IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF, AND IN CONNECTION WITH BAKER'S OVENS
Year: 1885

page_text: Bakers' Ovens.
I ADOLPH GATES of 24 New Oxford Street London, in the County of Middlesex,
wholesale confectioner, do hereby declare the nature of the said invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF, AND IN CONNECTION WITH BAKER'S
OVENS, (a communication to me from abroad by Carl Jung, of Vienna Austria,
furnace engineer,) to be as follows:-
According to this invention the oven is suitably arranged to be heated from the
outside only, consequently no gas, smoke or dirt from fire can ever enter, and when
once heated, the heat continues almost uniform for many hours without further
firing or attention An important element in this invention is the introduction
into the oven during baking of steam, preferably super-heated which greatly
improves the appearance of the articles baked by imparting to them a highly
glazed gloss and is also beneficial to the baking by improving the taste of the
articles baked.
The oven is built of fire bricks, preferably slightly arched, top and bottom, and
with a slight rise backwards; the bottom is levelled by a layer of concrete or
other suitable material upon which the baking floor is laid of plates of fireclay
suitably jointed. This oven rests upon abutments or stays within a heating
chamber with a space or flues all round for the heat from the fire which is
arranged below, to circulate; the exit for smoke and draught is in the upper part
or roof of the heating chamber and over top of oven. Usual dampers are fitted to
control the draught and exit of heat.
The oven heating chamber is built of fire-bricks and has a layer of concrete on
top and bottom and is bedded in usual brick-work Over heating chamber,
preferably in flue, is arranged a water reservoir or boiler which may be kept filled
in any known manner, and is fitted with water guage glass outside.
Near the fire or in flue is arranged the apparatus for generating and discharging
superheated steam into the oven. This may consist of a metallic tube partially
filled with pieces of stone or other suitable inaterial, which become heated by the
heat from the fire. Water is conveyed from the reservoir by pipe fitted with tap
communicating with interior of generator; on the water being discharged into

page_text: generator and coming in contact with the heated stones, it is at once converted
into superheated steam which immediately discharges into oven by suitably
arranged pipe. The water may either be squirted or sprayed into generator in
any known manner, or evenly distributed over the hot stones from a pipe having
a number of small holes in its length, extending the length of interior of
generator; such pipe may be fitted with branches to more evenly distribute the
water.
This generator is fitted with draw off tap to allow any water to be drawn off
that may settle upon the bottom, and trial tap. The oven is fitted with an outlet
passage into flue preferably made of a copper tube with suitable damper to carry
off the steam when necessary.
The door of the furnace is preferred to be arranged outside on the opposite end
of oven to the door of same; by such an arrangement there is less liability of dirt
or smoke interferring with the articles when being put in the oven, and it also
keeps that side cooler for the baker.
The furnace is filled with suitable roof to prevent the fire impinging direct on to
bottom of oven, otherwise the bottom would become much hotter than the top or
sides one of the objects of this construction of oven is to get as near as possible a
uniform heat all round the oven. The degree of heat in oven is best ascertained
by a pyrometer having a dial outside.
Cleaning out doors for the soot, and lighting arrangement for interior of oven,
are provided for.

page_text: Improvements in the Construction of and in Connection with
Bakers' Ovens.
I ADOLPH GATES of 24 New Oxford Street London in the County of Middlesex
wholesale confectioner, do hereby declare the nature of this invention (a communi-
cation to me from abroad by Carl Jung of Vienna, Austria, furnace engineer)
and in what manner the same is to be performed to be particularly described and
ascertained in and by the following statement:-
According to this invention the oven is arranged or set in a heating chamber, and
heated in such heating chamber from the outside only, consequently no gas, smoke
or dirt from fire can enter, and when once heated. the heat continues uniform for
say twenty four hours without further firing or attention.
An important element in this invention is the introduction into the oven during
baking, of steam, preferably superheated which greatly improves the taste of the
articles baked and also their appearance by imparting to them a highly glazed
gloss.
To enable this invention to be properly understood I will describe the same by
aid of the accompanying, drawings, in which the same letters are used to denote
the same parts in the different views.
Figure 1 represents a sectional side elevation through centre of oven.
Figure 2 sectional end view from furnace end.
Figure 3 plan of oven.
The parts marked B. B¹ B², B³, D, D¹ E³,'E², E³, R, R¹, and R² are firebrick and
parts marked V the ordinary brick work setting.
A is oven preferably slightly arched top and bottom, and set with a slight rise
backwards B being the upper arch, B¹ the sides, and B² the bottom arch. The
bottom is levelled by a layer of concrete, or other suitable filling up material C
upon which the baking floor D is laid of plates of fireclay suitably jointed. The
bricks in arches B and B² and sides B¹ being dovetailed to prevent any shifting.
This oven rests upon abutments or stays D¹ within a heating chamber E with a
slight rise backwards and with a space or spaces, or flues Fat sides, and a space Fl
over roof B for the heat to ascend and circulate from furnace F2 which is arranged
below exits for the smoke and fire gases are in the upper part of oven heating
chamber E and represented at G, I. The former has a damper J fitted to it
actuated by a pendant handle suitably attached to outside brick work. These
exits G, I, lead into a space K, from a main passage or flue K' leads to chimney K³,
in the lower part of which on outside a cleaning out door K³ is provided.
The passage K has an ordinary damper K* actuated in the usual manner.
The oven heating chamber E, is formed of upper arch E¹, sides E2, and bottom E³
with cross supports T³, corners or angles being filled in with concrete or filling C.
Preferably over heating chamber in space K, is arranged a water reservoir or

page_text: boiler L, resting upon cross girders L. This reservoir may be kept filled in any
known manner, and is fitted with outside water guage M.
Near the fire or in flue is arranged the "vapouriser" or apparatus for generating
and discharging superheated steam or vapour into the oven. This may consist of
a metallic tube or boiler N, partially filled with pieces of broken stone, or other
suitable material which become heated by the heat from fire.
Water is conveyed from reservoir L, by pipe O, which is carried down outside of
brickwork V and connected to one end-of vapouriser N, the said pipe being suitable
fitted with tap.
To the vapouriser is attached another pipe P which is carried round outside and
into oven for discharging the superheated steam or vapour into oven.
This pipe
need not be fitted with tap, as on the water being discharged into vapouriser N
and coming in contact with the heated stones, it is at once converted into
superheated steam or vapour and enters oven in direction of arrow figure 1.
The water from pipe P may either be squirted or sprayed into vapouriser in any
known manner or evenly distributed over the hot stones by an additional pipe
connected to pipe P, extending the length of interior of vapouriser, and having a
number of small holes in its length; and such pipe may be corrugated or curled or
fitted with branches or arms to more evenly distribute the water, if thought
desirable. The vapouriser may be tubular, square, or other desired shape.
The vapouriser is fitted with a draw off tap P¹ to allow any surplus water that
may settle upon bottom to be drawn off; and also a trial tap P².
The oven is fitted with an outlet passage Q to carry off the steam when necessary
from the oven; this passage is preferably made of a copper tube passing through
roof B near back of oven and is carried through brickwork and round space K
'and into flue K¹. This tube may be fitted with tap or damper.
It is preferred to arrange the furnace F2 under the back end of oven so that the
furnace door F³ may be outside on the opposite side, to the door of oven, by such
arrangement there is less liability of dirt or smoke interferring with the articles
when being put into oven, and it also keeps that side cooler for the baker. The
furnace F is fitted with suitable roof R and sides R¹ extending the whole length
of fire place to prevent the fire impinging direct on to bottom of oven, other-
wise the bottom particularly over fire would become much hotter than the top or
sides. One of the objects sought to be attained by this construction of oven is to
as nearly as possible have a uniform heat all round the oven. The degree of heat
in oven is best ascertained by using a pyrometer. This may be fitted as repre-
sented at R and having a dial outside. S represents the entrance of oven, which
is closed by vertical sliding door T: this door may be balanced by a weight.
The interior of the oven is lighted by a lamp U placed inside over entrance;
this lamp is lighted by gas; Ps being the gas pipe, and P4 air pipe. A chimney R³
is provided for proper ventilation and carried outside of brickwork as represented
in drawing. The front of lamp may be fitted with a glass P sliding in a frame to
permit removal to light gas; or the lighting arrangement may be fitted outside
oven, the light showing through suitable window provided for the purpose in wall
of oven.
The other parts are: R2 fire place R³ fire bars R ash-pit D₁ cleaning out
openings closed on outside by suitable doors; D³ depression in ground for stoker's
standing place; D₁ baker's standing place; T¹ oven door frame; T2 longitudinal
supplementary ash pits with heating chamber E and fitted with outside doors for
cleaning out,
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of this inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what
I claim is
1. Arranging a baker's oven, within a heating chamber said oxen haine hosted

page_text: heated substantially as herein before described and represented in the accompanying
drawings.
2. In baker's ovens, the use of introduced steam preferably superheated which
I term vapoursing for the purposes herein before described.
3. The combination for a baker's oven of, the oven heated from outside, and
set in a heating chamber suitably heated, and the use of introduced steam prefer-
ably superheated let into baking oven at will, herein before termed vapourising,
all substantially as hereinbefore described and represented in the accompanying
drawings.