Improvements in the Manufacture of Boric Acid and Borax.
Year: 1892

page_text: Date of Application, 10th Dec., 1892
Complete Specification Left, 1st Sept., 1893-Accepted, 7th Oct., 1893
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in the Manufacture of Boric Acid and Borax.
I, Dr. PAUL MARQUART, of Bettenhausen near Cassel, in the Province of
Hesse-Nassau, Kingdom of Prussia, German Empire, Manufacturer do hereby
declare the nature of this invention to be as follows:-
My invention relates to the production of boric acid and borax from minerals
which contain boric acid and lime. My improved process is based on the fact that
boric acid behaves with alkaline earths as a weaker acid than carbonic acid or
sulphurous acid, exactly as it is the case with alkalies.
According to my invention even minerals of a very little value may be treated
with advantage as the boric acid is separated nearly pure by these acids whilst
lime and all impurities remain undissolved.
My improved process is somewhat different according as it is applied to the
treatment of minerals containing only lime besides boric acid or also soda.
1. TREATMENT OF MINERALS CONTAINING BORIC ACID, LIME AND SODA.
a. If it is desired to employ carbonic acid it will be most advantageous to use
the waste gases from a furnace or from a lime-kiln when such gases are available.
The mineral is finely ground and water is added so as to form a paste; hereafter the
gaseous mixture containing carbonic acid gas is forced through the material, and
gradually there is effected a separation, the liquid collecting at the top and a
precipitate subsiding at the bottom. By the action of carbonic acid the mineral
which was insoluble in water, has been changed into the soluble acid borate of
soda, whilst the lime remains in the state of a carbonate. This operation may be
performed at the ordinary temperature or with a simultaneous application of heat,
I prefer however the latter procedure as hereby the formation of the soluble
bicarbonate of lime is avoided.
The boric acid contained in the solution of acid borate of soda can easily be
separated in a pure state by means of mineral acids; very pure borax may also be
obtained from this solution after having neutralized the same with carbonate of
soda.
b. If it is desired to employ sulphurous acid it will be most advantageous to use the
waste gases from an ore-roasting furnace. The procedure in this case is the same
as described above with reference to the employment of carbonic acid and it is also
preferable to heat the solution. When the separation is terminated the hot lye
which contains almost exclusively boric acid is clarified and discharged into suitable
vats in order that may crystallize. The product which crystallizes is very pure
boric acid which is capable of being employed for the usual applications without
any further treatment, the small quantity of boric acid which remains in the mother
lye may be separated by means of mineral acids.
2. TREATMENT OF MINERALS CONTAINING BORIC ACID AND LIME (WITHOUT
SODA).
The treatment of these minerals is considerably. easier with sulphurous acid
than with carbonic acid therefore I prefer to use the former in this case.
The different steps of the process are exactly the same as when treating minerals
containing boric acid, lime, and soda as above described. The boric acid which
crystallizes from the solution is perfectly pure whereas the remaining lye only
contains acid borate of lime besides a small quantity of boric acid; this lye may
Pin27

page_text: therefore be employed over and over again instead of water and thus the
employment of mineral acids may be dispensed with entirely.
When using sulphurous acid, sulphate of lime is obtained which constitutes a
valuable by-product and may be utilized in the fabrication of cellulose.
My improved process has also the following advantages:
The whole operation is cheaper than the usual methods, the consumption of
mineral acids is reduced or these acids may be dispensed with altogether. When
borax is produced according to my improved method the soda contained in the
mineral of which it is a constituting part is not lost and thus the consumption of
soda is also reduced. The boric acid obtained in this manner is absolutely pure
and does not require to be refined. Even minerals which otherwise are of very
little value may be employed with advantage for treatment according to my
improved process.
Dated this 10th day of December 1899
DR. PAUL MARQUART,
By Geo. Thos. Hyde,
4, Moorfields, Fore Street, London, E.C., Agent for the Applicant.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in the Manufacture of Boric Acid and Borax.
I, Dr. PAUL MARQUART, of Bettenhausen near Cassel, in the Province of
Hesse-Nassau, Kingdom of Prussia, German Empire, Manufacturer do hereby
declare the nature of this invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement :-
My invention relates to the production of boric acid and borax from minerals.
which contain boric acid and lime. My improved process is based on the fact that
boric acid behaves with alkaline earths as a weaker acid than carbonic acid or
sulphurous acid, exactly as it is the case with alkalies.
According to my invention even minerals of a very little value may be treated
with advantage, as the boric acid is separated nearly pure by these acids whilst lime
and all impurities remain undissolved.
My improved process is somewhat different according as it is applied to the
treatment of minerals containing only lime besides boric acid or also soda.
1. TREATMENT OF MINERALS CONTAINING BORIC ACID, LIME AND SODA.
a. If it is desired to employ carbonic acid, it will be most advantageous to use
the waste gases from a furnace or from a lime-kiln when such gases are available.
The mineral is finely ground and water is added so as to form a paste; after
which the gaseous mixture containing carbonic acid gas is forced through the
material, and gradually there is effected a separation, the liquid collecting at the
top, and a precipitate subsiding at the bottom. By the action of carbonic acid
the mineral which was insoluble in water, has been changed into the soluble acid
borate of soda, whilst the lime remains in the state of a carbonate. This operation
may be performed at the ordinary temperature or with a simultaneous application
of heat, I prefer however the latter procedure as thereby the formation of the
soluble bicarbonate of lime is avoided.
The boric acid contained in the solution of acid borate of soda can easily be
separated, in a pure state by means of mineral acids; very pure borax may also be
obtained from this solution after having neutralized the same with carbonate of
soda.
h. If it is desired to employ sulphurous acid it will be most advantageous to use
the waste gases from an ore-roasting furnace. The procedure in this case is the
same as described above with reference to the employment of carbonic acid, and it

page_text: is also preferable to heat the solution. When the separation has terminated, the
hot lye, which contains almost exclusively boric acid, is clarified, and discharged
into suitable vats, in order that it may crystallize. The product which crystallizes
is very pure boric acid, which is capable of being employed for the usual applica-
tions without any further treatment, the small quantity of boric acid which remains
in the mother lye may be separated by means of mineral acids.
2. TREATMENT OF MINERALS CONTAINING BORIC ACID AND LIME (WITHOUT
SODA).
The treatment of these minerals is considerably easier with sulphurous acid
than with carbonic acid, therefore I prefer to use the former in this case.
The different steps of the process are exactly the same as when treating minerals
containing boric acid, lime, and soda as above described. The boric acid which
crystallizes from the solution is perfectly pure, whereas the remaining lye only
contains acid borate of lime besides a small quantity of boric acid; this lye may
therefore be employed over and over again, instead of water, and thus the
employment of mineral acids may be dispensed with entirely.
When using sulphurous acid, sulphite of lime is obtained which constitutes a
valuable by-product and may be utilized in the fabrication of cellulose.
My improved process has also the following advantages:
The whole operation is cheaper than the usual methods, the consumption of
mineral acids is reduced or these acids may be dispensed with altogether. When
horax is produced according to my improved method, the soda contained in the
mineral, of which it is a constituting part, is not lost, and thus the consumption of
soda is also reduced. The boric acid obtained in this manner is absolute pure,
and does not require to be refined. Even minerals which otherwise are of very
little value may be employed with advantage for treatment according to my
improved process.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said inven-
tion, and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I
claim is :-
The method of manufacturing boric acid and borax, consisting in treating
minerals containing boric acid and lime with carbonic or sulphurous acid, or with
gases or gas-mixtures containing these acids, and in either separating the boric
acid out of the lye in known manner or by crystallisation, or converting the same
into borax by means of soda substantially as herein described.
Dated this 1st day of September 1893.
PAUL MARQUART,
By Geo. Thos. Hyde,
Agent for the Applicant.

page_text: Date of Application, 10th Dec., 1892
Complete Specification Left, 10th Feb., 1893-Accepted, 25th Mar., 1893
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in and in connection with Tobacco Pipes.
I, CHARLES FOURACRE of Failand House, Birch Street, The Park, New
Swindon, in the County of Wiltshire, Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of
this invention to be as follows:-
The improvements constituting my invention consists. Firstly-of a method of
constructing a tobacco pipe, and secondly-of a device for attachment to existing
tobacco pipes, the objects of which are that the pipe so constructed, or the ordinary
pipe fitted with the said attachment provides a cooling passage for the smoke on its
way from the bowl to the mouthpiece, a quick and easy means by which the said
pipe may be cleaned, and kept clean, and renders it a matter of impossibility,
(however dirty the pipe may be allowed to get,) for the nicotine generated, to enter
the mouth of the smoker, or the saliva from the mouth of the smoker, to come in
contact with the tobacco in the bowl, so that every particle of tobacco placed within
the bowl may be consumed, without any wet and unsmokeable residue accumulating
therein, as occurs more or less, in every type and form of pipe hitherto made and
used.
To attain the said objects, I construct of any of the materials usually employed
for this purpose, a pipe of any shape, size, length, or style of those in general use,
where the mouthpiece is detachable from the pipe stem. From a piece of bone,
ivory, wood, meerschaum, amber, vulcanite, or any other suitable material, I
provide a hollow cylinder, of any desired length, which for convenience, may be
about twice that of the diametrical measurement of the pipe stem. That end of
the said cylinder intended to be the upper end, is blocked, and to the centre of the
under surface of the blocked end I attach a plate of any suitable material, which
occupies the entire width and length of the said cylinder, and forms a longitudinal
partition therein. In the said blocked end of the cylinder and close to, and at
either side of said plate or partition, I provide a hole through which is passed a rod
or wire, and upon the lower end of said wire or rod I attach a disc of the same or
other material as that of the plate or partition, and this when pressed close up to
the lower end of the cylinder forms an air tight cap or valve therefor.
Upon the
upper end of said rod I provide of the same or other material, a deep rimmed cap
or cover, which depends sufficiently to surround, and fit loosely upon, but in air
tight contact with, the upper end of the cylinder, and between the blocked end of
said cylinder and the upper cap, I provide a suitable spring, preferably, spiral, and
surrounding the said rod, the tension of which operates, in keeping the lower cap or
valve in close and air tight contact with the lower end of the cylinder, but when
said spring is collapsed by the depression of the top cap, the rod is lowered, and
the bottom cap removed from the cylinder, so that the latter may be easily washed
and cleaned.
At or about the centre of the length of said cylinder, I bore or otherwise provide
four, preferably, circular holes, arranged in pairs, diametrically opposite to each
other, and to each side of the cylinder covering the said holes, I attach, or form
integrally with the cylinder, and at right angles therewith two hollow tubes, which
extend from the cylinder in opposite directions, and these may be so arranged
that when the usual mouthpiece of the pipe is removed from the stem thereof, one
of said tubes may occupy and take its place, either within or without the stem,
while the other tube may receive or fit upon the mouthpiece, thus the mouthpiece
and stem are again brought together with the exception of the space occupied by
the intervening cylinder, which stands vertically and in line with the bowl.

page_text: The upper end of the before mentioned baffle plate or partition is provided
with serrations or holes, and the smoke passing from the bowl along the stem
and the tube therein or thereon, would enter the upper hole in that side of the
cylinder, and passing upwardly over the said serrations, or through the holes in
the top of the partition, and descending the other side thereof would pass out
at the opposite upper hole in the cylinder and along the opposite tube and
the mouthpiece to the mouth of the smoker, thus cooling the smoke in its
passage, and the nicotine as generated would, upon reaching the cylinder, pass
through the lower hole in the side thereof, and descend to the bottom of the
cylinder at one side of the partition, resting upon the lower cap or valve, while
the saliva from the mouth would enter the lower hole at the opposite side of the
cylinder, and fall in a like manner at the other side of the partition or baffle plate,
from which both may be easily removed by the depression of the upper cap and
rod, and the removal thereby of the lower valve or cap before described. The
nicotine if allowed to accumulate would, before reaching the upper end of the
partition or plate and the smoke passage, have blocked up the passage from
the stem, and so render the pipe unsmokeable until cleaned, thus preventing any
possibility of the nicotine entering the mouthpiece, or the saliva from reaching the
tobacco.
In constructing the device for attachment to existing pipes I dispense with the
tubes at each side of the cylinder and bore a hole vertically in the stem of the pipe,
clear of the mouthpiece, or in the mouthpiece clear of the stem, in which I insert
the said cylinder, so that the holes at each side thereof are presented to the bore of
the stem, and the bore of the mouthpiece respectively, and the operation is the
same as that previously described.
As an alternative method I may dispense with the before mentioned spring and
arrange that the upper and lower caps may screw or be slid upon the upper and
lower ends of the cylinder.
י
T
1000
GEO. THOS. HYDE,
4, Moorfields, Fore Street, London, E.C., Agent for the Applicant.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in and in connection with Tobacco Pipes.
1, CHARLES FOURACRE, of Failand House, Birch Street, The Park, New
Swindon, in the County of Wiltshire, Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of
this invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly
described and ascertained in and by the following statement :-
The improvements constituting my invention consists, firstly of a method
of constructing a tobacco pipe, and secondly-of a device for attachment
to existing tobacco pipes, the objects of which are that the pipe so constructed,
or the ordinary pipe fitted with the said attachment provides a cooling passage for
the smoke on its way from the bowl to the mouthpiece, a quick and easy means
by which the said pipe may be cleaned, and kept clean, and renders it a matter of
impossibility, (however dirty the pipe may be allowed to get,) for the nicotine
generated, to enter the mouth of the smoker, or the saliva from the mouth of the
smoker, to come in contact with the tobacco in the bowl, so that every particle of
tobacco placed within the bowl may be consumed, without any wet and unsmoke-
able residue accumulating therein, as occurs more or less, in every type and form
of pipe hitherto made and used.
In order that my invention, and its manner of operation may be clearly under-
stood, I have hereunto annexed a sheet of drawings, in which :-
Fig. 1 is a sectional elevation of the apparatus which forms part of the improved
tobacco pipe, constituting part of my invention.
Fig. 2 is an external view of same, as it would appear when viewed from right

page_text: ofer, of left to right, also showing now the depression or the top cap releases
the bottom disc or valve, for the purpose of cleansing the pipe.
Fig. 3 is a vertical section of the apparatus forming another part of my
invention, which I employ for attachment to existing pipes, cigar, or cigarette
holders.
Fig. 4 is a view of a pipe constructed to receive, and be used in conjunction
with, the apparatus Figs. 1 and 2.
Figs. 5 and 6 are views of an ordinary pipe and mouthpiece, illustrating how I
employ the use of the apparatus Fig. 3 either in connection with the bowl stem, as
at Fig. 5, or in connection with the mouthpiece, as at Fig. 6.
In carrying my invention into effect in so far as regards my improved tobacco
pipe, I construct of bone, ivory, wood, meerschaum, amber, vulcanite, metal, or any
other material suitable for the purpose, a hollow cylinder A, of any convenient
length, one end of which is blocked as at a, which I make the top end when in
use, while the other or bottom end is open. In the centre or thereabout of A,
longitudinally, I fix a plate B, of the same or other material, which occupies the
entire width and length thereof, and abuts at its upper end against the under
surface of a.
In the blocked end a of A, and close to, and at either side of B, I provide a
hole, through which I pass a rod or wire C, upon the lower end of which I attach
a disc D, of the same or other material as A or B, and this, when pressed up close
to the lower end of A, forms an air tight cap or valve therefor. Upon the upper
end of C I provide, of the same material as D, a cup or cover E, the deep
rim of which E¹, depends sufficiently to surround, and fit loosely upon, but in air
tight contact with, the upper end of A, and between E and a I provide a suitably
spring b, preferably spiral, and surrounding the upper end of C, the tension of
which operates in keeping E apart from and D in close and air tight contact with
the lower end of A, as at Fig. 1, but when the spring b is collapsed by the
depression of E, C is lowered thereby and D removed from the bottom of A as at
Fig. 2, which permits A, B, and C, to be washed and cleaned thoroughly.
Ag
At or about the centre of the length of A. I bore or otherwise provide four,
preferably circular holes, arranged in pairs, diametrically opposite to each other,
and shewn in Figs. 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6 by the reference letters c, c, and c', c', and upon
the sides of A surrounding the said holes I attach, or form integrally therewith,
and at right angles thereto, and extending therefrom in opposite directions, two
hollow tubes F and G, the former around c, c, the latter around c¹ c¹.
The pipe bowl H, may be of any shape or design, and made of briar or
other wood, meerschaum or any of the materials in general use for this purpose,
the stem of which H' would have a bore of such size as to receive the arm or
tube F, to be slid or screwed therein, while the mouthpiece J which may be of
amber, vulcanite, bone or other suitable material, would be bored or otherwise
formed to receive the arm or tube G, care being taken that the cylinder A is
vertical and in line with the bowl. This will be clearly understood by reference
to Fig. 4.
Or, in order to render the said apparatus adaptable for similar pipes already
in use, where the mouthpiece has an extension which screws or otherwise fits into
the stem of the pipe, as at Figs. 5 and 6, I may arrange the arms or tubes F
and G in such a manner that when the stem is removed from the pipe, F would
screw or otherwise fit the bore of the stem, while G would permit the extension
upon the mouthpiece to be screwed or otherwise placed therein or thereon, or
the extension upon the mouthpiece may be removed if desired, when G could
be screwed or otherwise placed into the mouthpiece. Thus, as in the previous
method, the mouthpiece and stem would be brought together again, less the
diameter of the interposing cylinder A.
The upper end of the before mentioned partition B in A, is provided with
serrations or holes d, and the smoke in its passage from the bowl would pass
through F, and enter the upper hole c, and continuing therefrom in the direction of

page_text: the arrows, would pass upward and through the apertures d, and descending at the
other side of B, would pass out through the upper hole c¹, through G, and the
mouthpiece, to the mouth of the smoker, thus cooling the smoke in its passage.
The nicotine when generated, upon reaching the cylinder A. would pass through
the lower hole c, and descend as shewn by the arrow, and accumulate at the bottom
of A, as shewn by e in Fig. I, resting upon the disc or valve D, while the saliva
from the mouth of the smoker would enter the lower hole c', in the direction of the
arrow, and fall in like manner in A, and accumulate as at Fig. 1, from which
position both e and may be easily removed by the depression of E, and the removal
thereby of the disc, cap or valve D, as shewn at Fig. 2.
The nicotine e if allowed to accumulate, would, before reaching the apertures d,
have blocked up the holes c, c, and consequently the passage from the bowl, and so
render the pipe useless, and unsmokeable until e was removed, and the same rule
applies to the accumulation of f, thus entirely preventing the possibility of the
nicotine coming in contact with the mouthpiece, or the saliva from reaching the
tobacco in the bowl, thereby ensuring, that every particle of tobacco in the bowl
may be consumed without the wet and unsmokeable residue that more or less
obtains in any, and every form of pipe hitherto made and used.
In adapting my invention for use in connection with existing pipes, and if
required in connection with cigar or cigarette holders, I dispense with the arms or
tubes F, and G, and employ what remains of the apparatus, or I may construct the
apparatus as at Fig. 3, in which case I further dispense with the cap E, spring b,
rod C, and disc valve D, and in lieu of E, I provide a cap E", and disc or cap D
in lieu of D both of which may slip or screw upon the upper and lower ends of A
as shewn in the said figure, and in adapting either of these apparatuses to pipes
already in use,
I bore a vertical hole in the stem of the pipe, of the same size as,
and into which I force, the tube A, care being taken that the holes c, c, c¹, c', are
towards and from respectively, the bowl of the pipe, as at Fig. 5. Or I may bore
a like hole in the mouthpiece J of the pipe instead of the bowl stem H', and insert
the apparatus therein in like manner, as shewn at Fig. 6, which view also shows the
caps E and D¹ in position thus illustrating the compactness of my improvements
when finally placed. The same view Fig. 6 will also serve to illustrate the manner
in which the apparatus may be attached to cigar or cigarette holders.
I may in the modification of my invention shewn by Fig. 3, form two or more
holes 9, in the blocked end of A, as therein shewn, which may be in addition to, or
in lieu of, the holes or serrations d in the partition or baffle plate B, and for the
same purpose.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said inven-
tion, and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what 1
claim is :-
First The herein described combination of parts, and the construction use and
application of same, as improvements in, and in connection with, tobacco pipes,
connected thereto and operating in conjunction therewith, substantially as and for
the purposes stated, and shewn by the appended drawings.
Second-In an improved tobacco pipe the construction and use of a cylinder A,
having a blocked end a, and fixed division or baffle plate B, with holes or serrations d.
therein. The rod C passing through a and fixed at its upper end to a sliding
rimmed cover E, E', provided with spiral or other spring b, and at its lower end to
a disc valve D. The arms or projecting tubes F and G, fixed upon, or formed
integrally with A, the former surrounding holes c, c, the latter holes c¹ c¹ in A, in
combination with any form of pipe B the stem of which H¹ is bored or otherwise
formed to receive and hold F, while the mouthpiece J is similarly bored or otherwise
formed to receive and hold G, the whole connected and operating substantially as
and for the purposes described and shewn by Figs. 1, 2 and 4 of the accompanying
drawings.
Third-In combination with existing tobacco pipes the employment of the

page_text: apparatus mentioned in the preceding claim, having the arms F and G arranged to
fit into or upon the stem and mouthpiece of said pipe, in the manner herein
described.
Fourth-In combination with existing tobacco pipes, cigar and cigarette holders
the employment of the apparatus mentioned in the preceding claim, minus the arms
or tubes F and G, connected thereto, by fitting into a vertical bore formed in the
stem or mouthpiece thereof, substantially as described.
Fifth-In combination with existing tobacco pipes, cigar, and cigarette holders
and
the construction and use of a cylinder A a with holes c, c, c¹, c²,
caps or
covers E and D₁ and having a central partition B, with holes or serrations d
formed therein, or in a, or both, the whole fitting within a vertical bore formed in
the stem H¹ as at Fig. 5, or a like bore in the mouthpiece J as shewn at Fig. 6, or
a like hole in a cigar or cigarette holder, substantially as and for the purposes
stated.
C TL1002
GEO. THOS. HYDE,
4, Moorfields, Fore Street, London, E.C., Agent for the Applicant.