IMPROVEMENTS IN THE, CUTTING AND WORKING OR COAL, STONE, SHALE CLAY; AND: OTHER MACHINERY FOR THAT PURPOSE
Year: 1852

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Charles Henry Waring, of Neath Abbey, in
the County of Glamorgan, Iron Master, for the Invention
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE, CUTTING AND WORKING OR
COAL, STONE, SHALE CLAY; AND: OTHER
MACHINERY FOR THAT PURPOSE;"
7
SIMILAR
of
OF
QUARRYING
SUBSTANCES, AND IN
Sealed the 11th December 1852, and dated the 15th October 1852.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Charles Henry
Waring at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his
Petition, on the 15th October 1852.
I, CHARLES HENRY WARING, do hereby declare the nature of the
5. said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CUTTING AND WORKING OR
QUARRYING OF COAL,, STONE, SHALE, CLAY, AND OTHER SIMILAR SUBSTANCES,
AND IN MACHINERY FOR THAT PURPOSE," to be as follows:-
In lieu of picking out the coal or blasting it with gunpowder, I
employ reciprocating or revolving cutters, set in motion by suitable
machinery, and worked either by the power of men or animals, or by
steam, water, or air power, or any other suitable power.
C 20
By-proceeding in this manner the waste of coal in the shape of small
[Price: 8d.]

page_text: coal or dust is reduced, and labour is economised, and less skill is
required on the part of the workmen. Moreover, when the machines
are employed underground, and are worked by means of air, they assist
in ventilating the workings. A series of vertical and horizontal cuts are
made in the coal, and the blocks thus partially separated are then
detached by the workmen, and removed in waggons or otherwise.
The cubical form of the blocks facilitates their stowage. In other
cases two series of diagonal cuts are made in opposite directions, and
the cubical or rhomboidal masses detached and removed.
In some cases, particularly in working stone, the blocks may be cut
out one after another by causing the machines to cut all the sides of the
cubical or other block. Headings are driven by a machine with one,
two, or more cutters, and when such machine is worked by vacuum or
by compressed air the heading is ventilated at the same time, so that it
is unnecessary to drive another adjoining heading with cross passages
in order that one may ventilate the other.
The reciprocating cutters are moved by cranks or levers, or other
similar means, and are provided with guides and screws or other means
of advancing the cutters, which are mounted on frames, and made
adjustable for different lengths of cut.
The rotary cutters are driven in various ways. One method consists
in forming apertures in the rotary cutter to receive the teeth of a wheel
which drives it, by which means it can be made to produce a cut of a
depth nearly equal to its radius. Another method consists in making a
circular cutter by fixing the cutters on the circumference of a toothed
wheel, which is driven by another toothed wheel in which spaces are
left to allow of the passage of the cutters in the first wheel. Suitable
advancing motions are applied to advance the cutter to its work. The
cutters may be of various forms. A bird-mouth cutter, or a cutter with
two diverging points, may be advantageously used for coal. Cutters in
the form of saws, or with alternate single and double teeth, and made of
one or more plates, may be employed. By making the cutter or cutter
frame of two plates, with a space between them, a current of air or
water may be driven through it, so as to sweep the dust out of the cut
made by the machine. One, two, or more cutters may be placed on
:
:
17.

page_text: the same machine. Some of the machines are adapted for making
vertical cuts, and others for making horizontal or diagonal cuts. Some
of the machines are made in such a manner that they can be moved into
various positions, so as to make either vertical, diagonal, or horizontal
cuts with one and the same machine. The machines may be mounted
on wheels, and brought to the required place, and then fixed by means
of screwed rods, which are forced against the floor and roof or against
the sides of the workings; or any other means of fixing them is employed.
The mode of working the machines is either by manual or animal
labour, or by air, steam, or water power applied to an oscillating or
other reciprocating or rotary engine, or by any other suitable power.
The apparatus for applying the power is mounted on the framework of
the machine, or on a separate frame or foundation.
In working machines by the power of air, the air is compressed by
an air pump or otherwise, and conveyed by pipes to the machine, or the
air pump is employed to exhaust the air from the engine, which is then
driven by the external air which is thus withdrawn from the working.
The air pump may be driven by the rods which work the pumps for
draining the mine when such pumps are used. The water raised by
such pumps may also be employed as water power for driving the
machines.
The Invention is applicable to the working or quarrying of stone,
shale, clay, and other similar substances, and in a similar manner.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Charles Henry Waring in the Great Seal Patent Office,
on the 14th April 1853.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, CHARLES
HENRY WARING, of Neath Abbey, in the County of Glamorgan, Iron
Master, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Fifteenth day of October, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-two, in the six-
teenth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and succes-

page_text: sors, give and grant unto me, the said Charles Henry Waring,
Her special license that I, the said Charles Henry Waring, my
executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said
Charles Henry Waring, my executors, administrators, and assigns,
should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time
and at all times thereafter during the terin therein expressed, should
and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United
ingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and
Isle of Man, an
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CUTTING AND
WORKING OR QUARRYING OF COAL, STONE, SHALE, CLAY, AND OTHER SIMILAR
SUBSTANCES, AND IN MACHINERY FOR THAT PURPOSE," upon the condition
(amongst others) that I, the said Charles Henry Waring, by an instru-
ment in writing under my hand and seal, should particularly describe
and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner
the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the
Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and imme-
diately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Charles Henry Waring, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner
the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascer-
tained in and by the following statement thereof, reference being had
to the accompanying three Sheets of Drawings, and to the figures and
letters marked thereon, that is to say:
The Invention relates to certain improved modes of cutting and
working or quarrying of coal, stone, shale, clay, and other similar
substances by means of machinery, and also to improvements in
machinery for that purpose.
Figure 1, Sheet I. of the accompanying Drawings, is a side view of
one of my improved machines for making vertical cuts in coal and other
minerals. Figure 2, is an end view; and Figure 3, is a plan of the
game. The same letters refer to similar parts in each Figure. A, A,
are two cutter wheels mounted on the two ends of a horizontal shaft 1.
Each wheel carries two cutters fixed in sockets at B, and C. Both
these cutters are of the bird-mouth or V form shewn in Figure 4; or
one of them is of that form, and the other of a pointed or angular form,

page_text: as shewn in Figure 5. The cutter wheels are made of plate iron of less
thickness than the width of the cutters, so that they may run freely in
the cut.
Teeth or cogs are formed on the circumference of the cutter
wheels, which are driven by the face wheels D, D, fixed on the shaft E,
and which also serve as fly wheels to equalize the motion. The width
across the two face wheels D, is somewhat less than the extreme width
across the cutters on the wheels A, A. Two spaces or intervals F, F,
are left between the teeth on the wheels D, D, to allow of the passage of
the cutters on the wheels A, A.
On the shaft E, is a toothed wheel G, which is driven by another
toothed wheel H, on whose axis the two cranks I, I, are fixed at right
angles to each other. These cranks are driven by the rods K, K, which
are jointed to the levers a, a, and pulled backwards and forwards by men
who take hold of the handles b, b.
On the shaft E, is a small projection L, which in its revolution
depresses the lever M, which is again pressed up by a spring.
This lever
carries a paul or several pauls or claws N, which act on the ratchet
wheel O, and turn it, and the wheel P, which gears into the rack Q, on
the carriage R. S, is the frame of the machine which supports the
various parts, and which works in guides or slides on the carriage R.
This carriage is supported on the wheels T, T, which run on a railway
or on the floor of the mine. V, V, are other wheels adapted for running
the machine sideways, for which purpose the wheels T, T, are taken off
their axles.
The machine is placed with the front of the cutter wheels close to
the face of the coal, and the carriage R, is fixed by scotching the wheels
or otherwise. The machine is then worked by the handles b, b, and the
cutter wheels put in rapid motion. The ratchet wheel O, gradually
advances the frame S, and the cutter wheels A, A, cut into the face of
the coal until they have entered nearly half their diameter.
The
machine is then run back, and the mass of coal between the two cuts is
broken out by hand by means of crowbars or picks. Two fresh cuts
are then måde, and so on. A heading or passage of the width of the
machine may thus be cut into the coal. The machine may be made
with only one cutter wheel, instead of two, or it may be made with

page_text: three or more cutter wheels on the same shaft. By altering the position
of the machine upon its carriage, this machine may, with slight modifi-
cations, be applied for making horizontal cuts or inclined cuts.
Figure 6, is a plan of one of my improved machines for making
a horizontal cut along a face of coal or other minerals. Figure 7, is
a side view; and Fig. 8, is an end view of the same. A, is the cutter
wheel carrying two cutters B, and C, of the forms shewn in Figures
4, and 5, and already described. D, is a toothed wheel which gears
into a series of apertures in the wheel A, and serves to communicate
motion to it. The wheel D, is fixed on a shaft E, which carries
another toothed wheel G, which is driven by the internal toothed wheel
H. The spaces between the teeth in the wheel H, pass completely
through the ring of the wheel, so as to prevent its becoming obstructed
with the dust produced by the cutters. The wheel H, is driven by two
cranks I, I, and rods K, K, connected to the levers a, a, and worked by
handles b, b, as in the first machine herein-before described. d, is a
small guide roller to prevent the cutter wheel A, from springing up
away from the wheel 1). On the shaft 7, of the cutter wheel A, is an
endless screw or worm L, which drives a worm wheel O, on the shaft P.
A chain or rope is passed round the shaft P, and its two ends are fixed
at the two ends of the face of coal to be cut. The whole machine is
mounted upon a carriage R, with wheels T, T, which runs on a railway
M. The cutter wheel A, is entered into the coal at one end of the cut,
and it is then caused to revolve by working the handles b, b. At the
same time the endless screw gives a slow motion to the shaft I, and
causes the machine to advance along the railway M. A horizontal cut
of a depth nearly equal to the radius of the wheel A, is thus made along
the face of the coal, which is afterwards broken out by hand; or a series
of vertical cuts may be made in it by the first machine herein-before
described, and the coal may thus be obtained in large blocks. Hori-
zontal cuts may also be made at different heights by constructing the
machines accordingly, and two or more cutter wheels may be fixed on
the same shaft and at different heights. If the railway on which the
machine runs be inclined, the cut will be also inclined, as the cut is
parallel to the railway. The cutter wheel A, has two sockets N, N,

page_text: inclined in the opposite direction to those at B, and C. When a cut
has been made with the cutters at B, and C, and the wheel revolving
in the direction of the arrow, the cutters may be shifted into the sockets
N, N, and the wheel made to revolve in the opposite direction. The
machine may then return along the face of the coal, and make a second
cut.
In lieu of using the rope or chain to give the advancing motion
along the railway, such motion may be given by placing a toothed
pinion on the shaft P, or otherwise in connection with the other
machinery, and laying rack along between the rails of the railway
for the pinion to work. in. Or the wheels T, on which the carriage is
supported, may be driven by gearing in connection with the other
machinery, and the whole machine may be loaded with weights if
required to give the wheels sufficient adhesion.
Figure 9, is a plan of another of my improved machines adapted
for making horizontal cuts, and also cuts inclined in either direction.
Fig. 10, is a side view of the same; Figure 11, is an end view of the
machine when arranged for making horizontal cuts; and Figure 12, is
an end view shewing the mode of applying it to the making of diagonal
cuts. A, is the cutter wheel; and B, and C, are the cutters as before.
W, is a bevil wheel fixed on the shaft l, of the cutter wheel A, and
driven by another bevil wheel D, on the end of the shaft E, which
carries a third bevil wheel G, at its other end. The bevil wheel G, is
driven by a fourth bevil wheel H, which is itself driven by the cranks
I, I, rods K, K, levers a, a, and handles b, b, as in the machines
already described. ✗, is a seat for the workmen employed to work the
machine. This seat is attached to the frame S, of the machine by
means of rods e, e, and it is supported upon. wheels or upon two
segments Y, Y, which admit of its advancing with the frame S. The
workmen sit upon the seat X, and place their feet against the end of
the frame S, and they pull the handles. b, b, with a motion somewhat
similar to that of rowing a boat. M, is a counecting rod, jointed to a
crank pin or excentric on the wheel G. This rod works a paul at N,
which takes into the teeth of the ratchet wheel O, fixed on the screw
P. The screw P, works in a nut at Q, fixed to the carriage R, which

page_text: is supported on the wheels T, T. The ratchet and paul are so arranged
that the paul may be reversed so as to advance or withdraw the frame
S, at pleasure.
The machine being placed in front of the coal which is to be cut
with the cutter wheel A, in a horizontal position as shewn in Figure 11,
the carriage is secured in its place, and the hurdles b, b, are then
worked. The cutter wheel A, revolves with rapidity, and at the same
time it is gradually advanced into the coal by means of the ratchet
wheel O, and screw P, until its further progress is prevented by the
wheel W, reaching the face of the coal, or by the frame S, arriving at
a stop fixed on the carriage R. The cutter wheel is now run back by
reversing the paul at N. The coal is then broken out at once, or other
cuts are first made. Thus the machine may be shifted sideways, and
another cut made so as to extend the first cut, and a series of vertical
cuts may be made by the machine first herein-before described.
In order to enable this machine to make diagonal cuts as well as
horizontal cuts, the shaft 1, of the cutter wheel is mounted on two
moveable bearings f, and J. The bearing f, turns in a semi-circular
socket h, as shown in Figure 12, which socket is concentric with the
axis of the shaft E. The bearing g, moves on a circular arc i, also
concentric with the shaft E, and having several holes to receive a screw
bolt, by which the bearing can be fixed in different positions. Thus in
Figure 12, it is shewn as inclined at an angle of forty-five degrees in
one direction; and the dotted lines in the same Figure shew it inclined
at a similar angle in the opposite direction. This mode of altering the
angle of the cut facilitates the working of the coal in the following
manner. A series of parallel diagonal cuts are made at equal distances
apart (say, for example, at one foot apart), and they are then crossed
by a similar series of diagonal cuts inclined in the opposite direction,
and made by the same machine. The coal may now be broken out in
rectangular or rhomboidal blocks, with great facility, and with but little
loss from fracture, the blocks being cut on four sides and broken at the
ends only. These blocks have also the advantage of packing in the
wagons in a compact and solid form. The catter wheel A, carries
four sockets, two of which are adapted for securing the cutters in the

page_text: position shewn at B, and C, while the other two sockets are adapted
for securing them with their points in the opposite direction. By this
arrangement the cutters may be shifted, so that the cut may be in a
downward direction when the cutter wheel is placed in either of the
positions shewn in Figure 12.
The machine as shewn in the Figures is proportioned for making
horizontal and diagonal cuts, but it is obvious that with slight modi-
fications it may also be adapted for making vertical cuts.
For this
purpose the frame and carriage of the machine are to be made rather
narrower than shewn in the Drawing, or the cutter shaft rather longer,
and with a more extended range, so as to enable it to be placed hori-
zontally. The cutter wheels are also to be decreased in, diameter, or
the machine raised by placing it on a platform, or by increasing the
size of the wheels T, or otherwise as may be convenient.
Figure 13, Sheet II., is a side view, and Figure 14, is a plan of a
machine with two cutter wheels, and adapted for cutting headings
like that first herein-before described. The axis of the cutter wheels is,
however, capable of being raised or lowered so as to enable the machine
to produce a cut of greater height than the diameter of the wheel.
A, A, are the cutter wheels mounted on the two ends of a horizontal
shaft l, on which is a spur wheel W, driven by a pin wheel or lantern
D, or the shaft E, which receives its motion from the cranks I, I,
rods K, K, levers a, a, and handles b, b, which handles are moved by
the workmen seated on the seat X. B, and C, are sockets with cutters
as in the machines previously described. More than two cutters may
be employed with this or with the other machines herein described, if
required. The shafts 1, and E, are mounted in bearings on the radial
frame m, which turns upon the ends of the shaft o, which shaft is
mounted upon the frame S, of the machine. The frame S, is capable
of sliding backwards and forwards on the carriage R, which is supported
on the wheels T, T. On the shaft o, is a pulley p, which drives another
pulley, by means of a band. On the axis of this pulley q, is a toothed
wheel P, which gears into the pin rack Q, which is fixed on the
carriage R. The shaft o, also carries another pulley r, which drives a
pulley s, by means of a band. On the axis of the pulley s, is a toothed

page_text: wheel or pinion t, which gears into the segmental rack u, which is
fixed on the frame S, and which is concentric with the shaft o. v, is
a paul or claw which turns loose upon the axis of the pinion t, and
which drops into the rack when required to prevent the descent of the
radial frame m. This paul can be raised out of the rack, and kept out
of it, when required to permit of the descent of the radial frame.
the shaft E, is an excentric at L, which gives
jointed to a lever w, which carries a paul N.
the teeth of the wheel O, and it may be reversed so as to drive the
wheel O, in either direction.
On
motion to a rod M,
This paul drops into
The mode of working this machine is as follows:-The frame S, being
drawn back upon its carriage R, and the radial arm m, raised to the
top of the rack u, or as high as may be required, and secured by the
paul v, the machine is fixed with the cutters close to the face of the coal,
and the band is slipped off the pulleys r, and s. The handles b, b,
are then worked, and the cutter wheels cut their way into the coal as
they are advanced by the wheel P, acting on the rack Q. When they
have advanced to a distance somewhat less than half their diameter, the
band is removed from the pulleys p, and q, and the other band is placed
on the pulleys r, and s, and the paul v, is withdrawn from the segmental
rack u. The machine is again set in motion, and the radial arm m,
gradually descends with the cutter wheels. When they have reached
their lowest point the machine is withdrawn. The position of the paul
N, may be reversed, so as to run back the frame S, and also to raise
the radial arm m, in readiness for repeating the operation. If it be
required to avoid the removal and replacing of the bands on the pulley,
the following arrangement may be adopted. The lever w, is made to
carry a paul on each side, in lieu of only one paul N. The second paul
drops into the teeth of another wheel, similar to O, and fixed on the
shaft o.
The wheel O, and pulley r, are then fixed on a hollow shaft
or tube which runs loose upon the shaft o. By this arrangement the
advancing motion is rendered independent and separate from the up and
down motion of the radial frame m, and each motion can be given in
either direction, and either together or separately, by altering the positions
of the pauls, or throwing them out of gear.

page_text: The wheels T, T, are mounted in forks x, x, terminating in pins or
spindles y, y, which turn in bearings or sockets, and terminate in square
tops, which receive the levers or spanners z, z.
These spanners are
secured by coks on the carriage, so as to prevent them from turning.
The wheels T, are shewn in the position for moving the machine back-
wards or forwards; but by turning the wheels one quarter round, and
shifting and again securing the spanners z, z, the machine may be
moved sideways. When it is required to employ the wheels in both
ways in this manner, they must be made rather smaller than shewn in
Figure 15, or placed rather farther from the cutter wheels, in order to
prevent them from coming in contact with the cutter wheels. This
arrangement of the wheels is applicable to the other machines herein
described. When required, the wheels may be prevented from
turning round by passing pins through holes in the wheels and in the
forks x.
Figure 18, is a view
Figure 15, Sheet III., is a plan of one of my reciprocating machines
for cutting or working coal and other minerals. Figure 16, is a side
view, and Figure 17, is an end view of the same.
of a portion of the machine, showing the positions of the vertical and
horizontal cuts which it is capable of making: Figure 19, shews the
cutters and a portion of a cutting frame on a larger scale. The same
letters are used to denote similar parts in all these Figures. A, A, are
the cutting frames furnished with cutters at B, B, two of which
cutters are placed in the pieces a, a, which slide in the frames A, A,
SO as to allow of their adjustment according to the height or
length of groove required. Each sliding piece a is so notched as to
be retained in its position by the spring bolt b, which is drawn back by
a hook or latch which is made to cover the hole through which the
spring works, and prevent the entrance of dust. The spring is fixed
in the interior of the frame A, which may be made of two plates of
wrought iron with distance pieces, as shewn by the dotted lines in
Figure 19, and by the section Figure 20. This mode of forming the
cutting frames, besides combining lightness with strength, admits of a
current of air being sent through them by means of a bellows fixed on
the machine and worked by it, and which may be connected to the

page_text: frame A, by a flexible tube. The air may thus be driven out through
holes near the cutters, in such a manner as shall tend to keep them
free from dust while working; and by creating a constant current of
air out of the groove, the dust made by the cutters will be blown out
of the cut. In working in a wet place, instead of air, water may be
passed through the frame by means of a small force pump; the water
then washes out the dust, and prevents the cutters from becoming
clogged. c, c, are guides to keep the ends of the franes A, A, in the
same line when they have advanced deep into the cut or groove.
The cutting frames A, A, slide horizontally in guides d, d, on the
guide frame C, which slides up and down upon the guides D, D. The
guide frame C, may be driven in various ways. It is shewn in the
Drawing as being driven by the crank E, whose pin works in a block,
sliding in a horizontal slot in the guide frame C. The crank E, is on
the shaft F, which carries a fly wheel U, loaded on the side opposite
the crank; so as to counterbalance the guide frame and cutting frames.
The fly shaft F, is driven by the toothed wheel f, gearing into the
toothed wheel e, on the shaft G, and also by the bevil wheel f, f, gearing
into the bevil wheel e, e, on the shaft H. The shafts G, aud H,
are furnished with winch handles, by means of which, either or both
of them can be turned by hand; but if more convenient they may be
worked by connecting rods and levers, which are pulled backwards
and forwards by the workmen, as already explained with regard to the
machines with rotary cutters.
The whole of the frames and driving
gear are fixed on the frame I. which turns on the bearings K, in the
standards L, on the carriage M. When making the vertical cuts, the
frame I, is fixed to the carriage M, by the bolts O, and the piece N,
and is fixed between the floor and the roof of the mine by the bolts P,
screwing into the hollow guide bars D, and if necessary by the hollow
pipes and the adjusting screws shewn at Q, in Figure 17. The whole
rests on the carriage R, and turns on a ping, so that it may be placed
in the position shewn in Figure 17, when it is required to traverse along
the face of the coal.
When a horizontal cut is made, the frame I, is fixed in a perpen-
dicular position by a pin or screw passing through a hole in the cross

page_text: piece h, of the standard L, and also, if necessary, by the screws P,
bearing against upright timbers or pillars, similar to those marked
D, 1), fixed between the floor and the roof at each extremity of the
guides. When cutting horizontally, the machine may be worked by
connecting rods and levers, which may be attached to the uprights
used for supporting the frame horizontally. Figure 17, shews the
position of the frames when cutting a groove in a line with the left-
hand side or wall of a heading or working face of coal. Figure 18,
shews the frame I, swung round to the opposite direction, so as to
adapt it for cutting groove in a line with the right-hand side of the
working, as at x, y, z, z, shews the place where the horizontal groove
would be cut. The frame may also be fixed in intermediate positions
when required for making diagonal cuts.
The cutting frames are advanced towards and into the coal by the
screws S, S, which give motion to nuts fixed to the cutting frames A, A.
The screws S, S, are moved by the ratchet wheels V, V, and spring
pauls W, W, which are shewn on a larger scale in Figure 23, and
Figure 24. The spring pauls W, W, allow the wheels V, V, to pass by
them, to be caught on the return stroke, and advanced one or more
teeth. The catches 10, w, prevent the ratchet wheels from receding.
The frames A, A, are drawn back after making the cut by loosening
the catches w. w, and turning the screws by hand. Or the nuts in
which the screws work may be made in two pieces, hinged or joined
together in such a manner that they may be readily opened, and the
frames A, A, may then be drawn back by hand. If the frames A, A,
should be difficult to move, the screws v, v, in the guides d, d, may be
loosened. These screws press upon loose blocks or friction pieces, for
the purpose of adjusting the pressure on the frame A, A.
The cutters on one cutting frame cut upwards, and on the other
downwards, so as to enable the machine to cut a groove up to the roof
and down to the floor. The stroke of the crank E, is greater than the
distance between the points of the cutters. The cutters are not placed
in the same perpendicular line, but one behind the other, as shewn in
Figure 19; and the advancing movement of the cutting frame is so
arranged as to take place in the distance or space by which the length

page_text: of stroke of the frame exceeds the distance from point to point of the
fixed cutters. Thus at the bottom of the stroke the cutter B, will ad-
vance from, to l, and cut upwards to m. The cutter B2, will advance
from n, to o, and from thence cut upwards to p; and the cutter B³,
will advance from q, to r,. and cut up to the roof. Each cutter makes
a cut equal in. depth to the advance of the nut upon the screw S.
From this it will be seen that as the advance takes place from k, to 1,
and from n, to o, and from q, to r, and as the cutter points are not in
the same perpendicular line, each cutter will leave a small step at the
end of its cut, and one [only of the cutters B¹, on the upper frame A,
has to cut at the same time, both inwards and upwards, the other cut-
ters cutting upwards only. The same remark applies to the cutters in
the lower frame A, one only of which cuts inwards and downwards,
while the others cut downwards ouly. The cutting frames A, A, are
thus advanced alternately, but the machine may be simplified by
employing only one cutting frame, which will then require only one
screw S, for advancing it.
Figure 25, is a side view, and Figure 26, is an edge view of a cutter
constructed in a somewhat different manner to those above described,
together with a portion of the frame A. The cutter consists of two
notched plates or saws B, B, placed at a small distance apart, and fixed
to the frame A. The coal which is left between the two saws breaks
away with the rest.
Figure 27, is a side view, and Figure [28, is an edge view of another
modification of this cutter. It is similar to that last described,
with the addition of a third saw T, placed between the other two
saws B, B, and having its teeth alternate with those saws. This
third saw breaks or cuts away the coal which escapes the action of
the saws B, B. The teeth of the saws B, B, may be bent outwards a
little, as shewn in Figure 28, so as to produce a cut or groove of
greater width, than the saw frame.
In lieu of driving the machines: by hand, they may be driven by
means of a steam. engine, or by engines driven by air or water, or by
animal power.
As it would be inconvenient to employ bands and
shafts. to communicate the power to the machines from a fixed engine;

page_text: the engine is to be mounted on the same carriage as the machine, so
as to communicate the power to it directly. Figure 29, shows a por-
tion of a machine so constructed. The frame I, and the parts K, L,
M, R, are similar to those similarly marked in the machines already
described. The shaft F, carries a crank at its extremity, which is not
shewn in the Drawing, but which gives motion to the cutting frame in
the manner already described with reference to Figures 15, 16, and 17.
The shaft F, is cranked in the centre, and connected to the piston rod
1, of an oscillating cylinder 2. supported by the trunnions 3, 4, and
provided with suitable valves, which may be driven by an excentric on
the shaft F, or which may be opened and shut by the oscillation of the
cylinder itself.
As in an ordinary oscillating steam engine, a flexible
pipe is in connection with the valve or valves. The rest of the machine
which is not shewn in the Drawing is similar to that shewn in Figures
1, 16, and 17. The engine may be driven by means of steam or
water, introduced through the flexible pipe, and conveyed away through
another flexible pipe. It may also be driven by compressed air intro-
duced through the flexible pipe, or by exhausting the air in the flexible
pipe, and allowing the air from the mine to enter the engine. By ein-
ploying air in lieu of steam or water only, one flexible pipe is required,
and at the same time the mine is ventilated by the action of the
machine. The machines with rotary cutters may also be driven in a
similar manner.
Figure 30, Sheet II., is a side view of a somewhat simpler form of
reciprocating machine. Figure 31, is a view of the opposite side of the
same machine. A, is the cutter frame, and B, B, the cutters. Only
one cutter frame is shewn in this machine instead of two, as in the last-
described machine. The cutter frame A, slides horizontally in the guides
d, d, on the guide frame C, which slides up and down upon the guides
D, D, which are fixed by the screws P, like the last-described machine.
The guide frame C, is driven by hand by means of the lever E. A
pin fixed on C, enters a slot in the end of the lever for this purpose.
The length of stroke is regulated by means of a sliding block 5, which
can be adjusted by the screw 6; or it may be regulated by driving the
lever E, by means of a crank. Or the frame C, may be driven by a
crank, without the intervention of the lever E.

page_text: Another mode of regulating the length of stroke is also shewn in the
Drawing. The lever E, turns upon a pin, which passes through a
block of metal 7, which is thus secured to one of the guides D. Two
leather straps 8, and 9, are fixed to this block, and to the top and
bottom of the frame C, and thus the length of stroke is limited by the
length or slackness of these straps. The cutter frame A,, is advanced in
the following manner :-T, is a rack fixed on the cutter frame A, and
driven by a pinion S, mounted on the guide frame C. On the axis of
the pinion S, is a ratchet wheel V, which is worked by the pauls or claws
W, W, and is prevented from turning backwards by the pauls w, w.
The pauls W, W, are jointed to the lever 10, which is connected by a
rod 11, to the lever E. The angular motion of the lever E, gives. motion
to the lever 10, and thus works the ratchet wheel V, and advances the
cutter frame A. This machine is supported by the guides D, D, and
screws P, P, and is not mounted and supported on a carriage like the
last-described machine. 12, is a wheel for facilitating the moving of
the machine from place to place. The machine is laid in a horizontal
or slightly inclined position, and the workman takes hold of the two.
upper screws P, P, and wheels the machine along on the wheel 12,
like a wheelbarrow. It may then be placed in a vertical, horizontal, or
inclined position, and secured between the floor and the roof of the
mine, or between timbers or pillars, or between the sides or walls of
a heading or passage, as may be required.
The projecting portion of the lever E, is made to slip on and off by
means of sockets, so that it may be removed when wheeling the machine
from place to place. Separate portions of different length may be used
when making different lengths of cut, or when cutting different materials,
so as to proportion the power to the resistance in the most advantageous
manner.
The machines with reciprocating cutters, herein-before described,
have a rectilinear reciprocating motion, but a circular reciprocating
motion may be given to cutters in the following manner :-A cutter
frame is constructed of the form of a quadrant or sector of a circle,
and the cutters are fixed upon its circumference. This sectoral cutter
frame is mounted upon a pin or shaft supported by a sliding block
of metal placed between two horizontal guide bars fixed on the

page_text: framing of the machine. A lever is attached to the cutter frame or to its
shaft, so that by moving the lever up and down the cutter frame is put in
motion. A screw or rack worked by a ratchet is connected to the sliding
block, so as gradually to advance it in its guides as the sectoral cutter
In this way the sectoral cutter will advance
frame works up and down.
and cut its way into the coal or other substance.
The lever may be driven by a crank as herein-before mentioned with
regard to the machine shewn in Figures 30, and 31.
I have described the machines chiefly with reference to cutting coal
in mines, but they may also be used in open workings, and for cutting
and working or quarrying of Bath stone, and similar stone, shale, fire-clay,
and other substances which are capable of being cut in the manner above
described. In quarrying stone, in particular, it may be required to cut all
the sides of the blocks, instead of cutting some of them and breaking the
others.
Figure 32, Sheet I., is a diagram representing a perspective view of a
portion of a quarry, and showing the mode of working it. The stone is cut
in steps of the height of the blocks which are to be cut. A machine is
constructed in a similar manner to that shewn in Figures 6, 7, and 8, but
with the cutter wheel revolving under the machine, and close to the
ground. It may be driven in the same manner as that shewn in
Figures 6, 7, and 8, or by means of a wheel and pinion. This machine is
made to traverse upon a tramway or railway placed along one of the steps
of the quarry, and thus to make a horizontal cut under the next step; as
it proceeds along small wedges are to be introduced into the cut to support
the stone.
Another machine is constructed in a somewhat similar manner to that
shewn in Figures 13, and 14, but with the following variations:-One of
the cutter wheels A, is removed, and the radial arm m, is so arranged
that the cutter wheel may be lowered from the position shewn in Figure
13, until its wheel W, nearly touches the ground. The frame S, is
fixed to the carriage R; and the pinion P, and rack Q, are removed; a
rope or chain is passed round the axis of the pulley q, and its ends are
carried out in each direction from the machine. This machine is placed
on one of the steps of the quarry, with its cutter wheel A, in the position

page_text: shewn in Figure 13, and lying close to the upright wall of the next step of
the quarry.
A tramway or railway is laid along the step of the quarry to guide the
machine. The two ends of the rope or chain above mentioned are fixed
at the ends of the step, and the pulley 7, is thrown out of gear. The
machine is now worked by the handles b, b; and the cutter wheel A,
revolves and descends until it has buried itself in the stone for nearly
half its diameter, or to the depth of the step. The descending gear of
the radial arm m, is then disconnected, and the pulley q is put into gear.
The machine now advances gradually along the railway, while the cutter
wheel A, is revolving with rapidity, and thus a vertical cut is made
along the back of the step. A long rectangular prism of stone is thus
separated, except at the ends, which are then cut by a reciprocating
machine, similar to that shewn in Figures 15, 16, and 17; and as many
intermediate cuts are made in a sitnilar manner, as may be required to
separate the long prism of stone into blocks of the required size. Or in
lieu of using a reciprocating machine for this purpose, a machine with a
vertical rotary cutter, similar to that employed for cutting behind the
blocks, niay be employed, and made to traverse up and down on an
inclined railway laid upon the edges of the steps. In this case the cutter
wheel must be of somewhat greater diameter than is required for cutting
at the back of the blocks, and in separating one set of blocks it will
cominence the cut for those behind them. This mode of working is
indicated by the diagram, Figure 33. By cutting in this manner on
all the steps of the quarry a new series of steps will be left for the next
operation.
Another mode of working is to make a horizontal cut under the step,
or under a portion of it, by a machine with a rotary or reciprocating
cutter, and then to make a series of vertical cuts to separate the prism
of stone into the required lengths. The blocks are then separated one
after another by a reciprocating machine making vertical cuts, and
beginning at one end of the step. Each block as it is separated is
removed to make room for the machine to be advanced or cut out the next
block.
The forms of the cutters employed may be varied, but in general I

page_text: prefer pointed cutters or bird-mouth cutters, or both sorts placed
alternately. These cutters may be made of steel, but as the expence
of making and sharpening bird-mouth cutters of that material would
render their use less advantageous, I shall proceed to describe a mode
of making them of chilled cast iron. I construct a mould partly of
sand and partly of metal, so that in casting a cutter such as that shewn
at B', Figures 19, 21, and 22, Sheet III., the surface marked 20, may
come in contact with a plate or piece of iron, while the surface 21, and
the rest of the cutter, is formed by the sand part of the mould. By
this means the surface 20, is rendered much harder than the surface 21,
which wears away by use, and preserves a cutting edge to the cutter
for a longer period than if the whole of the cutter were to be made of an
equal degree of hardness. By this means the bird-mouth cutters herein-
before mentioned can be manufactured with great facility, and require
little or no sharpening.
I have shewn and described self-acting machinery for giving the
advancing motion to the various machines, but it is obvious that such
advancing machinery may be easily arranged so as to be capable of
being separately worked by hand, although I consider it preferable to
make it self-acting, as herein-before described. It is, however, important
to observe that whether such machine be self-acting, or separately
worked, it is in all cases to be such as to give a determinate motion, and
is not to give a mere pressure to the cutter towards the coal or other
substance which is being cut. If a mere pressure were to be given as
by a weight or spring, the breaking out of a fragment of the coal
or other substance might allow the cutters to advance suddenly and
strike against any projecting piece, and thus break or stop the machine.
The advancing motion is, therefore, always to be made gradual and
determinate. The advancing motion given by a ratchet is intermittent,
but a continuous advancing motion may be given by means of gearing
or bands, if preferred.
When a rope or chain is employed in the manner described in
reference to the machine shewn in Figures 6, 7, and 8, the rope or
chain, is to be tightly stretched and fixed at both ends, in order that
the advancing motion may be rendered as steady and determinate as

page_text: possible. All the machines herein-before described (with the exception
of that shewn in Figures 6, 7, and 8), contain within themselves the
requisite machinery to enable them to cut their way into a solid face of
coal or other substance. The machine shewn in Figures 6, 7, and S,
requires to have a cavity made for its cutter wheel to enter at one end of
This cavity may be
the cut, before it can proceed regularly with its work.
cut by hand, or by pushing up the machine carefully by means of crowbars
or otherwise, or by a separate machine with a suitable advancing motion.
Or, in lieu of the machine shewn in Figures 6, 7, and 8, a machine with
a horizontal cutter wheel mounted on a radial armı may be employed and
constructed in an analagous manner to that with the vertical cutter
wheels shewn in Figures 13, and 14.
Having now described the nature of my Invention and in what
manner the same is to be performed. I wish it to be understood that
I do not claim generally the application of machinery to the cutting
and working or quarrying of coal and other materials; but what I
claim is,
Firstly, the mode or modes herein-before described of constructing
machinery for the purposes of my Invention with rotary cutter wheels
mounted on frames working in guides on carriages, and capable of
being advanced with a gradual and determinate motion, by means of
screws or racks, or other equivalent means, in manner herein-before
described.
Secondly, the mode or modes herein-before described of constructing
machinery for the purposes of my Invention with a rotary cutter wheel
or wheels mounted on a carriage which is capable of being advanced
along a railway or tramway with a gradual and determinate motion, in
manuer herein-before described.
Thirdly, the mode or modes of constructing machinery for the purposes
of my Invention with a rotary cutter wheel or wheels, driven in manner
herein-before described in reference to Figures 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, and 8.
Fourthly, the mode or modes of constructing machinery for the
purpose of my Invention with a rotary cutter wheel so arranged that its
position, and the plane in which it works, may be varied as herein-before
described in reference to Figures 9, 10, 11, and 12.

page_text: Fifthly, the mode or modes herein-before described of constructing
machinery for the purposes of my Invention with a rotary cutter wheel
or wheels, mounted on a radial frame, and having suitable advancing
motion, as herein-before described in reference to Figures 13, and 14.
Sixthly, the mode or modes herein-before described of constructing
machinery for the purposes of my Invention with cutters fixed on cutter
frames, which are capable of being advanced with a gradual and deter.
minate motion in guides on a guide frame, to which a reciprocating
motion is given by a crank or lever, or similar means, as herein-before
described in reference to Figures 15, 16, 17, 30, and 31; also the mode
or modes of arranging such machinery so as to be capable of making
horizontal, vertical, and diagonal cuts, as herein-before described.
Seventhly, the mode or modes herein-before described of constructing
machinery for the purposes of my Invention with a reciprocating rotary
cutter or cutters, mounted on an axis which has a gradual and deter-
minate advancing motion, in manner herein-before described.
Eighthly, the mode or modes herein-before described of constructing
machinery for the purposes of my Invention with hollow cutter frames
so arranged in connection with a pipe from a bellows or fan, or pump,
or other similar apparatus, that a jet of air or water may be thrown
through the cutter frame into the cut, so as to remove the dust from it,
in manner herein-before described.
Ninthly, the mode or modes herein-before described of combining an
air engine or water or steam engine on the same frame with either of
my improved machines, for the purpose of driving the same, as herein-
before described.
Tenthly, the mode or modes herein-before described of constructing
machinery for the purposes of my Invention with screw pillars for
fixing the same in the mine or elsewhere, in the manner herein-before
described in reference to Figures 15, 16, 17, 30, and 31.
Eleventhly, the combinations of parts constituting the several
machines herein-before described for cutting and working or quarrying
of coal, stone, shale, clay, and other similar substances.
Twelfthly, the constructing machinery for the purposes herein-before
described with bird-mouth cutters of chilled iron.

page_text: Thirteenthly, the cutting and working or quarrying of coal, stone,
shale, clay, and other similar substances, by means of machinery,
constructed in manner herein-before described and claimed.
Fourteenthly, the cutting and working or quarrying of coal, stone,
shale, clay, and other similar substances, by making two series of
diagonal cuts in opposite directions, so as to separate the coal or other
substance into square or rhomboidal masses, in manner herein-before
described.
Fifteenthly, the cutting and working or quarrying of coal, stone,
shale, clay, and other similar substances, by means of machinery, as
herein-before described in reference to Figures 32, and 33, whereby
all the sides of the blocks may be cut.
In witness whereof, I, the said Charles Henry Waring, have
hereunto set my hand and seal, this Fourteenth day of April, in
the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-three.
CHARLES HENRY WARING. (...)
Witness,
CHARLES COWPER,
20, Southampton Buildings,
Chancery Lane.