IMPROVED MECHANICAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR RETARDING OR STOPPING, AND FOR FACILITATING LOCOMOTION AND MOTION GENERALLY.
Year: 1871

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Johann George Boehringer and Carl Krall,
of Regent Street, in the County of Middlesex, Engineers, for the
Invention of "IMPROVED MECHANICAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR RETARDING OR
STOPPING, AND FOR FACILITATING LOCOMOTION AND MOTION GENERALLY.'
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Johann George
Boehringer and Carl Krall at the Office of the Commissioners of
Patents, with their Petition, on the 27th January 1871.
I, JOHANN GEORGE BOEHRINGER and CARL KRALL, of Regent
Street, in the County of Middlesex, Engineers, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVED MECHANICAL ARRANGEMENTS
FOR RETARDING OR STOPPING, AND FOR FACILITATING LOCOMOTION AND MOTION
GENERALLY," to be as follows:-
:―
The objects and characteristics of this Invention are to so arrange
brake mechanism, that when the horse or draught animal is in motion
the brake may be free from the wheels, and when the animal stops the
brake comes into operation. Also to similarly arrange brake mechanism

page_text: for railway carriages that upon the guard or attendant putting on the
brake in one compartment all the brakes throughout the whole train
shall be brought into action. And in carriages of horse or animal
draught the driver or other person can when desired readily detach the
animals from the brake mechanism so as to cause the brakes to act.
And by suitable adaptation of such mechanism locomotion and motion
generally may be facilitated.
For heavy vehicles such as omnibuses.-The horses move an iron bar
which slides along the pole to ascend splinter bar (if an old vehicle or
one in a new carrige) to which the horses are attached. This splinter
bar presses on two levers which are joined by a free joint from this
centre joint and at a distance of, say, a quarter of the lever bar a forked-
shaped iron starts, extending towards and surrounding in a semicircle the
centre pin of wheel plate so as to insure the turning of the carriage
without interfering with the action of the brakes. From this semicircle
a bar extends which draws or presses the brakes. The spring which
acts without horses or animals is in several different forms (say three)
according to the construction of the carriage. The horses by means of
levers (with, say, four-fold power) draw the spring connected with the
brakes from the wheels. The spring will be forced so much that if the
horses do not draw the brakes act immediately with a power equal to
one horse and stop at a backward pull of the driver, the carriage avoiding
any concussion. To prevent falling of the horse by driving down hill
a heavy cart, and if necessary, fixing the same immoveably, giving ease
to the horse, the iron bar of the pole moves at the same time up and
down a support which is before and between the two front wheels.
This support consists of two free jointed bars and has a bar from the
lower end to the axle. A rack in the iron bar of the pole and a hook in
connection with it press the support to the ground when the horse stops,
and thus fix a heavy cart immoveably. It is released again on the
first onward movement.of the horse.
For two wheel cabs.-The mechanism is similar to that of the carts,
only the levers move upright at the sides instead of from the middle to
the sides. This mechanism applied to velocipedes affords the means of
driving up hill with little power, so that two ladies will be able to
traverse one hundred and fifty feet in a minute or six hundred feet on
level ground, and great facility to break the same will be obtained. A
small wheel is fastened to the middle of the axletree, and is moved by

page_text: means of levers with hands and feet. On level ground the use of the
lever is suspended by simply leaning it forward. To apply the brakes the
arms are pressed on covers on each wheel, which covers hang in springs.
To start a heavy vehicle with augmented power and so facilitate
locomotion. A ring surround each nave of the front wheels with
an upright lever attached; from this lever depends a loose catch
which presses upon the nave when the lever is drawn forwards and
hangs free when in action; the ring acts on the wheels as in a house
clock at winding up, but without cogs. Extending from the lever is a
rod connecting the splinter bar therewith, and if the leverage is extended
to its fullest extent and applied to small wheels a six-fold power will be
derived to start the vehicle. The smaller the wheels the greater will be
the power gained by this appliance.
For four wheeled cabs the horse or horses press the shaft or the iron
bars attached and pass through the levers, and the spring. The levers
turn underneath the carriage spring, and are connected with the
spring of the mechanism, which if desired can be so much compressed
as to give ten-fold power to the horse for retarding or stopping the
carriage.
In the event of the horse shying this mechanism enables the driver
by simple pull or pressure to instantly release the traces by lifting the
bolts which fasten the hooks to the splinter bar preventing the horse
getting away from the poles, the hooks being pushed in and fastened
by the said bolts.
To stop a whole railway train in ten seconds from the greatest speed
without suffering any concussion :-
For the locomotive.-When applied to the locomotive the springs are
compressed and the connected brakes are drawn from the wheels
with, say two hundred hundredweight pressure by means of a cranked
handle and cog wheels gearing therewith which work a lever, the centre
of which is attached to rods extending to the four brake blocks, and held
in position by springs. As soon as a stoppage or braking is desired
the handle is allowed to play and swings round with great power to
its fullest extent (catching in a racked appliance) straightening the
spring, doubling their power, and acting on the brakes instantly, with
the assistance of the brake power of the carriages derived from the buffers
stop a whole railway train at the greatest speed without jolting acting in
similar manner to a telegraph.

page_text: For the carriages.-The buffers extend to two levers which press the
brake blocks attached to each wheel. The levers are connected by a
bar to each other which is placed at about one-third from their lower
ends, and acts as a fulcrum, its position is maintained by bars connected
to the body and across the axle, and is attached in a regulated manner
by a bolt and nuts to a rod from the body. Attached to the back brake
and fastened to the body is a curved spring which releases the brake
at the onward movement of the train.
For backward driving a guard consisting of an iron bar with a right-
angled elbow in the centre and at each end must be applied under the
buffer head.
To this lever a spring arrangement by affording two-fold to six-
fold power for starting, great gain is realized for all kinds of wheeled
mechanism, and by its proper application a vehicle can be constructed
with a two-horse power engine avoiding all superfluous work usually
adopted. This will be able with a load of one hundred and fifty
hundredweight to drive up hill, and with the same play of the engine
the driver can during the driving alter the motion by acting on levers,
and turn at three strokes of the piston the wheel six times or twice
with six strokes. Down hill the mechanism is stopped and all the
steam preserved, and when applied to a locomotive or carriage
the same can be turned at short angles and braked during the turning.
"
The above described details of our improved arrangements may how-
ever be varied according to circumstances without departing from the
objects and characteristics herein-before stated.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Johann George Boehringer and Carl Krall,
in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 27th July 1871.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, JOHANN
GEORGE BOEHRINGER and CARL KRALL, of Regent Street, in the County a
of Middlesex, Engineers, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Twenty-seventh day of January, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-one, in the

page_text: thirty-fourth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto us, the said Johann George Boehringer and"
Carl Krall, Her special licence that we, the said Johann George
Boehringer and. Carl Krall, our executors, administrators, and assigns,
or such others as we, the said Johann George Boehringer and Carl
Krall, our executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time
agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times there-
after during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might
make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention
for "IMPROVED MECHANICAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR RETARDING OR STOPPING AND
FOR FACILITATING LOCOMOTION AND MOTION GENERALLY," upon the condition
(amongst others) that we, the said Johann George Boehringer and
Carl Krall, our executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing.
under our, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly
describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what
manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed
in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and
immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said Johann George Boehringer and
Carl Krall, do hereby declare the nature of our said Invention. and
in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described.
and ascertained in and by the following statement:
-
The objects and characteristics of this Invention are to so arrange
break mechanism that when the horse or draught animal is in motion.
the break may be freed from the wheels, and when the animal stops the
break comes into operation. Also to similarly arrange break mechanism
for railway carriages that upon the guard or attendant putting on the
break in one compartment all the breaks throughout the train shall be
brought into action. And in carriages for horse and animal draught the
driver or other person can whenever desired put out of action the break
or he can fix the pressure of the break, rendering it impossible for the
horse to move onwards. And by suitable adaptation of mechanism
locomotion and motion generally may be facilitated.
These arrangements consist of a combined system of levers and springs
constructed so as to afford augmented power for starting, retarding, or
stopping, with simple arrangements for backing motion.

page_text: ugures of the description corresponding with those of the Figures of the
Drawings as follows:
Fig. A. For heavy vehicles, such as vans and omnibuses.-Round
the perch bolt is a circular spring c connected by the rods d with two
levers 6 at about of their length from the centre joint . If the
levers are drawn forward by means of shafts or pole they press with
augmented power, and by the aid of the levers e bring the spring c to a
smaller compass, and by connecting rods f, g, force the spring k and
break blocks from the wheels. If the pull of the lever ceases the
circular spring opens again and presses with multiplied power in con-
junction with the spring k actuated by connecting rod g, applying the
break blocks to the wheels, but when backing, the wheels lift the con-
necting rods in their staples s and free themselves from the break blocks.
The central spring c slides in a hook h at the beginning of the rod ƒ and
allows locking of the carriage in any state of pulling without interfering
with the action of the break. The spring k is regulated by nuts to any
desired pressure, and is attached to the body of the carriage. The
length of the rods g is regulated at i to compensate for the wear of the
break blocks. The levers may be jointed to a moveable splinter bar and
moveable pole, as shown in Fig. F, or to a moveable splinter bár and
fixed pole with sliding rods on it, as at Fig. N, or sliding shaft to Fig. O,
or shafts with sliding rods; if sliding rods they are of different shape,
and the horse or horses must be attached to them. In Fig. O a spring 1
is fixed on to the shaft and presses the hook 3 of the lever b or its con-
necting rod into its eye 2, and detaches same when the shafts are raised.
In Fig. M a joint 6 on the sliding rod 5 connects the lever or its
connecting rod therewith, enabling the shaft to sink or lift. Fig. L
shows a similar arrangement of sliding rod and spring, but having the
same action as Fig. O. A hook t, as in Fig. B, can be fixed to the
sliding rods and a rack connected to ensure the stopping of the vehicle;
the hook catches when out of motion and drops out when in motion.
The spring will be generally so regulated that if the horse does not
draw the break presses slightly only, but pressure will be increased to a
many fold power, if the carriage in motion and the horse stops suddenly,
when all the weight of the vehicle presses on the levers stopping the
carriage instantly. For carts, at Eig. B, the horse presses by means of

page_text: the sliding rod a upon the lever b, which are in connection and held in
position by the spring c placed in front, behind (or two springs on each
side), these, by the connecting rods d press or draw with multiplied
power the bar with break blocks at each end. At the same time the
sliding rod by the aid of the lever 9 presses the support h in con-
nection with the axle by the bar i to the ground, and causes with the
hook t the cart to be immovable. This acts up or down hill, preventing
the horse from falling and affording case to the horse. The onward
movement of the horse with the sliding rod a detaches the hook t,
lifts h and i from the ground, and moves the lever 6 and the connecting
bar d and f with the brake blocks i and h can be hung up with a chain
or hook to the bed of the cart, and only the break blocks remain in
action. If the cart is backed the break blocks are freed from the wheels.
To start a heavy vehicle with augmented power. In Fig. C a ring v
surrounds each nave of the front wheels with an upright lever w
attached. From this lever depends a loose catch y, which presses upon
the nave when the lever is drawn forwards, and hangs free when in
action. The ring acts on the wheel as a house clock at winding up,
but without cogs. Extending from the lever is a rod u connecting the
splinter bar therewith, and if the leverage is extended to its fullest
extent by x, and applied to small wheels a six-fold power will be derived
to start the vehicle; the smaller the wheels the greater will be the
power gained by this appliance.
Fig. D shows a plate w with upright acting lever y attached moving
round the axle. The nut is to regulate the exact length of the screw 2.
For two wheel cabs the mechanism is similar to that of carts, only
the levers move upright at the sides instead of from the middle to the
sides.
To light wheel carriages, see Figs. E and F, such for instance as
Broughams and cabs, the levers B in connection with the spring c and
the break blocks are attached to the front carriage. The levers 6 turn
underneath the carriage spring, and are connected in various ways with
the shaft or pole Fig. E. The connected rods d pierce the levers 6 and
spring c regulated by nuts, they are kept in position by angle irons e
secured in or connected with the joint of the carriage springs, sec
Figs. G, H, I, K. When driven forwards they press with augmented
power the levers upwards, sec G, and when the break on each end of the
wheel, and which angle pieces e drop down, see H, and free the breaks

page_text: when driven backwards.
If the carriage springs are shorter than the
front wheels the fulcrum point f must be reached either by a pro-
longation of the spring as shown in Fig. I, or by any other arrangement
independent from the carriage spring. All these parts are regulated by
screws and nuts at either end Fig. F. The levers 6 are joined in a free
joint together with only rod d extending to the splinter bar and
surrounding the perch bolt. A moveable splinter bar is represented in
this Drawing which is to be connected with shafts or to a moveable pole,
but only 1 pole connected with the single rod d will in many cases
answer the purposes.
For 4 wheel carriages, apparatus like that shown in Fig. A should be
used, e can be omitted, c and d being one piece without crossing each
other. However instead of the rod f moving towards the rear it moves
in the centre upwards on to a barrel, which at an angle to the sides
can be connected with the break mechanism already existing in old
carriages.
For dispensing with the use of the break when desired or fixing the
effect of the break, Figure P shows a simple arrangement. It repre-
sents a sliding bolt with a crank 8 for the hand, and a crank 9 to stop
the action. If turned forward after the horse has opened the break to
its fullest extent, the levers or any other part adopted for it cannot
go back, and the break power is suspended, or upon turning the handle
in the reverse position as in Fig. B, if the break be acting off the wheels.
the horse cannot move the levers etcetra and free the wheels, and so the
driver can leave the carriage and the horse cannot move on, but if the
handle is turued straight the action of the lever is freed.
This mechanism applied to velocipedes, Fig. 8, affords the means of
driving up hill with little power, so that two ladies will be able to make
150 feet in a minute or 600 feet on level ground, and facility to break
the same will be obtained. A small wheel is fastened in the middle of
the axletree, and 2 wheels on each side of the carriage, and are moved
by means of levers 6 and treadles e, h, with hand and feet. On level
ground the use of the levers b is suspended by simply leaning it forward.
To apply the breaks the arms are pressed on covers on each wheel,
which covers hang in springs. To stop a whole railway train in 10
seconds from the greatest speed without suffering any concussion.
When applied to the locomotive Fig. Q the springs i and kare
compressed and the connected breaks are drawn from the wheels with say,

page_text: 200 hundredweight pressure by means of a cranked handle a and cog
wheels c, d, e, gearing therewith which works a lever f the centre of
which is attached to rods g, h, extending to the 4 break blocks, and held
in position by the springs i, k. As soon as a stoppage or breaking is
desired the handle is allowed to play and swing round with great power
to its fullest extent (catching in a ratchet appliance) straightening the
springs, doubling their power, and acting on the breaks instantly.
With the assistance of the break power on the carriages derived from
the buffers we can stop a whole railway train at the greatest speed
without jolting, acting in a similar manner to a telegraph. For the
carriages Fig. R the buffers a extend to 2 levers 6 which press the bar f
with the break blocks attached to each wheel. The levers are connected
by a crank axle c to each other, which is placed at about 1, from their
lower ends and acts as a fulcrum, its position is maintained by bars
connected to the body of the carriage and rod d across the axle, and is
attached in a regulated manner by a bolt and nuts to a rod or spring e
from the body. Attached to the back break and fastened to the body is
a curved spring / which releases the break at the onward movement of
the train. For backing the cranked axle c is connected with the lever n
by rod and chain m, and by its pressing forwards or back, and the
pressure of the spring e effects the moving of the fulcrum point of the 2
levers on all the carriages to a greater distance from the break barf,
so that pressing on the buffers will not cause the breaks to act. The
lever is worked by the guard of the train (by means of chains and hooks
connected to all the break carriages) or worked by the engine driver by
a similar connection. If the guard or engine driver works his lever
during the motion of the train the action of the breaks at once begins
pressing to the regulated pressure of the spring, or the distance of the
cranked axle from the break bar, or the pressure of the buffer. To this
lever and spring arrangement by affording two-fold to six-fold power
for starting great gain is realized for all kinds of wheeled mechanism,
and by its proper application a vehicle can be constructed with a two-
horse power engine, avoiding all superfluous work usually adopted.
This will be able with a load of 150 hundredweight to drive up hill, and
with the same play of the engine the driver can during the driving
alter the motion by acting on levers and turn at three strokes of the
piston the wheel six times or twice with six strokes. Down hill the
mechanism is stopped and all the steam preserved, and when applied to a

page_text: locomotive or carriage the same can be turned at short angles and break
during the turning.
The above-described details of our improved arrangements may
however be varied according to circumstances without departing from
the objects and characteristics herein-before set forth.
·
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature and
object of our said Invention and in what manner the same may be
performed or carried out in practice, we hereby declare that we claim
the herein described "Improved Mechanical Arrangements for Retarding
or Stopping and for Facilitating Locomotion and Motion generally,
(1) effecting with great celerity retardation or stoppage, (2) which
can be effectuated without appreciable concussion, (3) and heavy
carriages can be "locked" without interfering with the action of the
breaks, (4) and backing performed without any operation but backing
the horse or animal, and in railway carriages by a simple movement
controllable by the guard or attendant.
In witness whereof, we, the said Johann George Boehringer and
Carl Krall, have hereunto set our hands and seals, this Twenty-
seventh day of July, in the year of our Lord One thousand
eight hundred and seventy-one.
Witness,
JOHANN GEORGE BOEHRINGER. (L.S.)
CARL KRALL.
(L.S.)
THOMAS MORGAN,
Secretary,
Inventors' Patent Right Association, Limited,
21, Cockspur Street.