IM- PROVEMENTS IN WATERCLOSETS AND SINKS, AND IN APPARATUS FOR SUPPLYING WATER THERETO AND CONDUCTING IT THEREFROM, PARTS OF WHICH APPARATUS ARE APPLICABLE TO OTHER PURPOSES
Year: 1867

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Josiah George Jennings, of Palace Road, Lambeth,
in the County of Surrey, Sanitary Engineer, for the Invention of "IM-
PROVEMENTS IN WATERCLOSETS AND SINKS, AND IN APPARATUS FOR SUPPLYING
WATER THERETO AND CONDUCTING IT THEREFROM, PARTS OF WHICH APPARATUS
ARE APPLICABLE TO OTHER PURPOSES."
Sealed the 12th November 1867, and dated the 14th May 1867.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Josiah George Jennings
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 14th May 1867.
I, JOSIAH GEORGE JENNINGS, of Palace Road, Lambeth, in the County of
Surrey, Sanitary Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Inven-
tion for "IMPROVEMENTS IN WATERCLOSETS AND SINKS, AND IN APPARATUS FOR
SUPPLYING WATER THERETO AND CONDUCTING IT THEREFROM, PARTS OF WHICH
APPARATUS ARE APPLICABLE TO OTHER PURPOSES," to be as follows:-
According to my Invention I arrange waterclosets in such manner that
whilst the excrementitious matters which the basin may receive, together with
the small quantity of water which the basin holds, are discharged into a
receiver so as to be applicable for use as a manure, the comparatively large
quantities of water which are used to scour the basin are kept out of this
receiver and directed away into a sewer or otherwise as may be desired, but
without mixing with and diluting the excrementitious matter, which is conse-

page_text: quently discharged almost in an undiluted state into the receiver whatever be
the quantity of water used to cleanse the pan. For this purpose I employ
a pan
with a valve at the bottom, and when this valve is opened the matters
in the pan pass into the manure receiver. The same act of opening the valve
of the pan also in the usual way opens a valve for the supply of the scouring
water, and this water supply valve is so arranged, as is well understood, as to
remain open for a regulated time. The scouring water is, however, prevented
from passing into the pan so long as the valve of the pan is open by a stop
valve actuated by the handle; then as soon as the valve of the pan is closed
the scouring water is admitted and the excess passes away by a side opening
from the pan, leaving therein only a small quantity of water, say a depth of
half an inch, but more or less as may be desired, and sufficient to prevent the
adhesion of soil.
In arranging the water supply for closets and other purposes I introduce
into the supply pipe as it enters the premises a valve to prevent the water
passing back, this valve consisting of a nozzle fixed on to the supply pipe and
perforated at the sides; it has a piece of india-rubber tube sprung over it in
such manner as to cover the perforations; then the in-coming water is able
readily to pass from the interior of the nozzle through the perforations by
expanding the india-rubber tube, and it enters a casing connected with the
pipe which leads the water into the house. When the supply from the main
however ceases the water will not be able to pass back, as the superior
pressure being then on the exterior of the india-rubber tube it only closes it
the tighter on the nozzle. The pipe which leads the water into the house may
have any desired number of taps upon it, and in any desired positions; at
its bighest point it is fitted with a ball-cock with a service cistern immediately
beneath, which it fills whilst the water is on; there is also at the bottom of
the cistern a connection with the same pipe, but with a second valve like that
already described, which allows water to pass out of the cistern, 'but prevents
it entering by this route; this forms a very convenient arrangement for sup-
plying water into a cistern and drawing it out therefrom by means of the
same pipe. I also apply a similar valve to the waste or overflow pipes of
cisterns in such inanner as to allow the water to pass freely down the pipe,
I also
but to préven't impure air passing up as otherwise frequently occurs.
apply a similar valve on the soil pipe of waterclosets near the closet in such
manner as to admit air thereto whenever there is any diminution of pressure
in the soil pipe, so as to prevent the water being sucked out of the trap of
the closet.
- Tala dubly to the waste pipes of sinks a valve constructed in the following

page_text: manner to prevent the return of gases or liquids-At the lower end of the
pipe a stem is fixed within it in such manner as to project from its lower end;
on this stem a cone or head is fixed at some distance from the end of the
pipe, and a tube of india-rubber is sprung over the end of the pipe and also
over the head at the end of the stem; the whole is contained in a suitable
casing.
To prevent waste of water in supplying closets and sinks I cause them to
take their supply not directly from the cistern, but from a measure vessel
capable of holding only somewhat more water than can be required at one
time, and this measure vessel I supply from the cistern through a small
aperture; the aperture is by preference formed in a small conical nozzle
placed within the cistern and communicating with the measure vessel.
In constructing wrought-iron pipes for the supply of water to closets and
for other purposes I make the ends of the pipes on which the screw threads
are cut of larger diameter than the other parts of the pipe, so that the sockets
may be screwed off the threads in such manuer as to allow any pipe in a
series to be removed.
In constructing sewers for conveying the water from closets and sinks I
form the inverts of separate parts in the following manner :-The first layer
or course consists of two rows of blocks of ✓ form in section, with their
horizontal limbs turned inwards towards each other; these blocks may be
built up of ordinary bricks, or by preference they are moulded in brick earth.
On their horizontal limbs are laid glazed pottery blocks made to fit, and with
their upper surfaces of a curve suitable for the bottom of the sewer. Lastly, on
the two sides of the L-formed bricks on the top of their vertical limbs other
blocks of glazed pottery are placed; the inner face of each of these blocks
forms part of the interior surface of the sewer, and the outer surface is inclined
to form a skewback on which to build the sides of the sewer. When it is
desired to make a larger sewer, an ordinary brick may be introduced between
the horizontal limbs of the formed bricks; on this the central glazed block
rests with ordinary bricks to fill in between it and the vertical limbs of the
L-formed bricks; then on each side are the glazed side blocks as before, but
made of a larger size to cover both the upper ends of the vertical limbs of the
L-formed bricks, and also the filling bricks introduced on each side of the
central block.
In constructing drains for conveying the water from closets and sinks I
employ chairs or blocks of earthenware, which rest on the bottom of the
trench which is dug to receive the drain; these chairs or blocks are of uniform
transverse section, and semicircular or nearly so on the inner face. With

page_text: these are used plain cylindrical pipes, the ends of which rest on the chairs,
and the joints may be made with clay or cement; between the ends of these
pipes and entirely within the chairs short lengths of similar plain cylindrical
pipes are laid, and the joints may be covered by iron straps, the two ends of
which enter recesses formed for them in the chair. Clay or cement may be
used in the joint under the strap to make it quite water-tight. A drain thus
constructed can be examined at any time without interfering with the flow
through it or breaking the continuity of the drain by lifting any of the short
lengths out of their chairs. I also make some of the short lengths with
junction sockets, so that at any time a junction may be introduced into a line
of drain by lifting one of the short lengths of plain pipe out of its chair and
supplying its place by a corresponding short length with a junction upon it.
In order to tighten down the iron straps on to the joints I sometimes make
each strap in two parts to meet at the top of the drain, the ends are bent
round so as to form lugs, between which a taper key is driven; or I make
the strap in one length and fix or form a stud at one end of it, and this enters
quite loosely into a circular hole in the chair, and when it is there a plug of
earthenware filling the circular hole is introduced, the plug having a hole in
it to receive the stud, and then the stud hole in the plug being out of the
centre by turning the plug round the strap is tightened down.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Josiah George Jennings in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 14th November 1867.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOSIAH
GEORGE JENNINGS, of Palace Road, Lambeth, in the County of Surrey,
Sanitary Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Fourteenth day of May, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven, in the thirtieth year of Her reign,
did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said Josiah George Jennings, Her special licence that I, the said Josiah
George Jennings, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others
as I, the said Josiah George Jennings, my executors, administrators, and
assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time
and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and
lawfully might makė, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of

page_text: Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN WATERCLOSETS AND SINKS, AND IN APPARATUS FOR
SUPPLYING WATER THERETO AND CONDUCTING IT THEREFROM, PARTS OF WHICH
APPARATUS ARE APPLICABLE. TO OTHER PURPOSES," upon the condition (amongst
others) that I, the said Josiah George Jennings, my executors or administra-
tors, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of their bands and
seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said
Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause
the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Josiah George Jennings, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same
is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by
the following statement thereof, that is to say:-
According to my Invention 1 arrange waterclosets in such manner that
whilst the excrementitious matters which the basin may receive, together
with the small quantity of water which the basin holds, are discharged into a
receiver so as to be applicable for use as a manure, the comparatively large
quantities of water which are used to scour the basin are kept out of this
receiver and directed away into a sewer or otherwise as may be desired, but
without mixing with and diluting the excrementitious matter, which is conse-
quently discharged almost in an undiluted state into the receiver whatever be
the quantity of water used to cleanse the pan. For this purpose I employ a
pan with a valve at the bottom, and when this valve is opened the matters in
the pan pass into the manure receiver. The same act of opening the valve of
the pan also in the usual way opens a valve for the supply of the scouring
water; and this water supply valve is so arranged, as is well understood, as to
remain open for a regulated time. The scouring water is, however, prevented
from passing into the pan so long as the valve of the pan is open by a stop
valve actuated by the handle; then as soon as the valve of the pan is closed
the scouring water is admitted, and the excess passes away by a side opening
from the pan, leaving therein only a small quantity of water, say a depth of
half an inch, but more or less as may be desired, and sufficient to prevent the
adhesion of soil.
Figure 1 is a side view, and Figure 2 is a front view, and Figure 3 is a
plan of a watercloset constructed according to my Invention; Figures 4 and 5
are sections of some of the parts.
a, a, is the pan of the closet, it is mounted on the valve box b, which at the
bottom communicates with any convenient receiver for retaining the ex-

page_text: is jointed to the stem of the
crementitious matter for use as a manure or otherwise. 6¹ is the valve at the
bottom of the pan, it consists of a metal plate carried by an arm 6 and faced
with a circular slab of earthenware connected with it by cement or otherwise,
and between the two parts of the valve a ring of vulcanized india-rubber is
secured, it projects slightly all round so as to secure a tight joint with the
pan. 6 is the axis of the valve, and on it is fixed the slotted arm 6 into the
opening, in which a stud on the weighted lever c projects, and so by the weight
of this lever the valve is held up to its seat.
The lever chas a fulcrum at c
on the valve box b, and at its outer end it
handle d, by drawing up which the lever may be raised, and then the valve
falls open by its own weight, and so remains until the lever c is again allowed
to close it, and so the contents of the pan are discharged through the valve
box into the receiver provided for their reception. d' is a projection from
the stem of the handle d, when it is lifted it raises the front end of the lever e,
which at e turns on a centre carried by the frame f, on which the valve box b
is also fixed. The hinder end of the lever e enters a slot in the stem of the
valve g, and when it is lifted draws it down into the position in which it is
represented in Figure 5, and so lets the water pass from the supply pipe with
which the casing of the valve communicates towards the other or check
valve h, which, however, when the bandle d is raised is closed by the action
It will be seen that the
of the weight h', which is attached to its stem.
passages for the stems of these valves are closed water-tight by india-rubber or
leather discs. At the same time that the lever e operates to open the valve g
it raises the upper part of the light metal case i, which contains an ordinary
regulating bellows. It consists of a bag of leather so arranged as to be
distended when the top of the case is raised, air then entering it by a valve,
and this air as the valve closes against its return prevents the top of the case i
descending immediately it is set free, but it can only fall gradually as the air
escapes by a minute orifice provided for it. In this way the lever e is kept up
and the valve g is held open for some time after the handle d has been put
down. When the handle d is put down the lever c presses down the outer
end of the lever k, which turns on a centre at k¹ carried by a bracket fixed to
the side of the valve box 6, the hinder end of this lever, which enters a slot in
the stem of the valve h, then rises and lifts the valve against the action of the
weight h', and the valves g and h being then both open the water rushes from
the supply pipe into the pipe A, which leads to the opening a', at which it
enters the pan, and after scouring it overflows at the opening at in the side of
the
pan,. and
passes away into a sewer or otherwise, and this goes on until the
regulating bellows allow the valve ġ to close.

page_text: In arranging the water supply for closets and other purposes I introduce
into the supply pipe as it enters the premises a valve to prevent the water
passing back, this valve consisting of a nozzle fixed on to the supply pipe and
perforated at the sides; it has a piece of india-rubber tube sprung over it in
such manner as to cover the perforations, then the in-coming water is able
readily to pass from the interior of the nozzle through the perforations by
expanding the india-rubber tube, and it enters a casing connected with the
pipe which leads the water into the house. When the supply from the main
however ceases the water will not be able to pass back, as the superior
pressure being then on the exterior of the india-rubber tube it only closes it
the tighter on the nozzle. The pipe which leads the water into the house
may have any desired number of taps upon it, and in any desired positions.
At its highest point it is fitted with a ball-cock with a service cistern imme-
diately beneath, which it fills whilst the water is on. There is also at the
bottom of the cistern a connection with the same pipe, but with a second valve
like that already described, which allows the water to pass out of the ce:tern,
but prevents it entering by this route. This forms a very convenient arrange-
ment for supplying water into a cistern and drawing it out therefrom by
means of the same pipe.
This arrangement is shown at Figures 6. a is the supply pipe as it enters
the premises with the perforated nozzle at its end; 6 is the india-rubber tube
sprung over the nozzle and securely bound to it at its inner end; c is the
casing of this valve connected with the service pipe d, which enters the house,
and bas taps upon it where required; is the ball-cock at the highest points
of the pipe d, as represented in the Drawing; this ball-cock is formed with an
india-rubber tube, which is closed by a plunger operated by the float, which
pinches it against the side of the passage in which it is contained; f is the
service cistern; h is a valve, similar to that already described as fitted to the
supply pipe; its nozzle is fixed in the bottom of the cistern, and its casing is
connected again with the pipe d. I also apply a similar valve to the waste or
overflow pipes of cisterns in such manner as to allow the water to pass freely
down the pipe, but to prevent impure air passing up, as otherwise frequently
occurs. This arrangement is also shewn in Figure 6. i is the waste pipe; it
fits into a nozzle k secured in the bottom of the cistern; the form of this nozzle
as will be seen is somewhat modified; instead of being perforated it has &
bridge piece formed across it, which carries the cone l, and the lower end of
the india-rubber pipe m springs in and clips this cone. The casing of the
valve is connected with a pipe n leading to the drain. I also apply a similar
valve on the soil pipe of waterclosets near the closet in such manner as to

page_text: admit air thereto whenever there is any diminution of pressure in the soil pipe,
so as to prevent the water being sucked out of the trap of the closet. The
valve may conveniently be like that last described, with its casing connected
with the soil pipe in place of with the pipe n.
I also apply to the, waste pipes of sinks a valve constructed in the following
manner to prevent the return of gases or liquids:-At the lower end of the
pipe a stem is fixed within it in such manner as to project from its lower end,
as in the valve last described; on this stem a cone or head is fixed at some
distance from the end of the pipe, and a tube of india-rubber is sprung over
the end of the pipe and also over the head at the end of the stem; the whole
is contained in a suitable casing, as in the former cases. To prevent waste of
water in supplying closets and sinks I cause them to take their supply not
directly from the cistern, but from a measure vessel capable of holding only
somewhat more water than can be required at one time, and this measure
vessel I supply from the cistern or from the main through a small aperture;
the aperture is by preference formed in a small conical nozzle placed within
the cistern or pipe and communicating with the measure vessel. The measure
vessel if used in connection with a cistern should be placed in or beneath the
bottom of the cistern, and should have an air pipe rising to the top of it. This
arrangement is also shewn in Figure 6. o is the measure vessel connected by
a pipe p with the closet or sink; g is its air pipe; and r, the nozzle and small
orifice by which the water enters the measure vessel; this nozzle is made
conical in order that it may be less liable to be choked. It will be seen that
with this arrangement that should the valve or tap leading to the closet or
sink be left open, either in consequence of the mechanism being out of order
or from carelessness on the part of the user, still the loss of water will be but
small. If the measure vessel is applied to a main pipe it should in place of
the air pipe be fitted with a small air valve at the top; the valve is to open
inwards, and may conveniently be a valve formed with india-rubber tube, as
herein-before described, but of a smaller size.
In constructing wrought-iron pipes for the supply of water to closets and
for other purposes I make the ends of the pipes on which the screw threads
are cut of larger diameter than the other parts of the pipe, so that the
sockets may be screwed off the threads in such manner as to allow any pipe in
a series to be removed, whereas at present it is frequently necessary to cut the
pipes asunder before an intermediate pipe of a series can be removed.
Figure 7 is a transverse section of the ends of two pipes thus constructed,
together with the screw socket which connects them.
The increased substance at the ends of the lengths of pipe is conveniently

page_text: obtained by applying rings of suitable length of a size to pass on to the pipes.
The rings and the extremities of the pipes are heated to a welding heat, and
then as each ring is applied it is closed upon the pipe by swages or dies, one
of which has a rapidly reciprocating movement given to it. The screwing
tool which cuts the thread is arranged with a cutter, which faces the end of
the pipe.
In constructing sewers for conveying the water from closets and sinks
I form the inverts of separate parts in the following manner :-The first layer
or course consists of two rows of blocks of L form in section with their hori-
zontal limbs turned inwards towards each other; these blocks may be built
up of ordinary bricks, or by preference they are moulded in brick earth; on
their horizontal limbs are laid glazed pottery blocks made to fit and with
their upper surfaces of a curve suitable for the bottom of the sewer. Lastly,
on the two sides of the L-formed bricks, on the top of their vertical limbs,
other blocks of glazed pottery are placed; the inner face of each of these
blocks forms part of the interior surface of the sewer, and the outer surface is
inclined to form a skewback on which to build the sides of the sewer.
Figure 8 is a transverse section of the bottom of a sewer thus constructed.
8, 8, are the L-formed blocks; they are by preference of ordinary brick earth,
and moulded through a die. t is a block of glazed pottery laid on the L-formed
blocks, and forming the bottom of the sewer; u, u, are the side blocks, also of
glazed pottery, wth one face forming a part of the interior of the sewer, and
another a skewback on which to build the sides of the sewer; v is an ordinary
brick forming part of the side. When it is desired to make a larger sewer an
ordinary brick may be introduced between the horizontal limbs of the L-formed
bricks; on this the central glazed block rests with ordinary bricks to fill in
between it and the vertical limbs of the L-formed bricks; then on each side
are the glazed side blocks as before, but made of a larger size to cover both
the upper ends of the vertical limbs of the L-formed bricks and also the
filling bricks introduced on each side of the central block. This arrangement
is shown in section at Figure 9. 8, 8, are the L-formed blocks, as before;
w; an ordinary brick laid between them; t is the glazed pottery block at the
bottom of the sewer; x, x are ordinary bricks filling in between it and the
upright limbs of the L-formed blocks; u, u, are the skewback pottery blocks;
and y, y, are cut bricks, forming the commencement of the sides of the sewer,
which in this case is one brick thick.
In constructing drains for conveying the water from closets and sinks I
employ chairs or blocks of earthenware, which rest on the bottom of the trench
which is dug to receive the drain; these chairs or blocks are of uniform

page_text: transverse section, and semicircular or nearly so on the inner face; with
these are used plain cylindrical pipes, the ends of which rest on the chairs,
and the joints may be made with clay or cement; between the ends of these
pipes and entirely within the chairs short lengths of similar plain cylindrical
pipes are laid, and the joints may be covered by iron straps, the two ends of
which enter recesses formed for them in the chair. Clay or cement may be
used in the joint under the strap to make it quite water-tight. A drain thus
constructed may be examined at any time without interfering with the flow
through it or breaking the continuity of the drain by lifting any of the short
lengths out of their chairs. I also make some of the short lengths with
junction sockets, so that at any time a junction may be introduced into a line
of drain by lifting one of the short lengths of plain pipe out of its chair, and
supplying its place by a corresponding short length with a junction upon it.
In order to tighten down the iron straps on to the joints I sometimes make
each strap in two parts to meet at the top of the drain; the ends are bent
round so as to form lugs, between which a taper key is driven; or I make
the strap in one length, and fix or form a stud at one end of it, and this
enters quite loosely into a circular hole in the chair, and when it is there a
plug of earthenware fitting the circular hole is introduced, the plug having a
hole in it to receive the stud, and then the stud hole in the plug being out of
the centre, by turning the plug round the strap is tightened down.
Figure 10 is a side view, and Figure 11 is a plan of a line of drain thus
constructed, but without the straps for covering the joints. a, a, are the chairs;
b, b, the plain pipes laid between them; c, c, the short sections of similar
pipes resting in the chairs; d is a similar short section with a junction socket
upon it.
A transverse section through the line of drain is shown at Figure 12,
and here straps made each in two parts are shown applied.
Figure 13 is a plan of a chair with the pipes upon it with the straps.
Figures 14 show an edge view of the parts of the strap separately. e, e, are
the two parts of the strap, and f the key or wedge which is inserted between
its lugs to tighten it down upon the joint as already described; a¹, a', are
grooves formed in the chair to receive the outer ends of the straps.
Figures 15 and 16 are similar to Figures 12 and 14, except that straps
each made in one piece are employed, and Figure 17 is a side view of this
arrangement. In this case the groove a¹ is formed in one side only of the
chair, and in the other are circular notches or recesses opposite the ends of
the straps. The straps are each made with a stud e¹ either rivetted on or
formed by bending up the sheet metal; these studs enter the recesses in

page_text: the chair, and the disc ġ of pottery is then placed upon it, and they are turned
round by a suitable tool entered into the notch g'.
Figure 18 is a side view, and Figure 19 is a plan of a portion of a drain in
which the parts are somewhat modified in form. a is a chair; b, b, the ends
of two plain pipes resting upon it; and c is a short section of pipe resting in
the chair; it is bere made with half sockets at its ends, which receiving clay or
cement makes a more secure joint than when plain pipes are simply butted
end to end.
Figure 20 is a plan, and Figure 21 a longitudinal section of the chair a
separately; the recess a³ and grooves a³, a³, are to receive clay or cement to
render the joint more secure.
Figure 22 is a longitudinal section of the piece c separately.
Figure 23 is a longitudinal section, and Figure 24 a transverse section
of a piece similar to c, but with a junction socket upon it.
Having thus described the nature of my said Invention, and the manner of
performing the same, I would have it understood that I do not confine
myself to the exact details described; but what I claim is the so arranging
waterclosets that the excrementitious matter and the water used for scouring
the basin may be separated. the one from the other by the use of a stop
valve in combination with a supply valve provided with a suitable governor
to regulate its speed of closing, such stop valve acting to arrest the water
supply until the soil valve of the pan is closed, and then allowing it
to pass into the pan from which it escapes by an overflow passage.
I also claim the arrangement herein described for supplying water into
a cistern and drawing it out therefrom by means of the same pipe, such
arrangement consisting in the application on the supply pipe of a stop valve
formed of india-rubber tube and opening inwards in combination with a
similar valve at the bottom of the cistern opening outwards or to allow water
to pass into the pipe, and with a ball-cock on the pipe opening to feed the
cistern from the pipe.
I also claim the application of valves formed of india-rubber tube as described
to the waste or overflow pipes of cisterns.
I also claim the application of valves formed of india-rubber tube and
opening inwards as described to the soil pipes of waterclosets.
I also claim the application of valves formed of india-rubber tube as
described to the waste pipes of sinks.
I also claim the supplying waterclosets and sinks from a measure vessel into
which air is able to enter, and to which water is admitted from the source of
supply by a small aperture.

page_text: I also claim the constructing wrought-iron pipes of an increased external
diameter at their ends, and with screw threads thereon to receive screw
sockets of such a size as to be able to pass over the central portions of the
pipes.
I also claim the forming the invert blocks and the inverts of sewers in the
'manner described.
I also claim the forming drains and the parts of drains in the manner
described, that is to say, with chairs or blocks to receive the ends of plain or
socketless pipes with short lengths of pipe between the ends of the main pipes,
such short lengths of pipe being contained within the chairs and having
junctions upon them where required.
In witness whereof, I, the said Josiah George Jennings, have hereunto
set my band and seal, this Thirteenth day of November, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven.
JOSIAH GEORGE JENNINGS. (L.8.)