Improvements in Apparatus for Ventilating Rooms, Chambers, Buildings, Ships' Cabins, Railway Carriages, and the like.
Year: 1888

page_text: Date of Application, 3rd Sept., 1888
Complete Specification Left, 4th June, 1889-Accepted, 27th July, 1889
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Apparatus for Ventilating Rooms, Chambers,
Buildings, Ships' Cabins, Railway Carriages, and the like.
I, DE FONBLANQUE PENNEFATHER, of 13 Rumford Street, Liverpool, in the County
of Lancaster, Cotton Broker, do hereby declare the nature of my said invention to be
as follows:
My Invention has reference to certain further carrying out of a system of
Ventilating and apparatus therefor a description of which I have filed in a Complete
Specification on an application for Letters Patent No. 11,287 dated 18th August
A.D. 1887.
According to my present invention I construct the air collectors which are provided
for the inlet of the motor air in combination with one or more tubes or nozzles being
the exit or outlet duct or ducts for the same and for the exhausted air, for example
I construct a fixed collector or air inlet for the summit of a building with one or
more inlets, and one or more outlets, the inlets leading to one or more tubes or
nozzles which communicate with the space or spaces to be ventilated or exhausted;
the apparatus can be arranged either as a downcast or an upcast.
When arranged as an upcast the ventilating device is constructed with its lower
portion to serve as a collector or inlet which ever way the wind may blow. For
example, it may be divided by hollow walls into four chambers corresponding to
North, South, East, and West, the upper portion of these chambers may communicate
with a tube or nozzle or system of tubes or nozzles communicating with the place or
places to be exhausted or ventilated. Or the collectors and inlet chambers may lead
into a central duct nozzle or nozzles in communication with the space to be ventilated
or exhausted by a series of hollow columns which serve as outlet ducts from the same
to a chamber common to the said duct or ducts and nozzles or tubes, this arrangement
may also serve as an ornamental mounting or finish. Or instead of the exhaust
chamber being supported by the exhaust duct the ducts may be led from the space
to be exhausted direct into the exhaust chamber in any convenient manner.
When the apparatus is arranged as a downcast the air inlet collector may be placed
above one or more nozzles ducts or tubes communicating with the central exhaust
chamber or with the central duct round which the nozzles are placed, that is, either
the duct or the surrounding chamber may be used as the exhaust.
For ventilating railway carriages or other vehicles or navigable vessels I construct
the inlet duct in the form of a cowl or air collector preferably flat sided so that it
can be conveniently carried against the side or other part of the carriage or chamber
When in single
to be exhausted. I construct the collectors in single or duplex form.
form the inlet cowl terminates in a nozzle placed at about right angles to the centre
line of the cowl, and in combination with, and preferably turned down in the bend of
an elbow or rounded duct which leads from the chamber to be exhausted. This duct
When
may be the ordinary rack bar which in this case I make of a perforated tube.
the apparatus is constructed in duplex form, it is formed with two inlet mouths
one at each end, and is divided by a diaphragm or a valve or equivalent means for
directing the current of air so that it will act either way. For example, when applied
to a railway carriage, it will act for which ever way the carriage is moving. On the
other hand when used in single form two cowls and nozzles should be employed with
their mouths placed in opposite directions or a swivelling or adjustable single cowl
may be used.
In place of employing a natural current of air in connection with apparatus as above
described, suitable artificial means of exhausting the tubes or forcing air through
them by a water jet or other means such as a blower or fan may be used; also valves

page_text: or dampers may be employed in the apparatus or in the connecting tubes or ducts to
close or open any one or all of the ducts or passages, for shutting off, regulating, or
directing the currents.
When used for 'purposes, such as ventilating a ship's cabin, and where light is
desirable, the sides or portions of the apparatus may be glazed so as to be
transparent.
Dated. this 1st day of September 1888.
DE FONBLANQUE PENNEFATHER.
By Cheesbrough & Royston, Agents.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Apparatus for Ventilating Rooms, Chambers,
Buildings, Ships' Cabins, Railway Carriages, and the like.
I, DE FONBLANQUE PENNEFATHER, of 13 Rumford Street, Liverpool, in the County
of Lancaster, Cotton Broker, do hereby declare the nature of my said invention and
in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and
ascertained in and by the following statement:-
My Invention has reference to a certain further carrying out of a system of
Ventilating and apparatus therefor, a description of which is contained in the
Complete Specification of my former Letters Patent No. 11,287 dated 18th August
A.D. 1887.
;
According to my present Invention I construct the air collectors, which are provided
for the inlet of the motor air, in combination with one or more tubes or nozzles
being the exit or outlet duct or ducts for the same and for the exhausted air. For
example, I construct a fixed collector or air inlet for the summit of a building with
one or more inlets, and one or more outlets, the inlets leading to one or more tubes
or nozzles which communicate with the space or spaces to be ventilated or exhausted
the nozzles can be arranged to act either downwards or upwards. When arranged
to act upwards the ventilating device is constructed with its lower portion to serve as
a collector or inlet. whichever way the wind may blow. For example, it may be
divided by walls into a number of chambers, say four, corresponding to North,
South, East, and West. The upper portion of these chambers may communicate
with a tube or nozzle, or system of tubes or nozzles, communicating with the place
or places to be exhausted or ventilated. Or the collectors and inlet chambers may
lead in to a central duct nozzle or nozzles in communication with the space to be
ventilated or exhausted, by a series of hollow columns which serve as outlet ducts
from the same to a chamber common to said duct or ducts, and nozzle or tubes; this
arrangement may also serve as an ornamental mounting or finish. Or instead of
the exhaust chamber being supported by the exhaust ducts, the ducts may be led
from the space to be exhausted into the exhaust chamber in any convenient
manner.
For ventilating railway carriages or other vehicles, or navigable vessels, I construct
the inlet duct in the form of a cowl or air collector, (preferably flat sided, so that it can
be conveniently carried against the side or other part of the carriage or chamber to be
exhausted) I construct the collectors in single or duplex form. When in single form
the inlet cowl terminates in a nozzle, placed at about right angles to the centre line
of the cowl, and in combination with, and preferably turned down, in the bend of an
elbow or rounded duct, which leads from the chamber to be exhausted. This duct
may be the ordinary rack bar, which in this case I make of a perforated tube. When
the apparatus is constructed in duplex form, it is formed with two inlet mouths one at
each end, and is divided by a diaphragm, or a valvo, or equivalent means, for directing
the current of air so that it will act either way; and if it be applied to a railway carriage,
it will act for which ever way the carriage is moving. On the other hand when used
in single form, two cowls and nozzles should be employed with' their mouths 'placed
in opposite directions.

page_text: In place of employing a natural current of air in connection with the apparatus
as above described, suitable artificial means of exhausting the Lubes, or forcing air
through them by water jet or other means, such as a blower or fan, or a steam jet may
be used; also valves or dampers may be employed in the apparatus or in the connecting
tubes or ducts to close or open any one or all of the ducts or passages, for shutting off,.
regulating, or directing the currents.
When used for purposes such as ventilating a ship's cabin, and where light is
desirable, the sides or portion of the apparatus may be glazed so as to be transparent.
I will now proceed to describe my invention by the aid of the accompanying
drawings, which illustrate various modifications of apparatus according to the
invention. It is to be understood however that these various modifications merely
constitute so many examples of the application of my invention, and that therefore it.
is not confined or limited to them. The novel features of the Invention are specified
in the claiming clauses concluding the specification.
In Figures 1 and 14, a simple form of the invention is shown, it consisting of an
air collecting cowl A; a nozzle B in communication with the collecting chambers
of the cowl; a pipe D bent or curved at the top and communicating with the
space or thing to be ventilated; and an outlet pipe C through which both the air or
gases passed up the pipe D and the air from the collector A are passed the air which
is employed to move the air or gases to be removed from the space or thing to be
ventilated I call throughout the motor air.
"
The air collecting cowl is of a known type, consisting mainly of a cap a coned
or tapered towards the nozzle B, and two, three or more radial diaphragms a', that is,
the diaphragms ramify in the centre and form the space between the cap a and a
bottom plate b into a plurality of chambers, one or more of which would, in all cases,
be so disposed as to be acted upon by the wind and collect air. The extraction of air
from the pipe D is effected by this air so collected, that is to say, the air collected by
or forced into one or more of the chambers of the cowl A, is forced into the through
nozzle B, from the orifice of which it flows to, and expands in, the outlet pipe C, and
the apertures of the pipe D at the point of communication thereof with the pipe C
being adjacent to the nozzle B, and the jet of air issuing therefrom, air or gases are
caused to flow up the pipe D and be forced out of the outlet pipe C, together with-the
motor air. In all examples hereinafter given or described, the action of the motor
air as regards its operation and effect within the apparatus is similar to the one just
specified.
It will now be evident that the space or thing to, or in connection with which, the
pipe D may be applied, is not material to the invention as long as air or gases or
vapours, in states such as they exist, under ordinary conditions of ventilation, are
merely to be extracted, and this of course includes the application of the invention to
chimneys to serve as chimney cowls.
With reference to Figure 2 the cowl A, and outlet pipe C of the apparatus are inverted,
but otherwise the arrangement is substantially the same as that set forth with reference
to Figures 1 and 14; except that a cover or hood c is provided above the pipe (, by
which rain and snow are to a great extent prevented from entering the outlet pipe, but
although preferable, it is not essential. This apparatus may have a double "upcast
pipe D if desired, as indicated in dotted lines. In all cases where the exit orifice pipe C
is arranged so that rain or snow can enter it, small holes for the escape of water are
provided in the pipe C at or near the point of junction with the nozzle B.
29
The apparatus shown in Figure 3 is of a double "upcast" pipe type, the. arrange-
ment of the cowl A and outlet pipe C merely being the inverse of that illustrated
in Figure 2.
In Figures 4 and 44 are shown, in sectional and outside elevation, respectively, an
arrangement of apparatus in which the parts above specified are so constructed and
disposed, as to form a domed structure supported upon columns, and in which the
main portion of the dome serves as a chamber, and is designated C; the columns
serve as the upcast pipes D, and the top of the dome serves as the air collecting
cowl A. The columns D. are mounted on a hollow base D₁ with which all pipes

page_text: leading to spaces to be ventilated may be in communication: the base D' in the case
given, being shown mounted on the ridge of a roof of a building. It will be evident
since the disposition of the air collector A, nozzle B, and outlet pipe C, in relation to
each other is practically the same as those set forth with reference to the foregoing
figures, the action and effect will be the same.
From this example of ornamental ventilator it will be plain, that the forms which
the dome C, and the air collector A, may take, are various; for instance the dome
may take the form of a rectangular or other polysided figure, or circular, and may
have an arched, straight, or gabled, or other form of roof; also the air collector Å
may be similarly treated, and the whole nature of the internal form or construction of
the ventilator may be rendered unnoticeable; such a ventilator is illustrated in
Figure 4 B in which it will be seen the parts which cause the action of the apparatus
are so enclosed, or masked with ornamental work, as to not be generally noticeable.
Figures 4C, 4 C³, 4 D, 4 D¹, 4D2; and 4 E, 4 E', 4 E', illustrate certain modifi-
cations of ventilating apparatus being modifications of the type of construction set
forth and illustrated with reference to Figure 4, and consisting essentially of the
inverse arrangements of apparatus described with reference to that Figure; that is to
say, the outlet pipe C, and nozzle B, are disposed uppermost instead of beneath the
air collecting cowl. In Figures 4 C, and 40, the upcast pipes D are placed in the
top of the hollow base D, and communicate with the space round the nozzle B,
constituting a chamber C¹, the outlet pipe C being placed again on the top of and
secured to the upper ends of the pipo C, above which a "weather cap c is fixed.
In Figures 4 D, 4 D' and 4 D2, the base D', upeast pipes D, and outlet pipe C all
merge into one structure, the air collecting cowl A, and exhausting nozzle B, being
disposed in the centre of the structure, and the metal forming the air collectors of
the cowl, being extended to and attached to the exterior casing as shown, and the
spaces between such air collectors being adapted to serve as upcast pipes or passages D,
between the chambers C and D.
دو
Figures 4 E, 4 E¹, and 4 E², show a similar construction of apparatus, to that set
forth with reference to Figures 4C, and 4 C, but with the tubes D adapted to serve
as columns to the upper part of the apparatus, and the general arrangement and
construction rendered more symmetrical.
In Figure 5 I show a ventilator (applicable also as a cowl) in which the air
collector A and the outlet pipe C are in duplicate, they being formed on cr connected
to the arms of a T shaped upcast pipe D. A curtain & is placed in this pipe directly
above the main vertical portion, whereby the two extracting nozzles are provented
from acting upon each other, and proper working is secured. Of course the cowls A
and pipes may take the inverse arrangement if desired.
flow on
Figure 6 shows a ventilator (or chimney cowl), in which, in lieu of the nozzle B,
being arranged in the same axis of the cowl A and outlet pipe C, and the air jet
in consequence thereof being a central one to said parts, the air jets are caused to
one side only of the outlet pipe C, and thus the nozzle is made by
introducing plates B in the outlet pipes, and whether these pipes be circular,
rectangular, or of other configuration, the jet of air causes the air or gases in the
pipe 1, and the space below the plates B, to move towards the air jets, and be thereby
extracted.
In Figures 6A and 6 A¹ a modification of the apparatus illustrated in Figure 6,
when made of rectangular form, is shown, the modification consisting of the addition
of a circular or other suitably shaped plate p of light metal, in "petticoat" form,
which renders it more symmetrical and ornamental in appearance.
Another modification of the invention is shown in Figure 7, wherein an annular
jet of air is used as the motor, in lieu of a central one as set forth with reference to
previous Figures. In this no outlet pipe proper is required the coned or tapered
body placed directly above the pipe D serving in its stead, to direct the motor air
collected by the cowl A, in such a manner, through the nozzle B, as to cause the air
or gases to be extracted from below the cone and the pipe D. The cone C¹,
and nozzle B may however be extended downwards, and the pipe D provided with a

page_text: turned down lip, as shown in dotted lines, in the Figure, which would then constitute
an annular passage: such a construction is shown in Figure 8 below.
This Figure (8), shows an arrangement where the upcast pipes D are arranged as
in Figures 1 and 2, etcetera, and communicate with a central chamber C', between
which and the nozzle B, the motor air from the cowl A is forced, the downward.
extension of the bottom of the chamber C' and the nozzle B, constitute an annular
outlet passage C (above referred to). The action in this case is substantially similar
to that specified with reference to Figure 7.
In Figures 9 and 10 are shown, two arrangements of ventilators, which have
already been described with reference to certain Figures of the Drawings; but in
these apparatus 1 show how an auxiliary means of putting them in action may be used
and arranged in conjunction with them, so that at times, when the velocity of the
wind is low, or when there is none, or even at any other times when desired, the
ventilation of the space or thing to be ventilated can be carried on; and by this
means, the ventilation of a space or thing, by this apparatus, may be rendered
continuous and regular in all meteorological conditions.
The drawing in Figure 9 shows the apparatus provided with a water spraying
device. is the spraying nozzle,-which may be of any known suitable kind, and y
the water pipe adapted to supply the nozzle with water. The effect of the spray
delivered in a conical shape, below the nozzle B, as shown, is that the air or gases
about the spray are drawn along with it, and forced out by the pipe C with the spray,
and the displacement of air or gases thus effected causes the extraction of air or gases
up and from the pipe D.
The auxiliary means intended to be used in connection with the apparatus as
shown in Figure 10, is air or steam, such air or steam being supplied by the pipe y,
and delivered through the nozzle B, and thus acting precisely as, but in lieu of air
delivered through the nozzle B by the force of the wind in the manner previously
described. When air is delivered by the pipe y, it may be pumped or forced in any
suitable way, and by any suitable means.
Figures 11, 114 and 12, show a ventilating apparatus constructed for application.to
railway and other carriages, ships' cabins and other analogous things, and Figure 13
shows it applied and adapted to operate in connection with the bollow bar, forming
a part of the hat or parcel rack of railway carriages.
The construction of apparatus shown in Figures 11 and 114, (which are outside
elevation and end view respectively), consists of a semi-circular air collector A of
tapering form, open at one end and closed at the other, where the nozzle B is provided.
Outside of and extending below the extremity of this nozzle the outlet pipe C is
provided, and communicates with the interior of the carriage, or other space, by the
pipe D, the entrance end of which is provided with a regulating valve s, of any known
suitable kind. This kind of apparatus is adapted to be attached to a flat surface, such
as the side of a railway carriage, ships' cabins, or the like, and the air collected by the.
cowl A is chiefly due to the velocity at which the train, ship or other thing moves
through the air. The action is obviously the same as that of the ventilators abové
described.
In the case shown in Figure 13 the hat or parcel rack rail of a railway or other
carriage, is hollow, and perforated, and in communication with the exhaust pipe C;
thus constituting a part of the air pipe D of the apparatus. If one of these
ventilators is placed at each side of the carriage on the same pipe D, the pipe should
be "stopped
at the centre, in order to assure an equal and proper action of the..
apparatus.
The duplex construction shown in Figure 12 consists of two cowls A, one
nozzle B, a pipe D, and a flap valve a¹, hinged at a², and adapted to be automatically
moved from one side to the other by the pressure of the air forced into the cowl;
or in lieu of the movable valve, a fixed central curtain (such as Figure 5) may
be used. Consequently, whatever way the carriage or other thing moves, the
inclination of the valve a from its hinge will be that away from the direction of.
motion of the carriage or other thing, and air collected by the cowl A, will be

page_text: directed into and through the nozzlei B,' in the proper way for both directions of
motion.
By the use of valves or dampers on the exit side of the nozzles in or on the pipes
of the various apparatus they may be made to serve as upcast ventilators. or, air
downcasts at will."
Although in this specification. I have described certain applications of the various
constructions and arrangements of, ventilating apparatus and chimney cowls, it is to
be understood that I have done so as to give instances only of applications to which
they, or any of them, are susceptable, and not therefore as the sole ones. And I would
further state that the parts herein described may be varied in form, disposition, and
mode of operation, in many ways, without departing. from the spirit or scope of
the invention.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said inven-
tion, and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what I
oláim is :-
:-
1. A ventilating apparatus comprising one ог more air collectors; one ог
more extracting or exhausting nozzles; one or more liquid spraying devices;
one or more pipes. by which the air or gases to be extracted or exhausted
is conducted to the chamber or pipe in which the nozzle or nozzles, or
water spraying device or devices, is or are located, the said parts being adapted to
operate and be used upon or above the roof of the building or structure to be ventilated,
or in any other equivalent position; substantially as set forth,. and also as specified
with reference to the Drawings.
2. A ventilating apparatus comprising one or more air collectors; one or more
extracting or exhausting nozzles; one or more pipes by which air artificially supplied
is conducted to the apparatus, and one or more pipes by which the air or gases to he
extracted is or are conducted to the chamber or pipe in which the nozzle or nozzles is
or are located; the said parts being adapted to operate and be used upon or above
the roof. of the building or structure to be ventilated, or in any other equivalent
position; substantially as set forth, and also as specified with reference to the
Drawings.
3. A ventilating apparatus or a chimney cowl comprising one or more fixed or
stationary air collectors; having a plurality of chambers adapted to be operated upon
by the wind and to collect and direct the air as described; one or more extracting or
exhausting nozzles in direct communication with said air collecting chambers one
or more pipes by which the air or gas to be extracted or exhausted, is conducted
to the chamber or pipe in which the said nozzle or nozzles is or are located; and an
outlet pipe or pipes, orifice or orifices; the said parts being adapted to operate
and be used upon or above the roof of the building to be ventilated or in any other
equivalent position; substantially as set forth, and also as specified with reference to
the drawings.
4. A ventilating apparatus constructed substantially as set forth with reference to
Figures 4, 4 A and 4 B of the drawings, that is to say, an apparatus wherein an air
collecting device and an extracting or exhausting nozzle or nozzles, (i.e. the upper
parts) are mounted upon hollow columns, one or more of which are adapted to serve
at once, as the pipe or pipes by which the air or gas to be ventilated pass or are
conducted to the extracting device or parts, and as supports to the said upper parts;
for the purposes set forth..
5. A ventilating apparatus constructed substantially as set forth, with reference to:
Figures 40, 4 D. and 4E of the Drawings, that is to say, an apparatus wherein
columns (D) are employed, between a lower chamber (D¹) and an upper pipe or
chamber (C), and an air collector having a nozzle placed below said upper pipe
or chamber and adapted to discharge above said pipe or chamber.
6. The apparatus constructed as set forth, with reference to Figures 1 and
1 A.; 2; 3 and 5, respectively of the Drawings.

page_text: 7. In ventilating apparatus of the type shown in Figure 5, the use of a curtain d
arranged as and for the purposes set forth.
S. The apparatus constructed as set forth with reference to Figures 6, 6 A,
and 6 A', respectively, of the Drawings.
9. The apparatus constructed as set forth with reference to Figures 7 and 8,
respectively, of the Drawings.
10. The apparatus consisting of the combination and arrangement of parts set
forth with reference to Figures 9 and 10, respectively, of the Drawings.
11. The apparatus constructed as set forth with reference to Figures 4C and 40"
of the Drawings.
12. The apparatus constructed as set forth with reference to Figures 4D, 4'D'
and 4 D2 of the Drawings.
13. The apparatus constructed as set forth with reference to Figures 4 E, 4 E¹
and 4 E of the Drawings.
14. The apparatus arranged and constructed substantially as set forth with reference
to Figures 11 and 11 A; 12, and 13, respectively, of the Drawings.
Dated this 3rd day of June 1889.
DE FONBLANQUE PENNEFATHER.
By Cheesbrough & Royston,
15, Water Street, Liverpool, Patent Agents.
DE FONBLANQUE PENNEFATHER.
By Cheesbrough & Royston,
15, Water Street, Liverpool, Patent Agents.