IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR CALCULATING, AND PRINTING THE RESULTS OF SUCH CALCULATIONS
Year: 1854

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to George Scheutz, of Salisbury Street, in the County
of Middlesex, Gentleman, and Edward Scheutz, of the same Place, Civil
Engineer, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS
FOR CALCULATING, AND PRINTING THE RESULTS OF SUCH CALCULATIONS."
Scaled the 13th April 1855, and dated the 17th October 1854.
PROVISIONAL
SPECIFICATION left by the said George Scheutz
and
Edward Scheutz at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their
Petition, on the 17th October 1854.
We, GEORGE SCHEUTZ, of Salisbury Street, in the County of Middlesex,
Gentleman, and EDWARD SCHEUTZ, of the same Place, Civil Engineer, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR CALCULATING, AND PRINTING THE RESULTS OF SUCH
CALCULATIONS," to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to the effecting of calculation by mechanical agency
and consists principally in the employment of a set of calculating FAT BELL
of
of which can be turned backwards or forwards at pleasure independantly
the others.
Figure 1 of the annexed Drawings is an end elevation of the apparatus ;
Figure 2 is a plan of the same; and Figure 3, a corresponding side elevation.
The calculating wheels A, A', are arranged in rows, in such a manner that
all the wheels which, during the movements of the machine, represent terms
in a series of the same order are arranged in the same plane.

page_text: When the machine is working, all the calculating wheels A which represent
cven differences turn in one direction, and the calculating wheels A', which
represent odd differences, are stationary, and vice versa. When the calcu-
lating wheels which represent odd differences are in motion, they turn in an
opposite direction to the former, while all the wheels representing even
differences are then at rest or stationary; whilst the calculating wheels A",
which represent the tabular numbers, or, in other words, which represent the
zero difference, are at rest. The figures thereon which express'a given tabular
term are reproduced by type wheels B, actuated by racks C and toothed cams
D: The type wheels are adjusted to print straight by means of a suitable ruler
E, working on a fixed centre F. The adjusted type wheels impress the tabular
terms in lead, or any other material suitable as a matrix for stereotypes, placed
on the table G, which is pushed up to give the impression.
The mechanical means by which the herein-before described motions are
performed may be made in various ways, some of which, viz., those for the
printing, for thrusting in the rule and for removing the printed lines, contain
nothing new or unknown; whereas others are either entirely new, or are new
combinations, and of which the following are to be named-Every one of the
calculating wheels representing the tabular numbers which are to be printed is
combined with a toothed volute cam or snail H, on which bears a spiral toothed
cam, or the portion of a toothed cylinder D. The second spiral toothed cam or
portion of cylinder is fixed on an horizontal axle I, which, by suitable gearings
and the rack C, is combined with the type wheel B, and in such a manner
transmits the movements of the calculating wheel to the type wheel. Each
calculating wheel is provided with as many teeth J as there are figures in the
numerical system which the wheel is made to represent; consequently it
contains six teeth for the figures 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 in the sixial system,
ten teeth for the figures 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 in the decimal system,
twelve teeth for the figures 0, 1, 2, 11 in the duodecimal system, and in
the like manner for any other system. Each calculating wheel, excepting the
wheels A, which represent the tabular numbers, is, moreover, provided with a
catch K, working on a trap L, which turns together with a vertical axle M, on
which it is fixed, and the calculating wheel can thereby set the trap to work.
When the trap is working, it catches one of the teeth J of the calculating
wheel, which is placed in the next row immediately above, and represents any
of the figures corresponding to the same vertical column, as in ordinary
numerical expressions, that the wheel expresses, thus setting the trap to work;
that is to say, that any wheel that represents units, and can set a trap to work,
can also by means of that trap turn another wheel which represents units; that

page_text: any wheel which represents tens, and can get a trap to work, can also by
means of that trap turn another wheel which represents tens; that any wheel
which represents hundreds, and can get a trap to work, can also by means of
that trap turn another wheel which represents hundreds; that any wheel
which represents thousands, and can get a trap to work, can also by means of
that trap turn another wheel which represents thousands ; and so on, according
The
to the extent of the numbers which the machine is required to calculate.
vertical axles are turned by means of the pinions (u), which are simultaneously
acted on by the rack (1), which is put in motion by the pinion (r), which is
driven by the toothed segment (r), which is moved in alternate directions by
means of the mangle wheel (1), which is turned by any convenient means.
When any of the calculating wheels turns to or beyond the tooth which corre
sponds to its zero, it works on a lever between that wheel and the next wheel
in the same row, in such a manner that the latter wheel may be carried
forward a single step, corresponding to a single unit. By these means the
figures representing 6, 10, or 12, &c., according to the numerical system in use,
may be carried, the number of teeth corresponding always to the number of
figures in each calculating wheel. In the operation of carrying, the calcu-
lating wheels are brought into action by arms or levers, affixed to each of the
two traversing upright arms N, which are driven by a chain O and chain
pulley P. In Figures 2 and 3 the several calculating wheels and mechanism
connected therewith is not repeated, in order to avoid complication in the
Drawings, but the position of such parts is shewn by the red centre lines.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said George Scheutz and Edward Scheutz in the Great Seal Patent
Office on the 17th April 1855.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, GEORGE
SCHEUTZ, of Salisbury Street, in the County of Middlesex, Gentleman, and
EDWARD SCHEUTZ, of the same Place, Civil Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Seventeenth day of October, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-four, in the eighteenth year of
Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto
us, the said George Scheutz and Edward Scheutz, Her special licence that we,
the said George Scheutz and Edward Scheutz, our executors, administrators,
and assigns, or such others as we, the said George Scheutz and Edward

page_text: Scheutz, our executors, administrators, or assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during
the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise,
and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR CALCULATING, AND PRINTING THE RESULTS OF SUCH
CALCULATIONS," upon the condition (amongst others) that we, the said George
Scheutz and Edward Scheutz, by an instrument in writing under our hands
and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said
Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the
same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months
next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said George Scheutz and Edward Scheutz,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the
same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement, reference being had to the accompanying Drawings,
and to the letters and figures marked thereon, that is to say —
The Invention consists of three distinct but co-operating apparatus, viz. :-
1. A calculating apparatus. 2. A printing apparatus. 3. A numerator.
1. THE CALCULATING APPARATUS.
The principal parts of the calculating apparatus are the calculating wheels
D, d. Each calculating wheel is provided with as many teeth J, J, as there
are figures in the numerating system which the wheel is made to use in calcu-
lating; consequently it contains six teeth for the figures 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, & 5 in
the sexial system, ten. teeth for the figures 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, & 9 in the
decimal system, and would contain twelve teeth for figures representing 0, 1, 2,
3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, & 11 in the duodecimal system, if reckoning by means of
that system should come in question.. The calculating wheels are, moreover,
marked with the figures for which, they contain teeth.
The calculating wheels have a wide central opening, no axles. touching
them anywhere! Nevertheless they are centrally moveable, each wheel being
inclosed in a ring, or in portions of a ring, or in any other bearings which are
concentric to the wheels, and fixed on shelves; which form a part of the frame.
In these rings. or portions of rings or bearings the calculating wheels are
moveable backwards and forwards by the hand, and: can be set in every circum
ferential position, or with any of their figures. pointing, directly to the front
or to the back of the frame:.

page_text: The calculating wheels are arranged in rows in such a manner that the
end or butts of the teeth of all the wheels which, during the movements of
the machine represent terms in a series of the same order, lie in the same
horizontal planes, consequently in the same order as the figures, which in
writing or print express a number.
When the machine is working, all the calculating wheels which represent
even differences turn in one direction, and the calculating wheels which repre-
sent odd differences are stationary, and vice versa. When the calculating
wheels which represent odd differences are in motion, they turn in an opposite
direction to the former, while all the wheels representing even differences
are then at rest or stationary. Thus every other row of wheels is alternately
in motion and at rest, and when they are in motion they alternately turn in
opposite directions.
Each calculating wheel, excepting the wheels in the uppermost row, which
represent the tabular numbers, is provided with a catch K, working on a trap L.
All the traps turn simultaneously with a vertical spindle M, revolving within
the calculating wheels without touching them, and on which spindles the traps
are fixed. A part of the catch K touches a descending arm of the trap
as the arm passes the catch, and when the movements go in the one direction,
the descending, arm of the trap depresses the said part p of the catch, and
passes it without further effect; but when the trap moves in the opposite
direction, the catch in touching the arm of the trap causes the trap to rise and
rest on a stud I₁. The catch K is free to work or cause the erection of the
trap whenever the calculating wheel during the movement of the trap repre-
sents a valid figure, or 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9; but when the wheel represents
zero, the catch is pressed down by an arm, fixed on the frame, and' in that
position the catch cannot reach the trap or work upon it.
When a trap is raised, the small pin of it inserts itself in the space above it,
existing between two teeth J, J, of the calculating wheel, catches the footh
which it reaches in its revolution, and turns the wheel, but releases it when the
revolution ceases, at which moment all raised traps are at once restored to
their former inactive position. The simultaneous release of the catched' and
turned calculating wheels, as well as the cause thereof, viz., simultaneous
restoration of the traps from activity to inactivity, is effected by means of the
inclined planes L., over which the one arm of the trap studs L, passes, and which
inclined planes thereby lift the stud arms; and let each trap free to fall down
in the angle between the stud and its arm,, in which position the traps do not
reach any tooth. of the calculating, wheels above them. To insure the fall' of
the traps, two springs B, B, are placed beside the rack C, each of which resists

page_text: the rack when it completes its motion forwards or backwards, and causes it to
move the traps a little backwards, so as to come out of contact with the teeth
of the calculating wheels. The rotation of the vertical spindles M, M, together
with their traps, is effected by the said rack C. The rack is put in motion
₁, which is pushed in
The mangle wheel / is
by a pinion 7, which is driven by a toothed segment
alternate directions by means of a mangle wheel l.
driven by a spur pinion 7,, fixed on an axle bearing another spur pinion m,
which rotates between two parallel arms m₁, in which arms are holes for the
common axle of the pinions 1, and n. These arms m₁ are moveable around
the axle n of a spur wheel n, which is in gear with the pinion m, to which it
transfers the movement from any moving power.
Each calculating wheel, excepting those in the last column to the left and
those in the lowest row, is provided with a single cog or tooth q, besides the
teeth for the figures; that cog or tooth q is so placed that it can actuate the one
arms of a horizontal lever s, t, turning on a pin fixed on the shelf beside the
wheel, and push it aside whenever a zero is expressed by the wheel. The
other arm of the lever s, t, reaches over a part of the shelf to the left on
the former shelf, and bears two inclined planes, a vertically inclined plane t₁
and a horizontally inclined plane u. When the lever arm s is pushed aside by
the cog y, the lever arm t brings the vertically inclined plane t, nearer to the
edge of the shelf, and in that position the horizontally inclined plane u leans
out over the said edge.
Before and behind the pillars of the frame which bears the calculating
wheels are guides or grooves v, parallel to each other and to the rows of calcu-
lating wheels; and in these guides or grooves slide glands x, connected with
pillars x1, which move backwards and forwards, one pillar before and one pillar
behind the rows of calculating wheels. The backward and forward motion of
the pillars is effected by a toothed chain, the ends of which are fixed on the
glands. On the same glands, but at their opposite sides, a rope or common
chain is fixed, going around a guide pulley, which is fixed on the frame, and
holds the toothed chain stretched. The toothed chain gears with a spur
pinon, connected with a bevel pinion, which is driven by a bevel wheel
connected to, and rotating backwards and forwards with, the mangle wheel Z.
For each odd row of calculating wheels the one of the pillars x, bears a
latch y₁ & ya, and for each even row the other of the pillars x₁ bears a latch
y & y, the lowest wheel row excepted. These latches can be lifted vertically
at pleasure, each latch turning on axles or pins, fixed on the pillar, and leaning
when at rest on supports, also fixed on the pillar. The free end of each latch
bears a friction roller z, so placed that it meets any of the vertically inclined

page_text: planes t₁ during the passage of the pillar forwards to the left, if any such plane
is pushed out nearer to the edge of its shelf. In that case the friction roller z
rolls over the plane t₁, thereby lifting the latch from its resting position, but
allowing it to resume the resting position when the plane is passed over. Beneath
the roller z the latch bears also a tooth z₁, which passes under the teeth of the
calculating wheels without touching them when the latch retains its resting
position. But the tooth 2, catches a tooth of the wheel behind the inclined
plane ₁, and causes the wheel to advance a single step, corresponding to an
unity, whenever the latch is lifted, by its roller passing over the inclined plane.
The pillars x, bear also horizontally inclined planes u₁, which actuate the
horizontally inclined planes u on the levers s, t, and thereby push the arms t
inwards on the shelves, thus restoring the horizontal levers s, t, to their former
position, in which they are ready for a new similar movement.
When all the figures of a tabular term which are used in calculating it
are not to be expressed in print, and when the last figure retained for print is
as usual to undergo corrections, the corrections will be performed if the zero
cog of the calculating wheel next to the right of the wheel which expresses
the last figures subjected to corrections is removed from its usual circum-
ferential place to another, so chosen that the arms of its lever s, t, are not
touched by the cog q when the wheel bearing the latter exhibits zero, but when
it exhibits five. The removing of the cog is done by hand when the calcu-
lating apparatus is set to calculate tabular terms containing such corrections,
and afterwards it works continuously for all the terms which require corrections.
When no corrections are intended, the cog is left in its usual place.
In order that the latches y may also work wheels for the sexial system, such
wheels being inserted between decimal wheels (as for reducing sexagesimal
quantities), the teeth of the sexial wheels are made longer than the teeth
of the decimal wheels, and a prolongation under the tooth z, is adapted to reach
the teeth of the sexial wheels, and carry them forwards a single step, when the
friction roller z passes over the inclined plane ₁ before a sexial wheel.
In effecting a faster movement of the machine (in which case the momentum
of the calculating wheels should be moderated, as they must not be permitted
to exceed their point of release), small clicks with inclined planes falling into
the clearence between two teeth may be applied, and forced into the clearences
by springs.

page_text: toothed screw thread A.
The second snail or portion of toothed screw thread
A, fixed on a horizontal axle I. On the axle I is also fixed a pulley I,, bear-
ing a weight I,; and on the same axle is moreover fixed a toothed sector I3,
gearing with a rack C₁.
The toothed volute cam or snail H can be considered as a composition of
sectors 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, &c., one sector for every figure of the calculating wheel
to which the snail belongs; and each sector regularly differing from its neigh-
bour by an equal part of the radius, in such order that the greatest sector 0
corresponds with the zero on the wheel; the next in size 1, with the Figure 1
on the wheel; the next in size 2, with the Figure 2 on the wheel; and so on
to 9, (or to 5, if the wheel is adapted to the sexial system.) The second volute
cam or portion of toothed screw thread A is so placed that its teeth or steps
coincide with the respective sectors of the first volute cam or snail H.
.
The weights T, on the pulleys T, working on the horizontal axles I, tend to
lower the steps of the second snails or toothed screw thread A down to the
various sectors of the horizontal snails, in such order that if a step o leans on
a sector 0, and the calculating wheel turns from 0 to 9, (or to 5, if a sexial
wheel,) the second snail or toothed screw thread A in question will sink
successively, step after step, from 0 to 9 (or to 5).
The toothed sectors T, which are fixed on the horizontal axles I, and
gearing with the racks C₁, propel these racks more or less in their gearing
direction, according to the greater or lesser sinking of the toothed screw
thread A and of the weights T..
The racks C, are in gear with spur wheels E, which, together with corre-
sponding spur wheels F, are fixed on opposite ends of tubes f, thrusted one
over the other, in the same manner as the tubes of a telescope. Each wheel F
gears with a type wheel G, provided with eleven teeth, the ten teeth bearing
types for the Figures 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, & 9; but the eleventh is used
where no impressions but only blanks are to appear in the print, or for inter-
spersing types of signs or lines between the types of figures, in order to be
reproduced in print simultaneously with the figures themselves.
Underneath the type wheels is a printing table S, moveable up and down
or to and from the type wheels. On the table S glides a slide S₁, on which
paper or a plate can be fixed to receive impressions from the types. The table
S rests on a frame, provided with a friction roller S₁, and this friction roller
rests on an eccentric S.. When rotating, the eccentric S, lifts and lowers
alternately the friction roller S., the table S, the slide S₁, and the paper or
plate, during the lifting movement, pressing the paper or plate against the
types.

page_text: The toothed sectors T3, the rack C₁, and the wheels E, F, and G, are geared
together in such an order that the figures, which by the calculating apparatus
are exhibited for print, are also pointed down by the type wheels directly
towards the paper or plate. When a tabular term consists of decimals begin-
ning with one or more zeros, the printing apparatus repeats as usual these
zeros on the paper or plate; but when tabular terms, not being decimals,
increase successively in a table, the valid figures (as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, & 9,)
ought not to be preceded by any zero. To obviate the appearance of zeros in
the latter case, the type wheels are provided with the eleventh tooth, on which
no type exists, and which, when pointed down towards the paper or plate,
leaves no impression, but a blank. To effect the pointing down of the eleventh
tooth in such cases, a bolt o, inserted in the zero sector 0 of the snail H is
pushed out by hand, and caught by a pin, which descends from the frame
above, on which the pin is fixed; and when the zero sector is thus lengthened
(or rather provided also with an eleventh tooth, though but provisionally), the
lowest edge of the second snail or toothed screw thread A reaches the bolt o,
and rests on it, preventing thereby the zero step o fiom sinking down and
resting on the zero sector 0, consequently preventing also the zero type of the
respective type wheels G from pointing down towards the paper or plate, but
presenting in its place the blank tooth; but when the snail moves, its boit o₁
When a tabular term is im-
leaves the pin and is pushed in by a spring.
pressed on the paper or plate, and the printing table S is left free to sink down
by the subsequent rotation of the excentric S3, the sledge S, is trust along the
table S by means of a ratchet. By the ratchet movement the paper or plate
is removed from the place on which it lay when receiving the last line of
numbers, and brought to another place, in which it presents a blank ready to
receive a new line, and so on, line after line.
3. THE NUMERATOR.
The numerator, the object of which is to count, and to present for printing
the indices of other tabular terms, is, properly speaking, no integral part of a
calculating machine, the calculating apparatus being itself also capable of
counting and presenting for print the indices. The present machine is, however,
provided with a numerator Q, by means of which the whole of the calculating
apparatus may be reserved exclusively for such tabular terms which increase
by more than unities.
The numerator is put in motion by an arm g, fixed on the same axle
The
with another arm g₁, bearing a fork, and in it a friction roller g2.
friction roller g: works on the ends of the racks C₁, and is forced against

page_text: them by weights g,, sufficiently heavy to lift, by means of the rack C₁, the
toothed screw threads, as well as the weight T., and also to turn the wheels
E, F, and G.
The weights g, and T, are so arranged that the small weights
push these combined parts in the one direction, and that the great weights push
them in the opposite direction, the alternate movements being determined by
an excentric g4, which works on the arm g
The rule R is, by the working of two uniform excentrics R₁, brought into an
alternating movement to and from the type wheels, and to insert itself in the
clearing between two rows of teeth of all the type wheels G; it brings thus all
the printing types into a straight line, thereby securing the straightness of the
printed lines.
During the revolution of the two last-named excentrics R₁, the
rule R receeds from the type wheels, leaving them free to change their position
for a new line. Two springs push the rule from the type wheels, when the
position of the excentrics R, allows that movement to take place.
The axle T bears all the excentrics fixed on it, and is brought into a per-
manent revolving motion by a bevel wheel T,, in gearing with a bevil pinion T₂,
which is fixed on the axle n, this axle bearing also fixed on it the spur wheel
n₁, between the two arms m₁. By the respective positions of the excentrics,
and by their relative excentricity, as well as by the respective proportions of the
wheels relative to their pinions, the machine is brought to effect its various
movements at fixed times; no movements presenting any hindrance to other
simultaneous movements, nor any parts which can work simultaneously being
permitted to rest when other parts of the same category are in motion. Hence
those proportions ought to be different for machines of various sizes, that is to
say, according to the greater or smaller number of calculating wheels, by means
of which they are intended to execute their work. The impressions from the
types can be taken on paper, and also on lead, or any other metal or material
proper as matrices for stereotypes or electrotypes.
The mechanical means by which the herein-before; described motions are
performed may be made in various ways, some of which, viz., those for printing,
for thrusting the rule, and for removing the printed lines, contain nothing new
or unknown; whereas others are either entirely new, or are new combinations,
and of which the following are named as the chief objects of the Patent.
What we claim as our Invention is,―
1°, calculating wheels so constructed that no axle touches or bears
against them, but rotating in rings or in portions of rings, or between circum-
ferential bearings of any form fixed on the frame, the wheel being centrally
open for the free and untouching passage and revolution of the axles for the
adding contrivance.

page_text: 2°, the arrangement of the calculating wheels in rows, each row
separate plane, and each plane containing the wheels for figures which belong
to terms of the same difference.
3°, the arrangement of the calculating wheels in columns perpendicular to
the same planes, and each column containing the wheels for figures which
belong to terms of various differences.
4°, the use of sexial wheels, as above described, for reducing sexagesimal
quantities, as seconds to minutes, and minutes to degrees or hours, and vice
versa.
5°, the adding contrivance, consisting principally of the catches K, the
traps L, the studs I., the inclined planes L., and springs B, B.
6°, the carrying contrivance, consisting principally of the cogs or teeth 9,
the levers s, t, the inclined planes t₁, u, and 11, the friction rollers z, and the
teeth Z₁.
7°, the term transporting or compositing contrivance, consisting principally
of the snails H, the second snails or toothed screw threads A, revolving at
right angles to the other snails H, and of the combination between the second
snails or toothed screw threads A and the type wheels.
8°, the mode of effecting corrections of the last figures of tabular terms
when required.
9°, the combination of the whole machine as above specified, and in the
annexed Drawings delineated.
In witness whereof, we, the said George Scheutz and Edward Scheutz,
have hereunto set our hands and seals, this Ninth day of March,
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-five,
EDVARD SCHEUTZ.
(L.S.)
PETER AMB'JÖRN SPARRE, Witness.
FRANCIS JOHN PRINGLE, Witness.
I hereby declare that the above signatures have been written
in my presence, this 9th day of March 1855,
NORMAN PRINGLE,