matthewleechen/300YearsOfBritishPatents huggingface dataset:
IMPROVEMENTS IN GENERATING STEAM, AND IN APPARATUS CONNECTED THEREWITH
Year: 1860

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Edward Westhead at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 6th October
1860.
I, EDWARD WESTHEAD, of Manchester, in the County of Lancaster, Mer-
chant, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN GENERATING STEAM, AND IN APPARATUS CONNECTED THEREWITH," to be as
follows:-
My Invention consists in forcing heated air into the water of steam
boilers. This air may be heated by separate apparatus, but I propose to
adapt a series of coiled or otherwise disposed pipes to the furnace of the
boiler. A current of air is forced by the engine or other power through these
heated pipes, and from thence into the water in the boiler.
IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM ENGINES
Year: 1860

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Thomas Fisher and Edward
Fisher at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their
Petition, on the 14th April 1860.
We, THOMAS FISHER and EDWARD FISHER, of Wednesfield, in the County
of Stafford, Engineers, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM ENGINES," to be as follows, that is to say :-
This Invention consists of certain improvements in steam engines on the
condensing principle, by which we propose to dispense with the air pump, head
valve, and head box to the condensing cylinder. This we effect by the follow-
ing arrangement:-We employ one steam cylinder only with a pair of con-
densing vaults or cylinders. These vaults or cylinders we clear by a jet
of steam instead of by the aid of the air pump. By the use of these two
cylinders or vaults we catch the vacuum at each half stroke of the engine, an
exhaust being produced in each condensing cylinder alternately.
AN IMPROVEMENT IN RAILWAY CHAIRS
Year: 1860

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Goddard, at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 8th March
1860.
I, WILLIAM GODDARD, Engineer, of Park Hall, in the Parish of Caverswall,
in the County of Stafford, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "AN IMPROVEMENT IN RAILWAY CHAIRS," to be as follows:-
The chair is cast in two parts, the outer jaw and base being in one piece,
and the inside jaw being loose and fastened to the other part by means of a
bolt with a square neck and snap head passing through the rail and both jaws
of the chair. The loose piece is also steadied by a projection or lug at the
bottom of it, which fits into the base of the chair, and forms a shoulder or
abutment. The rail is suspended on the top of the chair, which fits to the
under side of the top flange of the rail and also by means of the bolt. The
bottom flange of the rail by this combination is prevented from coming in
contact with the base of the chair, and the rail can be reversed.
AN IMPROVEMENT IN SELF-REGISTERING THERMOMETERS
Year: 1860

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Symons at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents; with his Petition, on the 22nd February
1860.
I, WILLIAM SYMONS, of Dunster, in the County of Somerset, Gentleman,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVEMENT IN
SELF-REGISTERING THERMOMETERS," to be as follows:-
My Invention consists in the particular arrangement of the tube and fluids
contained therein, whereby the thermometer is not liable to get out of order,
and wherein the pins or indices used for denoting the maximum and minimum
temperatures are returned or set without the employment of magnets, as is
usual in instruments where the maximum and minimum temperatures are both
registered in one instrument. The tube, when for use, is placed horizontally.
Ono end of the tube is enlarged and contains mercury; the tube is then
narrowed, bent, and carried horizontally along to form the maximum
indicating part of the tube; upon the mercury, a graphite, steel, or other
suitable index is placed; the tube after proceeding horizontally is bent, and
rises vertically a short distance, and is then returned horizontally, and
terminates in an air bulb between the mercury and the air, a spirit occupies
the space in the tube, and on the spirit, or where the spirit terminates another
index is placed to indicate the minimum temperature. In some cases the
mercury and spirit may be substituted for one another, that is, spirit may be
placed in the enlarged end of the tube and the mercury in the part herein-
before referred to as containing spirit. The indices are set by merely holding
the instrument vertically.
IMPROVE- MENTS IN APPARATUS FOR EXTINGUISHING FIRES IN MANUFACTORIES AND OTHER BUILDINGS
Year: 1860

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Oxley, at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 9th
February 1860.
I, WILLIAM OXLEY, of Manchester, in the County of Lancaster, Mill
Furnisher, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN APPARATUS FOR EXTINGUISHING FIRES IN MANUFACTORIES AND OTHER
BUILDINGS," to be as follows:-
According to my Invention, I arrange a system of steam pipes through the
building specially adapted for the purpose of extinguishing fire, and from
which steam may be allowed to issue into the apartment or apartments when
required.
According to a method I propose, a main steam pipe extends upward
through the building from which the supply for the whole of the apartments
may be obtained when required, but at other times the steam is shut off there-
from. To this main pipe is connected a branch pipe for each floor, and from
these are carried smaller pipes from which the steam may pass through per-
forations into the apartment. The main pipe I supply with stop-cocks so as
to afford steam for one apartment only, or for more as may be required.
The orifices through which the steam issues into the apartment I cover when
necessary simply with a light cap for keeping out dirt, so that upon steam
being admitted it discharges itself by a self-acting operation.
IMPROVEMENTS IN MOVEABLE WINDOW SHUTTERS
Year: 1860

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Davies at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 28th February
1860.
I, WILLIAM DAVIES, of Queen's Road, Everton, near Liverpool, in the
County of Lancaster, Builder, do hereby declare the nature of the said Inven-
tion for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MOVEABLE WINDOW SHUTTERS," to be as follows:-
My improvements relate to shutters for the outside or inside of a window.
Instead of the various shutters now in use closing singly or affixed, together
and occupying considerable space, I use a number of sheets of iron, planks of
wood, or other suitable material, placed horizontally at an angle or vertical, as
the space for placing the shutters may determine. When used in separate
pieces horizontally or at an angle, the ends fit into notches for that purpose
at the sides of the window; when used fastened together, say, by straps and
centres, or by joints at the back, or otherwise, they overlap each other, and are
so arranged that when not required they fold up in the same manner as the
"lazytongs."
The advantages are, being enabled to place the shutters in a small space
within or inside the wall, and that either at the sides, top, or bottom, thereby
economising space.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF STARCH AND IN APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Thomas Killingworth Adkins and
John Bonthron at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with
their Petition, on the 13th December 1861.
We, THOMAS KILLINGWORTH ADKINS, of Wallingford, in the County of Berks,
and JOHN BONTHRON, of 106, Regent's Street, in the County of Middlesex,
do hereby declare the nature of the Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
MANUFACTURE OF STARCH AND IN APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN," to be as
follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in the manufacture of
starch and in apparatus employed therein.
In the manufacture of starch we take flour and make it into dough by "
kneading it with a suitable quantity of water. The dough, when made, is
placed in a trough or vessel, in which are surfaces having points or spikes
upon them, and these surfaces having a vibratory or other convenient move-
ment communicated to them continually perforate the dough. Streams of
water run over the dough during this operation and wash away the starch from
it; the spikes penetrating the mass of dough ensure the access of the water
to every portion of it. The water with the starch escapes from the trough or
vessel through holes covered with wire gauze or finely perforated metal; it
runs into a vat, where the starch is deposited, the supernatant water is run off,
and the starch is again mixed up with a small quantity of water to which

page_text: acetic acid is added; this mixture is allowed to ferment, a process which
removes the impurities from the starch; a scum rises to the surface and is
skimmed off. When the purification is complete the starch is made up for
sale in the ordinary manner.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE 'DAVY' OR OTHER SAFETY LAMPS FOR MINERS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by James Parkinson and Charles
Henry Minchin at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with
their Petition, on the 21st November 1861.
We, JAMES PARKINSON, of the City of Manchester, in the County of
Lancaster, and CHARLES HENRY MINCHIN, of the same Place, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE 'DAVY' OR OTHER
SAFETY LAMPS FOR MINERS," to be as follows:-
We place in the interior of the wire gauze chimney of the safety lamp an
extinguisher, working in guides or otherwise, and supported by solder that
fuses, or other material that yields or gives way at a certain temperature, when
from fire-damp or other cause the flame of the lamp rises above the proper
height, the excess of-heat will-melt the solder or break the connection and
thereby release the extinguisher, so that it will descend upon the wick and
extinguish the flame before the wire gauze becomes of a dangerous heat, and
thus prevent explosion from fire-damp or other cause.
To prevent the lamp from being opened with two great facility, we place a
screw or fastener through or above the part which connects the chimney with
the bottom of the lamp, which screw or fastener firmly locks the lamp and
must be removed before the lamp can be opened.
We also cause the ordinary light from the wick to be extinguished before.
the lamp is opened by placing in the interior of the chimney a second
extinguisher in connection-with-a-catch held when the lamp-is shut. When

page_text: the lamp requires to be opened the screw or fastener is removed and at the
same time the catch is released, which allows the extinguisher to fall upon and
extinguish the light before the chimney is removed from the bottom part of
the lamp.
At the base of the gauze chimney we make an aperture communicating
with the interior of the lamp for the purpose of introducing the means of
lighting it, the said aperture is formed so small as not to allow the withdrawal
of any material in an ignited state, but is capable of being closed with a
plug or screw when the lamp is in use.
IMPROVEMENTS IN BREECH-LOADING RIFLES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Mowbray Walker at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 14th October
1861.
I, MOWBRAY WALKER, of St. Benet's Place, Gracechurch Street, in the-
City of London,. Accountant, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN BREECH-LOADING RIFLES," to be as follows:-
According to the first part of my Invention the breech piece of the rifle
slides in a groove in a line with and at the back of the barrel. Its forward
end is fitted with a plug of soft copper, which enters the end of the barrel and
closes up the breech; or the said plug may be of vulcanized india-rubber, pro-
tected at the end by copper. The said breech piece is made in two parts,
connected together by a compass joint, the pivot of which projects at its ends
and slides in grooves at the side of the breech. When loading the rifle the-
end of the said breech piece furthest from the barrel is lifted by means of a
thumb piece, and turned up on the said joint; the forward part of the said
breech piece is then drawn back in the groove, and the charge is inserted into
the barrel; the breech piece is then slid forward and shut down in its former
position. The nipple is fixed in the barrel, and the barrel connected to the
stock in the usual manner.
According to the second part of my Invention, the breech chamber of the
rifle consists of a short cylinder of cast steel, having an aperture for receiving
the charge bored at right angles with its own axis. The said chamber is.

page_text: ground into the breech piece, consisting of a short cylindrical socket, and is
free to turn therein on a central pin passing through the bottom of the socket
and secured by a thumb screw at its under side.
The said breech chamber is furnished with a lever securely fixed. on its top
in a direct line with the aperture for receiving the charge; the said breech
piece or socket has an aperture on its right-hand side to admit the charge,
which can be inserted when the aperture in the breech chamber is turned in a
line with the same. The breech chamber is turned by means of the said lever,
one-quarter turn of which brings the said chamber round to the position for
loading. The nipple is placed on the top of said breech chamber, and the
barrel is screwed into the end of the breech piece in the ordinary manner.
IMPROVE- MENTS IN TRACTION AND LOCOMOTIVE ENGINES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by George Hawksley at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 14th September
1861.
I, GEORGE HAWKSLEY, of Three Mill Lane, Bromley-by-Bow, in the County
of Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of the Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN TRACTION AND LOCOMOTIVE ENGINES," to be as follows:-
In order that traction and locomotive engines may be rendered more
capable of turning and passing round curves, the driving wheels are actuated
in the following manner :-The two driving wheels of a traction or locomotive
engine are fixed on separate axes, and the ends of these axes are received into
and freely turn within the nave of a toothed wheel. On the axis of each
driving wheel is a bevilled toothed wheel, these bovilled wheels gear into the
opposite sides of one or more, and by preference, more than one bevilled
toothed wheel, the axes of which are carried by the toothed wheel into the
Dave of which the ends of the two axes of the two driving wheels pass. Motion
is given to this toothed wheel by means of a cog wheel or pinion on an axis
driven by the engines. By these means so long as it is desired that the
traction or locomotive engine shall be propelled in a straight line, the two
driving wheels will be actuated by the bevil wheels equally, but when it is
desired that the traction or locomotive engine should turn, then the driving
wheel which for the time being will perform in the outer or larger curve, will
be turned more quickly than the other driving wheel which is to perform in
the inner or smaller curve. It is not essential that the bevilled toothed wheels

page_text: should be on the axes of the driving wheels, as the driving wheels may
be driven by pinions acting in toothed wheels fixed to the driving wheels, and
the axes of the pinions may then receive motion in a similar manner to that
above described in respect to the axes of the driving wheels, in which case it
will be desirable that the pinion axes should be hollow, and they, and the cog 5
or toothed wheel which carries the bevilled toothed wheel or wheels, turn on
a fixed shaft or axis.
IMPROVEMENTS IN SELF-ACTING SIGNALS FOR RAILWAYS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by James Lea at the Office of tho
Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 14th September
1861.
I, JAMES LEA, of Widnes Dock, near Warrington, in the County of Lan-
caster, Builder, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN SELF-ACTING SIGNALS FOR RAILWAYS," to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to an improved arrangement for working a signal at
the entrance of a tunnel, or in any other position where a signal is required,
so as to give notice when the tunnel or other required distance has been tra-
versed with safety. At the entrance of the tunnel or other position I place a
switch lever at the inside of one of the rails, and connect it by a rod and levers
to a revolving signal, and at the terminus of the tunnel or other position I
place another switch lever, which is also connected by a rod, levers, and a
long wire with the aforesaid revolving signal. When the foremost wheel of the
engine or carriage is about to enter the tunnel or pass the position where the
signal is stationed, it comes in contact with the first switch lever, and causes the
signal to turn and give notice that an engine or train has passed that spot, and
when the said foremost wheel has arrived at the terminus of the tunnel or
other required place it comes in contact with the other switch lever, and
returns the signal to its original position, thus shewing that the distance has
been traversed with safety, and that there is nothing in the way.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF CARDING ENGINES USED IN THE PREPARATION OF COTTON AND OTHER FIBROUS SUBSTANCES FOR SPINNING
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Tattersall at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 17th October
1861.
I, JOHN TATTERSALL, of Preston, in the County of Lancaster, Engineer,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
CONSTRUCTION OF CARDING ENGINES USED IN THE PREPARATION OF COTTON AND OTHER
FIBROUS SUBSTANCES FOR SPINNING," to be as follows:-
This Invention is applicable to all ordinary carding engines, and consists,
firstly, of an extra roller placed above the ordinary "licker-in," and in con-
tact with it and with the main cylinder. This extra roller is covered with wire
card teeth, and is caused to revolve at a suitable velocity by any convenient
means in such a manner that its surface where it is in contact with the
main cylinder travels in the opposite direction to that of the main carding
cylinder.
The second part of the Invention consists of a screen or cover formed of
metal, wood, or other suitable material which encloses or covers in the upper
part of the "licker-in," the extra card roller above named, that part of the
main cylinder between the extra roller and the first roller clearer, and also
the lower part of the first roller clearer.
The screen is curved to follow the form of the cylinder and rollers, and is
placed nearly in contact with their surfaces.
The screen is so constructed as to regulate the quantity of air to be admitted

page_text: to the rollers and cylinder, and thus prevent or lessen the draughts incident
to ordinary engines.
The object and effect of these two improvements is to perform a given
amount of work in a shorter time, and consequently better than it is done
by the ordinary carding engines as hitherto constructed.
CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR PREPARING COTTON AND OTHER FIBROUS SUBSTANCES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Richard Walwork and Thomas
Sumner at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their Petition,
on the 6th April 1861.
We, RICHARD WALWORK, of Bolton-le-Moors, in the County of Lancaster,
Cotton Spinner, and THOMAS SUMNER, of Farnworth, near Bolton-le-Moors
aforesaid, Manager, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR PREPARING COTTON AND OTHER
FIBROUS SUBSTANCES," to be as follows:-
Our Invention relates to the machines for preparing cotton and other
fibrous substances called slubbing frames and roving frames, and to other
machines of the like nature in which flyers and pressers are employed for
winding slivers, slubbings, or rovings or to bobbins or spools.
The object of our Invention is to dispense with the slot or hole at or near
the end of the presser, which has hitherto been found requisite for laying the
sliver, slubbing, or roving on to the bobbin or spool, by which means the
width of the end of the presser is considerably reduced, thereby enabling the
presser to be applied for winding either on flanged bobbins or on spools
without flanges.
Another part of our Invention consists in making a spiral groove or archi-
median screw round the shank of the presser for guiding the sliver, slubbing,
or roving from the flyer leg to the bobbin or spool.
AN IMPROVED GAS APPARATUS INTENDED CHIEFLY FOR LIGHTING PIPES, CIGARS, AND CIGARETTES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Richard Archibald Brooman at
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 11th February 1861.-A communication from abroad by Pierre
Duchamp, of Lyons, France.
I, RICHARD ARCHIBALD BROOMAN, of 166, Fleet Street, in the City of
London, Patent Agent, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "AN IMPROVED GAS APPARATUS INTENDED CHIEFLY FOR LIGHTING PIPES, CIGARS,
AND CIGARETTES," (communicated to me from abroad by Pierre Duchamp, of
Lyons, France,) to be as follows:-
This apparatus is connected by a flexible tube to a gas supply pipe, and is
intended for keeping a minimum supply of gas constantly alight, which may be
increased on holding up the apparatus sufficiently to enable a smoker to light
a pipe, or cigar, or tobacco in any other form, or to enable any person to
increase the flame and light for any other purpose.
A holder which can be grasped in the hand supports a burner, the passage
to which is provided with a key, which extends in the form of a hollow bent
tube, and terminates in the mouth of the flexible tube in communication with
a gas supply pipe. A screw in the centre of the holder regulates the extent
to which the key may be opened. The passage of gas to the burner cannot
be wholly shut off, and the minimum supply is maintained while the holder is
at rest, but by simply holding it up, the key turns in its seat, increases the
supply, and consequently the flame and light. The burner is surrounded by a
gallery for holding a chimney, which is lower on one side than the other, to
afford facility for lighting a cigar, cigarette, or pipe.
AN IMPROVED METHOD OF APPLYING SPRINGS TO RAILWAY AND OTHER CARRIAGES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by James Ball Mannix at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 22nd
February 1861.
I, JAMES BALL MANNIX, of 21, Torriano Grove, Kentish Town, London,
Civil Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN
IMPROVED METHOD OF APPLYING SPRINGS TO RAILWAY AND OTHER CARRIAGES," to be
as follows:-
Instead of applying springs to carriages as at present, whereby any elevation
of the axles caused by the inequalities of or obstacles on the ground over
which they roll is directly transmitted to the bodies of the same, I propose to
so apply springs as to obviate that defect by employing bars or levers so placed
and in such manner as that certain ends of same, to which the bodies will be
connected, shall remain nearly motionless in a vertical direction by reason of
the unequal amounts of vertical displacement of the axles and of those parts
of the springs to which these bars or levers will be attached. Of these bars
or levers one end I propose to suitably attach to the axles, or to rigid pieces
connected with the axles, and the other ends to suitably connect with the
bodies, or with the under carriages, or with the cross springs or other side
springs, should such be used additionally, and to cause certain parts of these
bars or levers intermediate between the ends to rest in a suitable manner on
certain parts of the side springs, for example, on the ends of the side springs
when of the form of ordinary railway carriage springs. As the principle of

page_text: these bars or levers is applicable to every form of spring now in use for
carriages drawn by horses as well as for the form of spring used for railway
carriages, I claim as my Invention the application of these bars or levers to
all the ordinary forms of springs now in use for railway and other carriages.
AN IMPROVEMENT IN THE MANUFACTURE OF IRON
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by James Brown at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 25th June
1861.
I, JAMES BROWN, of Newport, in the County of Monmouth, Ironmaster,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVEMENT IN
THE MANUFACTURE OF IRON," to be as follows:-
My improvement consists in carbonizing and decarbonizing wrought.iron,
and in the production therefrom of cast iron of great purity.
I take wrought iron, say puddled bars, scrap, old rails, or other wrought
iron, and cut it up, then place it in a cupola or other suitable furnace together
with carbon, melt it, and run it out into pigs.
IMPROVEMENTS IN TREATING ANIMAL FIBRE RECOVERED FROM RAGS COMPOSED OF MIXED ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE FIBRE
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Charles Worms and James
Warburton at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their
Petition, on the 30th August 1861.
We, CHARLES WORMS, of Bradford, in the County of York, Merchant,
and JAMES WARBURTON, of the same Place, Spinner, do hereby declare the
nature of the Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN TREATING ANIMAL FIBRE
RECOVERED FROM RAGS COMPOSED OF MIXED ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE FIBRE," to
be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in treating animal fibre
recovered from rags composed of mixed animal and vegetable fibre. Here-
tofore it has been common to treat rags of mixed fibre with acid to destroy
the vegetable and leave the animal fibre. Now, our Invention consists in
preparing such fibre to be again manufactured into fabrics by the combined
process of carding or otherwise preparing it, and then combing it. The
process of carding opens out and to some extent straightens the fibre, whilst
the combing process separates the short from the long.
IMPROVE- MENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CRANK SHAFTS & CRANK AXLES, AND OTHER SIMILAR ARTICLES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Allott and John Thelwall
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their Petition, on the
6th September 1861.
We, WILLIAM ALLOTT and JOHN THELWALL, of Hull, in the County of York,
Iron-Masters, do hereby declaro the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CRANK SHAFTS & CRANK AXLES, AND OTHER
SIMILAR ARTICLES," to be as follows:-
In the manufacture of crank shafts and crank axles according to our Inven-
tion, the main object we have in view is to increase the strength of the crank
by causing the grain of the iron to follow the course or direction of the crank
and crank pin, in lieu of such grain being crosswise to the crank arms, or in
other words, parallel to the grain of the shaft or axle, as is the case with
cranks cut out of a solid forging.
In carrying out our Invention, we first take a straight or nearly straight
shaft, which may be made from faggots, either of a square or other section,
and after heating it to a welding heat, we place it under a steam hammer, and
forge by the aid of blows a slight bend or indentation in it at the part where
the crank is to be produced, such bend or indentation being gradually increased
by successive heatings and blows from the hammer until the desired length of
crank has been forged, the use of pressure and bending dies, and the applica-
tion of end pressure on the shaft, being dispensed with. The shaft to be
operated upon is placed over a suitable hollow matrix or aperture when under

page_text: the hammer, so as to allow of the formation of the crank and its gradual
elongation, a suitable hammer face or striking tool being fitted to the hammer
block to produce the proper width of crank. It will thus be seen that the
crank is formed in the first place by forging only in lieu of cutting the samo,
wheroby the grain of the iron is kept intact, and the strength of the crank
consequently greatly increased. It is obvious that the same system of forging
is equally applicable to the production of other bent articles wherein it is
desirable to increase the strength by not disturbing the natural grain of
the iron.
AN IMPROVED MACHINE FOR EXPRESSING OIL
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Robert John Ellershaw at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 3rd
October 1861.
I, ROBERT JOHN ELLERSHAW, of Leeds, in the County of York, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVED MACHINE FOR
EXPRESSING OIL," to be as follows:-
My Invention is intended for the purpose of superseding the " clodding'
process at present in use for expressing oil from rape and other seeds. Instead
of using hydraulic pressure in the said clodding process, as heretofore, I
express the oil by means of rollers in the following manner :-The seed is
conveyed to the machine through a spout, and is then taken up by a feed
roller, which is fluted or corrugated longitudinally, so as to deliver the seed
to the expressing rollers in proper quantities, two large hollow cylinders
revolving in contact form the expressing rollers; these are covered on their
outsides with wire cloth, cocoa nut matting, or other suitable material, and
are drilled with small holes for the admission of the oil into their interiors,
where it is collected on a longitudinal shelf with which each roller is furnished,.
and from whence it is conveyed through their ends. The crushed seed passes
through the said rollers in the form of a thin cake, and falls on to a pair of
toothed rollers, through which it passes in a broken up state, and falls upon
another pair of rollers; these are finely fluted, and revolve against a fluted
apron, by which means the seed is reduced to a fine pulverized state, and falls
into a shaking screen. The said screen has a wire cloth bottom of suitable

page_text: texture, through which the pulverized seed is now sifted; that portion of the
material which passes through it is in a fit state to be expressed and made
into cakes by hydraulic pressure in the ordinary manner, but the remainder
would fall over at the end of the screen, and would require to be ground
between edge stones before being expressed and made into cakes. Revolving
brushes are mounted at the sides of the said expressing rollers, for the purpose
of keeping them clear from seed.
AN IMPROVED CONSTRUCTION OF ROCKING-HORSE
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Henry Bartholf at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 26th February
1861. Partly a communication from abroad by Jesse Adams Crandall,
of New York, in the United States of America.
I, JOHN HENRY BARTHOLF, of King Street, Holborn, in the County of
Middlesex, Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "AN IMPROVED CONSTRUCTION OF ROCKING-HORSE," to be as follows:-
The object of this Invention is to construct a rocking-horse which shall
when in action closely imitate the natural movement of a cantering horse, and
shall in addition avoid the inconveniences attendant on the use of rocking-
horses of the ordinary construction. The horse I mount on a hollow pedestal
or a base frame fitted with a cross-bar, which runs through sockets formed in
the hind hoofs of the horse, and under the belly of the horse I place a bent
spring or springs, one end of which is attached to a cross-bar near the
front of the base frame, and the other end to the horse just under its chest.
Or I may use in lieu thereof coiled springs connecting the hind legs of the
horse to a cross-bar or base frame. The horse is fitted with a saddle and
bridle and stirrups, as usual, and the motion of the child on the back of the
horse will set it in motion, and cause it to rock on the cross-bar that passes
through the hind hoofs of the horse, the spring as it yields to the forward
pressure of the child's body allowing the horse to make the plunging move-

page_text: ment, and then by its recoil action throwing up the horse into an elevated
position. By this arrangement of rocking-horse it will be seen that the child
instead of merely oscillating on his seat will take the movements and conse-
quently the exercise of a horseman.
AN IMPROVED WIND GUARD FOR CURING SMOKY CHIMNIES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Cooke at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 11th July
1861.
I, WILLIAM COOKE, of No. 26, Spring Gardens, in the County of Middlesex,
Civil Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN
IMPROVED WIND GUARD FOR CURING SMOKY CHIMNIES," to bo as follows:-
For this purpose I construct a cylinder or shaft of perpendicular or other
form, of iron, zinc, or other suitable material, open at the top so as to permit
the smoke to freely ascend through inner cylinders of perpendicular, or, it
may be irregular shape, at the same time preventing the outer current of
air from descending into the chimney shaft by reason of certain openings in
the outer cylinder, which permit the air to go out at the sides:
A NEW OR IMPROVED METHOD OF PROTECTING AND PRESERVING PHOTOGRAPHIC AND OTHER PRINTS, WATER-COLOR-DRAWINGS, AND OTHER WORKS OF ART FROM INJURY AND DECAY
Year: 1861

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to George Henry Polyblank, of No. 55, Gracechurch
Street, in the City of London, and No. 1874, Piccadilly, in the County of
Middlesex, Photographic Artist, for the Invention of "A NEW OR IMPROVED
METHOD OF PROTECTING AND PRESERVING PHOTOGRAPHIC AND OTHER PRINTS,
WATER-COLOR-DRAWINGS, AND OTHER WORKS OF ART FROM INJURY AND DECAY."
Sealed the 16th May 1862, and dated the 21st November 1861.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said George Henry Polyblank
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents; with his Petition, on the
21st November 1861.
I; GEORGE HENRY POLYBLANK, of No. 55, Gracechurch Street, in the City
of London, and No. 1874, Piccadilly, in the County of Middlesex, Photo-
graphic Artist, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "A
NEW OR IMPROVED METHOD OF PROTECTING AND PRESERVING PHOTOGRAPHIC AND
OTHER PRINTS, WATER-COLOR DRAWINGS, AND OTHER WORKS OF ART FROM INJURY
AND DECAY," to be as follows:-
If the paper, material, or fabric upon which the print or work of art has been
produced be of such a nature as to absorb the preserving or any liquid put upon
it, I first saturate the material or fabric with some clear size which will not

page_text: injure the work of art printed or otherwise put upon it,-and when the sized
print or work of art is dry I press it, when necessary, in order to make it
flat and level, and it is then ready for the next process. I take the print or
other work of art to be preserved, either. previously sized or not, as may be
necessary, and entirely coat it with paraffin, made fluid by means of heat, so
as to be capable of being spread over the print or work of art without injuring
.it. The coating is then to be allowed to set or become dry, and the covering
thus put upon the print or other work of art will protect and preserve it from
the injurious effects of atmospheric and other influences.
AN IMPROVEMENT OR IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF BRACES
Year: 1861

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Clark Keen, of Birmingham, in the County of
Warwick, Manufacturer, for the Invention of "AN IMPROVEMENT OR
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF BRACES."
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION filed by the said John Clark Keen at the
1. Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition and Declaration,
on the 28th March 1861, pursuant to the 9th Section of the Patent Law
Amendment Act, 1852.
I, JOHN CLARK KEEN, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick, Manu-
facturer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVE-
MENT OR IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF BRACES," and the manner in
which the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascer-
tained in and by the following statement, that is to say :-
The object of my Invention is to relieve the strain upon the stitching by
which the ends of braces are attached to the webbing or other material of the
body of the brace, and more particularly with reference to such braces as are
made of india-rubber or other elastic web, which by that very elasticity have
a greater tendency than other materials when in wear to break from the ends
at the parts where they are stitched. To remedy this I insert through the
ends and the web or other fabric of the body of the brace a metal eyelet or
metal eyelets, which eyelets greatly relieve the strain upon the stitches and

page_text: tend to the better securing of the parts together; they also give a neat and
finished appearance to the brace. One or more of these eyelets may be
employed in each end of the brace, according to taste or the strength required.
In making a cheap kind of brace, and with some materials less elastic than
webbing, eyelets may be used for the purpose of connecting the parts together
without stitching.
Having thus described the nature of my said Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, I would remark that I am aware
that metal eyelets have been before used for the purpose of closing down the
leather ends of braces to avoid stitching, but not for the purpose or with the
materials to which I intend to apply them, with which materials they have a
special utility that they would not possess to any extent in regard to leather,
that is to say, relieving the strain upon the stitching arising from the elasticity
of the material; I therefore claim the improvement or improvements in the
manufacture of braces herein described by employing eyelets to connect
together the several parts of the brace either in addition to the stitching and
for the purpose of relieving the strain upon the stitching, or as a means of
connecting together the several parts of braces without any stitching whatever,
as herein more fully set forth and specified.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Clark Keen, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Twenty-third day of March, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-one.
JOHN CLARK KEEN. (L.S.)
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE WHEELS OF TRACTION ENGINES AND IN ADAPTATION TO SUCH ENGINES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Jesse Lee at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 19th November
1861.
I, JESSE LEE, of Church Gate, in the Borough of Leicester, Engineer, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
CONSTRUCTION OF THE WHEELS OF TRACTION ENGINES AND IN
ADAPTATION TO SUCH ENGINES," to be as follows:-
This Invention consists, first, in adapting transverse bars of metal to the
felloes of the wheels of traction engines to ensure greater hold of said wheels
in the ground than heretofore; secondly, in connecting together at will two
of such said wheels placed at opposite sides of the engine, or only connecting
one of said wheels with the spur wheel of the engine so as to be driven
thereby; this may be effected by placing each wheel loosely upon the axle ou
which the aforesaid spur wheel is fixed and by means of a lever wheel and
clutch box fixing one or both of said wheels, on the axle, or releasing therefrom
as desired; thirdly, in adapting a broad wheel to the fire-box end of the
boiler of a traction engine, said wheel being constructed of two narrow
felloes connected together by transverse bars or plates of metal; this wheel
is mounted loosely upon an axle on which is fixed a spur wheel driven by the
engine, a lever wheel and clutch is also employed for fixing said wheel on the
axle, so as to be moved thereby as desired, or instead of constructing the
aforesaid broad wheel as lastly above described it may be formed of two

page_text: hollow cylinders, around which are formed projections; these cylinders may
either be coupled together or separately with the driving spur wheel before
mentioned or be entirely freed therefrom by means of a lever handle and
clutch as before described with reference to the second part of this
Invention.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANU- FACTURE OF DRAWING AND DELIVERING ROLLERS USED IN PREPARING AND SPINNING FIBROUS MATERIALS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Robertson at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 8th June
1861.
1, WILLIAM ROBERTSON, of the City of Manchester, Engineer, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANU-
FACTURE OF DRAWING AND DELIVERING ROLLERS USED IN PREPARING AND SPINNING
FIBROUS MATERIALS," to be as follows:-
The object of my Invention is to increase the hold on fibrous materials when
passing between the top and bottom rollers, and the manner of accomplishing
this is by making annular grooves in such rollers instead of making them
with longitudinal flutes as now customary. By means of these improvements
a more equal drawing of the fibres is obtained, with less weight on the top
rollers.
IMPROVEMENTS IN SAFETY LAMPS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Clark, at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 11th November
1861. A communication from abroad by Mr. Pierre Dernoncourt,
Director of the Anzin Mines, Denain, Departement of the Nord, and of
29, Boulevart St. Martin, Paris, both in the Empire of France.
I, WILLIAM CLARK, of 53, Chancery Lane, in the County of Middlesex,
Engineer & Patent Agent, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN SAFETY LAMPS," to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to an improved safety lamp to be used in mines,
gasworks, or distilleries, which differs from all other similar lamps in the
following conditions:-1st. When once lighted and closed it cannot be opened
without completely extinguishing the light. 2ndly. The metal gauze is
screwed to the lamp instead of being carried by the suspending part, so that
should this become detached by any cause from the lamp, the gauze will still
be secured to the lamp and preserve it entire. 3rdly. The exterior and
bottom of the lamp is free from any thing that might be injured by blows, the
mechanism being all enclosed, so that the-lamp is incapable of getting out of
order by shaking. 4thly. The lamp being constructed on purely mechanical
principles, is not subject to disarrangement by rough usage.
This lamp is formed of a lower circular chamber, on which is screwed the
wire gauze; in the centre of said chamber is placed the wick holder & the
wick, which rises and descends therein by means of a pinion on a rod, to which

page_text: is attached a small ratchet, which only allows the pinion to rotate in one direc-
tion. Supposing a wick of about one and three quarters of an inch in length
to be lighted, the metal gauze is screwed on, and a plate is then fixed to the
lamp by means of three notches and hooks, when, by slightly turning said
plate, the lamp will become closed. This plate carries a toothed segment
gearing with the pinion regulating the supply of the wick; hence when the lamp
is opened, by turning said plate this segment will turn the regulating pinion
and cause the wick to return into the wick holder, and thereby completely
extinguish the light.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MEANS OF CONNECTING AND DISCONNECTING ENGINES AND TENDERS TO AND FROM TRAINS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Richard Restell at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 11th
September 1861.
I, RICHARD RESTELL, of Croydon, in the County of Surrey, Watch Maker,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
THE MEANS OF CONNECTING AND DISCONNECTING ENGINES AND TENDERS TO AND FROM
TRAINS," to be as follows:-
The object of my Invention is to enable the driver of the engine to connect
and disconnect the engine and tender to and from the train at will without
leaving his place on the engine.
My Invention consists in attaching to the engine or to the tender a stirrup,
which is hinged to a plate, a rod from which passes through the frame, and is
connected to an ordinary draw spring; or the plate may be fixed. The stirrup
bas fitted to it and depending from it a weighted U-shaped bar, while a
similarly shaped bar is connected by loops to the upper surface of the stirrup ;
this latter bar has attached to it a cord, strap, or chain, which is carried to
some part of the engine within reach of the driver; the carriage to come next
to the engine and tender is fitted with an ordinary draw hook.
The operation is as follows:-Supposing the driver requires to connect, he
first raises the stirrup by means of the cord or chain, causes bis engine to press
up against the carriage and lowers the stirrup over the draw hook, into which
the weight connected to the under part of the stirrup causes it to descend and
become engaged. To connect the coupling chains it is necessary an attendant

page_text: should hook them on, but there is no necessity for him to enter between the
rails, as the booking on should be performed outside the rails on cach side;
but to enable the driver sliould he require to disconnect the coupling chains
as well as the central coupling, I hinge on to a plate bolted to the engine or
tender a weighted hook to receive one end of the coupling chain, and I attach
a line, cord, or chain to the hook in such manner that on the hook being
pulled up the chain will be liberated. I employ a separate hook for each
coupling chain. To disconnect the central coupling, the driver checks or stops
his engine and presses it up against the train, or allows the train to press up
against it, until the stirrup is pushed sufficiently back into the hook to enable
it to be raised out of and free from the hook; the driver then raises it out of
the book, and the disconnection is effected.
IM- PROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR STACKING STRAW AND OTHER AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Samuel William Campain at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
9th November 1861.
I, SAMUEL WILLIAM CAMPAIN, of Deeping Saint Nicholas, in the County of
Lincoln, Farmer, do hereby declare the nature of the Invention for "IM-
PROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR STACKING STRAW AND OTHER AGRICULTURAL
PRODUCE," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for object "Improvements in Apparatus for Stacking
Straw and other Agricultural Produce." For these purposes an endless rope,
strap, or band is used, to which are attached a series of receivers or holders,
which are alternately brought to the end of a thrashing machine or other
place, where the receivers or holders are filled in succession, and are then
brought over the stack and tilted, so as to discharge their contents. These
holders or receivers may be varied in their construction, but it is preferred
that they should consist of a series of ribs of a bent or hook-like form,
attached at one end to the endless rope, strap, or band, and at their other end
standing out from it, so that the straw or other vegetable matters may be placed
into and be supported by the hook-like holders or receivers. These hook-like
holders are attached near to one another on to the endless rope, chain, or strap,
so as to form as it were a hollow skeleton frame, the hook-like parts forming
the ribs, and these ribs are connected by cords or chains or otherwise, yet so as
to permit the hook-like ribs when they come to the point at which they are to

page_text: drop their load to tilt for that purpose. The endless rope, belt, or strap is
carried by two or more wheels, the one nearest the thrashing machine or point
where straw or vegetable matter is supplied thereto being horizontal, whilst
the wheel where the tilting takes place is vertical, or sufficiently inclined to
cause the hook-like frames or ribs to be tilted, in order to discharge their
contents. The wheel and endless rope, strap, or belt where the tilting takes
place is supported by an upright pole, or otherwise, the other wheel where
the feeding takes place is combined with a thrashing machine, or other
apparatus suitably arranged for giving motion to the endless strap, rope,
or band.