A METHOD OF WORKING WEAVING LOOMS BY MACHINERY
Year: 1813

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, PETER
EWART, of Manchester, in the County of Lancaster, Cotton Manufacturer, send
greeting.
WHEREAS His most Excellent Majesty King George the Third did, by
His Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Twentieth day of
February, in the fifty-third year of His reign, give and grant unto me,
the said Peter Ewart, my executors, administrators, and assigns, His especial
licence, full power, sole priviledge, and authority, that I, the said Peter Ewart,
my executors, administrators, and assigns, and every of them, by myself and
themselves, or by my and their deputy or deputies, servants or agents, or such
others as I, the said Peter Ewart, my executors, administrators, or assigns
should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all
times thereafter during the term of years therein expressed, should and lawfully
might make, use, exercise, and vend, within that part of the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Ireland called England, the Dominion of Wales, and Town
of Berwick-upon-Tweed, in such manner as to me, the said Peter Ewart, my
executors, administrators, and assigns, or any of them, should in my or their -
discretions seem meet, my Invention of "A METHOD OF WORKING WEAVING
LOOMS BY MACHINERY;" in which Letters Patent there is contained a proviso
obliging me, the said Peter Ewart, particularly to describe and ascertain the
nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed,
by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal, and to cause the

page_text: same to be inrolled in His Majesty's High Court of Chancery within two
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent, as in and by the same Letters Patent, relation being thereunto had,
may more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in pursuance of, and in compliance with, the said
recited proviso, I, the said Peter Ewart, do hereby declare that the nature.
of my said Invention, and the manner in which the same is to be performed,
is as follows, that is to say:-
The said weaving looms are constructed in their general form as is now
usual for such looms, and as is herein-after described. My said Invention
essentially consists in the application of the pressure of steam or air acting
upon pistons or diaphragms moveable in fixed hollow cylinders, or prismatical
tubes or boxes, or boxes of any other shape in which pistons can work, adapted
to the said looms, and which moveable pistons or diaphragms are connected
with the lathes, or parts which carry the reeds of the said looms, in such
manner that when the said pistons or diaphragms move up and down, or
backwards and forwards, the said lathes also must move to and fro, as is usual
in weaving; the said lathes making in any given time the same number of
strokes or motions as the said pistons or diaphragms make in the same time;
and, in some cases, I fix the said pistons or diaphragms, and cause the same
hollow cylinders, or prismatical tubes or boxes, or boxes of other shapes, to
move upon them, and I connect the said hollow cylinders, or prisms, or other
boxes with the said lathes; and, in other cases, in place of the said hollow
cylinders, or prisms, or boxes, I use machines made in the forni of bellows,
either with leather sides, as usual, or with wooden or metal sides, in which the
diaphragms are air-tight, but, in general, I prefer the said hollow cylinders and
pistons, and I produce the pressure on the said pistons or diaphragms either by
admitting condensed air upon them from a receptacle in which it is condensed
by a steam engine, water or windmill, or by the power of animals by the
machinery usual in such cases and in common use, or by similar means,
exhausting the air wholly or partially out of a similar receptacle or reservoir,
communicating with one side of the piston or diaphragm, and admitting the
pressure of the atmosphere to act on the other side; or, in place of using
either the condensation or rarification of air, I construct each of the acting
cylinders like a steam engine of that kind which acts by the expansive power
of steam, and suffers the steam to escape into the atmosphere when it has
done its office; or I furnish the said cylinders with condensers, as usual in
steam engines, which, though it diminishes the simplicity of the machine, saves
the greater part of the steam otherwise necessary to work it, and, from the

page_text: motion thus communicated to the said lathes and their appendages, I derive
all the other motions necessary in the said looms, as is particularly described
in manner following, and in the Drawings hereunto annexed:-
Figure 1 is a vertical section of the loom taken lengthwise, or in tho
direction in which the lathe moves.
Figure 2 is a vertical cross section, shewing the lathe and some of its
appendages.
Figure 3 is an end view of the lathe and of other parts contiguous.
Figure 4 is a plan or horizontal section, shewing the lower part of the
machine, as seen from above.
Figure 5 is a plan or horizontal section, shewing the upper parts of the
loom.
Figure 6 is a section of the cylinder and its appendages, at right angles to
that shewn in Figure 1.
Figure 7 is a plan of the treddle cylinder and its appendages, detached, for
the convenience of representing them.
Figure 8 is a plan of one end of the lathe, shewing the shuttle in its box.
N.B. The same letters and marks of reference are applied to the same
parts in each Figure where such parts occur.
A represents the yarn beam; B, the cloth beam; C, the lathe; it is fixed
to the bent levers D, D, D, which turn upon the axis or centre E. F is a
vessel of brass, iron, or other suitable material, which may be round, square,
triangular, or of any other figure in which a piston can work; but the round
or cylindrical figure is the best; this vessel or cylinder contains a piston or
moveable diaphragm G. H is a connecting rod, its upper end is attached to
the piston G, by a joint a, and attached to the bent lever D by a joint ; Qis
a plate or cover of metal, or other suitable substance, fitted close upon the top
of the cylinder F, to which it is fastened by screws, or otherwise; in this
plate there are two apertures d, e, one of them (d) communicating with the
inside of the cylinder, and the other (e) with the inside of the tube or pipe I,
Figure 5 and 6, one end of which tube is formed so as to fit tight to the
under side of the plate Q, and fastened to it by means of screws, or otherwise;
the other end of this tube is made to communicate with the receiver of an air
pump, or any other apparatus, capable, by means of a steam engine, water, or
wind mill, or by the power of animals, by the machinery usual in such cases,
of exhausting it wholly or partially of the air contained therein, and also of
exhausting the cylinder F in a like manner, by means of a communication
formed between the tube I and the cylinder. J is a regulator or sliding valve,
which may be made of brass, iron, or other suitable material, and may be

page_text: varied in form, as likewise may the situations and figures of the apertures d
and c, and the situation of the tube I. The purport of this part of the appa-
ratus is by means of a regulator or regulators, however constructed, or by any
other means, to make alternately a communication between the cylinder F and
the pipe I, and between the cylinder F and the atmosphere. One method of
effecting this is as follows:-The regulator J is made to move upon a pivot or
centre (which is fixed to a projecting part of the plate Q). The regulator J
is moved by means of a rod k, taking hold at the joint i. The rod is moved
backwards and forwards in a manner herein-after described. The large cud
of the regulator J has a cavity f in its under surfall, the margin around
which is made smooth and flat, as is likewise the margin round the
apertures and e in the upper side of the plate Q; the regulator is applied
to this plate in such a manner that when it covers the apertures d and e,
as represented in Figure 1, there is a communication between these aper-
tures, and, consequently, between the cylinder and the tube I, by means of
the cavity f. In this situation it is represented in Figure 1, where the large
end of the regulator is shown in section. By moving the large end of the
regulator towards K, the communication with the tube I will be closed, and
the aperture & being opened, will make a communication between the cylinder
and the atmosphere. This change is effected by the motion of the rod k
backwards and forwards, as herein-after described. Adjoining Figure 5 the
regulator is represented seperated from the rest of the Figure, in order to show
the apertures & and e more distinctly. 9, 9, are pieces of wood, or other
suitable substance, held fast by two clamps screwed to the plate Q, and
between which the regulator moves, and by means of which the extent of its
motion may be adjusted. I vary the above construction of the cylinder and its
apparatus when I apply the pressure of steam or of condensed air upon the
piston, instead of applying the pressure of the atmosphere. In such cases
the construction of the cylinder and its apparatus for producing a reciprocating
motion in the piston is similar to the construction of the same parts of a steam
engine.
I place the cylinder and its appendages in general in the position shewn in
the Figures with respect to the lathe; but it may be fixed in different situa-
tions, at a distance from or adjoining to the loom, and in different positions,
either standing, vertical, or lying on its side, or placed sloping or inverted.
The piston G is made to fit the inside of the cylinder F by packing, or in
any other way in which pistons are usually constructed. The method I prefer
when I use the pressure of air is represented in Figure 1, where m is a circular
plate of brass or iron, something less than the diameter of the cylinder; nis

page_text: another circular plate of metal, made to fit the said cylinder. These two plates
are screwed together, and betwixt them is put a circular piece of leather,
compressed into the form shewn in the Figure at o. p is a ring of iron, or
other suitable substance, fixed to the lower end of the cylinder F. Two rods
9, 9, (Figure 6) which are fixed to the piston, pass through two holes in this
ring, and their use is to guide the piston, and make it move in a direction
parallel to the inside of the cylinder during its motion in the cylinder. The
connecting rod II may be formed of wood or iron, or other suitable substance
or substances. The construction I prefer is shewn in the Drawing, where 1, 1,
is a wooden rod, at the extremities of which are placed brasses for the pivots
a, b, to work in. A strap of iron S, S, S, S, surrounds the whole, and tho
brasses are kept tight by means of a wedge at at r. In the Drawings the piston
is represented in the middle of its stroke or motion when ascending, and, by
means of its connection with the lathe C, already described, the lathe is in
the middle of its stroke, and as the piston continues to rise, the lathe will
move towards L. The communication between the cylinder F and the tube I
is open, and a partial vacuum is formed within the cylinder, by means of an
air pump or otherwise, as herein-before described. Thea tmosphere pressing
on the under surface of the piston forces it upwards until the reed t strikes
against the cloth at W, forcing the weft into its place. At this moment a
small forked spring u, fixed to one of the arms of the bent levers D, D, comes
into contact with the projection a, Figure 3, upon the rod k, and pushing it
forward moves the large end of the regulator J towards K, so as to cut off
the communication between the cylinder F and the tube I, and forming a
communication between the cylinder F and the atmosphere, as herein-before is
described. The lathe C after the blow of the reed against the cloth recoils,
and the piston in consequence descends until the forked spring a comes in
contact with another projection V, Figure 3, upon the rod k, and drives it back
again, thereby restoring the regulator to the position shown in Figure 1, when
the piston is again pressed upwards, causing the lathe to make another stroke,
and thus the motion of the lathe is effected by the pressure of the atmosphere
against a vacuum, or partial vacuum, and the force and velocity of this motion
is modified by moving the pieces of wood g, g, so as to vary the extent of the
motion of the regulator, by that means admitting the air faster or slower through
the communication which it forms. I also increase or diminish the velocity of
the lathe by diminishing or increasing its weight. When great variations of
the force are required, I apply cylinders of greater or smaller diameters, or
I apply the pressure of air or steam of greater or less density. The other
parts of the loom may be put in motion in various ways, by means of the bent

page_text: levers D, D, the connecting rod 11, and the lathe C. The following methods
of producing these effects are what I consider most applicable:-
The treddles for moving the healds are centred upon two pivots a, b, fixed
to a vertical spindle R; upon this spindle an arm d is fastened, and bent
upwards at a right angle, having a cylindrical termination as at c. This works
in a grove c, cut in the circumference of the treddle cylinder M; this treddle
cylinder is centered on an axis g, upon which it is capable of turning; it is
formed into a ratched wheel h, having eight notches or teeth; i is a spring
catch to prevent the treddle cylinder from revolving, except when acted upon
by the spring f, described hereafter. The groove c traverses backwards and
forwards on the circumference of the cylinder, making as many bends as there
are notches in the ratchet wheel, so that if the cylinder is moved one-eighth
part of a revolution from the position now shewn, it will move the arm d, and
consequently turn the spindle R upon its axis, thereby twisting the treddles
with it. The spring f, which moves the ratchet on M, is fixed to a radius j,
centered upon the pivots g, but turning freely on them. This radius is acted
upon by a pink, fixed to the connecting rod II, before described. When the
piston G is at the top of its stroke, the spring f falls into one of the notches of
the ratchet wheel, and during the descent of the piston pushes it one-eighth
of a revolution, or until i catches into the next notch, and this operation is
repeated during every descent or down stroke of the piston. The healds. I, I,
are connected together by means of leather or other straps m, passing over a
spindle N; from the healds descend wires which are attached to the small pins on
two levers n, n; from these pins other wires are continued and fastened to the ends
of the treddles at o, o', that is, from the healds 1 to the pin on the lever n and to
the treddle o, and from the heald 1' to the pin on the lever n and to the treddle o.
In Figure 4, the treddle o, p, is in such position that the pin q (fixed to a
projection on the arm of the bent lever D) comes in contact with the end p
during the ascent of the piston, and is raised by it, bringing the two parts of
the warp 1, 1, I, I', (which have a tendency to string together) to concide.
The heald I containing to rise and 1' to descend, separate the two parts of the
warp in a contrary direction, and continue so to do until the pin q ceases to rise,
or until the reed t has struck the cloth at W, and forced the weft into its
place; at this moment the lever n' is taken hold of by the lower end of the
catch V; the lathe now recoils, and, during the descent of the piston,
the shuttle is thrown, as will be shewn hereafter, and the treddle o, p, is
(in manner already described) brought vertically over the pin 7, which is fixed
to the arm of the bent lever D in a manner similar to g'. The piston having
reached the bottom of its stroke begins again to ascend, the catch V is

page_text: disengaged (by means of a pin V, projecting from the lathe C, and so situated
that during the recoil of the lathe it passes an inclined spring fixed to the
upper end of V, without disengaging it; the treddle o, p, begins to be moved
by 7, it draws one heald I down, and raises the other I'; the two parts of the
warp cross each other, and the piston containing its motion t, strikes
another blow against the cloth; n is taken hold of by V, and there detained
until the next ascent of the piston, when it is disengaged by V₁ in the same
way as described respecting n³.
Qis a stop fixed to a spindle R, to prevent the ends o, o¹, of the treddles from
rising higher than is necessary. By this mechanism a motion is given to the
two parts I, I, I, I', of the warp, similar to what is done by moving the treddles
of the common loom with the feet. When a greater number of treddles than
two are used, each treddle is centered on a seperate spindle, similar to R,
which is moved by a seperate groove in the treddle cylinder, by means of
which each treddle is brought, when required, in contact with a pin similar to q
or q', and the requisite motion is produced.
For this
In the weaving of some kinds of sail cloth and other strong fabrics where
the blow of the lathe is repeated upon the same thread of the weft, some
alterations are required in the construction of the loom, and some additional
apparatus, which is represented by red lines in the Drawings.
purpose a treddle cylinder is used, having the groove in its circumference so
formed that when it is turned on its axis one-eighth part of a revolution, it
twists the spindle R and the treddles through only one-half of the angular
space that the treddle cylinder shewn in the Drawing does; and, in one position
of the treddles, their ends p, p', will not be acted upon by the pins q, q', and in
that position one of the other ends o, o¹, of the treddles comes in contact with
one of the projections X, X", of the lever X, X", Y, Z, (which is centered
at Y', and kept in the position shewn by a spring S",) and forces forward the
lower end of the lever, bringing at the same time the upper end Z behind the
catch V; this prevents nor ¹ from being disengaged when the piston begins
to rise. While the treddles are in this situation it is evident that they can
have no action upon the healds, and these last will therefore remain one at the
top of its motion and one at the bottom until the reed has struck the weft into
its place; when the lathe recoils, the treddles are moved by the treddle cylin-
der, so as to bring p vertically over q, or p¹ over q', and the lever X', X, Y, Z,
being disengaged from them, is pressed by the spring s into the position
shewn. As the piston ascends, V, being no longer held fast, disengages the
lever n or ', the two parts of the warp cross each other, and the shuttle being
prevented by the lever W" (described below) from being thrown during the

page_text: last recoil of the lathe, the reed comes again in contact with the same weft
against which the last blow was struck. The lever W" is fixed to a
spindle,, centered in the frame of the loom and furnished with two
arms, t, u, t, projecting upwards. To the same spindle ¹, ¹¹, is attached
another arm W projecting downwards, and furnished at the lower end with a
cross piece X. When the lathe recoils, the arm of the bent lever D presses
the lower end of the lever W" back, bringing at the same time the upper ends
t, t, of the arms ', t, u, t, behind the ends of the spring catches c', f, ell, fll,
so as to prevent them from being moved by g', gl, during the motion of the
lathe, thereby preventing the shuttle from being thrown while the lever W
remains in this position. But when either of the treddles are moved so
as to cross the two parts of the warp, the ends o', o", come in contact
with the cross piece X, and force it forward bringing at the same
time the upper ends t¹, t", from behind the spring catches e, f, e", f".
The spindle u, u, moves on its centres with a degree of friction sufficient to
retain the lever W" in either of the positions in which it is placed by the
action of the bent lever D, or the ends o, o¹, of the treddles. If the treddles
do not move so as to cross the two parts of the warp, the shuttle cannot be
thrown, and the same weft must receive two blows of the lathe. The
mechanism for winding the cloth on the beam or roller B, I construct as
follows: On the axis of the cloth beam B is fixed a toothed wheel w, which
is worked by a pinion W₁; a is a ratchet wheel attached to the same axis as
the pinion W', and turning with the pinion; it is prevented from turning round
the wrong way by a catch a¹; y is a rod centered upon a pivot y' fixed to one
of the bent levers D, its upper end catching in the teeth of the ratchet
wheela. Z, a pin projecting from one of the bent levers, of sufficient length to
act upon the spring Z', Z"; these and a third one Z are all fixed to a small
socket capable of turning on a pivot at r. r, Figure 5, is a clamp or spring
pressing upon the socket (the degree of pressure regulated by a screw), to give
it friction to prevent its turning round, except when acted upon by Z; the end
of the spring Z is bent, as shewn in Figure 2, in order that it may lift and
hold ม when required. When the rod y is put in motion by the bent levers,
it would move the ratched wheel a one tooth for each stroke of the piston; but
the wheels w, w, and the beam B, round which the cloth is wrapped, are so
proportioned that with the above motion of one tooth of a for each blow of
the lathe, the beam B would take up the cloth faster than it is produced, or
faster than the weft is supplied; the consequence would be that the point W,
where the warp becomes cloth, would shift towards L, and the lathe have
liberty to move through a greater space before it struck the cloth. When this

page_text: happens, the pin comes in contact with ', and pushing it forward moves
in a contrary direction, causing the latter to disengage the rod y from the
teeth of the wheel a, thereby preventing its being moved. When the lathe
returns again the pin acts upon ", and disengages from y, which is
now again at liberty to act upon a during the next motion of the bent levers.
This apparatus, therefore, disengages y as often as it is necessary, and the cloth
is taken up as it is produced, and the point W, where the blow is struck,
varics little from one position. The cloth after it is formed passes over the
roller P before it is received upon the cloth beam B; a similar roller is
placed at O for the warp to pass over from the yarn beam A, round which the
warp is wound in the usual manner. In order to keep the cloth and warp
properly stretched, it is necessary to prevent the beam A from being pulled
round to freely. To effect this, a collar S of brass or other suitable substance,
(shown by dots in Figure 5,) is fixed at or near one end of the beam; round
this a spring is applied and bent in the form t, t. u is a pin made fast to the
frame of the machine, and u' is a tightening screw, by the varying of which a
due degree of friction can be produced upon the collar S. The throwing of
the shuttle is effected by means of two springs a', a", which are made fast at
their lower ends to the bent levers D, D; their upper ends are bent in the form
shewn in Figure 2, a groove being cut in the end of the lathe to receive the
upper part of the spring; b, b, are two bent pieces of iron or other suitable
substance, made fast at their ends to the frame of the machine; their shape is
represented in the plan, Figure 5; C', C" are spring catches screwed to the
upright arms of the bent levers, as shown; when the lathe C is moved
towards L, the spring a" comes in contact with 6" and slides upon it, bending
the spring more and more as the lathe moves forward, till the lathe has arrived
at the end of its motion; the spring a is taken hold of by the spring
catch c". At one end of the lathe in Figure 5 the spring a" is represented as
sliding upon ", and at the other end the spring a' is shown fully bent and
held in that situation by the spring catch c'. The springs a', a", are armed
with brass on those parts which come in contact with ', ", in order to make
them slide more freely; d', d", are two brackets fastened to the frame of the
loom; and having pivots at the extremities to carry the spring catches c', f', e",
f; these are detained in the position shewn by small springs and stops fas-
tened to the brackets. The ends f¹, f", of these catches are nearly on the same
horizontal level with the spring catches c', c"; g', y", are two arms attached
to two small spindles ', ", centered in the lathe. These arms are placed
underneath the lathe, and nearly on the same horizontal level with the springs
e, e, of the catches e, f, e", f". The spindles h', h", have on their upper

page_text: ends two curved arms 2', 2"; 7,3", are boxes which receive the shuttle at the
end of its stroke, and in Figure 8 the shuttle is represented in one of these j'.
In the position in which the lathe is represented, the healds are bringing the
two parts of the warp I, I, I, I', to cross each other, and the reed, along with
the lathe itself, moving forward to strike the weft left by the last stroke of the
shuttle into the warp W. At the time when this blow has taken place, the
spring a" is entirely bent, and held in that state by the catch c". When the
shuttle is in the box j", it comes in contact with the arm i, and in this situation
the spindle ' cannot turn round, being prevented by the shuttle. The same
observation will apply to the other end of the lathe when the shuttle is there.
As the lathe recoils from the blow, g' comes in contact with the spring e' of the
spring catch e', f'; this causes the end f¹ to move towards the spring catch c', so
that (the motion of the lathe being continued) the end of the catch c¹ comes
against f, is pressed back, and the spring a consequently set at liberty to
unbend itself, in the act of doing which it throws the shuttle to the box at the
other end of the lathe, where it lies until the next recoil takes place, and is
then thrown back again in manner similar to that already described. The springs
which throw the shuttles are alternately disengaged from their catches c' and c",
at that end of the lathe in which the shuttle is. If the shuttle is at " when the
lathe recoils, the arm g, being then free to move with the spindle h, will slip
past the spring e' without moving it; c' will not be acted upon by f', con-
sequently the spring a will not be disengaged. And this will be the case at
both ends of the lathe, should the shuttle be displaced by accident or otherwise,
and the lathe and other parts of the machine would continue to move; the
springs a, a, remaining fixed upon the catches c', c. But in order to stop
the lathe if the shuttle should get displaced, there is a lever centered on a
pivot, fastened to the under side of the lathe, and kept in the situation shewn
by a spring likewise fastened to the lathe. At one end of the lever k is a
pin, to which is attached a wire m', connecting it with a pin on the arm g';
the other end of the lever acts upon the upper end of a lever k¹¹, placed
nearly vertical, and its pivot made fast at i to one arm of the bent levers D, D;
a pin is fastened to this lever near its top end, to which a wire n' is attached
connecting it with a pin on the arm g"; o" is an arm (represented by dotted
Lines, Figure 2,) projecting from the lower end of the lever "; this passes
through a hole in the arm of the bent lever D, to which is attached; p' is
a pin, likewise projecting from "; a spring p" (Figure 2 and 5) fastened to
the frame of the machine acts upon this pin so as to press it in the direction X,
(the levers 7, ", permitting it to move if the shuttle is not in its proper place)
after the piston begins to ascend; but it slips past " during the ascent
50011

page_text: of the piston if the shuttle is in its proper place, by pressing p¹¹ to one side.
During the recoil of the lathe, p' returns without being pressed towards X by.
p". In Figure 3, q', q, q, is a sliding bar, the projecting end q' of which rests
upon the frame T (more particularly shewn in the plan attached to Figure 3);
the other end is made in the form of a wedge; at q¹¹ is a small pin projecting
from the bar; is a spring-catch to retain k, k, in its proper position during
the time the loom is working; between this and the frame T, the end q of the
bar slides, so that when the wedge-shaped end is pushed forward, it disengages
the end of from the catch r', and allows it to drop down to the stop S',
so that the double spring U, when it returns, shall pass over V. This will occur
when the shuttle is not in its place by means of o" (when pressed in the
direction X, as above mentioned,) taking hold of the pin q" during the ascent
of the piston, and carrying the bar q', q", q, forward; o¹¹ also will during the
ascent of the piston take hold of ', a projection upon the rod k, and move the
regulator J, so as to discontinue the force on the piston. The lathe moves
forward with so little force as to stopt by the shuttle if it remains in the shade,
or by any slight obstacle, and is brought back by the weight of the piston and
apparatus attached to the horizontal arms of the bent levers D, D, which are
heaviest on that side, and the piston rests on the plate p, where it remains
stationary because the double spring U passes over V, and can no longer act
upon it to move the regulator. To set the loom in motion, the end of k,
resting upon the stop S', is raised up by the hand to catch upon r', and pushed
back (in the direction of the lathe when recoiling); this acts upon the regulator
so as to set the machine to work, as herein-before described. If the rod k is
pushed back without raising it from the stop S, the lathe will make only a
single stroke, and after recoiling remain stationary. I sometimes construct
the springs for throwing the shuttle in the form as represented by dotted lines
3, 3, 3, Figure 2; the end 3" being screwed to the end of the lathe, and
the apparatus for bending them up, catching and disengaging them, placed so
as to act upon them in a similar manner to that in which it has herein-before
been described to act upon a¹ and a". T, T, represent the side frames of the
machine; S, S, cross bars connecting the frames together. The cylinder F is
made fast to one of these, and is also supported by the pipe I. The bracket
U, which carries the treddle cylinder M, is made fast to another of these cross
bars. To a third the levers n, n', are centered, and likewise the catch V. The
upright parts of the frame V, V, are for supporting the roller N, and also to
carry the brackets d', d"; the ends of 6, 6, are also made fast to this part of
the frame.
The said looms, like other looms, are made of various dimensions according

page_text: to the kind of cloth intended to be wove upon them, according to which
the dimensions of the pistons of the vessels in which they work, and the
pressure of the air or steam which acts upon them, may also be varied. For
weaving calicos, I use pistons from twelve to twenty superficial inches in area,
having strokes from three to four inches in length, and acted upon by steam or
air with a pressure equal to from three to four pounds on the square inch, and
for other goods I vary these dimensions and that pressure, so as to suit the
quality that may be required.
Although I have thus particularly described the manner in which I produce
the motions of the various parts of a loom from the motion of the lathe, and
the parts connected with it, I confine my Invention to the working of weaving
looms by the application of the pressure of air or of steam on pistons or other
moveable diaphragms, adapted in such a way to move the lathes of the said
looms, that, when the said pistons or diaphragms move up and down or back-
wards and forwards, the said lathes also must move to and fro, as is usual in
weaving the said lathes, making in any given time the same number of strokes
or motions as the said pistons or diaphragms make in the same time.
In witness whereof, I, the said Peter Ewart, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, the Seventeenth day of April, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and thirteen.
J. B. JUKES, Clerk to Mess" ODDIES and FORSTER.
AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the same Seventeenth day of
April, in the year above mentioned, the aforesaid Peter Ewart came before
our Lord the King in His Chancery, and acknowledged the Specification
aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained, in form above written.
And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped according to the tenor of the
Statute in that case made and provided.
Inrolled the same Seventeenth day of April, in the year above written.