Improvements in Moquette Fabrics, and in Looms for Making the same.
Year: 1896

page_text: Date of Application, 30th Mar., 1896
Complete Specification Left, 26th Oct., 1896-Accepted, 28th Nov., 1898
[Communicated from abroad by WARREN BALDWIN SMITH, of Yonkers, in the
State of New York, United States of America, Manufacturer.]
Improvements in Moquette Fabrics, and in Looms for Making
the same.
I PHILIPP ARTHUR NEWTON of The Office for Patents, 6 Bream's Buildings,
Chancery Lane, in the County of London, Patent Agent, do hereby declare the
nature of this invention to be as follows:-
This invention relates to tufted fabrics of that class now well known, of which
the fabric now known as "moquette" carpet is an example, this carpet having a
body of warp and weft threads of suitable material, usually jute or hemp, and a
face consisting of rows of tufts of wool inserted into the body during the formation
of the latter, and looped around some of the weft threads, and bound in by the
other weft threads and warp threads.
Various modes of manufacturing this fabric have been used, the number of shots
of weft or filling to each row of tufts varying from two to four. In previous
fabrics of this class, employing three shots of weft or filling to each row of tufts,
one of the wefts binding the row of tufts on the holding weft about which the rov
is looped, lies between two rows of tufts, so as to separate them to some extent, so
that, while a heavier back is provided than in fabrics having two shots of weft or
filling to each row of tufts, the pile face is not as close as desired, and the result
is a coarse carpet, and the separation of the rows of tufts causes the backing to
show upon bending the fabric."
According to this invention, an improved moquette fabric is provided, with three
shots of welt or filling to each row of tufts, which avoids the objectionable results
of the separation of the ions of tufts by a weft thread and in which the tufts are
very firmly bound, by a weave employing dividing warps between the two binding
or tedy wefts, and between the upper binding or body weft and the tuft holding
weft, in such a manner that the thiee wefts to each row of tufts are held and lie in
substantially a straight line, with the result that the successive rows of tufts are
not separated by a weft, hut are beaten up close together. The dividing warps
preferably un straight through the fabric, the same warp thread dividing the
corresponding wefts throughout, as in this construction the fabric will beat up
more closely, but the dividing warps may be crossed between each two rows of
tufts, if desired, or other modifications made.
The loom movement is arranged as required for the operation of producing the
fabric, and the order of inserting the thiee shots of weft or filling may be varied.
In weaving this carpet, especially with heavy tufting, provision is preferably made
for holding the comb against each row of tults, until one or both of the binding or
body wefts are put in, so that these wefts are beaten up against the comb, and the
wefts firmly held against drag of the comb, as the latter is withdrawn. This comb
movement may be used also in other moquette loonis.
Dated this 30th day of March 1896.
NEWTON & SON,
Agents for the Applicant.

page_text: COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Moquette Fabrics, and in Looms for Making
the same.
I PHILIP ARTHUR NEWTON of The Office for Patents, 6 Bream's Buildings,
Chancery Lane in the County of London, Patent Agent, do hereby declare the
nature of this invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be
particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement :-
This invention relates to tufted fabrics, and looms for manufacturing tufted
fabrics, of that class of which the fabric now known as "moquette" carpet is an
example, this carpet having a body of warp and weft threads of suitable material,
usually jute or hemp, and a face consisting of rews of tufts of wool inserted into
the body during the formation of the latter, and looped about some of the welt
threads, and bound in by the other weft thread and warp threads.
Various modes of manufacturing this carpet have been used, the number of shots
of weft to each row of tuits varying from two upward, one or two wefts forming
holding wefts about which the tufts are looped, and the other wefts forming binding
or body wefts, by which, together with the warp threads, the tufts, are secured on
the holding weft, and the body or back of the carpet formed.
In previous fabrics of this class, employing two or more binding or body wefts
to each row of tuits, one of the binding wefts lies between the rows of tufts, so as
to separate them to some extent, so that while a heavier back is provided than in
fabrics having but one binding weft to each row of tufts, the tufts cannot be beaten
up as close as desired, and the result is a somewhat coarse carpet, in which the
separation of the rows of tufts causes the backing to show, when the fabric is
bent.
The especial object of the present invention is to provide a moquette fabric by
which a heavy back shall be secured for the support of the tufts, and the tufts
firmly bound thereon, and, at the same time, avoid the objectionable results of the
separation of the rows of tults by a weft thread. This result is obtained by a
weave employing dividing warps between the binding or body wefts, and between
the upper binding or body weft and the tuft holding weft, in such a manner, that
the binding or body wefts to each row of tufts are held, and lie, in substantially a
straight line with the tuft holding weft, so that the successive rows of tufts are not
separated by a weft, but may be beaten up close together. The dividing warps
preferably in straight though the fabric, the same warp thread dividing the
corresponding wefts throughout, as in this construction the fabric will beat up more
closely, but the dividing warps may be crossed between two rows of tufts, if
desired.
The present invention includes also certain features of construction and
combinations in a loom for wearing moquette fabrics, one feature consisting in
the general construction and arrangement of the loom, by which the binding or
body wefts are inserted and woven in, so as to lie one upon the other, with one of
the binding wefts lying against the row of tufts on the tuft holding weft, and the
other or others forming the back of the fabric, so that no weft lies between the
rows of tufts, as above described; and a further feature consists in an improved
comb and lay movement especially adapted for use in weaving the improved
fabric.
In weaving the improved fabric and other moquette fabrics, especially when the
tufting forming the pile or face, is of very heavy material, the comb which is used
for turning the ends of the tufts about the holding weft is liable to drag part of
the tufting material with it, as it withdraws from the tufts, to permit the binding
or body wefts to be beaten up by the lay, as in the movements heretofore used in
moquitte loon.
An improved action is secured in such looms by retaining the

page_text: comb in position against the tufts during the action of the lay in beating up one
or more of the next binding or body wefts inserted, so that the tufts are held by
one or more such wefts before the comb is withdrawn. This feature of the
invention is of especial value in a loom for weaving a fabric with two binding or
body wefts arranged as above described, and in such a loom the comb is preferably
heid against the tufts during the insertion of both the binding or body wefts
inserted before the next holding weft.
While either of these features of the improved loom may be used without the
other, the general loom movement by which the binding or body weits are woven
in Leing used without holding the comb against the tufts as described, and the
latter feature being applicable generally in moquette looms, these two features
cüact in securing an improved loom, and the invention consists, in part, of their
combination.
For a full understanding of the invention, a detailed description of the improved
fabric, and so much of a loom embodying the apparatus & features of the invention,
as is necessary to enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention, will
now be given in connection with the accompanying drawings forming a part of this
specification, which shew all the features of the invention embodied, in the preferred
form, in a loom of common type, and in a portion of the fabric in its preferred form,
together with a modification of the fabric.
In the drawings,-
Figure 1 is a side elevation of the loom.
Figures 1A, 1B, 1", are detail views shewing the inside heddle cams in correct
position, as in Figure 1.
Figure 2 is a side elevation of the side of the loom opposite that shewn in
Figure 1.
Figure 3 is a vertical longitudinal section shewing especially the new comb and
lay movement.
Figures 4 and 5 are similar sections, shewing the parts in different positions.
Figure 6 is an enlarged detail view, shewing the fabric in process of construction
by the loom shewn in Figures 1 to 5, and corresponding to the position shewn in
Figure 3, but with the fabric open to shew the construction.
Figures 7 and 74 show the binding warp cams in modified form, for varying the
order of weaving.
Figure 8 is a longitudinal section of the complete fabric in the preferred form,
as made by the loom shewn in Figures 1 to 5, part of the fabric being shewn with
the tutts removed, another part with the threads separated for the purpose of
illustration.
Figure 9 is a plan view of the fabric, with the tufts removed.
Figure 10 is a cross section of the fabric with the tufts removed.
Figure 1 is a view similar to Figure 8, without the tufts, shewing a modifi
cation.
The fabric will first be described in its preferred form, as shown in Figures 8 to 10,
when the construction and operation of the loom producing it will be more readily
understood,
In this fabric, the warps are arranged in sets of four, at short intervals apart
across the fabric, as usual in moquette fabrics, and two warps in each set of four
are used as dividing warps, and lie respectively between the two binding or body
wefts, and between the upper binding or body weft and the holding weft of each
set of three wefts to a row of tufts, and the other two of each set of four warps
are binding warps, and pass alternately above and below the three wefts of
successive sets of three wefts so as to bind them and the dividing warps together.
a a are the binding warps; b b the dividing warps; e the tuft-holding weft ;
the middle and bottom binding or body wefts; and d the tufts, all these
being shewn as of somewhat more than actual size of common carpet. The warps
are each preferably quite small, as shown, and in the spaces between the sets of
four warps, the tuits are inserted, as common in this class of fabrics. The three

page_text: wefts, c, c', c³, of each set of three wefts, corresponding to a row of tufts, are
enclosed within a single shed of the binding warps a' a, and the upper dividing
warp lies between the tuft holding weft c and the upper binding or body weft e
and the lower dividing warp & lies between the upper and lower binding or body
wefts e, the dividing warps in this form of the fabric running straight through
the fabric.
Referring now to Figures 1 to 6, the loom for weaving the fabric embodying
the improved features of loom construction, in their preferred form, will be
described.
The loom shewn is, as to its general character, similar to those in common use
for weaving tufted fabrics of this general class, and as the construction and general
operation of such looms are well understood, it has been shown, and will be
described, only so far as is necessary in connection with the explanation of the
subject matter of the present invention.
A is the frame of the loom, in which is mounted, at the rear end, the binding
and dividing warp roll. X, Y, from which the warps are led to the heddles in the
usual manner, these binding and dividing warps being weighted as required, the
dividing warps preferably about twice as heavily as the binding warps. Four
heddles are employed, one for each warp of the four warps in the different sets,
these heddles being lettered respectively A, A, B, B; corresponding to the
binding warps a' a³, and dividing warps carried thereby.
The heddles A, A, B, B', are actuated by their respective cams 1, 2, 1, 2, so
as to secure the opening and closing of the shed, as described hereafter, through
levers 11, connecting rods 12, levers 13, and links 14, the canis being carriel by a
sleeve loose on the main shaft S, and driven therefrom at a suitable epeel by
gears 15, the main shaft S being driven from driving shaft T by gears 16.
Any suitable construction may be used for inserting the tufts and wefts, but the
construction shown is substantially that described in the Specification of British
Patent No. 22455 of 1894; a general description thereof will therefore suffice.
The tuft spools H, baving the usual carriages 1, and tins for inserting the tufts,
are carried by a pair of chains J, forming the spool carrier; and the tute spools are
transferred in succession from the chains to the warp for the insertion of the
successive rows of tufts, and returned to the carrier J by transferring arms K,
mounted and actuated to swing in a vertical plane between the chains and warp,
and horizontally toward and from each other, to seize and release the spools. The
weft carrier consists of the needle R, which is actuated from a cam ron shaft S
through lever 66, link 67, lever 68, and link 69, so that a very quick movement of
the needle is secured, the cam being constructed to actuate lever 66 and needle R
three times to each complete movement of the transferring arms K, so as to insert
three shots of weft or filling to each row of tufts in proper time for the operation
hereinafter described, the needle coacting with the shuttle in race way 77 and
other parts, as in the British Patent No. 22455" above referred to.
The lay, comb, and cutter construction, is substantially the same as shown in
the patent above referred to, except that their relative movements and tining are
changed, so as to secure the required action for weaving the new fabric, and so as
to hold the comb in position against the tufts during the insertion and beating up
of the two tuft-binding or body welts, as above described.
The lay O is carried by arms 42 on a rock shaft 43, actuated by cam o on shaft S
through lever 44 and link 45, and controlled by stop 46. The comb P is carried
by arms 47 pivotted on crank arms 48 on rock shaft 49, the shalt being spring-
pressed in one direction, and actuated in the opposite direction by cam pon shaft S
through lever 50, link 51, and crank arm 52, on shaft 49, and the comb is raised
and lowered by link 53 pivotted thereto, and connected to one arm of the bell-
crank lever 54, returned' by spring 55, and actuated, against the tension of the
spring, by a camp of proper form on shaft S, through lever 56 and link 57,
connected to the other arin of the bell-crank. The comb P is controlled by an
adjustable stop 58.

page_text: The operation of the loom will be understool from a brief description without a
detailed description of the operation of the various parts, except so far as the latter
involve novel features, as the operation of the various devices in detail is substan-
tially the same as in looms of this class heretofore in use, and will be clear to those
skilled in the art.
Modifications may be made in the order of the insertion of the wefts, in weaving
the fabric above described, but the loom is shewn as inserting the middle weft c',
then the bottom weft, and last, the top or holding weft c, in the same shed of
the binding warps. The position in which the parts are shewn in the general views
Figures 1 to 3, is that in which the enus of the tufting material on a spool H,
brought down from the chains J by the transferring arms K, have been inserted
through the warp behind the wefts c', c, and holding weft has been inserted
behind the tufts, and beaten up by the lay O, so that the comb P is just about to
be actuated to turn the ends of the row of tufts through the warp, an loop them
about the holding weft c. In this position of the parts, heddle A', carrying
binding warps a', is raised and heddles A2, B1, B2, carrying respectively binding
warp a and dividing warps b', b, are lowered, and the lay O is just about to be
returned to normal position, and the warps to be shifted into central position for
the action of the comb. This row of tufts is the first row, and this wett c the first
weft in the order of weaving, which is hereafter given in full.
The comb P is now actuated to carry up the ends of the tufts around the holding
weft r, as usual in such constructions, and the heddles are then shifted into the
position shown in Fig. 4, with the heddles A2. B', carrying respectively binding
warp a² and dividing warp b', raised; and heddles AB, carrying respectively
binding warp a' and dividing warp blowered, and thus change the shed of the
binding warps; and the needle R is then actuated to insert the middle binding or
body weft c for the next shed of the binding warps, this being the second weft in
the crder of weaving, while the comb P still rests against the tufts, and holds them
looped about the holding weft c in the previous shed of the bin lung warps, as shown.
The lay C then beats up this weft c', while the comb is still held against the tufts,
and the cutters Q Q are actuated to cut off the tufts, all as shown in Fig. 4.
The lay O is then withdrawn, the transferring arms raised for another spool,
and the heddles shifted into the position shown in Fig. 5, by shifting heddle B2 up
by a full movement, as shown on cam 2b in Fig. 1, the other heddles remaining
stationary, so that heddles A2, B1, B2, carrying respectively binding warp a' and
dividing warps 6, 6, are raised, and heddle A', carrying binding warp al, lowered.
The needle R is then actuated to insert the lower binding or body weft, which is
the bottom weft in this shed of the binding warps, and the third weft in the order
of weaving, and while the comb P still lies against the tufts this weft also is
beaten up against the comb, the lay moving forward from the position shown in
Fig. 5.
The lay O is then withdrawn, the heddles shitted into middle position, and the
comb withdrawn, the two extra beats of the lay against the tufts while held by the
comb, beating them up so fully, that, with the binding or body wefts c', c³, the row
of tuits d previously inserted are held during the withdrawal of the comb, so as to
prevent their being dragged down by the comb, as it returns to its lower position
shown in Fig. 3, even though the tufts be of very heavy material. The transferring
arms are then actuated to bring down the next spool, the chains having been shifted
one spool, as usual in such constructions, and the next row of tufts is inserted,
which is the second row in the order of weaving, and the holding weft c for this
row of tufts, which is the fourth weft in the order of weaving, is inserted by the
needle R, and beaten up by the lay O while the comb is in its lower position, as
shown and previously explained in connection with Fig. 3, thus completing the
three wefts in this shed of the binding warps, and the operation first described is
repeated, the shed of the binding warps being changed, so that the movement of
the two binding warps in shedding is reversed.

page_text: The full heddle motion is as follows for each two rows of tufts:-
First row Weft c, warp a', up; warps a² b₁ 62 down; weft c', warps a³, b', up;
warps a, b, down; welt c, warps a, b, 2 up; warp a¹ down.
Second row: Weft c, warp a², up; warps a', b', 12, down; weft c', warps a', b',
up warps a³, 12, down; weft e², warps a, b, b, up; warp a³ down.
As above stated, modifications may be made in the order of the insertion of the
wefts in weaving fabrics of the form above described, and either one of the two
wefts may be put in first, but both are preferably put in before the holding
weft in the same shed, the change of the cams for putting in the bottom shot c
before the middle shot e', being readily made by one skilled in the art. It is
possible, however, to put in either the middle or the bottom weft c¹ c², then put in
the top or holding weft e and the tufts, and then open the shed again and slip in
the third weft, cams 1, 2, being changed to secure the required heddle movement,
cams 1, 2, remaining as shown. In this operation, the wefts are not beaten up by
the lay against the comb, but the comb is withdrawn before the wefts are beaten
up. The form of cams 1, 2, and their correct positions, corresponding to Fig. 1,
are shown in Fig. 7 and 7.
The heddle motion for thus putting in the middle weft c', after the wefts c and c²
have been put in the shed, is as follows, for each two rows of tufts:-
First row: Weft c, warp a', up; warps a, b, 62, down; weft c', warps a', b', up;
warps a², 2, down; weft c, warps a, b, b, up; warp a¹ down.
Second row: Weft c, warp a³, up; warps a', b', b, down; weft c', warps a³, b',
up; was a, 2, down; weft c², warps a, b, 2, up; waip a² down.
It is preferred to run the dividing warps straight through the fabric, as shown
in Figs. 8 to 10, the same dividing warp thus lying between corresponding wefts of the
different sets the ughout the fabric, as the fabric will thus beat up more closely. As
above stated, however, the dividing warps b, b, may be crossed between the rows
of tufts, as shown in Fig. 11, the heddle motion being correspondingly varied by
changing cams 1°, 2b, so as to reverse the motion for crossing the dividing warps in
the successive sheds, as readily understood by those skilled in the art, cam 1", 2",
remaining as shown in Figs. 1, 14, and the heddle motion being as follows, for each
two rows of tufts.
First row: Weft c, warp a', up; warps a², 61, 62 down; weft c', warps a, b, up;
warps a, b, down; weft 2, warps a, b, 2, up; warp a' down.
Second row: Weft c, warp a², up; warps a, b, 63 down; weft c¹, warps a¹, b,
up was ab, down; weft 2, warps a, b, b, up; warp a² down.
Other modifications in the form of the fabric shown may be made, without
departing from the invention broadly considered, including changes in the arrange-
ment of the warps relatively to each other and to the wefts, as well as the number
of warps and wefts employed, and the invention is not to be limited to the exact
fabric shown. Thus, it is obvious that a similar fabric, with three or more binding
or body wefts may be made by correspondingly increasing the number of dividing
warps, so as to provide a dividing warp between each two wefts in the successive
sheds of the binding warps. The weaving of such a fabric, however, would be
slow, and more than two binding or body wefts will hardly be required, except
possibly for some special object requiring a very heavy back.
While the wefts have been shown as each composed of a single thread, so as to
make the illustration of the fabric clearer, it will be understood that these wefts
may each consist of two or more threads, and, in practice, double-thread wefts will
preferably be used.
It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the improved fabric may
be woven in a hand loom or in a power loom of any suitable form other than that
shown, and that the improved locm movement for weaving such fabric may be
embodied in looms varying widely in construction and form of devices used for
performing the various operations, and in which the tufts are inserted by other
means than those shown, either with or without removing the spools from the spool
carrier.

page_text: The term "moquette" used herein means, and is intended to cover, all carpets
or other fabrics having rows of tufts inserted in the body, and looped about some
of the weft threads.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of the said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed, as communicated to me
from abroad, I declare that what I claim is :-
1. A moquette fabric having a tuft-holding weft and a plurality of tuft-binding
or body wefts to each row of tufts within a single shel of some of the warps, and
with the binding or body wefts separated from each other, and from the tuft-holding
weft, by other warps, sub-tantially as described.
2. A moquette fabric having the warps arranged in sets of bin ling and dividing
warp, and having a tuft-holding weft and a plurality of tuft-bin ling or body
wefts to each row of tufts within a single shed of the binding warps, and with the
binding or hody wefts separated from each other, and from the tuft-holding weft,
by the dividing warps, substantially as described.
3. A moquette fabric having the warps arrange 1 in sets of bin ling and dividing
warps, and having a tuft-holding weft and a plurality of tuft-binding or body wefts
to each row of tufts within a single shed of the binding warps, an1 with the binding
or body wefts separated from each other, and from the tuft-holding weft, by the
dividing warps, said dividing warps running straight through the fabric, so as to
lie between corresponding wefts for the successive rows of tufts, substantially as
described.
4. A moquette fabric having binding and dividing warps, and having a row of
tufts for each three wefts, and having the three wefts for each row of tufts within
a single shed of the binding warps, and consisting of a tuft-holding and two tuft
binding or body wefts, with the binding or body wefts separated from each other,
and from the tuft-holding weft, by dividing warps, substantially as described.
5. In a loom for weaving moquette fabrics, the combination with means for
inserting the tufts, a weft carrier, and warp heddles, of means for actuating the
weft carrier and heddles, to insert a tuft-holding weft, and a plurality of tuft-
binding or body wefts to each row of tufts, and to shift the warps to form a
single shed of some of the warps, enclosing all of said wefts, and to separate each
of said wefts from the other wefts by other warps, substantially as described.
6. In a loom for weaving moquette fabrics, the combination with means for
inserting the tufts, a weft carrier, and binding and dividing warp heddles, of
means for actuating the weft carrier and heddles, to insert a tuft-holding weft
and two tuft-binding or body wefts to each row of tufts, and to shift the binding
warps to form a single shed enclosing all of said wefts, and to shift the dividing
warps to separate each of said wefts from the other wefts, substantially as
described.
7. In a loom for weaving moquette fabrics, the combination with means for
inserting the tufts, a weft carrier, lay comb, and warp heddles, of means for
actuating the weft carrier and heddles, to insert a tuft-holding weft, and a
plurality of tuft binding or body wefts to each row of tufts, and to shift the
warps to form a single shed of some of the warps enclosing all of said wefts, and
to separate each of said wefts from the other wefts by other warps, and means for
operating the lay and comb to hold the comb against the successive rows of tufts
during the insertion and beating up of one or more binding or body wefts, and to
beat up one or more binding or body wefts against the comb, substantially as
described.
8. In a loom for weaving moquette fabrics, the combination with means for
inserting the tufts, a weft carrier, lay comb, and binding and dividing warp
heddles, of means for actuating the weft carrier and heddles to insert a tuft-holding
welt and two tuft binding or body wefts to each row of tufts, and to shift the
binding warps to form a single shed enclosing all of said wefts, and to shift the
dividing warps, to separate each of said wefts from the other wefts, and means for

page_text: operating the lay and comb to hold the comb against the successive rows of tufts
during the insertion and beating up of the two binding or body wefts, and to
beat up each of said two binding or body-wefts against the comb, substantially as
described.
9. In a loom for weaving moquette fabrics, the combination with the lay, comb,
weft carrier, heddles, and means for inserting the tufts, of means for actuating the
heddles and weft carrier, and means for actuating the lay, and comb, to bold the
comb against the successive rows of tufts during the insertion and beating up of
one or more tuft-binding or body wefts, and to heat up one or more tuft-binding
or body wefts against the comb, substantially as described.
10. In a loom for weaving moquette fabrics, the combination with the lay,
comb, weft carrier, heddles, and means for inserting the tufts, of means for actuating
the heddles and weft carrier, to insert a tuft-bolding weft and two tuft binding or
body wefts to each row of tufts, and means for actuating the lay and comb, to hold
the comb against the successive rows of tufts during the insertion and beating up
of one or more tuft-binding or body wefts, and to beat up one or more tuft-
binding or body wefts against the comb, substantially as described.
Dated this 24th day of October 1896.
NEWTON & SON,
Agents for the Applicant.

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