Improvements in the Purification of Sewage and Polluted Waters.
Year: 1898

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in the Purification of Sewage and Polluted Waters.
I, FRANK PULLEN CANDY, of Ivy Bank, Ashley Road, Altrincham, in the County
of Chester, Sanitary Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention
to be as follows;-
-
pass the sewage or polluted waters (which I will hereafter speak of as sewage)
through a non-aerated or anaerobic filter and then through an aerobic or aerated
filter. The anaerobic filter, constructed as hereafter described, speedily becomes
a habitation for bacteria by the action of which the organic solids are destroyed
and the sewage prepared for its final purification through the aerobic filter which
I construct of suitable material and preferably deliver thereon the sewage accord-
ing to Letters Patent No. 8671 of A.D. 1894 granted to me.
In the anaerobic filter I may pass the sewage either downwards or upwards or
horizontally the said filter being kept full of sewage or otherwise arranged to
prevent the access of air or oxygen to the filtering material and I preferably
also prevent the access of air or oxygen to the top of the said filter and also
help to keep the same warm by covering in the top thereof; in order to accom-
plish this in the most convenient and inexpensive manner I place on the top
of the said filter a layer or layers of material, air proof or air tight or practically
80, for instance earth, or fine sand or loam, or clay. I preferably use a material
which while being practically air proof as regards preventing the access of air or
oxygen to the top of the said filter shall yet enable gas generated in the said filter
bed to escape, otherwise I provide vents for the escape of such gas the vents
preferably having a shallow water seal and an enlarged mouth. I prefer to
keep covering material such as loam or clay from coming into actual contact
with the sewage in the said filter, by the interposition of a layer of clean sand
grit or the like.
I may, especially in cold weather, warm the sewage before sending it on to
the said filter bed in order to accomplish the work in a more rapid or perfect
manner; the means I preferably adopt for warming the sewage consists of an
apparatus containing a layer or layers of material through which the sewage
passes in such manner that the interstices between the pieces of material are
not filled with water, and I pass into the said apparatus, hot air or the hot
combustion products from a suitable fire.
I provide suitable means for distributing and collecting the sewage to and from
the said anaerobic filter so that it shall work evenly and I preferably provide
means for flushing out the said filter, if or when required, and, in order to

page_text: prevent air being drawn into the said filter when such flushing takes place, I
may provide deep water seals to the inlet and outlet therefrom.
I preferably deal with the sewage direct from the sewer after a preliminary
settlement to remove the grosser particles and not first precipitate the sewage
with chemicals, but I find it sometimes advantageous to add to the sewage an
alkali (such as lime) or an acid before dealing with the sewage in order to
promote the development of the bacteria. I employ any suitable material in the
said filter, for instance gravel, limestone, coko or the like.
T
1
1000
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in the Purification of Sewage and Polluted Waters.
I, FRANK PULLEN CANDY, of Ivy Bank, Ashley Road, Altrincham, in the County
of Chester, Sanitary Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention
and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described
and ascertained in and by the following statement:--
I pass the sewage or polluted waters (which I will hereafter speak of as sewage)
through a non-aerated or anaerobic filter bed (hereafter called the "bed"). To
complete the purification I then pass the sewage or polluted waters through an
aerated or aerobic filter bed.
The anaerobic bed constructed as hereafter described speedily becomes a habita-
tion for bacteria by the action of which the organic solids are destroyed and the
sewage prepared for its final purification through the aerobic bed which I construct
of suitable material such as cinders or gravel and preferably deliver thereon the
sewage according to Letters Patent No. 8671 of 1894, A.1). granted to me. In
the anaerobic bed I may pass the sewage (which has preferably been previously
roughly settled to remove the mineral matter) cither downwards or upwards or
horizontally or in combinations of these methods. I keep the said bed full of
sewage in order to prevent the free access of air or oxygen to the body of the
material forming the bed and I also cover over the top of the bed so as to prevent
the access of air or oxygen to the upper part thereof & also in order to keep the
bed warm.
To accomplish this in the most convenient and inexpensive manner
I prefer not to cover the bed in with a roof of brick or concrete or the like
(although I may of course do so) but I place on the top of the said bed a layer of
puddled clay or marl or the like. I preferably use a material which while being
practically air proof as regards preventing the free access of air or oxygen to the
top of the said bed shall yet enable gas generated in the said bed to escape without
an objectionable pressure accumulating; otherwise I provide vents for the escape
of such gas, the vents preferably having a shallow water seal and an enlarged
mouth.
I prefer to keep the covering material such as clay or marl from coming into
actual contact with the sewage in the said bed by the interposition between the
said layer and the sewage of a layer of coarse sand or gravel or coke or the like.
I provide suitable means for distributing & collecting the sewage to and
from the said anaerobic bed so that it shall work evenly and I preferably provide
means for flushing out the said bed if or when required. The means for dis-
tributing and collecting the sewage may consist of a suitable arrangement of
conduits or of a layer of materials of sufficient openness to enable even dis-

page_text: tribution or collection to take place, for instance a layer about six inches deep of
round shaped material of about three inches diameter.
In order that my invention may be more readily understood I have hereunto
attached sheets of drawings. Figure 1, is a longitudinal section of a vertical
downward flow anaerobic bed and Figure 2, is a cross section of same.
Referring to Figures 1, and 2, A A are the sewage distributors connected to
and trapped by the sewage channel F. The distributors consist of covered
channels having spaced openings at the upper edges. I may however use any
other suitable method of distributing. B B are the effluent collecting pipes laid
on the bottom of the bed and discharging into a chamber L from which the
treated sewage passes away. CD is a vent for the escape of gas, the part C being
situated within the bed in the porous layer E and is perforated. G H and K
are layers of material in the bed to form a nidus for the bacteria. At the outlet
from Da shallow water seal is shown. If the gas were required for use the
vent D would be connected to a storage gasholder. E is an interposing layer of
coarse sand or gravel or coke or the like, to prevent the layer M of clay or marl
from coming into actual contact with the sewage.
The anaerobic bed may be formed of any suitable materials and arrangement
of materials. I have found the following method suitable. I employ for the
material gravel or limestone or coke or clinkers. The layer G Figures 1, and 2, I
form to a depth of about 2 feet of material of about 2 inches diameter. The
layer H I form to a depth of about one foot of material of about one inch diameter.
The layer K I form to a depth of about 6 inches of material of about 2 inches
diameter. Above the layer G I place a layer E of about 3 inches thick at the
sides sloping up to about 9 inches thick at the centre of the bed. The material
in E has a diameter of about half an inch but is somewhat finer at the upper
part. In this layer is placed the gas collecting pipe C, above this layer the layer
of clay or marl M is laid to a depth of about 6 inches and on top of this layer I
place the layer N consisting of about 3 inches of earth or fine sand or any other
suitable material to form a protective layer to M.
I
I would have it understood that I do not bind myself to the exact arrangements
described with reference to Figures 1 and 2 as they may be modified in various
ways without departing from the scope of my invention; for instance I can put
a division across the bed so that I filter first downwards and then upwards or
vice versa and I may use much coarser materials than before mentioned.
preferably provide means for flushing out the said bed. The valve S Figure 1
enables this to be done & the pipes B to be flushed. I also preferably provide
one or more flush outs from the top layer of pipes or conduits C; T represents
valves for this purpose.
L (Figure 1) is the chamber in which the anaerobically treated sewage is
collected, and in which it rises and is discharged over sill O for further treatment
through aerobic beds or I may substitute for such chamber L a main pipe or
covered trough or channel into which the effluent collecting troughs or channels or
perforated pipes B B would discharge, and connected to the aforesaid main pipe
or covered trough or channel I may have one or more rising outlet pipes to
deliver effluent at desired level.
I may if found desirable provide a practically air tight cover P to chamber L
furnished with vent shaft R carried up to any convenient place for the use or
escape of gases generated by the treatment in the anaerobic bed.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what
I claim is:-
1. Anaerobic filter beds having practically air tight coverings substantially as
and for the purposes described.
2. In connection with anaerobic filter beds means for distributing and collecting
the sewage substantially as described.

page_text: 3. Anaerobic filter beds having practically air tight coverings and means for
distributing and collecting the sewage the said means being trapped to prevent
the admission of air or oxygen substantially as and for the purposes described.
4. Anaerobic filter beds substantially as illustrated in the accompanying
drawings.
Dated his Fighth day of Decemlier 1898

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in the Purification of Sewage and Polluted Waters.
I, FRANK PULLEN CANDY, of Ivy Bank, Ashley Road, Altrincham, in the County
of Chester, Sanitary Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention
to be as follows:-
I pass the sewage or polluted waters (which I will hereafter speak of as sewage)
through a non-acrated or anaerobic filter and then through an aerobic or aerated
filter. The anaerobic filter, constructed as hereafter described, speedily becomes
a habitation for bacteria by the action of which the organic solids are destroyed
and the sewage prepared for its final purification through the aerobic filter which
I construct of suitable material and preferably deliver thereon the sewage accord-
ing to Letters Patent No. 8671 of A.1). 1894 granted to me.
In the anaerobic filter I may pass the sewage either downwards or upwards.or
horizontally the said filter being kept full of sewage or otherwise arranged to
prevent the access of air or oxygen to the filtering material and I preferably
also prevent the access of air or oxygen to the top of the said filter and also
help to keep the same warm by covering in the top thereof; in order to accom-
plish this in the most convenient and inexpensive manner I place on the top
of the said filter a layer or layers of material, air proof or air tight or practically
so, for instance earth, or fine sand or loam, or clay. I preferably use a material
which while being practically air proof as regards preventing the access of air or
oxygen to the top of the said filter shall yet enable gas generated in the said filter
bed to escape, otherwise I provide vents for the escape of such gas the vents
preferably having a shallow water seal and an enlarged mouth. I prefer to
keep covering material such as loam or clay from coming into actual contact.
with the sewage in the said filter, by the interposition of a layer of clean sand
grit or the like.
I may, especially in cold weather, warm the sewage before sending it on to
the said filter bed in order to accomplish the work in a more rapid or perfect
manner; the means I preferably adopt for warming the sewage consists of an
apparatus containing a layer or layers of material through which the sewage
passes in such manner that the interstices between the pieces of material are
not filled with water, and I pass into the said apparatus, hot air or the hot
combustion products from a suitable fire.
I provide suitable means for distributing and collecting the sewage to and from
the said anaerobic filter so that it shall work evenly and I preferably provide
means for flushing out the said filter, if or when required, and, in order to

page_text: prevent air being drawn into the said filter when such flushing takes place, I
may provide deep water seals to the inlet and outlet therefrom.
I preferably deal with the sewage direct from the sewer after a preliminary
settlement to remove the grosser particles and not first precipitate the sewage
with chemicals, but I find it sometimes advantageous to add to the sewage an
alkali (such as lime) or an acid before dealing with the sewage in order to
promote the development of the bacteria. I employ any suitable material in the
said filter, for instance gravel, limestone, coke or the like.
"Dated this Ninth ilor of February 1808
Improvements in the Purification of Sewage and Polluted Waters.
I, FRANK PULLEN CANDY, of Ivy Bank, Ashley Road, Altrincham, in the County
of Chester, Sanitary Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention
and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described
and ascertained in and by the following statement:-
I pass the sewage or polluted waters (which I will hereafter speak of as sewage)
through a non-aerated or anaerobic filter bed (hereafter called the "bed"). To
complete the purification I then pass the sewage or polluted waters through an
aerated or aerobic filter bed.
In
The anaerobic bed constructed as hereafter described speedily becomes a habita-
tion for bacteria by the action of which the organic solids are destroyed and the
sewage prepared for its final purification through the aerobic bed which I construct
of suitable material such as cinders or gravel and preferably deliver thereon the
sewage according to Letters Patent No. 8671 of 1894, A.1. granted to me.
the anaerobic bed I may pass the sewage (which has preferably been previously
roughly settled to remove the mineral matter) either downwards or upwards or
horizontally or in combinations of these. methods. I keep the said bed full of
sewage in order to prevent the free access of air or oxygen to the body of the
material forming the bed and I also cover over the top of the bed so as to prevent
the access of air or oxygen to the upper part thereof & also in order to keep the
bed warm.
To accomplish this in the most convenient and inexpensive manner
I prefer not to cover the bed in with a roof of brick or concrete or the like
(although I may of course do so) but I place on the top of the said bed a layer of
puddled clay or mark or the like. I preferably use a material which while being
practically air proof as regards preventing the free access of air or oxygen to the
top of the said bed shall yet enable gas generated in the said bed to escape without
an objectionable pressure accumulating; otherwise I provide vents for the escape
of such gas, the vents preferably having a shallow water seal and an enlarged
mouth.
I prefer to keep the covering material such as clay or marl from coming into
actual contact with the sewage in the said bed by the interposition between the
said layer and the sewage of a layer of coarse sand or gravel or coke or the like.
I provide suitable means for distributing & collecting the sewage to and
from the said anaerobie bed so that it shall work evenly and I preferably provide
means for flushing out the said bed if or when required. The means for dis-
tributing and collecting the sewage may consist of a suitable arrangement of
conduits or of a layer of materials of sufficient openness to enable even dis-

page_text: tribution or collection to take place, for instance a layer about six inches deep of
round shaped material of about three inches diameter.
In order that my invention may be more readily understood I have hereunto
attached sheets of drawings. Figure 1, is a longitudinal section of a vertical
downward flow anaerobic bed and Figure 2, is a cross section of same.
Referring to Figures 1, and 2, A A are the sewage distributors connected to
and trapped by the sewage channel F. The distributors consist of covered
channels having spaced openings at the upper edges. I may however use any
other suitable method of distributing. B B are the effluent collecting pipes laid
on the bottom of the bed and discharging into a chamber L from which the
treated sewage passes away. CD is a vent for the escape of gas, the part C being
situated within the bed in the porous layer E and is perforated. G H and K
are layers of material in the bed to form a nidus for the bacteria. At the outlet
from a shallow water seal is shown. If the gas were required for use the
vent I would be connected to a storage gasholder. E is an interposing layer of
coarse sand or gravel or coke or the like, to prevent the layer M of clay or marl
from coming into actual contact with the sewage.
The anaerobic bed may be formed of any suitable materials and arrangement
of materials. I have found the following method suitable. I employ for the
material gravel or limestone or coke or clinkers. The layer G Figures 1, and 2, I
form to a depth of about 2 feet of material of about 2 inches diameter. The
layer H I form to a depth of about one foot of material of about one inch diameter.
The layer K I form to a depth of about 6 inches of material of about 2 inches
diameter. Above the layer G I place a layer E of about 3 inches thick at the
sides sloping up to about 9 inches thick at the centre of the bed. The material
in E has a diameter of about half an inch but is somewhat finer at the upper
part. In this layer is placed the gas collecting pipe C, above this layer the layer
of clay or marl M is laid to a depth of about inches and on top of this layer I
place the layer N consisting of about 3 inches of earth or fine sand or any other
suitable material to form a protective layer to M.
I would have it understood that I do not bind myself to the exact arrangements
described with reference to Figures 1 and 2 as they may be modified in various
ways without departing from the scope of my invention; for instance I can put
a division across the bed so that I filter first downwards and then upwards or
vise versa and I may use much coarser materials than before mentioned. I
preferably provide means for flushing out the said bed. The valve S Figure 1
enables this to be done & the pipes B to be flushed. I also preferably provide
one or more flush outs from the top layer of pipes or conduits C T represents
valves for this purpose.
L (Figure 1) is the chamber in which the anaerobically treated sewage is
collected, and in which it rises and is discharged over sill for further treatment
through aerobic beds or I may substitute for such chamber L a main pipe or
covered trough or channel into which the effluent collecting troughs or channels or
perforated pipes B B would discharge, and connected to the aforesaid main pipe
or covered trough or channel I may have one or more rising outlet pipes to
deliver effluent at desired level.
I may if found desirable provide a practically air tight cover P to chamber L
furnished with vent shaft R carried up to any convenient place for the use or
escape of gases generated by the treatment in the anaerobic bed.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what
I claim is: —
1. Anaerobic filter beds having practically air tight coverings substantially as
and for the purposes described.
2. In connection with anaerobic filter beds means for distributing and collecting
the sewage substantially as described.

page_text: 3. Anaerobic filter beds having practically air tight coverings and means for
distributing and collecting the sewage the said means being trapped to prevent
the admission of air or oxygen substantially as and for the purposes described.
4. Anaerobic filter beds substantially as illustrated in the accompanying
drawings.
Datad this Eighth day of December 1898