IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PIPES."
Year: 1858

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Alfred Fauvin Jaloureau, of Paris, in the French
Empire, Manufacturer, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
MANUFACTURE OF PIPES."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Alfred Fauvin Jaloureau
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 23rd September 1858.
I, ALFRED FAUVIN JALOUREAU, of Paris, in the French Empire, Manu-
facturer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PIPES," to be as follows:-
The Invention relates to making and improving pipes for the conveyance of
water or gas, or for enclosing electric telegraph wires, or for other purposes,
by rolling up in a cylindrical form thin sheets of paper, cloth, wire gauze,
metal, or other suitable material, which are cemented or soldered together by
a waterproof cement or material, for which purpose bituminous or caoutchouc
mastics may be advantageously employed. Thus, in making pipes of cloth
or paper, a roll of the fabric is placed in a machine in which the cloth or
paper as it unwinds is conducted over or under a roller revolving in a bath of
the bituminous mastic, which is kept hot and fluid by a fire, or heat applied
to it. The 'fabric is then wound upon a roller, or is pressed by one or more

page_text: rollers to equalize the coating of cement, and is then wound on a roller or
mandril of the proper diameter for forming the pipe. The successive layers of
fabric are thus cemented together, and a pipe of the requisite thickness is
produced. The pipe is slipped off the roller or mandril on which it is formed;
to facilitate this operation, the roller or mandril is covered with an uncemented
sheet of paper or fabric before winding the cemented sheet upon it. The
paper or fabric may be employed in separate sheets, but it is more advan-
tageous to employ long sheets. The pipe may be rolled on sand before the
cement has set, or covered with bitumen and sand on the exterior, to protect
and strengthen it. The pressure given by the rollers causes the cement or
mastic to penetrate the fabric, and the interior of the pipe becomes lined or
varnished by a thin coating or surface of it. This mode of proceeding is also
applicable for strengthening and protecting, or rendering impermeable, pipes
of other materials, such as pipes of clay, glass, wood, or metal. Thus pipes
may be made of sheet iron without rivetting or soldering or welding, and then
enveloped in layers of paper, or other thin fabric, or material applied as above
mentioned, so as to strengthen them and protect them from oxidation
and render them impervious. The pipes are united by right and left handed.
screws, or by other ordinary joints, or by dipping their ends in bitumen, and
placing a collar or short pipe of similar construction over the junction, and
pouring liquid mastic or cement through a hole in the collar, so as to fill the
interstices, and join it to the pipes. Service pipes or branches may be joined
to these pipes in various ways; one method is to bore a hole in the main pipe
and to insert a collar of caoutchouc or other suitable material into the hole
and then screw into this collar a short metal pipe, to which a lead, or iron,
or other pipe may be joined or soldered.
SPECIFICATION filed in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
and of an Order of the Lord Chancellor, by the said Alfred Fauvin
Jaloureau in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 7th April 1859.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, ALFRED
FAUVIN JALOUREAU, of Paris, in the French Empire, Manufacturer, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-third day of September, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-eight, in the twenty-second year
of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto

page_text: me, the said Alfred Fauvin Jaloureau, Her special licence that I, the said
Alfred Fauvin Jaloureau, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such
others as I, the said Alfred Fauvin Jaloureau, my executors, administrators, and
assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and
at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully
might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Inven
tion for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PIPES," upon the condition
(amongst others) that I, the said Alfred Fauvin Jaloureau, my executors
or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their,
or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to
be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent
Office within seven calendar months next and immediately after the date
of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Alfred Fauvin Jaloureau, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same
is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in
and by the following statement thereof, that is to say :-
The Invention relates to a new mode of manufacturing pipes for the con-
veyance of water and gases, and for inclosing electric telegraphic wires, and
other purposes, and also to a mode of strengthening various descriptions of
pipes, and rendering them waterproof and stanch. The process of manu-
facture consists in the superposition, by rolling on a cylindrical mandril,
of sheets of paper, cloth, or other fabrics, materials, or tissues, rendered
adhesive between each layer by immersion in a waterproof mastic containing
bitumen or caoutchouc, or other waterproof material.
The pipes are manufactured by means of the apparatus shewn in vertical
section in Figure 1 of the accompanying Drawing. The band of paper or
cloth or other material is rolled upon a roller a of wood or metal, which is
placed in front of the machine; a workman then takes one end of the band,
and conducts it down an inclined plane b to a cast-iron roller or cylinder c,
taking care to keep the paper parallel. The cylinder c is partially immersed
in a vessel or caldron 9, containing the waterproof mastic, and heated by a fire
in the furnace A. As the perfection of the pipe depends to a considerable
extent upon the manner in which the paper or fabric begins to roll round the
cylinder, I have placed upon the furnace A an apparatus which permits the
paper to present itself to the cylinder c at a right angle to the axis of the
cylinder. This apparatus consists simply of two rods d, connected together by

page_text: a bar e, over which the paper passes, and turning on pivots at f. When the
paper is about to be applied to the cylinder, the bare is advanced towards to the
cylinder by pushing the rods d by hand. The paper is thus regularly applied
to and adheres to the cylinder c, which is turned round by a handle so as to
carry the paper down into the mastic, and to present its end at the upper part
of the cylinder. An iron mandril h, shown in elevation in Figure 2, and in
section at Figure 3, is now employed. Its surface is greased, and it is
inclosed in a sheath of paper i, shewn in Figures 4 and 5. The operation
of placing this sheath on the mandril may be facilitated by employing a
conical piece of wood or other material in a siniilar manner to that in which
the cotton wicks of Argand lamps are placed upon the wick holder. The
bearings or gudgeons of this mandril are placed in hooks or eyes at the ends
of two rods k, which are raised to the required height by means of a lever /
and a chain and handle m, and the axis of the mandril is introduced into the
forks or guides n, so that the mandril may rest upon the cylinder c. The
cylinder c and mandril h being thus arranged, the edge of the paper is
detached from the lower cylinder, and applied to the mandril h to which it
adheres. Two workmen now turn the two cylinders by means of bandles in
contrary directions so as to cause the paper to pass into the bath of mastic,
and then to wind upon the mandril h. When the whole length of paper
has been unwound from the roller a, and wound upon the mandril, the
mandril with its casing of bitumenized paper is lifted out of the guides or
supports n. Figure 6 is an elevation, and Figure 7 is a section of the
casing or pipe thus produced.
The mandril with its casing is then carried to a smooth plane table of stone
or other suitable material shown at B, in Figure 1, which is covered from
time to time with a layer of fine sand. Two workmen take the mandril by its
bearings, and roll it upon this table until the pasty bitumen is covered with a thin
layer of sand, and the pipe has acquired a suitable cylindrical form or external
surface. The mandril with the bitumenized paper tube or casing is then
coated by rotation with melted bitumen or mastic contained in a caldron, similar
to that shewn in Figure 1, so as to receive an external coating of bitumen of
about an eighth of an inch thick, or more or less. To give to all the pipes an
equal layer or coating of mastic, I fix upon the axis of the cylinder which
plunges in the mastic a toothed wheel p, flattened at one point of its circum-
ference, as shown in Figure 8. This wheel in its rotation is in geer with the
pinion o on the mandril, which is stopped when it meets the flattened part of
the wheel. This stop enables the thickness of the mastic to be regulated in
a constant manner. As soon as this external coating has been given, the

page_text: paper
mandril is again removed from the supports, and again rolled upon a table
similar to that shewn at B, so as to cover the pipe with a layer of sand, which
mixes with the mastic and increases the strength of the pipe. To accelerate
the cooling of the pipe, a shower of water may be allowed to descend upon it.
The pipe is now removed from the mandril by placing it vertically, and giving
it a slight blow or shock when the pipe slips off it. The paper sheath which
is placed on the mandril at the commencement of the operation facilitates the
removal of the pipe. To keep the pipe in shape, a wooden mandril is inserted
in it, and it is placed in a vertical position until quite dry and hard. The
paper sheath is now removed from the interior of the pipe by means of a wire
bottle brush or other suitable means, and the interior is lined with a layer of
waterproof mastic so as to glaze or varnish the interior and render it imper-
meable to water and gas. For this purpose the pipe is placed vertically, and
its lower end is closed by a plug or otherwise, and it is partially filled with
melted bitumen, which is afterwards poured out, and the pipe is allowed to
drain in a vertical position. The interior of the pipe is thus coated or lined
with the impermeable mastic, as indicated in the section Figure 9. The pipe
is now finished and ready for use, and consists of a body of bitumenized
rolled up and having an internal lining of waterproof mastic, and an external
coating more or less thick of bitumen and sand. The process of manufacture
is applicable to paper in separate sheets or in a continuous sheet, and to all
sheets or substances capable of being rolled up, such as paper, cloth, sheet-
iron, veneers of wood, wire, cloth, copper, zinc, and in general any material
which by being wound or rolled up upon itself can be cemented together by a
bitumenous or caoutchouc mastic. The same mode of manufacture by
cylindrical rolling up of bitumenized paper or cloth or other suitable material
is also applicable as an auxiliary means of strengthening, preserving, and
improving pipes of earthenware, glass, wood, or metal. Thus pipes of sheet-
iron may be surrounded with paper wound on them without being rivetted or
soldered, or welded. It is sufficient to coat them with bitumenous mastic,
and to envelop them with a sufficient number of layers of bitumenized paper,
cloth, or other suitable substance. These pipes may be manufactured of
various lengths and diameters, and united by various means, and branches may
be connected to them in different manners. Figures 10, 11, and 12 show
how these pipes may be joined together end to end. A collar or short tube of
sheet iron or zinc or other suitable material r, provided with projecting strips
or wings s, is inserted into the ends of the two pipes to be joined. The
wings s are bent as shown in Figure 10, and the junction is surrounded with

page_text: a collar or socket t, cut off from a larger pipe of bitumenized paper... A
quantity of the bitumenous mastic is then poured in at a hole u, which is
afterwards closed or plugged. The mastic fills the space between the socket t
and the two pipes, and makes a strong water-tight joint.
Branch pipes are connected in the following manner, as shown in Figures
13, 14, and 15. A hole is bored in the pipe », and a caoutchouc collar x with
two flanges is pushed into it, so that one flange or edge of the collar applies
itself to the interior and the other to the exterior of the pipe. A collar w of
iron or other suitable material made in two pieces is placed round the pipe
and bolted together. A short piece of pipe y is then screwed into the
and thus forced into the caoutchouc collar a.
collar w,
The space between the collar w and the pipe v may be filled up with
bitumenous mastic. A leaden or other pipe may be soldered or con-
nected to the pipe y. Where bends are required, they may be conveniently
made of cast iron or other material commonly employed for pipes. Thus
Figure 16 is a section of a cast-iron bent pipe 1, formed with a socket at each
end. The two bitumenous paper pipes 2 and 3 are inserted in the two sockets,
and bitumenous mastic is poured into the spaces 4, 4, between the pipes and
the sockets. A neck or contraction may be made in the sockets so that the
mastic in lodging there may give all the required solidity and security to the
junctions. In some cases, and particularly when pipes of large diameter are
employed, I connect them in the manner shewn in Figure 17. a, a, a, are a
series of pipes constructed in the manner herein-before described, and placed
together end to end; these pipes are enclosed in another similar series of
larger pipes b, b, b, also manufactured as herein-before described and shewn in
section in the Figure. The ends of the pipes b, b, are placed in the middle of
the pipes a, a, so that the pipes "break joint" with each other, and leave an
intermédiate annular space c of half an inch or more or less. This space c
is then filled with a bitumenous cement, or Roman cement, or Portland
cement, or other suitable cement, which is poured in through holes d, d, in
the pipes b, b, which serve to confine the cement in the same way as the
shorter pipe or socket t in Figure 10. Figure 18 is a transverse section of
the compound pipe thus produced, which possesses great strength, and may
be made of a yard or more in diameter, if required.
The bitumenized paper pipes when jointed with bitumenous or other
suitable mastic or cement may be employed for the conveyance of many acid
and other liquids and gases which would corrode cast-iron or wrought-iron
pipes.

page_text: Having thus described the nature of my said Invention and in what
manner the same is to be performed, I wish it to be understood that what
I claim is,
First, the manufacture of pipes of sheets of paper, cloth, or other fabrics or
materials superposed by rolling or winding in a cylindrical form, such sheets
being rendered adherent during the progress of the rolling or winding by means
of a waterproof mastic, and more particularly by means of a bitumenous or
caoutchouc mastic, as herein-before described.
Second, theapplication of the process of manufacture herein-before described
to the incasing of pipes or tubes of earthenware, glass, wood, or metal, so
as to strengthen or preserve them or render them stanch and waterproof.
Third, the mode herein-before described of manufacturing rolled bitumenous
pipes.consisting of a body of paper, cloth, or other suitable material,in a sheet
or sheets, and having an internal lining of waterproof varnish, and an external
coating of bitumen and sand.
In witness whereof, I, the said Alfred Fauvin Jaloureau, have here-
unto set my hand and seal, this Fifth day of April, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-nine.
Witness,
20
ALFRED FAUVIN JALOUREAU. (L.S.)
CH. ARMENGAUD, Ingr. Civil,
Boulev. Strasbourg, No. 23,
à Paris.