IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM ENGINES AND STEAM HAMMERS
Year: 1854

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Frederick Joseph Bramwell, of .29, New Bridge
Street, Blackfriars, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM ENGINES
AND STEAM HAMMERS."
Sealed the 6th March-1855; and dated the 15th November 1854.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Frederick Joseph Bram-
well at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 15th November 1854.
I, FREDERICK JOSEPH BRANWELL, of 29, New Bridge Street, Blackfriars, do
hereby declare the nature of the Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM
ENGINES AND STEAM HAMMERS" to be as follows: -
This Invention relates to those descriptions of steam engines called trunk
engines, and to steam hammers, where the pistons or plungers of the engines
and plungers of the hammers offer greater areas on one side than on the other.
And my improvements are as follows:-When a steam' engine is to work with-
out using the steam expansively, I arrange the steam pipe in such manner
that the smaller area of the piston is when at work at all times pressed on by
the steam, the steam passage between the boiler. and that side of the piston
being at all times more or less open to the boiler; there is also a steami
passage leading from one side of the piston to the other having. a' valve
therein, by which the steam is alternately admitted to and shut off from-the
larger area of the piston. By this arrangement, when the piston has been
moved from end to end of the cylinder, by the steam acting on the lesser area
of the piston, the valve will admit of, the steam passing from that side of the

page_text: piston to the other side, and thus act on the larger area of the piston, the
steam flowing from the boiler to make up for the larger requirement of the
cylinder on that side of the piston. The valve is again moved, so as to allow
the steam to escape into the atmosphere, or to a condenser. When making
engines to work with steam expansively, there is a valve employed between
the boiler and the lesser area of the piston, which, by the working of the
engine, will, by preference, be closed only when the steam is acting on the
larger area of the piston, such valve being also arranged for allowing the steam
to flow off from the cylinder to the atmosphere or to a condenser, and there
is a second valve, which when the steam has acted on the lesser area of the
piston, admits the steam to act on the larger area, and a third valve closes
the passage. between the two sides of the piston when the first-mentioned
valve opens a way to the atmosphere or to a condenser. And in making
steam hammers according to my Invention, the plungers are, as heretofore,
caused to move in cylinders or chambers through suitable packings, but in
place of the plungers being open to the pressure of the atmosphere, the steam
cylinders or chambers within which such plungers work are extended, so that
the steam, having acted on the smaller areas of the plungers, may pass from
those areas, and act on the larger areas of the plungers to force back the
hammers, in place of depending, as heretofore, simply on the action of gravita-
tion when constructing steam hammers connected to plungers.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Frederick Joseph Bramwell in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 15th May 1855.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, FREDERICK
JOSEPH BRAMWELL, of 29, New Bridge Street, Blackfriars, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Fifteenth day of November, in the year of our Lord
One-thousand-eight-hundred-and-fifty-four, in the eighteenth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said Frederick Joseph Bramwell, Her special licence that I, the said Frederick
Joseph Bramwell, my exécutors, administrators, and assigns, or such others
as I, the said Frederick Joseph Bramwell, my executors, administrators, and
assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and
at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully

page_text: might make, use, exércise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man,' an, Invention
for. "IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM ENGINES AND STEAM HAMMERS," upon the condition
(amongst others) that I, the said Frederick Joseph Bramwell, by. an, instru-
ment in writing under my hand and seal, should particularly, describe and
ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same, was
to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent
Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the
said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that; I, the said Frederick Joseph Bramwell, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is
to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement thereof (that is to say) :-
:-1
1.
My improvement in steam engines-relates to that kind which is ordinarily
known as "the trunk engine," and consists in so constructing, such an engine,
that although having a single trunk working. through one end of the cylinder
only,, or having dissimilar sized, trunks, working, through opposite; ends of
the cylinder, the power developed in the stroke and that, in the outstroke of the
engine, whatever the pressure of the, steam employed, may be made to; be
more nearly equal to each other than can be done. by, any of the present
arrangement of this class of engine, except: when working in connection
with a condenser, and in using steam at 'about 10 to .15 lbs. per square inch
above the atmosphere. The method by which I accomplish this will be
understood by referring to the accompanying Drawings and the following
description:
Sheet 1, Figure 1, shews a front elevation, partly in section, Figure 2 a
side view, also in section, as regards the cylinder, with its slide, &c., of.a single
trunk. non-condensing steam engine; Figure, 3 shews the crank and eccentric
of the engine, with a portion of the crank shaft which carries them. A is the
pipe to bring the steam from the boiler, and in which is B, the throttle valve,
bolted to C, a branch on the back of D, the slide jacket, in which is E, the
slide, which, by F, the stalk, and G, the eccentric, with its rod, is moved so as
to alternately admit and shut off the steam from H, the passage to the bottom
of I, the cylinder, and also alternately to put, this passage in connection with
J, the eduction passage; K is a passage always open to the slide jacket D,
and leading to the top of the, cylinder; L, the piston, furnished with M, the
trunk, the area of which is about one-half the area of the cylinder, and in
which is 'N, the 'connecting rod, giving motion to O, the crank, fixed on P,
the crank shaft, which carries Q, the fly. wheel, and is supported on R, R, the

page_text: frames, which are fixed to 'S, the bed plate, to which is also attached the
cylinder I. The same letters refer to the same parts in all the Figures.
Having now described the various parts of the engine, I will proceed to
explain its action. Assume that the piston L is at the bottom, as shewn, and
that the slide jacket D, the passage K, and the annular space above the
piston L, are filled with steam, and assume that by the rotation of the fly
wheel Q, the action of the eccentric G causes the slide E to rise and to
admit steam by the passage H below the piston L; this steam will then exért
its force on the whole area of the under side of the piston L, while it is also
pressing on the annular area of the upper side; upward motion of the piston
will then be produced with a power equal to the pressure of the steam multi-
plied by the whole area of the under side of the piston L, less the resistance
above, which would equal the pressure of the steam multiplied by the area of
the annular space, equal to about one-half of the piston area, as before men-
tioned; the effective upward force would therefore be the pressure multiplied
into about one-half the area of the piston. During the ascent of the piston L,
the steam which was contained in the annular space would be expelled
through the passage K into the slide jacket D, and would form a portion of
that which would enter below the piston. When the piston L had arrived at
the top of its stroke, and the eccentric G by its action had lowered the slide E,
so as to put the bottom passage H into communication with the..eduction
passage J, and had thus suffered the steam which was below the piston 'to
escape, then the steam continuing to press on the annular area of the upper
side of the piston L, and not being resisted by the pressure below, would cause
the piston L 'to descend, and the power with which it would descend would
equal the area of this annular space multiplied by the pressure of the steam;
but as this annular space is equal to the half of the area of the piston; or
nearly so, then the effective downward force on the piston would be the multi-
plication of this pressure into this half area, but this is equal to the force with
which the piston ascended; the engine therefore is working in balance. When
this principle is to be applied to a condensing engine, the relative areas of the
piston and trunk-should-be-varied,-so-as-to produce as nearly as possible an
equality of action both in the upward and downward stroke, having-regard-to-
the ordinary pressure of steam, and the amount of uncondensed steam left
in the cylinder. For example: if the uncondensed vapour remaining in the
cylinder is on an average 3 lbs. per square inch, and the pressure of the steam
above atmosphere in the cylinder is also ordinarily 36 lbs., then the area of
the trunk to the piston should be about 2 to 3, leaving 1 for the annular space.
In tlie down stroke the effective force would be the pressure of the steam,

page_text: (36 lbs.) added to the partial vacuum below of 12 lbs., equal to 48 lbs. on an
area of one, . i. e., the annular space, to which is to be added the pressure of
the atmosphere above, the uncondensed steam remaining below the piston
equal to 12 lbs., and which pressure' would also be exerted on the area of the
trunk (equal to "two"); the effect of which would therefore be 24 lbs., to be
added to the 48 on the annular space, equal to 72, as the whole downward
energy, of the piston. In the upward stroke the pressure would amount to
36 lbs.; multiplied; by the area of the piston to "three" 108 lbs., but
resisted by the pressure of the steam, 36 lbs. on the annular area of "one,"
leaving 72 lbs. as the effective upward force of the piston, by which arrange-
ment also the: engine would work. in balance. In the above description no
provision has been made for, working the steam expansively beyond the slight
amount that would be obtained from the little "lap and lead," shewn on the
slide and eccentric. In engines where, although the top passage K is always
left open, a greater amount of expansion is required than is shewn by this
arrangement; it may be obtained by giving more lap and lead to the slide E,
and by working it by an eccentric, or by a cam, or by a link motion, or by
having separate pipes to convey the steam to the top side of the piston, and
to the slide jacket D, and by having' in this latter pipe an ordinary expansion
valve, but whichever of these methods may be adopted, the effect of the
expansion will be to give an average pressure on the under side of the piston
less than that on the upper side. To equalize the power produced by these
different pressures, the area of the trunk should be increased above the half
of the total area of the piston, so as to compensate by the increase of the
effective area of the under side for the decrease in the pressure per square
inch, as compared to the pressure exerted on the upper side of the piston...
. My Invention also consists in a further improvement in trunk engines
with single trunks or dissimilar sized trunks, as before described, by a mode of
working the steam expansively in them. The means by which I accomplish
this will be understood by referring to the accompanying Drawings and the
following description:-
Sheet 2, Figure 1, shews a front elevation, and Figure 2, a side view, in
section; as regards the cylinder, slide jackets, &c., of a single trunk non-con-
densing steam engine. A is the steam pipe, in which is placed. B, the throttle
valve, which is bolted to C, a branch of D, a slide jacket, in which is E, a
slide, which alternately puts F, the top passage, into communication with the
steam in the jacket D, and with G, the top eduction passage. This slide E
is by means of suitable rods worked by H, a cam, fixed on I, the crank shaft,
which is supported on J, J, frames, and which carries K, an eccentric, which

page_text: by its rod gives motion to L, a slide, contained in M, a slide jacket, and which
serves to put N, the bottom passage, of O, the cylinder, into alternate connec-
tion with the slide jacket M, with P, the bottom deduction passage. Qis the
piston, carrying R, the trunk, the area of which is about one-half that of the
piston, and in which is fixed S, the connecting rod, which gives motion to
the crank shaft; T is an equilibrium passage, which proceeds from the top of
the cylinder to the slide jacket M, and which has on it U, a valve, which
would open to allow steam to pass out from the cylinder this passage, but
would close to prevent its return; V, a bed plate, to which the frames J, J,
and cylinder O are bolted; W, the fly wheel.
Having now referred to the various parts of the engine, I will proceed to
describe its action. 'Assume that the piston Q is at the bottom, as shewn, and
that the slide jacket D, the top passage F, the annular space above the piston
Q, and the equilibrium passage T, and the slide jacket .M, are filled with
steam; and assume that, by the rotation of the fly. wheel W, the action of the
eccentric K. would cause the slide L'to rise, and thus to open the bottom
passage N to the steam in the jacket M: then this steam would enter below
the piston Q, and would exert an upward pressure, which, as before described,
would be effective on so much of its area as exceeded the annular space,"
say, as before, one-half. Assume, also, that when the piston had ascended a
certain distance, say, one-fourth of its stroke, the cam H had raised the
slide E so as to prevent any more steam from entering into the cylinder:
then the steam which was contained in the annular space above the piston
Q, in the equilibrium passage T, the jacket M, and that which was below
the piston Q, would commence to act on it by its expansive energy, and the
piston would still ascend by the force due to the pressure of the steam;
multiplied by the excess of area of the piston above the annular space, as
above mentioned. Assume, further, that when the piston Q had ascended;
say, one other fourth of its stroke, that the cam. H were to move the slide E
still higher, so as to connect the annular part above the piston by means of the
passage F with the top eduction passage G: then the steam contained in this
annular space would escape, and that steam which was below the piston would
be prevented from returning-to-the-upper-side-along the equilibrium passage T
by means of the valve U, which would close. The steam below, the piston
would then continue to expand, and although its energy would be, more feeble
than if the whole steam had been retained, nevertheless the effect would be
greater, as its action would no longer be confined to the excess of the area
of the piston above that of the annular space, but would be exerted over its
whole area, as the annular surface would no longer be pressed on by the steam:

page_text: When the piston had arrived at or near the top, the action of the cam H
would have caused the slide E to descend, so as to be ready to readmit steam
above the piston Q, while the eccentric K would have lowered the slide L, so
as to have shut off the bottom passage N from the jacket M, and to 'have
commenced to open it to the exhaust P, by which the expanded steam con-
tained below the piston Q would be liberated, and the steam from the boiler
admitted on to the annular space would be able to exert its full force to drive
the piston downward.
Figure 3, on the same Sheet No. 2, shews so much of an engine as is neces-
sary to explain another method, which is to make E, the top slide, perfectly
plain, (that is to say, not a box slide,) merely to cover F, the top passage.
By this arrangement the steam can be cut off from entering the cylinder above
the piston, but the whole of it must be expanded, no portion of it being suffered
to escape, in the manner above described.
I would have it clearly understood that I do not restrict myself to any
particular arrangements of the parts of an engine so long as it be a trunk
engine, as my improvements are applicable to horizontál as well as to
vertical engines, and also to engines fixed at some angle between the hori
zontal and the perpendicular; and that when I use the terms up-stroke
and down-stroke, I would be understood simply to express the recipro-
cating motion of the piston. I do not confine myself to fixed engines, as
shewn, but would have it understood that my Invention is applicable to
engines for steam boat and locomotive purposes, and also to portable engines;
neither do I confine myself to the particular relative dimensions of the
parts shewn in the Drawing, as the proper proportion of these is well known
to engine makers. I have drawn the exit and entrance of the steam as regu-
lated by short slide valves worked by eccentrics and cams; but I do not confine
myself to these, as lifting valves, pistons, long slides, and other contrivances
well known to engineers may be used, and they may be actuated by excentrics,
cams, tappets, or otherwise. Although I have. described the steam as being
cut off and being liberated at certain portions of the stroke, I do not confine
myself to these particular proportions; others may be used varying with the
pressure and the areas of the trunk, so long as the particular method of causing
single or dessimilar sized trunk engines to work nearly in balance, or to work
5 expansively, be obtained, as mentioned.
1
The next part of my Invention relates to improvements in steam hammers;
first, by making those steam hammers which are composed of a plunger or
ram of two dissimilar diameters, of which the part of least diameter works
through a stuffing box at the bottom of the. cylinder, while the part of greatest

page_text: diameter works through another stuffing box at the top, (and the steam acts
on the annular area of the 'difference between the two, and thus raises the
weight,) to give out an effect in their descent, not merely such as can b
obtained by gravitation alone, but such as can be obtained by gravitation com
bined with steam pressure acting in a downward direction; and the method
in which I obtain this result will be understood by a reference to the
accompanying Drawing and the following description:-
Sheet 3, Figure 1, shews so much of the front elevation, partly in section,
Figure 2 shews a side view, 'and Figure 3 a sectional plan, of so much of such
a steami hammer as is sufficient to explain my Invention. A is the anvil,
surrounded by B, the bed plate, supporting C, C, the main frames, which
carry D, the cylinder or plunger case, in which works E, the plunger, which
is attached to F, the hammer block, which works in G, G, guides. This
plunger has its part of small diameter passing through H, the lower stuffing
box, and the part of large diameter passing through I, the upper stuffing box,
which stuffing box is formed about half way down the cylinder D, and is
provided with J, a gland, to press on the packing, which is acted on from
above by K, K, K, long screw rods, which pass through L, the cylinder cover.
M is a slide, contained in N, a slide jacket, and working over O, a slide facing,
in which is P, a passage leading to the part of the cylinder below the upper
stuffing box I, and Q, a passage leading to the part of the cylinder above
this stuffing box. R, the waste steam or eduction pipe; S is the steam
pipe; T, a piston, acted on by the steam to give motion to the slide in one
direction.
MODE OF WORKING.
Assume that the ram E is at the bottom of its stroke, as shewn, and that
the hand of the attendant or self-acting gear operated on by the concussion
of the blow has liberated a catch which retained the slide M, and has allowed
the small piston T to act on it, and to move it into the position shewn in the
Drawing: then the steam which is in the slide jacket N will be suffered to
enter the lower part of the cylinder by the passage P, while the steam which
may have been above the plunger will be suffered-to-escape-into-the-air by the
passage, R. By this arrangement the steam will act on the annular area of
the difference between the upper and lower parts of the plunger E, and will
raise it, and with it the haminer block F. As soon as this raising has taken
place to such an extent as the attendant may judge necessary, he will reverse
the position of the slide M; or self-acting variable gear may be used, which,
according to the point to which it may be set, will,, when the hammer has

page_text: been raised; to a sufficient height, act on the slide M and reverse it, so as to
cover the passage P from the steam contained in the jacket N, and open
it to the cavity in the slide M, which at the same time, will embrace the
other passage Q, and will thus establish a communication between the part
of the cylinder below the upper stuffing box I and that above it. In this
way the steam that has just been employed below this stuffing box I, to
raise the plunger E, will be enabled to pass to the upper side, and to act on
the area of the large part of the plunger E, which, being considerably in
excess of the annular.area before mentioned, will powerfully aid the down-
ward motion, and will thus add a steam force to that of gravity. Should it
be required to give a light blow, the descent may be regulated either in the
manner at 'present used in ordinary steam hammers, viz., by re-admitting
steam before the blow has been struck; or, if preferred, the slide valve M may
be made to travel à distance short of its full stroke, by which means the
passage P would be partially covered by the bar of the slide M, and thus
to a certain extent the exit of the steam from the lower part of the cylinder
would be resisted, by which means the plunger E can be prevented from
falling with its full weight and velocity.
་་
Secondly, my improvement relates to the class of hammers above mentioned,
in adding to their force by the introduction of steam from the boiler to the
part of the cylinder above the plunger, instead of employing the steam which
has been used to raise the plunger. This, though not so economical steam,
would be productive of greater force, and might in districts where fuel were
cheap, or where great force and rapidity were required, be preferable to the
method above described. The mode in which I propose to carry out this
Invention is by arranging the slide valve and facing in the same manner as,
in ordinary use in common double-acting steam engines, by which the parts
of a cylinder above and below the piston are put alternately in connection
with the atmosphere, and with, the steam, from the boiler, and which are too
well known to all engineers to require any further description.
Thirdly, my improvement consists in using to raise the hammer one or
more plungers of an uniform diameter, working through a stuffing box in the
upper part of the cylinder, or cylinders connected to the hammer, by one or.
more piston rods passing through a stuffing box or stuffing boxes in the lower
part of the cylinder or cylinders, or by means of a rod or rods from the upper
part. By this arrangement, the piston in ordinary use in steam hammers, and
which is liable to get out of order, is dispensed with, and plain plungers and
stuffing boxes are substituted.
Sheet 4 shows as much of a steam hammer as is necessary to explain this

page_text: Invention. Figure 1 is an elevation, partly in section, of a plunger hammer
with a single piston rod. A is the anvil, surrounded by B, the bed plate,
supporting C, C, main frames, which carry D, the cylinder or plunger case,
in which is E, the plunger, which is attached to F, the hammer block, which
works in G, G, guides, by means of II, the piston rod, which works through I,
the stuffing box in the bottom of the cylinder. The plunger E passes through
J, the stuffing box, at the upper end of the cylinder. K is the steam pipe from
the boiler to convey steam to L, the slide jacket, in which is M, the slide, which
by its motion alternately puts N, the passage leading into the cylinder, into
communication with the steam contained in the slide jacket L, and O, the
eduction pipe. P is a piston, acted on by the steam in the jacket, and attached
to the slide L, to give it motion in one direction. Figure 2 shews in face view
a similar arrangement, but with two piston rods (more may be used if it
should be desirable) in lieu of one, by which means the hammer block F can
be worked truly, and the guides G, G, may be dispensed with; the remainder
of the letters of reference indicate the same parts as in Figure 1, Sheet 4.
Figure 3 shows, in side view, an arrangement similar to Figure 1, except that
the side rods E, H, are substituted for the piston rod; the remainder of the
letters of reference indicate the same parts as in Figure 1, Sheet 4.
Mode of working hammers constructed in accordance with either of the
three Figures on Sheet 4:-Assume that the hammer be down, as shewn,
and that by the attendant or by the concussion the slide M has been
moved, so as to place the passage N into connection with the steam in the
jacket L, and to close the eduction passage O: then the steam will press on
the under side of the plunger E, and will raise it, and with it the hammer,
to such an height as the attendant may judge fit, when either he or a
self-acting apparatus will reverse the slide M, so as to put the passage N
into communication with the eduction pipe O, and will thus permit the.
steam to escape from below the plunger E, so as to allow it to fall. By
enclosing the upper part of the plunger E above the stuffing box J in a
steam-tight case, in the manner shewn in the hammer in Sheet 3, and by
using an ordinary_box_slide with three-passages-in-the-facing,-as-is-well-under--
stood, steam pressure may be obtained direct from the boiler to act on the
upper side of the plunger E, to give additional force and rapidity to its
descent. If this be done with the side rod arrangement, shown in Figure 3,
Sheet 4, it would be necessary to have one or more piston rods working
through a stuffing box or stuffing boxes in the cover of the cylinder to carry a
cross head, to which these side rods might be attached.
Fourthly, my improvement in steam hammers consists in making them with

page_text: two or more plungers, side by side, each of them having large and small ends,
of which the latter pass through stuffing boxes in the lower end of their
casings, and the former through stuffing boxes in the upper, while the steam
acts on the annular areas of their differences to raise them, and may after-
wards be used to accelerate their descent, or may be suffered to escape, so as
to allow them to descend by mere gravity. By this arrangement great
accuracy would be obtained in guiding the hammer, and the slides or guides G
(see Sheet 4, Figures 1 and 3,) might be dispensed with..
Sheet 5, Figure 1, shews so much of a front view, Figure 2 so much of a
side view, and Figure 3 so much of a plan (all partly in section), of a steam
hammer as is requisite to explain this improvement. D, D, are the cylinders
or plunger case; E, E, the plungers; H, H, the stuffing boxes at the lower
part of the cylinders; P, passage leading to the parts of the cylinder below the
upper stuffing boxes I, I; Q, passage leading to the parts of the cylinders
above the stuffing boxes. The remainder of the letters of reference indicate
the same parts as in Figure 1, Sheet 3, and the method of working would
be precisely similar to that therein described. I have not shown the details of
the gear for reversing the slide at the termination of the stroke of the hammer
each way, but have merely referred to them in the Specification, as the
different kinds of gear in use are well known to persons acquainted with
steam hammers, and are equally applicable to those made according to these
my improvements as to any of the hammers at present in use.
I have shewn the areas of the different parts of the plungers to bear a cer-
tain relation to each other, viz., about one to two, but I do not confine myself
to these proportions, nor to the proportions of the various passages, pipes,
slides, &c. &c., as the principle of the Invention is not in any way involved in
this, and the correct dimensions are well known to persons engaged in the
manufacture of steam hammers and of similar machinery; nor do I confine
myself to the use of slides with pistons for alternately giving admission and
exhaust to the steam to and from the upper and lower parts of the plunger
cases or cylinders, as valves, pistons, or other well-known apparatus for such
purpose may be employed.
I am aware that it has been already proposed to make steam hammers with
solid plungers of dissimilar areas, so that they may be raised by the action of
the steam in the annular surface, their descent being by gravitation alone; and
also that in the Specification of Letters Patent were granted to Isham Baggs
and myself for improvements in steam hammers, &c., in which the method of
accelerating and increasing the force of the downward blow was described to
be by causing the steam which had raised a piston by its action in the annular

page_text: arca, contained between its circumference and that of a plunger, to pass above
the same piston and act on its full area, and thus give increased power to the
downward action; and I do not therefore claim as my Invention either the
making of hammers with dissimilar sized plungers, or the use of the steam,
acting on the full area of the top side of a piston to the under side of which is
attached a plunger.
Having, now described the nature of my Invention; and the way in which
the same is to be performed, I would have it understood, as before stated,
that I do not confine myself to the precise details herein mentioned so long
as the peculiar character of each part of. my Invention be retained, nor do
I claim any of the mechanical parts separately; but what I claim are the
several combinations herein described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Frederick Joseph Bramwell, have here-
'unto set my hand and seal, this Fifteenth day of May, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-five.
Witness,
S. CARPMAEL.
F. J. BRAMWELL. (L.S.)
! די