IMPROVEMENTS IN INCANDESCENT ELECTRIC LAMPS AND THE CARRONS THEREFOR
Year: 1882

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Jules Joas Barrier Chemist and Ferdinand Tourvieille de
Lavernède Electrician both of the city of Paris in the Republic of France for
an invention of IMPROVEMENTS IN INCANDESCENT ELECTRIC LAMPS AND
THE CARRONS THEREFOR
IN
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Jules, Joas Barrier and
Ferdinand Tourvieille de Lavernède at the Office of the Commissioners of
Patents on the 23rd May 1882.
JULES JOAS BARRIER Chemist and FERDINAND TOURVIEILLE DE LAVERNÈDE,
Electrician, both of the city of Paris in the Republic of France "IMPROVEMENTS
IN INCANDESCENT ELECTRIC LAMPS AND IN THE CARBONS THEREFOR"
The general objections to the incandescent lamps as at present employed are
their mode of construction; the impossibility of renewing the carbons without
replacing the lamp; the short duration of the carbons employed; the impossibility
of obtaining with carbonized fibres, carbons of such a homogeniety that they all
have the same resistance, for lamps of the same model or description, and lastly the
difficulty in producing a complete vacuum in the lamp.
. The essential characteristics of our invention obviate these defects, and
constitute apparatus which are simple in construction and of great strength and
solidity in all their parts with a certain, practical, and prolonged action.
The glass is or may be moulded of a semi-elliptical form with two cylindrical
necks one at each end of the ellipse, in these are inserted two screw threaded
rings which are closely fitted and fixed to the glass necks, by cement, and screwing
into these are two threaded plugs both mounted one at each end of a glass rod.
These plugs are not so deep as the length of the necks of the ellipse, so as to leave
a space free to further insure the pluging with mastic or cement of some kind.
These plugs are the carbon supporters, and for this purpose they are provided with
a certain number of glass tubes whose junction with the metal or glass plugs is
insured by cement.
Through these tubes the platinum threads pass, the spaces being filled in with
the same cement or mastic.
The platinum threads are supported in front of their

page_text: terminations by glass disks cemented to the central glass rod alluded to, which
keeps both the carbon bearers and platinum threads in an invariable position. In
addition to the supporting disks these threads are united two and two, those of
one plug with those opposite it, on the other plug, by means of the carbons to
which they are perfectly united.
This novel arrangement of the lamp the carbons being straight and parallel
with the surface to be illuminated offers great advantages as the incandescent line
of the carbon being parallel with the surface to be lighted, the quantity of light
produced is much greater than in the case of an incandescent line perpendicular
with the surface, or oblique with it.
The screw threaded plugs may be of glass and directly receive the platinum
threads. They may be prolonged in the glass bulb or ellipse so as to do away
with the disks or thread supports, and in their place substituting glass tubes, care
being taken that the tubes are long enough to reach beyond the plugs
Finally the carbons may be straight, bent or sinuous.
We also adapt our
principle to vertical lamps, the glass bulb being moulded with a neck which
receives the screw-threaded ring in which the plug or carbon support is screwed as
before described, and which bears 2. 4. 6. or more glass tubes for the platinum
threads. These threads that the tubes support are fixed to the carbons the arch
or bend of which is variable.
The carbons are of special composition and perfect homogeniety, and the operation
of producing the vacuum is obviated as follows -We coat a part of the carbons,
when once mounted with a composition of equal parts of amorphous phosphor and
pure sulphur united by aid of a small quantity of gum, the quantity of these two
bodies which should be spread on each of the carbons is calculated in accordance
with the capacity of the glass.
When the passage of the current renders the carbon incandescent the phosphor
and sulphur burn and furnish phosphoric acid and sulphurous acid in abundance in
absorbing the oxygen. The carbons by this very action are consequently preserved
by these gases.
Moreover the glass containing gas at a pressure superior to the
surrounding atmosphere, the light given by the carbons will be superior to that
obtained in vacuo, and according as the pressure is increased so much longer will
the carbons last.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed
by the said Jules Joas Barrier and Ferdinand Tourvieille de Lavernède in the
Great Seal Patent Office on the 22nd November 1882.
JULES JOAS BARRIER, Chemist, and FERDINAND TOURVIEILLE DE LAVERNÈDE,
Electrician both of the City of Paris in the Republic of France IMPROVEMENTS
IN INCANDESCENT ELECTRIC LAMPS AND IN THE CARBONS THEREFOR
Incandescent lamps as at present in use are based more or less on the same
principle and are all very similar even in their details of construction and all alike
are open to the following objections viz. general objection to mode of construction
-impossibility of renewing the carbons without renewing the lamp-limited
duration of the carbons employed-impossibility of producing carbons with carbon-
ized fibres whose homogenieity is such as to render them all of equal resistance for
lamps of one description-and finally the great difficulty in producing a complete
vacuum in the lamp.
The essential features of our Invention are intended to obviate these defects and
to form apparatus which are both simple in construction and of great strength and
durability in all their parts, with a sure, practical, and prolonged action.
In the accompanying drawings our improved lamp is shown in longitudinal
section Fig 1. and in elevation Fig 2. Fig 3 is an end view of the lamp, and
Fig 4 an external view of the carbon holder shown in detail.
The glass a is or may be moulded of a semi-elliptical form, with two cylindrical
necks b, c, one at each end of the ellipse, in these are inserted two screw threaded
rings d, d which are closely fitted and fixed to the glass necks by cement and
screwing into these rings d. d¹, are two threaded plugs g. h. Both these plugs are
less in depth than the length of the necks b. c. so as to leave a space free to further
insure pluging with mastic or cement of some kind.
These plugs g. h. are the carbon holders or supports, and for this purpose they
are provided with a certain number of glass tubes t. t, whose junction with the
metal or glass plugs is secured by cement.
•
Through these tubes the platinum threads f. f¹. f. ƒ³. pass; the spaces being
filled in, with the same cement or mastic.
The platinum threads are supported in front of their ends by glass discs k. k.
connected to the central glass rod p, which keeps both the carbon bearers and
platinum threads in an invariable position
In addition to supporting the discs k, these threads are connected two and two
those of one plug g, with the threads of the opposite one h, by means of the
carbons x.x¹. x². to which they are perfectly united.
This novel arrangement of the lamp, the carbons being straight and parallel
with the surface to be illuminated offers great advantages, as the incandescent line
of the carbon being parallel with the surface to be lighted, the quantity of light
this surface receives is much greater than is the case of an incandescent line
perpendicular with this surface or oblique with it.
The screw threaded plugs g. may be of glass, and directly receive the platinum
threads. They may be prolonged in the glass bulb or ellipse a, so as to do away
with the discs or thread supports k. k. and substituting in their place the glass
tubes t. t. care being taken that the tubes are long enough to reach beyond the
plugs g. h. Finally the carbons may be straight bent or sinuous.
We also adapt our principle to vertical lamps, the glass a being moulded with a
single neck b, which receives the screw threaded ring d in which the plug or
carbon support g is screwed as before described and which bears 2. 4. 6. or more

page_text: glass tubes for the platinum threads f. These threads that the tube
are fixed to the carbons x, the arch or bend of which is variable.
supports
On comparing both these arrangements it will be seen thatthey present the
following advantages
1st. Simplicity of construction and solidity of the lamp, the glass being moulded
of special thickness, which prevents accident by breakage, so that the most
inexperienced persons can handle it.
2nd. The firm union of all the constituent parts of the lamp, rendering it perfectly
safe for use in laboratories or the experimenting room
3rd. Mounting the carbons in the glass by means of carbon holders which admits
of renewing the carbons without changing the glass, as easily as a wick is
removed from an oil lamp.
4th. Prolonged action of the lamp, the carbon holders being capable of holding an
indefinite number of carbons, and burning one or more carbons at a time, each
being independent of the other, consequenty the lamp will burn much longer
than any hitherto in use.
These carbons are of special composition and perfect homogeniety and the
operation of producing the vacuum is obviated as follows:-
We coat a part of the carbon when once mounted with a composition of equal
parts of amorphous phosphor and pure sulphur united by aid of a small quantity of
gum. The quantity of these two bodies which should be spread on each of the
carbons is calculated in accordance with the capacity of the glass.
When the passage of the current renders the carbon incandescent, the phosphor
and sulphur burn and furnish phosphoric acid and sulphurous acid in abundance in
absorbing the oxygen, and the carbons by this very action are preserved by these
gases.
Moreover the glass containing gas at a pressure superior to the surrounding
atmosphere, the light given, by the carbons will be superior to that obtained in
vacuo, and according as the pressure is increased so much longer will the carbons
last.
We claim as our invention and exclusive right :-
1st. The construction of an incandescent electric lamp with horizontal or vertical
carbons as herein described and as illustrated by the accompanying drawings
admitting of supplying the lamp with a variable number of .carbons, and of
renewing them as [desired, also of burning one or more carbons at a time
and in prolonging the burning of the lamp by using one carbon after the other,
more light being given by the lamp by reason of the horizontal line of
incandescence.
2nd. The substitution of the vacuum by the production by means of suitable
chemicals producing phosphoric and sulphuric acid gas in absorbing the
oxygen These gases preserving the carbons.
In witness whereof we the said Jules Joas Barrier and Ferdinand Tourvieille
de Lavernède have hereunto set our hands and seals this twentieth day of
November in the Year of Our Lord One thousand eight hundred and eighty
two
FERDINAND TOURVIEILLE DE LAVERNÈDE (L.S.)