IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRIC TELEGRAPHS
Year: 1863

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Pierre Antoine Joseph Dujardin, of 29, Boulevart
St. Martin, Paris, in the Empire of France, Physician, for the Invention
TW
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Pierre Antoine Joseph
Dujardin at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his
Petition, on the 15th July 1863.
I, PIERRE ANTOINE JOSEPH DUJARDIN, of 29, Boulevaṛt St. Martin, Paris,
in the Empire of France, Physician, do hereby declare the nature of the
said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRIC TELEGRAPHS," to be as
follows:-
The improvements herein described may be applied to different systems of
telegraphs, but they are more especially intended for the printing telegraph
for which Letters Patent were granted to me, and dated February 23rd 1860,
No: 485. These improvements consist of two new relays, the one for translation,
and the other for printing, and of several other peculiar arrangements of the
type wheel, the inking plug, and the electro-magnets in printing apparatus.
The translating relay is represented in full size, Fig. 1 of the Drawing
annexed, at B, B', H, I¹. The electro-magnetic system is a modification
of the one described in the Patent above alluded to, and is composed
of a soft, iron tube, which is as light as possible, C, F, A, one-third of an

page_text: 1
inch in diameter, being movable within the bores of fixed bobbins B, B',
and made to oscillate on the point F between the two poles E, D, of a
permanent magnet. The bobbins are covered with an insulated copper
wire, one end of which is in communication with the line wire, and the
other with the ground. When a positive current proceeds from the line
and is led through the bobbin wire to be ground it imparts to the end C
of the iron tube a positive magnetic power. Supposing the pole E of the
magnet attracts. the tube whilst the pole + repels it, if the current-from
the line becomes negative, the pole of the magnet which first attracted
the tube will repel it, whilst the pole +, which repelled it, will attract it;
the inversion of currents on the line produces therefore a rocking motion
of the iron tube between the poles E, D, of the magnet when the current
happens to be interrupted on the line, the iron tube not being attracted by
any antagonistic force, and still retaining a certain amount of magnetism,
will stand in the position it occupied on the breaking of the circuit. To
the end A of the iron tube is fitted a piece of steel A, H, having a pin
* entering a groove in the steel piece H, G, I, which serves to increase or
amplify the oscillations of tube C, F, A, and which is termed an amplifier.
This amplifier. oscillates on point.G, and its oscillations are limited at I by
two abutting screws K, J. The two branches H, G, G, I, of the amplifier
are as 1 is to 5; hence it is easy to understand that if the end A of the
tube makes one oscillation of 16th of an inch, the pin H
oscillation of the same extent, whilst the motion at I will be
The printing relay is likewise represented in full size, Fig.
, and consists of an electro-magnetic system similar to that of the trans-
lating relay, only the oscillations of the tube are no longer increased, it
being simply furnished with an extension a¹, , which oscillates exactly
between the screws ³, j; the bobbins 6', 6', are besides covered with two
insulated wires of same length, and rolled up inversely to each other. It
is necessary in order to make the performance of each of these relays well
understood to point out the general arrangements of the manipulator and
-receiver.
will make an
th of an inch.
1, at c¹, b, b¹, a³,
Supposing the operator at Paris is to send a dispatch to London, he
produces on the London wire through a dial or keyboard manipulator, which I
need not describe, currents alternately positive and negative in uninterrupted
succession at about every 6th of a second. When be wishes to print a
letter, he sends a number of inverse currents to the receiving apparatus at
London, and he prolongs or interrupts the last current for a sufficient time, or
about th of a second.

page_text: The London receiver is represented in half size, Fig. 2, and consists essen-
tially of an electro-magnetic system M, similar to that of the printing relay
just described. An iron tube is movable in the bore of a fixed bobbin covered
with two insulated wires rolled upon it in an inverse position to each other.
The tube oscillates under the action of inverted currents between the two parts
of a permanent magnet. An iron rod T, U, serving as a magnetic extension to
the tube, carries at T an escapement, which actuates a peg wheel fitted on the
last spindle of the clockwork V; this wheel likewise carries an aluminium type
wheel N, furnished with types. The escapement is so regulated that at
each oscillation of the rod T, U, the type wheel turns to the extent of a letter;
an ordinary electro-magnet P also actuates a second series of clockwork O,
which at the proper time determines the printing of the types and the drawing
off of the
paper.
:
I will now explain how the translating relay B, B¹, H, I, Fig. 1, by means
of a local battery P, will determine the oscillation of the iron tube of system M,
Fig. 2, and consequently actuate the type wheel. The pole of the local battery
is set in constant communication with the wires 11, 21, of system M, Fig. 2.
The pole of the same battery communicates with tube C, F, A, of the
translating relay, and consequently with the platinum contact point I, which
terminates the amplifier. When the contact surface strikes the screw K, the
current from the positive pole of the local battery proceeds from I to K, from
K to K¹, enters the wire No. 2 of printing relay, say at S, then passes into
the wire No. 2 of the magnetic system M, Fig. 2, and afterwards to the
negative pole of local battery No. 2. The end of the iron tube C, F, A,
Fig. 1, of the translating relay oscillates the end I of the amplifier, strikes on
screw J, and the current of the local battery then proceeds from I to J, from
J to J', passes through the wire No. 1 of printing relay, say at R, reaches the
wire No. 1 of system M, Fig. 2, takes its exit through the end 1' of the said
wire, and rejoins the pole of the local battery. As the two wires of the mag-
netic system M are wound on inversely to each other, the end of the iron tube
which was animated positively when the current was passing through the wire
No. 2 will be animated negatively, and caused to oscillate; thus each oscil-
lation of tube C, F, A, of the translating relay, Fig. 1, determines an oscilla-
tion of the iron tube of system M, Fig. 2, and an oscillation of tube
c, f, a', of printing relay, Fig. 1. Since the two wires of this relay
are both wound inversely to each other, and that the current of the local
battery passes alternately into each of said wires, it is easy to arrange the
winding of the wires in such a manner that every time the amplifier strikes
the screw K the tube c', f, a, i, Fig. 1, will be caused to abut against 'the'

page_text: screw; if the amplifier should strike upon J the tube c'; f, a¹, i¹, has a ten-
dency to strike upon j³.
It will be easily understood that if the oscillations of the tube C, F, A, of
translating relay, Fig. 1, take place in very rapid succession, the tube c¹, f¹, a¹, i,
of printing relay being compelled at very near intervals to oscillate now to
the right now to the left will execute a series of small oscillations within the
space which separates the abutments ¹,, without ever touching either of
them, provided that the said space be of sufficient extent. When a current on
the line is prolonged or interrupted (which has the like effect on the translating
relay) the tube c, f, a, i, abuts upon one of the screws k¹ or j¹ for a suffi-
cient time, and determines the printing.
To this end the end L of the printing electro-magnet wire P, Fig. 2, is
connected to tube c¹, f, a, i, of the printing relay, and the other end
of said wire is set in constant communication with the pole of the local
battery.
It will be readily seen on reference to the Drawings, Figs. 1 and 2, that at the
moment when the tube c', f, a, i, strikes one of the abutments, say k¹, the tube
C, F, A, I, being at this time in contact with K, the current from local battery
will be divided, part of said current passing through the tube c', f', a¹, i¹, thence
into the printing electro-magnet, and afterwards to the local battery. As the
bobbins of this electro-magnet are covered with a thick short wire, whilst the
two wires of system M, Fig. 2, and those of printing relay are very fine and
long, the most part of the current of local battery will go that way, the pallet
of the electro-magnet will be thus attracted, the clockwork O set in motion,
Fig. 2, and the printing produced. Part of the current also passes to the wires
No. 2 of the printing relay and system M, Fig. 2, and serves to maintain the
escapement rod T, U, in a fixed position, which the motion caused by the
printing action might otherwise shake. The like phenomena occur of course
every time the tube c', f, a, i, Fig. 1, strikes upon either of the screws k³, j,
which occurs, as mentioned above, every time a current is prolonged on the line
during a sufficient time. As the current of the local battery remains constant,
it is always easy to so regulate the distance between the screws k, j, of the
printing relay that the tube c, fi, a, i, may perform its duty in a suitable
manner, and with such dexterity that the speed of transmission will reach as
high as 30 to 37 words a minute.
Fig. 3 shows in full size the new arrangement of the type wheel mounted
on the axis of the clockwork V, Fig. 2. C, S, is a prolongation of said
axis above the movement plate; the centre of the type wheel A, B, is fitted
on a movable shoulder D, provided with a socket, which slides loosely upon the

page_text: axis C, S, a small spiral spring R surrounding the axis bears on one side upon
the shoulder E, fitted thereon, and on the other upon the movable shoulder D,
which it tends to hold raised up to the stop piece fitted at C. When the
catch of the clockwork O, Fig. 2, is raised, the hammer M, N, Fig. 3, turning
on the point M, is sharply lowered and then raised; this hammer carries at G
a plug containing ink, and at H, L, has two appendages placed at a small
distance from the type wheel. When the hammer is lowered the appendages
H, L, and the plug G press upon the type wheel, while the small spiral
spring R yields and causes the type wheel to bear upon the block F; a
character is then printed upon a slip of paper passing on the block, and the
plug G applies ink on the upper face of the wheel; so soon as the hammer
M, N, rises the spring R raises the shoulder D, and the type wheel is allowed
to turn freely again.
This
One of the great difficulties generally met with in constructing printing
apparatus is the inking of the type wheel; most of these wheels have charac-
ters engraved upon their periphery, and a small roller containing ink by
means of a tangential rubbing action keeps the characters or figures
constantly inked. This continual friction slackens to a great measure the
speed of rotation of the type wheel in printing telegraphs, which should
be avoided when a rather considerable speed is to be obtained.
cause of retardation is completely obviated by means of the improved type
wheel furnished with characters, contained in the former Patent before
referred to. When ordinary type wheels are used the friction during the
working of the apparatus may likewise be prevented by simply having the
characters inked previously to printing. This new mode of inking is repre-
sented in half size at Fig. 4. A type wheel set in motion by the clockwork
M, N, O, P, printing mechanism every time a character is to be printed; this
mechanism O, P, is actuated by an electro-magnet, and its upper axis turns a
complete revolution; on this axis is fitted a pulley C, furnished with pins, on
which pulley an endless chain is engaged, also passing round a horizontal pulley
B, a spring T, U, carrying at T a small inking roller, is likewise fitted upon the
vertical axis R, S, of pulley B; every time the pulley C makes one revolution the
pulley B, which is of the same diameter, accomplishes a complete revolution, as
well as the roller T. When at rest this roller is placed at a short distance from
the type wheel, but when set in motion it instantly comes in contact with it,.
presses upon the type, and continuing its revolution re-assumes its former position..
The printing is effected as follows:-The gearing O, P, carries at D a.
collar, cam, or screw, which acts through the medium of the rod E upon a lever-
E, F, turning on the point F. This lever carries at G an elastic hammer or

page_text: block, upon which the slip of paper H, G, I, travels. The screw D is fixed at
an angle of about 45 degrees from a vertical line passing through the centre of
the axis of C: In the first quarter of its revolution the screw D describes an arc
not much apart from the horizontal line, so that the lever E, F, G, has but a
slight motion. During this time the inking roller T has acted and has returned to
its position out of contact with the type wheel, in the second quarter of its revo-
lution the screw D on its descent raises the lever E, F, G, and the block G causes
the slip of paper to bear against the letter on the type wheel which has just
been inked. In the last part of its revolution the screw D raises up E, F, G,
.whilst the roller T re-assumes its position near the type wheel. Instead of the
-inking roller T, a woollen or other suitable substance or pencil may be substi
tuted, as shown at T, U, or a plug may be used for the same purpose. The
inking agent, whatever may be its nature, during its rotation bears against a
roller or plug containing ink, and supplies a fresh quantity thereof at each
printing operation.
The transmission of motion, operated as above described by an endless chain,
may also be produced by means of conical or other gearing, or by a strap. In
describing summarily the receiver, I have supposed for greater clearness that
a simple electro-magnet P, Fig. 2, intended to operate the clockwork O,
receives in due time the divided current of the local battery through the
medium of tube c,f¹, a', i, of the printing relay, Fig. 1, and one of the abut-
ments k,j. This arrangement, which yields good results, is indeed frequently
so modified, that when one pallet of the electro-magnet P, Fig. 2, has been
attracted and the clockwork O is put in motion, the current is broken automa-
tically in the electro-magnet P, when the pallet immediately rises by the action
of an automatic spring.
Fig. 5 shows in a general way this new arrangement, at a scale of one-fifth
of the usual size. A is the electro-magnet for disconnecting the clockwork
O, Fig. 2; C, D, pallet pointed at D, the oscillations of which are regulated
by two abutments E, O; B, second electro-magnet; the wire which covers
the bobbins of this electro-magnet is similar to that which covers the
electro-magnet A. F, G, soft iron pallet jointed at G, the oscillations of which
are-regulated by two abutting screws H, I. To each pallet a spiral spring is
fixed, which tends to maintain it in a raised position when. the current of the
local battery does not pass into the electro-magnet. Fig. 5 represents the appa-
ratus at a moment when the tube c',f, a, i, Fig. 1, in striking one of the abut-
ments k', j', sets the pole + of local battery in communication with one end of
the printing electro-magnet wire. The pole of local battery is set in constant
communication with the two pallets C, D, F, G, Fig. 5. The wires J, L, of the
-

page_text: -
-
two electro-magnets A, B, are also in communication with each other; the other
communications are represented in dotted lines. The current runs from the
pole of the battery to J, passes into the wire of the electro-magnet A, and
escapes at K.; it thence reaches the abutment I, the pallet F, G, and rejoins the
pole of the battery; the pallet C, D, is thus attracted and strikes upon E.
At that moment the current becomes divided, part of which passing through L
into the wire of the electro-magnet B, escapes at M,.thence enters abutment E,
and rejoins the pole of the battery, which causes the pallet F, G, to be
attracted and to strike on H. The circuit of the first electro-magnet A is.
then broken by the pole of the battery.communicating with the wire K.on
its passing through the pallet F, G, and the abutment I. The pallet C, D, rises
under the action of the antagonistic spring, whilst the pallet F, G, remains
lowered so long as the contact of tube c¹, f¹, a, i, with its abutment exists.
Thus, it is evident that the first electro-magnet A, after attracting its pallet,
transmits a part of the current by which it is animated to the second electro-
magnet B, which being animated in its turn breaks the circuit of the former
and remains animated so long as the contact is maintained. As the current
in the printing electro-magnet does not last above a very short time at the
moment the circuit is broken, the remaining magnetism is at a minimum.
Further, the pallet is allowed to rise for a longer time, so that the antagonistic.
spring may act less energetically and the attraction of the pallet effected
more briskly.
I will now point out some modifications in the details of which the appa-
ratus above described is susceptible. Thus far electro-magnets may be advan-
tageously substituted for the permanent magnets in which should pass the
current of a particular local battery. Instead of the two wires bobbins wound
inversely may be substituted two parallel wire bobbins fulfilling the same
purpose by means of a simple transposition in the induction and eduction
wires. Further, in certain kinds of electro-magnets with two bobbins the
current may be made to pass alternately into either of said bobbins. The
positive pole of a magnet is to be understood as the austral pole. When it is
said that the end of an electro-magnet is animated positively, this means that
such end thus positively animated will repulse the austral pole of an electro-
meter needle..
The chief features of my Invention are as follows:-
1st, the new arrangement above described in translating relays of my
electro-magnetic system already patented and herein-before referred to.
2ndly, the lengthening of the oscillations in telegraphic relays by means of
an amplifier as described, or any equivalent therefor.

page_text: 3rdly, the combination of currents and two wire bobbins as described, in
translating relays and electro-magnetic system M, Fig. 2, the whole so disposed
that the oscillation of a single relaying rod between two abutting screws may
suffice by means of a local battery to operate electro-magnets, which have
heretofore required positive and negative poles, whatever may be the nature of
the said electro-magnets.
4thly, the general combination of currents and bobbins with either one or
two wires in both the two relays and the receiver, the whole being so arranged
that a single local battery may suffice to operate first the electro-magnetic
system governing the type wheel; secondly, the electro-magnet governing the
impression; thirdly, the printing relay itself.
5thly, particularly the exclusive use of printing relays operating by the
current of the local battery instead of the line current as heretofore.
6thly, the arrangement above described, or any equivalent of the type wheel
whereby it may be raised and lowered upon its axis.
7thly, the new mode of inking the type wheels, as described and represented
at Fig. 4, which consists in inking the type or character previously to printing
by means of a pencil or rotating inking plug..
8thly, and lastly, the arrangement above described and represented at Fig. 5,
and applied to all sorts of electric apparatus of two electro-magnets, so disposed
that the first after attracting its pallet may transmit a part of the current by
which it is animated to the second one, which breaks the circuit of the former
and remains animated so long as the contact is maintained.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Pierre Antoine Joseph Dujardin in the Great Seal Patent 2
Office on the 14th January 1864.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, PIERRE
ANTOINE JOSEPH DUJARDIN, of 29, Boulevart St. Martin, Paris, in the Empire
of France, Physician; send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters S
Patent, bearing date the Fifteenth day of July, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, in the twenty-seventh year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said Pierre Antoine Joseph Dujardin, Her special licence that I, the
said Pierre Antoine Joseph Dujardin, his executors, administrators, and 3
assigns, or such others as I, the said Pierre Antoine Joseph Dujardin,

page_text: his executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with,
and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the.
term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel
Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRIC
TELEGRAPHS," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Pierre
Antoine Joseph Dujardin, his executors or administrators, by an instru-
ment in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should
particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in
what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in
the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately
after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Pierre Antoine Joseph Dujardin,
do hereby declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner
the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in
and by the following statement:-
The improvements herein described may be applied to different systems of
telegraphs, but they are more especially intended for the printing telegraph
for which Letters Patent were granted to me, and dated February 23rd, 1860,
No. 485. These improvements consist of two new relays, the one for the.
translation, the other for printing, and of several other peculiar arrange-
ments of the type wheel, the paper drawing, the inking plug, and the electro-
magnets in printing apparatus. The translating relay is represented in half
size, Fig. 1, at B, H, I, J, L, and consists of an ordinary electro-magnet B
covered with an insulated copper wire, one end of which is in communication
with the wire on the line, and the other with the earth. Between the two
poles slightly expanded of this electro-magnet is made to oscillate a soft iron
pallet H, I, J, polarized through the influence of two permanent magnets
placed on each side of the oscillating axis I. It will be readily understood
that if the wire on the line is run traversed by currents now positive, now
negative, the polarized iron pallet will oscillate between the two poles of the
electro-magnet B, and that when the current happens to be broken off on the
line, the said iron pallet will preserve the exact position it occupied at the
moment the current was broken or interrupted. At the end of the iron
pallet H, I, J, is fitted a pin J, which enters the groove of a steel piece K, L,
serving to amplify the oscillations of the iron pallet H, J, and which I term
"amplifier." This amplifier is made to oscillate around the point K, and its
two branches J, K, and K, L, are between them as 1 is to 5; hence it is
easily seen that if the end H of the pallet makes an oscillation of rooth of

page_text: an inch, the pin J will likewise oscillate to the extent of 10th, whilst at L
the movement will be th of an inch. The printing relay is also represented
in half size at b, h, i, l, Fig. 1, and consists, like the precedent one, of an
electro-magnet 6 and a polarized iron pallet, the oscillations of which are
limited by the two screws c, d, only the electro-magnet coils 6 are covered
with two insulated wires of same length rolled up inversely to one another.
In order to make the office of these two relays well understood it is neces-
sary to indicate in this place the general arrangement of both the manipulator
and the receiver. When an operator at Paris, I suppose, is to send a dispatch
over to London, he produces on the London line by means of a dial or key
manipulator, which I need not describe, currents alternately positive and
negative in uninterrupted succession at about every 6th of a second.
When he wishes to print a character he sends a suitable number of inverse
currents, so as to bring to the receiving apparatus at London the type to be
printed, and he prolongs or interrupts the last current for a sufficient time or
about th of a second.
The London receiver is represented in half size, Fig. 2, and consists
essentially of an electro-magnetic system similar to that of the printing relay
just described. An iron pallet U, T, polarized by two poles N, N, of per-
manent magnets is made to oscillate between the expanded poles of an electro-
magnet M, covered with two insulated wires of same length, and rolled up
inversely to each other. The pallet T, U, carries at T an escapement which
actuates a peg wheel fitted on the last wheel of the clockwork V. The latter
axis likewise carries an aluminium type wheel furnished with engraved types.
The escapement is so regulated that at each plain oscillation of the pallet T, U,
the type wheel turns the extent of a character. An ordinary electro-
magnet P also actuates a second clockwork O, which at the proper time
determines the printing of the types and the drawing of the paper. This
drawing of the paper presents the peculiar feature that it takes place during
the printing of the types contrarily to other printing telegraphs where the
paper is drawn only after the printing of each type.
The following is the manner in which this drawing of the paper is
effected :-
A, B, are rolling cylinders similar to those used in Morse's apparatus to
cause the paper to advance every time a character is to be printed; the
electro-magnet P is animated, as will presently be described, and liberates
the clockwork O, so as to allow of the last wheel accomplishing an entire
revolution.
The cylinder B being fitted on an extension on the axes of the clockwork

page_text: turns to a certain extent and produces the drawing of the paper slip. This
drawing as may be seen is effected so long as the rotation of the clockwork O
continues, whilst by effecting this drawing only after the printing bas taken
place, as such operation is effected in much less time, the paper advances in a
inost rapid and irregular manner. The contact of the paper with the type
wheel is so slight that the printing cannot in any way be impaired by this
continuous drawing.
It is evident. that the rollers may be set in motion by the clockwork O,
either directly as represented in Fig. 2, or indirectly by any transmission.
I will now examine how, abstraction being made for a moment of the type
printing, the translating relay B, H, I, L, Fig. 1, will by means of a local
battery P determine the oscillation of the pallet U, T, Fig. 2, and of course
actuate indirectly the rotation of the type wheel. The zinc pole of the local
battery is set in constant communication with the induction wires, 1¹, 2', of
the electro-magnet M, Fig. 2; the copper pole of the local battery com-
municates with the pallet H, I, J, of the translating relay, and consequently
with the platinum contact L, which terminates the amplifier. When the
contact surface strikes the screw C the current, starting from the positive pole
of the local battery goes from L to C, from C to c, passes into the wire No. 2 of
the printing relay, makes its exit at S, enters the wire No. 2. of the electro-
magnet M, Fig. 2, and rejoins the negative pole of the local battery at 21.
The iron pallet. U, T, then assumes a certain position, and when the rod H, I, J,
Fig. 1, of the translating relay oscillates, the end L of the amplifier strikes
the screw D, the current of the local battery then goes from D to d, passes
into the wire No. 1 of the printing relay, makes its exit at R, enters the wire
No. 1 of the electro-magnet M, Fig. 2, say through the end 1' of said wire,
and rejoins the pole of the local battery. As the two wires of the electro-
magnet M are rolled inversely to each other, the electro-magnet is then animated
with a polarity contrary to the precedent one, and the pallet U, T, oscillates.
Every oscillation of the rod H, I, J, L, of the translating relay Fig. 1 determines
therefore an oscillation of the pallet U, T, and an oscillation of the pallet
h, i, 1, of printing relay, Fig. 1, since both wires of this relay are rolled
likewise inversely to each other, and that the current of the local battery
passes alternately into each of these wires. It is easy to so contrive the
rolling of the wires that every time the amplifier strikes the screw C the
pallet h, i, 1, may tend to strike the screw c, should the amplifier strike upon
D, the pallet h, i, l, would then strike upon d. It is easy to understand that if
the oscillations of the pallet H, I, L, of the translating relay take place in very
rapid succession, then the pallet h, i, 1, of the printing relay being actuated at

page_text: very near intervals to oscillate now to the right, now to the left, will execute a
series of small oscillations within the interval which separates the abutments c, d,
(provided such interval be sufficient) without ever touching either of them, or
touching them but for a very short instant. When the current of the line
happens to be either prolonged or interrupted (which produces a like effect on
the translating relay) for a suitable time, then the pallet h, i, l, abuts against
one of the screws c or d, the electro-magnet P receives the current of the local
battery for a sufficient time and determines the printing. To this effect the
end L¹ of the printing electro-magnet wire P, Fig. 2, is connected to the
pallet h, i, l, of the printing relay, and the other end L of the same wire is in
constant communication with the pole of the local battery. It is easy to sec
from the mere survey of the Drawing, Fig. 2, that at the moment the pallet
h, i, l, strikes upon either of the abutments c, I suppose at this moment the
pallet H, I, L, being in contact with C, the current of the local battery
bifurcates or is divided, part of which passing through the pallet h, i, l, thence
enters the printing electro-magnet wire and the local battery. As the coils or
bobbins of this electro-magnet are covered with a thick short wire, while both
the two wires of the electro-magnet M, Fig. 2, and those of the printing relay
are very thin and long, most part of the current from the local battery will
follow this way, the electro-magnet rod being attracted, the clockwork O
liberated, and the printing produced.
-
Part of the current still passes on through the wires No. 2 of printing
relay & electro-magnet M (Fig. 2), and serves to maintain in a fixed position
the escapement rod T, U, which the trepidations caused by the printing action
might shake. Similar phenomena are produced of course every time the
pallet H, I, L, Fig. 1, strikes either of the screws C, D, which occurs as just
alluded to, every time a current is prolonged or interrupted on the line for a
sufficient time.
As the current of the local battery is sensibly constant, it is very easy to
so regulate the setting apart of the screws c, d, of the printing relay that the
pallet h, i, l, may suitably fulfil its office, and with a little practice the
speed of transmission will easily reach from thirty to thirty-five words a
minute.
Fig. 3 shows in full size the new arrangement of my engraved type wheel
on the last axis of the clockwork V, Fig. 2; C, S, Fig. 3, is an extension of
said last axis above the motion plate, the centre of the type wheel A, B, is
fitted on a moveable shoulder D, provided with a socket which slides loosely
upon the axis C, S, a small spiral spring R surrounding the axis bears on one
side upon the shoulder E fitted thereon, and on the other upon the moveable

page_text: shoulder D, which tends to hold up the stop piece fitted at C.. When the
catch of the clockwork O, Fig. 2, is raised, the hammer M, N, Fig. 3, turning
on the point M, is sharply lowered and then raised. This hammer carries
at G a plug containing ink, and at H, L, has two appendages placed at a
small distance from the type wheel. When the hammer M, N, is lowered
the appendages H, L, & the plug G press upon the type wheel so as to cause
it to bear upon the block F, a character is then printed upon a slip of paper
passing on the block, and the plug G applies ink on the upper face of the wheel.
As soon as the hammer M, N, rises the spring R raises the shoulder D, and
the type wheel is allowed to turn freely again. A pin fitted upon the shoulder
E, and entering a groove on the type wheel serves as a guide preventing the
type wheel from travelling on one side or other. One of the great difficulties
generally met with in constructing printing apparatus is the inking of the
type wheel; most of these wheels have characters engraven upon their periphery
and a small roller containing ink, by means of a tangential rubbing. action,
keeps the types constantly inked. This continual friction slackens to a great
measure the speed of rotation of the type wheel in printing telegraphs which
should be avoided when a rather considerable speed is to be obtained. This
cause of retardation is completely obviated by means of the improved engraved
type wheel mentioned in the former Patent before referred to. When ordinary
type wheels are used the friction during the working of the apparatus may
likewise be prevented by simply having the characters inked previously to
printing. This new mode of printing is represented in half size at. Fig. 4. .
A is the type wheel set in motion by the clockwork M, N, O, P, represents
the printing clockwork. Every time a character is to be printed this clock-
work O, P, is actuated by an electro-magnet, and its upper axis turns a
complete revolution. On this axis is fitted a pulley C furnished with pins, on
which pulley an endless chain is engaged also passing round a horizontal
pulley B. A spring T, U, carrying at T a small inking roller,.is likewise
fitted upon the vertical axis R, S, of pulley B. Every time the pulley C
makes one revolution, the pulley B, which is of same diameter, accomplishes a
complete revolution as well as the roller T. When at rest this roller is placed
at a short distance from the type wheel, but when set in motion it instantly
comes in contact with it, presses upon the type, and continuing its revolution
re-assumes its former position.
The printing is effected as follows:-The last axis of the clockwork O, P,
carries at Da collar, cam, or screw, which acts through the medium of a
rod D, E, upon a lever E, F, G, turning on the point F. This lever carries
at G an elastic hammer or block upon which the slip of paper F, G, I, travels.

page_text: The screw D is fixed at an angle of about 4° from a vertical line passing
through the centre of the axis of C.. In the first quarter of its revolution the
screw D describes an arc not much apart from a horizontal line, so that
the lever E, F, G, has but a slight motion. During this time the inking
roller T has acted and has returned to its position out of contact with the
type wheel. In the second quarter of its revolution the screw D on its
descent raises the lever E, F, G, & the block G causes the slip of paper to
bear against the letter on the type wheel which has just been inked. In the
last part of its revolution the screw D raises up E, F, G, whilst the roller T
re-assumes its position near the .type wheel. Instead of the inking roller T
wool or other suitable substance, a brush, or pencil may be substituted as shown
at T, U, or a plug may be used for the same purpose. The inking agent,
whatever may be its nature during its rotation rubs against a roller or plug
containing ink, and supplies a fresh quantity thereof at each printing. It may
be likewise so arranged as to turn tangentially to the type wheel instead of
turning perpendicularly, as shown Fig. 4. The transformation of motion
operated as above described by an endless chain may also be produced by
means of conical or other gearing' or a strap.
In describing summarily the receiver, I have supposed for greater clearness
that a simple electro-magnet P, Fig. 2, intended to operate the clockwork
O, receives in due time the divided current of the local battery through the
medium of the pallet h, i, l, of the printing roller, Fig. 1, and one of the
abutments c, d. This arrangement, which yields good results, is indeed
frequently so modified that when the pallet of the electro-magnet P, Fig. 2,
has been attracted, and the clockwork O is put in motion the current is
broken automatically in the electro-magnet P, and the pallet immediately
rises by the action of an antagonistic spring.
Fig. 5 shows in a general way this new arrangement at a scale of th of the
natural size.
b
A is the electro-magnet for disconnecting the clockwork O, Fig. 2; C, D,
pallet jointed at D, the oscillations of which are regulated by the two abutting
screws E, O'; B, second electro-magnet of small size; F, G, light pallet jointed
at G, the oscillations of which are regulated by the two abutting screws H, I,
an antagonistic spring is fitted to each pallet tending to maintain it in a raised
position when the current of the local battery does not pass into the electro-
magnet. Fig. 5 represents the apparatus at a moment when the pallet h, i, l,
Fig. 1, in striking one of the abutments c, d, sets the pole + of the local battery
into communication with one end of the printing electro-magnet wire. The
of the local battery is set in constant communication with the two
pole
-

page_text: pallets C, D, F, G, Fig. 5; the wire J, L, of the two electro-magnets A, B,
are also in communication with each other. The other communications are
represented in dotted lines. The current running from the pole + of the
battery to J passes into the wire of the electro-magnet. A, and makes its exit
at K, it thence reaches the abutment I, the pallet F, G, & rejoins the pole
- of the battery. The pallet C, D, is attracted and strikes upon E. At that
moment the current becomes divided, part of which passing through L into
the wire of the electro-magnet B, escapes at M, reaches the abutment E, and
rejoins the pole of the battery. The pallet F, G, is attracted and strikes
upon H. The circuit of the first electro-magnet A is then broken by the pole
of the battery communicating with the wire K, on it passing through the
pallet F, G, and the abutment I. The pallet C, D, rises under the action of
the antagonistic spring, whilst the pallet F, G, remains, lowered so long as the
contact of the pallet h, i, l, with its abutment exists, Fig. 1. Thus it may be
seen that the first electro-magnet A, after attracting its pallet, transmits a part
of the current by which it is animated to the second. electro-magnet B, which
being animated; in its turn breaks the circuit of the former, and remains
animated so long as the contact is maintained. As the current in the printing
electro-magnet does not last above a very short time, at the moment the
circuit is broken the remanent and the condensed magnetisms are at a
minimum. Further, the pallet is allowed to rise for a longer time so that the
antagonistic spring niay act less energetically, and the attraction of the
pallet be effected more briskly. Practice has demonstrated to me that it was
advantageous in still preserving the same principle to suppress the printing
relay above described, and to use in its stead the pallet U, T, of the receiver
Fig. 2 for operating the gearing of the type wheel. This modification is
represented Fig. 6, h', ',, show the pallet of the translating relay set in com-
munication with the negative pole of the local battery P; c, d, are the abut-
ments; U, T, pallet of the receiver intended to actuate the type wheel; c¹¹, d",
abutments of said pallet. in connection with the abutments c¹, d', as shown.
The ends of both wires of the electro-magnet M, Fig. 2, are in connection with
the abutment c, d, and also with the local battery, as represented Fig. 6.
The rolling of the wires and the polarization of the pallets are so arranged
that when the pallet of the relays h', ',, strikes on c', the pallet U, T, tends to
strike on c¹¹; in the same manner when h¹,,, strikes on d¹, the pallet U, T,
tends to strike on d". Hence it is evident that with a single local battery every
time the pallet of the relays strikes upon either of its abutments the pallet.
U, T, will strike upon the corresponding one, and that when this oscillation

page_text: is accomplished, that is to say, when the type wheel has been rotated the divided
current of the local battery P may pass into the printing electro-magnet P¹,
and therefore the latter cannot determine the printing previously to the rota-
tion of the type wheel. It is no less evident that this system is independent
of the form of the electro-magnets employed as translating relays, and that it is
applicable to electro-magnets covered with a single wire as is generally the
case without needing to change the system of communication, which I claim
as my property by the present Letters Patent.
I will here point out some modifications in the details of which the apparatus
above described is susceptible. Thus, instead of the two wire coils wound
inversely, may be substituted two parallel wire bobbins fulfilling the same pur-
pose by means of a simple transposition in the induction and eduction wires.
Further, in certain kinds of electro-magnets, with two bobbins, the current
may be made to pass alternately into either of said two bobbins. Further,
again, the local batteries may be constituted by the line batteries of the
receiver holder.
The chief features of my Invention are as follows, and therefore I claim,―
First, the lengthening of the oscillations in telegraphic relays by means of
an amplifier, as described, or any equivalent therefor.
Secondly, the combination of currents and two wire bobbins as described, in
translating relays and electro-magnetic system M, Fig. 2, the whole so dis-
posed that the oscillations of a single relaying rod between two abutting
screws may suffice by means of a local battery to operate electro-magnets,
which have heretofore required positive and negative poles:
Thirdly, the general combination of currents and bobbins, with either one or
two wires in the two relays and the receiver, the whole being so arranged that
a single local battery may suffice to operate, first, the electro-magnetic system
governing the type wheel; secondly, the electro-magnet governing the impres-
sion; thirdly, the printing relay itself.
Fourthly, particularly the exclusive use of printing relays operating by the
current of a local battery instead of the line current as heretofore.
Fifthly, the arrangement above described, or any equivalent of the type wheel
whereby it may be raised or lowered upon its axis.
Sixthly, the new mode of inking the type wheels as described and repre-
sented Fig. 4, which consists in inking the type or character a little before or
after the printing by means of a rotating pencil or inking plug.
Seventhly, the arrangement above described and represented at Fig. 5, and
applied to all sorts of electric apparatus, of two electro-magnets so disposed

page_text: that the first after attracting its pallet may transmit a part of the current by
which it is animated to the second one, which breaks the circuit of the former,
and remains animated so long as the contact is maintained.
Eighthly, the arrangement above described and represented at Fig. 6, the
whole being so disposed that the translating relay first sends the current of
the local battery to the magnetic system governing the rotation of the type
wheel, and that system after operating may allow of the electro-magnet
which governs the impression receiving part of the current of the same local
battery.
Ninthly, & lastly, the arrangement above described and represented at
Fig. 2, for the drawing of the paper so that such drawing may be effected by
the printing gear, either directly or by means of the transmission of a con-
tinuous motion so long as the rotation of such gear continues.
In witness whereof, I, Antoine Joseph Dujardin, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Fourteenth day of December, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-three.
P. A. J. DUJARDIN. (L.s.)