Improvements in Boilers, Flues, and Furnaces, and in the Plates Used in Constructing the same.
Year: 1887

page_text: Date of Application, 28th May, 1887
Complete Left, 28th Feb., 1888
Complete Accepted, 25th May, 1888
Improvements in Boilers, Flues, and Furnaces, and in the
Plates Used in Constructing the same.
I, JOSEPH SINCLAIR FAIRFAX, Consulting Engineer, of 433 Strand, London, in
the County of Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as
follows:-
The object of my invention is to construct boilers for locomotives, marine, or
general purposes, of various types, capable of withstanding the high pressure of
steam employed in working compound, or other engines, through a wide range
of expansion; in order to obtain economy of fuel. Incidental advantages are
obtained from the system adopted; some of which will be mentioned hereafter.
With the exception of tubular steam generators, boilers, and the larger tubes,
flues, and furnaces, are usually constructed of thin iron or steel plates, riveted
together by lap joints; the plates being rolled quite flat in the first case, and
afterwards curved or shaped to suit the form of the boiler, or position therein. Angle
iron is frequently used in combination with the flat plates for structural reasons, and
in the best work, the rivet holes throughout are drilled in position to ensure accuracy.
My invention consists, broadly, of constructing boilers, furnaces, flues, and the
larger tubes, of a number of plates riveted together through flanges formed thereon;
the rivet holes of which may be drilled upon the interchangeable plan before
assembling them together. This ensures great strength by reason of the flanges
forming strengthening ribs; and it avoids drilling through, and weakening, the body
or ordinary plane of each plate.
These sectional plates may be rolled, pressed, or otherwise formed; of various
shapes or sections; and more than one kind or form used in a boiler, or in
combination with ordinary plates, flues, or tubes. Usually, however, I prefer to use
the form known as channel plates, which are flat plates rolled with a flange on each
side at right angles to the body of the plate. It is through these flanges that the
rivet holes are formed and the rivets driven; so that in great part, if not altogether,
no riveting is done through the body of the plate.
•
These flanges serve several purposes in addition to that just named. They form
ribs which strengthen the structure formed of them, and enable the body of the plate

page_text: to be thinner than would otherwise be the case; they conduct heat to a larger area of
water than is possible with, ordinary plates; and they serve to attach stays to, at any
part of the interior of the boiler. The ends of the channel plates are, in most cases,
also flanged, by welding or other suitable means, (after the plates have left the rolls),
so as to range with, and virtually form a continuation of, the side flanges. Several of
these plates are used to form the shell, flues, or large tubes of a boiler, and, in some
cases, the ends of the same by riveting the said flanges together.
For boiler shells, flues, furnaces or tubes of a circular or curved section, the plates
may be rolled with the required curvature between the flanges; or the plates rolled
flat, and the angles of the flanges altered from a right or other angle, to suit the
radius; so that when riveted together the plates form polygonal faces conforming
generally to the required curved line. The plates may also be rolled with one or
more ribs between the side flanges, or with angles or corrugations; to reduce the
amount of riveting, to fit certain positions, or to give greater longitudinal strength.
In some cases the boilers, furnaces, or other parts are made square, rectangular, or of
other forms having curved or straight sides. For these, and for the ends of circular
boilers, I sometimes prefer to make the angle plates of a special form to facilitate
riveting. Fire boxes or furnaces of locomotives, and other boilers of that type, being
usually made of a rectangular form in cross section, the surrounding portion of the
boiler is made to conform thereto, which entails much expensive riveting and staying
to compensate for the weakness of the form. This disadvantage is avoided by this
invention as the flanges offer great facilities for staying the parts together without
cutting through the plates.
In circular furnaces or flues of marine, stationary, and some other kinds of boilers,
the flanged plates are arranged longitudinally; the flanges radiating outwards from
the common centre, and forming strengthening ribs the whole length of the flue or
furnace; thus tending to resist a collapsing force. Stays can be readily secured
between the ribs or flanges of the flue plates, and those of the shell of the boiler.
In addition to these uses, the ribs being thin, and surrounded by water at almost
every point, conduct heat quickly to a large surface of water, without danger of
burning the plates. At intervals between the end flanges, transverse ribs may be
inserted to give additional strength to the body of the plate, and keep the side flanges
from distortion. The cross section of these flues or furnaces may also assume other
forms than those mentioned.
In this way the inside surface of the flues or furnaces, and the outside surface of
boilers may be made quite smooth and free from rivet heads, except, perhaps, at the
ends. These ends may be made of channel plates, as before; or of ordinary flat
plates; or of special plates of square, hexagon, or other forms, flanged upon the
sides; or of combinations thereof. As it is intended as far as possible to drive all
the rivets by machine the various parts are so arranged as to facilitate this; the
flanges being of great advantage in this respect. Some of the plates may be reversed
as regards the others, and one end may have all the flanges turned inwards, as
previously described, thus leaving the outside smooth as would be most suitable for
the fire end, while the opposite end may have some, or all of the flanges turned
outwards; thus tending to abstract some of the waste heat escaping to the chimney.
Where it is required to insert the usual kind of small. tubes, instead of using a
thick flue plate to compensate for the weakening effect of drilling so many holes,-
I prefer to use my flanged sectional plates, as before; the flanges forming so many
strengthening ribs, and enabling me to use thin plates to the fire. In this case, the
holes are preferably drilled smaller than the tubes and pressed inwards to form a
short flange; the better to receive the tube ends.
In some types of boilers, larger flues than those just named may be used, and these
I prefer to make up of sectional plates riveted together by their flanges (as before),
into square, hexagonal, or other forms of tubes; and should these be extended to
large dimensions, cross tubes of the ordinary kind may be inserted between such
flues; so as to give very large heating surface. Where hexagonal or other special
form of tubes are used, plates of the corresponding form, or combinations thereof

page_text: with other forms are used to fill up the spaces between. These plates will have
flanges turned up upon all sides of the figure adopted, in the manner and for the
purposes already named; and they may readily be flanged by hydraulic machines.
Tubes may also be formed of a circular section, on this system, by rolling plates of a
semi-circular section with side flanges; and two of these being riveted together
through the said flanges, the circular section is obtained. Other forms may be
produced in like manner: made up of two or more plates joined together; and if
desired, with ribs rolled between the side flanges.
I do not confine myself to the form or section of the plates used, as they may not
only vary in the different types of boilers, but also in any particular boiler according
to position and requirements. In all cases, however, they are formed with side
flanges, so as to be riveted together without impairing the strength of the main body
of the plate; although at the ends some rivets may be inserted between the flanges.
The ordinary girder or I form of rolled plate, I use in certain cases, in combination
with the usual channel plates; to be used for stays, supports, side plates, frames or
bed plates, as for instance in portable or locomotive boilers. By this arrangement
the top and bottom flanges on the inside are riveted to the adjoining channel plates,
comprising the boiler; while the top and bottom flanges on the outside serve as a
frame to carry the wheels or various parts of the engine.
For the best work, the flanges and ends may be planed, as may also be the outside
flanges of the double channel or girder plates, just named; which are thus fitted for
frames or bed plates to carry portions of machinery attached to the boiler.
Corrugations, indentations, or projections may be made between the flanges; or
intermediate ribs used, between the side flanges. Various new forms or types of
boilers can be designed owing to the advantages of these sectional flanged plates.
Square or oblong boilers can be made and arranged either vertically or horizontally,
with few or many flues, the strength being maintained by suitable stays or braces;
and these may be applied on the outside as well as the inside.

page_text: improvements in Doors, Flues, and Furnaces, and in the
Plates Used in Constructing the same.
I, JOSEPH SINCLAIR FAIRFAX, of 433 Strand, London, in the County of Middlesex,
Consulting, Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what
manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in
and by the following statement :-
The object of my invention is to construct boilers, (of various types), for
locomotive, marine, or general purposes, capable of withstanding the high pressure of
steam employed in working compound or other engines through a wide range of
expansion in order to obtain economy of fuel. Incidental advantages are obtained
from the system adopted; some of which will be mentioned hereafter.
With the exception of sectional steam generators, mainly constructed of tubes, it is
usual to make boilers, large tubes, flues, and furnaces of thin iron or steel plates,
riveted together by lap joints; the plates being originally rolled flat, and afterwards
curved or shaped to suit the form of the boiler, and their position therein. Angle
iron is frequently used in combination with the said flat plates for structural reasons;
and in the best work, the rivet holes are drilled in position to ensure accuracy.
My invention consists, broadly, in constructing boilers, furnaces, flues, and the
larger tubes, of a number of plates riveted together through flanges formed thereon:
the rivet holes of which may be drilled upon the interchangeable system before
assembling the plates together. This ensures great strength by reason of the flanges
forming strengthening ribs; and it avoids drilling through, and weakening, the body
or ordinary plane of each plate.
These sectional plates may be rolled, pressed, or otherwise formed; they may be of
various shapes or sections; and more than one kind or form used in a boiler, or in
combination with ordinary plates, flues, or tubes. Usually however I prefer to use
the form known as channel plates which are rolled flat on one side with side flanges
on the opposite face, and of parallel thickness between the flanges. It is through
these flanges that the rivet holes are made and the rivets driven; so that in great
part, if not altogether,―no riveting is done through the body of the plate.
The flanges serve several purposes in addition to that just named. They form ribs
which strengthen the structures formed of them, and enable the body of the plate to
be made thinner than would otherwise be the case. They also conduct heat to a larger
area of water than is possible with ordinary plates; and they serve to attach stays to,
at any part of the interior of the boiler. The ends of the channel plates are in most
cases also flanged, in continuation of the side flanges; by welding, ordinary flanging,
or other suitable means. Several of these plates are used to form the shell, or the
ends of a boiler; or the furnace, flues, or large tubes of the same by riveting the said
flanges together.
For boiler shells, flues, furnaces, or tubes of a curved section, the plates may be

page_text: rolled with the required curvature between the flanges, or else flat and the flanges
rolled at a suitable angle with the rest of the plate to suit the radius. Thus, when
riveted together, the plates form polygonal faces which conform generally to the
required curved line. The plates are also rolled with one or more ribs between the
side flanges to reduce riveting; or with angles or corrugations to fit certain positions
or to give greater longitudinal strength. In some cases the boilers, furnaces, or other
parts are made square, rectangular or of other forms having straight sides. For these,
and for the ends and other parts of boilers, I sometimes prefer to make angle plates of
a special form to facilitate riveting. Fire boxes and furnaces of locomotive and
other boilers of rectangular form can be easily stayed without cutting through the
plates, and without undue expense; owing to the facilities offered by the flanges and
ribs of my improved plates.
:
In the circular furnaces or flues of marine, stationary, and other kinds of boilers,
the flanged plates are arranged longitudinally the flanges radiating outward from
the common centre, forming strengthening ribs the whole length; thus tending to
resist collapse. Stays can be readily inserted and secured between the ribs or flanges
of the flue plates, and those of the shell of the boiler. In addition to these uses, the
ribs, being thin and surrounded by water at almost every point, conduct heat quickly
to a large surface of water, without danger of burning the plates. At intervals
between the end flanges transverse ribs or stays may be inserted between the side
flanges to support the latter and keep them from distortion. The plates, also, may be
slightly twisted so that the ribs follow a helical path around the flue; and other forms
given to the cross section of the flues or furnaces, as desired.
In this way the inside surface of the flues or furnaces, and the outside surface of
boilers, may be made quite smooth and free from rivet heads; except, perhaps, at the
ends. In certain cases, I may also reverse this procedure, in the case of boiler shells;
and in this manner obtain a perfectly smooth interior, and do all the riveting on the
outside. It would be desirable in this case either to communicate the heat to the
water from the exterior, or else to check the radiation of heat outwards; or both
arrangements of the plates may be used in the same boiler. The ends may be also
made of channel plates; or of ordinary flat plates; or of special plates of square,
hexagon, or other forms, flanged upon the sides thereof; or of combinations of any
of these. As it is intented as far as possible to drive all the rivets by machine, the
various parts are arranged to facilitate this, and the flanges are of great advantage
in both the drilling and the riveting. Some of the plates may be reversed as regards
the others, for special reasons; one end of a boiler may have all the flanges turned
inward, (as previously described), to leave the outside smooth as most suitable for the
fire end; while the opposite end may have some or all of the flanges-turned outward,
to aid in abstracting some of the waste heat escaping to the chimney.
Where it is required to insert the usual kind of small tubes, (as in marine boilers);
instead of using a thick flue plate to compensate for the weakening effect of drilling
so many holes, I prefer to use my flanged sectional plates, as before; the flanges
forming so many strengthening ribs and enabling me to use thin plates to the fire. In
addition to this the holes are preferably drilled smaller than the tube ends and pressed
inward to form a short flange; which affords a sufficient surface for each tube end.
In some boilers, larger flues or tubes than those just named are used, and these I
prefer to make up of sectional plates riveted together by their flanges (as before) into
square, hexagonal, or other forms of tubes. Should these be extended to large
dimensions, cross tubes of the ordinary kind may be inserted between such flues; so
as to give very large heating surface. Where hexagonal or other special form of
tubes are used, plates of corresponding form, or combinations thereof with other
forms are used to fill up the spaces between. These plates will have flanges upon all
sides, in the manner and for the purposes already named; and they may be readily
flanged by hydraulic machines or by hand, as desired. Circular tubes are formed by
rolling plates of a semicircular section with flanges, and riveting or welding two of
these together, while other forms are produced, in a like manner, of two or more
plates; and may have ribs formed upon them between the side flanges.

page_text: I do not confine myself to the form or section of the plates used, as they may not
only vary in the different types of boilers, but also in any particular boiler, according
to position and requirements. In all cases, however, my improved plates are formed
with side flanges so as to be riveted together without impairing, the strength of the
main body of the plate; although some rivets may be inserted between the flanges,
especially at the ends. The ordinary girder or I form of rolled plate, I combine in
some cases with the channel plates, for stays, supports, side plates, frames or bed
plates; as for instance, in the case of portable or locomotive boilers. By this
arrangement, the top and bottom flanges on the inside are riveted to the flanges of
the adjoining channel plates forming part of the boiler; while the top and bottom on
the outside serve as a frame to carry the wheels or various parts of the engine.
For the best work, the flanges and ends may be planed or ground, as may also be
the outside flanges of the girder plates just described; thus fitting them for frames or
bed plates to carry portions of machinery attached to the boiler. Corrugations,
indentations, or projections may be made between the flanges, or intermediate ribs
rolled between the side flanges. Long and short plates may be used together to suit
the varying forms and requirements of boilers, and new types designed, through the
facilities they afford. Boilers of square or rectangular cross section can be made and
arranged either vertically or horizontally, with few or many flues; the parts being
united by stays or braces on the outside, as well as the inside; and the use of these
sectional flanged plates admits of portions of a boiler being made up simultaneously
and afterwards united together; either to facilitate shipment, or speed in making.
In the accompanying drawings, the reference letter a denotes the body of the
plate, 6 the side flanges, and c the end flanges thereof. Fig. 1 is a section, Fig. 2 a
side elevation, and Fig. 3 the plan of a channel plate; that is to say, a plate a rolled
with side flanges b, b, projecting a short distance above the body or plane of the plate a,
at, or about, right angles thereto. At the ends, the flanges are shown as cut away,
leaving the body of the plate to be turned up to form end flanges c, c.
These are
then welded to the side flanges so as to form a solid continuation thereof, as indicated
by the dotted lines. Another way, is to cut off the ends of a channel plate quite
square, and then to weld a flat plate across the end; or an ordinary flat plate may be
flanged upon all its sides by hydraulic machine; or otherwise formed in the required
shape for my purpose.
.
Fig. 4 is a perspective view of a completed sectional plate with continuously formed
flanges upon the sides and ends, as generally made for the construction of boiler
shells and other purposes. These flanges are shown as drilled or pierced at regular
distances apart, for riveting. If the plates are to be welded together, the holes are
dispensed with. The amount of projection of the side flanges b, b, above the body of
the plate a is regulated by the requirements, as they may be adapted for one or more
rows of riveting. A stay, d, is shown between the side flanges b, b, of the sectional
plate; and these, or other forms of stays, may be inserted wherever there is danger of
distortion or buckling of the flanges. They may also be adapted to receive the stays
which extend across the boiler from side to side, or as attachments for stays to the
fire box and flue plates with each other, or with the shell plates.
Figs. 5 and 6 are sections of an assemblage of several sectional plates secured
together through their flanges b, b, by rivets i, i. In Fig. 5, two girder plates
e, e, are shown as sectional plates: the web forming the body a of the plate,
and each having end flanges c on the inner side; these end flanges may be
extended to cover the top and bottom flanges on the outer side, also. The said
top and bottom flanges form frames or bed plates for engines, pumps, wheel
gear, or other like purpose, to which the same may be bolted securely without
cutting into the shell of the boiler. The upper girder plate e has adjoining sectional
plates of the usual form, as shown in Fig. 4; but reversed from the others. This
affords more space for carrying the above named mechanical parts, or they may be
arranged in this manner without employing the girder plates, for the same or similar
purposes; as required. With this arrangement, one end of the rivets is within the
boiler, the other outside; the other examples show the entire rivet on one side, thus

page_text: facilitating power riveting. The plane or body of the upper sectional plate g,
in Fig. 5, is corrugated; and plates may be otherwise indented. In Fig. 6, the
sectional plates are rolled wider than those already described, to save riveting, and
they are made with intermediate ribs for strengthening, heat conducting, or staying
purposes.
Fig. 7 represents a transverse section of a Cornish boiler, made up of longitudinal
sectional plates, riveted or welded together at the flanges b,b, as before mentioned. The
plane or body a of the plates forming the shell, is straight or flat; while the flangos b, b,
radiate inward, so that the outer surface is polygonal. The body of the sectional
plates (also arranged longitudinally), forming the flue j is curved; while the flanges b, b,
radiate outward, as shown. The plates in each case may be braced or stayed
together by suitable stay rods secured at their ends to the flanges of the plates. Fig. 8
is a partial side elevation of the flue j, in Fig. 7, showing the longitudinal
arrangement of the sectional plates with their ribs or flanges. These latter may,
however, follow a helical path, by giving a twist to the plates while hot; in which
case the end and side flanges would not be at right angles to each other, the ends.
requiring to be in a plane with those of the shell in Fig. 7. One or both ends of
this, or similarly made boilers, may be closed with a flat or dished plate or plates;
the riveting in this case securing the same to the end flanges of the shell and flue, the
rivet ends being on both sides of the boiler.
;
Figs. 9 and 10 are sections through a circular and a hexagonal shaped flues j, j,
composed of three sectional plates, riveted together. Figs. 11 and 12 are sections
through sectional corner plates used at the angles of shells, flues, or furnaces
especially those of a rectangular form. Other shapes are those at the angles of tho
shells and furnaces of Figs. 18 and 20; and specially made flanged plates of other
forms may also be used for this purpose. Fig. 13 is an ordinary sectional plate with a.
rib on the reverse side in relation to the flanges, for strengthening and other purposes.
Fig. 14 is an elevation and Fig. 15 a section of an assemblage of sectional plates
to form the tubular or flue front of a boiler; part of the plates being arranged
horizontally, the others vertically. In a similar manner the end plates for any shaped
boiler may be arranged, and the flanges turned outward or inward, or both ways.
The plates between the flanges being thin, the holes for the tubes are preferably
drilled smaller than the tube end, and then drawn into an internal flange k, (as
indicated by elevation in Fig. 16, and by section in Fig. 17), into which the tubes /
are inserted and expanded in the usual manner.
Fig. 18 is a transverse section of a marine boiler of rectangular shape, constructed
of sectional plates; stayed together as indicated by full lines in the centre, m, m, and
by dotted lines m, m, at the corners and furnaces. There are three furnaces, j, j, j,
arranged in a straight line; the return flues above being indicated by small crosses.
Fig. 19 is a longitudinal section of the shell of a boiler of the locomotive or portable
type. The entire shell is constructed of flanged sectional plates of rectangular form,
except the front plate n; all the sides being straight. Outer stays of channel plates o, o,
are shown; which may or may not, have end flanges. These stays are secured
to each other on the various sides, and to the boiler if desired. The smoke box and
ash pit ends have the section plates arranged with the flanges outward; the remainder
being inwards. Dotted lines indicate the manner in which the plates inay break joint
if desired.
Fig. 20 is a sectional plan of a vertical boiler of rectangular shape, having two
flues or combustion spaces j, j. Between these may be inserted short tubes, indicated
by dotted lines, and by the use of suitable baffle plates or the like, a large amount of
heat is abstracted in the circuitous passage thus formed. The flues or fire boxes in
this and in the case of locomotive and other boilers, may be secured to the shell plates
without cutting through either by the use of screwed stays, p, p, attached by eyes to
pins (or their equivalents) riveted to the side flanges as indicated by Fig. 21. In this
manner or by similar means, the stays can be hooked to the plates and screwed up tight
in a very confined space; thus adding greatly to the strength of the boiler.

page_text: Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what
I claim is :-
1. A channel plate, or plate rolled with side flanges, when used for the construc-
tion of boilers, flues, furnaces, fire boxes, or for stays therefor; substantially as
described.
2. A flat rectangular plate having straight sides and ends and a continuously
formed flange upon each of the said sides and ends; substantially as described, and
illustrated.
3. A plate of malleable metal, having a continuously formed flange upon each of
the sides thereof, the said flange projecting above the general plane of the plate
upon one of its surfaces, and adapted to be connected to an adjoining plate by
welding or riveting, substantially as and for the purpose described.
4. A rectilineal plate, flanged upon all the sides thereof, and provided with holes
in the said flanges at regular distances apart; substantially as described.
5. An interchangeable sectional plate of rectilineal form, adapted to be used in the
construction of boilers, flues, furnaces, or parts thereof; substantially as described.
6. A rolled sectional plate of rectilineal form, adapted to be united to others of
similar shape by side flanges; substantially as and for the purpose described.
7. A sectional plate of rectilineal form, adapted to be used in the construction of
boilers or parts thereof and to be united to others without piercing the body or plane
of the plate, substantially as described.
8. A sectional boiler plate of rectilineal form having heat conducting flanges or
ribs formed thereon; substantially as described.
9. A sectional plate for boiler construction having ribs or flanges or both, the said
ribs and flanges being adapted to strengthen the body of the plate and to provide
means for attaching stays thereto; substantially as described.
10. In boiler construction, the use of a thin plate next to a source of heat, the said
plate being strengthened to withstand high pressures by ribs or flanges or both;
when employed substantially in the manner and for the purpose described.
11. Forming sectional boiler plates with radiating flanges or ribs, the body of the
plate between the same being flat, curved, angularly formed, or corrugated; sub-
stantially as described.
12. In boiler construction, the use of a girder plate as part of the boiler and for
supporting purposes; substantially as described.
13. A thin sectional plate adapted to receive tube ends by flanging the same; sub-
stantially as described.
14. A flue constructed of two or more flanged plates, the said flanges being
arranged in a longitudinal or helical manner; substantially as described.
15. A flue or furnace having radial flanges or ribs adapted for strengthening the
body of the said flue and for the attachment of stays thereto; substantially as
described.
16. A flue, furnace, or firebox, having heat conducting ribs projecting beyond the
body of the plate into the water space; substantially as and for the purpose specified.
17. A flue, furnace, or firebox for high pressures, constructed of two or more
sectional flanged plates, united together by welding or riveting; substantially as
described.
18. A flue, furnace, or firebox, constructed of thin plates strengthened by flanges,
ribs, or both; substantially as described and illustrated.
19. A flue front constructed of sectional plates, the said being provided with flanges
and adapted to receive flues or tubes, substantially as described.
20. A furnace or firebox constructed of sectional plates riveted together by rivets
entirely protected from the direct action of the fire; substantially as described.
21. A rectangular shaped flue with square or rounded corners constructed of
sectional plates; substantially as described.

page_text: 22. A hexagonal or polygonal shaped flue when constructed of longitudinally
disposed sectional plates; substantially as described.
23. A boiler shell constructed of flanged plates, the said flanges projecting either
inwardly, or outwardly, or both, above the general surface of the plates; in the
manner and substantially as shown and described.
24. A boiler shell, wholly or partially constructed of sectional interchangeable
plates riveted or welded together, and adapted to be braced and stayed without
cutting through or piercing the exterior surface of the shell; substantially as
described.
•
25. A boiler of rectangular shape in cross section adapted for high pressures sub-
stantially as described.
26. A marine boiler having straight or approximately straight sides, and three or
more furnaces situated on one horizontal line; substantially as described.
27. A boiler of the locomotive or portable type having straight or approximately
straight sides beyond the firebox end; substantially as described.
28. In a boiler, the use of plates so formed or disposed as to form a part of the
boiler shell and also a frame or frames for carrying wheels or other mechanical parts;
substantially as described.
29. The method of constructing boilers of various forms, and of supporting the
sides by stays or braces without riveting through the external portions; substantially
as described.
30. Supporting and bracing fireboxes, furnaces or other parts to the shell, or to
each other by internal attachments to ribs and flanges; substantially as described.
31. The various forms, combinations, and arrangements described and illustrated
by Figs. 1 to 21 inclusive; substantially as described.
Dated this 27th day of Februar 1888