Year: 1872

page_text: similar substances. Their hardness
and scratch
the surfaces against which they are rubbed, but they are so brittle that
soon crushed to fine powder, which becomes mixed with the mud of the
when any considerable amount of rubbing pressure is applied they a
abraded stone, and then cuts but little.
Upon stones like granite, which are nearly as hard as the sand, this
crushing effect takes place very quickly, and the rate of cutting is but
slow.
This Invention consists in using as a cutting, grinding,
or
abrading
material for stone, glass, pottery, metals, and similar hard substances, 1
grains, or globules of cast iron or steel or other tough and hard metal,
forcibly rubbed under pressure against the article to be cut by a saw
blade, borer, tool, or rubber, in a manner analogous to the known
processes of sawing and grinding stone, glass, and other substances by
means of sand or emery. The superior toughness, strength, or resistance 15
to crushing of the metal grains enables them to retain their original size
and shape for a longer time and under a degree of rubbing pressure and
friction which would quickly crush to fine powder sand or emery, and
consequently the cutting or grinding may be made more rapid, particu
larly with hard stones like granite. The metal grains are to be applied 20
in the same manner as the sand commonly used, and water is to be used
in the ordinary way to feed in the grains and wash away the mud and
debris and cool the tool or rubber.
By means of forced streams of water passing through channels in the
body of the tools the grains may be transported and fed to the working
surface of a tool working horizontally or upwards, and cuts and holes
can be made in tunnels, mines, and quarries to any distance and in any
direction. In some cases a forced stream or air might be used for this
purpose. Cutting, sawing, boreing, and rubbing tools of any suitable
size, shape, and material, may be used with the grains so as to produce
any kind of cuts or holes, or plane or curved surfaces, or mouldings of
ornamental designs, and the proper rotary, reciprocating, or other move
ments may be given to the tools and to the articles operated on by
suitable lathes, slide rests, sawing, boreing, planing, or rubbing machines,
or other known kinds of machinery. The known machinery used for
the diamond drills and saws may be applied to working with the
metallic grains. Magnetism may be applied to increase the adherence of
iron grains to an iron tool, and also to assist in separating and saving

page_text: the metal from the mud and debris washed from the cut stone. For
the softer kinds of stone the grains may if desired be made of metals of
only proportionate and moderate degrees of hardness.
Grains of hard
cast iron will cut and bore corundum. Granular and brittle substances
5 are more
rapidly cut by the metal grains than tough substances. Thus
stone and glass are more rapidly cut than metals; and granular metal,
like cast iron, more rapidly than wrought iron or copper. Grains of
roundish or spheroidal shapes seem to cut stone more rapidly in propor-
tion to the power employed than grains of pointed or irregular shapes.
0 Rounded grains of cast iron rubbed under pressure between a wrought-
iron tool and a stone roll over and over, indenting grooves into the tool
and crushing the stone into powder. Another method of applying the
metallic grains as a cutting and grinding material is to make them
adhere strongly together by any suitable cementing or soldering substance
and to mould them into rasps, gridstones, wheels, or rubbing or cutting
tools of any desired form, or to cover such implements with a layer or
coating of the grains soldered, cemented, or otherwise fastened to their
surface, as is practised in making with sand or emery the artificial
grindstones, and emery and corundum wheels, and sand paper used
in the arts. Cast iron is the material recommended for the grains
because of its cheapness and easy granulation.
One way of granulating it is to pour a stream of very fluid melted
metal on to the wetted surface of a saucer-shaped iron plate revolving
rapidly in a horizontal plane. As the scattered drops of metal are
whirled from the circumference they strike at a slight angle against
another wetted plate of iron of similar shape, but of larger diameter and
inverted, fixed concentrically over the revolving plate, which glances the
globules downwards into water which chills and hardens them.
grains may be made by scattering or atomizing a stream of melted iron
by means of a jet of steam.
The
It is proposed to use grains of every variety of size to suit the object
desired, from the finest powder for smoothing or polishing up to globules
as large as can be made to work usefully for rough purposes.
from one
Grains
thirty-fifth () to one forty-fifth (5) of an inch diameter will
serve for ordinary sawing of stone.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the
it Letters
filed by the said Alfred Vincent Newton in the Great Seal Patent
Office on the 30th May 1873.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, ALFRED
VINCENT NEWTON, of the Office for Patents, 66, Chancery Lane, in the 5
County of Middlesex, Mechanical Draughtsman, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Second day of December, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-two, in the thirty-
sixth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, 10
give and grant unto me, the said Alfred Vincent Newton, Her special
licence that I, the said Alfred Vincent Newton, my executors, admi.
nistrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Alfred Vincent
Newton, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time
agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times there. 15
after during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might
make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Inven-
tion for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MATERIALS FOR CUTTING AND GRINDING HARD SUB-
STANCES," being a communication to me from abroad by Benjamin Chew)
Tilghman, of Philadelphia City, in the United States of America, upon
the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Alfred Vincent Newton,
my executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my,
or their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe
and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner
the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the
Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and imme
diately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Alfred Vincent Newton, do
same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the
in and by the following statement, reference being had to the Drawing
hereunto annexed, and to the letters and figures marked thereon (that is
to say) :-
lowing manner :--My Invention consists in cutting, sawing, boring, and
grinding stone, glass, pottery, metal, and similar hard or solid substances
This Invention is described by my foreign correspondent in the fol
5

page_text: against them under pressure by a saw blade, borer, tool, or rubber in a
by means of grains or globules of tough and hard hard metal forcibly rubbed
manner analogous to the known processes of sawing and grinding stone,
glass, and other substances by means of sand or emery.
The material
5 for the metallic grains which I prefer to use in practice, because of its
cheapness, is cast iron, and I select those varieties which are known to
engineers and metallurgists to possess the greatest toughness and hard-
ness as compared with their price. By the term "toughnes" as applied
to the metallic grains in this Specification I mean the property of
resisting blows, rubbing, or pressure without breaking or crumbling, or
the property the opposite of brittleness; and by the term "hardness" I
mean the property of resisting blows, rubbing, or pressure without being
flattened, indented, or changed in shape.
The advantage of the metallic grains or globules as a cutting or
grinding material as compared with sand or emery arises chiefly from
their greater toughness, which enables them to longer retain their
original size and shape under a degree of rubbing pressure and friction
which would rapidly crush sand or emery to fine powder.
The following is one method of carrying my Invention into effect,
taking for example the sawing of marble, sandstone, or granite with
grains or globules of hard cast iron, and with the kind of saws commonly
known and used for sawing stone:-The grains are to be applied to the
saw in the same manner as the sand commonly used, and are fed into
the saw kerf with small streams of water in the same way, so that a
constant supply of them will be washed down and will be caught and
rubbed between the edge of the saw and the stone. The grains which
escape from the kerf are collected and thrown back again to feed the
saw. The supply of water should be sufficient to wash away the mud
produced from the stone and metal so that the clean grains can come
into close contact with the clean stone. The small pieces and powder of
the worn and broken grains of metal may be separated from the mineral
portion of the mud by known processes of washing, and may be sifted
and reused for such grinding or polishing purposes as their size will suit,
or they may be remelted.
If the
5 Magnets may be used to help the saving and separation of the iron
from the mineral powder in a way which is well understood.
water is kept alkaline by lime or other alkali the iron grains will be less
apt to rust and cement together.

page_text: orms
The grains can be used with various for
тестртос ng, Circular,
crown, or band saws, or with any other suitable known kind of sawing,
boring, or rubbing machinery.
In drilling holes in rocks with the metal grains and a rotary drill I
have sometimes used a tubular or hollow tool like a crown saw,
will make an annular cut, leaving a central core to be afterwards
detached.
which
When boring a hole without a core I use a solid tool pierced with a
small hole near but not at the centre.
The grains can be supplied by means of a stream of water forcibly
driven through the hole, and the mud and metallic fragments escape
with the water round the outside of the drill tool. By thus forcibly
transporting and feeding the supply of grains by means of a current of
water saw cuts or bore holes can be made in any direction, upward,
downward, or horizontal. I have made perforated tools or saw blades
for such purposes of two plates soldered together and having a number
of grooves on their meeting faces, which grooves coincide when the
plates are put together, so as to form a series of tubes or channels
through the body of the tool, by which a supply of grains can be carried
by streams of water to the surface to be cut. By thus operating hori-
zontally or upward saw cuts and bore holes may be made in tunnels,
mines, quarries, &c.
I have observed that grains or globules of roundish or spheroidal
shapes seem to operate mostly by rolling over and over, indenting grooves
into the rubbing tool if made of softer metal, and crushing into powder
the stone over which they roll, while grains of pointed, angular, or
irregular shapes tend rather to embed themselves in one of the rubbing
surfaces, and tear or scratch the other.
In cutting and grinding pulverizable substances, stone or glass for
example, I think that roundish or spheroidal grains or shot give the best
results in proportion to the power employed.
of
It is important for rapidity of cutting to keep a constant supply
fresh unbroken grains between the rubbing surfaces, as when the grains
become worn or broken much below their average original size the small
particles tend to escape the pressure. To facilitate this supply and the
washing away of the debris of stone and metal I have found it useful

page_text: 5
WI
from the work slightly and frequently, and to strike it again with a
sliding blow as is practised in the ordinary process of sawing stone with
sand.
tools, and
I have sometimes used notches or cuts in the rubbing surface of the
grooves or corrugations in their sides to assist in feeding the
grains. The greater the speed and pressure of the rubbing the faster
will be the cutting, but as economy in the consumption of the grains is
an object the pressure should be kept below that which will too rapidly
10 break or crush them.
For general cutting and grinding purposes I have found grains or
globules of about from one hundreth (100) to one twentieth (26) of an
inch diameter to give good practical results; but I do not mean to
confine myself thereto, and I intend to use both smaller and larger sizes
15 wherever suitable.
The size of grains or globules most suitable in view of the economy of
time, power, and expense, will vary according to the object desired and
the material operated on, and can only be ascertained by comparative
trials. As a general rule it may be stated that small grains produce
20 smoother and more polished surfaces, narrower saw kerfs, and sharper
lines and edges, and operate on hard stones with less pressure, while
large grains at suitable speed and pressure cut faster into soft stone,
make a wide saw kerf, and leave a rougher surface. I recommend the
operator to use grains of nearly uniform size in the same operation, and
5 to commence upon any new kind of material with a small size of grain,
and to change to larger sizes successively (but not mixing different sizes)
until he finds the size which will cut the fastest, while still producing
the smoothness or polish of surface and other results which he desires.
I have obtained fair average results in sawing stone with roundish grains
0 of about one thirty-fifth (35) to one forty-fifth (4) of an inch diameter.
For smoothing and polishing operations I use a series of grains, particles,
or powders of gradually increasing fineness up to the ultimate degree as
is practised in working with sand and emery.
I have found wrought iron to be a good material for the saws, drills,
and other rubbing tools, but where more convenient for the purpose
intended I have also used cast iron, copper, stone, glass, wood, leather,
and the other materials commonly used in the arts for grinding and

page_text: rubbing with sand and emery.
A very hard, close-grained material like
chilled cast iron or hardened steel does not generally answer so well
the grains tend to slip over it, whereas they ought to partly adhere to or
indent themselves into the surface of the tool or rubber so as to get
sufficient hold or resistance to enable them while sinking into the stone,
glass, &c., to roll over or scratch into it.
any
The cutting, boring, sawing, and rubbing tools can be made of a
suitable size and shape so as to produce holes, or plane or curved surfaces,
or other movements can be given to the tools and to the articles operated 10
or mouldings or ornamental designs, and the proper rotary, reciprocating,
rubbing
on by suitable lathes, slide-rests, sawing, planing, boring, or
machines, or other known kinds of machinery; and I do not mean t
confine myself to or to claim in this Patent any particular form or kind
of tool or machine for operating with the metallic grains.
If desired the adherence of iron grains to an iron tool may be increased 15
by making the tool magnetic by known means.
I have recommended cast iron as the metal to be generally used for
the grains because I think it gives the requisite combination of tough-
ness and hardness at a cheaper rate than any other, but I do not
confine myself thereto; and if desired any other metals can be used 20
which possess these properties in sufficient degree as compared with the
material to be operated on.
I have used grains made of steel and of various mixtures, and alloys
of iron and steel with other metals, some of which were tougher and
harder than grains of cast iron, but were also more expensive.
Grains of wrought iron or brass may be used to cut marble and other
stones of about the same hardness and friability.
There are various tough and hard metals and alloys known in the arts
which might be used if their cost permitted.
35
In cutting metals by means of the metallic grains I have observed
that metals of a granular and brittle texture like cast iron are more
rapidly cut than some softer and more tenacious metals. This obser
vation applies in a general way to other substances, and the rapidity o
their abrasion depends in a great degree upon their pulverizable and
brittle nature. Cast iron grains will saw and bore corundum.

page_text: Another method of applying the metallic grains as a cutting and
grinding material is to make them adhere strongly together by any
suitable cementing or soldering substance, and to mould them into rasps,
grindstones, wheels, or rubbing or cutting tools of any desired form, or
5 to cover such implements with a layer or coating of the grains soldered,
cemented, or otherwise fastened to their surface, as is practised with the
artificial grindstones, and emery, and corundum wheels, and sand paper
used in the arts. I have sometimes used tin solder for this purpose,
making it take well upon the cleaned metallic surface of the grains, and
10 then moulding the mass into shape or spreading it upon the tinned
surface of the metal rubbing tools.
One method which I have used for forming cast iron into grains is to
pour the melted metal on to the surface of a saucer-shaped plate of cast
iron, about thirty inches in diameter, revolving in a horizontal plane
5 about nine hundred turns per minute. The metal is thus scattered into
small drops, which are whirled outward, and solidify in their flight, and
fall into water, which chills and hardens them. Finely divided streams
of water are applied so as to prevent the iron plate becoming too hot.
By operating in a close box or chamber, the atmosphere of which has
O been deprived of its oxygen, the tendency of the drops of hot metal to
burn may be prevented. The more rapid the rotation of the plate and
the more fluid the metal the smaller will be the grains produced.
The grains are to be sifted into uniform sizes, and if desired those of
roundish or spheroidal shapes may be separated from those of more
irregular shapes by rolling them down inclined planes as is practised in
making lead shot.
I have sometimes made the grains by scattering or atomizing a stream
of melted iron by a steam, and I have used grains made by cutting
off short lengths of fine wires.
Any known process of hardening or tempering may be applied to the
grains by which their toughness or hardness may be increased.
Various processes are known in the arts by which metals can be
formed into small grains, globules, or shot, any convenient one of which
may be used; and I do not mean to confine mysel to or to claim in this
Patent any particular method of forming the metallic grains.

page_text: Having now set forth the nature of the Invention of
66
in Materials for Cutting and Grinding Hard Substances"
Improvements
as communi.
cated to me by my foreign correspondent, and explained the manner of
carrying the same into effect, I wish it to be understood that under the
above in part recited Letters Patent, I claim using as cutting, grinding,
or abrading materials for stone, glass, pottery, metals, and similar hard
substances, grains or globules of iron, steel, and other tough and hard
metals, the same being forcibly rubbed under pressure against the
article to be cut.
In witness whereof, I, the said Alfred Vincent Newton, have
hereunto set my hand and seal, the Thirtieth day of May, in
L

page_text: I BENJAMIN CHEW TILGHMAN of Bellefield Works, Sheffield, in the County of
York, late of Philadelphia, in the State of Pennsylvania, United States of America,
Engineer, seek leave to amend the specification of Letters Patent, No. 3626 of 1872,
as shown in red ink in the copy of the original Specification hereunto annexed
(A. V. NEWTON MATERIALS FOR CUTTING & GRINDING) :-
-
My reasons for making this amendment are as follows:-
The claim covers a mode of employing the cutting and grinding materials
(the subject of the Patent) which it is not deemed desirable to retain in the
Specification.-A word introduced into the claim is by way of explanation or
definition.
The Specification also describes the use of certain materials for the rubbing tools
not of equal efficiency with others mentioned, and therefore undesirable to retain
in the Specification.
There are also certain clerical errors which it is desirable to amend.
That I am the owner of the said Patent N° 3626 of 1872 by virtue of an
Assignment dated June 15th 1878, and duly recorded in the Patent Office.
B. C. TILGHMAN.

page_text: In the matter of Letters Patent granted to Alfred Vincent Newton of the series
of the year 1872 N° 3626.
I hereby grant leave to Benjamin Chew Tilghman, as Assignee of the said Letters
Patent, to amend the Specification filed in pursuance of the said Letters Patent, in
the manner proposed.

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Alfred Vincent Newton, of the Office for Patents,
66, Chancery Lane, in the County of Middlesex, Mechanical Draughtsman,
for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN MATERIALS FOR CUTTING AND
GRINDING HARD SUBSTANCES."-A communication from abroad by Beniamin
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Alfred Vincent Newton at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
2nd December 1872.
I ALFRED VINCENT NEWTON of the Office for Patents 66 Chancery Lane in the
County of Middlesex Mechanical Draughtsman do hereby declare the nature of the
said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MATERIALS FOR CUTTING AND GRINDING
HARD SUBSTANCES" to be as follows:-
Sand and emery are the cutting grinding and abrading materials commonly used
in the arts for working on stone, glass, metal and similar substances. Their
hardness enables them to cut into and scratch the surfaces against which they are
rubbed, but they are so brittle that when any considerable amount of rubbing
pressure is applied, they are soon crushed to fine powder, which becomes mixed
with the mud of the abraded stone, and then cuts but little.
Upon stones like granite, which are nearly as hard as the sand, this crushing
effect takes place very quickly and the rate of cutting is but slow.
This Invention consists in using as a cutting, grinding or abrading material for
stone, glass, pottery, metals and similar hard substances, grains or globules of cast
iron or steel or other tough and hard metal, forcibly rubbed under pressure against
the article to be cut by a saw blade, borer, tool or rubber, in a manner analogous
to the known processes of sawing and grinding stone, glass and other substances
by means of sand or emery. The superior toughness, strength or resistance to
for a longer time and under a degree of rubbing pressure and friction which would
crushing of the metal grains enables them to retain their original size and shape
quickly crush to fine powder sand or emery, and consequently the cutting or
grinding The
are to be applied in the same manner as the sand commonly used, and
water is to be used in the ordinary way to feed in the grains and wash away
mud and debris and cool the tool or rubber.
metal grains
the
the tools, the grains may be transported and fed to the working surface of a tool
By means of forced streams of water passing through channels in the body of
mines and quarries to any distance and in any direction. In some cases a forced
stream or air might be used for this purpose. Cutting, sawing, boreing and rubbing
produce any kind of cuts or holes or plane or curved surfaces, or mouldings or
tools of any suitable size, shape and material may be used with the grains so as to
ornamental designs, and the proper rotary, reciprocating or other movements may
sawing, boreing, planing or rubbing machines or other known kinds of machinery.
given to the tools and to the articles operated on, by suitable lathes, slide rests,
or upwards, and cuts and holes can be made in tunnels,
be

page_text: The known machinery used for the diamond drills and saws may be applied to
working with the metallic grains. Magnetism may be applied to increase the
the metal from the mud and debris washed from the cut stone. For the softer
adherence of iron grains to an iron tool and also to assist in separating and saving
kinds of stone the grains may if desired be made of metals of only proportionate
and moderate degrees of hardness. Grains of hard cast iron will cut and bore
Granular and brittle substances are more rapidly cut by the metal
corundum.
in
grains than tough substances; thus stone and glass are more rapidly cut tha
metals, and granular metal like cast iron, more rapidly than wrought iron or copper,
Grains of roundish or spheroidal shapes, seem to cut stone more rapidly
proportion to the power employed than grains of pointed or irregular shapes
Roundish grains of cast iron rubbed under pressure between a wrought-iron tod
and a stone roll over and over, indenting grooves into the tool and crushing the
stone into powder. Another method of applying the metallic grains as a cutting
and grinding material, is to make them adhere strongly together by any suitable
cementing or soldering substance and to mould them into rasps, grindstones,
wheels, or rubbing or cutting tools of any desired form, or to cover such implements
with a layer or coating of the grains soldered, cemented or otherwise fastened to
their surface, as is practised in making with sand or emery the artificial grindstones
and emery and corundum wheels, and sand paper used in the arts. Cast iron is
the material recommended for the grains, because of its cheapne-s and easy
granulation.
One way of granulating it is to pour a stream of very fluid melted metal on to
the wetted surface of a saucer-shaped iron plate revolving rapidly in a horizontal
plane. As the scattered drops of metal are whirled from the circumference they
strike at a slight angle against another wetted plate of iron of similar shape, but
of larger diameter, and inverted, fixed concentrically over the revolving plate
which glances the globules downwards into water which chills and hardens them.
The grains may be made by scattering or atomizing a stream of melted iron by
means of a jet of steam.
It is proposed to use grains of every variety of size to suit the object desired.
from the finest powder for smoothing or polishing up to globules as large as can be
made to work usefully for rough purposes. Grains from one thirty-fifth (s) to
one forty-fifth (4) of an inch diameter will serve for ordinary sawing of stone.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patont, filed by
the said Alfred Vincent Newton in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
30th May 1873.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, ALFRED VINCENT
NEWTON, of the Office for Patents, 66, Chancery Lane, in the County of Middlesex,
Mechanical Draughtsman, send greeting.
my
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters Patent,
bearing date the Second day of December, in the year of our Lord One thousand
eight hundred and seventy-two, in the thirty-sixth year of Her reign, did, for
Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said Alfred Vincent
Newton, Her special licence that I, the said Alfred Vincent Newton, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Alfred Vincent Newton,
executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no
others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term therein
expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of
Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MATERIALS FOR CUTTING AND GRINDING
HARD SUBSTANCES," being a communication to me from abroad by Benjamin
Chew Tilghman, of Philadelphia City, in the United States of America, upon the
condition (amongst others) that I, the said Alfred Vincent Newton, my executors
or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of their
hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said
Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the
same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next
and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Alfred Vincent Newton, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed,
to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement,
reference being had to the Drawing hereunto annexed, and to the letters and
figures marked thereon (that is to say):-
-ypandille
This Invention is described by my foreign correspondent in the following
manner: My Invention consists in cutting, sawing, boring, and grinding stone,
glass, pottery, metal, and similar hard or solid substances by means of grains or
globules of tough and hard hard metal forcibly rubbed against them under pressure
by a saw blade, borer, tool, or rubber in a manner analogous to the known
processes of sawing and grinding stone, glass, and other substances by means of
sand or emery. The material for the metallic grains which I prefer to use in
practice, because of its cheapness, is cast iron, and I select those varieties which
are known to engineers and metallurgists to possess the greatest toughness and
hardness as compared with their price. By the term "toughness," as applied to
the metallic grains in this Specification I mean the property of resisting blows,
of brittleness; and by the term "hardness" I mean the property of resisting blows,
, or pressure without breaking or crumbling, or the property the opposite
rubbing, or pressure without being flattened, indented, or changed in shape.
The advantage of the metallic grains or globules as a cutting or grinding material
compared with sand or emery arises chiefly from their greater toughness, which
as

page_text: iding.
them to longer retain their original size and shape under
example the sawing of marble, sandstone, or granite with grains or
degree
globales of
rubbing pressure and friction which would rapidly crush sand or emery to b
The following is one method of carrying my Invention into effect, taking i
hard cast iron, and with the kind of saws commonly known and us-d for sawing
stone-The grains are to be applied to the saw in the same manner as the saad
commonly used, and are fed into the saw kerf with small streams of water in the
same way, so that a constant supply of them will be washed down and will be
caught and rubbed between the edge of the saw and the stone. The grains which
supply of water should be sufficient to wash away the mud produced from the
escape from the kerf are collected and thrown back again to feed the saw. hich
stone and metal so that the clean grains can come into close contact with the clean
stone. The small pieces and powder of the worn and broken grains of metal
may
be separated from the mineral portion of the mud by known processes of wasting
and may be sifted and reused for such grinding or polishing purposes as their size
will suit, or they may be remelted.
Magnets may be used to help the saving and separation of the iron from the
mineral powder in a way which is well understood. If the water is kept alkaline
by lime or other alkali the iron grains will be less apt to rust and cement together.
The grains can be used with various forms of reciprocating, circular, crown, or
band saws, or with any other suitable known kind of sawing, boring, or rubbing
machinery.
In drilling holes in rocks with the metal grains and a rotary drill I have
sometimes used a tubular or hollow tool like a crown saw, which will make an a
annular cut, leaving a central core to be afterwards detached.
When boring a hole without a core I use a solid tool pierced with a small hole
near but not at the centre.
The grains can be supplied by means of a stream of water forcibly driven
through the hole, and the mud and metallic fragments escape with the water round
the outside of the drill tool. By thus forcibly transporting and feeding the supply
of grains by means of a current of water saw cuts or bore holes can be made in
any direction, upward, downward, or horizontal. I have made perforated tools or
saw blades for such purposes of two plates soldered together and having a number
of grooves on their meeting faces, which grooves coincide when the plates are put
together, so as to form a series of tubes or channels through the body of the tool,
by which a supply of grains can be carried by streams of water to the surface to
be cut. By thus operating horizontally or upward saw cuts and bore holes may
be made in tunnels, mines, quarries, &c.
seem t
I have observed that grains or globules of roundish or spheroidal shapes
to operate mostly by rolling over and over, indenting grooves into the rubbing
tool if made of softer metal, and crushing into powder the stone over which they
roll, while grains of pointed, angular, or irregular shapes tend rather to embed
themselves in one of the rubbing surfaces, and tear or scratch the other.
In cutting and grinding pulverizable substances, stone or glass for example, I
think that roundish or spheroidal grains or shot give the best results in proportion
o the power employed.
It is important for rapidity of cutting to keep a constant supply of fresh
inbroken grains between the rubbing surfaces, as when the grains become worn
r broken much below their average original size the small particles tend to escape
he pressure. To facilitate this supply and the washing away of the debris of
tone and metal I have found it useful when the nature of the operation permits
o cause the tool to draw back from the work slightly and frequently, and to strike
again with a sliding blow as is practised in the ordinary process of sawing stone
ith sand.
I have sometimes used notches or cuts in the rubbing surface of the tools, and
ooves or corrugations in their sides to assist in feeding the grains. The greater

page_text: the speed and pressure of the rubbing the faster will be the cutting, but as economy
in the consumption of the grains is an object the pressure should be kept below
that which will too rapidly break or crush them.
For general cutting and grinding purposes I have found grains or globules of
5 about from one hundredth (1) to one twentieth (1) of an inch diameter to give
good practical results; but I do not mean to confine myself thereto, and I intend
to use both smaller and larger sizes wherever suitable.
power,
it
may
The size of grains or globules most suitable in view of the economy of time,
, and expense, will vary according to the object desired and the material
10 operated on, and can only be ascertained by comparative trials. As a general rule
y be stated that small grains produce smoother and more polished surfaces,
narrower saw kerfs, and sharper lines and edges, and operate on hard stones with
less pressure, while large grains at suitable speed and pressure cut faster into soft
stone, make a wide saw kerf, and leave a rougher surface. I recommend the
15 operator to use grains of nearly uniform size in the same operation, and to
commence upon any new kind of material with a small size of grain, and to change
to larger sizes successively (but not mixing different sizes) until he finds the size
which will cut the fastest, while still producing the smoothness or polish of surface
and other results which he desires. I have obtained fair average results in sawing
20 stone with roundish grains of about one thirty-fifth (36) to one forty-fifth (+5) of
an inch diameter. For smoothing and polishing operations I use a series of grains,
particles, or powders of gradually increasing fineness up to the ultimate degree as is
practised in working with sand and emery.
I have found wrought iron to be a good material for the saws, drills, and other
5 rubbing tools, but-where-more-convenient for the purpose-intended-I-have-also-used
east iron, copper, stone, glass, wood, leather, and--the--other materials-commonly
used-in-the-arts-for-grinding-and-rubbing-with-sand-and emery. A very hard, close-
grained material like chilled cast iron or hardened steel does not generally answer
so well, as the grains tend to slip over it, whereas they ought to partly adhere to
0 or indent themselves into the surface of the tool or rubber so as to get sufficient
hold or resistance to enable them while sinking into the stone, glass, &c., to roll
over or scratch into it.
The cutting, boring, sawing, and rubbing tools can be made of any suitable size
and shape so as to produce holes, or plane or curved surfaces, or mouldings or
5 ornamental designs, and the proper rotary, reciprocating, or other movements can
be given to the tools and to the articles operated on by suitable lathes, slide-rests,
sawing, planing, boring, or rubbing machines, or other known kinds of machinery;
and I do not mean to confine myself to or to claim in this Patent any particular
form or kind of tool or machine for operating with the metallic grains.
If desired the adherence of iron grains to an iron tool may be increased by
making the tool magnetic by known means.
I have recommended cast iron as the metal to be generally used for the grains
because I think it gives the requisite combination of toughness and hardness at a
cheaper rate than any other, but I do not confine myself thereto; and if desired
any other metals can be used which possess these properties in sufficient degree as
compared with the material to be operated on.
I have used grains made of steel and of various mixtures, and alloys of iron and
steel with other metals, some of which were tougher and harder than grains of cast
iron, but were also more expensive.
Grains of wrought iron or brass may be used to cut marble and other stones of
about the same hardness and friability.
There are various tough and hard metals and alloys known in the arts which
might be used if their cost permitted.
a granular and brittle texture like cast iron are more rapidly cut than some softer
In cutting metals by means of the metallic grains I have observed that metals of
and more tenacious metals, This observation applies in a general way to other

page_text: substances, and the rapidity of their abrasion depends in a great degree upon their
pulverizable and brittle naturo.
Cast iron grains will saw and bore corundum.
Another-method-of-applying-the--metallie--grains--5----ou
Hing-and-grindy
soldering-substance-and-to-mould-them-into-rasper grindstones,-wheels-o-rubbing P
material is to make them adhere strongly-together-by-any-suite
or cutting-tools-of-any-desired-form, or to cover such implements-with-a-layer-
coating-of-the-grains-soldered, cemented, or otherwise-fastened to their surface
is-practised-with the artificial-grindstones, and emery, and corundum wheel-and
sand-paper-used in the arts. -I-have-sometimes-used-tin-solder-for-this-purpo
making it take well upon the cleaned--metallic-surface--of--the-grains, and then
moulding-the-mass-into-shape-or-spreading-it-upon-the-tinned-surface of the w
rubbing-tools.
One method which I have used for forming cast iron into grains is to pour the
melted metal on to the surface of a saucer-shaped plate of cast iron, about thirty
inches in diameter, revolving in a horizontal plane about nine hundred turua
per minute. The metal is thus scattered into small drops, which are whirled
outward, and solidify in their flight, and fall into water, which chills and hardens
them. Finely divided streams of water are applied so as to prevent the iron plate
becoming too hot. By operating in a close box or chamber, the atmosphere of
which has been deprived of its oxygen, the tendency of the drops of hot metal to
burn may be prevented. The more rapid the rotation of the plate and the more
fluid the metal the smaller will be the grains produced.
The grains are to be sifted into uniform sizes, and if desired those of roundish or
spheroidal shapes may be separated from those of more irregular shapes by rolling
them down inclined planes as is practised in making lead shot.
I have sometimes made the grains by scattering or atomizing a stream of melted
iron by a jet of steam, and I have used grains made by cutting off short lengths of
fine wires.
Any known process of hardening or tempering may be applied to the grains by
which their toughness or hardness may be increased.
Various processes are known in the arts by which metals can be formed into
small grains, globules, or shot, any convenient one of which may be used; and I do
not mean to confine myself to or to claim in this Patent any particular method of
forming the metallic grains.
Having now set forth the nature of the Invention of "Improvements in Materials
for Cutting and Grinding Hard Substances" as communicated to me by my foreign
correspondent, and explained the manner of carrying the same into effect, I wish it
to be understood that under the above in part recited Letters Patent, I claim using
as cutting, grinding, or abrading materials for stone, glass, pottery, metals, and
similar hard substances, loose grains or globules of iron, steel, and other tough and
hard metals, the same being forcibly rubbed
under pressure against the artis
to be cut.
In witness whereof, I, the said Alfred Vincent Newton, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, the Thirtieth day of May, in the year of our Lord One