IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING MOTIVE FORCE."
Year: 1873

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Jonathan Newall, of Dukinfield, in the County
of Chester, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR
PRODUCING MOTIVE FORCE."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Jonathan Newall at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
2nd April 1873.
I, JONATHAN NEWALL, of Dukinfield, in the County of Chester, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN
APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING MOTIVE FORCE," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object the utilisation of a force produced by
the application of the laws of mechanics and hydrostatics in combination,
which is accomplished by means of an annular casing caused to revolve
by the pressure of a liquid or gaseous body introduced into such annular
casing by acting upon pistons fitted round its periphery, which pressure
exerts equal force upon all the pistons simultaneously in accordance
with the laws of hydrostatics. This annular casing is mounted and

page_text: revolves between spur wheels or pulleys at an angle of 33° or there-
abouts from a vertical line drawn through its centre, and the motion is
communicated for any purpose for which motive power is required
by means of strap or spur gearing connected to either of the shafts
carrying the spur wheels or pulleys which support the revolving annular
casing.
The accompanying Drawing illustrates a machine embodying my
improvements for producing motive force. Fig. 1 being a side view
(half in section) and Fig. 2 a front sectional view of Fig. 1 through the
line a―b.
A is the annular casing having spur teeth at each end taking into
the spur wheels B and B' mounted upon the shafts C and O'. The shafts
also carry the friction wheels D and D', and are set to support the
annular casing at an angle of 33° or thereabouts with a vertical line,
and such shafts are caused to revolve simultaneously by having a
strap E passing round pulleys F fitted on their extremities. G, G, are
pistons fitted in the periphery of the annular easing A and impinging
upon the inside of the rings H, H, which are supported upon bowls I
and I free to revolve upon the stationary rods J and J. L is the
annular space filled with any liquid or gaseous pressure imparted by the
pump M through the pipe N which communicates with the annular
space L through a stuffing box, and so permits the annular casing A
to revolve as the pistons G, G, are forced in turn against the inner
surface of the rings H, H, owing to the eccentricity of the annular
casing A with respect to such rings and the angle at which such casing
is mounted.
SPECIFICATION filed in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters
Patent, and of an Order of the Lord Chancellor, by the said
Jonathan Newall in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 11th
October 1873.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I; JONATHAN
NEWALL, of Dukinfield, in the County of Chester, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Second day of April, in the year of our

page_text: Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-three, in the thirty-sixth
year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and
grant unto me, the said Jonathan Newall, Her special license that I,
the said Jonathan Newall, my executors, administrators, and assigns,
or such others as I, the said Jonathan Newall,,my executors, adminis-
trators, and assigns, should at any time agree with,.and.no: others,. from
time to time and at all times thereafter during the term. therein ex--
pressed; should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend,
within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel
Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS
FOR PRODUCING MOTIVE FORCE," upon the condition (amongst others) that
I, the said Jonathan Newall, my executors or administrators, by an
instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and
seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said
Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause
the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office on or before the
Fourteenth day of October, One thousand. eight hundred and seventy-
three.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Jonathan Newall, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement thereof, that is to say :--
This Invention has for its object the utilisation of a force produced
by the application of the laws of mechanics and hydrostatics in com-
bination, which is accomplished by means of an annular casing caused
to revolve by the pressure of a liquid or gaseous body introduced into
such annular casing by acting upon pistons fitted round its periphery,
which pressure exerts equal force upon all the pistons simultaneously
in accordance with the laws of hydrostatics. This annular casing is
mounted and revolves between spur wheels or pulleys at an angle of
from 20° to 45° or thereabouts from a vertical line drawn through its
centre, and the motion is communicated for any purpose for which
motive power is required by means of strap or spur gearing connected
to either of the shafts carrying the spur wheels or pulleys which support
the revolving annular casing. Whilst justifying the oft repeated
assertion that it is impossible for force to be generated by any purely
mechanical arrangement based on the laws of mathematics and
mechanics, I will endeavour in explanation of the principle upon

page_text: which my Invention is based to prove that there are other laws in
existence but in a latent state, viz., in the action of curves and
geometry to produce force within their spheres independent of the laws
of mathematics.
To test this assertion let us adopt a course of parallel reasoning, and
suppose in the first place that a trough having a segmental or semi-
circular bottom (of any diameter, and say five inches deep at its centre,)
to be filled with water, and say that there is a pressure on the water of
seven atmospheres or one hundred pounds on the square inch. Now
if the water at the edge of the trough be but one-hundredth part of an
inch deep the pressure on it will be equal to the centre, less only as five
inches are to a column of water standing 250 feet high; a line drawn
at equal distances from the surface of the water to the bottom of the
trough would form a parallelogram as nearly correct as a six-hundredth
at the end of such parallelogram is to the centre.
This is more clearly illustrated in the diagram Fig. 1 where we have
a circle A of 10 inches diameter filled with water, and a line B drawn
horizontally through the centre dividing the circle into two semicircles
C and D; let a pressure be exerted on the water of one hundred pounds
to the inch the pressure on the lower semicircle will then produce a
parallelogram of 10 inch long and five deep, such as was supposed in
the case of the trough, provided that the force does not bear upon or
press the upper circular line, but simply acts on the lower one.
To obtain this result we have fixed in the periphery of the circle A
16 pistons E, of which it will be noticed that eight or those in the upper
semicircle protrude below the circular line and are made to radiate the
force they receive towards a centre F, within that of the lower semi-
circle, and consequently the two half circles are acted upon by the
pressure of the water excentrically towards each other. Let the force
of the water on the pistons in the upper circle be transferred by means
of rods of metal attached to their pistons, and to a ring of metal
working excentrically inside the two semicircles and bearing the force
given to the upper pistons through 180°, we shall then have the
pressure of the water acting on the lower semicircle only; and if it
be admitted that it represents a parallelogram the pressure on it will
be equal throughout its whole length. Or, as a parallel case, let a rod
of one inch in thickness and ten inches long, as seen in the diagram,
Fig. 2, bear a pressure of one hundred lbs. on the inch, which would be

page_text: equal to 1000 lbs. in all, and let a point A be taken be taken as a fulcram
and the rod be placed on it at a point one-fourth of its length which
would give a weight to the fulcram of 250 lbs., leaving the other 750 lbs.
to be borne equally by the fulcram A and a weight B of 375 lbs. sus-
pended over a pulley C at the end of the rod; this 375 lbs. would
then be reduced in weight by 83 lbs. in consequence of the leverage
that the 250 lbs. gives to the end of the rod, which would then be not
375 but 292 the fulcram will consequently have 708 bearing on it.
Again if we place a bowl G under the lower semicircle of diagram
Fig. 1 at 30° from a vertical line H (drawn through its centre) and let
that bowl or pulley G represent the fulcram of the bar or rod, then
if 708 three = 236 lbs., (as one-third of 90° would give that weight)
and that weight were suspended by a line from the pulley or fulcram G
it would not establish an equation of forces, for 236 taken from 292
gives 56 pounds bearing on the circle at its periphery, which is the
weight required to make up the one thousand lbs., being the whole
pressure on the lower semicircle, and which 56 lbs. is therefore a
gravitating influence which may be employed as motive force.
It will be perceived that such results could not be obtained if the
semicircle had not been a parallelogram, but this being the case, it
follows that the principles involved are not those of mechanics. The
actual apparatus or machine which revolves, not on its centrebut is
set at an angle of 30° on bowls or loose pulleys, demonstrates that
however much gravity may influence the periphery, there is no space
to be emptied and filled again to produce and continue that gravity,
and consequently no heat or coals required to produce motive force.
I may add further in illustration of the importance of the Invention
that a cylinder of 10 inches in diameter and 10 inches deep would
produce from 3 to 4 horse power.
I will now proceed to describe the practical application of my Inven-
tion which is illustrated in the accompanying Drawing representing a
machine for producing motive power constructed according to my
Invention, Fig. 3 being a front exterior view, Fig. 4 a side sectional
view, taken through the centre of Fig. 3, and Fig. 5 a front sectional
view of Fig. 4, through the line a to b. Similar letters marked on the
several views are used to indicate similar parts.
A, A, are the cast-iron sides of the framework of the machine, in
which are mounted the central fixed or stationary hollow shaft B, the

page_text: two revolving shafts C and D, and the two intermediate revolving
shafts E & F. G is an annular casing, upon the periphery of which
with smaller spur wheels
wheels H, H, are keyed which gear
two spur
I, J, and K fixed upon their respective revolving shafts C, D, and F.
This annular casing although gearing with the spur wheels herein-before
mentioned is not supported by such spur wheels, but rests between
the bowls L, L, and M, M, (mounted so as to revolve freely upon
each of their respective shafts C and D,) and two other pairs of bowls
N, N, or O, O, which are carried at the extremities of the double arm P
mounted upon the rocking shaft Q and capable of being moved by
the lever R, so as to bring either of the pairs of bowls N, N, or O, O,
in contact with the periphery of the annular casing at an angle of
from 20 to 45° with a vertical line; the Drawing represents the
bowls N, N, in contact, which causes the annular casing to revolve
in the direction of the arrows, but when the other pair of bowls O, O,
are thrown into contact and the first pair withdrawn by means of the
reversing lever R the annular casing revolves in the contrary direction.
The two shafts E and F are geared together by bevel gearing, seen
dotted in Fig. 3 to ensure the annular casing always remaining in
a perpendicular position, and to prevent any backlash between the
shafts C and D and the annular casing, a strap S is passed round
The annular
the pulleys T affixed upon such shafts as illustrated.
casing is fitted round its periphery with any number of rectangular
pistons U, say 16, which may be packed to ensure a tight joint, and
each of which pistons is guided at either end in a radial slot V,
formed in the flanges W rising from the periphery of the annular casing,
at which guide points a pin X projecting from each of the pistons is
connected by means of a connecting rod Y (passing through a hole Z
formed through the annular casing) to a strong metallic ring a.
These metallic rings are drawn out of the centre of the annular casing
by passing round the bowls (6) which revolve loosely upon the fixed
hollow shaft B, which as illustrated is not concentric with the annular
casing. This eccentric mounting of the annular casing with respect to the
fixed hollow shaft B causes the pistons in the upper half of the annular
casing to project into the interior of the annular casing as illustrated,
and thus ensures the whole pressure being given to the lower half of
the annular casing as explained in reference to the diagram Fig. 1.
The annular casing G is filled with water or other liquid or fluid, which
is admitted through the fixed hollow shaft which is in communication

page_text: with a force or hydraulic pump or other convenient source of imparting
pressure to the liquid or fluid which passes from the hollow shaft
through the perforations c, stuffing box d, and pipe e into the annular
casing G, where it is employed for producing motive force by causing
the annular casing to revolve continuously upon the principle herein-
before explained, and which revolving motion may be utilized by
gearing the shaft E to any mechanism requiring motive power.
Having thus particularly described and ascertained the nature of this
my said Invention together with the best methods with which I am
acquainted for carrying the same into practical effect, I wish it to
understood that I do not confine myself to the precise details, relative
proportions, or dimensions of the various parts of the apparatus
illustrated on the accompanying Drawing, as the same may be con-
siderably varied without departing from the Invention; but what I
claim is, the combination and arrangement of apparatus for producing
motive force substantially as and for the purposes herein-before
described and illustrated on the accompanying Drawing.
In witness whereof, I, the said Jonathan Newall, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this First day of October, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-three.