Year: 1896

page_text: Date of Application, 14th July, 1896
Complete Specification Left, 14th Apr., 1897-Accepted, 26th June, 1897
1 PHILIP ARTHUR NEWTON of The Office for Patents, 6 Bream's Buildings,
Chancery Lane in the County of London, Patent Agent, do hereby declare the
nature of this invention to be as follows:-
This invention relates to improvements in the method of and apparatus for
telautographic communication.
It is a well known fact that the frequent interruption of the circuit, either in the
sending of pulsations of successively similar or opposed polarity, reduces the
capacity of the circuit to transmit the current, and has an effect upon the current
transmitted equivalent to a reduction in its strength. The interrupters used in
telautographs vibrate with great rapidity in ordinary or rapid writing, and cause
a great reduction in the strength of the current transmitted, as compared with
its strength when the interruptions are infrequent. It has, therefore, been usual
to employ, in telautographic transmittal, currents of sufficient strength to operate
the instruments when these currents are reduced by a maximum frequency of
vibration of the interrupters, and, at slower speeds, the proportion of the current.
needed to counterbalance the loss due to increased frequency is wasted.
According to this invention, a method has been devised of applying this hitherto
wasted current to the operation of the supplemental parts of the receiver, viz.,
the pen-lifting and lowering and paper-shifting mechanisms, thereby avoiding the
necessity of providing an additional strength of current for those purposes, as
bas heretofore been done. This is accomplished by automatically governing the
amount of current used in accordance with the frequency of the interruptions, so
that, when that frequency is low, a lesser, and when it is high, a greater, strength
of current will be supplied, the greater strength being just that required to
control the operation of the escapement magnets when the writing speed is the
highest. At or below about half speed, therefore, there will always be, in this
construction, a certain amount of current strength kept out of circuit by the
governor, which can be utilized as desired; and as the supplemental operations
are, in practice, only performed, as a rule, while the writing-pens, and conse-
quently the interrupters, are moving at slow speed, this part of the current is
available for effecting these operations.
This invention primarily consists in the devising and application of such a
governing method and mechanism to telautographs.
The invention also consists in the provision of means, at the transmitting
station, for securing reversal of polarity of the current sent to line without loss
of time due to movement of armatures or otherwise, so that such reversal shall
be practically instantaneous.
The invention also consists in certain improvements in the receiving magnets,
for controlling the flow of current through said magnets, so as to reduce to a
minimum the time of magnetic reversal.

page_text: The invention also consists in certain other particulars of construction herein-
after described.
The transmitting portion of the instrument will first be described, then the
receiving portion, and then the operation of the two together.
The improvements may be applied to a two-wire instrument, in which pulsations
of successively like polarity are used for controlling the movement in extent of
the receiving pen, but many of them are equally applicable to a three or four
wire instrument, or to one in which pulsations of successively opposite polarity
are used for the purpose indicated.
In applying the invention to a two-wire instrument, the line wires connect
with springs which rest upon contacts carried by a plate which is connected to
a rod projecting vertically through the frame of the instrument, and having
at its top a button, which may be marked "end." This rod and plate are
pressed by a spring, and, with the circuit connections, constitute the master
switch. The transmitting current passes from a split battery (connected on one
side to the earth) through wires to springs, which also rest on contacts carried
by the plate before mentioned. These springs are attached to a movable block
held in position by a spring, but capable of being depressed by a rod (the
upper end of which may be termed the "space key "), so that the attached
springs shall not rest upon their contact plates. A pivotted lever catch
is adapted to take over a collar on the master switch rod, and has a tail
end which is in the path of the movable block mentioned above when the
latter is depressed, so that when the said rod is held down by the catch, the
depression of the block will move the catch, to release the rod, and permit
the master switch to change its position under the pressure of its spring, the
instrument being thereby shifted from the receiving to the transmitting position.
The current is interrupted by the magnetic interrupting device patented by the
present applicant on behalf of Elisha Gray in Patent No. 2696 of 1893, the magnet
wheel being revolved by connection with the pen arm, and giving motion to the
interrupter lever. The brake is, as usual, frictionally attached to the shaft of its
wheel, and rests against one or the other of its two stops, according to the direction
in which the pen arm is moving.
The transmitting pen or pencil point rests upon the paper, which is, in turn,
supported by a movable spring-pressed platen of the usual construction, having
attached to it an arm, to which are attached, above and below, insulated contact
points, adapted to meet contact pins according as the platen is in its elevated or
depressed-osition. The polarity of the current sent to line upon each make of
the circuit by the interrupter is determined by a pole-changer in the following
manner:-
The pole-changer consists of an ordinary two-spool magnet having a centrally
pivotted vibrating armature lever adapted to come into connecting contact at its
extremities with two stops. The position of the lever is determined by the
energization of the coils of the magnet respectively and the latter depends upon
the position of the friction arm of the brake. When the latter is against the stop
corresponding to rearward movement of the arm, the current from the positive side
of split battery passes through certain wires and connections and one coil of the pole
changer inagnet, through the governor, and thence to the line wire. When, on the
contrary, the brake lever rests against the other stop, the current from the negative
side of battery passes through other wires and connections, and the other coil of
the pole changer, through the governor, to the same line wire.
The current, in passing through the first coil of the pole-changer magnet, will
energize said coil, and cause it to attract the armature lever. As soon as the
armature lever contacts with its stop, the first coil is shunted out of circuit, and a
shorter circuit provided for the current to reach the line. Although the first coil,
when thus shunted out of circuit, is de-energized, the armature will continue in
contact with the stop, by reason of the residual magnetic attraction between the
said coil and armature, until such time as the movement of the pen arm is reversed

page_text: and the brake lever rocked. When this takes place, there is an instant when both
halves of battery are operative on the second coil of the pole changer.
The force of the two halves of the battery acts very powerfully and quickly to
start the armature of the pole-changer away from the stop with which it is in
contact. As soon as this separation takes place, the second coil is energized, and
acted upon by the negative current only. The pole-changer armature continues
moving toward the second coil until it rests against the stop, when the said coil is
shunted out of circuit by the establishment of the shorter path for the negative
current to reach the line, through the said stop.
The purpose of this arrangement of circuits is two-fold. First, it causes the
armature lever to move with great promptness, and secondly, and of greater
importance, it provides a means for changing the polarity of the current upon the
line instantaneously, that is, the currents are so led to the line from the two halves
of battery, that one is always counected, so that it is established upon the line the
instant the other ceases.
The governing mechanism consists of an ordinary relay magnet placed in shunt
with a non-inductive resistance, of which magnet one end of the coil is connected to
the pole-changer armature, and the other end to the armature lever of the governor
magnet, which plays between front and back stops, one of which is joined to a
shunt containing a suitable resistance. The entire governing mechanism is short
circuited when the platen is in its elevated position.
The circuit connections on both sides of the transmitting instrument are precisely
the same, except that the governing mechanism of that side of the transmitter is
short-circuited on one side when the platen is elevated, as just mentioned, and on
the other side when the platen is in its depressed position.
The resistance of the governor magnet is so adjusted that, at each contact of
the interrupter with one contact post, while the interrupter is moving with
moderate frequency, the armature will be attracted, and the resistance cut into
the line circuit. Under such circumstances, therefore, all the impulses sent to
line will be reduced by the resistance. Another resistance is provided in a path
completing the circuit of line when the interrupter is against its other stop, this
resistance being of such amount that only a slight current will flow through it to
line, such as is normally sufficient to bias the reversing magnet at the receiver,
but insufficient to allow the escapement to operate.
A retractile spring of the governor armature, and the governor maguet, are so
adjusted that as the frequency of the interruptions increases, the armature will
respond less promptly to the pull of the magnet, so that the successive periods
during which the current on line wire is reduced by the resistance are shorter,
until, when the interrupter reaches about half speed, the armature is a longer
able to respond to the short energization of the magnet, and rests permanently
against its back stop, cutting the resistance entirely out of the circuit. The
resistance is of such amount that its reducing effect upon the current is about
equal to the reducing effect of the interrupter when running at half speed. Thus
it will be seen that the reducing effect, upon the current, of the interrupter, as it
increases toward half speed, is compensated by the gradual withdrawal of the
resistance from the line; until, when half speed is reached, the resistance is entirely
withdrawn, and the current left to operate at its full strength upon line, only
reduced by the effect of the interruptions.
The changes of current strength necessary to effect the supplemental operations
at the receiver, are secured by short-circuiting the governing mechanism. Thus,
when the platen is in its elevated position, one governing mechanism is short
circuited, and a current of full strength sent to line, which causes the receiving pen
to be elevated. When, on the other hand, the transmitting platen is in its
depressed position, the other governing mechanism is short-circuited, and the full
strength of current is transmitted to the other line wire, causing the receiving pen
to be lowered. This construction also secures a certain amount of saving in the
battery current used for moving the escapements.

page_text: Referring to the receiver, each line wire, on entering the receiver, divides and
passes to earth, each through a pair of Morse relays. The first pair of relays
control escapement magnets, and also pen-reversing magnets, while the second pair
control pen lifting and lowering magnets, and also compensate in the relays first
referred to, for the interval of magnetic neutrality at the time of reversal of
current on the line on reversal of direction at the transmitter, as hereinafter
explained.
Each escapement is attracted to one or the other of its two positions, according
to the position of the armature of the controlling relay magnet.
The use of a relay for operating the escapement is found to be advantageous,
for the reason that when the escapement magnets are operated directly by line
currents, the latter should be of considerable strength, in order to control the
escapement, and are slow in their operation. The use of the relay makes possible
the employment of line currents of less strength, and secures more rapid action of
the escapement.
The escapement-controlling relay also, as before stated, controls the reversing
magnets. For this purpose, the end of the core of said magnet is bifurcated, so
as to admit the pivotting of one end of a light iron polarized armature between the
bifurcations in said core, and in close proximity thereto, but not in contact
therewith. The position of said polarized armature is controlled by the polarity
of the current transmitted, and the operation of the reversing magnet is, in turn,
controlled by the position of said armature. The other end of the polarized
armature plays between the poles of a permanent magnet made in the form of a
discontinuous or slotted ring, and carries an extension having contact pieces
playing between stops. It will be seen from this, that as the polarity of the core
of the controlling relay changes with changes of polarity of current on the line,
the polarized armature will be moved back and forth between its stops, by the
attraction between it and the permanent magnet. The said armature is connected
to the battery, and one stop of said armature is connected, through the coil of the
reversing magnet, to the armature of the said magnet, the movements of which
control the pen-reversing mechanism in the usual way.
The controlling relay, therefore, has two armatures, one responding to changes
in strength of current, and the other to changes of direction; the first actuating
the escapement, and the second controlling the direction of movement through
the pen reversing mechanism.
The line wire, on entering the receiver, divides, as before stated, and is led
through the winding of the escapement controlling relay. A brauch of the line
wire includes an adjustable resistance and the winding of pen lifting relay. The
latter relay and its resistance are together in series placed in parallel with the
escapement relay. The purpose of this arrangement is to compensate, in
the escapement relay, for the interval of magnetic neutrality at the time of the
reversal of the current on the line, when a reversal of direction is made at the
transmitter. The winding of pen-lifting relay is so proportioned to the winding of
escapement relay, that the electro-magnetic force developed in the former by the
reversal of current in the line, will oppose and completely overcome the electro
magnetic force developed by the same cause in the said escapement relay. An
adjustable resistance is used to regulate this counter current, to just the right point,
so that the neutral armature of the escapement relay will not cause the escapement
Jever to move by reason of reversal of the direction of current in the line wire.
To put this another way: It is well known that the reversal of current in a
circuit containing a plain electro-magnet, will cause the latter to be de-energized
for a brief interval, due to the breaking down of the magnetism of one sign, and
building up, in its place, that magnetism of the opposite sign. If an armature
normally held away from the de-energized magnet by a spring, is placed in front
of the magnet, the latter, when energized continuously, will attract the armature,
but if the current flowing in the winding of the magnet be reversed, the armature

page_text: will momentarily be drawn away from the magnet by the spring acting upon it
during the time occupied by the magnet in reversing its magnetic condition. There
are various expedients for shortening this last named operation, but that which
appears to operate the best, is: First, the provision of means at the transmitter, as
already described, for procuring the reversal of polarity of current on the line,
without any loss of time due to armatures moving, or other mechanical time being
involved, in short, by reversing the current on the line as near instantaneously as
is possible. Second, so proportioning the windings of the receiving or translating
magnets, that the electro-magnetic force developed in the winding of one at the
time of reversal, shall cause a flow of current through the winding of the other,
which, though of short duration, is sufficient to force the time of magnetic reversal
to as short a period as possible. In this case, the period being shortened to a point
where the armature of the escapement controlling relay cannot make a complete
excursion from stop to stop, and back again, but remains almost continuously on
one stop, while the transmitting interrupter is at rest, regardless of the reversals
due to the brake lever and pole changer lever. The winding of the pen-lifting
relay is proportioned so that its electro-magnetic force, at reversal, gives an excess
of current, into the course of which a resistance is, however, introduced, to adjust
or regulate the flow of current to the proper amount to perform the desired effect
on armature of the escapement relay, so that the same apparatus inay be used upon
circuits of varying length and strength of current, without changes being made in
either of the relays. It would be possible to proportion the relays so that the
resistance would be unnecessary, if the instrument were to be used upon circuits of
the same general strength and character, using the same strength currents.
this latter, however, is impracticable, the proportions are made with a possibility of
excessive electro-magnetic force.
As
The compensating relays, as before stated, also control the pen-lifting and
lowering, and the paper shifting operations. For this purpose, they are connected
with separate pen-lifting and lowering magnets. These magnets are provided with
a common armature pivotted at its centre, and carrying the pen rest, this armature
being additional to that provided by a lever which is operated by extensions of two
pole pieces of the said magnets.
The said armature last mentioned, it may be here observed, is so adjusted, that
it is moved toward the magnets only when those magnets are both energized.
The operation of raising and lowering the pen is as follows: When the
transmitting platen is in its elevated position, the right hand governing mechanism
is cut out of the line, and, in consequence, the current is sufficient to cause thro'
the relay, the operating magnet to hold the pen rest in its elevated position, and
keep the receiving pen off the paper. When, on the contrary, the transmitting
platen is depressed, the left-hand governing mechanism is short-circuited from one
line wire at the transmitter, and the proper relay at the receiver operates to
energize the magnet, to lower the pen rest.
Through the arrangement of the escapement magnet circuits, provision is made
for interrupting the circuits at the proper time, to let the receiving pen run to
unison position, as will be hereinafter explained.
When it is desired to shift the paper, the transmitting pen is carried to the space
key and the latter depressed until the full strength of the battery is thrown onto
each line. The paper-shifting mechanism now coming into action, is caused to
move one step, and when the transmitting pen is removed from the space key, the
circuit to the paper shifter is closed, and the latter is caused thereby to move
Another step, thus completing a full normal movement of the paper. The instrument
5 50 adjusted, that when the space key is depressed, the current sent to line will be
of a polarity such as to bias the receiving pen to move to a position corresponding
o that occupied by the transmitting pen at the space key. At the same moment,
he receiving pen will be left free to inove in this direction by the interruption of
he escapeinent circuits.

page_text: The escapement magnets at the receiver will thus be de-energized, and the
escapement wheels be unlocked. The receiving pen is arrested at the unison point
by the usual stop.
It will be understood, that this invention is not limited to any special form of
construction, as many forms of governing mechanism may be devised without
departing from the scope of the invention. And these mechanisms may regulate
either the resistance of the line, or the number of battery cells, or other units of
electrical force employed.
One of the many forms of governing mechanism which may be employed is as
follows: A lever having a tip of magnetic material is pivotted adjacent to an
interrupter wheel, so that it will be drawn to the wheel by the teeth, as the latter
pass it, and drop back under the pull of its spring, when its tip is opposite the
spaces between the teeth of the wheel. A resistance and circuit connections such
that the resistance will be cut into the circuit when the lever is drawn up toward
the wheel, and cut out of it in the other position of the lever, are provided.
Dated this 14th day of July 1896.
NEWTON & SON,
Agents for the Applicant.
I PHILIP ARTHUR NEWTON of The Office for Patents, 6 Bream's Buildings,
Chancery Lane, in the County of London, Patent Agent, do hereby declare the
nature of this invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be
particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement :-
This invention relates to telautographic instruments, and to methods of
telautographic communication.
It is a well known fact that the frequent interruption of the circuit, either in the
sending of pulsations of successively similar or opposed polarity, reduces the capacity
of the circuit to transmit the current, and has an effect upon the current transmitted,
equivalent to a reduction in its strength. The interrupters used in telautographs
vibrate with great rapidity in ordinary or rapid writing, and cause a great reduction
in the strength of the current transmitted, as compared with its strength when the
interruptions are infrequent. It has, therefore, been usual to employ in
telautographic transmittal, currents of sufficient strength to operate the instruments
when these currents are reduced by the maximum frequency of vibration of the
interrupters, and at slower speeds the proportion of the current needed to counter-
balance the loss due to increased frequency, is wasted.
According to this invention, a method has been devised of applying this hitherto
wasted current to the operation of the supplemental parts of the receiver, viz., the
pen-lifting and lowering and paper shifting mechanisms, thereby avoiding the
necessity of providing an additional strength of current for those purposes, as
has heretofore been done. This is accomplished by automatically governing the
amount of current used in accordance with the frequency of the interruptions, so
that when that frequency is low, a lesser, and when it is high, a greater strength
of current will be supplied, the greater strength being just that required to control
the operation of the escapement magnets, when the writing speed is the highest.
At or below about half speed, therefore, there will always be, in this construction,
a certain amount of current strength kept out of circuit by the governor, which can
be utilized as desired; and as the supplemental operations are, in practice, only

page_text: pe formed, as a rule, while the writing pens, and consequently the interrupters,
are moving at slow speed, this part of the current is available for effecting these
operations.
This invention consists in the devising and application of such a governing
method and mechanism to telautographs, and also in certain other particulars of
construction hereinafter described, and pointed out in the claims.
In the drawings, annexed, forming part of this specification:-
Fig. 1 is a diagrammatic view of that part of the circuits of the transmitter
involved in the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a similar view of the receiver circuits.
Fig. 3 is a plan view, and
Fig. 4 a side view, on an enlarged scale, of an improved escapement magnet.
Figs. 5 and 6 show modified forms of governor.
The transmitting portion of the instrument will first be described, then the
receiving portion, and then the operation of the two together.
Referring to Fig. 1, the apparatus is shown in the position for sending a message.
As shown herein, the improvements are applied to a two wire instrument, in which
pulsations of successively like polarity are used for controlling the movement in
extent of the receiving pen; but many of them are equally applicable to a three-
or four wire instrument, or to one in which pulsations of successively opposite.
polarity are used for the purpose indicated; and it is not intendel to limit such
improvements to the particular organization shown herein.
Line wires, b, c, connect with springs, 1, 2, which rest upon contacts carried by
plate 3, which plate is connected to the rod 4, projecting vertically through the
frame of the instrument, and having, at its top, a button marked "end" in the-
drawing. This rod and plate are pressed by the spring 5 to the position shown,
and, with the circuit connections, constitute the master switch. The transmitting
current passes from the split battery Z, connected at the bifurcation to the earth,.
to springs 6 and 7, which also rest on contacts carried by the plate 3. These
springs are attached to a movable block 8, held in the position shown by spring 9,
but capable of being depressed by the rod 10, the upper end of which is termed
herein the "space key," so that the springs 6 and 7 shall rest on contact.
plates 50, 51.
A pivotted lever catch 11 is adapted to take over a collar 12 on the rod 4, and
has a tail end which is in the path of the block 8, when the latter is depressed, so-
that when the rod 4 is held down by the catch, the depression of the block 8 will.
move the catch to release the rod, and permit the master switch to change its.
position under the pressure of spring 5, the instrument being thereby shifted from.
the receiving to the transmitting position.
The current is interrupted by the magnetic interrupting device patented by the
present applicant on behalf of Elisha Gray, in Patent No. 2696 of 1893, the
magnet wheel being revolved by connection with the pen arm 14. and giving motion
to the interrupter lever 15. The Prony brake 16 is, as usual, frictionally attached
to the shaft of the wheel 13, and rests, against one or the other of the stops 17, 18,
according to the direction in which the pen arm is moving.
The transmitting pen or pencil point 19 rests upon the paper, which is in turn
supported by a movable spring-pressed platen, of the usual construction, having
attached to it an arm 21, to which are attached, above and below, insulated contact
points, 22, 23, adapted to meet the contact pins, 24, 25, according as the platen is.
in its elevated or depressed position. The polarity of the current sent to line,.
upon each make of the circuit, by the interrupter 15, is determined by a pole
changer in the following manner :-
The pole changer consists of an ordinary two spool magnet A, having a centrally
pivotted vibrating armature lever 26, adapted to come into connecting contact, at.
its extremities, with the stops 27, 28. The position of the lever 26 is determined
by the energization of the coils of the magnet A respectively, and the latter depends.
upon the position of the friction arm 16.

page_text: When the lever 26 rests against the stop 28, as shown in the drawings, Fig. 1.
the positive current from battery Z passes through spring 7, wire d, contact 28,
lever 26, frame of magnet A, wire e, governor, wire e', to line 6, the Prony brake 16
at this time resting upon the stop 18. When the movement of the transmitting
pen changes from a backward to a forward direction, the Prony brake 16 is thrown
against stop 17. The current now passes from the positive pole of battery Z to
spring 7, vires d d', stop 28, lever 26, frame of magnet A, wire e, to line, and also
a part of it flows from wire e through wire m, stop 17, wire a, right-hand coil of
magnet A, wires a', a, spring 6, negative pole of battery Z. A powerful current
is thus thrown through the right-hand coil of magnet A, but, at the same time,
the resistance of this magnet being high, this branch of the current does not
have sufficient strength to substantially diminish the positive current flowing to line.
The armature 26 therefore promptly leaves the stop 28.
As soon as there is a separation between lever 26 and stop 28, the positive
current flowing to line is broken, and a negative current is established from
battery Z, through spring 6, wires a, a, stop 27, right-hand coil of magnet A,
wire n, stop 17, lever 16, wire m, wire e, to line wire b, which current also continues
the energization of the right-hand coil of magnet A. The full strength of the
negative current is not thrown to line, until the lever 26 strikes the stop 27, when
the current flows from the negative side of the battery Z to wires a, a', stop 27,
lever 26, frame of magnet A', wire e, etc., to line-wire b."
Two prominent advantages are secured by this organization of circuits. In the
first place, the very prompt movement of the lever 26 is obtained. In the second
place, and which is of still more importance, a path for the passage of the negative
current is established as soon as the Prony brake 16 touches the stop 17, so that
when, a second later, the current of the positive side of the battery is broken by
the separation of lever 26 from stop 28, the negative impulse immediately flows
to line. While this inpulse is not of full strength, it is yet sufficient to prevent
the condition of no current on line, while it is flowing, and avoid, during that
period, the undesirable effect of such a condition at the receiver. This is much
better than were it necessary, as has been the case heretofore, to wait for the
reversal for the passage of the lever 26 from one to the other of its positions;
since this occupies a certain length of time, and extends the no-current interim to
an embarrassing degree.
It will be seen that the passage of the Prony brake 16 from stop 17 to stop 18,
produces the same succession of changes in reverse order as have just been described
with reference to the opposite movement of the Prony brake.
The governing mechanism cousists of an ordinary relay magnet G placed in
shunt with a non-inductive resistance a, of which magnet G one end of the coil is
connected to wire e, and the other end to the armature lever 30 of the magnet,
which plays between front and back stops 31, 32, the latter of which is connected
by wire to wire e'. Between the armature 30 and the wire, is a shunt containing
a resistance R. The entire governing mechanism is short-circuited when the platen
is in its elevated position, by a circuit, through the following connections-wire g,
contact post 24, contact 23, wire g', connected with wire e¹.
The circuit connections on the right-hand side of the transmitting instrument,
are precisely the same as those above described, except that the governing
mechanism of that side of the transmitter is short-circuited when the platen is in
its depressed position, as shown.
The resistance of the magnet G is so adjusted that, at each contact of the
interrupter 15 with the contact post 29, while the interrupter is moving with
moderate frequency, the armature 30 will be attracted, and the resistance R cut
into the line circuit (assuming the platen to be depressed). Under such circum-
stances, therefore, all the impulses sent to line through contact 29 will be reduced
by the resistance R. The resistance R2 is provided in a path completing the
circuit of line b, when the interrupter 15 is against its stop 33, this resistance
being of such amount that only a slight current will flow through it to line, such

page_text: as is normally sufficient to bias the reversing magnet at the receiver, but insufficient
to allow the escapement to operate.
The retractile spring 34 of the armature 30, and the magnet G, are so adjusted
that, as the frequency of the interruptions increases, the armature 30 will respond
less promptly to the pull of the magnet, so that the successive periods during which
the current on line-wire 6 is reduced by the resistance R, are shorter, until, when
the interrupter reaches about half speed, the armature 30 is no longer able to
respond to the short energizations of the magnet G, and rests permanently against
its back stop, cutting the resistance R entirely out of the circuit. The resistance R
is of such amount, that its reducing effect upon the current is about equal to
the reducing effect of the interrupter, when running at half speed.
Thus, it
will be seen, that the reducing effect upon the current of the interrupter, as it
increases toward half speed, is compensated by the gradual withdrawal of the
resistance R from the line; until, when half speed is reached, the resistance is
entirely withdrawn, and the current left to operate at its full strength upon line,
only reduced by the effect of the interruptions.
The changes of current strength necessary to effect the supplemental operations
at the receiver, are secured by short-circuiting the governing mechanism. Thus,
when the platen is in its elevated position, the left-hand governing mechanism is
short-circuited, and a current of full strength sent to line b, which causes the
receiving pen to be elevated. When, on the other hand, the transmitting platen is
in its depressed position, the right-hand governing mechanism is short circuited,
and the full strength of current is transmitted to the line wire c, causing the
receiving pen to be lowered. This construction also secures a certain amount of
saving in the battery current. used for moving the escapements.
Referring to Fig. 2, each line wire, on entering the receiver, divides and passes
to earth respectively through Morse relays N and N' and magnets C, C'. The
relays N, N', control the paper-shifting and pen-lifting and lowering circuits, as
will be hereinafter described, and also perform a function with reference to the
magnets C, C, as will be seen. The magnets C C₁ control the escapements and
the reversing mechanism, through two armature levers respectively adapted to
these purposes. One of these armature levers, 35, lies between stops 43 and 44.
When the armature lever 35 rests against stop 43, circuit is made through wire h,
one of the coils of magnet H', and thence either through stop 41, spring 42, lever 40,
to ground, or, through resistance to ground. When the lever 35 is against the
stop 44, circuit is made through wire 4, and the other coil of magnet H', and
thence either through stop 55, spring 39, and lever 40, or through resistance r to
ground. The position of the lever 35 is controlled by the position of the interrupting
lever 15 at the transmitter. When the latter rests against the stop 29, the full
current is passed to line, and the lever 35 is pulled against its stop 43; the
corresponding coil of the magnet H' is energized, and the armature 40, which
previously rested against stop 57, is drawn to stop 56.
When the lever 35 first
strikes the stop 43, the currents pass through the coil of magnet H¹ and stop 41,
spring 42, and lever 40, to ground. When, however, the lever 40 changes its
position in response to this impulse, to that shown in the drawing, this circuit is
interrupted between the spring 42 and lever 40, and shunted through resistance r'.
The function of these resistances r, r, is to reduce the current, when the
armature has reached the position of proximity to the pole of the coil to which it
is attracted, in order to economize current and permit quickness of movement,
under the pull of the opposite coil, since, as is well known, less current is required
to hold an armature in proximity to a coil, than to draw it up to that position; and
if the full energizing current were left on the magnet, after the armature was
drawn up, the magnet would become over-saturated, and when the current shifted
to the opposite magnet, the time occupied by the de-energization of the first
magnet would reduce the armature velocity toward the newly or last charged
magnet.
The operation of an escapement, by means of a relay, is found to be advantageous,

page_text: for the reason, that when the escapement magnets are operated directly by line
currents, the latter should be of considerable strength, in order to control the
escapement, and are slow in their operation. The use of the relay organization
makes possible the employment of line currents of less strength, and secures more
rapid action of the escapements.
The magnets C. C', are each provided with a second armature 45, pivotted in a
forked extension of its core, and vibrating between the two.poles of a permanent
magnet D D. As the polarity of the line currents is reversed, the armature 45 is
drawn to one or the other of the poles of the permanent magnet. In one position, it
makes contact with the stop 58, and energizes magnet X, causing the latter to
draw up its armature, and effect a. reversal of the motion of the receiving pen. In
the other position of the armature 45, the magnet X is de-energized, and the
metion of the receiving pen again reversed.
It will now be understood why the magnets N and C and N¹ and C are placed
in parallel arcs. Ordinarily, the armature 35 would be subject, in the operation of
the instrument, to occasional false movements, due to the reason that a reversal
in polarity of the current so weakens it momentarily, as to cause the armature to
fall back, when the lever 15 at the transmitter is against the 'stop 29, and therefore
the full strength of the current on line. The winding of N is, however, so
proportioned that, at the moment of reversal, it will give forth a counter electro-
motive force which will flow through the coils of the magnet C', and shorten the
period of inactivity in the coils of the latter magnet, at the reversal of polarity.
The resistance R³ is provided in the circuit of magnet N, and is an adjustable
resistance, and provided for the purpose of properly adapting the circuit of
magnet N to the coils of magnet C₁, so that the proper counter electro-motive
impulse will be given at the moment of reversal. This adjustable resistance would
not he necessary, were the conditions of use uniform for all instruments; but as
line conditions vary according to the particular circumstances, it is desirable, for
convenience, to provide an adjustable resistance at this point. By this arrangement,
it is possible to reduce the period of no magnetism in the coils of magnets C, C', to
the minimum. In the first place, the organization of circuits at the transmitter, for
reversing the current on line, is such that the reversal is as nearly instantaneous as
possible; and, in the second place, the period of no magnetism is reduced as far as
practicable by the counter current given off by magnet N' at the moment of reversal.
It results from this, that the effect of the reversal upon the magnet C', is not
sufficient to permit the armature 35 to drop back, but the latter remains almost
continuously on stop 43, while the transmitter interrupter 15 is at rest on stop 29,
regardless of reversals due to the Prony brake 16, and pole changing lever 26.
The operation of raising and lowering the pen is as follows:-When the
transmitting platen is in its elevated position, the left hand governing mechanism is
cut out of the line b, and, in consequence, the current on b is sufficient to cause the
magnet N to attract its armature 59, and close the circuit of magnet V1 through
battery. The pen rest 60 is mounted upon pivotted amature 61, common to the
two coils Vand V, and the energization of V, therefore, elevates the pen rest and
the receiving pen. When the transmitting platen is depressed, the right-hand
governing mechanism is cut out of the line wire c, and, in consequence, the current
on the left-hand line wire is strong enough to draw up the armature 62, close the
circuit of magnet V through the battery, and, the circuit of magnet C being at
.this time broken, depressing the pen rest, and dropping the receiving pen to the
paper.
When it is desired to shift the paper, the transmitting pen is carried to the
space key, and the latter depressed until the springs 6, 7 rest upon the contact
points 50, 51, when the full strength of the battery is thrown onto each line. The
atmatures 59, 62, are then both attracted, and consequently both the magnets V, V₁
energized, and the armature 63, which is a second armature, arranged in connection
with the Interal pole of the magnets V, VI, and attracted only when both of
.these magnets are energized simultaneously, is drawn up. As the armature 63

page_text: strikes its front stop 64, the paper shifter is caused to move one step, and when the
transmitting pen is removed from the space key, the armature 63 falls to its back
stop, again closing the circuit of the paper shifter, and causing the latter to move
another step, thus completing a full normal movement of the paper. The instrument
is so adjusted that when the space key is depressed, the current sent to line will be
of a polarity such as to bias the receiving pen to move to a position corresponding
to that occupied by the transmitting pen at the space key. At the same time, a
break will be caused in all the escapement circuits of magnets H, H', since all these
circuits pass through spring 65 on the armature lever 63 and stop 66. The pen will
therefore be free to move in the direction indicated by the polarity of the line
currents, and will so move until the receiving pen is arrested at the unison point by
the usual stop.
It will be understood that this invention is not limited to the special form of
construction shown in any of the details. Thus, many other forms of governing
mechanism may be devised, without departing from the scope of the invention; and
these mechanisms may regulate either the resistance of the line, or the number of
battery cells, or other units of electrical force employed. It is intended to include
in the claims any form of governor regulating the current used for the purpose
indicated.
One of the many forms of governing mechanism which may be employed is
shown in Fig. 5. In this, a lever 91, having a tip of magnetic material, is pivotted
adjacent to the interrupter disc 13, so that it will be drawn to the disc by the teeth
as the laiter pass it, and drop back, under the pull of its spring, when its tip is
opposite the spaces between the teeth of the disc. A resistance R, and circuit
connections such that the resistance will be cut into the circuit e, e', when the
lever 91 is drawn up toward the disc, and cut out of it in the other position of the
lever, are provided. The lever 91 is so placed, that when its tip is opposite a
tooth, the lever 15 will rest against the stop 29. The spring on the lever 91 is so
adjusted that as the speed of the disc 13 increases, the movements of the lever 91
away from-the stop connected by the wire will be successively shortened, and
when the disc 13 reaches about half speed, the lever will cease to respond to the
magnetic pull of the teeth of the disc, and rest permanently against the last
mentioned stop, cutting out the resistance R from the circuit.
A second form of governing mechanism is shown in Fig. 6, in which a mechanical
equivalent of the electro-magnetic governor is shown. A shaft 67, mounted in a
suitable support 68, carries rigidly connected to it, at its upper end, a gear
wheel 69 and flattened collar 70. At its lower end is splined a double-flanged
collar 71, which is free on the shaft lengthwise, but is prevented from rotating
thereon by the spline. Two flat springs 72 and 73 are attached to collars 70
and 71 by hinge-pin joints. The tendency of springs 72 and 73 is to remain in
a nearly straight position parallel with the shaft 67. Rigidly attached to these
springs are two weights 74 and 75, preferably ball-shaped. When shaft 67 is
rotated, it carries springs 72 and 73, with the weights 74 and 75, around, and the
centrifugal force acting on the weights bends the springs outward, causing them to
draw collar 71 upward toward the stop collar 76, which is pinned to the shaft 67.
A forked lever 77, pivotted at 78, engages with collar 71, and carries, at its other
end, a contact brush 79, which is arranged to make contact with the sections of a
commutating strip 80. As the weights move outward, drawing up collar 71, the
outer end of lever 77 carries the brush 79 downward, making connection with the
various segments of the strip 80 in 'succession, until the collar 71 rests against
the collar 76, when no further movement can take place, and brush 79 will then
rest upon the last cue of the segments.
The gear 69 engages with a similar gear on the lower end of the shaft of the
interrupter wheel 13 of the transmitter. Now, on rotating the transmitter
by the movement of the pen arm 14, the governor weights will tend to move
outward, and begin drawing up the collar 71, until the speed reaches a pre-
determined rate, say, about half of the full attainable speed, when collar 71 bears

page_text: against stop collar 76, and further increase of the speed will have no effect upon
the governing device.
The electrical operation can be best understood by supposing the wire e, Fig. 1,
to connect with the upper portion of the circuit, as shown, and the wire e to
connect with the lower portion. The route of the current from the pole changer A
to line, is then via wires e, a, lever 77, brush 79, resistance coils 81, 82, 83, 84, 85,
86, 87, 88, 89, 90, to wire e¹, interrupter lever 15, wire e to line. As soon as the
lever 77 is moved so that the brush moves from the first to the second segment of
the strip 80, this route is changed to the extent that the resistance 81 is cut out
of it. As the brush 79 continues to move downward across the segments, the
resistances are cut out, until in the extreme position of the lever 77 corresponding
to the extreme upward movement of the collar 71, all the resistances 81 to 90 are
cut out of line.
The proper amount of the resistance represented by each segment, depends
somewhat upon the line in which the instrument is to be used; thus, for a line
having a resistance of twenty-five ohms to fifty ohms, ten segments of five ohms
each will be found about right for resistance. In any specific case, the resistance
can readily be adapted to the line by trial.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of the said inven-
tion, and in what manner the same is to be performed (as communicated to me
from abroad), I declare that what I claim is :-
1. The combination of a line wire, means for causing pulsations to traverse the
same, and a governor operating to change the strength of current on line, to
compensate the effects of changes in frequency of the pulsations, substantially as
described.
2. The combination of a line wire, means for causing pulsations to traverse the
same, and a governor controlled by said pulsations, and operating to change the
strength of current on line, to compensate the effect of changes in frequency of
the pulsations, substantially as described.
3. The combination of a line wire, a current traversing the same, an interrupter,
and a governor operating to change the strength of current on line, to compensate
the effect of changes in frequency of the interruptions, substantially as described.
4. The combination of a line wire, means for causing pulsations to traverse the
same, and a governor operating to vary the resistance of the line, to compensate
the effects on the current of changed frequency in the pulsations, substantially as
described.
5. The combination of a line wire, means for causing pulsations to traverse the
same, a resistance, and a governing device operated by said pulsations, to switch
the resistance into and out of line, in accordance with the frequency of the pulsations,
substantially as described.
6. The combination of a telautographic transmitting pen, a line wire, means for
sending pulsations over said wire, depending in number upon the rapidity of the
movement of the transmitting-pen, and a governor operating to change the strength
of the current on line, to compensate the effect of changes in the frequency of the
pulsations, substantially as described.
7. The combination of a telautographic transmitting pen, a line wire, an
interrupter, the movements of which are controlled by the movements of the trans-
mitting pen, and a governor controlled by the pulsations sent to line by the
interrupter, and operating to change the strength of the line current, to
compensate the effect of changes in frequency of the interruptions, substantially
as described.
a
transmitting pen,
8. In a telautograph, the combination of two line wires,
a receiving pen, means for transmitting the to and fro movements of the transmitting
pen into pulsations on the two lines, means for reversing the polarity of said
pulsations, on each reversal in direction of movement of the transmitting pen;
means operated by each reversal for reversing correspondingly the direction of

page_text: movement of the receiving pen; and means for increasing the current strength in
one of said lines, to lower said pen, and, in the other, to raise it, substantially as
described.
9. In a telautograph, the combination of two line wires, a transmitting pen,.
a receiving pen, means for transmitting the to and fro movements of the trans-
mitting pen into pulsations on the two lines; means for reversing the polarity of
said pulsations on each reversal in direction of movement of the transmitting pen;
means operated by each reversal for reversing correspondingly the direction of
movement of the receiving pen; a paper shifter; and means for increasing the
current strength in both of said lines simultaneously, to shift the paper, substantially
as described.
10. In a telautograph, the combination of two line wires, a transmitting pen, a.
receiving pen, means for transmitting the to and fro movements of the transmitting.
pen into pulsations on the two lines, a governor in each line operating to change.
the strength of the line current in accordance with changes in the rapidity of said
pulsations, and means for cutting out the governors, in order to effect supplemental
operations at the receiver, substantially as described.
'
11. The combination of a line wire, a current traversing the same, an interrupter,.
a relay, and a resistance in the line, the relay being so adjusted as to cut the
resistance out of the circuit, as the frequency of the pulsations increases, and to.
return it to the circuit as the frequency diminishes, substantially as described.
12. The combination of an escapement mechanism for a telautographic receiving
pen, circuit connections for operating the same, and means for reducing the
operating current at or about the end of the escapement stroke, substantially as
described.
13. In a telautograph, the combination of a receiving pen, means for moving the
same, a reversing magnet for reversing its direction of movement, said reversing
magnet having two armatures, one polarized, and operating to control the reversing
mechanism, and the other unpolarised, and operating to control the movements of
the receiving pen in extent, substantially as described.
14. The combination in a telautograph, of a pen-raising and pen-lowering magnet,.
a common armature therefor, operated by said magnets alternately, a second
armature operated by said magnets jointly, a paper shifter, and connections.
whereby the second armature controls the paper shifter, substantially as described.
15. The combination, in a telautograph, of two maguets, mechanism for raising &
lowering the receiving pen operated by said magnets respectively, when separately.
excited, a paper shifter, and mechanism for controlling the paper shifter operated
by said magnets when jointly excited, substantially as described.
16. The combination of a receiving pen, means for giving it a tendency to.
progressive movement in two angular directions, escapements for restraining the
movement of the receiving pen, magnets controlling the escapements, means for
controlling the direction of movement of the receiving pen, means for sending to.
line proper currents to bias the receiving pen to move to a certain unison position,
and means for interrupting the circuits of the escapement magnets, when said
currents are sent, whereby the receiving pen is left free to move to the unison.
position, substantially as described.
17. The combination of a receiving pen, means for giving it a tendency to.
progressive movement in two angular directions, escapements for restraining the
movement of the receiving pen, magnets controlling the escapements, means for
controlling the direction of movement of the receiving pen, means for sending to
line proper currents to bias the receiving pen to move to a certain unison position,
a paper shifter, and an armature controlling the same, the circuits of the escape-
ment magnets being also controlled by said armature, so that when the paper is.
shifted, the escapement circuits are interrupted, and the receiving pen is left free
to move to unison position under the influence of said biassing currents, substantially
as described.
18. The method of telautographic transmission, which consists in employing to.

page_text: transmit the movements in extent of the transmitting pen, a current of strength
suitable for the most rapid succession of pulsations, withdrawing from the circuit a
portion of said current during the slower succession of pulsations, and utilizing the
current so withdrawn, to effect the supplemental operations of the receiver, substan-
tially as set forth.
19. The method of telautographic transmission which consists in employing, to
transmit the movements in extent of the transmitting pen, a given current increasing
the resistance of the line during the slower succession of pulsations, and decreasing
it during the more rapid succession of pulsations, and employing the current saved
by such regulation, for performing supplemental operations at the receiver, substan-
tially as set forth.
20. In a telautographic transmitting instrument, the combination of the line
wire, Prony brake, the pole changer, the battery and circuit connections as described,
whereby the movement of the Prony brake closes a circuit for the transmission of
a current opposite in polarity to that on line, before the pole changer is caused
to operate, as a result of the same movement of the Prony brake, substantially as
described.
21. In a telautographic receiving instrument, the combination of a magnetic
escapement for controlling the movements of the receiving pen in extent, a magnet
for regulating the movement of the escapement, dependent for this operation upon
changes in strength of the transmitted current, and coil in parallel circuit with the
last-named magnet, for reducing the effect thereon, of reversal in polarity of the
transmitted current substantially as described.
D1: 10t
110077
NEWTON & SON,
Agents for the Applicant.