IMPROVE- MENTS IN APPARATUS FOR COOLING AND FREEZING
Year: 1864

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Richard Archibald Brooman, of 166, Fleet Street,
in the City of London, Patent Agent, for the Invention of "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN APPARATUS FOR COOLING AND FREEZING."-A communication from
abroad by Marcar Beylih'g, of Constantinople, Turkey.
Sealed the 6th June 1865, and dated the 8th December 1864..
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Richard Archibald Brooman
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
8th December 1864.
I, RICHARD ARCHIBALD BROOMAN, of 166, Fleet Street, in the City of
London, Patent Agent, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR COOLING AND FREEZING," to be as
follows:-
This apparatus, which the Inventor denominates psychrogene, produces
artificial cold by the vaporisation of a volatile fluid, the same quantity of
which may be used over and over again. The congealing receiver partakes
of two special forms dependent upon the ice to be produced.
The accompanying Drawings shew the combination of parts constituting
this new apparatus.
Figure 1 is a vertical section of the whole apparatus; Figure 2 is a plan
of the condenser; Figures 3, 4, and 5 shew in elevation and plan the
congealing receiver.

page_text: a is a piston, the working surface of which is hermetically closed by the
leather ; the connecting rod c is united to the crank d; e is the cylinder
fixed upon the base of the water reservoir e"; one end of the bent tube f is
fitted to the side of this cylinder, while the other end is united to the cylin-
drical piece g of large diameter; the bent tube is provided with a safety
valve h, the orifice of which opens in the water reservoir. The cylindrical
piece g is screwed upon the opening i of the mercury piston j, leaving at the
point of junction circular cavities h", ", the section of which is in the form > <.
The cylinder g receives the movable cover 7, the rod of which slides in a ring.
The conical opening m of the mercury well receives the body of a valve u,
opening upwards, and guided by a vertical rod. Upon the opening m of the
mercury well a compartment o is fixed, where the valve u slides with very
slight friction; at the upper part of this compartment there is a cup p, in the
centre of which there is a bi-conical opening for receiving on one side the
valve u, and on the other the body of the valve 9, which is pressed by a coiled
spring. The cup p is pierced laterally with a circular opening, in which a
solid piece of glass r is hermetically fixed; s is the pressure chamber, to its
upper part a cylindrical tube is screwed, and at its lower part, which is
conical, rests the suction valve u, which is in the centre of the valve q, and in this
manner the orifice of this latter is in communication with the compartment o.
The pressure chamber s terminates laterally in a tubular branch t, covered by
a second valve without spring u¹; v is a pipe uniting the ejection chambers,
and is a pipe uniting the suction compartments. A is the receiver of the
'condenser surmounted by a series of tinned iron tubes, surrounded with fine
'cambric, the rows of stitches of which are folded in loose nets; the upper ends
of these nets traverse caoutchouc tubes, which dip in the reservoir B. It is
furnished with a cock C, from whence runs the conducting pipe D, which
places the interior of the condenser in communication with the pressure
chamber. The box e¹¹¹ annexed to the condensation receiver encloses a bath
with a thermometer filled with alcohol, and is pierced with two openings f
and g, the one of which receives the discharge tube h¹¹, communicating with
the inside of the feed cock (see Figure 1), and the other communicates with
a pressure guage marking 12 atmospheres; there is also a level guage i¹ fitted
to the box e. J is a fan chamber open upon the plan of a centrifugal fan;
k, k, are the blast pipes, the arrows in which indicate the direction of the
current; E is a tubular steam boiler, in the dome F of which the steam
generated is stored. In the centre and upper part of this dome a bath
with a thermometer c', filled with alcohol, is suspended to free the vapor of any
drops of liquid carried off mechanically. The opening d' is for receiving the

page_text: body of a vacuum and pressure guage el marking up to 12 atmospheres; f¹ is
an opening, which is carried through the tube g' in the bottom of the boiler,
and in communication with the discharge opening of the feed cock; h¹ is the
body of a cock on which the suction pipe I is fixed, and through which the
pumps take their supply; j¹ is the level indicator guage; G is the vertical
section of the feed cock, the base of which l' is pierced with two bent conduits,
into which the ends of the tubes g' and m' are introduced laterally. The
upper orifices of the bent conduits are covered with sheet lead, which is
soldered to the base l¹ and y, pressed by the cylindrical piece o'; upon it rests
the pointed end of a forked bar p', the arm of a lever q', charged with a
weight r, resting upon the forked bar; the cylindrical piece o¹ presses the
sheet of lead upon the base I, so as to close communication between the tubes
g and m'; the ring s', movable upon its screw thread at the end of the lever, is
traversed by a rod t¹, furnished at bottom with a button u", and joined at top
to the carriage v¹, which is free to slide or to remain fixed by a screw upon
the crank, when the shaft of the toothed wheels receives its motion from
the fly wheel shaft thro' a belt and the pulley z¹; the rod t¹, moved by the
crank, slides in the ring s¹, but when the bottom abuts against the end of the
lever arm q' it rises to travel with the rod, and ceases to press the cylindrical
piece o against the sheet of lead; the elasticity of this latter yielding to the
power of the compressed vapors, moves from the base upon which it was
applied by the action of the lever, the small valve opens, whereupon communi-
cation takes place between the two lateral conduits, the play of the cylindrical
piece s¹ being limited in the space in which it is placed, the sheet of lead can
only move a very slight distance from the base. When the crank reaches the
position in which it no longer supports the lever, the sheet of lead compressed
by the existing power becomes again placed upon the base, and passage by the
cock is immediately shut off; by changing the position of the button u¹¹ upon
the rod, and of the carriage v upon the crank, the duration of the action of the
cock may be varied at will. Among the outside parts shewn in the Drawings
there is the fly wheel H. and the fan J, which drives the air through pipes K, K,
around the pipes T of the condenser A; H' is the framing, which encloses
the generator and congelation receiver N.
Having explained the parts of this apparatus, I now proceed to explain the
action. The mercury well j, the compartment o are filled with pure mercury;
the maximum level of the mercury is designated by + upon the cup p, and
the lowest level in the cylinder g by; the piston a is driven into the water,
whereby the interior of the pump is entirely filled to the exclusion of a single
air bubble. To follow the working of the apparatus it will suffice to follow

page_text: the action in one of the pumps, all being identical in the other. When the
piston a, at first at the bottom of its stroke, is raised by the crank it draws
after it the column of water in contact with it. The column of mercury forms
a continuation to the column of water, sinks in the chamber o, rises in the
cylinder g, and takes the place of the water displaced, as this latter does that
of the piston. A vacuum tends to be produced above the level of the
mercury lowered in the chamber o, but thereupon the tension exercised in the
generator opens the suction valve u and enters the space occupied at first by
the mercurial column; equilibrium is established, and when the crank is at
the top of its course the piston descends, presses upon the column of water;
the water on the mercury and this latter compresses in turn the vapors which
are prevented returning into the chamber of the generator, the suction valve
being closed; it becomes more and more compressed until its elastic power
overcomes the pressure in the compression chamber and raises the valve q,
which remained closed during the first course of the piston; when the piston
reaches the lowest point of its course the elevation of the mercurial column
attaining its highest point, the vapors entering through the generator are com-
pletely expelled into the compression chamber. At the second stroke of the
piston the same effects are produced, and so on in the 2 pumps. When the
tension in the compression chamber is sufficiently powerful to raise the valve u¹,
the compressed vapours enter continuously into the condenser. By the em-
ployment of a mercurial piston, absolute and permanent tightness is obtained
in the movable surfaces directly in contact with the vapors. However, for the
success of this description of pump certain mechanical arrangements which I
will cite are indispensable. The movement of the mercurial piston from a
certain molicular motion is not so regular as that of a solid piston, especially
when the diameter of the pump is great and the to-and-fro motion rapid. The
arrangements I adopt prevent the jumping of the mercury and control its
level every instant. A small quantity of mercury penetrates into the cavity n,
and tends to destroy any injurious space. The object of the circular cavities
h, h, is to prevent the water passing by sliding upon the sides of the
cylinder g..
2.
I proceed to shew how my apparatus acts as a regulator. Let us suppose
partial escapes and too little water in the cylinder, the piston a rising, the
mercurial piston going down, the valve u floating on it closes the chamber o,
and the rest of the apparatus stops. The piston continuing to rise, a vacuum
taking place in the pump draws the water, which penetrates through the
leather and fills the body of the pump. With a stuffing box an additional
valve would have been necessary. The safety valve prevents the water

page_text: entering in excess should the cooling be pushed too far. As to the compression
chamber provided with a second valve u'; its object is to prevent the passing
of globules of mercury, it only comes out when the apparatus is working with
air, for example, to dry the interior of the tubes and of the receivers. All
the pipes and receivers should be tested to ascertain their powers of resistanco
and to detect the least leak. The water before being introduced into the
pump should be boiled in order to free it of air. It should also have mixed
with it about 8 of crystallized sulphite of soda to prevent it oxidizing the
iron parts of the apparatus. After closing all joints to cut off communication
with the exterior, the apparatus is freed from damp. For this purpose, I fit
over the opening f¹ of the generator a caoutchouc pipe carried from the
bottom of a vessel filled with sulphated pounce, the apparatus is set gently to
work, and the air drawn in escapes from the opening g of the condenser, a
glass tube charged with a small quantity of caustic potass shews the state of
dryness of the current of air. The air has now to be expelled from the tubes
and receivers by driving in the vapor of some frigorific agent, which may be
ammonia, snlphurous acid, or hydrochloric ether; say we take ammonia, the
vapour of which is lighter than air, I fix two flexible tubes upon a drying
vessel full of caustic potass, and in communication at bottom with an imper-
meable bag charged with a weight, and continually fed with ammoniacal
vapor cooled to zero. I fit the ends of these flexible tubes on the cock 6. of
the suction tube I and of the conducting tube D. The vapors pass to the
generator by the passage of the cock h', which is open, and replace the air
which is expelled by the orifice f¹. Then I allow the apparatus to work for
sonie minutes to clear or purge the interior of the pumps and compression
chambers, the expulsion is effected by the orifices S¹, S, formed in the com-
pression chambers, I then close and stop the machine. When the cock of
the conducting tube D is opened, the ammoniacal vapors pass into the con-
denser by the passage of the cock C, the air is expelled by two orifices formed.
in S¹ at the bottom of the tube D and in h, furnished with a cock in which
terminates the discharge tube, plunged in the condensation receiver, and indi.
cated in the Drawings by the dotted lines a¹. The tube and receiver are then
perfectly freed from air; I close the orifices S', S, and fit to h the end of the
tube m in communication with the feed cock C. I allow the apparatus to
work for some seconds, the vapors finding no other outlet, the cock being
reclosed, are expelled thro' the feed cock and escape by the tube g', driving
the air before them; when this last operation is finished, I.fix the end of this
tube on the orifice f, and continue to work the machine. The vapor driven.

page_text: back successively into the condenser is compressed more and more, the pointer
of the manometer advances progressively towards the division which indicates
that liquefaction has commenced. The changes of state take place successively,
but for this purpose it is necessary that the temperature of the condenser
should not rise notwithstanding the redisengagement of latent caloric freed by
the liquefaction produced, and that is the object which this apparatus fulfils,
the sensible heat freed by liquefaction of the vapor is suppressed by the vapo-
rization of water on the outer surface of the condensing tubes. The upper
ends of the nets, which dip in the vessel B formed at the upper extremity of
the condenser, being once primed with water, the cambric lining is uniformly
damped over its whole extent by capillary attraction; the draught, which
traverses with rapidity the space marked by arrows, as well as the heat from
the condensation of the vapors, vaporize the water and this evaporation absorbs
the excess heat. This method of cooling by draught is based on the same
principle of producing cold by evaporation, and has the advantage of
economizing refrigerating water, and also of economizing the mechanical
work by lowering the temperature to the lowest natural temperature of the
current of water. When the condensing receiver is full of liquid up to half
the level gauge, I open the cock which closes the orifice f³, and the con-
gealing fluid commences to enter in proportion into the generator by the
regulated play of the feed cock C. In order that the level ¹ may remain
unvariable I modify the duration of the action of the feed cock as may be found
necessary. The level of liquid is raised in the generator up to half the glass
indicator j. I first close the cock 6, and afterwards open the cock of the
generator h¹, the apparatus is then ready for use. When the apparatus is in
work, the pumps being fed this time directly from the air in the generator, in
proportion as the tension of this air diminishes in the dome F', the volatile fluid
disengages from its mass a fresh quantity of vapor to saturate the space, at
the same time a proportionate quantity of sensible heat is absorbed in a latent
state, and this quantity of heat equivalent to the caloric of elasticity due to the
change of state not being compensated by a constant source, the evaporation is
maintained at the expense of the heat of the surrounding bodies, and the
refrigeration of these bodies is the more intense as the evaporization is more
rapid or prolonged. The result is that the fluid circulating in N is exposed to
the refrigeration which furnishes all the heat, and consequently the temperature
of N is lowered. N loses all its heat, and becomes a source of cold, which
cools in its turn the bodies exposed to its action.

page_text: Without mentioning the various applications of which the source of cold is
capable of receiving, I proceed to describe two processes and arrangements of
apparatus for making two different sorts of ice.
The first process is as follows:-It is a mechanical operation, consisting in
congealing the water in a constant and continuous manner. by the circulatory
movement of a refrigerating medium, and in depositing the ice as it is formed..
A layer of ice is thus always separated from the water to be frozen, and is
therefore not opposed to the diffusion of the heat which it is necessary the
water should lose.
Figure 3 shows the apparatus in vertical section, and Figures 4 and 5 in plan.
a is a chamber in which a generator 6 is placed; it is covered by a second
chamber c, open at front, and divided into two compartments d, e; in the bottom
of d two openings are formed, one of which gives passage to the dome f of
the generator, and the other, which is furnished with a pipe, receives the body
of a screw propeller g, resting on a pivot so as to turn freely round its vertical
axis; toothed gearing i transmits the motion to the shaft of the cock j, a
metallic disc k covers the compartment d, and allows passage to the upper part
of the dome and the propeller rod. The compartment e receives the icer 1;
it is composed of a metal cylinder supported by two pivots m, n; the ends of
the cylinder which are narrowed are supported in bearings and terminate in
pipes o, p; the pipe p communicates with the generating chamber, and the
pipe o with the propeller chamber; stuffing boxes q, q, allow the cylinder 'to
turn without there being any loss of the liquid in circulation, the uncongelable
liquid which circulates in the interior of the machine is a mixture of one part
alcohol and two parts water, which has the advantage of not deteriorating as
saline solutions the metallic parts, the bath being completely enclosed there is
no loss. A toothed wheel r, fixed to the end of the cylinder, gears into a
wheels, which receives motion from the spindle of the cock; t is a steel scraper
of prismatic form fixed on supports, following the longitudinal direction of the
cylinder and in a direction opposed to its movement, so as to be directed tan-
gentially against the length of the circumference of the cylinder, and on the
lateral faces being free to slide as a carriage on its support, and being held by
pressure screws at any desired distance. The pieces u, u, which form a right
angle with the scraper are connected by binding screws; v is a trough of tinned.
copper in which part of the cylinder dips, it is constantly fed with the water
intended for freezing. The whole machine is enclosed. in a double. wood.

page_text: casing a, fitted at its upper part with a cover and at front with a shutter. The
machine being arranged as before described, when rapid rotary motion is im-
parted to the propeller in the direction of suction, the uncongelable liquid being
confined in the generator chamber answering to the attraction produced by
reaction, an ascending current is formed; but as soon as the liquid is precipi-
tated into the. propeller chamber, the contents of the latter traversing the
cylinder by the pipes which correspond is driven into the propeller chamber
and replaces the displaced liquid, and consequently during the time the propeller
is worked a correspondingly rapid circulation is kept up in the cooling
apparatus. The cylinder being put in motion, let us suppose the liquid
which circulates therein is cooled 4°, the cylinder which in touching the
water in the trough congeals it, and becomes covered with a
layer of
ice, the scraper t removes this ice, which is deposited in powder in the ice
chamber e. A cock y and overflow z allow of a constant level being main-
tained in the trough the water which falls drop by drop by the overflow orifice
indicates that the trough is fed in proportion to the transformation of water
into ice. The product being strongly packed in wooden cases is formed into
blocks of ice.
The manufacture of a different kind of ice (verglas) requires a slightly
different apparatus; it is composed of a rectangular wooden case lined with
planks, and sufficiently deep to allow a rectangular metal box with polished
surface and enclosed at every part, placed on the upper edges of the case, to
move round its horizontal axis. The axes of the box, which are hollow, fit into
stuffing boxes in the circulation pipes in the manner above described; the sides
of the box, which correspond to the axis, are lined with a perforated metal
diaphragm intended for the indirect distribution of the cooling medium, which
circulates therein by grazing by this means the inside of the metal box. I
fill the case with the water to be frozen; I place the box in a horizontal
position so as almost to cover the surface of the water by plunging therein up
to half of its depth (which is very shallow in proportion to its surface), a
wooden cover with double lining completely shuts off communication with the
outside. The water in which the metal box is plunged begins to solidify,
owing to the influence of the refrigerating medium, which is in continual
circulation, and the sides of the box become covered with a layer of ice
(verglas). When the necessary thickness has been formed I turn the box on
its axis so as to reverse the upper side of the box; a deposit or layer is then
formed on that side. The layer brought to the upper side of the box is left
there for about half an hour, in order that it may become detached from

page_text: .
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Richard Archibald Brooman in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 8th June 1865.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, RICHARD
ARCHIBALD BROOMAN, of 166, Fleet Street, in the City of London, Patent
Agent, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Eighth day of December, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-four, in the twenty-eighth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto
me, the said Richard Archibald Brooman, Her special licence that I, the
said Richard Archibald Brooman, my executors, administrators, and assigns,
or such others as I, the said Richard Archibald Brooman, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others,
from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term therein
expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within
the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands,
and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR COOLING
AND FREEZING," (communicated to me from abroad by Marcar Beylib'g, of
Constantinople, Turkey,) upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said
Richard Archibald Brooman, my executors or administrators, by an instru-
ment in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should
particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in
what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in
the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately
after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Richard Archibald Brooman, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement thereof, reference being had to the Drawings hereunto
annexed, that is to say:
This apparatus, which the Inventor denominates psychrogene, produces
artificial cold by the vaporization of a volatile fluid, the same quantity of which
may be used over and over again. The congealing receiver partakes of two
special forms dependent upon the ice to be produced.

page_text: The accompanying Drawings shew the combination of parts constituting
this new apparatus.
Figure 1 is a vertical section of the whole apparatus; Figure 2 is a plan of
the condenser; Figures 3, 4, and 5 shew in elevation and plan the con-
gealing receiver.
a is a piston, the working surface of which is hermetically closed by the
leather 6; the connecting rod c is united to the crank d; e is the cylinder
fixed upon the base of the water reservoir eu ; one end of the bent tube f is
fitted to the side of this cylinder, while the other end is united to the cylindrical
piece g of large diameter; the bent tube is provided with a safety valve b,
the orifice of which opens in the water reservoir. The cylindrical piece g is
screwed upon the opening i of the mercury piston j, leaving at the point of
junction circular cavities h", hu, the section of which is in the form ><. The
cylinder 9 receives the moveable cover l, the rod of which slides in a ring.
The conical opening m of the mercury well receives the body of a valve u,
opening upwards, and guided by a vertical rod. Upon the opening m of the
mercury well a compartment o is fixed, where the valve u slides with very
slight friction; at the upper part of this compartment there is a cup p, in the
centre of which there is a bi-conical opening for receiving on one side the
valve u, and on the other the body of the valve g, which is pressed by a coiled
spring. The cup p is pierced laterally with a circular opening, in which a
solid piece of glass r is hermetically fixed. s is the pressure chamber; to its
upper part a cylindrical tube is screwed, and at its lower part, which is
conical, rests the suction valve u, which is in the centre of the valve q, and
in this manner the orifice of this latter is in communication with the compart-
ment o. The pressure chamber s terminates laterally in a tubular branch t,
covered by a second valve without spring u; v is a pipe uniting the ejection
chambers; and is a pipe uniting the suction compartments. A is the
receiver of the condenser, surmounted by a series of a tinned iron tubes sur-
rounded with fine cambric, the rows of stitches of which are folded in loose
nets; the upper ends of these nets traverse caoutchouc tubes, which dip in the
reservoir B; it is furnished with a cock C, from whence runs the conducting
pipe D, which places the interior of the condenser in communication with the
pressure chamber. The box e¹¹, annexed to the condensation receiver,
encloses a bath with a thermometer filled with alcohol, and is pierced with
two openings and g¹, the one of which receives the discharge tube h¹¹,
communicating with the inside of the feed cock (see Fig. 1), and the other
communicates with a pressure gauge marking twelve atmospheres; there is
also a level gauge fitted to the box e. J is a fan chamber open, upon the

page_text: plan of a centrifugal fan; k, k, are the blast pipes, the arrows in which
indicate the direction of the current; E is a tubular steam boiler, in the
dome F of which the steam generated is stored. In the centre and upper
part of this dome a bath with a thermometer c', filled with alcohol, is
suspended to free the vapor of any drops of liquid carried off mechanically.
The opening d¹ is for receiving the body of a vacuum and pressure gauge e¹
marking up to 12 atmospheres'; f is an opening, which is carried through
the tube 9 in the bottom of the boiler, and in communication with the
discharge opening of the feed cock; h' is the body of a cock on which the
suction pipe I is fixed, and through which the pumps take their supply; j¹ is
the level indicator gauge; G is the vertical section of the feed cock, the base
of which is pierced with two bent conduits, into which the ends of the
tubes g' and m' are introduced laterally. The upper orifices of the bent
conduits are covered with sheet lead, which is soldered to the base and y
pressed by the cylindrical piece o¹. Upon it rests the pointed end of a forked
bar p', the arm of a lever q', charged with a weight, resting upon the forked
bar, the cylindrical piece o¹ presses the sheet of lead upon the base l¹ so as to
close communication between the tubes g¹ and m¹; the ring s¹, moveable upon
its screw thread at the end of the lever, is traversed by a rod t¹, furnished at
bottom with a button u", and joined at top to the carriage v', which is free to
slide or to remain fixed by a screw upon the crank ad; when the shaft of the
toothed wheels receives its motion from the fly wheel shaft through a belt and
the pulley Z, the rod t¹, moved by the crank, slides in the ring s¹, but when
the button abuts against the end of the lever arm q', it rises to travel with the
rod, and ceases to press the cylindrical piece o¹ against the sheet of lead; the
elasticity of this latter yielding to the power of the compressed vapors, moves
from the base upon which it was applied by the action of the lever, the small
valve opens, whereupon communication takes place between the two lateral
conduits; the play of the cylindrical piece o' being limited in the space in
which it is placed, the sheet of lead cau only move a very slight distance from
the base. When the crank reaches the position in which it no longer supports
the lever, the sheet of lead compressed by the existing power becomes again
placed upon the base and passage by the cock is immediately shut off; by
changing the position of the button u¹¹ upon the rod, and of the carriage v
upon the crank, the duration of the action of the cock may be varied at will.
Among the outside parts shewn in the Drawings there is the fly wheel H and
the fan J, which drives the air through pipes K, K, around the pipes T of the
condenser A; II' is the framing which encloses the generator and congelation
receiver N.

page_text: Having explained the parts of this apparatus, I now proceed to explain its
action. The mercury well j, the compartment o are filled with fine mercury,
the maximum level of the mercury is designated by + upon the cup p, and
the lowest level in the cylinder g by, the piston a is driven into the water,
whereby the interior of the pump is entirely filled to the exclusion of a single
air bubble. To follow the working of the apparatus it will suffice to follow the
action in one of the pumps, all being identical in the other. When the
piston a at first at the bottom of its stroke is raised by the crank, it draws
after it the column of water in contact with it. The column of mercury
forms a continuation to the column of water, sinks in the chamber o, rises in
the cylinder g, and takes the place of the water displaced, as this latter does
that of the piston. A vacuum tends to be produced above the level of the
mercury lowered in the chamber o, but thereupon the tension exercised in the
generator opens the suction valve u, and enters the space occupied at first by
the mercurial column. Equilibrium is established, and when the crank is at
the top of its course the piston descends, presses upon the column of water,
the water on the mercury and this latter compresses in turn the vapours,
which are prevented returning into the chamber of the generator, the suction
valve being closed. It becomes more and more compressed until its elastic
power overcomes the pressure in the compression chamber, and raises the
valve which remained closed during the first course of the piston. When
the piston reaches the lowest point of its course, the elevation of the mer-
curial column attaining its highest point, the vapors entering through the
generator are completely expelled into the compression chamber. At the
second stroke of the piston the same effects are produced, and so on in the
two pumps.
When the tension in the compression chamber is sufficiently
powerful to raise the valve u', the compressed vapours enter continuously into
the condenser. By the employment of a mercurial piston absolute and per-
manent tightness is obtained in the moveable surfaces directly in contact
with the vapours. However, for the success of this description of pump
certain mechanical arrangements which I will cite are indispensable. The
movement of the mercurial piston from a certain molecular motion is not so
regular as that of a solid piston, especially when the diameter of the pump is
great, and the to-and-fro motion rapid. The arrangements I adopt prevent
the jumping of the mercury, and control its level every instant a small quantity
of mercury penetrates into the cavity n, and tends to destroy any injurious
space. The object of the circular cavities h", h, is to prevent the water
passing by sliding upon the sides of the cylinder g. I proceed to shew how
my apparatus acts as a regulator. Let us suppose partial escapes, and too

page_text: little water in the cylinder, the piston a rising, the mercurial piston going
down the valve u, floating on it closes the chamber o, and the rest of the
apparatus stops. The piston continuing to rise, a vacuum taking place in the
pump draws the water which penetrates through the leather, and fills the
the body of the pump. With a stuffing box an additional valve would
have been necessary. The safety valve prevents the water entering in excess
should the cooling be pushed too far. As to the compression chamber pro-
vided with a second valve u', its object is to prevent the passing of globules
of mercury, it only comes out when the apparatus is working with air, for
example, to dry the interior of the tubes and of the receivers. All the pipes
and receivers should be tested to ascertain their powers of resistance, and to
detect the least leak. The water before being introduced into the pump
should be boiled in order to free it of air. It should also have mixed with it
about of crystallized sulphite of soda to prevent it oxidizing the iron
parts of the apparatus. After closing all joints to cut off communication
with the exterior, the apparatus is freed from damp. For this purpose I fit
over the opening f¹ of the generator caoutchouc pipe carried from the bottom
of a vessel filled with sulphated pounce, the apparatus is set gently to work,
and the air drawn, it escapes from the opening 9 of the condenser. A glass
tube, charged with a small quantity of caustic potass, shews the state of dryness
of the currrent of air. The air has now to be expelled from the tubes and
receivers by driving in the vapour of some frigorific agent, which may be
ammonia, sulphurous acid, or hydrochloric ether; say we take ammonia, the
vapor of which is lighter than air. I fix two flexible tubes upon a drying
vessel full of caustic potass, and in communication at bottom with an imper-
meable bag charged with a weight, and continually fed with ammoniacal
vapor cooled to zero. I fit the ends of these flexible tubes on the cock
of the suction tube I and of the conducting tube D. The vapors pass to
the generator by the passage of the cock h¹, which is open, and replace the air
which is expelled by the orifice f. Then I allow the apparatus to work
for some minutes to clear or purge the interior of the pumps and compression
chambers, the expulsion is effected by the orifices S¹, S, formed in the com-
pression chambers chambers, I then close and stop the machine.
When the cock of the conducting tube D is opened, the ammoniacal
vapors pass into the condenser by the passage of the cock C; the air is
expelled by two orifices formed in S¹ at the bottom of the tube D and in h
furnished with a cock in which terminates the discharge tube, plunged in, the
condensation receiver, and indicated in the Drawings by the dotted lines a¹.
The tube and receiver are then perfectly freed from air. I close the orifices.

page_text: S¹, S, and fit to h¹ the end of the tube m in communication with the feed
cock C. I allow the apparatus to work for some seconds, the vapors finding
no other outlet, the cock being reclosed, are expelled through the feed cock
and escape by the tube g', driving the air before them; when this last opera-
tion is finished, 1 fix the end of this tube on the orifice f¹, and continue to
work the machine. The vapor driven back successively into the condenser is
compressed more and more, the pointer of the manometer advances pro-
gressively towards the division which indicates that liquefaction has com-
menced. The changes of state take place successively, but for this purpose
it is necessary that the temperature of the condenser should not rise notwith-
standing the redisengagement of latent caloric freed by the liquefaction
produced, and that is the object which this apparatus fulfils; the sensible heat
freed by the liquefaction of the vapor is suppressed by the vaporization of
water on the outer surface of the condensing tubes. The upper ends of the
nets which dip in the vessel B formed at the upper extremity of the condenser
being once primed with water, the cambric lining is uniformly damped over
its whole extent by capillary attraction, the draught which traverses with
rapidity the space marked by arrows, as well as the heat from the condensation
of the vapors, vaporise the water, and this evaporation absorbs the excess
heat. This method of cooling by draught is based on the same principle of
producing cold by evaporation, and has the advantage of economizing refri-
gerating water, and also of economizing the mechanical work by lowering the
temperature to the lowest natural temperature of the current of water.
When the condensing receiver is full of liquid up to half the level gauge i', I
open the cock which closes the orifice f¹, and the congealing fluid commences
to enter in proportion into the generator by the regulated play of the feed
cock C. In order that the level may remain invariable, I modify the
duration of the action of the feed cock as may be found necessary. The level
of liquid is raised in the generator up to half the glass indicator j¹. I first
close the cock and afterwards open the cock of the generator h', the appa-
ratus is then ready for use.
When the apparatus is in work the pumps being fed this time directly from
the air in the generator, in proportion as the tension of this air diminishes in
the dome F, the volatile fluid disengages from its mass a fresh quantity of
vapor to saturate the space, at the same time a proportionate quantity of
sensible beat is absorbed in a latent state, and this quantity of heat, equivalent
to the caloric of elasticitu due to the change of state, not being compensated
by a constant source, the evaporation is maintained at the expense of the heat
of the surrounding bodies, and the refrigeration of these bodies is the more

page_text: intense as the vaporization is more rapid or prolonged. The result is that the
fluid circulating in N is exposed to the refrigeration which furnishes all the
heat, and consequently the temperature of N is lowered; N loses all its heat
and becomes a source of cold, which cools in its turn the bodies exposed to its
Without mentioning the various applications of which the source of cold is
capable of receiving, I proceed to describe two processes and arrangements of
apparatus for making two different sorts of ice. The first process is as
follows:
It is a mechanical operation consisting in congealing the water in a
constant and continuous manner by the circulatory movement of a refri-
gerating medium, and in depositing the ice as it is formed. A layer of ice is
thus always separated from the water to be frozen, and is therefore not
opposed to the diffusion of the heat which it is necessary the water should
lose.
}
Figure 3 shows the apparatus in vertical section, and Figures 4 and 5 in
plan.
a is a chamber in which a generator b is placed; it is covered by a second
chamber c, open at front and divided into two compartments d, e; in the
bottom of d. two openings are formed, one of which gives passage to the
domef of the generator, and the other which is furnished with a pipe receives
the body of a screw propeller g resting on a pivot, so as to turn freely round
its vertical axis; toothed gearing i transmits the motion to the shaft of the
cock j; a metallic disc k covers the compartment d, and allows passage to the
upper part of the dome and the propeller rod. The compartment e receives
the icer l, it is composed of a metal cylinder supported by two pivots m, n,
the ends of the cylinder which are narrowed are supported in bearings, and
terminate in pipes o, p, the pipe p communicates with the generating chamber
and the pipe o with the propeller chamber; stuffing boxes q, q', allow the
cylinder to turn without there being any loss of the liquid in circulation; the
uucongelable. liquid which circulates in the interior of the machine is a
mixture of one part alcohol and two parts water, which has the advantage of
not deteriorating as saline solutions the metallic parts; the bath being com-
pletely enclosed there is no loss.
A toothed wheel r, fixed to the end of the cylinder, gears into a wheels,
which receives motion from the spindle of the cock; t is a steel scraper of
prismatic form fixed on supports, following the longitudinal direction of the

page_text: cylinder, and in a direction opposed to its movement, so as to be directed
tangentially against the length of the circumference of the cylinder, and on
the lateral faces being free to slide as a carriage on its support, and being
held by pressure screws at any desired distance..
The pieces u, u¹, which form a right angle with the scraper, is con-
nected by binding screws; vis a trough of tinned copper, in which part
of the cylinder dips; it is constantly fed with the water intended for
freezing.
The whole machine is enclosed in a double wood casing x, fitted at its
upper part with a cover and at front with a shutter.
The machine being arranged as before described, when rapid rotary
motion is imparted to the propeller in the direction of suction, the uncon-
gelable liquid being confined in the generation chamber answering to the
attraction produced by reaction, an ascending current is formed, but as soon
as the liquid is precipitated into the propeller chamber, the contents of the
latter traversing the cylinder 7 by the pipes which correspond is driven into
the propeller chamber and replaces the displaced liquid, and consequently
during the time the propeller is worked, a correspondingly rapid circulation is
kept up in the cooling apparatus.
The cylinder being put in motion, let us suppose the liquid which circu-
lates therein is cooled 4°; the cylinder which in touching the water in the
trough congeals it, and becomes covered with a layer of ice; the scraper t
removes this ice, which is deposited in powder in the ice chamber e. A cock y
and overflow allow of a constant level being maintained in the trough; the
water which falls drop by drop by the overflow orifice indicates that the
trough is fed in proportion to the transformation of water into ice. The pro-
duct being strongly packed in wooden cases is formed into blocks of ice.
The manufacture of a different kind of ice (verglas) requires a slightly
different apparatus; it is composed of a rectangular wooden case lined with
planks, and sufficiently deep to allow a rectangular metal box with polished
surface and enclosed at every part, placed on the upper edges of the case, to
move round its horizontal axis. The axes of the box, which are hollow, fit
into stuffing boxes in the circulation pipes in the manner above described;
the sides of the box which correspond to the axis are lined with a perforated
metal diaphragm intended for the indirect distribution of the cooling medium,
which circulates therein by grazing by this means the inside of the metal
box. I fill the case with the water to be frozen; I place the box in a
horizontal position so as almost to cover the surface of the water by plunging
therein up to half of its depth (which is very shallow in proportion to its

page_text: surface); a wooden cover with double lining completely shuts off commu-
nication with the outside. The water in which the metal box is plunged
begins to solidify owing to the influence of the refrigerating medium which is
in continual circulation, and the sides of the box become covered with a layer
of ice (verglas).
When the necessary thickness has been formed, I turn the box on its.
axis so as to reverse the upper side of the box; a deposit or layer is then
formed on that side. The layer brought to the upper side of the box is left
there for about half an hour, in order that it may become detached from the
metallic surface by the action of cold; it may then be broken with a chisel or
otherwise.
And having now described the nature of the said Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, I declare that I claim constructing
apparatus for cooling and freezing substantially as herein-before described,
and represented in the accompanying Drawings.
In witness whereof, I, the said Richard Archibald Brooman, have here-
unto set my hand and seal, this Eighth day of June, One thousand.
eight hundred and sixty-five.
R. A. BROOMAN. (L.S.)