Process of and Apparatus for Preparing Tar, Oil, Paraffine, Pitch, Heating and Illuminating Gases and Large Coke from Fibrous Organic Materials, such as Peat and Lignite.
Year: 1892

page_text: COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Process of and Apparatus for Preparing Tar, Oil, Paraffine, Pitch,
Heating and Illuminating Gases, and Large Coke from Fibrous
Organic Materials, such as Peat and Lignite.
I, PETER JENSEN of 77 Chancery Lane, London, Chartered Patent Agent
do hereby declare the nature of this invention (a communication to me from
abroad by Dr. Hermann Stiemer of Stuttgart-Berg, Germany, Engineer and
Martin Ziegler of Nachterstedt, Germany, Manager) and in what manner the same
is to be performed to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement :-
This invention relates to an improved process of and apparatus for working up
fibrous organic materials of large and hardened form for the purpose of procuring
tar, oil, paraffine, pitch, heating and illuminating gases and large coke. In the
following description of the improved process reference is given especially to turf-
and moor substances, besides charcoal and brown coal or lignite.
In
In the first place the water and tar is to be withdrawn from the turf or peat in
The water- and tar vapours
form of vapours by means of an improved coke oven.
are then passed to a condenser, in which tar and tar-water are separated while the
not condensed gases are led back to the tar factory by means of a steam jet
exhauster for heating the coke-ovens. The coke produced by these ovens is cooled
or slaked with steam. It is of high importance that in the improved coke-oven it
should be possible to work up large and solid blocks of turf, wood and the like.
ordinary coke-ovens the upper closing is effected by means of the coal-blocks lying
closely one upon another, while in the improved oven a valve is used in order to
prevent the gases formed from escaping into the atmosphere. The coking-room
A stop-valve
commonly 4 inches broad has here a width of about 10 inches.
arranged in the lower part of the oven enables the discharge of relatively large coke
blocks. By cooling the coke with steam a solid and firm form of the coke is
secured, which is of high importance for the further utilization of the coke.
The separation of the tar from the tar-water is effected by indirect heating with
steam. Both liquids will then be further treated separated from each other. In
working up the tar by means of distillation over free fire tar, oil, paraffine pitch
and gases are produced. The tar is cleaned by employing sulphuric acid and soda
lye, whereby the mixing of the tar and the chemicals will be performed by admitting
compressed air into the mixing vessels. By the treatment with sulphuric acid the
The remaining
basic substances and resins are bound so that they can be let off.
oil is to be washed in order to remove the acid reaction and then to be treated with
soda lye, separating thereby creosote-soda. This oil washed once again can be
brought directly on the market as "gas oil."
From the sulphates of resin there may be abstracted sulphuric acid especially
adapted for opening manure materials, while the resins well cleaned by means of
steam and distilled once again will give pitch.
The paraffine-mass after its crystallization is broken into small pieces so that the
oils and the paraffine in scales can be separated from each other. The paraffine
scales are melted or liquefied again and then treated with steam so that a perfectly
white and very pure paraffine is produced which does not smell, whilst the oil is
either mixed with that obtained from the tar or will be realized separately.
The tar-water is to be worked up in a suitable manner for procuring ammonia
and acetic acid.
The invention is illustrated in the accompanying drawings, in which
Figure 1 shows the disposition and arrangement of the coke factory the coke

page_text: Figure 2 is a section through Figure 1.
Figure 3 shows to an enlarged scale the arrangement of an improved coke oven.
The black peat or turf, after the fibrous peat is removed therefrom, is worked up
in a suitable mixing apparatus into a thinly liquid and uniform pulp. This pulp is
filled or piled up for drying between wooden walls or board-partitions. After a
sufficient setting or hardening the turf mass is to be cut into cubes the sides of
which have a length of about 6 inches. These turf blocks must be still further
dried, for which purpose they are best piled up into the free passages or spaces
of the condenser for condensing the tar and water vapours.
Here in consequence of
the radiating heat such a good drying takes place, that already after 10-14 days
the turf-blocks are capable of being placed on the loft of the tar-factory for further
drying.
66
The tar-factory contains the coke ovens "A" (Figure 1), "BB" are exhausters
and "D" is the condenser, in the free passages Di" (Figures 1 and 2) of which
the turf-blocks are to be piled up, as already stated above.
The dried turf is then put into the coke ovens or coke cylinders "A," (Fig. 3).
The coke oven having mainly the form of a lignite coke apparatus, is provided
with several important improvements which will considerably increase the working
and the efficiency of the oven. The oven, shown by Figure 3 in vertical section,
consists of a cylindrical coke-room "a" which is closed at the top by means of a
plug-valve "" and surrounded by brickwalls containing the flues for the heating
gases. The coke-cylinder enclosing the proper coke-room is made in its lower
part "" of brickwork and in its upper part "c" of cast iron. For heating the
oven there are used the gases produced by the dry distillation, after tar and tar-
water have been previously separated by condensation.
66
In the interior of the oven there is placed an inner cylinder consisting of flat and
round plates "d" arranged one upon another. A partition "e" is dividing the
inner cylinder formed by the said plates into two separated chambers. The water-
vapours entering into the upper chamber are drawn off through a conduit of
pipes "" to the main-pipe "g" by means of a suitable suction apparatus. The
evaporation of the water contained in the material to be coked is increased and
improved especially by the arrangement of the cast iron jacket "c" so that a con-
siderably better efficiency of the oven is obtained. The material made anhydrous
by heating in the upper part of the oven drops successively to lower points and
enters finally into the lower part of the oven i.e. the proper coke-room, in which a
perfect coking takes place. The gases formed by this coking enter into the lower
chamber of the inner cylinder and are drawn off at the bottom of the said chainber
through the pipe "y" by means of exhausters "B. B." (Fig. 1.) for being led
together with the water-vapours to the condenser "D" in which tar and tar water
are separated. The gases not condensed in the condenser are led back to the coke
factory by means of a steam jet exhauster "B" for heating the coke ovens.
The conical part "" of the coke room is closed by means of a plug valve "i"
which when opened allows large coke pieces to pass freely. Below the valve "i" is
arranged a tank "1" baving double side walls so that by filling up the space
between the walls with water a water jacket is formed for cooling the said tank,
the bottom side of which is closed by means of a slide "k." The material already
coked drops by opening the valve "i" into the tank or casing "" where it is
cooled by means of steam introduced through the pipe "o." By thus cooling the
coke with steam large and hard coke pieces are obtained. The cooled coke is then
let off into suitable trucks "m" by opening the slide "k." The working of the
coke ovens is continuous and the coke-cylinders are to be cleaned but once a
year. Surplus coke gases are passed together with the gases produced in the
generators "G" (Fig. 1.) into a suitable gas holder "C."
The products tar and tar-water, separated in the condenser "D" are collected in
a suitable reservoir, from which they are pumped into high-situated vessels. The
tar and tar water are separated from each other by indirect heating with steam and
are then worked up separately according to well known processes the tar by

page_text: fractional distillation and crystallization for procuring gas oil, paraffine, pitch
(goudron) and heating and illuminating gas, the tar water by means of a suitable
distilling-apparatus for procuring phosphate of ammonia and acetate of lime.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what I
claim is.
First. A process of working up fibrous organic materials of large and hard
form consisting in coking the said material in coke ovens in which a perfect
extraction of the water and then of the gases is effected and in cooling the
perfectly coked large coke with steam, the water and tar vapours produced in
the coke ovens being separated from their gases by means of a condenser where-
upon the remaining products tar and tar-water are separated from each other
by means of steam and then separately subjected to a further treatment in order
to procure from the tar by distillation and crystallization gas-oil (turf-oil),
paraffine, pitch (goudron), heating and illuminating gas and from the tar water
by passing it through a distilling apparatus phosphate of ammonia and acetate
of lime.
Second. For carrying out the process described the arrangement of a coke
oven "A" having a heating space and a coking space and provided in the upper
part with a cast iron jacket "c" adapted to increase the evaporation of water
contained in the material to be coked and which oven is capable of being closed
at top and bottom by means of valves "n" and "" respectively whilst the coked
large coke is brought into a casing "" provided with a cooling jacket in which
casing the coke is cooled by means of steam.
Dated this 30th day of September 1892.
JENSEN & SON,
77, Chancery Lane, London, W.C., Patent Agents.