Improvements in or relating to Type-setting and Justifying Machines.
Year: 1899

page_text: Date of Application, 23rd Jan., 1899
Complete Specification Left, 5th Oct., 1899-Accepted, 18th Nov., 1899
Improvements in or relating to Type-setting and Justifying
Machines.
A communication from FRANCIS. BARTLETT CONVERSE, Junior, of 422, West St.
Catherine Street, Louisville, Jefferson County, Kentucky, United States of
America, Manufacturer.
I, ALFRED JULIUS BOULT, of 111, Hatton Garden, in the County of Middlesex,
Chartered Patent Agent, do hereby declare the nature of this invention, to be
as follows:
-
The invention relates to a machine for setting and justifying type (either cameo
or matrix), and more particularly to that class of such machines which, actuated
by a key-board, set desired characters in line with temporary spaces between
the words, and after the line is set replace the temporary spaces by permanent
spaces of the size required for proper justification of the line.
The object of the invention is to supply a machine of this character which
shall be simple and efficient in operation, not liable to get out of order, and
cheap to construct; and the invention consists of the combinations of mechanisms
and the arrangement of parts employed for attaining this object.
Taken as a whole, the invention may be described as including mechanism
for setting type and temporary spaces, mechanism for taking account of the
number of temporary spaces in the line, mechanism for measuring the shortness
of the line, a peculiarly constructed selecting block, mechanisms connecting
the selecting block with the accounting mechanism, the measuring mechanism
and the permanent spaces, and mechanism for replacing temporary spaces by
permanent spaces, whereby the proper sizes of permanent spaces to justify the
line are caused to replace the temporary spaces in the line. Various sub-com-
binations of these mechanisms, and individual parts of the machine, however,
are also part of the invention.
66
"
The term "type" herein is used as including generically any body carrying
a particular character, and may thus be ordinary printer's type, (i.c. cameo
type) or may be of intaglio form and thus adapted to be a die in which metal
is cast.
The types with which the line is to be composed are contained on their flat
sides in a series of channels grouped into cases which stand vertically and in
line across the upper part of the machine. Each channel has an opening near
its base at both the front and rear sides. An ejector bar for each case stands
normally behind the openings therein. A bank of finger keys is provided, and
each key is so connected with the corresponding ejector bar that the depression
of the key causes the ejector bar to move into the rear opening of the corre
sponding channel and shove the lowest type therefrom through the forward
opening, the ejector bar thereafter being returned to its normal position.
The types, as they are shoved from their channels, drop into converging

page_text: chutes which are formed in a suitable race plate extending downward from a
line in front of the channels. These converging chutes come to a common point
at the base of the race plate and a receiving channel is provided at this point,
and suitable mechanism is provided for shoving the type into this channel as
they arrive at the bottom of the race plate. Thus the type are set up in the
receiving or assemblage channel one after another in the order in which the
finger keys are depressed.
The temporary spaces are of some distinctive shape, being preferably of the
same body as an ordinary type and of a thickness about the size of the thickest
permanent space used, and having a notch in one side. These spaces are contained
in the temporary space case which extends upward from a point at the rear of
the foot of the race plate to a point above the race plate. A space key in the
keyboard is arranged with suitable ejecting mechanism so that a depression of
this key ejects a temporary space from near the top of the temporary space case
into a chute in the race plate, which carries it to the assemblage channel. The
temporary spaces are thus set up along with the type. The depression of the
space key operates to advance a space recording mechanism (to be hereinafter
more fully described) one point and thus keeps an account of the number of
temporary spaces set.
After a line of type and temporary spaces, of such length as when justified
may be of just the width of the column to be printed, has been set in the
assemblage channel, the latter is moved to transfer the line to a justifying
channel and a new assemblage channel is brought into active position to receive
a new line set. This is accomplished by having an assemblage member with
four assemblage channels 90 apart, and as soon as the line is set turning the
member 90 by suitable mechanism connecting it with a line lever which is
then depressed. This movement turns the line which has been set over onto
its flat side and brings a new channel into receiving position.
When the line has been turned onto its flat side it is measured in order to
determine how much space is available for justification, the total available
space being the difference between the actual length of the line as assembled
with its temporary spaces, and a distance which is equal to the width of the
column to be printed plus the aggregate thickness of the temporary spaces in
the line. The thickness of these temporary spaces may be eliminated from
the calculation by moving the stop against which the line is measured away
from the measuring mechanism a distance equal to the thickness of the temporary
space, for each temporary space inserted. This is accomplished by having at the
forward end of the assemblage member a gauge plate which at the beginning
of the operation stands from the receiving end of the assemblage member a
distance just equal to the width of the desired column, and providing suitable
mechanism between the space key and this gauge plate so that, for each temporary
space inserted, the gauge plate is also moved back just the thickness of the
temporary space.
In place of eliminating the thickness of the temporary spaces from the
measurement, it may be eliminated later on by the construction of the space
selecting block, to be hereinafter described in detail. For the present it is
sufficient to say that the selecting block is composed of a plurality of series of
steps, there being as many series as there are spaces the machine is adapted to
justify, and as many steps as there are different sizes of permanent spaces.
Preferably each series is a stepped strip and the strips are collected together
side by side to form the block, as illustrated in the drawing, which shows two
forms of block and also the strips separately.
The line is measured preferably by a wedge which is advanced across the rear
end of the line after it has been tipped over on its side. The longitudinal move-
ment of the wedge across a line will be proportional to the shortness of that line
and will bear such actual relation to that shortness as the length of the wedge
is times its base. The wedge is thus moved across the line until it stops by

page_text: compacting the line against a proper stop, which may be the gauge plate
referred to.
A long screw is provided parallel with the movement of the wedge and a block
is slidable on a suitable guide parallel with this screw. As the wedge is
advanced, a lug carried by it engages with this block advances the block along
the screw.
This block carries an arm which carries a piece of a nut which
may engage with the screw but is normally out of such engagement. When
the wedge has advanced and is holding the block in its advanced position, a
plate moves along parallel with the screw until a lug thereon impinges against
the arm carrying the nut and causes the nut to move into engagement with the
screw, thus stopping the movement of the plate. This plate has a transverse
slot through it through which projects a yoke from the stepped selecting block,.
whereby the selecting block must move with the plate, but may also be shifted
laterally thereof. The space selecting block carried by the plate is thus moved
longitudinally the same distance as the wedge is moved, is then brought to a
stop and is thereafter governable by the screw, the revolution of the screw
operating thereafter to advance the selecting block by advancing the nut and
the block which carries it and the plate. This subsequent advancement will be
hereinafter more particularly described. After the selecting block has received
its longitudinal movement dependent upon the position of the wedge, the wedge
is withdrawn from across the line leaving the latter free to be advanced.
The yoke from the selecting block through the plate engages with a rod held
by suitable arms projecting from a rock shaft, which rock shaft carries a segment
of the gear with which a suitable rack engages. Thus if the rack is moved it
operates through the segment of the gear to move the rock shaft and thus moves
the rod carried thereby, which shifts the selecting block laterally on the plate.
The bar carrying the toothed rack is adapted to impinge against the face of a
stepped disk, the disk having as many such faces as there are strips on the
selecting block, and the faces being of increasing radius proportional to the
distance between the centers of succeeding strips on the selecting block.
As the setting up of the line of type and temporary spaces is completed, the
actuation of the line lever which causes. the transfer of the assembled line also
causes a ratchet, which has been moved one tooth for each temporary space set
up. to move the stepped disk the same angular distance.
The toothed bar having been moved away from this disk returns into engage-
ment with whatever step is in its path, which step corresponds to the number
of temporary spaces in the line, and this brings the corresponding strip of the
selecting block into active position. Thus the selecting block comes into a
position longitudinally dependent upon the shortness of the line to be justified,
and into a position laterally dependent upon the number of temporary spaces
in the line.
The permanent spaces are contained in channels (one for each size of space).
arranged in the order of the space's thickness in a permanent space case which
depends pivotally from a suitable support and has its lower end in proper
position to have a permanent space shoved therefrom into the justifying channel,
which channel extends back from that assemblage channel which has been brought
into the horizontal position. The space case is connected by levers and links
with a plunger which is adapted to engage with the steps of the selecting block,
and thus the position of the space case is dependent upon which step the plunger
engages. If the plunger engages with the top step the thinnest permanent
space in the space case is in line with an ejection orifice into the justifying
channel. If the plunger engages with the second step the space case is shifted
to bring the next larger size of permanent spaces into line with the ejection
orifice, the distance between the centers of permanent spaces in the space case
being proportional to the rises of the steps on the selecting block, and the
leverage with which the plunger moves the space case being such that whenever
the plunger moves from one step to the next the space case is shifted from one

page_text: size of permanent space to the next. Thus any of the sizes of permanent spaces
in the space case may be brought into line with the ejection orifice by the
movement of the selecting block.
The space case being brought into this position, the line is advanced along
the justifying channel (by means of a block behind the type, which block is drawn
along by a suitable cord which is gripped between revolving members actuated
when the line lever is depressed) until stopped by the first temporary space
coming into alinement with the ejection opening. This stoppage of the line
is caused by a suitable detent which springs into the notch in the temporary
space as soon as that temporary space comes opposite it. The movement of this
detent sets in motion an ejecting mechanism which moves an ejector bar into the
back of the space case and shoves the permanent space which is in line with
the ejection opening, out of the case and into the justifying channel.
For convenience, these permanent spaces are placed on their flat sides in the
space case instead of their edges, (whereby the space case may hold more of
them), and the first movement of ejection forces the permanent space from the
space case into a space turner which stands between the space case and the
justifying channel. As soon as the space case is in this space turner, the latter
automatically revolves 90° turning the space over onto its edge, and thereafter
the ejector bar continues its movement through the space turner shoving the
permanent space into the line and against the end of the temporary space and
shoving that temporary space out of the line into its own case, the lower end
of which is opposite this ejection point. Thereafter this ejected temporary space
is moved upward into its case, against other temporary spaces above it, and in
due course is again ejected into the race plate for some succeeding line. After
the substitution of a permanent space for a temporary one the line is auto-
matically advanced until the next temporary space is engaged by the detent,
and the operation is repeated.
It will now be necessary to describe in detail the arrangement of the selecting
block. It consists as stated of a plurality of series of steps, the steps of succeed-
ing series increasing in the length of their treads by a common arithmetical
difference. Thus if the treads of the first step are one unit the treads of the
second would be 2 units, the treads of the third 3 units, and so on. As stated
the rises of the steps are proportional to the distance between the centers of the
permanent spaces in the space case, and as this distance is preferably the same
in each case, the rises are preferably all the same. Likewise the thickness of
the strips of the selecting block is proportional to the amount of lateral move-
ment given that block for each temporary space inserted, and as this movement
is preferably the same for each temporary space, the strips are preferably of
the same thickness. In order that the invention may be better understood the
accompanying drawings will be hereinafter referred to which drawings illustrate
the block as it is preferred to embody it. Figures 1, 2 and 3 are, respectively,
a side elevation, a plan, and side clevations of each of the strips separately, in
that form of block which is used when the thickness of the preliminary spaces
is previously eliminated from the calculation in the machine. Figures 4, 5
and 6 are similar views of the block when the thickness of the preliminary spaces
is not previously eliminated in the machine. Figure 7 is an end elevation of
either form of block. The blocks shown operate with lines containing from one
to ten temporary spaces, and with nine sizes of permanent spaces. The permanent
spaces may be taken as varying by .01 of an inch from .03 inch to .11 inch.
For convenience of illustration, Figure 1 is drawn when the eye locks at the
first strip and Figure 4 with the eye locking at the last strip. The strips are
numbered according to the number of spaces in the line with which they operate;
and the numbers in parenthesis on the strips refer to the number of units of
measurement of the top step, and of each succeeding step. The vertical lines
across the strips are placed five units apart.
The two outer strips are shown as being higher than the others, and they

page_text: thus extend over the sides of a base block B on which the intermediate strips
rest, the whole being secured together by screws b and pins 6. The yoke ba
which extends through the slot in the plate that holds the block and allows the
block to be shifted on that plate, as hereinbefore referred to, is shown the under
side of the block, being secured to the base by a screw
66
"
As will be seen the difference between the two forms of block shown depends
on the length of the top step, the succeeding steps being the same in each formi.
The corner of the top step in any strip is located a particular distance from a
given datum line, and for convenience the higher end of the block is made co-
incident with this line. For the block which operates when the thickness of the
preliminary spaces is previously eliminated (called the "non-eliminating" form
and shown in Figures 1, 2 and 3) this distance, and hence preferably the length
of the top step, for any strip is as many units as there are spaces to be inserted
when that strip is in action, plus such number multiplied by the thickness of
the thinnest permanent space in the space case. By unit herein is meant
such dimension on the selecting block as corresponds to the difference between
the sizes of permanent spaces in the space case; for example, if these permanent
spaces vary by .01 of an inch and the measuring wedge causes the selecting block
to move a distance equal to four times the shortness of the measured line, the
unit will be four times .01, or .04 of an inch. Thus in this case the length
of the steps on the first strip (with the exception of the top step) will be .04 of
an inch, or one unit, the steps on the second strip 2 units, the steps on the third
strip 3 units, and so on; and the top step on the first strip will be 1 + (1 × 3) =
4 units, or 16 of an inch, the second strip will have its top step in units
2+2 x 3 or 8 units, the third step 12 units, and so on.
The reason for this location of the corner of the top step is found in the
following. As will be hereinafter more fully explained, the block is advanced
in the same direction as its advancement by the measuring wedge one unit after
each permanent space is inserted; and thus when the thinnest size of permanent
space is to be inserted throughout the line, the plunger connected with the space
case must stand at the beginning of the line substantially as many units from
the corner of the step as there are spaces to be inserted so that the plunger will
remain on the top step throughout the operation of the insertion. Now the
initial movement which the block receives from the wedge is as many units as
the line is hundredths of an inch short, which equals (when the line is to be
justified throughout by the thinnest permanent space) the thickness of the
thinnest spaces in hundredths of an inch multiplied by the number of those
spaces to be inserted. Thus, the initial movement of the block is a number of
units equal to the number of the strip (counting from the strip for one space)
times the number of hundredths of an inch in the thinnest permanent space,
and to this product must be added, to give the corner of the top step, the number
of units the plunger may be required to stand on the top step, which as stated
is the number of that strip. If N equals the number of the strip (i.c. the number
of spaces that strip operates with). Xn the length of the top step of that strip
in units, P the thickness of the thinnest permanent space (in the denomination
corresponding to the units of the selecting block), the equation for the top step
of the non-eliminating block is Xn N+ (Nx P) and if P equals 3 (as it
1 N.
N+ 3 N
does with the block shown in the drawing), Xn
-
If the thickness of the temporary spaces is not eliminated, the top step of
each strip of the selecting block may be so chosen that the block itself will still
come into the proper position. Suppose the line is measured against some rigid
stop which is distant, from that end of the line of type with which the wedge
contacts, a distance equal to the length which that line is to be when justified
(ie., the width of the desired column) plus an additional distance equal to the
amount that the total number of temporary spaces the machine is constructed
to replace is wider than the aggregate thickness of the substituted permanent
spaces. Thus if the machine may replace ten temporary spaces and each tem-

page_text: porary space is .1 of an inch in thickness, and the thinnest permanent space
is .03 of an inch in thickness, 10 temporary spaces would occupy 7 of an inch
more than ten permanent spaces, and if the width of the column is 2 inches,
for example, the stop against which the line would be measured would stand
from the other end of the line 2.7 inches distant before the measuring takes
place; then when the wedge advances if there are ten temporary spaces in the
line the wedge would at once begin measuring the shortness, but if the line has
less than ten spaces the wedge must first move back the line to take up all the
space remaining for temporary spaces and then it begins to measure the short-
ness. If there are nine spaces in the line the wedge must move in the direction
of the line one tenth of the .7 inches added to the width of the columns before
it can measure the shortness of the line. This gives the wedge 7 units of initial
longitudinal movement and as much more as the shortness of the line causes.
If there were eight spaces in the line this initial longitudinal movement would
be 14 units, it being the number of temporary spaces which might be inserted
but are not. multiplied by the difference between the number of hundredths of
an inch in the thickness of the temporary space and the thinnest permanent
space.
Now if the line contains ten temporary spaces and requires the thinnest
size of permanent space to justify it, it will be the longest line possible and will
just fill the available space between the wedge and the stop against which the
line is measured, and the wedge will not rise; and hence for this strip the top
step need be only ten units long-the plunger standing at the very edge of the
block at the first substitution and the block advancing one unit for each sub-
stitution, leaving the plunger at the other end of the top step but still on it for
the last substitution.
If the line contains 9 temporary spaces to be spaced with the smallest size
of permanent spaces the wedge has an additional movement of 7 units before
it has taken up the space added for the missing temporary space, and beyond
that distance the top step must be extended 9 units so that the plunger will be
on the top step at the last substitution. Thus the top step is 7 + 9 or 16 units
in length. If the line contains S temporary spaces the initial eliminating
movement of the wedge in units is twice the number of hundredths of an inch
difference between 1 and .03, that is, twice 7, or 14 units, and there must be
S units beyond this for the plunger to rest on, which makes the 8th step 22 units
long. If the line contains 7 temporary spaces there would be 21 units of move-
ment before the block is acted upon by the plunger in the fullest line, and there
would be 7 units of movement of the block after that, making the top step
28 units long..
It will thus be seen that the length of the top step of any strip, in units, in
this case is equal to the difference between the total number of spaces which
the machine may justify and the number of the particular strip, multiplied by
the difference between the number of hundredths of an inch thickness of the
temporary space and the thinnest permanent space, plus the number of the strip.
Thus if N equals the number of the strip, (that is, the number of spaces that
strip operates with); X'n the length of the top step of that strip, in units, T the
thickness of the temporary space: P the thickness of the thinnest permanent
space, (T and P being in the denomination corresponding to the selecting-block
unit) and S the total number of spaces in the line which the machine may
justify, the formula for the length of the top step for any strip is X'n
(SN) x (T- P) + N.
T
If S equals 10. T == 10, and P
1
-
3, (as they do in the block shown in

page_text: This eliminating form of block requires a larger movement of the measuring
wedge and the line of type when there are few permanent spaces in the line,
but has the advantage of having the longest subsequent steps associated with
the shortest top step which shortens up the length of the block required for a
given range of justification. The block shown in Figure 3 has great enough
range for practical purposes but it is not adapted to insert the largest sizes of
spaces when there are nine or ten in the line, while the other block of the
same length may. Moreover the latter block dispenses entirely with the elimi-
nating mechanism.
The following table gives in units the lengths of the top step for the two
forms of block and the treads of the other steps in each strip.
A few concrete examples of the operations of the selecting block will now be
given, it being remembered that when the plunger is in engagement with the
top step the thinnest permanent space is selected, when it is in engagement
with the next to the top step the next thicker is selected, and so on; and it
being also remembered, as hereinafter more fully explained, that the selecting
block is advanced after each insertion of a permanent space a distance equal
to one unit, as above defined.
Suppose the line to be justified contains one temporary space and is .06; of
an inch too short, exclusive of the thickness of the temporary space; then
with the non-eliminating block (the thickness of the temporary space having
been eliminated) the measuring wedge would move the selecting block 6 units
from its datum position, that is, from a position with the edge of the plunger
in line with the end of the block. This G-unit movement of the block brings
the fourth step directly beneath the plunger and the space case will thus be
shifted as the plunger descends onto this fourth step to cause the insertion of the
fourth size of permanent space, i.e. .06 of an inch in thickness. This position of
the plunger is illustrated by P on block No. 1 in Figure 3.
With the other form of block (eliminating) the wedge would move 63 units
of space to take up the space allowed for the 9 temporary spaces which are not
in the line (7 units per temporary space), and of the .06 of an inch shortness
of the line the one temporary space which is in the line would take up .03 of an
inch (the difference between the actual thickness of the temporary space, .1 of
an inch, and the space allowed for it, 07 of an inch), and thus there would
remain .03 of an inch for the wedge to take up, and this would give the wedge
3 units of movement in addition to its 63 units or 66 units which would bring
the fourth step directly beneath the plunger P as shown on strip No. 1 of
Figure 6, and the fourth size of permanent spaces, that is, .06 of an inch, would
be inserted as before.
Suppose the line contains 4 temporary spaces and is 26 of an inch_short,
exclusive of the temporary spaces. The strip No. 4 is brought under the plunger

page_text: by the operation of the space recording mechanism, and the wedge permits the
block in the non-eliminating form to move 26 units. In the eliminating form
the wedge would move 42 units to take up the space allowed for the G temporary
spaces which are not there, and then would move 14 units, that is, the difference
between the 26 units and 12 units which the four temporary spaces that are
there take up, that is, the wedge would move 56 units. Thus in either event
the plunger descends onto the fourth step with its edge 2 units from the edge
of that step.
The first permanent space inserted will therefore now be the fourth size or .06 of
an inch thick. After its insertion the block is advanced one unit. The plunger
is then on the last unit of this fourth step and another permanent space of .06 of
an inch is inserted. After its insertion the block is advanced another unit and
this allows the plunger to pass onto the fifth step causing the selection this time
of a space .07 of an inch in thickness. After this insertion the block is advanced
another unit, which leaves the plunger still on the fifth step, and the fourth
permanent space inserted is of .07 of an inch thickness. Thus two permanent
spaces of .06 and two of .07 inch have been substituted in the line for the
temporary spaces, making a total of 2 x .C6 + 2 x .07 or 12 + .14 or .26 of
an inch, which is the required amount of space.
As a further illustration suppose a line containing 9 temporary spaces is .63 of
an inch too short. In this case strip No. 9 will be brought under the plunger;
and the block will move lengthwise in the non-eliminating form 63 units. In
the eliminating form the block will nove the 7 units allowed for the one
temporary space which is not there, and then the difference between 63 units
and 27 units (which the 9 temporary spaces that are there take up), that is,
7 units plus 36 units, or 43 units. Thus in either case the plunger descends
at the very beginning of the fifth step, and thus the fifth size of permanent
spaces will be inserted throughout the line; for the block is advanced one unit
for each space inserted and there being 9 units on this step, the plunger will
therefore remain on this step throughout, and 9 permanent spaces .07 of an inch
thickness or .63 in the aggregate, will be inserted.
It will thus be seen that the spaces inserted in any one line may be of one
size or two sizes, but can not be of more than two sizes; for if the plunger
stands at the beginning of the operation of substituting permanent spaces at
the very beginning of the step it will stand on that step throughout, while if it
stands in any other position than at the beginning of that step it will move down
during the process of substitution to the next step and will finally stand on that
step in a position corresponding to the position it first occupied on the previous
step and thus after it has moved down onto the next step it must have on that
step a relative movement less than the length thereof.
It now remains to describe the means for giving the block a unit movement
for each permanent space inserted, which operation has been hereinbefore
premised. The selecting block it will be remembered is carried by a plate
which has a lug which engages with the arm carrying a nut, and holds the nut
in engagement with the longitudinal screw which is parallel with the movement
of the block. The nut comes into engagement with this screw when the wedge
stops and the plate carrying the block thereafter remains stationary until this
screw is revolved.
Now after each insertion of a permanent space the screw is revolved auto-
matically, by a ratchet operated by a cam on one of the shafts of the machine,
such amount as will advance the plate one unit, and this advances the block.
Thus after the block is set the process of substituting a permanent space and
giving the block a unit advancement continued alternately until the last tem-
porary space is replaced by a permanent space.
After the line is thus justified, it is automatically advanced across the mouth
of the galley and shoved into the galley by suitable mechanism (a lead being
shoved in after it, if desired) and the advancing block is automatically returned

page_text: to its initial position and the parts are ready to justify the next line which is
being set up in an assemblage channel while this line was being justified. The
operation of justification taking place more quickly than a line can be set, the
speed of the machine depends simply on the speed with which the operator can
depress the keys.
1000
BOULT & WADE,
Agents for the Applicant.
Improvements in or relating to Type-setting and Justifying
Machines.
A communication from FRANCIS BARTLETT CONVERSE, Junior, Manufacturer, of
422, West Street, Catherine Street, Louisville, Jefferson County, Kentucky,
United States of America.
I, ALFRED JULIUS BOULT, of 111, Hatton Garden, in the County of London,
Chartered Patent Agent, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in
what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascer-
tained in and by the following statement:-
The invention relates to a machine for automatically spacing lines of type
(cameo or matrix) so as to bring all the lines to the same length, or, as it is
usually called, justifying it. The machine includes mechanism for taking account
of the number of spaces in the line to be justified; mechanism for measuring
the shortness of the line; a peculiarly constructed stepped space-selecting block,
mechanism connecting the same with the accounting mechanism and the measur-
ing mechanism, whereby the block comes into a position dependent upon these
two factors; a set of permanent spaces of varying size, and a connection between
them and the treads of the steps of the selecting block whereby the particular
size of permanent space required is determined by the position of the selecting
block; and mechanism for placing such selected permanent spaces in the line
whereby the line is justified.
Various sub-combinations of these mechanisms and individual parts of the
machine, however, are also included in the present invention.
In the drawings, Figure 1 is a front elevation of the machine.
Figure 2 is an elevation thereof from the right hand end, and
Figure 3 is a rear elevation.
Figure is a sectional end elevation looking from the left end, this section,
for convenience, being on three vertical planes indicated approximately by
the offset lines A A of Figures 1 and 3.
Figure 5 is a vertical section parallel with Figure 3, but nearer the front of
the machine and looking from the rear, being on the offset line B B of Figure 4.
Figure 6 is a vertical section on the line C C of Figure 1 looking toward the
right of that figure.
Figure 7 is a plan, and Figures 8 and 9 are horizontal sections on the lines D-D
and E-E respectively, of Figure 1.
Figure 10 is a horizontal section on the line F-F of Figure 1.
Figures 11 and 12 are vertical sections on the line G-G of Figure 10,
looking from the right, the mechanism being shown in two positions.
Figure 13 is a vertical section on the line H-H of Figure 9, looking from
the right of that figure.

page_text: Figures 14 and 15 are enlarged details of the temporary space trip,-Figure 14
being a vertical section and Figure 15 a plan.
Figure 16 is a perspective view of the reciprocating block for advancing the
line; and Figure 17 is a longitudinal section through the same on the line J-J.
Figure 18 is a perspective view of the temporary space employed.
Figures 19 to 24 inclusive are details of the selecting block, Figures 19
and 20 being side elevations thereof, Figure 21 a plan, and Figure 22 an end
view, Figure 23 a perspective and Figure 24 a diagrammatical view showing
the side elevations of the strips of the block separately.
Figure 25 is a diagrammatic view of the permanent spaces used, and Figure 26
is a similar view of the temporary space.
The machine shown in the drawings is designed to operate with temporary
spaces of invariable thickness, (preferably of the form shown in Figure 18)
and to replace them by permanent spaces of proper size. It is to be assumed
that a line of type and temporary spaces coming down a raceway 1 are advanced
by a wiper wheel 2 (driven by suitable belts) into a vertical receptive channel 3,
there being several of these channels carried radially by the body 4. At the
end of the setting of this line, a line lever 5 is depressed, and this acting through
a shaft 98, an arm 6 and a wire 7 draws a lever 8 out of the path of the pawl 9,
carried by a disk 10 which is keyed to the lower shaft 11 of the machine. Free
on this shaft is the gear 12 which is continuously revolved, (by the idler 125,
the pinion 126, and bevel gears 127 and 128) by the power shaft 129. The hub
of the gear 12 carries the notched disk 13 which is adapted to be engaged by
the nose of the pawl 9.
Thus the depression of the line lever allows the pawl 9, which is normally
out of engagement with the disk 13, to spring into such engagement, by action
of the spring 14, whereupon the shaft Il rotates. As soon as the operator's
hand is removed from the line lever, the lever 8 returns to its normal position and
intercepts the pawl 9 at the completion of the rotation of the shaft and with-
draws it from the notched disk 13, whereby the shaft 11 makes just one complete
rotation for each depression of the line-lever, wherefore it is called the "line-
shaft.'
Secured to the forward end of the shaft 11 is the cam 15 which acts on the
roller of the link 16 pivoted at its upper end to a plate 17 which carries a
pawl 18 engaging with a ratchet 19 on the body 4. This movement rotates the
body sufficiently to bring the channel containing the line of the type and tem-
porary spaces into the horizontal position, the next assemblage channel coming
into position to receive the next line of type set.
The next mechanism which comes into action is that for measuring the line,
its object being to cause a block whose position determines the size of permanent
spaces to be in the justfied line (called the "space-selecting block," and herein-
after described in detail) to move a distance dependant upon the shortness of
the line. Mechanism which has been chosen for accomplishing this result is
extremely simple, consisting essentially of a wedge adapted to move across the
end of the line and compact it against a suitable stop, combined with mechanism
for communicating motion to the selecting block proportionate to the movement
of the wedge. The taper of the wedge (determined as hereinafter described)
is a governing factor in the ratio between this movement of the selecting block
and the shortness of the line.
The wedge is designated 20. Its upper end is in a notch 21 in the justifying
channel 22, and it is suitably guided parallel with its inclined face and adapted
to be elevated. As it is elevated, it engages with the back of this notch 21
and moves laterally toward the front, passing into the notches 23 in the receiving
channel, and engaging and shoving forward the line of type therein against a
follower 24 in the channel, forcing the follower against a set screw 25.
the wedge moves a distance proportional to the shortness of the line.
Thus
The wedge is elevated by means of the toothed bar 26 which has on its upper

page_text: end a tongue taking into a horizontal groove in the wedge. The teeth on this
bar mesh with the teeth on a gear wheel 27 which is given a tendency to revolve
upward on its forward side by the spring 28. Thus the wedge automatically
rises as soon as it is allowed. It is normally held down by the lever 29 having
an arm 30 to which is pivoted a link 31 carrying a roller engaged by a cam 32.
Immediately after the line has come into the horizontal position as heretofore
described, a decreasing face on this cam 32 allows the wedge to be elevated by
the spring 28, after which an increasing face draws the wedge down to its initial
position.
The space-selecting block (Figure 23) is as heretofore outlined, shifted length-
wise a distance proportionate to the available space for justification of the line
of type. It is likewise, as hereinafter explained, shifted crosswise a distance
proportionate to the number of spaces in the line. The permanent spaces are
preferably contained in a space case which is connected with 'a plunger which
engages with the treads of the steps of this selecting block; and hence the
position of the space case is dependent upon the step with which such plunger
engages.
The selecting block 152 is shown, in connection with the rest of the machine,
in Figures 1, 2 and 10, and in detail in Figures 19 to 24 inclusive. It is made
up of a base 33 to which are secured as many stepped strips 34 as the maximum
number of spaces in any line the machine is constructed to justify;-in this
case, eight. For convenience of construction, the two outside strips 34 are
attached to the edges of the base 33 by means of screws 35, and the other strips
are held in position between them and the face of the base by pins 36. On the
underside of the base is a yoke 37 by which it is held in the machine, and by
which it is shifted laterally as hereinafter explained.
The series of permanent spaces may be of any size or arithmetical ratio desired.
Those provided in the present machine are six in number, varying in size by
.25 mm., from .75 mm. to 2 mm. They are indicated in Figure 24. The
measuring wedge 20 is tapered in the present machine 1 mm: in four; wherefore
for every 25 mm. of shortness of the line (that is, the common difference in
the sizes of permanent spaces) the wedge rises one mm., and this quantity of
one mm. constitutes the "unit" on which the length of the steps of the selecting
block are constructed, this unit being equal to the taper of the wedge times the
common difference of the sizes of the permanent spaces.
The strips of the selecting block are of any convenient thickness (all the
strips being the same in this respect) and the rises (i.e. the dimensions at right
angles to the base) of all the steps on all the strips are the same. This rise is
dependent upon the proportions of the connection between the space case and
the plunger which engages with the steps of the selecting block, a movement
of the plunger equal to the rise of a step moving the space case a distance
between the centers of adjacent channels. The strips differ from each other
in the length of the dimensions of their steps parallel with the base, which
dimensions are called herein their "treads." The treads of the steps on any
one strip (with the exception of the top step) are the same, and the treads of
the steps of successive strips increase in arithmetical ratio.
The corner or nose of the first or top step of any strip is located a particular
distance from a given datum line, and, for convenience, the high end of the block
is made co-incident with this line. This distance (and hence, in the block
shown, the length of the top step of any strip) is determined from the following:
When the follower 24 in the horizontal assemblage channel is forced against
the set screw 25 by the advanced wedge, the end of this follower next the type
is distant from the initial position of the opposite end of the line (i.e. substantially
the forward edge of the wedge in its initial position) a distance equal to the
length which the line is to be when justified, (i.e. the width of the desired
column) plus an additional distance equal to the amount that the maximum
number of temporary spaces the machine is constructed to replace is wider than
i

page_text: the aggregate thickness of the same number of the thinnest permanent spaces
which the machine may substitute. Thus, if the machine may replace 8 temporary
spaces and each temporary space is 2.5 mm. in thickness, and the thinnest per
manent space is .75 mm. the longest line possible (i.e. a line containing 8 tem-
porary spaces, and requiring for its justification the substitution of eight of
the thinnest permanent spaces, .75 mm. each) would be 14 mm. (i.e. 8 X
2.5 mm.
8 X .75 mm.) longer than the completed line; and if the width of
the column is 60 mm. for example, the stop against which the line would be
measured (the rear end of the follower 24) must stand. from the other end of
the line 74 mm. distant before the measuring takes place.
1
When the wedge advances, if there are eight temporary spaces in the line,
the only room between the line and the wedge would be due to
the shortness of the line, and the wedge would thus at once begin to
measure this shortness or if the line has less than eight spaces. the wedge
must first move the line forward toward the stop 25 to take up all the space
remaining for temporary spaces, and then it begins to measure the shortness.
If there are seven spaces in the line, the wedge must move the line toward the
set-screw 25 a distance equal to the room provided for the missing temporary
space (that is one-eighth of the 14 mm. added to the width of the column, or
1.75 mm.) before it begins to measure the shortness of the line. This gives
the wedge a longitudinal movement of 7 mm. (four times the 1.75 mm. lateral
movement) and as much more as the shortness of the line causes. If there were
six spaces in the line, this initial longitudinal movement would be 14 mm., it
being the difference between the maximum allowable number of temporary
spaces and the number in the line, multiplied by the number of quarter mm.
contained in the difference between the thickness of the temporary space and
the thinnest permanent space.
Now, if the line contains eight temporary spaces and requires the thinnest
size of permanent spaces to justify it, it will before justification be the longest
line possible and will just fill the available space between the wedge and the
follower 24 when the follower is against the set-screw 25, and the wedge will
not substantially rise, (though in such a case it has a movement which is not
transmitted to the selecting block, equal to the distance between the strip 38
and the pin 39). Hence, for the strip of the selecting block corresponding to
these eight spaces, the top step need be only long enough to remain in contact
with the plunger throughout the justification; as hereinafter explained, the
block is advanced one unit for each space substituted, and hence the top step
is eight units long, the plunger standing at the very end of the block at the fisrt
substitution, and seven unit advancements of the block leaves the plunger at the
other end of the top step, but still on it, for the last substitution.
If the line containing seven temporary spaces requires for its justification
the thinnest size of permanent spaces, the wedge has a movement of seven units
before it has taken up the space allowed for the missing temporary space, and
beyond that distance the top step of the strip operative with lines containing
seven spaces must be extended seven units so that the plunger will be on the
top step at the last substitution; and thus the top step is 7 +7 or 14 units
in length. If the line contains six temporary spaces, the initial movement of
the wedge is twice the number of the quarter mm. contained in the difference
between the .75 mm. and the 2.5 mm.; that is, twice the number of quarter mm.
contained in 1.75 mm., or twice 7, or 14 units; and there must be six units
beyond this for the plunger to rest on, which makes the top step of the sixth
strip 20 units long: If the line contains 5 temporary spaces, the selecting block
will be moved 21 units to the position in which it is first operative, if the
thinnest size of spaces are to be substituted throughout the line, and there will
be five units of movement of the block after that, making the top step of the
strip for five spaces 26 units long.
It will thus be seen that the length of the top step of any strip in units is

page_text: equal to the difference between the maximum number of spaces which the
machine may justify in one line and the number of the particular strip, multi,
plied by the number of quarter mm. contained in the difference between the
thickness of the temporary space and the thinnest permanent space, plus the
number of the strip. Thus, if N equals the number of the strip (i.e. the number
of spaces in the line that the strip operates upon) X equals the length of the
top step of that strip in units (mm.), T the thickness of the temporary space,
P the thickness of the thinnest permanent space, T and P being in the denomina-
tion (quarter mm.) corresponding to the selecting block unit (one mm.), and S
the maximum number of spaces in the line which the machine may justify, the
formula for the length of the top step of any strip is X (SN) (TP) + N.
If S = 8, T 10 (that is 10 quarter mm.) and P
(as they do in the block shown in the drawing); then
=
=
3 (that is 3 quarter mm.)
A few concrete examples of the operation of the selecting block will now
be given, it being remembered that when the plunger is in engagement with the
top step the thinnest permanent space is selected; when it is in engagement
with the next to the top step the next thicker is selected, and so on; and it being
also remembered, as hereinafter more fully explained, that the selecting block
is advanced after each insertion of a permanent space a distance equal to a unit,
as above defined.
The measuring channel between the forward edge of the wedge in its initial
position and the rear end of the follower 24 when against the set screw 25, is,
as heretofore explained, 74 mm. long. Suppose the line to be justified contains
one temporary space, and the type composing the line is 1.5 mm. less than the.
desired line the length of this line with the temporary space is 60mm.
1.5 mm. + 2.5 mm.. 61 mm. Now, 74 mm, G1 mm, = 13 mm, which is
=
-

page_text: the space the wedge must fill in measuring the line. 13 mm. of shortness of the
line permits the wedge to advance 4 × 13 52 units; the selecting block is
moved therefore 52 units and the plunger descends on the fourth step as shown
on strip No. 1 in Figure 24, and the fourth size of permanent space, which is
1.5 mm. thick, is inserted.
If the line contains four temporary spaces and is 6.5 mm. too short, the length
of the unjustified line would be 60 mm. 6.5 mm. 4 × 2.5 mm. = 63.5 mm.
74 mm. 63.5 mm. == 10.5 mm. This 10.5 mm. of shortness permits the wedge
to rise 42 units, and the plunger descends on the fourth step two units from
the end of that step. The first permanent space inserted will therefore be of
the fourth size or 1.5 mm. thick. After the insertion of this space, the block
is advanced one unit. The plunger is then on the last unit of the fourth step
and another permanent space of 1.5 mm. is inserted. After its insertion the
block is advanced another unit, and this allows the plunger to pass onto the
fifth step, causing the selection this time of a space 1,75 mm. in thickness. After
this insertion, the block is advanced another unit, and this leaves the plunger
still on the fifth step, and the fourth permanent space inserted is 1.75 mm. in
thickness. Thus two permanent spaces of 1.5 mm. and two of 1.75 mm. have
been substituted in the line for the temporary spaces, making a total of 2 ×
1.5 21.75 or 3 + 3.50 or 6.50 mm. which is the required amount of space.
Again, suppose a line containing seven temporary spaces is 12.25 mm. too
short. The length of this line before justification is 60 mm.
12.25 mm.
7 x 2.5 mm.
65.25 mm. 74 mm. 65.25 mm. = 8.75 mm.
This 8.75 mm
of shortness permits the block to be advanced by the wedge 4 × 8.75 or 35 units.
Thus the plunger descends on the seventh strip at the very beginning of the
fifth step, and the fifth size of permanent spaces will be inserted throughout
the line, for the block is advanced one unit for each space inserted, and there
being seven units on this step, the plunger will therefore remain on this step
throughout, and seven permanent spaces of 1.75 mm. thickness, or 12.25 mm.
in the aggregate will be inserted.
=
-
-
+
It will thus be seen that the spaces inserted in any one line may be of one
size or two sizes, but can not be of more than two sizes; for if the plunger stands
at the beginning of the operation of substituting permanent spaces at the very
beginning of the step, it will stand on that step throughout; while if it stands
in any other position than at the beginning of a step, it will move down during
the process of substitution to the next step and will finally stand on that step
in a position corresponding to the position it first occupied on the previous step:
and thus after it has moved down onto the next step, it must have on that step
a relative movement less than the length thereof.
The connection between the measuring mechanism and the selecting block will
now be particularly described, reference being made to Figures 1, 4, 6 and 10, 11
and 12.
Fixed to the wedge 20 near its lower end at right angles to the vertical edge
of the wedge is the projecting strip 38. This strip 38 stands with its end
normally under the pin 39, which projects from the side of the block 40 into the
path of the strip as the wedge moves upward; and, thence, as the wedge rises,
the block 40 is raised. Pivoted on the opposite side of the block is the arm 41
carrying a section of the nut 42 having threads cut in it to mesh with the
threads of the screw 43, but held normally out of engagement with said screw
by the leaf spring 44. Now as the taper of the wedge is one in four, as the
block 40 is raised by the movement of the wedge, the nut is carried upward along
the screw as many mm. as the line is quarter mm. short.
The yoke 37 of the selecting block projects through the horizontal slot 48
in the vertically slidable plate 49. Attached to this plate behind the arm 41
is a dog 50, the upper end of which is inclined and is adapted to engage with
the lug 51 on the back side of the arm 41, and thus forces the nut 42 into
engagement with the threads of the screw,

page_text: Attached to the plate 49 is a link 53 connected at its lower end with the
lever 54. A spring 55 pulls downward on the opposite end of this lever and
tends to elevate the plate when the inside cam 50 (into which takes the roller
upon the lever 54) allows it. Figure 1 shows the part in position after the
cam has operated to draw the plate 49 downward to its lowest position. (The
selecting block stands, after the completion of the justification of the line, in
the position in which it was last operated during this justification.)
When the line-lever 5 is depressed, the cam 56 draws the plate 49 and the
selecting block to their lowest position, while the assemblage member 4 is being
rotated in a manner already described. As the wedge 20 rises in the operation
of measuring the line just brought into position, the cam 56 allows the plate 49
to rise just a little later,--the wedge and selecting block maintaining their
relative position until the latter comes to rest by compacting the assembled line
of type, when the short continued movement of the plate causes the inclined face
of the dog. 50 to engage with the lug 51 on the back of the arm, and thus forces
the nut into engagement with the screw, the upper faces of the threads on the
nut meshing with the next succeeding faces of the screw; and as the nut engages
with the screw, the horizontal surface 57 of the dog contacts with the under
side of the lug and this stops the plate with the selecting block in the exact
position corresponding with the position of the wedge, and hence dependent upon
the shortness of the line. Thereafter the cam 32 operates, as heretofore explained,
to draw down the wedge to its normal position, the selecting block remaining
in its elevated position under the action of the spring 55, and the cam 56
rotating idly thereafter to the end of one complete rotation.
While the operation, just described, of shifting the block longitudinally was
taking place, the block was also shifted laterally to correspond to the number
of spaces in the line, by the space-recording mechanism, which will now be
described, reference being had particularly to Figures 2, 3, 9, 10 and 13.
The yoke 37, which connects the selecting block with the plate 49, yokes
slidably around the rod 59, carried by arms 60 and 61 on the shaft 62, whereby
the block may be raised or lowered independently of the rod but must. partake
of the transverse movement of the rod. The vertical shaft 62 carries loosely
at its lower end a segment of the gear 63, which has a stud 64 projecting between
stops 65 and 66, rigid with the shaft 62. This segment engages with teeth on
the links 67 which carries a roller pressed toward the cam 68 by the spring 69.
Hence the cam and spring are adapted (after taking up the loose play between
the stud 64 and the stops 65 and 66) to shift the selecting block laterally.
70 represents a disk having a stepped periphery, there being as many steps
as there are strips in the selecting block, and the difference in radius of the
steps corresponding to the distance between the centers of corresponding strips.
The wire 71 depends from the lever 78 of the space key 79 (actuated to insert a
temporary space in the line while the line is being set) and this wire connects
at its lower end with a bell-crank 72, the upper end of which carries the pawl 73
(of the same shape as and directly behind the pawl 75 in Figure 13) engaging
with ratchet 74 on the hub of the disk 70. The pawl 75 is adapted to engage
this ratchet 74 and retain it in the position into which it is turned by the
pawl 73. Now, every time the space key is depressed, the disk is rotated from one
tooth to the next, which moves one of the stepped faces beyond the end of the
link 67, and hence the disk is rotated as each temporary space is inserted, to
bring a step having a radius proportionate to the number of temporary spaces
inserted, opposite the link 67.
The cam 68 normally holds the link 67 out of the path of the disk so the latter
is free to be rotated as just described. When the line lever 5 is depressed, however,
the shaft 11 rotating as heretofore explained, the increasing face of the cam
not only takes up the loose play between the segment and shaft 62 but moves the
block to its extreme right hand position. As the decreasing face of the cam 68
passes the roller, the link 67 moves to the left under the influence of the spring 69

page_text: until the end of the link impinges against the step of the disk, thus moving the
selecting block laterally as many strips as there are spaces inserted. An increas-
ing face of the cam 68 then returns the link to its normal position, and the
selecting block remains in its lateral position throughout the justification. As
the shaft 11 is completing its rotation, the cam 76 on the hub of the cam 68
engages with lugs on the front ends of the pawls 73 and 75 and depresses them
out of engagement with the ratchet teeth 74, and the disk 70 returns to its normal
position by reason of the spring 77.
From the preceding description, it will be seen that the selecting block stands
during the setting of the line in whatever position it was last operated, the
ratchet 74 recording the number of spaces in the succeeding line while the
justification in the preceding line is going on, and the parts being so timed that
the justification of the line having the most spaces takes place in less time than
the operator can set up the succeeding line.
of a
The permanent spaces are arranged in order of their thickness in a space
case 80, only the lower end of which is shown in the drawing, but which consists
long narrow box divided by partitions into channels, one for each size of space.
This box is contained in a sheath 81 which is pivoted at its upper end at some
elevated point, and is of such length that the movement of the lower end (a few
centimeters) is substantially in a straight line.
The permanent spaces may lie on their flat side in the channels of the space
case, in which case the channels are all of the same size; or they may lie on
their edges, the channels being of increased width, and the partitions preferably
of decreasing width, in either case, the distance between the centers of con-
secutive channels being the same. If the spaces lie on their flat sides, a suitable
turning member. is provided between the space case and the justifying channel.
They are shown in the drawing, however, as lying on their edges and thus may
be ejected directly from the space case into the line. Whichever way they lie,
the thinnest spaces are nearest the front of the machine; the next thicker in
the next channel, and so on successively. In front of the space case is an
orifice 82 leading into the justifying channel 22, and on the other side of the
case is an ejector 83 (the actuation of which is to be hereinafter described) which
is adapted to enter the lower portion of the channel which is in front of it, and
shove the bottom space therein through the orifice 82 into the justifying channel.
The space case is swung on its pivot by means of a spring (not shown) tending
to swing it toward the front of the machine; that is, its lower end is moved
horizontally, to allow the ejector to eject any of the spaces which it carries. The
connection between the space-case and the selecting block which limits such
movement consists of the link 85 pivoted at one end to the sheath 81 and at the
other to the lever 86 which is pivoted intermediate to its ends to the frame of
the machine; and the other end of this lever embraces in a slot a pin 87 pro-
jecting from the plunger 88. This connection is so proportioned that when
the plunger contacts with the highest step of any strip of the selecting block,
the foremost channel of the space case (that is, the channel containing the
thinnest size of spaces) is in line with the ejector 83; and as the plunger descends
to each succeeding step, the space case is swung by its spring to bring the next
size larger space into line with the ejector. When the plunger rests on the
lowest portion of the selecting block, the channel containing the largest size of
permanent spaces is in line with the ejector.
During the operation which shifted the selecting block to its operative position,
as has hereinbefore been described, the space case has been held (by means to be
hereinafter described in connection with the delivery of the line) in its rearmost
position, thus raising the end of the plunger away from the selecting block and
permitting the block to move freely. After the block has come to rest in its
operative position, the case is permitted to swing forward until stopped by the
plunger coming against the step of the selecting block in line with it, thus

page_text: bringing the channel containing the size of permanent spaces first required into
line with the ejector 83.
The operation of measuring the line and setting the selecting block, occupies
but a portion of the rotation of the line-shaft 11. After the wedge has returned
to its normal position following the measurement of the line, the continued
rotation of the shaft 11 operates to advance the line along the justifying
channel 22 in front of the space case, the first temporary space in the line
stopping directly in front of the point of ejection. This operation will now be
described. It is most clearly illustrated in Figures 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 16, and 17.
The justifying channel 22 extends from the rear of the horizontal channel in
the assemblage member to the front edge of the galley S4, being a groove in
the plate 89 of a width equal to the height of the type and a depth equal to the
body of the type. This groove is covered by the plate 90, removably held by
the button 96. Extending parallel with the justifying channel and above it,
and to the right thereof, is a rail 91 on which slides the reciprocating block 92
(shown perspectively in Figure 16) which has depending from its edge nearest
the type channel a pivoted tongue 93 normally held in a vertical position by
the leaf spring 94 secured to the block and bearing at its free end on a lug 95
on the head of the tongue. This tends to keep the tongue in a vertical position
but allows it to he swung inward. When the block is in normal position, this
tongue stands in front of the follower 24 in the assembled line which has just
been revolved from the vertical to the horizontal position, and the tongue is
adapted to take into a notch 97 in that follower by being advanced along the
rail, the tongue riding over the inclined edge of the follower into the notch.
The block 92 is advanced by a cord 99 which passes around suitable sheaves,
and is secured at its end to a strap 100 which passes between the roller 101 and
the disk 102, and between the roller 103 and the disk 10, these rollers being
spring-pressed towards the disks. The disks have portions of their periphery
which are of greater radius than the rest. Immediately following the arrival
of the wedge at its lowest position after measuring the shortness of the line, this
increased portion of the disk 10 on the line shaft 11 comes into co-operation
with the roller 103, thus gripping the strap and drawing the same downward.
This downward pull on the strap draws the block along the rail and advances
the follower and the type in front of it until the line is stopped with the first
temporary space at the point of ejection by mechanism thrown into operation by
the peculiar shape of the temporary space, which operation is described below.
After such stoppage, the disk slips idly past the strap for the remainder of the
revolution.
Contained within a recess 105 in the plate 89 is the trip 106 pivoted at one
end to the lever 107 and having at the other end an upwardly extended nose 108
and resting on a spring 109. The lever 107 is journalled on a stud 104 and has
its hub extending in the form of a sleeve to which is adjustably clamped the
end of a lever 110,-the levers 107 and 110 thus acting as one lever. The lower
end of the lever 110 is connected with the sliding plate 111 which is normally
drawn toward the rear of the machine by a spring 112 and carries a depending
tongue 118 which in this position engages with a pawl 114 on the side of the
disk 102 and holds that pawl out of engagement with the notched clutch member
116 on the sleeve 117 of the continuously revolving bevel gear 127.
From this construction, it follows that if the trip 106 is moved toward the
rear of the machine, the pawl 114 engages with the clutch member 116 and
causes the rotation of the disk 102 and the shaft 120 (called the word-shaft")
to which it is secured.
The trip 106 normally stands with its nose below the bottom of the justifying
channel; but a light lever 121 within the recess 105 and pivoted to the plate 89
rests on the spring-109, and has a bevelled nose 123 projecting upward into
the channel. When the advancing type strike this nose, they slide over it

page_text: depressing it, and this presses down one end of the spring 112, and the other
end tends to press the trip 106 upward. As soon as a temporary space comes
over the nose of the trip, the latter does so move upward into the notch of the
temporary space, and the continued advancement of the line by reason of the
pull on the cord moves the trip to the rear and swings the levers 107 110 to
release the pawl and clutch and thereupon the word-shaft begins to revolve, the
line in the meantime stopping with the temporary space directly between the
injection orifice 82 and the ejection orifice 124.
The first result of the rotation of the word-shaft is produced by the cam 126,
a decreasing face of which passing the roller on the link 122 permits the lever 118
to advance the ejector 83 under the action of the spring 153, and the ejector
thus passes into the space-case and shoves the permanent space which is directly
in front of it into the justifying channel through the opening 82, shoving out
in front of it the temporary space through the ejection opening 124; and the
temporary space is thereafter returned by suitable mechanism (not shown) to
a position from which it may again be set in a line.
As a permanent space is thus substituted for the temporary space, (the corner
of the nose 108 of the trip 106 being bevelled) the trip 106 is depressed and
there is nothing to restrain the advancement of the line, when the enlargement
on the disk 102 grips the strap 100. The next temporary space, however, is
engaged by the trip 106, and this moves the plate 111 out of the path of the
pawl 114 before the word-shaft completes its rotation, and thus the same operation
is repeated. A permanent space is thus substituted for each temporary space,
and the line advanced bringing the next temporary space into the line of sub-
stitution continuously until the operation of substitution is completed.
As heretofore mentioned, the selecting block is advanced one unit for each
temporary space substituted. The mechanism which causes this comes into
operation immediately after the substitution of each space. A cam 130 on the
word-shaft engages a roller carried by a link 131 which has teeth engaging with
the gear 45 which carries a pawl 46 operating the two-toothed ratchet 47 on
the screw 43. The cam gives this toothed link a movement sufficient to rotate
the gear a half rotation and its pawl gives a similar movement to the screw.
At the completion of this movement the decreasing face of the cam allows the
link to return to its normal position and this brings back the gear, the pawl
clicking in behind the other tooth of the ratchet, a spring 132 returning the link.
The screw 43 is of such pitch that this half rotation permits the selecting block
to be moved one unit by the spring 55. This advancement of the block, as
heretofore explained, operates to permit the swinging of the space case to bring
the next size of spaces into the ejection position when that size is needed for
the proper justification of the line, but otherwise produces no effect.
After the last temporary space has been replaced by a permanent space, there
is nothing to stop the movement of the line, and it is advanced by the strap 100
until it stands on the plate 135 across the mouth of the galley 84. When the
disk 102 now releases the strap the reciprocating block 92 returns to its normal
position. This is accomplished by the following means: A cord 137 carrying
a weight (not shown) is secured to the front side of this block and tends to
return it at all times, but a dog 133 (pivoted to the block and given a tendency
to stand in the vertical position by the spring 134) stands, at the initial position,
vertically in a notch in the rail 91, but, in the movement of the block toward
the rear of the machine, trails over the top of the rail and binds the block thereto
against return movement. At the completion of the travel of the block, how-
ever, this dog comes into a notch at the rear end of the rail and thus releases
its hold on the rail, and the weight on the cord 137 draws the block back to its
initial position, the dog 133 trailing in the other direction.
In this return movement of the block 92 it brings with it the follower 24,
but just as the rear end of the follower comes into line with the rear end of

page_text: the horizontal channel in the assemblage member, the tongue of the block is
engaged by the projection 136 carried by the assemblage member and forced
laterally out of engagement with the follower. The block thus completes its
movement alone, leaving the follower in position to engage the first type set when
the channel is swung around through the remaining three quarters of a rotation
into receiving position, the block 92 being in position to engage the follower
in the channel next moved into horizontal position. A semi-circular sheath 139
beneath the assemblage member holds the followers in place while they are
swinging through the lower half of the rotation.
The extreme rearward movement of the block 92 by the pull on the strap 100
left the line standing on the plate 135 over the galley. It remains in this
position until the next line is set and the line-lever is depressed to cause its
justification. Then, simultaneously with the turning of the assemblage member
to bring the new line into horizontal position, the cam 140 on the word-shaft
draws down the link 141 and this through the lever 142, the shaft 138 and the
lever 151 draws the plate 135 from beneath the line.
As soon as the forward edge of the plate 135 clears the type the rear edge
strikes the inclined lower end of a pivoted lever 150, the forward end of which
is formed into a block 143 directly over the type, and this block thus coming
down onto the type moves it down into the galley on top of the type previously
At the same
set therein or onto the follower 144 in the case of the line first set.
time the vertical roller 145 carried by the plate 135 engages with the incline 146
of the horizontal lever 147, the forward end of which takes around the rod 148
extending from the sheath 81 of the space-case. The forward end of this lever
engages with the head 149 on said rod and moves the space-case sufficiently to
the rear of the machine to cause the plunger 88 to be entirely free from the
selecting block. The cam 140 is concentric for the most of its surface, and
while this portion is rotating past the roller on the link 141 the plunger is thus
held out of the path of the selecting block, and the selecting block is shifted
laterally and longitudinally as heretofore explained into the position determined
by the measurement and number of spaces in the new line. As the line-shaft 11,
however, completes its rotation, the link 141 comes back into its normal position
and the plate 135 thus returns over the mouth of the galley and the space-case
is freed and is moved by its spring into the position which the plunger 88
determines.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of the said
invention, as communicated to me by my foreign correspondent, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I claim is:-
1. justifying mechanism having a selecting block with a series of steps
rigid with relation to each other, a movable space case containing spaces arranged
in the order of their thickness, a plunger adapted by its position to determine
the position of the space case, which plunger is adapted to engage with the
selecting block and have its position determined by the step with which it
engages.
2. A justifying mechanism having a series of permanent spaces, a series of
steps rigid with reference to each other and having treads at different heights
dependent upon the position of the centers of successive permanent spaces,
connecting mechanism between the permanent spaces and the steps, and mechanism
for moving the series of steps in the direction of their treads to select the step
with which such mechanism shall connect..
3. A justifying mechanism having a series of spaces, a space-selecting block,
suitable connecting mechanism between the block and said spaces whereby the
relative position of the block selects the proper size of spaces, mechanism for
placing the selected spaces in a line of type being justified, and mechanism for
periodically changing the relative position of the selecting block and connecting
mechanism during the justification of one line, which periodic changes are con-
tinuously progressive throughout the justification of the line and may accumulate

page_text: at any point in the line to cause the selection of a different size of permanent
space for the remainder of the line.
4. A justifying mechanism having a series of spaces of varying size, a space
selecting block having an interrupted surface, a plunger adapted to engage there-
with, a connection between the spaces and the plunger whereby the position of
the latter determines the size of space selected, mechanism for causing relative
movement between the plunger and selecting block under two influences, one
dependent upon the measurement of the line to be justified and the other upon
the number of spaces to be justified in that line, mechanism for placing selected
spaces in the line to justify it, and mechanism for intermittently causing relative
movement between the plunger and selecting block during the justification of
one line, which intermittent movements accumulate to cause the plunger to pass
out of engagement with that surface of the selecting block with which it was
engaging, whereby its position becomes changed.
5. A justifying mechanism having a selecting block with a series of engagable
steps whereby the position of the block determines the size of permanent spaces
to justify a line of type, mechanism for placing such permanent space in such
line, and mechanism for moving the selecting block for each space so placed.
6. A justifying mechanism having a series of permanent spaces increasing in
thickness by a common difference, and connecting mechanism between such perma-
nent spaces and a selecting mechanism, which selecting mechanism consists of
a plurality of series of steps, the steps of different series increasing successively
by a common difference.
7. A space-selecting block composed of a plurality of stepped strips, each of
which strips overlap at an increasing ratio whereby the strips themselves constitute
steps at right angles to the individual steps, the number of steps in one direction
corresponding to the number of different sizes of permanent spaces which the
machine is adapted to select and the number of steps in the other direction corre-
sponding to the number of spaces between words which the machine is adapted
to justify, combined with mechanism for placing such permanent spaces in a
line of type.
8. A justifying mechanism having a plurality of series of steps, a plunger
adapted to engage with the treads of the steps and by its position determine the
size of space to be in the justified line, mechanism for changing the relative
position of the steps and plunger in the direction from one step to the next in
the same series, mechanism for changing the relative position in the direction
from one series to the next, one of said changes being dependent upon the
measurement of the line and the other upon the number of spaces to be justified.
9. A justifying mechanism having a set of permanent spaces graded in respect
to thickness, mechanism for taking account of the number of temporary spaces
in a line of type and temporary spaces, mechanism for measuring the space in
the line available for justification, a stepped selecting block which receives
movement from each of the two mechanisms just mentioned and selects a perma-
nent space which is the size next smaller than the quotient obtained by dividing
the available space by the number of spaces, mechanism for replacing the required
number of temporary spaces by this smaller size of permanent spaces, mechanism
for moving the selecting mechanism to select the next larger size of permanent
spaces.
10. A stepped selecting block, mechanism for shifting the same to a position
governed by the shortness of the line and the number of temporary spaces in
the line, a case for permanent spaces, a connection between said case and the
selecting block whereby the position of the selecting block determines the position
of the space case, and mechanism for alternately advancing the line to bring
the temporary spaces to the point of substitution, and for substituting permanent
spaces therefor.
11. A justifying mechanism having a selecting block composed of a plurality
of series of steps, the treads of the steps of different series increasing successively
5

page_text: by a common arithmetical difference, a case containing permanent spaces, a
connection between said block and said case, mechanism for causing relative
movement between the block and such connecting mechanism in the direction.
of the steps in any series proportionate to the shortness of the line to be justified
and in the direction from one series to the next proportionate to the number
of spaces in the line for justification, and mechanism for ejecting a permanent
space from the space case, mechanism for periodically causing relative movement
between the selecting block and its connection with the space case, which move-.
ment is in the direction from one step to another step in the same series, and is
substantially equal to the common difference between the treads of the steps
of successive strips.
12. A series of steps, mechanism whereby the position of said steps with -
reference to a suitable connection between them and permanent spaces determines
the size of permanent spaces in a justified line, combined with a measuring
wedge and a connecting mechanism between the wedge and selecting mechanism.
13. A justifying mechanism having a wedge which is adapted to move until
stopped by the line of type becoming compacted against a suitable stop whereby
the travel of the wedge is dependent upon the shortness of the line, mechanism
for selecting the proper size of permanent spaces to justify the line, and con-
necting mechanism between such selecting mechanism and the wedge whereby
the selecting mechanism is varied proportionately to the shortness of the line,
and mechanism for varying the selecting mechanism according to the number
of spaces to be justified.
14. A justifying mechanism having a line-shaft and means for revolving it
for each line to be justified, a measuring wedge, a space-selecting block, and
mechanism governed by the said line-shaft for causing the advancement of the
wedge to measure the line, the proportionate advancement of the selecting block
and the withdrawal of the measuring wedge.
15. A justifying mechanism having a selecting block, a rotatable screw so
connected with the block that the rotation of the screw allows the moving of the
block, a plunger adapted to engage with the block and by its position determine
the size of spaces, mechanism for placing such spaces in the line to justify it,
and mechanism for intermittently rotating said screw during the operation of
justification.
16. A justifying mechanism having a selecting block with steps, a plunger
adapted to engage with said steps and thus determine the size of permanent
spaces, mechanism for holding the plunger out of engagement with the selecting.
block while the selecting block is being shifted and for thereafter releasing the
plunger and allowing it to pass into engagement with the selecting block.
17. A justifying mechanism having a disk with a series of engageable faces
located at increasing distances from the center of the disk, a selecting block
composed of a plurality of series of steps, the distance between successive series
being proportional to the difference between the radii of the corresponding faces
on the disk, and connecting mechanism between said engageable faces on the
disk and said selecting block.
18. A revolvable member having a plurality of channels each adapted to
receive the type and hold a line of it, a justifying channel in line with one of
the channels of the revolvable member when another channel is receiving type,
mechanism adapted to measure the line when it is in the revolvable member,
and mechanism for thereafter advancing the line along the justifying channel.
19. A justifying channel adapted to contain type, a follower-block adapted to
shove the type along the channel, a frictional mechanism adapted to advance the
follower-block, and means for stopping the type and thus causing the advancing
mechanism to slip.
20. A justifying mechanism having a set of temporary spaces, a suitable
justifying channel, a trip adapted to enter said channel, mechanism for advancing
a line of type and temporary spaces along the channel across said trip, the type

page_text: preventing the trip entering the channel but the temporary spaces having notches
into which said trip may move, which movement allows the engagement of the
trip by the type next following the temporary space, and mechanism whereby
the advancement of the line of type after this engagement brings the temporary
space for which a permanent space is to be substituted into the ejection line
and initiates the movement of mechanism causing such substitution.
21. A justifying mechanism having a justifying channel with an entrance
opening and an exit opening in line with each other, a permanent space case
having a plurality of channels, said permanent space case being movable and
adapted to have any one of its channels in line with the entrance opening, and
an ejector adapted to shove a permanent space from its case into the channel
and cause the ejection of the corresponding temporary space therein through
the exit opening.
22. A justifying mechanism having a selecting block composed of a plurality
of series of steps, the different series increasing successively in the treads of
their steps.
23. justifying mechanism having a space-selecting block composed of a
plurality of stepped strips side by side, the treads of the steps of the different
strips increasing in length from one side of the block to the other.
24. A space-selecting block for a justifying mechanism composed of a plurality
of series of steps, the length in units of the top step of each series measured from
a certain datum line being defined by the formula (SN) (T- P) + N, where S
is the maximum number of spaces in the line which the machine may justify,
N the number of the particular series, T the thickness of the temporary space,
and P the thickness of the thinnest permanent space, the said unit bearing such
relation to the denomination in which T and Pare expressed as the measuring
mechanism and its connection with the selecting block determines.
25. A space-selecting block for a justifying mechanism composed of a plurality
of series of steps, the difference in length in units of the top steps of consecutive
series being defined by the formula T-P-1, where T is the thickness of the
temporary space and P the thickness of the thinnest permanent space, each
expressed in a denomination which bears such relation to the said unit as the
measuring mechanism and its connection with the selecting block determines.
26. The method of justifying type, substantially as herein shown and described.
Dated this 5th day of October 1899.
BOULT & WADE,