IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF HOOPS AND TYRES FOR RAIL- WAY WHEELS AND OTHER PURPOSES, AND IN THE MACHINERY EMPLOYED THEREIN
Year: 1863

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Peter Rothwell Jackson, of the Rolling Mills,
Salford, in the County of Lancaster, Engineer, for the Invention of
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF HOOPS AND TYRES FOR RAIL-
WAY WHEELS AND OTHER PURPOSES, AND IN THE MACHINERY EMPLOYED
THEREIN."
Sealed the 31st March 1864, and dated the 12th October 1863.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Peter Rothwell Jackson
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
12th October 1863.
I, PETER ROTHWELL JACKSON, of the Rolling Mills, Salford, in the
County of Lancaster, Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF HOOPS AND TYRES FOR
RAILWAY WHEELS AND OTHER PURPOSES, AND IN THE MACHINERY EMPLOYED
THEREIN," to be as follows:-
My Invention is applicable to iron and steel hoops and tyres, and it
consists in casting the cylindrical shell of which the bloom is made of
considerably greater breadth, say, for instance, three or four times broader
than the bloom itself. I prefer to cast this shell in a mould so arranged
and constructed as to be able to move one part of the mould by hydraulic
or other power or the purpose of compressing the shell while in the mould,
or the shell is compressed to reduce it to the requisite breadth of the bloom:
by passing between rollers, or by steam or other hammers, or by hydraulic
or other pressure.

page_text: The annular bloom thus prepared is rolled into a hoop or tyre of the requisite
diameter and section by the machinery described in the Provisional Specifica-
tion of Letters Patent applied for by me on the Twenty-second of July, One
thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, No. 1832, or by any other suitable
machinery.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Peter Rothwell Jackson in the Great Seal Patent Office on
the 12th April 1864.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, PETER
ROTHWELL JACKSON, of the Rolling Mills, Salford, in the County of Lancaster,
Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twelfth day of October, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, in the twenty-seventh
year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant
unto me, the said Peter Rothwell Jackson, Her special license that I, the
said Peter Rothwell Jackson, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or
such others as I, the said Peter Rothwell Jackson, my executors, adminis-
trators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time
to time and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should
and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of
Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF HOOPS AND
TYRES FOR RAILWAY WHEELS AND OTHER PURPOSES, AND IN THE MACHINERY
EMPLOYED THEREIN," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said
Peter Rothwell Jackson, my executors or administrators, by an instru-
ment in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals,
should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention,
and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to
be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next
and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Peter Rothwell Jackson, do hereby
declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement (that is to say):-
My Invention is applicable to steel and iron hoops and, tyres for railway

page_text: wheels and other purposes, and it consists in manufacturing such hoops and
tyres by casting the cylindrical bloom of which the hoop or tyre is made very
considerably broader than the finished hoop or tyre, and of a proportionately
smaller diameter, in order the better to consolidate the metal and render it
more durable by the concussion or pressure to which it is subjected. My
Invention also consists in the machinery employed in manufacturing such hoops
and tyres.
And in order that my Invention may be fully understood, I will proceed to
describe the accompanying Sheet of Drawings, in which Figure 1 is an eleva-
tion of part of my improved machinery.
a represents the cylinder of a hydraulic press, and 6 the ram, the upper part
of which is covered with fire-clay or loam and fits within the mould c formed of
a hooped casing or solid, or it may be bolted together in parts; the top of
the mould is formed by the top d of the press, and the molten metal is run
into the mould, through a hole in the top d; as soon as the metal is
in the mould the hole through the top d is filled up with sand or other
suitable substance, and the top of the hole is closed by the swivel plate e ;
the pressure is then applied to the ram 6 for consolidating the metal in the
mould. The bloom or ingot thus produced is removed from the press with
the mould, and after being taken out of the mould and any unsound portion
of top removed, it is hammered on the circumference to condense the metal in
the usual manner when forging shafts. When the metal is partly condensed by
hammering on the circumference, the bloom or ingot is hammered at the ends
to reduce it in length; the hammering on the circumference is then repeated,
and the operations proceed alternately until the bloom or ingot bas attained
the shape of a cheese. When the hammering is completed a hole is punched
through the bloom by hydraulic pressure or otherwise, or. cut out in a lathe to
convert the solid blank into a thick hoop, which is then enlarged in diameter
by hammering it on a mandril or otherwise. It is evident that the bloom can
be reheated when required after each or any of the operations above described.
When the hoop is sufficiently enlarged it is rolled into a hoop or tyre of the
requisite diameter and section by the machinery described in the Specification
of Letters Patent granted to me on the Twenty-second day of July, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, Number 1882, or by
any other suitable machinery.
I wish to observe that instead of operating with hammers on the bloom or
ingot I can make use of one or two hydraulic presses to reduce the bloom in
breadth, or to give the compression endwise, and instead of casting the bloom

page_text: I
or ingot in the press as shewn in Figure 1 it may be cast in a mould or chill
of the ordinary construction.
The foregoing description illustrates the mode of operating upon solid
cylindrical blooms, but when the hoops or tyres are produced from cylindrical
shells, I run the molten steel or iron into a loam mould or chill, to which
a rotary motion is or may be given to prevent injury to the mould or chill
and to distribute the metal evenly therein, or the shell may be cast in the
press by fixing a core of loam or pipe-clay into the upper end of the ram,
as shewn by dotted lines in Figure 1. This shell may then be consolidated by
hydraulic pressure, as above described, and then, after removing the unsound
part, it can also be condensed by hammering on a mandril, and it is after-
wards reduced to the requisite breadth of the hoop or tyre by hammering,
rolling, or by hydraulic or other pressure. In casting these shells detached
from the press, I make the core or interior of the mould as above described
of fire clay, or of a taper metal bar covered with loam, or of sheet iron as
shewn in Figure 2, the metal plate forming the foundation of the core
overlapping at the edges; this plate is covered with loam, which may be
combined with hay or other suitable materials, as in making the usual cores
for pipes.
By this last means an elastic core may be made which will
yield to the contraction of the shell cast upon it. In manufacturing hoops
and tyres from cylindrical shells, the hole in the bloom when reduced in
breadth will possibly require to be enlarged by hammering or otherwise,
as above described, previous to being rolled to the requisite diameter and
section.
In witness whereof, I, the said Peter Rothwell Jackson, have hereto
set my hand and seal, this Eleventh day of April, One thousand eight