AN IMPROVEMENT IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER."
Year: 1857

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Cowdery Martin, of Fern Cottage, Charlewood
Road, Putney, in the County of Surrey, Naval Architect, for the Inven-
tion of "AN IMPROVEMENT IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Cowdery Martin
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
20th April 1857.
I, JOHN COWDERY MARTIN, of Fern Cottage, Charlewood Road, Putney, in
the County of Surrey, Naval Architect, do hereby declare the nature of the
said Invention for "AN IMPROVEMENT IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER," to be
as follows:-.
The nature of my Invention for "An Improvement in the Manufacture of
Paper" consists, firstly, in preventing the creasing to which paper is liable in
the process of rolling or glazing in the web or length; and, secondly, in rolling
and glazing a wide web of paper in its passage from the drying cylinders to the
cutting machine, by an arrangement of short rolls, obviating the use of long
rolls, which are liable to spring or drop towards the middle of their length.
To prevent the creasing of paper, one roll or glazing surface of a pair of
rolls or glazing surfaces is covered with a sheet or covering or fixed surface

page_text: extending round it to just before that point at which the paper receives its
pressure, but not necessarily resting upon or in contact with the roll or glazing
surface. This fixed curved surface might also be placed by the side instead of
over the roll. The web of paper to be rolled or glazed is to be first drawn or
carried by the motion of the rolls against the outside of the fixed surface, tho
latter, when it extends round the roll, being between the paper and the moving
surface of the roll. The web of paper is then, in its passage over the fixed
surface, covered with a sheet or covering, extending over and clasping the wob
and fixed surface, and moveable at discretion.
To roll or glaze the wide web of paper by the arrangement of short rolls,
the web is divided longitudinally a short distance before entering the rolling or
glazing machines, theroby making two or more divisions of the web, the
several divisions of the web being kept parallel, but each alternate division
being lifted over or passed under one of the standards of the machines which
roll or glaze the division of the web next to it. To give one pressure to the
paper, a pair of rolls or a glazing machine to be used to every division of the
web, placed, where the web is divided into only two parts, in such a manner
that one machine shall roll or glaze its own division of the web, but one
machine behind the other, and the ends running beyond cach other in the
direction of their length. The standards of one or other pair of rolls or glazing
machine, or both where convenient, or each alternato machine, or every
machine where convenient, when the same division of the web passes through
more than one machine to receive more than one pressure, to be placed on
beams or bearers extending over the width of both divisions of the web to
allow a free passage for the paper under them, and to prevent the edge of that
part of the web rolled or glazed by the preceding or succeeding rolls or glazing
machine from coming in contact with them.. When the web is divided into
three widths, and three machines are used to roll or glaze the same, they may
bo'placed so that each is to roll. or glaze its own division of the web, but two
beside "each other, and the one behind or before the two. The two beside
each other, or the single machine, or all three where convenient, to be raised
'on beams or bearers extending over the width of the three divisions of the
web to allow a free passage of it under the standards; and these arrangements
may be repeated when more than three machines are used.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said John Cowdery Martin in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
20th October 1857.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHN
COWDERY MARTIN, of Fern Cottage, Charlewood Road, in the County of
Surrey, Naval Architect, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twentieth day of April, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven, in the twentieth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me,
the said John Cowdery Martin, Her special licence that I, the said John
Cowdery Martin, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others
as I, the said John Cowdery Martin, my executors, administrators, and assigns,
should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at
all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully
might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for
"AN IMPROVEMENT IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER," upon the condition
(amongst others) that I, the said John Cowdery Martin, my executors or
administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of
their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature
of the said Invention, and, in what manner the same was to be performed,
and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said John Cowdery Martin, do hereby
declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement thereof, reference being had to the Drawings hereunto
annexed; that is to say :-
The nature of my Invention for an improvement in the manufacture of
paper consists, firstly, in preventing the creasing to which paper is liable in
the web or length during the process of rolling or glazing; and, secondly, in
rolling and glazing a wide web of paper in its passage from the drying cylinders
to the cutting machine, by an arrangement of short rolls, obviating the use of
long rolls, which are liable to spring or drop towards the middle of their
length.
To prevent the creasing of paper, one roll or glazing surface of a pair of

page_text: rolls or glazing surfaces is covered with an apparatus consisting of a fixed
curved surface made of a sheet of copper, or any other suitable material, and
lined with any soft material to prevent rubbing or injury of the roll. The
fixed curved surface or covering extends round the roll to just before that
point at which the paper receives its pressure, but it need not necessarily rest
upon or be in contact with the roll or glazing surface. The web of paper to
be rolled or glazed is to be first drawn or carried by the motion of the rolls
against the outside of the fixed curved surface, the latter, when it extends
round the roll, being between the paper and the moving surface of the roll.
The web of paper is then, in its passage over the fixed curved surface,
covered with a sheet or covering of leather, cloth, or other suitable material,
extending over and clasping the web and fixed surface, and moveable at
discretion. The fixed curved surface may also be placed just before instead of
over the roll, in which case the paper would pass directly between instead of
first going round the roll. The fixed curved surface may, if preferred, be used
without the covering to the paper. When the paper passes between more
than two rolls placed one above another, and in contact with each other, that
part of each roll, which would be covered with the paper, is to be fitted with
the fixed curved surface.
To roll or glaze the entire web of paper by the arrangement of short rolls,
or rolls, less than its width, the web must be divided longitudinally a short
distance before entering the rolling or glazing machines, thereby making two
or more divisions of the web as found convenient, the several divisions of the
web being kept parallel, but each alternate division being lifted over or passed
under one of the standards of the machine which roll or glaze the division of
the web next to it. To give one pressure to the paper, a pair of rolls or a
glazing machine is to be used to each division of the web, and placed, where
the web is divided into only two parts, in such a manner that one machine
shall roll or glaze its own division of the web, one machine being bebind the
other, and the ends running beyond each other in the direction of their length.
The standards of one or other pair of rolls or glazing machine, or both where
convenient, or each alternate machine, or every machine where convenient,
when the same division of the web passes through more than one machine to
receive more than one pressure, are to be placed on bearers extending over the
width of all the divisions of the web, so as to allow a free passage of the paper
under them, and prevent the edge of that part of the web rolled or glazed by
the preceding rolls or glazing machine from coming in contact with tho
standards. The machines may, however, all be placed on one level without
using the beams or bearers, in which case both or all divisions of the web may

page_text: be conducted over the machines. When the web is divided into three widths,
and three machines are used to roll or glaze the same, they are to be placed
so that each is to roll or glaze its own division of the web, but two besido
each other, and the one behind or before the two; and this arrangement of
machines may be repeated or extended according to the number of divisions
and glaze of paper required.
Figure 1 of the Drawings annexed show a part of the standards of an
ordinary glazing machine with three rolls, of which d, d, is the upper roll,
and d', d', the second; the thick black line c shews the fixed surface extending
round and over the upper roll to the point h, fixed to the standards by the
bar g, to which it is attached. The thick black line c' shows the fixed curved
surface applied to the second roll d', d¹, extending round that part of the roll
covered by the paper to the point i, and fixed to the standards by the bar g',
to which it is attached; b, b, b, b, b, shew the web of paper as it passes over
the fixed surfaces c and c', and between the rolls, and the arrows show its
direction. a, a, a, shew the moveable covering to the paper over the upper¸
roll d, d, secured in its place by means of a bar passed through a loop in either
end, and held down by the hooks e and the racks f (e, e, and f, f, on Figure 2).
screwed to the standards; a', a', show the moveable covering to the paper over
the second roll d', d', secured in its place by means of a bar passed through a
loop in either end, and held down by the hook e¹ and the rack f¹ (e¹, e', and
ff, on Figure 2); m, m, m, shew the manner of placing the fixed surface c
with the paper passing over it when used at the side instead of over the roll,
in which case the fixed surface c to the second roll would be on the opposite
side. Figure 2 is a front elevation of Figure 1, to which the same letters and
explanations apply.
Figure 3 of the annexed Drawings shews a side elevation of an arrangement
of rolling or glazing machines to obviate the use of long rolls in rolling or
glazing a wide web of paper. f.f.f.f, are machines with ordinary glazing
rolls, of which cach alternate machine is placed on the beams e, e, e, e;
a, a, shew the undivided web as it leaves tho drying cylinders of the paper-
making machine; b, b, b, b, shew that portion of the divided web which is
carried over a part of each alternate machine, and between the rolls of those
placed on beams; c, c, c, c, shew that portion of the web passed between the
rolls of those machines placed on the ground under the beams e, e, e, e, and
part of each alternate machine, and the arrows shew the direction of the paper;
'd, d, d, d, d, d, d, d, d, d, d, d, d, d, are guide rolls to carry the paper in its
required position. Figure 4 shews a plan, and Figuro 5 an end clevation of
Figure 3, to which the same explanation and letters apply.

page_text: Figure 6 of the annexed Drawing shows a side elevation of the machines
ffff, shewn in Figure 3, and with the same plan as in Figure 4, all placed
on the same level, but with each division of the web passed between the rolls
of one machine and over a part of the next machine to it; a, a, is tho
undivided web; b, b, b, b, b, b, is one portion of the web, and c, c, c, c, c, c, the
other, and the arrows shew the direction; d, d, d, d, d, d, d, d, d, d, d, d, d, d,
are guide rolls to carry the paper in its required position. Figure 7 is an end
elevation of Figure 6, to which the same letters and explanation apply.
Having now described the nature of my said Invention, and the manner in
which the same may be performed, I wish it to be understood that what I
claim as the Invention, whereof the exclusive use is intended to be secured by
the said Letters Patent is,―
Firstly, the preventing, by means of the fixed curved surface and covering
to the paper above described, the creasing to which paper is liable in the
process of rolling or glazing in the web or length.
And, secondly, the rolling and glazing of paper, in the web in divisions, by
the arrangement of rolls, as herein described.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Cowdery Martin, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Nineteenth day of October, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven.
JOHN C MARTIN (10)
JOHN C MARTIN (1)