CERTAIN MACHINERY AND IMPLEMENTS APPLICABLE TO ORNAMENTAL TURNING AND ENGRAVING, AND TO THE TRANSFERRING OF ENGRAVED OR OTHER WORK FROM THE SURFACE OF ONE PIECE OF METAL TO ANOTHER PIECE OF METAL, AND TO THE FORMING OF METALLIC DIES AND MATRICES; AND ALSO
Year: 1819

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JACOB
PERKINS, late of Philadelphia, in the United States of America, but now
residing at Austin Friars, in the City of London, Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS His most Excellent Majesty King George the Third did, by
His Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland called England, bearing date at Westminster, the Eleventh
day of October, in the fifty-ninth year of His reign, give and grant unto me,
the said Jacob Perkins, my exors, admors, and assigns, His especial licence,
full power, sole privilege and authority, that I, the said Jacob Perkins, my
exors, adiñors, and assigns, during the term of years therein mentioned, should
and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and
the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, the Invention, party communicated to me
by a certain foreigner when residing in America, and partly of my own
Invention, of "CERTAIN MACHINERY AND IMPLEMENTS APPLICABLE TO ORNAMENTAL
TURNING AND ENGRAVING, AND TO THE TRANSFERRING OF ENGRAVED OR OTHER WORK
FROM THE SURFACE OF ONE PIECE OF METAL TO ANOTHER PIECE OF METAL, AND TO
THE FORMING OF METALLIC DIES AND MATRICES; AND ALSO IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
CONSTRUCTION AND METHOD OF USING PLATES AND PRESSES FOR PRINTING BANK
NOTES AND OTHER PAPERS, WHEREBY THE PRODUCING AND COMBINING VARIOUS SPECIES
OF WORK IS EFFECTED UPON THE SAME PLATES AND SURFACES, THE DIFFICULTY OF
IMITATION INCREASED, AND THE PROCESS OF PRINTING FACILITATED; AND ALSO AN
IMPROVED METHOD OF MAKING AND USING DIES AND PRESSES FOR COINING MONEY,
STAMPING MEDALS, AND OTHER USEFUL PURPOSES;" in which said Letters Patent

page_text: there is contained a proviso, that if I, the said Jacob Perkins, shall not par-
ticularly describe and ascertain the nature of my said Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, by an instrument in writing under my
hand and seal, and cause the same to be inrolled in His Majesty's High Court
of Chancery within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of
the said Letters, that then the said Letters Patent, and all liberties and ad-
vantages whatsoever thereby granted, shall utterly cease, determine, and
become void, as in and by the same, relation being thereunto had, will more
fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Jacob Perkins, do hereby declare that the nature of my said Invention, and
the manner in which the same is to be performed, are particularly described
and ascertained in and by the Drawings hereunto annexed, and the following
description thereof (that is to say):-
In Drawing No. 1 is represented an engine lathe for engraving oval or
circular geometrical figures upon metal or other surfaces, whether flat, convex,
or concave, in which Drawing (as well as in all the others) the same letters
refer to the same parts of the different machines there represented.
Figure 1 is a front view of the lathe; Fig. 2, a front end view of the same.
with the chucks and rest removed; Fig. 8, a back end view of the same; Fig. 4,
a section of the eccentric roller, and end of the upper mandrell; Fig. 5, an edge
view of that roller; Fig. 6, the toothed wheel work viewed in front; Fig. 7,
section of part of the toothed wheelwork; and Fig. 8, the adjusting chuck.
. A, A, &c., the wooden frame or support of the lathe; B, the band wheel and
its crank axis; C, C, &c., the bed of the lathe; D, D, cheeks fixed in the
lathe bed to support the swinging parts of the lathe; E, E, screwed pivots on
which those parts swing; G, G, screws moving in the cheeks D, D, to hold
the swinging parts still when the toothed wheelwork is thrown out of gear, and
the lathe may be used as a common lathe; H, H, Figure 1, the lathe mandrell;
I, the whorl or pulley; J, the main toothed wheel, with its sliding socket, which
can be fixed by a screw; K, the intermediate and connecting pinions, the
arbor of which acts in the adjusting frame or bracket L, which is united with
the swinging frame F, by the screw and nut M; N, the upper mandrell on
which the several toothed wheels O, O, &c., which are fixed upon a sliding
socket, can be secured by the screw P; Q, the whorl or pulley of the upper
mandrell; R, the collar of the lathe mandrell; S, its adjusting screw; T, the
collar of the upper mandrell; U, its adjusting screw; V, the oval chuck formed
as usual; W, the eccentric cylinder, and its moving plate X, which is connected
with the swinging frame F by the adjusting screw and nuts Y, Y; Z, the

page_text: adjusting chuck to hold the plates, blocks, &c., to be engraved. a, a, plate or
block to be engraved; b, the roller, which slides upon an oblong square upon
the end of the upper mandrell N, and can be moved more or less eccentric by
means of the adjusting screw C, and secured firmly by a screw and nut upon
the end of the mandrell; d, an arm screwed to the pillar e, which is fixed upon
the bed of the lathe, and from which arm depend two vertical parts f,f, which
hold a cheek g, let into a dovetailed groove in the part f, and an adjusting
elastic cheek h, which is retained in its place by the steady pins i, i, and
between which cheeks g and h, the eccentric roller 6 revolves, and causes the
swinging parts of the lathe F, F, &c., to vibrate more or less, according to its
eccentricity. The whorl Q, on the upper mandrell, receives motion from the
lathe wheel, as shewn in Fig. 8. One of the toothed wheels O upon that
mandrell works into the larger of the two intermediate pinions K, which are
fixed upon one arbor k, whilst the smaller of those pinions work in the toothed
wheel J, fixed upon the lathe mandrell, (as is more distinctly shewn in Fig. 6,
which represents those wheels and pinions on a scale double the size of Fig. 1,
2, 3, and 8.) The turning or engraving tool / must be held in a slide rest m,
with adjustments as usual in other engine lathes, aud which, therefore, need
not be described here. In order to produce a figure upon a flat, concave, or
convex surface with this lathe, let one of the tooth wheels O, upon the upper
mandrell having 132 teeth, be connected with the larger of the intermediate
wheels K, fixed upon the arbor k, and having 58 teeth, and let the smaller of
those wheels having 82 teeth, take into the toothed wheel. J of. 852 teeth,
which is fixed upon the lathe mandrell H, H, and it will be found that four
revolutions and five-sixths of another will be made by the wheel O, to to one
revolution of the lathe mandrell H, H, and consequently six revolutions of the
lathe mandrell H, I, will complete the figure upon the surface of the body to
be operated upon, and this whether the figure be circular or oval, the latter
depending upon the eccentricity of the oval chuck. The intermediate wheels
K may be removed, and the largest of the wheels O can be connected with
the wheel J, and will produce a different figure, which may be also varied by
the eccentricity of the cylinder W being made greater or lesser, as well as by
causing others of the toothed wheels and pinions to engage in each other, and
thus an infinite variety of figures may be produced. In operating upon convex
or concave surfaces, the turning tool in the slide rest ought to be acted upon
by a spring and regulating guage, so as to cause it to follow up the varying.
surfaces..
In Drawing No. 2 is represented an engine lathe for engraving certain

page_text: Fig. 1, a front view of the lathe, with part of its supporting frame removed;
Fig. 2, an end view; Fig. 3, a plan of it, with the hand wheel and its carriage
removed, and part of the wooden frame broken off; Fig. 4, a front view of
some of the parts, the front of the carriage being removed to shew them more
distinctly; Fig. 5, a section of the carriage and bracket or support of the inter-
mediate arbor and mandrell, taken at the dotted line A, A, in Fig. 3; Fig. 6,
parts of the toothed wheelwork shewn on an enlarged scale.
B, B, &c., parts of the supporting frame, the foot wheel, crank, axis, &c.,
being common to other lathes not been shewn; C, C, &c., the cast iron
bed of the lathe; D, D, two upright metal blocks, firmly secured by screws
to the cast-iron bed; E, E, E, E, four cylindrical rollers, of equal size, fixed
in pairs upon the two spindles, F, F, which have conical holes in their
ends turning upon the conical points of the four adjusting screws G, G, G, G,
as centres upon these. four rollers, E, E, &c.; the vibrating carriage of the
lathe H, H, &c., is supported and guided by means of two short steel bars, I, I,
which are affixed on the under side of the carriage, and move between
four steel bars upon the upper surfaces of the block D, D, two of which bars
are fixed, one of which is shewn at, J in Fig. 2 and 4, and the others are
moveable, as shewn at K, and are, adjusted by the screws L, L; the motion
of the carriage. I, H, is, thus secured in a line parallel to the axis of the
mandrell of the lathe. Four steel plates M, M, &c., are also fixed on the
under-side of the carriage. H, I, which move upon the tops of the four
rollers E, E, E, E. Tho larger conical end of the lathe mandrell N works in
the steel collar O, secured to one end of the carriage, and its smaller end
works in a conical hole made in the adjusting screw: P to receive it. On the
larger end of the mandrell N is a male screw, on which the chucks are fixed,
and it has also, a pulley or whorl Qupon it, which is intended to receive
motion occasionally by a band from the foot wheel; it has also a toothed con-
trate wheel R fixed to a sliding socket, with a binding screw S upon it, which
gives motion to, an intermediate pinion T at right angles to it, which is fixed
upon the arbor U, turning in pivot: holes, one of which is, in the bracket V,
which is secured to the carriage, by the binding and adjusting screw W, and
has an arın X screwed to the upper part of it by the adjusting screw Y, and
in which arm is the other pivot hole of the arbor U; on the same arbor U is
likewise fixed the toothed wheel Z, by means of the screwed nut of its socket.
a, a, is an arbor, placed at right angles with the mandrell N, having a neck at
one end of it with a shoulder working in and through the steel collar b, which
is fixed to the side of the carriage H; and its other end has a conical hole turn-
ing upon the conical point of the adjusting screw c, as a centre; on the outer

page_text: end of arbor a, a, is fixed the pully d, which receives motion by means of a
band from the hand wheel e, which is supported on a carriage or frame f; fixed
to the lathe bed; on the arbor a, a, is fixed a sliding socket 9, with un adjusting
scrow h, and upon which socket are fixed the three toothed wheels i, i; i.
There is likewise fixed upon a square made upon the arbor a, a, a cylinder j,
which can be moved eccentric by means of the adjusting screw k, and fixed in
any situation between the shoulder of the arbor a, a, and the nut l, which is
screwed upon the end of it. The cylinder j revolves between two steel upright
plates m and n, the first of which m is firmly fixed by screws to one of the
blocks d, whilst the latter n is so fixed to it that its upper part, which is made
sufficiently thin to be elastic, can yield a little, so as to prevent the excentrió
cylinder from binding or shaking betweeen the plates m and n. When the
arbor a, a, is turned round, and the cylinder j is eccentric with it, the car-
riage H will remain at rest; but on the cylinder being made eccentric to the
arbor, and as shewn in the Drawings, the carriage will vibrate backwards and
forwards upon the four rollers E, E, &c., double the distance of the eccentricity
of the cylinder, and as the lathe mandrell is carried round at the same time by
means of the train of toothed wheels before described, any cylindrical body
screwed upon the end of the mandrell will receive waved lines upon its peri-
phery from the point of any proper turning tool fixed in a slide rést, as usual
in engine laths, and therefore need not be described here, and which waved
lines will vary accordingly as the cylinder is made more or less eccentric, the
difference of the velocities of the mandrell a, a, and arbor N, made greater or
lesser, and the diameter of the cylindrical body to be operated upon, or by any
one, two, or three of these charges being made together or separately. Thus,
let the middle toothed wheel i of one hundred teeth upon the arbor a, a, in
Fig. 3, be connected with the intermediate wheel Z, having 180 teeth, and let
the pinion T of 32 teeth, fixed upon the same arbor U with the wheel Z, be
connected with the contrate wheel R of 352 teeth fixed, upon the lathe man-
drell N, then the difference of velocity between the toothed wheel i and the
lathe mandrell N will be as 19 and four-fifths to 1, and as a motion backwards
and forwards endways is given to the mandrell N at every revolution of the
arbor a, a, so consequently nineteen and four-fifths waved lines will be made
round the periphery of the cylindrical surface to be operated upon at each revo-
lution of the mandrell N, and as the last waved line falls short one-fifth at
cach revolution, it will take five revolutions of the mandrell N for the graving
tool to enter again into the first waved line cut, when it would go over the
same course again and deepen the lines, if necessary.
In Drawing No. 3, Fig. 1, represents the horizontal vibrating lever press,

page_text: viewed in front; Fig. 2, an end section of the same, beyond the dotted line
A, A, in Fig. 1, with the strengthening frame removed; Fig. 3, a top view,
with all the parts in their situation, as in use; and Fig. 4, a top view, with
the vibrating lever and parts attached to it removed.. B, B, &c., the four
upright sides of the frame of the press tenanted into the base or sill C, and
strengthened by the cross beams D, D. Upon the top of the sides B, B, is the
press bed E, E, which is secured to the sides by screws and nuts, and has two
grooves or slits F, F, in it, for the two upright bars G, G, and H, H, to pass
through and move freely therein backwards and forwards. The bar H, H,
turns upon the pin or bolt I as a fulcrum, which is supported in blocks fixed
to the sides of the frame B, B. The bar H, H, passing through one of the
grooves F on the press bed E, E, is connected by means of the joint with one
end of the vibrating lever K, the other end of which is connected with the
upper end of the upright bar G, G, by the joint L. The barr G, G, is con-
nected with the lower horizontal lever M by the bolt N; this lever M moves
upon the bolt O as a fulcrum, which rests in one of the sides of the frame B.
To the other end of the lever M is connected, by the joint P, the rod Q, Q,
having firmly fixed in the middle of its upper end a short rounded plate of iron
R, upon which the lever T presses, one end of which lever lodges under one of
the pins or staves U, U, which are fixed in the side of the frame B and
the side piece V attached to it, and upon the other end
hangs, and can be slided along it as required in use.
the lever T has a semicircular notch or gap in it at its
under one of the pins or staves U, U; and in the under side of it, near that
end, are made several other similar notches, any one of which can be placed
upon the rounded edge of the plate R of the rod Q, as may be required
to encrease or lessen the pressure. The press bed E, E, is supported near
of it the weight W
The upper side of
end, which lodges
its centre upon the top of the strengthening frame X, X, X, and has two
ribs Y,,Y, cast upon it, on which rests the adjustable bed Z, the under side of
which is formed of a portion of a cylinder, and in the centre of it is screwed
the arm a, to which is jointed the socket or tube b, having a female screw
within it, in which acts the male screw c, the cylindrical stem of which acts in
a hole made in the plate d, which has two pivots moving in the ears e, e, which
are screwed into the under side of the press bed, and thus allows sufficient play
to those parts in use. The adjustable bed Z can be moved sideways, backwards,
and forwards, by turning the winch f of the screw c. Upon the adjustable bed
Z is supported the bed g, by means of the four screws h, h, h, h, which are
screwed into the bed g, and their heads project into four shallow circular holes
made in the top of the adjustable bed Z to receive them, two of which are

page_text: shewn at i, i, in Figure 2. Upon the upper face of the bed g is to be placed
the copper or steel plate to receive the impression from the circular die or
roller j, which is suspended from the under side of the middle of the vibrating
lever K, in the manner now to be described. The die or roller j consists of a
hollow steel cylinder, fitted upon a steel axis, which is formed into two
cylindrical necks on each side of the roller, as shewn in Figure 4 at k, k; on
the under side of the vibrating lever K, is secured, by screws, a brass bearing box
2, in which are two semicircular gaps or notches, which receive the necks k, k,
of the roller's axis; the roller j is kept up and prevented from falling out of
these gaps by means of the wire stirrup m, which has two hooks at its lower
ends, which take hold of those parts of the necks k, k, that extend beyond the
bearing box l, and the stirrup itself hangs upon a wedge n, which is placed
between it and the top of the vibrating lever K. Each end of the axis of the
die or roller is made square, on which squares fit the square gaps made in
the ends of the die lever or double spanner O, & by means of which the die
or roller can be turned backwards and forwards upon the surface of the steel or
copper plate w lying upon the bed g, as aforesaid. When the weight W and
the lever T are removed, the rod Q may be lifted up by means of its handle p,
Fig. 2; in order, however, to facilitate this, and retain the rod at any required
height, a counterbalancing weight q is suspended by the line r, which passes
over the pulleys, and is connected with the longer end of the horizontal lever
M by the loop t. In order to lessen the friction of the upright bars G, G, and
H, H, in the grooves F, F, made in the press bed E, E, these grooves are
covered with two brass plates u, u, having a corresponding groove in each, but
which are made rather narrower than those grooves in the bed over which
they are placed.. These brass plates u, u, are firmly secured upon the bed by
the screws v, v, &c. The length of this press ought to be at least fifteen feet,
in order to allow the vibrating lever to move sufficiently near to a straight line
to answer its intended purpose; the difference, however, between its motion
and a straight line is compensated for partly by the materials, vizt, wood, of
which its frame consists, but chiefly by the accommodating motion of the
levers, and it therefore becomes necessary in using it, to place it so as to pass
though the floor of the work room in which it is situated to the room below,
and even to raise the floor of the work room by means of a platform, for the
operator to stand upon, and as shewn in the Drawings.
In Drawing No. 4 is shewn an improved steel or copper plate or block
printing press, Fig. 1 being a front view of it, and Fig. 2, an end view.
The principal improvements consist in a new method of heating the plate or
block in the use of a tympan, for the purpose of saving the expence of making

page_text: the plates or blocks any larger than is necessary to receive the engraving, as
well as to save ink, and also time and labour in cleaning the plates or blocks.
The manner in which I-effect these objects will appear from an inspection of
the Drawing, and the following description thereof:-A, A, &c., is the cast-iron
frame of the press; B the upper cast-iron roller, on the axis of which is fixed
the wheel C, with handles around it, for the workman to pull by; D, the lower
cast-iron roller; E, F, the bed of the press, made partly of cast iron and partly
of wood; the part E is of cast iron, the better to resist the pressure of the
rollers, and to convey the heat employed to warm the plate or block, as
described hereafter. The plate or block G is fixed upon the bed by means of
screws passing through countersunk holes made in the bed from the under side
of it, and into screwed holes made partly through the plate or-block itself.
The tympan H is a wooden frame covered with copper, and turning upon
the hinges I, I, and having an aperture in it large enough to inclose the plate
or block, the sides of which aperture are made feather-edged, so as to overlap
the bevelled edges of the plate or block, and prevent them from soiling the
paper. The cast-iron part of the bed of the press, with the plate or block upon
it, is heated by means of a block of cast iron J, which is supported upon the
plate K with turned-up edges, and which block is removed and replaced by
another, from time to time, as it cools. In use, the frame of the press is
inclined, the front end resting upon the floor, and the other end being raised
by two screws passing through screwed holes in the sill of the press frame, one
of which screws is shewn at L; the intention of this inclination is to cause the
bed to return, after the impression is made, of its own accord; and in order to
admit of this, a portion of the roller B is removed, and three pairs of additional
rollers M, M, M, are added, for the bed to roll upon with more facility, each pair
.of rollers being fixed upon a separate axis, with necks working in brasses. The
blankets N, N, are secured to the cast-iron bed at one end by the blanket
holder O, and a stretcher P is affixed to the other end of them, from which
cords Q, Q, pass over the pullies R, R, and have weights (one of which is
shown at S) hung to them; by this means, the blankets are ketp stretched and
relieved from the roller, and prevented from matting or felting in use. The
roller B is kept up, when the bed is released, by the following contrivance:
T, T, are two wooden blocks lying at the bottoms of the chases in the press
frame; into each of these blocks is fitted a screwed nut U, Fig. 1, into which
are screwed two screws (one of which is shewn at V, Fig. 1), having flat
cylindrical heads W, W, with notches or teeth cut around them, and which
project beyond the sides of the press frame, so as to be easily turned either way,
as required. Upon these heads the brasses X, X, rest, in which the necks of

page_text: the axis of the roller B turn, and the roller can thereby be supported at the
required height, as above mentioned.
In Drawing No. 5 is represented a cylindrical steel or copper plate printing
press. A, A, &c., is the cast-iron frame of the press; B, the main cylinder for
holding the plates, which has a solid cast-iron cylindrical surface or rim, upon
which the plates are firmly secured by means of screws passing through holes
made in the surface of the cylinder from the inside. of it, and entering into
screwed holes made partly through the plates. The main cylinder is mounted
on an axis, with necks on each end of it, turning in brasses fixed upon the tops
of the two main upright standards of the press frame. C is the small cast-iron
pressing cylinder, having necks upon its axis turning.in sliding brasses, which
can be adjusted so as to press with more or less force against the main
cylinder B, by the screws, one of which is shewn at D. E, E, &c., is the
endless web or blanket passing over and carried forwards by the pressing
cylinder C, and over the web cylinder F, the necks of the axis of which
cylinder turn in brasses fitted into sliding carriages with adjusting screws, one
of which is shewn at G, for stretching the web. Upon the extended axis of
the pressing cylinder C.is fixed the drum or rigger H, which is driven by a
band I, I, receiving its motion from the moving power... The plates J, J; &c.,
are inked by the roller K coming into contact with them in succession as the
main cylinder revolves, and which roller is inked from the distributing rollers
L and M, the latter of which receives the ink, in the usual manner of machine
typographic printing presses, from a trough and ductor, and which, therefore,
need not be here shewn. The ink is more uniformly distributed over the
plates by a hand roller used by a workman. Another ductor N is supported
by brackets at each end of it to the main standards of the frame (one of which
is shewn at O) in the usual manner of calico printing, and therefore need not
be shewn here. This last-mentioned ductor N scrapes or takes off the larger
portion of the ink lying upon the surfaces of the plates, the remainder being
removed by several persons wiping it off in succession, and finally cleaning
their surfaces much in the same way as in copperplate printing. The paper,
properly moistened, may be either laid upon the revolving web or blanket E, E,
in sheets, and taken away when printed, or may be in the form of one or more
long sheets, which must be previously wound upon the reel P, (the necks on
the axis of which turn in semicircular caps or notches made in the tops of
standards affixed upon the frame of the machine, one of which is shewn at Q,)
and be passed beneath the directing roller R, until it reaches the press, after
passing through which, and becoming printed, it finally passes over the roller
S, to be taken away. The courses of the endless web or blanket E, E, &c.,

page_text: and of the long sheets of paper, are indicated by the arrows, which are shewn
accompanying them in their progress. The standards which support the necks
of the rollers K, L, M, and R are omitted in the Drawing, but must, of course,
be employed in use.
In Drawing No. 6 is represented parts of a circular coining press, in which
Fig. 1, is an end view; Fig. 2, a front view; Fig. 3, a section of Fig. 2; Fig. 4,
a section of the cylinder in Fig. 1 ; and Fig. 5, a plan of the bed, lower die, and
cutter.
:
A, a cast-iron cylinder, containing the upper coining die and male cutter; B,
a cast-iron bed, containing the lower coining die and female cutter; C, the
adjusting bed; D, D, the adjusting wedges of the lower die; E, the lever,
which turns upon a pin or stud at one end of it, and by moving upwards raises
the wedges D, D, and lower die resting upon them; F, the upper coining die
and male cutter, shewn in Figures 3 and 4, and by dotted lines in Figures 1
and 2; G, the lower coining die shewn in Figs. 4 and 5, and by dotted lines in
Figs. 1 and 2; H, the female cutter, shewn in Fig. 5, in section at Fig. 3, and
by dotted lines in Figs. 1 and 2; I, the upper elastic circular wedge, shewn in
section at Figs. 3 and 4, and by dotted lines in Figs. 1 and 2; J, the lower
elastic circular wedge, shewn endways in Figure 5, by section in Fig. 3, and
by dotted lines in Figs. 1 and 2; K, the screw for adjusting the upper die
and cutter, shewn in Figures 3 and 4, and by dotted lines in Figs. 1 and 2;
L, L, screws for securing the upper elastic circular wedge, shewn in Fig. 4, and
by dotted lines in Figs. 1 and 2; M, the adjusting screw for the lower die,
shewn in Figs. 1 and 3, and which is fixed to the lower of the two wedges D,
D; N, the female screw or nut of the scrow M, shewn in Figs. 1 and 5; 0,
in Fig. 2, the line affixed to the lever E, which is passed over a pulley (not
shewn in the Drawing), and has a weight at its other end (likewise not shewn),
which acts so as to raise the lower die G, and throw out the piece coined after
having received the impression; P, Fig. 1, an end view of the adjusting bed
Z of the vibrating lever press, described in Drawing No. 3. The cast-iron
cylinder A is applied on the under side of the vibrating lever K of that press,
by means of its cylindrical necks Q, Q, working in the gaps of the brass
bearing box 1, in the same manner as the die or roller; there described, and it
may be turned or rolled backwards and forwards in the same manner, either
by a double spanner, with circular holes in its ends, to fit upon the ends of the
cylindrical necks Q, Q, and which are prevented from slipping round thereon
by means of iron or steel webs or fins fitted into grooves R, R, (one of which
is shewn at Fig. 2, and both by dotted lines in Fig. 1,) made in the necks, and
projecting above their surfaces, fitting into corresponding gaps made in the

page_text: holes in the ends of the spanner to receive them, or it may have a vibrating
motion given to it from any proper first moving power by means of a lever,
connecting rod, and crank, or other means, which need not be described here.
A groove or channel S, shewn in Figs. 1, 3, and 4, is made around the cast-
iron cylinder A, to admit the slips of metal out of which the pieces are to be
cut and coined (and which has previously been reduced to a proper width and
thickness) to pass freely, and it has a perforation through the centre of it and
at right angles to its axis, made of a proper shape to receive the various parts
inclosed within it, as before described, as well as two others for the screws
L, L, to act in. The cylinder revolves upon the bed B, its surfaces A, A, being
always in contact therewith. The bed B has a conical perforation T, T, made
partly through it, shewn in section at Fig. 3, and by dotted lines in Figs. 1 and
2, to receive the conical elastic wedge J, and steel cylindrical ring or female
cutter H, and a cylindrical hole U at the bottom of the conical perforation
T, T, to permit the lower die G to move freely up and down in it. The lower
face of the upper coining die F has the head, &c., of the coin indented in it,
and the upper face of the lower coining die G has the reverse indented in it,
and the slip of metal is first cut into a circular blank by the male cutter or
edge of the upper coining die as it revolves passing into the female cutter H,
and acting partly as circular shears and partly as the beds and punches of
cutting presses, at the same time that the dies give the impression on each side
of the blank; and when the cylinder has passed the lever E, by means of the
weight affixed to it, as before described, raises the lower die G, with the coin
upon it, a little above the top of the female cutter H, and it is carried forwards
in the hole in the slip of metal out of which it was pressed or cut, and thrown
off in its passage. The strip of metal is prevented from clinging to the upper
die F, by two small hooks, under which the slip is passed, and which hooks are
affixed on the bed B, though not there shewn. The upper wedge D has necks
or pivots at one end of it V, V, Figs. 1 and 5, which lodge or rest in gaps or
notches made in two brasses W, W, which are screwed upon the adjusting bed
C, and which allow that wedge to play up and down, but prevent it from
moving endways; X is part of the arm a, described in the reference to Drawing
No. 3. In order to decarbonate the surfaces of cast-steel plates, cylinders, or
dies, by which they are rendered much softer and fit for transferring or
engraving designs thereon; I find that pure iron filings, divested of all foreign
or extraneous matters produce the softest decarbonated surface, and therefore
I use iron filings as pure and as free from rust as I can obtain them.
also carefully exclude all carbonaceoses matter, and any substance from which
carbon can be obtained. The stratum of decarbonated steel should not be too
I

page_text: thick for transferring fine and delicate engravings; for instance, not more than
three times the depth of the engraving. The surface of the steel may be
decarbonated to any required thickness. To decarbonate it to a proper
thickness for fine engravings, I expose it for four hours to a white heat,
enclosed in a cast-iron box with a well closed lid. The sides of the cast-iron
box I make at least three-quarters of an inch in thickness, and at least a
thickness of half an inch of pure iron filings should cover or surround the cast
steel surface to be decarbonated. The box should be suffered to cool very
slowly, which may be effected by shutting off all access of air to the furnace,
and covering it with a layer six or eight inches in thickness of fine cinders.
Each side of the steel plate, cylinder, or die, must be equally decarbonated, to
prevent it from springing or warping in bardening. I also find it much the
safest way to heat the plates, cylinders, or dies in a vertical position. I make
use of good cast steel in preference to any other sort of steel, for the purpose
of making plates, cylinders, circular or other dies, and more especially when
such plates, cylinders, or dies are intended to be decarbonated. For the
reason given above, the steel is decarbonated solely for the purpose of rendering
it sufficiently soft for receiving any impression intended to be made thereon.
It is, therefore, necessary that after any piece of steel, whether in the shape of
an engraved plate, or a cylinder, or a die, with engraved or other figures upon
its surface, should be again carbonated or reconverted into steel capable of being
hardened.
In order, therefore, to effect this carbonization or reconversion into steel, I
employ the following process. I take a suitable quantity of leather and
convert it into charcoal by the well-known method of exposing it to a red heat
in an iron retort for a sufficient length of time, or until all the evaporable
matter is driven off from the leather. Having thus prepared the charcoal, I
reduce it to a very fine powder; I then take a box, which I prefer having
made of cast iron, of sufficient dimensions to receive the plate, cylinder, or die
which I wish to have reconverted into steel, so as that the intermediate space
between the sides of the said box and the plate, cylinder, or die may be about
one inch. I fill the said box with the powdered charcoal, and having covered
it with a well fitted lid, I place the box in a furnace similar to those used
for melting brass; I increase the heat gradually until the box is somewhat
nbove a red heat, and suffer it to remain in that state till all the ovaporable
matter is driven off from the charcoal. I then remove the lid from the box,
and immerse the plate, cylinder, or dic, in the powdered charcoal, taking care to
place it as nearly in the middle as possible, so that it should be surrounded on
all sides by a stratum of the powder of nearly an uniform thickness. I replace

page_text: the lid, and suffer the box, with the plate, cylinder, or die, to remain in the
degree of heat before described for from three to five hours, according to the
thickness of the plate, cylinder, or die so exposed. Three hours are sufficient
for a plate of half an inch in thickness, and five hours when the steel is one
inch and a half in thickness. After the plate, cylinder, or die has been thus
exposed to the fire for a sufficient length of time, I take it out from the box,
and immediately plunge it into cold water. It is important here to observe,
that I find the plates, or other pieces of steel, when plunged into cold water,
are least liable to be warped or bent when they are held in a vertical position,
or made to enter the water in the direction of their length. If a piece of steel,
heated to a proper degree for hardening, be plunged into water, and suffered
to remain there until it becomes cold, it is found by experience to be very liable
to crack or break, and in many cases it would be found too hard for the
operations it was intended to perform. If the steel cracks or breaks it is
spoiled; and in order to render it fit for use, should it happen not to be broken
in the hardening, it is the common practice to again heat the steel in order to
reduce or lower its temper, as it is technically called. The degree of heat to
which the steel is now exposed determines the future degree of hardness or
the temper, and this is indicated by a change of colour upon the surface of the
steel; during this heating a succession of shades is produced, from a very pale
straw colour to a deep blue. I have found, however, by long experience that if
on plunging the heated steel into cold water, and suffering it to remain there no
longer than is sufficient for lowering the temperature of the steel to the same
degree as that to which a hard piece of steel must have been raised in order
to temper it in the common way, that it not only produces the same degree of
hardness in the steel, but what is of much more importance, almost entirely
does away the risk or liability of its cracking or breaking. I believe it to be
impossible to communicate by words, or to describe. the criterion by which,
after long experience, I judge or determine when the steel has arrived at the
proper degree of temperature after being plunged into cold water; and I
believe that it can only be learned by actual observation, as I am guided
entirely by the kind of hissing or singing noise which the heated steel produces
in the water whilst cooling. From the moment of its being first plunged into
the water a varying sound will be observed, and it is at a certain period before
the noise ceases that I find the effect to be produced, and the only directions
I can give by which the experimentalist can be benefitted is as follows,.
namely, to take a piece of steel which has already been hardened. by
remaining in the water till cold, and by the common method of again. heating
it, to let it be brought to the colour which would indicate the desired temper

page_text: of the steel plate to be hardened by my process; and so soon as he discovers
the colour to be that of pale yellow or straw colour, to dip the steel into water,
and attend carefully to the hissing, or as some call it the singing noise, which
it occasions. He will then be better able, and with fewer experiments, to
judge of the precise time at which it should be taken out. I do not mean it
to be understood that the temper indicated by a straw colour is that to which
the steel plate, cylinder, or die should be reduced, because it would then be
found too hard, but merely that the temperature which would produce that
colour is that by which the peculiar sound would be occasioned when the
steel should be withdrawn from the water for the first time. Immediately on
withdrawing it from the water the steel plate, cylinder, or die must be laid
upon or held over a fire, and heated uniformly until its temperature is raised
to that degree at which tallow would be decomposed, or, in other words, until
smoke is perceived to arise from the surface of the steel plate, cylinder, or die,
after having been rubbed with tallow. The steel plate, cylinder, or die must
then be again plunged into water, and kept there until the sound becomes
somewhat weaker than before; it is then to be taken out and heated a second
time to the same degree, and by the same rule of smoaking tallow as before,
and the third time plunged into water till the sound becomes again weaker
than the last; expose it a third time to the fire as before, and for the last time
return it into the water and cool it. After it is cooled, clean the surface of the
steel plate, cylinder, or die, and by heating it over the fire the temper must be
reduced by bringing on a brown or such other lighter or darker shade of
colour as may best suit the quality of the steel, or the purpose to which it is to
be applied.
Although I have particularly described the process I employ for hardening
or tempering steel plates, cylinders, or dies, and although I believe the major
part of the said process to be new, yet I do not mean to claim any of the
privileges granted to me by the aforesaid recited Letters Patent for the
exclusive use of the said process. I have also herein-before described certain
machinery, which I have denominated a horizontal vibrating lever press, as
applicable to the transferring of engraved or other work from the surface of
one piece of metal to another piece of metal, and which horizontal vibrating
lever press is represented by the Drawing No. 3, Figures 1, 2, 3, and 4.
And whereas I have described the aforesaid press to consist of a wooden
frame of bars, of metal beds, of levers, pins, &c., &c. I do not claim any of
these in their individual characters as forming any part of my said Invention.
This part of my Invention consists in such a combination of the several
parts of the aforesaid horizontal vibrating lever press as renders it applicable

page_text: to the purposes herein-before mentioned; namely, transferring of engraved
or other work from the surface of one piece of metal to the surface of another
piece of metal in a manner not heretofore accomplished, and rendering it
capable of being used for the purpose of forming metallic dies, matrices for
coining money, stamping metals, and other useful purposes. But as the
Invention of transferring engraved or other work from the surface of steel
rollers or indenting cylinders is not new, I shall proceed to shew in what the
novelty and peculiarity of my said Invention of transferring engraved or other
work from the surface of one piece of metal to another piece of metal, consists,
which is as follows, namely, that I first procure an engraving of any kind
whatsoever to be made upon a decarbonated steel plate, as has been herein-
before described, and by means of my aforesaid Invention of an horizontal
vibrating lever press I am enabled to transfer such engraving to the de-
carbonated surface of a steel cylinder or circular die in such a manner that
the surface of the said cylinder becomes an exact counterpart of the aforesaid
engraved plate, or, in other words, a circular punch which, when hardened,
may be used for making other steel plates, which other steel plates may again
be employed for making other cylinders or circular dies almost to an indefinate
extent, without in the least altering the identity so desirable to be preserved
in the multiplication of the plates and prints intended as exact copies of the
original engraving.
I will proceed to describe such parts of the machinery and implements
mentioned in the Letters Patent herein-before recited, and as is therein stated
to have been received or to have come into my possession through communica-
tion by a certain foreigner, when residing in America, namely, the Invention
of certain machinery and implements applicable to ornamental turning and
engraving. I do not intend here to describe ornamental turning or engraving
as forming part of such communication, nor to claim any exclusive privilege
for the making, using, or vending rose engines, or any other of the well-
known machines which have been long used for such purposes as ornamental
turning or engraving; the peculiarity and novelty of the aforesaid Invention
so communicated to me will best appear by first stating that by the rose
engine and other machines heretofore used for ornamental turning, &c., the
mandrell to which the substance to be ornamented or engraved was attached,
received or had communicated to it a lateral or longitiminal motion during its
rotation round its axis, according to the varying form or direction of the
figures or lines to be described upon the said substance by a lateral motion,
I mean a motion of the mandrell at right angles to its axis, and by longitudinal
motion, that which carries it backwards and forwards in a direction parallel

page_text: with its axis. These motions (namely, the lateral and longitudinal,) might be
produced separately, or (at the discretion of the artist) conjointly, so as to
make the mandrell move in a direction at any intermediate angle between the
lateral and longitudiual directions, as before described. The method hitherto
used in producing the several motions of the mandrell, as before described, is
that of fixing rosettes or variously shaped pieces of metal upon the mandrell;
but as this is a well-known expedient among rose engine makers, I need not
give a more particular description thereof.
"
The Invention communicated to me, as herein-before described, consists in
producing a lateral motion of the mandrell by means of the eccentric cylinder
or other shaped body upon a seprate axis and of varying the number of
lateral motions of the mandrell during one revolution thereof, by means of
wheels of various diameters, as have been herein-before described, the
references to Drawing No. 1 hereunto annexed. And also in producing the
longitudinal motion of the mandrell by a different modification of the same
expedient in No. 2 of the said Drawings.
The improvements claimed by me in the copper or steel plate or block
printing press described in the references to Drawing No. 4 are simply the
substitution of a metal bed in place of the usual wooden onės, whereby the
copper or steel plates or blocks may be heated by means of a iron heater,
or by steam if preferred, and enabling me to fix the plate or block firmly and
evenly to the metal bed; and the use of the tympan, to save ink and trouble
in inking and cleaning the plate or block.
The improvements claimed by me in the cylindrical steel or copper plato
printing press described in the references to Drawing No. 5, consist in
affixing a number of engraved circular plates to the surface of a cylinder,
so that the operation of inking the plates, wiping, and cleaning, and printing
from the said plates shall be simultaneous and continuous.
My improved method of making and using dies and presses for coining
money, stamping metals, and other useful purposes, consists:-
First, in making dies in a similar manner to that herein-before described
for transferring engravings from the surface of one piece of metal to another
piece of metal, whereby I am enabled to produce almost an infinite number
of dies, which shall in like manner be exact copies of the original.
Secondly, in the coining of money with a roller press and. circular die, by
which the blank is cut out of the plate of metal, and the impression is given
by the dies at 'the same time; one of the dies being made circular on the
face, the impression is given progressively as it rolls over the coin, whereby
the operation requires less pressure, and the die is not so liable to be broken

page_text: as when the coining is performed by a blow, and both the operations of cutting
and coining being performed at once it is a saving of time. The original
dies being made flat or plane as usual, only a little larger than ordinary, a
decarbonated circular die, fitted to the horizontal vibrating lever press, as
before described, is made to roll backwards and forwards under a sufficient
pressure upon the face of one of the dies, fixed securely upon the adjusting
bed, until it has received an impression therefrom in bas-relief; the circular
die being then hardened becomes a substitute for what is termed a hubb or
puncheon in the ordinary process of die sinking, but in a superior manner,
being capable of receiving and giving the entire obverse or reverse of the
coin, &c.; when employed to make other flat or plane dies, they may also be
used to sink the dies to be used in the circular coining press, described in the
reference to the Drawing No. 6.
In witness whereof, I, the said Jacob Parkins (party hereto), have here-
unto set my hand and seal, this Tenth day of April, One thousand

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JACOB
PERKINS, late of Philadelphia, in the United States of America, but now
residing at Austin Friars, in the City of London, Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS His most Excellent Majesty King George the Third dia
His Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of ureat
Britain and Ireland called England, bearing date at Westminster, the Eleventh
day of October, in the fifty-ninth year of His reign, give and grant unto me,
the said Jacob Perkins, my exors, admors, and assigns, His especial licence,
full power, sole privilege and authority, that I, the said Jacob Perkins, my
exors, admors, and assigns, during the term of years therein mentioned, should
and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and
the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, the Invention, party communicated to me
by a certain foreignér when residing in America, and partly of my own
Invention, of "CERTAIN MACHINERY AND IMPLEMENTS APPLICABLE TO ORNAMENTAL
TURNING AND ENGRAVING, AND TO THE TRANSFERRING OF ENGRAVED OR OTHER WORK
FROM THE SURFACE OF ONE PIECE OF METAL TO ANOTHER PIECE OF METAL, AND TO
THE FORMING OF METALLIC DIES AND MATRICES; AND ALSO IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
CONSTRUCTION AND METHOD OF USING PLATES AND PRESSES FOR PRINTING BANK
NOTES AND OTHER PAPERS, WHEREBY THE PRODUCING AND COMBINING VARIOUS SPECIES
OF WORK: IS EFFECTED UPON THE SAME PLATES AND SURFACES, THE DIFFICULTY OF
IMITATION INCREASED, AND THE PROCESS OF PRINTING FACILITATED; AND ALSO AN
IMPROVED METHOD OF MAKING AND USING DIES AND PRESSES FOR COINING MONEY,
STAMPING MEDALS, AND OTHER USEFUL PURPOSES;" in which said Letters Patent

page_text: there is coined a proviso, that if I, the said Jacob Perkins, shall not par-
ticularly describe and ascertain the nature of my said Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, by an instrument in writing under my
hand and seal, and cause the same to be inrolled in His Majesty's High Court
of Chancery within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of
the said Letters, that then the said Letters Patent, and all liberties and ad-
vantages whatsoever thereby granted, shall utterly cease, determine, and
become void, as in and by the same, relation being thereunto had, will more
fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Jacob Perkins, do hereby declare that the nature of my said Invention, and
the manner in which the same is to be performed, are particularly described
and ascertained in and by the Drawings hereunto annexed, and the following
description thereof (that is to say):-
In Drawing No. 1 is represented an engine lathe for engraving oval or
circular geometrical figures upon metal or other surfaces, whether flat, convex,
or concave, in which Drawing (as well as in all the others) the same letters
refer to the same parts of the different machines there represented.
Figure 1 is a front view of the lathe; Fig. 2, a front end view of the same.
with the chucks and rest removed; Fig. 3, a back end view of the same; Fig. 4,
a section of the eccentric roller, and end of the upper mandrell; Fig. 5, an edge
view of that roller; Fig. 6, the toothed wheel work viewed in front; Fig. 7,
section of part of the toothed wheelwork; and Fig. 8, the adjusting chuck.
A, A, &c., the wooden frame or support of the lathe; B, the band wheel and
its crank axis; C, C, &c., the bed of the lathe; D, D, cheeks fixed in the
Jathe bed to support the swinging parts of the lathe; E, E, screwed pivots on
which those parts swing; G, G, screws moving in the cheeks D, D, to hold
the swinging parts still when the toothed wheel work is thrown out of
gear, and
the lathe may be used as a common lathe; H, H, Figure 1, the lathe mandrell;
J, the whorl or pulley; J, the main toothed wheel, with its sliding socket, which
can be fixed by a screw; K, the intermediate and connecting pinions, the
arbor of which acts in the adjusting frame or bracket L, which is united with
the swinging frame F, by the screw and nut M; N, the upper mandrell on
which the several toothed wheels O, O, &c., which are fixed upon a sliding
socket, can be secured by the screw P; Q, the whorl or pulley of the upper 3
mandrell; R, the collar of the lathe mandrell; S, its adjusting screw; T, the
collar of the upper mandrell; U, its adjusting screw; V, the oval chuck formed
as usual; W, the eccentric cylinder, and its moving plate X, which is connected
with the swinging frame F by the adjusting screw and nuts Y, Y; Z, the

page_text: adjusting chuck to hold the plates, blocks, &c., to be engraved. a, a, plate or
block to be engraved; b, the roller, which slides upon an oblong square upon
the end of the upper mandrell N, and can be moved more or less eccentric by
means of the adjusting screw C, and secured firmly by a screw and nut upon
the end of the mandrell; d, an arm screwed to the pillar e, which is fixed upon
the bed of the lathe, and from which arm depend two vertical parts f. f, which
hold a cheek g, let into a dovetailed groove in the part f, and an adjusting
elastic cheek h, which is retained in its place by the steady pins i, i, and
between which cheeks g and h, the eccentric roller b revolves, and causes the
swinging parts of the lathe F, F, &c., to vibrate more or less, according to its
eccentricity. The whorl Q, on the upper mandrell, receives motion from the
lathe wheel, as shewn in Fig. 38. One of the toothed wheels O upon that
mandrell works into the larger of the two intermediate pinions K, which are
fixed upon one arbor k, whilst the smaller of those pinions work in the toothed
wheel J, fixed upon the lathe mandrell, (as is more distinctly shewn in Fig. 6,
which represents those wheels and pinions on a scale double the size of Fig. 1,
2, 3, and 8.) The turning or engraving tool / must be held in a slide rest m,
with adjustments as usual in other engine lathes, aud which, therefore, need
not be described here. In order to produce a figure upon a flat, concave, or
convex surface with this lathe, let one of the tooth wheels O, upon the upper
mandrell having 132 teeth, be connected with the larger of the intermediate
wheels K, fixed upon the arbor k, and having 58 teeth, and let the smaller of
those wheels having 32 teeth, take into the toothed wheel J of 852 teeth,
which is fixed upon the lathe mandrell H, H, and it will be found that four
revolutions and five-sixths of another will be made by the wheel O, to to one
revolution of the lathe mandrell H, H, and consequently six revolutions of the
athe mandrell H, H, will complete the figure upon the surface of the body to
be operated upon, and this whether the figure be circular or oval, the latter
lepending upon the eccentricity of the oval chuck. The intermediate wheels
K
may be removed, and the largest of the wheels O can be connected with
he wheel J, and will produce a different figure, which may be also varied by:
he eccentricity of the cylinder W being made greater or lesser, as well as by
ausing others of the toothed wheels and pinions to engage in each other, and
hus an infinite variety of figures may be produced. In operating upon convex
r concave surfaces, the turning tool in the slide rest ought to be acted upon
y a spring and regulating guage, so as to cause it to follow up the varying
urfaces.
In Drawing No. 2 is represented an engine lathe for engraving certain
gures upon the peripheries of metal or other cylinders.

page_text: Fig. 1, a front view of the lathe, with part of its supporting frame removed;
Fig. 2, an end view; Fig. 3, a plan of it, with the hand wheel and its carriage
removed, and part of the wooden frame broken off; Fig. 4, a front view of
some of the parts, the front of the carriage being removed to shew them more
distinctly; Fig. 5, a section of the carriage and bracket or support of the inter-
mediate arbor and mandrell, taken at the dotted line A, A, in Fig. 3; Fig. 6,
parts of the toothed wheelwork shewn on an enlarged scale.
B, B, &c., parts of the supporting frame, the foot wheel, crank, axis, &c.,
being common to other lathes not been shewn; C, C, &c. the cast iron
bed of the lathe; D, D, two upright metal blocks, firmly secured by screws
to the cast-iron bed; E, E, E, E, four cylindrical rollers of equal size, fixed
in pairs upon the two spindles F, F, which have conical holes in their
ends turning upon the conical points of the four adjusting screws G, G, G, G,
as centres upon these four rollers E, E, &c.; the vibrating carriage of the
lathe II, H, &c., is supported and guided by means of two short steel bars I, I,
which are affixed on the under side of the carriage, and move between
four steel bars upon the upper surfaces of the block D, D, two of which bars
are fixed, one of which is shewn at J in Fig. 2 and 4, and the others are
moveable, as shewn at K, and are adjusted by the screws L, L; the motion
of the carriage II, II, is thus secured in a line parallel to the axis of the
mandrell of the lathe. Four steel plates M, M, &c., are also fixed on the
under side of the carriage H, II, which move upon the tops of the four
rollers E, E, E, E. The larger conical end of the lathe mandrell N works in
the steel collar O, secured, to one end of the carriage, and its smaller end
works in a conical hole made in the adjusting screw P to receive it. On the
larger end of the mandrell N is a male screw, on which the chucks are fixed,
and it has also a pulley or whorl Q upon it, which is intended to. receive
motion occasionally by a band from the foot wheel; it has also a toothed con-
trate wheel R. fixed to a sliding socket, with a binding screw S upon it, which
gives motion to an intermediate pinion T at right angles to it, which is fixed
upon the arbor U, turning in pivot holes, one of which is in the bracket V,
which is secured to the carriage by the binding and adjusting screw W, and
has an arm X screwed to the upper part of it by the adjusting screw Y, and
in which arm is the other pivot hole of the arbor U; on the same arbor U is
likewise fixed the toothed wheel Z, by means of the screwed nut of its socket.
a, a, is an arbor, placed at right angles with the mandrell N, having a neck at
one end of it with a shoulder working in and through the steel collar b, which
is fixed to the side of the carriage II; and its other end has a conical hole turn-
ing upon the conical point of the adjusting screw c, as a centre; on the outer

page_text: end of arbor a, a, is fixed the pully d, which receives motion by means of a
band from the hand wheel e, which is supported on a carriage or frame f, fixed
to the lathe bed; on the arbor a, a, is fixed a sliding socket g, with un adjusting
screw h, and upon which socket are fixed the three toothed wheels i, i, i.
There is likewise fixed upon a square made upon the arbor a, a, a cylinder j,
which can be moved eccentric by means of the adjusting screw k, and fixed in
situation between the shoulder of the arbor a, a, and the nut l, which is
any
screwed upon the end of it. The cylinder j revolves between two steel upright
plates m and n, the first of which m is firmly fixed by screws to one of the
blocks d, whilst the latter n is so fixed to it that its upper part, which is made
sufficiently thin to be elastic, can yield a little, so as to prevent the excentric
When the
cylinder from binding or shaking betweeen the plates m and n.
arbor a, a, is turned round, and the cylinder j is eccentric with it, the car-
riage H will remain at rest; but on the cylinder being made eccentric to the
arbor, and as shewn in the Drawings, the carriage will vibrate backwards and
forwards upon the four rollers E, E, &c., double the distance of the eccentricity
of the cylinder, and as the lathe mandrell is carried round at the same time by
means of the train of toothed wheels before described, any cylindrical body
screwed upon the end of the mandrell will receive waved lines upon its peri-
phery from the point of any proper turning tool fixed in a slide rest, as usual
in engine laths, and therefore need not be described here, and which waved
lines will vary accordingly as the cylinder is made more or less eccentric, the
difference of the velocities of the mandrell a, a, and arbor N, made greater or
lesser, and the diameter of the cylindrical body to be operated upon, or by any
one, two, or three of these charges being made together or separately. Thus,
let the middle toothed wheel i of one hundred teeth upon the arbor a, a, in
Fig. 8, be connected with the intermediate wheel, Z, having 180. teeth, and let
the pinion T of 32 teeth, fixed upon the same arbor U with the wheel Z, be
connected with the contrate wheel R of 352 teeth fixed upon the lathe man-
drell N, then the difference of velocity between the toothed wheel i and the
lathe mandrell N will be as 19 and four-fifths to 1, and as a motion backwards
and forwards endways is given to the mandrell N at every revolution of the
arbor a, a, so consequently nineteen and four-fifths waved lines will be made
round the periphery of the cylindrical surface to be operated upon at each revo-
lution of the mandrell N, and as the last waved line falls short one-fifth at
each revolution, it will take five revolutions of the mandrell N for the graving
tool to enter again into the first waved line cut, when it would go over the
same course again and deepen the lines, if necessary.
In Drawing No. 3, Fig. 1, represents the horizontal vibrating lever press,

page_text: viewed in front; Fig. 2, an end section of the same, beyond the dotted line
A, A, in Fig. 1, with the strengthening frame removed; Fig. 3, a top view,
with all the parts in their situation, as in use; and Fig. 4, a top view, with
the vibrating lever and parts attached to it removed. B, B, &c., the four
upright sides of the frame of the press tenanted into the base or sill C, and
strengthened by the cross beams D, D. Upon the top of the sides B, B, is the
press bed E, E, which is secured to the sides by screws and nuts, and has two
grooves or slits F, F, in it, for the two upright bars G, G, and H, H, to pass
through and move freely therein backwards and forwards. The bar H, H,
turns upon the pin or bolt I as a fulcrum, which is supported in blocks fixed
to the sides of the frame B, B. The bar H, H, passing through one of the
grooves F on the press bed E, E, is connected by means of the joint with one
end of the vibrating lever K, the other end of which is connected with the
upper end of the upright bar G, G, by the joint L. The barr G, G, is con-
nected with the lower horizontal lever M by the bolt N; this lever M moves
upon the bolt O as a fulcrum, which rests in one of the sides of the frame B.
To the other end of the lever M is connected, by the joint P, the rod Q, Q,
having firmly fixed in the middle of its upper end a short rounded plate of iron
R, upon which the lever T presses, one end of which lever lodges under one of
the pins or staves U, U, which are fixed in the side of the frame B and
the side piece V attached to it, and upon the other end
hangs, and can be slided along it as required in use. The upper side of
the lever T has a semicircular notch or gap in it at its end, which lodges
under one of the pins or staves U, U; and in the under side of it, near that
end, are made several other similar notches, any one of which can be placed
upon the rounded edge of the plate R of the rod Q, as may be required
to encrease or lessen the pressure. The press bed E, E, is supported near
its centre upon the top of the strengthening frame X, X, X, and has two
ribs Y, Y, cast upon it, on which rests the adjustable bed Z, the under side of
which is formed of a portion of a cylinder, and in the centre of it is screwed
the arm a, to which is jointed the socket or tube 6, having a female screw
within it, in which acts the male screw c, the cylindrical stem of which acts in
a hole made in the plate d, which has two pivots moving in the ears e, e, which
are screwed into the under side of the press bed, and thus allows sufficient play
to those parts in use. The adjustable bed Z can be moved sideways, backwards,
and forwards, by turning the winch f of the screw c. Upon the adjustable bed
Z is supported the bed g, by means of the four screws h, h, h, h, which are
screwed into the bed g, and their heads project into four shallow circular holes
made in the top of the adjustable bed Z to receive them, two of which are
of it the weight W

page_text: hewn at i, i, in Figure 2. Upon the upper face of the bed g is to be placed
the copper or steel plate to receive the impression from the circular die or
roller j, which is suspended from the under side of the middle of the vibrating
ever K, in the manner now to be described. The die or roller j consists of a
hollow steel cylinder, fitted upon a steel axis, which is formed into two
cylindrical necks on each side of the roller, as shewn in Figure 4 at k, k; on
the under side of the vibrating lever K, is secured, by screws, a brass bearing box
, in which are two semicircular gaps or notches, which receive the necks k, k,
of the roller's axis; the roller j is kept up and prevented from falling out of
these gaps by means of the wire stirrup m, which has two hooks at its lower
ends, which take hold of those parts of the necks k, k, that extend beyond the
bearing box l, and the stirrup itself hangs upon a wedge n, which is placed.
between it and the top of the vibrating lever K. Each end of the axis of the
die or roller j is made square, on which squares fit the square gaps made in
the ends of the die lever or double spanner O, & by means of which the die
or roller can be turned backwards and forwards upon the surface of the steel or
copper plate w lying upon the bed g, as aforesaid. When the weight W and
the lever T are removed, the rod Q may be lifted up by means of its handle p,
Fig. 2; in order, however, to facilitate this, and retain the rod at any required
height, a counterbalancing weight q is suspended by the liner, which passes
over the pulleys, and is connected with the longer end of the horizontal lever
M by the loop t. In order to lessen the friction of the upright bars G, G, and
H, H, in the grooves F, F, made in the press bed E, E, these grooves are
covered with two brass plates u, u, having a corresponding groove in each, but
which are made rather narrower than those grooves in the bed over which
they are placed. These brass plates. u, u, are firmly secured upon the bed by.
the screws v, v, &c. The length of this press ought to be at least fifteen feet,
in order to allow the vibrating lever to move sufficiently near to a straight line
to answer its intended purpose; the difference, however, between its motion
and a straight line is compensated for partly by the materials, viz', wood, of
which its frame consists, but chiefly by the accommodating motion of the
levers, and it therefore becomes necessary in using it, to place it so as to pass
though the floor of the work room in which it is situated to the room below,
and even to raise the floor of the work room by means of a platform, for the
operator to stand upon, and as shewn in the Drawings.
In Drawing No. 4 is shewn an improved steel or copper plate or block
printing press, Fig. 1 being a front view of it, and Fig. 2, an end view.
The principal improvements consist in a new method of heating the plate of
block in the use of a tympan, for the purpose of saving the expence of making`

page_text: the plates or blocks any larger than is necessary to receive the engraving, as
well as to save ink, and also time and labour in cleaning the plates or blocks.
The manner in which I effect these objects will appear from an inspection of
the Drawing, and the following description thereof:-A, A, &c., is the cast-iron
frame of the press; B the upper cast-iron roller, on the axis of which is fixed
the wheel C, with handles around it, for the workman to pull by; D, the lower
cast-iron roller; E, F, the bed of the press, made partly of cast iron and partly
of wood; the part E is of cast iron, the better to resist the pressure of the
rollers, and to convey the heat employed to warm the plate or block, as
described hereafter. The plate or block G is fixed upon the bed by means of
screws passing through countersunk holes made in the bed from the under side
of it, and into screwed holes made partly through the plate or block itself.
The tympan H is a wooden frame covered with copper, and turning upon
the hinges I, I, and having an aperture in it large enough to inclose the plate
or block, the sides of which aperture are made feather-edged, so as to overlap
the bevelled edges of the plate or block, and prevent them from soiling the
paper. The cast-iron part of the bed of the press, with the plate or block upon
it, is heated by means of a block of cast iron J, which is supported upon the
plate K with turned-up edges, and which block is removed and replaced by
another, from time to time, as it cools. In use, the frame of the press is
inclined, the front end resting upon the floor, and the other end being raised
by two screws passing through screwed holes in the sill of the press frame, one
of which screws is shewn at L; the intention of this inclination is to cause the
bed to return, after the impression is made, of its own accord; and in order to
admit of this, a portion of the roller B is removed, and three pairs of additional
rollers M, M, M, are added, for the bed to roll upon with more facility, each pair
of rollers being fixed upon a separate axis, with necks working in brasses. The
blankets N, N, are secured to the cast-iron bed at one end by the blanket
holder O, and a stretcher P is affixed to the other end of them, from which
cords Q, Q, pass over the pullies R, R, and have weights (one of which is
shewn at S) hung to them; by this means, the blankets are ketp stretched and
relieved from the roller, and prevented from matting or felting in use. The
roller B is kept up, when the bed is released, by the following contrivance :-
T, T, are two wooden blocks lying at the bottoms of the chases in the press
frame; into each of these blocks is fitted a screwed nut U, Fig. 1, into which
are screwed two screws (one of which is shewn at V, Fig. 1), having flat
cylindrical heads W, W, with notches or teeth cut around them, and which
project beyond the sides of the press frame, so as to be easily turned either way,
as required. Upon these heads the brasses X, X, rest, in which the necks of

page_text: the axis of the roller B turn, and the roller can thereby be supported at the
required height, as above mentioned.
In Drawing No. 5 is represented a cylindrical steel or copper plate printing
press. A, A, &c., is the cast-iron frame of the press; B, the main cylinder for
holding the plates, which has a solid cast-iron cylindrical surface or rim, upon
which the plates are firmly secured by means of screws passing through holes
made in the surface of the cylinder from the inside of it, and entering into
screwed holes made partly through the plates. The main cylinder is mounted
on an axis, with necks on each end of it, turning in brasses fixed upon the tops
of the two main upright standards of the press frame. C is the small cast-iron
pressing cylinder, having necks upon its axis turning in sliding brasses, which
can be adjusted so as to press with more or less force against the main
cylinder B, by the screws, one of which is shewn at D. E, E, &c., is the
endless web or blanket passing over and carried forwards by the pressing
cylinder C, and over the web cylinder F, the necks of the axis of which
cylinder turn in brasses fitted into sliding carriages with adjusting screws, one
of which is shewn at G, for stretching the web. Upon the extended axis of
the pressing cylinder C is fixed the drum or rigger H, which is driven by a
band I, I, receiving its motion from the moving power. The plates J, J, &c.,
are inked by the roller K coming into contact with them in succession as the
main cylinder revolves, and which roller is inked from the distributing rollers-
L and M, the latter of which receives the ink, in the usual manner of machine
typographic printing presses, from a trough and ductor, and which, therefore,
need not be here shewn. The ink is more uniformly distributed over the
plates by a hand roller used by a workman. Another ductor N is supported-
by brackets at each end of it to the main standards of the frame (one of which
is shewn at O) in the usual manner of calico printing, and therefore need not
be shewn here. This last-mentioned ductor N scrapes or takes off the larger
portion of the ink lying upon the surfaces of the plates, the remainder being
removed by several persons wiping it off in succession, and finally cleaning
their surfaces much in the same way as in copperplate printing. The paper,
properly moistened, may be either laid upon the revolving web or blanket E, E,
in sheets, and taken away when printed, or may be in the form of one or more
long sheets, which must be previously wound upon the reel P, (the necks on
the axis of which turn in semicircular caps or notches made in the tops of
standards affixed upon the frame of the machine, one of which is shewn at Q.)
and be passed beneath the directing roller R, until it reaches the press, after
passing through which, and becoming printed, it finally passes over the roller
5, to be taken away. The courses of the endless web or blanket E, E, &c.,

page_text: and of the long sheets of paper, are indicated by the arrows, which are shewn
accompanying them in their progress. The standards which support the necks
of the rollers K, L, M, and R are omitted in the Drawing, but must, of course,
be employed in use.
In Drawing No. 6 is represented parts of a circular coining press, in which
Fig. 1, is an end view; Fig. 2, a front view; Fig. 3, a section of Fig. 2; Fig. 4,
a section of the cylinder in Fig. 1 ; and Fig. 5, a plan of the bed, lower die, and
cutter.
A, a cast-iron cylinder, containing the upper coining die and male cutter; B,
a cast-iron bed, containing the lower coining die and female cutter; C, the
adjusting bed; D, D, the adjusting wedges of the lower die; E, the lever,
which turns upon a pin or stud at one end of it, and by moving upwards raises
the wedges D, D, and lower die resting upon them; F, the upper coining die
and male cutter, shewn in Figures 3 and 4, and by dotted lines in Figures, 1
and 2; G, the lower coining die shewn in Figs. 4 and 5, and by dotted lines in
Figs. 1 and 2; H, the female cutter, shewn in Fig. 5, in section at Fig. 3, and
by dotted lines in Figs. 1 and 2; I, the upper elastic circular wedge, shewn in
section at Figs. 3 and 4, and by dotted lines in Figs. 1 and 2; J, the lower
elastic circular wedge, shewn endways in Figure 5, by section in Fig. 3, and
by dotted lines in Figs. 1 and 2; K, the screw for adjusting the upper die
and cutter, shewn in Figures 3 and 4, and by dotted lines in Figs. 1 and 2;
L, L, screws for securing the upper elastic circular wedge, shewn in Fig. 4, and
by dotted lines in Figs. 1 and 2; M, the adjusting screw for the lower die,
shewn in Figs. 1 and 3, and which is fixed to the lower of the two wedges D,
D; N, the female screw or nut of the screw M, shewn in Figs. 1 and 5; 0,
in Fig. 2, the line affixed to the lever E, which is passed over a pulley (not
shewn in the Drawing), and has a weight at its other end (likewise not shewn),
which acts so as to raise the lower die G, and throw out the piece coined after
having received the impression; P, Fig. 1, an end view of the adjusting bed
Z of the vibrating lever press, described in Drawing No. 3. The cast-iron
cylinder A is applied on the under side of the vibrating lever K of that press,
by means of its cylindrical necks Q, Q, working in the gaps of the brass
bearing box 1, in the same manner as the die or roller j there described, and it'
may be turned or rolled backwards and forwards in the same manner, either
by a double spanner, with circular holes in its ends, to fit upon the ends of the
cylindrical necks Q, Q, and which are prevented from slipping round thereon
by means of iron or steel webs or fins fitted into grooves R, R, (one of which
is shewn at Fig. 2, and both by dotted lines in Fig. 1,) made in the necks, and
projecting above their surfaces, fitting into corresponding gaps made in the

page_text: holes in the ends of the spanner to receive them, or it may have a vibrating
motion given to it from any proper first moving power by means of a lever,
connecting rod, and crank, or other means, which need not be described here.
A groove or channel S, shewn in Figs. 1, 3, and 4, is made around the cast-
iron cylinder A, to admit the slips of metal out of which the pieces are to be
cut and coined (and which has previously been reduced to a proper width and
thickness) to pass freely, and it has a perforation through the centre of it and
at right angles to its axis, made of a proper shape to receive the various parts
inclosed within it, as before described, as well as two others for the screws
L, L, to act in. The cylinder revolves upon the bed B, its surfaces A, A, being
always in contact therewith. The bed B has a conical perforation T, T, made
partly through it, shewn in section at Fig. 3, and by dotted lines in Figs. 1 and
2, to receive the conical elastic wedge J, and steel cylindrical ring or female
cutter H, and a cylindrical hole U at the bottom of the conical perforation
T, T, to permit the lower die G to move freely up and down in it. The lower
face of the upper coining die F has the head, &c., of the coin indented in it,
and the upper face of the lower coining die G has the reverse indented in it,
and the slip of metal is first cut into a circular blank by the male cutter or
edge of the upper coining die as it revolves passing into the female cutter H,
and acting partly as circular shears and partly as the beds and punches of
cutting presses, at the same time that the dies give the impression on each side
of the blank; and when the cylinder has passed the lever E, by means of the
weight affixed to it, as before described, raises the lower die G, with the coin
upon it, a little above the top of the female cutter H, and it is carried forwards
in the hole in the slip of metal out of which it was pressed or cut, and thrown
off in its passage. The strip of metal is prevented from clinging to the upper
die F, by two small hooks, under which the slip is passed, and which hooks are
affixed on the bed B, though not there shewn. The upper wedge D has necks
or pivots at one end of it V, V, Figs. 1 and 5, which lodge or rest in gaps or
notches made in two brasses W, W, which are screwed upon the adjusting bed
C, and which allow that wedge to play up and down, but prevent it from
moving endways; X is part of the arm a, described in the reference to Drawing
No. 3. In order to decarbonate the surfaces of cast-steel plates, cylinders, or
dies, by which they are rendered much softer and fit for transferring or
engraving designs thereon; I find that pure iron filings, divested of all foreign
or extraneous matters produce the softest decarbonated surface, and therefore
I use iron filings as pure and as free from rust as I can obtain them. I
also carefully exclude all carbonaceoses matter, and any substance from which
carbon can be obtained. The stratum of decarbonated steel should not be too

page_text: thick for transferring fine and delicate engravings; for instance, not more than
three times the depth of the engraving. The surface of the steel may be
decarbonated to any required thickness. To decarbonate it to proper
thickness for fine engravings, I expose it for four hours to a white heat,
enclosed in a cast-iron box with a well closed lid. The sides of the cast-iron
box I make at least three-quarters of an inch in thickness, and at least a
thickness of half an inch of pure iron filings should cover or surround the cast
steel surface to be decarbonated. The box should be suffered to cool very
slowly, which may be effected by shutting off all access of air to the furnace,
and covering it with a layer six or eight inches in thickness of fine cinders.
Each side of the steel plate, cylinder, or die, must be equally decarbonated, to
prevent it from springing or warping in hardening. I also find it much the
safest way to heat the plates, cylinders, or dies in a vertical position. I make
use of good cast steel in preference to any other sort of steel, for the purpose
of making plates, cylinders, circular or other dies, and more especially when
For the
such plates, cylinders, or dies are intended to be decarbonated.
reason given above, the steel is decarbonated solely for the purpose of rendering
it sufficiently soft for receiving any impression intended to be made. thereon.
It is, therefore, necessary that after any piece of steel, whether in the shape of
an engraved plate, or a cylinder, or a die, with engraved or other figures upon
its surface, should be again carbonated or reconverted into steel capable of being
hardened.
In order, therefore, to effect this carbonization or reconversion into steel, I
employ the following process. I take a suitable quantity of leather and
convert it into charcoal by the well-known method of exposing it to a red heat
in an iron retort for a sufficient length of time, or until all the evaporable
_matter is driven off from the leather. Having thus prepared the charcoal, I
reduce it to a very fine powder; I then take a box, which I prefer having
made of cast iron, of sufficient dimensions to receive the plate, cylinder, or die
which I wish to have reconverted into steel, so as that the intermediate space
between the sides of the said box and the plate, cylinder, or die may be about
one inch. I fill the said box with the powdered charcoal, and having covered
it with a well fitted lid, I place the box in a furnace similar to those used
for melting brass; I increase the heat gradually until the box is somewhat
above a red heat, and suffer it to remain in that state till all the evaporable
matter is driven off from the charcoal. I then remove the lid from the box,
and immerse the plate, cylinder, or die, in the powdered charcoal, taking care to
place it as nearly in the middle as possible, so that it should be surrounded on
all sides by a stratum of the powder of nearly an uniform thickness. I replace

page_text: the lid, and suffer the box, with the plate, cylinder, or die, to remain in the
degree of heat before described for from three to five hours, according to the
thickness of the plate, cylinder, or die so exposed. Three hours are sufficient
for a plato of half an inch in thickness, and five hours when the steel is one
inch and a half in thickness. After the plate, cylinder, or die has been thus
exposed to the fire for a sufficient length of time, I take it out from the box,
and immediately plunge it into cold water. It is important here to observe,
that I find the plates, or other pieces of steel, when plunged into cold water,
are least liable to be warped or bent when they are held in a vertical position,
or made to enter the water in the direction of their length. If a piece of steel,
heated to a proper degree for hardening, be plunged into water, and suffered
to remain there until it becomes cold, it is found by experience to be very liable
to crack or break, and in many cases it would be found too hard for the
operations it was intended to perform. If the steel cracks or breaks it is
spoiled; and in order to render it fit for use, should it happen not to be broken
in the hardening, it is the common practice to again heat the steel in order to
reduce or lower its temper, as it is technically called. The degree of heat to
which the steel is now exposed determines the future degree of hardness or
the temper, and this is indicated by a change of colour upon the surface of the
steel; during this heating a succession of shades is produced, from a very pale
straw colour to a deep blue: I have found, however, by long experience
on plunging the heated steel into cold water, and suffering it to remain there no
longer than is sufficient for lowering the temperature of the steel to the same
degree as that to which a hard piece of steel must have been raised in order
to temper it in the common way, that it not only produces the same degree of
hardness in the steel, but what is of much more importance, almost entirely
does away the risk or liability of its cracking or breaking. I believe it to be
impossible to communicate by words, or to describe the criterion by which,
after long experience, I judge or determine when the steel has arrived at the
proper degree of temperature after being plunged into cold water; and I
believe that it can only be learned by actual observation, as I am guided
entirely by the kind of hissing or singing noise which the heated steel produces
in the water whilst cooling. From the moment of its being first plunged into
the water a varying sound will be observed, and it is at a certain period before
the noise ceases that I find the effect to be produced, and the only directions
I can give by which the experimentalist can be benefitted is as follows,
namely, to take a piece of steel which has already been hardened by
remaining in the water till cold, and by the common method, of again beating
it, to let it be brought to the colour which would indicate the desired temper

page_text: of the steel plate to be hardened by my process; and so soon as he discovers
the colour to be that of pale yellow or straw colour, to dip the steel into water,
and attend carefully to the hissing, or as some call it the singing noise, which
it occasions. He will then be better able, and with fewer experiments, to
I do not mean it
judge of the precise time at which it should be taken out.
to be understood that the temper indicated by a straw colour is that to which
the steel plate, cylinder, or die should be reduced, because it would then be
found too hard, but merely that the temperature which would produce that
colour is that by which the peculiar sound would be occasioned when the
steel should be withdrawn from the water for the first time. Immediately on
I withdrawing it from the water the steel plate, cylinder, or die must be laid
upon or held over a fire, and heated uniformly until its temperature is raised
to that degree at which tallow would be decomposed, or, in other words, until
smoke is perceived to arise from the surface of the steel plate, cylinder, or die,
after having been rubbed with tallow. The steel plate, cylinder, or die must
then be again plunged into water, and kept there until the sound becomes
somewhat weaker than before; it is then to be taken out and heated a second
time to the same degree, and by the same rule of smoaking tallow as before,
and the third time plunged into water till the sound becomes again weaker
than the last; expose it a third time to the fire as before, and for the last time
return it into the water and cool it. After it is cooled, clean the surface of the
steel plate, cylinder, or die, and by heating it over the fire the temper must be
reduced by bringing on a brown or such other lighter or darker shade of
colour as may best suit the quality of the steel, or the purpose to which it is to
be applied.
Although I have particularly described the process I employ for hardening
or tempering steel plates, cylinders, or dies, and although I believe the major
part of the said process to be new, yet I do not mean to claim any of the
privileges granted to me by the aforesaid recited Letters Patent for the
exclusive use of the said process. I have also herein-before described certain
machinery, which I have denominated a horizontal vibrating lever press, as
applicable to the transferring of engraved or other work from the surface of
one piece of metal to another piece of metal, and which horizontal vibrating
lever press is represented by the Drawing No. 3, Figures 1, 2, 3, and 4.
And whereas I have described the aforesaid press to consist of a wooden
frame of bars, of metal beds, of levers, pins, &c., &c. I do not claim any of
these in their individual characters as forming any part of my said Invention.
This part of my Invention consists in such a combination of the several
parts of the aforesaid horizontal vibrating lever press as renders it applicable

page_text: to the purposes herein-before mentioned; namely, transferring of engraved
or other work from the surface of one piece of metal to the surface of another
piece of metal in a manner not heretofore accomplished, and rendering it
capable of being used for the purpose of forming metallic dies, matrices for
coining money, stamping metals, and other useful purposes. But as the
Invention of transferring engraved or other work from the surface of steel
rollers or indenting cylinders is not new, I shall proceed to shew in what the
novelty and peculiarity of my said Invention of transferring engraved or other
work from the surface of one piece of metal to another piece of metal, consists,
which is as follows, namely, that I first procure an engraving of any kind
whatsoever to be made upon a decarbonated steel plate, as has been herein-
before described, and by means of my aforesaid Invention of an horizontal
vibrating lever press I am enabled to transfer such engraving to the de-
carbonated surface of a steel cylinder or circular die in such a manner that
the surface of the said cylinder becomes an exact counterpart of the aforesaid
engraved plate, or, in other words, a circular punch which, when hardened,
may be used for making other steel plates, which other steel plates may again
be employed for making other cylinders or circular dies almost to an indefinate
extent, without in the least altering the identity so desirable to be preserved
in the multiplication of the plates and prints intended as exact copies of the
original engraving.
I will proceed to describe such parts of the machinery and implements
mentioned in the Letters Patent herein-before recited, and as is therein stated
to have been received or to have come into my possession through communica-
tion by a certain foreigner, when residing in America, namely, the Invention
of certain machinery and implements applicable to ornamental turning and
engraving. I do not intend here to describe ornamental turning or engraving
as forming part of such communication, nor to claim any exclusive privilege
for the making, using, or vending rose engines, or any other of the well-
known machines which have been long used for such purposes as ornamental
turning or engraving; the peculiarity and novelty of the aforesaid Invention
so communicated to me will best appear by first stating that by the rose
engine and other machines heretofore used for ornamental turning, &c., the
mandrell to which the substance to be ornamented or engraved was attached,
received or had communicated to it a lateral or longitiminal motion during its
rotation round its axis, according to the varying form or direction of the
figures or lines to be described upon the said substance by a lateral motion,
I mean a motion of the mandrell at right angles to its axis, and by longitudinal
motion, that which carries it backwards and forwards in a direction parallel

page_text: with its axis. These motions (namely, the lateral and longitudinal,) might be
produced separately, or (at the discretion of the artist) conjointly, so as to
make the mandrell move in a direction at any intermediate angle between the
lateral and longitudiual directions, as before.described. The method hitherto
used in producing the several motions of the mandrell, as before described, is
that of fixing rosettes or variously shaped pieces of metal upon the mandrell;
but as this is a well-known expedient among rose engine makers, I need not
give a more particular description thereof.
The Invention communicated to me, as herein-before described, consists in
producing a lateral motion of the mandrell by means of the eccentric cylinder
or other shaped body upon a seprate axis and of varying the number of
lateral motions of the mandrell during one revolution thereof, by means of
wheels of various diameters, as have been herein-before described, the
references to Drawing No. 1 hereunto annexed. And also in producing the
longitudinal motion of the mandrell by a different modification of the same
expedient in No. 2 of the said Drawings.
The improvements claimed by me in the copper or steel plate or block
printing press described in the references to Drawing No. 4 are simply the
substitution of a metal bed in place of the usual wooden ones, whereby the
copper or steel plates or blocks may be heated means of a iron heater,
or by steam if preferred, and enabling me to fix the plate or block firmly and
evenly to the metal bed; and the use of the tympan, to save ink and trouble
in inking and cleaning the plate or block.
-
The improvements claimed by me in the cylindrical steel or copper plate
printing press described in the references to Drawing No. 5, consist in
affixing a number of engraved circular plates to the surface of a cylinder,
so that the operation of inking the plates, wiping, and cleaning, and printing
from the said plates shall be simultaneous and continuous.
My improved method of making and using dies and presses for coining
money, stamping metals, and other useful purposes, consists:-
First, in making dies in a similar manner to that herein-before described
for transferring engravings from the surface of one piece of metal to another
piece of metal, whereby I am enabled to produce almost an infinite number
of dies, which shall in like manner be exact copies of the original.
Secondly, in the coining of money with a roller press and circular die, by
which the blank is cut out of the plate of metal, and the impression is given
by the dies at the same time; one of the dies being made circular on the
face, the impression is given progressively as it rolls over the coin, whereby
the operation requires less pressure, and the die is not so liable to be broken

page_text: as when the coining is performed by a blow, and both the operations of cutting
and coining being performed at once it is a saving of time. The original
dies being made flat or plane as usual, only a little larger than ordinary, ȧ
decarbonated circular die, fitted to the horizontal vibrating lever press, as
before described, is made to roll backwards and forwards under a sufficient
pressure upon the face of one of the dies, fixed securely upon the adjusting
bed, until it has received an impression therefrom in bas-relief; the circular
die being then hardened becomes a substitute for what is termed a hubb or
puncheon in the ordinary process of die sinking, but in a superior manner,
being capable of receiving and giving the entire obverse or reverse of the
coin, &c.; when employed to make other flat or plane dies, they may also be
used to sink the dies to be used in the circular coining press, described in the
reference to the Drawing No. 6.
In witness whereof, I, the said Jacob Parkins (party hereto), have here-