IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CANDLES
Year: 1866

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Frederick Field, of the Firm of John Charles and
John Field, of Upper Marsh, Lambeth, in the County of Surrey, for
the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CANDLES."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Frederick Field at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 16th
May 1866.
I, FREDERICK FIELD, of the Firm of John Charles and John Field, of
Upper Marsh, Lambeth, in the County of Surrey, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF
CANDLES," to be as follows:-
My improvements have reference to a certain Invention for improvements
in the manufacture of mould candles for which Letters Patent were granted
to John Lyon Field, and bearing date the 3rd day of December, 1861,
No. 3082, which said Invention consisted in forming mould candles with the
lower ends decreasing in diameter towards their extremities in order to make
them fit into the candlestick without cutting or the use of paper. The said
tapering lower ends were described in the Specification to the said Letters
Patent as being moulded in one with the candle.
Now my present Invention consists in forming such tapering lower end
separate from the candle, and in fixing the same on to the end of the candle.
The manner of forming the tapering end and of fixing the same on to the

page_text: candle may be variously modified. Thus the tapering end may be cast with a
cylindrical recess, into which the end of the candle is made to fit tightly, and
a portion of the wick projecting from the lower end of the candle is passed
through a perforation in the tapering end, and is secured at the bottom of the
latter. Or the recess of the tapering end may be so formed that when the
candle is fitted into it interstices are left between the surfaces, which are then
run in with melted stearine, wax, or other material. Or the candle after having
been cast may be held in the mould for the tapering end, and the latter thus
cast upon it, in which case also a projecting piece of wick is, by preference,
left at the lower end of the candle, and is secured in the tapering mould, so as
to pass through the tapering end when cast. In this case also the end of the
candle may be moulded, slightly increasing in diameter at the extremity, so
that when the tapering end is cast on to it it is, as it were, dovetailed into
such tapering end. Again, the tapering end may be fixed on to the candle
with simply a butt joint, the two meeting surfaces being first melted before
being pressed together, and a projecting end of the wick being, by preference,
made to pass through the tapering end, as before described; or where it is
not required that the tapering end of the candle shall be less in diameter than
the upper part such tapering end may be formed as a tapering ring, fitted or
cast on to the lower end of the candle.
My Invention is applicable not only to moulded candles but also to dipped
And wax candles.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Frederick Field in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
15th November 1866.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, FREDERICK
FIELD, of the Firm of John Charles and John Field, of Upper Marsh,
Lambeth, in the County of Surrey, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Sixteenth day of May, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and sixty-six, in the twenty-ninth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me,
the said Frederick Field, Her.special licence that I, the said Frederick Field,
my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said
Frederick Field, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time
agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter

page_text: during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use,
exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,
the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for " IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
MANUFACTURE OF CANDLES," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the
said Frederick Field, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in
writing under my, or their, or one of their bands and seals, should particularly
describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner
the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great
Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately after
the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Frederick Field, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed,
to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement
thereof, reference being had to the accompanying Drawing, and to the figures
and letters,marked thereon, that is to say:-
My improvements have reference to a certain Invention for improvements
in the manufacture of mould candles for which Letters Patent were granted
to John Lyon Field, and bearing date the 3rd day of December, 1861,
No. 3082, which said Invention consisted in forming mould candles with
the lower ends decreasing in diameter towards their extremities in order
to make them fit into the candlestick without cutting or the use of paper.
The said tapering lower ends were described in the Specification to the said
Letters Patent as being moulded in one with the candle.
manner.
Now my present Invention consists in forming or fixing such tapering lower
end on to the end of the candle after this has been made in the ordinary
The manner of forming the tapering end and of fixing the same on
to the candle may be variously modified. Thus the tapering end may be cast
separately with a cylindrical recess, into which the end of the candle is made
to fit tightly, and a portion of the wick projecting from the lower end of the
candle is passed through a perforation in the tapering end, and is secured at
the bottom of the latter. Or the recess of the tapering end may be so formed
that when the candle is fitted into it interstices are left between the surfaces
which are then run in with melted stearine, wax, or other material. Or the
candle after having been cast may be held in the mould for the tapering
end, and the latter thus cast upon it, in which case also a projecting piece of
wick is, by preference, left at the lower end of the candle, and is secured in
the tapering mould so as to pass through the tapering end when cast. In this
case also the end of the candle may be moulded slightly increasing in diameter
at the extremity, so that when the tapering end is cast on to it it is, as it

page_text: were, dovetailed into such tapering end. Again, the tapering end may be
fixed on to the candle with simply a butt joint, the two meeting surfaces being
first melted before being pressed together, and a projecting end of the wick
being, by preference, made to pass through the tapering end, as before
described. Or where it is not required that the tapering end of the candle
shall be less in diameter than the upper part such tapering end may be
formed as a tapering ring fitted or cast on to the lower end of the candle.
My Invention is applicable not only to moulded candles but also to dipped
and wax candles.
On the accompanying Drawing are shown various modes of carrying my
Invention into practice.
Figure 1 shows a section of a conical end A, formed separate from the
candle to which it is to be attached, for which purpose it is provided with a
recess a, into which the end of the candle B, Figure 2, is made to fit tightly;
a hole c is formed through the bottom of the part A, through which a length
of wick 6 projecting from the end of the candle B is passed. Or the recess
in the tapering end may be formed slightly tapering or conical, and, after the
candle has been fixed in, a small quantity of melted paraffine, stearine, or
other suitable fatty substance may be run into the small space between the
candle and the sides of the recess, as shown at Figure 3. Or a screw thread
may be formed in the recess of the conical end, and a similar screw thread be
cut upon the end of the candle, and the latter then screwed into the former,
as shown at Figure 9. Or if the tapering end is formed of a hard substance,
such as paraffine, and the candle is of a soft substance, such as tallow, the
screw thread need only be formed in the recess of the former, which is then
made to cut its own thread on the candle when this is inserted. The recess
of the tapering end may also be formed so as to fit the rounded end of a "dip"
candle. Or the tapering end may be fixed on to the candle with a butt joint,
as at Figure 4, the meeting surfaces being first melted before being pressed
together, in which case also the wick may be passed through the tapering end
as shown. Or the conical end may be formed as a ring, and put on to the
end of the candle, which is either cylindrical, as at Figure 5, or the end of
the candle may be cut tapering as at Figure 6. Or, again, the end of the
candle may be held in the mould for the tapering end, which is then cast
upon it, as shown at the sectional elevation and part plan at Figures 7
and 8, where C is a framing which holds the candle B by means of a
collar D; while the extremity is suspended in the mould E; the upper
part E¹ of this mould is divided and can open out on the hinges e, e, so
as to allow the conical end to pass out when cast, which is effected by

page_text: forcing up the moveable bottom F by means of the lever G. The parts E' are
pressed down by means of springs I, and one or two small holes are formed
at the upper edge to allow the air to escape. The melted paraffine or other
substance is run into the mould through a funnel H formed on the part E¹ of
the mould. The collar D is formed in two halves, hinged together and
secured by a catch d, so as to open out in order to allow of the removal of the
candle. J is a gauge to determine the exact distance that the candle B is to
be inserted into the mould.
Having now described the nature of my Invention, and the best means
I am acquainted with of performing the same, I wish it to be understood that
I do not claim any part of the apparatus herein-before described for forming
the tapering or conical lower end on candles; but what I claim is, fixing or
forming the tapering or conical lower end on candles after these have been
made in the usual manner, whether by casting in moulds or by dipping.
In witness whereof, I, the said Frederick Field, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Tenth day of November, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-six.