IMPROVEMENTS APPLICABLE TO DRAINING
Year: 1854

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Abraham, of Standfield, Great Crosby, near
Liverpool, in the County of Lancaster, Gentleman, for the Invention of
"IMPROVEMENTS APPLICABLE TO DRAINING"
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Abraham at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
29th November 1854.
I, JOHN ABRAHAM, of Standfield, Great Crosby, near, Liverpool, in the County
of Lancaster, Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS APPLICABLE TO DRAINING" to be as followes :-
This Invention consists in forming perforations, holes, grooves, or openings
in the drain pipes or passages, extending from their outer to their inner surfaces
in an oblique or.angular direction, and in extending the upper or higher ends
of the pipes or passages sufficiently above the surface to be drained, so that
they can be readily "flushed" with water to remove any sediment that might
lodge within the passages.
These improvements are chiefly applicable to the draining of ash-pits or
sesspools, the drain pipes or passages being placed vertically within the pit,
the openings in the drain pipes or passages having the lower parts of their
lateral angular openings on the outer side; by which arrangement, ashes or
other solid matter, being thrown against or coming in contact with the pipes.

page_text: will not be liable to fill up the lioles, and the pipes or passages may be readily
cleaned by water thrown in from the heads of the pipes or passages, to facilitate
which it is proposed to provide lids or covers for the tops of the pipes or
passages, which can be removed to ällöw. water to be thrown in.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said John Abraham in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
29th May 1855.
TO ALL TO WHOM
THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHN
ABRAHAM, of Standfield, Great Crosby, near Liverpool, in the County of Lan-
caster, Gentleman, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-ninth day of November, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight liundred and fifty-four, in the eighteenth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself,-Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said John Abraham, Her special licence' that I, the said John Abraham,
my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such, others as I; the said John
Abraham, my executors, administrators, and assignes, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during
the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise,
and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and -Isle of Man, an Invention for-"IMPROVEMENTS APPLICABLE
TO DRAINING," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said John
Abraliam, by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal, should par-
ticularly describe and ascertain, the nature of the said Invention, and in what
manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the
Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately
after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said John Abraliam, do hereby declare the
nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be-per-
formed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement (that is to say) :-
My said Invention consists in forming perforations, holes, grooves, or openings
in the drain pipes or passages, which 'extend from their outer to their inner
surfaces in an oblique or angular direction, and in extending the upper or
higher-end-of-the-pipes-or-passages-sufficiently above-the-surface-to-be-drained
shaw ay ka woodilu (Auched" with meaton thrown in the ins.

page_text: the top for the purpose of cleansing and removing any sediment that might
have lodge within the drains.
These improvements are mainly applicable to draining positions where it is
requisite to sepperate liquid from solid matter, such as ash-pits or sesspools;.
the drain pipes or passages being placed vertically within the pit, with the
lower parts of the lateral angular openings-downwards; by which arrangement
ashes or other solid matter, being thrown against or coming in contact with the
sides of the drain, will not be liable to fill up the lateral openings through
which the liquid matter. enters the drains. The drains being cleansed by
water thrown in from the heads of the pipes or passages, I provide the tops
thereof with lids or covers, which can be removed to allow the drain to be
"flushed:"
That my Invention may be more fully understood, I have annexed hereunto
Drawings, showing various modifications of the same.
Figure Fis a view of one of the apparatus, which is of a square form,
in 'three sides of which a number of round holes are formed, which extend
upwards in an angular direction. from the outer to the inner surface. The
front is formed to slide up and down, that it inay be opened for the purpose of
cleansing, when the pit where it is placed is empty. The sliding side is shown
partially drawn up, and is provided with a ring near the top; by which it can
be lifted upwards.
Figure 2.is.an apparatus, of an angular form, and has perforations on all
sides. The cover of the is show off its seat. Figure 3 is another view of the
same.
Figure 4 is a flat slab, perforated (in the same way as Figures 1, 2, and 3,)
and is to be built in with and form a portion of the side of the drain.
Figure 5 is a circular pipe, which is also perforated in the same way as
Figures 1, 2, 3, and 4. The cover for-the top is shown removed.
Figure 6 is a plate or slab, having long slots cut through it in an angular
upward direction, through which the liquid percolates into the drain, in the
side of which it is built.
Figure 7 is an iron grating, the bars of which are placed at an angle, like
a series of fixed "luvers." On the front and lower edge of each bar there
is a curtain or flange, which extends downwards towards the bar below it, so
as to reduce the opening in front. This grating is mounted within a frame,
so that it may open outwards to gain admission into the drain, in the wall
of which it is built. Figure 8 is a view of the back of ditto; and Figure 9
is a front view of the same, showing the grating withdrawn from its vertical
position within the frame.

page_text: Figure 10 is another modification of my Invention, and consists of a
number of slabs, laid horizontally one above another, within an angular-shaped
framing or case. The slabs are place a short distance from each other, and
at such an angle that ashes or other like solid substances will not readily
rest upon them.
In conclusion, I wish it to be understood that I do not confine myself to the
precise details or modifications herein-before described, as my Invention is
capable of being modified so as to be applicable under the various circumstances
and positions where it could be usefully applied; but what I claim as my
Invention is,―
First, the forming and use of perforations, holes, grooves, or openings in the
sides of drain pipes or passages, which openings extend upwards from the outer
to the inner sides of the drain in an angular direction, through which the
liquid rises and percolates into the drain.
Secondly, extending the ends of the drain pipes or passages sufficiently above
the surface to be drained to admit of their being readily "flushed" with water,
and in providing the heads of the pipes or passages with suitable movable
covers, as herein-before described.
In witness thereof, I, the said John Abraham, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Twenty-sixth day of May, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-five.
Witness,
WILLIAM WALKER.
JOHN (L.s.) ABRAHAM.