IMPROVED PROCESSES AND APPARATUS FOR MANUFACTURING ICE, COOLING BUILDINGS, AND A .
Year: 1875

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Charles Pierre Newton Weatherby, of the City
and State of New York, United States of America, now of No. 8,
Southampton Buildings, London, for the Invention of "IMPROVED
PROCESSES AND APPARATUS FOR MANUFACTURING ICE, COOLING BUILDINGS, AND
A
.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Charles Pierre Newton
Weatherby at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with
his Petition, on-the 29th January 1875.
I, CHARLES PIERRE NEWTON WEATHERBY, of the City and State
of New York, United States of America, now of No. 8, Southampton
Buildings, London, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVED PROCESSES AND APPARATUS FOR MANUFACTURING ICE, COOLING
BUILDINGS, AND OTHER COOLING OR REFRIGERATING PURPOSES," to be as
follows:-
My Invention relates first to the production of cold by a peculiar
method and apparatus, by which atmospheric air is compressed, cooled,
and expanded more effectually than heretofore.

page_text: According to the said Invention I furnish a supply of cold water at
a low temperature for cooling the air during compression in warm
weather, the degree of cold produced by expansion of the compressed
air being in proportion to the temperature to which the air was reduced
during compression.
I use a force pump to inject air through a pipe into centrifugal appa-
ratus furnished with perforated holes, through which passes the air which
is compressed in a vessel partially filled with cold water from a tank; an
overflow cock allows the heated water to escape; a pipe and cock are pro-
vided to allow the compressed air to expand into the water vessel; a cold
water force pump supplies the cold water vessel from the tank; another
vessel is partially filled with cold water to be further cooled by expanded
air; a centrifugal pipe is perforated with holes arranged to allow the com-
pressed air from the first cold water vessel to expand into the water in the
last named vessel; a blow-off cock allow the expanded air on leaving the
latter to pass off into the water tank; a force, pump forces the water
cooled in the second cold water vessel into the cooling vessel; another
pump forces the water from the latter back into the cold water vessel to
be again cooled; an air pump forces air into the said cooling vessel, and
compresses it in the same to be cooled previous to expansion in a re-
frigerator; a pipe conveys air to the centrifugal apparatus in the cooling
vessel; another pipe conveys cold compressed air to expand in the
refrigerator; a pipe and cock are provided to return air to the force
pump to be again compressed and cooled.
By my Invention I am able without difficulty to obtain any degree of
cold I require by multiplying the apparatus used, so as to have the last
cooling water at the freezing point. I can even, by using a non-freezing
medium to cool the compressed air, obtain for the last expanded air
a very low temperature, as I gain from 40° to 50° temperature in
each operation at moderate pressures. There is also a great advantage
in this arrangement in the saving of water where it is not plentiful,
as I can use it over again by repeatedly cooling it., :
It is desirable in making ice according to the second part of my In-
vention to reduce the air passing through the ice box or refrigerator to
as low a degree as possible, say, at least 70° to 80° below zero of
Fahrenheit. Now this cannot be done with one compression and

page_text: expansion, which will only accomplish a reduction of 80° or 90° degrees,.
and I may do this by cooling the compressed air by the jet only, but zero
or 20° below is not cold enough to work effectually, and I must multiply
the compression and expansion so as to reduce the air 80° or 90°
more by again converting heat into power, making a total of 170°
Fahrenheit.
|and I may do this by cooling the compressed air by the jet only, but zero
or 20° below is not cold enough to work effectually, and I must multiply
the compression and expansion so as to reduce the air 80° or 90°
more by again converting heat into power, making a total of 170°
Fahrenheit.
For refrigerators for brewers and the like I require only one com-
pression and expansion, and here onc ton of coal is equal to seven tons
of ice.
For cooling a brewer's fermenting room I prefer to use pumps with
leather packing placed upright, with a small stream at the top of
the plunger to lubricate and cool the pump. In the latter case I'do
not use the jets, but force the compressed heated air into tanks supplied
with cold water (without pipes), and the air is cooled by direct contact
in passing through the water..
In carrying into practise this part of my Invention I use apparatus or
machinery comprising as steam cylinder, various air force pumps, water
jet pumps, expansion power cylinders worked by compressed air, an ico
chamber containing near the centre a water vessel in which the water
is frozen, and a graduated vessel to supply water to the said icc box.
All the parts of the said apparatus are arranged in the proper order for
carrying on the process herein-after described, and are connected by
suitable pipes, and provided with cocks and valves for regulating the
passage of the water and air through the same. In commencing the
said process water is pumped up by a steam pump into one of the said
vessels, and water is supplied therefrom to receivers and to the jets and
jackets of the air force pumps. The steam cylinder and air pump aro
then started, and air pumped into the compressed air receiver up to a
pressure of about 80 lbs. per square inch, the pump being cooled either
by a jet or by the jacket round the pump, or both; the air pumped being
first supplied by a vacuum valve. The expansion cylinder is now started
by the compressed air in the said receiver, and the air force pump forces
air into the air cylinder from the air cock in the first instance. Steam
is now admitted to the steam cylinder, and an air pump forces air.
supplied into another air receiver to a pressure of about 80 lbs. . Another
expansion cylinder is now started, working a pump, which forces air into
another receiver at a pressure of 25 or 30 lbs. The expanded air from

page_text: the said cylinder enters the ice chambers, and having been twice subjected
to compression and expansion, and the caloric engendered by com-
pression having been converted mainly into power, the expanded air will
have a temperature of about 60° below zero of Fahrenheit, and by a
third expansion may be carried still lower. This cold air after leaving
the ice chamber passes through pipes to cool the water in the aforesaid
vessel, and passes by another pipe to an air pump, and into another
receiver and to another pump, but where dry air is not required this cold
air may pass directly through the water with the pipes..
In my arrangement of the said apparatus care has been taken to
furnish the ice box in the chamber with water at 35° Fahrenheit by
passing the cold air from the ice chamber through pipes surrounded by
the water which supplies the ice box, as well as the jet pumps and the
tubular coolers for the compressed air.
Wliere it is an object to have air free from moisture to operate with, I
do not use the jets, but use the jackets around the pumps, and where
I do not require to reduce the air below zero I dispense with the cooling
water in the compressed as receivers.
=
I modify the above-described process by combining the cooling effect
produced by the alternate compression, cooling, and evaporation of a
liquid having a low boiling point, or of a coudensible gas, and the cooling
effect produced by the alternate compression, cooling, and expansion of
atmospheric air. And for this purpose I employ a freezing chamber
containing an open box or pan and pipes for the admission and dischargo
of cooled atmospheric air, said air being made to circulate beneath and
above the water pan, and I so arrange valves for the air and gas pumps
that they can be quickly removed and replaced for cleaning or other
purposes.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Charles Pierre Newton Weatherby in the Great a
Seal Patent Office on the 29th July 1875.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME I CHARLI

page_text: United States of America, now of No. 8, Southampton Buildings, London,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Twenty-ninth day of January, in the
5 year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-five, in the
thirty-eighth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto me, the said Charles Pierre Newton Weatherby,
Her special licence that I, the said Charles Pierre Newton Weatherby,
my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said
) Charles Pierre Newton Weatherby, my executors, administrators, and
assigns, should.at any time agree with, and no others, from time to
time and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands,
and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVED PROCESSES AND APPARATUS FOR
MANUFACTURING ICE, COOLING BUILDINGS, AND OTHER COOLING OR REFRIGERATING
PURPOSES," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Charles
Pierre Newton Weatherby, my executors or administrators, by an
instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and
seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said
Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and
cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within
six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said
Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Charles Pierre Newton Weatherby
do hereby declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and
ascertained in and by the following statement:---
My Invention relates to the production of cold by a peculiar method
and apparatus, by which atmospheric air is compressed, cooled, and
expanded more effectually than heretofore.
According to the said Invention I use cold water at a low temperaturo
for cooling the air during its compression in warm weather, the degree
of cold produced by the expansion of the compressed air being in
proportion to the temperature to which the air is reduced during
compression....

page_text: According to one method of carrying my said Invention into practise
I use a force pump to inject air through a pipe to a centrifugal
apparatus furnished with perforated tubes, through which the air com-
pressed passes
into a vessel partially filled with cold water from a tank;
an overflow cock allows the heated water to escape; a pipe and cock are
provided to allow the compressed air to expand into the said water
vessel; a cold water force pump feeds the cold water vessel from the said
tank; another vessel is partially filled with cold water to be further
cooled by expanded air; a centrifugal pipe with holes is arranged to
allow the compressed air from the cold water to expand into the water
in the last named vessel; a blow-off cock allows the expanded air on
leaving the latter to pass off into the water tank
; a force
forces
pump
the water cooled in the second cold water vessel into the cooling vessel
another pump forces the water from the latter back into the cold water
vessel to be again cooled; an air pump forces air into the said cooling
vessel, and compresses it in the same, to be cooled previous to expansion
in the refrigerator; a pipe conveys air-to the centrifugal apparatus in the
cooling vessel; another pipe conveys cold compressed air to expand in
the refrigerator; a pipe and cock are provided to return air to the force
pump to be again compressed and cooled.
;
By my Invention I am able without difficulty to obtain any degree of
cold I require by duplicating or multiplying the apparatus used, so as to
have the last cooling water at the freezing point. I can even, by using
a non-freezing medium to cool the compressed air, obtain a very low
temperature for the last expanded air, as I gain from 40° to 50° Fahrenheit
in each operation at moderate pressures. There is also a great advan-
tage in this arrangement in a saving of water where it is not plentiful,
as the said apparatus can be so arranged as to use the water over again
by repeatedly cooling it.
It is desirable in making icc according to my Invention to reduce the
air passing through the ice box or refrigerator to as low a degree as
possible, say, at least 70° to 80° below zero, Fahrenheit. This cannot be
done with one compression and expansion, which will only effect a
reduction of 80° or 90° degrees, and this. reduction may be obtained, by
cooling the compressed air by the jet only; but zero or 20° below is
not cold enough to work effectually, and the compression and expansion
must be so multiplied as to reduce the air 80° or 90° more by again con
verting heat into power, making a total of 170° Fahrenheit.

page_text: For refrigerators for brewers and the like I require only one com-
pression and expansion, and here one ton of coal is equal to seven tons
of ice.
For cooling a brewer's fermenting room I prefer to use pumps with.
leather packing placed upright, with a small stream on top of plunger
to lubricate and cool the pump.
In the latter case I do not use
the jets,
but force the compressed heated air into tanks supplied with cold water,
without pipes, and the air is cooled by direct contact in passing through
the water.
The said Invention will also be found very advantageous in the pre-
servation of meat, fish, and other perishable substances.
°
I use apparatus or machinery comprising a steam cylinder, various air
force pumps, water jet pumps, expansion power cylinders worked by
compressed air, an open ice box or chamber containing near the centre a
water vessel in which the water is frozen, and a graduated vessel to supply
water to the said ice box. All the parts of the said apparatus are
arranged in the proper order for carrying on the process herein-after
described, and are connected by suitable pipes and provided with cocks,
valves, and traps, for regulating the passages of the water and air
through the same. In commencing the said process water is pumped up
by a steam pump into one of the said vessels, and is supplied therefrom
to receivers and to the jets and jackets of the air force pumps. The
steam cylinder and air pump are then started, and air is pumped into the
compressed air receiver up to a pressure of about 80 lbs. per square inch,
the pump being cooled either by a jet or the jacket round the pump, or
both, the air pumped being first supplied by a vacuum valve.. The
expansion cylinder is now started by the compressed air in the said
receiver, and the air force pump forces air into the air cylinder from the
air cock in the first instance. Steam is now admitted to the steam
cylinder, and an air pump forces air supplied into another air receiver
to a pressure of about 80 lbs.
Another expansion cylinder is now
started, working a pump, which forces air into another receiver at a
pressure of 25 or 30 lbs. The expanded air from the same cylinder
enters the ice chamber, and having been twice subjected to compression.
and expansion, and the caloric engendered by compression having been
converted mainly into power, the expanded air will have a temperature
of about 60° below zero of Fahrenheit, and by a third expansion may be

page_text: carried still lower. This cold air after leaving the ice chamber passes
through the pipes to cool the water in the aforesaid vessel, and passes by
another pipe to an air pump, and into another receiver and to another
pump, but where dry air is not required this cold air may pass directly
through the water with the pipes.
In this arrangement of the said apparatus care should be taken to
furnish the ice box in the chamber with water, at 35° Fahrenheit by
passing the cold air from the ice chamber through pipes surrounded by
the water which supplies the ice box as well as the jet pumps and the
tubular coolers for the compressed air.
Where it is an object to have air free from moisture to operate with I
do not use the jets, but use the jackets around the pumps, and where I
do not require to reduce. the air below zero I dispense with the cooling
water in the compressed air receiver.
In a modification of the above-described process I combine the cooling
effect produced by the alternate compression, cooling, and evaporation of
a liquid having a low boiling point, or of a condensible gas, and the
cooling effect produced by the alternate compression, cooling, and ex-
pansion of atmospheric air, and for this purpose I employ a freezing
chamber containing an open box or pan and pipes for the admission and
discharge of cooled atmosphèric air and gas, the said air being made to
circulate beneath and above the water pan, and I construct air and gas
pumps with valves so arranged that they can be quickly removed and
replaced for cleaning or other purposes.
--
Having thus fully described my said Invention and the manner of
performing the same, I wish it understood. that I claim,-
First. The process herein described for producing cold for the manu-
facture of ice and for other cooling or refrigerating purposes by the
compression, cooling, and expansion of atmospheric air.
Second. The manufacture of ice by exposing water to contact with
cold air within a closed vessel.
Third. The process of manufacturing ice by the effect of a cold liquid
or condensible gas combined with atmospheric air made cold as above
described.
Fourth. In apparatus for manufacturing ice a closed vessel or chamber
provided with pipes and valves for the admission and discharge of air,

page_text: gas, or vapour, and containing a trough or vessel wherein the water to be
frozen-is exposed to contact with the cold air, gas, or vapour, as herein
set forth and for the purpose specified.
In witness whereof, I, the said Charles Pierre Newton Weatherby,
have hereunto set my hand and seal, this Twenty-ninth day of
July, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and
seventy-five.
Witness,
HY. JA. NoONE.
C. P. N. WEATHERBY. (L.S.)