IMPROVEMENTS CONNECTED WITH THE PRODUCTION AND AGENCY OF HEAT IN FURNACES, STEAM AND AIR ENGINES, DISTILLING. EVAPORATING, AND BREWING APPARATUS
Year: 1821

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, NEIL
ARNOTT, of Bedford Square, in the County of Middlesex, Doctor of Medicine,
send greeting.
WHEREAS His most Excellent Majesty King George the Fourth did, by
His Letters Patent under the Great Seal of that part of the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Ireland called England, bearing date at Westminster, the
Fourteenth day of November, in the second year of His reign, give and grant
unto me, the said Neil Arnott, my exors, adñiors, and assigns, His especial
licence, full power, sole privilege and authority, that I, the said Neil Arnott,
my exors, adñiors, and assigns, during the term of years therein mentioned,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within England,
Wales, and the Town of Berwick upon Tweed, and also in ali His Colonies
and Plantations abroad, my Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS CONNECTED WITH THE
PRODUCTION AND AGENCY OF HEAT IN FURNACES, STEAM AND AIR ENGINES, DISTILLING.
EVAPORATING, AND BREWING APPARATUS;" in which said Letters Patent there is
contained a proviso that if I, the said Neil Arnott, shall not particularly
describe and ascertain the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner
the same is to be performed, by an instrument in writing under my hand and
seal, and cause the same to be inrolled in His Majesty's High Court of
Chancery within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of

page_text: the said Letters Patent, that then the said Letters Patent, and all liberties and
advantages whatsoever thereby granted, shall utterly cease, determine, and
become void, as in and by the same, relation being thereunto had, will more
fully and at large appear..
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Neil Arnott, do hereby declare that the nature of my aforesaid Invention, and
the manner in which the same is to be practised and carried into effect, is fully
described and ascertained in the following description, and the explanatory
Drawings or Figures thereunto annexed, that is to say:-
My improvements consist, first, in particular means of burning or destroying
smoke, and thereby converting it into so much additional fuel; secondly, in
particular means of making fuel burn in condensed air, either to produce
intense heat for various purposes or merely to heat the air itself, so that its
increased elasticity may become a motive power applicable to the purposes of
labour in moving machinery; thirdly, in making liquids boil, evaporate, or
distill rapidly at heats much below their boiling points, by particular means of
removing or lessening the atmospheric pressure upon their surfaces; and,
fourthly, in particular means of cooling hot liquids in the process of brewing;
all which said purposes I produce and bring about as follows: And, first, I
burn or destroy smoke by introducing the fuel into my fire-place through a
number of metallic channels or troughs, against the inner mouths or openings
of which the burning fuel lies, and between which, as between the bars of a
grate, there are interstices for the passage of fresh air. The smoke given out
from the advancing fresh fuel is thus made to pass through the ignited fuel,
and while it is thus intensely heated it is at the same time intimately mingled
with the fresh air entering between the troughs, and is totally or almost totally
consumed. Fig. 1, in the annexed Drawing, exhibits a perspective view of a
fire-place, with a convenient form and disposition of these troughs, in which
six of them are shewn with their obliquemouths projecting into the fire-place.
They may be formed of wrought or cast iron, and are disposed side by side in
nearly parallel directions, as shewn at the letters a,a,a, a. They should not
be much more in width than the ordinary fire bars used in furnaces, viz, about
two or two and a half inches, but should increase a little in width as they
approach the fire, to facilitate the passage of the coals through them, and they
are maintained in their parallel position by bars of iron rivitted to them both
above and below, the ends of which are seen at 6, 6, 6, 6. By the same means
each chamber is retained and held at about half an inch distance from that
which is next or contiguous to it, and thus the interstices or channels before-
mentioned are formed as at c, c, c, for the passage of air to the burning fuel;

page_text: but the upper parts of these are channels between band b, are stopped or closed
up by the introduction of square iron bars between one chamber or trough and
another, as may be seen at d, d, d, and more distinctly at d, d, d, Fig. 2, which
is a plan of the same apparatus, or at the same letters in Fig. 3, which shews
the elevation or appearance the apparatus assumes when viewed from the end
at which the coals or other fuel (which I always use broken into small frag-
ments) are introduced. The stopping of these channels may also be effected by
uniting the upper edges of the chambers or troughs together, if they areformed
of sheet iron or cast with flanches, and the number of troughs or chambers of
which I make my apparatus consist, as well as their length, must in all cases
depend upon the extent and intensity of fire that may be required. From the
above description it will appear that any broken or pulverized coal or other
fuel that is placed upon the top of the apparatus, as at d, d, d, will fall down
and distributed itself intothe several chambers ortroughs beforedescribed, from
whence it is to be pushed or protruded as occasion may require from the open
ends of these chambers or troughs, which are cut down in an angular form, as
may be distinctly seen at the letters a, c, a, c, Fig. 1, into the body of the fire,
burning over the common or ordinary grate bars, as at e, e, in Figs. 1 and 2.
This protrusion of the coal or other fuel I effect either by a single or fork-like
stoking iron, to be applied at the end of the troughs next to f, made to fit into
them. The whole of the above-described apparatus may be moveable so as to
be detached from the fire-place to be charged or filled with fuel, or it may be
a fixture and be filled or charged in its proper situation, in either of which
cases the apparatus rests upon the bearing bars g, g, and h, or upon a cast iron
or other.plate capable of supporting it, but which must not extend beyond the
bearing bar h, because it is necessary that the channels or spaces between the
angular ends a, c, a, c, of the several chambers or troughs should have free
access of air underneath them, in order to supply the fire burning upon their
upper edges, and to permit the fall of the ashes into the ash pit i. The
extreme points or ends of these troughs rest upon the bearing bar h, which
also supports one end of the ordinary grate or fire bars e, upon which a fire
is to be kindled in the first instance, which will soon communicate with the fuel
lying upon the sloaping edges of the troughs at a, c, a, c, and this will burn by
having a free current of air between the troughs as above described, and this
fresh air mingling with the smoak generated by such combustion will pass
together over the fire burning upon the bars e to the flue or chimney k, and
cause the whole smoak to be enflamed or consumed and converted into addi-
tional fuel for heating any vessel or thing placed over it; and since by pushing
in tlie fuel from the end of the troughs it will rise in an equal and parallel

page_text: stratum. to the inclined surfaces, and will even become churred or partially
burnt before. it so rises, so it is evident from the immediate mixture of atmo-
spheric air and smoak that this arrangement of apparatus insures that the
greatest part, if not the whole, of the smoak produced from its fire must be
consumed. This arrangement of apparatus for consuming smoke being appli-
cable to fire-places already built on other constructions, they may be altered
accordingly; and I therefore claim the appropriations of this part of my
Invention whenever it may be so used and applied. Secondly, when I require
my fire to burn in a condensed atmosphere for producing intense heat, either
for heating and expanding air to produce motion, force, or for any other pur-
pose, I use and employ the following arrangement of apparatus:-In the first
place, the fire-place is constructed as already described at Figs. 1, 2, and 3, or
in any other convenient form, but instead of being open, as in that case, the
fire burns within a large but close vessel of cast or wrought iron, as shewn at
A, A, A, A, in Fig. 4, which I call the air chamber, and in which B is the
fire-place aforesaid; the set of chambers or troughs for containing the fuel
slide in, as before described; or may be fixtures, but if they slide they do so into
a rectangular projection from the air chamber, as shewn at C, which also
points out a door or shutter which is to be closed in an air-tight manner
by screws, wedges, or any of the usual contrivances after the fire has
been lighted and the fuel introduced. The ash pit D is likewise so air-
tight that any air admitted into it can only escape by passing upwards
through the fire. In order to introduce air to the fire, I use a blowing
cylinder, either of the ordinary and common construction, or like that shewn
at E in the form of an inverted syphon. This cylinder is worked in the manner
herein-after described. In Fig. 4'E is the bored cylinder or working barrel ;
F, the piston, the rod of which works through a stuffing box on the top of the
working barrel; Ga valve opening inwards to admit the air; and H another
valve opening outwards for its escape. The cylinder I has immediate com-
munication with that at E, and is equipped with similar valves in its top, K
being for the admission of air, and L for its escape into the tube M, which is
common to both the valves Hand L. The lower parts of the two cylinders E
and I, may be fitted with water or oil, as coloured green in the Drawing
which will obviate the necessity of fine workmanship or fitting; but if
the apparatus is well made, it will act without this, and may be made
of smaller, capacity. All the air blown into the tube M is to be deli
vered into the ash pit 1), and the regulating cylinder or gasometer N (for
either form can be adopted at pleasure), by which it will be returned or
delivered out again in a steady and equable blast by the continuation of the

page_text: pipe O, placed in any convenient situation for the purpose, into the box or ash
pitD; from this it must pass through the fire above it, and by being heated it
will be very considerably increased in volume as it rises into the upper part of
the air chamber A, A, A, A, and may then be employed to work its own blow-
ingcylinder,as herein-after described, without the assistance of anyotherpower;
and the fire so produced and maintained may be applied to all the purposes
for which strong close fires are required, by suiting the form,construction, and
materials of the air chamber and fire-place to the circumstances the particular.
case may require. A pipe which contains a throttle or register valve, to be
opened in a greater or less degree, or quite closed where the apparatus is
at work, is placed at the top of the air chamber, as at P, for the escape of the
heated air and smoak during the lighting of the fire. In order to convert the
heated and condensed air thus produced to the beneficial purpose of giving
motion to machinery, and of thus becoming a motive power, as herein-before
mentioned, I adopt some or one of the following arrangements of machinery:-
Instead of permitting such heated and expanded air to escape by the chimney
P, I close its valve or regulator entirely, and by the pipe Q such air is
conveyed to a cock or valve, or cocks or valves, placed in some convenient part of
that pipe,as at R, and which, by being constructed on principles similar to the
cocks or valves placed in the steam pipes ofsteam engines, will have the effect of
conveying such heated air alternately to the two opposite sides of a moving
piston, or into a mercantile gasometer or gasometers placed to receive it, and
properly attached to the machinery to which it is desired to communicate reci-
procating motion; such a cock or valve as I have invented for and which
perfectly answers this purpose will be herein-after described; but at present
let it be admitted that its construction is such that it will first permit the heated
and expanded air to pass through the pipe S for a certain time, and then will
shut up that pipe and permit it to pass through the pipe T, and so alternately.
It will then first act upon the surface of the water V placed above the piston
U, and will force that piston to the bottom of the bored cylinder W, W, and
will expel the water X placed under that piston, and cause it to rise in the
cylindrical or other shaped vessel Y, while the air previously contained in that
vessel will escape by the pipe T,and will pass off through an opening provided
in the cock or valve at R; this done, the pipe S becomes closed and T opened
to the heated air, which will now act on the surface of the water Y and depress
it, by which the piston U is again elevated and ready for another depression
(the air above it escaping as aforesaid); and as the piston U is connected by a
piston rod Z, with the machinery it has to move either by a parallel motion
apparatus and beam, such as are used for steam engines or by any of the known

page_text: and accustomed meaus, and which, therefore, are not here described, as not
constituting parts of my Invention; so likewise it will be seen that the blow-
ing piston F may be moved, as well as the cock or valve or valves for regulating
the distribution of the heated air as aforesaid, without external aid or power.
It will likewise be apparent that if such heated air be admitted and received
alternately beneath themovingpartsoftwomaterialgasometers properly disposed
oralternately above and below the moving part ofa single gasometer inclosedina
case, and having a rod working through a stuffing box on such case, that such
moving parts of the gasometers will alternately rise and fall with a force and
velocitydependant upon their horizontal area and magnitude, and consequently
that alternating motion may be given to machinery in this way in addition to
the manner already described. Also, in the event of only requiring a single
powerful action, or one which acts with power on one side only of the piston U,
as in the case of using the power for working a lifting pump or blowing its own
fire as aforesaid, it may be produced by a very simple alteration of the machine,
which I have so far described in one form only, although it will be evident to
any mechanic that the principle admits of many forms and modifications which
are too obvious to need particular description. Thus, for example, if the heated
and expanded air produced as aforesaid in the air chamber be in the first instance
admitted by the pipe T into the vessel Y, it will depress the water therein and
elevate the piston U; and if the space V is fitted with air instead of water, then
that air or any part of it, according to the time at which the admitting
valve is shut, may be conveyed immediately by a pipe containing a valve
opening outwards into the regulating cylinder or gasometer N for the
supply of the fire. In this way the separate blowing cylinder E, with
its several appurtenances, may be altogether dispensed with; but in this case
there must be a valve opening inwards upon some part of the top V to admit
a fresh supply of air as the piston descends; and this descent may be produced
by a fly wheel, or by loading the piston rod Z with sufficient weight, as in the
case of single steam engines. The section of the working cylinder W, W, as
represented in the Drawing, shows that it is detached and separate from the
water or external case V, X, Y; it is however merely arranged in this
way for
the facility of boring that cylinder; and it is scarcely necessary to say that it
may be so made and fixed in its place by caulking in oakum, or applying cement
or other fit material in the space a, a, or it may be formed with nouzles and
flanches at the discretion of the manufacturer, or the water may be contained in
separate vessels, one opening into the space V above the piston U, and the
other into the space X, beneath it, or the working cylinder may be fixed in an
horizontal position with the two water vessels at its opposite ends. It will,

page_text: however, be necessary to place floating boards above the surfaces of the water
that come into contact with the heated air, as at b, b, and since that water will
become heated and will evaporate and diminish in quantity, by which the
proper action of the machine would be impeded, so as to prevent this, I apply
the contrivance shewn at c, c, near the bottom of the cylinder W, W, and im-
mediately above its top; c, c, isa pipe communicating with a reservoir raised to
a sufficient height to enable the water to flow into the cylinders Y, V; at the
lower end of each pipe c, c, is a small valve opening towards the said
cylinders as shewn at d,d, so as to permit water to enter them; c, is a throttle
or swivel valve which closes the pipe entirely when shut, and consequently
prevents any water passing into the cylinders; and, f, are small tails or
levers passing from the said valves into the interior of the cylinder, and by
which they are to be opened.
Whenever, therefore, the quantity of water in V or Y becomes too small
the floats b, b, will descend lower than they should do, and by striking against
the tails will open such valves, and admit the necessary quantity of water.
An air adjustment will likewise be necessary to equalize the quantity of air in
Vand Y,and to prevent the possibility of a vacuum or rarefraction ever taking
place in these spaces; and this I provide for by placing a small valve, as
at 9,9, in each of the hot air pipes. These valves must open inwards towards
such pipes, and are kept shut by very weak springs, so that they will act spon-
taneously whenever their action may become necessary. Figs. 5, 6, 7, and S
are different views of the cock or valve before-mentioned, by which the alter-
nate distribution and final discharge of the heated air when done with is
effected. Fig. 5 is a general section of such in its entire state. Fig. 6, the
fixed or external case, with its lid as well as the brass regulators removed to
show the several passages; and Fig. 7 the same view, still without the lid, to
shew the brass regulator in its proper situation. In Figs. 5 and 6, a shews a
part of the pipe Q (Fig. 4) by which the heated air is brought from the air
chamber into the cavity b of the cock; Cis an opening into the pipe d (being
part of the pipe S, by which such hot air is carried to the space V, Fig. 4)
f, a similar opening into the pipe e (being part of the pipe T, Fig. 4); and g is
a circular entral opening by which the heated air is finally discharged into the
pipe or chimney h, Figs. 4 and 5, when done with. In Fig. 6 the hot air
entering at a would have an equal facility of passing out of any of the open-
ings c, g, or fin common; but on introducing the brass regulator i, k, which
is truly ground to the fixed case, Fig. 6, so as to be air-tight, into its proper
place, as shewn in Fig. 7, all the openings except c become closed, and this is
alone left for the passage of such air to one side of the working piston; but

page_text: although the openings fand g are closed, as respects the opening a (which is
always open), yet they are not closed with respect to each other, but have an
immediate communication on account of the form of the brass regulater, which
rises at i, so as to form a cavity in Fig. 5 (more distinctly shewn at m, Fig. S,
which shews the under side of the brass regulator, or the opposite one to that
shewn in Fig. 7. By inspection of Fig. 5 it will, therefore, appear that hot air
entering at a will pass through cand along d, while the air from the opposite
side of the piston can enter e, pass through finto the cavity m, from whence it
will escape through g and h; but on turning the brass regulator, Fig. 7, until
its opening c comes against the part marked 7, then the hot air coming in at a
cannot pass into either of the pipes d or e, but is completely stopped and pre-
vented from acting, while the pipe e is still open to the chimney h; continuing
the motion of the brass regulator, Fig. 7, untill its opening c comes opposite
to e, then a contrary action takes place, for now the heated air from a will
pass along the pipe e, while the pipe & will be opened through the cavity m to
the chimney h, and consequently such heated air will act on the contrary side
of the piston; and by turning the regulator till its opening c comes against a,
then the pipe d will still be shut as respects a, but open to the chimney and e;
and thus by a simple rotatory motion of this regulator will all the alternations of
action above described be produced. This rotatory motion I produce and bring
about by a rod or bar properly suspended in the position shewnatn, o, Fig. 4, one
end of it resting upon the wheel or rigger p upon the fly-wheel shaft, while the
other rests upon a similar but smaller wheel fixed upon the spindle 9 of the
brass regulator, Figs. 5, 7, and S. This spindle passes through a stuffing-box
in the lid of the cock, and to insure the correct revolution of the brass regulator,
a tube with a conical termination rises from its central part, as at r, s, t, Figs. 5
and S, which fits into a similar concave conical recess v, v, in the bottom or bed
of the cock, Fig. 6, to serve also as an opening into the chimney h; andan oblong
orifice t, Fig. 8, is made through this tube, as may also be seen at t, Fig. 5, to
establish and maintain a constant communication between the cavity m in the
brass regulator and its central cavity v, which always coincides with and is open
to the chimney tube h. I prefer placing this cock in a vertical position, or with
the hot air passage a at the top, because then a quantity of oil or grease may
lay in the lower part of the interior of the cock, as at the dotted line u, u,
Fig. 7, so that the brass regulator may move in it, by which friction will be
prevented, while the ground surfaces will be kept air-tight; and this effect is
further promoted by the pressure of the conical wire spring y, seen in Fig. 5.
The motion of this cock is produced by four teeth or projections from the surface
of a small wheel or rigger u, u, fixed upon the regulator spindle g, and four

page_text: similar projections are formed upon the wheelpupon the fly-wheel shaft, Fig. 4;
and astwo corresponding cocks or projections(whichare moveable)aré attached
by adjusting screws to the swivel bar u, o, as at w, x, while that bar is drawn
back towards o, by a spring fixed to it, it follows that in each revolution of the
fly wheel the said brass regulator of the cock will make one revolution by four
successive movements of one quarter of a circle each time, and thus the brass
regulator of the cock will be put into all the situations herein-before described
for producing the alternate distribution and stoppage of the heated air; and
these will be found most beneficial for working or moving the engine after the
fire has become sufficiently intense to heat the air with rapidity, for I prefer
shutting off the heated air atabout the half stroke of the piston, and permitting
it to perform the rest of its action by expansion; and it will be found that by
placing the openinge of the brass regulator successively against the points d,l,e,
and a, Fig. 7, as herein-after described, and continuing the motion thereof
regularly round in the same direction, which will be done by the means herein-
before described, that all these effects will be produced. Should the machine
not be equipped with a fly wheel, then the brass regulator of the cock may be
turned, as aforesaid, by a double plug-tree or beam with tappets or projections
fixed upon or attached to and moving with the piston rod Z, Fig.4, orattached
to some convenient and proper part of the working beam of the engine, and
acting alternately upon one and the other side of the small wheel u, n. It is
intended that the air shall be heated to between 5 and 6 hundred degrees of
Fahrenheit's thermometer by passing through the fire, as aforesaid, for working
this machine, and by this means it will be expanded to above double the volume
which it generally occupies; consequently the blowing cylinder E, 1, Fig. 4, or
any other construction of blowing machinery which may be adopted, need not
send or impell more air at each stroke into the ash-pit Dof the fire-place than
is equal to half the contents of the cavities V and Y of the working cylinder
that is employed; but particular attention must be paid to keeping the passago
between these cavities (whatever may be their construction) as wide and capa-
cious as possible for the passage of the water within them as aforesaid; and I
regulate and adjust the speed or velocity of these engines by a throttle or other
efficient valve placed near the extremity of the pipe O, and worked or operated
upon byan ordinary governor, such as is applied to steam engines, or else I cause
such governor to act on levers and screws, which prevent the valves Gand Kof
the blowing cylinder from shutting so soon as they otherwise would do, in either
of which cases less fresh air will pass into the fire. The surplus air, if any, will
escape into the air chamber by a valverin the piston or gasometer, opened by
contact with the pin s, consequently the machine must diminish in its moving

page_text: velocity. Th above description will enable any competent workman to con-
struct the machine herein-before described; but it may be necessary to observe
that to use it with effect a glass or other transparent eye piece must be intro-
duced into some convenient part of the air chamber for the purpose of inspecting
the state of the fire, and that such fire must be stirred or stoked when neces-
sary by a stoking iron acting through a ball and socket joint, or in some air-
tight manner in a convenient part of the said furnace, and that the ashes may
be removed from the ash-pit whenever the machine is not at work, either by
removing the fuel troughs or channells, or by an air-tight door provided for the
purpose in some part of the ash-pit, as atà, à, Figure 4. Thirdly, my means of
producing a more or less perfect vacuum of air upon the surfaces of boiling
liquids, to make them evaporate at lowtemperature, is as follows:-The boiler A,
Fig. 9, is supposed to contain the liquor, it must be connected by a pipe B
(having a stop-cock or valve in it as at K, and a capacious head or reservoir
asz, when used for such liquids as froth or boil over) to a metallic condenser
of sufficient capacity, and which may be made of a spherical, cylindrical, or
any other convenient form, and like the rest of the apparatus of sufficient
strength to resist a pressure of more than fifteen pounds upon every square inch.
This condenser must be placed upwards of thirty-two feet from the ground or
from the bottom of a well or excavation, in order to admit of the metal pipe D
(which must be more than thirty-two feet long) being fixed to the lower side of
it. E is a cistern or reservoir to receive the lower end of the pipe D, which can
be closed by a stop-cock L. Another cistern or reservoir F must likewise be
placed at a distance ofabout sixteen feet below the underside of the condenser C,
havinga pipe G, which also opens into the said condenser at its upper end, while
its lower one dips into water contained in the last-mentioned reservoir F; a
valve that opens upwards is also placed in the upper part of the condenser, as
at M, and a similar valve in some part of the pipe G, as at H. I is a forcing
pump, for drawing water out of the reservoir F, and delivering it into the pipe
G, at any place above the valve H. To use the apparatus, the boiler A must
be filled with the fluid to be heated, after which the cock K in the pipe above
it is to be closed, as well as the cock at L, the condenser C is then to be filled
with water from the reservoir F, which being done, the cock Lis to be opened,
when the water will immediately run out of the condenser, and sink to the
height marked thirty-two feet in the pipe D (little more or less according to
the state of the barometer), and will leave the condenser in a state approaching
to that of a vacuum. Heat may now be applied underneath the boiler A, and
upon opening the cock K, a communication will be formed between the vacous
space or interior of the condenser and the interior of the boiler, and the air

page_text: remaining in the top of the boiler, together with any steam that may exist in
it, will pass over into the condenser, and such air and steam being removed by
a second filling of the condenser with water as aforesaid, and then permitting
it to run off, the condenser will be left in a state of vacuum, and the two tubes
Gand D, being connected through the medium ofthe condenser, will become
a general cyphon, for the cold water will rise into the condenser by the tube G,
and run from it by that at D, with a velocity that may be regulated by the
cock L, and thus will all the steam that enters C be condensed and run off
with that water, while a vacuum may be maintained as long as the supply of
water continues; and this supply to the reservoir F may arise from a natural
stream, or may be produced by pumping water into it, or the condensing
water may
be pumped constantly to the condenser from the bottom of the
reservoir or well, which again receives it on its surface by the pipe D, after it
has been used and heated; the same water thus serving continually, and being
cooled ifnecessary by the means herein-after described in speaking of my refri-
geratory; and according to the degree of vacuum produced the fluid will boil
with a lower or higher temperature, which in all cases will be below the point
at which the same fluid would boil in the open air. After a certain lapse of
time, should air by any means enter the condenser, the vacuum must be repro-
duced as before, and by occasional repetitions of these operations a vacuum
may be maintained on the surface of the fluid in the boiler for any required
period of time. N is a cock for discharging the contents of the boiler when
they have been sufficiently exposed to the action of the fire, and o a safety
valve to prevent accidents. The valve M on the condenser, which opens out-
wards, is to permit the escape of air when the condenser is first filled with
water, , and has a safeguard in case of any sudden or unexpected evolution of
steam. In all cases where the convenience of situation will admit of, I prefer
placing the boiler and the condenser on the same level, and as near together as
possible, because then there will be a less length of the pipe B to exhaust; but
this arragement can only be effected when the apparatus is constructed on the
side of a hill, or over a well or pit that admits of drainage, so as to permit
the pipe D to be of the requisite length and yet to part with its water.
the process of distilling, the condensing water must not enter into the con-
denser, as herein-before described, but must surround the exterior of it, in the
manner described in speaking of my refrigitory, to be herein-after described.
Fourthly, my refrigeratory for the purpose of cooling the hot liquor with speed
and expedition in the process of brewing:-I cause it to pass by means of a pipe
(containing a stop-cock to close it), as shewn at Q, Figure 10, into my
improved refrigeratory R. This refrigeratory consists of a series of very
shallow oblong boxes, formed of copper, tinned copper, or other thin metallic
In

page_text: plates, or other suitable material, the thinner the better, provided it has suffi-
cient strength, and to prevent the sides of such boxes from collapsing by
external, or bulging by internal pressure, I cause them to be studded or pro-
vided with knobs or protuberar ces both internally and externally, or by giving
them any other sufficient support for such purpose; and these boxes I place
side by side, and very near together, as shewn in plan at Fig. 11. The whole
of these flat boxes, which ought not to be wider than from half an inch to three
quarters of an inch, while their length should be full six times their breadth,
are enclosed in a water-tight vessel 2, 7, at about half an inch asunder;
although but three such boxes are shown in the Drawing at s, s, s, and in the
plan of their arrangement at Fig. 11, in both which cases the lid of the case
is removed for the purpose of shewing the arrangement of the boxes.
To give effect to this refrigerator it is also necessary that it should be fixed
with the greatest length of its boxes in a vertical direction. The pipe Q, com-
municating with the boiler or vessel from which the hot liquid comes, passes
in a water-tight manner through this vessel, and opens into the top or upper
end of each of the flat boxes, while another pipe S passes in like manner and
communicates with the other end or lowest parts of all the said flat boxes, so
that whenever the cock in the pipe Q is opened, the liquor in the boiler P will
run into and through the whole of such flat boxes, and will be discharged at F.
An open reservoir of water T is placed and fixed at a convenient distance
above the refrigerator R, and the pipe V, which should be rather more capa-
cious than that which conveys the hot liquor, proceeds from the lower part of
such reservoir to the lower part of the water-tight case r,, of the refrigerator,
and enters it near to the discharging pipe F; a similar sized pipe U is like-
wise fixed to the upper part of the case r, r, and proceeds from very near the
place where the pipe Q enters it, through the bottom of the reservoir T, and
continues to near the top of it. The external case r,r, of the refrigerator will,
therefore, always be filled with water by the pipe V, and that water will be in
immediate contact with the outer surface of every part of the flat interior boxes
aforesaid, and, consequently, whileany hot fluid is passing through the insides
of them it will communicate its heat to such water in the case 7, 7, and that
water, by being heated, will become specifically lighter than the water at the
bottom of the reservoir T, and will, consequently, rise up the pipe U to the
top of the reservoir, to be again cooled by exposure to the atmospere, and thus
will be a perpetual current of cold water be maintained down the pipe V, and
of heated water up the pipe U, as long as any hot fluid is running from Qto F;
but whenever convenience of situation requires the reservoir of water to be
below instead of above the refrigerator, then the water must be pumped up,
and so made to pass through the case r, 1: The discharging pipe F must be

page_text: equipped with a cock, in order to regulate the velicity of discharge to the
degree of cooling that may be required; and the reservoir T should be as
capacious as convenient in order to afford a constant supply of cold water; but
in situations where a large reservoir may be objectionable, or where time
cannot be afforded for the spontaneous cooling of such water, I place a series
of flat pipes just under the surface of the water in the reservoir, as shewn at
W, one end or extremity of such pipes being left open and made to turn up
into the air, while the opposite ends or extremities pass into one common pipe
that goes into the flue or chimney of the boiler P, or any other chimney, the
consequence of which is that the heat of the water in the reservoir and the
draft of the chimney combined will always produce a current of cold air through
the flat pipes disposed as aforesaid, which will have a very powerful effect in
cooling the water in which they are so immersed. For the purpose of distilling,
I use and apply the refrigerator and apparatus last above described, with
the exception only that steam enters the pipe Q instead of the hot liquor, and
as I confine my process to distilling in vacuo, or in rarefied air, so the dis-
charging pipe must descend perpendicularly for about thirty-five feet; and in
order to produce the first vacuum I fill the whole interior of the flat boxes
and pipes of my refrigitory as aforesaid with water, and permit it to run off
as before described, or I draw such water off by the application of an ordinary
pump or exhausting syringe to some convenient part of the said refrigitory.
In describing the several parts of my aforesaid Invention and improvements, I
have purposely avoided the statement of dimensions, unless when they were
absolutely necessary to the action of the same, because such dimensions and
proportions must vary with the circumstances under which the same may be
formed and constructed. And in the description of the air engine, evaporating
apparatus, and refrigeratory, I have also been general as to form, because my
Invention does not consist in the particular forms or proportions of the matters
and things described, but in the general combination and arrangement of
pistons, cylinders, tubes, valves, and other well known mechanical agents for
the production of new and beneficial purposes to which such things have not
been so employed before, or at any rate in so efficient and beneficial a manner;
and I accordingly claim the arrangements and appropriations herein-before
described to be made, and the inventions and improvements alluded to in the
herein-before in part recited Patent.
In witness whereof, I, the said Neil Arnott (party hereto), have here-
unto set my hand and seal, this Fourteenth day of May, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and twenty-two.
NEIL (L.S.) ARNOTT,

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Fourteenth day of May, in the
year of our Lord 1822, the aforesaid Neil Arnott came before our said
Lord the King in His Chancery, and acknowledged the Specification afore-
said, and all and every thing therein contained and specified, in form above
written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped according to the
tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.
Inrolled the Fourteenth day of May, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and twenty-two.
Inrolled the Fourteenth day of May, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and twenty-two.