Improvements in Writing Telegraphs.
Year: 1895

page_text: Date of Application, 23rd July, 1895-Accepted, 14th Sept., 1895
CUMI LELE DI ECIFICATION.
[Communicated from abroad by THOMAS EWING, Junior, of 132 Locust Hill
Avenue, Yonkers, in the State of New York, United States of America,
Trustee, Attorney-at-Law, and Solicitor of Patents.]
Improvements in Writing Telegraphs.
I PHILIP ARTHUR NEWTON of The Office for Patents, 6 Bream's Buildings,
Chancery Lane in the County of London, Patent Agent, do hereby declare
the nature of this invention and in what manner the same is to be performed,
to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement :—
Herein is described a two-wire writing-telegraph or telautograph system, by
which is meant a system in which the transmitting and receiving stations are
connected by two line wires only.
The complete invention consists of a two-wire writing-telegraph system in which
the fundamental telautographic operations of moving the pen and controlling its
direction of movement in horizontal planes, of lifting and lowering the pen, and of
shifting the paper, at the receiver, are effected by actual currents transmitted over
the lines, by the operation of the transmitter, and not by a mere cessation of
transmission of currents over either or both of the lines.
And the invention further consists in a system of switches and electrical
connections whereby it is possible, when operating over two lines, to transmit to
these lines different sets of currents to effect these fundamental telautographic
operations at the receiver, which different sets of currents shall include currents of
both polarities.
And the invention further consists in a transmitter so organized that the
movements of the transmitter-pen will cause such currents to be sent to line; and
of a receiver so organized that under the influence of such currents the receiver-
pen will follow the movements of the transmitter-pen both as to extent and direction
of motion.
And the invention further consists in certain details hereinafter specifically
described and claimed.
GENERAL Operation.
The movements of the transmitter-pen in the plane of the paper are resolved
into two components by attaching to the pen two rods placed at an angle,
preferably at a right angle, to each other. The rods in moving forward and back
operate transmitting mechanism which sends currents that move similar rods
attached to the pen of the receiving instrument. The mechanism operated by one
of the component rods at the transmitter sends its currents over one of the two line
wires a and that operated by the other rod similarly sends its currents over the
other line wire, b. These two sets of currents, sent over the two line wires
independently of each other, and simultaneously when required, effect the trans-
mission of the horizontal movements of the transmitter-pen. The receiving
mechanism, which has a pen operated by two rods set at the same angle with each
other as are the transmitter pen-rods, responds to the currents and reproduces these
movements at the receiver-pen.
In addition, two other classes of movements must be effected at the receiver.
One of them is the lifting and lowering of the receiver-pen, and the other the
shifting of the receiver-paper. To lift and lower the peu there is sent from the
transmitter positive and negative currents over one of the two line wires. To shift

page_text: the paper currents are sent over the other of the line wires. At the receiver there
are suitable magnetic mechanisms sometimes called herein supplemental parts,
which under the influence of these currents lift and lower the receiver-pen, and
shift the paper.
The currents which operate these supplemental parts are
stronger than the currents used to transmit the horizontal movements of the
transmitter-pen.
The pen is lifted and lowered through the medium of a polarized magnet. The
paper is shifted by a non-polarized magnet.
In the accompanying drawings which form a part of this Specification;
Figure 1 is a diagramatic view of the system showing the complete transmitter
at one station and the complete receiver at the other station and the two connecting
line-wires.
Fig. 2 is a diagramatic view of one side of a system showing one-half of a
modified transmitter at one station and the corresponding one-half of a modified
receiver at the other station and the connecting line wire. The side which is not
shown should contain at both stations mechanism for moving the pen and mechanism
for shifting the paper, as will be understood from Fig. 1.
Fig. 3 is a diagramatic view similar to Fig. 2 of one side of a second modified
system.
The drawings show only a receiver at one station and a transmitter at the other
station. These are for convenience called the receiving and transmitting stations,
respectively. In practice each station will be provided with a transmitter and a
receiver and a switch to connect either to line.
The system as shown in Figure 1 will now be described.
CONSTRUCTION OF THE RECEIVER.
Electrically the two sides of the receiver mechanism are about evenly balanced.
In each side is a polarized magnet for controlling the direction of movements of
the pen.
In each side there is also a polarized magnet for controlling the extent
of movements of the pen. The receiver-pen or stylus 1 is connected with two
pen-rods 2, which make at their common point of junction with the pen
approximately a right angle with each other. These rods have rack teeth which
engage pinions 3 shown in dotted lines. These pinions are parts of two identical
mechanisms by which the forward and backward movements of the rods are
controlled. Each of these mechanisms with its rod is herein termed a half-
receiver.
In each mechanism the polarized pen-moving magnet 4 vibrates an anchor
escapement 5, and through the ratchet wheel 6, rotates the shaft 7 on which two
mitre wheels are loosely mounted. Each of these mitre wheels engages with a
third mitre wheel to which the pinion 3 is attached. The shaft 7 revolves in one
direction only. A clutch 8 is mounted on this shaft so it can slide along the shaft
and rotate with it. The clutch may be made to engage with either of the two
mitre wheels, and the one of these with which it is engaged determines the direction
of revolution of the lower mitre wheel and of pinion 3, and thereby determines the
direction in which the engaging pen-rod will be driven. The clutch is shifted by
the lever 9 which carries an armature controlled by the polarized direction-
controlling magnet 10.
From this it will be seen that the direction of movement of the pen-rod of either
half-receiver is determined by the position of the armature of the corresponding
direction-controlling magnet 10, and the extent of movement of the rod in either
direction is determined by the number of oscillations of the escapement effected by
the corresponding pen-moving magnet 4.
The armature of the direction-controlling magnet must be prevented from
changing its position when currents are sent to operate the pen-moving magnet
which is in the same line. This is done by having fewer turns of wire on the
direction-controlling magnet and otherwise making it less sensitive than the

page_text: ben-moving magnet so that its armature will not respond to the
ransmitted to operate the pen-moving magnet.
weak CULICHCO
The above-described receiver mechanism is sufficient if operated by suitable
ransmitter mechanism to cause the receiver-pen to follow the movements of the
transmitter-pen both as to extent and direction in the plane of the paper, in
the operation of writing, and in a plane parallel to the plane of the paper, in the
operation of positioning the pen to begin writing or to pass from word to word or
to cross a t or dot an ior to make an interlineation. It is necessary in addition
to provide certain supplemental parts or mechanisms which by their operation effect
fundamental telautographic operations. One of these is a mechanism to lift and
lower the pen.
The other is a mechanism to shift the paper. These last two
mechanisms are each operated by stronger currents which are sent while the
weaker currents which effect the horizontal movements of the pen and control its
direction of movement are suspended, and the line wires are therefore clear.
The pen-lifting and pen-lowering mechanism is a polarized mechanism. It
consists of a horizontal bar 11 which lies under one of the pen-rods and is supported
at the end of an arm 12, and a polarized pen-lifting and lowering magnet 13 by
which the bar can be lifted and lowered. This magnet is in line 5. It is wound
with fewer turns than the other magnets in line 6 and is adjusted so that it
will only operate when heavier positive and negative currents than are required to
operate the other magnets are sent over the line.
The receiver-paper which lies under the pen is carried over a feed-roll 14 by
which it is shifted or fed after writing each line. This roll is rotated by means of
an escapement 15 which is actuated by a paper-shifting magnet 16. These parts
constitute the paper-shifting mechanism. For convenience of diagramatic repre-
sentation they are shown at the bottom of the drawing, and represented as seen
from the side instead of the top. The paper-shifting magnet is in line a, and is so
adjusted that it will only respond to stronger currents than are required for
operating the other magnets in line a.
THE TRANSMITTER.
The transmitter must send over each of the two line wires a set of impulses or
currents to control the movements of the pen-rods of the receiver pen, in extent
and direction. This is effected by means of switches which are operated by the
horizontal movements of the transmitter-pen. There are two sets of these switches,
each operated by one of the transmitter pen-rods. A pen-rod with its set of
switches is called herein a half-transmitter. The two half-transmitters are connected
with the corresponding half-receivers by separate line wires; with each half-
transmitter is combined a switch or commutator which when operated breaks the
line connection through the half-transmitter, and connects the battery to line as
hereafter described. This is independent of the switches operated by the horizontal
movements of the transmitter-pen, in the sense, as will be seen hereafter, that it is
operated independently of the horizontal movements of the transmitter-pen.
this second switch or commutator, when operated, cuts out the switches operated
by the horizontal movements of the transmitter-pen. One of these independent
switches or commutators is mechanically attached to the pen-lifting and pen-
lowering mechanism and is operated by the vertical movements of the transmitter-
pen; the other is mechanically attached to and is operated by the transmitter
paper-shifter. The two sides of the transmitter differ only in these commutators.
They will be described later. Each side of the transmitter has for a source of
electrical energy a battery with an intermediate ground convection.
But

page_text: rotation to the pinions with which they engage, instead of having motion imparted
to them thereby as is the case with the similar rods attached to the receiver-pen.
Upon the same axes with these two pinions are toothed wheels 20, the teeth of each
of which engage with a pivoted anchor pawl 21. The third arm of this pawl is a
contact finger, which, when the toothed wheel rotates, is thereby vibrated between
two contact points 22 22. The three points 22 21 22, constitute an alternating
pulsator. Frictionally attached to each pinion-shaft of the transmitter are two
arms 23 23, upon the outer end of each of which is a contact piece 24. These
contact pieces are insulated so that there will be no electrical connection between
them or with the shaft. Flexible wires lead from these contact pieces 24 24 to the
contact points 22 22t. Each of the contact pieces lies between and contacts with,
either of two contact points 25-26. One contact 25, of each pair of contacts, is
connected directly to one pole of the battery, and the other 26 is connected to the
same pole, but through a resistance, 27. These two sets of contacts 25 24 26
constitutes a switch which co-operates with the pulsator. The alternating pulsator
and the switch 25 24 26, are operated by the horizontal movements of the
transmitter-pen. The anchor pawls 21 21 are connected each to one of the line
wires a and b, through switches 33 and 36 respectively.
For simplicity the operation of the two sides of the transmitter will be stated
separately, beginning with the side connected to line wire b. When the transmitter-
pen is moved in either direction, the line b, by the co-operation of the alternating
pulsator 22 21 22 and the double switch 25 24 26, is closed at contacts 22 22, first
to one pole and then to the other pole of the battery connected to this line, through
the contact pieces 24 and one of each pair of contacts 25 26. One of these contact
pieces 24 will be connected directly to the battery pole, and the other through one
of the resistances 27. Which one is connected directly and which one is connected
through the resistance is determined by the direction of motion of the pen-rod, and
a reversal of the direction of its motion reverses these connections. The result is
that with each of the oscillations of the pawl 21 between the contact points 22 22 a
relatively strong positive and weak negative current or impulse, or a weak positive
and strong negative current or impulse, are sent to line. The polarities of the two
sets of currents are reversed on reversal of the direction of motion of the transmitter
pen-rod, so that in each half-transmitter, and consequently on each line wire,
whether the positive or negative impulse is the stronger will depend on the direction
of motion of the transmitter-pen. The number of these alternating impulses
determines the extent of movement of the receiver pen-rod operated by the half-
receiver connected to line b. If the positive impulses are stronger, the receiver
pen-rod will be moved in one direction, and if the negative impulses are stronger it
will be moved in the opposite direction. Hence, these impulses or currents control
the movements of one of the receiver pen-rods both in extent and direction.
The above statement of operation applies equally well to the half-transmitter
connected to line a. The complex movements of the transmitter-pen in writing
result in alternating impulses on the lines a and b. These impulses are in each line
proportionate in number to the extent of the movements of the transmitter pen-rod
which operates the half-transmitter in the line. These alternating impulses or
currents in each line are, moreover, strong positive and weak negative impulses, or
weak positive and strong negative impulses, according to the direction of movement
of the transmitter pen-rod which operates the half-transmitter in the line. These
impulses or currents, by moving the pen-rods of the receiver and controlling the
direction of their movements, effect resultant movements of the receiver-pen similar
to the movements of the transmitter-pen. This is true whether the pens are on or
off of the paper. By proper connections of the parts the movements of the
transmitter-pen and the receiver-pen are made to coincide in extent and direction,
and the handwriting of the operator is reproduced on the receiver paper.
The switches of the transmitter for operating the mechanisms at the receiver to
lift and lower the pen, and to shift the paper so as to feed it from line to line, will
now be described.

page_text: PEN LIFTING AND LOWERING.
To lift the receiver-pen it is necessary to throw a stronger current on to the
line than any currents transmitted in the other operations described. To effect
this, one pole of the battery is grounded and the other pole is connected to the line
around all resistances. This change is effected by merely lifting the transmitter-
pen. One of the pen-reds is connected with an anchor escapement 28, which,
when the pen is lifted, rotates the shaft of the commutator or pole-changer 29 far
enough to pass one pair of contact strips 30 under the pair of brushes of the pole-
changer. When this movement of the pole-changer has been completely made, the
normal condition of the circuits is re-established, so that the receiver-pen is as
completely under control when the pens are lifted as when the pens are down on
the paper. However, during the movement of the pole-changer the following
changes of circuit take place. The intermediate ground connection of the battery
is broken at the switch 31 and one of the brushes of the pole-changer is grounded.
As the strips 30 pass under the brushes one pole of the battery is grounded and
the other is connected to line. The connection of pawl 21 to the line is simul-
taneously broken at switch 36. The half-transmitter is thus entirely cut out upon
the operation of the commutator or pole-changer, and there is sent over the line
a strong current which operates the pen-lifting magnet at the receiver and causes
it to lift the receiver-pen.
When the transmitter-pen is lowered the pole-changer is again rotated in the
same direction as before, and far enough to carry the pole-changer around one more
space. During its rotation exactly the same circuit is set up as before, except that
the battery is connected with the line in the reverse position so as to send a current
to the line of opposite polarity to the current used in lifting the receiver-pen,
thereby effecting the lowering of the receiver-pen. This change of polarity will be
clear when it observed that on the pole-changer each alternate contacting strip
is.connected with one pole of the battery and the intermediate strips with the
other pole of the battery. The connection of pawl 21 to the line is again broken at
switch 36. The wheel which operates switches 31 and 36 are of insulating
material.
PAPER SHIFTING.
To shift the paper, a rod 32 at the transmitter is pushed, thereby mechanically
shifting the paper at the transmitting station. At the same time this rod throws
a switch 33 to connect one pole of the battery to line a, and throws another
switch 34 so that it breaks the intermediate ground of the battery and grounds the
A current
other pole of the battery. The half-transmitter is cut out at switch 33.
is thus sent over line a which is of double the normal electromotive force and
sufficiently strong to actuate the paper-shifting magnet 16 at the receiving station
O and shift the paper by the escapement mechanism shown.
MODIFIED FORMS OF SYSTEM.
Instead of moving the pen rods by means of currents which are alternately
strong and weak in which the polarity of the strong currents determines the
direction of movement, as above described, the rods may be moved by alternating
5 impulses or currents in which the strength of the impulses of currents of both
polarities is the same, but in which all the impulses are strong when the pen-
movement is to be in one direction and weak when the peu-movement is to be in
the opposite direction. This modification is shown in Figure 2. The direction-
controlling mechanism of the receiver is operated whenever the pen-moving
50 currents are changed from strong to weak or from weak to strong. At the
transmitter is a pair of batteries permanently grounded at opposite poles. The
pen-rod 18 engages the pinion 19 and thus rotates the toothed wheel 20 and

page_text: vibrates a pivoted anchor pawl 21 between contact points 22 22, as in the form
first described. There is this difference, however, that these points are respec-
tively connected directly to the positive pole of oue and the negative pole of the
other of a pair of batteries. The arm 23 is frictionally attached to the shaft of
the toothed wheel 20, and its contact piece 24 bears against one or the other of a
pair of contact points 25 26, according to the direction of movement of the pen-
rod 18. This contact piece 24 and the anchor pawl 21 are electrically connected.
One battery pole or the other is thus connected to line through the alternating
pulsator 22 21 22, and through or around the resistance 27 and through the second
resistance 35. When the transmitter-pen is lifted or lowered a pole of one battery
or the other is connected to the line around both of the resistances. The switch
which in Fig. 1 has two brushes and acts as a pole-changer, in Fig. 2 has only one
brush and acts as a battery-changer. The direction of the current sent to line
when the pen is lifted is opposite to that sent when the pen is lowered. At the
receiver the pen-rod is moved in the horizontal by the alternating impulses or
currents. The direction of its movement is determined by the position of the
armature of the switching magnet 10', which controls the connection of the
direction controlling magnets 10 10. When the weak impulses which traverse
resistance 27 are on the line the armature of magnet 10¹ short-circuits the lower of
magnets 10, and when the stronger impulses which are shunted around this
resistance 27 are on the line this armature short-circuits the upper of magnets 10.
With each such change in the connection of this armature the direction of motion
of the receiver pen-rod is charged. The receiver-pen is lifted and lowered as in
the system of Fig. 1.
third way.
The system may also be operated in
In this the moving of the pen
in either direction is effected by currents which on either line wire remain of one
polarity as long as the pen-movement along either pen-rod is in one direction, and
are changed to the opposite polarity when the direction of the pen-movement is
reversed. This modification is shown in Fig. 3. The mechanism operated by the
shaft of the toothed wheel 19 is the same mechanically as in Figs. 1 and 2.
The
contact piece 24 on the end of the arm 23 closes the line to one battery pole or
the other, according to the direction of motion of the pen-rod. And the arm of
the anchor escapement 21, and its single co-operating contact point 22, constitute
a make-and-break pulsator merely, and not an alternating pulsator. The resis-
tance 35 of Fig. 3 performs the function of the resistance 35 of Fig. 2.
pen-lifting and pen-lowering mechanism of the Figs. 2 and 3 are identical in
construction and operation. At the receiving station the mechanism is the same as
in Fig. 1, except that the pen-moving magnet is a non-polarized magnet in Fig. 3
and is a polarized magnet in Fig. 1.
The
In all the forms of transmitter shown herein the transmitter-pen by its horizontal
movements sends the impulses that effect the horizontal movements of the receiver-
pen.
It is not feasible in practice to impose on the operator conditions respecting
the position of the transmitter-pen at the time it is lifted or lowered or when the
paper-shifter is operated. Therefore, with the apparatus and system shown, it is
necessary, in order to avoid short circuits, that the sets of impulses which effect the
different fundamental telautographic operations be transmitted to line through
distinct branches, and provision must be made to prevent the simultaneous closure
of two of these branches to the same line. The principle may be stated generally
thus where there are connected up to a line two branches through either of which
both positive and negative currents are sent to the line, or through one of which
positive currents are sent and through the other of which negative currents are
sent, by mechanisms operating independently of each other, it is necessary, in order
to avcid short circuits, that these two branches be not closed simultaneously. It is
believed that this principle as applied to a two-wire writing-telegraph system is
berein first disclosed. It is also believed that this is the first two-wire system in
which all the various movements of the pen and paper are affected by actual
currents, and not by rupture of either or both of the lines. The two line wires are

page_text: used to transmit currents to lift and lower the pen and shift the paper at the
receiver at a time when they are not in use for any other purpose. It is also
believed that this is the first system in which there is connected to a single line wire
two or more branches through any one of which positive and negative currents are
sent to that line or through one of which positive currents are sent and through
another negative, by mechanisms which form a writing-telegraph transmitter, and
there are transmitted currents that will effect the proper movements of the pen in
the horizontal, together with its proper movements in the vertical, or with the
shifting of the paper. It is also believed that this is the first system in which the
pen-lifter and pen-lowerer and the paper-shifter of the transmitter are provided
with attachments to open the branches through which, in the operation of the
transmitter-pen, are transmitted currents which control the horizontal movements
of the receiver-pen. It is also believed that this is the first system in which the
line is so arranged that it includes at the transmitting station a transmitter for
sending both positive and negative impulses or currents to line, which currents
shall control the movements of the receiver-pen in the plane of the paper or in a
plane parallel thereto, and a switch or commutator for cutting out and closing the
line around these transmitter mechanisms and sending a separate set of currents
over the line wire for operating some supplemental part or mechanism as a paper-
shifter or a pen-lifter and pen-lowerer at the receiving station, and including at
the receiving station magnets which control the movement of the receiver-pen in
the plane of the paper or in a plane parallel thereto and a magnet to control
some supplemental mechanism, as for example a paper-shifter or pen-lifter and
pen-lowerer.
If in the system of Fig. 1 at the transmitter the alternating pulsator be closed to
the positive pole of the battery, and at the same time the pen-lifting switch be
closed to the negative pole of the battery; obviously there will be a short circuit.
If the alternating pulsator happens to be connected up with the battery in the same
way in which the pen-lifting switch is connected, then there will be no need of
breaking the branch through the alternating pulsator, for in this case there will be
no short circuit of the battery. But the operator, when he closes the pen-lifting
switch, that is, when he lifts or lowers the transmitter-pen, cannot in practice know
whether or not the alternating pulsator is connected up to the battery or how it is
connected up. The same is true of the other side of the transmitter when the
operator shifts the paper. Therefore, the branch through this alternating pulsator
must be broken when the pens are lifted or lowered or the papers are shifted. This
is done at switches 36 and 33 in Fig. 1. No switch for doing this is shown in
Figs. 2 and 3, but such a switch can be readily supplied.
The branches herein referred to are not entirely distinct from each other. Thus,
in Fig. 1 the two branches to line 6 are (1) from the ground through switch 31 and
through one side or other of the battery, through direction-controlling contact 25
or 26, and one of contact pieces 24 to one of the points 22 22, and the anchor
pawl 21, and through the switch 36 to line; and (2) from the ground through the
switch 31 and through the cells of the entire battery in series, and the pole-
changer 29 to live.
In the other half-transmitter the first branch to line a is similar to branch (1)
to line 6 above, merely substituting switch 34 for 31, and the second branch is
similar to branch (2) above, except that it includes a paper-shifter switch 33
instead of a pole-changer 29.
In Fig. 2 the branches to the line are (1) from the ground through one of the
pair of batteries, through the alternating pulsator contacts 21 22 22 and the
direction-controlling contacts 24 25 26 and resistances 27 and 35 to line; and
(2) from the ground through one or the other of the batteries and through the
battery-changer 29 to line.
The two branches to the line in Fig. 3 can now be readily traced and need not
be stated.
In practice it will be found convenient to operate the receiver mechanism by

page_text: local circuits and batteries. To simplify the drawings these are omitted. But it
is obvious that the magnets shown in the drawings can be used as relay magnets to
close local circuits instead of operating the receiver mechanism directly.
It is also obvious that many modifications can be made without departing from
the spirit of this invention.
As an example of such a modification it can be stated that instead of breaking
one branch to one of the lines when another is closed, as above described, an extra
resistance may be thrown into it. Thus, instead of breaking the first branch (1) to
line b, above traced, at switch 36, on operating the transmitter, penlifter, and pen
lowerer, and thereby closing the second branch (2), an extra resistance may be
thrown into the first branch (1) each time the second branch (2) is closed. This is
considered an equivalent of breaking the branch (1).
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of the said inven-
tion, and in what manner the same is to he performed, as communicated to me
from abroad, I declare that what I claim is :
1. In a two-wire writing-telegraph system the combination of a suitable receiver
mechanism at a receiving station, two line wires joining the stations, and at the
transmitting station means for transmitting currents which control the movements
of the receiver-pen in extent and direction, and means for transmitting currents
which effect the lifting and lowering of the receiver-pen, and means for transmitting
currents to shift the paper at the receiving station, substantially as described.
2. In a two-wire writing-telegraph system, the combination of a suitable
receiver mechanism at the receiving station, including means for controlling the
movements of the receiver-pen in extent and direction, and a supplemental part to
effect a fundamental telautographic operation, two line wires joining the two
stations, and at the transmitting station means for transmitting currents which
effect the movements of the receiver-pen in extent and direction, and means for
transmitting currents which effect the operation of the supplemental part of the
receiver mechanism, both positive and negative currents being transmitted, and
means for preventing short circuits in transmission of the different currents,
substantially as described.
3. In a two-wire writing-telegraph system the combination at a receiving station
of a suitable mechanism for controlling the movements of the receiver-pen, both in
extent and direction, and a polarized pen-lifting and pen-lowering mechanism, two
line wires joining the two stations, and at the transmitting station means for
transmitting currents which control the movements of the receiver-pen in extent
and direction, means for transmitting both positive and negative currents which
effect the lifting and lowering of the receiver-pen, and means for preventing short
circuits in the transmission of these various currents, substantially as described.
4. In a two-wire writing-telegraph system the combination of a suitable receiver
mechanism at a receiving station, including means for controlling the movements of
the receiver-pen in extent and direction, and a supplemental part, two line wires
joining the two stations, and at the transmitting station means for transmitting
currents which effect the movements of the receiver-pen in extent and direction,
and means for transmitting stronger currents which effect the operation of the
supplemental part of the receiving mechanism, substantially as described.
5. In a two-wire writing-telegraph system the combination of a suitable receiver
mechanism at a receiving station, two line wires joining the stations, and at the
transmitting stations means for transmitting currents which control the movements
of the receiver-pen in extent and direction and means for transmitting currents
which effect the lifting and lowering of the receiver-pen, and means for transmitting
currents which control the paper shifting at the receiving station, the currents which
lift and lower the pen and shift the paper being stronger than the other currents,
substantially as described.
6. In a writing-telegraph system the combination of a line wire which connects
the transmitting and receiving stations, and to which is connected, at the

page_text: transmitting station, one-half of a transmitter for sending over the line currents to
control the movements of the receiver-pen in extent and direction, and a commu-
tator for closing the line around and cutting out the said half-transmitter to send
other currents over the line, and at the receiving station one-half of a receiver and
.a supplemental part operated only by the currents sent to line when the line at the
transmitting station is closed around the said half-transmitter and it is thereby cut
out, substantially as described.
a
7. In a writing-telegraph system the combination of a line wire joining
transmitting and a receiving station, at the latter a suitable receiver mechanism,
including a pen, and at the transmitting station two branches to the line, switches
operated by movements of the transmitter-pen for sending to the line two distinct
sets of currents, including both positive and negative currents, to accomplish at the
receiving station the moving of the pen horizontally and the lowering and lifting of
the pen respectively, each set of currents traversing its own brauch, and means
for preventing the simultaneous closing of the two branches, substantially as
described.
8. In a writing-telegraph system, a transmitter, a branch to line which includes
a pulsator and a switch, a second branch to line which includes a switch which
is independent of the pulsator and switch in the other branch, and means for
preventing the simultaneous closure of the two branches, the said switches and
pulsator being operated by the transmitter-pen, substantially as described.
9. In a writing-telegraph system, at the transmitting station a transmitter, with
a branch to line which includes a pulsator and a switch operated by the horizontal
movements of the transmitter-pen, a second branch to line which includes a switch
which is independent of the horizontal movements of the transmitter-pen and is
operated by the vertical movements of the transmitter-pen, and means for preventing
the simultaneous closure of the two branches, and at the receiving station a receiver
with pen-moving and direction controlling mechanism for causing the receiver-pen
to follow the horizontal movements of the transmitter-pen, and per-lifting and pen-
lowering mechanism for causing the receiver-pen to follow the vertical movements
of the transmitter-pen, substantially as described.
10. In a two-wire writing-telegraph system the combination of two line wires
joining the two stations, a suitable mechanism at the receiving station in the two
lines for controlling the movements of the receiver-pen both in extent and
direction, a pen-lifting and pen-lowering mechanism in one of the lines, and a
paper-shifting mechanism in the other line, and at the transmitting station means
for transmitting over the two liues currents which control the movements of the
receiver-pen in extent and direction, means for transmitting over one of the lines
currents which control the lifting and lowering of the receiver-pen, and means for
trausmitting over the other of the lines currents which control the shifting of the
paper at the receiving station, substantially as described.
11. In a two-wire writing-telegraph system the combination of two line wires
joining the two stations, a suitable mechanism at the receiving station in the two
lines for controlling the movements of the receiver-pen both in extent and direction,
a pen-lifting and pen-lowering mechanism in one of the lines, and a paper-shifting
mechanism in the other line, and at the transmitting station means for transmitting
over both lines currents which control the movements of the receiver-pen in
extent and direction, means for transmitting over one of the lines currents which
control the lifting and lowering of the receiver-pen, and means for transmitting
over the other of the lines currents which control the shifting of the paper
at the receiving station, the said pen-lifting and pen-lowering and paper-shifting
currents being stronger than the said other currents, substantially as described.
12. In a writing telegraph system, suitable receiver mechanism consisting of a
receiver-pen, polarized pen-moving nechanism and polarized direction-controlling
mechanism, in combination with two line wires, and a transmitter comprising a pen,
two alternating pulsators, one arranged to be connected up with one and the other
with the other of the lines, suitable sources of energy, means for connecting up

page_text: each pulsator to its line in such manner. as to send strong currents of one polarity
and weak currents of the other polarity, and means for reversing the polarities in
these sets of currents with reversal of the direction of movement of the transmitter-
pen, substantially as described.
NEWTON & SON,
Agents for the Applicant.