Improvements in Internal Combustion Thermo Motors.
Year: 1888

page_text: Date of Application, 22nd Dec., 1888
Complete Specification Left, 22nd Oct., 1889-Accepted, 23rd Nov., 1889
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Internal Combustion Thermo Motors.
I JAMES HARGREAVES of Widnes in the County of Lancaster Chemical Engineer,
do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows:-
:-
My present improvements have for their object simplification of construction and
more economical working of Engines of this class.
First. I supply the air necessary for combustion directly by means of an air pump.
which injects the air directly into the exhaust end of the regenerator, and I arrange
the connecting rods of the working cylinder and the air pump in such manner that the
air is supplied at the proper period for impelling the working piston. For this purpose
I place the crank connected to the working piston, somewhat in advance of the crank
connected to the air pump piston I connect the pistons to the working piston and air
pump piston in such manner the working piston is at the slow dead point when at
the inner end of its stroke, and at the quick dead point when at the outer end of its
stroke and the air pump piston in such manner that it is at the slow dead point when
at the outer end of its stroke, and at the quick dead point when at the inner end of
its stroke.
Second. I arrange the fuel pump when liquid fuel is used in such manner that the
said fuel pump and spray jet are close together, in the same casting, and fix both
upon a plug or stopper which has one end in the furnace or combustion chamber, so
that the whole pump and spray jet can be removed together.
Third. When using liquid fuel, I make the spray joi with a conical valve attached
to a spindle which passes through the dolivery tube and a stuffing box and arrange
the said spindle so that it can be fixed so as to give an opening of any desired fineness,
and by means of a suitably arranged spring so that in case of any dirt getting into
the said opening or of carbon or other solid matter adhering to the said delivery tube
or to the surface of the said valve the said spindle may be moved so as to allow
the escape of dirt or knock off any adhering carbon.
Fourth. 1 place the air pump at or near the exhaust end of the regenerator so as
to deliver the air directly into the said regenerator. When the fly wheel is placed
between the working cylinder and the air pump, I place the regenerator parallel with
the shaft of the said air pump and when the fly wheel is on the opposite of the working
cylinder to the air pump. I place the air pump close to the working cylinder and
arrange the regenerator along side of the said working cylinder.
Fifth. To oil the back of the piston rings when the motor is at work, I make the
oil cups with valves opening inwards, and allow oil to flow thereinto when the piston
is near the outer end of its stroke.
Sixth. When forcing water through the working piston to keep it cool, I first force
it through a coil or a multitubular vessel or other heating appliance so as to collect heat
from the exhaust products, previous to forcing the said water through the said working
piston, I cause the said water to pass through the said working piston by means of a
telescopic tube, and then cause the water which has been further heated by the said
working piston to gather any steam which may be produced to pass out by another
telescopic tube into the water jacket surrounding the said working cylinder.
Seventh. The steam produced in the said working piston and water jacket, is then
taken through a regulating valve arranged as a non return valve, and thence through
a working valve, which is preferably made to open as soon as the great bulk of the air
has been delivered by the air pump so as to drive before it any air which may remain
in the regenerator, and for this purpose I prefer to place the inlet for the steam near
the delivery valve of the air pump.
Eighth. To supply liquid fuel to the motor I raise the piston of the fuel pump by

page_text: "
means of a clutch gear and at the proper period, I liberate the piston of the said fuel
pump from the said clutch and force the said piston inwards by means of a spring so
as to obtain a very rapid delivery of the liquid fuel at a high pressure, so that in passing
through the fine opening referred to in the third head of this specification it may
issue at a high velocity and be divided with fine spray.
Ninth. To insure against earthy or saline matters being carried into the regenerator
where impure water is employed I use a centrifugal priming vessel to separate the
steam from any unevaporated water it may have mixed with it. I do not however in
all cases use steam to help in propelling the working piston, but cause water to circulate
through the heater, the working piston, and the water jacket, and then allow it to flow
away as hot water. To lessen the force of concussion on the valve seat, I keep
separate the exhaust valve from the gear which moves it, I cause the said exhaust
valve to close by a spring, and open by a push from a spindle actuated by a
cam.
Tenth. To lighten the working piston I make the said working piston in the form
of two vessels one within the other, and I cause the cooling water to pass between
the surfaces of the two vessels aforesaid. To prevent too great a rush of water to
the outlet pipe which takes away the hot water and steam from the said working
piston, I place on the surface of one of the said vessels of which the said working
pistons is formed, a series of deflecting plates which deflect the water from the entrance
to the said outlet pipe.
Eleventh. To cool the air employed in actuating the said motor and thus afford a
greater degree of expansibility when raised to the higher temperature, 1, cause tho
said air to pass over surfaces moistened by water.
Twelfth. To reduce the number of working parts in Thermo Motors the fuel pump
is worked from the same shaft as the water pump.
Thirteenth. To prevent fracture or buckling of the fire side of the piston I make
the covering of annular sections overlapping each other in such manner that each can
expand laterally without expanding the others. And I further cast such sections
with lugs which are hooked upon similar lugs depending from the end of the piston.
By preference I place a non conducting material such as asbestos fibre mixed or not
with Coal tar between the piston fire coverings.
Fourteenth. To avoid lateral strains and at the same time to use a short connecting
rod I place the crank shaft to one side of the centre line of the piston rod so that the
connecting rod forms a small angle on the outstroke and a large angle on the instroke.
The air pump has the same arrangement but the small angle is made on the instroke
and the large angle on the outstroke.
Dated this 21st dow of Dasomban 1000
"
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Internal Combustion Thermo Motors.
I JAMES HARGREAVES of Widnes in the County of Lancaster, Chemical Engineer,
do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the same is
to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement :-
My present improvements have for their object simplification of construction, and
more economical working of the Engines of this class.
First. I supply the air necessary for combustion directly by means of an air pump
which injects the air directly into the exhaust end of the regenerator, and I arrange
the connecting rods of the working cylinder and the air pump in such manner that
the air is supplied at the proper period for impelling the working piston. For this
-purpose I place the crank connected to the working piston somewhat in advance of
the crank connected to the air pump piston. I connect the cranks to the working
piston and air pump piston in such manner that the working piston is at the slow dead

page_text: point when at the inner end of its stroke, and at the quick dead point when at the
outer end of its stroke, and the air pump piston in such manner that it is at the slow.
dead point when at the outer end of its stroke, and at the quick dead point when at
the inner end of its stroke.
Second. I arrange the fuel pump when liquid fuel is used in such manner that the
said fuel pump and spray jet are close together in the same casting, and fix both upon
a plug or stopper which has one end in the furnace or combustion chamber so that the
whole pump and spray jet can bo removed together.
Third. When using liquid fuel I make the spray jet with a conical valve attached
to a spindle which passes through the delivery tube and a stuffing box and arrange
the said spindle so that it can be fixed so as to give an opening of any desired
fineness by means of a suitably arranged spring so that in case of any dirt getting
into the said opening or of carbon or other solid matter adhering to the said delivery
tube or to the surface of the said valve the said spindle may be moved so as to allow
the escape of dirt or knock off any adhering carbon.
.
Fourth. I place the air pump at or near the exhaust end of the regenerator so as
to deliver the air directly into the said regenerator. When the fly wheel is placed
between the working cylinder and the air pump I place the regenerator parallel with
the crank shaft and between the working cylinder and the said air pump, and when
the fly wheel is on the opposite side of the working cylinder to the air pump I place the
air pump close to the working cylinder, and arrange the regenerator along side of the
said working cylinder.
Fifth. To oil the back of the piston rings when the motor is at work I make the
oil cups with valves opening inwards, and allow oil to flow thereinto when the piston
is near the outer end of its stroke.
Sixth. When forcing water through the working piston to keep it cool I first force
it through a coil a multitubular vessel or other heating appliance so as to collect heat
from the exhaust products previous to forcing the said water through the said
working piston I cause the siid water to pass through the said working piston by
means of a telescopic tube, and then cause the water which has been further heated by
the said working piston together with any steam which may be produced to pass out
by another telescopic tube into the water jacket surrounding the said working
cylinder.
Seventh. The steam produced in the said working piston and water jacket is then
taken through a regulating valve arranged as a non return valve, and thence through
a working valve which is preferably made to open as soon as the great bulk of the
air has been delivered by the air pump, so as to drive before it any air which may
remain in the regenerator, and for this purpose I prefer to place the inlet for the
steam near the delivery vaive of the air pump.
Eighth. To supply liquid fuel to the motor I raise the piston of the fuel pump by
means of a clutch or cam gear and at the proper period I liberate the piston of the
said fuel pump from the said clutch or cam, and force the said piston inwards by means
of a spring so as to obtain a very rapid delivery of the liquid fuel at a high pressure,
so that in passing through the fine opening referred to in the third head of this
specification it may issue at a high velocity and be divided into fine spray.
Ninth. To ensure against earthy or saline matters being carried into the regenerator
where impure water is employed I use a centrifugal priming vessel to separate the
steam from any unevaporated water it may have mixed with it. I do not however in
all cases use steam to help in propelling the working piston, but cause water to circulate
through the heater, the working piston and the water jacket, and then allow it to flow
away as hot water. To lessen the force of concussion on the valve seat I keep separate
the exhaust valve from the gear which moves it. I canse the said exhaust valvo
to close by a spring and open by a push from a spindle actuated by a cam.
Tenth. To lighten the working piston I make the said working piston in the form
of two vessels one within the other, and I cause the cooling water to pass between
the surfaces of the two vessels aforesaid. To prevent too great a rush of water to the
outlet pipe which takes away the hot water and steam from the said working piston,

page_text: Figs. 1 and 2 are vertical sections at right angles to each other of a motor con-
structed in accordance with my invention, and fig. 3 is a longitudinal section of the
jet for supplying liquid fuel to the motor.
1 is the working cylinder, 2 is the working piston made with a bottom having an
inner vessel 3 and outer vessel 4 so connected as to enclose a space 5 through which
water is caused to circulate. The outer vessel 4 is provided with a series of deflecting
plates 6 which cause the water to circulate over the inner surface of the outer vessel
instead of flowing directly from the inlet pipe to the outlet pipe. 7 is the inlet pipe,
$ is the outlet pipe. The deflecting plates may be on the inner vessel instead of on
the outer vessel or some may be secured on each vessel. The bottom of the outer
vessel 4 is formed with recesses 9 from which are hung protecting plates 10 by means
of lugs 11. The plates 10 overlap so that they may freely expand and contract, in
this way buckling or warping is prevented and damaged portions are easily removed.
A slow conductor of heat such as asbestos fibro may advantageously be placed between
the coverplates 10 and the bottom 4 of the outer vessel 4. 12 is an oil cup secured
to the working piston and fitted with a hollow plunger 13 held in position by a
spring 14. 15 is a valve in the bottom of the hollow plunger opening towards the
space 17
working piston and held closed by a spring 16. A passage leads from the
19 is a block secured to the
in the oil cup below the plunger to the piston rings 18.
frame of the motor against which the top of the plunger 13 strikes on the up stroke
of the working piston; the said plunger is thereby forced some distance into the oil
cup 12 and oil is expressed from the space. 17 through the duct of the piston rings 18
on the down stroke of the working piston the springs 14 restore the hollow
plunger 13 to its normal position and a partial vacuum is made below the said plunger;
only one cup is shown in the drawing but I prefer to have a separate cup to supply
oil to each piston ring. The pressure of the atmosphere on oil in the said hollow
plunger 13 forces some of the said oil past the valve 15 into the space 17 so as to
fill the vacant portion thereof. 20 is the pump for supplying air to support com-
bustion in the working cylinder. The said pump is placed at, and delivers air directly
into, the exhaust end of the regenerator 21. For compactness the said air pump 20
is placed close to the working cylinder 1, the regenerator is placed alongside the
working cylinder, and the fly wheel 22 is on the opposite side of the cylinder to the
air pump. If it is desired to have the fly wheel between the working cylinder and
the air pump, the regonerator is placed beneath the crank shaft and between the said
working cylinder and air pump. Beneath the air pump is a chamber 23 containing

page_text: sponge, shavings, or other porous substances kept moist with water so that the air in
its passage to the pump absorbs some of the water and has its temperature reduced
thereby allowing of greater expansion when it enters into combustion in the working
cylinder. 24 is the crank shaft carried in bearings 25 placed at one side of the centre
line of the piston rod 26 of the working piston. 27 general frame work, 28 rod con-
necting crosshead of the piston rods 26 to the crank 29, these parts being so disposed
that the connecting rod forms a small angle with the said piston rod on the outstroke
when work is being done, and a large angle on the instroke when no work is being
done. In this way cross strains are reduced. 30 rod connecting the air pump
plunger 31 to the crank disc 32, here the disposition of the parts is reversed as the air
pump is doing work on the instroke and not on the outstroke. Besides the opposite
systems of connection the crank operated by the working piston is somewhat in
advance of the crank which operates the air pump so that air is forced into the
working cylinder at the proper time. 33 water pump actuated by an excentric and
connections 34 on the crank shaft 24. 35 inlet to pump, 36-discharge pipe leading
to a coil 37 in a vessel 38. 39 exhaust pipe leading from the regenerator 21 past
the exhaust valve to the vessel 38. 40 pipe leading from the vessel 38 to the waste
gas flue. 41 pipe leading from the coil 37 to the telescopic pipe 7 opening into the
space 5 between the inner and outer vessels 3 and 4. 42 jacket surrounding the
working cylinder 1 so as to form a water containing space 43 which is connected to
the space 5 above mentioned by the telescopic pipe 8. By the above arrangement
water is forced by the pump 33 through the coil 37 where it absorbs some of the heat
of the exhaust gases, thence through the space 5 where it is further heated whilst
keeping the piston compartively cool after which it passes into the jacketed space 43
with any steam generated in the space 5 and is further heated. From the jacketed
space 43 the steam and water pass by a valve.44 into a vessel 45 in which the steam
and water are separated from each other. This vessel is of any usual construction, and
is commonly called a steam trap. I prefer to use those called centrifugal separators.
The valve 44 is made so as to prevent the return of steam and water to the jacket,
46 pipe leading from the vessel 45 to a valve 47. 48 way from the valve 47 to the
cooler end of the regenerator 21. The valve 47 is operated by excentric or suitable
gear 49 so as to admit steam from the vessel 45 into the regenerator as soon as the
great bulk of air has been delivered by the air pump so as to sweep the air in tho
regenerator forward into the combustion chamber. 50 exhaust valve closed by a
spring 51 and opened by a push piece 52 actuated by excentric or suitable gear 53,
54 liquid fuel pump actuated by means of a spring and trip gear 55 in the usual way.
The pump 54 forms part of the fuel jet 56 so that there is no loss of energy between
the pump and the exit nozzle 57. The jet 56 is made with a stem 58 held in position
by two springs 59 and screw and nut appliances 60 so that the position of the stem
may be accurately adjusted and yet be freely moved to and fro.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of the said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what I
claim is :-
First. Constructing thermo motors with reverse connections between working and
air pump pistons and the crank shaft substantially in the manner and for the purpose
described in the first and fourteenth parts.
Second. A combined fuel pump and jet for thermo motors substantially as set
forth.
Third. Constructing liquid fuel jets for thermo motors as set forth.
Fourth. Arranging the working and air pump cylinders the regenerator and fly
wheel of thermo motors substantially as set forth.
Fifth. Lubricators for the piston rings of thermo motors substantially as
forth.
set
Sixth. Thermo motors with apparatus for heating water flowing to the working
piston by exhaust products substantially as set forth.

page_text: Seventh. Constructing thermo motors with a separator for steain water and
impurities substantially as set forth.
Eighth. Constructing the pistons of thermo motors of two vessels combined with
deflecting plates substantially as set forth.
Ninth. Providing hollow pistons of thermo motors with deflecting plates for the
purpose set forth.
Tenth. Cooling air for use in thermo motors substantially as set forth.
Eleventh. Constructing thermo motors with cylinders, crank shaft, and connecting
rods disposed and combined substantially as set forth.
Twelfth. Thermo motors substantially as herein set forth.
Per Pro J. T. KING,
J. Johnson, Agent.