IMPROVEMENTS IN THE APPARATUS FOR KNEADING AND BAKING BREAD AND OTHER ARTICLES OF FOOD OF A SIMILAR NATURE
Year: 1851

page_text: DE FONTAINE MOREAU'S SPECIFICATION.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, 1, PETER
ARMAND le Comte DE FONTAINE MOREAU, of 4, South Street, Finsbury, in
the County of Middlesex, Patent Agent, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Eighth day of December,
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-one, in the fifteenth year of Her reign,
did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said
Peter Armand le Comte de Fontaine Moreau, my exors, adñiors, and assigns,
Her especial licence, full power, sole privilege and authority, that I, the said
Peter Armand le Comte de Fontaine Moreau, my exors, adiñors, and assigns,
or such others as I, the said Peter Armand le Comte de Fontaine Moreau,
my exors, adñiors, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others,
from time to time and at all times during the term of years therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within England,
Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and in the Islands of Guernsey,
Jersey, Alderney, Sark, and Man, and in all Her Majesty's Colonies and Plan-
tations abroad, the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE APPARATUS FOR KNEADING
AND BAKING BREAD AND OTHER ARTICLES OF FOOD OF A SIMILAR NATURE," communi-
cated to me from abroad; in which said Letters Patent is contained a proviso,
that I, the said Peter Armand le Comte de Fontaine Moreau, shall cause a
particular description of the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner
the same is to be performed, by an instrument in writing under my hand and

page_text: seal, to be inrolled in Her Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said in part
recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference being thereunto had,
will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Peter Armand le Comte de Fontaine Moreau, do hereby declare that the
nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed,
to be particularly described and ascertained by the following statement,
reference being had to the Drawing referred to and hereunto annexed, in
which the same letters of reference indicate, in the several Figures relating to
cach apparatus, parts which are similar (that is to say):-
The Invention relates to an improved method of making bread, biscuits, and
pastry, and consists, firstly, of a mechanical kneading apparatus for the
preparation of the dough, and, secondly, of an oven for baking it.
I will first proceed to give a description of the Invention and mechanical
operation of the kneading apparatus, which will be better understood by
reference to the Drawing, in which Figure I. represents a front view;
Figure II., a side view; Figure III., a section; and Figure IV., a plan of
the said kneading apparatus. This machine consists of a semi-cylindrical
horizontal trough A, along the middle of which is a shaft S resting upon
bearings on the semicircular ends of the trough A; upon the two opposite
sides of this shaft S are disposed two rows of blades or arms B, B, B, B,
of the forms represented in Figure III., a blade of each row alternates along
the axis of the shaft S, as seen in Figure I. The space between each blade
in the same row should be about six inches. At the extremity of these arms
B, B, B, is rivetted a longitudinal piece running the entire length of the
trough, and upon this longitudinal piece are rivetted short blades B', B',
curved in a similar manner to those herein-before described, and alternating
with them. The shaft S and its blades B, B, and B', B', are put in motion
by means of the crank h, which is shewn in Figure 4 as fixed on a fly wheel
F, which puts in motion (by means of a pinion) the cog wheel C, on which
the axis of the shaft S is set. The purpose of the fly wheel F is to equalize
the motion, and when the shaft is revolving it has the effect of mixing and
blending the substances which may be placed in the trough A. This opera-
tion is performed in a far more perfect manner than can be accomplished by
the present system of hand kneading, because of the certainty of every part of
the mass being subjected to the action of the blades or arms of the machine,
whereas this cannot be insured by the irregular operation of the workman's
hands, and that dough is of a superior quality. A very great economy is

page_text: effected, as the operation of kneading is much less laborious or unhealthy.
Another considerable advantage from the mechanical operation of kneading is
derived from its being conducted in a far more cleanly manner than by hands,
avoiding all chances of any dangerous or epidemic diseases being communi-
cated through the dough, as is now too frequently the case. It is obvious
that the machine may be of any length and size, and any power can easily put
it in motion.
The second part of the Invention communicated to me relates to an im-
proved oven for baking bread, biscuits, and pastry, and the nature of the
Invention, as well as the precise arrangement of the machinery, will be more
fully understood by a detailed reference to the Figures 5 to 13 of the Drawing,
in which the Figure 5 represents an elevation of the side upon which the
oven door is placed. In Figures 5. and 6, M is the oven door; L, the furnace
door; T, the opening through which the flues may be cleaned and swept ;
C is the crank arm, putting the whole machinery in motion by means of the
crank arm C, the toothed wheels B", B, the endless chain C', the shaft
Z, and finally the cog wheel B, through which passes the axis V, on which is
set the turntable A. The axis rotates on a socket U. The upper surface of
the turntable is covered with a layer of very thin bricks, on which the articles
to be baked are placed. P is the chimney of the furnace. Figure 6 is an
elevation of the side upon which is placed the furnace door L, and the ma-
chinery for turning the turnplate A, and upon which is seen the cog wheel B,
worked, as herein-before described, by the catching B₁ and B, the shaft Z,
the endless chain C, the wheel B, and the crank arm C. It will be seen by
this Figure, as well as by the Figures 5, 7, and 8, that the ash-pit G is placed
below the level of the ground. This is not absolutely necessary, but it is con-
venient. U is the socket, on which rotates the axis V of the turnplate; A the
socket, by means of the two setting screws H, H, can be raised or lowered,
and consequently the turnplate A will rise or fall according to circumstance.
Figure 7 is a vertical section taken upon the line C, D, of Figure 13, and
shews the turntable A supported by bars upon the axis V. J, J, are the flues
conveying the heat and smoke from the furnace into the vertical flues K, K,
and into the space O at the top of the oven, and thence into the chimney P,..
which is provided with the damper Q. The flues are composed of a certain
number of cast-iron pipes set horizontally and radiating from the furnace under
the turntable A. The space O consists of two parallel metallic plates. The
upper part or roof of the oven, as represented by Figure 13, serves to protect
the oven floor or earth, forming a thick bedding over the upper metallic plate
of the space O, and which prevent any loss of caloric. The vertical

page_text: flues K, K, which are heated by the radiating pipes J, J, serve also to
circulate the caloric around the circumference of the oven. Figure 8 is
the vertical section through the line C, D, of Figure 13; it shews an end
view of the flues J, J, and the reservoir R at the top of the oven serving to
keep hot water for the service of the kneading apparatus. Figure 9 is a
horizontal section upon the line E, F, of the Figure 7, and shews the arrange-
ment of the pinion B', B", and cog wheel B for turning the turnplate A.
Figure 10 is a horizontal section upon the line G, H, of Figure 7, and shews
the arrangement of radial flues J, J, proceeding from the furnace to the
circumference of the oven. Figure 11 is a horizontal section upon the line
X, L, of Figure 7, and shews the construction of the turnplate A. Figure 12
is a horizontal section upon M, N, of Figure 7, and shews the disposition of
the flues K, K, upon the circumference of. the oven. Figure 13 is a plan of
the top of the oven, upon which is set the reservoirs R for the hot water herein-
before described.
The apparatus is so constructed that the smoke or gases from the combustion
of the fuel instead of passing into the oven where the bread or pastry is baking
to circulate round and surround it with a heated atmosphere, the temperature
of which can be constantly maintained at the same degree, or can be increased
or diminished as may be required. The plate A upon which the bread or
other substances to be baked is placed, is circular and rests upon an axis
which passes through the brickwork at the bottom of the oven, to the back of
the ash-pit of the furnace, where it rests upon a socket or collar at the lower
end of the axis, and fixed to it is a cog wheel in which a pinion takes. The
axis of this pinion is a shaft reaching to the front of the ash-pit, where it is
provided with a toothed wheel round which an endless chain connects it with
another toothed wheel upon the axis of the handle, so that on turning the
handle I cause the plate to turn also, and thus bring any part of the said plate A
within reach of the hand. The collar in which the axis turns is supported
upon setting screws so that it can be raised or lowered, and the circular plate
will rise or fall with it. The chimney is provided with a damper to regulate
the draught, which in its turn regulates the fire, and thereby the heat of the
oven. The door of the oven is made to slide so that it may be opened more
or less, as circumstances require. It is also perforated with a hole so that the
interior of the oven may be examined without opening the door. It will be
understood that the oven door, although seen in the Drawing on the left of
the furnace, may be set in any other desired position. Near to it is set a
thermometer communicating with the interior, so that its temperature can at
all times be ascertained and regulated with nicety; by that means the risk at

page_text: present incurred by dependance upon the more technical knowledge and
experience of the workman is obviated. It is advisable to fix a gas burner
near the oven so that a strong light can be thrown upon the interior of the
furnace, if required. At the exterior of the oven are several holes leading
to the flues to allow them to be readily swept and cleaned out when required.
Any combustible may be employed for heating the furnace with equal
advantage, except that I effect a greater saving when I employ wood, by
economizing the unconsumed parts, which are collected and extinguished in
a box. The advantages of this mode of baking are, the great cleanliness,
uniformity of baking, the continuity and expedition of the operation and
economy of labor and combustible.
And having now described the Invention communicated to me, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, I wish it to be understood that I do not
confine myself to the precise details herein-before described, provided the
general features of the Invention be preserved, nor do I claim as the Invention
any of the component organs of the machinery, if taken separately; but what
I claim as new and intended to be protected by the herein mentioned Letters
Patent, is,
Firstly, the construction of a kneading apparatus, composed of alternating
long and short blades, as herein-before described, reference being had to
Figures 1, 2, 3, and 4 of the Drawing.
Secondly, the giving a rotatory motion and raising or letting down the turn-
table A, as herein-before described, reference being had to Figures 7, 8, and 9
of the Drawing.
Thirdly, the constructing the top of the oven with parallel and horizontal
plates, as herein-before described, reference being had to Figures 7 and 8 of
the Drawing.
Fourthly, the heating the bottom circumference and top of the oven by
means of radiating horizontal and vertical heat and smoke conductors,
as herein described, reference being had to Figures 7, 8, and 10 of the
Drawing.
Fifthly, the constructing of a reservoir for hot water on the roof of the
oven, and the heating the same by the caloric of the oven, as herein-before
described, reference being had to Figures 8 and 13 of the Drawing.
In witness whereof, I, the said Peter Armand le Comte de Fontaine
Moreau, have hereunto set my band and seal, this Eighth day of
June, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and
fifte ture
L' DE FONTAINE (L.S.) MOREAU.

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Eighth day of June, in the year
of our Lord 1852, the aforesaid Peter Armand le Comite de Fontaine Moreau
came before our said Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged
the Specification aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained
and specified, in form above written. And also the Specification aforesaid
was stamped according to the tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.
Enrolled the Eighth day of June, in the year of our Lord One thousand