lating Railway Carriages, Signal Cabins, Tramcars, and other Vehicles, Ships, Yachts, and Buildings; also Applicable for other Structures.
Year: 1885

page_text: lating Railway Carriages, Signal Cabins, Tramcars, and other
Vehicles, Ships, Yachts, and Buildings; also Applicable for
other Structures.
I, JOHN KING of 41 Russell Street, Liverpool, Heating Engineer, do hereby
declare the nature of my invention for IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR USE
IN THE CIRCULATION OF WATER OR OTHER SUBSTANCE, OR AIR FOR WARMING
COOLING OR VENTILATING RAILWAY CARRIAGES, TRAMCARS, SIGNAL CABINS, AND
OTHER VEHICLES, SHIPS YACHTS, AND BUILDINGS; ALSO APPLICABLE TO OTHER
STRUCTURES, and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly
described and ascertained in and by the following statement: -
I take wrought iron tubes or pipes of fifteen-sixteenths of an "inch external
diameter and nine-sixteenths of an inch internal diameter or thereabouts, of
suitable lengths, with one end of each tube screwed right-hand thread, and the
other end screwed left-hand thread and couplings each tapped right and left hand
threads to correspond with the threads on the ends of the tubes, and having con-
nected the tubes together by means of the couplings, I fit and fix them in and to
a Railway Carriage in one or more connected or separated circulations and connect
them to the coil or coils of the Heater.
I fill or partly fill the tubes with water or any other suitable substance, and
I run off such part thereof as will leave to the remainder about eighty-five per
cent of the whole space in the tubes, or I fix a tube or tubes of larger size with a
supply pipe and air pipe or either attached at or near the highest point of the
Apparatus in such a position that the water or other substance may flow through
one or more of the tubes, or I fix by a teepiece to the top of the Apparatus &
wrought or other iron tube three inches and a quarter external diameter and two
and three-quarter inches internal diameter or thereabouts, with the ends reduced
to the size of the other tubes, and one end provided with a cap to close it, or I may
fix a supply and safety valve which shall work either by itself or combined with

page_text: any of the beforenamed provisions for expansion and supply. I also fix to the
Apparatus a tee-piece with a cap to serve as a means of supplying the Apparatus
with water or other substance from time to time.
For the purpose of a Heater I make a coil or coils of wrought iron tubes fifteen-
sixteenths of an inch external diameter and nine-sixteenths of an inch internal
diameter or thereabouts of any size and form best suited to each particular arrange-
ment and the length of the tubes and the purpose to or for which the Apparatus is
to be applied or used.
One or more coils may be used as may be necessary and may be arranged
separately or connectedly to circulate the water or other substance. The coil or
coils I place inside a shell, or casing of wrought or other iron or metal provided
with cleaning doors, damper, smoke-flue, supply door, and other necessary adjuncts
and lined or otherwise with bricks, tiles, infusorial earth, or other nonconducting
material, or a combination of any of them and with or without an outer shell of
ornamental design, or otherwise; or it may be surrounded with bricks or
other suitable material or placed in an ordinary fire-grate. I beat the coil by
means of one or more atmospheric or other gas burners, and for this purpose use
coal gas, oil gas, or other gas, or mixture of gases, and to economise the gas I fill or
surround, or fill and surround the coil with asbestos, or porous fireclay lumps or
bricks or other arrangement of these or other materials. . I also construct the
Heater containing the coil, and the coil or coils in such manner that coal, coke, oil,
or other fuel may be used, or that the heat produced by electricity may be applied.
When oil is used as a heating agent, it is applied in the ordinary manner by its
'combustion at the end of one or more wicks or burners connected with one or
more receptacles for the oil. The, wick or burner is placed beneath the wrought
iron coil containing the water or other substance to be heated. Any of the other
known methods of producing heat by burning oils or hydrocarbons may be applied.
I apply the heat produced by electricity by placing one or more pairs of electrodes
at a convenient distance beneath the wrought iron hydraulic tubes containing the
water or other substance to be heated. The electrodes which I preferably, use are
composed of carbon of a suitable size. The regulation of the temperature I arrange
by means of dampers or doors attached to the Heater or flue or both or by three
way stop-valves or other taps or cocks connected to the tubes at suitable points or
connected to the means of supply of gas or heat, or by the expansion or con-
traction of mercury or other substance. The before described or other tubes I may
also arrange along one or more sides, or ends of the Railway Carriage, or in one or
more cylinders, or other casings, or coverings placed in or under the. Railway
'Carriage, or otherwise; or I may combine the arrangements, and these I provide
with sliding, or hinged dampers, doors, or flaps. I may also take a tube or tubes
and bend it, or them in the centre or elsewhere, and it may be into a coil or coils
to form a Heater in the manner best suited to the fuel, or heat to be used, and to
each end of the tube or tubes I connect others with or without branches which
I fix in, round, or under the carriage in such a position that the water or other
substance therein will return to that portion of the tubes placed in or forming the
Heater, I partly fill the tubes with water or. other substance leaving about fifteen
per cent empty space in them; or I attach a supply and safety valve with cistern,.
or an empty tube with or without in any case an arrangement for further supply
of water or other substance. I may also take a coil as herein before described in'a
Heater or otherwise and connect to the top of it lengths of tubes connected
together and arranged in any manner suited to the carriage, or building in con-
tinuous line, with one or more branches all of which should be fixed at an incline
to permit the return of the water to the Heater and I put in water as before
described and plug up the bottom of the coil and the end of the main line and of
each branch of tubes, or I attach a pump to the bottom of the coil to force in
water with or without a cistern, and a supply and safety valve at either end.
In carrying out any arrangement of the tubes forming the Apparatus I may
use them of any size or of different sizes, or of any material or combination of

page_text: materials and I do not confine myself to any one arrangement or position. They
may be either inside, or outside, above or below the Railway Carriage, or in any
conibination and provided with any one or more of the filling, expansion, and other
(arrangements as herein described...
"The teepieces, return bends, angle bends, knees, return connecters, safety tubes,
supply and safety valves, stop valves; pumping valves, and caps, I prefer made of
malleable cast iron, but they may be inade of wrought or other iron, or other metal,
or alloys.
When it is desired to use the Apparatus for cooling purposes, I apply to the coil,
or it may be to another part of the Apparatus, a cooling mixture such as salt and
ice, or any chemical or mechanical means, or by a force pump or other arrangement,
I force through the tubes, water or any other substance, or air, or gas, or a mixture
of them, cooled by passing through or being operated upon by a mixture of salt and
ice, or by other means. By connecting Apparatuses together, two or more Railway
Carriages, or similar structures may be cooled, heated, or ventilated from the one
source.
For ventilating Railway Carriages and buildings I place the tubes or any portion
of them in a shaft, box, or casing in the roof and connect to any portion of the
Railway Carriage by smaller shafts or openings provided with gratings, doors, or
slides, and by heating or cooling the tubes therein I increase or decrease the gravity
or density of the surrounding air, and I liberate it to the outer air by gratings, doors,
or slides, which, causing a suction, draws the air out of the Railway Carriage, or
building. Ingress of fresh air is provided for by openings, shafts, or tubes con-
nected from the outer air to any portion of the Railway Carriage, or building;
slides or doors are used as a means of regulation.
In the accompanying drawings my said Invention is illustrated.
Figure 1. Is a plan of an arrangement of tubes fixed under the seats in a Railway
Carriage.
Figure 2 Is an end elevation of a Railway Carriage, shewing safety tube (a),
supply pipe (b), cistern (c),-supply and safety valve therein fixed being shewn at
Figure 4, on enlarged scale, and Heater (d).
Figure 3. Is a cross section of the Heater, gas burner (e) coil (f), and return.
connecter (g). The gas-burner (e) as shewn is tubular and is constructed for an
oblong or oval coil and consists of a series of jets extending along the coil in one
or more rows. For circular coils I prefer circular burners. Oil or electricity may
be applied in a similar manner.
Fig. 4. Is a longitudinal section of the supply and safety valve. The top part
has a halfinch hole extending half an inch into the solid metal, at the bottom of
which there is a vent-hole about one-eighth inch diameter communicating with the
tubes of the apparatus by a branch one-fourth inch diameter at right angles to the
vent-hole. The plug to fit the half inch hole is pointed so as also to fit into
the vent-hole, and is held in position by a lever passing across the top of it and
weighted to allow the water to escape at a pressure for which the moveable weight
has been adjusted. The bottom part forming the supply valve communicates also
with the one fourth iuch branch at right angles to the tubes and has an indepen-
dent plug five-sixteenths of an inch bore forming a valve which acts as a suction-
valve.
The nut shown on the left hand branch of the valve is screwed up to the
external surface of the supply cistern, oue side of which is situated between the but
and the adjacent shoulder of the left hand branch. The branch on the left hand is
connected to any of the tubes of the apparatus in the ordinary way by a teepiece.
The bottom or suction valve when raised allows the apparatus to take in a supply
of water.
Fig. 5. Is a section of the stop valve having three ways, at the branch junction
at right 'anglés with the other two ways or ports, a valve or wing is inserted which
is provided with a spindle having a handle at the extremity. Leakage round the
spindle is prevented by a gland and stuffing box. The valve by being turned by

page_text: the spindle and handle against either of the two ports or ways, shuts off the flow
of water through either way against which it is turned. The stop valve is fixed
horizontally, as shown in the drawing, and the water flows through it from left to
right; with the wing of the valve in the position as shown. When the wing of the
valve is turned up and closes the right hand branch, the bottom branch is opened
thereby, and the water then flows through the lower branch.
Fig. 6. Is.a section of the return connecter.
Fig. 7. Is a section of the return bend.
Figure 8. Is a section of the pumping valve.
. The right hand and left hand branches are connected to the tubes at any part of
the apparatus, and the pump is connected to the lower branch for the purpose of
putting in water. The wing of the valve is turned up, and water is forced by the
pump into the left hand branch and throughout the whole apparatus; the water
returning by the right hand tube, and out by the upper branch. When the
apparatus is full, a plug is screwed on to the upper branch; the wing of the valve
is then turned back, to the position shown in the drawing, the pump is detached,
and a plug screwed on to the lower branch..
Figure 9. Is a partial end elevation of a Railway Carriage, shewing safety
tube (h) nearly horizontal, and supply pipe (i), under the seat (i.2).
Figure 10, Is a plan of another arrangement in a Railway Carriage, of tubes in
a cylinder (j), with branches (k). The branch tubes come. from the main line of
tubes through short vertical shafts (1), fixed to the cylinder and pass under the
seats (m).
Figure 11, Is a section of heater with bent tubes or loop coil (n), showing atmos-
pheric gas burners (o).
Figure 12. Is a partial end elevation of a Railway Carriage, shewing.closed end
branch tubes, and hot air cylinder (p).
Figure 13 Is a plan of Railway Carriage shewing hot air shafts under seats.
and sliding door or flap regulators (q). The short vertical shafts are shewn at
letters (r).
Figure 14. Is plan of cylinder arrangement of tubes (8) under Railway Carriage
with branch tubes (t) and vertical hot air shafts (u).
Figure 15. Is a partial end elevation of a Railway Carriage, shewing position of
hot air cylinder (r) and hot air shafts (w).
Figure 16, Is a section of rectangular Regulator through sliding door or hinged
flap, shewn at q, on Figure 13.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what
I claim is
1. The application of the Apparatus herein described as and for the purposes
named.
2. Utilizing the same Apparatus for cooling as well as for heating and ventilating
purposes, and for the employment of the same means of regulation for cooling
purposes.
3. So arranging the tubes that the space reserved for expansion purposes may
have the heated or cooled substance therein flowing through it.
4. Combining a tube or tubes or unfilled space and a valve for purposes of
expansion.
5. The application of malleable cast iron for teepieces, return bends, angle bends,
knees, return connecters, safety tubes, caps, supply and safety valves, stop valves,
pumping valves in connection with tubes for heating or cooling, and the design and
construction of the said supply and safety valves, stop valves, pumping valves and
return connecters.
6. The Apparatus as formed of a bend or bends or coil for a Heater in or near the
centre of one or more tubes with one or more lengths of tubes attached thereto.
with or without one or more branches of one or more tubes therefrom or of a coil

page_text: formed of one or more tubes for a Heater with lengths of tubes thereto connected
with or without one or more branches of one or more tubes therefrom-the extreme
end or ends being closed.
7. The use of gas, oil, or electricity as a heating agent, for this and other
Apparatus made of hydraulic tubes, and their use for heating Railway Carriages,
signal cabins, tramcars, and other vehicles and ships in connection with hot water
Apparatus, also the design or form of the coils for using such fuel together with the
use and mode of using asbestos, porous fireclay lumps, or bricks, in and around the
coil or coils as herein described for economising the fuel.
Dated this twenty fifth day of April in the year of our Lord, One thousand
aight hundaad and