IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM ENGINES AND BOILERS, PARTS OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE APPLICABLE TO COMPRESSED AIR ENGINES AND OTHER FLUID MOTORS, AND ALSO FOR PUMPING AND MEASURING LIQUIDS."
Year: 1876

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Frederick William Turner, of St. Alban's Ironworks,
St. Alban's, in the County of Hertford, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS
IN STEAM ENGINES AND BOILERS, PARTS OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE
APPLICABLE TO COMPRESSED AIR ENGINES AND OTHER FLUID MOTORS,
AND ALSO FOR PUMPING AND MEASURING LIQUIDS."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Frederick William Turner at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 17th November 1876.
"
FREDERICK WILLIAM TURNER, of St. Alban's Ironworks, St. Alban's, in the
County of Hertford. IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM ENGINES AND BOILERS, PARTS
OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE APPLICABLE TO COMPRESSED AIR ENGINES AND
OTHER FLUID MOTORS, AND ALSO FOR PUMPING AND MEASURING LIQUIDS."
My Invention relates firstly to improvements in steam engines, which improve-
ments may, with slight modifications, be adapted to engines driven by compressed
air or other fluid.
The said Invention also relates to the novel construction of boilers to be em-
ployed in connection with the said steam engines.
In one form or arrangement of my said Invention for engines of small power I
employ a piston attached to a trunk working in a cylinder. On one side of this
trunk I form a port face, and upon this face I fit a slide valve similar to those in
ordinary use. In the said trunk I form an admission port leading through the said
face to the space between the end of the cylinder and the piston, and an exhaust
port communicating with the interior of the trunk. The said slide valve is worked
by an arm on the connecting rod, and projecting through the side of the trunk into
a cavity formed in the said slide valve. This arm is attached to the connecting rod
at or near its joint which connects it with the trunk or piston in such a manner
that the oscillation of the said connecting rod on the crank opens the said admission
port during one half of each revolution of the crank and opens the exhaust port
during the other half of the crank's revolution.

page_text: In the above-described arrangement of my Invention the said valve works
without any "lead" or "lap," but in engines of great power it is necessary that
the valves should have both "lap" and "lead;" I therefore modify the construction
of the parts as follows, that is to say:-In some instances I construct the piston
trunk and ports as above described, and form the valve with the desired extent of
lap, and instead of operating the said valve by an arm on the connecting rod, which
connects the piston with the crank, I operate it by an auxiliary rod which is
arranged at the side of the maiu connecting rod and is connected to the crank pin,
but the portion of the crank pin on which the said auxiliary rod is fitted is not
concentric with the part of the said crank pin on which the main connecting rod of
the engine works, but has its centre nearer to or further from the centre of the
crank shaft. The result of this contrivance is that the piston and slide valve have
a different length of stroke, which difference is the extent of the "lead" of the
valve.
The lower or inner end of the said auxiliary or valve rod slides upon a block that
is fitted to oscillate on a pin in the interior of the trunk or piston. By this means
I give the valve lead to the admission port when the piston has completed its
stroke in one direction and to the exhaust port when it has completed its stroke in
the opposite direction..
I prefer to have the inward stroke performed by pressure of steam acting upon
the annular surface of the piston surrounding the trunk, the area of which surface
is equivalent to about one-half the total area of the said piston, and the outward
stroke performed by the pressure of steam admitted through the port to the
opposite end of the cylinder and acting upon the whole area of the said piston.
For working this engine expansively I prefer to employ a cut-off valve in the
steam inlet passage leading into the cylinder, and actuate the same by an excentric
on the shaft in the usual manner or by other suitable means.
To make the above described engines reversible I form two port faces, preferably
on opposite sides of the trunk and fit to each face a separate slide valve.
In each face is formed an admission port communicating with the opposite side
of the piston, and by means of a reversing valve which may be a disc or cylindrical
or other suitable valve, either port may be closed while the other is opened to the
space between the end of cylinder and the piston. The said reversing valve is
operated by a rod passing through the cylinder cover.
According to another modification of my Invention I provide a rapidly running
engine for use in cases where it is not desirable or practicable to have a fly-wheel.
I propose to use three or more cylinders, the piston of each being single acting, that
is to say, the piston exerts power in one direction only. For this purpose I prefer
to use a trunk with two pistons, one on each of its ends. Upon the side or sides of
this trunk I form a port face or faces, and fit on each face a slide valve or valves
which may be operated by either of the devices above described. This engine may
be rendered reversible by fitting in each piston a reversing valve provided with
means for operating or regulating it as above described.
To enable these engines to work I form two or more admission ports at different
points in the length of the cylinder and upon opposite sides of the same; that is to
say, I arrange ports at such a distance from the end of the cylinder, that, if closed
by the attendant the steam will be cut off, say at one-third of the stroke, and I
arrange other ports by which steam will be cut off at about four-fifths of the
stroke.
In order that these ports may be alternately opened and closed by the attendant
I provide in one case a valve or valves. Upon each side of the connecting portion
of the pistons I form pieces which fit closely the inner surface of the cylinder and
cover the said admission ports in the side of the cylinder when the piston has
passed through portions of its stroke corresponding with the position of these ports,
thereby cutting off the steam, the piston accomplishing the remainder of its stroke
by the expansive force of the steam admitted before the closing of the said ports.
These improved engines can be adapted as compound engines by arranging a

page_text: cylinder or cylinders of large diameter at either end of the small cylinder, and
connecting the pistons of both cylinders by a sliding trunk; or by having large
cylinders fitted in the manner of the smaller cylinders, and placed at the
side of the latter, and worked by the exhaust steam of the said smaller cylinders.
In some cases it is desirable or necessary to provide my improved engines with
a condenser, but the high velocity of the said engines renders the use of the
ordinary air pump impracticable. I therefore provide a rotary pump constructed
as follows, that is to say, it has a cylindrical casing fitted with a cover, having a
pin fixed in the centre. Upon this pin are mounted two or more socket pieces,
into which are fitted flat vanes extending to the interior surface of the said outer
casing.
In a recess formed in the side of the cylindrical casing opposite to the core, but
not concentric therewith, I fit a revolving disc with a deep rim on one side. In
this rim I form in a line with its axis cylindrical cavities open on both sides. Into
these cavities are fitted plugs having openings, in and through which openings the
said flat vanes work; the aforesaid disc being attached to the driving spindle is
made to revolve together with the vanes. The said socket pieces are fitted with
adjustable keys and nuts for adjusting the vanes to the outer casing as they wear.
On one side of the said revolving disc is provided an inlet passage, and on the
other side an outlet passage.
Another part of iny Invention relates to stop valves for effectually controlling
the admission of steam or other fluid to engines. For this purpose I employ an
improved double-faced stop valve, which gives a clear passage when open, and
which is provided with two steam-tight closing faces. The said stop valve has a
rectangular, square, or cylindrical chamber, in which I fit two plates or loose
valves; these are forced asunder and into contact with the opposite faces by means
of two pieces jointed together, and which form a toggle or knuckle joint, these
pieces being worked to and fro by means of a screw spindle. When this spindle
is turned in one direction the valves are closed; when it is turned in the opposite
direction they are released and opened.
Another part of my Invention relates to engines for working pumps by the
direct action of their pistons. In these engines I use a cylinder piston and slide
valve, similar in form and construction to those used in locomotive engines. In
combination with the main cylinder I construct two smaller cylinders, in which
work two small pistons, which actuate the main slide valve in a steam chest pro-
vided between the ends of the two small cylinders. The said small pistons are
connected by a neck, and the space between the portions on one side of this neck is
occupied by the said slide valve, and when the pistons move the said main slide
valve moves with them, as will be well understood.
The ingress and egress of the steam are regulated by a secondary slide valve,
which admits steam to the small pistons, thereby moving them to and fro and
moving the valve over suitable ports formed in the said steam chest, and extending
therefrom to the ends of the main cylinder. The said secondary slide valve is
moved by two levers, which alternately receive motion from the main piston
coming in contact with them near the termination of its strokes. These levers
have their fulcrums in the covers of the said small cylinders, and between thein
and the outer cover of the main cylinder; their lower ends protrude into the main
cylinder, while their upper ends take into recesses formed in the under or inner
side of the secondary slide valve. As the main piston approaches the end of the
cylinder, at each stroke it depresses the end of the lever, which moves the
secondary slide in one direction, and when it approaches the opposite end the other
lever is depressed and moves the said valve in the opposite direction, thus admitting.
steam to and exhausting it from the small cylinders alternately at both ends, and
thereby actuating the main slide valve.
By these arrangements I am enabled to work the said valves without any external
gearing rods, levers, or stuffing boxes.
To prevent the racing of these engines from a sudden diminution of their load I

page_text: provide a small port communication between the small cylinders and the large or
main cylinder, which port is opened by the small piston when it has made only a
portion of its stroke, and before the main slide valve is opened to the same end of
the main cylinder.
Should the main piston move without a load or resistance the steam in the
small cylinders is exhausted into the large or main cylinder. The inlet port of the
larger cylinder is not in this case opened by the main slide valve, the exhaust port
being only partly opened, so that the main piston is retarded, and its movement at
a dangerous velocity is prevented. The small pistons are thus made to perform the
functions of an auxiliary sliding and governing valve.
In large pumping engines it has been found necessary that the main piston
should have an interval of rest between the termination of one stroke and the
commencement of the succeeding stroke. For this purpose I fit into the side of
the steam chest, and communicating with the exhaust port of the small cylinders,
a screwed conical valve, by which the said exhaust port can be closed or throttled
at pleasure. This device enables me to retard and regulate the action of the small
pistons and the main slide connected therewith. From the ports which lead into
the sides of the small cylinders I form branch ports extending into the ends of the
same; the branch ports are closed to the egress of steam. By this arrangement a
portion of the exhaust steam is retained after the closing of the side ports by the
piston passing over them, so that the piston is cushioned and will not strike the
end of the cylinder.
My improvements relating to steam boilers are as follows, that is to say :-I
construct a vertical boiler, which encloses a fire-box; the top of the said fire-box is
made sloping from its periphery up to its centre, and above the said fire-box the
boiler has a portion sloping or inclined to a corresponding angle, but not extending
to the centre of the boiler. The upper part of the boiler has a sloping or inclined
portion, which connects with the aforesaid sloping portion of the lower part of the
boiler, and the annular space between the upper and lower parts of the same is
enclosed by an outer plate extending around it, and forms the smoke box. Tubes
extend from the top or roof plate of the fire-box to the lower plate of the smoke
box;
the said tubes are inclined upward and outward at an angle vertical or nearly
so to the said inclined plates. A chimney or smoke stack extends from the top of
the smoke box through the upper portion of the boiler.
Between the top or apex of the fire-box to the roof or crown of the boiler I
place a tube, which is riveted to the fire-box and boiler top, but which does not
communicate with the interior of the said fire-box. This tube is provided with
vertical slots or apertures at its upper and lower ends, through which the water in
the boiler can flow freely, and by means of this tube a constant circulation is main-
tained within the boiler during the working of the same.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said Frederick William Turner in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 17th
May 1877.
FREDERICK WILLIAM TURNER, of St. Alban's Ironworks, St. Alban's, in the
County of Hertford. "IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM ENGINES AND BOILERS, PARTS
OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE APPLICABLE TO COMPRESSED AIR ENGINES AND
OTHER FLUID MOTORS, AND ALSO FOR PUMPING AND MEASURING LIQUIDS."
My Invention relates, firstly, to improvements in steam engines, which improve-
ments may with slight modifications be adapted to engines driven by compressed
air or other fluid.
The said Invention also relates to the novel construction of boilers to be

page_text: expiam.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS.
Figure 1 is a vertical section of an engine constructed according to my Invention,
more especially designed for light work, and not provided with expansion or
reversing gear; Figure 2 is a vertical transverse section of part of Figure 1.
Figure 3 is a side elevation partly in section of an engine constructed according
to my said Invention, and provided with expansion and reversing gear; Figure 4 is
a vertical section of the same.
Figure 5 is a section of the upper portion of the said engine taken on a plane at
right angles to Figure 4; Figure 6 is a horizontal section on the line x, x, Figure 5.
Figures 7, 8, 9, shew details of the said engine herein-after described.
Figure 10 is a side elevation partly in section of a three cylinder engine con-
structed according to the said Invention; Figure 11 is a plan partly in vertical
section on the line x¹, x², Figure 10; Figure 12 is a vertical section on the line
3, y, Figure 11.
Figures 12 and 12b show a modification of this engine herein-after described.
Figures 13 and 14 are vertical sections of an improved valve forming part of my
said Invention; Figure 15 shews a portion of the same, detached.
Figure 16 is a plan or top view of an engine constructed according to my
Invention, and designed for working a pump; Figure 17 is a longitudinal section
on the line 2, 2, Figure 16; Figure 18 is an end view of the same with the cover
removed.
Figure 19 is a vertical transverse section of a rotary pump for a condensing
engine constructed according to my said Invention; Figure 20 is a longitudinal
section of the same on the line x², x², Figure 19.
Figure 21. is a vertical section of my improved boiler; Figure 22 is a horizontal
section of the same on the line y¹, y', Figure 21.
One form or arrangement of my said Invention is illustrated in Figure 1. This
form or arrangement is more especially designed for engines of small power. a is
the foundation or bed; b is the cylinder, which may be of any suitable construction.
In this engine I employ a piston c attached to a trunk & working in the cylinder b.
On one side of this trunk d I form a port face at d², either internally or externally,
and upon this face I fit a slide valve e somewhat similar to those in ordinary use.
In the trunk d I form an admission port d² leading through the said face d' to the
space between the end of the cylinder and the piston, and an exhaust port d³
communicating with the interior of the trunk. The said slide valve is worked by
an arm f on the connecting rod f, which arm projects through the side of the
trunk d into a cavity formed in the said slide valve as shewn. This arm f¹ is
attached to the connecting rod fat or near its joint f, which connects it with the
trunk or piston in such a manner that the oscillation of the said connecting rod
on the crank h opens the said admission port during one half of each revolution
of the crank, and opens the exhaust port during the other half of the crank's
revolution.
I prefer to provide the aforesaid trunk with an inner trunk d*, to which the
connecting rod f is jointed. The said inner trunk is adjustable endwise in the outer
or main trunk by means of screws d', Figure 2, and I am thereby enabled to
accurately adjust the bearings for the connecting rod joints, and have easy access to
the same.
In the above described arrangement of my Invention the said valve works
without any "lead" or "lap," but in engines of great power it is necessary that the
valves should have both "lap" and "lead." I therefore modify the construction of

page_text: the parts, as shewn in Figures 3 to 9, that is to say, in some instances I construct
the piston trunk d and ports as above described, and form the valve e with the
desired extent of lap, and instead of operating the said valve by an arm on the
connecting rod which connects the piston with the crank I operate it by an
auxiliary rod g, which is arranged at the side of the main connecting rod f, and is
connected to the crank pin h; but the portion of the crank pin on which the
auxiliary rod g is fitted is not concentric with the part of the said crank pin on
which the main connecting rod f works, but has its centre nearer to or further
from the centre of the crank shaft. The result of this contrivance is that the piston
and slide valve have a different length of stroke, which difference is the extent of
the "lap" and "lead" of the valve.
The lower or inner end of the said auxiliary or valve rod slides upon a block g¹
that is fitted to oscillate on a pin gå in the interior of the trunk or piston, or it may
slide upon the square portion of a vibrating pin. By these means I give the
valve lead to the admission port when the piston has completed its stroke in one
direction and to the exhaust port when it has completed its stroke in the opposite
direction.
I prefer to have the inward stroke performed by pressure of steam acting upon
the annular surface c¹ of the piston surrounding the trunk, the area of which surface
is equal to about one-half the total area of the said piston, and the outward stroke
performed by the pressure of steam admitted through the port d to the opposite
end of the cylinder and acting upon the whole area of the said piston.
For working this engine expansively I prefer to employ a cut-off valve in the
steam inlet passage leading into the cylinder and actuate the same by an excentric
on the shaft in the usual manner, or by other suitable means.
To make the above described engines reversible I form two port faces d', d pre-
ferably on opposite sides of the trunk d, and fit to each face a separate slide valve as
shewn in Figures 4 and 6.
In each face is formed an admission port do, d, communicating with a chamber c
formed in the piston c. A reversing valve j is placed in this chamber, which may
be a disc, or a cylindrical or other suitable valve, and by means of this valve either
of the said ports may be closed while the other is opened through the port d³,
Figures 5 and 7, to the space between the end of the cylinder and the piston. The
said reversing valvej provided with suitable ports is operated by a rod ¹ passing
through the cylinder cover as shewn.
The ports in the reversing valve jare placed in such a position as to connect
the port d alternately with either of the admission ports d, d, so that by the
admission of steam through the port d the the engine is driven in one direction, and
when admitted through the port d the said engine is driven in the opposite
direction. Figure 7 shews the end of the said piston with its reversing valve
chamber c; Figures 8 and 9 shew the face and back of the reversing valve j.
According to another modification of my Invention I provide a rapidly running
engine for use in cases where it is not desirable or practicable to have a fly wheel.
This modification of my Invention is illustrated in Figures 10, 11, and 12. I pro-
pose in this engine to use three or more cylinders b, the piston of each being single
acting, that is to say, the said piston exerts power in one direction only. For this
purpose I prefer to use a trunk d with two pistons c, one on each of its ends. Upon
the side or sides of this trunk I form a port face or faces do, and fit upon cach face a
slide valve or valves e which may be operated by either of the devices above
described. This engine may be rendered reversible by fitting in each piston a
reversing valve j provided with means for operating or regulating it as above
described and as shewn in Figures 3, 4, and 5.
For enabling these engines to work expansively I form two or more admission
ports, ¹, at different points in the length or circumference of the cylinder. The
ports are in such a position that at a certain point of the piston's down stroke they
are closed by the extended pieces or surfaces c of the piston. The ports ¹ occupy
such a position or are so arranged that the piston does not pass over and close them,

page_text: but they are designed to be opened or closed by the attendant or engine driver to
cause the engine to work with full steam or expansively, as desired.
In order that these ports may be alternately opened and closed by the attendant
I provide a valve to work on a seating in a valve box 1, the said valve being actuated
by a lever . Upon each side of the trunk or connecting portion of the pistons,
and upon the sides not occupied by the slide valves, I form the pieces c' which fit
closely the inner surface of the cylinder and cover the admission ports k in the side
of the cylinder. When the piston has passed through a portion of its stroke cor-
responding with the position of these ports h the steam is cut off and the said piston
accomplishes the remainder of its stroke by the expansive force of the steam admitted
before the closing of the ports k.
In
A modification of this part of my Invention is shown in Figures 12 and 12b.
Figure 12a is a transverse vertical section of an engine constructed according to this
modification, and Figure 12b is a side elevation partly in section of the same.
this engine the cylinder b is provided with a steam jacket and the steam is
admitted to the piston through ports 2, 3, formed in the said cylinder. ², ², are
valves arranged to close the ports. These valves are actuated simultaneously
by rods ³ connected with a weigh shaft above the cylinder or by other suitable
means.
These improved engines can be adapted as compound engines by arranging a
cylinder or cylinders of large diameter at either end of the small cylinders and
connecting the pistons of both cylinders by a sliding trunk, or by having large
cylinders fitted in the manner of the smaller cylinders and placed at the side of the
latter and worked by the exhaust steam of the said smaller cylinders.
Another part of my Invention relates to stop valves for effectually_controlling
the admission of steam or other fluid to engines. This part of my Invention is
illustrated in Figures 13, 14, 15. For this purpose I employ an improved double-
faced stop valve which gives a clear passage when open, and which is provided with
two steam-tight closing faces. The said stop valve has a rectangular square or
cylindrical chamber m in which I fit two plates or loose valves n. These plates are
forced asunder and into contact with the opposite faces o by means of two jointed
pieces, and which together form a toggle or knuckle joint, these pieces being worked
to and fro by means of a screw spindle n² and nut n³. When this nut is turned in
one direction the valves n are closed, when it is turned in the opposite direction
they are released and opened.
Another part of my Invention relates to engines for working pumps by the direct
action of their pistons, as shewn in Figures 16, 17, 18. In these engines I use a
cylinder b, piston c, and slide valve e, similar in form and construction to those used
in locomotive engines. In combination with the main cylinder b I construct two
smaller cylinders p, p, wherein work two small pistons p¹, p¹, which actuate the
main slide valve e in a steam chests provided between the ends of the two small
cylinders p. The said small pistons are connected by a neck p², and the space
between the pistons p² on one side of this neck is occupied by the said slide valve e,
and when the pistons p³ move, the said main slide valve moves with them, as will
be well understood.
The ingress and egress of the steam are regulated by a secondary slide valve q,
which admits steam to the small piston p¹, thereby moving them to and fro, and
moving the valve e over suitable ports 1, 2, formed in the steam chest, and extending
therefrom to the ends of the main cylinder b. The said secondary slide valve q is
moved by two levers q¹, which alternately receive motion from the main piston c
coming in contact with them near the termination of its strokes. These levers q¹
have their fulcrums at q³ in the covers q³ of the said small cylinders, and between
them and the outer cover; their lower ends protrude into the main cylinder b, while
their upper ends take into recesses of formed in the under or inner side of the
secondary slide valve q. As the main piston c approaches the end of the cylinder b
at each stroke it depresses the end of the lever q¹, which moves the secondary slide
valve q in one direction, and when it approaches the opposite end the other lever q¹

page_text: is depressed, and moves the said valve in the opposite direction, thus admitting
steam to and exhausting it from the small cylinders p alternately at both ends, and
thereby actuating the main slide valve.
By these arrangements I am enabled to work the said main and auxiliary slide
valves without any external gearing rods, levers, or stuffing boxes.
To prevent the racing of these engines from a sudden diminution of their load, I
provide a small port communication r, r, between the small cylinders p and the
large or main cylinder b at or near each end of the latter. The port at each end is
opened by the corresponding small piston when it has made only a portion of its
stroke, and before the main slide valve has opened the steam port leading to the
same end of the main cylinder b.
P
Should the main piston c move without a load or resistance the steam in the small
cylinders is exhausted into the large or main cylinder b. The inlet port of the
larger cylinder is not in this case opened by the main slide valve, the exhaust port 3
being only partly opened, so that the main piston c is retarded, and its movement
at a dangerous velocity is prevented. The small pistons are thus made to perform
the functions of an auxiliary sliding and governing valve.
In large pumping engines it has been found necessary that the main piston should
have an interval of rest between the termination of one stroke and the commence-
ment of the succeeding stroke. For this purpose I fit into the side of the main
steam chests, and communicating with the exhaust port 4 of the small cylinder p, a
screwed conical valve s¹, by which the said exhaust port can be closed or throttled
at pleasure. This device enables me to retard and regulate the action of the small
pistons and the main slide connected therewith. From the ports 5, which lead into
the sides of the small cylinders p, I form branch ports 6 extending into the ends of
the same; these branch ports are closed to the egress of steam by a plate or other
suitable means, as shown at 7. By this arrangement a portion of the exhaust steam
is retained after the closing of the side ports by the piston p¹ passing over them, so
that the said piston is cushioned and will not strike the end of the cylinder p.
In some cases it is desirable or necessary to provide my improved engines with a
condenser, but the high velocity of the said engines renders the use of the ordinary
air pump in connection therewith impracticable. I therefore provide a rotary pump
constructed as shewn in Figures 19 and 20, that is to say, it has a cylindrical casing t
fitted with a cover t¹ having a pin t² fixed in the centre. Upon this pin arc mounted
two or more socket pieces t³, into which are fitted flat vanes t¹ extending to the
interior surface of the said outer casing. In a recess formed in the side of the
cylindrical casing opposite to the cover, but not concentric therewith, I fit a
revolving disc t³, with a deep rim on one side. In this rim I form in a line with
its axis cylindrical cavities open on both sides. In these cavities are fitted plugs to,
having openings, in and through which openings the said flat vanes work. The
aforesaid disc being attached to the driving shaft t is made to revolve together with
the vanes t'. The said socket pieces are fitted with adjustable keys and nuts to for
adjusting the vanes to the outer casing as they wear. On one side of the said
revolving disc is provided an inlet passage to, and on the other side an outlet passage t¹º
My improvements relating to a steam boiler are shewn in Figures 21 and 22, and
are as follows, that is to say :-I construct a vertical boiler, which encloses a fire-
box u; the top u¹ of the said fire-box is made sloping from its periphery up to its
centre, and above the said fire-box the boiler has a partition u sloping or inclined
to a corresponding angle, but not extending to the centre of the boiler. The upper
part 3 of the boiler has a sloping or inclined portion u*, which connects with the
aforesaid sloping partition of the lower part of the boiler, and the annular space u³
between the upper and lower parts of the same is enclosed by an outer plate u
extending around it, and this annular space forms the smoke box. Tubes y extend
from the top or roof plate u³ of the fire-box to the lower plate u of the smoke box;
the said tubes are inclined upward and outward at an angle vertical or nearly so
to the said inclined plates. A chimney or smoke stack v³ extends from the top of
the smoke box through the upper portion of the boiler.

page_text: Between the top or apex of the fire-box to the roof or crown of the boiler I place
a tube v², which is rivetted to the fire-box and boiler top, but which does not com-
municate with the interior of the said fire-box. This tube is provided with vertical
slots or apertures at its upper and lower ends, through which the water in the
boiler can flow freely, and by means of this tube a constant circulation is maintained
within the boiler during the working of the same. The lower part of this boiler is
provided with a double shell forming an air space u*.
Having thus fully described my said Invention, and shown how the same may be
conveniently and advantageously carried into practise, I wish it understood that I
claim,―
First. Placing or arranging the slide or distribution valve or valves of a steam or
other engine on the side or sides of the piston or trunk, either internally or externally,
and in combination with suitable ports and passages extending through the piston
and trunk, as above set forth.
Second. In combination with a slide or distribution valve or valves arranged and
working on the side of the piston or trunk the valve and parts connected therewith
for reversing the engine, as above set forth.
Third. Operating the said slide or distribution valve by the arm on the connecting
rod, or by the auxiliary rod or rods connected to the main crank, or the crank to
which the main connecting rod of the engine is attached, in the manner and for the
purpose specified.
Fourth. In an engine provided with the slide or distribution valve or valves fitted
and working upon a piston or trunk the construction of the said piston and its
arrangement in combination with admission ports and passages in the cylinder, and
with a valve or valves for working the steam expansively, and for adjusting, regu-
lating, or controlling the working, as above set forth.
Fifth. The improved stop valve for controlling the admission of steam or other
fluid, and which has two valve plates arranged in combination with suitable bearing.
plates and with toggle joints and means for operating or adjusting the same, as
above set forth.
Sixth. The improved engine for working pumps by direct action, consisting of the
parts shewn in Figures 16, 17, and 18 of the Drawings, and constructed, combined,
and operating as above set forth.
Seventh. The peculiar devices for preventing the racing of these engines, as above
described..
Eighth. The peculiar devices for permitting or ensuring an interval of rest between
the strokes of the main piston of the said engines, as above set forth.
Ninth. In an engine constructed according to my Invention, and provided with a
condenser, the combination with the said condensers of a rotary pump constructed
and operating as above described.
Tenth. The improved boiler, with the fire-box and tubes and other parts thereof,
constructed and arranged as shown in the accompanying Drawings for the purpose
specified.
In witness whereof, J, the said Frederick William Turner, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Fifteenth day of May, in the year of our Lord One
F. W. TURNER. (L.S.)