IMPROVEMENTS IN COKE AND CHARCOAL OVENS, AND IN THE MANUFACTURE OF COKE, PARTS OF WHICH ARE PROAL
Year: 1865

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Morgans, of Brendon Hills, in the County
of Somerset, Engineer, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN COKE AND
CHARCOAL OVENS, AND IN THE MANUFACTURE OF COKE, PARTS OF WHICH ARE
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Morgans at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 27th
September 1865.
I, WILLIAM MORGANS, of Brendon Hills, in the County of Somerset, Engineer,
5 do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN COKE
AND CHARCOAL OVENS, AND IN THE MANUFACTURE OF COKE, PARTS OF WHICH ARE
APPLICABLE TO BREAD, BISCUIT, AND PASTRY OVENS," to be as follows:-
My Invention consists, first, in constructing coke and charcoal ovens with
movable bottoms. I either hinge the bottom to the oven or I make the
bottom of the oven capable of being separated from the upper part, and some-
times mount such lower part upon wheels; in some cases I make one or more
of the sides and ends movable with the bottom.
Second, in fixing coke and charcoal ovens so that they may be tilted to
allow of the charge issuing therefrom.
Third, in constructing coke and charcoal ovens with doors the full width of
the oven, and having floors sufficiently inclined to allow the whole charge
(when one or more doors are opened at the bottom) to slip out, or if the

page_text: charge should jamb, to allow it or portions of it to slide out when freed or
detached with suitable tools.
Fourth, in fitting trunnions to coke ovens in order to their being turned to
render the coking more uniform; or instead of trunnions, in fitting them upon
wheels or upon bearings which allow of the ovens being revolved; the same
trunnions or bearings also allow of tipping the ovens when required for charging
or discharging, or both.
Fifth, in constructing coke ovens with a central core, which is made hollow
and the sides perforated with holes (some of which are under and some abovo
the surface of the coal) which connect with the flues.
Some of the ovens described I prefer to build separate, while others I
prefer to build together' when more than one are required. They may be set
in single rows, or they may be arranged back to back with flues running
between and under the floors as well as on all sides of each oven, or the ovens
may be set radially.
My Invention also consists in constructing coke ovens with apertures to
allow of the insertion of one or more tubes or bars, to be withdrawn at a
suitable time, and the apertures closed in order to form flues through the mass,
communicating with other flues or directly with the stack. The passage thus
formed also enables me to introduce jets of water, steam, or other purifying
agent into the mass for cooling and purifying the coke.
My Invention further consists in removing coke before cooling directly from
the ovens into closed boxes or reservoirs to keep it from contact with the
atmosphere until cold, and sometimes I immerse the closed box with its con-
tents in. cold water, or I allow cold water to circulate through the space
formed by enclosing the closed box in an outside casing, and sometimes I
make apertures in such closed boxes for introducing jets of water, steam, or
other purifying agents, mixed or otherwise, to cool the coke and remove
sulphur and impurities from it; or I perforate the bottom, and in some cases
the top, sides, and ends of such closed chamber, with holes communicating
with pipes, through which I pass the cooling or purifying agent. The boxes
are provided with inlet and outlet apertures and doors, and are sometimes
mounted on wheels and suspended on bearings.
The parts of my Invention which are applicable to bread, biscuit, and
pastry ovens are the fixing of the oven to allow of its being tipped or tilted
and the removable and separable bottoms, which are sometimes hinged or fixed
on wheels and sometimes made to revolve; or instead of this the bottom is
made. to rise and fall. I sometimes apply a liquid joint to the movable
bottoms for my ovens, which I make by forming a trough and attaching it to

page_text: the bottom all round. I fill the trough with liquid, and attach a piece of
sheet tin, iron, or other suitable material, which I term a "dipping plate," to
the sides of the oven in such manner that when the bottom is closed the said
dipping plate" is immersed to any required depth into the liquid contained
in the trough. In this manner access of air into the oven is prevented. I
sometimes apply this liquid joint to the ash-pit under the oven. In some
cases I allow the liquid contained in the trough to evaporate and pass into the
oven to improve the quality or appearance of the coke, charcoal, bread, pastry,
or biscuits, as the case may be; but when the liquid is not to be evaporated,
in order to prevent the beat being conveyed from the oven to the dipping
plate, and from the bottom to the trough, I fix a non-conducting material
between them, or I make the trough and dipping plate of a substance
having a non-conducting property.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said William Morgans in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
27th March 1866.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM
MORGANS, of Brendon Hills, in the County of Somerset, Engineer, send
greeting:
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-seventh day of September, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-six, in the twenty-ninth year of
Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me,
the said William Morgans, Her special licence that I, the said William
Morgans, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I,
the said William Morgans, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should
at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times
thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might
make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "Im-
PROVEMENTS IN COKE AND CHARCOAL OVENS, AND IN THE MANUFACTURE OF COKE,
PARTS OF WHICH ARE APPLICABLE TO BREAD, BISCUIT, AND PASTRY OVENS," upon
the condition (amongst others) that I, the said William Morgans, my executors
or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of
their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature
of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed,
and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within

page_text: Six calendar months next and immediately after the
Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said William Morgans, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement thereof, reference being had to the Drawings hereunto annexed,
that is to say:-
My Invention consists, first, in constructing coke and charcoal ovens with
moveable bottoms for the purpose of discharging them, or for altering the
position of the charge so that it may be more easily got at and removed, and
in some cases for assisting the operation of charging. I either hinge the
bottom to the even or I make the bottom capable of being separated from the
upper part, and sometimes I mount the bottom on wheels; in some cases I
make one or more sides and ends moveable with the bottom.
Figure 1 (Sheet 1) of the accompanying Drawings is a transverse section
(on the line A, B, Fig. 2, Sheet 1,) of a coke oven constructed with a
moveable bottom according to this part of my Invention; Figure 2 is a lon-
gitudinal section (on the line C, D, Fig. 1); Figure 3 is a horizontal section
(on the line E, F, Figure 2); Figure 4 is an end view, and Figure 5 a
plan. The oven here shewn is one of a block formed of two rows built
back to back. a is the oven; b, b, are charging holes covered with lids
c, c; the hole d may be used for levelling the charge; e is the chimney
through which the volatile products escape; f is the moveable bottom, which
is hinged at g, and which is in this case shewn to be brought up in its coking
position by balance weights h, h, suspended to a chain passing over pulleys
i, i, and fastened to the bottom. When the oven is charged the bottom is
held by a catch suspended from a girder k, k. The oven is worked in the
following manner :-After the bottom has been secured by the catch j the
oven is charged and the coal fired; the access of air through the joint around
the bottom may be prevented by the ordinary means, such as stopping it with
clay, or the chamber under the bottom may be temporarily closed, or the
liquid joint hereafter described may be applied. After the charge has been
coked, and it is required to discharge the oven, the catch j is struck so as
to liberate the bottom f, which immediately drops to the position shewn by
the dotted lines m, m, (Figure 2, Sheet 1,) raising the balance weights h, h
The charge then slides off and
in consequence of the weight of the charge.
is removed, so that the balance weights by again descending lift the bottom
to its proper coking position, and when it has been again fastened by the catch
the oven may be recharged and the operation repeated as before.

page_text: A set of ovens of the same class but set radially is represented in Figures
1 and 2 (Sheet 2). Figure 1 is an elevation, part of which is in section, on
the line A, B, (Figure 2); and Figure 2 is a plan, the part A, G, S, of which
is shewn in section on the line C, D, (Figure 1,) and the part G, B, S, in
section on the line E, F, (Figure 1). a, a, a, are the ovens; b; b, b, flues
communicating with the stack S (a damper may be placed on each, as shewn
at n); c, c, are the moveable bottoms hinged at h; d, d, are operating holes ;
e, charging holes covered with the lids f, f. f. These ovens are worked in a
similar way to those last described. Sometimes I build them in one casing.
and mount the whole upon wheels or bearings to turn horizontally, each oven
may then discharge in the same place into trucks or otherwise. I prefer
that the angle which the movable bottom assumes for discharging should be
sufficient to cause the charge to slide off easily; the necessary inclination
will be best decided by practice, as it will be governed very much by the
roughness of the bottom and the class of coal operated upon.
I also prefer
to apply suitable gearing to regulate the descent and rising of the bottom in
order to have more control over the operation; various simple contrivances
may be made to answer this purpose, and when several ovens are built together
one portable apparatus may be arranged to move from one oven to the oth
to work all the moveable bottoms.
Another coke oven with a moveable bottom mounted on wheels is repre-
sented in Figures 1, 2, and 3 (Sheet 3). Figure 1 is a transverse section
(on the line A, B, Figure 2); Figure 3 is a horizontal section (on the line
C, D, Figure 1); and Figure 2 is a longitudinal section (on the line E, F,
Figure 1). a is the oven; 6, the moveable bottom mounted on the wheels c, c, c.
The oven is in this case charged through the hole d, and the gases escape
through the holes e, e, into the flue f, which is in connection with a chimney.
or stack; 9, 9, 9, are dampers. The front part of the oven is in this case
made moveable with the bottom, but if preferred it may form a door to be
closed after the bottom has been run under the oven. When the charge is
coked the bottom is run out on the rails h, h, as shewn in dotted lines m, m,
and the coke removed, or the bottom may be tilted or placed on a tipping
inachine to cause the charge to slide or slip off. The bottom is next run into
its coking position. so that the oven may be again charged. Sometimes I
prefer to place false sides and ends on the bottom, so that it may be charged
outside before running it under the oven. If it be desirable to dispense with
the wheels the bottom may be made to slide out upon skids or in any other
convenient manner.
Figures 6 and 7 (Sheet 1) represent à coke oven with a moveable bottom,

page_text: which is capable of rising and falling. A steam or bydraulic cylinder is shewn
for giving the required motion to the bottom. Figure 6 is a longitudinal
section (on the line A, B, Figure 7); Figure 7 is a horizontal section on the
line C, D, (Figure 6).
a is the oven, which is charged through the hole b (which also allows the
gases from coking to escape); c, c, are operating holes; d is the cylinder for
working the movable bottom g. When the contents of the oven are coked
the bottom is allowed to drop to the position shewn by dotted lines m, m, the.
charge may then be easily got at and removed between the pillars p, p, which
support the oven. This moveable bottom does not free itself of its charge, but
the position of the charge is so altered that it may be removed much quicker
than by taking it out through the doorways ordinarily employed. By slightly
altering the construction of the oven the bottom may be hinged, so that it may
be tipped after it has been lowered and the charge slipped off.
Figure 4 (Sheet 3) is a longitudinal section (on the line A, B, of Figure 5)
of another coke oven with a moveable bottom; Figure 5 is a plan of the
same, part of which is in section on the line C, D, (Figure 4). The partition.
walls i, i, divide the oven into separate ovens or compartments a, a, so that
the charge is divided. To make the moveable bottom C self-discharging, it is
constructed to slope sufficiently towards its circumferance, so 'that when it is
lowered, as shewn by dotted lines m, m, the charge will slip off all around;
the bottom may then be lifted to its coking position, and the oven recharged
through the holes d, d. e is a cylinder for working the bottom with steam or
bydraulic power; f,f, are pillars upon which the oven rests; g is the chimney,
into which the volatile products escape through the passages h, h. The
partition walls may be dispensed with, and the charge broken to slip off if
preferred.
The moveable bottom coke ovens described may be used for carbonizing
wood, and will be worked for that purpose in a similar way to that already
described for coking coal; and when the volatile products are to be preserved,
suitable pipes must be fitted to the oven for their conveyance; but when it is
required that the products of combustion shall not come in contact with the
wood to be carbonized, then it is necessary to apply a fire-place and fire in
connection with the oven, in order to produce heat to decompose and carbonize
the materials contained in it.
Figures 3 and 4 (Sheet 2) represent sections of two ovens with movable
bottoms for this purpose. In Figure 3, a is the fire-grate; b, the oven, which
may be filled through the aperture under the lid c; d is the moveable bottom,
which is hinged at e and trigged up or held with a suitable catch; f,f, are

page_text: tues, and g the chimney. When the contents of the oven' have been suffi-
ciently carbonized the trig is removed or the catch relieved, so that the
bottom falls to the position shewn by dotted lines m, m, ejecting its charge
through a suitable archway formed in the masonry under the oven. The bottom
may be made to close itself when relieved of the charge, and the joint may be
made tight by plastering it with clay and firmly screwing it up against the
bottom of the oven. The volatile products may be conveyed through the
pipe h in the usual manner. Sometimes I prefer to place the fire directly
under the movable bottom.
In Figure 4 (Sheet 2) a is the oven; 6 is the moveable bottom, which is
mounted on wheels c, c, running on the rails d. The fire-place his movable
with the bottom, and the hot gases pass through it, either direct into the fluef,
or they may be first caused to circulate through flues formed in the bottom.
The hot gases (after passing through the bottom) are then allowed to surround
the oven, or to pass through flues f, and subsequently enter the chimney at f¹.
The oven is charged through a hole under the cover g, which is then closed,
and after the wood has been sufficiently charred the bottom is drawn out in
any convenient manner to the position represented by dotted lines m, m. The
charcoal consequently falls into the space i, from whence it is removed, and
after the bottom has been run into its place the oven may be recharged. P
is a pipe to carry off the products of distillation. When this discription of
movable bottom is required for coking coal the fire-place is dispensed with.
In like manner other kinds of movable bottoms may be applied to charcoal
ovens which do not allow the products of combustion to come in contact with
the material to be carbonized. I sometimes form a flue or chamber through
the carbonizer, in which I kindle a fire, and through which I pass the hot
gases from the fire, in order to expose the charcoal moro effectually to the
heat without coming in contact with the combustibles or their products.
Sometimes I make the movable bottoms of the coke and charcoal ovens in
two or more parts, mounted, suspended, or hinged separately; and in some
cases I form flues in the movable bottoms, through which the hot gases are
made to pass to assist in carbonizing, and these flues may sometimes be used
for cooling down the oven; these movable bottoms need not necessarily be
horizontal when in their coking position, they may be inclined if desired.
In some cases I make one movable bottom for two or more ovens, or for one
oven' which is divided by walls or partitions into two or more parts.
My Invention consists, secondly, in fixing coke and charcoal ovens so that
they may be tilted to allow of the charge issuing therefrom; this can be
effected by lifting or by dropping one end or side of the oven, or by lifting one

page_text: part of the oven and at the same time dropping the opposite part by any
convenient apparatus.
1
Several methods I adopt are shewn in the accompanying Drawings.
Figure 6 (Sheet 3) is a transverse section (on the line A, B, Figure 7,) of
one of these coke ovens; Figure 7 is a longitudinal section (ou the line C, D,
Figure 6); Figure 8 is an end elevation, and Figure 9 a horizontal section
(on the line E, F, Figure 6). a is the oven, which is suspended upon bearings
b, b; c is the stack, into which the volatile products escape; the oven may be
charged through the doorways d and d¹, and when its contents have been coked
the large door d may be opened and the oven tilted, as shewn by dotted lines
m, m, until the charge runs out of itself, or its removal may be assisted with
tools if desired. The oven may be then returned to its normal position and
recharged. A rack and pinion r, p, are employed for convenience in tilting the
oven. I sometimes prefer to allow these ovens to be in a sloping position
when coking.
Figures 10 and 11 (Sheet 3) represent another description of coke oven
for tilting. Figure 10 is an elevation, and Figure 11 a longitudinal section
(on the line A, B, Figure 10). a is the oven; b, b, are doors, one of which
is shewn open in the end elevation; this oven is supported on wheels c, c',
which run on inclined surfaces. The volatile products escape through the
hole d; when it is required to discharge the contents of the oven it is drawn
forward (the doors being open), so that the wheels c run down while the
wheels c¹ run up the inclined surfaces, the oven will consequently tip, as shown
by dotted lines m, m, m, so that the charge issues therefrom. The oven may
then be brought to a horizontal position and recharged, or it may be tilted
in a opposite way, as shewn by dotted lines n, n, n, to assist the charging
operation.
Figure 12 (Sheet 3) is a longitudinal section (on the line A, B, Figure 13
(Sheet 3)), and Figure 13 is a plan, part of which is in section (on the line
C, D, Figure 12,) of another coke oven capable of being tilted. a is the oven
suspended on the pivots b, b. The volatile products escape through the
chimney k. When it is required to discharge the contents of the oven the top
part c, c, is removed (this I prefer to do with a crane, the chain of which may
be fastened to the loops d, d). The lower part containing the charge is then
turned upside down (or nearly so), as shewn by dotted lines m, m, so that the
charge falls out. The lower part of the oven is then returned to its coking
position, and after it is again charged the top part is p
_ the process
proceeds as before. A number of these ovens may be arranged in a circle, so
that one crane fixed in the centre may be employed to lift the top from each

page_text: oven. I prefer to enclose these tilting ovens in metal casings, or to bind them
with hoops to prevent their cracking and breaking by use. The tilting coke
ovens herein-before described may also be used for carbonizing wood, as,
however, it is frequently necessary to utilize the volatile matters, in order to
make the oven suited to this purpose, the ovens should be furnished with a
suitable pipe for conveying such matters to the utilizing apparatus instead of
allowing them to pass through the chimney unarrested. When; however, it
is required to carbonize the wood without allowing either combustibles or their
products to come in contact with it (as herein-before explained with reference
to the ovens with movable bottoms), it is necessary to have a fire-place and a
fire in connection with the oven to supply heat for carbonization and decom-
position. The heat from the fire is caused to surround or partly surround
the oven, and sometimes I make the fire-place tilt with the oven, or it may
be made separate, and be either movable or stationary; and in some cases I'
build the fire-place round the tilting oven. When the ovens are suspended
on pivots, the pivots may be formed hollow, so that the products of distillation'
are carried off through them to avoid breaking joints. Sometimes two or more.
of these coke and charcoal ovens may be fitted so as to tilt together, and be
built upon the same bed plate or in the same casing. The joints around the
movable parts may be made tight in the ordinary manner.
My Invention cousists, thirdly, in fitting trunnions to coke ovens in order
to their being turned to render the coking more uniform, or instead of trunnions'
in fitting them upon wheels or upon bearings which allow of the oven being
revolved; the same truunions or bearings also allow of tipping the oven for
charging or discharging, or for both.
Figure 14 (Sheet 3) is a sectional elevation on the line A, B, of Figure 15.
(Sheet 3), which is a horizontal section on the line.C, D, (Figure 14) of an
oven fitted with bearings or trunnions as just described. a is the oven, and
b, b, are the bearings or trunnions on which it is suspended; c is a door for
charging and discharging; d is a flue which will join either of the stacks e, el.
After the oven has been charged and the coking process is going on, the oven.
s turned by any suitable means half round, so that the flue d joins the stack e;
he contents are thus turned upside down, and that part of the oven which
vas before the bottom now becomes the top. This operation may be performed
s often as desired, and when the process is completed the door c may be
pened and the oven turned with its mouth downward, so that the charge falls
ut; the oven should next be turned up, filled, and again placed in its
oking position, the same operation being repeated; the bearings b, b, rest on
irders ff.

page_text: Figure 5 (Sheet 2) is a longitudinal section (on the line A, B, Figure 6
(Sheet 2), Figure 6 is a transverse section (on the line C, D, Figure 5) of
another coke oven mounted on wheels so as to be revolved.
a is the oven,
and b, b, are wheels upon which it is mounted; c is the flue communicating
with the stack e. The oven may be charged through a hole formed in the
door f, and while the charge is being coked the oven may be revolved
occasionally or continually, so that the position of the coal becomes changed
and the heat more uniformly distributed. When the process is completed the
coke may be taken out through the doorway of the door f, and if the bed
plate is suspended upon trunnions the oven may be tipped to discharge itself.
Motion may be given to the oven by causing the wheels b, b, to revolve. By
altering the flue and door this oven may be suspended on trunnions in the
direction of its axis. Two or more of the ovens described for turning the
charge may be built together and in the same casing.
My Invention consists, fourthly, in constructing coke ovens with a central
core, which is made hollow and the sides perforated with holes (some of which
are under and some above the surface of the coal) which connect with the
flues. The core may be made of any shape and size desired, and it may
extend upwards to any required height; it may also be tied to the sides of the
oven by any number of walls, which may divide the charge, and the oven if
required, and separate apertures may be formed for charging and discharging
each division.
The volatile matters which escape from coal when being coked are not
often utilized, but when it is necessary to do so, the ovens herein described
should be furnished with a suitable pipe or pipes or passages to convey them
to the utilizing apparatus. Some of the ovens described I prefer to build
separate, while others I prefer to build together when more than one are
required. Any number may be set in rows, or they may be arranged back
to back, built in blocks or set radially, but each description of oven may be
built separately. Flues may be formed through and under the floors as well
as on all sides, and through and over the top of each oven if required.
My Invention also consists in constructing coke ovens with apertures to
allow of the insertion of one or more tubes or bars, to be withdrawn at a
suitable time and the apertures closed in order to form flues through the mass,
communicating with other flues or directly with the stack. The passages
thus formed not only serve to admit air to the materials in the oven when
required, and to carry off the products evolved while coking, but they also
enable me to introduce jets of water, steam, or other purifying agent (liquid,
gaseous, or solid, mixed, or otherwise) into the mass for cooling and purifying

page_text: the coke when required. I form these apertures in the sides, ends, roof, or
floor of the oven, or in and through the doors or covers used for closing the
usual openings of coke ovens.
Figures 1 and 2 (Sheet 4) shew a coke oven to which this part of my
Invention is applied. Figure 1 is a longitudinal section (on the line, A, B,
Figure 2); Figure 2 is a front elevation, part of which is in section on the
line C, D, (Figure 1). a, a, are the apertures with the tubes or rods b
passing through them, and the oven c, which may be charged through a
suitable hole at the top, or it may be both charged and discharged through
the doorway c, which may be walled up or closed with a door d on hinges.
The ends of the tubes or bars fit into the holes e, e, which enter the flue f,
communicating with the stack g. When the tubes are withdrawn (which
may be done at any suitable stage of the operation) they leave passages.
through the contents of the oven, as herein-before explained.
Figures 3 and 4 (Sheet 4) represent another oven with which these tubes
or bars are used. Figure 3 is a side elevation, partly in section (on the line
A, B, Figure 4), and Figure 4 is an end elevation, partly in section (on the.
line C, D, Figure 3) of another coke oven in which tubes or bars are used.
a, a, are the tubes or bars passing through apertures and crossing the oven b,
which may be charged through the holes c, c, and unloaded at the ends, which,
can be walled up, as shewn at d, for each charge; the ends of these tubes or
bars fit into holes which connect with the flue e, e, on either side of the oven,.
running into the main flues f, which may connect with a suitable chimney..
These tubes or bars are withdrawn at any required time to leave passages
through the mass. For large ovens the arch 9, 9, may be dispensed with and
the contents covered with dust as is usual.
The advantages of applying these tube or bar flues to coke ovens are that
the coal is coked more uniformly, and simple means are afforded of coking
greater depths of coal if required than can be satisfactorily accomplished by.
the ordinary method. These advantages are principally attained in con-.
sequence of the passages which the tubes or bars form, serving to carry off
readily the evolved products from any part of the charge near them. Another
advantage is that the oven may be supplied with air and the like, and the,
contents of the oven may be uniformly exposed to the influence of agents for
cooling and purifying the coke, and for submitting it thoroughly to any other,
process for its manufacture when required. These tubes or bars can be made
any size and shape and manufactured of any material, but I prefer to use a
suitable metal. They need not necessarily be laid horizontally; in some
cases I prefer to apply them vertically, in other cases inclined, and they may
of

page_text: cross and intersect each other, or they may be set radially or laid in any other
required direction. Sometimes I perforate the tubes or bars to admit of pass-
ing steam, liquid, or gas (mixed or otherwise) into the charge before the tubes
or bars are withdrawn. A small roller may be placed on the oven under the
tube or bar to facilitate its insertion and removal, and sometimes I cause the
tube or bar to revolve when in the oven, or I turn it occasionally. Tubes or
bars may be passed through the doors connected with the oven if necessary,
and any of the holes through which they are placed may be used for charging,
operating, or any other purpose.
When the tubes or bars are made of refrac-
tory material and perforated, they may be allowed to remain in the oven until
the coking process is completed.
My Inventiou further consists in removing coke before cooling directly from
the oven into closed boxes or reservoirs, to keep it from contact with the
atmosphere until cold, which closed boxes or reservoirs I sometimes enclose
in an outside casing, leaving a space between, through which I pass cold water,
or I make the closed boxes with apertures for introducing jets of water, steam,
or other purifying agent (liquid, gaseous, or solid, mixed or otherwise), to cool-
the coke, and remove sulphur and impurities from it; or I perforate the bottom,
and in some cases the top, sides, and ends of such closed boxes with holes
communicating with the pipes or passages, through which I pass the cooling
or purifying agent. The boxes are provided with suitable inlet and outlet
apertures and doors, and I sometimes mount them on wheels and suspend them
on bearings. These closed boxes enable me to cool the coke (at the same time
protecting it from the action of the atmosphere), without reducing the tem-
perature of the oven, and damaging it with sudden changes of temperature,
and when the boxes are provided with apertures for introducing, cooling, and
purifying agents, or when the bottom is perforated for the same purpose, they
not only enable me to cool but also to purify and improve the quality and
appearance of the coke without affecting the oven. When the closed boxes
or reservoirs are suspended on bearings, I sometimes make the bearings
bollow and pass the cooling or purifying agent through theni; the bearings
also serve for tipping out the coke, and when mounted on wheels, one box
or reservoir may be made to serve for several ovens.
The parts of my Invention which are applicable to bread, biscuit, and pastry
ovens are the fixing of the oven to allow of its being tipped or tilted, and the
movable and separable bottoms, which are sometimes hinged or fixed on wheels,
and sometimes made to revolve, or instead of this the bottom is made to rise
and fall. The ovens may be heated by fire, coal or other gas, superheated
steam, or any other process, and when the oven is tilted, the part containing

page_text: the combustibles or other source of heat may be made to move with it, or it
may be made separate or movable independently of the oven. When the
ovens are furnished with movable bottoms, I sometimes make such movable
bottom in two or more separate parts. In some cases the fire is placed under
or in the movable bottom, or flues may pass under or through it, and when
the bottom is made to revolve Í sometimes cause it to move at a regular speed,
so that after the articles to be baked are placed on it, sufficient time elapses
until they come opposite the "taking out" aperture to bake them.
Figure 5 (Sheet 4) is a longitudinal section (on the line A, B, Figure 6,
Sheet 4) of a baker's oven with a movable bottom according to my Invention;
Figure 6 is a transverse section (on the line C, D, Figure 5). a, a, is the
oven, which is in this case formed of a metal casing and heated by the fire
placed in the grate b. The hot gases pass under, over, and on either side of
the oven, through the flues c, c, c, into the chimney S. The articles to be
baked are placed on the movable bottom d, which is mounted on the wheels e, e.
The end of the oven and the space under the movable bottom are closed by
the door f,f. When the baking is completed the door f is opened, and the
movable bottom drawn out on the rails 9, 9, as shewn by dotted lines m, m;
the baked articles are then removed, and after another lot has been placed on
the botton may be again run into the oven, and the door closed as before.
The rails are hinged at h, so that part of them may be lifted or dropped to
allow of opening the door f.
Figure 7 (Sheet 4) is a section of another baker's oven with a movable
bottom. The oven a is heated with gas, which burns in jets, as represented,
inside the movable bottom b, b. The bottom is in this case caused to rise and
fall by turning the pinion c, gearing into the rack e, fastened on the pillar f.
This pillar supports the movable bottom, and also serves as a pipe passing
through the stuffing box 9 for conveying the gas to the chamber in the movable
bottom, the upper part of which is perforated with holes, through which the
gas escapes to be burned in the chamber above. The products of combustion
pass through the holes s, 8, 8, into the flues h, h, and then into the stack k.
,, are pillars to support the sides of the oven. When the articles to be
baked are ready to be put into the oven the bottom 6 is lowered, as shewn by
dotted lines m, m, and after they are arranged on the bottom it is again
raised. The edge of the bottom may be made to fit the sides of the oven
accurately, so as to prevent the escape of steam, or it may be clayed. The
gas jets may be lighted through the holes s, s, when the bottom is lowered,
and air may be admitted into the upper chamber to support the combustion of

page_text: the gas through pipes p, p, communicating with the external atmosphere.
j is a stop-cock to regulate the supply of gas.
Figure 8 (Sheet 4) is a section (on the line A, B, Figure 9, Sheet 4) of
another baker's oven with moveable bottom, and Figure 9 is a horizontal section
(on the line C, D, Figure 8). This oven is also shewn as heated by gas.
a, a, is the oven; 6 is the movable bottom, which is made to revolve by the
cog wheels c, c, one of which is fastened on the revolving shaft d, or revolution
may be imparted in any other convenient manner. The gas passes up the
pipe e, which works in the stuffing box f, and revolves with the bottom 6; the
gas then passes under a perforated plate, and is ignited above. The products
of combustion heat the oven and pass off through the centre pipe g, which
may be made to revolve with the bottom b. Friction rollers may be placed
under the revolving bottom; four are in this case used, three of which are
shewn in Figure 8, one (in dotted lines) at i, and two at h, h. The pillars p, p,
support the bottom b, and air can be admitted round the edges of the revolving
bottom to support the combustion of the gas. The articles to be baked may
be placed on the bottom through the aperture j, which can be closed by a door;
when baked they may be taken out through the same doorway, and the bottom
may be made to revolve at such speed that one revolution is sufficient time to
effect the baking; or other apertures may be made, and the bottom may be
caused to revolve either by hand or otherwise, and either constantly or occa-
sionally, and at various speeds, as the attendant may think fit. If preferred,
the articles to be baked may be placed on and removed from the bottom or
radial or other shaped trays. In like manner other descriptions of movable
bottoms may be made to rise and fall, to revolve, tip, and otherwise move; but
those described will be sufficient to explain the nature of this part of my
Invention. I sometimes apply a liquid joint to the movable bottoms for my
coke and other ovens, which I make by forming a trough and attaching it to
the bottom all round. I fill this trough with liquid, and attach a piece of
sheet tin, iron, or other suitable material, which I term a dipping plate," to
the sides of the oven, in such a manner that when the bottom is closed the
said dipping plate is immersed to any required depth into the liquid contained
in the trough. In this manner access of air into the oven is prevented.
I sometimes apply this liquid joint to the ash-pit under the oven.
In some
cases I allow the liquid contained in the trough to evaporate and pass into
the oven to improve the quality or appearance of the coke, charcoal, bread,
biscuits, or pastry, as the case may be, but when the liquid is not to be
evaporated, in order to prevent the heat being conveyed from the oven to the
66

page_text: dipping plate, and from the bottom to the trough, I fix a non-conducting
material between them, or I make the trough and dipping plate of a substance
having a non-conducting property. The liquid joint may also be applied to
ovens having movable tops, as represented in Figures 12 and 13 (Sheet 3), in
which case the dipping plate will be attached to the movable top all round.
And now having described the nature of my said Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, I declare that I do not limit myself to
the precise methods or arrangements herein-before described and represented
in the accompanying Drawings of hinging the movable bottoms of ovens, of
mounting the bottoms upon wheels, of causing the bottoms to revolve, to rise
and fall, or to separate from the upper part, and of fitting the ovens so as to
tilt or to revolve or turn over, nor to the contrivances described for working
the movable bottoms, or tilting, or revolving, or turning over the ovens, as they
may be variously modified without departing from the main features of my
Invention, neither do I confine myself to any particular shape, size, class, or
general arrangement of the ovens or flues, and the chimneys, doors, and
dampers connected with them; what I claim is,
Firstly, constructing coke and charcoal ovens with movable bottoms, sub-
stantially in the manner and for the purposes herein-before described, and
represented in the accompanying Drawings.
Secondly, fixing coke and charcoal ovens so that they may be tilted, sub-
stantially in the manner and for the purposes herein-before described, and
represented in the accompanying Drawings.
Thirdly, constructing and fitting coke ovens so that they may be turned to
render the coking more uniform, substantially as bercin-before described, and
represented in the accompanying Drawings.
Fourthly, constructing coke ovens with a central core, which is made
hollow and the sides perforated with holes (some of which are under and some
above the surface of the coal) which connect with the flues, substantially as
herein-before described.
Fifthly, constructing coke ovens with apertures to allow of the insertion of
tubes or bars to be withdrawn at a suitable time; substantially as and for the
purposes herein-before described, and represented in the accompanying
Drawings.
Sixthly, removing coke before cooling directly from the oven into closed
boxes or reservoirs, substantially as and for the purposes herein-before
described.
Seventhly, constructing bread, biscuit, and pastry ovens so that they may
be tilted or tipped as herein-before described.

page_text: Eighthly, constructing bread, biscuit, and pastry ovens with movable or
separable bottoms, substantially as and for the purposes herein-before described,
and represented in the accompanying Drawings.
Ninthly, the employment in coke, charcoal, bread, biscuit, and pastry ovens
of a liquid joint, substantially as and for the purposes herein-before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Morgans, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Twenty-fourth day of March, One thousand eight
hundred and sixty-six.
WILLIAM MORGANS. (L.S.)