Year: 1899

page_text: I, AUGUSTE LOUIS BILLARDON, of Esquerdes, Pas de Calais, France, Engineer, do
hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows:-
This invention relates to an apparatus which may be used in conjunction with air,
with water or with any other suitable fluid. The apparatus can be used as a motor
in which case there is imparted to it the force or momentum of a fluid in motion or
can be used as a propeller in which case it imparts to the fluid the momentum which
is transmitted to it by an independent motor.
In order to enable the description of my invention to be conveniently followed, I
refer to the accompanying drawings, in which,
Figure 1 is a diagrammatic section of a turbine made according to my invention.
Figure 2 is a front view of the inlet to such turbine.
Figure 3 is the developed trace of one of the vanes of the turbine, on a section
made by a cylindrical surface coaxial with the turbine.
Figure 4 is a trace of which the nature is hereinafter explained.
The turbine or apparatus represented on Figure 1 includes a distributer D, the
turbine proper or movable wheel T, and the collector C. In certain cases the
distributer or the collector may be dispensed with.
The distributer D is the portion through which the fluid enters the apparatus
before reaching the turbine.
This distributer is furnished with a certain number of vanes having palettes or
blades of which the section (Figure 3) is a curve with its tangent parallel to the
axis on the inlet side, and inclined on the outlet side, the latter tangent being
inflected in a direction opposite to the movement of the turbine in the case of a
propeller and in the same direction in the case of a motor.
The turbine T is a movable wheel having a plurality of vanes. The blades or
pallets which separate these vanes from each other, have a curvilinear shape with a
more or less pronounced curvature.
The collector C receives the fluid at the outlet of the turbine and discharges it
externally. This portion of the apparatus comprises, like the turbine and the dis-
tributer, vanes and palettes or blades. The section of the palettes, at first inclined
in the direction of movement of the turbine in the case of a propeller and in the
opposite direction in the case of a motor, is gradually straightened until it becomes,
towards the outlet, parallel to the axis.
The distributer, the turbine and the collector are furnished at their centre with
solid portions d t and c forming the hub or nave. They are also fitted at their
periphery with cheeks separating the fluid in motion from the surrounding fluid.
The trace of the hubs and of the cheeks is represented by continuous curves with
rounded-off profiles. The curve of the profile of the cheeks may be any one desired,
convex as in Figure 1, or concave, or multi-curved, according to circumstances.

page_text: The paddles, the guides of which at the entrance and outlet are planned as usual
according to the information given by works on the subject, and in such manner as
to avoid shocks to or abrupt changes in speed of the fluid, have a special shape.
This shape is determined by the trajectory A A¹ B B¹, Figure 3 to be assigned to the
fluid streams within the vanes. This trajectory is a curve which I term auxanome
and is of such a nature as, on the one hand, to assure the gradual variation of the
reaction between the fluid and the palettes and in each of the parts of which the
apparatus is composed, and, on the other hand, to regulate the speeds and the pres-
sures in the whole extent of the inlet and outlet sections of the distributer, or of the
turbine or of the collector.
The trace of the auxanome depends essentially on the two dimensions of the section
of the vane by a plane perpendicular to the axis and of a characteristic variable
size.
The auxanome (from Greek, auxesis, inorease, and nomos, law) is determined by
=
in which, D is the output of one vane; is the width of the vane at any given point
measured along the perpendicular to the axis through that point e.g. r 8, Fig. 1; a is
the dimension of the vane measured in the direction of the movement of rotation
that is to say, to the direction of l, e.g. m n Fig. 3, so that la is the section of the
vane by a plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation; w is the velocity at the point
of the vane considered, (w is equal to nil for the distributer and the collector); a=
the angle formed by the tangent to the trajectory of the fluid stream at the point
considered with the direction of the velocity of the vane, e.g. n p q, Figure 3; and x
a dimension defined by a sinoidal curve K L Figure 4 in which the co-ordinates to
any origin of the various sections of the vane by planes normal to the axis of rotation
are represented by o i
h and x =
the abscissa I; the maximum and minimum of
the sinoidal curve K I L are respectively in the neighbourhood of L and K.
The quantity is thus obtained in the following manner. I take the various
sections of the vane by planes normal to the axis of rotation and set off their
respective distances from any origin 0. Let for instance, Oa ho be the distance
of the inlet section, Ob = h¹ that of the outlet section, and Oi = h the distance of
the section through some point P within the vane. I trace a curve KI I, such that
it is sensibly normal to Ka and to Lb. For the point P the value of x il. At the
inlet x = Ka
Xo, a negative quantity, while at the outlet a¹
bL is positive.
It
might of course be otherwise, but there must always be a distance K' L between the
positions of the points K and L, a distance which can be made greater or less as may
be desired, according to the power for which the turbine is designed and the circum-
de
stances of the case. is of course the differential coefficient of x in relation
dh
to h.
=:
=
To apply the formula the output of a vane and velocity of the machine are
assumed, and by them the quantity is determined. The general dimensions of
the turbine and the number of vanes are then chosen, and the quantities h and a
obtained from them. The value of x as a function of h is fixed in any suitable
dx
dh
manner and accordingly that of The angle a (np q, Figure 3) can be obtained
from the inner trace of the mean fluid stream (A¹pB, Figure 3); and the formula (1)
will enable to be determined. Alternatively the values of 1 may be assumed and
the formula will then give the value of a and thus the trace A¹pB of the mean stream.
From the trace of the mean stream and the width of vane along a normal to the axis
mn Fig. 3) the palettes can readily be traced. The same observations apply to
the traces of the distributer and of the collector, where w = 0.

page_text: It is understood that the turbine, the distributer and the collector may be simple,
double or triple, and that, also, I do not limit myself to the precise details of con-
struction which may be varied. The apparatus can be employed as a propeller of
any fluid whatever or as a receiver of the force of a liquid; ventilating-fans, water-
elevators, boat-propellers, water-, gas-, or steam-turbines, etc., etc.
1000
Improvements in and Relating to Turoines, Fropeners, and rumps.
I, AUGUSTE LOUIS BILLARDON, of Esquerdes, Pas de Calais, France, Engineer, do
hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the same is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement :-
This invention relates to an apparatus which may be used in conjunction with air,
with water or with any other suitable fluid. The apparatus can be used as a motor
in which case there is imparted to it the momentum of a fluid in motion, or can be
used as a propeller in which case it imparts to the fluid the momentum which is
transmitted to it by an independent motor.
Referring to the drawings which accompanied my Provisional Specification, and to
the drawings annexed hereto :-
Figure 1 is a diagrammatic section of a turbine made according to my invention.
Figure 2 is a front view of the inlet to such turbine.
Figure 3 is the developed trace of one of the buckets of the turbine, on a section
made by a cylindrical surface coaxial with the turbine.
Figures 4 and 4 are traces of which the nature is hereinafter explained.
The turbine or apparatus represented on Figure 1 includes a distributer D, the
turbine proper or movable wheel T, and the collector C. In certain cases the
distributer or the collector may be dispensed with.
The distributer D is the portion through which the fluid enters the apparatus
before reaching the turbine. This distributer is furnished with a certain number of
buckets formed by blades of which the section (Fig. 3) is a curve with its tangent
parallel to the axis on the inlet side and inclined on the outlet side, the latter tangent
being inflected in a direction opposite to the movement of the turbine in the case of
a propeller and in the same direction in the case of a motor.
The turbine T is a movable wheel with several buckets. The blades which separate
these buckets from each other, have a curvilinear shape with a more or less
pronounced curvature.
The collector C receives the fluid at the outlet of the turbine and discharges it
externally. This portion of the apparatus comprises, like the turbine and the
distributer, buckets formed by blades. The section of the blades at first inclined in
the direction of movement of the turbine in the case of a propeller and in the opposite
direction in the case of a motor, is gradually straightened until it becomes, towards
the outlet, parallel to the axis.
The distributer, the turbine and the collector are furnished at their centre with
solid portions d t and c forming the hub or nave. They are also fitted at their
periphery with cheeks separating the fluid in motion from the surrounding fluid.

page_text: The trace of the hubs and of the cheeks is represented by continuous curves with
rounded profiles. The profile of the cheeks may have any desired curve, either convex
as in Figure 1, or concave, or multi-curved, according to circumstances.
The blades, the guides of which at the entrance and outlet are designed according
to the ordinary information given in works on the subject, and in such manner as to
avoid shocks to or abrupt changes in speed of the fluid, have a special shape. The
shape of the blades is determined by the trajectory A A¹ B B', Fig. 3, to be assigned
to the fluid streams within the buckets. This trajectory is a curve which I term
auxanome, and is of such a nature as, on the one hand, to assure the gradual variation
of the reaction between the fluid and the blades in each of the parts of which the
apparatus is composed, and, on the other hand, to regulate the speeds and the
pressures in the whole extent of the inlet and outlet sections of the distributer,
the turbine, and the collector, as the case may be.
The curve of the auxanome depends essentially on the two dimensions of the
section of the bucket upon a plane perpendicular to the axis and on a variable
quantity.
The auxanome (from Greek, auxesis, increase, and nemos, law,) is determined by
in which, D is the output of one bucket, that is to say, the volume of fluid which is
to pass through it per second; is the depth of the bucket at any given point
measured along the perpendicular to the axis through that point, e.g. r 8, Figure 1;
a is the dimension of the bucket measured in the direction of the movement of
rotation, represented by mn Fig. 3, so that a is the section of the bucket by a
plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation; wis the velocity at the point of the
bucket considered, a velocity determined by the velocity of rotation of the machine
and vanishing in the distributer and the collector; a= the angle formed by the
tangent to the trajectory of the fluid stream at the point considered with the direction
of the velocity of the bucket, e.g. n p q, Figure 3; and x is a dimension defined by a
continuous curve K L, Figure 4, in which the distances of the different sections of
the bucket (taken normally to the axis of rotation) relatively to an arbitrary origin,
are represented by oi = h and x = the distance I i; the maximum and minimum
of the curve KIL are respectively in the neighbourhood of L and K.
==
The quantity is obtained in the following manner. I take the various sections
of the bucket by planes normal to the axis of rotation and set off the respective
distances of these planes from any origin 0. Let, for instance, Oa =
the distance of the plane of the section through the inlet, Ob
ho be
h, that of the plane
of the section through the outlet, and Oih the distance of the plane of a section
through some point P within the bucket. The dimension h₁-ho is accordingly the
length of the turbine measured along the axis. I then set off at a and b lines Ka
and Lb perpendicular to OubH, the length of the line Ka representing the magnitude
of the projection, on a plane normal to the axis, of the velocity of the fluid as it
enters the turbine, and the line Lb representing that of the fluid as it leaves the
turbine, positive and negative values being measured off on opposite sides of OH.
These velocities are data resulting in each case from the conditions which the turbine
is intended to fulfil. If for instance, I am constructing a motor turbine in which I
wish the outlet velocity to be directed along the axis, its projection on
normal to the axis vanishes, and L coincides with b, or Lb =
a plane
O. In this way I
obtain two points K and L on the continuous curve by which r is to be determined.
In all cases I further define this curve by the condition that its tangents at K and I.
shall be parallel to OH, i.e. that
dx
=
O for h
dh
ho and h
-
h₁ or that the curve
shall have its maximum and minimum at these points. Subject to these conditions

page_text: I may set way my curve m other respects arbitrarity; but I prefer to do so according
to the equation
(2)
x = M + M' sin. (
x 2 + h₁ = 3 ho)
2h+h -
h, — k
in which h₁ ho and h are defined as above, M
=
20+ and M¹
10+
2
=
and M1, x and x
2
being the ordinates corresponding to the distances ho and h₁, respectively.
To apply the equation in working, the output of a bucket and velocity of the
machine are assumed, and by them the quantity w is determined. The general
dimensions of the turbine and the number of buckets are then chosen, and the
quantities h and a obtained from them. The value of x as a function of his fixed in
any suitable manner, as for example by the formula (2), and accordingly that
dx
of The angle a (npq, Fig. 3) can be obtained from the inner trace of the mean
fluid stream (A¹p B, Figure 3); and the formula No. (1) will enable to be
determined. Alternatively the value of 1 may be assumed and the formula will
then give the value of a and thus the trace A¹p B of the mean stream. From the
trace of the mean stream and the width of bucket along a normal to the
axis (=
m n, Figure 3) the blades can readily be traced. The same observations
apply to the traces of the distributer and of the collector, where w = 0.
It is understood that the turbine, the distributer and the collector may be simple,
double or triple, and that, also, I do not limit myself to the precise details of con-
struction which may be varied. The apparatus can be employed as a propeller of any
fluid whatever, or as a receiver of the momentum of a liquid, such as ventilating-
fans, water-elevators, boat-propellers, water-, gas- or steam-turbines, etc. etc.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I
claim is
(1). An apparatus for propelling a fluid or for receiving the force of a fluid, such
as a ventilator-fan, boat-propeller, or other turbine, having special buckets and blades,
substantially as herein described.
(2). In a turbine or similar apparatus, the trace and special form of the movable
wheel, whose buckets are set out and calculated in profile and in size in such a manner
as to ensure to the fluid a progressive impulse as above stated by means of curves,
the properties and equations as also the reciprocal relations of which have been set
forth, substantially as described.
(3). In a turbine or similar apparatus, the use of either a fixed distributer or at
least of a fixed collector, or of these two parts at the same time, constructed accord-
ing to the principles adopted by the traces of the turbine, substantially as described
and illustrated.
(4). In a turbine or similar apparatus, the separate application of each of these
arrangements to apparatus of the same kind, substantially as described and
illustrated on the drawings accompanying my Provisional and Complete Specifica-
tions.