Improvements in Hollow Rivets and Studs and in the Process of Riveting, which Improvements are applicable to Braces, Straps, Bags, Buckles, Brace Fittings, and other like articles.
Year: 1892

page_text: Date of Application, 17th Mar., 1892
Complete Specification Left, 3rd Dec., 1892-Accepted, 4th Feb., 1893
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Hollow Rivets and Studs and in the Process of
Riveting, which Improvements are applicable to Braces, Straps,
Bags, Buckles, Brace Fittings, and other like articles.
I, HENRY DOWLER, of the firm of Frederick Dowler and Sons, of Wainwright
Street Works, Aston near Birmingham, in the County of Warwick, Manufacturers,
do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows :-
My invention consists of the improvements hereinafter described in hollow rivets
and studs and in methods of fixing and upsetting some of the improved rivets in
plate or sheet metal, leather or like substances.
In making a rivet according to one part of my invention ] employ a flanged
tubular or hollow cylinder closed at one end. The said cylinder is reduced in
diameter for a short portion of its length and terminates in a conical shoulder. The
reduced portion is of a size suitable to fit a short open tube raised in a metal plate
which short tube is preferably slightly expanded at the detached end. The end
of the rivet is inserted in the open end of this tube and upset at the other end of
the tube by pressure, so as to fix it and effect the riveting, at the same time, the
shoulder on the rivet when the rivet is forced home in the slightly open end of the
tube further expands it within the leather or other material in process of riveting.
Or the portion of the rivet stem largest in diameter, may be inserted, as far as the
flange, in a metal plate and a portion of the stem pressed back towards the rivet
flange so as to grip the plate between the burred portion and the rivet flange. The
other part of the rivet projects from the plate like a stud and can be used to join
another plate of metal or piece of leather by upsetting or riveting the end in the
manner already described.
The open end of the rivet may be covered with a cap in the well known
manner or left open as may be best suited for the article it is to be used upon.
Instead of raising the short tube from the material of the metal plate, a plain
circular hole may be pierced in the plate and an ordinary eyelet clinched therein;
this is preferred when it is desired to fix the rivet in a very thin plate, or in two or
more plates placed together. Should however the plate be comparatively thick
the tube or eyelet before mentioned may be dispensed with. In this case the end
of the rivet is inserted in a circular hole in the plate and the riveting effected by
pressure.
According to another part of my invention I make a rivet with a collar near the
middle of its length. This collar is formed by inserting the open end of a slightly
taper cylinder within another cylinder the open end of which has been enlarged.
The edges of the latter are closed around the end of the smaller cylinder by dies
and pressure so that the two parts cannot be easily separated. For some purposes
the open end of the larger cylinder may be slit or serrated partly for convenience
of manufacture and partly to form notches in the collar at the junction of the parts.
These notches are useful to resist twisting when the rivet is inserted and upset in
the article to which it is applied. The last described rivet is used as follows. The
larger end of the rivet is inserted as far as the collar in a hole in a metal plate
and the protruding portion riveted or expanded, the plate being thus fixed
between the upset portion and the collar. The other end of the rivet can be
used to join in the manner already described other plates of metal, leather or
other material to the portion first riveted. With this rivet a modified form of
eye may be used. To form this modified eye an eyelet is clinched in the metal
plate or piece of leather in such a way that a considerable portion of the barrel

page_text: protrudes and serves as a guide for the end of the rivet which is upset or expanded
in the manner already described; for riveting metal plates this guiding eyelet is
preferably closed at one end and reduced in diameter for about half its length.
The reduced portion is inserted in a hole in the metal plate and the closed end
upset or riveted around the hole in the metal plate, which is held between the
expanded end and the larger part of the tube. The operation of upsetting forms
within the closed end of the tube an annular groove fitted to receive and retain the
expanded portion of the rivet; when the rivet is inserted in the tube and wedged
therein by pressure applied outside the closed end of the eye. In this modified
form both ends of the expanded rivet are closed and are similar in appearance.
The last described rivet may be further modified by piercing a very small hole in
its larger end and spreading out the same by pressure. Such a hole is often useful
as a guide in the process of upsetting.
According to another part of my invention I modify the rivet last described in
the following manner. The smaller tube of the rivet is perforated and slitted
lengthwise in two or more places the slits beginning at the open end and extending
nearly as far as the junction with the other part of the rivet.
According to another part of my invention I make a stud by placing the open
end of a tubular rivet, having a split stem and hemispherical head within the barrel
of an eyelet considerably shorter than the stem of the tubular rivet. The point of
the eyelet is turned towards the head of the rivet and the flange of the eyelet con-
sequently forms a collar on the rivet some distance from the head of the same.
This stud can be fixed on leather or other material by pressure applied to the rivet
head. By the said pressure the open end of the rivet is driven through the leather
and expanded on the reverse side thus gripping the leather between the flange of
the eyelet and expanded end of the rivet stem. The head of the rivet is separated
from the surface of the leather by the eyelet barrel and forms the stud. The head
of the rivet can be covered with a loosely fitting cap into which the point of the
eyelet enters and is expanded on further pressure applied to the rivet head.
Dated the 17th day of March 1892.
W. T. WHITEMAN,
Agent for the Applicant.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Hollow Rivets and Studs and in the Process of
Riveting, which Improvements are applicable to Braces, Straps,
Bags, Buckles, Brace Fittings, and other like articles.
I HENRY DOWLER of the firm of Frederick Dowler and Sons of Wainwright
Street Works, Aston, near Birmingham in the County of Warwick Manufacturers
do hereby declare the nature of my invention and in what manner the same is to be
performed to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement:
My invention consists of the improvements hereinafter described in hollow rivets
and studs and in methods of fixing and upsetting some of the improved rivets in
plates or sheet metal, leather or like substances.
In making a rivet according to one part of my invention I employ a flanged
tubular or hollow cylinder closed at one end. The said cylinder is reduced in
diameter for a short portion of its length and terminates in a conical shoulder.
The reduced portion is of a size suitable to fit a short open tube raised in a metal
plate or disc which short tube is preferably slightly expanded at the detached end.
The end of the rivet is inserted in the open end of this tube and upset at the other
end of the tube by pressure so as to fix it and effect the riveting, at the same time
the shoulder on the rivet when the rivet is forced home in the slightly open end of
the tube further expands it within the leather or other material in process of riveting.
Or the portion of the rivet stem largest in diameter may be inserted as far as the
T

page_text: flange in a metal plate and a portion of the stem pressed back towards the rivet
flange so as to grip the plate between the barred portion and the rivet flange. The
other part of the rivet projects from the plate like a stud and can be used to join
another plate of metal or piece of leather by upsetting or riveting the end in the
manner already described.
The open end of the rivet may be covered with a cap in the well known manner
or left open as may be best suited for the article it is to be used upon.
Instead of raising the short tube from the material of the metal plate a plain
circular hole may be pierced in the plate and an ordinary eyelet clinched
therein; this is preferred when it is desired to fix the rivet in a very thin plate,
or in two or more plates placed together. Should however the plate be com-
paratively thick the tube or eyelet before mentioned may be dispensed with. In
this case the end of the rivet is inserted in a circular hole in the plate and the
riveting effected by pressure.
According to another part of my invention I make a rivet with a collar near
the middle of its length. This collar is formed by inserting the open end of a
slightly taper tube within another tube, the open end of which has been enlarged.
The edges of the latter are closed around the end of the smaller tube by dies
and pressure so that the two parts cannot be easily separated. For some
purposes the open end of the larger tube may be slit or serrated partly for
convenience of manufacture and partly to form notches in the collar at the
junction of the parts. These notches are useful to resist twisting when the rivet
is inserted and upset in the article to which it is applied.
The last described rivet is used as follows. The larger end of the rivet is
inserted as far as the collar in a hole in a metal plate and the protruding portion
riveted or expanded, the plate being thus fixed between the upset portion and the
collar. The other end of the rivet can be used to join in the manner already
described other plates of metal, leather or other material to the portion first riveted.
With this rivet a modified form of eye may be used. To form this modified eye,
an eyelet is clinched in the metal plate or piece of leather in such a way that a
considerable portion of the barrel protrudes and serves as a guide for the end of the
rivet which is upset or expanded in the manner already described for riveting metal
plates. This guiding eyelet is sometimes closed at one end and reduced in diameter
for about half its length. The reduced portion is inserted in a hole in the metal
plate and the closed end upset or riveted around the hole in the metal plate which
is held between the expanded end and the larger part of the tube. The operation
of upsetting forms within the closed end of the tube an annular groove fitted to
receive and retain the expanded portion of the rivet when the rivet is inserted in
the tube and wedged therein by pressure applied outside the closed end of the eye.
In this modified form both ends of the expanded rivet are closed and are similar in
appearance. The last described rivet may be further modified by piercing a very
small hole in its larger end and spreading out the same by pressure. Such a hole
is often useful as a guide in the process of upsetting.
According to another part of my invention I modify the rivet last described in
the following manner. The smaller tube of the rivet is perforated and slitted
lengthwise in two or more places the slits beginning at the open end and extending
nearly as far as the junction with the other part of the rivet.
According to another part of my invention I make a stud by placing the open end
of a tubular rivet having a split stem and hemispherical head within the barrel of
au eyelet considerably shorter than the stem of the tubular rivet. The point of the
eyelet is turned towards the head of the rivet and the flange of the eyelet
consequently forms a collar on the rivet some distance from the head of the same.
This stud can be fixed on leather or other material by pressure applied to the rivet
head. By the said pressure the open end of the rivet is driven through the leather
and expanded on the reverse side thus gripping the leather between the flange of
the eyelet and the expanded end of the rivet stem. The head of the rivet is

page_text: •
separated from the surface of the leather by the eyelet barrel and forms the stud.
The head of the rivet can be covered with a loosely fitting cap into which the point
of the eyelet enters and is expanded on further pressure applied to the rivet head.
I will now proceed to describe with reference to the accompanying drawings the
manner in which my invention is to be performed.
In order that my invention may be the better understood I have shown my
improved rivets and studs and parts used with them drawn to a large scale.
Figure 1 represents in vertical section and plan of upper side a hollow rivet
constructed according to one part of my invention and Figure 2 represents the short
open tube raised in a metal plate or disc to be used with the said hollow rivet.
5
The hollow rivet Figure 1 consists of a nearly cylindrical tube a, b closed at
one end and of reduced diameter for a short portion of its length the reduced
cylindrical part a joining the tapering enlarged part 6 by the conical shoulder c.
The open end of the tapering portion 6 of the hollow rivet is flanged or expanded
and upon the flanged end the cap or cover d is fixed to close the flanged end 1
of the rivet as represented. The rivet may however be used without the closing
cap d.
The part Figure 2 consists of a short open conical tube e raised in a plate
or disc so as to leave a broad flange fat the top of the said tube the other or
detached end of the tube being slightly expanded at g.
The tube e is of a 2
diameter suitable for fitting upon the reduced part a of the rivet Figure 1 as seen
in Figure 3.
In fastening pieces of leather (or other material) by means of this rivet, the
parts a, b are passed through the holes in the leathers hand the tube e,
Figure 2, is placed upon the said reduced end a of the protruding rivet so that
its expanded end is seated on the conical shoulder c of the rivet as seen in
Figure 3. By a rivetting operation effected by pressure on the reduced end a
of the rivet and flange of the tube e the rivet and tube are fixed to the
leathers, in the manner illustrated in section in Figure 4 and plan of upper
side in Figure 5, that is, by pressure applied to the end of the part a and
flanged tube e, f the end of the closed portion a of the rivet is compressed
within the upper portion of the tube, the other end of which is at the same
time pressed upon the conical shoulder c of the rivet a, b and is thereby
expanded within the leather in the manner shown in Figure 4.
When the rivet is driven down on thinner material the lower part 6 of the rivet
is compressed and folded as shown in Figure 13.
Instead of using a flanged tube with its end expanded as represented in Figure 2,
a shorter tube without an expanded end may be used in conjunction with the
improved rivet Figure 1. The rivet in combination with the last described kind
of flanged tube is represented in section and plan of upper side in Figure 6 and
after the upsetting or rivetting operation in section and plan of upper side in
Figure 7. In the said Figures 6 and 7 the short flanged tube is marked e, f and
the manner in which it is gripped between the folded or doubled parts of the upper
and lower portions and shoulder of the rivet is seen in the section Figure 7.
Figure 8 represents in section the rivet and flanged tube Figure 7 applied to the
rivetting together of the doubled ends of brace leathers or tabs to connect them to
the ring of the brace buckle and Figure 9 represents in elevation, drawn to a
smaller scale, the brace leathers or tabs rivetted to the tab ring by rivets and
flanged tubes of the kind before described. The enlarged section Figure 8 is taken
on the dotted line indicated in Figure 9.
In the said Figures 8 and 9 the brace leathers or tabs are marked i and their
doubled ends fixed by the rivets and flanged tubes to the ring & are marked .
Figure 10 represents in section a rivet and a modified flanged tube for rivetting
together several thicknesses of leather and Figure 11 represents in section and
Figure 12 in plan the same applied to several thicknesses of leather.
In this modified flanged tube, the tube part e is longer than those represented in

page_text: Figures 2 and 6 and after the upsetting or rivetting operation the said tube and
the rivet have the forms given to them represented in Figure 11. The several
thicknesses of leather rivetted together are marked A³.
Figure 13 represents in section the last described rivet and flanged tube applied
to the rivetting together of brace leathers or tab ends of extra thickness and
Figure 14 represents the tab ends and tab ring drawn to a smaller scale.
The pieces of leather represented in Figure 11 are considerably thicker than the
brace tabs represented in Figure 13. After the rivetting is effected any spare
length of the rivet is taken up by the folding of the barrel under pressure as shewn
in section in Figures 7, 8 and 13.
Figures 15 and 16 represent in section my improved rivet and a ring like eye
applied to the rivetting of the metal clip of a brace end or tab to the ring or loop
of the brace buckle; Figure 15 representing the parts before and Figure 16 the
parts after the rivetting operation: Figure 17 represents brace tabs drawn to a
smaller scale having metal clips which are rivetted to the leathers of the said tabs
according to my invention. The enlarged section Figure 16 is taken on the dotted
line indicated in Figure 17. The metal clips are marked I, and the doubled ends
of the leather brace tabs rivetted by the metal clips are marked m.
In the branches of the metal clip / holes are pierced one of these holes is of a
size proper to receive the portion of the rivet and the other hole has fixed in it
the ring like eye n, for taking upon the reduced portion a of the rivet. The eye n
is fixed in the hole in the branch of the clip by the ordinary eyeletting process as
represented. After the ends of the tabs have been placed between the branches of
the clip and over the buckle bar, the branches of the clip are rivetted together and
to the tab by passing the rivet through the holes in the clip and leathers and
upsetting the reduced end a of the rivet and rivetting or expanding it within the
eye n as represented in Figure 16.
Should the clip be of comparatively thick metal the piece marked n in Figures 15
and 16 may be dispensed with. In this case the hole in the arm of the clip
marked closely fits the part a of the rivet which is inserted and upset therein.
Figure 18 represents in plan and section the eye a detached from the clip
Figure 15.
Figure 19 represents in section a modification of the eye Figure 18 which said
eye Figure 19 is used with the rivet hereinafter described and represented in
Figure 28.
Figures 20 and 21 represent my improved rivet used as a stud for purses, belt
pouches and the like in conjunction with two of the plates represented by / Figure 6
one on each side of the leather, that on the upper side of the leather or material
marked p being reversed; Figure 20 represents the stud before the rivetting
operation and Figure 21 the stud after it has been rivetted to the leather of the
helt pouch or other article. The two ring like plates or eyes are marked
respectively p and p².
The upper plate marked p may be dispensed with as illustrated in Figure 22.
The hole in the leather closely fits the part a of the stud the shoulder c preventing
the part 6 of the stud from being drawn through the hole in the material when the
rivetting is effected.
Figure 23 represents in vertical section and plan another hollow rivet made
according to my invention and Figure 24 represents in section and plan the same
applied to a brace tab clip. Both portions a, b of this hollow rivet are cylindrical,
the end of the larger part being provided with a flange *. In one of the
branches of the brace tab clip 4, 1 Figure 24, I raise from the metal of the said
branch a short tube of a size to closely fit the part of the rivet.
b
In fixing the rivet to the branch of the clip containing the short tube the rivet
is passed through the tube until the flange comes against the underside of the
clip. The base of the rivet is then rivetted to the tube by pressing tools as
represented in Figure 24; that is, portions of the shoulder of the rivet marked 1*
in Figure 24 are pressed back towards the flange 6 of the rivet and rest upon the

page_text: outer edge of the tube ♬ thus gripping the plate and fixing the rivet therein as
represented.
For securing this rivet in a thicker plate, the raised tube or eye / may be
dispensed with. The base 6 of the rivet is in that case inserted in a circular hole
in the thick plate of the clip and rivetted in the said hole by pressure as last
described.
The reduced part a of the rivet Figure 24 is rivetted to the other branch of the
brace tab clip either in a plain hole or by the use of an eye of the kind represented
in Figures and 16 according to the thickness of the material of the clip. Or
the projecting part of the reduced end of the rivet may be used to join another
plate of metal or a piece of leather or other material by upsetting or rivetting the
said projecting part of the rivet in the manner herein before described.
Figure 25 represents another rivet constructed according to my invention. This
rivet is made in two pieces with a collar at its middle.
Figure 26 represents the two parts of the rivet before they are joined together
and the middle collar formed.
The two parts of the rivet are marked respectively q and r and the collar is
marked s. The part q consists of a tapering tube and the part r of a cylindrical
tube having an expanded or enlarged open end. The open end of the part q
being placed in the enlarged end or mouths of the part in the manner repre-
sented in Figure 26 the said enlarged mouth of the part is closed upon the
end of the part g by dies and pressure so that the two parts are connected together
and the collars Figure 25 formed. The enlarged end or mouth of the part of
the rivet Figure 26 may be slit or serrated so as to form notches between the
serrated parts as represented in Figure 27 and marked. These notches & serve
to resist twisting of the rivet when the latter is inserted and upset in the article to
which it is applied.
The rivet Figure 25 or Figure 27 is represented applied to a brace tab clip in
Figure 28. In using this rivet the larger part is passed through a hole in one of
the branches of the clip as far as its collars will permit it and the protruding
portion of the said part is rivetted or expanded so as to fix the branch of the clip
between the upset portion and the collars as represented in Figure 28 where the
upset portion constituting a head is marked. The end of the other part g of the rivet
may be rivetted to the other branch of the clip (or to another plate of metal or
piece of leather or other material) in any of the several ways hereinbefore described,
or by the use of the eye t Figure 28, also shown separately in Figure 19.
To form this modified eye an ordinary eyelet is inserted as far as the flange z in
a hole in the metal plate and the barrel slightly expanded nearly to the flange so
that the eyelet cannot be withdrawn and the barrel projects from the plate / to
serve as a guide for the end of the rivet in the process of rivetting.
Or the modified eye represented in connection with the brace tab clip Figure 29
and detached before it is upset in Figures 30 and 31 may be used. This modified
eye is marked u and consists of a short tube closed at one end and reduced in
diameter for about half its length as seen in Figure 31.
The reduced portion is inserted in a hole in the branch 1 of the tab clip (or other
article) and the closed end of the eye upset or rivetted around the hole in the tab
clip, the tab clip being held between the expanded end and the head or larger part
of the eye as seen in Figure 30. By the upsetting of the eye u an annular groove
is formed within the head part which annular groove is fitted to receive and retain
the expanded portion of the rivet when the end of the latter is inserted in the eye
and wedged therein by pressure applied outside the closed end or head of the eye
as will be understood by reference to Figure 29. It will be seen by an examination
of the said Figure 29 that. both ends of the expanded rivet are closed and alike in
appearance.
The collared rivet made in two pieces may be modified in the manner represented
in Figures 32 and 324, Figure 32 representing the rivet before its enlarged part is
rivetted in the brace clin and Figure 32ª representing the same after it has been

page_text: rivetted to the clip and the head formed. In the closed end of the large part r of
this rivet I make a small hole and spread or expand the pierced part inwards so as
to form a small guide hole marked at the base of the rivet. This hole r³ may
serve as a guide in the process of upsetting.
Figure 33 represents a slitted rivet constructed according to my invention. This
slitted rivet somewhat resembles the rivets last described excepting that its smaller
part 9 is slitted lengthwise at opposite points marked g³ (or at more than two points)
and that the mouth of its larger part is compressed around its closed end to form
the collar 8.
It will be seen that the slits ³ extend from the open end of the part q nearly to
the junction with the other part r.
Figure 34 represents in section and plan a stud made according to my invention
before the stem is opened out or expanded and Figure 35 represents in section and
plan the same after the stem of the stud has been fixed in the leather or other
material.
This stud is composed of a headed slit tubular rivet and a flanged eyelet.
t is the tubular slit stem of the rivet and t the convex head of the same; u, u² is.
the tubular eyelet placed upon the stem of the rivet with its narrow end turned
towards the head of the rivet. The barrel of the eyelet has a broad flange u³
which forms a collar on the rivet some distance from its head as represented. In
fixing this stud to the leather or other material marked 2 in Figure 35 the open
end of the slit stem t is placed against the leather and pressure applied to the rivet
head. The open end of the stem of the rivet is thereby driven through the
leather and its slit parts separated or expanded by a punch on the opposite side of
the leather as represented in Figure 35. It will be seen that the leather is
gripped between the flange u³ of the eyelet and the expanded end of the rivet
stem t. The head of the rivet is separated from the leather by the barrel u of
the eyelet and forms with the said head to the stud.
Figures 36 and 37 represent the stud last described provided with a cap y. This
cap is so made as to fit loosely the head t' of the rivet and by pressure on the rivet
head the latter is expanded and its edge made to enter the edge of the cap y and
thereby fix it securely to the head.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my invention
and the manner in which the same is to be performed I wish it to be understood
that I claim as my invention of "Improvements in hollow rivets and studs and in
the process of riveting, which improvements are applicable to braces, straps, bags,
buckles, brace fittings and other like articles
-
First Making hollow rivets and studs of a tubular shank closed at one end
and flanged at the open end, the said hollow shank at and near the closed end being
of less diameter than the part at and near the open end, the parts of the shank of
different diameters passing into one another preferably by a conical shoulder and
the use with hollow rivets and studs of this construction of ring like plates or eyes
either detached or formed in the articles with which the rivets or studs are to be
used substantially as hereiubefore described and illustrated in Figures 1 to 24 both
inclusive of the accompanying drawings.
Secondly:The process of rivetting by pressing back towards the flange portions
of the rivet shoulder after the same has been inserted in a hole in a metal plate
substantially as hereinbefore described and illustrated in Figure 24 of the accom-
panying drawings.
Thirdly-Making hollow rivets each of two tubes of different diameters closed
at one end the two tubes being joined together by pressure upon their open ends so
as to form between them a collar towards which the ends of the rivet are upset or
expanded substantially as hereinbefore described and illustrated in Figures 25, 26,
27, 28 and 29 of the accompanying drawings whether the rivet collar be serrated
or unserrated: also the modified rivets hereinbefore described and illustrated in

page_text: Figures 32, 32 and 33; also the use with rivets of these kinds of eyes of the kinds
hereinbefore described and illustrated in Figures 19, 28, 29, 30 and 31.
Fourthly-Making hollow studs, each of a split tubular stem or rivet closed at
one end by a head and of a flanged eyelet placed on a portion of the said split
tubular stem or rivet near its head, the barrel of the eyelet forming the neck of 5
the stud substantially as hereinbefore described and illustrated in Figures 34, 35, 36
and 37 of the accompanying drawings.
Dated the Twenty-eighth day of November 1892.