A CERTAIN PROCESS OR PROCESSES OF COMBINING CLAY WITH SOME OTHER SUBSTANCES FOR THE PRODUCING OF A CERTAIN CERAMIC PASTE, CAPABLE OF BEING MOULDED INTO A VARIETY OF FORMS, AND THE APPLICATION THEREOF TO SEVERAL PURPOSES
Year: 1843

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, PIERRE
ARMAND Lecomte DE FONTAINEMOREAU, of No. 1, Skinner's Place, Size Lane,
in the City of London, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at Westminster,
the Fourteenth day of January, in the sixth year of Her reign, did, for
Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said Pierre
Armand Lecomte De Fontainemoreau, Her especial licence, full power, sole
privilege and authority, that I, the said Pierre Armand Lecomte De Fontaine-
moreau, my executors, administrators, and assigns, and such others as I, the
said Pierre Armand Lecomte De Fontainemoreau, my executors, administra-
tors, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time and
at all times thereafter during the term of years therein mentioned, should
and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within that part of the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland called England, the Dominion
of Wales, and Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and also in the Islands of
Guernsey, Jersey, Alderney, Sark, and Man, and in all Her Majesty's Colonies
and Plantations abroad, the Invention of "A CERTAIN PROCESS OR PROCESSES
OF COMBINING CLAY WITH SOME OTHER SUBSTANCES FOR THE PRODUCING OF A
CERTAIN CERAMIC PASTE, CAPABLE OF BEING MOULDED INTO A VARIETY OF FORMS,
AND THE APPLICATION THEREOF TO SEVERAL PURPOSES," communicated to me
by a certain foreigner residing abroad; in which said Letters Patent there
is contained a proviso, requiring me, the said Pierre Armand Lecomte De

page_text: Fontainemoreau, particularly to describe-and-ascertain the nature of the said
Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, by an instrument
in writing under my hand and seal, and to cause the same to be enrolled in
Her said Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar months next
and immediately after the date of the said in part recited Letters Patent,
as in and by the same, reference being thereunto had, will more fully and at
large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Pierre Armand Lecomte De Fontainemoreau, do hereby declare that the
nature of the said Invention, communicated to me, consists in the composition
and fabrication of a certain ceramic paste, by the mixture of certain substances
with clays, which paste is capable of being moulded into any form or figure,
and when baked in a violent fire acquires a great hardness and cohesion, so
that pieces or blocks of it may be, and are intended to be, employed for the
purpose of paving streets, roads, and any other surfaces, and can also serve for
several other useful applications, for which stones, lavas, marbles, bricks, wood,
bitumen, asphaltes, and other similar substances are now employed. The
substances I mix with the clays are silicious sands; clay, baked and ground
into small grains not larger than those of the smallest millet; coal dust or
cinders, in powder; fluxes or dissolvents, either in a state of solution or in
powder, such as the pure, the carbonated, and the sulphated limes; the
metallic oxides and salts, such as the sulphate of iron (green vitriol), the per-
acetates of iron (pyrolignite of iron), and any other similar fluxes; sea salts,
feldspath; and, finally, alkaline substances, such as wood ashes, potash, soda,
and all the earthy alkalines. The coal dust and cinders and the sand serve to
separate the particles of the clay, and give to the manufactured pieces the
requisite porosity, so that, though their thickness may be greater than that of
any other articles hitherto produced with clays, they can easily dry without
getting out of form, and may be subjected to a very strong heat without
splitting or cracking; the clay, baked and ground into small grains, contributes
to the same objects, and gives to the ceramic products a granular hardness,
'increasing their durability, and preventing them also from being slippery;
the fluxes or dissolvents cause that greater or less degree of fusion necessary
to be given to the paste, and are varied according to the nature of the clays
of every district, so that the selection of these fluxes depends, not only.on
their abundance and price in each locality, but on the kind of clay to be
used, and on the species of articles to be manufactured. The proportion of the
mixtures of the above-named substances depends on the natural composition
of the clays to be used, and which vary in every district. When the clays

page_text: are very pure, greasy, and of a refractory quality, (that is to say,) such as
those I will here-after describe, the proportions of the mixture vary from the
sixth to the tenth part of the bulk of the clay, and the relative proportions of
each part of the substances composing the mixture are as follows, namely:―
Firstly, four parts of silicious sand; secondly, two parts of the grains of the
baked clay; thirdly, one part of the cold dust or cinders. When the clays
are naturally blended with sand, I decrease the quantity of sand used in the
above-mentioned mixture, according to the proportions of sand which the clays
contain. When the clays are naturally pure and refractory, such as the plastic
and best quality of fire clays, the kaolins, &c., I put into the mixture the
quantity of fluxes sufficient to produce a half fusion, required to unite or cement
strongly together the component substances, and to give to them a power of
resistance by means of their cohesion. The conditions expected from the paste
made with these kinds of clays, are, to obtain by means of a fire, long sustained
at a white heat, and afterwards, by a slow cooling, a very great hardness,
without splitting or cracking and getting out of shape; this quality is also
encreased by the internal semi-fusions which takes place, and which cements
the compound parts. When the clays at hand are not refractory, and cannot
therefore acquire by the fire the required hardness, I put into the composition
of the paste a larger quantity of fluxes, by the means of which I obtain, not only
the half fusion required for the paste made with the refractory clays, but even
a perfect and complete fusion. I cannot state the proportions of the fluxes to
be employed, as they are regulated by the chemical compositions of the clays,
and they vary, not only in every locality, but even at different depths in the
same mine or pit, and consequently the preparation necessary to produce a
semi-fusion or a complete fusion can only be ascertained by experiments in
each case. The conditions expected from the paste made with these kinds of
clays, are, to obtain, by fusion and slow cooling, a compact mass of an irregular
chystallization, and of a, nature and hardness analogous to some natural lavas
used in the volcanic countries for paving flags and building purposes. I will
proceed to explain the process or processes for the formation and application
of the ceramic paste according to my present experience, and which I have
found to answer extremely well, reference being made to the letters and figures
herein contained, and to the Drawings herein referred to, and to these Presents
annexed.
Having first determined and selected the several component substances
with which I am to form the ceramic paste, according to the rules and pro-
portions I have stated before, I put into troughs of masonry, impervious to
water, a layer of natural clay, which I have had previously dried and divided

page_text: into very small pieces; I cover it with a layer composed of the-accessory
substances, which are to be combined with the clay, the porportion of which
must be regulated by the bulk of the clay composing the first layer; I then
pour on a quantity of water sufficiently deep to cover these two stratas to a
height double their thickness; this water is absorbed by the clay and mixture;
I then place into the troughs another layer of clay, with its proportional layer
of mixture, and the same quantity of water as before, and I continue to
operate thus until the troughs are filled up to within six inches of the top; I
cover then the whole stratas with four inches of water, adding more water
from time to time, as long as the clay and mixture will absorb it; I afterwards
mix and work the beds of paste so prepared well together, and then cut the mass,
now got into a plastic state, into vertical pieces, and throw them with a shovel
into a sort of mill generally called a pug mill, I prefer, however, to use the
following one, as represented by Figures 1 and 2, Drawing III. The conic
tub or tun A, A, A, Figure 1, which I place in a convenient manner, has its
inferior mouth B cylindrical, to effect the egress of the mixed and kneaded
paste. In the inside there is a vertical shaft C, C; the superior part of that
shaft, which is put into motion by any convenient power, is provided with double
or spiral worms, made of cylindrical iron rods, some of which, D, D, being
external, are directed from left to right, the others being internal ones, E, E,
are directed in a contrary way from right to left, and thus cross the former
without touching them; by their action the paste is well divided and kneaded,
and is conducted upon the cast-iron conic nut F, F, represented at the bottom
of the tube in the Figures 1 and 2; the square shaft C, C, passes through
that nut and gives to it and to the spirals the rotatory motion; the teeth of the
nut F, F, are separated by deep spiral chanellings; they produce, by the oblique
pressure obtained between the jutting out parts and the sides of the tub by
means of the rotatory motion, the kneading and grinding of the paste, and of
any nodules of clay and other hard substances which may be found in it; a
screw G, placed underneath, upholds the bottom of the nut, and serves to raise
or lower it freely, in order to regulate the degree of fineness of the paste, as by
that movement it is easy to increase or diminish, at will, the distance between
the exterior sides of its teeth and the sides of the tub.
The following operations differ for the paste made with refractory clays
and for the paste made with fusible clays:-As to the paste made of
refractory clays, I take the blocks of paste as they issue from the tub, and
place them in the moulds H, H, of the moulding machine represented
by the Figures 3 and 4 of the same Drawing, No. III.
A vertical pressure
upon the paste acts alternately on the right and left of the fixed support I,

page_text: by the alternate lowering of the rods K, K, which are successively lowered
and raised by the action of the lever L, L, put in motion by the handle
screw M, M. In the meantime the pressure upon the lower parts of the
paste is given by means of the cranks placed in the inside of the bearings.
N, N, which are moved by their handles O, O, and the moulded pieces
are thus delivered out of the mould, which could not be effected otherwise
from the metallic moulds necessarily used, on account of the great pressure the
paste requires in this stage of the process to secure compactness. The moulded
pieces are dried slowly, either in the open air or in rooms placed by the side of
ovens. These pieces are to be guarded from currents of air, and often moved
to ensure a uniform dissication. When the pieces are half dried they are
carefully patted or beaten on every side to make them even and true and
increase the compactness of the paste; afterwards they are slightly rounded on
the edges with the batter or beating machine. On account of the extraordinary
thickness of the pieces their baking or firing takes place in a peculiar oven,
represented in the Figures 5 and 6 of the same Drawing, No. III.; it has a
square form with four hearths or moulds P, P, P, P, of an equal size, so as
to diffuse the heat uniformly. The roof or top of the oven is pierced with
openings or conical vent holes Q, Q, which can be closed by the cast-iron
stoppers R, R. A small vault with four branches, shown by the dotted lines
in Figure 6, runs under the floor of the oven, and has four mouths, which are
shut by the stoppers S, S, S, S. By means of the stoppers R, R, the currents
of heat are regulated; and when the baking is nearly completed I close the
stoppers, at first every other one, and afterwards, as soon as the furnace arrives
at a white heat, I close the whole of them. By these means a great internal
heat is maintained, which penetrates the pieces and renders the baking complete
and uniform. The small vaults or flues T, T, T, T, placed under the floor of
the oven behind the hearths, serve to check the expansion of the mass of
masonry, to regulate the heat by the admission of air through the openings
V, V, V, V, and finally to warm the drying houses. The roof or arch of the
oven is formed with hard fire-clay pots, of the shape and disposed as indicated
in the Figure 7 of the same Drawing. The pots Y, Y, Y, Y, touch each other
at each end and in the middle; I give them sufficient tightness by means of
fire-clay wedges Z, Z, Z, placed in the intervals between their inferior and
superior collar and their centres. The roof so formed is covered, first, with.a
mortar composed of clay mixed with a large quantity of sand, and afterwards
with a layer of pure sand, to confine the heat and to fill the cracks which are
formed in the clayey mortar. To stop the lower apertures of these pots I coat
or cover the inside of the roof with a mortar composed of very refractory

page_text: argillaceous sand; when that cannot be got I use a cenient composed-of-bakel
and ground clay mixed with a little fire clay; I throw with force or dash this
cement against the inside of the vault, and form with it a kind of plastering
similar to a rough cast, and without smoothing it. The interior of the walls
and the floors of the ovens are made with good fire bricks, and the outside walls
with good stones laid with sand and clay cement, or with fine earth, or still
better, with plaster. The baking begins at first with a gentle fire kept up till
a complete dessication of the pieces or blocks has taken place, and till the
upper vent holes give out no more humid vapour. The fire is then gradually
increased to a cherry heat, and is kept so for two days, then it is pushed to a
white heat, and is kept at that temperature during thirty-six or forty hours,
then the vent holes are to be closed, at first partially, and afterwards entirely,
so as to confine the heat and to cause it thoroughly to penetrate into the body
of the pieces or blocks. I afterwards decrease the fire gradually during two
days, and let it cool slowly without permitting the external air to penetrate to
any part whatever. The dimensions of the kneading machine and of the ovens
are proportioned to the size and importance of each manufactory, I have not,
therefore, restrained myself to any particular size; but I must observe that
I consider small kneading engines set round the motive power by which they
are to be worked preferable to a less number of larger ones. I can give to
the paste different colors by means of metallic oxides; and conform various
designs with these colored pastes, and either by inlaying in pattern or super-
position red and yellow colors are made with the oxides of iron; black, with
the oxides of manganese and iron; brown and violet, with the oxides of
manganese; blue, with the oxide of cobalt; and for the white I use the pure
refractory clay or the kaolin.
Relative to the paste composed with fusible clays, such as calcareous or
ferrugineous clays, the greasy marls, the aluminous schists, &c., I place in the
troughs before described the clay divided into small pieces, the composing
mixture, and fluxes in successive beds, as directed for the other kind of paste,
taking care to proportion the several substances according to the nature and
quality of the clay, upon the principles before explained. When the clays are
indifferently fusible, such as the greasy and yellow potters' earths, and slightly
ferrugenous, I add, for dissolvent, either quick-lime, in the proportion of one-
third of the bulk of clay, or one-half such bulk of carbonated lime, or three-
fifths such bulk of sulphate of lime; I can also use the ferrugenous fluxes or
alkalies, varying their proportion according to their degree of purity, from the
tenth to the twenty-fifth part of the bulk of the clay. The mixing of the clay
with the fluxes being produced by stratification in the troughs, in the way

page_text: stated before for the mixing of the refractory clay, I proceed, for the kneading
and triturating, in the same manner and with the same machinery as aforesaid;
I afterwards place the paste into baked earth, cast-iron, or sand moulds,
according to the article I am to produce, but as that paste does not require
any pressure, I place it immediately in the ovens, with its moulds, when it is
sufficiently dried; I can also melt that paste in a mass in the oven, and cast it
into the moulds, previously heated to red heat, which I immediately replace
in the ovens to subject them to a slow cooling. I can use for the baking of
this description of paste the ovens before described for the baking of this
description of paste made from refractory clays, or I can use reverberating
furnaces. After commencing with a small fire, sufficiently strong, however, to
dry the paste, I push it to a white heat; I maintain the fire at that tem
perature until the entire fusion be completed; I then stop all the air holes, to
prevent the egress of the caloric, and I allow the pieces to cool slowly, in order
that the paste in fusion may solidify itself gradually, and form an irregular
chrystallization, which conduces to the strength of the composition and gives
it a force of adhesion equal to the best natural lavas. I should here observe,
that although the blocks may be placed in the ovens without cases, I may uses
cases or boxes of fire-clay called saggars, in which I place many of the articles
formed in the said paste, in the same way as is pursued in the manufacture
and firing of earthenware. The place or causeway, which is to be paved with
the blocks prepared as aforesaid, is well flattened and rammed down; a
layer two inches deep of fine sand being laid down and watered with water
impregnated with good lime, and forming with it a kind of milk, (I prefer
hydraulic lime,) that is to say, that kind of lime which promptly combines with
itself when under water, and enters into the composition of mortar used in
building under water; the pavings are then laid according to their joints,
and forced down with a large roller to render the surface even and level;
afterwards, a good bitumen or naptha, with some vegetable or mineral tar
boiled with sand and pulverized chalk, is poured between the joints of the
paving, and then the holes through which that composition has been poured
are filled with broken gravel, flints, or with some small conveniently shaped
pieces of wood. I can give to the ceramic blocks all the sizes and dimensions
which can insure a good setting; however, when they are small, they become
more expensive, as they require more work at the moulding, and have besides
less power of resistance and less stability than the pavings made of a larger
size, but if they are made too large and too strong the moulding is attended
with difficulty, and much more waste takes place when the dessication and
baking processes are carried on. The blocks for paving being made of good

page_text: paste, well baked, and being from four to five inches in thickness, eight to nine
inches in length, and from five to seven in width, can resist the heaviest load.
The size herein-before stated, and the forms herein-after described, have
been found suitable in practice, but I do not confine myself to any particular
size, form, or shape, as the same may be varied according to occasion and
necessity, and I prefer,-
First, the form of a prism of six faces, of eight inches in diameter and four
inches in height, as Figure 1, Drawing 1. In the centre of the block paving
a hole A is made to help the dissication, and after the internal baking the six
angles are cut in the manner aforesaid, to form, by their vacancy, empty
triangles B, used to pour the bitumen into the joints; these vacuums or
triangles are filled up as before described. Gutters are cut in their surfaces
to insure the footing. That Drawing, Figure 1, represents a view or the
mode of the laying six-sides prism blocks for paving; Figure.2, a side view of
an insulated block paving; Figure 3, a transverse section of a pavement with
six-sides block paving for the streets, having a strong slant with channellings;
Figure 4, a transverse section of a horizontal pavement with a gentle .slant
and simple channellings.
Secondly, the form of a rectangular oblong prism parallelogram, eight
inches and a quarter long, five inches and a half wide, and four inches high, as
Figures 5, 6, 7, Drawing 1, and Figure 2, Drawing 2; two of their side joints
are formed in such a manner that one-half of their height D is six lines salient
upon the other receding half E, they bear, therefore, one upon the other on
their reciprocal jetting parts, and are mutually supported; I call them simple
supporters, and they are adapted for dry and firm grounds. The setting of the
kind of paving is shewn in Drawing II., Figure 1; it exhibits, also, the
pieces F, serving to shoulder and to complete the paving along the edges or
curbs of the foot pavement, and by those means to avoid the acute angles and
strengthen the shouldering. On every alternate block, transverse gutters are
cut for the above-stated purpose. In the Drawing II., Figure 5 represents a
transverse section of a pavement set with rectangular prismatic block pavings,
having two salient parts, and called simple supporters; Figure 6, a view of
the same pavement; Figure 7, a section of the same kind of pavement,
adapted for the streets, and having a strong slant. Figure 2, Drawing II., a
view of the part of a street paved with six-side blocks pavings, and of an
adjacent foot pavement set with lozenges-channelled ceramic blocks as large
as flags. Figure 3, Drawing II., a transverse section of the carriage and
foot pavement with its concave curb. Figure 12, Drawing I., the section
of a gateway, with cast-iron pipe for the letting out the water into the

page_text: sewer; Figure 4, Drawing II., a view of the same. Figure 13, Drawing I.,
the lozenge-channelled flags for foot pavement; Figure 14, Drawing I., section
of two such flag blocks when jointed.
Thirdly, the form of rectangular prisms, similar to the precedent prism, but
having grooves on their four faces instead of two only; they are represented
in a perspective view. In the Drawing II., Figure 1 represents a view of the
mode of setting the paving which I preferably use when the rectangular sup-
porter prism blocks pavings having two or four salient parts are laid, conse-
quently, I call them, as aforesaid, single or double supporters. The dotted lines
represent the jutting-out sides of the joints and their way of bearing one upon
the other; the pieces F serve to shoulder the pavement, to regulate their
bearing, and to support also the curbs of the foot pavement.
Fourthly, the form of a parallelogram prisms as represented in Drawing 11,
Figure. 5, with their jutting-out parts encreasing and strengthening more the
setting than the preceding form of pavements, and on account of which they
are called double supporters; they are especially adapted for loose and damp
grounds. That Figure shews an eye view of that part of a street pavement set
with double prismatic supporters with four salient parts upon the four side
joints of every block paving.
Fifthly, for the stables, cow-houses, yards, dairies, breweries, wine cellars,
vaults, and any other similar places, I make use of two different sorts of
prisms, one rectangular with cut sides, as G, Figure 6, Drawing II., and the
other made in a cross-like manner, and set as shewn in H; the pavements
represented by that Figure 6 have partial gutters, and the blocks being united
end to end, the partial gutters conduct the liquid into the great gutters I, K,
in communication with the concave kennels L, and from thence they are laid
out; the kennels are equally used for the streets. Figure 7, in the same
Drawing II., represents a section of a similar block paving upon one of its
longitudinal channellings, and the kennel running on the lower parts. For
the foot pavement and floor, I construct lozenges of several sizes, as those:
sented by Figures 2, 3, and 4, Drawing II., and by Figures 12, 13, and 14,
Drawing I.; their surfaces can be made smooth, but to facilitate the water
and the mud running into the kennel, and to render at the same time
the foot treading more agreeable and secure, I make upon them the cross
channellings M, M. The Figure 3 and 4, Drawing II., represent some curbs
for foot pavement; they have a concavity N, serving to receive the water
from the kennel and to prevent the passers-by from being splashed. The
upper part O of the curbs are guttered, in order to receive, and to have running
out the water coming from the channellings of the foot pavement. To render
repre-

page_text: these curbs firmer, and to strengthen them against the friction of the wheels,
I attach to them iron bands P, by means of iron pins Q into the joints, and
fixed on them, as shewn in Figure 3, Drawing II. I also prepare for being
used as rails, strong pieces of ceramic paste, varying from two to three
feet in length, from eight to nine inches in width, and from four to five
inches in height. These pieces, which are shewn by a side elevation,
as Figure 11, by a transverse view, as Figures 8 and 9, and by an end
view, as Figure 10, in the Drawing I., present on their surfaces R a small
concavity cut purposely for receiving and keeping more easily into it the
wheels of the carriages. A semicircular gutter X is formed, into which whole
length of the lower part to help the dissication, and to hasten the baking. At
each end of them a semi-cylindrical groove S is made, and when two ends of
these pieces are put into juxtaposition, a wooden or bitumen peg T is inserted
into the cavity which they form, and by such means that kind of rail is ren-
dered quite firm, and cannot be out of joint. I also set into the half length
of the lower groove of the two blocks placed end to end some semicircular
bitumined wooden pegs U, to keep them in the same position, and under-
neath each of the joints of the rails I place the wooden bitumened band V.
In the Figure 8 I have represented the mode of setting and keeping steady
these rails, which will offer a way for the heaviest waggons, more easy and
far less costly than the common roads, and presenting a facility and speed
approaching that of the railroad. The ceramic pavement well made, and well
laid, is capable of resisting better and longer the pressure occasioned by the
heaviest loads, and the friction caused by the horses and carriages, than the
stones, bricks, bitumen, asphalte, wood, or any other sort of paving; it sur-
passes them in hardness and force of cohesion; the surface being, moreover,
granulated and rough, on account of the paste being uniformly composed
throughout with hard grains, of a nature differing from the body of the
paste itself, prevents, therefore, the horses from slipping.
And I declare that, with the ceramic paste I prepare certain artificial stones,
In that
as those represented by Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, Drawing IV.
Drawing IV., Figure 1 represents a lateral elevation from U to U of a hollow
double partition wall; Figure 2, a bird's-eye view of the same; Figure 3, a
section, according to the elevation of the line U, U; Figure 4, a hollow stone,
according to its length; and Figure 5, the same hollow stone, according to its
width. They have their insides hollow, and afford a free circulation of air; they
form, when jointed with bitumen, cement, or mortar, double partition walls,
which are not subjected to the sudden effects of the atmosphere; they are well
adapted for the erection of warehouses, store-rooms, and any other like buildings.

page_text: To render them impervious to dampness I cover them externally with a hard
varnish, some glaze, or some muriate of soda. And, I declare that with the
ceramic paste I can make also artificial blocks or stones, with which on account
of the afore-mentioned qualities of the paste, I can supersede every kind of stone
or bricks, and any other similar material used for building purposes. With
these ceramic blocks or stones, houses or any other kind of buildings can be more
easily and cheaply erected, and in shorter time. These blocks can be moulded
into any required size and form, and they are well adapted for architectural
mouldings, and every other sort of building ornaments, for which they save a
vast deal of time and expence, which are required when sculptured. To faci-
litate the union of these artificial stones, I cut channellings into the side
joints, and pour into them hot bitumen, or any other cement or mortar used to
bind stones together; and also I join them as before stated. The artificial
stones made with fine ceramic paste can receive a very superior polish, and be
moulded in the shape of statues, columns, pilasters, and such like architectural
ornaments; they can replace with advantage the marbles, granites, porphires,
in most of their useful applications.
And having now fully described the nature of the said Invention of ceramic
paste, and the processes of preparing and using the same, I wish it to be under-
stood that I do not claim the exclusive use of the several substances, processes,
apparatus, and machinery herein-before mentioned and referred to, except so
far as the same may be necessary for and employed in the manufacture of the
said ceramic paste and blocks, and the application thereof to various purposes
as above described.
I declare that what I claim as new, and as the Invention communicated to
me, is the forming of a ceramic paste, or of a mixture of clays with some
other ingredients, in the proportion herein before set forth; and also, all
variations of such proportions within the limits herein-before stated; also, the
modes of applying the said paste, under the several forms herein-before de-
scribed, either to be used as the means for laying ways and other similar
surfaces, or as a substitute for stones, lavas, marble, wood, bricks, and other
like substances, employed for buildings, and for ornamental building purposes.
And such the Invention being to the best of my knowledge and belief entirely
new, and never before used within that part of Her said Majesty's United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland called England, Her said Dominion of
Wales, and Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and also in the Islands of Guernsey,
Jersey, Alderdey, Sark, and Man, and in all Her Majesty's Colonies and
Plantations abroad, I do hereby declare this to be my Specification of the
same; and that I do verily believe that this my Specification doth comply in

page_text: all respects fully, and without reserve or disguise, with the proviso in the said
herein-before in part recited Letters Patent contained; wherefore I hereby
claim to maintain exclusive right and privilege to the said Invention.
In witness whereof, I, the said Pierre Armande Lecomte De Fontaine-
moreau, have hereunto set my hand and seal, this Fourteenth day of
July, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and forty-
three
LE DE FON (L.s.) TAINEMOREAU.
J. W. FARRER.
AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the same Fourteenth day of July,
in the year above mentioned, the aforesaid Pierre Armande Lecomte De
Fontainemoreau came before our Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and
acknowledged the Specification aforesaid, and all and every thing therein
contained, in form above written. And also the Specification aforesaid was
stamped according to the tenor of the Statute in that case made and provided.
Inrolled the same Fourteenth day of July, in the year above written.