OR IMPROVED MODES AND MEANS OF, AND PREPARATION OR TREATMENT OF MATERIALS FOR, COVERING AND PROTECTING THE SURFACES OF STEAM OR " OTHER BOILERS, CYLINDERS, PIPES, AND OTHER SUCII-LIKE OBJECTS, FOR PREVENTING THE CONDUCTION OR RADIATION OF HEAT FROM OR TO THEM.”
Year: 1881

page_text: "
LETTERS PATENT to Sigismund Schuman, of Glasgow, in the County of
Lanark, North Britain, Manufacturer for an Invention of NEW OR
IMPROVED MODES AND MEANS OF, AND PREPARATION OR TREATMENT OF
MATERIALS FOR, COVERING AND PROTECTING THE SURFACES OF STEAM OR
"
LETTERS PATENT to Sigismund Schuman, of Glasgow, in the County of
Lanark, North Britain, Manufacturer for an Invention of NEW OR
IMPROVED MODES AND MEANS OF, AND PREPARATION OR TREATMENT OF
MATERIALS FOR, COVERING AND PROTECTING THE SURFACES OF STEAM OR
OTHER BOILERS, CYLINDERS, PIPES, AND OTHER SUCII-LIKE OBJECTS, FOR
PREVENTING THE CONDUCTION OR RADIATION OF HEAT FROM OR TO THEM.”
"
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Sigismund Schuman at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 10th December 1881.
"
SIGISMUND SCHUMAN, of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark, North Britain,
Manufacturer. "NEW OR IMPROVED MODES AND MEANS OF, AND PREPARATION
OR TREATMENT OF MATERIALS FOR COVERING AND PROTECTING THE SURFACES
OF STEAM OR OTHER BOILERS, CYLINDERS, PIPES, AND OTHER SUCH-LIKE OBJECTS,
FOR PREVENTING THE CONDUCTION OR RADIATION OF HEAT FROM OR TO THEM."
This said Invention has reference to special new or improved modes and means
of treating and preparing the plastic and fibrous mixtures and materials used for;
and also to a new mode or method of using and applying the said materials when
so prepared, to the outer surfaces of steam and other boilers, heaters, cisterns,
cylinders, pipes, and such like vessels or coolers or condensers to protect them, and
prevent the conduction and radiation of heat from or to the articles covered.
The essential nature and novelty of this Invention consist in preparing the low
heat radiating and conducting materials used for the said coverings (such as hair
and other fibrous materials, or those mixed with low conducting papier maché,
pulpy, or plastic materials, such as clays, and limes, and silicates and colouring
matters) in long cordage or band-like lengths, either round, oval, flat, rectangular, or
polygonal in cross section, so as to be easily coiled or lapped close round or over
the surface of the articles to be covered in a single regular layer or thickness, or it
might be in two or more such layers or thicknesses over each other, according to
the thickness of the said new non-heat conducting bands, cordage, or lap yarn or
gasket.

page_text: When the material to be used is the low priced hair, and other fibrous material
(such as usually employed for such coverings) it is mixed and teased, or passed
through a carding machine, so as to be led off in loose broad sliver in one, two, or
more thicknesses, and slit or divided off into narrow widths, passed over an angled
felting platform, or a traversing endless web or band with a roughened surface, and
under an angled felting plate reciprocated above the sliver, or it might be another
endless band lying at an angle to take in the sliver, and which might also be
reciprocated or oscillated laterally or longitudinally or both, as well as the lower
table or band when that was desired for the purpose of felting the sliver bands
into more compact narrow strips, or rolling them into a "lap" or felt-like cordage,
yarn or gasket as stated. When desired a wire or small twisted cord. or string
might be fed in between the sliver or fibre to form a core to attach the whole and
give it longitudinal strength. This fibrous felted or "lap" gasket so far made
might have cheap string twisted or plaited round it in ordinary lapping or plaiting
machines, so as to make it strong and capable of being rolled into coils for transit
and use, to be coiled round the surface of the boilers and pipes as stated, either by
hand as sailors cover and protect their large ropes with spun-yarn, or as moulders
cover their core bar to build the cores of pipes with straw ropes.
By one arrangement this felted "lap" or yarn core might be strengthened by an
outer covering of coarse open fibre canvas, such as the upholsterers use for the inner
coverings for securing the stufling of chair-bottoms and other furniture.—This-
covering material might be cut into long narrow strips, and fed in along with the
traversing yarn through a split tube-like the hemmer in a sewing machine, so as to
be lapped round its outer surface, and sewn or stitched at the overlapped parts to
form the finished rope-yarn or gasket.
By another arrangement the strips of sliver might be fed on to strips of canvas,
and both conducted through the jigging felting travelling webs, so that the fibrous
material might be felted on to the strips of coarse open canvas, which might thus
form the lengths or coils of flat bands, ready for coiling round the pipes or other
surfaces, or articles to be covered; or otherwise, these flat strips of felted fibrous
material and canvas could be rolled up or twisted into the round cordage or gasket
form, and either sewn or not, as desired.
By another arrangement the plaited or sewn outer coverings might be first made
in the plaiting machine, or stitched in the sewing machine, respectively, in con-
venient lengths, and have the felted or "lap" cores drawn through them within a
feeding and guiding tube, from the outside of which the bag like coverings would
be led in to the core part to form the finished yarn or gasket.
Instead of encasing the felted hair or fibrous "lap" strips or cores, as stated with
twisted, plaited, or canvas outer strengthening covering to form the said new-
protecting and non-heat conducting yarn or gasket, the fibrous core "lap" yarns
inmay be carried or passed through a cistern or vessel containing metallic paints, as
red or white lead, or inodorous resinous tar or other paints, or plastic adhesive
cement or silicious mixtures or stucco, preferably between grooved rollers, so as to
saturate or coat or permeate the outer surfaces or parts; and which when dried
would give the necessary cohesion and strength without other covering; and in
this way also, the outer surfaces of these yarns or gaskets could be so painted or
varnished on the outer surfaces that they would require little or no further
finishing after being coiled and applied to the covering of the pipes or articles as
described.
When the materials to be used are made in a plastic form (as is very common)
of fibrous material with low heat conducting clays and limes or papier mache
pulpy materials, and colouring matters, these are mixed and prepared as usual;
but by one arrangement of the present improvements, the plastic material is either
moulded in lengths of the desired sections, or parts of these, to form the centre or
core parts for the said new non-heat conducting gaskets, and which would be
dried or sufficiently hardened to allow them to be fed into the outer plaited or
sewn canvas cases or bags, or otherwise have these formed round them, as described

page_text: in reference to the fibrous or felted "lap" cores previously described. Or otherwise,
the plastic material might be compressed and fed out through a tapered or other
filling tube, from a mixing or compressing vessel (as drain pipes and other articles
are forced out of clay mixing machines) and compressed into the said outer plaited
or sewn bag coverings, previously placed on the feeding tubes, or formed round
them by a plaiting machine, or sewing mechanism as herein before stated.
Another mode and means of forming this new gasket would be by filling and
feeding the mixed fibrous and clay materials in a pulverised dry or semi-dry state
into the outer bag coverings drawn through their guide tubes; and afterwards
softening them by putting the bags or lengths or coils of these into water, to make
them sufficiently plastic to be coiled round the pipes or other objects to be covered.
Any of these bag-like lengths of gasket coverings could have contracting neck-like
parts every few inches for the convenience of bending and laying close to the
surface of the pipes, or irregular shaped articles to be covered, and give convenient
means of cutting them off at any of these tied or linked parts without loosening
out the material.
The fibrous material, and the outer coverings used in the making of this new
new-heat conducting "gasket" made as described for the purposeso f this Invention,
would be saturated with the usual substances (as almn, or silicious, or earthy or
clay, or limey plastic materials) to make them incombustible at the temperature of
the boilers or pipes to be covered. And a coating of such plastic incombustible
substances, would preferably be applied to the surface of the vessels or pipes to be
covered, and to the new "gasket " before or as it is cooled or laid on, to ensure its
close adhesion and compact application; and after these new "gaskets" are so
applied in one or more layers, the outer surface would be coated smoothly with the
plastic material, or canvas saturated with these, and then finished outside with a
coating or coatings of paints or varnishes, such as at present used to suit the
circumstances or exposure, to ensure cleanliness, and prevent the absorption of
water or moisture when that is required.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed
by the said Sigismund Schuman in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
8th June 1882.
SIGISMUND SCHUMAN, of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark, North-Britain,
Manufacturer. "NEW OR IMPROVED MODES AND MEANS OF, AND PREPARATION
OR TREATMENT OF MATERIALS FOR COVERING AND PROTECTING THE SURFACES
OF STEAM OR OTHER BOILERS, CYLINDERS, PIPES, AND OTHER SUCH LIKE OBJECTS
FOR PREVENTING THE CONDUCTION OR RADIATION OF HEAT FROM OR TO THEM.'
"
My said Invention has reference to special new or improved modes and means of
treating and preparing the ordinary plastic, and fibrous mixtures, and materials,
used for, and also to a new mode or method of using and applying the said
materials when so prepared, to the outer surfaces of steam and other boilers, heaters,
cisterns, cylinders, pipes, and such like vessels or coolers or condensers to protect
them, and-prevent-the-conduction-and-radiation of heat from or to the articles
covered.
The essential nature and novelty of this Invention, consist in preparing the
ordinary low heat radiating and conducting materials used for the said coverings
(such as hair and other waste fibrous material, or those mixed with low conducting
papier-mache, pulpy or plastic materials, such as clays, and limes, and silicates, with
or without colouring matters cokes or charcoal; such as have heretofore been used
for the making. of low or non heat-conducting coverings) in long cordage or band-
like lengths, either round, oval, flat, rectangular, or polygonal in cross section, in a
special new or improved manner, so as to be easily coiled or lapped close round or
over the surface of the articles to be covered and secured in a single regular layer
or thickness, or it might be in two or more such layers or thicknesses over cach
other, according to the thickness of the said new non heat-conducting bands, cordage,
or lap yarn or gasket.
And in order that the nature, novelty, and improvements of my said Invention,
and also the mode and means of performing or putting the same into effect or
practice may be properly understood, I shall now proceed to describe the same in
reference to the several Figures on the Sheet of Drawings which I have hereunto
appended for that purpose, the same reference letters and numerals indicating the
same, or like parts in the corresponding Figures, and in the other Figures as far as
possible.
Referring to Figures 1 to 4, When the material to be used is the low priced
hair, wool, and other fibrous material (such as usually employed for such coverings)
it is mixed and teased, or passed through a carding machine, so as to be led off, by
my improvements, in loose broad sliver in one, two, or more thicknesses, or slid or
divided off into a number of narrow widths aaa and passed over a new or
improved construction of angled felting jigging platform A, such as shown in
sectional elevation, front end view, and plan, in Figures 1, 2, and 3, respectively,
of the accompanying Sheet of Drawings (or otherwise it might be over a traversing
endless web or band A') with a roughened surface, and under a corresponding angled
felting plate B, reciprocated above the sliver (or it might be another endless band B
as shown in side and end views in Figures 10 and 11) lying at an angle to take in
the webs or strips of loose sliver a, between the two plates A, B. This upper
plate B, would also be reciprocated or oscillated laterally, or it might be longitu-
dinally also, as well as the lower table A (or the endless bands A and B', when
these are used) for the purpose of felting the sliver webs or bands a, into more
compact narrow strips, or rolling them into a or felt-like cordage, yarn, or
gasket a', as stated. When desired a wire or small twisted cord or string b is fed
lap
"

page_text: in the centre between the sliver or fibrous bands a, a, to form a core b, to attacli
the fibre of each felted "lap" or gasket a¹, and give it additional longitudinal
strength.
As seen at 1, in Figures 1 and 3, the loose carded fibrous material in webs or
strips a, a, is fed in below and above the set of cords b, b, passed under a grooved
guide roller b¹ at the upper wide end of and between the rubbing surfaces of the felting
plaits A and B, which are preferred to be grooved or corrugated, as seen at the
lower front delivery end 2 in Figure 2. These grooved plaits A, B, by their
reciprocatory action and friction on the material a, a,thus deliver it in a set of
divided or nearly divided compact felted oval strands of lap covering a¹, with a
string or wire b, in the centre of each as seen at a', a', in Figure 2; And the lateral
reciprocating motion is given to the felting plates A and B by the usual swinging
jigging frames and mechanism of ordinary sheet felting machines, so that these are
not therefore shown in the Drawings; the inclined disposition of the plates A and
B, assisted or not by a slight longitudinal reciprocatory motion of the under or
both plates A, B, feed the material continuously forward. The loose fibrous
material a, a, and cords b, b, are fed in through between the felting plates A, B,
preferably within an outer covering of linen or other cloth C, to keep the whole
together while being felted as seen in end view in Figure 4. The oval or lap yarn or
strands a, a, are separated at the delivery end 2, Figures 1 to 3, and each carried
or passed through a cistern vessel at D, Figure 5, containing metallic paints, as
red or white lead; or other equivalent inodourous, resinous, tarry or pitchy materials
in a hot state; or of plastic adhesive cements or silicious mixtures, and then fed or
pressed through between a set of grooved rollers, as seen at D', D', in transverse
section and front elevation in Figures 5 and 6 respectively, so as to saturate, or
permeate, the outer parts of the material, and coat the outer surface, and shape it
round or polygonal, according to the forin of the grooves d, d, in the rollers D', D¹.
These "lap" yarns or stands a¹, a', so coated when dried would give the necessary
cohesion and strength without other covering, so as to make it strong and capable
of being rolled into coils a' as shown in Figure 7, for transit and use at the works
and boilers where required, to be wound round the surface of the boilers and pipes
as stated, either by hand, as sailors cover and protect their large ropes with spun
yarn, or as moulders cover their core bars to build the cores of pipes with straw
ropes; And in this way also, their outer surfaces could be painted or varnished, so
that they would require little or no further finishing after being coiled and applied
to the covering of the pipes, or articles to be covered by them as described. Instead
of so coating and painting the outer surface of these fibrous felted
lap" gasket
al, a', so made, they might have cheap string c, twisted or plaited round them (in
ordinary lapping or plaiting machines) as shown at a in Figure 8.
By another arrangement this felted lap or yarn a', a*, (either with or without, a
string core b, or outer coverings of cord c, as described in reference to the former
Figures 1 to 8) might be strengthened by an outer covering of coarse open fibre
canvas E, such as the upholsterers use for the inner coverings for securing the
stuffing of chair bottoms and other furniture. This covering material E, might be
cut into long narrow strips, and fed in along with the traversing yarn a', through a
conical split tube F to act like the heminer in a sewing machine, and thus be
lapped round the outer surface of the yarn a', and sewn or stitched at the overlapped
parts e, to form the finished rope-yarn or gasket; all as indicated in side elevation
and end view in Figure 9, of such a filling split tube F the sewing taking place at
the part, f, cut away for that purpose, where the case F, curls up the edges e of
the covering E to form the hem before passing out of the filling case F, at the
delivery end 2.
By another improvement the strips of sliver a, might be fed on to strips of open
canvas c¹ and both conducted through the jigging felting travelling webs A¹, B', so
that the fibrous material a might be felted on to the strips of coarse open canvas c¹,
which might thus forin the lengths or coils of flat bands a², ready for coiling round
the pipes or other surfaces, or articles to be covered, as indicated in side and end

page_text: elevations in Figures 10 and 11, and part of the felted band detached in Figures 10)ª
and 11ª. Or otherwise, these flat strips of felted fibrous material and canvas a³
could be rolled up or twisted into the round cordage or gasket form a³, and either
sewn or not as desired as shown in side elevation and end view in Figure 12.
By another arrangement the plaited or sewn outer coverings might be first
made in the plaiting machine or stitched in the sewing machine respectively, in
convenient lengths E2; and have the felted or "lap" cores a' drawn through them
within a filler shaped and feeding and guiding tube G, G, from the outside of which
the bag-like coverings E would be led on to the core part a¹ to form the finished
yarn or gasket at as shown in sectional elevation in Figure 13 and detached in
Figure 13.
These constructions of my improved band coverings a³, a³, as, when formed of
felted fibrous materials inside as described, with the strips of open canvas or woven
fabric c¹ outside, or of enclosing sewn bags or cases E, E², of like material outside, or
plaited cases round them for strength, need not have the string or wire core bor
outer cordage c described in reference to Figures 1 to 8.
When the materials to be used for making my new or improved strand gasket
coverings, are the mixed fibrous materials with clays, minerals, charcoal, coke, and
other such like materials heretofore used, these would by one arrangement all be
pulverised-in-a-dry-or-semi-dry_state_in_ordinary_grinding and mixing mills or
machines, and then fed through a feeding filling conical tube G, G¹, as shown in
Figure 13, into the outer bag coverings E2 drawn off the tube G¹ and afterwards
tied with cord or twine at short intervals apart, as shown at c², in the detached view
in Figure 14, or have a central cord b fed in with the powdered material all
preferably with hard balls 62 at short intervals apart on the cord b as shown in
Figure 13, or otherwise, with equivalent discs of cloth, leather, or pasteboard b³, as
seen in Figure 14a to keep the cord in the centre, and in either case, to enable the
finished lapping as and as so made to be easily wound into rolls; and afterwards
softened by putting the bag lengths or coils into a vessel containing alkaline
or other softening liquids to make them sufficiently plastic to be coiled round or
laid in layers close together over the pipes, boilers, or other objects to be covered
at the time this has to be done. The balls be, are first made of the same material
in a plastic state, and dried, with a hole through them for threading on to the
cord b while filling the bags E
When these said mixed materials to be used are made in a plastic form (as is
very common) of fibrous material with low heat conducting clays and limes or
papier-mache pulpy materials, and colouring matters, these are mixed and prepared
as usual in mixing or pug mills; but by one arrangement of the present improve-
ments the plastic material is either moulded in lengths and sections as c³, aº,
Figure 14, or parts of these, to form the centre or core parts a for the said new
non heat-conducting gaskets a°; and which would be dried or sufficiently hardened
to allow them to be fed into their outer plaited or sewn canvas cases or bags E, E²,
from the feeding tube G, G¹, as shown in Figures 13. and 14. Any of these bag-like
lengths of gasket coverings would have contracting neck-like parts c², every few
inches, for the convenience of bending and laying close to the surface of the pipes,
or irregular shaped articles to be covered, and give convenient means of cutting
them off at any of these tied or linked parts c without loosening out the material.
Or otherwise, the plastic material a", might be compressed and fed out through a
tapered or other filling tube H', from a mixing or compressing vessel H, as shown
in sectional elevation in Figure 15, (as drain pipes and other articles are forced out
of clay mixing machines) and compressed by a central revolving shaft and
angled blades h¹ into the said outer plaited or sewn bag coverings E2, previously
placed on the feeding tube H' or formed round this by a plaiting machine, or
sewing mechanisın, and split hemming tube f outside as described in reference to
Figure 9.
The fibrous material, and the outer coverings used in the making of this new
non heat-conducting gasket made as described for the purposes of this Invention,

page_text: would be saturated with the usual substances (as alum sulphates, phosphates, and
ammoniacal substances or silicious, or earthy, or clay, or limey plastic materials) to
make them incombustible at the temperature of the boilers or pipes to be covered.
And a coating of such plastic incombustible substances would preferably be applied
to the surface of the vessels or pipes to be covered, and to the new gasket before, or
as it is, coiled or laid on, to ensure its close adhesion and compact application; and
after these new gaskets are so applied in one or more layers, the outer surface
would be coated smoothly with the plastic material, or canvas saturated with these,
and then finished outside with a coating or coatings of paints or varnishes, such as
at present used to suit the circumstances or exposure, to ensure cleanliness and
prevent the absorption of water or moisture, when that is required.
The advantages of these felted, and mixed fibrous, and plastic, new or improved
construction of band cordage or gasket covering material made in lengths or rolls,
in accordance with my said Invention and improvements as herein described, are
the being able to prepare it in a strong form at the factory, convenient for easy
transit to the works, ships, and other places where it has to be applied, and where
it can then be cut off into proper lengths to suit, and be rolled or coiled round the
surface of the pipes, steam boilers, or other articles to be covered, or undulated back
and forward over the surfaces however irregular in their form, and attached at their
ends or reversing undulating parts, as where pipes or man-hole or other doors are
jointed to the surface of the boiler to be covered, by binding wire or cord, to hoops
of wire cord, bands of thin iron, or wood, secured to such pipes, doors angle-irons, or
abutments requiring the reversing of the new yarn covering as described; thus
giving a nost durable and efficient covering with great saving of labour in the
actual application.
Having thus particularly described the nature of my said Invention, and the
manner of performing the same, I have to state that I do not confine myself to the
precise details herein described or delineated, but what I consider novel and
original, and therefore claim as the Invention secured to mne by the hereinbefore in
part recited Letters Patent is,-
First. The constructing of hair, wool, or other fibrous materials, or of such
materials mixed with pulverised earths, clays, minerals, coke, and charcoal materials
heretofore used, in the improved felted or "lap" and bag-like band cordage, or
gasket coverings, for, and their application to, the surfaces of steam pipes, boilers,
and other articles, all substantially in the manner and for the purposes and
advantages herein described in reference to and shown in the accompanying
Drawings, or any mere modification thereof.
Second. The making of fibrous felted or "lap" band cordage or gasket
a¹, a*, a³, a³, a³, of the new or improved construction, for the covering of steam pipes,
boilers, and other articles, all substantially as herein described, in reference to and
shown in the accompanying Drawings, or any mere modification thereof.
Third. The making of mixed fibrous material and pulverised earths, clays,
minerals, coke, and charcoal, in a dry or semi-dry or plastic state, of the new or
improved construction of long bag-like cordage or gasket a³, a, for the covering of
steam pipes, boilers, and other articles, all substantially as herein described, in
reference to and shown in the accompanying Drawings, or any mere modification
thereof.
In witness whereof, I the said Sigismund Schuman, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Sixth day of June, in the year of our Lord, One