IMPROVEMENTS IN SHEAVES. OR PULLEYS, JOURNALS, BUSHES, AND OTHER SIMILAR BEARING OR RUBBING SURFACES
Year: 1862

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William McAdam, Pottery and Glass Manufacturer,
and William Chrystal, Mariner, both of Glasgow, in the County of.
Lanark, North Britain, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN SHEAVES.
OR PULLEYS, JOURNALS, BUSHES, AND OTHER SIMILAR BEARING OR RUBBING
SURFACES."
Sealed the. 15th August 1862, and dated the 21st February 1862.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William McAdam and
William Chrystal at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with
their Petition, on the 21st February 1862.
We, WILLIAM MADAM, Pottery and Glass Manufacturer, and WILLIAM
CHRYSTAL, Mariner, both of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark, North
Britain,. do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention of "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN SHEAVES OR PULLEYS, JOURNALS, BUSHES, AND OTHER SIMILAR BEARING
OR RUBBING SURFACES," to be as follows, that is to say:
This Invention relates to the application of new materials to the manufac-
ture of sheaves for ships' blocks and pulleys generally, which materials are.
also applicable to the journals, bushes, and bearings of machinery, and to other
generally similar purposes.
According to this Invention the sheaves of ships' blocks and other running
tackle are formed of earthenware, or of glass, or porcelain, every kind; of

page_text: variety of each material being applicable to the. purpose. The sheaves are
moulded in earthenware, china, or ironstone ware, and afterward burnt and
glazed in the usual manner. Care is taken to make the central aperture. in
the sheave as true as possible, and preference. is given to the use of turned
spindles, so that the sheave may run as smoothly as possible. For large
blocks, and other generally similar purposes, the sheave may be formed with
one or more internal annular grooves to receive a number of small antifriction
rollers, which rotate on the surface of the spindle and the sheave thus runs
easier. In forming the sheaves of glass the material is cast in moulds in the
usual way of making articles of moulded glass. In order to prevent the
fracture of the sheave, should a block fall from a height, an annular recess is
moulded or otherwise formed in the sides of the sheave to receive a cor-
responding ring of leather, gutta percha, india-rubber, wood or other suitable
material. These guard rings are arranged to project slightly above the surface
of the sheave, so that the protective material receives the impact of the blow,
and the sheave is thereby protected from injury. The. journals of shafts and-
axles of all kinds may also be arranged with tubular ends formed of either of
the materials herein-before named, which are also applicable, to the manu-
fature of bearings of shafts, axles, and other running parts of machinery; also
for forming bushes and other surfaces exposed to frictional contact: In this
way the sheaves of blocks may be formed of a material which is wholly un-
affected by weather, and much more economical in cost than the material now
used for the purpose; other advantages also attend the use of the materials
in their application to the rubbing surfaces of machinery..
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed 2
by the said William McAdam and William Chrystal in the Great Seal
Patent Office on the 21st August 1862.
- TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, WILLIAM
MCADAM, Pottery and Glass. Manufacturer, and WILLIAM CHRYSTAL, Mariner,.
both of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark, North Britain, send greeting.
- WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-first day of February, in the year of our.
Lord. One thousand eight hundred and sixty-two, in the twenty-fifth year of:
Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto
us, the said William McAdam and: William Chrystal, Her special license
that we, the said William. McAdam and William Chrystal, our. executors...

page_text: administrators, and assigns, or such others as we, the said William McAdam
and William Chrystal, our executors, administrators, or assigns, should at
any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times there
after during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make;
use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and.
Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVE
MENTS IN SHEAVES OR PULLEYS, JOURNALS, BUSHES, AND OTHER SIMILAR BEARING
OR RUBBING SURFACES," upon the condition (amongst others) that we, the said
William McAdam and William Chrystal, our executors or administrators, by.
an instrument in writing under our hands and seals, or under the hand and
seal of one of theni, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of
the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and
cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six. calendar.
months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said William McAdam and William Chrystal,.
do hereby declare the nature of our said Invention, and in what manner the
same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in'
and by the following statement, that is to say:-.
Our said Invention relates to the application of new materials to the
manufacture of sheaves for ships' blocks and pulleys generally, which materials
are also applicable to the journals, bushes, and bearings of machinery, and to.
other generally similar purposes.
According to this Invention the sheaves of ships' blocks and other running
tackle are formed of earthenware, or of glass, or porcelain, every kind or
variety of cach material being applicable to the purpose. The sheaves are
moulded in earthenware, china, or ironstone ware; and afterwards burnt and:
glazed in the usual manner. Care is taken to make the central aperture in
the sheave as true as possible; and preference is given to the use of turned.
spindles, so that the sheave may run as smoothly as possible. For large!
blocks, and other generally similar purposes; the sheave may be formed with.
one or more internal annular grooves to receive a number of small antifriction:
rollers, which rotate on the surface of the spindle, and the sheave thus runs easier:.
In forming the sheaves of glass 'the material is cast in moulds in the usual way
of making articles of moulded glass. In order to prevent the fracture of the
sheave, should a block fall from a height, an annular recess is moulded or
otherwise formed in the sides of the sheave to receive a corresponding ring of.
leather, gutta percha, india-rubber; wood, or other suitable material. These.
guard rings are arranged to project slightly above the surface of the sheave, so
that the protective material receives the impact of the blow, and the sheave

page_text: is thereby preserved from injury. The journals of shafts and axles of all kinds
may also be arranged with tubular ends forined of either of the materials
herein-before named, which are also applicable to the manufacture of bearings
of shafts, axles, and other running parts of machinery.; also for forming
bushes and other surfaces exposed to frictional contact. In this way the
sheaves of blocks may be formed of a material which is wholly unaffected by
weather, and much more economical in cost than the material now used for
the purpose; other advantages also attend the use of the materials in their.
application to the rubbing surfaces of machinery.
And in order that our said Invention of improvements in sheaves or pulleys,
journals, bushes, and other similar bearing or rubbing surfaces may be properly
understood, we shall now proceed to describe certain modifications, under
which our improvements may be judiciously carried out in practice.
The material we prefer to use for the manufacture of the sheaves, journals,
bushes, and other similar bearing or rubbing surfaces, is what is known as
vitrified ironstone ware, on account of its extreme hardness and durability.
The material used for the purpose is first prepared in the ordinary way to
render it sufficiently plastic to be "thrown" in the usual manner of forming
articles on the potters' wheel. The potter takes a mass of the material, varying
in quantity according to the size of the sheave he wishes to form; this is formed
on the wheel to the figure of the sheave or pulley, or rather approximating.
thereto. A quantity of these rough sheaves or pulleys having been formed,
they are subsequently dried to a certain extent in any convenient manner, so
as to render them fit to be turned and finished in a lathe, by which means.
they are made perfectly true, particular care being taken to form the central
aperture true in figure. The sheaves or pulleys thus formed are afterwards.
burned in a kiln. In fitting these vitrified ironstone sheaves into blocks
intended for the rigging of ships and other generally similar purposes, it is
preferred to use spindles formed of turned steel or case-hardened iron, so that,
in conjunction with the carefully formed central aperture the sheave may run
as smoothly as possible on the spindle. And further the sheaves may be
formed, when so required, with an internal annular groove encircling the
spindle. The groove is intended to receive a number of small antifriction
rollers, which are formed of metal or other suitable material, and are arranged
round the spindle of the block. There is a sufficient number of these rollers
to fill the annular groove, and yet run freely on the spindle. Our improved
sheaves may also be formed of other suitable materials than the vitrified iron-
stone ware, such, for example, as the materials used in the manufacture of
earthenware, china, and porcelain, and also glass. In making sheaves or

page_text: pulleys of these materials they are "thrown" and afterwards turned, as herein-
before described, or the material may be shaped in a mould and subsequently
fired; this mode or process may also be used in the manufacture of sheaves of
vitrified ironstone ware, but we prefer the process we have first described. In
making sheaves or pulleys, and other' generally similar articles of glass, the
material is cast in moulds and treated in the usual manner of manufacturing
articles in that material. Sheaves or pulleys formed of the china, or por-
celain clays, or of glass, may in some cases be made with a groove in the sides
of the sheave to receive a ring of leather, gutta percha, india-rubber, wood,
or other suitable material. These rings are arranged so as to project slightly
beyond the face of the sheave or pulley, in order that the force of an acci-
dental blow may be received on the protective material. The vitrified ironstone
ware sheaves are, however, of that density that it has not hitherto been found
necessary to apply these protective rings to them. According to one or other
of the modes herein-before described, túbular journals for shafts and axles of
all kinds, as well as bearings, bushes, "fair leaders" for ships' rigging, pulleys,
or castors for furniture, and other surfaces exposed to frictional contact may
be manufactured at a very low cost, as compared with their durability. These
articles also possess the advantages of being unaffected by weather or chemical
fluids, and other influences, which greatly interfere with the use of the
materials at present used for the several purposes named.
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of our said
Invention; and the manner in which the same is or may be used or carried
into effect, we would observe in conclusion that what we consider novel
and original, and therefore claim as the Invention to to us by the herein-
before in part recited Letters Patent is, the application and use of vitrified
ironstone ware, earthenware, china, porcelain, and glass to and in the manu-
facture of sheaves or pulleys, journals, bushes, bearings, castors, and other
generally similar bearing or rubbing surfaces, as herein-before described.
In-witness 'whereof, -I, the said William McAdam, on behalf of the
said William Chrystal and of myself, have hereunto set my hand and
seal, this Twenty-first day of August, One thousand eight hundred and
sixty-two
WILLIAM MCADAM. (L.s.)