Improvements in or relating to Coppers, Boiling Pots or Pans, Kettles, Saucepans, and other Vessels for Heating Water or other Liquids.
Year: 1899

page_text: Date of Application, 18th Apr., 1899
Complete Specification Left. 18th Jan.. 1900-Accepted, 10th Mar., 1900
Improvements in or relating to Coppers, Boiling Pots or Pans, Kettles,
Saucepans, and other Vessels for Heating Water or other Liquids.
I, SPENCER GARDNER, of Adderbury, in the County of Oxford, Engineer, do
hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows:-
This invention relates to coppers, boiling pots or pans, kettles, saucepans and
other vessels for heating water or other liquids.
According to my invention I corrugate the bottoms and the sides or either
the bottoms or the sides of the said vessels. The corrugations may be constituted
by annular, radial, parallel, waved or spiral figures, or any combination of these
and they may be of any suitable form in cross section. The cross sectional form
of the corrugations which 1 prefer to employ has a comparatively large pitch
with the object of facilitating the cleaning of the same, and of preventing them
being clogged internally with scale and I make the hollows of the corrugations,
that is to say those portions of the corrugations, which extend inwards into
the vessel, of rounded or semi-circular shape with a view to obviate the clogging
ef the hollows with soot. I make the ridges of the bottom corrugations that is
to say, those portions of the corrugations which extend outward from the vessel,
of flat or approximately flat shape, with the object of providing a large aren
for effecting the absorption of heat when the vessel is used on a closed range or
hot plate. In the case of the corrugations in the sides if the ridges be of flat
shape, they act in a similar manner when the vessel is heated from the side, as
for instance by radiation when situated in front of an open fire, or by conduction
when placed against the side of a hot flue or boiler.
The corrugations on the bottom are preferably made radiating from the centre
with a slight rise from the centre to help the draught of the heating gases
towards the periphery. In some cases, in coppers for example, it is desirable
that the external or internal corrugations or both should increase in cross section
as they diverge from the centre. In some cases also the corrugations may ter-
minate in a plane or flat surface at the centre.
The corrugations on the sides are preferably made vertical or with an outwardly
inclined direction so as to keep the ascending heating gases in close contart with
the sides of the vessel. The side corrugations preferably die out gradually and
terminate before reaching the top of the vessel. The side corrugations have the
further advantage of assisting in keeping the water within the vessel when boil-
ing rapidly when the lid is off.
In the case of beer warmers which are usually made of conical shape, I make
the corrugations of the sides vertical and radiating from the more or less pointed
bottom of the vessel.
In the case of kettles of the larger sizes I corrugate the bottom but may leave
the sides plain. I make the edge of the mouth or opening of such vessels pre-
ferably without any internal shoulder or rim, and I make the lids of deep dome-
shape to prevent the liquid from boiling over. In order to remove obstruction
offered to the upward circulation of the liquid by the latter striking against the

page_text: ordinary rim and top of the lid when of the shape hitherto employed, I make the
part of the said rim that drops inside shallow and generally of smaller size than
the mouth of the vessel. I may arrange the lid to be elevated and retained in
position upon the edge of the vessel by means of a bead rolled in
the rim of the lid, or by means of a wire fixed by soldering, or
fastened by clips to the rim; or the wire may be threaded through one or more
holes in the rim. When a wire is used, it may be formed with a hooked portion
taking under the edge of the opening of the vessel, so as to prevent the lid falling
off when the vessel is inclined. Or I may dispense with the rim to the lid and
let the lid be retained in position by three or more wires on the lid or projec-
tions on the top of the vessel. Or I may use a deep dome-shaped lid the edge
of which has wires that project inside the vessel, the wires preventing the lid
moving sideways.
Holes are provided in the rim to allow of the escape of steam. Or a grid for
this purpose may be made in the upper part of the lid and be covered over by a
low broad piece or shield which serves to keep soot &c. from falling into the
grid or holes. In small articles the holes are preferably placed near the rim so
that the escaping steam will not scald the hand when removing the lid.
The lids will be arranged in such manner that any steam condensing and run-
ning down will drain inside the vessel.
A suitable form of cast iron kettle of the ordinary household shape may be
made with an annularly and radially corrugated bottom and with a portion of
its sides corrugated vertically to compensate for the small area of the bottom. A
flat-tonned circular recess or combustion chamber may be formed in the bottom
10 avoid crowding the corrugations at the centre. The radial corrugations of the
bottom would have a slight rise from the centre to promote the flow of the heating
gases towards the periphery.
The lower portions of the outer annular corrugations would close in the bottom
when on a flat heating surface. The opening of the kettle would have a rim or
alternatively three or more projections to receive the lid and keep it entirely
outside of the body of the kettle.
The bodies and other parts of the vessels for heating water or other liquids
designed according to this invention may be made by casting or they may be
made of sheet-metal by stamping, drawing or spinning.
Dated this 18th day of April 1800.
J. C. MEAVBURN & ELLIS.
55 and 56, Chancery Lane, London, Chartered Patent Agents.
Improvements in or relating to Coppers, Boiling Pots or Pans, Kettles,
Saucepans, and other Vessels for Heating Water or other Liquids.
I, SPENCER GARDNER, of Adderbury, in the County of Oxford, Engineer, do
hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the same is
to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the fol-
lowing statement;-
This invention relates to coppers, boiling pots or pans, kettles, saucepans and
other vessels for heating water or other liquids.
According to my invention I corrugate the bottoms and the sides or either
the bottoms or the sides of the said vessels. The corrugations may be constituted
by annular, radial, parallel, waved or spiral figures, or any combination of these
and they may be of any suitable form in cross section. The cross sectional form

page_text: of the corrugations which 1 prefer to employ has a comparatively large pitch
with the object of facilitating the cleaning of the same, and of preventing them
being clogged internally, with scale, and I make the hollows of the corrugations,
that is to say, those portions of the corrugations, which extend inwards into
the vessel, of rounded or semi-circular shape with a view to obviate the clogging
of the hollows with soot. I make the ridges of the bottom corrugations, that is
to say, those portions of the corrugations which extend outward from the vessel,
of flat or approximately flat shape, with the object of providing a large area
for effecting the absorption of heat when the vessel is used on a closed range or
hot plate. In the case of the corrugations in the sides if the ridges be of flat
shape, they act in a similar manner when the vessel is heated from the side, as
for instance by radiation when situated in front of an open fire, or by conduction
when placed against the side of a hot flue or boiler.
The corrugations on the bottom are preferably made radiating from the centre
with a slight rise from the centre to help the draught of the heating gases
towards the periphery. In some cases, in coppers for example, it is desirable
that the external or internal corrugations or both should increase in cross section
as they diverge from the centre. In some cases also the corrugations may ter-
minate in a plane or flat surface at the centre.
The corrugations on the sides are preferably made vertical or with an outwardly
inclined direction so as to keep the ascending heating gases in close contact with
the sides of the vessel. The side corrugations preferably die out gradually and
terminate before reaching the top of the vessel. The side corrugations have the
further advantage of assisting in keeping the water within the vessel when boil-
ing rapidly when the lid is off.
In the case of beer warmers which are usually made of conical shape, I make
the corrugations of the sides vertical and radiating from the more or less pointed
bottom of the vessel.
of a
In the case of kettles of the larger sizes I corrugate the bottom but may leave
the sides plain. I make the edge of the mouth or opening of such vees:ls pre-
ferably without any internal shoulder or rim, and I make the lids of deep dome-
shape to prevent the liquid from boiling over. In order to remove obstruction
offered to the upward circulation of the liquid by the latter striking against the
ordinary rim and top of the lid when of the shape hitherto employed, I make the
part of the said rim that drops inside shallow and generally of smaller size than
the mouth of the vessel. I may arrange the lid to be elevated and retained in
position upon the edge of the vessel by means
bead rolled in
the rim of the lid, or by means of a wire fixed by soldering, or
fastened by clips to the rim; or the wire may be threaded through one or more
holes in the rim. When a wire is used, it may be formed with a hooked portion
taking under the edge of the opening of the vessel, so as to prevent the lid falling
off when the vessel is inclined. Or I may dispense with the rim to the lid and
let the lid be retained in position by three or more wires on the lid or projec-
tions on the top of the vessel. Or I may use a deep dome-shaped lid the edge
of which has wires that project inside the vessel, the wires preventing the lid
moving sideways.
Holes are provided in the rim to allow of the escape of steam. Or a grid for
this purpose may be made in the upper part of the lid and be covered over by a
low broad piece or shield which serves to keep soot &c. from falling into the
grid or holes. In small articles the holes are preferably placed near the rim so
that the escaping steam will not scald the hand when removing the lid.
The lids will be arranged in such manner that any steam condensing and run-
ning down will drain inside the vessel.
A suitable form of cast iron kettle of the ordinary household shape may be
made with an annularly and radially corrugated bottom and with a portion of
its sides corrugated vertically to compensate for the small area of the bottom. A
flat-topped circular recess or combustion chamber may be formed in the bottom

page_text: to avoid crowding the corrugations at the centre. The radial corrugations of the
Lottom would have a slight rise from the centre to promote the flow of the heating
gases towards the periphery.
The lower portions of the outer annular corrugations would close in the bottom
when on a flat heating surface. The opening of the kettle would have a rim or
alternatively three or more projections to receive the lid and keep it entirely
outside of the body of the kettle.
The bodies and other parts of the vessels for heating water or other liquids
designed according to this invention may be made by casting or they may be
made of sheet metal by stamping, drawing or spinning.
The accompanying drawings illustrate (by way of example) some forms of
hollow ware constructed in accordance with my invention.
The right hand half of Figure 1 is a half sectional elevation of a cheap form of
cast iron copper suitable for general purposes. The copper is shown in quarter
sectional plan in the right hand half of Figure 2. The body 1 of the copper is
provided with parallel corrugations 2 which extend from the smooth centre por-
tion 3 of the bottom up to the smooth upper portion 4 of the body. The corru-
gations 2 may be vertical as shown in full lines or they may be arranged in an
oblique or approximately helical direction around the copper body as indicated
in dotted lines at 2. Or the corrugations may be made oblique or helical in
their bottom portions, that is to say, below the line AA in Figure 1, and be
continued up the sides of the copper in a vertical manner above the said line.
This oblique arrangement of the corrugations has for object to create a rotary
circulation or swirling movement of the currents produced in the contents of the
copper by the ebullition of the liquid therein; whereby in the case of laundry
coppers the linen being boiled is more effectually scoured and cleansed, whilst in
the case of cooking coppers the contents are being continually brought succes-
sively into contact with the hottest parts of the copper, and the contents are pre-
vented from adhering to the sides of the copper. For boiling clothes and for
boiling pitch or other semi-fluids the side and bottom corrugations should be
oblique or helical.
The
The mouth 5 of the copper is made with vertical sides and the rim 6 of the
sheet metal lid 7 (shown in half sectional elevation in Fig. 1, and in quarter plan
in the left hand half of Fig. 2) is made of larger diameter than the mouth 5,
with the object of preventing the contents of the copper from boiling over.
left hand half of Figure 1 illustrates a form of copper which is particularly
designed for laundry purposes. In this form the corrugations in the sides are
extended outward and upward as indicated at 4, and the mouth is contracted
as shown at 5ª.
The corrugations in the sides of the copper may be vertical as shown in full
lines at 2 in Figure 1, or they may be oblique or helical as indicated by dotted
lines at in the same figure. They may have in cross section the form shown
in the right hand half of Figure 2, or they may be made in any of the various
forms shown in Figure 2a at b, c, d, e, and which consist of combinations of deep
and wide corrugations with narrow and shallow corrugations. The small corru-
gations increase only slightly as they rise, and the necessary increase to produce
the conical shape of the copper is given to the large corrugations in the forms b
and c, and to the relatively flat spaces between the large corrugations in the
forms and e. The form of corrugations shown in Figure 23 have a frictional
action on the clothes with less locking action. The contracted mouth 5 deflects
the ascending liquid back into the copper along the path indicated by the curved
arrow a and the corrugations 4 also tend to deflect the liquid in a less degree.
No obstruction is offered to the liquid by the rim 6 of the lid 7 which is well
out of the way of the liquid. The top or crown 8 of the lid is made of high-
domed shape with the same object; 5 are webs for strengthening the supporting
flange 5 of the copper.
The lid 7 (shown in half sectional elevation in the left hand half of Figure 1)

page_text: is of slightly different construction to the lid 7 shown in the right hand half of
Figure 1.
is the handle for the lid. 10, 10 represent the two grids or rows of holes
(one grid or row on each side of the handle) in the top of the lid for the purpose
of allowing the steam to escape. Each grid or row of holes is covered over by
a broad low piece or shield 11 which serves to keep dust &c. from falling into the
grid or holes. In small articles one grid only need be provided. The grid and
its cover are shown in sectional end elevation in Figure 1, in half plan in Figure 2,
and in sectional side elevation in Figure 3.
Figures 4 and 5 are respectively a sectional elevation and a plan of a cast iron
saucepan with a sheet metal lid.
The bottom of the saucepan is formed with a
number of concentric corrugations 12 with a slight rise from the centre as indicated
by the dotted lines f f to help the draught of the heating gases towards the
periphery.
The mouth of the saucepan is made vertical at 13 to prevent the contents of
the saucepan from boiling over. The upper edge of the mouth may be made
slightly flaring to keep the rim of the deep dome lid thus well out of the path of
the liquid, with the object of ensuring the deflection of the ascending liquid back
into the saucepan without striking either the rim or the top of the lid.
Holes 14 are formed in the rim of the lid to allow the steam to escape.
Figure 6 illustrates a corrugated beer warmer. The corrugations end in a
slight curve towards the right at the top and in a slight curve towards the left at
the bottom to produce rotary motion of the contents as indicated at 15 and 16
respectively. The horizontal corrugation 17 at the mouth deflects the liquid back
into the vessel and prevents it from boiling over.
In the sheet metal kettle shown in Figures 7 and 8 the concentric corruga-
tions 18 in the bottom have a gradual rise from the centre towards the periphery
of the kettle as indicated by the dotted lines gg in Figure 7. The lid 19 shown
separately in side elevation in Figure 9 is kept in place by means of a wire 20
which encircles the rim and is threaded through holes 21 in the rim. The two
ends of the wire are bent down and then up in the form of a hook 22 which
takes under the edge of the mouth of the kettle so as to prevent the lid falling
off when the kettle is inclined in pouring out its contents. The wire 20 may be
further secured on the rim by being soldered thereto.
Figures 10 and 11 are respectively a sectional elevation and an underside view
of a kettle formed with corrugations in its bottom and sides. The side corru-
gations may be vertical as shown in full lines at 23, or inclined as indicated in
dotted lines at 23. The corrugations in the bottom comprise concentric circular
corrugations 24 and radial tangential corrugations 24, and they have a slight rise
from the centre towards the periphery as indicated by the dotted lines h h in
Figure 10. This combination of circular and radial corrugations has for its object
to increase the heating surface. The tangential radial corrugations give a slight
rotary action.
Figures 12 and 13 are respectively a sectional elevation and a sectional plan of
a cast iron cooking pot having a corrugated bottom and sides. The corrugations
in the sides may extend almost up to the mouth of the pot as shown at 25 in
the left hand half of Figure 12, or they may stop short about half way as shown
at 26 in the right hand half of the same figure. The corrugations 27 in the
bottom are oval with flat outer and rounded inner ridges and a portion of the
bottom is left smooth or flat at the centre as shown at 28. A bead 29 in the
mouth prevents leakage at the rim when the lid is on and boiling over when
the lid is off; it does not extend beyond a vertical line from the inner edge of the
mouth. The lid 30 is kept in place by means of wires 31 which are soldered
thereto and project down beyond the edge of the mouth of the pot, and thus pre-
vent the lid from shifting edgeways.
Figures 14 and 15 illustrate a sheet metal cooking pot having a corrugated
bottom and sides. The corrugations 32 in the sides die away gradually towards

page_text: the top both as regards their width and their depth. The corrugations in the
bottom form a number of separate recesses 33 arranged in a circular manner
around the centre of the bottom and tangential to circles struck from centies
situated on the longest axis of the elliptical bottom with the object of producing
a slight swirling movement of the contents of the pot. A corrugation 34 is pro-
vided in the mouth of this pot with the object of preventing the liquid from boil-
ing over.
The cast iron saucepan shown in Figures 16 and 17 has corrugated sides and a
concentrically corrugated bottom. The centre portion of the bottom may be
recessed as shown at 35 or flat as shown at 36. The recessed form is suitable for
use on an open fire
whilst the flat form is more suitable for use
on a hot plate or range. The corrugations in the bottom are preferably
tangential to a circle struck from the centre of the bottom as shown at 37 in the
lower half of Figure 17, with the object of producing a swirling movement of the
products of combustion along the bottom, and a rotary circulation of the contents
of the saucepan.
However for greater facility in cleaning the corrugations in
the bottom may be made circular as indicated at 37 in the upper part of the same
figure and the corrugations 38 in the sides oblique.
In the sheet metal quick boiling kettle shown in Figures 18 and 19 the sides
are formed with vertical corrugations 39 which die away towards the top of the
kettle and which are open at the bottom of the kettle to allow the heating gases
or air to ascend and continue their heating action upon the sides of the kettle as
far up as possible. The lid 40 (shown in underside view in Figure 20) is kept in
place by means of three projecting wire legs which are bent out from one piece
of wire 41 for strength and convenience of manufacture.
Figures 21 and 22 illustrate a sheet metal saucepan with flat bottom and cor-
rugated sides. When no lip or spout in the mouth is provided the corrugations
in the sides may be made to curve inwards as at 42, and a deflecting circular
corrugation used or not in the mouth. When a lip or spout is used the corru-
gations must curve outwards as at 43 and the outward corrugations may be made
to end in the form of a lip or spout 44 preferably placed somewhat out of centre
as shown in Figure 22 for the purpose of compensating for the obliqueness of the
handle 45 in tilting the saucepan in pouring its contents. With a lip or spout
of this kind it is advisable to use a deflecting corrugation or bead as at 46 in
order to prevent a tendency to boil over at the lip or spout.
The horizontal and vertical retaining wires for the lids of the various vessels
herein before referred to may also be connected to the lids by means of hinges
formed by nicking or cutting the metal of the lid and bulging it up so as to form
sockets to receive and hold the retaining wires.
Any of the devices hereinbefore described may be used separately or in com-
bination. The lids of kettles may be hinged if desired.
This invention is applicable to workmen's breakfast cans, and also to the outer
and inner vessels of glue pots and porridge pots, of which one form of construction
(porridge pot) is illustrated by way of example in Figures 23 and 24. The liquid
between the two vessels is caused to circulate with a wave like rotary action and
by striking alternately the inward corrugations of the outer vessel and the outward
corrugations of the inner vessel, to receive and impart heat more efficiently.
This action is ensured by providing means for securing the inner vessel in its
proper rotary position. The tangential corrugations in the bottom of the outer
vessel are struck to give a left hand swirling movement of the liquid between the
two vessels which is further assisted by the action of the downward circulating
currents on the right handed oblique outward corrugations of the inner vessel.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what
I claim is;
-
1. In metallic hollow-ware for heating liquids, spirally or obliquely arranged

page_text: corrugations in the sides of the ware for the purpose of producing a rotary circu
lation, substantially as described.
2. In metallic hollow-ware for heating liquids, a convex bottom heating surface
formed wholly or partly of spirally or obliquely arranged corrugations, substan-
tially as and for the purpose described.
3. In metallic hollow-ware for heating liquids, the combination of spirally or
obliquely corrugated sides with a spirally or obliquely corrugated convex bottom
heating surface, substantially as and for the purpose described.
4. In metallic hollow-ware for heating liquids, a bottom heating surface formed
with corrugations having a rise from the common centre of the corrugations, sub-
stantially as described and shown.
5. In metallic hollow-ware for heating liquids the combination of vertically cor-
rugated sides with a spirally or obliquely corrugated convex bottom heating sur-
face, substantially as and for the purpose described.
6. In metallic hollow-ware for heating liquids, forming the sides with deep and
wide corrugations alternating with smooth or shallow corrugated surfaces, sub-
stantially as and for the purpose described with more particular reference to
Figure 2 of the drawings.
7. In metallic hollow-ware for heating liquids, a bottom heating surface formed
with corrugations having rounded inner and flat outer ridges, substantially as
and for the purpose described and as shown in Figures 4, 7, 10, 12, 14 and 16 of
the drawings.
8. In metallic hollow-ware for heating liquids, the combination of a contracted
mouth with corrugated sides, substantially as and for the purpose described.
9. In metallic hollow-ware for heating liquids, a bottom heating surface com-
posed of a combination of circular and tangential or curved radial corrugations
having a rise from the centre to the periphery substantially as and for the purpose
described and shown in Figures 10 and 11 of the drawings.
10. In metallic hollow-ware for heating liquids, a sheet metal lid formed with
a grid or row of holes covered over by a low broad piece or shield, substantially
as and for the purpose described.
11. In metallic hollow-ware for heating liquids, a lid having no depending
inner rim or only a very shallow rim, adapted to be kept in an elevated position
by a wire or wires fixed to the lid and engaging with the sides of the mouth
of the ware, substantially as described and shown.
12. In metallic hollow-ware for heating liquids, the combination with a deflect-
ing contraction or corrugation at the inner edge of the mouth, of a deep domed
lid with a shallow rim raised permanently and entirely above the inner edge of
the mouth and provided with perforations in its rim, substantially as and for the
purpose described.
13. Metallic hollow-ware for heating liquids formed with mouths constructed to
prevent the contents of the ware from boiling over, substantially as described and
shown in the accompanying drawings.
14. Metallic hollow-ware for heating liquids, fitted with sheet metal lids con-
structed substantially as and for the purpose described and as shown in the accom-
panying drawings.
15. Metallic hollow-ware for heating purposes such as glue pots, porridge pots,
and the like, constructed substantially as and for the purposes described and as
shown in Figures 23 and 24 of the drawings.
J. C. MEWBURN & ELLIS,
55 and 56, Chancery Lane, London, Chartered Patent Agents.