IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE AND APPLICATION OF COMPOUNDS FOR LINING FURNACES, MAKING FILTERS, BRICKS, SLABS AND REFRACTORY AND NON-CONDUCTING LININGS
Year: 1883

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Imray of N° 28 Southampton Buildings Chancery
Lane in the County of Middlesex for an Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
MANUFACTURE AND APPLICATION OF COMPOUNDS FOR LINING FURNACES, MAKING
FILTERS, BRICKS, SLABS AND REFRACTORY AND NON-CONDUCTING LININGS
"
communicated to him from abroad by George Duryee of the City County
and State of New York United States of America Medicinal Doctor.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION filed by the said John Imray at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents on the 26th June 1883.
JOHN IMRAY of Nº 28 Southampton Buildings Chancery Lane in the County of
Middlesex "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE AND APPLICATION OF COM-
POUNDS FOR LINING FURNACES, MAKING FILTERS, BRICKS, SLABS AND REFRACTORY
AND NONCONDUCTING LININGS communicated to me from abroad by George
Duryee of the City County and State of New York United States of America,
Medicinal Doctor.
"
This invention relates to the manufacture and application of compounds to form,
First, refractory linings for surfaces exposed to heat such as those of furnaces, kilns,
stoves, and the like; Secondly, material for making filters, and lining for cellars or
apartments where surfaces have become musty, mouldy, or otherwise foul, fœtid or
impure, the like compound being applicable for tiles, pavements and the like;-
Thirdly, non conducting lining for refrigerators and other constructions where a
non-conductor of heat is desired.
Although the composition is substantially the same for all the above-named
purposes, yet for each purpose slight modifications are made to render it more
suitable for the particular object.
For surfaces exposed to heat, the composition is as follows:-one fourth to three
fourths by weight molasses, one half to three fourths highly refractory fire clay or
ground soap-stone, and in some cases where a highly aluminous clay is used,
Titanic iron or Bauxite may be used to advantage, combined with a small amount
of Plumbago. This composition may be used; First, for forming continuous lining
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page_text: for furnaces, hearths, stoves, and similar chambers or spaces, the surfaces of which
are subject to a more or less intense heat; Secondly, for making bricks or slabs for
lining such heated chambers; Thirdly, for making crucibles.
The continuous lining for heated chambers, such as furnaces, tuyers, stoves,
retorts, &, is capable of withstanding a high degree of heat without fluxing, from
the fact that the carbon produced from the calcination of molasses is so completely
intermixed as to protect the particles of silica and alumina, by coating them,
enabling them to resist the action of metallic slag or cinder.
For lining, the mixture should be composed of one fifth of raw clay, one fifth
molassos (previously boiled down to half its original weight) and three fifths burnt
clay or crushed fire brick. The raw and burnt clay are to be intimately mixed dry,
then put into a pan and raised to a boiling temperature. To the molasses is added
an equal quantity of water, and the mixture raised to the same temperature is
added to the raw and burned clay. The temperature is then raised and continued
until nearly all the water is evaporated. When the mass becomes thick and sticky
so as nearly to harden on cooling, it is ready for use and should be quickly tamped
in behind moulds or forms, of wood or preferably of iren plate, held at a proper
distance from the walls of the chamber, preferably by bolts about two feet apart, of
such length as to give the desired thickness of lining. The plastic lining should be
put in continuously, so that these may be continuous and solid without scams or
cracks after drying or baking. After the lining is in, the plates are removed and
the surface of the lining is washed over with an easily fusible glazing material such
as borax solution and clay, or silicate of soda and clay; this should be of the
consistence of molasses. After applying it, a half inch layer of salt is spread over
the entire surface, the plates or forms are then replaced and secured, and the lining
is baked by a heat applied inside and out, until it becomes very hard. This
method of baking is specially adapted to revolving or horizontal furnaces. In
upright furnaces, the baking is done from the inside. In open hearths, where a
strong and continuous oxidising blast is used, a double coating of the glazing
mixture should be applied to prevent the burning out of the carbon. After tho
baking, the furnace is ready for use, and an intense heat should be got up quickly
to fuse the glazing and salt, to protect the lining and to prevent the carbon
burning out; this heat should be continuously kept up as long as carbon flames
aro seen coming out; when they cease, there will be no danger to the living as it is
then non-fluxing and infusible.
For lining or repairing pottery and glass kilns, the lining may be done in
sections and baked, and so continued until the whole is finished, as proviously
described. The crucibles for working in glass kilns may be built in the kiln, being
composed of the same compound and supported by suitable sheet iron forms, the
baking and firing being done while in position. In Cupolas, where the space
around the tuyeres soon fluxes, this lining can be put in a space in the bosh below
the brick in which it can be built on a supporting iron shelf projecting inwards.
It is tamped in behind plates as described for furnaces, around the tuyero holes.
To protect the carbon from burning out, it should have a double wash of glaze, first
borax and loam and then a coating of silicate of soda. This lining can be removed
and a new one put in without disturbing the brick lining on tho supporting shelves
above.
For stove linings and small furnaces, the proportion of molasses may be half that
above mentioned. The lining being prepared and plastered around the space
required, and coated with glaze, it is slowly heated at first to harden, and then
fired with sufficient strength to fuse the glaze.
In high heat furnaces where an absolutely non fluxing lining is required, it can
be made by using one half of the old carbon lining crushed and screened, one fourth
fresh fire clay, and one fourth boiled molasses. German pot clay is the best for
this mixture, but any fatty aluminous clay of equivalent properties may be used.
Bricks or slabs are formed by tamping into moulds the composition abovo
described for stove linings, then baking and afterwards glazing carefully with

page_text: silicate of soda mixed with lime and clay. These bricks or slabs may be made and
baked for placing in stoves or furnaces, instead of a plastic lining, and for this
purpose, they should be of the same composition as the plastic lining. In the
above description, wherever crushed materials are mentioned, they should be
reduced so as to pass through a quarter inch mesh.
Crucibles not requiring previous baking are formed of the compound last
described by pressing it into moulds, or they may be formed by moulding on a
potter's wheel, whilst the mixture is hot.
Filters are made of the following compound;-one fourth by weight of molasses,
one eighth of raw clay powdered fine, one eighth of chopped straw, and one half of
crushed burnt brick. The clay should be fatty, or if it is silicious, more should be
used; also pumice stone, asbestos, or equivalent porous materials may be used
instead of brick, and hay or the like may be used instead of straw. These dry
materials are first intimately mixed and put into a pan with a good fire underneath;
the molasses, with one fourth to half its weight of water, being then added, the
whole is actively stirred and boiled until the moisture is nearly driven off, when it
is ready for use, and may be formed into slabs, cylinders or other forms for filters,
by tamping into moulds while the compound is hot and plastic. The moulds should
be of such a nature, that the compound can be baked in them. The baking oven or
retort should be a close one, and a red heat should be kept up for twelve to twenty-
four hours, until the carbon fumes are burnt out. The filter is then gradually
cooled and taken from the mould. To make filters more effective for high wines,
oils, syrup, fusel oil, naphtha or such other liquids, a portion of ground bones should
be added to the mixture. These, calcining in the burning, form animal charcoal
which increases the filtering power.
For tiles, pavements, walls of refrigerators and such like purposes, the straw is
omitted; German pot clay gives greater strongth, and is preferable to the ordinary
fatty clays that may be used in filters, but the compound otherwise is to be made
and used as above directed for filters.
Having thus described the nature of this invention and in what manner the same
is to be performed as communicated to me by my foreign correspondent, I claim :-
First. The manufacture of refractory compound for lining furnaces or other
heated surfaces, substantially as herein described.
Second. The herein described method of lining and glazing surfaces exposed to
heat.
Third. The herein described method of constructing and baking crucibles.
Fourth. The herein described method of lining boshes of Cupolas.
Fifth. The manufacture of compound for forming filters, substantially as
described.
Sixth. The manufacture of compound for forming blocks, tiles, slabs, or paving,
substantially as described.
In Witness whereof I the said John Imray have hereunto set my hand and
seal this Twenty-sixth day of June in the year of our Lord One thousand