An Improved Method of and Apparatus for Treating Liquids with Gases and for Heating or Cooling Liquids for Distillatory and other Purposes.
Year: 1899

page_text: Date claimed for Patent under Sect, 103 of Act,
being date of first Foreign Application (in > 20th Apr., 1099
United States),
Date of Application (in United Kingdom), 23rd Nov., 1899
Complete Specification Left, 22nd Aug., 1900-Accepted, 23rd Nov.. 1900
Doing date of post oreign Application i
United States),
On Apr., 1099
Date of Application (in United Kingdom), 23rd Nov., 1899
Complete Specification Left, 22nd Aug., 1900-Accepted, 23rd Nov.. 1900
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
An Improved Method of and Apparatus for Treating Liquids with
Gases and for Heating or Cooling Liquids for Distillatory and
other Purposes.
I, PAUL NAEF, Ph.D., of Woody Crest Avenue, near 165th Street, New York
City, United States of America, Chemical Engineer, do hereby declare the nature
of this invention to be as follows:-
This invention relates to the treatment of liquids, such as the evaporation,
distillation or cooling of the same, or the treatment of liquids with gases; and it
chiefly consists in an improved method of and apparatus for carrying out such
treatment whereby economy of heat or of the heating or heat absorbing agent is
attained and whereby also liquids that form scale or precipitates during evapora-
tion, distillation or cooling can be successfully treated. A further object of
my invention is to provide an apparatus for effecting such treatment having
greater capacity than apparatus hicretofore constructed.
According to my invention I supply heat to or abstract heat from the liquid
to be treated chiefly or partly by passing hot or cold gases or vapours through
and directly in contact with the said liquid. For this purpose I employ apparatus
comprising one or more chambers having partitions provided with apertures
through which the liquid is passed, and which partitions serve to spread or dis-
tribute the liquid or the gas or vapour. Means are provided for conducting gas
or vapour through the said chamber or chambers, and also through heating or
heat absorbing devices. The arrangement is preferably such that the gas or
vapour is conducted out of the chamber, is re-heated or cooled, and is returned
to the chamber, one or more times before it finally leaves said chamber. The
liquid is also preferably subjected to a preliminary heating or cooling by being
passed through or around pipes, around or through which is conducted the gas
or vapour from the aforesaid chamber, or the fluid employed for heating or cool-
ing said gas. In some cases instead of heating or cooling the liquid by passing
a gas through the same, said liquid may itself be passed through heaters or coolers.
The accompanying drawings illustrate, in vertical section, four forms of
apparatus or plant which I may employ for carrying my invention into effect.
Figure 1 shows an apparatus consisting of a vertical chamber or column A
having partitions 1 at intervals. Each partition is provided with a central aper-
ture 2 having an upturned rim or flange 3. Over each aperture 2 is placed a
bell 4, for the purpose of distributing the ascending gases or vapours.

page_text: The liquid enters the column A at its upper end 5, and descends through the
same, leaving at 6. During its descent it meets the gas or vapour, which enters
at 7, ascends through the apertures 2 of the partitions 1, being spread or dis-
tributed by the bells 4, and leaves at 7*.
B is a heating or cooling apparatus consisting of a system of pipes 7* arranged
within a cylinder S provided with end plates 9. Below the system of pipes is a
space or chest 10, into which a heating or cooling fluid is passed. This fluid
rises up through the pipe system, enters the space or chest 11, and leaves through
the pipe 12. The gas or vapour is drawn from the column A, through the pipe 13,
by means of the fan 14, and enters the apparatus B at 15. It circulates round
the pipes 7 and leaves in a heated or cooled condition through the pipe 16, and
re-enters the chamber A at 17. For the purpose of preventing the overflow of
liquid into the apparatus B there is arranged a depending flange or rim 18 on
the partition 1 immediately above the outlet pipe 13, which rim forms a gas
space 19 in the portion of the column below such partition. The aperture in
this partition is further made somewhat smaller than the others. It is also
advantageous to carry the pipe 13 to a considerable height and arrange a trap 20
in the same for carrying off liquid.
I prefer to employ devices or apparatus such as indicated at C and D for
effecting a preliminary treatment of the liquid before it enters the column A.
Each of these devices consists of a system of pipes 31 arranged within a cylin-
der 32 having end plates 33. Each cylinder has a conical bottom 34 for the
purpose of withdrawing condensed liquid or other matter.
The gas or vapour finally leaving the chamber A enters the device D through
the pipe 7, and leaves at 35 in a cooled condition, (assuming that the process
being carried out include the heating of the liquid or its treatment with heated
gas or vapour). The heating fluid from the heating apparatus enters the de-
vice C through the pipe 12 and leaves it at 36. The cold liquid to be treated
passes through the pipe system of 1), leaves the same through pipe 38, enters
the pipe system of C at 39, passes through the same and leaves at 40, and enters
the chamber A by the pipe 40°. In this way all the heat is abstracted from the
heating fluid leaving the heater B and also from the gases or vapours leaving
the chamber A.
The apparatus may be used for the distillation of ammonia liquor in the follow-
ing manner:
The ex-
The liquor is passed through the devices D) and C as above described, and
enters the column A at 40ª and passes downward through the same.
hausted liquor flows off at 6. Milk of lime is injected through the pipe 40º.
Steam or heated gas such as air or carbonic acid gas is injected at 7, and rises
through the apparatus causing the volatilization of all the ammonia. At the
same time the ammonia gas is cooled and deprived of its moisture by meeting
cool liquor; this action being carried still further when the gas is passed through
the device D. The steam or heated gas entering continuously at 17 supplies
the heat necessary for the distillation and causes a complete elimination of
ammonia from the liquor in the lower part of the apparatus. By using gas the
further advantage is obtained that the same will take up some of the heat from
the liquor before the latter leaves the apparatus.
If carbonic acid gas is used the ammonia is obtained in the form of the
carbonate. The heater B is preferably heated by the combustion of gas in
the space 10, the gas being supplied through the pipe 40°. Instead of consuming
gas in this heater, the same may be heated by passing through it the hot gases
from furnaces. Or, if the apparatus is used for distillation of liquids of low
boiling point, steam can be employed for heating the heater.
The apparatus shown in Figure 1 may be used for carrying out operations
which require the abstraction of heat from a liquid, (such as the precipita-
tion of bicarbonate from brine, saturated with ammonia, by means of carbonic acid
gas.) by cooling the vessel B with a suitable heat absorbing fluid. The device D

page_text: will then not be required, but that indicated at C can advantageously be used
for cooling the liquid before it enters the column A.
The apparatus can also be used for the evaporation of liquids, air or another
gas being passed into the chamber A through the pipe 7 and the heat for evapora-
tion being supplied by circulating gases or vapours through the heater B. In
such cases a less number of the partitions 1 can be employed. Suitable arrange-
ments are provided for removing any salts that may settle out during evapora-
tion.
The apparatus shown in Figure 2 comprises a vertical chamber A of similar
construction to that shown in Figure 1. It has an inlet 41 for liquor on the top
and an outlet 42 at the bottom. In connection with this chamber I provide a
compound heater consisting of three separate heating spaces or divisions B¹, C¹,
and D. Pipes 43 run through these divisions and communicate at the top with
a space 44, which is in connection with a chimney 45. At the bottom the pipes
communicate with a space 46, which has an entrance pipe 47 for hot gases of com-
bustion, the said gases passing upward through the pipes 43 and heating the
three heaters or divisions B¹, C¹ and D¹.
Gas or vapour enters the heater B1 through the pipe 48, leaves the same through
the pipe 49, and enters the column A. After having passed upwards through
the column some distance the gas meets an obstruction consisting of a water
lute 50 formed by the comparatively great depth of the flange 3 and bell 4 at
this point. The gas therefore leaves the column through the pipe 51 enters the
heater C, and returns to the column in a heated condition through the pipe 52.
It rises through the column until it again meets an obstruction at 53, when it
enters the heater D¹ through the pipe 53¹ and re-enters the column through the
pipe 54.
For the purpose of preventing overflow of liquid into the heater the same pre-
cautions can be used as are shown in Figure 1. Back pressure valves 55 can
also be placed in the pipes between the heaters and column A.
-:
If the lutes 50 are not applied, small fans in the connecting pipes between the
heaters and the column can be used for effecting the circulation of the gas.
Supposing this apparatus to be used for distillation, the operation is as follows:-
The liquid to be treated is continuously run into the top of the column through
the pipe 41, and passes downward through the column and leaves at 42. Steam
or a gas is continuously pumped into the heater B¹ at 48, enters A through
pipe 49, and passing upwards it removes the last traces of, say, ammonia from
the already partly distilled liquid. The vapours leave the column through the
pipe 51, pass through the heater C¹, re-enter the column through the pipe 52,
leave it again at 53, and after having passed through the heater D¹, they again
re-enter the column through the pipe 54.
As the vapours rise upwards they are more and more saturated with ammonia..
After having passed through the heater D¹, they pass through a column of liquid
of considerable height so as to intercept steam as much as possible: For the
purpose of economising heat and removing moisture from the gas, devices similar
to those shown at D and C Figure 1, can also be used.
This apparatus can likewise be used for the treatment of liquid with absorp-
tion of heat therefrom, as for instance, the precipitation of sodium-bicarbonate
with carbonic-acid, the apparatus B', C¹, D', being used as a cooler or coolers.
The heat absorbing agent used in these apparatus may be compressed and cooled
air, which is allowed to expand in the space 46, and passes through the pipes 43.
A very low temperature can thus be obtained.
Instead of utilizing the coolers the gas or vapour can be withdrawn from the
column, as at 51, and 53, and compressed and cooled and then allowed to re-
enter and expand in the column. The first mentioned arrangement is however
preferable in cases where the gas or vapour is likely to corrode the pumps.
Figure 3 shows an apparatus specially designed for treating liquids by absorb-
ing heat therefrom, such as the precipitation of solids from liquids. It comprises

page_text: a column A of similar construction to that shown in Figure 1, having a gas-
inlet 57 and outlet 58, and a liquid inlet 59 and outlet 60. B, D, and E" are
coolers in connection with this column. Each cooler consists of a system of
pipes 61 surrounded by a cylinder 62 and end plates 63. A cooling fluid enters
at 64, circulates around the pipes and leaves at 65. The space 66 above the
pipes is divided into two sections by a partition 67. Below the pipes there is
a suitable arrangement for depositing and drawing off solid matter. The top
of the cooler is closed by a cover which can be removed. Liquid from the column
flows into one section of the space 70, descends through the pipes opening into
the same, and ascends through the other pipes into the other section of this
space 70, from which it passes back into the column at a point below that at which
it emerged. The circulation of the liquid through the coolers may be obtained
by a water lute 71, similar to that before described; or by a rotary pump (not
shown), which may be arranged in the connecting pipe; or both of these devices,
may be employed.
The apparatus can be used in the ammonia soda process in the following
manner:
Brine saturated with ammonia is passed through the column and carbonic acid
is pumped through in the opposite direction. As the liquor descends in the
column it will circulate through the coolers 131, C and D, so that it is cooled
several times during its passage through the column and a complete separation
of the bicarbonate is obtained. The latter settles in the bottom of the coolers,
from which it is withdrawn as desired. For the purpose of preventing clogging
of the bicarbonate an agitator can be provided.
My improved apparatus are particularly adapted for the treatment of liquid
which gives trouble when evaporated in pans through the formation of scale.
Moreover, as liquids can be distilled without diluting them with condensed
water, the volume of the exhausted liquid is smaller and less of the distillate is
lost.
Figure 4 represents an apparatus designed for the treatment of semi-liquids
or liquids containing solids, such as sewage, which would block ordinary apparatus.
This apparatus has the further advantage that liquids can be treated with gases
therein without pumping the gas against pressure. It consists of two revolving
cylinders or furnaces A¹ and A" each having two longitudinal perforated par-
titions 72 meeting at the axis of the cylinder, as seen in the cross section of a
cylinder shown in Figure 4. Lifters 73 are provided on the periphery for the
purpose of raising the liquor and emptying it onto the partitions during the
revolution of the cylinder. There are further provided vertical transverse per-
forated partitions 74, the apertures in which are so disposed that the liquor in
passing through the cylinder, is compelled to take a zigzag course.
The cylinders are provided with end plates having flanged apertures therein.
A stationary pipe 77 affords communication between the cylinders, a stuffing
box 78 being provided at each point of connection. A gas off-take pipe 79 enters
the end of the cylinder A¹ opposite the pipe 77 through a suitable stuffing box.
The liquid passes from the vessel 84 (which may be a heating or cooling device)
into the upper furnace A¹, and then into the lower furnace A" through the
pipe 77. The gas passes from the heater (or cooler) A through the pipe 83
into the lower furnace, which it leaves through the pipe 77. The gas then passes
through a trap 80 which intercepts any liquid carried over, and from thence into
the heater (or cooler) B. On leaving this heater it enters the upper furnace A¹;
and after leaving this latter it may be passed through the above mentioned
device 84 which may be similar to the device C described with reference to
Figure 1.
A hopper 81 is provided at the discharge end of the lower furnace, a tight joint
being made by means of a stuffing box or otherwise. The solid or liquid material
is discharged into this hopper from which it is withdrawn as desired. By means

page_text: of this apparatus sewage matter can be evaporated to dryness and subjected to
dry distillation for the production of ammonia in the apparatus.
The separate heaters or coolers in connection with all the forms of my im-
proved apparatus are provided with valves (not shown) by means of which they
can be disconnected, for cleaning, without disturbing the work of the columns A,
or cylinders A¹, A¹¹.
HASELTINE, LAKE & Co.,
45, Southampton Buildings, London, W.C.,
Agents for the Applicant.
An Improved Method of and Apparatus for Treating Liquids with
Gases and for Heating or Cooling Liquids for Distillatory and
other Purposes.
I, PAUL NAEF, Ph.D., of Woody Crest Avenue, near 165th Street, New York,
City, United States of America, Chemical Engineer, do hereby declare the nature
of this invention and in what manner the sanie is to be performed, to be particu-
larly described and ascertained in and by the following statement:-
This invention relates to the treatment of liquids, such as the evaporation,
distillation or cooling of the same, or the treatment of liquids with gases such
as the precipitation of solids from liquids, and it chiefly consists in an improved
method of and apparatus for carrying out such treatment whereby economy of
heat or of the heating or heat absorbing agent is attained and whereby also
liquids that form scale or precipitates during evaporation, distillation or cooling
can be successfully treated. A further object of my invention is to provide an
apparatus for effecting such treatment having greater capacity than apparatus
heretofore constructed.
According to my invention I supply heat to or abstract heat from the liquid
to be treated chiefly or partly by passing hot or cold gases or vapours through
and directly in contact with the said liquids. For this purpose I employ
apparatus comprising one or more chambers having partitions provided with
apertures through which the liquid is passed, and which partitions serve to spread
or distribute the liquid or the gas or vapour. Means are provided for conducting
gas or vapour through the said chamber or chambers, and also through heating
or heat absorbing devices. The arrangement is preferably such that the gas or
vapour is conducted out of the chamber, is re-heated or cooled, and is returned
to the chamber, one or more times before it finally leaves said chamber. The
liquid is also preferably subjected to a preliminary heating or cooling by being
passed through or around pipes, around or through which is conducted the gas
or vapour from the aforesaid chamber, or the fluid employed for heating or cool-
ing said gas. In some cases instead of heating or cooling the liquid by passing a
gas through the same, said liquid may itself he passed through heaters or coolers.
In order that my invention may be clearly understood and readily carried into
effect I will proceed to describe the same more fully with reference to the draw-
ings accompanying my Provisional Specification which are vertical sectional
views of four forms of apparatus or plant which I may employ for carrying my
invention into effect.
Figure 1 shows an apparatus consisting of a vertical chamber or column A

page_text: having partitions 1 at intervals. Each partition is provided with a central
aperture 2 having an upturned rim or flange 3.- Over each aperture 2 is placed a
bell 4, for the purpose of distributing the ascending gases or vapours.
The liquid enters the column A at its upper end 5, and descends through the
same, leaving at 6. During its descent it meets the gas or vapour, which enters
at 7, ascends through the apertures 2 of the partitions 1, being spread or dis-
tributed by the bells 4, and leaves at 7*.
B is a heating or cooling apparatus consisting of a system of pipes 7 arranged
within a cylinder 8 provided with end plates 9. Below the system of pipes is a
space or chest 10, into which a heating or cooling fluid is passed. This fluid
rises up through the pipe system, enters the space or chest. 11, and leaves through
the pipe 12. The gas or vapour is drawn from the column A, through the
pipe 13, by means of the fan 14, and enters the apparatus B at 15. It circulates
round the pipes 7ª and leaves in a heated or cooled condition through the pipe 16,
and re-enters the chamber A at 17. For the purpose of preventing the over-
flow of liquid into the apparatus B there is arranged a depending flange or rim 18
on the partition 1 immediately above the outlet pipe 13. which rim forms a gas
space 19 in the portion of the column below such partition. The aperture in
this partition is further made somewhat smaller than the others. It is also
advantageous to carry the pipe 13 to a considerable height and arrange a trap 20
in the same for carrying off liquids. Any liquid which may leave the column A
with the gas is separated in the trap 20 and may be withdrawn therefrom by
any suitable means. Only gas free from liquor enters the gas heater.
I prefer to employ devices or apparatus such as indicated at C and D for
effecting a preliminary treatment of the liquid before it enters the column A.
Each of these devices consists of a system of pipes 31 arranged within a cylin-
der 32 having end plates 33. Each cylinder has a conical bottom 34 for the
purpose of withdrawing condensed liquid or other matter.
The gas or vapour finally leaving the chamber A enters the device D through
the pipe 7, passes through the spaces surrounding the pipes 31 and leaves at 35
in a cooled condition, (assuming that the process being carried out includes the
heating of the liquid or its treatment with heated gas or vapour). The heating
fluid from the heating apparatus B enters the device C through the pipe 12 and
leaves it at 36. The cold liquid to be treated enters the apparatus D at 37
passes through the pipe system of D, leaves the same through pipe 38, enters
the pipe system of C at 39, passes through the same and leaves at 40, and enters
the chamber A by the pipe 40. In this way all the heat is abstracted from
the heating fluid leaving the heater B and also from the gases or vapours leaving
the chamber A.
The apparatus may be used for the distillation of ammonia liquor in the
following manner:
The ex-
The liquor is passed through the devices D and C as above described, and
enters the column A at 40ª and passes downward through the same.
hausted liquor flows off at 6. Milk of lime is injected through the pipe 40.
Steam or heated gas such as air or carbonic acid gas is injected at 7, and rises
through the apparatus causing the volatilization of all the ammonia. At the
same time the ammonia gas is cooled and deprived of its moisture by meeting
cool liquor this action being carried still further when the gas is passed through
the device D. The steam or heated gas entering continuously at 17 supplies the
heat necessary for the distillation and causes a complete elimination of ammonia
from the liquor in the lower part of the apparatus. By introducing gas at 7 the
further advantage is obtained that the same will take up some of the heat from
the liquor before the latter leaves the apparatus.
If carbonic acid gas is introduced at 7 much of the ammonia is obtained in
the form of the carbonate. The heater B is preferably heated by the combustion
of gas in the space 10, the gas being supplied through the pipe 40°.. Instead of
consuming gas in this heater, the same may be heated by passing through it the

page_text: not gases from furnaces. Or, if the apparatus is used for distillation of liquids
of low boiling point, steam can be employed for heating the heater.
The apparatus shown in Figure 1 may be used for carrying out operations
which require the abstraction of heat from a liquid, such as the precipitation
of bicarbonate from brine saturated with ammonia, by means of carbonic acid
gas, by cooling the vessel B with a suitable heat absorbing fluid. The device D
will then not be required, but that indicated at C can advantageously be used
for cooling the liquid before it enters the column A.
The apparatus can also be used for the evaporation of liquid, air or another gas
being passed into the chamber A through the pipe 7 and the heat for evaporation
being supplied by circulating gases or vapours through the heater B. In such
cases à less number of the partitions I can be employed. Suitable arrangements
are provided for removing any salts that may settle out during evaporation.
The apparatus shown in Figure 2 comprises a vertical chamber A of similar
construction to that shown in Figure 1. It has an inlet 41 for liquid on the
top and an outlet 42 at the bottom. In connection with this chamber I provide
a compound heater consisting of three separate heating spaces or divisions B', C',
and D. Pipes 43 run through these divisions and communicate at the top
with a space 44, which is in connection with a chimney 45. At the bottom the
pipes communicate with a space 46, which has an entrance pipe 47 for hot gases
of combustion, the said gases passing upward through the pipes 43 and heating
the three heaters or divisions B₁ C and D¹.
Gas or vapours enters the heater B' through the pipe 48, leaves the same
through the pipe 49, and enters the column Å. After having passed upwards
through the column some distance the gas meets an obstruction consisting of
a water lute 50 formed by the comparatively great depth of the flange 56 and
bell 50 at this point. The gas therefore leaves the column through the pipe 5.1
enters the heater C, and returns to the column in a heated condition through the
pipe 52. It rises through the column until it again meets an obstruction at 53,
when it enters the heater D' through the pipe 53 and re-enters the column
through the pipe 54.
.
The high water lute 50 allows the descent of the liquor through the central
opening in the transverse-partitions in the columns, but forms such a depth of
liquid that the gas does not penetrate through it but passes instead into the
heater.
For the purpose of preventing overflow of liquid into the heater the same pre-
cautions can be used as are shown in Figure 1. Back pressure valves 55 which
prevent liquor entering the heaters can also be placed in the pipes between the
heaters and column A.
If the lutes 50 are not applied, small fans in the connecting pipes between
the heaters and the column can be used for effecting the circulation of the gas.
Supposing this apparatus to be used for distillation the operation is as fol-
lows:-
The liquid to be treated say, a liquid containing ammonia, is continuously
run into the top of the column through the pipe 41, and passes downward through
the column and leaves at 42. Steam or a gas is continuously pumped into the
heater B at 48, enters A through pipe 49, and passing upwards it removes the
last traces of, say, ammonia from the already partly distilled liquid. The vapours
leave the column through the pipe 51, pass through the heater C, re-enter the
column through the pipe 52, leave it again at 53, and after having passed through
the heater D, they again re-enter, the column through the pipe 54.
As the vapours rise upwards they are more and more saturated with ammonia.
After having passed through the heater D', they pass through a column of
liquid of considerable height so as to intercept steam as much as possible. This
liquid will, of course, also absorb ammonia until it becomes saturated. For the
purpose of economizing heat and removing moisture from the gas devices similar
to those shown at D and C Figure 1, can also be used.

page_text: This apparatus can likewise be used for the treatment of liquid with absorp-
tion of meat therefrom as for instance, the precipitation of sodium-bicarbonate
with carbonic-acid, the apparatus B, C, D, being used as a cooler or coolers.
The heat absorbing agent used in these apparatus may be compressed and cooled
air, which is allowed to expand with the abstraction of work and is introduced
into the space 46, and passed through the pipes 43. A very low temperature
can thus be obtained.
Instead of utilizing the coolers the gas or vapour can be withdrawn from the
column, as at 51 and 53, and compressed, and cooled by partial expansion with
abstraction of work and then allowed to re-enter and expand in the column.
The first mentioned arrangement is however preferable in cases where the gas or
vapour is likely to corrode the pumps.
Figure 3 shows an apparatus specially designed for treating liquids by absorb-
ing heat therefrom, such as the precipitation of solids from liquids. It comprises
a column A of similar construction to that shown in Figure 1, having a gas-
inlet 57 and outlet 58 and a liquid inlet 59 and outlet 60. B, D, and Eu
are coolers in connection with this column. Each cooler consists of a system of
pipes 61 surrounded by a cylinder 62 and end plates 63. A cooling fluid enters
at 64 circulates around the pipes and leaves at 65. The cylinder 62 is divided
into two sections by a partition 67. Below the pipes there is a suitable arrange-
ment for depositing and drawing off solid matter. The top of the cooler is
closed by a cover which can be removed. Liquid from the column flows into
one section of the space 70,
descends through the pipes opening
into the same, and ascends through the other pipes into the other
section from which it passes back into the column at a point below that at which
it emerged. The circulation of the liquid through the coolers may be obtained
by a water lute 71, similar to that before described; or by a rotary pump (not
shown), which may be arranged in the connecting pipe; or both of these devices
may be employed.
The apparatus can be used in the ammonia soda process in the following
manner:
Brine saturated with ammonia is passed through the column and carbonic acid
is pumped through in the opposite direction. As the liquor descends in the
column it will circulate through the coolers B, D and E, so that it is cooled
several times during its passage through the column and a complete separation
of the bicarbonate is obtained. The latter settles in the bottom of the coolers
from which it is withdrawn as desired. For the purpose of preventing, clogging
of the bicarbonate an agitator can be provided.
My improved apparatus are particularly adapted for the treatment of liquid
which gives trouble when evaporated in pans or otherwise treated, owing to the
formation of scale. Moreover, as liquids can be distilled without diluting them
with condensed water, the volume of the exhausted liquid is smaller and less
of the distillate is lost.
The vessel 62 is so arranged that it can be cleaned without interrupting the
work of the column. The capacity of the latter is increased and blockage is
avoided by removing the bicarbonate repeatedly.
Figure 4 represents an apparatus designed for the treatment of semi-liquids
or liquids containing solids, such as sewage, which would block ordinary apparatus.
This apparatus has the further advantage that liquids can be treated with gases
therein without pumping the gas against pressure. It consists of two revolving
cylinders or furnaces A and A" each having two longitudinal perforated par-
titions 72 meeting at the axis of the cylinder, as seen in the cross section of a
cylinder shown in Figure 4. Lifters 73 are provided on the periphery for the
purpose of raising the liquor and emptying it onto the partitions during the
revolution of the cylinder. There are further provided vertical transverse per-
forated partitions 74, the apertures in which are so disposed that the liquor in
passing through the cylinder, is compelled to take a zigzag course.
The cylinders are provided with end plates having flanged apertures therein.

page_text: A stationary pipe 77 affords communication between the cylinders, a stuffing
box 78 being provided at each point of connection. A gas off-take pipe 79
enters the end of the cylinder A¹ opposite the pipe 77 through a suitable stuffing
box.
The liquid passes from the vessel 84 (which may be a heating or cooling
device) into the upper furnace A' and then into the lower furnace A through the
pipe 77. The gas passes from the heater (or cooler) A through the pipe 83
into the lower furnace, which it leaves through the pipe 77. The gas then passes
through a trap 80 which intercepts any liquid carried over, and from thence
into the heater (or cooler) B. On leaving this heater it enters the upper
furnace A by means of the pipe 79; and after leaving this latter it may be
passed through the above mentioned device 84 which may be similar to the de-
vice C described with reference to Figure 1.
A hopper 81 is provided at the discharge end of the lower furnace, a tight
joint being made by means of a stuffing box or otherwise. The solid or liquid
material is discharged into this hopper from which it is withdrawn as desired.
By means of this apparatus sewage matter can be evaporated to dryness and
subjected to dry distillation for the production of ammonia in the apparatus.
The separate heaters or coolers in connection with all the forms of my im-
proved apparatus are provided with valves (not shown) by means of which they
can be disconnected, for cleaning, without disturbing the work of the columns A,
or cylinders A¹, A¹¹
With regard to Figures 1, 2, and 3 I do not limit myself to the water lute
for the purpose of conducting liquor or gas to and from the column to the heaters
and coolers.
It is important that the temperature of the gas before it re-enters the liquor is so
re-adjusted by heating or cooling as to be most suitable to the particular operation
which is carried out. It is further important that if several vessels for heating or
cooling are used as in Figures 2, 3 and 4 the temperature of the various vessels can
be different and so chosen as to give the best results of the process.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what
1 claim is:-
1. The method of heating or cooling a liquid which consists in continuously
circulating gaseous fluid through the liquid and through a gas heater or a gas
cooler, substantially as described.
2. The method of evaporation and distillation of liquid which consists in con-
ducting the liquid through an apparatus, withdrawing vapours from the
apparatus, heating the said vapours and reinjecting them into the apparatus,
substantially as described.
3. The method of treating liquor with gas which consists in passing the liquor
through one or more vessels passing the gas through the said vessels and with-
drawing, readjusting the temperature by an agent which does not enter the re-
action and reinjecting the gas several times during its passage through the liquor,
substantially as described.
4. The method of treating liquor with gas, which consists in passing the
liquor through a suitable column, injecting cooled or heated gas into the column
and withdrawing, readjusting the temperature by an agent that does not enter
the reaction and reinjecting some of the gas several times during its passage
through the liquor, substantially as described.
5. The method of treating liquid with gas which consists in passing the
liquid through a column or shaft, continuously circulating gas through part of
the column and a gas heater, and conducting the surplus gas upward through
the liquor to be treated. substantially as described.
6. The method of precipitating solid matter from a liquid, which consists in

page_text: passing liquor through a suitable column conducting the liquor during its passage
through said column several times through suitable vessels for the purpose of
cooling the liquor and settling solid matter, substantially as described.
7. The method of treating liquor for evaporation or distillation, which con-
sists in passing the liquor through a revolving cylinder simultaneously conduct-
ing heated gas through the liquor, heating some of the resulting vapours and
again returning them to the apparatus, substantially as described.
8. The method of treating liquid with gas which consists in passing liquid
successively through revolving cylinders in one direction, passing heated gas
successively through the cylinders in the opposite direction and heating the
gas before it enters each cylinder, substantially as described.
9. The method which consists in repeatedly circulating gaseous fluid through
liquor with readjustment of the temperature of the gas before its entrance into
the liquor, and afterwards heating or cooling the fresh liquor by said gaseous
fluid, substantially as described.
10. The method which consists in repeatedly circulating gaseous fluid through
liquor, with readjustment of the temperature of the gas before its entrance into
the liquor, and afterwards conducting the gaseous fluid through fresh liquor
substantially as described.
11. The method of precipitating bicarbonate which consists in cooling car-
bonic acid gas by compression and expansion and bringing the same into contact
with a suitable liquid, substantially as described.
12. The method of precipitating solids from liquids which consists in bringing
gas into intimate contact with a liquor, and several times successively cooling
the said gas by compression and expansion during the reaction, substantially as
described.
13. The method of precipitating bicarbonate which consists in passing the
liquor in contact with gas through an apparatus and several times successively
separating precipitate from the liquor during the progress of the reaction, sub-
stantially as described.
14. The method of precipitating solids from liquids which consists in bringing
liquor into contact with a suitable gas and several times successively separating
precipitate and cooling the liquor in separate devices during the progress of the
reaction substantially as described.
15. The method of treating liquor which consists in passing the liquor through
a revolving cylinder, simultaneously conducting gas through the liquor, re-
peatedly returning much of the gaseous fluid to the apparatus and readjusting
the temperature of the gas before its entrance into the liquor, substantially as
described.
16. The method of treating liquid with gas which consists in passing liquid
successively through revolving cylinders in one direction, passing gaseous fluid
successively through the cylinders in an opposite direction and adjusting the
temperature of the gaseous fluid before it enters each cylinder, substantially as
described.
17. In an apparatus for treating liquor means for continuously circulating gas
through the liquor and a temperature equalizer and means for afterwards con-
ducting the gas through fresh liquor, substantially as described.
18. In combination with an apparatus for precipitating solids by a gas, several
cooling vessels having means for withdrawing sludge and means.for conducting
liquor through them from apparatus and for returning the liquor to the apparatus,
substantially as described.
19. In apparatus for treating liquid with gas the combination of a vessel con-
taining liquor, a heater or a cooler or a number of heaters or coolers, and means
for circulating gas through the vessel and the heaters or coolers, substantially as
described.
20. In apparatus for treating liquid with gas, the combination of a column or
shaft containing liquor, a gas inlet pipe into the bottom of said column, a heater

page_text: or cooler and means for continuously circulating gaseous fluid through the heater
or the cooler and the middle part of the column, substantially as described.
21. In apparatus for treating liquid with gas, a gas heater consisting of a
system of pipes surrounded by a gas combustion chamber substantially as de-
scribed.
22. In apparatus for treating liquid with gas, the combination of a column,
one or more heaters or coolers, means to force the gas from the column to the
heaters or coolers and back to the column, substantially as described.
23. In apparatus for treating liquid with gas, the combination of a gas heater,
and a liquid heater for economising the heat of the heating fluid leaving the gas
heater, substantially as described.
24. In apparatus for treating liquid with gas or vapour, the combination with
a vertical shaft provided with transverse partitions each having a central flanged
aperture, of the means substantially as described for forming a lute for withdraw-
ing liquid or gas from the said shaft, for the purpose specified.
25. In apparatus for treating liquid with gas, a vessel consisting of a number
of superpesed heaters or coolers, and continuous heating or cooling pipes running
through all the heaters or coolers, substantially as described.
26. In apparatus for treating liquid with gas, the combination with a column
or shaft of several liquor coolers, means for withdrawing liquid at various heights
of the column, passing the said liquid through the coolers, and returning the
cooled liquid to the column, substantially as described.
27. In apparatus for the treatment of liquid with gas, a revolving cylinder
for treating liquids, provided with longitudinal partitions and vertical par-
titions having openings, substantially as described.
28. In apparatus for the treatment of liquid with gas a revolving cylinder pro-
vided with longitudinal partitions and lifters for showering liquor on said
partitions, substantially as described.
29. Apparatus for treating liquid with gas or vapour having its parts con-
structed arranged and adapted to operate substantially as described with reference
to one or other of the figures of the drawings accompanying my Provisional
Specification for the purposes specified.
Dated this 22nd day of August 1900
HASELTINE, LAKE & Co.,
45, Southampton Buildings, London, W.C.,
Agents for the Applicant.