Improvements in and connected with Tilling Implements.
Year: 1891

page_text: Date of Application, 16th May, 1891-Accepted, 5th Sept.. 1891
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in and connected with Tilling Implements.
I, JOHN POST LAWRENCE, of 34, Worship Street, in the County of London,
Merchant, do hereby declare the nature of this invention (a communication from
S. L. Allen & Co., of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America,
Agricultural Implement Manufacturers,) and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement:-
My invention consists of certain improved features of construction in garden
implements of the cultivator, horse-hoe, harrow, and pulverizer types, whereby
the same implement may be used for a great variety of uses by interchanging or
shifting the various tools and blades with which it is provided.
Referring to the accompanying drawings:-
Figure 1 shews in side elevation a cultivator embodying my improvements:
Figure 2 is a plan view thereof:
Figure 3 shews in perspective the draft hook and pin:
Figure 4 is a side view of a part of the implement, with the side bar broken
away to shew the mode of connection of the parts to the central bar:
Figure 5 is a perspective view of the draft hook pin:
Figure 6 shews the peculiar shape of the reversible hoe blades:
Figure 7 is a side view of the draft pin:
Figure 8 is a side elevation of a modified form of implement:
Figure 9 is an enlarged sectional view showing the action of the pulverizer:
Figure 10 is a perspective view of one of the cultivator and harrow teeth:
Figure 11 is a plan view of the implement shown in Fig. 8 and,
Figure 12 shows the side bar with teeth turned backward for harrowing.
A is the central bar and B B the side bars hinged to the central bar between
the hinge plates B1 B2 bolted together and to the central bar.
I are the handles connected at i to the central bar preferably by a joint
allowing lateral adjustment of the handles.
H is the handle brace the upper arms of which are bolted at to the
handles II, the bottom of the brace resting upon and being bolted to the
supporting piece H which is rigidly connected with the central bar in the manner
presently to be seen. The bottom of the handle brace is provided with the slot h
Fig. 2, through which the bolt passes that secures the brace Fl and supporting
piece H¹ together this arrangement with the joint at i admitting of the handles II
being clamped in any position either central with the frame or to either side as
desired.
The side bars B B are opened apart and drawn together by means of the handle
lever Facting upon the expanders PP. Gare the fulcrum pieces of the
handle lever F, said fulcrum pieces being attached at g' to the seat piece EI' of
the handle brace. The handle lever is fulcrumed at g to the pieces and at its
lower end is pivotally attached at to the sliding piece G2 (see Fig. 4), which is
guided to slide on the central bar A and which bears the toothed piece G.
Referring now especially to the form of implement shown in Figs. 1, 2 and 4,
H is a clip which is bolted or otherwise secured to the central bar and bolted
to outward extensions or lugs on which clip are pivoted at p² the inner ends of
the expanders P P, Fig. 2. The expanders P P on each side are pivoted
together at p while the outer ends of expanders P¹, Fig. 2, are pivoted at p³ to
connections of the side bars.
The expanders P are connected by arms R with the sliding piece G³, said

page_text: arms being pivoted at to lugs. on said sliding; piece and at pa to said expanders.
The whole arrangement is such that moving the handle lever back and forth
opens out and draws together the side bars. A stop or pawl within the open
handle lever is adapted to engage, with the teeth of the piece G, thus acting
to hold the side bars in any desired position with reference to the central bar, said
stop or pawl being raised by means of the secondary handle F1 pivoted at ƒ in the
handle lever Fand. connected by a rod or wire, F2 to said handle F'..
The bolts on which the inner ends, of the expanders are pivoted also
serve, as shown in the drawings; to, secure the supporting, picce H of the handle
brace to the clip on, each side (see Fig. 4). My object is to have the points
of attachment of the handle supporter to the central bar on each side practically
identical with the inner pivots of the expanders, thus preventing the central bar
from springing and securing great strength. I might accomplish this, moreover,
by having the supporting piece H₁ integral with the clip H2 and in the same
position, as, herein. shewn..
N, N are outwardly bent bars forming detachable extensions to the side bars B; B
and hinged, to said side bars near the rear thereof, each side bar being, for this
purpose provided with the hinge, plates. N', N. which are bolted together atin, one
above and one below the side bar, the extension bar N. being, pivoted between
said plates... These extension, bars are. so, shaped as to, greatly increase the width
of the frame thus materially widening the track of the cultivator:. As herein
shewn four additional teeth are secured to, said extension bars.
M is a detachable central bar extension rigidly secured,. as at m², to the rear of
the central bar A. This, central, bar extension is provided with a clamping
device m in which are secured the inner ends of the connecting, bars, M pivotted
at m' to connections, on the extension side, bars N.
By simply removing the hinge plates: NJ, N2. and unscrewing, the boltsin?' the
rearward extension to, the frame, consisting of the bars. N, M and M', may be
removed. The extension side. bars N, N may be varied in width with respect to
the central bar, independently, of the side bars, B as will readily be seen without
further description..
The depth at which the cultivator teeth penetrate, the surface is determined in
front by the wheel D, which wheel is arranged in. the manner to be described in
the Complete Specification of: my application No. 4123 dated March 7 18911 and
as follows, that is to say, the wheel Di is journalled between the bars which are
bolted together, one on each side of the central bar. A, to form, a rigid open lever
pivoted at c. to said, central bar. The opposite arm of this lever to that which
bears the front wheel D is secured: to the open. handle. bar C so that the two
parts CC form virtually a single rigid lever pivoted directly to the frame. By
the movement of this handle up or down the wheel. Dis.elevated or depressed.
C is a secondary handle, pivoted in. the open handle bar near the upper.end
thereof operating through, the, rod.C³ the spring. stope which engages, with the
teeth, on the convexly, curved piece E. In this manner the wheel D may. bei readily
adjusted and set in any desired position up or down, thus regulating in fronts the
depth, of the cut of the cultivator, teeth. The wheel Dimay; ifidesired! be replaced
by a pair of steel runners, which like the wheel regulate the depth being operated
up and down by the handle lever: C but being-adapted to slide instead of rolbalong
the ground.
The open handle levers. Cand F are so arranged: as to stiffen each other
laterally. To this end one handle lever works within the other both operating
in the same plane and each, serving to support.the.other against lateral strain.
The use of this adjustable wheel is easily and quickly to regulate the depth to
which, the cultivator teeth penetrate the ground even whilenthenimplement is in
motion to steady the implement and towheelit on from place to place: The depthi
is accurately regulated in the, rear by means of aupe culiar attacliment to the rear-
most teeth K³ consisting of a float or tail piece J which is t-shaped, one arm being
adapted to rest upon the ground while the other. is provided with a sloty Ja

page_text: piece numiy bolted to the blade or standard of the tooth K° to which piece is
rigidly secured at the desired height the float J by means of the bolt j' which may
be fastened at any desired height in the slot j.
In this manner the depth of cut of the implement in the rear may be readily varied
by simply adjusting the bolt j' to different positions in the slot and fastening it
tightly therein at the desired positions. The floats act, moreover, as steadiers to
guide the implement in a straight track.
By means of the adjustable wheel in front and the floats J also adjustable in
height at the rear, the whole implement may not only be readily made to cut at any
desired depth in the ground, but also may be made to run perfectly level at that
depth, and rua steadily.
I have shown the cultivator as supplied with various forms of teeth adapting it
for a great variety of uses.
The forward teeth K' K2 are inwardly extending sweeps having straight blades
with curved shields at the junction of the blade to the standard. These standards
are secured to the frame by the well known staple bolts and seats whereby the
blades are angularly adjustable.
The hoe blades K are of peculiar construction. The point that enters the
ground is bent over near the extreme end thereof, and curved as at (see
Fig. 6) to form a plowshare-like point. The blade being similarly though
oppositely curved at top and bottom and provided with similar plowshare points
at opposite ends thereof, it is reversible, and when one edge is worn out may be
simply turned about on its standard to expose the opposite edge.
These blades like the hoe blades K' K² are angularly adjustable.
"
S is the 'marker arm pivoted at its inner end at t to and supported by an
appropriate seat T connected to the central bar of the implement. This seat T is
elevated sufficiently to allow the handle lever C operating the adjustable front
wheel D to have free play beneath the marker arin and not interfere therewith. By
means of the staple bolt S embracing the arm 'S the vertical bar S3 is secured to
said arm and may be clamped at any position thereon.
This bar Sha's pivoted thereto at the marker blade S2 which is formed of two
pieces of struck up steel bolted together in front but spreading apart at the rear as
shown in Fig. 2 and presenting in side view the shape shown in Fig. 1. By this
peculiar shape the marker blade makes a distinct furrow, and by reason of its pivotal
connection to the bar S³ it has an oscillation whereby it adapts itself readily to
nevenness in 'the ground. By means of the handle S swivelled to 'the arm S the
marker may be turned on its pivot from one side to the other of the implement,
the seat T being 'so high that it does not in this motion interfere with the handle
lever C beneath it.
The shape of the draft hook O is such as to prevent the ring of the singletree
when once inserted therein from being removed by any motion of the horse or
implement. To this end the hook slot as shown in Fig. 3 is made quite narrow so
that the singletree ring fits more or less accurately therein, the top of the hook
running inward for a short distance from the front end as it were horizontally
forming a guard which prevents accidental removal of the singletree ring from the
hook slot. The top then curves abruptly upward as at O' to enable the ring to be
removed when desired by bringing said ring into the centre of the hook slot and
then lifting it vertically out. The pin which secures the draft hook to the
forward hook shaped end of the central bar A has the button Q provided with
the slot which, when the handle Q' of the pin is in the right position slips over
the log o so as to allow the pin to be turned with the button in a notch behind said
lug o the pin being thus held in place. The button Q may be thickened gradually
from 1 to 2 (see Fig. 5) so as to form a wedge shaped button as shown in Fig. 7,
so that the button first turns easily in the notch but may by turning the handle Q
bind firmly therein, or by being carried beyond the high point, reach a loosely
confined position beyond, thus preventing the pin from being accidentally removed
from the draft hook. The weight of the part Q also prevents the pin from

page_text: accidentally turning upward so as to be unlocked. When fastened in place the draft
hook stands substantially horizontal so as to be convenient for usc.
Referring now to the modified form of implement shown in Figs. 8 to 12.
The side bars B are bent into a number of steps as shown in Fig. 11, a tooth
being attached to each step, the shape and arrangement being such that each tooth
clears by a regular distance the tooth immediately in front. These steps are
parallel to the line of motion when the side bars are opened out to medium width.
By this peculiar shape of side bar a large number of the teeth may be secured to
each in such a manner that each tooth runs in a different line or row, these lines or
rows being close together so that the implement is particularly adapted for fine
cultivation.
In the present implement I have shown the side bars bent into five
steps, so that there are ten teeth secured to the side bars. I, preferably, also
secure, for ordinary work, a tooth to the central bar also, in front of the hinge
plates B B
The teeth are of peculiar shape and construction. Instead of being made in the
ordinary manner of two pieces, a cast standard and a steel blade bolted thereto,
I make my improved tooth K for this implement in one piece only, preferably of
plate steel forged up in the shape shown in Fig. 10, though the blade or cutting
part may be of any width or shape, the standard and blade being integral. The
rearmost tooth in Fig. 12 have shown in section in order to better illustrate its
construction. The tooth has two rearwardly bent wings or flanges from the top to
the bottom thereof, these flanges or wings being narrowed quite close together
through the standard portion of the tooth or that part that is secured to the frame,
while the lower portion is widened out in the manner shown in Fig. 10 to form a
cutting blade. The flanges embrace the bar of the cultivator frame to which the
tooth is attached, the junction of the flanges preferably forming a flat seat & against
which the frame bar rests when the tooth is in place. This arrangement is such
that the tooth is secured to the bar by a single fastening bolt 2 and at the same
time held quite firmly either for harrowing or ordinary cultivating.
Each tooth is provided with two holes through both flanges thereof and
preferably has the two flattened seats & corresponding thereto, being so arranged
that the single fastening bolt 2 may secure the tooth to the frame bar through
either of the holes. In the one position the teeth point forward as shown in
Fig. 8 in the other position they point backward as shown in Fig. 12. When the
tooth is bolted through the front bolt hole ³, the bar to which it is secured rests on
the seat k. When bolted through the rear bolt hole, the bar rests upon the
seat .
With the teeth turned backward in the position shown in Fig. 12, the implement
is admirable for trashy ground and levelling, and for crops just breaking the surface.
The peculiar shape of the tooth is such as to offer a very unusual amount of wearing
surface. They may be worn off three inches before requiring renewal and yet
retain their original cutting width, the width being the same from the bottom of the
tooth to the re-curved throat. Being symmetrical they are set straight on the
frame and being held by a single bolt may be easily removed or reversed in position.
Being made out of one piece of metal they are cheap, strong and devoid of bolt
holes in the face of the plate.
The pulverizer consists of a frame pivoted to the rear of the central bar A and
having rearwardly and downwardly extending teeth or tines, with a foot operated
cam adapted to regulate the angular position of the pulverizer and thus the depth
of the cultivator or harrow teeth in the rear. As herein shown, L is the curved
head of the pulverizer to which are secured the rearwardly and downwardly pro-
jecting tines 1, the outer tines being bent in the shape shown in Fig. 11, so as to
give a wide sweep to the pulverizer. Each tine has at its upper end a flanged seat
resting against the under surface of the head and a bolt passing through said head
and held by a nut 12 on the upper surface thereof, (see Fig. 9).
Lis the shank piece rigidly secured to the head L and pivoted at to the
central bar A. The operating pedals are L³ L preferably cast integral with a

page_text: cam portion L which is pivoted at to the central bar and adapted to bear against
the top surface of the shank piece L. The construction is such that when the
operator bears down with his foot upon the pedal L, the teeth L' of the pulverizer
will be held quite deeply in the ground, the shank L' bearing upward against the
lowest portion of the cam L.
When it is desired to raise the pulverizer as indicated by dotted lines in Fig. 8,
the operator places his foot under the pedal L³ and presses upward, the weight of
the implement causing the pulverizer to rise and keep the top of the shank piece L'
in contact with the cam.
The pulverizer L L'in the modified form of implement shown in Figs. 8 and 11
takes the place of the float or tail piece J in the form of implement shown in
Figs. 1 & 2 in regulating the depth of cut of the cultivator teeth in connection with
the adjustable lever operated front wheel D, which is the same in both forms.
By means of the peculiar method of attachment of the pulverizer tines to the
head thereof, the pulverizer may be reduced in width by taking off the outside
teeth or the whole implement can be used to straddle a row when desired in
cultivating by taking out the middle teeth of both cultivator and pulverizer.
The handle lever C may, if desired, be made of heavy metal and carried
farther backward than is shown, and bent to act as a single handle for the imple-
ment by which it is guided, the handles II being in this case dispensed with
altogether.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what
I claim is
:
1. In a cultivator the combination with hinged laterally adjustable side bars of
detachable laterally adjustable side bar extensions hinged to said side bars and
movable independently of said side bars, substantially as described.
2. In a cultivator the combination with the central bar and hinged laterally
adjustable side bars of detachable laterally adjustable rearwardly and outwardly
projecting side bar extensions hinged to said side bars, connecting bars secured to
said extensions, and a clamping device on said central bar or a connection thereof,
substantially as and for the purposes described.
3. In a cultivator the combination with the central bar and side bars of
detachable laterally adjustable side bar extensions hinged to said side bars, a
detachable central bar extension secured to said central bar, connecting bars
secured to said side bar extensions and a clamping device on said central bar
extensions, substantially as described.
4. A cultivator provided with hoe blades having bent over plowshare-points k³,
substantially as described.
5. A cultivator provided with hoe blades similarly though oppositely curved at
top and bottom whereby the blades are reversible and having bent over plowshare.
points substantially as described.
6. A cultivator provided with L-shaped adjustable tail pieces J secured to
pieces attached to teeth or standards whereby the cultivator is steadied and the.
depth is regulated substantially as described.
7. In a cultivator the combination with an adjustable front wheel of one or more
rearwardly extending adjustable floats or tail pieces whereby the depth of cut of
the implement may be regulated both in front and in the rear, substantially as
described.
8. In a cultivator the combination with a central bar and hinged laterally
adjustable side bars, of a link motion substantially as described, having lever
operated expanders PP, a clip H secured to the central bar and pivotally secured.
to the inner end of the expanders, a supporting piece for the handle brace
integral with said clip or secured thereto at the pivotal points of said expanders
and fulcrum pieces G' connecting said supporting piece H¹ with the operating
handle, substantially as and for the purposes described,

page_text: 9. A cultivator provided with a draft hook O having a recessed substantially
horizontal slot, open in the centre of the upper side and having the curved up
top ¹, substantially as described.
10. The combination with the draft hook O of a cultivator of the pin having a
slotted button Q gradually increasing in thickness from one edge of the slot around
the periphery of the button to the other, substantially as and "for 'the purposes
described.
11. A cultivator provided with an adjustable wheel operating lever pivoted to the
central bar thereof and having a marker pivoted to and supported by a scat
elevated above said central bar, substantially as and for the purposes described.
12. In a combined furrowing machine and cultivator the combination with an
arm S secured to the frame, of a vertical bar S3 secured to said arm and a marker.
blade S2 pivotally connected with said bar, substantially as, 'and for the purposes,
described.
13. A combined furrower and cultivator provided with a furrowing marker
blade, narrow in front but spreading apart at the rear, substantially as described.
14. A cultivator or harrow provided with an angularly adjustable pulverizer
consisting of a head having downwardly and rearwardly extending tines 'secured
thereto, said head being pivotally connected to the frame of the implement,
substantially as described.
15. A cultivator or harrow provided with a pulverizer consisting of a 'curved
head pivotally connected to the frame of the implement and having downwardly
and rearwardly extending bent tines diverging outwardly from said head, sub-
stantially as described.
16. A cultivator or harrow provided with a pulverizer consisting of a head
having downwardly and rearwardly extending detachable tines each of which is
provided with a flanged seat and bolt secured by a nut to said head, whereby
certain of the tines may be readily removed, substantially as, and for the purposes,
described.
17. A pulverizer consisting of a head having tines secured thereto and a shank
piece secured to said head and pivotted to the frame of the implement of which the
pulverizer forms a part, in combination with a foot-operated cam pivotțed 'to said
frame and engaging with said shank piece, substantially as described.
18. A pulverizer consisting of a head having tines I secured thereto 'and a
shank piece L² secured to said head and pivotted to the frame of the implement of
which the pulverizer forms a part, in combination with a cam L' also pivotted to
said frame and provided with pedals L3, L, substantially as described.
19. A. combined harrow and cultivator provided with an adjustable front wheel
in combination with an adjustable pulverizer in the rear, whereby the depth of cut
of the teeth of the implement is regulated, substantially as described.
20. A combined harrow and cultivator provided with a hand-lever operated
adjustable front wheel in combination with a foot-operated angularly adjustable
pulverizer in the rear, substantially as, and for the purposes, described.
21. A harrow or cultivator tooth having the blade and standard struck up from
a single piece of metal and having double rearwardly extending flanges joined in
front and embracing the bar to which the tooth is secured, substantially as described.
22. A harrow or cultivator tooth, the standard of which is doubly flanged to
embrace the frame bar, said standard being provided with a transverse bolt hole
through the flanges and a flat seat k at the junction of the said flanges bearing
against the under side of said bar, whereby the tooth may be firmly secured to the
bar by a single transverse bolt, substantially as described.
23. A harrow or cultivator tooth, the standard of which is doubly flanged to
embrace the frame bar, said standard being provided with transverse bolt holes
through the flanges and flat seats k, k¹ forming an angle to each other at the
junction of said flanges so arranged with respect to the bolt holes that a single
transverse bolt secures the tooth to the bar either in a direct or reverse position,
substantially as described,

page_text: 24. A cultivator provided with an open side-bar-expanding handle lever in
combination with an open wheel adjusting handle lever, one of which handle levers
embraces the other, whereby both work in the same plane and support each other
laterally, substantially as described.
בד
1
حمد
1
1001
G. F. REDFERN & Co.,
4, South Street, Finsbury, London, Agents for the Applicant.