IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRIC TELEGRAPHS AND IN APPARATUS RELATING THERETO, PART OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE APPLICABLE TO OTHER PURPOSES,
Year: 1845

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, CHARLES
WHEATSTONE, of Conduit Street, in the County of Middlesex, Esquire, and
WILLIAM FOTHERGILL COOKE, of Kidbrooke, near Blackheath, in the County
of Kent, Esquire, send grecting.
WHEREAS we did, by Petition, humbly represent unto Her present most
Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria that we had invented "IMPROVEMENTS IN
ELECTRIC TELEGRAPHS AND IN APPARATUS RELATING THERETO, PART OF WHICH
IMPROVEMENTS ARE APPLICABLE TO OTHER PURPOSES," and Her said Majesty
Majesty, being willing to give encouragement to all arts and inventions which
may be for the public good, was graciously pleased, by Her Royal Letters
Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Sixth day of May, One thousand
eight hundred and forty-five, in the eighth year of Her reign, for Herself, Her
heirs and successors, to give and grant unto us, the said Charles Wheatstone
and William Fothergill Cooke, our executors, administrators, and assigns, Her
especial license, full power, sole privilege and authority, that we or they, by
ourselves or themselves, or by our or their deputies, servants, or agents, or
such others as we or they should agree with, and no others, during the term
of fourteen years from the date of the said Letters Patent, should and lawfully
might make, use, exercise, and vend our said Invention within that part of
Her said Majesty's Dominions called England, Her Dominion of Wales, and
Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed; and in the Islands of Jersey, Guernsey,

page_text: Alderney, Sark, and Man, and also in Her said Majesty's Colonies and Plan-
tations abroad, in such manner as to us, our executors, administrators, and
assigns, shall seem meet, and that we or they shall enjoy the whole profit and
advantage arising by reason of the said Invention during the said term of four-
teen years; and for that end Her said Majesty requires and strictly commands
all Her subjects whatsoever, within England, Wales, and Berwick-upon-Tweed,
and the Islands and Colonies and places aforesaid, that they shall not, neither
directly nor indirectly, make, use, or put in practise our said Invention, or any
part thereof, nor in anywise counterfeit, imitate, or resemble the same, nor
make any addition thereto or subtraction therefrom, whereby to pretend him-
self or themselves to be the inventor or inventors thereof; and whereas the
said Letters Patent contain a proviso obliging us, the said Charles Wheatstone
and William Fothergill Cooke, particularly to describe and ascertain the
nature of our said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed,
by an instrument in writing under our hands and seals, or under the hand and
seal of one of us, and to cause the same to be enrolled in Her Majesty's High
Court of Chancery within six calendar months next and immediately after the
date of the said Letters Patent, as in and by the same (reference being there-
unto had) will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, we, the said
Charles Wheatstone and William Fothergill Cooke, do hereby declare that
our said Invention is described and ascertained in manner following, and by
the aid of the four Sheets of Drawings hereunto annexed; that is to say:-
Our present improvements relate, for the most part, to electric telegraphs
and apparatus formerly invented by us (or one of us), and for which certain
Letters Patent have been granted, and the Inventions have been described in
five several Specifications, as follows:-First, Letters Patent granted by His
late Majesty King William the Fourth to William Fothergill Cooke and
Charles Wheatstone, bearing date the Twelfth day of June, One thousand
eight hundred and thirty-seven; and in conformity with such Letters Patent
a Specification was duly enrolled at the Chapel of the Rolls, on the Twelfth
day of December, One thousand eight hundred and thirty-seven. Second,
Letters Patent granted by Her present Majesty Queen Victoria to William
Fothergill Cooke, bearing date on the Eighteenth day of April, One thousand
eight hundred and thirty-eight; and in conformity therewith a Specification
was enrolled at the Rolls Chapel, on the Eighteenth day of October, One
thousand eight hundred and thirty-eight. Third, Letters Patent granted by
Her present Majesty to Charles Wheatstone and William Fothergill Cooke,
on the Twenty-first day of January, One thousand eight hundred and forty;

page_text: and in conformity therewith a Specification was duly enrolled at the Chapel of
the Rolls on the Twenty-first day of July, One thousand eight hundred and
forty. Fourth, Letters Patent granted by Her present Majesty to Charles
Wheatstone, on the Seventh day of July, One thousand eight hundred and
forty-one; and in conformity therewith a Specification was duly enrolled at
the Chapel of the Rolls on the Seventh day of January, One thousand eight
hundred and forty-two. Fifth, Letters Patent granted by Her present
Majesty to William Fothergill Cooke on the Eighth day of September, One
thousand eight hundred and forty-two; and in conformity therewith a Specifi-
cation was duly enrolled at the Chapel of the Rolls on the Eighth day of
March, One thousand eight hundred and forty-three. And note, whenever the
expression or expressions first Specification, or second Specification, or third
Specification, or fourth Specification, or fifth Specification, is or are used in any
part of this our present Specification, it is to be understood that the first, or the
second, or the third, or the fourth, or the fifth of the Specifications above
enumerated is or are meant by such expression or expressions.
And whereas in the first Specification it is described to the effect that for
giving signals by means of electric currents magnetic needles (like, compass
needles) are to be disposed in vertical planes by fastening them upon hori-
zontal axes moveable on pivots at the ends of such axes, the said needles being
heavier at their lowest ends in order to give them a decided tendency to hang
vertical and point upwards when they are not influenced by electric currents,
and that such magnetic needles are to be situated so near to a metallic wire
capable of transmitting electric currents as that the needles will be influenced
thereby; and in the same manner as in the instruments called galvanometers,
the said wire is caused to form many convolutions around a narrow space,
within which a magnetic needle, mounted on an horizontal axis, as aforesaid,
is left at liberty to move without touching any of the convolutions that the
wire makes, the order of the said convolutions being such as that the wire
shall always transmit the electric current in one direction at one side of the
plane in which the needle moves, but shall transmit the same current in the
contrary direction at the other side of that plane, the wire being for that pur-
pose coiled around the said space in such a manner as that all the ascending
parts of the coils will be at one side of the needle (towards one end of its axis),
and all the descending parts of the same coils at the other side of the same
needle (or nearer to the other end of its axis), with which arrangement of the
coiled wire each ascending as well as descending portion of the wire will convey
he electric current in the proper direction for giving the needle a tendency to
leflection from its vertical direction to one side or the other, according to the

page_text: direction in which the current is transmitted through the coiled wire; and
the concurrence of an adequate number of such convolutions, which may be
térmed multiplying coils, will give the needle so much tendency to deflection
as that it will turn from its quiescent or vertical position with a sudden
motion towards one side or other the instant that an electric current is begun
to be transmitted through the wire; but the needle will return to that vertical
position by the gravitation of its heavy end on the cessation of the said current;
and the extent of deflection or angular motion that the needle is permitted to
perform is limited by fixed stops, against which the needle is brought to rest in
an inclining position so long as an electric current continues to be transmitted
through the wire, and such inclining position of the needle is a signal. The
needle is made to incline in that manner to one side of its vertical position, and
rest against one of its stops, when the electric current is transmitted in one
direction through the wire; but if the direction of the current is reversed, then
the needle is made to incline to the opposite side of its vertical position, and
to rest against the other of its stops. Also two such magnetic needles are
fastened on the same horizontal axis aforesaid, with the poles of the two
needles reversed in the manner of what is termed an astatic combination, so
that if the north pole of one needle is uppermost, the north pole of the other
needle will be downwards, whereby the effect of terrestrial magnetism will be
neutralised, and one needle being included in the space left between the coils
of the wire, whilst the other needle on the same axis is at the exterior of
those coils. Owing to the said reversal of the poles of the two needles, the
exterior needle will be suitably situated for receiving the deflecting influence
of the electric current, which is transmitted through those parts of the coils
of wire which are nearest to the said exterior needle; which latter is also
made to serve as a pointer for indicating on a dial plate the signal that is
to be made. The said arrangement of magnetic needles and coils of wire
is represented in Figures C, D, E, F, and G, Sheet I. of the Drawings
annexed to the first Specification, and is fully described in reference to those
Figures, and apparatus so constructed has been brought into use in electric
telegraphs.
The first part of our present improvements in electric telegraphs is for the
purpose of increasing the action whereby any electric currents which may
be transmitted through the wire of such multiplying coils tends to cause
deflection of the magnetic needles from their quiescent vertical position afore
said, and consists in inserting a suitable mass of soft iron into the narrow
space which is left within the coils, and in which space one of the magneti
needles was situated, according to the original construction, as described and

page_text: represented in the first Specification; but according to this first part of our
present improvements, that said magnetic needle which was within the mul-
tiplying coil is to be exterior to that coil, in the same manner as the other of
the two needles originally was and is still to remain, so that both needles will '
be exterior to the coil at the two sides thereof, and the aforesaid piece or mass
of soft iron will occupy the space within the coils. The effect will be that
the transmission of an electric current through the coiled wire will excite
occasional or voltaic magnetism in the said mass of soft iron, so as to convert
the same for the time into a voltaic magnet, which, from its mass and its
relative position in respect to the two magnetic needles being situated between
the two, will cause them to deflect from their vertical positions with the same
kind of motion as in the original construction, described in the first Specifica-
tion, as aforesaid, but with increased force of deflection, so as to render the
needles more certain in their operation.
In Sheet I. of the Drawings, hereunto annexed, Figures D, E, explain the
construction of the Parts 1 and 7. Figure E are the two magnetic needles
which are fastened on near to the ends of their horizontal axis 6, which is
supported on pivots at each end of it. 10, 10, is the frame, around which the
wire is coiled; that frame being made in two parts, leaving an interval between
them to admit the axis 6, but the coils of the wire around the two parts
10, 10, are continuous, and operate as one multiplying coil, in the same manner
as described in the first Specification. Figure E shews the needles in their
proper places, both needles being exterior to the coils around the two parts of
the frame 10, 10. The magnetic needles 1 and 7 are heavier at their lowest
ends, in order that they may hang vertically for their quiescent or resting
position when they are not influenced by any electric current; but both needles
have their poles in the same direction; for instance, if the north pole of one
needle is the heavy end, which is to hang downwards, the other needle must
be the same, so that the two needles are not an astatic combination. G is the
piece of soft iron before mentioned; it is a thick flat plate, of a shape and
size to enter into and fill up nearly the whole of the space within the two parts
of the frame 10, 10, and has a notch cut out in one of its edges to allow it
to be inserted into the space without interfering with the axis 6 of the needles,
which passes horizontally across the plane of the piece of iron G; but the
axis does not touch the iron. Or, instead of one broad plate, such as G, with
a notch, two narrow plates of soft iron may be substituted, each one entering
into and filling the space within one of the two parts of the frame 10, 10,
leaving an interval between the said two pieces of iron for the axis of the
needles to remain without interference between them; or, instead of hollow

page_text: frames, such as 10, 10, the said mass of soft iron, being of the same form as
shewn at G, may be used as a nucleus for coiling the wire around the said
iron itself, two brass sides being fixed to the iron to extend all around each
side of it, and also another brass around the middle of it, in order, by such
brass to retain the coils of the wire laterally, and separated into two parts in
the same manner as is the case with the frames 10, 10, the external form
of the iron and brass together, where the coils of wire are to be applied, being
exactly the same, as is the case in the two parts of the frame 10, 10; and.
instead of the notch, as in the piece G, the iron may have a hole through the
middle of it for the axis 6 of the two needles to pass through, one of those.
needles being fastened on its place, near one end of that axis, after it has
been put through the said hole through the iron. The occasional or
voltaic magnetism of the piece of soft iron G ceases the instant that the
electric current by which it was excited. ceases to be transmitted through the
coiled wire, .and then the magnetic needles resume their quiescent vertical
position by gravitation with promptitude. This first part of our present
improvements is applicable to all electric telegraphs wherein such magnetic
needles, as are described in the first Specification as aforesaid, are to be
operated upon by means of electric currents transmitted through a coiled wire
or multiplying coil; for if such coiled wire is applied so as to cause the trans-
mission to excite occasional or voltaic magnetism in a mass of soft iron, according
to this first part of our present improvements, that magnetism will exert more
force to deflect the magnetic needles from their quiescent vertical position than
the same transmission through the same coiled wire will exert upon
the needles.
Note, a bundle of wires of soft iron might be substituted for the piece of soft
iron G. The apparatus represented in Sheet I. is constructed with two needles,
according to this first part of our present improvements; but also comprising
other parts of those improvements herein-after described.
The second part of our present improvements relates to the same kind of
magnetic needles as are described in the first Specification, as herein-before
recited therefrom, and also relates to the first part of our present improve-
ments thereon, as above described. The said second part consists in arranging
those stops which, as before mentioned, limit the deflection or angular motions
of such needles in such manner as that one of those stops will prevent the
needle or the pair of needles which are upon the same axis from passing
beyond the quiescent or vertical position in one direction, the other of the
said stops allowing the said needle or pair of needles to assume an inclining
position suitably for giving a signal by indicating on a dial plate, as described
in the first Specification; wherefore the needle or pair of needles will be limited

page_text: to move and incline in one direction only; and two such needles, or two such
pairs of needles, are disposed side by side near together in the same apparatus,
for indicating on the same dial plate, the stops of each of those needles, or
pair of needles, being so arranged as to prevent either needle from inclining in
that direction which would carry its lower end towards the lower end of the
other needle. Each of the said needles or pair of needles is provided with a
multiplying coil, and the same long wire is continued in the coils of both
needles or pairs of needles, so that any electric current that may be trans-
mitted through the wire will pass in continuation through the two multiplying
coils, and thereby affect both needles or pairs of needles with a like tendency
to deflection or inclination from the vertical in the same direction at the same
time; but one of those needles or pair of needles is prevented by its stop, as
aforesaid, from deflecting or inclining by such tendency, and in fact from
moving at all at that said time, whilst the other needle or pair of needles
is allowed to deflect or incline, and thereby exhibit a signal on the dial plate.
And when the direction of the electric current is reversed, that first-mentioned
needle, which was in the former case prevented from moving, is then allowed
to deflect or incline, so as to exhibit a signal on the dial plate, but the second-
mentioned needle is prevented by its stop from moving. In this manner the
said two needles or pairs of needles between them can only perform the same
office as was performed by one needle or pair of needles, as described in the
first Specification; but the signals exhibited by means of two needles, according
to this second part of our improvements, are more distinct and less liable to
be mistaken, because the needle in returning by gravitation to the quiescent
vertical position is prevented by its stop from vibrating unsteadily, but it comes
at once to rest in the vertical position also, because each needle makes but
one kind of motion; for instance, that needle which is on the right-hand side in
the dial plate exhibits its signal thereon by inclining from the vertical with its
lower end towards the right hand, and the other needle which is on the left-
hand side in the same dial plate exhibits its signal thereon by inclining from
the vertical with its lower end towards the left hand; whereas, according to the
first Specification, the one needle which would perform the office of both, would
incline from the vertical towards the right hand for exhibiting the first-men-
tioned signal on the dial plate, and on reversal of the electric current the same
needle would incline from the vertical towards the left hand for exhibiting the
last-mentioned signal on the dial plate. In observing the signals exhibited
according to the second part of our present improvements, it is only requisite
to take notice which of two needles moves, and that can be observed with
more facility and less risk of mistake than when it is required to take

page_text: notice and distinguish whether one needle inclines with its lower end towards
the right-hand side, or whether it inclines towards the left-hand side, as
is the case according to the description in the first Specification, as well
as in all the electric telegraphs which have been constructed with magnetic
needles according to that description, and which, for distinction from other,
kinds of electric telegraphs herein-after to be mentioned, may be called
needle telegraphis, in case they operate by magnetic needles, or they may
be called pointer telegraphs because of the needle pointing on a dial plate; but
in some cases pointers indicating in the same manner on the dial plate are
used without magnetic needles being used in the apparatus, in which cases the
term needle telegraphs will not be applicable, but the term pointer telegraphs
is to be preferred. The apparatus represented in Sheet I. is constructed
according to this second part of our improvements, and so is one of the
apparatuses represented in Sheet II., but each of these apparatuses also
contains other parts of our improvements, as will be described.
The third part of our present improvements relates to the disposition of the
pointer or pointers, by which signals are to be exhibited on a dial plate..
Hitherto such dial plates have been placed in vertical planes in all cases of
electric telegraphs operating with magnetic needles, although certain instru-
ments are described in the second Specification having no inagnetic needles,
but exhibiting signals on a dial plate by means of a revolving pointer, which is
turned round by action of clockwork, so as to point to characters arranged
around in a circle on such dial plate in the manner of the seconds' hand of a
clock, except that the plane of the dial plate in such instruments, instead of
being vertical (as in a clock), is nearly horizontal, being inclined in the manner
of the surface of a writing desk, see Figures 11, 12, 13, and 14, in Sheet III.
of the Drawings belonging to the third Specification. This third part of our
present improvements is to place the dial plate in a horizontal or nearly
horizontal plane in such electric telegraphs as exhibit the signals on the dial
plate by magnetic needles acting also as pointers, in the manner described in
the first and second Specifications, or acting according to the second part of
our present improvements, as already described, or in other electric telegraphs
exhibiting signals by pointers. The observing or reading off signals so
exhibited by a pointer or pointers on a horizontal or nearly horizontal dial
plate can be more readily performed by the person who is to receive and write
down such signals than in case of the dial plate being vertical. The paper
whereon he is to write may be laid on a sloping desk in continuation of
the plane of the dial plate, and so near thereto as to require but little motion
of the eyes for changing the direction of the sight from the pointer on the dial

page_text: plate to the paper. In case of needle telegraphs being constructed according
to this third part of our improvements, it its only requisite to fasten a slender
pointer to the lower end of that exterior needle, which, according to the
descriptions in the first and second Specifications, acts as the pointer on the
dial plate at the same time that it is acting as one of the magnetic needles, the
said slender pointer being in fact a prolongation of the said lower end of the
said needle, and is to be bended into a horizontal or nearly horizontal direction,
parallel or nearly parallel to the horizontal axis of the two needles, and the
extremity of the horizontal or nearly horizontal part of the said pointer
terminating with the shape of an arrow head, or other suitable form for
pointing on the dial plate will exbibit the signals thereon. The weight of such
pointer will serve for a part or for the whole of the preponderating weight
which the inagnetic needle or pair of needles which are fastened on the same
axis require to have at their lowest ends, for causing them to assume their
vertical or quiescent position by action of gravitation whenever the needles are not
influenced by any electric current, as already explained. And as to the stops
which are required for limiting the angular motions of the needle, as described
in the first Specification, and which stops may, if preferred, be arranged
according to the second part of our present improvements, as herein-before
describied, those stops may be placed so as to intercept the aforesaid horizontal
or nearly horizontal part of the aforesaid slender pointer, or such stops may be
so placed, in addition to the usual stops which are applied to intercept one of
the needles, in which case such additional stops will only act as duplicates to
assist in producing the same effect by intercepting the slender pointer as the
usual stops produce by intercepting the motion of the needle, but with duplicate
stops there will be less tendency to tremulous vibration of the slender pointer
when its motion, as well as that of the needles, ought to be suddenly stopped
at the moment of exhibiting a signal.
In Sheet III. of the present Drawings hereunto annexed is a representation
of a small needle telegraph, constructed according to this third part of our present
improvements, and in Sheet II. of the present Drawings different pointer
telegraphs, which operate without magnetic needles, are represented, and they
contain this third part of our present improvements, and also other parts
thereof, as will be explained.
The fourth part of our present improvements is for giving audible signals
at the same instants when visible signals are exhibited, by the motion or
motions of a needle or of needles, or of a pointer or of pointers, on a dial plate,
such audible signals being sounds sufficiently distinguishable one from another
by the ear to be easily identified with the different visible signals which are

page_text: at the same time exhibited, so that the eye and the ear may mutually assist
each other in receiving the signals. This fourth part of our improvements
may be illustrated by imagining the magnetic needles when they are moved
by action of an electric current transmitted through the wire of their multiplying
coil, so as to cause them to incline from their vertical position and come in
contact with their fixed stop, which limits that inclination, and supposing that
the said needles were provided with adequate means of striking a small glass
or other bell at the moment of so coming in contact with such fixed stop, a
sound would be then given at the same instant that the visible signal is
exhibited by the needle or by the pointer on the dial plate; also, that if the
clectric current which caused the aforesaid motion of the needles is reversed
through the wire, then the needles. will become inclined from the vertical in a
contrary direction, and coming in contact with the fixed stop, which is at the
contrary side to that first mentioned, another small glass or other bell of a
very different tone should be struck at the moment of such contact, so as
to give another different sound at the same instant when a visible signal is
exhibited by the needle or by the pointer on the dial plate. This could be
done in a very simple manner, by prolonging the lower end of one of the
needles, viz, that one which is exterior to the multiplying coil, by a slender
stem carrying a very small hammer head at the lower end of it, the weight of
which head will serve for the preponderating force of gravitation by which
the needles are to be caused to resume their vertical position. The said two
glass or other bells being fixed in proper positions, would be struck by such
hammer head when the needle is inclined, one of those bells being struck
thereby when the inclination is towards one side, and the other bell when the
inclination is towards the other side; and the bells should be so placed as
that the fixed stops which limit the inclination of the needles or duplicates of
such stops, as before mentioned, should act to stop any further inclination of
the needles a very little before the head of the hammer actually touches the
bell; but the flexure of the slender stem of the hammer will allow the
requisite blow to be struck, and yet the hammer will not rest in contact with
the bell so as to hinder its vibration and continuance of sound. In cases of
transmitting the electric current to considerable distances, this simple mode of
striking bells by the motion of the magnetic needles, constructed according to
the description in the first Specification, might not be sufficiently certain,
because the needles might not have an adequate force of deflection for moving
such a hammer head with the velocity requisite for striking the bells properly;
but if the needles were applied, according to the first part of our present
injprovements, with a mass of soft iron within the multiplying coil, they

page_text: would have more force, and they would be more suitable for striking such
bells if constructed according to the second part of our present improvements;
in which case each pair of needles would have a bell belonging to it, and one
bell would be struck and sounded by the deflecting motion of one pair of
needles when the electric current is transmitted in one direction through
the wire of the multiplying coils of both pairs of needles, and the other bell
would be struck and sounded by the deflecting motion of the other pair of
needles when the electric current is reversed in its direction through the same
wire and coils. Or in cases of pointers being moved by action of occasional or
voltaic magnetism, excited in masses of soft iron by transmission of an electric
current through a wire forming multiplying coils around such masses of soft
iron, the pointers which are so moved exhibiting visible signals on a dial
plate by their motions, in a manner herein-after to be described as another
part of our present improvements, those pointers may also, by such motions,
strike bells with small hammer heads carried by such pointers, the blows
being struck at the instants when the motions of such pointers have
reached the intended limits, so as that the sound by the blow on the bell
shall be given at the same moment when the visible signal is exhibited by the
pointer.
In the first Specification an alarum apparatus is described and represented
in Figure S, Sheet II., for sounding a bell by striking it with a hammer head
put in motion for the purpose by a direct action of the force of occasional or
voltaic magnetism; and it was there stated that such apparatus is only
adapted for sounding alarums without giving any other siguals than such.
alarums. But by way of further illustration of this fourth part of our present
improvements, let it be supposed that a pointer were to be added to that.
alarum apparatus in a suitable manner for exhibiting visible signals on a
dial plate, so that at the same instant when a signal is exhibited, the bell of
the alarum should be sounded, so that the eye and the ear should assist one.
another in receiving the signal. But the said alarum apparatus is not adapted
for sounding a different bell when the electric current is reversed through the
same multiplying coil, but only for sounding one bell, and therefore would be
limited to simple siguals. Also in the first Specification other alarum
apparatus is described, in which the sounding of the bell for the alarum is
performed by wheelwork, actuated by a maintaining power of a weight or
spring wound up in the manner of clockwork alarums, and stopped from
moving by a detent, which is removed by means of occasional or voltaic
magnetism excited in a mass of soft iron whenever the alarum is to be
sounded. And in the second Specification it is described that such detent

page_text: may be removed by angular motion of a magnetic needle. In the latter case
the clockwork alarum would be allowed to commence motion at the same
instant when the needle exhibited a signal, by inclining in one direction, but
no sound would be given when the same needle inclined in the other
direction. It is an essential condition for this fourth part of our present
improvements, that whenever an electric current is transmitted.in one direction
through any circuit (and a signal thereby exhibited), that one sound,shall be.
given, and that when the current is reversed through the same circuit (and
another signal thereby exhibited), that another very different sound shall be
given.
The apparatus represented in Sheet I. of the present Drawings contains this
fourth part of our improvements applied in a very complete manner, the
sounding of bells at the instants of exhibiting signals being performed by
mechanism of the nature of clockwork, actuated by a maintaining power of
weight or spring wound up; and the said signals being exhibited by the
pointing of magnetic needles on a dial plate, according to the first and second
parts of our improvements, as will further appear in the description of that
apparatus.
The fifth part of our present improvements in electric telegraphs is a new
system of giving signals, whereby one magnetic needle or pair of magnetic
needles, such as described in the first Specificatlon, and actuated with motion
to one side or to the other side by the transmission of electric currents in one
or other direction through one wire coiled to form multiplying coils, can be
made to give a sufficient diversity of signals for communicating the letters of
the alphabet and numerical characters by such diversified signals, or instead of
one such magnetic needle or pair of needles two magnetic needles or pairs of
needles operating according to the second part of our present improvements,
which two needles or two pairs, as already stated, only perform the office of one
needle or pair, such as described in the first Specification, but performing with
more precision. According to this fifth part of our present improvements the
signals are diversified by causing the needle or needles which point on the dial
(and which may be called the pointer) to make successive motions in quick
succession. For instance, the needle or pair of needles being such as described
in the first Specification, if the pointer makes one movement of deflection
from the quiescent or vertical position, with its lower end towards the right-
hand side of the vertical, and then returns to the vertical position, and remains
motionless in that vertical position, then that one motion may represent the
completion of a word that has been communicated by signals which have pre-
ceded the making of such one motion. If the pointer makes two such said

page_text: motions in succession, returning to the vertical between the two motions, and
remaining motionless there after having made the second motion, that may
represent the letter A. If the pointer makes three successive motions, that may
signify the letter B, and four such motions the letter c, all those motions being
in the same direction as aforesaid. But similar motions of the pointer made in
a contrary direction, or with its lower end towards the left-hand side of the
vertical, may have a different signification; for one such motion may represent
the letter M, two such motions the letter N, three such the letter o, and four such
the letter P. The aforesaid motions (varying from one to four in succession)
which can thus be given, and in one or other of two directions, produce
eight signals, which may represent as many letters of the alphabet without
combination or intermixture of the two sorts of motions to the right and
to the left, one with the other; but by combination of the two sorts of
motions, a diversity of signals can be given; for instance, if the pointer makes
one motion with its lower end towards the right hand, and after having
returned to the vertical, then immediately makes one contrary motion with its
lower end towards the left hand, and then returns to the vertical and remains
there motionless, that combination of two successive motions, one to the right
and one to the left, may signify the letter R, and two such successive motions
to the right, followed by one to the left, may signify the, letter u, and three to
the right and one to the left may signify the letter w. But one motion to the
right followed by two successive motions to the left may signify the letters,
and one to the right followed by three to the left, the letter T.
motions to the right followed by two to the left may signify v.
sufficient to explain the nature of the system, but it is not intended to lay
down any particular significations of the signals, but only to shew the mode
whereby diversification of signals is obtained by thus varying the combinations
of one, two, three, or four successive motions of two different descriptions,
without in any case requiring more than four motions to be made for giving
one signal. It will be most convenient that the signals which can be given
with the smallest number of successive motions should be those signals which
will be most frequently required to be given, and those letters of the alphabet
which occur most frequently in language; for instance, those two signals which
can be given by one movement of the pointer to the right or to the left may
be agreed upon to signify that a word is completed, and to be used in reply
after a series of signals have been given for communicating a word or sentance,
in order to acknowledge that the same has been understood by the person
receiving the said series of signals. Those signals which can be given by two
motions of the pointer being easily made, may be appointed to signify the
Again, two
The above is

page_text: vowels; and the signals with three and four motions, consonants, such of
those signals as require the least number of movements' signifying those conso-
nants which are of most frequent occurrence. A person of attentive habits
will be able, after some practice, to use such a system of signals with facility.
All.the requisite motions are given by pressing two finger keys, one for giving
the motions of the pointer in one direction, the other for giving motion thereto
in the other direction. If the successive movements of the pointer which
belong to the same signal are performed in one second of time for each such
movement, they will be very distinguishable, and allowing pauses of two or three
seconds for intervening after each signal is completed before another is begun,
the communication may be carried on with regularity and dispatch. The
apparatus represented in Sheet I. of the present Drawings, and also that in
Sheet II. thereof, contain this fifth part of our present improvements, as well
as other parts.
Description of Sheet I. of the present Drawings, which represents a very
complete electric telegraph operating for giving signals according to the fifth
part of our present improvements by two pairs of magnetic needles, which are
according to the first and second parts thereof, with only one conducting wire
coiled in the multiplying coils which belong to both those pairs of needles, each
of which is capable of inclining or moving in one direction only, the said
apparatus being also provided with clockwork mechanism for sounding one or
other of two bells at the same instant when any movement is made by one or
other of the said two pairs of needles:-The apparatus represented in Sheet I.
is one of two or more apparatuses which are exactly alike and in every respect
duplicates.one of the others, one such apparatus being placed at each of the
places between which telegraphic communications are to be carried on by means
of the said apparatuses, which two may be called terminal apparatuses, and as
.many other of the apparatuses may be placed at intermediate places as may be
required for intermediate apparatuses, all which is as, described in the first
Specification, and is as usual in electric telegraphs which have been constructed
according to that Specification; but in the present case only two long conducting
or telegraphic wires are required to be extended between the places where the
said apparatuses are situated instead of four, five, or six such wires, as
according to the description and Drawings in the first Specification is requisite
for a complete apparatus capable of giving a sufficient diversity of signals for
carrying on a general telegraphic communication; and in fact one such long
telegraphic wire is sufficient for the said apparatuses, that one wire being
extended along the whole distance from one of the terminal apparatuses to the
other terminal apparatus, and the wire of all the multiplying coils for all the

page_text: pairs of needles in all the apparatuses, intermediate as well as terminal, being
one course of metallic continuity, which is kept insulated from the earth
suitably for forming one half of a circuit capable of conducting an electric
current in either direction, the other half of such circuit being formed by the
earth, as is mentioned in the fifth Specification, near to the latter part thereof,
the conducting property of the earth answering the same purpose as another long
conducting wire would do; or in railways the iron rails may be used, together
with the earth on which they are laid, for the said half of the said circuit. The
apparatus has only two finger keys, one of which being pressed, an electric
current will be transmitted through the said circuit in one direction, but the
other of those keys being pressed, the said current will be transmitted in a.con-
trary direction through the same circuit. Each of the apparatuses (terminal as
well as intermediate) is to be provided with its voltaic battery, which may be of
any suitable kind, as is explained in one or other of the former Specifications.
These preliminaries being understood, the description of Sheet. I. is as
follows:-
'
Figure 1 is a front elevation, Figure 2 a lateral elevation, and Figure 3 a
horizontal plan of the apparatus, drawn of the real size thereof, the same
letters of reference being used to denote the same parts in all those Figures.
A, A, is the dial plate, which is upheld in a vertical plane by two pillars
erected on the horizontal wooden base of the apparatus. 1 and 2 are the
exterior magnetic needles of each pair of magnetic needles wherewith the
apparatus is provided, those two exterior needles 1 and 2 being in front of
the dial plate and acting as pointers. The two multiplying coils of wire 8, 8,
for the two pairs of needles, are behind the dial plate A, the frames 10, 10,
containing the coils of wire, being fastened to the back of the dial plate. Each
of those frames 10, 10, is constructed in the manner herein-before mentioned
in explaining the first part of the present improvements, the mass of soft
iron G being used as a nucleus for coiling the conducting wire around it to
form the multiplying coils of wire. The sides 10, 10, which are of brass, are
fastened on the iron G, and also a corresponding middle part of brass is
fastened on, whereby the iron G, with its two sides 10, 10, and middle part
of brass, is suitable for coiling covered wire around it in numerous convolutions
thereof, in two parts, precisely in the same manner as such covered wire-is
described to be coiled around the two parts of the frame 10, 10, in the first
Specification, with no other difference except that, instead of the hollow frames
10, 10, as there described, which are wholly of brass at all the parts to which
the coiled wire applies, and are hollow within those parts, in the present case.
the coils of wire are around the mass of iron G, with sides 10, 10, of brass, for

page_text: retaining the wire laterally in place thereon, and a middle of brass, for sepa-
rating the coiling into two parts, which separation is, as in the first Speci-
fication, only made for the purpose of allowing space for the horizontal axis 6
of the two needles, without interference with the coiled wire; but the wire
upon the two parts is in fact a continuation of the coiling, and the two
parts operate as one continuous coil of covered wire would do. A hole is
made horizontally through the middle of the piece of iron G, and through
the brass which surrounds the middle part of that piece of iron, for the recep-
tion of the horizontal axis 6, on which the two needles 1 and 7 of the pair
are fastened, see Figure E; and there is a correspondieg hole through the
dial plate A, the said holes being so large that the axis does not touch. Note,
the exterior needle 1, which is in front of the dial plate A, and serves for a
pointer, is fastened in its place on the axis 6, after that axis is introduced
into its place through the said holes. The two pivots at the two ends of the
axis 6 are supported in pivot holes, in the ends of small centre screws of steel,
screwed horizontally through small cross bearing bars, which are fastened by
their ends to the frame 10, 10, of the coils, for one end of the axis 6, and to
the dial plate A for the other end thereof. All which mode of suspending the
pair of needles, except as to the needle 7, being exterior to the coil, as well
as the needle 1, is (or might be) as described in the first Specification, but
the two needles are not an astatic combination. And, in the same manner as
there described, the needles are made heavy at their lowest ends, in order that
they may assume a vertical position whenever they are not influenced by any
electric current. The multiplying coils for both pairs of needles are each exactly
the same, and as above described, and the covered wire around both those multi-
plying coils is connected in continuation, in order to operate as one continuous
coiled wire for conducting the same electric current, which is a difference from
the first Specification, wherein the adjacent multiplying coils of adjacent pairs
of needles had no connection one with another, but were for conducting distinct
electric currents; the stops for limiting the angular motions of the needles
as are herein-before described respecting the first part of our present improve-
ments, one of those stops for each pair of needles, being so placed as to prevent
the pair of needles from moving beyond the vertical position on that side
of the needles where such stop is fixed, those stops being pins W, Figure 2,
fixed into the middle pieces of brass which project around the pieces of
iron G, as already stated. These pins W are so arranged as to intercept the
back most needle 7 of each pair, and prevent either pair of needles from
inclining in that direction which would carry their lower ends towards the
lower ends of the other pair of needles. The other of the stops for each pair

page_text: of needles is placed in the same manner as described in the first Specification,
suitably for allowing either pair of needles to incline from the vertical in that
direction which will carry their upper ends towards the upper end of the
other pair of needles. The last-mentioned stops are pins 14, each fastened
into a cross bar 11, which is extended for each pair of needles across from one
of the brass sides 10 to the other, and fastened to both of them, but with thin
packing pieces of ivory interposed at the fastenings to prevent continuity of
metal which could conduct electricity, so that each of the said stop pins 14
(which is itself of brass), is insulated, because, when the pair of needles incline,
and the backmost needle 7 of the pair comes in contact with the stop pin 14,
that contact causes a metallic circuit to be formed for the purpose of causing
the clockwork belonging to the said needle to commence motion and sound
a bell belonging to that needle at the same moment when a signal is exhibited
by the other frontmost or pointing needle 1 or 2. The two finger keys, by
which the person who uses the apparatus causes the signals to be exhibited
and sounded at the same time, are inlaid into the base of the apparatus,
as shewn in the plan, Figure 3, at H and I. The key H, when pressed
down, causes the exterior or pointer needle 1 to incline with its lower end
towards the left hand, and at the same instant the clockwork on the left-hand
side of the apparatus sounds its bell g; but, although the needle 2 is at the
same time urged with a tendency to move in the same direction with the
needle 1, it is prevented from moving in that direction by the stop pin w, as
before explained. When the key I is pressed down (the pressure on the
key I having been first released) then the exterior or pointer needle 2 is
caused to incline with its lower end towards the right hand, and at the same
instant the clock work on the right-hand side of the apparatus sounds its bell r,
which is a different tone from the before-mentioned bell 9 of the other
clockwork, so as to be very distinguishable therefrom in sound. It is
best for that purpose that the bell 9 should give a more acute sound than
the other bell r, by that interval which is called a third in music; if the two
bells were sounded together (but which never happens in the use of
the apparatus) their concurring sounds would form a concord called a third
in music. Note, the needle 1 has the same tendency to incline when
the finger key 1 is pressed down as the needle 2, and in the same direction,
but the needle 1 is then prevented from so inclining by its stop pin w, all which
is according to the second part of our present improvement, as already stated.
Each finger key H and I is a brass blade spring fastened to the wood base of
the apparatus at the hindmost end, and lodged in a cavity cut out in the wood
of the base, but so as to move freely in that cavity, the foremost end of each
B

page_text: key being ivory, for the fingers to act upon to press it downward by bending
its springy blade. The hindmost end of both keys are both connected together
by a piece of brass k, from which a short conducting wire 27 extends to one
pole of the voltaic battery belonging to the apparatus, for instance, that which
is called the copper pole; the other, or zinc pole of the same battery, is con-
nected by another short conducting wire 37 with a piece of brass 1, which is
fixed over the extremities of the two brass springs h and i, which pass across
beneath the springy parts of the two finger keys H and I, and h and i are
fastened to the wood of the base at their other ends. One end of the long
conducting or telegraphic wire 25 is connected with the fixed end of the
spring h. The wire which is coiled in the two multiplying coils 8, 8, of the
two pairs of needles of the apparatus is to be considered as part of the said long
telegraphic wire 25, and so is the wire in the corresponding multiplying coils
in all the other apparatuses, intermediate as well as terminal, thus forming a
long metallic conducting communication throughout the whole extent of all the
apparatuses, and the extreme end of the last multiplying coil of the most
distant terminal apparatus is connected with another long conducting or tele-
graphic wire, which returns along all the distance to the near terminal appa-
ratus represented in Sheet I., where it is connected to the fixed end of the
spring i, as shewn by 20, but the said long returning wire making no part of
any multiplying coils in any of the apparatuses. And note, the function of
such a returning wire may be performed by the conducting property of the
earth and it is sufficient to put the wire which, as before mentioned, is the
extreme end of the multiplying coils in the most distant terminal apparatus,
into effectual electric communication with the earth, and the same being
done with the wire 20, then any intermediate part of such long returning wire
will be unnecessary, and the operation will be the same as if a long continuous
telegraphic wire were to be extended all the distance, as already mentioned.
;
The manner whereby signals are given with the apparatus, Sheet I., is
as follows-Suppose the apparatus represented in Sheet I. to be a terminal
apparatus, and that the finger key H thereof is pressed down by one
finger, it will in descending form a contact with the spring h by means of
a stud pin of brass, which projects beneath the under side of the blade of the
key H, but which stud did not before touch the spring h. The said contact
connects the long telegraphic wire 25 with the copper pole of the battery,
through the course h, H, k, and 27, and at the same time the pressure
of the said contact bends down the spring h so as to separate its extreme end
from its previous contact with the under side of the piece of brass (thereby
disconnecting the said telegraphic wire 25 from the zinc pole of the battery).

page_text: The returning wire 20 continues to be connected with the zinc pole of tho
battery, and a circuit is formed through which an electric current will pass
from the copper pole of the battery along the wire 27 and the piece k to the
fixed end of the key H, and down through the stud and the contact thereof
with the spring h, and along that spring to the long telegraphic wire 25, and
along that wire, through both the multiplying coils of the apparatus, Slicet I.,
and onwards to both the corresponding coils of the nearest intermediate appa-
ratus, and through those coils onwards to the coils of the next apparatus, and
so on of the other intermediate apparatuses, one after another, as many as there
may be, passing through both coils of each one, and through the coils of the
most distant terminal apparatus, and then returning along the other long tele-
graphic wire, or else along in the earth to the wire 20, Sheet I., and along the
spring to the piece 7 (with the under side of which the extremity of that
spring is in contact), and thence along the wire 37 to the zinc pole of the
aforesaid battery; and so long as the key H, is held down the said current will
continue to be so transmitted, and the effect of such current in passing
through the multiplying coils of the several apparatuses will be to give all the
pairs of magnetic needles a tendency to deflect and incline from the vertical
with their lower ends towards the right hand; and those pairs of needles
which are at the right-hand side of each dial in all the apparatuses will incline
in that manner simultaneously the instant that the key H is pressed down and
the current commenced as aforesaid; but the other pairs of needles at the left-
hand side of each dial will not, owing to their stops w, be permitted to move
in consequence of the said tendency. When the key H has been kept down
for about half a second of time, it is then released, whereupon the electric
current will cease, and instantly the needles which were inclined will all
return by gravitation to their quiescent vertical positions. If a pause of two
or three seconds is allowed to intervene before either of the keys H or I is
touched again, the one movement that has been made will be known by all the
persons at all the apparatuses (intermediate as well as terminal) that it is a
signal made to them, being one motion of the needle or pointer with its lower
end to the right, the signification of which signal will be known to all the said
persons; but if the same finger key H had been pressed down again in half a
second after it was released, so as to repeat the operation above described, and
after holding the key down for another half a second it had been released
again, and then the aforesaid pause of two or three seconds allowed, the signal
so made would be two motions to the right, and that would have a different
signification, and so of making three successive motions or four successive
motions, which would.constitute different signals, whereof the respective signi-
H 2

page_text: fications would be known to all the persons at the different apparatuses. The
regularity in the intervals of time at which successive motions of the needles
are made to follow one after another (which, as readily mentioned, may be
about one second for each motion) will determine that the successive motions
belong one to another so as to constitute one signal, and the longer duration of
the pause of two or three seconds, by which a succession of motions with
regular short intervals is followed, will determine how many successive motions
do so belong one to another as to constitute one signal. If the other key I is
pressed down similar effects will be produced, but reversed, because the direc-
tion of the electric current through all the multiplying coils in all the appa-
ratuses will be in the contrary direction, and consequently the tendency of the
needles to incline will be in a contrary direction, or with their lower ends
towards the left hand. Those pairs of needles which are at the left-hand side
of the dial of each apparatus will incline in that manner, but the other pairs of
needles at the right-hand side of each dial will not be permitted by their stop w
to move. The motions being made with the key I precisely in the same
manner as with the key H, and as above described, the signals will be given
in the same manner, with no other difference except being motions to the left
hand instead of motions to the right hand, which difference will give the signals
different significations, which will be known to all the persons at all the
several apparatuses. And if the two finger keys H and I are pressed down
one after the other at regular intervals of about one second, then the two sorts
of motions of the needles will become intermixed or combined; for instance,
after the key H has been pressed down and kept down for half a second, as
already described, and then released, and if after another half a second then
the key I is pressed down and kept down for half a second and then released,
and then a pause of two or three seconds made, such manipulation will exhibit
one motion to the right and one to the left for a signal, the signification of
which will be known. Or if the key H had been pressed down twice in
succession before the key I was pressed down, the motion would be two to the
right and one to the left for a signal. Or if the key I was pressed down
twice in succession after the key H has been pressed down twice in succession,
then the motions would be two to the right and two to the left for a signal.
And in like manner, three motions to the right and one to the left may be
given, or one to the right and three to the left, and so on. By corresponding
manipulation with the two finger keys H and I, a sufficient diversity of
signal may be given for representing the letters of the alphabet by as many
different signals, without exceeding four motions for one signal, all which is
according to the fifth part of our present improvement, as herein-before stated.

page_text: And note, if more than four motions are made for one signal, then an increased
number of signals may be given, such, for instance, as four motions to the
right and one to the left, being five motions for one signal, or three to
the right and two to the left, or two to the right and three to the left, or one
to the right or four to the left, otherwise four motions to the left and one to
the right, making five motions for one signal, or three to the left and two
to the right, or one to the left and four to the right, each of such signals
having its own particular signification. And note, when the keys I and I
are left to themselves, they spring upwards and discontinue or break the
circuit which was formed when either of them is pressed down, by quitting
contact with the springs or i beneath them, and thereby disconnecting the
copper pole of the battery from the telegraphic wires 25 or 20. The springs
h and i are not allowed to rise up so as to follow after and keep contact with
the keys H and I, when the said keys rise up, because the extremities of the
springs h and i bear upwards beneath the piece l so as to keep in close contact
therewith, and owing to both springs being thus in contact with the same
piece they become in effect connected together, and thereby connect the two
telegraphic wires 20 and 25 together whenever the keys H and I are left at
liberty. The course of the electric current, which is transmitted when the key
I is pressed down, has been already stated to be in a reverse direction to that of
the current which is transmitted when the key II is pressed down. When
the key is pressed down it connects the spring i with the key J, and dis-
connects the end of the spring i with the piece 7; the current which is then
transmitted will be from the copper pole of the battery, along the wire 27
and the piece k to the key I, and down to the spring beneath, and to
the telegraphic wire 20, and along the same or in the earth to the
most distant terminal apparatus, and along through the two multiplying
coils thereof, and then along all the length of the long telegraphic wire, and
through the two coils of each intermediate apparatus, and through the two
coils of the near terminal apparatus, Sheet I., and then at 25 to the spring h,
and along that to the piece land wire 37 to the zinc pole of the battery,
the direction of the current through all the multiplying coils being reverse
to that which was transmitted; when the other key I was pressed down, the
deflecting tendency given to all the magnetic needles will be in a reverse
direction. The mode of giving signals from the terminal apparatus, Sheet I.,
to all the other apparatuses, intermediate as well as terminal, being now
explained, it remains to shew how signals are received at the said terminal
apparatus from any of the other apparatuses. But note, the needles at the
terminal apparatus, Sheet I., perform in all cases exactly the same motions as

page_text: are at the same instant performed by the needles of all the other apparatuses,
and thereby the person who gives signals by the apparatus Sheet I., in the
manner above described, can see what he is doing, because the wire
in the multiplying coils of all the apparatuses is connected with the long
telegraphic wire 25, so as to form one long continuous course of con-
ducting wire, extending without interruption from 25, Sheet I., to that part
of the distant terminal apparatus which answers to 20 in Sheet I., that part
in the said terminal apparatus being the connection thereof with the other
long telegraphic wire, which returns all the distance aforesaid, or which,
instead of doing so, is connected with the earth, the part 20, in Sheet I.,
being the other end of the same long returning wire, or the wire which is
connected with the earth. As to intermediate apparatuses, although they are
constructed exactly in the same manner as represented in Sheet I., they have no
connection with such returning wire or with the earth, but are merely connected
with the long telegraphic wire 25, as already stated; thus in Sheet I. the
wire 25 (which is connected with the spring h) goes up to the two multiplying
coils around the needles, so that the wire in those coils is in effect a continua-
tion of the wire 25, and the further continuation of the wire beyond the
extreme end of those coils is the long telegraphic wire which extends
onwards a great distance to the nearest intermediate apparatus, where it
connects to the fixed end of the spring i of that apparatus (in the same
manner as the wire 20 is shewn to do in Sheet I.), that spring i being in
contact at its moveable end with the piece l, which is also in contact with the
moveable end of the spring h, and from the fixed end thereof (in the same
manner as is shewn at 25), the wire is connected that goes up to form the
two multiplying coils in the intermediate apparatus, and the continuation of
the wire from the further end of those coils is the long telegraphic wire
which extends onwards to the next intermediate apparatus, where it is con-
nected to the spring i thereof (as shewn at 20), in the same manner as above
stated in respect to the nearest intermediate apparatus, and so on; the long
telegraphic wire connects with as many other such intermediate apparatuses as
there may be, and finally connects to the spring i of the distant terminal
apparatus. The course of the long telegraphic wire, although it has been
mentioned as being continuous as regards conducting electricity, and is so in
fact, is nevertheless made up of the wire containing in all the multiplying
coils and the metals of the two springs h and i and of their connecting piece l
in all the several apparatuses. Whenever the two finger keys H and I are
left to themselves they spring upwards, so as to have no contact with either
of the springs h, i, which are beneath them, but they leave those springs h and i

page_text: erty to spring upwards beneath the piece 7, so as to be in contact with the
er side thereof, which, as to conducting electricity, is in effect the same as
ing in contact one spring with the other spring, and therefore when an electric
current is transmitted through the long conducting wire, it passes along all the
length of the spring i of each apparatus, and by the piece to the spring h, and
then along the length thereof; but when either finger key H or I is pressed
down.it.forms a contact with the corresponding spring or i that is beneath it,
and bears down that spring from its previous contact with the piece 1, thereby
breaking the aforesaid continuity of the long telegraph wire; but the same
contact aforesaid of the key with the spring beneath it brings the voltaic
battery into operation by including it into and making it fill up the continuity
which was broken, as aforesaid; the manner of so including being that the
copper pole of the battery becomes connected with that spring or i which is
brought in contact with the key H or I by the pressing down thereof, whilst
the zinc pole of the battery is connected with the other spring h or i, which
continues in its usual contact with the piece. . The springing up of the
key H or I from contact with the spring hor i beneath it always disconnects
the battery and puts it out of operation the instant that the finger key
is released, and the contact of both the springs h and i with the same piece
always restores the continuity of the long conducting wire at the same moment
that the connection with the battery ceases. Whenever a finger key is pressed
down at any apparatus, intermediate or terminal, the voltaic battery belonging
to that apparatus is brought into action in manner aforesaid, and signals will
be given by all the apparatuses at the same instant, and precisely the same
signals by all of them, including the apparatus whereof the finger key is so
pressed down. The continuity of the long wire throughout all the other appa-
ratuses, except the one when the finger key is pressed down, is always kept
up by the contact of their springs h and i with the piece l; and as to the
circuit or course through which the electric current will be transmitted, when
either of the finger keys of any of the intermediate apparatuses is pressed
down, as aforesaid, for giving a signal therefrom, suppose, for instance, the
key II, then the current will be from the copper pole of the battery of that
apparatus through the wire 27 thereof, and the piece k and key H which
is pressed down, and along part of that spring h which is also pressed
down, and the wire 25, and through the continuation of that wire in the
two multiplying coils of the said intermediate apparatus, and onwards from
the extremity of the second of those coils through the long conducting wire
to the next intermediate apparatus, and through the two coils thereof, as
in the other, to the most distant terminal apparatus, and from the extremity

page_text: of the wire of the second coil thereof, returning through all the length of
other returning telegraphic wire or by the earth all the distance back to
near terminal apparatus, Sheet I., where the said returning wire connects a
20 to the spring i of that apparatus, and through that spring i and the piece
and the other spring h, and the wire 25, and through the two coils of the
apparatus, Sheet I., and onwards from the extremity of the second of those
coils along the long telegraphic wire to that intermediate apparatus aforesaid,
whereof a key is pressed down, and the end of the said telegraphic wire con-
necting with that apparatus, as at 20, the current is transmitted through the
spring and piece 7 and wire 37 to the zinc pole of the battery. In all cases
the circuit consists of the whole length of the long telegraphic wire from one
of the terminal apparatuses to the other (with all the wire in the several
multiplying coils in all the apparatuses, intermediate and terminal, as part of
the said length), and also further consists of the whole length of the returning
telegraphic wire, including so much of the carth as may form part of that
length), so that there is in reality no other distinction between the circuit
or course of the transmission of the electric current when a terminal appa-
ratus or when an intermediate apparatus is used for giving signals, except as
to the place of the battery in that circuit, the said place being in all cases at
the same apparatus (terminal or intermediate) which is at the time in the act
of being used for giving signals. The receiving of signals may take place at
all the apparatuses (intermediate as well as terminal) at the same time, but
some suitable prefatory signals should be given to denote at which apparatus it
is that the person in charge thereof is to be on the watch for receiving
the signals, and also to denote from which apparatus they will be given. Such
prefatory signals may be given by alarums, as is described in the third Specifi
cation. And respecting the sounding of the bells g and r, belonging to the
apparatus, Sheet I., and the clockwork which is provided for that purpose,
there is a separate frame containing distinct clockwork for each bell g and r,
as appears in the front elevation, Figure I., and there marked Figure q and
Figure 1, one situated beneath (but behind) each of the multiplying coils 8, 8,
and needles 1 and 2, in the dial plate A of the apparatus; and a side elevation
of the same clockwork as Figure is contained in Figure 2, but may be con-
sidered as a side elevation of either clockworks Figure 9 as well as Figure r,
they being both alike. Each clockwork consists of a main spring in a spring
barrel, with a great wheel turning a second wheel by a pinion, and that
by another pinion turning a hammer wheel d, having coarse serrated teeth
for acting in suitable pallets on the axis e of the hammer f, so as to move that
hammer and cause it to strike the bell q or r, all which being well known

page_text: in the mechanism of alarums, requires no other description than the Drawing.
On the extremity of the axis of the said hammer wheel d is a third toothed
wheel g turning a small pinion, on the arbour of which a small fly n is fixed,
with two pins projecting therefrom suitably for being intercepted by the lower
end of a detent p, which is mounted in the manner of a pendulous lever
on a horizontal axis s, and the upper end carries a piece of soft iron V, which,
when the bell or r is to be sounded, will be attracted by occasional or
voltaic magnetism that will be excited in two connected pieces of soft iron,
having covered wire W, W, coiled round them, whenever an electric current
is transmitted through that wire, and when the piece of iron V is so attracted
then the lower end of the detent p will be withdrawn laterally out of the
way of the said pins in the fly n so as allow it and the train of wheel-
work to be turned round by action of the maintaining power of the main
pring in the spring barrel, and then the hammer f will be actuated by
the serrated teeth of the hammer wheel & acting in the pallets on the axis e
of the hammer; and so long. as the said electric current and consequent
occasional magnetism aforesaid is kept up, the said wheelwork will continue
to turn and cause the hammer f to strike repeated blows on the bell q or r;
but the instant that such current and occasional magnetism ceases then
the piece V is removed away from the occasional or voltaic magnet W, W, by
the reaction of a slender spring m, which is fastened to the axis s of the
detent p, and is connected at its lowest end by a regulating screw with the
frame plates of the clockwork, and such reaction of the spring m at the same
motion whereby it removes the piece V as aforesaid, also puts the lowest end
of the detent platerally into the way of the pins of the fly n, so as to intercept
one of those pins and stop the motion of the clockwork, in order to discontinue
the sounding of the bell 2 or r. The clockwork therefore operates as an
alarm, which is let off or allowed to put itself in motion by its own main-
taining power whenever its stop detent is removed by attraction of occasional
magnetism excited in a piece of soft iron by transmission of an electric
current through covered wire which is coiled round such soft iron. Such
an alarum is described in the first Specification in reference to Figure R,
Sheet II., thereof, but the present construction of the clock work in Sheet I.
of the present Drawings is more complete, and particularly the construction of
the voltaic magnet W, W, and piece of soft iron V; but the said construction
of those last-mentioned parts being the same as is described in the third
Specification, in reference to Figure 5, Sheet I., thereof, need not be now
repeated, and it only remains to shew in respect to the clockwork, Figures
q and r, in Sheet I. of the present Drawings, the manner whereby electric

page_text: currents are caused to be transmitted through the coiled wire W or W in
those Figures when required. One end of the wires contained in both
the said coils W and W is connected with the copper pole of the battery
in the following manner: The ends of the said wire of both coils are carried
to a stud X, Figures 1 and 3, from which two conducting branches of metallic
connection extend to the fixed ends of two springs and y, the moveable
ends of which bear upwards beneath the fixed piece of brass, with contact
at the under side thereof, and that piece is connected by a short metallic
connection with the piece k, already described as being in connection, by the
wire 27, with the copper pole of the battery. The other ends of the wires
contained in the said coils W or W are connected with the insulated stop
pins 14, before mentioned, which limit the inclining motion of each needle
when the same is caused to deflect or incline from the vertical on the
transmission of an electro current through the wire of the multiplying coils
8, 8, of those needles, in order to exhibit a signal by so inclining in the manner
already described. The end of the wire of one coil W, Figure q, is so
conducted with the said stop pin 14, belonging to the left-handmost pair of
needles 1, Figure 1, and the end of wire of the other of the coils W, Figurer,
is so connected with the stop pin 14 of the other pair of needles 2, Figure 1,
but both those stop pius, as already mentioned, are carried in cross pieces 11,
which are fixed to the frames 10, 10, as to be kept insulated from the metal-
work of all parts of the apparatus. The said metal-work is kept in metallic
connection with the zinc pole of the battery by a short connection 50,
Figure 3, from the piece 1, which, as before mentioned, is always in con-
nection with the said zinc pole by the wire 37. The pivots at the ends of the
two axes of the two pairs of needles 1 and 2 are always in connection with
the said metal-work by their contact of resting in their pivot holes, and
therefore the metal in both pairs of needles may be considered as being
always in connection with the zinc pole of the battery. It follows, from the
above condition, that when either of the pairs of needles is made to incline
from the vertical for the purpose of exhibiting a signal by so inclining, and
comes in contact with its stop 14, that a metallic circuit will then be formed,
through which an electric current will be transmitted. Part of the said
circuit is the wire in the coils W, Figure 9 or W, Figure r, belonging to
the clockwork which is at the same side as that pair of needles 1 or 2, which
is so made to incline for exhibiting a signal, and therefore the said trans-
mission will excite occasional or voltaic magnetism in the piece of iron U, and
attract the other piece V, so as to remove the stop p from the pins of the
fly n, and allow the clockwork to commence motion by its own maintaining

page_text: power, and actuate the hammer f for sounding its bell g or r, all which
has been explained; and when the needle which was so inclined and brought
into contact with its said stop 14 quits that contact in beginning to return
to its vertical position, then the said circuit, which was formed by such
contact as aforesaid, becomes broken and the current ceases, whereupon the
reaction of the spring m removes the piece V and places the end of the
detent p in the way of the pins in the fly n, so as to stop the further motion
of the clockwork and the sounding of the bell thereof. In this way the
electric current which is transmitted through the coils W, Fig. 9, or W,
Figure r, for causing the bell to sound, is altogether distinct from the other
electric current, which is transmitted through the coils 8, 8, and which causes
one or other of the pairs of needles 1 or 2 to incline as aforesaid for exhi-
biting the signal. The latter electric current is excited by the voltaic battery
belonging to some of the other apparatuses at a distance, from which signals
are given by pressing one of the finger keys thereof, and the electric current
is transmitted from that battery through the long telegraphic wire to the
apparatus at which one of the bells 7 or 7 is sounded, in manner above
described; and in fact, to all the other apparatuses, intermediate and terminal,
except that one where the signal is given by pressing down one of its finger
keys, for at every other apparatus at the same instant of time a signal is
exhibited and a bell sounded, the sounding of the bell at each apparatus being
almost at the same instant that the needle makes its inclination for exhibiting
the signal, so that the eye and the ear assist one another in receiving the
signal. The battery which excites the electric current, which is transmitted
through the coils W, W, for causing the bell to sound, as in each case the
battery belonging to the apparatus where the bell is so sounded, which battery
is not required to be used for exhibiting signals by that apparatus, but the said
battery is called into action by the inclining of the needle in exhibiting the
signal. And note, in the first Specification it is described and represented in
Figure S, Sheet II., thereof, that an auxiliary battery at a distance is to be
called into action by the inclining of a magnetic needle, for the purpose of
sounding an alarum by operation of such battery; but that was merely for the
purpose of sounding an alarum without exhibiting any signal by the said
magnetic needle at the same time with such sounding of the alarum, and in
the way there described the sounding would be the same whether the electric
current which caused the inclination of the said magnetic needle was trans-
mitted in one direction or in a contrary direction; but in Sheet I., when the
current is in one direction, so as to cause the magnetic needles to incline one
way for exhibiting one signal, then one of the bells q or r is at the same time

page_text: sounded; but when the direction of the current is changed, so as to cause the
magnetic needles to incline the other way for exhibiting a different signal
then the other bell is sounded, and the sounds of the two bells are so different
that one sound will be known to signify that the needle is inclining one
way, and the other sound to signify that it is inclining the other way.
When a finger key is pressed down at any one apparatus for causing the
needles of all the other apparatuses to be inclined for exhibiting a signal by
all of them at the same moment, and also for sounding a bell at cach one
coincidentally with the exhibiting of each signal in the manner already
explained, if the finger key is kept down, so as to keep the needles in their said
inclining position, then the bells will repeat the sounds, at intervals of about
one second between the blow on each bell, so long as the finger key is so hel
down and the needles kept inclined. That will be suitable for the purpose of
sounding alarums; but when signals are to be exhibited according to the fifth
part of our present improvements, in manner herein-before described, the key
will not be held down more than about half a second before it is released, in
manner already explained, and in that case the sound will not be repeated,
because the detent p will become re-interposed in the way of the pins of the
fly n, so as to stop the same again before that fly has gone further round than
for allowing the hammer to strike once and no more; but being so stopped
when the hammer is raised and just ready to strike, the clock work remaining
stopped in that condition, the blow will be struck and the bell sounded, when the
next signal is made, almost at the same instant when the needles are inclined and
come in contact with their stop 14, so as to render the exhibition of a signal
by the inclining of the needle and the sound of the bell almost coincident as
to their conjoined impression on the eyes and on the ears. And note, the bells
áre not required to be sounded at that apparatus where the finger key is
pressed down for giving a signal therefrom, and hence, when either of the
finger keys H or I is pressed down, it will act by means of a stud of ivory or
other non-conducting substance to bear down that spring x or y which is
beneath that key H or I which is so pressed down, and thereby the end of
the spring or y will be separated from its previous contact beneath the
piece, so as to disconnect the wire of the coil W, Figure », or W, Figure q,
from the copper pole of the battery, and in consequence, no circuit can be
formed in that apparatus by the contact of the needle with its stop pin 14
when the needle is inclined, although a circuit will at the same time be formed
by such contact in all the other apparatuses, except that apparatus aforesaid,
whereof one of the finger keys is pressed down. The said pressing down of
the springs or y being by studs of ivory in the keys, that key which is pressed

page_text: down will not become connected electrically with the spring. The giving of
signals by the apparatus Sheet I. is according to the fifth as well as the fourth
part of our present improvements, for the signals are to be given by motions of.
the needles and concurrent sounds of the bells, and the signals which are given.
by those concurrent means are to be diversified by repetition of the motions of the
needles and sounds of the bells in quick succession, as already explained to be
the fifth part of our present improvements. Every time that the needle makes:
one motion, the corresponding bell will sound once, or, if the needle makes
two motions in succession, the bell will sound twice, and so on. The difference.
in the sounds of the two bells will always denote in which of two directions
the motion of the needle is made. Suppose the bell q to give a sound which
is denominated C in music, and the bell the sound denominated E in music,
then taking by way of example the signal that is made, as already explained
in stating the fifth part of our present improvements), by one motion of the
needle to the riglit, followed by three to the left, in that case the sounds
given by the bells at the time of making the signal would be the note E
sounded once, followed by the note C sounded three times in succession, being
four sounds in all, and those, being given at regular intervals of about a second,
will be very distinguishable by the ear, independently of the sight of the con-
current motions of the needle, and by habit the signals may be received by
the sounds without looking at the needles.
The sixth part of our present improvements is for producing motions of
pointers suitable for giving signals in electric telegraphs by the excitement of
occasional or voltaic magnetism in masses of soft iron by the transmission of
electric currents through covered wire coiled round such iron, the said
occasional magnetism being rendered operative by magnetic attraction on
other pieces of soft or on permanent magnets. It is described in the first
Specification, and represented at Figure Y, Sheet I. therein, that the aforesaid
attractive force of such occasional magnetism may be made to give inclining
motions to a magnetic needle which is suspended in a vertical plane on a
horizontal axis, and heavy at its lowest end to give it a tendency to assume
a vertical position when uninfluenced by such occasional magnetism. In
Sheet II. of the present Drawings, Figure C' is a horizontal plan, shewing an
improvement on the mode aforesaid. W, W, are the coils of wire surrounding
two pieces of soft iron, shewn by dotted lines v, v, which are united together
by another piece of iron w, so that the three together v, w, v, will operate
as a voltaic magnet, in the same manner as would be the case with a
borse-shoe-shaped piece of soft iron with coils of covered wire wound
round the two prongs of the horse-shoe in the manner described in the first

page_text: Specification. And the construction of such a voltaic magnet W, w, W,
being fully described in the third Specification, and represented in Figure 5,
Sheet I. thereof, it is unnecessary to repeat. A, B, C, in Figure C 1, Sheet II.
of the present Drawings, is a magnetic needle mounted on a vertical axis at c;
the short end A is in proximity to the two ends u, v, of the voltaic magnet, and
the long end B is a pointer for exhibiting signals by its movements. e and f
are two slender springs fixed so as to act laterally against the pointing part B
of the needle; one spring c with a tendency to bear the pointer B towards the
left, and the other with a tendency to bear the same towards the right. Each
spring c and comes to rest against a fixed stop pin 1 or 2, and then ceases to
bear further against the needle which is at its intermediate or resting position,
when neither of the springs c or ƒ act upon it, as shewn in the Figure. But
when an electric current is transmitted through the wire forming the coils
W, W, then voltaic magnetism is excited in the iron u, U, w, U, v, and the
parts u, v, which become the poles of such magnets, then attract the end A of
the needle towards one or towards the other of those parts u, v, according to
the direction in which the current is transmitted through the coils, thereby
moving the pointer B one way or other with motion, which may be used for
giving signals, the extent of such motion either way being limited by fixed
stops 3 and 4.
When the pointer B is thus moved in either direction, the
spring corf on that side is bended, but the other of those springs rests against
its stop pin 1 or 2, and does not follow the motion. When the electric
current ceases, then the voltaic magnetism also ceases, and the spring e or f
which was bended, restores the needle A, B, C, to its intermediate position, as
in the Figure. The fixed stop pins 3 and 4 are so placed as to not allow the
end A of the needle to come into actual contact with either of the ends u or v.
The end B of the pointer is prolonged, so that its motion will be sufficient for
the purpose of giving signals when the motion given to the end A by the
magnetic attraction is very limited.
Figure C 2 is another arrangement which gives increased power. W, W, are
the coils of a voltaic magnet; u, v, the two ends thereof, which become the poles
of the magnet when it is excited; a, b, and d, e, are two steel magnets per-
manently magnetised; they are fastened to an axis C, C, which is mounted in
bearings so as to move easily. B is a pendulous lever arm fastened on the
extremity of the axis C; the lower end of B is bended into a horizontal direction
to serve for a pointer. The weight of the part B tends to give it a vertical
position when no current is transmitted; 3 and 4 are fixed stops which limit
the motion in each direction; when an electric current is transmitted through
the coils W, W, in one direction, then one of the ends u becomes the north

page_text: pole and the other of those ends v the south pole of the voltaic magnet, and
both those ends will exert a mutual magnetic influence upon the two per-
manent magnets a, b, and d, e, tending to move one of those magnets nearer
towards the two ends u and v, and to remove the other of the said magnets
further from the said two ends, thereby causing a motion of the axis C, C, and
of the lever arm and pointer B for carrying the latter to one side or other, as
far as its stops 3 or 4 will allow it to move; but owing to the end of the
pointer B being so much further from the axis C than the two magnets a, b,
and d, e, a very small motion given by the said magnetic influence to those
magnets will move the pointer B as much as is required for giving signals.
The ends u, v, of soft iron, are formed into double bevelled surfaces, and the
two magnets a, b, and d, e, are fastened to the axis with corresponding incli-
nations, in order that the several adjacent surfaces of the two magnets a, b, and
d, c, and of the two bevelled ends u and v, may be parallel when the lever arm
B is in its vertical or intermediate position. The two permanent magnets a, b,
and d, e, are so fastened to the axis C, C, as to be with their poles mutually
reversed, one to the other, that is to say, that if a is a north pole, d is to be a
south pole, in which case will be a south and e a north pole. When the
direction of the electric current through the coils W, W, is such as to cause
the end u to become the north pole and v the south pole of the voltaic magnet,
then the end a of one of the permanent magnets being north will be repelled by
being opposite to u, which is also north, and so of the end 6 which is south being
opposite v, which is also south, will be repelled. At the same time, the end d
of the other permanent magnet being south will be attracted by being opposite
to u which is north, and the end e which is north will be attracted by v which
is south..
Figure C 3 shows the axis C, C, separately, to explain how it
have a
may
long vertical needle 7 fastened to one end of it by way of a pointer, instead of
the pendulous lever arm B, such vertical pointer 7 being adapted for exhibiting
the movements on a vertical dial plate, in case that mode of exhibiting signals
is preferred. The lower end of the pointer 7 should be heavy.
Figure C 4 is a different arrangement of nearly the same parts, and the same
letters of reference are used. The axis C, C, is vertical, the pivots at the upper
and lower ends of it being supported in pivot holes in small bearers / and l,
which are fixed to the ends which retain the wire of the coils W, W. The
bevelled form of the ends u and 'v are more clearly shewn in this Figure,
because the axis C is represented removed from its place. The permanent
magnets a, b, and d, e, are in this arrangement small horse-shoe magnets
of steel instead of plain bar magnets as in the former Figure, but the

page_text: arrangement of the poles of the horse-shoe magnets is the same as already
described. The two horse-shoe magnets a, b, and d, e, are both fastened
to a piece of ivory, into which the axis C, C, is fastened, so as to insulate
the magnets from each other and form the axis; the lever arm B is
fastened to the same piece of ivory; it extends horizontally for some distance,
then bends down to a slight inclination from the horizontal, and terminates
pointer suitably for exhibiting motions on a dial plate which is
slightly inclined to the horizontal. c and are springs applying to the
lever arm B at each side thereof, as already explained in reference to
Figure C1, and in like manner there are stop pins 1 and 2 for those springs
to rest against when the pointer is in its central quiescent position.
with a
Figure C 5 shews the
bend in the pointer B
A simple telegraphic apparatus constructed in the manner of Figure C 4 is
represented in Figure C 5, which is a vertical section, and Figure C 6, which is
a horizontal plan; it is a small wooden box or case E, F, wherein the voltaic
magnet W is fixed; C is the vertical axis, and B the pointer, the same as repre-
sented in Figure C 4. Figure C 6 shews that pointer moved to one side, and
explains how the springs c and f operate in that case.
inclination of the plane of the dial plate K and the
to bring it to conform to that plane. L is a small flap, hinged so as to shut
over the glass cover of the dial plate, but when opened on its hinges and
turned down in the manner of a portable writing desk, the said flap L
forms a support for writing upon its plane, conforming nearly with that
of the dial plate K; the action of the permanent horse-shoe magnets a, b,
and d, e, in Figures C 4, C 5, and C 6, and of the poles and v of the
voltaic magnet, is the same as already explained in reference to Figure C 2.
All the forms of apparatus C 1, C 2, C 4, C 5, and C 6, are according to
the third part of our present improvements, as to the horizontal or nearly
horizontal position of the dial upon or against which the pointer B moves, in
order to exhibit the signals, and the motions by which the signals are to be
given in all the said last-mentioned forms of apparatus will be according to
the fifth part of our present improvements.
Figure C7 explains the manner in which the apparatus C 4, C 5, and C 6,
with two horse-shoe. permanent magnets and a voltaic magnet, may be con-
structed so as also to be according to the second part of our present improve-
ments, with two pointers B and R, instead of only one pointer. For this
purpose there are two vertical axis C, C,. and s, one of which axis carries
one of the said permanent horse-shoe magnets and one of the pointers B,
and the other vertical axis s carries the other of the two horse-shoe
magnets d, e, and the other pointer r. The two axis are supported in

page_text: adjacent pivot holes in the supports, but they are independent one of the
other in their motion. The two pointers are shewn disposed close side
by side, as if they were in contact. z is an upright fixed pin which stands
up between the two pointers, being received in notches cut out in each
to allow them to come close. together. The pin. z serves as a stop for both
the pointer's B and r, to prevent either moving further towards the other
than the central position, but allowing either to move in a direction away from
the other, their motions in the latter directions being limited by the fixed
stop 3 and 4, and those stops prevent either of the permanent magnets a, b,
or d, e, from moving so far as to get into actual contact with the ends u or v
of the voltaic magnet, which is the same as represented in Figure C 4.
c, f, is a double spring, supported by the upright fixed stop pin z, 'and acting
with its two ends c and f against both the pointers B and r, with a tendency
to approach them one towards the other; and when no voltaic magnetism
is excited, then the double spring e, f, brings both pointers B and ŕ in
contact with the fixed stop pin, aud nearly in contact one with the
other, that being their resting position.
When an electric current is
transmitted through the wire of the coils round the 'voltaic magnet, then,
according to the direction of that current, one or other of the horse-shoc
magnets a, b, or 'd, e, will be attracted, and thereby the pointer B or r, belong-
ing to the said horse-shoe which is so attracted, will be moved in a direction
away from the fixed pin, and from the other pointer B or r, as far as the
stop pins 3 or 4 will permit; the said other pointer will remain motionless,
notwithstanding any tendency of the voltaic magnet to repel the horse-shoe
magnet of that other pointer, because the stop pin z will prevent such motion;
on the cessation of the voltaic magnetism, then that pointer which had been
moved thereby, as aforesaid, will be instantly brought back to its resting
position by reaction of the spring c,f; and when the current is transmitted.
in a contrary direction, then that pointer which remained motionless will be
moved, and that one which was moved will remain motionless.
Figure C 8 is another arrangement whereby two voltaic magnets may
be combined together, for acting in concert; to give motion to a pointer.
W, W, are the coils of one such voltaic magnet, and u, v, the end pieces of
soft iron, which become the poles of the magnet when it is excited, exactly
the same as in Figure C 4, already described; and W 1, are the coils of
another similar voltaic magnet placed by the side of the first-mentioned one,
u 1, v1, being the pieces of soft iron which become the poles of the last men-
tioned one. The wire which is coiled around both of the said voltaic magnets
is connected to act as one continuous coiling, so that any electric current that
C

page_text: is transmitted through the wire will excite occasional magnetism in both the
voltaic magnets, at the same time the two uppermost end pieces u and u 1
become north poles, and the two lowermost pieces and becoming
south poles when the transmission is in one direction, but the two lower-
'most becoming north poles and the two uppermost becoming south poles
when the transmission is in a contrary direction. C is the vertical axis which
carries the two permanent magnets a, b, and d, e, and also the pointer B,
which is horizontal for part of its length, and the remainder bended down to a
slight inclination from the horizontal. The two permanent magnets a, b, and
d, e, are fastened to the axis C, with their poles the same way, the north pole
of both being the upper ends. The pivots at the upper and lower ends of the
vertical axis C are supported in pivot holes in the small fixed bearers k, l, and
then the magnets will be in the relative positions shewn in the horizontal
plan, where the two springs c and fare shewn; they have stop pins 1 and 2,
and are the same as in Figure C 1, as already described. And there are also
stops, such as 3 and 4, but not represented in Figure C 8, for limiting the
motion of the pointer B, and preventing the permanent magnets getting into
actual contact with the end pieces of the voltaic magnets. The operation is
nearly the same as'in the other Figures already described. When a current
is transmitted and voltaic magnetism thereby excited in both the voltaic
magnets at once, their four end pieces u, v, and u 1, v 1, all concur in giving
motion to the pointer B, for those two poles u and v, which belong to one
voltaic magnet, attract one of permanent magnets a, b, and at the same time
the other two poles u 1 and v 1 of the other voltaic magnet repel the other
permanent magnet d, e.
When the direction of the current is reverse, then
the same attractive and repulsive actions take place, but with the contrary
permanent magnets, so as to move the pointer B in a contrary direction.
When the current ceases then the springs c and f operate to restore the
pointer to its intermediate position. Note, the two permanent magnets
may be made in the form of two small horse-shoe magnets, as is represented
at a, b, and d, e, in a separate view in perspective, and the effect will be the
same as with straight permanent magnets, and as above described. The motion
which is performed by the permanent magnets is extremely small in all the
cases above described, although the motion of the extremity of the pointer on
the dial plate is sufficient for exhibiting signals very distinctly.
Figure C9 is another application of one voltaic magnet, to give motion
to a pointer in a vertical plane. W, W, are the coils of the voltaic
magnet, u and v are the ends of the piece of iron therein, which become the
poles of the voltaic magnet when it is excited. a, b, and d, e, are two

page_text: small permanent magnets, of a crescent or horse-shoe form; they are fastened
back to back by a piece of brass, upon one end of a horizontal axis C,
which extends along in the space between the two coils W, W, and passes
through a hole in the end piece of iron w, and the pointer B is fastened
on the other end of the said axis C, in a vertical plane. The lower end of
the pointer B may be heavy, to give it a tendency to hang vertical, and the
lower end of B may be bended into a horizontal or nearly horizontal position,
suitably for pointing on a horizontal or nearly horizontal dial. The small
horse-shoe magnets a, b, and d, e, are disposed with the north pole of each one
upwards, and the south pole of each one downwards, and the horse-shoes
surround the ends u and v by the crescent form, but do not touch the ends
u and v, which ends becoming the two poles of the voltaic magnet when an
electric current is transmitted, then magnetic attraction and repulsion becomes
conjointly operative on both the permanent magnets at once, in order to move
them, so as to incline the pointer B from the vertical, and move its lower end
to one side thereof, as far as its stops 3 and 4 will permit; but that is not so
far as to allow either of the permanent magnets a, b, and d, e, to touch the
ends u or v. Suppose the end u of the voltaic magnet becomes a north pole,
then the other end will be a south pole on the voltaic magnet, and the upper
end à of one of the horse-shoes being its north pole, will be repelled away
from the end u with an upward force of repulsion; but also at the same time
the lower end 6 of the said horse-shoe (being-its south pole) will be attracted
upwards towards the same end u; likewise at the same time the upper end d
of the other horse-shoe (being its north pole) will be attracted downwards by
the end v, which is a south pole, and the lower end e of the same horse-shoe
(being its south pole) will be repelled downwards from the end v; wherefore
both the said magnetic attractions and both the said repulsions concur in
giving the required motion to the two permanent magnets, its axis C, and
the pointer B. Note, springs such as e and f, Figure C 1, may be applied
to the pointer B in aid of the gravitation of a weight at its lower end, or in
substitution for such weight. Such springs e and f, with stop pins 1 and 2,
may be made to operate with more promptitude and decision for bringing the
pointer to rest at its intermediate or resting position than can be done by
gravitation, because of the tendency of vibration or oscillation by gravitation ;
and such springs e and f, with stops, may be applied to the arrangement,
Figures C2 and C 3, instead of a weight at the lower end of the pointer.
Note, in the arrangement, Figure C 9, no part of the permanent magnets a, b,
and d, e, come opposite to the extremities of the two pieces u and v, and
therefore a piece of soft iron V may be disposed opposite to those ends in the

page_text: same manner and for the same purpose of setting off an alarum as already
described and represented in reference to Figures q and r, Sheet I.; the
said piece V being carried at the upper end of a detent p, which is mounted
on a horizontal axis s, and has a re-acting spring m, the lower end of the
detent p intercepting the ends of a small revolving fly n, and stopping the
motion of the alarum. 9 is the third wheel. The hammer wheel and the
axis of the pallets and the stem of the hammer are marked sufficiently to
shew their correspondence with Figures 7 and r, Sheet I. Whenever an
electric current is transmitted through the coils W, W, Figure C 9, then the
pointer will be moved, and an alarum bell will be sounded at the same time of
the motion of the pointer, unless. such bell is prevented from sounding by the
person in charge of the apparatus. Whenever the said electric current is in a
different direction, the motion given to the pointer will be in a different direction,
but at every motion made by the pointer, the same alarum bell will be rung,
whether the current is transmitted in one direction or in the contrary direction.
Note, in all the several arrangements with voltaic magnets in Sheet II., the
two ends of the wire on the coils W, W, around those magnets are to be
connected with long telegraphic wire, so as to form part of the metallic
continuity of that wire for the transmission of an electric current in either
direction through the wire of those coils; and the telegraphic apparatus into
which any of the said arrangements in Sheet II. may be introduced, such, for
instance, as is shewn at Figures C5 and C6, that apparatus must be provided
with finger keys and a voltaic battery in the usual manner of telegraphic
apparatus.
The seventh part of our present improvements is for applying portable
telegraphs at any part of the length of a long line of telegraphic commu-
nication, without disuniting the continuity of such long telegraphic wire,
for the purpose of applying such portable telegraph, as was the case in
the portable telegraphs described in the second Specification, and which
rendered it necessary to provide means at appointed places along the line for
disconnecting the long telegraphic wires from their previous continuity, and
for connecting such wires with the portable telegraph.
Figure I, Sheet III., will explain this seventh part of our present improve-
ments. 24, 25, and A, represent three long telegraphic wires which extend
all along the length of the line of telegraphic communication (which may be
along a railway). The said wires are represented as being suspended in the
air, on posts at intervals, with insulation from the earth and from one another
in the manner described in the fifth Specification. The wire A is that which
may be used for connecting portable telegraphs to it any part of its length,

page_text: the said wire constituting one half of a circuit, whereof the other half is the
earth, in the manner explained in the fifth Specification, and also herein-
before explained in reference to Sheet I. of the present Drawings, except as to
the manner of forming the circuit by which an electric current may be trans-
mitted. A voltaic battery kept constantly charged at one terminus or end of
the line is to be connected with one of its poles, say the copper pole, to one
extremity of the long telegraphic wire A, and with the other, or zinc pole of
the same battery, connected with the earth or the rails of the railway by a
short wire 20. The wire being kept insulated from the earth along all its
length, and at its extreme end no circuit will be formed, nor will any
electric current be transmitted; but if the wire A is connected with the
earth at its extrenie end, furthest from the battery, then a circuit will be
formed, and instantly an electric current will begin to be transmitted from the
copper pole of the battery along all the lengths of the wire A to the
extremity thereof, and thence by the said newly-formed connection to the
earth, and will return by the conducting power of the earth to the wire 20,
and the zinc pole of the same battery; and such current will produce motions
of the needle or pointer in any telegraphic apparatuses, such as T and. S,
whereof the multiplying coils form part of the continuity of the long telegraphic
wire A. And it is evident that if such connection of the wire A with the
earth is made at any other part of the length of the wire A, a like circuit will
be formed, but of shorter length, the current being in such case transmitted
from the copper pole of the battery along the wire A, as far as the said
connection, and therefrom returning by the earth to the zinc pole of the
battery, such current producing motion in the needles or pointers of any.
apparatus situated between the battery and the said connection. The tele-
graphic wire and the battery being always kept prepared in such manner, it is
ready for connecting a portable telegraph at any place along the line of the
wire A. Such portable telegraph P may be carried with a railway train, and
one end of the wire of the multiplying coil or coils W, W, in such
telegraph P being connected with the wire A at any place along its
length, and the other end of the said wire being connected with the earth (or
with the rails of the railway), then the wire in the multiplying coils will 'con-
stitute the aforesaid means of connection between the wire A and the earth,
and, as such, it will form part of the circuit through which an electrical current
will be transmitted, and such transmission through the said multiplying coils
will cause motion of the needle or the pointer of the portable telegraph, and at
the same instant a like motion will be made by the needle or pointer of any
other apparatus situated at. any intervening part of the wire A between the

page_text: said portable telegraph and the battery. There will be a terminal apparatus T
at that battery, which, as well as all the other of the said intervening appa-
ratuses, will exhibit the same signals as are exhibited by the portable telegraph.
The Figure explains the above, and shews how the connection may be readily
made with the wire A, by means of a rod K, having a metal hook at the
upper end to catch hold of the wire and gripe the same fast enough to form an
effectual metallic connection therewith, and the lower end of the same rod K
is applied in effectual metallic contact with the rails of the railway. That rod
K may, for convenience, be made of hollow tubes, to draw out to suit the
length of the connection required to be made; but the rod K must not be
wholly of metal, but partly of wood, with a metal rod or wire inlaid into the
wood from the upper end down to a button g, from which a connecting wire m
extends to one end of the wire in the multiplying coil or voltaic magnet in the
portable telegraph P, and the other end of the wire of that coil is connected
by another branch wire n and button t to the rod K, down which a metallic
connection passes from the button t to the metal end thereof which is applied
in contact with the rails. The portable telegraph is represented for illustration
at P in the simplest form, with a voltaic magnet W, W, to actuate a pointer B
by means of a piece of soft iron a, b, and a simple finger key L, by which the
continuity of the branch wire n, n, can be interrupted; so that by pressing
that key L the person at the portable telegraph P can cause motions to be
given by the pointer B 1 of the terminal apparatus, and also by the pointer of
any intermediate apparatus which may intervene, as at S, between the ter-
minal apparatus and the portable telegraph, by way of giving signals therefrom
to be received at those places. The terminal apparatus T and intermediate
apparatus S are each provided with a similar finger key, either of which being
pressed will cause motions of the pointer B in the portable apparatus, by way
of giving signals from T or from S to be received at the portable apparatus P.
But note, in this way the electric current can only be transmitted in one direc-
tion, and consequently only one kind of motions can be given by the pointers
at T, S, and P, which may be sufficient in some cases; but, if not, a more
complete portable apparatus may be used, having a voltaic battery.
Such a
portable apparatus and battery is shewn at R, which being connected, in
manner already explained, with the rod K, instead of the aforesaid simple
portable telegraph P, then by means of such complete portable telegraph R.
the current can be transmitted in either direction, and motion given to the
pointers for forming signals thereby, in the same manner and as completely
as herein-before described in reference to Sheet I., except as to the sounding
of bells coincidentally with each motion of the pointers. Or the portable

page_text: apparatus may be such an apparatus as Figures C 5 and C 6, Sheet II., may
be used.
The eighth part of our present improvements is for the purpose of
exhibiting the signals which are making by the transmission of an electric
current through a long line of telegraphic wire, by application to any part.
of such long telegraphic wire of a short additional piece of conducting
wire forming part of the wire contained in the multiplying coils for
very sensible magnetic needles, so as that the two ends of such additional.
piece of wire will join to the long telegraph wire at places several feet apart
along the length thereof, in order that such additional wire may conduct a
portion of any electric current that may be transmitted through such long tele-
graphic wire in the ordinary course of making telegraphic communications by
such electric currents through such long telegraphic wire, and the said portion
of the electric current which will be so conducted through the additional wire
(and which portion, being diverted from its ordinary course, may be termed a
derived current), through the long telegraphic wire, will be transmitted through
the multiplying coils of the magnetic needles aforesaid, and will cause like
motions in those needles to the motions at the same time making in all the
apparatuses, terminal and intermediate, which may be carrying on telegraphic
communications through the medium of the said long telegraphic wire.
Sheet III., Figure 2, represents this eighth part of our present improvements.
25 is the long telegraphic wire; a, y, is the short additional piece of con-
ducting wire by which a portion of the electric current is diverted from passing
along the wire 25, and the diverted portion or derived current passes through
the two multiplying coils of a small apparatus, Figure U, which resembles
the instruments known as galvanometers, the magnetic needles of which
are suspended so as to move easily; but the said needles are provided with
stops which limit their deflections from the magnetic meridian in such
manner as that one needle is prevented from deflecting to the westward of that
meredian, but is allowed to deflect to a sensible angle to the eastward, and the
other needle is prevented from deflecting to the eastward of that meredian,
but is allowed to deflect to a sensible angle to the westward, those stops being
according to the second part of our present improvements. Also the spaces
within the interior of the two multiplying coils being filled up with a piece of
soft iron, according to the first part of our present improvements.
The ninth part of our present improvements consists in the application of
the first part of our improvements (of filling up the interior space within mul-
tiplying coils of wire with soft iron) to the construction of the instruments
called galvanometers, to be used in philosophical experiments. This is repre-

page_text: sented by Figure Y, Sheet III., which is a perspective view of a galvanometer
with a mass of soft iron G within its multiplying coils, the magnetic needle
being suspended over the coil, with a graduated arch to shew the angles of its
deflection from the magnetic meridian, as in ordinary galvanometers, from
which it only differs in the said filling up with iron at G.
The tenth part of our present improvenients is a new mode of letting off
clockwork alarums, which operate by a maintaining power of a weight or spring
wound up, such letting off being performed by action of a hammer, which is
let fall when a delicate catch by which such bammer was detained in a raised
position is removed, the removal being effected by attraction of a piece of soft
iron by occasional magnetism excited in a voltaic magnet, in the same manner
as is usual for letting off alarums in electro-telegraphs; but in the new mode
the falling of such hammer disengages the usual detent, by which the motion
of the clockwork is stopped; and when the clockwork is by those means
allowed to put itself into motion by its own maintaining power, in order by
such motion to sound the bell, that also, in this new mode, during such motion
of the clockwork, it raises up the said hammer which had so fallen, and
re-engages it with the aforesaid delicate catch, provided that the voltaic mag-
netism has ceased to act, and thereby will permit such delicate catch to resume
its hold for detaining the hammer in its said raised position in readiness
of repeating the action in manner aforesaid when required. And in order
that a slight reacting spring may be used for withdrawing the piece of soft
iron from the voltaic magnet at the instant when the magnetism thereof ceases
(and which slight spring might fail to withdraw the said piece of soft iron),
the same motion of the clockwork which raises up the hammer as aforesaid
also assists to withdraw the said piece of iron in case the reacting spring should
not have previously withdrawn the same.
Sheet IV. is a representation of a clockwork alarum, by way of example of
the application of this new mode of letting off. Figure 1 is a front view,
Figure 2 a side view, and Figure 3 a back view. The train of wheelwork
consists of a spring barrel and fusee, a great wheel turning a second wheel by
રી. pinion; that second wheel a having eight pins projecting laterally from it,
for the purpose of raising up the hammer aforesaid, by which the letting off
is to be performed; that hammer B being carried by an axis which passes
all across the frame of the clockwork, and a claw d, Figure 3, fastened on the
extremity of the said axis of the hammer, acts when the hammer is let fall to
strike down an arm P of the stop detent p, by which the motion of the clockwork
is stopped, the stopping being caused by the stop detent p intercepting a slender
arm n of the revolving striking hammer H, h, by which the bell is sounded, that

page_text: a revolving bammer being carried on the extremity of the horizontal axis c,
which is turned by its pinion from the second wheel a. The revolving hammer
H, h, has a loosely jointed head H, which, by motion of the hammer is carried
round in the circular orbit, shewn dotted, and the loose head H in flying out by
a centrifugal force strikes the bell once in a revolution of the hammer H, h,
and the stop detent p arrests the revolving motion by intercepting the arm'n
when one revolution has been made.. The manner of detaining the letting-off
hammer B in its raised position (to which it has been raised by one of the
eight pins in the wheel a lifting a claw e on the axis 6 of the hammer B) is as
follows: On the extremity of the axis a lever arm D is fastened, and the
end thereof is caught by a tooth y on a slender spring Y, which latter is a
prolongation of the end of a lever V, whereof the other end is mounted on a
pivot a, and the middle part of the lever carries the piece of iron V, which is
to be attracted by the occasional magnetism of the voltaic magnet W, w, W,
and when that is excited in the same manner as usual for letting off clock-
work alarums, it depresses the lever V in opposition to its reacting spring v,
so as to disengage the tooth y from the end of the lever arm D, and that
allows the letting-off hammer B to fall by its own weight, and, as already
mentioned, strike down (by its claw d) the detent p (by the arm P thereof),
and allow the clockwork to commence its motion by its own maintaining
power; and the revolving hammer H, h, in revolving sounds the bell, and
during the revolution of the hammer II, h, one of the eight pins in the wheel
a acts against the claw e to raise the letting-off hammer B to its elevated
position, and the lever arm D at the same time descends, so that its extremity
will be caught by the tooth y; but that is provided the occasional magnetism
of the voltaic magnet W, W, has ceased and allowed the piece of iron V to
be withdrawn by reaction of its spring v. And note, in case the reaction of
that spring should not have withdrawn the piece of iron V, then the end of
the lever arm D, when it was descending as aforesaid, acted by a lateral pro-
jection of a wedge form, together in the extremity of the spring Y at the end
of the lever V, and lift up that lever V with the piece of soft iron V which is
attached thereto.. The extremity of the lever V being a yielding spring Y
will allow the wedge at the end of the arm D to pass even, although the
voltaic magnetism should not have ceased. The said clockwork may have a
dial K, K, with a hand L, which will advance one division around the
characters on such dial at every time that the bell is sounded. This effect is
produced as follows:-On the hammer axis c is fixed a tooth or claw C, which
engages the teeth of ratchet wheel and turns the wheel through a space
equal to one tooth at each revolution of the hammer H, h; on the axis of

page_text: this wheel is fixed the index L, and the number of teeth in the ratchet
wheel being equal to the number of figures or characters on the dial K, K,
it follows that the index will point to each character in succession as the bell
strikes, passing from one character to the next at each stroke of the bell.
And note, although this tenth part of our improvements has been herein-
before described as being for letting off clockwork alarums, nevertheless it is
equally applicable for letting off any clockwork mechanism which may be
required in electric telegraphs; for instance, for giving sounds coincidently with
visible signals, according to the fourth part of our present improvement, and as
berein-before described in reference to Sheet I. of the present Drawings.
The eleventh part of our present improvements relates to the voltaic
magnets. which are to be used for letting off alarums or other clockwork
mechanism used in electric telegraphs, and consists in using two voltaic
magnets to act in concert instead of one such voltaic magnet for such
purpose, see Figure 10, Sheet II. The length or conducting wire which is
coiled round the soft iron for forming the coils not being more in the coils of
the two voltaic magnets than usually coiled round one, nevertheless greater
effect will be produced from the nearer proximity of the coiled wire to the
soft iron.
The twelfth part of our present improvements relates to magneto-electric
machines to be used in electric telegraphs instead of galvanic batteries. In
the third Specification a magneto-electric machine is described and repre-
sented in Figures 18, 19, and 20, Sheet IV. of the Drawings thereof, which
machine operates by means of a permanent magnet of steel, (as therein
explained) for performing the office of a galvanic battery in electric telegraphs.
This twelfth part of our present improvements consists in employing a
voltaic magnet in the aforesaid machine instead of such permanent magnet of
steel as aforesaid, and consequently a voltaic battery is to be used for causing
an electric current to be transmitted through coils of wire wound around soft
iron in the voltaic magnet, which is to be substituted for such permanent magnet
of steel; and such voltaic battery being so used for keeping up voltaic magnetism
in such machine, a far greater effect is produced than such battery could produce
if used in electric telegraphs without the intervention of such machine.
The thirteenth part of our present improvements relates to securing and
protecting the long conducting or telegraphic wires of iron which are suspended
in the air, as described in the fifth Specification; it is described in the
second Specification, and claimed in Part D thereof, that the long con-
ducting or telegraphic wires may be enclosed within tubes of metal.
This thirteenth part of our present improvements consists in enclosing the

page_text: long conducting or telegraphic wires which are suspended in the air
within leaden tubes, formed upon the iron of the wire, which method is
peculiarly adapted to situations where the suspended iron wires. are much
exposed to wet, or where it is desirable they should be formed into a bundle,
or placed near together as in tunnels on railways. The iron wire is first to be
effectually covered by winding worsted thread around it, and then that covering
is to be varnished with a solution of shellac or other suitable non-conducting
material, applied so as to completely impregnate the worsted covering of the
iron wire. Then such covered and varnished wires, if more than one wire,
are to be well bound together with worsted thread into a bundle, which bundle,
or else the single covered wire, as the case may be, is completely coated over
with white lead made up into a paste with starch or other suitable coating
material which is a bad conductor of heat; the wire or wires being insulated and
protected by the above-mentioned or other suitable means, we enclose the
same within a tube or covering of lead, formed by turning over the edges of
a long slip of sheet lead around the wire or bundle of wires into the shape of
a tube, and connecting the edges of the lead by autogenous soldering, which is a
known process, so as to embed the wire or bundle of wires tightly and com-
pletely in a water-tight leaden case or covering, or the wire or bundle of wires
may be enclosed in a leaden tube, formed around the wire or bundle of wires
by forcing semi-molten lead, by hydraulic pressure, to surround the wire or
bundle of wires when passing through the central part of an aperture through
which the semi-molten lead is so forced, in a manner similar to that in use for
manufacturing leaden tubes from senii-molten lead, which is a well-known
process, but we prefer to use the method of operating first above described.
We prefer that the iron wire so to be enclosed within a leaden tube, as
aforesaid, should be smaller than the iron wire hitherto used in electric
telegraphs. Copper wire may be treated in manner aforesaid as well as iron
wire, and such insulated and covered wire or wires may be carried under
ground; but no claim is hereby made to the application of leaden tubes formed
over covered wires, except for long conducting or telegraphic wires of iron
to be suspended in the air, as described in the fifth Specification.
Having now described our said improvements, we, the said Charles Wheat-
stone and William Fothergill Cooke, do hereby declare that the new Invention,
whereof the exclusive use is granted to us by the Letters Patent herein-
before recited, and bearing date the Sixth day of May, One thousand eight
hundred and forty-five, consists in the following particulars, videlicit :-
Firstly, in the improvement herein-before described of applying soft iron
within the multiplying coils of wire which are used in electric telegraphs for

page_text: causing deflections of magnetic needles by action of electric currents transmitted
through the wire of such coils.
Secondly, in the improvement herein-before described of applying the stops
for limiting the deflections of such magnetic needles as are used in electric
telegraphs for exhibiting visible signals, so as that the said deflections shall be
prevented by such stops from taking place on one side of the quiescent
positions, and shall be only allowed to take place on the other side of the
quiescent positions, and employing two different magnetic needles with such
stops, and consequent limitation of motion for performing the functions hitherto
performed by one magnetic needle having stops which would permit of the
same needle deflecting to either side of the quiescent position.
.
Thirdly, in the improvement herein-before described of disposing the
pointer or pointers, by the alternate or vibrating motions whereof signals are
to be exhibited in electric telegraphs, so that the dial plate or plane upon or
against which such motions are to be exhibited shall be horizontal, or only
slightly inclining from horizontal, in order that the observing of the alternating
or vibrating motion or motions of such pointers, and the writing down of the
signals made by such alternating or vibrating motions, may be readily performed
without requiring any great change of the direction of the sight for observing
the pointers and then writing down the signals, and then resuming the
observation of the pointers.
Fourthly, in the improvement herein-before described for giving audible
sounds at the same instants when visible signals are exhibited by motions of
pointers in electric telegraphs, one kind of sound being given when the electric
-current is transmitted in one direction through any circuit giving one indi-
cation by the pointer, and a different sound being given when such current
is transmitted in a contrary direction through the same circuit, giving the
other indication by the pointer.
Fifthly, in the improvement herein-before described for giving signals in
electric telegraphs by. successive motions of a pointer following one after the
another in quick succession, or lesser or greater number of such motions which
follow in such succession before a pause is made, constituting one kind of
difference in the signals given by such motions, and the two directions in
which such motions will be made by transmission of electric currents in
one direction or in the contrary direction through the same circuit con-
stituting, another kind of difference in the signals made by such motions, and
being combined together in manner herein-before described, the aforesaid
two kind of differences in the motions which are so given, in order to obtain
diversity of signals from electric telegraphis operating with only one long

page_text: telegraphic wire for one half of the circuit, and the conducting power of the
earth serving for the other half of the circuit; and such motions as aforesaid
may be accompanied with corresponding audible sounds of two distinct kinds,
whereof one kind will be sounded when the electric current is transmitted in
one direction through the circuit, and the other different sound when the
transmission is in a contrary direction through the same circuit, so as that the
ear and the eye may mutually assist in renewing the signals..
Sixthly, in the improvement herein-before described of applying permanent
magnets, so as to be subjected to the attractive and repulsive forces of
occasional or voltaic magnetism that will be excited in pieces of soft iron
by the transmission of electric currents through wire coiled around such iron,
and by means of such attractive and repulsive forces giving motions to pointers
suitably for the purpose of giving signals in electric telegraphs by such
motions, the said permanent magnets being applied in near próximity to
the pieces of soft iron in which the occasional magnetism is excited, the said
permanent magnets being for that purpose fastened to axes of motion, to which
the pointers are also fastened, but with the permanent magnets much nearer
to the centres of motion than the pointing extremities. of the pointers, in order
that the motions given to the permanent magnets by the aforesaid attraction
and repulsion to which they are subjected may be motions through small
spaces, although the motions of the pointers will be sufficient for exhibiting
signals on dial plates by such motions with distinctness; also the said
motions of the pointers and of the permanent magnets being performed in one
direction when the electric current is transmitted in one direction, and in
a contrary direction when the transmission is reversed; also the extent of such
motion in each direction being so limited by suitable stops as that the said
magnets will not be allowed to touch the pieces of iron in which the occa-
sional magnetism is excited; also springs being being applied to the said
pointers, with stops to those springs as herein-before described, in order to
give the pointers a tendency to resume the quiescent or resting position when
no occasional magnetism is. excited, and such springs with stops will cause
the pointers to come to rest suddenly and decidedly at their said quiescent or
resting position.
Seventhly, in the improvement herein-before described, in reference to
Figure 1, Sheet III., for applying a portable telegraph at any part of a long
line of telegraphic wire, without disuniting the continuity of such wire for the
purpose of applying such portable telegraph.
Eighthly, in the improvement herein-before described, in reference to
Figure 3, Sheet III., whereby small apparatuses are applied to exhibit the

page_text: signals which are making by the transmission of electric currents through
a long line of telegraphic wire at all the apparatuses, terminal and inter-
mediate, which are in communication through the medium of the said long
telegraphic wire, such small apparatuses being actuated by derived currents,
as herein-before explained.
Ninthly, in the improvement herein-before described in reference to
Figure 4, Sheet III., for applying the first part of our present improvements
to the instruments called galvanometers, in order to increase the effect of the
multiplying coils of such galvanometer by the filling up the space within
such coil with soft iron.
Tenthly, in the improvement herein-before described in referénce to Sheet IV,
for letting off clockwork mechanism for alarums or other purposes in electric
telegraphs, by the falling of a hammer which has been previously raised by
such clockwork, and that, the clockwork in the act of so raising the said
hammer may also assist in withdrawing the piece of iron which had been
attracted by the voltaic magnets in letting off...
Eleventhly, in the improvement herein-before described in reference to
Figure 10, Sheet II., for employing two voltaic magnets to act in concert in
place of one such, for the purpose of letting off clockwork alarums or other
clock work mechanism used in electric telegraphs.
Twelfthly, in the improvement herein-before described in magneto-electric
telegraph apparatus by substituting voltaic magnets for permanent magnets in
such apparatus.
Thirteenthly, in the improvement herein-before described in covering the
iron wires, which are to be used for the long telegraphic wires of electric tele-
graphs, in case those wires are to be suspended. in the air, as described in the
fifth Specification, by enclosing the iron wire in leaden tubes.
Fourteenthly and lastly, the improvement herein-before described in
reference to Figure 3, Sheet I., of the arrangement of the two finger
keys H, I, and the springs h, i, beneath the same, and the other piece 7, by
which there are only four points of contact to be made and separated for the
working of the telegraph; videlicit, the contacts between the key H and the
spring h, and between the spring h and the piece l, and the contacts between
the key I and the spring i, and between the spring i and the same piece l.
In witness whereof, we, the said Charles Wheatstone and William S
Fothergill Cooke, have hereunto set our hands and seals, this Sixth
day of November, One thousand eight hundred and forty-five.
CHARLES (L.S.) WHEATSTONE.
WILLM F. (L.S.) COOKE.
.

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the same Sixth day of November,
in the year above mentioned, the aforesaid Charles Wheatstone and William
Fothergill Cooke came before our Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and
acknowledged the Specification aforesaid, and all and every thing therein
contained, in form above written. And also the Specification aforesaid
was stamped according to the tenor of the Statute in that case made and
provided.
Inrolled the same Sixth day of November, in the year above written.