An Improved System of Lighting and Heating Railway Vehicles by Electricity.
Year: 1895

page_text: Date of Application, 27th Apr., 1895-Accepted, 29th June, 1895
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
An Improved System of Lighting and Heating Railway Vehicles by
Electricity.
We, MORRIS MOSKOWITZ, of 353 Bergen Street, Newark, New Jersey, Inventor
and Electrician, LEON DANIEL ADLER, of 86 Park Place, Newark, New
Jersey, Gentleman, ABRAHAM SANFORD ADLER, of 2414 North Broad Street,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Gentleman, and THEODORE WALTER MYERS, of
45 New Street, in the City of New York, Banker and Broker, all in the United
States of America, do hereby declare the nature of our invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in
and by the following statement :-
This invention relates to systems of car lighting, heating, etc., where electricity
is employed as the lighting or heating agent, and is designed for use with a dynamo
or dynamos placed on the car truck, (the dynamo being usually swung or pivotally
arranged on the car-wheel axle,) and driven by power derived from the car-wheel
axle,
The invention is further designed to provide a simple and effective contrivance or
apparatus, from which a constant voltage or output will be the result, irrespective
of the speed of the dynamo; and the invention therefore consists in the arrange-
ment and combination of a working or main circuit containing lamps or other
translating devices, of a storage battery or batteries, (there being preferably
two batteries or sets of batteries in the main circuit connected with a switch,
whereby, one battery is directly connected with the dyuamo, and is being charged
thereby, while the other battery has no connection with the dynamo and is
directly in the lamp circuit,) and a self-regulating dynamo in said main or
working circuit, the field magnet of said dynamo being in an independent
circuit, and having electric regulating devices therein, causing the dynamo to
deliver a constant potential irrespective of the armature speed, that is to say,
that the current is caused to become weaker or stronger, as the case may be,
while circulating around the field magnet, in proportion to the increase or
decrease of the armature speed.
The invention therefore consists, generally, in the organization of the following
systems of apparatus and circuits, and combining in one or more instruments all
or any of the specific features as may be desired for the particular purpose,
embracing, first, a dynamo on the car-truck, in main or working circuit;
secondly, the dynamo and an automatic pole changer in said main circuit,
whereby provision is made for the reversal or the rotation of the armature
when the car reverses its direction of travel, the object being to prevent the
reversal of the electric current to the main circuit. from the dynamo; thirdly,
the arrangement of a double set of storage batteries, one set of which is being
charged from the dynamo, while the other set is feeding the lamp-circuit, and
vice versa; fourthly, the dynamo and an independent circuit connected with one
armature brush and, the field of the dynamo, and regulating devices in said
circuit, to secure a self-regulating dynamo and a constant voltage therefrom
irrespective of the speed; and lastly, the invention further consists in details of
construction and combination of parts, (such as mounting the dynamo on the
car-wheel axle and the gear-mechanism connected therewith and with said axle,)

page_text: to be hereinafter more, specifically set forth and finally embodied in the clauses.
of the claim.
Heretofore, special devices have been employed for compensating for the
relative movement between the car-wheel axle and the spring-supported car-body
on the usual form of truck, in order to maintain a proper power connection
between the dynamo and the ear-wheel axle, or, in other cases, the-dynamo has
been mounted on the cross-beam attached to the equalizing bars of the truck
and then geared with the car-wheel axle.
All these arrangements have been found unsatisfactory and, unreliable in that
they get out of order and that, owing to the variations in height between the
parts of the truck frame and the car-wheel axle, the gear-wheels would become
disengaged and the gear teeth are too often. snapped. To overcome these
objections, we have mounted' the dynamo on the car-wheel axle and have geared
its armature shaft directly with a gear wheel on said car-wheel axle.. Thus it
will be evident, that no matter, what are the relative positions, due to. the
various weights in the car, between the car-wheel' axle and the truck frame,
the dynamo and the gear connected therewith cannot be affected thereby.
The invention is illustrated. in. the accompanying drawings, in which-
Figure 1 is a vertical section through the car and car-wheel axle, illustrating
the general arrangement of the electrical circuits and operating mechanism
embodying the principles of this invention.
Figure 2 is a diagrammatic view to more clearly illustrate the arrangement of
all the electrical circuits and operating mechanism.
Figure 3 is a plan view of the car truck, illustrating the dynamo mounted on the
car-wheel axle, and a pole changer connected therewith and operated from the
armature shaft.
Figure 4 is a plan view of an electric switch used in the main or working circuit,
and Figure 5 is a side view of the same.
Figure 6is a side view of the pressure regulator for varying the strength of the
field magnet of the dynamo. Figure 7 is a plan view of the same; and Figure 8 is
a side view of said instrument.
Figure 9 is a diagrammatic view of the electrical circuits and the operating
and regulating devices embodied in said instrument illustrated in said Figures
and 7.
In said drawings, A is the floor of a railway car and Ad is the roof.
Bis the car truck and b is the car-wheel axle.
Dis the dynamo which supplies the electrical energy for operating the lamps
and other devices in the car. Said dynamo D; which is of any suitable con-
struction, is pivotally mounted on the car-wheel axle b, in any well known
manner. On its armature shaft D' is a pinion or toothed wheel D which meshes
with a gear wheel on the car-wheel axle. b. The dynamo, as well as the
driving gear, is preferably incased in a suitable casing, to protect the parts
from. dirt and stones. Furthermore, the dynamo itself is one, in which the
armature rotates sometimes in one direction and at other times in the opposite
direction, which depends entirely on the forward or backward movement of the
train.
It is well known in train lighting, that the dynamo is operated by a power
at a varying speed, and consequently the voltage or output of the dynamo of
ordinary construction, will rise with the speed of the rotation of the dynamo-
armatures, and it is therefore necessary to secure a constant voltage or output
of electro-motive force irrespective of the speed.
The manner of carrying out the first part of this invention, that is, of varying
the strength of the field magnet automatically and instantly in proportion to
the increase or decrease of the armature speed, will be first described.
In Figure 2, D indicates the field magnet coil which is supplied with current
by the rotation of the armature of the dynamo, as will be understood. D and D'
are the respective brushes of the dynamo, from which extend the circuit wires d'

page_text: and d of the main or working circuit. In one of said wires, as d², is a
suitable make and break switch e, the electro-magnet e¹ of which is connected
with a short circuit wire d and d* which terminate in the main circuit wires.d¹
'and d. In this manner, the dynamo going at a slow speed sufficiently energizes
the said magnet e to cause it to attract the arın e² and establish a complete
circuit through the main circuit wires, when the dynamo speed has increased
the desired number of revolutions, and thereby switching in the storage battery
to be charged. Extending from the main circuit wires d' and d³ are the wires d
and d respectively and in circuit with the same is a suitable volt meter or
regulator F. Said regulator is clearly illustrated in Figures 6 and 7. Suffice
it to say, however, that as the speed and hence the electro-motive force of the
dynam D increases above a predetermined number of revolutions, a pivoted
arm in said device F makes contact at 1 and the current passes through the
wire d, causing the relay G to make contact at g, causing a small motor or
rotary magnet H in the device illustrated in Figures 6 and 7 to rotate in
one direction, and by its intermediately arranged operating mechanism, rotating
a spindle and thereby throwing in, automatically, the desired resistance. The
Theostat H, by means of the circuit wires d and d connected with the brush D
and the field magnet coil Ds respectively, thus decreases the electro-motive force
in the field coils of the dynamo in proportion to the speed of the armature
shaft and the resistance cut in, and the result is that the output of the electro-
motive force from the dynamo into the main circuit is equalized or maintained
constant. The small motor employed to operate the rheostat arm is in the
circuit d' and d connected directly with the main circuit wire d', and with the
wire d by means of the make and break switch e, as will be clearly seen from
Figure 2.
When the contact has become broken at f¹, as the current has weakened, the
lever or arm in the volt meter or regulator F returns to its normal position,
and if contact is made at f2, then the current passes through the wire d causing
the relay G to make contact at g', thus changing the polarity of the small
motor H, reversing the direction of the revolutions of its armature shaft and
hence rotating the spindle h in the opposite direction. This, as will be under-
stood, will again cut out the resistance coils in the rheostat H. Thus it will
be seen, that in its normal condition, when the dynamo is rotating at a
predetermined speed, there will be no interruption of the current in its passage
from one of the brushes of the dynamo to the field, the current simply passing
through the wires do and d" and through the rheostat without obstruction;
but as soon as the first resistance coil is introduced, as the speed of the dynamo
increases above said predetermined speed, then there is a corresponding decrease
of the electro-motive force in the field coils of the dynamo and the result is a
decrease in the magnetic induction in the field itself, which tends and does
equalize the electro-motive force of the dynamo,
The manner of arranging the circuits and devices just described will be clearly
seen from an inspection of Figures 1 and 9, but this may be departed from without
materially altering the scope of the present invention.
The general arrangement of the main or working circuit and the several
operating devices and instruments therein, will now be described. Of course it
will be understood, that the armature shaft of the dynamo is necessarily subject.to
reversal, according to the direction in which the car is moving. A suitable switch,
known as a pole changer, has therefore been arranged in the main circuit wires d'
and d. Said switch, as will be seen from Figure 3, is provided with a spring-
actuated armi having a toothed end which is adapted to mesh with a worm gear, d
on the armature shaft D¹ of the dynamo. According to the direction of rotation
of said shaft D, said switch I makes contact at or and the polarity is changed,
being immediately responsive to the change of direction of the armature current.
Said pole changer may be made of any well known form and construction, and may
be mechanically operated, as in the present case, or it may be electrically operated,

page_text: as will be evident. When the dynamo D is running at the proper speed and
contact has been established in the contact making and breaking switch e, the
current is fed into either one of the storage batteries K or K and thence to
the lamp circuit and in the car.. Arranged in the main circuit d-d and the
circuit is a regulator or switch M, whereby the battery K is put in circuit
with the dynamo and becomes charged, while, owing to the general construction of
said switch M, which is more clearly illustrated in Figures 4 and 5, the other
battery K', which has been previously stored with electricity, is cut out of
circuit with the dynamo but in circuit with the lamps L in the car.
advantage obtained by this arrangement is that the lamps are always fed from a
charged battery or set of batteries, not in circuit with the dynamo, and the lights
will therefore burn steady and are not subject to any possible fluctuations due to
any slight increase or decrease of the voltage or output from the dynamo.
The
While these slight fluctuations are of no harm to the storage battery, still, if the
battery is fed at the same time that it furnishes current to the lamps, the slightest
fluctuations will be perceptible in the light of the lamps. By means of the
handle m, the contact can be changed between the arins m' and m2 with the contact
plates m³ and m² to plates m³ and m; see Figure 4, and either battery can be put in
circuit with the dynamo, as may be desired. Thus, while the battery K is being
stored with electricity, battery K' gives it out, and vice versa. When the battery K¹
is run down, it can be stored with a fresh supply of electricity, and the lamp
circuit is fed from the other battery K.
The method of wiring the plates m³-m², and m³-m³, will he seen from Figures 2
and 4. As shown, the wires and k² are in circuit with d and feed the
hattery K', while the wires k and k are in circuit with the lamp circuit - and
feed from the battery K. When the handle m is turned, then the wires and
will feed the circuit - from battery K and wires and will be in circuit with
the circuit wires d'-d and the dynamo will feed the battery K.
The mechanical and electrical constructions of the pole-changer I, the switch M
and the several devices comprising the dynamo-regulator, will not be particularly
described and specified, since the above description of these parts is deemed
sufficient to a clear understanding of the present invention.
In Figure 2 is illustrated a novel manner of arranging the lamp circuits in the
car. This is as follows: The wires. and are run underneath the car to the
middle of the floor A.
Branches are formed at and which run to the four corners of the car. By
the wires - and -17, complete circuits for the lamps L are established, into
which circuits the current is fed in opposite directions from the four opposite
corners of the car. By this arrangement of wiring all the lights will be of an
equal intensity.
The general operation of the entire system is briefly as follows:-
When the car is at a standstill, the lights are fed from the one storage battery,
while the several parts of the system may be in the positions shown in Figures 1
and 2. When the dynamo begins to move and has acquired the desired speed, the
make and break switche establishes contact and current is delivered to the other
storage battery, the pole changer operating as already explained to determine the
direction of the current's flow.
Previous to feeding the main circuit, the dynamo is rendered self-regulating in
the manner as has been described. The automatic movement of the rheostat arm is
accomplished by the small motor or rotary magnet H, the direction of rotation of
its armature shaft, which operates said rheostat arm, being controlled by the double
relay, which in turn is controlled by the volt meter or pressure regulator, and
whereby the resistance is automatically cut in or cut out, as may be necessary.
For example, say the dynamo is running at four hundred revolutions, giving an
output in pressure of twenty-four volts. As soon as the armature exceeds four
hundred revolutions, then the pressure regulator or volt meter acts upon the relay,
the relay in turn acts on the small motor or rotary magnet, and the result is that

page_text: the current is weakened in the same proportion by the rheostat, that the armature
has increased in speed; and vice versa, when the revolutions of the armature decrease,
the second relay is, cut in, due to the action of the volt meter, thereby réversing
(changing the polarity) the direction of the revolutions of the small motor and
cutting out the resistance coils in the rheostat proportionately. In this manner the
dynamo is made self-regulating and a constant voltage or output of electro-motive
force, irrespective of the speed, is fed into the main circuit, and to further overcome
any possible variations or fluctuations, due perhaps to one of the devices acting
too slowly or refusing to act, the two sets of storage batteries have been arranged
in the manner to be fed alternately from the dynamo, and thereby alternately
feeding, the lamp circuit in the manner as has been fully stated and described in
the above.
"
Of course it will be evident, that certain changes may be made in the arrange-
ments and combinations of parts, and the present invention is therefore not limited
to the exact arrangements and combinations of parts lierein shown!
tion
It will be readily understood that the invention is applicable not only to' a car-
wheel axle, but is of utility when the dynamo is driven from other sources of
variable speed power,
Having now particularly described and' ascertained the nature of our said
invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed; we declare that
what we claim is :-
1. The combination with a working circuit and a lamp circuit containing" lamps
or other translating devices, of a pair of storage batteries, a dynamo, and a switch"
for connecting either one of said batteries directly in circuit' with the dynamo and
the other of said batteries in circuit with said lamp circuit, said switch comprising
therein a pivoted' handle, contact arins m¹ m¹ and m², m³, and contacts m³ and m³,
and m and min the battery circuits, substantially as and for the purposes set
forth:
2. The combination with a working, circuit and a lamp circuit containing lamps
or other translating devices, of a pair of storage batteries,, a, self regulating dynamo,
and a switch for connecting either one of said batteries directly in circuit with the
dynamo and the other of said batteries directly in circuit with said lamp circuit,
said switch comprising therein a pivoted handle m, contact arms m', m² and m², m²,
and contacts m and m', and m³ and m in the battery eircuits, substantially as and
for the purposes set forth.
3. The combination, with the main circuit containing lamps or other translating
devices, of a storage battery and a self-regulating dynamo, circuits d and d
connected with the main circuit, a volt meter or pressure regulator in said circuits d'
and d³, circuits d' and d connected with the main circuit, and a relay G in said
circuits d' and de, circuits d' and d connecting said pressure regulator with said
relay, and a rheostat H' in circuit with the dynamo, said devices being adapted to
decrease the electro-motive force in the field coil of the dynamo and thereby
equalize the voltage of the dynamo in the main circuit, substantially as and for
the purposes set forth.
4. The combination, with the main circuit containing lamps or other translating
devices, of a storage battery, and a self-regulating dynamo, circuits d² and d
connected with the main circuit, a volt meter or pressure regulator in said
circuits d' and d³, circuits d' and d³, connected with the main circuit, and a relay G
in said circuits d' and do, circuits d' and d connecting said pressure regulator with
said relay, a rheostat H¹ in circuit with the dynamo, and a small motor H for
automatically controlling the rheostat H, said devices being adapted to decrease
the electro-motive force in the field coil of the dynamo, and thereby equalize the
voltage of the dynamo in the main circuit, substantially as and for the purposes.
set forth.
5. The combination with a working circuit and a lamp circuit containing lamps
or other translating devices, of a pair of storage batteries, a self-regulating dynamo,

page_text: a reversible driving power, a pole changer responsive to said reversing power,
connected in circuit between the armature and said main circuit, and a switch for
connecting either one of said batteries directly in circuit with the dynamo, and the
other of said batteries directly in circuit with said lamp circuit, said switch com-
prising therein a pivoted handle m, contact arms m, m³, and m², m², and contacts m³
and m³, and m and me in the battery circuits, substantially as and for the purposes
set forth.
6. The combination, on a railway car, of a dynamo pivotally mounted on the
car-wheel axle and driven from said axle, a main circuit connected with said dynamo,
containing lamps or other translating devices, a pair of storage batteries, and a
switch for connecting either of said batteries in circuit with the dynamo, and the
other of said batteries in circuit with the lamp circuit, and a pole changer in circuit
between the armature, and main circuit, said switch comprising therein a pivoted
handle m, contact arms m³, m, and m², m³, and contacts m³ and m, and m³ and m
in the battery circuits, substantially as and for the purposes set forth.
7. The combination, on a railway car, of a self-regulating dynamo pivotally
mounted' on the car-wheel axle and driven from said axle, a main circuit connected
with said dynamo, containing lamps or other translating devices, a pair of storage
batteries, and a switch for connecting either of said batteries directly in circuit
with the dynamo, and the other of saidi batteries directly in circuit with said lamp
circuit, and a pole changer in circuit between the armature and main circuit,
said switch comprising therein a pivoted handle m, contact arms m', m, and m², m³,
and contacts mand m, and m³ and m in the battery circuit, substantially as and
for the purposes set forth.
"
Dated this 12th day of Anil 1905
MORRIS MOSKOWITZ.
LEON DANIEL ADLER.
ABRAHAM SANFORD. ADLER..
THEODORE WALTER MYERS.
Haseltine, Lake & Co.,
46 Southampton Buildings, London, W.C., Agents for the Applicants.