IMPROVE- MENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF ORDNANCE AND OTHER HOLLOW AND OTHER STRUCTURES
Year: 1873

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to George Gordon de Luna Byron, of New York,
in the United States of America, but at present of 89, Chancery
Lane, in the County of Middlesex, for the Invention of "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF ORDNANCE AND OTHER HOLLOW AND OTHER
STRUCTURES." -A communication- from abroad by William Mernorice
Arnold, of New York, in the United States of America.
Sealed the 14th April 1874, and dated the 17th October 1873.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said George Gordon de Luna
Byron at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his
Petition, on the 17th October 1873.
I, GEORGE GORDON DE LUNA. BYRON, of New York, in the United
States of America, but at present of 89, Chancery Lane, in the County
of Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF ORDNAnce and other HOLLOW AND OTHER
STRUCTURES" (a communication to me from abroad by William Mernorice

page_text: follows:-
--
These improvements consist in the construction of ordnance and other
articles, where strength and durability are required, of wrought and cast
iron combined, by treating the same so as to form a perfect union
between them, so as to secure the tensile strength of the wrought and
the ready formative capability and hardness of the cast iron, all as here-
after described.
A framework of wrought iron is constructed, so prepared and coated
that upon running the melted cast iron into or upon it a perfect union
between the two is effected without burning or injuring the wrought
iron, and uniting and combining all the strength, durability, and
formative qualities of both the wrought and cast iron, and constructing
the bore by casting the cannon on a chill of the size of the required bore
made of polished cast iron, ribbed or corrugated for rifled, and smooth
for smooth bore guns, divided into four or more sections in the shape of
a cylinder, surrounding a water tube kept full of running water for
cooling the chill. The core or interior formed of wood with iron bars
let into it longitudinally all around it at a distance from one another of
*about three times the thickness of the bore respectively whereon the
wrought-iron franework is to be constructed.
The iron bore is so let into the mandril or core as to extend above the
surface thereof from an half to three-fourths of an inch, and so shaped
and let into the wood so that they may be easily withdrawn after the
iron framework is completed thereon.
Around the above-described mandrel or core is to be constructed a
latticework of round wrought iron or large wire, and to be fastened
together with annealed iron wire at the points of contact where the bore
or wires cross each other, such latticework to extend the whole length
of the cannon, and the openings or interstices between the bore or wires
to be about three times the diameter or thickness thereof, and fastened
near the centre of the breech to a ring, and shaped after the form of the
mandrel. Upon this wrought-iron lattice is placed around the entire
cannon a series of wrought-iron bars, square or flat, placed edgewise
longitudinally at the distance of three times the thickness thereof from
one another, the bore to be of considerable depth or width about the
breech and swell of the gun and so far towards the muzzle as great

page_text: strength is required, and thence gradually narrowing or tapering until
at or near three-fourths the length of the gun, where the bars are to
come to a flattened edge or front. And the bars are so bent and shaped
from the centre of the breech of the gun (where they are fastened to
another ring) around the breech and swell of the gun so as to give a
perfect form to the same, and then fastened to one another, also to the
ring and to the iron latticework beneath with good annealed iron wire
and otherwise as deemed necessary. Upon and around these bars thus
constructed and fixed on the latticework described are placed and
wound well constructed wrought-iron chains, also in lattice form, from
the largest swell of the cannon where they are fastened to another chain
surrounding it to the mouth of the cannon. Chains of the same
description are also hooked or fastened to another ring at the ends or
centre of the breech, and drawn thence over a piece of iron fastened
between the longitudinal bars described so as to give form and shape to
the breech, and fastened to the chain drawn around the largest swell of
the gun to which the chains laid and wound on or in lattice form are
also attached. All the chains thus laid and wound upon the said longi-
tudinal bars are fastened to one another, and to said bars and to the
latticework beneath so described so as to give the entire iron framework
a sufficient degree of firmness and immobility to secure its being moved
without injury or losing its form while setting it up for receiving the
cast iron in a melted state. The framework of wrought. iron thus con-
structed is then placed within a mould for the cannon, and then secured
in the proper position, and the melted cast iron run upon or through it,
there forming a compound gun of wrought and cast iron.
•
The following is also a most important part of the Invention :-In
order to prepare the wrought iron to be used, as before mentioned, so
that the molten cast iron will not burn or injure by its heat, it is first
covered with a coating of nickel, and then upon that a coating of copper
by the electro-galvanic process. The nickel will prevent the heat of the
melted cast iron from burning or injuring the wrought iron, and the
copper will operate as a flux, that will effect a union between the
wrought and cast iron.
After all the iron rings, rods, wires, bars, chains, "and other things to
be made of wrought iron are prepared and treated with at first a coating
of nickel and then with a coating of copper by the electro-magnetic
process, as above described, then place the wooden core or mandrel

page_text: armed with iron bars, as specified, into a lathe, so that it will revolve on
its centre lengthwise with ease, then take the necessary rods or wires
and fasten them to a ring at the centre of the breech, and then by
turning the mandrel wind the rod or wire spirally from the ring to which
they are affixed the entire length of the gun to the muzzle, and there
fasten them; then fasten the same number of like rods or wires to the
same places on the ring and reversing the motion of the mandrel wind
the rods or wire spirally around the mandrel in the opposite direction, in
the same manner and to the same extent as the others, forming a net or
latticework of iron, the interstices or openings between the rods or wires
to be about three times the thickness of the rods or wires, each winding
to bear the same angle to the centre line of the mandrel through running
in opposite direction, and the bars or wires to cross one another at the
angles, the lesser angles at 45°, and the greater angles at 135°.
While the mandrel still remains in the lathe, where it may be easily
turned, the longitudinal bars are to be formed from square or flat bars,
and so forged and bent as to enable them to be hooked or fastened to a
ring at the centre of the breech and brought around the breech and over
the swell or large part of the gun and extended towards the mouth, thus
forming the elementary shape of the exterior of the gun covering from
near the centre of the breech around the greatest swell, thence dimi-
nishing in size to within one-fourth its whole depth where the bars
terminate in a tapered edge or point. If the bars are flat they are to be
set on the edge and to be placed at distance of about three times the
thickness of the bars. They are then strongly fastened together and
firmly fixed to the latticework beneath with annealed iron wire.
Around the breech from the centre to the largest swell of the gun at
intervals of three times the thickness of the bars are placed at right
angles thereto pieces of like bars of the same depth or chain to rest or
lie, upon which are to be fastened to third ring at the centre of the
breech, and to extend to and to be fastened to another chain surrounding
the largest part of the gun, as before and hereafter to be described.
With the mandrel contained in the lathe attach a third ring of iron at
the centre of the breech over the other rings mentioned. Then a chain
is to be fixed around the largest swell of the cannon on a section at right
angles to a line drawn through the centre of it longitudinally. Then
affix chains to the last-named ring and draw them around and over the

page_text: breech to the chain surrounding the largest swell of the gun, and there
fasten them by hooks or otherwise to be separate only the distance of
about three times the size thereof.
To the chain surrounding the largest swell of the gun affix other
chains by hooks or otherwise around the entire gun at distances of three
times the size of the chains respectively, then by turning the mandrel
wind the chains spirally around the same from where they are fastened
to the muzzle of the gun. Then fasten other chains at the same places
where the chains so spirally wound were affixed, and reversing the
motion of the mandrel wind them spirally in the same manner and to
the same extent as the others, but in the opposite direction, so that the
chains by the two windings shall cross each other at or near right
angles, forming a network with openings or interstices in either direction
of about three times the size of the chain over the longitudinal bars and
to the muzzle of the gun. And in the construction of heavy ordinance
additional layers of one or more of chain network may be placed around
the wrought-iron frame of a cannon so as to secure any degree of
strength required, and put thereon in the same manner and form as
above described, except that the chains should cross each other as near
as may be directly over the openings or interstices of the network immc-
diately beneath.
The chains forming the net or latticework described at their crossings
or points of contact are to be firmly fastened to one another and to those
beneath, as well as to the longitudinal bars and the latticework of rods
or wires first constructed about the mandrel with annealed wire or
otherwise, as shall be deemed nost effective and desirable.
At the mouth of the cannon the lattice and network of rods and
chains may be fastened together to a chain or ring of wrought iron.
After the entire wrought-iron furnacework is completed the mandrel
with its surroundings is to be taken out of the lathe and the iron bars
inserted in it withdrawn and the wooden part removed, leaving the
ironwork ready for the mould to receive the cast iron. It is then
carefully and exactly set up in proper position in the mould and there
firmly secured, and the melted cast iron is then run through and upon
the wrought-iron framework in the usual manner of casting cannon,
and after cooling must be bored out the same as other cast-iron
.cannon.

page_text: The size of the rods for the interior latticework to be used for a
cannon of four and a half inches bore should be of about the diameter of
an inch.
The bars of iron from which the longitudinal bars are to be forged
should be about half an inch by three-fourths of an inch. The size of
the links of the chain to be used about the breech to the centro should
be half an inch in diameter, and thence to the muzzle three-eighths of
an inch.
For the construction of a fifteen inch gun the rods for the interior
latticework should be an inch in diameter. The longitudinal bars
should be one inch in diameter, they should be made of bars of iron of
one and a quarter inches by two inches, and the chains to be used
formed of links one and a quarter inches in diameter. All the wrought
ironwork should be constructed of the best of Swedish or Norway iron,
or its equivalent, and before used to be properly coated with nickel and
copper as above described.
The Invention for combining wrought with cast iron and forming
thereby a perfect metallic chemical union, thus securing the tensile.
strength of the wrought iron with the hardness and formative capability
of the cast iron is not limited in its application to the construction of
ordinance only, but may be applied with great advantage to the con-
struction of shafts for steam vessels, hydraulic presses, armour plates
for ships, fortifications, and floating batteries, and for such other
purposes, as where strength and durability are required and ready
formative power is desired.
A further part or portion of the Invention consists in a new and
useful improvement in the construction of cannon or ordinance by
forming the bore of the gun by casting it upon a chill made of polished
cast iron of the form and size of the bore required, as follows:-The chill
to be of polished cast iron of the size and form of the bore required.
perfectly smooth for the smooth bore guns, and constructed with ribs or
corrugations running spirally for rifled cannon upon which the melted
cast iron is to be run. The chill is divided into four or more longitudinal
sections, which together form a cylinder or tube around another interior
tube so constructed that it may be easily withdrawn, and by withdrawing
it the exterior one can be readily removed by sections after the cooling

page_text: of the casting, each section having a ring or holder attached for that
purpose. The surface of the chill is polished and the joints of the
sections carefully and tightly fitted to perfect joints, and when the
cannon to be cast is required to be rifled the ribs or corrugations
whereby the rifling is to be effected are also in the same manner polished
and made to run spirally on the chill to the degree the rifling shall
require.
The interior tube about which the above described chill is to be
placed, is to be made of cast iron and hollow so as to hold water, and
so that it may be withdrawn and casily removed from the surrounding
chill when desired by means of the ring or holder attached to the end.
While the cannon is being cast and until it is properly cooled the
interior hollow tube is to be kept full of water, cool water kept running
in all the while and warm water running out; the cool to be supplied
from a reservoir elevated considerably above the highest surface of the
water in the tube and the conduit from which it is to be discharged,
which conduit must also be elevated slightly above the upper surface of
the water in the tube when full, so as to keep it filled.
A chill may also be constructed as described without the ribs or
corrugations for rifling, for casting smooth bore cannon. Bores thus
mado by chills will be smoother, denser, harder, and with fewer cavities
than those made in the usual manner by boring them out of solid
iron.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said George Gordon de Luna Byron in the Great Seal
Patent Office on the 17th April 1874.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, GEORGE
GORDON DE LUNA BYRON, of New York, in the United States of
America, but at present of 89, Chancery Lane, in the County of
Middlesex, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Seventeenth day of October, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-three, in the thirty-
seventh year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors,

page_text: give and grant unto me, the said George Gordon de Luna Byron, Her
special licence that I, the said George Gordon de Luna Byron, my
executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said
George Gordon de Luna Byron, my executors, administrators, and
assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time
to time, and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make, use, excrcise, and vend, within the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands,
and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION
OF ORDNANCE AND OTHER HOLLOW AND OTHER STRUCTURES" (a communication to
me from abroad by William Mernorice Arnold, of New York, in the
United States of America), upon the condition (amongst others)
that I, the said George Gordon de Luna Byron, my executors or
'administrators, by an instrument in writing, under my, or their, or one
of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the
'nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be
performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent
Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the date
of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said George Gordon de Luna Byron, do
bereby declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the
same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained
in and by the following statement, reference being had to the accom-
panying Drawings and to the letters of reference marked thereon, that is
to say:
1
The Invention consists in constructing a framework of wrought iron
so prepared and coated that upon running the melted cast iron into or
'upon it a perfect union between the two is effected, without burning or.
injuring the wrought iron, and uniting and combining all the strength,
durability, and formative qualities of both the wrought and cast iron,
and constructing the bore by casting the cannon on a chill of the size of
the required bore made of polished cast iron, ribbed or corrugated for
rifled, and smooth for smooth bore guns, divided into four or more
sections in the shape of a cylinder surrounding a water tube kept full
· of running water for cooling the chill.
And in order that this Invention may be clearly understood I will
-now proceed to describe the same with reference to the Drawings hercto
.annexed.

page_text: Fig. 1 presents a side view of the mandril, corc, or interior, formed of
wood with iron bars a let into it longitudinally all around it at a
distance from one another, as shewn. The iron bars a are so let into the
mandril or core as to extend above the surface thereof from an half to
three-fourths of an inch, and so shaped and let into the wood so that
they may be easily withdrawn after the iron framework is completed
thereon.
Fig. 2 is an end view of the mandril or core shewing the ends of the
bars a of iron inserted or let into the wood, and their projection above
the surface thereof.
Around the above described mandril or core is to be constructed a
latticework of round wrought iron or large wire b, as shewn in the
Drawing, Fig. 3, and to be fastened together with annealed iron wire
at the points of contact where the bars or wires cross each other. Such
latticework is to extend the whole length of the cannon, and the
openings or insterstices between the bars or wires are to be about three
times the diameter or thickness thereof, the bars are fastened near the
centre of the breech to a ring c and shaped after the form of the
mandril. Upon this wrought-iron lattice is placed around the entire
cannon a series of wrought-iron bars d, square or flat, placed edgewise
longitudinally at the distance of three times the thickness thereof from
one another, as shewn at Fig. 4, the bars d to be of considerable depth
or width about the breech and swell of the gun, where great strength is
required, and thence gradually narrowing or tapering until at or near
three-fourths the length of the gun, where the bars d are to come to a
flattened edge or front. The bars d are so bent and shaped from the
centre of the breech of the gun (where they are fastened to another
ring e), shewn at Fig 5, which shall be presently described around the
breech and swell of the gun so as to give a perfect form to the same,
and then fastened to one another, also to the ring e and to the iron
lattice bars 6 beneath, with good annealed iron wire, and otherwise as
deemed necessary. Upon and around these bars thus constructed and
fixed on the latticework described are placed and wound well con-
structed wrought-iron chains f, also in lattice form from the largest
swell of the cannon, where they are fastened to another chain g sur-
rounding it to the mouth of the cannon, as appears from Figs. 4 and 5,
the latter being longitudinal vertical section through the whole length
of the gun.
Chains of the same description are also hooked or fastened

page_text: to another ring hat the ends or centre of the breech, and drawn thence
over a piece of iron i fastened between the longitudinal bars described so
as to give form and shape to the breech, and fastened to the chain
drawn around the largest swell of the gun to which the chains laid and
wound on or in lattice form are also attached. All the chains thus laid
and wound upon the said longitudinal bars dare fastened to one another,
and to said bars d, and to the latticework 6 beneath, so as to give the
entire iron framework a sufficient degree of firmness and immobility to
secure its being moved without injury or losing its form, while setting it
up for receiving the cast iron in a melted state. The framework of
wrought iron thus constructed is then placed within a mould for the
cannon, and then secured in the proper position, and the melted cast
iron run upon or through it, there forming a compound gun of wrought
and cast iron.
The following is also a most important part of the Invention:-In
order to prepare the wrought iron to be used as before-mentioned, so
that the molten cast iron will not burn or injure by its heat, it is first
covered with a coating of nickel, and then upon that a coating of copper
by the electro-galvanic process. The nickel will prevent the heat of the
melted cast iron from burning or injuring the wrought iron, and the
copper will operate as a flux that will effect a union between the
wrought and cast iron.
Fig. 6 represents a cannon completed, exhibited in perspective, with
a section towards the mouth removed so as to shew the ends of the
wrought iron enclosed within the cast iron.
I will now recapitulate the aforesaid new mode of manufacture in
order to render the description still clearer, all the iron rings, rods,
wires, bars, chains, and other things to be made of wrought iron are
prepared and treated with at first a coating of nickel, and then with a
coating of copper by the electro-magnetic process, as above described;
then place the wooden core or mandril armed with iron bars a, as
specified, into a lathe, so that it will revolve on its centre lengthwise
with ease, then take the necessary rods or wires 6 and fasten them to a
ring cat the centre of the breech, and then by turning the mandril
wind the rods or wires 6 spirally from the ring c to which they are
affixed, the entire length of the gun to the muzzle, and there fasten
them; then fasten the same number of like rods or wires 6 to the same

page_text: places on the ring c, and reversing the motion of the mandril wind the
rods or wires 6 spirally around the mandril in the opposite direction in
the same manner and to the same extent as the others, forming a net or
latticework of iron, the interstices or openings between the rods or wires
to be about three times the thickness of the rods or wires, each winding
to bear the same angle to the centre line of the mandril through running
in opposite direction, and the bars or wires to cross one another at the
angles; the lesser angles at or about 45°, and the greater angles at or
about 135'.
While the mandril still remains in the lathe where it may be easily
turned, the longitudinal bars d are to be formed from square or flat bars,
and so forged and bent as to enable them to be hooked or fastened to a
ringe at the centre of the breech, and brought around the breech rod and
over the swell or large part of the gun and extended towards the mouth,
thus forming the elementary shape of the exterior of the gun, covering
from near the centre of the breech around the greatest swell, thence
diminishing in size to within one-fourth its whole depth, where the bars
terminate in a tapered edge or point. If the bars d are flat they are to
be set on the edge and to be placed at a distance of about three times
their thickness, they are then strongly fastened together and firmly
fixed to the latticework beneath with annealed iron wire. Around the
breech from the centre to the largest swell of the gun at intervals of
three times the thickness of the bars are placed at right angles thereto
pieces of like bars of the same depth or chain to rest or lie upon, which
are to be fastened to the third ring at the centre of the breech, and to
extend to and to be fastened to another chain surrounding the largest
part of the gun, as before and hereafter to be described.
With the mandril contained in the lathe attach a third ring of iron
at the centre of the breech over the other rings mentioned, then a chain
is to be fixed around the largest swell of the cannon on a section at
right angles to a line drawn through the centre of it longitudinally;
then affix chains to the last named ring and draw them around and over
the breech to the chain surrounding the largest swell of the gun, and
there fasten them by hooks or otherwise, to be separate only the distance
of about three times the size thereof.
To the chain surrounding the largest swell of the gun affix other
chains by hooks, or otherwise around the entire gun at distances of
three times the size of the chains respectively, then by turning the

page_text: mandril wind the chains spirally around the same from where they are
fastened to the muzzle of the gun; then fasten other chains at the same
places where the chains so spirally wound were affixed, and reversing
the motion of the mandril wind them spirally in the same manner and
to the same extent as the others, but in the opposite direction, so that
the chains by the two windings shall cross each other at or near right
angles forming a network with openings or interstices in either direction
of about three times the size of the chain over the longitudinal bars and
to the muzzle of the gun; and in the construction of heavy ordnance
additional layers of one or more of chain network may be placed around
the wrought-iron frame of a cannon so as to secure any degree of
strength required, and put thereon in the same manner and form as
above described, except that the chains should cross each other as near
as may be directly over the openings or interstices of the network imme-
diately bencath.
The chains forming the net or lattice work described at their crossings
or points of contact are to be firmly fastened to one another, and to
those beneath as well as to the longitudinal bars and the latticework of
rods or wires first constructed about the mandril with annealed wire or
otherwise, as shall be deemed most effective and desirable.
At the mouth of the cannon the lattice and network of rods and chains
may be fastened together to a chain or ring of wrought iron. After the
entire wrought-iron framework is completed the mandril with its sur-
roundings is to be taken out of the lathe, and the iron bars inserted in
it withdrawn, and the wooden part removed, leaving the ironwork ready
for the mould to receive the cast iron; it is then carefully and exactly
set up in proper position in the mould and there firmly secured, and the
melted cast iron is then run through and upon the wrought-iron frame-
work in the usual manner of casting cannon, and after cooling must be
bored out the same as other cast-iron cannon.
The size of the rods for the interior latticework to be used for a
cannon of four and a half inches bore should be of about the diameter
of an inch.
The bars of iron from which the longitudinal bars are to be forged
should be about half an inch by three-fourths of an inch. The size of
the links of the chain to be used about the breech to the centre should
be half an inch in diameter and thence to the muzzle three-eights of an
inch

page_text: For the construction of a fifteen inch gun the rods for the interior
latticework should be about an inch in diameter. The longitudinal
bars may be made of bars of iron of one and a quarter inches by two
inches, and the chains to be used formed of links one and a quarter
inches in diameter. All the wrought-iron work should be constructed
of the best of Swedish iron or its equivalent, and before used to be
properly coated with nickel and copper, as above described.
The Invention for combining wrought with cast iron and forming
thereby a perfect metallic chemical union, thus securing the tensile
strength of the wrought iron with the hardness and formative capability
of the cast iron, is not limited in its application to the construction of
ordnance only, but may be applied with great advantage to the construction
of shafts for steam vessels, hydraulic presses, armour plates for ships,
fortifications, and floating batteries, and for such other purposes where
strength and durability are required and ready formative power is
desired.
A further part or portion of the Invention consists in a new and
useful improvement in the construction of cannon or ordnance by
forming the bore of the gun by casting it upon a chill made of polished
cast iron of the form and size of the bore required as follows:-The chill
to be of polished cast iron of the size and form of the bore required,
perfectly smooth for the smooth bore guns and constructed with ribs or
corrugations running spirally for rifled cannon, upon which the melted
cast iron is to be run, as shewn by Figs. 7 and 8. The chill is divided
into four or more longitudinal sections 8, which together form a cylinder
or tube around another interior tube t, so constructed that it may be
easily withdrawn, and by withdrawing it the exterior one s can be
readily removed by sections after the cooling of the
section having a ring or holder attached for that purpose.
of the chill is polished and the joints of the sections carefully and tightly
fitted to perfect joints, and when the cannon to be cast is required to be
rifled the ribs or corrugations whereby the rifling is to be effected are
also in the same manner polished and made to run spirally on the chill
to the degree the rifling shall require.
casting, each
The surface
The interior tube t about which the above described chill is to be
placed is to be made of cast iron and hollow so as to hold water, and so
that it may be withdrawn and easily removed from the surrounding
chill when desired by means of the ring or holder attached to the end.

page_text: While the cannon is being cast and until it is properly cooled the
tube t is to be kept full of water, cool water kept running in all the
while, and warm water running out; the cool to be supplied from a
reservoir elevated considerably above the highest surface of the water in
the tube and the conduit from which it is to be discharged, which
conduit must also be elevated slightly above the upper surface of the
water in the tube when full so as to keep it filled.
Ti
of
in of the rifled
to he

page_text: Fifth. The application of wrought and cast iron in combination, sub-
stantially as described to shafts, to hydraulic presses, and other hollow
articles, to armour plates, turrets, and other objects.
In witness whereof, I, the said George Gordon de Luna Byron,
have hereunto set my hand and seal, this Seventeenth day of
April, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and
seventy-four.