner so chooses, but the opening into the air chamber below is indespen-
sible. If the apartment placed above and communicating with the principal
chamber of heated air, be intended to be employed as a hot-house, its walls ought
to be made of glass all round, if circumstances will admit of it, on the north
as well as towards all other points of the compass, thus to obtain not only the
benefit of the sun's heat to the fullest extent, but also to obtain as much light
as possible, which is of the utmost utility to plants of all kinds, as without it
they cannot be preserved in good health. The whole should be made air-tight.
The under part of each of the front glasses should be so formed, as to admit of
being opened or to shut quite close at pleasure. A row of windows or air
holes, that admit of being opened at pleasure, should be placed along the north
or other sides, towards the top, with this single variation, that they should be
made to open alternately from below, rising upwards, or from above, falling

page_text: downward, but so as always to admit of being shut so close as to be
air-tight. These openings are to serve the purpose of emitting the air at.
pleasure, and assisting in ventilating the house. The edges of the, door
should be also so made as to shut quite close. For the purpose of a
pinery or vinery, or peach-house, and most other uses to which a hot-house
is usually applied, the roof of the apartment (in other words; the hot-house):
should be placed in a horizontal position, or nearly so, something like the
ceiling of an ordinary apartment, only that that ceiling should be made
of glass instead of plaster, and should be fixed to the joists above, and
made altogether air-tight. The vines or other fruits intended to be forced,
may be extended close under the glass. The bed in the stove should be
raised so high as to be as near the roof glasses as the leaves of the plants
in it will permit. Pipes of different lengths, which may be opened or
shut at pleasure, ought to be passed through the upper part of the hot-house
for the purpose of letting off the heated air to that degree which shall be
deemed eligible at the time, and should reach to that depth in the house that
shall be thought proper. For the purpose of regulating the heat of the
stove and keeping up an equality of temperature at all. times without any
attendance from the gardener, the stove being first made air-tight every
where, let a pipe be placed in the floor communicating directly with the
chamber of heated air below, and let the top of that pipe be closed by means
of a light valve that opens upwards. Let another pipe be placed above, that
may communicate with the open air, if judged proper, having a light valve
upon its upper end, opening upwards also. Let an opening be then made
into the stove near the floor, so as to admit a free communication by that
means with the open air. Lift up then the valve of the bottom pipe. The
heated air will rise upwards through it into the stove, gradually filling it,
while the cool air that was in the chamber is imperceptibly driven off through
the opening below into the atmosphere. When the stove has thus gradually
acquired the degree of heat required (say ninety degrees on Fahrenheit's
thermometer) shut the opening below and all others quite close. The hot-house
now being air-tight, it must follow, that if more heated air arises from below,
it will tend to expand the air already in the hot-house, in other words, to
raise the temperature above ninety degrees. But in consequence of that
expansive effort from within, an effect will be felt to close the lower valve
(as is felt in a bellows when the two handles are pressed together), so that no
more heated air can find access by that means. The same expansile burst will
have a necessary tendency to open the upper valve, and thus heated air will
be allowed to escape until the air in the chamber has come into an equilibrium

page_text: with that of the atmosphere, or, in other words, till it be at ninety degrees,
at which temperature alone it ever can, as thus regulated, attain that equi-
librium. If, however, from the coldness of the night air, or from any other
cause, the heat of the stove should be diminished so as to fall below ninety
degrees, the bulk of the air in it will be at the same time contracted, and
a kind of vacuum be experienced. In that case, in consequence of the
suction inwards, the upper valve would be firmly closed, so that no cold air
can be there admitted; and from the same cause the lower valve will be
opened, so as to admit heated air again from below. In this way, as soon as
the temperature shall attain the ninetieth degree, or such other regulated
degree of heat as shall have been fixed upon, the lower valve would be closed,
and thus an equal temperature would be kept up within the house at all times,
whatever variations might take place in the atmosphere, without the attendance
of any person whatever. If care be taken to keep up the heat in the air
chamber above ninety or the regulated degrees, and provided the apartment
above it (the stove) be perfectly air-tight, the variation of heat that could
prove hurtful to the tenderest plant could never be experienced. In the
vinery, peach-house, and others that require nearly a similar temperature,
where the sun becomes the principal, if not the sole source of heat, an
auxiliary chamber ought also to be provided for receiving the heated air when
there is an excess of it, and for restoring it back again during the night time
when the cold or other circumstances render the contraction within sensible.
This auxiliary chamber should be constructed exactly in the same manner
with those already described. In this case also, as in the former, though the
pipe of communication opens also into the auxiliary chamber near its roof, it
ought to be made to issue from the hot-house itself, either higher or lower at
pleasure, which may be effected by fitting upon its orifice pipes of different
lengths. As it may be convenient to rear vines entirely on the outside of the
house, proper openings ought to be provided for introducing the vines from with-
.out, and for withdrawing them at pleasure. These openings may be made either
immediately under the roof of glass, or occasionally just above the floor of the
hot-house, as shall suit the inclination of the owner. They should consist of
horizontal slits of a length and depth sufficient to admit of the shoots being
passed through them with ease, and admit of being closed either with a case
with glass in it, or a wooden frame, the openings between the shoots being
closed up with soft moss, close rammed, so as to be air-tight, or with a plaister
of grafting loam, or any other soft material that is fitted to prevent the passage
of the air without too much cramping the shoot. Peaches and cherries, which
require the influence of the open air, in the winter may be raised in large tubs

page_text: or boxes that admit of being removed, and if the stems be trained perpen-
dicular nearly as high as the horizontal roof glass, and then bended over, and
trained horizontally, they may be admitted into the house, or withdrawn from
it through horizontal slits similar to those above described, which admit of
being closed in the same manner. For the purpose of forwarding lettuce or
other low growing plants in winter, or strawberries early in the spring, let a
set of frames be provided, consisting of open spars, strong enough to support the
weight that is to be put upon them; each of these frames should be of such
dimensions as to hold three rows of pots of the usual size for that purpose,
and of a length the whole width of the house, wanting two fect or thereby.
A set of pans or boxes, made of any light material that can hold water, and
having edges turned up about one inch, should be provided, to be laid on these
frames, and into these pans or boxes the pots should be placed. These
frames may be suspended from the ceiling or roof of the chamber by means
of cords passed over pullies, so as to admit of being raised or lowered into a
warmer or cooler region of the chamber at pleasure. The plants may be
supplied with moisture by pouring water into the pans without lowering
them, and the fruit can be seen without moving them thro' the glass above.
Hitherto it has been the practice to have no hot-houses of more than one stage
or story in height, but upon the present plan, in situations where they can be
secured from effects of wind, nothing is to prevent them from being of two or more
stages or stories; and where this can be safely done, it will prove a considerable
saving, on account of the roof. In that case, all the difference that will occur
between the first and higher stages is, that the floor of these last, as well as the
roof, will be of glass; a footpath of wood or grating for the gardener should
be always in that case formed along the inside of the north wall, having a
slight rail on the inside of about three feet high, like the ruff tree of a ship, or
otherwise, to guard against accidents; and a loose deal ought also to be pro-
vided, to be shoved along the top of the joists when wanted, as a platform for
the necessary purposes; over the highest stage or story must be thrown a roof,
the south side of which and the cast and west ends may be made of glass, and
the north side either of glass or proper opaque materials. This may be so
constructed as to be employed for the purpose of a vinery and at the same
time of a reservoir chamber for heated air, which may be freed from its super-
fluous heat, when that becomes too great, by means of a tube from the top,.
which admits of being opened or closed at pleasure. With a view to obviate the
bad effects that might occasionally result from too great a degree of heat in the
higher regions of the hot-house, continued too long through accidental inad-
vertence in the gardener, the following apparatus may be used:-Take a

page_text: bladder or other flexible bag that is impervious to air; turn the mouth of it
while it is open, upwards, and heat it then to a considerable degree before a fire
or otherwise; when it has been made to attain a degree of heat higher than
that of the hot-house, tie the neck close while it is not yet fully distended,
tho' nearly so, taking care previously to fix a string to the bottom of it by
tying in a part of it, or otherwise; then attach it to some fixed object; after-
wards bring the house to its proper degree of temperature, and while it is in
that state, fasten the string that proceeds from the bag tight to some other
object; the consequence must be, that when the heat augments, the bag will
become more distended, and consequently will augment in diameter and con-
tract in length, so as to tighten the cords; and when the heat abates, it will
become more flaccid, and of course slacken the cords, so that this may be em-
ployed as a moving power to open or close a valve as it contracts or dilatos,
and it will necessarily regulate the heat of the house by its spontaneous move-
ments, without requiring attention from any one. For the purpose of agitating
the air in the house at pleasure, without the necessity of introducing air from
without, and for many other indispensable purposes, the following apparatus
has been contrived:-Make a cylindrical box, of a construction similar to that
of a drum; pass through it lengthways, an axle carrying arms of thin wood or
other light and firm material, to act when put in motion as a fan. This axle
is to be properly supported at each end, and in such manner as to leave an
opening at one or both of the ends for the purpose of admitting air to the fan;
the fan may be moved by means of a simple handle, or if greater velocity is
wished, by a large wheels at one end acting upon a pinion upon the end of
the axle, or by a large sheeve acting upon a small one, connected together by
a band, belt, or chain. On one side of the cylindrical part of the drum, leave
an opening for the passage of the air when the fan is in motion, to which can
be fitted at pleasure a pipe that admits of movements and of being occasionally
lengthened or shortened. It may be flexible or otherwise, as shall suit the cir-
cumstances of the case, terminating in a small nozzle, to admit of its being directed
to any point where it may be wanted. Let the mouth of another pipe, similar
to the above, be so formed as to cover the end opening or openings of the drum
for the supply of air, so that all the air that can pass into the drum must first
pass through this pipe. By means of this apparatus the air can be sucked up by
the machine from any part, either within or without the house, and spouted out
into any other part of it, with a greater or less degree of violence, as circum-
stances shall render eligible. The machine itself may be driven either by the
hand, like a common winnowing machine, or it may be driven by means of a vane,
moveable by the wind, placed on some convenient part of the building, or by

page_text: water, or steam, or horses, or any other moving power which circumstances
may render eligible. Or this kind of ventilation may be produced by means of
a bellows, having pipes of the sort above described, adapted to the nozzle and
the under valve of the bellows. With a view farther to economise fuel, when
that becomes necessary, for the production of heat, care should be taken to
have the whole of the smoke that arises from the burning fuel consumed. To
effect this, let a fire-place be constructed in the following manner:-Let this
fire-place have two grates, so connected as to admit of communicating alter-
nately with each other; each grate should have two air holes opening into the
cavity below the grate, being close every where else; one of these air holes
should communicate with the atmosphere directly in front of the grate, and the
other with a passage below, that goes directly from the one grate to the other.
These two air holes should admit of being opened or closed at pleasure, but so
as they can never be both open at the same time unto the same grate; this
may be conveniently effected by a shifting door or valve, which, when it closes
the one hole, must necessarily open the other. For the sake of distinctness, let
one of these grates be called N° 1, and the other N° 2. When the firc is to
be lighted, let the air hole in front of the grate N° 1 be opened, and the other
air hole to that grate will of course be closed. The coals in N° 1 being then
kindled, the sinoke, as it issues from the fire, should be conducted at first right
upwards for a small distance, and it should then bend in the same plane
with the wall, so as to assume a horizontal position, and in a direction pointing
towards the other grate N° 2; it should then bend downward, still in the same
plane, and proceed in that direction until it comes into the passage that leads
from the one grate to the other, beneath the level of the grates respectively.
As the opening from this passage unto the grate No 1 is at this time closed, the
air hole in front being open, the smoke must pass on towards the other grate
No 2, whose air hole in front being now closed, it can receive no air to keep
alive the burning fuel but that which comes through that passage, and as this
air conveys along with it the whole of the smoke that came from the burning
fuel in the grate No 1, that smoke, in passing thro' the fire N° 2, will
be inflamed and entirely consumed, thus tending greatly to augment the
heat; it being always understood that the fuel in the grate Number 2 is
at this time in the state of charred coal, having been kindled previously
to that in Number 1. After passing through the grate N° 2, the heated
air rises at first thro' the chimney of No 2 in a perpendicular direction, to
the same height as that of No 1; it then bends in a horizontal direction
towards No 1 in the same plane with the wall; from thence it bends backwards
in a horizontal direction for a small space, and may be then carried off' through

page_text: a chimney in any other direction that convenience can suggest. But when the
fuel that had been put upon the grate No 1 shall be so far consumed as to emit little
smoke, let the front air hole of number 2 be opened, and fresh fuel be put upon
it, the other air hole of that grate being necessarily closed when the front air
hole is opened. The smoke arising from thence will now pass upwards as before,
but instead of going back into the chimney, as before, a moveable door or a valve
there, being shifted, that opening is then closed, and another opening made
into the same chimney to receive the vapour arising from the fire N° 1. The
smoke will then be obliged to pass downwards, and should be conducted
in the same manner as that before described of No 1, into the passage that
communicates between the two grates, and thus be forced to go under
the grate No 1 (the air hole leading from that passage to Number 1 having
been previously opened by shutting the air hole in front), where it must pass
thro' the fire and be inflamed, from whence it rises up and passes off through
the chimney, as that from No 2 did before. Observe, that at the place where the
smoke enters from above into the passage that leads between the two grates,
there is a moveable valve, which is opened at the same time that the side air
hole into the chimney on that side is shut, the same valve when it opens thus
closing the similar opening belonging to the other grate. Thus may the two
fires have fresh fuel put upon them alternately, and be interchangeably shifted as
often as can be wanted, so as always to consume the whole of the smoke. The
form and situation of these chimneys, grates, and valves may be varied at
pleasure, preserving the principle of causing the unconsumed smoke to pass
through the fire that has ceased to smoke. For the purpose of obtaining steani
when wanted, let the upper part of the chimney above described, where it runs
in a horizontal position between the two grates, be made of such a width as
shall be deemed convenient, and that upper surface should consist of the flat
bottom of a pan, or a flat pan may be placed above any kind of grate. Let a
chamber be made above that, whose top and sides are formed by a vessel con-
taining water, flat above, but projecting downward all round to the depth of
several feet, so that water shall surround the chamber on-all-sides except the
bottom part, which is the pan. The edges of the water chamber should go an
inch or two lower than the pan, being wider than it, and an opening should be
left below the edges of the water chamber. Within this chamber and inime-
diately over the pan, let there be placed another vessel containing water; the
pan is to be used for boiling and evaporating water. It is to be supplied with
water from this inner vessel in proportion as it is evaporated, by means of a ball-
cock or float, and that vessel in its turn is to be in like manner supplied. with
water as it is drawn off from the outer vessel that surrounds the chamber, so

page_text: that it will be always heated before it can reach the evaporating pan. The steam
that is first raised will fill the chamber above described, where it will accu-
mulate until that chamber be wholly filled, so as to make its escape below the
bottom of the sides, from whence it may be conveyed by a proper conduit into
a house, when it is there wanted; a pipe should also be taken thro' one of the
sides close below the upper part of what may be called the ceiling of the water
chamber, that admits of being opened at pleasure, by means of which the whole
of the steam can be let off when it shall be judged proper.
But as it may
often happen that steam will be wanted only in moderate quantities and at
particular times, so as to render it unnecessary to continue the evaporation of
water during the whole time that the fire burns, in that case the following
apparatus may be resorted to:-By means of a bellows formed for that purpose,
or a forcing pump, throw in a small shower of water from time to time into the dry.
bottom of the pan, properly guarded by tiles laid above the bottom, so as to cover
it when it is fully heated, which will be instantly converted into steam, and after
a short interval another and another, until as much steam shall be generated as
shall be wanted at that time, when the evaporation may be discontinued. For the
purpose of obtaining a moderate degree of heat occasionally, without being
under the necessity of lighting a fire in the house, the following apparatus
may be adopted :-Make a hollow cylinder of metal or other matter that is
capable of retaining smoke and transmitting heat, open at bottom but close at
top. This cylinder ought to be of considerable proportional depth, and of a size
proportioned to the use intended by it. The sides of this cylinder may do for
soine purposes if only single, but in general it ought to be double, leaving an
opening between the two cylinders all round, of about an inch or more in the
clear. These two cylinders should be joined close together at the bottom, and
the outer cylinder should rise somewhat higher than the inner one, tho' that also
should rise higher than the part that closes the inner cylinder above. Round
the top of the outer cylinder should be formed a horizontal rim, of such a breadth
as to admit of being depressed into a circular groove all round it, for the purpose
of receiving a perpendicular rim, running round the lower part of the cover, like
that of the lid of a tea-pot. The cover itself may be made of such shape and dimen-
sions as shall best suit the purposes intended at the time. Let the cylinder thus
prepared be heated to the degree, wanted by an Argands lamp placed within it,
which, instead of a glass tube to receive the flame; has one made of metal fitted
to it, which is of such a length as to reach from the lower hedges of the cylinder
till within half an inch of the top of the inner cylinder, or it may be heated by
suspending it over a good fire upon a crow or otherwise until it be sufficiently
warmed, when it may be carried into the place where it is wanted, and there

page_text: suffered to stand till it communicates its heat to the surrounding bodies. If
water be put into the upper cavity, above the top of the inner cylinder, the
cover being at the same time taken off, steam in small quantities may be raised;
in the house where a great degree of heat is wanted, and for long continuance,
this apparatus may be made of very large dimensions, and of any form that
may
best suit, and fixed in its place; the sides may be made of bricks or other
solid substances, and a culinary fire adopted instead of the lamp, so that its
power may be thus augmented to such a degree as to answer many important
purposes.
In witness whereof, I, the said James Anderson, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, the Eleventh day of June, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and one.
Inrolled the Thirteenth day of June, in the year above written.