MENTS IN APPARATUS FOR REFRIGERATING AND CONDENSING STEAM OR OTHER VAPOURS, WHICH SAID IMPROVEMENTS ARE APPLICABLE TO REFRIGERATING OR HEATING LIQUIDE
Year: 1859

page_text: Lancaster, Fellow of the Royal Society, for the Invention of
"IMPROVE
MENTS IN APPARATUS FOR REFRIGERATING AND CONDENSING STEAM OR OTHER
VAPOURS, WHICH SAID IMPROVEMENTS ARE APPLICABLE TO REFRIGERATING OR
HEATING LIQUIDE."
Sealed the 6th March 1860, and dated the 7th September 1850.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said James Prescott Joule
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, ou the
7th September 1859.
I, JAMES PRESCOTT JOULE. of Manchester, in the County of Lancaster,
Fellow of the Royal Society, do hereby declare the nature of the said Inven-
tion for "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR REFRIGERATING AND CONDENSING
STEAM OR OTHER VAPOURS, WHICH SAID IMPROVEMENTS ARE APPLICABLE TO REFRI-
GERATING OR HEATING LIQUIDS," to be as follows:-
My Invention consists in a method of applying the stream of water or other
fluid to the surface of tubes or other receptacles of liquids or clastic fluids, so
as to occasion an increased and more rapid interchange and equalization of
temperatures. This I effect by placing spirals in the pipes or channels, by
which spirals the stream of water or other fluid is made to acquire a progressive
and spirally rotary motion, or the same effect may be obtained by placing

page_text: "
plates or vanes, so as to divert the stream from its original course into one in a
spiral direction. In the instance of the surface condenser "of a steam engine
of the kind in which the exhaust steam is passed through tubes placed within
tubes of a larger diameter, the concentric space between the tubes being used
for the transmission of a stream of cold water, I place a spiral on the outside
of the inner tube, by means of which the water is compelled to follow the
direction of the convolutions of the spiral instead of going straight along the
space between the tubes. If the surface condenser" on the other hand be
of the kind in which the exhaust steam is made to enter a receiver through
which the refrigerating water is transmitted by means of metallic tubes, 1
place spirals within these tubes or pipes, and thus cause the water to follow
the direction of the spires. In the instance of a refrigerator or other apparatus
for cooling hot liquids by a stream of water carried through pipes, 1 place in
each of the pipes a metallic or other spiral, or in the case in which one pipe
is placed within another of larger dimensions, the space between the two
carrying the liquid in the process of cooling or heating, and the iimer tube
conveying the liquid in the process of heating or cooling. I place spirals in the
space between the tubes. 'and also within the inner tube,
The spirals may
be constructed of copper or other suitable material, and if of small size, may
be conveniently made by bending wire round a cylinder. and then pulling
the coil out, so as to separate the spires to a suitable. distance from each
other.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent
filed by the said James Prescott Joule in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 7th March 1860.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JAMES
PRESCOTT JOULE, of Manchester, in the County of Lancaster, Fellow of the
Royal Society, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Seventh day of September, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-nine, in the twenty-third year of
Her reign, did, for Herself. Her heirs and successors. give and grant unto me.
the said James Prescott Joule. Her special license that I, the said James
Prescott Joule, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as
1. the said James Prescott Joule. my executors. administrators. and assigns.
should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all

page_text: times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully
might make. use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands. and Isle of Man, an Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR REFRIGERATING AND CONDENSING STEAM
OR OTHER VAPOURS, WHICH SAID IMPROVEMENTS ARE APPLICABLE TO REFRIGERATING
OR HEATING LIQUIDS," upon the condition, amongst others, that I, the said
James Prescott Joule, by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal,
should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention,
and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be
filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and
immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said James Prescott Joule, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement and accompanying Drawings, that is to say:--
My Invention consists in a method of applying a stream of water or other
liquid to the surface of tubes or other receptacles of liquids or elastic fluids. so
as to occasion an increased and more rapid interchange and equalization of
temperatures. This I effect by placing spirals or spiral coils in the pipes or
channels, by means of which spiral coils the stream of water or other liquid is
made to acquire a progressive and spirally rotatory motion, or the same effect
may be obtained by placing plates or vanes, so as to divert the stream from its
original course into a spiral direction. In the instance of the surface
condenser" of a steam engine of that description in which the exhaust steam
is passed through tubes placed within. tubes of a larger diameter, the concentric
space between the tubes being used for the transmission of a stream of cold
water. I place a spiral coil upon the outside of the inner tube, by means of
which the water is compelled to follow the direction of the convolutions of the
spirally formed coil instead of going straight along the space between the
tubes. If the surface condenser" on the other hand be of the kind in
which the exhaust steam is made to enter a receiver through which the
refrigerating water is transmitted by means of metallic tubes. I place spiral
coils within the tubes, and thus cause the water to follow the direction of the
coils. In the instance of a refrigerator or other apparatus for cooling hot
liquids by a stream of water carried through pipes. I place in each pipe a
metallic or other spirally formed coil, or when one pipe is placed within
another of larger dimensions. the space between the two conveying the liquids
to be cooled or heated, and the inner tube conveying the liquid in the process
of heating or cooling. I place spiral coils in the space between the tubes, and

page_text: also within the inner tube: the spiral coils may be constructed of copper or
other suitable material, and if of sinall size, may be made by bending or
coiling wire around a mandril or cylinder, and then pulling or extending the
coil, so as to separate the spires to a suitable distance from each other.
In order that the Invention may be fully understood and explained in detail,
I have hereunto annexed a Sheet of Drawings illustrative of the various and
several methods of applying the spiral coils to pipes.
Fig. shews the spiral coil placed inside a tube conveying a liquid; Fig. 2
is a diagram wherein a small tube is enclosed within one of greater diameter,
in which instance the spiral coil is slipped into the space between the two
tubes; Fig. 3 is a sectional view of a convenient form of condensing apparatus
or pipe shewing the position of the spiral coil. In Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 the spiral
coil is represented as applying closely to the inner tube, but it may be made
to apply to the inner surface of the outer tube, or it may occupy any part of
the space between the tubes; and Fig. 4 is a view shewing several tubes placed
iu a vessel, in which arrangement coils are placed within the tubes, and also
may be placed in the spaces between them, as shewn in Fig. 5.
This arrange
ment is suitable for refrigerator or heater of liquids in which one liquid is
passed through the tubes, and the other liquid through the spaces between the
tubes in the opposite direction; the coils in the space between the tubes may
be dispensed with, if this space is occupied by steam to be condensed.
In Fig. 1. a, a, is the pipe, and b the spiral coil placed loosely within it, and
in Fig. 2, is the exterior tube or pipe, b the spiral coil, and c the interior
tube around which the coil is wound or placed. In Fig. 3 the steam is passed
through the interior tube c, the condensing water passing through the space
containing the coil. In Fig. 4. a, a, &c. are the tubes containing spiral
coils, and b, b, the spaces with or without spirals between the tubes.
In conclusion would remark that my object in the novel use or employ-
ment of these said spiral coils is for the purpose of imparting a rotatory motion
to the liquid employed for the purpose of refrigeration or condensation, such
motion producing a beneficial effect. by causing each particle of the said liquid
to pass over a greater surface, thus necessitating a higher velocity, which
prevents the adhesion of a film or layer of liquid to the tube, and promotes a
more thorough mixture of the liquid as it circulates, and consequently quicker
condensation of steam or vapour or refrigeration of liquid. I would also remark
that the spiral coils may be constructed of any suitable material, and their
transverse section may be either square, round, or other convenient form.
Having now described the nature of the said Invention, together with the
methods of carrying the same into practical effect, I wish it to be distinctly

page_text: understood that
claim the novel method of applying a stream of water or
other liquid to the surface of tubes or other receptacles of liquids or elastic
fluids by means of certain arrangements of spiral or helical coils, so as to
obtain a more rapid interchange and equalization of temperatures. the whole
of which has been herein-before described and set forth, and is fully illustrated
in the Drawings annexed.
In witness whereof, I. the said James Prescott Joule, have hereunto-
set my hand and seal. this Sixth day of February, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty.
JAMES PRESCOTT JOULE. (L.S.)