IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CEMENTS, CONCRETES, AND ARTIFICIAL STONE
Year: 1866

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John James Bodmer, of Newport, in the County of
Monmouth, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF
CEMENTS, CONCRETES, AND ARTIFICIAL STONE."
Sealed the 25th January, 1867, and dated the 31st July 1866.
PE
ONAL SPE
Bodmer
GATION left by the said John James
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
31st July 1866.
I, JOHN JAMES BODMER, of Newport, in the County of Monmouth, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
MANUFACTURE OF CEMENTS, CONCRETES, AND ARTIFICIAL STONE," to be as follows:-
My Invention consists, firstly, in a novel & improved method of manu-
facturing cement, by mixing together slag, cinder, or scoriae from. blast
furnaces, copper smelting and other furnaces, reduced to fine powder, with
slaked & finely powdered lime in a dry state; & also by mixing and
grinding together in a dry state such slag, cinder, or scoriae, as above named
with slaked lime. The proportions of the mixture depend upon the nature of
Price 8d1

page_text: the materials, but seven parts by weight of blast furnace slag with one part
of slaked lime give a very good result.
Secondly, in a novel & improved method of manufacturing what I shall call
concrete cement, & which 1 form by simply mixing or by mixing and grinding
together slag, cinder, or scoriae as above named with unslaked line. The
proportions of this mixture again depend upon the nature of the materials
employed, & on the object to which the concrete cement is to be applied.
The above given proportion will likewise for a good concrete cement.
Thirdly, in the manufacture of an artificial slag or artificial puzzolano,
to be mixed instead of or as a substitute for slag, cinder, or scoriae as above
named, & in subsequently mixing or mixing & grinding fogether the said
artificial slag or puzzolano with slaked or unslaked lime, as above described.
This artificial slag or puzzolano is produced in different ways; for instance,
1 take a certain quantity, of slag, cinder, or scoriae, & mix & smelt the same,
together with such proportions of silicious, argillaceous, or other matter as
may be necessary for producing a desired combination; or, such silicious,
argillaceous, or other materials may be smelted together without the addition
of slag, cinder, or scoriae, and when subsequently mixed in a powdered state,
or mixed & ground together with slaked or unslaked line, form a cement or
concrete cement. For smelting the above-named artificial slag or puzzolano,
with or without furnace slag, cinder, or scoriae, limestone; or lime, or other
calcareous matter may be added either for the purpose of facilitating the
smelting or with a view to the composition of the artificial slag or puzzolano.
The cements made as herein described offer most important advantages over
those manufactured in kilns in the ordinary way, such as Portland, Roman,
& other cements; for instance, whilst the named cements must be allowed
to cool before being used, the herein-described cements can be used at once
with perfect safety; and again, whilst it is well known that Portland, Roman,
& other similar cements are under certain conditions apt to swell, crack, or
burst for a considerable time after being used, & that the regulating of these
influences or conditions is not wholly under the control of the maker or
manufacturer, the herein-described cements are perfectly safe & not liable to
crack or burst.
Fourthly, in certain processes for treatingthe slag, cinder, or scoriae, whereby
the silica & other component parts therein become liberated from their bases
& free to enter into new combinations with certain materials subsequently
brought into contact with them or mixed with them. In the manufacture of
this preparation I proceed as follows:-Ground slag, cinder, or scoriae is
mixed in certain proportions with acid (in preference sulphuric acid); this

page_text: will on completion of the process yield a nearly dry powder, to which water
may subsequently be added & agitated with it; the mixture will heat up,
& on cooling form a gelatinous mass; or the required quantity of water
may at once be added to the acid & cinder, when in proportion to the
quantity of water used a more or less liquid gelatinous mass will form.
Fifthly, in using the component parts of slag, cinder, or scoriae which are
liberated from their bases by the above described process in a dry, gelatinous,
or diluted state, & applying the same for indurating natural or artificial
stone, for cements, plaster, & other compositions. The slag, cinder, or scoriae
employed in the manufacture of cements, concrete cements, & the liberated
silica & other component parts may be crushed & ground in the ordinary
manner; but I prefer to use the so-called "blown cinder," as described in
the Specifications of G, Parry's Patent, No. 476, dated 25th Feby. 1864, or
the rolled cinder described in the Specifications of my Patent, No. 1041,
12th April 1866.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters l'atent, filed
by the said John James Bodmer in the Great Seal Patent Office on
the 31st January 1867.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHN
JAMES BODMER, of Newport, in the County of Monmouth, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Thirty-first day of July, in the year of our Lord One
thousand, eight hundred and sixty-six, in the thirtieth year of Her reign,
did for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said
John James Bodmer, Her special licence that I, the said John James
Bodmer, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the
said John James Bodmer, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should
at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times
thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might
make use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CEMENTS, CONCRETES, AND ARTIFICIAL
STONE," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said John James
Bodmer, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under
my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and
ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same

page_text: was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent
Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the
said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said John James Bodmer, do hereby
declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is
to be. performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement:-
My Invention firstly relates to and consists in the use of slag, cinder, or
scoria from blast furnaces, copper smelting and other furnaces, for the
manufacture of a certain class of cements by mixing, amalgamating, and
incorporating such slag, cinder, or scoria, with lime, and without subjecting
the mixed slag and lime to heat in kilns or furnaces. One description of this
class of cements is produced by mixing and amalgamating the slag reduced to
an impalpable powder with slaked or hydrated lime, likewise in a fine powder,
in such proportion as the nature of the slag, and the lime employed, and the
use to which the cement is to be applied may render necessary; this cement
may also be produced by using slag in a more or less subdivided state, for
instance, like gravel or sand, or in the form of scale, and mixing with it in
the required proportion the slaked or hydrated lime, and then passing this
mixture or compound through grinding apparatus, bywhich the two substances
will be thoroughly incorporated and formed into an impalpable powder.
Another mode of preparing this cement is by mixing the slag with unslaked
or fresh lime in the required proportion, allowing the lime to slake whilst
being mixed with the slag, cinder, or scoria, and by subsequently treating the
same as described. To give an idea of the proportion in which the slag and
lime can be used, I may say that seven parts by weight of slag, mixed and
amalgamated with one part by weight of lime form an excellent slow setting
cement, especially suitable for what is termed rendering walls for stucco work,
for making concretes, and for other purposes.
66
My Invention consists, secondly, in producing a cement which 1 call
concrete cement," and which is made of the same materials as the cement
above described, with this difference, that the lime is used in its caustic or
unslaked state. The manipulation in preparing this cement is precisely as
above described. This class of cement is principally intended for forming
concrete.
My Invention consists, thirdly, in the manufacture and use of an artificial
slag to be mixed and incorporated with lime as above named, instead of or as
a substitute for slag, cinder, or scoria; this artificial slag may be produced in
different ways; for instance I mix and smelt together such proportions of

page_text: silicious and argillaceous or such silicious, argillaceous, and calcareous mate-
rials (without the addition of slag, cinder, or scoria), which when subsequently
amalgamated with either slaked or unslaked lime, as above described, will
produce the desired cement or concrete cement; or I take a certain quantity
of slag, cinder, or scoria, and mix and smelt the same, together with such
proportions of silicious and argillaceous matter, with or without calcareous
flux, as may be desirable for producing the required combination, & which is
afterwards incorporated with lime in the manner described.
My Invention consists, fourthly, in the manufacture of a cement by mixing
together slag, cinder, or scoria, whether artificial or from furnaces, with a
certain proportion of lime or calcareous matter and with or without alumina;
this mixture or compound in a disintegrated state, or after having been
formed into lumps or bricks, is calcined and subsequently ground.
My Invention consists, fifthly, in the manufacture of a cement by adding
to slag, cinder, or scoria, as it flows from a furnace, as, for instance, from a
blast furnace, lime or calcareous matter, with or without alumina, in certain
proportions, as the nature of the slag, cinder, or scoria may require. The
said substances in a subdivided state may be fed on to the flowing slag (the
latter running direct from a furnace or from a ladle or other vessel). The
stream may then be made to flow either direct or through rolls (as described
in the Specification of Letters Patent granted to me on the 12th day of April
1866, No. 1041) into a convenient furnace, or crucible, or other vessel, in
which the mass will be heated to the required extent for forming it into
cement; from this furnace, crucible, or vessel the material may again be
passed through rolls and subsequently ground. Instead of the calcareous or
other substances being fed on to the flowing slag the said substances and the
slag may be fed separately, but simultaneously, into a furnace to be sub-
sequently treated as described; or a sufficient quantity of calcareous or
calcareous and aluminous materials for a certain quantity of cement may
previously be poured into a furnace, crucible, or vessel, the liquid slag being
added, and the whole being subsequently treated as described.
My Invention consists, sixthly, in certain processes for treating the slag,
cinder, or scoria whereby the silica and other component parts therein become
liberated from their bases and free to enter into new combinations. One
mode of effecting this is as follows:-To 1 cwt. of ground slag, cinder,
or scoria may be added 3 to 4 gallons of acid, in preference sulphuric acid;
this will, after having been well agitated, yield a nearly dry powder, to which
water may subsequently be added and again agitated with it; the mixture
will heat up, and on cooling form a gelatinous mass; or the required

page_text: quantity of water may at once be added to the acid and cinder, when in.pro-
portion to the quantity of water used a more or less liquid gelatinous mass
will form; this mass, whether in a dry, gelatinous, or diluted state, may be
applied for indurating natural or artificial stone, for cements, plaster, and other
compositions.
For reducing or disintegrating the slag used in any of the above processes
I prefer the mode described in the Specification of my above-mentioned
Letters Patent No. 1041, of the year 1866.
Having now described the nature of my said Invention, and the manner
in which the same may be carried into effect, I wish it to be understood
that what I claim as the Invention to be secured to me by the herein-before
in part recited Letters Patent is,-
Firstly. The application of slag, cinder, or scoria, either prepared for the
purpose or as obtained from blast furnaces or other furnaces, in the manu-
facture of cement, and the several modes or processes employed in the
preparation of cement, substantially as herein-before described.
Secondly. The application of slag, cinder, or scoria, either prepared for the
purpose or obtained from blast furnaces or other furnaces, treated with acid,
as herein-before described, in a dry, gelatinous, or diluted state, to hardening
or cementing purposes.
In witness whereof, I, the said John James Bodmer, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Thirtieth day of January, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven.
J. J. BODMER. (L.S.)