IMPROVE- MENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF SAND, EMERY, AND GLASS PAPERS AND CLOTHS, AND IN THE MACHINERY AND APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN.
Year: 1872

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Richard John Edwards, of Shoreditch, in the
County of Middlesex, Manufacturer, for the Invention of "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF SAND, EMERY, AND GLASS PAPERS AND
CLOTHS, AND IN THE MACHINERY AND APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN.'
"
Sealed the 5th November 1872, and dated the 6th May 1872.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION filed by the said Richard John Edwards
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition and
Declaration, on the 6th May 1872, pursuant to the 9th Section of
the Patent Law Amendment Act, 1852.
°
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, RICHARD
JOHN EDWARDS, of Shoreditch, in the County of Middlesex, Manufacturer,
send greeting.
.
WHEREAS I am in possession of an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
THE MANUFACTURE OF SAND, EMERY, AND GLASS PAPERS AND CLOTHS, AND IN THE
MACHINERY AND APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN," and have petitioned Her
Majesty to grant-unto --executors, -administrators,-and-assigns,

page_text: Her Royal Letters Patent for the same, and have made solemn Declara-
tion that I am the true and first Inventor thereof.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Richard John Edwards, do hereby
declare that the following Complete Specification, under my hand and
seal, fully describes and ascertains the nature of the said Invention, and
in what manner the same is to be performed, in and by the following
statement and accompanying Drawing:-
The objects of this Invention are to effect saving of cost, time, and
labour in the manufacture of papers and cloths coated with sand, emery,
glass, or other powdered abrasive substance; to obtain increased tough-
ness in papers and cloths so treated, and at the same time to reduce
the quantity of glue or cement used for the purpose of making the
sand, emery, glass, or other abrasive substance adhere; to regulate
the quantity and consistence of the glue or cement so used, and the
quantity of abrasive substance applied to it; and to enabling ordinary
cloth to be coated with glue or cement, and with sand, emery, or other
abrasive cement without the necessity of applying a second coat of gluc
above the abrasive powder in the manner ordinarily used and practised,
and known as “ seconding."
In order to carry out my Invention I proceed as follows:-I take an
endless band of any suitable material, such as canvas, wire gauze, felt,
india-rubber, or india-rubber and canvas, which I make pass round two
horizontal rollers or drums placed at a suitable distance from cach other.
And above this endless band, near one of the rollers or drums, I arrango
a chest heated in any suitable way, but preferably by filling it with
steam or hot air, or allowing steam pipes or hot air pipes to pass through
it, and I make the bottom of this chest flat or nearly flat.
And in order to use apparatus so constructed and arranged I take
sheets of paper or of cloth, or of paper and cloth combined, or of other
suitable fabric, and of suitable size, and I coat them upon one side with a
hot glue, and whilst the glue is still partially melted I cover it with
powdered sand, glass, emery, or other abrasive substance in the method
well understood and practised. And I then place the sheets thus coated
with glue and abrasive powder upon the endless band already described
(which I cause to travel slowly forward by causing one of the drums or
reollers to revolve by means of steam power or any other suitable power)
and they are thus made to travel slowly beneath the heated chest already

page_text: described. By this means the surface of the glue is partially remelted,
and the abrasive powder is thus fixed to it.
In the ordinary methods of manufacturing emery, sand, or glass
papers, it is usual to partially remelt the glue by placing the sheets
above a suitable hot surface, so that the backs of the sheets are warmed;
but when cloth is treated in this way the glue runs through its substance
and stains and disfigures the backs of the sheets.
-
In my improved method described of warming the sheets by passing
them under a heated surface, the glue is only superficially remelted, and
the staining of the back is avoided.
Sometimes I regulate the distance between the sheets and the hot
surface by arranging the endless band so that the part of it beneath the
heated surface.can be raised or lowered by means of a suitable frame of
perforated metal or wire gauze over which it passes, and which can be
adjusted to any required height by means of screws, levers, or other
convenient fastenings.
Sometimes instead of using an endless band for the purpose of passing.
the prepared sheets of paper or cloth under the heated surface as
described I take the sheets and having covered them with glue and with
an abrasive powder in the way already described, I place them ono. by
one on a slide or frame which I arrange so that it can be pushed under
the heated surface, and I form sides to the slide or frame, or to the
heated surface, so that a hot air chamber of suitable depth is formed, of
which the bottom consists of the sheet of prepared cloth resting upon
the slide, the lower part of which consists of a plate of perforated metal
or wire gauze, so that the under side of the prepared sheet is kept cool.
Sometimes instead of partially remelting the glue upon the surface of
the prepared sheets in order to make the abrasive powder adhere more
firmly by means of a jet of hot air, or of steam, or of a mixture of hot
air and steam. For this purpose I prefer to form a jet as wide as the
sheets to be operated upon, which I do either by making the jet issue
from an opening in the form of a slit, which is adjusted across the upper
surface of the endless band already described (in cases where an endless
band is used) upon which the prepared sheets of paper or cloth are
placed. And I adjust the jet described so that the surface of the glue

page_text: I
shall be sufficiently remelted whilst passing under it, or I pass the sheets
backwards and forwards' under.it a sufficient number of times.
: For the purpose of making emery, glass, or sand cloth or paper in
long lengths, I prefer to use machinery driven by steam or other con-
venient power, or by hand. For this purpose I take an endless flexible
band passing over drums or rollers as already described, and I make
these rollers adjustable, so that the endless band can be slackened or
tightened as required, and I cause the endless band to move constantly
forward by making one of the drums (which I prefer to make as large
as possible for the purpose) revolve by means of any suitable power.
I make the distance between the rollers sufficiently great for the purpose
to be described, and sometimes I add smaller intermediate rollers or
boards, or other suitable supports to support the endless band between
them. I take a long strip or roll of paper or cloth of suitable width
(which is to be coated with glue, and with emery, glass, or other abrasive
powder), which lies upon and travels forward with the endless band by
means of arrangements herein-after described. And near the roller at
that end from which the upper surface of the endless band travels, I
arrange a glueing apparatus consisting of a cistern or tank containing
melted glue, which I prefer to keep hot by means of steam chambers
passing through it or surrounding it.
:
In order to keep the cistern containing the melted glue constantly
filled, I prefer to melt the glue in another separate vessel, which is
surrounded by a steam or hot air chamber, and I make the bottom of
this vessel communicate with the glue cistern by means of a pipe of
sufficient size, both the glue cistern and the pipe being also surrounded
by steam or hot air chambers, and I make a valve in the bottom of the
separate vessel or in the pipe, so that when necessary the valve can
be opened and a sufficient quantity of glue admitted into the glue
cistern.
Sometimes I make the valve self-acting by using a float in the glue
cistern, which is connected, by means of levers and rods or wires, with
the valve in the separate vessel, so that when the glue in the glue cistern
is becoming exhausted the float falls, and thus opens the valve which
admits a fresh supply; the float then rises and closes the valve, and so
on whenever necessary.

page_text: I make the glueing cistern either form a part of the entire machine,
or I make it separate, and I prefer to place it underneath the end roller
just described; and in such case I make a roller covered with felt, cloth,
india-rubber, or other substance which will take up the melted glue, or
with brushes revolve in the tank, the upper part of which is open.
And I pass the paper or cloth under the roller (before it passes round
it and so upon the endless band), in such a manner that the glue taken
up by the roller just described may be spread upon it either directly or
by the intervention of one or more supplementary rollers which may
facilitate the equal distribution of the glue.
1
Sometimes I do not place the tank containing the melted glue imme-.
diately under the roller described, round which the paper or cloth passes,
but I place it at a short distance from the roller, and I fix an adjustable.
board or plate of wood, metal, or other suitable substance immediately
over the roller which supplies the glue to the paper or cloth, and I bring'
the paper or cloth under the edge or face of the board or plate, which
serves as a base against which the paper or cloth is pressed up by.
the glueing roller; and by adjusting the pressure of the board or plate:
downwards, I regulate the quantity of glue which is placed upon the
cloth by the glueing roller described.
Whilst the sheet of paper or cloth is passing in contact with the
endless band round the roller described, I sometimes equalize the dis-
tribution of the glue which has been placed upon it by means of one or
more rollers or circular brushes, which are made to revolve at a suitable
speed, which I prefer should be quicker than the speed of the paper or
cloth in contact with the sheet of melted glue. And I sometimes
equalize the distribution of the sheet of melted glue by directing upon.
it, after it has left the roller described and is moving horizontally forward
on the endless band, a jet of steam, hot air, or steam and hot air mixed,
of the same description as that described in the first part of' my
Specification.
At or near the other roller round which the endless band passes, as
already described, I arrange apparatus which I am about to describe for
the purpose of spreading upon the glue the emery, glass, sand, or other-
abrasive powder. But in order that the glue may be partially cooled.
and "set" before it is coated with such abrasive powder, I make the
distance between the rollers round which the-cndless band-passes suffl-
.

page_text: ciently great in proportion to the speed at which the endless band
travels, for the glue to cool sufficiently between them. And sometimes
I arrange one or more fans or blowers consisting of rollers or axles having
blades attached to their surfaces, and extending across the surface of
the glued sheet of paper or cloth. I make these fans or blowers revolve
in bearings, which I prefer to make adjustable, so that they can be
moved nearer to or further from the surface of the sheets, or they can
be easily removed entirely if the temperature is such that the glue cools
sufficiently without their use. And I make them revolve by means of
cords or bands passed round pullies at their extremity and driven by
suitable driving pullies, which may be driven by the same power which
drives the endless band already described.
"
I supply the emery, glass, or other abrasive powder to the surface of the
paper or cloth thus prepared with glue, by means of a hopper or chest,
which I adjust upon a slide, so that it can be moved horizontally to any
suitable point between the two end rollers, round which the endless
band passes as already described. This hopper or chest I prefer to
arrange so that the abrasive powder within it may be heated, and this I
prefer to do by passing hot air or steam through a jacket which surrounds
it, or through pipes or other suitably formed vessels in its interior, or
through both. And I connect the pipe through which such steam or
hot air so passes to the hopper by means of a flexible or jointed pipe, so
that the position of the hopper may be readily altered without difficulty.
I make an opening or slit at the bottom of the hopper through which
the abrasive powder (whether heated or not) falls upon the glued surface
of the paper or cloth, and I arrange slides or stops so that the quantity
of abrasive powder so falling can be regulated or stopped. And some-
times I arrange or hang a moveable board or wire underneath the opening
in the hopper, which I cause to revolve or to vibrate backwards and
forwards, so that it strikes and scatters the abrasive powder falling upon
the glue.
Sometimes I adjust the hopper so far back that the stream of abrasive
powder as it falls from it drops altogether clear of the end roller, round
which the paper or cloth and the endless band are passing (or so that it
only just touches the glue upon the paper or cloth), and I arrange a jet
of air, or steam, or air and steam mixed, across the outer side of the
roller, so as to drive or blow the abrasive powder against the glued

page_text: surface. Whichever of these methods I adopt I arrange a suitable
receptacle or reservoir, into which the surplus abrasive powder falls, and
from which it can be taken as required and replaced in the hopper. Or
the abrasive powder may be placed in a vessel beneath or in front of the
roller, and may be dashed against the glued surface by means of arms
or scoops fixed upon an axis and made to revolve with sufficient speed
within the vessel.
And in order to remove the surplus abrasive powder from the glued
surface of the paper or cloth I arrange a beater consisting of arms fixed
to an axis which is made to revolve above the paper or cloth, as it leaves
the roller with its glued surface downwards. I fix the axis of this
beater in such a position that the arms strike the paper or cloth gently
and shake off the surplus abrasive powder.
Sometimes I arrange the bearings of the axis of the end roller, round
which the endless band and the paper or cloth pass, so that the roller
may have a rapid motion vertically or endways backwards and forwards,
and the surplus abrasive powder may be thus shaken off.
I com-
municate this motion to it by means of cranks or cams suitably
arranged.
Sometimes I effect the same object by means of a revolving brush
arranged underneath the end roller already described, and at such a
distance that when it is made to revolve it just brushes off the surplus
abrasive powder.
After the paper or cloth has been coated, first with glue and after-
wards with abrasive powder, of which any surplus quantity has been
removed in either of the methods described, I sometimes partially
resoften the surface of the glue for the purpose of making the abrasive
powder adbere more firmly, by passing it over or under a heated surface,
but I prefer to do so (where it is advisable that the glue should be
resoftened) by directing upon it a jet of steam, hot air, or of steam and
hot air combined, of a kind similar to that already described.
This jet
may be made of any temperature most suitable to the materials operated
upon, but I find that the desired effect is generally best obtained when
the jet resembles a current of warm breath directed upon the surface of
the cloth or paper.
Instead of allowing the abrasive powder to be supplied to the glued
surface of the paper or cloth in the methods described I sometimes apply

page_text: it in the following manner :-I arrange a third roller revolving freely
above or nearly above the second roller, round which the endless band
passes as described, and I raise the paper or cloth from the endless band
and pass it over the third roller, from which I bring it down over the
second roller as before described. And I place the abrasive powder in
considerable quantity upon the paper or cloth just before the latter
rises to pass over the third roller, so that the action of the paper or cloth
travelling forward and upward rolls the abrasive powder over and over
upon itself, the partially "set" glue taking up a sufficient quantity and
the remainder falling back again. The glued surface of the paper or
cloth thus coated may be resoftened in the manner already described, by
means of a heated surface or a jet.
After the paper or cloth has been prepared as described, I make it
pass to another roller (which I call a "tension" roller) placed at such a
distance from the second roller (round which the endless band passes)
that the glued surface has time to become sufficiently set and hardened
to be wound round the tension roller. And I prefer to make the tension
roller revolve for the purpose of winding the paper or cloth round it by
means of a belt or band driven by any convenient source of power. I
pass the belt or band round a pulley at one end of the tension roller, and
I connect the pulley to the tension roller by means of two friction
surfaces kept together by screws or springs, which I regulate in such
manner that the paper or cloth is not wound sufficiently tightly to
injure it, and that when it is sufficiently tightened the friction surfaces
slip and the tension roller ceases to revolve. By causing the pulley
to revolve sufficiently quickly the paper or cloth is by this means always
wound sufficiently tightly, whatever may be the quantity of it upon the
tension roller.
Sometimes instead of winding the paper or cloth upon the tension
roller I pass it round the tension roller to another tension roller at a
suitable distance and position, and so on to any number of rollers until
it arrives at a suitable position to be wound finally upon a roller, or to be
cut up into pieces of any required size.
Sometimes instead of an endless band passing round rollers, as in the
machine just described, I adopt the following arrangement :-I arrange
a drum or roller of considerable diameter, which I cause to revolve by
hand, steam, or other suitable power, and I make the paper or cloth pass

page_text: round this drum or roller after it has been coated with glue in the
method already described; and I sometimes arrange smaller rollers
round the periphery of the large drum or roller for the purpose of equa-
lizing the glue, or I arrange a revolving brush or a jet of steam, hot air,
or steam and air mixed (as already described) or a fixed brush, with or
without a steam jet directed against it or formed within it, or a similar
brush made to travel backwards and forwards rapidly across the glued
surface above the drum or roller for the same purpose. After the glued
paper or cloth has passed round the drum or roller I make it travel a
sufficient distance to a smaller roller, round which it passes, and which I
make adjustable so that it may be moved to a greater or less distance
from the large drum; and above this smaller roller I arrange apparatus
similar to that already described for coating the glue with abrasive
powder, and moveable in the same way nearer to or further from the
large drum or roller, so as to allow the glue to "set" to the right con-
sistency before the abrasive powder is applied. And where advisable I
use fans or blowers between the large drum and the apparatus which
supplies the abrasive powder, so that the glue may be more rapidly
cooled and "set," as already described. And I also use any of the
apparatus already described for the purpose of shaking off the surplus
abrasive powder, and for the purpose of resoftening the surface of the
glue, and for carrying away and winding or cutting up the finished
emery, glass, or sand paper or cloth.
In all the apparatus described I sometimes use fans or blowers for the
purpose of cooling the surface of the prepared paper or cloth after it has
been finished and before it has been wound on rollers or cut up; and
where it is necessary to remove any adhering glue from the surface of
any of the rollers I prefer to do so by directing a jet of steam against
them (of the kind already described), which melts the glue, which is
then removed by an adjustable scraper.
The accompanying Drawings are in illustration of some of the forms
which I give to apparatus constructed according to my Invention.
Figure 1 shews an apparatus for heating the surface of the glue upon
sheets of cloth or paper, as already described. A is an endless band,
which passes round the two horizontal rollers B, B. A chest C, heated
by steam or hot air, is arranged above the endless band A, so that the
sheets placed upon the endless band are carried by it beneath the

page_text: chest C, and the glue partially remelted for the purpose already
described. D is a perforated plate, which can be raised or lowered in
order to bring the flexible band A and the sheets upon it nearer to or
further from the bottom of the hot chest O.
Figure 2 shews another arrangement for the same purpose. A is a
moveable slide or frame, into which I place the sheets of paper or cloth.
It is shewn pushed under the heated chest C, but it can be withdrawn
for the purpose of removing the sheet and substituting another. The
lower part B of the slide A is shewn perforated, so that the under side of
the sheet may be kept cool.
Figure 3 shews a cross section, Figure 4 a longitudinal section, and
Figure 5 a view from below of one form of jet which I sometimes use for
the purpose of melting the surface of the glue upon the paper or cloth.
A is a hollow vessel connected with the steam pipe B, and having a
narrow slit C (or a row of small holes), through which the jet issues, as
shewn in Figure 3. D is an exterior jet, which I sometimes add to
the jet A for the purpose of inducing a current of air to mix with the
steam.
Figure 6 is a longitudinal section; Figures 7 and 8, end views of one
form of apparatus which I use for the purpose of making paper or cloth
coated with abrasive powders in long lengths. A is an endless band
passing over the rollers B, C, which can be adjusted so as to keep the
band A tight by means of the screws D. The band A is caused to move
forward continually by means of the driving belt and pulley E. The
support F is arranged underneath the upper portion of the band A. A
long strip of the paper or cloth to be treated is shewn wound round the
roller G, whence it is brought round the roller C, and is carried on by the
band A to the roller B, as shown. H is a glueing apparatus consisting
of a tank kept warm by an external steam chamber; I is a roller made
to revolve in the glue tank by means of a band and pullies, and glueing
the surface of the paper or cloth which passes over it; K, L, are small
supplementary rollers, which equalize the surface of the melted glue,
and M shews a steam jet of the kind already described, which I use for
the same purpose; N, O, are fans or blowers driven by pullies and belts,
as shewn, for the purpose of partially cooling the surface of the glue
when necessary.

page_text: At the end of the apparatus opposite to that at which the glue is
applied I arrange the apparatus for supplying the abrasive powder to the
surface of the glue. P is a hopper containing the abrasive powder,
which may be heated by means of hot air or steam, as shewn at Q.
This hopper P is moveable to any suitable position on the slide R, and
has a slit (which can be regulated) across the bottom, through which the
powder falls upon the glued sheet, as shewn, and as the glued sheet
passes round the roller B part of the surplus powder falls off into the
receptacle S, and the remainder is shaken off by the revolving benter T.
A jet of steam, hot air, or steam and air mixed, similar to the jets
already described and shewn, is then directed against the surface of the
emery for the purpose of fixing the powder upon the glue in the way
already described, and the finished paper or cloth is then taken a
sufficient distance by means of rollers or otherwise until the glue is
sufficiently cooled and hard, when it is rolled up or cut into pieces.
Figure 9 shews another form of apparatus constructed according to
my Invention. A is a large drum or roller made to revolve by the
belt B. The strip of paper or cloth is wound round the roller C, from
which it is passed over the glueing apparatus D, which is similar to that
already described. It then passes underneath and round the large drum
or roller A, and the glue is equalized by means of the revolving brush E,
or by means of rollers, or a jet, as, already described. The glued paper or
cloth then travels to the smaller roller F, which is adjustable so that it
may be placed at a sufficient distance from the drum A to allow the gluc
to become sufficiently cool, and between the rollers A and F rollers or
supports may be placed to the paper or cloth, and fans or blowers
similar to those already described to cool the glue.
The emery or other abrasive powder is supplied from a hopper G
similar to that shewn in Figure 6, and the loose powder may be shaken
off in a similar way by the beater H, and the surface of the glue may be
partially remelted by the jet I, or by any of the methods already
described.
I remove adhering glue from the drum A or any of the rollers by
means of a steam jet shewn at K, and a scraper or tongue L, as already
described.
Ti 10 shown one of the Some of the tension all wil TL

page_text: from the apparatus, but which may also be applied to any of the other
rollers described. A is the roller, the axle of which revolves in the
bearings B, B. The driving pulley O runs loose upon the axle, which it
drives by means of a friction plate or clutch D, which works against a
corresponding plate E attached to the axle. The plates D and E can
be brought together with any desired pressure by the nut F with or
without the intervention of a spring.
Figure 11 shews another method in which I sometimes apply the
abrasive powder in apparatus similar to that shewn in Figures 6, 7,
and 8. A is the endless band passing over the rollers B and C; D is a
third roller over which the paper or cloth is passed, as shewn, before it
is passed over the roller D. The abrasive powder being heaped upon the
paper or cloth at E a sufficient quantity adheres to the glue, and the
remainder falls back upon the heap E.
Figure 12 shews another form of apparatus constructed according to
my Invention. A is a large drum or roller supported in a suitable
frame, and made to revolve in the direction shewn by the arrow by
hand or any other convenient power; B is the length of paper or cloth
which is to be coated with abrasive powder as described. It may be
wound upon a roller (as shewn at C in Figure 9), or it may be arranged
in folds, as shown in Figure 12. After leaving B it is passed under the
roller C, and between the stretching bars D, of which a greater or less
number may be used as required. These bars D keep the cloth or paper
properly stretched and free from creases or folds. It is then passed over
the glucing roller E, which may be constructed and arranged in ways
similar to those already described and shown at I, Figure 6, and D,
Figure 9. The cloth or paper is shewn passing under one or more bars
or rods F, F, by which it is kept in closer contact with the glueing
roller E, and becomes more thoroughly coated with glue. And with the
same object I sometimes arrange flexible tongues of india-rubber or
other suitable material (as shewn at G), which I use to equalize the
surface of the glue, and to press the cloth or paper closer to the glueing
roller E.
.
I sometimes use another adjustable bar having a flexible tongue, as

page_text: used in the forms of my apparatus, shewn in Figures 6 and 9. After
having been coated with glue the paper or cloth is then passed round
the large drum A, which draws it through the glueing apparatus just
described. It is then shewn passing downwards and round the roller H,
whence it passes for a sufficient distance horizontally to the apparatus
by which it is coated with the abrasive powder. This apparatus is
shewn distinct from the rest of the machine, and is made moveable, so
that it may be removed to a distance from the glueing apparatus
sufficient for the glue to become sufficiently set.
Sometimes I use fans or blowers as already described for the same
purpose. I is a frame which can be fixed at any suitable distance from
the part of the machine already described, and which carries the roller K
round which the cloth or paper passes. It is then taken up in a vertical
or nearly vertical direction over the roller L, but between the rollers K
and L, the abrasive powder contained in the hopper M (which may be
heated as already described) is scattered upon the glued side of the cloth.
The method which I prefer to use for the purpose (and which is also
applicable to the other forms of apparatus described) consists of a plate
or board N upon which the powder falls, and which can be adjusted at
such an angle as to throw the powder upon the glue, whence it falls into
the box O (shewn in dotted lines), and is replaced in the hopper M by
hand, or by means of an endless chain of buckets. The superfluous
powder is shaken off by a beater P similar to those described and shewn
at T, Figure 6, and H, Figure 9. Q is a jet of steam or air (as already
described) for the purpose of fixing the powder upon the glued cloth or
paper. After passing over the roller L the cloth or paper passes to a
roller R, which is placed at a sufficient distance for the glue to become
set," round which it is wound by any suitable means, but which I
prefer to drive by means of a "tension arrangement, such as that
described and shewn at Figure 10.
66
Sometimes I pass the cloth or paper round rollers in a separate room,
whence it is brought down through the floor (as shewn in dotted lines)
to a sufficient distance to become cool before being wound upon a roller
or cut up into lengths.
By the methods described of manufacturing papers and cloths coated
with sand, emery, glass, or other abrasive powder, and by means of the
machinery and apparatus described and shewn in the Drawings, con-

page_text: siderable saving of cost, time, and labour is effected, increased toughness
is obtained in such papers and cloths, as the glue is prevented from
penetrating into the substance of the paper or cloth, and less gluc or
cement is used, and its quantity and consistence is regulated, and by the
use of heating surfaces or jets applied to the face of the abrasive powder
it is fixed upon the glue without the use of a second coat of glue, known
as "seconding."
Having now described my said Invention, and in what manner the
same is to be performed, I claim,-
First. The employment of flat heated surfaces, under which prepared
paper and cloth are passed, substantially in the manner herein-before
described and shewn in the accompanying Drawings.
Second. The methods of varying the distance between the glueing
apparatus and the apparatus for supplying the abrasive powder, and the
methods of cooling the glue, substantially in the manner herein-before
described and shewn in the accompanying Drawings.
Third. The employment of jets of steam, hot air, or hot air and steam,
for the purpose of partially reheating the glue, and for the purpose of
cleaning the rollers of the machine, substantially in the manner herein-
before described and shewn in the accompanying Drawings.
Fourth. The employment of tension rollers for conveying the cloth or
paper from place to place, and for winding it up, substantially in the
manner herein-before described and shewn in the accompanying
Drawings.
Fifth. The method of scattering the abrasive powder upon the glue a
by means of adjustable plates, and of shaking off the surplus powder by
means of beaters arranged substantially in the manner herein-before
described, and shewn in the accompanying Drawings.
Sixth. The methods of removing superfluous glue and keeping the
paper or cloth in contact with the rollers by means of flexible tongues 3
or squeegees, substantially as described and shewn in the accompanying
Drawings, and the methods of equalizing the surface of the glue upon
the paper or cloth.
Seventh. The method of regulating the supply of melted glue to the
vessels in which the glueing rollers revolve, substantially as described.
3

page_text: Eighth. The general arrangement of apparatus as described and shewn
in the Drawings.
In witness whereof, I, the said Richard John Edwards, have here-
unto set my hand and seal, this Sixth day of May, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-two.
RICHARD JOHN EDWARDS. (L.S.)