Process for Utilising the Lyes of Sulphite Cellulose Products Obtained in such Process, and Apparatus employed for that Purpose.
Year: 1893

page_text: Date of Application, 1st July, 1893
Complete Specification Left, 28th Mar., 1894-Accepted, 23rd June, 1894
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Process for Utilising the Lyes of Sulphite Cellulose Products
Obtained in such Process, and Apparatus employed for that
Purpose.
I, ALEXANDER MITSCHERLICH, Professor of Chemistry and Doctor of
Philosophy, residing at Friburg, Grand Duchy of Baden, German Empire, do
hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows:-
Hitherto it has been impossible to utilise on a large scale the lyes of sulphite
cellulose because the separation of the several substances from each other could
not well be effected. The process hereinafter described produces such a separation
and allows in consequence of a good utilisation. It is based essentially first on
a purification by means of a long action of burnt lime at a high temperature, then
on the separation essentially of the organic substances contained therein from each
other by osmose, and finally on the utilisation of the constituents of the lyes as
sulphurous acid, adhesive matter, inspissation, finishing means, tanning principle,
alcohol and food, and as a compound of one of the constituents of the lye, the
tanning principle, with animal or vegetable nitrogenous bodies rendered soluble,
but insoluble in water, the temperature of which is lower than 100° C.
In order to free the lyes from iron acting prejudicially on the preparations after-
wards to be manufactured, and from sulphurous acid which, both, cannot be
separated by the ordinary means, the hot lyes are led into pretty large vats and
slaked lime is added, the quantity of the latter being of about 1%, if the specific
gravity of the lye is of 105. For lower or higher specific gravities the quantities
of lime will of course be modified proportionally. By means of a serpentine of
lead a continuous heating and at the same time a movement in the liquors is
produced by means of a vapor current.
Frequently a special heating is not necessary, when larger quantities of liquor
arrive, from the cellulose boilers into very large vats, because in the latter the
cooling takes place very slowly; in this case only a mixing with the lime is
required. The lime is caused now to act on the lyes during a large number of
hours, (ordinarily from 8 to 40 hours). An iron compound and the sulphurous acid
and moreover a portion of the organic acid is eliminated combined with lime. If
it is desired to separate a larger quantity of sulphurous acid, larger quantities of
lime are to be employed.
The mud consisting of the above said bodies is drawn off from time to time
from the vats. As for the most part the organic body is soluble, it may easily be
removed by water, there rests essentially sulphite of lime which may be used again
directly in the manufacture of sulphite cellulose. The organic lime compounds and
the liquors thereby obtained are then further treated as hereinafter will be described.
To eliminate more easily the iron, a small addition of soluble sulpho-metals is
advantageously admixed. An addition of the soda slime resulting from the Leblanc
process is fit for this purpose.
The liquor purified by this process or the original lye or products of the lye
obtained by other processes may be employed by the following osmose process
without any addition (the lye also with an addition of bases or acids).

page_text: (a) A tanning principle.
(b) An adhesive matter susceptible of replacing in many respects artificial gum.
(c) A fermentable body.
(d) Sulphurous acid.
(e) Gypsum and other bodies.
The liquors flow through an osmose apparatus of particular construction as it
would be necessary to give the ordinarily used apparatus too large a circumference
for effecting the separation of the organic bodies which takes place very slowly.
The new apparatus is based on the counter-current, the motion of the liquors
being as quick as possible on the walls of diffusion, in employing a relatively very
small quantity of liquor at a large surface of membrane, and it effects a relatively
very quick and complete diffusion.
The apparatus consists of a frame (Figure 1) formed of a board or of metal,
glass etc. The dimensions of the apparatus are for the smallest as follows:-
Their length is of 300 mm., their width of 150 mm. and the thickness of the frame
wood a is of 6 mm. and the width of same of 25 mm.
In this frame there are arranged ledges which advantageously are tapered from
the central part of towards the sides 9 in such a way, that the space between the
ledges and the laterally closing membrane, that is to say the space for the liquor,
without the membrane being essentially covered by the ledges is as small as possible,
but allows still of a rapid and easy passage.
The borders shown in dotted lines touch the membrane arranged between the
frames and effect the closure of each case. The width of the ledges from to g¹
is of about 5.5 mm. The sloping is calculated in such a manner, that the thickness
at g or g¹ is about 2 mm. The intermediate space between two ledges g-g¹ is
about 2 mm.
The ledges are provided, on their ends with notches c of 5 mm. in width and
2 mm. in height, so that the liquor, the frame being closed on its sides, may flow
from the case d, thus formed, into the other case d'.
In the frame wall of the first case d an opening e of 2 mm. leading outward is
arranged into which hole a very thin tube is inserted. Often it is desirable to
insert in place of one tube more tubes in order to obtain a very strong current of
the liquor. The whole space is filled now with such cases, and in the last case
there are arranged at h one or more openings leading outwards and provided with
a tube. The second frame and the following ones are constructed exactly in the
same manner as the first frame and in mounting the apparatus all the parts fit
together. They differ from each other only by the fact, that in the frames of odd
number the openings e and h discharge higher or deeper outwards, than the
After the
openings of even number so that these openings are of easy access.
frames have been placed one above the other and paper parchment has been
inserted between them, the tubes contained in the openings are connected with each
other by means of thin india rubber pipes in the following manner :-
The first opening or openings e are connected with the vessel containing the lye,
the opening or openings are put in communication with the opening e of the
third frame, the opening or openings h of the third frame with the opening e of
the fifth frame and so on, until the last opening his connected with the vessel for
the lye which has not passed through the membrane. In lieu of using such long
tubes it is advantageous to employ short ones leading by means of narrow short
glass tubes into large pipes.
If there are more openings e and h arranged in a frame, more tubes discharge
of course into the large pipe.
In using the apparatus the large glass pipes are advantageously arranged
perpendicularly, and their lower ends are closed by fusion, while the upper parts
are lengthened and, while the apparatus is working, closed by a cork, which is
removed from time to time for causing the air, which may have gathered therein,
to escape.
Unless this be done, the gases remaining in the frame and separated

page_text: from the wood or the liquor render the passage of the liquor difficult and under
certain circumstances stop it even entirely because the pressure of the liquor in the
apparatus cannot be too high as otherwise the paper parchment to be inserted
between the frames would easily crack.
The frames of even number are arranged in a similar manner, with the difference
however, that near the out-flow of the lye the entrance of the water is arranged
and near the entrance of the lye the out-flow of the water.
A more or less large number of such frames, as may be required, is united so as
to form one apparatus; the size of the frames corresponds to the intended purpose
and between two adjacent frames is interposed a paper parchment; if the frame is
made of a hard material an elastic band, such as india-rubber or pack-thread, is
intercalated between two adjacent frames. Small wooden boards lined with paper
parchment and having the size of the frames are arranged on the two ends of the
united frames. The small wooden boards, which, if necessary, are covered with
plates, press by means of long screws or the like, the frames together, tightening
the apparatus in this way. In using larger frames the dimensions of the several
parts are approximately in the same proportions as above indicated.
A series of such apparatus is employed as may be required, one beside or behind
the other.
The said liquors pass in a current as strong as possible ordinarily through so
large a number of chambers that the specific gravity of the liquor flowing off is
nearly the half of the surplus of the specific gravity above 100 of the original
lye. There are contained then in the liquor resulting from the water and escaping
from the apparatus a body which in the dry state and in the open air is very
hygroscopic, the largest part of the fermentable bodies and the inorganic matters,
excepted the lime bound to the organic body, but as good as nothing of the tanning
principle, while the not diffused liquor contains in a well purified condition and bound
to lime the little hygroscopic adhesive matter susceptible to tan the animal hide
and to precipitate at the same time horn and similar solutions.
The water current is regulated according as the diffused liquor is to be utilised
or not. In the latter case the water current flows as quickly as possible and the
other liquor relatively slowly; if the diffused liquor is not abandoned, the water
in the apparatus is ordinarily caused to flow with a speed double that of the lye.
To utilise the now diffused liquor for tanning purposes it is freed by means of
acids entirely or partially from lime, preferably by means of sulphuric acid which
ordinarily is added in such a quantity per one litre, that 2 cubic cm. of con-
centrated sulphuric acid are added for each increase of 0.01 of the specific gravity
above 1.00.
Only after about 24 hours there has been separated in the more concentrated
solutions the largest quantity of lime as gypsum. In substitution of sulphuric
acid equivalent quantities of oxalic acid and the like may be used.
With this
extract thus obtained, alone or mixed with other extracts, the tanning is effected
in using very diluted solutions in the manner usually employed in the extract
tanning.
In addition to the tanning of hides this tanning matter is moreover used for
precipitating glue-giving substances, and for rendering utilisable these precipitates
for the manufacture of paper and the like, and in particular still for producing
quite peculiar compounds with nitrogenous vegetable or animal bodies insoluble in
water having a temperature inferior to 100° C., such as proteïne, horn, claws,
hairs, these compounds are formed in the case of proteïne and similar bodies
preferably by leaving for a length of time the finely divided bodies in the liquor,
and in the case of horn, claws, hairs, wool etc. after having dissolved the latter
and precipitated by the liquor, for the most part in adding acids.
As soon as this very adhesive precipitation is effected in the paper pulp, the
sizing of the paper will take place. But these compounds are precipitated only as
adhesive matters ordinarily after their solution in very diluted carbonates of
alkalis (soda) by means of acids or of some salts such as alum etc. (say in the paper

page_text: pulp). In these latter processes (in the case of proteïne and horn and the like)
the impure tanning principle may also be used in the sulphite lye without essential
damage. The solutions of these mentioned nitrogenous animal bodies are produced
now either by soaking these bodies at a low temperature in diluted soda lye by
heating at a temperature inferior to 100° C. or by dissolving them under pressure
only by water at temperatures above 100° C.
To produce a good and utilisable adhesive matter or inspissation and finishing
means respectively, the lye purified by diffusion must first be further worked.
The liquor of the osmose apparatus not diffused by the membrane has after
inspissation, by itself a relatively small adhesive power and it becomes in the open
air dark brown, unless, as above said, the iron had been eliminated from the lye.
The product differs according to the properties of the bases, acids or salts, which
have been added.
An addition of acid, such as sulphuric or oxalic acid, gives this body properties
which are but little advantageous for the above named purpose; a stronger addition
effects even in heating a separation of humus like substances.
In
A stronger addition
of burnt lime or thick lime paste or of the above mentioned organic lime compounds
obtained from lyes, or also of the corresponding soda cellulose lye added to the
concentrated liquor until the lime is no longer easily dissolved, gives a mass which,
after concentration, is extremely mucilaginous, viscid or similar to soft wax.
using lime paste, a quantity of about 1 cubic cm. having a specific gravity of
nearly 1-2 added to 3 or 4 cubic cm. of the liquor concentrated up to a specific
gravity of nearly 1-2 has given a satisfactory result. The admixture of the lime
to the liquid is effected preferably for obtaining a more easy working and a more
rapid solution at a temperature of nearly 100° C. By letting stand the mass in a
cold condition the viscidity of the latter is increased. Owing to its viscidity the
obtained product may be employed as inspissation, provided the alkaline reaction
or the lime be not prejudicial. As an adhesive matter it is used for pasting
together solid small pieces or powder as for instance in the manufacture of coal-
cake. If in these bodies a particular purity is not required in place of the lye
purified by lime and osmose, non-purified lye may be utilised in adding a small
quantity of lime etc.
An excellent adhesive matter for bookbinders etc. is produced from the liquor
not diffused in the osmose process by adding carbonates of alkalis, in particular
carbonate of soda until a precipitation is no more produced, the latter being formed
essentially by carbonate of lime. After some time the lime precipitation deposits
in granular form (after having been washed, this finely divided carbonate of lime
may be used as a preparation). After decantation the liquor is evaporated until
a film has been produced, unless the lye has been freed by lime from the iron and
a clearer coloration is desired, a small quantity of acid preferably oxalic acid, or
also sulphurous acid having previously been admixed. The soda compound of the
organic body produced by these means is preferably employed in this state.
In modifying somewhat the working the purified lye may of course be employed
also otherwise.
The liquor diffused in the osmose apparatus contains also useful products, in
particular a fermentable body. These bodies, if necessary, after admixture of
fime milk or of finely divided carbonate of lime up to a weakly acid reaction
(frequently after a filtration by means of bodies having a large surface, such as
coal, which is necessary for the mother lye) may be set in active fermentation by
evaporation until a specific gravity of nearly 1-1 has been attained and by adding
yeast by distillation alcohol may advantageously be extracted therefrom. This
alcohol has a peculiar but not disagreeable taste and smell. The refuse of dis-
tillation may be utilised as food for animals.
This fermentation is produced also if a separation of the bodies in the sulphite
lye is effected by precipitations, for instance by means of animal or vegetable
nitrogenous bodies and then a further purification by means of charcoal etc., takes
place. From the charcoal used in the mother-lye a useful body may be extracted

page_text: again by means of diluted carbonates of alkalis (soda) and, after evaporation, this
body may directly be utilised again as an adhesive matter etc.
Dated this 1st day of July 1893.
ABEL & IMRAY,
Agents for the Applicant.
DI CULTIVATION.
Process for Utilising the Lyes of Sulphite Cellulose Products
Obtained in such Process, and Apparatus employed for that
Purpose.
I, ALEXANDER MITSCHERLICH, Professor of Chemistry and Doctor of
Philosophy, residing at Friburg, Grand Duchy of Baden, German Empire, do
hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the same is to be
performed to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement :-
Hitherto it has been impossible to utilise on a large scale the lyes of sulphite
cellulose because the separation of the several substances from each other could
not well be effected. The process hereinafter described produces such a separation
and allows, in consequence, of a good utilisation. It is based essentially on the
separation of the organic substances contained in the waste lye from each other by
osmose, and finally on the utilization of the same, these substances being for
example sulphurous acid, adhesive matter, thickening material, finishing or dressing
material for yarns and fabrics, tanning principle, alcohol, and food, and as a
compound of one of the constituents of the lye, the tanning principle, with animal
or vegetable nitrogenous bodies rendered soluble, but insoluble in water, the
temperature of which is lower than 100° C.
The original lye or products of the lye obtained by other processes may also be
employed in the hereinafter described osmose process either without any addition,
or also with an addition of bases or acids.
The following substances are essentially thereby produced.
(a) A tanning principle.
(6) An adhesive matter susceptible of replacing in many respects artificial gum.
(c) A fermentable body.
(d) Sulphurous acid.
(e) Gypsum and other bodies.
The liquors flow through an osmose apparatus of particular construction, as it
would be necessary to give the ordinarily used apparatus too large a circumference
for effecting the separation of the organic bodies which takes place very slowly.
This new apparatus is based on the establishment of a counter-current of uniform
strength in all its parts, the motion of the liquors being as quick as possible on the
walls of diffusion, in employing a relatively very small quantity of liquor at a
large surface of membrane, and it effects a relatively very quick and complete
diffusion.
Referring to the drawing accompanying my Provisional Specification, the
apparatus consists of a frame (Figure 1) constructed of a wooden board,
comparatively thin for its size, or of four narrow thin boards, or of metal, glass,
vulcanite &c.
The dimensions of the apparatus are for the smallest as follows: Their length is
of 300, their width of 150 /m and the thickness of the frame wood a is of
6 mm, and the width of same of 25 mm.
In this frame there are arranged ledges 6 which advantageously are tapered from
the central part of towards the sides g in such a way, that the space between the
ledges and the laterally closing membrane, that is to say, the space for the liquor,

page_text: without the membrane being essentially covered by the ledges is as small as
possible, but allows still of a rapid and easy passage.
The borders shown in dotted lines touch the membrane arranged between the
frames and effect the closure of each case. The width of the ledges from g to g¹
is of about 5.5 mm. The sloping is calculated in such a manner, that the
thickness at 9 or g' is about 2 mm. The intermediate space between two ledges g g¹
is about 2 mm.
The ledges are provided on their ends with notches c of 5 mm. in width and
2 mm. in height, so that the liquor, the frame being closed on its sides, may flow
from the case d, thus formed, into the other case d¹.
In the frame wall of the first case d an opening e of 2 mm. leading outward is
arranged into which hole a very thin tube is inserted. Often it is desirable to
insert in place of one tube more tubes in order to obtain a very strong current of
the liquor. The whole space is filled now with such cases, and in the last case
there are arranged at one or more openings leading outwards and provided with a
tube. The second frame and the following ones are constructed exactly in the
same manner as the first frame and in mounting the apparatus all the parts fit
together. They differ from each other only by the fact, that in the frames of odd
number the openings e and h discharge higher or deeper outwards, than the openings
of even number so that these openings are of easy access. After the frames have
been placed one above the other and paper parchment has been inserted between
them, the tubes contained in the openings are connected with each other by means
of thin india rubber pipes in the following manner.
The first opening or openings e are connected with the vessel containing the lye,
the opening or openings are put in communication with the opening e of the
third frame, the opening or openings of the third frame with the opening e of the
fifth frame and so on, until the last opening is connected with the vessel for
the lye which has not passed through the membrane. In lieu of using such long
tubes it is advantageous to employ short ones leading by means of narrow short
glass tubes into large pipes.
If there are more openings e and h arranged in a frame, more tubes discharge of
• course into the large pipe.
In using the apparatus the large glass pipes are advantageously arranged
perpendicularly, and their lower ends are closed by fusion, while the upper parts
are lengthened and while the apparatus is working, closed by a cork, which is
removed from time to time for causing the air, which may have gathered therein,
to escape. Unless this be done, the gases remaining in the frame and separated
from the wood or the liquor render the passage of the liquor difficult and under
certain circumstances stop it even entirely because the pressure of the liquor in
the apparatus cannot be too high as otherwise the paper parchment to be inserted
between the frames would easily crack.
In place of this arrangement for the escape of the air, such removal is
advantageously effected in larger apparatus by the introduction of a pipe leading
upwards into the top compartment, which is opened from time to time.
The frames of even number are arranged in a similar manner with the difference
however, that near the outflow of the lye, the entrance of the water is arranged
and near the entrance of the lye the outflow of the water.
A more or less large number of such frames, as may be required, is united so as
to form one apparatus-the size of the frames corresponds to the intended purpose,
and between two adjacent frames is interposed a paper parchment, if the frame is
made of a hard material an elastic band, such as india rubber or pack thread, is
intercalated between two adjacent frames. Small wooden boards lined with paper
parchment and having the size of the frames are arranged on the two ends of the
united frames. The small wooden boards, which, if necessary, are covered with
plates, press by means of long screws or the like the frames together tightening
the apparatus in this way. In using larger frames the dimensions of the several
parts are approximately in the same proportions as above indicated.

page_text: A series of such apparatus is employed as may be required, one beside or behind
the other.
The said liquors pass in a current as strong as possible, ordinarily through so
large a number of chambers that the specific gravity of the liquor flowing off is-
nearly the half of the surplus of the specific gravity above 100 of the original lye..
There are contained then in the liquor resulting from the water and escaping from
the apparatus, a body which in the dry state and in the open air is very hygroscopic,
the largest part of the fermentable bodies and the inorganic matters excepted the
lime or magnesia bound to the organic body, but as good as nothing of the tanning
principle, while the not diffused liquor contains in a well purified condition and bound
to lime the little hygroscopic adhesive matter, susceptible to tan the animal hide
and to precipitate at the same time horn and similar solutions.
The water current is regulated according as the diffused liquor is to be utilised
or not. In the latter case the water current Hows as quickly as possible, and the
other liquor relatively slowly; if the diffused liquor is not abandoned, the water
in the apparatus is ordinarily caused to flow with a speed double that of the lye.
To utilise the now diffused liquor for tanning purposes it is freed by means of
acids entirely or partially from lime, preferably by means of sulphuric acid which
ordinarily is added in such a quantity per one litre, that 2 cubic cm. of
concentrated sulphuric acid are added for each increase of 0.01 of the specific
gravity above 1.00.
Only after about 24 hours there has been separated in the more concentrated
solutions the largest quantity of lime as gypsum.
In substitution of sulphuric acid equivalent quantities of oxalic acid, hydro-.
chloric acid and the like may be used. Oxalic acid has given very good results.
With this extract thus obtained alone or mixed with other extracts, the tanning
is effected in using very diluted solutions in the manner usually employed in the
extract tanning.
In addition to the tanning of hides this tanning matter is moreover used for
precipitating substances containing animal glue and for rendering utilisable these
precipitates for the manufacture of paper and the like, and in particular still for
producing quite peculiar compounds with nitrogenous vegetable or animal bodies
insoluble in water having a temperature inferior to 100° C., such as proteïne, horn,.
claws, hairs; these compounds are formed in the case of proteine and similar
bodies preferably by leaving for a length of time, the finely divided bodies
in the liquor, and in the case of horn, claws, hairs, wool etc. after having dissolved
the latter and precipitated by the liquor, for the most part in adding acids acid
salts or alumina salts.
The precipitation whereby glue is to be obtained from the protein compounds is
effected in the paper pulp itself, that is, the reagents are added to the pulp so that
the formation of the glue takes place within this during the time that it is being
worked in the known manner but these compounds are precipitated only as adhesive
matters ordinarily after their solution in very diluted carbonates of alkalis
(carbonate of soda) by means of acids, or acid salts or alum salts (say in the paper
pulp). In these latter processes (in the case of proteïne and horn, and the like).
the impure tanning principle may also be used in the sulphite lye without essential
damage. The solutions of these mentioned nitrogenous animal bodies are produced
now either by soaking these bodies at a low temperature in diluted soda lye, by
heating at a temperature inferior to 100° C., or by dissolving them under pressure
only by water at temperatures above 100° C.
To produce good and utilisable adhesive matter or thickening and finishing
material respectively, the lye purified by diffusion must first be further worked.
The liquor of the osmose apparatus not diffused by the membrane has after
inspissation, by itself a relatively small adhesive power. The product differs
according to the properties of the bases, acids or salts, which have been added.
An addition of acid, such as sulphuric or oxalic acid, gives this body properties,.

page_text: which are but little advantageous for the above named purpose.
A stronger
addition of burnt lime or thick lime paste or of the above mentioned organic lime
compounds obtained from the waste lye or of the waste sodicellulose lye mixed
with lime added to the concentrated liquor, until the lime or the added material is
no longer easily dissolved gives a mass which after concentration is extremely
mucilaginous, viscid or similar to soft wax. In using lime paste, a quantity of
about cubic cm. having a specific gravity of nearly 1-2 added to 3 or 4 cubic cm.
of the liquor concentrated up to a specific gravity of nearly 1-2 has given a
satisfactory result. The admixture of the lime to the liquid is effected preferably
for obtaining a more easy working and a more rapid solution at a temperature of
nearly 100° C. By letting stand the mass in a cold condition, the viscidity of the
latter is increased. Owing to its viscidity the obtained product may be employed
as inspissation, provided the alkaline reaction or lime be not prejudicial. As an
adhesive matter it is used for pasting together solid small pieces or powder as for
instance in the manufacture of coal cake, or for fixing fine powders on objects &c.
If in these bodies a particular purity is not required, in place of the lye purified
by lime and osmose, non-purified lye may be utilised in adding a small quantity
of lime &c. By the addition of other bodies it is also possible to render this
cementitious material applicable to other purposes.
An excellent adhesive matter for bookbinders etc. is produced from the liquor not
diffused in the osmose process by adding carbonates or sulphates of alkalis, in
particular carbonate of soda, until a precipitation is no more produced the latter
being formed essentially by carbonate of lime. In place of the carbonate of soda
sulphate of soda may be used. After some time the lime precipitation deposits in
granular form (after having been washed, this finely divided carbonate of lime may
be used as a preparation). After decantation the liquor is evaporated until a film
has been produced unless a clearer coloration is desired; a small quantity of acid,
preferably oxalic acid, or also sulphurous acid having previously been admixed.
The soda compound of the organic body produced by these means is preferably
employed in this state. A further concentration by evaporation is not generally
advisable, because independently of the difficulties connected therewith, the liquid
becomes of a darker colour as soon as the temperature is raised. In modifying
somewhat the working the purified lye may of course be employed also
otherwise.
The diffused liquor flowing from the osmose apparatus contains in addition to
the inorganic bodies also useful products, in particular a fermentable body. These
bodies if necessary after admixture of lime milk or of finely divided carbonate of
lime up to a weakly acid reaction may be set in active fermentation by evaporation
until a specific gravity of nearly 11 has been attained and by adding yeast. By
distillation alcohol may advantageously be extracted therefrom.
By the addition of milk of lime or carbonate of lime the sulphurous acid contained
in the solution is precipitated and removed, and after washing, it is employed in
the sulphite cellulose manufacture, as also for the production of bisulphite of lime
by dissolving it in aqueous sulphurous acid.
In the before described evaporation the gypsum separates almost entirely and
this, after separation from the liquid and washing may be employed for various
purposes, such as for manure.
The alcohol obtained by the above mentioned fermenting process has a peculiar
but not disagreeable taste and smell. The refuse of distillation may be utilised as
food for animals.
In place of this liquid obtained by the osmose, the mother lye above named,
which is produced by binding the tannin of the waste sulphite lye by means of the
dissolved horn or by means of protein &c. can be used, but when employing horn
solution a filtering through bodies with great surface, such as sand, charcoal &c.
must be effected in order to remove the bodies prejudicial to fermentation.
From the charcoal used in the mother lye a useful body may be extracted again

page_text: by means of diluted carbonates of alkalies (carbonate of soda) and after evaporating
this body may directly be used again as an adhesive matter &c.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what I
claim is :
1. The utilization of the lye of sulphite cellulose by separation of its constituents.
by means of osmose in using a special apparatus, by utilising such separated
constituents as tanning material and cementitious or thickening material, also by
binding the tanning material by means of protein or dissolved horn substance by
dissolving the body produced in dilute soda solution and by its utilisation as.
cementitious substance and lastly by the concentration by evaporation of the diffused
liquid for use as ferment substantially as described.
2. The production of the following bodies from the sulphite lyes or from the
waste liquid produced by any other treatment of these lyes by means of osmose,.
namely on the one hand, a body that will either not at all or only slightly pass
through the membrane and which, a, is utilisable as tanning material after complete-
or partial binding of the lime combined therewith by means of acid (sulphuric
acid, oxalic acid &c.) in very dilute condition, either directly in the liquid or after
evaporation and redissolution, or which, b is employed as thickening material (for
which purpose the original lye can also be employed) after considerable concen-
tration by evaporation and addition of burnt lime or thick lime paste) or mixture
of the less concentrated liquid with burnt lime containing little or no water, or
mixture with the precipitates produced by the reaction of lime upon soda lye; or
which, c, is employed as cementing material after the removal of the lime by means
of alkaline carbonates or sulphates (carbonate of soda), on the other hand there is.
produced from the said lyes easily diffusible inorganic bodies dissolved in the liquid,.
and an organic body substantially as described.
3. The employment of the diffused liquid obtained as set forth in the second
claim for obtaining alcohol and a food for animals by concentrating the same by
evaporation, neutralizing up to a weak acid reaction fermenting and separating the
alcohol by distillation, substantially as described.
4. In the process referred to in the first claim, binding the tannin obtained as
set forth in the second claim, or as contained in the original sulphite lye, both by
protein insoluble in water, and by precipitation by means of glue and the like or
by means of solutions prepared from horn, claws, hoofs, hairs, and the like, by the
action of dilute soda lye or by water and the use of the substances produced either
directly as cementitious material or indirectly after solution by means of dilute
soda solution, and precipitation of this solution by means of acids or acid salts or
alumina salts, substantially as described.
5. The production from the mother-lye resulting from the process referred to in
the 4th claim in using the non-diffused lye (in place of employing the osmose.
referred to in the second claim) of alcohol and a food for animals after treatment
thereof with bodies having large surface action (charcoal, sand &c.) by concen-
tration by evaporation, neutralizing up to a weak acid reaction, fermenting,
separation of the alcohol by distillation, and, if desired, by separation of a
cementitious material from the bodies employed having a large extent of surface
by means of dilute alkaline carbonates" (carbonate of soda) substantially as
described.
6. In the carrying out the process referred to in the first claim, the use, for
obtaining a rapid and complete osmose, of an osmose apparatus in which there is.
employed in all its parts a counter-current in combination with large membrane
surface in proportion to the quantity of liquid, and in which a rapid motion of the
liquid against the diffusion walls is effected, such apparatus consisting of frames, a
thin in comparison to their size and covered with a membrane, (Figure 1) such
frames being formed either of a single thin board or of four narrow thin boards, or
of glass, metal, vulcanite, or the like, and having numerous narrow compartments
B

page_text: formed by ledges fixed thereon, which ledges b are tapered towards the membrane
in such manner as only to touch the same with a sharp edge, the said apparatus
consisting furthermore of small tubes c which discharge into wide glass tubes
adapted to receive gases, and leading outwards at each end compartment for con-
necting the frames together) and an appliance which serves to press the frames
against each other so as to insure a tight closure and to hold them firmly together,
after the interposition of parchment paper and, in the case of hard material, after
the interposition of elastic strips, substantially as described.
Dated this 27th day of March 1894.
ABEL & IMRAY,
Agents for the Applicant.