CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS ON AND ADDITIONS TO MACHINES OR PLOUGHS, FOR THE PURPOSE OF UNDERDRAINING LAND
Year: 1819

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TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, TEW
COWPER, of Weston by Weedon, in the County of Northampton, Carpenter
and Joiner, send greeting.
WHEREAS His most Excellent Majesty King George the Third did,
by His Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Eighteenth
day of May, in the fifty-ninth year of His reign, give and grant unto me,
the said Tew Cowper, my exors, adiñors, and assigns, His, especial licence,
full power, sole privilege and authority, that I, the said Tew, Cowper,
my exors, adiñors, and assigns,. should and lawfully might, during, the term
of years therein mentioned, make, use, exercise, and vend, within England,
Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, my Invention of "CERTAIN
IMPROVEMENTS ON AND ADDITIONS TO MACHINES OR PLOUGHS, FOR THE PURPOSE OF
UNDERDRAINING LAND;" in which said Letters Patent, there is contained a
proviso,that if I, the said Tew Cowper, shall not, particularly describe and
ascertain the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to
be performed, by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal, and cause
the same to be inrolled in His Majesty's High Court of Chancery within two
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent, that then the said Letters. Patent, and all liberties and privileges
whatsoever thereby granted, should utterly cease, determine, and become void,
as in and by the same, relation being thereunto had, may more fully and at
large appear.
1

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I,
said Tew Cowper, do hereby declare that the nature of my said
vention, and the manner in which the same is to be performed,
REFERENCE,
In which observe that the same letters apply to the same parts in each figure.
A, A, is a carriage and wheels, in which the vertical roller B, B, is fixed,
and which acts as a capstan to draw forward the plough C with a circular
cutter (a), and a coulter and borer (b). (c), a roller to close the earth upon the
incision which the coulter has made. d, e, regulating screws with their frames
(f) (g, g), which slide up and down over the beam of plough, by means
of which the plough may be raised out of the working line at any period of its
operations, or suited instantly to any irregularities on the surface of the ground,
merely by turning the handles (1, 1) and (o, o), the turning of which if con-
tinued will raise the beam (C) with the borer (6) completely out of the ground,
and the roller (r), with the wheels (s, s), will come in contact with the surface of
the ground, so that it may be readily moved to any other part of the ground.
(h), a hook on each side of the plough beam, to which the draft chains are at-
tached, and the same screw bolts which pass through these hooks also secure the
roller plates k, k, and the end of the screw (d) within the beam with the bolsters
i, i, against the sides. The roller plates have each an additional hole to shift the
roller to a different bearing. The plough may be used either with or without
the carriage and capstan, that is, by the power of one horse applied to the extre-
mity of the capstan bar (D), which by winding a chain or rope round the drum
of capstan (B,) brings the plough forward by its connection at (c), the drum B is
kept from wearing by means of upright iron bars let in and fastned as repre-
sented, Fig. 7 (in section). m, n, wheels and pinions used to raise the platform
or bearing (p) for the foot of capatan, by turning the handles (W, W), Fig. 5;
two wheels and pinions with two rollers and chains being preferable to one.
And to prevent the carriage (A) being drawn from its position by the revolution
of the capstan, an anchor (y) is connected by a chain to the shafts, which
becomes fixed in the ground by the advancing motion of the horse applied at D.
The other method of using the plough is by applying a number of horses in
front, and drawing in the usual method. (9) wooden collar, moving on pivots,
in which the capstan moves in a vertical position.
e particularly described and ascertained in and by the above Drawing
d the description thereto annexed, together with the following obser
tions on the advantages or improvements on this machine (that is t
y):-The 1" consists in the proper use of the two regulating screws d and
hich are described in the reference, and which screws may have either
ngle or double thread, and the under side of the nuts connected with th
andles 1, 2, and o, o, may have rollers introduced to reduce the friction. god
e two hooks (h), one on each side of the plough, because as in the reference
stead of only one under, which qualifies the side iron or frame f, f, to b
ised much higher, notwithstanding the great substance of the plough's beam
being provided with a slit or recess immediately under the bolster (i), whic
ceives the axle of the wheels s, s, and therefore allows the ploughs to com
oportionably lower. 3rd is the introduction of an additional wheel and
nion m, n, with roller chain, &c., as described in the reference, there bein
o instead of one. Many other parts of this machine are similar to other
ed for the same purposes, and therefore not included in my improvements
cept in point of strength.

page_text: In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and seal, this Seven-
teenth day of July, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight
hundred and nineteen.
year of our Lord 1819, the aforesaid Tew Cowper came before our said Lord
the King in His Chancery, and acknowledged the Specification aforesaid, and
all and every thing therein contained and specified, in form above written.
And also the Specification aforesaid was stampt according to the tenor of the
Statute made for that purpose.
Inrolled the Seventeenth day of July, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and nineteen.