CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE FORM OF TILES FOR DRAINING, IN IMPLEMENTS FOR MANUFACTURING THEREOF, AND IN THE MODES OF MANUFACTURE
Year: 1844

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, JAMES
SMITH, late of Deanston, now of Queen's Square, London, Civil Engineer, and
WILLIAM GAIRDNER JOLLY, residing at Endrick Bank, Parish of Drymen and
County of Stirling, Scotland, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at West-
minster, the Twenty-ninth day of August, in the eighth year of Her reign, did
for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto us, the said James
Smith and William Gairdner Jolly, Her especial license, full power, sole pri-
vilege and authority, that we, the said James Smith and William Gairdner
Jolly, our exors, adñiors, and assigns, or such others as we, the said James Smith
and William Gairdner Jolly, our exors, admors, or assigns, should at any time
agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times during the term of
years therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend,
within that part of Her said Majesty's United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ire-
land called England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, our Inven-
tion of "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE FORM OF TILES FOR DRAINING, IN IMPLEMENTS
FOR MANUFACTURING THEREOF, AND IN THE MODES OF MANUFACTURE;" in which said
Letters Patent is contained a proviso that we, the said James Smith and
William Gairdner Jolly, or one of us, shall cause a particular description of the
nature of our said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed,
to be enrolled in Her said Majesty's High Court of Chancellary within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said in part recited
Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference being thereunto had, will
more fully and at large appear.

page_text: James Smith and William Gairdner Jolly, do hereby declare that the nature of
our said Invention, and in the manner in which the same is to be performed,
are fully described and ascertained in and by the following statement thereof,
reference being had to the Drawings hereunto annexed, and to the figures and
letters marked thereon, that is to say :-
Our Invention consists,-
First, of constructing drain tiles with indented or jagged ends, so that they
will interlock, and thereby give support to each other, and be prevented from
getting out of one continuous line.
Secondly, our invention consists of improvements in machinery for making
tiles for draining.
Thirdly, our Invention consists of giving to machinery for making tiles for
draining a locomotive progression by the act of working the machinery itself,
so that the workman standing by the machine may deliver the tiles, as they are
made, on 'shelves, racks, or surfaces, to dry.
t
Fourthly, our Invention consists of improvements in machinery for making
tiles for draining by pressing the material through dies or orifices.
Fifthly, our Invention consists in making tubular tiles for draining one
within the other.
And, Sixthly, our Invention consists in manufacturing tiles for draining by
pressing peat into suitable forms in or upon moulds or through moulding orifices.
And in order that our Invention may be most fully understood and readily
carried into effect, we will proceed to describe the means pursued by us.
.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS.
In using drain tiles of the ordinary construction, it is well known that
they are liable to sink, and be forced at their junctions out of line when
placed in a drain, and the soil is being filled in over them. Now the
object of the first part of our Invention is so to construct the ends of
drain tiles, whether simply bent or arched tiles, or tubular tiles, that they
interlock with each other, and thereby give mutual support, to prevent dis-
arrangement. Figure 1 shews a tubular tile, and Figure 2 shews a bent tile,
made according to this part of our Invention. It will be seen that these tiles
have jagged or indented ends, hence when they are placed in a drain, and inter-
lock with each other, the neighbouring tiles will give and receive support, and
thus render them safe from displacement at their joinings. These jagged or
indented ends may be varied in shape from what is shown without departing
from our Invention, so long as they are made to interlock with each other in a
suitable manner for giving and receiving support. And the means of making

page_text: may be varied. We do not, therefore, confine ourselves to any particular
machinery for such purpose. The same may be done by the machinery hereafter
described, or by the ordinary hand moulding, the moulds being properly formed
to produce the flat sheet of clay, with jagged or indented ends. Beart's Patent
Machine may be very beneficially used in making such tiles, the interior of the
mould being formed at the two ends to the figure of the desired indentations,
and the piston being suitably formed for passing through the mould, so that the
successive surfaces cut off will offer properly formed sheets of clay, which being
bent in or upon suitable moulds or "horses," or other forms, shall produce tiles.
with jagged ends. Figure 3 shows a plan. Figure 4 shows a longitudinal
section. Figure 5 is a front view, and Figure 6 is a side view of a machine
constructed according to some of our improvements. In these figures the same
letters are used to indicate the same parts. a, a, is the framing of the machine,
the nature of which will be readily traced in the drawings. b, b, is a quadran-
gular frame, which slides on the guides c, c. This frame b, b, is slided to and
fro by the workman, and it is by means of this frame that motion is commu-
nicated to the other parts of the machine. b' is a rack formed on one side of the
frame b, and which rack b works into the intermediate wheel e', which is
loose upon its shalft, but having rachets e², which take into the rachet wheel e';.
which is fast upon the shalft, so that when the sliding frame is pushed in the
wheel e will move round without carrying with it the shalft, but so soon as
the sliding frame is being drawn out the catches upon the wheel et lay
hold of the ratchet wheel, and carry the shaft in rotation. On the outer end
of the shaft is the wheel e, which, gearing into the wheel f, fast on the axis
of the under roller j, carries it in rotation; the wheel f working into a similar
wheel on the end of the upper roller j causes it to revolve simultaneously with
the under roller; the intermediate wheel e also gears into a pinion e, which..
is fast upon an axis, over which a feeding cloth e passes, and passing over the-
carrying roller e at the out end of the feeding table, in this manner an equi-
valent motion is given to the feeding cloth: 1, the horse or core for receiving the
clay, and upon which the tube or tile is to be formed. The horse rests upon a
long rod of iron affixed to the sliding frame, the rod passing into a perforation
in the centre of the horse. p, is a vertical shaft of iron, having a socket at
its upper end, which slides upon the cross rod p¹. 1, a bent needle, which passes.
into a socket in the bottom of the upright shaft, and is there affixed by a.
pinching screw. This needle is used to cut through the sheet of clay, which
shall afterwards be explained. q a cross bar, in which there is a waved slit, as
seen in Figure 3d, in which the lower part of the upright shaft slides, so that
the movement of the needle in the point of the shaft shall be guided, so as to

page_text: cut the clay sheet across in a corresponding waved line, thereby giving to it
that form which will produce the notches and indents in the ends of the tiles
when the sheet of clay is bent to its ultimate form. u, the wheels upon which
the carriage of the machine rests, and which are fast upon their axles. u', a
beveled pinion fast upon the axle. u, a bevel wheel in gear of that pinion, and
fast upon the upright shaft o, which shaft proceeds to the upper part of the
framework, and terminates within the range of the sliding frame. On the top
of this shaft is a ratchet wheel o', and on the sliding frame there is a projecting
finger o, which at each inward movement of the frame lays hold of the
ratchet wheel, and shoves it round one ratchet space. By this means a pro-
gressive movement is given to the advancement of the carriage of the machine
in locomotion. f, guides made of brass, which pass betwixt the rollers for the
purpose of confining the sheet of clay passing through betwixt the rollers to
any required width. The guides are affixed by bolts to the cross bar f, and
are adjustable by a slit and bolt. f, a set screw fixed into the bush of the
upper roller shaft at each end, whereby the distance of the rollers from
each other, and consequently the thickness of the sheet of clay, are adjusted.
f, small carrying roller, for the purpose of supporting the sheet of clay at the
point where it is cut across. n, a trough for holding water, that the workman
may conveniently wash the horse. e', a winch handle attached to the inter-
mediate shaft, whereby the person stationed at the feeding table can assist the
workman in watering the machine, or can himself produce the movements
without the assistance of the workman, without leaving his position at the
table: When the machine is to be worked a sheet of clay is placed upon the
feeding table; the workman lays hold of the cross bar 2 of the sliding frame,
and having placed the horse in its position, he draws out the sliding frame,
which gives motion to the rollers, and a sheet of clay is thereby delivered cor-
responding in its motion to the movements of the sliding frame, whereby the
said sheet of clay is uniformly laid upon the horse. The cutting shaft p is
slided by the hand of the workman along the cross bar p', so that the sheet
of clay is cut across, leaving the terminations with a waved outline, as
described. The end of the sheet resting upon the horse then drops down, and
the workman immediately fits it round the core or horse, and joins the edges
underneath, thereby forming a tube; or when a common arched tile, as shewn
in Figure 1st, is to be made, he simply presses down the sides to fit the horse.
The tile or tube having been thus formed, the workman lifts the horse with
the tile or tube on it, and places the tile or tube upon an adjoining shelf or
surface to dry. The horse is then dipped into the water trough, and again
placed on the sliding frame; and the frame is shoved back to its original

page_text: position, ready to begin the formation of a succeeding tile or tube. In order
to assist still further the operations of the workman, we sometimes use a
circular mould, consisting of three segments, two of which open upon hinges.
The sheet of clay-is received upon the opened hollow of the mould in a similar
manner to that described for receiving it upon "a horse," and when the clay
has been so deposited over the mould the sheet of clay is cut across by the
traversing needle or wire, as before described. The horse or core is then.
placed over the clay in the middle of the mould, and is forced down by the
hand of the workman to its proper position. The two upper folding segments.
are then brought together, surrounding the clay, compressing it round the
horse, and forming a junction of the edges of the sheet, thereby effecting a
complete tube. The two upper segments are then turned back upon their
hinges, and the formed tube is lifted out by the workman upon the horse or
core, to be deposited upon the shelf or other surface to dry. These segments
can be opened and shut by the hands of the workman; but in order to facilitate
and quicken the operation we attach two levers 1, 1'; having a common fulcrum
under the mould at 2. The lower ends of these levers are produced to a con-
venient length, and are connected by a folding link 3. To the central junction
of this link there is attached the connecting rod or chain 4, which is attached
to a foot lever affixed to the lower part of the frame of the machine, so that
the workman by merely pressing this lever with his foot has the power of
shutting the upper segments of the mould; and the connecting link being so
adjusted that it passes very near to the line of centres when the segments are
fully closed up, the foot lever then acts with the greatest power in compressing
the clay, and in bringing completely together the edges of the segments; and
if the machine is properly adjusted, so as to deliver the clay of a suitable width,
the edges of the clay will meet together, and form a complete junction, without
any overplus or waste of clay. When forming tubes of peat earth, the same
form of chamber is suitable, and the peat in a pulpy and plastic state is either
delivered into the mould by the rollers, as has been described for the clay, or
it may be thrown simply into the mould by the hand or some convenient
instrument, without passing it through the rollers. Whether in forming clay,
peat, or other substance into tubes, we use a horse or core, slightly oval, so that
by a slight movement of the core upon its centre it will free itself in the substance,
and be more easily withdrawn from the tube when it is being placed to dry.
We will now describe the fourth and fifth parts of our Invention, which have
for their objects a mode of feeding and working that class of machinery where
pistons or plungers are used for forcing suitable materials through moulding,
orifices, and in some cases the dies and orifices, one within another, in such

page_text: manner that tubular draining tiles and different diameters may be made one
within the other. Figure 7 shews a plan, Figure 8 shows a side view in sec-
tion, and Figure 9 shews an end view of machinery arranged suitably for
carrying out these two parts of our Invention. A is the framing of the
machine, which will readily be traced on the drawings; B is a cylinder or
other properly shaped chamber, having a piston or plunger, C, working therein;
D, E. are two moulding orifices, one within the other, so that there may be
two tubes formed at the same time one within the other, and they will not
require to be separated till they are dried and burned, consequently they will take
up only the room of the larger tube; F is a vertical trunk affixed on the upper
part of the chamber or cylinder B, the lower end of the trunk opening into
the chamber; into this trunk, which is an oblong square in its horizontal section,
blocks of clay from the pug mill, or otherwise prepared, are placed, resting
upon the guard plate G, affixed to the piston, which sustains the clay during the
forward movement of the piston; but when the piston has been fully drawn
back beyond the opening in the bottom of the trunk, the block of clay by its
gravity drops into its chamber, and the piston, when it again returns, cuts off
that portion which is within the chamber, and pushes it forward through the
orifices, forming the length of a tile. The blocks may be made of that length
that four or six tiles may be made from each, and the person who attends to the
feeding of the machine must take care that a fresh block is supplied into the
trunk resting upon the top of the remaining part of the preceding block, and so
on. Movement is given to the piston by the hand of the workman acting upon
a winch handle H, fast upon the cross axle I, upon which is a fly wheel J, for
the purpose of regulating the motion. This shaft may also be driven by a strap,
chain, wheels, or other connection from any convenient steam or other power.
K, a pinion upon the cross shaft, gearing into the wheel L, upon the vibrating
shaft M, which vibrating shaft radiates in a link upon the centre of the cross
shaft, and traverses in two corresponding slots in the frame-work. N, a pinion
upon the vibrating shaft, which gears into the mangle rack O, attached to the
stem of the piston P. By this means a regularly reciprocating motion is given
to the piston, whilst the cross shaft continues to be driven in rotation. Q, a
small cross shaft gearing into a rack R, attached to the stem of the piston.
S, S, bevil wheels communicating motion from the small cross shaft to the
shaft T, which goes forward to the fore part of the chamber, and there
gives motion to the collar wheel U, which revolves upon the neck of the
chamber. To this collar wheel is attached a finger piece working into a fork V,
which is attached to another collar revolving upon the neck of the chamber.
This fork moves upon its centre to a limited extent, and having a segmental

page_text: rack at the opposite side to the fork, which works into a straight rack which is
attached to a sliding socket in which is affixed the needle for cutting off the
tiles or tubes. This socket moves into another socket W, which is attached to
the second revolving ring by a spring pressing it towards the face of an outer
ring fast upon the end of the chamber, and which serves to keep the revolving
rings in their places. The face of this fast ring is formed with a waved 'sur-
face corresponding to the line of the jagged or indented surface of the tiles, so
that the needle socket plays upon that surface, and thereby gives the proper
waved cross cut to the ends of the tiles. When the piston begins to move for-
ward, the collar wheel is moved in one direction, and the finger attached to it,
which works in the fork, moves the forked piece on its axis, so as to draw out the
needle from the tiles, and then from the fork picce getting fast upon the stopper
preventing its further rotation round its own axis, it carries with it the revolving
ring and makes one revolution as the piston is going forward. When the
piston begins to be withdrawn the motion is reversed; the fork is moved'in a
contrary direction round its own axis, and thereby pushes down the needle
socket, so that the needle is inserted through the body of both tiles. Wher
this has been completed, the fork having reached its stop, the' revolving ring is
carried in rotation, and carrying with it the needle the tiles are cut off with
a waved line forming jagged ends as described. When the tube or tubes are
pushed through the orifice, they are received upon a hollow tray X. This tray'
has hinges on one side moving upon a rod Y, projecting from and attached to
the fore part of the chamber. The opposite side of the tray rests upon an
inclined plane Z, so that when it is pushed endways the resting point sliding
down the inclined plane allows that side of the tray. to be lowered, so that the
tile rolls off, and is deposited on a suitable surface. The end motion is given to
the tray by the sliding rod A', which is acted upon by the outward inovement,
of the piston through the lever B', which is acted upon by the cam 'C'
attached to the side of the piston. D', a weight which pulls back the sliding rod;
and replaces the tray in its receiving position as soon as the cam has left the
lever. E', a ratchet wheel fast upon the cross shaft F', and which racket wheel
is acted upon by the finger G', attached to the piston stem, whereby the racket
wheel is moved one step for each stroke of the piston. H', a'bevil wheel upon
the ratchet wheel shaft which gears into another bevil wheel I', upon the top of
the upright shaft J', upon the bottom of which shaft there is a bevil pinion K',.
communicating motion to the axle L', upon which the carriage wheels M'are
affixed. By this train of connection as just described it will be seen that by
each stroke of the piston a progressing locomotion is given to the carriage of
the machine. The carriage wheels may either rest upon a flat surface or upon.
.

page_text: rails. The locomotion of the machine is so regulated that it shall move the
breadth of one tube at each impulse. In order to give the power of raising or
lowering the machine for the purpose of delivering the tubes in successive layers,
the legs of the upper part of the frame of the machine are fitted to fall into
sockets in the legs of the lower frame. The upper legs are screwed, and rest in
screw nuts, which rest upon the top of the lower legs. These nuts are made with
screw teeth all round; and shafts at each side of the machine, with worin screws
working into the teeth of those nuts, give a simultaneous motion to the four nuts
by the action of these shafts, which are geared together by the wheels. N', O',
the winch handle by which the workman can operate on the apparatus for
raising or lowering the body of the machine.
We will now describe the sixth part of our Invention, which has for tis
object the shaping of peat earth into tiles or tubes suitable for draining pur-
poses. We may here call attention to the ascertained circumstance that peat
earth, which has been thoroughly dried, does not again absorb moisture so as to
become soft and plastic, and will thereby form a permanent structure, though
deposited in the ground; and as peat is to be had in abundance, and at little
cost, and does not require to undergo the expensive operation of burning
necessary in the formation of clay tiles, it will have great advantage in point of
cost, and being, besides, of light weight, may be carried to a distance at much
less expense.
We are aware that attempts have been previously made to use
peat earth for draining purposes, both by using dried peat as a wedge or key in
wedge draining, as also by cutting it into shapes or forms by spades or other
instruments; but our process consists in taking the peat in a pulpy or plastic
state, and throwing it into moulds, to be there formed into arched tiles or tubes,
or by forcing it through orifices by such machines as are used for forming clay
tiles in a similar manner.
Having thus described the nature of our Invention, and the best means we
are acquainted with for performing the same, we would have it understood that
what we claim is,―
First, the manufacture of drain tiles with indented or jagged ends, so that
they will interlock, and thereby give support to each other, and be prevented
getting out of one continuous line.
Secondly, we claim the mode of forming and delivering sheets of suitable
material on to the horse or core or other instrument, in aid of the workman
when making tiles by hand.
And we especially claim the formation of tubes in a segmental mould, as
described, whether in connection with the delivering rollers or not, as also the
adaptation of an oval horse or core.

page_text: Thirdly, we claim the giving to machinery for making tiles for draining a
locomotive progression, by the act of working the machine itself, so that the
workman standing by the machine may conveniently deliver the tiles as they
are made on to suitable surfaces to be dried.
Fourthly, we claim the mode herein described of feeding that description of
machines which work by means of pistons or plungers.
Fifthly, we claim the employment of moulding orifices for making tubular
tiles for draining in such manner that tiles are made one within the other, as
described.
Sixthly, we claim the depositing of tubes or tiles in a position to be dried by
the action of the machines themselves. And,
Seventhly, we claim the manufacture of tiles for draining by moulding or
shaping peat into the desired form, as above explained.
In witness whereof I, the said James Smith, for myself, and on behalf of
the said William Gairdner Jolly, have hereunto set my hand and seal,
this Twenty-fifth day of February, One thousand eight hundred and
forty-five years.