CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN AND APPLICABLE TO CLOCKS AND OTHER TIMEKEEPERS; IN THE MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR WINDING CLOCKS AND HOISTING WEIGHTS; AND FOR EFFECTING TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATIONS BETWEEN DISTANT CLOCKS AND PLACES OTHERWISE THAN BY ELECTRO-MAGNETISM
Year: 1848

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, RICHARD
ROBERTS, of the Globe Works, Manchester, in the County of Lancaster,
Civil Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Eleventh day of July, in tho
twelfth year of Her reign, and in the year of our Lord One thousand eight
hundred and forty-eight, did give and grant unto me, the said Richard
Roberts, my exors, adñiors, and assigns, Ier especial license, full power, solo
privilege and authority, that I, the said Richard Roberts, my exors, adñiors,
and assigns, and such others as I, the said Richard Roberts, my exors, adññiors,
or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time
and at all times thereafter during the term of years therein mentioned, should
and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within that part of the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland called England, Her Dominion
of Wales, and Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, my Invention of "CERTAIN
IMPROVEMENTS IN AND APPLICABLE TO CLOCKS AND OTHER TIMEKEEPERS; IN THE
MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR WINDING CLOCKS AND HOISTING WEIGHTS; AND
FOR EFFECTING TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATIONS BETWEEN DISTANT CLOCKS AND
PLACES OTHERWISE THAN BY ELECTRO-MAGNETISM;" in which said Letters
Patent there is contained a proviso requiring that I, the said Richard Roberts,

page_text: shall particularly describe and ascertain the nature of my said Invention, and
in what manner the same is to be performed, by an instrument in writing
under my hand and seal, to be enrolled in Her said Majesty's High Court
of Chancery within six calendar months next and immediately after the date
of the said in part recited Letters Patent, as, reference being thereunto had,
will more fully and at large appear...
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Richard Roberts, do hereby declare that the nature and particulars of my said
Invention, and the manner in which the same is to be performed and carried
into effect, are particularly set forth, illustrated, and described in and by this
present Instrument in writing, and the several Sheets of Drawings hereto
annexed, which Drawings, and the various Figures thereon, are progressively
numbered. The same letters, indices, and numeral figures of reference used
to indicate any particular part or parts of the mechanism or apparatus repre-
sented are also used to indicate the same part or parts thereof throughout the
several Figures in which different views of such mechanism or apparatus are
shewn; that is to say:
My Invention relates to certain improvements in the construction and
arrangements of the mechanism or apparatus made use of to effectuate and
maintain with accuracy the movements of clock, chronometers, watches, and
other timekeepers, parts of which improvements are also applicable for
effecting telegraphic communication, and for other purposes, as herein-after
described, which improvements may bo generally subdivided as follows:-
I. To clocks and clockwork; which relate,-
.
First, to certain novel mechanical arrangements by which the influx and
efflux of the tide are applied as agents for effectuating, directly or indirectly,
(by hoisting weights for that purpose,) the motions of clockwork, parts of
which arrangements, or modifications thereof, may be applied for hoisting
weights for various purposes in situations where the agency of the tide can
be obtained.
Second, to the novel and effective arrangements in connection with turret
and other public clocks, whereby the difficulty of placing the " guide pulley"
at such a distance from the barrel as will admit of an equal distribution of the
cord or chain throughout its entire length is avoided, and by which arrango-
ments two or more trains may be actuated by one weight and one cord or
chain, the effect of which shall be equimotive at all times.
Third, to certain novel arrangements in connection with clocks and other
timekeepers, by which the time shewn by the dial of any particular clock shall
be also shewn by dials at several places sumultaneously, parts of which

page_text: apparatus may be applied where telegraphic communication or intercourse by
signals may be required.
Fourth, to certain novel methods of regulating the maintaining power, and
thereby imparting equimotive impulses to the pendulum, and affording com-
pensation for the effects which changes of temperature produce upon tho rod
of the pendulum.
-
1
Fifth, to certain novel apparatus whereby the hands or indices of clocks or
other timekeepers are advanced at definite intervals of time, which intervals
shall correspond with a certain definite number of oscillations of the pendulum.
Sixth, to the construction of and application to turret and other clocks of a
transparent cycloramic dial or index, admitting of more effective and economic
illumination, and possessing superior capabilities of communicating the time to
observers at a great distance therefrom than the dials in ordinary use can do
either by night or by day.
Seventh, to certain novel arrangements and apparatus for striking the hours
and quarters, to be substituted for the train or trains of. wheels commonly
made use of for such purposes with clocks and other timekeepers in ordinary
service...
Eighth, to certain novel forms of escapements adapted to turret and other
public clocks, to common and to skeleton house clocks, and to timekeepers
actuated by electro-magnetismi.
II. My improvements in chronometers relate,-
First, to certain novelties in the construction of compensation balances
possessing greater stability and adapted for more efficient service than com-
pensation balances of the ordinary kind.
Second, to a certain novel construction of escapement, whereby the motive
power inay be regulated so as to impart equimotive impulses to the balance, by
the aid of which escapement the difficulty of setting the chronometer "to
time" will be greatly reduced, and the agency of the fusee may be dispensed
with at pleasure.
Third, in the adaptation of certain novel means whereby chronometers are
enabled to beat dead seconds with the ordinary train of wheels only.
III. My improvement relating to watches consist,
First, in the application of certain novel means for regulating the motive
power so as to inipart equimotive impulses to the balance, by the aid of which
the agency of the fusce may be dispensed with at pleasure.
Second, in the adaptation of mechanism for recording the duration of inter-
vals of time occupied by occurrences and events, the use of such mechanism in
nowise interfering with the accurate time-keeping of the watch..

page_text: :
Third, in certain means of adapting watches to beat dead seconds with the
ordinary train of wheels only.
IV. And generally, in reference to these improvements, my Invention
relates,-
First, to certain methods which I employ for effectually hardning and for
insuring accuracy in boring the frame-plates of clocks, watches, chronometers,..
and other timekeepers.
Second, in the novel apparatus which I make use of for correctly ascer-
taining the relative sizes of the pinions and wheels of clocks, watches, and
other timekeepers to each other.
Having thus described the particular nature of my improvements, I shall
proceed to exemplify their practical application by the following
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS.
In Drawing No. 1, I have shewn the novel mechanical arrangements which
I employ to render tidal powers available for hoisting heavy bodies, by means
of which a constant motive agart may be effectively applied for maintaining
the motions of clockwork, or for other purposes where motive power is required.
Fig. 1 is a side elevation. Figs. 2 and 3 are transverse sections, showing my
arrangement of mechanism for effectuating these objects. R is a section of a s
tank having free communication with the tide during ebb and flow (except as
herein-after explained), the water level therein varying with the rise and fall of
the tide, the supposed high-water level being indicated by the line Q. A is a
vessel floating upon the varying water level in the tank R, and suspended by.
the chain from the spirally-grooved barrel E, one end of the chain k¹ being
fastened. thereto. B is a small counterweight, suspended from and attached
by the chain 2 to the spirally-grooved barrel E, which barrel is loose upon the
shaft K. ff, are ratchet clicks placed upon studs on the barrel E, which
clicks operate upon the ratchet wheel F, which is fast upon the shaft K. Lis
a shaft in connection with the clockwork or other mechanism requiring the
application of motive power. ..G is a pully made fast upon the shaft L, and
furnished with suitable projections for preventing the endless chain
slipping upon its periphery, which chain may be flat or of any convenient form.
His a pulley furnished with projections similar to those on the pulley G.
I and J are ratchet wheels, which with the pulley H are made fast on the s
shaft K. The endless chain l, 1, passes over the pulleys G and H, and is kept
in close contact therewith by the weight C and counterweight D, suspended from
it by the pulleys c and d. During the flow of the tide the vessel A rises with
the water in the tank R, and the descending counterweight B uncoiling the
from

page_text: chain k' effects the rotation of the spirally-groved barrel E in the direction of
the blue arrow, the rotation of the shaft K being prevented by the click i on
With the ebbing
a stud in the framing operating upon the ratchet wheel I.
tide the vessel A descends, and the spirally-grooved barrel E rotating in the
direction of the red arrow, the clicks f, f, act upon the ratchet wheel F, and
cause the shaft K and pulley H, with its appendages, to rotate with it in the
same direction. This operation causes the weight C, suspended by the endless
chain 1, 1, passing over the pulleys G and H and under the pulley c, to ascend,
and the counterweight D to descend in a corresponding ratio during the ebbing
of the tide, and during the next rising of the tide the weight C will descend,.
and by its gravitation effectuate the necessary motions of the clockwork or
other mechanism to which it is connected, until the efflux of the tide rewinds
it, as before described.
It will be evident, from inspection of the Drawing, that as the endless
chain 1, 1, cannot slip upon the pulley G, the rotation of the shaft L will be
maintained continuously in the same direction. The effect of the weight C
upon the clockwork or other machinery is rendered equimotive by the chain l,
which is attached at its extremities to the weight C and the counterweight D,
and extends downwards lower than the weight C; consequently, as the weight
C ascends or descends, the weight of chain is diminished as much at one end
of the weight as it is increased at the other. As the levels of bigh and low
water will vary considerably at different seasons, it is evident that some limita-
tion of the height to which spring tides would raise the vessel A in the tank R
must be effected, inasmuch as unless this were done the ebbing of these tides
would cause the weight C, suspended from the endless chain l, l, to be over-
wound, or be raised so high that its operation, or the action of the machinery
driven from it, would be seriously deranged; and as this necessary limitation
may be effected in various ways, I shall only specify the two following
methods, which may be easily adopted for the purpose:-On the orifice whereby.
the communication of the water in the tank R with the tide is effected a
valve to open into the tank should be placed, which valve should be attached
by a cord or chain to one arm of a level, upon the other arm of which a weight
just sufficient to keep the valve open should be placed; the weighted arm of
this lever should then be attached by a cord or chain to the lower end of the
weight C, the length of the chain being just sufficient to cause the weight C
to lift the weighted arm of the lever, and close the valve before the ebbing tide
could overwind the weight C, the descent of which will open the valve previous
to the returning flow of the tide. Or upon the side of the weight C I would
place a bracket C', the contact of which with the under side of the click j

page_text: would lift the click against the ratchet wheel J, and prevent the further descent
of the vessel A, which will be held in suspension until buoyed up by the subse-
quent tide.
Figs. 4, 5, and 6 represent a side elevation and transverse sections of a
modified arrangement of apparatus for rendering tidal power available for
hoisting heavy bodies for the purposes before mentioned. The difference
between the arrangements of mechanism now under consideration and those
last described consists in the adaptation of the present apparatus for hoisting
the weight C twice instead of once by every tide. As the letters of refer-
ence used to indicate, the parts before referred to are also made use of
in these Figures, it would be superfluous to enter into the description of
more than is necessary for a full explanation of the action of the present
arrangements. M and N are chain wheels or pullies provided with studs or
projections to prevent the chain k from slipping upon their peripheries. P is
a pulley placed on a stud in the framing, beneath which pulley the chain k
also passes. A is the floating vessel, which is heavier and larger than the one
before described. The counterweight B is also larger, being inade heavy enough
to hoist the weight C, and preserve the tension of the chain whilst the tide
is rising, the increased weight of the floating vessel A being sufficient to hoist
the weight C and counterweight B during the ebbing of the tide. Whilst the
floating vessel A is rising with the tide in the tank R, the pulley N, which is
loose upon
the shaft K, rotates with its ratchet clicks n, n, in the direction of
the blue arrow. The chain k passing from the floating vessel A over the pulloy
N, beneath the pulley P, and over the pulley M to the weight B, seen in Fig. 6,
causes the weight B to descend, and the clicks m, m, upon the pulley M
operate upon the ratchet wheel o, and effect the rotation of the shaft K in the
direction of the red arrow, the weight C operating upon the shaft L in the
manner previously explained. On the ebbing of the tide the weight A descends,
and the clicks n, n, acting upon the ratchet wheel p, effect the continuous
rotation of the shaft K in the direction of the red arrow, the advantages
of this arrangement being, that whether the vessel A is ascending or descend-
ing, the rotation of the shaft K is invariably in the same direction.
In Drawing No. 1, Fig. 7 is a side elevation, and Fig. 8 a plan, showing my
arrangement of mechanism for obviating the difficulty often experienced in
reference to turret and other large clocks, of placing the guide pulley far
enough from the clock to admit of the cord being wound uniformly on
the barrel throughout its length. A is the motive weight, supposed in this
case to be heavy enough to actuate the "going" and the hour striking trains.
B is the counterweight, the use of which is to keep the cord in such a state

page_text: of tension as will prevent it slipping on the friction pullies C, D, E, and F,
which pullies, and the tooth wheels C, D, E, and F, are respectively
keyed on the shafts C, D, E', and F. G is a shaft, supposed to be in con-
nection with the going train of a clock, on which is a pinion 7 taking into the
wheels E and F, and by connecting the pullies E and F secures the
advantage of the adhesion of the cord on both. His a shaft squared at the
ends to receive handles for winding the weight A. h¹ is a ratchet wheel
keyed on the shaft H, which ratchet wheel communicates motion from the
weight A through the pinion h to the train by means of two clicks upon studs
in the wheel . I, J, K, and L are guide pullies, over which the endless cord
passes in its course to and from the weights. The operation of the mechanism
is as follows:-The weight A having been wound up by turning the shaft II
in the direction of the arrow seen on the ratchet wheel h', this weight exerts
a force upon each of the trains in the direction of the blue arrows shewn upon
the rope, which force is equal to one half the difference betwixt its own
weight and that of the counterweight B, and whilst the weight A in descend-
ing causes the pullies C, D, E, and F to rotate by drawing the rope off in
the direction of the blue arrows, the rope is replaced on the pullies by the
ascent of the weight B, as shown by red arrows. It will be, evident, on
inspection of the Drawing, that with this arrangement the "going", train
will not require mechanism to keep the clock going while winding, and that
more than two trains may be driven on this principle by one weight, and also
that this method of actuating clockwork is applicable to various purposes,
such as the movements made use of in lighthouses, &c.
In Drawing No. 3 I have shewn my protomotive clock and synchronometer,
where Fig. 22 is a side elevation, partly in section, of the same, constituting
my novel arrangements in connexion with clocks and other timekeepers, by
which the time shewn by the dial of any particular, clock shall be also shewn
by dials at several places simultaneously.. A, A, and B, B, are rings of
metal, on which are distended the vulcanized caoutchouc discs C, C, and
D, D, to which discs are the attached tubes E, F, and G, H. I, J, are metal
plugs, each terminating in a plate to screw to the framing. K is a metal
plug, which is jointed to the metal rod K', the other end of which rod is
jointed to the bent lever K³, in one arm of which is a roller & that is pressed
upon by the snail cam L on the shaft L' in connection with the protomotive
clock. M is a wooden plug, into which the metal rod m is screwed. The
other end of this rod is jointed to the lever N, which lever is loose on the
arbor P, on which is the minute hand of the synchronometer or dial, on which.
the time indicated by the protomotive clock is also indicated simultaneously.

page_text: "
O is a toothed wheel fast on the minute shaft P. o is a pinion (also fast on
the shaft P) taking into the wheel o¹, which is connected to the pinion o³,
taking into the wheel o³, on the pipe of which wheel the hour hand is fixed
in the usual manner. Q is a "snail cam" fast on the shaft P, which cam
lifts a hammer for striking a bell once every hour. n is a click taking into
the wheel O. 2 is a retaining click. na spiral spring to press the click into
the wheel O. On one side of the click n is a small stud n³, which lifts the
click n' out of the wheel O when the spiral spring R pulls the lever N against
the banking pin r. S, S, is an air tube extending (under ground or otherwise)
from the protomotive clock to the synchronometer. The operation of the
apparatus thus described is as follows:-The tension of the spiral spring T is
adjusted so as to pull the discs C, C, assunder with considerable rapidity, instan-
taneously upon the roller k dropping off the point of the "snail cam" L. By
this parting of the discs C, C, (opening of the bellows,) a partial vacuum will
be made in the air tube S, which taking place, the discs D, D, will be made
by the pressure of the atmosphere to approach each other, and through the
rod m and its appendages advance the wheel O one tooth in the direction of the
arrow, which done the lever N will be stopped by the banking pin r¹, and the
clicks n and n' will be in the position shewn by dotted lines. The "snail cam
L continuing to rotate in the direction of the arrow counteracts the effects of the
spring T, when the spring R, through the lever N, restores the bellows to
the state shewn in the Drawing. The. like operation is repeated at the expi-
ration of every minute or other definite interval of time that may be preferred.
It will be evident from the foregoing description, and an inspection of the
Drawing, that by means of another tube and similar apparatus in connection
with the striking train the "full hours" might be struck synchronously with
the same taking place on the protomotive clock. When one clock is to cause
many dials to indicate synchronous time it may be desirable to use a large
main tube, from which many small tubes might branch. It will be desirable
to have a sinall hole in some part of the tube, through which the air may pass,
to neutralize the effect of barometric changes. I have hitherto spoken of my
apparatus working by exhaustion only, but it will be evident that it will act by
plenum also, not only with atmospheric air, but with water and other fluids,
and that with pneumatic or hydraulic pressure its operation is not necessarily
confined to the correct indication of time, but that its application to any code
of signals may be adapted at pleasure, and the transmission of telegraphic
communications effected within reasonable distances with great economy and
exactitude.
In Drawing No. 2, Figs. 13 and 16 are side elevations. Fig. 14 a vertical

page_text: section, Fig. 15 a plan, and Fig. 17 an end elevation of part of the mecha-
nism of a clock with one of my improved equimotive escapements applied
thereto, and also one of my apparatus for advancing the hands or other indices
at definite intervals of time. A is a bracket (fixed in the wall) from which
the pendulum is suspended. B, a clamp plate, betwixt which and the
bracket A the suspending springs a, a, are secured by bolts b, b, b, b, and
pins ', . C, C, are plates betwixt which the lower end of the springs a, a,
and the upper ends of the side pieces D, D, are made fast by the bolts c, c, c, c,
the pins c', c', and the screw nuts d, d. E, E, are check links to prevent the
pendulum rod falling, in the event of the springs a, a, breaking. F, the
upper end of the (in this case) wooden rod, which is supported by the
stretcher d' (connecting the side pieces D, D,) and the screw with its nut f',
taking into the worm wheel d. G is a worm shaft resting in bearings in
the side pieces D, D, on the end of which worm shaft is a milled nut do to
turn the worm for adjusting the length of the pendulum. H is another
stretcher connecting the side. pieces D, D. h is a finger projecting from the
stretcher H, and having a screw ' in its extremity, which screw strikes
against the lever I on the shaft I', by the adjustment of which screw the time
of disengaging the arm j of the double fly lever j and j' from the detent i on
the lever I is regulated. K, K', are bearings for the shaft I', which bearings
are bolted to the frame plate K. is a banking pin in the bearing piece K
on which banking pin the lever I rests. L is a shaft working in bearings
M, M, on the framing, on which shaft are fixed the brass pallet wheels L', L',
and the toothed spur wheel L. In the pallet wheel L' are twelve antifriction
rollers 1, 1, 1, &c., one of which at every double oscillation of the pendulum
acts against the inclined pallet N, on the ends of which are pivots fitting into
holes in the side pièces D, D. N' is a worm wheel fast on the pallet N, and
n is a milled nut on a worm n', which takes into the worm wheel N', which
worm and worm wheel are for the purpose of adjusting the pallet to any
desired angle. Loose on the shaft L, see Figs. 15 and 16, are bevilled toothed
wheels O and O', which take into a bevil wheel O' loose on a stud o that is fast
to the boss 0%. To the boss O' is also attached another stud o', which carries
a ball to balance the bevil wheel 03. The wheel L' and the pulley L' are
respectively keyed on the boss of the bevil pinions O and O'. L'is a small cord
encircling the pulley L' a little more than once round, and fastened at one end
to the pulley L, and at the other to a small weight, which, for convenient
adjustment, may be a metal vessel containing leaden shot. P is a spur wheel
keyed on the shaft L, and taking into the pinion p on the fan shaft Q. 9 is the
fan similar to and for a like purpose to the fan in the striking train of a clock

page_text: to the detent i, where it remains
loose ou the shaft Q, and furnished with a click taking into the ratchet wheel q¹
fast on the shaft Q. R is the locking shaft. r, a pinion fast on R, and taking
into the wheel L. S is a pinion through which (when the clock is wound)
motion is communicated from the train to the escapement and the pendulum
in the following manner: The weighted cord L being wound on the pulley L,
and the pendulum made to oscillate through an arc of from 3 to 4 degrees, the
.small screw h¹ in the finger H being adjusted strikes the lever I, which,
through the shaft I', lifts the lever I until the pallet i permits the bent end j
of the fly lever to escape under it, which taking place, the shaft R, with the
fly lever and counterpoise lever j (shorter than the lever j, and without
side projections), rotate in the direction of the arrow until the arm j is again
.arrested by the projection at its extremity coming in contact with the detent i
on the lever 12, which is held up by the finger h. On the return of the
pendulum the finger h permits the lever I to rest or "bank" on the stud /,
and the lever j.to drop from the detent
until again relieved by the finger h. During the rotation of the fly lever j, j',
and shaft R, the pinion advances the pallet wheel L one twelfth of a revo-
lution in the direction of the arrow. (the escapement being drawn for the
pendulum to inake twenty-four oscillations in a minute), when one of the roller
pallets in L coming against tho inclined pallet N in the side pieces.
D, D, impels the pendulum in the direction it was moving with a force, that is
regulated by adjusting the weight attached to. the cord L, which, by the
present arrangement, must be sufficient to cause the pendulum to perform a
double oscillation, after which the above-described. operation will be repeated,
and as the pallet wheel La completes a revolution the stud on one side of the.
wheel L coming against the lever on the shaft on the shaft Qlifts
the catch out of the notch in the locking plate q' and 'sets the fan q, and
shaft at liberty to perform one revolution, when the bent 1 dropping
into the notch in the ring p' on the side of the wheel P permits the catch ' to
fall into the notch in the locking plate q', where it remains until the escape
wheel L' and the wheel L² have performed another revolution in the direction
of the arrow, during which operation the pulley L, by the effect of the
cord L, and weight attached, will have performed a revolution in the contrary
direction, giving motion to the pallet wheel and appendages through the
medium of the bevil wheels O¹, 0%, and :0. After every unlocking of the
shaft Q the wheel P and shaft L perform a complete revolution, and through
the medium of the stud o on the shaft L, and bevil wheels 0%, 0, and 0',
rewind the cord L. It will be understood, from the preceding description,
that the hands (or other indices) of the clock are advanced by stages after

page_text: intervals of rest approaching a minute cach, which circumstance will enable
persons to ascertain the time indicated within a few seconds. Although the
mechanism herein-before described is adapted to advance the hands or other
indices at intervals of one. minute. cach, sufficient has been said to enable any
competent clockmaker to construct a clock on the same principle, to advance
the hands at longer or shorter intervals of time.
In Drawing No. 1, Fig. 10 is a vertical section, Fig. 11 a transverse
section, and Fig. 12 a horizontal section taken at the line a, b, Fig. 10, of my
improved compensation pendulum. A is that part of the bob of the pendulum
which is recessed. to receive the mechanism C, C, &c. &c. B is the part of
the bob which encloses the mechanism. C, C, are steel levers, jointed to each
other and to the brass rod D at d¹. E, E, are steel links, also jointed to the
levers C, C, at c', c', which levers are prevented from moving endways by the
pieces F, F. c, c, is a steel spindle, one end of which is furnished with a right-
hand and the other end with a left-hand screw thread, resting in bearings in
the pieces F, F, which pieces are countersunk to receive a key for turning the
screw spindle, for the purpose of thereby adjusting the sliding fulcral nuts d, d,
by which the length of the outer arm of the lever C, C, is adjusted so as to
neutralize the expansion of the steel rods E, E, by the greater expansion of
the brass rod D. Recesses are planed in the part A of the bob to receive the
three parts of the pendulum rod easily. G is a steel cross bar attached by
pins to the brass rod D, as little below the point from which the pendulum is
suspended as may be. The steel rods E, E, after passing through the cross
piece G, are adjusted to length by the milled nuts g. II, H, are stay pieces to
connect the rods E, E, and D together. From the foregoing explanation and
an inspection of the Drawing any competent clockmaker will be enabled to
adjust the pendulum so as to compensate for the variable effects produced
upon the different metals by changes of temperature.
In Drawing No. 2, Figs. 13 and 14, the upper or metal portion of a wooden
rod for a pendulum is shown. It is therefore desirable that some means
should be adopted for making compensation for any variation in length that
may result from change of temperature in the metal portion of the rod, and
probably for some slight change in the length of the wooden portion. The
following method was adopted by me many years ago very successfully :-The
rod is made to fit rather loosely a hole through the bob. Across that hole
is another hole, into which an iron pin, about five sixteenths of an inch, and
half an inch square, is fitted, with one of the narrow sides as near the centre
of the bob as may be. The rod is provided with a mortice about one and a
half inch long, through the middle of which mortice the pin is put. From the

page_text: lower end of the rod to the mortice a round hole is made, into which a piece
of brass wire is put of suitable length to compensate for expansion and con-
traction in the metal at the top of the rod. The brass wire is held in its place
by a square pin put through the rod below the wire.
In Drawing No. 1, Fig. 9 is a combination of wheelwork adapted to
actuate two trains of clockwork by means of one weight, in which A is a
shaft connected directly or indirectly with the going barrel; B and C are spur
wheels taking into pinions D and E on the shafts F and G, each connected
with à train; H and I are bevil wheels loose on the shaft A: The bevil H
is fast to the wheel B, and the bevil I is fast to the wheel C. K is a tumbling
stud fast to and revolving with the shaft A. J is a bevil wheel loose on the
stud K, and taking into the bevil wheels H and I: The opération of this
novel mechanical combination is in the following manner:-The weight being
wound up acts with its whole force to turn the shaft A, and to carry with it,
through the agency of the tumbling stud K and bevil wheels J, H, and I; the
spur wheels B and C, betwixt which the motive force is equally exerted; but,
as the bevil wheel J is loose on the tumbling stud K, it will communicate
motion to both or either of the trains, as may be required. The adaptation of
the train to the difference of power required to work them will readily be
effected by any. competent clockmaker.
D and E
In Drawing No. 5, Fig. 29 is a side elevation, and Fig. 80 a vertical section,
of the middle portion of a tower similar in dimensions to the clock tower now
in course of erection with the New Palace at Westminster, and to which my
improved cycloramic dial is shewn applied. A, A, the outside walls. B, par-
tition between the air chamber C and. the rooms in the tower.
floors. Fan opening in the wall similar to a window, in which is a frame f,
hinged like a door, and glazed with one plate of glass: G is an opening
similar to F, and is framed and glazed in the same manner.
His a (light):
metal roller mounted on bearings connected with the tower.
a, b, c, d, e, f, g,
h, i, j, k, are also (light) metal. rollers similarly mounted. X, X, X, &c. is
an endless web, equal in length, or nearly so, to sixty times the height of the
opening F in the wall, and of the same or. a little greater width than that of
the opening. The web, which may be of any suitable material, and of any.
colour or colours (but I should recommend four colours at least in the length),
is passed over the large roller H, which is driven by a separate train in
connection with the clock, under the small roller à, over the roller b₁
under c, d, and e, over f and under g, which last roller, having its
gudgeons in grooves; is at liberty to rise and fall to keep up the tension
of the web. From 9. the web passes over h and under i, over j and

page_text: under k, from whence it returns to H. This my cycloramic dial having been
figured, as will be hereafter explained, the following or any other method may
be adopted to secure the stopping of the web, when the figures have advanced
to their proper place, namely:-Divide the web into sixty equal parts of its
length, and on each division attach to the web a piece of vulcanized caoutchouc
whose transverse section may be like that which is represented on the
Drawing, the advantages of which form is, that the web will not be cut by
passing over the rollers. Various other substances may answer the purpose,
but I believe vulcanized caoutchouc to be the best I am acquainted with.
The operation of changing the figure is thus:At the end of each minute, or it
may be any other number of minutes, the clock sets the index train at liberty.
by unlocking its fan shaft, the roller H is then made to rotate until one of the
caoutchouc welts comes upon it, and in passing under raises the roller H',
which is in a swinging frame, locks the fan shaft, and thereby stops the farther.
progress of the web until again unlocked by the going train. The operation
of the mechanism for changing the figure indicating the hour is similar to
that above described for the minutes, and therefore need not be repeated.
The web for the minutes and for the hours may be of any suitable material,
and of any suitable color or colors that may be approved of; but in my opinion
the web for the minutes should have a different color for every quarter of an
hour, and that the ground and the figure should alternate in colour. Thus, if
the odd figures, that is to say, 1, 3, 5, 7, &c., were all to be black on a white
ground for the first fifteen minutes, that the figure should be white and the
ground black for all the even numbers, such as 2, 4, 6, &c. In the second
quarter the odd number may be black on a red ground, and the even numbers
red on a black ground. In the third quarter the odd numbers may be black
and the ground yellow, and the even numbers yellow and the ground black.
In the fourth quarter the odd numbers may be black on a light blue ground,
and the even numbers a light blue on a black ground. The odd hours may
be black on a white ground, and the even hours black on a red ground, &c., or
the hours may be on three different grounds. The following advantages will
result from the use of this kind of dial over dials of the ordinary kind:-)
-First,
the figures may each may be so large as to occupy an arrea of from five to ten
times greater than can be put on a dial of ordinary kind in the space usually
allotted for the dial. Second, the dial may be illuminated from within without
materially weakening the tower. Third, the general design of the building
will not be much if at all interfered with. Fourth, the expence of illuminating
such a dial will be much less. Fifth, the cleansing of the glass will be
attended with very much less trouble, and may be done without any danger to

page_text: the person employed, since he will clean both sides of the glass without
going out of the building. Sixth, the figure changing at the expiration of
every minute will enable persons at a moderate distance to know within
a few seconds the time indicated. Seventh, the quarters being figured
on grounds of different colors will be distinguishable at a greater distance
than the figures are legible at. Eighth, the figures denoting the hours
being on grounds that change with the change of figure, will enable persons
to distinguish the hour at a greater distance than the figure is legible from.
In Drawing No. 4, Fig. 23 is a sectional elevation, Fig. 24 a front, Fig. 25
a back elevation, and Fig. 26 a plan of such parts of the skeleton clock as
are necessary to explain the nature and application of my improvements
therein. A, the barrel arbor. B, B, the going barrel. C, the winding ratchet.
c, the ratchet click. D, D, studs fast in opposite sides of the barrel, on which
the bevil pinions E, E, turn freely. F is a spur wheel, taking into the hollow
pinion 9,
which carries the minute hand, and is attached to the spur wheel G,
which drives the pinion on the arbor h¹ of the wheel H. I, the seconds
arbor, one end of which passes through the pinion g; the other end carries the
pinion i, receiving motion from the wheel H. The arbor I carries the
wheel J, which drives the pinion K on the escape wheel arbor . L, the escape
wheel, fitting loosely on the arbor k, and connected by a hair spring to 7, a
boss or collet fitting tighthly on the shaft . M, the locking wheel, fast on the
escape wheel arbor k, and working into a pinion m, to the arbor of which m¹
is attached a lever m². N, the balance. n, the balance staff, which is furnished
with a tappet n' and spiral pallet n, the impelling surface of which is in the
plane of the axis of the balance staff. The impelling teeth o, o, of the escape
wheel L, are semicircular, and act on the pallet with their convex sides. o¹, 03,
&c. are the locking teeth of the escape wheel; p', the escape detent; p, the
forked lever; O, a wheel, having on its periphery seventy or eighty (or other
multiple of ten) teeth for working the hammers for striking the quarters, on
one side of which wheel is a projecting ring o, furnished with notches in its
periphery similar to those of an ordinary locking wheel, except that the series
of notches must be as often repeated in the circumference as there are mul-
tiples of ten teeth for lifting the striking hammers. Pis a wheel having
seventy-eight teeth on its periphery for working the hammers for striking the
hours, and having a projecting ring p, furnished with notches, in every respect
similar to those in the locking wheel of an ordinary clock. Q and Q' are
the hammers for striking the quarters, which hammers are fast on the same
axles as the tappets q and y', the governor wheels 9 and q', which are in this
instance supposed to be outside the framing, and the toothed sectors rand,

page_text: 66
which take into the sectors and ³, the fulcra of which are short axis.
(working at one end in cocks), to which are also connected small tappets.
similar to q and q'. R, the lifting lever, fast on the shaft r', which lever is
actuated successively by the four pius g', on the right-hand side of the
wheel G. R, the warning detent, also fast on the shaft r. Re, the locking
detent, connected by a tube (loose on the shaft r) with the locking lever R³..
S, S', are the quartering belts, and S is the hours' bell. The action of the
arrangement is thus:-The clock is wound from the face side by turning the
key in a contrary direction to the course of the hands, and is prevented from
unwinding by the ratchet wheel C on the arbor A being retained by the click c
on a stud in the striking wheel P, which wheel is itself prevented from
turning (except when striking the hour) by the hammer mechanism. The
barrel B, and the wheels F, O, and P, are loose on the arbor A, which arbor is:
prevented from running down by the ratchet wheel C, the click c, and the wheel
P, as before described; and the barrel is prevented from running down by the
bevil pinions E, E, taking into the bevil wheels F' and O', which are attached.
to the wheels F and O respectively. The former of these, being checked by the
going train," and the latter by the quartering movement, jointly resist an
equal amount of force, which is in this case applied to the wheel P singly, but.
the distribution of which force may be varied by altering the relative diameters,
of the wheels F and O. The main spring contained in the going barrel B.
baving been wound up, and the balance set in motion, the tappet n¹ strikes.
the fork in the direction of the arrow, and withdraws the detent p¹ on the.
arbor p³ from under the teeth o' on the periphery of the escape wheel, which
then "moves" until it is arrested by the tooth o coming against the lower
limb of the detent pl. During this drop, the tooth o" on the escape. wheel,.
by the action of the hair spring, comes in contact with the pallet n³ on the
balance shaft, and impels the balance in the direction in which it was moving.
On the return of the balance, the reaction of the ordinary balance spring
causes the tappet ¹ to strike the forked lever p³ in the opposite direction to.
that of the arrow, by which means the escape wheel makes an advance which
brings the tooth o into a position ready to impel the balance on its next
return in the direction of the arrow. During the last-named advance of the
escape wheel, a pin therein acts upon a detent (similar to that fully described
in Drawing No. 6 with reference to chronometers), and disengages the fly
lever, which then revolves until the arm of the fly lever is arrested by this
detent. The escape wheel impelling the balance when it is moving in the direc-
tion indicated by the arrow, as hereby fully explained, and unlocking the fly.
lever, allows the train to advance the hands, and as the balance makes seven

page_text: thousand two hundred oscillations per hour, consequently the hand on the
arbor I will make sixty advances per minute; but by a proper adaptation of
the wheel M, the pinion M', and pins in the escape wheel, the seconds' hands
may be made to advance by five seconds, and also by other stages which will
be evident to clockmakers. The striking is performed in the following
manner In the wheel G there are four pins 9' at equal distance from each
other and from the centre of the wheel, which pins, by their action on
the warning lever R', cause the pin in the lever R¹ to lift the arm of
the locking lever R³ from off the stud q', which done, the hammer Q
will will be moved by the action of the wheel O on the tappet q', until it is
arrested by the catch on the warning lever R', which is in the position shewn
in the Drawing. At the same time that the lever R is lifted off the stud q',
the lower arm of that lever is lifted out of one of the notches in the ring o,
and the hammer being unlocked the wheel O advances until the notch in the
ring o has passed from under the lever R³. On the warning lever dropping
off the pin g', the stud q' in the hammer shaft will be liberated, and the
operation of striking the quarter will take placo by the action of the wheel O
on the tappet q causing the hammer Q to strike the bell S, and the hammer Q'
by the action of the wheel O or the pallet q', to recede until that pallet drops
off, and the pallet r' is caught by the wheel, and made to return the hammer
against the bell S'. During the advance of the hammer Q' towards the
bell S' the hammer Q is, by the action of the wheel O on the tappet g³, made
to recede from the bell S preparatory for another blow. The foregoing ope-
ration of striking is repeated until the lever R³ drops into a notch in the
ring o, and the stud q' is again retained by the catch on the lever R. The
hammer for striking the hours being similarly constructed to those for striking
the quarters, need not be further noticed than as regards the unlocking thereof,
the apparatus for effecting which is shewn in dotted lines in Fig. 23, and
likewise in a detached Figure. Tis the lifting lever, T' the detent, and T the
locking lever; all three fast on the shaft t. T³ is a lever fast on the shaft 1.
The operation of striking the hours is as follows:-A little before the lever R
of the quartering apparatus drops off the lifting stud in the wheel G, the
lifting lever T has raised the lever T¹ off the stud t on the hammer, and the
lever Tout of the notch p in the striking wheel P; the lifting of the levers T¹
having set the stud t' at liberty drops against the detent on the lever T, which
detent sets the stud that liberty, when the lever R³ drops into notch in the
ring o of the wheel O. On the stud t¹ being liberated the striking of the hour
commences and is continued until the lever T' drops into the ring p on the
wheel P.

page_text: In Drawing No. 3, Fig. 21 is a side elevation of an escapement well known
to persons conversant with the art of clock making, and to which I have
applied my improved apparatus, whereby the escape wheel teeth will be
rendered free of the pallets during a large portion of the time of the pendulum's
oscillation. A is the escape wheel; the red lines B and C are intended to
represent the centre of the pendulum rod when at the extremes of its oscil-
lations. D and E are the pallets of the ordinary kind. F is the pitch line
of a spur wheel fast on the escape wheel shaft G, taking into the pinion H on
the locking shaft I. i,,, and ³, arc slender arms or levers fixed in a boss
on the shaft I, each being bent up at the outer end to catch against the pro-
jections, &c. On the detent J, K, and K', are nuts attached to the
framing, in which are adjusted' screws,, for the detent J to bank against.
L and L' are nuts attached to the pendulum rod, in which nuts are screws
for adjusting tho unlocking of the escapement, so as to suit the arc of oscil-
lation required. These screws are represented in the Drawing as broken, and
the detent J in a nearly vertical position, which is the position it assumes on
one side or other of the central line, except when unlocking; but as the catch
at the end of the lever i is circular it will, in sliding through the opening in
the detent J, by the action of the motive power of the clock, throw the detent
over against the banking screws or, as the case may be, and thus the stop
on the end of the arun i will not only leave the detent J in a position to detain
the arm i, but to be beyond the range of the screws L and L'. The escape
wheel A is represented in the Drawing as having thirty semicircular pins,
and the wheel F and pinion H are supposed to have one hundred and twenty
and eight teeth respectively, consequently, as the pinion H makes only a
fourth of a revolution at each oscillation of the pendulum, the escape wheel
pins will act alternately on the pallets D and E to impel the pendulum, but
if it should be preferred that the pendulum be impelled once only during a
double oscillation, one pallet will be sufficient.
On Sheet 3, Fig. 18 is a back elevation of one of my improved escape-
ments for the pendulum of a clock, in which the red line A represents the
centre of the pendulum rod when it is at rest, and the lines B and C repre-
sent it when at the extremes of its oscillations. Fig. 19 is a side view of a
part of the pendulum rod, supposed to be of wood, with a metal clamp on each
side. D, E, F, and G, the arms of a cross, which are bent at their extremity,
as shewn in a detached Figure; two of the arms E and G are a little
longer than D and F. H is a cam, and I is a pinion, both of which, with the
cross, are fast on the same axis. J is a wheel (the last in the train) taking
into the pinion I. K is a lever, on one side of which is a roller k resting on
R

page_text: the cam H. The fulcrum of the lever K is in the back plate of the clock.
To the other end of the lever is jointed one end of a link , the other end of
which is connected by a pin and mortice to the pallet lever L, whose fulcrum
is at in the clock case. M and N are detents, whose fulcrum is the pin m
also in the back plate of the clock; these detent levers rest or "bank" against
the stud n, also fixed in the back plate of the clock. The escapement
operates in the following manner :-On the pendulum vibrating in the direc-
tion of the red line C the stud a strikes the lever M and disengages the short
arm D of the cross, which makes a partial rotation until the longer arm .E
is arrested by the détent N. This rotation of the cross and cam permits
the roller to make a short descent when the gravitation of the lever L
forces the inclined pallet against the roller a³, and again impels the pen-
dulum in the direction of the line-C, the amount of impulsion being regulated
by the weight and counterpoise 3. On the return oscillation of the pendulum,
the roller a² having swung past the pallet A, the pin a strikes the lever N,
and thereby liberates the arm E of the cross, which again rotates until the
arm F is arrested by the pallet of the lever M, the cam H, by the last-men-
tioned partial rotation, having raised the lever L into the position shewn in
the Drawing.
The above-explained operation, as far as respects the impul-
sion of the pendulum, is repeated at every double oscillation of the pendulum;
and it will be evident that a cam with more than two lifts may be employed
by a proper adaptation of the wheels, &c., and that with a suitable wheel, and
a lever with two arms substituted for the cross, a crank may be used in the
place of a cam.
In Sheet 3 Fig. 20 exhibits my improved escapement for the electro-
magnetic clock, in which the red lines A, B, and C, represent the several
positions of the pendulum previously explained in reference to Fig. 18. D is
the electro magnet. K, a lever armiture, to which are jointed the ratchet
click , the link f, and the link k¹. The lower end of the link is connected
to the pallet lever L by a pin and mortice, as shewn in the Drawing. and P
are the weight and counterpoise for regulating the impulsions of the pendulum..
F is a lever, carrying the ratchet click f¹ at one end, and connected by the
other end to the lever K by the link f, and having its fulcrum in the back
plate of the clock. The operation of this escapement is as follows: On the
near approach of the pendulum to the position C contact is made by the poles
of the battery, when the lever K, raised by the attraction of the magnet D,
advances the wheel E, which may be on the seconds' arbor, by nicans of tho
click k, and at the same time raises the escape lever L into the position shewn
by dotted lines, where it remains until the pen lulum, on its return vibration,

page_text: approaches the position B, and the contact of the poles is broken; which
done, the lever K, by its own weight, assisted if necessary by the weight,
and the agency of the link f, the lever F, and click f¹, advances the wheel E
one tooth; and simultaneously with the descent of the lever K the lever L
falls, and by the action of the inclined pallet against the roller a², placed on
the pendulum rod, impels the pendulum in the direction of the link B; and
the degree of impelling force is regulated by the weight and the counter-
poise P, as in Fig. 1. The magnet and the manner of making contact being
old and well known need not be explained here.
My improvements relating to chronometers are shewn in Drawing No. 6,
where Fig. 31 is a plan, Fig. 32 an end elevation, and Fig. 33 a sectional
elevation on the line N, N, Fig. 31, of an improved compensation balance
adapted for pocket and box chronometers or other timekeepers. I, I, is a
cross of brass, having two long arms and two short arms, as shewn. The
segmental arms N, N, and the parallel arms a, a, are of one piece of steel.
The parallel arms a, a, are attached to the shorter arms of the brass cross I
by the screws c, c, the segmental arms N, N, being attached to the longer
arms of the brass cross I, I, by the screws d, d. J is the balance staff, upon
which the balance is fixed in the ordinary manner. The parallel arms a, a,
and that part of the segmental arms N, N, where they are attached to
the brass cross I, are sufficiently elastic to yield to the variable action
produced by changes of temperature upon the different metals of which
the balance is constructed. The chronometer may be set to time by
adjustable weights d', d', placed upon the extension of the screws d, d. The
weights b, b, b, b, upon the segmental arms N, are made in two parts, which
are screwed to each other and affixed to the segmental arms N, N, by the
screws h, h. The balance is poised in the usual manner by the adjusting
screws i, i, placed in the ends of the segmental arms N, N. The general
construction of the balance shewn in Figs. 34 and 35 is similar to the one
just described, with the exception that the balance is set to time by the
adjustable weights e, e, which are placed upon the longer arms of the cross I,
and are substituted for the extension of the screws d, d, and the weights d', d',
shewn thereon in Figs. 31, 32, 33.
Figs. 36 and 37 exhibit another modified construction of my improved
compensation balance. The brass cross I is attached to the segmental
arms N, N, by double joints y, y, or by two single joints, as shewn at y', y',
Figs. 38, 39. In Figs. 40 and 41 the longer arms of the brass cross I are
provided with flanges I', I', and the segmental arms N, N, are attached to
these flanges by the screws a, a. The segmental arms N, N, are divided,
в?

page_text: and the longer arms of the cross I have a small slit or cut a³, a³, extending a
short distance longitudinally in the direction of the centre of the balance staff J,
the action of which slit will yield to the effects produced by changes of
temperature on the different metals of which the balance is constructed.
Figs 42 and 43 shew a further modification in the construction of my
improved compensation balance. The brass cross is dispensed with, and the
balance staff J is affixed to the balance by the transverse arm a, which is of
steel, and, with the parallel arms a, a, and the segmental arms N, N, is formed
of one piece of that metal. I³, 1º, are rectangular or cylindrical arms of brass
placed between the transverse bar a and the segmental arms N, N, and
attached to them by brass screws c, c, which pass longitudinally down the
arms I, I, and screw into the transverse bar a.
Figs. 44, 45, and 46, illustrate another form of construction of my improved
compensation balance. a' is a thin transverse plate of steel forming a con-
nection between the parallel arms a, a, and is, with them and the segmental
arms N, N, made of one piece of that metal. I is a rod or bar of brass,
through which, and the transverse bar a', the balance staff J is passed, &
the steel cross bar is let into the longitudinal bar 1, as seen at Fig. 46, the
rod or bar I being affixed to the segmental arms N, N, by the screws c², c.
It is worthy of observation that by the parallel bars a, a, being in one piece
with the segmental arms N, N, there will be a greater counteraction of the
effects produced by the superior expasion of the brass cross I than with
balances of the ordinary construction, inasmuch as the parallel arms a, a, yield
inwards or towards each other, and by their curvature compensate for the
variable effects produced by changes of temperature in a higher degree than is
simply due to the differential expansion of the two metals of which the balance
is constructed.
My novel equimotive escapement for pocket and box chronometers is shown
in Drawing 6, at Fig. 47, which is a skeleton plan of the mechanism of a
chrometer having the top plate removed, Figs. 48 and 49 being side
elevations of the same. Z is the pillar plate. A, the going barrel. B, C, D,
and E, are the ordinary train of wheels. F is a locking wheel made fast upon
the arbor of the escape wheel H. g and g¹ are the arms of a double fly
lever, whose fulcrum is the axis of the pinion G, which pinion works into
the locking wheel F, as best seen in Fig. 49. I is the balance before
described. J is the balance staff and boss, on which are placed the jewel j and
the tappit p; K is the escape wheel deteut whose fulcrum is at k; m and n
are jewels in the detent K. L is the locking wheel detent, whose fulcrum is
at 7. S is an extra equimotive hair spring, forming an important feature in

page_text: this part of my Invention. In following the action of these arrangements it
must be borne in mind that the escape wheel H is loose upon the arbor of the
pinion f, which is driven from the wheel E on the arbor of the central seconds'
hand. The extra or equimotive hair spring S, which may be helical or spiral,
is attached at one end to an arm of the escape wheel H, and at the other end
to an arm of the locking wheel F; or one end of the spring may be secured
to a collet on the arbor f, its tension being regulated by turning the locking
wheel, or the collet to which the spring is affixed, until its requisite action
upon the balance I is obtained. Supposing this to be done and the main
spring contained in the going barrel A to be wound up in the usual manner,
the balance I being set in motion in the direction of the small blue arrow,
and the ordinary movements of the train B, C, D, and E, effected, the tappet
p upon the balance shaft J will strike the arm k¹ of the forked end of the
detent K and withdraw the jewel m from contact with the tooth o in the escapé
wheel H. This done, the recoil of the hair spring S effects the partial rotation
of the escape wheel H in the direction of the blue arrow, and brings the tooth q
into contact with the jewel j upon the balance staff J, thereby imparting to the
balance I further partial rotation in the direction of the arrow, immediately
following which the arrest of the escape wheel H takes place by the tooth r
coming into contact with the jewel n in the detent K, at which time the teeth
upon the escape wheel assume the positions represented by the teeth drawn in
dotted lines. Upon the return of the balance the tappet p upon the balance
staff J will strike the arm of the forked end of the detent K and liberate
the escape wheel, by disengaging the jewel n from contact with the tooth r,
when the action of the equimotive hair spring S will effect another partial
rotation of the escape wheel H in the direction of the arrow, until its motion is
arrested by the contact of the tooth q with jewel m upon the detent K. In
the next and every subsequent alternate repetition of these movements a
double oscillation of the balance I will have been effected, and one of the
five pins t, t, t, t, t, in the escape wheel H will have struck the arm of the
locking detent L, and have withdrawn the arm & from the longer arm g¹ of
the double fly lever, whose fulcrum is the axis of the pinion G, which pinion
is driven from the locking wheel F, the pinion upon the arbor of which is
driven by the wheel E upon the arbor of the central seconds hand, and thus
by the action of the main spring upon the train, the double fly lever g, g¹, is
made to perform one revolution before it is again arrested by the arm P³ of
the locking detent L, by which revolution the equimotive hair spring S will
have been wound up to its former state of tension, which operation is effected
at a period when the balance is independent of the train, and consequently

page_text: cannot be influenced by any defect or derangement therein. Should it be
required that semi-seconds be indicated by the seconds' hand, this may be
effected by forming the escape wheel with as many pins as there are teeth
thereon, and also making the arms of the fly lever of equal length, so that it
will only complete a semi-revolution, one arm being always retained by an
arm of the locking detent; or it may be effected by making the necessary
reduction in the diameter of the pinion G, and preserving the arms of the
fly lever of unequal length, as represented in the Drawing. The 'advantages
of this escapement may be enumerated as follows: First, the action of the
escape wheel will be uninfluenced by any defect in the train, the case with
which the escape wheel is unlocked resulting from the force applied for this
purpose being just sufficient to maintain the action of the balance. Second,
in the impulses given to the balance being subject to such changes only as are
produced by variations of temperature and lapse of time in the equimotive
hair spring. But as these causes will affect the balance spring in an equal
degree, their effects upon one spring will be neutralized, or nearly so, in the
other. Third, the facility afforded by the equimotive hair spring for adjusting
the chronometer or watch to time without involving the repeated changing of
the main and balance springs, so often found necessary with chronometers of
the present construction.
.
My improvements relating to watches are shewn in Drawings 6 and 7.
Fig, 50, Drawing 6, represents a skeleton plan, and Figs. 51 and 52 side
clevations of the movements of a watch with the top plate removed. Z is
the pillar plate. A is the going barrel. B', an intermediate wheel. B, C, D,
and E, the ordinary train of wheels, whereby motion is communicated from
the main spring contained in going barrel A to the wheel E on the arbor of
the central seconds' hand. H is the escape wheel loose upon the arbor
f of the locking wheel F, the pinion upon which is driven from the
wheel D; and 9' are the arms, of a double fly lever, whose fulcrum
is the axis of the pinion G, which pinion is driven from the locking
wheel F., L is the locking detent, whose fulcrum is at 7; and S is the
equimotive hair spring, forming a novel and important feature in my
improvements. The escape wheel H and the locking wheel Fare con-
nected together by the equimotive hair spring S, one end of which is fas-
tened to an arm of the escape wheel H, and the other end is fastened to an
arm of the locking wheel F; or one end of this spring may be secured to a
collet on the arbor f. I is the balance. J the balance staff and boss, fur-
nished with the jewel j and tappet p. k is the fulcrum of the escape wheel
detent K, furnished with the jewels m and n, which alternately lock the escape
=

page_text: wheel Has follows:-The tension of the equimotive hair spring S being
adjusted until the requisite action of the spring upon the balance is attained,
and the balance I set in motion in the direction of the small blue arrow, the
ordinary movements of the train B, C, D, and E, will take place, and the
tappet pupon the balance staff J will strike the arm of the forked end of
the detent K, and thereby disengage the tooth o on the escape wheel H from
contact with the jewel m in the detent K, which done, the equimotive action
of the hair spring S will effect the partial rotation of the escape wheel I in
the direction of the blue arrow, and will bring the tooth q in contact with tho
jewel jupon the balance staff J. This will impel the balance in the direction
it was moving, and the escape wheel EI will be arrested by the tooth, coming
in contact with the jewel n, until, on the return of the balance I, the tappet p.
on the balance staff J strikes the arm of the forked end of the detent K,
and liberates the tooth r of the escape wheel I from contact with the jewel n
on the detent K, which being done, the escape wheel H will again advance
until arrested by the tooth q coming into contact with the jewel m upon the
detent K, the tooth S having impelled the balance by coming into contact with
the jewel j upon the balance staff J. These combined movements will have
effected a double oscillation of the balance; and I shall now explain the means
by which the equimotive hair spring S is periodically wound up or restored to
its former tension, and the hands of the watch advanced. The train of wheels,
with the escape wheel of twelve teeth, represented in the Drawing, are
adapted for the balance to perform four oscillations per second, or fourteen
thousand four hundred oscillation in an hour; and, consequently, for one tooth
of the escape wheel H to escape past the balance staff at the end of every
semisecond of time. On reference to the Drawing it will be seen that the
escape wheel H is furnished with six projections or pins t, t, t, t, t, t, one of
which at every alternate double oscillation of the balance passes the arm of
the locking detent 1, and withdraws the projection on the arm & from the longer
arm g' of the double fly lever, whose fulcrum is the axis of the pinion G, which
pinion is driven from the locking wheel F; and as the shorter arm g of the
double fly lever is short enough to pass the detent L, the action of the main
spring upon the train and the locking wheel F causes the pinion G, carrying
the double fly lever, to perform one revolution before the longer arm g' is
again arrested by the projection on the arm 12 of the locking detent L; and
this revolution of the pinion G, the double fly lever g and g', and the
partial rotation of the locking wheel F, will have wound up and restored the
equimotive hair spring S to its former state of tension, and have advanced the
seconds' hand through one sixtieth of a revolution, which operations are effected

page_text: at a period when the balance is independant of the train, and consequently
cannot be influenced by changes in the state of the oil in the train, &c.
Fig. 55, Drawing No. 7, exhibits another plan of the works of a watch
with the top plato removed, and Figs. 56 is a side elevation, and Fig. 57:a
part elevation of the same. A modification in the construction of my improved
equimotive escapement, and also the application of one of my peculiar appa-
ratus for recording the duration of intervals of time, is shewn in these Figures.
Z is the pillar plate. A, the going barrel, containing the main spring. B, C,
D, and E, are the ordinary train. F'is the locking wheel on the arbor of the
pinion f, which pinion is driven from the wheel E on the arbor of the cen
tral seconds' hand. S is the equimotive hair spring. I is the balance. J
is the balance staff and boss,. provided with the jewel j and the tappit.p.
K is the escape wheel detent, whose fulcrum is at k. L is the locking
wheel detent, whose fulcrum is at 7. On the tappit p striking the arm k¹
of the forked end of the detent K, the tooth o on the escape wheel His
liberated from the jewel m on the detent K, when the elastic action of the
equimotive hair spring S effects' the partial rotation of the escape wheel H
in the direction of the blue arrow until the tooth q is brought into contact
with the jewel j upon the balance staff J, and impels the balance, I in the
direction of the small blue arrow. This operation has brought the jewel n upon
the detent K into a position to arrest the tooth r upon the escape wheel H,
the teeth upon which being semicircular in form assume the positions
represented by the dotted semircular teeth. On the return of the balance the
tappet p will strike against tho arm of the forked end of the detent K, and
cause the jewel n to be withdrawn from the tooth r, when the escape wheel H
will again advance by the recoil of tho equimotive hair spring S until its pro-
gress is again arrested by the tooth S bein brought in contact with the
jowel m on the detent K. During this last-described advance of the escape
wheel H, one of the pins or projections t sliding against the incline &, upon
the arm of the locking detent L, withdraws this arm of the detent from tho
tooth u of the locking wheel F, which wheel, with the pinion f, being driven
from the wheel E on the arbor of the central seconds hand, advances in the
direction of the small blue arrow until its progress is arrested by the tooth v
being caught upon the catch on the arm of the locking detent L,
when the teeth upon the locking wheel F assume the positions represented
by the dotted teeth. The balance has now performed a complete double
advance of the locking wheel F lias restored the
equimotime hair spring S to its former state of tension. On the return of
the balance, and in the next and every subsequent alternate oscillation,
oscillation, and the

page_text: one of the six pins t, t, t, t, t, t, upon the escape wheel H, sliding under
the incline on the arm of the locking detent L, will disengage a
tooth of the locking wheel F from contact with the catch ', when
the operation of winding. the equimotive hair spring S and of moving
the hands will be repeated. In order clearly to exhibit the inclines and:
upon the arms and. of the locking detent L, a detached view of this
detent in an inverted position is shewn. In the Figures last described tho
train employed is one of 14,400, and the double oscillation of the balance is
performed in a semisecond of time, which motion is this case is indicated by a
corresponding advance of the seconds' hand.
In Figs. 53 and 54, Drawing No. 7, which are a plan and sido elevation of
the works of a watch having the top plate removed, another variety of my
equimotive escapement is represented. The locking part and the escape wheel
are of the form and construction shown and described in connection with
Fig. 50, Drawing 6, while the locking wheel has the serrated or saw-shaped
tooth represented and described in connection with, Fig. 55, Drawing No: 7,
the escape wheel detent and the locking detent being also respectively similar in
form to those described in connection with Figs. 55 and 56. The letters of
reference representing the same parts in these Figures as in those formerly
described, their mode of action will be readily understood without further
explanation. Fig. 58 exhibits a further modification in the construction
and arrangement of my equimotivo escapement. H is the escape wheel to
wheel is attached the toothed wheel H' working into a pinion P, on the arbor
of which is fixed the double fly lever p¹, p³. K is the escape wheel dotent,
whose fulcrum is at k. p is a pin or tappet upon the balance staff J, the
action of which pin lifts the detent K and disengago the arm p of the doublo
fly lever, which latter, with the pinion P, will make a semi-revolution until its
further progress is arrested by the arm p being caught upon tho detent K,
which latter is brought against the banking pin ko, and into a position to
receive and retain its hold upon the arm p³ of the double fly lever, by means
of the small vertical spring k which is brouglit to bear upon the détent K in
the ordinary manner. The semi-revolution of the double fly lever and pinion P.
has caused the escape wheel II and the wheel H¹ to advance in the direction
indicated by the arrow until the tooth q, coming in contact with the jewel j
upon the balance staff J, has impelled the balance and the teeth, upon tho
escape wheel H assume the positions represented by the dotted teeth. On the
return of the balance the p causes the detent K to liberate the arm p of the
double fly lever, which, together with the pinion P, make another semi-

page_text: revolution, which advances the teeth upon the escape wheel H until the tooth r
occupies the place before occupied by the tooth q, the action of the locking
detent L being similar to that described in Figures 53 and 55; or in place of
this mode of locking the methods exhibited and described in connexion with
my chronometer escapement, Drawing No. 6, may be adopted. Figure 60
represents another arrangement of the escapement of a watch; the escapo
wheel II, the balance staff J, and the escape wheel detent K, with the jewels,
&c. thereon, are similar in construction and action to those represented and
described in Fig. 55. In this Figure, however, the locking wheel before
mentioned is dispensed with, and the arms F, F, &c. of the locking cross,
which is made to answer the same purpose, are substituted in its place. The
extra hair spring S is attached at one end to the escape wheel H, and at the
other to one of the arms of the locking cross F, F, F, &c. L, L', L³, are the
locking detents whose fulcra are at 1; the locking detents are held against the
banking pins X, X, X, by the small springs T, T, T. t, t, t, &c., are pins
upon the escape wheel H; and supposing the balance to have proceeded
further in the direction indicated by the arrow, and the escape wheel to have
moved until the teeth occupy the positions represented by the dotted teeth,
then upon the return oscillation of the balance the pin or projection t on the
escape wheel H acts upon the detent L, and causes it to liberate the arm F of
the locking cross which rotates in the direction shewn by the arrow until its
progress is arrested by the arm F' being caught upon the detent L'; and upon
the completion of every double oscillation of the balance one of the pins
t¹, t², t³, acting upon one of the detents L, L', permits the locking cross to make
a similar advance to that last described, whereby, as before mentioned, the hair
spring S is rewound and restored to its former state of tension.
The nature and construction of my improved adaption of mechanism for
recording the duration of intervals of time occupied by occurrences and events
aro shewn in Drawing No. 7, in which Fig. 53 is a skeleton plan, and Fig. 54
is a side elevation of a watch, to which one of my improved apparatus for
recording the duration of intervals of time, &c. is applied. D is a wheel on
the arbor of the ordinary seconds' hand in a circle below the centre of the
watch; D' is a wheel similar to D, loose on another seconds' arbor in a circle
above the centre of the dial; D is a wheel loose on the centre wheel B, and
taking into the wheels D and D¹. The upper side of the wheel D' is cut with
one hundred and twenty pointed teeth, which lock when required into similar
teeth on the under side of the wheel D³ (shown in Fig. 54 only), which wheel
is fast on the seconds' arbor of the recording apparatus. 1 is a vertical pin

page_text: loose in the top and bottom plates of the watch. 2 is an arm attached to the
pin 1 at one end, having a fork at the other end to clip the grooved part of the
hollow boss 3 of the wheel D¹. 4 is a slender spring fast to the pin 1, and
projecting over the wheel D³. 5 is a lever whose fulcrum is at 6, and its
other extremity projects a little beyond the watch case. 7 is a wedge-shaped
arm branching out of the lever 5. 8 is a pin projecting out of the pin 1, and
resting upon the wedge 7, against which wedge it is pressed by a spring
not shewn in the Drawing. Between the pillar plate Z and the back of
the dial is wheelwork (dial work) to give motion from the seconds' arbor to
the socket of the minute hand of the recording apparatus. I have mentioned
that the wheel D' is cut with 120 locking teeth, which, as the escapement is
adapted to beat semi-seconds, will prevent the loss of half a second in recording.
The recording apparatus may be used in either of the following manners, viz.,
by setting the hands to indicate the same time as indicated by the ordinary
hands, or by setting the hands at zero. In the former case the time of
commencing an observation will be recorded, of which a note may be
taken, and at the end of the occurrence the duration thereof, if less than
an hour, will be ascertained from the difference between the two sets
of hands. The termination of the occurrence will be found by adding the
difference between the two sets of hands to the time noted down to the
commencement. By setting the recording hands at zero the time occupied
by an occurrence only will be ascertained. Whichever plan is adopted the
manner, of operating is the same, except that the lever 5 must be pushed
towards the pin 1. to put the recording hands into motion, and pushed the
contrary way to stop them, which stopping is fully effected by the spring 4
pressing, against the side of the wheel D', as shewn in Fig. 54. It will be
observed by referring to the Drawing that the intermediate wheel D is as
much thicker than the wheel D and D' as will allow D! to have its full
thickness in action, whether up or down.
In Drawing No. 7, Fig. 55 is a plan, and Fig. 56 a side elevation of a watch,
to which another arrangement of my recording apparatus is shown applied,
Fig. 57 being a detached view of the same, the difference between which and
that last described consists in the arrangements of the various parts, and not in
the principle whereby they are brought into operation; and as the same letters
and figures of reference are made use of to indicate the corresponding parts of
each, the explanation which follows will be readily understood :-E is a wheel
fast on the central seconds' arbor, taking into the wheel D fast on the arbor O.
D' is a wheel fast on the central seconds' arbor of the recording apparatus.
D is a locking wheel loose on the shaft O, in the boss of which wheel is

page_text: a groove to receive the arms of the fork attached to the pin 1, as shewn in
Figs. 53 and 54, and the locking wheel is brought into action. D' is a pinion
placed upon the arm I of a bent lever whose fulcrum is on the arbor 2.
3 is a spring which keeps the arm 4 of the lever in contact with the pin 11.
The locking, unlocking, and breaking of the present recording apparatus I
effect in the same manner as in the recording apparatus shewn in Figs. 53
and 5.1.
In Drawing No. 7 Fig. 61 is a plan of another arrangement of my recording
apparatus, in which the connexion between the recording apparatus and the
train is made and broken by putting into and out of action spur wheels, whose
teeth are very long, and are adapted to work freely. D is a wheel in the train,
having any number of teeth, provided it advances at the rate of a tooth per
second. D' is a wheel of sixty-six teeth, adapted for a dead seconds' watch,
and fast on the second arbor of the recording apparatus. The wheel D' is
broken in order to show the locking apparatus which is beneath it. D² is a
pinion on the arbor 1 of the bent lever, whose fulcrum is the arbor 2.
spring which keeps the arm 4 of the bent lever in contact with the locking
square 5, attached to the ratchet wheel 6, which is furnished with 8 teeth. 7 is
a click taking into the ratchet wheel 6, and jointed to the lever 8, whose
fulcrum is in the pillar place. 9 is a spring to keep the click in contact with
the wheel 6. 10 a pin passing through the pendant of the watch, and fur-
nished with a knob upon which to press with the thumb. 11, a spring to
3 is a
return the pressing pin 10 after using it. The operation of this apparatus is
thus: overy time the pin 10 is pressed home the click 7 causes the ratchet
wheel to advance through an eighth of a revolution, which operation repeated
causes the locking square 5 alternately to present an angle or a square to the
lever 4, in other words, alternately to make and break the connection with
the train and the recording apparatus. The pinion D is deep in gear with
the wheel D'; but on being put into gear with both to the wheels D and D'
will be rather shallow in gear with each.
One of my improvements, generally applicable to clocks, watches, and
other timekeepers, consists in a new machine, whereby the frame plates
of such timekeepers may be drilled with extreme accuracy and great saving
of expenditure, which machine I designate a normal drill.
In Drawing No. 8 Fig. 62 is a side elevation, Fig. 63 a plan, Figs. 64 S
and 65 and clevations of some of the parts of my normal drill, A, the bed of
which, is screwed to the bench. B, a pieco fitting in the groove and screwed to
the bed. C, another piece fitting into the groove and screwed to the bed. D, a
shaft pivoted into the pieces B and C, and carrying the picce E, into which

page_text: O is a piece adjust-
the steel bar F is secured by sett screws f.f. G is another steel bar fitting
into the piece C, and secured by set screws 9.9. On the bar G, which is
stationary, is a headstock H, into which is accurately fitted the steel guide
pin I. i is a spiral spring, one end of which presses against the headstock,
the other end against the pin in the guide pin I. is a small pin fixed on
the headstock I, behind which the pin is put when the guide pin I is to be
held out of the sample plate J, which is on the face platej of the arbor J' in:
the piece K on the bar F. J is a spur wheel secured to the arbor J¹ by a:
screw nut. L is a headstock, adjustable on the bar G by set screws h, h, into.
which headstock the spindle or mandril is fitted. is a small shaft, also
fitted into the headstock L. M is a band pulley. M' is a circular incline or
wedge, attached by screws to the pulley M. N is an arbor fitted into the
piece N¹, on one end of which arbor is a face plate n. n is a chuch fitted to.
the face plate n, and held thereto by three screws; on the other end of the
arbor N a tooth wheel N is secured by a screw nut.
able on the bar F. O', a stud adjustable in a mortice in the piece O, which
stud carries the intermediate wheel O. P is a wedge adjustable on the bar.
F, to poise the mechanism on the other end of that bar. q is a clamp on the.
chuck n'. Having prepared the sample plate J with holes of a uniform size,.
I set the centre of the arbor N at a suitable distance from the fulcrum D to
make the required reduction in the watch (or other) plate from the sample
plate; I then adjust the intermediate wheel 0° to fit without back lash into
the wheels J and N, and then set the spindle to coincide with the centre of
the arbor N, and likewise set the steel guide pin I to coincide with the contro
of the arbor J; next put the plate to be drilled into the chuck n¹, and after.
clamping it take hold of the handle Q with the left hand, with which I raise,
lower, or turn the sample plate until the guide pin enters a hole. I then
raise the handle R until the pin (not shewn in the Drawing) in the pulley M
will pass over it, on which taking place (the machinery having been "set
on") the circular wedge M' will press against the adjustable tail screw in the
spindle, and advance the drill at a uniform speed until it has passed through
the plate, and the completion of a revolution of the spiral wedge has suffered
the spiral spring on the spindle to withdraw the drill, and the detent on the
band R to arrest the motion of the pulley M, by intercepting a stud in that
pulley. The same operation is repeated until all the holes of the same sizo
are drilled. The plate is then removed, and another is drilled, &c. until all
have been done with the first drill; I then re-adjust the plates, and with a
drill of another size, &c. repeat the operation. It may be found necessary to

page_text: withdraw the drill more than once when drilling very small holes, and this
may be done by having steps in the spiral incline.
In. Drawing No. 8 Fig. 66 is a plan, Fig. 67 an edge view, and Fig. 68
an end view of my improved wheel sector, applicable to clocks, watches, and
other timekeepers. A, A', are brass bars, jointed together at B. C is a sector,
which may be divided to suit the pitches required. D, D¹, aro slides, having
set screws to fix them on any part of the bars. E, steel pieces hardened at the
angles, that are brought together and screwed by their flange E', E', to the
slides D, D. F, a leg screwed into the bar A through the mortice in the
sector C, to fix the bars at the required angle. f, a milled bead or moulding;
at F is another leg similar to F. These legs are of the same length as the
joint B. Through the centre of the joint B is a cylindrical hole, to which is
fitted a steel pin having a fine-pointed centre. a is a small slide fitted into a
groove in the piece D. ais a groove to receive a slide similar to the last
named. Each of the steel slides is furnished with a small hole to receive the
point of a pair of compasses. This sector may be made of any convenient size;
one of double the size shewn in the Drawing will be found suitable for watches
and small clocks. A smaller guage would suit for watches alone, but I prefer
a large one, and that the divisions may not be too fine.
One of the novelties of this my wheel guage is in the bars being far enough.
asunder to admit of the wheel arbor passing between them when guaging the
wheel. A second novelty consists in the facility it affords for (at any time):
testing the accuracy of the guage edges and the compass centre points by
bringing them (one after another) over the pointed steel pin before referred to.
A third and very important novelty consists in its giving with accuracy the
outside diameter for wheels and pinions of all pitches within its calibre, and the
pitch line diameter also. A fourth novelty consists in its being applicable to
the calibre in of the plates and pivots of watches, &c. to a tenth, a hundredth,
&c. of an inch, according as the sector C is marked, which may ultimately
lead to uniformity of guage. In constructing this guage care must be taken
to place the centre points in the steel slides a and a' at a distance from the
angular edges of the pieces E and E¹ equal to two of the small divisions on
the scale, and to make zero on the scale correspond with the upper end of the
brass slides D and D' when the centre point in the steel pieces a, a¹, coincide
with the centre of the joint B, according to which arrangement the brass slides
will be two divisions below zero when the steel edges E and E' coincide with
the centre, which distance below zero I find to give a good working length
of tooth.::

page_text: That part of my improvements which relates to the hardening and expe-
ditiously polishing the frame plates of clocks, watches, and other timekeepers,
consists in subjecting such plates to great pressure betwixt well-polished punch
and die, similarly made to those used for striking coins and metals, by which
means the frame plates may be recessed for the works, &c., and made very
hard and bright, and uniform in size and figure, without the expense of turning,
except in cases where the border is high, when it may be necessary to rough-
turn the hollow side of the plate. In addition to the economy of this mode of
making the frame plates there will be the certainty of there being uniformly
of the same size, and consequently of fitting the normal drilling machine herein
specified.
.
Having now fully described the nature and particulars of my said Invention
of Certain Improvements in and applicable to Clocks and other Timekeepers,
in the Machines or Apparatus for Winding Clocks and Hoisting Weights, and
for effecting Telegraphic Communications between Distant Clocks and Places
otherwise than by Electro-magnetism, I wish it to be understood that I do not
confine myself to the precise arrangements of the mechanical details herein
set forth, or any one of them, so long as the novel features of my Invention, or
any part thereof, be retained; neither do I claim any of the ordinary and well-
known contrivances, mechanism, or apparatus made use of in clocks or other.
timekeepers, excepting in so far as these or any of them may be employed to
effectuate my improvements berein-before described. But the novelties which I
claim as of my Invention in this present Specification of Letters Patent, granted
unto me as aforesaid, arc,-
First, the arrangements as illustrated and described, or any mere modifi-
cation of the same, by which tidal power is rendered available as an agent for.
actuating the movements of clockwork, and other machinery or apparatus to
which motive power is applied. .
Second, the peculiar arrangements whereby the going and the hour-striking
trains are driven from one weight or one spring, and the difficulties attending
the arrangement connected with the "guide pulley" are overcome.
Third, the novel apparatus, or any modified arrangement of the same, whereby
the time indicated at the dial of any particular clock is also indicated at other.
dials simultaneously, which apparatus I also claim as a means of effecting
telegraphic communications, or intercourse by signals, in all places where such
intercourse is required.
Fourth, the novel arrangements and apparatus whereby equimotive impulses
are imparted to clock escapements, as described in relation to turret clocks,

page_text: common and skeleton house clocks, and to clocks and timekeepers actuated by
electro-magnetic power, and to any mere modifications of the principles set forth
for effectuating the same.
Fifth, the arrangements by which tho advances of the hands or indices of
clocks and timekeepers are made to correspond with a certain definito number
of oscillations of the pendulum.
Sixth, the novel arrangements, or any modification of the same, whereby the
principal or characteristic features, as described in relation to my cycloramic
dial, aro carried into operation.
Seventh, the peculiar adaptation of the toothed sectors and other apparatus
which I employ to effectuate the striking of the hours and quarters, and substi
tute for the ordinary trains made use of in clocks and timekeepers to perform
such purposes.
Eighth, the novelties set forth and described in reference to compensation
balances, adapted for pocket and box chronometers or other timekeepers.
Ninth, the peculiar construction and arrangement of the equimotivo escape-
ments, illustrated and described as applicable to chronometers and watches, in
which, by the combined action of the extra hair spring, the escape and locking
wheels and the appendages thereto, or any equivalents therefor, the movements
of the mechanism of such timekeepers are maintained with accuracy and
economy,
Tenth, the novel and systematic arrangements whereby chronometers,
watches, and other timekeepers are adapted to beat dead seconds with the
ordinary train of wheels only.
Eleventh, the novel arrangements, or any modification thereof, by which the
duration of intervals of time occupied by occurrences and events may be ascer-
tained with ease and precision, and without affecting the ordinary motions of
watches, chronometers, and other timekeepers.
Twelfth, the methods set forth and described for hardening and forming the
frame plates of clocks and other timekeepers.
Thirteenth, the application of and the particular arrangements set forth in
relation to my normal drill, for the purpose of drilling and boring with accuracy
the frame plates and other parts of clocks, watches, and chronometers.
Fourteenth, the peculiar arrangement and construction of my improved
guage, whereby the true calibre of the wheels and pinions of watches, chrono-
meters, clocks, and clockworks generally may be ascertained.
The whole of which being, to the best of my knowledge and belief, new and
never before practised in that part of Her said Majesty's United Kingdom of

page_text: Great Britain and Ireland called England, Her Dominion of Wales, and Town
of Berwick-upon-Tweed, I deliver this as my true and faithful Specification of
the same.
In witness whereof, I, the said Richard Roberts, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Tenth day of January, One thousand eight
hundred and forty-nine.
AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Tenth day of January, in the
year of our Lord 1849, the aforesaid Richard Roberts came before our
said Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged the Specification
aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained and specified, in form
above written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped according
to the tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.
Enrolled the Eleventh day of January, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and forty-nine.