IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF AND APPARATUS FOR THE TREATMENT OF WORTS
Year: 1866

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Lawrence, of 18, Cornwall Road, Pad-
dington, in the County of Middlesex Brewers' Engineer for the Inven
tion of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF AND APPARATUS FOR THE
TREATMENT OF WORTS"
tion of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF AND APPARATUS FOR THE
TREATMENT OF WORTS"
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Lawrence at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 6th
June 1866.
I, WILLIAM LAWRENCE, of 18, Cornwall Road, Paddington, in the County of
Middlesex. Brewers' Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF AND APPARATUS FOR THE
TREATMENT OF WORTS." to be as follows: —
The improved manufacture of worts comprises the drawing, forcing, or
passing off the contents of the mash tun, that is to say, "goods" and mashing
liquor or wort through one or a series of tubes or chambers which admit of
the wort or extract being strained off or separated from the goods in com-
paratively small portions or quantities instead of as heretofore in bulk, and
when a rinsing liquor is to be applied it further comprises the passing or
forcing the said liquor through the said tubes or chambers in an opposite or
PS/1

page_text: cross direction or some other or the same direction as that in which the goods
are being drawn off, forced, or passed away, the motion of goods and rinsing
liquor being continuous or intermittent, or of either one of them being
continuous while that of the other is intermittent. The manufacture may be
carried on either entirely according to my Invention or only partly so, that is
to say, my Invention may be used for completing the process after one or
more worts have been drawn off from the mash tun in the ordinary manner.
The wort produced may probably require refining or filtering, which may be
effected by any approved process.
The improved apparatus for the treatment of worts comprehends extracting,
cooling, and fermenting apparatus. The apparatus for extracting comprises
pipes and chambers with perforations or openwork exits for the wort or
extract with or without mechanical appliances for ensuring the movement of
the goods or for pressing the goods and sometimes pumping or lifting appli-
ances for the rinsing liquor and wort. Wire gauze or perforated sheet
metal plates may conveniently be used for portions of the said pipes or
chambers, and archimedean screws or inclined beaters be used for propelling
the goods. The apparatus for cooling worts consists of a zig-zag double plate
or box containing cooling water and of wort sparging or supplying apparatus,
feeding the wort so that it may flow down against both the upper and under
exterior surfaces of the zig-zag, or only on one exterior surface; or a series or
stack of generally parallel plates extending for a considerable length, and
lever, or inclined throughout the entire length, or inclined for a part or parts
thereof may be used, the cooling water passing in the alternate spaces between
the plates and the wort in the intermediate alternate spaces, or vertical or
inclined hollow columns or pipes of any transverse section may be used
instead of the zig-zag plate box arrangement, and be placed in a vertical or
inclined position, and the said columns or pipes may be made waved or
zig-zag shaped longitudinally, and with either the zig-zag plate box arrange-
ment, or the column or pipe arrangement, the surfaces may or may not be or
some of them may be fluted, ribbed, or otherwise roughened so as to increase
the effective surface against which the wort flows, or for strengthening or
spacing the plates where requisite. It is intended to provide means of con-
necting the supply and discharge of the cooling water and also means for
separating the parts of the apparatus or obtaining access thereto for cleansing.
The apparatus for fermenting worts consists of a longitudinal back or vessel
with longitudinal partition, which is vertical for a part of the height, and then
spreads or divides off into two plates, leaves, or members lying in oppositely
inclined positions forming a V-shaped channel or trough, a second or upper

page_text: tray or vessel also bridging across or being supported over the said trough.
The inclined portions of the partition reduce the top surface of the first back,
and over these are lids or covers against which the yeast rises from the
surface of the beer into the second box through openings into it situate a little
above its bottom, so that the settlings from the yeast may lodge therein instead
of falling into the first back, but provision is made so that these may be drawn
off into the trough or into the first back. In some cases the said back is
divided by cross partitions, or the longitudinal partition or the vertical part
thereof may stop short of the ends and admit of a circulation around the
partition being established. Attemperators may be used in either the backs
or vessels.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said William Lawrence in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
6th December 1866.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM
LAWRENCE, late of 18, Cornwall Road, Paddington, in the County of Middle-
sex, but now of 27, Cornwall Road, aforesaid, Brewers' Engineer, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Sixth day of June, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-six, in the twenty-ninth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me,
the said William Lawrence, Her special licence that I, the said William
Lawrence, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the
said William Lawrence, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at
any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times there-
after during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make,
use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF AND APPARATUS FOR THE TREATMENT OF WORTS,"
upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said William Lawrence,
my executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or
their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and
ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same
was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent
Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the
said Letters Patent.

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said William Lawrence, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the follow-
ing statement thereof, that is to say:-
The improved manufacture of worts comprises the drawing, forcing, or
passing off the contents of the mash tun, that is to say, "goods," and mashing
liquor or wort through one or a series of tubes or chambers which admit of the
wort or extract being strained off or separated from the goods in comparatively
small portions or quantities, instead of as. heretofore in bulk, and when a
rinsing liquor is to be applied it further comprises the passing or forcing the
said liquor through the said tubes or chambers in an opposite or cross direction,
or some other or the same direction as that in which the goods are being
drawn off, forced, or passed away, the motion of goods and rinsing liquor
being continuous or intermittent, or of either, one of them being continuous
while that of the other is intermittent. The manufacture may be carried on
either entirely according to my Invention or only partly so, that is to say, my
Invention may be used for completing the process after one or more worts
have been drawn off from the mash tun in the ordinary manner. The wort
produced may probably require refining or filtering, which may be effected by
any approved process.
The improved apparatus for the treatment of worts comprehends ex-
tracting, cooling, and fermenting apparatus. The apparatus for extracting
comprises pipes and chambers with perforations or openwork exits for the
wort or extract with or without mechanical appliances for ensuring the
movement of the goods or for pressing the goods and sometimes pumping or
lifting appliances for the rinsing liquor and wort when the said liquor and
wort are intended to be passed from one chamber or apparatus to another.
Wire gauze or perforated sheet metal plates may conveniently be used for
portions of the said pipes or chambers, and archimedean screws or inclined
beaters be used for propelling the goods. The apparatus for cooling worts
consists of a zig-zag double plate or box containing cooling water, and of wort
sparging or supplying apparatus, feeding the wort so that it may flow down
against both the upper and under exterior surfaces of the zig-zag or only on
one exterior surfaces; or a series or stack of generally parallel plates extending
for a considerable length and level, or inclined throughout the entire length, or
inclined for a part or parts thereof may be used, the cooling water passing in
the alternate spaces between the plates, and the wort in the intermediate
alternate spaces: or vertical or inclined hollow columns or pipes of any
transverse section may be used instead of the zig-zag plate box arrangement,

page_text: and be placed in a vertical or inclined position, and the said columns or pipes
may be made waved or zig-zag shaped longitudinally, and with either the
zig-zag plate box arrangement or the column or pipe arrangement the surfaces
may or may not be or some of them may be fluted, ribbed, or otherwise
roughened so as to increase the effective surface against which the wort flows,
or for strengthening or spacing the plates where requisite. It is intended to
provide means of connecting the supply and discharge of the cooling water, and
also means for separating the parts of the apparatus or obtaining access thereto
for cleansing. The apparatus for fermenting worts consists of a longitudinal
back or vessel with longitudinal partition, which is vertical for a part of the
height, and then spreads or divides off into two plates, leaves, or members lying
in oppositely inclined positions, forming a V-shaped channel or trough, a second
or upper tray or vessel also bridging across or being supported over the said
trough. The inclined portions of the partition reduce the top surfaces of the
first back, and over these are lids or covers, against which the yeast rises from
the surface of the beer into the second box through openings into it situate a
little above its bottom, so that the settlings from the yeast may lodge therein
instead of falling into the first back, but provision is made so that these may
be drawn off into the trough or into the first back. In some cases the said
back is divided by cross partitions, or the longitudinal partition or the vertical
part thereof may stop short of the ends and admit of a circulation around the
partition being established. Attemperators may be used in either the backs or
vessels.
In the improved manufacture of worts the passing the goods and washing
liquor through straining chambers and, mode of using a rinsing liquor may
be performed in and by the using of the improved apparatus for extracting
worts, and the process and the said improved apparatus are sufficiently illus-
trated by the Figures 1 and 2 of the Drawing, and the following description
explaining them, and the remarks relative thereto :-Figure 1 is a vertical
section of a hollow pipe or chamber a with perforated or openwork exit or
cone b, and a second or detached perforated or openwork exit or cone c.
Into and through the pipe a the contents of the mash tun are to be delivered,
whence they pass into the cone band on to the cone c, and become strained
in comparatively small quantities. This arrangement is convenient when
there is ample fall from the mash tun, but when the fall is not sufficient a
screw or other mechanical appliance to increase the pressure may be employed,
as herein-after described with reference to Figure 2. d is one small system
for the extract as it becomes separated from the goods, and d exit from the
same, the hollow cone c itself forming another or second system for the

page_text: extract, and is exit from the same. As the mash is delivered into the
pipe a the goods will fall and partially choke the passage between the cones,
when a pressure of the superincumbent liquor will be created and the liquor
will filter or strain through them, and will pass through the perforations to
the exits as wort or extract. The goods may be removed from the floor by
manual labor or otherwise. Instead of the cone c being placed on a floor it
may be placed so as to permit the goods to drop over and away from it into a
pit or grain house below; and the distance of the said cone from the cone b
may he regulated by screw or otherwise by a spring. as explained with reference
to the plug in Figure 2, or in any convenient manner.
Figure 2 is a vertical section of pipe or chamber adapted to the purposes of
straining and rinsing, the Figure illustrating the manufact of wort by the
use of a rinsing liquor (either as the mash is passed direct from the mash tun
or after one or more worts have been extracted) with improved apparatus of
mechanical appliance for ensuring the movement of the goods and pressing
them as they are passed downwards against an intended upward current of the
rinsing liquor. a is the pipe or chamber, with enlarged head or funnel a for
receiving the mash from the supply and contracted foot a for discharging
the goods against the yielding plug or stopper g held forcibly against them by
any convenient arrangement, whether of india-rubber springs, as represented,
or other kind of springs, or weighted lever or other power. h is a perforated
plate or strainer at the top of the funnel, dividing off from the same the small
extract cistern i, whence the extract or converted rinsing liquor will pass by
the exit ; is the supply for the said liquor, which is to be delivered under
pressure; is a mechanically driven revolving shaft carrying the archimedean
screw m, which closely fits the tube or chamber a. The said screw may be
formed plain throughout the length or with uniform perforations or open work
throughout the length, or may be varied in this respect as in the Figure or
otherwise. If desired the extract or a portion of it may be passed off other-
wise than from the top, as, for instance, from the side at any convenient posi-
tion, wire gauze or perforated plates or strainers being introduced at any such
exits. Or the screw itself may be a hollow box or strainer, the shaft being
also hollow as an exit for the extract. And the current of the rinsing liquor,
though I do not so recommend, may if it be desired be in the same direction
as the passage of the goods. Also beaters spirally disposed may be substituted
for the screw.
I would remark that the apparatus described in both the above Figures
may be reversed, that is to say, that the goods may be made to pass
upwards and the rinsing liquor or extract downwards, also the forms of the

page_text: chambers, cones, cisterns, and other parts may be varied at convenience, also
a horizontal disposition of apparatus may be used, and also cross currents of
rinsing liquor may be forced or made to pass through the goods. If hori-
zontally disposed or nearly so the chamber may be in the form of an open
channel.
Before proceeding to describe the Figures illustrating the improved
apparatus for refrigerating or cooling worts it may be well to state that one
great feature of distinction from most previous refrigerators is that the wort is
made to traverse on external surfaces exposed to the air and easy of access for
cleansing, the water passing inclosed passage, but nevertheless it is not abso-
lutely in this respect alone a novelty, inasmuch as the Baudelot refrigerator is
a special instance of such treatment, being a series of horizontal pipes stacked
vertically over and parallel to each other, the wort passing over them and
dropping from one to the other, and being kept in an even flow or guided by saw-
like teeth or projections projecting from the upper and lower external surfaces
of the pipes, a tolerably uniform film or discharge being thus effected through-
out the entire length of the pipes; this system requires considerable fall
between the hop backs and fermenting vessels. One principal object I have
in view is to effect by plates what has heretofore been done by pipes, and to
utilize or do with a less amount of fall, and particularly in respect of the use
of plates to prevent an uneven lateral aggregation of the film of flowing wort
by fluting, corrugating. or forming the plates with grooves or channels in the
longitudinal direction of the flow, the said fluting or corrugating serving also
to hold up or assist in holding up the wort passing externally on the under side
of the plates.
In explaining the several illustrations it will be convenient firstly to
describe the arrangement of a series or stack of generally parallel plates lying
nearly horizontally or inclined, in which the cooling water passes between the
alternate spaces, and the wort between the intermediate alternative spaces.
Figure 3 is a longitudinal vertical section, and Figure 4 a transverse vertical
section through the line M, N, in Figure 3.
a, a, and b, b, are the parallel plates for convenience of construction coupled
or arranged in pairs a, b, and all disposed in an inclined or it may be hori-
zontal position. Certain of the spaces being the alternate spaces marked
c. c. are intended for the passage of the wort both upon and against the upper
surface of the plates a, and below and against the under surfaces of the
plates b. The intermediate alternate spaces being for the passage of the
cooling water are in fact boxes or chambers between an upper plate a and a
ower plate b. The construction is hereafter described; d, d, are wort supply

page_text: pipes. and e, e, wort spreaders or feeders from the same, one to each pair of
the plates a, b, at their upper or receiving ends, the form of the plates at
their lower or delivery ends being shaped as at for the suitable discharge of
the wort in a film or sheet, and these ends are placed not quite but nearly
one above the other, so that from all of them the discharge may be effected in
one general or united film into the trough y.
Figure 5 is an enlargement of the construction at the upper ends, and
Figure 6 an enlarged perspective sketch of the construction at the lower end f,
and Figure 7 an enlargement of part of the transverse view Figure 4.
The reference letters, f, (and in Figure 6) also mark water spreaders
from the supply pipe to each water space, within which and supporting its
plates a, b, is a board or plank i, which divides the current into two currents
for nearly the entire length of the plates, and to accelerate by displacement
the flow of the water. k, k, are water outlets to the discharge pipe 1; m, m,
are corrugated strips (see Figures 3, 4, 7,) by which the plates are supported
and properly distanced. The plates a, b, are corrugated longitudinally for the
purpose of assisting the film-like current of the wort, and with reference to
the plates for assisting or inducing a capillary attraction or holding up
power for the wort flowing underneath and against them.
Figures 8 and 9 are a plan and section of convenient wort feeding apparatus,
but which is not included in my Invention.
p and q are internal and external cisterns respectively, s. supply to p, whence
it overflows into q and then flows by the several pipes d. d. to the refrigerator,
the inlets d, d, to these pipes being at the same height and of equal
capacity.
Figures 10 and 11 are diagram views of a modification of the arrangements
represented at Figure 3, the pairs of parallel plates or the planks or framing
supporting them being so jointed or connected together as to admit of a
mechanical movement or change of form from that represented in Figure 10
to that in Figure 11, the former showing the pairs of plates comparatively
wide apart in a position convenient for cleansing them, and the latter shewing
them in the closer position convenient for working them. In some places the
wort surfaces of the corrugated plates may be brought so closely together as
almost or quite to touch each other, when it will be found that the wort on
cach will unite in one stream or film.
Figure 12 is a transverse section in diagram illustrating the zig-zag double
plate box improved refrigerator. The boxes or double plates p, p, are con-
tinuous longitudinally to any convenient dimensions. Two only of them are
shown, each being for the purpose of cooling water within or between its

page_text: plates and for the wort to pass upon or against the exterior surfaces, whether
upper or under surfaces of the zig-zag, and the said surfaces being corrugated
forming grooves or channels in the direction of the flow as before. It is
intended to employ one or any number of such zig-zags, which may con-
veniently be separated for cleansing, and be placed if desired so closely
together as to unite the upper flowing and under flowing pairs of surface
streams or films of wort.
Figure 13 is a transverse section in diagram illustrating another zig-zag
plate box refrigerator, in which to compensate for the tendency of the wort to
drop from the under flowing surface; it is made of an increased or greater
inclination than the upper flowing surface. Both are to be corrugated as
before, and it is intended to employ one or any number of boxes like that
represented, and to place and use them together, stacking them as in Figure 12.
When very close the upper and under flowing films of wort will flow in an
united current.
Figure 14 is a transverse section of a convenient modification of the lastly
described refrigerator, shewing also wort feed q and exit q, and water feed s,
and exit s, similar arrangements may be made for either of the two lastly
above described refrigerators. In this also the wort surfaces are to be corru-
gated, and, if desired, an arrangement for stacking or using a series of them
together may be adopted by employing such intermediate double zig-zags as
will fit properly against them. An united flow may thus be obtained. and the
parts will take asunder for cleansing. The planks or wooden blocks pare
for occupying the bulk of the space between the plates and causing a more
rapid flow of the water by the displacement they occasion.
The same Figure 14 also serves as a transverse section of improved refrige-
rator, circular in plan instead of being rectangular and continuous longitudi-
nally. It will probably be sufficient that corrugations be made near the pro-
In this instance a
jecting and retiring angles and be radially disposed.
number of these cannot be so stacked as to unite the wort films, and it is
probable it will not become a generally preferred arrangement.
The same Figure 14 serves also the further purpose of illustrating an
improved refrigerator to which I attach much importance, and which moreover
more nearly approaches the Baudelot refrigerator above described, its action
or mode of use being similar thereto, but from which it is perfectly distinct.
The Figure in this case is to be read as a transverse sectional diagram of a
rectangular longitudinal arrangement, and the displacement blocks p are sup-
posed to be removed, and each lozenge-shaped arrangement of plates to bo

page_text: complete in itself, becoming a tube enclosing a large 'water space, the water
flowing longitudinally therein and passing from one to the other at the ends
by suitable connections. The wort is intended to flow Baudelot fashion on the
exterior surfaces from one to the other transversely across and upon or around
the lozenge-shaped pipes or combinations of plates which are to be serrated or
corrugated entirely or only at or near the retiring angles. It is to be under-
stood that the form need not necessarily be lozenge shaped, but may be varied
in any way that will present projecting and retiring angles, or an elliptical
form may be used, the object being to gain a traverse greater than is due to
the circumference of a circle and so to economize fall, the plates or pipes
being in all cases ribbed, corrugated, or channelled in the direction of the
wort flow, and either partly or entirely as above explained; or ribbed, corru-
gated, or channelled plates may be bent up into the form of a pipe of any
general shape including a circular shape, the channels being disposed trans-
versely and not longitudinally, and a series of such tubes may be used
Baudelot fashion as above described.
The hollow columnar or pipe improved refrigerator is illustrated in respect
of the vertical disposition by the Figure 15, in which is the column or
cylinder, on the exterior of which the wort flows, being fed by supply q,
received by tray q, and discharged by exit q. The water feed and exit are
markeds and s* respectively, and between these it flows through the thin
copper pipes, which is coated with india-rubber or other non-conducting
substance, and through the interior of the cylinder t. To give increased
effective cooling surface to the cylinder it may be corrugated or fluted with
grooves or channels longitudinally, or transversely, or spirally, or be formed
with wave-lined or lozenge-shaped or other shaped indentations or projections,
or any convenient roughened uneven surface. A twisted or zig-zag form of
column or pipe may also be used, or straight columns disposed in an inclined
position, in which case the diameter of the columns or pipes should be smaller
than if vertical, and the feeds and exits of the wort and water be arranged to
suit the inclined disposition.
The Figure 16 is a perspective sectional view illustrating the improved
fermenting apparatus. a is the external case of longitudinal back or vessel
b, b. b, its longitudinal partition b being the vertical portion, and b, b, the
inclined leaves or members forming V-shaped channel or trough, and reducing
the top surfaces of the back. c is the second or upper longitudinal tray or
vessel; d. d. are the lids or covers against which the yeast rises, the settlings
therefrom lodging in the tray c, whence they may be if desired drawn off by
plug holes c into the first back, although not so represented; other plug holes

page_text: may be made and the settlings be allowed to pass into the V-shaped troughs,
particularly when the apparatus is of short length, and the upper box can be
readily moved for cleansing the said trough. Otherwise this trough may be
conveniently used as an attemperator, a current of water being made to flow
therein. When the apparatus is of such length as to permit it the first back
may be divided by cross partitions at intervals, and by plug holes through
them a circulation may be established if desired, or the same object may be
effected by the vertical partitions b being stopped short of the ends.
The Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 16, are drawn to a scale of
about one-tenth of the full dimensions; Figures 8, 9, and 15 to about one-
third; and Figures 5, 6, and 7, full size.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Lawrence, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Sixth day of December, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and sixty-six.
W. LAWRENCE. (L.s.)