AN IMPROVED PROCESS AND FURNACE OR APPARATUS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF STEEL
Year: 1866

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Thomas Jonas Chubb, of Brooklyn, in the State of
New York, United States of America, but now of 66, Chancery Lane, in
the County of Middlesex, Engineer, for the Invention of "AN IMPROVED
PROCESS AND FURNACE OR APPARATUS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF STEEL OR
Sealed the 21st May 1867, and dated the 5th December 1866.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Thomas Jonas Chubb
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
5th December 1866.
I, THOMAS JONAS CHUBB, of Brooklyn, in the State of New York, United
States of America, but now of 66, Chancery Lane, in the County of Middlesex,
Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVED
PROCESS AND FURNACE OR APPARATUS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF STEEL OR METAL
HAVING SOME OF THE PROPERTIES OF STEEL," to be as follows:-
My Invention of an improved process and furnace or apparatus for the
manufacture of steel or metal having some of the properties of steel has
for its object to produce steel or steely iron direct from the ore. To this

page_text: end I take either iron sand, some qualities of which are found naturally of
sufficient purity for the purpose, or I take pulverized iron ore artificially and
mechanically purified by my improved machinery or apparatus for which I
have this day applied for Letters Patent, and I either form the pulverized ore
into balls or lumps with a suitable quantity of carbonaceous and glutinous
matter to cause it to stick together, or I place the ore and carbonaceous
substances in iron cylinders or boxes so that it may be conveniently placed in
the furnace, or it may be fed in loose.
The furnace where the conversion and melting down of the metal takes
place is formed of a long tubular chamber which is set at an inclination so
that the materials may be carried from the top to the bottom gradually, but
with facility; this long tubular chamber is divided by a moveable cross
partition, valve, or door into two compartments or chambers, the upper one of
which I will call the carbonizing chamber, and the lower one the melting
chamber. Apertures are made in the top or upper part of these chambers at
intervals for the purpose of obtaining access to the interior, and these aper-
tures may be closed by fire-bricks or otherwise. The furnace is constructed in
the form of a long tunnel, and may be considered a kind of oven heated from
without, or into which heated air, gases, or flame are admitted from a gas
generating furnace. The arch above the carbonizing and beating chambers is
constructed of two or more rows of fire-bricks built with an air space between
them, but connected together at intervals by tie bricks. The air space will
prevent the bricks from becoming overheated, and will keep the arch mode-
rately cool, and the air thus heated may be utilized in any desired manner.
The ore mixed with the carbonaceous substances is fed into the upper end of
the carbonizing chamber either loose or in the form of concrete balls or
lumps or enclosed within iron cylinders, as before mentioned, and on being
exposed to a considerable, though gradual or regulated heat in the carbonizing
chamber will during its passage along the chamber be deoxidized and con-
verted into a carburet, and in this form will pass into the melting chamber,
where it will be melted down, and when a sufficient quantity has been thus
reduced into the state of metal resembling cast steel the molten metal may be
run off at a tap hole below into ingot or other cold or heated moulds, and
may, if required, be retained hot for further work or use.
It will be easily understood by metallurgists that as the pure or mechanically
purified ore is reduced into a metallic state in the melting and carbonizing
chambers, which are provided with valves and openings for régulating the
heat and admitting the gases, that metals of different qualities may be pro-

page_text: duced in the same furnace at the will of the operator by opening, closing, or
manipulating the dampers in the usual or any approved manner.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Thomas Jonas Chubb in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
5th June 1867.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, THOMAS
JONAS CHUBB, of the City of Brooklyn, in the County of Kings, in the State
of New York, United States of America, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Fifth day of December, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-six, in the thirtieth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me,
the said Thomas Jonas Chubb, Her special licence that I, the said Thomas
Jonas Chubb, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I,
the said Thomas Jonas Chubb, my executors, administrators, and assigns,
should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all
times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might
make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "AN
IMPROVED PROCESS AND FURNACE OR APPARATUS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF STEEL
OR METAL HAVING SOME OF THE PROPERTIES OF STEEL," upon the condition
(amongst others) that I, the said Thomas Jonas Chubb, my executors or
administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of
their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature
of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed,
and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Thomas Jonas Chubb, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement :-
This Invention has for its object the production of steel or steely iron direct
from the ore; the same may be done either by taking iron sand, such as

page_text: magnetic proto or per oxide of iron containing titanium, or otherwise, some
descriptions of which are found naturally of sufficient purity for the purpose;
or pulverized iron ore, artificially and mechanically purified from silicates and
other mechanically mixed earthy matters and impurities, such fine or pul-
verized ore being afterwards formed into balls or lumps with a suitable
quantity of carbonaceous and glutinous matter to produce the necessary
adhesion; or according to one method of working the ore and carbonaceous
substances placed in cylinders or boxes that may be made of iron or other
suitable material for the purpose of locating the ore and materials with which
it is mixed within the furnace, or the ore with its carbonaceous matter may
be put in loose.
The furnace for the conversion and melting down of the metal is formed of
a long tubular chamber set at an inclination, so that the materials may be
carried with facility in a gradual mauner from the top to the bottom. This
tubular chamber is divided by a movable cross partition, valve, or door into
two compartments or chambers, the upper one of which may be called the
carbonizing chamber, and the lower one the melting chamber; from this
chamber the molten mass is run into moulds to form ingots or other castings
which may or may not be afterwards hammered or rolled.
The nature of my Invention in this connection consists in a peculiar treatment
or process of working the purified sands or ore at one or continuous though vary-
ing heat for the purpose of deoxydizing, carbonizing, melting, and casting the
ore or mass ready in a heated state for the hammer or rolls, or otherwise
forming castings having the properties of steel; said Invention also consisting
in a certain combination of furnace and melting pot or chamber for deoxy-
dizing, carbonizing, and melting the ore into steel or metal of steely character.
The Iuvention likewise consists in a combination of a gas-heating or
regenerating apparatus with a deoxydizing and carbonizing furnace, and of
such apparatus with a melting chamber, for the purpose of carrying out my
improved process in the manufacture of steel or metal having the properties
thereof.
It, my Invention, further consists in or embraces a novel construction of and
principle of working a gas-heating or a heat regenerating apparatus whereby
the air and gas are or may be passed in a direct and continuous manner to
the combustion chamber through tubes heated externally by the waste heat
derived from the products of such combustion, or, in other words, the air and
gas warned. by heat passing through the material of which the tubes or
passages are composed and derived from the circulation of the waste heat on

page_text: or around the opposite sides or surfaces to those of such ways or passages with
which the air and gas come or are brought in contact.
And, furthermore, my Invention consists of a mould chamber in combination
with a melting chamber made to encompass the mould, and heated as well as
the mould and casting therein, and temperature of the same regulated by a
suitable connection of such mould chamber with an outside furnace or other
heater for controlling the temperature of the mass while casting, cooling, and
annealing, as herein-after more fully described.
Having thus specified the nature and object of the Invention, its description
will be proceeded with in reference to the accompanying Drawings, and in
which in Sheet 1, Figure 1 represents a longitudinal exterior elevation of the
furnace with gas-heating or regenerating apparatus attached, Figure 2, an
end view of the same, Figure 3 a plan thereof, and Figure 4 a view on a large
scale of cylinders or boxes in which the ore to be treated with the requisite
carbonaceous matter may be placed.
In Sheet 2, Figure 5 represents a vertical longitudinal section of the furnace
with its several connections, including melting chamber, regenerator, &c., said
section being taken through the line z, z, in Figures 6, 7, & 8. Figure 6, a
transverse section of the same through the line y, y, in Figures 5, 7, and 8;
Figure 7, a horizontal sectional view thereof through the line x, x, in Figures 5
and 6; Figure 8, a horizontal section of the same in part through the line w, w,
in Figures 5 and 6; and, Figure 9, a horizontal section of a modification of the
tubular arrangement employed in connection with or as part of a regenerating
furnace for heating purposes in treatment of the ore.
In Sheet 3, Figure 10 is a vertical longitudinal section of the furnace and
its connections, taken as indicated by the line v, v, in Figure 11; Figure 11,
a transverse section of the same through the line u, u, in Figure 10; Figure 12,
a horizontal section of the same, in part through the line t, t, in Figures 10 and
11; Figure 18 a longitudinal section of the same, in part through the line 8, s,
in Figure 11; Figures 14, 15, 16, and 17, sectional elevations of modifica-
tions of the melting and deoxidyzing and carbonizing chambers, as connected
with a heat regenerating and gas generating furnace; Figure 18, outside and
sectional views, on an enlarged scale, of the tubes used in connection with the
heat regenerating furnace; and Figure 19 a longitudinal and transverse section
of one of the moulds in which the metal is or may be cast. The purified sands
of or pulverized iron ore mechanically purified, as herein-before referred to,
mixed with suitable carbonaceous substances is fed through a suitable opening
covered by a lid a, Figure 3, Sheet 1, into the upper end of the tunnel-like

page_text: furnace A (see more particularly Figures 10 and 11), either loose or in the
form of concrete balls or lumps, or enclosed within cylinders of iron or other
suitable material. Thus said cleaned and purified or prepared ore after being
thoroughly mixed with proper proportions of carbonates and other deoxydizing
and carbonizing matter is or may be put into cylinders B (Figure 4) to be
pressed into form. These cylinders may be made of any suitable material, such
as clay, cast iron lined, say, with plumbago, fire-clay, and so forth, and said lining
smeared inside with a preparatian of tar, rosin, or other suitable carbonaceous
glutinous matter, and afterwards with a coating of wrought and highly car-
bonized iron sponge ground fine, the inner sides of the heads b to said
cylinders being similarly lined and coated; thus prepared these cylinders may
be filled with the purified ore and its carbonaceous matter and pressed therein,
and the cylinder heads fitted to their places, after which the charged cylinders
are placed in an oven or furnace and submitted to a sufficient heat to cause
the outer coating of sponge, under the influence of the tar or other carbonaceous
glutinous matter, to run together into a kind of metallic casing to the ore,
and its admixed matter when the cylinders B may be removed from the oven;
the inside mass will then be shrunk or somewhat smaller than the outside
cylinders, sufficiently so to enable them to be removed from their inner
cylinders or cores of ore which are then placed in the carbonizing furnace or
tunnel A at its top. Instead of a cylindrical form being given to the prepared
ore, the same may be fashioned into balls or other shaped lumps.in substan-
tially the same manner, or another and more convenient mode of forming the
mass into a convenient shape to work may be adopted by placing and pressing
the prepared ore with its admixtures into thin sheet iron cylinders C¹
(Figure 4), the heads of which should be perforated with small apertures,
and the top and bottom layers of the contents in such cylinders of a coarser
quality or grain than the middle or intermediate portion. These cylinders
are or may be introduced direct into the carbonizing furnace at its top to (as
will be herein-after described) be immersed in molten metal for the purpose
of reducing and coverting the same into cast steel or metal having more or
less the properties of steel. Such use of sheet iron casings essentially differs from
the employment of similar casings for making wrought-iron sponge, in which
the castings are not converted into a new element, as steel or carburet of iron
or immersed in molten metal. The long inclined tunnel or furnace A is pro-
vided along its top with apertures covered by lids or stoppers e for working by
bars or otherwise the mass as it is gradually heated down the tunnel which
may, if desired, be heated from the exterior, interior, or both, but preferably by

page_text: hot air, gases, or flame admitted and supplied by or from a gas-heating and rege-
nerating apparatus, as herein-after more fully described; it is also provided
with suitable valves or dampers for regulating its heat or action; one or more
of the gas or air apertures it is desirable to leave open in the working of the
furnace. The configuration of the furnace A in transverse section may be
varied, and said furnace may either be continuous or divided into sections
made to communicate at pleasure. The arch d (Fig. 10) above the car-
bonizing and heating chamber, which the tunnel or furnace apart from the
melting chamber A¹ is termed, may be made of two or more rows of fire-brick
with an air chamber or space between them for the better preservation of the
arch and brickwork, and the heated air in which may be afterwards utilized
in any desired manner; said tunnel is shown as communicating at its top by
an opening e controlled by a damper with a stack or chimney C. The heat
to the tunnel A is or should be so applied as to diminish throughout its length
in an upward direction, that is, towards its top end. The mass of ore with
the carbonaceous substances under treatment in the tunnel A is thus gradually
heated as it is rolled or moved along towards the lower end of the furnace,
and after a sufficient exposure in this the carbonizing chamber is deoxydized
and converted into a carburet, care being taken not to melt the same, it or
they, for a number of such masses may be under treatment simultaneously
in the furnace, are then successively rolled or forced over into the melting
chamber A', which though forming part, or a lower continuation, as it were,
of the furnace, is separated therefrom by a partition or partitions f provided
with a damper or gate or gates for opening and closing communication
between it and the upper or carbonizing chamber. The melting chamber A¹
is designed to be usually kept partly full of molten metal in which the car-
buretted or spongy masses from the chamber A are immersed, and where they
are melted down, and when sufficiently heated and manipulated, say, by bar
through an opening in the outer end of said chamber covered by a lid or
door, a tap hole g may be opened and the molten metal run off into a
mould D. To retain the heat in the melting chamber it is desirable that the
outer end of it should be formed of double partitions with a heating space
between them. The mould melting and carbonizing chambers are all repre-
sented as heated by a gas generating and reheating or regenerating apparatus,
of which E is the fire-place or furnace, and F the gas passage or passages
leading to the regenerator G, the regenerator or passages leading. thereto
being furnished with valves or dampers i for regulating the courses or cur-
rents of gas and air, as well understood by those acquainted with the working

page_text: of other regenerating gas furnaces in which the heat of the products of
combustion is taken up by passages in or through chambers, and given out
to currents of air or other gases by passing the latter over or in contact with
such heated surfaces; but in its construction and action my improved rege-
nerating furnace or apparatus importantly differs from previous ones in
dispensing with zig-zag plates or large chambers packed with refractory
substances, and substituting therefor tubes through which the air and gases
are passed in a direct or continuous manner, while the waste heat or gases
making up the same are made to circulate outside of said tubes, or the action
of these two currents reversed as regards their passage through or outside of
the tubes. In this way the abstracted heat from the hotter current or
currents is communicated indirectly by opposite surface action as it were to
the less heated current or currents, that is to say, the heating current passing
on the outside of the tubes, and the currents to be heated on the inside
thereof, or vice versâ, the heat in either case passing through the material of
which the tubes are composed. Such a construction and action of a gas
heating or regenerating furnace or apparatus is applicable to a variety of
purposes where a great or intense heat is required, and which may be kept
up in a regular manner without reversal in travel of the currents, which
latter is an essential feature in other regenerating furnaces, and with less
liability of destroying the arches, valves, or other portions of the furnace, and
whereby a less number of valves and other appurtenances may be used, it
only being necessary to first regulate by suitable valves the proper supply or
proportion of gas and air to burn to the greatest advantage, when or after
which with but slight attention a regular heat may be kept up. Figures 5,
6, 10, and 11 of the Drawing represent such a double chambered regenerator
with a vertical disposition of the tubes j, forming in each chamber distinct
series or sets through which the air and gases are made to pass accordingly
as the valves i, , are opened or closed; the valves i regulating the
passage of the gas, and valves ¹ the passage of the air to or downways;
M, M, corresponding to the ways N, N, for the gas to their respective sets
of tubes on opposite sides of the chamber G, said air and gas, as shown by
arrows in Figure 6, ultimately uniting to produce the desired combustion, the
products of which or waste heat or gas is afterwards made to circulate, pre-
ferably in a return manner, by means of partitions k (Figs. 5, 10, and 11)
round the outside of said tubes and up into the lower end of the carbonizing
chamber A, or exterior of the tunnel to be utilized therein for conversion of
the mass under treatment as described, or such waste heat may be passed

page_text: direct to the chimney, and the heat to the carbonizing chamber be communi-
cated direct from the regenerator by apertures or passages a', Figures 7, 8,
and 10, said beat passing outside of said chamber, or the gas may be passed
into said tunnel or chamber by a suitable valve and openings (Fig. 10) for
the purpose of deoxydizing and carbonizing the ore in said chamber; heated
air may also be similarly admitted for igniting the gases therein. The
arrows m, Figure 10, illustrate the course of the waste heat from the melting
chamber A¹ for heating from the outside the tubes through which the air and
gas pass, while the arrows 1 or 1, according to the regenerating chamber being
worked, indicate the direction of the air and gases in their passage through
the tubes to the melting chamber. The passages n and arches o (Figures 10
and 11) for a proper economical disposition or detour of the current or
currents may be variously constructed in the arrangement here shown, the
arrows (Figure 6) indicating the course of the gas, the arrows the course
of the air, and the arrows 6* the course of the waste heat to the passage B¹
(Figs. 6 and 10,) from whence its further flow is indicated by the arrows m
(Fig. 10) previously referred to. It is, however, an essential feature in the
metallurgic operation, herein-after more particularly referred to, that the
greatest heat from the combustion of the gas by its union with the heated air
should be communicated to the melting chamber A', under which the rege-
nerator is arranged, also desirable that the mould chamber H should by the
same means through any suitable passage or passages be kept properly
heated; and it is furthermore advisable that heat from the same source
should be made not only to circulate by passages through the arch of the
melting chamber, but also by ways into between the outer ends of said
chamber, as represented by the opening 9 in Figure 10, which opening may
also serve on opening the end gates of the melting chamber to admit heated gas
for the purpose of carbonizing the molten metal, or a corresponding opening
on the opposite side may be used to admit in a similar manner heated air for
the purpose of decarbonizing the molten metal, said air and gas openings
being controlled by suitable gates or valves. Though only two regenerating
chambers are here described, of course any number may be used. Figures 8
and 12 representing such double chambered construction as made up in pairs
or sets of two tubular structures to each chamber.
Figures 14, 15, 16, and 17 represent modifications of the melting, car-
bonizing, and deoxydizing chambers, and of the gas heating passages thereto
for a varied distribution or action of the heat on the ore or mass; and
Figure 18 shows in part a horizontal instead of vertical tubular construction

page_text: The
of the regenerating chambers, the action in or through which of the air,
gases, and waste heat is or may be however substantially similar.
mould D being heated by the gas and air from the heating and regenerating
chamber, the ingot formed in it is not chilled or cooled until it has become a
solid homogeneous mass, and is then gradually cooled down to the temperature
required for rolling; or it may be heated or cooled at pleasure by adjustment
of the air and gas valves. When said ingot has become sufficiently cool the
mould on removing the lid from the chamber H is taken off, and when the
ingot is of the right temperature inside and outside it is or may be taken
direct to the hammer or rolls and formed into any desired shape, the moulds
being made of any form according to the casting required or ultimate shape
designed to give it. The mould or moulds D may be constructed of clay or
any refractory substance, or of cast iron, the inner surfaces of which should
be studded with projections and coated with a refractory substance protruding
beyond such projections, after which the pattern of the ingot or other casting
is inserted, and the impression made in the refractory substance while wet or
soft, following which the mould should be slowly dried, when it will be ready
for use, and may be placed in the chamber H in front of the melting
chamber A', and the gas and heated air from the regenerating chamber
turned on to heat up the mould to the highest temperature the casting will
bear, on reaching which it is ready to receive the molten metal from the top
or aperture g. It is essential before running it off, however, that the ore or
metal in the melting chamber should not only be reduced to the proper liquid
state, but also be of a proper specific temperature, and advisable that it should
be in sufficient quantity, so that after filling the mould a large quantity
remains in the melting chamber to melt down the succeeding feed or charge
of sponge. Previous to and whilst filling the mould it is desirable to exclude
or drive out the atmospheric air therein by admitting only from the regenerator
a current of gas therein or through for preventing the formation of air cells
in the casting. After the mould is filled the lid or cover should be place:l on
its chamber, and the gas and air from the regenerating furnace regulated so as
to keep up the heat in and around the mould and ingot or casting until the
steel or steely metal composing the same has settled into a homogeneous mass
or solid casting, when the gas may be wholly or partly turned off from its
action on the mould, and the ingot gradually cooled down to such a
temperature as will admit of the withdrawal of the mould by a crane or
otherwise, leaving the ingot or casting in the mould chamber; said casting
may then be cooled, or heated and cooled, by turning on or off the gas till the

page_text: inside and outside of it are of equal temperature, or thereabouts, when it is
ready to be hammered or rolled. Thus at one or a continuous though
graduating beat the ore is converted into steel bars or other finished product
ready for the hammer or rolls, or any particular form of casting as the case
may be, the mould being heated and casting formed without removal of the
former or employment of a separate furnace, or re-heating of the ingot before.
rolling; this saves time and expense, and prevents the outside of the steel
being burned, as is too often the case in re-heating. By such method also
castings of steel can if desired be made and annealed soft as wrought iron,:
and be bent or twisted, and afterwards hardened on the edge or otherwise;
or the moulds form castings or articles of the required finish as they are taken:
from the moulds, or the latter drawn from the castings; the adjustment of the.
valves for regulating the heat and admission of the gases also serving to vary.
the quality of metal produced. The tubes j on the one side of the regenerator
where the same is divided are or may be employed, the one set for the passage:
of the gas through them, while the other set of said tubes are used to pass
air, say, air heated by the upper arches of the furnace in keeping the latter:
cool for the purpose of further heating it before being brought in contact with:
the gas to effect combustion. While the deoxydizing and carbonizing chamber
may be heated otherwise than described, say, by heated air and gas supplied
at its lower end from other source than the regenerator, and the same remark:
applies to the melting and mould chambers, the advantages and economy
resulting from combining a regenerating furnace as described is self-evident.
Having now described my improvements, and having explained the manner
of carrying the same into effect, I claim as the Invention secured to me by
Letters Patent as aforesaid,
First, treating purified iron sands or mechanical purified ore by preparing,
mixing, forming, or packing it into lumps, balls, or cylinders, and afterwards
deoxydizing, carbonizing, melting, casting, and hammering or rolling the same
at one or continuous though varying heat, substantially as described.
Second, the combination of the furnace A with the melting pot or chamber
A', constructed and arranged for deoxydizing, carbonizing, converting and
melting iron ore into steel, or metal having some of the properties of steel,
substantially as described.
Third, preparing, mixing, and forming iron ore into lumps, balls, or
cylinders, and packing the same into casings made of clay, cast or sheet iron,
or any suitable material for the purpose or purposes specified, substantially as
described.

page_text: Fourth, the employment of a long narrow nearly horizontal or slightly
inclined chamber, so constructed that ore in the form of lumps, balls, or
cylinders may be fed in at one end of the said chamber or furnace and
discharged at the other end in the form of sponge chemically changed as to
the volatile matter combined with or contained in the said ore or metal,
substantially as described.
Fifth, the employment of a long narrow chamber so constructed that it
may be opened or closed at either end by gates or their equivalent for the
admission of the substances to be melted or converted into cast steel or
similar metal, and for the admission and discharge of air and gases, and for
manipulating with bar or otherwise the substance under treatment therein,
also provided with a tap hole and suitable semi-partitions or their equivalent,
substantially as described.
Sixth, the arrangement of a mould chamber D in combination with a
melting chamber, substantially as described.
Seventh, converting purified iron sands or mechanically purified iron ore
into steel sponge or into a deoxidized spongy mass by aid of gas or gases
arising from a gas generating furnace or apparatus when the same is not
passed through a re-heating operation, substantially as described.
Eightb, the employment of a bath of molten steel for immersing steel sponge
and deoxidized or carburet of iron sponge for converting said sponge into a
homogeneous liquid mass in a stationary pot or chamber, substantially as
described.
Ninth, the combination of a gas generating furnace or apparatus or passages
leading therefrom a gas and air heating. or a heat regenerative furnace and
apparatus with chamber or chambers employed for chemically changing
the volatile matter combined with iron ore or iron sponge, substantially as
described.
Tenth, the combination of a gas generating furnace or passage leading
therefrom, and a re-heating or regenerating furnace or apparatus with a mould
chamber for the purpose of heating or re-heating the chamber, the mould, the
ingot, or casting therein for the purpose or purposes specified, substantially as
described.
Eleventh, the employment in the mould while casting or pouring the molten
metal therein of gas or gases for excluding the atmospheric air therefrom, a
substantially as described.
Twelfth, the combination of a gas generating furnace, or apparatus operated
in connection with a gas and air heating, or a heat regenerating apparatus with

page_text: a deoxidizing and carbonizing chamber, for the purpose of heating the same
substantially as described.
Thirteenth, the combination of a gas generating furnace operating in con-
nection with a gas and air beating or regenerative apparatus with a melting
chamber, furnace, or pot employed for melting or reducing steel sponge and
deoxidized sponge, or carburet of iron in the form of sponge, into cast steel or
metal similar to or having some of the properties of cast steel, substantially as
described.
Fourteenth, the combination of a gas generating furnace or apparatus or
passage leading therefrom with a stationary chamber for deoxidizing magnetic
proto or per oxide of iron containing or not the oxide of titanium or other
metal or refractory matter.
Fifteenth, the combination of a gas generating furnace or apparatus, or the
passage leading therefrom with a stationary chamber for reducing, heating, or
melting of deoxidized sponge or ore in the form of sponge.
Sixteenth, the combination of a gas generating furnace or apparatus, or
passage leading therefrom, with a chamber for heating moulds or the castings
in the chamber in which they are formed.
Seventeenth, the combination of a gas generating furnace or apparatus,
or passage leading therefrom, with reheating tubes, or a chamber containing
heated tubes when constructed for and applied to the deoxidizing, heating,
melting, or reduction of ores or metallic substances containing iron and in the
form of sponge before, during, or after such treatment or treatments.
Eighteenth, the employment in a chamber or chambers of a scries of tubes
arranged in such a manner that the surface of the exterior of said tubes are
exposed to or in communication with the waste heat passages in the chamber
in which said tubes are arranged, and the spaces or passages between the
tubes in said chamber are in communication with the chamber of combustion,
and also to and with the passages leading to the chimney, and the interior
of said tubes or passages therethrough are in communication with a separate
chamber or passage leading from the gas generating furnace to and through
the interior passages in the said tubes to the chamber of combustion, when the
foregoing is combined with a similar chamber, series of tubes, spaces, passages,
communications, and so forth, the interior of such latter series of tubes being in
communication. with the passages leading from the open air to and through
the interior of these said tubes to the chamber of combustion, substantially as
described.
Nineteenth, the combination in or with a gas generating furnace of a

page_text: chamber or chambers containing a series of tubes made hot by the waste
heat produced by the combustion of gas and air heated in their passage
as separate currents to the place of combustion in a direct or continuous
manner by opposite surface action or passages of the heat through the
material of which said tubes are composed, substantially as described.
Twentieth, the employment of a series of tubes so arranged that they may
be heated by the product of combustion produced by the mingling together of
heated air and gas when said air and gas have been heated by heat com-
municated through the material of which the said tubes are composed,
substantially as described.
Twenty-first, the employment of intensely heated moulds for casting ingots
therein, when employed for retaining the heat in the casting preparatory to
and for hammering or rolling the same, substantially as described.
Twenty-second, the employment of a chamber or chambers containing a
series of tubes so arranged as to present extensive caloric absorbing surfaces,
and conducting the heat through the material of which said tubes are composed,
and communicating it to and heating a current or currents of air and gas or
gases passing over the opposite sides of said tubes.
Twenty-tbird, constructing chambers with a series of tubes for the entrance
of continuous currents of air and gases for supporting combustion in a separate
chamber, which currents are heated by waste heat or the products of com-
bustion of such heated currents passing in opposite or nearly opposite directions,
and on opposite sides of said tubes and through the material of which they are
composed for the purposes substantially as described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Thomas Jonas Chubb, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, the Seventeenth day of April, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven.

page_text: I, Pierrepont Edwards, Esq., Her Majesty's Vice and Acting Consul, do
hereby certify that on the day of the date hereof personally appeared before mé
Thomas Jonas Chubb, in the annexed instrument mentioned to me identified
as such and duly signed, sealed, and executed, the said instrument for the
uses and purposes therein expressed in my presence, and in the presence of
George W. Reed and James Fitzpatrick, the subscribing witnesses. In
testimony whereof I do hereunto set my hand and seal of office at the City of
New York, this Seventeenth day of April, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven.
Seal.
PIERREPONT EDWARDS, .
H. B. M. Vice and Acting Consul.
PIERREPONT EDWARDS, .
H. B. M. Vice and Acting Consul.