IMPROVEMENTS IN COMMUNICATING MOTIVE POWER, WHICH ARE APPLICABLE TO WORKING SIGNALS AND BREAKS ON RAILWAYS, AND ALSO IMPROVEMENTS IN COMMUNICATING INTELLIGENCE, SIGNALS, AND MOTIVE POWER BY THE AGENCY OF VOLTAIC ELECTRICITY
Year: 1847

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, 1, WILLIAM
SYKES WARD, of Leeds, in the County of York, Gentleman, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at West-
minster, the Second day of September, in the eleventh year of Her reign, did,
for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said William
Sykes Ward, my exors, adñors, and assigns, Her especial license, full power,
sole privilege and authority, that I, the said William Sykes Ward, my exors,
adñiors, and assigns, or such others as I, the said William Sykes Ward, my
exors, adiñiors, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from
time to time and at all times during the term of years therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within that part of
the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland called England, and Her
Majesty's Dominion of Wales, and Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and also
within the Islands of Guernsey, Jersey, Alderney, Sark, Man, and all Her
Majesty's Colonies and Plantations abroad, save and except Her Majesty's
Provinces of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick, and Island of Prince
Edward, in North America, my Inventions of "IMPROVEMENTS IN COMMUNICATING
MOTIVE POWER, WHICH ARE APPLICABLE TO WORKING SIGNALS AND BREAKS ON
RAILWAYS, AND ALSO IMPROVEMENTS IN COMMUNICATING INTELLIGENCE, SIGNALS, AND
MOTIVE POWER BY THE AGENCY OF VOLTAIC ELECTRICITY;" in which said Letters
Patent there is contained a proviso requiring that I, the said William Sykes
Ward, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of my Invention,

page_text: and in what manner the same is to be performed, by an instrument in writing
under my hand and seal, to be inrolled in Her said Majesty's High Court o
Chancery within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the
now reciting Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference being thereunto
had, will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
William Sykes Ward, do hereby declare that my said Inventions, and the
manner in which the same are to be performed, are herein-after particularly
described, reference being had to the several Drawings hereunto annexed, and
the letters and figures marked thereon.
One of my improvements in communicating motive power consists in the
application, of shafting as a means of communicating circular, motion from onc
carriage of a railway train to other carriages in the same train, which I effect
by means of rods moving in suitable slides, and having springs attached so as
to extend the rods in like manner as the buffers of the carriages, each system
of rods having a portion in the centre capable of revolving on suitable bearings
attached to the framework of the carriage or carriage wheels, and connected
by universal joints with the sliding portion of the rods, and which sliding
portion revolves in and is supported by bushes placed on springs so as to give
à little play both laterally and vertically. At each end of such system of rods
is placed either an universal joint capable of being attached to a similar joint,
or a portion of a hollow cone, with a spike in the centre and teeth or claws on
its outer edge, so that two carriages on which such rods are applied being
coupled together, such cones on the adjacent system of rods are pushed toge-
ther and will be held in contact by the springs and form a coupling joint
capable of communicating circular motion from one system of rods to another,
so that such systems of rods, which I shall herein-after call torsion rods, will,
when the carriages to which they are attached are coupled, form a continuous
line of shafting. It must be observed that such torsion rods will be extensible
or compressible in length, and also yield laterally according to the motion of
the carriages, but will when turned on their axes communicate circular motion.
I apply such system of torsion rods for communicating signals between the
guards and engine drivers of railway trains, affixing one or two such rods
under or at a convenient part of the carriages composing a train, so that
motems of such rods forming a continuous shafting may give simultaneous
motion to discs or wheels placed in the carriages occupied by railway guards,
and also to similar discs or wheels placed upon the tender or engine, under the
inspection of the drivers, pulleys being fixed upon the centre portions of the
shafting under the carriages to and from which communications are intended

page_text: to be made, and which pulleys are geared by elastic bands,. with corresponding
pulleys in or upon such carriages, suitably placed for being turned by the
guard or engine driver, and. also observed by him, if motion be communicated
from any other part of the train, thus affording a means of communicating a
limited number of useful signals. My Invention may be more clearly under-.
stood by reference to the Drawing, Figure 1, Sheet I., in which A represents
the central portion of a shaft revolving in bushes B and B; C and C, are
universal joints, the construction of, which is well known; D, D, and D, D, are
rods on which the cross. pieces E and E respectively slide, and to which are
attached the rods F, F, sliding into the necks G and G, which necks revolve in
the bushes at H and H... On the ends of the rods F, F, are placed hollow cones
of metal at Land I, with teeth on the edges; within the cones are spikes K, K,
for the purpose of guiding the cones and teeth together, and which pass into
the rod E made hollow for the purpose. In Figure 7 is chewn an enlarged
view of two of the cones pushed, together and shewn as a section, so that the
manner in which the spikes are intended to pass into the rods may be more
fully seen. On the centre rod A is placed the grooved pulley L; M, M, are
springs formed of elastic bands of vulcanized india rubber, which tend to force
the ends of the rods outwards. The bushes at H, H, are supported on springs,
as shewn in Figure 2, Sheet II. The pulley. L (Figure 1) is geared with
another pulley in the interior of the carriage, as shewn in Figure 3, or on the
tender. N represents a disc painted so that its motion may be readily
observed, and having a handle for the purpose of turning it round.
Figure 4 is shewn an arrangement by which the gearing of the discs may be
left moderately slack so as to avoid friction when the same are only required
to receive signals, and the band may be considerably tightened by the guard
giving additional pressure at A when he requires to communicate a signal,
B being the spiral or other spring for maintaining the ordinary pressure.
have drawn the rods D, E, and F, in Figure 1, in order that the principle of
my Invention may be easily understood. I, however, believe that in practice
it will be advantageous to substitute a tube, of the form of which a section is
shewn in Figure 5, in the interior of which the cross piece E will slide.
.
In
I
I do not consider it necessary now to specify any signals, as it is obvious
that by such torsion rods the discs may be turned to the right or to the left,
continuously or interruptedly, so as communicate a number of preconcerted
signals; and catches may be added to the disc so as to set in motion an alarum
or strike a bell.
In Figure 6 is represented some of the carriages of a railway train and a
tender, shewing the intended method of attachment. Such systems of torsion

page_text: rods might be attached to various parts of railway carriages, but, for uniformity,
and in a great measure to avoid injurious lateral motion, I prefer that such
rods be placed centrically and immediately above the axles of the wheels; the
bearings or bushes of the rods may be attached to the carriages themselves,
but as many railway carriages are constructed with framework connected with
the bearings of the axles, I prefer attaching the bearings of the torsion rods
to such framework. I also apply torsion rods similar to those before described,
for communicating motion from one railway carriage to the adjoining carriages
of the same train, so that the guard or breaksman may, in addition to working
the breaks of the carriage on which he is riding, by such communicated
motion work the breaks on such adjoining carriages; and I apply this method
either to the breaks in ordinary use, which are easily capable of being put
into action by the circular motion communicated by such system of torsion
rods, or as a means of actuating the breaks next herein-after to be described.
Another of my improvements in communicating motive power consists in
employing the motion of the railway train for working railway breaks; for such
purpose I apply a wheel or pulley to one of the axles of the carriage, and fix
another wheel or pulley loosely on the same axis, so as to be readily brought
into gear with the first-mentioned pulley, and that such pulley shall by a chain
force the break into contact with the wheels of the carriage, the size of the
pulleys being so adapted as to slip when sufficient pressure has been communicated
to the break, thus bringing the breaks to bear with rapidity and certainty, and
by a slight application of power by the breaksman. The foregoing application
may be more distinctly understood by reference to Sheet II., Figure 1, in
which A represents a pulley or disc of iron, fixed on the axis of a pair of
ordinary railway carriage wheels; B is a pulley turning loosely upon the axis
of the wheels, and having a long hollow axis C fluted so that the section of
it would represent a rack, and connected with the pulley E; the pinion D
works into the fluted grooves C. A chain is fixed to the pin F, and the other
end of such chain communicates with an arm or lever of breaks, applying to
the wheels, as shewn in Figure 2; and I prefer that such arm be made of
tempered steel, so as to act as a spring, a spring being added to keep the break
away from the wheels when its action is not required. It will readily be
understood that when the pulley B is not pressed against A, it will quietly
revolve on the shaft without producing any effect; but that when, by means of
the pinion D, B is pressed against A, the chain will be partially wound on
the pulley F, in whichever direction the wheels revolve, and the break brought
into operation, when the adjacent surfaces of the pulleys A and B will slide
on each other, the power communicated to the break being proportionate to

page_text: the pressure communicated by the pinion D; the pinion D will be placed on
a shaft, to be worked by the guard in the ordinary manner, or in connection
with the torsion rods herein-before described.
It has been proposed to connect the breaks with the buffers of railway car-
riages, so that when the buffer springs are compressed the breaks will be
brought into action against the wheels; thus, in a long train furnished with
such self-acting breaks, as each preceding carriage is pressed by the succeeding
carriages, the buffers will put the breaks into action, and the train be quickly
stopped. The moving backwards a train provided with such breaks would be
very inconvenient, without some provision for quickly throwing such breaks
out of gear with the buffers,. therefore another of my Inventions is the
application of torsion rods, as herein-before described, arranged so as to with-
draw bolts or connecting pieces.
The manner in which I arrange such torsion rods may be understood by re-
ference to Figures 3, 4, and 5, Sheet II., in which like letters are used, and parts
representing springs are colored blue. Figure 3, Sheet II., is a sketch of the
buffers on one side of a railway carriage, for the purpose of shewing a method
of concentrating the action of the four buffers of a railway carriage on one
piece A. In Figures 4 and 5, Sheet II., A represents the last-mentioned piece,
acting upon the lever B, E, which moves on a joint at C upon two strong
upright pieces fixed on the shaft D, and which shaft communicates motion to
the breaks; on the end of the said lever is formed a small inclined plane at E,
so as to push away the bolt F, when the same is not prevented moving, as
herein-after mentioned; the said bolt F moves in a suitable hole or slot made
through the uprights, and has connected with it the spring H, for the purpose
of bringing it it back; the spring I (Figure 5) tends to return the lever B, E,
which latter has a segmental arm G, to prevent the said bolt F passing behind
it. K represents a pulley placed upon the central part of what I call torsion
rods; L is a piece pressed upon the said pulley by the spring M, and which
serves to raise the catch O on the end of the crank or bent lever N. The
mode of action of such apparatus is as follows:-In the first place, if K be
not turned previously to the buffers of the carriage to which such apparatus is
applied being pressed in, the piece A presses on B, which, remaining firm,
causes the breaks to be put in action; but if by the torsion rods the pulley K
be turned in the direction designated by the arrow, the catch O is raised, and
when the piece A presses on the lever B, E, the bolt F is forced out, conse-
quently there is no action on the breaks. A spring should be also applied to
keep the breaks, when not in action, from pressing on the wheels, but which,
to avoid confusion, is not shewn in the Drawings.

page_text: One of my improvements in communicating intelligence by the agency of
voltaic electricity consists in the employment of coils of copper wire vibrating
around the poles of permanent magnets, so arranged that two coils are used
in the same circuit, both of which coils, when unexcited, lean against stops,
and that, when excited by a current, one coil leaves the stop while the other is
pressed more firmly against its own stop, one only of the coils moving
according to the direction of the current, such coils being used to indicate
signals in like manner as has been hitherto practised with astatic needles.
The arrangement I prefer for the last-mentioned purpose may be more
clearly understood by reference to Sheet III., Figure 1, in which is represented
a coil of copper wire, insulated by a covering of cotton or silk wound upon
itself in the form of a parallellogram. I make such coils by winding the wire
upon a parallellogram of wood about three inches long and half an inch thick,
and of about twice the width of the coil intended to be made, slightly tapered
towards one side to facilitate the taking off the coil. I wind a layer of the
insulated wire upon such parallellogram and slightly cement it with shell-lac;
I then wind another layer of wire upon the first, which is again cemented, and
so on until sufficient wire has been added. For delicate instruments I prefer
to use wire between the one hundredth and the two hundred and fiftieth of an
inch in diameter. I find about thirty feet a convenient length for the wire of
such coils, but less or much greater lengths may be used. The coil being
carefully removed from the block on which it has been formed, two bent
needles are attached to the sides to form pivots, having the points of
the needles a little above the centre of the gravity of the coil, and which
needles are adjusted by bending, so that the coil may hang perpendicularly.
The needles or pivots answer best when made of platina. Around
the pivots a portion of the uncovered end of the wire is wrapped so as
to dip into mercury placed in small conical holes in which the ends of
the needles are supported. Instead of making the connection by mercury,
or for greater certainty of continuity of circuit, the wire of the coil may
communicate with the support by means of a piece of very fine wire, as
shewn on one of the coils in Figure 2, Sheet III., herein-after more par-
ticularly referred to.
In Figure 1, Sheet III., one of such coils is represented supported on needles
or bent wires at A, B, and which needles dip into small cups of mercury on
the top of the supports C, D.
A
:
In Figure 2, Sheet III., are represented two such coils, within which is
placed a permanent horse-shoe magnet. Stops are added at E, F, and G, so
that the coil H, when unexcited, or when excited by an electric current passing

page_text: in one direction (say sillistrorsum), may slightly lean upon the stop E, when
excited by a current passing dextrorsum, may move against the stop F. In
like manner the coil I, will, when unexcited, or excited by a dextrorsum
current, lean against the stop G, when excited by a sinistrorsum current, will
move against F.
Figure 3, Sheet III., is a bird's-eye view, in which are shewn the wires
in connection with the supports and with the electric circuit.
Such arrangement as shewn in Figure 2 may be used in connection with
the commutator or key board herein-after described to communicate tele-
graphic signals in the well-known manner in which repitition or combination
of two movements is made to represent the letters of the alphabet, and for
which purpose only a single electric circuit need be used. In many
cases it is preferable to use a double circuit. For this purpose I prefer
the arrangement shewn in IV., in which Figure 1 represents the com
plete instrument covered with its case, on which is figured the alphabetic
system; I prefer the coils being visible through a square aperture in the centre
of the case.
The arrangement of the alphabet may be better understood by the follow-
ing example:-The letter A is indicated by one motion of the upper coil on
the left hand; G, by two motions of the upper right-hand coil; N, by one
motion of the lower left-hand coil, followed by one motion of the upper left
hand; V, by the simultaneous motion of both left-hand coils. The single
motion of the lower right-hand coil indicates the letter Q, but when such coil
is held from its stop, the mark, designating the end of a word, is intended,
and such coil may be held until the word be acknowledged from the recipient
instrument. The symbols indicating figures are given by motions of the
lower coils, one of the upper coils being held from its stop continuously during
the time occupied by such motions. Figure 2 represents the front of the
instrument, the case being removed. Two coils are placed immediately above
two other coils, and on these are placed beads at 1, 2, 3, and 4, to catch the
eye. Four of the supports, A, B, C, and D, are shewn, the four corresponding
ones being behind the coils. The coils 3 and 4 are supported, as shewn in
Figures 2 and 3, of Sheet III. The coils 1 and 2 are similarly supported,
except that the supports are screwed into the back of the instrument, and the
stops are placed above instead of below the coils. Magnets M 1, M2, M3, and
M 4, have their ends placed within their respective coils. M 1 and M2 have
the marked ends or north poles placed upwards; M 3 and M 4 have the south
poles upwards; K 1, K 2, K 3, and K 4, are stops or buttons of the key board,
herein-after more particularly described, to be pressed down by the fingers

page_text: of the operator, making suitable communications with the electric circuit
for respectively putting in motion the coils 1, 2, 3, and 4.
Figure 1, Sheet V., is a view of the back of the instrument, shewing some
of the connections of the wires with the supports of the coils and the key
board. Figure 2, Sheet V., represents a bird's-eye view of the instrument.
Figure 4, Sheet III., represents a bird's-eye view of the key board removed
from the instrument, in which P and Z are strips of metal put into suitable
communication with the platinode and zincode of the battery used. Figure 5,
Sheet III., represents a side view of one of the keys, in which A and B
represent strips of brass, both of which act as springs, separated by a slip of
rosewood; C is a spring touching B, so as to put it in communication with
the platinode when the key is depressed, but not otherwise; K is a button
screwed into A, and having a stem, putting it into communication with the
zincode when the key is depressed, but not otherwise. B is in metallic com-
munication with A 2, Figure 4, by a small strip of metal concealed in the
frame of the key board. In like manner each upper strip A is in metallic
communication with the lower strip B of the corresponding pair, as shewn by
dotted lines. The pieces of brass, D1 and D2, serve as well as stops to
prevent the keys rising too high, as also for the purpose of establishing
an electric circuit through the instrument when used as a recipient. When
coils of thick wire are used, they may be balanced with sufficient accuracy by
bending the piece of wire or needle which forms the pivot, but when coils of
very fine wire are employed, I find it very convenient to fix upon the end of
the coil nearest the stop a small piece of steel wire, and adjacent thereto to
place a small permanent magnet, the distance of which from the end of the
coil may be adjusted in a slide. The steel wire becomes magnetized by
induction from the large magnet, and is therefore attracted by the proper end
of the small magnet, which being moveable in the slide, adjusts the balance of
the coil with great accuracy, and forms a very useful adjustment whenever the
coils are affected by a current of terrestrial electricity, such magnets being
moved as though for readjusting the disturbed balance of the coils; such
magnets are shewn upon Sheet IV., Figure 2, in which N 1, N 2, N 3, and
N 4, represent the pieces of steel wire, and O 1, O 2, O 3, and O 4, represent
bar magnets for adjusting the coils.
Another of my improvements in communicating intelligence by voltaic
electricity is applicable to those kinds of electric telegraphs in which a pointer
is employed to point out letters on a dial, and consists in the addition of a coil
of wire vibrating over the poles of a permanent magnet similar to the coils
'herein-before. described, and which I herein-after call an electro-dynamic coil,

page_text: a
✗
repre-
and so arranged as to point out which of two series of letters is intended to be
read, and also to serve as a moveable stop or catch for adjusting any number
of dials in the same circuit. The mode in which I effect such purpose may
be understood by reference to Figures 1 and 2, Sheet VI., in which A
sents an electro-magnet giving motion to its armature B and palletts, shewn
more distinctly in Figure 3, actuating a pallett wheel having seven teeth, having
pointer on the same shaft moving on the face of a dial C, Figure 1, marked
with two concentric circles having fourteen divisions in each, the letters
A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, O, being marked on the divisions of
the outer circle, and P, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y,
, on some of the divisions
of the inner circle; D is an electro-dynamic coil, surrounding the poles of a
permanent magnet E, and carrying an arm F, the end of which acts as a
pointer on the dial. The coil is supported on pivots similar to those before
described, but having the ends slightly below the centre of gravity of the coil;
the supports of such pivots form part of the same electric circuit as the wire of
the electro-magnets. Whether the current be passed dextrorsum or sinis-
trorsum, the armature B is attracted and (except when stopped by the end of
the arm F) the pointer is moved one fourteenth of the circle on making
contact, the other one fourteenth on breaking contact; but when the current is
passed dextrorsum, the arm F is raised by the coil D, and remains raised, and
the centre of gravity of the coil being above the pivot, the coil tipples over and
remains so until the current be reversed, indicating the outer circle of letters;
but when the current is reversed, that is, sent sinistrorsum, F falls, indicating
the inner circle, and stopping the pointer so as to afford a means of adjusting
the pointers of different instruments.
When it is required to ring a bell by the instrument lastly described, I effect
this in the following manner :-I make use of a voltaic battery of one or two
pairs of voltaic elements, and which I call a supplemental battery. I place a
small portion of wire on the arm F so as to dip into two cups of mercury
and complete an electric circuit between them; in like manner I attach to the
axis of the wheel carrying the pointer, two small arms likewise dipping into
cups of mercury, so that when the four ends of the two wires complete the
circuit of the supplemental battery, an electro-magnet may be excited, and an
alarum sounded, according to the methods which are well known. In con-
nection with this form of telegraph, I use a key board of two keys similar
to that herein-before described, so that the letters A to O inclusive are given
by the motions of the first finger on the key board, and P to Y, and the stop
✗, are given by motions with the second finger, and when several (say eight)
continuous beats are made by the second finger, the pointer is always adjusted

page_text: to the letter O, and placed at A by one beat of the first finger. I prefer to
make the electro-dynamic coil of wire of the same thickness as that on the
electro-magnet.
Such arrangement as last described is easily applicable to telegraphs in
which the index wheel is moved by a train of clock-work.
Another of my Inventions consists in communicating signals on railways, by
arranging discs so as to turn half round and return back again by the motion
of a weight or spring to be occasionally wound up, so that if the stops or
bolts herein-after mentioned were not applied, the disc would continue to
make partial revolutions until the actuating power ran down; I therefore apply
two powerful electro-magnets excited by a current from a voltaic battery adja-
cent thereto, contact being made by the agency of coils constructed as herein-
before mentioned, but carrying arms dipping into small cups of mercury, so
that a distant battery in connection with what I herein-after call the long
circuit, may complete a circuit of a battery through the coils of the magnet
adjacent thereto, so as to obtain considerable power from a battery of one or
two pairs of elements. The manner in which I effect this may be understood
by inspection of the Drawings in Sheet VII., in which the letters and figures
for the most part refer to similar parts of the apparatus. A represents an
upright post or axis turning on a pivot B, in a collar at C, and supporting a
disc D, having an arm E with a small friction roller F; G is a pivot to
which is adapted a connecting rod from a crank H on the axis I, which
is turned round by a spring or weight or similar suitable apparatus. The
eccentricity of the crank being less than that of the pivot G, the arm E
would be moved backwards and forwards until the weight or spring ran down,
but one of the stops K1, K2, K 3, always prevent this, as each is prolonged
under the board supporting it, so that the tail of each applies to a catch
immediately below it. The catches L1 and L 3 are respectively raised by the
keepers of the magnets M 1 and M 3 when excited. The catch L 2 is raised
by a counterpoise or spring and always remains raised, except when one of the
magnets is excited, but when either of the catches L1 or L3 is raised, the
levers N1 or N 3 depress the catch L 2. 01 and 02 represent electro-
dynamic coils, each being provided with small arms respectively dipping into
cups of mercury P1 and P 2, so as respectively to complete electric circuits
through the battery Q and the magnets M 1 or M 3. The electro-dynamic
coils being arranged in telegraphic circuit with a suitable battery and key
board or electrepeter, as the current through such last-mentioned circuit is
passed dextrorsum or sinistrorsum, the coils 01 or 02 respectively cause the
circuit of the magnet M 1 or M 3 to be completed, the corresponding catch

page_text: will be raised, and the catch 12 will be withdrawn, and the corresponding side
of the disc will be presented as a signal; but when there is not any electric
current passing through the long circuit, the circuits of both the electro-
magnets will be interrupted, the catch L 2 will remain raised and the disc will
be presented edgewise to the line from which it is to be viewed as a signal.
I have, in order that my Invention may be more readily understood, repre-
sented the foregoing apparatus as working a vertical shaft with a disc thereon,
but it will be easily understood that signal lamps may be added to or substi-
tuted for the signal disc, and also that parts of the apparatus may be arranged
vertically instead of horizontally, and that by simple and well-known mechanical
arrangements motion may be communicated from the shaft A to the arms of
that kind of railway signal or semaphore, which consists of moveable arms
extending from a post.
The last-mentioned apparatus may be worked by means of a key board
of two keys, as herein-before described in relation to electric telegraphs, or
by other well-known electrepeters, making the necessary communications for
sending electric currents through what I call the long circuit connected
with such apparatus, a bolt or weight being added to the key board or to the
electrepeter (if requisite), so that the continuity of the circuit may be main-
tained so long as the corresponding signal is required to be displayed.
In order that the due working of the last-mentioned apparatus, signal
disc, or semaphore may be known to the person operating upon it from a
distance, and that he may in a manner receive a counter signal, I place upon
the board, Figure 5, Sheet VII., two slight springs R and R, so that they
may form part of the metallic communications of what I term the long circuit,
and that the arm in its passage from one of the stops or catches to another
may momentarily interrupt the continuity of such long circuit, so that a pair
of electro-dynamic coils constructed as herein-before described and shewn in
Sheet III., Figures 1, 2, and 3, being placed in such long circuit near the
key board or electrepeter, the operator by the momentary dropping or motion
of one of such coils will ascertain that the disc or other signal has moved
from its prior position.
2

page_text: Secondly, I claim the working of breaks on railway carriages, by means of
what I have herein-before called torsion rods, communicating motion to such
breaks from any other carriage in the same train.
Thirdly, I claim the arrangement for working railway breaks by motion
communicated by fast and loose pulleys, as herein-before described.
Fourthly, I claim the application of what I have called torsion rods, for
putting out of gear apparatus which, by the action of the buffers of railway
carriages, works the breaks of such carriages.
Fifthly, I claim the using two electro-dynamic coils placed around the poles
of a permanent magnet or magnets, both such coils being in the same circuit
combined with the placing stops, so controlling the vibrations that when
one coil is moved by electro-dynamic agency the other presses against its
own stop.
Sixthly, I claim the use of an electro-dynamic coil, forming or in connection
with a moveable stop, to adjust the pointer on the dials of electric telegraphs
pointing to letters on dials.
Seventhly, I claim the application of electro-magnets to regulate the motion
of a semaphore or similar apparatus for giving signals, and moved by springs
or weights in manner herein-before described.
Eighthly, I claim the arrangement for communicating motion to a semaphore
or similar apparatus as herein-before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Sykes Ward, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Second day of March, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and forty-eight.