IMPROVEMENTS IN CONSTRUCTION AND FORMATION OF GRANITE AND STONE PAVEMENTS ANCHORAGE BAD CARRIAGE AND RAILWAYS
Year: 1853

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Charles Hadley, of Lower Hurst Street,
Birmingham, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN
CONSTRUCTION AND FORMATION OF GRANITE AND STONE PAVEMENTS
ANCHORAGE BAD CARRIAGE AND RAILWAYS"
Sealed the 30th July 1853, and dated the 31st January 1853.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Charles Hadley
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition,
on the 31st January 1853.
I, CHARLES HADLEY, of Lower Hurst Street, Birmingham, do
5 hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN THE CONSTRUCTION AND FORMATION OF GRANITE AND STONE PAVEMENTS AND
SURFACES POR CARRIAGE AND RAILWAYS" to be as follows:-
The first part of the said Invention consists in the use of metallic
boxes, plates, and frames, for the purpose of holding and securing
pavement stones for roads; streets, carriage ways, and other like
purposes. Fig. 1, repersents the areal surface of my improved
pavement. for ordinary streets, roads, & carriage ways. It will
be seen, that the stones are enclosed in a kind of metal box, whereby

page_text: they are protected from much wear and tear. Figs. 2, 3, & 4,
represent the areal surface of my improved pavements for crossings
in streets, intersections and ornamental purposes; Fig. 5, is a
transverse vertical section of two of the blocks, as at Fig. 1; and
Fig. 6, is a lateral vertical section of Fig. 1. I propose to use iron
cast in the required forms; and sometimes wood may be used
instead of stone, in which case the blocks are to be keyed down
feirmly. The pavement may be made solid, by running into the
various joints and crevices cement, concrete, asphalte, or, lava, the
object of the Invention being to form a firm and indestructible
roadway or pavement. The same principle may be extended to
railways or roads. I propose to construct sleepers, the permanent
way, and also the rails on railways, on similar principles. The
blocks for these purposes have wrought rails or plates fixed therein,
or 'on their surface, and bolted thereto, and fixed by means of asps
and thin metal wedges, and also grooved rails and surfaces cast
thereto solid, and forming a part of such pavement or surface.
The rails may have a raised plate or elevated surface. formed or
attached thereto. And a convenient kind of turnplate may be
constructed, by means of grooved rails. constructed on my
improved mode, combining the use of iron, concrete, and stone.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters
Patent, filed by the said Charles Hadley in the Great Seal
Patent Office on the 30th July 1853.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I,
CHARLES HADLEY, of Lower Hurst Street, Birmingham, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Thirty-first day of January, in
the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-three, in
the sixteenth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and
successors, give and grant unto me, the said Charles Hadley,
Her special licence that I, the said Charles Hadley, my exe-

page_text: cutors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the
said Charles Hadley, my executors, administrators, and assigns,
should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and
at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and
lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle
of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION AND
FORMATION OF GRANITE AND STONE PAVEMENTS AND SURFACES FOR CARRIAGE
AND RAILWAYS," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said
Charles Hadley, by an instrument in writing under my hand and scal,
should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Inven-
tion, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the
same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Charles Hadley, do hereby
declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same
is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement.
These improvements may be divided into two parts as follows:-
The first part relates to carriage improvements in ways and roads,
and which I call the "Hadledean" pavements, the object of which is
to obtain and maintain more equal, level, solid, and durable working
surfaces, preventing those inequalities and corrugations which
continually occur in such surfaces by the sinking of the stones, the
effects of frost, and the chipping and wearing of the edges where
the joints or rows meet, which, when once formed or give way, are
continually increasing in size and number. The Invention in this
part is to be carried out by forming separate blocks of granite or
wood into solid plates or blocks of any size, depth, shape or areal
section, by the introduction and application of metal plates, frames,
or boxes, the edges or jointing (C, Fig. 6,) of which are to be
grooved or dovetailed, or of an angular, semi-circular, square, or any
other form or section, or on the stud and plate principle; the
foundations of the road being made solid previous to the plates,

page_text: frames, boxes, or blocks being laid thereon in gravel or suitable
concrete.
The annexed Drawings describe and represent Fig. 1, the areal
or working surface of the pavement for ordinary streets, roads, and
carriage ways; Figs. 2, 3, and 4, ditto for crossings, intersections,
squares, and ornamental purposes; Fig. 5, a transverse vertical
section of the blocks, as Fig. 1; each Fig. showing the formation
of the metal plates, frames, or boxes, with the vertical girder
division plates a, a, a, and the granite or wooden blocks b, b, b, as
packed and concreted therein; Fig. is a lateral vertical section
of Fig. 1, shewing the segmental plate, frames, or blocks and
jointing C, the gutter or shield plate d, for preserving the stone
kirbing; and the perforations i, Fig. 7, and 8, are transverse vertical
sections of trussed wood blocks, to be used as shewn by the granite
blocks b, in Fig. 3, 1, and 5. These plates, frames, or blocks, and
the gutters m, which will also be formed in and a part of them, as in
Fig. 6, are formed and composed of cast iron or other metal, and
are cast so as to form a seginent of the section of the road (Fig. 6),
with a series of vertical girder division plates a, a, a, Fig. 1, 5,
and 6, resembling in shape and forming a series of square or rect-
angular grooves, each groove with a flag concave or convex bottom
running in a transverse or angular direction of the length of the
road. In each of these grooves Fig. 1, 5, and 6, which are made or
cast the depth of the stones or blocks to be used, a row of squared
granite or wooden blocks are fixed, fitted, and packed close together
as b, b, b, Fig. 1, 5, and 6, and made solid by running into the
various joints and crevices cement, concrete, asphalte, or lava, or
they (6) may be either fixed and concreted in the metal frames or
boxes a, or before or after they are laid down, the former being the
most convenient course in general, so that the pavement will consist
of a row or line of granite or wooden blocks b, and a metal plate
alternately. These plates, frames; or boxes are also proposed to be
made and cast, either for the granite or wooden blocks b, and meta
plates a, in rows alternately as above described, or in square
hexagonal, or other shaped or formed divisions for each stone o

page_text: block separately, as band f, Fig. 2, 3, & 4; and the studs or pins
e, e, may either be cast stationary or separately. The granite blocks
will be less in depth than those now ordinarily used. When wood
blocks are used (6), they are fixed with the grain in a vertical or
slightly angular position, see Figs. 7 and 8, and may be used alone;
or each block constructed with one or more inverted (V), A, or
circular shaped hole or holes, bored horizontally through its centre,
and a slot or slots of a slightly wedge or V shaped, made per-
pendicular thereto froin the surface in the direction of parallel with
and between the vertical girder division plates a, a, a, Fig. 1, and
5, (which in this case may be further apart). Within these holes and
slots is fixed cast or wrought metal keyed plates or bars 1, made or
cast in section to fit in them, and either separate to each block, or
running into and through several blocks together, and are driven or
fitted in them from the end, previous to or on their being laid in
the frames or boxes and breaking joints in the middle of a block;
the keyed bars or plates 1, Figs. 7 and 8, in each block or blocks
being dovetailed for some distance into the adjoining block conti-
nuously throughout. The metal plates, frames, or boxes a, are cast
either in the ordinary manner, (that is) the pattern formed in one
piece inoulded so as to be drawn from or out of the sand with the
bottom g, Fig. 5, and 6, upwards, leaving the separating girder
ribs a, a, a, gradually and slightly tapering from the point / to the
working surface, so that the points marked a will be somewhat
thinner than at h. The other mode of casting is that which I
prefer and claim, (viz.) the pattern is made in two perfect parts
fitted together with pins and plates; the frame or separating ribs
a, a, a, forming one part, and the bottom plate 9, 9, and d, d, the
other part of the pattern, is moulded in one (the two parts being
fitted together), but is withdrawn from the sand or mould in two
separate parts, and in opposite directions, so that the frame or
separating ribs a are cast slightly tapering downwards, so that at
the points a, Fig. 5, they are somewhat thicker than at the points h,
contrary to the mode of casting specified above. By this last mode
the ribs a, a, a, are strongest at the surface. Perforations i, i, i,

page_text: These
Fig. 6, may or may not be left in the bottom of each rib a.
perforations allow a perfect hold for and a more equal distribu-
tion of the concrete. From the wedge shape of the divisions or
grooves, the blocks of granite or wood bare held perfectly firm in
their places. The footpaths k, k, are also to be formed and con-
structed of and in the same way and manner, but on a smaller or
modified scale, either with the ordinary granite or. stone kerbing j,
Fig. 6, or by the shield plate d, cast so as to form the kerb itself.
I do not confine myself precisely to the details herein set forth for
constructing this pavement, or to the metals or other materials, or
the proportions of each or either of them, to be used therein, or to
the purposes to which they or any part of them may be applied
separately or conjointly, so long as the principle thereof is retained.
But what I claim under this first part of my Specification is, first,
the mode of forming solid plates or blocks for roads or ways, by
the introduction and application of cast iron or other metal plates,
frames, or boxes; second, the trussing of wooden blocks with keyed
bars or rails as herein-before described, for the purpose of obtaining
and maintaining a more durable and indestructible pavement and
surface; and lastly, the mode of casting such or similar plates,
frames, and boxes for pavements, roads, and ways, as herein-before
described.
.
The second part of my Invention refers to the application of the
blocks of pavement, as previously described, as or in lieu of sleepers
for rails, and in some cases forming the permanent way or rails for
railways; and also to an improved form and arrangement of rails or
grooves, whereby curves of considerably less radius may be made
and used upon rail and tram roads and ways, and also, for the
facility of laying down and using railways in or along ordinary
(and zigzag streets) and roads.
By means of the improved rails or grooves, trains or vehicles may
pass thereon. with greater facility, speed, and safety to life and
property, and with less friction or. straining of any part of such
vehicles or the rails, than in ordinary. Fig. 9, is a. section of an
ordinary rail; Fig. 10, a section of the improved rail, with or

page_text: without the guide or safety rail or. bar A, rolled solid thereto;
Fig. 11, section of improved grooved rail, to lay down in curves
in ordinary thoroughfares or for station purposes, in lieu of Fig. 10.
I employ the ordinary rails, as Fig. 9 on the one or inner side, and
the improved rails Figs. 10 or 11, on the other or outer side of the
radius, as shown in Drawings (the wheels C, Figs. 9 and 10, or the
wheels C, Figs. 9 and 11, are supposed to be fitted upon one axle),
whereby, in passing or rounding curves or sidings, the trains of
vehicles the whole length of the outer side of the radius travel on
the rims B, of the wheels C, as shewn in Figures 10 and 11, upon
the raised plate or surface F, Fig. 10, or groove G, Fig. 11. A
graduated or tapering rail (or groove), Fig. 12, either made solid
throughout or by a tapering plate or rail F, is laid on and firmly
bolted to D, at the commencement and extremity (or each end) of
the curve, and forms the junction between the outer ordinary rails
and the improved rails. When railways are constructed on the surface.
of and in conjunction with this pavement above described, along or
across ordinary roads and ways, or where the pavement is used for.
railway stations, or crossings, or sidings, the metal frames or blocks.
of pavement also form the sleepers & chairs for such railway, by
the rails being inserted in vertical or dovetailed shaped slots;
openings or grooves being cast, left, or formed in the vertical girder.
division plates a, and bolted thereto or through the blocks from
underneath, or, cast therein, or cast iron surfaces or grooves n,
Fig. 6, formed and cast with m, and forming a portion of the
surface of the blocks themselves to answer the purpose of and in
lieu of separate rails, or separate flanged rails or. flat plates,"
similar to Fig. 10, and bearing on the surface of the blocks
Figs. 1, 5, and 6, and fixed stationary thereto by means of hooked.
hasps; having the hook fixed in the perforation in slots i, Figs. 7, 8,
or others made or left similar thereto underneath the rails, and the.
loop end passing through the flanges of the rails or plates, and
secured thereto by thin metal wedges.
When the grooves are
used; as n, Fig. 6, and where a sudden curve is formed in the rails,
by the zigzag nature of the road or otherwise, the outside (radii).

page_text: .
groove is not formed so deep, so that it takes the bearing off the
wheels C, 'on to the rim B. The deep and shallow groove at each
end of the curve, being connected by a graduated surface or bottom
of the groove, which in action and uses will be exactly corre-
spondent with the Figs. 6, 9, 10, 11, and 12, previously mentioned,
and described. At the end of the curve the groove n deepens to
the regular depth as n, Fig. 6, then taking the bearing off B, and
throwing it on to the wheels C, again.
: I also propose to employ the improved rails or grooves Fig. 6, 10,
11, or 12, in a triangular or tri-curved form, (i. e.) three segments
of a radius as Fig. 13, or two segments only branching from and
attached to the ordinary line of rails for the purpose of turning or re-
versing engines and carriages or trains of carriages thereon, as shewn.
by the arrows, the point of which is the funnel of, and the feather the
locomotive tender or carriages (or vice versa, in lieu of the ordinary
turn tables), using the ordinary rails as Fig. 9, or groove n; Fig. 6,
on the outer sides of the triangle (marked a, a, a), and the improved
rails Fig. 10, or groove Fig. 11, on the inner sides (marked b, b, b).
In this case the principle of the junction rails or grooves Fig. 12,
will be used and applied in the shape of self-acting points of the
ordinary construction at c, d, and e, Fig. 13, but considerably.
shorter than the rail used in ordinary curves. The inventor
believes (but is not certain), that the triangular form, similar to
that shewn in Fig. 13, has been used for the same purpose; there-
fore I do not claim the use of that shape as of my Invention.
Although sections of rails are shewn in Drawings, it must be
understood that I do not confine myself to the particular section
in form of rails shown. But what I claim under this last part is
1st, the construction of blocks of pavement, with wrought rails or
plates fixed therein or on their surface, and bolted thereto, and the
mode of fixing such plates or rails thereto by means of hooked and
looped hasps, and thin metal wedges, and also grooved rails or
surfaces cast thereto solid, and forming a part of such pavement
or surface. 2ndly, the construction and use of ordinary or other
rails with a raised plate or elevated surface F, formed or attached

page_text: thereto and therewith, as Fig. 10, or the grooved rails, as Fig. 11.
3rdly, the junction rails and points with the tapered plate or
surface F thereto, as in Fig. 12. 4thly, the use of rails with the
safety bar A, saine in section throughout as in Fig. 10, for the
purpose of forming curves (upon or in rail or tram ways or rail-
ways laid on or along ordinary thoroughfares) of a less radius for
the passage of trains or vehicles thereon with greater facility,
speed, and safety to life and property. And lastly, the use of the
improved arrangement of rails or grooves in and by which the
triangular form or turnplate, Fig. 13, is formed in considerable
less space, so as to render it useful for station purposes generally,.
in lieu of ordinary turntables to economize time and labour in extra
hands, as is now required in assisting to turn engines and carriages
thereon.
In witness whereof, I, the said Charles Hadley, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Twenty-ninth day of July, One
thousand eight hundred and fifty-three.
CHARLES HADLEY. (L.S.)