CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN PUMPS, AND IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR WORKING THE SAME, WHICH LATTER IMPROVEMENTS ARE ALSO APPLICABLE FOR WORKING OTHER MACHINERY
Year: 1849

page_text: NEWI
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM
EDWARD NEWTON, of the Office for Patents, 66, Chancery Lane, in the County
of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her-
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at
Westminster, the Twentieth day of September, in the thirteenth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said. William Edward Newton, Her especial license, full power, sole privilege
and authority, that I, the said William Edward Newton, my exors, admors,
and assigns, and such others as I, the said William Edward Newton, my.
exors, admors, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from
time to time and at all times during the term of years therein mentioned,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within England,
Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and in all Her Majesty's Colo-
nies and Plantations abroad, and in the Islands of Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney,
Sark, and Man, an Invention of "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN PUMPS, AND IN
MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR WORKING THE SAME, WHICH LATTER IMPROVEMENTS
ARE ALSO APPLICABLE FOR WORKING OTHER MACHINERY," being a communication
from abroad; in which said Letters Patent is contained a proviso obliging me,
the said William Edward Newton, by an instrument in writing under my hand
and seal, particularly to describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention,
and in what manner the same is to be performed, and to cause the same to be
enrolled in Her Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar months
next and immediately after the date of the said in part recited Letters Patent,

page_text: as in and by the same, reference being thereunto. had, will more fully and at
large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
William Edward Newton, do hereby declare that the nature of the said
Invention, and the manner in which the same is to be performed, is particu-
larly described and ascertained in and by the following description thereof,
reference being had to the Drawings hereunto annexed, and to the letters and
figures marked thereon (that is to say):-.
.
The machinery or apparatus which forms the subject of the present Patent
consists of a steam pump, with its necessary boilers, condenser, and cooler,
with a steam and water gauge and a water level attached to the boilers to
prevent explosions. The pump consists, first, of two castings similar in shape
to two oval dishes. Fig. 1 represents a view of the apparatus as seen from above.
The two castings are precisely similar in size and shape, the only difference
being in the valves. Second, a "diaphragm" made of metallic or vulcanized
india rubber or other elastic substance of the same size and shape as the
castings. This diaphragm is shewn detached and in section at Fig. 1*.
It is placed in one of the castings; and is made exactly to fit the diaphragm,
however, being extended out over the rim or flanges of the dish. This
diaphragm is made of two sheets of metallic or vulcanized india rubber or
other material that will stand the temperature required. Between the two
sheets of rubber a blanket is put, and at the centre part of the diaphragm, and
opposite to the flat part of the pump, several thicknesses of blanket, with
sheets of iron outside, are secured and held by rivets extending through the
whole, as shewn in Fig. 1. The other casting is then inverted and placed
on the edge of the diaphragm, so that the rim or flange is made to fit on the
rim of the lower casting. The flanges of the two castings are then well bolted
together with the diaphragm between them. This forms a steam pump, cylin-
der, and piston or diaphragm, a sectional view of which is shown at Fig. 2,
which also represents the pump in connection with the condenser. The
diaphragm forms a perfect moveable partition between the upper and lower
parts of the pump, into which steam is admitted above the 'diaphragm, and
water enters below. The object of the diaphragm is to cut off all communi-
cation between the steam and cold water, and between the steam surface and
the water 'surface of 'the pump. The upper half of the pump is kept heated
to 'the temperature of the steam, while the lower half remains at the same
temperature as the cold water. The water-supply tube, with a valve upon its
mouth opening into the pump, is shewn at D, and the water is 'expelled from
the body of the pump through valves opening outwards into 'the 'water-
..i

page_text: discharge tube E. It is plain that, if a vacuum is made in the pump while
the diaphragm rests upon the bottom, water will rise into the body of the
pump through the valve in the pipe D by the pressure of the atmosphere
(provided the pump not at too great a distance above the reservoir below),
and the diaphragm will thus be forced up to the top of the pump, which will
then be full of water. If steam is then let into the pump above the diaphragm,
it will force this water out at the valve of the pipe E, and up to a height coire-
sponding to the pressure or expansive force of the steam employed for the
purpose. The pump is supplied with a self-acting apparatus, in order to
supply and discharge the steam, and to produce a vacuum. F is a bent lever
that has its fulcrum at I, and works the steam supply and exhaust valve i
which is formed like the slide valve of the common steam engine. The
showering valve W, of the condenser Q, is worked by the lever F acting upon
a lever F*: A small tube A leads from the pump cylinder into the condenser
Qbelow. When it is required to start the pump, a valve or cock in this
small tube A is opened, so that it may be blown through. The bent lever F
is then raised, and the valve i thereby drawn up, so as to open the passage
for the steam, which rushes into the cylinder, and out through the pipe A, A,
into the condenser. The air is thus expelled from the pump, and the
upper half thereof heated to the same temperature as the steam. The lever
is then allowed to drop, and this brings the steam and exhaust passages
into connection, and at the same time raises the showering valve W of
the condenser, which allows the water to shower down the condenser
Q, Q, and condense the steam as it enters from the pump. A vacuum is
thereby created in the cylinder B of the pump, and the diaphragm at the
bottom of the pump is forced up by the pressure of the atmosphere on the
water beneath, which water rushes in through the valve of the pipe D, and
fills the pump. As soon as the diaphragm reaches the top of the pump it
strikes the stem S of the valve i, and drives this valve upwards, thereby
cutting off the escape and opening the steam valve. It also raises the spindle
d at the lower end of the bent lever. The steam again rushes in at the
valve i, forces down the diaphragm to the bottom until it strikes the spindle
at d, which draws down the valve i, cuts off the steam, and opens the exhaust
valve, and permits the steam to flow into the condenser. The diaphragm, by
its descent, forces the water from the cylinder down the tube E, and when it
rises water is again drawn in through the valve of the pipe D to fill the
pump; but without something further the pump will not completely fill with
water, and there will be a waste of steam, for as soon as the diaphragm
strikes the spindle S, and raises the valve so as to cut off the escape, it

page_text: before the stroke of the engine is completed. It is intended to use the same
water in the boilers over and over again, and for this purpose a part of the
water of condensation is employed, and is forced directly into the boilers in a
warm state, while another portion of it is cooled and used for condensing the
steam by showering down in the condenser. The object of using the same
water is to avoid one of the great evils of marine steam boilers, and, in fact,
of nearly all steam boilers, videlicit, saline deposits and deposits of lime or
mud in the boiler. The cooler is represented in section at Figure 2, for the
purpose of shewing the internal arrangement. The lower part of the con-
denser is connected to the cooler by means of a pipe M*, which is bolted upon
the top of the cooler at or near its end. This cooler consists of a series of
tubes of metal standing perpendicularly in a reservoir, which may be eight
feet high, four feet in width, and contains a number of tubes four feet high
(more or less). The water falls from the condenser Q into this reservoir, and
stands eight or ten inches in depth above the top of the tubes, and through
which it passes, as it is drawn from below to supply the condenser after it has
been cooled. For the purpose of cooling these tubes all the water thrown by
the pump is drawn in through the tube R, and passes through the cooler and
out at the tube D at its opposite end, when it enters the pump. The cooling
of the water of condensation will not raise the temperature of this immense
mass of water thrown by the pump more than half a degree. The part of
the reservoir above the top of the tubes J is three feet deep. In this part,
directly under the opening from the condenser, stands a small vessel or reser-
voir L, which receives the condensed steam from the condenser, and from
which hot water is drawn to supply the boilers., The part-below, at X, is one
foot deep more or less. The tube n, on the top of the small cylinder y, is
connected with the same reservoir. that supplies the showering valve of the
condenser, and a small quantity of water runs from this just sufficient to con-
dense the steam that escapes from the condenser. A sheet-iron pipe Z,
extending from the reservoir up a short distance, allows steam to pass out of
the cooler, in case too great a quantity of steam passes through the condenser
uncondensed. This simple precaution prevents any strain or reaction. from
taking place. By experiment it has been found that the surface of these
cooling tubes requires to be about equal to the surface of the boiler.
.
Figures 1, 2, and 3, Sheet II., represent three different views of a double-
action diaphragm pump, worked by high-pressure steam. Figure 1 is an end
elevation; Figure 2, a plan or bird's-eye view of the pump, as seen from
pump
above; and Figure 3 is a longitudinal vertical section of the same. The
consists of two cylinders, placed side by side. The top part of these two

page_text: cylinders form one casting, and the bottom part another casting. The
diaphragms of both are formed of continuous pieces extending across both
cylinders, as shewn in the section. To the centre part of the diaphragm plates
are secured the rods'c, c, which act as piston rods. These diaphragms or piston
rods are connected at their upper ends with the beam G, which vibrates upon
the shaft or bearing K. It will now be seen that when the diaphragm in one
of the pumps is forced down by steam being admitted to the cylinder, then the
diaphragm of the other pump must be necessarily raised. This action takes
place alternately with both pumps, so that one is made to draw in water while
the other is throwing out water. To the extremity of the longer arm of the
beam the crank of the shaft of the fly wheel M is connected. The object of
this fly wheel is simply to work the steam 'valve S, which is effected by means
of an excentric or cam N on the shaft of the fly wheel through the intervention
of the rod N, lever O, and rods P.
In Sheet III. I have shewn various views of an improved boiler, which I
intend to employ in conjunction with the steam pumps above described.
Figure 4 represents a longitudinal vertical section of the boiler and furnace.
Figure 5 is a transverse vertical section through the line A, B, of Figure 4.
Figure 6 is a plan or bird's-eye view of the boiler and appendages, as seen
from above. The boiler is made of the peculiar shape shewn, for the purpose
of obtaining sufficient grate surface. As the boiler is constructed almost
entirely of tubes; a great amount of heating surface can be placed within com-
paratively little space. The furnace or fire-place is enclosed between two side
walls, a front wall F, and a back wall W. A row of perpendicular tubes are
placed against each side wall, and extend from the ends of the boilers or
vessels B, C, above, to a small cylinder D placed below the fire-bars, and
connected by a tube from D with the half cylinder or water chamber E. The
fire and heated gases pass from the fire-place in the direction of the arrows, up
over the top of the 'back wall, and over the upper surface of 'a flat water
chamber w, made of sheet iron. The fire then passes back under this
chamber w, and over the sides of the water vessels E, made in the form of half
cylinders, in which the perpendicular tubes H are inserted at their lower ends.
The fire next passes under these half cylinders or water chambers, and among
the tubes I that are arranged in a horizontal position beneath them, and
having passed across and among these tubes to the back end of the boiler, the
incombustible gases escape up and out of the chimney. The vertical tubes H
extend from the water chambers E to the flat chamber w, and from thence
upward to the steam chamber K above. In place of the flat water chamber w,
shewn in the Drawing, a horizontal plate of iron, through which the vertical

page_text: tubes H should be made to pass, may be employed. The water that supplies
this boiler is pumped in through the horizontal tubes I, which are arranged in
a serpentine form. It first enters a tube 1, next the chimney; it runs the
length of this tube and comes back through tube 2, on this side; it turns into
tube 3, and passes through to the other side in this tube and back in tube 4;
across again in tube 5 and back in 6, and so on, until it passes across, back-
ward and forward, several hundred feet in distance. It finally enters the lower
part of the opposite end of the half cylinder E, above. By this means contrary
currents of fire and water are established, and by these contrary currents the
gases from the fire are more effectually deprived of their heat than it is
practically possible to do by means of any of the common boilers.
In Figures 7 and 8 I have shown two views of what the Inventor denomi-
nates "a volcanic steam generator." It may be used either alone or in
combination with another boiler, such, for instance, as the one just described.
Its object is to raise steam almost instantaneously in the event of fire or
sudden emergency, and will consequently be extremely applicable, when used
separately as a boiler for steam fire engines. This generator, when combined
with another boiler, is connected with the lower and upper parts of the boiler
by means of tubes or pipes furnished with valves. In this boiler "fire
surface," as it is usually termed, is dispensed with, as, the fire is made to blaze
directly into the water, and the heat is communicated directly to it, instead of
being made to act upon or strike the outside of the boiler, and be transmitted
¡by the metal to the water contained therein. The generator consists, of a
strong cylinder A, with flanges extending out as far as the outside rim of the
bottom of the cylinder. In this cylinder is a metallic fuel chamber B, with
flanges, also extending as above; O is a strong iron bottom, or foundation plate,
to which the two cylinders are bolted through the said flanges; C is a tube
extending vertically from the fuel chamber through the top of the main
cylinder, and is furnished with two large brass cocks D and E; L is a safety
valve, with a spring,attached; and K is the fire discharge pipe, which conducts
the fire to the water chamber. In putting the apparatus to work; the fire box B
is first filled with coal directly under the hopper or tube C, and to the coal
a small quantity of nitre and powdered coal is added. In order to ignite the
fire and start the apparatus a lighted fuse is dropped down through, the tube C,
5 and the lower cock D is shut. This lights the nitre and coal which will burn
furiously, and the fire and gas will pass over through the tube K. to the
bottom of the generator, where it mixes with the water and rises in small
bubbles to its surface. Nitrate of soda, cast into sticks, is then dropped into
the apparatus, so as nearly to fill the tube or hopper between the two

page_text: cocks D and E, the upper cock E is then closed and the lower one opened,
when the nitrate will drop through on to the coal.
When the pressure
begins to fail another portion of nitrate of soda is dropped in, when the fuel
will again begin to burn furiously. Three pounds of this nitrate will burn one
pound of coal, and the latter is made to burn faster or slower according as
more or less of the nitrate is supplied. The nitrate being used merely to
'supply oxygen to the fuel during combustion, I do not wish to confine myself
to that material, as other substances that supply oxygen may be used in place
thereof.
In conjunction with the novel arrangement of boiler above described, I also
employ a steam and water gauge of improved construction; these steam and
water gauges may, however, be applied to steam boilers of any other con-
struction.
The nature of this part of the Invention consists,-
First, in providing an air gauge, and connecting the tube of it with the
boiler in such a manner that a column of cold water will always intervene
between the mercury and steam for the purpose of preventing the glass from
being broken by the heat, also to preserve the air in the mercurial tube at a
uniform temparature.
Second, the combination of the gauge or mercurial tube with a metallic
vessel filled with salt water, and tightly sealed and secured to the flue of the
boiler (or other part of the boiler liable to receive extra heat, whenever
the water falls too low, or is driven off from the surface of the flue), the said
'vessel also being connected by a metallic tube to an elastic valve, which, when
the heat is greater in the vessel secured to or in contact with the flue (which
'will only occur when the water is low), will raise the mercury in the water
gauge, and also the lever of the elastic valve; this lever at the same time
will raise the steam valve of the gauge, which operates as a steam vessel to
give warning.
Third, the introduction of a glass tube, constructed so that the area of the
bore shall be lessened towards the top, so that the mercury shall rise through
nearly equal spaces by equal additions to the pressure.
Fourth, the combination or lining of the cold water metallic tube with india
rubber or other elastic substance, to form an interior elastic tube, to prevent the
tube from bursting if the water (when the gauge is not in use) should freeze
'therein.
Fifth, I provide a thermometer for showing the number of pounds to be
added to or subtracted from the scale of equilibrium on the thermometer for
variations of temperature in the air of the gauge.

page_text: The principle of this gauge is based upon the providing of a portion of cold
water between the steam and the mercury in the tube, and arranging the water
with the steam boiler and the mercury in such manner that the heat shall be
applied above the column of cold water in the tube, so that water, being
a bad conductor of heat, shall transmit the heat downwards very slowly and
imperfectly.
The apparatus represented in Sheet IV. as applied to the upper part of a
steam boiler, shews the steam and water gauges combined. The steam gauge
is shewn in Fig. 1, at S, and the water gauge at W, in the same Figure. A is
the boiler; B, the flue of the boiler; C* is a metal box or vessel, containing.
water; it may, if thought desirable, be fastened to the flue, or it may be
merely suspended a little distance above it, or near to the exposed boiler
surface, that is to say, within an inch or two, as shewn; D is a metallic tube;
extending up from the box C* into a box d above, this box communicates with
a cold-water tube C, which projects downwards in the form of a syphon, and
terminates in a box furnished with an elastic valve F; it also communicates;
by means of the box d, with the cold water metal tube G, which intervenes
between the mercury in the glass tube W to indicate the degrees of pressure
when the water below in the box C* gives off steam. The glass steam gauge
or indicator S communicates with the top of the boiler by means of the metallic
tube E, the box II, and the tube I, which admit steam from the boiler. to act.on
the cold water in the tube I, and indicate the pressure by causing the mercury
from the bulb of the glass tube S to rise therein. The three cold water
tubes, I, G, and c, are made of metal, and are lined with metallic or vulcanized
india rubber a, a, a, or with a metallic india rubber tube within the metal one.
This rubber must be very soft and elastic, and it is made so by being cured at
a very low temperature, and should fill half or three quarters of the area of
the tube. The glass mercury tubes S and W are formed so that the area
of the bore shall decrease towards the top, so that the mercury shall rise.
through nearly equal spaces by equal additions to the pressure. In a perfectly
cylindrical tube double the pressure will drive the air into nearly half the
space; and unless the area is so lessened; as the mercury ascends in the glass
tube, it would rise about two and a half inches between Q, and 10, while,
between one hundred and eighty and one hundred and ninety pounds, it would
not rise 1/100th of an inch in a gauge of the size of the Drawings. Without
this change in the construction of the tube the difference of twenty or thirty
pounds in high-pressure boilers would with difficulty be perceived, but with it
I distinguish á single pound, which is very necessary in high pressure, and I
believe has not been in use before. L is the steam valve and whistle; it is kept

page_text: down by the lever M and weight in the usual way. There is no certainty in
the action of the common .steam valve, but the elastic valve of the water gauge
is so constructed that it can never adhere or stick. The short leg of the
syphon-C is filled with oil, kept cool by the water in the other partc of the
bend between it and the steam. The valve F consists of a piece of leather m,
protected from the oil or water below by a piece of bladder or sheet lead,
or other suitable substance. This leather is laid on loosely, and pressed down
into the hollow tubular part.of the valve in the form of a dish, as represented
in the Figure. The ring plate or cover K is laid on this, and fastened, down
by screws; the valve F is then introduced, its shoulders being made to rest on
the ring, so that it shall not strain but only touch the leather. An elastic
valve is thus produced, which will act with uniform freedom, as-it.can be acted
upon only by cold oil. It suffers no. steam to escape from the box C* in the
boiler, so that this box will never, by reason of its exposure to the heating
surface, become empty, and fail to work. The valve F is made to vibrate
sufficiently to raise the lever,N; and by that means the lever M of the
steam valve L also, and sound an alarm by means. of the whistle L. The
levers N and M may be attached together by a strap or sling, but in the
Drawing the lever N is shewn as acting against the under side of the
lever M, and raising the end thereof. The area of the elastic valve F is much
larger than that of the steam valve L, so that a few pounds per inch
addition to the pressure on the elastic valve will raise the steam valve Leven
though it should become stuck accidentally. By providing a pipe with cold
water to: intervene between the steam or heat and the mercury, and arranging
the said pipe to project below the point where the steam comes in contact with
the water, the glass tube will never be broken by hot mercury being forced up
its: bore, and expanding its inner surface more rapidly than the outer, while,
without this intervening non-conductor, the glass tube is very often thus
broken, especially if it is made of sufficient thickness to sustain the pressure
of high steam. A thermometer is placed between the steam and water
gauges, as shewn. in the Drawing, for the purpose of indicating the allowance
that, must be made for the pressure of the air in the tubes at different. tem
peratures. Air is expanded by being heated, and it requires a greater pressure
to drive it into a given: space when warm than when cold; eight degrees of
temperature makes a difference of one pound in the indication of the gauge;
for this reason the thermometer is added, and the seale is made when the
mercury stands at seventy-two degrees. At this temperature, therefore, the
scale is strictly, correct; when it stands at eight degrees above, or at eighty
degrees, one pound must be added to the indication on the scale; at eighty-

page_text: eight degrees add two pounds; at sixty-four degrees, or eight degrees below,
subtract one pound; àt fifty-six degrees, subtract two pounds. The construc-
tion of the water and steam gauges is in part the same; instead, however, of
the water guage W being connected with the top of the boiler, it commu-
nicates with the tightly-sealed copper box C*, before mentioned as lying in
the boiler, and on the top of the flue. This box C✶ is filled with water
sufficiently saturated with salt to prevent it from freezing, and has no outlet
except through the water gauge. The indications of this gauge vary slightly
from those of the steam gauge for several reasons, one of which is, from the
fact that the box is filled with salt water, and it requires more heat to produce
a given pressure of steam from water which is salt than from that which is
fresh. As soon as the water falls too low in the boiler, or is driven off from the
surface of the flues so that they begin to receive extra heat, the pressure .in
the copper box lying on the flue will increase rapidly. The water gauge-will
indicate that increase, and the alarm whistle above will sound before the flues
receive sufficient extra heat to become dangerous. When the .alarm is
sounded, the flue caps should be opened immediately, and the safety valve of
the boiler raised, and ten or twenty pounds of the pressure suffered to escape.
This will cause the water to rise in foam and wash off, and cool the surface
of the flues. There will be no danger of collapse from the sudden accumula-
tion of steam, by the water thus coming in contact with the heated.top of the
flue, if the alarm is attended to, but if neglected for any length of time, the
safety valve should not be raised, but the fires should be partially extinguished
and the pumps started. If these precautions are immediately observed when
the alarm is sounded, no danger need be apprehended in any case. In Fig..2, I
have shewn a somewhat different mode of constructing the glass gauges. In
this instance, instead of filling a métal cup with mercury, a flexible bulb made
of india rubber is secured on to the end of the glass tube, and this bulb is
filled with mercury or colored alcohol. This bulb is enclosed within a metal
box or case, into which water from the tube G or I is admitted, so as to act
on and collapse the bulbs, and therefore force the mercury or colored alcohol
up the glass indicator.tubes.
In Fig. 3, I have shewn an improved apparatus for ascertaining and
indicating the level of water in steam boilers. The water level consists of
a glass tube A, connected with the boiler at the bottom by the bent tube or.
syphon C, and at the top by another bent tube or syphon D; these tubes
being both syphons, are filled with cold water to protect the glass, from the
heat of the steam and hot water in the boiler. Upon the top of this glass
tube A is fixed a tight copper.or cast metal box B; the bottom of this box is

page_text: .
circular, and from six to twelve inches in diameter, and from one to two
inches deep. The glass tube A extends up to near the top of the box B,
which is full of air, and as the tube A is open at its upper end, it com-
municates with the air in the box B. The lower part of the glass tube,
and the iron tube below (for a short distance), should be filled with colored
oil, and the remainder of the tubes filled with water. It is plain that p proper
allowance being made for difference in specific gravities of oil and water, the
oil will rise to the same level as the water in the boiler. As the
pressure of
steam in the boiler increases, the air in the box B is compressed by the water
which rises in the box, but never flows over into the glass tube. It will be
seen that cold oil is in the bottom of the glass tube A, and air in the upper
part, instead of hot water in the bottom and steam in the top, as in the
common form of water gauge. The size of the box B must depend on the
length and area of the bore of the glass tube, and the pressure of steam in
the boiler. It should be so large that the air will never be all condensed in
the glass tube. One great advantage of this form is, that heavy glass tubes
can be used without the liability of being broken by heat. Another advantage
is, that the tube is kept clean inside, so that the height of the water can
always be seen.
Having now described the Invention which has been communicated to me
by my foreign correspondent, and the best means with which I am.acquainted
for carrying the same into effect, I would observe in conclusion that I do not
mean or intend to confine myself rigidly to the precise arrangement or con-
struction of parts herein shewn and described, as they may doubtless be varied
in some particulars without departing from the nature and object of the Inven-
tion; nor do I intend to claim as new all the separate parts herein shewn and
described'; but that which I consider to be new, and therefore wish to claim
as the Invention secured to me under the herein-before in part recited Letters
Patent is,
First, the mode of constructing steam pumps as herein shewn and described,
and consisting principally of a chamber or cylinder divided into two parts by
a flexible diaphragm, which is acted upon on one side by the elastic force of
steam or other elastic fluid, and on the other side is made alternately to draw
in and expel water or other liquid which is intended to be raised.
Secondly, in reference to the apparatus for working the said pumps, either.
by means of high or low pressure steam, I claim the construction and arrange-
ment of the parts which constitute the boiler, particularly the employment of
the horizontal and serpentine pipes I; below the half cylinders E, whereby
the cold water to supply the boiler is conveyed thereto in an opposite direction

page_text: to the passage of the heat or gases from the fire-place, so that a great portion
of the waste heat is taken up by the cool surfaces of the pipes I.
Thirdly, I claim the construction of condenser and cooler herein shewn,
whereby the hot water pump and air pump usually employed with condensing
engines is dispensed with.
Fourthly, I claim constructing steam and water gauges in such a manner
that by the intervention of a column of cold or comparatively cold water or
other liquid, between the mercury or indicating fluid and the steam boiler,
the heat from the steam or hot water in the boiler is prevented from injuriously
affecting the glass tubes of which the gauges are made.
I claim also the employment of the metal box C* filled with water or other
suitable liquid, and tightly sealed, and the application thereof, for the purpose
herein set forth, to the flue or other surface that is liable to exposure to an
increased temperature when the water in the boiler sinks below its proper
level.
I further claim the elastic valve F, and its combination with the steam
valve, and also the indicator tubes or gauges S and 'W, formed with a
gradually decreasing area upwards, for the purposes herein set forth.
I also claim constructing the cold-water tubes, I and G, with an interior
tube or lining of india rubber or other elastic substance.
Lastly, I claim the method herein shewn and described, of constructing
indicators or guages for shewing the height of water in steam boilers.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Edward Newton, have here-
unto set my hand and seal, this Twentieth day of March, in the