A METHOD OF COVERING OR COATING IRON, STEEL, OR OTHER METALS OR MIXTURES OF METALS
Year: 1816

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHN
DAYMAN, of Tiverton, in the County of Devon, send greeting.
WHEREAS I, the said John Dayman, did, by my Petition, humbly.
represent to His present most Excellent Majesty King George the Third, that
I had, after much study and expense, found out and invented "A METHOD
OF COVERING OR COATING IRON, STEEL, OR OTHER METALS OR MIXTURES OF METALS,"
which I conceived would be of great public utility, that in regard I was the
first and true Inventor thereof, and that the same had not been practised or
used by any other person or persons, to the best of my knowledge and belief,
I humbly prayed His said Majesty that he would be graciously pleased to
grant unto me, my exors, admors, and assigns, His Royal Letters Patent
under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,
for the sole use, benefit, and advantage of my said Invention, within that
part of His said Majesty's United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
called England, His Dominion of Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-
Tweed, and in all His Colonies and Plantations abroad, for the term of
fourteen years, pursuant to the Statute in that case made and provided; His
said Majesty being willing to give encouragement to all arts and inventions
which may be for the public good, was, graciously pleased to condesend to
my request, and did therefore, by His Royal Letters Patent, bearing date at
Westminster, the Third day of August, in the fifty-sixth year of His reign,

page_text: of His especial grace, certain knowledge, and mere motion, give and
grant unto me, the said John Dayman, my exors, admors, and assigns, His
especial licence, full power, sole privilege and authority, that I, the said
John Dayman, my exors, adiñors, and assigns, and every of us, by myself
or themselves, or by mine and our deputy or deputies, servants or agents,
or such others as I, the said John Dayman, my exors, adññors, and assigns,
should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all
times thereafter, during the term of years therein expressed, should and lawfully
might make, use, exercise, and vend my said Invention within that part
of His said Majesty's United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland called
England, His Dominion of Wales, and Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and
also in all His Colonies and Plantations abroad, in such manner as to
me, the said John Dayman, my exors, admors, or assigns, or any of us,
should in our discretion seem meet; and that I, the said John Dayman,
my exors, admors, and assigns, should and lawfully might have and enjoy
the whole profit, benefit, commodity, and advantage from time to time coming,
growing, accruing, and arising, by reason of the said Invention, for and
during the term of years therein mentioned; to have, hold, exercise, and
enjoy the said licence, powers, privileges, and advantages therein-before
granted or mentioned to be granted unto me, the said John Dayman, my
exors, adiñiors, and assigns, for and during and unto the full end and term of
fourteen years from the date of the said Presents next and immediately
ensuing, and fully to be complete and ended, according to the Statute in
such case made and provided; in which said Letters Patent is contained
proviso that if I, the said John Dayman, should not particularly describe
and ascertain the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same
is to be performed, by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal,
and cause the same to be inrolled in His said Majesty's High Court of
Chancery within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of
the said Letters Patent, that then the said Letters Patent, and all liberties
and advantages whatsoever thereby granted, should utterly cease, determine,
and become void, anything therein-before contained to the contrary thereof
in anywise notwithstanding, as in and by the said Letters Patent, relation
being thereunto had, will more fully and at large appear.
a
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said John Dayman, in compliance with
the said proviso, do hereby, and in the Drawings, Plans, and Sections to
this my Specification annexed, describe and ascertain my said Invention, to
be as follows:-
Figures 1 and 2 are my apparatus for and method of covering and coating

page_text: pipes, tubes, and pumps. b, b, is a hollow case of some material which either
has itself no affinity with the metal it is intended to receive, or is covered with
some substance which has not such affinity. Iron is the material I generally
use and prefer. This case is bored cylindrically true (though that is not
absolutely necessary when the case is made in two parts, as herein-after
mentioned, and its inside is of the length and size I intend the external part
of the tube, pump or pipe to be when cast. This mold or outer case is divided
into two equal parts longitudinally, for the convenience of taking out the pipe,
tube, or pump when cast, though it may be made in a solid form and the
pipe pushed.or drawn out, but I prefer the other as more convenient.
Each
half is furnished with two flanges c, c, running longitudinally nearly the whole
length, which are to be ground perfectly true to each other, and are to be
confined by screws drawing them together or by rings driven over them, or in
any other manner that will make them perfectly secure against the escape of
the fluid metal which the case is intended to contain. This mold has a
bottom d, d, which may be either part of the same and a continuation of it, in
which case it will divide into two parts like the mold, and may be furnished
with flanges, but at all events must be ground and made tight like the others,
or it may be in a solid separate piece and made to go over and fit the bottom
of the outer case exactly, so as to suffer none of the melted metal to escape;
in which latter method the flanges should be taken off on the mold or case
sufficiently to let the bottom slide over it. And the lower end e, e, of the
mold may be made a little conical, so as to fit quite tight into the bottom,
which may be kept in its place by two or more small screws f. f. In this
bottom is turned a small shoulder 9, 9, from one eighth to one fourth of an
inch deep, which is destined to keep the iron, copper, other tube h, h, intended
to be coated in its place; and this shoulder is at the same distance from the
inner side of the case as the external coating i, i, of the tube of iron, copper,
or other metal, is intended to be in thickness. I next make a core a, a, (also
of iron, in the case now describing,) which I turn perfectly cylindrical, or, if
anything, rather but not perceptibly tapering towards the bottom, for the
convenience of extraction, and it has a ring or hole k in its top for the same
purpose. The core is of the size of the intended internal coating V, V, of the
pipe, and is let into a hole 1, 1, in the bottom, turned exactly to fit it, by which
it is kept steady and in its place. I then take a tube h, h, of iron, copper, or
other hard metal or mixtures of metal, but I think iron and copper the best, of the
exact length required to fit the apparatus, which tube I have thoroughly and com-
pletely tinned and made as true and straight as possible, which is best effected
by a drawing machine. This tube is slipped on over the core, and its bottom

page_text: A top
goes into the shoulder g, g, turned for it in the bottom of the case.
m, m, similar in principle to the bottom, with a shoulder n, n, to receive the
tube intended to be coated; and a hole o, o, to permit the core to pass through
is fitted to the machine. Thus it is evident that by means of the two
shoulders which receive the tube intended to be covered, and the holes in the
bottom and the top, which receive the core, a vacancy will be left between the
case and the tube and between the tube and the core. The top is also made
to fit quite tight and is secured as the bottom. It has several large holes
p. p. p (which holes, if the top be made in a separate piece, should be rather
larger at their bottom than at their top, in order that the metal which fills
them may not, when cold, prevent the top of the apparatus from being taken
off) in it, to permit the entrance of the metal and the escape of the air. Two
cars r, r, are affixed one on each side towards the top of the case to hold it.
by. The whole apparatus is now plunged into a vessel containing melted lead,
tin, or other metals or mixtures of metals, the more in quantity the better, <leep
enough to allow it to be sunk in it; and being forcibly held down, the melted
metal enters through the holes and fills the apparatus, giving a coating of the
required thickness both to the inside and outside of the iron, copper, or other
tube, to which, by the medium of the tin, it will be found so firmly united
that they will admit of being drawn together without breakage or separation.
It is better to warm the apparatus before plunging it in the melted metal, and
if it be suffered to remain in the melted metal a few minutes so as to have
arrived inside and out nearly at the temperature with it before it is sunk
below the surface and the metal admitted to the interior, it will be the better;
the apparatus should remain sunk a sufficient time for the air to escape. The
principle of the above-described apparatus, by varying its form, is applicable to
all purposes of coating metals inside and out, where the form of the inside
coating is such as to admit of the extraction of a metal or other permanent
core when the work is cold; but in circular work, and such as is larger in
some parts of the inside than at the ends, or shaped in any way so as to
prevent the extraction of the metal or core, as aforesaid, a core of the same
composition as is used by brass and iron founders on similar occasions, that is
to say, in casting of hollow circular work, hollow angular work, and so forth.
but which, being so well known, I think it needless to describe, must be made
instead of the metal one above described, which core, after the casting is
complete, can be taken out, as is done in cases of cast iron, brass, and so forth:
For covering or coating sheets I make an apparatus of two flat pieces X, X,
of iron or other substance (as more particularly set forth in the description
of apparatus for making tubes), which would have flanges W, W; W, W,

page_text: fitted at their edges, and be screwed or otherwise fastened together, so as
to prevent the escape of the fluid metal, as in the last-described apparatus,
leaving a space y, y, between the two inner faces of the aforesaid flat pieces of
iron, equal to the thickness of the intended work when cast; between these;
the piece of metal intended to be coated, after having been prepared, if
necessary, by tinning, as more particularly set forth in the description of the
method of coating tubes, is to be secured, which may be done in various ways,
as by grooves A, A, in the inside, as at A, A, in the Figure 3, or by projecting
pins, or in various other ways unnecessary to describe, as been well known.
The apparatus is then sunk in a vessel of melted metal and there continued, as
before described in the method of coating tubes, pumps, and so forth, the prin-
ciples of both being the same, and the only variation being in the forms of the
apparatus. In fact, all apparatuses may be described in general terms to consist
of a mold or molds of a proper substance, as before described, in which the
metal intended to be coated, after being duly prepared, as before directed, is to
be secured, leaving a space or spaces open equal to the intended thickness and
shape of the coating, which mold or molds is or are to be plunged in a vessell
of melted metal of the sort intended for the coating, and there continued until
the open space is filled and all the air bubbles have escaped. It is possible in
some particular cases, such as where the substance to be coated is small and the
coating intended to be a large body of metal, to effect the purpose by pouring
the melted metal into the apparatus instead of plunging the apparatus in the
metal, but this mode cannot be depended on for its adhesion.
I have some-
times admitted the melted metal to the apparatus through a hole s, Fig. 1,
made somewhat conical, as in the Figure in the apparatus near the bottom,
communicating with a cock t which is turned by a rod with a handle u; and I
think this the best method, especially for coatings of the softer metals, such as
lead, tin, and so forth, as the air is completely expelled by the rising metal.
Though I have only described a single apparatus of each sort, it is evident
any number may be made and so arranged in a frame, or the apparatus may
be so made as to cast many at once. If an iron apparatus be used for coating
iron, copper, brass, or other metal, with tin or other metal or mixtures of
metal having such an affinity of iron as to adhere thereto, all that is necessary
to be done, is, after preparing the iron, copper, or other metal for tinning as
usual, to take a painter's brush dipped in some composition (of which so many
are well known that I think it unnecessary to describe them, which has no
affinity with the metal intended for the coating, and with this to strike over
such parts of the apparatus as would occasion any injury by their adhesion to

page_text: the coating when cold. By varying the forms of the apparatus to suit the
occasion, the above methods may be applied to the coating of iron, copper, and
other metals and mixtures of metals, with tin, lead, and other metals or
mixtures of metals, to any thickness required and in almost any form, such
as copper or iron in sheets, covered with lead to any given thickness, and
thicker or not on one side than the other; iron covered with lead for railing
or other works exposed to the atmospheric influence; iron or copper cisterns
coated with lead, tin, or pewter; vessels for preserving water sweet at sea,
being copper, with an inside coating of tin of any given thickness. But as it
is impossible to imagine all the possible forms in which the wants, caprices, or
wishes of men may require the coatings to be made, I do not think it necessary
to describe particularly an apparatus for each, because any skilful workman
can from the directions, descriptions, Drawings, Plans, and Sections, herein
given, construct the apparatus necessary for making any shape of coating
which may be required. Inasmuch as I consider the chief points of my
Invention to be the application of the principle of inclosing or coating a
stronger but more corruptible or injurious metal in or with a weaker or softer
but less liable one to corrosion or less injurious to animal life, by the means
of molds varying to the various cases which call for them, and the application
of chemical processes, already well known, to effecting these unions in a
complete manner.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Dayman, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Twenty-fifth day of January, in the fifty-seventh
year of the reign of His most Excellent Majesty George the Third,
of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland King, Defender
of the Faith, and in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred
and seventeen.
Signed, sealed, and delivered, by the
within-named John Dayman, in the
presence of us,
RICH N. STRONG,
JN° (L.S.) DAYMAN.
AL

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Twenty-fifth day of January,
in the year of our Lord 1817, the aforesaid John Dayman came before
our said Lord the King in His Chancery, and acknowledged the Specifi-
cation aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained and specified, in
form above written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped
according to the tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.
Inrolled the Twenty-eighth day of January, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and seventeen.