CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR TREATING FATTY BODIES, AND THE MATTERS PRODUCING THEM; SUCH PROCESS AND APPARATUS BEING EQUALLY APPLICABLE TO THE TREATING SEVERAL OTHER SUBSTANCES, AND ALSO FOR THE PROCESS AND APPARATUS NECESSARY FOR THE
Year: 1847

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, PETER
ARMAND LECOMTE DE FONTAINE MOREAU, of No. 15, New Broad Street, in
the City of London, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of that part of the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland called England, bearing date at West-
minster, the Twenty-eighth day of January, in the tenth year of Her reign,
did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said Peter Armand Lecomte de Fontaine Moreau, my executors, adminis-
trators, and assigns, Her especial licence, full power, sole privilege and
authority, that I, the said Peter Armand Lecomte de Fontaine Moreau, my.
executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Peter
Armand Lecomte de Fontaine Moreau, my executors, administrators, or
assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at
all times during the terin of years therein mentioned, should and lawfully might
make, use, exercise, and vend, within that part of the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Ireland called England, the Dominion of Wales, and Town
of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and also in the Islands of Guernsey, Jersey,
Alderney, Sark, and Man, and in all Her said Majesty's Colonies and Plan-
tations abroad, the Invention for "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PROCESS AND
APPARATUS FOR TREATING FATTY BODIES, AND THE MATTERS PRODUCING THEM; SUCH
PROCESS AND APPARATUS BEING EQUALLY APPLICABLE TO THE TREATING SEVERAL
OTHER SUBSTANCES, AND ALSO FOR THE PROCESS AND APPARATUS NECESSARY FOR THE

page_text: USEFUL APPLICATION OF ALL THOSE PRODUCTS," communicated to me from abroad;
in which said Letters Patent is contained a proviso that I, the said Peter
Armand Lecomte de Fontainemoreau shall particularly describe and ascertain
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be per-
formed, by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal, and to cause
the same to be inrolled in Her Majesty's High Court of Chancery within
six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said in part
recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference being thereunto had,
will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Peter Armand Lecomte de Fontaine Moreau, do hereby declare the nature
of the said Invention communicated to me, and the manner in which the
same are to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement thereof, reference being made to the Drawings here-
unto annexed, and to the letters and figures marked thereon, that is to say:-
As the Invention communicated to me consists of different processes and
apparatus, I have, for the better understanding, separated them into several
parts, which I will separately and successively describe.
First Part. The first part of the Invention relates chiefly to the treat-
ment of greasy and soapy waters; but it is nevertheless' also applicable
to the treatment of all matters proceeding from the working of wool,
woollen, and all other textile matters, and to fatty matters and bodies in
general. These greasy or soapy waters are introduced into large cisterns
or troughs, where, after having remained at rest during about two or three
days in summer, and ten or twelve in winter, they are decomposed by
a very weak addition of acids. The mixture is left to itself until the sepa
ration of the matters has entirely taken place, then the cleared part is
drawn off, and the thick or muddy portion is put into bags made of close
texture, from which the water escapes, and leaves behind a fatty matter.
These bags are afterwards laid on iron sheets, which are piled up one on the
other in large closed cases, in which I introduce a current of steam. The
bags are pressed moderately, and a new current of steam is introduced; the
sacks are again slowly pressed, and a fresh current of steam introduced; and
1 repeat this operation during the whole time of the pression, which generally
continues during about six to eight hours. I am well aware that the use of
bags for containing the matter to be pressed and laid in layers upon a wire
cloth to separate the oleine from the stearine has been known since a long
while, and is generally resorted to; therefore I do not lay any claim to that

page_text: mode of operating. But my improvement consists, in the above-described
operation, in separating the oleone from the stearone, and is founded on the
combined action of steam, and a slow and reiterated pression. This being
done, I heat the mixture of water and grease resulting from the herein-before
described pression, and by that means the grease is separated.
Second Part.-The second part of the Invention relates to the process
founded on the principle of the use of a current of dry steam, combined with
the atmospheric vacuum, by which the grease obtained by the herein-before
described operation, as well as most of the other fatty bodies of an inferior
quality, may be epurated by distillation. If the fatty bodies are not in a state
of fatty acids, they are treated by means of powerful acids, in order to acidify
them, which is a process well known; then all the humidity is extracted.
Third Part. The third part of the Invention relates to the process of and
apparatus for distilling by a current of dry steam, combined with the atmo-
spheric vacuum. The apparatus which I employ in preference is a modifica-
cation of these for boiling sugar; and as its mode of working is well known
I will merely describe the principal parts, which will be sufficient to illustrate
my improvements.
In Drawing 1, Figures 1, 2, and 3, represent the apparatus for distilling
grease, fatty bodies, &c., &c. The same letters of reference represent the
same parts in every Figure. Figure 1 represents a transversal section of a
part of the apparatus. Figure 2 is another transversal section of the whole
of the apparatus. Figure 3 is the plan or bird's eye view of the improved
apparatus. A is a wrought-iron vessel of about one eighth of an inch in
thickness. B is a brass dome united to the vessel A, and covered with water.
Cis a circular gutter conducting the products of the pipe E. D is a pipe
serving to introduce the products; it is shut at d by a properly adjusted plate,
which is cased in a suitable box containing the liquid covering it. E is a
pipe conducting the products into the receivers J, J; that pipe is cased in a
Harger one, in which water circulates. F is a glass tube, set by means of
caoutchoue, or by any other waterproof substance. G is a pipe provided with
two taps, and serving to conduct the products into one or the other of the two
receivers J, J. H is an earthenware coil, in communication by its upper
part with the condenser, which is at the lower end joined to the receivers J, J.
I are pipes serving to pour the water from the vessel A into the coil within
the double casing. J, J, are receivers having an opening K, which is air-
tight, in a manner similar to pipe D. L is a condenser, into which falls a

page_text: joined to the receiver H, serving to house the condensed waters; I is a kind
of easing placed at the upper extremity of the pipe F, which is immersed in a
liquid which forms an bydraulic shutting similar to that of the moveable lid;
J is a coil serving to conduct all the products into the receiver H; K is the
pipe by which the gas is conducted into the lower extremity of the columns L
which is in part filled with pebbles, separated at convenient distances by
diaphragms, and on which falls the water coming from the vessel in which
the coil is placed; M is a vessel in which the separation of the water and of
the other products takes place; N, pipe conducting the gas to the gasometer,
Sixth part. The sixth part of the Invention relates to the argillous earths
which have served for taking out the grease from wool, woollens, &c., and
which 1 distil by the herein-before described process. To the product obtained
by that operation I add generally a small quantity of lime, and the gas which
is naturally produced is conducted into a gasometer, the counterweight of
which is sufficiently strong to produce in the apparatus a diminution of pression
equivalent to about one inch of water.
Seventh part. The seventh part of the Invention relates to the treatment
of the condensed products, namely, the oleone, stearone, margarone, and an
essential oil having a strong smell, which operation I perform by separating
the liquid part by means of crystallization and pression. I wash afterwards that
liquid part with a solution of carbonate of soda, and after with clear water. I allow.
it to clarify by leaving it still. I introduce it afterwards into the apparatus.
herein-before described and represented by Figures 1, 2, and 3, Drawing I.
I then heat it strongly, inject it into a jet of steam, and produce the vacuum.
The simultaneous influence of these two last named agents forces nearly
the whole of the essential oil to be volatalized, condensed, and gathered into
the condenser. That essential oil, being afterwards epurated by any of the
well known processes in use, is very useful for dissolving caoutchouc, for

page_text: Ninth Part. The ninth part of the Invention relates to the mode of",
treating the stearone and margarone, which is performed by subjecting these.
products to the heated pression herein-before described, then epurating them.
by means of several crystallizations in an essential oil, such as that herein-
before described). By that operation the oleone and margarono are fit to
replace wax in many cases.
I
Tenth Part. The tenth part of the Invention relates to the producing of
the neutral oils of different natures, which I manufacture by combining the
oleic acid with the basis of an alcohol; that is to say, with a compound
belonging to the series of the hydrates of oxide, ethyte, methylo, amyle, &c., &c.
I have found the two first, alcohol from wine and wood, to succeed the best.
Science points out several methods of operating this combination. I prefer,
however, the following:-I take a still of the ordinary form, the bath (bal-
neum,) (see Figures 1 & 2, Drawing I.) of which is made of lead, or of any
other metal unattackable by the acids. In that bath I introduce two parts of
oleic acid, four parts of wine or wood alcohol, and one part of concentrated
sulphuric acid. The neck of the still is adapted at its coil, and the heat is
maintained in the bath, in order that the distillation may be carried on slowly
during two hours. The product of such a distillation is an alcohol more
adapted than the precedent for the same purpose. The bath contains a light.
oil, which swims above, and a dense liquid. I wash that light oil with a
solution of carbonate of soda, and then with clean water, and it is then dis-
enfected (as herein-before stated when speaking of the oleone) in the still
where the vacuum is made. I make use of the thick liquid herein-before
mentioned for a fresh operation, by using one half of the oleic acid employed
during the first operation. The neutral oil thus obtained, and which is an oleio
ether, is of an excellent use for greasing light machinery, for clockworks, &c.,
and for preserving the metallic surfaces the most liable to oxidation. It can
be thickened, like the oleone, in case of need.
Eleventh Part. The eleventh part of the Invention relates to the treatment
of the scum produced during the concentration of the soapy and fatty waters.
This scum, being removed from the surface of the fatty and soapy waters
during their concentration, and treated by the acids, will produce fatty bodies
by the process herein-before described. If I push the evaporation so far as to
cause the complete siccity, the matter can be distilled in the apparatus repre-
-sented by Figure 4, Drawing I., and the carbonated residue furnishes potash
and soda.

page_text: Twelfth rart. 1De twerth part or the invention remites to we we
ment of the greasy and soapy waters when they scarcely contain any impurities.
In that case, to extract from them the grease, I cause the depot which pro-
duces it to evaporate; that is to say, that I operate without employing a current
of steam and pression, as herein-before described.
Thirteenth Part-The thirteenth part of the Invention relates to the treat-
ment of that elastic oily substance obtained from the waters having served for
the washing of the raw wools in fleece, and operated upon in a manner similar
to that of the greasy and soapy waters, as herein-before described. That oily
and elastic substance, or "suint," is applicable to several purposes already
pointed out, and can be especially employed for manufacturing elastic varnishes.
To obtain a liquid fit for dissolving colors, I dissolve that grease, with its own
weight of rosin, in about the same quantity of turpentine or oil, into which
litharge has been introduced; if that substance or suint were to contain
some fatty bodies, I combine with it one tenth in weight of lime, or of any
other similar basis.
Fourteenth Part-The fourteenth part of the Invention relates to the
mode of treating the greases obtained, as herein-before stated, from the waters
having served for the washing of wool, when I wish to make use of these
grenses for lighting. To render them fit for that purpose it is necessary to
make them boil during some hours, taking care to add to them ten per cent.
of sulphuric acid, which is diluted in its own weight of water. They are
washed afterwards with cloan water. I use for that operation a wooden vat, and
I heat the substances by a jet of steam.
Fifteenth Part. The fifteenth part of the Invention relates to the mode of
preparing a certain fatty body or substance called vegetable wax, and to render
it available in the manufacture of candles. To bleach that fatty substance
extracted from myrtles, the mirica cirifira (cirier or wax tree), and some other
shrubs with ciriforous berries, the produce of Loussiana and other countries, I
operate as follows:-I prepare at first a solution composed of two pounds
of carbonate of potash or soda, and sixty pounds of water. I melt, at a low
temperature, two hundred and forty pounds of the raw vegetable wax in a
lenden vessel heated by steam, introduced through a pipe properly perforated.
When the melting is complete I add slowly the solution of carbonate of soda
or potash, and I obtain a liquid paste about on quarter of an hour afterwards:
I slowly introduce into that paste about fifty pounds of chloride or hypochloride

page_text: of lime, previously dissolved in three hundred pounds of water. I maintain the
heat for some time at the same temperature, but I push it up ultimately to the
boiling point, taking care to agitate the mixture by means of a stick covered with
lead, until the bleaching be entirely and perfectly complete. I can also make
use, for the same purposes, of the other chlorides or hypochlorides of soda or
potash, but I prefer those of lime. Having, by the herein-before described
operation, obtained a perfect bleaching of the mixture, I add to the compound
fifty pounds of concentrated sulphuric acid, or its equivalent of muriatic or other
acids, diluted in six hundred pounds of water. By that last operation the
separation of the compound substances is obtained; the fatty body swims on
the top, and I decanter off the liquid part.
Sixteenth Part.-The sixteenth part of the Invention relates to the process
of preparing, and rendering available in the manufacture of candles and soap,
a certain gummy and fatty substance called Carnoba wax, in the Brazils.
This above stated substance has a greenish, brownish, or yellowish color, is very
hard and brittle, possesses some smell, and is for the most part gathered from
the leaves of a kind of palm tree. I will successively describe the two processes
by which I treat that substance.
First Process-I put fifty parts of water, five parts of essence of turpentine,
and ten parts of Carnoba wax pulverized as fine as possible, into the close
vessel treated by a current of steam, and keep the whole boiling at a moderate
heat, until a complete combination of both matters is effected, and affords a
compound of a diaphanous white color. I filter at first the product in bags,
and press it very hard. . I dissolve afterwards the substance which remains in
the bags, adding to it about one part or one twentieth of the weight of pulver-
ized stearine, and a sufficient quantity of magnesia to take away the
empyreumatical smell. I wash it with hot water, and leave it at rest in order
that the magnesia may be precipitated; and when taken from the vessel the
product must be forthwith plunged into cold water to prevent the contact
of the air, which darkens the color. The water which falls from the bags is
collected, and, when cold, the fatty matter is taken from it.
Second Process:-The Carnoba wax, broken into small pieces, is put into a
close vessel, with a sufficient quantity of alcohol or ether, of the same kind as
that already herein described in reference to the tenth part of the Invention.
operate the vacuum in the vessel, and heat the matters up to boiling point by
a current of dry or over-heated steam passing through a coil, until the bleach-
ing of the wax should be complete. I collect the alcohol, which has served for
the herein-before described operation, by any of the most convenient means
I

page_text: which affords the facility of making use again of that agent for the same
purpose. Any compound of carburet of hydrogen may be employed for this
operation, but I prefer the alcohol of wine and of wood, as already herein-
before stated in reference to the tenth part of the Invention. As I have
aforesaid, the product must be plunged into cold water, to prevent it to be
darkened by the contact with the atmosphere. The product obtained in sub-
jecting it to the last stated process is superior by far to that obtained by the
first, and possesses, besides, a pleasant smell. The Carnoba wax, prepared
by either of the two processes herein-before described, and mixed with every
description of fatty body hitherto employed for that purpose, can be advan-
tageously employed in the manufacture of candles. It may also be mixed
and incorporated with soap, but chiefly in those which want to be hardened.
Seventeenth Part.-The seventeenth part of the Invention refers to cer
tain improvements in lamps or burning apparatus, by which I am able to
burn concrete greases and fatty bodies prepared by the several operations
herein-before described. These lamps are represented in Drawing II., in which
Figures 1 and 2 represent two transversal sections of two different lamps.
Figure 1 represents a lamp with a cylindrical wick. A is the reservoir where
the grease or fatty body is deposited. It shuts like a gas cucurbit by means
of a bolt screw, shewn at G. B is a small box fixed to the reservoir A, and
serving to feed the burner at C by the substance coming from A. C is a
moveable heat conductor; when the heat is sufficiently strong, the conductor
is turned on its side and placed outside the frame. D is a disk or burner
provided with holes through which the flame passes, and on which the glass
rests. E is a rod fixed to the glass supporter. F is the screw used for moving
the glass bearer and its rod E. All the parts red colored are made of bronze,
and those colored yellow are in brass. Before lighting the wick, to prevent its
too quick combustion, I soak it in a solution which I choose in preference,
made of phosphate ammonia. These lamps are so disposed that the heat of
the combustion maintains the substance to be burnt, and, feeding the wick in 'à
liquid state, and causes it to arrive exactly in a proportion equal to the wants
of alimentation, without any auxiliary heat. The Figure 2 of the same
Drawing represents a common lamp with a flat wick, and without glass. The
Figures exhibit two lamps, one of which can be suspended, and the other placed
in a stand or candlestick. A is a screw for the suspended lamp; B is another
screw for the lamp placed in a candlestick or stand.
And having now fully described the Invention communicated to me, and the

page_text: manner in which the same is to be performed, I wish it to be understood that
I do not confine myself to the precise details of the several parts of the
machinery or apparatus represented in the Drawings, and herein-before spoken
of in the description, nor to the precise modi operandi of the different processes
or operations herein-before described, provided the general features be similar
to what has been herein laid down. But what I claim as new, and as the
Invention communicated to me and intended. to be protected by said Letters
Patent, are,
Firstly, the several processes herein-before described for treating all kinds of
fatty and soapy waters, as well as the matters produced by the treating of
wool, woollens, and other textile products, as silk, &c.
Secondly, the several processes for treating the products obtained from the
fatty and soapy waters, wool, woollen, and other textiles, as silk, &c.; and also
the several processes and apparatus for distilling, and especially for using to that
purpose a current of dry or over-heated steam combined with the atmospheric
vacuum, as before described in reference to Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, Drawing I.
Thirdly, the application (for lubricating certain machinery), firstly, of the
residue produced by the distilling operation; secondly, of the fat or suint
obtained by the cleansing of fleece, as before described.
Fourthly, the use of insoluble soap for producing gaslight; the prepara- !
tion of an essential oil and of concrete, perfectly neutral matters capable
of replacing wax, and be used for greasing machinery, as herein-before
described.
Fifthly, the neutralizing of the fatty acids by means of alcohol and the appli-
cation of oleic ether to the greasing of the finest and more delicate sorts of
machinery as herein-before described.
Sixthly, the use of sheep's fat or suint for the composition of an elastic
varnish, and of a liquid for diluting the colors employed for painting on wood,
walls, &c., &c., as herein-before described.
Seventhly, the processes for bleaching the vegetable wax, and its application
in that state to the manufacture of candles, either alone or mixed with other
substances generally employed for that purpose, and the incorporation of that
product in certain soaps.
Eighthly, the application to lighting of certain concrete greases, having
neither smell nor smoke, by means of a certain wick and lamps burning
without any auxiliary heat, and also the mode of constructing these lamps
or apparatus, as herein-before described in reference to Figures 1 and 2,
Drawing II.

page_text: Ninthly, the application to the processes and apparatus to the treating of
fatty bodies in general, as herein-before described in reference to Drawings I.
and II.
In witness whereof, I, the said Peter Armand Le Comte de Fontaine
Moreau, have hereunto set my hand and seal, the Twenty-eighth day
of July, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and
forty-seven.
P. DE FONT (L.s.) AINEMOREAU.
AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the same Twenty-eighth day of July,
in the year above mentioned, the aforesaid Peter Armand Le Comte de
Fontainemoreau came before our Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and
acknowledged the Specification aforesaid, and all and every thing therein
contained, in form above written. And also the Specification aforesaid was
stamped according to the tenor of the Statute in that case made and
provided.
Inrolled the same Twenty-eighth day of July, in the year above
written.
The inrolment of the above Specification having been stolen from the office,
this transcript was made from the original Specification, and collated with an
office copy made before the record was stolen. There being some erasures and
alterations in the original Specification, which did not appear in the office copy,
they are presumed to have been made subsequently to the inrolment, and this
transcript was made to accord with the office copy. This transcript was made
for inspection and examination only, and no office copy of it can be issued, nor
can it be used as evidence.
F. G. ABBOTT.

page_text: The Inrollment of the above Specification having been stolen from the Office this transcript was made from the
Original Specification and collated with an Office Copy made before the Record was stolen There being some
erasures and alterations in the Original Specification which did not appear in the Office Copy they are presu-
-med to have been made subsequently to the Inrollment, and this transcript was made to accord with the Office
Copy This transcript was made for inspection and examination only and no Office Copy of it can be issued
7

page_text: The Inrollment of the above Specification having been stolen from the Office this
transcript was made from the Original Specification and collated with an Office
Copy made before the Record was stolen.. There being some erasures and al-
-lerations in the Original Specification which did not appear in the Office Copy.
they are presumed to have been made subsequently to the Inrollment and this
transcript was made to accord with the Office Copy. This transcript was made for
inspection and examination only and no Office Copy of it can be issued nor can it
be used as evidence.