IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR GENERATING ELECTRIC CURRENTS, ALSO IN ELECTRIC LAMPS, AND IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBONS TO BE USED THEREWITH, PART OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS IS APPLICABLE TO ELECTRO MAGNETS GENERALLY
Year: 1879

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Charles Frederick Heinrichs, of Guilford Street, Russell
Square, in the County of Middlesex, Electrician, for the Invention of
"IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR GENERATING ELECTRIC CURRENTS, ALSO
IN ELECTRIC LAMPS, AND IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBONS TO BE USED
THEREWITH, PART OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS IS APPLICABLE TO ELECTRO
MAGNETS GENERALLY."
Sealed the 20th April 1880, and dated the 11th November 1879.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Charles Frederick Heinrichs
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 11th November 1879.
CHARLES FREDERICK HEINRICHS, of Guilford Street, Russell Square, in the
County of Middlesex, Electrician. "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR GENE-
RATING ELECTRIC CURRENTS, ALSO IN ELECTRIC LAMPS, AND IN THE MANUFACTURE
OF CARBONS TO BE USED THEREWITH, PART OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS IS APPLICABLE
TO ELECTRO MAGNETS GENERALLY."
My Invention relates, firstly, to new and improved means and apparatus for
generating electric currents to be used for the production of electric light, the
transmission of motive power for chemical decomposition, and other purposes.
It consists in an improvement on the well known Paccinotti rotating ring
armature or induction coil. The soft iron core of the ring armature (which has
to become magnetized by the influence of two or more electro magnets or per-
manent steel magnets) I make U shaped in cross section, the hollow part being
inwards; or I may vary the form of the section so long as the channel form is
retained. The insulated copper wire used to cover this section of ring will overlie
only that part of the core which is directly under the influence of the inducing
magnets, and thus the neutralizing influences set up in the armature coils will be
reduced to a minimum.
The section of the field magnets I modify to suit the form of the rotating
armature.
The insulated copper wire of the armature I wind in many sections or bobbins
in one direction as usual, and I employ mostly even numbers of such sections.

page_text: I connect the sections with each other by insulated metal commutator plates in
the following manner, viz.:-The one end of the insulated copper wire of one
section connect with the beginning of the insulated copper wire of the next
following section by a commutator plate; or I may connect the sections in the
following manner:-One end of the insulated copper wire of one section I connect
with the beginning of the insulated copper wire of the section which is placed on
the opposite side of the ring core, so as to produce pairs of sections. The several
pairs will then be alternately connected with each other, and continuously by the
commutator plates.
In the last mentioned arrangement I employ preferably such even numbers as
10, 14, 18, 22, 42, 54, which numbers will when divided in pairs give an uneven
number, so as to enable me to connect the before mentioned sections in pairs
alternately with each other.
The inducing or field magnets I arrange so as to surround that part of the
armature which is covered with the insulated copper wire.
The currents generated in my improved armature I prefer to collect by similar
means to that described in the Specification of my Patent dated 13th November
1878, No. 4595. Secondly, my Invention relates to improvements in electric
lamps, and particularly those described in the Specification of my above named
Patent. It consists in the improved application of curved or circular carbon pencils
with or without straight carbon pencils, and in improved mechanism in combination
with electro-magnets for regulating the consumption of carbon pencils.
I employ one set of curved carbon pencils, of which the consumption is regulated
in the same manner as described in my said Patent with reference to Figs. 9, 10, 11,
and 12, or in which the consumption is regulated in the manner later described as
follows: The two spindles upon which the arms that carry the carbon pencils are
mounted I set at an angle to each other. This will allow the arms to pass the
framework of the lamp, and will enable me to use a length of carbon greater than
a semi circle.
As a modification I may employ two curved or semi circular carbon pencils
fitted at one extremity to pivots or hinged joints, their free ends being kept con-
stantly together by mechanical means. Or one set of such curved carbons may be
used in combination with a straight carbon pencil, the same being so arranged that
the electric current will enter the curved carbon pencils and pass off by the straight
carbon pencils, or vice versa.
I may also employ one set of semicircular carbon pencils arranged in the manner
described in the before mentioned Patent with reference to Fig. 21, Sheet VI., in
combination with a straight carbon pencil, the current entering the curved carbon
pencils and passing off by the straight carbon pencils, or vice versa.
Regulating mechanism may be used with the two last named arrangements, but
I also construct them so that the lengths of the curved carbon pencils are in such
proportion to the length of the straight carbon pencils as to ensure their equal
consumption without the necessity for regulating mechanism.
When using regulating mechanism I may employ the one described in the
Specification of my above named Patent with reference to Figs. 9, 10, 11, and 12,
or I may modify the regulating arrangement there described, and instead of the
two magnets employ only one, with its armature and lever and pallets in such a
manner that the one magnet with its armature and lever will feed and separate the
carbons as required.
I may arrange the arms which hold the carbons in such a manner that they will
balance each other, and therefore have no tendency to advance the carbons nearer
to each other or to draw them further apart. This mechanism is also applicable to
lamps in which straight carbons are employed. Thirdly, my Invention relates to
an improved mode of manufacturing the curved carbon electrodes employed in my
electric lamps. This improvement I effect as follows:-I make the discharge passage
from the cylinder (out of which the prepared carbon is pressed by the piston) in a

page_text: curved form, the curve corresponding preferably with the circle of carbon I wish
to manufacture. By this arrangement the carbon pencil will come out of the
cylinder in the required circular shape; I then join the two ends together, so as to
make a closed ring of the required diameter in order to facilitate the further process
of finishing the carbons.
In some cases I make the ring of an oval section, somewhat larger than the size
required, and press the ring in a die to the required size and hardness. For com-
pressing the carbon ring I use a die composed of four concentric parts, which die
will allow of the pressed carbon ring being easily removed. The carbon ring after
having been finished in the usual manner may be cut up into any required
lengths.
Fourthly, my Invention relates to an improvement which is applicable to electro
magnets generally, and consists in the application thereto of insulated copper tube
instead of wire. By this means I am enabled to diminish the mass of copper when
employed for revolving armatures and to provide for the passage of air or water
through the copper when used for the field or inducing magnets. By causing a
circulation through the tubes I keep the coils cool, and thereby aid in maintaining
the insulation.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said Charles Frederick Heinrichs in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
10th May 1880.
CHARLES FREDERICK HEINRICHS, of Guilford Street, Russell Square, in the
County of Middlesex, Electrician. "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR GENE-
RATING ELECTRIC CURRENTS, ALSO IN ELECTRIC LAMPS, AND IN THE MANUFACTURE
OF CARBONS TO BE USED THEREWITH, PART OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS IS APPLICABLE
TO ELECTRO MAGNETS GENERALLY."
My Invention relates, firstly, to new and improved means and apparatus for
generating electric currents to be used for the production of electric light for the
transmission of motive power, for chemical decomposition, and for other purposes.
It consists in an improvement on the well known Pacinotti ring armature or induc-
tion coil. The soft iron core of the ring armature (which has to become magnetised
by the influence of two or more electro magnets or permanent steel magnets) I make
U shaped in cross section, or I may vary the form of the section so long as the
channel form is retained.
The insulated copper wire (used to cover the ring core) in which the currents are
to be generated will overlie only that part of the core which is directly under the
influence of the usual inducing magnets.
Referring to the accompanying Drawings, in Figure 1 I show a section of the
ring armature made according to my Invention.
Figures 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 are modifications of the principle of my Invention.
It will be seen that this shape of the ring core enables me to wind the insulated
conducting wire on the outer surface of the ring core only, while the inner surface
of the ring core has no influence at all upon the insulated conducting wire. The
advantages I obtain by the adoption of this form of ring core are manifold, and will
easily be understood by reference to a few other forms of ring armatures already in
use, viz., armatures in which the ring core represents in the section a complete body
(as round, square, flat, broad, or long ring), and the insulated conducting wire
overlies in the section the entire surface of the ring core.
In these armatures the accumulation of heat is very great. The heat naturally
produced in all armatures by the many and quick changes of polarity of the core,
and by the currents flowing through the insulated conducting wire, has in these
armatures no outlet, as their outer surface only is in contact with the air; this
heating causes great loss of current, and also destroys in a short time the insulation
of the conducting wire when the generator becomes useless. Further, when the
ring core, wound with the insulated conducting wire in the usual manner, becomes
magnetised by the two north and south inducing magnets powerful electric currents
will only be set up in that part of the conducting wire which overlies the external
surface of the ring core, while that part of the conducting wire which overlies the
internal surface of the ring core is too far out of the influence of the inducing
magnets, and is consequently nearly useless, and helps only to increase the internal
resistance of the generator.
In those ring armatures the length of the conducting wire in the section of the
ring which is directly under the influence of the inducing magnets is very short in
proportion to the length of the conducting wire, which is little or not at all under
the influence of the inducing magnets. Again, when the usual ring armature
becomes magnetised by the inducing magnets the inner surface of the ring core will
show a reverse polarity to the outer surface of the ring core, which reverse polarities
will be equally powerful on both sides of the neutral line. For example, when a
given portion of the ring core passes from the north to the south inducing magnet
the outer surface of the ring core becomes north polarity, while the inner surface
will have south polarity, until this portion of the core passes under the most
powerful part of the field of the inducing magnets, when the inner reverse polarity

page_text: of the ring will be neutralized, and not until then will the whole section of that
portion of the ring core show one polarity, and not until then will a powerful
current be set up in the section of the conducting wire which overlies that portion
of the ring core.
This largely explains the fact that the actual points where the brushes collect
sufficient current on these armatures is greatly behind the theoretical points. On
the other hand, in generators where the Pacinotti ring core has been made in the
form of a cylinder the wire wound on the cylinder overlies only the outer surface
of the core, and the results attempted there are somewhat similar to those obtained
by the employment of my channelled ring core; but as the insulated copper wire of
one section wound on that cylinder core crosses nearly all the wires of the other
sections on the two ends of the cylinder, currents will be set up opposing the main
current in those parts of the conducting wires which are at a given moment in or
near the neutral line of the generator, and which are crossed by those conducting
wires, in which at the same time the most powerful electric currents are set up, i.e.,
those which are at that time under the most powerful influence of the inducing
magnets.
In addition the winding of the conducting wires in the form of a ring arma-
ture does not (in most cases) admit of connecting the several sections of conducting
wire equally under each other in such a manner as to produce at all positions of
the armature to the inducing magnets two perfectly equal currents in the armature.
Now by the adoption of the principle under which I have constructed my new
channeled ring core the before mentioned disadvantages are completely overcome,
and further advantages gained. It will be seen by Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8
in the Drawings, which show the different sections of ring cores constructed
according to my Invention, that I do not make use of the inner surface of the ring
core r, and that the inducing magnets m, m, as shewn in the sections, surround the
entire outer surface of the channelled ring core, consequently the insulated con-
ducting wire which overlies that part of the core (and in which the electric currents
are set up) is made use of to the utmost, while that part of the insulated conducting
wire which crosses the channel of the ring (and is consequently nearly useless for
the production of electric currents) is very short, and entire out of the influence
of the reverse polarity of the inner surface of the core.
Air can freely circulate in the channel, and in this form of the ring core the
accumulation of heat is prevented by free access of air to the outer and inner surface
of the ring armature.
It is obvious that in generators constructed according to my Invention the
greatest efficiency can be maintained with the least waste of mechanical power
which is required to actuate the generator.
In Figure 1 I show the principal form of my ring armature made of a bundle of
iron wire wound round the guard 8, which is made of sheet iron or other suitable
material;
this guard I may employ in the required shape in all other modifications,
Figures 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8, when I make the channelled ring corer out of a
bundle of iron wire, but I may also make the channelled ring core r of solid iron
or sheet iron.
w represents the insulated conducting wire wound round the core as shown, and
in which the currents are set up by revolving the channelled ring core within the
fields m, m, of the inducing magnets, or the ring may be fixed and the inducing
magnets rotated around the armature (see Figure 3).
Having thus described the principal part of my Invention I will now describe a
few apparatus constructed by me, in which I effectually employ the channelled
ring armature. Figures 9 and 10 show an apparatus for generating an electric
current continuously in one direction. Around the channelled ring core r, r, I
have wound the insulated conducting wire w in thirty sections (but I may employ
any other number of sections). I connect the sections with each other by a cor-
responding number of insulated metal commutator plates c¹ to c⁰ in the usual
manner, viz. The one end of the insulated conducting wire of one section I

page_text: connect with the beginning of the insulated conducting wire of the next following
section in order by a commutator plate, or I may connect the sections in the
following manner:-One end of the insulated copper wire of one section I connect
with the beginning of the insulated copper wire of the section which is placed on
the opposite side of the ring core so as to produce pairs of sections, the several
pairs will then be alternately connected with each other and continuously by a
corresponding number of commutator plates.
I employ preferably such even numbers as 10, 14, 18, 30, 42, 50, which numbers,
when divided in pairs, give an uneven number so as to enable me to connect the
before mentioned sections of conducting wire in pairs alternately with each other.
Upon the shafts are fixed the bosses a¹, a². To each of the bosses are attached
six radial arms a (I may also employ any other number of arms) which carry the
.channelled ring core r, as shown in the lower part of the section Figure 9. The
inducing electro-magnets m³, m³, N, and m³, m³, S, surround the entire outer
surface of the channelled ring core in the section, and about two thirds in the
circumference, as shown in Figures 9 and 10.
If the ring armature, as fixed with the commutator c to the shafts by the pin k
and nut n, is set in motion by the pulley p electric currents will be generated in
the insulated copper wire w, and may be collected in the usual manner by the
brushes b¹, 6, from the commutator c.
These currents are sent through the coils of the inducing electro magnets m³, m²,
(which increases their magnetic power) to the terminals t¹, t², and thence to the
lamp or other place where the current is required.
It will be seen in Figure 9 that the two sets of arms which hold and carry the
channelled ring core are opened below the channel, through which opening air can
freely circulate through the channel of the ring core.
I
| The small size and compactness (which does not reduce the efficiency of this
generator) enables me to construct two or more apparatus on one shaft, see
Figure 11, which will take the place of multiple circuit machines. These currents
can be employed for the usual purposes, the production of electric light, the trans-
mission of motive power, chemical decomposition, and for many other purposes.
may alter the details of construction to suit the details of requirements. I may use
hollow conducting wire in the manner which I will describe in the fourth part of
my Invention. I may use solid, flat, square, round, or any shaped conducting wire
insulated in a suitable manner as necessity may require.
The same principle of my Invention enables me to construct apparatus for
generating alternating electric currents which may be collected from the channelled
ring core in multiple circuits with the most favourable results, and in this apparatus
the channelled ring core may be fixed, and the inducing magnets rotated around it.
As the electric source to excite the inducing electro-magnets I may employ one of
the apparatus hereinbefore described or any other suitable source from which I can
obtain electric currents sufficient to excite the inducing electro-magnets as required,
but I may also employ permanent steel magnets in place of the electro magnets as
the inducing magnets. In Figures 12 and 13 I show an apparatus constructed
accordingly, and where I use the current generated in one of the apparatus before
described to excite inducing electro magnets. To facilitate the employment of
the two apparatus I place the ring armature of the small continuous current
generator on the same shaft with the inducing electro magnets of the multiple
current generator.
The channelled ring core ³ I fix into the ring frame h, h, to the 12 supports k by
the twelve holders a. These holders I may make out of iron or any suitable
substance. As will be seen in Figure 12 the six sets of electro inducing magnets
m³, m², m³, m³, (I may employ any other number) which are fixed to the shaft s
by the central bosses o¹, 02, surround the entire outer surface of the fixed
channelled ring core constructed according to my Invention.
The insulated copper wire w which overlies the ring core r³, and in which the
currents are generated, I wind in several sections, in this case twelve, and connect

page_text: the ends of the wires of these sections to a corresponding number of terminals t,
which may be again connected with each other to one or more circuits as required.
If the shaft s is set in motion by mechanical power through the pulley p a con-
tinuous electric current will be generated in the small generator G (the exciter)
which will be collected by the usual metal brushes 61, 6%. These I connect to the
inetal brushes b³, b, of the large apparatus, which brushes are in constant connection
with the small metal pulleys c³, c', which are insulated from the shaft s. From
these metal pulleys c³, c, the current is led through the inducing electro magnets
m', m', mo, me, in such a manner as to produce in them alternately north and
south polarity in the circumference. It will now be obvious that the current
produced in the small generator passes through the six sets of inducing electro
magnets to the large generator, as before described, which when rotated within the
channelled ring armature 2 will produce alternating currents in the section of the
insulated conducting wire surrounding the core under the same favourable conditions
as before described in my apparatus for generating electric currents continuously
in one direction.
In Figures 14, 15, 16, and 17 I show an apparatus constructed according to my
Invention, but greatly simplified from the one before described, and in which the
details are so arranged as to make the excitor and the multiple circuit generator
substantially one generator. Both ring armatures are fixed, and all the inducing
magnets rotate before them. To the base f, f, are fixed the bearings e, e, of the
shaft 8; p is the pulley by which the shaft can be set in motion. To the shaft s
is fixed the metal plate o, o, to the one side of which are fixed the two sets of
inducing electro magnets m³, m³, surrounding the small channelled ring armature
,, as shown in Figures 14 and 16. To the other side of the plate o, o, are fixed
the six or more inducing electro magnets, which surround the large channelled ring
armature 3, 2, as shown in Figures 14 and 15. Both channelled ring armatures
are fixed to their respective side frames 11, 12, and to the supports k, ², by the
holders a¹, a. These side frames 1, 3, are fixed to the strong ring frame h, h,
which again is held to the base f. f, by the supports q¹, 9%. The small channelled
ring corer is wound with insulated conducting wire w in many sections (16 in
this case). These are connected with each other continuously to the stationary
commutator plates c¹ to c¹. These are insulated from each other and from the
plate by the insulating piece i, see Figures 14 and 17. The metal brushes b², 6º,
with their holders h¹, h2, are fixed to the shaft 8, and are insulated from each other
and from the shaft s. When the shaft 8 is set in motion by the pulley p the
continuous currents generated in the small channelled ring armature will be
collected by the rotating metal brushes b¹, 63, from the fixed commutator c, and led
directly to all the inducing electro magnets in such a manner as to produce in the
two sets of inducing electro magnets m³, m³, (Figures 14 and 16) one set of north
polarity and one set of south polarity, while the six inducing electro magnets which
revolve before the large channelled ring armature r³ acquire alternately north and
south polarity in the circumference.
The channelled ring core 2 I wind with insulated conducting wire in many
sections, and connect the ends of the conducting wire of each section to a corre-
sponding number of terminals which are fixed insulated to the side frame . It
is obvious that the continuous electric currents generated in the small channelled
ring armature are not alone employed to excite the inducing electro magnets
m¹, m², rotating before it, but also to excite the inducing electro magnets m³ to m³
rotating before the large channelled ring armature 2, in which consequently
alternating electric currents will be generated in the manner before described in
Figures 12 and 13. As will be seen I have left out in this generator the one set
of intermediate metallic brushes 63 and 6, which lead the continuous electric
current to the inducing electro magnets of the multiple circuit generator. The
bulk of the whole apparatus I have reduced to a minimum. I also obtain greater
magnetic force by placing the inducing electro-magnets of both generators on one
iron plate. It will be readily understood that I can also fix all the inducing

page_text: magnets and rotate both channelled ring armatures, but I shall have in that case
to collect the alternating currents by a number of metal brushes and commutator
pulleys corresponding to the number of circuits. The currents so obtained I may
use or employ for any suitable purpose or requirement. In Figures 18 and 19 I
show an improved arrangement of brush and brush holder more suitable to collect
the electric current from the commutator. The metal brush I make out of a
bundle of conducting wire, and dip it into molten soft solder or a similar composition
so as to make a solid body, or I may also employ the usual brushes.
Brush holders which press the brush tangentially upon the commutator have the
disadvantage of, firstly, changing the right position of the brush on the commutator
when the brush becomes worn, and secondly, of great waste.
In Figure 18 I show the improved brush b with the holder h pressed constantly
against the commutator c in a line parallel with the neutral line of the generator
by the action of the weighted arm w upon the pinion p and rack r (which is fixed
to the brush holder b). The whole arrangement is fitted to the base f, which may
be adjustably attached to any generator.
By lifting the weighted arm v the brush is withdrawn from the commutator.
It is well known that apparatus for generating electric currents can also be used
as transmitters of motive power, when an electric current from another source is
sent through the apparatus. In such a case I have to alter the position of the
brush on the commutator, placing it on the other side of the neutral line of the
commutator. I therefore, as shown in Figure 19, employ the double metal brush
61, 6. By reversing the position of the weighted arm w the brush 62 will be
brought into action and the brush b¹ withdrawn.
This simple arrangement is easily understood from the Drawings and the previous
description of the single brush.
Having thus fully described the nature and object of the first portion of my
Invention with reference to Figures 1 to 8 in the Drawings, together with the
manner in which it may be carried into practice with reference to Figures 9 to 19
in the Drawings, I will now state what I declare to be my Invention, and what I
desire to have secured to me by the first portion of these in part recited Letters
Patent,―
Firstly. The ring armature in channel form, in the manner substantially as and
for the purpose herein before described.
Secondly. The general construction of apparatus according to my Invention for
generating electric currents continuous in one direction, or alternating and multiple
circuit currents, in the manner substantially as hereinbefore described.
Thirdly. The general construction of brush holders employed to collect the electric
current from the commutators, in the manner substantially as and for the purpose
as herein before described with reference to Figures 18 and 19 in the Drawings.
The second portion of my Invention relates to improvements in electric lamps,
and particularly those described in the Specification of the Patent granted to me,
dated November 13th, 1878. It consists in improved applications of circular or
curved or spiral carbon pencils in combination with straight carbon pencils, or
without; in the improved application of circular or straight carbon pencils in
combination with a metal ring (or a part of a metal ring) as described in the
Specification of my above named and dated Patent, and also in improved mechanism
in combination with electro magnets. For regulating the consumption of carbon
pencils I employ two sets of circular or semi-circular carbon pencils fitted at one
extremity to pivots or hinged joints, their free ends being kept constantly together
by mechanical means, and in which the arc is started and maintained in the same
manner as shown in Figure 21 of my before named Patent; or one set of such
curved carbons may be used in combination with a straight carbon pencil, the same
being so arranged that the electric current will enter the curved carbon pencils and
pass off by the straight carbon pencil.
I may also employ one set of semi-circular or curved carbons arranged as described

page_text: with reference to Figure 21 of my before named Patent in combination with a
straight carbon pencil, the electric current entering the curved carbon pencils and
passing off by the straight carbon pencil, or vice versa.
Regulating mechanism may be used with the last named arrangements, but I may
also construct some of them so that the lengths and sectional areas of the curved
carbon pencils are in such proportion to the length of the straight carbon pencil as
to ensure their equal consumption without the necessity for regulating mechanism.
When using regulating mechanism I may. employ the regulating mechanism
described in the Specification of my above named Patent; or I may modify the
regulating mechanism, and instead of two electro magnets employ only one, with
its armature and lever and pallets arranged in such a manner that the arrangement
will separate and feed the carbons as required.
I may arrange the arms which hold the carbons in such a manner that they will
balance each other, and therefore have no tendency to advance the carbons nearer
to each other nor to draw them apart. This mechanism is also applicable to lamps
in which straight carbon pencils are employed.
In some modifications of the lamps described in the Specification of my above
inentioned Patent with reference to Figure 16, where I employ one set of circular
carbon pencils connected to the positive pole of the source in combination with a
metal (copper) ring connected to the negative pole of the source, I have found that
if I connect the metal ring to a large metal reflector the ring will be prevented
from being melted by the heat of the electric arc, as the reflector assists in radiating
the heat. This form is more suitable for small lights. For large lights I have
found it necessary to make the curved ring electrode hollow, and to circulate a fluid
through it to prevent being melted by the heat of the electric arc. A constant
circulation of water through the hollow metal electrode of the lamp has already
been several times proposed, but the supply of water to the lamp and its discharge
are very inconvenient. I have adopted the following method:-I connect the
negative curved hollow metal electrode to a large hollow metal reflector, and use
this reflector as a constant reservoir.
It will be understood that the metal reflector, and the fluid, and the curved
hollow metal electrode form the negative electrode of the lamp. By this arrange-
ment I dispense with the complicated apparatus for the supply and discharge of
fluid, and the heated fluid in the hollow curved metal electrode will by its ascent
cause a circulation with the cooler fluid in the large reflector reservoir.
The fluid in the reflector reservoir will never attain a very high temperature on
account of its large heat radiating surface. As fluid I use by preference glycerine.
Glycerine is capable of being heated to 302° Fab. without decomposition, evapora-
tion, and without losing its combined water, and it only freezes at a very low
temperature, it is therefore most suitable to be employed by me for the before
mentioned purpose.
I will now describe several lamps, and their modifications constructed according
to my Invention. In Figures 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, I show an electric lamp in
which two semi circular carbon pencils become separated, and the consumption
of the carbons is regulated by the increase and decrease of the electric current
acting upon an electro magnet, in combination with a lever and two pallets arranged
in such a manner as to separate the carbons by starting the electric arc, and to
maintain the required distance of the arc.
To the regulator frame f, f, are fastened two brackets h¹, h, with the pivots ¹ º,
insulated from each other and from the regulator frame f, f, by the slate plates i, i.
The circular carbons c', c², are attached by their upper extremities to the two
ends of the two radial arms a', a³, whose length is equal to the radius of curvature
of the carbon. The arms a', a³, are pivoted to the spindles j¹, js, which have a
common centre in the brackets h', 2. To the arms are fixed the pinions p', p²,
which are in gearing with the pinions p³, p, by the two racks 1, 78. The two
pinions p, p, are fixed to the spindle s', and are insulated from each other and
from the spindle 81. To the same spindle is fixed, insulated from the spindle and

page_text: from the pinions p³, p, the worm wheel w', which is again in gearing with the worm
screw w. It is obvious that the carbons can only be brought together or separated
by the worm screw w being turned in one or the other direction.
To facilitate the further explanation of the lamp I will draw attention that to the
racks,, are fixed the weights x1, x2, so as to balance as nearly as possible the
weight of the arms a¹, a³, which hold the carbons.
The mechanism which actuates the worm screw win the required direction will
consequently have very little actual work to do. To the worm screw ware fixed
the two ratchet wheels k, l, the one with the teeth in the reverse direction to the
other. The spindle 8, which carries the worm screw and the two ratchet wheels,
plays in the two brackets h³, h*.
The spindle 8 plays in the brackets h, h³, and is in the same line with the
spindle 83. The spindle 8* carries the lever vand the double cam shaped iron
armature e, e, (see Figure 24) which is actuated by the electro magnet m, m.
The lever v carries the two pallets u and y. By moving the lever v from right to
left, or vice versa, the pallet u will turn the ratchet wheel k so as to bring the
carbons in contact with each other, while the pallet y will turn the ratchet wheel /
so as to separate the carbons when the arc has to be started.
To shorten the further explanation of this lamp it must be understood that when
I describe one of the ratchet wheels / or turned by the mechanism, the motion
thus given to the worm screw w will be transmitted by the worm wheel w¹, the
pinion p, p, the racks r¹, r², to pinion p², p², and so move the two arms a¹, a³, to
which the two carbons c¹, c², are attached. The spring z is so adjusted by its
adjustment screw e as to press the lever with the pallet u, thus turning the
ratchet wheel k, which brings the carbon points into contact, when the armature e, e,
will be in the position as shown in Figure 24, as no current is passing the lamp. It
will be seen that in this position the armature e, e, is the farthest away from the
poles of the magnet m, m.
When now an electric current is sent through the lamp, as is shown by the
connecting wires in Figure 20, the armature e, e, will be attracted and thus drawn
in the direction shown by the arrow, and with it the lever v with the pallets. The
pallet y would separate the carbons at once, but in most cases too much. I will
now explain the most essential part of this improved regulating mechanism, that is,
the adjustable guard g which surrounds a small portion of the circumference of the
ratchet wheels. This guard is shown in Figures 21, 22, and 23. By its adjusting
screw e² the guard can be placed in the required position to the pallets u, y. It
prevents the two pallets from actuating the ratchet wheels k, l, unneccessarily.
The guard g is so constructed that if the lever is placed in the middle of the
guard both pallets are lifted on the guard. In Figure 22 is shown the position of
the lever, pallets, and guard when no current is passing in the lamp; the spring z
by acting on the lever v with pallet u has turned the ratchet wheel k, and so
brought the carbons into contact. The length of the guard has such proportions
that when the arc has reached the greatest distance possible and become suddenly
extinguished, the pallet u will still turn the ratchet wheel k sufficiently to bring
the carbons into contact with each other, though the pallet y does not leave the
guard (as shown in Figure 22). If now a current pass through the lamp the
armaturo e, as before described, will be attracted and turn in the direction shown by
the arrow, and with it the lever v, but the pallet y cannot engage into the teeth of
the ratchet wheel until it has passed the guard g (thus the lever v always comes
.to the point where the power of the spring z is nearly balanced by the magnetic
attraction of the magnet m upon the armature e), when the paul y will engage into
the teeth of the ratchet wheel and turn it so as to separate the carbons.
By doing so it certainly weakens the current, and if it were not for the guard g
the pallet would close the carbons at once, but, as shown in Figure 23, the pallet u
was lifted on the guard, and the lever v can return a sufficient distance until the
pallet u will turn the wheel k in the reverse direction if the arc were really too
largely opened. When doing so the current increases again and stops the action of

page_text: the lever. On the other hand, if the arc becomes too extended by the burning
away of the carbon, the spring z presses the lever v backwards, and the pallet u
turus the ratchet wheel k and so brings the carbon points closer, when the current
increases again, and not alone stops the action of the lever v, but also again attracts
the armature e, e, with the lever v. During this play the pallet y rests upon the
guard without action, but should the current greatly increase, the armature e, e,
will be strongly attracted and turn the lever v, and the pallet y will pass the
guard g, engage in the teeth of the ratchet wheel 1, and by turning it open the arc
sufficiently.
It is now obvious that the above explained mechanism in combination with the
guard g closes, opens, regulates, and maintains effectively the arc of an electric
lamp. If the button b, shown in Figure 21, is pressed against the frame f, the bevilled
wheel 6 will come into gearing with the bevilled wheel b¹ which is fixed to the
worin screw shaft 8. Thus the carbon holder arms a¹, a², can be acted upon by the
button b when the carbons have to be replaced. The pallets u, y will be lifted
from the ratchet wheels when the pin q, which is fixed to the button shaft b², is
pressed against the forked arm o which is moveably placed between the two
pallets.
I will now describe a few modifications of these lamp mechanisms. Figure 26
shows the ratchet wheel k, l, the lever v, with the pallets u, y, but instead of being
actuated by the double cam armature the lever v is actuated by the soft iron core c
and solenoid in the known manner. Figure 27 shows a modification of the last
arrangement; here the soft iron core c has a spiral groove w on its circumference
in which the fixed pin p is fitted. When the core c is drawn into the solenoid a
the rotary motion so produced will actuate the before mentioned or similar feeding
mechanism.
-
In Figures 28 and 29 I show a lamp arrangement in which I have adopted worm
screws instead of racks to connect the carbon holder arms with the regulating
mechanism. The regulating mechanism I have actuated by an armature playing in
front of the poles of the electro magnet m, m; the worm screws w', w, have on
their upper extremities cog wheels e', e, which gear into each other. The cog
wheel eis insulated from the worm screw spindle w¹; the spindle of the worm
screw w² carries the two ratchet wheels k, l; on the shaft 8 is fixed the armature a,
and the lever with the pallets u, y. The guard acts in the same manner as in
the lamp arrangements before described. When the ratchet wheels are moved to
the right or to the left the motion will be transmitted to both cog wheels e¹, e²,
and the two worm screws w¹, w, to the worm wheels w³, wt. To the latter are
fixed the carbon holder arms a¹, a³, so that the carbon points can be separated or
closed, as in the other arrangements. Figure 30 shows another lamp arrangement
in which I employ two semi-circular carbon pencils, but the negative carbon is
about one half the diameter of the positive, and the feed of the carbons is effected
by the magnetic attracting power of the magnet m acting as a brake upon the
circumference of the segment shaped armature e while the carbons are separated by
an arrangement similar to that described with reference to Figures 9, 10, 11, and 12,
in the Specification of my before mentioned Patent.
The action of the whole apparatus can be easily understood from reference to the
Drawings, and the explanations of the other lamps. By the adoption of a negative
carbon half the diameter of the positive I simplify the construction of the lamp
mechanism in lamps where continuous currents are employed, as both carbon holder
arms will have an equal motion.
In Figures 31 and 31° I shew an arrangement in which the carbon holder arms
are balanced by the actuating rack, when I employ circular carbons (i.e., nearly a
complete circle) and consequently place the pivots, upon which the carbon arins
are moveable at angles to each other. I then balance the weight of the carbon
holder arm a¹ in such a manner as to lift the arm up to the centre line of the
apparatus as far as the dotted line a, Figure 31.
From this line the arm a' must be prevented from falling.
This I effect in a

page_text: simple manner with the double acting rack 71, as will be seen in Figure 31, the
arm a¹ is fixed to the pinion p¹ which engages in the teeth on the one side of the
rack. The pinion p³ which is connected to the regulating mechanism engages with
its teeth into the teeth of the rack on the same side; thus the weight of the rack
balances the arm.
When now the carbon burns away and the carbon holder arm a¹
is lifted up to the dotted line a by the regulating mechanism acting upon the
pinion p³, the teeth of the pinions p¹, ps, will be disengaged from the teeth of the
rack on that side, and will come in gearing with the teeth on the other side of the
rack. The falling weight of the arm a will then be balanced by the weight of the
rack. To overcome the resistance of long carbons to the electric current I may
copper plate these as is usual, but I prefer to employ the two conductors n¹, n²,
hinged at h, as shown in Figure 28. The conductor n¹ is fixed to the negative
bracket of the lamp, and n² to the positive bracket. The two free ends of the
conductors n¹, n², are constantly resting on the carbons close by the arc; thus they
will greatly assist in transmitting a current to the carbous as near as possible to
the arc.
In Figure 32 I show an arrangement in which I place above the arc point of the
two circular carbons pencils c¹, c², a thick piece of carbon c³ which I may fix insulated
to the lamp. This piece of carbon will become heated and luminious when the arc
is started, and then act as a powerful reflector.
The lamps before described have a large field of utility, and are specially suitable
for very large lights from 2000 to 20,000 candle power, but I have succeeded by
modifying my Invention in constructing the very simple and effective lamps already
described in the Specification of my before mentioned Patent (see Figures 13 to 21
of said Specification).
In Figures 33, 34, and 35 I show an electric lamp greatly improved in the
mechanical detail from that shown in Figure 21 of my before mentioned Patent.
It will be seen that I employ two sets of circular carbon pencils which cross each
other where the electric arc is started and maintained at the crossing point of the
two sets. Figure 33 shows the lamp fitted in the chandelier and enclosed in glass
shades g. Figures 34 and 35 show the details. The two circular carbon pencils c², c³,
are held at one extremity by the two metal arms a¹, a³, the other ends are kept in
constant contact with each other by the weight of the two holder arms.
The two circular carbon pencils c³, c', are held and kept in constant contact with
each other by the two metal arms a³, a'. To the one end of the four metal arms
are fixed the four bevilled pinions p', p², p³, p, which are surrounded by the four
metal covers k¹, k, k³, k, which prevent dust being carried into the bevilled pinions.
Between one set of bevilled pinions p¹, p², I keep in gearing a third pinion p" which
will prevent the arms from falling unequally, and between the other set of bevilled
pinions p, p, I keep the bevilled pinion p in gearing for the same purpose. These
will at the same time keep the crossing point of the two sets of carbons constantly
at the same point, although the two sets of carbons are entirely independent of and
insulated from each other. The one set of metal arms a³, a, with the pinions p³, p*,
are pivoted to the common centre o in the frame f,f, which is fixed insulated to the
lamp base b.
The other set of metal arms a¹, a³, with the pinions p³, p², are pivoted to the
common centrer in the moveable frame g which enters the base b to which is fixed
the armature e. This armature when attracted by the magnet m will lift the one
set of carbons c', c², from the other set c³, c, as will be seen later on.
When no current passes through the lamp both sets of carbons rest in contact
with each other at their crossing point. When a current is sent through the lamp
in order to start the light, the positive current enters the terminal t¹, passes to the
magnet m into the metal boss n, which is in contact with the moveable base g,
thence to the metal arms a¹, a', into the two carbons c¹, c².
The negative current enters the terminal t, thence to the frame f, f, into the
metal arms a³, a, and the two carbons c³, c, when the magnet m will attract the
armature e, which will lift the positive set of carbons a sufficient distance away

page_text: from the negative set of carbons. Thus the arc will be started, and so long as the
current passes through the lamp, the armature e will continue to be attracted by
the magnet m, and the arc be maintained between the two sets of circular carbon
pencils at their crossing point (instead of the magnet m I may employ a solenoid
or any other equivalent).
The feed of the carbons takes place without changing the distance of the arc, and
is effected by the weight of the metal arms which hold the carbons.
The
In Figures 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, and 43, I employ only one set of circular
carbon pencils (arranged as described in Figure 35), in combination with a straight
carbon pencil, and I use improved mechanism for lifting the straight carbon from
the meeting point of the two circular carbon pencils when starting the arc.
mechanism has also to regulate the consumption of the carbon, and to maintain
the right distance of the arc between the one set of circular carbon pencils as one
electrode, and the one straight carbon pencil as the other electrode. In Figures 36
and 38 the two circular carbon pencils c', c², are held as usual in contact by the
weight of the metal arms a¹, a², and they have the two pinions p¹ and p² attached
to them; these pinions being in gearing with the pinion p³, in order to keep the
meeting point of the two circular carbon pencils always at the same point with the
straight carbon pencil. The two metal arms a¹, a² are pivoted to the two
spindles d, d, which are fixed at angles to the frame f, f, thus allowing the arms
with the carbons to keep clear of the base b, as shewn in Figure 38. The straight
carbon pencil c³ passes freely, and insulated through the whole centre of the lamp
and magnet. If no current passes through the lamp the straight carbon will fall
freely on the meeting point of the one set of circular carbon pencils c¹, c².
When an electric current passes into the lamp the positive current enters the
terminal to the metal piece k, which is insulated from the frame f, f, and acts as
a guide and conductor of current to the straight carbon pencil c³. The negative
current enters terminal t¹, passes through the magnet m into the frame f, f, thenco
to the metal arms a¹, a², and to the one set of circular carbon pencils c¹, c, when
the magnet m will attract the armature e; this armature has a conical groove on
its circumference, in which the two upper ends of the lifters 11, 12, are held. These
have slideable pivots at h', 2. If now a current is sent through the lamp the
armature e will be attracted, will lift and open the upper ends of the lifters 1, 1,
when the lower ends of the lifters will grip and lift the carbon c³ from the meeting
point of the circular carbons to the distance required to establish the arc.
Figure 37 shows a section of the carbon with the grippers.
When the current becomes feeble by the burning away of the straight carbon,
the attracting power of the magnet m to the armature e will diminish, the armature
e will descend, and so release the two lifters 1, 2, which will allow the carbon c³ to
slip a sufficient distance, when the current will increase, the armature will be again
attracted, and in this manner the feed of the carbons will be effected.
If the current ceases altogether, the grip of the lifters 1, 2, will be released, and
the carbon fall freely in contact with the one set of circular carbons.
In Figure 39 I show a modification of this arrangement; the short lifters 1, 1º,
are pivoted to the armature e, and these lifters have attached to them the two
springs 8, 8. If no current passes through the lamp the straight carbon c³ is free
from the lifters, and in contact with the before described set of circular carbon
pencils. When a current passes through the lamp the magnet m will attract the
armature e with the lifters 1, 13, thus pressing the springs 81, 82, against the fixed
pins p', p; the lifters 1, 2, will grip the straight carbon c³, and thus the separation
and the feed of the straight carbon c³ is effected in a manner similar to that
described in Figures 36, 37, and 38. In Figure 40 I show a modified mechanism, in
which the consumption of the carbon is regulated very effectively. To the armature e
are hinged the two small armatures e¹, e², whose movement is limited by the stop
screws 8, 8. To the small armatures are fixed the arms 11, 12, which carry on their
lower extremities the two grooved pulleys ke¹, k², and the levers v³,
the pulley
grooves have ratchet teeth.
To the carbon guide k are fixed the two arius d, d², to

page_text: which are attached the pins p', p³, on which work the slots of the levers vl, v. Each
lever has a small pawl u¹, u², which engages in the teeth of the pulleys k³, k², as
follows When a current passes through the lamp, the magnet m will attract the
armature e, which will attract instantaneously the two small armatures e¹, c², when
their two arms 1, 12, will grip the straight carbon pencils with the two pulleys kl, k³,
and thus lift the straight carbon c³. Whenever the two arms 1, 2, lift the straight
carbon pencil ³, the motion produced on the two levers 1, 2, and their pawls
u, u, does not affect the pulleys, but when the current becomes feeble by the
burning away of the straight carbon c³, the armature system descends, the motion
thus produced on the levers v1, v³, will make the pawls engage into the teeth of the
two pulleys k¹, k³, and will turn these so as to advance the straight carbon pencil c³
nearer to the meeting point of the one set of circular carbon pencils c¹, c When
the current increases the armature system will again be attracted, and thus be
ready to again feed the carbon. It will thus be seen that whenever the carbon is
lifted the pulleys k³, k², act merely as grippers while, when the carbon descends,
the pulleys k¹, k, will act as propellers. If no current passes through the lamp the
small armatures e¹, e², will be released from the large armature e, when the carbon
cis entirely freed from the pulleys and falls into contact with the set of circular
carbon pencils c¹, c². In Figure 41 I shew the same mechanism modified so as to
be actuated by solenoids and the iron core c, instead of by magnet and armature.
On one side of the soft iron core c I have hinged the small soft iron armature e,
which carries the pulley k. On the other side of the soft iron core I have arranged
the pulley k¹, lever ³, and pawl u, in the manner shown in Figure 40. The carbon
freely passes the soft iron core when the lamp is not in operation, but when a
current is sent through the lamp the solenoids will draw in the core c, the core
will attract the small armature e, and thus the carbon will be securely held by the
two pulleys. The feed of the straight carbon is effected in the manner described
with reference to Figure 40.
When I employ a nearly complete ring of carbon it is necessary to lift the arms
which hold the carbon until they pass the centre line of the lamp when the arms
will fall by their own weight. In such cases I arrange the carbons at angles to
each other, as shown in Figure 38. A simple arrangement, Figure 42, shows the
lifting of the carbon holder arm a¹ up to the dotted line a by the action of the
spiral spring 8. This spring is fitted at one end to the spindle s¹, and at the other
end to the washer b, which is moveably fitted to the spindle s'.
To the washer b is fixed the pin p which is pressed against the fixed stud f
when the spiral spring is in action as shown, and thus the spiral spring 8 will lift,
by its action upon the spindle 8¹, the pinion p³, and the pinion p' the arm a¹
continuously as the carbon points become wasted, until the arm a¹ reaches the
dotted line a when the arm will fall by its own weight, and the action of the
spring has come to an end. Figure 43 shows the straight carbon pencil arranged
outside the two circular carbon pencils, and which may be actuated by one of the
before described mechanisms. I may also arrange the straight carbon pencil in any
other position relatively to the circular carbon pencils, as the precise position does
not constitute my Invention.
In Figures 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, I show further modifications of lamps and lamp
arrangements, in which I employ one set of circular or curved carbon pencils in
combination with a straight carbon pencil, but where I do not make use of the
metal arms by which the circular carbons are rotated in their circle of curvature as
before described. In this arrangement I fix the circular carbon pencils by their one
extremities to pivoted joints in such manner as I will describe.
I may employ the same or similar mechanism for the feed of the straight carbon
pencil as before described. In Figure 44 I show a lamp in which the two curved
carbon pencils c¹, c², are fitted to the pinions p¹, p², which are fitted to the brackets
b¹, b².
The double rack is in gearing with the two pinions p¹, p², and is pulled
down by the two spiral springs 81, 8². Thus the free ends of the two curved carbon

page_text: pencils c', c³, are kept constantly together. The straight carbon pencil is fixed
to the armature e of the electro magnet m.
When no current passes through the lamp the armature is not attracted by the
magnet m, and thus the straight carbon pencil c³ is in contact with the one set of
curved carbon pencils c¹, c. When the current passes through the lamp the
armature e will be attracted by the magnet m and the straight carbon pencil is
drawn away from the one set of curved carbon pencils and an arc will be started
and maintained as I have made the length and sectional areas of the curved carbon
pencils bear such proportion to the length and sectional area of the straight carbon
pencil as to ensure their equal consumption.
In Figures 45, 46, and 47, I shew modifications of the last arrangement, in which
I employ one set of circular carbon pencils which form a nearly complete circle.
The straight carbon pencil passes here freely through the base and electro-magnet
of the lamp, and the consumption of the straight carbon pencil may be regulated
by similar mechanism to that described in some previous Figures. The free ends
of the two circular carbon pencils c¹, c², are kept in constant contact with each
other by similar means to those described in Figure 44. To the upper portion of
the electro magnet m I have arranged the two grooved pulleys d', d³. These have
small star teeth in the grooves. The straight carbon pencil c³ is held securely by
the two pulleys by the action of the spring 83 pressing against the spindle of the
pulley d. On the same spindle with the pulley d² I have fitted independently of
this pulley the lever v carrying the two pallets u, y, and the guard g, similarly
arranged as in Figures 20 to 25. The lever vis connected to the armature e by
the arm h. By the increase or decrease of the current the armature e will be
attracted by the electro magnet m or withdrawn by the spiral spring s¹, which will
actuate the lever v with the pallets u, y, engaging into the teeth of the grooved
pulley d, and so turning the grooved pulley & in the one or other direction, which
will push the straight carbon pencil towards the circular carbon pencils c¹, c², or
draw it away.
Further explanation will be unnecessary as the action of the lamp is in all other
details identical with those before described. In Figure 48 I employ two small
pulleys p, p, instead of the two pinions before described, thus dispensing with
the double rack and employing instead of it the chain i, i, with weight w for the
same purpose. It will be seen that I may change the mechanical detail without
departing from the nature of my Invention. I will now describe some modifications
of those lamp arrangements to which I have previously referred, and in which I
dispense with the negative carbon electrode and apply instead of it a curved metal
electrode similar to that described in the Specification of the herein before mentioned
Patent with reference to Figure 16 of said Specification.
As metal electrode I employ, by preference, copper, as being a good conductor of
electricity and heat. In Figure 49 I show the curved metal electrode m, m, fixed
to the large metal reflector r, r.
Into the reflector I have fixed insulated the lamp arrangement 7 with the one set
of circular carbon pencils c¹, c², which are arranged in such a position to the metal
electrode as hereinbefore described with reference to the lamp arrangements, in
which two sets of circular carbon pencils are employed crossing each other. In
this arrangement the arc is started between the one set of circular carbon
pencils c, c, and the metal electrode m, m.
The metal reflector will greatly assist in radiating the heat from the copper
electrode and thus prevent the fusion of the copper electrode, if the light be not
out of proportion to the heat conducting capacity of that copper electrode.
For largo lights I have found it more suitable to make the metal electrode hollow,
through which I circulate a fluid in a manner I now describe with reference to
Figures 50 to 54. In Figure 50 the large metal reflector r is hollow and filled
with the fluid.
The curved hollow metal electrode m, m, is so connected with the reflector-
reservoir that the fluid can freely circulate within, and when the fluid becomes

page_text: heated at the point of the arc it will ascend the one arm of the metal electrode into
the upper portion of the reflector reservoir, while the cooler fluid will descend the
other arm of the curved metal electrode. To facilitate this circulation of the fluid
I connect the one end of the hollow metal electrode with the lower portion of the
reflector-reservoir (where the fluid is cooler), while I lead the other end of the
electrode to the upper portion of the reflector-reservoir.
If now a current be passed through the lamp and the are be started between the
one set of circular carbon pencils c', c, (connected to the positive pole of the electric
source) and the hollow metal electrode (connected with the negative pole of the
source), the circulation of the fluid in the electrode will be set up and maintained,
and thus the fusion of the electrode prevented.
The fluid in the reflector reservoir will never attain a high temperature on
account of the large heat radiating surface of the reflector-reservoir. For reasons,
as before described, I employ as the most suitable fluid glycerine.
In Figure 51 I show a modification of this lamp as arranged to a parabolic
reflector, in order to throw the light to a distance. In Figure 52 I show the curved
hollow metal electrode with the reflector-reservoir and the fluid in combination
with the straight carbon pencil. The consumption of the pencil may be regulated
by one of the mechanisms before described.
In Figure 53 I show the metal reservoir separated from the reflector, the
principle of the lamp is however the same as in Figure 52, as the reservoir with
the fluid and the metal reflector are in connection with the negative pole of the
electric source. It will be seen that in all these arrangements no flexible insulation
tubes are required to connect the negative hollow electrode with the reservoir.
In Figure 54 I show another combination of the metal reflector reservoir, the
fluid and the curved hollow metal electrode in combination with the straight carbon
pencil, whose consumption may be regulated by the mechanism before described.
The whole arrangement will be clearly understood by reference to the Drawing.
Having thus fully described the nature and object of the second portion of my
Invention, together with the manner in which it may be carried into practice with
reference to Figures 20 to 54 in the Drawings, and thus shown the relation it
has to the first portion of my Invention, and desire to have secured to me by the
herein before in part recited Letters Patent,-
Firstly. The improved applications of circular or curved carbon pencils, in the
manners substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to Figures 20 to 54
in the Drawings.
Secondly. The further improved applications of mechanical arrangements in com-
bination with electro magnets or solenoids, in the manners substantially as herein-
before described, and for the purpose of actuating and regulating the movement of
the circular carbon pencils as required. These are further improvements on the
lamps already described in the Specification of my herein before mentioned Patent
with reference to Figures 9, 10, 11, 12, therein, and where I connect the two radial
carbon holder arms which rotate both circular carbon pencils in the circle of curvature
with chains to the regulating mechanism which actuate the arms in such a manner
as to keep the arc always at the same point. Now in these new modifications I
claim the further applications (in the manners substantially as hereinbefore described
with reference to Figures 20 to 32 in the Drawings) of racks, pinions, worm screws,
worm wheels, weighted single and double racks for the same purpose with reference
to Figures 20 to 32 in the Drawings.
Thirdly. The combination of the two ratchet wheels k, l, and the lever with the
pallets u, y, in combination with the guard g, in the manner substantially as and
for the purpose hereinbefore described.
Fourthly. The several arrangements of armatures relatively to their magnets or
solenoids, in combination with the arrangements I use to separate and feed the
circular carbon or carbons of an electric lamp when in operation, in the manner
substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to Figures 20 to 45 of the
Drawings.

page_text: Fifthly. The improved combination of two sets of circular carbon pencils crossing
each other, and in which the arc is formed and maintained at their crossing. point,
in the manners substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to Figures 33
to 35 in the Drawings.
Sixthly. The employment of one set of circular carbon pencils in combination
with a straight carbon pencil, in the manners substantially as herein before described
with reference to Figures 36 to 43 in the Drawings.
Seventhly. The improved mechanism for lifting a straight carbon pencil from its
other electrode to start the are, in the manners substantially as hereinbefore described
with reference to Figures 36 to 39 in the Drawings.
Eighthly. The improved mechanism for regulating the feed of the straight carbon
pencil in proportion to its consumption in combination with electro-magnets or
solenoids, in the manners substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to
Figures 40, 41, 45, 46, 47, in the Drawings.
Ninthly. The employment of one set of circular carbon pencils in combination
with one straight carbon pencil, in the manners substantially as hereinbefore described
with reference to Figures 44 to 48 in the Drawings.
Tenthly. The improved electric lamp in which I employ one set of circular carbon
pencils (or in some cases one straight carbon pencil) arranged as the positive electrode
in combination with a metal electrode and a metal reflector arranged as a negative
electrode, in the manner substantially as and for the purpose herein before described
with reference to Figure 49 in the Drawings.
Eleventhly. The employment of one set of circular carbon pencils or one straight
carbon pencil arranged as the positive electrode in combination with a curved hollow
metal electrode, and the reflector-reservoir with the fluid arranged as the negative
electrode of the lamp, in the manners substantially as and for the purpose herein-
before described with reference to Figures 50 to 54 in the Drawings.
The third portion of my Invention relates to an improved mode of manufacturing
the circular or curved electrodes employed in my electric lamps.
This improvement I effect as follows:-I make the discharge passage from the
cylinder (out of which the prepared carbon is pressed by the piston) in a curved
form, the curve corresponding preferably with the circle of carbon I wish to
manufacture.
By this arrangement the carbon pencil will come out of the cylinder in the
required circular-shape; I then join the two ends together so as to make a closed
ring of the required diameter. In order to facilitate the further process of finishing
the carbon, I in some cases make the ring of an oval section, somewhat larger than
the size required, and press the ring in a die to the required size and bardness.
For compressing the carbon ring I use a die composed of four concentric parts,
which die will allow of the pressed carbon ring being easily removed. The carbon
ring after having been finished in the usual manner may be cut up into any
required lengths. The same principle of die also enables me to construct them so
as to be used in the manufacture of straight carbon pencils.
In Figure 55 I shew the usual cylinder with piston, by which the carbon can be
pressed out of the cylinder through the curved discharge passage d, by which I
obtain the carbon c, in circular or curved shape. In Figures 56, 57, and 58, I show
the concentric dies for compressing the carbon to the greatest hardness and
regularity, made out of steel, or any other metal, in four concentric parts p', p³, p³, p.
Figure 56 shows the die (in section) complete, with the oval shaped carbon ring c
in it. The die is placed upon the base 6 of the hydraulic press, and with the circular
plunger p¹ the carbon ring c can be compressed to the required size and hardness,
Figure 57 shows the different parts of the die detached from each other.
The plunger p¹, after having compressed the carbon ring c, can be used to press
this ring with the lower part p out of the other concentric parts. Figure 58 shows
one half of the plan view of the die. In Figures 59 and 60 I show a die constructed
on the same principle for straight carbon pencils; it consists only of three parts,
arranged in the manner shown in Figure 59.

page_text: The plunger p has compressed the carbon rod c upon the lower platform p³,
which is held in its place by the outer surrounding metal plate p³. The lower
part p³, with the carbon c, can be pushed out of the surrounding metal plate på by
the plunger p¹, in a manner similar to that described in Figure 57.
Having thus fully described the nature and object of the third portion of my
Invention, together with the manner in which it may be carried into practice, and
thus shown the relation it has to the second portion of my Invention, I will now state
what I declare to be the third portion of my Invention, and desire to have secured
to me by the hereinbefore in part recited Letters Patent. The improvements in
the tools employed to manufacture carbon electrodes, in the manners substantially
as herein before described with reference to Figures 55 to 60 in the Drawings.
The fourth portion of my Invention relates to an improvement which is applicable
to electro magnets generally, and consists in the application thereto of insulated
conducting tubes (copper or any other metal) instead of solid insulated conducting
wires. By this means I am enabled to provide for the passage of air, or water, or
any other fluid through the conducting tubes when used for electro magnets
which have to become excited by very powerful electric currents; for example,
the inducing electro magnets of electric generators for the shunt coils which are
employed to shunt a portion of a powerful current for the coils of electro magnets
of electric lamps, and for many other purposes.
It is well known that when a powerful current passes through a comparatively
small conductor great heat is thus produced in such conductors, whereby the insu-
lation is destroyed, and the conductor in most cases rendered useless. In the coils of
electro-magnets where the insulated conducting wire is wound in many sections
round each other the accumulation of heat is very great as there is no outlet for the
heat, thus the efficiency of such coils of conducting wire is greatly reduced.
When I employ insulated conducting tubes by circulation of air or fluid through
them I keep the coils cool, thereby aiding in maintaining the insulation and
efficiency of the conductors. I may make the hollow conducting tubes of any
shape, flattened, round, square, or oval, to suit the requirements. The hole I may
make as small as possible, as in most cases it is not required to have large quantities
of air or water circulating through the conductors if the circulation be constant and
sufficient to prevent the accumulation of heat.
If I employ insulated hollow conducting wires for the coils of very large
generators of electric currents, such as are described in the first part of my
Invention, and have water circulating in insulated hollow conducting wire, the
water after having passed through the coils and acquired a considerable degree of
heat may be led by suitable arrangements to the boiler of the steam engine, which
may be employed to actuate the generator. Thus I return with the heated water a
part of the energy expended by the engine.
Having thus fully described the nature and object of the fourth and last portion
of my Invention, together with the manner in which it may be carried into
practice, and thus shown the relation it has to the first and second portions of my
Invention, I will now state what I declare to be the fourth and last portion
of my Invention, and what I desire to have secured to me by the herein before
in part recited Letters Patent, the application of insulated hollow conducting
tubes, in the manner substantially as and for the purpose as herein before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Charles Frederick Heinrichs, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Tenth day of May, One thousand eight hundred and
CHAS. F. HEINRICHS. (L.s.)

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