IMPROVEMENTS IN BATHS, AND IN THE APPARATUS CONNECTED THEREWITH
Year: 1881

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Julian Bernard, of Great Winchester Street, in the City
of London, Engineer, for an Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN BATHS, AND IN
THE APPARATUS CONNECTED THEREWITH,"
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Bernard at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents on the 19th March 1881.
JULIAN BERNARD, of Great Winchester Street, in the City of London, Engineer,
"IMPROVEMENTS IN BATHS, AND IN THE APPARATUS CONNECTED THEREWITH."
This Invention relates more particularly to the class of baths known as Turkish
or Anglo Roman baths, and consists of certain constructions, arrangements, and
combinations whereby the several functions of such baths as well as those of
ordinary household baths are performed in a much more convenient, economical,
and efficient manner than heretofore, whilst the improved baths are rendered more
suitable both for household and general use.
According to one mode of carrying out my Invention in one of its most complete
forms I employ an inner shell of metal or other suitable material, which may be
somewhat similar to an ordinary bath, such shell being enclosed in or surrounded
wholly or partially by an outer shell, the two being united together by a flange or
flanges formed on or attached to the same, or they may be cast and form one
chambered casting, the space between the two shells serving to contain the heating
medium. The outer shell, which may form a second or a third shell, is again
wholly or partially enclosed in a casing of metal surrounded with any suitable
non-conductor, or such casing may be of wood somewhat similar to. the casing of an
ordinary household bath. The space between the outer shell and the casing serves
as an air heating chamber for heating. the air previous to its entering the interior
of the bath, the said chamber being sometimes provided with an air filtering
medium, which may be composed of layers of cotton wool. The heated air enters
the interior of the bath through channels or perforations provided between the
wooden rim of the bath and the top flange. The interior side of the inner shell is
Driss C37

page_text: wholly or partially covered with perforated boards or other suitable non-conducting
substance to prevent its surface coming in contact with any part of the bather's
person. Suitable inlet and outlet pipes and cocks are provided as in an ordinary
plunge bath, and when intended to be used as a hot air or Turkish bath I enclose a
space over the shells in a wooden or other casing of sufficient height to admit of!
the bather standing and moving about freely therein. The top of this casing forms
or supports a reservoir for water, and is subdivided into compartments for con-
taining hot and cold water for use as a shower douche or other form in which it
may be required. This casing is provided with a suitable door or doors provided
with a hinged panel arranged to assume a horizontal position and form a tray or :
table, the corresponding opening being provided with a moveable glass for
admitting light into the interior of the bath, the panel and the glass being readily
opened and closed by the bather from the inside. At one end of the bath, by
preference in the upper casing, I mount a rotary shaft or spindle driven by hand or
other motor, such as a weight or spring, which shaft or spindle carries a pulley and
a frame, which frame is free to swing on the said. shaft or spindle, and carries in
one end thereof a rotary brush or rubber, and is so arranged as to enable the
bather to move and apply the rubber or brush up and down over any part of his
person presented to it, and which rubber is intended as a substitute for the rubbing
and brushing which constitutes so important a part of an efficient Turkish bath as
well as a substitute for the ordinary flesh brush employed in the ordinary water
bath. This rubber may be swung into a vertical position on its shaft out of the
way, and there retained till further required. The bath may be heated by any of
the following arrangements:-First, by free steam or vapour, which may either be
generated in a separate vessel or in the jacketted. heating chamber. by the
application of gas jets or other convenient means of heating to the bottom of the
outer shell of such chamber. When the steam is produced in a separate generator
it is conveyed to the upper part of the jacketted heating chamber by a steam pipe,
such chamber being further provided at the bottom with an additional pipe for
conveying the water of condensation back into the generator which it enters by its
own gravity...A pipe is also provided for conveying any superfluous.steam from
the jacketted chamber into the water cistern so as to relieve the chamber and
generator from the possibility of any steam pressure, and at the same time heat the
water in the cistern. I sometimes heat water for the purposes of the bath in this
cistern by the direct application of air gas. Secondly. By dry heat, which may be
effected according to one method by introducing air gas jets into the jacketted
heating chamber, which thus becomes a combustion chamber serving to heat the air
contained in the interior of the inner shell, as well as that in the outer air chamber
or chambers surrounding the shells previous to its entering the upper part of the
bath for the purpose of partially heating and fully ventilating it. I sometimes
interpose a baffle plate perforated or otherwise between the jets and the surface or
surfaces of the shells in order to prevent any injury to the surface of the material
of which they may be composed immediately subjected to the action of the flame.
The same arrangement may be employed when it is desired to heat water in the
bath for an ordinary hot water bath, in which case the baffle plate may be shifted.
The burnt air and products of combustion pass up into a jacketted chamber wholly
or partially surrounding the upper part of the bath, thereby heating the same and
the water, in the cistern, and finally escaping by any convenient exit. . Or by
another method the air may be previously heated, and then introduced by
pipes or otherwise into the jacketted heating chamber and other parts of the
bath.
As a more economical mode of construction the air may be enclosed in the upper
part of the bath by a light framing, over which is disposed and secured a flexible
covering, which may be proviedd with a window or glazed opening, and where a
window frame is used a hinged panel may be applied as and for the purpose
previously set forth. Or the flexible covering may be partly fixed and partly

page_text: folding, somewhat similar to a carriage hood, the fixed part being provided with
the window and the appliance for shampooing. It is obvious that my improved
baths may be made of any required form and dimensions. I also provide such
baths with self acting heat regulators, which I connect to the several air gas taps
or other source of heat supply for controlling and regulating the heat to the desired
temperature, and I further provide a force pump, which I connect to the jacketted
chamber or chambers or other vessel for forcing water into the cistern above such
baths when required. When found desirable I provide and secure in any convenient
part of the bath exible tube or pipe communicating with the outer air, which
the bather may inhale through, it being provided with a suitable mouth piece for
that purpose.
This arrangement is more particularly adapted for the smaller
modifications of the bath, and such as are limited in size and area to sitting and
standing room.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed
by the said Julian Bernard in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 19th
September 1881.
"
JULIAN BERNARD, of Great Winchester Street, in the City of London, Engineer.
'IMPROVEMENTS IN BATHS, AND IN THE APPARATUS CONNECTED THEREWITH.'
"
My said Invention relates more particularly to the class of baths known as
Turkish or Anglo-Roman baths, and consists of certain constructions, arrangements,
and combinations, whereby the several functions of such baths, as well as those of
ordinary household baths are performed in a much more convenient, economical,
and efficient manner than heretofore, whilst the improved baths are rendered more
suitable both for household and general use.
According to one mode of carrying out my Invention in one of its most complete
forms, I employ an inner shell of metal or other suitable material which may be
somewhat similar to an ordinary bath, such shell being enclosed in or surrounded
wholly or partially by an outer shell, the two being united together by a flange or
flanges formed on or attached to the same, or they may be cast and form one
chambered casting, the space between the two shells serving to contain the heating
medium. The outer casing, which may form a second or a third shell, is composed
wholly or partly of wood or other substance suitable for confining the heat, and
may partly be similar to the wood pannelling or casing, such as is generally
employed for the best household baths. The space between the outer shell and
such casing serves as a heating chamber for heating the air previous to its entering
the interior of the bath. The heated air enters the interior of the bath through
channels or perforations provided between the wooden rim of the bath and the top
covering. The interior side of the inner shell is wholly or partially covered with
perforated boards or light woven fabric, and the bottom with felt or light matting
to prevent the heated metal coming in contact with the bather's skin. Suitable
inlet and outlet pipes and cocks are provided as in an ordinary plunge bath, and
when intended to be used as a hot air or Turkish bath I provide it with any
convenient seat, and enclose a space over the shells in a wooden or other casing of
sufficient height to admit of the bather standing and moving about freely therein.
The top of this casing forms or supports a reservoir for water, and is subdivided
into compartments for containing hot and cold water for use as a shower douche or
other form in which it may be required. This casing or covering is provided with
a suitable door or doors, in which or other part thereof is hinged a panel arranged
to open outwards, and assume a horizontal position, and so serve the purposes of a
tray or table, its action and position being regulated and limited by means of a
cord secured to it, and admitting of its being regulated from the interior, the
corresponding opening being provided with a moveable glazed frame for admitting
light to and excluding cold air from the interior of the bath, the glazed frame being
hinged like an ordinary window, can also be readily opened and closed by the
bather from the inside. At one end of the bath I place and secure a bracket or
frame, in which is mounted a rotary shaft or spindle driven by hand or other
motor, such as a weight or spring, which shaft or spindle carries a pulley and a
frame, which latter frame is free to swing on the said shaft or spindle, and carries
in one end thereof a rotary brush or rubber, and is so arranged as to enable the
bather to move and apply the rubber or brush up and down over any part of his
person presented to it, and which rubber is intended as a substitute for the rubbing
and brushing which constitutes so essential a part of an effective Turkish bath; it
also serves all the purposes of the ordinary flesh brush, being much more effective
either alone or in connection with the improved or any other description of bath.

page_text: This brush or rubber may be swung into a vertical position on its shaft and out of
the way, and there retained till further required. The bath may be heated by
either of the following arrangements :-First, by free steam or vapour or hot water
which may either be generated or heated in a separate vessel, or in the jacketted
heating chamber itself, or any modification thereof, by the application of gas jets or
other convenient means of heating to the bottom of the outer shell of such chamber.
When the steam is produced in a separate generator, it is conveyed to the jacketted
heating chamber by a pipe or tube, such chamber being further provided at the
bottom with an additional pipe for conveying the water of condensation back into
the generator which it enters at a lower level by its own gravity, or it may be used
for any other purpose. A pipe is also provided for conveying any superfluous
steam from the jacketted chamber into the water cistern, so as to relieve the
chamber and generator from the possibility of any steam pressure, and at the same
time serve to heat the water in the cistern. I sometimes heat water for the
purposes of the bath in the jacketted chamber by the direct application of air, gas,
or other means, suitable provision being made by providing the chamber with
suitable pipes for conveying away the products of combustion to any convenient
exit.
Or, secondly, the air may be previously heated, and afterwards forced or otherwise
introduced by any convenient means into the jacketted chamber or other parts of
the bath.
As a more economical mode of construction the heated air may be enclosed in the
upper part of the bath by a light framing, over which is disposed and secured a
flexible covering which may be provided with a window or glazed opening, and
where a window frame is used, a hinged panel may be applied, as and for the
purpose previously set forth. It is obvious that my improved baths may be made
of any required form and dimensions. I provide a force or other pump, which I
connect to the jacketted chamber or chambers or other vessel for forcing water
into the cistern above such baths when required, and when found desirable I
provide and secure in any convenient part of the bath a flexible tube or pipe
communicating with the outer air through which the bather may inhale cold air,
should he find the interior air too oppressive, the tube being provided with a
suitable mouthpiece for that purpose, which will enable him to do so with ease.
This arrangement is more particularly adapted for the smaller modifications of the
bath, and especially such as are limited in size and area to sitting and standing
room.
And in order that my said Invention may be fully understood I shall now
proceed more particularly to describe the same, and for that purpose shall refer to
the several Figures on the explanatory Sheet of Drawings hereunto annexed,
the same letters of reference indicating corresponding parts in all the Figures.
Figure 1 of my Drawings represents a longitudinal vertical section of the two
shells composing the body of my improved bath, both shells being of metal;
Figure 2 is a side elevation of my improved bath in its most complete form, one
of the doors and part of the casing being removed to show the interior of the
upper casing for enclosing the hot air; Figure 3 is a plan of the body of the bath
with the upper casing removed, and with a portion of the wooden rim surrounding
the top edge of the shells of the bath partly broken away in order to show more
clearly the surrounding air chamber and the metal flange on the shells; Figure 4
is a transverse vertical section of the cistern on the top of the casing; Figure 5
is an end elevation of Figure 3 showing the modified and cheaper arrangement
for enclosing the hot air, and Figure 6 is a separate view of the mechanical
shampoer in its elevated position looking at right angles to Figure 2.
A is the inner shell, and B the outer shell, both of metal; C, C, are the flanges
thereof secured tightly together by bolts and nuts, and having a wooden rim D
secured to the underside thereof, and surrounding the bath; E is the air heating
chamber enclosed by the wooden panelling F, the air entering at G and passing
into the interior of the bath through the air channels H made in the underside of
-

page_text: The
the rim I of the bath, and partly shown in dotted lines in Figure 3. The fabric,
which is preferably employed for covering the interior of the inner shell, is hung
from pins in the rim I; K and L are the usual inlet and outlet pipes passing
through the outer and inner shells, as shown, and provided with the ordinary
cocks; M is the wooden casing over the shells for enclosing the hot air, the top
of such casing being formed by a cistern N dividėd by a partition O into two com-
partments for containing hot and cold water respectively for use as a shower or
douche, openings P, P¹, being provided on either side of the partition and fitted
with ordinary flap valves actuated in the usual manner for supplying the shower,
the perforated plate for the same being shown at Q. The douche is supplied by a
separate pipe in either compartment of the cistern not shown in my Drawings.
R is one of two hinged doors closing one side of the casing M (the corresponding
door being shown removed as before stated). Within either of these doors there
is provided an opening containing a panel S hinged as shown so as to fold down
into a horizontal position and serve as a tray or table. The opening is provided
with a glazed frame to admit light and exclude cold air, such frame being hinged
so as to be opened and closed like an ordinary window, as well as the panel S,
by the bather from the inside. A cord or catch is provided for supporting the
panel S in any desired position. T is a bracket or carrier in bearings in which
there is mounted the spindle or shaft U carrying a driving pulley V, and also
carrying the frame W, such frame being free to swing or move thereon.
sides of such frame are connected or braced by two or more cross bars or rods X.
In bearings in the free end of this frame rotates a second spindle Y carrying a
rotary brush or rubber Z coupled by a clutch a, as shown, to the pulley b, which
is fast on the shaft, and derives its rotary motion from the shaft U by the corre-
sponding pulley c and driving band d. The frame W is provided with a swivel
joint at e to admit of the spindle being turned to the necessary angle for the
removal of the rubber, a catch ƒ being provided for holding the spindle in its
working position. The bracket or carrier T is shown as attached to one end of
the bath itself for the convenience of using the shampooer inside the casing M, but
it is also intended to be employed separate from the bath and secured to any wall
frame or other holding surface so as to be more available for use in public baths
and also in private houses. When in use the frame W of the mechanical shampooer
is swung on its spindle from the normal position shown in Figure 2 so as to bring
the rubber to the bottom of the bath, thus enabling the bather to apply it to any
part of his person, the bather placing himself either inside or outside the frame, as
found most convenient, and raising or lowering the frame at pleasure by hand; gis a
vessel for generating free steam or vapour heated in any convenient manner, and
situate at any required distance from the bath either in the same or in a separate
apartment. This generator is provided with a filling mouth h and removeable valve or
lid i, shown in the plan Figure 2. From the steam space of this generator passes
a pipe k, from which a branch 7 enters the outer casing of the air chamber E at m
(Figure 5), and after passing partly round the interior of such chamber enters the
outer shell B at n (see Fig. 1). o is the pipe for conveying the water of condensation
from the jacketted chamber back to the generator; p is the pipe for conveying the
superfluous steam or vapour from the jacketted chamber into the water cistern N ;
q is a pipe and cock for connecting the interior of the bath with the jacketted
chamber when it is required to heat water in the bath for the purposes of a plunge
or other bath, such water being heated by air, gas jets, or other well known means.
When it is required to heat the water in the cistern the cock on the steam pipe k
is opened to admit steam direct into the cistern; r is a pipe or ventilator fitted to
the top of the casing M and passing through the cistern N; & (Figure 5) is one of
a series of removeable hoops fitted over the body of the bath for the purpose of
supporting a flexible covering for confining the heated air therein, such covering
being provided with a ventilating opening at the top, a modification of the door R,
panel S, and parts immediately connected therewith being employed in connection
with the said flexible covering. Although I have described and shown at Figures 1

page_text: and 3 a bath composed of an inner and outer metal shell and having a surrounding
air heating chamber E; I also sometimes combine a surrounding steam or vapour
tight chamber of wood or other suitable material with a single metal shell.
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of my said
Invention, and the manner in which the same is or may be used or carried
into effect, I. would observe in conclusion that what I consider to be novel and
original, and therefore claim as the Invention secured to me by the herein before
in part recited Letters Patent is,-
First. The construction and arrangement of baths and apparatus connected
therewith, substantially as hereinbefore described and shown in my Drawings.
Secondly. A bath composed of an inner and outer shell forming a surrounding
chamber for containing hot water, steam, or vapour, substantially as and for the
purpose herein before described and shown in Figure 1 of my Drawings.
Thirdly. A bath composed of a single metal shell surrounded by a steam or
vapour tight casing or chamber of wood or other good non-conductor of heat, as
hereinbefore described.
Fourthly. The combination with a hot air bath of a casing for confining the
heated air, such casing containing a cistern for supplying a shower or douche bath,
as herein before described.
Fifthly. The combination with a casing for confining the heated air of a bath of.
a hinged panel serving as a tray or table, and a glazed hinged frame corresponding
to the said panel for admitting light and excluding air when said panel is lowered,
as herein before described.
Sixthly. The peculiar construction and arrangement of mechanical shampooer, as
hereinbefore described and illustrated by my Drawings.
Seventhly. A mechanical shampooer consisting of a rotary brush or rubber com-
bined with and carried by an adjustable frame or holder, substantially as and for
the purpose hereinbefore described.
Eighthly. The application and use of a tube for enabling a bather whilst under-
going the hot air process of a Turkish bath to inhale or breath the outer air, as
hereinbefore described.
Ninthly. The application and use to and in the heating of hot air baths of a
separate steam or vapour generator situate at such a level as that the water of con-
densation resulting from the steam or vapour supplied by the said generator shall
return by its own gravity back to such generator to be reconverted into steam or
vapour, which is again returned to the heating chamber or space of the bath, thus
maintaining a constant circulation of the heating medium.
In witness whereof, I, the said Julian Bernard, have hereunto set my hand
and seal, this Nineteenth day of September, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and eighty one.