IMPROVEMENTS IN KILNS OR OVENS FOR BURNING BRICKS, LIME, AND OTHER SUBSTANCES, PARTLY APPLICABLE TO HEATING PURPOSES GENERALLY
Year: 1879

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Gerard Wenzeslaus von Nawrocki, of the Firm of J.
Brandt and G. W. von Nawrocki, Patent Agents, of No. 124, Leipzigerstrasse,
Berlin, in the German Empire, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN KILNS
OR OVENS FOR BURNING BRICKS, LIME, AND OTHER SUBSTANCES, PARTLY
APPLICABLE TO HEATING PURPOSES GENERALLY." A communication by Rudolf
Müller, of Schleusenau, in the German Empire.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Gerard Wenzeslaus von
Nawrocki at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 31st July
1879.
GERARD WENZESLAUS VON NAWROCKI, of the Firm of J. Brandt and G. W. von
Nawrocki, Patent Agents, of No. 124, Leipzigerstrasse, Berlin, in the German
Empire. "IMPROVEMENTS IN KILNS OR OVENS FOR BURNING BRICKS, LIME, AND
OTHER SURSTANCES, PARTLY APPLICABLE TO HEATING PURPOSES GENERALLY." [A
communication by Rudolf Müller, of Schleusenau, in the German Empire.]..
According to one part of the present Invention brick kilns or ovens are con-
structed as follows:-
The chamber constituting the kiln or oven has its lower part divided into a
number of separate compartments by partition walls, which compartments are open
at top so as all to communicate with the upper part of the kiln communicating
with the chimney. Each compartment is provided at bottom with its own fire-
place, consisting of a grate, by preference of perforated firebrick slabs, below which
is an ash pit with door, and above which is the firing door, having above and below
it small apertures for the inlet of air. On commencing firing the ash pit door is
opened and the other air holes are closed, and when the fire has burnt up the ash
pit door is closed, and the holes above and below the fire door are opened. Owing
to only a small quantity of air being admitted to the bottom of the fuel through.the
lower air holes imperfect combustion takes place, and the combustible.gases rising-
to the top of the furnace chamber enter into combustion with the air entering
through the upper air holes. Instead of effecting this combustion immediately
above the fuel the air may be conducted through pipes or passages to apertures

page_text: formed at a certain height in the sides of the compartments so as to effect the com-
bustion at such point. This arrangement of furnace for producing and burning
combustible gas may also be used for other heating purposes, such as for steam
boilers. In this case the lower air holes provided with valves may be formed in
tlie ash pit door; also the upper air holes may be provided with perforated tubes
reaching in some distance over the fire so as to bring the air in small currents in
intimate contact with the combustible gases. Each of the above described com-
partments is provided at top with a loose cover, by preference of fire brick, which
rests upon the bricks, and which has apertures, through which the compartments
communicate with the space above, and through which consequently the vapour
driven off by the preliminary heating process can pass away. When the pre-
liminary firing has been completed and the heat is raised for burning the bricks
the said apertures are closed. On the shrinking of the bricks during burning the
said covers sink with them, and thus the formation of detrimental air spaces in the
compartments is prevented. The several compartiments communicate with each
other near the top by means of openings in the partition walls, which are provided
with slides, and by which the heat of the burnt bricks in the one compartment is
utilised for heating the bricks about to be burnt in another compartiment. For this
purpose cold air is blown by a fan into the first named compartment, which air
takes up heat from the bricks, and passing through the said openings into the other
compartment imparts its heat to the bricks contained therein. The whole of the
kiln is hermetically closed, with the exception of the above mentioned apertures, so
as to prevent all unnecessary ingress of air. In applying the above described mode
of firing to kilns for lime or cement the central part of the floor of the kiln (which
is of circular shape) is raised in conical form, and has formed within it passages or
'flues cominunicating with the fireplaces beneath the outer circumference of the
floor, and also with the interior of the kiln through apertures formed in the conical
surface. Air channels.also extend from the circumference of the kiln to the said
passages, so that atmospheric air in passing through the said channels into these
_ passages enters into combustion with the combustible gases entering the same from
the fireplaces, and the resulting flames-pass-through-the-beforementioned openings
into the kiln so as to effect the burning of the charge contained therein. The top
of the charge is as before covered in by a loose perforated fire brick cover resting on
the charge.,
In arranging such lime kilns for continuous working the chamber of the kiln is
continued down. below the level of the fireplaces, between these and the central
cone, the descending burnt lime being withdrawn through openings below the fire-
places. According to another modification of the above described brick, lime or
cement kilns instead of 'providing the escape apertures for the combustible gases at
the top of the kiln, the before described loose covers may be made without such
apertures, and these may be provided in the side walls of the kiln at bottom, as it
is found that when the combustion takes place without violent draught the gaseous
products of combustion being heavier than the air will sink-to the bottom of the
kilu, and consequently will escape through the said openings.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by.
the said Gerard Wenzeslaus von Nawrocki in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 21st January 1880.
GERARD WENZESLAUS VON NAWROCKI, of the Firm of J. Brandt and G. W. von
Nawrocki, Patent Agents, of No. 124, Leipzigerstrasse, Berlin, in the German-
Empire. "IMPROVEMENTS IN KILNS OR OVENS FOR BURNING BRICKS, LIME, AND
OTHER SUBSTANCES, PARTLY APPLICABLE TO HEATING PURPOSES GENERALLY." A
communication by Rudolf Müller, of Schleusenau, in the German Empire.
According to one part of the present. Invention brick-kilns or ovens are con-
structed as follows:-
The chamber constituting the kiln or oven bas its lower part divided into a
number of separate compartments by partition walls, which compartments are open
at the top so as all to communicate with the upper part of the kiln communicating
with the chimney. Each compartment is provided at bottom with its own fire-
place, consisting of a grate by preference of perforated firebrick slabs; below which
is an ashpit with door, and above which is the firing door, having above and below
it small apertures for the inlet of air. On commencing firing the ash-pit door is
opened and the other air holes are closed, and when the fire has burnt up the ashpit
door is closed and the air holes above and below the fire door are opened: Owing
to only a small quantity of air being admitted to the bottom of the fuel through
the lower air holes imperfect combustion takes place, and the combustible gases
rising to the top of the furnace chamber enter into combustion with the air
entering through the upper air-holes. Instead of effecting this combustion imme-
diately above the fuel, the air may be conducted through pipes or passages to
apertures formed at a certain height in the sides of the compartments so as to effect
the combustion at such point. This arrangement of furnace for producing and
burning combustible gas may also be used for other heating purposes, such as for
steam boilers. In this case the lower air holes provided with valves may be formed
in the ash-pit door, also the upper air holes may be provided with perforated tubes
reaching in some distance over the fire so as to bring the air in small currents in
intimate contact with the combustible gases. Each of the above described com-
partments is provided at the top with a loose cover; by preference of firebrick;
which rests upon the bricks and which has apertures through which the compart-
ments communicate with the space above, and through which consequently the
vapour driven off by the preliminary heating process can pass away. When the
preliminary firing has been completed, and the heat is raised for burning the
bricks, the said apertures are closed. On the shrinking of the bricks during.
burning the said covers sink with them, and thus the formation of detrimental air
spaces in the compartments is prevented. The several compartments communicate
with each other near the top by means of openings in the partition walls, which
are provided with slides,.and by which the heat of the burnt bricks in the one
compartment is utilised for beating the bricks about to be burnt in another
compartment. For this purpose cold air is blown by a fan into the first named
compartment, which air takes up heat from the bricks, and passing through the
said openings into the other compartment imparts its heat to the bricks contained
therein. The whole of the kiln is hermetically closed with the exception of the
above-mentioned apertures so as to prevent all unnecessary ingress of air.
applying the above described mode of firing to kilns for lime, or cement, the central
part of the floor of the kiln (which is of circular shape) is raised in conical form,
and has formed within it passages or flues communicating with the fireplaces
beneath the outer circumference of the floor, and also with the interior of the kiln,
through apertures formed in the conical surface. Air channels also extend from the
circumference of the kiln to the said passages, so that, atmospheric air in passing
In

page_text: 1
through the said channels into these passages enters into combustion with the
combustible gases, entering the same from the fireplaces, and the resulting flames
pass through the before mentioned openings into the kiln so as to effect the burning
of the charge contained therein. The top of the charge is as before covered in by
a loose perforated fire-brick cover resting on the charge. In arranging such lime-
kilns for continuous working the chamber of the kiln is continued down below the
level of the fireplaces between these and the central cone, the descending burnt lime
being withdrawn through openings below the fireplaces. According to another
modification of the above described brick, lime or cement kilus, instead of pro-
viding the escape apertures for the combustible gases at the top of the kiln, the
before-described loose covers may be made without such apertures, and these may
be provided in the side-walls of the kiln at bottom, as it is found that when the
combustion takes place without violent draught the gascous products of combustion
being heavier than the air will sink to the bottom of the kiln, and consequently
will escape through the said openings..
]
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS.
Fig. 1 is a vertical section on line X, X, and Fig. 2 a plan of a four-chambered
brick-kiln according to this Invention; Fig. 3 is a front view, and Fig. 4. a part
section to an enlarged scale of one of the fire-doors and passages connected there-
with; Fig. 5 is a section of the fire-place and passage under. it. The kiln is divided
by cross walls a into the four compartments I., II., III., and IV., each of which,
when filled with bricks to be baked is covered by a solid but loose covering
formed of burnt bricks b that rests on the bricks below, so that as they shrink their
covering descends with them and still rests on them. Each of the fire grates dis
built of stones, separated by intervals about the thickness of a roofing tile; or it
may consist of iron firebars. In the throat f there is a raised bank g with an air
passage h under it, and above it the stoking-hole K, closed by the fire door. The
opening m to the ashpit may also be closed by a door, and the air passage h may
-be-more-or-less-throttled-by-inserting pieces of bricks or stove. Over each fire place
there is a hole e.through the wall, lined, with a pipe built in. When it is desired
to heat the oven by the combustion of gas the ashpit m is quite closed-and the air
passage his almost entirely closed, and the hole e is opened; so that by the imperfect
combustion in the fire-space A combustible gas is generated, which rises through
the interstices of the bricks and meeting the air that enters by e is burnt there-
with. At first starting the firing the pipe c is closed and the passages h and mare
kept open until the fuel in A is thoroughly kindled, after which h and m are closed
and e is opened so as to operate by gas, as above described. For this mode of
operating when applied to other heating purposes, as, for example, to a steam-boiler,
the construction shewn in transverse section at Fig. 6, and in part longitudinal
section at Fig. 7; may be employed. The firegrate a is placed low so as to give
large space for fuel above it, the fire door b. being placed at the upper part of this
space. In the fire door b and ashpit door B are air openings, provided with slides
or valves f and d, and above the fuel is fixed an open pipe g, the mouth of which at
h can be closed or opened by a slide or valve. On kindling the fluid laid on a the
pipe and opening f are closed and the door B is open, and when the fuel is
thoroughly kindled the door B is closed and the apertures d and f are opened
sufficiently for the generation of gas from the fuel, and the combustion of the gas
is effected on its mingling with the air admitted through the pipe g on opening its
mouth h. It will be seen that for this mode of operating no special gas producer
is required, an ordinary fire-place with the described modifications being sufficient ;
it is readily applicable to any other heating purposes. In order to utilise the waste
heat in the brick kiln the walls a which separate its compartments have through
their upper parts openings o that can be closed by slides or dampers 1, 2, 3, 4,
which are employed as follows:-Assuming that I. contains bricks just burnt. and
that III. has just been charged with bricks to be burned then the damper 1 being

page_text: opened a fan blast is sent into I. through the fire opening 5, and the cold air in
passing through the interstices of the bricks in I. cools them, becoming itself heated,
and the air thus heated passes through III., drying the bricks therein, and issues
by the fire opening 6 which is jopen. When this is done care should be taken to
prevent passage of air through the interstices of the coverings b of the two compart-
ments I. and III. The passages for supplying air for the combustion of the gas
generated in A may be made to open into the kiln at a higher level, as shewn at a,
in the section, Fig. 8, and plan, Fig. 9, thus allowing a greater volume of combustible
gases to be generated before combustion, whereby a higher and more uniform tem-
perature may be maintained, and a more rapid burning of the bricks be effected.
These passages a are formed in the partition walls as well as the outer walls of the
kiln, as shewn. Fig. 10 is a vertical section, Fig 11 a half plan of a lime, kiln,
arranged to operate in a similar manner by gas production and combustion; Fig. 12
is a part section through one of the gas-generating chambers; and Fig. 13 is a half
plan of the covering. The limestone lies on the perforated floor B, in the middle
of which rises the conical mound or dome B', with its perforated cover d. Under
the floor B are formed a number of radial fireplaces with their brick firegrates f,
their ashpits m, and their firedoors k with apertures h. There are also provided a
number of air passages a, branching out so as to distribute the air throughout the
body of gas, the flames of the mingled gas and air pass through apertures into the
material in the kiln. The cover F is, as in the previous arrangement, formed loose
so as to sink with the lime; it is provided with draught holes. The top of the kiln
is enclosed by a roof, not shewn. Fig. 14 is a vertical section, and Fig. 15 a half
plan of a modified form of lime kiln for continuous burning, which is constructed
with a central core D, in which are passages a leading air to mingle and enter into
combustion with the gases generated in the fuel chamber and issuing among the
body of the material. The fuel laid on f receives air for its combustion through the
apertures below the fire doors K and the pipes b above them. The lime as it is
burnt and descends is removed through the openings below the grates. For
equalizing the draught, draught holes may be made in the sides of the kiln just
above the top of the lime instead of in the roof of the kiln. Fig. 16 is a section,
Fig. 17 a plan, and Fig. 18 a part side view of a brick kiln in which flues b are pro-
vided to remove from the lower parts of the kiln the heavy gases produced by the
combustion therein; there are also passages at the bottom of the partition wall.
The covering a which may be laid on the bricks or may be an arched roof has its
apertures closed during operation, so that the escape of the burnt gases must take
place in a downward direction towards the passages b. The fuel chambers and air
supply passages d are the same as in the preceding arrangements. By thus pro-
ducing a quiescent and uniformn combustion in the kilu the goods will be burnt in
a very uniform manner. This arrangement is also applicable for burning lime,
cement, and other substances.
Having thus described the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the
same is to be performed, as communicated to me by my.correspondent, I claim,-
First. The method of firing, applicable to brick kilns, lime kilns, and other
heating purposes,; partly by the imperfect combustion of fuel directly applied, and
partly by the combustion of the gases generated therefrom when mingled with air,
substantially as herein described with reference to the accompanying Drawings.
Second. The construction of brick kiln wherein a regulated supply of air is
admitted to the fuel so as to effect by its imperfect combustion the generation of
combustible gas, for the combustion of which a farther regulated supply of air is
admitted, substantially as herein described with reference to the Figs. 1, 2, 3, and 4,
and to Figs. 8 and 9 of the accompanying Drawings.
Third. The special arrangement of the lower air inlet h in combination with the
upper air inlet e for effecting the generation of gases and their combustion, as set
forth in the preceding claims.
Fourth. Constructing open brick kilns with partitions forming two or more com-
partments that intercommunicate by means of openings in the partitions provided

page_text: with regulating slides, and that are covered at top by loose covers that sink with
the bricks in firing, substantially as herein described with reference to Figs. 1, 2, 8,
9, 16, and 17 of the Drawings.
Fifth. In brick or lime kilns of the kind referred to in the second claim, the
arrangement of air inlet passages a fór supplying the air for the combustion of the
..combustible gases, substantially as herein described with reference to Figs. 8, 9, 10,
11, 14, and 15 of the Drawings.
Sixth. The arrangement of the conical bed B with openings i for the passage of
the mixed gases and air among the charge of the kiln, as herein described with
reference to Figs. 10 and 11 of the Drawings.
Seventh. The construction of lime kiln herein described with reference to Figs.
10, 11, 12, and 13 of the accompanying Drawings.
Eighth. The modified construction of lime kiln herein described with reference to
Figs. 14 and 15 of the accompanying Drawings.
Ninth. Providing in brick, lime, and other kilns of the kind referred to in the
second claim, flues or passages for the escape of the gaseous products of combustion
from the lower parts of the kilns in combination with closed covers, as herein
described with reference to Figs. 16, 17, and 18 of the accompanying Drawings.
In witness whereof, I, the said, Gerard Wenzeslaus von Nawrocki, have here-
unto set my hand and seal, this Sixteenth day of January, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and eighty.
GERARD WENZESLAUS VON NAWROCKI. (L.S.)