IMPROVEMENTS IN FILTERS, AND IN THE MEANS OF CLEANSING THE SAME, AND FOR SEPARATING COLORING AND TANNING MATTERS BY FILTRATION, OR FOR IMPROVEMENTS IN TANNING, OR EMPLOYING TANNING MATTERS BY FILTRATION
Year: 1839

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, PIERRE
NARCISSE CRONIER, of Paris, but now of Fricourt's Hotel, Saint Martin's
Lane, in the County of Middlesex, an Ancient Mayor of Paris, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at
Westminster, the Fourth day of December, in the third year of Her reign,
did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said
Pierre Narcisse Cronier, ler especial licence, full power, sole privilege and
authority, that I, the said Pierre Narcisse Cronier, my exors, adñiors, and
assigns, or such others as I, the said Pierre Narcisse Cronier, my exors,
aduiors, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to
time, and at all times during the term of years therein expressed, should and
lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and the
Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, my Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN FILTERS,
AND IN THE MEANS OF CLEANSING THE SAME, AND FOR SEPARATING COLORING AND
TANNING MATTERS BY FILTRATION, OR FOR IMPROVEMENTS IN TANNING, OR
EMPLOYING TANNING MATTERS BY FILTRATION," partly of my own Invention,
and partly communicated to me by a certain foreigner residing abroad; in
which said Letters Patent is contained a proviso, that I, the said Pierre
Narcisse Cronier, shall cause a particular description of the nature of the said
Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be inrolled in
Her said Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar months next
and immediately after the date of the said in part recited Letters Patent, as
in and by the same, reference being thereunto had, will more fully and at large
appear.

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, 1, the said
Pierre Narcisse Cronier, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention,
and the manner in which the same is to be performed, are fully described and
ascertained in and by the following statement thereof, reference being had to
the Drawings hereunto annexed, and to the figures and letters marked thereon,
that is to say:-
The Invention consists in placing within a suitably constructed vessel a
series of filters placed one above the other, as shewn in the Drawings, having
layers of sand and stone placed therein as the filtering medium, and through
which the water or other fluid passes to be filtered.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS.
A is the rod and apparatus for giving the pressure; B the sector, which
takes into and works the ro: A; it is mounted upon an axis with two friction
collars, to the end of which is adapted a square piece D; C is the metal
framing, with two arms on a frame of the same metal, and of a single piece,
which is bolted to the upper part of vessel; E, the case for the hemp or
stuffing to render the case hermetically closed; the case is of copper, and
fixed on the frame; F is the circular plate attached to the rod A, pierced with
holes; G is the cross piece which joins the plate F to the rod A; H is a
screw for the purpose of insuring the vertical action of the rod in the alternate
movement; J is the upper moveable top of the vessel, closed by means of a
screw, as shown at T'; K are the openings cut in the staves of the vessel, they
are closed by the oaken doors L, by means of a moveable metal fastening M,
and screw bolts N, N, fixed on the staves adjoining the opening; P, R, are
the tubes for conveying the water or other liquids to the filter, and for drawing
off when filtered, by means of the cock O; a denotes, the space occupied by
the sponge; b represents the partition or false bottom; c'represents the place
for the matted vegetable cord; d are the projections on which the bottom of
the sections rest; e, f, are the beds of sand and stone for one section of the
filter, the others are on the same principle; g are the empty spaces between
the sections of the filter.
MEANS OF WORKING THE APPARATUS.
To obtain the filtration of the liquid you open the upper cock of the supply
tube, also the lower cock to draw off the water; the water should be supplied
from a reservoir, placed at a certain elevation, and will enter at the upper
open cock and run out the lower one in a filtered state, and by means of this
tube, from whence the water is drawn off, the water may be carried to any
To obtain the filtration of the liquid you open the upper cock of the supply
tube, also the lower cock to draw off the water; the water should be supplied
from a reservoir, placed at a certain elevation, and will enter at the upper
open cock and run out the lower one in a filtered state, and by means of this
tube, from whence the water is drawn off, the water may be carried to any

page_text: required situation. The mode of cleansing the filter :-I prefer that each
section or division of the filter should be done separately. The liquid should
first pass into the filter through the second supply cock, and then through the
first; in opening at the same time the second supply cock and the first cock
for the water to be drawn off, and in shutting the first supply cock and the
second cock for the water to be drawn off, and so on, vice versa. During this
time that the sponges are being cleaned, the compression plate should be kept
in motion to express the slime or dirt contained in those matters. The liquid
which results from this cleaning runs away through a cock at the lower part
of the tube which conveys away the liquid. And the Invention also consists
in using as a filtering medium the materials from whence the fluid to be
filtered is obtained, as afterwards explained. Thus, for the sand or stone
employed for the filtration of water, should be substituted the kernel of apples
or the stone of bruised raisins in clarifying wine and vinegar; for clarifying
beer, the hop or the grains should be used as the filtering medium. Oils should
be filtered either by using oil-cake or by the stone of the olive, well bruised,
depending upon whether the oil will be of grain or of olives. In all these
filtrations, instead of sponge, carded cotton should be used in its place. For
the clarifycation of vegetable substances, the medium must be the dust of
wood, which is vegetable matter has a greater affinity for that kind of liquids.
Fish oils are clarified by using several layers or beds of sponge or compressed
cotton, also animal matters having affinity with fish oils. This filter will be
found very advantageous, and is intended for the clarifying and purifying oils,
more especially fish oil. The process for extracting coloring matters from
substances which contain them, and tannen from tanning matter, is by keeping
the liquids containing those substances in a state of agitation by means of a
piston, as shewn in the Drawing (according to the old plan the coloring
substances kept in a state of rest); the liquid passes through the filter, and the
colouring matter is deposited in the sections of the filter, and may be taken
out through the door or opening in the sides, as shewn in the Drawing. In
extracting tan from tanning matter, I dispense with the two upper sections of
the filter, and pass the liquid only through the lower two.
The mode of tanning by filtration is as follows:-The two upper sections or
diaphragme are removed, and the skins placed on the wicker frame, and put into
the vessel, as is well understood, care being observed that the skins should not
touch one another; the skins occupy about two-thirds of the spaces of the
vessel; the vessel is hermetically sealed. The tanning matter is supplied from
a reservoir, and flows into the vessel through the cocks at the upper and lower
part of the vessel; and the pressure will be upwards and downwards on the

page_text: skins, and at the same time are for forcing the tanning matter into the skins.
When the tanning matter has lost its tauning property, it is drawn off at the
discharge cock at the lower part of the vessel. The temperature of the
tanning matter may be kept up by having any suitable means of heating it in
its passage from the reservoir to the vessel.
Having thus described the nature of the Invention, and the manner of
performing the same, I would have it understood that I am aware that it is
not new to filter liquids by pressure upward and downwards, I do not,
therefore, claim the same; but what I claim is the mode of combining a series
of filters in one suitably constructed vessel, for the purpose of filtering water
and other fluids; and I do not confine myself to the mode shewn herein, of
constructing such vessels, although the one shewn I consider. to be the best for
the purpose.
And, secondly, I claim the using as a filtering medium the material from
whence the liquid to be filtered is obtained.
And, lastly, I claim the mode of applying the above described apparatus for
separating the coloring matter from substances, and the mode of tanning skins,
as above described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Pierre Narcisse Cronier, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Fourth day of June, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and forty.