CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE METHOD OF TREATING, ORNAMENTING, AND PRESERVING BUILDINGS AND EDIFICES, WHICH SAID IMPROVEMENTS ARE ALSO APPLICABLE TO OTHER SIMILAR PURPOSES
Year: 1851

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, THOMAS
SANDERS BALE, of Cauldon Place, in the County of Stafford, China Manu-
facturer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by
Her Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date
at Westminster, the Seventeenth day of July, in the fifteenth year of Her
reign, and in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-one,
did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said
Thomas Sanders Bale, Her especial licence, full power, sole privilege and
authority, that I, the said Thomas Sanders Bale, my exors, admiors, and
assigns, and such others as I, the said Thomas Sanders Bale, my exors,
admiors, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from
time to time and at all times during the term of years therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within England.
and Wales and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, my Invention of
"CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE METHOD OF TREATING, ORNAMENTING, AND
PRESERVING BUILDINGS AND EDIFICES, WHICH SAID IMPROVEMENTS ARE ALSO
APPLICABLE TO OTHER SIMILAR PURPOSES;" in which said Letters Patent is con-
tained a proviso that I, the said Thomas Sanders Bale, shall cause a particular
description of the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the
same is to be performed, to be enrolled in Her Majesty's High Court of
Chancery within six calendar months next and immediately after the date

page_text: of the said in part recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference
being thereunto had, will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Thomas Sanders Bale, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention,
and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described
and ascertained in and by the following statement or the Drawings bereto
annexed, that is to say):-
My Invention consists,,-
First, in the metliod of treating and preserving the exterior and interior of
old and new buildings and edifices, and rendering them less liable to decay,
by incasing or covering them with "facings," files or slabs made from clays
and clayey compounds, and certain other substances, such as building
stones, natural or artificial steatites, &c., and having their external surfaces
more or less vitrified and glazed, or treated after the known manner of
enamelling slate, in order to avoid the injury from damp and porosity common
to all materials now employed for building purposes, and further to dispense
with the use of cement, paint, &c., these casing surfaces being variously
coloured and ornamented, as herein-after described.
Secondly, in facing the exterior and interior of new buildings and edifices
with various kinds of bricks, stones, &c., natural or artificial, having their
surfaces vitrified; or glazed, colored, and ornamented, as required.
Thirdly, in treating the materials to be manufactured into such. "casings,"
bricks, &c., in various ways, according to their several uses, by coating an
inferior body or compound with a superior surface of a fine texture applied as
a "slip," "dust," "bat," or otherwise termed a vencer, or by opaque and
coloured glazes, and lastly, by painting, printing, glazing, and gilding, the
whole being, burnt in or on, in contradistinction to, porous terra cotta and
ordinary paint, plaster, &c.
Fourthly, in making mouldings, cornices, and other architectural subjects
of clays and other plastic, substances, and likewise of building stones, the
.whole being rendered impervious. to wet by vitrification - and glaze, and used
either as a self-vitrifying body, or veneered, plain, or colored and ornamented,
as required.
:
Fifthly, in making floor tiles, quarries, or blocks hollow, for the prevention
of damp, and in other improvements to beautify their surface, applicable in
part to solid tiles or quarries, such pavements having hitherto, been made solid
and more or less porous, and in improvements in making tesselated and
mosaic pavements, &c., and also in the novel application of glass, talc, &c., for
pavement and flooring, purposes.

page_text: Sixthly, in preparing and ornamenting clays, &c. for certain purposes. And,
Lastly, my improvements consist in suitable improvements in machinery
and apparatus for carrying out practically and beneficially the above objects of
my Invention.
Having described the nature and object of these improvements, I will now
proceed to shew how the same may be carried practically into effect.
First, in order to incase buildings already erected, I form a basement or
plinth, either of stone or clays, properly prepared and vitrified, as herein-after
described. The plinth being built up to a suitable height, being made plain,
or moulded and hollow, or perforated longitudinally or transversely, I proceed
to build in courses the "casings" or tiles suitably made, and treated as
herein-after described, and made corrugated, or indented, or hollow, and
properly fitted together, and firmly fastened to the building by means of dove-
tailed holdfasts or other convenient means of security, as shewn in the annexed:
Drawing (which I have attached to these presents by way of practical
illustration).
In Sheet 1 of the Drawings, Figure 1 is a sectional elevation of part;
of a building with the "casings" attached. A is the building; B the
casing; C the dovetail holdfast, fastened to the wall by the spike D, made
of galvanized iron, to prevent oxidation; E is the plinth, shewn hollow, but
may be made solid. Figure 2 is a top view of the facing, shewing the hold-
fast C in section. Figure 3 is a sectional elevation of another mode of
fastening. A is the building; B the casing, grooved at the ends to receive
the fastening C, which is screwed to the batten of wood D, which is fastened
perpendicularly; E is the plinth. Figure 4 is a plan view of the same.
C shews the fastening in section. The same letters refer to the same parts
in each Figure. These casings or tilés may sometimes be made of self-
colored vitrifying clays or bodies, when a suitable quality can be had cheaply,
but generally of an inferior clay coated with a superior surface or veneer,
colored, ornamented, and glazed, as elsewhere described. They may be made
of any convenient size or shape, plain or rusticated; but I prefer generally to
use them of a size larger than the ordinary brick, of a proportion of twice the.
length and upwards to the width, in order to avoid many joints, and to-
resemble stone ashlar; but this must be governed by the kind of building and,
quality of the material employed. In localities where suitable building stone
can be had, or when unusual sizes are required, I purpose to employ as a
casing such material, previously vitrified, or glazed and ornamented, as
aforesaid. I am aware that stone ashlars are commonly employed as facings
for buildings, but not treated and vitrified in this manner. I am also aware

page_text: that formerly small common red clay tiles were sometimes used for facing
buildings of wood; but these, in consequence of their porosity, were unfit for
the purpose, and when glazed black, as they sometimes were, with lead, the
unsightly appearance and insecurity of their fastening were objections to their
use. What I seek to effect, therefore, is, by the introduction of superior
vitrified and glazed casings to improve the appearance and comfort of
houses generally, and to dispense with cement, paint, &c., which are
costly and inefficient. It will be evident that these surfaces, being non-
absorbent, and the hollow corrugations affording free ventilation, the building
will be absolutely weather-proof, and, consequently, far more durable, whilst
the structure will be beautified by the colored and ornamental surfaces,
at comparatively moderate cost. The string courses, architraves, &c.,
may be formed in the same manner, which will not be defaced and
injured by dirt, weather, &c., so destructive to all architectural work, as at
present.
Secondly, for the interior of rooms, halls, ceilings, &c., the "casings" are
made in a similar manner, either flat or corrugated at the back side, and
securely fixed to the wall, ás before described, or with plaster or other good
cement, and made to represent panels of wood, and printed, marbled, and
otherwise ornamented to imitate printed papers of any pattern, and encircled
with gold after the manner of porcelain. The skirtings and cornices are made
hollow, to allow of proper ventilation, plain or enriched, the whole being
vitrified or glazed. I am aware that baths, fireplaces, hearths, dairies, and
such-like places have been lined with square glazed tiles, commonly called
"Dutch tiles," and that a species of ornamental tile known as encaustic has
been used in churches for wainscotting and ceilings; but hitherto these have
not been been before applied to facing the general structure, nor have the
tiles before used for the purposes specified been veneered, &c., as in the
manner described herein-after.
Thirdly, when the object is to front new buildings or edifices, I make use
of "facings," blocks, &c., which may be made of larger dimensions, and
worked up with the building, being either backed up by common rough bricks,
and bonded in or cramped, as is the custoni with stone work, or, if not
convenient, the walls may be built in the ordinary way with common bricks,.
left to settle, and afterwards fronted or covered with the "casings," as befere
described in reference to old buildings. When, however, it is desired to keep
up the appearance and size of the common brick, I face with a superior
hollow brick used either in a self-colored vitrifying body, or veneered, vitrified,
and finished as to ornament in the same way as the "casings" or tiles. In
-

page_text: some instances I also employ blocks of stone, when a suitable quality can be
procured in particular localities, first treating them and making them non-
absorbent, and likewise ornamenting them as the bricks; but generally I
prefer the use of clays and their compounds so treated. I do not confine
myself to hollow bricks only, though they are preferable on account of their
greater economy and superiority for ventilation, &c., but use solid ones, where
such are preferred, veneering, coloring, and ornamenting them as the others.
For ceilings I make use of "casings," having ornamental patterns and devices,
the same being fastened with plaster and wire or holdfasts in the usual way of
fixing plaster enrichments; but where the floor and cieling are built of brick,
the under side of the latter is veneered, colored, or ornamented, thus forming
a cieling and upper floor in one. I am aware that solid bricks have been
coated white and glazed on a fire-clay marl applied to baths, and therefore I
do not claim for that particular application. It is unnecessary to enumerate
all the forms, variations, and purposes to which the above may be applied;
but the general design is to make a superior front for a new building, some-
times with a casing of tile, or sometimes with a superior brick or block, but in
either case treated in a particular manner, as herein-after described, for the
purpose of their preservation and ornament. These bricks may also be
advantageously used for baths and partition walls. In the latter case they are
glazed on both sides. For external purposes a smooth, dead, or semi-glazed
surface is preferred, as being more agreeable to the eye.
Fourthly, a further improvement consists in the making of floor, quarries,
pavements, &c., hollow, in place of solid, as heretofore practised, and in giving
them a surface of a hard, smooth, close texture. Since glazing the surface
highly would render them slippery and dangerous for such uses, I do not
commonly intend to use it, but impart a very hard, compact, vitreous surface,
sufficient to render them non-absorbent. This is done either by applying a
body to the surface of itself vitreous, or smearing it slightly by the process
commonly practised by potters for their ordinary manufacture, or the surface
is slightly glazed, and then deadened by means of a wire brush. The advan-
tages gained here are, that the hollow part promotes warmth and dryness, so
essential to comfort, whilst the outer surface being non-absorbent the dirt will
not grain in nor the wet penetrate. For out-door purposes this is especially
valuable, as in consequence of the porosity of quarries now made the dirt,
damp, &c. soon deface the appearance. Sometimes I make the quarries of a
self-colored body of clay; but when it is desirable to vary either the body of
the quarry, &c., or color of the same, I practice the method termed
veneering," by laying on a thin foreign body constituting a superior surface

page_text: of fine texture. I likewise employ a mode of ornamenting termed "printing
on clay," as herein-after described. Sometimes, to get peculiar colors or
effects, I print on the article in the fired state, but generally for this purpose
I prefer the former, because by the action of the heat upon the clay and color
at the same time they are amalgamated to a much greater degree, and the
color is not liable to be worn off. I am aware that solid floor quarries of
plastic clay have been coated in a rough manner, generally used with red and
black clays, and that the peculiar quarries known as encaustic have "had
colored clays run in, 'forming geometrical or other patterns, and that tiles have
been printed on clay, is what is termed outline in one color, therefore I do not
claim for these particular applications. The features of novelty are, the making
of hollow floor quarries, blocks, or tiles in all their varieties, either by the
dust or plastic mode, veneering and printing either dust or plastic quarries
and tiles in the clay state, with the above exception, and making imitations of
marbles, granites, &c.
A further improvement to imitate tesselated or mosaic work is made thus":
-The face of the "bat," slab, &c., when at the proper state, is to be divided
by fine lines, to form squares and other figures; the squares so formed are
colored to the required pattern, either by painting, or by printing in the
ordinary way practised by potters, or by blocks or types, corrugating or
indenting the surface of the clay, and filling up in the clay state with small
squares or other figures of different colored clays, and then finished and pre-
pared in the ordinary way for the oven. When very fine colors are required,
not obtainable at a high heat, such parts of the pattern-are left plain, and the
requisite colors or gilding put on in the usual way of ornamenting pottery. 'I
am aware that the faces of clay articles have been so divided, but not in
connection with coloring or ornamenting in the manner described, resembling
tesselated work.
A further improvement consists in the novel mode of producing the varieties
of ornament termed tesselated and mosaic, for walls, floors, tiles, slabs, &c.,
and is performed as follows:-Clays of different colors being prepared, I take
them separately or combined, and by means of an ordinary die of the required
size and form squeeze out thin strings or strips of any convenient length.
These strings are then picked up one by one by means of a flat ruler or com
positor having small points inserted in its edge which penetrate the clay, and
cause an adhesion thereto. The strip of clay is then pushed up against 'a
straight edge to straighten it, and put into its place to form its respective
square, and so on until the block of strips of the required size is completed,
having the pattern so composed and formed by means of the different colored

page_text: clays, as illustrated in Figures 5 and 6, Sheet 1, in Drawing attached. The
first row of colored strings a, a, being laid on a smooth horizontal bed, with
an edge rising at right angles from its surface, so as to form the square, a
second row b, b, is placed thereon, and so on until the whole is formed. The
block c, c, c, c, is then cut crosswise, with a piece of fine wire, into three or
more parts. Each part is then submitted to pressure (endways of the strings);
to consolidate the clay, and unite the different colors together. The pieces so
divided, and made firm and compact, are put into a box, and by means of a
piston and screw are projected to a sufficient extent to form the thickness of
veneer wanted, which is then sliced off with a wire, and falls gently upon a
plaster mould d, d, underneath, see Fig. 6, so placed that the face of the
block touches the plaster, and adheres in some degree, so that the cutting by
the wire does not deface the veneer. This is repeated until the block is cut up
entirely into veneers. Not only can patterns be made thus of single colors, but
shades of colors, as in the Figure, can be attained by fluxing down the primary
color, and producing a pictorial effect. Besides these either plain or shaded
tints, it is evident that a great variety of patterns may be composed by
adapting die plates to the pattern wanted. Thus granitic and marbled effects
may be obtained by mixing together different colored clays, and forming them
into blocks, and cutting veneers thereof, as before. I also form surfaces of a
threaded and mottled and veined appearance by taking clays, properly pre-
pared, of three or more colors or different shades of the same color, and placing
them in lumps one upon the other, and then "batting" them out slightly on
a plaster block, after the manner of potters. The "bat" is then cut through
or divided, and the sections again placed upon one another, again beaten out
and doubled as before, and continued until the varied effect is sufficiently pro-
duced. The "bat" so completed is then cut with a fine wire crosswise, and
will present a curious mottled veined appearance of great beauty, and may be
used to form the articles wanted. Another effect is produced by the "bat"
being "bossed" upon a mould having a number of prominences on the surface,
and where the "bat" is divided it will be found to have a number of beauti-
fully shaded rings or veins, having the effect of rich marbles, malachite, &c.,
the pattern being varied at pleasure, according to the mould, as lines, dots, &c.
The above may be used either as a veneer or in solid blocks or slabs. It is
evident that similar effects may be produced in articles made from glass, and
may be employed for similar purposes.
Another and beautiful species of quarries for pavement may be made with
glass roughened on the top side to prevent danger in walking, treated and
ornamented as before named, and fixed on a groundwork of cement, &c., or

page_text: having, colored plaster, making various patterns, covered over with the glass.
For flooring purposes or pavement I intend to make and apply stout plates or
sheets of glass made.in slabs or blocks, either roughened or ground on one
side, or painted or printed at the back in devices or plain colors; or, for cheap-
ness, I use ordinary printed papers, plaster, cloth, woollen, and other sub-
stances, painted, printed, or dyed, and fastened to the back or under side with
varnish, and varnished also at the back, or coated with gutta percha, to prevent
decay from the damp of the floor, and laid in cement.
'
Another mode of ornamenting similar articles is by fixing in colors and
patterns in the body of the glass with various materials, in the manner now
practised for various ornamental articles at present in use.
65
The general intention and objects of manufacture being now stated, I will
proceed to describe the. manner in which the same are to be treated in order
to adapt them to their several uses. First, in relation to the materials or
compounds technically called "body." This varies according to their quality
and the purpose required. When intended to have a superior coating or layer,
as before described, I take common clays, marls, or ordinary earths used
for bricks, &c., and reduce them to a working state by any of the usual well-
known methods. When a better article is wanted, with or without a veneer;
I employ another method; namely, by rolling, crushing, or otherwise reducing
the mixture to a fine state, drying it quite dry, and afterwards levigating it to
a fine dust with stones or iron discs, and sifted. By thus bringing the par-
ticles to a more perfect commixture it is admirably adapted to manufacture
in what is termed the dry or "dust" mode, or it may be tempered into plastic
clay." When the finest body is required, gencrally for the "slips " dust or
coloring surfaces, in order to free it from the dirt, iron, and injurious ingre-
dients, I employ the mode technically called "slipping" by potters, which
consists in reducing the materials, previously finely ground and mixed, to
à slip or slop state, and sifting out with fine sieves the impurity and
coarser particles. The slip is then dried to a paste or dough, and tempered
or pugged for use. The clay or compound being ready for use, the articles,
as bricks, tiles, &c., are made by any good brick or tile machine, or by any
other known method, the required shapes being given by suitable dies.
When such forms are required not conveniently made by such machines, I use
plaster or other moulds as ordinarily used. The articles, after being shaped,
are then coated with a superior surface or layer, either of self-colored clays of
a better quality, or mixtures with metallic oxides, in as coloring matter pre-
pared as follows:-For. a white face on bed or cane clay, I take forty-five
parts blue clay, thirty-five Cornish clay, fifty ground flints, twenty Cornwall

page_text: be made with their oxides,
66
stone; for a superior cane or buff, eighty parts best cane marl, twenty flint,
twenty stone; for black, forty blue clay or red, thirty ochre, ten manganese,
ten iron scales; for blue, thirty blue clay, forty Cornish clay, twenty flint,
twenty-five Cornish stone, six oxide cobalt. These are a few of the
formula for making the superior surfaces or veneers, but the proportions
must be varied to suit the nature of the under or inferior body, and the
degree of heat it will bear. Other colors in green, pink, drab, &c., may
and beautiful colors may also be made with
the clays themselves, when ground and freed from impurity. These sur-
faces are laid on either by pouring them on evenly as a slip," or applied
in the form of dust, or by a thin "bat" laid on and pressed up, or any
suitable method. The former methods are better for expensive material; but
sometimes I apply a coating by means of a veneering machine, the mode of
operation of which is as follows, and is represented in the sectional view at
Figure 7, Sheet 1, of the Drawing:-The squeezing box a, a, for shaping the
brick casing, &c., is divided into two or more chambers, 6 or c, by means of a
sliding plate terminating in smooth levelled edges, the said plate being capable
of adjustment. The size of the divisions of the squeezing boxes should be
proportioned to the relative bulks of the article and the intended vencer; but it
will be impossible to proportion the boxes to suit all veneered articles, as the
thickness of the vencer will be generally the same, whilst the article itself will
vary considerably. Each division of the boxes is fitted with a suitable piston e
and f made perfectly tight, so as to allow no clay to escape past its periphery.
These pistons being caused to traverse by a suitable arrangement of screws and
toothed or other gearing will express the two distinct clays into the die plate,
the said clays being kept separate by the division plate until they meet
in the throat of the dies at 9, 9, and are finally forced from the orifice
firmly adhered together. The bulks of clay discharged in any period of
time must be in exact proportion to the relative thickness of the article
and veneer. Thus, if the article contain ten times as much clay as
the veneer, it follows that ten times as much clay must be expressed in
the same time for making the article as for the veneer, or one will outstrip the
other in progress. This adjustment of the relative discharges is accomplished
by altering the proportions of the squeezing boxes by means of a moveable
side, increasing or diminishing the area of the box expressing the vencer, and
by causing the relative rate of travel of the pistons to be altered until the
required proportional discharge is effected, this being accomplished by addi-
tional change wheels. The two combined methods regulate the discharge of
the two clays to the requisite proportion of article and vencer.
I do not

page_text: confine myself to this precise method, for other mechanical equivalents may bc
used for effecting such operations..
The bricks, tiles, or other articles, either plain or veneered, are put to dry
till they are sufficiently hard to press up, which is done by a particular process
termed finishing, by a novel arrangement or construction of apparatus, also
exhibited in Sheet 2 of the Drawings annexed. Figure 1 is a plan view of
the apparatus. Figure 2 is a vertical section, Fig. 3 is an horizontal sec-
tion, and Fig. 4 is an end view of the same. C is the mould, consisting
of four pieces of cast iron, planed and accurately fitted and indented as at
A, A, A, A. B is the 'bolt shewn in Figure 4, and is for the purpose of
holding down the plate A until the hollow article or brick is pressed, and
is then pushed back to release the plate A, that the article may be allowed
to be pushed up. A is the holding-down plate to hold the article down
tightly in the mould when the plugs are drawn out, and serves to prevent the
article from rising and being injured by the plugs. P are the plugs, which
form cavities in the brick; they are made hollow, and a hole is .drilled
through the top, as shewn at D, to allow the air to escape; they are fixed to
the piece of cast iron. F, F, is a piece of cast iron, shewn in section in
Figure 2, and dotted in elevation in Figure 4; it is fixed to the cross head
of the machine, and when lowered down, as shewn at Figure 2, presses on the
plate A, which presses upon the clay to form the article I. H is the carrier,
which ascends and descends.with the piston E, see Figures 2 and 4. By means
of the piston E the article is pushed out when pressed and carried away.
The mode of working this machine is as follows.:-The piston is raised till
the top of the carrier is within 1/8 inch of the top of the mould; the brick or
other article is then placed upon it, and descends with the piston; the plate
then drops in its place, and is fastened with the bolt; then. the plugs and the
piece of iron to which the plugs are fixed are lowered down into their place,
and the pressure applied; the bolt then falls back, and the finished article is
pushed out and taken away. The great advantage of using this machine is to
perfect the form and strengthen the articles liable to be warped in drying, and
bring all to a square and uniform size. When used in pressing up veneered
surfaces it fastens the two bodies more firmly together, but with some bodies it
is better to finish the shape first, and vencer afterwards. The same mode
is pursued with pipes, tubes, or any other hollow articles employed for building
purposes, requiring finishing and perfecting. In making hollow articles I
sometime employ another mode. Instead of forming the cavities by dies, and
then pressing up, the article is shaped, and ordinary drills are used to make the
cavities. The peculiar process termed printing on the clay" is done by

page_text: taking an impression in the ordinary way used by potters, and rubbing the
paper containing it on the surface of the article gently and evenly; it is then
pressed up by the finishing machine, the pressure of which fixes the print into
perfect union with the clay; when dry the paper is peeled off, and the article
is ready for firing. It is not always necessary to print first, but I prefer it.
Beautiful representations and imitations of marbles, stones, woods, and other
patterns can be faithfully represented. To make certain patterns, like leaves,
scrolls, &c., on the bodies, without printing, I adopt the ordinary plan in
"slipping" fine pottery, which I term "stencilling." I also print the article
in the fired state. The glaze is generally applied previous to firing, composed
thus:-Eighty parts of white lead, forty Cornwall stone, twenty flint, twenty
glass, or various proportions, suited to the body and degree of heat, or any
other suitable glaze. I also use glazes colored with metallic oxides, in the
same manner as the bodies previously mentioned, when preferred to veneering
and glazing, and in contradistinction thereto. To make a still richer effect,
I pursue the plan of porcelain enamelling and gilding. In order to produce
great accuracy and close joints, and for grooving, I sometimes make use of
circular saws, cutters, and drills, applied before firing; and sometimes the
slabs, &c. are ground and polished after the manner of glass. I further make
use of building stones, granites, &c., for some purposes, where such can be
had cheaply, treating, vitrifying, and decorating them after the same manner,
selecting those generally with little or no lime in, and which will bear great
heat. Beautiful effects can also be obtained by cutting, grooving, and otherwise
forming squares and other figures in them, and forming a species of inlaying with
vitrified substance, as pottery, glass, &c.; to all these varieties I apply the term
vitrified "encaustic stone." I am aware that solid bricks of fire-clay marl
have been previously coated white and glazed for baths, and that common
brick clay has been glazed for sewers, &c., and that solid bricks unglazed, of
red and blue colors, have been "slipped "with a "slip" of the same bodies,
"and that solid floor tiles or quarries of plastic clay" have been coated with
red and black bodies, and that tiles for baths, fireplaces, &c. have been
printed on biscuit, glazed and gilt, and that plain solid bricks, quarries, or
tiles have been pressed up after moulding; therefore, for these several cus-
tomary modes I make no claim; but the parts for the first time employed are
the coating surfaces or veneers applied to inferior bodies for hollow bricks of
all kinds, blocks, facings, slabs, pipes, &c., and for solid bricks, except in the
case before referred to; the making and veneering simultaneously articles of
clay and other plastic substances; for perfecting the form by a finishing
machine of hollow articles of clay, of bricks, &c., previously named; the

page_text: finishing by such machine of solid bricks, blocks, &c., when veneered surfaces
are adapted, either before or after the process; the printing and ornamenting
on the clay as described; the use of circular saws and drills for cutting in the
unfired stated, as represented at Fig. 8, Sheet 1, of the Drawings, a, a, being
the circular saws, and b, b, the bricks; and, lastly, for the production of these
various combinations at one fire.
Having now fully described the nature of my said Invention, and the
manner of carrying the same into practical effect, I desire it to be understood
that I claim as my improvements in the method of treating, ornamenting,
and preserving buildings and edifices,-
First, the facing their exterior with plain, hollow, or corrugated or indented
casings, tiles, or slabs, as above severally and particularly described, and which
I term "weatherproof ceramic casings," such casing being either self-vitrifying
bodies, or veneered, colored, ornamented, vitrified, and glazed, and affixed in
the manner above particularly described.
Secondly, I claim the treating, ornamenting, and preserving the interior of
buildings and edifices by such casings, tiles, or slabs, adapted and applied
thereto as above particularly described.
Thirdly, I claim the casing the exterior and interior of buildings and edifices
with various kinds of bricks, blocks, &c., which I term " glazed veneered
bricks," such bricks being self-vitrifying bodies, or veneered,. colored,
ornamented, and glazed, as herein-before severally and particularly described.
Fourthly, I claim the manufacturing of blocks, cornices, and other archi-
tectural subjects, either in self-vitrifying bodies or veneered with colored
surfaces burnt in and on the body, and vitrified, ornamented, and glazed, in
order to be made waterproof, and the applying the same so as to form vitrified
"chromo" encaustic architectural work," in contradistiction to the ordinary
porous terra-cotta, paint, &c., &c., as above particularly described.
Fifthly, I claim the coating of bricks, blocks, tiles, slabs, or "casings " for
buildings (either before or after firing) with a superior surface, applied either
as "slip," "dust," or "layer," termed in the several varieties a "veneer,"
colored, vitrified, and glazed, and also veneering with other substances (as
stone, glass, and vitrified surfaces,) such articles in a fired state, as above
particularly described, and the application thereof to the ornamenting and
preserving buildings.
Sixthly, I claim the manufacturing of tiles, quarries, slabs, or blocks, hollow,
for floors or pavements, and the ornamenting of floors and pavements thereby,
as above particularly described.
Seventbly, I claim the methods above particularly described of treating and

page_text: ornamenting of solid tiles, quarries, slabs, bricks, or blocks for floors or
pavements, tesseroe, &c.; and also the methods of imitating tesselated or
mosaic work in the manner above particularly described.
Eighthly, I claim the manufacturing and veneering simultaneously bricks,
tiles, and all such articles of clay and other plastic materials as are or may be
employed for buildings or edifices, by means of machinery or apparatus con-
structed and arranged upon. the principles above described, and exhibited in
the Drawings herein referred to.
Ninthly, I claim the perfecting the form and the "finishing" of hollow
bricks, tiles, quarries, slabs, or casings, or other hollow architectural subjects
or veneers, solid bricks or blocks, by means of machinery or apparatus con-
structed and arranged upon the principles above particularly described, and
exhibited in the Drawings herein referred to.
Tenthly, I claim the application and adaptation of glass or other diaphonous
tiles or slabs, treated and ornamented in the manner herein-before described
for the construction of flooring or pavement.
Eleventhly, I claim the treating building stones or blocks in the manner
before particularly described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Thomas Sanders Bale, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Twelfth day of January, One thousand
eight hundred and fifty-two.