CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR MAKING BOBBIN NET LACE, PART OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE FOR THE PURPOSE OF MAKING FIGURE OR ORNAMENTED BOBBIN NET LACE
Year: 1835

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM
CROFTS, of Radford, in the County of Nottingham, Machine Maker, send
greeting.
WHEREAS I did, by Petition, humbly represent unto His present most
Excellent Majesty King William the Fourth that, after considerable application
and expense, I had invented "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR MAKING
BOBBIN NET LACE, PART OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE FOR THE PURPOSE OF MAKING
FIGURE OR ORNAMENTED BOBBIN NET LACE;" and His said Majesty being willing
to give encouragement to all arts and inventions which may be for the public
good, was graciously pleased, by His Royal Letters Patent under the Great
Seal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, bearing date at
Westminster, the Fourth day of November, (One thousand eight hundred and
thirty-five,) in the sixth year of His reign, for Himself, His heirs and successors,
to give and grant unto me, the said William Crofts, my executors, adminis-
trators, and assigns, His especial license, full power, sole privilege and
authority, that I or they, by myself or themselves, or by my or their deputies,
servants, or agents, or such others as I or they should agree with, and no others,
during the term of fourteen years from the date of the said Letters Patent,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend my said Invention
within that part of His said Majesty's Dominions called England, His Dominion
of Wales, and Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and also in all His Majesty's
Colonies and Plantations abroad, in such manner as to me, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, shall seem meet, and as that I or they shall enjoy
the whole profit and advantage arising by reason of the said Invention, during

page_text: the said term of fourteen years; and for that end His said Majesty requires and
strictly commands all His subjects whatsoever that they shall not, neither
directly nor indirectly, make, use, or put in practice my said Invention, or any
part thereof, nor in anywise counterfeit, imitate, or resemble the same, nor
make
any addition thereto or substraction therefrom, whereby to pretend him-
self or themselves to be the Inventor or Inventors thereof: And whereas the
said Letters Patent contain a proviso, obliging me, the said William Crofts,
particularly to describe and ascertain the nature of my said Invention, and in
what manner the same is to be performed, by an instrument in writing under
my hand and seal, and cause the same to be inrolled in His Majesty's High
Court of Chancery within six calendar months next and immediately after the
date of the said Letters Patent, as in and by the same, (reference being there-
unto had,) will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
William Crofts, do hereby declare that my said Invention is described and
ascertained in manner following, and by the aid of the fifteen Sheets of Drawings
hereunto annexed, that is to say:-
Part of my present improvements in machinery for making bobbin net
lace is applicable to a particular kind of such machinery; commonly called
double-bladed locker rotary machinery, (otherwise commonly called, in Not-
tingham, Morley's machinery,) for the purpose of enabling such machinery (by
aid of the improvement) to make what are commonly called breadths of
bobbin net lace, that is, bobbin net lace which, although woven in the machinery
in one broad continuous tissue, is nevertheless capable of being afterwards
separated into narrow ribbands, which are called breadths or quillings, and
which will have true selvedges at each border of each breadth. The said
particular kind of machinery to which this part of my improvement is so
applicable as aforesaid is of the class called double tier, because the parts
called bobbin carriages are always arranged in two tiers, or rows, or divisions,
and are passed and repassed between the warp threads (which are also divided
into two corresponding tiers or divisions), one division of bobbin carriages after
the other division; and the said particular kind of machinery to which this part
of my improvement is applicable as aforesaid is called double-bladed locker
machinery, because the parts thereof called lockers, which move the bobbin
carriages in their circular bolts or circular combs, have two blades to each
locker, one blade of each locker being provided for drawing one division of
bobbin carriages through from between the warp threads, and then the other
blade of the same locker takes the other division of bobbin carriages, which are
following in due succession, and draws them through in like manner from

page_text: between the same threads in turn. And such double-bladed locker rotary
machinery is called rotary machinery, because all the requisite motions of all its
several parts are derived, in due order of concert and succession for making
bobbin net lace, from the continuous rotary or turning motion of one handle
Cor axis, which the workman turns by his hands, or else which is turned by the
power of millwork. And such double-tier rotary double-bladed locker circular
bolt or circular comb machinery is also called, in Nottingham, Morley's"
machinery, after the name of Mr. William Morley, who uses such in his
manufactory of bobbin net lace at Derby:
. And whereas such rotary machinery with double-bladed lockers was only
employed for making wide pieces of bobbin net lace, but was not capable of
making narrow breadths thereof, as aforesaid, until I invented certain improve-
ments for that purpose. I obtained Letters Patent for the exclusive. use of
those improvements from His present Majesty, dated the Twenty-third day of
February, One thousand eight hundred and thirty-two; and having afterwards
found out certain other further improvements for the same purpose, I there-
upon obtained other Letters Patent for the exclusive use of the same, dated
the Eighteenth day of December, One thousand eight hundred and thirty-two.
And in my two Specifications which I caused to be enrolled in the Chapel of the
Rolls, on the Twenty-third day of August, One thousand eight hundred and
thirty-two, and on the Eighteenth day of June, One thousand eight hundred
and thirty-three, in pursuance of the said Letters Patent, I fully described:
several improvements for enabling rotary double-bladed locker machinery to:
make breadths. And this part (now describing) of my present improvements is
for effecting the same object as my said former improvements, but by means of
different kind of apparatus or mechanism to any of those described in my said
two former Specifications, that is to say :-I now leave notches in each of the
blades of the double-bladed lockers; opposite to every place in the width of the
net which is maile by the machinery, where selvedges are required to be made
therein, for forming the bordering edges of the several breadths into which it is.
intended that the net shall be divisible; and I apply suitable filling up picces in
such notches, together with mechanism to actuate those filling pieces, so as to
open the notches or to close them at such times as is requisite for performing
the turn-again in making of breadths. The several notches which are so made
in the two blades of each double-bladed locker being opposite to each of those
places where the evolution which is called turn-again, must be performed by
the bobbin carriages as they arrive in turn at those places, in consequence
of the progressive traversing of the bobbin carriages of the front division in a
direction from the left hand towards the right hand, and a contemporaneous

page_text: progressive traversing of the bobbin carriages of the back division in a contrary
direction from right to left. And note.-The said evolution called turn-again
consists in the transferring of one bobbin carriage from the front division to the
back division, or vice versa, at each place in the width of the machine where a
selvedge is to be formed in the net which is weaving therein, and it is from such
transferring that the selvedges result, because when each bobbin carriage which
has been incorporated in the front division by progressive traversing therewith,
in a direction from left towards the right, has laid its bobbin thread diagonally
or obliquely in that direction across as much width of net as is intended to con-.
stitute one breadth of the net, then that bobbin carriage being transferred by
the operation called turn-again from the front division to the back division, so
as to become incorporated therewith, will begin in consequence to traverse in a
contrary direction to that in which it traversed previously, that is, it will begin
to turn again or traverse from right to left, in order thereby to lay its bobbin
thread diagonally or obliquely across the net in that new direction. And
when, by progressive traversing in that direction in character of one of the
back division, the said carriage has so laid its bobbin thread obliquely from
right to left across as much width of net as is intended to constitute a breadth
of net, then, by a new evolution of turn-again, it will be transferred from the
back division into the front division, in order to became incorporated there-
with, and in that character to turn-again or begin to traverse from left to right,
as before. And every one of the bobbin carriages going in its turn through.
the aforesaid course, the turn-again, which is made by the several carriages
one after the other, will constitute the selvedges of the breadths. And
note. Those turn-again evolutions, by which carriages are transferred from
the front division to the back division, will form the right-hand selvedges
of the several breadths, and those transfers which are made from the back
division to the front one will form left-hand selvedges of the same breadths.
The nature of the evolutions called turn-again, as above stated, is the usual
course of proceedure for making breadths in double tier machinery, and is more
fully explained in the commencement of my said former Specification of the
Twenty-third day of August, One thousand eight hundred and thirty-two. And
also the action of what are called whipping carriages is there described, for
supplying the whipping or lacing threads, by which the adjacent selvedges
of the several breadths are to be united together during the fabrication of the
breadths by the machinery, so as to constitute one broad tissue of net, but
the said lacing threads can be easily drawn out to separate the 'breadths.
from each other when the net is finished. The said whipping carriages.
never traverse as all the other carriages do. The whipping carriages

page_text: are usually incorporated into the back division of carriages, except at the
moment when those carriages are about to make a step of their progressive
traversing from right towards the left. That step is made when the carriages
are brought through between the warp threads into the front combs; but pre-
Ivious to that step being made, the whipping carriages quit their places in the
row of the back division, when the same comes through forwards into the
front combs, and the whipping carriages remain behind the warp threads in the
back combs, in order that they may avoid the traversing which the carriages
of the front division undergo; and to permit of the whipping carriages so
remaining behind, notches are opened in the back driving bar, all which being
performed as usual in making breadths, and not being any part of my improve-
ments, requires no further explanation.
Sheets I. and II. of the Drawings hereunto annexed represents so much
of a double tier circular comb or circular bolt machine, with double-bladed
lockers, as is requisite for explaining this part of my present improvements.
The locker bars A and B are mounted on pivots at their ends as usual,
and are provided with the usual mechanism for actuating them; but instead
of being square bars, as is most usual,, they are round bars, turned truly
cylindrical by a lathe, and concentric to the pivots on which they are
mounted; and their double blades a, b, and c, d, which are to act against
the teeth e, f, g, h, of the carriages E, F, are formed by a number of short
lengths or detached pieces like a gutter or trough, which are affixed to
each of the round bars A or B by screws, in the manner shewn in the
detached Figure, so that the said several pieces or short lengths being dis-
posed one at the end of another along each of the round bars A, B, will form
double blades a, b, and c, d, extending all the length thereof; but notches or
intervals are left between the several short lengths at every place where
selvedges are intended to be made in the net, the width or opening of each
notch corresponding to the width of one carriage, but no more than one; each of
the said short lengths whereof the double blades a, b, and c, d, are formed,
being equal in length to the width across the several breadths of net which are
to be made by the machinery; and the aforesaid intervals or notches which
are to be left in the several blades a, b, and c, d, corresponding to the several
junctions of those breadths, and to the places which the whipping carriages
occupy in the back division of carriages. And in order to fill up the said
notches in the blades a, b, or c, d, of the lockers, when required, I apply filling
pieces 80, 81, projecting out from detached circular rings or collars 88, which
are fitted upon the round bars A and B, so as to turn freely round about
there on. Each ring or collar 83 has two filling pieces 80 and 81, pro-

page_text: jecting out from it suitably for filling up the corresponding notches in both
the blades a, b, and c, d, of each locker, when the collar 83 is turned round
upon the round bar A or B, so that the two filling pieces 80 and 81 will
range with the two blades a, b, or c, d; and when all the said notches are so
filled up, the compound double-bladed lockers A, a, b, and 83, 80, 81,
or B, c, d, and 83, 80, 81, are qualified to operate in every respect as
ordinary double-bladed lockers do, that is in concurrence with the swing or
driving bars G or H, to pass and repass the two divisions E and F of bobbin
carriages between the warp threads from one row of combs C or D, to
the other row D or C thereof. The several collars 88, 83, upon each of the
round bars A or B, are united together by a long thin flat bar 84, which is
screwed fast to them all, and it will cause them all to turn round about the
round bar A or B together, like one; and, consequently, to move all their
filling pieces 80 and 81 at once. The same bar 84 is united at one end with
the centre boss of a toothed pinion 85, which is fitted loosely upon one end of
the round bar A or B, near to the ordinary toothed pinion M, which is fixed
fast on one end of the round bar A or B, and the locker derives its accustomed
motion by means of its pinion M, and the corresponding toothed rack N,
which stands up in a vertical position, the lower end of the rack N being
jointed to the locking lever O, which carries a truck n, to be actuated by the
locking camm P on the main axis Y of the revolving driving camm, which
goes three times round whilst a row of complete meshes of net are
made. All this is the usual manner of actuating double-bladed lockers; the
back locker and the front locker having similar parts, as above explained.
The locking camm P acts to press down the truck n of the locking lever O,
and thereby to draw down the upright toothed N, which, by the toothed
pinion M, turns the locker A or B, so as to move its double blades a, b, or c, d,
upwards and outwards away from the warp threads, in a suitable manner for
locking or drawing the carriages E or F out from between the warp threads
quite within the combs C or D, one division of carriages E, E, being
so locked by one blade a or c of either locker A or B, and the other
division F by the other blade 6 or d thereof, and the return of the said blades
towards the warp threads for unlocking is caused by action of a strong pulling-
up spring p, which is applied to pull up the locking lever O whenever the
locking camm P will permit. All this mode of actuating the double-bladed
lockers being just as usual requires no further description, and the ordinary
operation of the double blades, whereby they act in succession on the carriages,
is fully stated in my said former Specification of the Twenty-third day of
August, One thousand eight hundred and thirty-two. The toothed pinion 85

page_text: which is fitted loosely on the end of the round bar A or B, as before mentioned,
together with the several collars 83, and the filling pieces 80, 81, derive their
action from the same camm P as that by which the lockers are actuated in
manner aforesaid, so long as the filling pieces 80, 81, are required to fill up
the meshes in the blades a, b, and c, d, of the lockers A and B, and to move
along with those blades; but another camm 89, which I call the turn-again
camm, is at times brought into operation for actuating the filling pieces 80, 81,
in a suitable manner for performing the turn-again evolution. The pinion 85
is actuated by an upright toothed rack 96, which is jointed at the lower end
to a lever 86, similarly to the ordinary locking lever O, and it may be mounted
on the same fixed centre pin therewith; and the lever 86 has a truck 82, to be
actuated occasionally by the said turn-again camm 89, which is applied on the
main axis Y by the side of the locking camm P, and also a pulling-up spring 88
is applied to the lever 86, to react. The front locker and the back locker are
each provided with similar parts, as above. Stop pieces 87, 87, are fixed fast
upon each of the round bars A, B, of the lockers, in order to arrest the
connecting bar 84, and prevent it, together with the several collars 83, from
turning any further round than is requisite for bringing the filling pieces 80,
81, to range exactly with the blades a, b, or c, d, to which they belong
respectively. The said stops 87 will allow just so much motion of the filling
pieces 80, 81, around about the round bars A, B, as will allow the innermost
filling pieces 81 to be brought to range with the outermost blade a or d, but
no further, excepting at the moment of performing the turn-again evolution;
the turn-again camm 89 is kept out of action by being slided so far away
from the locking camm P along the main axis y as to remove it laterally
out of the way of the truck 82 of the lever 86; and so long as the camm 89
is out of action, the pulling-up spring 88 turns the collars 83, and their con-
necting bar 84, as far round as its stops 87 will allow in that direction, which
.will cause their filling up pieces 80, 81, to occupy their intended places in
their respective notches in the blades a, b, and c, d, of the lockers, and the
pulling-up spring 88 will cause all those filling pieces to move with precisely
the same motions as the said blades are moved with by action of the ordinary
locking camm P, so as in all positions of the lockers to fill up all the notches
therein, in order to cause the blades a, b, and c, d, to act in the same manner
as if they were not notched at all. And the machinery continues to work in
that manner until a little before the time for performing turn-again, and then
by action of another camm 91, which is fixed on the axis of the taking-up
wheels or camms, the turn-again camm 89 is slided endways along the axis Y,
so much as is requisite for bringing it laterally into the way of the truck 82

page_text: of the lever 86, so that the camm 89 may be in readiness for action on the
truck 82 of the lever 86, when the turn-again is to be performed. The turn-
again camm 89 is fitted with its centre boss so as to be capable of sliding
endways along the main axis Y, nearer to or further from the locking camm P,
but both camms P and 89 are always obliged to turn round with that axis Y
by means of a guide pin 90, which is fixed fast into the locking camm P, and
projects out therefrom, and passes through the turn-again cam 89, so as to
cause both camms to go round together with the axis Y. The turn-again
camm 89, when it is thus brought into action, holds the truck 82 of the
lever 86, with its rack 96, pinion 85, connecting bar 84, and all the several
collars 83, with their respective filling pieces 80 and 81, motionless, in spite of
the pulling-up spring 88, at the time when the ordinary locking camm P allows
the ordinary pulling-up spring p to turn the locker A or B, with its blades a, b,
or c, d, downwards and inwards towards the warp threads for unlocking the car-
riages, and allowing them to be driven through between the warp threads by
the driving bars; the filling pieces 80 and 81 being by that means detained
from turning down with the blades a, b, or c, d, to which they belong respec-
tively, the turn-again carriages will be detained out of the row or division of
carriages in which they were previously incorporated, and will be transferred
into the other row or division with which they are required to become incor-
porated, in order that by such transfer they may perform their turn-again.
The action of the filling pieces and apparatus is as follows:-At that period
of the operation of the bobbin carriages when both divisions of carriages E
and F are behind the warp threads in the back combs D, and when the
front combs C, (being empty,) are racked towards the left hand, in preparation
for afterwards racking the bobbin carriages as soon as they do come into the
front combs, in order by such racking to produce the traversing, then the
notches in the back driving bar k, H, are opened by moving their bar m and
slides in the usual manner, to make room for the reception of the whipping
carriages Q, which are incorporated in the back division of carriages F.
And note. At this said period those carriages V, which are about to perform
their turn-again, are incorporated in the front division E, and are standing
immediately before the whipping carriages, and are locked by the innermost
filling pieces 81 of the back locker B; but in performing their turn-again,
they are to be transferred into the back division F, and that transfer or turn-
again will go to form right-hand selvedges of the several breadths of lace. The
said turn-again is performed by action of the turn-again camm 89, which has
been previously brought by lateral sliding along the main axis Y, within reach
of the truck 82 of the lever 86, and the sliding may be performed at any

page_text: previous time which is most convenient; it will be easiest to do when the
blades of the locker are both turned quite down and inwards towards the warp
threads, and when the ordinary locking camm P allows the pulling-up spring
p to turn the blades c, d, of the back locker in usual course downwards and
inwards, in order to unlock all the carriages and permit the back driving bar
H, k, to drive forwards both divisions of carriages E and F; the turn-again
cam 89 will not permit the other pulling-up spring 88 to produce a corre-
sponding turning down of the filling pieces 80, 81, of the several collars 83 on
the bar locker bar B (as was the case before, when the turn-again camm 89
was out of action, because the turn-again camm 89 presents a circular and
concentric portion of its circumference to the truck 82 of its lever 86, so as to
retain the same motionless when the ordinary locking camm P presents a
notch to the truck n of its locking lever 6, and thereby the rack 96, pinion
85, connecting bar 84, and all the several collars 83 on the back locker bar
B, together with the filling pieces 80 and 81 of the collars 88, are all retained
without motion when the blades c, d, are turned downwards and inwards, and
consequently the turn-again carriages V, which are locked by those filling
pieces 80, are detained at rest in the back combs D, as well as the whipping
carriages Q, which are behind the turn-again carriages V, and therefore, in
consequence of the advancing forwards of all the other carriages and the passing
of the front division between the warp threads into the front combs whilst the
turn-again carriages are standing still, they loose their previous places in the
front division, and remaining behind in the back combs, they become trans-
ferred to the back division, and form by such transfer portions of the right-hand
selvedge of the breadths. The whipping carriages enter into the notches
in the back driving bar k, H, which were opened for their admission, as
before stated. The front division of carriages E having passed between the
warp threads and entered into the front combs C, leaving the turn-again
carriages behind in the back combs," and incorporated therein with the
back division F, the front combs C, with the front division E, is racked one
space to the right, and that makes a lateral step of the progressive traversing
which those carriages E are required to perform; but the turn-again car-
riages V and whipping carriages Q do not partake of that step. When
the back locker B resumes its turning down motion towards the warp
threads, in order that its outermost blade d, which is engaged with the back
division of carriages F, may allow those carriages to be driven through
forwards between the warp threads in their turn, then the collars 83, and
their innermost filling pieces 81, which now fill up the notches in the
outermost blade d, begin to accompany the back locker B, exactly as if they

page_text: were in one piece therewith. This coincidence of their movement results
from the form of that part of the turn-again camms 89 which is now in
action being of a corresponding notched form with that part of the ordinary
locking camm P, which is at the same time in action; the consequence
is that the back division of carriages E, into which the late turn-again
carriages have now become incorporated, are passed through between the
warp threads into the front combs in one unbroken row, but still leaving
the whipping carriages Q behind in the notches of the back driving bar k, H,
and the outermost filling pieces 80 of the the back locker B keep those
whipping carriages Q locked in the back combs by themselves. When both
divisions of carriages E and F, (but without the whipping carriages Q,) are
thus brought into the front combs, they are racked one space to the left,
which is a step of the progressive traversing of the back division F, towards
the left hand; and then the driving bars begin to swing backwards, in order to
repass the back division F, between the warp threads. The action of turn-again
by aid of the back filling pieces, for formation of right-hand selvedges, being
now concluded, that of the front filling pieces commences for the formation of
left-hand selvedges. The filling pieces 80, 81, of the front locker A are con-
structed in the same manner as those of the back one are; they have been
hitherto filling up the several notches to which they belong respectively, and
have been moving with precisely the same motion as the front locker A was
turned with, whereby those filling pieces render the blades a, b, of the front
locker quite complete, as if there were no notches therein; this coincidence of
motion of the filling pieces with that of the locker blades to which they belong,
.is occasioned by the action of the front pulling-up spring (similar to 88)
keeping the collars 83 of the filling pieces 80, 81, turned round as far as
the stops 87 on the round bar A will permit the connecting bar 84 to go
and then the motion of the filling pieces is governed by the ordinary locking
camm, in the same manner as the blades of the front locker are governed.
The turn-again camm for the front locker is slided along the main axis Y, in
order to bring it into action, in the same manner as already described respecting
the back one. The said sliding motion may be given when the front locker
was turned with its blades down and inwards towards the warp threads, so as
to bring the turn-again camm for the front locker in readiness for action by the
time that the driving bars begin to spring backwards, in order to repass the
back division of carriages F, through between the warp threads into the back
combs, and then when the front locked A is turned with its blades a, b, down
wards and inwards towards the warp threads, in order to unlock the back
division of carriages F, and allow the same to be passed through backward

page_text: between the warp threads; the turn-again camm will not permit of a like
turning down motion of the filling pieces 80, 81, but rotains the same motion-
less. The innermost filling pieces 81 have hold of the teeth of those carriages
in the back division which are about to perform their turn-again, that turn-
again being in part of the formation of the left-hand selvedges of the several
breadths. The said turn-again carriages are detained by the filling pieces 81
in the front combs, and become incorporated with the front division, when the
back division of carriages F is put through backwards between the warp
threads. The action of turn-again, by aid of the front filling pieces for the for-
mation of left-hand selvedges, is now concluded. And now it only remains to
restore the several filling pieces to their proper places in the notches of the
blades of the lockers; for this purpose, at the same time, when the back locker
B is turned by its ordinary locking camm P, with its blade c, d, upwards and
outwards away from the warp thread, in order to draw the back division
through from between the warp threads, the turn-again cam 89 of the back
locker leaves the filling pieces 80, 81, of the back locker motionless, whereby
the whipping carriages being retained motionless, they become re-incorporated
with the back division F, as the same comes through between the warp threads,
and the filling pieces 80, 81, regain their proper places in the notches of the
blades c, d, of the back locker, which they are required to fill up respectively;
after which their 'turn-again camm 89, being no longer wanted for the present,
may be slided along the axis Y, so far away from the locking camm P as to
come entirely out of action, and it will continue so until the next time for
performing turn-again, the filling pieces all the time moving with exactly the
same motion as the blades in which they fill up the notches; and as soon
as the back division has been put through backwards between the warp
threads out of the front combs, the same are racked to the right, and then
the front division is put through backwards between the warp threads into
the back combs, and are drawn through therein by the innermost blade c
of the back locker, with all the filling pieces 81 in their proper places in the
notches of that blade. And lastly, as soon as the front division of carriages
is put through backwards out of the front combs, the front turn-again
camm allows the pulling-up spring to turn the filling pieces 80, 81, suddenly
downwards, whilst the blades a, b, being already down, remain motion-
less, so that the filling pieces overtake the blades, and regain their proper
places in the notches thereof, to fill them all up, after which, the front turn-
again camm, being no longer required for the present, may be slided along
the main axis Y, so far away from the locking camm as to take it out
of the reach of the truck of the lever by which it operates on the filling

page_text: upon
pieces; and then during all the rest of the operation, until the turn-again
requires to be repeated, the action of the front pulling-up string will keep the
collars 83 of the front locker turned round as far as the stops for their con-
necting bar 84 will permit, and so that the filling pieces will fill up the notches
in the blades to which they belong respectively, and in that state the filling
pieces will receive all the same motions as the blades of the front locker
receive from their ordinary locking camm. The camm 91, by which the turn-
again camms are slided along the main axis Y, and brought into or taken out
of operation on the trucks of their respective levers when required, is applied
the axis of the taking-up wheels, by which the point bars are actuated, so
as to go round once whilst a row of complete meshes of net are made. A pro-
minent edge or rim of the camm 91 acts on a lever by a fork, which includes
the prominent edge between its prongs; and the said lever has a stud, which
enters into a groove formed around the boss of the turn-again camm 89, and
by an obliquity of that prominent edge or rim the camm 89 is slided along the
axis Y, first towards the locking cam P, to bring it into action for the per-
formance of the turn-again, and then, by a contrary obliquity, it is slided
back again to take it out of action again after the turn-again is concluded,
and the intermediate portions of the prominent rim of the camm 91 are
plain to retain the camm in action or out of action, as is required. And
note. Instead of the camm 91 thus bringing a sliding camm 89 into
action, and taking it out of action for performing the turn-again, the same
effect may be obtained by the camm 91 having a prominent portion to come
round and act direct upon the truck 82 of the lever 86, so as to produce the
action above described when required, in order to effect the turn-again, and
then to pass away out of action as soon as the turn-again operation is com-
pleted, for there is no particular advantage in causing the camm 91 to
operate as it were by deputy on the truck 82 of the lever 86, to perform an
action thereon which it, may very well do by itself, without the intervention
of the sliding camm 89, and if that camm were dispensed with, then
the camm 91 would be called the turn-again camm. The locking camm P
may itself be made of large size, and fixed upon the axis of the taking-
up wheels, so as to go once round whilst a row of complete meshes of
net are made, being the same period wherein the revolving wheels for
actuating the point bars are usually turned round, the elevations and de-
pressions being suitably formed around the circumference of such a large
camm, and a portion of camm 91 may be applied by the side of it on the same
axis, so as to come round into action on the truck 82 of the lever 86 when
required for the performance of the turn-again, and then to pass away out of

page_text: action, as above stated. The essential condition being in all cases that by
action of some camm which makes a revolution whilst a row of complete
meshes of net are made. The filling pieces which have hold of those car
riages which are for the time to perform their turn-again, shall be caused to
detain those particular carriages from passing between the warp threads along
with the other carriages with which they have been previously incorporated,
and by such detention of those particular carriages, they will become trans-
ferred from one division of carriages to the other, and will, in consequence,
perform their turn-again, or begin to traverse the width of the net with
contrary obliquity of traversing direction, forming a selvedge in so turning
again and traversing. The back locker and front locker must be provided
with similar means of performing turn-again, videlicet, the filling pieces
of the back locker must detain those turn-again carriages, which, by their
turn-again or transfer from the front division of carriages to the back
division, will form the right-hand selvedges of the several breadths; and the
filling pieces of the front locker must detain those turn-again carriages
which will form the left-hand selvedges of the breadths. And note.-In
case of very wide machines, if there is any risk that the connecting bar 84
will, from its length, yield or spring, so as to fail of communicating an
exact equality of turning motion to all the several collars 83, and their
filling pieces 80, 81, from one end of each locker to the other, then another
toothed pinion, such as 85, may be applied, one on each end of each round
bar A and B, with an upright rack 96, lever 86, pulling-up spring 88, and
truck 82, to receive motion when required from a turn-again camm 89,
at each end of the machine. The front locker having similar apparatus
to that of the back locker at each end of each locker. And note.-I
make no claim to any such application of notches in the edges of the lockers,
with filling pieces to fill up the notches, excepting to machinery with double-
bladed lockers, otherwise called Morley's machines, for the purpose of enabling
such machinery to make breadths or quillings of bobbin net lace.
. And another part of my said improvements in machinery for making bobbin
net lace is for. the same purpose as aforesaid, of enabling circular bolt or
circular comb rotary machinery with double-bladed lockers (otherwise called
Morley's machinery), to make breadths of bobbin net lace, as herein-before
mentioned. This part (now describing) being a further improvement upon a
modo which was described in my said former Specification of the Eighteenth
day of June, One thousand eight hundred and thirty-three, and represented in
Sheet C of the Drawings thereunto annexed, and which mode was therein
described to be to apply the double-bladed lockers of rotary machinery in such

page_text: manner that each locker bar can be let down a very little at both ends when
required, with a movement parallel to itself, so that when the outermost blade
of the locker is in the act of turning downwards and inwards towards the warp
threads, it will descend sufficiently to pass clear beneath the teeth of the
whipping carriages and turn-again carriages without touching the said teeth;
this dropping of, the locker to take place when the turn-again carriages are
required to be transferred from one division to the other division for the pur-
pose of making breadths; and the locker must be lifted up again to its original
and proper height immediately after its said outermost blade has so passed
clear beneath the teeth of the whipping carriages and turn-again carriages.
And it is stated in the said Specification that for such purpose the pivots at
the ends of each locker bar, instead of being mounted in bearing sockets fixed
to the framing, as usual in all lace machines having locker bars, must be
mounted in bearing sockets at the end of crank bar arms 50 (see Sheet IV. of
the Drawings hereunto annexed), projecting out from each end of crank bar
axes 51, which are applied horizontally parallel to and below the comb bars,
and which axes are supported on pivots at each end of each axis in bearing
sockets fixed to the framing. but capable of adjustment when requisite in the
same manner as the pivots of the locker bars are usually supported; each of
the said crank bar arms 51 should be supported in the middle of its length to
steady it in the same manner as locker bars are usually supported in the
middle, and likewise other crank bar arms 59, should be affixed to the middle
part of the length of each crank bar 51, to sustain the middle part of each
locker bar where necessary, in order to prevent it from bending. The crank
bar arms 50 at one or both ends of each axis 51, must be connected by a joint
52, with an upright link 58, which goes down to a lever 54 below, and is
jointed thereto. The said lever moves upon a fixed centre pin 56'at one end,
and the other end has a roller or truck 55, to bear upon the circular circum-
ference of a revolving camm 59. A notch is cut out in one part of the circular
circumference of the said camm 59, to allow the roller 55 of the lever 54 to
drop suddenly therein, and that sudden dropping occasions the locker bar (for
instance, the back locker bar B), to descend so far down as to remove its
blades c, d, quite out of the reach of the teeth of the carriages, in order that
the outermost blade d of the locker, when it turns downwards and inwards
towards the warp threads, may not disturb the teeth s and p of the turn-again
carriages S and whipping carriages Q, when the same are required to stand
still in the back combs D, for the purpose of becoming transferred from one
division of carriages to the other division; but immediately after the said
outermost blade d, by turning inwards whilst it is so dropped, has passed clear

page_text: beneath the teeth s, p, of the turn-again and whipping carriages without
touching them, then the camm 59 suddenly lifts the locker up again to its
original and proper beight, but with its outer blade d at the opposite side of
the teeth s, p, of the whipping and turn-again carriages to what it was before
the drop took place. The front lccker is actuated in a similar manner to the
back locker, with separate camms for each locker, whereby one locker will be
dropped at one time, and the other locker at another time, according as the
evolution of turn-again requires to be performed alternately in the back combs
and in the front combs; and in order to retain the turn-again carriages and
whipping carriages from moving in the combs by accident at the moment when
by the aforesaid dropping of the locker its blades cannot retain them, the
combs between which the turn-again and whipping carriages work should
be sprung together, to cause them to hold the said carriages steady, or else
stops must be applied to rise up between the warp threads and the ends
of the combs, to detain the turn-again carriages and whipping carriages
within the combs at the moment when the locking bars are dropped. And
thus far being, according to my former Specification, is no part of my present
Invention now specifying; but this part of my present improvements consists
in applying the aforesaid mechanism for dropping the locker bars and raising
them again, so as to operate on the carriages in a different and more advan-
tageous manner, that is to say, when both divisions of carriages are locked
and detained in the same combs (whether front combs or back combs), that
locking being performed, as usual, in double-bladed locker machinery by the
innermost blade of the double-bladed locker. Then I cause the locker bar to
drop an instant before the driving bars commence their swing for driving the
carriages towards the warp threads, so that the innermost blade of the locker
will descend below the teeth of the carriages, and allow them to be driven over
the edge of that blade without touching the same. The locker, when dropped,
is to continue motionless without turning until the teeth of the carriages have
passed across and beyond its innermost blade, and then the locker is to be
lifted up again, in order that its said innermost blade may intercept the teeth
of the next following division of carriages sufficiently to lock them by merely
rising up without any turning of the locker. By this means the carriages
which were drawn out from between the warp threads, and locked out in the
combs by the outermost blade of each double-bladed locker, afterwards become
locked by the rising up of the innermost blade thereof, without turning when
they are in progress of returning towards the warp threads for being repassed
between them, and after having been so locked by the innermost blade. of the
locker, then the same, by turning round in the usual manner without drop-

page_text: ping, unlocks the carriages, to allow them to be driven through between the
warp threads; and I cause each of the double-bladed lockers to operate in
manner aforesaid at every time of repeating their locking action for passing
and repassing the carriages between the warp threads, and not merely at the
times of performing turn-again or transfer of the turn-again carriages from one
division to the other. Wherefore the revolving camms 59 may be fixed upon
the same axis as the ordinary locking camms, and the main driving camms are
fixed upon so as to go round three times whilst a row of complete meshes are
made. The action of the double-bladed lockers is the same as usual whenever
they operate for drawing the carriages out from between the warp threads, but
the new mode of action of the double-bladed lockers, which constitutes this part
of my present improvements is, in returning the carriages towards these threads
and inserting them between the warp threads, that is to say, suppose both
divisions of carriages E and F, Sheet IV., are locked up in the back combs D,
by the innermost blade c of the back locker B, and are about to be passed
through between the warp threads into the front combs in the ordinary course
of working, without regard to turn-again, the operation of the double-bladed
lockers, according to this part of my improvement, is as follows:-The front
locker A has its blades a, b, turned quite downwards and inwards towards the
warp threads, as is shewn by the dotted lines, Sheet IV., in readiness to turn up
and take the teeth of the carriages when they come through into the front combs.
The back locker B has its blades c, d, turned quite upwards and outwards,
and the edge of its innermost blade c has locked the carriages by taking the
back teeth f of the front division E of carriages. This position being under-
stood, the back locker B is suddenly dropped the instant that the back driving
driving bar II, k, begins to swing forwards, in order to drive the carriages,
towards the warp threads, that dropping being occasioned by a notch in the
camm 59; but the back locker B, is not turned round as usual, the dropping
being in lieu of turning; and as soon as the carriages are driven so far forwards
that the back teeth f of the front division of carriages and the front teeth g
of the back ones, have passed over the innermost blade c of the back locker
(without touching the same); then the back locker B is lifted up again by
the cam 59, but without turning, in order that its said innermost blade c
may intercept and lock the back teeth h, of the back division F of carriages,
so as to dėtain them within the back combs for a moment whilst the
driving bars pause, and the warp threads are racked about the same time
that the back locker B was thus lifted, the front locker A was turned as
usual to turn up its outermost blade a. As soon as the foremost teeth e of
the front division of carriages E had passed over the edge of that blade,

page_text: and by so turning the said edge a taking the teeth e, will draw the front
division E through from between the warp threads into the front combs C, in
readiness for racking the warp threads; and after that racking is performed,
then, at the instant that the driving bars resume their swinging motion, the
back locker B is turned with its innermost blade c downwards and inwards
towards the warp threads, in order that it may unlock and release the
back teeth h of the back division of carriages, to permit those carriages to be
driven through forwards between the warp threads by action of the back
driving bar H, k, into the front combs, and when they have advanced so far
therein that the foremost teeth 9 of the back division have passed over the
edge of the innermost blade 6 of the front locker A, then that locker is turned
with its blades upwards and outwards, in order that its innermost blade 6 may
take the teeth g of the back division and draw that division through from
between the warp threads quite within the front combs whilst the warp
threads are racked. And note.-After the back locker B had turned its
innermost blade c downwards and inwards, as before mentioned, for releasing
the teeth h of the back division of carriages, it continued to turn further
downwards, in order to bring its outermost blade d into a suitable position to
be in readiness for acting next time as soon as the carriages begin to go
through backwards.between the warp threads to draw the back division quite
through into the back combs. The operation of the double-bladed lockers in
passing both divisions of carriages through between the warp threads, from the
back combs to the front combs, has now been traced, and then the return of
the carriages from.the front combs to the back ones is performed in the same
manner, videlicet, by dropping the front locker A, without turning, in order to
unlock the back division F, and then by raising that locker again as soon as
that division has passed (but without turning), in order that its innermost
blade & may lock and detain the front division E, whilst the warp threads are
racked, and then after that turning the front locker A downwards and inwards
towards the warp threads, in order that its innermost blade 6 may unlock and
release the front.division E of carriages, and also continuing that turning down
until the front locker regains its proper position, as shewn by dotted lines,
Sheet IV., to be in readiness for the next repetition of its action. The locking
and unlocking action of the double-bladed lockers being performed in manner
aforesaid, according to this part of my present improvements, will admit of
making breadths, because the double blades of the lockers will be no im-
pediment to the requisite transfer of the turn-again carriages from one division
to the other, for the impediment to such transfer in the usual mode of working
with double-bladed lockers arises from the outermost blades, in turning

page_text: downwards and inwards, in order to unlock and release the carriages which
were detained by those blades after the preceding division of carriages had
been passed through between the warp threads, for in so turning down the
said outermost blades will come in the way of the teeth of any turn-again
carriages or whipping carriages which have been left out of the said preceding
division (when it passed), in order to become transferred into the succeeding
division which is about to be passed, so that the said outermost blade will
disturb those teeth of the turn-again or whipping carriages by a reversed
action, which is an impediment to their intended transfer or incorporation into
the succeeding division; but according to this part of my present improvements,
the said outermost blade is kept altogether out of action on the carriages
when they are proceeding in a direction (over that blade), towards the warp
threads, because the requisite unlocking by the innermost blade is performed
by dropping the locker down (instead of by turning it), and then, by lifting up
the locker again, its innermost blade comes again into action a second time, in
.order to detain the succeeding division of carriages within the combs whilst
the warp threads are racked, instead of that detention being performed by the
outermost blade. The only further explanation which is required to be given
for making breadths when the double-bladed lockers are made to operate
according to this part of my present improvements, is in the action of the
stops 1 and 11, which are applied, as mentioned in my former Specification of
the Eighteenth day of June, One thousand eight hundred and thirty-three,
between the warp threads and the ends of the combs. The stops 1 and 11
are slender prongs, affixed to slight bars 2 and 12, which are mounted
in the ends of crank-bar arms 3 and 13, and guided by upright sliding
bolts 9 and 19 at each end of each bar 2 and 12, to cause the stops 1 and
11 to move endways upwards when they are brought into action by raising
the bars 2 and 12, or the same are let down in order to take the stops 1
and 11 out of action. The said bars 2 and 12 for the stops are actuated
by suitable camms 5 and 15, on the axis of the taking-up wheels or camms,
which go round once whilst a row of complete meshes of net are made, and
the notches of the circumference of those camms actuate studs at the ends
of lever arms 7 and 17, which are affixed to the spindle bars 4 and 14 of the
crank arms, bar 3 and 13. Whenever the turn-again is to be performed, the
-stops 1 and 11 are brought into action, videlicet, at that turn-again which by
transferring the odd carriages from the front division E to the back division F
is to form the right-hand selvedges of the several breadths; the back stops 1
are raised up when both division of carriages E and F are locked in the back
combs by the innermost blade c of the back locker B, during the racking of

page_text: the warp threads, and the several stops 1, when so raised, come into the way
of the front tooth of each of the odd carriages, which are about to perform
turn-again, but without interfering with any other cariages, and the stops 1
prevent the said turn-again carriages (and also the whipping carriages which
are behind them) from moving forwards when the back locker B is dropped,
so that its innermost blade c quits the tecth of the carriages of the front
division, as before explained, but as soon as the back locker B is lifted up
again and has resumed its previous hold of the back teeth of the turn-again
carriages (which are by this time transferred to the back division) the stops 1
must be let down out of the way of the turn-again carriages, in order that
the same may be passed between the warp threads. along with the back
division F, and then the same stops 1 must be lifted again into action the
instant that the back teeth of the turn-again carriages have passed over the
stops 1, so as to intercept and stop the front teeth of the whipping carriages Q
in order to detain those carriages within the back combs until after the warp
threads have been racked, and then the stops 1 must be let down out of
action, and will continue so until the next time for repeating the turn-again.
And note.-It may happen that the outermost blade d of the back locker B
may interfere with the back teeth of the whipping carriages, when that blade
is continuing to turn downwards and inwards, as before described, in order to
bring its outermost blade d into a suitable position (shewn at B, Sheet IV.) to
be in readiness for acting next time; but whether such interference will take
place or not will depend upon the size and form of the teeth of the carriages.
In case there should be any such interference, then the camm 59, for sustaining
the back locker B, must be notched at that part which comes into action when
such interference would take place, in order that it may let the back locker B
drop down as much as is requisite for allowing its outermost blade d pass clear
beneath the back teeth of the whipping carriages, and then after so passing,
the camm 59 must lift the back locker B up again to its original and
proper
height. And note further, such additional drop of the back locker B will be
repeated at every revolution of the main driving camm, although it is only
requisite at turn-again times, when the whipping carriages are to be left behind
in the notches of the back driving bar, but nevertheless the needless repetition
can do no harm. And then, at the next time of turn-again for transferring
the odd carriages from the back division to the front division, in order to form
the left-hand selvedges of the several breadths, the front stops 11 are lifted
up to stop and intercept the turn-again carriages S, when both divisions of
carriages are locked in the front combs C by the innermost blade 6 of the front
locker A, in order to detain those turn-again carriages S from moving out of

page_text: the front combs when the front locker A is dropped, as before explained (and
a's is represented in Sheet IV.), in order to release the back division F; but as
soon as the front locker A is lifted up again, and its innermost blade b bas
regained its previous hold of the front teeth of the turn-again carriages S, then
the stops 11 are let down out of action, and continue so until the next time
for repeating the turn-again. And note.-Although it has been stated - that
the lockers are dropped and lifted without turning, that is not quite precise,
because when the locker bars are dropped or lifted, their tooth pinions, by which
they are turned, will derive a very small extent of turning motion from the
upright toothed racks by which the teeth of the pinions are engaged; such
small turning motion is not objectionable, but if it were it might be avoided if
the locking camms were adapted to drop or lift the toothed racks at the same
moments, and with the same extent of rising and falling motion, as the lockers
are dropped or lifted by their camms 59. And note.-It is advantageous to
the action of the blades of the lockers by which they 'take hold of the teeth
of the carriages, and draw the same out from between warp threads, and
then quit the said teeth to form the camms 59, so as to raise and lower the
lockers a very little during their said action, that is, raising the locker a little
to facilitate catching the teeth of the carriages with its blades, and lowering it
a little to facilitate letting go of the teeth. The proper forms of the camms
59 for this purpose are represented in Sheet V. The outermost blades of the
lockers may be made more prominent than the innermost, as is shewn in
Sheet IV., when the camms 59 are made as shewn in Sheet V.
'
And part of my said improvements in certain machinery for making bobbin net
lace, for the purpose of making figured or ornamented bobbin net lace, relates to
the making of such ornamented net or lace as is figured or ornamented by small
white opake spots of accumulated thread, distributed at suitable intervals
apart over the transparent tissue of the net, the said spots being formed whilst
the said net is in progress of fabrication in the machinery by gathering up and
accumulating portions of some of the bobbin threads whereof the meshes of
net are made, and interweaving such portion amongst corresponding warp
threads in the form of spots.
And whereas several Patents have been granted by His present Majesty
for Inventions of suitable improvements to be added to different kinds of
bobbin net machinery, by aid of the improvements to make net or lace orna-
mented with spots, videlicet, first, to Mr. William Sneath, on the 31st of
December, 1831; and then to Mr. George Freeman, on the 22d of February,
and to me, the said William Crofts, on the 11th February, 1833, and
again on the 23rd December, 1884; also, to Mr. Thomas Alcock, on the 12th
1832;
:

page_text: of February, 1835; and again to me, the said William Crofts, on the 26th of
June, 1835, the particulars of all which Inventions may be found in the
several Specifications which have been enrolled from time to time in pursuance
of the said several Patents..
Now, this part of my present improvements now describing is a different
mode of obtaining spots from any of the aforesaid, and the same is applicable
to that kind or class of machinery for making bobbin net lace which traverses
the bobbin carriages, that is to say, the diagonal or traversing threads of
the bobbin net made by such machinery are bobbin threads, and a certain
portion of the bobbin carriages which are used at once in the machinery have
the springs of the their bobbins set with less force than usual, or than the
springs of all the other bobbins are set with, in order that the bobbin threads
proceeding from the said portion of the bobbins which have slighter springs
may be given off more easily than the other bobbin threads are given off. The
said bobbins which are so set with slight springs must form some even propor-
tion of the whole number of bobbins which are contained in the machine, such
as one-sixth, one-eighth, one-tenth, or other suitable proportion. The said
proportion of bobbins with slight springs are equally distributed amongst the
other bobbins which are set with their springs as usual, so that every sixth, or
eighth, or tenth bobbin thread of the whole number which are used in the
machine will work slacker in the net than the other bobbin threads do. In the
bobbin net lace made by machinery which traverses the carriages, the bobbin
threads traverse the width of the net obliquely in contrary directions, across
from selvedge to selvedge, one-half of the number proceeding obliquely from
the right-hand selvedge to the left-hand selvedge, whilst the other half of the
bobbin threads proceed obliquely from the left-hand selvedge to the right-hand
selvedge, and each traversing bobbin thread, on arriving obliquely at either of
the selvedges, returns therefrom to cross the net again with a contrary obliquity
of traversing direction to that which it had before, wherefore, in such progress
of opposite traversing, all the bobbin threads intersect and cross each other
mutually in turn over every part of the width of the net, and the said intersec-
tions or crossings from the tops and bottoms of the hexagonal meshes whereof
the net is composed, the included sides or pillars of the said hexagonal meshes
being formed' by twists which the said bobbin threads make around the
longitudinal or warp threads, which extend by parallel waving courses along
the length of the net, so as to be intersected at every part of the net by the
oblique traversing bobbin threads, so that twists for the included pillars of
the hexagonal meshes are formed at every intersection of diagonal bobbin
threads and longitudinal warp threads; and crosses for uniting those twisted.

page_text: pillars together, and thereby forming the top and bottom sides of such hexa-
gonal meshes, are produced by all the mutual intersections which the diagonal
threads make by traversing from selvedge to selvedge with contrary obliquities, as
before stated. This being understood to be the usual texture of bobbin net
lace, it is evident that those particular bobbin threads (herein-before mentioned)
which, from being set with slighter springs to their bobbins, will work slacker
in the net than the other bobbin threads do, must mutually intersect and cross
each other at various parts of the surface of the net, and such intersections of
pairs of slacker traversing threads will be at uniform distances apart, and they
will be at places in the width of the net, where particular pairs of warp
threads proceed longitudinally along the net; and those particular pairs
of warp threads I thread through the eyes of distinct thread guides from the
ordinary thread guides by which the general row of warp threads aro guided,
that is to say, the said particular pairs of warp threads which intersect the
intersections of the pairs of shack bobbin threads are not threaded in their
'usual places in the general row of guides, but are left out therefrom, and are
threaded in distinct rows of extra or filling-up guides; one thread of each pair
of warp
threads being threaded in guides belonging one of the rows, and the
'other thread of the same pair in guides of another row. These arrangements
being understood, the making of the spots is performed by the same course of
movements which belong to the making of the plain net, with the aid of
suitable extra racking movements, which are given to the extra guides
by which the aforesaid pairs of warp threads are guided; the effect of those
extra racking movements being to cause both the said particular warp threads
of each pair to be included in those twists which the two slack bobbin
threads are making at the same time, when all the other bobbin threads
are making twists in usual course around their corresponding warp threads;
the latter twists are composed of one bobbin thread twisting in its usual course
around one warp thread; but for the spots, the two twists which two adjacent
bobbin threads would make, each one around its own corresponding warp
thread, for forming the two twisted sides or pillars of a mesh, are com-
prebended in one general convolution, which is made by two intersecting slack
bobbin threads around the two warp threads which correspond to them, and
which convolutions result from the extra racking motions which are given
to those two warp threads without any extra movements of the bobbin
carriages; and owing to the slackness of the springs by which the two inter-
secting bobbin threads are retained, they yield off threads easily to the warp
threads, which, from their stronger tension, will not yield, and therefore the
convolutions of slack bobbin threads form horizontal.courses across and across

page_text: the interval between the two corresponding warp threads, which courses fill up
a mesh of the net, so as to present the appearance of a small white opake spot.
This will be further explained by the enlarged representation of a piece of net,
with spots, in Sheets VII. and IX.; and by tracing the convolutions of bobbin
threads which constitute each spot, it will be found that all the same turns,
circuits, or convolutions are made by the bobbin threads around the warp
threads in each spot as are made in the twist at any other part of the net, the
difference which constitutes the spot being, that two adjacent warp threads are
included in the turns, circuits, or convolutions made by the two intersecting
bobbin threads for forming each spot; whereas, at any other part of the net,
two intersecting bobbin threads, after having made their cross by intersecting,
then proceed each one to form a distinct twist around its own corresponding
warp thread, for composing the two twisted pillars of a hexagonal mesh, where-
fore each spot may be considered as distensions of all the several twists which
are formed by two intersecting bobbin threads, so as to include their two corre-
sponding warp threads within the distension. And note.-When a row of spots
is finished, and meshes of plain net, without spots, are to be made, all the extra
guide bars are then to be racked with exactly the same racking motions as the
main guide bar is at the same time racked with; and in case the spots which
are to be made at succeeding times are not intended to be at the same places in
the width of the net, then one pair of extra guide bars must be operative at one
time of making spots at suitable places in the width of the net, and another
pair at the next time at other suitable places, so as to distribute the spots over
the net according to what are called chequered patterns. In all cases, that
pair of guide bars which is not for the time operative for making the spots;
being racked with exactly the same motions as the main guide bar are at the
same time racked with. And note.-Instead of using extra guide bars, as
above mentioned, for giving the requisite extra racking motions to those parti-
cular warp threads which are for the time to be operative in making spots;
the same effect may be obtained by means of benders, or short stump guides
without eyes, which, being introduced between the particular warp threads;
which require extra racking motions to be given to them, may be made
to bend those warp threads aside as much as is requisite for producing their
extra rackings during the formation of the spots; and after the spots are
finished the said benders may be wholly withdrawn from between the warp
threads, leaving them to the guidance of the row of main guides in the usual
manner of making plain net. And at every succeeding time of making spots;
the same benders may be reinstated, but at different places in the width of the
net from those places where they were inserted the previous time, according as

page_text: the chequered pattern of spots requires them to be disposed in the width of
the net at succeeding times.
The nature of the spots, and the mode of their formation by the bobbin
threads, being now stated, I shall proceed to describe the machinery which
I have used for making the same:-First, single-tier Lever's machinery,
and then double-tier circular bolt or circular comb machinery.
Description of a Lever's machine with part of the improvements applied thereto,
for the purpose of making bobbin net lace ornamented with spots in the manner
last explained, see Sheets VI. and VII. of the Drawings hereunto annexed.―
The machine is nearly of the usual construction of Lever's machine, and is worked
in the same manner by handles and treadles. The alterations which are made
from the usual mode are as follows:-The usual racking wheels are removed
and a new set substituted on the usual upright axis at the right-hand end of the
machine; the ratchet wheel by which they are turned round having nine teeth.
The proper form of the main guide bar wheel and of the front comb bar wheel
to go on that axis, is represented in Sheet VI. The ordinary back and front
catch bar wheels and the front pusher bar wheel are all removed, and others sub-
stituted with ratchet wheels having nine teeth; the proper forms for those
wheels is shewn in Sheet VI: The main guides B, which stand twenty per
inch in their row, for what is called a ten-point gage machine, have two
adjacent guides cut out at every place in their row where a spot is at any timė
to be made in the width of the net, and the vacancies so occasioned are filled
up by extra guides 25, 26, and 27, 28, fixed on four extra guide bars 1, 2,
and 3, 4, which constitute two pair, each pair consisting of a back extra guide
bar and a front extra guide bar, and one extra guide from each bar of such a
pair fills up each of the vacancies of two guides which are cut out of the row
of main guides B, so as by such filling up to render the row complete. When-
ever plain meshes of net are making without spots all the said four extra guide
bars 1, 2, and 3, 4, are to be racked with precisely the same racking motions
as the main guide bar is at the same time racked with, so that the effect is
the same as if all the guides were in one row, as is usual in Lever's machines.
But when the time arrives for making a row of spots, then one pair of the
extra guide bars, either 1, 2, or else 3, 4, becomes operative for racking those
particular pairs of adjacent warp threads which are for the time to be included
together in the convolutions of pairs of intersecting slack bobbin threads which
are to form the spots, as already stated. And note.-At every time when the
pair 1, 2, of extra guide bars are thus operative for making spots, the other
pair 3, 4, are inoperative, and are racked with exactly the same racking
motions as the main guide bar is at the same time racked with. The two

page_text: pairs of extra guide bars.1, 2, and 3, 4, are operative by turns, and each pair
makes spots at different places in the width of the net; the spots made at
one time by aid of one pair of extra guide bars 1, 2, being at intermediate
places across the width of the net to those made at the preceding or following
time by aid of the other pair of extra guide bars 3, 4. By this means the
spots will be arranged on the net according to what is called a chequered
pattern. The bobbin carriages stand twenty per inch, side by side, in their
row, as usual in Lever's machinery, and every fifth carriage amongst them is
set with its spring to bear much easier on its bobbin than the others do, so as
to cause the bobbin threads from those particular carriages to draw off much
casier than from the others, and therefore they will form slack threads in the
net, and those slack bobbin threads may be formed into spots when they meet
in pairs, and intersect each other, in consequence of the mutual traversing of
one half of the whole number of the bobbin threads to the right whilst the
other half is traversing to the left. The vacant spaces in the main guides B,
which are filled up by pairs of extra guides 25, 26, and 27, 28, must be opposite
to all those places in the width of the net where the said intersections of the
slack bobbin threads will take place, because the spots can only be formed by
convolutions of the intersecting slack bobbin threads when the warp threads
corresponding to the places of intersection are racked with suitable extra
racking motions; but unless such extra racking motions are given to the said
warp threads, the mere intersections of the slack bobbin threads will not pro-
duce a spot, or any apparent difference from the ordinary crossings of other
bobbin threads which are not slack. The extra guide bars 1, 2, and 8, 4,
derive their racking motions from four large racking wheels 11, 12, and
13, 14, fixed on an additional upright axis 9, at the left-hand end of the
machine, as is shewn in Sheet VII. They are turned round by means of a
large ratchet wheel 10, of forty-five teeth, which is turned one tooth at a time
by a suitable clawker and chopper, deriving its motion from the swinging out
of the landing bars, so as to turn the large racking wheels on the axis 9 once
round, whilst the small racking wheels in the usual place, at the right-hand end
of the machine, go round five times, and whilst five rows of complete meshes of
net are made. The large ratchet wheel 10 is turned one tooth at a time, as
before mentioned, by a clawker 28, which is jointed to one arm of an elbow
lever 24, in front of the machine, which lever serves in place of a chopper lever.
It plays on an upright centre pin, fixed into a bracket projecting out from the
wood frame, and the other arm of the elbow lever 24 is acted upon by a pro-
jection w, affixed to one of those links, which are called goose necks, and which
is jointed to the front landing bar and reaches downwards and backwards

page_text: beneath the fixed tye bar, to be jointed to the lower end of the usual drawing
tackle lever at the back of the machine. By this means, whenever the front
landing bar is extended outwards from the warp threads, the elbow lever 24
is moved by the projection w on the goose neck, and thereby the driver
28 is made to turn the ratchet wheel 10 one tooth, and there is a reacting
spring 21, to pull-back the lever 24, when the projection w retreats as the
landing bars are closed, in order that the driver 28 may proceed to catch
another tooth of the ratchet wheel 10. Hence, the movements of the small
racking wheels on the ordinary upright axis at the right-hand end of the
machine, and those of the large racking wheels on the other upright axis 9 at
the left-hand end thereof, will take place simultaneously. The extra guides
25, 26, and 27, 28, may be soldered into stems of brass plate, which are screwed
to the extra guide bars 1, 2, and 3, 4, so that the guides at their upper ends
will stand properly interspaced to the main guides B, in order that the main
guides and extra guides together may hold the warp threads in their intended
spaces, so as to form one regular unbroken row of warp threads for the bobbin
carriages to pass through in the usual manner of Lever's machines. The four
extra guide bars-1, 2, and 3, 4, are for the most part racked coincidently
and simultaniously with the main guide bar, so as to accompany the same
in its racking motions, as though all the five bars were one, carrying an
unbroken row of warp threads; but occasionally, at particular periods of the
operation of the Lever's machinery, the racking motions given to some of
the extra guide bars 1, 2, or 3, 4, are different from the racking motions
which the main guide bar is at the same instant performing. And the
extra guide bars go in pairs for so racking differently from the main guide
bar; for when one pair 1, 2, is racking differently, the other pair 3, 4, are
racking coincidently with the main guide bar, so as to accompany it. The
whole number of bobbin carriages which are worked in the machine at
once must be an even number, in order that the slack bobbin threads pro-
ceeding from every fifth bobbin carriage may meet and intersect each other
in the manner already mentioned; but in consequence of the even number
of carriages, the turn-again of that bobbin carriage which has traversed to
the left-hand selvedge of the net requires to be received into what is called
a turn-again comb, of the same kind as is commonly used for making breadths
in Lever's machines; and by aid of that turn-again comb, the said bobbin car-
riage, which has completed its travers from the right towards the left, is
transferred into the other division, in order that it may begin to turn again or
retraverse from the left towards the right. The said turn-again comb is
marked H, Sheets VI. and VII., and is applied at the left-hand end of the back
.

page_text: row of combs, the last or left-handmost of which combs I is cut away behind
and at top, to reduce it to a stump comb, and the turn-again comb H contains
an upper and hinder portion of a comb, which is adapted either to fit over
the said stump comb I, and supply the deficiency of the part cut away there-
from, or else, by removing the turn-again comb H one space towards the left
hand, the said upper portion therein is removed from over the stump comb I,
so as to form an adjacent comb thereto, with a suitable space between the two
for the reception of a bobbin carriage; all this being the well-known action of
a turn-again comb for making breadths, does not require farther explanation,
the only difference being, that in this case one such turn-again comb H is
applied at the left-hand end of the row of back combs I, for making a wide
piece of net, instead of several such turn-again combs being applied at dif
ferent places in the length of the said back row, as is commonly done in
Lever's machinery for making breadths. The said turn-again comb H is
fixed on a short bar J, or rather a sliding bolt J, applied to the back comb
bar in the manner explained in Sheet VII., being supported in suitable sockets.
fixed to that bar. The sliding bolt J, with its turn-again comb H, is racked, when
required by action of a small face wheel 70, Sheet VII., which is fixed on the
extreme end of the horizontal axis Y of the usual ratchet wheel 48 and notched
wheel 66, for engaging and disengaging the usual back or dividing stop U for
the landing bars, which ratchet wheel 48 has eleven teeth, and is turned round
one tooth every time that the landing bars are fully extended and the carriages
drawn out from between the warp threads, and it is also turned one tooth at
every time that either point bar goes up for taking up the meshes of the net;
all which is performed, as usual, by means of a short lever arm 50, which pro-
jects out backwards from the back axis T of the drawing tackle levers; and
that arm 50 has a driver 49 jointed to it, to turn the teeth of the ratchet
wheel 48 one tooth every time that the landing bars are extended, and at the
same instant that the other racking wheels are turned one tooth each. There
is also a nudging driver 45, for acting in the teeth of the same ratchet wheel
48, that driver being joint to a short arm 44, which descends from the hori-
zontal axis Z of the dividing lever arms O, K, and which arms are moved
every time that either of the point bars goes up for taking up the meshes of
the net, the motion being communicated to the lever arm K by means of one
or other of two pendulous dividing trucks M or N, which descends from the
tail pole lever rors of that point bar which is operative for the time; all
this being as usual in Lever's machines, requires no further explanation.. The
point bars are suspended by top joints from the arms of spindle bars F and G,
which are actuated by tail pole levers 7, 8, with upright lifting links P, Q,

page_text: and treadle levers e, e, from the treadles for the right and left foot, in the
usual manner of modern Lever's machinery. The action of the racking wheel
70 is performed by lateral prominences on the flat surface of that wheel, and
that action is transmitted to the sliding bolt J, for the turn-again comb H, by
means of a short horizontal lever 71, mounted on a fixed upright centre pin,
and there is a reacting spring 72, to bear the turn-again comb towards the left
hand, as shewn in Sheet VII. The taking-up points have twice as many pins as
usual in proportion to the gage of the machine, wherefore, if that is ten-point,
as above supposed, then the rows of pins on each of the point bars must
stand side by side twenty in every inch, so that there will be as many points in
each row as there are combs or carriages; and the back and front point bars are
so adjusted to each other that in the act of taking up, the pins or points of one
row will come exactly beneath the pins of the other row, instead of the pins
of one row being interspaced between the pins of the other row. In this way
of working, the rows of points cannot rise up one into the other to stop at one
common level for both rows, as is usual in taking up with Lover's machinery,
but one row of points must always be a little above the other row in two
levels, to each of which levels each row of points must be raised up in its
turn; for instance, the points which took up last must be stopped in their
ascent when they arive at the lowest of the said two levels, are must after-
wards be raised up a little to take the uppermost of the two levels as soon as
the other points which were above them at that uppermost level are with
drawn from the meshes of the net, in order to take up again. This, which is
a common mode of stopping the ascent of the point bars in other lace
machines, may be done by means of what are called herns, that is, prongs
fixed to each point bar at each end thereof, to project out from each bar
towards the other bar, the prongs ranging evenly with the rows of pins
belonging to the same bar, in order that by overlapping each other the said
prongs may guard the points from touching each other. Or a better mode
of effecting the same object is to apply moveable stops to intercept the tail
pole lever r, s, Sheet VI. and VII., of the spindle bars F, G, for the points bars,
in order to limit the descent of those tail pole levers r, s, and the consequent
ascent of the point bars belonging to them, so that the point bar which took
up last will be stopped when its points or pins arrive at the lowest of the two
levels aforesaid, and those pins will be prevented from striking the pins of the
other row, which are then standing at the highest of the two levels, having gone
up a little to get to that highest level when the moveable stop was withdrawn.
The said moveable stop may be a short horizontal sliding bolt 33 (see Sheets
VI. and VII.), fitted into a socket which is affixed to the back standard D of

page_text: the machine, one or other of the two ends of that bolt 33 being adapted to come
beneath suitable stop pieces 84, which are fixed to the two tail pole levers 7, 8,
of the two point bars, so as to stop one or other of those bars, with its row of
pins, at the lowest of the two levels in consequence of the tail pole lever r or s
being stopped rather short of the positions in which its ordinary stop screw
would detain it, that latter position being when the point bars have risen to the
highest of the said two levels for the row of points. The said bolt 33, being
slided endways in its double socket, will withdraw one of its ends from under
the corresponding stop piece 34 of one of the tail pole levers r or s, and allow
that lever to go down by action of its back weight until it comes in contact
with the ordinary stop screw x, which motion will raise up the point bar
from its lowest level to the highest; and by the same endway motion of the
bolt 33, the other end thereof will protrude out beyond its socket, suitably for
intercepting the stop piece 84 of the other tail pole lever r or s, so as to detain
the same, with its row of points, at the lowest of the two levels. The sliding
bolt 33 is moved endways by motion derived from that tail pole lever r or 8,
which is going upwards when its point bar is descending for taking up the bolt
33, being moved by a small lever 35, so as to protrude its end from its socket
towards that same tail pole lever which is going upwards, whereby the bolt
will be ready for intercepting the stop piece 34 of that lever when the same
comes down again. The small lever 35 is mounted on a centre pin fixed into
the back standard D, the lower end of the lever 35 is connected by a pin with
the sliding bolt 33, and the upper end of the lever 34 is forked out into two
branches, against one or other of which a piece 36, which is fixed to the tail
pole lever r or s, and which, in going upwards, acts laterally, so as to move the
lever 35 about its centre, and slide the bolt 33 endways out from its socket
towards that tail pole lever which is so acting on the corresponding branch of
the lever $5. The said sliding of the bolt 33 withdraws its opposite end into its
socket from beneath the stop piece 36 of the other tail pole lever r or 8, which
was previously resting on the protruded end of the bolt 33'as a stop, which
limited the ascent of the corresponding point bar to the lowest of the two
levels for the pins. Each of the tail pole levers r.or s acts in its turn, in the
manner above described, to move the bolt 33 so as to withdraw it from
stopping the other tail pole lever 1 or s, and at the same time to prepare it for
stopping that tail pole lever r or s which is acting. The point bars being
applied in this manner, will require to be withdrawn with a horizontal motion
from the meshes of the net, without descending at all during the motion for
withdrawing, which may be done by the mode of withdrawing or knocking out
tackle now commonly used in Lever's machines of the most approved construc-

page_text: tion, and which is represented in Sheets VI. and VII. of the Drawings. The back
or treadle levers e, e, by which the depression of the treadles is caused to draw
up the tail pole levers 7 or s, are applied below the back rafter; over the foot rail,
their centre pins being supported by an upright bracket fixed to those two rails.
The front ends of those treadle levers e, e, are connected by short upright
links with the treadles, and the backmost ends are connected by long upright
lifting links P, Q, with the tail pole levers r and s, so as to raise the same when
the treadles are pressed down. The upper ends of the lifting links P, Q, have
oblique slots through them, for admitting the screw pins by which they are
connected with the tail pole levers 7 or 8, so that the lifting links P, Q, when they
begin to rise up by action of the treadles, will not give any motion to the tail
pole levers rors at first, until the lifting links P, Q, have risen the length
of their oblique slots; and then the screw pins of the tail pole levers, fitting to
the bottoms of these, slots, will operato as joints, to communicate the further
motion of the treadles and their lifting links P, Q, to the tail pole levers r, s,
and their point bars. The said first motion of the treadles and lifting links
which produces no effect on the tail pole levers, as aforesaid, is made to with-
draw the points from the meshes of the net by means of catches n, n, which
are mounted on joint pins, fixed into the lifting links P, Q, and the upper ends
thereof catch beneath the backmost ends of two levers k, L, which are
connected with the two point bars, so as to withdraw the pins or points thereof
from the meshes of the net with, horizontal motion, whenever the said backmost
ends of the levers k, L, are lifted upwards by the catches n, n, of the lifting
links P, Q. The said two levers k, L, are mounted on horizontal centre pins,
fixed into the back standard D. The lever L, which is for the back points, is
an elbow lever, and the lower end of its upright arm is connected by a
The other lever k
horizontal link w with the middle of the back point bar.
which is for the front points, is a straight lever, and the foremost end of it is
connected by an upright link E with the backmost end of a lever arm 1, which
reaches out backwards beneath the top bar W, and over the spindle bar F, from
the top joint, by which the middle part of the front point bar is suspended';
whenever the tail pole levers or a descend to rest on their ordinary stop
screws, and have thereby raised the points to the highest level for their
row of pins, then the catches n, n, will catch beneath the ends of the levers k
or L, so that when either the lifting link P, Q, is raised up by depressing
its treadle, the first action will be to withdraw the points from the meshes of
the net; but owing to the oblique direction of the slots at the upper ends of
the lifting links P, Q, those upper ends, together with the catches n, n, which
are jointed to them, will move backwards as they ascend, and in so doing the

page_text: catches n, n, will slip back from under the backmost ends of the lever k, L,
leaving them at liberty an instant before the lifting links P, Q, begin to raise
the tail pole levers r or s. The ordinary caster backs,, which are nearly
as usual in Lever's machinery, act to keep the points from returning into the
net after they have been withdrawn by the said action, and also keep them
withdrawn all the time they are descending, and until they get quite down, and
then the caster backs allow the points to drop in and make their insertion
amongst the threads, leaving them so inserted all the time they are rising up
for taking up the meshes of the net. But note.-For working Lever's machinery
for making net with spots, according to this part of my present improvements,
the points are not to operate on the threads by that mode which is termed
hugging the twist (and which is the usual mode in Lever's machinery), but
by what is termed taking up all the twist, and which is the usual mode of taking
up in most other kinds of lace machines. The distinction will be well under-
stood by workmen who are conversant with lace machinery. Note.-The warp
threads which are threaded through the extra guides 25, 26, and 27, 28, are all
supplied from the same main warp roller S, as the warp threads which are
threaded through the main guides.
:
The construction of the machinery being now. explained, its mode of opera-
tion for making plain bobbin net, and for forming spots of the aforesaid
description in that net, is as follows:-Supposing the machine to have been
regularly at work, making a wide piece of ornamented spotted net, and
that it is stopped for examination, when the positions of all the several parts
are as follows:-The landing bars and catch bars are closed towards each
other, and the bobbin carriages are all in their central position, being in pro-
gress of passing between the warp threads, in a direction from the back combs
to the front ones. The front points have just taken up those meshes of nets
which have been last formed, and the carriages have been divided into two
divisions at the time of so taking up. The front catch bar now being down in
the notches of the front division, and the back catch bar down in the notches
of the back division, the front comb bar stands racked to the left as far as
it can go; it is capable in all of racking two spaces of one-twentieth of an
inch each. The main guide bar t stands racked in a middle position, from which
it can be racked one space (of one-twentieth of an inch) to the right, or one,
such space to the left. All the four extra guide bars 1, 2, and 3, 4, stand racked
in a middle position, from which they can be racked two spaces to the right, or
one space to the left. The extra guides 25, 26, on the extra guide bars 1, 2,
stand in pairs for filling up every other vacancy in the row of main guides B,
each such vacancy being two adjacent guides taken out of the row of main guides,

page_text: and the extra guides 27, 28, on the extra guide bars 3, 4, also stand in pairs for
filling up the intermediate vacancies. The front extra guides 25 or 27 occupy
the left-hand spaces in each such vacancy in the main guides B, and the back
extra guides 26 or 28 occupy the right-hand spaces in the same vacancies.
The small racking wheels on the upright axis of the right-hand end of the
machine are now standing with their stops No. 9 in action on their . several
racking bolts, and the large racking wheels 11, 12, and 13, 14, on the upright
axis 9, at the left-hand end of the machine, are now standing with their stops
No. 45 in action on their several racking levers or bolts, which are to transmit
their racking motions to the several extra guide bars 1, 2, and 3, 4. The short
turn-again bar or sliding bolt J, with its turn-again comb H at the left-hand
-end of the row of back combs, now stands racked to the left as far as it can
go; it can only be racked one space in all; its racking wheel 70 it now
standing with its stop No. 11 in action on the lever 71, by which lever the
action thereof is to be transmitted to the sliding bolt J. Note.-The upper
portion of a comb in the turn-again comb H now stands separated from that
stump comb before mentioned which is the left-handmost comb of the back
row of combs, so as to leave a space or geat between that upper portion and the
stump, and one of the carriages now occupies that space, and the left-handmost
of the carriages, being that one which is about to turn again and begin tra-
versing towards the right-hand row, occupies the next adjacent geat in the
turn-again comb to that said space between the upper half and the stump.
Starting from this position, as a commencement, the mode of working is as
follows: Extend the landing bars by raising the handles, in so doing the front
division of carriages will be drawn forwards into the front combs, and the back
division into the back combs, and the ordinary chopper and clawker will turn
the nine-toothed ratchet wheel one tooth, so as to bring No. 1 of the racking
wheels into action, which racks the front combs two spaces to the right with the
front division of carriages which are in the front combs; the large racking
wheels 11, 12, 18, 14, are turned by their elbow lever 24 and clawker 23 one
tooth of their forty-five toothed ratchet wheel 10, so as to bring No. 1 of each
of those racking wheels into action, but that produces no effect on the extra
guide bars at present. Close the bars by putting down the treadles to restore
all the carriages into one row, which being done, the front catch bar is let fall,
and the back one is lifted. Extend the bars to bring all the carriages through
between the warp threads into the front combs, and rack No. 2 of both sets of
racking wheels, which racks the front combs two spaces to the left with all the
carriages in them. Close the bars to put all the carriages through backwards;
the back catch bar is let fall, and the front one is lifted. Extend the:bars to

page_text: take all the carriages into the back combs, and rack No. 3, which racks the main
guides B, together with all the extra 25, 26, and 27, 28, one space to the left.
Close the bars to bring all the carriages through forwards; the front catch bar
is let fall, and the back one is lifted. Extend the bars to bring all the carriages
into the front combs, and rack No. 4, which racks all the guides (main guides
and extra guides) one space to the right. Close the bars to put all the car-
riages through backwards; the back catch bar is let fall, and the front one is
lifted. Extend the bars to take all the carriages into the back combs, and
rack No. 5, which racks all the guides one space to the left. Note.-The
ratchet wheel 48, on the back axis Y, has been turned one tooth at every
time when the other ratchet wheels were turned, but that has produced
no effect until now, when No. 5 of the back stop wheel 66 is racked, and
that lets the back dividing stop U into action, in readiness for catching
the back landing bar. Close the bars to bring all the carriages forwards
to their central position amongst the warp threads; both the catch bars
remain as they were; the back stop U catches the back landing bar so
as to prevent the landing bars from being separated until the carriages
have been divided. Take up with the back points by pressing down "the
left treadle, and the pushers will be brought into action so as to divide
the carriages; and as the points go up again, both catch bars will be let
down into the notches of their respective divisions of carriages, and also the
ratchet wheel 48 will be turned one tooth by its nudging driver 45, and
thereby the wheel 66, being turned to its No. 6, will disengage the back
stop U from the back landing bar. Extend the bars to take the back division
into the back combs, and bring the front division into the front combs, and
rack No. 6, which racks the front comb bar two spaces to the right with the
front division of carriages, and racks all the guides two to the right. Close
the bars to restore all the carriages into one row; the back catch bar is let fall,
and the front one is lifted. Extend the bars to take all the carriages into the
back combs, and rack No. 7, which racks the front comb bar two spaces to tho
left without any carriages in them, and racks all the guides one space to the left.
And note. At the same time No. 8 of the ratchet wheel 48 is racked by its
driver 49, and thereby the wheel 70 racks the turn-again comb H one space to
the right, with the left-handmost or turn-again carriage, before mentioned, in the
turn-again comb H. Note.-The racking of the front combs to the right, with
the front division of carriages in them, when No. 6 was racked, caused all those
carriages to make a step of their progressive traversing towards the right hand,
but nevertheless the said left-handmost carriage, which ought to have done
the same, did not partake of that step, and therefore it is now carried one suck
"

page_text: step to tho,right by this present motion of the turn-again comb H, in which
that carriage has been lodged from the commencement. And note. When
the turn-again comb, H moves to the right, its upper portion, before mentioned,
passed over the stump comb I,,with which the, row of back.combs ends at the
left-hand end of that row. Close the bars to bring all the carriages through
forwards; the front catch bar is let fall, and the back one is lifted. Extend
the bars, to bring all the carriages into the front combs,, and rack No. 8, which
racks all the guides one space to the right, and at the same time No. 9 of
the ratchet wheel.48 and notched wheel 70 being racked, the latter racks the
turn-again comb H one space to the left; but there are now no carriages in
the turn-again comb H, and this motion is only to restore it to its proper
position for regular working as one of the row of back combs. Close the bars
to put the carriages through backwards; the back catch bar is let fall, and the
front one is lifted. Extend the bars to take all the carriages into the back
combs, and rack No. 9, which racks all the guides one space to the left, and
at the same time No. 10 of the ratchet wheel 48 and notched wheel 66 being
racked, the latter lets the back dividing, stop U loose ready for action. Close
the bars to bring all the carriages through forwards, and the back stop U
catches the back landing bar, to detain the bars from separating until the
division has been effected. Take up with the front points by depressing the
right treadle, and the pushers will be again brought into action to divide
the carriages, and as the points go up again, both catch,bars will be let down
into the notches of their respective carriages, and also the ratchet wheel 48
will be, turned one tooth by its nudging driver 45, and thereby the wheel 6,6
being turned to its No. 11, it disengages the back stop U, leaving the landing
bars at liberty. Note.-The small racking wheels at the right-hand end of
the machine, together with the several catch bar wheels, and also the eleven-
toothed ratchet wheel 48, with the notched wheels 66 and 70 upon its axis Y,
have now made one, revolution, and a row of complete meshes of net have
been made, but without any spots in them; all the five guide bars have
hitherto been racked together simultaneously like one bar, the said racking
wheels must go on to make four more similar revolutions before the pattern
containing two succeeding rows of spots is completed. The large racking
wheels 11, 12, and 13, 14, on the axis 9, have been turned nine teeth of the
forty-five toothed, ratchet wheel 10, and have made one-fifth of a revolution,
they must complete that revolution before the pattern will be finished. Extend
the bars to take the front division of carriages into the front combs, and the
back division into the back combs, and rack No. 1 of the small racking
wheels, and also No. 10. of the large ones, but that does not rack any of the

page_text: guides. Close the bars to restore all the carriages into one row. Extend
the bars to bring all the carriages into the front combs,' and rack No. 2 and
No. 11, which racks the front extra guide bar l'one space to the right, so as
to-place its extra guides 25-opposite to the guides 26 of the back extra guide
bar 2, in preparation for commencing a row of spots. Close the bars to put
all the carriages through backwards. Extend the bars to take all the carriages
into the back combs, and rack No. 3 and No. 12, which racks 'the main
guides B, and the extra guides 27, 28; one space to the left, and racks 'the
front extra guides.25 two spaces to the left, 'and-the back extra guides 26 also
two spaces to the left. Note.-The extra guides 26 continue exactly behind
the extra guides:25, as they were placed at the last time of racking. Close
the bars to bring all the carriages through forwards. Extend the bars to bring
all the carriages into the front combs, and rack No.'4 and No: 18, which racks
the main guides B, and the extra guides 27, 28, one space to the right, and
racks the front extra:guides 25 one space to the right, and the back extra guides
26 two spaces to the right. Close the bars to put all the carriages through
backwards. Extend the bars to take all the carriages into the back combs, and
rack No. 5 and No. 14; which racks the main guides B, and the extra guides
27, 28, one 'space to the left, and racks the front extra guides 25 one space to
the left, and the back extra guides 26 one space to the left. Close the bars
to bring all the carriages through forwards ready for dividing. Take up with
the back points for the first time in making this present row of spots.; in so
doing they draw off a sufficient quantity of thread from those pairs of bobbins
which have their springs set:slighter than the rest to form a first portion of
each spot. Those bobbin carriages:are now together in pairs corresponding
with each pair of extra guides 25, 26, and their slack bobbin threads have
been making convolutions around the two warp-threads of the two extra guides
25 and 26, owing to the racking motions which have been given to those
extra guides differing from, the racking motion which have at the same time
been given to the main "guides B, and to the extra guides 27, 28: Extend
the bars to take the back division into the back combs, and bring the front
division into the front icombs, and rack No. 6 and No. 15, which racks the
main guides B, and the: extra-guides'27, 28, 'two spaces to the right, and also
racks both the extra guides 25 and 26 two spaces to the right, and likewise
racks the front combs two spaces to the right, with the front division of
carriages in them. Close the .bars to restore all the carriages to one row.
Extend the bars to take all the carriages into the back combs, and rack No. 7
and No. 16, which racks the main guides B, and the extra guides 27, 28, one
space to the left, and racks the front extra guides 25 one space to the left, and
.

page_text: Take up with the front points
the back extra guides 26 two spaces to the left. Close the bars to bring all
the carriages through forwards. Extend the bars to bring all the carriages
into the front combs, and rack No. 8 and No. 17, which racks the main guides
B, and the extra guides 27, 28, one space to the right, and racks 'the front
extra guides 25 two spaces to the right, and the back extra guides 26 two
spaces to the right. Close the bars to put the carriages through backwards.
Extend the bars to take all the carriages into the back combs, and rack No. 9
and No. 18, which racks the main guides B, and the extra guidés 27, 28, one
space to the left, and the front extra guides 25 two spaces to the left, and the
back extra guides 26 one space to the left. Close the bars to bring all the
carriages through forwards ready for dividing.
for the second and last time in making spots, and they draw of the proper
quantity of thread from the pairs of bobbins which have their springs set
slighter than the rest, to complete the spots and divide the carriages as usual
in so taking up. Another row of complete meshes of net containing a row of
spots has now been made, and in continuing to describe the further operation
of the machinery, it will be an exact repetition of the foregoing description
from the racking of No. 1 to the racking of No. 9, all the extra guide bars
being racked coincidently and simultaneously with the main guide bar t, and
then another like repetition will take place, so as to make two succeeding rows
of complete meshes of plain net without spots. The large racking wheels
being racked from No. 18 to No. 34 during the making of those two rows, but
in racking No. 34, the extra guide bars 3 and 4 begin to rack differently from
the main guide bar t, in order to begin making a second row of spots, the
extra bars 1 and 2 continuing to be racked with the same motions as the main
guide bar is racked with during the making of the second row of spots, which
will stand in their row at places in the width of the net which are opposite to
where the pairs of extra guides 27, 28, stand, the spots in the former row
having been opposite to the places of the other extra guides 25, 26. The
continuation of the operation for making the second row of spots is as
follows: Extend the bars to take all the carriages into the back combs, and
rack No. 7 and No. 84, which racks the main guides B, and the extra
guides 25, 26, one space to the left, and also racks the extra guides 27 one
space to the left, and the back extra guides 28 two spaces to the left. Close
the bars to bring all the carriages through forwards. Extend the bars to bring
all the carriages into the front combs, and rack No. 8 and No. 35, which racks
the main guides B, with the extra guides 25, 26, two to the right, and racks
both the back extra guides 27 and 28 two spaces to the right. Close the bars to
put the carriages through backwards. Extend the bars to take all the carriages

page_text: into the back combs, and rack No. 9 and No. 86, which racks the main guides B,
with the extra guides 25, 26, one space to the left, and racks the front extra
guides 27 two spaces to the left, and the back extra guides 28 one space to the
left. Close the bars to bring all the carriages through forwards ready for
dividing. Take up with the front points for the first time in making this present
row of spots, and in so doing they draw off a sufficient quantity of thread
from the pairs of bobbins with slack springs to form a first portion of each
spot. Extend the bars to bring the front division of carriages into the front
combs, and to take the back division into the back combs, and rack No. 1 and
No. 37, which does not rack any of the guide bars. Close the bars to restore
the carriages to one row. Extend the bars to bring all the carriages forward,
and rack No. 2 and No. 38, which racks the front extra guides 27 one space
to the right, but all the other guides remain motionless. Close the bars to put
all the carriages through backwards. Extend the bars to take all the carriages
into the back combs, and rack No. 3 and No. 39, which racks the main guides
B, with the extra guides 25, 26, one space to the left, and also racks the
extra guides 27 and 28 each two spaces to the left. Close the bars to bring all
the carriages through forwards. Extend the bars to bring all the carriages into
the front combs, and rack No. 4 and No. 40, which racks the main guides B,
with the extra guides 25, 26, one space to the right, and also racks both the
extra guides 27 and 28 two spaces to the right. Close the bars to put all the
carriages through backwards. Extend the bars to take all the carriages into
the back combs, and rack No. 5 and No. 41, which racks the main guides B, with
the extra guides 25, 26, one space to the left, and also racks the extra guides 27
two spaces to the left, and the extra guides 28 one space to the left. Close
the bars to bring all the carriages forwards ready for dividing. Take up with
the back points for the second and last time in making this row of spots, and
in so doing they draw off a second portion of thread from the pairs of bobbins
which have slack springs, and a second row of spots is completed. In taking
up, the carriages are divided as usual, and after this the four remaining
motions will be performed, as already described, from No. 6 to No. 9 inclu-
sive, for making plain net without spots. Extend the bars to draw the front
division into the front combs, and to take the back division into the back
combs, and rack No. 6 and No. 42, which racks the main guides B, together
with all the extra guides 25, 26, and 27, 28, two spaces to the right. Close
the bars to restore the carriages to one row. Extend the bars to take all the
carriages into the back combs, and rack No. 7 and No. 43, which racks the main
guide B, together with all the extra guides, one space to the left. Close the
bars to bring the carriages forwards. Extend the bars to bring all the carriages

page_text: into the front combs, and rack No. 8.and No. 44; which racks the main guides.
B, together with all the extra guides, one space to the right: Close-the-bars- to
take the carriages back. Extend the bars to take the carriages into the back
combs, and rack No. 9 and No. 45, which racks the main guides B, together-
with all the extra guides, one space to the left. Close the bars to bring the car- 5
riages forwards ready for dividing. Take up with the front points, and divide-
the carriages. All the parts have now. regained the positions which. they had'
at the commencement of this description, and five complete meshes of net;
including two rows of spots, have been made, those spots being disposed in-a-
checker pattern. The continuance of the operation is a repetition of what has-1
been described. And note.-Although it has been stated that it is by-the
action of the points in taking up that the thread is drawn off from the pairs of
bobbins with slack springs to form the spots, and although that is the principal'
means of gathering the thread to form the spots; nevertheless, some thread:
will be yielded off by those bobbins when they pass and repass to lay their 1
bobbin threads with convolutions around the pair of warp threads, which are-
racked with unusual racking motions by aid of the extra guides, because those
warp threads have so much more tension than the slack bobbin threads-have-
that the latter will give way, and yield off thread to the former.
Description of a double-tier circular comb rotary machine for making
bobbin net lace, having single-bladed lockers to move the carriages, with part-
of the improvements applied thereto, for the purpose of making bobbin net lace.
ornamented with spots of the kind herein-before explained, see Sheets VIII.
and IX. of the Drawings hereunto annexed.-The machine is of the usual and'
well-known construction of double-tier rotary machinery, with driving bars-5
and single-bladed lockers; and, therefore, a detailed description of all its parts-
is unnecessary. It is put in motion by a workman standing in front; and:
turning the double winch handle Z, on the axis of which is a spur. wheel K,
to give motion, by an intermediate spur wheel J, to another spur-wheel N,
which is fixed on the long horizontal main axis Y, whereon is- fixed the
main driving camm M, which causes the vibration or alternate swinging.
fixed to a
motion of the driving bar H, I, by intervention of a lever arm
horizontal back axis O, which, by driving levers h, h, and half-jack links 1, 1,
actuates the swing jacks W; by which the driving bars H, I, are suspended;-
and likewise, on the same main axis Y, are fixed two locking camms R, r, to
operate by intervention of locking levers m, p, and upright links fand j, to
turn lockers F, F, about their centres or axles, and thereby move the edges
of their blades up and down, in order to draw the carriages quite clear through
from between the warp threads, after they have been partly driven through the
2

page_text: same by the swing of the driving bars H; I. Also, toothed pinions are fixed
on the main axis Y, to turn' taking-up cog wheels Q; of three times the size
and number of teeth on the taking-up axis P, at the end of which axis four
camms are fixed for actuating the point bars E, G, videlicet; a withdrawing
camm S, and a taking-up camm U, for actuating the front point bar E, and
a withdrawing camm v, and a taking-up camm V, for the back point bar G.
All these particulars being well known, require no farther explanation. This
part (now 'describing) of my improvements consists in the adaptation of such
machinery, with suitable additions, to the purpose of making ornamental' spots
in the bobbin net lace made by such machiney with such additions, the said
spots being made whilst the 'net' is in progress of fabrication in the machinery
by gathering up portions of certain of the bobbin threads, which have the
retarding springs to their bobbins set easier than those of the other bobbin'
carriages, and by causing pairs of those slack bobbin threads to make convolu-
tions around pairs of particular warp threads, which are for that purpose
racked with different racking motions from the other warp threads, all which
has been heroin-before fully explained. And the treatment which the threads
undergo is in great part the same as has been stated in the foregoing descrip-
tion of Lever's machine, but that treatment is effected by different mechanism,
which, together with the incorporation of the same with the parts of the
double-tier circular comb' machinery, is now to be'described: The two rows of
guides are just as usual in double-tier machinery, but the racking wheels on
the upright axis at the right-hand end of the machine, by which they are
racked, are double the usual size, and they go round only once whilst two
rows of complete meshes of net are made. For this purpose 'the bevil pinion
on the extreme end of the main axis Y 'has sixteen teeth, and the large bevil™
wheel on the lower end of the upright axis of the racking wheels has ninety-
six teeth. The proper form for the stops around these large racking wheels: is
represented in Sheet VIII., for racking the two guide bars and the front comb
bar. The occasional extra racking motions which are required' to be given' to
those particular warp threads' which are to be operative' in making spots," are
produced by means of benders 30, or short stump guides without eyes, as herein-
before mentioned. They are fixed in a row on a horizontal bender'bar'31,
which is applied in the machine, at the back thereof,' in a similar manner to a
guide bar: The benders 30 are short prongs soldered into a stem of brass, in
the manner of extra guides, as shewn full size in Sheet VIII., the extremities of
the prongs being turned 'nearly into a horizontal direction when the brass stems
are affixed to the bender bar 31; and reach up therefrom in an inclining
direction, as shown in the large section; Sheet VIII. The prongs of the benders

page_text: are disposed in their row at suitable distances apart to correspond to the places
which the spots are intended to occupy in their rows across the width of the
net. The bender bar 31 is mounted on pivots, about which it is capable of
turning so much as is requisite for withdrawing the extremities of the benders
from between the warp threads when they are not required to operate thereon,
that is, whenever meshes of plain net without any spots are to be made; or
by tilting the bender bar 31 about its pivots, the ends of the benders 30 may
be inserted between those particular warp threads which are required to. be
racked suitably for making spots, in concurrence with pairs of slack bobbin
threads, and the benders 30 being so inserted, and then racked endways in
their row, they will give the requisite additional racking movements to those
particular warp threads with which they come in contact, so as to bend
those threads aside suitably for causing the pairs of slack bobbin threads to
form convolutions around pairs of those said particular warp threads. The
benders 30 can be inserted between the back row of guide threads only,
so as to bend aside and give additional racking motions to particular single
threads of that row only, without operating upon the corresponding front
guide threads; but by inserting the benders 30 further forwards between
the guide threads, they will operate upon pairs of warp threads at particular
places in the two rows of guide threads. The endway racking motion of the
bender bar 81 is communicated to it by a racking wheel 34, which is fixed
upon the same upright axis at the right hand of the machine as the other
racking wheels before mentioned. The action of the racking wheel 34 is
transmitted to the bender bar 31 by an intervening lever 39, with a gage
screw, and a spring is applied to the bender bar 31, to urge it towards the
racking wheel 34. The tilting motion of the bender bar 31, whereby the
extremities of its benders 30 are inserted amongst one or both rows of
warp threads, or else withdrawn therefrom, is derived from a different racking
wheel 35, which is mounted on a horizontal axis 9, at the lower part of the
machine, and which is turned round at a slower rate than the other racking
wheels by means of a ratchet wheel 10, of seventy-two teeth, fixed upon the
axis 9, and turned round a tooth at a time by action of a driver 15, jointed to
a lever 14, which is mounted on a fixed centre pin at one end; and the
middle part of the lever 14 carries a truck, which is acted upon by a camm 20,
fixed on the main axis Y of the driving camms, and a pulling-up spring 21 is.
applied to the lever 14, to react against the camm 20. The camm 20 has four
prominences around its circumference, which act in succession to depress the
lever 14 and its driver 15, in order to turn the ratchet wheel 10 one tooth at
a time, that action being given at intervals between the times when each of

page_text: the ordinary racking motions of the machinery take place in succession. The
racking wheel 35, on the axis 9, operates upon a tooth projecting from a
lever 36, which is mounted on a fixed centre pin at one end, and from the
other end of the lever 36, an upright link 37 ascends to a lever arm 32, which
projects out horizontally from the bender bar 31, so that the elevations on the
circumference of the racking wheel 35 will withdraw the benders 30 from
between the warp threads, and the notches in that circumference will admit
the benders to penetrate amongst those threads, the shallow notches only
admitting the benders 30 to penetrate between the back guide threads, without
interference with the front ones, but the deeper. notches admitting the benders
between both rows of threads. Note. The action of the wheel 35,, for
inserting or withdrawing the benders 30 amongst the warp threads, must, be
performed before the usual time for racking the warp threads, and that is
accomplished by the camm 20 actuating the driver 15 of the ratchet wheel 10
on the axis 9, in the interval between the usual time for racking. The racking
of the benders endways, when they are in the threads, and by which they are
to bend those threads, is performed by the racking wheel 34, and nearly at the
usual time for racking the guide bars. And in order to distribute the spots
over the surface of the net according to a chequered pattern, the row of
benders 30 is moved endways while they are withdrawn from the warp threads,
in order that they may be inserted amongst certain of the warp threads at
one time,, but amongst other different threads at the next succeeding time,
according to the places in the width of the net which the spots of succeed-
ing rows are intended to occupy in those rows across the width of the net,
those places being in all cases at the intersections of the slack bobbin threads
which are to furnish thread for making the spots; but whether the benders 30
are inserted at one set of places or other, the same racking motions must be
given to them for bending the warp threads with which they come in contact
suitably for the formation of spots at any of the places where the benders may
be inserted. This is accomplished by the insertion of a moveable filling piece
40 between the aforesaid gage screw at the right-hand end of the bender
bar 31 and the intervening racking lever 39, which communicates the action
of the racking wheel 34 to the bender bar 31. When the filling piece 40 is
inserted, the benders 30 will make spots at certain places in the width of the
net, but at the next succeeding time of making spots the filling piece 40 is
withdrawn, and then the benders 80 will make spots at other different places
in the width of the net, suitable in each case to the intersections of the
slack bobbin threads and for the chequered pattern. The filling piece 40
is formed at the end of a horizontal link, which is jointed at its fore-

page_text: most end to the upper end of a lever arm 41, which ascends upwards:
from one end of a horizontal axis 42, and from that axis another lever
arm 43 descends; to apply. with a beak at its lower end to the 'notched circum-
ference of a wheel.44, which is fixed on the axis 9. The proper forms for the
said three wheels 84, 85; and 44; which are to concur in actuating the
benders 80, are represented in:Sheet.VIII.; videlicet, the racking wheel .34 on
the upright axis of the racking wheels, for giving to the bonders the racking
motions which they require to have.; also, the notched or racking wheel 35, on:
the axis 9,.for: inserting and withdrawing the benders when they are required to
make spots: or not; and the notched wheel. 44, on the same axis 9, which is for
chequering the distribution of the spots: The bobbin carriages, which stand ten
per inch side by side in each of their respective rows, have every sixth carriage
set with the spring of its bobbins slighter than the others, as already explained
respecting Lever's machinery; in order that it may give off thread very easily..
There must be an even number of carriages used in the machine at once,
instead of an odd number,' as usual; and, therefore, it is requisite, for making
turn-again of the left-handmost carriage: of the row, to apply the same kind of
tackle to: the back driving bar as. is used for making breadths in such
machinery, but is here applied to making a wide. piece of net. The back
driving bar II has a broad plate: k, k, fixed to it, to. form its acting edge for
driving the back division of carriages. forwards; and a deep notch is cut out in
the edge of. the plate. k, k,.at the .left-hand. end of the row of carriages with
which that.edge comes in contact, in order to admit into that notch one
carriage at that end, when the same is required to perform its turn-again, so
that it will be wholly included. in: the notch, and thereby it will escape being
driven.through into the front combs when all the other carriages are driven
through, and as that one carriage would be also, if the said notch were not
opened (see the horizontal plan in Sheet: IX.); and a slider l is provided for
closing the said notch, when required; it. is affixed to a short bar, or rather
sliding bolt m, which is moveable horizontally end ways, in sockets fixed to the
back driving bar H, with a spring', which always tends to pull the slider
aside and open the notch: The sliding bolt m is moved endways. by curved
guide g, which is applied to the left-hand end of the bolt:m, the guide g.being
affixed to a horizontal sliding bolt h, which is fixed into sockets fixed to the
back comb bar, and from the bolt h a wire link im is extended horizontally
all the length behind the machine to the back end of a racking lever 'y, which
is mounted on a fixed upright centre pin, and the foremost end of. the lever
applied with a beak to notches around the circumfererice of a wheel n, fixed
on the upright axis of the racking. wheels, and the wheel n, by pulling the

page_text: sliding bolt hendways,. bring. its curved sweep g. into lateral action at the end
of the sliding bolt. m;in the back, driving bar: H; in order to move the slider
over the notch in its broad, plate: k, k, and, close that, notch.; the curved
sweep g is adapted to cause the endway, motion: to be communicated from the
notehes. of the wheel n to the slider. l,. in::all the various positions which
the driving. bar. H assumes in; swinging: backwards. and forwards. All the
above. is similar, to the tackle. commonly used for making breadths in double-
tier machinery with driving bars, excepting that only one notch and slider1 is
used at the left-hand end of the back driving bar in this way, for making a wide
piece of spotted net, instead of several notches: along the. length thereof; as: is
required for. breadths. The. front point bar,will require to be racked for
taking up the meshes of the net which is: making with spots, according to this
part of my improvements, the racking being given when the points are making:
their insertion between the bobbin threads; for that purpose, a racking:
wheel. 15 is to be fixed upon the upper, end, of the upright, axis for-the
ordinary racking wheels (see the horizontal plan, Sheet 1X.); and it will act
by a suitable racking lever -17. upon a gage screw in the end piviot of the crank.
bar R, by which the-front point bar, is, suspended, so as to rack-that bar
endways occasionally;. and a spring 19 is applied, by the intervention of a suit-
able cross lever 21, as shewn in Sheet IX., to urge the front point bar endways.
towards its racking wheel 15.. The points are required. to operate differently.
from their usual course: in like machinery in taking up the meshes of the net
which is to be made: with spots, according to this. part. of my improvements,
because the front points are required to perform all the taking-up operations
for making the net and 'taking up the spots therewith, and the; back points only;
operate to relieve the front: points from holding up: and retaining whatever!
twist crossings or. laps the front points have. taken up.. For this purpose, the
taking-up camm. V, for the back points, is adapted to lower them down only a
very little. way after they have been withdrawn, by the usual action of their:
withdrawing .cammiv, and then they are reinserted again by action of the:
same camm v, so.as to go in again. immediately.under the front points; which,.
then becoming the uppermost row, are prepared for performing taking up. in
the. usual manner, by being. withdrawn by their own withdrawing.camm S,
and then lowered down, by: their; own; taking-up camm, U, and allowed to
penetrate amongst the threads by their withdrawing: camm: S, and then raised.
up: again by. their taking-up. camm U.. The action of: the withdrawing
camms.S, v, is transmitted to their respective point bars E. and G by elbows,
levers X, X, and horizontal links x, x; and the taking-up action of the:
other camms U, V, is transmitted by levers u, u, with trucks and upright.

page_text: links w, w, all which is as usual in like machinery, and requires no further
explanation. The forms of the several camms is represented in Sheet IX.
Note. The taking-up camm U, V, and v, S, for each point bar is adapted
to raise up the points a little immediately after the opposite points are with-
drawn, thereby producing the same effect as the overlapping horns which are
sometimes applied to other machines; the said lifting up is performed by
small rises on the camms U, V. Supposing the machine to have been in full
operation, making a wide piece of spotted net of the kind herein-before set
forth, and that it is stopped for examination, when the positions of all the several
parts are as follows:-Both division of the carriages are in the back combs,
the front points are withdrawn from the meshes of the net and lowered down,
the several
threads;
and stand ready to make their insertion through the warp
racking wheels on the upright axis at the right-hand end of the machine are
now standing with their steps No. 24 in action on their respective racking
levers or bolts, but those wheels are just on the point of racking to No. 1. The
several racking wheels 34, 35, and 44, on the axis 9, for actuating the benders
30, has been recently turned one tooth of its large ratchet wheel 10 by the
camm 20, lever 14, and driver 15, so as to have brought the steps No. 1 of
those wheels into action on their respective levers and bolts. The front comb
bar stands racked to the right as far as it can go; it can only rack one space.
of one-tenth of an inch for a ten-point gage machine. The sliding bolt or bar
m of the back driving bar H stands so far to the right as to bring the slider
over the notch in the plate k of the back driving bar, and keep that notch
closed. The front guide bar t stands racked to the right as far as it can go;
The back guide bar t
it can only rack one space of one-tenth of an inch.
stands racked to the left as far as it can go; it can only rack one space.
The bender bar 31 stands tilte dback so as to keep the extremities of its
benders 30 quite out of the threads; and the bar 31 stands racked to the left
as far as it can go; it can only rack one space. The front points stand
racked in a middle position, from which they can rack half a space to the
left, or one space to the right, in act of penetrating amongst the threads, as
will best suit the taking up. Starting from this position as a commence-
ment, the mode of working is as follows:-By turning the handle Z of the
machine, all the several parts are put in motion with due concert and suc-
cession of movement for making net with spots. The front points penetrate
the
warp threads, and immediately after. that penetration the racking wheels
on the upright axis rack to No. 1, which racks the front guides one space
to the left, and the front combs one space to the left, but there are no
carriages in the front combs; and at the same time the wheel 15 racks the

page_text: front point bar half a space to the left before those points penetrate the front
bobbin threads, and immediately they have penetrated them, then the points are
racked one space to the right before they penetrate the back bobbin threads.
The driving bars begin to swing forwards and pass the front division of carriages
through forward between the warp threads into the front combs. The front
points get quite up by the time that the front division of carriages are come into
the front combs; when the carriages are locked in the front combs, No. 2 is
racked, and racks the front combs one space to the right with the front division
of carriages, and also racks the front guides one to the right; the back guides
remain stationary. Also, at this time the slider 1, in the back driving bar, is
moved to the left by action of its wheel n, to open the notch in the blade k of
the driving bar, ready for leaving the left-handmost carriage of the back
division of carriages behind in the back driving bar. After No. 2 has racked,
the camm 20 and driver 15 turns the ratchet wheel 10, and other racking
wheels on the axis 9, one tooth, and the wheel 35 on that axis 9 presenting
one of its shallow notches to the tooth of the lever 36, allows the bender
bar 31 to tilt so much about its pivots as will bring forwards its benders 30,
and insert their extremities between the warp threads of the back row of
guides without reaching the front threads. The back points draw out from
the finished meshes of the net; and as the back carriages are coming through
forwards into the front combs, the front points go up a very little the instant
that the back points draw out, so as to take their places in the net. The back
points descend just under the front points, and then insert themseves again
into the threads, but without taking up any twist; and the back points get up
by the time the back carriages are come quite through into the front combs, and
then No. 3 is racked, which racks the front combs one space to the left, with
all the carriages except the left-handmost one of the back division, which
remains in the back combs in the notch which was opened for its reception in
the plate of the back driving bar H. The guide bars do not rack this time.
The bender bar 31 is racked one space to the right, whereby its benders 30
bend aside those back guide threads which will form the left-handmost of the
several pairs of warp threads, which will be included in each of the spots about
to be formed, in order that the pairs of slack bobbin threads which are to form
convolutions of their bobbin threads around the said pairs of warp threads may
pass around each of the warp threads which are now bended aside, as well as
around their fellow warp threads of the same pairs, so as to go round two warp
threads instead of round one only, which would be the case if the benders did
not operate. Then the back division of carriages goes through backwards, and
as they do so the front points are withdrawn from the meshes of net, and the -

page_text: instant they are withdrawn the back points go up a little to take their places
in the net. Then No. 4 is racked, which racks the front combs one spaco to
the right and the back guides one space to the right; the front guides remain
their
stationary. The benders 30 wero withdrawn from between the threads
wheel 35, at the racking of the ratchet 'wheel'10, by action of the camm 20 and
driver 15, and when No. 4 is 'racked, the benders are racked one space to the
right. The front points are let down, and the front division of carriages goes
through backwards, and as they do so the benders 30 are-reinserted by action
of a deep notch in their wheel 85 on the axis 9, and their stump-pointed
extremities are now inserted quite through both rows of guide threads, with one
bender at the right-hand side of each of those front guide threads which is to
form the right-handmost of each pair of warp threads which is included in each
cf the spots. When the carriages get quite through into the back combs, and
No. 5 is racked, the bender bar 'racking wheel 34 racks the benders 30 one
space to the left, bending and carrying with them 'those front guide threads
which are to become the right-handmost warp thread of each spot. Note.-
The corresponding back guide threads, which will form 'the left-handmost or
fellow warp threads of the pairs included in each spot, is not bended by this
racking of the benders, because at the same time of racking No. 5, the back main
guides are racked one space to the left; also at the racking of No. 5, the wheel n
racks the sliders h, g; m, and 1 towards the right, so as to close the notch in the
blade k; k, of the back driving bar H; No. 5 also racks the back guides 'one
space to the left, likewise the front points, which are by that time down and
ready for penetrating the threads, are racked half a space 'to the right before
they enter the warp threads, and then, having so entered, they are racked half
a space more to the right before they enter the front bobbin threads, and then
return one-space to the left before entering the back bobbin' threads; the front
carriages come through forwards and the front points go up. The benders-are
withdrawn-by action of their wheel 35, on the axis 9, from between the warp
threads a little before the racking of No. 6, which racks the front guides one
space to the left, but the back guides remain stationary. The back carriages
come through forwards, the benders are reinserted by a notch of their wheel 35
on the axis 9, 'so as to penetrate amongst the back and front guide threads with
one bender 30 at the left-hand side of each of those warp threads which are to
form the left-handmost of each pair included in each of the spots. By the time
the back carriages are come quite through into the front combs, and No. 7
is racked, the bender 'bar racking wheel 84 racks the row of benders 80 one
'to the right, bending and carrying with them the said left-handmost
warp thread of each spot, and at the same time of racking No. 7, the fellow or
space

page_text: right-hand thread of the spot is carried the same way, because No. 7 racks
the front guide bar one space to the right. The back carriages go through
backwards, the front points are withdrawn, and the back points are raised up a
little to take their places in the net, and then the front points go down. The
benders are withdrawn from between the threads, and then No. 8 racks the
back guides one to the right. The front carriages go through backwards, and
as they go through, the front points, which are then down-ready for penetrating
the threads, are racked half a space to the left, and then penetrate the warp
threads and the front bobbin threads, and are then rackel a quarter space to
the right before they enter the back bobbin threads, and then one quarter
space more before they get up, which they do by the time that the carriages
get quite through into the back combs, and then No. 9 racks the front guides
one space to the left, and the back guide bar the same. The front carriages
come through forwards; the benders are inserted between both rows of guide
threads, and then No. 10 racks the front guides one to the right, but the.
benders 80 prevent those front guide threads which are to become the right-
handmost warp thread of each spot from so racking to the right, for those
threads being bended aside against the bender are retained in the places
they occupied previously; the back carriages-come through forwards, the back
points draw out, and the front points go up a little into their places, and
the back points go up under the front points, as before, but taking up no-twist
or crossings. The benders are withdrawn, and then, when No. 11 is racked,
they are racked one to the right; No. 11 also racks the back guides one
to the right. The back carriages go through backwards, the front points are
withdrawn, and the back points go up a little into their places; the benders
are reinserted amongst the back guide threads only; and at the left-hand side
of each.thread which is to be the left-handmost warp thread of each spot, and
then No. 12 racks the back guides one space to the left, but the benders 30
detain those back guide threads which, as aforesaid, are to be the left-hand-
most warp.threads in each spot, and keep them bent aside in the position they
had before racking No. 12. The front carriages go through backwards, and
now one row.of complete meshes of net have been made with a row of spots
nearly complete. At the time of racking No. 13, the benders 30 are racked
one space to the left whilst they are amongst the threads, and then the front
points enter the warp.threads, and immediately after that the benders are with-
drawn; No. 18 racks the front combs one space to the left, but without any
carriages in the combs, and racks the front guides one space to the left. 'And
note. The front. points rack and go up, as before described, in taking up at
No. 1. The front carriages come through forwards; the benders are inserted

page_text: through both rows of guide threads at the right-hand sides of the pairs of warp
threads which belong to the several spots, and No. 14 racks the front combs one
space to the right, with the front carriages and the front guides one space to the
right; the benders bending aside the right-handmost warp thread of each spot
to the left; the back points are withdrawn to take the place of the front points,
as before. The back carriages come through forwards; the benders are with-
drawn, and No. 15 racks the front combs one space to the left, with all the
carriages in them; the back carriages go through backwards, and No. 16
racks the front combs one space to the right, without any carriages in them,
and racks the back guides one space to the right; the front points draw out
and descend, and penetrate the threads, and go up again, as already described
at No. 5; then the front carriages go through backwards, and No. 17 racks the
back guides one space to the left; the front carriages come through forwards,
and No. 18 racks the front guides one space to the left; the back carriages
come through forwards; the back points take the place of the front ones, as
before described, previous to racking No. 8, and then No. 19 racks the front
guides one space to the right; the back carriages go through backwards, and
No. 20 racks the back guides one space to the right; the front carriages go
through backwards, and the front points having been withdrawn and let down
penetrate the threads and go up, as at No. 8; then No. 21 racks both rows of
guides oue space to the left; the front carriages come through forwards, and
No. 22 racks the front guides one space to the right; the back carriages
come through forwards, and No. 23 racks the back guides one space to the
right; the back points draw out and take the place of the front points, as
before; the back carriages goes through backwards, and No. 24 racks the
back guides one space to the left; the front points draw out and begin to go
down; the front carriages go through backwards, and the front points get
down ready for penetrating the warp threads. All the parts (excepting the
wheels on the axis 9). have now regained the position which they had at the
commencement of this description, the racking wheels on the upright axis at
the right-hand end of the machine have gone quite round, and two rows of
completo meshes of net, including one row of spots, have been made. The
continuance of the operation of making such net is a continual repetition of
the above, excepting as respects the operation of the benders 30, which must
be kept wholly withdrawn from the warp threads whenever plain net is to be
made without spots. That is effected by the wheel 35 on the axis 9, which
will keep the benders withdrawn during all the next repetition of the above
description, that is, during a second revolution of the racking wheels on the
upright axis at the right-hand end of the machine, and theroby two rows of

page_text: complete meshes of net without spots will be made, in order to intervene
between the row of spots, which, during the above description, had been.made,
and the next succeeding row of spots which will be made during the succeeding
revolution of the racking wheels on the upright axis or third repetition of the
operation above described, during which-third repetition, the wheel. 85 on the
axis 9 will allow the benders 30 to be inserted when requisite for producing
their intended operation, as above described; in giving additional and unusual
racking motions to those particular pairstof: warp threads which are to have
convolutions of pairs of intersecting slack.bobbin threads formed:around them
for producing another.row of 'spots in the two rows of complete meshes which
are then making. And during such third-repétition and third revolution of
the racking wheels' on the upright axis; the other wheel 44 on the.axis .9
will determine the place of.insertion: for the benders in the rows of guide
threads, by the insertion or non-insertion of the filling piece 40 at the end of
the bender bar:31, and the wheel 44:will thereby regulate the said insertions
of the bender 80, suitably for disposing the spots: at such places in the .said
second row across the width of the: net as are intermediate to the places of the
spots in the preceding row, which was made by the operation-above-described,
or first revolution of the racking wheels on the upright axis, in order thereby
to dispose the spots according to a chequered pattern.ion the plain ground of
the net: Note: The filling piece 40 being' sonce inserted or withdrawn from
the end of the bender cbar:81rbymaction of its wheel. 144, previous to the.com-
mencement soft the repetition a course of operations above described, will
continue so inserted or withdrawn during all that repetition; and when three
successive repetitions of the operation above described have been made, the
seventy-two stoothed ratchet wheels10 on the axis.9, together with the wheels
35 and 144 thereon, for actuating the bender, bar. 31, will have: completed a
revolution, and then all the parts, without exception, will stand in the positions
which they occupied at the commencement of the foregoing description.
And other part of my said improvements: in certain machinery. for..making
bobbin net lace, for the purpose of making figured or ornamented bobbin
net lace, relates to the making of such net or lace assis figured or ornamented
with a kind of enlarged meshes of open work, which, from a supposed resemi-
blance to the cells of honeycombs is called honeycomb.open work, being
composed of sintermixed meshes of larger size and smaller.size than the
ordinary meshes of tbobbin net which would be made by the same machinery
operating in its usual manner. The appearance of such honeycomb open
work to the eye is somewhat similar to that which is termed Grecian net,
except being riuriminature, for the enlarged meshes of the honeycomb open

page_text: work are less disproportioned to the ordinary meshes of the net than in
Grecian, in which each large mesh is surrounded by ten smaller meshes, all
nearly as large as the ordinary meshes of the bobbin net which the same
machinery would make when worked in its usual manner; but in honeycomb
open work, the small or contracted meshes are smaller than the said ordinary
meshes of the net.
And whereas, having invented improvements in bobbin net machinery for
the purpose of making bobbin net lace figured or ornamented with stripes
of honeycomb open work, as aforesaid, I obtained Letters Patent from His
present Majesty, dated the Twentieth day of November, One thousand eight
hundred and thirty-four, and I described the said improvements in my Speci-
fication, which was enrolled in the Chapel of the Rolls on the Twentieth of
May, One thousand eight hundred and thirty-five, and I therein shewed the
application thereof to single-tier Lever's machinery, and to double-tier circular
bolt or circular comb machinery. Now, this part of my present improvements
is for making bobbin net lace figured or ornamented with stripes of honey-
comb open work, somewhat similar in its appearance to that produced by my
said former improvements, although different in the texture of the threads, and
in mode of its production. In Sheet XI. of the Drawings hereunto annexed is
'an enlarged representation of the meshes of one kind of honeycomb open work
made by this part of my present improvements, with a few meshes of the
ordinary bobbin net at the side, to show the relation the different meshes bear
to each other. The same Figure shows the manner whereby the diagonal or
traversing threads of the plain net proceed across part of the open work,.and
are then distorted from their usual course, and are then made to turn again or
retraverse in contrary direction of obliquities to that which they had previously
followed, whereby some of the crossings of diagonal threads are omitted, in
order to produce enlarged meshes, whilst intervening contracted meshes are
obtained by the aforesaid distortion, which is augmented and maintained by
the introduction of taping threads amongst the meshes of open work, as is there
plainly represented by a green colour.
Description of a Lever's machine, with part of the improvements applied
thereto, for the purpose of making ornamental stripes of honeycomb open work
in the breadths of bobbin net lace made thereby, see Sheets X., XI., XII.,
and XIII. The Lever's machine being, for the most part, of the usual construc-
tion, is sufficiently explained by the Drawings and the writing thereon, and it
is only requisito to describe the parts in which alterations or additions are
made. The two comb bars are spread wider apart from each other at their
lower edges than usual, without materially altering the space between them at

page_text: their upper edges. This is done to obtain more space between the comb bars
for the introduction of extra guide bars; it is effected by bending the arms of
the main joints by which the comb bars and landing bars are suspended from
their centre pins, and filing the upper edges of the bars on which the combs are
applied to a suitable bevil, and casting the combs in new leads to suit the new
bevil; all which is sufficiently explained by the full size section, Sheet X.
The front comb bar is cut narrower than usual, to admit of an extra bar 31
being placed under it for a row of benders, which are of a similar nature to those
herein-before described in Sheet VIII. of the Drawings. The bender bar 31
is supported on fixed centre pins 32, fastened at the under side of the fixed
tye bar, curved arms 33 being affixed to the bender bar to reach downwards
to the center pins 32. The stems of the benders 30 are screwed to the bar 31,
and reach up to a proper situation for their bending prongs 30 to be inserted
between the warp threads beneath the combs, or to be withdrawn therefrom.
The requisite motions for this purpose are given to the bender bar 31 by
means of a prolongation 37 of one of the curved arms 33, by which the bar 31
is supported; which prolongation descending below the fixed centre pins 32
(as shewn in Shects XI. and XII.), the lower end applies to one end of a lever
36, which is pased on a fixed upright centre pin, held in a bracket which pro-
jects out from the wood frame, and the other end of the lever 36 applies with
a tooth to the circumference of a racking wheel 35, which is fixed on an
upright axis 9 at the left-hand end of the machine, and applied and worked
nearly in the same manner as already described respecting Sheet VII., videlicet,
the upright axis 9 is supported in brackets fixed to the wood frame, and has a
ratchet wheel 10, of sixteen teeth, fixed upon it, to be turned a tooth a at time
by a driver 23, which is jointed to one arm of an elbow lever 24, whereof the
other arm receives its motion from a projection w on the goose-neck link. By
this means the racking wheel 10 is turned one tooth every time that the
landing bars are extended, and at exactly the same moment when the ordinary
racking wheels at the right-hand end of the machine are moved. The bender
bar 31 is urged inwards towards the warp threads by the pull of springs 38,
which are applied to the lower ends of the prolonged curved arm 37, and those
springs also react against the racking wheel 35, which by its notches allows
the benders to be inserted amongst the warp threads, or by its prominences
withdraws them therefrom. The bender bar 31 is racked horizontally endways
by sliding motion of its curved arms 33, along their fixed centre pins 32, that
motion being given by a racking wheel 34 on the upright axis 9, which acts
by means of a horizontal cross lever 49, and a wire link 39 therefrom, and a
reacting spring 40 to rack the bender bar 31 to the right, when a prominence

page_text: of the wheel 34 comes round to the tooth at the foremost end of the cross
lever 49, or to rack the same bar to the left, when a notch of the wheel 34
comes round, that motion being given by action of a much stronger spring,
which is applied.horizontally to the tail.or, backmost end of the lever 49
behind the frame, as is shewn by the horizontal plan, Sheet XII. The proper
form for the racking wheels 34 and 35, for actuating the benders, is shewn in
Sheet. XIII. Thus far the additional mechanism is very nearly the same as is
described in my former Specification of the 20th day of May 1835, and forms
no part of my present improvements. The mode of suspending and actuating
the point bars, is that usually employed in modern Lever's machinery, so that
by depressing one or the other of the treadles, the point bar belonging to: that
treadle will first be withdrawn from the meshes of the net, then lowered down
and inserted again amongst the threads, and then, by releasing the treadle, will
be raised up again; all this has been already described in this Specification
respecting Sheet VI., videlicet, the treadle levers e, e, with upright: lifting links
P, Q, behind, and catches n, n, upon them, to act under a straight lover k,
by a link E and lever arm l, for withdrawing the front point bar, or under an
elbow lever L by a link w, for withdrawing the back point bar. Also, the
moveable stops for limiting the rising up of the point bars in taking up the
meshes are the same as herein-before described, videlicet, by means of a cross
sliding bolt 33, one end or other of which intercepts one or other of the stop
pieces 34 on the tail pole levers r or s, the sliding bolt 33 being moved, one-way
or other towards that tail pole lever ror-s which is for tho. time the operative
one, by means of a lever, 35, receiving its motion from pieces 36, fixed to the tail
pole levers; all this is no part of my present.improvements, being frequently used
in modern Lever's machinery. The machine represented in the Drawings, is
provided with what is called breadthing tackle, for-the purpose of making..the
net in breadths, each breadth being ornamented by a stripe of honeycomb
open work along the middle of it. The breadthing tackle being as usual in
Lever's machinery, except with a slight difference of arrangement, requires but
a very brief. explanation. The turn-again combs J are applied in the row of
front combs, instead of in that of the back combs, as is now most commonly
practised, but that occasions very little difference in the operation; a notch is
cut out in the row of front combs at every place therein where a pair of
selvedges are to be formed for the junctions of two adjacent breadths. The
notch at each such place comprizes two adjacent combs entirely removed, and
the next combs at each side of the two which are removed are cut off at top,
leaving only stumps of about half their original height, which stumps are. .also
cut of short behind, reducing them to about half their original length. The

page_text: vacancy of two combs and two stumps in the row of front combs is filled
up by a lead of turn-again combs, Figure J, Sheet X., fixed upon the turn-
again comb bar'I, which is applied on the front of the front comb bar. The
lead' of turn-again combs J contains three combs, which are inserted into the
vacancy cut out as aforesaid in the row of front combs, the middlemost
of the three being a complete comb, which supplies the place of either one
or the other of the two front combs, which are cut quite away, according
as the turn-again comb bar I is racked one way or the other. The other turn-
again combs at each side of that middle one are upper portions of combs
which are adapted to stand over one or other of the aforesaid two stump
combs at the sides of the 'vacancy' in the front combs, and being brought
into the same vertical plane with that stump comb over which it stands,
the said upper portion will supply' the 'deficiency of the stumps, so as to
make it up to a complete comb; and whilst one of the said upper portions
of the turn-again comb thus complètes one of the stumps in the front combs,
the other upper portion stands by itself, in' place of that vacant front comb
which is wholly cut out, and which is not supplied by the turn-again comb,
excepting by that upper portion. The other stump front comb' stands 'adja-
cent. to the said upper portion which stands by itself, which, together with
that stump, are each sufficient to constitute the cells for the reception of the
bobbin carriages, so that whenever they are brought forwards in an unbroken
row into the front combs, every carriage will find its proper place in the cells
of the front combs, together with those of their turn-again" comb's; but in
dividing the carriages, although every other carriage in the general row is
brought forwards in the front division, nevertheless three adjacent carriages
are brought forwards together at the junction of every adjacent pair of breadths.
Two of those three adjacent carriages are received into the two spaces of the
turn-again comb, and. being lodged therein, then, by racking' the turn-again
comb, the said two carriages which' it contains can be transposed one space
from their previous position in the general row of carriages, and when' the
carriages are restored again to one row, those two carriages will not have been
traversed, although all the other carriages have been traversed by the dividing.
One of the said carriages which thus escapes traversing is the turn-again car
riage, and the other is the whipping carriage, for supplying the whipping or
lacing thread by which every two adjacent' selvedges that are 'formed by the
turn-again operations are to be laced together. All this being the usual inodė
of breadthing in Tever's machinery, will be readily understood by persons con-
versant with such machinery: Note.-The' row of back pushers, which are in
this case opposite to the, turn-again combs, require to have a space between

page_text: two of its back pushers filled up at every place in their row where there is a
turn-again comb in the row of front combs, in order that in the dividing three
adjacent carriages may go together in the front division into the front combs,
as above stated; but in applying this part of my improvements, in lieu of filling
up a space between two back pushers, a stump 80 is placed over that space
between pusher which would be so filled up. The stump 80 is carried by a
slender bar 65, mounted in sockets which are affixed to the back pusher bar,
and reach up over the same. One such stump 80 is provided at every junction
of adjacent breadths. The bar 65, with its stumps 80, is never racked at all,
although the back pusher bar by which it is supported is racked occasionly,
as will be explained; therefore, a stem 91 is fixed to the, bar 65, and reaches
backwards and downwards therefrom, to apply sideways with a gage screw to
the flat vertical surface of the middle brace 92 of the fixed tye bar; and when
the back landing bar and back pusher bar vibrate around their common centre
of motion, the gage screw of the stem 91 travels up and down against the fixed
surface of the curved brace 92, and that contact (by aid of a spring which pulls.
the bar 65 always towards it) prevents the bar 65, or its stumps 80, from ever
moving endways. There are two selvedge guide bars N and O applied, one
against the back face of the fixed tye bar, and the other at the front side of the
main guide bar t, as is clearly shewn in the section, Sheet X. Each of the said
selvedge bars N, O, has its own distinct racking wheel c, d, fixed upon the usual
upright axis at the right-hand end of the machine, and there is also a racking
wheel R. thereon, for racking the turn-again comb bar I; all which being very
similar to the usual arrangements in Lever's machinery, requires no further ex-
planation. The forms of all the several racking wheels is represented in Sheet
XIII. The ratchet wheel for the usual racking wheels on the upright axis
V, at the right-hand end of the machine, has eight teeth. The other ratchet
wheel 10, for the racking wheels on the upright axis 9, at the left-hand end
of the machine, has sixteen teeth. The parts which relate more particularly to
the making of open work by this part of my improvement are as follows:-
I apply an aditional turn-again comb bar 66, with a set of turn-again combs 95
thereon, to fill up notches in the back comb bar, one lead of such turn-again
combs being provided for each breadth, or rather for each stripe, of orna-
mental open work of the kind represented in Sheet XI., which is to be intro-
duced in the width of the net which is made by the machinery; and I cut
notches in the row of the back combs, as shewn in figure 96, Sheet X., each
notch being formed by cutting eight adjacent combs, whereof four are removed
entirely, and four are cut away to stump combs, two of those four stumps
standing together in the middle of the notch, and the other stumps being at

page_text: the sides of each notch; therefore, the cutting away at each notch is equiva-
lent to two notches in combs for ordinary turn-again combs, those two,
notches joining into one. Each lead of turn-again combs 95 contains six.
such combs for filling up each notch in the back combs, two of them being
entire combs, and one at each side of those two entire combs being upper
portions adapted to cover over the stump combs which are left in the notch of
the back combs; therefore, the turn-again comb 95 is equivalent to two.
ordinary turn-again combs brought close together in the same lead. All this
is very plainly shewn in Sheet X. By means of these turn-again combs 95,
the diagonal traversing of a portion of the bobbin threads is occasionally.
interrupted, whereby crossings of those threads are omitted, and that assists in
producing the enlarged meshes of honeycomb open work, as will be aparent
by tracing the course of those threads in the enlarged representation of the
meshes in Sheet XI., which contains a figure of one stripe of the ornamented
open work, which will be made opposite to each lead of turn-again combs 95,
with so much of the ordinary meshes of plain net at each side thereof as will
serve to explain the junction of the two kinds of meshes. And note.-The
turn-again tackle j, already explained, for making the net in breadths, has no
relation to that now describing for making stripes of open work, for such
stripes may be made in a broad pieco of net, if desirable, or two or more
stripes of open work may be introduced into the same breadth; and wherever a
lead of turn-again combs, like figure 95, is applied to a wide notch cut out in
the row of the back combs, there a stripe of open work may be made along the
net, and wherever an ordinary lead of turn-again combs, Figure J, is applied
in a corresponding narrow notch cut out in the row of front combs, there a
junction between breadths with selvedges may be formed by the aid of one
accompanying selvedge guide on each of the selvedge guide bars N and O,
and one stump back pusher 80 on the bar 65, and one pusher cut out in the
row of front pushers, also one whipping carriage to work in the turn-again
comb J. The accompaniments to each of the leads of turn-again combs 95,
for making open work, are as follows, videlicet:-Two pushers cut out in
the row of back pushers U, leaving one pusher standing between the two
vacancies, as is shewn in Figure U, Sheet X., and two spaces in the front
pushers R must be filled up opposite to those vacancies, corresponding to
the double vacancy cut out in the back combs, and to the double turn-
again combs 95. But the turn-again operation of the said turn-again
combs 95, for making the open work, is not to be repeated at every time
of dividing the carriages, as is the case in making selvedges by the ordinary
turn-again combs J for breadthing, but it is only repeated at every time of

page_text: taking up with the back points, wherefore the aforesaid filling up of two
spaces between the front pushers R is performed, when required; by -aid-of
an extra pair of front pushers 96; applied on an extra-pusher. bar-64; so as
to stand very close over the front pushers R, in a suitable position for acting
on the carriages the same as the front pushers- do; the said pair of extra!
pushers 96 being placed so as to stand over these two-spaces between the
front pushers R, which are to be filled up; they will produce the-same-effect
as filling up would do, but by moving the bar 64, with its pair of "extra"
pushers 96, a little sideways, then they come to stand over the other:front
pushers R, and produce no effect; and in like manner, the back-pushers-U
have an extra pusher bar 63, with a pair of extra pushers 97; applied just over
them, which being placed so as to stand over the places of the two back pushers.
which are cut out, will act in their stead to render the row of back pushers U
complété; wherefore, the two extra pusher bars 64 and 63 being suitably placed:
with their pairs of extra pushers 96 and 97; over their respective rows of front
and back pushers R and U; in manner aforesaid, will cause both those rows to
operate as unbroken rows in the act of dividing the carriages,' and 'then the
carriages will be regularly divided; and the turn-again combs '95 will have no
operation whatever, and that is the case at every other time of dividing the car-
riages when the front points take up, but at other times, when the back points
are to operate in taking up, the turn-again combs 95 are required to operate,
and then the extra-pusher bars 64, 63, must. be suitably placed for bringing
their extra pushers 96 and 97 over their respective rows of pushers R and U
for filling up a pair of narrow spaces in the front row of pushers R; and at the
same time opening a pair of corresponding-vacant spaces in the back row of
pushers U, in which case, in the act of dividing, two carriages of those which
would otherwise belong to the front division will be pushed back into the way
of the back catch-bar, so as to be caught thereby along with the back division;
and will be taken through backwards therewith into the turn-again combs 95;
which then (by suitable racking) will cause those two carriages to perform
turn-again in the same manner as is done in making breadths by one carriage
in each ordinary turn-again comb, but two carriages perform this turn-again
together very near each other. And note.-Previously to every succeeding
time of thus performing the turn-again for open work by the turn-again combs
95, the back comb bar, with its turn-again combs 95, is racked so as to carry
those turn-again combs to different places in the width of the net; where they
will meet with a different set of diagonal traversing threads at each succeeding
time. This racking of the back comb bar is performed by a racking wheel 75
on the upright axis 9, at the left-hand end of the machine, with a racking leve

page_text: 76; and also the racking of the back turn-again comb bar I is performed by a
racking wheel 74, on the same axis 9, and a racking lever 75. The back-pusher bar
also accompanies the back.comb.bar in such tracking, in order that the notches
in the row. of back. pushers U may continue properly opposite in correspondence
with the turn-again combs 95.. The front pusher:bar does not accompany the
back one, but the two extra pusher: bars:63; 64; do accompany the back.comb
bar; in order that their pairs of extra pushers 96, 97, may continue: properly
oppositecto:and.in/correspondence with the turn-again combs 95. And notė:
In consequence of this racking of the back pushers to accompany the back comb
bar; the stump pusher 80 and its bar:65; before mentioned; for producing the turn-
again operation of the ordinary breadthing tackle; requires to:bé retained from
any racking:endways, as already described by the gage:screw of the stem.91
bearing against.the fixed.brace 92'of the tyeibar: Note:-The two extra pusher
bars:64 and 63: are: both racked by one racking wheel 84, on the upright axis
9, at the left-hand end of the machine, although one bar is in the back and the
other in the front; for this. purpose the wheel: 84 acts on a tooth at the fore-
most send of a horizontal cross-lever-86, seo the horizontal plan, Sheet XII.,
which is poised on.anfixed upright.centre pin, and is urged: towards the wheel
by a strong spring-pulling horizontally at its tail end; the foremost end of the
lever-86.is.connected by a wire link:88; with the front extra pusher bar 64;
and the tail.end of the lever: 86 operates; by an intervening levér 89 and wire.
83, upon the back:extra bar 63:;: each bar 64 and 63 is provided with it's own
reacting 'spring to pull against its wire links 88 and 83, but the tail spring of
the lever.86 is strong enough to overcome both; by. this arrangement, both
bars 63 and 64. will receive equal: and simultaneous! racking' motions from the
racking,wheel 84. The turn-again of two carriages at a time, which is thus
produced at different places in the width of the net, at every succeeding time,
occasions the enlarged meshes of the open work, by omitting crossings of
diagonal threads at those places, and thus conjoining what would otherwise be
two-succeeding.meshes into one enlarged mesh; and the contraction of the' inter-
mediate meshes between the enlarged meshes is obtained by particular looping
of the warp threads with the traversing threads which are- about to perform
their return of traversing or turn-again; aided by the introduction of additional
taping-threads, coloured green in the representation, Sheet XI::. The guides p;
by which those taping threads are introduced, are marked'p, Sheet X.; they
'are similar to those described in my said former Specification of the 20th day
of May 1835; each such guide,has five eyes, to receive that number of such
taping threads at one-tenth of an inch assunder, and the stem p'of those guides
is fixed-to a guide-bar K, placed on the top of the fixed tye bar, and suitable
°

page_text: racking motions are given to that bar K by a racking wheel fixed on the
upright axis of the ordinary racking wheels at the right-hand end of the
machine. L is another bar for taping guides, which may be used, if required,
to introduce taping threads into the plain meshes of the net. The threads for
the taping guides p and L are furnished from distinct thread rollers M. The
benders 30, Sheet X., have two prongs fixed in the same stem, situated at one-
fifth of an inch asunder, corresponding to the two whole combs in the turn-
again combs 95. And note. When the back comb bar is racked, as before
mentioned, in order to carry its turn-again combs 95 opposite to different
places in the width of the net, the bender bar 31 does the same, in order that
the benders 30 may also accompany and keep opposite to the turn-again
combs 95, in correspondence therewith; the taking up points are ten per inch
in each row, as usual, and are cast in cranked leads, in order that they may be
brought down very near to the tops of the carriages in the act of taking up;
the points are to operate by what is called hugging the twist, as is the most
usual mode of working in Lever's machinery; and at every place in the row
of front points which correspond to those places in the row of back combs
where turn-again combs 95 are applied therein, the pointed extremities of the
pins of the front points are bended a little aside from their regular distances, in
order that each pair of front pins which corresponds to the two whole combs
in each lead of turn-again combs 95 may be spread apart from each other, so
as to have a wider space between them than usual, and thereby ensure that the
front pins, in the act of taking up, shall make correct insertions at each side of
each of the enlarged meshes of the open work which result from omitting the
crossings of bobbin threads at those particular places; the front point bar
requires to be racked endways occasionally, in order that it may accompany the
back comb bar, with its turn-again combs 95, when they are 'racked, as before
mentioned, in order to bring them into operation at different places in the width
of the net. And by such racking of the front points, its pairs of bended pins
will always enter properly, so as to take up the enlarged meshes between them.
For this purpose a small ratchet wheel 15 (see Sheet XI.), with twelve teeth, is
applied to the front point bar spindle bar E, it is fixed on a short horizontal
axis, with a notched wheel 16 by the side of it, and that axis is mounted in a
small supporting frame 14, affixed to the spindle bar E, for the front point bar,
and projecting out backwards from that spindle bar; 17 is a driver, which
applies to the teeth of the ratchet wheel 15; it is mounted upon a fixed centre
pin borne by the top bar W. When the front point bar is put down by pressing
on the right treadle, in preparation for taking up the meshes of net, the ratchet
wheel 15 is carried upwards towards its driver 17, which, catching one of its

page_text: twelve teeth, turns it round, together with the notched wheel 16. The notched
wheel 16 applies its circumference to the beak of a short pendulous lover 18,
and by intervention thercof the prominences of the wheel 16 acts on one arm
of an elbow lever 19, which is mounted on an upright centre pin fixed to the
spindle bar E, and the other arm of the elbow lever 19 is connected with a
strong spring 21, which, when notches of the wheel 16 come round, pulls the
said arm of the lever 19 against a gage screw 26, on the top joint bar d of the
front point bar, so as to pull that bar towards the left hand as far as the stop
screw 53 of the left-hand top joint' will permit, in which case the front points
will become placed with their bended points in a proper manner for taking up
the enlarged meshes of the open work; but when the wheel 16 presents its
prominences to the beak of the lever 18, then the elbow lever 19 is removed,
in spite of its strong spring 21, from all action on the front points, in which
case a slighter spring 22 will bear the front points to the right as far as the
stop screw 54 of the right-hand top joint will permit, in which case the front
points will be brought into a proper situation for taking up the next succeeding
course or row of enlarged meshes.
These particulars of the machinery being understood, its operation may now
be explained. And note.-Although I have in the foregoing description only.
mentioned benders 30 as the mode of giving to those warp threads which pass
along the open work such additional racking motions as they require to have,
in order to concur with the interrupted traversing of the bobbin threads in
forming enlarged and contracted meshes of open work, nevertheless the same
effect may be produced without benders, by employing four extra guide bars,
with extra or filling guides for all those particular warp threads upon, which
the benders are stated to operate in the following description, instead of thread-
ing those threads into the main guides, and causing those extra guides, by
operation of suitable racking wheels, to rack those particular warp threads at
the same times and in the same directions as the benders are stated to rack
them; the said extra guides being racked by their racking wheels coinci-
dently and simultaneously with the main guides at all times when the benders
are stated to be inoperative on the warp threads. In my former Specification
of the 20th of May 1885, I have fully explained the operation of such extra
guide bars and filling guides, as well as that of benders, which are equivalent
one for the other. Supposing the machine to have been in regular work, making
breadths of bobbin net lace ornamented with stripes of honeycomb open work,
and that it is only stopped for examination when the position of the parts
are as follows:-The carriages are all amongst the warp threads at their
central posi.ion; the front points took up last; the large extra racking wheels

page_text: at the left-hand end of the machine are standing with their steps No. 16 in
action on their respective racking levers, see Sheet XIII:; the small ordinary
racking wheels at the right-hand end of the machine are standing, with
their steps No. 8 in action, on their respective racking bolts or levers; the
front comb bar, with its turn-again combs J, stands racked to the left as
far it can go, it can move two spaces of one-twentieth of an inch each for.
a ten-point gage machine; the back comb bar, with its turn-again combs 95,
stands racked to the right as far as it can go, it can move two spaces in all ;
the back pusher bar always racks coincidently with the back combs, and
therefore stands. they same as they do; the back turn-again' comb bar 66, for
the turn again comb's 95, belonging to the open work, is standing to the left as:
far as it can go, it can only move one space; the back extra pusher bar 68; see
Sheet Xi, stands to the left as far as it can go, and in that position its extral
pushers 97 stand so as to leave: the two vacancies in the row of back pushers
U open opposite to the 'turn-again combs 95; the bar 63 can only move one
space in respect to the back pusher bar; the front extra pusher bar 64 always
moves with the back extra pusher bar 63, and therefore stands the same; its
extra pushers 96 now stand over two spaces in the row of front pushers R, so
as to have the effect of filling up those two spaces; the breadthing stump 80, on
the bar 65 (which never racks at all), stands quite at the left-hand side of the
left-handmost back. pusher: U in each breadth; the ordinary turn-again comb
bar I in front, for breadthing, stands racked to the right as far as it can go,
it can only move one space in respect to the front comb bar; 'the main guide
bar.t stands racked in a middle position, from which it can move two spaces to
the right or one space to the left; the taping guide bar K stands in a middle
position, from which it can move one space to the right or two space's 'to the
left; the taping guide:bar L (if used at all): will stand the same; both the
selvedge guide bars N and O stand in a'middle position, from which they can
move.cither one space to the right or one to the left. .Note.-The selvedge
guides on the bar. N are for the left-hand selvedge of each breadth, and those
on the bar: O are for the right-hand selvedges thereof; the bender bar 31
stands racked to the right as far it can go, it can move three spaces' in all,
and its benders 30 are now drawn forwards out of the threads.. This position
of the several parts being understood, the process of working is as follows:-
Take up with the back points; and divide the carriages, and also release the
back 'dividing stop; extend the bars to take the front division of carriages into
the front combs, and the back division into the back combs, and in so doing
rack No. 1 of both sets of racking wheels at the right-hand end of the
machine and at the left-hand end; the front combs are thereby racked two

page_text: spaces to the right, with the front division of carriages in them, together with
the whipping carriage and the turn-again, selvedge carriage of the 'breadth;
which has been caught by the front catch bar, and brought 'forwards with the
front division in consequence of the.action of the stump back pusher 80; but
thore will be gaps in the front division at those places in the width of the
machine where open work is to be made, and where there are, back turn-again
combs J in the row of back combs, and spaces filled up in the row of front
pushers. R, and vacancies opened in the row of back pushers U, for at each of
those places two.carriages, which would otherwise have been brought forwards
with the front division into the front combs, reinain behind in the back combs:;
the back combs are not racked, but the back turn-again combs '95; on the: bars
66, are racked one space to the right, with two carriages of the back division
in the turn-again combs, 95, and likewise two other carriages above mentioned,
which, in regular division, would have gone into the front division, but which
have remained behind, in consequence of, the vacancies in the row of back
pushers U. The back pushers U are also racked one space to the right, and tho
back extra, pushers 97, on the bars: 63, are, racked one space to the right, so as
to close the vacancies in the back pushers U, and form an unbroken row. The
front extra pushers 96, on the bar 64, are also racked one space to: the right;
thereby opening the spaces which have been filled up by them, in the front
pushers, and restore them; to an uninterrupted row. The ordinary front: turn-
again combs J, on the bar I, for breadthing, is also racked one space to the
left, independently of the racking of the front combs, with the whipping
carriage and turn-again selvedge carriage of each breadth in its turn-again
combs J, as before stated, that turn-again carriage having been pushed for?
wards and taken into the front division at the recent time of dividing and
taking up, by action of the stump pusher 80 on the bar 65.: The same racking
of No. 1 also racks the main guides F two spaces to the right, and racks the
taping guides p, on bar K, two spaces to the right, and the taping guides on
bar L (if any are used) two spaces to the right, and racks both the selvedge
bars N and O one space each to the right. Close the bars to restore all the
carriages to one row. Extend the bars to take all the. carriages--through
backwards between the warp threads into the back combs, and rack No: 2,
which racks the front combs and their, breadthing turn-again comb J two
spaces to the left, but without any carriages, and also racks. the main.guides/F
two spaces to the left, and the taping guides p, on the bar K, one space to
the left, and the taping guides on the; bar. Leone space to the left, likewise the
selvedge guide bar N two spaces to the left, and the right-hand selvedge guide
bar O one space to the left. Close the bars to bring all the carriages forwards.

page_text: Extend the bars to bring all the carriages through forwards between the warp
threads into the front combs, and rack No. 3, which racks the main guides F
one space to the right, and the taping guides p, on the bar K, one space to the
right, and the taping guide bar L one space to the right, and both the selvedgo
bars N and O one space each to the right. Close the bars to put the carriages
back. Extend the bars to take the carriages through into the back combs,
and rack No. 4, which racks the main guides F, and the taping guides p, on
the bar K, and both the selvedge bars N and O, one space to the left, also
the taping guide bar L two spaces to the left, and the breadthing turn again
comb bar I one space to the right. Close tho bars to bring the carriages
forwards to their central position ready for dividing. Take up with the front
points and divide the carriages; as the points descond, they are racked two
spaces to the right by action of their twelve-toothed ratchet wheel 15, and
notched wheel 16, and then they penetrate the threads and go up. Extend the
bars to take the back division of carriages into the back combs, and to bring
the front division into the front combs. And note.-A fall in the notched wheel
34, presenting itself to the tooth of the lever 36, allows the benders 30 to enter
amongst the main guide threads F, a little before No. 5 is racked, which racks
the benders 30 one space to the left, and they bend aside the right-hand warp
thread of each intended large mesh, in order to allow the bobbin thread,
which was twisting around the left-hand warp thread, to loop itself into that
right-hand thread which is so bended, and thereby form an additional loop
across the bottom part of each enlarged mesh, as is plainly shewn in the
representation of the net, Sheet XI., leaving a small hole between the said
loop and the next succeeding cross; No. 5 also racks the front combs two
spaces to the right, and the breadthing front turn-again bar I one space
to the left, also racks the taping guides p, on the bar L, two spaces to
the right. Close the bars to bring the carriages forward. Extend the
bars to bring the carriages through into the front combs and racks No. 6,
which racks the front combs two spaces to the left, with all the carriages in
the front combs; the breadthing turn-again combs J on the bar I, rack
with the front combs two spaces to the left; the benders 30 are drawn
out of the threads; the taping guide bar L racks two spaces to the left, and
the right-hand selvedge guide bar O one space to the right. Close the bars
to put the carriages back. Extend the bars to take the carriages through
into the back combs, and rack No. 7, which racks the breadthing turn-again
combs J, on the bar I, one space to the right, but they are empty, and racks
the main guides F one space to the left, and the taping guides p, on the
bar K, two spaces to the left, and the taping guide bar L one space to the

page_text: left, and likewise the right-hand selvedge bar O two spaces to the left.
Close the bars to bring the carriages forwards. Extend the bars to bring
the carriages through into the front combs, and rack No. 8, which racks the
back combs two spaces to the left, together with the back turn-again combs 95,
and back pushers U, with it, and also the extra pushers 97 and 96 are both
racked together one space to the left, so as to open vacancies in the row of
back pushers U, and close spaces in the row of front pushers R, opposite to
the turn-again combs 95, and also racks the main guides F one space to the
right. Close the bars to put the carriages back to the central position ready
for dividing. The ordinary racking wheels at the right-hand end of the.
machine have now go once round, and a complete series of manapulations have
been performed, and in proceeding further they will begin to repeat their
racking movements as before, videlicet:-Take up with the points and divide
the carriages, as was done at the commencement of this description, when the
racking wheels were on No. 8 and No. 16; extend the bars to take the
divided carriages into the front and into the back, and rack No. 9 and No. 1,
which racks the front combs two spaces to the right, with the front division of
carriages in its combs, together with the whipping carriage and turn-again
carriage of the breadth, but except in those two carriages of each stripe of
open work which have remained behind, owing to the vacancies which have
been recently opened in the row of back pushers U, all which action is the
same as took place at No. 1, as stated at the commencement of this descrip-
tion; and in this way the operation proceeds, until the ordinary racking
wheels at the right-hand end of the machine have made a second revolution;
and by that time the large racking wheels on the axis 9, at the left-hand end
of the machine, will have completed one revolution. During the said second
revolution of the ordinary racking wheels, the large racking wheels will have
repeated their racking motions precisely according to the preceding descrip-
tion, except the racking wheel 75 for the back combs, and the wheel
74 for the back turn-again comb bar 66, and the wheel 84 for the two extra
pusher bars 63 and 64, which wheels racked the back combs two spaces to the
left when No. 8 was racked, but they were then empty, and only racked in
order to carry their included turn-again combs 95 with them, together with
the two rows of extra pushers 96 and 97, opposite to the proper places in the
width of the net for making the second row of large meshes, in the interme-
diate spaces to those of the first row; and the said back combs and turn-again
combs, and extra pushers being so racked, will remain there during all the
repetition of the foregoing description, until No. 16 is racked, when the back
combs being empty, and the meshes being complete, they return to their

page_text: previous positions, together with the back turn-again combs and extra pushers,
ready for beginning.to.a.third row of meshes, which will be directly under the
first row, and having.arived at that beginning, the continuance of the operation'
will be performed by, an exact repetition of the foregoing.description.
Description of a Lever's machine, with part of the improvements applied
thereto, for the purpose of making bobbin net lace ornamented with stripes
of honeycomb open work, sce Sheet XIV., of the Drawings hereunto annexed.
The machine, by aid of the improvements, is alapted for making stripes
of honeycomb open work along a broad piece or long..breadths. of bobbin
net lace, somewhat resembling that made by the machine last described in
general appearance, but different in its texture and in the mode of making it.;
for that part of the net which constitutes the stripe of honeycomb open work
is composed of longitudinal threads only, proceeding by zig-zag courses along
the length of the net, without diagonal or traversing threads, whilst the plain
net, at each side of the stripe of open work, is composed of longitudinal threads
and diagonal traversing threads united, according to the usual texture of
bobbin net lace, by twisting of the longitudinal and diagonal threads together,
to form the twisted pillars or inclining sides of the hexagonal meshes, and
uniting those pillars together by mutual crossings of the diagonal threads, to
form the top and bottom sides of the hexagonal meshies. An enlarged repre
sentation of the meshes of the ornamented net made by this, part of my
improvements is given. in Sheet: XIV. of the Drawings-hereunto annexed; and
will sufficiently explain its texture. The meshes of ordinary bobbin-net-at
each side of the-stripe. of open work may be considered to be two' distinct
breadths of plain bobbin net, made with longitudinal threads and traversing
threads, and having selvedges at each of their borders or edges, and including
between those borders a parallel-stripe of honeycomb open-work, made withi
longitudinal zig-zag. threads only, those selvedges of each such supposed
breadth which-adjoin to the honeycomb open work being interwoven therewith
into a continuous and firm-tissue. The longitudinal threads of which the open
work is composed, are one-half of them supplied from- bobbins in bobbin
carriages, and the other half are supplied from suitable warp or thread rollers
through guides; those longitudinal threads which are supplied from the bobbins
are colored blue, in the Figure, and they proceed by parallel longitudinal
waving courses along the length of the open work without any grent deflection
from straight lines; the other set of longitudinal threads of 'the open work,
which are supplied from warp rollers and guides are colored red, and they pro-
ceed by zig-zag courses alternately. backwards and forwards, across and across
the intervals between the other aforesaid set of longitudinal bobbin threads

page_text: which are colored blue, and which proceed by waving courses, and which latter
are united by such zig-zag crossings into a tissue of honeycomb open work.
The zig-zag red threads, although they go backwards and forwards continually,
never depart far from longitudinal courses along the net; the zig-zag course
which is pursued by the red guide threads is arranged in such manner as to
gather the blue waving bobbin threads into pairs of adjacent threads, which are
brought closer together than the regular spaces or intervals for, the bobbin
threads, and thereby the meshes which the zig-zag guide threads form by
passing across and across between the bobbin threads of those said pairs are
contracted and closed up so as to be scarcely distinguishable as meshes; and that
same gathering up into pairs occasions the intermediate spaces between the
pairs of bobbin threads which are so gathered to be wider than the regular
spaces or intervals for the bobbin threads; and, consequently, the meshes
which are formed by the zig-zig guide threads, in passing across and across
between the more distant bobbin threads, will be large open meshes, which,
being surrounded, and bordered by the contracted or undistinguishable meshes
before mentioned, will give the required appearance of honeycomb open work.
The Lever's machinery is of the ordinary construction, such as is commonly
used, and such as has been already described and represented in the Drawings,
Sheets XI. and XII. The parts which are altered from the usual routine of
Lever's machinery are as follows:-The ordinary racking wheels on the upright
axis at the right-hand end of the machine are all removed from that axis, and
another set substituted, with a ratchet wheel of eleven teeth; to be turned a tooth
at a time by the usual driver and chopper; the proper form for these racking
wheels is represented in Sheet XIV., videlicet, a front comb bar wheel and a
main guide bar wheel for making the plane net part of the work; likewise
an additional turn-again comb bar wheel for making the open work; also an
additional racking wheel for racking one of the extra guide bars, which are
provided for the aforesaid zig-zag threads of the open work; and likewise a
racking wheel for racking what I call a pearling guide bar, which supplies a
thread to unite each stripe of the honeycomb open work with the adjoining
plain net, that the thread being interwoven at the right-hand edge of the stripe
of open work. Note.-There should also be a selvedge guide bar wheel for
effecting the breadthing, that is, the division of the net into breadths, having
selvedges, and those selvedges laced together by whipping threads, but that
wheel is not represented in the Drawings, as every workman conversant with
the making of breadths on Lever's machinery will know how to apply them;
and bence, for simplicity of explanation, this machine will be described as if it
were making a broad piece of ornamented.net containing..stripes of honey-

page_text: comb open work, and it may do, if such net is required. The ordinary catch
bar wheels must also be removed from the landing bars, and two others sub-
stituted, with ratchet wheels of eleven teeth, as represented in the Sheet XIV.
There must likewise be an additional set of large racking wheels, to go round
only once whilst the aforesaid ordinary racking wheels go round twice, and
consequently whilst two rows of complete meshes of net are made. Those large
racking wheels are applied at the left-hand end of the machine, on an upright
axis 9, the same as herein-before described respecting Sheet XII., with ratchet
wheel of twenty-two teeth, to be turned one tooth at a time by a driver and
elbow lever, deriving its action from the goose-neck link, so as to be moved
at the sanie instant as the other racking wheels at the right-hand end of
the machine. There are two large racking wheels on the said upright axis,
at the left-hand end of the machine, for racking two extra guide bars for those
zig-zag looping threads which form the enlarged meshes. The honeycomb
open work is to be made without any traversing threads in it, and the bobbin
carriages are to supply part of the longitudinal threads thereto, but the plain
bobbin net at each side of the open work is to be made with the bobbin threads
traversing obliquely in the usual manner; hence, so many of the bobbin
carriages as are to supply longitudinal threads to the open work must be
prevented from traversing, as all the other bobbin carriages must do which aro
to supply diagonal threads to the plain bobbin net at each side of the open
work. For this purpose a very wide turn-again comb 95 is applied in the
row of back combs, to fill up a suitable wido notch which is cut out in thoso
combs opposite to every place where a stripe of open work is to be made in
the net made by the machine. This is plainly shewn in the Drawings, and
require no particular explanation, because it is the same as the ordinary turn-
again comb for breadthing in Lever's machinery, excepting the width of the
notch and of the turn-again comb by which the notch is filled up. The notch
in the back combs consist of several back combs cut entirely out, and the
comb at each side of the notch so formed is cut off at top and behind to a
stump comb. The turn-again comb has a suitable number of whole combs on
each lead to fill up the back combs which are cut out, and there is an upper
portion of a comb at each side of the said number of whole combs in each lead of
turn-again combs. The whole number of combs in each lead of the turn-again
combs, including the said two upper portions, is one less than the whole number
of back combs which are wholly removed (not including the two which are cut
to stumps). The said wide leads or turn-again combs 96 are fixed upon the usual
turn-again comb bar 66; and if the machine is to be used for making breadths,
the usual narrow leads of turn-again combs for breadthing will be fixed on the

page_text: same bar 66, to fill up narrow notches, which are made as usual in the row of
back combs, opposite to every place where the division between the breadths
is required to be formed, that is, that the edges or selvedges of the several
breadths; but the wide notches which are cut out, as aforesaid, for receiving
the wide turn-again combs 96,. for making the open work, are opposite the
middle parts of the several breadths. The breadth of the wide notches are
so cut out in the back combs, and of the wide turn-again combs 96, by which
they are to be filled up, must correspond to the breadth of the intended stripo
of open work. The main guide bar t is applied on the upper edge of the
fixed tye bar, and its row of guides are just as usual in Lever's machinery,
and its warp threads are supplied from the usual warp roller; but a wide notch.
is cut out in the row opposite to. every place where a stripe of honeycomb
open work is to be made, the said notch corresponding with the notch which
is cut out in the row of back combs, the whole number of main guides which
are cut out being one less than the number of back combs which are wholly
removed (not including the two which are cut to the stumps). The places of
the guides which are so cut out are supplied by extra guides in three rows
25, 26, and 27, fixed upon three extra guide bars, one in front of the fixed tye
bar, marked 3, furnished with extra guides 27, which I call filling guides, for
supplying those warp threads, which by passing across and across between'
those non-traversing bobbin threads, which, as before mentioned, are gathered
in pairs nearer together than the regular distances for the bobbin threads, in
order to make the contracted meshes of the open work; the said filling guide
threads are supplied from a distinct warp or thread roller from the main warp
roller. The filling guides 27, on the bar 3, contain one less guide than half
the number of those which are cut out of the main guide. The filling guides
27 stand twice as wide apart in their row as the main guides F stand. The
filling guide bar 3 is racked by the racking wheel 34, before mentioned, on;
the axis of the small racking wheels at the right-hand end of the machine..
There are two other extra guide bars 1 and 2, applied at the back of the fixed
tye bar, with guides 25, 26, which I call open work guides, to supply the place
of those which are cut out of the main guides, in completion of the filling
guide 27, for that purpose. The open work guides 25, 26, supply those zig-
zag threads which form the enlarged meshes of the open work, by passing
across and across the intervals between those bobbin threads which are widest
apart. The said threads are supplied to those guides 25, 26, from thread
rollers distinct from the main warp roller, and from the thread roller which
supplies the front filling guides 27, on the bar 8. The open work guides
25 and 26 stand four times as wide apart from each other, in each of their

page_text: respective rows, as the main guidės F stand. The number of open work
guides 25, on the bar 1, is one more than half the number of filling guides 27,
on the bar 3, and the number of open work guides 26, on the bár 2, is one
·less than half the number of filling guides 27; all this is sufficiently shewn in
the Drawing. The guide bar 4, in front of the fixed tye bar, has orié guide
for each stripe of open work, at the right-hand edge thereof, to supply one
thread, which I call a pearling thread, and which assists in forming the junction
between the open work and the selvedge of the plain net at the right-hand end
of the stripe of open work. And note.-There is one carriage left out at that
right-hand edge of the stripe of open work where the said purling thread
is introduced, because there is no necessity for a longitudinal bobbin thread at
the place where that purling thread is so introduced. The open work guides
25, 26, are racked by two large racking wheels on the uprigh axis at the left-
hand end of the machine, one marked 36, for racking the bar 1, and the other
marked 39, for racking the other bar 2. The points for taking up the meshes
are twice as numerous in each row as usual, according to the gage of the
machine, or twenty points per inch for a what is called a ten-point gage
machine, being the same number as the combs. The points bars are to be
actuated in the manner already described, as to the withdrawing of them by the
motion derived from the treadles, before they begin to descend; and also, as to
the moveable stop to limit the height to which they are to ascend in the act
of taking up, and the points are to operate by the mode which is called taking
up all the twist, and not by the mode commonly called hugging the twist, as
is the usual custom in Lever's machinery. Supposing the machine to have
been regularly atwork, making bobbin net lace ornamented with stripes of open
work, and to be stopped for examination, when the position of all the several
parts is as follows:-The landing bars are closed together, and detained from
separating by the back dividing stop until after the carriages shall have been
divided, and the meshes taken up by the front points. The carriages are all
in their central position; the back points took up last, the front points are
just ready to take up. All the racking wheels on the usual upright axis at
the right-hand end of the machine now stand, with the steps, which are num-
bered 11, in action on their respective racking bolts. The notched wheel on
the axis of the thirteen-toothed ratchet wheel behind the machine, called the
locking wheel, for actuating the back dividing stop, stands with its step No. 13
in action. All the large racking wheels on the upright axis at the left-hand
end of the machine now stand with their steps No. 22 in action. The front
comb bar stands racked to the left as far as it can go; it is capable of racking
two spaces of one-twentieth of an inch each for a ten-point gage machine. The

page_text: turn-again comb bar 66 stands racked to the left as far as it can go; it is only
capable of racking one space. The main guide bar t stands racked in a middle
position, from which it is capable of racking one space to the right or one
space to the left. The open work guides 25, on bar 1, at the back of the main
guides F, stands racked in a middle position, from which it can be racked two
spaces to the right or one space to the left. The open work guides 26, on
bar 2, at the back of the main guides F, also stands racked in a middle
position, from which it can be racked two spaces to the right or one space to
the left. The filling guides 27, on bar 8, in front of the main guides, stands
racked in a middle position, from which it can be racked two spaces to the
right or one space to the left. The pearling guide bar 4, in front of the main
guides, stands racked in a middle position, from which it can be racked three
spaces to the left or one space to the right. This position of the several bars
being understood, the mode of working is as follows:-Take up with the front
points, and divide the carriages in the usual manner of Lever's machines. As
the points go up again they cause the back stop to be disengaged. Extend the
bars to take the front division of divided carriages into the front combs, and the
back division into the back combs, and all the racking wheels rack No. 1, which
racks the front combs two spaces to the right, and the turn-again combs one
space to the right, and the front filling guides 27, on bar 3, one space to the
right. Close the bars to restore all the carriages to one row; the front catch bar
is let fall, and the back one is lifted. Extend the bars to bring all the carriages
through between the warp threads into the front combs, and rack No. 2, which
racks the front combs two spaces to the left, and the turn-again combs one space
to the left, and the pearling guides on bar 4 two spaces to the left, and also
racks both the open work guides 25, 26, on the bars 1 and 2, one space to
the left. Close the bars to put the carriages back; the back catch bar is let
fall, the front one is lifted. Extend the bars to take all the carriages through
between the warp threads into the back combs, and rack No. 3, which racks
the main guides one space to the left, and the filling guides 27, on bar 3, two
spaces to the left, and the pearling guides on bar 4 one space to the left, and
both the open work guides 25, 26, on the bars 1 and 2, one space to the left.
Close the bars to bring the carriages forward; the front catch bar is let fall,
and the back one is lifted. Extend the bars to bring all the carriages through
into the front combs, and rack No. 4, which racks the main guides one space
to the right, and the filling guides 27, on bar 3, one space to the right, and the
pearling guides on bar 4 one space to the right, and the open work guides 25,
on bar 1, one space to the right, and the open work guides 26, on the bar 2,
two spaces to the right. Close the bars.. to put the carriages back;. the back

page_text: catch bar is let fall, the front one is lifted. Extend the bars to take the
carriages through into the back combs, and rack No. 5, which racks the main
guides one space to the left, and racks the filling guides 27, on bar 3, one space
to the left, and the pearling guides on bar one space to the left, and the
open work guides 25, on bar 1, one space to the left, and the open work
guides 26, on bar 2, two spaces to the left; the back dividing stop is let loose,
ready for catching the landing bar. Close the bars to bring the carriages
forward to the central position, ready for dividing; they are detained by the
back dividing stop; the catch bars remain as they were. Take up with the
back points, and divide the carriages; in going up the points release the back
stop. Extend the bars to take the back division into the back combs, and the
front division into the front combs, and rack No: 6, which racks the front
combs two spaces to the right with the front division of carriages, and racks
the turn-again combs one space to the right, and the main guides two spaces
to the right, and the filling guides 27, on bar 3, one space to the right, and
racks both the open work guides 25, 26, on bars 1 and 2, one space each to
the right.
Close the bars to restore all the carriages to one row, and then
the back catch bar is lifted for an instant, and then let fall to catch all the
carriages; the front catch bar is lifted. Extend the bars to take all the
carriages through backwards into the back combs, and rack No. 7, which
racks the front combs two spaces to the left, and the main guides one space to
the left, the pearling guides on bar 4 one space to the right. Close the bars
to bring all the carriages forwards; the front catch bar is let fall, and the
back one is lifted. Extend the bars to bring all the carriages through
forwards into the front combs, and rack No. 8, which racks the turn-again
combs one space to the left, and the main guides one space to the right, and
the filling guide 27, on bar 3, two spaces to the right, and the purling guides
on bar 4 one space to the right; also both the open work guides 25, 26, on
bars 1 and 2, one space to the right. Close the bars to put the carriages
back; the back catch bar is let fall, and the front one rises. Extend the
bars to take the carriages into the back combs, and rack No. 9, which racks
the main guides one space to the left, and racks the filling guides 27, on bar 3,
two spaces to the left, and the purling guides on bar 4, and both the open work
guides 25, 26, on bars 1 and 2, one space to the left. Close the bars to bring
the carriages forwards; the front catch bar is let fall, and the back one is lifted.
Extend the bars to bring the carriages forwards, and rack No. 10, which racks
the filling guides 27, on bar 3, one space to the right, and the purling guides
on bar 4 three spaces to the right, and the open work guides 25, on bar 1, one
space to the right, and those on bar 2.two spaces to the right. Close the bars

page_text: to put the carriages back; the back catch bar is let fall, and the front one is
lifted. Extend the bars to take the carriages through into the back combs, and
rack No. 11, which racks the filling guides 27, on bar 3, one space to the left,
and the purling bar 4 one space to the left, and the open work guides 25,
on bar 1, one space to the left, and the open work guides 26, on bar 2,
two spaces to the left; the back dividing stop is let loose, ready for catching.
Close the bars to bring the carriages forwards to their central position ready
for dividing; the front catch box remains up, the back one down, the landing
bars are detained by the back dividing stop, ready for taking up by the front
points and dividing the carriages. Note.-The small racking wheels on the
usual upright axis at the right-hand end of the machine, and also the catch
bar wheels on the landing bars, have now gone once round, and the locking
wheel likewise; the ratchet wheel of thirteen teeth, at the back of the machine,
for the locking wheel, by which the back dividing stop is actuated, has gone
once round; the large racking wheels at the left-hand end of the machine, for
racking the two back guide 25, 26, on bars 1 and 2, have gone half-way round,
and a row of complete meshes of net have been made at each side of each
stripe of the open work. In continuing the operation to make another suc-
ceeding row of complete meshes, the small racking wheels will repeat their
previous rackings exactly as in the foregoing description, but the large racking
wheels will operate with some differences. The progress will be as follows:-
Take up with the front points and divide the carriages as at the commence-
ment. Extend the bars to take the divided carriages into the front and back
combs respectively, and rack No. 1 of the small racking wheels and No. 12 of
the large racking wheels at the left-hand end of the machine; the former
repeat all the racking motions already described, but the latter rack each of
the open work guides 25, 26, on bars 1 and 2, one space each to the right.
Close the bars to restore all the carriages to one row, and then again
immediately, to bring all the carriages into the front combs, and rack No. 2
and 13, which latter racks both the open work guides 25, 26, on bars 1
and 2, one space to the left. Close the bars, and then extend them again,
to take all the carriages into the back combs, and rack No. 3 and 14, which
latter racks the open work guides 25,-26, on the bars 1 and 2, one space to
the left. Close the bars, and then extend them again, to bring all the
carriages into the front combs, and rack No. 4 and 15, which latter racks the
open work guides 25, on bar 1, two spaces to the right, and those on bar 2 one
space
to the right. Close the bars, and then extend them, to take all the
carriages into the back combs, and rack No. 5 and 16, which latter racks the
open work guides 25, on bar 1, two spaces to the left, and those on bar 2 one

page_text: space to the left. Close the bars to bring all the carriages into the central
position ready for dividing; take up with the back points, and divide the
carriages. Extend the bars to take the divided carriages into the front and
back combs respectively, and rack No. 6 and 17, which latter racks both
the open work guides 25, 26, on the bars 1 and 2, one space to the right.
Close the bars to restore all the carriages into one row, and then extend the bars
again, to take all the carriages through into the back combs, and rack No. 7
and 18, which latter does not produce any racking motions. Close the bars,
and then extend them again, to bring all the carriages into the front combs, and
rack No. 8 and 19, which latter racks both the open work guides 25, 26, on
the bars 1 and 2, one space to the right. Close the bars, and then extend
them again, to take all the carriages into the back combs, and racks No. 9 and
20, which latter racks both the open work guides 25, 26, on bars 1 and 2,
one space to the left. Close the bars, and then extend them again, to bring all
the carriages into the front combs, and rack No. 10 and 21, which latter racks
the open work guides 25, on bar 1, two spaces to the right, and the guides 26,
on bar 2, one space to the right. Close the bars, and then extend them again,
to take all the carriages into the back combs, and rack No. 11 and 22, which
latter racks the open work guides 25, on bar 1, two spaces to the left, and
those on bar 2 one space to the left. The small racking wheels have now
completed their second revolution, and the large racking wheels have made
one entire revolution; the points have each taken up twice, and two complete
meshes of bobbin net have been formed by the side of two rows of meshes of
open work. The further continuance of the operation is an exact repetition of
the foregoing description.
Description of a double-tier circular bolt or circular comb machine, for
making bobbin net lace, with part of the improvements applied thereto for the
purpose of making bobbin net lace ornamented with stripes of honeycomb
open work, see Sheet XV. of the Drawings hereunto annexed.-The texture
of the honeycomb open work which is made by this machinery, by aid of this
part of my improvements, is very nearly the same as the texture of the honey-
comb open work made by the Lever's machinery last described; but the
texture of the bobbin net lace for the plain ground to which the open work is
the ornament is different from that made by the Lever's machinery, because
the plain bobbin net made by the machinery now describing is of that kind
which is without dragonal traversing threads, although it is composed of longi-
tudinal warp threads and bobbin threads intertwisted and combined into net
work; by twists formed by the union of bobbin threads and warp threads, as is
using in all kinds of bobbin net lace, and by crossings which unite the twist

page_text: to produce meshes, but those crossings are formed by adjacent warp threads
intersecting each other obliquely diagonally, for which purpose each of the
adjacent warp threads makes a mutual step of diagonal traversing, as is usually
done by the traversing threads in bobbin net, at all places where they form
cressings, but instead of continuing in such directions from selvedge to
selvedge, they do not proceed far in such oblique directions before they return
with an opposite direction of traversing obliquely, for forming the next adjacent
crossings; wherefore, the warp threads proceed along the length of the piece
of net by a zig-zag course, the bobbin threads proceeding along the length
thereof in the same manner as the longitudinal threads proceed in all kind of
bobbin net. The machinery for making such bobbin net without traversing
threads does not require the front comb bar to be racked, but the bobbin
threads from the longitudinal threads in the net and the warp or guide threads
are caused to pass across from side to side of the hexagonal meshes by their
racking motions, in order to unite the twists that the bobbin threads have
made around the warp threads. Sheet XV. contains a representation of the
meshes of open work, and of the adjoining bobbin net, without traversing
threads, which is a sufficient explanation; and it must be kept in mind, that
the chief difference. between the improvements now describing and that last
describing, is in the circumstance of the plain bobbin net ground at the sides
of the stripe of open work is without traversing, and that the machinery is
double-tier circular bolts or circular combs, instead of Lever's single-tier
machinery. The principle alteration in the ordinary routine of double-tier
machinery is in the forms of the racking wheels, all of which are represented
in Sheet XV.; they are supposed to be fixed as usual upon an upright axis at
the right-hand end of the machine, turned by a ratchet wheel of 32 teeth,
instead of twelve, as is usual, in order that they may go round only once whilst
two rows of complete meshes of plain net are made; or if it is a rotary machine,
the said uprigh axis may have a bevil wheel of 120 teeth in its lower end, to
be turned by a bevil pinion of fifteen teeth on the end of the axis of the main
driving camms, as has been herein-before described respecting Sheet VII. of the
Drawings hereunto annexed.. The comb bar is never racked; the driving bar
and locker are all just as usual; the point bars are also the same as usual, with
racking wheels on the upper end of the upright axis, to give racking motions to
the point bars whilst they are making their insertion amongst the threads, which
has been herein-before described as in relation to the front points, but in this
case it applies to both back and front point bars. The two main guide bars t, t,
are just as usual, but vacancies are cut out in the row of each, opposite to every
place when a stripe of open work is to be made in the net, in the same manner

page_text: as in the Lever's machinery, and in like manner extra guides are applied on
three extra guide bars to fill up the vacancies; those extra guide bars are marked
1, 2, 3, two of them in front and the other at the back. The extra guides at
the back, on the bar S, are marked 13, and they supply the zig-zag warp threads
which are to form the contracted meshes of the open work; those threads pro-
ceed from a separate thread roller M. The two rows of extra guides in the
front are marked 11 and 12; they are fixed on the two bars 1 and 2, and those
threads supply the zig-zag warp threads which are to form the enlarged
meshes of the open work, and those threads proceed from another distinct
thread roller. The ordinary warp thread roller supplies all those threads which
forms the zig-zag threads of the plain net, being the substitutes for the tra-
versing threads in ordinary bobbin net, but in this machine all the bobbin
threads becomes longitudinal threads as well in the plain net as in the open
work. The structure of the machine being, with the aid of the Drawing,
sufficiently described, I shall proceed to state the manner in which it operates.
Suppose the machine to have been in full operation for making bobbin net lace
without traversing threads, ornamented with stripes of honeycomb open work,
and that it is stopped for examination, when the position of the parts is as
follows: The front division of carriages are in the front combs, and the back
division in the back combs, each division being locked out of the warp threads
within each row of combs by the blades of their respective lockers; the front
points are let down, and have just penetrated amongst the warp threads; the
racking wheels stand with their steps numbered in action on their. respective
racking bolts; the front main guides stand racked to the right as far as they
can go; they are capable of racking two spaces of one-tenth of an inch each
for a ten-point gage machine; the back inain guides stand racked in a middle
position, from which they are capable of being racked one space to the right
or one space to the left; the extra guides 11 and 12 stand racked to the right
as far as they can go; they are only capable of racking one space each.
Extra guides 18 stand racked to the right as far as they can go; they are
.capable of being racked two spaces. This position of the parts being under-
stood for a period of commencement of the description, the operation of
the machinery is as follows:-The front division of carriages go through
backwards between the warp threads into the back combs, and the front
points which are already entered amongst the warp threads rack half a spaco
to the left. before they penetrate the back bobbin threads, and then, having
penetrated those threads, they rack one space to the right, and go up so as
to get up by the time that No. 1 is racked, which racks the fronts main guides
one space to the left, and the extra guides 11, 12, and 13, the same. The

page_text: front carriages come through forwards between the warp threads into the front
combs, and No. 2 is racked, which racks the back main guides one space to the
left, and racks the extra guides 18 the same. The back carriages come
through forwards, and No. 3 is racked, which racks the back main guides and
also the extra guides 12 and 13, one space to the right. The back carriages
go through backwards, the back points draw out and descend, and No. 4 is
racked, which racks the front main guides and the extra guides 11 one space
to the right. The back points having got down, penetrate the back bobbin
threads, and are then racked one quarter of a space to the left before they
penetrate the warp threads, and then, having penetrated, they are racked another
quarter space to the left before entering the front bobbin threads, and are then
racked half a space back again to the right by the time they get quite up. The
front carriages go through backwards, and No. 6 is racked, which racks the back
main guides one space to the left, and the extra guide 11 and 12 also one space
to the left. The front carriages come through forwards, and No. 6 is racked,
which racks the front main guides one space to the left, and the extra guides
13 one space to the left. The back carriages come through forwards, and
No.7 is racked, which racks the front main guides and the extra guide 13 one
space to the right. The back carriages go through backwards, and the front
points draw out, descend, and penetrate the front bobbin threads, and are then
racked half a space to the left by the usual time for racking No. 8, but the
points penetrate the warp threads an instant before No. 8 is racked, the
interval between 7 to 8 on the racking wheels being made rather longer than
the regular divisions, to ensure that the point shall penetrate first. No. 8
racks the back main guides and the extra guides 11, 12, and 13, each one
space to the right. The front carriages go through backwards, and as they
do so, the front points are racked half a space to the left before they penetrate
the back bobbin threads, and are then racked one space to the right as they
go up, and they get quite up before the carriages get quite back, and then
No. 9 racks the back main guides and the extra guides 11, 12, and 13, one
space to the left.
The front carriages come through forwards, and No. 10
racks the front main guides one space to the left, and the extra guides 13 one
space to the left.
The back carriages come through forwards, and No. 11
racks the front main guides and the extra guides 11 and 18, one space to the
right. The back carriages go through backwards, the back points draw out,
aud No. 12 is racked, which puts the front main guides. a little to the left for
an instant, to accommodate the taking up, but they return to the right as they
were immediately after the points have penetrated; No. 12 also racks the back
main guides and the extra guides 12, one space to the right. The front

page_text: carriages go through backwards, the back points go up as at No. 4, and when
the carriages get quite back, No. 13 racks the back main guides and the extra
guides 11 and 12, one space to the left. The front carriages come through
forwards, and No. 14 racks the front main guides and the extra guides 13
one space to the left. The back carriages come through forwards, and
No. 15 racks the front main guides and the back main guides and the extra
guides 13 one space to the right. The back carriages go through back-
wards, the front points draw out and descend, and then No. 16 puts the
front main guides a little to the left for an instant, but they return to
the right as they were immediately afterwards; No. 16 also racks the
main front guides and the extra guides 11, 12, and 13, one space to the
right. The front points penetrate and go up as before at No. 8. The front
carriages go through backwards, and No. 17 racks the front main guides and
extra guides 11, 12, and 18, one space to the left. The front carriages
come. through forwards, and No. 18. racks the back main guides and the
extra guides 13 one space to the left. The back carriages come through for
wards, and No. 19 racks the back main guides and extra guides 11 and 18, one
space to the right. The back carriages go through, the back points draw
out and descend, and No. 20 racks the front main guides and the extra guides
12, one space to the right, and immediately after the back points have pene-
trated, the back guide bar racks one space to the right, having been detained
by: the stop on its wheel, and the back points go up, as at No. 12. The front
carriages go through backwards, and No. 21 racks the front main guides, the
back main guides, and guides 11 and 12, one space to the left. The front car-
riages come through forwards, and No. 22 racks the front main guides and extra
guides 13 one space to the left. The back carriages come through forwards, and
No. 23 racks the front main guides and the extra guides 13 one space to the
right. The front carriages go through backwards, the front points draw out and
penetrate the bobbin and warp threads, and then No. 24 racks the back main
guides and the extra guides 11, 12, and 13, one space to the right. The front
carriages go through backwards, and No. 25 racks the back main guides and
the extra guides 11, 12, and 13, one to the left. The front carriages come
through forwards, and No. 26 racks the front main guides one space to the
left, and the extra guides 13 one space to the left. The back carriages come
through. forwards, and No. 27 racks the front main guides and the extra
guides 12 and 13,. one space to the right. The back carriages go through
backwards, the back points draw out, and No. 28 racks the back main guides
.and the. extra guides 11 one space to the right, and the extra guides 12 aro
moved a little to the left whilst the points penetrate the warp threads, and

page_text: then the extra guides 12 go back to their former position. Front carriages
go through backwards, and No. 29 racks the back main guides and the
extra guides 11 and 12, one space to the left. The front carriages come
through forwards, and No. 30 racks the front main guides and the extra
guides 13 one space to the left. The back carriages come through forwards,
and No. 81 racks the front main guides and the extra guides 13 one space
to the right. The back carriages go through backwards, the front points draw
out, descend, and penetrate the front bobbin and warp threads, and immediately
after they havé penetrated, the front main guides and the extra guides 11, 12,
and 13 rack one space to the right, the steps of their racking wheels being so
disposed that they shall not rack until after the points have penetrated. All
the parts have now regained the positions which they occupied at the com-
mencement of this description, and two complete rows of meshes of bobbin net
without traversing threads liave been made, with two complete rows of meshes
of open work in the stripe thereof, side by side. Each point bar has taken up
four times, and the racking wheels have one revolution:
Having now described my said improvements, and the manner of carrying
the same into effect, I, the said William Crofts, do hereby declare that the
new Invention, whereof the exclusive use is granted to me by the said Letters
Patent, consists,-
First, in the improvements herein-before described in that kind of rotary
double-tier machinery for making bobbin net lace which operates by driving
bars and double-bladed lockers for moving the bobbin carriages in their circular
bolts or circular combs, and which is commonly called, in Nottingham,
Morley's machinery, by applying the parts herein-before described, and called
filling pieces, into notches made in the blades of the double-bladed lockers,
together with the accessary mechanism herein-before described for actuating
such filling pieces in a suitable manner för enabling such double-bladed locker
machinery, by aid of the said improvement, to make breadths of bobbin net
Ince. But note. I make no claim to any like application of such filling
pieces, or the accessary mechanism for giving motion to them, to any other
kind of machinery for making bobbin net lace than such as operates with
driving bars and double-bladed lockers, as above stated.
Secondly, in the new improvement, herein-before described, upon the mode
formerly invented by me, and described in my former Specification of the
Eighteenth day of June, One thousand eight hundred and thirty-three, for
making breadths of bobbin net lace by circular bolt or circular comb
rotary machinery, having double-bladed lockers, by causing the locker bars
with double blades to drop down whenever their outermost blades are

page_text: required to pass beneath the teeth of the turn-again carriages without
touching the same, and to rise up again immediately after having so passed.
My present improvement on that mode being performed in manner herein-
before described, by causing the locker bars to drop down when the teeth
of the turn-again carriages require to pass over the innermost of their double
blades without touching the same, and to rise up again immediately after
the said teeth have passed over the said innernost blades, in order that
the said innermost blade, by rising, may operate a second time to detain
the teeth of the next division of carriages which are following after those
carriages which the same innermost blades locked at the previous time of
locking so that each double-bladed locker will operate in the usual
manner of such lockers, for drawing out the bobbin carriages from between
the warp threads, first, by its outermost blade drawing out one division of the
carriages, and next, by its innermost blade drawing out the other division,
and then by its said innermost blade locking both of the divisions so drawn
out, and retaining them within the circular bolts or circular combs; but never-
theless the same double-bladed lockers will operate by virtue of this part
of my present improvements in a new and different manner from their usual
mode (or from my said former improvements), for the releasing or unlocking
the same carriages when they are to be driven one division after the other
between the warp threads, namely, the locker bar will be dropped, in order to
release its innermost blade from contact with the teeth of those carriages
which are to go foremost in passing between the warp threads, and will then
be raised again, to cause its same innermost blade to detain the teeth of the
next division of carriages which are to follow in going through the warp
threads, and the locker will afterwards turn, in order to release those carriages
from its innermost blade; and the action of the double-bladed lockers being
performed at all times in manner aforesaid, and not merely when the turn-
again is to be effected, the double locker bladed machinery will, by aid of this
said part of my present improvements, be enabled to make breadths of bobbin
net lace.
Thirdly, in the improvement, herein-before described, in that kind of
machinery for making bobbin net lace, commonly called Lever's machinery, for
the purpose of making figured or ornamented bobbin net lace with spots, which
are formed of pairs of intersecting slack bobbin threads, accumulated in wraps
around their corresponding warp threads; that accumulation being effected by
operation of the same movements whereby the meshes of plain net are made
for the ground or transparent tissue, whereof the spots constitute the figuring
or ornament.

page_text: Fourthly, in the improvements, herein-before described, in that kind of
machinery for making bobbin net lace, commonly called double-tier circular
bolt or circular comb machinery, for the purpose of making figured or orna-
mented bobbin net lace with spots, which are formed of pairs of intersecting
slack bobbin threads, accumulated in wraps around their corresponding warp
threads; that accumulation being effected by the operation of the same move-
ments whereby the meshes of plain net are made.
Fifthly, in the improvement, herein-before described, in that kind of
machinery for making bobbin net lace, commonly called Lever's machinery, for
the
purpose of making figured or ornamented bobbin net lace containing stripes
of honeycomb open work, produced by the conjoined action of what are com-
monly called extra turn-again combs, for occasionally interrupting the traversing
of particular bobbin carriages, so as to avoid making cressings by their bobbin
threads, and thereby obtaining enlarged meshes, with suitable arrangement and.
disposition thereof; for constituting honeycomb open work, conjoined together
with the introduction of taping threads in the midst, or amongst, or between such
enlarged meshes, for the purpose of contracting and filling up the intervening
small meshes in a suitable manner for producing honeycomb open work, as
herein-before described; and I make no claim to the use of extra turn-again
combs for the mere purpose of making enlarged meshes, unless the same
is conjoined, as aforesaid, with the use of taping threads; nor to the mere in-
troduction of taping threads, unless the same is conjoined, as aforesaid, with the
use of turn-again combs, for making enlarged meshes, with suitable arrange-
ment and disposition thereof, for constituting honeycomb open work; and
further, together with such conjoined action of turn-again combs and introduc-
tion of taping threads, I combine the use either of benders (or of extra guides;
equivolent thereto), such as are described in my former Specification of the
Twentieth day of May, One thousand eight hundred and thirty-five, in the
manner herein-before described, for the purpose of forming cross loops of those
diagonal traversing threads which, by action of the turn-again combs, are
beginning to retraverse in a contrary direction of traversing, and thereby assist
the formation of honeycomb open work; but I make no claim, under my
present Patent, to the use of any such benders (or equivolent extra guides)
unless in concert with turn-again combs for producing enlarged meshes, with
suitable disposition and arrangement to form honeycomb open work.
Sixthly, in the improvement, herein-before described, in that kind of
machinery for making bobbin net lace, commonly called Lever's machinery,
for the purpose of making figured or ornamented bobbin net lace containing
stripes of honeycomb open work, produced by action of extra turn-again combs

page_text: for preventing the traversing of so many of the bobbin carriages as will supply
longitudinal threads to be formed into meshes of open work, by connecting
such non-traversing bobbin threads by means of zig-zag warp threads, whereof
some are supplied from one row of extra guides, which is racked with such
movements as are adapted to form contracted meshes, whilst others of such
zig-zag warp threads are supplied from two other rows of extra guides, which
are racked with such movements as are adapted to form enlarged meshes,
those enlarged meshes being disposed and arranged in the manner of honey-
comb open work, so as by that means to form stripes of honeycomb open
work by such interweaving non-traversing bobbin threads and zig-zag guide
threads in the midst of bobbin net lace, which is made with traversing bobbin
net threads, the requisite contraction of the contracted meshes of such honey-
comb open work being obtained without the introduction of any extra or
taping threads for that purpose.
Seventhly, in the improvement, herein-before described; in that kind of
machinery for making bobbin net lace, commonly called double-tier circular
bolt or circular comb machinery, for the purpose of making figured or
ornamented bobbin net lace of that kind or class which is commonly made
without traversing threads containing stripes of honeycomb open work, com-
posed of longitudinal bobbin threads, connected by means of zig-zag warp
threads, whereof some are supplied from one row of extra guides, which is
racked with such movements as are adapted to form contracted meshes, whilst
others of such zig-zag warp threads are supplied from two other rows of extra
guides, which are racked with such movements as are adapted to form
enlarged meshes, those enlarged meshes being disposed and arranged in the
manner of honeycomb open work, so as by that means to form stripes of
honeycomb open work by such interweaving of traversing bobbin threads and
zig-zag guide threads in the midst of bobbin net lace which is made without
traversing threads; the requisite contraction of the contracted meshes of such
honeycomb open work being obtained without the introduction of
or taping threads for that purpose.
any extra
In witness whereof, I, the said William Crofts, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Fourth day of May, One thousand eight hundred
Signed, sealed, and delivered by the within-
named William Crofts, in the presence of
ZACCHEUS STAFFord.
WILLIAM (L.B.) CROFTS.

page_text: ⚫ AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Fourth day of May, in the
sixth year of the reign of His Majesty King William the Fourth, the said
William Crofts came before our said Lord the King in His Chancery, and
acknowledged the instrument aforesaid, and all and every thing therein
contained and specified, in form above written. And also the instrument
aforesaid was stamped according to the tenor of the Statute made in the fifty-
fifth year of the reign of His late Majesty King George the Third.
Inrolled the Fourth day of May, One thousand eight hundred and
thirty-six.