Improvements in Thermo Dynamic Motors.
Year: 1893

page_text: Date of Application, 21st Feb., 1893
Tomplete Specification Left, 21st Nov., 1893-Accepted, 23rd Dec., 1893
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Thermo Dynamic Motors.
ALFRED CHARLES BROWN of 129 Algernon Road Lewisham, in the County
of London, Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as
follows:-
My improved motor is made up of one or a number of elementary parts, or
motive power couples, each consisting of a pair of chambers, vessels, or pressure
tight receptacles for liquid, which may be globular or of any other shape, and are
connected together by a pipe which dips or opens into each chamber at a point
near the bottom, or end most distant from the opposite chamber. Some water,
strong ammonia solution, or preferably a liquid having a low specific heat combined
with a low boiling point, or high vapour tension for a comparatively low temperature,
such as carbon bisulphide, ether, or alcohol, is then put into one or both of these
chambers and boiled so as to expel all air from the combination, and the last
aperture then closed and hermetically sealed up, so that the liquid is thenceforth
subjected to the pressure arising from its own vapour tension only.
One or a number of these pairs of chambers are theu mounted preferably on, or
at intervals around, a wheel or framing to carry them, and which wheel or frame
can revolve in a vertical plane on a horizontal axis, the connecting pipes, which
may be curved, crossing the wheel and connecting each chamber with the one
opposite, dipping, or opening into the interior of the chambers, nearly at the points
most distant from the axis, although they may enter the chambers by pressure-
tight joints at any other points on their surfaces, and continue inside to the points
required.
As the wheel or framing revolves the chambers are then caused to dip, when at,-
or near, their lowest positions into preferably a trough of hot water, which may
contain chloride of calcium, or other dissolved salt, to enable its temperature to be
increased without boiling. Or the chambers when near their lowest positions may
come over, or near to any other source of heat. The increased vapour tension
thus produced within the lower chamber causes the liquid contained therein to flow
rapidly up the connecting pipe into the higher chamber, some of the liquid in the
lower chamber evaporating, and some of that in the higher and colder chamber
condensing to produce this result, but in consequence of the connecting pipe
dipping, or only opening into the lower chamber near to the bottom thereof, the
increased pressure therein produced cannot escape over into the higher chamber
without first pushing the bulk of the liquid before it. This action occurs'
successively with each pair of chambers as they pass the vertical diameter, and
therefore has the effect of always loading one half of the wheel, or set of
chambers on one side of the vertical diameter with a prepondering weight, which
descending with the wheel or frame, as the latter continues to revolve supplies
considerable motive power or rotative force to the axle, which power can be taken
off in any usual well understood way, to perform any useful work.
If one pair of chambers is used alone, the wheel or framing may simply consist
of an arm (which may be the connecting pipe itself) crossing the axle and carrying:
the chambers at its two ends. Or when a number of pairs are used they may
each be mounted on a separate arm without connection by means of a rim into the
form of a wheel, but some such cross stay near the ends of the arms is desirable
for strength.
Above is described the simplest form of my improved motor, and that which I
prefer to use where cheanness is desired Where maximum sneed and nower are

page_text: required however, as against a little greater cost of construction, I find it very
advantageous to separate the greater bulk of the liquid, which simply acts as a
mechanical weight to rise and fall, (and which I hereinafter call the inert liquid)
thermally, from that much smaller quantity which acts to move the weight, by
alternately evaporating and condensing, and which smaller quantity I hereinafter
call the active liquid. By thus separating the two liquids am enabled to
concentrate the thermal changes chiefly upon the active liquid only, which therefore
alternately evaporates and condenses much more rapidly than when a large portion
of heat has to be put into, and taken out of, the greater bulk of inert liquid each
alternation. Thus not only is a great saving of heat effected, but a great increase in
the speed of working, and consequently also in the effective power of a given sized
motor obtained. By thus separating the liquids I am also enabled to use two
different ones, each better suited to its own particular purpose alone, as mercury
for the inert liquid, and carbon bisulphide for the active one, although I do not
limit myself to either of these liquids.
For this purpose therefore I prefer to make the chambers each of two
hemispherical halves, clamped together at their edges, with an india-rubber, or
similar diaphragm between them, the outer joints being made perfectly pressure-
tight. Or the diaphragms may be made of silk and canvas, or any other flexible
materials or combinations thereof, but if inelastic they must be made slack, or
somewhat bag-shaped in order to deflect easily one way or the other. The two
upper halves of the chambers, or those nearest to the axis are then connected
together by the pipes, which need not then dip into the chambers, but may simply
open into the tops thereof, and into the space thus formed, that is by the connecting
pipes and the two half chambers lying towards the axis, and bounded by the
diaphragms at its two ends, I put the inert liquid, the quantity of which may be
such as to deflect or distend the diaphragms to a varying extent, but I prefer to
put such quantity as would just fill the connecting pipe and the two half-chambers,
if the diaphragms remained quite flat. In consequence of the weight of the inert
liquid however when the chambers and pipe stand vertically, the lower diaphragm
will tend to bulge downwards, and the bulk of the liquid therefore stand in the
lower chamber.
Into the spaces on the other sides of the diaphragms, that is the parts of the
chambers which are farthest from the axle,-I then put a small quantity of
the active liquid, which is boiled to expel all air and the final aperture then closed
up as before, so that this small quantity of active liquid is now all that has to be
alternately heated and cooled to produce the result of throwing the bulk of the
weight of the inert liquid from the lower into the higher chamber, each time the
paire come past the vertical position during the revolution of the set of chambers,
or complete wheel, the diaphragms deflecting one way and the other alternately,
in response to the variations of pressure produced by the alternate vaporisations
and condensations of the active liquid contained in the outer halves of the chambers.
The diaphragms being formed of a non-conductor however, or if formed of a
conducting material being coated with a non-conductor of heat,-prevent the
transference of much heat to and from the inert liquid during the successive phases
of heatings and coolings, and the action is therefore rendered very much sharper.
Or instead of a diaphragm I may use an india-rubber, silk, or other flexible
balloon, contained within the chamber, and connected tightly by its neck to the
connecting pipe, which then passes through the top of the chamber sufficiently for
the purpose. This balloon then serves to thermally separate the liquids, and by its
alternate dilatations and contractions under the influence of the variations of
pressure, produces the same results as the movements of the before described
diaphragmi.
Or I may use to divide the liquids a metallic diaphragm, or expansible and
contractible box, as used for aneroid barometers, but in these cases the metal should
be coated with a non conductor of heat.
Or the liquids may be separated in any other convenient manner which will allow

page_text: of the mechanical movement of the inert liquid, but prevent or reduce the
transference of heat between the two, so that the thermal changes may be
concentrated chiefly on the active liquid.
Or I may use two liquids without separation other than by their own different
specific gravities a heavy inert liquid for the bulk of the mechanical weight with a
small quantity of more suitable active liquid in each chamber, to be alternately
vaporised and condensed, but in this case the liquids must be such as not to
chemically mix, This combination may be used in the same manner and in the
same pairs of chambers as those described above for use with a single fluid.
Or instead of the inert liquid I may use a solid weight. In this case the
connecting pipe which is preferably made rather larger in diameter and straight, is
bored out truly as a cylinder, and the weight which may be a solid lump of lead
or other heavy material, is made in the form of a rather deep piston, and packed
with spring rings or other ordinary piston packing, and is thrown from the lower
to the higher end of the tube instead of the inert liquid, every time the tube passes
the vertical position, by the action of the alternate vaporisings and condensings of
the small quantity of active liquid contained in the pair of chambers, or tube ends,
which are subjected to alternate heatings when at the bottom and coolings when at
the top, in the same manner as before described when they are used with liquids
alone, the whole tube in this case revolving in a vertical plane on a horizontal axis
preferably fixed at its centre.
Instead of mounting the pairs of chambers used with any of the above described
equipments on wheels or revolving arms, I may mount them on oscillating arms, so
that they rock through an arc only, instead of completely rotating, as for pumping
purposes etc., or which oscillatory motion may still be transformed into continuous
rotary motion, by being connected by means of an arm and jointed connecting rod
with a revolving crank; or into other convenient forms of motion as will be well
understood. The centre of oscillation in these cases may be taken at the centre of
the connecting pipe, or at any other point either thereon, or on an arm extending
therefrom, or separate framing connecting the chambers, and the connecting pipe
may be either straight, or where liquid weights only are used, curved in any
convenient manner. The action of the pairs of chambers when used to oscillate ís
however exactly the same as before described when they are so mounted as to
completely rotate, the oscillation being arranged in a vertical plane and so that the
chambers dip into hot water or come near other source of heat when at their lower
positions, and go away therefrom into the cold when at their higher positions, the
inert weight being therefore always thrown as before by the action of the alternate
evaporation and condensation of the active liquid contained in the chambers,-from
the lower to the higher side, and which weight by its descent serves to supply motive
power.
In each of the above cases the chambers as they come into their higher positions
may be further cooled by knocking up against a wick bringing cold water from a
properly placed receptacle, or a drip of cold water may be allowed to fall upon
them. An air-blast may also in that position be directed upon them, or other
source of cold applied.
This motor is capable of utilizing the heat of the sun, providing that the chambers
whether they be mounted so as to oscillate or to completely rotate, are arranged to
come into the heat of the sun (which may be further concentrated by means of
mirrors or lenses) when at their lower positions, and to go under a shade (which
may be further cooled by evaporation from porous vessels etc.) when at their
higher positions. Or I may intercept and absorb the sun's heat in a tank of water
covered preferably over the larger part of its surface with glass, and into which
water I then cause the chambers to dip when at their lower position, and to go
away as before into a shade when at their highest positions being then also more
rapidly cooled by evaporation from their wet surfaces, exposed to the wind, and on
to which wet surfaces the wind may be concentrated by coned funnels or other
suitable means.

page_text: Where a single liquid is used in the pairs of chambers, as above described, and it
is desired to work at a comparatively low temperature, as for utilizing the sun's
heat, I prefer to make up a special liquid consisting of carbon bisulphide, alcohol,
methylated spirit, or other liquid having a low specific heat, charged with a large
quantity of ammonia, carbonic acid, or other gas dissolved therein so as to be held
in solution, thus combining the advantages of the low specific heat and consequent
rapid heating and cooling which the liquids have naturally, with a much higher
vapour tension for a given temperature than either of the liquids have by
themselves.
The vaporising and condensing chambers are preferably made of copper, or
other material combining a low product of the specific heat multiplied by the
specific gravity with a fair conductivity, but for high speed working I find the
former property of much more importance than the latter, and even glass or similar
material may then be used, as it does not waste time in itself absorbing and giving
out a large quantity of heat each alternation. The connecting pipe is however
better made of a non-conductor, or if made of a conducting material such as iron,
should be coated with a non-conductor, especially over all the surface of the parts
which dip into the chambers, in order not to absorb and give out heat while the
vapour is respectively warming and cooling.
The sides of the chambers may also be flattened or otherwise shaped so as to offer
loss resistance in passing through the hot liquid, if used to dip in a hot trough, or so
shaped as to be better adapted to receive and give up radiation if subjected to other
sources of heat and cold, and for this purpose may also be blacked on the outside,
or coated with any substance capable of increasing the radiation.
I may also make the chambers at each end of the connecting pipe double, that is
with one portion to contain the liquid and made preferably of non conducting
material and into which the connecting pipe dips and the other portion, which is
that to which the alternate heatings and coolings are applied containing chiefly
vapour, the two portions connecting by a pipe or opening preferably plugged with
a porous material such as canvas etc., capable of retarding the flow of liquid but
easily transmitting vapour, as I find that the rapid heatings and coolings are much
more effective when applied to the vapour space than when applied to portions of
the chambers occupied inside by liquid. The two portions may also be contained
one inside the other, the non-conducting and liquid-containing part occupying the
middle of the outer vapour containing part, and to the outside of which the heatings
and coolings are applied, the two connecting as before by a hole or holes covered
with a porous partition.
I also prefer to pack or occupy any internal waste or clearance spaces not
efficient in heating and cooling, with cork, or other solid non-conductor, in order to
avoid the necessity of more or less filling and emptying such waste spaces with
pressure each alternation.
I may also in some cases use compressed air instead of, or together with, vapour,
in any of the above described pairs of chambers, or elementary motor-couples.
Dated this Twentieth day of February 1802
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Thermo Dynamic Motors.
I, ALFRED CHARLES BROWN, of 129 Algernon Road, Lewisham, in the County
of London, Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what
manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained
in and by the following statement, reference being had to the accompanying
drawings :―
My improved motor is made up of one or a number of elementary parts, or
motive power couples, each consisting of a pair of chambers, vessels, or pressure-

page_text: tight receptacles A for liquid, which may be globular or of any other shape, and
which are connected together by a pipe B which dips or opens into each chamber
at a point near the bottom, or end most distant from the opposite chamber: Some
water, strong ammonia solution, or preferably a liquid having a low specific heat
combined with a low boiling point, or high vapour tension for a comparatively low
temperature, such as carbon bisulphide, ether, or alcohol, as shown at C, is then put
into one or both of these chambers and boiled so as to expel all air from the
combination, or the air may be extracted by pumping or other suitable means,.'
and the last aperture then closed and hermetically sealed up, so that the liquid.
is thenceforth subjected to the pressure arising from its own vapour tension.
only.
One or a number of these pairs of chambers may then be mounted preferably on,
or at intervals around, a wheel or framing to carry them, and which wheel or frame.
can revolve in a vertical plane on a horizontal axis, or other plane considerably
inclined from the horizontal, the connecting pipes, which may be curved, crossing:
the wheel and connecting each chamber with the one opposite, and dipping, or
opening into the interior of the chambers, nearly at the points most distant.
from the axis, although they may enter the chambers by pressure-tight joints
at any other points on their surfaces, and continue inside to the points required.
As the wheel or framing revolves as hereinafter shown the chambers are then
caused to dip, when at, or near, their lowest positions into preferably a trough, as
shown at D, of hot water, (which may contain chloride of calcium, or other
dissolved salt, to enable its temperature to be increased without boiling), heated by
one or more gas flames E. or any other suitable means. Or the chambers when
near their lowest positions may come over, or near to any other source of heat...
The increased vapour tension thus produced within the lower chamber A in Fig. 1
causes the liquid contained therein to flow rapidly up the connecting pipe B
(Fig. 1) into the higher chamber, some of the liquid in the lower chamber
evaporating, and some of that in the higher and colder chamber condensing to
produce this result, but in consequence of the connecting pipe dipping or only
opening into the lower chamber near to the bottom thereof, the increased pressure
therein produced cannot escape over into the higher chamber without first pushing
the bulk of the liquid before it. This action occurs successively with each pair of
chambers as they pass near the vertical diameter, and therefore has the effect of
always loading one half of the wheel, or set of chambers on one side of the vertical
diameter with a preponderating weight, which descending with the wheel or frame
as the latter continues to revolve supplies considerable motive power or rotative
force to the axle, which power can be taken off in any usual well-understood way,
to perform any useful work.
If one pair of chambers is used alone, as shown in Fig. 1, the wheel or framing
may simply consist of an arm (which may be the connecting pipe itself) crossing
the axle and carrying the chambers at its two ends. Or when a number of pairs
are used they may each be mounted on a separate arm without connection by means.
of a rim into the form of a wheel, but some such cross stay near the ends of the
arms is desirable for strength.
Above is described the simplest form of my improved motor, and that which [
prefer to use where cheapness is desired. Where maximum speed and power are
required, however, as against a slight increase in the cost of construction, I find it
very advantageous to separate thermally the greater bulk of the liquid which
simply acts as a mechanical weight to rise and fall, (and which I hereinafter call
the inert liquid) from that much smaller quantity which acts to move the weight,.
by alternately evaporating and condensing, (and which smaller quantity I herein-
after call the active liquid). By thus separating the two liquids I am enabled to..
concentrate the thermal changes chiefly upon the active liquid only, which therefore
alternately evaporates and condenses much more rapidly than when a large portion.
of heat has to be put into, and taken out of the greater bulk of inert liquid each..
alternation. Thus not only is a great saving of heat effected, but, a great increase:

page_text: in the speed of working, and consequently also in the effective power of a given
sized motor obtained. By so separating the liquids I am also enabled to use two
different ones, each better suited to its own particular purpose alone, as mercury for
the inert liquid, and carbon bisulphide for the active one, although I do not limit
myself to either of these liquids.
For this purpose, therefore, I prefer to make the chambers each of two
hemispherical halves, as shown at Fig. 2, clamped together at their edges, with a
diaphragin between them, the outer joints being made perfectly pressure-tight.
When a liquid having no action on rubber is used the diaphragms may be made of
that material, or they may otherwise be made of silk and canvas, or any other
flexible materials or combinations thereof, but if inelastic they must be made slack,
or somewhat bag-shaped, in order to deflect easily one way or the other. The two
halves of the chambers nearest to the axis are then connected together by the
pipes, which need not then dip into the chambers, but may simply open thereinto
and the inert liquid is put into the space thus formed, that is by the connecting
pipes and the two half chambers lying towards the axis, and bounded by the
diaphragms at its two ends. The quantity of inert liquid may be such as to deflect
or distend the diaphragms to a varying extent, but I prefer to put such quantity
as would just fill the connecting pipe and the two half chambers, if the diaphragms
remained quite flat.
In consequence of the weight of the inert liquid, however, the lower diaphragm
will tend to bulge downwards, and the bulk of the liquid therefore stand in the
lower chamber.
Into the spaces on the other side of the diaphragms-that is the parts of the
chambers which are farthest from the axis-I put a small quantity of the active
liquid which is boiled to expel all air and the final apertures then closed up as-
before or of course the air may be otherwise suitably extracted, so that this small
quantity of active liquid is now all that has to be alternately heated and cooled to
produce the result of throwing the bulk of the weight of the inert liquid from the
lower into the higher chamber, each time the pairs come past the vertical position
during the revolution of the set of chambers, the diaphragms deflecting one way
and the other alternately, in response to the variations of pressure produced by the
alternate vaporisations and condensations of the active liquid contained in the
outer halves of the chambers. The diaphragms being formed of a non-conductor
of heat or if formed of a conducting material being coated with a non-conductor-
prevent the transference of much heat to and from the inert liquid during the
successive phases of heatings and coolings, and the action is therefore rendered
very much sharper.
Or instead of a diaphragm I may use an india-rubber, silk, or other flexible
balloon, contained within the chamber, and connected tightly by its neck to the
connecting pipe, which then passes through the top of the chamber sufficiently for
the purpose. This balloon then serves to thermally separate the liquids, and by its
alternate dilatations and contractions under the influence of the variations of
pressure, produces the same result as the movements of the before described
diaphragm.
Or I may use to divide the liquids a metallic diaphragm, or expansible and
contractible box, as used for aneroid barometers, but in these cases the metal should
be coated with a non-conductor of heat.
Or the chambers may be shaped substantially in the manner shown in Figs. 3
and 4 so that when they arrive at their lower positions the bulk of the liquid shall
fall into the portion H, while a smaller quantity remains entrapped in the portion I,
and to which portion the heat is applied. This form is more particularly suitable
for use when required to be heated directly by a flame.
Or the liquids may be separated in any other convenient manner which will
allow of the mechanical movement of the inert liquid, but prevent or reduce the
transference of heat between the two, so that the thermal changes may be
concentrated chiefly on the active liquid.

page_text: Or I may use two liquids without separation other than by their own different
specific gravities, a heavy inert liquid for the bulk of the mechanical weight with a
small quantity of more suitable active liquid in each chamber to be alternately
vaporised and condensed, but in this case, the liquids must be such as not to
chemically mix. This combination may be used in the same manner and in the
same pairs of chambers as those described above for use with a single fluid.
Or instead of the inert liquid I may use a solid weight. Fig. 5 shows such an
arrangement wherein the connecting pipe B which is preferably made larger in
diameter than that shown in Fig. 1 and straight, is bored out truly as a cylinder,
and the weight F which may be a solid lump of lead or other heavy material, is
made in the form of a rather deep piston and which may be packed with spring
rings or other ordinary piston packing although where the piston is pushed by the
liquid and not by the vapour as shewn a very tight packing is not required but the
piston may be moved by vapour pressure directly. This piston is thrown from
the lower to the higher end of the tube by the liquid every time the tube
passes near the vertical position in consequence of the alternate vaporisations and
condensings of the small quantity of active liquid contained in the pair of chambers.
or tube ends, which are subjected to alternate heatings when at the bottom and
coolings when at the top, in the same manner as before described when they are
used with liquids alone, the whole tube in this case revolving in a vertical plane ou
a horizontal axis preferably fixed at its centre, or in other plane approaching
thereto.
Or a number of pairs of closed chambers as hereinbefore described may be
mounted on a flexible band as shown at Figs. 6 and 7. The said band passing over
pulleys J and K suitably disposed so as to cause the chambers to dip into or come
near to a source of heat when at their lower position, and pass away into a colder
position when near the top. The chambers are connected by flexible pipes L, so
as to form motive power couples as hereinbefore described.
Instead of mounting the pairs of chambers used with any of the above described
equipments on wheels or revolving arms or bands, I may mount them on oscillating
arms as illustrated in Fig. 8 so that they rock through an are only, instead of
completely rotating, as for pumping purposes and the like, or which oscillatory
motion may still be transferred into continuous rotary motion, by being connected
by means of an arm and jointed connecting rod as shown broken at M with a
revolving crank, or into other convenient forms of motion as will be well understood.
The centre of oscillation in these cases may be taken at the centre of the connecting
pipe, or at any other point either thereon, or on an arm extending therefrom, or
separate framing connecting the chambers, and the connecting pipe may be either
straight or where liquid weights only are used, curved in any convenient manner.
The action of the pairs of chambers when used to oscillate is however exactly the
same as before described when they are so mounted as to completely rotate, the
Oscillation being arranged in or near vertical plane and so that the chambers dip
into vessels G of water suitably heated or come near other source of heat when at
their lower positions, and go away therefrom into the cold when at their higher
positions, the inert weight being therefore always thrown as before by the action
of the alternate evaporation and condensation of the active liquid contained in the
chambers, from the lower to the higher side, and which weight by its descent serves
to supply motive power.
In each of the above cases the chambers as they come into their higher positions
may be further cooled by knocking up against a wick bringing cold water from a
properly placed receptacle, or a drip of cold water may be allowed to fall upon
them. An air-blast may also in that position be directed upon them, or other
source of cold applied.
This motor is capable of utilizing the heat of the sun, providing that the
chambers whether they be mounted so as to oscillate or to completely rotate, are
arranged to come into the heat of the sun (which may be further concentrated by
means of mirrors or lenses) when at their lower positions and to go under a shade

page_text: (which may be further cooled by evaporation from porous vessels and the like)
when at their higher positions. Or I may intercept and absorb the sun's heat in a
tank of water covered preferably over the larger part of its surface with a glass,
and into which water I then cause the chambers to dip when at their lower position
and to go away as before into a shade when at their highest positions being then
also more rapidly cooled by evaporation from their wet surfaces, exposed to the
wind and on to which wet surfaces the wind may be concentrated by coned funnels
or other suitable means.
The vaporising and condensing chambers are preferably made of copper, or
other material combining a low product of the specific heat multiplied by the
specific gravity with a fair conductivity but for high speed working I find the
former property of much more importance than the latter, and even glass or
similar material may then be used as it does not waste time in itself absorbing
and giving out a large quantity of heat each alternation. The connecting pipe
is however better made of a non-conductor, or if made of a conducting material
such as iron, should be coated with a non-conductor, especially over all the surface
of the parts which dip into the chambers, in order not to absorb and give out heat
while the vapour is respectively warming and cooling.
The sides of the chambers may also be flattened or otherwise shaped so as to
offer less resistance in passing through the hot liquid if used to dip in a hot
trough, or so shaped as to be better adapted to receive and give up radiation if
subjected to other sources of heat and cold, and for this purpose may also be
blacked on the outside, or coated with any substance capable of increasing the
radiation.
'
I also prefer to pack or occupy any internal waste or clearance spaces, not
efficient in heating and cooling, with cork or other solid non-conductor, in order to
avoid the necessity of more or less filling and emptying such waste spaces with
pressure each alternation. For quick acting small power machines I may also in
some cases use compressed air instead of, or together with, vapour in any of the
above described pairs of chambers or elementary motor-couples.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I
claim is;-
1. A motive-power couple consisting of a connected pair of chambers or
receptacles partially filled with liquid and having the air exhausted therefrom,
suitably mounted, and so arranged and operating that each chamber alternately
assumes a position considerably higher than the other and when at or near its lowest
point passes near or into a suitable source of heat and therefrom to its higher and
cooler position substantially as and for the purposes set forth.
2. In a motive power couple such as above described, the means, substantially as
set forth, of separating the bulk of liquid used as a weight from that which is
alternately evaporated and condensed.
3. In a motive power couple such as above described, the employment in each
chamber of two different liquids, one better suited for evaporating and condensing
and the other for supplying weight.
4. As a means of utilising the expansive force of vapour or gas to produce
motive power, a cylinder, containing a weighted piston, so mounted that the
longitudinal axis of the cylinder revolves in a vertical plane or in such plane
approximating thereto that each extremity alternately assumes a position con-
siderably higher than the other, the piston being moved along the cylinder from
the lower towards the higher end by the vapour or gas pressure acting on it either
directly or through the medium of an intermediate liquid and serving to supply:
power by the fall of the end of the cylinder which is weighted for the time being
by the piston.
5. The means, substantially as set forth, of obtaining oscillatory motive power
by mounting a connected and closed pair of chambers or motive power couples in

page_text: such manner that they oscillate between a lower and hotter position and a higher
and colder one.
6. A motive power engine comprising an endless band running over pulleys
suitably mounted, such band carrying a number of closed chambers weighted by
liquid, and connected in couples substantially as and for the purposes set forth.
7. The improved arrangements and combinations of parts constructed, arranged,
and operating to form improvements in thermo-dynamic motors substantially as
set forth.
Dated this 21st day of November 1893.
A. F. SPOONER,
124, Chancery Lane, W.C., Agent for the Applicant.