matthewleechen/300YearsOfBritishPatents huggingface dataset:
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL MARBLE
Year: 1864

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Henri Adrien Bonneville at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 26th
February 1864.-A communication from Joseph Alibert, residing at
Marseilles, in the Empire of France.
I, HENRI ADRIEN BONNEVILLE, Patent Agent, of the British and Foreign
Patent Offices, 24, Rue du Mont Thabor, Paris, in the Empire of France,
and 38, Porchester Terrace, Bayswater, in the County of Middlesex, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL MARBLE," communicated to me by Joseph
Alibert, a person residing at Marseilles, in the Empire of France, aforesaid,
to be as follows:-
These improvements consist in solidifying gypsum for the above purpose as
follows: After having given the required form to a block, slab, or other
mass of gypsum, it is placed in an oven and heated to a suitable temperature,
then immerged after cooling in a bath containing a mixture of fresh and salt
water. Some few minutes afterwards a previously prepared dye is poured
into the said bath, and by this means artificial marbles of any colour are
obtained.
The dyes or colours should, in order to obtain a good effect, be prepared by
heat, and in cases of mixture the different substances should be boiled together
for some time.
AN IMPROVED MODE OF TRANSMITTING CURRENTS OF ELECTRICITY FOR TELEGRAPHIC PURPOSES
Year: 1864

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by George Schaub at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 28th April
1864.
I, GEORGE SCHAUB, of New Hanley Road West, Upper Holloway, in the
County of Middlesex, Electro-metallurgist, do hereby declare the nature of
the said Invention for "AN IMPROVED MODE OF TRANSMITTING CURRENTS OF
ELECTRICITY FOR TELEGRAPHIC PURPOSES," to be as follows:-
The object of this Invention is to facilitate the transmission of independent
currents of electricity through line wires, and thereby through the aid of
additional instruments to enable an increased number of operators to work
simultaneously and without interfering with each other.
According to the ordinary arrangement, as is well known, an operator.com-
municating from one terminus to another monopolizes for the time being one
line wire, the return current finding its way back by the earth, and in order
to provide extra and independent circuits fresh lines of insulated wire are
required, which are both costly, and in the case of submarine telegraphs often
impracticable to obtain.
Now my Invention consists in producing new circuits for the electric
current by the use of the existing lines of insulated wire, the number of
which new circuits will increase in a ratio proportioned to the number of
wires employed. Supposing three lines to be in use, and all these to run to
earth as usual, then all currents passed through them will return by the earth.
but if lines 1 and 2 are coupled at each terminus with an additional battery,

page_text: and signalling instruments are placed in the circuit,, then a current transmitted
through line 1 will operate an, additional instrument and return by line 2
without interfering with the currents that may be passing through those wires
and returning by the earth.
In like manner wire 2 may be coupled with wire 3, and a current sent
through the wire 2 by an additional battery will operate an additional instru-
ment and return through the wire 3 to that battery. So also wire 1 may be
connected with wire 3 and form still another circuit by means of an additional
battery, another instrument may be made to transmit signals without inter-
fering with the operations of the original instruments. If however four lines
are used the number of new circuits will be considerably increased as wires
1, 2, and 3 may each be coupled with it, and so on for any given number of
line wires employed.
IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR GRINDING CORE
Year: 1864

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Hurt and Henry Tonge at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their Petition, on the
8th November 1864.
We, JOHN HURT and HENRY TONGE, of Sowerby Bridge, near Halifax, in
the County of York, Corn Millers, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR GRINDING CORE," to be as
follows:-
This Invention relates to means of removing or taking away the ground
corn from the grindstones. Heretofore one or two spouts or openings have
been provided or formed at the edge of the bed stone for the ground corn or
meal to pass away through, the said corn being driven or carried round to the
said opening or openings by the action or rotation of the running stone.
Our improvements consist in providing or forming a universal spout or con-
tinuous opening around the whole circumference of the bed stone, so that the
ground corn or meal is continually passing from the grindstones at every part
of their circumference, and is conducted from thence by suitable spouting
placed underneath.
IMPROVEMENTS IN PREPARING CEMENTS APPLICABLE IN THE MAKING OF MOULDINGS ON WOOD, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES
Year: 1864

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Pierre Germain Etesse at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 30th
May 1864.
I, PIERRE GERMAIN ETESSE, of Grande Rue de Passy, Paris, in the Empire
of France, do hereby declare the nature of the Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN PREPARING CEMENTS APPLICABLE IN THE MAKING OF MOULDINGS ON WOOD, AND
FOR OTHER PURPOSES," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in preparing cements
applicable in tho making of mouldings on wood and other articles. For
these purposes, when for internal work, a cement is composed by combining
the following materials and in about the following proportions:―
Double size
Fine plaster
Alabaster plaster (platre à albatre)
Moist unsized paper (papier de soie) being
preferred
1,000
500
25
15
The size is to be melted at a low temperature, and to it is to be added and
mixed the paper, which has been previously steeped for some hours in cold
water and then slightly pressed to remove some of the water, the plasters
are then to be added and carefully mixed. The cement, when prepared, is to
be poured into moulds to obtain the requisite forms. When the cement is to
be used for exterior works, Roman cement together with water is to be added
to the mixture above described.
IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINES FOR REAPING AND MOWING
Year: 1864

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Joseph Moore at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 11th May
1864.
I, JOSEPH MOORE, of Darlington, in the County of Durham, Engineer,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
MACHINES FOR REAPING AND MOWING," to be as follows:-
The nature of my Invention consists in making the knives or cutting tools
of reaping and mowing machines into an endless chain of links passing around
toothed or other wheels, to one of which rotary motion is given by an internal
wheel on the driving wheel; this internal wheel gears into a pinion on a hori-
zontal shaft, which, by means of a pair of mitre or bevil pinions, drives the
upright shaft to which the driving toothed wheel of the endless chain of cutters
is fixed; this upright shaft is provided below with a universal joint to enable
the angle of the cutters to be varied; near the outer extremity of the endless
chain of cutters is a small travelling wheel bearing on the ground to give
steadiness to the frame supporting the outer wheel, around which the endless
chain of cutters passes. The speed of the chain of cutters can be varied by
changing the wheels or pinions by which motion is communicated to it, and
the cutters can be thrown out of gear when requisite by means of a clutch or
grooved pinion. The frame supporting the endless chain of cutters is provided
with stationary guards as in machines furnished with vibrating knives.
I wish to remark that although I have described the chain of cutters as

page_text: put together with links to form an endless chain, I do not limit myself to this
peculiar mode of construction, as endless cutters may be constructed in various
other ways, all of which I consider as forming part of my Invention.
IMPROVEMENTS IN ORNAMENTING WOOD AND OTHER SURFACES
Year: 1864

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Scarrat at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 23rd June
1864.
I, WILLIAM SCARRAT, of Longton, in the Parish of Stoke-upon-Trent, in the
County of Stafford, Painter, do hereby declare the nature of the Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN ORNAMENTING WOOD AND OTHER SURFACES," to be as
follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in producing imitations of
the graining of oak or other woods. For this purpose the surface to be
ornamented is first painted over as is usual with a flat ground color and is
then ready for graining. In order to produce the graining, a board of oak or
other wood to be imitated is taken and a flat surface is given to it; upon this
the oil graining color is applied by a brush or otherwise; a sheet of potter's
tissue or printing paper, linen, or suitable material is placed upon the pre-
pared slab, and the slab and paper are passed through a press; an impression
of the graining of the wood is thus obtained upon the tissue paper or other
material, this is transferred to the surface of the door or other article to be
decorated, and the paper is afterwards removed.
MENTS IN SHIPS' ANCHORS
Year: 1864

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Stephen Sharp at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 18th November
1864.
I, STEPHEN SHARP, of 3, Milton Place, Euston Square, in the County of
Midlesex, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE
MENTS IN SHIPS' ANCHORS," to be as follows:-
The anchor is made in 3 parts readily put together or taken to pieces;
first the anchor stock, second the arms and palms or flukes made in one piece,
and third, the block or stay keeping the other two parts intact. The anchor
stock is made with an opening at the head, so formed as to allow the arms to
be passed through giving sufficient room for any width of fluke required, the
head of the stock forming one half of bearing, in which the arms partially
revolve, the block forming the other half of bearing. The block is fitted into
the opening left in the anchor stock and is wedge shaped and secured with a
bolt. The arms being manufactured with clutches on each side of the stock,
and the block projecting to meet the corresponding projections of the clutches,
the two when the arms and flukes are at the proper angle for taking hold of
the bottom form a mitre, the whole being made of proportionate strength. A
steadying bar is unnecessary in this anchor, but may be applied or not at
option.
I claim for this anchor its great simplicity, being made in three principal parts
only. Both flukes or palms entering the bottom together, affording the oppor-
tunity of giving any amount of resisting surface on the flukes, the easy method

page_text: of securing the whole, by means of a single block and pin, and the opportunity
afforded for making the parts on which the greatest amount of strain comes
of any commensurate strength. When the anchor is submerged and embedded
there are no projecting parts, and no possibility of fouling or doing injury to a
ship's bottom.
IMPROVEMENTS IN SHIPS' SOUNDING RODS
Year: 1864

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Matthew Montgomery at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
15th March 1864.
I, MATTHEW MONTGOMERY, of 17, Lynedoch Street, Liverpool, in the
County of Lancaster, Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN SHIPS' SOUNDING RODS," to be as follows:-
The sounding rods, pipes, and tubes now used on board ships for ascertain-
ing the depth of water in the holds and wells are very troublesome, and much
uncertainty is often felt as to the correctness of the water line recorded or
marked on the said rods, pipes, and tubes, for the rolling and pitching of the
ship, and the washing of the spray or rain, which frequently prevail when it is
important that correct sounding should be obtained, usually wet the surface
of the said rods, pipes, and tubes all over, and render them unfit to receive the
water-depth line mark.
Now my Invention consists in obtaining the mark of the water line on the
inside of a hollow rod or other hollow construction capable of being opened.
immediately after use, so that the depth of water may be ascertained with.
certainty. As opening means a slide or several slides fitted into grooves in
the length of the sounding rod could conveniently be used. The said hollow..
rod may be in length equivalent to the depth of the well or hold where it is to
be used, or it may form only part of the apparatus, whether ordinary rods or

page_text: ropes or both are employed to reach the bottom of the hold, well, or other
place. The top of the hollow rod has an opening sufficiently large to allow the
air to escape as the water rises during the sounding, but such opening is so
protected by being in communication with a tortuous passage or other arrange-
ment that water cannot enter and wet the inner surface. Valves could be used
both at top and bottom of the said hollow opening sounding rod if desired.
A NEW OR IMPROVED RAILWAY SIGNAL
Year: 1864

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Hobbs at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 17th February
1864.
I, WILLIAM HOBBS, of No. 4, Pancras Lane, in the City of London, Shop
Fitter, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "A NEW OR
IMPROVED RAILWAY SIGNAL," to be as follows:-
To consist of a signal post, placed at each station or any part of the railway
line where it may be required, such post to be fitted up with a bell, and
worked by a crank or lever with a chain or wire passing down to a grooved
wheel or crank, the same to be continued by a chain or wire through a tube;
or friction rollers to be fixed at different parts of the said railway line to posts
or the sleepers of such line, the same chain or wire to be worked by a
balance lever or piston, the said lever or piston being worked by the action of
the engine wheels and carriages passing over the same.
IMPROVEMENTS IN SHIPS' HEARTHS OR COOKING APPARATUS
Year: 1864

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Alphonse Normandy at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 28th September
1864. A communication from the Inventor, his late Father, Alphonse
René le Mire de Normandy, and is the same for which the latter
obtained Provisional Protection on the 15th day of April last.
I, ALPHONSE NORMANDY, of Montague Place, Clapham Road, in the County
of Surrey, do hereby declare the nature of the Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN SHIPS' HEARTHS OR COOKING APPARATUS," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in ships' hearths or cooking
apparatus. For these purposes cast-iron plates are by preference used, though
wrought-iron plates may be employed in place thereof; such plates are made
with flanges and inclines or wedge pieces in such manner that by the use of a
few long bolts or stays which pass from top to bottom, and by screw nuts, the
whole exterior structure is held together, and consequently can be quickly put
up or taken down. The exterior case is of a rectangular form, the upper
plate or plates have openings through it or them to receive kettles, boilers, or
cooking vessels. The fire-place is lined with fire-brick, and the bottom below
the ash-pit is closed, leaving a space between the interior of the case and the
bottom of the ash-pit, by which provision is made for the passage of the pro-
ducts of combustion under the fire-place. The fire-place may have an oven
applied on each side of it which is made of cast-iron plates with flanges and
projections so that when placed in the outer position within the outer case, and
the outer case held or secured together by the long screw bolts, the ovens as

page_text: well as the outer casing are all held securely. The products of combustion
pass from the fire over one oven, and down at the side or end, then under the
oven, and next under the fire-place, afterwards under and over the second oven,
and thence away by a flue, the waste heat when desired being caused to ascend
through or otherwise act on a boiler, or the products of combustion may be
divided, and pass over both ovens and down them under the ovens and ash-pits
and up a flue or chimney at the back of the fire-place. When only one oven is
employed then the products of combustion after passing over and under the
oven pass away up a flue at the back of the fire-place from the space below
the ash-pit and thence to a chimney, the waste heat being applied when
desired to heat a boiler, as before explained.
IMPROVE- MENTS IN BLASTING FOR MINING AND OTHER PURPOSES, APPLICABLE ALSO TO DIS- CHARGING PROJECTILES, AND IN THE APPARATUS USED IN CONNECTION THEREWITH
Year: 1864

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Isaac Mark Evans at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 29th March
1864.
I, ISAAC MARK EVANS, of Ruabon, in the County of Denbigh, Analytical
Chemist, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN BLASTING FOR MINING AND OTHER PURPOSES, APPLICABLE ALSO TO DIS-
CHARGING PROJECTILES, AND IN THE APPARATUS USED IN CONNECTION THEREWITH,"
to be as follows:-
I procure any of the explosive gases or gaseous bodies, such, for instance, as
carburetted hydrogen gas or pure bydrogen gas; and for blasting purposes
I charge tin or other metal tubes with the same, and hermetically seal their ends,
one end by solder (or equivalent means), and the other by inserting therein a
fuse, and packing such fuse as may be needful, the fuse to be accompanied by
a small portion of gunpowder (or other equivalent explosive substance). In
order to render the gas transportable from place to place for use in cannons
and other guns for discharging projectiles, I should use bags or receptacles
charged with gas, preferring that the same should be strong bags of gutta
percha or india-rubber, with tubes provided with stop-cocks, preferring to use
an arrangement consisting of a large bag secured to a tube with stop-cock
communicating with a smaller bag, provided with a nozzle tube with stop-cock,
so that when a gun is to be charged with gas this nozzle, or an elastic tube
fitted to it, may be secured to the touch-hole of the gun. The gas is to be

page_text: let off from the large bag into the small one should that need a supply by
turning the stop-cock between the two when that stop-cock is to be shut off,
and then the stop-cock of the nozzle pipe is to be opened, and the gas
discharged into the gun, where it can be exploded in the usual way. For
blasting also similar arrangements might be used if found desirable,
A NEW OR IMPROVED COMBINATION EASEL, AND WHICH, EASEL MAY FORM A PORTABLE STAND FOR MUSIC OR OTHER PURPOSES
Year: 1864

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Ferdinand Potts and Alfred Henry
Green at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their Petition,
on the 2nd April 1864.
We, FERDINAND POTTS, Tube Manufacturer, of Birmingham, in the County
of Warwick, and ALFRED HENRY GREEN, Artist, of Solihul Lodge, near Shirley
Street, also in the County of Warwick, do hereby declare the nature of our
said Invention for "A NEW OR IMPROVED COMBINATION EASEL, AND WHICH, EASEL
MAY FORM A PORTABLE STAND FOR MUSIC OR OTHER PURPOSES," to be as follows
(that is to say)-
Our improvements in combination easels for out-door sketching or other
use consist in forming the easel of three or more standards formed of segmental
tubing, that when the three or more are folded together they form a circle
or other desirable form in the transverse section; these standards we purpose
uniting together at the one end by a suitable joint and cap, and the other or
lower ends we purpose stopping with solid or other suitable shanks for resting
on the ground. The rest for the canvass stretcher or board we effect by
portable adjustable attachments or otherwise, as preferred, to be applied when
in use, and removed when not required, in which case the easel may be
collapsed, and in this condition we purpose holding them together by an outer
tubular case, which may be painted or otherwise ornamented to represent cane
or other light material; this case is fitted with a suitable top and covers over
the entire easel, with the exception of the shanks before referred to, which we
purpose when united to represent a strong spear, as in this case the easel

page_text: within its case will form a highly suitable climbing or walking staff. When
the easel is in use by the artist, the outer tubular case forms a maul or rest-
stick; and this same arrangement is applicable for other portable stands, such
as out-door music rests, target supports, and other like purposes.
IMPROVEMENTS IN ANTIFRICTION BEARINGS FOR SHAFTS OR AXLES
Year: 1864

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Peter Skoldon at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 14th September
1864.
I, PETER SKELDON, of Bushbury, near Wolverhampton, in the County of
Stafford, Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN ANTIFRICTION BEARINGS FOR SHAFTS OR AXLES," to be as
follows:-
My Invention consists of the improvements herein-after explained in
arranging a series of antifriction rollers between the end of the shaft or axle
and the bearings of the plummer block or box, in which the end of the shaft
or axlo works. I take twelve or other number of rollers of a length nearly
equal to that of the gudgeon or neck of the shaft or axle, and I mount the
said rollers in a circular frame of a little larger diameter than the neck of the
shaft or axle. I make the said circular frame by preference of two semi-
circular parts hinged together. I fit the frame of rollers in the bearings or
on the end of the shaft or axle, the said rollers occupying the space between
the said bearings and the shaft or axle. As the shaft or axle turns the rollers
are put in motion and travel in the direction in which the shaft or axle
rotates. The only rubbing surfaces in a bearing constructed according to my
Invention are the ends of the rollers in the circular frame, and as these
surfaces are not subjected to any pressure excepting their own weight the
friction between them is very small. The whole of the friction occurring
between an ordinary shaft or axle and its bearing is obviated in bearings

page_text: constructed according to my Invention, the whole of the pressure between the
shaft and bearing being borne by rolling instead of rubbing surfaces. In
consequence of the almost entire absence of rubbing surfaces in bearings
constructed according to my Invention, littlo lubrication is required.
My Invention is applicable to marine, locomotive, and stationary engines,
railway and other carriages, and in general to all kinds of shafts or axles with
large bearings.
IMPROVE- MENTS IN THE MEANS OF SIGNALLING BETWEEN THE PASSENGERS AND THE GUARD AND DRIVER OF RAILWAY TRAINS
Year: 1864

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Buttrum at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 27th December
1864.
I, WILLIAM BUTTRUM, of Swilland, in the County of Suffolk, Miller and
Farmer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE MEANS OF SIGNALLING BETWEEN THE PASSENGERS AND THE GUARD
AND DRIVER OF RAILWAY TRAINS," to be as follows:-
In signalling in railway trains I employ a lamp, which I use also to light the
compartments of the carriages; this lamp I mount on a stem enclosed with
partitions separating the compartments of the carriages, a suitable opening
being made at the upper part for the introduction of the lamp somewhat as in
ordinary. The stem is furnished with a rack, having in gear with it a toothed
pinion, by moving whose axis the stem and lamp may be raised at pleasure by
a passenger, and projected through the roof of the carriage, and it then
becomes a signal to the guard or engine driver. I paint the top part of the
lamp red, or make it otherwise conspicuous, so as to be readily seen by day-
light, while the light will serve the same purpose in the dark. The wheel
may be turned by a handle or otherwise to raise the lamp by the passenger
to make the signal, but cannot Le withdrawn as it is arrested by a catch,
which can only be released by the guard.
Each carriage is fitted with as many of these signal lamps as may be
necessary, but one between each two compartments will be sufficient.
IMPROVED MEANS OF VENTILATING RAILWAY AND OTHER CARRIAGES, SHIPS, AND OTHER CON- VEYANCES PASSING THROUGH THE AIR
Year: 1864

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Langton at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 1st July
1864.
I, JOHN LANGTON, of Westbourne Park, in the County of Middlesex,
Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVED
MEANS OF VENTILATING RAILWAY AND OTHER CARRIAGES, SHIPS, AND OTHER CON-
VEYANCES PASSING THROUGH THE AIR," to be as follows:-
My means consists of a perforated tube or channel or pipe with apertures
carried across or through the carriage or other compartment to be ventilated.
With this perforated tube or pipe I employ two open mouthed pipes connected
to the perforated pipe by tubing, and I carry the open mouthed pipes outside
of the carriage or other compartment. The mouths are bent or directed
in opposite directions, so that when the carriage, for instance, is travelling
in one direction one mouth shall be towards and the other from the wind.
Inside the connecting tubing I fit valves for regulating the flow of air through
the apparatus.
AN IMPROVED MANUFACTURE OF LADIES' SKIRTS
Year: 1864

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Crosbie Aitken Henderson
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
18th October 1864..
I, JOHN CROSBIE AITKEN HENDERSON, of Noble Street, in the City of
London, Warehouseman, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "AN IMPROVED MANUFACTURE OF LADIES' SKIRTS," to be as follows:-
The object of this Invention is so to construct ladies' skirts that the metallic
hoops may be contracted or expanded in diameter at the pleasure of the
wearer. To this end instead of forming the metallic bands or strips into
simple hoops I give them an extra turn, so that they form a hoop within a
hoop, which hoops are nearly concentric when the skirt is contracted. The
hoops are to be connected together as heretofore by tapes, or otherwise, and
the skirt may be either wholly or partially covered; one or more of the hoops
at the front of the skirt is embraced by a guide, which is carried either with a
support pendent from the waistband or otherwise; and in connection with this
guide tension strings may be threaded and carried upwards and attached to
some fixed point on the dress of the wearer of the skirt or otherwise. These
tension strings may be secured to the inner hoop of the band that passes,
through the fixed guide in such manner that when drawn to tension they will
contract this inner hoop and proportionately expand the outer hoop. As all.
the hoops of the series forming the skirt are connected together. this move--
ment will be communicated to all, and thus the skirt may be expanded, at the.

page_text: option of the wearer. When, however, it is required to contract the skirt, as
on entering a carriage, it is only necessary to slacken the tension strings and
the skirt will return to.its normal dimensions.
IMPROVE- MENTS IN EFFECTING COMMUNICATION BETWEEN PASSENGERS AND GUARD, OR OTHER PERSON IN CHARGE OF RAILWAY TRAINS
Year: 1864

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Thomas at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 18th August
1864.
I, WILLIAM THOMAS, of Coventry, in the County of Warwick, Woollen
Draper, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN EFFECTING COMMUNICATION BETWEEN PASSENGERS AND GUARD, OR OTHER
PERSON IN CHARGE OF RAILWAY TRAINS," to be as follows:-
My Invention consists in effecting communication by means of reflected
light in manner hereafter stated. To the fore part of the train and at the
side I fix a lamp, and contract or condense the light by means of a tube. To
the side of the guards' van I fix a mirror or reflecting glass, which has
directed upon it the light from the lamp. Between every two compartments,
or otherwise from the side of the passenger carriages I place in a frame a
colored glass, with or without a number, figure, or device, to denote the
particular carriage or compartment from which a signal may be made. This
frame and glass are free to move outwards from the carriage, and to fall in
the focus of the light from the lamp. A detent retains the colored glass
within the frame of the carriage until released by a passenger. Although I
prefer the apparatus to be at the side, it may be at any other convenient part
of the train.
IMPROVE- MENTS RELATING TO STEAM HAMMERS, AND ALSO APPLICABLE TO PUMPING ENGINES
Year: 1864

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Yule at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 11th May 1864.
I, JOHN YULE, of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark, North Britain,
Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention of "IMPROVE-
MENTS RELATING TO STEAM HAMMERS, AND ALSO APPLICABLE TO PUMPING ENGINES,"
to be as follows, that is to say:-
This Invention has for object to simplify and render more automatic the
valve details and gearing upon which the action of a steam hammer depends,
and the improved arrangements are also applicable with slight modification to
pumping engines, either large or donkey engines, rendering the usual fly wheel
unnecessary for such engines.
In one modification the admission of steam to the top and bottom of the
hammer cylinder is regulated by a valve consisting of two pistons on a rod
with the steam entering between them.
A principal part of the improvement consists in making the area of one
piston larger than that of the other, so that the steam constantly tends to
move the valve in one direction, namely, so as to admit steam for lifting the
hammer. The valve is moved in the opposite direction by the hammer itself
when rising through the action of a lever, or of equivalent details made
adjustable for different lengths of stroke. On the hammer. descending, the
steam itself reverses the valve, and thereby causes the hammer to be again
lifted.

page_text: In another modification the valve may be of any convenient kind, but a
separate piston, with steam acting always on one side of it, is connected to
the valve, and renders the action the same as in the first modification.
In adapting the arrangements to pumping engines, a tappet connected to
the piston rod is made to shift the valve for one stroke, whilst the steam
itself shifts the valve for the other stroke as in the modifications for steam
hammers.
AN IMPROVED DISCONNECTING APPARATUS, BY MEANS OF WHICH MACHINERY CAN BE PROMPTLY STOPPED IN CASE OF ACCIDENT
Year: 1864

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Alexandre Felix Fontaine at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 31st
August 1864.
1, ALEXANDRE FELIX FONTAINE, of 82, Boulevart Sebastopol, Paris, in the
Empire of France, Comb Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of
the said Invention for "AN IMPROVED DISCONNECTING APPARATUS, BY MEANS OF
WHICH MACHINERY CAN BE PROMPTLY STOPPED IN CASE OF ACCIDENT," to be as
follows:-
My present Invention is an apparatus of extremely simple construction,
capable of being casily adapted to machines of all descriptions, its object
being to admit of immediate disconnection or cutting off the motive power
in case of accident requiring the prompt stoppage of the machine.
For this purpose I cause the bearings of the driving wheel to be borne by a
movable carriage or slide, supported on the beam, to which also is secured the
bearings of the cog wheel of the shaft communicating motion to the various
parts of the machinery as may be required. The movable carriage or slide
supporting the bearings of the driving wheel is held in its place by a key or
stop piece, which can be promptly removed by means of an ordinary system of
lever acted on by a rope hanging in a readily accessible spot; on the key or
stop piece being removed the carriage supporting the bearings is drawn back
by any suitable means, such as a system of elbow levers, the end of one of
which acting directly on the carriage, the other end being put in motion by a
second elbow piece jointed to it at one end, the other supporting a cord on

page_text: which a sufficiently heavy weight is hung to draw back the carriage at onco
on the koy-pieco above mentioned being removed.
In case of accident by this simple means the driving wheel can be instantly
drawn back from the wheel to which it communicates motion, thus admitting
of the immediate stoppage of the machine.
IMPROVEMENTS IN PNEUMATIC APPARATUS FOR RAISING AND DRAWING OFF LIQUIDS AND GASES
Year: 1864

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Garrett Tongue at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 17th December
1864. A communication from abroad by Luis Meslin, Sworn Agent and
Translator, of 276, Rue St. Honoré, Paris, in the Empire of France, and
Celestin Rabon, Brewer, of Douzy, Ardennes, in the Empire of France.
I, JOHN GARRETT TONGUE, of the Firm of Tongue & Birkbeck, Patent
Agents and Engineers, of 34, Southampton Buildings, Chancery Lane, in the
County of Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN PNEUMATIC APPARATUS FOR RAISING AND DRAWING OFF LIQUIDS
AND GASES," to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to the application of pneumatic apparatus in com-
bination with a syphon and an air pump. This portable apparatus is very
simple in its construction and easily worked for the purpose of drawing off
liquids without exposing them to the contact of atmospheric air.
The apparatus shown by C, C, Figure 1 of the accompanying Drawing, is
an air pump or pneumatic machine bolted on the pedestal K, and provided
with a piston P, in the lower part of which is a valve S opening upwards.
Another valve S¹ is placed in the bottom of the pump, a pipe B, B, (connected
with a small opening below the valve S' in the lower box) adapts itself to the
bung A which hermetically seals the empty cask O, L. The other pipe B', B',
is connected with the cask X, V, filled with liquid or gas of any description,
with beer for instance. In order to draw off or raise the said liquid into the
empty cask O, L, the lever D, D, of the pump is worked, and thus great rare-

page_text: faction is produced in the cask, and the liquid immediately fills up the
cask O, L, from the supply cask or vessel X, V. The cross bar or upright
support G, H, is for holding and guiding the piston rod P.
Instead of a single-acting pump a double-acting one or any other suitable
pump may be employed for instance, leather or other bellows such as shewn
at Figure 2, acting as a pump with lifting valve S, and valve S¹. By this
means the air is sucked up and replaced by the liquid. All the tubes may be
of any length, (by means of joints) made of gutta percha or other suitable
vegetable mineral or animal substance. The smaller cask O, L, may be an
elegant glass cask, and placed near the bar in public houses. This system
by excluding the air is far preferable to the system which is now so generally
used.
Variations may be made in carrying out this Invention without deviating from
the principle or new application of the said Invention, the claim being for the
general combination and arrangement of pneumatic apparatus for the purpose
of drawing off, exhausting, or raising liquids and gases without exposing them
to deterioration by coming in contact with atmospheric air or other deteriora-
ting agents.
IMPROVEMENTS IN MEANS OR APPARATUS FOR SIGNALLING BETWEEN PASSENGERS AND GUARDS OR OTHERS IN CHARGE OF RAILWAY TRAINS
Year: 1864

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Simon Erastus Pettee at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 20th December
1864.
I, SIMON ERASTUS PETTEE, of 62, Saint Mary's Terrace, Paddington, in the
County of Middlesex, Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MEANS OR APPARATUS FOR SIGNALLING BETWEEN
PASSENGERS AND GUARDS OR OTHERS IN CHARGE OF RAILWAY TRAINS," to be as
follows:-
The object of the improvements is to afford facility to passengers by railway
trains to signal to the guard or others in charge thereof in cases of need.
It is at present a practise adopted with some railway companies to afford
facility for communication between the opposite ends of trains by means of a
line or cord conducted along the carriages of which each train is composed,
say, from the guard's van at one end, and to the engine at the other end of
it, and I propose to avail myself of such system, and in addition to cause such
line or cord to pass at each carriage through a separate loop or eye connected
to a cord or cords communicating with the respective compartments of the
carriage, so that when any one of these cords is pulled the line extending
from one end of the train to the other will be drawn sideways so as to effect a
signalling to each end thereof to the guard and driver, or others in charge of
such train. And I also apply to each compartment a flag or other suitable
signal, which except when acted upon for signalling purposes lies in a case
or cover or tube provided for it, but which is in connection with the cord

page_text: for acting on the continuous line from the compartment to which it belongs.
Each of these cords when pulled acts on an internal tube, to which is attached
a spring which is free to work through a slot in an external tube, and is
attached to the flag or other signal to draw it out of its cover and bring it
into view. The external tube containing the internal tube with spring
signals I prefer to locate on the top of the carriage near the side of it, so that
the signals may be seen either at the top or side thereof, and so that at night
they may be manifest between or by the side lights.
By these means the cords of several signals may freely pass through the
internal tube of each, and the tubes serve to protect the parts from injury.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CON- STRUCTION OF PRESSES FOR PRESSING HAY, COTTON, FRUIT, AND OTHER HIGHLY COMPRESSIBLE SUBSTANCES
Year: 1864

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Henri Adrien Bonneville at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 30th
December 1864.-A communication from Alexander Mirecki, residing in
the Quartier de la Monnaie, Paris.
I, HENRI ADRIEN BONNEVILLE, of the British and Foreign Patent Offices,
24, Rue du Mont Thabor, Paris, in the Empire of France, and 38, Porchester
Terrace, Bayswater, in the County of Middlesex, Patent Agent, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CON-
STRUCTION OF PRESSES FOR PRESSING HAY, COTTON, FRUIT, AND OTHER HIGHLY
COMPRESSIBLE SUBSTANCES," communicated to me by Alexander Mirecki, &
person residing Quartier de la Monnaie, Paris aforesaid, to be as follows:-
These improvements have for object the reduction of the force necessary
for working the pressés intended for compressing hay, cotton, fruit, and
similar substances which it is necessary to reduce into a small volume for
transportation, and also to reduce the time required for the operation.
The said improvements consist in making the pressure in a horizontal
direction by means of a vertical shaft worked by hand or other motive force,
the upper end of which turns in a collar fixed in a frame, while the lower end
pivots in a step fixed in the same framework. Near the upper and lower
extremities of the vertical shaft are fixed two circular plates, on both whose
surfaces are formed spiral grooves, the turn of which diminishes in approaching
the circumference. At each side of the shaft is placed a box intended for

page_text: receiving the substances to be compressed. The four sides of these boxes are
fixed, but of the two ends the outer one forms a door, and is held in place by
means of iron bars, and the other or inner one is moveable, and slides between
the four sides in order to obtain the desired compression. This compression
is obtained by means of eight arms or bars attached at one end to the move-
able or fixed ends of the boxes, and the other ends of which being bent slide
in the spiral grooves of the circular plates. By turning the shaft these bent
extremities are approached or removed from the centre of the plate, and thus
bring the moveable ends of the boxes nearer to or farther from the said shaft.
The pressure is made alternately in each box or case; while one is used for
the compression, the other is filled with the substances to be pressed, so that
the work may be done without interruption.
IMPROVED MEANS AND APPARATUS FOR RAISING AND DRAWING-OFF LIQUIDS
Year: 1864

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Julius Behrends at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 18th November.
1864. A communication from abroad by Hermann Straeter, of Boston,,
in the United States of America. .
I, JULIUS BEHRENDS, of Philpot Lane, in the City of London, Merchant, do..
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVED MEANS AND
APPARATUS FOR RAISING AND DRAWING-OFF LIQUIDS," (a communication to me
from abroad by Hermann Straeter, of Boston, in the United States of
America,) to be as follows:-
It is proposed to raise liquids, say, beer, from the cellar to the bar of a
tavern by the combined pressure of air and water, the apparatus by which
such pressure is obtained and applied consisting of a metal tank or reservoir
divided horizontally into two unequal parts, or of two distinct reservoirs, but in
either case a tube which I will term the air pipe leads from the top of the-
upper reservoir into the lower one. Another pipe leads from a water supply
into the bottom of the upper chamber, and has a tap, the lower part of which
may or may not be in connection with the air pipe above mentioned. Another-
pipe also furnished with a cock leads from the lower chamber to the cask or
vat from which the liquor is to be raised or drawn, and, finally, a pipe leads
from the cask up to the taps in the bar. The action will be as follows:-On.
turning the tap on the pipe leading from the water supply, water rushes into
the lower part of the upper chamber, the air in which becomes compressed,
and having no other exit passes-by the air pipe into the lower and smaller

page_text: chamber, and when the pressure is ascertained (by means of a valve and
index) to be sufficient the water is turned off, and if desired the air tube is
also closed. A supply of compressed air being now obtained in the lower
chamber, the tap on the pipe leading to the cask is opened, and the air
impinges on the liquid therein, now, if the tap in the bar be opened a vacuum
is produced in the pipe leading up from the cask, which vacuum the beer or
other liquid pressed upon by the air rushes up to fill, and passes into the
receptacle into which it is to be drawn. Pipes may lead from the air reser-
voir to any number of casks, and when the indicator in the bar denotes that
there is not sufficient pressure of air more water is introduced into the upper
chamber, and when this latter should receive no more water, the connection
with the air chamber is cut off by a tap, and the water contained in the
upper chamber is run off until empty, and air having re-entered, the
operation previously described is repeated. A valve acted upon by a float
may be used to close the air tube should the water be inadvertently permitted
to rise too high within the upper chamber.
IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS USED FOR SIGNALLING IN COAL AND OTHER MINES
Year: 1864

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Thomas Eckersley at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 1st June
1864.
I, THOMAS ECKERSLEY, of Radcliffe, in the County of Lancaster, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS USED
FOR SIGNALLING IN COAL AND OTHER MINES," to be as follows:-
My improvements consist in placing near the bottom of the pit shaft a lever
to which is attached an index marked with figures, letters, or other symbols,
such as dots or strokes; the said index slides in a groove or case so arranged
as to cover the symbols as desired. The lever also works in a slot containing
notches for the said lever to catch into, and a spring is fixed upon the lever to
prevent it catching in the notches unless pressure be applied to cause it to do
A hammer head is also fixed on the lever, so that it may be used as a
knocker in the usual manner. A wire or cord is attached to the said lever
and passes up the shaft, and is coupled with other wires or cords by means of
levers or levers and pulleys, so as to convey the motion of the lever at the
bottom of the pit to one or more indexes containing symbols similar to those
used at the bottom of the shaft; and the engine-man has a similar lever to
that at the bottom of the pit near him in the engine-house. When the
hooker-on at the bottom of the pit wishes to give any desired signal he pulls
the lever so as to show the symbol agreed upon for the purpose, which is
visible at all the places having indexes at one and the same time. After or
before showing the desired symbol the lever may be pulled so as to knock and

page_text: call attention, and the symbol can be again placed as desired. My object in
using symbols is to prevent accident in coal or other mines, which often
occur from the ordinary knocker not answering at top and bottom as desired,
for the lever is often pulled at the bottom of the pit without producing a
knock as desired at the top of the pit. A screw with nuts is used to regulate
the signals so that they may all indicate alike. The lever is limited in its
range, so that the wire or cord may not be broken or unnecessarily strained.