AN IMPROVED FREEZING, COOLING, CHURNING, AND ICE- PRESERVING APPARATUS, THE PARTS OF WHICH MAY BE USED SEPARATELY OR IN COMBINATION
Year: 1843

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, THOMAS
MASTERS, of Upper Charlotte Street, Saint Pancras, in the County of
Middlesex, Confectioner, send greeting.
WHEREAS Iler present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at
Westminster, the Sixth day of July, in the seventh year of Her reign,
did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said
Thomas Masters, my exors, adñiors, and assigns, IIer especial licence, full
power, sole privilege and authority, that I, the said Thomas Masters, my
exors, adiiors, and assigns, and such others as I, the said Thomas Masters,
my exors, admors, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others,
from time to time and at all times thereafter, during the term of years therein
expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within
that part of Her said Majesty's United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
called England, Iler Dominion of Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-
Tweed, my Invention of "AN IMPROVED FREEZING, COOLING, CHURNING, AND ICE-
PRESERVING APPARATUS, THE PARTS OF WHICH MAY BE USED SEPARATELY OR IN
COMBINATION;" in which said Letters Patent there is contained a proviso that I,
the said Thomas Masters, shall cause a particular description of the nature
of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed,
under hand and seal, to be inrolled in Her said Majesty's High Court
of Chancery within six calendar months next and immediately after the date
my

page_text: of the said in part recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference
being thereunto had, will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Thomas Masters, do hereby declare that the nature of the said Invention, and
in what manner the same is to be performed, are fully set forth and
ascertained an and by the following Specification thereof, reference being
had to the Sheets of Drawings hereunto annexed marked A and B, that
is to say:-
Figure 1 is an clevation of the said apparatus in its most complete state,
so far as regards freezing, cooling, and churning; and Figure 2 a section of
one half of the same on an enlarged scale. A is an oblong box or case
mounted on four legs, which is divided by a partition p into two compart-
ments a', a. The compartment a' contains two circular pails B1, B2, which
are precisely alike in all respects, and are constructed in the inside in the
manner shown in the sectional view, Figure 2. C (Fig. 2) is a conical-
shaped vessel of pewter for holding the water, cream, or other matter desired
to be frozen or churned, which is supported in the centre of the pail by
the lid c, c, at top, by the bearings d, d, at bottom, by which last it rests
freely on the end of a spindle D which passes through the partition p and
turns in a socket in the bottom of the second chamber a², so that when a
rotary motion is given to the spindle D a like motion is necessarily communi-
cated to the vessel C. E is a three-bladed spatula, separate views of which
are given in Figures 3 and 4, which is inserted in the vessel C. F is cover,
which is slipped over the handle of this spatula by an orifice in the centre of
it and brought close down upon the vessel C. F2 is a rod which passes
through holes made in the lugs f, f, of the pail and through a hole in the
handle of the spatula E, in order to keep it steady in the centre of the pail
and prevent it from pressing at any part against the sides. In the Drawing
Fig. 2 the spatula is represented as resting by a projecting stud e on the
bottom of the vessel C, but there are two or three holes in the handle of it at
lower elevations than the one through which the supporting rod F is there
shewn to be passed, by passing the rod through any of which the spatula may
be more or less raised, as occasion requires. The space H, H, between the
two vessels C, C, and G, serves to hold the frigorific mixtures, by which,
with the aid of the rotary motion given to the vessel C, the freezing or cooling
are to be effected. G is a second vessel, made of zink or other suitable metal,
of a circular form, for holding water or any other matter, to which a circular
form in the frozen state is desired to be given, which vessel also protects
the material of which the pail is made from being acted on by the freezing

page_text: mixture. The vessel is concentric with and immediately adjoins the sides of
the pail; it rests at bottom on a ledge in the sides, and at top is covered
in with an overlapping lid. The bearings of the spindle D in the wooden
partition p, through which it passes, and the mode in which it is connected
with the vessel C, are shewn separately on an enlarged scale in Fig. 5. I is
a horizontal bevil wheel fixed on the spindle D. K, a vertical bevil wheel,
which works into I, the axle of which is supported at the inner end by
a bearing affixed to the top of the lower compartment a³, and passes out at
the other through the side of the box A. L is a fly wheel fixed on the outer
end of the axle of the vertical bevil wheel K; and M is a handle by which
the fly wheel is turned round, and a rotary motion given to all the parts in
connection with it, namely, the vertical wheel K, the horizontal wheel I, the
spindle D, and the conical vessel C. The motion so given to the rotating
parts of the first pail B₁ (that next the fly wheel) is communicated to the like
parts of the second pail B by means of a strap M' passed round two pulleys
N, N, affixed to their respective spindles. Between the two pulleys, and on
the front edge of the bottom of the lower compartment a², there is fixed a strap-
tightening apparatus, represented separately in Fig. 6. The seat of the
apparatus is made fast to the bottom of the compartment a³, and is bevilled
inwards on its outer edges. m is a carriage, which is bevilled in the same
way as the seat 1, and overlaps it so as to slide freely upon it, as in a groove;
and n is a pulley mounted on the carriage m in a horizontal position, so as to
front or be on a level with the strap M'.
strap, the carriage m is pushed forward, which causes the pulley n to press
against the strap M', and thereby to tighten its hold on the pulleys; and
when it is desired to ease the strap, the reverse course is adopted. S is a screw
which passes down through the carriage m into any of the series of holes s, s,
in the seat I, and thereby makes the carriage and pulley fast in any position
which may be given to them. The frigorific substances or mixture of sub-
stances introduced into the pails in the spaces H, H, may be any of those by
proximity to which fluid bodies are known to be most speedily converted into
solid, as broken-up ice, or new-fallen snow, or ice and common salt, or snow
and common salt, or muriate of ammonia, snow, and common salt, or muriate
of ammonia, nitrate of potash, snow, and common salt, or nitrate of ammonia,
snow, and common salt, or diluted sulphuric acid and snow (encreasing the
proportion of sulphuric acid in proportion as it is desired to encrease the
intensity of the cold), or concentrated muriatic or nitrous acid and snow, or
crystalized chloride of calcium and snow, or fused potash and snow, or nitre
and sal ammoniac, or nitrate of soda and sal ammoniac.
Supposing the
When it is desired to tighten the

page_text: vessels C, C, and G, G, of an apparatus similar to that represented in
Figures 1 and 2 to be filled, the former with any of the flavoured solutions
from which ice creams or water ices are usually made, and the latter with
pure water, and that the space H is also filled with some of the said or other
frigorific substances or mixture of substances, rotation is then to be given to
the vessels C, C, by turning the fly wheel, and continued till the solutions
in the vessels C, C, are frozen, and (by the action of the spatulas) beaten up
into ices of a proper consistency for the table. The time required for this
purpose seldom exceeds four minutes. The vessels C, C, are then to be lifted
out and emptied of their contents for use. No turning is necessary for
converting the water in the vessels G, G, into ice. To effect this, those
vessels may be left in contact with the frigorific mixture for from one hour
and a half to two hours, and after they are lifted out, before attempting
to empty them, they must be placed for a short time in warm water, the heat
from which will completely detach the ice within from the sides. They are
then to be turned upside down and shaken a little, when the ice will drop out
in the form of circular block, which may be placed in a wine cooler, and the
bottles of wine within it, as represented in Figure 6, Sheet B of the Drawings
hereunto annexed. When the apparatus, or any portion of it, is intended to
be used for churning, the frigorific mixtures are, to the extent to which it is so
used, dispensed with, and instead of them the vsssels C, C, one or both, is or
are surrounded with warm water if required. V, V, are taps in front of the
apparatus by which the water, after having been so used, or any other water
which may collect in the space II, H, from condensation or otherwise, can be
drawn off into a discharge pipe W. The apparatus is represented in Figure 1
as having but two pails, which is a convenient number for general use; but
the number may be increased to three, four, or more, by merely enlarging the
apparatus and connecting the spindles of the additional pails to the common
mover L by means similar to those employed in the case of the two pails.
Instead also of the vessels G, G, being of a plain circular shape, they may be
made of any other shape which will allow the blocks of ice formed in them to
drop out freely, so that these blocks may be made of a very great variety of
forms, fanciful and ornamental. When it is desired that the apparatus should
include also an ice-preserving apparatus, a drawer, having a casing inside
filled with air or some other non-heat-conducting body, is inserted for this
purpose in the vacant space between the legs, or the legs are altogether
removed and the apparatus mounted upon a case of drawers, such as repre-
sented in Figure 4, Sheet B, and herein-after described.
An apparatus
having one pail, and adapted to freezing, cooling, and churning only, but

page_text: bottom.
exceedingly suitable for domestic use, is represented in Figures 7 (an eleva-
tion), 8 (a section on an enlarged scale), and 9, Sheet A, a plan through the
centre, on the same scale as Figure 8). The only difference between the
pail in this case and the pails in Figure 1 is, that it is worked from the top
by the means shewn instead of from below, and turns on a fixed pivot (y) at
A is a head piece which is brazed on to the lid of the vessel C,
and up through which the arm of the spatula E passes, terminating in this
case at top in a square nut (x). B is a common winch handle which fits on
to the square nut ; and C, a screw cap, by which it is kept fast in its place,
the screw of this cap passing through the end of the handle and into a female-
threaded recess in the top of the nut. D is a screw pin, by passing which
horizontally through one side of the head piece A2 from right to left, then
through a hole in the handle of the spatula, and finally screwing it into
a female-threaded orifice in the opposite or left side of the head piece, and
a corresponding orifice in the shank of the screw head D³, which serves as a
cap to the left-hand orifice, the spatula can be made fast when it is not
required to rotate. E², E², are two bolts which slide in frames fixed to the
top of the lid of the pail and take into two holes made in the opposite side
of the lid of the vessel C, whereby that vessel also can be made fast when
required. When the apparatus is to be employed for freezing and cooling
purposes, the spatula is made fast by the screw pin D, and the vessel C left
free to rotate, and, vice versa, when the apparatus is to be employed for
churning or beating up the ice creams or water ices, the vessel is made
fast by the bolts E, E, and the spatula caused to rotate. The rotation in
either case is effected by the turning of the winch handle.
drawing off the water from the central part H of the pail.
modification of the domestic apparatus last described. Here a square form is
given to the apparatus, and two drawers lined with lead inserted between the
legs immediately below the pail. The lower drawer is divided into partitions
holding wine bottles, and the upper left undivided for the reception of articles
of any form which may want cooling. The extremely cold water resulting
from the partial liquification of the ice or other frigorific substance or substances
introduced into the pail (when the apparatus has been employed for freezing
purposes) is drawn off by the cock F and allowed to flow into the drawers
by pulling them out alternately for the purpose. A form of spatula different
from that before described, and differently supported in the apparatus, is
represented in Figure 1 (an elevation), and Figure 2 (a plan), Sheet B, of
the Drawings hereunto annexed. It consists of four blades (as shewn in the
Drawing, but may be made with two or more blades), which are attached at
F
is a cock for
Figure 10 is a

page_text: right angles to a pipe G2, which encircles but rises a little way above a second
pipe H2, fixed in the bottom of the pail and open at bottom. 12 is an upright
shaft, which passes up from the lower chamber a through an open hole
(without any stuffing box) in the partition p (see Figure 1, Sheet A), and
thence quite through the pipe II', immediately above which it is attached by
a short cross piece z to the top of the pipe which carries the arms of the
spatula. At bottom this shaft fits freely into a recess in the top of a second
revolving shaft, which rises from the bottom of the lower chamber a³, and
carries tho wheel I and pulley N. From what has been said it will be seen
that the spatula, with its four blades, is kept suspended (as it were) in the
centre of the vessel C by means of the upright shaft I, and that when the
spatula is withdrawn at top the shaft C3 is at liberty to be also withdrawn
along with it. Figure 3 of Sheet B represents a third variety of spatula,
which may be adopted when churning only is to be accomplished, and which
may be either fitted to an apparatus such as that represented in Figure 7,
Sheet A, or to one of the form shewn in Figure 3, Sheet B. Figures 4 and
5, Sheet B, represent the case or set of drawers upon which, as before
mentioned, the apparatus, Figure 1, Sheet A, may be mounted, when it is
desired to combine in one arrangement all the parts necessary to freezing,
cooling, churning, and ice preserving. K is a large centre drawer or box
which pulls out in front, and is filled with the ice desired to be preserved.
L' is a small drawer or box at one corner, which is filled with pure spring
water, which is conducted by a pipe through the ice in the box K2, and
drawn off for use by a tap (not seen in the Drawing) at the bottom; and in
front of the box K³, M2, N2, and 0%, are three other drawers or boxes, which
are appropriated to the reception of any article which may require cooling or
to be kept in a cool state. The whole of the drawers or boxes of the set are
lined with lead or zinked iron, and the framework of each with the substance
called oropholithe (indicated by the red lines), or any other suitable non-heat-
conducting substance. Figures 7 and 8, Sheet B, represent a wine cooler of
greater capacity than that shewn in Figure 6, Sheet B, to which the circular
block or ring of ice formed in the apparatus, Figure 1, Sheet A, may be
transferred for use.
And having now described the nature of my said Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, I declare that I lay no claim to any of
the frigorific mixtures before mentioned, or to the use of any particular
frigorific mixtures whatever, deeming all such mixtures to be more or less
adapted to the purposes of my Invention; and that neither do I claim any
of the parts of which the said apparatus is composed, as being in and by

page_text: themselves separately considered new. And altho' I have represented what I
consider the best method of producing a rotary motion in the vessels C, C,
I do not confine myself to such method, as the vessel may be caused to rotate
by any suitable means.
And I further declare, that what I claim as my Invention is, the apparatus
before described, in the peculiar combination and arrangement of parts of
which the same consists, whereby,-
Firstly, freezing, cooling, churning, and ice-preserving may be conjointly
and simultaneously effected.
Secondly, the solution of which ice creams and water ices are made may be
beaten up while in the act of freezing.
Thirdly, the apparatus may be applied occasionally to some of the said
purposes only, and occasionally to others.
And, fourthly, each of the several parts of the apparatus may be used with
advantage either in combination or separately.
In witness whereof, I, the said Thomas Masters, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Sixth day of January, One thousand eight hundred