matthewleechen/300YearsOfBritishPatents huggingface dataset:
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PERMANENT WAY OF RAILWAYS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Edwards at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 30th December
1861.
I, JOHN EDWARDS, of 77, Aldermanbury, in the City of London, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PERMANENT
WAY OF RAILWAYS," to be as follows:-
My Invention consists in making railway chairs with an opening sufficiently
wide to take the head of the rail. I then take a filling piece, which fills up
the channel of the rail. These filling pieces are placed in the channells of
the rail, and the rail is then dropped into the opening in the chair, and is
held fast with or without wedging. These chairs are made either of cast or
wrought iron. Also in making suitable projections on the sides of the rails,
which projections fill up the opening in the chair, it being only necessary to
drop the rail into the chair, and it is held fast with or without wedging.
Also, the placing a cushion of gutta percha, india-rubber, cork, or any other
suitable material in the bottom of the chair, so that the concussion is broken
while a train is passing, and the bottom of the rail prevented from being
injured. Also, to the making the spike or bolt holes in railway chairs
obliquely, instead of perpendicular as at present.
An IMPROVEMENT OR IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF THE BEZELS OR RINGS USED IN GLAZING THE DIALS OF CLOCKS, BAROMETERS, AND STEAM GAUGES, AND FOR OTHER LIKE PURPOSES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Arthur Frederick Eaves at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 19th
April 1861.
I, ARTHUR FREDERICK EAVES, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick,
Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "An
IMPROVEMENT OR IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF THE BEZELS OR RINGS
USED IN GLAZING THE DIALS OF CLOCKS, BAROMETERS, AND STEAM GAUGES, AND FOR
OTHER LIKE PURPOSES," to be as follows:-
In making bezels according to my Invention I take a strip of sheet metal,
and by soldering or brazing its ends together form it into a hoop. I place the
said hoop upon a chuck in a lathe, the said chuck being slightly conical, and by
means of pressure with an ordinary pressing tool, I force the hoop into contact
with the chuck, and thereby give it a slightly conical figure. I next place the
conical hoop in another chuck, the hoop passing somewhat more than half way
into the chuck. The edge of the hoop is opened out so as to place it nearly
at right angles to the rest of the hoop, and form a rim on the outer edge of
the hoop. The hoop is next placed on a conical chuck, the said chuck being
hollow on its face. The hoop fits about half way on the last-named chuck,
and the inner half of the hoop is turned inwards against the inner inclined face
of the chuck. A groove is afterwards turned on the inner edge of the bezel
for the insertion of the glass. The bezel thus made resembles in appearance
the bezel ordinarily made by casting, having in cross section a figure nearly

page_text: resembling the letter V, with a rim on that edge which constitutes the outer
edge of the bezel, the inner and outer faces of the bezel being made of one
piece of sheet metal. The hinge and peg are attached to the bezel in the
ordinary manner, and the glass is sprung into the groove turned in the inner
side of the bezel.
AN IMPROVEMENT IN HOOPED OR HOOP SKIRTS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Robert Marsden Latham at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on tho
8th June 1861.-A communication from abroad by John Colter Kelley,
of Canal Street, New York, in the United States of America.
I, ROBERT MARSDEN LATHAM, of 71, Fleet Street, in the City of London,
Manager of the General Patent Company (Limited), do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVEMENT IN HOOPED OR HOOP SKIRTS,"
a communication to me from abroad by John Colter Kelley, of Canal Street,
New York, in the United States of America, to be as follows:-
The said improvement in hooped or hoop skirts consists in placing a hoop
to encircle the skirt in a diagonal position with the other or ordinary hoops
contained therein. The diagonal hoop encircles the said skirt, on the outside
it is fastened to the front of the skirt at the bottom hoop, and at the back to
about the centre hoop in the said skirt it is also fastened to about each
intermediate hoop between the said centre and bottom hoops of the said
skirt.
The object of the said improvement is to keep the said skirt in a proper
position on the wearer, and from becoming disarranged.
IMPROVED PENS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Carl Gustav Lenk at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 25th September
1861..
I, CARL GUSTAV LENK, of 24, Maddox Street, Regent Street, in the
County of Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVED PENS," to be as follows:-
My Invention consists in making pens to hold ink or any other fluids for the
purpose of writing or designing; they are made of brass or other metals,
porcelain, glass, gutta percha, and india-rubber.
The construction of these pens is as follows:-The penholder is a cylinder,
and is made of brass or any other above-mentioned material. In the top of this
cylinder is a cork, above which is a screw in connection with a wire which goes
down the cylinder in the pen to open or close the same at liberty by a pressure
of the screw, through which operation the stroke can be made fine or thick.
The pen is at the bottom of the cylinder, and made of steel like the common
writing pens, but the chief thing in the whole Invention consists in a little
hole in the pen through which, by a certain pressure of the air, the pen is
allowed to discharge only so much ink or fluid as is wanted for writing or
designing.
I manufacture four sorts of these pens, three of them are for drawing or
designing, and ruling for music paper with five points, so as to make five
lines, and common handwriting. The more specified explanation is as
follows:-

page_text: No. 1 in the Drawing is the pen for drawing, designing, and other purposes
as used generally by engineers. After the cylinder of this kind of pen is filled
with the fluid as stated above, the operator is at liberty to make the stroke
thin or thick by simply pressing down the little top screw as stated above.
No. 2 is a pen of the same construction, but used only for ruling paper, as
generally used in offices and counting-houses. These pens are filled in the
same manner, and can be used for fine and thick strokes. No. 3 is a common
pen as used by every one for handwriting. It has no wire connected with it,
when after the cylinder is filled with ink or fluid as required it is ready for
use. No. 4 is a pen for ruling music paper with five lines; this pen also has
no wire connected with it, and is constructed as No. 3.
The construction of these pens is very simple, and they answer all the
requirements for handwriting, ruling, or designing; only care must be taken
to keep the tube carefully cork'd, if the air comes in the ink or fluid will
naturally run out. Should the cork after being some time in use require to
be renewed any operator can do this himself. It is always necessary to use
the best ink and free from extraneous substances.
The writer can use any pen to his taste, as nearly every one, with the
exception of a few sorts, can be adapted to the penholder. After the cylinder
of these pens is filled they can be used uninterruptedly for the space of twelve
hours; after the expiration of this time they must be refilled.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANU- FACTURE OF COLLARS AND WRISTBANDS, TO BE WORN AS ARTICLES OF CLOTHING
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Albert Dauncey at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 12th September
1861.
I, JOHN ALBERT DAUNCEY, of the City of Manchester, Gentleman, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANU-
FACTURE OF COLLARS AND WRISTBANDS, TO BE WORN AS ARTICLES OF CLOTHING,"
to be as follows:-
My improvements in the manufacture of collars and wristbands consist,-
First, in making them of cloth in the ordinary way, and then applying an
outside fold or layer of silk or satin, either figured, plain, or embossed.
Secondly, in the use of a sheet of paper, to the back or face of which is
cemented or fastened a layer of silk or satin fabric, so that when the collar or
wristband is cut, stamped, or embossed to the required shape and size, it
presents a plain paper face on one side and a figured silk or satin one on
the other side.
Thirdly, in making collars and wristbands of vulcanized or non-vulcanized
india-rubber or gutta percha in its rough or finished state, or any compound
of the same which can be japanned or enamelled or varnished white or any
other colour in the usual manner.
Fourthly, in making collars and wristbands from all such substances as are
now known under the name of leather and morocco, and from the prepared and
finished, japanned, enamelled, and varnished skins of animals. The method

page_text: of producing collars and wristbands from leather and the skins of animals
being either to have the skins first prepared, finished, ornamented, enamelled,
japanned, or varnished by the ordinary processes now well known, and then to
have the required collar or wristband shapes cut or stamped from the
piece by the machinery now in use for similar purposes, or to cut or stamp by
machinery the required collar or wristband shape out of the raw leather or
skin first, and afterwards to prepare, finish, ornament, enamel, japan, or varnish
it by the ordinary process as now well known.
Fifthly, in treating collars and wristbands made of linen, cotton, and woollen
cloth in the same way, namely, by enamelling, japanning, finishing, or
varnishing them on one or both sides.
IMPROVE- MENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF SHIRT FRONTS, COLLARS, AND CUFFS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Maurice Eugène Guaymard at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
18th July 1861.
I, MAURICE EUGÈNE GUAYMARD, of 29, Boulevart St. Martin, Paris,
Merchant, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF SHIRT FRONTS, COLLARS, AND CUFFS," to be as
follows:-
Shirt fronts, collars, and sleeves, as also false collars, and cuffs, are generally
made with folds or plaits, stitching or edging, or lastly, with cords, all which I
include under the general head of ornamentation. This answers two purposes,
1st, ornamenting the shirt or other article, and stiffening it. These parts of
ornamentation are produced either by hand or machinery, or in weaving the
fabric, and, besides being ornamental, they prevent in a great measure, the
soiling, fraying, or tearing of the fabric. One method especially consists in
placing a cotton cord or thread between two thicknesses, or in a fold of the
material, which produces a round projecting rib, & improves the appearance
of the part to which it is applied. Now my Invention consists in
applying an elastic resistant stiffening to shirt fronts, collars, and sleeves, for
which purpose, I interpose between two thicknesses of the fabric, or in a fold
of the same, a brass wire suitably silvered or galvanized, which, at the same
time that it furnishes a well defined projecting surface, also preserves the shape
of the article to which it is applied. The metal employed I prefer to be silvered
brass, it being white & unoxidisable when subjected to the action of soap in

page_text: washing, so that white or colored fabrics in which it is inserted will always
preserve their color. I also dispose the metal wires in a sort of case or
sheath, from which they may be removed when the article is washed. These
elastic stiffeners may be arranged in a longitudinal or transverse direction, or
in both ways combined. Instead of round wire, I also employ metal of other
form, flat or otherwise. Instead of metal wires, I also employ any other
flexible or elastic resistant substance, such as white or colored whalebone,
horsehair, and other vegetable or animal fibre, woven into threads or strips,
and used either alone or encased in other material. Thus my Invention
consists in adapting an elastic flexible framework, to support the material
either enclosed or sewn in the fabric which may be of any form, but which
is chiefly applicable to shirt fronts.
IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR CASTING BULLETS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Watson and Alexander
Watson at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their Petition,
on the 21st February 1861.
We, WILLIAM WATSON and ALEXANDER WATSON, of Whitehaven, in the
County of Cumberland, Engineers, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR CASTING
BULLETS," to be as follows, that is to say:-
This Invention relates to the arrangement and construction of a machine
to enable any one to cast bullets with great rapidity, and of any form or weight
required. Under one modification, this apparatus consists of a base or sole
plate, in which are screw holes for securing the machine either temporarily or
permanently to a bench or other fixture. The sole plate has springing
upwards from it two short standards, the upper part of which form the main
portion of the bullet moulds; this part consists of a cylindrical chamber of
the diameter of the intended bullet. Communicating with this horizontal
chamber, which extends completely through the standard, is a funnel-shaped
aperture or "gate" for the admission of the melted lead to the mould. The
head and end of the bullet are formed by two moveable moulding pieces,
which are caused to enter the front and backward ends of the moulds as.
required. In the base plate are fixed four pillar pieces which carry two
sliding rods. These rods are connected at the ends by cross heads; each of
these cross heads has at the centre the conoidal or other shaped mould for
forming the head of the bullet. The mould chambers are arranged in a line-
Ε

page_text: with each other and with a moveable ram, which is shaped at each extremity
so as to form the cavity in the end of the bullet. The ram is actuated by
means of a hand lever, which is also connected to the sliding rods carrying the
head moulds. The hand lever is jointed at the lower part to the sole plate,
and a to-and-fro motion of this lever brings one of the head and end pieces
into its contiguous mould chamber. The operator places the lever so that
one pair of the end moulds are in one of the chambers, and having a quantity
of molten lead by him, he pours, by means of a ladle, a portion into the gate
of the mould, the air escapes out by a passage formed for the purpose. The
lead sets instantly, and a forward motion of the hand lever causes the end
piece on the ram to push the moulded bullet out of the chamber, and at the
same time cut off the "gate" or runner of metals. This motion of the lever
brings the other pair of end pieces into the opposite mould chamber ready
for casting a bullet in it; when this is done the ram is moved so as to thrust
out the second bullet, and the first mould is again ready for the operator. In
this way the bullets are cast in the two moulds alternately, and with great
rapidity, as well as cleanness of finish, and accuracy of figure.
IMPROVEMENTS IN COATING OR COVERING METALLIC SPRINGS OR BANDS FOR CRINOLINES AND OTHER ARTICLES OF DRESS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John William Wyatt, at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 23rd February
1861.
I, JOHN WILLIAM WYATT, of the Firm of Messrs. Wyatt and Company, of
Bunhill Row, Finsbury, in the County of Middlesex, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN COATING OR COVERING
METALLIC SPRINGS OR BANDS FOR CRINOLINES AND OTHER ARTICLES OF DRESS,'
to be as follows:-
The object of this Invention is to manufacture metallic springs or bands for
crinolines or other articles of dress of any desired color, so that they shall
correspond with the color of the garment to which they may be applied, at the
same time rendering them impervious to wet, also to prevent the exterior
thereof from fraying out, as is the case with the braiding and other covering
ordinarily used.
I propose covering or winding paper, cloth, tape, cotton, or other suitable
fabric around the spring or band, after which it is to be covered or coated with
a thin solution of gutta percha, plain or colored, as may be desired, according
to the purpose for which it is intended. It is thus evident that the solution
adheres firmly to the fibres of the material, and by running between the
interstices forms a solid covering around the spring or band.
TREATING LAVA AND OTHER VOLCANIC SUBSTANCES, IN ORDER TO FIT THEM FOR EMPLOYMENT IN CERTAIN ARTS AND MANUFACTURES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Richard Archibald Brooman at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
10th January 1861.-A communication from abroad by Pierre Antoine
Collard, of Bas, France.
I, RICHARD ARCHIBALD BROOMAN, of 166, Fleet Street, in the City of
London, Patent Agent, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "TREATING LAVA AND OTHER VOLCANIC SUBSTANCES, IN ORDER TO FIT THEM FOR
EMPLOYMENT IN CERTAIN ARTS AND MANUFACTURES," (communicated to me from
abroad by Pierre Antoine Collard, of Bas, France,) to be as follows:-
The object of this Invention is to utilize volcanic deposits or substances,
such as lava, puzzolana, and the like. Lava, puzzolana, and other volcanic
matters are composed generally of mixed sands, silica, alumina, and magnesia,
peroxide of iron, lime, and of alkaline and volatile bases in different propor-
tions, according to the localities where they are produced. They are fusible
at high temperatures, and their fusibility may be augmented by adding one or
more known fluxes, such as soda, potash, borax, lime, minium, and the like.
In order to utilize these volcanic matters, they are first pulverised or reduced,
if not already sufficiently small, and are fused, either by themselves or mixed
with fluxes, after which they are reduced to powder, and may be used as a
glaze or coating for various substances, or may be moulded or run under heat
alone or under heat and pressure into various objects, such for instance as
tables, slabs, mantel-pieces, architectural ornaments, blocks for building, tiles,
tablets, and others.
IMPROVEMENTS IN OBTAINING MOTIVE POWER
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Edward Gedge at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 5th
July 1861. A communication from abroad by Monsieur Main-Guillon,-
of Fontenay le Comte Vendée, in the Empire of France..
I, WILLIAM EDWARD GEDGE, of the Firm of John Gedge and Son, of
No. 11, Wellington Street, Strand, in the County of Middlesex, Patent
Agent, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN OBTAINING MOTIVE POWER," (communicated to me from abroad by Monsieur
Main-Guillon, of Fontenay le Comte Vendée, in the Empire of France,) to
be as follows:-
I propose to obtain increased motive power with a decrease in the con-
sumption of fuel where steam is employed,. by using it to pump water from a
reservoir placed on a lower level to a cistern placed above a hydraulic wheel,.
directing the water from this upper cistern into troughs or buckets on the
wheel, and as these fill, they will by their weight set the wheel in motion, and.
this in turning will empty the troughs into a conduit beneath, by which the
water will return to its original basin or reservoir, to be again pumped to the-
upper one, and again carried down on the periphery of the wheel to the con--
duit beneath, and so on as long as the apparatus is at work. The steam power
will set in motion a driving band and pullies acting on toothed gearing, by
which the pump will be worked, and a fly by which its speed will be regu-
lated. The shaft of the hydraulic wheel will carry at one extremity a conical

page_text: toothed wheel, which gearing into a pinion will set other toothed gearing and
pullies in motion, and by these the power obtained may be applied. This
apparatus will not only be useful as economizing steam power, but is also
applicable where horse or other power is employed.
AN IMPROVED CONSTRUCTION OF INSTRUMENT FOR TAKING OBSERVATIONS AT SEA OR ON LAND
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Desilva and Thomas
Fletcher Griffith at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their
Petition, on the 14th January 1861.
We, WILLIAM DESILVA and THOMAS FLETCHER GRIFFITH, of Liverpool, in
the County of Lancaster, Opticians, do hereby declare the nature of the
said Invention for "AN IMPROVED CONSTRUCTION OF INSTRUMENT FOR TAKING
OBSERVATIONS AT SEA OR ON LAND," to be as follows:-
The chief object of this Invention is to enable mariners to ascertain the
zenith without the aid of the natural or an artificial horizon. On a tripod
stand or bracket we mount, in a universal joint or gimbals, a weighted pendent
rod, made by preference telescopic, to allow of its packing in small compass.
This rod carries at its upper end a graduated circle or quadrant, which is fixed
firmly thereto, so that it may take its vertical adjustment from the gravitating
rod. In front of the graduated circle a double vernier is mounted, and
attached thereto is a sight tube or telescope fixed at right angles to the vernier
arms, and in a line cutting the centre of the graduated circle. This sight
tube is adjustable on the double vernier by means of a tangent screw.
Fitted to the upper end of the sight tube are colored glasses for modifying the
intensity of the sun when its altitude is being taken, and to the opposite end a
reflector and double eye-piece are attached, the same being so affixed as to

page_text: permit of the reflexion being brought under either eye-piece; or, in place of
an eye-piece, an inverted or erect telescope may be used.
A clamp is provided for fixing the verniers in position when the sun or other
object is sighted by the adjustment of the sight tube by hand, and for the pur-
pose of nicer adjustment we connect the clamp with the vernier by a tangent
screw, the turning of which will bring the sight tube to the required elevation
with great exactness. As the pendent rod will by its own gravity hang in a
vertical line indicating the zenith, the axis of the sight tube, when the same is
adjusted for the observation, will give the altitude of the celestial body under
observation. To neutralize as far as may be the oscillations of the pendent
rod when mounted on a tripod and used at sea, we connect the rod to the legs
of the tripod by helical springs, which, while yielding to the oscillations caused
by the rocking of the ship, will tend to restore the rod quickly to a vertical
position.
IMPROVEMENTS IN SIGNALS FOR COMMUNICATING BETWEEN THE PASSENGERS OF RAILWAY TRAINS AND THE ENGINE DRIVER AND GUARDS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Henry Ashford at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 29th
January 1861.
I, JOHN HENRY ASHFORD, of Loxbeare, Tiverton, in the County of Devon,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
SIGNALS FOR COMMUNICATING BETWEEN THE PASSENGERS OF RAILWAY TRAINS AND
THE ENGINE DRIVER AND GUARDS," to be as follows:-
The object of this Invention is to enable the passengers of railway trains to
communicate by signals to the guards and engine driver. The signals consist
in attaching to each carriage, at the end most distant from the engine, a
system of clockwork, comprising a coiled spring enclosed in a cylinder, the
cylinder being fixed to a cog wheel, which is to be kept from revolving when
the spring is wound up by means of a trigger, one extremity of which is to
be attached to a wire passing through the carriage with an ordinary bell
crank. A rope or chain is to be partially wound round the cylinder, the
other end of which rope or chain being carried over the roof of the carriage,
and attached to the trigger of the machine next in front, with a due allowance
of slack rope between the two to prevent the motion of the carriages pulling
the trigger. The coiled spring is then wound up by means of a key, and kept
so by a pall and ratchet wheel affixed to the centre axle. As soon then as
the rope or slide within the carriage is used it liberates the trigger from the

page_text: cylinder, which instantly revolves, coiling up the slack rope between the two
carriages, and pulling the trigger of the next machine, and so on, until it
reaches the engine, on which a bell is to be fixed, and which the last machine
would cause to ring; other bells may in like manner be employed in the
several brake vans, so as to communicate with the guards at the same time
as the engine driver.
ROVEMENTS IN COATING WIRE WITH COPPER, SILVER, GOLD, OR OTHER METAL OR ALLOY, IN ORDER TO PREVENT OXIDATION
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Richard Archibald Brooman at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
14th August 1861.-A communication from abroad by Martin Miller, of
Vienna, Austria.
I, RICHARD ARCHIBALD BROOMAN, of 166, Fleet Street, in the City of
London, Patent Agent, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for IMPROVEMENTS IN COATING WIRE WITH COPPER, SILVER, GOLD, OR OTHER
METAL OR ALLOY, IN ORDER TO PREVENT OXIDATION," (communicated to me from
abroad by Martin Miller, of Vienna, Austria,) to be as follows:-
The object of this Invention is to prevent rust or oxidation of wire, and the
Invention consists in coating the wire with copper, silver, gold, brass, tin, or
other suitable metal or alloy in manner hereafter described. The wire to
be coated is first passed over a roller or pulley, which is in connection with the
positive pole of a galvanic battery, then under one or more rollers or pulleys
immersed in a bath or solution prepared as hereafter described, and in which
a piece of copper or other metal which is to form the coat is suspended by &
platinum wire; this piece of copper being connected with the negative pole of
the battery, the wire in passing through the bath or solution receives a deposit
or coating of copper; it then passes over a wooden roller or pulley outside the
bath, and through a vessel containing water, on emerging from which it is
cleaned and dried by a cloth, or otherwise, and then wound on a roller to be
used as required. The bath or solution before mentioned is prepared
according to the metal or alloy with which the wire is to be coated. For

page_text: copper, the solution is prepared as follows:-I dissolve blue vitriol in water,
and carbonate of soda or potass in an equal quantity of water; the second
solution is poured slowly into the first, and a precipitate is obtained, con-
sisting of carbonate of copper, which is washed several times in clean water.
I next dissolve cyanide of sodium (cyan-kali) and carbonate of soda or potass
in water, and boil the solution; the carbonate of copper is then added, and the
mixture is kept boiling until strong ammoniacal vapors are given off; the
mixture is then removed from the fire and allowed to cool, and when cool is
fit for use. For silver, I dissolve silver in aquafortis, and dilute with water;
into the solution I pour slowly a solution of common salt. The precipitate
obtained is then mixed with a solution of cyanide of sodium (cyan-kali). For
gold, I dissolve gold in aqua regia, and evaporate to dryness, and the residue
is mixed with a solution of cyanide of sodium (cyan-kali). The foregoing
examples will be sufficient to enable a chemist to prepare a bath or solution
for coating wire with tin, brass, or any other suitable metal or alloy.
IMPROVEMENTS IN PORTE-ROBES OR BUTTONS FOR HOLDING UP THE SKIRTS OF LADIES' GOWNS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Edouard Landsberg at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 22nd
August 1861.
I, EDOUARD LANDSBERG, ainé, of Paris, France, Manufacturer of Small-
wares, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN PORTE-ROBES OR BUTTONS FOR HOLDING UP THE SKIRTS OF LADIES' GOWNS," to be
as follows:-
The Invention relates to the Patent I obtained on the 13th of February
1860, No. 387, in which I claimed the application to garments and other
objects of a button or stud, provided in the inside with a spring for causing
a braid, tape, cord, string, leather, or other strap or band, small chain, or other
similar tie or appendix, to coil round a barrel in the interior of the button
or stud, or allowing the same to uncoil from the said barrel, and serve for
attaching the button to another button, stud, or other part.
Although the application to garments in general is claimed in the said
Specification, yet, in order to avoid misunderstanding, I wish to mention here
more especially a very important application of my improved button or stud,
viz., as a porte-robe or button for holding up the skirts of ladies' gowns, as an
improvement to my button or stud. Instead of having only one end of the
braid, tape, cord, string, or other tie fixed to and partly coiled round the
barrel in the inside of the button, I have the same doubled, and both free
ends fixed to the barrel, whilst the remainder forms a loop, into which part

page_text: of the skirt may be introduced and kept fixed by a runner or slide gliding
along the braid, tape, or other tie, which runner or slide may serve likewise
for regulating the length of tape, string, or other tie allowed to protrude
beyond the button or stud.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF YARNS OR THREADS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Edward Newton at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 7th
March 1861.-A communication from abroad by Antoine Louis Warnery,
of Lyons, in the Empire of France.
I, WILLIAM EDWARD NEWTON, of the Office for Patents, 66, Chancery Lane,
in the County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of
the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF YARNS OR
THREADS," to be as follows:-
This Invention of improvements in the manufacture of yarns or threads has
for its object to produce or manufacture yarns or threads from various textile
or filamentous substances without twisting. This object is effected by means
of a novel process combining mechanical and chemical appliances, and in
carrying out the Invention a thin sliver of the fibres to be operated upon is
taken as they come from the drawing rollers of the machine, and is passed.
between a pair of rollers, one of which imparts to the fibres a small quantity
of size, or other suitable gummy or starchy preparation, which will cause the
fibres to adhere slightly together. The rollers are so arranged, geared, and
weighted that any excess of moisture that may be imparted to the sliver will
be pressed or squeezed out before the sliver issues from the machine. The
size or gummy preparation is contained in a trough, in which a roller and
endless band are made to rotate. The endless travelling band carries up the
sizing material to one of the rollers above, and this latter transfers it in suitable
quantities to the sliver. The sliver thus prepared is carried forward to a bobbin

page_text: mounted on a hollow spindle through which the sliver passes, and issues out
from an eye on the spindle and is passed round a rod, and also round the
bobbin to which motion is communicated, so that the sliver or yarn may be
submitted to a twisting or wringing action. From the bar the yarn passes
through another eye in the hollow bobbin spindle, and from thence out of the
machine, or to bobbins on which it is wound, or it is made up into skeins.
From the above description it will be seen that the sliver during its passage
through the machine is first damped with the sizing preparation, then it is
submitted to the action of the various parts of the machine, in which it
undergoes pressure, friction, ventilation, and to the action of centrifugal force,
whereby the excess of the gummy matter is expelled, and the fibres are
attached together, and thereby form in a continuous manner a complete yarn
or thread of a round form possessing compactness and strength suitable for
weaving into stuffs, and for other purposes.
AN IMPROVEMENT OR IMPROVEMENTS APPLICABLE TO CONCERTINAS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Samuel Warwick at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 20th August
1861.
I, SAMUEL WARWICK, of Lower Road, Islington, in the County of Middlesex,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVEMENT OR
IMPROVEMENTS APPLICABLE TO CONCERTINAS," to be as follows:-
The object of my improvement or improvements is to afford double action
to each of the reeds used in a concertina, and so produce the same note from
the same reed in both the press and draw movements of the instrument.
Each reed is placed under its respective key valve as heretofore, but in a
separate valve chamber, the valves of which are so arranged as to only allow
the air to pass upwards through the reed. The valve chamber is furnished
with one double-action and two single-linked valves; the double-action valve
is placed at the back of the reed, but the single-action valves are placed over
the reed in an oblique position. In the draw movement the air entering by
the key valve passes through the double-action valve into the chamber below
the reed, thence up through the reed, and through the front linked valve into
the inside of the bellows. In the press movement the air passes from the
inside of the bellows through the back of the double-action valve into the
chamber below the reed, thence up through the reed, and through the back
linked valve out into the atmosphere through the key valve.
By these arrangements one reed supplies the place of two as heretofore
used.
IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR BENDING IRON
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Toward at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 21st October
1861.
I, JOHN TOWARD, of the Glasshouse Bridge Ironworks, Newcastle-upon-
Tyne, Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR BENDING IRON," to be as
follows:-
This Invention relates more particularly to the bending of T or angle iron,
but is applicable also to the bending of other sections of iron, and consists in
the employmont of three rolls (suitably grooved) driven by any ordinary
gearing, and so arranged as to impart any desired curve to the iron which is
passed between them. These rolls are placed on three shafts, and made to
overhang the bearings, each roller being pushed on its shaft endwise, and kept
in position by a cottar, and driven by a key. Two of the three rolls are
made in two halves so that one half may be removed, and thus admit of the
easy disengagement of the hoop when formed.
By changing the position of the rolls from one shaft to the others, the
feathers upon the angle or T-iron may be bent either externally or internally.
This apparatus may be obviously applied to the bending of the frames or
ribs used in iron ship-building, by having the edge of the rolls made to an
angle. Any degree of bevil may be given to the frame or rib, whilst at the
same time it is being bent to the required curve. The rolls might also be

page_text: fixed to shafts between the frames or standards of the machine, but it is
preferred to place them on the outside, so that the hoop, when bent, may be
easily removed.
This peculiar arrangement of rolls may be applied to any ordinary plate-
bending machine.
IMPROVEMENTS IN TREATING CERTAIN NATURAL SALINE COMPOUNDS TO FIT THEM FOR AGRICULTURAL USE, AND IN ORDER TO OBTAIN POTASH AND OTHER SALTS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION. left by Frederick Robert Hughes and
Thomas Richardson at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents,
with their Petition, on the 14th November 1861.
We, FREDERICK ROBERT HUGHES, of Borrowstounness, and THOMAS
RICHARDSON, of Newcastle-on-Tyne, do hereby declare the nature of the
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN TREATING CERTAIN NATURAL SALINE COMPOUNDS
TO FIT THEM FOR AGRICULTURAL USE, AND IN ORDER TO OBTAIN POTASH AND OTHER
SALTS," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its objects improvements in treating certain natural
saline compounds to fit them for agricultural use, and in order to obtain
potash and other salts; and the Invention consists in treating those natural
compounds of alkaline and other salts which are found at Stassfurth, in the
Duchy of Magdeburg, which compounds are there known as dungsälz or
abraumsälz, and which natural compounds are also found in other places in
such a manner that they may be used for manuring land and to separate the
potash and other salts therefrom.
These natural compounds contain a deliquescent salt (muriate of magnesia)
which we separate by steeping them in a small quantity of cold water, by
which the greater part of this salt is dissolved out, or we heat these natural
compounds with or without steam so as to decompose the greater part of the
muriate of magnesia, and the residual mixture of salts from either process
having by these means lost its deliquescent properties, is suitable for appli-
cation as a manure.

page_text: The mode of separating the potash salts may be varied, but we believe the
following to be the most convenient:-The natural salts are steeped in a small
quantity of cold water, by which the greater part of the muriate of magnesia
is dissolved out, or the natural salts are heated with or without steam to
decompose the muriate of magnesia, and in either case the residual com-
pound or mixed salts is then steeped in a small quantity of hot water, by which
the chloride of potassium is dissolved out. The residue, if containing sulphate
of potash, is then subjected to the well known process in alkali works for
converting the sulphate of potash into a sulphuret to facilitate its being separated
from the common salt. In place of the above means, other processes may be
employed for separating the potash salts from the other salts, such as by
dissolving the crude salts, and by salting and crystallization in the manner
resorted to in obtaining potash salts from kelp, or the potash may be removed in
the form of potash alum by the addition of sulphate of alumina, or, in the form
of nitrate of potash, by the employment of nitrate of soda or other suitable
nitrate, or by converting the potash in the compound into sulphate of potash.
The process of separating the salts in the compound may be also facilitated
by the use of muriatic acid to precipitate one or more from their aqueous
solution.
AN IMPROVED WIND MOTIVE POWER ENGINE
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Pierre Chardemite at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 13th May
1861.
I, PIERRE CHARDEMITE, of St. Georges-de-Didonne, France, and of 4,
South Street, Finsbury, London, Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature
of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVED WIND MOTIVE POWER ENGINE," to
be as follows, that is to say :-
The Invention consists in a peculiar arrangement of apparatus for employing
the wind as a motive power for working machinery in general.
The improved engine is composed of a vertical shaft passing through a
wooden platform suitably fixed at its extremities for guiding its action and
keeping it in a vertical direction. To the upper part of this shaft are set two
wooden frames, with eight arms, fixed at regular intervals apart between two
hoops by means of bolts, and placed diagonally so as to form an octagon.
These frames, placed vertically one above the other, are connected together by
masts or poles passing thro' their extremities; the masts being furnished
with sails free to move according to the direction of the wind, and which cause
the rotatory motion of the vertical shaft. The sails are worked by halyards
placed over a series of pulleys conducting the balyards to the vertical shaft,
the length of which they descend in flutings, and are finally attached to a wheel
set on the shaft at the lower part of the apparatus, and on which wheel a brake
is adjusted to stop the rotative motion of the vertical shaft when required.
For an apparatus of a large size, the lower frame may be strengthened by

page_text: fixing an iron rail thereto, thro' which the vertical shaft is passed. The upper
frame may be dispensed with for an apparatus of small power.
The motion of the vertical shaft obtained from the wind by means of the
sails, is transmitted to the machinery to be worked by means of a drum,
cylinder, or catch wheel fastened to the vertical shaft.
IMPROVE- MENTS IN FIRE ESCAPES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Augustus Lea Bricknell at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 2nd
February 1861.
I, AUGUSTUS LEA BRICKNELL, of Loughborough Park, Brixton, in the
County of Surrey, do hereby declare the nature of the Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN FIRE ESCAPES," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in fire escapes. For these
purposes in each case where a fire escape, according to my Invention, is to be
applied, there is affixed at the upper part of the window frame a bent bar,
which is supported at or near the middle by a prop fixed to the lower part of
the window frame, and this prop assists a person when getting out of the
window into the descending car. On the bent bar at the upper part of the
window is a pulley, in the groove of which a cord (by preference of wire) is
placed, and there is a guard over the pulley to prevent the cord coming out
of the groove around the pulley. On one end of the cord is fixed a car,
which consists of a bag of canvas or network, or of other suitable material,
the upper end of which is kept extended by means of a hoop. The other end
of the cord is wound on one of two barrels, the inner end of the cord being
fixed to the barrel. The other barrel is of smaller diameter, and it has fixed
to it one end of a cord, the other end being affixed to a weight suitable for
raising the car after it has descended. The two barrels are fixed together,

page_text: and revolve on the same axis. In order to present a suitable resistance to the
too quick descent of the car when a person is in it, revolving vanes or blades
are used, which are put in motion when the car is descending, but such
revolving blades are not in action when the car is being lifted by the descent
of the weight, the cord of which is wound on to the smaller barrel as the car
descends, consequently the descent of the weight has simply to raise the car,
which it does quickly by reason of the cord which is attached to the car being
wound on to the larger of the two barrels, whilst there is no retarding effort
presented by the revolving blades, they for the time being out of gear with the
barrels, but they are again brought into gear by a catch acting on a ratchet
wheel, when the barrels are caused to revolve in the opposite direction by the
descent of the car.
IMPROVEMENTS IN SCYTHES, SCYTHE HANDLES, AND APPARATUS FOR CONNECTING THE SAME
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by James Edward Boyd at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 4th
December 1861.
I, JAMES EDWARD BOYD, of Hither Green, Lewisham, in the County of
Kent, Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN SCYTHES, SCYTHE HANDLES, AND APPARATUS FOR CONNECTING
THE SAME," to be as follows:-
The improvements consist in making the scythe handles (commonly called
sneads or snaiths) of iron or other metal pipes, or tubing, or rods, which are
to be suitably shaped or bent either during the progress of tubing or after-
wards. The aperture in the end of the said metal tube or scythe handle will
be so constructed as to form a case, or socket, or receiver, and made capable
of fitting, regulating, and holding therein the tang or heel of the scythe, which
is to be previously made suitable thereto, either by altering the present con-
tinuous heel or tang, or by the substitution & introduction of a separate heel piece
or loose tang, to be constructed and formed to certain angles or shapes, and,
being rivetted or fastened on the back of the scythe, made to take the place of
the present continuous fixed tang. The handle will likewise be made capable
of receiving any form,, die, plug, wedge, ratchet plate, impression, or other con-
trivance or apparatus, including the application of the double ratchet move-
ment commonly known as Boyd's self-adjusting scythe movement, or any

page_text: other medium which may be necessary to regulate and render easy of adjust-
ment to any angle or form the said tang or heel of the scythe and handle to
each other, the fastenings to be by means of bolts and nuts, screws, rings,
wedges, plugs, solder, brazing, or other appliances. .
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MODE OF MANUFACTURING AND DESIGNING POSTAGE LETTER PAPER, POSTAGE ENVELOPES FOR LETTERS, AND POSTAGE WRAPPERS OR COVERS FOR NEWSPAPERS AND OTHER PRINTED MATTER,
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by James Wright at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 13th April
1861. A communication from abroad by John Boyles Murray, Banker,
New York, United States of America.
I, JAMES WRIGHT, of 42, Bridge Street, Blackfriars, in the City of London,
Civil Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MODE OF MANUFACTURING AND DESIGNING POSTAGE LETTER
PAPER, POSTAGE ENVELOPES FOR LETTERS, AND POSTAGE WRAPPERS OR COVERS FOR
NEWSPAPERS AND OTHER PRINTED MATTER," a communication to me from abroad
by John Boyles Murray, Banker, New York, United States of America, to be
as follows, that is to say:-
The first part of my Invention has for object to embody the value of the
postage stamp and the design thereof within the material of the envelope,
wrapper, sheet of paper, or other thing to be used therefor by a watermark,
instead of being stamped or embossed upon the envelope as at present done.
I further propose to distinguish by means of various coloured papers the
postage value of the envelope, wrapper, or paper. Some of the advantages
derived from the adoption of my Invention being a saving of the expence of
embossing; also in addition to distinguishing the postage value of the different
envelopes by the colour indicated and embodied in the envelope by the water-
mark, the business of the post officer is greatly expedited, as the defacing,
dating, or denoting stamp may be struck on any part of the envelope, hence
avoiding the necessity of assorting the envelopes face upwards and always
defacing the stamp alone.