IMPROVEMENTS IN SMELTING FURNACES
Year: 1862

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Peter Tate, of Park Terrace, South Street, Ken-
nington, in the County of Surrey, Gentleman, for the Invention of
"IMPROVEMENTS IN SMELTING FURNACES."-A communication from abroad
by Wlademer Raschette, of the Mining Department, St. Petersburg,
Russia, Major General.
Scaled the 1st August 1862, and dated the 8th May 1862.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Peter Tate at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 8th May
1862..
I, PETER TATE, of Park Terrace, South Street, Kennington, in the County
of Surrey, Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN SMELTING FURNACES," to be as follows:-
Smelting furnaces' as' usually constructed are of a circular form and built of
great height, in order to afford' the necessary capacity, and have usually one,
two, or more' tuyere holes for the introduction of the blasts of air, which,
if two air jets are employed, are disposed directly opposite to each other. In
using circular furnaces the blast has necessarily a long way to penetrate the
heated mass, and does not penetrate thoroughly and equally through it. Now,
according to this Invention, I build smelting furnaces, the horizontal section of
the interior of which is of an oblong rectangular form, the interior being of
that form at any point of its height. The lengthened or oblong form of the
parallelogram described is such that two sides of the furnace are extended a
considerable width, and disposed comparatively near to each other; and at
which sides I introduce the tuyeres, there being a series thereof, say, some
twelve or thirteen, distributed throughout the entire length of the sides; these

page_text: tuyeres are so arranged as not to be directly opposite each other, but on the
contrary, the one to be midway between each two on the opposite side. In
the ends of the parallelogram constituting the ends of the furnace, I dispose
the apertures for drawing off the metal. By this arrangement of the furnace
and the tuyeres, the blast readily and thoroughly permeates the mass in the
furnace where it is introduced.
The furnace is made of the smallest area below and near where the blast is
introduced, but increases upwards to a considerable extent, and the sole is
inclined towards the outlet apertures for the metal. In furnaces built according
to this Invention I increase their capacity and working power by increasing
the length of the sides and the number of tuyeres, and thereby avoiding the
necessity of carrying them nearly so high as usual. Instead of introducing the
blast by a series of tuyeres disposed at intervals along the sides of the furnace,
I form the apertures for the entrance of the blast, so as to introduce it in the
form of a thin film extending along the whole length of the sides of the
furnace. As it may be inconvenient to make the admission aperture con-
tinuous, it may be interrupted at points, but this should be as little as possible,
the object being to distribute the blast to the greatest possible extent. When
broad jets or film blasts are used I provide tuyeres also, as before described,
disposed just above the film jets, which tuyeres may be used in case the others
get out of order or from any other reason. These furnaces may be constructed
of greater or lesser dimensions and height, according to the purposes for which
they are intended, and to the nature of the ores to be operated on, or it may
be only for the purpose of remelting metals.
In constructing smelting furnaces, I further form furnace places in their
foundations, and lead from them flues through the body of the brickwork for
the purpose of drying and preparing the furnaces for work, whereby much
time is saved, and the furnace may be made ready for work sooner than can
be the case as ordinarily constructed. In these furnaces I dispose the fuel
in the middle and the ores at the sides of the furnace.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Peter Tate in the Great Seal Patent Office on the Sth
November 1862.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, PETER
TATE, of Park Terrace, South Street, Kennington, in the County of Surrey, 3.
Gentleman, send greeting.

page_text: WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Eighth day of May, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-two, in the twenty-fifth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me,
the said Peter Tate, Her special licence that I, the said Peter Tate, my
executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Peter
Tate, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the
term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel
Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN SMELTING FUR-
NACES,"
a communication to me from abroad by Wlademer Raschette, of the
Mining Department, St. Petersburg, Russia, Major General, upon the con-
dition (amongst others) that I, the said Peter Tate, my executors or adminis-
trators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands
and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said
Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause
the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Peter Tate, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed,
to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement,
reference being had to the Sheets of Drawing hereunto annexed, and to the
letters and figures marked thereon (that is to say):-
Smelting furnaces as usually constructed are of a circular form and built of
great height in order to afford the necessary capacity, and have usually onc,
two, or more tuyere holes for the introduction of the blasts of air, and which if
two air jets are employed are disposed directly opposite to each other. In
using circular furnaces the blast bas necessarily a long way to penetrate the
heated mass and does not permeate thoroughly and equally through it.
Now according to this Invention, I build smelting furnaces the horizontal
section of the interior of which is of an oblong rectangular form, the interior
being of that form at any point of its height. The lengthened or oblong form
of the parallelogram described is such that two sides of the furnace are extended
5 to a considerable width, and disposed comparatively near to each other, and at
which sides I introduce the tuyeres, there being a series thereof, say, some
twelve or thirteen, distributed throughout the entire length of the sides; these
tuyeres are so arranged as not to be directly opposite each other, but on the
contrary the one to be midway between each two on the opposite side. In

page_text: the ends of the parallelogram, constituting the ends of the furnace, I dispose
the apertures for drawing off the metal. By this arrangement of the furnace
and the tuyeres the blast readily and thoroughly permeates the mass in the
furnace where it is introduced. The furnace is made of the smallest area
below and near where the blast is introduced, but increases upwards to a
considerable extent; the sole is inclined towards the outlet apertures for the
metal. In furnaces built according to this Invention, I increase the capacity
and working power by increasing the length of the sides and the number of
tuyeres; and thereby avoiding the necessity of carrying them nearly as high as
usual. Instead of introducing the blast by a series of tuyeres disposed at
intervals along the sides of the furnace, I form the aperture for the entrance
of the blast, so as to introduce it in the form of a thin film extending along
the whole length of the sides of the furnace. As it may be inconvenient to
make the admission aperture continuous, it may be interrupted at points, but
this should be as little as possible, the object being to distribute the blast to
the greatest possible extent. When broad jets or film blasts are used, I
provide tuyeres as before described, disposed just above the film jets, which
tuyeres may be used in case the others get out of order or for any other
reason. These furnaces may be constructed of greater or lesser dimensions
and height, according to the purposes for which they are intended, and the
nature of the ores to be operated on, or it may be only for the purposes of
remelting metals. In constructing smelting furnaces, I further form furnace
places in their foundations, and lead from them flues through the body of the
brickwork for the purpose of drying and preparing the furnaces for work,
whereby much time is saved and the furnace may be made ready for work
much sooner than can be the case as ordinarily constructed.
Description of a universal blast furnace. This improved blast furnace pre-
sents in the interior the form of a quadrilateral truncated pyramid, so that the
form of the base, in its horizontal section, is that of a parallelogram, and possesses
the peculiar features of being narrow, of great length, and of but little
elevation in proportion to its capacity; at same time, it gradually enlarges
from the base to the mouth of the furnace. Another distinguishing feature
consists in the large numbers of tuyeres used, which are disposed in two long
rows opposite each other, or instead of this, I may make the tuyeres in the
form of horizontal openings with the tymps on two sides, and with two
running-off orifices, according as to whether the furnace is arranged for the
treatment of iron or copper ores; lastly, a small furnace is placed under the
sole for heating all the parts of the furnace. This improved furnace is
suitable either for the treatment of all kinds of ores, as also for remelting

page_text: various metals, metallurgical products, and also for the manufacture of cast
steel direct from the ore, which latter I have proved by practical experience
on a large scale, and the advantage resulting from their use, the furnaces
being modified according to the nature of the ore or metal to be treated,
which modifications, however, do not affect the fundamental principle or form
of the system, which remain the same.
The annexed Drawings represent detailed views of a blast furnace, con-
structed according to this Invention, and intended for the treatment of
copper ore, which may also be employed for treating ores of silver, lead, or
other metal, and realizing all the advantages berein-after enumerated. The
furnaces for the treatment of iron ore and for smelting cast iron differ only in
being more solidly constructed, of greater elevation, and by the addition of
tymps, and generally in the particular arrangement of the parts necessitated
by the various natures of the ores or products & matters to be treated.
For greater clearness, I will describe the treatment of ores of copper and
iron separately and distinct from each other. In the treatment and casting.
of metals at high degrees of fusion, especially platina and nickel, as also in
the production of cast steel direct from the ore, the same furnaces are
employed with but slight alteration, varying the dimensions, for example,
using small low furnaces in cases where, 1st, it is required to easily and
quickly remedy any derangement in the action of the furnace; 2ndly, to.
avoid as much as possible all loss & waste, as in the treatment of precious
metals; 3rdly, when, generally speaking, there is only a small quantity of
material to be treated which would be insufficient for a large furnace. In the
latter instance the improved arrangement of the tuyeres, herein-after described,
will be found to be of especial advantage. I have described the two furnaces.
(iron and copper) under two different heads, marked A and B, and will com-
mence with A. The advantages obtained, both in the construction & action
of the blast furnaces of this Invention for the treatment of iron, are as
follows: The results have been proved by working three of these furnaces for
more than two years.
1st, in these furnaces the descent of each supply of material towards the
tuyeres is effected in a gradual & regular manner as distinguished from
the method ordinarily adopted when the furnaces are so constructed that the
descent of the material becomes slower in proportion to the depth.
2ndly, in these improved furnaces the ore is placed in horizontal layers near
the middle of the furnace, in all cases being equally distributed on a horizontal
plane, the ore forming horizontal layers, while in the furnaces of the ordinary

page_text: construction, which are generally of circular form, the ore is placed more
against the sides of the furnaces, leaving the centre void.
3rdly, by suitably combining and disposing a large number of tuyeres, &
consequently of melting furnaces, I obtain a much more regular temperature,
or zone of fusion in the plane of the tuyeres, while in ordinary, when using
only two, or at most three tuyeres, there are only produced as many separate
points of fusion or force of oxidation.
4thly, from the foregoing it results, 1st, that the descent of the charges;
2ndly, the preparation of the ore in its descent into the furnace; 3rdly, its
fusion at the tuyeres, is effected with much more regularity than in ordinary,
and that consequently, while obtaining at the same time à saving in fuel, the
products obtained, and in the present case, cast iron, are of superior quality.
5thly, the interior of the furnace, constructed according to this Invention,
does not possess what is usually termed the hearth, or rather it has only the
form of said part which extends from the sole to the mouth of the furnace,
but more perpendicular than in ordinary.
6thly, it results that, as the interior of the furnace gradually enlarges
from the sole to the mouth, the intense heat and gases produced by the tuyeres
being distributed over an increasing area as they rise will be more easily
regulated and absorbed, thus producing a saving in the fuel & vapour treat-
ment of the matters.
7thly, the furnace is heated from the exterior instead of on the interior, as
in ordinary, by means of a furnace situated under the sole; this is certainly a
much more rational manner, as it allows of easily ascertaining whether the
furnace, & especially the sole, is heated through and through, which is of very
great importance when smelting ores.. The heating of the furnace is also one
of the most important parts of the system, by means of which I am enabled,
1st, to rapidly and thoroughly heat the furnace with a very small consumption
of fuel; 2ndly, to construct the furnace, in winter, without having to fear any
prejudicial result; 3rdly, to construct the mantle, the lining, and the braces or
stays of the furnace much lighter than in ordinary; at same time, the circu-
lation of air through the numerous horizontal and vertical passages made in the
mantle, and between the mantle and the lining, continually cools the furnace,
and thus prevents dilatation & the destruction of the masonry.
8thly, by this improved system of furnace with elongated openings, instead
of the single tuyeres usually employed, a zone of oxidation or fusion is pro-
duced, which is regular in every sense of the word, while its action is
weakened in a vertical direction, which has never been hitherto attained in any

page_text: furnace, by reason of which, 1st, I obtain a much more rapid & regular fusion
of the ore, and consequently a much larger quantity of metal; 2ndly, in any
other manner it is impossible to beat large masses of metal requiring a high
degree of beat for fuising them, such as platina, nickel, and other metals;
Srdly, this improved arrangement of tuyeres will render the greatest service
in the manufacture of cast steel direct from the ore, or with the assistance of
the necessary matters. The system of tnyeres with elongated openings is,
consequently, a very important improvenient in the construction of blast
furnaces, which improvement cannot fail to meet with numerous and expensive
applications in metallurgy.
9thly, blast furnaces intended for the manufacture of cast iron I make of
about 26 feet in height only, which from experience I have found to be suffi-
cient, while eight hours is sufficient for completely réducing to fusion and.
carbonization the richest ores, such as ores of magnetic iron, and in order to
obtain grey pig iron of a limpid nature & a good quality.
10thly, in consequence of the low elevation of the furnace and of its column
of fusion or supply, 1st, a slight pressure of the blast is sufficient, thereby
dispensing with the use of powerful blast cylinders, a fan of good construction
being sufficient when using charcoal in the treatment. 2ndly, it does away
with the necessity of constructing a costly bridge at the mouth of the furnace..
3rly, the transport of the ore, the charcoal and the flux, &c., to the furnace
mouth is effected at much less cost and with greater facility. 4thly, the cost of
construction of these improved furnaces is considerably less than in ordinary.
5thly, the introduction of the matters into the furnace is greatly facilitated
by the rapid descent, while the smelting operation is much more easily
regulated.
11thly, in proportion to the extremely small interior capacity, which is at
the outside but 2,000 cubic feet, as compared with 5,000 cubic feet, which
the furnaces hitherto constructed average in extent, the production of cast
iron from this improved furnace is three and a half-times larger than that of
the former. The average production of cast iron treated with charcoal for
24 hours in this improved furnace will amount to from 27 to 29 tons, which
amount may be considerably increased by employing heated air coke and
furnaces of large dimensions.
12thly, the economy in fuel obtained is as much as 15% and over.
13thly, these furnaces possess two working sides, that is to say, tymps &
running off orifices on both sides. 1st, for the purpose of more conveniently
effecting a complete fusion on the sole of the furnace, observing the great

page_text: length of the furnaces compared with their width, and the consequent great
length of the crucible. 2ndly, in order to obviate the necessity of space for
the bed of cast pig in consequence of the enormous rate of production.
14thly, the construction of a blast furnace on this improved system only
occupies from 2 to 3 months, and from what has been above stated it will be
seen that it may be at once put into operation. The cost of construction
amounts to from seven to eight hundred pounds sterling at most. This should
notably aid in extending the use of blast furnaces of this arrangement, and
cause their general adoption, if it is considered that hitherto the construction
of a blast furnace has always required a year, & that it required to be heated
for 4 months at a great expense of fuel before being suitable for use, thus
absorbing a capital of from twelve to fifteen hundred pounds sterling, at
least.
B. Furnaces for the treatment of ores of copper, silver, lead, tin, and
zinc. The interior of these furnaces presents in a horizontal section taken at
any point, the form of an elongated parallelogram. The two longer sides of
the furnace gradually enlarge from the sole towards the mouth, and serve to
receive cach of them a row of from 13 to 15 tuyeres, or for receiving the
improved arrangement of tuyeres in the form of elongated openings. At the
two ends or working parts which rise quite vertical from the sole to the mouth
are placed a ladle, as also the running off orifice. The sole of the furnace
is slightly inclined from the middle towards the ends, and the tuyeres are
placed along the sides of the furnace parallel to the sole, so that from the
centre they form two rows slightly inclined, disposed opposite each other, in a
direction so as to cross instead of meeting each other. Under the sole of the
furnace is placed the furnace for heating the former, from which extend under
the sole several passages or channels which branch off in all directions with
the mantle, both vertically and horizontally, to the mouth of the furnace.
The advantages obtained & improvements made in these improved furnaces
as compared with that heretofore constructed, also the treatment of copper
ore either for obtaining firstly, the matt or for the production of black copper
in a direct manner will be described herein-after, which results are taken on
an average of the working of furnaces continually in operation for several years
at Nischne Tagilsk, and of others constructed about the middle of the past
year at the copper works of Bogoslowsk and Perm.
1st, the descent of the matters is more regular, & consequently the
preparation of the ore more uniform, the fusion being much more complete,
the products obtained are consequently of superior quality than those produced

page_text: in ordinary furnaces. Generally speaking the work is not so hard for the
overlookers, and the men suffer much less from the heat at the mouth of the
furnace when supplying the material.
2ndly, the tapping of the products in fusion or the mictals and the work of
cleaning the sole of the furnace may be more readily effected with a great
saving of labour to the operator.
3rdly, in the copper smelting furnace of this Invention as much as 47 tons
of material may be treated in 24 hours, that is, of ore & flux, while in
ordinary for the same period but 5 to 7 tons at most can be treated at one
time. In this manner one of these improved furnaces will serve the work of
6 or 7 of the ordinary construction, while at same time 6 and 7 times as
inuch ore is treated in one operation. The treatment of such an immense
quantity in a single furnace in 24 hours has never before been effected with
any arrangement of furnace. This forms an advantage of great importance in
metallurgy, as it thus becomes possible to reduce the sixth or seventh part of
the number of furnaces actually in use for treating ores of copper, silver,
lead, or other metals.
4thly, the saving in fuel is as much as 20 per cent., while it requires a
much smaller blast pressure in comparison to that required for six ordinary
furnaces.
5thly, the service of these improved copper furnaces requires but 28 men in
24 hours, while six ordinary furnaces require 48 men, thus effecting a saving
of 20 men for each furnace of this Invention.
6thly, the scoria from these furnaces is always of poorer quality and of a
more uniform nature than those usually produced, while there is 15 per cent.
less impure scoria and residue.
7thly, ordinary blast furnaces are only capable of being worked from 60 to
70 days, whereas the furnaces of this Invention may generally remain in
operation for 140 days and upwards without interruption.
8thly, by means of the heating furnace placed under the sole in this
improved system, the furnace may be dried much more quickly and com-
pletely than in ordinary, and with much less fuel; even during the coldest
winter weather these furnaces may be easily constructed, and in a short time.
9thly, each of these furnaces are separate the one from the other, thus
avoiding the expense of massive brick work and supporting walls against which
furnaces are generally ranged. Generally, in consequence of the great capa-
city of the furnaces described under the third head, a building of much smaller
diniensions would be sufficient. The cost of constructing one of these
improved furnaces, having from 26 to 30 tuyeres or tuyere apparatus of the

page_text: improved description before-mentioned, amounts to from £200 to £240
sterling, which sum would be insufficient for constructing two or three ordi-
dinary furnaces.
10thly, the diminution in the number of furnaces as compared with those
now employed possesses this further advantage, which is of great importance,
that the number of overlookers and furnacemen required being smaller, they
may be more readily procured, at same time the operation may be thereby
better attended to, thus effecting a gain in the result which is of immense
advantage when treating metals of a certain value.
11thly, with this small number of furnaces, which is however sufficient,
the preliminary trials will be greatly simplified and shortened, while for
ascertaining the composition of the matters, or the quality of the metals and
products obtained, some analyses or metallurgical experiments are suflicient,
and consequently the mean value of the products are ascertained with greater
facility and exactitude, which permits of deriving all the advantages possible
from them.
12thly, in these improved furnaces for the treatment of copper, the ore is
placed equally along the sides of the furnace next the tuyeres, the fuel being
placed in the middle in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the furnace.
This arrangement accounts for the saving in fuel, which is relatively much
greater in treating copper ores than in blast furnaces for the manufacture of
cast iron, as the fuel being placed in the middle of the furnace with the ore on
the two sides, the heat will be much better utilized and more concentrated than
in ordinary when the ore is placed next the tuyeres, and the fuel at the side
opposite the blast, by which arrangement the fuel is only in contact with the
ore on one side, while the other side is next the side of the furnace, where
by the conducting quality of the refractory bricks a great quantity of heat
passes oll into the atmosphere.
DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS.
Furnace for copper.-Fig. 1 represents a front view of the furnace on the
working side; Fig. 2 shows a longitudinal view on the side next the tuyeres;
Fig. 3 represents a horizontal section above the sole of the furnace in the
plane of the tuyeres on line C, D; Fig. 4 shows a horizontal section on
line A, B, below the sole of the furnace, passing through the furnace a, for
.heating the ore; Fig. 5 represents a vertical section on line G, H, through the
middle of the furnace, and parallel to the narrow or working sides of the
Furnace for copper.-Fig. 1 represents a front view of the furnace on the
working side; Fig. 2 shows a longitudinal view on the side next the tuyeres;
Fig. 3 represents a horizontal section above the sole of the furnace in the
plane of the tuyeres on line C, D; Fig. 4 shows a horizontal section on
line A, B, below the sole of the furnace, passing through the furnace a, for
.heating the ore; Fig. 5 represents a vertical section on line G, H, through the
middle of the furnace, and parallel to the narrow or working sides of the
furnace; Fig. 6 represents a longitudinal vertical section of the furnace on
line E, F, passing through the middle of the furnace, and parallel to its long

page_text: sides, on which are placed the tnyeres; Fig. 7 represents a similar section to
that shown at Fig. 5, but of double the size, and with the addition of tuyeres
of novel arrangement; Fig. 8 represents a similar view to Fig. 6, but of
double the size, and with the addition of tuyeres of novel construction; a,
furnace situated under the sole below its level for heating the contents of the
furnace; b, principal lateral horizontal passages or channels branching from a,
and furnished with plates of cast iron; c, channels passing up into the mantle
of the furnace, and opening to the exterior by branches d; e, exterior
masonry or mantle for the furnace, constructed of brickwork, which latter is
only placed along the sides of the furnace in which the tuyeres are fitted;
f, lining of the furnace of refracting bricks, forming at same time the working
siles or fronts of the furnace, and furnished with cast-iron stays g; h, sole of
the furnace of hammered refractory clay; i, range of tuyeres, 13 in number;
k, interior of the furnace. In order to support the upper part of tlie lining of
the furnace, and prevent its sinking when the crucible wears out and enlarges
by the fire, I place plates of cast iron m, resting on supports 7, in the brick-
work of the mantle, which pass through the lining and other parts, the plates n
being also applied in the lining of the furnace; breast of the furnace;
2, basin or receptacle for receiving the melted products; 7, furnace ladle for
receiving the metallic products from the basin p. Instead of the openings for
the tuyeres being arched, I apply cast-iron columns 7, on which rest the
plates s, also of cast iron, supporting the brickwork of the mantle c; tlic
stays and strengthening parts of the furnace are formed of standards of cast
iron t, which form the corners, and serve as a protection thereto; plates of
cast iron u are adapted in such manner that the bands v of forged iron em-
bracing the furnace exercise an equal pressure throughout when it expands by
heat; w, sheet-iron pipes for conveying the blast; a, sheet-iron canopy placed
above the furnace, supported by bars of iron y;, air passages opening into
the mouth under a for carrying away the smoke, heat, and sparks from the
furnace; a', tuyeres of novel construction; a³, blast pipe of the same.
DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS.
Furnace for iron.-Fig. 9 represents a horizontal section below the sole of
the furnace- through auxiliary furnace a; Fig. 10 end view, and Fig. 11 side
view of the furnace; Fig. 12 is a transverse vertical section through the line
A, B; Fig. 14 & Fig. 13 a longitudinal vertical section of the furnace on
line C, D, Fig. 14, which is itself a horizontal section on the plan of the
tuyeres, while Fig. 15 is a plan of the top; Figs. 16 and 17 are partial
sections similar to Figs. 12 & 15, but on an enlarged scale, and furnished

page_text: 2
with additional tuyeres of novel construction and arrangement; a, auxiliary
furnace for drying and beating the same; b, main flue of a immediately below
the sole ; c, flue, which may lead to a chimney to create a draught; d, d,
lateral channels from b, leading to side flues e, in communication with the
vertical channels f, passing up in the mantle or jacket of the furnace, and
having escape apertures a¹ at different elevations; k, sides or lining of the
furnace of fire-bricks or other refractory clay, to be renewed at pleasure when
worn out; h, plates of cast iron supporting the sole i above the flues 6 and d:
9, plates of iron in the lining o, resting on supports in the brickwork of
the mantle, . In this case I arch the tuyere openings to carry the
mantle, the arches resting on cast-iron supports, and being tied by
iron plates ; m, tuyeres and tuyere openings as before described in this illus-
tration; the sole i of the furnace is inclined principally from one end, and the
tuyeres are arranged accordingly; f¹, blast main, with branches g', g', to the
several tuyeres, having flexible pipes i', ', connecting them with the nozzles h';
c and i, upright iron bearings at the corners of the furnace, suitably stayed
by straps b', encircling the furnace, and through bolts; gy", ties passing through
between the lining and the mantle r; n, arched openings of the tuyeres;
t, t, are the working ends of the furnace from which the melted metals are
drawn off, as well understood; x2, x2, in Figs. 16 and 17 shows tuyeres of
novel construction and arrangement for introducing, a blast that is nearly con-
tinuous from end to end of the furnace, as hercin-before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Peter Tate, have hereunto set my hand.
and scal, this Seventh day of November, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and sixty-two.
Witness,
W. CLARK,
Patent Agent,
53, Chancery Lane,
London.
PETER TATE. (L.S.)