IMPROVED APPARATUS APPLICABLE TO THE REFRIGERATING, VENTILATING, OR COOLING OF RECEPTACLES FOR MEAT AND OTHER PERISHABLE FOODS
Year: 1878

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Daniel Tallerman, of Cannon Street, in the City of
London, Merchant, Edward Augustus Gruning, of Gresham House, Old Broad
Street, in the City of London, Architect, and Archibald Davis Dawnay, of
Queen Street, in the City of London, Civil Engineer, for the Invention of
"IMPROVED APPARATUS APPLICABLE TO THE REFRIGERATING, VENTILATING,
OR COOLING OF RECEPTACLES FOR MEAT AND OTHER PERISHABLE FOODS."
Sealed the 9th July 1878, and dated the 9th January 1878.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Daniel Tallerman, Edward
Augustus Gruning, and Archibald Davis Dawnay at the Office of the Com-
missioners of Patents on the 9th January 1878.
DANIEL TALLERMAN, of Cannon Street, in the City of London, Merchant, EDWARD
AUGUSTUS GRUNING, of Gresham House, Old Broad Street, in the City of London,
Architect, and ARCHIBALD DAVIS DAWNAY, of Queen Street, in the City of London,
Civil Engineer.
"IMPROVED APPARATUS APPLICABLE TO THE REFRIGERATING,
VENTILATING, OR COOLING OF RECEPTACLES FOR MEAT AND OTHER PERISHABLE
FOODS."
In order to preserve meat and other perishable food according to this Invention,
we provide an air refrigerating apparatus of peculiar construction, which we connect
with the receptacle for the food, and this receptacle we also put into connection with
an exhaust, in order to maintain the circulation of cold air around and amongst the
food to be preserved.
We erect upon suitable girders and brickwork in a vault or other suitable place
adjacent to, or in the receptacles or chambers to be cooled, as may be most con-
venient, a series of very thin cast or wrought iron or other pipes, in parallel lengths,
connected at both their extremities by bonnet bends. Each length of pipe is laid at
an inclination, first to left, and then to right, or vice versa, as circumstances may
necessitate, and also at an inclination transversely, so that any moisture created on
their interiors may run towards the lowest point, and pass away into a syphon

page_text: box or pot connected thereto by a pipe or otherwise. We place by preference the
inlet at the lowest end of the lowest pipe and the outlet at the upper end of the
highest pipe.
There may be an apparatus for each separate chamber, or one apparatus may cool
several, according to the size of the chambers to be cooled.
At the inlet end we construct a dish kind of iron vessel, which we term an air
receiver, and to which the inlet pipe or pipes are attached by a trumpet mouthed
or other form of funnel. The object of the air receiver is to cool the air as it is
drawn into the pipes, and to afford a substantial fixing for the trumpet mouth,
the trumpet month being to enable the air to be freely drawn.
In case of necessity we affix to the front of the air receiver, a series of vertical
trays, or wire or other screens, filled with charcoal, coke, dry or prepared wool, or
other purifying material for the purpose of filtering or purifying the air before it
passes into the coils.
The air receiver may be made to hold one or any number of inlets.
The air passing from the outlet of the refrigerating coil empties itself into the
chamber to be cooled or ventilated, the pipe being also fitted with a trumpet mouth,
and from each chamber we fix an exhaust or draw-off pipe, which if there be more
than one chamber to be cooled is attached to a general exhaust main of larger
dimensions.
We enclose the refrigerating coil-generally with a sheet iron or other conveniently
constructed tank or other receptacle or grating. This tank is filled with ice or some
other cold-producing substance or mixture, the pipes being wholly or partially
covered therewith.
At the end of a draw-off pipe, or at some suitable point in a general draw-off
main, an exhauster to be driven by steam or other power in the usual manner is
applied, or a fan or blower may be connected to the inlet end of the coil to
blow the air through; in such case the draw-off pipe is brought round to the
fan or blower, and connected. therewith, so that a constant circulation is kept
up by the blower propelling and drawing the air through simultaneously.
Where there are several refrigerating coils and chambers, we place an air-tight
valve between each draw-off pipe and the general exhaust main, so that one or more
may be worked together as needed. The several refrigerating coils are also con-
nected, so that one or two may be worked into one chamber, and between each
coil we also place a similar valve, so that the several sets may be worked on the
bye pass system.
We also increase the intensity of cold in the coil chambers by creating a vacuum
therein by means of an air or other pump connected to a convenient part
thereof, and which is worked by the exhaust engine or by a separate apparatus or
engine.
In applying our Invention to railway wagons, we construct the coil tank, as
before described, over the body of the wagon, and fix the pipes therein upon cross
bearers; an inlet funnel in the end of the waggon is inserted to admit the air under
the roof, which then passes over the tank, and is drawn in at the coil funnel through
the coil, and into the waggon.
The exhaust funnel is fixed in the floor or side at the end farthest from the
inlet, and is worked from an excentric driven by a band attached to a wheel fixed
upon the axle of one of the waggon wheels, or in any other suitable and convenient
manner; or we apply to the roof any one of the known exhaust cowls or archime-
dian ventilators, and thus derive power without mechanismu attached to the wheel
axles.
We effect the circulating system by fitting to the exhauster in addition to the
discharge pipe a pipe passing up through the waggon into the space over the ice
tank, and by placing close-fitting disc covers upon all the inlet and outlet funnels
to be opened or closed as may be need, or by air-tight valves as described for the
chamber coils.
The ice or cooling material tanks may be open at the top or covered.

page_text: We form the outer roof or cover of the waggons with timber in movable parts
to slide or open as lids, and in two thicknesses, with a space between, open at the
ends for the free passage of air.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said Daniel Tallerman, Edward Augustus Gruning, and Archibald Davis
Dawnay in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 9th July 1878.
DANIEL TALLERMAN, of Cannon Street, in the City of London, Merchant, EDWARD
AUGUSTUS GRUNING, of Gresham House, Old Broad Street, in the City of London,
Architect, and ARCHIBALD DAVIS DAWNAY, of Queen Street, in the City of London,
Civil Engineer. "IMPROVED APPARATUS APPLICABLE TO THE REFRIGERATING,
VENTILATING, OR COOLING OF RECEPTACLES FOR MEAT AND OTHER PERISHABLE
FOODS."
In order to preserve meat and other perishable food according to this Invention,
we provide an air refrigerating apparatus of peculiar construction, which we connect
with the receptacle for the food, and this receptacle we also put into connection with
an exhaust, in order to maintain a circulation of cold air around and amongst the
food to be preserved.
We erect upon suitable girders and brick work in a vault, or other suitable place
adjacent to, or in the receptacles or chambers to be cooled, as may be most conve-
nient, a series of very thin cast or wrought iron or other pipes, in parallel lengths
connected at both their extremities by bonnet bends. Each length of pipe is laid
at an inclination, first to left and then to right, or vice versa, as circumstances may
necessitate, and the coil of pipes meet also at an inclination transversely, so that
any moisture created on their exteriors may run towards the lowest point and pass
away into a syphon box or pot connected thereto by a pipe or otherwise. We place
by preference the inlet at the lowest end of the lowest pipe, and the outlet at the
upper end of the highest pipe.
There may be a cooling apparatus for each separate chamber, or one apparatus
inay cool several, according to the size of the chambers to be cooled.
At the inlet end we construct a dish kind of iron vessel, which we term an air
receiver, and to which the inlet pipe or pipes are attached by a trumpet-mouthed
or other form of funnel. The object of the air receiver is to cool the air as it is
drawn into the pipes, and to afford a substantial fixing for the trumpet mouth, the
trumpet mouth being to enable the air to be freely drawn.
In case of necessity we affix to the front of the air receiver a series of vertical
trays, or wire or other screens, filled with charcoal, coke, dry or prepared wool, or
other purifying material, as heretofore practised, for the purpose of filtering or
purifying the air before it passes into the coils.
The air receiver may be made to hold one or any number of inlets.
The air passing from the outlet of the refrigerating coil empties itself into the
chamber to be cooled or ventilated, the pipe being also fitted with a trumpet mouth;

page_text: and from each chamber we fix an exhaust or draw-off pipe, which, if there be more
than one chamber to be cooled, is attached to a general exhaust main of larger
dimensions.
We enclose the refrigerating coil generally in a sheet iron or other conveniently
constructed tank or receptacle. This tank is filled with ice or some other
cold-producing substance or mixture, the pipes being wholly or partially covered
therewith.
At the end of a draw-off pipe or at some suitable point in a general draw-off
main and exhauster to be driven by steam or other power in the usual manner is
applied, or a fan or blower may be connected to the inlet end of the coil to blow
the air through; in such case the draw-off pipe is brought round to the fan or
blower and connected therewith, so that a constant circulation is kept up by the
blower propelling and drawing the air through simultaneously.
Where there are several refrigerating coils and chambers, we place an air-tight
valve between each draw-off pipe and the general exhaust main, so that one or
more may be worked together as needed. The several refrigerating coils are also
connected, so that one or two may be worked into one chamber, and between each
coil we also place a similar valve, so that the several sets may be worked on the bye
pass system.
We also increase the intensity of cold in the coil chambers by creating a vacuum
therein by means of an air or other pump connected to a convenient part
thereof, and which is worked by the exhaust engine or by a separate apparatus
or engine.
In applying our Invention to railway vans or waggons, the coil tank we place
in the upper part of the body of the waggon, and fix the pipes therein upon
cross bearers; an inlet funnel in the end of the wagon is inserted, to admit the
air under the roof, which air then passes over the tank, and is drawn in at the
coil funnel, through the coil and into the wagon.
The exhaust funnel is fixed in the floor or side at the end farthest from the inlet,
and is worked by a crank driven by a band from a pulley fixed upon the axle of one
of the wagon wheels, or in any other suitable and convenient manner; or we apply
to the roof any one of the known exhaust cowls or archimedian ventilators, and thus
derive power without mechanism attached to the wheel axles.
We carry out the circulating system by fitting to the exhauster in addition to
the pipe which discharges into the air, a pipe passing up through the wagon into
the space over the ice tank, and by placing close-fitting disc covers upon all the
inlet and outlet funnels to be opened or closed, as may be needed, or by air-tight
valves, as described, for the chamber coils.
The ice or cooling material tanks may be open at the top, or covered.
We form the outer roof or cover of the wagons with the tumbler in moveable parts
to slide or open as lids, and in two thicknesses with the space between, open at the
ends for the free passage of air.
In the accompanying Drawings,-
Fig. 1, Sheet I., is a plan view of a refrigerating coil and tank, constructed
according to our Invention.
Fig. 2 is a longitudinal elevation of a similar coil, showing cooling tank with
girder supports in section.
Fig. 3 is an end elevation of 4 refrigerating coils, showing in section the cooling
tanks, and the mode of mounting and fitting up the same.
Figures 4 and 5 show the construction of the air receiver, being a front elevation
and a sectional side elevation, showing connection of trumpet mouths to receiver.
In Sheet II. of the Drawings, we have shown in plan and sectional elevations
three preserving chambers fitted with our refrigerating apparatus.
Fig. 1 is the plan of the chambers and apparatus; Fig. 2 is a sectional elevation
on the line a, b, and Fig. 3 is a sectional elevation on the line c, d.
In following out the description of Sheets I. and II., it will be found that the
same letters on the several Figures refer to the corresponding parts of the apparatus ;

page_text: a is the air receiver or dished vessel, constructed of wrought iron, and set up verti-
cally this vessel is fitted with vertical wire screens a¹, a', to receive and retain
the air-purifying material; b, b, are the trumpet-mouth funnels, which convey the
air into the coils; c, c, c, are the pipes forming the serpentine coils; d, d, d, are girders
or bearers laid at an inclination to ensure the moisture condensed in the coils
finding its way to the lowest point which should invariably be at the inlet. The
pipes and bends may be of any desirable size and thickness; j, j, j, are piers support-
ing the girders d, d, d, but in some cases they may bear on columns or in a wall; e, e, e,
are air-tight valves placed at convenient positions for shutting off any one of a
series of coils when necessary, or any one of the draw-off pipes connected with the
exhaust main; ff. f, are the ice or freezing mixture tanks, set on an incline trans-
versely to facilitate drainage. In the freezing mixture of these tanks, the pipes c, c,
are embedded; the ice may however be piled up from the floor below and around
the pipes, and not necessarily in tanks; g, g, are passover connecting pipes, to
enable two coils to be worked into one preserving chamber when desired, these are
also furnished with valves to shut off the passage of air when not in use; h, h, are
outlets towards the chambers; i, i, are the trumpet-mouth exits into the chambers;
k, k, are the draw-off pipes connected to the exhaust main; m, m, are trumpet-
mouth inlets to the draw-off pipes; 1, 1, 1, is the exhaust main through which the
air is drawn by the exhauster n; o, is an engine which works the exhauster; r, r,
are the syphon pots connected to the coils by the drip pipes 8, 8, through which
the coil pipes are drained; t, t, are drain pipes or syphon pipes fixed to the ice or
other tank.
The engine and exhauster may be placed at any point along the exhaust main,
as may be convenient. The coils of pipes bear upon cast-iron chairs upon the floors
of the chambers, but they may be supported in any other way desirable.
Having described the various parts of the apparatus, we now proceed to
describe the working. On the exhauster being set in motion, a vacuum is created
in all the chambers, and air is thereupon drawn through the coils embedded in
freezing mixture, and consequently cooled in its passage into the chambers; it is
then drawn off through the pipes k, k, and l, l, before described, and passed off into
the outside atmosphere. The temperature of the chambers is in this manner
lowered to any degree of cold needful.
By the opening and closing of the various valves, any one of the chambers may
be worked, or all may be worked simultaneously.
We also provide a set of pipes q, q, which may be connected to the exhauster
exit, and to the inlets of the receiver, so that a continuous circulation of the same
air may be effected if desired.
In
In
We will now describe the application of our Invention to railway vans.
Sheet III. we have shown a railway van with the refrigerating apparatus complete.
Fig. 1 is a longitudinal vertical section of the van; Fig. 2 is a half plan of coil, and
half plan of ice tank doors, and Fig. 3 a transverse vertical section of the van.
these Figures, a, a, a, are the pipes forming the coil; b is the inlet pipe from the
outer air; c is the inlet to the coil; d, the exit trumpet mouth into the interior of the
car; e, e, is the ice or freezing mixture tank of wrought iron; f, f, are the iron covers
of the same, opening upwards or in any other convenient manner; g, g, are iron
bearers supporting the coil of pipes, and also forming the substructure of the tank;
h is the pipe leading to the exhauster; i is the exhauster; j is the exit of the same
or discharge pipe; k is a pulley keyed to one of the wheel axles; l is a driving-
strap passing around pulley k, and transmitting rotary motion to a pulley m, which
pulley is keyed to a cranked axle carried by brackets, pendent from the bottom of
the van; by the rotation of the cranked axle the exhauster is worked; n is the cir-
culating pipe to be used when it is required to circulate the same air continuously
through the same apparatus; o, o, are moveable wooden covers forming the outside
roof of the van, and which are made in sections to admit of easy removal, and
fastened down by catch-books and studs.
The method of working is as follows:-The tank is filled with ice or other

page_text: freezing mixture, and on the van being sent forward on its journey, the motion of
the wheel-axle communicates motion to the parts k, l, m, which work the piston of
the exhauster, but any other form of exhauster may be used if thought desirable;
the air is drawn in at the inlet b, and passes over the top of the tank, becoming
partially cooled in its passage; it is then drawn through the coil a, a, out at the exit
d, into the van, and thence into the inlet h, and is passed by the exhauster out into
the atmoshere. To effect a continuous circulation of the same air, we provide to
each of the trumpet mouths b, b, d, q, p, circular covers which may be opened and
closed at pleasure. On closing b and p, it will be evident that the air may be
drawn into the exhauster from the van, and continuously circulated through the
cooling apparatus.
We prefer to construct the body of the vans with inner and outer boarding,
having either a non-conducting lining between, or a clear air space, but we also
apply our Invention to any ordinary covered van without double boarding.
Having now set forth the nature of our Invention of "Improved Apparatus appli-
cable to the Refrigerating, Ventilating, or Cooling of Receptacles for Meat and other
Perishable Foods," and explained the manner of carrying the same into effect, we
wish it to be understood that under the above in part recited Letters Patent, we lay
no claim to the use of exhausters or blowers for causing cold air to circulate
through preserving chambers, but what we claim as our Inventton is,―
The arrangement of refrigerating coils, ice tanks, air receiver, and draw-off
pipes, as described with reference to Sheets I. and II. of the Drawings.
Secondly. The arrangement of refrigerating coil ice tank and circulating pipes in
connection with an exhauster, as described with reference to Sheet III. of the
Drawings.
In witness whereof, I, the said Archibald Davis Dawnay, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, the Ninth day of July, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and seventy-eight.
ARCHIBALD DAVIS DAWNAY. (L.S.)