Improvements in Pneumatic Tyres.
Year: 1895

page_text: Date of Application, 4th Feb., 1895
Complete Specification Left, 4th Dec., 1895-Accepted, 11th Jan., 1896
Improvements in Pneumatic Tyres.
We, FREDERICK WESTWOOD, Manufacturer, and WALLACE HENRY PAUll,
Works Manager, both of 1 Lombard Street, in the City of Birmingham, do
hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows:-
+2
Our invention relates to pneumatic tyres of the type in which an inner air tube
operates within an outer removable cover, in one case the removable cover being
divided completely round its inner circumference, and in another case the outer
cover consists of a closed outer tube with. a slit or aperture through which the
inner tube is introduced and removed.
Our invention consists in improved methods of attaching the edges of the divided
outer cover to the rim or to each other, and in improved methods of arranging the
slit or aperture in the tubular cover.
In carrying our invention into effect according to one modification, we construct
a cover having a pocket in each edge, and we use two or more wires or one wire
making two or more turns in each pocket. These wires we so arrange that a
portion of each, or a portion of each coil, is alternately within and without the
pockets at the edges of the cover.
In the centre of the rim we fix a number of small studs and we pass the free
loops of wire from both edges of the cover to the further sides of one or more of
these studs. On inflating the inner tube the air pressure tends to force the edges
of the outer cover apart, but the free loops being retained to the centre of the rim
by the studs cause the coils within the pockets to contract and so draw the cover
edges firmly down to the circumference of the rim. By this arrangement the
moving apart of the opposing edges of the cover is made to contract the said edges
circumferentially upon the rim.
In another modification we use a similar outer cover having a pocket or hem in
each edge and one or more wires or one wire having two or more coils in each
pocket, the wires being arranged to pass from one opposing edge to the other at
one or more points in the circumference. We may cut the wires and provide them
with hooks or other couplings at the points where they cross from one edge to the
other. By this arrangement the circumference of the edges of the cover may be
increased or diminished by diminishing or increasing the distance between the two
edges as they lie together in the rim, or each edge may be enlarged or contracted
at the expense of the other. When the two edges are brought close together
within the rim the circumference is at its maximum, and when the edges are pulled
furthest apart the circumference attains its minimum value. To get the cover out
of the rim it is only necessary to bring the edges together when the circumference
increases sufficiently to enable the said edges to be passed over the rim. The
air pressure acts to separate the edges and so contracts the said edges upon
the rim.
In another modification we use a similar outer cover and within each pocket we
place one or more wires or one or more coils of one wire, preferably using one wire
arranged to make two turns or nearly two turns. To connect the ends of these
wires we arrange loops, rings or small pulleys which we lay a few inches apart;
through these loops or rings or over the pulleys we pass a flexible wire, cord, gut
or other band making several turns through each loop, ring or pulley, and on
pulling the ends of this cord or band, we draw together the separate ends of the

page_text: wire with a powerful pulley block action. We may draw up the cover in this way
by hand or arrange to pull up the slack of the cord by the expansion of the outer
cover due to air pressure. The ends of this flexible cord may also be provided
with convenient means of fixing.
*
In another modification we construct a contractile cord, or band which consists of
a number of interlocking multiple loops or links which are made of suitable flexible
material such as cord, gut or twisted wire; the loops may be made from one
continuous length of such material or from a number of short lengths; this band is
attached to the outer cover in such manner that the loops are pulled out across the
direction of their length by the expansion of the tyre and so they shorten circum-
ferentially by straightening the points of junction of the loops. This action will
result in a contraction of the circumference of the band as a whole and so secure
the tyre to the rim.
In another. modification we construct a contractile band or cord forming it of a
tubular cord or a flat band or broad wire of trellis work lattice work or similar
arrangement, which is attached to the edges of the cover in such a manner that the
strain of inflation causes a contraction of the inner circumference of the cord
or band.
:
In another modification we arrange two or more wires or two or more coils of
one wire within each edge of a cover, and connect the four extremities to the ends
of a double hinged lever, the said lever having a shorter and a longer arm, and so
arranged that the strain of inflation falls first ou the coils of wire connected to the
longer arms of the lever; that coil expands at the expense of the other coil which
thus contracts with an excess of power depending upon the leverage.
We may also connect up these wires or levers so as to cause each edge of the
cover to contract the opposite edge.
:
·
In another modification we provide a cover having wires within a pocket in each
edge, and so arranged that the ends are long enough to cross each other. some few
inches; these ends we provide with hooks, studs or loops or any means whereby
they may be connected to holes or slots in a plate, which plate is adapted to fit the
bed of the rim. These connections we preferably make nearer to one end of the
plate than the other. The wires from both edges we connect to opposite sides of
the same plate or a separate plate may be used for each set of wires; this plate we
arrange to operate as a toggle lever whereby the wires are tightened to the rim in
the first instance by pressing in the long end of the plate by hand. Further
pressure from the pneumatic tube increases the tension of the wires and so holds the
tyre in position by contracting the wires within its edges.
In another modification we construct an outer cover of two layers of oppositely
diagonal threads or of any other diagonally arranged material made up in opposite
layers such as strips of cloth, tapes, strips of leather, paper etc., and we form a
separate edge for each of the diagonal layers on each side of the cover. By this
device we obtain two edges on each side of the cover which upon the strain of
inflation move in opposite directions and this movement we utilize to cause the tyre
to contract on or to be held on the rim. We accomplish this by attaching inextensible
cords or bands to each edge on each side which cords or bands are connected to each
other so that the result is a contractile motion of the whole.
In another modification we arrange a contractile band for the modification of
cover holding device well known as the band method. This contractile band is
made up of trellis or lattice work of a suitable width for the rim, and it is provided
with edges which hook or attach to the edges of the cover. When the two edges
of the cover are pushed towards each other the trellis work closes across and opens
circumferentially, but when the strain of inflation comes upon it the two edges are
forced apart and so open apart and reduce the circumferential diameter of the band.
By this arrangement we supply a contractile band.
We
In another modification we arrange a tubular outer cover which is not split upon
its inner circumference, in combination with an inner removable air tube.
remove the air tube in a manner to be hereinafter described. We may use for the

page_text: outer cover a tube of any suitable fabric or combination of fabric and rubber which
may be fixed to the rim by any convenient method, and in one case this tube may
be open-ended. At or near the ends of the tube we enclose two rings one of which
may be slightly larger than the other. To join the ends we pass the larger ring
through the smaller, the rings being made sufficiently flexible to allow of this..
When the inner tube is inflated the inflation pressure then locks the two rings.
We may also use the interlocking arrangement in which the two ends of the tube are
provided with inwardly curving interlocking beads or outwardly curving heads;
these beads lock into two corresponding beads of a small flap of suitable material
which is cemented or held mechanically to the rim or under part of the outer cover,
and passes over the two ends of the outer cover when placed together. We may
also extract our inner tube by means of an opening in the outer cover, in this case
making the outer cover a complete tube. This opening is of course preferably placed
at a position below the actual tread of the tyre.. We close the opening by means
of a flap of suitable material fixed in any convenient manner, to allow the easy
removal of one end.
In each case the joints are lapped sufficiently to prevent the ingress of water,
grit etc., and in each case the endless or the butt ended air tube may be used. The
butt ended tube may be withdrawn in the usual way, and the endless tube may after
pushing the valve up through the rim and into the tyre be pulled round until the
damaged portion is reached.
Dated this 2nd day of February 1895
:
MARKS & CLERK,
18 Southampton Buildings, London, W.C., and
13 Temple Street, Birmingham, Agents for the Applicants.
Improvements in rцейшано ауто.
We, FREDERICK WESTWOOD, Manufacturer, and WALLACE HENRY PAULL,
Works Manager, both of 1, Lombard Street, in the City of Birmingham, do
hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement :-
Our invention relates to pneumatic tyres of the type in which an inner air tube
operates within an outer removable cover, in one case the removable cover is
divided completely round its inner circumference, and in another case the outer
cover consists of a closed outer tube with a slit or aperture through which the inner
tube is introduced and removed.
Our invention consists in improved methods of attaching the edges of the
divided outer cover to the rim or to each other, and in improved methods of
arranging the slit or aperture in the tubular cover.
The different modifications which we adopt in carrying our invention into effect
are illustrated in the accompanying three shects of drawings.
Figures 1 and 2, Sheet 1, illustrate a modification of our invention using wire
fastenings applied to an outer removable cover and an inner air tube.
Figures 3 and 4, Sheet 1, illustrate another modification using wire fastenings,
and applied to a similar tyre as in Figures 1 and 2.
Figure 5, Sheet 1, illustrates another modification applied to a similar tyre as in
the preceding figures, and showing a special device to tighten the wire bands or
fastenings.
Figure 6, Sheet 1, illustrates another modification applied to a similar tyre as in
the preceding figures, but showing a special contractile link band device as a means
for fastening.

page_text: Figures 7 and 8, Sheet 2, illustrate another modification applied to a similar tyre
as in the preceding figures, but showing a special contractile band device as a means
for fastening.
Figures 9 and 10, Sheet 2, illustrate another modification applied to a similar tyre
as in the preceding figures, and wire fastened, having a special lever device to
tighten the wires.
Figures 11 and 12, Sheet 2, illustrate another modification applied to a similar
tyre as in the preceding figures and wire fastened, having another lever device for
tightening the wires.
Figures 13, 14, and 15; Sheet 2, illustrate another modification, in which the wire
fastenings are operated by an outer removable cover of special construction, having
the ordinary inner air tube.
Figures 16, 17, and 18, Sheet 3, illustrate another modification applied to a tyre
with an outer removable cover, and an inner inflatable air tube, and having a
special form of contractile band fastening.
Figures 19 and 20, Sheet 3, illustrate another modification applied to an outer
tubular cover not divided along its inner circumference, but formed of one length
of tube joined by the device illustrated.
Figures 21 and 22, Sheet 3, illustrate another modification applied to a similar
outer tubular cover as in Figures 19 and 20, and showing another fastening
device.
Figures 23 and 24, Sheet 3, illustrate another modification applied to a similar
tubular cover as in the preceding Figures 19, 20, 21, and 22, and showing a device
for removing or keeping the inner inflatable air tube from or into its place.
Figures 25 and 26, Sheet 3, illustrate another modification applied to a similar
tubular cover as in Figures 23 and 24, and showing another device for removing
or keeping the inner inflating air tube from or into its place.
The first modification we adopt is clearly illustrated at Figures 1 and 2.
Figure 1 is a partial plan of the arrangement with the outer removable cover in
part section and the inner tube removed. Figure 2 is a transverse section through
the tyre and rim.
According to this modification, we construct an outer removable cover A having
pockets B B in each edge, and we use two or more wires C C or one wire making
two or more turns in each pocket. These wires we so arrange that a portion of
each, or a portion of each coil is alternately within and without the pockets at the
edges of the cover, as shown in Figure 1 by the loops D D which are thus formed.
The number of these loops DD may be varied, and depend on the number of times
the wires CC pass out from and into their respective pockets B_B.
In the centre of the rim E we fix a number of small studs F F and we pass the
free loops of wire D D from both edges of the cover to the further sides of one or
more of these studs F F. On inflating the inner tube G the air pressure tends to
force the pocket edges B B of the outer cover A apart, but the free loops D D
being retained to the centre of the rim E by the studs F F cause the coils CC
within the pockets B B to contract, and so draw the cover edges firmly down to the
circumference of the rim. By this arrangement the moving apart of the opposing
pocket edges B B of the cover is made to contract the said edges circumferentially
upon the rim.
In Figures 1 and 2 the tyre is shown as fully inflated, the pocket edges BB
having moved apart, and, by the action hereinbefore explained, tightened the
coils C C and cover edges down upon the rim. It is evident that upon deflation
the cover edges can be moved towards the centre of the rim, and thus loosen the
coils and permit of the easy removal of the tyre from the wheel.
Another modification we adopt is illustrated at Figures 3 and 4. Figure 3 is a
partial plan of the arrangement with the outer removable cover in part section,
and the inner tube removed. Figure 4 is a transverse section through the tyre
and rim.
According to this modification we use a similar outer cover A having pockets BB

page_text: in each edge, and one or more wires C C or one wire having two or more coils in-
each pocket B B, the wires being arranged to pass out of their respective
pockets B B at one or more points in the circumference, and cross over at an.
angle to the pocket forming the opposite edge of the cover.
The crossing of the wires is clearly shown at Figure 3, and in this example we
cut the wires about the crossing point D, and provide them with connecting hooks
and eyes E E.
The wires however, may be made continuous or with other
couplings.
By this arrangement the circumference of the edges B B of the cover may be
increased or diminished by diminishing or increasing the distance between the two.
edges as they lie together in the rim, or each edge may be enlarged or contracted
at the expense of the other. When the two edges B B are brought close together:
within the rim, the circumference is at its maximum, and when the edges B B are-
pulled furthest apart, the circumference attains its minimum value. To get the
cover out of the rim it is only necessary to bring the edges together when the
circumference increases sufficiently to enable the said edges to be passed over
the rim. The air pressure acts to separate the edges B B and so contracts the
said edges upon the rim. In the drawings, Figures 3 and 4, the tyre is shown as.
fully inflated, the edges B B of the cover being therefore at their greatest distance.
apart.
Another modification we adopt is illustrated at Figure 5. Figure 5 is a partial,
side elevation of a tyre and rim, with the rim cut away opposite our improved.
fastening, so that it may he clearly seen.
In this modification we use a similar outer cover A to that herein before described,.
with reference to Figures 1, 2, 3, and 4, and within each pocket B B we place one
or more wires, or one or more coils of one wire C_C, preferably using one wire
arranged to make two turns, or nearly two turns. To connect the ends of these:
wires we arrange loops DD; (rings or small pulleys may be used as alternatives),
which we lay a few inches apart; through these loops D D or their alternative
devices, we pass a flexible wire, cord, gut, or other band, such as E, making several
turns through each loop D, and on pulling the ends of this cord or band E we draw
together the separate ends of the wire or coils C C with a powerful pulley block.
action. We may draw up the cover in this way by hand, or arrange to pull up
the slack of the cord E by the expansion of the outer cover due to air pressure..
The ends of this flexible cord E may also be provided with convenient means of fixing.
Another modification we adopt is illustrated at Figure 6. Figure 6 is a partial
side elevation part in section of a tyre and rim.
In this modification we construct a contractile cord or band, which consists of a.
number of interlocking multiple loops or links. Three links D E F of this band
are shown at Figure 6. These links are made of suitable flexible material such as
cord, gut or twisted wire; and the loops may be made from one continuous length
of such material, or from a number of short lengths, the multiple links of each.
separate loop however, such as D, being made of one continuous short length.
The band may be arranged in pockets B B at each edge of the outer removable
cover A.
The top strand or strands of each link such as d, e, f, of the multiple links D E F
is or are attached firmly to the cover A, or on one side of the cover pockets B B ;
the remaining portions of the multiple links being left free. When the tyre is
inflated the increase in circumference of the edges of the cover A, acting on the
fastened portions of the multiple loop or link band such as d, e, f, contract the
unfastened portions of the loops D, E, F.
This action will result in a contraction of the circumference of the band as a
whole, and so secure the tyre to the rim.
Another modification we adopt is illustrated at Figures 7 and 8.
Figure 7 is a
partial side elevation of a tyre cover and rim with portion of the rim and one edge
of the cover cut away. Figure 8 is a transverse cross section.
In this modification we construct a contractile band or cord C, forming it of a

page_text: •
tubular cord or a flat band or broad wire of trellis work, lattice work, or similar
arrangement, attached to the edges of the cover A.
In the illustrations, Figures 7 and 8, we show a flat band of lattice work,
attached to the edges of the cover A, along one edge D; so that the strain of
inflation causes an expansion of that edge, and a consequent contraction of the
inner circumference or edge E of the cord or band C. This contraction secures
the tyre firmly to the rim B, as both edges of the removable cover A have similar
lattice work bands fastened to them in the manner hereinbefore described.
Another modification we adopt is illustrated at Figures 9 and 10. Figure 9 is a
partial side elevation of a tyre and rim with a portion of the rim cut away to show
the operation of this modification. Figure 10 is a transverse cross section through
the tyre and rim.
In this modification we arrange two or more wires C1 C2 or two or more coils of
one wire within each edge or pocket B of a cover A, and we connect the four
extremities D1 D2 E' E' to the ends of a pair of levers F G, the said levers F. G
having shorter and longer arms, and pivotted on a common centre as shown at
Figure 9. The upper wires C2 are attached firmly to the cover A, while the under
wires Clie loosely within the pockets B. The strain of inflation thus falls first on
the coils of wire C³ connected at D1 D2 to the longer arms of the levers F G ; the
coil C thus expands at the expense of the other coil C¹, which thus contracts with
an excess of power depending upon the leverage, and binds the tyre firmly to the
rim H. We may also connect up these wires or levers so as to cause each edge of
the cover to contract the opposite edge, instead of having, as herein before described,
a separate set of wires and levers to each edge of the cover A.
Another modification we adopt is illustrated at Figures 11 and 12. Figure 11 is
a partial plan with the outer cover partly in section, and the inner tube removed.
Figure 12 is a transverse section through the rim and tyre.
In this modification we provide a cover A having wires C C within, making one
or more turns in pockets B B in each edge, and so arrange that the ends D' D'
are long enough to cross each other some few inches; these ends D'D' we provide
with hooks, studs or loops, or any means whereby they may be connected to
holes E E or slots in a plate F, which plate F is adapted to fit the bed of the
rim H. These connections we preferably make nearer to one end of the plate than
the other.
In Figures 11 and 12, the tyre is shown inflated in which position the plate F
is pressed flat upon the rim H. Before inflation the plate F stands with the
end X away from the rim H, while its end Y is just touching the rim; it is
evident that if in this position the wires C C are fastened by their respective
hooks D'D' to the holes in the plates E' E' in the manner shown in Figure 11, and
lie loosely round the rim, on forcing the plate F down, it acts as a toggle lever,
aud causes the ends D¹ of the wire C to move through a greater distance than the
ends D².
A separate plate may be used for each set of wires. Thus the wires CC are
tightened to the rim H in the first instance by pressing in the long end of the plate
by hand. Further pressure from the pneumatic tube increases the tension of the
wires C C and so holds the tyre in position by contracting the wires within its edges.
On Figure 12 the position of the plate F before inflation is shown in dotted lines,
also that of the inflatable inner tube.
Another modification we adopt is illustrated at Figures 13, 14, and 15.
Figure 13 is transverse section through the cover and rim of this arrangement
of tyre fastening. Figures 14 and 15 are diagramatic illustrations hereinafter
explained.
In this modification we construct an outer cover such as A, Figure 13 of two
layers of oppositely diagonal thread or of any other diagonally arranged material
made up in opposite layers such as strips of cloth, tapes, strips of leather, paper, etc.
and we form separate edges for each of the diagonal layers on each side of the
eover.

page_text: By this device we obtain two̟ enges as ▷ D
of the cover A.
Figures 13 and 14, on each site
Figure 14 is a diagramatic plan made to clearly show the two adjacent pockets
or edges B B C C of the opposite diagonal layers of the cover A.
It is evident that the strain of inflation will cause the adjacent edges B B¹C C'
to move in opposite directions and this movement we utilize to cause the tyre as a
whole to contract on or to be held on the rim. We accomplish this by fixing
inextensible cords, bands or wires, as D D' E E' to each edge on each side of the
cover A.
We preferably arrange concentric wire coils as shown at Figure 15, one concentric
coil to each set of adjacent pockets. Take the side of cover A having adjacent
pockets B B for example; then half of the coil shown at Figure 15 from a to b will
be fixed to the pocket B, the other half from c to b crossing over into and being fixed
to the pocket B¹. It is evident that on inflation the opposite movement of the
edges B B will take place in the direction of the arrows shown at Figure 15, and
thus secure the tyre to the rim.
Another modification we adopt is shown at Figures 16, 17 and 18. Figure 16 is
a partial plan of the cover and rim with the cover partly in section. Figure 17 is a
transverse section through the rim and tyre. Figure 18 is a diagramatic view of
a portion of the fastening band.
In this modification we arrange a.contractile band B, carried all the way round,
and laid flat upon the rim C. This contractile band B is made up of trellis or
lattice work as shown at Figure 18 of a suitable width for the rim C, and it is
provided with edges D D which are attached to the edges E E of the cover A, by
the small hooks FF. When the two edges E E of the cover A are pushed towards
each other the trellis work band B closes across as shown at Figure 18, and opens
circumferentially; but when the strain of inflation comes upon it the two edges E E
are forced apart and so open the band B across as shown at Figure 16, and reduce
its circumferential diameter. By this arrangement we supply a contractile band,
which fastens the tyre to the rim.
Another modification we adopt is illustrated at Figures 19, 20, 21 and 22.
Figures 19 and 20 are sectional views of the joining device of a tubular outer cover
not split along its inner circumference. Figures 21 and 22 are sectional views of
a variation of the joining device shown on Figures 19 and 20.
In this modification we arrange a tubular outer cover which is not split upon its
inner circumference, in combination with an inner removable air tube not shown
in the drawings Figures 19 to 22. We remove the air tube in a manner to be
hereinafter described. We may use for the outer cover a tube of any suitable
fabric or combination of fabric and rubber which may be fixed to the rim by any
convenient manner, and in the modifications under consideration the tube is open-
ended. At or near the ends B B' of the tube we enclose or form on the tube two
rings one of which we make slightly larger than the other. These rings are
shown in Figures 19 to 22 inclusive, where they are lettered similarly. To join
the ends B B we pass the larger ring b¹ through the smaller b, the rings being
made sufficiently flexible to allow of this. Figures 20 and 22 show the tube open,
while Figures 19 and 21 show it after the junction is made. When the inner tube
is inflated the inflation pressure then locks the two rings b b'. These fastening
rings may be made of the two different sections shown at Figures 19,20,21, and 22,
or we may adopt a variety of other shapes without departing from our invention.
We may also use the interlocking arrangement in which the two ends of the tube
are provided with inwardly curving interlocking beads, or outwardly curving
beads; these beads lock into two corresponding beads of a small flap of suitable.
material which is cemented or held mechanically to the rim or under-part of the
outer cover, and passes over the two ends of the outer cover when placed together.
We may also extract our inner tube by means of an opening B, Figures 23 and 25, in
the outer cover, in this case making the outer cover A a complete tube. This opening

page_text: in the cover is shown at Figures 23, 24, 25, and 26, which also illustrate the two
methods we adopt to close the opening.
This opening B is of course preferably placed at a position below the actual tread
⚫of the tyre.
;
In the first method we use to close the opening B, we employ a flap C,
(illustrated in part elevation at Figure 23, and cross section through the flap
fastening at Figure 24), of suitable material stitched or fastened to the cover A
at one side D, and at the other side or edge E of the flap we form a tubular
edge which engages with a similar tubular edge fixed on the tyre rim G; and
small wire rod H being passed through the edges E F to secure the flap C in
position.
The second method we employ illustrated at Figures 25 and 26. Figure 25
being a part elevation and Figure 26 a cross section through the fastenings. On
the tyre A we fasten two dovetail pieces C C of hard rubber or other material;
on either side of the slit or opening B. Over the dovetail edges C C we slip a
shield D made of vulcanite or other suitable material, as a means for closing the
opening B.
In each case the joints are lapped sufficiently to prevent the ingress of water,
grit, etc. and in each case the endless or the butt ended air tube herein before
described may be used. The butt ended tube may be withdrawn in the usual way,
and the endless tube may after pushing the valve through the rim and into the tyre
be pulled round until the damaged portion is reached.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of our said
invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed we declare that what
we claim is.-
1. In pneumatic tyres having an outer removable cover divided along its
inner circumference and an inner inflatable air tube; fastening the cover to
the metal or other rim by devices operated by the lateral movement of the opposite
edges of the cover caused by inflation of the air tube as herein set forth.
2. In pneumatic tyres having an outer removable cover divided along its inner
circumference and an inner inflatable air tube; fastening the cover to the metal
or other rim, by a device operated by the lateral movement of the opposite edges
of the cover on inflation which device consists of opposing coils or inextensible
bands of which parts are secured to the rim by studs or other fastening and the
other parts are held in pockets in the edges of the cover, substantially as
hereinbefore described reference being had to Figures 1 and 2 of the accompanying
drawings.
3. In pneumatic tyres having an outer removable cover divided along its inner
circumference and an inflatable air tube; a fastening device as claimed in
the preceding claim in which the opposing ends of the opposite coils are connected
to each other instead of being restrained by studs in the rim, substantially as
herein before described with reference to Figures 3 and 4 of the accompanying
drawings.
4. In pneumatic tyres having an outer removable cover divided along its inner
circumference and an inner inflatable air tube; the method of pulling together the
fastening wires or bands by means of pulley block loops passed through eyes in the
ends of the wire, the said loops being tightened by hand or otherwise, substantially
as herein before described with reference to Figure 5 of the drawings.
5. In pneumatic tyres having an outer removable cover divided along its inner
circumference and an inner inflatable air tube, the method of fastening the cover
consisting in forming within the edges a series of interlocking loops or chain bands,
a portion of each loop being attached to the cover and other portions left free, the
whole arrangement producing firmly contracting edges upon inflation as herein before
described with reference to Figure 6 of the drawings.
6. In pneumatic tyres the method of fastening the divided outer cover by means

page_text: of contractile edges produced by trellis or lattice work as bereinbefore described with
reference to Figures 7, 8, 16, 17, and 18 of the drawings.
7. In pneumatic tyres the method of fastening the divided cover by means of
wires in the edges which wires are operated by levers substantially as hereinbefore
described with reference to Figures 9, 10, 11, and 12.
8. In pneumatic tyres the method of fastening the divided cover hereinbefore-
described with reference to Figures 13, 14 and 15 of the drawings.
9. An outer cover of a pneumatic tyre consisting of a tube having open ends,
the said ends being slipped one within the other, and caused to interlock upon
inflation as hereinbefore described with reference to Figures 19, 20, 21, and 22 of
the drawings.
10. In double tube pneumatic tyres the improved method of extracting and
replacing the air tube through an aperture in the said outer tube provided at
a point above the rim, this being closed by flaps or plates substantially as
hereinbefore described, reference being had to Figures 23, 24, 25, and 26 of the-
drawings.
Dated this 3rd day of December 1895
MARKS & CLERK,
18 Southampton Buildings, London, W.C., and
13 Temple Street, Birmingham, Agents for the Applicants..