MEMORANDUM OF ALTERATION
Year: 1857

page_text: MEMORANDUM OF ALTERATION.
Filed 18th December 1864.
En the Matter of Letters Patent granted to THOMAS HAMILTON, of
Glasgow, in the County of Lanark, North Britain, and JAMES
HAMILTON, of the same Place, Bobbin Turners, for the Invention
IMPROVEMENTS IN TURNING, CUTTING, SHAPING, OR REDUCING
WOOD AND OTHER SUBSTANCES," bearing date the 22nd October, 1857,
No. 2695.
DISCLAIMER AND MEMORANDUM OF ALTERATION proposed to be
filed by the Patentees, the said Thomas Hamilton and James Hamilton,
in the Great Seal Patent Office, with the Specification to which the
same relates, according to the Statute in that case made and provided.
WHEREAS since the date of the said Letters Patent, and of the filing of
the Specification thereof, we have been advised that certain parts of the
said Invention are not so new or of such public utility as at the time of filing
the said Specification we verily believed them to be, therefore we desire to
disclain some parts of the said Specification and to amend or alter the
same consistently with such disclaiming.
NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said Thomas Hamilton and James Hamilton,
by and with the leave of Her Majesty's Attorney-General, do and each of us
doth hereby disclaim the following words:-"The concavity on one flange of the
"bobbin is shaped by a spindle carrying a convex faced boss fitted with a

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"
corresponding adjustable cutter, and a similar boss cutter with a square
" cutter.
edge is provided for facing up the square or flat flange face," contained
in our said Specification, and occurring in the eleventh, twelfth, thirteenth,
fourteenth, and fifteenth lines of page five thereof, as printed by Her Majesty's
Printers, also the words "as before described," contained in line two of page
six of our said Specification, printed as aforesaid; as also the following words
and figures, "Figure 4 is a plan, and Figure 5 an end view of a tool for
forming or hollowing out the concavity, sometimes made in the ends of
"bobbins," contained in the twenty-six and twenty-seventh lines of page six
of our said Specification, printed as aforesaid; as also the following words,
figures, and letters,-"If the bobbins are required to be concave on their
"under surface, this is done in a separate lathe, and by means of the tool
"shown in Figures 4 and 5 of on Sheet 1 of our Drawings. This tool has a
"central spindle l, one portion of which is squared and the other cylindrical.
"At the middle part of the spindle is a boss m, the end surface of which
"next the cylindrical part of the spindle is of a convex form, which is made
"to correspond to the concavity to be given to the ends of the bobbins. The
"boss m has cut in it a diagonal slot n, in which the cutting tool is fixed by
"means of a pinching screw, which admits of the accurate adjustment of the
The squared end of the spindle is inserted in a suitable bush in
a lathe, and the bobbin being slipped over, the cylindrical part of the spindle
"is pressed against the edge of the cutter, which projects slightly beyond the
"convex part of the boss m, and the required concavity is thereby quickly
"formed," contained in the eleventh to the twenty-fourth lines of page ten
of our said Specification, printed as aforesaid; as also the following words and
figures, "Figure 9 is a plan, and Figures 10 and 11 are end views of a tool
"for turning down or facing the ends of bobbin spindles or other generally
"similar kind of work," contained in the eleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth
lines of page eleven of our said Specification, printed as aforesaid; as also the
following words, figures, and letters," Figures 9, 10, and 11, on Sheet 2
"of our Drawings, represent a modification of the tool shown in Sheet 1
"of our Drawings, for turning a concavity in the ends of bobbins; but
"in this modification the tool is used for squaring the ends of bobbin
barrels or other generally similar purposes.
As in the before-mentioned
arrangement, the tool consists of a squared and cylindrical spindle or
"arbor d, in the centre of which is a bosse, having in on it a diagonal groove
or slot. A cutter g is fitted in the groove f, and is held therein by a
binding screw h, the edge of the cutter projects beyond the groove f, so
"that when the article is held up to or in contact with the projecting cutter,
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" its surface is turned down to a true and smooth plane," contained in the
eleventh to the twenty-first lines of page fourteen of our said Specification,
printed as aforesaid; as also the following words and figure," Fourth, the
"system or mode of turning or forming concave surfaces by means of the
convex bossed tool shown in on Sheet 1 of our Drawings, and herein-before
described," contained in the third, fourth, and fifth lines of page fifteen of
our said Specification, printed as aforesaid; and also the following words,-
Ninth, the system or mode of turning plane surfaces in wood or other
"substances by means of the tool or instrument shown in Figures 9 to 11, on
"Sheet 2 of our Drawings, and herein-before described," contained in the
twentieth, twenty-first, and twenty-second lines of said last-mentioned page.
We further hereby disclaim or cancel Figures 4 and 5 on Sheet 1, and
Figures 9, 10, and 11, on Sheet 2 of the Drawings appended to our said
Specification, being the figures referred to in what is herein-before stated to
be disclaimed.
We hereby alter or amend our said Specification by introducing and
inserting the words "and we do not claim to have invented every separate
"arrangement or detail herein-described or delineated" next after the word
"Invention" in the twenty-eighth line of page fourteen of our said Specifi-
cation, printed as aforesaid.
We also hereby alter or amend our said Specification by substituting these
words, "our improved modes herein-before described of arranging or com-
"bining together the parts of various machines," in place of the words, "the
general arrangement and construction of machinery," contained in the
twenty thirty-first line of page fourteen of our said Specification, printed as
aforesaid.
<s
We further hereby disclaim the words, "as herein-before described. Second,
"the system or mode of arranging the compound cutters or composite tools
upon both sides of the blank to be turned, and bringing them 'alternately
"into action, so as to finish the turned or shaped article as herein-before
"described. Third, the system or mode of arranging and constructing the
cutting tools with projecting points beyond the cutting edges; also the,"
contained in the thirty-second to the thirty-ninth lines of page fourteen of our
said Specification, printed as aforesaid. And in place of those words, and in
order to connect the parts, we hereby insert the words," and more particularly.
"Second, the using of."
<6
We also hereby disclaim the following words,-" Sixth, the system or mode
"of turning the barrels of bobbins or other cylindrical articles, together with
"the mechanical arrangement for effecting the same, as herein-before

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described," contained in the tenth, eleventh, and twelfth lines of page fifteen
of our said Specification, printed as aforesaid. And we alter and amend our
Specification by substituting for the respective words "Fifth" in the sixth line,
"Seventh" in the thirteenth line, and "Eighth " in the seventeenth line of
page fifteen thereof, the words "Third," "Fourth," and "Fifth " respectively.
And in order that the effect of the present Disclaimer and Memorandum of
Alteration may be clearly shown and understood, we will proceed to repeat
(omitting the preamble and testing clause) the said Specification, as proposed
to be hereby amended as follows:-
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"Our said Invention relates more especially to the turning and manufacture
of bobbins or threadholders, but it is also applicable in the manufacture of
"swifts, pirns, pegs, skewers, handles for umbrellas, and various other articles
composed of wood and other materials capable of being turned in the lathe.
"In manufacturing bobbins, such, for example, as are used for 'throstles'
"in textile manufacturers, according to this Invention, the rough flanged"
"blank bushed in the usual manner is centred in a species of compound
"lathe fitted with self-acting composite cutting tools working on suitable
guide rests. These tools are carried on a holder, so as to have part of them
"in front and part behind the lathe centres; at the back of the holder is a
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plain square tool which is brought into cut against a stop to turn down the
"revolving blank to the predetermined diameter. The front of the holder
"carries a set of six tools so adjusted to work in concert as to shape off the
"main portions of the bobbin ends; these tools are made up of four chisels;
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having projecting starting cutting points on one side to ensure smoothness
"and accuracy of cut; these cutters on being slided up into cut, turn down both
"the inside and outside faces of the end flanges of the bobbin. The remaining
"two cutters consist of a chisel with an edge-angular projection for turning the
square end of the bobbin flange and a compound gouge and chisel for
turning down the rounded flange; in this way after the traverse of the front
"tools into cut the holder is drawn back, and the back plain tool is brought
46
forward again, and this tool smooths out the barrel. The compound gouge
"and chisel tool is of peculiar use, inasmuch as it enables the operator to
"rough off and finish with the same tool; the several tools may of course be
"carried in various positions on their holder. They are held in mortises by
lateral pinching screws, so as to be adjustable like plane irons, and in certain
cases they are adjustable vertically at different heights to suit the varying
" diameters of the bobbins.
"6
"In manufacturing large bobbins, the rough flanged blank is centred in a
lathe, and a slide rest holder is employed to traverse a set of four chisels into

page_text: "cut for facing both flanges at once; these chisel cutters are formed with
projecting starting corners for the purposes herein-before described.
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"In turning thin cylindrical spindles, such as are used for the bars of swifts,
the blank spindle is centred in the lathe in the usual manner, but the
spindle of the following headstock which is set up as required by a lever and
segmental rack movement is passed through an eye in the slide rest tool-
"holder. The operator traverses this holder off and from the following spindle
so as to bring the cutter upon it into cut, and the traverse being continued to
"the end of the spindle, the latter is turned cylindrically throughout, being well
stayed at the actual point of cut by the guide eye. When the spindles are
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"to be turned to a taper, the cutter is attached to the slide by a blade spring,
<
"
6.
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so as to be operated upon by an inclined longitudinal guide bar; this produces
66. a regular taper on the spindle by reason of the gradual shift of the cutter.
"In roughing and finishing the barrels of large bobbins, the blanks
being centred in the lathe in the usual way, the cutter is a compound gouge
"and chisel carried by an oscillating slide rest holder set upon a longitudinal
"centre bar. This oscillating holder is worked by hand, so as to rough of
"the barrel, being finally brought down upon a longitudinal stop guide for the
finishing cut; for taper work the guide is inclined, so as to operate upon the
" cutter to give it a shallower or a deeper cut as may be required, and for
quick bevils. adjustable incline pieces may be set upon the guide. The
"tenons for the two ends of the barrels are done by two end chisels suitably
adjusted in a slide or traverse holder. The ends are faced either in this
"machine or by separate facers. In turning pirns the blanks, centred as
"usual, are either roughed off by the taper-turning machine or otherwise. The
"back slide of this lathe carries a grooving chisel cutter, which traverses
"beneath the revolving blank to groove the thick end of it, and also a short
"chisel cutter for squaring off the diameter of the thick end, and a long
"inclined chisel for turning the plain barrel portion in imitation of the
"manual process of turning. The front holder carries five cutters, chisels,
gouges, and compound tools, these square the end flange and round it, and
cut the annular groove near the end, and also round the plain end, and
square it off. Gouges may be fitted up in back holders for the purpose of
"grooving the plain part, and although the different articles turned according
"to this process have been herein-before described as centred in the usual
way, it is preferred in the finishing processes to employ a running arbor
"shouldered to enter the bore of the article, which is carried round with the
"arbor by a series of clams or holding pieces or catches pressing against the
"face of the flange.
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page_text: "And in order that our said Invention may be properly understood, we
"shall now proceed to describe the several Figures upon the explanatory Sheets
"of Drawings which we have hereunto appended for the purpose of showing
"certain modifications under which our improvements may be judiciously
" carried out in practice.
"
Figure 1, on Sheet 1 of our Drawings, is an elevation or longitudinal view
"of one modification of the compound lathe or tool for turning, cutting,
"shaping, and reducing wood and other substances; Figure 2 is a transverse
"vertical section of the lathe; and Figure 3 is a plan corresponding to
"Figure 1; Figure 6 is an end view with the headstock removed ; and
Figure 7, a plan of an arrangement of composite tools and a portion of the
"lathe for turning large sized bobbins, and other similar purposes.
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"
"In the first modification of our Invention, as shown in Figures 1, 2,
" and 3, on Sheet 1 of our Drawings, the bed plate A of the lathe consists of
a rectangular cast-iron framing, having a longitudinal opening in the centre;
"this portion of the lathe is mounted upon suitable A-shaped end standards,
"which may if necessary be bolted to the flooring of the workshop. The
"fixed headstock B is secured to the bed A by a bolt and nut C; the outer
"or left-hand standards of the headstock has projecting from its upper part
and in a lateral direction two studs D, upon which are cut screw threads.
"The studs D are fitted with double nuts, between which is placed the cross
"head E, the studs serving as guides for it and the nuts to adjust its position
"laterally. The cross head E carries the pivot F, against which the
"mandril G abuts; the mandril is driven by means of the pulley H and
"endless belt I in the ordinary manner; the belt I is carried up to a pulley
"arranged overhead, and driven from a steam engine or other prime mover.
"The adjustable headstock J slides to and fro on the bed A, and may be
"fixed to any part thereof by the handle K, the upper part of this headstock
"forms a bearing and guide L, for the mandril M. The transverse section
"of the mandril M is nearly a square, the upper angle being removed to
"admit of a pinching screw N, which is fitted to the headstock A, fixing the
"mandril at the desired point. To the outer extremity of the mandril M is
jointed a toothed segment O, the back of which is prolonged outwards and
"forms a hand lever P. The toothed segment O works in a horizontal rack
Q, which is fitted parallel to the mandril M, and attached by a bolt and
nut to the outer standard of the headstock K. By moving the hand lever
"P in a lateral direction, the toothed segment O travels over a portion of
"the rack Q, and the mandril M is thereby moved to-and-fro in its bearing
"in the headstock K. In making bobbins with this machine the wood is
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page_text: "first roughly sawn out to a figure rudely. resembling the finished article,
"and technically termed "blanks," a longitudinal aperture is turned in the
"central part of these blanks to receive the ends of the mandrils G and M,
"both of the mandrils terminate in a short pin or spindle, which enters each
"end of the blank. In putting the blank into the lathe, the attendant pushes
"the hand lever P outwards, this draws the mandril M away from the central
part of the lathe, the blank is slipped on to the mandril G, and the lever
"P brought back so as to cause the mandril M to enter the other end of
"the blank. This operation pushes the blank sharply up to the shoulder of
"the the mandril G, the face of this part of the mandril is notched, so as to
"enter the wood and hold it firmly, but without splitting its fibres, or other-
wise injuring the blank.
"
"
"In Figures 1 and 2 on Sheet 1 of our illustrative Drawings, the bobbin R
"is shown as it would appear when the turning operations are completed or
nearly so. The reducing and turning of the blanks is effected by means of
compound cutting tools, part of which are arranged at the back of the
"blank and a part in front thereof. The cutters are carried in a species of
"slide rest or holder, which consists of a base plate S resting upon the bed
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"
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plate A. This base plate is made sufficiently wide to overhang the bed
plate A. To the overhanging part on either side is fitted a bolt T, pendant
from the under side of the base plate S. The lower end of each bolt passes
through a slot made in the projecting part U on each side of the base plate A,
"and is made fast thereto by a nut. The base plate S has a V-shaped groove
"made in it upon one side, which groove fits a corresponding projection upon
"the bed plate A, as shown in the sectional view, Figure 2, on Sheet 1 of our
Drawings, this arrangement of the parts admits of the base plate S being
"shifted to and fro laterally, and fixed in the required position by means of
"the nuts on the bolts T. Upon the upper part of the plate S is placed a
"secondary base plate V. This plate is made considerably wider than the
plate S upon which it slides to and fro, and it has at each end a flange in
which is fitted an adjusting screw W. These screws serve as adjustable
stops to limit the to-and-fro traverse of the sliding plate V, so that' by
"
"
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"
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turning the screws W outwards an increased traverse is given to the plate V,
"and vice versa. The plate V is actuated or caused to move to and fro as
"required by means of the hand lever X. The lower part of this lever is
⚫ forked, and its extremities are jointed to the brackets Y, which are cast on
"and project from the base plate S. The hand lever X is attached by the
rods Z to the standard a which carries a portion of the cutting tools. The
"surfaces of the standard a to which the cutters are attached are disposed at

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"
$6
an angle, as shown in the sectional view, Figure 2, Sheet 1, and these
"angular parts are made with a slot in each, so that the tools can be adjusted
"laterally by shifting their retaining bolts along the slots. The tools carried
"by the standard a consist of two cutters 6 fixed by bolts and nuts to the
"lower angular face of the standard a. This pair of tools serves to turn
"down the ends or flanged part of the bobbin to the required size. The
upper angular face of the standard a has bolted to it a broad cutting tool c
by means of which the central part of the bobbin is formed to the required
diameter. The cutter c is furnished with a back iron d, similar to that of
a plane, which projects horizontally from the standard a, and terminates
" immediately behind the cutting edge of the tool c. The back iron d is
adjusted against the cutting tool c, so as to take off a thin and uniform
shaving from the surface of the blank, and thereby turn down the rough wood,
"and thus far finish the bobbin at one operation. In turning these parts of
"the blank the operator draws the hand lever X forward until the tools
"are brought up against the rapidly revolving blank, the flanges of the
"bobbin are turned down. by the cutters 6, and the central part by the broad
"chisel-like cutter c. The operator meanwhile steadily presses forward the
"tool holder by means of the hand lever X until its further progress is
stopped by the screw W at the back of the plate V, coming in contact with
"the base plate S. The forward traverse of the plate V being thus stopped,
"it is obvious that no further cutting action can take place, and that the
"bobbins thus far prepared must be exactly uniform in size. The turning
"of the bobbin is completed by the action of other cutting tools, which are
"arranged on the front, part of the sliding plate V. These tools are carried
"in the front standard or holder e, which forms a part of or is attached to
56
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the plate V. The lower part of the standard e has an angular slot made
therein, the upper and lower faces of which are inclined upwards and
"towards the mandrils of the lathe. In this opening are arranged four cutting
"tools f, which are fixed in their proper positions by the binding screw g.
"These tools are arranged in two pairs, at a distance apart corresponding
"to the length of the bobbin, and with the cutting edges of each pair facing
"its fellow or contiguous tool. The cutting edge of each of the tools f is
"curved upwards, and the point of the cutting tool is prolonged outwards a
"little in advance of the other portion of the tool. The office of the tools f
"is to turn down the inner and outer faces of the flanges of the bobbin; to
"this end the projecting point of each tool enters the wood like the point of
a gimlet, and makes way as it were for the cutting edge to follow. The
standard e has in it a horizontal slot above the one in which the tools are
"

page_text: 66
cc.
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"
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"
}
"fixed; in this secondary slot three cutting tools are arranged, the action of
which finally completes the bobbin. The tool h is of a gouge-like form, and
"curved downwards, as shown in the sectional view, Figure 2, on Sheet 1 of
"our Drawings. By means of this tool the rounded convex surface of the
upper part of the bobbin is formed. Parallel with the right-hand pair of
"tools h, and opposite the centre of the periphery of the bottom flange of the
"bobbin, is fixed a small cutting tool i, which turns the annular indentation
"in the flange. Immediately above the grooving tool i is fixed a cutter,
which is made with a plain cutting edge in its central part, and slightly
"curved at the corners. The outline and position of this tool is indicated
by the dotted line in Figure 3 of our Drawings. It is shown in this
manner to avoid concealing from view the tools arranged beneath it. The
tool just rounds off the "arris" or sharp angular edges of the bottom
flange, and finishes the surface of its periphery. The three tools h, i, and
j, are each held in their respective places by the retaining screws k, so that
"their positions may be altered from time to time according to the require-
ments of the work. When the turning of the blank by the tools b and c
"has been effected, which is accomplished in a few moments, the finishing
"tools carried by the holder e are brought up in contact with the partially-
"finished bobbin. This is done by the attendant operator moving the hand
"lever a backwards, which moves the sliding plate V in the corresponding
"direction, thereby withdrawing the tools b and c from the work, and
bringing the front tools up to the partially-finished bobbin. When these
"last tools have completed their work, the sliding plate V is brought forward
to leave the bobbin quite clear of the cutters; the handle of the pinching
screw N is turned so as to release the mandril M, which is moved out-
"wards by the hand lever P. This action withdraws the mandril M, and the
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"
6
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bobbin is free to be removed from the mandril G. This is quickly done by
"the attendant, another blank is slipped on to the mandril, the hand lever
"P is moved inwards to secure the blank on the mandril M, and the turning
operations are repeated. The turning operations may also be effected by
bring the tools carried in the holder e into operation first, and subsequently
finishing the bobbin by means of the tools b and c carried in the holder a.
In this mode of turning the holder e may be modified by the addition of a
gouge-like tool for roughing down the barrel or central part of the blank.
This tool may be fixed in the holder e between the tools h and i.
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The modification of our improvements shown in Figures 6 and 7, of
Sheet 1 of our Drawings, is adapted for turning large-sized bobbins; the
parts of these Figures which correspond to those shown in Figures 1 to 3

page_text: .66.
66
are marked with similar letters of reference. In this arrangement the tools
"for turning the faces of the end flanges of the bobbin are held in the
"standard e. There are four tools of disposed with their cutting edges towards
" each other, as shown in the plan, Figure 7. These tools are made with
"points projecting beyond their upwardly curved cutting edges, similar to
"those herein-before described, and each pair of tools f is held in its separate
"holder g, and secured thereto by the nuts h. The tool holders g are made
"to traverse to and fro laterally in a slot made in the standard e; they are
"actuated by means of a screw spindle i, which the attendant operates by the
"handle, and by this means he is enabled to set the two pairs of tools to the
required distance asunder. The central portion of the bobbin may be
"turned by a mechanical arrangement similar to that herein-before described,
"the ends being turned and finished by the two pairs of tools f. In Sheet 2
"of our Drawings we have shown several modifications of our improvements
as adapted for turning cylindrical tapered and composite or irregular forms
"in wood or other material. Figure 1, on Sheet 2 of our Drawings, is a
"longitudinal elevation or front view of an arrangement for turning tapered
"or conical forms; Figure 2 is a vertical section of the same; Figure 3 is a
"vertical section of a modification for turning articles of a cylindrical form;
"Figure 4 is an elevation of an arrangement for turning the central
portions of bobbins; Figure 5 is a vertical section of the same; Figure 6
" is an elevation, and Figure 7 a vertical section of a lathe for turning pirns
"or other irregular figures; Figure 8 is an elevation of a pirn turned or
"manufactured by the machines shown in Figures 4 to 7. In the arrange-
ment shown in Figures 1 and 2, on Sheet 2, the bed plate A of the lathe is
an iron casting of a rectangular shape, upon which is fitted the standard or
"headstock B, in which is carried the mandril C; this mandril is driven by
"means of a pulley and endless belt or other convenient arrangement. The
piece of wood or blank D to be turned is bushed and centred upon the
"carrying end of the mandril, so as to rotate in unison therewith.
A guide
"rest or tool holder E is fitted to slide freely in a longitudinal opening in the
"bed plate A, the parts dovetailing into each other. The guide rest E
"consists of a broad rectangular base with a vertical standard springing
" therefrom. At the upper end of this standard is an eye, which forms a
guide or steadying support to the blank D. To one side of the standard E
"is secured the cutting tool F for cutting tapered work; this tool consists
of a blade spring screwed to the upper part of the standard, the free
"extremity of the spring being formed into a suitable cutting tool. The
"tool F rests upon a guide G, which consists of a metal bar arranged at an.
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"
"
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6
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page_text: angle corresponding to the taper to be given to the blank; the ends of this
"guide bar are bolted down to the bed plate A and to the face of the head-
"stock B. The cutting tool F rests upon the guide bar G; its flexibility
66 causes it to
press upon the bar throughout the traverse of the guide rest, E.
"In turning down the rough blank D to a tapered figure the blank is first
"turned to a cylindrical shape by the tool F', which is fixed upon the left-
"hand side of the guide rest E. The action of this tool enables the blank
"to pass through the eye in the upper part of the guide rest. As the rest is
"pushed steadily along the blank the eye forms a firm support to the partially
"turned blank during the time that the cutter F is doing its work. As the
"guide rest is pushed along the tool F follows the incline of the guide bar G,
"and as it descends the diameter of the turned article is increased in proportion
"and the required taper thus produced. This arrangement of turning
machinery may also be fitted with a moveable headstock in addition to the
"guide rest E to suit particular kinds of work, in which modification the
guide bar G may be arranged in front of the headstock, so as not to
"interfere with its traverse laterally.
"
"
"
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"For turning plain cylindrical bars of wood, the arrangement shown in
Figure 3 on Sheet 2 of our Drawings is preferred; the cutting tool F¹ is
"fixed in a diagonal slot in the guide rest E, and is held therein by the
binding screw G. As the guide rest is moved along parallel to the blank D
"it is turned down by the tool F¹ to a uniform cylindrical shape. The cutters
"used in the foregoing modifications have their cutting extremities curved
"upwards, forming a concave gouge-like tool. For turning the barrels of
"large bobbins or other irregular figures we make use of the arrangement
"shown in Figures 4 and 5 on Sheet 2 of our Drawings. In this modifica-
"tion the bed plate A, the headstock B, and mandril C are similar to those
"berein-before described. The shifting beadstock D and its adjustable
"mandril E correspond to the arrangement shown in Figures 1 to 3 on
"Sheet 1 of our Drawings. The guide rest or tool holder consists of a sliding
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plate F, the to-and-fro motion of which serves to bring either the front-or
"back set of cutting tools into operation, as before described in reference to
"the first modification of our improvements. The sliding plate F is in like
manner limited in the extent of its traverse by the regulating screws G. For
"turning the barrels of bobbins the front part of the guide rest has an eye H
projecting laterally from each side, in which the vertical parts of the bar I
are fitted, and fixed to any required height by the binding screws J. The
"horizontal part of the bar I carries a tool holder K, which is free to
"

page_text: "
oscillate thereon, and move to and, fro in a lateral direction; the tool
"holder has a slot made in it, in which the cutter L is fixed by the binding
"screw M; the cutting tool partakes of the compound form of a gouge and
"a chisel, that is to say, the left-hand side of the tool, or that which takes
"off the first rough surface of the wood, is curved upwards like a gouge, and
"the other part of the cutter, which follows as it were the first or rough cut,
"is made like a chisel; this part of the tool serving to smooth and finish off
"the barrel under operation. In the curved end of the tool L, where it
"enters the holder K, a segmentally shaped piece of iron is placed, upon
"which the end of the screw M presses, and thereby holds the tool firmly in
"its place. The tool holder K is made with a curved arm N, which passes
"beneath the central part of the lathe, and then upwards above the level of
"the mandrils; at this part the arm is bent backwards and forms a right
angle with the ascending part. An internal screw is cut in the horizontal
"portion of the arm N, and a screw O fitted thereto; the lower end of this
"screw rests upon a horizontal bar P, which forms a part of the back tool
"holder Q. When the tool L is brought up to cut the rough bobbin barrel R
"the operator moves the holder K from one end of the blank to the other,
"the tool in its progress turns down the rough wood to the predetermined
" diameter. In this operation as the screw O travels along the level surface
"of the bar P, the curved arm N serves as a guide to keep the cutting tool
"in a truly horizontal line, and thus give a cylindrical figure to the bobbin
"barrel. If, however, any inequality or inclination is made on the bar P,
a corresponding figure will be given to the article that is being turned.
"Thus to produce the tapered portion of the pirn shown in Figure 8 on
"Sheet 2 of our Drawings, a corresponding rise or inclination is made on the
"bar P; hence as the screw O travels up this incline the tool holder K is
thereby caused to oscillate upon the bar I, and this moves the cutter away
"from the blank under operation, giving to it a corresponding taper or swell.
"In this manner almost any desired form may be given to the article to be
produced by modifying the lateral motion of the cutting tool or tools. The
"ends of the bobbin barrel are reduced to a smaller diameter at the part
"where the end flanges are fitted on; this portion of the barrel is turned
"down by a pair of cutters S which are carried in the holder Q. This pair
" of cutting tools is secured to the sloping surface of the holder Q by the
"screws T, and the tools are brought up to their work by shifting the base
"plate F forward, as is shown in the sectional view, Figure 5, on Sheet 2 of
our Drawings. The pirn delineated in Figure 8 bas turned in it several
"
"
66
66

page_text: 65
64
66
rings or annular indentations, its larger end is rounded to a convex form,
"the opposite end being turned to a semicircular figure. These several
additions to the primary cylindro-conoidal blanks are effected in the lathe
shown in Figures 6 and 7 on Sheet 2 of our Drawings. The difference in
"this arrangement consists in the arrangement and form of the cutters, the
other parts of the lathe are therefore indicated by letters of reference corre-
"sponding to those used in Figures 4 and 5 on the same Sheet. The front
"and back sets of cutters are carried in the two standards or tool holders U
"and V, which form a part of the sliding plate F, the two sets of tools being
alternately brought into action. The tools carried by the front holder U
" consist of the gouge-shaped tool W for rounding the end of the pirn aud
"the tool X which forms the smaller end of the pirn. The tool holder V.
"carries in the lower part three plain cutting tools Y, the upper or cutting
parts of which are bent at right angles to the shanks, which are held in the
"holder V by the three retaining screws Z. The tool holder V is first
brought up to the blank, the broadest of the tools Y turns off and finishes
"the surface of the cylindrical part of the blank; the second tool is made so
as to take the greater portion of the conical part of the pirn, and the third'
or narrowest tool finishes the last portion of the pirn. The annular
"indentations a are made in the pirn simultaneously with the finishing action
"of the tools Y; these grooves are put in by means of the tools b which are
arranged above the cutters Y. The grooving tools 6 are disposed; hori-
"zontally in the holder V, and are held in their places by the screws.c, so as
"to be easily adjusted as regards their distance asunder. The tools Y and,b,
are brought up to their work by sliding the plate F forwards, the surface of
the pirn is then finished, and the grooves a made therein, the plate is then
pushed back so as to bring the front tools up to the partially finished pirn;.
"with this movement the gouge cutter. W rounds off the larger end of the
66
66
"
66
"
pirn, whilst the smaller tool X forms the convex surface at the opposite end
"of the pirn. With these various modifications a vast variety of articles may
"be turned or manufactured with great rapidity and economy.
66
66
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of our said
Invention, and the manner in which the same is or may be used or carried
"into effect, we may observe that we do not confine or restrict ourselves to
"the precise details or arrangements which we have had occasion to describe
or refer to, as many variations may be made therefrom without deviating
"from the principles or main features of our Invention, and we do not claim
"to have invented every separate arrangement or detail herein described or
66

page_text: "delineated, but what we consider to. be novel and original, and therefore
"claim as the Invention secured to use by the herein-before in part recited
"Letters Patent is,--
"First, our improved modes herein-before described of arranging or com-
*bining together the parts of various machines or apparatus for turning,
I cutting, shaping, or reducing wood or other substances, and more par-
" ticularly,
66
"Second, the using of composite tools in which a curved or gouge-like
edge is combined with a plain or wedge-shaped cutter, as herein-before
described.
"Third, the system or mode of turning tapered and cylindrical articles in
"wood or other substances by means of the mechanical arrangements shown
in Figures 1 to 3 on Sheet 2 of our Drawings and herein-before described,
"or any mere modification thereof.
"Fourth, the system or mode of turning cylindrical or other shaped articles
"in which the tool holder is caused to oscillate upon its bearer by means of
"a guide bar, the regular or irregular traverse of which produces the pre-
"determined configuration in the article to be manufactured, as herein-before
"described.
"Fifth, the system or mode of turning or manufacturing pirns or other
"generally similar articles by means of a combination of compound or com-
"posite tools, as herein-before described.
'
And we, the said Thomas Hamilton and James Hamilton, do hereby further
declare that the above Disclaimer and Memorandum of Alteration are not,
nor is any part thereof, intended to extend the exclusive right granted by the
said Letters Patent, and that these Presents shall not extend the said exclusive
right in any way whatever.
In witness whereof, we, the said Thomas Hamilton and James Hamilton,
have hereunto set our hands and seals, this Seventeenth day of October,
in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-four.

page_text: To the Commissioners of Patents for Inventions.
I hereby grant my fiat, giving leave to the above-named Thomas Hamilton
and James Hamilton to file in the Great Seal Patent Office, with the
Specification to which it relates, the above-written Amended Disclaimer and
Memorandum of Alteration.
ROUNDELL PALMER,
Lincoln's Inn,
Attorney-General.
December 13th, 1864.

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Thomas Hamilton, of Glasgow, in the County of
Lanark, North Britain, and James Hamilton, of the same Place, Bobbin
Turners, for, the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN TURNING, CUTTING,
SHAPING, OR REDUCING WOOD AND OTHER SUBSTANCES."
Sealed the 18th December 1857, and dated the 22nd October 1857.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Thomas Hamilton and
James Hamilton at the Office of the Commissioners. of Patents, with
their Petition, on the 22nd October, 1857.
We, THOMAS HAMILTON, of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark, North
Britain, and JAMES HAMILTON, of the same Place, Bobbin Turners, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN TURNING,
CUTTING, SHAPING, OR REDUCING WOOD AND OTHER SUBSTANCES," to be as follows,
that is to say:-
This Invention relates more especially to the turning and manufacture of
bobbins or thread holders, but it is also applicable in the manufacture of
swifts, pirns, pegs, skewers, handles for umbrellas, and various other articles
composed of wood and other materials capable of being turned in the lathe.
In manufacturing bobbins, such, for example, as are used for "throstles"
in textile manufactures, according this Invention the rough flanged blank,
brushed in the usual manner, is centred in a species of compound lathe fitted'

page_text: on
with self-acting composite cutting, tools working on suitable guide rests.
These tools are carried on a holder, so as to have part of them in front and
part behind the lathe centres. At the back of the holder is a plain square
tool, which is brought into cut against a stop to turn down the revolving blank
to the predetermined diameter. The front of the holder carries a set of six
tools, so adjusted to work in concert as to shape off the main portions of the
bobbin ends. These tools are made up of four chisels, having projecting
starting cutting points one side to insure smoothness and accuracy of cut.
The cutters on being-slided up into cut, turn down both the inside and outside
faces of the end flanges of the bobbin. The remaining two cutters consist of
a chisel with an edge angular projection, for turning the square end of the
bobbin flange, and a compound gouge and chisel for turning down the
rounded flange. In this way, after the traverse of the front tools into cut,
the holder is drawn back, and the back plain tool is brought forward again, and
this tool smooths out the barrel. The compound gouge and chisel tool is of a
peculiar use, inasmuch as it enables, the operator to rough off and. finish with
the same tool. The several tools may of course be carried in various positions
on their holder. They. are held in mortises by lateral pinching screws, so as
to be adjustable like plane irons and in certain cases they are adjustable
vertically at different: heights, to suit the varying diameters of the bobbins.
The concavity on one flange of the bobbin is shaped by a spindle carrying a
convex faced boss, fitted with a corresponding adjustable cutter; and a similar
boss cutter with a square edge is provided for facing up the square or flat
flange face.
#211
H
In manufacturing large bobbins the rough flanged blank is centred in a
lathe, and a slide rest holder is employed to traverse a set of four chisels into
cut, for facing both flanges at once. These chisel cutters are formed with
projecting starting corners, for the purposes herein-before described.
In turning thin cylindrical spindles, such as are used for the bars of swifts,
the blank spindle is centred in the lathe in the usual manner; but the spindle
of the following headstock, which is set up as required by a lever and
segmental rack movement, is passed through an eye in the slide rest tool
holder. The operator traverses this holder off and from the following spindle,
so as to bring the.cutter upon it into cut, and the traverse being continued to
the end of the spindle, the latter is turned cylindrically throughout, being well
stayed at the actual point of cut by the guide eye. When the spindles are to
be turned to a taper, the cutter is attached to the slide by a blade spring, so as
to be operated upon by an inclined longitudinal guide bar... This produces a

page_text: In.
regular. taper on the spindle, by reason of the gradual shift of the cutter.
roughening and finishing the barrels of large bobbins, the blanks being centred
in the lathe in the usual way, the cutter is a compound gouge and chisel
carried by an oscillating slide rest holder, set upon a longitudinal centre bar.
This oscillating holder. is worked by hand, so as to rough off the barrel, being.
finally brought down upon a longitudinal stop guide for the finishing cut. For
taper work the guide is inclined, so as to operate upon the cutter,, to give it a
shallower or deeper cut as may be required; and for quick bevils adjustable
incline pieces may be set upon the guide. The tenons for the two ends of the.
barrels are done by two. end chisels, suitably adjusted in a slide or traverse
holder. The ends are faced either in this machine. or by separate facers, as
before described.
In turning pirns, the blanks centred as usual, are either roughed off by the
taper turning, machine or otherwise. The back slide of this lathe carries a
grooving chisel cutter, which traverses beneath the revolving blank to groove
the thick end of it; and also a short chisel cutter for squaring off the diameter
of the thick end, and a long inclined chisel for turning the plain barrel-portion
in imitation of the manual process of turning. The front holder carries five
cutters, chisels, gouges, and compound tools. These square the end flange
and round it and cut the annular groove near the end, and also round the
plain ends and square it off. Gouges may be fitted up in back holders for the
purpose of grooving the plain part; and although the different articles turned
according to this process have been herein-before described as centred in the
usual way, it is preferred in the finishing processes to employ a running arbor
shouldered to enter the bore of the article, which is carried round with the
arbor by a series of clams or holding pieces or catches pressing against the
face of the flange.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed
by the said Thomas Hamilton and James Hamilton in the Great Seal
Patent Office on the 22nd April 1858.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, THOMAS
HAMILTON, of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark, North Britain, and JAMES
HAMILTON, of the same Place, Bobbin Turners, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-second day of October, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven, in the twenty-first year of Her

page_text: reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto us,
the said Thomas Hamilton and James Hamilton, Her special license,
that we, the said Thomas Hamilton and James Hamilton, our executors,
administrators, and assigns, or such others as we, the said Thomas Hamilton
and James Hamilton, our executors, administrators, or assigns, should, at
any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times
thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make,
use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland, the Channel Islands and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN TURNING, CUTTING, SHAPING, OR REDUCING WOOD AND OTHER SUBSTANCES,"
upon the condition (amongst others) that we, the said Thomas Hamilton and
James Hamilton, by an instrument in writing under our hands and seals, or
under the hand and seal of one of us, should particularly describe and ascertain
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be
performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the, said
Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said Thomas Hamilton and James
Hamilton, do hereby declare the nature of our said Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and
ascertained in and by the following statement in writing, reference being
had to the accompanying Drawings, and to the letters and figures marked
thereon, that is to say:-
Our said Invention relates more especially to the turning and manufacture
of bobbins or thread holders, but it is also applicable in the manufacture of
swifts, pirns, pegs, skewers, handles for umbrellas, and various other articles
composed of wood and other materials capable of being turned in the lathe.
In manufacturing bobbins, such, for example, as are used for "throstles"
in textile manufacturers; according to this Invention the rough flanged blank,
bushed in the usual manner, is centred in a species of compound lathe, fitted
with self-acting composite cutting tools, working on suitable guide rests.
These tools are carried on a holder, so as to have part of them in front and
part behind the lathe centres. At the back of thè holder is a plain square
tool, which is brought into cut against a stop to turn down the revolving blank
to the predetermined diameter. The front of the holder carries a set of six :
tools, so adjusted to work in concert as to shape off the main portions of the
bobbin ends. These tools are made up of four chisels having projecting
starting cutting points on one side, to insure smoothness and accuracy, of cut.
These cutters on being slided up into cut, turn down, both the inside and

page_text: outside faces of the end flanges of the bobbin. The remaining two cutters
consist of a chisel with an edge angular projection for turning the square end
of the bobbin flange, and a compound gouge and chisel for turning down the
rounded flange. In this way, after the traverse of the front tools into cut, the
holder is drawn back, and the back plain tool is brought forward again, and
this tool smooths out the barrel. The compound gouge and chisel tool is of
peculiar use, inasmuch as it enables the operator to rough off and finish with
the same tool. The several tools may of course be carried in various positions
on their holder. They are held in mortises by lateral pinching screws, so as to
be adjustable like plane irons; and in certain cases they are adjustable
vertically at different heights, to suit the varying diameters of the bobbins. The
concavity on one flange of the bobbin is shaped by a spindle carrying a convex
faced boss, fitted with a corresponding adjustable cutter; and a similar boss
cutter with a square edge is provided for facing up the square or flat
flange face.
In manufacturing large bobbins the rough flanged blank is centred in a
lathe, and a slide rest holder is employed to traverse a set of four chisels into
cut, for facing both flanges at once. These chisel cutters are formed with
projecting starting corners, for the purposes herein-before described.
In turning thin cylindrical spindles such as are used for the bars of swifts,
the blank spindle is centred in the lathe in the usual manner, but the spindle
of the following headstock, which is set up as required by a lever and
segmental rack movement, is passed through an eye in the slide rest tool
holder. The operator traverses this holder off and from the following spindle,
so as to bring the cutter upon it into cut, and the traverse being continued to
the end of the spindle, the latter is turned cylindrically throughout, being well
stayed at the actual point of cut by the guide eye.
When the spindles are
to be turned to a taper, the cutter is attached to the slide by a blade spring,
so as to be operated upon by an inclined longitudinal guide bar; this produces
a regular taper on the spindle, by reason of the gradual shift of the cutter.
In roughing and finishing the barrels of large bobbins, the blanks being
centred in the lathe in the usual way, the cutter is a compound gouge and
chisel, carried by an oscillating slide rest holder set upon a longitudinal centre
bar. This oscillating holder is worked by hand, so as to rough off the barrel,
being finally brought down upon a longitudinal stop guide for the finishing
cut. For taper work the guide is inclined so as to operate upon the cutter to
give it a shallower or deeper cut, as may be required; and for quick bevils
adjustable incline picces may be set upon the guide. The tenons for the two
ends of the barrels are done by two end chisels suitably adjusted in a slide or

page_text: traverse holder. The ends are faced either in this machine or by separate
facers; as before described. In turning pirns the blanks; centred as usual, are
either roughed off by the taper turning machine or otherwise.
Gouges may be
The back slide of this lathe carries a grooving chisel cutter, which traverses
beneath the revolving blank to groove the thick end of it, and also a short
chisel cutter for squaring off the diameter of the thick end; and a long inclined
chisel for turning the plain barrel: portion in imitation of the manual process
of turning. The front holder carries five cutters, chisels, gouges; and compound
tools;
these' square the end flange and round it, and cut the annular groove
near the end, and also round the plain end and square it off.
fitted up in back holders for the purpose of 'grooving the plain part. And
although the different articles turned according to this process have been
herein before described as centred in the usual way, it is preferred in the
finishing processes to employ a running arbor shouldered to enter the bore of
the article, which is carried round with the arbor by a series of clams or
holding pieces or catches pressing against the face of the flange..
And in order that our said Invention may be properly understood, we shall
now proceed to describe the several Figures upon the explanatory Sheets of
Drawings which we have hereunto appended, for the purpose of showing
certain modifications under which our improvements may be judiciously
carried out in practice.
Figure 1, on Sheet 1 of our Drawings, is an elevation or longitudinal view
of one modification of the compound lathe or tool for turning, cutting, shaping,
and reducing wood and other substances; Figure 2 is a transverse vertical
section of the lathe; 'and Figure 3 is a plan corresponding to Figure 1.
Figure 4 is a plan, and Figure 5 an end view of a tool for forming or
hollowing out the concavity sometimes made in the end of bobbins; Figure 6
is an end 'view with the headstock removed; and Figure 7, a plan' of an
arrangement of composite tools and a portion of the lathe for turning large
sized bobbins and other similar purposes.
In the first modification of our Invention, as shown in Figures 1, 2, and 3,
of Sheet 1 of our Drawings, the bed plate A of the lathe consists of a rect-
angular cast-iron framing having a longitudinal opening in the centre; this
portion of the lathe is mounted upon suitable A-shaped end standards, which
niay if necessary be bolted to the flooring of the workshop. The fixed head-
stock B is secured to the bed A by a bolt and nut C; the outer or left-hand
standards of the headstock has projecting from its upper part, and in a lateral
direction, two studs D, upon which are cut screw threads. The studs D are
fitted with double nuts, between which is placed the cross head E, the studs

page_text: serving as guides for it and the nuts to adjust its position laterally....The cross
head E carries the. pivot F,. against which the mandril G abuts; the mandril
is driven by means, of the pulley H and endless belt, I in the ordinary manner;
the belt is carried up to a pulley arranged, overhead, and. driven. from,a
steam engine or other prime mover. The adjustable headstock J slides to, and
fro on the bed A, and may be fixed to any part thereof by the handle K; the
upper part of this headstock forms a bearing and guide L for the mandril;M.
The transverse section of the mandril M is nearly a square, the upper angle
being removed to admit of a pinching screw. N, which is fitted to the head-
stock K, fixing the mandril at the desired point. To the outer extremity of
the mandril. M is jointed a toothed segment O, the back of which is prolonged
outwards and forms a hand lever P. The toothed segment.O works in a
horizontal rack Q, which is fitted parallel to the mandril M, and attached by
a bolt and nut to the outer standard of the: headstock K.. By moving, the
hand lever. P in a lateral direction the toothed, segment O travels. over a
0
portion of the rack Q, and the mandril. M is thereby.moved to and fro in its
bearing in the headstock K. In making bobbins with, this machine, the, wood
is first roughly sawn out to a figure. rudely resembling the finished article; and
technically termed blanks;" a longitudinal: aperture.is. turned in the central
part of these blanks to receive the ends of the mandrils G.and M, both of, the
mandrils terminate in a short pin. or spindle, which enters each end-of, the
blank. In putting the blank into. the lathe the attendant pushes the hand
lever P outwards; this draws the mandril M away from the central part of the
lathe, the blank is slipped on. to mandril G, and the lever P. brought back, so
as to cause the, mandril M to enter the other end of the blank. This operation
pushes the blank sharply up to the shoulder of the mandril. G; the face of this
part of the mandril is notched, so as to enter the wood and hold it firmly, but
without splitting its fibres or otherwise injuring the blank. In Figures 1
and 2 on Sheet 1 of our illustrative Drawings, the bobbin R is shown, as it
would appear when the turning operations are completed, or nearly so. The
reducing and turning of the blanks is, effected by means of compound cutting
tools, part of which are arranged at the back of the blank, and a part in
front thereof. The cutters are carried in a species of slide rest or holder;
which consists of a base plate S, resting upon the bed plate A. This base
plate is made sufficiently wide to overhang the bed plate A. To the over-
hanging part, on either side, is fitted a bolt T, pendant from the under side
of the base plate S. The lower end of each bolt passes through a slot made
in the projecting part U, on each side of the bed plate A, and is made fast
thereto by, a nut. The base plate S has a V-shaped groove made in it upon

page_text: one side, which groove fits a corresponding projection upon the bed plate A
as shown in the sectional view, Figure 2, on Sheet 1 of our Drawings. This
arrangement of the parts admits of the base plate S being shifted to and fro
laterally, and fixed in the required position by means of the nuts on the
bolts T. Upon the upper part of the plate S is placed a secondary base
plate V. This plate is made considerably wider than the plate S, upon
which it slides to and fro, and it has at each end a flange, in which is fitted
an adjusting screw W. These screws serve as adjustable stops, to limit the
to-and-fro traverse of the sliding plate V, so that by turning the screws W
outwards, an increased traverse is given to the plate V, and vice versa. The
plate V is actuated or caused to move to and fro, as required, by means of
the hand lever X. The lower part of this lever is forked, and its extremities
are jointed to the brackets Y, which are cast on and project from the baso
plate S. The hand lever X is attached by the rods Z to the standard a,
which carries a portion of the cutting tools. The surfaces of the standard a
to which the cutters are attached, are disposed at an angle, as shown in the
sectional view, Figure 2, Sheet 1, and these angular parts are made with a
slot in each, so that the tools can be adjusted laterally by shifting their
retaining bolts along the slots. The tools carried by the standard a consist
of two cutters b, fixed by bolts and nuts to the lower angular face of the
standard a.. This pair of tools serves to turn down the ends or flanged part
of the bobbin to the required size. The upper angular face of the standard a
has bolted to it a broad cutting tool c, by means of which the central part of
the bobbin is formed to the required diameter. The cutter c is furnished
with a back iron d, similar to that of a plane, which projects horizontally
from the standard a, and terminates immediately behind the cutting edge of
the tool c. The back iron d is adjusted against the cutting tool c, so as to
take off a thin and uniform shaving from the surface of the blank, and thereby
turn down the rough wood, and thus far finish the bobbin at one operation.
In turning these parts of the blank the operator draws the hand lever X
forward until the tools are brought up against the rapidly revolving blank,
the flanges of the bobbin are turned down by the cutters b, and the central
part by the broad chisel-like cutter c. The operator meanwhile steadily presses
forward the tool holder, by means of the hand lever X, until its further
progress is stopped by the screw W, at the back of the plate V, coming in
contact with the base plate S. The forward traverse of the plate V being
thus stopped, it is obvious that no further cutting action can take place, and
that the bobbins thus far prepared must be exactly uniform in size. The
turning of the bobbin is completed by the action of other cutting tools, which

page_text: are arranged on the front part of the sliding plate V. These tools are carried
in the front standard or holder e, which forms a part of or is attached to the
plate V. The lower part of the standard e has an angular slot made therein,
the upper and lower faces of which are inclined upwards and towards the
mandrils of the lathe. In this opening are arranged four cutting tools f
which are fixed in their proper positions by the binding screws g. These
tools are arranged in two pairs at a distance apart corresponding to the
length of the bobbin and with the cutting edges of each pair facing its fellow
or contiguous tool. The cutting edge of each of the tools f is curved upwards,
and the point of the cutting part is prolonged outwards, a little in advance
of the other portion of the tool. The office of the tools f is to turn down the
inner and outer faces of the flanges of the bobbin; to this end the projecting
point of each tool enters the wood like the point of a gimlet, and makes
way, as it were, for the cutting edge to follow. The standard e has in it a
horizontal slot above the one in which the tools fare fixed; in this secondary
slot three cutting tools are arranged, the action of which finally completes the
bobbin. The tool h is of a gouge-like form and curved downwards, as shown
in the sectional view, Figure 2, on Sheet 1 of our Drawings. By means of
this tool the rounded convex surface of the upper part of the bobbin is
formed. Parallel with the right-hand pair of tools h, and opposite the centre
of the periphery of the bottom flange of the bobbin, is fixed a small cutting
tool i, which turns the annular indentation in the flange. Immediately above
the grooving tool i is fixed a cutter, which is made with a plain cutting edge
in its central part, and slightly curved at the corners. The outline and position
of this tool is indicated by the dotted line j in Figure 3 of our Drawings; it
is shown in this manner to avoid concealing from view the tools arranged
beneath it. The tool; just rounds off the "arris" or sharp angular edges of
the bottom flange, and finishes the surface of its periphery. The three.
tools h, i, and jare each held in their respective places by the retaining
screws k, so that their positions may be altered from time to time according
to the requirements of the work. When the turning of the blank by the
tools b and c has been effected, which is accomplished in a few moments,
the finishing tools carried by the holder e are brought up in contact with
the partially finished bobbin. This is done by the attendant operator
moving the hand lever X backwards, which moves the sliding plate V in
the corresponding direction, thereby withdrawing the tools b and c from the
work, and bringing the front tools up to the partially finished bobbin. When
these last tools have completed their work, the sliding plate V is brought for-
ward to leave the bobbin quite clear of the cutters, the handle of the pinching

page_text: screw N is turned, so as to release the mandril M, which is moved outwards
by the hand lever P... This action withdraws the mandril M, and the bobbin is
free to be removed from the mandril G.. This is quickly done by the attendant,
another blank is slipped on to the mandril, the hand lever P is moved inwards
to secure the blank on the mandril M; and the turning operations are
repeated. The turning operations may also be affected by bringing the tools
carried in the holder e, into operation first, and subsequently finishing the
bobbin by means of the tools b and c carried in the holder a. In this mode of
turning, the holder e may be modified by the addition of a gouge-like tool, for
roughing down the barrel or central part of the blank; this tool may be fixed
in the holder e, between the tools h and i. If the bobbins are required to be
concave on their under surface, this is done in a separate lathe, and by means
of the tool shown in Figures 4 and 5 of Sheet 1 of our Drawings. This tool
has a central spindle 1, one portion of which is squared and, the other cylin
drical. At the middle part of the spindle is a, boss m,. the end, surface of
which, next the cylindrical part of the spindle 1, is of a convex. form, which is
made to correspond to the concavity to be given to the ends of the bobbins:
The boss m has cut in it a diagonal slot n, in which the cutting tool is fixed
by means of a pinching screw, which admits of the accurate adjustment of the
cutter. The squared end of the spindle is inserted in a suitable bush in a
lathe, and the bobbin being slipped over the cylindrical part of the spindle
is pressed against the edge of the cutter, which projects slightly. beyond the
convex part of the boss m, and the required. concavity is thereby quickly
formed. The modification of our improvements, shown in Figures 6 and 7 of
Sheet 1, of our, Drawings, is adapted for turning large-sized bobbins; the
parts of these Figures which correspond to those shown in Figures 1 to 3, are
marked with similar letters of reference. In this arrangement the tools for
turning the faces of the end flanges of the bobbin are held in the standard e;
there are four tools f disposed with their cutting edges towards each other; as
shown in the Plan, Figure 7. These tools are made with points projecting
beyond their upwardly curved cutting edges, similar to those herein-before
described, and each pair of tools f is held in its separate holder g, and secured
thereto by the nuts h. The tool holders 9 are made to traverse to and fro
laterally in a slot made in the standard e; they are actuated by means of a
screw spindle i, which the attendant operates. by the handle j, and by this
means he is enabled to set the two pairs of tools to the required distance
asunder. The central portion of the bobbin may be turned by a mechanical
arrangement similar to that herein-before described, the ends being turned
and finished by the two pairs of tools f. In Sheet 2 of our Drawings, we

page_text: have shown several modifications of our improvénients as adapted for turning
cylindrical, tapered, and composite or irregular forms, in wood or other
material: Figure 1, on Sheet 2 of our Drawings, is a longitudinal elevation
or front view of an arrangement for turning tapered or conical forms; Figure 2
is a vertical section of the same; Figure 3 is a vertical section of a modifica-
tion for turning articles of a cylindrical form; Figure 4 is an elevation of an
arrangement for turning the central portions of bobbins; Figure 5 is a vertical
section of the same; Figure 6 is an elevation, and Figure 7, a vertical section
of a lathe for turning pirns or other 'irregular figures; Figure 8 is an elevation
of a pirn turned or manufactured by the machines shown in Figures 4 to 7;
Figure 9, is a plan, and Figures 10 and 11' are end views of a tool for turning
down or facing the ends of bobbin spindles, or other generally similar kind of
work. In the arrangement, shown in Figures 1 and 2, on Sheet 2, the bed
i
plate A of the lathe is an iron casting, of a rectangular shape, upon which is
fitted the standard or headstock B, in which is carried the mandril C, this
mandril is driven by means of a pulley and endless belt, or other convenient
arrangement. The piece of wood or blank D to be turned is bushed and
centred upon the carrying end of the mandril, so as to rotate in unison there-
with. A guide rest or tool holder E is fitted to slide freely in a longitudinal
opening in the bed plate A, the parts dovetailing into each other. The guide.
rest E consists of a broad rectangular base with a vertical standard springing
therefrom; at the upper end of this standard is an eye, which forms a
or steadying support to the blank D. To one side of the standard E is secured
the cutting tool F, for, cutting tapered work; this tool consists of a blade
spring screwed to the upper part of the standard, the free extremity of the
spring being formed into a suitable cutting tool. The tool F rests upon a
guide G, which consists of a metal bar, arranged at an angle corresponding to
the taper to be given to the blank; the ends of this guide bar are bolted down
to the bed plate A, and to the face of the headstock B. The cutting tool F
rests upon the guide bar G, its flexibility causes it to press upon the bar
throughout the traverse of the guide rest E. In turning down the rough blank
D to a tapered figure, the blank is first turned to a cylindrical shape by the
tool F, which is fixed upon the left-hand side of the guide rest E; the action
of this tool enables the blank to pass through the eye in the upper part of the
guide rest.
As the rest is pushed steadily along the blank, the eye forms a
firm support to the partially turned blank during the time that the cutter F is
doing its work." As the guide rest is pushed along, the tool F follows the
incline of the guide" bar G, and as it descends the diameter of the turned
article is increased in proportion, and the required taper thus produced. This
2.3
E
.
guide
f
"

page_text: arrangement of turning machinery may also be fitted with a moveable head-
stock in addition to the guide rest E, to suit particular kinds of work, in which
modification the guide bar G may be arranged in front of the headstock, so as
not to interfere with its traverse laterally. For turning plain cylindrical bars
of wood, the arrangement shown in Figure 3, on Sheet 2 of our Drawings, is
preferred; the cutting tool F¹ is fixed in a diagonal slot in the guide rest E,
and is held therein by the binding screw G. As the guide rest is moved along
parallel to the blank D, it is turned down by the tool F¹ to an uniform cylin-
drical shape. The cutters used in the foregoing modifications have their
cutting extremities curved upwards, forming a concave gouge-like tool. For
turning the barrels of large bobbins or other irregular figures, we make use of
the arrangement shown in Figures 4 and 5, on Sheet 2, of our Drawings. In
this modification, the bed plate A, the headstock B, and mandril C are similar
to those herein-before described. The shifting headstock D, and its adjustable
mandril E correspond to the arrangement shown in Figures 1 to 3, on Sheet 1
of our Drawings. The guidé rest or tool holder consists of a sliding plate F,
the to-and-fro motion of which serves to bring either the front or back set of
cutting tools into operation, as before described in reference to the first modi-
fication of our improvements. The sliding plate F, is in like manner limited
in the extent of its traverse by the regulating screws G. For turning the
barrels of bobbins the front part of the guide rest has an eye H projecting
laterally from each side, in which the vertical parts of the bar I are fitted and
fixed to any required height by the binding screws J. The horizontal part of
the bar I carries a tool holder K, which is free to oscillate thereon, and move
to and fro in a lateral direction; the tool holder has a slot made in it in which
the cutter L is fixed by the binding screw M; the cutting tool partakes of the
compound form of a gouge and a chisel, that is to say, the left-hand side of
the tool, or that which takes off the first rough surface of the wood is curved
upwards like a gouge, and the other part of the cutter, which follows, as it
were, the first or rough cut, is made like a chisel; this part of the tool serving
to smooth and finish off the barrel under operation. In the curved end of the
tool L, where it enters the holder K, a segmentally-shaped piece of iron is
placed upon which the end of the screw M presses, and thereby holds the tool
firmly in its place. The tool holder K is made with a curved arm N, which
passes beneath the central part of the lathe, and then upwards above the level
of the mandrils; at this part the arm is bent backwards and forms a right
angle with the ascending part. An internal screw is cut in the horizontal
portion of the arm N, and a screw O fitted thereto; the lower end of this
screw rests upon a horizontal bar P, which forms a part of the back tool

page_text: holder Q. When the tool L is brought up to cut the rough bobbin barrel R,
the operator moves the holder K from one end of the blank to the other, the
tool in its progress turns down the rough wood to the predetermined diameter.
In this operation, as the screw O travels along the level surface of the bar P,
the curved arm N serves as a guide to keep the cutting tool in a truly hori-
zontal line, and thus give a cylindrical Figure to the bobbin barrel. If,
however, any inequality or inclination is made on the bar P, a corresponding
figure will be given to the article that is being turned. Thus, to produce the
tapered portion of the pirn, shown in Figure 8, on Sheet 2 of our Drawings,
a corresponding rise or inclination is made on the bar P; hence, as the screw
O travels up this incline, the tool holder K is thereby caused to oscillate upon
the bar I, and this moves the cutter away from the blank under operation,
giving to it a corresponding taper or swell. In this manner almost any desired
form may be given to the article to be produced, by modifying the lateral
motion of the cutting tool or tools. The ends of the bobbin barrel are reduced
to a smaller diameter, at the part where the end flanges are fitted on; this
portion of the barrel is turned down by a pair of cutters S, which are carried
in the holder Q. This pair of cutting tools is secured to the sloping surface of
the holder Qby the screws T, and the tools are brought up to their work by
shifting the base plate F forward, as is shown in the sectional view, Figure 5,
on Sheet 2 of our Drawings. The pirn, delineated in Figure 8, has turned
in it several rings or annular indentations; its larger end is rounded to a convex
form, the opposite end being turned to a semicircular figure. These several
additions to the primary cylindro-conoidal blanks are effected in the lathe shown
in Figures 6 and 7, on Sheet 2 of our Drawings. The difference in this
modification consists in the arrangement and form of the cutters; the other
parts of the lathe are therefore indicated by letters of reference corresponding
to those used in Figures 4 and 5, on the same Sheet. The front and back
sets of cutters are carried in the two standards or tool holders U and V, which
form a part of the sliding plate F, the two sets of tools being alternately
brought into action. The tools carried by the front holder U, consist of the
gouge-shaped tool W for rounding the end of the pirn and the tool X, which
forms the smaller end of the pirn. The tool holder V carries in the lower
part three plain cutting tools Y, the upper or cutting parts of which are bent
at right angles to the shanks, which are held in the holder V by the three
retaining screws Z. The tool holder V is first brought up to the blank, the
broadest of the tools Y, turns off and finishes the surface of the cylindrical
part of the blank; the second tool is made so as to take the greater portion of
the conical part of the pirn; and the third or narrowest tool finishes the last

page_text: portion of the pirn. The annular indentations a are made in the pirn
simultaneously with the finishing action of the tools Y; these grooves are put
in by means of the tools 6, which are arranged above the cutters Y. The
grooving tools 6 are disposed horizontally in the holder V, and are held in their
places by the screws c, so as to be easily adjusted as regards their distance
asunder. The tools Y and 6 are brought up to their work by sliding the plate
F forwards; the surface of the pirn is then finished and the grooves a made
therein; the plate is then pushed back so as to bring the front tools up to
the partially finished pirn; with this movement the gouge cutter W rounds
off the larger end of the pirn, whilst the smaller tool X forms the convex surface
at 'the opposite end of the pirn. Figures 9, 10, and 11, on Sheet 2 of our
Drawings, represent a
modification of the tool shown in Sheet 1 of our
Drawings, for turning a concavity in the ends of bobbins; but in this modi-
fication the tool is used for squaring the ends of bobbin barrels or other
generally similar purposes. As in the before-mentioned arrangement the tool
consists of a squared and cylindrical spindle or arbor d, in the centre of which
is a boss e, having in it a diagonal groove or slot f. A cutter g is fitted in the
the
groove f, and is held therein by a binding screw h;
up to or in contact
projects beyond the groovef, so that when the article is
with the projecting cutter, its surface is turned down to a true and smooth
plane. With these various modifications a vast variety of articles may be
turned or manufactured with great rapidity and economy.
dge of the cutter
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of our said
Invention, and the manner in which the same is or may be used or carried
into effect, we may observe in conclusion that we do not confine or restrict
ourselves to the precise details or arrangements which we have had occasion to
describe or refer to, as many variations may be made therefrom without deviating
from the principles or main features of our Invention; but what we consider
to be novel and original and therefore claim as the Invention secured to us by
the herein-before in part recited Letters Patent is,―
First, the general arrangement and construction of machinery or apparatus
for turning, cutting, shaping, or reducing wood or other substances, as herein-
before described.
Second, the system or mode of arranging the compound cutters or composite
tools upon both sides of the blank to be turned, and bringing them alternately
into action, so as to finish the turned or shaped article, as herein-before
described.
Third, the system or mode of arranging and constructing the cutting tools
with projecting points beyond the cutting edges; also the composite tools in

page_text: which a curved or gouge-like edge is combined, with a plain or wedge-shaped
cutter, as herein-before described.
Fourth, the system or mode of turning or forming concave surfaces by
means of the convex bossed tool, shown in Sheet 1 of our Drawings, and
herein-before described.
Fifth, the system or mode of turning tapered and cylindrical articles in
wood or other substances, by means of the mechanical arrangements shown in
Figures 1 to 3, on Sheet 2 of our Drawings, and herein-before described, or
any mere modification thereof.
Sixth, the system or mode of turning the barrels of bobbins, or other cylin-
drical articles, together with the mechanical arrangement for effecting the
same, as herein-before described.
Seventh, the system or mode of turning cylindrical or other shaped articles,
in which the tool holder is caused to oscillate upon its bearer by means of a
guide bar, the regular or irregular traverse of which produces the predetermined
configuration in the article to be manufactured, as herein-before described.
Eighth, the system or mode of turning or manufacturing pirns, or other
generally similar articles, by means of a combination of compound or com-
posite tools, as herein-before described.
Ninth, the system or mode of turning plane surfaces in wood or other
substances, by means of the tool or instrument shown in Figures 9 to 11, on
Sheet 2 of our Drawings, and herein-before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said James Hamilton, on behalf of the said
Thomas Hamilton, and of myself, have hereunto set my hand and seal,
this Twentieth day of April One thousand eight hundred and fifty-
eight.
JAMES HAMILTON. (L.S.)