Year: 1899

page_text: Date of Application, 12th July, 1899-Accepted, 12th Aug., 1899
I, GUIDO KÜHN, of Perugia, Italy, Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature
of this invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particu-
larly described and ascertained in and by the following statement:-
This invention relates to improvements in telescopes and has for its object to
provide for the increase in the enlarging power of telescopes by multiplication
systems.
In the drawing,
Fig. 1 is a diagram representing one form of the combined operative device.
Fig. 2 is a similar diagram but showing a different adjustment of the lenses.
Fig. 3 shows a diagram of the same idea, but illustrates a different combina-
tion of operative devices.
The apparent magnitude or apparent diameter of a body is the angle it sub-
tends at the eye of the observer. The ratio of two such angles is therefore the
same as that of their tangents. Hence the following principle:-
When the same object is seen at unequal distances, the apparent diameter varies
inversely as the distances from the observer's eye.
If we assume some distance, and designate this distance 1, and imagine some
object a a third of the length of b, and consider this fractional subdivision as a
unit, it would be easy to obtain a=b by a telescopic enlargement system by
merely trebling the length unit, namely by three fold linear enlargement.
If two such telescopic instruments are employed of equal power for instance
an eight fold enlargement, and if d is viewed through one of them, and also
through system which made a=b and if at the same time b is viewed in its
natural length through the latter, the result will be in the first case a=b...
and in the second case, as (seen direct) 3a, the result will be 24a=8b
=
1;
2.
To obtain the second result it was necessary to enlarge 6 eight times, and a
twenty-four times. The enlargement of a has been obtained in enlarging eight
times a, therefore multiplication of optical power is obtained.
Three examples of operation are shown in the drawings but many modifications
may be made in changing the multiplier and multiplicand in the different
systems.
In Fig. 1 the artificially enlarged picture, which is capable even of further
enlargement is produced by a Galileon telescope, in which the diverging lens B
is placed opposite to the object lens A, in such a manner, that the rays which
issue from the object A¹, B¹ and pass out of the diverging concavo-cancave glass B
are parallel. The plano-convex glass C, and the concavo-concave eye glass D
which together form a second Galileon telescope, view the enlarged picture from
the glass B, and increase its enlargement. The focus adjustment of the combined
two instruments, depends as in any other kind of telescope, on the eyesight of the
person using it.

page_text: In Fig. 2 the first already enlarged picture, which has to be enlarged more, is here
also produced by a Galileon telescope, but the diverging glass B, is here placed in such
a manner that the rays which originate from the object A' B₁ and issue from B
possess a certain convergence which will be larger or smaller, according to whether
the said concavo-concave lens B is at a greater or less distance from the focus of
the object lens A. As in the first case, the picture is here viewed through the
object lens C, and the diverging lens D, which together again form a Galileon
telescope. If however, the glasses C & D are to stand at the same distance as if
they were viewing a clear picture, the divergence of the rays issuing from D, must
be increased in proportion to the convergence of the rays issuing from the lens B,
and that in such a manner that the rays issuing from D entering into a supposedly
normal eye, are parallel. In this second case, evidently the same result is obtained
as would be the case if a new enlargement system (multiplier of the enlarged
picture) produced by the concavo-concave lens B had been introduced.
Fig. 3, not only shows a further modification, but also shows a fact, which
arises from this theory, most clearly. That is to say, if the object lenses are in
effect and in the last analysis, only means for producing convergence, they may
be dispensed with, if without them the same result may be obtained. In using
the present device it is always possible to leave out the second object glass (and
a third also, if the third multiplying system is used) for it can be arranged by
distancing the first ocular from the first object glass, that the rays issuing from
the first ocular have the same convergence, which they would have, if they
entered parallel into the second object glass.
It must be specially pointed out with reference to the example in Fig. 3, that
the rays, which are collected, as they pass through the object glass. A would come
out of the plano-convex ocular B, in a parallel line, if the focus of the latter
coincides with the focus of the object lens. If however the arrangement is thus,
that the focus of B is on the other side of that of the object lens A the rays on
issuing from B will have a certain convergence, which depends on the distance
of the two foci. When that of the ocular D, falls in the same point with the focus
of converging rays, the eye of the spectator (behind D) will have a clear picture A"
of the object viewed.
B
The following will be clear from the three examples explained.
From the first example will result, provided that the system of the glasses A
and B have an 8-fold and that of the glasses C and D, a three fold enlarge-
ment an 8×3-24 fold enlargement.
According to the second example the total enlargement is here also 24 fold, if
again the lens system A B has an 8 fold and the system C D, a 3-fold enlarge-
ment. If however the strength of the ocular D is for instance doubled, and the
rays from the lens C are allowed to issue converging, an enlargement of
8x3+8x3=48 is obtained, without making the instrument any longer.
-
According to the third example it is possible to obtain a total enlargement
of 600 × 10=6000 areas, provided that the lens system may allow of a 600-fold
enlargement, that furthermore the rays issue convergently from the lens B, and
that finally the ocular D enlarges 10 times on account of its own optical power
and its distance from the lens B, that is from the virtual object glass.
The advantages of the present method are chiefly the following:
The obtaining of enlargements, as they could not previously be reached with
similar means; positive (upright) visions of the object viewed even with such
uncommonly strong enlargements as shown in Example, 3: proportionally less
dimensions of the instruments, for an ordinary astronomical telescope of a 600-fold
enlargement for instance, receives by the ordinary addition of an ocular, that is,
without an increase of the diameter of the object glass, an enlargement of from 2.
to 10 times and even more; the very low price at which this instrument can be
produced, as the addition of an ocular does not perceptibly increase the cost of a
telescope according to the idea shown in Fig. 3, whilst the power of the instru-
ment is very great.

page_text: Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what
I claim is:―
The production of telescopes in which a notable increase of optical power
(enlargement) is produced by a combination of lenses especially by insertion of
multiplying systems.
Dated this 12th day of Tul 1800
HERBERT HADDAN & Co.,
Agents to Applicant, 18, Buckingham Street, Strand, London.