IMPROVEMENTS IN FINISHING FIBROUS AND TEXTILE FABRICS, AND IN THE THE MACHINERY OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREFOR
Year: 1869

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Samuel Read, of No. 166, Buchanan Street,
Glasgow, in the County of Lanark, North Britain, for the Invention
of "IMPROVEMENTS IN FINISHING FIBROUS AND TEXTILE FABRICS, AND IN THE
Sealed the 1st January 1870, and dated the 10th July 1869.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Samuel Read at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
10th July 1869.
I, SAMUEL READ, of No. 166, Buchanan Street, Glasgow, in the
County of Lanark, North Britain, do hereby declare the nature of
the said Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN FINISHING FIBROUS AND TEXTILE
FABRICS, AND IN THE MACHINERY OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREFOR." to be as
follows, that is to say:-
The first part of this Invention relates to arranging the glazing rollers
or rolls (herein-after called rolls) of calenders for glazing fibrous and
textile fabrics, including the various sorts of paper, so that they are
acted upon by two or more pressure rolls, thus enabling the fabric to be

page_text: glazed at two or more points simultaneously by one glazing roll, also
with or without employing a requisite number of separating rolls for
the purpose of keeping the endless travelling web, which is employed in
this arrangement, out of contact with the paper at the spaces between
the pressure rolls. The pressure rolls instead of being used as such may
be used merely as carrying rolls for the endless webs, and for varying
the tension of the endless webs upon the glazing rolls.
The second part of the Invention consists in using drying rolls, so
that they at the same time constitute glazing rolls, in this way avoiding
the necessity of using so many separate drying and glazing rolls.
The third part of the Invention consists in employing in glazing
calenders pressure rolls coated with india-rubber, vulcanised or not,
this india-rubber being again covered with either woven or unwoven
fabrics, such as linen, cotton, paper, or a combination of either; which
fabrics are also treated with india-rubber, and by which they are caused
to adhere to the body of the roll, after which the coating may or may
not be vulcanised. After the vulcanised or non-vulcanised covering is
put on the pressure roll, the outer surface may or may not be treated,
first, with an acid, and afterwards with an alkali, for the purpose of
changing the surface into a material similar in nature to vegetable
parchment, but if so treated in place of changing the fabric after it is
put upon the roll, this may be done before being put on the roll, either
before or after the india-rubber is applied to the fabric.
The fourth part of this Invention relates to coating the endless
travelling woven or unwoven webs of glazing calenders with vulcanised
or non-vulcanised india-rubber, which is again covered with linen, cotton,
paper, or a combination of either, this covering being again vulcanised
or not, and thereafter may or may not be treated with an acid and alkali
as in the case of the pressure rolls herein-before referred to, but if so
treated in place of changing the fabric after it is put upon the endless
web this may be effected before being put upon the endless web, either
before or after the rubber is put upon the fabric, as in the case of the
pressure rolls herein-before referred to.
The fifth part of this Invention relates the employment in pressure
and glazing calenders other than that for which Letters Patent were
granted to me, bearing date the 7th day of February 1868, of endless
travelling woven or unwoven webs whose surface may or may not be
coated with gelatinous, glutinous, or albuminous substances, either alone

page_text: or combined with other substances, such as china clay, pearl hardening,
talc, or other similar substance, for the purpose of forming a smooth of
level surface on and also for filling up the pores in the endless web.
3:3
The sixth part of this Invention relates to the employment in calenders.
other than that for which Letters Patent were granted to me, as above
set forth, of rolls covered with woven or unwoven fabrics whose surfaces.
may or may not be coated with gelatinous, glutinous, or albuminous
substances, either alone or combined with 'other substances, such as
china clay, pearl hardening, talc, or other 'similar substance, for the
purpose of torming a smooth or level surface on and also for filling up.
the pores in the covering of the rolls.
:.. .
The seventh part of this Invention relates to the employment in
pressure and glazing calenders in which the rolls are of small size of a
covering of any kind of parchment, vellum, skins, or leather, which may'
be made to adhere to the surface of the roll, by treating which with a
layer of rubber, which may thereafter be vulcanised or not...
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Samuel Read in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 10th January 1870.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, SAMUEL
READ, of No. 166, Buchanan Street, Glasgow, in the County of Lanark,
North Britain, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria; by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Tenth day of July, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-nine, in the 33d
year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give
and grant unto me, the said Samuel Read, Her special license that
I, the said Samuel Read, my executors, administrators, and assigns,
or such others as I, the said Samuel Read, my executors, adminis-
trators, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others,
from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term therein
expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend,
within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel
Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN FINISHING,
FIBROUS AND TEXTILE FABRIOS, AND IN THE MACHINERY OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED

page_text: THEREFOR," upon the cond tion (amongst others) that I, the said Samuel
Read, by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal, should
particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention,
and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the
same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Samuel Read, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement, reference being had to the accompanying Drawings,
and to the letters and figures marked thereon, that is to say:-
The first part of this Invention relates to arranging the glazing rollers
or rolls (hereinafter called rolls) of calenders for glazing fibrous and
textile fabrics, including the various sorts of paper, so that they are acted
upon by two or more pressure rolls, thus enabling the fabric to be glazed
at two or more points simultaneously by one glazing roll, also with or
without employing a requisite number of separating rolls for the purpose
of keeping the endless travelling web, which is employed in this arrange-
ment, out of contact with the paper at the spaces between the pressure
rolls. The pressure rolls instead of being used as such may be used
merely as carrying rolls for the endless webs, and for varying the tension
of the endless webs upon the glazing rolls.
The second part of the Invention consists in using drying rolls, so that
they at the same time constitute glazing rolls, in this way avoiding the
necessity of using so many separate drying and glazing rolls.
The third part of the Invention consists in employing in glazing
calenders pressure rolls coated with india-rubber, vulcanised or not, this
india-rubber being again covered with either woven or unwoven fabrics,
such as linen, cotton, paper, or a combination of either, which fabrics
are also treated with india-rubber, and by which they are caused to
adhere to the body of the roll, after which the coating may or may not
be vulcanised. After the vulcanised or non-vulcanised covering is put
on the pressure roll the outer surface may or may not be treated first
with an acid and afterwards with an alkali for the purpose of changing
the surface into a material similar in nature to vegetable parchment, but
if so treated in place of changing the fabric after it is put upon the roll,
this may be done before being put on the roll, either before or after the
india-rubber is applied to the fabric.

page_text: The fourth part of this Invention relates to coating the endless
travelling woven or unwoven webs of glazing calenders with vulcanised
or non-vulcanised india-rubber, which is again covered with linen,
cotton, paper, or a combination of either, this covering being again
vulcanised or not, and thereafter may or may not be treated with. an
acid and alkali, as in the case of the pressure rolls herein-before referred
to; but if so treated in place of changing the fabric after it is put upon
the endless web, this may be effected before being put upon the endless
web, either before or after the rubber is put upon the fabric, as in the
case of the pressure rolls herein-before referred to.
The fifth part of this Invention relates to the employment in pressure
and glazing calenders other than that for which Letters Patent were
granted to me, bearing date the 7th day of February 1868, of endless
travelling woven or unwoven webs, whose surface may or may not be
coated with gelatinous, glutinous, or albuminous substances, either
alone or combined with other substances, such as china clay, pearl
hardening, talc, or other similar substance, for the purpose of forming a
smooth or level surface on and also for filling up the pores in the
endless web.
The sixth part of this Invention relates to the employment in
calenders other than that for which Letters Patent were granted to
me, as above set forth, of rolls covered with woven or unwoven fabrics
whose surfaces may or may not be coated with gelatinous, glutinous, or
albuminous substances, either alone or combined with other substances,
such as china clay, pearl hardening, talc, or other similar substance for
the purpose of forming a smooth or level surface on and also for filling
the pores in the covering of the rolls.
up
The seventh part of this Invention relates to the employment in
pressure and glazing calenders in which the rolls are of small size of a
covering of any kind of parchment, vellum, skins, or leather, which may
be made to adhere to the surface of the roll previously covered with a
layer of india-rubber, vulcanised or not, the parchment, vellum, skins, or
leather being treated with india-rubber so as to adhere to the surface of
the rolls, and after adhering the india-rubber coating of the parchment,
vellum, skins, or leather may be vulcanised or not, or both coatings of
india-rubber may thus be vulcanised simultaneously.
And in order that my said Invention may be properly understood, I
how proceed more particularly to set forth the system, mode, or manner

page_text: in or under which the same is or may be used or practically carried into
effect, that is to say:-
On Sheet 1 of the appended Drawings are shown, in side elevations,
two sets of glazing rolls of calenders for glazing fibrous and textile
fabrics arranged in accordance with my present Invention; and on
Sheet 2 is shown a front elevation of one set of the said glazing rolls.
On the different Sheets and on the different sets of rolls corresponding
parts are indicated by the same letters of reference.
:
The machine consists of the main framings marked A, A, which carry
the bearings of the different rolls herein-after described. Above and
beneath the glazing rolls B, B, supported by the framings A, A, pressure
rolls C, C', are arranged, as shown in the Drawings, the pressure on
which rolls are regulated by means of the screws D, actuated by the
tangent screws E gearing into the worm wheels X, the screws E being
actuated by the hand wheel F; or the rolls C, C', may simply be employed
as carrying rolls for the endles travelling webs or felts G, G, by relieving
the pressure on them, and thereby keeping them out of contact with the
glazing rolls B, B; or by means of the screws D, worms E, and hand
wheels F herein-before described the rolls C, C', may be used as tension
rolls for the endless traversing webs or felts G, G. Moist or anhydrous
heat is admitted to the interior of the glazing rolls B, B, by the pipes H.
furnished with stop-cocks I, thus constituting the rolls B, B, combined
glazing and drying rolls. Cold water or other cooling liquid is supplied
to the pressure rolls C, C¹, by the pipes J, also furnished with stop-
cocks K, in order to cool the endless web or felts G, G, passing over
them when necessary. The rolls C, C', are actuated by cone pulleys L
(seen only on Sheet 2) through the intervention of the shafts M and
spur wheels N, which gear into corresponding wheels O on the ends of
the rolls C, C', seen particularly on Sheet 2, and in dotted circles on
Sheet 1. The glazing rolls B are actuated in a similar manner to the
pressure rolls C, C¹, and when glazing they are caused to rotate with a
greater circumferential velocity than the pressure rolls C, C', thus glazing
the paper or other fabric being operated upon, the extent of this glazing
action being regulated by means of the cone pulleys P driving the pinion
which gears into the wheel which drives the rolls. By means of these
cone pulleys, which are of such size that their slowest speed gives the
same circumferential velocity as the rolls C, C', the rolls B, B may be
made to act as pressure rolls only. In lieu of employing cone pulleys,

page_text: as shown in the appended Drawings, step pulleys, frictional or wheel
gearing, or other suitable mechanical contrivance may be used. The
speed of the endless travelling webs or felts G, G, (which must be in
unison with the speed of the paper making or other machine where
the calender is used attached to such machine is regulated by the
rolls W, W, which rolls are adjustable by means of the screws Q actuated
by the hand wheels R. The rolls W, W, are rotated by spur wheels
attached to their ends, which gear into the spur wheels N herein-before
set forth, the position of which wheels are shown in dotted circles on
Sheet 1 of the Drawings. The journals of the rolls W, W, are made
hollow, in order, if necessary, to pass cold water or other cooling medium
through the rolls, so that the endless webs G, G, passing over them may
be kept cool. In order to prevent the endless webs G, G, from coming
in contact with the back of the glazing rolls B, B, carrying rolls S, S,
are attached to the framings A, A, over which the endless webs G, G,
pass, as shown in the Drawings. The webs G, G, also pass over
stretching rolls T, T, which rolls regulate the tension on the webs by
means of the screws and hand wheels and V respectively. The
endless travelling webs G, G, are also caused to pass over and under
guide rolls Y actuated by screws and hand wheels, as shown, in order to
insure greater steadiness of travel. The paper or other fabric to be
operated upon enters the calender at the point a, and having passed
over and under any required number of carrying rolls it is led under and
round the roll C' and between it and the glazing roll B, thence with the
travelling web or felt G round the carrying roll S, and between the upper
side of the glazing roll B and under side of the roll C, thus twice glazing
the under side of the paper or other fabric being operated upon. The
paper or other fabric then passes in the direction of the arrow to the top
of the endless travelling web or felt G of the second set of rolls, round
the under side of the roll C and upper side of the second glazing roll B
with the travelling web round the carrying roll S, and between the
under side of the glazing roll B and upper side of the roll C', thus twice
glazing the upper side of the paper or other fabric being operated upon,
which is then led from the calender to the reel or cutting machine in
the direction of the arrow, as shown. In place of making the paper or
other fabric being operated on pass round the carrying rolls S separate
carrying rolls may be provided, so that it may travel at that part of each
set of rolls out of contact with the endless webs G; or carrying rolls
may be dispensed with, in which case the endless webs would be in

page_text: contact with the glazing rolls B over a larger part of their circum-
ference, and the fabric when being glazed would therefore in this case
also be in contact with a larger part of the surface of the glazing rolls B.
In lieu of arranging the two sets of rolls C, C', as shown on Sheet 1 of
the appended Drawings, that is, with the part of each set of rolls C, C',
which is covered by the endless travelling webs or felts G, G, turned in
the direction of the reel or cutting machine, they may be placed front
to front, or they may be arranged one set above the other, or with the
parts of the rolls C and C' of the first set covered by the endless
travelling web or felt G turned upwards, and the like parts of the
rolls C and C¹ of the second set turned downwards, or the rolls may be
arranged in any other suitable manner, it being understood that I do not
confine myself to any particular method of arranging the different sets
of rolls. In lieu of employing two sets of rolls, as herein-before set
forth, one set may be used when such is sufficient to perform the work
required. The rolls may be used either in single or double sets for sheet
glazing instead of continuous web glazing as herein-before described,
and the rolls, as shown on Sheet 1 of the appended Drawings, may be
employed to glaze one side only of the paper or other fabric by causing
it to pass from the upper side of the glazing roll B of the first set under
and round the roll C' of the second set of rolls, and between the upper
side of the said roll C¹ and the under side of the glazing roll B of the
second set of rolls, thence under and round the carrying roll S with tho
endless travelling web or felt. G, and between the upper side of the glazing
roll B and under side of the pressure roll C, after which it is led from
the calender in the manner herein-before set forth. It is to be under-
stood that the chemical process of treating the surface of rolls or endless
webs with an acid or alkali does not of itself constitute any part of my
present Invention.
Having now described the nature of my said Invention, and the system,
:node, or manner in or under which the same is or may be used or
practically carried into effect, I would observe in conclusion that what I
consider novel and original, and therefore claim as the Invention secured
to me by the herein-before in part recited Letters Patent is,―
First. The employment of an endless web arranged so that it con-
stitutes an elastic medium situated between one glazing roll and two
or more pressure or carrying rolls in either of the systems or modes
herein-before described,

page_text: Second. The employment of the drying cylinders or rolls of paper-
making machines so as to glaze the fabric passing over them, substantially
as herein-before described.
Third. The employment of pressure rolls as well as endless travelling
webs in glazing calenders having their surfaces coated and treated
as herein-before described under the third and fourth heads of my
Invention.
Fourth. The employment in pressure and glazing calenders of endless
travelling webs and pressure rolls having their surfaces treated as herein-
before described under the fifth and sixth heads of my Invention.
Fifth. The covering or coating of the rolls of calenders with parchment,
vellum, skins, or leather in the manner herein-before described with
reference to the seventh head of my Invention.
In witness whereof, I, the said Samuel Read, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Sixth day of January Eighteen hundred
and sixty-nine.
SAMUEL READ. (L.S.)