CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR MAKING WIRE CARDS POR CARDING WOOL, COTTON, TOW, AND OTHER FIBROUS SUBSTANCES OF THE LIKE NATURE; AND ALSO CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS ON A MACHINE FOR SHAVING AND PREPARING LEATHER USED IN MAKING SUCH CARDS
Year: 1825

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOSEPH
СHEESEBOROUGH DYER, of Manchester, in the County of Lancaster, Patent Card
Manufacturer, send greeting.
WHEREAS His most Excellent Majesty King George the Fourth, by His
Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at West-
minster, the Ninth day of December, in the sixth year of His reign, did,
for Himself, His heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said.
Joseph Cheeseborough Dyer, special licence, full power, and sole privilege and
authority, that I, the said Joseph Cheeseborough Dyer, my exors, adñiors, and
assigns, and every of them, or such others as I, the said Joseph Cheeseborough
Dyer, my exors, admors, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no
others, from time to time and at all times, during the term of fourteen years,
to be computed from the date of the now reciting Letters Patent, should and
lawfully might use, exercise, and vend, within that part of the said United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland called England, the Dominion o
Wales, and Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, my Invention of "CERTAIN
IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR MAKING WIRE CARDS POR CARDING WOOL,
COTTON, TOW, AND OTHER FIBROUS SUBSTANCES OF THE LIKE NATURE; AND ALSO
CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS ON A MACHINE FOR SHAVING AND PREPARING LEATHER
USED IN MAKING SUCH CARDS;" in which said Letters Patent is contained a
proviso obliging me, the said Joseph Cheeseborough Dyer, by an instrument in

page_text: writing under my hand and seal, to be inrolled in His Majesty's High Court
of Chancery within six calendar months next and immediately ensuing the
date of the now reciting Letters Patent, to cause a particular and exact
description of my said Invention, and the manner of making and using the
same; in default whereof, the said Letters Patent, and all liberties and
privileges thereby granted, were to cease, determine, and become void.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the same proviso, I, the said
Joseph Cheeseborough Dyer, do hereby declare that the nature of my said
Invention and the manner in which the same is to be performed, are particu-
larly described and ascertained as follows:-
"
66
66
A Patent for an Invention of "Certain Additions to and Improvements on
Machinery to be used and applied in Manufacturing Cards for Carding
Wool, Cotton, Silk, and Tow, and other Fibrous Materials of the like
Description;" the sole use and application whereof was granted to me by His
late Majestie's Letters Patent, bearing date at Westminster, the Fifteenth day
of December, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and four-
teen; and the same was duly specified; in which said Specification is described
and set forth several forms and modifications of machinery adapted to be
worked by power for making cotton and wool cards of the several kinds called
sheet and fillet cards. The Invention now hereafter described (so far as the
same relates to the making of cards) doth likewise consist of various additions
to and modifications in the construction of machinery for making sheet and
fillet cards by power, wherein, among other things, are employed several parts
or-portions-of-the-like nature with those described in the Specification. above.
referred to. I do, therefore, in the first place, specially declare that the
machinery hercin-after described may be and is considered as improvements
in various respects in and upon the Invention so secured to me; and that on
account of the impracticability of specifying such improvements separately and.
by themselves, without making and describing drawings of the whole machines
so improved, with the additions thereto a herein-after set forth; I do hereby,
refer to the said Specification, so inrolled, in order that such parts hereof as
form parts of the Invention so before secured to me may be clearly seen and
distinguished from my said improvements' now to be specified, and in order, also
that the operation of such parts of the machinery as remain without any material
alteration may be understood by consulting the said former Specification,, and
which will render a minute description of such operation unnecessary herein.
And I do further declare, that tlie particular structure of my said machinery,
to be herein pointed out and distinguished, is shown in the Drawings hereunto
annexed and the following descriptions::.

page_text: In these Drawings Tab. 1, 2, and 3, represent the improved machine for
making fillet cards; the first being a plan, the second a right-hand end eleva-
tion, and the third a side elevation of a portion of the machine as seen from
the back. B is the principal bed or cast-iron frame, supported on the logs
B, B.
A is the driving shaft or principal axis, fitted with the several
eccentric cam pieces employed for giving motion to the different parts of the
machine, as shewn at the Figures 1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. The assemblage
of parts employed for feeding the wire and forming it into staples, for pierceing
the holes and fixing the staples in the leather, are called "the head work."
The minute verbal description of the operations of all these parts is given in
the former Specification referred to, and the action thereof in the present
machine being substantially the same will render a repetition such description
unnecessary herein. By simply comparing these parts, as delineated and
shewn in the Drawings hereunto annexed, with the former Drawings, my
several improvements in the construction and mode of working of the same will
be sufficiently obvious; and to facilitate such comparison, I have marked all
the several parts of the "head work" of my improved machine with the same
letters of reference as are employed to distinguish the corresponding parts in
the former Drawings.
One essential improvement, however, in the present machine may require to
be here verbally described; namely, instead of allowing the eccentries to act
directly upon rollers fixed in the ends of the sliders, and having their bearing
faces kept together by means of the upright levers with connecting rods and
springs, as before shewn, I employ levers, about ten inches long, moveable on
fixed centers at their lower ends, and fitted at their tops with adjustable steel faces
opposite the cams on the shaft, against which they are pressed by the action
of spiral springs, as shewn at Tab. 1. The sliders are attached to the top of
these levers by means of a small finger-piece and screw at "a, "a, and by this
arrangement it will be seen that the sliders are entirely relieved from the
strong pressure of the springs, whilst they are moved back and forth by the
traverse of these levers. With respect to the movement of the leather from
side to side, the same is performed by the rotation of a wheel or disk having
steel steps with inclined faces extending in three successive series round the
contrate edge of the said disk, as shewn at C; the mode of fixing and securing
the steps in their places being clearly exhibited in the perspective drawing of
the disk, Tab. 2. This disk, being turned by the dog I and ratchet wheel *I.
on its axis, as shewn, will give the back and forth run to the sliding frame
D, D, D, with the fillet of leather L, in the act of setting the card teeth; the
stud d being fixed to the slide frame for the purpose, and held against the

page_text: bearing faces on the disk by means of the chain pulley and spring, as shewn in
the Drawings. It is manifest that the distance of rim or side shift thus com-
municated to the leather by each successive movement of the disk will be
determined by the form of the inclined steps or faces. The height of these
steps must of course be adapted to give the required distance of rum between
the successive settings of staples in the leather, to produce the paterns of "card
required, having reference to the width of the crowns of the staples. 'Altho'
great accuracy of adaptation of these inclined faces is necessary to preserve the
patern uniformly correct in setting either a ribbed or twilled figure, yet the
same may be performed by any workman competent to build machines of this
nature, taking these Drawings for his guide. The actual series of steps, as
lierein shewn, are adapted to produce a ribbed fillet. It will be also obvious
tliat this same adaptation of successive inclined plains may be fitted upon the
periphery of a wheel, to act as eccentric or cam pieces in the same successive
series, as shewn on the contrate rim of the disk described, by changing the
position of the axis and of the dog for giving motion to the ratchet wheel, so as
to produce the like successive movement of the sliding frame and fillet; but
I prefer the form of apparatus as shewn in. the Drawings for producing the
side shift or back and forth run of the leather in making fillet cards.
The end shift or taking up of the said fillet is effected by means of the.
apparatus shewn at E, E, E, Tab. 2 and 3. 1; 1, is the pair of fluted feeding
rollers, turned by means of the cam 9; dog H, ratchet wheel G, and coupling
F. At each rotation of the principal axis this dog gathers one tooth of ratchet
wheel, and thereby delivers-a-portion of leather, at the same time causing a
proportionate movement of the pulley and strap, as shewn for driving-the-
taking-up apparatus, which is mounted on upright supporting rods K, K, at
some distance above the head work, according the height of the room. This
taking-up apparatus consists of a pulley covered with leather, with a cast-iron
segment M (see Tab. 2) ground smooth on its internal surface, and secured in
its place by means of the arms and springs, as shown in the Drawings, whereby
it is prevented from revolving with the pulley, while it is strongly: drawn
towards its axis by means of the spiral' springs, as shown. It is thus made.to
press against the fillet when passing round the pulley, and between its surface
and that of this segment. By the rotation of this pulley, and thei friction: of
its surface against the crowns of the staples, the fillet is drawn forward (the
ends of the teeth easily slipping along the smooth surface of the stationary
pressing segment; as described), whereby the card will be taken: up and
delivered as the same is made; a little excess of motion being given to the
taking-up apparatus to insure sufficient tension of the fillet as it proceeds from

page_text: the delivering roller below. It is unnecessary to describe at any greater
length the particular properties of my said improvements applicable to the
making of fillet cards, as, after due inspection of the Specification of the former
Patent, any competent judge will be able to point out and distinguish the
improvements in the said machinery, as above set forth and described, and also
to appreciate the value, not only of the new movements pointed out, but of the
greater simplicity in the general construction of the fillet machine hereby
described.
My said improvements in the machinery for making "sheet cards" aro
delineated and shewn in the Drawings, Tab. 4 and 5; the former being a plan,
and the latter a front elevation of the machine; the "head work" in
Tab. 5 being left out, to shew more clearly the parts employed for feeding
and conducting the leather, for taking up and delivering the card, and
the action of the parts used in forming and placing the staples therein.
This machine is adapted for making cards in one continuous sheet of
any required length, which constitutes its distinguishing characteristic as
compared with the former "sheet card" machine, but as the greater portion
of the "head work" and several other parts of this machine, if separately and
individually considered, are similar to portions of the machinery in the former
Specification, I have used the title of "improvements" as applicable in like
manner to this arrangement of machinery as to the herein-before described
machine for making "fillet cards." But as with this improved arrangement
of machinery, a distinctly new and useful result is effected, namely, that of
making
"sheet cards" in continuous lengths, which hath not to my knowledge
and belief been heretofore effected, I claim the exclusive use and application
of the said machinery for this special purpose. Before I proceed to describe
these Drawings at length, I do hereby refer unto my former Specification as
herein first before referred to, for the detailed description of the head work,"
and of such other parts of the machinery as are shewn in the present
Drawings without material alteration; and for the facility of comparison I have
placed upon the present Drawings, as near as practicable, the same letters of
reference as are placed upon the former. B1, B2, &c. shew the cast-iron bed
resting on cast-iron feet; D and D 1, 2, &c. shew the upright pillars and
cross bars to support and guide the sliding frame H and H 1, 2, &c. in
its
up and down traverse motion for holding and feeding the sheet of leather
and card in the act of working. The two side rods H2, H3, are fitted to
slide through holes at B 1, B2, in the bed and through the cross bar above at
D 3, D 4; the distance of the up and down traverse of this frame must be
adjusted to the required width of the card to be made. The weight of this
"

page_text: frame, together with the feeding apparatus and taking-up pulley E 4, E 5,
E 6, and portion of leather and card attached to it in working, is supported
upon the pulley G 2 by means of the cross bar, descending rod and chain, as
shewn at II 4, 5, and 6, see Tab. 5; the pulley chain and counter weight at
G 3 serving to balance the same, so as to lighten the action upon the teeth in
the wheel G, employed for giving the said traverse motion. This traverse
is effected by the reciprocating action of the dogs L 4, L 5, (respectively driven
by the cam 12) upon the slider K, whose teeth are made to grapple
successively with those of the wheel G by the up and down movement given
to K by the cam 11 acting upon the lever L 6, see Tab. 4. M is the tumbler
(which by means of a trip motion and the projecting studs at each end)
serves for throwing in and out of action the dogs L 4 and L5, whereby the
same are made to drive the wheel G first one way and then the other the
requisite portion of a revolution, traversing the card according to the diameter
of the step on pulley G 2 up and down from side to side of the sheet. All
the movements appertaining to this apparatus will be more fully and completely
understood by reference to the former Specification, and especially to Figures
2 and 7 therein, where the same system of movement is applied to a rack for
traversing the sliding frame. The sheet of leather as shewn at E in Tab. 4,
may be considered as proceeding from a stationary reel, and passing thence
through a guide at E 2 and between two small retaining rollers at E 3, and is
drawn through them by the feeding rollers at E 4, whence it is conducted
along in front of the guide bar F and behind another guide bar F 2, thence
(as seen set with card teeth) on to and partly round the taking up pulley E 6.
The card is pressed against the surface of this pulley by the segment E 7,
made smooth inside and mounted so as to prevent its turning with the pulley,
towards which it is drawn by the springs as shewn at Tab. 4. This taking up
pulley is driven by a train of wheels from the shaft of the feeding roller with
a speed proportionate to their respective diameters, the pully having a little
excess of motion to ensure the due taking up of the card and requisite
tension of the leather in setting the teeth. The feeding rollers are driven by
the cam 9 being brought to act at the proper intervals of time against the
upright lever P, which drives the dog P 2 acting upon the contrate ratchet
wheel Q, forcing it round with the pair of wheels mounted at Q 3 and Q 4 for
driving the said shaft by the coupling Q5, as fully shewn in the Drawings.
The rate of feeding will of course be determined by the diameters of the
rollers E 4 and the number of teeth in the ratchet wheel Q, the connecting
whorls at top being both of the same diameter. The sliding rod R is acted
upon by projecting pieces fixed upon the traverse wheel G through the

page_text: descending rod R 1.
A stud or finger near the other end of this rod works in
the slot of the ascending lever P at R 2, and serves to move this lever on its
center pin at P 3 and to bring the top at P opposite the driving cam 13, the
said pieces on G being fitted to come in contact with the said rod at the
moment of reversing the run of the wheel G will cause the said dog P to
gather a tooth of the wheel Q at each successive period of completing the up
and down traverse of the leather, by which movements the same is duly fed or
given out in its lengthwise direction and at the same time drawn forward, and
an equivalent length of card delivered by the taking-up apparatus before
described. Besides the guide bars F and F 2, for. supporting the leather in
the progress of piecing the holes therein, a "back presser" is fitted to work, so
as to be in contact with the leather opposite the place where the prickers
successively act in piercing the holes. This presser consists of two blades of
steel made sufficiently thin to work between the rows of holes as they are
pierced so as to admit the piercers and card teeth to pass through the leather
without striking against the presser, whilst its bearing firmly supports the
leather. These blades remain stationary opposite the prickers, whilst the
card traverses up and down. It is necessary, however, just before the end of
the run of these traverses to disengage the back presser or move it out of the
of the card teeth, so as to allow the feed or end movement of the leather
and card to take place as herein-before described, and immediately thereafter
to replace the said presser in its bearing position opposite the prickers. For
purpose a small up and down movement is given to the presser by means
of the apparatus as shewn in the Drawings at S and S 1, 2, &c. and T and
T 1, 2, &c. The rod T 4 is moved by the wheel G in the manner above
described for moving R, whereby T 3 is brought against the cam 14, which
drives the dog T2 with the ratchet wheel T 1 and excentric wheel T, the
said wheel T being thus driven just half-way round at each successive engage-
ment of the dog with the driving cam 14. S is a rod for carrying the "back
presser" which is fixed to it by adjusting screws at S 3. This rod is fitted
to slide in holes at top and bottom and secured from turning by the long
projecting arm working in the guide at S 2. S 1 is a roller upon a stud
fixed on this arm and bearing upon the wheel T, which being raised upon one
side and sunk on the opposite side, will by its rototary movement give the
requisite up
and down motion to the blade of the said presser at S 4, for dis-
engaging and replacing the same in action as already described. In all the
different modifications of machinery for making cards which I have heretofore
described, the wire staples have been formed by the head work, and placed in
the leather, and the hook or knee bend given to the same by instruments
way
this

page_text: .
adapted to take hold of and bend the legs of the staples over a fixed support on
the side of the leather opposite to the crowns, as shewn in the various Drawings
referred to.
5th
And whereas in the present machine for making endless sheet cards, it is
necessary to bend and complete the teeth before they are placed home in the
leather, this is effected by the several new parts or implements, as indicated
by the letters h, g, a, s, t, and t 1, 2, 3, 4, and the movements following.
A section of these parts is separately sketched at Fig. 2, bottom of Tab. 5, to
show more clearly the mode of forming the knee bend, and of placing the
finished teeth in the leather. The wire is hereby represented as being fed, cut
off, formed into a staple, and held by the-mouth-piece of the head work at c;
the sliders of the head work being placed. to move in an ascending direction
towards the leather, and the piercer r having previously pierced holes in tho
leather for the reception of the staple. 1st, the sliders advance so as to insert
the legs of the staple in the holes, bringing the points to the position t 2.
2d, the slider a ascends, bringing its upper end to bear against the legs of the
staple. 3rd, the mouth-piece lets go off or disengages from the crown, and the
sliders recede out of the way. 4th, the bender h descends and presses the
crown end of the staple down to the position t 3 over the bearer a.
the finger g rises over its saddle guides, and with its adjustable cross branch
(being notched to take securely hold of the crown) comes in contact with tlio
crown of the staple, and continuing to rise and advance, pushes the finished
card tooth home in the leather, bringing the points thereof to the position as
shewn dotted at 4, see the Sketch, Tab. 5, the bender h ascending, and the
slider a descending to their first positions to afford room for the advance of
this finger. The respective movements of a, h, and 9, are communicated by
the levers and cams, as shewn at 7, 8, and 9, Tab. 4. Before describing my
improvements on the machine for shaving and dressing leather for cards, I do
hereby refer unto the Specification of a Patent, bearing date at Westminster,
March 26, 1811, and granted to me for Certain New and Improved Methods of
Splitting Hides, and Shaving or Splitting Leather, in which Specification that
portion of machinery described as more particularly intended for splitting tho
raw or untanned hides is in some respects analagous in principle to my present
improved machine, upon which account I have applied the title of improve-
ment instead of considering my present machine entirely new. But by
comparing the following description of my improved machine with the one
referred to in said former Specification, the entire novelty in the construction
and method of using the present machine, and in its adaptation to the purposo
of preparing leather for cards, will be clearly seen and admitted; wherefore I

page_text: do claim the exclusive use of my improved machine for shaving leather for
cards. This machine is delineated and shewn in the Drawings hereunto
annexed, and marked Tabs. 6, 7, and 8; the same parts in each being
marked with the same letters of reference. Tab. 6 is a front elevation, Tab. 7.
is a side elevation, and Tab. 8 a section of the machine. A is the principal
cast side frames, secured together by the cross bolts A 1, &c. B denotes a
strong cast-iron jaw extending across the machine, and firmly secured by bolts
at each end to the sido frames; the under surface of the jaw is made straight
and ground flat, to afford a level bearing from end to end for the knife C.
The knife being held firmly in its place against the said jaw by tho under jaw
D, moveable upon the axis D 1, and pressed up against the knife by the
eccentric cross shaft D 2. C 1 are set screws passing at short intervals through
the descending flange of the jaw B, to afford an adjustable back support to
the knife. D 3, shews the winch by which the eccentric shaft is turned for
opening and closing the under jaw D. By this arrangement the knife may be
removed and replaced in its situation at pleasure, as shown at Tab. 8, and with
the certainty of always bringing its edge, when replaced, back to the same
position as before it was removed. This point is of essential importance to
facilitate the ready supply of sharp knives or cutters. It will be observed,
that the upper surface of these knives must also be made straight, and ground
or rendered flat on the upper side. E is a steel guage bar, hardened and
made straight on the top and front edge, and secured to the arms E 1,
moveable on the cross shaft E 2, for the purpose of turning it back out of the
way of the knife when it requires to be taken out. E 3 is a bent spring for
pressing the guage bar upwards, the amount of pressure being regulated by:
the set screws E 4, and the said guage is prevented from rising above the line
of the knife edge by the retaining button-headed screw-bolt E 5.. F is a cast-
iron swing frame supported by and moveable on the pivots at F 1; a steel
cylinder serving for the top guage is fitted and ground into a circular bed in
the bottom bar of the swing frame at F 2. F 3, Tab. 7, shews the end straps
for retaining this cylinder in its place. F 4 is a friction clip upon the pivots of.
the swing frame to retain it back, when turned out of the way. F 5. are
strong springs for supporting the weight of this frame,. and keeping the brass
privot supports F 6. hard up against the adjusting screws F 7. F 8 are stop
pieces screwed to the side frames opposite each end of the swing frame, and.
serve to stop the same in its approach towards the knife edge, whereby the
proper distance of the cylindrical guage from the knife edge is adjusted; the
up and down movement of the said guage being determined by the strong set
scrows at the top; these screws having fine threads, with an index plate and

page_text: finger, as shewn in the Drawings, serve to adjust the said guage so as to bring
the under surface of the cylinder with great accuracy to the required distance
above the edge of the knife. This distance determines the thickness of the
leather as it passes through the machine after being shaved. G, G, and G 1,
are rollers for pulling forward the slip of leather to be shaved, the two first
having fixed centre supports in the adjustable frame G 2, and G 1 is secured
moved by connecting straps or collars proceeding from the arms or levers
G 3; these arms are secured to the cross shaft G 4, and moved by the long
bent lever G 5, with its weight and pulley, and governed by the treadle and
connecting rod, as shewn, for the purpose of pressing the top roller G 1 against
the other drawing rollers, so as to cause them to take hold of and draw for-
ward the leather in the act of shaving. By this contrivance it will be seen
that the rollers may be made to bite more or less upon the leather, and also be
taken entirely off to stop the advance of the leather at will. The pinions on
the end of these rollers, as shewn at Tab. 6, are to secure the due rotatory
movement of all of them together; at H, Tab. 6 and 8, the slip of leather is
shewn in its passage through the machine in being shaved, and h, the shaving
of leather cut off and falling down. T, T, are the fast and loose pulleys for
driving the machine by a strap from any first mover. A slip of leather being
cut to the required width for making sheet or fillet cards, the process of shaving
the same is performed as follows:-The knife being sharp and secured in its
place, as shewn in Tab. 8, and the swing guage turned back, the end of the
leather is passed through between the drawing rollers. The swing guage is
then returned down to bear against its end stops which will press the leather
down upon the face of the bottom guage E. The leather being drawn forward
will meet the edge of the knife just as it passes from the pinch or pressing
action of the guages, and as it presses in an ascending direction over the knife
edge a thickness of leather equal to the space between the knife edge and the
top guage will be drawn forward, whilst any additional substance or inequalities
of thickness will be cut or shaved off and passed down in shavings. When a slip
of leather has had one end passed through and been shaved, the same is again
passed through the machine with its ends reversod, when the action of shaving
will commence at the same place, running to the other end and compleating the
operation. When a very considerable reduction of thickness is required, the
above process is repeated, to avoid taking off too thick a shaving at once.
In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and seal, the Fifth
day of June, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and
twenty-six.
JOSEPH C. (L.S.) DYER.

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Fifth day of June, in the
year of our Lord 1826, the aforesaid Joseph Cheeseborough Dyer came
before our said Lord the King in His Chancery, and acknowledged the Speci-
fication aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained and specified, in
form above written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped according
to the tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.
Inrolled the Seventh day of June, in the year of our Lord One thousand