Process of and Apparatus for Justifying Lines Composed by Type or Matrix Setting Machines.
Year: 1895

page_text: Date of Application, 20th July, 1895
Complete Specification Left, 28th Apr., 1896-Accepted, 18th July, 1846
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
A Process of and Apparatus for Justifying Lines Composed by Type
or Matrix Setting Machines.
ERNST WENTSCHER of 37 Gleditschstrasse, Berlin, Germany, Engineer, do
hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows:-
My invention relates to a process of and apparatus for justifying lines, composed
by type- or matrix-setting-machines, in which provisional spaces inserted into the
line by setting are substituted afterwards by definitive ones or completed by
additional spaces so as to bring the line to the required length; and the object of
my invention is to provide means by which the justifying is simply carried out and
the spaces between the several words of a line will be all of equal thickness, a
previous measuring or calculating of the line not being needed nor the use of types
or matrices of systematical thickness.
My process consists in setting the line with provisional spaces (which preferably
consist of pieces projecting from the line) approximatively to the required length,
then varying by means of the provisionally spaced line itself the size of an
adjustable mould (which is set to the size of a provisional space, when the provision-
ally spaced line happens to reach just the required length) a distance directly
proportional to the difference between the length of the provisionally spaced line
and the required length, and in an inverse proportion to the number of the
provisional spaces contained in the line, and finally in casting spaces by the adjusted
mould and inserting the same into the line, and ejecting in the same time the
provisional spaces, whilst the line passes step by step by the mould.
In the process described heretofore the line to be justified is supposed to be
too long or too short, and the above-mentioned variation of the size of the mould
is brought about either by enlarging the same, if the line is set too short, or by
reducing its size, the line having been set too long.
If in the case of constantly keeping the lines too short the provisional spaces
should not be withdrawn, but additional spaces added, my process is subjected to
the only modification, that the mould is not. set to the size of a provisional
space, when the provisionally spaced line happens to reach the required length, but
to the size "zero," that is to say, it is close in this case, as required, so far as no
spaces are to be added.
To carry out my process I take two different ways in adjusting the size of
the mould, one way consisting in shifting a movable abutment from its normal
position by the increasing line, until it has reached its provisional length, and in
transferring this shifting movement to the adjustable body piece of the mould
which is correspondently shifted; and the other way consists in spreading the
line to the required length by uniformly increasing provisional wedge-shaped spaces
inserted between its several words and transferring the movement of a common
spreading part to the body piece of the mould thus being adjusted.
The size of the mould having been adjusted the provisionally spaced line is
passed by the mould in a step by step movement, stopped at and by each
provisional space projecting to this purpose from the line, and started again
after each stoppage by inserting a definitive space cast by the adjusted mould
and in the same time removing from the line the provisional space.
When the line passes by the mould, the casting apparatus is started for the first
time by the foremost provisional space, and as its main shaft. performs a revolution,

page_text: the metal is forced into the mould, the body piece driven forwards so as to pull out
of the mould the space and bring it into line with a slide, which then is forwarded,
taking along with the spare and inserting the same into the line, the provisional
space being in the same time removed and pushed into an assembling channel.
The casting apparatus is automatically stopped after one revolution of its main
shaft; but it is started again by the next provisional space, the line being released
by the removal of the foremost provisional space and proceeding again until it is
stopped again by the next provisional space. In a similar way the second and the
following spaces are cast and inserted, and the casting apparatus is finally stopped,
when all the provisional spaces are substituted by definitive ones.
When justifying the lines by additional spaces, the provisional ones not being
removed, the latter cannot consist of pieces projecting from the line, but on the
contrary of less than type height. However, spaces of this kind are likewise
qualified for allowing of a step by step passage of the line by the mould, as well
known from justifying apparatus heretofore constructed, the several words of the
line being separated by notches, and a catch entering the said notches and being
brought out of engagement by inserting the additional spaces.
As concerning the apparatus for carrying out my process, I do not confine my
invention to any feature. There may be suggested many modifications of such an
apparatus, without departing from my invention, which essentially consists in
providing an adjustable mould and means for adjusting the same by the provision-
ally spaced line so as to vary the size of the mould a distance directly proportional
to the difference between the length of the provisionally spaced line and the required
length, and in an inverse proportion to the number of provisional spaces contained
in the line, and in means for passsing the line step by step by the mould and
inserting at each step a space cast by the adjusted mould, the provisional spaces
controlling the said step by step movement and the inserting of the definitive
spaces.
Dated this 29th day of Jul. 1905
THOMAS R. SHILLITO,
89 Chancery Lane, London, W.C., Agent for the Applicant.
A Process of and Apparatus for Justifying Lines Composed by Type
or Matrix Setting Machines.
I, ERNST WENTSCHER of Gleditschstrasse 37 Berlin, Germany, Engineer, do
hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement:
My invention relates to the process of and apparatus for justifying lines, in which
provisional spaces inserted into the line by setting are substituted afterwards by
definitive ones or completed by additional spaces so as to bring the line to the required
length; and the object of my invention is to provide means by which the justifying
is simply carried out and the spaces between the several words of a line will be all
of equal thickness, a previous measuring or calculating of the line not being needed
nor the use of types or matrices of systematical thickness.
I attain these objects by the process hereinafter described and by the apparatus
illustrated in the accompanying drawings, in which
Fig. 1 is a diagramatical plan view of my apparatus, and
Fig. 2 a similar view of a modification thereof.
Similar letters refer to similar parts in both figures.
My process consists in setting the line with provisional spaces approximatively

page_text: to the required length, then varying by means of the provisionally spaced line itself
the size of an adjustable mould (which is set to the size of a provisional space, if
the provisionally spaced line happens to reach just the required length) a distance
directly proportional to the difference between the length of the provisionally spaced
line and the required length, and in an inverse proportion to the number of the
provisional spaces contained in the line, and finally in casting spaces by the adjusted
mould and inserting the same into the line, and ejecting in the same time the
provisional spaces, whilst the line passes step by step by the mould.
In the process described heretofore the line to be justified is supposed to be
indifferently too long or too short, and the above-mentioned variation of the size of
the mould is brought about either by enlarging the same, if the line is set too
short, or by reducing its size, the line having been set too long.
If in the case of constantly keeping the lines too short the provisional spaces
should not he withdrawn, but additional spaces added, my process is subjected
to the only modification, that the mould is not set to the size of a provisional
space, if the provisionally spaced line happens to reach the required length, but
to the size "zero," that is to say, it is closed in this case, as required, so far as no
spaces are to be added.
To carry out my process I take two different ways in adjusting the size of the
mould, one way consisting in shifting a movable abutment from its normal position
by the increasing line, until it reaches its provisional length, and in transferring this
shifting movement to the adjustable body piece of the mould which is correspondently
shifted; and the other way consists in spreading the line to the required length
by uniformly increasing provisional wedge-shaped spaces inserted between its
several words and transferring the movement of the spreading part to the body piece
of the mould thus being adjusted.
Fig. 1 of the drawings shows a top view of an apparatus embodying the
first way.
The composed types or matrices 1 are assembled in a channel formed by two
walls 2 and are successively forwarded by a vibrating pusher 3, as usual in setting
machines, pawls 4 preventing the types from starting back. Provisional spaces
are inserted into the line by setting the same, and consist of wired pieces projecting
from the line at the top and at the bottom. The provisionally spaced line repre-
sented in Fig. 1 is supposed to have reached just the required length, extending
from the end of pusher 3 to the dotted line y, and to contain seven provisional spaces.
A rod 6 slides in a lever 7 turning on a pin and actuated by a spring 13.
Rod 6 is pressed forwards by a spring 9 so as to enter by a slot the type channel.
As the line increases by setting to the dotted line 2, it reaches the end of rod 6,
lever 7 bearing against a stop 14, and takes it along with until the types or matrices
of the line are assembled, the end 6× of rod 6 being held in close contact with the
left end of the line by spring 13. The other arm 10 of lever 7 is slotted, and a
slide piece 11 is guided in the slot, provided with a roller 12 at its lower side.
Slide piece 11 is actuated by a spring 15, and thus constantly forced to the left
end of the slot.
When beginning a line, slide piece 11 and roller 12 are in the position indicated
by the dotted line 5', and will remain there, until the provisional space key is
depressed the sixth time, whereby the slide piece and the roller are shifted to the
dotted line 6. Analogously slide piece 11 and roller 12 will be brought by steps
into the positions indicated by dotted lines 7' 81 91 respectively, when the pro-
visional space key is struck the 7th 8th 9th time, by means and for a purpose
hereinafter fully described. In the illustrated example, the line being supposed to
contain seven provisional spaces and therefore the provisional space key having
been struck seven times, roller 12 is brought to the dotted line 7¹.
When rod 6 and lever 7 are taken along with by the left end of the line,
roller 12 bearing against a cross bar 16 fixed to a slide 17, takes along with the
slide, which by means of a wedge-shaped projection 18 shifts to the left the
movable body picce 19 of a mould 23 formed by that piece and walls 20, and closed

page_text: at the left by a slide piece 44 guided between walls 21. Body piece 19 is actuated
by a spring 22 so as to bear with its wedge-shaped outer end against the projection 18
of slide 17.
Lever 10 and its slot being in a perpendicular direction to the path of slide 17,
when the provisionally spaced line reaches just the required length, as illustrated,
slide 17 will be brought into this position, whenever a provisionally spaced line
happers to be of the required length, independently of the distance of roller 12
from the left slot end of arm 10, that is to say, independently of the number of
provisional spaces contained in such a line; and in that case the size of the mould
will be equal to the thickness of a provisional space, the provisional spaces being
supposed to have all the same thickness. But in any other case, the provisionally
spaced line being either too short or too long, the shifting movement of slide 17
and its final place will depend as well on the stroke of levers 7 or 10 as on the
place occupied by roller 12 in the slot of arm 10.
In order to clearly understand the working of my apparatus, there must be had
reference to the distances of lines 5¹ 61 71 81 91, which mark the several positions
of roller 12, from line "o" passing through the swinging centre 8 of lever 7, 10.
The said distances depend on the length of arm 7, from its swinging centre to the
end of rod 6 in its forwarded position or to the middle of the type channel, which
length may be designated by L, and they depend too on the obliquity or inclining
of projection 18, which may be supposed 1/4, as illustrated. In this supposition
the distances of lines 5' 61 71 81 91 from line. "o" are made equal to 11/5 L/6
4L/7 4L/8 4L/9 respectively.
:
If now, for instance, a provisionally spaced line containing 5 provisional spaces,
surpasses the required length a distance v, roller 12, which then is placed at line 5',
will shift bar 16 and slide 17 a distance w = 4v/5 beyond the position illustrated
in the drawing, as follows from the proportion or equation w: v= 4L/5 L. Body
piece 19 will therefore be shifted to the left, so as to reduce the size of the mould
a distance
w/4, that is to say =
v/5. The size of the definitive spaces cast by
that size of the mould will therefore be reduced 1/5 of the excess of the line, and
five of those spaces being afterwards inserted instead of the provisional ones, the
line will be shortened just to the required length.
-
From the foregoing and the drawing it will be clear, that if a provisionally
spaced line happens to be too short a distance K, slide 17 will be stopped behind
the position illustrated Fig. 1, so as to increase the size of the mould a distance
K/5 K/6 K/7 K/8 K/9 respectively, the line containing correspondently 5 6 7 89
provisional spaces.
If the provisional spaces should not be withdrawn from the line, and the latter
completed by additional spaces, the line must be constantly set too short. The
only difference then consists in providing a body piece, which closes the mould in
the illustrated position of levers 7 10, the apparatus being subjected to no other
modification.
I am presently describing the means for shifting roller 12 along the slot of
arm 10, the purpose of the said shifting movement having been clearly shown in
the foregoing. The provisional space key is connected by a rod 24 to a ratchet
lever 25 actuated by a spring 42 and carrying a pawl 26, which engages with a
ratchet wheel 27, provided with teeth 5 6 7 8 9 of different distances from
each other corresponding to the different respective distances of line 5¹ 61 71 81 9¹.
A pawl 28 secures wheel 27 in its position against a spring 37 actuating the wheel
in an opposite sense by means of a cord 38 wound on its shaft. Wheel 27 is
connected to a pulley 29 provided with a groove on its periphery to receive a
cord 30 fixed at one end to pulley 29 and to the slide piece 11 at the other end.
By these meaus roller 12 is shifted step by step along the slot of lever 10, when
the provisional space key is depressed by setting a line, and roller 12 will be in
the positions 5¹ 6¹ 7' 8' 9¹ respectively, when the corresponding teeth 5" 6" 7"
81 9 are in engagement with pawl 28.
Wheel 27 being returned to its normal position, whenever a line has been

page_text: composed, as hereinafter described, so as to bear with an arm 31 fixed to the wheel
against a stop 39 and to allow slide piece 11 of likewise returning to its normal
position at 5, when the provisional space key has been depressed five times by
Betting the next line, teeth 1" 211 311 411 will have passed by pawl 28 and tooth 5¹¹
will be in engagement with the pawl. Cord 30 is of such length, that it will not
be strained till tooth 5" engages with pawl 28, that is to say, when the space key
is depressed for the 5th time. After that slide piece 11 is taken along with a
step at each following space key stroke so as to be brought at 6' 7' 81 91 by the
6th 7th 8th 9th key stroke respectively. Ratchet wheel 27 is then stopped by its
arm 31, which reaches a stop 32, so that pawl 26 engaging with tooth 10 at the
next stroke, i.e. the 10th, by setting a line, is caught by tooth 10" and the pro-
visional space key cannot be further depressed at the 10th time, thus advertising
the operator to depress for the remainder of the line another space key, which
will supply definitive spaces. For it is not needed in justifying long lines
containing more than ten words to change all the spaces, the changing of up to
eight or nine spaces being fully sufficient. On the other hand as lines commonly
will contain more than five words my apparatus pays regard to this circumstance
so far as the initial position of roller 12 corresponds to a line of five spacings. In
consequence thereof cord 30 must have an excess of length so as to be strained
but by the 5th stroke of the provisional space key.
The size of the mould having been adjusted by the means described heretofore,
lever 28 is swung to the right so as to release ratchet wheel 27, which is returned
to its normal position together with slide piece 11 and roller 12, as described,
pawl 26 being held out of engagement with the teeth of wheel 27 by spring 42
and a projection 40 of the pawl bearing against a pin 41. Likewise lever 33 is
swung upwards so as to withdraw rod 6 from the type channel by a pin 34 and
allow lever 7 of swinging to the right until it is stopped by the stud 14. Pusher 3
is then forwarded and brings the line to the left end of the type channel behind
a yielding pawl 35. The latter is pivoted to a slide piece 36 guided in the outer
wall of the type channel. Pusher 3 then returns to its normal position, and a
fresh line is composed, whilst the line to be justified is further driven forwards
by pawl 35 and slide 36, forced to the left by a weight or spring. The line is
stopped at the foremost provisional space by a bridge 43.
In the same time the casting apparatus is started by this space (the latter
actuating a starting lever or opening an electric circuit) and as its main shaft
performs a revolution, the metal is forced into the mould 23, slide piece 44 drawn
back and body piece 19 driven forwards by means of lever 45 and stud 46 so as to
pull out of the mould the space and bring it into line with slide 44, which then is
forwarded taking along with the space and inserting the same into the line, the
provisional space 5 being in the same time removed and pushed into an assembling
channel 47.
In
The casting apparatus is automatically stopped after one revolution of its
main shaft; but it is started again by the next provisional space, the line being
released by the removal of the foremost provisional space, and proceeding again
until it is stopped again by the next provisional space reaching the bridge 43.
a similar way the second and the following spaces are cast and inserted, and the
casting apparatus is finally stopped, when all the provisional spaces are substituted
by definitive ones.
Slide piece 36 then reaches the end of its path and starts; lever 48 (by
actuating a starting lever or opening an electric circuit), which returns slide 17 to
its normal position by means of stud 49, and opens the mould to the largest size.
In the meanwhile the fresh line has been composed so as to reach rod 6
projecting again into the type channel and the size of the mould will be adjusted.
again for the next line, and so on.
The justified type lines pass into a galley on the left of my apparatus, and are
successively pushed sidewards by a pusher 50, bearing at the rear side against a
movable wall 51.

page_text: The justified matrix lines are presented to a line casting mould.
When distributing the types or matrices the spaces drop down and are
recast.
In the case of constantly keeping too short the provisionally spaced lines, my
apparatus can be modified, as illustrated in top view in Fig. 2, by using the well
known wedge-shaped spaces of linotype-machines.
The spaces consist of two wedge shaped pieces 52 53 movably connected to each
other and are inserted into the line by setting, after having been reduced to their
smallest size. The composed line is brought between two abutments 54 55 having
a distance from each other equal to the required length of the line. A bar 57 is
parallelly guided by a slide 56 and pressed against the parts 53 by a spring 13*,
the parts 52 bearing against a stationary bar 58. A lever 59 returns the slide 56
and bar 57 to their normal position after the spaces have been compressed and the
line stretched to the normal length. The movement of slide 56 when compressing
the spaces is transferred by a lever 7× 10× to the slide 17 wedge shaped at 18 as
and for the purpose heretofore described, the parts designated by similar letters
as in Fig. 1 performing similar functions as described with reference to that
figure.
When giving the same obliquity or inclining to the wedge shaped pieces 18 19
and 52, 53, as illustrated in Fig. 2, lever arms 7× 10x will be of equal length, and
it will be understood, that the size of the mould will be increased the same distance
as that of each spacer. But when inclining differently the spacers and the
parts 18, 19 the lengths of lever arms 7× 10* must be proportionate thereto.
The stretched line is forwarded to the mould, and the spacers projecting from
the line secure in a most convenient manner the step by step passage of the line.
A slot 60 provided in the wall 21 allows of entering of the spacers into the path
of slide 44, and they are pulled out of the line and pushed into the channel 47,
when slide 44 is forwarded to insert a definitive space.
As concerning the apparatus for carrying out my process, I do not confine my
invention to the features shown in the drawings. There may be suggested many
other modifications of my apparatus, without departing from my invention, which
essentially consists in providing an adjustable mould and means for adjusting the
same by the provisionally spaced lines so as to vary the size of the mould a
distance directly proportional to the difference between the length of the pro-
visionally spaced line and the required length, and in an inverse proportion to the
number of provisional spaces contained in the line, and in means for passing the
line step by step by the mould and inserting at each step a space cast by
the adjusted mould, the provisional spaces controlling the said step by step
movement and the inserting of the definitive spaces.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I
;claim is:
1. The process of justifying lines composed by type- or matrix-setting machines,
which consists in setting the line with provisional spaces approximately to the
required length, then adjusting by means of the provisionally spaced line itself
the size of an adjustable mould, and finally casting spaces by the adjusted mould
and inserting the same into the line, all substantially as described.
2. The process of justifying lines composed by type- or matrix-setting-machines,
which consists in setting the line with provisional spaces approximatively to the
required length, then adjusting by means of the provisional spaced line itself the
size of an adjustable mould, and finally casting spaces by the adjusted mould and
'inserting the same into the line, whilst the line passes by the mould, all substantially
as described.
3. The process of justifying lines composed by type- or matrix-setting-machines,
which consists in setting the line with provisional spaces approximatively to the
*required length, then adjusting by means of the provisionally spaced line itself the

page_text: size of an adjustable mould, and finally casting spaces by the adjusted mould and
inserting the same into the line, and ejecting in the same time the provisional
spaces, whilst the line passes by the mould, all substantially as described.
4. An apparatus for justifying lines composed by type- or matrix-setting-
machines, consisting of an adjustable mould for casting definitive spaces, means
for adjusting the mould by the provisionally spaced line, and means for inserting
the definitive spaces into the line, all substantially as described.
5. An apparatus for justifying lines composed by type- or matrix-setting machines,.
consisting of an adjustable mould for casting definitive spaces, an abutment
adjusted by the provisionally spaced line, connecting parts between the said
abutment and the movable body piece of the mould, and means for inserting the
definitive spaces into the line, all substantially as described.
6. An apparatus for justifying lines composed by type- or matrix-setting--
machines, consisting of an adjustable mould for casting definitive spaces, a bar
adjusted by spreading the line to the required length, connecting parts between.
the said bar and the movable body piece of the mould, and means for inserting
the definitive spaces into the line, all substantially as described.
Dated this 28th day of April 1896.
THOMAS R. SHILLITO,
89 Chancery Lane, Loudon, W.C., Agent for the Applicant.