IMPROVEMENTS IN THE APPLI- CATION OF CEMENTS TO BUILDING AND Other Pur POSER ” CATION OF CEMENTS TO BUILDING AND OTHER Рпрроего
Year: 1875

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to James Ross, of the Town or Borough of
Kingston-upon-Hull, in the County of the same Town or Borough,
Surgeon Dentist, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE APPLI-
CATION OF CEMENTS TO BUILDING AND Other Pur POSER ”
CATION OF CEMENTS TO BUILDING AND OTHER
Рпрроего 99
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said James Ross at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
8th March 1875.
I, JAMES Ross, of the Town or Borough of Kingston-upon-Hull, in
the County of the same Town or Borough, Surgeon Dentist, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
APPLICATION OF CEMENTS TO BUILDING AND OTHER PURPOSES," to be as
follows:-
-
This Invention relates to improvements in the application of cements,
and in improved means of building or constructing walls, copings, finials,
edgings, devices and borders for gardens, carriage drives, and pathways,

page_text: all kinds of ornamental or other edging, and for doors, windows, and
other openings, mantlepieces, and especially for the construction of
walls for fruit trees, greenhouses, conservatories, vineries, forcing houses
and pits, fruit houses and walls, and of foundations, arches, ventilators,
pots for carth drains, spouts, platforms, flooring, cisterns, stages, arches,
pipes for air and water, pillars, supports, and stands for the same, and
for other structures.
My Invention also relates to the construction in cement of many-sided
blocks, either solid, perforated, or hollow, with straight or curved
surfaces, and with projections or recesses, or both, upon one or more
sides thereof. Such projections and recesses may fit into each other, or
recesses only may be used with dowels.
The hollow portions of walls may according to my improvements be
filled with sand or other granulated or comminuted substances to give
them weight and stability, either before or after being placed in situ.
The blocks forming the lower part of a wall and the copings may be
made to project considerably on one side, and have grooves or recesses
therein for the purpose of inserting glazed frames or window lights, so
as to form sheltered enclosures for fruit trees to be trained against such
walls. They may be wholly or partially perforated with tapering per-
forations inclined downwards for the insertion of plugs of zinc or other
substances, to which fruit or other trees may be attached.
The greenhouses may be formed of large hollow blocks, having
foundations, openings for ventilators, spouting drains, supports for
piping, and recesses for rafters, all cast or moulded in one block, such
blocks when placed in juxtaposition forming a continuous wall.
According to another part of my improvements I make tombstones
and slabs bearing inscriptions, edging for tombs (also with inscriptions),
solid or hollow, by the means and of the materials and in the manner
hercin-after mentioned, and I make the inscriptions, ornaments, or
devices thereon by means of raised or sunken letters or patterns of wood,
metal, or other suitable substances fixed in the mould, so as to give a
sunken or raised inscription or device on the article moulded.
In the case of tombstones where it is desired or deemed advisable to
give the opportunity of altering, adding to, or renewing the inscriptions
I make the principal slab with one or more grooves or sunk spaces across

page_text: it, each wide enough to contain an inscription, and in which grooves
thin slabs of the same material can be inserted and removed at pleasure,
such thin slabs being retained in their places by the sides of the grooves
being inclined inwards, narrowing towards the surface, and the edges of
the slabs made to correspond. When an inscription is to be changed or
added a slab is removed from a groove, and another slab bearing the
required inscription is inserted in its place.
The materials or cement which I employ in carrying out my improve-
ments for the various applications before described are clay, concrete,
cement, iron dross, plaster, asphalte, artificial stone, or a mixture or
portions of such materials, and I cast, mould, or compress such materials
in moulds by hand or machinery in any required form. I secure the
joints by dowels, wedges, cemont, or mortar.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said James Ross in the Great Scal Patent Office on
the 8th September 1875.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JAMES
Ross, of the Town or Borough of Kingston-upon-Hull, in the County of
the same Town or Borough, Surgeon Dentist, send grecting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Eighth day of March, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-five, in the
thirty-eight year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and suc-
cessors, give and grant unto me, the said James Ross, Her special
license that I, the said James Ross, my executors, administrators, and
assigns, or such others as I, the said James Ross, my executors, ad-
ministrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no
others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term
therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise,
and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,
the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for " IMPROVEMENTS
IN THE APPLICATION OF CEMENTS TO BUILDING AND OTHER PURPOSES," upon the
condition (amongst others) that I, the said James Ross, my executors
or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or
'

page_text: one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to
be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent
Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the date
of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said James Ross, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to bo
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement thereof, that is to say :-
This Invention relates to improvements in the application of cements,
and in improved means of building or constructing walls, copings, finials,
edgings, devices and borders for gardens, carriage drives, and pathways,
all kinds of ornamental or other edging, and for doors, windows, and
other openings, mantelpieces, and especially for the construction of
walls for fruit trees, greenhouses, conservatories, vinerics, forcing houses
and pits, fruit houses and walls, and of foundations, arches, ventilators,
pots for carth drains, spouts, platforms, flooring, cisterns, stages, arches,
pipes for air and water, pillars, supports, and stands for the same, and for
other structures.
My Invention also relates to the construction in cement of many-sided
blocks, cither solid, perforated, or hollow, with straight or curved.
surfaces, and with projections or recesses, or both, upon one or more
sides thereof. Such projections and recesses may fit into each other, or
recesses only may be used with dowels.
The hollow portions of walls may according to my improvements be
filled with sand or other granulated or comminuted substances to give
them weight and stability, cither before or after being placed in situ.
The blocks forming the lower part of a wall and the copings may
bo
made to project considerably on one side, and have grooves or recesses
therein for the purpose of inserting glazed frames or window lights, so
as to form sheltered enclosures for fruit trees to be trained against such
walls. They may be wholly or partially perforated with tapering per-
forations inclined downwards for the insertion of plugs of zinc or other
substances, to which fruit or other trees may be attached.
The greenhouses may be formed of large hollow blocks, having
foundations, openings for ventilators, spouting, drains, supports for

page_text: piping, and recesses for rafters, all cast or moulded in one block, such
blocks when placed in juxtaposition forming a continuous wall.
According to another part of my improvements I make tombstones
and slabs bearing inscriptions, edgings for tombs (also with inscriptions),
solid or hollow, by the means and of the materials and in the manner
herein-after mentioned, and I make the inscriptions, ornaments, or
devices thereon by means of raised or sunken letters or patterns of wood,
metal, or other suitable substances fixed in the mould, so as to give a
sunkon or raised inscription or device on the article moulded.
In the case of tombstones where it is desired or deemed advisable to
give the opportunity of altering, adding to, or renewing the inscriptions
I make the principal slab with one or more grooves or sunk spaces across
it, each wide enough to contain an inscription, and in which grooves thin
slabs of the same material can be inserted and removed at pleasure, such
thin slabs being retained in their places by the sides of the grooves being
inclined inwards, narrowing towards the surface, and the edges of the
slabs mado to correspond. When an inscription is to be changed or
added a slab is removed from a groove, and another slab bearing the
required inscription is inserted in its place.
The medallions can be fixed in divers ways, viz., with two pins slanting
upwards, part fast in the stone, and the other part in the medallion,
which is dropped on the pins, and its weight is sufficient to keep it in its
place. The pins being galvanized do not decay. It can also be inserted
bodily by a space left for the purpose, and then place the medallion in
and secure it by putting soft cement round. The foundation of the stone
which is wider than the stone itself, may be made partly hollow so as to
receive the stone, which will drop into it, and heaviness will keep it
steady. The advantage of this is that it will take up less room in
transit. I can also make any sort of device railings, and also join with
the gravestones so as to make it one mass by dovetailing, so that if the
earth gives way it cannot move without taking the railings too. Vaults
can also be made of the same slabs made by pouring in one solid mass of
concrete mixed, or clay may be employed, which can be baked in blocks
6 feet by 3 feet, or other suitable size, solid, and when set in about
3 hours standing more or less in that position can be divided 3 or 5 inches,
more or less, by the same process as is at present used in cutting grave-

page_text: stones, i.e., by a saw cutting the cement before it is hard. Blocks and
edgings may be made the same way.
The materials or cement which I employ in carrying out my improve-
ments for the various applications before described are clay, concrete,
cement, iron dross, plaster, asphalt, artificial stone, or a mixture or
portions of such materials, and I cast, mould, or compress such materials
in moulds by hand or machinery in any required form. I secure the
joints by dowels, wedges, cement, or mortar.
Having thus described the nature of my Invention, and the manner
of performing or carrying the same into practice, what I claim is, the 1
improved application of cements to building and other purposes, sub-
stantially in the manner and for the purposes hercin-before described.
In witness whereof, I, tho said James Ross, have hereunto set
my hand and scal, this Fourth day of September, in the
year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-five.