IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OR PRODUCTION OF METALLIC PIPES AND SHEETS
Year: 1852

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHN
WEEMS, of Johnstone, in the County of Renfrew, North Britain, Tin Smith
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date at Westminster the Eleventh day of November, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-two, in the sixteenth
year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant
unto me, the said John Weems, Her especial license, full power, sole privilege,
and authority, that I, the said John Weems, my exors, adñors, and assigns,
or such others as I, the said John Weems, my exors, adiñors, or assigns,
should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all
times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might
make, use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and the Town of
Berwick-upon-Tweed, my Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE
OR PRODUCTION OF METALLIC PIPES AND SHEETS," upon the condition (amongst
others) that I, the said John Weems, my exors or admors, by an instrument
in writing under my hand and seal, or under the hand and seal of one
of them, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said
Invention, and in what manuer the same was to be performed, and cause
the same to be enrolled in the High Court of Chancery within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
D.
ך.

page_text: And whereas I, the said John Weems, in pursuance of the said conditioni
in the said Letters Patent contained, did by a Specification, being an instru-
ment in writing under my hand and scal, particularly describe and ascertain
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, and did cause the same instrument to be enrolled in the High
Court of Chancery on the Eleventh day of May, One thousand eight hundred
and fifty-three.
And whereas since filing my said Specification I have ascertained by trial
on a large scale that my Invention as described in the said Specification is not
practically useful for the manufacture of articles from brass and copper, or
from composite metals containing brass or copper.
And whereas, I lately presented a petition to the Queen's most Excellent,
Majesty in council praying for a prolongation of the term of the said Letters
Patent, which said petition was heard before Her Majesty's most Honorable
Privy Council on the Twenty-first day of February now last past, when
evidence having been given by me that the said Invention was not practically
useful, so far as regarded the application thereof to the manufacture of articles
of copper and brass, Her Majesty's most Honorable Privy Council decided
to advise Her most Excellent Majesty to grant a prolongation of the term of
the said Patent for five years, subject, nevertheless, to the condition of my
disclaiming that part of the said Specification which related to brass and
copper.
And whereas the term composite metals in the Specification may be taken
to have a wider import than 1 intended at the time of drawing such Specifica
tion, I am therefore desirous of disclaiming all such portions of my said
Specification as may claim or be supposed to claim the application or use of
my said Invention to the manufacture of articles of copper and brass, or
composite metals containing copper or brass, and of limiting the term com-
posite metals to such as are known in the trade as block tin composition and
lead composition.
NOW KNOW YE, THEREFORE, that I, the said John Weems, by and with
the leave of Her said Majesty's Solicitor General, do make and file the Dis-
claimerand Memorandum of Alteration herein-afterexpressedandcontained,and
for the reason aforesaid do alter the said Specification by striking out the word
"copper" in line 15, page 2, of the Queen's Printer's copy of the said Specifi
cation, and inserting the word "such "after the word "and" in the same line,
and also by inserting after the word "metals" in the same line and page
words "as are called in the trade block tin composition and lead composition;"
also by inserting after the words "metal pipes" at line 21, page 2, the words
the

page_text: "of the above description." And I strike out the paragraph beginning with
the words "Figure 5 is" at line 25, page 2, and ending with the words "hard
metal" at line 28 of the same page. And in order that the description may
agree with the Drawings I insert the reference letter G after the word "piece"
in line 39, page 2, and substitute the reference letter "Y" for the letter "V
in line 31, page 3, of the said Specification. I substitute the word "composite"
for the word "other" in line 9, page 4, and introduce after the word "metal"
in the same line and page the words "of the above description;" and I correct
a clerical error in lines 27 and 28, page 4, by substituting the word "connected"
for the word converted." I. strike out the words "copper" and "any" in
line 31, page 4, and insert the words "of the above description" after the
words "composite metal "in line 32, page 4; I strike out also the words
"harder than lead, which manufacture of hard metals by pressure through a
"die has not hitherto been commercially practicable by means of the existing
"machinery," occurring in lines 32, 33, and 34, page 4; also the word
"hard"in lines 34 and 36, page 4; I also strike out that portion of the said
Specification commencing with the words "the required" in line 37, page 4,
and terminating with the word "rollers" in line 26 on page 5; and 1 substi-
tute the word "composite" for the word "other" in line 28, page 5, and
insert the words "of the above description" after the word "metals" in the
same line and page; and I substitute the word "composite" for the word
"other" in line 13, page 6, and insert the words "of the above description'
after the word "metal" in the same line and page. I correct a clerical error
in the third claim by substituting the word "forcing" for the word "forging"
in line 4, page 7; I also insert the words " of the above description" after
the word "metals " in line 8, page 7. I strike out the word "hard" in line
11, page 7, and insert the words "of the above description" after the word
"metals" in the same line. I strike out the whole of the seventh and eighth
claiming clauses on page 7, such clauses having been intended to apply to the
treatment of the hard metals disclaimed. I substitute the word "Seventh "for
the word "Ninth " in line 21, page 7; and insert the words "of the above
description" after the word "sheets" in the same line. I substitute the word
Eighth "for the word "Tenth" in line 24, page 7, and insert the word
"such" after the word "of "in the same line. And, lastly, I substitute the
word "Ninth" for the word "Eleventh" in line 26, page 7.
"3
And in order that the effect of the said Disclaimer and Memorandum of
Alteration may be better understood I annex hereunto a copy of the said
Specification as it will appear when so altered and amended.
My said Invention relates to various arrangements of machinery, apparatus,

page_text: or means for the more economical and efficient manufacture or production of
pipes and tubular articles and sheets or flat surfaces from block tin, lead, and
such composite metals as are called in the trade block tin composition and
lead composition, by means of direct pressure to cause exudation of the heated
metal through a suitable orifice.
And in order that my said Invention may be properly understood I shall
now proceed to describe the several Figures on the Sheet of Drawings
hereunto attached.
Figure 1 on my Sheet of Drawings is an external side elevation of one
modification of the machine which I employ for the manufacture of block țin,
lead, and composite metal pipes of the above description; Figure 2 is a vertical
sectional elevation of the same at right angles to Figure 1; Figure 3 is an
enlarged plan or end elevation of the tubular mandril or fixed ram as fitted
with its steel die ring which shapes and determines the exterior surface of
the pipe; and Figure 4 is a side elevation, partially in section, of the steel ring
detached Figure 6 is a plan of the complete machine corresponding to
Figure 1'; and Figure 7 is a transverse horizontal section through the metal
chamber or receiver and the supporting side pillars and tension stays of the
machine, as at a, b, in Figure 2, corresponding to Figure 2.
.::
The machine is entirely independent and self-contained, the hydrostatic
pressure cylinder A resting directly on the floor at the base line B without
any other fixtures. This chamber is cast open at the top and closed in with
a bored cover Cheld down by set screws D, the large water pressure ram or
plunger E working water-tight through this cover, which is fitted with a
dished or cup leather ring F for preventing the escape of water; the upper
part
of this water chamber has also a deep projecting rib piece G cast on each
side and notched or recessed longitudinally at regular intervals to receive the
lower ends of the main wrought-iron tension rods H which pass upward and
are similarly inserted in corresponding notched ribs I cast on the two opposito
sides of the main resisting cross head J overhead. The water chamber and
cross head are further connected by the two vertical side pillars K forming
pillars between the chamber top and the lower side of the cross head, and
being recessed longitudinally to admit the tension rods. In this manner a
very firm connection of the main details of the machine is obtained by simple
means, both ends of the tension rods having solid heads L, so that when the
rod ends are heated and slipped laterally into their grooves in the main
castings the contraction consequent on cooling causes the heads to form
firm bearings to hold up the water chamber and cross head firmly against
the ends of their side pillars. The interior of the water chamber is lined with

page_text: brass or copper, as at M,, the escape of water behind which is prevented by
the cup leathers F and N at the top and bottom, and the lower end of
the main pressure ram being expanded or formed as a piston at O it has a
pair of
cup. leathers P, Q, as packing for the upper and lower sides. The
port for the admission of the water from the force pumps is at R, and a second.
port is formed above at S for pumping in water above the piston portion of.
the ram for the purpose of returning it downwards when the charge of metal.
is exhausted. The metal, as block tin or lead, to be used in forming the pipe
is contained in the traversing chamber or receiver T, which rests on the top
of the water pressure ram E, and is held down thereon by a ring of bolts U....
These bolts have their heads inserted laterally. into suitable holding slots.
round the bottom of the metal receiver, whilst their lower ends pass through
a ring V, and are secured by nuts beneath this ring, being in two halves and :
clamped into a ring groove W formed round the head of the ram. The
cylindrical core bar X acting as the mandril for shaping the pipe's bore is.
placed accurately concentric with the axial line of the metal receiver, being
tapered at its lower end for insertion in the solid bottom of the chamber, .
where it is held by a transverse cutter. The fixed tubular piece or stationary,
ram Y carrying the die or external shaping ring Z is formed with a flange at,
its upper end, by which it is attached by the ring of bolts a to the under:
side of the cross head J; the external diameter of this tubular piece is slightly:
smaller than the bore of the metal receiver T, and its lower end is madewith.
a shoulder b, fitting exactly to the bore of the receiver; this shoulder, in
conjunction with the inner ring of steel or other metal Z, forms the resisting,
pressure surfaco against the metal in the receiver, as at c, a shoulder being
turned out of the bore of the piece Y for the purpose of countersinking the
die ring; this ring is held in position by a ring of set screws d passing through.
the shoulder of the piece Y and penetrating the ring's periphery; the actual
shaping surface of this die ring is the inner shoulder e turned out of the ring,
the bore of this shoulder being just as much larger than the diameter of the';
core bar X as the thickness of metal of the intended pipe requires. The;
actual operation of this machine is similar to that of existing machines of this
class. In commencing to work the ram E is let down to the bottom of its
cylinder, and the top of the metal receiver T is then clear of the die above;
in this state the receiver is charged with its supply of lead, tin, or composite..
metal of the above description, as represented at c, and the ram E being then..
forced upwards by the pumping action the surface of the contained metal c
becomes powerfully pressed against the die, and having no other means of
escape it exudes in the form of a pipe through the narrow annular outlet.
:

page_text: between the core bar X and the shoulder e of the die ring; but the essential
distinctive feature of this system of construction is that the core bar is fixed
in the metal receiver and therefore travels with it along with the contained
metal, so that there is no actual frictional contact, except at the point of
escape of the exuding metal; and the shaping die is pressed merely against,
the surface of the mass of metal, so that just so much of the mass of metal
is caused to ooze through or between the die and core as will produce the
amount of pipe due to each increment of motion of the die, without in any way
disturbing the rest of the metal, or giving rise to any frictional effect else-
where. Another advantage of this arrangement is that it afford facilities
for making long lengths of sound pipe from numerous combined charges;
for when a charge has been exhausted and the receiver carried down for a
new charge the new melted metal poured into the receiver amalgamates
with the small flange portion of the end of the moulded pipe in the bottom
of the receiver; hence the new metal and the length of pipe previously
shaped become homogeneously connected, and the making of the pipe goes
on without flaw, whilst any foreign matters in the lead are floated to the
surface of the metal and may be skimmed off. Such a system of construction
also enables the manufacturer to produce pipes or other tubular articles from
block tin or composite metal of the above description. And in working
such metals by pressure I make the metal receiver and ram of steel, or of
wrought or cast iron suitably hardened to resist the inordinate pressure
necessary for the explusion of such metals. Figure 8 is a vertical section
of a modified arrangement of a machine on the same principle as contrived
for the manufacture of sheets of lead and composite metals of the above.
description; Figure 9 is a plan or face view of the stationary die ring, which
acts as the shaping core; and Figure 10 is a side elevation corresponding.
The hydrostatic pressure cylinder A formed in the same way as in the other
machine rests upon an open base B, and has fitted in it the large ram C, on
the top of which the centre picce D rests by a base Hange being bound or
held in one mass with the ram, and the metal receiver E by the ring of bolts F
passing through a flange on the receiver, and entering a ring G let into a
groove in the top of the ram. In this way an annular space H is formed for
the reception of the metal to be shaped between the outside of the species of
core piece 1) and the interior of the metal receiver E. The metal receiver
is in this case bored truly out to the outside diameter of the intended tube
which is made prior to flattening out in a sheet, so that the interior of the
metal receiver is in effect the exterior shaping die for the pipe, whilst the
pipe's bore is determined by the exterior of the core ring I recessed into and

page_text: screwed against the end face of the fixed tubular core piece J. This fixed
core die is entered upon a shoulder on the upper end of the main centre
tension bar K, and is held down by a clamping collar ring. L made in two
halves to embrace a turned out portion near the head of the bar. This bar
is passed down through the centre piece D, the ram C, and the bottom of the
hydrostatic chamber A, beneath the bottom of which it is secured by the
clamping collar M, a thin wedge N being placed beneath the end of the bár
to support and adjust the bar whilst the parts are being erected. In this way
when lead or composite metal of the above description is supplied to the
receiving space H the upward pressure of the ram C causes such metal to
exude in the form of a pipe O between the core ring I and the interior of
the receiver E. The metal so tubularly shaped may therefore either be used
as a pipe of large bore, or it may be cut open longitudinally by a stationary
knife, and gradually opened out by a wedge or other means and passed over a
guide roller P, thence it may be passed between a pair of nipping rollers Q,
and finally wound up at R in its completely flattened sheet state. When the
thickness of the sheet is to be altered the core die J is released and lifted up,
and the shaping ring I is removed by taking out its holding screws; a ring
of larger or smaller diameter is then substituted, just as a sheet of thinner or
thicker substance may be wanted; again, when the bore of the pipe is to be
changed, the receiver and core die are both to be removed and larger or
smaller details of the same kind substituted. It will be obvious to the practical
man that various forms of receivers and pistonsor compressing details may be
contrived for the purpose of making flat sheets direct by compression without
first forming tubular pieces.
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of my Inven-
tion, and the manner in which the same is or may be used or carried into effect,
I may observe in conclusion that I do not confine or restrict myself to the
precise details or arrangements which I have had occasion to describe or refer
to, as many variations may be made therefrom without deviating from the
principles or main features of my Invention; but what I consider to be novel
and original, and therefore claim as the Invention secured to me by the herein-
before in part recited Letters Patent is,-
First, the general arrangement and construction of the machinery, appa-
ratus, or means for the manufacture of metals, as herein-before described.
Second, the system or mode of constructing machines for making tubular
articles by compression, wherein the core bar or mandril stands up from and
is attached to the centre of the bottom of the metal receiver..
Third, the system or mode of forcing tubular articles by causing the die to

page_text: press on the surface of the mass of metal whilst there is no frictional contact
except at the actual point of exudation or escape.
Fourth, the system or mode of constructing machines for manufacturingor
shaping metals of the above description by compression, wherein the meta
receivers are adjustable on the top of the hydrostatic press.
Fifth, the application and use of cast steel or case-hardened metals for
resisting the force necessary in compressing metals of the abovedescription,
as herein-before described.
Sixth, the system or mode of constructing machines for shaping metal by
compression, as herein-before described, with theram and shaping die solid or
in one piece.
Seventh, the manufacture of metallic sheets of the above description byfirst
forming tubular pieces, and then cutting up such tubes to be flattened out, or
by manufacturing sheets direct by pressure through a die.
Eighth, the formation of such metallic sheets or tubular sheets from the full
bore of the cylinder or metal receiver, as herein-before described.
Ninth, the application and use of a main central tension bar for binding
together the hydrostatic cylinder and the shaping die or core.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Weems, have hereunto set my hand
and seal, the Seventh day of May, One thousand eight hundred and
sixty-six
Signed and sealed by the said John
Weems, in the presence of
ALEX. MACNAUGHTON,
JOHN WEEMS. (L.S.)
Of 18. Young Street, Edinburgh.
Of 18, Young Street, Edinburgh,
Clerk-at-Law.
To the Clerk of the Patents of England.
This is to certify that the above-named John Weems has applied to me for
leave to enter with you the above-written Disclaimer and Memorandum of
Alteration of part of the Specification of the above Invention for which Letters
Patent were duly granted to the said John Weems, bearing date at Westminster
the Eleventh day of November, One thousand eight hundred and fifty-two:
And on considering the said application I directed the said John Weems to
advertise the same in the London Gazette, and in the Times, Morning Herald,

page_text: Caledonian Mercury, and Paisley Herald and Renfrewshire Advertiser, and
such advertisements have been duly published accordingly, that is to say, in
the said London Gazette on the Third day of April last, in the Times on the
Second day of April last, in the Morning Herald on the Second day of April
last, in the Caledonian Mercury on the Thirteenth day of April last, and in
the Paisley Herald and Renfrewshire Advertiser on the Fourteenth day of
April last: And no sufficient objection having been made to the said appli-
cation I have according granted and do hereby grant leave to the said John
Weems to enter and file his said Disclaimer and Memorandum of Alteration
pursuant to the Statutes in such case made and provided.
Dated this Fifteenth day of May One thousand eight hundred and
ne before our said Ladythe
Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged the Disclaimer aforesaid, and
alland everything therein contained and specified in form above-written, and
also the Disclaimer aforesaid was stamped according to the tenor of the
Statute made for that purpose.
Enrolled the 1wenty-eighth day of May, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and sixty-six

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHN
WEEMS, of Johnstone, in the County of Renfrew, North Britain, Tinsmith,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Eleventh day of
November, in the sixteenth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs
and successors, give and grant unto me, the said John Weems, Her especial
license, full power, sole privilege and authority, that I, the said John Weems,
my exors, aditors, and assigns, and such others as I, the said John Weems,
my exors, adiñors, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others,
from time to time and at all times during the term of years therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within England,
Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, my Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS
IN THE MANUFACTURE OR PRODUCTION OF METALLIC PIPES AND SHEETS;" for which
said Invention Letters Patent for Scotland have been granted to me, bearing
date the Thirty-first day of May last; in which said Letters Patent is contained
a proviso requiring that I, the said John Weems, by an instrumont in writing

page_text: under my hand and seal, shall particularly describe and ascertain the nature
of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, and
shall cause the same to be inrolled in Her said Majesty's High Court of
Chancery within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of
the said in part recited Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
John Weems, do hereby declare the nature of my Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and
ascertained in and by this present Instrument in writing as follows, reference
being had to the Drawings hereunto attached, and to the letters and figures
marked thereon, that is to say:-
My said Invention relates to various arrangements of machinery, apparatus,
or means for the more economical and efficient manufacture or production of
pipes and tubular articles, and sheets or flat surfaces from block tin, lead,
copper, and composite metals by means of direct pressure, to cause exudation
of the treated metal through a suitable orifice. And in order that my said
Invention may be properly understood, I shall now proceed to describe the
several Figures on the Sheet of Drawings hereunto attached.
Figure 1 on my Sheet of Drawings is an external side elevation of one
modification of the machine which I employ for the manufacture of block tin,
lead, and composite metal pipes. Figure 2 is a vertical sectional elevation of
the same at right angles to Figure 1. Figure 3 is an elarged plan or end
elevation of the tubular mandril or fixed ram as fitted with its steel die ring,
which shapes and determines the exterior surface of the pipe; and Figure 4
is a side elevation, partially in section, of the steel ring detached. Figure 5 is
a longitudinal section of a modified plan of the mandril or core bar, which
shapes and defines the internal surface of the pipe as contrived when intended
to be used for shaping tubular articles in copper or other similar hard metal.
Figure 6 is a plan of the complete machine corresponding to Figure 1, and
Figure 7 is a transverse horizontal section through the metal chamber or
receiver, and the supporting side pillars and tension stays of the machine, as at
a, b, in Figure 2, corresponding to Figure 2. The machine is entirely
independent and self-contained, the hydrostatic pressure cylinder A resting
directly on the floor at the base line B without any other fixtures. This
chamber is cast open at the top and closed in with a bored cover C held down
by set screws D, the large water pressure ram or plunger E working water-
tight through this cover, which is fitted with a dished or cup leather ring F for
preventing the escape of water, The upper part of this water chamber has
also a deep projecting rib piece cast on each side, and notched or recessed

page_text: longitudinally at regular intervals to receive the lower ends of the main
wrought-iron tension rods H which pass upwards and are similarly inserted in
corresponding notched ribs I cast on the two opposite sides of the main
resisting cross-head J overhead. The water chamber and cross-head are
further connected by two vertical side pillars K. forming pillars between the
chamber top and the lower side of the cross-head, and being recessed longitu-
dinally to admit the tension rods. In this manner a very firm connection of
the main details of the machine is obtained by simple means, both ends of
the tension rods having solid heads L, so that when the rod ends are heated
and slipped laterally into their grooves in the main castings the contraction
consequent on cooling causes the heads to form firm bearings to hold up the
water chamber and cross-head firmly against the ends of their side pillars.
The interior of the water chamber is lined with brass or copper, as at M. tho
escape of water behind which is prevented by the cup leathers and N at the
top and bottom; and the lower end of the main pressure ram being expanded
or formed as a piston at O, it has a pair of cup leathers P, Q, as packing for
the upper and lower sides. The port for the admission of the water from the
force pumps is at R. and a second port is formed above at S for pumping in
water above the piston portion of the ram for the purpose of returning it
downwards when the charge of metal is exhausted. The metal, as block tin
or lead, to be used in forming the pipe is contained in the traversing chamber
or receiver T, which rests on the top of the water pressure ram E, and is held
down thereon by a ring of bolts U. These bolts have their heads inserted
laterally into suitable holding slots round the bottom of the metal receiver,
whilst their lower ends pass through a ring V, and are secured by nuts beneath
this ring, being in two halves, and clamped into a ring groove W formed round
the head of the ram. The cylindrical core bar X acting as the mandril for
shaping the pipe's bore is placed accurately concentric with the axial line of the
metal receiver, being tapered at its lower end for insertion in the solid bottom
of the chamber, where it is held by a transverse cutter.. The fixed tubular
piece or stationary ram V, carrying the die or external shaping ring Z, is formed
with a flange at its upper end, by which it is attached by the ring of bolts a to tho
under side of the cross-head J. The external diameter of this tubular piece is
slightly smaller than the bore of the metal receiver T, and its lower end is made
with a shoulder b, fitting exactly to the bore of the receiver. This shoulder, in
conjunction with the inner ring of steel or other metal Z, forms the resisting
pressure surface against the metal in the receiver as at c, a shoulder being
turned out of the bore of the piece Y for the purpose of countersinking the
die ring. This ring is held in position by a ring of set screws & passing

page_text: through the shoulder of the piece Y, and penetrating the ring's periphery.
The actual shaping surface of this die ring is the inner shoulder e, turned out
of the ring, the bore of this shoulder being just as much larger than the
diameter of the core bar X as the thickness of metal of the intended pipe f
requires. The actual operation of this machine is similar to that of existing
machines of this class. In commencing to work the ram E is let down to the
bottom of its cylinder, and the top of the metal receiver T is then clear of the
die above. In this state the receiver is charged with its supply of lead, tin, or
other metal, as represented at c; and the ram E, being then forced upwards
by the pumping action, the surface of the contained metal c becomes power-
fully pressed against the die, and having no other means of escape, it exudes
in the form of a pipef through the narrow annular outlet between the core
bar X and the shoulder e of the die ring. But the essential distinctive feature
of this system of construction is, that the core bar is fixed in the metal
receiver, and therefore travels with it along with the contained metal, so that
there is no actual frictional contact, except at the point of escape of the
exuding metal; and the shaping die is pressed merely against the surface of
the mass of metal, so that just so much of the mass of metal is caused to oozo
through or between the die and core as will produce the amount of pipe due
to each increment of motion of the die, without in any way disturbing the rest
of the metal, or giving rise to any frictional effect elsewhere. Another advan-
tage of this arrangement is, that it affords facilities for making long lengths of
sound pipe from numerous combined charges; for, when a charge has been
exhausted, and the receiver carried down for a new charge, the new melted
metal poured into the receiver amalgamates with the small flange portion on
the end of the moulded pipe in the bottom of the receiver. Hence, the new
metal and the length of pipe previously shaped become homogeneously con-
verted, and the making of the pipe goes on without flaw, whilst any foreign
matters in the lead are floated to the surface of the metal, and may be
scummed off. Such a system of construction also enables the manufacturer to
produce pipes or other tubular articles from block tin, copper, or any com-
posite metal harder than lead, which manufacture of hard metals by pressure
through a die has not hitherto been commercially practicable by means of the
existing machinery. And in working such hard metals by pressure I make the
metal receiver and ram of steel or of wrought or cast iron, suitably hardened to
resist the inordinate pressure necessary for the expulsion of such hard metals,
the required high degree of pressure upon the treated metal being effected by
causing the hydrostatic ram to act upon a metal receiver of much smaller
bore than heretofore, such bore being only from one to five inches in diameter,

page_text: and worked by a very large pressure cylinder. And such an arrangement of
machinery I propose to use for the manufacture of tubular articles of brass,
copper, or other suitable metal useful for a variety of purposes, as well as
ordinary pipes, more especially thick short pipes of copper, to be engraved for
the calico printer, and technically known as "copper rollers." In such a
manufacture the brass or copper is melted and poured into the receiver,
or instead of this the mass may be formed into a ring, and placed in the
receiver in a heated state surrounding the mandril. The metal so deposited is
then expressed from the receiver in the manner which I have already
described, with this difference, that the issuing tube is cooled as it exudes by a
jet of cold water supplied by the small pipe g. Water from this pipe flows
down the conical opening , and either inside or outside the newly made tube,
which it cools, between the die and the core. The core bar or mandril X has in
this case a continuous double water way through it, with an inlet and outlet
aperture i, j, corresponding with passages K, in the bottom of the receiver T.
When the charge has been exhausted the newly made tube is held fast above,
and cold water run through the hollow core bar, in order to shrink or contract
the diameter of this bar, so that on the return motion of the receiver the corc
bar draws easily out of the tube, leaving the tube above. Then to cut off the
rough end flange piece at the bottom of the tube a bridge or cross suupport is
placed over the mouth of the receiver to carry a punch fitting easily to the
bore of the dic. The receiver is then again traversed up, and the upward
pressure of the punch cuts off the flange, leaving the tube clear. By this
means cylinders of homogeneous and very dense or solid metal are produced
with facility, such cylinders being very valuable for being engraved as copper
rollers." Figure 8 is a vertical section of a modified arrangement of a
machine on the same principle as contrived for the manufacture of sheets
of lead and other metals. Figure 9 is a plan or face view of the stationary
die ring which acts as the shaping core, and Figure 10 is a side elevation
corresponding. The hydrostatic pressure cylinder A, formed in the same way
as in the other machine, rests upon an open base B, and has fitted in it the
large ram C, on the top of which the centre piece D rests by a base flange;
being bound or held in one mass with the ram and the metal receiver E by
the ring of bolts F passing through a flange on the receiver, and entering
a ring G let into a groove in the top of the ram. In this way an annular
space H is formed for the reception of the metal to be shaped between the
outside of the species of core picce D and the interior of the metal receiver E.
The metal receiver is in this case bored truly out to the outside diameter

page_text: of the intended tube, which is made prior to flattening out in a sheet,
so that the interior of the metal receiver is in effect the exterior shaping
die for the pipe, whilst the pipe's bore is determined by the exterior of
the core ring I, recessed into and screwed against the end face of the
fixed tubular core piece J. This fixed core die is entered upon a shoulder
on the upper end of the main centre tension bar K, and is held
down by a clamping collar ring L, made in two halves to embrace a
turned-out portion near the head of the bar. This bar is passed down
through the centre piece D, the ram C, and the bottom of the hydrostatic
chamber A, beneath the bottom of which it is secured by the clamping
collar M, a thin wedge N being placed beneath the end of the bar to support
and adjust the bar whilst the parts are being erected. In this way, when lead
or other metal is supplied to the receiving space H, the upward pressure of
the ram C causes such metal to exude in the form of a pipe O between the
core ring I and the interior of the receiver E. The metal so tubularly shaped
may, therefore, either be used as a pipe of large bore, or it may be cut open
longitudinally by a stationary knife, and gradually opened out by a wedge or
other means, and passed over a guide roller P. Thence it may be passed
between a pair of nipping rollers Q, and finally wound up at R, in its com-
pletely flattened sheet state. When the thickness of the sheet is to be altered
the core die J is released and lifted up, and the shaping ring I is removed
by taking out its holding screws. A ring of larger or smaller diameter is
then substituted just as a sheet of thinner or thicker substance may be wanted.
Again, when the bore of the pipe is to be changed, the receiver and core die
are both to be removed, and larger or smaller details of the same kind substi-
tuted. It will be obvious to the practical man, that various forms of receivers
and pistons, or compressing details, may be contrived for the purpose of making
flat sheets direct by compression without first forming tubular pieces.
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of my Inven-
tion, and the manner in which the same is or may be used or carried into
effect, I may observe, in conclusion, that I do not confine or restrict myself to
the precise details or arrangements which I have had occasion to describe or
refer to, as many variations may be made therefrom without deviating from
the principles or main features of my Invention; but what I consider to be
novel and original, and therefore claim as the Invention secured to me by the
herein-before in part recited Letters Patent, is-
First, the general arrangement and construction of the machinery, appa-
ratus, or means for the manufacture of metals, as herein-before described.

page_text: Second, the system or mode of constructing machines for making tubular
articles by compression, wherein the core bar or mandril stands up from and is
attached to the centre of the bottom of the metal receiver.
Third, the system or mode of forging tubular articles by causing the die to
press on the surface of the mass of metal whilst there is no frictional contact,
except at the actual point of exudation or escape.
Fourth, the system or mode of constructing machines for manufacturing or
shaping metals by compression, wherein the metal receivers are adjustable on
the top of the hydrostatic press.
Fifth, the application and use of cast steel or case-hardened metals for
resisting the force necessary in compressing hard metals, as herein-before
described.
Sixth, the system or mode of constructing machines for shaping metal by
compression, as herein-before described, with the ram and shaping die solid or
in one piece.
Seventh, the system or mode of manufacturing copper rollers, hollow
cylinders, or pipes, by compression, as herein-before described.
Eighth, the application and use of a cooling fluid for cooling both the
manufactured articles and the details of the machine, as herein-before
described.
Ninth, the manufacture of metallic sheets by first forming tubular pieces,
and then cutting up such tubes to be flattened out or by manufacturing sheets
direct by pressure through a die.
Tenth, the formation of metallic sheets or tubular sheets from the full bore
of the cylinder or metal receiver, as herein-before described.
Eleventh, the application and use of a main central tension bar for binding
together the hydrostatic cylinder and the shaping die or core.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Weems, have hereunto set my hand
and seal, this Tenth day of May, One thousand eight hundred and
fifty-three.

page_text: IXELSALL, Extra.
AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Tenth day of May, in the year
of our Lord 1853, the aforesaid John Weems came before our said Lady the
Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged the Specification aforesaid, and
all and every thing therein contained and specified, in form above written.
And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped according to the tenor of the
Statute made for that purpose.
Enrolled the Eleventh day of May, in the year of our Lord One thousand
eight hundred and fifty-three.