Improvements in and relating to Reflecting Devices for Lamps.
Year: 1898

page_text: Date of Application, 7th Jan., 1898
Complete Specification Left, 7th Oct., 1898-Accepted, 10th Dec., 1898
Improvements in and relating to Reflecting Devices for Lamps.
I, MAURICE SAUVALLE, of 3, Rue Crétet, Paris, in the Republic of France,.
Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows:-
This invention relates to a form of reflector for use with lighting appliances
of all kinds which I term "multireflector."
It is characterised by the combination in forms or arrangement having
diverse applications of multiple reflecting surfaces of any description, either
with transparent or translucent surfaces, or with spaces left free; each of these
surfaces is formed in accordance with a plan calculated with regard in the
first place to a definite focus, secondly to the position which it occupies in the
system, and finally to its application to a particular appliance.
The essential object of these combinations of multiple surfaces is, 1st to
simultaneously encounter certain rays nearer to their source than would be the
case with a single reflecting surface; 2nd to encounter these rays respectively
at the incidences necessary for their reflection in pre-determined directions; 3rd
to multiply the reflecting surfaces and to reduce the volume of the reflecting
appliances.
With this object the reflecting surfaces may be given the form of rings, of
steps or grades concentric to the axis of the bulb, globe, reflector, lantern or the
like; these combinations of surfaces are such that certain rays of definite
luminous foci are reflected by certain surfaces, but are able to freely traverse,
either certain transparent or translucent surfaces or certain spaces left free for
that purpose.
Each form or arrangement constitutes a complete whole suitable for applica-
tion to a pre-determined object.
These reflecting, transparent or translucent surfaces may be formed of different
substances, but usually and principally of glass or crystal; in no case however
do they serve to produce effects of refraction, but of reflection.
The steps, rings or guards may be formed by mirrors or by reflecting surfaces
which are either polished or dull, opaque or translucent, smooth in surface or
otherwise, coloured or plain. The transparent or translucent surfaces may also
be either clear or ground, smooth in surface or otherwise, coloured or un-coloured.
The number and dimensions of these surfaces may vary according to each of
the applications of which the invention is capable.
The application of the invention which is characterised by different com-
binations, according to the multiple surfaces and the respective calculation of
their sections, permits
1. Of reflecting either separately or simultaneously different pencils of rays
emitted by definite luminous foci.
2. Of encountering certain definite pencils of rays quite near to their source
and at the desired incidences.
3. Of decreasing the volume of the reflecting appliances such as shades, pro-
jectors and the like whilst at the same time multiplying the reflecting surfaces.

page_text: 4. Of effecting an arrangement in certain cases acting as a system of lenses,
substituting reflective effects for refractive effects.
5. Finally of forming bulbs, tulip-shaped shades, globes, reflectors, shades,
projectors and the like, of special forms adapted for any system of lighting.
In applying my invention to the walls of the bulbs of incandescence electric
lamps it is carried out by a special formation of the bulbs themselves.
The bulbs of these lamps are constructed in such a manner to practically serve
as reflectors of the rays emitted by the filament which they contain; they may
thus be termed auto-reflectors" as well as multi-reflectors."
"
With this object, grades, rings or steps are moulded upon the walls of the
bulb itself and concentric with its axis.
These surfaces are externally in relief and hollow within or vice versa; their
sections are determined in the first place so as to receive certain rays at pre-
determined incidences and secondly so as to offer sufficient resistance to atmos-
pheric pressure. The final form of each pattern of bulb is one which at the
same time fulfils both these conditions.
I will hereinafter describe various arrangements of methods of application of
the class of reflector. The steps or grades may also be to some extent indepen-
dent of the wall of the bulb but joined and welded thereto.
According to one form of this lamp it is made approximately of the shape of
a cylinder terminating in two hemispheres. The upper dome is somewhat larger
in diameter than the lower hemispherical cap. These two parts are joined by
rings shaped according to segments of parabolas and of diminishing diameters.
The upper parts of these wings are reflecting surfaces and the lower parts thereof
are transparent. The rays of light emitted by the incandescent filament which
strike against the reflecting surfaces issue from the bulb through the trans-
parent parts. The lower rays leave directly through the lower transparent part
without having been reflected.
In this lamp it is indispensable that the luminous intensity, instead of being
emitted by a principal focus, should be distributed throughout the whole length
of the filament. For this reason, in lamps of slight or only average luminous
intensity, the filament should not be coiled; in lamps of greater luminous inten-
sity, the filament is formed with several turns or coils in such a manner as to
distribute the luminous intensity in a practically uniform manner throughout its
entire length.
In another form the general contour of the bulb is approximately that of a
truncated cone; the base is an ellipsoid surmounted by two concentric gradations
of diminishing diameters, shaped according to segments of parabolas. They are
calculated in such a manner as to receive the luminous radiations at the desired
incidences.
The upper segments of these gradations are reflecting surfaces and the lower
In this lamp
segments and the base are transparent or translucent surfaces.
the filament is arranged in close turns situated as low as possible so as to form
a principal focus; it is however hidden from view in the horizontal direction
by the lower reflecting surface.
In a modification of the preceding form which is more particularly applicable
when the lower portion only is transparent the gradations or rings are of concave
form in section and are translucent reflecting surfaces; in this bulb the reflecting
steps or gradations are not separated by transparent portions.
According to another form the bulb of this lamp is spherical in shape. The
upper hemisphere is the reflector the lower hemisphere is transparent or translucid.
The concentric rings are of segments successively concave and convex in section;
the external reliefs are hollow within and vice versa. When the reflecting sur-
faces are mirrors, the image of the luminous focus or image is not projected in
strips or bands upon the surfaces illuminated. The branches of the filament
which enter and leave the lamp are short, and the turns more numerous and
smaller in size than in the second form above described; the reliefs on the bulb
form scrolls approximately perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the lamp.

page_text: When it is necessary to increase the reflecting surfaces, an external step or
gradation of crystal may be welded on externally upon the equatorial line of the
lamp; this step forms with the circumference an angle suitable for reflecting
the rays emitted by the principal focus of the filament.
In a modification this lamp, the respective positions of the reflecting hemi-
sphere and of the transparent hemisphere are inverted, the base being situated
below. This form may be constructed either with or without an external step
or reflecting ring welded upon the equatorial line.
A second modification of this lamp consists in arranging the reliefs on con-
centric rings in planes parallel to the vertical axis instead of at right angles
thereto. This lamp acts as a projector. The supplementary external reflecting
ring may be adapted to this form also.
The lamp may comprise according to another form a bulb of transparent
crystal, of inverted cylindro-conical shape. The reflecting surfaces are formed
by bands or discs of moulded crystal provided with openings at their centre for
the purpose of welding them to the exterior of the bulb. They are of such a
section that, arranged concentrically to the vertical axis of the bulb, they form
respectively with planes at right angles to this axis angles of aperture calculated
as a function of the incidences at which it is desired that the luminous rays of the
filament placed within the lamp should be received.
This form may be modified to enable it to be applied to lamps mounted with
the base arranged below. In this case the first reflecting step is welded to a cap
which covers the upper hemisphere or dome of the lamp.
A second class of arrangements suitable for application to the walls of the
bulbs of incandescence electric lamps is formed by the addition to the walls of the
bulbs of movable and semi-adhesive reflectors.
The various forms of these reflectors have the following points in common:
They are constructed in light crystal, blown and moulded; the reliefs external
to their walls are hollow internally and vice versa.
They are formed for application solely to lamps constructed to receive them,
in such a manner that in each pattern the lamp and the reflector form by their
combination a complete whole. The reflector is only semi-adhesive to the lamp,
it is separated from it by ribs moulded upon the collar, in order that the afr
which passes over the walls of the bulb may pass freely away.
The object of this arrangement is to diminish the heating caused by the con-
centration of the heat.
The lamp as sometimes made comprises a bulb of transparent crystal approxi-
mately cylindrical or slightly conical in shape, terminating in a hemispherical
base. The reflector consists of three reflecting surfaces welded upon a cylindrical
segment of transparent crystal. The first reflecting surface is moulded in the
form of a dome connected with a step; the other reflecting steps are moulded
separately. The reflecting surfaces which have a section permitting them to
receive the radiations from the filament at the desired incidence, are welded ex-
ternally and concentrically with the transparent cylinder. The reflector thus
formed is arranged upon the lamp of entirely transparent crystal: a complete
system of reflecting surfaces and of transparent surfaces is thus obtained. In
this form, the filament is ordinarily arranged in the same manner as that described
for the first form.
In a further form the bulb and the filament constituting the lamp are similar
to those described with reference to the second modification. The bulb is entirely
The reflector has the
transparent or partly ground at its hemispherical base.
form of a truncated cone. It is composed of concentric steps superposed and
surmounted by a dome. The contours of the dome and of the steps or reflecting
surfaces are calculated so as to receive the luminous radiations at suitable inci-
dences for reflecting them.
Another modification comprises a spherical bulb of transparent crystal. The

page_text: reflector forms a hemispherical cap, consisting of concentric rings successively
concave and convex. The external reliefs are hollow internally and vice versa.
The reflector is constructed similarly to the reflecting portion of the lamp of the
fourth form or modification; it acts in the same manner.
A third class comprises the applications of my invention to gas petroleum and
other lighting appliances, and particularly to incandescence gas or petroleum
lighting, I will describe by way of example some of the forms carrying out this
application of my invention.
The globe in this case consist of transparent crystal intended to serve as a
support or frame and to constitute the transparent surfaces of the arrangement,
which comprises reflecting surfaces in crystal concentric to the globe upon which
they are welded externally. The shape of the globe is approximately ellipsoidal.
The reflecting surface is composed of the dome and of the first reflecting step
combined. The following steps or gradations are of section respectively calcu-
lated so as to receive the luminous radiations at pre-determined incidences. The
dome is welded to the globe. The rays reflected by the steps or reflectors leave
the globe through its transparent portions.
In some cases the reflecting dome is omitted. The transparent globe is of in-
verted cylindro-conical shape. The number of reflecting steps may be increased
according to the height of the incandescence mantle and the lighting effects
desired. The steps or reflecting pieces are respectively welded to the globe.
In other cases the system of superposed reflecting surfaces is composed of
gradations or steps formed by rings or bands of crystal which may be either opal,
enamelled, silvered or covered with a coating of any kind so as to form a mirror.
These steps or gradations are concentric to the axis passing through the plane at
right angles to the focus; they form with the different planes at right angles
to this latter, angles of aperture respectively calculated so as to receive certain
pencils of rays at definite incidences adapted to reflect them in pre-determined
directions.
These gradations are moulded separately. by means of bands of crystal of
diminishing diameters and having at their centre an opening which is of the
same diameter for all the bands or discs.
In order to carry this method into practice, the bands may be mounted in
various ways:
1. By welding them, superposed one upon the others within a globe of inverted
truncated conical shape, and formed of entirely transparent crystal. A complete
whole is thus obtained which is composed of reflecting surfaces and of transparent
The globe may be replaced by a frame consisting of light metal uprights
or crystal rods, provided with slight rings supporting the bands.
zones.
2. The reflecting parts instead of being mounted within the truncated conc
may be mounted outside a transparent crystal cylinders. The cylinder may be
replaced by a frame consisting either of light metal uprights or of crystal rods.
In applying the device to a street lamp the transparent surfaces are formed by
the walls of the lamp itself; the reflecting surfaces are fixed to the metal parts
which support these walls. The lamp may be lighted by means of a bats-wing
burner. For other burners-intensifying burners, incandescence burners and
so on the reflecting surfaces may be arranged as for the patterns previously
described, with the modifications necessitated by the height at which the focus
is placed and the illuminating effects sought to be obtained.
For application to a gas or petroleum incandescence burner the appliance, is
constructed of transparent crystal blown and moulded, and consists of two parts;
a dome, and an inverted truncated cone. The globe is formed of rings or steps
concentric with its axis and of diminishing diameters. Moulded in the same
way as the walls of the globe, they are in relief externally and hollow within.
The upper plane surfaces form with the internal surfaces angles of increasing
and calculated apertures. The angular surfaces are reflecting surfaces; the
other surfaces are transparent. The pencils of luminous rays emitted by an

page_text: incandescent mantle arranged in the axis of the globe will strike respectively
against the reflecting surfaces nearer to their source than would be the case with
a single reflecting surface prolonged. They would be reflected in pre-determined
directions with regard to the incidences at which they strike the reflecting surface.
As previously stated I have only represented the arrangements and forms of
carrying out my invention by way of example; it will be understood that I do
not limit myself to the number of devices which I have described nor to their
forms and exact construction, which I may combine one with another in every
possible way.
1
71
1
+
1000
HASELTINE, LAKE & Co.,
45, Southampton Buildings, London, W.C.,
Agents for the Applicant.
Improvements in and relating to Reflecting Devices for Lamps.
I, MAURICE SAUVALLE, of 3, Rue Crétet, Paris, in the Republic of France,
Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner
the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement:-
This invention relates to a form of reflector for use with lighting appliances
of all kinds which I term multireflector."
**
The said invention is characterised by the combination in forms or arrangements
having diverse applications of multiple reflecting surfaces of any description, either
with transparent or translucent surfaces, or with spaces left free; each of these
surfaces is formed in accordance with a plan calculated with regard-in the
first place to a definite focus, secondly to the position which it occupies in the
system, and finally to its application to a particular appliance.
The essential object of these combinations of multiple surfaces is, 1st, to
simultaneously encounter certain rays nearer to their source than would be the
case with a single reflecting surface: 2nd to encounter these rays respectively
at the incidences necessary for their reflection in pre-determined directions; 3rd
to multiply the reflecting surfaces and to reduce the volume of the reflecting
appliances.
With this object the reflecting surfaces may be given the form of rings of
steps or grades concentric to the axis of the bulb, globe, reflector, lantern or the
like; these combinations of surfaces are such that certain rays of definite
luminous foci are reflected by certain surfaces, but are able to freely traverse,
either certain transparent or translucent surfaces or certain spaces left free for
that purpose.
Each form or arrangement constitutes a complete whole suitable for applica-
tion to a pre-determined object.
These reflecting, transparent or translucent surfaces may be formed of different
substances, but usually and principally of glass or crystal in no case however
do they serve to produce effects of refraction, but of reflection.
The steps, rings or grades may be formed by mirrors or by reflecting surfaces
which are either polished or dull, opaque or translucent, smooth in surface or
otherwise, coloured or plain. The transparent or translucent surfaces may also
be either clear or ground, smooth in surface or otherwise, coloured or un-coloured.
The number and dimensions of these surfaces may vary according to each of
the applications of which the invention is capable.

page_text: +
The application of the invention which is characterised by different com-
binations, according to the multiple surfaces and the respective calculation of
their sections, permits-
1. Of reflecting either separately or simultaneously different pencils of rays
emitted by definite luminous .foci.
2. Of encountering certain definite pencils of rays quite near to their source
and at the desired incidences.
3. Of decreasing the volume of the reflecting appliances such as shades, pro-
jectors and the like whilst at the same time multiplying the reflecting surfaces.
4. Of effecting an arrangement in certain cases acting as a system of lenses,
substituting reflective effects for refractive effects.
5. Finally of forming bulbs, tulip-shaped shades, globes, reflectors, shades,
projectors and the like, of special forms adapted for any system of lighting.
In order that my invention may be readily and clearly understood, I have
represented by way of example in the accompanying drawings, different arrange-
ments in accordance with my invention and adapted to different methods of
lighting.
In these drawings:
Figures 1 to 11 inclusive represent arrangements showing the application of
my invention to incandescence electric lamps.
Figures 12 to 17 inclusive represent various arrangements suitable for appli-
cation to gas, petroleum, or other similar lighting appliances.
According to the first kind of devices applicable to the walls of the bulbs of
incandescence electric lamps my invention is carried out by a special formation
of the bulbs themselves.
The bulbs of these lamps are constructed in such a manner as to partially serve
as reflectors of the rays emitted by the filament which they contain; they may
thus be termed "auto-reflectors as well as "multi-reflectors."
3
With this object, grades, rings or steps. are moulded upon the walls of the
bulb itself and concentric with its axis.
These surfaces are externally in relief and hollow within or vice versa; their
sections are determined in the first place so as to receive certain rays at pre-
determined incidences and secondly so as to offer sufficient resistance to atmo-
spheric pressure. The final form of each pattern of bulb is one which at the
same time fulfils both these conditions.
Figures 1 to 6 inclusive represent various arrangements of methods of appli-
cation of this class of reflector. The steps or grades may also be to some extent
independent of the wall of the bulb but joined and welded thereto. Figures 7
and 8 represent two such arrangements.
According to the form of this lamp shown in Figure 1 it is made approxi-
mately of the shape of a cylinder terminating in two hemispheres. The upper
dome A is somewhat larger in diameter than the lower hemispherical cap A¹.
These two parts are joined by rings shaped according to segments of parabolas
and of diminishing diameters. The surfaces 13, 131, 132, 133 are reflecting surfaces
and the surfaces C, C1, C2, C3 are transparent. The rays of light emitted by
the incandescent filament which strike against the reflecting surfaces B, B1, 132, 133
issue from the bulb through the transparent parts, C, C1, C2, C3. The lower rays
leave directly through the part C3 without having been reflected.
In this lamp it is indispensable that the luminous intensity, instead of being
emitted by a principal focus, should be distributed throughout the whole length
of the filament. For this reason, in lamps of slight or only average luminous
intensity, the filament D should not be coiled; in lamps of greater luminous
intensity, the filament 11 is formed with several turns or coils in such a manner
as to distribute the luminous intensity in a practically uniform manner through-
out its entire length.
In the form shown in Figure 2 the general contour of the bulb is approximately
that of a truncated cone the base is an ellipsoid surmounted by two concentric

page_text: graduations of diminishing diameters, shaped according to segments of parabolas.
They are calculated in such a manner as to receive the luminous radiations at
the desired incidences.
The upper segments B, B1, B2 are reflecting surfaces and the lower seg
ments C, C and the base C2 are transparent or translucent surfaces. In this
lamp the filament is arranged in close turns situated as low as possible so as to
form a principal focus; it is however hidden from view in the horizontal direc-
tion by the lower reflecting surface B³.
In the type shown in Figure 3 a modification of the preceding form which is
more particularly applicable when the lower portion C only is transparent.
B B B are translucent reflecting surfaces; in this bulb the reflecting steps or
graduations are not separated by transparent portions.
.
According to Figure 4 the bulb is spherical in shape. The upper hemi-
sphere B, B1, B2 and so on is the reflector; the lower hemisphere C is trans-
parent or translucent. The concentric rings B, B1, B2 and so on are segments
successively concave and convex in section; the external reliefs are hollow within
and vice versa. When the reflecting surfaces are mirrors, the image of the
luminous focus or image is not projected in strips or bands upon the surfaces
illuminated. The branches of the filament which enter and leave the lamp are
short, and the turns more numerous and smaller in size than in the form repre-
sented in Figure 2; the reliefs on the bulb form scrolls approximately per-
pendicular to the longitudinal axis of the lamp.
When it is necessary to increase the reflecting surfaces an external step or
graduation E of crystal may be welded on externally upon the equatorial line of
the lamp; this step forms with the circumference an angle suitable for reflecting
the rays emitted by the principal focus of the filament.
In Figure 5 which is a modification of Figure 4 the respective positions of the
reflecting hemisphere B B B2 and of the transparent hemisphere C are inverted,
the base F being situated below. This form may be constructed either with or
without an external step or reflecting ring E welded upon the equatorial line.
Figure 6 shows a second modification of Figure 4 and consists in arranging
the reliefs B, B1, B32 133 and so on in planes parallel to the vertical axis a
instead of at right angles thereto. This lamp acts as a projector. The supple-
mentary external reflecting ring E shown in Figures 4 and 5 may be adapted
to this form also.
The lamp shown in Figure 7 comprises a bulb of transparent crystal of inverted
cylindro-conical shape. The reflecting surfaces B, B1, B2 are formed by bands
or discs of moulded crystal provided with openings at their centre for the pur-
pose of welding them to the exterior of the bulb. They are of such a section
that, arranged concentrically to the vertical axis xx of the bulb, they form re-
spectively with planes at right angles to this axis angles of aperture calculated
as a function of the incidences at which it is desired that the luminous rays of
the filament placed within the lamp should be received. This filament has
usually the form of that in Figure 1.
The form shown in Figure 8 is constructed in the same manner as that shown
in Figure 7; it is a modification of this latter applicable to lamps mounted with
the base Farranged below. In this case the first reflecting step B is welded to
a cap which covers the upper hemisphere or dome of the lamp.
A second class of arrangements suitable for application to the walls of the
bulbs of incandescence electric lamps is formed by the addition to the walls of
the bulbs of movable and semi-adhesive reflectors.
The various forms of these reflectors which are represented by way of example
in Figures 9 to 11 inclusive have the following points in common:
They are constructed in light crystal, blown and moulded; the reliefs external
to their walls are hollow internally and vice versa.
They are formed for application solely to lamps constructed to receive them.
in such a manner that in each pattern the lamp and the reflector form by their

page_text: combination a complete whole. The reflector is only semi-adhesive to the lamp
it is separated from it by ribs moulded upon the collar, in order that the air
which passes over the walls of the bulb may pass freely away.
The object of this arrangement is to diminish the heating caused by the con-
centration of the heat.
The lamp shown in Figure 9 comprises a bulb of transparent crystal approxi-
mately cylindrical or slightly conical in shape, terminating in a hemispherical
base. The reflector consists of three reflecting surfaces B, B1 B2, welded upon a
cylindrical segment of transparent crystal, H, H¹. The first reflecting surface
is moulded in the form of a dome connected with a step B: B1 and B2 are
reflecting steps moulded separately. The reflecting surfaces B, B1, B2, which
have a section permitting them to receive the radiations from the filament at
these desired incidences, are welded externally and concentrically with the trans-
parent cylinder, H, H¹. The reflector thus formed is arranged upon the lamp
of entirely transparent crystal; a complete system of reflecting surfaces B, B1, B2
and of transparent surfaces C, C1, C2 is thus obtained. In this form, the fila-
ment is ordinarily arranged in the same manner as that shown in Figure 1.
The modification applicable to the form shown in Figure 5 is applicable also
to this form in this case the dome h should be less open at its summit.
In a further form shown in Figure 10 the bulb and the filament constituting
the lamp are similar to those described with reference to Figure 2. The bulb
is entirely transparent or partly ground at its hemispherical base. The reflector
has the form of a truncated cone. It is composed of concentric steps superposed
and surmounted by a dome. The contours of the dome and of the steps B, B1, B²
or reflecting surfaces are calculated so as to receive the luminous radiations at
suitable incidences for reflecting them, through C.
Another modification shown in Figure 11 comprises a spherical bulb of trans-
parent crystal. The reflector forms a hemispherical cap, consisting of concentric
rings successively concave and convex B, B1, B2 and so on. The external reliefs
are hollow internally and vice versa. The reflector is constructed similarly to
the reflecting portion of the lamp of the form or modification shown in Figures 4,
it acts in the same manner. The modifications applied to the forms shown in
Figures 5 and 6 are applicable to the form shown in Figure 11.
A third class comprises the applications of my invention to gas petroleum and
other lighting appliances, and particularly to incandescence, gas or petroleum
lighting. I will describe by way of example some of the forms embodying this
application of my invention."
The form of modification shown in Figure 12 consists essentially of a
globe H H H². . . of transparent crystal intended to serve as a support or
frame and to constitute the transparent surfaces of the arrangement, and reflect-
ing surfaces in crystal concentric to the globe to which they are welded extern-
ally upon the planes which cut the globe at h h¹ h². The shape of the globe is
approximately ellipsoidal. The reflecting surface B, B
is composed of
the dome and of the first reflecting step combined. The steps B1, B2, B3 are of
sections respectively calculated so as to receive the luminous radiations at pre-
determined incidences. The dome is welded to the globe H upon the line h; the
step 132 upon the line h¹ and the step B3 upon the line h², h². The rays re-
flected by B, B1, B2, B3 leave the globe through its transparent portions H, H¹, H².
In some cases the reflecting dome is omitted as shown in Figure 13. The
transparent globe H, H¹, H. is of inverted cylindro-conical shape. The
number of reflecting steps B1, B2, may be increased according to the height of
the incandescence mantle and the lighting effects desired. The steps B and 12
are respectively welded to the globe upon the lines h and h¹.
Figure 14 shows a system of superposed reflecting surfaces B B+ B B² B³
composed of graduations or steps formed by rings or bands of crystal which may
be either opal, enamelled, silvered or covered with a coating of any kind so as
to form a mirror. These steps or graduations are concentric to the axis passing

page_text: through the plane at right angles to the focus; they form with the different
planes at right angles to this latter, angles of aperture respectively calculated so
as to receive certain pencils of rays at definite incidences adapted to reflect them
in pre-determined directions.
These graduations are moulded separately by means of bands of crystal of
diminishing diameters and having at their centre an opening which is of the
same diameter for all the bands or discs.
In order to carry this method into practice, the bands may be mounted in
various ways:
1. As shown in Figure 14 by welding them, superposed one upon the others
within a globe H, H', H, H, H, of inverted truncated conical shape, and
formed of entirely transparent crystal. The bands are respectively welded upon
the lines hh¹ h² h³ h
A complete whole is thus obtained which is com-
posed of reflecting surfaces B, B1, B2, 133, B4 and of transparent zones H, HI, H³,
H³, H. The globe may be replaced by a frame consisting of light metal up-
rights or crystal rods, provided with slight rings supporting the bands.
2. As shown in Figure 15 the reflecting parts B, B1, B2, B3, B4, instead of
being mounted within the truncated cone H, H', H² H³ H* may be mounted
outside a transparent crystal cylinder. The joints of the bands B, B1, B2, B3 B+
are then made along the lines h, h¹, h², h³, h respectively. The cylinder may
be replaced by a frame consisting either of light metal uprights or of crystal
rods.
In applying the device to a street lamp as shown in Figure 16 the transparent
surfaces H H H are formed by the walls of the lamp itself, the reflecting sur-
faces B, B1, B2 are fixed to the metal parts which support these walls. The lamp
may be lighted by means of a bats-wing burner. For other burners-intensify-
ing burners, incandescence burners and so on the reflecting surfaces may be
arranged according to the patterns previously described, with the modifications
necessitated by the height at which the focus is placed and the illuminating
effects sought to be obtained.
For application to a gas or petroleum incandescence burner as shown in
Figure 17 the appliance, is constructed of transparent crystal blown and moulded,
and consists of two parts; a dome b, and an inverted truncated cone. The globe
is formed of rings or steps concentric with its axis and of diminishing diameters.
Moulded in the same way as the walls of the globe, they are in relief externally
and hollow within. The upper plane surfaces B, B1, B2, B3, B4, form with the
internal surfaces H, H', H2, H3, H4, plane horizontals of the angles B H, B¹ H¹,
B2 H2 of increasing and calculated apertures. The surfaces B, B1, B2, B3, B4,
are reflecting surfaces; the surfaces C, C1, 0, 03, 04, are transparent. The
pencils of luminous rays emitted by an incandescent mantle arranged in the
axis of the globe will strike respectively against B 13 B2, nearer to their source
that would be the case with a single reflecting surface prolonged for example
at B in the direction of the arrows. They would be reflected in pre-determined
directions with regard to the incidences at which they strike B, B1, B2, B3
As previously stated I have only represented the arrangements and forms of
carrying out my invention by way of example: it will be understood that I do
not limit myself to the number of devices which I have described nor to their
forms and exact construction represented, which I may combine one with another
in every possible way.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said in-
vention and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I
claim is:-
1. A system of reflecting appliances or arrangements applicable to luminous
sources of all kinds essentially constituted by the grouping of multiple reflecting
surfaces of any description and of non-reflecting translucent or transparent sur-
faces, or even free spaces, around a luminous source, the position and form of

page_text: all these surfaces being determined in order to receive the luminous rays nearer
to the focus than would be the case with a single surface and so as to reflect them
in definite directions as above described and specified.
2. The forms of application above described of the system set forth in Claim 1,
to incandescence electric lamps, characterised by the formation of reflecting sur-
faces by means of the wall of the bulb itself in such a manner as to form
annular reflecting surfaces B, B1, B2 and transparent surfaces CC1 C2.
as above described and specified with reference to Figures 1 to 6 of the drawings.
3. The forms of application above described of the system set forth in Claim 1
to incandescence electric lamps, characterised by the addition to the wall of the
bulb of annular reflecting surfaces of suitable form and nature, welded or fused
externally to the bulb at pre-determined points as described and specified above
with reference to Figures 7 and 8 of the drawings.
4. The forms of application above described of the system set forth in Claim 1
to incandescence electric lamps, characterised by the addition to a bulb of a
partial and non-adherent envelope such as H H which may be partly reflecting
and upon which are welded or fused externally at pre-determined points annular
reflecting surfaces B B B2. of suitable nature and form as above described
and specified with respect to Figures 9 and 10 of the drawings.
5. The forms of application of the system set forth in Claim 1 to incandescence
electric lamps, characterised by the addition to a bulb of a reflecting non-
adherent envelope, partially covering the lamp and consisting of concave and
convex concentric rings B B₁ B². as above described with reference to
Figure 11 of the drawings.
!-
6. The forms of application of the system described in Claim 1, to gas,
petroleum and other burners, essentially constituted by a transparent envelope H,
H³, H² . . which may comprise a reflecting zone surrounding the focus, upon
which are welded or fused externally reflecting surfaces B B of pre-deter-
mined shape and arranged in pre-determined positions as above described and
specified with reference to Figures 12 and 13 of the drawings.
H2
7. The forms of application of the system described in Claim 1, to gas petro-
leum or other burners, essentially constituted by a transparent envelope H H¹
of the general form of a truncated cone or a cylinder upon which are welded
or fused either internally or externally reflecting surfaces B, 131, 132... of pre-
determined form and arranged in pre-determined positions, as above described
and specified with reference to Figures 14 and 15 of the drawings.
8. The forms of application of the system described in Claim 1, to gas petro-
leum or other burners essentially constituted by a globe having the general form
of an inverted truncated cone, comprising a reflecting dome 6 and steps formed
of transparent portions H H¹ H². and of reflecting portions B, Bi B².
forming one with the other pre-determined angles of aperture generally increas-
ing as above described and specified with reference to Figure 17 of the drawings.
9. The forms of application of the system described in Claim 1 to street lamps
or the like having batswing or other burners, essentially characterised by the
addition to the transparent walls of these lamps upon the inside thereof of re-
flecting surfaces of pre-determined forms and arranged in pre-determined posi-
tions as above described and specified with reference to Figure 16 of the drawings.
Dated this 7th day of October 1898.
HASELTINE, LAKE & Co.,
45, Southampton Buildings, London, W.C.,
Agents for the Applicant.