IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR GRINDING SWORDS, BAYONETS, FILES OR OTHER IRREGULAR FORMS FROM COPIES "
Year: 1883

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Arthur Greenwood, Engineer, of Leeds in the County of
York for an Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR GRINDING
SWORDS, BAYONETS, FILES OR OTHER IRREGULAR FORMS FROM COPIES "
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Arthur Greenwood at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 29th December 1883.
'IMPROVE-
ARTHUR GREENWOOD Engineer of Leeds in the County of York
MENTS IN MACHINERY FOR GRINDING SWORDS, BAYONETS, FILES OR OTHER IRREGULAR
FORMS FROM COPIES."
This invention relates to the introduction into what are known as copying
machines of emery-wheels or equivalent grinding surfaces, for reducing to shape
swords, bayonets, files or other articles of irregular form.
In applying emery wheels in place of milling tools it is necessary to provide
against too great stress being suddenly put upon them, more especially as the speed
of rotation which they require for efficient action is very great; the feed therefore
of the grinding tool to its work must be carefully graduated.
I will first describe the arrangement which I employ when grinding flat or
comparatively flat surfaces.
I provide a template corresponding to the profile of the article to be ground and
use this template for supporting a frame which carries the emery wheel; the
template forming a rest for a "dumb tool" with which the frame is provided.
The article to be ground is fixed by suitable holding apparatus upon a table
which also carries the template.
This table, which is supported in slides, receives a reciprocating motion from an
adjustable crank pin, the traverse of the table being regulated to suit the article
under treatment.
The frame which carries the grinding tool and "dumb tool," is mounted on a
horizontal shaft which serves for its fulcrum of oscillation.
"
The dumb tool having been adjusted so as to throw the weight of the frame on
the template or 'copy," and the work having been set in place on the table the
machine is ready to be put into action.

page_text: The shaft above named is the main driving shaft, and from it rotary motion is
transmitted to the grinding tool, which also receives a slight reciprocating lateral
motion.
A band from a pulley on the main shaft drives a counter shaft at the end of the
machine, and from this shaft rotary motion is transmitted through gearing to a
disc fitted with the adjustable crank pin before mentioned, which transmits to the
table the desired reciprocating motion.
The work is thus traversed under the emery wheel, while the template or copy
passes to and fro under the dumb tool.
This traverse of the copy causes the frame to rise and fall, and thereby move the
rotating emery wheel nearer to or further from the work.
The feed of the wheel to the work as the grinding or shaping proceeds is effected
by the attendant turning a hand wheel with which the dumb tool is fitted. This
causes the gradual descent of the frame and with it the emery-wheel which quickly
surfaces the work.
For preventing lateral vibration of the rocking frame a fixed guide is provided
into which a slide projecting from the frame is fitted.
For grinding round files and articles of a cylindrical form, or approaching thereto,
I mount the work between centres upon the oscillating frame giving it a slow
axial motion in order that it may present its whole circumference in turn to the
action of the emery wheel.
In this case I mount the emery wheel in bearings carried by a saddle, and the
template or copy I mount on the back of the oscillating frame which in this case is
set up vertically, a dumb tool mounted in the fixed framing of the machine is
borne against this template or copy, it being held thereto by a counterweight or
its equivalent.
An endway motion is imparted to the oscillating frame by means of a traversing
screw, the action of which is automatically reversed at the end of each traverse by
a belt shifter in the usual manner.
The feed is effected in this arrangement by gearing which rotates a stationary
screw fitting in a nut carried by the emery wheel saddle, and the position of the
work is maintained by means of the contact of the dumb tool with the template
or copy.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed
by the said Arthur Greenwood in the Patent Office on the 27th June 1884.
ARTHUR GREENWOOD, Engineer of Leeds in the County of York " IMPROVE-
MENTS IN MACHINERY FOR GRINDING SWORDS, BAYONETS, FILES OR OTHER IRREGULAR
FORMS FROM COPIES
"J
This Invention relates to the introduction into what are known as copying
machines of emery wheels or equivalent grinding surfaces for reducing to shape
sword blanks bayonet blanks file blanks and such like articles.
In applying emery wheels in place of milling tools, it is necessary to provide
against too great stress being suddenly put upon them, more especially as the speed
of rotation which they require for efficient action is very great; the feed therefore
of the grinding tool to its work must be carefully graduated.
I will first described the arrangement which I employ when grinding flat or
comparatively flat surfaces.
In Sheets I and II of the accompanying drawings, I have shewn in several
views a machine suitable for grinding a variety of flat faced articles such as sword
blades, flat file blauks, and three cornered file blanks, with the aid of the emery
wheel.
Fig: 1. Sheet I, is a side elevation of the machine and Fig: 2 is a left hand end
elevation of the same.
Fig 3, Sheet II, is an elevation of the right hand end of the machine, and
fig: 4 is a partial plan view of the same.
In these figures the machine is shewn as fitted with templates suitable for the
grinding of a sword blade.
A A is a rectangular casting constituting the main framing of the machine. In
the upper part of the framing parallel guides are formed to receive a sliding
horizontal table or saddle B which carries the work, and the template which is to
control the action of the emery wheel upon the work.
When operating upon work which has a perfectly flat surface that is a surface
without any twist or wind, the work is fixed beside the template directly to the
table or saddle. In the Drawing however the machine is shewn as fitted to do the
more complicated work of grinding a sword blade, and for this purpose the sword
blank is mounted upon a rocking bed C fitted at its extremities with trunnions
which have their bearings in plummer blocks b. carried by the table B.-To
prevent springing the bed is supported between its ends on transverse segment
shaped slides formed on the table B.
D is the sword blank and E the template.
F is a driving shaft mounted transversely of the framing, and fitted with fast
and loose pulleys for receiving an overhead driving band.
This shaft F is carried by standards a. and serves as the fulcrum for a rocking
frame G in which the emery wheel G₁ is mounted.
Fitted to the side of this frame is a dumb tool H which overlies the template
E and rests in contact therewith, it being provided with an antifriction bowle for
facilitating the traverse of the template beneath it.
This dumb tool H serves as a prop to support the frame G, and is intended by
means of an adjusting screw which it carries, not merely to follow in its action
upon the work the undulation in the template but also after each traverse of the
work to allow the frame and consequently the emery wheel to approach nearer
thereto, and thus complete the grinding of the blank.
The stem of the dumb tool is formed with V-edges, which are embraced by a
guide piece h. made fast to the side of the frame G. The stem of the dumb tool is'

page_text: slotted longitudinally to receive an adjusting screw h¹ which carries at its upper
end a hand wheel h² and is pendent from the cross piece carried by the stem of the
dumb tool.
The lower end of this screw enters a nut h³ made fast to the guide piece h. and
projecting into and through the vertical slot in the dumb tool.
As therefore the screw h¹ is turned to the right or left, it will raise or lower the
nut h³ and with it the rocking frame G thus raising or lowering the emery wheel
as desired.
Projecting laterally from the rocking bed C is a weighted arm c. fitted with a
bowle c' which overlies the fixed template E* attached to the framing A.
This template is intended to give the wind or twist to the face of the work
while it is being made to conform to the template E, this it does by causing the
work to rock axially as it is traversed under the emery wheel, and thereby to
present the work in an increasingly inclined direction as it advances to the emery
wheel, or vice versa.
The emery wheel shaft receives a rapid rotary motion from the driving shaft F
through a band and band pulleys f.
The traverse of the table or saddle B is effected through the rotation of a crank
plate I fitted with an adjustable crank pin i which through a connecting rod i¹
transmits the traverse motion to the table.
The crank plate I is carried by a transverse shaft I' mounted in bearings in the
main framing.
The pin of the crank plate is carried by a slide which works in radial guides
under the action of a radial adjusting screw.
The crank plate carries on its periphery spur teeth which gear into a spur
pinion keyed onto a transverse shaft 12 carried by bearings at the end of the
framing A.
On one end of this shaft I2 is keyed a spur wheel I³ which gears into a spur
pinion on one end of a transverse shaft I' having its bearings on the framing A.
The other end of this shaft I is fitted with a band pulley which receives a band
from a sinaller band pulley f¹ on the transverse shaft F.
Rotary motion is thus transmitted from the shaft F to the crank plate I on the
shaft I it being greatly reduced so as to impart a slow traverse motion to the
table B.
Supposing now the sword blank to have been placed on the rocking bed C and
secured thereto by screw clamps as shewn in Fig: 1 the attendant Las next to
adjust the height of the emery wheel so that it may just touch the work as it is
'passed under it.
This he does by lowering the frame G, for which purpose he turns the hand
wheel to the left, and at every repeated advance of the work under the
emery wheel, he repeats the same motion until the grinding of the face is
completed.
To maintain the effective action of the emery wheel, it is found desirable
to lubricate it constantly; for this purpose the framing A is cast with a receptacle
for the lubricant as at A¹ and in connection therewith is a rotary pump K.
A pipe from this reservoir connects with the case of the pump, and a pipe k¹
connected with the pump case leads to the hood of the emery wheel
Rotary motion is transmitted to the pump K from the shaft F through a band
and pulleys and thus a stream of lubricant is delivered to the emery wheel so
long as that wheel is in action.
The table B is so formed as to collect the falling lubricant and deliver it to an
underlying trough cast with the framing A and leading to the reservoir; thus a
constant circulation of the lubricant will be maintained while the machine is at
work.
From what has been above stated it will be understood that no rocking bed
is required for grinding a regular or truly flat face; thus, when flat files are
required to be ground, mount the blanks on a traversing table in the manner

page_text: shewn at Fig: 5; the screw clamps for holding down the work being in that case
attached to the table B.
For the purpose of equalizing the wear of the emery wheel, I propose to give
it an endway or shogging motion; this may be conveniently effected by the means
shewn at Fig: 6, where the emery wheel spindle is shewn as fitted with a loose
ring g confined between a fixed collar and a nut. From this ring g. project pius
which connect with the forked end of a rock lever gl having its fulcrum on a
fixed point on the frame G. The opposite end of this rock lever carries a bowle
which takes into a grooved face cam g² mounted on a stud axle carried by the
frame G.
This cam carries on its periphery a ring of teeth, into which works a worm g³
keyed to a short spindle which turns in a bearing on the frame G. This spindle
also carries a band pulley which is driven through a band from a pulley on the
main driving shaft F of Fig: 1.
As, therefore, the emery wheel is rapidly rotated, it will receive a slow sideway
motion, its spindle being fitted so as to slide endwise in its bearings.
In Sheet III I have shewn a modification of the emery wheel machine suitable
for shaping round file blanks and other articles which are circular in cross section.
Fig: 7 is a plan view of the machine, Fig: 8 is a side elevation and Fig: 9 is a
partial transverse section of the same.
A is the framing, the upper part of which forms the bed of the machine, and is
T-shaped in plan view. B is a saddle mounted in guides, and serving to carry the
emery wheel C the spindle of which turns in bearings fitted to standards B' of the
saddle.
In front of this wheel is an oscillating frame D. which is capable of traversing
to and fro in front of the emery wheel. This frame has for its fulcrum a pair of
trunnions fitted in lugs cast on the side of a saddle plate D¹ (see fig: 9) that slides
over V-guides provided for it on the side of the framing.
The frame D carries the template E, which bears against a fixed dumb tool F
standing up from the framing A, an inclination towards the tool being given to
the frame D for this purpose.
Mounted upon the top of the oscillating frame D is the file blank G carried
between a fixed and an adjustable headstock G¹ G-The shank of the blank fits
into a chuck carried by the mandrel of the fixed headstock G¹ and the other end
of the blank enters a hollow centre carried by the adjustable headstock G³.
The file blank is thus mounted in order that it may receive a slow axial
motion, and thereby bring all parts of its surface under the action of the emery
wheel.
This wheel is rapidly rotated by an overhand band passing round a pulley on
the spindle of the emery wheel, and the feed of this wheel up to its work is
effected by means of a stationary screw B³ fitted to the framing A and entering a
nut attached to the underside of the saddle B.
Keyed to the head of this screw is a spur wheel b. which gears into a pinion 6¹
on a cross shaft B³ turning in bearings carried by the framing.
The other end of this shaft has fitted to it a hand wheel B by turning which
the emery wheel is advanced to or withdrawn from its work. To prevent backlash
in the gearing the saddle B is weighted, and the turning of the handwheel
consequently produces an immediate action upon the saddle.
For giving the traverse motion to the work, an automatic arrangement is
provided. This consists of a traversing screw D' fitted to the framing A so as to
turn freely in its supports, and taking into a nut formed on the sliding plate D'.
This screw receives rotary motion alternately from one of two overhead bands
acting upon a pulley d. keyed to the screw.
On either side of this fixed pulley is a loose pulley for receiving, the one an
open overhead band, and the other a cross overhead band from the pulley d.
A belt-shifting arrangement of the ordinary construction is provided for shifting
these belts when the sliding plate D¹ with its oscillating frame D that carries the

page_text: work has completed its traverse; thus the screw is rotated alternately in opposite
directions, and the oscillating frame is thereby caused to pass the whole length of
the blank to and fro under the.action of the rotating emery wheel until the blank
is brought to shape.
For the purpose of giving the work an axial motion in its supports, and
thereby presenting all sides of the blank in turn to the action of the emery wheel,
the mandrel is provided with a shrouded pulley g. for receiving an overhead band
which will keep the blank rotating during its traverse under the action of the
emery wheel.
The template E, it will be understood, will have a profile surface corresponding
to that which the blank is intended to receive, and it may be secured to its rocking
frame by screws or otherwise.
The advance or feed given to the emery wheel will take place after each traverse
of the work and as all sides of the work are presented in turn to the emery
wheel the profile of the blank will be quickly brought to correspond to that of
the template.
"
Having now set forth the nature of my Invention of "Improvements in
machinery for grinding swords, bayonets files or other irregular forms from copies
and explained the manner of carrying the same into effect, I wish it to be
understood that under the above in part recited Letters Patent, I claim.—
:
First The arrangement of mechanism described with reference to Sheets I
and II of the Drawings, for effecting by means of emery wheels the grinding of
flat and irregular surfaces.
Secondly: The arrangement of mechanism described with reference to Sheet III
of the Drawings, for effecting by means of emery wheels the grinding of articles
which are circular in cross section.
In witness whereof I the said Arthur Greenwood have hereunto set my hand
and seal the 25th day of June in the year of our Lord One thousand eight
hundred and eighty four.
ARTHUR GREEN WOOD
(L.S.)