IMPROVEMENTS IN TRACTION ENGINES, AND. IN APPARATUS FOR PLOUGHING AND TILLING LAND BY STEAM AND OTHER POWER PART OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS IS ALSO APPLICABLE TO DRIVING OR GIVING MOTION TO MACHINERY."
Year: 1863

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Richard Hornsby, junior, John Bonnall; and William
Astbury, all of Spittlegate Iron Works, Grantham, in the County of
Lincoln, for the Invection of "IMPROVEMENTS IN TRACTION ENGINES, AND.
IN APPARATUS FOR PLOUGHING AND TILLING LAND BY STEAM AND OTHER POWER
PART OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS IS ALSO APPLICABLE TO DRIVING OR GIVING
MOTION TO MACHINERY."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Richard Hornsby, John
Bonnall, and William Astbury, at the Office of the Commissioners of
Patents, with their Petition, on the 10th July 1863-
We; RICHARD HORNSBY, junior, JOHN BONNALL, and WILLIAM ASTBURY, all
of Spittlegate Iron Works, Grantham, in the County, of-Lincoln; do, hereby
declare the nature of the Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN, TRACTION ENGINES
AND IN APPARATUS FOR PLOUGHING AND TILLING LAND BY STEAM AND, OTHER; POWER,
PART OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS IS ALSO APPLICABLE TO DRIVING, OR GIVING MOTION
TO MACHINERY," to be as follows:—
This Invention has for its object improvements in traction engines, and in
apparatus for ploughing and tilling land, by steam and, ofher power; part
of which improvements is also applicable to driving origiving: motion to
machinery. In constructing traction engines and engines for hauling agricul-
tural implements, we employ a horizontal boiler (tubular by preference). The
cylinder or cylinders are placed in or near the bottoni of the smoke box, or
underneath the boiler. The pistons are fitted with truuks,.so, that the con-
necting rods may be jointed to them, as is usual in trunk engines, or other

page_text: engines may be employed. The connecting rods give motion to a crank axis
mounted underneath the boiler, and having a fly wheel at its end. This axis
also carries a pinion, which gears with and drives a tooth wheel on another
axis parallel with the first, and also under the boiler. On the second axis is a
chain pinion, which by a pitch chain drives a chain wheel on the axis of the
hinder road wheels of the engine, which thus receive motion. To permit of
the tension of the pitch chain being adjusted, should it elongate by wear, the
bearings of the axle are so carried that this axle, with the chain wheel upon
it, may be set further from or nearer to the chain pinion as may be required;
for this purpose the bearings are formed at the end of arms. There are two
such arms, one on each side, to which they are jointed at their further ends.
The arms are arranged so as to be horizontal or nearly so, and can turn
freely on their joints. The arms are made adjustable by means of screws and
spherical joints or otherwise, in order to regulate the distance of the axle from
the back of the fire-box, and consequently the tension of the pitch chain. In
order to carry the weight of the engine, rods descend from the bearings, and
at their lower ends are connected with springs which rest on brackets fixed to
the boiler and framing. The springs we prefer are helical, and they are so
applied as to be able to accomodate themselves to the varying positions of the
axleand its bearings. For engines required for hauling agricultural implements,
a winding drum or drums are mounted on a horizontal axis under the boiler;
this axis is placed between the fire-box and the second or intermediate axis
'before mentioned, or between the hind and fore wheels, which axis, in this
case, has a bevilled pinion upon it, and this drives a bevilled wheel fixed on
the axis of the winding drums. The drums are mounted so as to turn loosely
on their axis, but by a clutch either of them can be struck in or out of gear
for winding. The chain pinion also is not, in this case, fixed on the intermediate
axis, but has a clutch, by which, when required, it may be thrown out of gear,
so that while the engine is at work for winding it may be prevented moving
forward. The driving chain we prefer to construct in the following manner:-
It consists of links or pieces of three different forms; first, there are cir-
cular or ring links, which are short cylinders of metal bored or rendered true
internally; second, there are segment pieces, which are turned or formed on
their curved face to the same diameter as the interior of the ring links.
The segments are something less than half of the cylinder, and at each of
their ends a short stud is formed; third, there are connecting links, consisting
of short bars, with an eye at each end to fit the studs of the segment pieces.
In-making up the chain two segment pieces are placed in each ring link, and
each of these segment pieces, by means of two connecting links, one on each

page_text: side, is connected with one of the segment pieces in the next ring link. The
connecting links are fitted on to the studs of the segments, and the studs are
kept in position by projections or gibb pieces at the end of the links; the stud
ends of the segments are afterwards rivetted over to keep them in their places.
In this manner the chain is made up. The segment pieces and connecting
links, when fitted together, work as if they formed one piece, but the segment
pieces are free to turn within the ring links, and do so turn as the chain
passes around the chain wheels. Driving chains thus constructed will wear
for a long time, and will work very silently. They are applicable advan-
tageously for giving motion to other machinery.
In constructing steam ploughs we employ a frame mounted on wheels, two
at the front and one behind. The front wheels are steerage wheels, and the
hinder wheel is placed on the land side of the implement. The frame carries
three, four, or other convenient number of ploughs arranged in a diagonal line
across the implement, as is usual. On the frame are. a number of forked
standards or joints, one for each plough. The ploughs are all of the same
form, and consist of a body and beam made of one piece of wrought iron,
which receives the share, mould board, and coulter. The fore end of the beam
of the plough enters its forked standard, to which it is jointed, the joint
forming a centre or axis for the beam, with the parts connected with it, to turn
upon. This centre or axis is arranged as nearly as may be over the point of.
the share. To each of the plough beams by preference a rod is connected,
which is also jointed to an arm or an axis at or near the fore end of the frame.
There is an arm on this axis corresponding with each of the ploughs, and
receiving the connecting rod therefrom. There is also on the same axis a
toothed are gearing with a worm, on the axis of which is a handle, and by
turning this handle the ploughs can all simultaneously be raised out of or
lowered into the land as may be required. The fore end of each plough
beam is vertical or nearly so when the ploughs are in the land, and it fits
accurately into the forked standard, in order to prevent the beam and ploughs
shaking or moving laterally when it is at work.
In some cases we construct double implements in a similar manner. The
length of the frame is then increased, and the steering wheels are in the centre.
There are two sets of ploughs, one on each side of the steering wheels, and the
ploughs are turned in opposite directions; each set may be raised or lowered
by means of a worm and worm arc and axis of its own, or both sets may be
coupled up to arms on one axis, so that the lowering one set of ploughs will
raise the other set. Implements may be similarly constructed for scarifying
or otherwise cultivating land,

page_text: In steam and other ploughs, as heretofore constructed, when lever necks
are employed, the adjusting the share by means of the lever neck tends to
throw it either above or below the fore part of the mould board, the mould
board having heretofore been fixed rigidly to the body of the plough, or to a
part which is bolted or immoveably secured thereto. Now in place of so
doing we connect the fore part of the mould board to the lever neck, so that
it may move therewith, and then the adjusting of the share by means of the
lever neck will not affect the truth of the surface formed by the share and
inould board.
This Inventionalso relatesto harrows or implements suitable forpulverizing
land after it has been ploughed or broken up. Such implements usually
consist only of frames with spikes upon them, and in use several such frames
are commonly connected together by short chains or flexible connections,
and the whole is drawn over the land, so that the harrow accommodates itself
to the inequalities of the surface, and the weight of the frame causes the
spikes to penetrate more or less. These spikes rapidly wear out with use, and
the replacing them is somewhat troublesome,involving usually the separating
the parts of the frame of the implement. Now to protect these spikes from
wear we employ socks (of chilled cast metal by preference) which fit over
them, and are secured by wooden pegs or in other convenient manner. This
arrangement also has a further advantage in that socks of various forms may
be employed, straight or curved, small or large, according to the work to be
done, and one set of socks can readily be changed for another; whereas the
changing the tines of a harrow takes so much time and trouble that it is
rarely if ever done.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Richard Hornsby, JohnBonnall, and William Astbury, in the
Great Seal Patent Office on the 9th January 1864.
TO ALL TO WHOM "THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, RICHARD
HORNSBY, junior, JOHN BONNALL, and WILLIAM ASTBURY, all of Spittlegate
Iron Works, Grantham, in the County of Lincoln, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Tenth day of July, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, in the twenty-seventh year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto us,
the said Richard Hornsby, John Bounall, and William Astbury, Her special

page_text: licence that we, the said Richard Hornsby, John Bonnall, and William
Astbury, our executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as
we, the said Richard Hornsby, John Bonnall, and William Astbury, our
executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and
no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term
therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend,
within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel
Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN TRACTION
ENGINES, AND IN APPARATUS FOR PLOUGHING AND TILLING LAND BY STEAM AND
OTHER POWER, PART OF WHICH, IMPROVEMENTS IS ALSO APPLICABLE TO DRIVING OR
GIVING MOTION TO MACHINERY," upon the condition (amongst others) that
we, the said Richard Hornsby, John Bonnall, and William Astbury, our
executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under our or their
hands and seals, or under the hand and seal of one of us or them, should
particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in
what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be
filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and
immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said Richard Hornsby, John Bonnall, and
William Astbury, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention, and
in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described
and ascertained in and by the following statement thereof, that is to say:
In constructing traction enginesand engines for hauling agriculturalimple-
ments, we employ a horizontal boiler, tubular by preference. The cylinder.or
cylinders are placed in or near the bottom of the smoke box, or underneath
the boiler. The pistous are fitted with trunks, so that the connecting rods
may be jointed to them, as is usual in trunk engines, or other engines may be
employed. The connecting rods give motion to a crank axis mounted under-
neath the boiler, and having a fly wheel at its end. This axis also carries a
pinion, which gears with and drives a tooth wheel on another axisparallelwith
the first, and also under the boiler. On the second axis is a chain pinion,
which by a pitch chain drives a chain wheel on the axis of the hinder road
wheels of the engine, which thus receive motion. In order to carry the weight
of the engine, rods descend from the bearings of the axle, and at their lower
ends are connected with springs, which rest on brackets fixed to theboiler and
framing. The springs we prefer are helical, and they are so applied as to
be able to accommodate themselves to the varying positions of the axle, and
its bearings.
Figure 1 is a side elevation, Figure 2 a longitudinal section, and Figure 3

page_text: an end elevation, partly in section, of a traction engine constructed according
to our Invention.
a, a, are the cylinders of the engine; they are placed within thesmoke box,
at or near the bottom thereof, underneath the boiler, as shewn. The pistonsb,b,
are fitted with oval trunks c, c, and the connecting rods d, d, are jointed to
them in the manner usual with trunk engines. The connecting rods d, d, give
motion to the crank axis e, on the end of which is mounted a fly wheel. On
the crank axis e is also a toothed pinion f, which takes into and gears with a
toothed wheel g on an axis h, which is parallel to the crank axis e. This axis
and the intermediate axis hare, as the Drawing shews, both placed under the
boiler. On the axis is a chain wheel or pinion i, which by a pitch chain j
gives motion to a chain wheel on the axis of the hind road wheels. The
bearings of the hinder wheels are able to slide up and down between horns or
guides fixed on the frame of the engine, and in order to carry the weight of
the engine, rods 1, 1, descend from the bearings m, m, and at their lower ends
these rods carry discs A, on which springs n, n, rest. These springs also bear
at their upper ends on brackets o, o, fixed to the boiler. It will be seen that
at the upper end of each of the springs na washer is placed, theuppersurface
of which is a portion of a sphere, and this lays in a corresponding recess in
the bracket o. This arrangement is made for the purpose of allowing the
spring to adjust itself to the position of the bearing m and rod 1, the
bearings m and the axis of the hind wheels which they carry being made
adjustable to and from the axis h, in order to tighten the pitch chain ; when
required; this method of taking up the slack of the pitch chain is not in itself
new.
The springs n, n, are sbewn as helical springs, which we prefer, but
other springs may be applied, as above described, so as to be able to adjust
themselves to the position of the axle of the carrying wheels according to our
Invention. p is a brake wheel cast on the chain wheel k, it is acted on by a
friction band in the usual manner. In place of using the trunks c, c, in com-
bining engines according to our Invention as above described, ordinary
cylinders with pistons and piston rods may be substituted, but we prefer
to employ trunks.
The method of constructing the pitch chain jis herein-after fullydescribed,
and as respects the parts not already described, the construction of the
engine is either ordinary, or so fully shown in the Drawing, that a detailed
description is unnecessary.
For engines required for hauling agricultural implements, a windingdrum
or drums are mounted on a horizontal axis under the boiler. This axis is
placed between the fire-box and the second or intermediate axis before men-

page_text: tioned, or between the hind and fore wheels, which axis in this case has a
bevilled pinion upon it, and this drives a bevilled wheel fixed on the axis of
the winding drums. The drums are mounted so as to turn loosely on their
axis, but by a clutch either of them can be struck in or out of gear for winding.
The chain pinion also is not in this case fixed on the intermediate axis, but
has a clutch by which, when required, it may be thrown out of gear, so that
while the engine is at work for winding it may be prevented moving forward.
Figure 4 is a horizontal section, and Figure 5 a side elevation, of an engine
similar to that already described in respect to Figures 1, 2, and 3, but with
additional apparatus applied to it to render it suitable for hauling implements
for cultivating land. This additional apparatus is as follows:-a, a, are two
winding drums; they are mounted on a horizontal axis 6 under the boiler.
The axis is placed between the fire-box c and the second or intermediate
axis d, or by reversing the position of the parts end for end, they may be put
on the other side of the axis d under the boiler as before; the arrangement
shown, is however, the more convenient. "The axis d has a bevilled pinion
upon it, and this takes into and drives a bevilled wheel e on the axis 6 of the
winding drums a, a. The drums a, a, are mounted loosely on the axis b, but
they may be either struck in or out of gear for winding when requisite by a
clutch between the two drums, furnished with a suitable fork and levers for
working it; these, however, being ordinary, are not shown. On the axis d is
a'chain pinion f, which in this instance is not made fast to the axis d, but is
provided with a clutch g, so that when requisite it may be thrown out of gear]
and the engine when at work for winding prevented from moving forward.
The axis receives motion as before by means of a pinion h on the crank
axis i, which takes into and drives a toothed wheel k on the axis d. The
pinion is arranged so that when the engine is required to be used as .an
ordinary portable engine, it may be slid outwards on its axis, so as to be
out of gear with the toothed wheel, the engine may then be used to drive
a thrashing machine; or other machinery. "The cylinder in this engine,
like those of the traction engine already described, are placed in the-smoke
box below the boiler, and are by preference trunk engines. The principal
working parts of the engine are shown to be cased in to protect them from
dust and grit, and suitable doors are provided in the casing as is shown to
give access to these parts for oiling and other purposes.
:
The driving chain we prefer to construct in the following manner:-It
consists of links or pieces of three.different forms; first, there are circular or
ring links, which are short cylinders of metil bored or rendered true inter-
ally; second, there are segment pieces, which are turned or formed on their

page_text: curved face to the same diameter as the interior of the ring links. These
'seginents are something less than half of the cylinder, and at each of their
ends a short stud is formed; third, there are connecting links consisting of
short bars, with an eye at each end to fit the studs of the segment pieces. In
making up the chain two segment pieces are placed in each ring link, and
each of these segment pieces, by means of two connecting links, one on each
side, is connected with one of the segment pieces in the next ring link. The
connecting links are fitted on to the studs of the segments, and the studs
are kept in position by projections or gibb pieces at the end of the links;
the stud ends of the segments are afterwards rivetted over to keep them iu
their places. In this manner the chain is made up. The segment pieces
and connecting links, when fitted together, work as if they formed one
piece, but the segnient pieces are free to turn within the ring links, and do
so turn as the chain passes around the chain wheels. Driving chains thus
constructed will wear for a long time, and will work very silently; they
are applicable advantageously for giving motion to other machinery.
Figure 6 is a side view, and Figure 7 a plan of this driving chain, drawn
upon a large scale. The chain consists, as before mentioned, of links or pieces
of, three different forms; first, the circular or ring links a, a, consisting of
short cylinders of metal bored or rendered true internally; one of them is
shown separately at Figures 8; second, the segment pieces b, b, which are
turned or formed on their curved face to the same diameter as the interior of
the ring links; at each end of the segments b, b, a short stud b¹ is formed;
third, the short bars or connecting links c, c, having an eye c¹, c¹, at each end
to fit the studs b¹ of the segments b, b, and also an enlargement or gibb
piece to fit against the flat side of the segment and keep it in place.
Figure 9 shows one of the segments and a connecting link c fitted together;
Figures 10 show other views of one of the segments 6. The parts are put
together in the manner already described, and the form the chain assumes
is clearly shown in the Drawings. The segment pieces b, b, and connecting
links c, c, when fitted together, work as if they formed one piece, but the
segment pieces b, b, are free to turn within the ring links a, a, which they
do, as the Drawing, Figure 6, shows, as the chain passes around the chain
wheels. In some cases, in place of making the rings a true cylinders, we
hollow them interiorily, as is shown at Figures 11, and the faces of the
.segments b are made to correspond, as is seen in the Drawing.
In constructing steam ploughs we employ a frame mounted on wheels, two
at the front and one behind. The front wheels are steerage wheels, and the
hinder wheel is placed on the land side of the implement. The frame carries

page_text: three, four, or other convenient number of ploughs arranged in a diagonal line
across the implement, as is usual. On the frame are a number of forked
standards or joints, one for each plough. The ploughs are all of the same
form, and consist of a body and beam made of one piece of wrought iron,
which receives the share, mould board, and coulter. The fore end of the beam.
of the plough enters its forked standard to which it is jointed, the joint.
forming a centre or axis for the beam with the parts connected with it to turn.
upon. This centre or axis is arranged as nearly as may be over the point of
the share. To each of the plough beams, by preference, a rod is connected,.
which is also jointed to an arm on an axis at or near the fore end of the
frame. There is an arm on this axis corresponding with each of the ploughs,
and receiving the connecting rod therefrom. There is also on the same axis a
toothed arc gearing with a worm, on the axis of which is a handle, and. by
turning this handle the ploughs can all simultaneonsly be raised out of or
lowered into the land, as may be required. The fore end of each plough beam.
is vertical or nearly so when the ploughs are in the.land, and it fits accurately
into the forked standard, in order to prevent the beam and ploughs shaking
or moving laterally when it is at work.
Figure 12 is a plan, and Figure 13 a side elevation, of a steam plough.con-
structed according to this part of our Invention. a is the frame, which is
mounted on two wheels b, b, at the front end of the implement, and one wheel
c behind. The front wheels b, b, are steerage wheels, and are arranged so as
to be raised or lowered in relation to the frame when required, and the hinder,
wheel c is placed on the land side of the steam plough or implement, and is
also capable of similar adjustment. The frame a, a, carries three, four, or
other convenient number of ploughs, arranged in a diagonal line across the
implement, as is common in steam plough arrrangements;. e, e, are a number
of forked standards or joints on the frame of the implement, one for each of
the ploughs. The ploughs are all of the same form, and each consist of a
body fand beam g. The body and beam are made of one piece of wrought
iron, which receives the shares h, mould board i, and coulter j, as is shewn.
The fore end of the beam g of each plough enters its forked standard e, to
which it is jointed by pins, or by bolts and nuts k, k, the pins or bolts k, k,
forming centres or axes for the beams g and parts connected with them to
turn upon. These centres or axes k, k, are arranged as nearly as may be over
the points of the shares h. The plough beams are connected to rods or links /,
and the other ends of these rods or links 1, 1, are connected or jointed to arms
m, m, keyed to an axis n at or near the fore end of the frame. The rods or
other connections 1, 1, are of various lengths, as the Drawing shews, to suit the

page_text: various distances of the several ploughs from the axis n. Upon the axis n is
affixed a toothed segment or arc o, gearing with a worm p upon the axis p¹.
This axis may be turned by a handle fixed directly upon it. It is more con-
venient, however, to mount a bevilled wheel on this axis, and cause it to gear
with a pinion on the axis q. By turning this handle the ploughs can be
simultaneously raised out of or lowered into the land when required. Each
plough beam g is, at its fore end, vertical, or nearly so, when the ploughs are
in the land, and where it enters the standards e, e, it is made to fit accurately
therein, in order that the ploughs may not move or shake laterally while
working. ris a steering lever,which is fixed upon the upper end of the frames;
this frame has two parallel bars s', s¹, on which a stud 61, which carries the
wheel b, slides. In the centre of the frame sa screw t is held; it has a collar
upon it, which holds it in its place, but it can be turned by a key applied at
its upper end; this screw passes through the stud 61,and by turning the screw,
this stud and the wheel it carries are raised and lowered. This arrangement
is clearly shewn at Figure 14, which is a section taken at the line 1, 1,
Figure 13. The frames fits into an opening in the main frame a of the
implement, and the lever applied to its upper end is able to turn it therein,
and with the frames the wheel 6 moves so as to incline in either direction,
according as the steering handle is moved. An arm u and link v communi-
cate motion from one steering wheel b to the other. A shackel y carried by
a draught bar z serve to attach the hauling rope to the implement. The
wheel c is adjusted up or down by clamping its stem c¹ to the side frame
at the required position and height. In some cases we construct double
implements in a similar manner. The length of the frame is then increased,
and the steering wheels are in the centre. There are two sets of ploughs, one
on each side of the steering wheels, and the ploughs are turned in opposite
directions; each set may be raised or lowered by means of a worm and worm
arc and axis of its own, or both sets may be coupled up to arms on one axis,
so that the lowering one set of ploughs will raise the other set. Implements
may be similarly constructed for scarifying or otherwise cultivating land, and
for this purpose it is necessary only to change the form of the tilling tools. In
steam and other ploughs, as heretofore constructed when lever necks are
employed, the adjusting the share by means of the lever necks, tends to throw
it either above or below the fore part of the mould board, the mould board
having heretofore been fixed rigidly to the body of the plough, or to a part
which is bolted or immoveably secured thereto. Now, in place of so doing,
we connect the fore part of the mould board to the lever neck, so that it may
move therewith, and then the adjusting of the share by means of the lever

page_text: neck will not affect the truth of the surface formed by the share and mould
board.
Figure 15 is a side view, partly in section, and Figure 16 a plan of portions
of a plough having this part of our Invention applied. a is the frame or body
of the plough, which is similar in form to those heretofore used; is the slipe,
slade,or sole plate of the plough, which is also ofthe kind heretofore employed,
only that instead of its being suitably formed at its fore end to receive the
lever neck to work therein, it is now made preferably plain, and the lever
neck is carried upon a piu or axis a¹ formed on or attached to the lower end
of the fore part of the body a. The lever neck c, shewn separately at
Figures 17, is, at the fore part, where the share fits it, like those hitherto
constructed by us. c¹ is a hole or opening formed therein; this enables the
lever neck to be placed upon the pin or axis a¹ of the frame or body a. The
share d is slidden on to the nose or head of the lever neck, as usual, where it
is securely retained by a pin d'. The pin or axis a¹ on which the lever neck c
works is formed somewhat round, or approaching to a spherical form, as
shewn, which allows the lever neck to be moved or adjusted thereon laterally
as well as vertically. The hole or opening in the lever neck being formed
cylindrically immediately behind the share, the lever neck is formed suitably,
as is shewn, for receiving the breast e of the plough, and there is a lug c³ with
a hole in it to receive a pin, by which the lever neck is fixed to the breast or
mould board, and it is the so fixing the lever neck and breast or mould board
together which forms the distinguishing feature of this part of our Invention.
The hinder part of the lever neck is secured to a bracket g by a bolt passing
through it and through a slot g¹ in the bracket g, which allows of adjustment
laterally, and provides for the secure fixing of the lever neck when adjusted.
The bracket g is attached to the frame or body a by a bolt and nut h*, which
passes through the bracket and through a slot a² in the frame or body a.
The hinder end of the breast or mould board is carried as heretofore, and the
spring of the parts is sufficient to allow its fore end to move slightly with the
lever neck.
This Invention also relates to harrows or implements suitable for pulverizing
land after it has been ploughed or broken up. Such implements usuallyconsist
only of frames with spikes upon them, and in use several such frames are
commonly connected together by short chains or flexible connections, and the
whole is drawn over the land so that the harrow accommodates itself to the
inequalities of the surface, and the weight of the frame causes the spikes to
penetrate more or less. These spikes rapidly wear out with use, and the
replacing them is somewhat troublesome, involving usually the separating the

page_text: parts of the frame of the implement. Now to protect these spikes from wear,
we employ socks (of chilled cast metal,by preference,) which fit over them,and
are secured in any convenient manner. This arrangement also has a further
advantage in that socks of various materials and forms may be employed,
straight or curved, small or large, according to the work to be done, and
one set of socks can readily be changed for another; whereas the changing
the tines of a harrow takes so much time and trouble, that it is rarely if ever
done.
Figure 18 is a section, Figure 19 a side view, and Figure 20 a transverse
section of a portion of the frame of a harrow with a spike or tooth fitted with
a sock constructed in accordance with our Invention. a is a portion of the
frame of the harrow, the cross bars of which are secured together in the
usual manner by the stem of the spike or tooth passing through them, and
receiving a nut above. c is the sock, by preference usually of chilled cast
metal; it is secured either by wooden pegs or by a bolt and nut d, as shown;
or in other convenient manner. In practice we find the bolt and nut to be the
most ready; if wooden pegs are employed, the form of the parts should be
somewhat varied, so that no strain may come on the peg.
Figure 21 is a side view, partly in section, of a spike or tooth with a similar
sock, but made somewhat longer and stouter to allow more for wear; Figure22
is a vertical section, and Figure 23 aside elevation, of a similar arrangement,
but with a sock of a somewhat different form; Figure 24 is a side elevation
of the same parts, but separated the one from the other; and Figures 25,26,
and 27 show plans of several forms of socks illustrating the shapes which may
be conveniently given to them at their lower ende.
In witness whereof, we, the said Richard Hornsby, John Bonnall, and
William Astbury, have hereunto set our hands and seals, this Ninth
day of January, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred
RICHARD HORNSBY.
(L.S.)
JOHN BONNALL.
(L.B,)
WILLIAM ASTBURY. (L.S.)
RICHARD HORNSBY.
(L.S.)
JOHN BONNALL.
(L.8,)
WILLIAM ASTBURY.
(L.S.)