AN IMPROVED COM- BINATION AND MODE OF EMPLOYING CONCRETED AND CEMENTED MATERIALS IN UNION WITH OTHER SUBSTANCES IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDING; ENGINEERING, AND OTHER WORKS
Year: 1874

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Philip Brannon, of 54, Parliament Street, in the
County of Middlesex, for the Invention of "AN IMPROVED COM-
BINATION AND MODE OF EMPLOYING CONCRETED AND CEMENTED MATERIALS IN
UNION WITH OTHER SUBSTANCES IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDING;
ENGINEERING, AND OTHER WORKS."
Scaled the 5th December 1874, and dated the 18th June 1874.

page_text: UNION WITH OTHER SUBSTANCES IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDING, ENGINEERING,
AND OTHER WORKS," and have petitioned Her Majesty to grant unto
me, my executors, administrators, and assigns, Her Royal Letters
Patent for the same, and have made solemn Declaration that I am the
true and first Inventor thereof.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Philip Brannon, do hereby
declare that the following Complete Specification, under my hand and
seal, fully describes and ascertains the nature of the said Invention, and
in what manner the same is to be performed, in and by the following
statement and the Drawings therein referred to (that is to say) :-
-
My Invention has for its object improvements upon my former
Patents, No. 2703 of 1871, and 1246 of 1874, granted to me in relation
to my mode of employing, combining, and treading concreted, cemented,
and cohering substances with each other and with fibrous materials, and
an imbedded continuously permeating webbing of open fabric sustained
upon and united with a wholly or partially imbedded skeleton, rim,
frame, selvage, or border, whereby I am enabled to remedy the several
defects in the provisions of the said former Patents or which are inherent
to some of the materials used, and so as to admit of the same being more
advantageously employed for engineering, building, and other con-
structional purposes by either superseding the employment of wood and
iron, or being so disposed as to effectually utilise and protect the wooden
and metallic materials employed in the same structures, and consists
of improvements in the formation and employment of felted stone
sheetings or pieces composed of the aforesaid materials arranged in the
order shewn in Drawings 3 and 4, from a quarter of an inch up to any
required thickness with such rigidity, flexibility, tenuity, and strength
as are requisite in the works executed thereof, and so as to be perfectly
continuous and unbroken throughout the whole extent of any one
separate slab, piece, sheet, or structure, and also either to preserve like
continuity throughout all the periphery, ramifications, or partitions of
cellular compartition and tubular works, or construct them as compound
works of framework of my said combination filled in with the said
separately formed slabs, sheets, or pieces, in every case having a skeleton
frame or selvage combined with and sustaining a permeating open mesh
webbing, and ties or tension bonding, strands, embedded, connected, and
continuous throughout the entire extent of any one structure, slab, open
framework, or piece. For this object the materials and processes men-

page_text: tioned under the said two Patents as being used separately I now
employ in a combined form in conjunction with my present improve-
ments in the employment of the same for certain purposes, thereby
securing much greater strength, durability, and effectiveness, increasing
the facility of construction and considerably lessening the cost thereof,
and being thus also enabled to form whole sheetings of any superficial
extent or parts of sunk or panelled works of extreme thinness, or to
combine such thin sheetings or panellings in one with stiles, stanchions,
or ribbings of any required thickness and strength.
And in order that my said Invention may be more fully understood
and readily carried into effect, I now proceed to describe in detail the
several parts thereof under their respective heads, making reference to
the Drawings accompanying this Specification by the numbers marked
thereon.
Firstly. I compose the said imbed frame shewn in Figs. 1, 2, 4, and 6
as a rigid skeleton wholly or partially of wood or bamboo or as a flexible
selvage or as a web frame, or of cane or any ligneous or fibrous material
in combination with and sustaining in tension a permeate webbing, also
shown in Figs. 3, 4, 6, 10, 15, and 11, and formed as a strained open
warping or other fabric of wirework, or the skeleton or selvage is made
wholly or partially of metal, and the permeate webbing of ropes, cordage,
or other fibrous material, or of cane or tough wood or the skeleton or
selvage, and the permeate webbings and tension scams are formed of any
required mixture of metallic ligneous and fibrous materials and termed
compound. Where the strains are heavy as in bridges the wirework is
formed with wire cables or rope, or 2, 3, or 4 strand twist and the like.
Where clasticity is especially desired I also use steel and brass wire
twisted, plain, coiled, or spiral.
Secondly. In employing masses of concreted, cementitious and earthy
materials in order to give the greatest transverse strength, tensile
cohesion, toughness, or flexibility, according to my principle, by the use
of filamentous and fibrous substances combined and disposed therewith,
and arranging the same in the various forms of lamellated, seamed,
felted, fibrous, and ligniform or wood like structure, as set forth in the
said second Patent, I now employ either variation of my method of
fibrous disposition and laminated or tension structure in union with
either composition of skeleton and permicate webbing, or I
gauge and
2.

page_text: combine the materials by any gypsum, lime, or cement, or with any of
the gummy solutions or any of the oily, resinous, or bituminous media
under said former Patents specified or herein otherwise explained, and I
form therewith structures and pieces of any shape, thickness, or
dimensions, either as compressed blocks, slabs, or scantlings, or as
continuous masses or sheetings formed on platforms or between clamps,
or laid by hand upon a bed or platform clamping as otherwise further
explained.
Thirdly. In determining the preferential employment of woody,
fibrous, or metallic materials in the said skeleton selvages and permeate
webbings, and of fibrous, solid, or concreting and cementing substances
in the investing masses. For temporary light, cheap, or rough con-
struction, such as liuts, low class cottages, and byres I use in the said
imbed work chiefly ligneous and fibrous material, and in any structures
or parts where the skeleton is deeply imbedded and well protected from
fire and decay I form it partly or entirely of wood, but the main permeate
webbing sustained by it, or lowest tension seams in exposed ceilings or
soffits, are of wire fabric or strengthened by principal strands of wire at
short distances if it be formed as a compound web, which I find useful for
brattices, flexible sheetings, and marine works, and when the woody or
fibrous materials can be previously subjected to preserving processes. The
aluminous, saline, and metallic are used for work liable to take fire, and
the charring, oily, and resinous for those exposed to damp, and in
gauging the materials for ceilings and other soffits, doors, fittings, and
fixtures, or any surfaces liable to severe fire, or for work requiring
special hardness, rigidity, flexibility, or increased powers of resistance to
the action of water or fire. I also employ as requisite comminuted
silica, the crushings, wool or fibre of slag or glass, and oxides of zinc,
iron, and manganese, in addition to suitable burnt clays and the strongest
hydraulic aluminous limes or cements, as well as adapt the media of
slacking and cohesion thereto, as partially referred to in said former
Patents.
Fourthly. In my present improvements in the structure of the skeletons,
when formed of metal scantlings, angle or tec iron, and the appliances
are available for the requisite heating and turning of the same, I prefer
to make the connections in a truss jointing by heating the scantlings at
the points of intersection or meeting, and giving them a single or double
twist about cach other, as shewn in the Figure 1, thus preventing loss

page_text: of strength by the usual method of punching holes and bolting or
rivetting together. In forming.compound imbed skeletons, framings,
and trussings for the sustaining ribbings and the permeate webbing,
wood is employed for the compression members, and thin iron scantlings
hoop iron, or wire, or rope, or cord for tension, as in Figure 2. Wooden
members in trussings and filletings are cut with skew or inset splay
edges, so as to hold the investing concrete dovetailwise, as shewn in
Figure 5. In web skeletons and webbings, in some cases for case in
manipulation, I first stiffen them by saturation and drying in a cream of
the cementing employed for the pieco whilst being held in tension, and
in all cases intersecting strands of webbings are best twisted with or
bound to each other to prevent separation of the investing mass, as also
shown in Figures 1 and 2, 5 and 6.
Fifthly. In the treatment of ceilings, girders, and all bridging
members and constructions, I keep the webbings at the utmost stretch
during the laying and setting of the concreting materials about them by
any of the known means, such as by stretchers with extension screws or
wedges, as Figure 6, or by tenter hooks, or by key wedgings to the
junctions of the members, as also shewn in said Figure. In the case of
large girders, bridges, and the like, I obtain my straining force by
purchases acting from anchors or other moorings or immovable holdings,
and when there is sufficient time for setting I dispense with transverse
trussings over considerable areas by making the imbed stretching frame,
rim, or border of large scantling, so as to form therewith an effectual
skewback. I then forcibly expand the frame, and bring the webbing
into tension far above the calculated strain on the floor or bridging, and
as aforesaid keep it so stretched until the full set of the concretings
about and above it, which are so disposed in arcuate or cambered layers
as to bear upon the skewback rims, see Figure 6. I allso dispose the
great strength of the tension work in the plane in which tension force
acts on the structures, and keep all the main tension and permeate
webbings, bonds, or ties fully stretched.
Sixthly. In the employment of the herein described, combination or
compound structure and other improvements for all the kinds of work
herein described, and for all the structures, works, and purposes
described in the said former Patents as formed otherwise under their
special provisions, and in improvements in the employment for my
purposes of the known moulding and concrete building appliances.
+

page_text: In preparing the moulds, bed moulds for ceilings, clampings, and other
apparatus to contain, form, and compress the materials on my system, as
far as practicable they are formed of wood seasoned and thoroughly
saturated with oil, the mould faces being treated so as to prevent the
adhesion of the materials. Where a wide smooth surface is required, as
for plain ceilings, I prefer to overlay with lead sheeting, and I also use
any ornamental moulds of zinc or lead, or of mastic, resinous, or asphaltic
composition in combination with the apparatus in first setting of the
work. To apply compression to concreted walls as they go up I grip
the clampings at short distances with powerful grippers, having a gauge
rod of the requisite opening and a setting screw or wedge to admit of
rapid fixing and removal, and I secure the regularity and true facing of
the clamp boards by rebated edges and turnbuckles at the backs for a
smooth face of internal plaster, or with butting edges, joint filletings to
the face, and back turnbuckles for jointed faced walling. In sea walls,
when boards are used, they are weighted to prevent floatation, but I
prefer iron framework and galvanized plates on the sea face. And in
running two separate substances and mixtures into a mould or clamp at
the same time as the hearting and facing striffs in ornamental fixed
work, or the skin and sand filling of sand bags and caissons, I separate
the materials during deposition by means of thin boards or metal sheets
called draw plates.
Seventhly. In the improved manufacture of pieces and articles on my
said system of moulding under direct pressure, the component materials
of which are shewn in their order in Figures 3 and 4, in moulding doors
and other panelled work having the flanges of tee or angle iron skeletons
shewing as a case or rim externally; before setting the skeleton into the
mould to keep its place open and secure flushing, I set a dummy skeleton
or fillet in its position until the facing pattern is fully run in in and the
due proportion of fibrous hearting is deposited thereon. When the metal
skeleton with its permeating web is placed and covered with the propor-
tion of fibrous hearting and fine facing stuffs to form the panels on the
upper side, then dummy pannels corresponding with those of the back or
upper mould are laid thereon, and the fibrous hearting is levelled with
the dummies for the stiles and rails, and covered with the ground or
general colors of the fine facing; they are then removed, and the back
mould, having been overlaid with the strongly prominent colors and
markings to run into and blend with the facing stuff, is laid down and

page_text: pressure applied, at first gently, but steadily increased as the setting
advances. All kinds of double-faced work, such as pannelled partitions
and screens, sliding, lifting, or fixed shutters, cupboards, and the like,
are thus treated, but where only one side is visible and the other is to be
attached and covered up the facing is formed in the bed mould and the
back simply levelled, and omitting the upper facing shewn in Figure 3
it is left with a coarse fibre or strong keying face under a plain clamp or
platten for the back mould. Imitation wainscottings or other overlays
for walls, for decorations, and the like, are formed in the latter mode.
When the said
the manufacture
Eighthly. In the formation in like manner of slabs of said materials
and structure for roofings, ceilings, groyne spandrels, and other soffils,
floors, and the like, for the purpose of securing the necessary transverse
strength all these have their moulded soffil ribs, rails, or stiles of depth
proportioned to the span or decorative design, Figures 4, 7, and 8, and
when the latter is shallow or plain the ribbing for strength will be
formed above or in the back of the piece, Figure 9.
ribbings are deep in the soffit or face (which is always in
formed in the bed mould), the prominent graining figures or veins of the
color pattern being run on the mould surface in order to give the general
facing to the sides of the ribs, and allow the fibre stuff to close upon it.
Draw plates are used during the simultaneous running in of the hearting
and facing stuffs, being withdrawn before forcing the materials together
and into union with the imbed skeleton and webbings. When my own
or otherwise known prepared ornaments or tiles are to be inlaid in the
principal face the pattern is drawn on the bed mould, the prepared
decorations laid thereon, and the materials according to my system run
round them; then the fibre stuff, skeleton, and webbing, and the rest of
the body formed, and the whole compressed together. If ornaments are
to be inlaid on the back or upper surface fillits or panels are to be
attached to the back mould to form housings, and the ornaments in that
case are set therein afterwards in the usual manner. Rough compression
slabs for the formation of camber arches to carry floors and for other
purposes are of course formed in rough moulds without facing stuffs, and
shewn in Figure 20.
Ninthly. In executing on my said system any open work, such as

page_text: L
:
I collapsing to or separating from the centre, the splays, chamfers, or
raking mouldings on the upper side being arranged in connection with
the back mould. The permeating trussing tics, braces, and webbing aro
prepared to set accurately into and pass through all the solid members
of the pattern, and the pieces formed, as herein-before seventhly and
eighthly explained. Any metal or wood in the skeleton and newel eyes,
shafts, or centres in spiral stairs, or tails to fix into the main structure
are arranged to be deeply and permanently imbedded and secured.
Tenthly. In the execution of all tubular and columnar work on my
system the powerful permeating web is made to pass through the centre
of the tubular skin (Figure 10), or at a slight distance within the
peripheral surface of any solid column (Figure 11), and whether formed
in situ or in a factory is wholly cemented in strong fibre stuff with joint
bonding, and has its body formed of thin fissile stone, tiles, or stone felt
slabs laid therein truly level or at right angles to the columnar axis, in
which direction it is condensed and subjected to pressure in excess of
the safety factor of its calculated strain, the surface decoration being
executed in manner aforesaid by means of draw plates protecting the
facing stuff to blend with the figuring on the clamping mould, which is
set up in sections and held by powerful cramps, clips, or grippers acting
compressively with and resisting the force of the principal direct
pressure. The said clamp moulds are formed to give any ornamental
sunk or relief work, rebated or flanged joints, mouldings, heads, caps, or
bases in the operation of moulding to any water, sewer, stack, or other
pipes, detached and safety flues, as shewn in Figure 12, as well as solid
or hollow columns. By the employment of otherwise used divisible cores
of proper curved shape I form screw, spiral, single, double, or clustered
flues, or give both spiral periphery and pargetting by the known
means of the clamp mould and core shifting up or down screw ways,
Figures 13 and 14. I also employ my hollow column as a buffer column
to deaden vibration in floors or structures above, which rest by a bearing
block on sand filling, or on air, water, or other springs, or other
cushioning material placed in the cavity, such block being cup shaped
in order that pressure may be better conveyed to the solid foot of the
hollow column (Fig. 15). Columns for bridges or landing piers are
formed on a cutting edged curb ring to sink (Figure 26); they are advan-
tageously filled with sand in some cases instead of concrete, and the
pressure taken on the said buffer principle. If a column be fixed in

page_text: lengths some may be treated as sand ballasting or coffer cases, and other
lengths set inside these with cup bases as buffers, or they may lodge,
butting in a socket in a moulded flange or internal collar, as shown in
Figure 26, the exact mode of connection being dependent on circum-
stances. Any such columns are made very advantageously in either way
to be filled solid after setting by rammed concrete, or flatness, and the like.
Hollow girders are formed in the same manner as tubes, as also sub-
aqueous tunnels of any size to lower into the bed of a river where a
transverse channelling has been prepared by dredging or other excava-
tion, and where desired any tubular structure formed in pieces of any
dimensions has corresponding screw threads cast in the inset end and
collar or flange, so that when the same are paid with the cementing
medium suitable to fix, or' with an unsetting lubricative mixture for
detachment as required the pieces are connected with an unyielding air-
tight and water-tight joint.
Eleventhly. I form, as aforesaid, any ordinary solid ceiling floor, upon
a bed mould, similarly to the mode of working otherwise, herein fifthly,
sixthly, seventhly, and eighthly described, producing the finished soffit
and cornice with any moulded ribs or centres and the like, in one
continuous operation. When the ceiling is coffered or in bags formed
by girding, binding, and sub-ribbings, the whole finished soffit is pre-
pared for by the requisite fitting up of the bed, mould, clamp, or
platform, in raised boxings for the coffers, forming between them the
channels for the ribs, with all their mouldings in reverse (Fig. 16).
Light roofs I construct, as shewn in Figure 18, for a camber crown,
with transverse beams of my said materials and structure at suitable
distances, carrying a continuous hand-laid sheeting; or the light pitch
roof is also made as a continuous sheeting, on longitudinal purlin and
ridge ribs of same material, bearing at distances on walls or monolithic
trussings, as Figure 17. Eaves, gutters, and other water tables, arc
cither formed solidly in situ, or manufactured as pressed pieces, as well
as stack pipes, stack and gutter heads, and the like, Figures 17, 18,
and 19.
Twelfthly. I formed, as aforesaid, naked floors and roofs to receive
ceiling and flooring or roofing slabs, by the use of moulded boxings or
channel clamps, for the construction of the naked girding, binding,
or joisting ribs, in floors, or for the principals and trussing in open
frame roofs, the embedded skeletons, bracing, trussing, and webbing

page_text: being carefully adjusted to the strains, and the flanks and crowns of
the members assuming in the said boxings the exact contour to house
and fit the roofing, ceiling, or flooring slabs (Figures 19 and 20). By a
like open framework composed of standards and rails of my material,
fitted by grooves, rebates, or other housings or attachments, to receive
slabs, and which are separately formed by moulded pressure, as afore-
said, I construct whole buildings, especially such. buildings as summer
houses and the like. For coolness, as for ice houses and dairies, or
tropical huts, I use a double casing of such słabs or sheeting and allow
air to circulate through the cairties, as a circulating air jacket, or for
warmth and sound stopping I fill the cavity with non-conducting
materials as commonly known.
Thirteenthly. I form floors or roofs of any form and of great strength
and lightness, in a compartition or tubular structure, in my continuous
sheeting, with the permeating webbing and trussing, ramifying and
reuniting continuously and unbroken, throughout the same in the
ceilings, divisions, and floor, and I utilise the cavities cither for a
circulating air chamber for drying, warming, cooling, or other purposes,
as in Figures 21 and 22; or for alternate eduction from the ceiling
below, and induction to the floor above, in ventilation, Figs. 23 and 24.
Fourteenthly. In the formation with my said continuous sheeting, or
with walls, floor, ceiling, and doors of my material, of any fireproof
closets, rooms, or compartments, or entire fireproof casings to structures
otherwise combustible. Separate fireproof rooms' in such structures, if
not directly bearing on supports connected with the ground, are carried
by connection with and bearing on the solid walls of brick or stone and
the chimney stacks. In combination with my present improvements,
and otherwise as explained under said former Patents, I protect all wood
and iron and shut off damp and miasma by a perfect hand-laid sheeting,
insulated as formerly described and herewith shewn in Fig. 25. The
insulating of such sheeting secures between it and the material to be
defended or insulated a space to be employed as an air jacket, or to be
packed with material for sound stopping or non-conduction. All doors
on my construction inserted in partition or other solid walls convert such
walls into complete fireproof divisions or fire casings, as I use under my
present improvements no wood or iron frame, but attach doors by hinges
or tailing plates to the wall itself, or to sill and head plates by centres,
so as to fit closely in their reveals,

page_text: .
Fifteenthly. In all. my bridging structures the sheeting forming
vertical sides, bulwarks, partitions, and the like, constitutes the sup-
porting or suspension girdings. When desirable they can be made
perforated as for a landing pier (Fig. 26), or as an open-framed roof
truss, as already shown in Figs. 17 and 19, and in all such openwork,
however formed, the skeleton, its bracing and trussing or tension
members, webbing, and suspension rods, are continuously connected in
and through the solid portions of the work.
Sixteenthly. I form aqueducts, sewers, roads, railways, and canals over
morasses or lake waters of my continuous trough-formed sheeting, to
dispense with piers and rest on or in the mud or water, as shewn in
Fig. 27, and for roads, so as to rise and fall with the same and the load.
In the first instance they can be laid on raftings of planks or timber
and part or the whole thereof afterwards removed.
Seventeenthly. I also form of my said continuous sheeting roads,
railways, and canals, as continuous trough-shaped girders, in long spans
between supporting piers and columns of any height. Fig. 28 shews a
trough-girder canal with its side waterways and transverse girdings,
bindings, and trussing work. I also when preferable form the main
part of such viaduct or aquaduct work with commonly known arches
or arched ribs, and tie the whole together by a continuous sheet, floor,
road, or deck of my said construction.
Eighteenthly. I form also as caissoons of the said sheeting floating
docks, tanks, cisterns, or reservoirs, or safety foundations for buildings
upon swampy ground, or sites liable to floodings, the entrances being
either over the parapet or through it by water-tight gates, or the entire
structure is set on feet between guide piles, so as to rise buoyantly in
case of freshets or tides without danger.
Nineteenthly. I construct all kinds of sea works by means of the
some sheetings. Sand bags under these improvements are made and
used either in the ordinary form or forced in a mould to a fixed shape,
as Fig. 29, or lowered into place while soft and then rammed into the
permanent position, so as to fit immoveably with the surrounding sacks,
as shown in Fig. 30.
Twentiethly. All large bags or encasements of my said continuous
sheeting. I treat as caissoons, so as to have a proper contour for the
neutralisation of the wave stroke, the arresting of warp, or the defleç-

page_text: tion of the currents. I form therewith exact sectional portions of larger
works, as piers and breakwaters, to be built in situ or upon trollies, plat-
forms, or pontoons capable of being lifted or floated, lowered, and
adjusted in position, and so as to be filled either with concrete, sand, or
water ballasting. When built on a foreshore in situ, and the sectional
joints are not wanted to be water-tight, I form them with a horizontal
diaphragm, as Fig. 31, making the skin and filling the ballast at the
same time by the employment of draw plates. In all other cases I form
caissoons with bulkheads, septs, or partitions, transversely to the line of
the work and their sectional ends or faces by the overlaying of battens
in the clamping; I provide with corresponding joggle, grooves to be
afterwards water-tight caulked and joggled. When not built in situ,
but lifted and floated into position, I also form hatches in the crown for
filling, and fit the flanks with taps, sluices, or stop-cocks to admit or
exclude water in the operations of sinking and adjustment. When
used for water, ballusted breakwaters, or cofferdams, on the water inside
rising to high-water level the stop-cocks are closed, and water pumped
into a higher level to give the gravity required. On sand or soft mud I
form all such caissoons with a cup base or with a flat bottom laid on a
previously set base having a concave soffit, whilst rocky or other
bottoms are suitably prepared to receive the caissoons, as at Figs. 31, 33,
34. I also employ my said caissoons as coffer casings to supersede the
use of coffer dams, and so as to become parts of permanent structures.
I either construct them at low water in situ, or form them ashore and
float them into position, by forming in connection with the internal
clamp framing a temporary floor of timber so constructed as to be
released and left to float up when the coffer case is finally set in its
place (Fig. 37). It is then externally banked or secured with puddle or
sand bags, and the interior excavated and filled up with the concrete or
other solid work grouted into one with the coffer itself. The timber
trussing of, the internal clamp frame is of course removed, as the
interior is filled with the solid masonry or concreting, and the lower
edge I generally form on a cutting kerb for sinking and other
purposes.
Twenty-firstly. I form also like continuous sheet facings instead of
walls to foreshores, the bulkheads acting as counterforts, and the sheet
bases utilising the otherwise destructive forces of back water and
slipping land by employing their weight and thrust as a means of
stability. (Fig. 35).

page_text: Twenty-secondly. Sea walls I form as continuously laminated,
bonded, and internally trussed beams of said structure in the lower
part, kept in tension by the arcuations of the other materials above, and
all resting on feet, bases, or piers, which also carry counterforts, so that
the greatest portion of the foundation and back walling otherwise
necessary are thereby altogether dispensed with, and any degree of
strength and durability obtained, as the soffit webbing, tension seams,
imbedded trussing, and arcuation of the bedding are continuous through
the whole length (Fig. 36). I also give to any wall or partition
transverse strength in like manner by the embedded trussing or arching
bearing on the heels of tension. seams
composed of wire, cordage, and.
fibre, as herein set forth.
I now proceed to further explain the said improvements by the aid
of the accompanying Drawings, reference being made by the Figures
already referred to in the foregoing description, and marked on said
Drawings, that is to say :-
Fig. 1 represents an improved mode of connecting iron trusses by
twisting at the intersections; also twisting of all strands at intersection
of wire or cordage.
Fig. 2, example of wood trussings with wire or cordage tension
members.
Fig. 3 represents an isometrical view of a portion of my shecting
manufactured in accordance with my improvements, shewing the per-
meating web cimbedded in the fibrous hearting concreted materials b, d,
and on finished fine set work covered with one or two proper facings a
and e.
Fig. 4, cnlarged section of junction angles of two ribbed roofing
slabs, showing the permeating webbing c, the pannelled or sheeting part,
and the stiffening frame skeleton or web f in the ribbing, to give stiff-
ness and transverse strength to the same.
Fig. 5, inset cutting of fillets in wood to hold concrete dovetail
wise.
Fig. 6, sketch of stretchers to a floor without trussings, as explained
in 5th clause.
Fig. 7, soffit of a ceiling, roofing, or light flooring slab; Fig. 8, back
of same.
:

page_text: Fig. 26, pier of continuous monolithic structure, one-half being shewn
in clevation, and the other in section, the section of the column repre-
senting alternative forms of kerb foot and an inset buffer joint or moulded
flange or inset collar and socket joint.

page_text: embedding the permeate web or framing; c, c, the permeate web acting
in tension, and as continued bonding or tension seam; and f, f, a frame
or skeleton sustaining the tension members, receiving compression and
compound strains, and giving transverse strength; and g, g, simple
framing or wall plating acting as a stretching frame only to the per-
meate web; h, h, tenter hooks; i, i, wood stretcher; j, j, screw
stretcher; k, k, wedges.
A, A, represents section of continuous sheeting or beam structure,
with all the parts of the mass disposed as shewn in Drawings, with the
small letters a, a, to g, g, as above explained; B, B, the section of
separate slabs or pieces formed by moulding and pressure, and having
their materials disposed as also shewn in the.Figures with small letters;
C, C, twist intersections of metal; D, D, twisting of cross wires; E, E,
dovetail cutting of wooden members; F, F, face floor or front surface
of sheeting work; G, G, girding bressomer or joist in one with sheeting;
H, H, open frame trussing of roofs or naked flooring; I; I, insulation of
blocks and washers, J, J, gutters and stack pipes; K, K, kerb or
cutting edge to base rim of coffer case or column; L, L, internal collar
and socket column joint; M, M, moulded flange and socket butt joint
to column or pipe; N, N, buffer bearing on sand or spring; O, O, open
or air space; P, P, partition bulkhead, sept or withe, in compartition or
cavity work; Q, Q, diaphragm or horizontal partition for in situ built
ballasted work; R, R, batches or flaps to caissoons; S, S, sectional
joints or faces; T, T, taps, sluices, or stop-cocks to caissoons; U, U,
union jogglings on the sectional faces of caissoons; V, V, cupping soffit
of bases; W, W, wave breaking contour of sea walls; X, sand buffering
to columns, or ballast filling to caissoons and sand bags; Y, clamping
or centering where retained for a while to assist in transporting and
setting coffer and caissoon works; Z, ground or beach.
my
Having now fully described and ascertained the nature of this said
Invention, and the manner in which the same is to be performed and
carried into effect, I would have it clearly understood that I do not
intend by any means to confine myself to the precise details herein-
before set forth and described, as the same may be otherwise varied
without departing from the general principle of these my said improve-
ments, nor do I claim as new and of my said Invention the exclusive use
of the several parts, combinations, and processes above referred to except

page_text: when the same are employed in and for the purposes of my said Inven-
tion, which I hereby declare to consist,-
•
:
Firstly. In combining a skeleton frame or selvage of wood or cane
with permeating webs and tension seams of wire, or a skeleton of metal
with seams of cordage and fibrous material, or forming a skeleton frame
selvage, permeating webs, and tension seams of woody, metallic, and
fibrous materials imbedded on and uniting with concreted and cemented
substances, mixed in any desirable proportion, as hercin-before firstly,
secondly, and thirdly explained.
Secondly. In forming the skeleton and treating the permeating
webbings as herein-before fourthly and fifthly explained.
Thirdly. In employing the above combinations for the construction of
works for the various purposes described in said former Patents, and
'my improved processes for the construction thereof, and of the works
herein described as herein-before sixthly explained.
Fourthly. In the use of the said combinations of materials and processes
for the formation of all kinds of doors, panelling, slabs, and pieces, either
plain or with sunk, raised, or open work for constructional purposes, as
already seventhly, eighthly, and ninthly explained.
Fifthly. In my mode of forming any tubular work straight, curved, or
convolute, with any contour and finish of exterior surface and treatment
of jointing, as herein-before tenthly set forth.
Sixthly. In the formation of solid columns of the said materials and
structure, and the use of hollow columns either without filling in the
space, or filled with sand or other material, as for buffer columns, and
employed in any kind of construction in single or jointed lengths, as
also tenthly set forth.
°
Seventhly. In the formation of floors and roofs of the said materials,
either in one continuous body, as eleventhly explained, or of a naked
floor or roof with filled in pressed slabs, as twelfthly explained, or of the
herein-before described continuous sheeting and compartition hollow or
tubular structure, as thirteenthly explained.
Eighthly. In employing the said sheeting or slabs for any fireproof or
damp-proof insulated sheeting, or for strong rooms and compartments, or

page_text: separate buildings, and with non-conduction or air jacketing, as eleventhly
and fourteenthly explained.
Ninthly. In forming of the said continuous sheeting of roads, railways,
canals, docks, reservoirs, safety foundations, and the like, as fifteenthly,
sixteenthly, seventeenthly, and eighteenthly explained, and in using a
wall, partition, sheet, or deck of my construction for tying together and
supporting arches, walls, or other work on known principles, as also
seventeenthly explained.
Tenthly. In forming of the said continuous sheeting sand bags,
diaphragm, bulkhead, joggled, and other caissoons or coffer cases, and
rendering them capable of employment for concrete blocks, sand filling,
or water ballasting, or of being used in place of coffer dams, as nine-
teenthly and twentiethly explained.
Eleventhly. In employing said sheeting for foreshore facing or pro-
tection, instead of walling, as explained in clause twenty-one.
Twelfthly and lastly. In employing the said trussed soffit webbed
tension and compression beam structure for sea walls, as set forth in
clause twenty-two.
In witness whereof, I, the said Philip Brannon, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Fourth day of June, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and seventy-four.