IMPROVEMENTS IN PYROMETERS OR THERMO- METERS AND IN APPARATUS FOR ASCERTAINING THE DEGREE OF CONCENTRATION IN BOILING SUGARS AND OTHER LIQUIDS IN VACUO, ALSO APPLICABLE FOR REGULATING A SUPPLY OF STEAM
Year: 1879

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Arnold Budenberg, of the City of Manchester, Mechanical
Engineer, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN PYROMETERS OR THERMO-
METERS AND IN APPARATUS FOR ASCERTAINING THE DEGREE OF CONCENTRATION
IN BOILING SUGARS AND OTHER LIQUIDS IN VACUO, ALSO APPLICABLE FOR
REGULATING A SUPPLY OF STEAM." A communication from abroad by A.
Seyferth, of Brunswick, and Christian Frederick Budenberg, of Buckau, Mag-
deburg, both in the Empire of Germany.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Arnold Budenberg at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 28th July 1879.
ARNOLD BUDENBERG, of the City of Manchester, Mechanical Engineer: "IM-
PROVEMENTS IN PYROMETERS OR THERMOMETERS AND IN APPARATUS FOR ASCER-
TAINING THE DEGREE OF CONCENTRATION IN BOILING SUGARS AND OTHER LIQUIDS
IN VACUO, ALSO APPLICABLE FOR REGULATING A SUPPLY OF STEAM." A communi-
cation from abroad by A. Seyferth, of Brunswick, and Christian Frederick
Budenberg, of Buckau, Magdeburg, both in the Empire of Germany.
The first part of this Invention relates to the construction of a pyrometer or
thermometer, the action of which is based upon the property which a saturated
vapour possesses, viz., that its tension or pressure bears a certain and easily ascer-
tainable ratio to the temperature of the liquid from which it has been evaporated.
The temperature of a liquid confined in a closed vessel is dependant upon the
temperature of the space surrounding such vessel; it follows therefore that if a
closed vessel, for instance a pipe made of metal or any other suitable material, is
partially filled with a liquid, say mercury, in such a manner that the quantity of
liquid is sufficient to fill the remaining portion of the vessel with such a quantity of
saturated vapour as corresponds to the existing temperature, and if then this vessel
is connected with a pressure gauge, the observer is enabled to find the temperature
of the surrounding space by looking at the position of the index finger of the

page_text: .
pressure gauge, taking of course into consideration the boiling point of the liquid
employed, which must be below the temperature required to be measured.
In order to prevent the heated vapour coming into contact with the interior of
the pressure gauge it is necessary to have an intervening space filled with an
isolating fluid; for instance, if a pipe be used the same must be bent in the shape of
a syphon, and this syphon must be filled with the isolating liquid, say mercury,
which answers for most temperatures, the other portion of the pipe or other appa-
ratus being partially filled with the liquid which is required to give off the saturated
vapour. For low temperatures, say below 50° Farenheit, liquid carbonic acid may
be employed, in which case the dial of the pressure gauge would be graduated from
0 to 50 atmospheres. For a wider range of temperatures, say from 12° to 212°
Farenheit, anhydrous sulphurous acid may be employed, and the pressure gauge
marked from 0 to 20 atmospheres. For temperatures between 95° and 250°, ether
may be used, and the pressure gauge graduated from 0 to 12 atmospheres. From
212 to 450° Farenheit, distilled water may be used both for isolating and for pro-
ducing the vapour, and the pressure gauge be graduated from 0 to 25 atmospheres.
From 420 to 680° Farenheit, heavy petroleum oil which boils at 420° may be
employed, and the pressure gauge graduated from 0 to 50 atmospheres. From 674
to 1,400° Farenheit, mercury may be used both for isolating and for producing the
vapour, and the pressure gauge graduated from 0 to 100 atmospheres.
Instead of the liquids herein before mentioned any others may be used, provided
that their boiling point is below the temperature to be measured, and that they do
not decompose at such temperatures or become affected by the material of which
the vessel is made.
The pressure gauge may be of the Bourdon stamp, or of any other construction.
This apparatus may also be connected with a vacuum gauge in order to measure
the temperature and vacuum of a sugar or other vacuum pan, and thus by knowing
the nature of the composition the quantity of dry substance contained in the boiling
liquid can be measured.
This apparatus is useful also for measuring the temperature of the water in a
steam boiler, and thus to check experiments on evaporation, and by being coupled
with an arrangement to sound a bell when the desired temperature (in other words
pressure) is reached, a sonorous indication may be given when that temperature is
exceeded.
This Invention further relates to a method of and apparatus for using the pressure
of vapours arising from certain liquids which boil at a low temperature, and when
heated by steam to open and close valves, and thus regulate the supply of steam
passing through such valves. This apparatus consists of a valve box provided with
a pair of valves in entire or partial equilibrium attached to a rod which is partially
solid and partially hollow, and upon which rod the apparatus for opening and
closing the valves acts, as hereinafter described. A small piston is attached at the
lower extremity of the rod herein-before mentioned, and works up and down in an
open topped cylinder, which at its lower end is provided with an opening commu-
nicating with another but enclosed cylinder, which in its turn is in communication
at its upper part with a steam generator. According to requirements this generator
may be a small boiler or even a small tube closed at its lower end, and arranged to
dip into the liquid to be operated upon, as in the case of vacuum pans used in sugar
houses or breweries. The boiler or tube is filled about 2/3 full with a liquid which
at the temperature it is required to regulate developes a pressure higher than that
of the atmosphere. If the temperature to be regulated is between 60° and 160°
Farenheit, anhydrous sulphurous acid may be used; if from 80° to 250°, carbu-
retted hydrogen of 0.620 specific gravity; if from 230 to 520, water; and if
between 430 and 650, creosote; whilst above 680 mercury must be employed.
The first mentioned cylinder and the enclosed cylinder being now filled with a
liquid which does not injure the leather packing of the piston, and which does not
evaporate at the degree of heat employed, the vapour developed in the steam gene-

page_text: rator presses upon the liquid contained in the enclosed cylinder, and thus causes the
piston in the open topped cylinder to rise and the valves to close. Steam is thus
shut off, and the liquid to be warmed cooling down, the pressure in the generator
becomes less, and the atmosphere acting upon the top of the piston pushes down the
same, and thus once more opens the valves.
The valves are weighted to the desired pressure, and in some cases a rod extends
upwards from the upper valve, and is provided with an index finger which traverses
up and down a graduated scale to shew the temperature of the steam passing
through the apparatus.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said Arnold Budenberg in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 27th
January 1880.
ARNOLD BUDENBERG, of the City of Manchester, in the County of Lancaster,
Mechanical Engineer. "IMPROVEMENTS IN PYROMETERS OR THERMOMETERS AND IN
APPARATUS FOR ASCERTAINING THE DEGREE OF CONCENTRATION IN BOILING SUGARS
AND OTHER LIQUIDS IN VACUO, ALSO APPLICABLE FOR REGULATING A SUPPLY OF
STEAM." A communication from abroad by Adolphus Seyfurth, of Brunswick,
and Christian Frederick Budenberg, of Buckau, Magdeburg, both in the Empire of
Germany.
The first part of this Invention relates to the construction of a pyrometer or
thermometer, the action of which is based upon the property which a saturated
vapour possesses (namely), that its tension or pressure bears a certain and easily
ascertainable ratio to the temperature of the liquid from which it has been
evaporated.
The temperature of a liquid confined in a close vessel is dependant upon the
temperature of the space surrounding such vessel; it follows therefore that if a
closed vessel, for instance a pipe made of metal or another suitable material, is
partially filled with a liquid, say mercury, in such a manner that the quantity of
liquid is sufficient to fill the remaining portion of the vessel with such a quantity of
saturated vapour as corresponds to the existing temperature, and if then this vessel
is connected with a pressure gauge, the observer is enabled to find the temperature
of the surrounding space by looking at the position of the index finger of the
pressure gauge, taking of course into consideration the boiling point of the liquid
employed, which must be below the temperature required to be measured.
Fig. 1, Fig. 2, and Fig. 3 are front views of the improved pyrometer or thermo-

page_text: meter, consisting in its main parts of the closed vessel or pipe A, communicating at
its upper end with a pressure gauge B or other similar appliance. The pressure
gauge must be securely attached to the closed vessel or pipe by any of the ordinary
and well known methods, such as male and female screws, bayonet joint, or flanges
and bolts, so that when required it may be readily removed without disturbing the
closed vessel or pipe. When it is desired to use the improved pyrometer in any
other than a vertical position, the closed pipe A may be bent near its upper end to
the required angle, as shewn at C, Fig. 3; care must however be taken that the pipe
is so placed that as the saturated vapours condense they will be free to return by
gravity to the lower part of the pipe. In order to prevent the heated vapour
coming in contact with the interior of the pressure gauge in case such contact should
be detrimental or undesirable, it is necessary to have an intervening space filled
with an isolating fluid; for instance, if a pipe be used, the same may be bent into
the shape of a syphon D, Fig. 2 and Fig. 3, and this syphon may be filled with the
isolating fluid, say mercury, which answers for most temperatures, the other portion
of the pipe being filled to about two thirds of its extent with the liquid which is
required to give off the saturated vapour. In order to introduce the isolating fluid
a hole E is provided, through which the fluid may be poured; this holo must then
be closed by a screw plug or other suitable means.
In using the pyrometer to ascertain the temperature of any source of heat, the
lower part should be inserted or placed in such a manner that the liquid contained
therein shall be fully exposed to the heat, and acquire the same temperature; as the
vapour then generated cannot escape, a certain pressure will result in the pipe itself,
and this pressure being in exact ratio to the temperature of the source of heat, and
acting upon the spring of the pressure gauge, the temperature (or in other words)
pressure is indicated by the position of the index finger. It may be remarked that
the part of the closed vessel or pipe acting as the steam space should not be in con-
tact with the source of heat, otherwise superheating will ensue.
The choice of a liquid for a special purpose is governed by the lowest temperature
to be measured, which must not be below the boiling point of the liquid at the
ordinary pressure of the atmosphere, and the instrument once charged with a
given liquid should only be used for a certain range of temperature, as hereinafter
described.
For low temperatures, say under 50° Farenheit, liquid carbonic acid may be
employed; for a wider range of temperature, say from 12° to 212°, anhydrous sul-
phurous acid; between 25° and 90°, ether; from 212° to 450° Farenheit, distilled
water; from 420° to 680° Farenheit, heavy petroleum oil which boils at 420°;
from 624° to 1,400° Farenheit, mercury may be used. In all cases the dials of the
gauges may be graduated for corresponding pressures.
Instead of the liquids herein before mentioned any others may be used, provided
that their boiling point is below the temperature to be measured, and that they do
not decompose at such température or become affected by the material of which the
vessel is made.
The pressure gauge may be of the Bourdon stamp, or of any construction. This
apparatus may also be connected to a vacuum gauge in order to measure the tem-
perature and vacuum of a sugar or other vacuum pan, and thus by knowing the
nature of the composition, the quantity of dry substance or of solid matter contained
in the boiling liquid can be measured.
This apparatus is useful also for measuring the temperature of the water in a
steam boiler, and thus to check or confirm experiments on evaporation, and by being
coupled with an arrangement to sound a bell when the desired temperature (in other
words pressure) is reached, a sonorous indication may be given when that tempera-
ture is exceeded.
The dial of the pressure gauge may be divided in scales indicating both the tem-
perature and the pressure. The shape and position of the closed vessel or pipe is
immaterial, and determined only by the purpose for which it is required.

page_text: Fig. 4 and Fig. 5 of the accompanying Drawing represents sectional views of an
apparatus for using the pressure of vapours arising from certain liquids which boil
at low temperatures for the purpose of opening and closing valves when such liquids
are contained in closed vessels or pipes and heated by steam, and thus regulating
the supply of steam passing through such valves. This apparatus consists of a
valve box u, t, provided with a pair of valves n, n, in entire or partial equilibrium,
attached to a rod r, the upper part of which is hollow, and upon which rod the appa-
ratus for opening and closing the valve acts, as hereinbefore described. A small
piston fattached to the lower extremity of the rod works up and down in an open
topped cylinder e, which at its lower end is provided with an opening communi-
cating with another but closed cylinder w, which in its turn is in communication
by means of the passages y with the steam generator a. According to requirements
this generator may be a small boiler, as shewn in Fig. 4, or even a small tube x,
Fig. 5, closed at its lower end, and arranged to dip into the liquid to be operated
on, as in the case of vacuum pans used in sugar houses or breweries. This boiler or
tube is filled about two thirds full with a liquid which at the temperature it is
required to regulate developes a pressure higher than that of the atmosphere. If the
temperature to be regulated is between 60° and 160° Farenheit, anhydrous sul-
phurous acid may be used; if from 80° to 250°, carburetted hydrogen of 0.620
specific gravity; if from 230° to 520°, water; if between 430° and 650°, creosote or
heavy petroleum oil; whilst above 680°, mercury must be employed.
The cylinders e and w being filled with a liquid which does not evaporate and
will not injure the leather packing of the piston f in such a manner that no air is
left under the piston f or in the cylinder w, the vapour developed in the steam
generator presses upon the liquid contained in the cylinder w, and thus causes the
piston to rise and the valves to close; steam is thus shut off, and the liquid to be
warmed cooling down, the pressure in the generator becomes less, and the atmo-
sphere acting on the top of the piston pushes down the same, and thus once more
opens the valves. Suitable liquids for filling the cylinders e and w are:-When
mercury or anhydrous sulphurous acid is used in the boiler or small tube, mercury;
when carburetted hydrogen, water, or petroleum oil is used, water. The valves may
be weighted to the desired pressure either by the dead weight h or by a coiled spring
H. Fig. 4 shows the arrangement it is preferred to use when the steam should always
be shut off at a certain temperature. Fig. 5 shows the apparatus applied as a regu-
lator for heating purposes at different temperatures. The plate g, which is connected
with the rod and valves n, n, carries the spring h, which can be placed under
different tensions by means of the rod and screw k. To transfer the motion upwards
or downwards of the rod k to the spring, the tubular part of the rod is provided
with a slot at its upper end, through which a bridge piece works without shifting
the tube itself. A finger m is attached to the rod k, which pointing to a scale shows
the temperature of the steam passing through the apparatus.
Having thus particularly described the nature of the said Invention as commu-
nicated to me from abroad, together with the manner in which the same is or may
be carried into practical effect, I wish it to be understood that I do not confine
myself to the precise details or relative proportions of the apparatus hercinbefore
described and illustrated on the accompanying Drawing, as the same may be varied
without departing from the Invention, and what I claim is,
First. The method of determining or indicating temperatures or pressures by
means of the pressure arising from the vapours emitted from certain fluids contained
in closed vessels and exposed to the source of heat, such resulting pressure being
recorded or indicated by means of pressure gauges or other similar apparatus, sub-
stantially as hereinbefore described.
Second. The use of apparatus for reducing or regulating the supply of steam and
steam pressure, such apparatus being actuated by the pressures generated from the
evaporation of liquids contained in closed vessels or pipes placed or inserted in

page_text: the vessel, the temperature of which it is desired to regulate, substantially as herein-
before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Arnold Budenberg, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Twenty sixth day of January, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and eighty.
ARNOLD DUDENBERG. (L.S.)