CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN RAISING OR FORCING WATER
Year: 1826

page_text: TO ALL T WHOM THESE PRESE
SHALL OME, I, FRANCIS
HALLIDAY, of Ham, in the County of Surry, Esquire, send greeting.
WHEREAS His present most Excellent Majesty King George the Fourth,
by His Letters Patent, under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date a
Westminster, the Twenty-fifth day of August, One thousand eight hundred and
twenty-six, in the seventh year of His reign, did, for Himself,' and heirs and
successors, give and grant unto me, the said Francis Halliday, His especial
licence that I, the said Francis Halliday, my exors, admors, and assigns,
or such others as I, the said Francis Halliday, my exors, adññiors, or assigns,
should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all
times during the term of years therein expressed, should and lawfully night
make, use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and the Town of
Berwick-upon-Tweed, my Invention of "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN RAISING OR
FORCING WATER;" in which said Letters Patent is contained a proviso, obliging
ine, the said Francis Halliday, by an instrument in writing under my hand
and seal, particularly to describe and ascertain the nature of my said Invention,
and in what manner the same is to be performed, and to cause the same to be
inrolled in His Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar months
next and immediately after the date of the said in part recited Letters Patent,
as in and by the same, réference being thereunto had, will more fully and at
large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Francis Halliday, do hereby declare that the nature of my said Invention, and
the manner in which the same is to be performed, is particularly described and
ascertained in manner following (that is to say):-

page_text: My improvements in raising or forcing water are applicable to that kind of
engines or machines for raising or forcing water which are commonly called
rotative hydraulic engines, and which, being impelled and turned round with
continuous circular motion by the mechanical power of steam engines, of wind,
of water wheels, or of human or animal strength, are adapted to raise or force
up water in a continual stream by the direct action of certain parts, which
move with circular motion within a chamber or close vessel, so as to act against
that water, in order to force the same out of the chamber and raise it up
through pipes.
And my improvements consist in arranging and combining machinery in the
manner and form represented by the Drawings hereunto annexed, so as to
constitute a rotative hydraulic engine for raising or forcing water, which will
answer the purpose of a forcing pump, but will raise a continual stream of
water.
Fig. 1 of the said Drawing is a horizontal plan of the rotative engine; and
Fig. 2, a side elevation or edge view of the same. A, A, is a revolving
wheel, which is fixed upon the axis C; this axis has two necks or gudgeons,
which are supported in bearings D, D, so as to turn round freely on them..
One end of the axis C extends beyond the bearing D, and the power by
which the engine is to be actuated is applied to that projecting end of the
axis, in order to turn the wheel A round with a continuous circular
motion. The wheel A is made with a central boss, which is fixed fast upon
the axis C, and four or more arms B, B, extend from the boss to the large
circular rim A, A, which is formed truly flat at the two opposite surfaces,
and truly circular at the outer edge or circumference. In the circular rim
A, A, four or more openings F, F, F, F, are formed to receive as many
square or oblong vanes or pistons G, G, G, G, which are accurately fitted
or inlaid into the said openings so as to fill them up, and then the pistons
range exactly with the flat surfaces of both sides of the rim as if the same
were one entire plate or complete rim without any openings in it; but
each of the said pistons G is poised in the opening F to which it belongs by
means of a spindle or axis of motion g, which passes through the thickness of
the rim and also through that of the piston G in a direction pointing towards
the centre of the axis C; and the said spindle for the piston G is so fitted
into sockets formed in the rim at H, H, at each side of the opening F (into
which the piston G is fitted) as that the said piston may be turned about with
the spindle g as an axis of motion, in order to place the piston G with its
plane perpendicular or at right angles to the plane of the rim A, A, in which
position the piston will project out from each side of the flat circular rim, so

page_text: g
as to present its flat surface to the water against which it is to act; or else
the said piston may be turned about by its spindle or axis 9 through one-
fourth of a circle, so as to return it into its place in the aperture F in the
rim A, A, in order that it may fill up the same, and correspond with the flat
5 surface of the said rim, so as to present no surface to act against the water
which is to be raised or forced up. The action of the pistons G against the
water is exerted within a semi-circular chamber J, J, which is a channel
extending round one-half or more of the circle of the rim A, A, being curved
to correspond with that circle. The pistons G, G, are very accurately fitted
into the semi-circular chamber J, J, so as to completely fill up the transverse
section thereof whenever the said pistons are turned with their flat surfaces
perpendicular to the plane of the wheel A, A; that is to say, the exterior
margin or outline of each of the pistons G is of exactly the same size and shape.
as the transverse section of the chamber J, J, so as to fit into and form a
moving partition in the said chamber, which partition is capable of acting
against the water with which the said chamber is filled, so as to drive or force
the water out therefrom through the branched force pipe L, L, which joins
to one end of the chamber J. That end of the said chamber is closed up by
a cover N, which is fastened on by screw bolts to a projecting flange at the
extremity of the chamber; the branches L, L, of the force pipe project out
from the end cover N and join together to form one common pipe, to which
the ascending force pipe w, x, is joined. The edge of the flat circular rim
of the wheel A passes between the two branches L, L, of the force pipe through
a narrow opening in the end cover N, and the rim A fills that opening so
completely that water cannot pass by the same or escape out of the chamber
(except through the branches L, L), although the wheel can turn freely round,
and when the several pistons G are turned edgeways, so as to retire within the
openings F in the circular rim of the wheel, they offer no obstruction to the
motion or passage of the wheel through the narrow opening in the end cover
N of the chamber J.
Fig. 3 represents the manner of fixing the said engine at the bottom of a
well from which water is to be raised and forced up into the elevated cistern
or reservoir X; and Fig. 4 is a plan corresponding to Fig. 3. The engine is
immersed beneath the surface of the water in the well. The circular wheel
A, A, is placed in a horizontal position, so that its axis c stands vertically.
The semi-circular chamber J, J, has bars E, E, fixed across it to form the
frame which..sustains the bearings D, D, by which the pivots of the upright
axis are supported. The semi-circular chamber with its cross bars constitutes
the stationary part of the engine, and is firmly fixed on suitable timbers at the

page_text: bottom of the well. The axis C is prolonged by additional lengths r of axis,
which reach up to the top of the well, and a bevelled wheel R is affixed upon
the upper end of the prolonged axis, to be turned round by the teeth of a pinion
S, which is fixed upon a horizontal axis s; this axis may be turned round by
the strength of a man by means of a winch or handle at one end of it, and on
the other end a fly wheel is 'fixed' to regulate the motion. The revolving wheel
is thus turned round with force in such a direction that the pistons will enter
in at the open end of the semi-circular chamber and pass out at the closed end
thereof. When the pistons enter in at the open end of the semi-circular
'chamber they must stand at right angles to the plane of the wheel, so as to
'fill the semi-circular chamber, and in moving through the length thereof they
force the water contained in that chamber before them, and it passes through
'the branched pipe L; L, into the ascending force pipe w, a, by which it is
conveyed up to the elevated cistern' or reservoir X; into which it is required to
be raised. As the wheel is turned round continually forwards a constant stream
'of water is raised, because, before one piston has passed through the length of
'the semi-circular chamber so as to quit 'the same; another following piston will
have entered in at the open end of the said chamber, so as to force the
'contained water before it. When each pistón has so passed through nearly
all the length of the semi-circular chamber; and arrived near to the closed
end N, or cover thereof, that piston is turned down edgeways into its
'recess in the wheel A', so as to conform with the plane thereof; in order
'that the piston may pass edgeways through the narrow opening in the end
cover N of the semi-circular chamber without permitting any water to
escape or pass by, at the same time to turn the pistons thus edgeways
at the proper moment, a roller or small wheel, seen in Fig 1, is placed
withinside the semi-circular chamber in such a position as to intercept the
upper part of each piston when it arrives near the closed end of the chamber,
and as the piston is carried round with the wheel in its circular motion
beneath the said roller the piston is pressed or turned down flatways into
'the plane of the wheel. This roller is mounted upon a fixed centre pin, sup-
ported in a small bracket, which is fastened to the end cover N withinside
the same, and projects so far into the chamber that the pistons will be inter-
cepted by the wheel and turned edgeways thereby at the required time.
The branched pipe L, which proceeds from the end cover N of the semi-
circular, chamber is adapted to convey the water from the lower part of that
chamber beneath the plane of the wheel A by one of its branches, and the
other branch conveys the water from the upper part of that chamber above the
plane of the said wheel. The part where the two branches join into one

page_text: pipe w, as well as the two branches, must be of sufficient bore or capacity to
allow a very free passage for the water through the same. A valve is fitted.
into this pipe at ; it shuts downwards to prevent the water returning when
the engine is standing still, but when it is at work the valve z will be
always open and will have no action, because a constant stream of water.
passes through it. After the pistons have come out edgeways through the
opening in the end cover N of the semi-circular chamber they must be turned.
up again at right angles to the plane of the wheel A, A, in preparation to.
return in at the open end of the chamber, in order to force a new portion of
water before them; for this purpose the axis g of each piston has a short lever
or handle h fixed upon the extreme end of it withinside of the rim of the
wheel A, and each of the said levers his provided with a roller or small;
wheel at its extremity, which applies against a fixed conducting bar P, P,
(when the wheel is turned round), and the said conducting bar P, P, is
curved to conform with an arch of a circle described about the centre or axis.
of motion C, so that the rollers of the levers h, h, when they are carried round
in their circular motion will apply to the said fixed conducting bar P, P; and:
the said bar is also curved or bent sideways near to its extremity in such
manner as will cause the rollers to be moved thereby, in order to turn the
pistons G about into the proper position to enable them to act against the
water before each one enters into the semi-circular chamber J, J, that is to
say, each lever h is fixed upon the axis or spindle g in a direction across or at.
right angles to the plane of the piston itself, consequently when that piston is.
turned round edgeways so as to retire into the plane, of the circular rim A, A,.
in order to pass out of the chamber J, J, through the end cover N, the direction
of the length of the lever will then be projecting outwards from the plane of.
the wheel A, A, so as to be at right angles to the plane thereof and parallel to
its axis C. The lever h and its roller remain in this state until the piston has
completely quitted the chamber J, J; but previously to the, piston returning:
into the open end of the chamber J, J, the curved extremity of the fixed.
conducting bar P intercepts the roller, and as the roller and lever are carried.
forwards in their circular motion with the wheel A, A, the curvature of that.
extremity of the said conducting bar P forces the roller and lever h sideways,
so as to turn the piston round about its axis g one-fourth of a circle, in order
to place the piston G. perpendicularly across the plane of the wheel in a proper
manner to enter into the open end of the semi-circular chambér; and that open
end is enlarged a little at the outer part so as to be slightly bell-mouthed, in.
order to facilitate the entrance of the piston, but when the piston gets a little:
way into the semi-circular chamber the margin or border of the piston will

page_text: exactly fit and fill up the transverse section of the semi-circular chamber, so
as to allow no water to escape by its edges. Note.-The pistons may be
turned edgeways into the plane of the wheel by means of another fixed
conducting bar similar to that which is marked P, P, instead of the roller or
wheel, which is before mentioned as being applied withinside of the semi-
circular chamber. In this case the axis g. of each of the pistons G must have
another lever upon it, similar to the lever h, but fixed in a direction across
or at right angles thereto, and the rollers at the extremities of such extra
levers must travel round upon the circular curve of the extra conducting
bar, which must be fixed at the opposite side of the wheel A to that
where the first-mentioned conducting bar P is fixed, and the extremity of the
said extra conducting bar must be bent or curved sideways from the plane of
the circle which the wheel describes in its rotation in such manner as that
the said curved end of the conducting bar shall intercept and act against the
roller of the extra lever h in a proper manner and at the proper time to turn
the piston edgeways into the plane of the wheel whenever the said piston
arrives near to the closed end N of the semi-circular chamber, in order that
the piston may pass edgeways through the narrow opening through the end
cover N. The wheels R and S which give motion to the hydraulic engine
are very suitable when it is to be turned by hand for raising water out
of wells or into elevated cisterns for domestic uses, or for raising water out
of the holds of ships, or for portable engines for watering gardens or
extinguishing fire; but when such engines are constructed on a larger
scale, for manufactaries or waterworks, they may be turned by the strength
of horses or other cattle harnessed to horizontal levers, which are fixed
upon the upper end of the upright axis, so as to give a circular motion
thereto by a direct action without cog wheels; and when the power of a
steam engine is to be applied to actuate such hydraulic engine, the main
axis of the steam engine may be connected with the axis of the hydraulic
engine, either with the intervention of toothed wheelwork or without, as the
case may require. The senu-circular chamber J, J, is formed of two halves
or similar parts, one of which is shewn flatways at Fig. 1, and both are shewn
edgeways as they appear when put together at Fig. 2. Each half has a
flanger projecting out from it on the convex edge or margin, in order to fasten
the the two halves together by screw bolts, which pass through both flanges r.
A circular recess is formed in the faces of the flanges where they join together,
so as to leave a sort of rebate or groove withinside of the semi-circular
chamber J, J, and of larger diameter than the interior of that chamber, in
order to receive the extreme circumference of the circular wheel A, A, or

page_text: that part thereof which projects out beyond the openings F, F, in which the
pistons G are lodged. The said circular recess or opening is of the exact
breadth and thickness of the perephery of the wheel A, A, so as to fit the
same; and if the parts wear by the continual friction, the flat faces of the
flanges where they apply to each other may be reduced, so as to bring the two
halves of the semi-circular chamber so much nearer together as to contract
the spaces, until the solids will fit them again as at first. The semi-circular
chamber J, J, extends round one half of the circle of the wheel A, A, and in
forming each half of the said chamber J, J, two of such halves must be united
together by their flanges I, I, at the ends, so as to form an entire circle or
annular channel, the inside of which is made true and smooth by turning it in
a lathe; and the two segments being then separated, they may be put together
oné opposite to the other to form the said semi-circular chamber J, J, and will
be certainly true withinside. The circular wheel A, A, has a circular rim
a, a, projecting from each side of the flat circular surface A, A, and these
rims are accurately fitted to the concave margin of each segment of the semi-
circular chamber J, J, so as to prevent the escape of any water out of the
semi-circular chamber at either side of the wheel at the part where the circular
rim thereof enters between the two halves of the semi-circular chamber J, J.
The edges of the pistons G, G, are very correctly fitted to the interior of the
semi-circular chamber J, J, and also into the openings in the circular rim A, A,
and grooves may be formed around the edges of the thickness of the pistons
to receive leather or hemp or other suitable packings, in cases where the same
may be necessary, to keep the fittings tight, and prevent the leakage or escape
of the water.
Figures 5 and 6 represent a rotative hydraulic engine which is adapted to
raise and draw up water by suction as well as to force that water upwards
above the engine. In this case both ends of the semi-circular chamber J, J,
are closed by covers, as shewn at N and n, so that there is no open end to that
chamber; and the rim of the revolving wheel A, A, passes through narrow
openings in these covers, and the rim is so closely fitted into those openings as
not to allow water to escape or pass by the side of it. The pistons must in
all cases be turned edgeways into the plane of the wheel in order to enable
them to pass through the said openings, and each of the pistons must remain
edgeways all the time that it is out of the chamber, namely, from the time
that it has passed out at the closed end N of the chamber until after it has
re-entered and returned through the other closed end into the other end of the
chamber; but as soon as each piston has passed through the narrow opening
in the closed end of the chamber and entered within the same, that piston is

page_text: turned flatways by means of the lever h and the conducting bar P, so as to
propel the water before it; and having done so, and arrived near to the other
end of the chamber, it is turned edgeways again, in order to pass out of the
semi-circular chamber by means of the roller, which is applied withinside of
the chamber for that purpose in the manner already described, or else by the
action of the extra conducting bar,. before mentioned. The two branches of
the suction pipe & are joined to that end' cover of the semi-circular chamber
through which the pistons enter into that chamber, and the two branches of
the forcing pipe are joined to the other end cover, through which the pistons
pass out of the chamber. The hydraulic engine, represented in Figures 5 and
6, having a suction pipe to draw up the water, does not require to be immersed
beneath the water, like the engines represented in Figures 3 and 4; but it
may be placed in any convenient situation where it is most accessible.
And as to the dimensions and proportions of the several parts of the
hydraulic engines which are represented in the Drawings, and which are
herein-before described, they may be. ascertained by measuring the Drawing
according to the scale, and the said proportions and dimensions may be
greatly varied at the discretion of the workman who shall execute the
same, and also of the materials whereof the parts are constructed. They
may be varied without departing from the essential properties of my improve-
ments, as herein-before set forth. The said hydraulic engine may be con-
structed with three, four, or six of the pistons G, G, according to its
magnitude, and the chamber J, J, must be of such length, or surround
such a portion of the circumference of the wheel A, A, as that one piston
shall be fairly entered into the said chamber and turned across the same
before the other piston shall quit or pass out of the other end of the said
chamber, so as to ensure that one piston at the least shall always be in a
suitable position to act upon and force the water before it. The pistons G may
be made of a circular or oval or any other form, instead of square or oblong,
provided that the apertures F in the circular rim of the wheel A, A, and also.
the transverse section of the interior of the chamber J, J, is of a suitable form,.
so as exactly to fit the said pistons.
In witness whereof, I, the said Francis Halliday, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Twenty-fourth day of February, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and twenty-seven.
FRANCIS (L.S.) HALLIDAY.

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Twenty-fourth day of February,
in the year of our Lord 1827, the aforesaid Francis Halliday came before our
said Lord the King in His Chancery, and acknowledged the Specification
aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained and specified, in form above
written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped according to the
tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.
Inrolled the Twenty-fourth day of February, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and twenty-seven.
Inrolled the Twenty-fourth day of February, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and twenty-seven.