IMPROVEMENTS IN DYNAMOMETERS
Year: 1876

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Hermann Killiches, of Lemberg, in Galicia, for the
Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN DYNAMOMETERS."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Hermann Killiches at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 28th June 1876.
HERMANN KILLICIES, of Lemberg, in Galicia. " IMPROVEMENTS IN DYNAMOMETERS."
Apparatus constructed according to this Invention is chiefly applicable for
indicating and continuously registering the tractive force of a locomotive, and is
connected to the hooks between the tender and the first carriage instead of the screw
coupling.
The apparatus is actuated by means of an endless cord passing round a pulley
keyed on the tender axle and tightened by pulley appliance.
The tractive force acts on a spiral spring by lever appliance, and as the spring is
being stretched it moves a sliding bracket, which serves as a guide or holder to a
small wheel that can slide on its square spindle; this spindle is fitted with a worm,
which gears with a worm wheel on the spindle of a counting appliance. A disc is
provided formed with a stem that can slide in a bush fitted with a grooved pulley
which receives revolving motion by a cord from the tender axle. The flat end
surface of this disc is pressed against the edge of the aforesaid small wheel by means
of a weak spiral spring in the bush of the dise; the disc is, for the sake of better
adhesion against the wheel, coated with leather or india-rubber. When the draught
is nil and the spring at rest the small wheel touches the disc exactly in the centre ;
to ensure this the guide or holder for the small wheel is adjustable on its spindle
by means of nuts. In this central position the small wheel is not moved; but if
the tractive spiral spring is stretched the small wheel is pushed out of its central
position relatively to the disc, and is dragged on by friction by the latter, and that
the quicker the more it is pushed away from the centre of the disc. The number
of revolutions of the small wheel is thus proportionate to the tractive force and the
proportionate extension of the tractive spiral spring.
The maximum pull of, say
The spring is made of the very best material.
5,500 kilograms, cannot be exceeded because of a stop and the strength within the
limit of elasticity, which is, say, 800 kilograms.
Another object of this apparatus is to measure the duty of the locomotive in
Price 1021

page_text: order to give premiums to the engine-drivers according to the economic consumption
of fuel.
The direct measurement of the pull by dial dynamometer is of no practical utility,
because the shock-like pulls which are caused by the crank movement cause
vibrations of the dial hand, and thus prevent an exact reading. But the apparatus
here described fulfils the desired object perfectly.
According to a modified arrangement the apparatus is driven from the tender
axle by means of worm and worm wheel. A worm in two halves is keyed on the
tender axle and gears into a worm wheel on a spindle which transmits motion to
the apparatus. This spindle rests at one end in a bracket clasping the tender axle
and having a rod continuation clasping the spindle at some distance from the
tender axle. The other end of the spindle rests in a bracket in two halves, which
clasps a recessed part of a projecting stud on the frame of the apparatus so as to be
able to turn on its axis but not slip off.
Movement is transmitted from the spindle to the dynamometer by bevel gearing.
The worm wheel has a feather and a spindle, a corresponding long groove for sliding
therein, so that the movement can be transmitted for all positions of the apparatus.
As the reduction of speed of, say, 16 to 1, is in this case already effected outside the
apparatus, the above-described worm and worm wheel on the apparatus itself is left
out, and instead of that ordinary cone gear is substituted.
Although I have here described apparatus applied to locomotives it is obvious
that it may also be adapted for any other draught power or for any rotary shafting.
The apparatus described is applicable for measuring human, animal, or other motors,
but must, of course, be in proportion to the greatness of the respective powers.
For measuring the power transmitted by shafting the apparatus described is also
applicable when two coupled cranks are connected to the shafting. A tooth wheel
fixed on the shafting close to or on one of the crank bosses gears with a wheel on
the spindle of the dynamometer, which serves as a guide for the disc; this latter
wheel takes the place of the grooved pulley aforesaid. By like diameters of the
two wheels the disc will make one turn for each turn of the shafting.
Some machinery, such as marine engines, mining engines, and rolling mills, turn
sometimes one way and sometimes the opposite way; for such
apparatus must be arranged both for pushing and for pulling.
purposes the
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by the
said Hermann Killiches in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 28th December
1876.
HERMANN KILLICHES, of Lemberg, in Galicia. "IMPROVEMENTS IN DYNAMOMETERS."
Apparatus constructed according to this Invention is chiefly applicable for
indicating and continuously registering the tractive force of a locomotive, say in
hectometer tons, and is connected to the hooks between the tender and the first
carriage instead of the screw coupling.
And in order that this Invention may be more fully understood I will now
describe the same with reference to the accompanying five Sheets of Drawings.
Figure 1, Sheet I., is a full size side elevation, Figure 2 an end elevation, and
Figure 3 a plan section on line C, K, Figure 1, of an apparatus constructed according
to this Invention.
Figure 4, Sheet II., is a vertical section through line E, F, Figure 1.
Figure 5, a vertical section through line H, I, Figure 1.
Figure 6 is a back view of the apparatus; and
Figure 7 shows it applied between the tender and the first carriage.
The apparatus is actuated by means of an endless cord passing round a pulley
keyed on the tender axle and tightened by pulley appliance, as shown on Figure 5,
Sheet 2.

page_text: 8
The tractive force acts on a spiral spring, Figuro 1, by lever appliance, and as the
spring is being stretched it moves a sliding bracket a, which serves as a guide or
holder to a small wheel b that can slide on its square spindle c; this spindle is fitted
with a worm, which gears with a worm wheel on the spindle of a counting appliance.
A discs is provided formed with a stem that can slide in a bush fitted with a
grooved pulley, which receives revolving motion by a cord from the tender axle.
The flat end surface of this disc s is pressed against the edge of the aforesaid small
wheel b by means of a weak spiral spring in the bush of the disc s; the disc is for
the sake of better adhesion against the wheel coated with leather or india-rubber.
When the draught is nil and the spring at rest the small wheel b touches the disc 8
exactly in the centre; to ensure this the guide or holder a for the small wheel b is
adjustable on its spindle by means of nuts. In this central position the small
wheel b is not moved. But if the tractive spiral spring is stretched the small
wheel is pushed out of its central position relatively to the disc, and is dragged on
by friction by the latter, and that the quicker the more it is pushed away from the
centre of the disc 8. The number of the revolutions of the small wheel is then propor-
tionate to the tractive force, and the proportionate extension of the tractive spiral
spring.
As here shown the leverage is as one to eight for a tractive force of 1000
kilogram, the pull on the spring is 1000 =125 kilogram.
70
T88 T40
The extension of the spring would be 8 millimeter per 125 kilogram pull. The
worm and worm wheel gearing is as one to sixteen. The units on the dial are
intended to indicate hectometer tons. The diameter of the driving tender wheel is
taken as one meter. For every hectometer of road travelled the driving wheel and
by like diameters of the pulleys for the endless cord the disc s makes 31,832
revolutions. The radius of the small wheel b must be such that the spindle e
when the small wheel b is moved 1257/m out of the central position by 31,832
revolutions of the disc s makes 16 revolutions; honce =1257 × 31832=25,008/"
The proportions of the apparatus here shown are based on these conditions, vizt.,
an extension of the spring of 6.4 / per 100 kilogram, load or pull, and a wheel
diameter of 1 meter. When the extension of the spring is different the diameter
of the small wheel b must be different also. Should the diameter of the wheel not
be 1 meter, then the numbers read off on the scale or dial must be multiplied with
a proportional number equal to the diameter of the wheel in order to obtain the
real greatness of the effective power.
m
The maximum pull of, say,
The spring is made of the very best material.
5,500 kilograms, cannot be exceeded because of a stop and the strength within the
limit of elasticity, which is, say, 800 kilograms.
h is a cord tightening appliance for preventing a gliding of the cord and a
slackness of the same when the apparatus is not in tension.
Another object of this apparatus is to measure the duty of the locomotive in
order to give premiums to the engine-drivers according to the economic consumption
of fuel. This is always a difficult thing to do, because not only the speed of the
train and the greatness of the inclines have to be taken into account, but also the
direction of the load transport, the making up of the train of empty and full
carriages, the direction of the wind, the condition of the wheels, and the means for
lubrication, the conditions of the upper part of the carriages, and other things,
which all, as yet, could not be determined in figures. By the apparatus here
described all these things can be determined exactly, as it shows the real tractive
power or duty of the engine, and this bears a definite proportion to the fuel
expenditure for a certain class of engine.
The direct measurement of the pull by dial dynamometer is of no practical utility,
because the shock-like pulls which are caused by the crank movement cause
vibrations of the dial hand, and thus prevent an exact reading. But the apparatus
here described fulfils the desired object perfectly.
Besides, it must be noticed that the moving power is not usually in equilibrium
with the resistances, for it happens on pieces of road where the resistances. aro

page_text: smaller, that by a gradual increase of speed an accumulation of vis viva takes place,
which is later on also gradually consumed in overcoming increased resistances, and
this is not indicated by the dynamometer. Even by low speeds, where the readings
are tolerably exact, these do not give the true value of the resistances; it is therefore
clear that it is better not to ascertain the pull itself, but. the actual duty or power
during a certain time and distance; from this the true mean values are casily got
by calculation. The influence of the shocks from the crank, which cannot ordinarily
be observed because of their quick succession, are by this apparatus taken perfectly
into account, and it is therefore possible to solve the question about the true value
of the separate factors which influence the train resistances.
On Sheet III. is shewn another mode of driving the apparatus, Figure 8 being a
side view, Figures 9 and 10 part plans, Figure 95 plan section through line A, B,
Figure 8; Figure 11 a vertical section through line E, F, Figure 10, Figure 12 a
cross section through G, H, Figure 10, Figure 13 a cross section through I, K,
Figure 10, and Figure 14 an end view of the worm shewn on Figure 10.
According to this modified arrangement the apparatus is driven from the tender
axle by means of worm and worm wheel. A worm in two halves is keyed on the
tender axle A, and gears into a worm wheel on a spindle 7, which transmits motion
to the apparatus. This spindle rests at one end in a bracket clasping the tender
axle, and having a rod continuation m clasping the spindle at some distance from
the tender axle. The other end of the spindle rests in a bracket in two halves,
which clasp a recessed part of a projecting stud on the frame of the apparatus, so
as to be able to turn on its axis but not slip off.
Movement is transmitted from the spindle . to the dynamometer by bevel
gearing. The worm wheel has a feather and a spindle, a corresponding long groove
for sliding therein, so that the movement can be transmitted for all positions of the
apparatus. As the reduction of speed of, say, 16 to is in this case already effected
outside the apparatus, the above-described worm and worm wheel on the apparatus
itself is left out, and instead of that ordinary cone gear is substituted.
Although I have here described apparatus applied to locomotives it is obvious
that it may also be adapted for any other draught power or for any rotary shafting.
The apparatus described with reference to Sheets I., II., and III. is applicable for
measuring human, animal, or other motors, but must, of course, be in proportion to
the greatness of the respective powers.
For measuring the power transmitted by shafting the apparatus described is also
applicable when two coupled cranks are connected to the shafting, as shown on
Sheet IV., Figure 15 being a side view partly in section, and F gure 16 a vertical
cross section on line F, G, Figure 15. A tooth wheel o fixed on the shafting close
to or on one of the crank bosses gears with a wheel p on the spindle of the dyna-
mometer, which serves as a guide for the dises; this latter wheel p takes the place
of the grooved pulley aforesaid. By like diameters of the two wheels the disc 8
will make one turn for each turn of the shafting. Let N be the number of horses'
power transmitted by the shafting: n, the number of revolutions per
minute; P, the
power acting on the dynamometer lever; a, the angle formed by the direction of this
power and the axial direction of the dynamometer spring; Q, the power acting on
the dynamometer; ", the radius of the small wheel 6; R, the distance of the point
where the power is applied to the dynamometer from the centre of the shaft,
v, the circumferential velocity per second corresponding to the radius R; then
2 = R n
2=
60
P
=
75 N
บ
and Q
1 P sec. a.
A case may be assumed where N=200, n=100, R= 6m v= =6283, P=2381,
a=22°, and Q=2575 kilogram.
Let the apparatus be so arranged that a duty P v=10,000 kilogrammeter corre-
wanda with a unit on the counter: bence one revolution of the wheel b.

page_text: When the pressure point of the crank traverses 10 meter the shaft makes 2.05
revolutions with a radius of 6 meter.
Under the above supposition that the diameters of the wheels o and p are alike
the disc s will also make 2-65 revolutions, and the condition must be fulfilled that
the small wheel b makes exactly one revolution when it is shifted 12"/m out of the
centre of the discs and the latter makes 2.65 revolutions.
Then r=265 × 12=31-8/m
Some machinery, such as marine engines, mining engines, and rolling mills, turn
sometimes one way and sometimes the opposite way. For such purposes the
apparatus must be arranged both for pushing and for pulling. This arrangement is
shewn on Sheet V., Figure 17 being a side view, the small wheel b being in the
centre of the disc; Figure 18 a part side view showing some parts in a different
position corresponding with a shifting of the small wheel b to one side. Figure 19
is also a part side view, showing some parts in a different position answering to a
shifting of the small wheel b to the opposite side; Figure 20 is a vertical section at
line C, D, Figure 17; and Figure 21 is a vertical section at line A, B, Figure 17.
A pin d, by means of which the pulling power is transmitted to the spring, is
connected to the lever g by fitting in a forked portion of the latter.
When the apparatus is exposed to a pull the pin fabuts against the casing of the
apparatus, and the lever g causes by its prolongation h the shifting of the small
wheel b, Figure 18.
When the spring is in a state of rest the bolt a abuts simultaneously against the
lever and the casings.
When the apparatus is exposed to pressure the lever g presses on the bolt f by
means of the connecting rods i on both sides of the spring, while the bolt d abuts
against the casing (Figure 19) and thereby causes the extension of the spring, the
Binall wheel b at the same time being shifted to the other side. K, K, are guides
for the rods i.
It makes no difference to the counting apparatus whether the impulse of move-
ment comes from one side or the other, as the figures always go forward.
And having thus fully described the nature of this Invention, I declare that I
claim―
Firstly. The mode substantially as here described of registering draught power
continuously by means of a counting apparatus.
Secondly. The construction of apparatus as and for the purpose here described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Hermann Killiches, have hereunto set my hand
and seal, this Twenty-third day of December, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and seventy-six.