Iz. PROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION AND PROTECTION OF SHIPS, VESSELS, AND FLOATING BATTERIES, AND IN THE PREPARATION AND ARRANGEMENT OF MATERIALS FOR THOSE PURPOSES, SOME OF SUCH IMPROVEMENTS BEING APPLICABLE TO THE CONSTRUCTION AND PROTECTION OF LAND FORTIFICATIONS." PROAL SP
Year: 1863

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to George Clark, of No. 30, Craven Street, Stran".
Westminster, in the County of Middlesex, for the Invention of "Iz.
PROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION AND PROTECTION OF SHIPS, VESSELS,
AND FLOATING BATTERIES, AND IN THE PREPARATION AND ARRANGEMENT
OF MATERIALS FOR THOSE PURPOSES, SOME OF SUCH IMPROVEMENTS BEING
APPLICABLE TO THE CONSTRUCTION AND PROTECTION OF LAND FORTIFICATIONS."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said George Clark at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 5th August 1863.
I, GEORGE CLARK, of No. 30, Craven Street, Strand, Westminster, in the
County of Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION AND PROTECTION OF SHIPS, VESSELS,
AND FLOATING BATTERIES, AND IN THE PREPARATION AND ARRANGEMENT OF
MATERIALS FOR THOSE PURPOSES, SOME OF SUCH IMPROVEMENTS BEING APPLICABLE TO
THE CONSTRUCTION AND PROTECTION OF LAND FORTIFICATIONS," to bo as follows:-
This Invention consists in the following improvements in the construction
and protection of ships and floating or land batteries, and in preparing and
arranging materials used in carrying out such improvements.
1st, the formation of armour plating for ships or batteries by fastening
together, and to the structure to be protected, thin plates alternately of metal
and fibrous material, th to an inch, more or less, in thickness, presenting
their edges vertically or horizontally as the resisting surface to projectiles, in the
manner shown in Diagram, Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, Sheet 1.
2nd, the construction of ships or batteries with iron beams, angle or T bars,
and plates arranged diagonally from the sides and decks, and converging to a
peak at the stem and stern, in the manner shown in the Diagram, Fig. 5,
Sheet 2, the object of this improvement being that a shock at the stem or
stern of a vessel shall be distributed over the entire hull.

page_text: 3rd, the construction and arrangement of the gun deck of a ship or battery
in the manner shown in Figs. 6, 7, Sheet 2, the object of this improvement
being to place a part of the weight of the top sides & armour plating as well
as the armament above the water line several feet inboard from the sides of
and towards the centre of such ship or battery, and so as to form an iron-plated
and casemated fort on the main deck, leaving a gangway deck on each side
of such fort, and effectually protecting the guns and crew, affording also the
means of lighting and ventilating the gun and main decks.
4th, the formation of an inner and second structure of iron armour, 3 to
4 feet, more or less, inboard from the sides of a ship or battery at and below
the water line, as shown in Fig. 7, Sheet 2.
5th, the object of this improvement is to sheath the bottom of an iron or an
iron-clad ship with copper without exposing the iron skin or the armour
plates to chemical action from the copper sheathing, and at the same time
protect the bottom of the ship with armour plates under the water line. The
Dingram, Fig. 7, Sheet 2, shows how I effect that object (a, a,) is the planking
of a wooden ship or the skin and frames of an iron ship; (b, b,) are armour
plates fastened outside an iron or a wooden ship; (c, c,) are planks fastened
ont-ile the armour plates by means of bolts which pass through the latter or
their joints, the latter plan by preference; (d, d,) is a coating of cement,
concrete, or asphalte, or some similar substance impervious to water, covering
the outside of the armour plates an inch or two, more or less, in thickness, and
forming a bed between them and the planks; (e, e,) is the copper sheathing.
The protective planking and cement bedding over the armour plates may be
carried to a line sufficiently high out of the water to protect the outside armour
plates above that line from corrosion by galvanic action of the copper sheathing.
6th, the construction and strengthening of wooden ships in the following
manner: Wooden timbers or ribs about 12 or 15 inches square, or 12 by 15
inches section, more or less, are placed vertically and fastened to the keel and
kelsons and deck beams in the usual manner of ship-building, leaving intervals
of 12 incles, more or less, between the timbers. To one or both sides of every
tin ber, or every other timber, iron angle bars about 3 by 3, or 6 by 6 inches,
and to of an inch thick, according to the size of the vessel, are fastened
with bolts one side or flange of each angle bar parallel to the sides of the
timber, the other side or flange on a line and let in flush with the outside of
the timbers, projecting laterally and in a vertical direction from the latter. To
these projecting flanges other angle or Z-shaped iron bars are rivetted
horizontally with intervals of 18 to 24 inches between them. Within these
last-named intervals the planks of the ship are placed and bolted to the

page_text: timbers and caulked in the ordinary way; or in lieu of horizontal angle or
Z iron bars being rivetted to the timber, angle bars, thin plates of iron, are fitted
between the planks with their edges bearing on the timbers. The intervals or
spaces between the timbers are then filled in solid with baulks of wood, which
become additional ribs or timbers, to which also the planks aro bolted. A solid
structure of great strength is thus formed combining the ordinary structure of
a wooden ship strengthened with iron bars in a way which has not hitherto
been practised. The novelty consists in the combination of supplementing and
strengthening the timbers of a wooden ship, after they have been laid down
and fastened to the keel and kelsons and deck beams in the ordinary way.
(leaving spaces between them,) with vertical and horizontal angle bars
before fixing the planks, and finally filling in solid the spaces between the
timbers in the way described. In order to protect the wood of the timbers
and the planks from the corrosive action of iron employed in this or any other
naval structure, and also to protect iron in such structures from the galvanic
action of copper, I cover the iron angle bars or plates and bolts used in any
such structure with a coating of enamel by a process similar to that employed
to enamel the inside of iron culinary vessels, and when I place iron plates or
bars, forming part of my cellular system of backing for which I obtained Letters
Patent, dated the 7th December 1861, No. 3068, over wood, I interpose a
layer of Roman or Portland cement, or other cement of an analagous character,
between the iron and the wood. The Diagrams in the sections, Figs. 8, 9,
Sheet 2, further show the mode of construction for this improvement.
7th, the formation of narrow longitudinal iron cells as backing to armour
plates, by rivetting, bolting, or otherwise fastening angle, T, or other shaped
bars of iron outside the frames and skin or planks of a ship or battery, so ns to
form a succession of shelves or ribs horizontally or vertically one to two feet.
apart, more or less, on or against and between which shelves or ribs alternate
layers of plates of thin metal of an inch, more or less, in thickness, and
of wood or any fibrous and tough material 3 to 4 inches, more or less, thick,
are fitted and wedged in.
to
8th, the formation of series of narrow cells of iron or other metal to be used
as backing to armour plates, by rivetting angle or T irons to boiler plates of
convenient sizes, thus forming separate masses of such cells, then moulding the
masses to the form of the surface to which they are to be applied, and fastening
them thereto horizontally or vertically with screw bolts and nuts, or rivetted
bolts, or otherwise.
9th, the conversion of angle and T or other sections of bars and plates of
iron, manufactured for the construction of ships and batteries, into steel by any

page_text: of the well-known processes of converting iron into steel, and the use and
application of such bars or plates so converted into steel, after being manu-
factured into the required forms, in the construction of ships and batteries.
10th, my tenth improvement is a mode of fastening armour plates to the
structure they protect with bolts, which are fitted into the plates behind, and do 5
not pass through them. The following explanations and Diagrams show the
nature of this fastening, and the manner of constructing and applying it.

page_text: 2½
(a, a,) is the shaft of a screw bolt, say, 2 to 3 inches in diameter, with a
conical bolt head (6) about 2 to 2 in. in length. One-fourth part of this
head on each of two opposite sides is cut away to the diameter of the
shaft, at shown at (c). For the insertion of this bolt from the inside a
conical hole in which to fit the bolt head is drilled into the back of the
armour plate about th of an inch more in depth than the length of the
conical head of the bolt. One-fourth part or a little more of the circle
of the metal of the plate round this hole is cut away from the back of
the plate, being thus enlarged .outwards to the diameter of the conical head.
By this arrangement the remaining portion of the head, part of which
has been cut away as before described, may be passed into the hole in the
armour plate, and when pushed home to the top of the hole the bolt may be
turned round, and by giving it a quarter turn the half (d, d.) of the conical
head will clip the shoulders left in the hole, and the bolt will draw. In order
to give greater strength to the bolt, and make it less liable to break, I make the
end an inch or an inch larger in diameter than the shaft. This bolt will
thus be fitted and fastened to the plate and may be removed from behind, the
perforation of holes through the armour plates being avoided. The bolt head
will be protected from impact by the thickness of the plate over it, and the
space left in the hole above the head will tend to relieve the bolt from the shock
of projectiles striking the armour plates.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Georgo Clark in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
5th February 1864.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, GEORGE
CLARK, of 30, Craven Street, Strand, Westminster, in the County of Middle-
sex, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by ITer Letters
Patent, bearing date the Fifth day of August, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, in the twenty-seventh year of
Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto
me, the said George Clark, Her special licence that I, the said George
Clark, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the
said George Clark, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any
time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times there-
after during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use,
exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,

page_text: the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
THE CONSTRUCTION AND PROTECTION OF SHIPS, VESSELS, AND FLOATING BATTERIES,
AND IN THE PREPARATION AND ARRANGEMENT OF MATERIALS FOR THOSE PURPOSES,
BOME OF SUCH IMPROVEMENTS BEING APPLICABLE TO THE CONSTRUCTION AND PROTECTION
OF LAND FORTIFICATIONS," upon the condition (amongst others) that 1, the said 5
George Clark, my exccutors or administrators, by an instrument in writing
under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe
and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same
was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent
Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the 1
said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said George Clark, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be per-
formed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement:-
This Invention consists in the following improvements in the construction
and protection of ships and floating or land batteries, and in preparing and
arranging materials used to carry out such improvements:-
First, a system of compound metallic and fibrous plate armour.
Second, a mode of strengthening ships to resist longitudinal or transverse
strain.
Third, the construction of the battery of armoured ships on a plan which
relieves the sides and ends of a ship of a great part of the weight of its top
sides, armour, and armament.
Fourth, the formation of an inner line of armour in a ship at, and above,
and below the water line.
Fifth, a plan of sheathing iron ships with copper.
Sixth, an improved mode of combining iron and wood in the construction
of ships.
Seventh, an improvement in the formation of iron cells as a backing to the
armour of ships and forts.
Eighth, an improved method of constructing iron cells and fixing them as
backing to ships' armour.
Ninth, the conversion of iron bars and plates, manufactured for the con-
struction of ships and forts, into steel.
Tenth, an improved bolt for fastening ships' armour. Of these improve-
ments the following is a detailed description under their respective heads:-
First, the compound metallic and fibrous plate armour is formed by fastening
together, and to the structure to be protected, thin plates alternately of metal

page_text: and fibrous material, one-eighth to half an inch, more or less, in thickness, and
6 to 12 inches, more or less, in width, presenting their edges vertically or
horizontally as the resisting surface to projectiles, in the manner shewn in
Diagrams, Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, of the Drawings hereunto annexed. Irun
plates may be used, but I prefer steel, believing this mode of applying the
latter material as armour to ships or batteries advantageous in point of economy
and efficiency. The fibrous plates may be composed of millboard, papier
maché, or any kind of fibrous material combined with other substances
calculated to produce bard and tough plates, which are to be of uniform
thickness and should be fire and water proof. I do not claim any particular
material or combination of materials for the production of the fibrous plates;
I indicate their nature, but my Invention consists in the mode of u-ing them
in combination with metallic plates. Figures 1 to 6 of the Drawings with the
following references will sufficiently explain the plan of carrying out this improve-
ment. Figure 1 is an elevation of compound metallic and fibrous plate armour
applied to a ship of war; Figure 2, a horizontal section, and Figure 3, a
vertical section, of the same; Figure 4, a transverse section of a compartiment
of compound metallic and fibrous plate armour; Figure 5, plan of a metallic
or fibrous plate; Figure 6, plan of a wedge plate. (a, a,) are steel plates
coloured blue; (b, b,) fibrous plates colored brown; (c, c,) dovetailed slots in
the plates, into which bolt bars are fitted as fastenings on the plan describe
in the Specification of my Invention of "An Improved Method of Connecting
and Fastening together Blocks, Plates, or Slabs of Wood, Metal, or any other
Material," for which I obtained Her Majesty's Letters Patent, No. 482, dated
the 25th February 1861. (d, d,) wedge plate; (e, c,) bolts to wedge plate;
(f.f.) shelf plates, consisting of angle bars rivetted to the side of the ship or
battery, and forming compartments, into which the plates are tightly compresse
and held by means of the wedge plates. The main object of the fibrous plates
is to reduce the weight of the armour. Steel plates arranged and fastene.l in
the way above described may be used alone; and although I have described
this arrangement of thin plates edgeways as armour per se, it may be applica
as backing to armour plates.
Second, to carry out my improvement of strengthening ships or batteries,
iron beams, angle or T bars and plates are arranged diagonally from the sides
and ends of the vessel towards the centre along the plane of the decks, and
above and below them, converging to a peak at the stem and stern, in the
manner shewn in Figure 7 of the Drawings, the object of this improvement
being to impart greater rigidity to the entire structure, and to distributo a
shock at any part of a vessel over the entire bull.

page_text: Third, my third improvement is carried into effect by the construction and
arrangement of the fighting deck of a ship in the manner shewn in Figures
8 and 9. The object in view is effected by constructing the battery of the
ship and carrying her armament several feet inboard from the sides of and
towards the centre of the ship, so as to form an iron-plated and casemated
fort on the main deck, and relieve the sides of the ship from the weight of the
top sides, armour, and armament, leaving a gangway deck outside each side
of such fort, and effectually protecting the guns and crew. This plan also
affords the means of lighting and ventilating the gun and main decks through
openings in the gangway decks between the ports and in the casemated roof
of the battery. The demi-luno ports of the battery will give great lateral
range to the guns; the guns at the extremities of the gangway decks which
they command will be a defence against boarding. The Drawings further
explain the details of this arrangement.
Fourth, in order to increase the resisting strength of armour ships at and
near the water line, I form an inner and second structure of iron armour
3 to 4 fect, more or less, inboard from the sides of a ship or battery at, and
above, and below the water line, as shewn in Figure 9 of the annexed Drawings.
A passage, which may be divided by bulkheads, is carried round the ship
between the sides of the ship and the inner line of armour. The floor of this
passage is made water-tight, and close along the sides of the ship iron bunkers
are formed in lengths of 10 to 20 feet or less, of which the tops are about 2 to
3 feet above the water line. In the event of a shot penetrating through the
outer armour and the bunker plates, its force will be so much diminished that
probably it would be brought to by the inner armour. The men could easily
get at the holes in the side of the ship or the bunker and stop the flow of water
through the holes. If the bunker plate be uninjured, the flow of water will be
limited to the contents of each bunker. (a) the ship's battery; (b) the gangway
deck; (c) the inner armour; (d) the iron bunker.
Fifth, the object of this improvement is to sheath the bottom of an iron or s
an iron-clad ship with copper without exposing the iron skin or the armour
plates to chemical action from the copper sheathing, and at the same time
protect the bottom of the ship with armour plates under the water line. The
Drawing, Figure 10, shows how I effect that object. (a, a.) is the planking of
a wooden ship or the skin and frames of an iron ship; (b, b,) are armour
plates fastened outside an iron or a wooden ship; (c, c,) are planks fastened
outside the armour plates by means of bolts which pass through the plates or
between their joints, the latter plan by preference; (d, d,) is a coating of cement,
concrete, or asphalte, or some similar substance impervious to water, covering

page_text: the outside of the armour plates an inch or two, more or less, in thickness, and
forming a bed between them and the planks; (e, e,) is the copper sheathing.
The protective planking and cement bedding over the armour plates may be
carried to a line sufficiently high out of the water to protect the outside armour
plates above that line from corrosion by the action of the copper sheathing.
Sixth, my improvement in constructing and strengthening wooden ships is
carried out in the following manner:-Wooden timbers or ribs about 12 or 15
inches square, or 12 by 15 inches section, more or less, are placed vertically and
fastened and secured in any manner practised in ship-building, leaving intervals
of 12 inches, more or less, between the timbers so placed. To one or both sides
of every timber, or every other timber, iron angle bars about 3 by 3, or 6 by 6
inches, and to of an inch thick, according to the size of the vessel, are fastened
with rivetted or screw bolts, one side or flange of each angle bar parallel to the sides
of the timbers, the other side or flange on a line and let in flush with the outside
of the timbers, projecting laterally and in a vertical direction from the latter.
To these projecting flanges other angle or Z-shaped iron bars are rivetted or
bolted horizontally or diagonally, with intervals of 18 to 24 inches, more or less,
between them. In the spaces of these last-named intervals the planks of the
ship are placed and bolted to the timbers and caulked in the ordinary way; or
in lieu of horizontal angle or Z iron bars being rivetted or bolted to the
timber angle bars, the planks may be fastened to the timbers with thin plates
of iron fitted between the planks with their edges bearing on the timbers. The
intervals or spaces between the timbers are then filled in solid with baulks of
wood, which become additional ribs or timbers, to which also the planks are
bolted. A solid structure of great strength is thus formed, combining the
ordinary structure of a wooden ship strengthened with iron bars in a way
which has not hitherto been practised. The novelty consists in the combination
of supplementing and strengthening the timbers of a wooden ship, after they
have been laid down and fastened in any of the ordinary ways of ship-building,
(leaving spaces between them,) with vertical and horizontal angle bars or
plates before fixing the planks, and afterwards filling in solid the spaces
between the timbers in the way described. In order to protect the wood of
the timbers and the planks from the corrosive action of iron employed in this
or any other naval structure, and also to protect iron in such structures from
the galvanic action of copper, I cover the iron angle bars or plates and bolts
used in any such structure with a coating of enamel by a process similar to
that employed to enamel the inside of iron culinary vessels, and when I wish
to prevent the corrosive action of any salts or acids on the materials, whether
of wood or iron, forming any part of the structure of a ship, I interpose on the

page_text: outer surface of the planking of a wooden or the skin of an iron ship, or of the
backing of armour plates, a layer of Roman or Portland cement, or other cement
of an analagous character, between such outer surface and the materials with
which it is covered. Figure 10 of the Drawings hereunto annexed further shews
the mode of construction for this improvement. (a) timber of ship; (b) spaces
between timbers; (c) vertical angle bars; (d) horizontal bars; (e) planks.
Seventh, this improvement in the backing to armour plates consists in the
formation of narrow longitudinal iron cells by rivetting, bolting, or otherwise
fastening angle, T, or other shaped bars of iron outside the frames and skin or
planks of a ship or battery, so as to form a succession of shelves or ribs to be
divided into compartments by partitions, horizontally or vertically, one to two
feet wide, and 10 to 12 feet long, more or less. Into these compartments
alternate layers of plates of thin metal to an inch, more or less, in thick-
ness, and of wood or any fibrous and tough material 3 to 4 inches, more or
less, in thickness, are fitted and wedged in alternately. The nature of this
improvement consists in the combination of shelf plates divided into compart-
ments, as just above described, with iron or steel cells fitted and fastened
separately into each compartment.
Eighth, this improvement consists in the formation of series of cells of iron
or other material to be used as backing to armour plates in the following
manner: On iron or steel foundation plates to an inch, or thereabouts,
in thickness, iron or steel angle bars are rivetted in parallel lines, 4 to 5 inches
apart from centre to centre, more or less. This operation is executed in the
shop, the foundation plates used for the purpose being of suitable dimensions to
be readily manipulated and fixed. The cells are thus formed in masses, which
are moulded to the form of the surface to which they are to be applied. Each
mass is fastened in its place on the ship or battery by means of bolts, as shewn
in the Drawings, Figures 11 and 12. The series of cells being fastened, as
described, to the ship or battery, the cells are filled with blocks or planks
of woor compressed fibrous material rendered water and fire proof, and
exceed gly tough and resistant to penetration. This plan of constructing cells
in masses or sections facilitates the fixing of a second or third series of cells
superposed on iron cells fastened outsido a ship on the plan of my Invention
for "Improvements in the Application and Manufacture of Iron or Steel as
Armour for Ships or Batteries," for which I obtained Letters Patent, No. 3068,
dated the 7th December 1861.
Ninth, the mode of carrying this improvement into execution is to take
plates or bars of iron manufactured into the forms required for the construc-
tion of iron ships, and convert them into steel by any of the well-known

page_text: processes for converting iron bars into steel, and then to partially decarbonize
the plates and bars so converted by annealing or heating them gradually, so as
to render the metal malleable, and when they are in a fit state to pass such
plates and bars between rollers. By these processes the metal will be com-
pressed and rendered tough, and steel plates and bars of any required
dimensions and form will be produced moro economically than by manu-
facturing plates and bars out of steel.
Tenth, my tenth improvement is a mode of fastening armour plates to the
structure they protect with bolts, which are fitted into the plates behind and
do not pass through them. The following explanations and Diagrams shew
the nature of this fastening, and the manner of constructing and applying it.

page_text: (a, a,) is the shaft of a screw bolt, say, 2 to 3 inches in diameter, with a
conical head (6) about 2 to 24 inches in length. One-fourth part of this
head on each of two opposite sides is cut away to the diameter of the shaft, as
shown at (c). For the insertion of this bolt from the inside a conical hole in
which to fit tho bolt head is drilled into the back of the armour plate about
of an inch more in depth than the length of the conical head of the bolt.
One-fourth part or a little more of the circle of the metal of the plate round
this hole is cut away from the back of the plate, being thus enlarged outwards
to the diameter of the conical head. By this arrangement the remaining portion
of the head, part of which has been cut away, as before described, may be
passed into the hole in the armour plate, and when pushed home to the top
of the hole the bolt may be turned round, and by giving it a quarter turn the
half (d, d,) cf the conical head will clip the shoulders left in the hole, and the
bolt will draw. In order to give greater strength to the bolt, and make it less
liable to break, I make the end : an inch or an inch larger in diameter than
the shaft. This bolt will thus be fitted and fastened to the plate and may be
removed from behind, the perforation of holes through the armour plates being
avoided. The bolt head will be protected from impact by the thickness of the
plate over it, and the space left in the hole above the head will tend to relieve
the bolt from the shock of projectiles striking the armour plates.
In the practical application of the various parts of my said Invention I do not
limit myself to the details and dimensions herein-before mentioned or referred
to; they will vary according to the circumstances of each case. I havo
described in detail various modes of applying and using the improvements
comprised in my said Invention, but many of these details do not form parts
thereof; and I wish it to be understood that whenever I mention iron I mean that
steel may be used for the purpose referred to, and that the objects of the said
improvements respectively, reference being had to the numbers of the several
heads under which they are arranged and described, are as follows:-
1. A combination of thin metallic and fibrous plates presenting their edges
to resist projectiles, and constituting either outer armour or backing to armour
plat. s.
2. The arrangement, in the manner described, of plates and bars diagonally
at and along the planes of the decks of a ship in the manner shewn in the
Drawings, Figure 7.
3. The construction of the armoured top sides of iron-clad ships above the
water line several feet inboard, so as to bring the weight of the battery or
fighting deck with its armament towards the centre, and relieve the sides of
the ship.

page_text: 4. The protection of a ship from the effects of projectiles at or near to the
water line by the construction of an inner line of armour, with a free gangway
space between such inner armour and the sides of the ship.
5. The sheathing of iron ships or iron-clad ships with copper by means of
the arrangement herein-before described and shewn in Figure 10 of the
Drawings referred to.
6. The combination of iron and wood in the construction of ships, in the
manner herein-before described and shewn in Figure 11, 12, of the Drawings
referred to.
7. The formation of iron cellular backing to armour plates in compartments
of limited area, by confining metallic plates and the filling between them to
each compartment, and compressing the materials therein separately, on
the plan herein-before described and shewn in Figure 4 of the Drawings
referred to.
8. The construction, formation, and attachment to ships or forts of masses of
iron cells as a part of a system of protective armour, by manufacturing such
masses separately and then fitting and fixing them to the surface they are
intended to cover, on the plan herein-before described and shown in Figure 12
of the Drawing referred to.
9. The conversion into steel of iron plates and bars manufactured for the
construction and protection of ships after they have been so manufactured.
10. The construction of bolts, and the perforation of armour plates for the
purpose of fastening the latter by inserting the bolts at the back of the
plates, on the plan berein-before described and illustrated by the Diagrams,
Figure 13.
In witness whereof, I, the said George Clark, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Fifth day of February, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-four.
GEO. CLARK. (L.S.)