IMPROVEMENTS IN WATERPROOFING PROVISIONAL SPFICATION
Year: 1875

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Oharles Clamond, of Boulevard Courcelles,
No. 86, Paris, France, and of New Street, in the City of London,
Engineer, for the Invention of “IMPROVEMENTS IN WATERPROOFING
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Charles Clamond at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 2nd December 1875.
I, CHARLES CLAMOND, of Boulevard Courcelles, No. 86, Paris, France,
and of New Strect, in the City of London, Engineer, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN WATERPROOFING
THREADS, FABRICS, AND OTHER BODIES, AND IN APPARATUS THEREFOR," to be as
follows:-
The object of my Invention is to render fabrics and animal, vegetable,
and mineral substances, impermeable or waterproof by means of
paraffine.

page_text: The process consists in steeping the tissue of wool, canvas, cotton,
silk, or other material, in a bath containing paraffine dissolved at a
convenient temperature in any of its dissolvants, such as sulphuret of
carbon, light oils of petroleum or benzine. The dissolvant must always
be sufficiently volatile to cause, when the tissue or texture is extended 5
in the open air, the liquid dissolvant to evaporate the paraffine remaining
in the pores of the tissue.
Composition of the waterproofing and preservative bath.-The
following composition is given as an example, though of course the
respective proportions of the chemical agents must be varied according 1
to the nature of the texture to be acted upon :-4 kilogrammes of light
oil of petroleum, or of benzine, or of sulphuret of carbon, and 1 kilo-
gramme of paraffine. The bath is maintained at a temperature of 25°
or 30° centigrade.
Industrially the application of my Invention gives birth to different 1
arrangements in order to render the manufacture more practical and
economical, the principal of which is that destined to condense and
collect the volatile dissolvant during the desiccation or drying of the
material. A roll of tissue, previously dried at a drying stove and
mounted upon an axis, is unrolled and passed into a bath containing the 2
solution of paraffine, as stated above, which it absorbs. It is led from
there between two rollers which express the excess of liquid and cause
it to fall into the bath. On coming out of the bath the tissue is placed
in another apparatus to dry the material and to condense and collect the
volatile dissolvant, an apparatus which I call an evaporator-condenser. 2
This is composed of two receivers, communicating with each other by
large conduits, the first receiver is the evaporator, the second receiver
is the condenser.
The evaporator consists of a brick chamber, lined inside with zinc or
lead. In its lower part is arranged a series of numerous metallic tubes 3
heated internally by a current of steam. Above in the disengaged space
the piece of material is unrolled and passed a great number of times
over a certain number of rollers, in the manner best calculated to offer
a very large evaporating surface.
The condenser is composed of a kind of metallic tubular boiler full of 3
water, which is renewed after the manner of an ordinary condenser
(the cold water coming in at the bottom and the tepid water going out

page_text: The principal advantages are,-
1. The protection of substances thus treated against the invasions of
parasites and other minute organisms.
2. The superiority of paraffine over all other products employed;
this results from the chemical affinity of this substance being next to
nothing; it resists the most energetic chemical agents and consequently
preserves the materials which are impregnated with it from more or less
rapid destruction. The material thus prepared can be used for sacks
or awnings for covering over certain products liable to chemical re-
actions, such as guanos, chlorides of lime, and others.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Charles Clamond in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 2nd June 1876.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, CHARLES
CLAMOND, of Boulevard Courcelles, No. 86, Paris, France, and of New:
Street, in the City of London, Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Second day of December, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-five, in the
thirty-ninth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and suc-
cessors, give and grant unto me, the said Charles Clamond, Her special
license that I, the said Charles Clamond, my executors, adminis-
trators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Charles Clamond, my
executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with,
and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the
term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise,
and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ircland,
the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN WATERPROOFING THREADS, FABRICS, AND OTHER BODIES, AND IN APPARATUS
THEREFOR," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Charles
Clamond, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing
under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly
describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what

page_text: manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed
in the Great Scal Patent Office within six calendar months next and
immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Charles Clamond, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by
the following statement thereof, that is to say :-
The object of my Invention is to render fabrics, and animal,
vegetable, and mineral substances impermeable or waterproof by means
of paraffine.
The process consists in steeping the tissue of wool, canvas, cotton,
silk, or other material, in a bath containing paraffine dissolved at a
convenient temperature in any of its dissolvants, such as sulphuret of
carbon, light oils of petroleum or benzine. The dissolvant must always
be sufficiently volatile to enable the liquid dissolvant to evaporate when
the tissue or texture is extended in the open air, the paraffine remaining
in the pores of the tissue.
Composition of the waterproofing and preservative bath.-The
following composition is given as an example, though of course the
respective proportions of the chemical agents must be varied according
to the nature of the texture to be acted upon:-4 kilogrammes of light
oil, of petroleum, or of benzine, or of sulphuret of carbon, and 1 kilo-
gramme of paraffine. The bath is maintained at a temperature of 25°
or 30° centigrade.
•
In order to render my Invention commercially practical and
economical, I have designed the apparatus represented in Figures 1,
2, and 3 of the Drawings annexed hereto, the object of the apparatus
being the condensation and collection of the volatile dissolvant. A roll
of fabric or tissue A, previously dried at a stove and mounted upon an
axis, unrolls and passes into a bath B, containing the solution of
paraffine in the proportions already stated, and becomes impregnated
therewith. The fabric is directed on leaving the bath between two
rollers K, which express the excess of liquid therefrom and cause it to
fall back into the bath. The fabric then proceeds to the apparatus R, S,
which I call an evaporator condenser, intended to dry the fabric and

page_text: to condense and collect the volatile dissolvant. This apparatus is
composed of two receivers communicating with cach other by large
conduits T, T", the first receiver R being the evaporator, and the second
receiver S the condenser.
The evaporator consists of a brick chamber R, lined inside with sheet
zinc or lead. In its lower part is arranged a series of numerous
metallic tubes N, heated internally by a current of steam. In an open
space M above, the fabric is unrolled and passed a great number of
times over a certain number of rollers, so as to present a very large
evaporating surface.
The condenser S is composed of a kind of metallic tubular boiler C
full of water, which is renewed after the manner of an ordinary con-
denser (the cold water coming in at the bottom and the tepid water
going out at the top) and of two receivers D and D¹ communicating with
the top and bottom of the evaporator by the conduits T and T.
The working of the apparatus is very easy to understand. The two
receivers R, S, being in communication, the air is warmed in the
evaporator and cooled in the condenser, whence follows a constant
disturbance of its equilibrium, so that it rises in the evaporator and falls
in the condenser, and thus possesses a continuous movement. Now if
the tubes N, arranged or not in serpentine form, raise the air to 50°
centigrade, for example, while the condenser lowers it to 10° centigrade
the warm air passing between the layers of fabric in M there becomes
saturated with the volatile liquid vapours at 50°, and then returning to
the condenser to again assume a temperature of 10°, permits the
liquefaction of a great quantity of vapour with which it has become
supersaturated. There is thus produced by this arrangement and the
permanent circulation of air which it entails, a permanent evaporation
in the first apparatus and a permanent condensation in the second. The
condensed liquid falls into the bottom of the receiver D', whence it flows
by a cock u into another receiver z to be used afresh.
The bath B can be provided in winter with a steam "worm," in order
to maintain the necessary temperature of from 25 to 30 degrees
centigrade.

page_text: And, Thirdly. The apparatus, as herein-before described and as shown
in the accompanying Drawings, for aiding the waterproofing of threads,
fabrics, and other bodies.
•
In witness whereof, I, the said Charles Clamond, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this First day of June, One thousand
eight hundred and seventy-six.