CERTAIN APPARATUS FOR THE PURPOSE OF COMMUNICATING POWER AND MOTION
Year: 1829

page_text: TORRENS SPECIFICATION.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, ROBERT
TORRENS, of Croydon, in the County of Surrey, a Lieutenant-Colonel in the
Royal Marines, send greeting.
WHEREAS I did by petition represent to His most Excellent Majesty
King George the Fourth that I had invented "CERTAIN APPARATUS FOR THE
PURPOSE OF COMMUNICATING POWER AND MOTION," and Elis said Majesty, being
willing to encourage all useful inventions, was graciously pleased to issue His
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at
Westminster, the Ninth day of September, in the tenth year of His reign,
whereby His said Majesty did, for Himself, His heirs and successors, give and
grant unto me, the said Robert Torrens, His especial licence, that I, the said
Robert Torrens, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I;
the said Robert Torrens, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at
any time agree with, and no others, from time to time, and at all times during
the term of years therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use,
exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-
Tweed, my said Invention, in which said Letters Patent there is contained a
proviso obliging me, the said Robert Torrens, by an instrument in writing
under my hand and seal, particularly to describe and ascertain the nature of
my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, and to
cause the same to be enrolled in His Majesty's High Court of Chancery within
six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said recited
Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference being thereunto had, will
more fully and at large appear.

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Robert Torrens, do hereby declare that the nature of my said Invention, and
the manner in which the same is to be performed, is described and ascertained
in the manner following-(that is to say) :-
--
My apparatus is for the purpose of communicating power and motion to
various kinds of machinery by means of certain vapours or gases, which
are generated by heat from liquids which 'boil at lower temperatures than
water, and which-vapours or gases are inclosed within the said apparatus in
such manner as to be therein subjected to such alternate changes of heat and
cold as will alternately produce dilation into the state of vapour or gas, and
contraction into the state of liquid. The said alternate dilations of liquid into
vapour, and contractions of vapour into liquid, are caused to operate upon
pistons which are moveable within--hollow-cylinders, and which are thereby
impelled with forcible alternate motion, which may be communicated to
various kinds of machinery. And for the full explanation of my apparatus,
and the various modes of constructing the same,. I have hereunto annexed a
sheet of Drawings in which my apparatus is represented.
In Figure I., which is a vertical section of one form of my..apparatus,
A, B, are two strong metal vessels which communicate one with the other by
a large open passage R, near to to their basis. The generator C, wherein the
liquid is to be converted into vapour by heat, .is enclosed within the vessel A.;
and the working cylinder. D, wherein, the, moveable piston S.is.to, act, is en-
closed within vesssel B. X is another strong metal vessel which surrounds the
condenser E, wherein the vapour is to be condensed into liquid by external.cold.
The space within the external vessels A, B, and X, which is left around their
several included vessels C, D, and. E, is filled with water or oil, or other suit-
able incompressible fluid, which is retained under pressure, in order that it may
exert such a bydrostatic pressure upon the exterior surface of the said included
vessels as will counterbalance the internal pressure that is exerted by the
liquid or vapour that is contained. within each of the said 'vessels respectively.
I call the said external vessels A, B, and X.compressers, because their office is
to retain water, oil, or other suitable incompressible fluid around the outside
of the vessels C, D, E, which contain the vapour and liquid, by means of
which power and. motion is to be communicated, and also around the outside
of the several pipes and passages that connect such. vessels together, and
convey the vapour or liquid from.ono to another. The compresser A, contain-
ing the generator C, is set in brickwork over a small firegrate, Y, and furnace,
the flue 4 from which is carried round the outside of the compresser A, to
give heat thereto. The other compresser B, containing. the working cylinder D,

page_text: may also be enclosed in brickwork or other slow conductor of heat, to avoid loss
by radiation. (Note.-A continuation of the same flue 4 that passes around
the compresser A may be afterwards carried around the compresser B, to
communicate some further heat thereto.) By this means the water or oil
within the two compressers A, B, is always kept 'heated, and the included
vessels C and D, together with their contents of vapour or liquid, must par-
take of that heat, for the same water or oil being always retained within the
compressers A and B, without change, it serves as a medium to transmit the
heat to the liquid or vapour contained in the included vessels C and D. The
other compresser X, which contains the condenser E, is filled with cold water,
which surrounds the condenser on all sides, and continually abstracts heat fron
the vapour and liquid contained therein; and all the time that the apparatus is at
work that cold water is continually changed and renewed by other cold water,
which is forced into the compresser by the cold water pump W, an equal
quantity of cold water that has become warm by contact with the condenser, E,
escaping at the same time by a waste spout through a safety valve, which is
so loaded as to, retain the cold water in the compresser X under an adequate
pressure to counteract the internal pressure of the vapour within the condenser
E, but which pressure is of course much less than the pressure of the vapour
within the generator C. To prepare the apparatus for working-Suppose
all parts of the apparatus to be cold, the compressers A and B must 'first be
completely filled with water or oil by means of a forcing pump N, which may
be worked by hand or otherwise. The atmospheric air at first contained in
those compressers makes its escape from the upper part of each compresser
through the cocks f, f, and pipes g. 9, 9, 9, to the condenser E, and from
thence it flows into the compresser X; through an air cock h, which is set open
for that purpose, and the safety valve being also 'opened, the contained air
gets quite away. When the compressers A and B become filled with the water
or oil, the floats of the cocks f, f, rise, and close those cocks, after which the
bydrostatic pressure begins within the compressers A, B, and is' continued by
pumping forcibly until the water or oil acquires a sufficient pressure to lift the
loaded safety valve, which limits the intensity of that pressure. -P is an air
vessel connected with the two compressers A, B: The elasticity of the air-that
is included in the vessel Prenders the pressure uniform and continuous. is a
pipe which stands up within the generator C, passing through the bottom thereof;
and turning up again into a chamber k, which adjoins to the compresser A,
that pipe having a stopcock in it at w, which is supposed to be shut: The-
fluid from which power and motion is to be derived is introduced by a con-
densing pump L, which may be worked by hand or other means; to force the

page_text: fluid through a valve and pipe q, which passes down and joins to the gene-
rator C, near the bottom. The liquid collects at the bottom of the generator C,
and when the generator C becomes half filled with liquid the valve of the
pipe q is closed, and the apparatus is prepared. In order to insure that the
valve ġ shall be effectually closed after the generator is so filled, the upright
pipe 7, which screws up into the socket beneath that valve, is connected with
the lower end of the spindle of the valve, and that pipe has a stopcock 8 in it at
the lower end, and below that cock an union joint, by which it is united to the
forcing pipe of the pump L. When the stopcock 8 is shut, the union joint may
be undone, and the upright pipe 7 can then be turned round, in order to unscrew
it downwards, until it is quite disunited from its socket beneath the valve q...
and also until it draws down that valve firmly into its seat, to prevent it from
opening. When the pipe 7 is so disunited from its socket under the valve q, the
liquid in the compressers is admitted to seal the orifices of the valve q, and of
the pipe 7, so as to prevent leakage. The fire being then lighted on the fire-
grate at Y, will give heat to the two compressers A, B, and all their contents,
whereby part of the liquid in the generator C will be converted into vapour,
which will accumulate and increase in elastic force until it lifts the safety valve l,
at the top of the generator C, whereby the surplus will escape into the dome top of
the compresser A, and it will collect there until the float of the cock f descends,
so as to open the cock f, and allow the said vapour to pass down the pipe 9, 9, 9,
which joins to the eduction pipe m, which descends into the condenser E, from
whence the vapour will displace the air through the cock h and the open safety
valve r, until all the air is gone, and the condenser becomes quite filled with
vapour. The cock h and the valver are then closed, and after that the apparatus
may be set to work. The space around the condenser E, within its compresser
✗, must be filled with cold water. The apparatus may be set to work by
moving the sliding valve a at the upper end of the working cylinder D,
moving the same by hand in the manner usually practised in steam engines, so
as to admit the vapour from the generator C to enter into the cylinder D, first
into one end thereof and then into the other, in order to cause the piston S
to move therein in the same manner as the piston of a steam engine is usually
impelled by steam. For instance, the vapour has free passage from the upper
part of the generator C by the pipe b, which descends to the bottom of the
compresser A, then passes horizontally through the passage R, which connects
the two compressers together, then rises up within the compressor B at the side
of the cylinder D, and opens within the box d at the upper end of the cylinder.
The box d contains the same kind of inverted box sliding valve a as is
usually employed for distributing the steam to the cylinders of steam engines.

page_text: "The vapour is continually supplied by the pipe b into the box d, and always
presses upon the top of the sliding valve a, which valve always covers the
middle opening e of the three openings e, n, o, which are made in the surface on
which the valve a slides. That middle opening e is the commencement of the
5 eduction passage which by the pipe m (shown by dotted lines) communicates
always with the condenser E, so that the small space within or beneath the
sliding valve a is always in open communication with the condenser E, whilst
the space within the box d above the same sliding valve is always. in
communication with the generator C. The other two openings o and n, by
the side of the middle one e, are the orifices of the passages to the two ends of
the cylinder D; viz³, the passage o leads directly into the upper end of the
cylinder D, and the other passagen leads by the side pipe n to the lower end
of the cylinder D; when the sliding valve a is moved one way, as shewn in the
Figure, it uncovers the passage n to the lower end of the cylinder D, in order
to admit the vapour from the generator C to act beneath the piston S, and force
it upwards, and at the same time the interior cavity of the valve a, covering over
the passage o, from the upper end of the cylinder D, makes a communication
therefrom to the eduction passage e and pipe m, and thence to the condenser E.
Under these circumstances, the piston S will be urged upwards, and by its piston
rods it will give forcible motion to the machinery that is connected therewith,
with machinery may be of any such kind as is usually employed in steam
engines. The Drawing represents the piston rod s, acting by a parrallel
motion a great lever and connecting rod on a crank, to give a continuous
circular motion to a fly wheel which is fixed on the axis thereof; also an
excentric is fixed on the same axis, to give motion to the sliding valve a by
the usual connecting rod t and bent lever w, from which a vertical rod I passes
up through a proper stuffing box in the bottom of the compresser B to another
bent lever 1, situated at the upper end of the cylinder D, which bent lever
gives horizontal motion to the sliding valve a by a rod which passes through
a suitable stuffing box in the end of the box d, within which that sliding
valve is contained. By the time that the piston S has been impelled
upwards to the top of its cylinder D, the sliding valve a will be moved by the
aforesaid mechanism so as to uncover the passage into the top of the
cylinder D, in order to admit vapour thereto from the generator C, and at the
same time the valve by its position over the three openings will connect
the other passage n from the bottom of the cylinder with the eduction
passage e and pipe m to the condenser E, and thereby permit the vapour
which has impelled the piston upward to pass away from beneath the piston
to the condenser E, where it will be condensed into a state of liquid by the

page_text: external cold of, the water that is confined around the condenser within its
compresser ✗; at least that condensation will take place after a few strokes
have been made, and when the apparatus gets into complete action. Under
these circumstances, the piston S is forced down, and then it is sent up again
as before, and so on it communicates a continuation of power and motion
to the machinery that it. is required to impel. J is a pump inclosed within
the condenser E, to pump out the liquid which collects within the condenser,
and force it through the pipe j to the bottom of the generator C, in, order
to be again converted into vapour by heat. The bucket of the pump J is
worked, by. a. rod which passes through a suitable double stuffing box at the
bottom of the condenser E and of its compresser ✗,. and the rod is connected
with the machinery. If a great lever is employed, as is shewn in the Drawing,
the rod of the pump J.may be connected with the parallel motion thereof, in
the same manner as the air pump of a steam engine is usually worked.
The cold water pump W,may in like manner be worked by connecting its
rod with the great lever. That pump draws.a. supply of cold water by the
suction pipe 3, and forces the same into the lower part of the compresser X,
to keep the included condenser. E cold enough to condense the vapour, which
is admitted into it, after that vapour has impelled the piston S, in the manner
before described. That part of the water in the compresser X which has
become warmed by the heat-that it has abstracted from the vapour within the
condenser E. rises to the top of the compresser X, and thence makes its escape
through the safety valve r into the waste spout. That waste water being thus
constrained to lift the, valve r, may (by regulating the load thereon) be always
retained under as much pressure within the compresser ✗ as is found neces-
sary to prevent the escape of any vapour from the condenser by leakage through
the several joints by which its parts are put together. A neck or large branch 5
proceeds from the compresser X, and rises up. to join to the bottom of the
compresser B; but there is no communication between the interior of the com-
presser X and that of the other compressers A, B; because the liquid in A
and B is to be kept hot and under a great pressure; it may be adviseable to use
oil. or other liquid therein in lieu of water, if water is found to absorb too
much of the particular vapour that.is employed in the apparatus; but the
liquid in the compresser X must be kept cold by constant change, and a supply
of cold water will be more easily procured for that purpose than any other
liquid, and it has no occasion ever to come in contact with any of the vapour.
The pressure necessary upon the cold water contained within the compresser
X is much less than what is required upon the hot water, oil, or other liquid
contained within the compressers A, B, because of the excess of elastic force of

page_text: the hot vapour, and liquid contained within the generator C over the elastic force
of the vapour and liquid contained within the condenser E; but in either. case
one object of my Invention is to produce such a pressure upon the outside of all
the vessels and pipes containing the vapour and liquid, by the intervention of
some suitable incompressible, liquid, as will counteract the internal-pressure of
the included vapour, whereby the tendency of the vapour to escape by leakage
through- the joints by which the parts of the apparatus are put together will
be greatly diminished or wholly prevented, consequently the vessels and pipes
to contain the vapour and liquid, inay be made of such thin metal as will
facilitate the transmission of heat through their substance, and those vessels
and pipes may be constructed of; or lined, with such metal or other substances
as will not be injuriously acted upon by the vapour or liquid that is employed.
My.compressers or external vessels A, B, R, X, and 5, which do really sustain
the greater part of the pressure, may be made of ordinary metal, as cast or
wrought iron, because it is not the said vapours that come into immediate con-
tact with the metal of such compressers, but only water or oil or other suitable
incompressible fluid, which will not so readily leak or make its escape through
the joints or through porous metal, excepting that any vapour which does
escape from the included vessels or pipes by leakage or by overflow through
the safety valve thereof will ascend in the surrounding liquid contained within
the compressers A, B, and. collect within the tops. or highest parts of each
compresser, which tops are therefore to be made of solid metal, in the form of
domes,, without any joints at which leakage could take place, and as the
interior, of those dome-tops will be occasionally exposed to contact of vapour
which may have escaped they must be made of such metal (or they must be
lined with such metal or substance) as will not be injuriously acted upon by
the vapour employed and as will be completely impervious thereto. The vapour
which collects within the said dome tops is returned by means of the cocks f;f,
and pipes 9, 9, 9, which I have provided as before described, and which join to
the eduction pipe m, which leads to the condenser E, so that very little or
none of the vapour can be dissipated or lost, the prevention of all, dissipa
tion or loss, and the effectual confinement of the vapour and liquid which is,
to be employed, being one great object of my Invention. The cold water in
the compresser X and its branch 5 is to be retained around the condenser E,
with a sufficient hydrostatic pressure to prevent any escape of vapour from
the condenser through leaks or joints. The dome, covers of the compressers.
A, B, and the cover of the compresser X, can be removed to give access to
the vessels, pipes, and other parts contained within them, whenever it is neces-
sary to examine or repair the same. The rapidity of the motion of the piston

page_text: the
of my apparatus is regulated in the same manner as is commonly done in steam
engines by means of a throttle valve 10, applied in the pipe 6 (as shewn at 10),
so as to intercept more or less of the flow of the vapour through that pipe from
generator C to the box d. The spindle of the throttle valve 10 passes through
a stuffing box at the lower part of the passage R to the outside of the com-
pressers, in order that it may be turned by hand or by a governor to regulate
the valve and consequently the motion of the piston, as is usual in steam
engines; and to avoid leakage of the vapour at the stuffing boxes for the
several moveable rods which communicate from the outside to the inside of the
compressers, those stuffing boxes are situated at the bottom (or near to the
bottom) of the said compressers, in order that the said stuffing boxes may be
emersed beneath the water, oil, or other liquid with which the compressers are
filled, and thus prevent the escape of vapour. The stuffing boxes for the
piston rods and the rod of the pump J are made double, that is, they have
each two distinct packings, viz, an internal packing to prevent the escape of
vapour out of the cylinder or pump, and external packing to prevent the escape
of the liquid from the compressers. The same screws at the outside may confine
both the packings. My object in using two packings is, that if vapour escaped
by the interior packing it will be retained in the liquid contents of the com-
pressers, and rise up to the tops thereof, in the same manner as before described
of any other leakage of vapour; and in order to prevent the passage of
vapour through the piston, that is to say, between its packing and the
interior surface of the cylinder, the piston may be made with two distinct
packings, as is shewn in Figure 2, one above the other, at 15 and 16,
forming as it were two pistons, both of which are fixed on the same rods,
leaving a space 14 between them for the reception of oil or other suitable
liquid which will not pass by the packing so readily as vapour; and so
much of such liquid as does pass or leak by either packing is to be
made good by introducing a constant supply thereof through the centre of the
piston rods, which is for that purpose made hollow like a small tube, and the
hollow rod s has a hollow vessel, 17, fixed to it, and surrounding it at the lower
end, to contain a store of the oil or other fluid, and also air, which being
forcibly compressed into the vessel 17, will force so much of the said liquid up
the hollow rods as to replace that which may leak through the double
packings. The interior of the hollow vessel 17 communicates at its lowest
part with the hollow rod s. The vessel 17 must be charged with the said
liquid and with the condensed air whilst the apparatus is standing still, by
connecting the union joint at the extremity of the branch 18 at the lower end
of the pistons with the forcing pipe of an injecting pump, similar to that

page_text: marked N, and before described, whereby the said vessel 17 can be injected or
charged with a suitable store of oil or other liquid and of condensed air, to
enable it to supply all the liquid that may pass by the double packings of the
piston during one time of working the apparatus. The extremity of the.
branch 18 must have a stopcock to retain the contents of the vessel 17, when
the union joint is undone, in order to allow the apparatus to work. Note.-
Instead of rising the loaded safety valve r to retain the cold water within the
compresser X around the condenser E, a pipe may be carried upwards from
the upper part of that compresser ✗ to contain a column of water of an ade-
quate height to give the required hydrostatic pressure within the compresser X.
The waste water will therefore overflow at the top of that pipe; and it is not
convenient to use a column as high as will produce the required pressure by
that column above, a safety valve may be added at the top of the pipe, to be
loaded so much as to increase the pressure of the column to what is required.
Note. x, Figure 1, is a pipe which rises up within the generator C, passing
through the bottom thereof, and then turning up again within a chamber k,
which adjoins to the compresser A. The pipe x has a stopcock in it at w,
which being opened will establish an equilibrium of hydrostatic pressure
between the vapour in the interior of the generator C and the liquid with
which the compressers A and B are filled. For engines which are employed
to force up cold water by pumps through rising pipes, or which have such
pumps attached to them, I propose to conduct the cold water through the
compresser X around the condenser E, so that the whole body of cold water
that is raised by the pump may be caused to pass in a continual current
around the condenser E before it passes into the rising pipe, in order to cool
the condenser more effectually. When the boiling point of the fluid which I
employ in my apparatus (to be there converted into vapour, in order to com-
municate motion and power), is considerably lower than the boiling point of
water, I occasionally dispense with the furnace Y, and keep up the requisite
temperature in the generator either by exposing it to the rays of the sun, or
by surrounding it with the hot air and smoke issuing from a chimney or
furnace, or with the gas which is extracted from coals for the purpose of gas
lighting in the state in which that gas issues from the retort. In such cases the
generator should be constructed, as shewn in Figure 3, being made flat, in
order to expose a larger surface to the heating medium, and the compresser
belonging to such flat generator is only made to include and apply hydrostatic
pressure to the lower parts thereof, where alone there are any joints or openings
at which the enclosed vapour can escape, having the upper surface of such

page_text: generator without the covering of a compresser, in order that the heat may
more readily pass through the metal thereof. 21, 21, is the upper part or
shell of the said generator, 'made in one piece of cast or wrought metal,
without any joint; it is made like an inverted disk, with a projecting flange all
round its lower edge, for the purpose of uniting that edge by screw bolts to
the flat bottom 22, which is in fact the bottom of the compresser. 23 is an
interior flat plate which is joined at its exterior edge to the principal shell
21, 21, in order to form the bottom of the generator and the top of the com-
presser, but the joint is included within the compresser. The space between
the bottom 22 and the other plate 23 is really the compresser, and is filled
with water or oil or other liquid, which is retained under hydrostatic pressure,
as before stated. 24 is a small dome rising 'in the centre of the top 21 of the
generator, to receive the upper end of the pipe b, which is to convey the vapour
from the generator to the working cylinder, and which is the same as before
described. in Figure 1. 25 is another small dome rising up from the coin-
presser, in order to collect within it any vapour that may escape from the
generator into the liquid with which the compresser is filled, and within the
top of the dome 25 is the float for the cock f of the pipe g; which roturns
that collected vapour to the eduction pipe in Figure 1, and thereby to-the
condenser; as before described of Figure 1.7 is the safety. valve to the
generator. It is applied at the upper end of a pipe, which descends from the
upper part of the dome top 21, 21, of the generator, then passes down through
the plate 23, and then turns up again' under the dome 25, which belongs to
the compressor. The vapour which escapes at the safety valve will there="
fore be collected in the dome 25, and will thence be returned by the cock f
and pipe g to the condenser, as before described of Figure 1. j is the pipe
by which the liquid that is condensed within the condenser E, Figure 1,' and
which is forced therefrom by the pump J, Figure 1, is conveyed back into the'
generator, to be again converted into vapour. ' is the valve and 7 is the pipe
through which tho liquid is introduced into the generator; in order to supply.
the same in the first instance from the pump L, Figure 1, in the manner before
described of Figure 1, viz, the pipe 7, which has a'stopcock 8 at the lower end
of it, and an union joint to unite it to the former pipe of the pump-L, is
screwed upwards through the bottom plate 22 until it enters into and joins to.
the socket beneath the valve so as to communicate through the valve with the
interior of the generator, in order to introduce the liquid from the pump L;
but when the cock 8 is shut; and the union joint undone, the pipe 7' may be.
screwed downwards, for the double purpose of drawing down and confining the

page_text: valve q, and also of disuniting the pipe 7 from the socket beneath that valve,
and then the orifices of both the valve and the pipe will be immersed in the
liquid that is contained within the compresser. R is a branch from the
lower plate 22 of the compresser, which is to join to the corresponding branch
R of the other compresser B, Figure 1, as before described of Figure 1.
When the said flat generator (and the compresser, which included the lower
part thereof), as represented in Figure 3, is to be heated by the rays of
the sun, it only requires to have its convex top 21 exposed to those rays;
or when the said generator, Figure 3, is to be heated by the current.of hot
smoke and air proceeding from the chimney of a house or of a furnace, it
should be surrounded with a case of brickwork, to include it as it were
within an oven or stove, leaving a space all round the generator and com-
presser to be filled and supplied with the current of heated air and smoke
proceeding from the furnace or fire-place towards the chimney; or when the
said generator, Figure 3, is to be heated by the heat of coal gas that is mado
for gas lighting, it must be included within a suitable metal vessel or casing,
which will receive the said coal-gas in the--hot-state-as it-issues from the
retorts; and which casing will retain that hot gas around the exterior of
the said generator and its compresser, in order that the heat of the said
gas may act on the generator, and produce vapour from the liquid therein
contained. The said gas being cooled by so giving out its heat, the grosser
part of the coal tar that it contains will be condensed, and may be drawn off
the bottom of such exterior vessel or casing, in the same manner as from the
tar condenser commonly used in gas works, the coal gas passing away from
such exterior vessel or casing to be employed for gas lighting.
Having now described my apparatus, and the manner in which the same is
to be constructed, I do hereby declare that what I claim as my Invention is
the compressers herein-before described, which include within them the vessels
and pipes that contain the vapours and liquids, from the expansion and con-
densation of which, power and motion is to be communicated, or at least
include all such parts of the said vessels or pipes as are not made in one piece
of solid metal, without joinings at which vapour could escape, and which com-
pressers retain around such vessels and pipes water, oil, or other suitable in-
compressible fluids, with such a force of hydrostic pressure as will diminish the
tendency of the contained vapour to escape from or leak out of the said
included vessels and pipes, and which compressers will also collect and pre-
serve from disipation all vapour or liquid which may escape out of the in-
cluded vessels or pipes, and which compressers are also provided with means,

page_text: herein-before described, of conveying back to, the condenser all the vapour or
liquid which has so escaped into and collected within the said compressers. : :
In witness whereof; I, the said Robert Torrens, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Ninth day of March, One thousand eight hundred
and thirty