IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR WORKING, LOCKING, AND CONTROLLING SIGNALS OR SWITCHES ON RAILWAYS, AND FOR INDICATING THE WORKING OF THE SIGNALS AND REGISTERING THE TIME OF THE PASSING OF TRAINS." SP
Year: 1871

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Baines, of the Railway Plant Works,
°
Soho, Smethwick, in the County of Stafford, Engineer, for the
Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR WORKING, LOCKING, AND
CONTROLLING SIGNALS OR SWITCHES ON RAILWAYS, AND FOR INDICATING THE
WORKING OF THE SIGNALS AND REGISTERING THE TIME OF THE PASSING OF
TRAINS."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Baines at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 22nd March 1871.
I, WILLIAM BAINES, of the Railway Plant Works, Soho, Smethwick,
in the County of Stafford, Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of
the Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR WORKING, LOCKING, AND
CONTROLLING SIGNALS OR SWITCHES ON RAILWAYS, AND FOR INDICATING THE

page_text: WORKING OF THE SIGNALS AND REGISTERING THE TIME OF THE PASSING OF TRAINS,'
to be
as follows:
"
The object of this Invention is to improve upon the system of locking
and interlocking the levers which actuate and control the switches and
signals which govern the traffic on railways. For this purpose I secure
to or form on the signal or switch levers arcs or quadrants, having
recesses formed in them, as described in reference to Figures 22 of the
Drawings attached to the Specification of a former Patent granted to
me on the 10th December One thousand eight hundred and sixty-nine
(No. 3574), and I mount in suitable bearings either below or in front or
at the back of the working levers a horizontal bar or rod parallel with
the axes of the working switch and signal levers, and having arms, cams,
or projections secured thereto to work against the arcs or quadrants on
the levers and into recesses formed in them, and also other arms, cams,
or projections to work in conjunction with the draw bars or spring
catch bolts of the working levers, or with bolts linked or coupled thereto;
these latter arms, cams, or projections may either be brought below
the ends of the draw bars or spring catches or bolts linked to them to
prevent their being depressed, or may come above shoulders or projections
standing out from them to prevent their being raised. When by the
grip of the man's hand the draw bar or sliding catch bolt is raised out
of the notch in the ordinary fixed quadrant the draw bar or spring
catch bolt or the sliding bolt coupléd thereto gives a rotary motion to
the horizontal bar before mentioned by acting against one of the pro-
jections fixed thereon, and causes the faces of other projections on the
said horizontal bar to come in contact with and fit on to corresponding
faces or projections formed on the draw bars or spring catches or
sliding bolts coupled thereto, which are carried by such of the switch
or signal levers which conflict and require to be locked and secured,
and unlocks and frees such of the levers which do not conflict and
which are required to work certain traffic, and by the movement of the
working lever when pulled over the locks are all secured and maintained
in that position by the projection on the horizontal bar before mentioned
bearing on the inner or outer surface of the arc or quadrant secured to
the working lever or caused to be moved by it and are held in that
state until such levers are moved back and reset in their normal position.
In the locking of the facing points and other levers in back gear I
loosely mount upon the horizontal rocking bar, or upon vertical or

page_text: slanting studs, tubes or hollow bars furnished in the same way, carrying
cams or projections secured to it and arranged so as to fall into a notch
in the quadrant secured to the lever which has to be locked back.
When pulled over the notches stand opposite or in front of the cams
or projections which lock it by the operation of pulling over some one
of the levers destined to lock it in back gear.
In order to control the traffic in large stations or other situations
where a large quantity of levers are required in the frame I apply
several horizontal rocking bars or studs carrying cams or projections.
In working the block system correctly and effectually I arrange the
signal levers when in the position of danger to be self-locked by a
self-acting catch or stop and retained in that position so that they
cannot be moved until the train has passed the next station when an
all-right signal is given back by which the self-acting stop is released
and the signal set free; this may be effected either by the action of
changing the position of the starting signals or by some one lever or levers
which have to be moved after a train has passed a station or other points
of the line where signalling is employed. An electric telegraph instru-
ment may for this purpose be caused to give sufficient motion to work a
ratchet and thus remove a catch or part which locks the signal lever or
rods, arms or parts coupled to it, and the signal can then be lowered with
safety. Where the stations are close together I effect this by means
of two air vessels of leather or other suitable material connected by a
tube, all of which are air-tight, or by wire or other tensile appliances
operated upon by the man at the lever, or other arrangements of
apparatus may be employed for the purpose. By this arrangement the
man has no power to use his own discretion, but cannot lower his signal
until an all-right signal has been given back from the next signal
station. In case of accident to the apparatus a 2nd person by a private
key may have power to throw the self-acting catch or stop out of gear
and unlock the signal levers when required.
In order to facilitate the working of signals and switches at a distance
where they are heavy to work I arrange a treadle or actuating bar
alongside the rail in such a manner that the wheels of a passing train
operate upon the bar, which is provided with an arm or lever giving
motion to an hydraulic apparatus or to a ratchet and pawl apparatus to
obtain an accumulation of power either in an hydraulic column or by

page_text: .
winding on a pulley or drum a chain or rope to raise a weight. When
the signal or switch apparatus is required to be worked the drum is
thrown out of gear by means of a clutch, and by a second clutch it is
thrown by the same operation into gear with a loose pulling wheel, and
is then pulled round by the weight and takes with it the loose pulley
which is secured to and held in tensile with the signals or points that
have to be worked. When the signals or points have been shifted the
drum is detached from the loose pulley and at the same time engaged
with the clutch on the driving shaft. The signals or switches are
then free to be set back whenever required into their normal position,
and when this is done the loose wheel is by means of a small weight
pulled into its original position, thus serving as a compensation for
the contraction and expansion of the wires caused by the change of
atmosphere.
In order to prevent a pointsman pulling over the facing points whilst
a train is still passing through I place a locking time apparatus (as for
example, such as is described in the Specification before mentioned,) in
the cabin or on the line, and which I connect by a rod or chain to the
arm or projection of a treadle fixed alongside of the rail and in front of
the points, and which said treadle is pressed down by every wheel
passing through the points in either direction, whether it be on a main
or branch line, thereby giving a sufficient stroke to wind up the time
apparatus to insure its going a few seconds longer than the time which
elapses between the passing of each succeeding wheel. In winding up
this said time apparatus the lever rod or the switches themselves cannot
be moved whilst it is going, they being locked and remain so 'till the
expiration of the time for which it is reset which is effected by every
wheel, and they cannot possibly be moved till the last wheel has
past the points and a few seconds after then. This is effected by
means of a lock, bolt, or rotary motion of a shaft with locking collars
or grooves and notches on it, and is allowed to escape gradually as
the apparatus runs down, being timed and controlled by a fly. In
like manner I control alarum or audible signals as applied in foggy
weather.
In changing the position of the levers working the semaphore arms, a
needle, or other pointed instrument, is caused to pierce a hole into a pre-

page_text: a circle shewing the hours 12 or 24, including the minutes, half, and
quarter minutes. This disc is fixed on to the face of a timepiece and
moves round as the time goes on. The disc has also several other con-
centric circles printed upon it, there being a separate circle for each
class of train which passes along the line, as, for example, passenger,
goods, fast, or slow, special; ordinary, and miscellaneous, a separate
circle for each. Each time that the position of the signal lever is
changed to work the semaphore signal arms, the sharp pointed instru-
ment is caused to pierce the main circle on the dial, so that all trains are
registered in this circle. But if the train is a slow, goods, or miscel
laneous train, the fact is registered by the man in charge depressing a
finger key or other instrument in order to cause the paper disc to be
pierced by another pointed instrument in the proper circle for indicating
that class of train, so in this way the time at which each train has passed
and also the class of train is registered on the paper disc. The time at
which trains have been shunted is also registered in the same way, and
should the signalman not be attentive to the working of his signals the
register paper will serve as a tell-tale against him.
•

page_text: those shewn in Figure 3, and are carried by a tube on the locking axis
there shewn.
.
Figure 5 shews the apparatus which is applied to the levers to lock
them from a distance. A sliding rod connected with the lever has a
catch on it passing through a slot in a disc moved from the distance by,
clectricity or compressed air. Until the disc is properly placed the
catch cannot pass, and the lever is locked. The catch yields with a
spring and opposes no resistance to the motion of the lever in the
contrary direction, or a slide acting on the lever bolt may be substituted
for the disc as is shewn at Figures 6.
In Figures 7 and 8 the apparatus is shewn through which the levers
act on signals at a distance. Two chains or cords pass to the signal and
are there attached to the two ends of a lever. The chains or cords aro
attached to a wheel which is turned by the signal lever. The wheel is
mounted on a slide, and a weight connected with it keeps the chains
or cords tight. Another chain or cord attached to the main chain or
cord passes round a pulley on the slide and so to an indicator which
repeats the signal in sight of the signal man. The expansion or
•
contraction of the chains and cords will not interfere with the action
of the apparatus.
Figures 9 and 10 shew a similar thing arranged with one cord or
chain. The axis on the slide is turned by the signal lever, and acts
first to lock the slide wherever it may be, and then the pull on the chain
or cord moves the signal.
Figures 11 & 12 shew the hydraulic apparatus I use to move the
levers when considerable force is required. The passing trains acting on
a treadle pump water into an accumulator from which the ram is
supplied. Each lever is connected with a rocker having two pushers
jointed to it, and one or other of these is brought into position for the
ram to act on it.
Figure 13 shews the apparatus by which the point lever is locked so
long as a train is passing and for some seconds after. A treadle on which
the wheels of the train act turns an axis and winds up a weight. Tho
weight causes the axis to return, but at the same time through a ratchet
it is compelled to drive a fly so that the return takes place slowly. A
notched disc on the axis retains the locking bolt of the lever until the
return of the axis and weight.

page_text: Figures 14 shows a part of the disc of paper which records the move-
ments of the levers shown in Figure 1. The paper is carried by a clock,
and pins moved by the levers prick holes in it. There are other prickers
under the control of the signal man.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said William Baines in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 22nd September 1871.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM.
BAINES, of the Railway Plant Works, Soho, Smethwick, in the County
of Stafford, Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Twenty-second day of March, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-one, in the thirty-
fourth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto me, the said William Baines, Her special license
that I, the said William Baines, my executors, administrators, and
assigns, or such others as I, the said William Baines, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others,
from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term therein
expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend,
within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel
Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS
FOR WORKING, LOCKING, AND CONTROLLING SIGNALS OR SWITCHES ON RAILWAYS,
AND FOR INDICATING THE WORKING OF THE SIGNALS AND REGISTERING THE TIME
OF THE PASSING OF TRAINS," upon the condition (amongst others) that I,
the said William Baines, my executors or administrators, by an instru-
ment in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals,
should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said
Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and
cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said William Baines, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to

page_text: be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by
the following statement thereof, that is to say :—
The object of this Invention is to improve upon the system of locking
and interlocking the levers which actuate and control the switches and
signals which govern the traffic on railways. For this purpose I secure
to or form on the signal or switch levers arcs or quadrants having
recesses formed in them, as described in reference to Figures 22 of the
Drawings attached to the Specification of a former Patent granted to
me on the Tenth December 1869 (No. 3574), and I mount in suitable
bearings either below or in front, or at the back of the working levers
a horizontal bar or rod parallel with the axes of the working switch and
signal levers, and having arms, cams, or projections secured thereto to
work against the arcs or quadrants on the levers, and into recesses
formed in them, and also other arms, cams, or projections to work in
conjunction with the draw bars or spring catch bolts of the working
levers, or with bolts linked or coupled thereto. These latter arms,
cams, or projections, may either be brought below the ends of the draw
bars or spring catches or bolts linked to them to prevent their being
depressed, or may come above shoulders or projections standing out
from them to prevent their being raised. When by the grip of the
man's hand the draw bar or sliding catch bolt is raised out of the notch
in the ordinary fixed quadrant the draw bar or spring catch bolt, or the
sliding bolt coupled thereto, gives a rotary motion to the horizontal bar
before mentioned, by acting against one of the projections fixed thereon,
and causes the faces of other projections on the said horizontal bar to
come in contact with and fit on to corresponding faces or projections
formed on the draw bars or spring catches, or sliding bolts coupled
thereto, which are carried by such of the switch or signal levers which
conflict and require to be locked and secured, and unlocks and frees
such of the levers which do not conflict, and which are required to
work certain traffic, and by the movement of the working lever when
pulled over the locks are all secured and maintained in that position
by the projection on the horizontal bar before mentioned bearing on
the inner or outer surface of the arc or quadrant secured to the working
lever, or caused to be moved by it, and are held in that state until such
levers are moved back and reset in their normal position. In the locking
of the facing points and other levers in back gear I loosely mount upon
the horizontal rocking bar or upon vertical or slanting studs, tubes, or

page_text: hollow bars furnished in the same way carrying cams or projections
secured to it, and arranged so as to fall into a notch in the quadrant
secured to the lever which has to be locked back. When pulled over
the notches stand opposite or in front of the cams or projections which
lock it by the operation of pulling over some one of the levers destined
to lock it in back gear.
In order to control the traffic in large stations or other situations
where a large quantity of levers are required in the frame, I apply
several horizontal rocking bars or studs carrying cams or projections.
In working the block system correctly and effectually I arrange the
signal levers when in the position of danger to be self-locked by
a self-acting catch or stop, and retained in that position, so that they
cannot be moved until the train has passed the next station, when an
all-right signal is given back, by which the self-acting stop is released
and the signal set free; this may be effected either by the action of
changing the position of the starting signals, or by some one lever
or levers, which have to be moved after a train has passed a station
or other points of the line. Where signalling is employed an electric
telegraph instrument may for this purpose be caused to give sufficient
motion to work a ratchet, and thus remove a catch or part which locks
the signal lever or rods, arms, or parts coupled to it, and the signal can
then be lowered with safety. Where the stations are close together,
I effect this by means of two air vessels of leather or other suitable
material, connected by a tube, all of which are air-tight, or by wire or
other tensile appliances operated upon by the man at the lever, or other
arrangements of apparatus may be employed for the purpose. By this
arrangement the man has no power to use his own discretion, but cannot
lower his signals until an all-right signal has been given back from the
next signal station. In case of accident to the apparatus a second
person by a private key may have power to throw the self-acting catch
or stop out of gear and unlock the signal levers when required.
In order to facilitate the working of signals and switches at a distance
where they are heavy to work, I arrange a treadle or actuating bar
alongside the rail, in such a manner that the wheels of a passing train
operate upon the bar, which is provided with an arm or lever giving
motion to an hydraulic apparatus, or to a ratchet and pawl apparatus,
to obtain an accumulation of power, either in an hydraulic column, or

page_text: by winding on a pulley or drum a chain or rope to raise a weight.
When the signal or switch apparatus is required to be worked the drum
is thrown out of gear by means of a clutch, and by a second clutch it
' is thrown by the same operation into gear with a loose pulling wheel,
and is then pulled round by the weight, and takes with it the loose
pulley, which is secured to and held in tensile with the signals or points
that have to be worked. When the signals or points have been shifted
the drum is detached from the loose pulley, and at the same time
engaged with the clutch on the driving shaft, the signals or switches
are then free to be set back whenever required into their normal
position, and when this is done the loose wheel is by means of a small
weight pulled into its original position, thus serving as a compensation
for the contraction and expansion of the wires caused by the change
of atmosphere.
In order to prevent a pointsman pulling over the facing points whilst
a train is still passing through, I place a locking time apparatus, as, for
example, such as is described in the Specification before mentioned, in
the cabin, or on the line, and which I connect by a rod or chain to the
arm or projection of a treadle fixed alongside of the rail and in front
of the points, and which said treadle is pressed down by every wheel
passing through the points in either direction, whether it be on the
main or branch line, thereby giving a sufficient stroke to wind up the
time apparatus to ensure its going a few seconds longer than the time
which elapses between the passing of each succeeding wheel. In
winding up the said time apparatus the lever rod or the switches
themselves cannot be moved whilst it is going, they being locked, and
remain so till the expiration of the time for which it is reset, which
is effected by every wheel, and they cannot possibly be moved till the
last wheel has passed the points, and a few seconds after them. This
is effected by means of a lock bolt or rotary motion of a shaft with
locking collars or grooves and notches on it, and is allowed to escape
gradually as the apparatus runs down, being timed and controlled by
a fly. In like manner I control alarum or audible signals as applied
in foggy weather.
In changing the position of the levers working the semaphore arms
a needle or other pointed instrument is caused to pierce a hole into a
pre-arranged disc of naner or other suitable material having printed

page_text: upon it a circle, shewing the hours 12 or 24, including the minutes,
half, and quarter minutes. This disc is fixed on to the face of a time-
piece, and moves round as the time goes on. The disc has also several
other concentric circles printed upon it, there being a separate circle
for cach class of train which passes along the line, as, for example,
passenger, goods, fast or slow, special, ordinary, and miscellaneous, a
separate circle for each. Each time that the position of the signal lever
is changed to work the semaphore signal arms the sharp-pointed instru-
ment is caused to pierce the main circle on the dial, so that all trains
are registered in this circle; but if the train is a slow, goods, or mis-
cellaneous train, the fact is registered by the man in charge depressing
a finger key or other instrument, in order to cause the paper disc to be
pierced by another pointed instrument in the proper circle for indicating
that class of train, so in this way the time at which each train has
passed and also the class of train is registered on the paper disc. The
time at which trains have been shunted is also registered in the same
way, and should the signalman not be attentive to the working of his
signals the register paper will serve as a tell-tale against him.
Figure 1 shews a set of signal and switch levers suitable for working
a left-hand junction such as shewn at diagram A; Figure 2 is a cross
section of the same taken at the line A, B, Figure 1; Figure 3 shews
separately the lever h, and Figure 4 the lever i; Figure 5 shews the
lever e separately; Figure 6 shews a plan view of the axis c, and of
the tubes and arms carried by it. The work to be done by cach
lever is marked upon the Drawings.
Each of the levers has arcs or
quadrants b, b, formed on or secured to them; c is the bar or axis
mounted in bearings and carrying tubes d, d³, d², d³, d', do, having
upon them arms, cams, or projections d*, to work against the arcs or
quadrants and into recesses formed in them, and other arms, cams,
or projections to work in conjunction with bolts linked or coupled as
shewn by the Drawings to the draw bars or spring catch bolts of the
working levers. At one end the rocking shaft c has also an arm or
projection c¹ upon it.
Supposing the levers all to be in their normal position, and the
lever a to be pulled over to allow of a train passing on the down main
line, the act of releasing the draw bar of the lever a forces down the
bolt which is coupled to it, and by its acting on one of the arms d*

page_text: turns the tube d, and brings another arm d* against the end of a bolt
coupled as shown to the draw bar of the lever b, and thereby locks
this lever. In a similar manner if the levers are all in their normal
position, and if the lever is pulled over it opens the points b, and turns
the tube d in the opposite direction, and also the tube d. The tube d
by the stud x upon it carries with it the axis c, and this by the arm c¹
at its end carries with it the tube d', and a stud on d carries with it
the tube d³, and thereby locks all the signals. If the lever c be pulled
over it turns the tubes d¹, №³, and thereby locks the levers b and d, and
also the other levers which are required to be locked when d is in its
normal position. If the lever d be pulled over, it. opens the facing
points and turns the tubes d² and d³, and thereby locks the lever c,
and unlocks e and f. After d has been pulled over, e is at liberty to
be pulled over, and by turning ďd locks lever d in back gear as shewn
at Figure 2. After d has been pulled over f is at liberty to be pulled
to open communication with the branch. This also in a similar manner
turns d³, locks d in back gear, and by also turning d' unlocks g the
branch semaphore. When g is pulled over it lowers the junction signals
and by turning d* and d³, locks fin back gear and unlocks h. When h
is pulled over which lowers the up-distance branch by turning &;
g is similarly locked in back gear. When d, f, g, h, are returned to
their normal position either i or j are free to be pulled over and when
pulled over they turn the tube d*, and lock f.
Figure 7 shews a front elevation, and Figure 8 a horizontal section of
part of a machine, and shewing how arms or projections d* carried on
tubes or axes mounted on vertical or slanting studs or standards k may
be similarly adapted for working with the quadrants on the switch and
signal levers.
Figure 9 shews an end clevation of a pair of levers, and represents
how the levers may be formed with a number of quadrants, and having
a number of rocking shafts c working therewith, as might be required
in large stations or where several junctions come together.
Figures 10 and 11 shew a system of switch and signal levers suitable
for an intermediate station where thero is a cross-over road and sidings
on each side of the line. The two outer levers at each end are signal
levers, the others are switch levers. The centre or cross-over road lever
locks all the signal levers, and vice versa; and on either side of the

page_text: centre lever the switch and signal levers lock and unlock each other.
The locking axis (which is divided into two parts at the centre) has
projections on it, which enter corresponding notches in the arcs of the
levers. When the levers are all in their normal position each projection
has a notch opposite to it, and the axis is free to rock, but as soon as a
lever is moved the axis is no longer free, and stops upon it prevent the
bolts of the levers which are to be held from being drawn out of the
boat holes.
Figures 12 shew the locking axis and the projections and stops.
upon it.
Figure 13 shews another way in which quadrants can be secured to
switch and signal levers, and is specially adapted for applying my
system to existing switch and signal apparatus.
At Figures 9 and 4 is shewn how apparatus is to be applied to the
self-locked levers to unlock them from a distance. A sliding rod m
connected with the lever has a catch on it passing through a slot in a
disc n moved from the distance by electricity or compressed air. Until
the disc is properly placed the catch cannot pass, and the lever is locked.
The catch yields with a spring, and opposes no resistance to the motion
of the lever in the contrary direction; or a slide acting on the lever bolt
may be substituted for the disc, and be worked by means of air under
pressure, as shewn at Figure 14.
In Figures 15 and 16 the apparatus is shewn through which the
levers act on signals at a distance. Two chains or cords pass to the
signal and are then attached to the two ends of a lever. The chains
or cords are attached to a wheel which is turned by the signal lever.
The wheel is mounted on a slide and a weight connected with it keeps
the chains or cords tight. Another chain or cord attached to the main
chain or cord passes round a pulley on the slide and so to an indication
which repeats the signal in sight of the signal man. The expansion or
contraction of the chains and cords or wire will not interfere with the
action of the apparatus.
Figures 17 and 18 shew a similar arrangement with one cord or chain.
The axis on the slide is turned by the signal lever and acts first to lock
the slide wherever it may be, and then the pull on the chain or cord
moves the signal.

page_text: Figures 19 shew the hydraulic apparatus I use to move the levers
when considerable force is required. The passing trains acting on a
treadle pump water into an accumulator from which the ram is supplied.
Each lever is connected with a rocker o having two pushers p, p, jointed
to it, and one or other of these is brought into position for the ram q
to act on it according to the direction in which it is desired to move
the rocker and gives motion to the rods which lead to the signals or
switches.
Figure 20 shews the apparatus by which the point lever is locked
so long as a train is passing and for some seconds after. A treadle on
which the wheels of the train act turns an axis and winds up a weight.
The weight causes the axis to return, but at the same time through a
ratchet it is compelled to drive a fly so that the return takes place
slowly. A notched disc on the axis retains the locking bolt of the lever
until the return of the axis and weight.
Figures 14 shew a part of the disc of paper which records the
movements of the levers shewn in Figure 1; the paper is carried by a
clock, and pins moved by the levers prick holes in it. There are other
prickers under the control of the signalman by which he can indicate
the kind of train which passes either fast or slow, goods or passengers,
and the time taken up by the shunting of any train; it also acts as a
tell-tale against the man, should he neglect to work the signal or
semaphore arms for every train which passes.
Having thus described the nature of my Invention and the manner
of performing the same, I would have it understood that what I
claim is,―
1. The combined arrangements of mechanism for controlling the
unlocking of the draw or catch bars of switch and signal levers, sub-
stantially as herein described.
2. The combined arrangements for controlling from a distance the
unlocking of the draw or catch bars of signals, substantially as herein
described and illustrated at Figures 9 and 14.
3. The combined arrangements for transmitting motion from signal
levers to signals at a distance, substantially as herein described and
illustrated at Figures 15, 16, 17, and 18.

page_text: 4. The combined arrangement substantially as herein described and
illustrated at Figures 19 for actuating switch and signal levers when
considerable force is required.
5. The combined arrangement by which a switch lever is locked so
long as a train is passing over the points, and for some seconds after,
substantially as herein described and illustrated at Figure 20.
6. The combined arrangement of apparatus for recording the move-
ments of switch and signal levers, and the passing and shunting of
trains, substantially as herein described and illustrated at Figure 21.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Baines, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Twenty-first day of September in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-one.