IMPROVEMENTS IN TREATING CERTAIN ANIMAL MATTERS TO OBTAIN PRODUCTS APPLICABLE TO THE MANUFACTURE OF CANDLES, AND OTHER PURPOSES
Year: 1842

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM
SMITH, of Grosvenor Street, Camberwell, in the County of Surrey, Gentleman;
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most. Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at Westminster,
the Twenty-ninth day of September, in the year of our Lord One thousand
eight hundred and forty-two, in the sixth year of Her reign, did give and
grant unto me, the said William Smith, my executors, administrators, and
assigns, Her especial licence, full power, sole privilege and authority, that
I, the said William Smith, my executors, administrators, and assigns, and
such others as I, the said William Smith, my executors, administrators, or
assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and
at all times thereafter during the term of years therein expressed, shall and
lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and
the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and in the Islands of Jersey, Alderney,
Sark, and Man, and also in all Her said Majesty's Colonies and Plantations
abroad, my Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN TREATING CERTAIN ANIMAL MATTERS
TO OBTAIN PRODUCTS APPLICABLE TO THE MANUFACTURE OF CANDLES, AND OTHER
PURPOSES;" in which said Letters Patent there is contained a proviso, that I,
the said William Smith, shall particularly describe and ascertain the nature
of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, by an
instrument in writing under my hand and seal, to be enrolled in Her said Ma-
jesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar months next and immediately

page_text: after the date of the said in part recited Letters Patent, as, on reference being
thereunto had, will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
William Smith, do hereby declare the nature of my said Invention to consist
in certain improvements in treating the fat of the pig, known in commerce by
the name of "lard," and also certain other animal matters, herein-after men-
tioned, to obtain products applicable to the manufacture of candles, and
other purposes; and in further compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
William Smith, do hereby describe and ascertain the manner in which my
said Invention is to be performed by the following description thereof (that
is to say):-
The first part of the Invention consists in submitting lard to a process of
heating and cooling, in order more advantageously to obtain two products there-
from, as herein-after described. I take any convenient quantity (say a ton)
of lard, (preferring the cheaper qualities thereof, such as those imported from
America,) and subject the same to the action of heat in a large tank, or other
suitable vessel, until completely melted, and raised to the temperature of 200
degrees of Fahrenheit, or thereabouts, for the purpose of which operation I
recommend the use of a tank heated by steam pipes. The melted lard is then
allowed to cool gradually, either in the same or in any other vessel or vessels, and
in cooling crystallizes or granulates, and thereby becomes better fitted for being
operated upon by pressure, as herein-after mentioned; and it is desirable to
remark, that in order to give sufficient time for the crystals to develope them-
selves fully, the vessels should be protected from draughts of air. If the lard
operated upon is rancid or impure, I purify it by any suitable means before sub-
mitting it to the above-mentioned process of crystallization; and the process
prefer for such purpose of purification is boiling the lard with diluted sulphuric
acid in vessels into which free steam is admitted through a copper worm, the
whole of which process of purification is well known in refining other fats and
oils. The quantity of sulphuric acid will vary considerably, depending on the
degree of impurity of the lard, as is the case when operating on other fats and
oils; and it is proper to remark that the acid employed for thus purifying the
lard should be carefully removed, or be neutralized by one of the usual alkaline
re-agents. It is also proper, though obvious, to remark, that if the lard be
melted for the purpose of purification, it may not be always necessary to melt
it a second time for the purpose of crystallization. After the above-mentioned
process or processes, I press the lard so operated upon until its oleine, or the
greater part thereof, has been separated from its stearine. This process of
pressure may be effected with a bydraulic, or other suitable press, the lar
I

page_text: being enclosed or placed for the purpose in or between canvass, or other proper
bags, wrappers, or mats, in a manner similar to what has long been applied to
pressing sperm and other fatty substances; but such operation of pressing 'being
well known, it will not require further description in this my Specification, other
than to observe that I prefer to press at or about a temperature of 60 degrees
of Fahrenheit. By these means two products will be obtained, which I call
"oleine," or the more liquid matter, and "stearine," or the more solid matter.
The oleine resulting from the above processes may be rendered more free from
stearine by being again pressed or bagged at a lower temperature, which pro-
cess can, if necessary, be repeated. The oleine will then to a certain extent
be applicable to the purposes of burning, wool combing, lubricating machinery,
and the like; or a further product may be obtained, applicable to similar pur-
poses, by combining the oleine with sperm oil. To effect this, I combine about
one part by weight of highly-bagged sperm oil with two parts by weight of
the "oleine." I do not, however, confine myself to the precise proportion of
sperm oil, as the same should be increased or diminished according as the
oleine has been expressed, and as the sperm oil has been bagged at a higher or
Iower temperature. The proportion of one-third sperm oil and two-thirds olcine
is proper when they have respectively been bagged or pressed at a temperature
of about forty degrees of Fahrenheit. Care should be taken throroughly to
incorporate the two oils, which I effect by mixing them at about the heat of
110 degrees of Fahrenheit, and running them a bag together; but, provided
the mixture be perfectly effected, any other process of mixing may be em-
ployed. Another product of oils, possessing somewhat similar properties, may
bé obtained by mixing the oleine of lard with olive oil in lieu of sperm oil, as
above described. The proportions which I employ are about the same, and
should be varied in the same manner and under the same circumstances as
above directed when sperm oil is used. The last-described product of oils is
adapted for dressing wool and other like purposes, but for lubricating ma-
chinery I prefer the first-described product of the oleine and sperm oil. It is
obvious that the oleine of lard used for obtaining these products may, if
requisite, be purified after separation from its stearine, but I prefer purifying
the crude lard in the first instance. Another product of oils, possessing some-
what similar properties, may be obtained by combining the "oleine" expressed
from tallow (which oleine is a well-known article) with sperm oil, but to
obtain this product I recommend a rather larger proportion of sperm oil to be
employed than above directed in the case of the oleine of lard. It is obvious that
another product of oils may be obtained by combining the oleinę of tallow with
olive oil, and also that various other products of oils may be obtained by com-?
.

page_text: bining the oleines of lard and tallow with sperm and olive oils; but I believe
the three first described are practically the best. I treat the more solid sub-
stance resulting from the above processes, which may, if requisite, be repeatedly
pressed at successively higher temperatures to extract the last remaining por-
tions of the oliene, and which I call the stearine of lard, in the following
manner (that is to say) :-I convert it into fatty acids by saponifying it with
lime or a suitable alkali, and by decomposing with sulphuric acid or other
proper acid the soap so formed, and pressing the compound of stearic and
oleic acids so obtained, which processes being well known and in common use
as applied to tallow, need not be described. And I would have it understood,
that, with reference to this last-described part of my Invention, I do not confine
myself to the use of the stearine of lard as above obtained, for lard deprived
of its oleine or part thereof, by any other means may be employed; and I
heat the stearic acid so obtained by purifying the same in the manner in
which the stearic acid of tallow is purified, after which it may be applied to the
manufacture of candles; or I obtain a product of the stearic acid of lard and
the stearine of lard by melting and combining them together in about equal
proportions (but these proportions may be varied), and the products so obtained
may be applied to the manufacture of candles. Other products, applicable to
the manufacture of candles, may also be obtained by melting and combining
this stearic acid of lard in any proportions with all, any, or either of the follow-
ing animal and vegetable matters, (that is to say), tallow, the stearine of
tallow, the stearic acid of tallow, wax, and spermaceti, cocoa-nut stearine, or
cocoa-nut oil stearine, and vegetable wax.
Having thus described the nature of my Invention, and the manner in
which the same is to be performed, I would have it understood that I do not
confine myself to the precise details of the processes above described, nor do I
claim the general use or application of any of such processes; but what I
do claim as my Invention consists in the following particulars (that is to say) :
First, I claim the treating of lard by submitting it to a process of heat
to purify or crystallize it, in order advantageously to operate upon it to obtain
stearine and oleine therefrom, as herein described.
Secondly, I claim the treating of lard by submitting it to pressure, provided
the lard has been submitted to a previous process of heat to purify or crys-
tallize it, as mentioned in my first claim, but not otherwise.
Thirdly, I claim the obtaining of products by mixing or combining sperm oil
and olive oil, or either of them, with the oleine of lard, or with the oleine of
tallow, or with both the oleine of lard and of tallow, as above described; and I
mean to include in the terms "oleine of lard" and "oleine of tallow ".lard and

page_text: tallow which have respectively been deprived by any means of the whole or
the greater part of their stearines.
Fourthly, I claim the producing of stearic acid of lard from the substance
which I have called the stearine of lard (that is to say), from lard previously
deprived by any means of the whole or any part of its oleine.
Fifthly, I claim the obtaining of products applicable to the manufacture of
candles by melting or mixing in a melted state the stearic acid of lard pro-
duced in any manner comprised within my fourth claim with any or all of
the following animal or vegetable matters: the stearine of lard tallow, the
stearine of tallow, the stearic acid of tallow, wax, and spermaceti, cocoa-nut
stearine, or cocoa-nut oil stearine, and vegetable wax.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Smith, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, the Twenty-ninth day of March, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and forty-three.
AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the same Twenty-ninth day of
March, in the year above mentioned, the aforesaid William Smith came before
our Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged the Specification
aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained, in form above written.
And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped according to the tenor of
the Statute in that case made and provided.