IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MEANS AND APPARATUS FOR REGULATING THE POWER AND VELOCITY OF MACHINERY OR APPARATUS IN MOTION
Year: 1865

page_text: Street, Westminster, in the County of Middlesex, for the Invention of
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MEANS AND APPARATUS FOR REGULATING THE POWER
AND VELOCITY OF MACHINERY OR APPARATUS IN MOTION."
Sealed the 31st October 1865, and dated the 2nd May 1865.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Charles William Siemens
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 2nd May.1865.
I, CHARLES WILLIAM SIEMENS, of No. 3, Great George Street, Westminster,
in the County of Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MEANS AND APPARATUS FOR REGULATING THE POWER
AND VELOCITY OF MACHINERY OR APPARATUS IN MOTION," to be as follows:-
In order to regulate the velocity of steam and other engines, the governor
is made to act upon the throttle valve or upon variable expansion gear. It is
important that the action of the governor should take place immediately
after, if not at the moment when the equilibrium between the moving power
and the load upon the engine is disturbed; it is also important that the
governor should be chronometric, that is to say, should continue to move at
the same velocity while holding the valve or expansion gear in an altered
position; these conditions are fulfilled in a high degree by the chronometric
governor, for which Letters Patent were granted to Joseph Woods, bearing
date the 18th April 1844, No. 10,151, (being a communication to him from
[Price Bd.].

page_text: me). The free conical pendulum described in the Specification to this Patent
has answered the intended purpose, but the delicacy of its construction and its
expensiveness have prevented its general introduction.
My present Invention has for its object to accomplish the function of the
free conical pendulum by an equally chronometric but less delicate arrange-
ment, which may be termed a liquid pendulum," consisting of a cup or shell
open at top and bottom rotating on its vertical axis, or a fan or centrifugal
pump, which, dipping into a bath of liquid, imparts centrifugal motion to the
portion of the liquid inside the cup, fan. or pump, causing the liquid so
impelled to rise until it is on the point of overflowing. The liquid is maintained
in this condition without further expediture of power, so long as the speed or
power of the machine or apparatus to be regulated remains at the normal
standard, but so soon as this is exceeded, and a consequent increased impulse
is imparted to the cup, fan, or pump, the liquid overflows the upper edge of
the rotating cup, or of the fixed channels through which is forced by the
fan or pump, causing expenditure of power, which will prevent the further
acceleration of the cup, fan or pump, and this absorption of power may be
further increased by causing the liquid thrown out to pass alternately against
a series of fixed radial vanes, and vanes rotating with the cup. fan, or pump.
The power employed to maintain the cup or fan in motion, and which acts
independently of the machine or apparatus to be regulated, although it is
derived from or is constantly replenished by the same, is so regulated that it
is rather more than sufficient to maintain the liquid at the point of overflow,
but not sufficient to supply the much greater force that would be required to
cause a considerable overflow, particularly when the before-mentioned fixed
and rotating vanes are applied. The cup, fan, or pump, will therefore con-
tinue to rotate with such uniform velocity as is just sufficient to raise the
liquid by centrifugal force to the point of overflow, and even a considerable
augmentation of the moving force would only very slightly effect that velocity,
in consequence of the great retarding force which an increased overflow would
immediately produce. The rotating cup or fan is entirely enclosed in the
vessel containing the liquid "(which may be either mercury, glycerine, or oil,
or even water), its spindle passing through such vessel in order to be connected
with the driving weight or spring, and with the differential wheels, by which
the action upon the engine is obtained. The rotating cup or fan if applied as
a governor, should be massive, so as to represent a considerable weight in
motion or store of power to overcome the resistance of the engine valve
when required.
The liquid pendulum" may be employed also to regulate the speed of

page_text: ordinary clockwork without the intervention of differential motion, taking the
place of the flys or pendulums usually employed for such purpose. Thus
it may be employed to regulate the velocity of the mechanism for working
electric telegraph apparatus, or apparatus for astronomical or magnetic
observations, by connecting the spindle of the rotating cup or fan directly to
the train of wheels which are set in motion by the moving spring or weight;
or it may even be applied in the same manner to regulate the motion of time
pieces.
In these applications the rotating cup or fan may be of small dimensions
and of light construction, because no accumulated force or momentum is
required. If the moving power is a spring, and if great regularity of motion
is required, it will either be necessary to apply a fusce to compensate for the
much greater power of the spring when freshly wound up, or the excessive
irregularity of the spring power may be compensated for by varying the level
of the liquid in relation to the rotating cup or fan in such a manner that the
cup dips deeper into the liquid when the spring power is great than when it is
already partially expended. This may be conveniently effected by means of a
small displacing plunger, which is immersed into the liquid on winding up the
spring, and is gradually withdrawn from it as the spring unwinds itself again;
or it may be effected by raising and lowering the rotating cup, fan, or pump
itself by means of any suitable known mechanical arrangement.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Charles William Siemens in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 2nd November 1865.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, CHARLES
WILLIAM SIEMENS, of No. 3, Great George Street. Westminster. in the County
of Middlesex, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent. bearing date the Second day of May, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and sixty-five. in the twenty-eighth year of Her reign
did, for Herself. Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me the said
Charles William Siemens, Her special licence that 1, the said Charles William
Siemens, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the
said Charles William Siemens, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should
at any time agree with. and no others, from time to time and at all times
.

page_text: thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make,
use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVE
MENTS IN THE MEANS AND APPARATUS FOR REGULATING THE POWER AND VELOCITY
OF MACHINERY OR APPARATUS IN MOTION." upon the condition (amongst others)
that I, the said Charles William Siemens, my executors or administrators, by
an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals,
should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention,
and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same
to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next
and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Charles William Siemens, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same
is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement thereof, reference being had to the accompanying Drawings.
and to the figures and letters marked thereon, that is to say :---
In the mechanical arts it is an important problem to produce uniform
rotation in certain parts of machinery or mechanism. The pendulum is the
most perfect known instrument that can be employed for registering sub-
divisions of time, but it is not applicable in all cases where small periods of
time fractions of a second-require to be marked, or where continuous and
uniform rotary motion is required. The balance wheel and lever of a watch
is subject to the same limitation in its application. The ordinary conical
pendulum is capable of producing uniform and continuous rotary motion, but
it is a very delicate instrument, and liable to fall into eliptical rotation, and
the free conical pendulum described in the Specification to certain Letters
Patent granted to Joseph Woods bearing date the 18th April 1844,
No. 10,151, (being a communication to him from me), although to a high
degree chronometric in its action is also of too delicate and expensive a con-
struction to meet with general application as a governor or regulator of
motion or power. Other mechanical arrangements have been suggested which
are based upon atmospheric resistance as the medium for regulating rotary
notion, but which have not attained a high degree of perfection, owing pro-
bably to the circumstance that the density of the atmosphere is subject to
continual changes, and that the instruments themselves are complex and
liable to derangement.
My present Invention has for its object to accomplish the functions of the
free conical pendulum, by an equal chronometric but less delicate arrangement,
which on account of its simplicity is capable of very general application as a

page_text: regulator of motion and power, and which may be termed a "liquid chrono-
meter," it consists of a cup or shell, open at top and bottom, rotating on its
vertical axis, which dipping into a bath of liquid imparts centrifugal motion
to the portion of the liquid inside the cup, causing the liquid so impelled to
rise until it is on the point of overflowing. The liquid is maintained in this
condition without further expenditure of power, so long as the speed or power
of the machine or apparatus to be regulated remains at the normal standard;
so soon as this is exceeded, and a consequent increased impulse is imparted to
the cup, the liquid overflows the upper edge of the rotating cup, causing
expenditure of power, which will prevent the further acceleration of the cup,
and this absorption of power may be further increased by causing the liquid
thrown out to pass alternately against a series of fixed radial vanes, and vanes
rotating with the cup. The power employed to maintain the cup in motion.
and which may act independently of the machine or apparatus to be regulated.
although it is derived from or is constantly replenished by the same, is so
regulated that it is rather more than sufficient to maintain the liquid at the
point of overflow, but not sufficient to supply the much greater force that
would be required to cause a considerable overflow, particularly when the
before-mentioned fixed and rotating vanes are applied. The cup will therefore
continue to rotate with such uniform velocity as is just sufficient to raise the
liquid by centrifugal force to the point of overflow, and even a considerable
augmentation of the moving force would only very slightly affect this velocity
in consequence of the great retarding force which an increased overflow would
immediately produce. The rotating cup is entirely enclosed in the vessel con-
taining the liquid (which may be either mercury, glycerine, qr oil, or even
water), its spindle passing through such vessel in order to be connected with
the driving weight, spring, or other source of motion, and with the differential
wheels by which the action upon the engine or mechanism is obtained. The
rotating cup, if applied as a governor, may be massive so as to represent a
considerable weight in motion or store of power to overcome the resistance of
the engine valve when required.
The liquid chronometer" may be employed also to regulate the speed of
ordinary clockwork without the intervention of differential motion, taking the
place of the flys or pendulums usually employed for such purpose.
Thus
it may be employed to regulate the velocity of the mechanism for working
electric telegraph apparatus, or apparatus for astronomical or magnetic
observations by connecting the spindle of the rotating cup directly to the train
of wheels which are set in motion by the moving spring or weight.
may even be applied in the same manner to regulate the motion of timepieces.
Or it

page_text: In these applications the rotating cup may be of small dimensions, and of
light construction, because no accumulated force or momentum is required.
If the moving power is a spring, and if great regularity of motion is required,
it will either be necessary to apply a fusee to compensate for the much greater
power of the spring when freshly wound up, or the excessive irregularity of
the spring power may be compensated for by varying the level of the liquid
in relation to the rotating cup in such a manner that the cup dips deeper into
the liquid when the spring power is great, than when it is already partially
expended. This may be conveniently effected either by means of a small
displacing plunger which is immersed into the liquid on winding up the spring,
and is gradually withdrawn from it as the spring nowinds itself again; or, by
preference, it is effected by raising and lowering, the rotating cup itself by
means of any suitable known mechanical arrangement, and the most accurate
compensation may be obtained by this means if the cup is so arranged, by
means of a peculiar connection to its axis, that the raising or lowering of the
same is effected directly by the decrease or increase of the driving power below
or above the normal standard.
Figures 1, 2, 3, and 4, on Sheet I., of the accompanying Drawings show
my improved apparatus as applied to a clock or timepiece, the motive power
being in this instance electricity.
This application is introduced, first, in order to shew my Invention in its
most simple arrangement as a regulator of time.
Figure 1 shows a front elevation of the instrument.
Figure 2, shows a section on line X, X, Figure 3.
Figure 3 shows a sectional plan on line Y, Y, Figure 2.*
Figure 4 shows a plan of the vessel V, with the cup C.
Similar letters of reference designate similar parts in each of these
Figures.
The time regulator consists of a cup-shaped vessel C open at both ends
but wider at top than at bottom, which cup is provided internally with four
ribs a, a, a, a, connected together at the centre of the cup by a boss b, which
fits with a female screw thread upon a male thread formed on the axis o
spindle A, so that by turning the cup upon the latter it will be made to rise
or fall. To the upper end of the spindle A is connected the inner coil of a
spiral spring S, the outer end of which is connected to the cup C by a sus
pension bolt c. By this arrangement it will be seen that the spindle A in
revolving will, by means of the spring S, impart its motion to the cup C, which
after its inertia has been overcome will continue to revolve with the spindle A
in the same relative position to the latter so long as no disturbing influence i

page_text: original position
brought into action; if however an increased impulse is imparted to the spindle
which the cup is prevented from following, by reason of any consequent
retarding influence, the spindle A will turn slightly in the boss b of the cup,
which will thereby be screwed downwards to a slight extent. As soon as the
retarding influence ceases the increased tension which has been put upon
the spring S will cause it to draw the cup into its
relative to the spindle. The spindle A is guided just below the screw
thread in a bearing formed in the central boss projecting from the bottom
of the outer vessel V, which vessel completely encloses the cup C, and the
sides and top of which are by preference made of glass, in order that
the action of the regulating cup may be visible. This vessel contains
a liquid, such as oil, water, or mercury, the quantity of which is so
regulated that the lower edge of the cup dips into it. The inside bottom
surface of the vessel V is by preference provided with projecting ribs, in order
to check the rotation of the liquid. The lower end of the spindle A takes a
bearing in the end of a vertical adjusting screw D, by which the extent to
which the cup C dips into the liquid can at any time be regulated. The
spindle A has fixed to it an iron bar B in close proximity to the poles of the
electro-magnet E, which latter imparts rotary motion to the bar B, and con-
sequently to the spindle A and cup C, when currents of electricity are passed
at proper intervals through its coils; these intervals being regulated by means
of a contact lever d, which is acted upon by the eccentric e formed on the
spindle A. The electric current is, by preference, obtained from a "Mourrier
Davie" battery, or any constant battery of one or two elements which is
contained within the base F of the apparatus, which is closed hermetically in
order to prevent the escape of liquid. Upon the axis A is furthermore fixed
or formed an endless screw f, which imparts motion to a train of wheels W, W,
and through these to the hands on the face of the clock. The arrangement of
such wheel work, and of the electro-magnets is well understood, and need not
be further described; they may be variously modified, and are only shown to
illustrate the action of my improved regulating apparatus. The four sides of
the clock case G are by preference made of glass, in order that the action of
the instrument may be observed. Such action is as follows: An impulse of
rotary motion being imparted to the axis A, such motion is continued by the
action of the electro-magnet, and, being communicated to the cup C the
liquid will rise upon its inner surface by virtue of centrifugal force until it
reaches the upper rim. Supposing that the acceleration of the rotary motion
were to cease at that point, the liquid in the cup would continue to occupy

page_text: the same position, forming a parabolic surface within the cup as indicated, the
apex of which would be in the axis of the cup, level with the surface of the
liquid in the vessel V, while the sides would just touch the upper rim or edge
of the cup. The force required to maintain this motion of the cup would be
exceedingly small, having only to overcome the friction of the moving parts
and of the lower edge of the cup in gliding through the liquid. If the driving
power is in excess of this amount, a further acceleration of the cup ensues,
tending to raise the liquid in the same to a still higher level, but the liquid
having already reached the edge of the cup, it will by such acceleration be
caused to overflow the same, and be thrown in a thin sheet against the sides
of the vessel V. The bottom of the rotating cup being open and the liquid
thrown over always returning to that below, the before described action will be
continuous so long as there exists any excess of the driving power, but as the
energy of the centrifugal force with which the liquid is thrown over the edge
of the cup is very considerable, it will be readily conceived that a very thin
sheet of flowing liquid will absorb the excess of power, and thus stop further
acceleration of the cup. In considering the actual rotary velocity of the cup
at the moment when the liquid touches its upper edge, without actually over-
flowing, it will be found to depend on the one hand upon centrifugal force or
the velocity of the upper rim, and on the other hand upon gravity or the
height of the column of liquid from the edge of the cup to the surface of the
liquid in the vessel V. The equilibrium of these two forces for a given height
of column implies a definite velocity which is susceptible of mathematical
determination. The density of the liquid affects both forces equally, and may
therefore be left out of consideration; hence it follows that the before
mentioned velocity will be the same whether a dense liquid such as mercury,
In order to disturb the
or a light liquid such as paraffin oil. be employed.
before-mentioned equilibrium and establish an overflow of the liquid over the
edge of the cup, it is necessary, as before stated, that the velocity of the cup
should be increased; this increase of velocity need, however, only be exceed-
ingly small, as the height of column to which the liquid is raised increases as the
square of the velocities, and as a very small increase of height suffices to
establish a sheet of overflowing liquid. The before described mode of attach-
ment of the cup C to the spindle A, however, renders even this minute increase
of the velocity of the cup only momentary, for so soon as the slightest overflow
ensues the retarding effect thereof causes the cup to be screwed down on the
spindle to an extent proportionate to the thickness of overflow, and to the
lowering of the apex of the fluid paraboloid consequent on the required influx

page_text: of liquid from without, so that the height of the column of liquid in the cup is
immediately reduced to the normal standard when no overflow is taking place,
and the velocity of the cup and spindle is consequently also immediately
reduced to the normal standard, even while the overflow is taking place. As
the resistance to acceleration of the cup, and consequently the deflection of
the same, must be proportionate to the amount of liquid overflowing, which will
again be proportionate to the thickness of the overflow, the velocity being
constant, this adjustment will be equally correct. for all degrees of overflow
within reasonable limits. Instead of mounting the cup upon a screw as
described, it may be fitted on loosely on a round spindle, resting with friction
rollers, upon inclined planes rotating with the spindle, or vice versa, by which.
arrangement the adjustment will be rendered more sensitive. The velocity of
the instrument admits of adjustment by turning the screw D, whereby the
spindle A, and with it the rotating cup C, is raised or lowered, and thus the
height of the liquid column from the surface of the liquid to its upper edge.
increased or decreased. As the excess of power becomes absorbed, and the
amount of overflow consequently diminished, the tension of the spring S, which
has been increased by the relative motion of the spindle and cup, draws these
into their original relative position, thereby again raising the cup to its normal
height. Changes of temperature exert only a feeble influence upon the velocity
of this instrument, which influence can easily be neutralized by making the
spindle A of such a length and of such material that its elongation by heat
compensates for the reduction of the strength of the spring S, and the rise of
the level of the liquid through its expansion; the reduced gravity of the liquid
resulting from expansion by heat exercises no influence upon the velocity of
This time regulator
the instrument, as has been before demonstrated.
may be used as a clock, and is particularly applicable for use on board
ships, because a moderate divergence from the vertical position of the
rotating axis exercises no material influence upon the rate of motion.
Its motion being strictly continuous and independent of moderate varia-
tions in the driving power, this instrument is applicable with advantage
to the regulating of the velocity of telegraphic apparatus, particularly
where synchronous rotary motion is required at two or more stations; it is
also applicable to the regulating of apparatus employed in surveys, and in
astronomical observations. The driving power of the instrument may be
electricity, as above described, or it may be clockwork, or even water power.
Another distinct application of my Invention is that of regulating the speed
and power of steam engines and other prime movers.

page_text: Figures 5 to 7 on Sheet I. of the Drawings show an arrangement of the
same as applied to this purpose. Figure 5 shows a side elevation of the
same; Figure 6 shows a sectional elevation; and Figure 7 shows a sectional
plan on line Z, Z, Figure 6.
1
The governor consists of a rotating cup C mounted on a spindle A and
enclosed in a vessel V containing the liquid in precisely the same manner
as described with reference to the first arrangement, the cup C being,
however, in this case of a more massive nature. The vessel V is mounted
upon four columns g, g, rising from a plate h, which is bolted to the top of
a standard frame H fixed to the ground. The vertical shaft I which receives
rotary motion from the crank shaft J of the engine through the bevil wheels i
and i, carries at its upper end an internal spur wheel h, made in the form of
a cup, as shown. The shaft I extends upwards into this cup, and serves as a
guide to the cross piece fitting loosely upon it, which cross piece carries two
wheels m, m³, commonly called planet wheels, which are free to rotate and
gear into the internal wheel c. The lower end of the spindle A to the cup C is
supported in a bearing formed in the end of the shaft I; it carries a pinion n
in gear with the planet wheels m, m'. To the stud upon which one of the
planet wheels runs is attached a connecting rod K, the other end of which is
attached to the one arm of a bell-crank lever L, fixed on the spindle of the
throttle valve to the steam pipe M of the steam engine. The horizontal arm
of the bell-crank lever carries an adjustable weight N, which tends to draw
down the lever and thus open the throttle valve, whereas the engine
in imparting motion to the internal wheel and planet wheels in the
direction of the arrow, tends to raise the lever, and thus to close the throttle
valve. Thus, when the engine is at rest the weighted lever L will be down,
and the throttle valve open, but upon beginning to move the wheel will
endeavour to raise the weight N, which will, however, exercise a certain
pressure due to half its weight multiplied by its leverage upon the teeth of
the pinion n, thereby causing it and consequently the cup C to rotate. The
power exercised by the weight N being more than sufficient to overcome the
friction of the axis A in its bearings, and of the cup C in the liquid it will not
actually be lifted until the liquid rises in the cup so as to overflow its edge,
when further acceleration of the cup is prevented; the weighted lever will then
be drawn up until by the partial closing of the throtle valve the speed of the
engine, and consequently of the shaft. I and internal wheel k, is so far reduced
that the planet wheels revolve with the same circumferential velocity as the
regulating influence of the cup will allow the pinion n to assume. This will

page_text: be the proper speed of the engine, and will be maintained whether the weight
N occupies a higher or a lower position within its range of action, or whether
the engine is fully or only partially loaded with work. The range of motion
of the lever L is limited by two springs O, O', fixed to two of the columns g, g.
the one limit of such motion corresponding with the position of the throttle
valve when the steam is full on, and the other with its position when the steam
is shut off. The mode of connecting the cup C to the spindle A by means of
a spiral spring S in order to obtain a constant height of the column of liquid.
and to soften the action of the instrument on approaching the extreme limits
of its range is the same as in the previous arrangement. As however the
spring S requires in this case to be considerably stronger it is by preference
made to taper towards the outer coil so as to make its action more uniform
throughout its length. Other known means may be employed for producing
the differential motion between the cup C and the engine shaft, such as
bevil wheels, or an endless screw, and the form of the cup C, and mode of
effecting the regulation of the speed and the adjustment of the same may
be variously modified without departing from the nature of my Invention.
In some cases where it is required to produce a greater resistance to an
increase of motion of the cup than is effected by simply accelerating the
liquid in throwing it over the edge of the cup. I form upon the outer surface
of the same vanes or fans c', as shown at Figure 9, Sheet I., and I form upon
the surrounding casing an overhanging rim or projections c, which catch the
liquid that is thrown over the edge of the cup and cause it to fall down
through the space in which the vanes of the cup rotate, so that these in
striking against the liquid again throw it out against the sides of the vessel,
whereby the same liquid is twice accelerated by the action of the cup, and its
retarding or rather absorbing influence is thus proportionately increased.
This action may be further increased by adding one or more series of the
stationary and rotating vanes, or instead of the rotating vanes, cups or rims
fixed to the outer surface of and rotating with the cup C may be substituted.
The greater regulating power thus obtained will render the instrument
applicable in cases where variable expansion gear is substituted for the
throttle valves of steam engines. It will be evident that the before described
arrangement is equally applicable for regulating the supply of motive
power to other prime movers than steam engines, such as turbines, water
wheels, &c.
Figures 10 and 11 show the application of my Invention to the regulating
of the motion of a "Morse" printing telegraph apparatus. Only so much of

page_text: the apparatus is shown as is requisite to indicate the mode of applying my
Invention. Figure 10 shows a sectional elevation, and Figure 11 shows a
plan of the same. B is the barrel containing the mainspring which
imparts motion to the telegraph, apparatus, and the rotary motion of which
is regulated by means of the revolving cup C inside the vessel V. For
this purpose the motion of the barrel is communicated by means of speed-
increasing wheelwork W, W, to the worm wheel e, which is in gear with a
steep worm upon the spindle A. and which thereby causes the spindle and
with it the cup C to rotate with great velocity, by which rotation a similar
regulating action upon the motion of the apparatus is obtained as was described
with reference to Figures 1 to 4 in the present case, however, the action of
the regulator causes it also to compensate for the gradually diminishing power
of the spring in unwinding. For this purpose it is so arranged that the power
of the spring when freshly wound up is considerably more than sufficient to
maintain the fluid in the cup at the point of overflow, while, when nearly
unwound, it is just sufficient to keep the liquid at that point. The result of
this arrangement is that at starting the increased impulse that the spring
endeavours to impart to the spindle A over and above its normal velocity
causes the cup C to move downwards into the liquid to such an extent as to
establish an overflow that will absorb the whole of the surplus power of the
spring, while the cup and spindle, and consequently also the clockwork, still
move at the normal velocity, which velocity is maintained as the power of the
spring decreases by the proportionate decrease of the overflow and consequent
rising of the cup.
Figures 12 and 13 show the application of my Invention to the regulation
of a synchronous chemical printing telegraph apparatus. Figure 12 shows a
sectional elevation, and Figure 13 shows a plan of the same. With such
apparatus it is essentially necessary that they should be perfectly synchronous
in their action; and to these, as also to all other descriptions of printing
telegraphs, such as Hughes' and others, my regulating apparatus may be applied
with very great advantage. Although the mode of action of this telegraph
apparatus is well understood, it will be well to give a general description of it
here in order fully to explain the manner in which the regulator acts upon it.
The spindle D has rotary motion imparted to it by the action of a descending
weight suspended from the chain E, through the chain wheel F, and wheel
and pinion G, H. It carries on its other end a cylinder I covered with
chemically prepared paper. This cylinder is caused to revolve with the
spindle D by being pressed by the lever J against the disk K fixed upon the

page_text: serves as
..
upon a half nut R
When the instrument
electric current
an
spindle, the pressure of such lever being effected by the attraction of an
armature attached to its lower end to the poles of an electro-magnet L, the
lever J being made to turn on centres at j. The cylinder is in commu-
nication with the one pole of a battery, whilst the lever M with the metal
pencil N communicates with the other pole. The pencil N rests upon the
paper covering of the cylinder 1, and is caused to travel along the same at the
same time that the cylinder I revolves, whereby it is made to trace a helical
path upon the paper, such motion of the pencil being effected by the attachment
of the lever M to a bush O. which is made to slide upon the rod P by the
action of a screw thread Q formed on the spindle D
connected to the bush O by means of an arm T.
a receiving instrument, the passing of
through the circuit causes the path of the pencil N upon the paper during
the continuance of such current to be marked upon the paper by the
chemical action of the current upon the same in a manner well understood.
The same instrument serves. also for the transmission of messages, the
difference being that the cylinder I is covered in that case with metal foil!
upon which the message has been written with a non-conducting ink or laquer,
when the metal point N in passing alternately over the conducting and non-
conducting surface transmits currents through the line wire, which produce
marks upon the wet paper upon the cylinder of the receiving instrument by
the decomposition of a salt, a solution of which has been employed to saturate
the paper. At the end of a message a negative current is sent through the
line wire, which causes the armatures. 1 of the magnets L to fall back,
whereby the drums I are thrown out of gear with the driving spindles. It is
essential for the proper working of these instruments that the rotary motion
of the spindle D and cylinder I should be perfectly synchronous at each
station; and to effect this a worm wheel W fixed on the spindle D imparts
rapid rotary motion by means of a steep worm to the spindle A carrying the
regulating cup C enclosed in the glass vessel V containing a liquid. The action
of the cup C is precisely the same as described with reference to the preceding
arrangements, being made to absorb by means of an overflow of liquid any
momentary increase in the driving power, and thus to effect a perfectly
synchronous rotary motion of the spindles D and cylinders I of both
instruments.
Although in all the before described arrangements the rotating cup is made
adjustable on its axis for the purposes herein-before stated, yet it will be
evident that in cases where such very perfect uniformity of motion is not

page_text: d
required the cup may be fixed rigidly to the spindle, when it will still have a
very considerable regulating action.
Having now described the nature of my Invention, and some of the
various applications of the same. I wish it to be understood that I in no
way limit myself to those several applications. nor to the precise form and
arrangement of the apparatus, as herein-before described with reference
to the accompanying Drawings. as these may be variously modified, as
before stated, without departing from the nature of my Invention; but what
I claim is,-
First, regulating the velocity or power of machinery or apparatus in motion
by expending any increase of such power in discharging liquid by centrifugal
force from a rotating regulating cup or vessel. substantially as herein before
described.
1..
1.
Second, so connecting the regulating cup with its driving spindle that with
an increase of driving power applied to the spindle the cup descends auto-
matically into the liquid, and effects the re-adjustment between power and
resistance without permanent increase of speed.
.. Third, constructing regulators of motion or power of a cup or vessel open at
top and bottom rotating round a vertical or nearly vertical axis, and dipping
with its lower edge into a liquid in such manner that when the cup or vessel
rotates with the requisite velocity the fluid is raised inside it by centrifugal
force so as just to touch its upper edge, whilst any tendency to increase the
velocity of the cup will cause the fluid to be thrown with centrifugal force
from its upper edge.
"
Fourth, forming upon the external surface of the rotating cup vanes or
fans, and causing the liquid that overflows to fall against such vanes or fans,
so as to be again accelerated thereby, substantially as described with reference
to Figure 9 on Sheet I. of the accompanying Drawings.
Fifth, the application of the before described apparatus as a regulator or
governor to steam engines and other prime movers, by causing the resistance
of the rotating cup to an increase of its normal velocity to effect the closing,
more or less, of the throttle valve or other contrivance for admitting the steam
or other motive power to the prime mover.
Sixth, the particular arrangement of a steam engine governor with regulating
cup C, and differential motion wheels and driving power, substantially as
herein-before described with reference to Figures 5 to 9, on Sheet I. of the
accompanying Drawings.
Seventh, the application of the regulating cup to telegraphic apparatus,

page_text: substantially as described with reference to Figures 10 to 13 on Sheet II. of
the accompanying Drawings.
Eighth, the application of the regulating cup to the registering of time,
substantially as herein-before described with reference to Figures 1 to 4. on
Sheet I. of the accompanying Drawings.
In witness whereof, I, the said Charles William Siemens, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this First day of November, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-five.
Witness,
THOS. TAYLOR,
20, Southampton Bldgs.,
Chancery Lane.
C. W. SIEMENS. (L.S.)
i