MENTS IN MINERS' SAFETY LAMPS AND IN OTHER LAMPS, ALSO IN BURNERS, AND IN APPLYING LAMPS FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES, AND IN APPARATUS FOR PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION
Year: 1874

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Marcus Israel Landau, of Bury Court, Saint
Mary Axe, in the City of London, for the Invention of "IMPROVE
MENTS IN MINERS' SAFETY LAMPS AND IN OTHER LAMPS, ALSO IN BURNERS,
AND IN APPLYING LAMPS FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES, AND IN APPARATUS FOR
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Marcus Israel Landau
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 3rd March 1874.
I, MARCUS ISRAEL LANDAU, of Bury Court, Saint Mary Axe, in the
City of London, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN MINERS' SAFETY LAMPS AND IN OTHER LAMPS, ALSO IN
BURNERS, AND IN APPLYING LAMPS FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES, AND IN APPARATUS FOR
SUPPLYING AND REGULATING GAS, AND FOR VENTILATING," to be as follows:-
-:
One object of my Invention is to supply atmospheric air to miners'
safety lamps and other lamps in such manner as to maintain combustion
while preserving the flame from noxious or prejudicial gases, and strong

page_text: currents and counter currents. I provide an annular chamber of
circular, conical, quadrangular, or other shape, the upper edge of which
forms a horizontal periphery, in which are perforations protected when
necessary with wire gauze or metallic plate. The air enters through
these orifices and passes into and circulates in the chamber. A portion
of this periphery is without orifices. Wire gauze, perforated metal, or
perforations are provided in the vertical portion of the side of the
chamber beneath such non-perforated portion, and through the same air
passes to the flame to maintain combustion. One advantage of this
arrangement is that if miners work where there is a mixture of fire-
damp with the ordinary air of the mine the gas will not burn inside the
lamp and will not extinguish the flame because it cannot enter the lamp
except there be a strong down draft, when the gas might enter through
the perforations and the flame will be extinguished. If the miners
work in choke damp, or air likely to affect respiration, the reduction or
extinguishing of the flame will warn him of danger. I sometimes form
the air chamber of a truncated cone shape and place the oil chamber
outside.
(.
For some lamps, especially miners' lamps, I use a removeable oil
chamber and secure it by an annular bayonet joint, or other convenient
contrivance. I also sometimes use a bayonet joint, or like contrivance,
for connecting the upper and lower portions of the lamp, that is to say,
for connecting the chimney with the air chamber and burner. For this
purpose
I form the contact surfaces slightly conical so that they fit
together air-tight. An extinguishing plate is so fitted that when the
lamp is to burn it does not affect the flame, and when the upper portion
of the lamp is connected with the lower portion it moves the oil
chamber slightly, so that the upper part only prevents the extinguishing
plate from falling until an effort is made to disconnect the portions of
the lamp when the extinguishing plate is free to drop on the flame and
put it out. Or if the oil chamber be not moveable the same arrange-
ment may be adopted with a slight modification, or a spring, lever,
pusher, screw, or other means may be used. The spring is in such
position that it is easily removed and replaced, and it is preserved from
heat which has hitherto prejudiced the use of springs.
For this purpose
I usually place the spring on the oil chamber; I have the springy part
lowermost to abut against the bottom of the carrier of the extinguishing
nlate

page_text: branches projecting obliquely from the lower part, reflectors being
provided, and care being taken that the top of the burner or wick holder
shall be level with the maximum level of oil in the chamber. There
may be branch chimneys from each branch burner converging to one
common chimney.
.
In railway carriages, ships, and elsewhere I fit lamps at the angles or
sides and form them with two glasses, one within and the other without
the carriage or other space, so that the light may be shewn both inside
and outside. By these means some of the ordinary railway station
lights may be dispensed with, and the lights may be made with.coloured
glasses, lenses, or other contrivances, so that they may serve as signal
lights. And sometimes I carry from lamps one or more tubes or com-
munications to the exterior, which I furnish with lenses, glasses, or
other appliances for the diffusion of light. Like arrangements with
obvious modifications will serve the railway train drivers and guards as
telescopes to ascertain if there be obstructions or other dangers on the
line.
Funnels may be provided in suitable parts of the tubes for receiving
atmospheric air to support combustion, and the tubes are formed withi
openings for ventilating the interior of carriages, ships, &c.; valves or
regulators being provided to control the admission of air.
1
In order to obtain brilliancy and intensity of light and heat, with
economy of consumption, I construct improved burners as follows:-
For argand, or annular, or round burners, instead of using a con-
tinuous tubular or annular wick I use two, three, or more flat wicks,
which I dispose in the wick holder in an annular or circular form, so
that they form a wick with intervals, or mechanical or other provisions
for the passage of air. This arrangement may be described as an
interrupted annular wick. These wicks or portions may be raised and
lowered together by teeth at intervals round the ring of the adjusting
or raising rack. Or one wick may be used, having one or more cuts,
intervals, or slits in it vertically for the passage of air between the parts
of the wick.
:
When a spiral arrangement is used for raising and lowering the wicks
they are held in the stationary portion of the contrivance, so that the
elevation and denfession of the animal shall not affect the

page_text: In argand or annular gas burners instead of forming a continuous
set of orifices in the circle I leave intervals in which there are no orifices
for the gas, but which may permit of the passage of air between the
sets or groups of jets of gas by air passages or otherwise.
:
Sometimes I drill the orifices obliquely, the inclines being disposed so
that the gas jets are projected so as to converge to an apex or central
flame.
I form improved gas burners and wick holders with their wicks in
such manner that air shall pass on all sides of the wick or flame, owing
to the form of the gas or flame issuing from the wick holder or
burner, that is to say, so that air may pass on all sides of the flame
emerging, and so that the wicks and their holders or the gas passages
of the burners may be in the form of letters of alphabet, as for
instance, U, E, L, V, I, T, S, Z, H, W, C, N, M, or of the shape of
two crescents, with their horns or cusps outwards, and with or without
limbs, projecting or star shaped, that is, with radiating limbs; or with
three or more slits having between the ends of each an interval (or.
modifications of these shapes).
In another improved burner a row of holes is arranged on or around
the edge of a dome or convex stud or cap, placed centrally of the annular
The holes should be drilled obliquely.
row.
I sometimes form holes at a little distance below the end of the
burner, so that gas may issue from them and be ignited, in order to.
warm and expand the current of gas as it flows to the point of ignition.
at the end of the burner. A chamber may be formed in the gas passage
between these holes and the ignition end of the burner, and the auxiliary
gas holes may
be so placed that the gas issuing therefrom may, when
ignited, act on the chamber and heat and expand the gas before it
reaches the burner.
In fishtail, batswing, and similar burners, I sometimes make slots
or openings for the passage of gas at various parts of the periphery of
the body of the burner below the top at various altitudes or planes, and
I sometimes make transverse or other openings, with intervals between,
at the top of the burner.
In order to regulate the flame I fit within the burner a plug or valve,.
which can be turned in the required direction, so as to be raised or

page_text: lowered, or moved to and fro, to increase or diminish at pleasure the
sectional area of the gas passages, or passages through which the flame
emerges, or to close and open them as desired. This may be also applied
to the air
passages.
I sometimes combine two, three, or more fishtail or batswing gas
burners together so that an annular or other flame is produced.
The brackets or projections, or arms which support the glass or globe,
or the chimney may be made hollow and caused to communicate with
the burner, so that air may enter them through the top or outer ends
and pass to the flame. The outer ends of these arms or brackets may
bo made bell mouthed, lipped, or cup shaped.
According to my Invention also I produce burners and burner cones
or caps of copper.
In order to purify gas flame I coat the inside of the gas passage of
the burner, and the supply pipes leading thereto, with lime or other
white material, or purifying material. The upper part of the burner
may also be electro-plated or silver plated, or covered or coated with
lime or other white material.
I also saturate with lime or other purifying material the layers or
pieces of regulating material used in gas regulators or in gas passages
for regulating purposes.
I adapt globes, shades, or chimneys for my improved burners
and lamps by giving them the proper configuration, fitting, and
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, 28
filed by the said Marcus Israel Landau in the Great Seal Patent
Office on the 3rd September 1874.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, MARCUS
ISRAEL LANDAU, formerly of Bury Court, Saint Mary Axe, in the City
of London, and now of Goulston Street, Whitechapel, in the County of 3
Middlesex, send grecting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent bearing date the Third day of March, in the year of our

page_text: Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-four, in the thirty-
seventh year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto me, the said Marcus Israel Landau, Her special
license that I, the said Marcus Israel Landau, my executors, admini-
strators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Marcus Israel Landau,
my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agreo
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter
during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use,
exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain, and
Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "Iм-
PROVEMENTS IN MINERS' SAFETY LAMPS, AND IN OTHER LAMPS, ALSO IN BURNERS,
AND IN APPLYING LAMPS FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES, AND IN APPARATUS FOR SUPPLYING
AND REGULATING GAS, AND FOR VENTILATING," upon the condition (amongst
others) that I, the said Marcus Israel Landau, my executors, or admini-
strators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of their
hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of
the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed,
and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Marcus Israel Landau, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same
is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement thereof, reference being had to the accom-
panying Drawings, and to the letters and figures marked thereon, that is
to say:-
One object of my Invention is to supply atmospheric air to miners'
safety lamps and other lamps in such manner as to maintain com.
bustion while preserving the flame from noxious or prejudicial gases and
strong currents and counter currents. I provide an annular chamber of
circular, conical, quadrangular, or other shape, the upper edge of which
forms a horizontal periphery, in which are perforations, protected when
necessary with wire gauze, or perforated metal plate, or metallic cloth.
The air enters through these orifices, and passes into and circulates in
the chamber. A portion of this periphery is without orifices. Wire
gauze, perforated metal, or perforations are provided in the vertical
portion of the side of the chamber beneath such non-perforated portions,
and through the same air passes to the flame to maintain com-

page_text: bustion. One advantage of this arrangement is that if miners work
where there is a mixture of fire-damp with the ordinary air of the mine
the gas thus formed consisting of air and fire-damp will not burn inside
the lamp, and will not extinguish the flame, because the gas cannot
enter the lamp except there be a strong down draft, when the gas might
enter through the perforations and the flame would be extinguished.
If the miners work in choke damp, or other gas or air likely to affect
respiration, the reduction or extinguishing of the flame will warn him of
his danger. I sometimes form the air chamber of truncated cone shape,
its oil chamber being on the outside.
For some lamps, especially miners' lamps, I use a removeable
oil chamber, and secure it by an annular bayonet joint or other similaṛ
convenient contrivance. I also sometimes use a bayonet joint or like
contrivance for connecting the upper and lower portions of the lamp,
that is to say, for connecting the chimney or upper part with the lower
part.or air chamber and burner. For this purpose I form the contact
surfaces of the upper and lower parts conical, so that they fit together
air-tight. An extinguishing plate is so fitted that when the lamp is to
burn the plate does not affect the flame, and when the upper portion of
the lamp is connected with the lower portion the former moves the oil
chamber slightly, so that the upper part only prevents the extinguishing
plate from falling until an effort is made to disconnect the portions of
the lamp, when the extinguishing plate is free to drop on the flame and
put it out. Or if the oil chamber be not moveable the same arrange-
ment may be adopted for working the extinguishing plate with an
obvious and slight modification, or a spring lever, pusher, screw, or other
means may be used for the purpose. The spring which works the
extinguishing plate when a spring lever is used is in such position that
it is casily removed and replaced, and it is preserved from heat, which
has hitherto prejudiced the use of springs. For this purpose I usually
place the spring on the oil chamber, and I have the springy part
lowermost to abut against the bottom of the carrier of the extinguishing
plate.
Another mode of extinguishing the lamp when a wick is used consists
in working the raising and lowering contrivance by a pinion which by
means of a pusher actuated from the outside of the lamp is brought
into gear with a toothed flanged rim or ring on the inner side of the upper
part of the lamp.

page_text: Landau 8 Improvements in Dajety Lamps.
The gaseous products of combustion pass through a chimney having a
rim not perforated so that they must go up through it. Thence they
pass through an outer or wire gauze chimney into a third chimney from
which they escape. The rim may act as a reflector.
Each chimney may consist of two conical portions with vertices
towards each other, the lower portion being perforated or reticulated,
and the upper portion solid, plain, or non-perforated, whereby the entry
of air from the top to feed the flame is prevented.
I sometimes form or fit at the lower portion of a glass chimney a
cylinder of wire gauze or other perforated, reticulated, or open-work
material or frame so placed that it shall surround the dark part of the
flame and admit air thereto, and above this, but at some distance from
the dark part of the flame, is the chimney or transparent glass. The
perforated or reticulated cylinder or equivalent may be connected with
the chimney or not. A cylindrical, conical, or otherwise shaped tube of
mica or talc is fitted within and descends from the lower portion of the
internal chimney to absorb the vapour and help radiation.
In some cases I protect the lamp by a glazed casing or lantern, which
may be provided with colored glasses or lenses or other appliances for
producing signals.
Sometimes I put layers of asbestos, cotton, or like material in the tube
containing the wick holder to prevent the oil from flashing into the light,
and thus I render it safe and steady.
According to another arrangement for lamps in which the shadow of
the oil chamber should be prevented from falling on the light I form
the oil chamber with branches, which contain or lead to wick holders or
burners, the arrangement being such as to prevent overshadowing... I
prefer to form the oil chamber narrower at bottom than at top, or of the
shape of a reversed truncated cone, with branches holding burners and
projecting obliquely from the lower part, reflectors being provided, and
care being taken that the top of the burner or wick holder shall be
level with the maximum level of oil in the chamber.
There are
branch chimneys from each branch burner converging to one common
chimney.
In railway carriages, ships, and elsewhere I fit lamps at the angles or
sides, and form them with two glasses, one within and the other without

page_text: the carriage or other space, place, or structure, so that the light may be
shewn both inside and outside. By these means some of the ordinary
railway station lights may be dispensed with; and the lights may be
made with colored glasses, lenses, or other contrivances, so that they may
serve as signal lights. And sometimes I carry from lamps one or
more tubes or communications to the exterior, which I furnish with
lenses, glasses, or other appliances for the diffusion of the light. Theso
arrangements will also serve to assist railway train drivers and guards
(especially when provided with telescopes) to ascertain if there be
obstruction or other danger on the line.
Funnels may be provided in suitable parts of the tubes for receiving
atmospheric air to support combustion, and the tubes are formed with
openings for ventilating the interior of the carriages, ships, &c., to which
they may be applied, valves or regulators being provided to control
the admission of air.
In order to obtain brilliancy and intensity of light and heat with
economy of consumption I construct improved burners as follows:-For
argand, or annular, or round burners instead of using a continuous
tubular or annular wick I use two, three, or more flat wicks which I
dispose in the wick holder in an annular or circular form, so that they
form a wick with intervals or mechanical or other provisions for the
passage of air.
This arrangement may be described as an interrupted
annular wick. These wicks or portions may be raised and lowered
together by teeth at intervals round the ring of the adjusting or raising
rack. Or one wick may be used having one or more cuts, intervals, or
slits in it vertically for the passage of air between the parts of the
wick.
When a spiral arrangement is used for raising and lowering the wicks
they are held in the stationary portion of the contrivance, so that the
elevation and depression of the spiral shall not affect the relative position
of the parts of the wick.
In argand or annular gas burners instead of forming a continuous set
of orifices in the circle I leave intervals in which there are no orifices for
the gas, but which may permit of the passage of air between the sets or

page_text: or central flame.
I form improved gas burners and wick holders with their wicks in
such manner that air shall pass on all sides of the wick or flame owing to
the form of the gas or flame issuing from the wick holder or burner, that
is to say, so that air may pass on all sides of the flame emerging, and so
that the wicks and their holders or the gas passages of the burners may
be in the form of letters of the alphabet, as for instance U, E, V, I, T, S,
Z, H, W, C, N, M, or of the shape of two crescents with their horns or
cusps outwards, and with or without limbs projecting, or they may be
star shaped, that is, with radiating limbs or with three or more slits
having between the ends of each an interval (or modifications of these
shapes).
In another improved burner a row of holes is arranged on or around
the edge of a dome, or convex stud, or cap, placed centrally of the
annular row.
The holes should be drilled obliquely.
I sometimes form holes at a little distance below the end of the
burner so that gas may issue from them, and be ignited in order to
warm and expand the current of gas as it flows to the point of ignition
at the end of the burner. A chamber may be formed in the gas passage
between these holes and the ignition end of the burner, and the auxiliary
gas holes may be so placed that the gas issuing therefrom may when
ignited act in the chamber and heat and expand the gas before it reaches
the burner.
In fishtail, batswing, and similar burners I sometimes make slots or
openings for the passage of gas at various parts of the periphery of the
body of the burner below the top at various altitudes or planes; I some-
times make transverse or other openings with intervals between at the
top of the burner.
In order to regulate the flame I fit within the burner a plug or valve.
which can be turned in the required direction as to be raised or lowered
or moved to and fro to increase or diminish at pleasure the sectional area
of the gas passages through which the flame emerges, or to close and
them as desired. This may be also applied to the air passages.
open
I sometimes combine two, three, or more fishtail or batswing burners
together, so that an annular or other flame is produced.

page_text: A is the annular chamber on the top of which are orifices or per-
forations a protected by wire gauze. Through these orifices atmospheric
air passes in order to circulate within the annular chamber. The
orifices a are arranged in sets at intervals so as to leave portions of the
top of the chamber blank or without perforations. The annular chamber
is held in a casing A*. The air passes through the orifices a and thence
through wire gauze in the periphery of the chamber and thus reaches the
burner b. In the inner wall of the chamber are orifices a protected with
wire gauze and placed at a part thereof intermediate of the top orifices
so that the air entering through the top of the chamber must circulate
between the walls of the chamber before emerging therefrom to reach
the burner.
The chamber A is fitted into the casing A* by bayonet joint and held
in position by adjusting screws a'.
B is the oil chamber or holder which with its burner b is fitted within
'the central space of the annular chamber A and rests on a bottom b³;
being fitted in a socket 6' thereon in such manner that it can be turned
or moved in a rotary direction or partially round by means of an
actuating contrivance 1, Figure. 8. A recess is formed in the oil
chamber to receive the lever hinge or actuating contrivance c of an
extinguishing plate f. The oil holder B is fitted in the socket 6* in the
bottom plate 6s of the annular chamber formed with a bayonet joint to
receive the oil holder, that is to say, a pin on the oil holder engaging in a
right angled slot in the socket. 9 is a spring attached by an adjusting
screw to the oil holder, and which when released permits the extin-
guishing plate to fall on and extinguish the light in the burner, but
when the oil chamber is turned so that the back end of the lever e is
caused to engage with a hook i on the inner wall of the annular
air chamber A the plate f is raised and the flame proceeding from tho
burner or wick holder bis allowed to burn.
P is the upper portion of the lamp, it consists of two, three, or more
chimneys or tubes held by a suitable frame. H. is a collar or ring
screwed to the lower part of the upper portion P and carrying a
hook h, which when the upper part P is fitted on the lower part the
hook comes in contact with the lever e, and when the said upper part P.
is turned, say about th of a revolution, thus moving. the oil holder, a
corresponding part of a revolution, the plate f, though it be moved
:

page_text: away from the hook i, will be kept by the hook / still raised, but if the
miner surreptitiously tries to open the lamp, by detaching the upper
part from the lower part the hook
extinguishing the light.
will release the plate ƒ and
Instead of fitting the hook h on the ring H it may be fixed to the
frame of the upper portion P of the lamp. G is the ordinary glass or
translucent cylinder which surrounds the flame, it may be protected by
wire gauze.
The upper portion of the lamp consists of two, three, or more con-
centric chimneys p, p*, p³. The innermost chimney p³ has a wire
gauze diaphragm p³ near the top, and it has also a solid top pt. There
aro lateral or peripheral openings p' in this chimney near the upper
part. The chimney p² carries at bottom a reflector p*. p' is a wire
gauze disc fitted at the top of the cylindrical. chimney p*. A cupped
disc p³ is fitted at the upper part of the chimney p, space being left
between the outer periphery of the disc and the inner periphery of the
chimney. On the top of the chimney p I hinge a flanged hollow cap q
steadied by a bayonet joint, and to this is attached the suspending ring
by which the lamp is held and carried.
q is an intermediate flat ring or annular plate attached between the
hollow cap q and the flanged top p' of the chimney p. Or the arrange-
ments may be modified by using two instead of three concentric
chimneys and attaching the cap q and the disc ps to the chimney p*, thus
dispensing with the outermost chimney p. The middle chimney may be
made of wire gauze and of conical instead of cylindrical form; " is a
mica cylinder inserted at the lower part of the innermost chimney p³.
Figure 9 is an elevation of a carriage roof lamp with the outer casing
removed. In this lamp the oil chamber W is of a conical shape. The
arms t, t, holding the burners are also conical, and are fed with oil through
the pipes t, t. T, T, are chimneys over the burner arms communicating
through perforations or passages with a central chimney T*. At the
bottom of the chimneys are curved plates T* forming reflectors. The oil
is fed through an opening closed by a plug or nut to. The chimneys
T, Tx, with their reflectors are connected together by a central plate T*,
which fits on to the oil holder W by a bayonet joint or stud and slot
arrangement: t³.

page_text: Figure 10 shews a roof lamp U with tubular connections u, u, for
diffusing the light outside as well as inside the carriage.
.
Figure 11 is a vertical elevation, and Figure 12 a plan of one of my
improved argand burners applied for burning hydrocarbons. Figure 13
is a section taken through the line x, y, of Figure 11, the outer tube,
cone, and gallery being removed in these Figures. Flat wicks, say two,
three, or more in number, are arranged around the central tube w³ of the
burner, and are held by pins w³. They pass through conical guides wo*.
Between the wicks are air passages w³ fed by air spaces 10°; or the air
passages w may be dispensed with and the air still pass up through the
spaces between the wicks into the central orifice of the burner. A guidò
ring keeps the wicks in place, and the wicks are all raised and lowered
hva kov

page_text: arms or brackets k; M is a chimney connected with the globe or shade K
in such position that such chimney does not surround the whole frame,
but only the upper part thereof. It is clear from this arrangement that
air can pass to and between the dish Q and the globe K, and round the
flame and between it and the chimney; 8*, 8*, are the gas supply
passages.

page_text: Having now described the nature of the said Invention and in what
manner the same may be performed, I declare that I claim,—
First. The arrangement and combination of parts constituting the air
chamber, herein-before described and represented in Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 4*,
5 of the accompanying Drawings, for the purpose of maintaining com-
bustion and protecting the flame.
Second. The arrangement of the holder combined with the burner for
the oil or combustible liquid or agent, constructed, fitted, and actuated
as represented in Figures 2, 3, 4, 6, 7.
Third. Connecting the upper portion or chimney portion of the lamp
with the lower portion or burner and air chamber by means of a conical
fitting and bayonet joint, as described and exemplified in Figures 1, 2,
4, 4*.
Fourth. The arrangement and combination of extinguishing apparatus,
5 substantially as herein-before described and exemplified in Figures 2, 6,
7, 8.
Fifth. The arrangements of parts forming the upper or chimney
portion of the lamp, substantially as herein-before described, for the
exit of the products of combustion, as illustrated in Figures 1; 2, 5, of
the accompanying Drawings.
Sixth. The general arrangement and combination of parts consti-
tuting the improved lamp represented in Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 4*, 5, 6, 7,
and 8 of the accompanying Drawings, and herein-before described.
Seventh. The employment of a cylindrical or otherwise shaped
channel formed of talc or mica and fitted within the chimney, as illus-
trated in Fig. 2, and substantially as herein-before described.
Eighth. The arrangement and combination of parts constituting the
improved lamp for the prevention of overshadowing, as exemplified in
Figure 9 of the accompanying Drawings, and herein-before described.
Ninth. The arrangement and combination of lamp, substantially as
represented in Figure 9, and herein-before described.
Tenth. The arrangement of lamps at the angles of railways carriages
or other structures to which the same may be applied so that the light
may be diffused within the interior of the carriage or other structure as
B

page_text: well as without the same, and may be applied for signalling or other
purposes, substantially as described.
Eleventh. The combination with lamps of tubes or conduits, as
exemplified.in Figure 10, and herein-before described.
Twelfth. The employment of the funnels or bell-mouthed contrivances
for the introduction of atmospheric air to the flame and for ventilating
purposes, substantially as described.
Thirteenth. The arrangement of burner in which air is caused to pass
between the wicks or combustible gas passages, substantially in the
manner described and illustrated in Figures 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, and 16.
Fourteenth. The improved construction of burner with holes around
and below the top, substantially as described.
Fifteenth. The improved arrangements of burners with supplementary
orifices with or without chambers for heating and expanding the gas in
its passage to the burner.
Sixteenth. The combination of fishtail or batswing burners in such
manner that the flames issuing therefrom may converge and form an
annular, central, or other flame.
Seventeenth. The improved construction and arrangement of burners
herein before described and illustrated in the Drawings.
Eighteenth. The improved arrangement and combination of parts
constituting the apparatus for supplying and regulating gas and air as
described.
Nineteenth. The employment of hollow arms or brackets for carrying
air to the interior and exterior of the flame, substantially in the manner
described.
Twentieth. Coating the inside of the gas passages of the burner and
the supply pipes leading thereto with lime or other purifying material
for further purification of the gas.
Twenty-first. Saturating with lime or other purifying material the
layers or pieces used in gas regulators and in gas passages, as specified.
Twenty-second. The arrangement and combination of globe and
chimney, as represented in Figure 25, and herein-before described.

page_text: Twenty-third. The general arrangement and combination of parts
constituting the improved apparatus, substantially as herein-before
described for the purposes set forth.
In witness whereof, I, the said Marcus Israel Landau, have here-
unto set my hand and seal, this Second day of September, One
thousand eight hundred and seventy-four.
Witness,
E. DE PASS,
Patent Office,
MARCUS ISRAEL LANDAU. (L.S.)
68, Fleet Street,
London.