IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION AND MANU- FACTURE OF WOOL AND OTHER SIMILAR SHEARS, AND IN APPARATUS USED THEREIN, PARTS OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE APPLICABLE TO THE PRODUCTION. OF IMPROVED BLANKS FOR SOLID WEAVERS', PICKERS', AND JOINERS' Plane IRONS
Year: 1872

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Henry Melton Marsden, Wool Shear Manu-
facturer, Don Saw Works, Hillfoot, Sheffield, in the County of York,
for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION AND MANU-
FACTURE OF WOOL AND OTHER SIMILAR SHEARS, AND IN APPARATUS USED
THEREIN, PARTS OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE APPLICABLE TO THE PRODUCTION.
OF IMPROVED BLANKS FOR SOLID WEAVERS', PICKERS', AND JOINERS' Plane
IRONS."
the 10th June 1872.
I, HENRY MELTON MARSDEN, Wool Shear Manufacturer, Don Saw
5 Works, Hillfoot, Sheffield, in the County of York, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION AND
MANUFACTURE OF WOOL AND OTHER SIMILAR SHEARS, AND IN APPARATUS USED
A

page_text: THEREIN, PARTS OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE APPLICABLE TO THE PRODUCTION OF
IMPROVED BLANKS FOR SOLID WEAVERS', PICKERS', AND JOINERS' PLANE IRONS,”
to be as follows:-
The improvements constituting this Invention relate to that class of
shears which have a spring bow and are chiefly used in clipping or
cutting the coats of animals, and consist,-
Firstly. In constructing the spring bow with a rib or projection solid,
and in the centre preferred, on either its inner or outer side, lengthways
or crossways or both; and when the rib is on the outer side'in forming
such rib with a hole or a ring or swivel attached to adapt the shears to
be readily secured to the person of the user, and also in so forming the
neck that the stop shall be double or connected with both sides of the
shank, such connection extending from outside of shank end to top of
stop. This rib or means of connecting the shears to the person of the
user may be attached to the shear bow as an additional or extra part, it
may be made of any other suitable metal than iron or steel and also as a
means of ornamenting the bow. The rib or projecting part may also
terminate as a pin to which to attach the swivel.
This first part of this my said Invention consists also further in
making these wool and other similar shears with a double solid steel bow
without weld or rivit either connecting its central parts together or its
ends to the shanks, and also between the connected parts of this double
bow sometimes inserting by means of a hole in each side of the bent bow
a T or other shaped swivel or means of attachment to the hand or person
of the user.
Secondly. My Invention consists further in certain improved forms of
cut blanks (see diagrams Nos. 1 and 2 in the Drawings accompanying
this Specification), and economical method of getting such blanks out of
sheets or strips. This improved method of getting out the blanks is
roughly illustrated in diagrams Nos. 3 and 4. Instead of paring or
punching out the blanks to the complete outline required, a process
involving great waste of material, or instead of taking a straight piece of
steel or combination of steel and bending forward the parts intended to
form the heels and backs of the 'two blades, my Invention consists in so
forming and cutting out the blanks that by fitting close up together
(see diagrams Nos. 3 & 4), there is little or no-waste, the cutting out is

page_text: done more easily, and when formed there is no need for bending forward
the heels, of the blades, and instead of setting down or narrowing the
back of the blade from the point end to where the swage begins by
forging, I pare or punch out this part of the blade blank to the form
3 required, sec diag. No. 5, and also instead of making these wool and
other similar shears out of sheets or strips with an ugly and inconvenient
turnover at the back of the blades I make them out of sheets or strips
without such turnover, the blade being strengthened by thickening,
grooving the back near the neck, or by extending the connection of the
> mark side of the shank end a little up the back edge of the blade in the
form of a flange or curve, a curve about equivalent to a quarter of a
circle preferred, that is, the curve of one side of the shank is continued.
When this continuation is thus curved or rounded the shears are less
hurtfull to the hand of the user.
Thirdly. Instead of submitting blanks in their extended form to the
reducing action of rolls or a forging process I fold or double them up
end to end, and in this folded state submit the part needing reduction
to the pressure of rolls or a forging process, or I place the parts intended
for the shanks and bow of a blank thus doubled or folded up over the
corresponding parts of a similarly doubled or folded blank, and pass
them through rolls till the needed thickness is obtained. When rolled
singly eccentric or reversing rolls are required, but when rolled in pairs
ordinary rolls are preferred.
Fourthly. My Invention further consists in an improved method of
forging and shaping the blank by power machinery with the aid of
dies, by which more accurate and finished forgings are produced at
less cost. Having selected a suitable length of steel, or of steel
combined with iron, or semi or mild steel of any adapted section,
I set down (by the aid of dies preferred, herein-after termed No. 1
forging dies), and roughly outline in plan the parts intended to form
the shanks, neck, and blades. This done I procced to form the shanks,
neck, and blades, &c., as follows:-The neck and stop I form between
dies adapted to produce the required shape and configuration when
their cut, printed, or engraved faces are forced together; these dies
are herein-after styled No. 2 forging dies. It will be observed that
the piece of steel selected must be of sufficient thickness, or width
and thickness, to afford the requisite bulk of material to form the
neck and stop when placed between these striking or pressure dies.
The part immediately, adjoining the neck on the shank side I may.

page_text: make a solid semicircle in diameter, the same or slightly less than
that of the half tube into which the rest of the shank is to be formed,
the top of the arch formed by this solid semicircle to be on a level
with the back of the blade. The remainder of the shank I gradually
widen and flatten out and then bend into its semi-tubular form, or I 5
may make the shank throughout a solid half circle, or some other
solid shape adapted to yield a semi-tubular shank when placed between
dies forced together by adequate machinery; which dies are herein-
after described as No. 3 forging dies. The blade I finally form by
submitting it when roughly forged to the action of what is herein- ]
after styled No. 4 forging dies. On one of these dies is cut or -sunk
a counterpart of the form for the back of the blade, whilst on the
other is formed the curved and twisted fullness adapted to produce
on the face side of the blade the requisite curve and twist. At any
stage I forge out the part for the bow but prefer to do it before 1
finishing the shanks. The two shanks being formed as required, I
other
shape the bow citber in dies actuated by a fly press or by any
suitable power machinery. When the string of combined metals has
the steel all on one edge I punch or remove from off the part of
which the bow will be formed the iron portion, so that when the
piece is made up into a pair of sheep shears, the bow will be formed
entirely of steel with no need of for additional grinding in order to
remove the iron. When the bows are of steel I harden and temper
them as forming a further part of this division of my Invention.
Fifthly. My Invention further consists in applying the improvements
constituting the second, third, and fourth parts of this my said In-
vention, and the fourth part of an Invention for improvements in the
manufacture of "wool and other shears, &c.," for which Letters Patent
were granted to me by Her Majesty the Queen, dated July the Twenty-
eighth One thousand eight hundred and seventy-one, and numbered in
the Record of the Patent Office 1981, A.D. 1871, to the manufacture of
these wool and other similar shears. When such shears have a steel
lining, as in the old method, or when I weld a better steel lining on
to the inside of a steel blade in order to produce steel shears with fine-
lined steel cutting edges, having shaped a blank of iron or welding
steel, either according to the second, third, or fourth parts of this
Invention, or according to the way described in the fourth part of
the Complete Specification of the above recited Patent numbered 1981,

page_text: 1871, to such parts of the blanks as are designed to form the cutting
edges of the blades of the finished shears, I weld a lining of superior
steel of an excellence adapted to the quality of the shears it is intended
to be produced; this done, the blades, necks, stops, & shanks, I prefer
to form by the use of the dies, and in the way described in the fourth
part of this Invention, or before the strings are cut up into lengths
I set down the part where the division will be made oblequely, and
weld to the part thus set down a piece of welding steel sufficient in
width and length to form linings for two blades. The string is then
divided oblequely, that is, up the centre of the steel lining, and each
bit of steel will be then adapted to form the cutting edge of a blade
when the blank to which it is attached is made up into shears.
Sixthly. My Invention further consists in making and using improved
apparatus in carrying out my said Invention.
(1). In paring or punching out the blanks I construct and use an
improved combination or sectional arrangement of punching or paring
tools, or what may be termed top and bottom punching dies or shearing
blades. Both top and bottom each consist of two or three flat sections,
and when put together the working face of each is a counterpart of the.
other. The back support to which the sections are bolted may be either
of wrought iron, or cast in metal, or formed of steel, and may be plain
or flat on its inside face or similar in outline to the blank to be punched
or pared. When the back or supporting part is flat on its inside face,
the middle and one of the end sections will require to be thicker in
proportion to the receding depth of the blank in the middle and end.
(2). In outlining the blanks I use tools or dies in two parts. These
dies are formed on their inside faces to produce the peculiar shape or
conformation of the embryo blank or only of the seperate part they
are designed to outline when forced or pressed together. These dies I
call forging dies No. 1.
(3). In forging the neck and stop I use a pair of dies or prints, one
of which has the form of the end or side of the shank adjoining the
back of the blade and the back side of the blade neck, whilst the other
die has the front side of the blade neck, the front side of shank end with
the form and depth of the stop or kick sunk or engraved on its working
face; these dies I designate forging dies No. 2.

page_text: 4. In forging the shanks into the hollow shape required out of solid,
half round, or other adapted sections, I use dics single or compound in
their forging or shaping faces. The bottom die I make with two gates or
semicircular recesses running in the direction of its length from one end
to within a certain distance of the other or opposite end. The length of
this half circular recess is determined by the length of the shank to be
formed. The blade ends of these semicircular gates terminate in two pro-
jecting sides, between which is an opening in width adapted to the thickness
of the back of the blade it is designed to receive. The two projecting
sides at the blade end of the recesses are shaped so as to produce on the
blade end of shank the required form and finish. When in the process of
semi-tubing the shanks the side ends of the shanks are forced up against
them, the top die is formed with projecting ribs. One of these ribs has
somewhat of a chisel edge and works into the shallowest half circular
concavity, and is designed to open out the nearly half circular solid
shank placed in the cavity in the bottom die into which it works. The
other rib or tongue is formed in width, length, and rounded edge like.
the balf tubular concavity of shank it is intended to form. The bottom
die has a ledge or platform running up each side of the recesses, and the
top die is formed with overhanging sides, which overhang and cover
these ledges in the bottom die. These are forging dies No. 3.
(5.) In forging the blades I use dies in pairs, one pair adapted to out-
line the blade, another pair adapted to finish the blade, with its swaged
back, whale edge, &c., outlined, and its curved cutting face formed and
developed as required. Each of these pairs consists of a top and bottom
die, having its working face formed or fashioned according to the side
and kind of the blade it is intended to stamp. These I call forging dies
No. 4.
When the blanks are thin and require strengthening in the backs of
the blades I may crimp them in the direction of the length of the blade
at the back adjoining the shank, or I may make the side of the shank
that joins the blade on the full side to extend in the blank further than
usual, and when shaping same I divided it at the end or not to the
extent needed, & turn up such part divided or not, as may be, and press
it against the side of the neck of the blade opposite to where the stop
is formed, and braze, solder, weld, or otherwise attach it to this part of
the neck, by which this part of the blade is materially strengthened, and
a double stop produced if required.

page_text: In hardening the blades of shears of solid steel, melted iron and steel,
or two steels, I place them on a plate with grooves in it in a furnace, so
that the backs protected from the fire, the blaze or heat may act chiefly
on the parts intended to constitute the cutting edges of the blades, and
before dipping them into the quenching liquid I grasp the back of the
blade with clamps, tongs, or I put on the back a metallic jacket covering
the parts requiring to be soft, and also aiding in preventing the running
of the blade whilst it is subject to the hardening influences. The oil or
other hardening liquid I cause or flow or circulate past the immersed
blades, so as to accelerate the cooling or chilling of the cutting edge or
edges. To this or any other plan of hardening I do not confine
myself when carrying out this improved manufacture of these wool and
other similar shears. I also make and use a new and improved setting
tool to set down or bend out the shanks when needed. This I construct
as a cramp, and through one end or arm a screw or screws pass, and arẹ
intended to press as required on to the top or side of the shank needing
alteration, whilst the other end or arm is made to hold firmly on to or to
attach itself on to the opposite shank.
•
In bending the.shears I adopt an improved method; instead of doing
this wholly by hand with the aid of tongs, &c., as at present, I do it by
the aid of improved apparatus, which I construct and use for this
particular purpose. I make a block of wood or iron (iron or iron piping
preferred), similar in shape to the form the inside of the bow should have
when properly bent, only less as required to allow for reaction in the
bow when removed after contact with it. I also make two levers to
enclose or encircle this block with handles sufficiently long to give the
requisite power. These levers are made with a joint near the curved
ends, or are so constructed that they will work or hinge themselves on
a pin, look, or other suitable means for holding fast the ends when the
curved parts are brought together in order to enclose or encircle the
block or pipe. I may heat the bow, but prefer to heat the block or pipe,
or both pipe and bow. (The pipe may be heated continuously up inside
or by heated bar put therein. Having placed the levers in their proper
position at the back of the block or pipe I put the part for the bow of a
pair of shears between the block or pipe and the opened levers, and then
bringing the arms of the levers together, the bow will be made to encircle
the block or pipe, and consequently formed into the desired shape. The
block or pipe will require to be fixed firmly to a bench or stand,

page_text: "
In forming the double bow without weld or revet, whether the closed
central part be intended to be turned inwards or outwards, I use a new
and specially constructed top and bottom dies. One die has the form of
the inside and the other of the outside of the bow it is purposed to
shape. The parts of these dies, which act on the ends of the bow ncar
and at its junction with the shanks, are made adjustable or capable of
being fixed nearer together or further apart to suit the differing distances
that may exist between the extremities of the bow, or what is known in
the trade as the knees of the shanks. In the centre of one of these dies
is a ridge, and in the other a corresponding groove, so that when the
part for the bow of a pair of shears is placed between them it may be bent
or doubled in the centre as required. These dies will be actuated by a
fly press, or by any adapted machine.
The improvements constituting the third part of this Invention arc
applicable to the production of improved blanks for solid weavers',
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Henry Melton Marsden in the Great Seal Patent
Office on the 10th December 1872.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, HENRY
MELTON MARSDEN, Wool Shear Manufacturer, of Don Saw Works,
Hillfoot, Sheffield, in the County of York, send greeting.
2
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Tenth day of June, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-two, in the 35th year of 2
Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant
unto me, the said Henry Melton Marsden, Her special license that I,
the said Henry Melton Marsden, my executors, administrators, and
assigns, or such others as I, the said Henry Melton Marsden, my
executors, administrators, or assigns, should at any time agree with, a
and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the
terin therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise,
and vend within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN

page_text: connecting its central parts f¹ together or for connecting its ends to the
shanks at f³, f.
Secondly.. My Invention consists in certain improved forms of cut
blanks (see Diagrams, Figures 7 and 8, and in an economical method of
getting such blanks out of sheets or strips, which is roughly illustrated
in the Diagrams, Figures 9 and 10. Instead of paring or punching out
the blanks to the complete outline required, a process involving great
waste of material, or instead of taking a straight piece of steel, or of iron
and steel, or of a combination of two steels, and bending forward the
parts intended to form the heels and backs of the two blades, I so form
and cut out the blanks that by fitting close up together (see Diagrams,
Figures 9 and 10) there is little or no waste, the cutting out is done
more easily, and when formed there is no need for bending forward the
heels of the blades; and instead of making these wool and other similar
shears out of sheets or strips with an ugly and inconvenient turnover at
the back of the blades, I make them out of sheets or strips without such
turnover, the blade being strengthened by extending the connection of
the mark side of the shank end, as shewn at g in Figure 11, a little up
the back edge of the blade in the form of a flange or curve, the curve
being by preference about equivalent to a quarter of a circle, that is to
say, the curve of one side of the shank is continued. When this con-
tinuation is thus curvod or rounded the shears are less hurtful to the
hand of the user. When the blanks are thin and require strengthening
in the backs of the blades I may make the side of the shank that joins
the blade on the full side so as to extend in the blank further than usual,
as shewn at i in Figure 4, and in the cross section along the line 1-2 in
Figure 4.
Thirdly. Instead of submitting blanks in their extended form to the
reducing action of rolls or a forging process, I fold or double them up
end to end, and in this folded state submit the part needing reduction to
the pressure of rolls or a forging process; or I place the parts intended
for the shanks and bow of a blank thus doubled or folded up over the
corresponding parts of a similarly doubled or folded blank, and pass
them through rolls till the required thinness is obtained. When rolled
singly, eccentric or reversing rolls are required, but when rolled in pairs
ordinary rolls are preferred. This part of my Invention is also applicable
to the production of improved blanks for solid weavers', pickers', and
joiners' plane irons.

page_text: 1
Fourthly. My Invention consists in an improved method of forging
and shaping the blank by steam or other power, and any suitable.
arrangement of machinery, with the aid of what are known as forging
pellets or faces suitably shaped on their working faces, by which more
accurate and finished forgings are produced at less cost than those made
by hand forging. Having selected a suitable length of steel, or of steel
combined with iron, or semi or mild steel of any suitable section, I set.
down (by preference by the aid of the tools or pellets herein-after¸
described and illustrated as No. 1 forging tools) and I roughly outline in
plan the parts intended to form the shanks; neck, and blades. I next'
proceed to form the shanks, neck, and blades in the following manner:-
The neck and stop I form between faces adapted to give the required
shape and configuration when forced together; these tools are herein-
after described and illustrated as No. 2 forging tools. It will be
observed that the piece of steel selected must be of sufficient thickness or
width and thickness to afford the requisite bulk of material to form the
neck and stop. When placed between these striking or pressure shaping
tools, I prefer to make the part immediately adjoining the neck on the
shank side a solid semicircle in cross section, of the same or slightly less
diameter than that part of the half tube which forms the rest of the
shank, as shewn at h in Figures 3 and 4, the top of the outer surface
of the curve formed by this solid semicircle being on a level with the
back of the blade. The remainder of the shank I gradually widen and
flatten out, and then bend into its semi-tubular form; or I make
may
the shank throughout a solid half circle, or some other solid shape
adapted to yield a semi-tubular shank of the required dimensions when
placed between suitable pellets to be forced together by machinery,
which set of pellets is herein-after described and illustrated as Number 3:
forging tools. The blade I finally form by submitting it when roughly
forged to the action of what are herein-after described and illustrated as
Number 4 set of forging tools. On the face of one of these tools there is cut
or sunk a counterpart of the form of the back of the blade, whilst on the
face of the other there is formed the curved and twisted fulness adapted
to produce on the face or cutting side of the blade the required curve
and twist. At any convenient stage in the shaping process I forge out
the part for the bow, but I prefer to do this before finishing the shanks.
The two shanks having been thus formed, drawn out, or forged as
required, I trim or shape their edges, as well as the edges of the bow,
when needed, by the aid of beds and punches, actuated cither by a fly

page_text: press or by any other suitable power machinery, as is well understood in
the trade.
Fifthly. My Invention consists in applying the improvements which
constitute the second, third, and fourth parts of this my said Invention,
and the fourth part of the Invention described in the Specification of
my Patent Number 1981, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight
hundred and seventy-one, to the manufacture of wool or sheep shears
when such shears are composed of an iron blank having a steel lining
subsequently welded thereto. Having shaped a blank of iron either
according to the second, third, or fourth parts of this my present Inven-
tion, or according to the manner described in the fourth part of the
Specification of my said Patent, Number 1981, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and seventy-one, I weld a lining of steel to
such parts of the iron blanks as are designed to form the cutting edges
of the blades of the finished shears; I then form the blades, necks, stops,
and shanks, by the use of the tools in the manner described in the fourth
part of this my present Invention. Or before the blanks have been
shaped or the strings or strips cut up into lengths, I set down or recess
in an oblique direction across the string or strip the part where the
division will be made, and I weld to the part thus set down or recessed a
piece of welding steel, sufficient in width and length to form linings for
two blades. The string or strip is then divided obliquely, that is to say,
along the centre of the steel lining, and each bit of steel will be then
adapted to form the cutting edge of a blade when the blank to which it
is attached is made up into a pair of shcars.
In outlining the blanks by forging I use tools in two parts. These
are formed on their inside faces so as to produce the peculiar shape or
conformation of the embryo blank or only of the separate part they are
designed to outline when forced or pressed together. These forging
tools have been hercin-before referred to as Number 1 set of forging
tools; they consist of five pairs of dies or pellets. The first pair are
shown in longitudinal section at Figure 12 (Sheet 2), and are intended
to mark out in plan the parts for the bow and shanks. The bow is
marked or spread by the contact surfaces 1, 1, whilst the hollow for the
shanks is just indicated by the contact parts 2, 2. The second pair of
dies, shown in sectional elevation at Figure 13, are employed for giving
a slight outline to the parts corresponding to the edges of the shanks
and bow. The space at 3 is left so that the body of the bow shall not

page_text: be acted upon whilst the parts 4, 4, outline the edges of the shanks.
The parts 5, 5, come into contact and serve to indicate the part for the
blade neck. I prefer to combine the dies, Figures 12 and 13, in one dic,
although I have shown them as separate dies. Figure 14 is a side
elevation of the third pair of dies; Figure 15 is a plan of the bottom die,
and Figure 16 is a plan of the top die. The part 6 serves to reduce the
string or strip at the junction of two blanks, which are then secured by
the parts 7. The parts 8 and 9 serve to mark the beginning of the
shanks at the heels of the blades and to round the backs, leaving the
back of the blade and shank level. The parts 10 draw out the shanks to
the length and section required, and the parts li serve to spread the
bow. The fourth pair of dies are represented in side elevation at
Figure 17; the face of the top die is shown in Figure 18, and the face of
the bottom die is shown in Figure 19. The parts 12 serve to give the
desired thickness to the neck or thickest end of the blade, allowing the
ends of the shanks to remain square or nearly so on each side of the
blade; the parts 13 serve to extend the blades to their proper length.
The parts 14 are to spread the blades to their proper width and reduce
the thickness towards the cutting edge of the blades. The parts 15 serve
to impart the desired uniformity of section and smoothness of surface to
the blade. The fifth pair of dies, of which a plan is given of one of
them at Figure 20 (the fellow die being a counterpart of the opposite
side of the neck, according to the make of shears required), serves to
develope the first outline of the neck, with its single or double stop, as
the case may be.
In forging the neck and stop I use a pair of combined dies or tools
(Figure 21), which Figure shows one of the combined dies only, and
which has the form at 16 of the end or side of the shank adjoining the
back of the blade, and at 17 the front side of the blade neck, the front
side of the shank end with the form and depth of stop or kick sunk
on its working face; the fellow die (not shown in my Drawings) is a
counterpart of the other parts of the neck to be produced. These tools
I have herein-before designated Number 2 forging tools.
In forging the shanks into the hollow shape required out of solid half.
round or other suitable sections of iron, or steel, or other suitable material,
I use tools, single or compound, in their forging or shaping faces.
Figure 22 is a longitudinal section of one pair of these tools; Figure 23
is a face view of the lower one of this pair of dies or tools; and Figure 24

page_text: is a similar view of the upper die. The bottom tool or die I make with
two gates or curved recesses, 18 and 19, running in the direction of its
length from one end to within a certain distance of the other or opposite
end, one recess being much shallower than the other. The length of
these recesses is determined by the length of the shank to be formed.
The blade ends of these recesses terminate in two projecting sides between
which is an opening 20 and 21, in width adapted to the thickness of the
back of the blade it is designed to receive. The two projecting sides
22, 22, at the blade end of the recesses are shaped so as to produce on
the blade end of the shank the required form and finish, when in the
process of troughing or hollowing the shanks the blade end of the shank
is forced up against them. The corresponding top die has two projec-
tions or ribs 23 and 24, made thercon, and fitting into the recesses 18
and 19 of the bottom die. One of these ribs 24 has somewhat of a
chisel edge, and works into the shallower one 19 of the two recesses,
and is designed to open out the nearly half-circular solid shank placed in
the cavity in the bottom tool into which it works. The other rib 23
enters the recess 18, and is formed in width, length, and rounded face
like the hollow in the shank it is intended to form. These tools I call
forging tools Number 3.
Figure 25 is a longitudinal section of a pair of single tools for finishing
the shaping which has been commenced in the compound dies last
previously described.
Figure 26 is a plan or face view of the bottom die; and Figure 27 is
a cross section of the top die taken along the line. The blade is
placed with its thin edge downwards in the recess or nick 25, and the
hollow of the shank is placed over the rib or projection 26, which is
surrounded by a flat ledge or platform 27, on to which platform the sides
of the recess 28 in the upper dic are brought to bear.
Figure 28 is a
in one; and
One pair of
In forging the blades I use two pairs of tools or dics.
plan of the lower die when made compound, or the two
Figure 29 is a corresponding end elevation of the same.
tools is adapted to outline the blade in the recess 29, the top die for the
same being slightly rounded on its working face, and of a width of about
three inches, and one and a half inches in thickness. This part of the 3
top die is connected to the top die of the recess 30. This latter top die
is formed on its working face either as a plain surface, or with the curve
and twisted fulness adapted to produce on the face side of the blade the

page_text: hollow and twist required. This pair of dies, of which 30 represents the
lower one of the two, is adapted to finish the blade with its swaged back
and whale edge, &c., outlined, and its curved or slightly hollowed cutting
face formed and developed as required. It will thus be seen that cach
of these pairs of tools must consist of a top and bottom tool, having its
operating face formed or fashioned according to the size and kind of
blade it is intended to shape; these I call forging tools Number 4.
When forming shears out of my improved or other similar forms of
blanks cut out of sheets or strips instead of turning over the superfluous
part to strengthen the back, I sever such part from the blade to the
extent required, and double it up on to itself and weld, solder, or braze it
on to the end of the shank or side of the blade, producing in the latter
case a double stock.
In hardening the blades of shears of solid steel, melted iron and steel,
or two steels of different qualitics and tempers, I place them with their
backs downwards on a plate with grooves in it corresponding to the
shape of the blade, and I introduce the plate into a furnace, so that the
backs of the shears being thus protected from the fire the blaze or heat
may act chiefly on the parts intended to constitute the cutting edges of
the blades; or the same end may be obtained by grasping the back of
the blade with clamps or tongs, or by putting on the back of the blade
a metallic jacket which covers the parts requiring to be soft before :
dipping the blade into the quenching liquid. This mode of hardening ·
also assists in preventing the warping or twisting of the blade whilst it
is subjected to the hardening influences.
I do not confine myself to this or any other mode of hardening when
carrying out the manufacture of my improved wool and other similar
shears, and I would observe that although I have described what I
consider to be the best forms of tools or dies for forging and shaping
wool or sheep shears, I do not confine or restrict myself to the precise
forms and details of such dies so long as the essential features of my
Invention are retained. The tools or dies herein described are adapted
for making shears with blades about seven inches in length, and with
shanks to correspond, but for shears of different dimensions the dimensions
of the dies will be altered accordingly, and although the dies will in
most cases be of chilled cast iron, they may in some cases have their
shaping or acting parts made of steel let into the body of the die, which
may be of cast steel or other suitable metal.
'

page_text: Seventh. The forging and shaping of the blanks for wool or sheep
shears by the aid of suitably shaped dies worked by steam or other power,
substantially as herein-before described.
Eighth. The peculiar forms of dies to be used by steam or other power
for shaping the blanks of wool or sheep shears, as herein-before described
and illustrated by my Drawings.
Ninth. The manufacture of wool or sheep shears by forming and
shaping an iron blank after the manner described under the second,
third, and fourth heads of this my present Invention, or under the
fourth head of the Invention described in the Specification of
my Patent,
No. 1981/71, and subsequently welding a lining of steel to such iron
blank so formed and shaped, or by first welding a lining of steel obliquely
across the string or strip and then cutting out and shaping the compound
metal blank in the manner described in the said heads of my present and
former Specifications.
Tenth. The protecting or shielding from the direct action of the fire
and quenching liquid during the heating and dipping operations of those
parts intended to be left soft, substantially in the manner herein-before
described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Henry Melton Marsden, have to
this my Specification set my hand and seal, the Tenth day of
December One thousand eight hundred and seventy-two.
HENRY MELTON MARSDEN. (L.S.)