IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION AND MODE OF WORKING PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION
Year: 1882

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Harrison Aydon of Whitton, Near Hounslow, in the
County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, and Edward Field, of Chandos
Chambers, Adelphi, in the City of Westminster, Consulting Engineer for
an invention of IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION AND MODE OF WORKING
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Harrison Aydon and
Edward Field at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 10th June
1882.
HARRISON AYDON of Whitton Near Hounslow in the County of Middlesex,
Civil Engineer, and EDWARD FIELD of Chandos Chambers, Adelphi in the City
of Westminster, Consulting Engineer, "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION
AND MODE OF WORKING APPARATUS WHEREIN STEAM IS GENERATED TO ACTUATE
MOTIVE POWER ENGINES
"
With steam generators as usually constructed and worked great loss occurs in
consequence of the escape at high temperature of the products of combustion of
the fuel employed. It has been proposed to obviate this loss by utilising the
gaseous products of combustion in conjunction with the steam to work the engine
but arrangements heretofore proposed to that end have been open to objection
owing to excessive deposit of solid matters in the steam generator.
Now according to our invention we employ a combination of three chambers
to be hereinafter called respectively No 1, No 2, and No 3. In No 1 is effected
under pressure combustion of the fuel, in No 2 steam is generated by contact of
water therein with the surfaces heated by heat generated in No 1, and No 3
receives the products of combustion from No 1 which in it are brought into
contact with moisture whereby the expansion of the mixed vapours is largely
increased some steam is generated and more or less superheated and solid particles
are deposited from the products of combustion so that they do not come into

page_text: contact with any surface directly acted upon by fire. The construction and
arrangement of the three chambers and their mode of communication may be
variously modified. According to one arrangement, No 1 is a close-furnace into
which the necessary amount of fuel can be introduced at will without reducing the
pressure of the gases in the chamber to any appreciable extent. The surface of
this chamber forms the effective heating surface for producing the major part of
the steam as in an ordinary boiler. This chamber is by an air pump or other
.suitable means supplied with air (by preference in quantity exceeding that required
for the combustion of the fuel) at a predetermined working pressure and is con-
nected with No 3 by suitable pipes or passages so that the products of combustion
may by means to be presently described pass under pressure through valves or
otherwise into No when the pressure in No 1 is in excess of that in No 3. No 2
chamber contains the water from which the main portion of the steam is to be
generated; also steam so generated. This chamber is connected with No 3 by
means of pipes or passages which may either be always open or be closed at
pleasure or may be fitted with self acting valves that will allow steam to pass from
No 2 into No 3 but not to return.
No 3 contains water whereof the quantity may be increased or decreased at will
and which is of the same temperature or thereabouts as that from which the steam
is generated in No 2. The pipe or pipes whereby the whole of the heated products
of combustion pass from No 1 into No 3 extend vertically through the water
contained in No 3 and terminate some little distance above its surface in valve
seats or similar devices closed by suitable valves and caps or bells which hang
down over the upper ends of each of the said pipes in such a manner that whilst
the valves close the ends of the pipes (thus preventing any return of gases or steam
into No 1) the caps or bells dip into the water contained in No 3 and compel all
the products of combustion as the valves and caps or bells lift to pass through this
water thus generating steam. In forming this steam only part of the heat of the
products of combustion is used, the remainder mixes with and renders highly
expansive the moist vapour in the upper part of No 3 chamber which vapour
mixed with the steam from No 2 chamber is used after the ordinary manner of
using steam in a steam engine for producing motive power. Admixture before use
of the steam from No 2 and of the vapour from No 3 may take place in a separate
chamber or chambers or in a pipe or pipes.
Apparatus with three chambers to operate on the principle of our invention may
be arranged horizontally, also No 3 chamber may in some cases be an open
chamber of annular or other form situate within No 2 chamber but so arranged
as to receive and retain until blown out or otherwise removed solid particles carried
from No 1 chamber with the gaseous products of combustion. Also in lieu of a
reservoir of water in No 3 chamber the generation of steam and washing of the
products of combustion may be effected by bringing water into contact therewith
in the form of a sheet or stream or spray. An existing boiler may be converted
into a generator to operate according to our invention by closing the furnace so as
to form No 1 chamber and providing a No 3 chamber that may be made separate
from the boiler but connected with it after the manner before described so that
the steam and water space of the original boiler will become the No 2 chamber
of the compound apparatus.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said Harrison Aydon and Edward Field in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 9th December 1882.
HARRISON AYDON, of Whitton near Hounslow in the County of Middlesex,
Civil Engineer, and EDWARD FIELD of Chandos Chambers, Adelphi, in the City
of Westminster, Consulting Engineer, IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION
85
AND MODE OF WORKING APPARATUS WHEREIN STEAM IS GENERATED TO ACTUATE
MOTIVE POWER ENGINES"
With steam generators as usually constructed and worked great loss occurs in
consequence of the escape at high temperature of the products of combustion of
the fuel employed
It has been proposed to obviate this loss by utilizing the gaseous products of
combustion in conjunction with the steam to work the engine but arrangements
heretofore proposed to that end have been open to objection owing to excessive
deposit of solid matters in the steam generator.
Now, according to our invention, we employ a combination of three chambers
to be hereinafter called respectively No. 1, No. 2 and No. 3.
In No. 1 is effected under pressure combustion of the fuel; in No. 2 steam is
generated by contact of water therein with the surfaces beated by heat generated
in No. 1, and No. 3 receives the products of combustion from No. 1 which in it
are brought into contact with moisture, whereby the expansion of the mixed
vapours is largely increased, some steam is generated, and more or less superheated,
and solid particles are deposited from the products of combustion on a surface not
directly acted upon by fire
The construction and arrangement of the three chambers, and their mode of
communication may be variously modified.
According to one arrangement No. 1 is a close furnace into which the necessary
amount of fuel can be introduced, at will, without reducing the pressure of the
gases in the chamber, to any appreciable extent.
The surface of this chamber forms the effective heating surface for producing the
major part of the steam, as in an ordinary boiler.
This chamber is, by an air pump or other suitable means, supplied with air (by
preference in quantity exceeding that required for the combustion of the fuel) at a
predetermined working pressure, and is connected with No. 3 by suitable pipes
or passages, so that the products of combustion may, by means to be presently
described, pass under pressure through valves or otherwise into No. 3, when the
pressure in No. 1 is in excess of that in No. 3 No. 2 chamber contains the
water from which the main portion of the steam is to be generated, also steam so
generated.
This chamber is connected with No. 3 by means of pipes or passages, which
may either be always open, or be closed at pleasure; or may be fitted with self
acting valves that will allow steam to pass from No 2 into No. 3 but not to
return.
No. 3 contains water whereof the quantity may be increased or decreased at
will, and which is of the same temperature (or thereabouts) as that from which
the steam is generated in No. 2.
The pipe or pipes whereby the whole of the heated products of combustion pass
from No. 1 into No. 3 extends or extend vertically through the water contained
in No. 3 and terminates or terminate some little distance above its surface in one
or more valve seats or similar devices, closed by suitable valves and caps. or bells,

page_text: which hang down over the upper end of each of the said pipes in such a manner
that whilst the valves close the ends of the pipes (thus preventing any return of
gases or steam into No 1.) the caps or bells dip into the water contained in No. 3,
and compel all the products of combustion, as the valves and caps or bells lift, to
pass through this water, thus the products of combustion are thereby washed and
more or less charged with moisture, solid particles are deposited in the chamber,
and some little steam is generated.
In forming this steam, only part of the heat of the products of combustion is
used; the remainder mixes with, and renders highly expansive, the moist vapour
in the upper part of No. 3 chamber, which vapour mixed with the steam from
No. 2 chamber, is used after the ordinary manner of using steam in a steam engine
for producing motive power.
Admixture, before use, of the steam from No. 2 and of the vapour from No. 3
may take place in a separate chamber or chambers, or in a pipe or pipes.
Apparatus with three chambers to operate on the principle of our invention may
be arranged horizontally, also No. 3 chamber may, in some cases, be an open
chamber, of annular or other form, situate within No. 2 chamber, but so arranged
as to receive and retain, until blown out or otherwise removed, solid particles
carried from No. 1 chamber with the gaseous products of combustion.
Also, in lieu of a reservoir of water in No. 3 chamber, the generation of steam
and washing of the products of combustion may be effected by bringing water
into contact therewith in the form of a sheet or streams or spray.
An existing boiler may be converted into a generator to operate according to
our invention, by closing the furnace so as to form No. 1 chamber, and providing
a No. 3 chamber, that may be made separate from the boiler, but connected with
it after the manner before described, so that the steam and water space of the
original boiler will become the No. 2 chamber of the compound apparatus.
In the accompanying sheet of drawings;—
Fig. 1 shews an arrangement of vertical steam generator according to our invention.
No. I is a close furnace or combustion chamber of which a' is the ashpit, a² a² are
the fire bars, a³ is the air inlet, a the close ashpit door, and a³ the close fire door.
No. 2 is a steam and water chamber enveloping No. 1 chamber 61 is the water
level in No. 2 chamber. No. 3 is a washing and mixing chamber c¹ is a mud pocket
forming part of this chamber. c2 is the water level in No. 3 chamber. d is the fuel
supply trunk, e a double valve fuel charger of which e¹ is the close cap and e² the
valve. ff are pipes or passages establishing communication between No. 1 chamber
and No. 3 chamber. ff¹ cap valves to prevent flow of vapour from No. 3 chamber
to No. 1 chamber. g is a pipe or passage establing communication between No. 2
chamber and No 3 chamber. h is the outlet to the engine, h³ is a relief cock or
valve used when lighting the fire, i is a blow off pipe whereby solid matters may
be discharged.
1
The action of this apparatus is as follows:-
No. 2 chamber is charged with water up to the water line b' and the water level
is maintained at that height in the usual manner by the use of a feed pump or
injector and water gauge. No. 3 chamber is likewise charged with water kept (in
a similar manner) up to the level c² or thereabout.
The close doors as and a¹ are removed, fuel is laid on the bars a² the cock h¹ is
opened to the atmosphere, the fuel is ignited through a³ and a gentle blast of air
is allowed to enter at a³ from some suitable injecting apparatus such as a hand air
pump or blower, which, however is only required for starting. When the fuel is
well alight a5 and a* are closed and the fire is allowed to burn up, the products of
combustion passing through the passages f, f, lifting the cap valves f¹ f¹ and
proceeding down the caps through the water below the level c², in which water,
solid matters or particles that accompanied the products of combustion will be
deposited so as to settle in c¹ and also washing of the products of combustion will
take place, and they will be thereby more or less charged with moisture.
By the action of the fire in No. 1 steam will be produced in No. 2 chamber,—

page_text: as this occurs such steam will pass from No.
chamber through the passage g into
No. 3 chamber where it will mix with the products of combustion as they rise
above the water level c². If now the cock h¹ be closed, and the air pump be still
kept working by hand or other means independent of the engine for a short time
there will be attained a sufficient pressure in No. 3 chamber to drive the engine
The air pump may then be connected with the engine; and, according to the
state of the fire, and the amount of air forced in through a³, so will the pressure
rise, the fire being replenished as required with fuel by any suitable means such
for example as the door and valve arrangement shown at e and e¹ Fig. 1
This door and valve arrangement is one of which the construction and operation
are well understood.
From the foregoing explanation it will be seen that the products of combustion
pass from No. 1 chamber into and through the water contained in No. 3 chamber
wherein they are washed and deprived of solid particles; after which the washed
products of combustion pass into that part of No. 3 chamber situate above the water
level c2, and there mix with steam from No. 2 chamber. As the temperature of
the products of combustion is considerably higher than the temperature of the
steam at the same pressure it follows that a large increase of pressure results from
their admixture in No. 3 chamber and that the mixture will possess an expansive
force corresponding to this increased pressure.
The engine that drives the air pump may be the main engine which it is the
office of the generator to work, or a separate engine may be employed.
In a compound generator such as represented in Fig 1 in lieu of supplying air at
starting by means of a hand blower, we may open the valve e² and the cap e¹ and
the doors at and a³ then light the fire on the bars a³ close the door a³ and raise
sufficient steam to start the engine (the trunk & being used as a chimney) the
valve e the cap e¹ and the door a¹ may then be closed, and the aft pump started
when the pressure will rise to the required extent varying with the amount of air
and fuel supplied. In this case it will not be necessary to open the cock h¹.
Figs. 2 and 3 shew longitudinal and transverse sections of a multitubular boiler
with our invention applied to it.
Figs. 4 and 5 shew similar sections of a horizontal tubuluous boiler with steam
chest.
Fig. 6 shews a longitudinal section of an ordinary Cornish boiler converted into
a compound boiler according to our invention.
Fig. 7 is a longitudinal section of a Galloway Boiler arranged with water shower
to wash the products of combustion in No. 3 chamber instead of causing the
products of combustion to pass through the water in the manner described with
reference to Fig. 1.
In this case there is an internal communication between Nos. 2 and 3 chambers
as shewn and the water for washing the products of combustion enters No. 3
chamber at the supply being so regulated to maintain the desired level. Fig. 8
shews our invention applied to a horizontal tubular boiler, but in this case the
products of combustion are washed in No. 3 chamber by passing between perforated
trays in that chamber through which trays water is made to percolate such
water entering at k and the supply being regulated as described with reference to
Fig. 7.
Fig. 9 is a vertical section of an upright boiler similar to that shewn in Fig. 1
but having the deposit chamber c' somewhat differently arranged, and the passage g
formed round the feed trunk d instead of being arranged externally.
Figs. 10 and 11 shew longitudinal and transverse sections respectively of a
horizontal tubulous boiler having the No. 3 chamber built on to the shell of the
boiler. c¹ is a pocket wherein solid particles are deposited from the products of
combustion.
In the above figures, the following letters of reference (when ever they occur)
are used to denote the parts to which we are about to assign them, (that is to say)

page_text: a ashpit, a furnace bars, a³ inlet for air under pressure, a door of "close" (i.e.
'airtight") ashpit, a door of "close" furnace.
"
b' level of water in No. 2 chamber c¹ mud pocket or sediment collector-c² level
of water in No. 3 chamber, d fuel supply "trunk," e double valve arrangement for
feeding fuel without appreciably lowering the pressure in No. 1 chamber, e cone
valve of the feeding arrangement, and e¹ the tight cap or door of the same,-
ff pipes establishing communication between No. 1 chamber and No. 3 chamber,
ffcap valves for preventing return of products of combustion from No. 3
chamber to No. 1 chamber and which serve also to compel the products of
combustion to pass through the water in No. 3 chamber (except in Figs. 7 and 8),
g pipe or passage establishing communication between No. 2 chamber and No. 3
chamber. h outlet to engine, h¹ relief cock used when starting as described with
reference to Fig. 1,-i cock through which solid particles can be blown out.
It will be noted that in the horizontal boilers we have shewn the arrangement
is in each case such that a considerable proportion of the solid particles will
be deposited in No. 1 chamber before the products of combustion enter No. 3
chamber.
Having thus described the nature of our said invention and the manner of
carrying it into practical effect we hereby declare that what we claim is :-
1 The use in combination of a close combustion chamber, a steam generating
chamber, and a depositing chamber or chambers (either separate from the steam
generating chamber or situate therein above the water line) the arrangement and
connections being such that products of combustion are caused to pass from the
combustion chamber into the depositing chamber or chambers (so that solid
matters or particles may be deposited therein) and afterwards to mix with steam
that has been generated in the steam generating chamber substantially as
described.
2 The combined use of three chambers, viz. a No. 1 chamber wherein combustion
of fuel takes place under pressure, a No. 2 chamber wherein steam is generated;
and a No. 3 chamber wherein products of combustion from No. 1 chamber are
washed prior to becoming mixed with steam that has been generated in No. 2
chamber substantially as described.
3 Constructing steam generators wherein products of combustion are washed
and afterwards mixed with steam as hereinbefore described with reference to and
illustrated respectively in Fig. 1-in Figs. 2 and 3, in Figs. 4 and 5, in Fig. 6, in
Fig. 7, in Fig. 8, in Fig. 9, and in Figs. 10 and 11 of the accompanying drawings.
In witness' whereof I the said Edward Field have hereunto set my hand
and seal this Ninth day of December in the year of our Lord, one
thousand eight hundred and eighty two.