Improvements in Petroleum and like Motors.
Year: 1896

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Petroleum and like Motors.
1, PAUL MALLET, of 2 Rue de Compiègne, Paris, in the Republic of France,
Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows:-
My invention relates to petroleum engines, the principal features of which
consist in dispensing altogether with the igniting device, to effect for this purpose
a strong compression of air, to inject into the air at high pressure (and consequently
at a high temperature) the quantity of hydrocarbon which produces the detonating
mixture and almost simultaneously the detonation of the said mixture by reason of
the high temperature of the air, to have a very small explosion chamber with a
reduced surface for the same weight of air and fuel, and lastly to have a useful
stroke for each revolution of the driving shaft.
The engine is as well adapted for the use of hydro-carbons as for the use of
lighting gas; it may be constructel like gas or petroleum engines to operate either
with a two-stroke or a four-stroke cycle.
Upon the main frame, which supports the driving shaft and the various parts of
the arrangement, the horizontal engine cylinder is fixed. This cylinder comprises
the cylinder proper, the piston and the cap.
The cylinder proper may be a steel tube held at the tubular part of the frame
by its shoulder and fixed to this frame by the nut and a counter or check-nut. It
receives at its free extremity a cap in which the combustion chamber is contained.
Into a tapped hole at the end of the cylinder is screwed the connection for the
cylinder and the injection pump.
The piston is a steel tube made in four parts screwed one upon the other.
The first part screwed upon the second part maintains the packing rings; the
joint may also be obtained by means of one or two metallic rings.
The fourth part of the piston serves as a seat for a valve designed for the
admission of pure air to the cylinder; a block placed upon the rod of this valve
compels the air to pass into the screw threads of the third part of the piston,
thereby energetically cooling the third and fourth parts of this piston. The
admission valve is held upon its seat by a helical spring compressed between a
nut screwed on the extremity of this rod and a piece fixed to the piston.
The cap comprises a thick piece of steel screwed upon the cylinder and forming
the seat of the valve for the discharge of the hot gases. This discharge valve
forms one piece with the block or extension wherein the combustion chamber is
provided. The admission of compressed bir coming from the cylinder into this
chamber is controlled by a portion of a screw having several screw threads
interposed between these two chambers so as to leave, as sections for the passage
of the gases, only the sections of the grooves comprised between the square
threads.
In the combustion chamber is a capsule of copper held against its bottom by a
rod fixed in the said screw. The extension is provided with a hole wherein is
arranged a rod leaving a small aunular section for the passage of petroleum forced
by the injection pump to the combustion chamber. A cover having a chamber and
fitting over the cap serves to guide the whole discharge valve during the opening
and closing of the same. The spring compressed between the bottom of the said

page_text: chamber and a nut on the extension of the discharge valve holds the said valve
upon its sent. Notches are provided on the cap to enable it to be unscrewed with
the aid of a wrench for inspecting the admission and discharge valves.
The cylinder is provided with a packing ring for preventing leakage and lubri-
enting holes with the circular groove closed by a cap, which is fixed by means of
screws to the check-nut. A groove at the other end of the piston will coincide
with the abovementioned groove at the end of the stroke and ensure the lubrication
of the cylinder and of the piston.
The aforesaid piston is fixed to a sliding piston which moves in a cylinder or
tubular part of the frame. This guide cylinder presents two lateral apertures and
it carries at its bottom a valve held upon its seat by a helical spring.
In the sliding piston are secured by means of pins or journals of steel the cas
of two connecting rods atinched at their other ends to the crank of the main shaft.
Upon this shaft are keyed fly wheels and crank discs. One of the discs has a
projection which acts upon a roller and through the medium of levers keyed upon
an axis causes at the proper time the opening of the discharge valve. When the
projection ceases to net the spring neting on the aforesaid cover causes the whole
system to return to its original position.
At the proper moment an automatic injection pump forces petroleum into the
combustion chamber; it is united with the engine cylinder by a connection screwed
to the petroleum reservoir fixed upon the frame by a pipe and to the combustion
chamber by another pipe. This pump comprises an intermediate chamber filled
nith petroleum and communicating with the petroleum reservoir through the
medium of a valve opening inwards and a pipe, with the interior of the engine
cylinder through the medium of differentint pistons and a connection and with the
combustion chamber through the medium of a valve kept closed by a powerful
spring and a pipe always full of petroleum, so that when, towards the end of the
compression in the engine cylinder, the pressure transmitted by the compressed
air to the said valve becomes greater than the resistance of the spring this valve
opens, and the petroleum in the pump, owing to the differential pistons, being then
at a greater pressure than the air in the combustion chamber, is suddenly injected
into this chamber until the regulating disc connected with the pump piston strikes
against a nut.
The regulation is obtained by means of a rack with parallel grooves, which rack
acts up the teeth of the nut and which is netunted by hand through intervention
of the hand wheel and by a suitable hall governor.
In the useful stroke of the pistor the apertures in the guide cylinder are closed
before the end of the stroke; fresh air is then compressed behind the sliding
piston, the admission valve is opened and also the discharge valve, and a great
quantity of fresh air traverses the piston longitudinally and is admitted to the
cylinder. The piston returns to the rear, the said valves are closed and the
compression commences.
The combustion chamber wherein the air is compressed in passing through the
helicoidal channels comprised between the screw threads, being very small
relatively to the useful capacity of the cylinder, the air at the end of the cum-
pression will be at a very high temperature and pressure, and will have a very
rapid gyratory movement imparted to it. At this moment the pressure of this air,
which communicates through the aperture at the end of the piston with the
injection pump overcomes the resistance of the spring as before stated, and
petroleum is injected into the combustion chamber in the form of a thin sheet
around the capsule. The petroleum comes in contact with the hot air brought with
a rapid gyratory movement into the said chamber and is burnt in a very short time.
giving rise to the detonation of the mixture of air and hydrocarbon.
The engine piston being at the end of the stroke, and the pressure having
suddenly risen in the combustion chamber by reagen of the combustion, this piston
commences a new active stroke and so forthi, so that a useful stroke takes place
in each revolution of the driving shaft.

page_text: From the foregoing description it follows that the mixture of air and hydro-
carbon is ignited and explodes imine:liately when the injection of hydrocarbon is
effected by the injection pump into the volume of air at a high pressure and
therefore at a high temperature. It thus follows that lighting gas may be
substituted for hydrocarbons, and that the engine may operate as well with a two-
stroke as a four-stroke cycle, its principle, as set forth at the commencement of
this specification, being adaptable to any changes and inodes of construction.
Dated this 29th day of February 1896.
HASELTINE, LAKE & Co.,
45 Southampton Buildings, London, W.C., Agents for the Applicant.
impro
Petroleum
otors.
I, PAUL MALLET, of 2 Rue de Compiègne, Paris, in the Republic of France,
Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner
the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement :-
The subject of my invention is a petroleum motor engine, the main characteristic
properties of which are, that it enables an igniting device to be entirely dispensed
with; that, with this object in view, it subjects air to a high degree of compression;
that into the air, thus brought to a high pressure, and also, consequently, to a high
temperature, it injects a sufficient quantity of hydrocarbon to produce the explosive
mixture and, almost simultaneously, to bring about the rapid combustion or
explosion of such mixture, owing to the high temperature of the air; that, given
equal amounts, by weight, of air and fuel, it offers but a very small explosion or
combustion chamber, with a surface, or area, correspondingly reduced in size; and
lastly, that preferably-it completes one useful, or effective, stroke at every
revolution of the driving shaft.
The engine is constructed to admit of the optional employment of either hydro-
carbons or illuminating gas; and whether fitted for operation with gas, or with
petroleum, it may he timed for a "two-cycle," or a "four cycle" motion; again, it
may be used either as a stationary engine, or as a portable one, say, for propelling
motor carriages or other vehicles.
The invention will be best understood by reference to the accompanying drawings
in which
Figure 1 is a vertical longitudinal section of the stationary type of engine, on
line 1-2, Figure 2;
Figure 2 is a sectional plan at right angles to Figure 1, the section being taken
on the line 3-4 of Figure 1.
Figure 3 is a section upon the line 5-6, Figure 1, looking towards the right of
Figure 1;
Figure 4 is a partial elevation of the arrangement, showing the driving shaft and
the crank plate or disc;
Figure 5 is a view, taken at right angles to Figure 4, of the levers for
operating the exhaust valve, upon which levers the said crank disc is adapted
to act;
Figure 6 is a section upon line 7-8, Figure 1;
Figure 7 is a section on line 9-10, Figure 1;
Figure 8 is a longitudinal sectionfon an enlarged scale of the driving cylinder
and its valves;

page_text: Figure 9 is a detail view of a specially devised packing arrangement for the
piston
Figure 10 is a vertical section of the automatic injecting pump, whereby the
petroleum is forced into the combustion chamber;
Figure 11 is an external view of the same pump;
Figure 12 is a part section on line 11-12, Figure 10, while
Figure 13 is a section on line 13-14, Figure 11;
Figure 14 is a section on line 15-16, Figure 10;
Figure 15 is a longitudinal section of another type of petroleum pump, to be
used, in preference to the first, in the case of high-speed engines;
Figure 16 is a section on line 17-18, Figure 15;
Figure 17 is a side-elevation;
Figure 18 is a section on line 19-20, Figure 17;
Figure 19 is a vertical section of a motor engine carried out in accordance with
my invention with a view to its employment on motor-carringes;
Figure 20 is a part section of a vertical four-step" engine upon line 21-22,
Figure 19:
Figure 21 is a section on line 23-24, Figure 19; aud
Figure 22 is a section on line 25-26, Figure 19.
1 will first describe the invention as embodied in a stationary engine, nud then,
as carried out for use on motor-carriages. In order clearly to show that the
characteristic arrangements or devices of my invention are equally applicable to
"two step" motors and to "four-step" motors, I have represented my stationary
motor engine as being timed for "two-step" operation, and the motor-carriage
evgine, us timed for "four-cvele" notion.
To the main frame B, Figures 1 and 2 supporting the driving shaft o, and the
remaining parts of machinery which the improved apparatus comprises, is secured
n horizontal driving cylinder, consisting of the cylinder proper, piston and tail-piece
or "breech."
The cylinder proper is formed of a steel tube a, butting against the tubular
portion of the frame by means of its shoulder a', and secured to such frame with
a nut and a lock-nut . At its free end it receives the breech (or tail-piece) a',
which serves to direct or control the block e', Figure &, forming tlie escape valve;
within which block a combustion chamber C is provided.
Into the tapped aperture a', Figure 8, the pipe-connection from the barrel of an
injecting pump is screwed.
The piston is a steel-tube consisting of four-parts or "lengths", &', and b
screwed unto each other; one of which lengths, b, being screwed to the length &
retains the packing rings in position. Or the joint may be formed by means of
one or two cuppings" consisting of cupped metal washers, such as c (Figure 9).
The portion of the tube serves as a sent for the valve adapted to admit pure
air into the cylinder. The block, placed upon the rod of such valve, compels
the air to pass through the screw-threads of the portion of the piston; whereby
the portions and of the piston are cooled down to a considerable extent. The
valve is pressed down upon its sent by means of a spiral spring, compressed
between a nut, screwed onto the end of the said rod, and a piece, secured to the
piston.
The tail-piece or breech" comprises a solid part d' of steel, screwed onto the
cylinder a and torming a seat for the exhaust valve c, for the escape of the hot
gases. The valve c is integral with the block c, wherein the combustion chamber C
is formed. The admission of the compressed air, as it comes from the cylinder a,
into the said chamber C is controlled by means of a screw-portion V with multiple
thread so interposed between these two spaces that the only passage for the gas is
farmed by the grooves intervening between the rectangular threads.

page_text: Within the chamber C there is a copper (or brass) cap e, held against its
bottom by a rod fixed in the screw V. The portion of the breech a is
provided with an aperture, or recess, wherein is located a rod c, leaving an annular
orifice of a narrow sectional area available for the passage of the petroleum supplie
from the injector-pump to the chamber C. The casing d guides the parts c, c', c
bodily during the opening and closing movements on the valve c. The spring d³,
which is compressed between the casing d and the nut e, serves to retain the
valve e upon its seat; while the notches a, Figures 1, 2 and 8 enable the breech
to be divided or taken to pieces by means of a key or wrench, when it is desired
to inspect the valves and f
As regards details of construction, the cylinder comprises the closing ring E,
which serves to prevent outward escapes or leakages, and the oil-ducts e e e e₁,
Figure 8 with a circular groove e, close.l in by means of a sleeve or bush e, which
is secured by means of a screw to the lock nut . As the piston completes its
stroke, its gruove e comes into coincidence with the above-mentioned groove e²,
and ensures proper lubrication for the cylinder and piston.
The piston is secured to a sliding cylinder 1, Figures 1 and 2, which performs
its sliding motion in the tubular porsion n of the frame. The guiding tube or
cylinder m has two side-slots or openings m', while at its rear end it carries a
valve s kept down upon its seat by means of a coiled spring.
Within the cylinder there are provided two steel pivots na, on which the
inwardly projecting rods or links A A-the opposite ends of which act upon the
main shaft o-are adapted to oscillate.
On to the shaft o there are keyed, or firinly secured, the fly-wheels V1 V and
the crauk-diser M M. The dise M has a projection which operates the roller
Figures 2, 4 and 5, and, through the medium of the levers t, t, rigidly secared to
the shaft, brings about the properly timed opening of the escape valve c.
When the projection t ceases to act, the spring brings the whole arrangement
back to its initial position.
I shall now describe the automatic injection pump which at the proper time
conveys the petroleum into the combustion chamber. It will be understood that the
operation of the engine is independent of the construction of this pump. I shall
describe two different types of the same, either of which may be used according
as the engines operate at slow or fast speed.
The first form of pump, represented with all its details in Figures 10 to 14 of
the drawings, is connected to the driving cylinder by the junction pieca / screwed
on at a Figures 1 and 3 to the petroleum reservoir 2 connected to the frame by a
pipe 3 and to the combustion chamber C by the pipe 4.
It comprises the fullowing main parts: A hollow red 5, being a continuation of
the junction piece 1, and in the bore of which there is loosely fitted a rod 6 which
lenves merely an annular passage for the gas to flow through; a piston consisting
of three parts or lengths 7, 8 and 9 with a plate or dise 10 held between 8 and 9;
a spring 11, adapted to draw back the piston 7, and nuts 12 and 13 whereby the
leather washurs are fixed in position around the pistons 7 and 9; a cylinder 14,
provided with an external screw thread for the reception of a nut 15 with a
toothed portion 16, as illustrated in Figure 13; and lastly a valve 17 for the
admission of the petroleum which is being supplied from the reservoir to the pump,
and a distributing valve 18, the lower part of which communicates through the
pipe 4 with the combustion chamber. The valve 18 is held down upon its scat by
a coiled spring 20, located within the recess or bore of the lower nut 21 screwed
on to the cylinder 14.
The volume of petroleum injected into the combustion chamber depends upou
the length of stroke of the pump plunger or part 9, which is limited by the
abutment or stoppage of the disc 10 against the nut 15. The supply is readily
adjustable by causing the nut 15 to be acted upon by a rack 22 operated either by
a suitable regulating device or by hand so as to move the nut 15 nearer to or
farther away from the disc 10. The rack 22, Figure 1, which constantly gears.

page_text: with the toothed portion 16 formed on the nut 15, is guided in supports 23 secured
to the frame. It may be operated either by hand or by means of a screw 21
Figure 3 adapted to advance within the stationary out 25: not it pushes the rack
onward when the small hand-wheel 26, keyed on the said screw 24, is turned. It
is, on the other hand, controlled also by a ball governor 27 of any convenient
construction, to which motion is transmitted through the medium of any suitable
gearing or shafting from the main shaft o. A bellerauk lever 25, 29, pivoted on
the fixed spille or pivot 30, has the ends of its arms formed in the shape of forks,
one of which, 31, rises or descends according to the speed of rotation of tho
governor, while the other, 32 acts upon the rack and compels its longitudinal
displacement, either in ono or the other direction, thereby imparting n rotary
movement to the nut 15 (Figure 3).
The driving cylinder constantly communicates with the injection pump, either
through the pipe connection 1 direct, or through the channel or port: Figure 8
provided in the piston, of which the said pipe connection I is a continuation,―
when the piston is about to complete its stroke to the left.
There is, however, constantly a certain amount of petroleum without any
admixture of air confined between the piston 9 and the valves 17 and 18, and
between the lower part of the valve 18 and the combustion chamber. Now the
air compressed in the driving cylinder constantly acts upon the piston 7 and,
innemuch as the diameter of such piston is far larger than that of the piston 9,
resting upon the petroleum, it follows that the said piston 9 every moment
undergoes a far more considerable pressure per unit of area, thun does the com-
pressol air. At a certain period of the operation, which will depend upon the
tensile strain of the spring 20, this spring will yield to pressure; the valve 18 will
move away from its sent, and the petroleum contained in the pipes and ducts 4.
owing to its incompressibility, will necessarily attain a higher degree of tension, or
pressure, than dues the compressed air, and will therefore suddenly rush into tho
combustion chamber, slightly raising, as it does so, the cap e, aid entering the
annular space between such cap and the wall of the chamber. The spring 20
should be so terminated as to yield to pressure when the piston has to move
only a few millimetres further to complete its stroke, before the end of the
compression stage. Whilst petroleum injection is taking place, the mechanism 7, 8,
9 and 10 descends down to the point where the disc 10 strikes the nut 15. At
this juncture the injecting process stops; the spring 11, overcoming the pressure
exercised upon the part 7, causes the whole of the mechanism 7, 8, 9 and 10 to
rise, and petroleum, supplied from the reservoir 2, enters the pump through the
valve 17, in substitution for the petroleum which has been injected into the
driving cylinder.
For high speed engines I should prefer to substitute for the pump just described,
another form of pump, both more simple and stronger, being unprovided with
any valve or similar delicate device. A pump of this type is depicted in Figures 15
to 18 of the accompanying drawings. It inninly consists of a steel pump barrel 33
interposed between two bronze or brass blocks 34 and 35, which serve to form
its bottom or terminal walls, and to which lead up the pipes conducting the
petroleum to and from the pump.
The said bottom walls 34 and 35 are firmly connected by strong bolts 36, in
addition to which the wall 35 is secured to the machine frame by studs or
set-bolts 37 or in any other suitable manner.
This bottom wall 35 is recessed so as to form a chamber 38 into which leads the
petroleum feed-pipe 39, and wherein moves a cylindrical rod 40 which receives
reciprocating motion of varying amplitude from outside. The rod 40 is operated
by a forked lever 41 arranged so as to be directly dependent upon the action of
the engine. The length of stroke is adjusted by shifting the toothed nut 42,
undergoing the immediate action of the lever 41, upon its rod 40; which
adjustment may be effected either by hand or by means of a governor or regulating
device.

page_text: The cylinder 33 is divided into two compartments by a partition 43 and a
piston rod 44, which is axially perforated, is carried through such partition and
opens up a communication between the upper compartment of the body or barrel
of the pump and the chamber 38 which receives the petroleum. I provide means
fer guiding the rod 44 in a perfect manner, and for ensuring absolute air-tightness
in doing so, by arranging around such rod a number of leather washers 45, 45 45,
separated from each other by stout metal washers 46: the whole arrangement being
properly compressed between the wall 35 and partition 43. The rod 44 is further-
more guided by the perforated piston 47, which rests upon it and is adapted to
move with slight friction within the cylinder 33. This piston, at its upper surface..
is constantly acted upon by a stout spiral spring 48, acting by compression aud
having its point of support or fulcrum upon the top wall 34. This top wall 34
serves as a junction piece to connect the pipe 48 with; which pipe conducts the
petroleum away to the explosion or combustion chamber. The piston rod 44
terminates, within the chamber 38,-in a conical cup, which is supported by the
extremity of the operating rod 40, likewise of conical shape; so that, as long as
these two parts remain in contact, the central channel 49 continues disconnected
from the receiving chamber 38.
When the operating lever 41 depresses the rod 40, the piston 47 and rod 44
under the action of the spring 48, also descend. The stroke of the piston 47 is so.
timed, that such piston comes to rest upon the partition 43, before the rod 40 has
reached the limit of its downward stroke. The moment the piston 47 and rod 44
stop, the rod 40 releases the rod 44, and, as there forms in the cylinder 33 a space,
corresponding to the volume of the portion of the rod 44 which has left the cylinder,
a volume of petroleum equal to that which is charged into the chamber 38, passes
through the channel 49 and enters the cylinder 33.
As the rod 40 rises again, its tapering portion joins the cup of the rod 44 and
cluses the channel 49 below. The rods 40 and 44 and the piston 47 accordingly
ascend together, and the rod 44, entering the cylinder 33, displaces a corresponding
volume of petroleum, and causes such petroleum to be injected into the pipe 48,
adapted to carry it off to the explosion or combustion chamber of the engine.
It will be understood that by varying the (length or duration of the) stroke of
the rod 40, and also consequently the stroke of the rod 44, the amount of petroleum,
injected at each stroke of the plunger of the pump, may be controlled.
I will now proceed to describe the operation of my stationary "two-step
engine during a complete cycle. For this purpose I will assume that the piston is
in the position it occupies at the moment when the explosion has just taken place
in the chamber C.
11-
The piston commences its operative stroke by pushing the sliding cylinder l
into the guiding cylinder m. The air which occupied the inner space of the
cylinder m escapes through the openings or ports m' m', but when these ports are
entirely covered by the cylinder 1, the piston has not yet arrived at the end of its
stroke. The air remaining between the bottom of the cylinder m and cylinder
accordingly begins to be compressed; but almost immediately after this, and a
little before the end of the piston stroke is reached, the projection t of the crank-
disc M commences to act upon the roller and forces open the exhaust valve c.
The gases, which have performed their work, consequently escape between c and a,
and then through the port d', whence they are either discharged into the
atmosphere, or collected for further use. At the same time as this discharge, or
exhaust, takes place, the fresh air confined between the cylinder-bottoms of m
and I, respectively, opens the inlet-valve, and is forced by the cylinder into the
driving cylinder. And although this volume corresponds to but a short stroke
of, it is equal to the total distance travelled by the driving piston, taken several
times over, owing to the great difference between the diameters of and b; so
that the driving piston and its cylinder are traversed by a comparatively large
quantity of pure air, which considerably assists in cooling the cylinder and piston,
as stated above. The piston now recedes, the valve e continuing open; while the.

page_text: valve has been immediately closed by the action of its spring; and the valve s
rises somewhat and admits the external air, thereby preventing the cylinder /
from producing a vacuum behind it, up to the time when it commences to uncover
the parts m' m.
When the piston has travelled a short distance in performing its return-stroke,
the exhaust valve e closes. The cylinder is now filled with pure air and the
compression stage is entered upon.
As the chamber C where the air is compressed, passing through the helical
channels between the screw-thrends, is very small, as compared to the available
space in the cylinder a, the air in this cylinder, which, by the end of the piston
stroke, has been thus considerably reduced in volume, will have attained a very
high degree of both pressure and temperature; which may, in fact, he greatly in
excess of the temperatures and pressures usually used in the engines hitherto
known.
Besides, this high pressure air, in passing through the grooves of the screw V
has ir parted to it a swift gyratory movement, such movement continuing in the
chamber C.
At the termination of the compression stroke, the pump injects petroleum into
the said chamber, as set forth above. This petroleum, being distributed in an
exceedingly thin and widely spread out, or divided, layer, will now come into
contact with the rapidly gyrating hot air, in the chamber C, and be kindled and
consumed in a very short space of time, owing to the suddenness of the operation
of the pump.
MOTOR CARRIAGE ENGINE.
For this particular purpose, I preferably construct a vertical engine, and arrange
a cylinder and piston movable simultaneously, by a constructing these two parts
that they may telescope within each other, in order to avoid changing the centre
of gravity of the complete arrangement, and do away with the vibration which is
so objectionable in vehicles. In addition to this, the present type of engine is
timed to complete its operation in four successive steps or stages. But, apart from
these differences. it comprises exactly the same main characteristic parts or devices
as the stationary engine described above. In referring to corresponding parts
1 therefore retain the same lettering as before; while whatever devices are peculiar
to this modification, are designated by numbers.
On to the upper part of the vertical driving cylinder a Figures 19 and 20 there is
secured the breech a' which serves to guide or control the block e forming the
exhaust valve c; within which block is also formed the combustion chamber C.
At its lower part the cylinder is made integral with a block 50, rigidly connected
by two vertical rods 51, 51 with two guides or grooved blocks 52, 52, in the
grooves of which are adapted to slide two slides 53, 53, embracing, or engaging
with the two parallel cranks 54, 54 of a stud 55, screwed to the driving shaft 56.
Between these crnuks 54, 54, the said crank carries a third crank, 57, at 180° to
the first-mentioned cranks; whereon is mounted a slide 58, which is made to
revolve around the driving shaft, as an effect of the rectilinear reciprocating
motion of the piston. In performing this rotary motion, the said slide 58 becomes
displaced laterally within the rectangular recess of the double or compound block 59
rigidly attached to the piston.
The crank 55, as well as the blocks 52, 52 and 50 and the corresponding slides
are located within a stationary ease or chamber 60, filled with oil, which ensures
the proper guidance and operation of the diverse operating parts of the driving
shaft.
To prevent the oil from being compressed within the said case 60, during the
descent of the piston, 1 secure round the ruds 51, 51, tubes 61, 61, the total
sectional area of which is equal to that of the said piston.
The play or back-lash of the slides 69 is compensated for by threaded
sleeves 62, 62, terminating in nuts 63, 63; while the back-lash of the slides 52, 52

page_text: of the cylinder is made up for by means of the screws 64, 64, Figure 22 adapted to
act upon the movable plate 65.
The motion of the driving shaft is transmitted to the pump by the intermediate
shaft 66 Figure 19 which completes a revolution, whenever the said driving shaft
completes two revolutions. The shaft 66, by means of a cam and a collar, actuates
a rod, which in its turn is adapted to impart movements of the desired amplitude
or extent to the plunger of the petroleum pump, acting through the medium of a
counter-lever and suitable motion-transmitting gearing. In the case of fast-speed
auto-cars, I preferably employ the small pump shown in Figures 15 to 18.
This
For the purpose of operating the exhaust valve c. I employ the following
mechanism; a pinion 68 Figure 19 on the driving shaft 56, operates another pinion
similarly secured upon the intermediate shaft 66, which carries a cam 70.
cam, in revolving, engages with a frame 71, Figures 19 and 21 connected to a
rod 72, the upper end of which is linked to the ends of the arms of a fork 73
pivoted at a fixed point 74. A spiral spring 75 constantly tends to move the
rod 72 back to its upper position. On the other hand there are jointed to the
chamber d of the breech a', the bell-crank levers 76, one of the arms of which, 77,
is formed as a gripping hook. When the cylinder is at the top of its stroke,
the said fork 73, which is then depressed, presses upon the block c', by compressing
the coiled spring d², and opens the escape valve. The hooks 77, under the action
of the springs 78 Figure 19 then engage with the parts e³ of the valve e and keep
the same open until the cylinder approaches the bottom end of its stroke, when the
heels of the bell-crank-levers 76 strike the extremity of the vertical rod 79
Figure 20 and frees the said levers from the movable block c'; said. block being
forthwith pushed upwards by its spring d², thereby closing the exhaust.
I shall now briefly describe the operation of this "four step" cycle engine, and,
in this connection, would point out that the several movable parts of its mechanism
are represented in the drawings in the situation to which they are brought at the
close of the compression stage, and while the petroleum pump is injecting
petroleum into the combustion chamber.
EXPANSION STAGE.
When the rapid combustion or explosion of the gaseous mixture has taken place,
the period of effective operation, or expansion, is entered upon. The cylinder and
piston begin to move simultaneously in opposite directions, sliding within each
other. In the meantime, the frame 71, under the action of the cam 70, compels
the rod 72 to descend, and the forked lever 73 is swung round on its fixed pivot.
Towards the close of the stroke, the movable block e comes up against the
lever 73; the spring d is compressed; and the exhaust opens, whilst the levers 76
engage by their hooked ends with the said block c'.
EXHAUST STAGE.
During the next following stroke, the forked lever 73 is brought back to its
raised position by the spring 75 and the exhaust or escape valve is kept open by
the hooked levers 76. At the stroke-end, when the cylinder is about to reach its
lowest situation, the heel pieces of these levers 76 abut against the end of the
fixed rod 79, and the valve c, being released, suddenly closes under the action of
its spring d.
SUCTION STAGE.
The cylinder and piston move away from each other and, as the escape valve is
closed, a vacuum is obtained in the cylinder. The external air, which is being
constantly admitted into the hollow piston b, through the fixed tube 80, Figure 20,
then compels the inlet valve to open, and, at the end of the stroke, the cylinder a
is filled with fresh air.

page_text: As soon as compression commences, the valve closes and all the air contained
in the cylinder is conveyed into the chamber C through the spiral channels or
ducts of the crew V.
At the end of the compression state, the shaft 66, which has only accomplished
one revolution during the complete cycle of the engine, again acts, through
intermediate transmission gearing, upon the plunger-roid of the petroleum pump
and ensures the injection into the chamber C of the quantity of petroleum requisite
for a fresh explosion.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my sail inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I
claim is
1. A petroleum, hydrocarbon or gas engine, operating in cycles of two or four
singes each, and wherein special igniting apparatus is dispensed with; the aid
engine, which admits of wide variations of power, being essentially characterized
by the arrangement of its combustion or explosion chamber, the volume of which
is very small in comparison to that of the cylinder: the said chamber being
connected to the cylinder by helical channels or ducts, of either constant or
varying pitch so that the pure air, which has previously been drawn into the
cylinder by suction, is in this chamber-at the close of the compression stage-
raised to a degree of pressure and temperature far in excess of the maximum
pressure or temperatures hitherto used, and performs a rapid gyratory motion:
the said chamber having, moreover, part of its surface and its bottom covered
with a metal cap into which opens the fuel-feeding channel; so that when the
fuel is injected by means of a pump, at the termination of the air-compressing
process, it comes into contact with highly compressed and highly heated air, in
The condition of a very thin layer, and rapidly begins to burn, without necessitating
the aid of any igniting apparatus.
2. In a petroleum engine, such as is referred to in the 1st claim, but arranged as
a horizontal engine, and operating in two steps or stages, a hollow driving piston,
such as b, with an air-tight joint formed by rings or cupped metal washers
embedded in a circular recess provided for the purpose in the piston; the free end
of such piston being secured to another, larger axially perforated piston, 1, and
adapted to slide within a tubular portion of the frame, fitted with lateral ports or
openings and the bottom of which is provided with a valve; so that the
suction valve, which is pressed against its seat at the opposite end of the piston,
opens and admits fresh air into the cylinder, when the piston I has covered the
ports or openings m' and compressed the air remaining behind in m, during the
latter part of its operative stroke, substantially as described.
3. In a petroleum engine, such as referred to in the 1st claim, a "breech"
comprising two parts, one of which, a', is screwed on to the cylinder a and forms a
seat for the escape-valve c, while the other, being movable, forms an escape or
exhaust valve; and wherein there is provided a hollow space C of very small
capacity, which forms the combustion or explosion chamber and communicates
with the cylinder through spiral channels, so that the air, at the close of the
compression stage, any attain a very high degree of both pressure and heat and
receive rapid gyratory motion: a metal cap moreover, fitting in the bottom-surface
of the combustion chamber into which opens the petroleum-supply pipe c; so that
the petroleum is injected in the condition of a very thin annular layer and rapidly
becomes ignited through contact with the hot air in the chamber C; substantially
as described.
1. In a petroleum engine, such as referred to in the 1st claim, an injection
pump, comprising an intermediate space filled with petroleum and communicating
with the petroleum reservoir, through the medium of a valve 17, opening inwardly

page_text: and pipe 3; with the interior of the driving cylinder, through the medium of
differential pistons 9, 7 and a pipe-connection I screwed into the wall of the driving
cylinder; and with the combustion chamber C, through the medium of a valve 18,
kept closed by a spring 20 and a pipe 4 which is at all times filled with petroleum;
so that, wher, towards the termination of the compression-stage in the driving
cylinder, the pressure, transmitted through the compressed air to the valve 18.
exceeds, and overcomes, the resistance of the spring 20, and when the valve
accordingly opens, the petroleum from the pump,-inasmuch as, by that time, it
attains a pressure higher than that of the air in the chamber C-is suddenly injected
into such chamber, the injection continuing until the regulating plate 10, forming
part of (or attached to) the pump-plunger 9, meets the nut 1, substantially as
described.
5. In a petroleum engine, such as referred to in the 1st claim, an injection-pump-
for high-speed engines, mainly comprising a pump-barrel 33 interposed between
the petroleum feed and discharge; and an axially perforated piston rod 44,
surrounded by cupped leather rings or washers; such rod being subjected, in the
downward direction, to the action of a coiled spring 48, and in the upward
direction, to the action of an auxiliary rod 40, which, in its turn, is actuated by
the operating lever 41; the said auxiliary rod 40 being adapted to open the lower
orifice of the piston rod; as this rod descends, so as to adinit petroleum into the
pump barrel; and to close such orifice during the upward stroke, so as to inject
a uniform quantity of petroleum into the explosion-chamber of the engine;.
substantially as described.
6. In a petroleum engine, such as referred to in the 1st claim, constructed as a
vertical engine adapted for use on motor carriages, and operating in a "four-step
cycle, the provision of a piston and a cylinder which are both movable, aud
mutually telescoping, to ensure the equilibrium of the moving parts; such piston
and cylinder being by means of slides and slide-ways-coupled with, or made
dependent on, a treble-crank 55, attached to the driving shaft 56; and the motion
of such driving shaft being transmitted to an intermediate shaft 66, which operates
the petroleum pump, and through the medium of a cam 70, a rod 72 and an
oscillating lever 73-brings about the opening of the escape or exhaust valve c;
which valve, by means of a hooked lever arrangement, may be kept open for
exactly the period of time required; substantially as described.
Dated this 30th day of November 1896.
HASELTINE, LAKE & Co.,
45 Southampton Buildings, W.C., Agents for the Applicant.