AN IMPROVEMENT OR IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MAKING OF A CEMENT OR COMPOSITION FOR ORNAMENTS AND STATUES, AND FOR MAKING ARTIFICIAL BRICKS, OR AN IMITATION OF BRICKS, TILES, AND STONES, AND JOINING AND CEMENTING THE SAME, AND ERECTING, COVERING, AND DECORATING BUILDINGS INTERNALLY AND EXTERNALLY, AND ALSO AN IMPROVEMENT OR IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MIXING, WORKING, AND MOULDING OF THE SAID CEMENT OR COMPOSITION UPON ANY SORT OF MATERIALS, OR IN WORKING AND MOULDING WHOLE AND ENTIRE ERECTIONS AND SUBSTANCES THEREWITH
Year: 1817

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, PETER
IAMELIN, of Albany Place, Kent Road, in the Parish of Saint Giles, Camber-
well, in the County of Surry, Merchant, send greeting.
WHEREAS His present Majesty King George the Third, in and by His
Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at West-
minster, the Nineteenth day of July last, for Himself, His heirs and suc-
cessors, did give and grant unto me, the said Peter Hameliu, my exors, adñiors,
and assigns, His especial licence, full power, sole privilege and authority, that
I, the said Peter Hamelin, my exors, admors, and assigns, and every of them,
by myself and themselves, or by my and their deputy and deputies, servants or
agents, or such others as I, the said Peter Hamelin, my exors, adiñors, or
assigns, should agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times
during the term of years therein expressed, should and lawfully might make,
use, exercise, aud vend, within England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick-
upon-Tweed, and also in all His Majesty's Colonies and Plantations abroad,
my Invention of "AN IMPROVEMENT OR IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MAKING OF A
CEMENT OR COMPOSITION FOR ORNAMENTS AND STATUES, AND FOR MAKING ARTIFICIAL
BRICKS, OR AN IMITATION OF BRICKS, TILES, AND STONES, AND JOINING AND
CEMENTING THE SAME, AND ERECTING, COVERING, AND DECORATING BUILDINGS
INTERNALLY AND EXTERNALLY, AND ALSO AN IMPROVEMENT OR IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
MIXING, WORKING, AND MOULDING OF THE SAID CEMENT OR COMPOSITION UPON ANY
SORT OF MATERIALS, OR IN WORKING AND MOULDING WHOLE AND ENTIRE ERECTIONS
AND SUBSTANCES THEREWITH;" in which said Letters Patent there is contained
a proviso obliging me, the said Peter. Hamelin, by an instrument in writing

page_text: under my hand and seal, particularly to describe and ascertain the nature of
my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, and to
cause the same to be inrolled in His Majesty's High Court of Chancery
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said
recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference being thereto had,
will more fully appear.
.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Peter Hamelin, do hereby declare that my said Invention consists in making of
a cement or composition, which may be applied in the formation or making
of ornaments and statues, and of bricks, or an imitation of bricks, tiles, and
stones, and joining and connecting the same, and in erecting, covering, and
decorating buildings internally and externally, and the said cement or
composition may be mixed and moulded upon any sort of materials, and
whole and entire erections and substances may be worked and moulded
therewith. I propose to describe the nature and quality of the said cement or
composition, and how the same is made, manufactured, and mixed, and after-
wards worked and applied to all or any of the several purposes above described.
As to the nature and quality of the said cement or composition, I do declare
that the same consists in a mixture of earths and other substances that are
insoluble in water, or nearly so, either in their natural state or such as have
been manufactured, as earthenware, porcelain, and such like substances; but
I prefer those earths that, either in their natural or manufactured state, are the
least soluble in water, and have, when pulverized or reduced to a powder, the
least colour to the earth or carths, as before named, either in their natural or
manufactured state; and so pulverized, I add a quantity, as herein-after
described, of each of the oxides of lead, as litharge, grey oxide, and minium,
reduced or ground to a fine powder. To the whole of the above-named sub-
These various
stances I add a quantity of pulverized glass or flint stone.
earths, oxides, and glass, or flint stone, reduced to a pulverized state in proper
and due proportions, and being mixed with a proper and due proportion of
vegetable oil, as herein-after named, form and make a composition or cement
which, by contact or exposure to the atmosphere, hardens and forms an
impenetrable and impervious coating or covering resembling Portland or
other stones.
And I do declare that my said cement or composition is composed in the
following manner and proportions:-To any given weight of the earth or
earths, commonly called pit sand, river sand, rock sand, orany other sand of
the same or the like nature, or pulverized earthenware or porcelain, I add
two thirds of such given weight of the earth or earths commonly called Port-

page_text: land stone, Bath stone, or any other stone of the same or the like nature
pulverized. To every five hundred and sixty pounds weight of these earths so
prepared I add forty pounds weight of litharge, prepared as before described,
and to the last-mentioned given weights I add two pounds weight of pulverized
glass or flint stone. I then add to this mixture one pound weight of minium
and two pounds weight of grey oxide of lead. This compound of earths, oxido,
and glass, or flint stone, I put into a circular or other proper machine, that
will, by its rotary or other motion, mix them well. And their proper inter-
mixture may be ascertained by the shade or colour, which should appear of one
even and regular shade or hue, but any particular shade or colour may be
given by a proper selection of earths, or by adding a small quantity of vegetable,
mineral, or other colouring matter. This composition being thus mixed I pass
the same through a wire sieve or dressing machine, of such a fineness or mash
as may be requisite for the purposes it is intended for, preferring a fine sieve,
mash, or wirework when the composition is to be used for works that require
a fine, smooth, or even surface. The composition thus formed and mixed is a
fine and dry powder, and may be kept open in bulk or in casks for any length
of time without deterioration. When this composition is intended to be made
into cement to be used for any of the purposes I have before described it to be
applicable to, I spread it upon a board or platform, or mix it in a trough, and
add to every six hundred and five pounds weight of the above-named compo-
sition five gallons of vegetable oil of a fixity nature (but I prefer linseed oil,
walnut oil, and pink oil). I then mix the composition in a similar way to that
of mortar, and I afterwards subject it to a gentle pressure by means of treading
upon it; and this operation I continue until it acquires the appearance of
moistened sand. The mixture being thus composed is a cement fit and appli-
cable to all the purposes before enumerated. It is requisite to observe, that
this cement should be used the same day the oil is added, otherwise it will fix or
set into a solid substance, and be unfit for use.
And I do further declare, that when the cement is to be used or applied to
the making of decorations, ornaments, and statues, or artificial bricks, or an
imitation of bricks, tiles, and stones, I make use of running or casting moulds,
prepared suitable and applicable for the purposes for which they are intended.
It is requisite to observe that the moulds I use for the purpose of making
ornaments, statues, or other fancy works are prepared and made of gypsum,
or plaster of Paris, or seasoned or dry wood, which must be prepared by
rubbing the internal parts well with raw linseed oil until they are brought to a
dry, smooth, and polished surface to prevent adhesion; and in some instances,

page_text: to obtain a more perfect dry, smooth, and polished surface, I use or apply
pulverized plumbago. For the purpose of making bricks, tiles, and stones, or
imitations of bricks, tiles, and stones, the moulds are made in the usual way,
and do not require the preparation as last described; but in all cases it is
requisite to detach or remove with convenient speed the mould from the body
of the cement or composition to which it is intended to give form.
The
statue, ornament, bricks, tiles, and stones, or the imitations of all or either of
them, thus formed, must be removed with care, and placed upon a bench or
platform, which must be previously covered with fine dry sand to prevent
adhesion; and in some cases for statues and ornaments a bed of fine dry sand
is necessary to receive them, where they must remain in both cases for the
purpose of setting for twenty-four hours or a longer period, according to the
temperature to which they are exposed. When I make cornices or mouldings
with the said cement I use a running mould made of wood, of one inch in
thickness at the least, and faced or covered with thin sheet iron or steel,
which must be polished, and which will thereby give the work operated upon
all the advantages of pressure and smoothness as is obtained by the moulds
made and prepared for making ornaments and statues as before described.
The variations in the forms of mouldings and cornices are so numerous, and
require so many different sorts of tools and care, according to the nature,
fancy, and size of the work to be performed, that it is impossible for me to
give a more precise description, as much must depend upon the abilities,
skilfulness, and practice of the workman.
And I do further declare that my cement or composition may be applied in
cementing and joining of bricks, tiles, and stones, or any other substances, and
also in erecting and covering of buildings. When I apply it for the purpose
of cementing and joining of bricks, tiles, stones, and other like substances, I
prepare the surfaces to which the cement or composition is to be applied by
brushing and cleaning them from dust and all loose matter; I then cover the
said surfaces with boiled linseed oil, and this operation is performed with a
brush, as in painting. This application of the boiled linseed oil prevents the
too rapid absorption of the oil employed or mixed with the cement or com-
position. I then apply a thin coating of the said cement or composition
between the two bodies to be joined. When my cement or composition is
applied for the purpose of covering buildings intended to resemble stone I
prepare, as before directed, the surface of the buildings. I then apply and
float the cement or composition of the thickness of a quarter of an inch, or any
greater thickness, according to the nature of the work, joint, or stone it is

page_text: intended to resemble. It is requisite to observe, that when a joint intended to
resemble a plain stone joint is to be made upon the surface of the cement or
composition the cement or composition must be partly set or hardened pre-
viously to the impression of the joint upon its surface, and the joint I make by
a rule and steel jointer. When rustic joints are to be made I make use of a
triangular parallel rule, which has in its longer arm a groove or channel cut
in the centre for the purpose of applying a small square cutter (which I call a
plough), made with polished iron or steel, which, by being passed through the-
said groove or channel, and by being pressed and impelled gently forward,
either horizontally or perpendicularly, cuts, makes, and forms the joint or joints
of the size or form required. I also use a suspended plummet to either arm
to obtain a true perpendicular. When these last-mentioned joints are to be
made the cement or composition must not be permitted to set or harden (as
is the case in plain jointing), but the plough must be used and applied
immediately after the cement or composition is floated and worked to a
proper surface and thickness; and when care is taken by the workmen in
this sort of work the surfaces or fronts of buildings may be made to excel in
appearance and regularity the most perfect work of the samo description in
real stone.
And I do further declare that when I use the said cement or composition
for the covering of substances less absorbent than bricks or tiles (as wood,
lead, iron, or tin), I make use of a much less quantity of boiled linseed oil in
preparing the surfaces.
And I do further declare that my said cement or composition, when formed
into bricks, tiles, or stones, or imitations thereof as before described, is
applicable to the erection of buildings, and may be joined in the way before
described.
And I do declare that my said Invention does not consist in the making
and forming of the several ornaments, statues, bricks, tiles, stones, and in
erecting, covering, and decorating buildings, and in working or moulding of
whole and entire substances, nor in making the moulds, machines, or rules for
forming and working the said several articles and things, but in the making,
compounding, mixing, and working upon an improved principle the said
cement or composition as I have described the same in this my Specification.
In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and seal, this Nine-
teenth day of January, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight
hundred and eighteen.

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Nineteenth day of January,
in the year of our Lord 1818, the aforesaid Peter Hamelin came before our
said Lord the King in His Chancery, and acknowledged the Specification
aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained and specified, in form
above written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped according
to the tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.
Inrolled the Nineteenth day of January, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and eighteen.