IMPROVEMENTS IN SEPARATING THE MORE FLUID PARTS OF FATTY AND OILY MATTERS
Year: 1853

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Henry Constantine Jennings, of Great Tower
Street, in the City of London, Practical Chemist, for the Invention
of "IMPROVEMENTS IN SEPARATING THE MORE FLUID PARTS OF FATTY
AND OILY MATTERS."
Sealed the 7th June 1853, and dated the 11th January 1853.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Henry Constantine
Jennings at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his
Petition, on the 11th January 1853.
I, HENRY CONSTANTINE JENNINGS, of Great Tower Street, in the City
of London, Practical Chemist, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN SEPARATING THE MORE FLUID PARTS OF
FATTY AND OILY MATTERS" to be as follows:-
My process for removing or separating the olean, with its colouring
principle, is by combining the raw palm oil, cocoa nut oil, tallow, or
any other vegetable or animal fat, grease, or oil, with a carbonated
alkali, and then adding water in such proportions as will enable the

page_text: said carbonated alkali to combine with the stearic acid or stearine, but
not so as to form a soap, and at a temperature as nearly as possible
coinciding with the temperature of liquid olean, that is to say, not so
high as to dissolve or liquify the stearic acid or stearine. I then add
any. convenient liquid hydro-carbonate of a cheap class to separate the
olean with its coloring matter, and when this is accomplished displace
the alkali by acid.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Henry Constantine Jennings in the Great Seal
Patent Office on the 11th July 1853.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I,
HENRY CONSTANTINE JENNINGS, of Great Tower Street, in the City of
London, Practical Chemist, send greeting.
at
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Eleventh day of January, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-three, in the six-
teenth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto me, the said Henry Constantine Jennings, Her
special licence that I, the said Henry Constantine Jennings, my execu-
tors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Henry
Constantine Jennings, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should
any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all
times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully
might make, use, exercise, and .vend, within the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN SEPARATING THE MORE FLUID PARTS.OF
FATTY AND OILY MATTERS," upon the condition (amongst others) that. I,
the said Henry Constantine. Jennings, by an instrument in writing
ünder my hand and seal,-should particularly describe and ascertain the
nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be
performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent

page_text: Office within six calendar months next-and immediately after the date
of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Henry Constantine Jennings, do
hereby declare the nature of the. said Invention, and in what manner
the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained
in and by the following statement thereof (that is to say):
My process for separating or removing the oleane, with its coloring
principle, from raw palm oil, cocoa nut oil; or any other vegetable or
animal oil or fat, is by employing a crystallised carbonated alkali, say
soda or potassa of commerce, in the proportion of 20 to 25 per centem
of the weight of the greasy substance used. I heat by-steam or any
other calorific means 25 per centem of the salt with the palm oil or
other matter to be operated upon to about 160° Fahrenheit, constantly
stirring and mixing until the whole of the solid crystals have disappeared
by combining with the stearine of the fatty matter. This is well ascer
tained by the oil separating or curdling, and rising to the top of the
mass. This oil must be separated or decanted from the white partially
formed soap, and left to cool down to about 70 or 75° Fahrenheit. I now
add ten or fifteen pounds per centem of essential oil of coal tar, or any
other cheap fluid hydro-carburet. This oil combines with a further part
of the oleane that adheres to the soap, and is also to.be removed. Animal
fats generally require to be raised to a higher temperature to separate
the oil by. the above process. If the tallow has been obtained by boiling
the raw fat previously the temperature must be raised to 200° Fahren
heit, or even to 212°. I now add to the partially formed soap .25 per
centem of water,. and 5, or 6.lbs. per centem of lac sulphur, or flowers
of sulphur if lac sulphur cannot be obtained; these are kept constantly
boiling and stirred until sulphuretted hydrogen is disengaged, and the
yellow color of sulphuretted potassa or soda is produced, while the soap
becomes sensibly whiter. About four hours boiling will effect this, but
much sooner if centrifugal motion is employed, or any mechanical
means employed to agitate the matters quickly and perfectly. I now
add common salt (muriate. of soda) until a complete separation of the
soap takes place and rises to the surface; the soap must be separated

page_text: and let cool to the atmospheric temperature, which may be quickly
attained by adding cold water to the mass of soap. I now return the
soap into the steam vessel, and add 8 or 10 lbs. per centem of common
alum (sulphate of alumina and potassa), or the same quantity of Epsom
salts (sulphate of magnesia) may be used. I raise the temperature of
the mass to 150° Fahrenheit, and stir the whole until a double decom
position has taken place, and an insoluble soap of alumina or magnesia
is formed, which is ascertained by the entire separation of the aqueous
parts. I'now draw off the water, and add five lbs. per centem of pearl
ashes dissolved in 20 lbs. of water, and heat the mass, stirring to effect
mixture, until the whole becomes creamy and equally combined, then
raise the temperature to the boiling point 212°. This creamy matter
is then left to cool down to the atmospheric temperature, to aid which
a little cold water may be added. I now mix and stir into the mass
about 6 lbs. per centem of salt, agitating as quickly as possible, until
a granulated appearance is produced, or a partial separation of the fatty
particles. When cooled down to the atmospheric temperature I add
slowly or by degrees ten or fifteen pounds per centem of naptha, or
essential oil of coal tar, essence of turpentine, or any other cheap hydro-
carburet; these are mixed equally, and must be now separated by
filtering or by centrifugal force. The machine patented by Mr. Finzel
for separating the molasses from raw sugar is well adapted to this
purpose. The solid parts will have now become very white. This
white saponacious matter is now to be heated to 125° Fahrenheit;
and 30 lbs. per centem as to its weight of a mixture composed of ten
pounds of sulphuric acid, two pounds of nitric acid, and two lbs. of
tartaric acid, and 86 lbs. of water, is to be added, and well stirred and
mixed together. When the whole of the fatty matter has risen to the
surface it must be removed into another vessel, and left to cool to the
atmospheric temperature, and must now be well washed with water to
free it from adhering acids. When perfectly free from acid I add a weak
solution of aqua ammonia or carbonate of ammonia until the whole mass
becomes liquid and white; this liquid is to be filtered by centrifugal or
any other means to separate the insoluble impurities, after which I add

page_text: common salt until the oily matter rises to the surface; when this-has-
cooled, and become partially solid, I cause it to be passed through two.
iron cylinders that are heated by steam, and which have a covering of
one or more rolls of felt, or any other absorbent tissue, and a piece of
hard wood must press against the outside of each cylinder to assist the
running off of the oily liquid. This machine is fitted with a hopper that
conveys the grease or fatty matter between the two cylinders, by whose
motion and pressure the white stearine is conveyed to a trough on the
floor immediately under the two cylinders. This machine is patented
by Jesse Bridgeman, Esquire, for removing the oleane from common
tallow. But any other pressure, either the screw press or hydraulic press,
will serve for the removal of the liquid oil.
It is necessary to observe that the mixture of oleane and naptha
(once obtained) will serve for removing the oleane from raw fats or oil,
&c., but in that case it will be necessary to pass a weak solution of salt
and water, at the temperature of about 80 or 85° Fahrenheit, to free
the mass from the quantity that remains adhering to the soap; this is
perceived by the removal of the colour. It is better to use recently
precipitated alumina in its gelatinous form, if it could be obtained eco-
nomically, but the above process will produce a stearine of very fine
quality, and all the salts employed can be recovered again at little
expence
I claim the use of crystallised salts, such as the soda of commerce
or pearl ashes without water; the use of lac sulphur or mineral
sulphur in powder; the use of mineral naptha, oil of schiste, or any
other cheap liquid hydro-carburet, at the particular stages and manner
indicated.
The application and employment of iron cylinders heated by steam,
and covered with flannel or any other tissue, to extract the oleane
from the products above recited.
The conversion of the sola or potassa soap into an earthy or metallic

page_text: insoluble soap, such as that of magnesia or alumina, or any other me-
tallic salt having an affinity for coloring, and having a white oxide.
In witness whereof, I, the said Henry Constantine Jennings, have
hereunto set my hand and seal, this Ninth day of July, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-three.
Witness;
JNO. ALCOCK...
H. C. JENNINGS. (L.S.)