Improvements in the Manufacture or Production of Garden Rakes and in Tools to be Employed therein.
Year: 1887

page_text: Date of Application, 30th June, 1887
Complete Left, 28th Mar., 1888
Complete Accepted, 4th May, 1888
Improvements in the Manufacture or Production of Garden Rakes
and in Tools to be Employed therein.
I, FRANK PARKES of the Firm of A. and F. Parkes and Company, of Coldfield
Works, Dartmouth Street Birmingham, in the County of Warwick, Edge tool Manu-
facturer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows:-
.
This invention relates to horticultural tools commonly called garden rakes, which
are usually made, by taking a long narrow strip of motal, (to form the head) and up
the middle of which, a series of equi-listant holes are pierced, one at a time; and within
these holes, the shank ends of teeth or prongs are "olivered," when the said ends are
in a heated and soft state. The teeth are forged and drawn out from rod metal by
hand.
By my invention, all oliver work, and drawing down of the teeth by hand, are
dispensed with, whereby the said garden rakes are greatly cheapened in their process
of manufacture, and the article when produced, is superior in point of finish and make,
to those produced in the ordinary way.
In making a rake according to my invention, I make the head from a long narrow
strip of metal, of any desired length, and of the requisite thickness;
the
and пр
middle of the said head, I pierce collectively, or at the same time, a number of equi-
distant holes, which form the recesses wherein the shank ends, of previously prepared
spikes or teeth are secured.
The teeth are made from wire, or rod lengths, severed or eut up obliquely (in two
directions) and transversely; that is, a wire or rod length of metal is taken, (which
has preferably been cleaned and polished) and cut up into short lengths, of a little
longer than the length of a tooth to be made. The part to form the point of
the tooth is cut obliquely, while the part to form the shank is cut blunt or
transversely.
This blank is next operated upon by upsetting tools, so as to produce a shoulder, or
a collar enlargement at a distance from the shank end, a little more than the thickness
of the metal of the head.
'
These pointed teeth which are provided with shoulder collars at their shank ends,
are placed collectively, and at proper distances apart within a holding tool or clamp.

page_text: The head is next placed over the shanks of the teeth, with its underside resting upon
the collar enlargements aforesaid, and with the extreme blunt ends of the shanks,
protruding through, and coming a little above, the top face of the head; and when in
this position, a riveting tool descends, which simultaneously rivets, (preferably cold)
and thereby secures, the whole of the teeth, at one operation.
The teeth may be cylindrically or angularly pointed, and may be made from round,
elliptical, three square or angular metal in cross section.-When made from elliptical
metal, their longer direction is presented crosswise to the head; the same with
respect to the teeth with angular sides; so that the points of the angles come fore
and aft.
Tho teeth if necessary may be cut out of sheet metal, with points shaped preferably
like that of a dagger or sword, and with the shank and collar part all in one
piece.
Instead of securing the teeth collectively to the head, they may be riveted
separately.
The points of the teeth may be shaped and finished, by squeezing tools or dies, so
as to give the exact figure required.
Dated this Twenty-ninth day of June 1887
FRANK PARKES.
By Henry Skerrett,
Agent for Applicant.

page_text: and in Tools to be Employed therein.
I, FRANK PARKES of the firm of A. & F. Parkes and Company of Coldfield Works,
Dartmouth Street Birmingham in the County of Warwick, Edge tool Manufacturer,
do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the same is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement:-
This invention relates to horticultural tools commonly called garden rakes, which
are usually made, by taking a long narrow strip of metal, (to form the head) and up
the middle of which, a series of equi-distant holes are pierced, one at a time; and
within these holes, the shank ends of teeth or prongs are "olivered," when the said
ends are in a beated, and soft state. The teeth are forged and drawn out, from rod
metal, by hand.
By my invention, all oliver work, and drawing down of the teeth by hand, are
dispensed with, whereby the said garden rakes, are greatly cheapened in their process
of manufacture, and the article when produced, is superior in point of finish, and
make, to those produced in the ordinary way.
In making a rake according to my invention, I make the head from a long narrow
strip of metal, of any desired length, and of the requisite thickness, and up the middle
of the said head, I pierce collectively, or at the same time, a number of equi-distant
holes, which form the recesses wherein the shank ends, of previously prepared spikes
or teeth are secured.
The teeth, are made from wire, or rod lengths, severed or cut up, obliquely, (in two
directions) and transversely; that is, a wire or rod length of metal is taken,
(which has preferably been cleaned and polished) and cut up into short lengths, of a
little longer than the length of a tooth to be made. The part to form the point of
the tooth, is cut obliquely, while the part to form the shank, is cut blunt or
transversely.
This blank is next operated upon by upsetting tools, so as to produce a shoulder, or
a collar enlargement, at a distance from the shank end, a little more than the thickness
of the metal of the head.
These pointed teeth, which are provided with shoulder collars at their shank ends,
are placed collectively, and at proper distances apart, within a holding tool or clamp.
The head is next plated over the shanks of the teeth, with its underside resting upon
the collar enlargements aforesaid, and with the extreme blunt ends of the shanks,
protruding through, and coming a little above, the top face of the head; and when in
this position, a riveting tool descends, which simultaneously rivets (preferably cold)
and thereby secures the whole of the teeth, at one operation.
The teeth may be cylindrically or angularly pointed, and may be male from round,
elliptical, three square or angular metal in cross section. When made from elliptical

page_text: metal, their longer direction is presented crosswise to the head; the same with
respect to the teeth with angular sides; so that the points of the angles come fore
and aft.
The teeth if necessary, may be cut out of sheet metal, with points shaped preferably
like that of a dagger or sword, and with the shank and collar part all in one
piece.
Instead of securing the teeth collectively to the head, they may be riveted
separately.
The points of the teeth may be shaped and finished by squeezing tools or dies, so as
to give the exact figure required.
I will now proceed to describe with reference to the accompanying drawing, the
manner in which the same is to be performed.
Figure 1 represents in front elevation, partly in vertical section, a garden rake,
provided with teeth, made from wire or rod lengths, upset at one end, to form the
bolster part, and operated upon by tools, to form the point part, which is preferably
elliptical in cross section.
Figure 1 is a top side plan of the rake head.
Figure 2 is a transverse section, on the dotted lines A B, figure 1.
Figure 3 represents in front elevation, one of the teeth separately, before the shank
of the bolster part, is riveted.
Figure 4 represents a plan, and front elevation, of the wire or rod blank, for the
making of the said tooth figure 3.
Thus, in producing a tooth, a wire or rod length is taken, obliquely sovered at one
end, and cross cut at the other.
The obliquely cut end, which may be one, or in two directions, is to form the point,
which is shaped between a pair of shaping tools, of the exact conformation, which it
is to receive.
The other or cross cut end, is bolstered, or collared, by upsetting tools, operating
upon the said end, when the blank is held between clamps, or holders.
Thus, the holster part is made by exerting pressure upon the top side of the blank,
so as to displace or squeeze the metal outwardly, into the cavity of a die or tool, of the
counterpart of the shoulder.
a is the tooth, a² the bolster or collar, a³ the shank of the bolster, and a the
point.
In making a rake figure 1, a strip of metal is taken, taper from middle to outsides,
and of the combined lengths, of the head b, and end teeth 62, which are made out of
the same metal.
The strip thus to form the head, and end teeth, is pierced along its middle part, with
equi-distant, and fully countersunk holes, wherethrough the shanks a³, of the teeth a,
pass from the underside, and are riveted upon the upper side at a³, as represented in
the sectional part of the said figure 1, and with the collar or bolster part resting upon
the underside.
c is the socket of the rake, wherein the shaft or handle part takes, and which said
socket part is welded to the head.
Figure 5 is a front elevation of an angular form of tooth, and figure 6 a transverse
section on the dotted lines CD figure 5. It will be seen that this transverse section
is lozenge shaped.
is the tooth, a the collar or bolster, a³ the shank, and at the point thereof.
Figure 7 is an elliptical cross section tooth, of which figure 8 is a section on the
dotted lines E F.
Figure 9 represents one end of a rake, provided with wire teeth, whose points are
flattened, or made somewhat chisel pointed.
Figure 10 represents a front and edge view of a tooth, with its point, bolster, and
shank part cut out in one piece from sheet metal, as shown at figure 11.
"
Figure 12 represents another form of tooth, without a bolster, and which tooth is
cut out from strip or sheet metal. In this last form of tooth, the holes in the head of
the rake, are countersunk, and the protruding end riveted or headed.

page_text: Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I
claim is.
First. Making the teeth or prongs, of garden rakes, from wire or rod lengths,
pointed and fashioned, substantially as described and set forth in figures 3, 5, 7,
and 9.
Secondly. Making the teeth, or prongs of garden rakes, from wire or rod lengths,
bolstered, or collared and pointed, substantially in the ways, as described and set forth
in figures 3, 5 7 and 9.
Thirdly. A garden rake, with end teeth made from the head part, with bolstered
and pointed wire teeth, intervening at intermediate points between them, as set forth
in figures 1, 2 and 9.
Fourthly Making, or cutting out, the teeth of garden rakes, from sheet or strip
metal, with, or without a bolster part, substantially as set forth in figures 10, 11
and 12.
Fifthly. The process, or combination of processes, as herein described, in the
production of garden rakes, and their teeth or prongs, substantially as set forth.
Lastly. Making the heads of garden rakes, taper, from the middle to the ends,
and with the said ends formed into end teeth or prongs, as set forth in figures 1
and 14.