IMPROVEED MEANS AND ELECTRIC APPARATUS POR TRANSMITTING INTELLIGENCE
Year: 1851

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, FRANCOIS
MARCELIN ARISTIDE DUMONT, of Paris, in the Republic of France, Engineer,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Seventh day of February, in the
fourteenth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto me, the said Francois Marcelin Aristide Dumont, Her
especial licence, full power, sole privilege and authority, that I, the said
Francois Marcelin Aristide Dumont, my exors, admors, and assigns, and
such others as I, the said Francois Marcelin Aristide Dumont, my exors,
adñiors, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from
time to time and at all times within the term of years therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within England,
Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and within the Islands of
Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney, Sark, and Man, and also within all Her
Majesty's Colonies and Plantations abroad, my Invention of "IMPROVEED
MEANS AND ELECTRIC APPARATUS POR TRANSMITTING INTELLIGENCE;" in which
said Letters Patent there is contained a proviso obliging me, the said
Francois Marcelin Aristide Dumont, by an instrument in writing under my
hand and seal, particularly to describe and ascertain the nature of my said
Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, and to cause
the same to be enrolled in Her Majesty's High Court of Chancery within
.

page_text: six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said in part
recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference being thereunto had,
will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Francois Marcelin Aristide Dumont, do hereby declare that the nature of my
said Invention, and the manner in which the same is to be performed, arc
described and ascertained in and by this present instrument in writing, as
follows, reference being had to the Drawings hereunto annexed, and to the
letters and figures placed thereon, that is to say:
My said Invention consists in,-
First, the employment of the electric telegraph for the conveyance of intel-
ligence in the interior of large towns, as London or Paris, by a particular
combination of electric wires, and by a new system of placing and fixing such
wires.
Secondly, in the use of the electric telegraph in the interior of towns for
giving notice of the outbreak of a fire, which, by a simple arrangement, is
casily applicable to every street, and even to all the houses.
Thirdly, a very simple system of electric signals, which I call electric
bells and alarums, applicable to the prevention of robberies or fires.
Fourthly, of a system of keys and pedals for working the apparatus for
transmitting the electric intelligence..
Fifthly, of submarine electric wires fixed upon a new principle, by which
the wires may be made to pass over any required distance. The means I
employ for effecting an electric communication in towns consist in establishing,
in any town to which my system may be applied, a number of stations, and
connecting these stations to one another, or to the house of each subscriber,
by the peculiar arrangement of electric wires lierein-after described.
Figure 1, Sheet 1, of my Drawings represents a central station, to which
each of the small stations is attached by one or several wires which only com-
municate with it. O is the central station. Numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,
and following numbers are the corresponding small stations. Each corre-
sponding station is for a certain number of houses or subscribers. Each
house has an electric wire connecting it to the station, and a double electric
apparatus, one at the subscriber's house and the other at the neighbouring
station to which it is connected. The houses are telegraphically numbered
from 1 to any number. Thus, suppose the house Number 3 connected. to
station Number 1, and the occupant of house Number 3 is desirous to com-
municate with the house 287, connected with the station 12, the subscriber of
the house Number 3 signalizes to station 1 the Number 287. The clerk of

page_text: the station Number 1 then directs the central station 0 to place the wire 1.0 in
communication with the wire 0.12. When this is done the clerk signals to
station 12 the Number 287.
The
clerk at station 12 then connects the
wires 0.12 with the wire 12.287. This accomplished, the clerk of station
Number 1 finally connects the wires 3 and 1.0, and a direct and intermediate
communication is then established between the houses 3 and 287, and both
subscribers may correspond privately. Several arrangements may be adapted
for the central station and the connexion of the wires of the corresponding
stations. I will describe some of these arrangements, beginning with the
simplest and ending with the most complicated. Each corresponding station
has, besides its wire, a complete electric telegraph apparatus, that is to say:
First, a battery or electro-magnet. Second, a telegraph. Third, a range of bells.
Fourth, a worker. Fifth and last, a commutator with all the ordinary acces-
saries. The central station may have but one single room, in which all the
wires of all the corresponding stations terminate; and, to prevent confusion,
they may be classed in a regular succession of numbers. To each of the wires
in the interior of the central station a range of bells, and a small telegraph to
indicate the numbers of all the stations, are connected to each of the wires in
the interior of the central station, as shewn in Figure 2. The wires of the
corresponding stations are isolated by means of silk thread or isolating
substance, and are arranged perpendicularly along the vertical sides of the
central station. Each wire is terminated by a small oval loop and a hook.
Under each hook is marked on the wall the number of the station to which
the wire belongs. The range of bells belonging to each wire has a small boss
which, through the action of an electro-magnet, advances very slightly to the
exterior side of this range of bells every time it is set in action. The small-
number telegraphs, placed in a horizontal line under the ranges of bells,
indicate, as before described, the numbers of the corresponding stations.
Facing the vertical side of the wires at the central station are a certain
number of men occupied incessantly in observing the bells and the
number telegraphs. Now, suppose the station Number 3 require to be
placed in communication with station Number 10, the attendant at the station
Number 3 first sets in motion the range of bells Number 3 at the central
station, and consequently causes the indicating boss of these bells to advance;
it then indicates to the telegraph Number 3 the Number 10, or the number of
the station it has to correspond with. Immediately one of the attendants takes
the wire Number 3 and connects it to the wire Number 10 by the loops and
hooks just mentioned. The two stations can thus correspond directly without
an intermediate brake.

page_text: I shall now proceed to describe another arrangement for the central station;
it consists in establishing at the central station as many complete telegraphic
apparatus as there are corresponding stations. The dispatch first sent by a cor-
responding station to the central station is communicated by the central station
to the corresponding station to which it has to be transmitted. To avoid as much
as possible the expense of attendants which this system seems to entail in a
central station composed, for instance, of two hundred apparati, these two
hundred electric apparati correspond to each of the particular stations, and
may be divided in forty groups of five apparati each. If the subscribers
to one station be divided into groups of ten, the correspondance of one group
could be made by one clerk. Each particular station would thus become a
central station for all the subscribers of the group belonging to it. When a
subscriber has a communication to make, he himself communicates it by his
telegraph. The communication is instantly received by the clerk of the
group of which the subscriber forms part, and is sent from the station to its
place of destination.
Figure 3, Sheet 1, of my Drawings represents an arrangement by which
ten subscribers in a station may be served by one attendant. The attendant
must be constantly on the look out to know which of his subscribers wants
to have dispatches forwarded. If two subscribers wish to communicate a
dispatch at the same time, he asks one of them, by a particular sign agreed
beforehand, to wait one or two minutes. The apparatus corresponding with
each subscriber is provided with a special indicator, intended to let the
attendant at the station know if the subscriber is or is not at home. If the
subscriber goes out he makes the indicator come out, and when he is at home
he makes it go in, by a single telegraphic motion. Thus notice is given if the
dispatches received must be sent immediately or delayed. It may easily be
conceived that by this system each subscriber can be placed in immediate
communication with all the localities connected with the central station. I
have before stated that the junction of the wires of the corresponding stations
to the central station, or of those of the subscribers to each particular station,
took place directly and without any intermediate mechanism. This supposi-
tion, which facilitated the explanation of the system, could not hold good in
practise, as it is indespensable to effect this junction of the wires by means of
a convenient and.rapid process which precludes all likelihood of error.
I have represented in Sheet 2 of my Drawings an arrangement including
only a hundred stations, but the arrangement of the apparatus would be the
same whatever might be the number of stations. The apparatus is composed
of two distinct parts. In the upper portion is a series of circular dials having

page_text: the letters of the alphabet and the numerical series. Each of these dials bears
the number of the station with which it corresponds. These we name the
receivers of the stations. In the lower part of the apparatus is placed another
series of dials, which are not, like the upper dials, intended to to transmit the
dispatches of the corresponding stations, but to establish direct communication
between the various stations, and in all possible orders and combinations.
These lower dials we term communicators. Finally, on the right and left of
the frame which contains the receivers of the stations are arranged a hundred
other small communicators in a vertical line; that is to say, fifty on each side.
Each particular wire of each station communicates with its receiver, and to
the latter is attached a wire which reaches the ground and completes the
circuit. This will be better understood on reference to the wire corresponding
to the station Number 1. This wire terminates at the electro-magnet and
transmission apparatus of the dial Number 1, situated behind this dial, similar
to the ordinary circular transmission apparatus. The wire Number 1, after
having crossed the electro-magnet, communicates with the ground; which
completes the circuit. The letter T of the Drawing represents this wire,
which corresponds with the wire Number 1. Thus at any moment the station
Number I may communicate with the central station by the aid of its par-
ticular receiver. Supposing that it is required to send a dispatch from station
Number 1 to station Number 50, the attendant of the station Number 50 will
then proceed to cause the wire Number 1 to communicate directly with the wire
Number 50. This is accomplished by the communicators, as we shall proceed
to explain. It is first necessary to intercept the communication between the
wire Number 1 and the dial Number 1, which is done by turning one of the
halves of a hand at A on the Figure, and corresponding to the wire Number 1,
till this moveable half touches a metallic button on the dial A, communicating
with the wire marked S, which passing in the apparatus of the receivers
through all the divisions numbered, it is simply required to make it bear on
the numbered communicator in the lowor frame. To make one of the hands
bear on the Number 50, by turning the other hand to Number 1, the electric
communication between the wires Numbers 1 and 50 will then be accomplished
by these two hands, without crossing any of the transmitting apparatus
corresponding to the particular stations. This is evident, since the wire
Number 1 passes through all the divisions I of the communicators of the lower
frame, and the wire numbered 50 passes also through all the divisions. This
principle is applicable to any number of wires, but is more comprehensible
in a Figure representing but few wires; for instance, in Figure 4,
Sheet 1, where there are eight wires, corresponding to eight stations, the

page_text: f
wire Number 1 passes through all the divisions or metallic buttons numbered 1
of the four dials or communicators, the wire Number 2 through all the
divisions number 2, and so forth; to the eighth wire. The metallic buttons
or the divisions of the communicators are also isolated; thus, if it be desired
to connect any two wires, it is simply required to place both the needles of the
dial over the metallic buttons bearing the same numbers as these wires.
It is also evident that a number of dials or communicators equal to half of
that of the wires is sufficient to operate the junction of the latter by couples,
and in all possible combinations.
I shall now proceed to describe an arrangement of electric alarum in case
of fire or burglary, in which the principle I have before described is extremely
applicable. I will suppose a large town, having in it a number of fire brigade
stations, containing fire-engines and men, ready at any time, the station being
made a central station, communicating telegraphically with all the streets or
squares of the neighbourhood by an electric signal, immediate help is obtained
at once upon the fire being discovered. To realize such an application, it
would be necessary to establish in each street or in each part of street an
electric signal. First, a metallic signal, worked when requisite by the
pressure of a spring. Secondly, an isolated conducting wire uniting this to
the brigade station, and connected in the interior of the latter to a range of
electric bells established in the ordinary system, or to an apparatus which I
shall now proceed to describe, and which I call an electric alarum. Thirdly,
a battery with permanent current. When the alarum is to be given on the
outbreak of a fire, it will be sufficient to press the sping of contact to send
the current through the range of bells or electric bell of the neighbouring
brigade station. This bell or range of bells being set immediately in motion
would give an alarum, and the numbers on the bells indicate where help is
required.
I shall now proceed to describe my electric alarum, an improvement of
John Obadiah Newell Rutter, for which Letters Patent were granted to him
on the Twenty-second day of July, One thousand eight hundred and forty-
seven, which may be advantageously applied to the following purposes:-
First, to protect an indefinite number of doors, windows, trunks, cupboards,
drawers, et cetera, by advantageously replacing ordinary safety locks.
Secondly, to establish a ringing of a number of bells corresponding to any
number of different places. Thirdly, in communicating between any two
points connected by two conducting wires, a telegraphic correspondance is
sufficient in many cases.
The electric alarum is composed, first, of an electric battery contained in a

page_text: lower box support. Secondly, of an electro-magnet and of a range of bells
contained in an upper box, which may be adapted to the stand. Thirdly, of
two principal wires of isolated copper; these wires are fixed along the walls
or panellings in the direction of the openings to be protected. Fourthly and
lastly, of a number of contacts equal to those of the openings to be protected.
Each contact is composed of two separate metallic pieces, each piece being
separately connected by a junction wire to one of the two principal wires.
These metallic pieces are screwed on the hinges of the door to be protected,
so that they do not touch one another when the door is closed, but they are
unavoidably brought into contact when the door is opened. When all the
openings having contacts at their hinges are closed, the electric current is not
established, but if one of these apertures be opened, the current is immediately
established by the junction of the two parts of these contacts; the electric
current then passes through the apparatus, magnetizes the electro-magnet,
and this latter attracts a plate of soft iron and sets in motion the tongue of
the bell.
It is
as
We will now explain the precautions which are to be observed in the
placing and keeping in order the different parts of the apparatus. The
electric battery employed for the electric alarum is that of Daniel, and is
composed of two elements. The electro-magnet and bell are contained in the
upper box, which is fitted on the stand. The electro-magnet is for the
purpose of letting go the tongue of the bell every time the current is esta-
blished in the instrument by any junction of the points of contact.
necessary to wind up the machinery of the bell every two or three months
a clock is wound up. The bell apparatus will give from four to five thousand
strokes without being wound up again. It is evident that an electric alarum
may serve not only to protect any number of openings, but it may also be
used as a ringing apparatus, communicating from the place where it is fixed
to all the rooms of a house, however large it may be. For this pupose the
before-described knobs may be used, which attain the same purpose as the
contacts herein-before described by the junction of the two metallic parts in
communication with the two principal conducting wires. The facility that
the electric alarum bas of making the bell strike a determined number of
strokes at the will of the person who touches one of the knobs or contacts
which are in connexion with the instrument affords facility for employing it as
simple telegraph. By this telegraphic system it is possible to communicate.
at any distance, and to transmit with only five sounds twenty-five different
orders.
a
Figures 1 and 2, Sheet 3, represent an electric alarum in elevation and in

page_text: plan, with the stand containing the battery, and the upper box containing the
bell apparatus and the electro-magnet E, E, which is fitted on the bottom of
the upper box. P is a plate of soft iron, which is attracted when the current
passes in the electro-magnet, thus retaining the detent of the bell apparatus.
T is a clock bell screwed on the upper surface of the upper box. M, M, are
the rod of the hammer which strikes on the clock bell. Q, Q, is the lower
box enclosing the wire, having a constant current passing throngh it. S is
the extremity of a small lever connected in the interior with the rod M, M, of
the hammer which strikes on the clock bell. Every time the hammer gives
a stroke on the clock bell the lever S strikes on the plate of soft iron and
brings it back to its first position. This arrangement is more certain than
the bell springs generally used. R is a screw head, regulating the spring
which the plate keeps back, and serving to regulate the sensitiveness of the
apparatus to the force of the current. F is a rod, by one of the poles of the
battery contained in the box corresponds continually with one of the wires
of the electro-magnet. F and N represent the two knobs which have
attached the two principal conducting wires. I give the name of electric
bell to an apparatus more simple than the preceding one, and which answers
the same purpose without the aid of clockwork.
This apparatus is shewn in Figures 3 and 4, Sheet III. E, E, an ordinary
electro-magnet fitted on the stand H, H. B is a bar of soft iron, attached at
the centre to a horizontal lever B, C, which rests on the vertical rod H, K.
This lever works freely on the point H. C, D, is a vertical rod fitted on to the
horizontal lever and bearing an ordinary bell. This vertical rod and bell act
as counterweight to the soft iron bar B, B. E, K, and E, R, represent the two
wires of the electro-magnet; the first, E, K, is attached by a screw at K on
the bar of soft iron. The second, E, R, is connected to one of the poles of the
battery contained in a box and situated at any convenient point; the other
pole of the battery communicates with the wire R, R, which is attached at G
to the horizontal piece N, G, fixed on to the vertical rod N, N, and bearing at
its extremity a screw L, F, the point F of which just touches the upper surface
of the bar of soft iron. By this arrangement it is evident that the current or
electric fluid is confined in the electro-magnet by the intervention of the point
F and of the wire K, E; the bar of soft iron will then be attracted and will
bear on the electro-magnet, but by this motion the current will be stopped, the
point L, F, no longer touching the bar of soft iron; the latter will then return
to its first position, will shut off anew, the current will become again attracted,
and so forth. By this arrangement a series of oscillations or motions will
arise, which will set the bell ringing without the aid of any clockwork. The

page_text: only precaution to be taken is to regulate suitably the point F and the screw
L, F.
The improvements which I shall now proceed to to describe relate to that
portion of the telegraphic apparatus employed in giving the signals to the
special apparatus of transmission. In order to make the principle more
comprehensible, I shall describe it as applied to Bregnet's apparatus, which is
composed of a dial bearing the series of letters of the alphabet or conventional
signs; this dial is set in motion by a handle, which is adjusted to it by a
feather fitting into a hole placed facing the sign to be transmitted, and which
is brought in contact with a fixed datum, so that during the course of the sign
chosen from its starting point to the fixed datum all the intermediate signs are
successively transmitted to the indicating apparatus of the index, which only
stops at the sign chosen, that is to say, at the moment when the dial ceases to
move. This mode of transmission can be simplified by arranging the apparatus
in such a manner, that the finger, in lowering a key of the key-board, will
determine a corresponding motion of the sign represented by the key. This
result is obtained as follows: a clockwork motion gives a constant rotary
tendency to the dial, which sets in motion a tooth disengaged by a key, and
which would turn without ceasing, if the same tooth or other stop motion did
not prevent it: As the motive power is rapidly spent, a pedal pressed by the
foot winds up the spring or motive weight by any convenient mechanism, and
thus dispenses with the use of a handle. Fig. 5, Sheet III., of my Drawings
represents a plan of the apparatus; a portion of the dial plate is taken away,
so as to shew a part of the pieces it covers. Figure 6 is a vertical section of
the apparatus. In these Figures the corresponding letters designate the same
parts. On a fixed plate underneath the dial A are arranged in a circular
manner the pieces B, B, B, B, in number equal to the signs to be transmitted; for
instance, the twenty-six letters of the alphabet as well as the sign x indicating
the end of a word or sentence. Each of these pieces B under the pressure of
a key, similar to a pianoforte key, with which it is provided, can be made to
turn on itself and project in the interior of the regular circle formed by these
pieces; when not in motion a pin strikes against the extremities of these
pieces placed under the dial facing the sign X, so that their general position
when not in motion is that represented by Figure 5. The piece marked B'.
always rests in the position represented; it is against its extremity that the pin'
C stops when a word is finished. The apparatus is so arranged that when a
dispatch is terminated the key that sends in the extremity of one of the pieces
B in the circle causes the extremity of piece B' to go back, which, no longer
pressing the pin C, allows the dial to turn till the pin C meets any other projecting

page_text: piece and stops. If when this stop is made the finger leave the key which pro-
duces it, the dial sets in motion and the piece B' again stops the pin C as before.
But if a second finger depresses another key, this new pressure will send out
the extremity of the piece to which it corresponds and send in the extremity
of the piece B', so that the piece C does not stop against the latter but moves
with the dial till it meets the piece sent out by the second key, and so forth.
Among the numerous mechanical contrivances by which the result just de-
scribed may be obtained, I select the following for description:-Each piece B
is fitted on an axis D crossing the two plates of the case. Round this axis is
coiled a volute spring, one end of which is fixed to the lower plate and the
other to the axis D.. This spring tends to turn the pieces B, B, B, B, causing
the extremities of the pieces to assume the positions shewn in Figure 5; a
small pin fixed in the plate stops the action of the spring, which brings only
the extremity in contact with the small pin. On the axis D is fixed a small
lever arm E, the position of which can be perfectly adjusted by an adjusting
screw. At the extremity of this lever E a metallic wire or other connexion is
fitted, the depression of which communicating with the keys causes a corre-
sponding movement in the lever E, thereby bringing the extremity of the
corresponding piece B in such a position as to meet the pin C. But I have
shewn that when one of the pieces B is pushed in, it is necessary that. the
extremity of the piece B¹ should recede into the common circle under the
action of the same key which first brought it out; it may be accomplished in
the following manner:-The wires connected with the levers E terminate at
the vertical arm of a bell crank, Figure 3, the horizontal arm of which is
depressed by a rod H belonging to the key I; when the finger rests on the
latter it determines the motion of one of the pieces B. If all the curved
lever arms F, G, be supposed to be ranged on the same line and having the
same axis, the purpose will thus be attained by placing underneath all the
horizontal arms a metallic blade, moveable round the common axis of the
levers, and bearing an arm K corresponding by a wire to the particular lever
of the piece B', so that every time any key depresses the horizontal arm of
its curved lever F, G, the latter necessarily depresses the blade J, the arm K
of which sends in the extremity of the piece B'. Such is the general
arrangement of the new apparatus, but many modifications of the same may
be used with equal advantage. It is necessary to remark that Figure 6, on
Sheet 3, is shewn inverted.
Figure 5 of Sheet. I. of the Drawings represents the arrangement for sup-
porting submarine telegraphic lines. It consists in supporting the wires of
the electric telegraph by floats placed at intervals instead of resting the wires

page_text: These different
on the bottom of the sca; the wires would thus be suspended by the floats at
such a depth that there would be no obstacle to the passage of ships, and the
chances of their being destroyed by the oscillations which take place on the
surface of the sea entirely obviated. A, B, C, are fixed buoys of galvanized
sheet iron or any other suitable substance; these buoys may be placed at
intervals of fifteen hundred feet, this length may be varied without incon-
venience. To the under side of each of these buoys are bolted rods of iron
A', D, B', E, C, F, about thirty feet long. The wire of the line D, E, F,
passes through rings at the extremities of these rods, and is thus suspended
under the surface of the water at a depth which is never less than thirty feet,
and which will also be increased at the centre between the floats on account
of the curve produced by the deflection of the wire C.
depths may also be readily increased to give a sufficient stability to the
whole arrangement; the extremity of the rods or bars of iron are attached
some of them by chains or sounding lines of iron, which are fixed to the
bottom of the sea by an anchor or by a weight suspended to the end of
the chain in places where the depth of the sea would be too great to allow of
their reaching the bottom. The conducting wire which I propose to employ
may be composed of iron or copper, and covered with gutta-percha, the whole
being enclosed in a hempen rope previously tarred. On each coast a wire of
sufficient length is attached to the extremity of the bar A', B, belonging to the
first buoy A, it is then passed over the top of a post P of a sufficient height
and placed on the coast. Instead of this wire being attached at D, it might be
fixed to a ring placed at the top of the first buoy, and afterwards descends
perpendicularly down the rod A', D. This arrangement is for the purpose of
preventing the wire from resting on the surface of the ground towards the
coast, as if that were the case the wire and rope would soon be worn out by.
the constant friction produced by the waves.
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of my Inven-
tion, and the manner in which the same is or may be used or carried into
effect, I may observe, in conclusion, that I do not confine or restrict myself to
the precise details or arrangements which I have had occasion to describe or
refer to, as many variations may be made therefrom without deviating from
the principles or main features of my Invention; but what I consider to be
novel and original, and therefore claim as the Invention secured to me by the
herein-before in part recited Letters Patent, is,-
First, the system or mode of. applying electricity to the internal communi-
cation of large towns, and the interchange of communications between the
inhabitants of such towns as herein-before described.

page_text: Second, the improvements herein-before described in electric bells o
alarums with reference to the Invention of the said John Obadiah Newell
Rutter, herein-before alluded to.
Third, the system or mode of transmitting telegraphic dispatches by the
arrangement of keys herein-before described.
Fourth, the system or mode of effecting submarine electric telegraphic
communications herein-before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Francois Marcelin Aristide Dumont,
have hereunto set my hand and seal, this Fourth day of August, in
the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-one.

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Affidavit of Auguste Loradoux,
the Specification aforesaid was enrolled, word for word, as above written.
And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped according to the tenor of the
Statute made for that purpose.
Enrolled the Seventh day of August, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and fifty-one.