IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR HARROWING, SCARIFYING, AND CULTIVATING LAND
Year: 1858

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Charles Clay, of Walton Grange, Wakefield, in the
County of York, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR
HARROWING, SCARIFYING, AND CULTIVATING LAND."
Scaled the 25th March 1859, and dated the 22nd October 1858.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Charles Clay at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 22nd October
1858.
I, CHARLES CLAY, of Walton Grange, Wakefield, in the County of York,
do hereby declare the nature of the Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS
FOR HARROWING, SCARIFYING, AND CULTIVATING LAND," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in apparatus for harrowing,
scarifying, and cultivating land. For this purpose a frame is employed, to
which bars are fixed, and these have tines secured to them, the stem of the
tine being curved or bent round the bar, so as, supposing the bar to be square
in section, to fit to three of its sides, or if the bar be of any other form, the
stem of the tine is bent round it to a similar extent; through the stern of the
tine two keyways are cut, one opposite the other, in such a position that a
key passed through them comes against the fourth or remaining side of the
bar, thus fixing the tine very firmly in its place, and at the same time allowing
of its being readily removed when required. I prefer that the key used for

page_text: this purpose should be split at its end, which will have a tendency to prevent
its shaking loose; the implement, consisting of the frame with the bars and
tines fixed to them, as above described, may be drawn over the land by horses,
or by power, and it is in some cases furnished with handles to guide the
implement. The depth to which the tines penetrate the land may be
regulated by adjustable wheels carried by the frame. In some cases the
frame (with the bars and tines) is mounted on another frame carried by
adjustable wheels, and there is a lever (or levers) mounted on this frame, by
means of which the time frame can be raised or lowered, so that by means of
this lever or levers the tines may be set so as to penetrate the land to any
desired depth, or may be raised entirely off the land when required; the lever
works through a guide, and is held in position by a projecting stop or notch
on the guide, into which it springs when brought opposite to it; this stop is
secured to the guide by bolts or other equivalent fastenings, in such a manner
that it may be moved up or down the guide according to the position the tines
are to occupy. I employ similar moveable stops in implements having tine
bars which rotate, as is described in the Specification of a former Patent
granted to me, and dated 4th November 1857. When a second frame
mounted on wheels is employed to carry the frame with the bars and tines,
these bars (in place of being fixed to the frame) are in some cases mounted so
that they can revolve as axes. For the purpose of attaching horses to
implements constructed in any of the methods above mentioned or described,
or to other similar implements for harrowing, scarifying, and cultivating land,
they are furnished with two or more hooks or other form of coupling placed
at such a distance apart, that a horse may be attached to each hook or
coupling, and in some cases these hooks or couplings are attached to spindles
or stems having wheels at their lower ends; and in this case, in order that the
wheels may move simultaneously, the books or couplings are connected
together by a rod, which keeps them always parallel the one to the other.
Castor or swivel wheels are also employed to support the hinder ends of such
implements in place of ordinary wheels, so that they may be more readily
moved about in a confined space.
In some cases also I employ shafts instead of, or in addition to, other
couplings, for the purpose of attaching horses to implements for harrowing,
scarifying, and cultivating land, when such implements have tines fixed, as
herein described, or when used with tines and broad shares attached on any
other method.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Charles Clay in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
21st April 1859.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, CHARLES
CLAY, of Walton Grange, Wakefield, in the County of York, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters.
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-second day of October, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-eight, in the twenty-second year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me,
the said Charles Clay, Her special licence that I, the said Charles Clay, my
executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Charles
Clay, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the
term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel.
Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR,
HARROWING, SCARIFYING, AND CULTIVATING LAND," upon the condition, (amongst
others), that I, the said Charles Clay, my executors or administrators, by an
instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals,
should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and:
in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed
in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and imme-
diately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Charles Clay, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be per-
formed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement thereof, that is to say:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in apparatus for harrowing,
scarifying, and cultivating land. For this purpose a frame is employed, to
which bars are fixed, and these have tines secured to them, the stem of the
tine being curved or bent round the bar, so as, supposing the bar to be square
in section, to fit to three of its sides, or if the bar be of any other form, the
stem of the tine is bent round it to a similar extent; through the stem of the
tine two keyways are cut, one opposite the other, in such a position that a key
passed through them comes against the fourth or remaining side of the bar,
thus fixing the tine very firmly in its place, and at the same time allowing of
its being readily removed when required. I prefer that the key used for this
purpose should be split at its end, which will have a tendency to prevent its

page_text: shaking loose; the implement, consisting of the frame, with the bars and tines
fixed to them, as above described, may be drawn over the land by horses, or
by power, and it is in some cases furnished with handles to guide the
implement. The depth to which the tines penetrate the land may be regulated
by adjustable wheels carried by the frame. In some cases the frame (with
the bars and tines) is mounted on another frame carried by adjustable wheels,
and there is a lever (or levers) mounted on this frame, by means of which the
tine frame can be raised or lowered, so that by means of this lever or levers
the tines may be set so as to penetrate the land to any desired depth, or may
be raised entirely off the land when required; the lever works through a
guide, and is held in position by a projecting stop or notch on the guide, into
which it springs when brought opposite to it; this stop is secured to the guide
by bolts or other equivalent fastenings, in such a manner that it may be
moved up or down the guide according to the position the tines aro to occupy.
I employ similar moveable stops in implements having tine bars which rotate,
as is described in the Specification of a former Patent granted to me, and
dated 4th November 1857. When a second frame mounted on wheels is
employed to carry the frame with the bars and tines, these bars (in place of
being fixed to the frame) are in some cases mounted so that they can revolvo
For the purpose of attaching horses to implements constructed in
any of the methods above mentioned or described, or to other similar imple-
ments for harrowing, scarifying, and cultivating land, they are furnished with
two or more hooks or other form of coupling, placed at such a distance apart
that a horse may be attached to cach hook or coupling, and in some cases
these hooks or couplings are attached to spindles or stems having wheels at
their lower ends; and in this case, in order that the wheels may move
simultaneously, the hooks or couplings are connected together by a rod, which
Castor or swivel wheels are
keeps them always parallel the one to the other.
as axes.
also employed to support the hinder ends of such implements in place of
ordinary wheels, so that they may be more readily moved about in a confined
space. In some cases also I employ shafts instead of, or in addition to, other
couplings, for the purpose of attaching horses to implements for harrowing,
scarifying, and cultivating land, when such implements have tines fixed as
herein described, or when used with tines and broad shares attached on any
other method.
And in order that my said Invention may be most fully understood and
readily carried into effect, I will proceed to describe the Drawings hereunto

page_text: Figure 1 is a plan, and Figure 2 is a side view of a harrow constructed
a, a, are two side bars, to which the bars b, b, for
according to my Invention.
receiving the tines c, c, are fixed.
Figure 3 is a side view of one of the tines c, and also shows the split key d
by which it is fixed to the bar b.
Figure 3 is a side view of a tine of somewhat modified form, fixed in a
similar manner.
Figure 4 is a front view, and Figure 5 is a back view of the parts shown at
Figure 3.
Figure 6 shows a plan of several harrows combined together, and connected
by their draw hooks c, e, to a single draw bar, in which manner it is preferred
to employ harrows such as above described. I also construct other imple-
ments in a similar manner for harrowing, scarifying, and cultivating land.
Figure 7 is a plan, and Figure 8 is a side view of an implement so con-
structed. a, a, are the side bars, and a, a, and a, are the intermediate bars
of the frame; b, b, are the bars for receiving the tines c, c, which are fixed as
before described, except that in this and other implements hereinafter
described, as the position of the tines on their bars has frequently to be
changed, I prefer to fix them by unsplit keys, although split keys may be
employed. At the back ends of the bars a, a, sockets are formed to receive
the stems f,f; these stems are bent at right angles at their lower ends, and
carry the wheels f', f. To adjust the distance the tines shall enter the land,
the stems are made to slide in their sockets, and are locked when in the
desired position by locking screws f, f, passing through the side of the socket
and pressing on the stem f. The intermediate bars a' and a³ at the front of
the frame have necks fixed to them, which carry similar sockets, and receive
the standards g, g, of other smaller wheels 9', g', which are adjusted in position
in a similar manner.
A side view of one of these socket necks is shown at Figure 9; it is fixed
to the end of the intermediate bar a¹ or a³ by bolts passing through the holes
1 and 2. h, h, are draw hooks mounted on these socket necks, and held in
their places by the standards 9, 9, passing through them. Similar draw hooks
h', h', are connected to the side bars a, a, and the intermediate bar a by forked
picces i, i, the forms of which are shown in the Drawing; these hooks turn on
pius or bolts, . j is a stay passing along the front of the machine and
through the socket necks at the ends of the bars a' and a³, and through between
the forked end of the pieces i, i, at the ends of the bars a, a, and a².
k, k, are

page_text: other draw hooks, which may be applied to the bar j in place of or in addition
to the books h, h; these hooks may either be mounted on centres fixed to the
bar j, or they may be arranged, as is shown at k', so that their positions on the
bar may be adjusted at pleasure. 1, 1, are stays, which are in some cases
employed to strengthen the front of the frame; all the draw hooks employed
may be connected together by a rod m, as is shown in the Drawing, which
keeps them always parallel the one to the other. In some cases I do not
employ draw hooks at the extremities of the side bars a, a, and substitute for
the pieces i, i, fixed to such bars the stays i*, shewn in red lines in Figure 7.
Figure 10 shews the front of an implement thus modified, and in this
Figure the rod m connecting the main draw hooks is shown carrying other
smaller draw hooks. n, n, are whipple trees, which are in some cases
employed to facilitate the connection of the horses to the implement. In place
of employing castor wheels to support the front part of the frame, as is shewn
at Figure 8, wheels such as that shewn at Figure 8 may be employed, and
the draw hook is then fixed by a set screw to the standard which carries the
wheel, so that the wheel may always stand in the same direction as the draw
hook. The rod m may also be used in this case to keep the draw hooks
parallel. The implement is furnished with handles o, o, by which it may be
guided, and the tines kept down to their work; these handles form con-
tinuations of the intermediate bars a' and a³. p, p, are hooks, fixed to the
sides of the implement, by which it may be drawn sideways as is convenient
when the road or passage along which it has to pass is too narrow to permit
the implement to move front foremost. When it is desired to draw by either
of the hooks p, p, the wheels f', f, are swivelled round into the position
shewn at Figure 7*, and are then locked by the set screw f*.
Figure 11 is a plan, Figure 12 is a side view, and Figure 18 is a back view
of an implement in which two frames are employed, one the frame A,
A, A, on which the tines are mounted, and the other the frame B, B, B, by
which the frame A is carried. The frame B is shewn separately. In plan at
Figure 14 it is supported by adjustable wheels a, a, and a', a', three at the front
and two behind. The front wheels are carried by socket necks, such as is
shown at Figures 9, and the draw hooks are attached in a similar manner.
The form of the castor or swivel wheels at the back of the implement is
slightly modified from that of the wheels shown in Figures 7 and 8 to allow of
their being turned round to admit of the implement travelling sideways
without rendering it necessary to shift any of the tines. The frame A is con-
nected to the frame B by pins or bolts passing through the holes 3 of the
socket necks, Figure 9, and through the extremities of the intermediate bars

page_text: a, a, a, also through the ends of the pieces i*, i*. In order to raise the
tines off the land, the frame A is capable of being elevated into the position
shewn at Figure 12 in dotted lines; this is effected by the lever q, which is
mounted on the standard B' springing from the frame B; one extremity of
the lever is connected by a link to the frame A, and the other end forms a
handle, which being depressed, lifts the frame A, as shown. The handle is
secured in its lower position by the projecting stop on the guides, which
is fixed on the frame B. The guide s has slotted holes formed through it, so
that the projecting stop 7 may be secured to it in any required position. The
frame A is, as in Figures 7 and 8, furnished with handles o, o; these handles
are held down to keep the tines at work by other stops, , on the guides s', s¹,
mounted on the frame B; by adjusting the position of the stops on their
guides the angle the tines enter the land may be varied as required. The
handles o, o, may also be used for lifting and holding the tines out of the land,
the guides s being either furnished with stops at their upper ends, or bent
over and punched to receive pins, both of which plans are shown in the
Drawing. In small implements the lever q may be dispensed with, the
handles o, o, being used in place of them to raise the tines, but large imple-
ments I prefer to make in the manner shewn. In some cases I divide the
frame A into two parts, each of which rests on the lower frame, and aro
capable of being separately raised.
The red lines in Figures 12 and 14 shew the manner in which shafts may
be applied to the implement; they are jointed to the frame Bat the points t, t,
and the standards of the front wheels are continued upwards through slotted
holes in the shafts, and pierced with holes to receive pins or bolts, which being
inserted sustain the shafts at the height required; or the fore wheels may be
removed, and the weight of the front of the implement thrown on the back of
the horse. Shafts may be applied to similar implements carrying broad shares.
In place of fixing the tine bars in the frame A of the implement, they may be
made to turn as axes, as is described in the Specification of my Patent dated
November 4th, 1857, and by using similar stops to those shown at 1, 2, the
tines may be set to enter the land at different angles, as may be required.
I would remark that although I have described the implement to be drawn by
horses, it may nevertheless have motion given to it by other means. Broad
shares may be attached to the tines, as shown at Figure 3.
Having thus described the nature of my Invention, and the manner of
performing the same, I would have it understood that what I claim is the
constructing implements for harrowing, scarifying, and cultivating land by
combining tines with bars fixed in a frame, as herein described, the stem of

page_text: cach such tine being curved or bent round its bar and secured by a key, as
before explained.
Also, the mounting the frame carrying the tines on a second frame furnished
with wheels in combination with apparatus for raising the time frames, as
herein described.
Also, the application to implements for harrowing, scarifying, and cultivating
land of stops or notches, such as are herein described, and so arranged that their
positions on the guides which carry them may be adjusted as required; and
I claim the use of such stops both as applied to implements consisting of two
frames, as is shown in Figures 11, 12, and 13, and also to implements having
revolving axes, as is described in the Specification of my Patent, dated 4th
November, 1857.
Also, the constructing implements for harrowing, scarifying, and cultivating
land with two or more draught hooks or couplings, similar to those herein
described, each such hook or coupling being suitable to have a horse
attached to it.
Also, the connecting the draught hooks or couplings together by the bar m,
as herein described.
Also, the supporting the hinder ends of implements for harrowing, scarifying,
and cultivating land by castor or swivel wheels similar to those herein
described.
Also, the application of shafts to implements for harrowing, scarifying, and
cultivating land having broad share tines, or tines fixed in the manner herein
described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Charles Clay, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Thirteenth day of April, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-nine.
Witness to the signing, and sealing by
the within-named Charles Clay, in
the presence of
HENRY BROWN, Sol',
Wakefield.
CHARLES CLAY. (L.S.)