IMPROVEMENT OR IMPROVEMENTS ON APPARATUS FOR COOLING AND HEATING FLUIDS
Year: 1826

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JAMES
YANDELL, of Cross Street, in the District of Saint John, Waterloo, in the
County of Surry, Private Person, send greeting.
WHEREAS His present most Excellent Majesty King George the Fourth,
by His Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britan, bearing date at
Westminster, the Twenty-fourth day of August, One thousand eight hundred
and twenty-six, in the seventh year of His reign, did, for Himself, His heirs
and successors, give and grant unto me, the said James Yandell, His especial
licence that I, the said James Yandell, my exors, admiors, and assigns, or such
others as I, the said James Yandell, my exors, admiors, or assigns, should
at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times
during the term of years therein expressed, should and lawfully might make,
use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick-
upon-Tweed, and also in His said Majesty's Colonies and Plantations abroad,
my Invention of "IMPROVEMENT OR IMPROVEMENTS ON APPARATUS FOR COOLING AND
HEATING FLUIDS;" in which said Letters Patent is contained a proviso, obliging
me, the said James Yandell, by an instrument in writing under my hand and
seal, particularly to describe and ascertain the nature of my said Invention,
and in what manner the same is to be performed, and to cause the same to
be inrolled in His Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar

page_text: months next and immediately after the date of the said in part recited Letters
Patent, as in and by the same, reference being thereunto had, will more fully
and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
James Yandell, do hereby declare that the nature of my said Invention,
and the manner in which the same is to be performed, are particularly
described and ascertained in and by the Drawings hereunto annexed, and the
following description thereof (that is to say):-
Previously to describing my improved apparatus, I think it right to make a
few observations on my discovery, and the general nature or principles upon
which my apparatus is constructed. If two fluids of different temperatures be
brought nearly together, separated only by a thin metallic partition, and the
surfaces of the two fluids be greatly extended or thinly spread compared to
their quantity or volume, a rapid interchange of temperature will take place
(assimmulated to mixing), and each of them will acquire the medium tempera-
ture in a very short space of time. Now if the two fluids be made to pass each
other in opposite directions through a vessel or apparatus having contiguous
passages, so that the temperatures of the liquors may act upon each other,
separated by a thin metallic surface greatly extended compared to the quan-
tity or volume of the liquor, or in other words, so that two thin sheets or
laminæ (as they may be called), one of hot fluid, the other of cold, be made to
act upon each other's temperature, passing in opposite directions, and the
thickness of such sheets or laminæ of fluid do not exceed half an inch, and may
be as thin as one-sixteenth of an inch, the interchange of temperature will
rapidly take place, and with nearly the same effect as if they were mixed
together; and if these contiguous passages be of sufficient length I find that, the
hot fluid entering its passage at one end of the apparatus and the cold fluid
entering its passage at the reverse end of the apparatus, there will be very
nearly a complete transfusion of heat; and by actual experiment I have found
that wort or other heated fluid, entering my apparatus at a temperature above
200° Fahrenheits, will pass out at a temperature of 60° Fahrenheits, while the
water entering at 56° will come out at a temperature above 190°, a little
heat being necessarily lost by radiation, or the exchange of temperature would
be more complete.
Having made these general explanatory observations, I proceed to describe
my apparatus, referring to the accompanying Drawings.
Figures 1 and 2 of the accompanying Drawings exhibit one mode of con-
structing the apparatus, which is means of zig-zag passages of very small

page_text: capacity in thickness, but of great length and of any breadth that may be
required, according to the quantity of fluid intended to be cooled or heated.
Fig. 1 is a front elevation of the apparatus; Fig. 2 is a section of the same,
taken horizontally, shewing the apparatus to consist of two passages of equal
thickness and breadth but greatly extended in length, the breadth of the pas-
sages, that is, the height of the apparatus, depending as aforesaid upon the
quantity of liquor intended to be passed through it. I make this apparatus of
three sheets of copper, or any other thin metallic plates, which three. plates are
placed together, that is, parallel to each other, having straps, ribs, blocks, or
other pieces occasionally introduced between them for the purposes of
keeping them apart and leaving. two parallel passages extending from end
to end, one for the hot liquor to pass through, the other for the cold.
Supposing that the thickness for the passages are one-eighth of an inch,
then the length should extend to about 80 feet; or their thickness being
one-fourth of an inch, then the length of the passages should be about oue
hundred and sixty feet, the height or breadth of the chamber, as, already
observed, being variable according to the quantity of liquor required to be
passed through it in a given time. The length of the passages, as proposed
above, suppose the fluids to be driven through the apparatus by some degree
of hydrostatic pressure from a head in the delivering vats above; but if the
fluid flows without pressure, then the length of the passages need not be quite
so long. Cold water being introduced through the funnel a, it passes down
the pipe b, and thence through a long slit or opening in the side of the pipe
into the passage c, c, c, between the plates, where it flows in a horizontal
direction thro' the channel towards the discharge pipe d. When such a
quantity of cold water shall have passed through the funnel a as shall have
filled the channel c, c, c, c, c, up to the level of its top (the cock e being shut),
then the hot wort or other liquor intended to be cooled may be introduced at
the funnel f, and which, descending in the pipe g, proceeds in a similar manner
to the former through a long slit or opening in the side of the pipe g, into the
extended passage h, h, h, h, and from thence proceeds horizontally into the
discharge pipe i. The two cocks e and k being now opened, the wort or other
liquor is drawn off or otherwise conducted away thro' the cock k, and the
water through e. If the apertures of the two cocks e and are equal, and
the channels equal also, it follows that the same quantity of wort, &c., will
flow thro' the channel h, h, h, in a given time as of water thro' the channel
cc, c, c, and by the hot fluid passing thro' the apertures in contact with the
side of the channel which contains the cold fluid, and in a contrary direction

page_text: to that of the cold fluid, the heat becomes abstracted from, the former, and,
communicated to the latter; and as the hot fluid enters the apparatus at
that part which is in immediate contact with the part where the cooling
fluid is discharged, and the cooling fluid enters the apparatus at that part.
where the wort is discharged, the consequence is, that: the wort or..other hot,
liquor becomes cooled down towards its exit pipe nearly to the temperature.
of cold water, and the temperature of the water at the reserve..end, of the
apparatus becomes raised nearly to that of the boiling wort.
It only remains to remark that by partially closing) either. of the exit
cocks, the quantity of heat abstracted from one. fluid, and communicated to
the other, may be regulated;, for instance; if the cock e of. the water passage
he partially closed so as to diminish the quantity.. of cold water passed,
through the apparatus, the wort or other hot fluid conducted through the other,
passage will be discharged at a higher temperature, which. in some cases will
be desirable where the refrigerated liquor is to be.fermented.
.
Figures 3 and 4 exhibit an apparatus, precisely similar. to. the foregoing in.
its construction, but different in its position; for instance, the. zig-zac channels,
are made in ascending and descending planes. Fig. 3, is a front elevation, and
Fig, 4 is a vertical section. a is the funnel for the hot liquor, whence,it.
descends through the channel b, b, b, b, into the discharge pipe c, and is,
discharged at the cock d; the cold water being introduced into the funnel; e,,
and passing down the pipe fenters the zig-zag channel 9, 99, 9, and, rising
through the apparatus runs off by the pipe h, and is discharged at, the cock.i.
The passages of this apparatus for heating and cooling fluids may be,bent
into various contorted. figures; one of which I find:.particularly convenient.
under some applications is that represented in Figures 5 and 6, and which, is
contained in a cylindrical case; the passages here run in a convolute curve,..
one of them being open at the top; Fig. 5-is a plan or horizontal. view,.
looking down
upon the top of the apparatus. Fig. 6 is a vertical section of
the same, cut perpendicularly through the middle..
r
b
The wort or other hot liquor intended to be cooled, is to be introduced, at the
funnel ä, and passing down the pipe 6 proceeds in a winding direction through
the closed channel c; c, c, c,. into the central chamber d, and, is thence, dis
charged through the pipe e at the cock f. The cold water, enters the
apparatus at the funnel g, and proceeding down the pipe. h.enters, the open;
channel i, ii, i, and after traversing round through the, open, channel, is in
like manner discharged through the pipe k at the cockl, and the hot liquor
may be passed through the open channel, and the cold through the closed cone;

page_text: or these chambers may be both open, and the apparatus covered by a lid when
at work; the principle design- of having the chambers open at top is for the
convenience of cleaning them more readily than could be done if they.. were
closed. This apparatus is calculated to be adapted with great advantage in
place of the ordinary worm of a still, its power of cooling and condensing, the
vapour greatly exceeding any other description of refrigerator, and at a much
smaller, expence of cold water or other cooling, fluid; as in this case the wash
prepared for distillation may be passed, through the, apparatus in place of cold
water, and by extracting the heat from the distilled vapour in the adjoining
channel will condense the spirit therein, and have its own temperature raised at
the same time almost to the. boiling point; in which case it will be both a
califyer and a refrigerator, and be the means of effecting a great saving of fuel
in the process of distillation. This apparatus must be considered as a great
improvement upon the refrigerating worm heretofore used, in consequence of
its exposing a surface so much more extended; and by the employment of a
stream of cold liquor running in opposition to the course of the condensed
fluid, the temperature never varies, the termination of the cooling process being
as perfect as at the commencement. When this apparatus is adapted to a
steam engine it causes a very rapid condensation of the steam by a small
expenditure of water, and thereby will, in a great degree, dispense with the
necessity of the air pump (which is a minus power exerted against the engine),
or at least it will so much assist the operation that a comparatively small air
pump will be required, and the water heated in passing through the apparatus
may be immediately conducted into the boiler at a boiling temperature, or
nearly so.
It will be unnecessary to point out all the situations and circumstances
in which this apparatus for heating and cooling fluids may be applied, as I have
already explained generally the capability of its extensive employment in
several branches of the arts; and the manner of constructing, as well as the
proportionate dimensions being explained, it only remains to say that those
dimensions are to be enlarged in due proportion in constructing an apparatus of
greater or less magnitude than those above described; but I wish to observe
that I do not approve in any case of making the channels more than half an
inch in width.
In witness whereof, I, the said James Yandell, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Twenty-fourth day of February, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and twenty-seven.
JAMES (L.S.)
(L.S.) YANDELL.

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Twenty-fourth day of February,
in the year of our Lord 1827, the aforesaid James Yandell came before our
said Lord the King in His Chancery, and acknowledged the Specification
aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained and specified, in form
above written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped according
to the tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.
Inrolled the Twenty-fourth day of February, in the year of our Lord 'One
thousand eight hundred and twenty-seven.