Ax IMPROVED METHOD OF OPERATING UPON CERTAIN VEGETABLE AND ANIMAL SUBSTANCES IN THE PROCESS OF MANUFACTURING CANDLES THEREFROM;
Year: 1836

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, JOHN
FREDERICK WILLIAM HEMPEL, of Oranienburg, in the Kingdom of Prussia,
but now of Clapham, in the County of Surrey, Officer of Engineers, and
HENRY BLUNDELL, of Hull, in the County of York, Paint and Colour Manufac-
turer, send greeting.
WHEREAS in consequence of a communication made to us from abroad
by a certain Foreigner, we are in possession of an Invention for "Ax
IMPROVED METHOD OF OPERATING UPON CERTAIN VEGETABLE AND ANIMAL SUBSTANCES
IN THE PROCESS OF MANUFACTURING CANDLES THEREFROM;" and whereas His
present most Excellent Majesty King William the Fourth, by His Letters
Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at Westminster,
the Fifteenth day of September, in the seventh year of His reign, did, for
Himself, His heirs and successors, give and grant unto us, the said John
Frederick William Hempel and Henry Blundell, His especial licence, that
we, the said John Frederick William Hempel and Henry Blundell, our
exors, admors, and assigns, or such others as we, the said John Frederick
William Hempel and Henry Blundell, our exors, adñors, or assigns, should
at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times
during the term of years therein expressed, should and lawfully might make,
use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick-
upon-Tweed, "the said Invention;" in which said Letters Patent is contained
a proviso obliging us, the said John Frederick William Hempel and Henry

page_text: Blundell, by an instrument in writing under our or one of our hands
and seals, particularly to describe and ascertain the nature of the said In-
vention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, and to cause
the same to be enrolled in His said Majesty's High Court of Chancery
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said
recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference being thereunto had,
will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, we, the said
John Frederick William Hempel and Henry Blundell, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention to consist in operating upon palm oil, animal fat,
or tallow and beeswax, in the manner and with the materials herein-after set
forth and explained, so as effectually to separate the stearine from the oleine
contained in the palm oil and animal fat or tallow, and convert the said
stearine by submitting it to the process of oxygenation, bleaching, and purify-
ing, herein-after described, into a highly improved steric acid, which, used by
itself, makes a very superior candle, or. mixed with beeswax enables candles
principally made of that material to be run in moulds instead of being dipped
and rolled in the ordinary tedious manner. And in further compliance with the
said proviso, we; the said John Frederick William Hempel and Henry
Blundell, do hereby describe the manner in which the said Invention is to be
performed, by the following statement thereof, that is to say:-
1st, as to palm oil. We subject this material to seven different processes:
crystalization, pressing, oxydation or conversion of the stearine into stearic
acid, separating the stearic acid from the lime, washing and pressing a second
time, bleaching and refining. 1st. Crystalization.-Palm oil, as imported, is
melted and run into large iron or other vessels, which we call "crystalizing
vessels." In these it is allowed to cool very gradually; the stearine crystalizes at
a temperature of about 75 degrees of Fahrenheit, and the olcine at this tem-
perature partly separates from it. 2nd. Pressing. At about the last-named
temperature it is subjected to a powerful hydraulic or other mechanical
pressure; the liquid part which runs from the press is the oleine, and the
solid substance which remains in the press is the stearine in an impure state,
with a portion of margarine. 3d: Oxydation or conversion of the stearine and
margarine into stearic and margaric acid.-The stearine and margarine are
first melted in an iron vessel. To every 104lbs. of the stearine and margarine
I add very gradually, 12lbs. (more or less according to the quality of the
ingredients) of very dry hydrate of lime in a very fine powder, keeping the
mass briskly stirred during the whole time. The temperature is to be
gradually increased to about 240 degrees of heat, and kept well stirred for

page_text: about three hours, or until a perfect combination of the stearine and margarine
with the lime takes place. This may be known by the mass becoming thin and
transparent, and when cold assuming a glassy appearance. This operation being
finished the fire is withdrawn, and cold water added (very gradually at first),
stirring very briskly all the while until the whole mass falls into a state of
coarse granulation or powder; this is then passed through a wire sieve to break
down any lumps that may remain. It may be as well here to state how we
prepare the said hydrate of lime, although this forms no part of the Invention
claimed. The limestone must be of the best quality, and free from churt or
flints. Take pieces of such lime well burnt and fresh, lay them on a sieve
and immerse the whole in water for the space of one minute; take it out and
let the water that is not absorbed run off, the lime will soon fall to a powder;
take this and put it into an iron vessel moderately heated and covered down
with a wood cover to drive away by evaporation any water that is free; it must
then be passed through a fine sieve and used as quickly as possible, as it soon
attracts fresh moisture. 4th. To separate the stearic and margaric acid from
the lime. The stearine and margarine, by the last-described process, has now
become acidified or oxygenated in combination with lime, forming stearate and
margarate of lime.
We now proceed to separate the stearic and margaric
acid from the lime. For this purpose we use muriate of lime and sulphuric
acid. We take as much of the muriate of lime as will produce sufficient
muriatic acid to decompose the quantity of stearate and margarate of
lime operated upon. To the muriate of lime we add as much sulphuric acid
as will precipitate the lime and set the muriatic acid free. We put to the
stearate of lime a sufficient quantity of this muriatic acid to dissolve all the
lime contained in it, taking care to employ an excess of acid; the proportion
will be about 3lbs. of muriatic acid diluted with 9lbs. of water to one pound.
of lime; this mixture is to lay three or four days in order to insure the complete
solution of the lime; sufficient heat is afterwards employed to melt the stearic
acid and margaric acids which then float on the surface; the muriate of lime is
removed into another vessel and decomposed with sulphuric acid, the disengaged
muriatic acid is used in the next operations with stearate of lime; and so on.
By this process the only expense of acid is the sulphuric, which is a saving of
.
at last fifty per cent. and with an almost perfect separation of the lime from
the stearic acid. 5th. Washing and pressing a second time.-The stearic and
margaric acid having been well washed with hot water, is again subjected to
the press, at a temperature of about 75 degrees of heat, to separate the stearic
from the margaric acid. 6th. Bleaching process.-The stearic acid is taken
from the press and put upon water in large shallow vessels placed in the open

page_text: air, and kept at the melting point eight to twelve hours, occasionally stirred and
exposed as much as possible to the action of the atmosphere until it has
become white. The margaric acid is bleached in the same manner as above
described in separate vessels. 7th. Refining process. It is then warmed
again, and removed in a melting state to a vessel which we call an
agitating tub. To every 1000lbs. of stearic acid we use in this refining pro-
cess 1lb. of the black oxyde of manganese prepared from the white carbonate
of manganese, or about 24lb. more or less of the common black oxyde of
manganese, 40lbs. of concentrated sulphuric acid diluted with 200lb. of
pure water.
This solution, while warm from the heat which it evolves, is
placed in a suitable vessel above the agitating tub. The stearic acid being at
the melting point in the vessel below, the agitator or stirring shaft of this
last-named vessel is set to work, and the solution is allowed to run gradually
into it until the whole is well mixed, which generally requires about two
hours. The mass is allowed to lay in this state for forty-eight hours; it may
then be boiled by steam for two or three hours, when it will be found to be
sufficiently refined. The sulphuric acid which is at the bottom is now run
off, and the stearic acid which remains is well washed with pure water by
steam heat. It is then put into large conical vessels of stoneware enclosed
in a box or jacket, and kept warm by steam heat, and lined with conical bags of
suitable strong filtering paper, through which, being warm, it finds its way; and
when the stearic acid has been thus filtered it is run into blocks, when it will
be found a beautiful stearic acid, and which we call palm stearic acid, or
palm wax, and is ready to be made into candles in the usual way. Or
we employ the following process of refining:-To 100lbs. of stearic acid
we take 16lbs. of sulphuric acid, diluted with about 128lbs. of pure water,
or 21lbs. of sulphate of manganese and 9lbs. of common salt, and boil with
steam for ten or twelve hours, or about ten per cent. of phosphoric acid
(highly concentrated), or ten per cent. of oxalic acid, boiling in either case
ten or twelve hours with steam. By using the phosphoric or oxalic acid we
effectually dissolve out any earthy or metallic matter that might still adhere
to the stearic acid with more certainty than can be done by the agitator,
unless the stirring shaft is very carefully and vigorously worked; and there is
no extra expense of acids, as it is worked over and over again, being occa-
sionally purified by the addition of a small quantity of sulphuric acid,
which throws down any earthy or metallic matter the phosphoric or oxalic
acid may have collected. The stearic acid, after having been well washed
with pure hot water, is in this case also filtered as above and run into blocks.
Secondly, as to animal fat or tallow. We will now proceed to de-

page_text: scribe the processes for the preparation of stearic acid from animal fat or
tallow: 1. Crystalization. The animal fat or tallow is well cleansed
from all impurities in the ordinary way; it is then, in a melted state,
put into a round vessel in which is a stirrer or agitator, and in which
it is worked until it has cooled down to about 100 degrees of heat, when
it will assume a milky appearance with a granulated texture.
The gra-
nulations are the stearine in a state of crystalization. 2. Pressing. - In
this state it is put into the press and subjected to a powerful pressure. The
liquid which runs from the press is the oleine or oil of tallow; the solid
substance is the tallow stearine for making candles when operated upon as
follows:-3. Oxydation or conversion of the stearine into stearic acid.-This
process is exactly the same as is described for palm stearine. 4. Separation
of the stearic acid from the lime.-This process is also the same as is
described for palm stearic acid. 5. Crystalization and pressing a second
time. After the stearic acid has been well washed with bot water, it is
again crystalized or granulated, as before described, and pressed a second
time. 6. Refining process.-The stearic acid is taken from the press and
refined by the second process described for refining palm stearic acid. After
being well washed with pure hot water it is filtered as described for palm
stearic acid and cast into blocks ready to make into candles, having thus
become good stearic acid, which we call tallow stearic acid. Or we proceed
as follows with animal fat or tallow:-Having crystallized and pressed as
before, we obtain the stearine and saponify it by combining it with the
caustic leys of soda, potash, or any other alhali, thus making stearate of soda
or potash, &c. This sterate of alhali is dissolved in a vessel with hot water and
steam; to this we add as much phosphoric acid as will neutralize the alkali
and set the stearic acid free. The stearic acid is put into an evaporating
vessel with a heat of about 180 degrees, and is left until the whole of the
water is evaporated; it is again pressed, and after being well washed and
filtered is cast into blocks and ready to make into candles. The phosphate of
alkali is decomposed with quicklime, forming phosphate of lime and caustic
alkali. The caustic alkali is again employed to oxidize a fresh portion of
stearine; the phosphate of lime is decomposed by sulphuric acid, and the
phosphoric acid is ready to be again employed. By this method the only loss
is the sulphuric acid and lime, and about three per cent. of the alkali and
phosphoric acid.
Thirdly, as to common tallow.-We mix therewith margaric acid from palm
oil, prepared and bleached as aforesaid, in the proportion of ten to twenty

page_text: pounds of margaric acid..to 100 pounds of tallow in the manufacture of
common mold or dip candles.
Fourthly, as to beeswax.-We will lastly proceed to describe our method of
operating upon this article; which is simply by mixing with it a portion of our
palin or tallow stearic acid in its highly improved state, in the proportions of
from 5 to 10 parts of stearic acid.to 100 parts of wax, and then proceeding
to make candles of the materials so mixed by running them in moulds in the
ordinary manner of making other mould candles.
... 'Now, whereas, we claim as the said Invention the operating upon palm oil,
animal fat or tallow, and beeswax, by mixing them with the ingredients and
by submitting them to the various chemical process herein-before described,
and in manner herein-before described, for the purpose. of manufacturing
candles; and such Invention being, to the best of our knowledge and belief,
entirely new; and: never before used within that part of His said Majesty's
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland called England, His said
Dominion of Wales, and Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, I, the said Henry
Blundell, do hereby declare this to be our Specification of the same,. and that
we do verily believe this our said Specification doth comply in all respects,
fully and without reserve or disguise, with the proviso in the said herein-
before, in part recited Letters Patent contained; wherefore we do hereby claim
to maintain exclusive right and privilege to the said Invention.
In witness whereof, I, the said Henry Blundell, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Sixth day of March, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and thirty-seven.

page_text: Hempel, of Oranienburg, in the Kingdom of Prussia, but then of
Clapham, in the County of Surrey, Officer of Engineers, and Henry
Blundell, of Hull, in the County of York, Paint and Color Manu-
facturer, for an Invention of "AN IMPROVED METHOD OF OPERATING
. UPON CERTAIN VEGETABLE AND ANIMAL SUBSTANCES IN THE PROCESS
OF MANUFACTURING CANDLES. THEREFROM," bearing date at West-
minster, the Fifteenth day of September, in the seventh year of the
Fourth, to which a
reign of His late Majesty King William the
Specification has been duly enrolled.
DISCLAIMER and MEMORANDUM of ALTERATION entered by the
Assignees of the said Letters Patent.
Whereas the said Letters Patent have been duly assigned to and are now:
vested in us, William Wilson, John Studholme Brownrigg, Jolin Cockerell,
and Sir George Gerard de Hochepied Larpent, Baronet, all of Belmont,
Vauxhall; in the County of Surrey, Patent Candle and Oil Manufacturers and
Cocoa Nut Oil Merchants, trading in partnership. under the firm of "Edward.
Price and Company: ".. And whereas in the said Specification the said.
Invention is described to consist,―
...First, of producing a new manufacture of candles by obtaining. and applying.
to such purpose stearic acid of palm oil.
And, secondly, the said Specification also describes the obtaining certain
products from animal fat or tallow, and applying them and bees' wax to the
making of candles.
And we have found that the second part of the said Invention. has not
proved to be beneficial, for which reason we are desirous to. and do hereby
disclaim all those parts of the Specification which relate to animal fat.or
tallow and beeswax, by striking out the words " animal fat or tallow. and.
bees wax," and the words "and animal fat or tallow," and the words ".or
mixed with bees' wax, enables candles principally made of that material to be
run in moulds instead of being dipped and rolled in the ordinary.tedious!
manner," which occur in the early part of the Specification; and we further.
strike out all the matter contained in that part of the Specification.commencing.

page_text: with the words "Secondly, as to animal fat or tallow," and ending with the
words "making other mould candles," which words come next before the
words "now whereas;" and further, we strike out the words "animal fat or
tallow and bees' wax" from the last paragraph, or what is commonly called
the claiming clause. And in order to make sense in the claiming clause at
the end of the Specification, we strike out the word "them" which follows
the word "mixing," and also the word "them," which follows the word
"submitting," and substitute the word "it" in place thereof. And in order
that the title of the said Letters Patent may correctly designate the
Invention remaining undisclaimed, we do alter the said title by introducing
the word "a" before the word "certain," and by striking out the words "and
animal" and the letter "s" at the end of the word "substances:" And
whereas we have been informed that palm oil had before the date of the said
Letters Patent been submitted to pressure in the manufacture of candles, and
that palm oil may have been submitted to crystallization in such manufacture,
we for that reason wish to disclaim, and do hereby disclaim, the crystallizing
and pressing of palm oil as new processes in such manufacture: And whereas
we have found the process of decomposing muriate of lime with sulphuric
acid, in order to obtain muriatic acid therefrom, mentioned under the fourth
head of description relative to palm oil, to be a more expensive process at the
present prices of materials than the use of muriatic acid of commerce, we for
that reason alter the said fourth head of description by striking out of the
Specification the words "muriate of lime and sulphuric" which occur in the
early part of the said fourth head of description between the word "use" and
the word "acid," and by introducing therein the word "muriatic" between
the said words "use" and "acid;" and by further striking out of the Specifi-
cation the words "we take as much of the muriate of lime as will produce
sufficient muriatic acid to decompose the quantity of stearate and margarate of
lime operated upon. To the muriate of lime we add as much sulphuric acid
as will precipitate the lime and set the muriatic acid free," which occur
immediately after the said word "acid;" and by further striking out of the
said Specification the word "this," which occurs immediately before the word
"muriatic," a little further on in the fourth head of description; and by further
striking out of the Specification the following concluding passage of the said
fourth head of description, vizt., "the muriate of lime is removed into another
vessel and decomposed with sulphuric acid; the disengaged muriatic acid is
used in the next operations with stearate of lime, and so on. By this process
the only expense of acid is the sulphuric, which is a saving of at least fifty
per cent., and with an almost perfect separation of the lime from the stearic

page_text: acid: And whereas we have not been able to obtain as an ordinary article of
commerce in this country "the black oxyde of manganese prepared from the.
white carbonate of manganese," we for that reason further alter the said Speci-
fication by striking out of the said Specification at the early part of the
description of the refining processes relative to palm oil, the following matter,
namely, "1 lb. of the black oxyde of manganese prepared from the white
carbonate of manganese, or;" and we further alter the Specification by
striking out the following matter, which occurs further on in the said refining
process, namely, "or 21 lbs. of sulphate of manganese and 9 lbs. of common
salt," our reason for so doing being, that we have not found such materials
to purify as well as the other methods of refining mentioned in the
Specification.
In witness whereof, we have hereunto set our hands and seals, this
Twentieth day of October, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight
hundred and forts-five
J. S. (L.S.) BROWNRIGG.
(L.S.) JOHN COCKERELL.
G. G. (L.S.) DE H. LARPENT.
This is to certify, that the within-named William Wilson, John Studholme
Brownrigg, John Cockerell, & Sir George Gerard de Hochepied Larpent,
have applied to me for leave to enter the within-written Disclaimer and Memo-
randum of Alteration of part of the Specification and title of a certain
Invention for which Letters Patent were granted to John Frederick William
Hempel, of Oranienburg, in the Kingdom of Prussia, but then of Clapham, in
the County of Surrey, Officer of Engineers, and Henry Blundell, of Hull, in
the County of York, Paint and Colour Manufacturer, under the Great Seal of
Great Britain, dated at Westminster, the Fifteenth day of September, in the
seventh year of the reign of His late Majesty King William the Fourth, and
to which a Specification was duly enrolled, but which Letters Patent has been
since duly assigned to and are now vested in the said William Wilson, John
Studholme Brownrigg, John Cockerell, and Sir George Gerard de Hochepied
Larpent, Baronet. And having considered of the said application, and no objec-
tion having been made to the same, I hereby grant leave to the said William
Wilson, John Studholme Brownrigg, John Cockerell, and Sir George Gerard de
Hochepied Larpent, Baronet, to enter their said Disclaimer and Memorandum of
Alteration, pursuant to the Statute passed in the fifth and sixth years of the reign
of His late Majesty King William the Fourth, entituled "An Act to amend

page_text: ...AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Thirtieth day of October, in
the year of our Lord 1845, the aforesaid John Studholme Brownrigg and
John Cockerell, and on the Thirty-first day of October, in the year of our
Lord. 1845; the aforesaid William Wilson, came before our said Lady the
Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged the Disclaimer aforesaid, and
all and every thing therein contained and specified, in form above written.
AND ALSO BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Eighth day of November,
in the year of our Lord 1845, the aforesaid Sir George Gerard de. Hochepied
Larpent, Baronet, came before our said Lady the Queen in Her Chancery,
and acknowledged the Disclaimer aforesaid, and all and every thing therein
contained and specified, in form above written. And also the Disclaimer
aforesaid was stamped according to the tenor of the Statute made for that
purpose.
purpose.
Enrolled the Eighth day of November, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and forty-five.