A NEW SYSTEM OR PROCESS OF ANHYDROUS CHLORIDES AND FOR THE PRODUCTION AND DECOMPOSITION . APPARATUS FOR THOSE PURPOSES
Year: 1872

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Joseph Garneri, of S5, Gracechurch Street, in
the City of London, for the Invention of "A NEW SYSTEM OR PROCESS
OF ANHYDROUS CHLORIDES AND
FOR THE PRODUCTION AND DECOMPOSITION
.
APPARATUS FOR THOSE PURPOSES."
Sealed the 6th September 1872, and dated the 8th March 1872.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Joseph Garneri as the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
Sth March 1872..
1, JOSEPH GARNERI, of 85, Gracechurch Street, in the City of London,
A NEW SYSTEM
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
OR PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION AND DECOMPOSITION OF ANHYDROUS CHLORIDES
AND APPARATUS FOR THOSE PURPOSES." to be as follows:-
This Invention consists essentially of a pneumatic system for the pro-
duction of anhydrous chlorides, and effecting their decomposition by

page_text: means of electricity, produced by an improved electro-motor called by
the Inventor Garneri's electro-motor.
The extraction of the metal known as aluminium at a low price, which
constitutes the principal object of this Invention, I propose to accomplish
in the following manner and by the following means:-I take alumine
extracted from plastic clay, kaolins, alunites, or other aluminiferous sub-
stances by any of the known processes, and having reduced it into powder
I thoroughly mix it with charcoal in the proportion of about 40 parts
of charcoal to every 100 parts of the alumine, to which may be added
sufficient water to make it of the consistence of thick paste. After this
paste has been calcined until it is red hot, which may be effected in closed
crucibles, it is introduced while still hot through the neck of the retort D,
represented at Sheet 1 of the 4 Sheets of Drawings accompanying this
Specification. The chlorine passes through the gasometer B, and is
dried in the receivers T, T, T, S. The chlorine is produced in the retort
D, which should be heated until it is of a dark red color; this retort is
made of enamelled cast iron. The condenser M, in which the chloride of
aluminium is condensed, and which should also be made of enamelled
cast iron, is provided with plates of enamelled cast iron with alternate
passages extending downwards for the outlet of the carbonic oxide, which
is collected in a special gasometer hereafter described. The gasometers
A, B, which are made of sheet iron, coated with lead inside, arc immersed
in mineral tar, on the surface of which is deposited a layer of chlorhydric
acid to prevent the chlorine decomposing the hydrogen carburet of the
tar too rapidly, and which would produce a charcoal deposit, which
would be objectionable. From the receiver D the chloride is collected
in the receiver C, in order to be decomposed therein by the electro-motor
under the petroleum. The electro-negative chlorine thus produced is
conveyed into the porous vase of the positive pole, and is aspired by the
gasometer A. I would here remark that the plates or sheets of steel or
iron, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, of the electro-motor before described, as well
as the pipe ƒ of the same metal, remain in a passive state on account of
the oxygen.
This system, as will be seen, differs from that known as Wohler Deville's
in so far that alkaline metals (potassium and sodium) are not used as
reducers, but that the economical electricity of Garneri's electro-motor
performs that office; that the chloride of aluminium is simple, and
consequently that it is not necessary to heat the receivers very much in
order to volatilise the chloride, and lastly that the chlorine is not lost.

page_text: Every expense is economised by this new process, and the only expense
remaining is that required for fuel in small quantities for calcining the
alumine, to produce the simple chloride of aluminium, and for smelting
the grey powder of aluminium that comes to the negative pole of the
decomposition vase, which may be effected without any other flux than
smelted aluminium. For this purpose some aluminium is smelted in a
crucible; the aluminium powder well rammed in an unscoured cast-iron
crucible having a handle of the same material at its base is immersed
into a metallic bath on which a current of inert gas may be brought when
stirred round.
At Sheet 1, Figure 1 is a vertical elevation of the gasometer and parts
connected therewith, and at Sheet 2 Figure 2 is a plan of Figure 1.
A, B, represent two gasometers made of sheet iron, coated with lead
inside immersed in mineral tar or other fixed hydrogen carburet, on
which a small layer of chlorhydric acid has been poured. These gaso-
meters are intended for the reception of the chlorine. when that gas is
disengaged by the electro-chemical decomposition of the chloride of
aluminium contained by the enamelled cast-iron receiver C, which is
heated on a sand bath. Into this receiver the simple chloride of
aliminium is introduced after having been smelted under the petroleum.
Its great density causes it to occupy the bottom of the receiver, while
a layer of petroleum covers the upper surface thereof. d, e, are graphite
charcoal electrodes; the negative pole d conveys the electricity by means
of a brass rod, which is covered over with a glass pipe in order that the
petroleum swimming on the top shall not be decomposed. The positive
pole e is enclosed in a biscuit-baked china diaphragm and filled with
well-rammed graphite charcoal powder; the chlorine enters that vessel
and passes thence to the gasometer A, which being released has a ten-
dency to aspire the gas. The gas passes thence through the tap r into
the other gasometer B, whence it escapes with a moderate speed, then
passes through the receivers T, in which are movable vessels containing
a large quantity of chloride of calcium, and gets partially dried by the
sulphuric acid, and is completely dried when it reaches the china retort D,
the said retort having been heated dark red, and containing the internal
mixture of alumine and charcoal in proportions necessary for the reaction
as before stated. The chloride of aluminium settles between the sheets
of the enamelled cast-iron condenser M, which should be sufficiently
heated while the carbonic oxide gas is disengaged and passes through the

page_text: pipe T.
This carbonic exide gas may be used for the welding of the
aluminium with great advantage, since it does not produce water, as
hydrogen does.
At Sheet 3, Figure 3 is a vertical sectional elevation of the gasometer A
of the electro-motor, also the electro-magnetic bobbin C and the receiver
D employed for the decomposition of the chloride of aluminium, and
Figure 4, Sheet 4, is a plan of the same.
At Sheet 3, A represents a vertical section of an ordinary gasometer
to be filled with oxygen gas through the pipe T. This gas is introduced
into the steel or iron pipe f, which descends to the bottoin of the biscuit-
baked china diaphragm d; this diaphragm is to be filled with graphite
charcoal powder compressed between a series of plates or sheets of steel
or iron 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8.
The outer receiver R, which is made of wood varnished inside by any
suitable isolating substance, is fitted with a hydraulic cover, and contains
water, sulphuric acid, zinc amalgamated in granulated state, and a sheet
of amalgamated zinc which serves for the negative electricity. From
the positive pole P of the charcoal the electricity passes through the
electro-magnetic bobbin C, which is a mere soft iron bar surrounded by
a very long copper wire, the diameter of which should be in conformity
with the electricity transmitted. This bar is magnetised under the
influence of the electric current, the trembler is set in motion, the
current is interrupted, the soft iron bar ceases being magnetised,
the spring of the trembler resumes its former position, and the current
is re-established. By employing this system, which is due to Mr. De
la Rive, the dynamic electricity of the electro-motor is transformed into
static electricity, viz., tension electricity (it is known as Faraday's extra
current). Thus with one single element the resistance to the passage
of the chloride of aluminium may be overcome; by the use of an electro-
motor with two liquids a double quantity of zinc would be consumed,
but the time would be shortened one-half; on the contrary, by the use
of the electro-motor, which presents no polarisation, the equivalence of
the electricity corresponding to the electro-motive power of the zinc, and
to that of the hydrogen in a native state with the oxygen in the gaso-
meter A, will be almost entirely absorbed.
.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Joseph Garneri in the Great Seal Patent Office on
the 7th September 1872.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOSEPH.
GARNERI, of 85, Gracechurch Street, in the City of London, send.
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Eighth day of March, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-two, in the
thirty-fifth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto me, the said Joseph Garneri, Her special licence
that I, the said Joseph Garneri, my executors, administrators, and assigns,
or such others as I, the said Joseph Garneri, my executors, adminis-
trators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, .
from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term therein
expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend,.
within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel.
Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "A NEW SYSTEM OR
PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION AND DECOMPOSITION OF ANHYDROUS CHLORIDES AND
APPARATUS FOR THOSE PURPOSES. upon the condition (amongst others)
that I, the said Joseph Garneri, my executors or administrators, by
an instrument in the writing under my, or their, or one of their.
hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature
of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be
performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent
Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the date
of the said Letters Patent.
•
NOW KNOW YE, that 1, the said Joseph Garneri, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement, that is to say :-
-
This Invention consists essentially of a pneumatic system for the pro-
duction of anhydrous chlorides, and effecting their decomposition by
means of electricity produced by an improved electro-motor, called by
the Inventor Garneri's electro-motor.

page_text: The extraction of the metal known as aluminium at a low price, which
constitutes the principal object of this Invention, I propose to accomplish
in the following manner and by the following means:-I take alumine
extracted from plastic clay, kaolins, alunites, or other aluminiferous
substances by any of the known processes, and having reduced it into
powder I thoroughly mix it with charcoal in the proportion of about 40
parts of charcoal to every 100 parts of the alumine, to which may be
added sufficient water to make it of the consistence of thick paste.
After this paste has been calcined until it is red hot, which may be
effected in closed crucibles, it is introduced while still hot through the
neck of the retort D, represented at Sheet 1 of the two Sheets of Drawings
accompanying this Specification. The chlorine passes through the gaso-
meter B, and is dried in the receivers T, T, T, S. The chlorine is
produced in the retort D, which should be heated until it is of a dark red
color. This retort is made of enamelled cast iron. The condenser M, in
which the chloride of aluminium is condensed, and which should also be
made of enamelled cast iron, is provided with plates of enamelled cast
iron, with alternate passages extending downwards for the outlet of the
carbonic oxide, which is collected in a special gasometer.
The gaso-
meters A, B, which are made of sheet iron coated with lead inside, are
immersed in mineral tar, on the surface of which is deposited a layer of
chiorhydric acid to prevent the chlorine decomposing the hydrogen
carburet of the tar too rapidly, and which would produce a charcoal
deposit which would be objectionable. The chloride is collected in the
receiver C, shewn at Sheet 1, in order to be decomposed therein by the
electro-motor under the petroleum. The electro-negative chlorine thus
produced is conveyed into the porous vase of the positive pole, and is
aspired by the gasometer A.
I would here remark that the plates or sheets of steel or iron 1, 2, 3,
4, 5, 6, 7, 8, of the electro-motor before described, as well as the pipe ƒ
of the same metal, remain in a passive state on account of the oxygen.
This system, as will be seen, differs from that known as Wohler
Deville's in so far that alkaline metals (potassium and sodium) are not
used as reducers, but economical electricity of Garneri's electro-
motor performs that office; that the chloride of aluminium is simple, and
consequently that it is not necessary to heat the receivers very much in
order to volatilize the chloride, and lastly that the chlorine is not lost.
Every expense is economised by this new process, and the only expense

page_text: remaining is that required for fuel in small quantities for calcining the
alumine to produce the simple chloride of aluminium and for smelting
the grey powder of aluminium that comes to the negative pole of the
decomposition vase, which may be effected without any other flux than
smelted aluminium. For this purpose some aluminium is smelted in a
crucible; the aluminium powder well rammed in an unscoured cast-
iron crucible having a handle of the same material at its base is
immersed into a metallic bath, on which a current of inert gas may be
brought when stirred round.
At Sheet 1 Figure 1 is a vertical elevation of the gasometer and parts
connected therewith, and at Sheet 1 Figure 2 is a plan of Figure 1.
A, B, represent two gasometers made of sheet iron coated with lead
inside; immersed in mineral tar or other fixed hydrogen carburet, in
which a small layer of chlorhydric acid has been poured. These
gasometers are intended for the reception of the chlorine when that
gas is disengaged by the electro-chemical decomposition of the chloride
of aluminium contained by the enamelled cast-iron receiver C, which is
heated on
a sand bath. Into this receiver the simple chloride of
aluminium is introduced after having been smelted under the petroleum.
Its great density causes it to occupy the bottom of the receiver, while a
layer of petroleum covers the upper surface thereof. d, e, are graphite
charcoal electrods; the negative pole d conveys the electricity by means
of a brass rod which is covered over with a glass pipe, in order that the
petroleum swimming on the top shall not be decomposed. The positive
pole e is enclosed in a biscuit. baked china diaphragm, and filled with
well-rammed graphite charcoal powder; the chlorine enters that vessel,
and passes thence to the gasometer A, which being released has a ten-
dency to aspire the gas. The gas passes thence through the tap r into
the other gasometer B. whence it escapes with a moderate speed, then
passes through the receivers T, T, T, S, in which are movable vessels
containing a large quantity of chloride of calcium, and gets partially
dried by the sulphuric acid, and is completely dried when it reaches the
china retort D, the said retort having been heated dark red, and con-
taining the internal mixture of alumine and charcoal in proportions
necessary for the reaction, as before stated. The chloride of aluminium
settles between the sheets of the enamelled cast-iron condenser M, which
should be sufficiently heated while the carbonic oxide gas is disengaged,
and passes through the pipe T'. This carbonic oxide gas may be used

page_text: for the welding of the aluminium with great advantage, since it does not
produce water as hydrogen does. At Sheet 2 Figure 1 is a vertical
sectional elevation of the gasometer A of the electro-motor, also the
electro-magnetic bobbin C and the receiver D.employed for the decom-
position of the chloride of aluminium; and Sheet 2, Figure 2, is a plan
- of the same.
At Sheet 2 A represents a vertical section of an ordinary
gasometer to be filled with oxygen gas through the pipe T.; this gas is
introduced into the steel or iron pipe f, which descends to the bottom of
the biscuit baked china diaphragm d; this diaphragm is to be filled with.
graphite charcoal powder compressed between a series of plates or
sheets of steel or iron 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. The outer receiver R, which is
made of wood varnished inside by any suitable isolating substance, is
fitted with a hydraulic cover, and contains water, sulphuric acid, zine,
amalgamated in granulated state, and a sheet of amalgamated zinc,
which serves for the negative electricity. From the positive pole P
of the charcoal the electricity passes through the electro-magnetic
bobbin C, which is a mere soft iron bar surrounded by a very long
copper wire, the diameter of which should be in conformity with the
electricity transmitted. This bar is magnetised under the influence of
the electric current, the trembler is set in motion, the current is inter-
"rupted, the soft iron bar ceases being magnetised, the spring of the
trembler resumes its former position, and the current is re-established.
By employing this system, which is due to Mr. De la Rive, the dynamic
electricity of the electro-motor is transformed into static electricity, viz.,
tension electricity (it is known as Faraday's extra current). Thus with
one single element the resistance to the passage of the chloride of
aluminium may be overcome; by the use of an electro-motor with two
liquids a double quantity of zinc would be consumed, but the time
would be shortened one-half; on the contrary, by the use of the electro-
motor, which presents no polarisation, the equivalence of the electricity
corresponding to the electro-motive power of the zinc, and to that of the
hydrogen in a native state with the oxygen in the gasometer A, will be
almost entirely absorbed.
Having now fully described and set forth the nature and object of my
said Invention for A New System or Process for the Production and
Decomposition of Anhydrous Chlorides and Apparatus for those Pur-
poses," together with the means by which it may be effected, I would
<remark in conclusion that I hereby declare my Invention to consist in and

page_text: I claim, the methods and apparatus above described and represented for
producing and decomposing anhydrous chlorides as constituting a new
system or process for those purposes. And I desire it to be distinctly
understood that I do not claim as my Invention the use of chlorine gas
and electricity for the purposes of my said Invention except when the
same are used in apparatus of the construction above described and
represented, and in the manner above stated.
In witness whereof, I, the said Joseph Garneri, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Fourth day of September, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-two.
J. GARNERI. (L.S.)