Improvements in the Construction of Frames for Pictures, Mirrors, Panels, and similar Purposes.
Year: 1888

page_text: Date of Application, 18th July, 1888
Complete Specification Left, 18th May, 1889-Accepted, 29th June, 1889
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in the Construction of Frames for Pictures, Mirrors,
Panels, and similar Purposes.
I, FREDERIC LOUIS LAWRENCE of 26 Formosa Street, Maida Vale, London in
the county of Middlesex, "Gentleman" do hereby declare the nature of this invention
to be as follows:-
These improvements relate to the construction of Frames for Pictures, Mirrors,
Panels and such like purposes and consists of forming the same in wood pulp under
considerable pressure.
This invention is intended to relate chiefly to the manufacturing of frames of a
Circular, elliptical, parabolical or hyperbolical form or any other regular and irregular
curvilinear figure, although 1 do not restrict myself to the shape or form of any
frame.
The material of which I propose to make these frames is wood pulp and which at
present is chiefly imported from Norway-this wood pulp I beat up in water until
it arrives at about the consistancy of thick mud, and of this substance I make the
frames in the following manner :-
:
A stout metal casing of the required shape and of sufficient depth is formed and
inside this is placed a core and the distance between this casing and the core will be
such distance as the width of the frame it is required to make.
This casing and also the core are firmly attached to a bar or frame on which the
core rests and to which frame the aforesaid casing is fixed by means of bolts or other
similar contrivance, and the top of this case and core are for preference quite
flush.
Between the space that intervenes betwixt the casing and the core is placed a
mould or die of metal whose abutting sides and edges are respectively parallel to the casing
and the core This mould or die fits water tight in the space before mentioned and
is capable of being forced up and down between the casing and the core by means of
pressure exerted. This mould or die has upon its upper surface the reverse of such
moulding or ornament as it is desired the frame shall take upon its face.
The top of the core is rebated to take a projecting piece of metal and this projecting
piece forins the rebate in the frame-A metal cover is placed upon the top of the
core and casing and firmly held down.
The method of making these frames is as follows:-The mould or die is lowered
from the top of the core and casing until the entire capacity of the intervening
space before referred to is ten (10) times as great as that which the finished frame
will occupy, then this space is filled up with the wet wood pulp and the piece which is
to form the rebate in the frame is fixed on to the core by a screw or other approved
joint, then a piece of canvas or similar material is laid over the whole area of the
casing and slightly beyond same, a cover plate is now added and firmly held down by
means of levers toggle joints or similar contrivance-pressure is now exerted which
forces the mould or die to within the required distance of the cover plate which is that
distance which the depth of the frame is required to be the water ooses out by means
of the canvas placed between the top of the casing and the underneath side of the
cover plate when the pulp is sufficiently compressed the cover plate is removed and
the pulp frame together with the metal piece forming the rebate in same is taken out
then this metal piece is removed and the frame laid to dry in a moderate heat. If it
is required to strengthen these frames when they are made in large forms a metal
wire or band may be laid and embedded in the pulp before it is subjected to pressure.
In this manner may be made all kinds of frames for enclosing, pictures, mirrors,
panels, bas-reliefs clock faces and similar things.

page_text: As my said improvements are capable of various modifications without departing
from the principal thereof, I do not restrict myself to dimensions or the precise form
or placement of the several parts thereof.
c T 1 1000
RAYNER & CASSELI,
48, Southampton Buildings, Chancery Lane, W.C., Agents for the Applicant.
+
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in the Construction of Frames for Pictures, Mirrors,
Panels, and similar Purposes.
I, FREDERIO LOUIS LAWRENCE of 26 Formosa Street Maida Vale, London in
the county of Middlesex, Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of this invention
and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and
ascertained in and by the following statement :-
Those improvements relate to the construction of Frames for Pictures, Mirrors,
Panels, and such like purposes and consists of forming the same in wood pulp under
considerable pressure.
This invention is intended to relate chiefly to the manufacturing of frames of a
Circular, elliptical, parabolical, or hyperbolical form or any other regular and irregular
curvilinear figure, although I do not restrict myself to the shape or form of any
frame.
The material of which I make these frames is wood pulp and which at present is
chiefly imported from Norway-this wood pulp I beat up in water until it arrives at
about the consistancy of thick mud, and of this substance I make the frames in the
following manner :-A stout metal casing of the required shape and of sufficient
depth is formed and inside this is placed a core and the distance between this casing
and the core will govern the width of the frame it is required to make.
This outer casing is bolted down to a stout table and the core or inner casing is
bolted down to a crossing bar of iron that is secured to the aforesaid table. Upon
the top of the core I place a rim or band of Brass, which projects over the space
which is left between the core and the outer casing. This Brass band, so placed, is
for the purpose of forming the rebate in the picture frame.
The core may be rebated at the top to receive this brass band so that the band may
be accurately fixed with ease and without loss of time.
The top of the outer casing and the top of the brass band to form the rebate are
exactly flush.
Between the space that intervenes betwixt the casing and the core is placed a
mould or die of metal whose abutting sides and edges are respectively parallel to the
casing and the core-This mould or die fits watertight in the space before mentioned
and is capable of being forced up and down between the casing and the core by means
of pressure exerted.
This mould or die has upon its upper surface the reverse of such moulding or
ornament as it is desired the frame shall take upon its face.
Immediately below the mould or die I place a hollow cylinder which I force to rise
or fall by any ordinary pressure and this cylinder is partially traversed by two slots
or spaces in the direction of its length to allow this cylinder to pass the horizontal
iron bar taking the core. This hollow cylinder is in its turn forced up and down by
a strong solid iron piston of sufficient strength and this I may actuate with any power but
for choice I use a hydraulic ram capable of exerting a pressure of about ten tons to
the square inch.
A cover plate is arranged to be firmly fixed down on top of moulds before the
pressure is exerted.
The method of making these frames is as follows:-
The mould or die is lowered from the top of the core and casing until the entire
mister of the intervening ennen kofom abound to in chant tro (10) timos os cront

page_text: as that which the finished frame will occupy, then this space is filled up with the soft
wet wood pulp and the brass band or rim is placed on the core in the manner before
described, then a piece of canvas or similar material is laid over the whole area of the
casing and slightly beyond same, and the cover plate is firmly fixed down by means
of levers, toggle joints bolts or similar contrivances, pressure is now exerted which
forces the mould or die to within the required distance of the cover plate, which
is that distance which the depth of the frame is required to be-the water ooses out
by means of the top canvas placed between the of the casing and the underneath
side of the cover plate-when the pulp is sufficiently compressed the cover plate is
removed and by means of exerting a little more pressure to the cylinder before
mentioned the inould raises the wood pulp frame with brass rim still in it to some
distance above the top of outer casing and the core. This allows the frame and rim
to be easily taken from the mould when the brass rim forming the rebate is now
removed and the frame is. ready to be placed in a moderately warm room to assist in
completely drying the same.
If it is required to strengthen these frames when they are made in large forms-a
metal wire or band of any desired section is placed and embedded in the wood pulp
before it is subjected to pressure and this wire or band may continue around a part
or the whole of the frame in either a straight, curvilinear or zig-zag manner.
In order that the nature of my said improvements may be the more fully understood
I will proceed to describe the several figures on the sheets of drawings hereunto
annexed, all of which figures are marked with the like letters of reference through.
Figure 1. is a section taken through the diametrical centre of my apparatus when
arranged to make a circular Picture Frame shewing the mould down and the loose
soft wood pulp filled in before being subjected to pressure.
Figure 2. shews a similar section but here the cover plate is firmly fixed down
and the mould has been forced up and the wood pulp frame is made and ready for
taking out.
Figure 3. shews a general plan of my apparatus when a circular picture frame is
to be made.
Figure 4. shews a side elevation of my apparatus for making these wood pulp
frames.
Figure 5. shews in elevation a portion of a frame for pictures and such like
purposes in which I have fixed a wire band for additional strength in the said
frame.
In Figure 1. A is the outer casing which is bolted down to the table or plat-
form B having a hole in its centre, and C is the inner casing or core carrying the
brass rim or band D and E is the mould which is forced up by the hollow cylinder F
having slots marked G to enable this cylinder to pass the bar H to which is bolted
the core C. This Bar H is in its turn also bolted down to the table-B. The piston J
is acted upon by hydraulic or other force and which thus is the means of pressing
the wood pulp into the required thickness. K is the space that is filled up as shown
with soft wet wood pulp, L is the cover plate working on a hinge at M and N are
bolts to bolt down this cover plate to the table. L' is a chain passing over a pulley and
having a weight at other end to compensate for weight in raising this cover plate.
P shews the canvas that helps to absorb and pass off the water that is squeezed out of
the wet pulp while the frame is being made.
In Figure 2. the letters of reference agree exactly with the letters of reference used
in figure 1.
In Figure 3 the dotted lines indicate the cover plate L and the colums in
section marked R are to carry an upper frame for use in rasing the cover plate L.
In Figure 4 the table or platform B is shewn bolted down on stout iron legs or
supports R¹¹ to resist the pressure exerted in making the frames. R¹ shews cross piece
on top of coloums R; The pulley marked S carries the chain L' at one end of which
is the weight T.
In Figure 5 the dark line marked V shows a wire inserted in the frame to give

page_text: additional strength to the frame. The right hand part of this figure indicates the
section of the frame.
As my Improvements are capable of some modifications without departing from
the principal thereof, I do not restrict myself to materials, dimensions, or to tho
precise form or placement of the several. parts thereof.
Having now fully described and ascertained the nature of my said improve-
ments and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what I
claim is
(1) The manufacture of frames for pictures, Mirrors, Panels, and similar purposes
from wood pulp in the manner hereinbefore described and set forth in this Specifi-
cation and illustrated by the accompanying drawings.
(2) The combination of an outer casing and an inner casing or core between which
works a mould for. pressing wood pulp into picture frames and the like.
(3) The placing of a wire of any desired length or section in the wood pulp of
which a picture frame or such like article is to be made and around which
wire the wood pulp is pressed into the form of a picture frame or such like
article.
Dated this 18th day of Man 1000
.
RAYNER & CASSELL,
37, Chancery Lane, London, W.C., Agents for the Applicant.