A METHOD FOR THE MORE ADVAN- TAGEOUS MANUFACTURING COPPER OARES, THROUGH ALL THE INTERMEDIATE OPERATIONS, TILL IT BE BROUGHT INTO FINE COPPER, AND FROM THENCE INTO BRASSE, TO BE CAST INTO PLATES, INGOTTS, RODDS, KETTLES, AND OTHER UTENSILLS, IN METTALL MOULDS, BY A NEW WAY OF CALCINING, MELTING, AND RUNNING COPPER OABES, & MAKING OF BRASS, AS A REQUISITE WHEREUNTO IS A FURNACE OF A PECULIAR CONTRIVANCE WHEREBY THE SULPHUR IN THOSE OARS IS SOONER DESTROYED, AND THE SILVER EX- TRACTED FROM THEM WITHOUT DESTROYING THE COPPER, WHICH COPPER IS AFTERWARDS CONVERTED INTO BRASSH BY A NEW METHOD OF MIXING THE COPPER, CALANY, AND CHARCOAL TOGETHER, AND MAKING BRASS THEREWITH WITHOUT POTT OR POTTS, WHICH WILL BRING GREATER EXCREASE AND THAN IN HITHERTOD, WITHOUT THE EXPENCE OF POTTS, AND THE WHOLE ATT A MUCH LES EXPEECE OF FIRE, LABOUR, AND TIME, WHICH METHOD AND INVENTION OF MANUFACTURING COPPER OARS
Year: 1728

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, BENJAMIN LUND,
of the City of Bristoll, Merchant, and FRANCIS HAWKSBER, of the City of
London, Gent., send greeting.
WHEREAS His most Sacred Majesty George the Second, by the Grace
of God, &c., by His Letters Patents, bearing date at Westminster, the Third
day of February, in the first year of His reigne, reciting that the said
Benjamin Lund and Francis Hauksbee, have by their petition humbly
represented to His Majesty that they had with great study, labour, and
expence, invented and brought to perfection "A METHOD FOR THE MORE ADVAN-
TAGEOUS MANUFACTURING COPPER OARES, THROUGH ALL THE INTERMEDIATE OPERATIONS,
TILL IT BE BROUGHT INTO FINE COPPER, AND FROM THENCE INTO BRASSE, TO BE CAST
INTO PLATES, INGOTTS, RODDS, KETTLES, AND OTHER UTENSILLS, IN METTALL MOULDS,
BY A NEW WAY OF CALCINING, MELTING, AND RUNNING COPPER OABES, & MAKING
OF BRASS, AS A REQUISITE WHEREUNTO IS A FURNACE OF A PECULIAR CONTRIVANCE
WHEREBY THE SULPHUR IN THOSE OARS IS SOONER DESTROYED, AND THE SILVER EX-
TRACTED FROM THEM WITHOUT DESTROYING THE COPPER, WHICH COPPER IS AFTERWARDS
CONVERTED INTO BRASSH BY A NEW METHOD OF MIXING THE COPPER, CALANY, AND
CHARCOAL TOGETHER, AND MAKING BRASS THEREWITH WITHOUT POTT OR POTTS, WHICH
WILL BRING GREATER EXCREASE AND IN LARGER QUANTITIES THAN IN ANY METHOD
HITHERTO PRACTICED, WITHOUT THE EXPENCE OF POTTS, AND THE WHOLE ATT A MUCH
LES EXPEECE OF FIRE, LABOUR, AND TIME, WHICH METHOD AND INVENTION OF
MANUFACTURING COPPER OARS, EXTRACTING OF SILVER FROM THEM, AND MAKING OF
BRASS BY A NEW WAY OF MIXING THE COPPER WITH THE CALANY AND CHARCOAL, AND
MAKING THEREOF BRASS WITHOUT POTT OR POTTS, DOE, AS THE PETITIONERS HUMBLY

page_text: CONCEIVE, TEND TO THE BENEFITT AND ADVANTAGE OF THIS KINGDOM IN GENERALL, AND
TO ALL PERSONS CONCERNED IN THE COPPER AND BRASS MANUFACTURES;" His said
Majesty, of His especiall grace, certain knowledge, and meer motion, did, for
Himselfe, His heires and successors, give and grant unto the said Benjamin
Lund and Francis Hauksbee, their executors, adm", & assignes, His especiall
licence, full power, sole priviledge and authority, of using the said Invention
within that part of Great Britain called England, Dominion of Wales, and
Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, for and during the term of fourteen years from
the date of the said Letters Patents, according to the Statute in that case
made and provided. And whereas, by a clause or condition in the said Letters
Patents, the same are to be void if they, the said Benjamin Lund and Francis
Hauksbee, shall not inroll or cause to be inrolled in the High Court of
Chancery an instrument giving an exact and particular description of the
nature of their said Invention, under their hands and seals, within one calendar
moneth after the date of their said Letters Patents, all which by the said Letters
Patents, relation being thereunto had, may more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YEE, that in pursuance and performance of the said clause
or condition in the said Letters Patents contained, wee, the said Benjamin
Lund and Francis Hauksbee, doe hereby declare that the following account
is an exact and particular description of the nature and method of our said
Invention (that is to say):-
=
The method of preparing and reducing copper oars into copper, extracting
of silver from copper, mixing copper, calamy, and charcoal for making of
brass without pot or pots, casting of copper or brass plates, ingotts, rods,
kettles, and other utensills in mettall moulds, and also a furnace of a peculiar
contrivance for the more advantageous performing mettalline or minerall
operations, whereby the volatile and sulphureous parts of metalls and mineralls
are separated, the whole being done to more advantage and much less expence
of fire, labour, and time, than by any method before practiced, is as follows
(that is to say)
The copper oar by this Invention is calcined in a close calciner, furnace, or
oven, as shall hereafter be described, without the admission of the air or naked
fire untill the volatile sulphur is discharged and forced into a receiver annexed
thereto; the oar is then while hot taken out and immersed into a fluid or
lixivium, and from thence when dried is putt into the furnace, and from thence
the oar when melted is tapped or run into a cavity or mould, and when cool
the regule or finer part of the oar is seperated from the coarser part, and then
the said regule is again calcined & remelted; these severall operations of
calcining, immersion, and remelting are so often repeated untill the copper is

page_text: brought to a proper standard for seperating the silver therefrom, or be rendred
sufficiently fine for sale as fine copper. The materialls made use of for
seperating silver (whether compound or uncompound) from copper, are
lead oar or lead in any form or mixture. The lead oar is first calcined in the
close calciner before mentioned before it be reduced into lead, and a passage
is made in the calciner for that part which may melt in calcining to run into a
receiver; the rest, when taken out, is put into water; and from thence into the
furnace to be refined. The method for seperating silver (whether 'mixt or
pure) from any sort of copper, when by us prepared, is as follows:-To a proper
quantity of prepared or coarse copper, when in fusion, is added lead oar, lead,
or lytherage, in such a proportion as the peculiar nature of the copper or lead
may require, the mixture is then poured into moulds or vessells of a conicall
figure, and when cool is taken out, and that part of the lead which is seperated
from the copper at the bottom of the cone is taken of. The method of
seperating the lead from copper, in order to extract the silver contained therein,
is as follows (viz):-The cakes or lumps of copper and lead are putt into a
furnace, where, by proper degrees of heat, the lead therein is seperated from
the copper, and and as it melts runs out of the furnace into a receiver. Then
all the lead drawn from the copper is added together, from which, when rich
enough, the silver is seperated in the usuall manner on a test. The materialls
for the making of brass are copper, calamy, and charcoal. The calamy is
prepared as follows (viz'):-The calamy is first roasted or calcined in the
furnace, hereafter described, wherein the flowers or volatile parts of the
calamy are preserved, the calamy is then picked or cleansed and ground
small. The method of the Invention for mixing of copper, calamy, and
charcoal together is as follows:-The calamy being first prepared and ground,
and a proper quantity of charcoal or other combustible added thereunto, then
the copper or brass, being melted, is poured into and mixed with the calamy
and charcoal. Now, for the more expeditious performance of this operation,
wee have invented a machine in the form of a hollow cilendar, whose axis is
moveable, and armed or stuck with spikes, which in their motion pass between
other spikes fixed to the inside of the cilendar, which cilendar is immoveable;
into this machine is conveyed the due proportions of calamy and charcoal,
and when by the motion of the axis and spikes the calamy and charcoal are
sufficiently mixed, and whilst the whole is continued in motion, the melted
copper or brass is poured in, and, by the motion of the spikes, is distributed
equally amongst and most intimately mixed with the calamy and charcoal,
and the whole is at once prepared therein for the furnace, there to be con-
verted by proper degrees of heat into brass. The furnace for making of brass

page_text: without pot or pots is an air or wind furnace, whose figure is that of the
paraboloid, wherein is a bottom fixed and prepared to receive and contain a
suitable quantity of the copper, calamy and charcoal, mixed as before, to
be converted into brass. The Invention or method for casting of copper
or brass plates, ingotts, rodds, kettles, and other utensills in mettall molds is
thus (viz)-Those moulds for containing vessells are cast and turned, and
so fitted to each other as to leave a space between them, more or less, accord-
ing to the thickness or thinness of the vessel designed to be cast therein; on the
topp of the outside mould is one orifice or more as the mould is in magnitude,
through which the melted mettall is poured to forme the designed vessell; also
in I proper parts of the moulds are perforations and vents which are filled with a
preparation to prevent the mettall passing through, and yet sufficiently porous
to lett the air escape or to imbibe the vapour of the hot mettall; on the inward
surface of the moulds is laid a mixture to prevent their scaling and to make
the mettall run quick. The moulds when thus prepared are made of a suitable
degree of heat to prevent chilling the mettall as it is poured into them, and
also in part to exclude the air from between them, which are, if not in part
discharged by heat or suffering it to escape through the perforations in the
moulds, would blow the mettall in holes and render it impossible to cast
anything sound and close. The moulds for casting plates or solid forms in
copper or brass are prepared in the same manner as those above, whereby the
vast expence of stones now in use for the casting of plates is greatly diminished,
and casting in generall more safe and better performed than in any other
manner. The furnace invented for calcining and melting metals and mineralls,
wherein severall operations may be performed at one time with one fire,
although the nature of the severall materials may require a less or greater
degree of heat, is so contrived by proper windings and divisions made in the
bottom of the furnace, and vents or flews to each division, with registers to
each vent to discharge the flame and prevent its passing into the other
divisions as occasion may require; those flews or vents terminate in a dome
or chamber in which are severall divisions, flews, and water, whereby the
volatile salts or sulphur, by the contrivance and disposition of the said flews,
water, and divisions therein, are retained and reserved, and the pernicious effect
which such sulphurs have on the herbage and adjacent places is hereby
prevented; also on the topp of the furnace are placed or built proper recep-
tacles, ovens, or calciners for oars or mineralls to be calcined in without the
admission of the air or naked fire, whereby the mettallin parts in the oar are
fixt, and the sulphur seperated and forced into a receiver annexed to the close
calcining furnace or oven, and over or on the sides of this furnace are placed

page_text: vessells containing water or a lixivium, which by the heat of the comon
furnace is boiled, whereby oars, lixivium, or regule may be boiled as occasion
may require. These furnaces are inclosed in a workhouse whose figure is
that of a dome, with a funnell or chimney comon to all the flews of the
furnace. On its upper part the current of air which passes through this
comon flew is applied to give motion to a wheel applyed to move stampers or
hammers, bellows, or any other machines requisite in any parts of the work,
as for stamping of copper oars, grinding or breaking of calamy or charcoal,
blowing of the letheidge on the test, or any other materials used therein.
In witnesse whereof, we, the said Benjamin Lund and Francis Hauskbee,
have hereunto sett our hands and seals, this Seventeenth day of Feb-
ruary, in the first year of the raigne of our Sovereigne Lord George the
Second, by the grace of God of Great Brittain, France, and Ireland
King, Defender of the Faith, &c. Anno Dñi 1727.
ED. OLDFEILD.
JNO BAILEY.
MEMORANDUM, quod vicesimo primo die Februarij, anno supradict,
prefati Benjaminus Lund et Franciscus Hauksbee veneř coram dão Domino
Rege in Cancellaria sua, et recognoverunt Scriptum predict, ac omnia et
singula in eodem content et spificat, in forma suprascript. Necnon Scriptum
predict impress fuit secundum tenorem Statut fact anno Regni Gulielmi et
Marie nup Regis & Rñe Anglie, &c. Sexto.