IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF IRON AND STEEL, AND IN THE MACHINERY OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN
Year: 1876

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Ephraim Allcock Jones and John Allcock Jones, both of
Middlesbrough, in the County of York, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN
THE MANUFACTURE OF IRON AND STEEL, AND IN THE MACHINERY OR APPARATUS
EMPLOYED THEREIN.”
Sealed the 15th December 1876, and dated the 12th October 1876.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Ephraim Allcock Jones and
Jolin Allcock Jones, at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 12th
October 1876.
EPHRAIM ALLCOCK JONES and JOHN ALLCOCK JONES, both of Middlesbrough,
in the County of York. "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF IRON AND
STEEL, AND IN THE MACHINERY OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN."
Our Invention relates first to the refining and puddling of iron and to the
apparatus employed therein, and secondly, to that description of apparatus which is
known as the "Squeezers," and employed for compressing the balls or masses of
metal proceeding from the puddling furnace.
According to the first part of our Invention, we construct a vessel or chamber one
end or bottom of which is provided with tuyeres or apertures through which air is
admitted under pressure. This vessel or chamber is provided with trummions, by
which it is amounted in a suitable frame, so as to be capable of being moved
bodily from a vertical position into an inclined or horizontal position as re-
quired by means of gearing or otherwise. Or the vessel may be held in a
frame, and the frame provided with trunnions, and the air may be admitted
through the trunnions and frame and by incans of a union joint to the interior of
the vessel.
When the vessel is in a horizontal position it is supported in bearings by means
of journals with which it is provided, or it may be supported on friction wheels and
rotatory motion imparted thereto by means of toothed wheels, or friction gear, or by
any other suitable ineans, a union joint being provided in order to admit of its
rotation.
In carrying out the process of puddling with our improved apparatus the chamber
is first lined with a mixture of oxide of iron, oxide of manganese, nitrate of soda, or
other suitable substances containing oxygen, or it may be lined with oxide of iron
"

page_text: alone, and is then charged with air, which is caused to pass through the trunnions
or otherwise (in a similar manner to a Besseiner converter) into and through small
holes situate at the bottom of and leading to the interior of the vessel or chamber,
or the air may pass through any other suitable connection behind or in front of the
trunnion, the object being to raise the temperature and to dispense with fuel, and
the removal of some of the ingredients or part of them. The vessel is now ready to
receive a charge of molten metal which may be supplied thereto from a blast fur-
nace, cupola, air, or other furnace, either whilst the vessel is in a vertical position or
when it is placed in an inclined or horizontal position, as found most convenient.
The vessel having received its charge of metal it is "blown," and the inctal in-
gredients, such for example as carbon and silicon, removed or partially removed and
the temperature increased. This process may be continued until the metal is con-
verted into a kind of liquid wrought iron, or it may be discontinued at any desired
stage of the process. Up to this stage it is similar to the conversion of Bessemer inetal.
After the carbon and silicon have been removed, or partially removed, the vessel
is brought into a horizontal or an inclined position, and a rotatory motion is im-
parted thereto, so as to effect an agitation of the metal amongst the cinder con-
tained within the vessel, part of which cinder is derived from the lining of the
vessel. As the metal decreases in temperature the metal mixed with the cinder
will be formed into a ball in readiness to be lianmered or squeezed by means of the
apparatus herein-after described or otherwise into any desired shape.
If at any stage of the process above described it is found necessary or desirable to
increase the temperature of the metal we connect the trunnions of the vessel or other
suitable parts of the apparatus with a gas main and introduce therein carbonic
oxide, carburetted hydrogen, petroleum, or other oil or carbonaceous gas in combi-
nation with air.
In some cases we dispense with the operation of blowing through the inetal, and
when the vessel is in an inclined or horizontal position we rotate it after the charge
of hot metal has been introduced, and thereby effect the removal or partial removal
of the silicon, carbon, and phosphorus by the lining of the vessel. A mixture of air
and gas, or oils may be blown in through the tuyeres at the bottom if additional
temperature is required. Air may also be blown into the metal by means of a pipe
introduced into the interior of the vessel. The vessel may be surrounded by an
outer casing or jacket, the space between such outer casing and the vessel being
supplied with water through the trunnions or otherwise.
The ball produced in the manner herein-before described is conducted to the
squeezing apparatus, which forms the second part of our Invention.
In carrying out this part of our Invention we employ three rollers arranged in.
such a position relatively to each other that if lines be drawn connecting the centres
of the three rollers, such lines together will form a triangle.
It is preferred to arrange two of the rollers at the bottom with the third roller
above the vertical centre line of the latter, being equidistant or nearly so from the
other two rollers. The upper roller, which has a rotatory motion imparted to it in
the manner herein-after explained, is mounted in bearings adjustable vertically, and
is elevated and suspended either by means of balance weights attached to the necks
of the roller or to their bearings, or by means of hydraulic presses situate either
above or below the necks of the roller, and arranged so as to act directly thereupon.
The two lower rollers may be carried in moveable bearings, but we prefer to support
them in fixed bearings in the standards of the apparatus, and they with the upper
roller all revolve in the same direction motion being imparted to them in the manner
herein-after described.
In order to depress the upper roller as required for the purpose of putting the
necessary pressure upon the metal under operation either screws or hydraulic presses
are employed.
When screws are used for the purposo they are arranged to work through a cross-
head forming the top of the standards, and to act upon a chock or slide bearing upon
the neck of the roller, and a portion of the circumference of the roller is removed so

page_text: as to produce a flat or approximately flat surface. The mass of metal to be com-
pressed is placed upon the two rollers, and the upper roller having been brought
down upon it the three rollers are set in motion. When the flat portion of the upper
roller arrives over the mass of metal the latter is momentarily relieved of the weight
or pressure, and the upper roller may then be further depressed by operating the
screws, either by hand or autonically, and the operation may be repeated when the
flat portion again arrives at the same point, and so on in succession at ench revolu-
tion, until the piece of metal is reduced to the given dimensions. Hydraulic presses
may be substituted for screws in this arrangement if preferred.
When hydraulic presses are employed in substitution for screws for depressing
the upper roller, we prefer that there shall be no flat or approximately flat place in
tho roller, and the ramus are caused to pass through the cross heads forming the tops
of the standards and to act upon the chocks or slides bearing upon the necks of the
roller. The rams are utilized for elevating and suspending the roller as herein-
before mentioned, as well as for depressing it, for which purpose they are each made
in the form of a piston, with a stem so as to admit of the water acting upon the one
side or the other of the piston according as it is required to elevate or depress the
roller. In lieu however of this arrangement separate hydraulic presses or rams may
be employed for elevating and suspending the roller, such presses or rams being
situate above or below the necks so as to act directly thereupon as before described.
The presses may be supplied with water pressure by means of pumps either acting
directly upon the press or upon a volume of water in an accumulator.
The whole of the rollers may be driven by wheel gearing or the two lower rollers
may be driven by wheel gearing and the upper roller by belting or chains, in which
latter case a suitable pulley is attached to the apparatus for transmitting the motion
from any suitable prime mover, and another pulley is secured to the end of the roller.
In the case of wheel gearing the rollers are coupled to pinions by means of spindles
and boxes, and the pinions are driven through the intervention of a wheel or wheels
from the prime mover.
In order to admit of the rotatory motion being transmitted to the upper roller not-
withstanding the variations in its position, the spindles may be fitted with universal
or other joints, so as to be self-adjustable to any angle to suit the varying position
of the roller. Or in lieu of this arrangement we may employ a vertical shaft carry-
ing bevel wheels for receiving motion and transmitting the same to a bevel wheel
carried on the upper roller, and the requisite play may be obtained by means of
longitudinal grooves or projections formed in or on the shaft with which engage
corresponding projections or grooves formed on or in one of the bevel wheels so as to
admit of the bevel wheel rising or falling with the roller whilst receiving motion
from the vertical shaft upon which it is carried. Or in lieu of employing bevel
wheels for transmitting motion from the vertical shaft to the upper roller the shaft,
which in that case should be driven at a high velocity, may carry an endless screw
or worm engaging with a worm wheel fast on the upper roller, motion being im-
parted to the worin shaft either by means independent of the lower rollers or by a
suitable train of gearing for multiplying the speed. Or the vertical shaft may be
dispensed with and motion be imparted to the upper roller by means of a spur
wheel engaging with two corresponding spur wheels fitted respectively on the axis
of the upper roller and on the axis of one of the lower rollers, such actuating spur
wheel being supported by strong links or bars mounted on the axis of the upper
roller, and by similar links or bars mounted on the axis of the said lower roller
in such a manner as to maintain the actuating spur wheel in gear with the driven
spur wheels whilst admitting of its adjusting itself to the varying position of the
upper roller. We prefer to employ for driving the rollers two engines fitted with
reversing gear.
We also employ in combination with the arrangements of rollers hereiu-before
mentioned a horizontal steam hammer, which is placed at the end of the rollers so
as to strike the mass of metal under treatment and force it against an anvil attached
to the standards of the rollers.

page_text: In operating upon the iron or steel with the apparatus before mentioned or other
similar apparatus, the mass of inetal from the puddling furnace is introduced
between the rollers, which are then put in motion and pressure is gradually
applied. The cinder is expelled and the picce of metal receives a powerful
compression, whilst at the same time it is subjected endwise to the operation
of the steam, hammer. The mass of metal may then he removed from the
rollers, and if necessary be re-heated and again subjected to their action and to
that of the steam haminer one or more times if required, or the bloom delivered
from the rollers after the first operation of squeezing and hammering may if
desired be subjected to further treatment in a second similar squeezer or apparatus
adapted to still further reduce its dimensions.
When the mass of metal is reduced to the requisite diameter the bloom is removed
and cut up if desired by means of saws, shears, hammer cutters, or otherwise, into
pieces of the required weight, which may then be rolled into the intended finished
shapes in the manner herein-before mentioned or otherwise, or the bloom may be
utilized in its entire undivided condition according to the purpose to which it
is to be applied, or it may be rolled into bars to be further utilized in the manu-
facture of iron or steel.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said Ephraim Allcock Jones and John Allcock Jones in the Great Scal
Patent Office on the 20th March 1877.
EPHRAIM ALLCOCK JONES and JOHN ALLCOCK JONES, both of Middlesbrough,
in the County of York. "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF IRON AND
STEEL, AND IN THE MACHINERY OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN."
Our said Invention relates to the manufacture of iron and steel, to be rolled or
shaped into rails, axles, tyres, plates, or other forms, and has for its object the
production of iron and steel of a homogeneous quality more expeditiously than
heretofore.
The Invention has reference first to the refining and puddling of iron, and to the
apparatus employed therein, and secondly to that description of apparatus which is
known as the "squeezer" and is employed for compressing the balls or masses of
metal proceeding from the puddling furnace.
According to the first part of our Invention we construct a vessel or chamber, one
end or bottom of which is provided with tuyeres or conduits through which air or
other gases or mixtures of the same are admitted under pressure. This vessel or
chamber is so constructed and arranged as to be capable of being tilted or moved
bodily from a vertical or nearly vertical position into a horizontal or nearly hori-
zontal position, as required, by means of gearing or otherwise, and when in such
horizontal position, of being caused to revolve by means of toothed wheels or friction
gear, or by any other suitable means, union joints being provided in order to admit
of the revolution of the vessel, and to allow of a tilting motion without disturbing
the connection with the blast pipe; or the vessel may be held in the frame provided
with trunnions or supports to enable it to tilt the vessel itself, being also capable of
revolving, and the air or other gases or mixtures of the same may be admitted in
any position of the vessel, and whilst it is either in motion or stationary through
the trunnion and frame or through the frame only, as the case may be, and by means
of union joints to the interior of the vessel.
By means of this part of our Invention we utilize the heat engendered by the
blowing operation for the puddling operation, the two operations being performed
in one and the same vessel.
According to the second part of our Invention, which relates to apparatus for
squeezing metal, we subject the metal simultaneously to transverse compression
between revolving rollers, and to longitudinal compression or impact by the aid of a

page_text: hammer operated by steam or other power. We employ three rollers arranged in
such a position relatively to cach other that if lines be drawn connecting the centres
of the three rollers, such lines together will form a triangle. It is preferred to arrange
two of the rollers at the bottom with the third roller above, the vertical centre line
of the latter being equidistant or nearly so from the other two rollers. The upper
roller which has a rotatory motion imparted to it in the manner herein-after
explained is mounted in vertically adjustable bearings, and is elevated, suspended,
and depressed, either by the aid of balance weights and screws, or by means of
hydraulic presses, situate either above or below the necks of the roller, and arranged
so as to act directly thereupon. The two lower rollers may be carried in moveable.
bearings, but we prefer to support them in fixed bearings in the standards of the
apparatus, and they with the upper roller are caused to revolve in the same direction.
The upper roller is in some cases formed with a flat or approximately flat portion
or surface for a purpose herein-after explained.
And in order that our said Invention may be fully understood, we shall now
proceed more particularly to describe the same, and for that purpose shall refer to
the several Figures on the annexed Sheets of Drawings, the same letters of reference
indicating corresponding parts in all the corresponding Figures.
Figure 1, Sheet 1 of our Drawings, represents a side elevation of one arrangement
of apparatus constructed according to our Invention for refining and puddling iron;
Figure 2 is an end view of the same.
Figures 3, 4, 5, and G, Sheet 1; Figures 7 and 8, Sheet 2; and Figures 9 and 10,
Sheet 3, represent modifications and details of the combined apparatus which will
be hercin-after referred to.
Figure 11, Sheet 4, represents a side elevation of one arrangement of squeezing
apparatus constructed according to the second part of our Invention.
Figure 12, Sheet 5, is a transverse section of the same.
Figures 13, 14, 15, and 16, Sheet 6, and Figures 17, 18, and 19, Sheet 4, represent
details and modifications which will be hercin-after described.
Referring to the Figures 1 and 2, Sheet 1 of our Drawings, A is the vessel in
which the iron is refined and puddled, and which is mounted by means of trunnions B,
in cheeks or standards C, carried on a base plate D, and is capable of being tilted or
placed in a horizontal position as shewn by the full lines, or raised into a vertical
position as indicated by the dotted lines in the Drawing. When the vessel is
in the horizontal position it is supported upon rollers E, mounted in bearings F,
carried by the base plate D, but when in a vertical position it is mainly sup-
ported by the standards C. The elevation of the vessel into a vertical position is
effected by means of chains H, passing over pullies I, and attached to the outer ends
of two levers K, which are mounted on the trunnions B, and bear when in the act
of clovating the vessel against projections L fixed to the body thereof, the vessel
being returned to the horizontal position by slackening the chains H, when it will
fall by its own gravity until it rests upon the rollers E.
Rotatory motion is imparted to the rollers E from a steam engine or other prime
mover through the intervention of bevel gearing M, which motion is transmitted to
the vessel A when it is in the horizontal position by the frictional contact of the
rollers with such vessel.
In carrying out the process of refining and puddling with this apparatus, the
chamber or vessel A is first lined with a mixture of oxide of iron, oxide of
manganese, nitrate of soda, or other suitable substance or substances containing.
oxygen, or with oxide of iron alone, and is then heated by any convenient means,
and air is admitted when the vessel is in either a horizontal or vertical position
through one or both of the trunnions B, thence through a union joint a' in the
trunnion or trunnions and through a union joint b (the latter being shewn in detail
in Figure 10, Sheet 3) and through a tuyere brick or perforations provided in the
end or bottom G of the vessel, after which the vessel (either remaining in or being
brought into a horizontal position as the case may be) is charged with molten metal
(supplied thereto from a blast furnace, cupola, air, or other furnace).
The molten metal having been introduced, the vessel is brought into a vertical

page_text: position, and is then "blown" by continuing to force air through the buyere brick
or perforations in the end or bottom G of the vessel, whereby some of the metal
ingredients, such for example as carbon and silicon, which it is desired to eliminate,
or portions of the same are removed, the temperature being at the same time
increased.
If additional heat is required oil or gas may be injected with tho blast through
the tuyero brick or perforations. After the ingredients, which it is required to
partially climinate, have been removed the vessel A is tilted or allowed to descend
into a horizontal position, as shown by the full lines in Figure 1, so as to bear
upon the rollers E; the vessel is then caused to revolve, whereby the metal is
agitated, and mixed amongst the cinder contained in the vessel (part of which cinder
is obtained from the lining) until the metal mixed with the cinder is formed into a
ball in readiness to be hammered or squeezed into any desired shape. At this latter
stage of the process, if further heat is necessary, carburetted gas or oil may in
combination with air be injected through the tuyeres.
In lieu of causing the air to pass through the trunnions to the tuyere brick or
perforations in the end or bottom of the vessel, as in the arrangement, Figures 1
and 2, the modification shewn in side and end elevation in Figures 3 and 4
(Sheet 1) may be adopted, in which the air supply pipo a is connected by means of
the union joint b to the end or bottom G of the vessel direct. In this case the
vessel is supported and caused to revolve when in a horizontal position by means
of rollers. E and gearing M, as in the preceding arrangement; but in lieu of fitting
the trunnions (upon which the vessel turns from a vertical position into a horizontal
position) into standards the vessel may be suspended by its trunnions B to a
saddle piece O attached to the end of a chain H passing over suitable pullics not
shewn in our Drawings. The trunnions are arranged at about the central part of
the vessel, and on one of them there is keyed a worin wheel P in gear with a worm
Q carried by the saddle piece O, and actuated by means of a hand wheel R, in
order to cause the vessel A to be tilted or turned into a horizontal position or
turned into vertical position as required. In order to enable this to be effected the
vessel is first elevated bodily by means of the chain H, and having been tilted
or turned, as before mentioned, is rested if necessary upon girders whilst it is
blown.
According to another modification, which is illustrated by Figures 5 and G
(Sheet 1), the vessel A is mounted on friction rollers E¹, E', carried on a frame S
fitted with a pair of large tyres S1, S', which bear upon friction rollers E working
in bearings F attached to the base plate D. The frame S carrying the vessel A is
tilted or caused to partially rotate, in order to tilt or turn the vessel from the
vertical to the horizontal or any position by means of the gearing M, friction
wheels E, and tyres S¹, and the vessel A is caused to revolve when in a horizontal
or any position by means of a bevel pinion T keyed on the inner end of a horizontal
shaft U, and gearing with a corresponding bevel wheel V fitted to or formed round
the cylindrical body of the vessel A. Air is admitted into the vessel by the pipe a
fitted with union joints for the purpose of connecting it with the end or bottom G
of the vessel.
According to a further modification, which is illustrated by Figures 7 and 8,
Sheet 2, the framing S carrying the vessel A in lieu of being supported on friction
rollers, as in the preceding arrangement, is mounted by means of trunnions B, B¹,
in standards C, C₁, and is actuated so as to cause the vessel to assume a vertical
position or a liorizontal position, as required, by means of a worm Q carried by the
standards C, and gearing into a worm wheel R keyed on the trunnion B'. Air is
admitted to the interior of the vessel A. through a pipe a passing through the
trunnion B, and fitted with union joints a and b for conducting the air to the
tuyere brick or perforations c in the end or bottom G of the vessel.
When the vessel is by preference in a horizontal position it is caused to revolve
by means of a bevel pinion T keyed on to the inner end of a horizontal shaft U,
and gearing with a bevel wheel V keyed on to the body of the vessel A. The

page_text: shaft U passes through the trunnion B, and is actuated from any suitable prime
mover by means of a driving belt or by gearing, as found most convenient.
The apparatus may be provided in addition with an outer casing, as shown in
Figure 9 (Sheet 3) forming a space f around the vessel A for containing water
which may be adinitted, and caused to circulate therein by any known or con-
venient means, in order to maintain the outside of the vessel cool, and thereby
increase its durability.
When it is desired to increase the temperature of the metal contained in the
vessel we introduce therein carbonic oxide, carburetted hydrogen, petroleum, or,
other suitable carbonaceous gas or oil by means of a pipe d, as shewn by dotted
lines in Figure 10, Sheet 3, in combination with air introduced through the pipe a,
and we force the mixture of gas and air through the perforations c in the end or
bottom G of the vessel.
The ball produced in the manner herein-before described is next subjected to the
operation of compression, in order to render it homogeneous by the aid of any
suitable squeezing apparatus, but by preference that next herein-after described,
and which forms the subject of the second part of our Invention.
In carrying out this part of our Invention we take the ball produced in the
manner herein-before described or otherwise, and subject it simultaneously to trans-
verse compression between revolving rollers, and to longitudinal compression or
impact by the aid of a hammer operated by steam or other power.
Figure 11, Sheet 4, and Figure 12, Sheet 5, illustrate a squeezer constructed
according to one modification of our Invention. A, A, A', are the three rollers,
the two lower ones A, A, which are by preference corrugated being mounted in
stationary bearings in two vertical standards B, B, whilst the top roller A¹ is
mounted in bearings D, D, capable of being raised and lowered in the standards
for the introduction and removal of the ball or mass of metal, and to admit of the
roller A adjusting itself to the varying dimensions of the balls or masses of metal
operated upon.
The axles C of the lower rollers extend beyond the standards B in one direction
and are connected by means of coupling boxes D', D', and spindles C' to the axle
C of a spur wheel F which is in gear with another spur wheel G fast on an upper
shaft H. This shaft is mounted in the standards E, E, E, and receives motion
from a steam engine or other suitable prime mover by means of gearing communi-
cating motion to a wheel I fixed on one end of the shaft, whilst the opposite end of
such shaft carries a bevel wheel K in gear with a corresponding bevel wheel K',
keyed on the lower end of a vertical shaft L, working in bearings L', L, and
carrying another bevel wheel M in gear with a corresponding bevel wheel M, keyed
on the axle of the top roller A¹. The bevel wheel M is fitted to the shaft L so as to
be free to rise and fall in order to accommodate itself to the varying position of the
upper roller, the shaft being formed with longitudinal grooves or projections 3 with
which engage corresponding projections or grooves provided on or in the level
wheel. The wheel M. is balanced by means of weights M carried by a chain M³
passing over a pulley M', supported by the upper bearing L' or otherwise.
The apparatus operates in the following manner :-Upon motion being imparted
to the shaft H such motion will be transmitted through the spur wheel G, F, F, and
thic bevel wheels K, K, M, M, to the three rollers A, A, A', which will all revolve
in the same direction, and the requisite pressure being gradually applied and
maintained upon the upper roller by the means herein-after explained, the ball or
mass of metal under operation will be compressed transversely and the cinder
expelled, and as the said ball or mass is simultaneously subjected to the longitudinal
compression or impact of a steam or other power hammer, as before mentioned, the
metal will be condensed until the required homogenity is obtained; k, Figure 11,
represents a steam hammer employed for this purpose, and which may be of any
ordinary or suitable construction. It is arranged at one end of the rollers, as shewn,
so as to strike the ball or mass of metal under treatment and subject the same to

page_text: longitudinal compression between the hammer and an anvil attached to one of
the standards B of the rollers.
In order to depress the upper roller as required for the purpose of putting the
necessary pressure upon tho ball or mass of metal, either screws or hydraulic presses
are employed.
When screws are used for the purpose as illustrated by Figures 13, 14 and 15,
Sheet 6, they are arranged to work through the cross heads forming the tops of the
standards B, and act upon chocks or upon the bearings D of the top roller A', and a
portion of the circumference of such roller is removed, as shown at a, so as to
produce a flat or approximately flat surface. The mass of metal to be compressed
is placed upon the two lower rollers A, A, and the upper roller A' having been
brought down upon it the three rollers are set in motion. When the flat portion <
of the upper roller arrives over the mass of metal the latter becomes momentarily
relieved of the weight or pressure, and the upper roller may then be further
depressed by operating the screws N, either by hand or by means of lever handles
O carried on the upper ends of the screws N, as shewn in Figure 13, or auto-
matically by the mechanism illustrated in Figures 14 and 15, and herein-after
described.
The screws N are operated so as to depress the roller A' each time the flat portion
a arrives at the same point at each revolution until the mass of metal is sufficiently
condensed. The screws are then rotated in the reverse direction in order to remove
the pressure from the roller A', when it will be elevated by the action of a weighted
lever P centred at b, to the standard B, and acting at its inner end upon a stud or
projection c carried on the bearing D.
In order to effect the depression of the roller A¹ automatically by means of
screws, we adopt the arrangement illustrated by Figures 14 and 15, Sheet G. On the
upper part of each of the screws N there is keyed a bevel wheel Qin gear with
corresponding wheels Q', fast on a horizontal shaft R. This shaft works in bearings
S fitted on to the ends of the screws N, and carries at one end a ratchet wheel T
actuated so as to impart motion to the shaft R by a pawl U operated through a rod
V, by means of a groove cam W keyed on the axle of the upper roller A¹. The
shaft R is thus partially rotated at every revolution of the roller A', which notion
is transmitted through the gearing Q, Q, to the screws N, whereby the roller A¹ is
depressed, the cam W being so timed as to act upon the rod V at the moment when
the flat portion of the roller A' is opposite the metal under treatment. The pressure
is removed from the roller by throwing the paul U out of gear with the ratchet
wheel T, and rotating the screws in the reverse direction, either by hand or by
machinery not shewn in our Drawings, when the weighted lever P will by acting
in the manner herein-before described, elevate the roller A¹ to the required extent
to enable the inotal to be removed from the rollers and a fresh ball or inass of metal
to be introduced.
When hydraulic presses are employed in substitution for screws for depressing
the upper roller A', as illustrated in Figures 11, 12, and 16, the flat surface formed
upon the roller may be dispensed with. X are the hydraulic presses which are
mounted on the tops of the standards B, B, and the rams Y of which pass through
the cross heads forming the tops of the standards, and are connected at their lower
ends to or caused to bear against the chocks, slides, or bearings D pressing upon or
carrying the necks or axles of the roller A¹. These presses may be utilized for
elevating and suspending the roller as well as for depressing it, for which purpose
the rams are cach provided with a piston Y¹ working in the cylinders X of the
presses so as to admit of the water introduced through the pipe 1 or 2, as the
case may be, acting upon the one side or the other of the piston, according as it is
required to elevate or depress the roller. In lieu of arranging the presses above
the rollers in the manner last described they may be situate below, and separato
hydraulic presses or rams may be employed for elevating and suspending the roller
as shewn at X1, Figure 12, in which case the upper press X is suitably modified so

page_text: as to adapt it for depressing only. The presses may be supplied with water
pressure by means of pumps cither acting directly upon the press or upon a volume
of water in an accumulator.
In lieu of driving the whole of the rollers by wheel gearing, as herein-before
described, the two lower rollers A, A, may be driven by wheel gearing, and the
upper roller A¹ by belting or chains, in which latter case a pulley is attached to
the apparatus for transmitting the motion from any suitable prime mover, and
another pulley is secured to the end of the roller.
Or the arrangement shewn in Figure 17, Sheet 4, may be adopted, in which the
whole of the rollers are driven by gearing, and the varying position of the
upper roller A¹ is provided for by the employinent of a universal joint, as shewn
at C¹³.
Or according to another modification for transmitting motion to the upper roller
A¹ in its varying positions we key on the axle of the same a worm wheel Z,
Figure 16, Sheet 6, in gear with an endless screw or worm d working in bearings
e, f, in the standard B. The worm d may be driven at a high velocity either by
means independent of the lower rollers, or by a suitable train of gearing for
multiplying the speed,
Or according to a further modification, which is illustrated by Figures 18 and 19,
Sheet 4, motion is imparted to the upper roller by means of a spur wheel g
engaging with two corresponding spur wheels h, h¹, fitted respectively on the axis
of the upper roller A¹, and on the axis of one of the lower rollers A, the spur
wheel g being carried by strong links or bars i mounted on the axis of the upper
roller, and by similar links or bars mounted on the axis of the said lower roller
A in such a manner as to maintain the actuating spur wheel in gear with the
driven spur wheels h, h, whilst admitting of its adjusting itself to the varying
position of the upper roller.
When the mass of metal has been operated upon in the manner herein-before
described it may, if necessary, be reheated and again subjected to the action of the
rollers and to that of the steam hammer one or more times, or the bloom delivered
from the rollers after the first operation of squeezing and hammering may, if
desired, be subjected to further treatinent in a second similar “ squeezer or
apparatus adapted to still further condense the metal or reduce its dimensions.
When the mass of metal is sufficiently condensed the bloom is removed and cut up
if desired by means of saws, shears, haminer cutters, or otherwise into pieces of
the required weight, which may then be rolled into the intended finished shapes,
or the bloom may be utilized in its entire undivided condition, according to the
purpose to which it is to be applied, or it may be rolled into bars to be further
utilized in the manufacture of iron or steel.
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of our said Inven-
tion, and the manner in which the saine is or may be used or carried into effect, wo
would observe in conclusion that what we consider to be novel and original, and
therefore claim as the Invention secured to us by the hercin-before in part recited
Letters Patent is,-
First. Effecting the refining and puddling of iron by the employment of a vessel
provided with tuyeres or conduits, and so arranged as to be capable of being tilted
(or of receiving a partial rotatory motion) from one plane to another plane at an
angle thereto, and also of receiving a revolving axial motion in such a manner that
a blast may be introduced through such tuyeres or conduits into and through the
molten metal contained in the said vessel when in one position, and that the vessel
containing the molten metal thus blown and partially relieved of a portion of its
constituents may be caused to revolve upon its axis when brought into the other
position, the heat engendered by the blowing operation being utilized in or for tho
puddling operation and the two operations being performed in one and the same
vessel, all substantially as and for the purposes herein-before described, and as
illustrated by our Drawings.
Second. The peculiar construction, arrangement, and combination of apparatus

page_text: enabling air or gas, or a mixture of the same to be blown through and over the
molten metal contained in a tilting and revolving vessel when such vessel is in any
position, and whilst it is either in motion or stationary, substantially as herein-
"before described and illustrated by the accompanying Drawings.
Third. Effecting the "squeezing " of balls or masses of iron or steel by subjecting
the same to longitudinal compression or impact by means of a power hammer, and
to transverse compression between revolving rollers, one or more of such rollers
being made adjustable and suspended and elevated by balance weights or by
hydraulic presses acting directly, and depressed by screws or by hydraulic presses
acting directly, the whole arranged and combined so as to operate substantially in
the manner herein-before described and illustrated by our Drawings.
In witness whereof, we, the said John Allcock Jones, on behalf of Ephraim
Allcock Jones and myself, have to this our Specification set my hand and
seal this Seventh day of March, One thousand eight hundred and seventy-
BCYCH
J. A. JONES.
for E. A. JONES. (L.S.)
J. A. JONES. (L.S.)