IMPROVEMENTS IN WRITING, PRINTING, OR. MARKING? LETTERS, CHARACTERS; OR FIGURES UPON PAPER, PARCHMENT;. OR OTHER MATERIAL PROPERLY PREPARED: FOR THAT PURPOSE
Year: 1851

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TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, HENRY
CRAVEN BAILDON, of Edinburgh, Scotland, Chemist, send greeting!.
.:WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty. Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patents under the Great:Seal of: the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, bearing, date at Westminster, the Seventh day: of July (One
thousand eight:hundred and fifty-one); in the fifteenth year of Her reign, did, for
Herself, Herheirs. and successors, give and grant unto me, the said Henry
Craven Baildon, my exors; adñors, and assigns, Her. especial license, full power;
sole privilege and authority, that I, the said Henry Craven Baildon, my exors,
adiňors, and assigns,ior, such tothers as I, the said Henry. Craven Baildon, my
exors;radñiors, and assigns, should at any time agree, and no others, from time
tortime. and at all. times during the term of years therein expressed, should'
and lawfully might make,ituse, éxercise, and vend, within. England,:. Wales,
and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and in ithe. Islands of Guernsey, Jersey,
Alderney; Saŕk, iandrMan, and also in Her said Majesty's :Colonies and
Plantations abroad; miy Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN WRITING, PRINTING, OR.
MARKING? LETTERS, CHARACTERS; OR FIGURES UPON PAPER, PARCHMENT;. OR OTHER
MATERIAL PROPERLY PREPARED: FOR THAT PURPOSE; in which said Letters, Patent
there is contained a proviso, that. I the said Henry Craven Baildon,t shall
cause a particular description.of.the.nature of my said Invention; and in what
manner, the same is to be performed, by an instrument in..writing under.my
hand and seal, to be enrolled in Her said: Majesty's High Court of Chancery

page_text: within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said
in part recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference being there-
unto had, will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Henry Craven Baildon, do hereby declare that the nature of my Invention,
and the manner in which the same is to be performed, are particularly
described and ascertained in and by the following statement thereof (that is
to say):-
In the ordinary mode or modes of writing or printing upon paper, parch-
ment, or other material, the letters, characters, or figures are formed by means
of an ink or pigment deposited upon the surface of the paper, parchment, or
other material.
Now the object of my Invention is the prevention of fraudulent alterations
in bankers' letters of credit, circular notes, cheques, bills of exchange, and
other documents, and it consists in the employment of colored paper, parch-
ment, or other proper material, upon which I write, print, or mark all or a
part of the letters, characters, or figures of the intended document by means of
a chemical fluid .or. mixture of such a nature as will discharge or change the
color of those parts of the paper or other material upon which I so write, print;
or mark, and thus cause the letters, characters, or figures to be white, or to be
of a color different from the paper, parchment, or other material upon which they
shall have been written, printed, or marked. In carrying out my Invention I
prefer to use for coloring the paper, parchment, or other material, such a
color or combination of colors as can be discharged or changed to some other
color by the chemical action of caristic or partially caustic potash or soda, so
that I may use a solution or mixture of or containing such alkali in writing,
printing, or marking all or some portions of the letters, characters, or figures
of the intended document. I also prefer to employ a compound color, such as
purple or green (although other colors may be employed); and such compound
color may consist of two or more different chemical substances united, as, for
instance, a green may be formed of Prussian blue and chromate of lead, or a
purple may be formed of Prussian blue and and a mineral, animal; or vegetable
red. Some of the colored papers frequently sold by stationers are colored by
incans of Prussian blue, or some other color which may be discharged or
changed by the action of caustic or partially caustic alkali, and such papers.
may therefore be used for the purposes of my Invention.
In writing on such colored papers with an ordinary pen dipped in a solution
of potash or soda, the color is immediately discharged or changed, and the
writing appears white, light colored, or of a color different from the color of the

page_text: paper, and the alkali thus applied will usually penetrate the paper to a con-
siderable depth, or even quite through from side to side. It will be found
almost impossible to remove or erase such writing or any part of it without
destroying the document or altering the appearance of it in such a manner as
to make the alteration conspicuous; for if the writing passes through the sub-
stance of the paper or other material an erasure would destroy the erased part.
The color of the parts written upon could not be restore without great diffi-
culty because any pigment laid over the writing would be acted on by the
alkali used in writing, and the application of any acid or solution would not
obliterate the writing without producing a conspicuous alteration in the
appearance of the paper or other material. The object of using compound
colors or a combination of colors to increase the difficulty of any attempt to
restore any discharged or altered color by means of an acid or other solution,
so that if any such solution should be used to restore one of the combined
colors, it may also have the effect of destroying or changing the other or others
of the colors, and thus make the alteration conspicuous.
For the purpose of
still further preventing any attempt at restoring any discharged or altered
color by chemical means, I adopt the plan of writing one portion of the docu-
ment with common ink, and another portion with potash or other fluid, so that
the immersion of the paper into any chemical solution may have the effect of
causing the common ink to run or be discharged, or to be altered in its color.
By the means which I have described the erasure or removal of any letters,
characters, or figures written upon a document according to my Invention may
be prevented, or if made, will be conspicuous.
"ten
"
The falsification of a document by the addition of any letters, characters,
or figures, or parts of letters, characters, or figures, may be prevented
by rendering it impossible to add such words without erasing or removing
others. Thus, the alteration of a cheque for nine pounds into a cheque for
ninety pounds may be prevented by writing across it, according to my Inven-
tion, the words, "under ten pounds;" for, to alter such a cheque, the word
must be removed, and "ninety-one" substituted for it; and, as my
Invention prevents the removal of the word "ten," the document cannot be
altered, and it would be easier to forge the entire document anew than to
effect the alteration which I have mentioned: Private marks of any required
description may he made with the chemical solution. I find a solution of
caustic potash of the strength of the liquor potassæ of the London Pharma-
copoeia to be convenient for the purposes which I have mentioned, and a
solution of caustic soda may be prepared in a similar manner. Other solutions
may also be employed, as, for example, a solution of the cyanide of potassium,

page_text: and a solution of ferrocyanide of potassium,with a small quantity of muriatic
or other acid, may also be used for writing on a paper.colored and impregnated
with a solution of iron; and upon writing on it with ferrocyanide of potassium,
the writing: will, appear blue. In like manner many other acids and their
combinations and a solution of ammonia; may be employeds for writing and
marking on papers adapted to them, provided that, in all cases the paper is a
colored-paper, and the ink or writing fluid is of such a nature as to change:or
discharge the color of the paper. And for preventing: such fraudulent altera-
tions as aforesaid, the chemical solution or mixture used for. the. purpose of
writing; printing, or marking coloured paper or other material.in. the.manner
I have described, may itself be coloredior tinted; so as to color or vary the
color of those parts of the paper, parchment, or other material to which it may
be applied.
ten
In printing according to my. Invention, I use: paper; parchment.ion other
material, colored in the manner already mentioned; and I apply a solution of
potash to the surfaces of the printing types by means of gutta percha rollers: of
a form similar to ordinary inking rollers; and instead of making such rollers
entirely of gutta percha; they may be made of a more elastic material; and
covered with gutta percha, so as to spread the: solution.more:evenly..upon the
surfaces of the types. The sides and, cavities. of: the types may be slightly
oiled to prevent the solution from wetting them; and so rendering: the impres-
sion indistinct. Paper or other, material.intended to be used according to my
Invention may be colored in the required. manner by immersing. it in onoror
more solutions capable of imparting the desired.color:to. it, and afterribeing
sufficiently colored in this manner it should be dried, and if necessary. pressed.
Paper intended to be so used may be prepared of the desired color bys mixing
the necessary pigment or coloring. matter with the pulp.or. material of which
the paper may be made in the ordinary manner, during the process of making
the paper. In preparing colored parchment for the purposes.of.my/Invention,
it will be found advisable to stretch the parchment onr a:framesand to dip it
with the frame into the solution or solutions; mixture or::mixtures, capable of
producing the desired color, as for instance, a green color? may be produced
by a deposit of Prussian blue and a. solution of fustic; wor the solutions.
or mixtures may be applied by means of a brush, or otherwise, allowing the
parchment to dry on the frame, so as to prevent it from shrinking ora.cockling.
.
For the purpose of. more effectually preventing such fraudulent alterations
as I have already mentioned,. a. document may have a portion or portions of its
letters, characters, and figures written, printed, or marked.according to one or
more than one of the several modes of writing, printing, and marking, above

page_text: described, and may also have a portion of such letters, characters, or figures
written or printed in any ordinary manner with writing ink and printers' ink.
Having now described the nature of my Invention, and the manner in
which the same is to be performed, I wish it to be understood that I claim,-
Firstly, the mode or modes of writing, printing, or marking the letters, cha-
racters, or figures of documents upon colored paper, parchment, or other proper
material, by means of such a chemical fluid or mixture as will discharge or
change the color of those parts of the paper or other material thus written, or
printed upon, or marked in manner and for the purposes above described.
Secondly, the mode or modes of writing, printing, or marking the letters,
characters, or figures of documents upon colored paper, parchment, or other
proper material, by means of such a chemical fluid or mixture as aforesaid,
such fluid or mixture being also colored or tinted so as to color or vary the
color of those parts of the paper, parchment, or other material to which it may
be applied, in manner and for the purposes above described.
And, thirdly, the writing, printing, or marking a portion or portions of the
letters, characters, or figures of documents upon colored paper, parchment, or
other proper material, by means of such chemical fluid or mixture as aforesaid,
and also writing, printing, or marking another portion or other portions of
such letters, characters, or figures in any ordinary manner with writing ink
or printers' ink, in manner and for the purposes above described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Henry Craven Baildon, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Fifth day of January, in the
Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-two.
year of our
HENRY CRAVEN (L.S.) BAILDON.
AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Fifth day of January, in
the year of our Lord 1852, the aforesaid Henry Craven Baildon .came
before our said Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged the
Specification aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained and specified,
in form above written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped
according to the tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.
Enrolled the Sixth day of January, in the year of our Lord One thou-
sand eight hundred and fifty-two.