A NEW AND USEFUL PROCESS OF PRODUCING HYDROCARBON GAS AND LUBRICATING OIL FROM PETROLEUM, AND IN APPARATUS MADE USE OF FOR THAT PURPOSE,
Year: 1881

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Charles Denton Abel, of No. 28, Southampton Buildings,
Chancery Lane, in the County of Middlesex, for an Invention of "A NEW
AND USEFUL PROCESS OF PRODUCING HYDROCARBON GAS AND LUBRICATING
OIL FROM PETROLEUM, AND IN APPARATUS MADE USE OF FOR THAT
PURPOSE," A communication from abroad by Addison L. Roach, of India-
napolis, in the State of Indiana and United States of America.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION filed by the said Charles Denton Abel at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 4th October 1881.
CILARLES DENTON ABEL, of No. 28, Southampton Buildings, Chancery Lane,
in the County of Middlesex. "A NEW AND USEFUL PROCESS OF PRODUCING
HYDRO-CARBON GAS AND LUBRICATING OIL FROM PETROLEUM, AND IN APPARATUS
MADE USE OF FOR THAT PURPOSE." A communication from abroad by Addison
L. Roach, of Indianapolis, in the State of Indiana and United States of America.
This Invention consists in the process, hereinafter described, of generating gas
or vapor from petroleum, and at the same time producing a lubricating oil of the
requisite gravity. The steps of this process are as follows:-
First. A quantity of petroleum or other hydro-carbon oil is placed in a vessel of
any suitable form and dimensions, it being so arranged that a jet or current of
super heated stenu, or steam at a high temperature not super-heated, can bo
injected into the body of the oil and into direct contact with the same, for the
purpose of vaporizing it or such portion thereof as is capable of being vaporized;
that portion of the oil not converted into vapor remaining in the vessel until its
specific gravity has been raised to the requisite point, when it may be drawn off
through a cock or valve provided for the purpose, and used as a lubricant for all
sorts of machinery.
The second step consists in providing steam heated surfaces, through or over
which the vapor generated as described in the first step of this process passes, the
steam used for this purpose having been previously super-heated to such an extent
CD 0.71

page_text: as to convert the vapor and any fine globules of oil that may be in the vessel or
vessels, or upon the surfaces over which the vapor passes, into a dry gas, which
may be collected in any suitable chamber within the generating apparatus.
The third step in the process consists in mingling with the oil-vapor super-
heated steam in such quantities as shall be found advantageous, and as shall cause
the mingled products to burn to the best advantage, the quantity of steam thus
used being in bulk a volume about one third that of the vapor with which it is
ningled; the steam for this purpose being admitted to the vessel or chamber in
which the vapor is stored for the time being in regulated quantities, and the gas,
after the admixture has taken place, taken off through suitable pipes and conducted
to the point where it is to be burned.
This Invention also consists in providing a suitable device for receiving and
containing the oil while under treatment, and for bringing steam into actual
contact with the oil while in the apparatus. It also consists in providing means
for drawing off the residuum after it has reached a certain specific gravity to be
used as lubricating material. It also consists in providing means for ascertaining
when the lubricating oil is to be drawn off. It also consists in providing a burner
to be used in combination with the gas or vapor generator, and the means of
conducting the gas from the generator to the burner and for regulating its flow.
It also consists in providing-means-for-conducting steam to the apparatus, and
for super-heating-it-therein. And,
Finally, it consists in providing the necessary construction-of-parts for controlling
the operation thereof and ensuring the mode of operation herein described.
I obtain these objects by the mechanism or apparatus illustrated in the
accompanying Drawings, in which
Figure 1 is an elevation, partially in section, of my improved apparatus showing
the brick work in which it is enclosed, the gas or vapor generator, the super-
heating pipes, the burner and furnace, the pyrometers for indicating the temperature
of the material in the different parts of the apparatus, the steam and vapor gauges
and the steam oil-pipes; and Figure 2 is a sectional view of one of the heating or
vaporizing chambers. Similar letters refer to similar parts in both views.
In constructing devices of the type herein described, and for attaining the objects
above enumerated, two cylinders or vessels are employed of the form shown, or of
any other that will admit of one of them being placed within the other in such a
manner as to leave the requisite space between them. In the present case the
cylindrical portions are each provided with round or dome-shaped ends, one of
which in each case is cast upon the cylindrical portion, while the opposite ones are
secured by means of flanges and bolts, the object being the ready removal and
replacement of the removable ends when access to the interior of the cylinder is
desirable. The outer one of these cylinders is designated by A, it being shown as
having its upper end or dome secured to its lower portion by a series of bolts
which pass through flanges, and are supplied with nuts for holding the parts in
close contact.
Upon the lower end of vessel A there are cast or otherwise secured pipes A¹, A¹,
which form bearings or points of support for the vessel upon or within the brick
work by which it is surrounded. By casting these tubes or pipes upon the
vessel A, the necessity of forming a joint where the heat is the greatest is avoided,
and they are, whether cast upon or bolted to said vessel, made to protect the small
pipes a and b, the former of which is used for drawing off the oil at certain stages
of the operation, and the latter for conveying steam to the interior cylinder or
vessel B, which, as shown, is of less dimensions than the outer one but otherwiso
like it, except that it has upon its inner surface at its lower end a projection, into
which there is screwed or otherwise secured a pipe B' which extends upward into
the dome part thereof, and terminates in a sphere which is provided with a series
of small pipes for the escape of gas or vapor therefrom, one end of such pipes
being provided with rose-heads to prevent the passage of oil.
Between the point where pipe B' entors the lower portion of the vessel B

page_text: and the sphere upon its upper end there are fitted to and supported by it a series
of steam chambers or diaphragmns B3 containing such chainbers, their construction
being shown in Figures 1 and 2 of the Drawings, where it will be seen that they
may be formed of two discs of metal bolted together around their outer edges, or
that they may be cast in one piece and cored out so as to form the requisite chamber
for the steam; and that in the former case they are provided upon their interior
surfaces with projections, which, when put together, form a body through which
holes B³ are bored or formed for the purpose of allowing the gas or vapor to ascend
from the lower to the upper portions of the vessel B, while at the same time they
allow oil to pass down through them from the upper to the lower portions of the
said vessel. Screw bolts may be used instead of the projections, they being made
hollow so as to perform the same function. It will be observed that the upper one
of the diaphragms B³ has no holes for the passing of the oil and vapors or gas. It
is however provided with a series of apertures in its lower plate through which tho
vapors pass into the interior, their escape therefrom being through apertures in its
centre portion through which gas passes into pipe B' and the sphere on its upper
end to the chamber above. These diaphragms are fitted tightly to or upon tho
tube B', it being perforated at the points where such diaphragins cover it so as to
allow the steam which enters the lower end of the said tube to pass into each of
the chambers except the upper one, and thus aid in vaporizing the oil without
mingling with the vapors thereof. The office of the sphere upon the upper end of
the pipe B' is to receive the gas or vapor and distribute it into the chamber in
vessel B, said sphere being provided upon its upper surface with a series of pipes
having upon one or both of their ends rose-heads for the passage of such gas or
vapor into said chamber. The steam entering the tube B' at its lower end will
have a tendency to carry up with it some of the oil which collects in the lower
portion of the vessel, but any such oil will be prevented from passing into the
sphere or the chamber in which it is located by a plug B+ which is inserted in said
tube near its upper end, and which cuts off all communication between the tube
and sphere. As, to a certain extent, an equivalent of the chamber B² a coil or
coils of pipe may be used instead, it or they being made to communicate with the
upper and lower chambers in the vessel B, or two or more of the chainbers inay te
used upon the upper or lower portion of the pipe B' and a coil or coils of pipes
below or between them; I prefer, however, to use the chambered diaphragms as
more convenient and as being more readily removable when occasion requires.
In an apparatus of this character it is important that the steam used for tho
gassifying or vaporizing the oil should be super heated, as, where such is the case,
the apparatus may be of less dimensions than is required when steam at tho
ordinary temperature is used, and a greater proportion of the oil used can bo
vaporized, and hence greater economy will result from the use of this device. For
the purpose of conducting the steam to the superheating portion of the apparatus
there is provided a pipe A³ which is to be connected with any suitable form of
generator, located in any desired position, from which steam is conducted through
said pipe, which is branched as shown, so that a portion of the steam passing it
may be directed through valve I into the interior of vessel B below the upper
diaphragm B, and another portion through valve J into the super-heating coil A*
located in a chamber outside of vessel A, the valve referred to being made to
control the amount passing in cither direction. It will be observed that as a
consequence of this arrangement, saturated. steam alone, or steam superheated, or
the two combined, may be used; it will, however, be found advisable generally to
use only the superheated, except upon first starting the device, when saturated
steam may be used for heating the apparatus.
The method of super heating the steam is as follows:-The coil of pipe A* is made
to surround the outer vessel A, and is placed in a chamber formed between said
vessel and the brick work or casing Q, which chamber forms the flue or conduit
for the escape of the products of combustion and heated air from the furnace to
the up take or chimney Q¹. The steam to be super heated enters this coil at its

page_text: upper end by preference, it being, as before stated, admitted through valve J in a
branch of pipe A³, and is forced through the coil to near the bottom of the apparatus,
where it is taken out through the casing and conducted to the outer or inner
cylinder, or to both, at pleasure; the valve L when open admitting a portion or all
of it to the space between the outer and inner cylinders. If the valve L be closed,
and opened, the steam will all pass into the interior of the inner cylinder B,
where it will come in direct contact with the oil therein, and from thence up
through the apertures B³ in the diaphragms B2 to the chamber in the upper end of
vessel B, from whence it is taken off for use as hereinafter described. The portion
of the steam which enters into direct contact with oil, as above described, being
the only portion which mingles with the vapor or gas arising from the oil, it
follows that it should be admitted in regulated quantities, in order that the quality
of the vapor or gas when it reaches the burners may be determined; and this
result is produced by the proper manipulation of valve L. In practice it will
generally be necessary to leave both of the valves L and L' open to some extent,
as it will be desirable to have steam enter the body of the oil, and at the same
time enter the pipe B' to further heat the oil and gas or vapors, and to cause thei
to be thoroughly commingled before being taken off for use.
The oil to be heated, which may be either the crude or distilled article, is made
to enter into the interior cylinder-through-the-pipe-D,-it-being-supplied from a
reservoir-so-placed-as-to-cause-it-to_flow_in_by_its own gravity, or it may be injected
by a pump, so constructed and arranged as to supply oil in regulated quantities,
the valve K being used to regulate the inflow when the device is fed by the
gravity of the oil, the regulation of the supply being necessary in either case, as if
too much is admitted the device will become filled with oil, and its proper operation
obstructed, and if too small a quantity is supplied the requisite amount of gas or
vapor will not be obtained. The oil in descending through the vessel B comes in
contact with the heated diaphragmns B², and a largo per cent. of it is converted into
vapor, while the remainder falls into the lower portion of the vessel, where it is
brought into actual contact with the steam entering through valve L', and a
portion of that thus deposited is converted into gas or vapor, while the remainder
is by the operation of the apparatus, as described, converted into an oil of the
requisite specific gravity to be used for lubricating machinery and for other
purposes, which at the proper stages of the operation is drawn off through pipe E',
its flow being controlled by a valve N, or it may be through the pipe controlled
by the valve R.
Provision is made for taking off the gas or vapor for use in the apparatus, or for
use in henting other furnaces and devices, by inserting in the top of the domo a
pipe, which communicates with the interior of vessel B, as shown, and con-
necting with it a pipe C controlled by a valve O, said pipe connecting with the
upper part of a coil C, which is placed in the steain chamber or space between the
two cylinders, said chamber or space being supplied with super-heated steam passing
through the valve L.
To the lower end of coil C¹ there is attached a pipe C, which passes out through
the wall or casing, through a protecting tube A, and thence to a burner P located
in a furnace below the cylinders, it being controlled by a valve Q' for the purpose
of regulating the flow of gas to said burner. The gas or vapor in passing through
the coil C is additionally heated, and leaves said coil at nearly the same temperature
of the steam that surrounds the same, and is consequently delivered to the burner
in the best possible condition for use. When it is desirable to use the gas or vapor
for heating devices other than the apparatus in which it is generated, the pipe C
may be led to such device by forming a branch controlled by a valve so as to
conduct it to the desired location. For determining at all times the quantity of the
oil unvaporized in the lower portion of vessel B, there is attached to the pipe
through which the gas or vapor passes from the dome a pipe E, which is supplied
with a valve K¹ for controlling the flow of the gas through said pipe, which extends
downward to a chainber M, which has in it a valve for shutting off the gas or vapor

page_text: when desired. From this chamber there extends a glass gauge tube, the lower end
of which is secured in a chamber attached to and communicating with the pipe a,
its passage being controlled by a valve M³, which when open allows the oil in the
apparatus to flow out, and as when the valve in chamber M is open the pressure
5 upon the upper surface of the oil in the tube is substantially the same as the
pressure below, or upon the oil in the vessel, the operator can at all times determine
when to draw off the lubricating oil, which may be done when the apparatus is in
operation by closing the valve in chamber M and opening valves M and N, or it
may be drawn off through valve R, as above described, the proper time for such
O drawing off being when all that portion which is vaporizable by the heat applied
by the steam has been converted into gas or vapor.
For the purpose of determining the steam pressure in the chamber or space
between the two cylinders or vessel, there is attached thereto, and made to cominu-
nicate therewith, a pipe, upon the outer end of which a steam gauge G of any
approved form is attached, which enables the operator at all times to determine the
pressure in said chamber. It is necessary at times to compare the pressure of the
gas or vapor with that of the steam, and in order that this may be done there is
connected with the gas outlet pipe a gauge G which indicates the pressure therein.
There is also provided a pyrometer F placed at the top of the dome, which will at
all times show the heat of the gas within. It is also desirable that provision should
be made for determining the temperature of the steam as it passes from the super
heater to the vessel containing the oil to be treated. This is effected by connecting
with the pipe leading to said vessel, or to the vessel, a pyrometer F¹, as shown in
the Drawing.
In commencing the operation of generating gas or vapor in an apparatus of this
type, steam from some suitable generator is allowed to flow into the super-heating
coil, which is then heated by some light fuel placed in the furnace and kept burning
until the steam is properly heated, when it is admitted to the chambers within the
cylinders A and B, and this is continued until a proper degree of heat, as
determined by the steam pyrometer, is attained, and when the pressure in the
steam gauge has reached within a few pounds of the pressure of that in the
generator from which it is taken the oil may be admitted, and the operation will
thereafter be continuous as long as oil is supplied and the gas or vapor is allowed
to flow into the burner and kept ignited. The cylinders are preferably made of
cast-iron or cast-steel, and the diaphragins or steam chambers of the same material,
the pipes being of wrought iron, copper, brass, or any other material. The con-
struction and operation of parts shown and described enables me to form a generator
of a comparatively small number of parts, and to so arrange such parts that the few
joints necessary to unite them are so placed as not to be exposed to high degrees of
heat, and consequently are not liable to be destroyed by that agency. Any water
that may result from the condensation of steam in the apparatus may be drawn off
through the valve L, as shown in Figure 1.
In Figures 3, 4, and 5, are illustrated modifications of the apparatus; Figure 3
is an elevation of the generator showing pipes for the introduction of steam at
different points, a pipe and branches thereof for conducting from the generators, a
pyrometer for showing the temperature of the escaping gas, steam and gas gauges
for showing the pressure of the entering steam and of the escaping gas, and a
glass gauge for showing the height of the oil in the generator.
Figure 4 is a vertical sectional elevation showing the parts above enumerated,
and in addition a pipe for admitting oil to the, interior of the generator, the outer
and inner cylinders, a covering of asbestos, pipe for the admission of steam into the
body of the oil within the inner cylinder and for drawing off lubricating oil and
sediment, and the manner of constructing the diaphragms which divide the inner
cylinder into compartments, and Figure 5 is an elevation showing the inner
cylinder and the means of admitting steam into the chambers within it, and also
steam spaces in the lower end for the passage of the steam; similar letters refer to
similar parts throughout the several views.

page_text: A cylinder A of metal is provided of any desired dimensions, and upon the top
thereof is placed n dome or otherwise shaped structure capable of closing its upper
end, said dome or structure being riveted or bolted to the cylinder in such a
manner as to prevent the passage of air or other substances between the parts.
Upon the outer surface of the cylinder A and its dome there is placed a covering A¹
of asbestos or other incombustible material which is a non-conductor of heat, and
outside of this a covering A' of wood or sheet metal, or both, for the purpose of
keeping the non-conducting material in place.
Within the cylinder A there is secured another cylinder and dome B also made
of metal, and of such dimensions as to leave a space C sufficiently broad for the
circulation of steam between the two cylinders. Within the interior cylinder there
is placed a series of diaphragms B which constitute a series of chambers for the
reception of steam from the space between the cylinders A and B, oblong or other-
wise formed openings B' being formed in the cylinder B between said diaphragms for
its passage, they being riveted to the cylinder so as to prevent the passage at the
points where they are placed of ascending gases between them and the cylinder.
This construction of diaphragms or chambers provides for two heating surfaces
upon each, and thus ensures the proper heating of the gas as it rises through the
apertures. There may be any number of these chambers, and in order that the
gas generated in the apparatus may-rise-freely_to_the dome D' in the upper portion
of the cylinder B-there-is-placed in each of the diaphragms or chambers-tubular
stay bolts B³, having passages through them for-tho-gas-as-it_ascends. These
stay bolts also serve to strengthen the plates B and prevent the chambers from
collapsing. Between each of the chambers composed of the plates B2, B3, there is
a gas chamber D, which ensures the contact of the gas with both of said plates
and thus the vaporizing of any oil that may be carried up with the ascending gas,
as well as the thorough heating of such gas. Near the bottom of cylinder B there
is placed a flanged plate or head E through which pass pipes E, E, through
which steam is admitted to the body of the oil, which is placed in said cylinder
for the purpose of vaporizing it. Ono of the pipes E' may be used for drawing
off the oil after it has been rendered of the requisite gravity to be used as a
lubricant. The lower end of the cylinder B is provided with corrugations or
spaces F for the passage of steam from the space between the two cylinders to the
under side of the plate E.
For the purpose of admitting oil into the cylinder Ba pipe G is provided, which
is connected to a reservoir of oil placed at a sufficient height to cause it to flow
into said cylinder by its own gravity, or to a pump or other forcing devices which
will feed the oil; in either case the quantity allowed to enter in a given period of
time is to be regulated.
That portion of the pipe G which is within the cylinder B is perforated with
apertures upon its under surface, for the purpose of communicating the oil as it
enters and for distributing it over a considerable portion of the heating surface.
If preferred a rose-head may be placed upon the end of this pipe and the dis-
tribution of the oil effected in that manner.
For the purpose of introducing steam superheated or otherwise into the body of
the ascending gas a pipe G is used, which may be connected to any kind of a
steam superheater or to a generator, the former being preferred, and made to enter
some distance into the interior cylinder so as to cause the steam entering to be
properly commingled with the gas, and thus constitute it a hydro-carbon gas when
ready for use. In order that the steam may be admitted into the space C between
the cylinders A and B pipes G are placed in the outer cylinder near its bottom,
their outer ends being connected with the source of supply. The steam entering
through the pipes G passes up in the space C, and thence into the chambers
between the flanged plates B2, and is thus made to heat them and to surround the
interior cylinder and its dome, and thus ensure the delivery of the gas at its
requisite temperature. Should it be found necessary to admit steam into the space
between the domes, it may be done by placing pipes in the apertures G³, and

page_text: connecting them with a generator of steam placed in any convenient position. For
the purpose of conducting the gas to a point where it is to bo burned a T-shaped
pipe is inserted in the upper dome, the vertical portion of which extends down
into the inner one from which it receives the gas and conducts it to the pipes
H, H, either or both of which may be used to conduct it to the point where it is
burned.
As a convenient method of showing the temperature of the gas or vapor as it
leaves the apparatus there is placed upon the outlet pipe a pyrometer I, which
by indicating the temperature thereof enables the operator to regulate the admission
of steam in such quantities as to ensure the vaporization of all the oil carried up
by the ascending gas before it leaves the apparatus. I also for convenience placo
a glass gauge J upon the apparatus in any convenient position, and connect it with
the space occupied by the gas for the purpose of indicating the pressure thereof as
it leaves the apparatus, thus enabling the operator to prevent waste at the burners
by allowing too much pressure to obtain at that point. I also prefer to attach to
the steam space between the cylinders A and B a steam gauge K, so that tho
pressure of steam therein may at all times bo known.
For the purpose of determining the height of oil in the apparatus there is placed
upon the outside thereof a glass gauge L of the usual construction, it being made
to communicate with the space within the interior cylinder, one of its ends being
below the oil therein and the other above it, so that the oil always rises therein to
the same height that it does in the cylinder, which height may be ascertained by
looking at the glass tube of the gauge.
In certain cases, instead of the above described apparatus, I employ two or more
double horizontal cylinders placed one above the other, their arrangement with
reference to each other being such that the steam entering is super-heated in a coil
of pipo surrounding the lower one, and is then passed through suitable pipes to
chambers surrounding both cylinders, and into heating coils within the interior
cylinder. Steam is also admitted in regulated quantities into the lower inner
cylinders and mingled with the gas or vapor produced from petroleum or some of
its products, while the mingled vapors are collected in a common chamber, from
which they are taken for use.
Having thus described the nature of my Invention, and in what manner the
same is to be performed, I claim,-
First. The herein described process of producing hydro-carbon gas and lubricating
oil from petroleum, which consists in first introducing a regulated quantity of
steam at a regulated temperature into the body of the enclosed oil; second, causing
the vapor from the oil to pass through or over a series of steam heated surfaces for
the purpose of additionally heating the same, and converting into vapor any
globules of oil that it may hold in suspension, or that may adhere to the surface
over which it passes; and finally, mingling superheated steam with the vapors of
the oil, and passing the same over steam-honted surfaces, substantially as
described.
Second. The combination of a closed vessel for containing the material to bo
vaporized, a pipe for introducing superheated steam into the material, a series of
chambers or diaphragms heated by steam for the purpose of additionally heating
the gas or vapor beforo it leaves the vessel in which it is generated, a pipe for the
introduction of a regulated quantity of steam into the ascending gas, and a chamber
for the reception of the mingled gases, substantially as herein described with
reference to Figures 1 and 2 of the accompanying Drawings.
Third. The combination, in an apparatus for generating gas or vapor from
petroleum and its products, of the vessels A and B, the latter arranged within the
former, a perforated pipe D, or pipes for conducting the oil or other substance to
the interior of said vessels, the branched pipe or pipes for introducing steam into
the interior of vessel B, and into a steain heating coil surrounding the vessel A,
the coil A*, the steam pipo 6 for conducting the steam from the coil to the interior

page_text: of the vessels, and the protecting pipe A', substantially as herein described with
reference to Figures 1 and 2 of the accompanying Drawings.
Fourth. The combination of the pipe a, protecting pipe A¹, and the valve M',
the parts being arranged for operation, substantially as described, whereby they
are made available for drawing off the lubricating oil when the apparatus is in
operation, substantially as herein described with reference to Figures 1 and 2 of
the accompanying Drawings.
Fifth. The combination of the vessel B, the pipe E, valve in chamber M, and
valve M, and a glass gauge placed between said valves, the arrangement of the
parts being substantially such as is described, whereby an equilibrium of pressure
is maintained upon both ends of the tube, and whereby the position of the upper
surface of the oil and the condition of the body of the same can be determined and
the proper times for drawing off ascertained.
Sixth. The combination of the steam pipe A³, the steam henting coil A+,
placed in a chamber formed between the outer vessel A and the casing of the
apparatus through which the heated products of combustion pass from the furnace,
and in which the steam is superheated, and the regulating valves L and L', which
control the flow and direction of the superheated steam as it passes from the coil
to the interior of the apparatus, substantially as herein described with reference to
Figures 1 and 2 of the accompanying-Drawings
Seventh. The combination_of_the_cylinders_or_vessels A and B having a space
between them for the admission of a heating pipe or pipes, the heating coil C,
a pipe C for conducting the gas or vapor to the heating coil, and a pipe C² for
conducting the gas or vapor to the point or points where it is to be burned,
substantially as herein described with reference to Figures 1 and 2 of the
accompanying Drawings.
Eighth. The combination of the cylinder B, perforated pipe B¹, and perforated
diaphragms B, their arrangement being substantially as described, whereby the
superheated steam passing into the interior of vessel B in regulated quantities is
made to mingle with the vapor rising from the oil, and the two vapors or gases are
properly mingled before being drawn off for use, substantially as herein described
with reference to Figures 1 and 2 of the accompanying Drawings.
Ninth. The combination of the pipe B' and a spherical chamber upon its upper
end for the purpose of preventing oil from being carried into the gas chamber of
the apparatus, substantially as described with reference to Figures 1 and 2 of the
accompanying Drawings.
Tenth. The combination of protecting and supporting pipes A', A¹, and the pipes
a and b, substantially as herein described with reference to Figures 1 and 2 of the
accompanying Drawings.
Eleventh. The combination of the dome-shaped vessels A and B, the steam
super-heating coil A, the gas or vapor heating coil C', the perforated pipe B¹, the
diaphragms B, and suitable pipes for conducting steam to the apparatus, and the
gas from it to the point where it is to be burned, substantially as herein described
with reference to Figures 1 and 2 of the accompanying Drawings.
Twelfth. The combination of the sphere attached to the upper end of the tube B',
and the distributing pipes leading therefrom, such pipes being supplied with rose-
heads, substantially as herein described with reference to Figures 1 and 2 of the
accompanying Drawings.
Thirteenth. The diaphragms constituting the chambers into which the steam
enters from the space between the two cylinders, they consisting of flanged plates
riveted to the interior cylinder, and being provided with hollow bolts for the
passage of the ascending gases, the space between them consisting of a chamber
into which steam enters through the apertures formed in the interior cylinder
between the plates, substantially as herein described with reference to Figures +
and 5 of the accompanying Drawings.
Fourteenth. The combination in a gas generator of an outer cylinder having a
dome upon the upper end, and an interior cylinder of similar construction for

page_text: containing the oil to be vaporized, having in it a series of perforated diaphragms
or steam chambers for the reception of steam, which constitute chambers which are
supplied with passages communicating with the space between said cylinders for
the passage of steam therefrom, whereby the heating surface is largely increased,
substantially as heroin described with reference to Figures 4 and 5 of the
accompanying Drawings.
Fifteenth. The combination of the plate E, pipes E', and steam passages F,
whereby steam is admitted into the body of the oil in the interior of the cylinder
and beneath the lower chamber thereof, substantially as herein described with
reference to Figures 4 and 5 of the accompanying Drawings.
In witness whereof, I, the said Charles Denton Abel, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Third day of October, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and eighty one.