IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRIC TELEGRAPHS
Year: 1855

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Cromwell Fleetwood Varley, of No. 1, Charles Street,
Somers Town, St. Pancras, in the County of Middlesex, for the Invention
of "IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRIC TELEGRAPHS.""
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Cromwell Fleetwood
Varley at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition,
on the 9th June 1855.
I CROMWELL FLEETWOOD VARLEY of No. 1 Charles Street Somers Town,
St. Pancras Middlesex do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRIC TELEGRAPHS" to be as follows-
1st a mode of making electro-magnets by which considerably more power.
is obtain'd from a given amount of wire & electric current, viz., by sur-
rounding the wire coil with iron, nickel or other magnetic metal the outer
iron giving magnetism of an opposite mame to the inner core of iron or
other magnetic-metal-y)-thus getting-double action from the same quantity
of wire.
2d in the application of the above to telegraphic relays which will complete
one or two circuits using an armature magnetised either permanently or
by induction from another larger magnet so avoiding demagnetisation. The
armature is so shaped that it can be actuated by powers resembling that of

page_text: the outer magnetic coating being divided & a space left for this armature to
play between or over. The portion of the magnet which embraces the coil is 5
all of one name as shewn by letters
which the smaller peculiar-shaped magnet hangs. This magnet would be
deflected by the wire coil alone when à current is passing but by my arrange-
ment I get this power & all the electro-magnetic power of the wire added
to it to deflect it. By this arrangement I can have two armatures to the
same coil of wire &c. I mount this armature or magnet on pivots or points
or knife edges so as to lessen friction, but where only one armature is required
as in the Morse's system, a flat disk of iron placed at one end of my electro-
magnet (No. 1) will be attracted whenever a current passes or one portion of
the magnet may be made moveable so as to attract or be attracted by the other
portion of the magnet.
3d in the manufacture of permanent magnets by which they are render'd
more powerful & more permanent. A stream of water is forced past the
red hot steel whilst under the influence of an electric helix (with or without
the electro-magnetic influence derived as in No. 1 from the outside of
the helix) the steel to-be-harden'd,-taking the-place of the core. The hot
steel is generally first inserted & the water immediately forced through
the coil. I use also solutions of prussiate of potash for this purpose it
tending to make the surface of the steel more liard. For special purposes
mercury at the freezing point or dilute sulphuric acid or other cooling
mixtures might be used producing greater hardness of temper.
The great
permanence of these magnets which are used to induce magnetism in the
relay armatures protects the apparatus from the irregular actions arising from
atmospheric discharges & changes of temperature.
4th in the mode of making the translating apparatus which translate
positive or negative currents along the various circuits at the will of the
operator.

page_text: Note The use of translators is to put extra batteries in play at various
points along the line for maintaining direct communication between very
distant stations. The two armatures, mention'd in No. 2, close or open local
circuits when moved the one by a positive the other by a negative current,
these local currents pass round the magnets of the printing machine whose
armature when attracted to mark the paper at the same time puts relay
currents on towards the next station the one relay current being positive the
other negative; but when all is at rest the line wire is connected up again for
transmission in the opposite direction,
The printing machine is an arrangement of wheel-work to move a band of
paper at an uniform speed, this paper receives the impressions or marks from
two levers actuated by electro-magnets (No. 4). When one armature is
attracted a mark is produced on the right side of the paper slip, & when
the other armature is attracted a mark is produced on the left side.
lie
5. Arrangements by which the residuary magnetism in the-electro-magnets
is made to cease more rapidly after the cessation of the electric currents
enabling me to work rapidly even when many translators are being used
between the communicating stations. To avoid the loss of time arising from
the residual magnetism of the magnets I place a stop, which is struck by the
printing lever carrying the armature,, when the latter is attracted down this
cuts off the current & the armature leaves immediately the magnet, but
the moment they separate the current reflows round the coil & thus the
armature is re-attracted, continually vibrating through a very limited space
almost appearing to be still, or ther stop is made. to cut off a portion. of the
current round the magnet-so reducing the attractive power of it thus-enabling
it to leave quicker,. By these means, the armature is ready to leave directly
the current is taken off. These translators.can be made separate from the
printing machine when-less-play is given-to-the-armature & less nicety-of
adjustment is required. In some cases where the battery power required is
not high the magnet & armatures No. 2 alone are used for translating
currents to more distant stations. This is chiefly for the sake of economy..
6. Arrangements adaptable to both keys & translators by which the
effects of induction in the conducting wires are neutralised. In cases of very
long submarine or subterranean wires it is necessary to measure out the
quantity of electricity at each contact so that the wire may not be more
highly charged by a long contact than by a short one. This I do at each
signal by making contact with a powerful battery during the act of depressing
the key (or translator lever) this contact ceasing when the depression is
completed at which moment a portion only of the battery is left in play. By

page_text: this means the first contact gives a tone or charge to the wire which charge
the weak battery is intended to maintain at the same strength so that contacts
of long & short duration do not vary the charge of the wire, when the signal
is completed. This measured charge in the wire is neutralised by contact with
a powerful battery during the rising of the key, it ceasing when the key is
quite up. Or I use the induction plates of my last Patent to effect a similar
purpose in a different way.
7. My alphabet from its simplicity renders communication less liable to be
mistaken & enables it to be transmitted about twice as fast as the Baines'
& Morse's, because I use a double instead of a single row of signs each
sign serving for two according as it is placed on the right or left-side of the
central division.
8. In modes of making the marks more visible to the eye by arranging the
apparatus so that the indented portion of the paper is forced against a black
yielding surface such as silk or other soft substance saturated with a soft
blacking secondly by using a. platina wire bent like the letter V the point
being maintain'd red hot by a galvanic current. This point whenever brought
in contact with the paper burns in a mark. This latter arrangement offers no
perceptible resistance to the regular progression of the paper as does some-
times the Morse's apparatus giving erroneous signals 3d an ever-pointed
pencil may be used.
9. The key-board has two or three keys those made with two are for.
overground lines or underground lines of short lengths those with three
have a switch which switch turns the line wire from the two keys to the
single one which single key produces actions similar to those described in
my Patent of Feb 1854, enabling the new apparatus to be used like them
with all the advantages of overcoming defective insulation induction &c.
so that when the two-key systems which produces different signals by opposite
currents is render'd useless by imperfect state of the line insulations &c.
the switch & third key enables communication to be maintain'd at half speed
viz. equal to that of the present Morse's or Baines' system, the difference
of speed arising from the greater complexity of the two latter alphabets.
These keys when used for very long underground lines or circuits containing
a great many translators have the addition explain'd in No. 6.
These apparatus can be substituted in such portions of a line worked by
Morse's system where great business is done the Morse's system being able to
work-through-my-translators as perfectly as their own.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Cromwell Fleetwood Varley in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the Sth December 1855.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I OROMWELL
FLEETWOOD VARLEY, of No. 1 Charles Street Clarendon Square Saint
Pancras Middlesex send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Ninth day of June in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and fifty-five, in the eighteenth year of Her reign,
did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said
Cromwell Fleetwood Varley Her special licence that I the said Cromwell
Fleetwood Varley, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others
as I, the said Cromwell Fleetwood Varley, my executors, administrators and
assigns should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to. time
and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and
lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRIC TELEGRAPHS "
upon the condition
(amongst others) that I, the said Cromwell Fleetwood Varley,byan instrument
in writing under my hand and seal, should particularly describe and ascertain
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be per-
formed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within
six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent:
'
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Cromwell Fleetwood Varley, do hereby
declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement; and accompanying Drawings, that is to say-
This Invention consists of improvements whereby the speed of transmission
is increased and the distance of direct communication extended especially in
the case of very extended submarine lines-The improved apparatus are less
liable to derangement from atmospheric and other causes, are applicable-to-all
kinds of telegraphic conductors and refer chieflyto systems which are actuated
by local circuits.
Fig. 1 represents a relay constructed with the improved electro-magnet
Fig: 2 shews the magnet in section. a is a soft iron core with soft iron ends
f. fmaking a reel on which the covered wire e. e. is wound; b. b. are the
exterior casing, also of soft iron, which fit on to the ends of the reel, as shown

page_text: completed in Fig. 3 held between brass supports c, all being clamped together
by means of the bolt d, which passes through. The whole of the iron inside
and outside is magnetized whenever a current of electricity is circulating
through the coils of wire e,e. The iron tube a,a,is magnetized like an ordinary
électro-magnet: The ends ff, are the continuations of the poles of a, a, and
are also magnetized by the coils of wire-The casings of iron.b; b, continue on
the same poles developing the magnetism, of the exterior of the wire coil
rendering the two inner ends of these iron casings the south and north poles
of the magnet N. S. The direction of the electric current determines which of
the two shall be north the other being the south pole. The wire coil being
thus almost. completely encased with soft iron nearly the whole magnetism of
the coil is developed.
Between the poles of the electro-magnet N. S. the moveable piece g,Figs.1:
3. and 44s suspended from the iron bar h, h, by means of the two springs i, i,
which keepthe bearings j,j,against thepoints, which are made of hardened
steel to prevent friction and wear. L. 1. are the two southern ends of compound
permanent magnetic bundles, which embrace the iron bar h, 1 Figs. 3, 4, 5,
and 6. The pièce , h, becomes magnetized by contact with the permanent
magnets 1, 1, and which in its turn imparts magnetism to the moveable piece g
whose crescent end exhibits powerful southern magnetism the whole forming
a continuation of the southern pole of the permanent magnetic bundle 1,
The crescent end the whole of which is south (or north as the case may be),
and which plays between the. tubular poles of the electro-magnet N. S.
Figs. 1.7. &c. has its motion limited by the screws m, n, fixed on to the slate
tablet-0..0. 0. One of the springs i. i. Fig. 7 is hooked to the projecting
piece p the other spring has a silken cord by which it is connected to the
adjusting axle q. q: Fig. 5, carrying the dial r. r. The springs are to cause
the piece g to press against the stops morn, according as the tension of the
one is greater than the other which is effected. by winding or unwinding
the silken cord on axis q the amount of tension being-indicated-by-the-dial
'7" 7" s.s. are the ends of the wire wrapped on the core a. a and they are
connected to the terminals R. E. via the terminals t, t. The little magnet
is to call attention when currents are passing. v, v, is a piece of brass attached
to the slate 0.0.0, by which the piece p.p.&c., and the adjusting dial q. r are
supported. A current entering from a distant station at R traverses the coils
of the electro-magnet a;a, via the terminals and wires t: s: s. t. to E, where it
makes its exit. If a positive current. enter at R it magnetises the' electro-
magnet as shown by S.N. and deflects the piece g from n to m so long as the
current is passing. If a negative current enter at R the piece will rest

page_text: against n, the current acting in the same direction as the springs; but if the
springs were so adjusted that the piece g rested against m instead of n, then
the negative current would move the piece ġ from m to n. By this arrange-
ment the crescent piece g is acted on, not only by the attractive force of the
pole N but also by the repulsive force of the pole S added to which it is also
acted on by the coil itself independently of the iron. In fact the piece g would
be deflected if the iron were entirely removed the latter action being perfectly
analogous to that of a galvanometer. I thus obtain great increase of power
and rapidity of action.
Where two local circuits are to be actuated the one by sending a positive-
the other by a negative current along the line wire, I place a second crescent-
ended piece g' Fig. S with its suspending apparatus &c. under the electro-
magnet, the second bar hh' being in connection with the lower or northern
end of the permanent magnetic bundle 1. The single relay can be very
advantageously substituted for my galvanometer relay patented in 1854.
The local circuit is established whenever the piece g touches against m.
The current from the local battery flows from C as indicated by the arrows to
the terminal S which is connected to the piece of iron p. p. thence to the
piece g from g to m, (whenever they touch) from m to L Z. and to the battery
again as indicated by the arrows.
In this sketch a Baine's machine is represented as being worked by the
relay. The screws m and n are pointed with platina and wedge-shaped pieces
of platina are fixed on the piece g by which oblique-acting contacts are
obtained rendering the contact very sure and perfect.
When a single
relay only is required 1 continue the piece g all round the electro-magnet.
NB The piece g may be made of hardened steel magnetized. (The electro-
magnets described throughout this Specification might be made of nickel or
other magnetic metal.)
The permanent magnets 1, 1, are made very durable by the apparatus for
simultaneously magnetizing and hardening steel bars. Fig. 9 is a hollow
helix. a, a, is a brass tube; b: b. b. b. iron discs, forming a bobbin on which is
wrapped covered copper wire c, c, d, d, are iron bars (Fig. 10) which are
placed outside the coils of wire c, c, to encase the whole in iron, e, e, are iron
tubes, projecting about ½ or into the-helix-f-an iron ping an iron funnel
for the more easy guidance of the steel bar to the interior of the helix-a
tube connecting the helix with an elevated cistern of water-i, i, is a small
aperture, to empty the helix before putting in another bar, and to carry off
leakage the helix as thus made is plunged into a bath of boiling pitch and
wax to saturate and insulate the wire coils it is ultimately covered with thin

page_text: indian-gubber, to effectually prevent water from getting to the insulated wires.
When a powerful electrical current, is made to pass this helix the exterior
iron, the iron ends.b, b, and the iron tubes e, e, become powerfully magnetic,
forming an electro-magnet, whose poles are developed at N. S. the interior
space between N, S, is pervaded by powerful magnetic force:
To make a magnet pieces of steel are placed in a crucible of animal
charcoal having been previously wetted with a solution of ferrocyanide of
potassium, these are heated to a bright red heat and when sufficiently
heated one bar is removed and plunged into the helix around which the
current is circulating and immediately afterwards the cock j is opened when
a stream of cold water flows past and hardens the steel bar in a magnetic
atmosphere and also between the poles of a powerful electro-magnet. Magnets
so formed are quite hard and powerfully magnetic. The object of the animal
charcoaland ferro-prussiate of potassium is to prevent the surfacefromburning
and decarbonization.. The magnets when made are placed between the poles
of a powerful magnet duringthe process of brightening or polishingto prevent
the vibration from impairing their magnetism. When very great harness is
required a freezing mixture or cold mercury might be used.
Fig. 11 Sheet 2 represents the key used for working by means of my
translator into the Morse's system. Fig. 12 represents the key at rest-
Fig. 13 depressed-Fig. 11 in the act of rising-Fig. 14 an end view.
handle of key with support b and spring c, in connection with the line wire;
d, a stop in connection with the zinc pole of a battery, whose copper pole is
connected to the earth-e, an overhanging stop in connection with the copper
pole of a battery of half the intensity of the other battery f, and g two insu-
lated stops à contact lever jointed to a by means of the spring cheeks i
which clamp it with sufficient friction; j, a stop connected to relay-k a spring
which is connected to the earth through a resistance 'coil l m an insulated
post to keep the spring from touching a excepting when this latter is
depressed-The base n is made of oiled slate to insulate the parts and avoid
warping. The key being at rest the line wire is connected to relay through
the stop j. The contact lever his prevented by the insulated stops f and g
from making contact with the battery poles & and e. When the handle is
depressed, the contact is broken at j-e. the wire separated from the relay and
the alteration in the angular position of a and its contact lever / enables the
latter to touch & and so connect. the wire with the zinc pole of the battery as
shewn in Fig. 13. When the handle is allowed to rise the friction of the
joint carries up the contact lever till it touches e which connects the line
with the copper pole of the other battery, as shewn in Fig. 11. this contact

page_text: continues while the handle is rising until near the top when it is broken by
the insulated stop g previously to the handle again resting on the relay stop.j.
During the time the handle and consequently the line wire is separated from j
and is in contact with the batteries it is brought in contact by means of the
spring with one end of the resistance coil the other end of which is in
contact with the earth. This coil consists of a great length of fine iron wire
offering great resistance to the passage of electricity and is employed to
equalize the amount of charge which the wire receives for different durations
of the time of contact in making dots and dashes. This equalization it effects
by its resisting power opposing the passage of electricity when the line wire is
but slightly charged but affording a means of escape for the surplus electricity
accumulated during a lengthened contact. These coils are boiled in wax and
rosin, to prevent the wire from rusting and for the sake of better insulation.
TRANSLATORS.
By translator I mean the apparatus used for bringing fresh batteries into
play to enable correspondence to be maintained direct between stations whose
distance apart is too great to admit of connectingthewires into one continuous
electrical circuit-Generally speaking it is not advantageous to attempt to
work through more than 200 English miles of the ordinary telegraph wires
suspended in the air, in one electrical circuit, but by arranging apparatus so
that the current through the first electrical circuit shall bring fresh batteries
into play a second distance of 200 miles can be worked through and so on-
but there is a limit to this from the following causes. 1st. the electro-
magnets used for putting the second set of batteries into play require a given
time for magnetizing. 2ndly, the armature requires also a given amount of
time to move towards the magnet to make the contact. 3rdly an electro-
magnet requires more time to magnetize than to demagnetize thus in the
case of a large electro-magnet where the time required to magnetize it was 15
seconds, it only required three to demagnetize.
The duration of a dot (.) is not sufficient to magnetize the attracting
magnets so fully as the long contact of a dash (-) therefore dots become.
shortened in a greater ratio than do the dashes because the armature-retires-
-quicker in the former than in the latter case. These actions waste time and
consequently the mark's to be printed are shortened at each translating station.
Therefore when many translators are in circuit it becomes necessary to, write..
slower in order that the amount lost at each translation shall not absorb..
entirely the short marks (or dots) This I have endeavoured to explain more
clearly as follows

page_text: In this example the last station cannot read the writing of the first station.
because the short marks (technically dots) have been so much reduced that
they do not reach thereto-the dashes however, from their greater length and
other causes scarcely suffer.
In the example given I have not shewn any disturbing action arising from
the imperfect isolation of the one wire from the others supported on the same
poles allowing a portion of the electricity from the other wires to enter the
circuit inquestion and so increase or shorten the dots accordingto thedirection.
of the disturbing current. The dashes in this latter case also would not suffer
so much as the dots because of their greater length.
Submarine or subterranean wires insulated from the earth or sea by gutta
percha or other non-conducting substances become in action like Leyden vials
the copper wire acting as the interior coating the gutta percha as the glass
jar and the sea or earth as the exterior coating. If such a wire be connected
with a battery it will receive a powerful charge by induction similar to
that of the Leyden vial which charge it will retain until the interior and
exterior surfaces become connected together through some conducting sub-
stance namely by the wire being put in connexion with the earth direct
or through the instruments connected.with it. The surfaces exposed being
very considerable in the case of a wire 150 or 200 miles in length the
charge is so great that the resistance offered by the wire renders the time of
charging or discharging appreciable..
If the contact with the battery be so short (as in the case of making a dot)
that the wire is not fully charged before the battery contact has ceased-the
current at the distant end does not reach its.maximum power and the dot will
either not be produced at all or be very much reduced in length. On the
other hand when a dash () is made. the contact with the battery is so
much longer that the wire becomes fully charged and the length of time
required to effect its discharge lengthens, the, dash to a considerable extent
therefore if the relay be adjusted at the distant station to print the dots neatly

page_text: the first dash that is made will give so great a charge to the wire mat its
effects will not have subsided.before the second contact is made the result of
which is that all the subsequent. marks will run together, making a continuous
line
marks, printed, thus-
arrive at the distant station thus
_
sequently, be unintelligible.
will
and will con-
There are two effects which also interfere with translating through sub-
marine, wires. 1st. When the line has been in contact with the battery and
becomes charged it will discharge itself at every place where a channel offers,
This charge is much greater at the end of the line next the battery than at the
distant one because of the great resistance of the wire consequently when
after making a signal the wire of the 2nd circuit is removed from the battery
and immediately afterwards connected with the receiving relay proper to that
wire (as with ordinary translators) the induced charge of tliat 'wire will dis-
charge itself through the coils of the last-named relay to the earth and from
its power will induce so much permanent magnetism therein as to derange it
for printing with the weak currents from the distant station. 2ndly in the
case of a translator placed between two submarine circuits the following
phenomena would occur--When a signal was made at one end a current
would be translated into the second circuit and when the battery contact was
broken at this end the translator would also break contact with 'the battery it
had
put on to the second circuit, this second circuit having become charged
like a Leyden jar would discharge itself through its relay and so translate
back a current to the first station. This first circuit would nowbecome charged
and as soon as the second circuit had become discharged the charge of the
first circuit by returning through the relay would translate back again a
current through the second circuit-The two relays &c. would when once
started continue in alternate actionuntil thebatteriesbecame exhausted-com-
munication under such circumstances would be impossible.
From the foregoing causes the translating apparatus of Steinheil as used
on the Continent in conjunction with the Morse machines is not applicable
to submarine wires of greater length than one hundred miles-
My improved translators are arranged to obviate these difficulties in the
following cases.
1st The extension of my system patented in 1854 by the means of
translation.
2ndly The translation of mysystem into that of Morse andviceversa enabling
both systems to work into each other as is done in the case of direct commu
nication between London and the Continent via Holland where the already

page_text: existing systems of Morse on the Continent are connected with my system
which is necessary to cross the ocean to England.
3rdlyIn caseswhere thedots are toomuch reducedto re-establish theirproper
length and so enable communication with even many translators to be carried
on at a rapid rate.
4thly Translate signals from one submarine circuit to another submarine
without inconvenience from the induced charge.
5thly Where the circuit exceeds more than two hundred miles of sub-
marine wire.
1st Case. For the Eulension of my System patented 1854
Figs. 56 and 7 Sheet 1 represent a relay translator similar to that
described in Fig. 1 with the following additions 1 an armature of soft
iron on pivots 2-3 & 4 adjusting and contact screws-a spring to hold
back the armature 1-6 a contact spring attached to the armature 1 m .n
contact adjusting screws connected respectively with the copper and zinc
poles of two batteries whose other poles are in contact with the earth.
The terminals R. E. R 2. L 2. C. S. Z. are connected as follows.
R and E are the extreme ends of the fine coil wire e e Fig: 1.
L is connected with the armature 1 via the pivots 2 2 Fig; 7.
R 2 is connected with the contact screw 3.
Cis connected with m and Z with n-the contact screw 4 is connected to
the piece g.
S is only used with this translator when it is being used as an ordinary relay
it being connected with the piece g the armature 1 in the latter case being
out of circuit.
To translate from one circuit to another two of these translating relays are
used and are connected as follows
No. 1 line is connected to L 2 of No. 2 translator.
No. 2 line
"
L 2 No. 1
The terminal R 2 of No. 1 translator is connected to R of No. 2 and R 2.
of No. 2 translator is connected to R of No. 1.
When an electric current is passing through No. 1 line it enters L 2 of
No. 2 translator goes through the armature 1 and the contact screw 3 to R 2
thence to R of No. 1 translator through the coils to E and then to the earth.
If the current passing be a positive one it will deflect the piece g of No. 1
translator against m and at the same time will attract the armature 1 re-
moving it from 3 and making contact with 4 the electric current of No. 1
line thus removed the No. 2 line from connexionwith the coils of relay 2—and

page_text: put it in contact with m via g. A positive current will now flow down the
line 2 so long as a current passes through the line 1-If the current passing
through No. 1 line be a negative one the same action will take place in
translator No. 1 excepting that the piece g will be deflected against n instead
of m and will so translate on a negative current to the distant station.
When
the current on No. 1 line ceases the armature 1 will retire and connect up
No. 2 line to No. 2 translating relay and then communication can be carried
on in the opposite direction.
N.B.-Iu my Invention patented in 1854 a current is continually flowing
through the line during transmission of a dispatch the positive current
producing the signals, the negative current the intervals the latter occupies
the wire and prevents the stray currents from other wires, from producing
false marks.
2ndly I also effect a similar purpose with one relay by the addition of the
apparatus shown Fig. 15 and 16 Sheet 2. It consists of two ordinary electro-
magnets a a acting upon the armatures 16 2 balanced on pivots
c1c2 carrying platina points d 1 e 1d 2 e 2 dipping into mercury cups
f1g1f2g2. Line wire 1 enters the terminal L 1 Fig. 17 which is con-
nected to pivot c 2 thence to mercury cup f 2 via platina point a 2-the
mercury cup f 2 is in contact with R 2 after passing through the coils of a 1
as shewn by the red lines-Line wire 2 enters the terminal L 2 is connected
to c 1 thence by platina point d 1 mercury cup f 1 and round the coils of
a 2 to R 2 as shown by the black line-The mercury cups g 1 g 2 are con-
nected to the terminal $ which is connected via S of relay to the piece gas
shown by the dotted lines-The terminal R 2 being connected to R of relay.
Action &c. A current flowing through line 1 enters at L 1 and goes to c 2
and to mercury cup f 2 via platina point d 2 round the coils of the electro-
magnet a' thence to R 2 from R 2 it goes through the coils of the relay to
earth the current passing through the coils of a 1 magnetizes it and attracts
the armature 6 1 to the horizontal position as shown in Fig. 15 removing the
platina point d 1 from the mercurycup f 1 and plunging platina points e 1 into
mercury cup g 1 thus connecting line 2 with the piece g of the relay in place
of R 2-The armature b being of soft iron is affected in the same manner by
positive and negative currents not so the piece g-of-relay it beingmagnetized
is deflected to m by a positive current and to n by a negative consequently
positive or negative currents on line 1 translate respectively positive and
negative currents along the line 2.
During the transmission of a dispatch the armature bremains-horizontal
but the moment the distant switch is turned to "receive "currents cease to

page_text: flow the amature returns to, rest, as in Fig. 15. 1. and all is ready for
transmitting in, the opposite direction.
"
When the switch of my key. (patented 1854), is turned over to
**send. :1
negative, current flows through the line. bringing one of the armatures, of the
translator to the horizontal position which position it maintains so long as the
distant switch is turned over-To make a signal the current is. reversed but
not taken off so long therefore as, a current passes either negative or positive
the armature remains in the horizontal position connecting the other line wire
with the piece g of relay-the latter piece g being magnetised repeats on
through line 2, whatever is passing through line 1.
"
When the switch of sending station is turned back to *
receive the
current ceases and in a second or two the horizontal armature of the trans,
lator returns to rest connecting line 2 to relay again when an answer can be
transmitted This relay when once adjusted requires almost no attention.
Fig. 18 shows a third plan of relay for my system. a is the electro-magnet
wrapped with a double instead of a single copper wire e e¹ f f are the ends
of the double wire-g g' the magnetized armatures m n m³ n¹ are adjust-
ing and contact screws m is connected with the copper pole of a battery and
m² is connected with the zinc pole of a battery n n are insulated stop
screws the ends of the wires e fare both connected to the pieces g gt.
a galvanometer wrapped with two wires 1712172 the ends of those
wires-o o glass resistance tubes containing water, to equalise the currents on
the lines 2 2 platina wires dipping into the water in o o.
The platina
wires are in connexion with the line wires, and the water in connection with
the earth by withdrawing or returning the wire the resistance is increased or
decreased The platina wires are attached to a silk cord qq passing over
the pully by turning this pully either of the platina wires can be plunged
into the water to equalize the resistance of lines. Line 1 enters at. L 1 of
galvanometer and goes through the wire 171 to the terminal R 1 through
R 1 of relay and through its two wires e, e 1 f f 1 to the terminal R-2
which is connected to R 2 of galvanometer it now circulates-again- around
the galvanometer through the second wire 212 to the terminal L 2 and
When a positive current goes
thence through line 2 to the distant station.
from station 1 to station 3 it passes through station 2-the relay at station 2
'deflects the piece g against m and so puts on fresh positive power to the line-
if a negative current pass through the relay the piece g 2 will be deflected
against m' and will put on fresh negative power.
The battery being applied at the middle of the coils of the relay will split
itself equally through the up and down lines provided they both offer the same

page_text: resistance and as the currents circulate in opposite directions they produce no
magnetic power in the relay and no deflection in the galvanometer. If how-
ever a battery be on at station 1, this equality is disturbed and more of the
intermediate battery's power will go on to station 3. This relay will therefore
translatenegative andpositive currents in eitherdirectionwithoutdisconnecting.
the line wire.
The galvanometer is to enable the intermediate station to adjust the resist-
ances If No. 1 wire offer more resistance than No. 2 depress the platina
wire in connexion with No. 1 line until the galvanometer shows no deflection
when the armature g is pressed against m an equilibrium is then obtained
the one current exactly neutralizing the other. This relay can be applied to
the, needle telegraph. With this kind of relay and overground wires the
current is very equal at the distant station in wet or fine weather because in
dry weather the intermediate batteries do almost nothing but when the loss is
great then the intermediate batteries come into play and supply that loss-
These relays are also good for very long subterranean circuits and are placed
at intermediate stations-Instead of the tubes for producing partial earth
resistance coils may be used to equalize the resistance of the wires all the
other arrangements being the same.
Second Case Translating from my System into Morse's System and
vice versa.
Fig. 19 represents the translator as used for transmitting, a current fol-
lowed by an opposite one as used for working my system into Morse's system
and vice versa between England Germany Belgium and France via Holland.
This apparatus is arranged to send the double current from the action of a
single one and also to enable the." receiver" to stop the sender during the
transmission of a despatch which is necessary to comply with the system of
telegraphing used by the Austro-Gemmanic Union. The system of putting
on relay batteries of Steinheil as added to the Morse machines in Germany
is not suited for working through submarine cables because of the induced
charge which prevents that system working.
a. b. c. are electro-magnets L B is the local battery which actuates these
magnets d. e. f. their respective armatures shown separate Figs. 20 21
g. h. i. are the upper stops against which the armatures d. e. f.rest by the
tension of the springs h. Figs. 21 & 22 when the magnets are out of action...
The spring hFigs:21:22:have dials c. c. like 7. Fig. 1. to adjust the tension
j- are the lower stops which limit the motion of the armatures when they
are attracted by the electro-magnets. The two armatures e. f. are furnished:

page_text: (one or both according to the circumstances of the case as hereafter
explained) with levers. n. Fig. 22. carrying at their extremities small spring
clicks o. engaging the nachet wheels p. Figs. 19. 22. insulated on the axle
carrying the fan wheel q. dipping in the box of mercury r. s is a resistance
coil, connecting the armature d. with the earth. When this apparatus is used
for translating from my system into Morse's it is arranged as shown in
Diagram No. 1 which represents it with its accessory relays batteries &c.
Example. A communication from Hamburg to London via Amsterdam.
The communication passes through the overground line as far as Amsterdam
by Morse's single-current system-there it enters the instrument being
described and is there translated into my double-current system which is
necessary to continue the communication through the long submarine cable to
London The single current enters at L 2 proceeds to e thence to h and R 2
thence, as shown by the arrows through its relay to earth. The current
circulating through the relay brings the local battery into play-its currents
circulating through the electro-magnets a and c attracting the armatures
dand f-The effect of this motion of the armature f is to separate it from the
upper stop i and connect it with the lower one thus separating the submarine
line from its relay and connecting it to the armature d which having been
simultaneously attracted connects the line with the z of the great battery
through j. When the current from L 2 ceases the relay breaks the local
battery circuit the armature d falls back and connects the submarine line to
the copper pole of a smaller battery c transmitting the opposite currents
necessary in my system. The armature f is made to retire slowly by means of
the click ratchet and fan wheel o p q dipping into mercury and thus retain-
ing the line in contact with 7 and d for about half a second after the action of
the magnet has ceased before re-connecting it with its relay at i-The action
of the coil-s is similar to that described in the key Fig. 11.
When communication is being carried on in the opposite direction the alter-
nating currents enter at L 1 proceed to f thence to i and R 1 thence as shown
by the arrows through its relay to earth-The local battery circuit now goes
through b attracting the armature e removing line from its relay connection
ath and connecting it with the great battery at k. The Morse machine shown
in Diagram can be put in circuit by removing the plug t.
Diagram No. 2 shows the same translator adapted for working from one
submarine line to another. The difference of this from the one just described
is 1st that both the armatures e and f are furnished with clicks and ratchets
nopq 2ndly the lower stops and are both connected to the armature d
3rdly the electro-magnet a is in circuit with both the electro-magnets 6 and c.

page_text: Third Case.-Re-establishing the Length of the Dots.
The illegibility of the signals arising from the diminution of the dots (as
previously explained) arising from repeated translation, submarine circuits
and other causes I obviate in the following manner.
a
Fig. 24 shows one of my arrangements applied to a Morse's machine.
the writing lever in connection with No. 2 line wire-b the electro-magnet
that moves it the stop which connects No. 2 line to its own relay-d the
stop which limits the downward motion of the writing lever (or anchor) and
is also one pole of the translating battery. When the writing lever is
depressed No. 2 line wire is connected to the battery and a current is trans-
lated on to a more distant station. e the writing point which indents
the paper. f. a moveable bar with adjusting weight g. pivotted into
platina wire dipping in and out of mercury contained in the cup relay
contact.
b
The local circuit is as follows. The wire from C of local battery after
traversing the coils of magnet proceeds to m where it divides the one going
to the other to i through h. The wire from z of local battery is divided also;
one branch going to the other to j-thus giving two points at which the local
circuit can be completed. The relay being acted upon as usual by the first
line wire completes the local circuit at -b becomes magnetized and the
lever a is attracted down-in doing so. it throws the bar ff into the
position shown by the dotted lines which completes the local circuit at i j.
This contact continues during the time required for the oscillation of tlie
barf, f, which is determined by the weight g-Should the contract for a
dot be so muchreduced that the lever a be onlymomentarilydepressed thereby,
the contact at ij will detain it the proper length of time. The isocronous
property.of pendulous bodies causes the contact at i j to be of nearly equal
--deviation under all circumstances. The piece n is made of leather or soft
material to prevent the bar ff from rebounding. Not only does this
correct the defects of the line but also the irregularities of the sender in
making his dots...=
-By the romawal of

page_text: thrown out of circuit.
of the mercury, cup.
l
A light spring may be used for the contact in place
Figs. 25. 26. 27 &c. show another mode of effecting the same purpose by
means of clock-work adapted for translating under various circumstances.
The writing lever a when depressed discharges the piece f which has two
stops of different radius g. and h. which rest against the stud i. On the
axis j is fixed a cam (or cams) to elevate or depress the lever which is in
connection with the line-The time required for the revolution of the cam is
regulated by the fly and clock-work. When a current circulates through b
the lever a is depressed-the stop g then passes over the stud and the piece f
with the axle and cam runs round until stopped by the pin resting against
the now-depressed stop i. Upon the lever a rising the pin h passes under the
studi and runs on until stopped in its original position. During this revolu-
tion the cam has removed the second line wire from its relay. connected it with
and disconnected it from the necessary batteries and afterwards reconnected
it to the relay.
Fig. 31 shows a key with a similar arrangement attached to make the dots
of not less than the required length at the original station. The magnet b is
wound as indicated by the dotted lines-therefore when the lever a touches
the stop & the inner coils are put in short circuit and so prevents the over
magnetization of the iron-this enables a more powerful local battery to be
used and consequently contacts of shorter duration at the relay will suffice-
dots that might otherwise have been lost are thus saved.
Fig. 32 shows a mode of actuating a key to transimit a despatch at the
original station with perfect regularity. a long screw moying at an uniform
rate by wheel-work-p, a bed with grooves on the inner side of its cheeks as
seen in Fig. 33-q a travelling bar sliding in the grooves in p p carrying
the type TYPEwhich are held intheir places bythe bars s and the screws t t
u a half nut fastened under the bar q and engaging the screw o. a V-shaped
-tooth-of-hardened steel fixed to the handle of the key a the other parts-of-the
-key are the same as Fig. 11. In transmitting a message the type representing
the letters and words are clamped in the bar q which being placed in the
grooves is driven along at an uniform rate by the action of the screw-the
Felevation of the type actuating the key with the greatest precision-This type
arrangement is applicable to any construction of key-The type are made of
hardened steel to prevent wear and have corresponding Roman letters on one
side to facilitate the correction of the despatch when set up. By this means
speed and precision are simultaneously obtained.

page_text: 4th Case-long sumarone Goreaus.
Daumier One Clevies of view co
Dimensions of over 200 or 300 Miles Length.
The length of time required to charge and discharge in consequence of the
very great resistance offered by the wire is such that to communicate at a
commercial speed it is necessary to measure out the electricity in such a way
that the intensity of the charge shall not be greater with a long contact than
with a short one-This can be effected by the induction plates of my Patent
dated December 5th 1854.
Fig. 34 is an arrangement for effecting this purpose and is represented
applied to a Morse's machine for translation which being explained it is
not necessary to show the key-as its action is precisely similar it being
moved by hand instead of an electro-magnet.
a the working lever (or anchor) in connection with No. 2 wire-b the
electro-magnet actuated by No. 1 line wire- the upper stop in connection
with the relay of No. 2 line wire-d the lower stop in connection with the
given pole of a battery evolving a large quantity of electricity such as Grove's
Smee's or a large cell Daniell's battery-e spring in connection with one end
of a primary coil the other end of which is in contact with the earth-f. a post
supporting the spring e-g & h adjusting screws to regulate the position of
the spring e-i the primary coil- the secondary coil- the iron core of the
induction coil-
Action. When the lever a is depressed the platina piece touches the
spring e and forces it down on the stop d until it touches the lever a at m:
By this action the No. 2 line wire is first disconnected from its relay at e
2ndly it is connected at to the primary coil 3rdly both the line wire and.
primary coil are put in contact with the battery at d when the electric current
divides a large portion going round the primary coil-the remainder through
the secondary coil to the line wire.
The circulation of the current round the primary coil induces a very
powerful but momentary current in the secondary which gives a charge or
tone to the wire-This charge is maintained at the same degree as that given
by the secondary current, by the current from the battery which divides itself
(as aforesaid) according to the difference between the resistance of the primary
-coil and line circuit. To balance these exactly the primary and secondary coils
are composed of 12 separately insulated wires and are connected with two
commutators one of which is shown Fig. 35-by shifting the plugs of the com-
mutators the twelve wires composing the primary coil can be connected into.
one continuous circuit. or into two circuits of half-the-length &c. &c, likewise

page_text: those of the secondary. By this means the resistance of the primary and
secondary coils are adjusted to suit the particular circuit to which they are
applied and when once adjusted never require changing.
When the resistances are properly adjusted the submarine wire will be
charged to the same degree by a short signal (or dot) as by a long one (or
dash) because the charge in each case is the result of the momentary
current from the secondary coil the battery merely maintaining this charge at
the same degree. When the signal is completed and the lever a begins to
rise the battery contract is broken the consequent cessation of the current
round the primary coil causes a powerful current to circulate through the
secondary coil in the opposite direction discharging the wire. This reverse
current makes its exit to the earth through the primary coil which retards it
a little and reduces its intensity but not its quantity making it much the
same as that of the first current. This apparatus works rapidly through long
submarine circuits and inasmuch as the last charge is always opposite to that
required for working my improved relay its return current does not affect it.
This arrangement therefore admits of translating from one submarine circuit
into another submarine circuit.
When long submarine circuits are worked the type arrangement Fig. 32
should always be used. The apparatus for elongating the dots Figs. 24 to 30
can be applied to this system. I have represented but one induction coil-I
prefer several small ones to one large one because more power is obtained
from less wire.
Fig. 26 shows an arrangement for translating currents through submarine
wires without the use of the induction coil the difference between the charges
from long and short contactsbeing sufliciently compensated for, in this arrange
ment, for submarine circuits of not more than 200 miles in length.
The cam m Fig. 25 when discharged by the lever a allows the lever k to
fall upon the stop c connecting the line to the copper pole where it remains
until lifted off by the cam which pressing the spring n against the upper
stop Z connects the line wire with the zinc pole of a second battery to destroy
the charge.
The submarine wire becomes charged to a much higher degree when a dash
is made than when a dot, because of the longer contact with the copper pole of
battery and therefore requires a longer contact with the zinc to neutralize the
charge In this machine when a dot is made in consequence of the quick
return of the writing lever a to its place of rest the axle and cam travel unin-
terruptedly through the entire revolution, but when a dash is made it is
arrested in its course by the pin h Fig. 29 as shown by the dotted lines and

page_text: consequently the latter portion of the revolution which effects the zinc contact
occupies a longer space of time the wheel-work having to start again from a
state of rest. The cam m and its axle are connected to the relay and when
the lever rests thereon the line wire is connected to it. The portion o of
the lever against which the cam presses when elevating it is insulated
from it by ivory. This arrangement elongates the dots and in a great degree
compensates for the inequalities of the charges.
Fig. 27 shows this dot-elongating apparatus applied to the induction coil
arrangement for long submarine circuits. The cam m is not used and the
cam is of a different shape as shown in the Figure the rest has already been
fully described
Submarine cables are rendered defective by the two following causes which
frequently escape detection by the usual galvanic tests 1st very long
minute pin holes caused by a drop of water in the warm gutta percha when
being laid on the wire. 2ndly the line is not always in the centre of the gutta
percha covering and though sufliciently covered to withstand the galvanic test
it cuts through during the twisting and rough usage the cable undergoes when
being submerged &c. For working through long distances the insulation
must be very perfect in order that the waves of electric force shall reach the
distant station. The two above-mentioned faults I test for in the following
manner with statical electricity.
The line to be tested is placed in lengths of a quarter or half a mile in a tub.
One end of the line is hermetically sealed the other is put in contact with
the prime conductor of a frictional machine carrying an universal discharger.
The machine is now turned and the line if perfect charges like a Leyden
jar until the tension is such that it discharges itself at the universal discharger.
If the line will not charge and yet has stood the galvanic test the defect can
be increased so as to become easy of detection with the galvanomer by the
following means.-A large heyden battery is charged to a high degree and
then discharged into the wire-the passage of the charge through the defective
spot or spots will so enlarge it or them as to leave no difficulty in finding and
repairing the same.
To prove whether the wire is sufficiently near the centre to be trustworthy
I proceed as in the first instance allowing one inch of distance between the
universal discharger and the prime conductor for every of an inch in thick-
ness of gutta percha covering because electricity of sufficient tension to pass
through 1 inches of atmospheric air will just burst a hole through of an
-inch of gutta-percha. The minute faults from long pin holes though not
serious at first are calculated to impair the durability of the cable because the

page_text: passage of powerful currents enlarges them by the small quantity of water
becoming heated and the gutta percha even charred when the current is
powerful. These faults will ultimately acquire such magnitude that the wire
will be destroyed by electrolytic action. I have known several instances where
the wire has been eaten asunder..
In long submarine circuits the intensity of the current has to be increased
nearly as the cube of the distance unless the diniensions of the conducting
wire be increased in the proper ratio by which means any distance can be
reached without excessive battery power.
Figs. 56 & 37 shew the printing machine with two writing levers the one
moved when a positive current flows down the line the second when a negative
current. The double relay and treble key board are used with this machine
as hereafter described.
a. a. are electro-magnets at a the second electro-magnet-b one arma-
ture the second c the axle of the armature b-d the axle of the
armature b' insulated. from each other by ivory as shown at e f the points
for marking the paper-g roller round which the paper passes to be marked
h upper roller passing on g-i springs to press the rollers together the
reservoir of paper . axis to give tension to the springs 1. m-n n' upper
stops o. o. lower stops to regulate the play of bb-p a pin projecting from
the axis q Fig. 38 carrying the stopping lever 7.-8. a barrel with a spiral
groove which runs round until the lever t butts against the ends of the groove
at u. at stops the machine. so long as the armatures b. b', are at rest, but if
either be attracted the lever t is elevated out of the groove and thrown
against the flange by the spring w and the machine will run on until the
levert is carried by the action of the spiral to u but if the armatures aré
depressed before the lever t reach u it will fly back again and again to v until
the armatures cease to work-
Fig. 39 shows one of the armatures removed-it has a spring a to insure
better contact-when translating currents.
y is a platina A ignited to a white heat by a battery to burn holes in the
paper instead of simply indenting it-The spirals C Z are of copper wire
and are insulated from the bars f. by pieces of porcelain or glass. These marks
are much more visible than simply indented marks. These perforated slips
can be used for repeating the despatches to a series of branch stations by an
apparatus similar to that used by Baine for printing from perforated paper.
Where the points are used a silk band containing a soft blacking can be run
through with the paper when the indented marks will be black-this band
can be used over again many times without renewal.
.

page_text: Fig. S Sheet 1 shows the double-action relay the pieces g. g'. are connected
with the terminal c of the local battery. The screws m m' are con-
nected with the terminals S¹ and S³. When a positive current flows through
the line the local circuit is completed through S' and when a negative cur-
rent flows through the line the local circuit is completed through S². The
other parts of the relay have all been previously explained.
When
When the circuit S' is completed the right-hand armature b of the printing
machine is depressed and the paper marked on the right-hand side.
circuit S is completed the left-hand armature b¹ is depressed and the paper
is marked on the left-hand side-These actions when desired translate on cur-
rents to more distant stations. For this purpose No. 2 line wire is connected
with the axle & the circuit is continued on through the armature b' to the
upper stop n' which is connected to the axis c and armature b, from the
circuit passes through the upper stop n to the relay of No. 2 line wire. If
be depressed the line wire is removed from its relay at n and is connected
with copper via o. If b' be depressed the line wire is also disconnected from
its relay at n' and' connected with zinc via o' thus translating on to more
distant stations similar currents to those by which it was actuated..
KEY BOARD.
Fig. 40 is a plan Fig. 41 is a side view shewing key a Fig. 42 is a side
view showing key a Fig. 43 is an end view Fig. 44 is a front view of
switch Fig. 45.shows the piece m. a a right and left hand keys. b bl
their sockets.
cc' springs to elevate the haifdles a a. d spring contact in
connexion with copper pole of battery the zinc being to earth. e ditto ditto
in connexion with zinc pole of a battery the copper being to earth. f.f stops
to regulate the play of the handles a a. g central stop connected to relay
and upon which the cross bar rests connecting line to relay. i switch
connecting line to bb' ordinarily via the spring j. There is a spring in i
which throws over, the switch as shown in Fig. 40 by the dotted lines and
then when at rest depressing the spring m Figs. 40 45 a negative
current. circulates down the line-When a² is depressed a positive current
flows down the line. When the switch is pulled over the line is connected via
the spring to the third key a. The keys a and-a are-to actuate the
double writing apparatus. They are used with overground wires and sub-
marine cables of short length. When a is depressed a positive current flows
down the line via b the switch and terminal L. When a is depressed-a
negative current flows down the line actuating its distant relay and writing
apparatus accordingly. The relay, is disconnected from the line at g by the

page_text: elevation of the cross bar h consequent upon the depression of either
handle.
When in the case of overground wires, the insulation becomes so bad from
damp weather or other causes that this and the ordinary systems will not work
yet can communication at the ordinary speed of Morse's system be carried on
by turning over the switch and using the 3rd key a with the Morse's
alphabet in this state the system has all the advantages of the protecting
current of my Patent dated February 1854. The switch by being turned
over as shown by the dotted lines removes the line wire from the keys a and
a and connects it to a², in this state when the key a² is up a negative
current circulates through the line and when depressed a positive current
flows to the distant station-In this case the alternate currents enable .com-
munication to be maintained when from imperfect insulation and leakage from
one wire to the other the ordinary systems fail.
If these machines be used between towns where there is much business to
increase the power of the wires they can also be used for translating in con-
junction with the ordinary translators of Steinheil when only one armature
will work. Thus the introduction of these instruments into a system where
the Morse is used will not prevent the ordinary translation from being carried
on as beforehand.
CLAIMS.
I claim the mode of making electro-magnets as used in my relays, shown
in Figs. 1. 2. 3. and 4 &c. in so far as regards the obtaining nearly the whole
of the magnetic power evolved by the wire coils and using the same in con-
junction with the deflecting power of the coils of wire forming the said peculiar
shaped electro-magnet for telegraphic relays...
The general arrangement of the relays for completing one or two local
circuits shown in Fig. S.
The apparatus for and the three modes of extending by translation my
system patented in 1854.
The apparatus for translating my system into the Morse's and vice versa.
The general arrangement of the key for sending alternate currents as used
for working my system in conjunction with the Morse's.
The means described for translating from one submarine or subterranean
circuit into another.
The use of wheel-work or pendulous bodies to re-establish the length of the
short signals lost during translation enabling long lines containing many
translators to be worked with but little loss of speed and with greater
certainty.

page_text: The general arrangement of double-marking apparatus described Figs.
36 & 37.
The apparatus for simultaneously hardening and magnetising steel, or cast-
iron, bars.
The triple key board to be used with the foregoing double printing
machines.
The use of a marker heated by electricity to perforate the paper and the
use of these perforated slips for re-transmitting the despatch to one or more
stations automatically..
The measuring into submarine or subterranean wires definite quantities of
electricity so that the charge of the said wire shall be as nearly as possible
the same with long as with short contacts.
The means described in Fig. 26 for reducing the residual magnetism of the
electro-magnets used in printing or translating apparatus.
In witness whereof I the said Cromwell Fleetwood Varley have here-
unto set my hand and seal the Eighth day of December in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-five.
CROMWELL FLEETWOOD VARLEY.
(L.S.)