IMPROVED MACHINERY FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF LAID AND OTHER TWINE, LINES, ROPES, BANDS, AND OTHER CORDAGE, WHETHER MADE OF HEMP, FLAX, OR OTHER FIBROUS SUBSTANCES, OR OF WIRE
Year: 1861

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Bellamy Payne, of Chard, in the County of
Somerset, Engineer and Lace Manufacturer, for the Invention of
"IMPROVED MACHINERY FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF LAID AND OTHER TWINE,
LINES, ROPES, BANDS, AND OTHER CORDAGE, WHETHER MADE OF HEMP, FLAX,
OR OTHER FIBROUS SUBSTANCES, OR OF WIRE."
Sealed the 17th June 1862, and dated the 30th December 1861.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Bellamy Payne a
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
30th December 1861.
I, JOHN BELLAMY PAYNE, of Chard, in the County of Somerset, Engineer
and Lace Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVED MACHINERY FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF LAID AND OTHER TWINE
LINE, ROPES, BANDS, AND OTHER CORDAGE, WHETHER MADE OF HEMP, FLAX. OR
OTHER FIBROUS SUBSTANCES, OR OF WIRE," to be as follows:-
The object of my Invention is to dispense with the use of a long room
or rope walk, which is usually required for the manufacture of ropes, lines,
and other cordage.
In my improved machinery the yarns of which the line, twine, rope, or
cordage is composed is wound upon bobbins, from which it is delivered to
the twisting spindles and flyers, and in order to prevent kinks and irregular
twisting I cause a twist to be put in in one direction, say, to the right, by one
set of wheels or gearing, and a twist in the opposite direction by another
set of wheels and gearing. By this means the twist will be more uniform,
and upon doubling and winding the line, cord, or twine on to the last

page_text: bobbin which receives the finished cord, a very superior article will be pro-
duced, and all the machinery employed can be contained and operated in a
room of moderate dimensions. A lay and back lay is also effected by means
of brushes and rollers in chambers supplied with a hot and cold blast of
air either in one or in opposite directions for striking or finishing the line
or cord, that is, taking off the rough or coarse parts from the yarns.
It should be understood that the twisting machinery may be arranged
in either a vertical or horizontal position, and may be employed for twisting
either fibrous substances, such as hemp, flax, silk, cotton, or tow into ropes
or cordage, or for operating upon covered or uncovered wire strands for
the manufacture of ropes or cordage.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said John Bellamy Payne, in the Great Seal Patent Office, on
the 30th June 1862.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHN BELLAMY
PAYNE, of Chard, in the County of Somerset, Engineer and Lace
Manufacturer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the 30th day of December, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-one, in the twenty-fifth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me,
the said John Bellamy Payne, Her special license that I, the said John
Bellamy Payne, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others
as I, the said John Bellamy Payne, my executors, administrators, and assigns,
should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all
times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might
make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVED
MACHINERY FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF LAID AND OTHER TWINE, LINES, ROPES,
BANDS, AND OTHER CORDAGE, WHETHER MADE OF HEMP, FLAX, OR OTHER FIBROUS
SUBSTANCES, OR OF WIRE," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the
said John Bellamy Payne, by an instrument in writing under my hand
and seal, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said
Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause
the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said John Bellamy Payne, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement, reference being had to the Drawings hereunto annexed, and to the
letters and figures marked thereon (that is to say):-
In the manufacture of cordage it is desirable that the spinning or twisting
of each of the yarns of which the rope, line, or cord is composed, and also
the "laying," doubling, or twisting together of any number of yarns (which
by this Invention is effected in one and the same machine) shall at every
stage be under control, and each portion of the apparatus should be capable
of adjustment, so that any amount of twist may be thrown into each yarn,
and the laying process accelerated or retarded, according to the description
of cord, line, or twine it is intended to produce.
In the accompanying Drawings I have shewn a machine possessing all
these advantages.
Fig. 1, Sheet I., is a front view of the machine; Fig. 2, Sheet II,, is a
sectional elevation; and Fig. 3 is an end view of the machine.
The upper longitudinal rails A1 and A2 of the framing A, A, are provided
with bearings, in which are mounted in sets of three (or more if necessary)
the twisting spindles a, a, a; on to the spindles a, a, and the rails A¹, A",
of the framing are keyed the pulleys d, which are driven by a band from
the upper pulley shaft C, Fig. 2, at the back of the machine.
Figures 4 and 5, Sheet 1II., are front and side views on an enlarged scale
of one of these twisting spindles and its accessories. It will be seen that the
bobbin c is filled with the yarn or roving, and is placed on the centre pin e¹
attached to the cross piece e, e, which passes through the ends of the flyer
arms b, and is thus made capable of being rocked to and from the vertical
position (as shewn in Fig. 5), for the purpose of enabling the filled bobbin c
to be placed thereon, and the empty ones removed. The full bobbin e having
been placed on the centre pin the latter is pushed into the vertical position,
and is retained there by the spring which is attached to the top of the flyer
arm or spindle a. In order to regulate the withdrawal of the yarn from this
bobbin c I employ a coiled spring placed around one of thearms of the flyer b.
The lower end of this spring g is attached to the flyer, and the upper end to
a curved plate g* which bears upon the surface of the yarn on the bobbin c,
and thereby acts as a retarding break, as seen best in the detached views,
Figs. 4 and 5, which are drawn upon an enlarged scale. The power of this
spring y can be increased at pleasure by winding or unwinding it from the arm b.
It will be seen that the supply of yarn from the bobbin c can be thus easily

page_text: regulated. The yarns by means of the spindles a, a, a, receive the amount
of twist that may be considered necessary, and which must be somewhat
in excess of that required in the finished cord, so as to give hardness to
the yarn and also to allow for the untwisting, which is effected in the
second operation.
The yarn having been more or less irregularly twisted in the first operation
passes from these twisting spindles and flyers to the regulating draught appa-
ratus, one of which is shewn full size at Figures 6, 7, and 8, of Sheet III.
This apparatus is mounted in bearings on the cross rails A³, A+, of the
framing A, and one of them is placed in the same vertical line under each of
the twisting spindles a, . It will be seen from the full sized views of the
apparatus that it consists of a frame i, i, having hollow spindle ends, and in
this frame i are the two grooved rollers h, h. The yarn enters through the
upper hollow spindle ofthe frame i, and is led through guides to the rollersh,h,
around which it is wound in a helical coil, and is from thence conducted by
guides through the lower bearing or spindle end of the frame . This hollow
spindle projects through the bearing and rail A', and carries the small
pinion j which gears with a wheel k carried on a stud pin attached to the
under side of the rail A. Around this wheel k and in gear therewith are
arranged the respective pinions j of each draught apparatus composing the set.
These wheels k are cast with a bevil wheel on their under side, and which is
in gear with a bevil pinion on the longitudinal shaft E, from which each of
the draught rollers receives its rotating motion. Upon the rail A and around
the end of the lower spindle of the draught frame is a wheel / screwed fast to
the rail (seen best at Fig. 7, Sheet III.), and into which gears a small pinion
m fast upon the end of a short vertical axle n carried in bearings in the
frame i. Upon the other end of this axle n is a wormo in gear with a worm
wheel 2 on the axles of the lower draught roller h. On the opposite side of
this frame the rollers are geared together by small toothed wheels q,q, so that
the regulating draught roller frame being caused to revolve and the toothed
wheel / remaining stationary, motion will be communicated by the pinion m to
the draught rollers h, h, and the exact amount of yarn it is desired to supply to
the "laying "spindles 7 (Figures 1 and 2) will bedrawn down. The regulating
apparatus is rotated at such speed as will take out of the yarna certain amount
of twist, but will leave in the amount of twist desired. Thus, if the twisting
spindles be driven at the rate of eight hundred revolutions per minute, the
regulating apparatus may be driven at six hundred revolutions per minute, so
that a portion of the twist will be taken out of the yarn in its passage through
this apparatus, and the remainder of the twist will be equally distributed. All

page_text: kinks will therefore be removed, and the several strands of thread will be
steadily and regularly passed on to be doubled or "laid" together by the
laying spindles, below. These spindles are mounted in bearings in the
longitudinal rails A5 and A of the frame A, as seen in Figures 1 and 2, and
that portion of the spindle which is between the rails has keyed upon it a
pulley, around which passes a strap or band from the lower pulley shaft D
(see Fig. 2). This spindle is made hollow for the passage of the "laid "
cord to the flyer arms of the spindler through the guide eye to the
bobbin s, on which it is to be wound. The bobbins s are placed upon
vertical spindles & mounted in bearings in the copping frame u; this frame
guided by the vertical rods u*, u*, at each side of the machine, is raised and
lowered by chains from the drums or chain wheels on the shaft L. Between
the upper and lower portions of the copping frame are mounted friction
drums v, v, (one to each of the spindles ») on axles secured to the frame, and
having at their lower edge a circle of spur teeth in gear with a small pinion w
on the lower end of the spindle t. A. friction band (Fig. 2), one end of
which is fastened to a pin on the frame, passes round the friction drum, and
has a chain attached to its opposite end, which chain passes over a guide
pulley, and is attached to a weight (see detached plan view, Fig. 2*, (Sheet I.)
By this means the exact amount of friction can be applied that is required
to check the rotation of the spindles t and bobbins s in order to cause the
"laid" cord to be wound thereon.
The machine may be divided into two or more parts containing any
number of sets of apparatus, and each part may be separately stopped for
the purpose of adjustment, or in case of breakage of the yarn, without
interfering with the other portions of the machine.
Motion is communicated to the driving shafts B, B, of the machine by
bands to pulleys B*, each portion into which the machine is divided being
provided with the requisite gearing. In order to throw a twist into the yarn,
say, to the right, by the upper twisting spindles a, a, a, the upper pulley shaft
C is driven in the direction of the arrow by a pinion F on the main shaft B, by
a series of intermediate gear G1, G2, G3. The two intermediate wheels G¹
and G³ are made capable of adjustment to suit the relative size of the change
wheels, which may be placed on the respective shafts B and C, to obtain the
required number of revolutions of the twisting spindles a, a. In like manner
the lower pulley or drum shaft D receives its motion from a pinion F on the
main shaft B, through the intermediate gear H, in the direction of the arrow,
by bands from the pulleys or drum on the shaft 1) to the several pulleys onthe
"laying" spindles ; these "laying" spindles will therefore be rotating in the

page_text: opposite direction to the twisting spindles a, a, above. The shaft E, by means
of the bevil gear thereon, drives the regulating draught rollers h, h, and
receives its motion from the pinion I on the lower pulleys or drum shaft D,
through the intermediate gear J', J2, J3, and J4 (Fig. 3); the stud pins which
carry the spur wheels J3 and J4 being made adjustable in the framing a, in
order that the shaft E may be driven at any required speed by means of
change pinions. The shaft L, on which are the chain wheels or drums for
raising or lowering the copping frame, receives its motion from a spur
pinion K on the stud pin of the intermediate gear J', and which is fast
thereto. This pinion K through the spur wheel and pinion K' and K²,
gives motion to the spur wheel K³ on the shaft K4, which at its opposite end
carries a pinion in gear with the ordinary mangle wheel, keyed to the shaft L,
as seen in Figures 2 and 3, and by this means the alternate circular motion
is obtained for raising and lowering the copping frame, which carries the
spindles t and bobbins s. The driving bands belonging to either portion of
the machine can be shifted on to the loose pulleys of their respective shafts
from the front of the machine by the levers M.
In Fig. 10, Sheet I., I have shewn a modification of the twisting spindle
and flyer, and a more perfect means of adjusting a break thereto. The
bobbin c, which is placed horizontally within the flyer is better suited for
heavy yarns. The spindle a is hollow and has a vertical rod g fitted to slide
within it, and one end of this rod carries a disc g*, which rests upon the
yarn on the bobbin c, and its opposite or upper end is furnished with a cup,
which receives the point of an apparatus arranged to give greater facilities
for the adjustment of the pressure or break power on the bobbin c, without
the necessity of stopping the machine. The tempering "breake" springs
are in this modification placed around the upper portion of the spindle g¹,
and surrounded by the case g³.. As the spindle g¹ passes through and slides
in a bearing in the upper rail of the framing A, more or less compression can
be given by turning the hand wheel y in one or other direction. The hand
wheel y drives the wheel y¹ on a short shaft z, which carries a pinion z', that
gears into a rack on the outside of the case g". It will be easily understood
that the springs within the case g² will be compressed between the upper
portion of the case and the collar on the vertical spindle g¹; this pressure
can be regulated to the greatest nicety without stopping the machine.
This pressure apparatus may be caused to act in a vertical slide, armed
at its lower end with a cone O, (see Fig. 11, Sheet V.,) for the purpose of
causing the levers P which rock on a fulcrum pin in the frame of the
twisting spindle, to clasp the bobbin c that is mounted therein.

page_text: A modification adapted to a frame containing a bobbin placed vertically
therein is shewn at Fig. 12, Sheet V.
Another modification suited to very light work is shewn at Figures 13
and 13*, Sheet III., and consists in placing under the bobbin ca disc wheel g,
which is caused to turn therewith; a spring g* is screwed to the crosshead of
the centre pin, and bears on the under side of the disc wheel g,and has a pin
that enters into a groove made therein. When doubling two or more yarns
together in this machine, the bobbin and spindle shewn at Figures 14 and 14*,
Sheet IV., may be employed for that purpose with the above-described disc
break, but it will be obvious any of the other plans may be adopted.
The lower end of the spindle is intended to be screwed on to the top of the
spindle frame of the regulating draught rollers, and it will be carried and
rotated with them, but a separate cop and bobbin frame flyer and spindle may
also be used for doubling, such as that shewn at Fig. 15, Sheet IV., and in
place of a "tempering" spring or break a compressing finger apparatus
may be employed to check the yarns in running off the bobbin.
Figures 16 and 17, Sheet IV., are front and side views of a modification of
the laying spindle suitable for manufacturing the heavier descriptions of
cordage. The bobbin s, on which the laid cord is to be wound, is carried
within the spindle framer, and rotates with it. On the lower spindle r¹ of the
framer,
is placed the friction drum v, which rests against a collar on the
spindle, and is mounted loosely thereon; it carries on its upper surface a
bevil and spur wheel. The bevil wheel is in gear with another bevil wheel on
the short shaft u, on the other end of which is a pinion w, in gear with a spur
wheel on the shaft of the drum or the bobbin s. A small pinion v¹, which is fast
on a short vertical shaft t, is in gear with the small toothed wheel v² on the
friction drum v. On this vertical shaft t is a worm in gear with a worm
wheel, upon the horizontal shaft æ, and having at its opposite end a pinion in
gear with the teeth of a mangle wheel y, mounted upon a stud axle on the
framer. At the back of this wheely, are pulleys y', from which an alternate
traversing motion can be given to the traveller z, for the purpose of arranging
the cord regularly upon the drum s. This traveller is mounted upon two
horizontal guide rods in the frame r, and is caused to slide thereon by the
band 1, one end of which is fastened to the traveller z, and passing across the
frame and around the guide pulleys is brought down to the pulley y', as
shewn in Figure 16. This "laying" spindle and frame may be mounted in
bearings in the framing of the machine. At the lower part of the frame
there is a pulley 3, by which motion is communicated to the spindle frame,
the whole of the traversing and taking up apparatus being rotated with it.

page_text: More or less motion will be given to the taking up and traversing apparatus
from the bevil and spur gear on the friction drum v, according to the amount
of friction applied thereto by means of the weighted friction band 4, which is
mounted and worked in the same manner as the band 2 in the detached
plan view, Figure 2*, Sheet I. In place of the traveller being traversed by
a mangle wheel y, as in Figures 16 and 17, it may be mounted upon
a guide rod, and traversed by a double screw 1, as shewn at Figures 18
and 19, Sheet IV. This screw is actuated by means of bevil gear from
the horizontal shaft x.
I would here remark, that part of my improved machinery for making
ropes, cords, bands, and lines may be advantageously applied to the manu-
facture of wire ropes, I therefore reserve to myself the right to use it for
such purpose.
Fig. 20, Sheet V, is a diagram view representing my improved mode of
finishing the laid cord, after coming from the machine laying or doubling
machinery above described. The bobbins s, Figs. 1, 2, and 3, on which the
cord has been wound, are separately placed on the pins A, and the cord as it
is drawn from the bobbin passed over a guide roller,and under a roller b, which
revolves in a trough C, containing a solution of gum or other composition such
as is commonly used in dressing yarn or thread. The cord passes out of the
trough C, over guide pulleys d, and the superfluous liquid may either be
squeezed out by suitable grooved pressing rollers, or it may be removed by
means of a rotary brush e; it is then laid round the grooved rollers f,f, in a
helical coil, and is subjected to the operation of the rotary brush g, whereby
the loose fibres will be brushed or laid down. The cord by passing over
another rotary brush g*, and between the polishing rollers h, h, will be made
quite smooth and polished on the surface. It will sometimes be found con-
venient to allow a current of air to pass over the cord, while the brushing
operation is being proceeded with. The cord may also, if desired, be subjected
to a drying process in a chamber, such as that shewn in sectional view at
Fig.21,Sheet V.,in which f, f,are grooved rollers, placed vertically in bearings
within the chamber, and around which the cord or twine is passed to and fro
in a helical coil. Doors are made in the sides of the chamber for the
purpose of obtaining access thereto. The floor of the chamber is formed of
perforated zinc, and through it is forced hot or cold air, which passes over and
in contact with the twine or cord, and escapes by the dome and chimney i,
carrying with it some of the moisture which the cord contains. The air is
introduced into the chamber over the whole surface of the perforated floor; it
is forced by the fan j, into a series of longitudinal pipes, on which are erected

page_text: hollow cones k, their apices being attached to the floor plate /, leaving a
space between that and the bottom of the chamber, which is supplied with
steam from the steam pipes 1, 1. Thus the air within the cones will be
slightly heated, and the cones having a small perforation in the base, the
air as it escapes from the pipes will become slightly heated in its passage
through the cones, and will escape by a small perforation in the apex of the
cone through the plate k*, and will lift up one of the series of valves
in the channel m, and pass through the perforated zinc floor of the chamber,
and by this means a perfect distribution of the currents of air over the whole
surface of the perforated floor will be ensured. If desired the brushing,
striking, or finishing operation may be performed within this chamber or in one
similarly constructed, or brushes may be adapted to the spinning and laying
machine, for the purpose of striking or finishing both the first and second
lay, during the spinning and laying operation.
Having now described my Invention of "Improved Machinery for the
Manufacture of Laid and other Twine, Lines, Ropes, Bands, and other
Cordage, whether made of Hemp, Flax, or other Fibrous Substances, or
of Wire," and having explained the manner of carrying the same into effect,
I claim as the Invention secured to me by Letters Patent,
First, the general arrangement of the parts herein shewn and described, and
also the modes herein set forth of regulating or tempering the tension on the
yarns or strands and cords while being twisted, laid, or wound. I also claim the
combination with the upper and lower system of bobbins and flyers of the
regulating apparatus shewn in Figures 6, 7, and 8, or any modification thereof
whereby after the required twist has been put into the yarns or strands by the
upper system of bobbins and flyers a certain amount is taken out, and the
twist properly regulated throughout the yarns or strands before the latter pass
to the lower system of bobbins and flyers which are driven in the opposite
direction to the upper flyers.
Second, I claim the mode of and apparatus herein set forth for striking
and finishing cord, twine, rope, and other analogous articles.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Bellamy Payne, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, the Thirtieth day of June, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-two.
J. B. PAYNE.
(L.B.)