IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR MOR- TISING, TENONING, ROUNDING, SWEEP AND STRAIGHT MOULDING, BORING, GROOVING, AND MITREING
Year: 1856

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Johan Jacob Meyer, of No. 28, Tatham Street, out of
Molesworth Street, within the Borough of Rochdale, in the County of
Lancaster, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR MOR-
TISING, TENONING, ROUNDING, SWEEP AND STRAIGHT MOULDING, BORING,
GROOVING, AND MITREING."
Sealed the 14th November 1856, and dated the 17th May 1856.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Johan Jacob Meyer at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 17th
May 1856.
I, JOHAN JACOB MEYER, of No. 28, Tatham Street, out of Molesworth Street,
within the Borough of Rochdale, in the County of Lancaster, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention of " IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR MORTISING,
TENONING, ROUNDING, SWEEP AND STRAIGHT MOULDING, BORING, GROOVING, AND
MITREING," to be as follows:-
These improvements relate to certain new and improved mechanical arrange-
ments and combinations of parts constituting a machine or apparatus in which
the operation of mortising, tenoning, rounding, sweep and straight moulding,
boring, grooving, and. mitreing may be performed in one machine, instead of
employing distinct and separate machines for those purposes as heretofore
practised; and an important feature in these improvements consists in an
improved mode of forming the following cutting tools.
1st, the mortising chisel; 2nd, the tenon cutters; 3rd, the rounding cutter or
boring instrument; 4th, the cross revolving moulding cutter; 5th, the mitre

page_text: wheel or cutter; 6th, the grooving cutter. As regards the construction of tlie
mortising chisel, the general form is very similar to an ordinary mortising
chisel, excepting that it is formed with two shoulders, but the principal im-
provement consists in making the cutting edge of the chisel in the form of the
letter (inverted), instead of forming the edge straight or square as heretofore
practised.
By thus forming the cutting edge of the chisel, it enters the wood more
easily than a square edge, and leaves the work in a much more finished and
workmanlike manner. As regards the improvement in the construction of
the tenon cutters, it consists in an improved mode of shaping the cutting edges;
said cutters being fixed at equal distances asunder upon a revolving shaft, the
above cutters can be set to the proper cutting distance by means of a slot at
the back, made directly in the middle, and extending about half the length of
the cutter. The principal feature of novelty of this part of these improve-
ments consists in so forming.the cutters as that the cutting edges extend in a
diagonal or oblique direction, thus allowing the tenon to be cut gradually from
the shoulder to the outside edge, and preventing the entire length of the edge
of the cutters being on the surface of the tenon at one time, but will gradually
cut from the shoulder to the outside edge.as aforesaid. In order to prepare
the shoulder for the cutters, there are placed immediately in front of said
cutters, and preceding them, two side cutters or knives; to both of the ordinary
top and bottom cutters there are adapted two of the improved diagonal or
oblique cutters. As regards the improvement in the construction of the round-
ing cutter, it is as follows:-There is a hollow cylinder secured between two
headstocks and caused to revolve; the cutter is fitted into the aforesaid hollow
cylinder and revolves therewith; the head of the cutter is hollowed out for the
reception of a gouge, same being kept in proper position by a piece of metal
placed across the same and secured to the cutter by screws. And as regards
the means by which boring is effected, it is as follows:-A rounded shaft of
steel or iron is made to fit into the above-mentioned' hollow cylinder by one
end, the opposite end being provided with a cavity made to receive the heads
of the various sizes of boring instruments or cutters, which can be readily
adjusted thereto or removed therefrom. as desired.
As regards the improvement in the construction of the cross revolving mould
ing cutter, it is as follows:-The cutter is made circular at top, with four parts
taken out somewhat in the form of a rose-head, and is made of different deptlis
according to the size of the moulding required; each wing is 'hollowed out on
the inside, and slopes down from top to bottom, somewhat resembling in form
the inside of an egg shell; said wings are turned rather sharply inwards, which

page_text: forms the cutters, and for convenience and economy in expense, and facility of
sharpening, said cutters are made in two parts and fitted accurately together.
As regards the improvement in the construction of the mitre wheel or cutter,
it is as follows:-Some of the teeth of said wheel project higher than others,
those rounded on the top are sloped or bevilled to a point on one side and are
called side cutters, of which there are 6 in the wheel, thus dividing the cir-
cumference into 6 equal parts, the cutters facing each other in a direct line,
always allowing a short cutter and a long cutter to be opposite each other in a
direct line. The short cutters are sharpened or bevilled up to a point on the
opposite side to that of the long cutters, so as to clear the cutter beliind; some
of the teeth of the wheel are bevilled at the top; and of these teeth there is a
greater number than of the rounded ones; the above teeth are alternately
divided into long ones and short ones; the long ones are also bevilled to a sharp
cutting edge on one side, but not so much of a slope as the rounded ones, and
the short ones are bevilled to a sharp cutting edge on the opposite side, but with
considerably less slope than the large ones; the fronts of both large and small
bevil-edged teeth are grooved on the inside, so as to make a better cutting edge;
and will make the work appear as if planed. As regards the construction of
the grooving cutter, it is as follows:-The teeth of this wheel are also bevilled
and rounded; the bevilled ones are cut somewhat similar to the teeth of a
circular saw, but broader across the edges, according to the width of the groove
required; the rounded ones are called side cutters, of which there are four;
two are bevilled to a cutting edge on the same side, and two on the opposite
side to the former ones. This cutter will groove crosswise as well as lengthwise.
As regards the mode of imparting motion to the above cutters," suitable
mechanism is employed for that purpose.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Johan Jacob Meyer in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
17th November 1856.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHAN
JACOB MEYER, of No. 28, Tatham Street, out of Molesworth Street, within the
Borough of Rochdale, in the County of Lancaster, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Seventeenth day of May, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-six, in the nineteenth year of Her reign,
did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said

page_text: Johan Jacob Meyer, Her special licence that I, the said Johan Jacob Meyer,
my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I; the said Johan
Jacob Meyer, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time
agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during
the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise,
and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHI-
NERY FOR MORTISING, TENONING, ROUNDING, SWEEP AND STRAIGHT MOULDING,
BORING, GROOVING, AND MITREING," upon the condition (amongst others) that I,
the said Johan Jacob Meyer, my executors or administrators, by an instru-
ment in writing. under my, or their, or' one of their hands and seals, should
particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in
what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be 'filéd
in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and imme-
diately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Johan Jacob Meyer, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be per-
formed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement thereof, that is to say :-
'
My improvements relate to certain new and improved mechanical arrange-
ments and combinations of parts constituting a machine or apparatus in which
the operations of mortising, tenoning, rounding, sweep and straight moulding,
boring, grooving, and mitreing may be performed in one machine or apparatus,
instead of employing distinct and separate machines for those purposes as here-
toforé practised. And an important feature in my said improvements consists
in an improved mode of forming the following cutting tools or instruments.
First, the mortising chisel; second, the tenon cutters; third, the cross re-
volving moulding cutter; fourth, the mitre wheel or cutter; fifth, the grooving
cutter. As regards the construction of the mortising chisel, the general form
thereof is very similar to that of an ordinary mortising chisel, except that my
improved chisel is formed with two serrated shoulders, but the principal im-
provement consists in making the lowermost cutting edge of said chisel in
the form of the letter V (inverted), instead of forming such edge straight or
square as heretofore practised. By thus forming the cutting edge of this
chisel, it enters the wood more easily than a square edge, and leaves the work
in a much more finished and workmanlike manner. As regards the improve-
ment in the tenon cutters, it consists in an improved mode of shaping the
cutting edges thereof; my improved cutters are fixed at equal distances asunder
upon a revolving shaft, and the above; cutters can be set to the proper cutting

page_text: distance by means of a slot at the back, made directly in the middle and.
extending about half the length of the cutter. The principal feature of novelty.
of this part of my said improvements consists in so forming the said cutters
as that the cutting edges thereof extend in a diagonal or oblique direction,
thus allowing the tenon to be cut gradually from the shoulder to the outside
edge, and preventing, the entire length of the edge of the cutters being on the
surface of the tenon at one time, but will gradually cut from the shoulder to
the outside edge as above stated. In order to prepare the shoulders of the.
tenon for the cutters, I place immediately in front of said cutters, and in front.
of them, two side cutters or knives; to both of the ordinary top and bottom-
cutters I adapt two of my improved diagonal or oblique cutters. As regards.
my improvement in the construction of rounding cutters, it is as follows:-There
is a hollow revolving cylinder securely fixed between two headstocks, the cutter
is fitted into the aforesaid hollow cylinder, and revolves therewith, the head of
the cutter is hollowed out to receive a gouge, same being maintained in proper
position by a piece of metal placed across the same and secured to the cutter.
by screws. And as regards my improved machinery for boring, it is as follows:
-A rounded shaft of steel or iron is made to fit' into the above-mentioned.
hollow cylinder by one end, the opposite end being provided with a cavity
made to receive the heads of the various sizes of boring instruments or cutters.
to be employed, which can be readily adjusted thereto or removed therefrom
as desired.
As regards my improvement in the construction of a cross revolving mould-.
ing cutter, it is as follows:-I form the said cutter circular at top, with four
parts taken out, somewhat in the form of a tool designated a "rose-head," and
I form such cutters of different depths, according to the size of the moulding
required, and I further form such said cutter, hollowed out on the inside and
sloping downwards from the top to the bottom thereof, somewhat similar in
form to the inside of an egg shell. The aforesaid wings are turned rather
sharply inwards, which form the cutters, and for the sake of convenience, and
also for economizing the expense of such said tools, and to afford facility for
sharpening the same, I form such said cutters in two parts and fit them accu-
rately together.
:
As regards my improvement in the construction of the mitre wheel or cutter
before mentioned, it is as follows:-I so form some of the teeth of such said
wheel as that they project higher than others, same being rounded on the top
edge, and these I bevil to a point on one side, and I call such said teeth side
cutters, of which there are six in the wheel, thus dividing the circumference of
the wheel into six equal parts, taking care that the cutters face each other iu

page_text: a direct line, and that a short cutter and a long cutter also come opposite to
each other in a direct line. The aforesaid short cutters I sharpen or bevil up
to a point on the opposite side to that of the before-mentioned long cutters, so
as to clean the back part of the cutter. Some of the teeth of the aforesaid
mitre wheel I form bevil at the top thereof, and of these-teeth there is a greater
number than of the before-mentioned rounded ones; the above teeth are
alternately divided into long ones and short ones; the long ones are also
bevilled to a sharp cutting edge on one side, but not so much of a slope as the
rounded ones, and the short ones are bevilled to a sharp cutting edge on the
opposite side to the other teeth, but with considerably less slope than the large
ones. The front of both large and small bevil-edge teeth are formed grooved
on the inside, so as to present a good cutting edge, which will give to the work
operated upon thereby the appearance of being planed. As regards the con-
struction of the before-mentioned grooving cutter, it is as follows:-The teeth
of this wheel I also form bevil and rounded, the bevilled ones are cut some-
what similar to the teeth of a circular saw, but broader across the edges, accord-
ing to the width of the groove required; the rounded ones I call side cutters,
of which there are four: two are bevilled to a cutting edge on the same side,
and two on the opposite side to the former ones. This cutter will groove
crosswise as well as lengthwise.
In order to explain my said Invention as completely as possible, I now
proceed to describe the best means I am acquainted with for carrying the
same into practical effect, reference being had to the illustrative Drawing here-
unto annexed, and to the numeral figures and letters of reference marked
thereon respectively, as follows:-
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING.
Figure 1 exhibits an end view of my improved mortising machine and part
of my improved tenoning machine. Figure 2 is a side elevation of my im-
proved combined machine or apparatus, adapted for performing the several
opérations of mortising, tenoning, rounding, boring, sweep and straight mould-
ing, grooving, and imitreing. Figure 3 is an end elevation of Figure 2. Figure 4
is a top plan view of Figure 2. Figure 5 is an end view of my improved tenon
cutter. Figure 6 a front elevation thereof. Figure 7 is a sectional view of
front of mitre cutter. Figure 8 exhibits my improved sweep and straight
block moulding cutter; representing one part of said moulding cutter taken
horizontally, and ม the other part of said cutter taken sideways. Figure 9
exhibits my improved sweep and straight moulding cutter. Figure 10 is a
horizontal section of said cutter. Figure 11 is a front elevation of my im-

page_text: proved grooving cutter, and Figure 12 is an end view of the teeth or cutters
of the said grooving cutter seen from behind. Figure 13.is also an end view
of the teeth or cutters, of the mitre cutter seen from behind, as in Figure 12.
Figure 14 exhibits the two sides of my improved rounding cutter, which may
be made of various sizes as required. At each of the foregoing Figures I
employ similar letters of reference to denote corresponding parts, in so far as
such parts appear or can be seen at each of such said Figures respectively.
At Figures 1 and 2, E, E, are cast iron standards, securely fixed to the
floor D; a block of wood or table upon which the work to be mortised is
placed, said table being capable of being raised or lowered (according to the
depth of the mortise required) by means of the handle wheel n fixed on the
screw n'; said table being fixed and securely held at any desired height by
lock screws *,*, placed at the front of the table, as at Figure 1., F is an
upright fence board or guide for maintaining the wood in proper position
whilst being mortised, said fence board being capable of adjustment by the
screw affixed to the handle wheel m; G, a driving drum, over which passes à
strap or band from any suitable prime mover, for imparting motion. to the
above-mentioned machine or apparatus; II, a band pulley for transmitting
motion to the small band pulley p fixed on the hollow shaft P, in which said
shaft the rounding or boring instrument is placed and held thereby; I is a
weight for forcing up the frame J of the tenoning machine; d, d, are sinall
rollers, over which the cord. d' passes, which connects the weight I with the
frame J; C is an iron frame for containing the top. cutter L; A is an iron
lever weight, attached to one end of an iron rod A¹, at the other end whereof
a rack c is formed; B is a rack wheel, fixed upon an axis B'; suitably sup-
ported upon this said axis is also fixed the rod A'; a is a cylindrical sliding
spindle, at one end of which is fixed the mortising chisel f of my improved
construction (shewn also detached at Figures 15 and 16, drawn to an enlarged
scale); 9, 9, are iron rests, connected by a screw j to the iron boss d'; e is a
swivel handle, securely fixed to the moveable boss h³, said handle being em-
ployed for reversing or turning round the mortising chisel f; is a spring
catch, securely fixed to the headstock k of the mortising and tenoning machine;
a', d', are iron bosses, fixed, to the framework. K of the mortising machine;
is a moveable iron boss, made fast to the spindle a', said boss being fixed
between two other moveable bosses b', c'; A' is a treadle for imparting motion to
the mortising machine; f¹ is a screw for regulating the pressure; e¹ is a strap
pulley, fixed on the shaft, which turns the top cutter; and 6 is a pulley, fixed
in the frame J; L is the top cutter; O is the bottom cutter of the tenoning
machine; f is a fast pulley, fixed on the main shaft T for imparting motion

page_text: thereto; a is a rack, securely nxed to the bosses o. and.c, for imparting reci-
procating movement thereto from the rack wheel B;:,, are screws, connected
to the guides on the top of the iron table Q, for guiding. in. its proper course
the work to be tenoned; g¹, h¹, are screws for locking the top cutter frame;
u is a small handle, fixed on the screw.r, to keep the work firm whilst being
tenoned; S. is a wood lever, for pressing and holding the work firmly down
upon the table Qwhilst being tenoned; Tis the main driving shaft of the
machine; y represents. the sweep or straight moulding cutter, fixed upon a
rotating vertical spindle v, which receives motion through the agency of the
strap pulley w; V2 is the driving pulley of. the moulding machine; U is the
driving pulley, and v¹ the headstock of the grooving and mitreing machine;
y is a small strap pulley, fixed on the shaft of the mitre and grooving cutter
machine, for. imparting motion thereto; W is à sliding. table, to which is
screwed a triangular-shaped mitre bevilling block or guide. This table, as also
the one which the mitre and grooving cutters run through, is hinged at the
front, to allow of its. being placed at the required height, so as to adapt it
either for short or deep grooving. s, s, are blocks of wood, fixed on the sliding
frame R, for elevating or depressing the table Q by means of the handle wheel t,
as desired; 1,, are screws, for locking the frame R when the table Qis at
the required height; 1 is a rule, for ascertaining the depth of the tenon up to
an inch and a half. There is also fixed underneath the table Q, on an upright
standard, another rule, which can be set to the required depth of shoulder
which is to be taken off.
I now proceed to describe the construction of my improved tools or cutters,
which I employ as follows:-
Construction of the Mortising Chisel.-This chisel somewhat resembles
ordinary mortising chisels, but differs therefrom by having two serrated
shoulders f, f, formed thereon, as at Figures 15 and 16, and further, in
forming the bottom with two sloping cutting edges f¹, f,instead of forming
the bottom square, as, heretofore practised. By thus forming the chisel,
the ends or shoulders f. f; entering the wood before the other part of the
chisel, cut the wood more easily, and leave the work in a much more finished
and workmanlike manner than by the use of mortising chisels of the ordinary
kind.
J
Construction of the Tenon Cutters.-These cutters are shaped diagonally,
and screwed at equal distances asunder upon a shaft, and said cutters
can be set to the proper cutting distance by means of a slot made
directly in the middle of the back of the cutters, and extending about half
the length thereof. By thus forming the cutters, the tenon is cut gradually

page_text: from the shoulder to the outside edge; moreover, the entire length of
the cutting edge can never be on the surface of the tenon at one time,
and by thus allowing the cutters to enter gradually, the machine works
smoothly and evenly, and leaves the work as mooth as if it were planed.
I would observe, that in order to prepare the shoulder of the work for the
cutters, I place immediately in front of said cutters two diagonally-shaped side
cutters or knives c², c, one to the top and one to the bottom cutter, and I have
found that by using the aforesaid diagonal shaped cutters considerably less
power is required to work them than ordinary tenon cutters. These cutters
are sharpened from the inside, by which the external form of the cutter is
preserved to the last.
Construction of the Cross-Revolving-Moulding-Cutter, adapted for Sweep
and Straight Work.-I form these cutters in two parts, as at Figure 8, accu-
rately fitted together, by which I am enabled to sharpen and adjust them
very readily and easily; these cutters will be found very useful for making all
kinds of mouldings. An important feature in this construction of cutter consists
in being enabled to get the cutting edges considerably more acute than is the
case with a solid cutter, by which I cut the work instead of scraping it. I
also sharpen the cutters from the inside.
Another form of construction of the moulding cutter, also adapted for
straight work, is exhibited at Figure 17, where a marks the cutters; b, a piece
of metal or boss to which they are affixed by slots and screws c, one to each
cutter; said cutters fitting into a groove formed on the edge of the piece b, by
which they are kept steady sideways. The great advantage of this construction
of cutter consists, firstly, in being enabled to obtain a very acute cutting edge;
secondly, by sharpening the cutter from the underside thereof on a straight
bevil, the outer figure or shape is preserved, thus affording a means of giving
these cutters that fine temper which cannot be obtained in the old form of
cutters, which from their peculiar form of construction have to be sharpened
with a file, while these improved cutters can be detached from the block and
sharpened on a grinding stone, and thus I can obtain an edge as keen as a
rasor, if necessary; thirdly, a very slight movement of the part a' is required
to compensate for considerable wear of the cutter; fourthly, the cutters will
last as long as any of the form of the moulding remains, as the shape of the
moulding is turned on the outside of the said cutter; fifthly, these cutters work
at an angle of about 12 degrees, thus gaining great increase of power over the
old cutters, which usually work at an angle of about 45 degrees; my improved
cutter leaves the work as clean as if it were planed.
I now proceed to describe another form of construction of cutter, exhibited at

page_text: Figure 19, adapted for sweep work. a, a, are the moulding cutters; b, the
rebate cutters. This compound cutter is particularly adapted for forming
the sash bars of windows, and by removing the cutters a, a, it may then be
used as a grooving or rebate cutter only. V is a round iron block, which acts
as a stop plate in preventing the cutters from going too deep into the wood.
To one side of the block V there is placed a moulding cutter a, fixed by a screw,
and on the opposite side of 'the said block V, and at a distance of about
one-eighth of the circumference thereof, there is fixed by a screw a rebate
cutter b, and so on alternately, always allowing the moulding cutters of
which there are four, to be on one side, and the rebate cutters, of which
there are also four, to be on the opposite side; said cutters being so placed as
that no two cutters can enter the wood at the same time, thus causing the work
to be done more easily. The above cutters, which are properly hardened and
tempered, may be sharpened from the inside on a grinding stone.
.
At Figures 9 and 10 there is exhibited another form of construction of
block-moulding cutter, adapted for sweep and straight work. A is an iron or
brass block, formed according to the required size of the moulding, as when a
small moulding is required, the block A is made square, with projections at
each corner, to allow the knives or cutters a to fit in, and thus obtain a
greater degree of resistance; and when a large moulding is required, the
block A is hollowed out, as at Figure 10, .so as to be as light as possible. The
cutters a, a, at Figure 10 are fixed and slotted in at equal distances on the
block A, so as not to move sideways, and are securely fixed thereto by
screws, b, b; said cutters begin to slope inwards from the bottom edges of the
block A, so as to produce the desired shape of the moulding, and are so formed
that they present two cutting edges, which may be sharpened from the inside,
and will thus work either backwards or forwards, as required; and the edges
of said cutters also present a wider blank space at the shoulder than at the
bottom, as they gradually taper down from half an inch to a quarter of an inch.
The extreme edges of the bottom parts of said cutters a, a; are bevilled off so
as to leave a space corresponding to the size of the vertical spindle v (as at
Figures 2 and 3). I would here remark that all the above-mentioned cross
revolving moulding cutters will cut either hard or soft wood with equal facility
and leave the work quite clean.
I now proceed to describe another form of construction of grooving or tenon
cutter exhibited at Figure 18, adapted for broad grooves. The wheel exhibited
at Figure 11 is only adapted for grooving. The principle of construction of
the mitre wheel or cutter exhibited at Figure 7, as also the grooving cutter,
having already been explained.

page_text: I next proceed to describe the operations of the combined machinery or
apparatus above mentioned; and first, as regards the mortising machine, the
operations thereof are as follows:-The wood to be mortised is placed on the
table D, and the fence board F moved to the required fence by turning the
wheel m, and the two guiding rods g, 9, are let down to suit the desired height,
and made fast by the screw j, to prevent the wood being drawn up by the
chisel as it ascends. The workman then exerts pressure upon the treaddle A',
and by the rod B pulls down the lever rod c, thus causing the teeth of the rack
wheel b (attached to such lever rod) to act upon the rack d, which forces down
the spindle a and the mortising chisel fixed therein, thus making the required
mortise, which can be made of any length by the operator moving the wood
forward by hand in the intervals between the strokes of the chisel. The breadth
of the mortise will of course be regulated by the breadth of the chisels, or by
means of the moveable fence F, and can be made of any depth by either
elevating or depressing the table D by the means before described, and repre-
sented by the Drawings.
· Another mode of regulating the depth of the mortise is by means of bolt.
holes formed in the spindle a (shewn at Figure 1), and can be used in con-
junction with the table D. For the purpose of regulating the pressure on the
treaddle, I employ a screw g¹ fixed to any convenient part of the framework o
the machine. The power of the mortising chisel is regulated by altering the
position of the pin of the rod B in the rack with respect to the distance which
it is from the fulcrum of the said rod. The above machine can be used
distinct and separate from the other machinery, or it can be worked in connection
therewith, without interfering with the other parts of the combined machine,
excepting the rounding and boring sweep and straight moulding mechanism.
I would also observe that the above machine can be used as an upright boring
machine, by substituting a boring tool or instrument in lieu of the mortising
chisel.
I now proceed to describe the operations of the tenoning machine as
follows: This machine receives its movement from the main driving shaft T,
and such niotion is transmitted by the drum G to the top cutter pulley e', from
thence to the bottom cutter pulley e³, and lastly, to the pulley 6. The above
machine will either cut a bevil tenon or a square tenon by a proper adjustment
of the lock guides and j¹. We will now suppose that it is required to form
a straight or square tenon, and that all the lock screws of this machine are
unfastened. In order to force the wood between the cutters, and to prevent
the same from slipping back, I employ two steel sliding guides ",", placed on
the middle frame of the moveable table Q, as at Figure 4, in which said table

page_text: circular holes are made, as at x, x, provided with springs at the bottom
thereof; into which are inserted moveable pieces of steel or stops of wood or
iron, projecting from of an inch to an inch, more or less, above the surface.
of the table, so as to prevent the wood, whilst being tenoned, from moving
backward; the aforesaid moveable pieces of steel or stops are capable of being
moved level with the surface of the table by pressure, so as to admit of different
lengths of wood being tenoned. The wood to be tenoned is now placed upon
the moveable table Q against the cutters, the bottom end of the wood being
prevented from moving backwards by one of the before-mentioned moveable
stops, and the nearer side of the wood is placed against the two moveable
guides ',, which will be in a straight line, as at Figure 4, and locked fast by
the two screws x1, x¹, also, so as to force it forward with the table Q. The
machine is then set in motion, the operator grasps the handle of the lever S
with one hand, and with the other hand he presses it against the wood to be
tenoned; and for the purpose of giving additional power to the lever S, I
place a small handle on the screw r, as at Figures 2 and 3, which the operator
grasps by the fingers of one hand; and by these means the wood is as firmly
held as by a vice; the operator then pushes the table Q gradually forward
until the wood has passed through or between the cutters, which leaves the
tenon and shoulders as clean as if it were planed. By shifting the guides i, j,
a bevil tenon may be made equally as soon as a straight one.
I now proceed to describe the operations of the rounding or boring machine.
The principal feature in this machine consists in the use of the hollow cylin-
der P, in which fit the necessary rounding or boring instruments which revolve
therewith, by the means before stated. The cutters which I employ for
rounding wood are also made hollow, and of different diameters, according to
the various sizes required, and are of a somewhat similar shape to that repre-
sented by the Drawing at Figure 14, where it will be seen that the head of
the cutter is let in or hollowed out for the reception of the gouge, same being
kept in proper position by a band of metal placed across the same and secured
to the cutter by screws, thus rendering it immoveable. The means by which
the boring is effected is by a rounded shaft of metal, made to fit the cylinder P
at one end, the other end being provided with a cavity to receive the heads of
the various sizes of boring instruments, which can be readily adapted thereto
or detached therefrom.
The operations of the moulding machine exhibited at Figure 2 are as
follows: The cutter is fitted on a vertical spindle V, which has rotatory
motion imparted thereto from the drum or pulley W, fixed on the bottom of
said spindle.

page_text: The operations of the grooving and mitre-cutting machine, exhibited at
Figures 2, 3, and 4, are as follows:-The cutter (or cutters) is fixed on a small
shaft underneath the table W, on which said shaft there is also placed a small
pulley, connected by a strap to the large drum U, fixed on the main shaft. T,
with which it revolves and works, somewhat similar to a circular saw. For
cutting mitres I use a loose mitre block in the form of a triangle, screwed to
the table W, which slides along as the mitre is gradually cut.
Having now fully described the nature and object of my said Invention of
"improvements in machinery for mortising, tenoning, rounding, sweep and
straight moulding, boring, grooving, and mitreing, together with the best
means I am acquainted with for carrying the same into practical effect, I
would remark, in conclusion, that what I claim as my Invention is,―
Firstly, the general mechanical arrangements and combinations of parts
above described and referred to, constituting a machine or apparatus adapted
for mortising, tenoning, rounding, sweep and straight moulding, boring,
grooving, and mitreing.
Secondly, the modes above described, and represented by the Drawing at
Figures 5 to 19 inclusive, of forming the several cutting tools or instruments
employed, and especially I claim the cross revolving moulding cutter exhibited
at Figure 8, and the straight moulding cutter exhibited at Figure 17, and the
tenoning cutter exhibited at Figures 5 and 6, the mitreing cutter at Figures 7
and 13, grooving cutter at Figure 11, morticing chisel at Figures 15 and 16,
and the block moulding cutter for sweep and straight work, exhibited at Figures 9
and 10 of the Drawing hereunto annexed.
In witness whereof, I, the said Johan Jacob Meyer, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Fourteenth day of November, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-six.
JOHAN JACOB MEYER. (L.S.)
Witness,
HENRY DEAN BUTTERWORTH,
Charles Street, Hamer Bottoms,
near Rochdale, Lancashire.