Improvements in Governing Devices for Fluid Pressure Motors.
Year: 1897

page_text: Date of Application, 11th May, 1897--Accepted, 26th June, 1897
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Governing Devices for Fluid Pressure Motors.
I, FRANCIS MARION RITES, Mechanical Engineer, residing in the City of
Ithaca, County of Tompkins, State of New York, and United States of America, do
hereby declare the nature of this invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement :-
The object of my invention is to utilize, to a greater extent than has been possible
heretofore, the available forces which may be employed for controlling the speed
of fluid pressure motors, to neutralize, or counteract the effects of, other detrimental
forces, and to turn to useful effect certain forces which heretofore have not
been considered as available for the purposes of regulation. To this end my
invention consists in improved means for electrically controlling motors employed
in driving electrical generators, both automatically and by manually operated
devices; in means for utilizing the influence of the reactive forces of reciprocating
parts on the speed of fluid pressure motors, whereby variations in the speed may
be effected by changing the balance of such forces; in electrical means whereby
such change of balance may be effected automatically or otherwise; in the
combination of such means with a mechanical governing device; in an improved
governing device for fluid pressure motors in which the strains common to other
governing devices are greatly reduced, or balanced to such an extent as to prevent
any injurious effects therefrom, and the effects of inertia are utilized to improve the
operation of the governor and the stability and balance of the governor and its
connected valve gear.
In the accompanying drawings, which illustrate an application of my invention,
Figure 1, is a side elevation, showing two fluid pressure motors provided with
iny improvement and coupled to and driving two electric generators which are
connected with the same main circuit;
Fig. 2, a view, at right angles to the view shown in Figure 1, of one of the
motors provided with my improvement, the cylinder of the speeder being shown in
section;
Figs. 3 and 4, views, similar to that shown in Fig. 2, of a motor provided with
my improvement, but showing different forms of my improved shaft governor for
controlling the cut-off of motor fluid;
Fig. 5, a view partly in section of a compound solenoid, and its connections,
adapted to be connected with and to operate the valve of the speeder;
Fig. 6, a modification showing another form of solenoid;
Fig. 7, an elevation of one form of my improved shaft governor ;
Fig. 8, a view of the shaft governor shown in Fig. 7, partly in section and partly
in elevation, viewed from the right;
Fig. 9, a view similar to that shown in Figure 8, but viewed from the left of
Figure 7;
Fig. 10, a section on the line Z-Z of Figure 8.
In the practical application of my invention as shown in the drawings I employ,
in combination with the shaft governor and valve gear of a fluid pressure motor, a
device which has been termed a "speeder," the effect of which is to partly or
wholly balance, as desired, the forces such as inertia and friction which tend to
modify the operation of the shaft governor; and in combination with the speeder
I employ means whereby the speeder may be adjusted automatically, or by hand,
or both.
I have shown means whereby the adjustment of the speeder may be
effected automatically, or at the will of the engineer or person in charge, by means

page_text: of an electric current, but my improvement is not limited to this particular
application.
In an application of my invention such as that shown in the drawings, where two
or more generators of electricity, each driven by a separate motor, are connected
with and feed into the same main circuit, my improvement provides means
whereby any variation in the output of any of the geuerators from that of the
others, or from a desired standard, may automatically effect a suitable variation in
the adjustment of the governing mechanism of the motor, and the output of the
generators may be restored to the proper normal equality. The combination of
electrical devices with the speeder, by which my improvement is adapted to
equalize the loads of the units which may be connected to and which feed into the
same main circuit, is herein referred to as an electric balance.
In the accompanying drawings, I have shown two steam engines, 1, and 2,
coupled to and operating two generators, 3, and 4, which are connected with and
feed into the same main circuit.
Each coupled, or connected, motor and generator may be referred to as a unit,
and while I have shown but two such units I wish it to be understood that any
greater number may be employed, and that my improvement is applicable to any
number or to a single unit, or to such a combination as includes but one motor and
one generator; and the different units may be of different types. The principal
advantages of my improvement are obtained in a system in which a number of units
are employed.
Each of the motors, 1, and 2, is provided with a governor, 5, which is mounted
on the fly-wheel, 6, and connected by means of a rod, 7, with an arm, 8, on a
rock shaft, 9; the rock shaft, 9, being provided with another arm, 8ª, to which the
valve stem, 10, is connected. An arm, 11, is secured to the rock shaft, 9, and
connected at its outer end with a rod, 12, on one end of which is secured a
piston, 13, working in a cylinder, 14. The ends of the cylinder, 14, are closed,
but may be put in communication with one another through a passage, 15, which is
controlled by a valve, 16. By means of an arm, 17, on its stem, the valve, 16,
may be moved to open or close, or to partially open or close, the passage, 15.
The cylinder, 14, may be filled with some elastic fluid, preferably air, and, when
the valve, 16, is in position to close the passage, 15, and to prevent the passage of
air from one end of the cylinder to the other, the air will be alternately
compressed and expanded in the opposite ends of the cylinder as the piston
reciprocates the alternate resistance and assistance which the air offers to the
movement of the piston will tend to counterbalance the inertia and to modify the
effects of the friction of the reciprocating parts of the valve gear with which it is
connected, and the governor will be adjusted to modify the cut-off and the supply
of motor fluid and thereby to modify the speed of the motor.
The effect of the inertia and friction of the reciprocating parts of the valve
gear on the adjustment of the governor, if those forces are unbalanced, is a tendency
to shift or adjust the governing mechanism so as to cause an increase in the length
of the cut-off of the motive fluid; and the alternate compression and expansion of
the air in the opposite ends of the cylinder, 14, and the corresponding resistance
and assistance to the reciprocating motion of the piston, 13, by counterbalancing
the inertia of the reciprocating parts, tends to prevent an increase in the length
of cut-off and in the quantity of motive fluid admitted to the engine cylinder. If,
however, the valve, 16, be moved so as to partially, or wholly, open the passage, 15,
so as to put the two ends of the cylinder, 14, in communication, the alternate
compression and expansion of the air in the cylinder, 14, will be decreased or
prevented, the alternate resistance and assistance offered to the movement of the
piston, 13, will also be correspondingly decreased or altogether removed, and the
effects of inertia and friction of the reciprocating parts being thus unbalanced will
tend to shift or adjust the governor to a position corresponding to a longer cut-off
and an increase in the quantity of motive fluid admitted to the cylinder of the
engine. A reverse operation of the valve, 16, by which the communication
.

page_text: between the opposite ends of the cylinder is partially or wholly closed, by
partially or wholly counterbalancing the inertia of the reciprocating parts, tends
to decrease the length of the cut-off and the quantity of fluid admitted to the
engine cylinder.
The combination of the cylinder, 14, its piston, 13, connected to the valve gear
of the motor, and the valve 16, however it may be operated, constitute an adjustable
balance, and supplemental controlling device, of such a nature that it operates to
balance or modify disturbing forces generally which tend to cause irregularity of
action in the valve gear and governing mechanism.
This automatically adjustable balance, or supplemental controlling device, by
means of which the effects of inertia of the reciprocating parts and other disturbing
forces may be varied, adjusted, or counterbalanced, forms an important feature of
my invention, and, whether operated automatically or otherwise, forms a means
whereby the most delicate adjustment of the cut-off may be effected in accordance
with the variations in the load, and while the engine is in motion. As employed in
practice this portion of my improvement is referred to as a "speeder.'
The controlling valve, 16, of the speeder, may be operated, or adjusted, by hand
or by other means, such as an electro-magnet, or solenoid, as shown in the drawings,
and the action of these devices on the valve may be either automatic or at the will
of the engineer, or attendant, in charge of the plant.
As shown in the drawings, my improvement is adapted to effect, by means of
electrical devices, regulation and control of motors connected to and driving
generators of electricity which are connected with the same main circuit; the
effect of ray improvement being to equalize the load on the different units; the
adjustment of the cut-off of the motors being influenced by the variations in
the output of the generators. The arm, 17, on the stem of the valve, 16, engages
with a stem, 18, secured to the core, 19, of a solenoid, through the coil, or coils, of
which an electric current may be passed to actuate the core and move the valve, 16,
into any desired position of adjustment. In Figures 5, and 6, are shown two forms
of solenoids, either of which may be employed, but if preferred other forms of
solenoids, or electro-magnetic devices, may be employed.
In the construction shown in Figures 1, 2, 3, and 4, the current from each of the
generators passes through a conductor, 20, to a main conductor, 21, and in so doing
passes through one coil of the solenoid, 22, by which the valve, 16, is operated.
The main conductor, or distributor, or bus wire, 21, receives the current from all
of the generators, and is connected with the main circuit or feeder, 23. From the
conductor, 21, the current passes to the conductor, 23, through the wires, 24,
around each of the solenoids, 22, in such a manner as to oppose the action of the
current passing around the solenoids through the wires, 20, and, so long as the
action of these two opposing currents is balanced, the valve, 16 will be unmoved,
and no variation in the adjustment of the speeder, or in the action of inertia, on the
governing device will be effected.
If from any cause the load on one unit becomes too small or too large, the
opposing influence of the two currents, around the magnet or solenoid which
perates the controlling valve of the speeder of that unit, will be varied by the
hange of conditions so as to cause movement of the core, 19, of the solenoid and,
ith it, movement of the arm, 17, and valve, 16, and the passage, 15, connecting
he ends of the cylinder of the speeder will be opened or closed, or its capacity
aried, in accordance with the requirements. In case the load on, or output of, of
ny particular unit be too small the adjustment of the speeder will be such as to
ause a longer cut-off of the motor fluid and a corresponding increase in the load
ssumed by that particular unit. If the load on any particular unit be too great,
opposite adjustment of the speeder will be effected, the valve gear of the motor
rming part of that unit will be adjusted to a shorter cut off, and the load will be
duced.
Some one unit may act as the guiding unit and all the other units will tlen.
tomatically be adjusted to conform therewith.

page_text: Referring to Figure 5, it will be seen that the core, 19, of the solenoid is held in
position between two springs, 25, and 26, which are adjustable by means of the
screw-caps 27, and 28. The current through the lower inner coil, which coil is in
circuit with the wire, 20, leading from the generator to the distributing bar, tends
to move the core, 19, and the arm, 17, downward and thereby to close the valve, 16.
The current through the upper inner coil, which is in the circuit of the wire, 24,
leading from the distributing bar to the main line, tends to move the core, 19, and
arm 17, upward and thereby to open the valve, 16. In each of the units this return
circuit from the distributing bar to the main line is carefully calibrated to a
predetermined resistance, which in units of uniform size should be equal, so that
the current from the distributing bar, around the magnets, or solenoids, should be
uniform and its action the same on each of the cores.
The number of turns in the two coils need not be exactly the same as the weight
of the core, or resistance of one or the other of the springs, may require some
difference in the coils for the purpose of balancing these resistances.
The outer, upper and lower coils formed by the wires, 29 and 30, as shown in
Figure 5, may be connected in separate circuits, and the current therethrough may
be varied as desired, from the switchboard, by means of resistances which may be
thrown into or out of the circuit at will. The connections are such that the
current through the upper, outer coil, that is through the coil of wire, 29, opposes
the action of the current through the upper inner coil which is in circuit with the
wire, 24, and the current through the lower outer coil, that is through the coil of
wire, 30, opposes the action of the current through the lower inner coil which is in
circuit with the wire, 20. The connections may, however, be such that the direction
of the current or currents, through either or both of these outer coils may be
reversed, so that they assist, instead of opposing, the action of the currents through
the adjacent coils. These outer coils form a means of adjustment by hand from
the switchboard which may be operated at any time while the plaut is in operation,
and which is specially useful in adjusting each of the units when getting up to speed
before the unit is connected with the other units already in operation.
In Figure 5, the upper and lower coils are connected at one end with the
resistance box, 36, and at the other end with the wire, 34, forming part of the
circuit of and connected with one pole of a generator, 33; the other pole of
the generator, 33, is connected by a wire, 35, with an arm, or circuit closer, 37,
which is adapted to be moved about the pivot, 38, to the right or left, to vary the
resistance through the coils.
In Figure 6, I have shown a construction in which the inner coil, which is in
the circuit of the wire, 20, is surrounded by a coil in the circuit of the wire, 24;
the current through the inner coil tending to raise the core, 19ª, against the
resistance of the weights, 32, on the stem, 18, and the current through the second
coil in the circuit of the wire, 24, tending to oppose that in the inner coil. These
coils should be so arranged that when the unit to which they belong is doing its
share of the work the opposing currents will be so proportioned that they will
support the core, 19, and the weights, 32, aud with them the arm, 17, in the
proper position to produce the desired effect on the speeder and on the cut-off of
the motor fluid of the engine.
With this arrangement, if we suppose any disturbance. of the balance to occur,
or that any one of the units is operating under less than its share of the total load,
then, while the current through the second coil of that unit is substantially
unchanged in strength, the current through the inner coil will be less than it
should be the preponderance of the effect of the current through the inner coil on
the core, 19, will be lessened, and the weights and core will move downward and
carry with them the arm, 17, and by this movement of the arm, 17, the valve, 16,
of the speeder, will be moved to open or enlarge the passage between the ends of
the cylinder, 14, the governing device will move to a position of longer cut-off,
and the load on the unit will be increased.
The outer coil shown in Figure 6 may be connected by the wire, 31, with a

page_text: circuit and with a switch controlling a series of resistances which may be thrown
into or cut out of the circuit, and the influence of the current through this outer-
most coil may be employed for the purpose of effecting adjustments by hand from
the switchboard either while running or in preparing to connect an additional unit
with a multiple system.
In Figure 6, the wire 31, of the outer coil of the solenoid, has its opposite ends
connected with a resistance box, 36, and with an arm, or circuit closer, 37, and a
generator, 33, in circuit with the coil supplies current thereto.
While the outer coils of the solenoids are shown connected with independent
generators, they may be connected with the main circuit of the generators driven
by the fluid pressure motors, or with a shunt therefrom, or an-induced current may
pass through these coils or through any of the other coils; and the other coils may
also be connected with the main circuit by a shunt.
The fluid pressure device referred to as a speeder, with its adjustable valve for
controlling the resistance to the movement of the piston, 13, is applicable to fluid
pressure motors generally whether it is adjusted by hand or automatically, but its
employment in combination with motors for operating electrical generators is
specially advantageous; and the electrical balance, that is, the combination with a
governor and the speeder, of electrical means for automatically effecting adjustment
of the speeder, or of means whereby the speeder is adjusted in accordance with the
current or output of the generators, constitutes the most perfect and delicate means
of regulation that has ever been employed, so far as I am aware.
While in the embodiment of my invention shown in the drawings the electrical
balance is referred to as including the speeder and governor, or as comprising the
combination of the electric devices with the speeder and governor, it may be more
generally described as comprising the combination with controlling devices, for
two or more fluid pressure motors, of means by which the. controlling devices may
be adjusted, or the supply of motive fluid controlled, or regulated, by the
differential action of currents of electricity from individual generators and from a
main conductor or distributor. The speeder may or may not be employed; and it
is not essential that a shaft governor, or a shifting eccentric, should be employed.
Any construction in which the speed controller of two or more motors are adjusted
by the action of currents from two or more generators feeding into the same
circuit will come within the broad definition of an electric balance as herein
regarded as being of my invention; and it is immaterial whether the motors are
electric motors, steam engine, or water wheels; or whether the controlling devices
are shaft governors, throttling governors, electric speed controllers, or Corliss
governors; or if one unit of the combination has a shaft governor, and another a
throttling governor, or if one unit has a Corliss cut-off and another has a water
wheel governor.
It is immaterial how many and varied the motors and governors
may be so long as they are controlled by the electric balance in such a way that
the load is automatically divided in some special and predetermined relation
between the several units.
In the embodiment of my invention shown in the drawings, the action of divided
currents from the main conductor, distributor, or bus bar, opposes the action of
the individual currents from the single generator, and the differential effects of
these opposing efforts upon the speed of the motor causes a redivision of the
current tending to equalization in case there should be any tendency to an unequal
division on account of the different regulation of the governing elements of the
motors.
The electric devices need not be connected exactly as shown, as the electric
currents may be employed in a variety of ways to effect the desired purpose, for
example, the electric devices may be connected in series so that the current from
the main distributor may pass in succession around the different solenoids.
It will be seen that by means of my improvement the cut-off of the motive fluid
may be controlled not only automatically under the action of the electric current
without adjustment of the governor by the action of centrifugal force, but by any
:

page_text: means adapted to vary the resistance of the balancing device or speeder, either
directly or indirectly, or automatically or non-automatically, or at the will of the
operator, engineer, or attendant. The valve controlled fluid pressure device by
which these results may be obtained is a special feature of my improvement,
whether the adjustment of the valve be effected by hand, by the action of an
electric device or other hand controlled means, or automatically; but my improve-
ment is not limited to a fluid pressure device since any form of balance may
be employed where the adjustment is effected by the automatic or other
action of electrical devices, or where the adjustment is automatically effected by
any means.
Figures 7 to 10 illustrate a simple and efficient governing mechanism forming
part of my invention, in which all of the usual objectionable strains are neutralized
by equivalent opposing efforts, and all of those forces which may possibly be
effective in governor adjustment are utilized to the greatest advantage.
Generally stated the centrifugal governing device consists in the combination of
a rotary carrier, and a governor weight structure having the particles of its mass
disposed on opposite sides of the axis of the carrier and subject to both centrifugal
and inertia action; an eccentric, or eccentric pin, movable by the weight structure;
said weight structure being movable about an axis on the carrier, and elastically
connected with the carrier in such a manner as to dispense with the usual
supporting pins or bearings, to avoid the friction of such parts, and to prevent
aberrant movement of the eccentric, or eccentric pin, under the action of the
weight structure. My improvement also consists in means whereby a positive
restraint, which can be regulated and maintained within the desired limits, may be
applied to the governor, and in certain combinations and features of construction
all as hereinafter set forth.
It is well recognized that in order to be commercially effective, a centrifugal
governor should be reduced to the lowest number of parts practicable, for the reason
that comparatively trifling friction, which in other mechanisms might be immaterial,
becomes a source of serious difficulty with a speed regulator, which increases as the
parts are multiplied. Even under the most favorable conditions, when several
members of a governor are subjected to heavy pressures through their bearings, the
element of friction becomes active in producing irregularities of speed, while the
abnormal friction which is encountered in practice, increases the possibility of
failure of lubrication as the parts increase in number.
The strains which are injurious in their relation to the governor, are centrifugal
force in imparting pressure to supporting bearings, and the effect of impact of some
reciprocating portion of the engine, transmitted through the bearings, so as to wear
them under what is momentarily an enormous increase of pressure. Ordinarily,
the centrifugal force is applied at the center of gravity, and the resistance at some
other point of the combination, which application, although apparently effective,
so far as relates to balance of forces, subjects the connecting parts to variations of
original pressure which introduces considerable friction, depending on the number
of parts intermediate, and the leverage exerted on them. Even when centrifugal
force and spring resistance are applied on the same piece, it is generally the case
that they are so applied at different points that instead of making an exact balance
they more often react so as to increase the pressure on the supporting pin, and
increase, instead of reducing, the faults attending such conditions, with a
corresponding reduction of efficiency in service.
Another important objection in ordinary governing mechanisms is the effect of
the impact of reciprocating parts, say, in the connecting rod bearings, which are
often run extremely loose, which, in its transmission through the governor bearings,
produces a momentary immense increase of pressure thereon.
Under my invention the strains of impact and centrifugal force are resisted by
spring pressure, and one of the essential features of my invention, generally speaking,
consists in a disposition of the mass of what is substantially a single piece weight
moving about a centre, on both sides of the axis of rotation, or even entirely around

page_text: he axis, certain parts of the weight being subject to a centrifugal strain inverse
o that to which other parts are subjected. And my invention further consists in
he combination with such constructions of a spring, or other elastic material, to
absorb strains of impact, and which is interposed between the weight structure and
ts support, the action of spring resistance being in line with but opposed to that
of centrifugal force.
Figs. 7 to 10 inclusive illustrate an application of my invention, in which, a
unitary weight structure and connected eccentric member are movable about
a centre on a rotary carrier, but in which a supporting pin or journal mechanism
is dispensed with, and the support is provided by a system of springs at angles one
to the other, the combination being such that movement of the weight structure is
a substantially rotary one. The movement is therefore similar to that which is
effected by the employment of a pin support, without the disadvantages attendant
thereon.
The rotary carrier which is secured upon the crank shaft or countershaft, 39, of
the engine, has, in this instance, the form of a square block, and the unitary
weight structure is composed of a plate, or disc, 5, and two weights, 5ª and 5°, which
are secured to the plate at or near its periphery and on radial lines at an angle
of 90 degrees one to the other. The weight structure is connected to the rotary
carrier by two plate or leaf springs 40, 40, also at an angle of 90 degrees oue to the
other; said springs being bolted to two sides of the carrier, the line of junction of
which coincides with the axis about which the weight structure moves in the
operation of the governor. The eccentric, 41, is journalled, by a pin or bolt, 42, to
the plate, 5, of the weight structure, and is provided with a pin, 43, which passes
through an elongated opening in said plate and fits freely in a guide slot, or
groove, 44, in the rotary carrier. The central portion of the plate, 5, abuts against
a friction plate, or block, 45, which is formed of, or faced with leather, rubber, or
analogous material, and fits in a central bore in the shaft, said plate being pressed
against the plate, 5, by a pressure plate, or block, 46, subject to the pressure of
a helical spring, 47. The block, 46, and the spring, 47, are shown as fitted in the
bore of the shaft 39, on the inner side of the pressure plate, or block, 46, but one
or more similarly operating friction devices may, if preferred, be fitted in the
adjacent end of the carrier, without difference of operative principle or result, the
object of the construction, in this particular, being to interpose a frictional
resistance between the weight structure, and a rotary member upon which it is
supported and with which it rotates.
It may be desirable, from time to time, to vary the degree of friction between
the weight structure and its support, and to this end I have shown a means of
adjustment which is suitable and conveniently applicable. A plate, 48, is inserted
in the bore of the shaft at the inner end of the spring, 47, and an adjusting
screw, 49, bears against the inner end of the bore, and engages an internal thread
on the plate 48. By the application of a screw driver to the head of the adjusting
screw, which may be effected through openings provided for the purpose in the
plate, 5, and eccentric, 41, the spring, 47, may be compressed to a greater or less
degree, and the frictional resistance of the block, 45, in the plate, 5, may be
correspondingly increased or diminished as desired.
Governors as usually constructed have their parts and bearings under considerable
pressure, and rotation of the motor shaft, or carrier, prevents uniform and efficient
lubrication, so that the accidental restraint, or resistance is of a very variable
nature; and the consequence is that it is practically impossible to construct two
such governors of the same size and type so that they shall have a uniform and
similar general action.
Ju governing devices in which the slight irregular friction of the supporting pin
is minimized, or wholly removed, as in my invention, it is desirable to substitute
5 some other positive restraint which can be regulated and maintained within proper
limits. Dash pots have ordinarily been employed for this purpose, but these are
objectionable, not only on account of their cost, but also because of the cumulative

page_text: effect of the restraint, as the speed of adjustment of the governor increases with
rapid and extreme changes of load. The ideal restraint, to suit the conditions of
commercially successful practice, is a moderate constant resistance to re-adjustment
which does not materially oppose rapid action; which is independent of the
rapidity of the adjustment; and which, after adjustment is complete, should be
slightly greater than during adjustment. The requirements for successful operation
are filled by the frictional attachment provided by my invention, which may be
adjusted to obtain the proper amount of friction, and which will not interfere with
the rapid action sometimes necessary, yet will have an increased tendency to retain
the parts in the proper position of adjustment when it is once reached. By the
simple mechanism provided by my invention, a frictional resistance is afforded
which is invariable with rapid action and which may be adjusted to the minimum
necessary to the purpose, without the possibility of such excess
objectionably operate to effect a slow adjustinent of the governor.
as would
By my invention I provide a governor in which the usual hearings, requiring
lubrication and which cause such irregular frictional resistance, are dispensed with,
and I apply thereto an independent frictional attachment capable of adjustment
and adapted to exert any desired constant resistance. The restraint, or drag, may
be applied through an adjustable pressure device, as in Figure 9, or by means of a
mass subject to centrifugal force and acting under the influence of that force upon
a surface by contact with which it generates a frictional resistance, or drag, as in
the construction shown in Figures 3 and 4.
In the constructions shown in Figures 3 and 4, a comparatively small piece, 50,
the form of which is not limited, is fitted to slide in a hole, slot, recess, or
groove, 53, or on a guide of any description on the governor, and is pressed by the
action of centrifugal force into contact with a surface relative to which it is
movable by the automatic adjustment of the governor. The piece, 50, may rub
against a projecting rim, 51, of the fly-wheel, 6, as in Figure 4, or, preferred, it
may engage with and rub against a specially formed surface, 52, as shown in
Figure 3, and, if preferred, a spring may be employed in the recess, 53, to act on
the piece, 50, and to press it outward with any desired degree of pressure, which
may be variable by means of an adjusting device. With this centrifugal friction
device, resistance, or restraint, may be made as nearly constant as desired, since the
mass of the piece, 50, may be made as small as desired and therefore be only
slightly affected by variations in centrifugal force; and at the same time, the
location of the piece, 50, is such that its considerable leverage may compensate for
any diminution in friction due to reduction in weight.
It will be obvious that the specific form of the governor weight structure is not
of the essence of my invention, and it may, for example, consist of an entirely
enclosing case covering the supporting carrier and its springs, or again be in the
form of a disc, or a bar. Furthermore its application is not limited to a conuection
with an adjustable eccentric, and it may be employed, with the same governing
effect, to any speed regulator, such as a throttling governor which does not adjust
an eccentric, or to electric governing where the element of speed is a factor, or in
a water wheel governor, as the guide of application of power to control the flow
of water, or in connection with the familiar Corliss cut-off gear, in which the
tripping mechanism only is in connection with the governor. In short, the leading
and essential features of my invention are applicable without change of operative
principle, to mechanisms in general which effect regulation of speed by the action of
centrifugal force.
In Figures 3 and 4, I have shown governors in which the governor weight
structure is connected with the rotary carrier by means of springs only, as shown
in Figures 7, 8, and 9, and in which the usual bearings are dispensed with. The
difference between the governors shown in Figures 3 and 4, is in the external form
of the governor weight structure, and in the employment of an eccentric pin, E,
in Figure 3, and of a plate, or disc eccentric, 54, in Figure 4. In Figure 2, the
weight structure comprises the two integrally connected weights, 55, and 56, which

page_text: re pivoted to the rotary carrier so as to be capable of the necessary angular
novement about the point, P. In Figures 3 and 4, the weight structure, 5, is
ngularly movable about a point, P, but in those constructions there is no pivot
in at the point, P, and no connection at that point between the weight structure
and the rotary carrier.
In all of the governors shown in Figures 2, 3, and 4, the eccentric, or eccentric
oin, is connected by rod 7, with an arm, 8, on the rock shaft, 9, and a reciprocating
valve, in the steam chest, 57, is connected by means of a rod, 10, with an arm, 8,
on the rock shaft, 9. The arms, 8 and 8", are inclined to one another, and their
connections, through the rods, 7, and 10. with the eccentric, or eccentric pin, and
with the reciprocating valve, are such that the action of gravity on the valve
is balanced by the action of gravity on the governor, so that the whole connected
gear is balanced as to gravity. The center of gravity of the governor is indicated
in each of the Figures 2, 3, and 4, by the letter G, and the center of the eccentric,
or of the eccentric pin, by the letter E, and the pivot, or point, about which the
governor weight structure is angularly movable, is marked P.
Since the governor weight structure is, in each case, an integral mass, the action
of gravity downward, through the point, G, will tend to rotate the weight structure
about the point, P, in the direction indicated by the arrow, a; and the downward
action of gravity on the valve in the steam chest, 57, will cause a pull on the
rod, 7, tending to rotate the governor weight structure in the opposite direction,
and the proportions and weights are such that these two opposing forces balance
one another.
In order to illustrate clearly the balancing action of gravity on the governor
and on the valve device and to show that this action is the same for all positions of
the governor, I have shown, in Figure 11, a diagram illustrating on a somewhat
larger scale than in Figures 2, 3, and 4, the relative positions of the points P, G,
and E, and the directions of the forces acting through the points G and E, when
the governor is in the position, shown in Figures 2, 3, and 4; and, in Figure, 12,
I have shown the same points and the forces acting through the points, G and E,
when the governor has been turned through an angle of 180 degrees.
In both Figures 11, and 12, the force, V, acting through the rod, 7, tends to
effect rotation about the point, P. in one direction, and the force, W, acting through
the point, G, tends to effect rotation about the point, P in the opposite direction.
The leverage of these forces, about the point, P, may vary with different positions
of the governor, but the variation will be the same for both forces, and when the
line of action of either force passes through the point, or pivot, P, its leverage and
its rotative tendency will be zero; but when the line of action of either force passes
through the point, P, the line of action of the other force also passes through the
point, P, and the gravity effects will again be balanced.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of iny said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what
I claim is :-
1. The combination, with a fluid pressure motor, of a distribution valve
mechanism, a governing device for controlling the operation of the motor, and an
adjustable yielding pressure device connected to the valve mechanism, substan-
tially as set forth.
2. The combination, of a distribution valve mechanism, a shifting eccentric, or
eccentric pin, connected thereto, and an adjustable yielding pressure device
connected to the valve mechanism, substantially as set forth.
3. The combination, of a distribution valve mechanism, a shifting eccentric, or
eccentric pin, a pivoted lever arm connected to the valve mechanism and to the
eccentric, or eccentric pin, and an adjustable yielding pressure device, substantially
as set forth.
4. The combination, of a distribution valve mechanism, a governing device for
controlling the operation of the valve mechanism, and an adjustable yielding
B

page_text: pressure device comprising a cylinder and a piston fitted therein and connected to
the valve mechanism, substantially as set forth.
5. The combination, of a distribution valve mechanism, a governor for controlling
the operation of the valve mechanism, a pivoted lever arm connected to the valve
mechanisin and to the governor, and an adjustable yielding pressure device
comprising a cylinder and a piston fitted therein and connected to the valve
mechanism, substantially as set forth.
6. The combination, with a fluid pressure motor, of a governor, and means
independent of the governor, and connected with the valve gear of the motor,
which is adapted to automatically adjust the governor, substantially as set forth.
7. The combination, with a fluid pressure motor, of a governor, a reciprocating
pressure device connected with a reciprocating member of the valve gear of the
motor and adapted to modify the effects of the inertia and friction tending to
disturb the action of the governor, and means whereby the action of the pressure
device may be automatically varied to effect variations in the supply of the motive
fluid, substantially as set forth.
8. The combination, with a fluid pressure motor, of a governor, an elastic
pressure device connected with the valve gear of the motor and tending to modify
the effects of the inertia of reciprocating parts and other disturbing forces, and
means for automatically adjusting the pressure device, substantially as set forth.
9. The combination, with a fluid pressure motor, of a governor, an elastic
pressure device connected with the valve gear of the motor and adapted to modify
the effects of the inertia of reciprocating parts and other disturbing forces, and
electrically operated means for automatically adjusting the pressure device,
substantially as set forth.
10. The combination, with a fluid pressure motor, of a governor, an elastic fluid
pressure device connected with the valve gear of the motor and adapted to modify
the effects of the inertia of reciprocating parts and other disturbing forces, and
means for automatically adjusting the pressure device, substantially as set forth.
11. The combination, with a fluid pressure motor, of a governor, a cylinder filled
with air or other elastic fluid, a piston in the cylinder which is connected with the
valve gear of the motor, and means for controlling the pressures in the opposite
ends of the cylinder, substantially as set forth.
12. The combination, with a fluid pressure motor, of a governor, a cylinder filled
with air or other elastic fluid, a piston in the cylinder which is connected with the
valve gear of the motor, and a valve controlling communication between the spaces
on the opposite sides of the piston, substantially as set forth.
13. The combination, with a fluid pressure motor, of a governor, a cylinder filled
with air or other elastic fluid, a piston in the cylinder, which is connected with the
valve gear of the motor and which is adapted by its movement to compress the
fluid in the cylinder, and a valve which is adapted to automatically vary the degree
of compression of the fluid, substantially as set forth.
14. The combination, with a fluid pressure motor, of a governor, an elastic fluid
pressure device connected with the valve gear of the motor, and an electrically
operated valve controlling the action of the fluid pressure device, substantially as
set forth.
15. The combination, of two or more fluid pressure motors, of a governor for
each of the motors, and means whereby the governor of each of the motors may
be automatically adjusted in accordance with the relative load on that motor,
substantially as set forth.
16. The combination, with two or more fluid pressure motors, and electrical
generators driven thereby, of a governor for each of the motors, and means
whereby the governor of each of the motors may be automatically adjusted in
accordance with the relative output of the generator driven by that motor, as
compared with that of the other generators, substantially as set forth.
17. The combination, with two or more fluid pressure motors, and electrical
generators driven thereby and feeding into the same circuit, of governing devices

page_text: 5
or each of the motors, and means whereby each unit is controlled and regulated in
ccordance with variations of its output from that of the other units, or from a
tandard, substantially as set forth.
18. The combination, with two or more fluid pressure motors, and electrical
enerators driven thereby and feeding into the same circuit, of a governor for each
of the motors which is adapted to independently control the motor to which it is
applied and ineans whereby any variation in the load of that motor from that of
the other motors or from a standard, may effect an adjustment of the governor
cending to equalize the loads, substantially as set forth.
19. The combination, with a fluid pressure motor, of a governor, a pressure
device for modifying the effects of inertia and other disturbing forces of the valve
gear, and means whereby the pressure device may be adjusted by the action of
electricity, substantially as set forth.
20. The combination, with a fluid pressure motor, of a governor, a device for
modifying the effects of inertia and other disturbing forces, and means whereby
the device may be adjusted by varying the resistance of an electric current,
substantially as set forth.
21. The combination, with a fluid pressure motor, of a governor, a device for
modifying the effects of inertia and other disturbing forces, and means whereby
the device may be automatically adjusted, substantially as set forth.
22. The combination, with a fluid pressure motor, of a governor, and a device
for modifying the effects of inertia and other disturbing forces, which is adjustable
automatically and by hand, substantially as set forth.
23. In a multiple system of motor driven electric generators, the combination
with a speed controller of means for applying thereto the differential effects of
electric currents before and after discharge into a common circuit or connected
system, substantially as set forth.
24. In a fluid pressure motor, the combination, of a centrifugally acting weight,
a distribution valve, with an adjustable eccentric connected to the weight and
forming the means of connection with the distribution valve, a cylinder, containing
a piston connected to the distribution valve and adapted to alternately compress
and expand elastic fluid therein, and means whereby the character of the
compression and expansion may be automatically controlled, substantially as set
forth.
25. In a fluid pressure motor, the combination, with a centrifugally acting
weight and a distribution valve, of an eccentric adapted to be adjusted by the
weight and forming the means of connection between the weight and the
distribution valve, and a pressure device connected to the reciprocating parts of
the valve gear and adapted by adjustment to modify the governing forces and
vary the speed as desired through the application of electric currents.
26. In a fluid pressure motor, the combination, of a centrifugally acting weight
and a distribution valve, with a modifying speeding attachment under control of
opposing influences of current from the generator to a common conductor or
distributor and from the common conductor to the main feeder, substantially as
set forth.
27. In a fluid pressure motor, the combination, with a centrifugally acting
weight and a distribution valve, of a pressure device subject to the modifying
influence of an electric balance for the division of load between two or more units
of power and independent adjustable modifying means whereby the speed may be
controlled, substantially as set forth.
28. The combination, of a rotary carrier, and a governor weight structure
having the particles of its mass disposed on opposite sides of the axis of the
carrier and subject to both centrifugal and inertia action, said weight structure
being movable about a single axis on the carrier.
29. The combination, of a rotary carrier, a governor weight structure subject
to centrifugal action, and springs set at an angle one to the other and connecting

page_text: the weight structure to the carrier with the capacity of movement of the weight
structure about an axis eccentric to the axis of the carrier.
30. The combination, of a rotary carrier, and an integral governor weight
structure comprising a centrifugal weight and an inertia weight, the inertia weight
having the particles of its mass substantially symmetrically disposed ou opposite
sides of the axis of the carrier, said weight structure being movable about an axis
on the carrier.
31. The combination, of a rotary carrier, an integral governor weight structure
having the particles of its mass disposed on opposite sides of the axis of the
carrier and subject to both centrifugal and inertia action, and an eccentric, or
eccentric pin, connected to the weight structure.
32. The combination, of a rotary carrier, a centrifugally acting weight connected
thereto, and a friction device to offer a restraint or resistance to adjustment of the
weight.
33. The combination, of a rotary carrier, a centrifugally acting weight connected
thereto, and a frictional resistance device interposed between the carrier and the
weight.
34. The combination, of a rotary carrier, a centrifugally acting device connected
thereto, a frictional resistance device interposed between the carrier and the weight,
and means for adjusting the resistance of the frictional device.
35. The combination, of a rotary carrier, a governor weight structure mounted
thereon, and a centrifugally acting frictional device for resisting adjustment of the
governor weight structure.
36. The combination, with a valve mechanism, adapted to reciprocate in a
substantially vertical plane, of a governor weight structure and connections
between the valve mechanism and the governor weight structure whereby the
action of gravity on the governor and on the valve mechanisın counterbalance one
.another.
37. The combination, with a valve mechanism, adapted to reciprocate in a
substantially vertical plane, of an integral governor weight structure connected to
the valve mechanism and counterbalanced for gravity thereby.
Dated, at Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, the Second day of April, A.D. 1897.
Witnesses
E. GALLAGHER.
T. J. HOGAN.
FRANCIS MARION RITES.