An Act to ament the Law touching Letters Patent for Inventions
Year: 1857

page_text: En the Matter of a Patent granted to Amory Fairbanks Sherman, of
the City of Roxbury, in the County of Norfolk, in the State of.
Massachusetts, in the United States of America, but lately residing
in Liverpool, in the County of Lancaster, Civil Engineer.
ISCLAIMER AND MEMORANDUM OF ALTERATION proposed to be
filed in the Great Seal Patent Office by JOSEPH HARGER, of Oxton,
in the County of Chester, Gentleman, Assignee of the said Letters.
Patent, pursuant to the provisions of an Act passed in a Session of
Parliament, held in the fifth and sixth years of the reign of His late
Majesty King William the Fourth, intituled "An Act to ament the Law
touching Letters Patent for Inventions," and also the "Patent Law.
"Amendment Act, 1852."
WHEREAS Her most Gracious Majesty Queen Victoria was pleased to.
rant unto the said Amory Fairbanks Sherman Her Letters Patent, bearing
ate the Sixth day of June, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight.
undred and fifty-seven, whereby She did, for. Herself, Her heirs and succes-
ors, give and grant unto him, the said Amory Fairbanks Sherman, Her.
pecial license, that he, the said Amory Fairbanks Sherman, his executors,
dministrators, and assigns, or such others as he, the said Amory Fairbanks

page_text: Sherman, should at any time agree with, during the term therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of
Man, an Invention, intituled "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR BREAKING
HATCHELLING, ROVING, SPINNING, AND TARRING HEMP, FLAX, MANILLA, OR ANY
FIBROUS MATERIAL OR MATERIALS," and the said Amory Fairbanks Sherman
having, in compliance with a condition contained in the said Letters Patent,
duly filed in the Great Seal Patent Office an instrument in writing under his
hand and seal, particularly described and ascertained the nature of the said
Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed:
Since filing the above Specification it hath appeared to me, the said Joseph
Harger, and I now beleive that the said Amory Fairbanks Sherman was not
the first Inventor of that portion or portions of the said Invention which
relates to the breaking of hemp, flax, manilla, or other fibrous material or
materials, and the use of solid leather rolls as a substitute for wood rolls
when used for slivering or roving, as described in the said Specification, I, the
said Joseph Harger, having reason to suppose that the same has been in
limited use by others prior to the date of the said Letters Patent; I, therefore,
now disclaim so much of the said Specification and title of the said Letters
Patent as relates to the breaking of hemp, flax, manilla, or any fibrous
material or materials, and the use of solid leather rolls as a substitute for
wood rolls when used for slivering or roving, as described in the Specification
of the said Letters Patent, filed in the Great Seal Patent Office on the Fifth
day of December, One thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven (that is
to say):
I, the said Joseph Harger, do hereby withdraw and disclaim in the title of
the said Invention the word "breaking," which is contained in the said title,
and the following words, which are contained in the descriptive portion of the
said Specification, that is to say:-The word "breaking" in the first paragraph
of the description, and the words as follows "The improvement in the
"portion of the machinery used for breaking the hemp, flax, and other like
materials, consists in the use of a small frame, with a stationary square
shaft, to which one end of the material to be broken is affixed, and a
"revolving square shaft, to which the other end of the material to be acted
upon
has a turn taken round it, and by the action of the shaft revolving the
"fibres are broken lengthwise, leaving the ends all tapered; whereas by the
"mode at present practised the ends are all broken square across, making all
"the fibres with butt or thick ends, so that it has to be hatchelled afterwards
"to get the ends small and tapered.”

page_text: I, the said Joseph Harger, do also withdraw and disclaim the words quoted
as here following:-"In the further operation of slivering or roving I fit
"the machines with rolls formed from leather in place of wood, as usually
"practised, I having found that leather is a much better material than wood
"for the purpose."
I also disclaim and withdraw the sketch marked "Figure 1," on the
Sheet A of the Drawings annexed to the Specification, and the following
words descriptive of the same:-"Figure 1 (Sheet A) is a top view or plan
"of my improved breaking machine." A is a square frame, upon which is
mounted B, a fixed square spindle, and C, a square revolving shaft, on one
"end of which is keyed D, a cog wheel, which gears into E, a cog wheel on
'F, the driving shaft, which is provided with G, a driving pulley, and H, a
"loose pulley; J is the hemp, having one end twisted round the end of the
"fixed shaft B, and the other round the end of the revolving shaft C, by the
"action of which it is broken."
"
I, the said Joseph Harger, do hereby also disclaim and withdrawn the
following claims contained in the Specification of the said Patent, namely:-
"First, breaking by a lengthways strain, hemp, flax, and other fibrous
"material to be used in spinning, as herein-before described."
Secondly, the use of the machine herein-before described for breaking
fibrous materials."
"Fifthly, the use of leather as a substitute for wood for making rolls for
drawing hemp, flax, and other like fibrous material for roving or slivering."
And I also withdraw and disclaim the word "breaking" contained in
the last of the said claims.
I, the said Joseph Harger, having now withdrawn and disclaimed such
portions of the said Invention which I now believe was not new at the time
of granting the said letters Patent, do hereby declare that the said
Specification, when so amended, will read as follows:-
"This Iuvention consists of certain arrangements of machinery whereby
hatchelling, roving, spinning, and tarring of hemp, flax, manilla, or any other
fibrous material or materials, may be performed with greater advantage
"than by the machinery now generally used for these purposes."
"The portion of the improved machinery used for hatchelling, consists of
'a drum or cylinder with stationary teeth or moveable "gill bars" having
teeth fixed thereto as a feed cylinder to the hatchell or lapper, and which
consists of a large cylinder with stationary teeth or pins, on which the
batchelled fibres are wound, the feed cylinder or drum holding every fibre
"until the time it is to be wound on to the large cylinder after being

page_text: "
"
thoroughly hatchelled, thereby avoiding the necessity of cutting manilla
"so short as now requisite by the present system of treating it when hatchelled
by hand, which greatly weakens the fibre as wellas detracts from the quality
of the yarn made therefrom. The fibre is delivered to the feed cylinder by
"two feed rollers which receive the hemp or other material from an endless
"band upon which it is laid. After leaving the gill-pinned feed cylinder it is
"wound round the large hatchell or lapper drum, after which it is removed to
"the roving or slivering machine. The roving or slivering is performed by
"means of a number of rolls placed in front of a gill frame, whereby two
"leather belts or aprons are driven, so that the manilla, hemp, flax, or other
"material passed between them causes every fibre to be drawn evenly from
"the gill pins.
66
"
66
"The spinning of the manilla, hemp, flax, or other fibres, I make a self-
acting operation, by means of a frame with a revolving drum or cylinder
"having stationary pins or teeth on the surface thereof, with clearers attached
"to raise the sliver from the gill teeth. I place grooved rolls in front to
"draw the fibre from the pins or teeth to any required size. I use a flyer on
"the front of the rolls to put in the twist, and I attach bobbins to wind the
yarn upon. To ensure the uniform and even taking-up of the yarn on to
"the bobbin throughout the whole time it is being filled, I use two friction
plates, one of which I fix on to the spindle which carries the bobbin, and
"the other I mount loosely on the same spindle, and I place a friction lever
"on the front of it to cause it to be constantly in contact and press against
"the other friction plate. On the lower end of the friction lever I attach a
spiral or other suitable spring, which is acted upon so as to increase the
"strain as the bobbin fills with yarn, thereby increasing the friction between
"the friction plates. The loose pulley is driven by a band or its equivalent
"so as to have either a quicker or slower motion than the spindle upon
"which it mounted; to increase the friction I introduce a leather washer
"between the friction plates. Should it not be deemed desirable to make
"the spinning entirely a self-acting operation, it is proposed to so modify the
"machinery that it will avoid the necessity of the operatives walking back-
"wards down the rope-walk, with the manilla, hemp, flax, or other material
"which they are spinning placed around their waist, whereby the yarn is spun
"from the bite of the material, and is not so strong as when spun from the
"end. These advantages may be attained by the use of the flyer, as above
"described; having a capstan fitted to the inside of the flyer head or on the
flyer nose or neck, whereby the requisite twist or turn can by given to the
yarn, a small hand hatchell being used to hold the hemp or other material,
$

page_text: "
"and spinning it therefrom by hand, thereby spinning from the end of the
fibre, and consequently producing a stronger yarn, and the operatives may
"sit or stand to the work at pleasure. For tarring yarns made from manilla,
"hemp, fax, or other like materials, I use a revolving nipper, whereby the
yarn is not strained, and I then carry them round a steam cylinder (or
cylinders) to assist to dry the yarn after it has been tarred, and secure its
being well aired before it is again put on to the bobbins
"
By this arrange-
"ment the yarn is not tarred in the haul or junk as at present, but is taken
"from the bobbins singly and then wound on to bobbins in another frame
"constructed for that purpose, thereby avoiding much troubling and expense.
"That this my said Invention may be the more readily seen and understood,
"I have hereunto annexed Drawings in partial illustration of its practical
"application; like letters and figures marked thereon have reference to
"similar parts.
"
66
"Figure 2 (Sheet A) is a side elevation of a hatchelling machine having
my improved gill feed cylinder applied thereto.
$
Figure 3 (Sheet A) is a partial sectional elevation of the same, showing
"the course the fibre takes round the gill pin feed cylinder. In the arrange-
"ment here shown, the gill teeth or pins are mounted on noveablebars placed
below the face of the cylinder, the ends of which project through slots formed
on the sides thereof, and the teeth are projected and work through longi-
tudinal openings on the face of the cylinder by fixed guides on the outside
"of the cylinder ends; but if preferred, the gill pins may be fixed on to the
"face of the feed cylinder, and have clearers to throw off the fibre therefrom.
"A is the framework and outer casing; B is a door or port in front of the
"large lapper drum through which the fibre is taken off; J, the lapper
cylinder; D, the gill pins fixed on the surface of the lapper drum; E, the
"driving pulley,on the shaft of which there is F, a pinion which gears into G,
"a cog wheel on the shaft of the lapper drum; H, a gill-toothed feed cylinder
"which receives the fibre from J, J, two feed rollers, which are fed by K, an
"endless band or feed apron, upon which is placed the fibre to be acted upon;
L, a roller round which the endless band works; M is a driving pulley on
"the reverse end of the lapper drum shaft; N is a driving strap to O, a
"driving pulley actuating a pair of wheels which work the feed rollers, the
"feed apron, and the gill-toothed feed cylinder; P, a lever or bar to regulate
"Q, the main driving band; R, a break to stop the hatchell drum.
66
"
Figure 4 (Sheet B) is a side elevation of my improved apparatus for
'roving or slivering, and shown as fixed to the front of a gill frame, which is
'partially seen in the Drawing; and Figure 5 (Sheet B) is a vertical section

page_text: "of the rolls and the two bands or aprons, and shows the manner the sliver
"is drawn between the leather aprons. A, the frame of the machine; Bis
"seven rollers which carry C, two leather bands or aprons which receive
"the fibres from D, the gill teeth; E, an upper and lower standard with
"sliding heads, carrying rollers over which the leather bands travel, and
"which are provided with F, set screws to tighten the leather band; G, the
"sliver passing through the leather bands.
Figure 6 (Sheet B) is a side elevation of my improved spinning
"apparatus.
"Figure 7 (Sheet B) is an enlarged sectional elevation of the bobbin and
"its carriers, driving pulley, friction plates, and friction lever. A, the frame-
"work; B, a funnel-mouthed receiver, through which C, the sliver, passes
"to D, the feed rollers, which deliver the sliver to E, a revolving drum,
"having on its surface F, gill pins, which carry the sliver round to G,
"a pair of grooved drawing rolls; H, the yarn which is being spun as
"received from the drawing rolls G by the action of I, the flyer, in which is
"mounted K, the bobbin, for taking up the yarns; L, the flyer spindle, upon
which is mounted M, a driving pulley, and N, a loose pulley, the side
of which acts against O, a a friction plate, which is fixed to spindle P, a
"friction lever, which keeps the friction pulley against the friction plate,
"and to the lower end of which is attached Q, a drawing spring which
"has one end attached to R, a slowly revolving worm shaft, which draws the
spring as the bobbin fills, thereby gradually increasing the friction on the
"bobbin as it fills; S is a small wedge, made use of to keep up the spindle
"which carries round the bobbin by means of T, a catch or arm; U is the
"main driving band; V, driving shaft; W, main driving pulley, which is
"connected by X (a driving strap) to Y, a driving pulley, which actuates the
"revolving drum and drawing rolls by means of a train of wheelwork; Z,
"bevil wheel on main shaft, which gears into a, a bevel wheel on b, a hori-
"zontal shaft, carrying c, a driving pulley, which actuates d, a driving band,
"which gives motion to the flyer, and e, a second driving pulley, carrying
"f, a band for driving the friction pulley; g, a worm motion actuated from
"the upper feed roller for tightening the friction spring; h, loose bobbin
"axle; i, a pressure lever to keep the upper drawing roller down.
66
"Figure 8 (Sheet C) is a partial sectional side elevation of my improved
"apparatus for tarring yarns and strands, and the steam-heated cylinders for
drying and airing the same. A, the framework; B, revolving cylinders,
"which are spur-geered; C, driving pulley; D, driving band; E, heated
cylinders for drying and airing the yarn, which revolve on their axis by the
66

page_text: 66
"friction of the yarn being drawn over them; F, steam pipes for heating the
cylinders; G, tar tank; H, tar in tank; J, two rollers, between which the
" yarn passes on leaving the tar. These rollers revolve on their axis, and
the upper one is pressed down by h, a weighted pressing lever; L, a sus-
pended gauge plate, through the holes of which the yarns are carried.
"Several sets of these suspended gauge plates are used in the length of the
"tar trough, by which the yarn is immersed in the tar; M, frame to support
"the gauge plates for immersing the yarns into the tar.
"Having now fully described and ascertained the nature of this my
"said Invention, and how the same may be performed, without confining
"myself to the precise details or dimensions, what I claim is,―
65
First, the use and application of a feed cylinder, having gill teeth to
"the hatchell or lapper, as herein-before described.
$6
Secondly, the use of leather aprons or belts, in combination with a series
"of rolls, for drawing the fibre from gill pins, as herein-before described.
Thirdly, the use of friction plates and a friction lever, which is acted
upon
in such a way that the friction on the bobbin is increased as the
"yarn fills the bobbin, as herein-before described.
"
"Fourthly, the use of a capstan or drawing rolls inside the flyer head
"or in the nose or neck thereof, as herein-before described.
"
Fifthly, the use of a hand hatchell for holding the hemp or other fibre
"whilst being spun by hand when capstans or drawing rolls are used in
"combination with a flyer, to perform the spinning operation or other form
"of hand spinning.
"Sixthly, the use of heated cylinders for drying and airing yarns after
"being tarred.
"And lastly, the general combination and arrangement of machinery for
"hatchelling, roving, spinning, and tarring hemp, flax, manilla, or other fibres,
"as herein-before described, or any mere modification of the same.
"In witness whereof, I, the said Joseph Harger, have hereunto set
"
my hand and affixed my seal, this Twenty-sixth day of February,
"in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-
nine
JOSEPH (L.S.) HARGER."
Witness,
WILLIAM WALKER,
of 44, Castle Street, Liverpool, and
16, Norfolk Street, Strand,
London, W.C.

page_text: To the Commissioners of Patents for Inventions.
I hereby grant my fiat, giving leave to the above-mentioned Joseph Harger
to file in the Great Seal Patent Office, with the Specification to which the same
refers, the above written Disclaimer and Memorandum of Alteration.
Temple, 22 October 1859.
HENRY S. KEATING.

page_text: LETTERS, PATENT to Amory Fairbanks Sherman, of the City of Roxbury,
in the County of Norfolk, in the State of Massachusetts, in the United
States of America, but now, residing at Liverpool, in the County of
Lancaster, Civil Engineer, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN
MACHINERY FOR BREAKING, HATCHELLING, ROVING, SPINNING, AND TARRING
HEMP TAY MANILLA OR ANY FIBROUS MATERIAL OR MATERIALS"
Sealed the 11th August 1857, and dated the 6th June 1857.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Amory Fairbanks Sherman
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with bis Petition, on
the 6th June 1857.
I, AMORY FAIRBANKS SHERMAN, of the City of Roxbury, in the County of
Norfolk, in the State of Massachusetts, in the United States of America, but
now residing at Liverpool, in the County of Lancaster, Civil Engineer, 'do'
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
MACHINERY FOR BREAKING, HATCHELLING, ROVING, SPINNING, AND TARRING HEMP,
FLAX, MANILLA, OR ANY FIBROUS MATERIAL OR MATERIALS," to be as follows
(that is, to say)
This Invention consists of certain arrangements of machinery whereby the
Breaking, hatchelling, roving, spinning, and terring of hemp, flax, manilla, or
other fibrous material or materials, may be performed by one continuous
operation. The improvement in the portion of the machine used for breaking
Paise 8d1

page_text: the hemp, flax, or other like materials, consists in the use of a small frame
with a stationary square shaft, to which one end of the material to be broken
is affixed, and a revolving square shaft, to which the other end of the material
to be acted upon has a turn taken round it, and by the action of the shaft
revolving the fibres are broken lengthwise, leaving the ends all tapered,
whereas by the mode at present practiced the ends are all broken square
across, making all the fibres with butt or thick ends, so that it has to be
hatchelled afterwards to get the ends small and tapered. The portion of the
improved machine used for natchelling consists of a.drum or cyliner with
stationary teeth or movable gill bars, having teeth fixed thereto as a feed
cyliner to the hatchel or lapper, and which consists of a large cylinder with
stationary teeth or pins on which the hatchelled fibres are wound. The feed
cylinder or drum holding every fibre until the time it is to be wound on to the
large cylinder after being thoroughlyhatchelled, thereby avoiding the necessity
of cutting manilla so short as now requisite by the present system of treating
it when hatchelled by hand, which greatly weakens the fibre as well as
detracts from the quality of the yarn made therefrom. The roving or slivering
is performed by means of a number of rolls placed in front of gill bars,
whereby two leather belts or aprons are driven, so that the manilla, hemp,
flax, or other material passed between them causes every fibre to be drawn
evenly. This part of the machine is fitted with a leather roll or rolls instead
of the wood rolls now in use. The spinning of manilla, hemp, flax, or
other fibres may be made a self-acting operation by means of a frame with a
round drum or cylinder having stationary pins or teeth on their surface, with
clearers attached and grooved rolls on front to draw the fibre from the pins or
teeth to any required side; also flyers at the front of the rolls with bobbins
attached to put put in the twist and wind the yarn on the bobbins. In winding
the yarns on the bobbins two friction plates are used, one being stationary
on the bobbin spindle, and the other loose, and driven to make the take-up
equal during the whole time of filling the bobbin. Should it not be deemed
desirable to make the spinningentirely a self-actingself-operation, it is purposed
to so modify the machine that it will obviate the necessity of the operatives
walking backwards down the rope walk with manilla, hemp, flax, or other
material which they are spinning placed around their waists, whereby the yarn
is spun from the bite of the material, and is not so strong as when spun from
the end. These advantages may be attained by the use of the flyer, as above
described, having the addition of a capstan inside the flyer head or on the flyer
nose or neck, whereby the requisite twist or turn can be given to the yarn.
A small hatchell is used when the hemp or other material is put in and spun

page_text: by hand from the end, thereby producing a stronger yarn, and the opera-
tives may sit or stand to the work at pleasure. For the purpose of
tarring yarns made from manilla, hemp, flax, or other material, a revolving
nipper is used, whereby the yarn is not strained, and the steam cylinder
(or cylinders) are used for drying the yarn after it has been tarred and
having it well aired before it is put on the bobbins. By this arrangement
the yarn is not tarred in the haul or junk, as at present, but it is taken
from the bobbins singly, and then put on to bobbins in another frame
attached for the purpose, thereby avoiding much trouble and expence.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Amory Fairbanks Sherman in the Great Seal Patent
Office on the 5th December 1857.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, AMORY
FAIRBANKS SHERMAN, of the City of Roxbury, in the County of Norfolk, in
the State of Massachusetts, in the United States of America, but now residing
at Liverpool, in the County of Lancaster, Civil Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Sixth day of June, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven, in the twentieth year of Her reign,
did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said
Amory Fairbanks Sherman, Her special licence that I, the said Amory
Fairbanks Sherman, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such
others as I, the said Amory Fairbanks Sherman, my executors, adminis-
trators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time
to time and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should
and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of
Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR BREAKING, HATCHEL-
LING, ROVING, SPINNING, AND TARRING HEMP, FLAX, MANILLA, AND OTHER FIBROUS
MATERIAL OR MATERIALS," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the
said Amory Fairbanks Sherman, my executors or administrators, by an
instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals,
should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention,
and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to
be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and
immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Amory Fairbanks Sherman, do
hereby declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the
same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement:-
This Invention consists of certain arrangements of machinery whereby
the breaking, hatchelling, roving, spinning, and tarring of hemp, flax, manilla,
or any other fibrous material or materials, may be performed with greater
advantage than by the machines now generally used for those purposes.
The improvement in the portion of the machinery used for breaking the
hemp, flax, or other like materials consists in the use of a small frame with a
stationary square shaft, to which one end of the material to be broken is
affixed, and a revolving square shaft, to which the other end of the material to
be acted upon has a turn taken round it, and by the action of the shaft
revolving, the fibres are broken lengthwise, leaving the ends all tapered,
whereas by the mode at present practised the ends are all broken square
across, making all the fibres with butt or thick ends, so that it has to be
hatchelled afterwards to get the ends small and tapered. The portion.of
the improved machine used for. hatchelling consists of a drum or cylinder
with stationary teeth or moveable "gill.bars," having teeth fixed thereto as
a feed cylinder to the hatchell or lapper, and. which consists of a large
cylinder with stationary teeth or pins, on which the hatchelled fibres are
wound, the feed cylinder or drum holding every fibre until the time it is to be
wound on to the large cylinder after being thoroughly hatchelled, thereby
avoiding the necessity of cutting manilla so short as now requisite by the
present system of treating it when hatchelled by hand, which greatly weakens
the fibre as well as detracts from the quality of the yarn made therefrom.
The fibre is delivered to the feed.cylinder by two feed rollers, which receive
the hemp or other material from an endless band upon which it is laid. After
leaving the gill-pinned feed cylinder, it is wound round the large hatchell or
lapper drum, after which it is removed.to a roving or slivering machine. The
roving or slivering is performed by means of a number of rollers placed in
front of a gill frame, whereby two leather belts or aprons are driven, so that
the manilla, hemp, flax, or other material passed between them, causes every
fibre to be drawn evenly from the pins... In the further operation of slivering
or roving I fit the machines with rolls formed from leather in place of wood, as
usually practised, I having found that leather is a much better material than wood
for the purpose. The spinning of the manilla, hemp, flax, or other fibres, I make
a self-action operation by means of a frame with a revolving drum or cylinder
having stationary pins or teeth on the surface thereof with clearers attached

page_text: to raise the sliver from the teeth. I place grooved rolls in front to draw the
fibre from the pins or teeth to any required size. I use a flyer on the front
of the rolls to put in the twist, and I attach thereto a bobbin to wind the yarn
upon. To insure the uniform and even taking up on to the bobbin throughout
the whole time it is being filled, I use two friction plates, one of which I fix
on to the spindle which carries the bobbin, and the other I mount loosely on
the same spindle, and I place a friction lever on the front of it to cause it to
constantly be in contact and press against the other friction plate. On the
lower end of the friction lever I attach a spiral or other suitable spring, which
is acted upon so as to increase the strain as the bobbin fills with yarn, thereby
increasing the friction between, the friction plates. The loose pulley is driven
by a band on its acquivalent so as to have either a quicker or slower motion
than the spindle upon which it is mounted. To increase the friction I intro-
duce a leather washer between the friction plates. Should it not be deemed
desirable to make the spinning entirely a self-acting operation, it is proposed
to so modify the machinery that it will avoid the necessity of the operatives
walking backwards down the rope walk with the manilla,hemp, flax, or other
material which they are spinning placed around their waist, whereby the yarn
is spun fro the bite of the material and is not so strong as when spun from
the end. These advantages may be attained by the use of the flyer as above
described, having a, capstan fitted to the inside of the flyer. head, or on the
flyer nose or neck, whereby the requisite twist or turn can be given to the
yarn. A small hand batchell being used to hold the hemp or other material
and spinning it, therefrom, by hand, thereby spinning from the end of the fibre
and consequently producing a stronger yarn, and the operatives may sit or
stand to the work at pleasure. For tarring yarns made from manilla, hemp,
flax, or other like materials, I use a revolving nipper whereby the yarn is not
strained, and I then carry them rounda cylinder (or cylinders) heated by steam,
air, or water, to assist to dry the yarn after it has been tarred, and secure its
being well aired before it is again put on to the bobbins. By this arrangement
the
yarn is not. tarred in the haul or junk as at present, but is. taken from
the bobbins singly and then wound on to bobbins in another frame cou-
structed for that purpose, thereby avoiding much trouble and expense.
That this my said Invention may be the more readily seen and under-
stood, I have hereunto annexed Drawings in partial illustration of its
practical application.. Like letters and figures marked thereon have
reference to similar parts.
Figure 1 (Sheet A) is a top view or plan of my,improved breaking machine.
A is a square frame upon which is mounted B, a fixed square spindle, and

page_text: C, a square revolving shaft, on one end of which is keyed D, a cog wheel
which gears into E, a cog wheel on F the driving shaft, which is provided
with G a driving pulley and H a louse pulley; I is the hemp, having one end
twisted round the end of the fixed shaft B. and the other round the end of
the revolving shaft C, by the action of which it is broken.
Figure 2 (Sheet A) is a side elevation of a hatchelling machine, having
my improved gill feed cylinder applied thereto.
Figure 3 (Sheet A) is a partial sectional elevation of the same, showing
the course the fibre takes round the gill pin feed cylinder. In the arrange-
ment here shown, the gill teeth or pins are mounted on moveable bars placed
below the face of the cylinder, the end of which projects through slots formed
on the sides thereof, and the teeth are projected and work through longitudinal
openings on the face of the cylinder by fixed guides on the outside of the
cylinder ends. But if preferred, the gill pins may be fixed on the face of
the feed cylinder and have clearers to throw off the fibres therefrom. A is
the frame work and outer casing; B is a door or port in front of the large
lapper drum, through which the fibre is taken off; C, the lapper cylinder;
D, the gill pins fixed on the surface of the lapper drum; E, the driving pulley
on the shaft of which there is F, a pinion, which gears into G, a cog wheel on
the shaft of the lapper drum; H, a gill-toothed feed cylinder which receives
the fibre from I, I, two feed rollers which are fed by K, an endless band or
feed apron, upon which is placed the fibre to be acted upon; L, a roller round
which the endles band works; M is a driving pulley on the reverse end of
the lapper drum; N is a driving strap to O, a driving pulley actuating a
train of wheels which works the feed rollers, the feed apron, and the gill-
toothed feed cylinder; P, a lever or bar to regulate Q, the main driving
band; R, a break to stop the hatchell drum.
Figure 4 (Sheet B) is a side elevation of my improved apparatus for roving
or slivering, and shown as fixed to the front of a gill frame which is partially
seen in the Drawing; aud Figure 5 (Sheet B) is a vertical section of the
rollers and the two bands or aprons, and shows the manner the sliver is drawn
between the leather aprons. A, the frame of the machine; B are seven
rollers which carry C, two leather bands or aprons which receive the fibre
from 1), the gill teeth; E, an upper and lower standard with sliding ends
carrying rollers over which the leather bands travel, and which are pro-
vided with F, set screws to tighten the leather bands; G, the sliver passing
through the leather bands.
Figure 6 (Sheet B) is a side elevation of my improved spinning apparatus,
and Figure 7 (Sheet B) is an enlarged sectional elevation of the bobbin and

page_text: its carriers, driving pulley, friction plates, and friction lever. A, the frame-
work; B, a funnel-mouthed receiver, through which C, the sliver, passes to
D, the feed rollers, which delivers the sliver to E, a revolving drum, having on
its surface F, gill pins, which carry the sliver round to G, a pair of grooved
drawing rolls; H. the yarn, which is being spun as received from the drawing
rolls G by the action of I, the flyer, in which is mounted K, the bobbin for
taking up the yarn; L, the flyer spindle; M, a driving pulley, and N, a loose
pulley, the side of which acts against O, a friction plate, which is fixed to
spindle P, a friction lever, which keeps the friction pulley against the friction
plate, and to the lower end of which is attached Q, a drawing spring, which
has one end attached to R, a slowly revolving worm shaft, which draws the
spring as the bobbin fills, thereby gradually increasing the friction on the
bobbin as it fills; S is a small wedge, made use of to keep up the spindle
which carries round the bobbin by means of T, a catch or arm; U is the
main driving band; V, driving shaft; W, a driving pulley, which is con-
nected by X, a driving strap, to Y, a driving pulley, which actuates the
revolving drum and drawing rolls by means of a train of wheelwork; Z, bevel
wheel on main shaft, which gears into a, a bevel wheel on b, a horizontal
shaft, carrying c, a driving pulley, which actuates d, a driving band, which
gives motion to the flyer; and e, a second driving pulley carrying f, a band
for driving the friction pulley; 9, a worm motion actuated from the upper
feed roller for tightening the friction spring; h, loose bobbin axle; i, a
pressure lever to keep the upper drawing roller down.
Figure 8 (Sheet C) is a partial sectional side e'evation of my improved
apparatus for tarring yarns and strands, and the heated cylinders for drying
and airing the same. A, the framework; B, revolving cylinders, which are
spur geared; C, driving pulley; D, driving band; E, heated cylinders for
drying and airing the yarn, which revolve on their axis by the friction of the
yarn being drawn over them; F, steam pipes for heating the cylinders; G,
tar tank; H, tar in tank; I, two rollers, between which the yarn passes on
leaving the tar. These rollers revolve on their axis, and the upper one is
pressed down by K, a weighted pressing lever; L, a suspended gage plate,
through the holes of which the yarns are carried. Several sets of this
suspended gage plate are used in the length of the tar trough, by which the
yarn is immersed in the tar; M, frame to support to gage plates for
immersing the yarns into the tar.
Having now fully described and ascertained the nature of this my said
Invention, and how the same may be performed, without confining myself to
the precise details or dimensions, what I claim is,-

page_text: First, breaking by a lengthways strain hemp, flax, and other fibrous
materials to be used for spinning, as herein-before described.
Secondly, the use of the machine, herein-before described, for breaking
fibrous. materials.
Thirdly, the use and application of a feed cylinder having gill teeth to
the hatchell or lapper, as herein-before described.
Fourthly, the use of leather aprons or belts in combination with a series
of rolls for drawing the fibre from gill pins, as herein-before described.
Fifthly, the use of leather as a substitute for wood for making rolls for
drawing hemp,. flax, and other like fibrous material for roving. or slivering.
Sixthly, the use of friction plates and a. friction lever, which is acted
upon in such a way, that the friction on the bobbin is increased. as the yarn.
fills the bobbin, as herein-before described.
Seventhly, the use of a capstan or.drawing rolls inside the flyer head or
in the nose or neck thereof, as herein-before described.
Eighthly, the use of a hand hatchell for holding the hemp or other fibre
while being spun by hand, when a capstan or drawing rolls are used.in
combination with a flyer to perform the spinning operation or other form
of hand spinning.
Ninthly, the use of heated cylinders for drying. and airing yarus after
being taṛred.
And, lastly, the general combination and arrangement of machinery for.
breaking, hatchelling, roving, spinning, and tarring hemp, flax, manilla or
other fibres, as herein-before described, or a mere modification of the same.
In witness whereof, I, the said Amory Fairbanks Sherman, have here--
unto set toy hand and affixed my seal, this Fourth day of December,
in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven.
Witness,
AMORY FAIRBANKS (L.S:) SHERMAN.
WILLIAM WALKER,
of 44, Castle Street, Liverpool.