matthewleechen/300YearsOfBritishPatents huggingface dataset:
AN IMPROVED RETORT FOR DISTILLING OR EXTRACTING PRODUCTS FROM CANNEL COAL, SHALE, OR SCHIST, AND MORE ESPECIALLY FROM THE SMALL COAL OR DUST TECHNICALLY KNOWN AS 'SLACK
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Gibbon at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 20th December
1865.
I, JOHN GIBBON, Manager of the Canneline Oil Works, in the Parish
of Tryddyn, in the County of Flint, do hereby declare the nature of the
said Invention for "AN IMPROVED RETORT FOR DISTILLING OR EXTRACTING
PRODUCTS FROM CANNEL COAL, SHALE, OR SCHIST, AND MORE ESPECIALLY FROM
THE SMALL COAL OR DUST TECHNICALLY KNOWN AS 'SLACK,'" to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object the construction of a retort for extract-
ing or distilling coal oil or other products from cannel coal, shale, or schist,
and more particularly from that description of small coal or dust technically
called "slack," and consists in applying self-acting feed and discharge
apparatus to a revolving cylindrical wrought or cast iron retort, and con-
structing the inner surface of such cylindrical retort with a projecting
ridge which encircles the interior of such retort in a spiral manner, the
same as the interior of a female screw, and which ridge may be either cast
upon or rivitted on such internal surface, and is so arranged for the
purpose of causing the material to be operated upon to advance from one
end of the retort to the other, which it will do of itself as the retort
revolves by following the course of the spiral screw or worm formed by
the projecting ridge.

page_text: It is preferred to taper or narrow the ends of the retort to connect them
to the feed and discharge ends respectively, which ends are of less diameter
than the body of the retort, and are also provided with spiral ridges on
their inner surfaces in the same manner as the interior of the retort. The
feed and discharge ends revolve in stuffing boxes, the feed end being
connected with a hopper into which the material to be operated upon is
fed, and the discharge end being connected with a shoot which discharges
the material after it has been operated upon, whilst the gas or vapour
passes through the said discharge end into a condenser of any suitable and
convenient form. The retort may be arranged in an inclined position,
lower at the discharge end, and the body of it may be mounted in brick-
work and be subjected to the action of two or more fires, and by means
of worm or other suitable gearing the retort may be caused to revolve, and
so regulated in its revolutions as to give sufficient time to extract and
distil all the oil and vapours from the materials operated upon by the time
the said materials reach the discharging end of the retort.
AN IMPROVED CONSTRUCTION OF ROTARY ENGINE
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Peter Gardner at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 18th December
1865.
I, PETER GARDNER, of Banbury, in the County of Oxford, Surveyor, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVED CONSTRUCTION
OF ROTARY ENGINE," to be as follows:-.
This Invention relates to a novel construction of rotary engine (applicable
both for transmitting power and as a rotary pump) in which the slide or
abutment that divides the supply from the exhaust steam rides upon the
excentric drum affixed to the engine shaft. This excentric drum is mounted
in a steam cylinder or cylindrical case, and rotates in contact with its inner
periphery. The excentric drum is packed at that part of its periphery which
is in contact with the cylinder, as also at its ends, to prevent the steam supplied
to the engine passing between its contact surface and the cylinder or case of
the engine. The ports for the entrance and exit of steam are situate in one.
of the cylinder heads or end plates, one on either side of the slide, and they
are so arranged that the face of the excentric whilst revolving shall close the
induction port at the same time that it opens the eduction port. The cylinder
heads or end plates, instead of being simple discs with stuffing boxes for the
shaft as usual, are formed each with a deep radial recess for receiving the
ends of the transverse slide before mentioned, which slide extends beyond
the cylinder and fits into the recesses in the cylinder heads, but so as to be
free to move therein under the action of the rotating excentric drum. In the

page_text: ends of the slides and on both its faces shallow recesses are made extending
from the top to nearly the bottom thereof, and into these recesses fit abutments
made in the recesses in the end plates so as to form a steam-tight joint.
These recesses in the slide are for the purpose of receiving steam for reducing
the friction on the slide by equalizing as far as may be the pressure thereon,
and also for keeping the slide in contact with the excentric drum; but springs
may be used for this latter purpose if preferred. When steam is admitted
into the cylinder at one side of the slide to set or maintain the engine in action,
the recesses at the back of the slide will also be charged with steam to enable
the slide the better to sustain the pressure of the acting steam.
IMPROVED MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR REDUCING THE THICKNESS OF PARTS OF CALF SKINS OR OF OTHER. SKINS OR HIDES,
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Edward Gedge at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with bis Petition, on the 18th
August 1865. A communication from abroad. by Adolphe Bel,. of Autun,
France, Tanner and Currier.
J, WILLIAM EDWARD GEDGE, of the Firm of John Gedge and Son, of No.
11, Wellington Street, Strand, in the County of Middlesex, Patent Agent,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVED MACHINERY
OR APPARATUS FOR REDUCING THE THICKNESS OF PARTS OF CALF SKINS OR OF OTHER.
SKINS OR HIDES," a communication to me from abroad by Adolphe Bel, of
Autun, France, Tanner and Currier, to be as follows:-
Calf skins are at least four times thicker at the head than elsewhere; this
part is therefore more difficult to tan than the other parts, and consequently
requires a longer stay in the pits and more bark. The object of the improved
machine, the subject of this Invention, is to render the head as thin as the
other parts at one operation and before tanning, an object not hitherto
attained, and which permits perfect tanning in less time than otherwise
required. It is composed of a case or chest serving as foot or base to a cast
iron column fixed' upon it, the said column. itself supporting a plate or tablet
also of cast iron, which comes between two arms furnished with bands of
polished steel, on which a knife is made to slide. The head of the calf skin
is placed on the tablet, and as it is not on the same level as the arms by

page_text: causing the knife to slide on these latter the whole of that part of the skin
which comes above such level is removed. The level of the tablet is varied
by raising or lowering it, which is effected by means of its support and a
bolt passing into a slide bar with which this latter is furnished. The operation
in question takes place directly after that known as river work, and a workman
can prepare from 80 to a hundred skins per hour.
It will be evident that although calf skins only are above mentioned this
Invention may be used to reduce the thickness of parts of other skins or hides.
AN IMPROVED TRAP OR LIQUID SEALING TO THE COVERS OF CISTERNS, PANS, JARS, TUBS, AND OTHER VESSELS OR CHAMBERS
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by George Putland Hemming and
Henry Coyle at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their
Petition, on the 20th November 1865.
We, GEORGE PUTLAND HEMMING, of No. 2, Winchester Street, Maldon
Road, Kentish Town, in the County of Middlesex, and HENRY COYLE, of
46, Great Marylebone Street, in the said County, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVED TRAP OR LIQUID SEALING TO
THE COVERS OF CISTERNS, PANS, JARS, TUBS, AND OTHER VESSELS OR CHAMBERS,"
to be as follows:―
Traps for the liquid sealing of the covers of pans, jars, and other vessels
are ordinarily obtained by a simple groove or channel formed or applied around
the upper edge of the vessel to be trapped. This groove is supplied with
water or other liquid, and the cover is formed with a descending lip or rim
which when that cover is applied to the vessel dips below the surface of the
liquid in such groove or channel so as to exclude the passage of air or gas
to or from the interior of the vessel so fitted; such grooves are however fully
open at the sides thereof, so that in tilting the vessel to empty it of its
contents the groove or channel is also emptied of its liquid, and has to be
re-supplied for further service.
The object of the Invention is to remedy this evil by forming the parts of
such grooves or channels so that the vessel may be tilted to empty it of its
contents and yet such grooves or channels will still retain a sufficient quantity
of liquid for subsequent sealing without the necessity of applying fresh liquid

page_text: to the groove or channel; for this purpose one or both of the edges of the
sides of the groove or channel are turned over and dip into the groove
itself, leaving space between them for the passage of the edge or rim of the
lid or cover, and these turned-over parts form a receiver to retain sufficient
liquid for subsequent sealing after each tilting. Vessels, cisterns, pans, jars,
tubs, and other vessels thus trapped are applicable to all hollow bodies, of
whatever material or size, first, without the air being exhausted, to exclude
all unpleasant odour from the contents; and secondly, either with or without
the air being exhausted to preserve bread, meat, fruit, or other perishable
substances; and thirdly, for the retention of heat in hot water or other liquids
deposited therein.
IMPROVEMENTS IN PISTONS
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Henry Johnson at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 19th December
1865. A communication from abroad by David Lister, of the City of
Toronto, in the County of York, and Province of Canada, Engineer.
I, JOHN HENRY JOHNSON, of 47, Lincoln's Inn Fields, in the County of
Middlesex, Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN PISTONS," a communication from abroad by David
Lister, of the City of Toronto, in the County of York, and Province of Canada,
Engineer, to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to what is known as steam packing for pistons of
steam engines, and has for its object the obtainment of cheapness, durability,
and economy of labour by dispensing with the "setting up" and adjusting of
the piston requisite in pistons of the ordinary construction.
According to this Invention there is placed between the "junk ring" and
the "follower" an annular metal shell, which keeps up the piston when
working without steam, and which is grooved or recessed to receive an expan-
sive metal packing ring, which may be made eccentric or of a gradually
diminishing thickness from the split or joint to the opposite side of its diameter
in order to increase its elasticity. This ring may be provided with a tongue-
joint or other equivalent contrivance for preventing the escape of steam at the
split or joint, and fits loosely within the annular groove or recess in the shell,
an annular steam space being left between the interior of the ring and the
shell. Openings are made through this portion of the shell to admit steam

page_text: from the interior of the piston to the annular chamber or space above referred
to. The steam is admitted from each end of the cylinder alternately into the
interior of the piston through a tube which is screwed through the "follower,"
and has a slightly tapered end, so as to fit steam-tight in an orifice made to
receive it in the "junk ring." Within this tube there is placed a ball valve or
its equivalent, which is forced steam-tight against one or the other of two seats
inside the tube by the pressure of the steam itself, according as it enters from
one end or the other of the said tube. Between these two seats (one of which
is adjustable so as to regulate or control the play of the valve) there is formed
a lateral aperture, which is always exposed to the in-coming steam, and through
this lateral aperture the steam passes into the interior of the piston and thence
behind the packing ring. The steam is prevented, however, from blowing
direct through the tube from one side to the other by the obstruction presented
by the valve upon one or other of its two seats. It will thus be seen that
steam enters the piston from the acting end of the cylinder, and by exerting
its pressure upon the, ring maintains a perfectly, tight, packing.
Iм- PROVEMENTS IN ENVELOPES
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Henry Yates Thompson at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 12th
December 1865.
I, HENRY YATES THOMPSON, of Cleveland Row, St. James', in the County
of Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "Iм-
PROVEMENTS IN ENVELOPES," to be as follows:
This Invention has for its object improvements in envelopes.
The object of my Invention is to overcome a difficulty which is found in
opening adhesive envelopes. As adhesive envelopes are usually made it is
needful in opening a closed envelope to insert the thumb or finger underneath
the opening flap at one or both of the points where the adhesive matter ends.
In many cases this is difficult especially when (with a view probably to
increased safety), the adhesive matter is laid on very nearly to the fold of the
opening flap, inasmuch as the operator is then obliged to have recourse to a
knife or other instrument to open the envelope.
According to my Invention at that stage in the manufacture of envelopes,
when the envelope has been folded but not yet fastened with adhesive matter,
I take a thread and fasten the ends together, either by a knot or otherwise,
I provide that the length of the circular or endless thread thus produced shall
be double of one of the sides or ends of the envelope. My circular or endless
thread is next passed over one of the flaps which it fits until it surrounds the

page_text: bent or folded part of the flap, at each end of which a small nick may be
made for the thread to lie in. The thread may be fastened round the flap at
once, or first fastened and then slipped on. The envelope is completed in the
ordinary way, and the only external difference between envelopes improved by
my method and the ordinary ones consists in a thread running outside along
one edge of the completed envelope, upon pulling which that edge is ripped
open and the contents of the envelope exposed. Sometimes in place of
employing an endless thread I attach a thread to the flap which is to be
ripped open by sewing or stitching it thereto at one end of the bent or folded
part of the flap, the thread then passes along underneath the flap, and its
.further end protrudes from one corner of the completed envelope a short
distance. The sewing or stitching may be done either by a sewing machine
or by hand. Sometimes I take a thread a little longer than the edge of the
envelope which is to be ripped open, and having unravelled one end of the
thread a short way I attach the end thus unravelled by means of 'gum or
cement to a part of the envelope which is closely adjacent to one of the ends
of the bent or folded part of the flap which is to be ripped open. The thread
then as in the former case passes along underneath the bent or folded part
of the flap and protrudes a short distance from the corner of the completed
envelope.
A NEW OR IMPROVED COLOR. SLIDE AND CASE. FOR THE USH OF ARTISTS. AND PAINTERS
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Robertson at the Office of
the Commissioners of: Patents, with his Petition, on the 9th October-
1865..
I, JOHN ROBERTSON; of 2; Langham Chambers,. Portland Place, in- the-
County of Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"A NEW OR IMPROVED COLOR. SLIDE AND CASE. FOR THE USH OF ARTISTS. AND
PAINTERS," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object economy in labor by saving the daily
cleaning from or- setting individual tints on the palette, the preservation-from.
evaporation of pure or mixed. tints, the economy of pigments, and also the
greater facility of arranging the palette for the studio or out-door work, and
consists of a suitable formed slide to suit various shaped palettes. This slide
can be made of vulcanized india-rubber or other suitable material;. with or
without back and partitions, as shown. in the annexed Drawings, in which
Fig. 1 shows the case; Fig. 2 the slide with moveable back and partitions ;.
Fig. 8,. back view of slide with partitions, but having the back removed for
cleaning; Fig. 4 is the slip that forms the back; Fig: 5 is a slide without
partitions and back; Fig. 6 is a form of slide for an oval palette; Fig. 7
shows the palettes with slides attached.., These slides can be attached to the
palettes by suitable springs or otherwise, and when not in use can be
enclosed in a suitable shaped case: This case,, with sliding top. or otherwise,

page_text: can be made of the same material as the slides or otherwise, as best suited to
effect the object in view, and can be used to contain water or without, at the
option of the person using it.

page_text: The Color Slide and Case to be made of hardened India Rubber and of
various sizes.
The Utility and Advantages of this invention are, 1st The Labour saved of
daily arrangement of Palette, 2nd The Preservation of Pure and Mixed Fints.
3rd The Economy of Pigments, 4th The Faality of Arrangement for out door
painting, &c.
IMPROVEMENTS APPLICABLE TO AIR CUSHIONS, MATTRESSES, PORTABLE BATHS, AND OTHER LIKE AIR-INPLATED ARTICLES
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Arthur Henry Robinson at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
4th February 1865.
I, ARTHUR HENRY ROBINSON, of 2, De Grey Terrace, in the County of
Dublin, Esquire, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS APPLICABLE TO AIR CUSHIONS, MATTRESSES, PORTABLE BATHS, AND
OTHER LIKE AIR-INPLATED ARTICLES," to be as follows:-
This Invention relates partly to a peculiar construction and arrangement of
air cushions, pillows, mattresses, and other like closed inflated articles, whereby
such articles are rendered to a certain extent self-inflating, and partly to
portable india-rubber baths, and other open inflated articles.
In applying my Invention to closed air-inflated articles, such, for example,
as cushions, pillows, and mattresses, I employ two separate and distinct inlets
for the air, each provided with a closing valve, the one communicates with a
series of india-rubber tubes, arranged either in the form of rings communi-
cating with each other by lateral orifices, or in the form of a tubular coil,
whilst the other inlet communicates with the main cavity or space of the
pillow or cushion, which is enclosed or bounded by the tubes above mentioned.
The ends of the pillow or cushion, which may be flat or hemispherical, are
made double, leaving an air space between the two thicknesses of material,
which air space is in communication with the tubes, or when of a flat form,
in lieu of being made of double thicknesses of material, the ends may be

page_text: composed like the sides of a number of tubes placed side by side, but com-
municating with each other, and with the tubes forming the sides of the pillow
or cushion.
In constructing a mattress according to my Invention I make it of a number
of tubular chambers, each chamber being composed of a series of rings, or a
coil of india-rubber tubing. One of the air inlets communicates with the
tubes, and the other air inlet or inlets communicate with the interior of the
chambers, In order to inflate these articles it is simply necessary to fill with
air the tubes and hollow spaces forming the sides of the article, whereupon
the expansion of the sides and ends will cause air to rush in and fill the
enclosed internal cavity or space by its own pressure, thus making the main
portion of the article self-inflating.
In applying this Invention to portable india-rubber baths, and other open
inflated articles, the principle of self-inflation is not involved. Articles of this
class are, according to this Invention, composed of india-rubber tubes, disposed
either in the form of rings or coils passing round and forming the sides and
bottom, which tubes are inflated by blowing or otherwise forcing air therein
through a self-closing air valve.
CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR CUTTING PAPER, PASTEBOARD, AND SIMILAR SUBSTANCES
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Mark Mason at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents, with bis Petition, on the 28th February
1865.
I, MARK MABON, of Manchester, in the County of Lancaster, Engineer, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS
IN APPARATUS FOR CUTTING PAPER, PASTEBOARD, AND SIMILAR SUBSTANCES," to be
as follows:-
The Invention relates to a novel arrangement and construction of apparatus
or mechanism for cutting paper, pasteboard, or other suitable material,
wherein the knife or cutter is stationary, and the paper or material is brought
into contact therewith by being raised upwards in a diagonal direction. The
Invention consists in the employment and use of a table and pressing bar to
hold the paper or material thereon, which are mounted on a carriage and
capable of being turned on a centre or circular plate on such carriage, so as
to bring any side of the material under the cutting blade; this carriage is
caused to travel up an inclined slide towards the stationary blade by means of
a double wire rope or chain attached thereto, and which passes round two
pulleys actuated by a long lever or handle, the whole being supported in a
suitable framing. Thus when any material is to be cut, it is secured and
pressed upon the table by the pressing bar or clamp; the carriage is then

page_text: drawn forcibly up the incline by the rope and pulleys, and the material comes
in contact with the knife in a diagonal line, and a clean diagonal cut is
effected; the carriage may then be lowered, and the table turned partly round
to bring another portion of the material under the knife for another cut.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF MIRRORS
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by George Haseltine at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 27th February
1865. A communication from abroad by Louis Paul Angenard of the.
City and State of New York, United States of America.
I, GEORGE HASELTINE, of the "International Patent Office," No. 12, South-
ampton Buildings, Chancery Lane, in the County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
MANUFACTURE OF MIRRORS," a communication, to be as follows:-
The object of this Invention is to coat the surfaces of glass or other
substances with a preparation of platina, obtained by dissolving it in nitro-
muriatic acid, and evaporating it to dryness to obtain the salts of platina.
When thus obtained, it is ground into an impalpable powder. It is then
divided in two equal parts; one part of which is dissolved with the oil of the
flowers of lavender, and the other part (separately from the first part) with the
spirits of ether, and evaporated to dryness, and then re-dissolved with the oil
of the flowers of lavender. When each of the parts are thus prepared, the
first preperation is evenly spread over the surface of the glass or other substances
to be treated with a suitable brush, and then allowed to dry. The article is
then placed in an oven and heat applied until the metalized surface has a
dark red color; the heat is then withdrawn, and the plate of glass or other
substance allowed to cool, when it is removed from the oven. The second part
of the solution of platina is now applied with a brush as before, and the plate
of glass or other substance again placed in the oven and re-heated until it

page_text: assumes a dark red color. The fire is now withdrawn, and the article operated
upon allowed to cool before coming in contact with the cold atmosphere. The
operation is thus completed, and the plate of glass or other substance may be
removed from the oven with perfect safety. The platina has become firmly
united to the surface by the process, and a mirror of unsurpassed brilliancy is
obtained thereby.
IMPROVEMENTS IN ROTATORY AERIAL SWINGS
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by James John Matthewson and
Heinrich Louis Rudolph Schlee at the Office of the Commissioners of
Patents, with their Petition, on the 17th April 1865.
We, JAMES JOHN MATTHEWSON, of Claremont Place, Rotherhithe, in the
County of Surrey, and HEINRICH LOUIS RUDOLPH SCHLEE, of Victoria Villas,
Maple Road, Penge, in the County of Surrey, do hereby declare the nature
of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN ROTATORY AERIAL SWINGS," to
be as follows:-
This Invention relates to swings which rotate in a vertical direction upon
an axis mounted horizontally in vertical supports or standards, and consists,
first, of an improved mechanical arrangement for imparting rotatory motion
thereto. Hitherto swings of the above description have had rotatory motion
imparted thereto by means of one or more winch handles fixed in a direct
line with the axis of the swing, and for that purpose a high stage was required
for the person or persons to stand on for imparting rotatory motion to the said
winch handle or handles. We propose to dispense with the above-mentioned
stage and to impart rotatory motion to the axis of the swing by the following
means:-Upon the ground and concealed within an ornamental Swiss cottage
we arrange a system of wheelwork worked by a winch handle, and in connec-
tion therewith we arrange a pulley, over which and also over another pulley
fixed on the axis of the swing we pass an endless band or chain, by which we
transmit rotatory motion from below to the swing above.

page_text: A further improvement in rotatory aerial swings consists in adapting over
each of the several cars of the swing a small balloon having an air-tight cover
fixed over a light framework, and either inflate said balloons or not, as may be
desirable. The use of these balloons is to allow the wind to act thereon, and
assist in turning the swing round upon its axis of motion, and if inflated to
reduce the weight of the swing when in use, and make it move with less
exertion.
CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF TYRES FOR RAILWAY WHEELS AND IN APPARATUS CONNECTED THEREWITH
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Richard Evan. Price at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 8th December
1865.
I, RICHARD EVAN PRICE, of Manchester, in the County of Lancaster,
Manager, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "CERTAIN
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF TYRES FOR RAILWAY WHEELS AND IN
APPARATUS CONNECTED THEREWITH," to be as follows:-
My Invention is designed for the purpose of forming tyres for railway
wheels from plates of steel or other suitable metal, and the Invention consists
in beating, hammering, pressing, or forging the periphery of the plate into a
die to impart thereto the external shape desired, and afterwards punching
out the centre of the plate and leaving the tyre formed without a weld or
joint from one piece of metal. The apparatus consists of an anvil block, in
the upper surface of which the die is formed to shape the flange and periphery
of the tyre, which is effected by the action of a hammer thereupon; this block
is provided beneath the thickness of the tyre, with a moveable plate which
during the process of shaping the periphery remains in the block, but when
the punch is inserted in the hammer head to punch out the centre of the
plate this plate is withdrawn and another plate inserted having a hole or
aperture therein into which the piece of metal or blank centre punched out

page_text: is forced, and being removed together leaves the tyre formed as desired, and
by replacement of the front plate the machine is ready when the tyre is
removed from the die for a continuation of the operation. I would remark
that the apparatus may either bé actuated by steam, hydraulic power, or by
compressed air.
IMPROVEMENTS IN CALORIC OR HOT-AIR ENGINES
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Richard Archibald Brooman at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
17th October 1865.-A communication from abroad by Guillaume
Reinlein, of Barcelona, Spain.
I, RICHARD ARCHIBALD BROOMAN, of 166, Fleet Street, in the City of
London, Patent Agent, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN CALORIC OR HOT-AIR ENGINES," to be as follows:-
The first improvement consist in setting the engine in such a manner that
the axis of its motor cylinder shall be in a vertical instead of a horizontal
position as heretofore. This result is obtained by securing the motor by its
base to a circular support. This support is provided with two ribs which
cross each other, and the spaces between the ribs form boxes through
which the smoke from the boiler passes before surrounding the outside of the
cylinder. This arrangement enables me to get rid of the resistance caused by
the friction of the pistons.
The second improvement consists in substituting for the iron vessel which
serves as a furnace in caloric engines, and particularly in that known as the
Ericcson engine, Patent dated 4 April 1833, No. 6409, a tubular boiler com-
posed of three horizontal iron plates united two and two by tubes, and the
whole surrounded by a thin sheet-iron cylinder. From this arrangement the
flame from the fuel commences its course inside. the lower tubes between
the two lower plates, and then heats the outside of the tubes between the
centre and the top plate, and descending through other pipes enters the smoke

page_text: boxes and flues and surrounds the cylinder before escaping into the chimney.
The cold air drawn into the engine in its up stroke and situated between the
two pistons has to pass under the feed pistons. It will be understood that in
order to attain this position it will be compelled to surround the tubes of the
boiler on the opposite face to that surrounded by the fuel. One of the advan-
tages arising from the tubular boiler is that in the same engine four times
greater heating surface is obtained than in the Ericeson engine, and this
heating surface could be increased by inserting in each of the tubes between
the central and top plates a piece of iron of the same length and of a breadth
equal to the interior diameter of these tubes.
The third improvement consists in the application to hot air engines of gas
and mineral oils by setting the gas or liquid inflamed under each of the tubes
between the central and top plates. I regulate the intensity of the flame
through stop-cocks.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CON- STRUCTION OF BRACES FOR BITS, APPLICABLE ALSO AS STOCKS, HANDLES, OR HOLDERS FOR HOLDING TOOLS AND OTHER ARTICLES TO WHICH STOCKS, HANDLES, OR HOLDERS. ARE APPLIED
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Orvis at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 23rd October
1865.
I, JOHN ORVIS, of West Roxbury, in the County of Norfolk, State of
Massachusetts, in the United States of America, Manufacturer, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CON-
STRUCTION OF BRACES FOR BITS, APPLICABLE ALSO AS STOCKS, HANDLES, OR HOLDERS
FOR HOLDING TOOLS AND OTHER ARTICLES TO WHICH STOCKS, HANDLES, OR HOLDERS.
ARE APPLIED," to be as follows:-
My Invention consists primarily in forming the end of the brace for the
reception of the bits in the following manner :-The end is formed some-
what conical in two parts, one side in a piece with the brace proper, and
the other hinged thereto, the parts being made to fit into and adapt them-
selves to one another. A ring is placed on the arm of the brace, which
on being pushed over the conical surface thereof retains the two parts
firmly together. When the hinged and fixed parts are brought closely
together the aperture for the reception of the bits is at its smallest size,
and in this case the ring being pressed to almost the end of the conical
surface retains the parts with the bit inserted therein firmly together.
The position of the ring is thus regulated by the size of the bit in use.
By pushing back the ring the hinged part becomes released from the
fixed, and the space between the two is sufficiently large to allow the bit
to be easily removed.

page_text: According to another arrangement, I form a slot in the head of the
stock, and on each side I hinge an arm or claw and pass a ring as before
over the arm or stock. The bit is inserted between the arms or claws,
and the ring pressed up the conical surface; the bit is then jambed and
held tightly between the claws, and cannot be removed until the ring is
pressed back.
Although I have described this my Invention with reference particularly
to the construction of braces for bits, yet similar arrangements are equally
applicable to all stocks, handles, or holders for holding tools or other
articles requiring the same.
IMPROVEMENTS IN PADDLE WHEEL PROPELLERS ADAPTED FOR PROPELLING VESSELS IN WATER
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Richard Henry Dart at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 24th April
1865.
I, RICHARD HENRY DART, of 45, Blackman Street, Borough, in the Parish
of Newington, in the County of Surrey, do hereby declare tho naturo of the
said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN PADDLE WHEEL PROPELLERS ADAPTED FOR
PROPELLING VESSELS IN WATER," to be as follows:-
The object of this Invention is to enable the paddles to maintain a per-
pendicular position in their passage through the water, thus obtaining a
backward or forward pressure without elevating or depressing the water.
The parts are, 1st, a pair of circular sides, with equidistant perforations just
within their circumference to receive the axles by which the paddles are
suspended; 2nd, a ring of the same circumference as the sides, and perforated
to correspond with the sides; 3rd, each paddle is formed of two parts connected
at their lower edge by an axle; 4th, each paddle has an axle projecting from
each of its upper outer corners. The sides being fixed on a shaft as usual
in paddle wheels the paddles are suspended by their upper axles from and
between the sides. The ring is suspended from the paddles by passing the
lower axles through the perforations in the ring, by which means the per-
pendicular suspending weight of the paddles is combined.
IMPROVEMENTS IN LIFE BOATS
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Henri Adrien Bonneville at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 24th
June 1865. A communication from Louis Prosper Reynaud, residing
at Rue de l'Evêque, Paris, in the Empire of France.
I, HENRI ADRIEN BONNEVILLE, of the British and Foreign Patent Offices, 24,
Rue du Mont Thabor, Paris, in the Empire of France, and 38, Porchester
Terrace, Bayswater, in the County of Middlesex, Patent Agent, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN LIFE BOATS,"
communicated to me by Louis Prosper Reynaud, a person residing at Rue de
l'Evêque, Paris, in the Empire of France, aforesaid, to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to certain improvements in life boats, by means of
which they are rendered incapable of submersion, and better fitted for the use
for which they are intended. It consists of a metal tube or cylinder hermetically
closed and tapered at both ends, forming the body of the life boat, and carrying
a framework with seats for rowers. The under part of said tube is provided
with a false keel more or less detached from the tube; this keel serves for
supporting at each end the lower sockets of rudders of a suitable form, which
enable the boat to move either ahead or astern without turning, and at the
same time serve in either case as cutwaters. These arrangements render it
impossible to submerge or overturn the boat under any ordinary circum-
stances.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MEANS OR METHOD OF CURING OR PREVENTING SMOKY CHIMNIES
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Benjamin Greenwood at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 31st March
1865.
I, BENJAMIN GREENWOOD, of Cumberland Place, Westbourne Grove North,
in the County of Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of the said Inven-
tion for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MEANS OR METHOD OF CURING OR PREVENTING
SMOKY CHIMNIES," to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to improvements in the means of preventing or curing
smoky chimnies, and consists in forming a communication between the interior
of the chimney (a short distance above the fire) and the external air by
means of a pipe let in the wall, and carried to the outer wall of the house,
or by a channel or passage formed in the brickwork while building the house.
The object of this arrangement is that as the heat of the fire rarefies the
air above it, and tends to cause it to rise and carry off the smoke and other
products of combustion, an increased upward draught of air is created by the
rush or draught of the cold external air to supply the place of the rarefied air,
and thus the smoke is forced to ascend the chimney or flue. A throttle
valve is to be placed in the pipe or channel near the chimney, so that the
draught of air may be regulated by a wire and catch within the room.
In some cases I propose to extend the pipe in an upward direction a
short distance in the chimney, to aid the current or direction of the draught.
IMPROVEMENTS IN PREPARING RED AND VIOLET COLORING MATTERS FOR DYEING AND PRINTING SILK, WOOL, COTTON, AND OTHER TEXTILE VEGETABLE AND MINERAL SUBSTANCES
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Richard Archibald Brooman at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 3rd
October 1865. A communication from abroad by Philibert Chevalier,
of Lyons, France.
I, RICHARD ARCHIBALD BROOMAN, of 166, Fleet Street, in the City of
London, Patent Agent, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN PREPARING RED AND VIOLET COLORING MATTERS FOR DYEING
AND PRINTING SILK, WOOL, COTTON, AND OTHER TEXTILE VEGETABLE AND MINERAL
SUBSTANCES," to be as follows:-
This Invention consists in obtaining two coloring matters, red and violet,
from aniline, toluidine, cumidine, and cymidine. I take aniline of commerce,
transform it into a salt, by preference an arseniate; I add to this salt a
nitrate, particularly the nitrate of potass, in about equal quantities by weight
with the aniline. I heat the mixture to a temperature, which is regulated in
every case by the boiling point of the aniline used, and which in no case
should exceed this point. The operation is completed when the matter pro-
duced turns blue on being revived with acid. This matter is composed of two
coloring matters, one red the other violet, held in products of superoxidation.
The matter is treated at boiling point with an alkalinised water which dissolves
the red matter and leaves the violet insoluble. I precipitate the red matter
by neutral salt, such as sulphate of soda and chloride of sodium. The tints

page_text: of this red matter resemble safflower. To separate the violet from the useless
substances which are with it I treat the mass resulting from the alkaline
treatment with acidulated water, which causes the violet coloring matter to
dissolve; I filter and precipitate it by neutralization. In this state the
coloring matter imparts tints resembling orchil. The two coloring matters
described, one red and the other violet, are both soluble in water. I treat
toluidine, cumidine, and cymidine in the same manner as described for
aniline.
A NEW ILLUMINATING APPARATUS FOR BURNING PETROLEUM
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Peter Armand Le Compte de
Fontaine Moreau at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with
his Petition, on the 3rd May 1865.-A communication from Messieurs
Jules Bontems and Louis Pebeyre, residing at No. 50, Rue des
Recollets, Paris, in the Empire of France.
I, PETER ARMAND LE COMPTE DE FONTAINE MOREAU, of the English and
Foreign Patent Offices, 10, Rue de la Fidélité, Paris, in the Empire of France,
and 4, South Street, Finsbury, London, Patent Agent, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "A NEW ILLUMINATING APPARATUS FOR
BURNING PETROLEUM," to be as follows, that is to say:-
This Invention consists in the construction of an apparatus for burning
petroleum in the open air without the use of a chimney, and by which smoke
and smell are avoided, thus rendering it applicable to street and carriage
lamps, night lights, and other similar purposes where it has hitherto been
impossible to burn petroleum.
The cap of this apparatus consists of a chamber or reservoir in which the
air constantly circulates so as to establish a steady and uniform light. In
the centre of this chamber and extending below it is placed the tube or
tubes containing the wick, arranged in such a manner as to present to the
orifice the exact quantity of gas necessary for the combustion. On the top
of this chamber are two openings for the external air, combined so as to
absorb the steam egressing from the liquid consumed by the lamp, and

page_text: serving to support or sustain the equilibrium of the gas necessary for the
combustion.
The recipient or chamber for the oil consists of two parts, the inner or
direct recipient and the outer or general recipient, an open space being kept
between them (except at the bottom) to prevent the communication of the
heat from the inner to the outer recipient. The top of this recipient is
provided with an opening (closed by a stopper) serving to make a vacuum
for facilitating the introduction of the liquid which spreads equally and at a
level in the inner and outer recipients, but in closing the opening the pro-
gressive conversion of the liquid into gas during combustion is obtained in the
inner recipient, as also the progressive diminution of the general level. The
cap of this apparatus can be applied to a simple tube in imitation of a
candle, but to fill this tube which serves as the oil recipient the cap must be
taken off.
A NEW OR IMPROVED SWIVEL SNAP
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Emile Morin and Roman Schweizer
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their Petition, on the
2nd December 1865.
We, EMILE MORIN and ROMAN SCHWEIZER, both of Sherborne Lane, in the
City of London, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "A
NEW OR IMPROVED SWIVEL SNAP," to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to a novel construction of swivel snap for use as a
fastener for dog collars, and chains for harness, and other such purposes, and
consists of two arms or levers joined by a hinge or fulcrum; the shorter ends
of the arms are of a semi-oval form, so that when closed an oval ring is formed
for attachment to the ring of a collar or to a staple or hook or other article ;
the extremities of these semi-ovals are made, the one with a projection and
the other with a recess, so that when closed the projection enters the recess
and strengthens the fastening; the other ends of the levers are made of
sufficient length to exercise a compressing power or action upon the closed
oval ring by means of a spring fixed within or between the levers. Beyond
the spring the levers are formed, the one with a slot and the other with a
central arm which passes through the slot, both parts being bent inwards to
an angle of about 45 degrees for the purpose, the arms then terminate in the
form of two rings, one above the other, for a swivel spring hook or chain to be
passed through, so when a strain comes on the snap, the two rings are kept
together and the snap is tightly clamped.
Im- PROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF SCISSORS, SHEARS, AND EDGE TOOLS
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Charles Lingard at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 10th February
1865. Partly a communication from abroad by Charles Lingard, junior,
of John Street, New York, in the United States of America.
I, CHARLES LINGARD, Scissors and Shears Manufacturer, trading under the
Style or Firm of "Charles Lingard and Sons, of Caloon Works, Sheffield, in the
County of York, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "Im-
PROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF SCISSORS, SHEARS, AND EDGE TOOLS," to be as
follows:-
The object of the Invention is to make cast iron available in the manu-
facture of such articles, and to weld or attach thereto cast steel to form the
cutting parts. I propose to form the bows and blades of scissors and shears,
When cast
and all but the cutting face of edge tools, of malleable cast iron.
of the proper form I put them in pans or vessels and surround them with red
ore and smithy slack, mixed in about equal proportions'; I then place the
pans in a close furnace of the construction ordinarily used for annealing cast
iron, and subject them to the action of heat for about 190 hours, and during
nearly the whole of that time maintain the furnace at a regular heat, assuming
The furnace
when looked at through an aperture a bright cherry red color.
is then opened and the pans allowed to cool gradually; when cold the con-
tents are withdrawn; they are then ready for being subject to the welding
process. The part of the bows or edge tools to which the steel has to be
applied to form the cutting face is then placed in contact with steel forged

page_text: to the proper size and heated in an ordinary smith's fire until they attain a
welding heat approaching a straw colour. To the surfaces I design to weld I
then apply borax boiled from a liquid to a state of dry powder; the surfaces
are again placed in contact, hammered together, and manipulated in the
ordinary manner; carefully done, a thorough weld is effected. The articles 5
are afterwards finished in the usual way.