or Equivalent Devices Used in Connection with Apparatus for Heating, Cooling, and Ventilating.
Year: 1885

page_text: or Equivalent Devices Used in Connection with Apparatus
for Heating, Cooling, and Ventilating.
I, JAMES GRIEVE LORRAIN, of Vernon Chambers, Southampton, Row, in the
County of Middlesex, Consulting Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of my
Invention for IMPROVEMENTS CONNECTED WITH OPERATING THE VALVES OR
SIMILAR, OR, EQUIVALENT DEVICES USED IN CONNECTION WITH APPARATUS FOR
HEATING, COOLING AND VENTILATING to be as follows
.
My invention relates to valve, flap, slide, shutter or other similar or equivalent
devices employed to partially or completely close or constrict passages, openings or
spaces for Heating, Cooling or Ventilating as referred to in the Provisional
Specification accompanying my application for Letters Patent dated the 3rd day of
June 1885, N° 6753, and has reference to the application to the Electro-motors
(designated as "simpler forms" of electromotor in the provisional specification
accompanying my application for Letters Patent dated the twenty-fourth day of
November 1884, No 15464), employed to move such devices, of apparatus for the
purpose of economising the electric current employed.
A drawback which exists in the arrangements specified in the last-mentioned
former provisional specification is that during the whole time that the device is
open or closed, whichever may happen to be the opposite of its normal position,
electrical energy has to be expended, and this expenditure is costly in proportion
inter alia to the size and number of devices employed. By the improvements
hereinafter specified the expenditure of electrical energy is reduced to a
minimum, as it is only momentarily required at the instants of opening and
shutting the devices; and I am therefore enabled to utilise cheap and inexpensive
batteries for this purpose.
In carrying my invention into effect I adapt to the electro-motor, consisting of
an electro-magnet and armature, solenoid or sucking magnet and core, fixed and
moveable coils or other similar form of electromotor as referred to in my last
mentioned former provisional specification, actuating the valve, flap, slide, shutter or
other similar or equivalent device, an apparatus hereinafter called a " Holdback"
for the purpose of retaining the moveable part of the said electromotor in the

page_text: position which it is required to occupy when the device is open or closed as the
case may be. The said "Holdback" may consist of a clutch, grip or detent
actuated by a spring, lever, weight or other equivalent mechanical device or by a
permanent magnet, and controlled by an electromagnet, solenoid, coil or other
equivalent electrical device, called into action by an automatic contact, depending
for its action on the thermal, chemical or physical condition of the fluid in the
space to be affected by the said heating, cooling or ventilating, or by a non-
automatic contact, such as a push, key, switch or their equivalent. I may employ
two contacts, one to call the device and Holdback into play, and the other to with-
draw the Holdback and cause or allow the device to resume its normal position,
and the said contacts may be in two circuits which may be either entirely distinct
or have part common to both; or the two contacts may be in a single circuit.
Or I may employ, in order to bring the device and Holdback into action when
contact is made in one direction and to withdraw the Holdback when contact is
made in the other direction, duplex contacts, such for example as are referred to
in the provisional specification accompanying my application for Letters Patent
dated the 10th day of January 1885, No 339, or where a push, key, switch or their
equivalent is employed the same may be duplex, as will be readily understood.
These duplex contacts may be arranged in a single or other circuit or circuits as
described with reference to the two contacts herein before mentioned.
The action of my apparatus is as follows:-Suppose the device to be kept shut
when in its normal position either by gravity or otherwise.
When such contact is
established as to open the device the Holdback seizes and retains the moveable
part of the electromotor so as to keep the device open. When the desired end has
been attained the Holdback is withdrawn, as will be readily understood, and the
device closed or allowed to close. When the device is normally maintained open
the roverse action takes place. It will thus be been that a great saving of
electrical energy is hereby effected as the current is only required at the instant of
opening the device and at the instant of closing it.
:

page_text: Improvements Connected with Operating the Valves or similar
or Equivalent Devices Used in Connection with Apparatus
for Heating, Cooling, and Ventilating.
1
I, JAMES GRIEVE LORRAIN of Norfolk House, Norfolk Street, London W.C.
formerly of 3 Vernon Chambers, Southampton Row, in the County of Middlesex,
Consulting Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of my Invention for IMPROVE-
MENTS CONNECTED WITH OPERATING THE VALVES. OR SIMILAR OR EQUIVALENT
DEVICES USED IN CONNECTION WITH APPARATUS FOR HEATING, COOLING AND
VENTILATING and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly
described and ascertained in and by the following statement :-
My invention relates to valve, flap, slide, shutter or other similar or equivalent
devices employed to partially or completely close or constrict passages, openings
or spaces for Heating, Cooling or Ventilating as referred to in the Specification
accompanying my application for Letters Patent dated the 3rd day of June 1885,
No. 6753, and has reference to the application to the electro-motors (designated as
Simpler forms" of electro-motor in the specification accompanying my application
for Letters Patent dated the 24th day of November 1884, No. 15464), employed
to move such devices, of apparatus for the purpose of economising the electric
current employed.
«
=
A drawback which exists in the arrangements specified in the last mentioned
former specification is that during the whole time that the device is open or closed,
whichever may happen to be the opposite of its normal position, electrical energy
has to be expended; and this expenditure is costly in proportion, inter alia, to the
size and number of devices employed. By the improvements hereinafter specified
the expenditure of electrical energy is reduced to a minimum, as it is only
momentarily required at the instants of opening and shutting the devices; and
I am thereby enabled to utilise cheap and inexpensive batteries for this purpose.
In carrying my invention into effect, I adapt to the electro-motors, consisting of
an electro-magnet and armature, solenoid or sucking magnet and core, fixed and
movable coils, or other similar form of electro-motor, as referred to as a simpler
form in my last mentioned former specification, actuating the valve, flap, slide,
shutter or equivalent device, an apparatus hereinafter. called a "Holdback," for the
purpose of retaining the movable part of the said electro-motor in the position
which it is required to occupy when the device is open or closed as the case may
be. The said Holdback" consists of a clutch, grip or detent actuated by a spring,
lever, weight or other equivalent, mechanical device, or by a permanent magnet,
and controlled by an electro-magnet, solenoid, coil or other equivalent electrical
device and it is called into action by an automatic contact depending for its
action on the thermal, chemical or physical condition of the fluid. in the space
affected by the said Heating, Cooling or Ventilating, or by a non-automatic contact
such as a push, key, switch or their equivalent. I sometimes employ two contacts,
one to call the device and Holdback into play, and the other to withdraw. the

page_text: Holdback and cause or allow the device to resume its normal position; and the
said contacts are arranged in two circuits which may be either entirely distinct or
have part common to both.
Or I sometimes employ in order to bring the device and Holdback into action
when contact is made in one direction and to withdraw the Holdback when
contact is made in the other direction, duplex contacts, such for example as are
referred to in the specification accompanying my application for Letters Patent
dated the 10th day of January 1885, No. 339; or, where a push, key, switch or
their equivalent is employed, they are sometimes duplex as will be readily
understood. I arrange these duplex contacts in circuits as described with reference
to the two contacts herein before mentioned.
The action of my apparatus is as follows:-Suppose the device to be kept shut
when in its normal position either by gravity or otherwise. When such contact is
established as to open the device the Holdback seizes and retains the movable
part of the electro-motor so as to keep the device open. When the desired end
has been attained the Holdback is withdrawn and the device closed or allowed to
close. When the device is normally maintained open the reverse action takes
place.
In order however that my invention may be more easily understood, I shall
proceed to refer to à few typical cases diagrammatically illustrated by the accom-
panying drawings.
Figure 1 shows diagrammatically an arrangement wherein a clutch actuated by
a weight and controlled by a solenoid or sucking magnet is employed.
In this figure a solenoid or sucking magnet A is employed to close a valve B in
the pipe or passage D. The lever F of the valve B is attached to the counter-
weight H by the cord h². It also carries a quadrant f' notched or slotted at f³.
O is the core of the solenoid or sucking magnet A, supported by a spring o¹, which,
when extended as shown, is sufficient to balance the weight made up of H, O & F.
It will be seen therefore that at the beginning of its stroke the solenoid A has
very little weight to lift, but as the spring o' closes up it can support less of the
weight of O, F & H, and at the end of the stroke when the holdback gets into its
slot it has to support almost the whole weight of O, F & H, and this whole weight
is consequently available at the commencement of the downward stroke as soon as
the holdback is released; but as the spring is extended it again gradually balances
the weight. By this means quick and decided action is obtained without undue
shock at the end of the stroke in either direction. The valve is supposed to be
open. J is a solenoid, or sucking magnet, with core K; and it carries the clutch L
which is actuated by the weight K, in this case the core itself, which rests on f¹
when O is down. K is flanged, or has two projections and ke². An insulated
spring a, connected to a wire from A, touches when in the position shown.
A similar spring is connected to a wire from J. The generator G is connected
to K, thence by k¹, a¹ to A; and the return wire from A to G has upon it a
contact C. When C completes its circuit, A receives a current which lifts its
core O, and with it H and F, thereby closing the valve, and moving f¹ to the
right until the notch or slot f' comes under L, which latter falls into the slot.
As K falls with L it separates k' from a', and so breaks the circuit of A, thus
preventing waste of current. At the same time makes contact with . The
solenoid J is now in circuit with G through K and contact C which is not
closed until the condition of the process requires B to be opened. Then C¹ makes
circuit, and K and L are lifted. The lever F being thus released is pulled down
by weight H, which is not balanced by the spring when in its highest position.
Thus the valve is kept open or closed for any required length of time without
waste of current in either case.
Figure 2 shows a more compact arrangement of holdback. A solenoid or
sucking magnet A is wound with two coils B and D so that when a current
passes through B the core F will move to the left, and when D is excited F will
move to the right, into the position shown on the drawing. Rollers f¹fcarry

page_text: the core and diminish the friction. The solenoid cheeks b¹, d' and the central
disc a' are of magnetic material such as soft iron, as also is the tube H which is
pivoted on an arbor h¹ supported on a. The ends h, h of the tube are closed
and carry two clutches 2 h³, one at each end, nctuated by the weight of the
mercury to keep them in position. His partly filled with mercury so that as it
rocks on its pivot the mercury makes contact alternately with the insulated
screws b d which are fixed in the. tube. Screw 6' is connected by a flexible wire
to one end of coil B, the other end of which is joined to contact C, and thence to
generator Gas shown.' Similarly D is connected at one end to d³ and at the other
to C¹ and G as shown. G is also connected directly to a¹ and therefore to H and
to the mercury contained therein. The apparatus is shown working a ventilating
valve or shutter K by means of the cords k², serving to open the said shutter,
and serving to close it; and these cords run on pulleys k³. When H has its
end h³ down the circuit of D is incomplete at d², but the circuit of B is closed at b³,
and as soon as C makes contact a current passes through B thereby magnetising
not only the core F but also b¹, a¹ and H. 'The end h of the tube is therefore
pulled down by attraction of b¹, thereby lifting h³, and releasing F, which conse-
quently moves to the left until he falls into a notch f' formed on the core. The
movement of H sends the mercury down to d², thus making connection with D,
and breaking it with B; while the core F remains locked by the detent h² until
contact C¹.comes into action. Then in the same way F and H are brought back
again to the positions shown in the figure. I sometimes make H of brass with
soft iron end pieces which then serve as armatures to cheeks b¹ and d respectively;
and in some cases H may be a permanent magnet. It will be obvious that one
duplex contact will serve the purpose of the two single contacts illustrated, and
this remark applies to other cases shown.
Figure 3 shows another type illustrating my Invention. A is the fixed part of
the electro-motor having poles B and D. It is wound with a coil F, one end of
which is connected directly to the generator G, and the other end to the contact
spring d. The moving part J K of the electro-motor carries a coil H whose ends
are connected to the contact strips 1. Attached to B are two strips ³ ³
insulated from one another and connected respectively to the contacts C and C¹.
It will be seen that when C makes contact a current will flow from G through F d'
HC back to G. The coils H and F are so wound as to produce repulsion
between J and B, and K and D respectively. The movable part of the electro-
motor will therefore turn to the right through nearly a semicircle until ¹ strike
against de respectively. Circuit is thus broken with C, but C¹ is brought into
circuit, so that when it makes contact a current will flow from G through F J.
HC back to G. This will produce repulsion between K and B, and between
J and D, and cause the movable part of the electro-motor to return to the position
shown in the figure. The holdback consists of the detent L, formed of a mass of
soft iron, and actuated by a permanent magnet Mand these by the mutual
attraction between them will hold the electro-motor in either of its terminal
positions. I prefer to extend the contacts d¹, and so that contact with k¹
and may be established during a considerable period of each half revolution.
It will be readily understood that by making. A a sufficiently powerful
permanent magnet the coil F can be dispensed with; and it is evident further that
if A (Figure 3) were made of steel or hard iron it would actuate J K so as to
constitute it a detent, in virtue of the residual magnetism which would remain in A
when the current ceased to flow, because then A would act like a permanent
magnet and, after the first repulsion and half revolution, unlike poles would come
together and the attraction keep the parts at rest. One form of such an arrange-l
ment is illustrated in figures 5 and 6 hereinafter referred to..
Figure 4 shews a modification of a part of. Figure 3 wherein the boldback
magnet Mis wound with coils N N which are placed in circuit, for example
between Gand. E or between F and d³, so that the current through them is
always in the same direction; and this direction is such as to demagnetise the

page_text: permanent magnet M while the movable part of the electro-motor is changing its
position.
Figures 5 and 6 are front and side elevations of another form before referred to.
A is a permanent magnet with poles N S. B is a bar of soft iron fixed on the
same spindle as the louvre D. On one end F of the bar B is a coil of wire H,
one end of which h¹ is connected to the piece f¹ insulated from F. On the other
end J of the bar B, is a coil K, one end of which is similarly connected to the
piece insulated from J. The remaining terminal of each coil is connected to the
spindle and thereby to the magnet A. L and M are contact springs insulated
from S but connected by wires m² to the duplex contact C, which latter is
connected to the generator G, and thence to A. The louvre is shut in the position
drawn. When it is necessary that it should be opened C makes contact with a so
that a current is sent through coil H by L f¹h A and G. This will make Fa
south pole and Ja north pole. These poles will be repelled by S and N and
attracted by N and S respectively, so that B will rotate through say 90° and take
up the position shown by the broken lines. Communication with H is thus
broken, but J is put in communication with C by the spring M and wire m².
When D should be closed again, C makes contact with ml, so that a current is sent
to coil K, which is then at the position shown by dotted lines, by means of Mk¹,
thus making Ja south pole and F a north pole. B and D will then return to their
original position, thus breaking contact between M and . It will be obvious
that A might equally well be wound with wire and B be the permanent magnet.
Figure 7 shows a means whereby the detent is actuated by a weight. Two
electro-magnets and B have an armature D common to both. This armature
which has a weight H attached to it at one end, and a contact finger f' at the
other end, is attracted by one or the other electro-magnet whenever the duplex
contact C completes circuit in either direction. The generator G is connected to
the pivot F on which the armature moves, and the current passes from f¹ to A
or B through either of the contact strips a¹ or b¹ respectively. It will be seen
therefore that as the armature completes its motion in either direction it cuts out
of circuit the electro-motor which is attracting it, and puts in circuit the electro-
motor which is connected to that side of the duplex contact C which is inactive for
the time being, thus putting it in a position to act when C makes contact in the
opposite direction. Thus a current can only pass just while it is required to effect
the motion of the armature.
Figure 8 diagrammatically represents one case where a frictional grip is
employed. A is a fixed coil and B a movable one. The latter is wound with two
sections 61 and 62 connected in multiple arc. On a frame D at the top of A are
fixed two springs e¹ e with adjusting screws f³fs. These springs press against a
flat bar H attached to the top of B, and act as a grip by holding the moving part B
in any position when no current is flowing. A tube J is attached to the lower end
of B, and carries two insulated strips, which are connected to coils 61 and 6³
by the wires 2 respectively. G is the generator, one pole of which is connected
to the coil A, thence to the frame D, and by the springs el e², and bar H, to the two
coils 66. The other pole of G is joined through the contacts C¹ 0² to the strips
When B is in its lowest position as drawn ja is in contact with 12, so that
when C² completes its circuit a current can pass through Cª, l³, ƒª, h³, coil b², H, D
and A back to G. But coil 6' is so wound that it will be sucked up into A until
slides off the top of , when the circuit is broken, and the friction of the springs
will rapidly bring it to rest. The positions of 7 at the top of the stroke are
shown by dotted lines. In this position C is cut out of circuit, and also b²; but C¹
and b¹ are in circuit so that when C' makes contact a current will flow through
coil b¹ by the path C¹¹¹¹ b¹ HD A back to G. But b¹ is so wound that it will
be repelled out of A, and move down until slides off the lower end of 1, and
cuts b¹ and C¹ out of circuit, but leaving C³ 6 again ready to act because ja is once
more in contact with ..

page_text: Instead of winding the movable coil B as shown in Figure 8 with the two
windings b and b² side by side, I prefer to place these two windings end to end so
that one occupies say the upper half of the whole coil and the other say the
lower half.
I desire it to be understood that these drawings are diagrammatic, and that the
relative position of the parts as shown are not necessarily what they would be in
the actual apparatus. The different parts, shown in the different diagrams, also,
might be combined with one another or re-arranged inter se,
I intend this specification to be read and construed in connection with the
specifications accompanying my Letters Patent, Numbers 15,464 of the year 1884,
339 of the year 1885, and 6753 of the year 1885.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what
I claim is —
1. In controlling and regulating heating, a holdback, as herein before set forth,
applied, for the purpose of economising the electric current, to an electro-motor
controlled by a device, described in my hereinbefore cited specification No. 339
of 1885 and therein designated a thermal contact, to fulfil the operations identified
below by the letters A, C, D, F, H, K, M, P, Q substantially as set forth.
2. In controlling and regulating cooling, a holdback, as hereinbefore set forth,
applied, for the purpose of economising the electric current, to an electro-motor
controlled by a device, described in my herein before cited specification No. 339
of 1885 and therein designated a thermal
below by the letters A, B, C, D, E, F, G,
set forth.
act, to fulfil the operations identified
L, M, N, O, P, Q, R substantially as
3. In controlling and regulating ventilation, a holdback, as hereinbefore set
forth, applied, for the purpose of economising the electric current, to an electro-
motor controlled by a device, described in my herein before cited specifications
No. 15464 of 1884 and No. 339 of 1885 and therein designated a thermal contact,
to fulfil the operations identified below by the letters A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, J, K,
L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S substantially as set forth.
4. In controlling and regulating heating, a holdback, as hereinbefore set forth,
applied, for the purpose of economising the electric current, to an electro-motor
controlled by a device, described in my hereinbefore cited specification No. 339
of 1885 and therein designated an osmotic contact, to fulfil the operations identified
below by the letters A, C, D, F, H, K, M, P, Q substantially as set forth.
5. In controlling and regulating cooling, a holdback, as hereinbefore set forth,
applied, for the purpose of economising the electric current, to an electro-motor
controlled by a device, described in my herein before cited specification No. 339 of
1885 and therein designated an osmotic contact, to fulfil the operations identified
below by the letters A, B, C, D, E, F, G, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R substantially as
set forth.
.
6. In controlling and regulating ventilation, a holdback, as herein before set forth,
applied, for the purpose of economising the electric current, to an electro-motor
controlled by a device, described in my herein before cited specifications No. 15464
of 1884 and No. 339 of 1885 and therein designated an osmotic contact, to fulfil
the operations identified below by the letters A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, J, K, L, M,
N, O, P, Q, R, S, substantially as set forth.
7. In controlling and regulating heating, a holdback, as hereinbefore set forth,
applied, for the purpose of economising the electric current, to an electro-motor
controlled by a device, described in my hereinbefore cited specification No. 339 of
1885 and therein designated a gravity contact, to fulfil the operations identified
below by the letters A, C, D, F, E, K, M, P, Q substantially as set forth.
8. In controlling and regulating cooling, a hold back, as herein before set forth,
applied, for the purpose of economising the electric current, to an electro-motor
controlled by a device, described in my hereinbefore cited specification No. 339 of

page_text: 1885 and therein designated a gravity contact, to fulfil the operations identified
below by the letters A, B, C, D, E, F, G, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R substantially as
set forth.
9. In controlling and regulating ventilation, a holdback, as hereinbefore set
forth, applied, for the purpose of economising the electric current, to an electro-
motor controlled by a device, described in my hereinbefore cited specifications
No. 15464 of 1884 and No. 339 of 1885 and therein designated a gravity contact,
to fulfil the operations identified below by the letters A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, J,
K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, substantially as set forth.
A. Controlling or regulating the consumption of fuel by controlling or regulating
its supply.
B. Controlling or regulating the consumption of cooling material by controlling
or regulating its supply.
C. Controlling or regulating the consumption of fuel by controlling or regulating
the draught or admission of air or oxygen or other supporter of combustion to
the fuel.
, D. Controlling or regulating the consumption of fuel by agitating it or its
support or containing vessel.
E. Controlling or regulating the consumption of cooling material by agitating it
or its support or containing vessel.
F. Controlling or regulating the heat produced by the combustion of fuel by
adding to or mixing therewith other substances..
G. Controlling or regulating the cold produced by the cooling material by adding
to or mixing therewith other substances.
H. Controlling or regulating the passage of heated fluids to or from spaces by
altering their volume.
J. Controlling or regulating the passage of cooled fluids to or from spaces by
altering their volumo.
K. Controlling or regulating the velocity of motion of heated fluids.
L. Controlling or regulating the velocity of cooled fluids.
M. Controlling or regulating the pressure or tension of heated fluids.
N. Controlling or regulating the pressure or tension of cooled fluids.
O. Controlling or regulating refrigerating or cold air machines.
P. Controlling or regulating screens or separators.
Q. Controlling or regulating the evaporation of substances.
R. Controlling or regulating change of physical form.
S. Controlling or regulating ventilation or air replacement.
10. The improvements connected with operating the valves or other similar or
equivalent devices used in connection with apparatus for Heating Cooling and
Ventilating, consisting respectively of the several forms of Holdback substantially
as described and as illustrated with reference to figure 1, figure 2, figure 3, figure 4,
figures 5 and 6, figure 7, and figure 8, used in combination with electro-motors, for
the purpose of economising the electric current employed.
Deted this 5th day of Annil 1997