matthewleechen/300YearsOfBritishPatents huggingface dataset:
IMPROVED COMPOSITIONS OR CEMENTS, AND METHODS OF APPLYING THE SAME TO VARIOUS PARTS OF BUILDINGS AND HOUSES WHERE SLATES, TILES, STONES, AND SHEET METALS HAVE BEEN USED
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Griffiths at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 30th March
1861.
I, JOHN GRIFFITHS, of Richmond Park, Breck, Liverpool, in the County
of Lancaster, Architect and Builder, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVED COMPOSITIONS OR CEMENTS, AND METHODS OF APPLYING
THE SAME TO VARIOUS PARTS OF BUILDINGS AND HOUSES WHERE SLATES, TILES,
STONES, AND SHEET METALS HAVE BEEN USED," to be as follows:-
The concrete formed by the compositions or cements herein-after mentioned,
when placed on or over battens, slips, or strips of wood or other material
fastened to rafters, bearers, or supports, is impervious to moisture or atmo-
sphere, very light, unaffected by change of temperature, a non-conductor of
beat, effects a great saving in timber, and is therefore an admirable substitute
for slates, tiles, stones, and sheet metals for various parts of buildings, such
as roofs, gutters, ridges, cupolas, domes, hips, caves, valleys, cisterns, and
floors.
The battens, slips or strips, above-named, I prefer affixing transversely to
the rafters, bearers, or supports at short distances apart, so that the plastic
materials herein-after named may be forced partially through the interstices,
and act as a binding key when dry and hard, thus giving excellent holding
power. Over the network of battens, slips or strips, and rafters, bearers, or
supports, I place one or more layers of compositions of lime or other cement,
cinders, and hair, or of lime and cinders. I have found the following very

page_text: durable, viz., layer 1st., which is prepared with alcal or other lime or cement,
hair, and fine cinders; this is left to dry with the top scratched; layer 2nd
is similar to the first, but as soon as applied is sprinkled over with riddled
cinders, which are forced about half way into the lime or other cement; layer
3rd is of hydraulic or other lime or cement mixed with fine ashes or cinders
riddled through a finer mesh than those used in the 1st and 2nd layers; layer
4th is of hydraulic or other lime..
IMPROVEMENTS IN ORNAMENTING OR DECORATING ARTICLES OF IRON
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Ferdinand Hirschfeld at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
23rd July 1861. A communication from abroad by Jean Baptiste
Haffner and Jean Pierre Haffner, of Paris, in the Empire of France,
Manufacturers.
I, FERDINAND HIRSCHFELD, of the Firm of Hirschfeld, Peraire, and Com-
pany, of 24, Cannon Street West, in the City of London, Leather Cloth
Manufacturers and Importers of Foreign Goods, do hereby declare the nature
of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN ORNAMENTING OR DECORATING
ARTICLES OF IRON," a communication to me from abroad by Jean Baptiste
Haffner and Jean Pierre Haffner, of Paris, in the Empire of France,
Manufacturers, to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to the application of what is known as "marqueterie,"
to the ornamentation of articles composed of iron, and consists of the applica-
tion of "marqueterie," of copper, and other metals, of various woods, of shells,
tortoiseshell, mother of pearl, and other suitable substances to all kinds of
articles composed of iron.
In carrying out this Invention the "marqueterie" is applied either. directly
to the iron, by the aid of any suitable glue or adhesive cement, or the "mar-
queterie" may be laid upon a surface of wood, veneer, or of cloth previously
secured to the iron surface to be ornamented.
IMPROVE- MENTS IN COUNTER OR PILLAR BEER ENGINES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Henry Young at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 5th September
1861.
I, HENRY YOUNG, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick, Manu-
facturer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN COUNTER OR PILLAR BEER ENGINES," to be as follows:-
In counter or pillar beer engines, as ordinarily constructed, the engine or
pump by which the beer is raised is situated above the counter, and the
parallel motion of the piston rod is fixed on the top of the said engine or
pump, and immediately opposite the centre on which the arm or lever
turns.
In constructing counter or pillar beer engines, according to my Invention, I
fix the engine or pump below the plate which is fixed to the counter, and
above the said plate is a cylinder or column in which the parallel motion of
the piston rod works. Near the top of the said column and on one side
thereof the lever is situated by which the engine is worked, and the pipe which
delivers the liquid passes up the said column; or the parallel motion as well
as the engine or pump may be placed beneath the counter plate. In this case
the lever is jointed to one side of a dome on the said plate, in which dome the
short arm of the lever works.
IMPROVEMENTS IN LOOMS FOR WEAVING
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL
SPECIFICATION left by Richard Ashworth, George
Shepherd, John Cormack, and John Dearden at the Office of the Com-
missioners of Patents, with their Petition, on the 13th December 1861.
We, RICHARD ASHWORTH and GEORGE SHEPHERD, Manufacturers, and
5 JOHN CORMACK, Mechanic, and JOHN DEARDEN, Overlooker, all of Stack-
steads, in the County of Lancaster, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN LOOMS FOR WEAVING," to be as follows:-
The object of our improvements is to dispense with the roller known as the
emery roller in front of the loom, and to bring the cloth from the loom at any
constant velocity agreeing with the number of picks, thereby making the cloth
even and uniform in texture. To accomplish this we cause a rod or bar
containing a cross slot or slide to be actuated by means of a lever or levers
attached to one of the oscillating bars which carries the lathe, in such a way
that the rod or bar shall have communicated to it a reciprocating motion. A
lever supported upon a pliable stem moves in the before-mentioned cross slot
or slide, one end of which lever catches in the teeth of a disk wheel, and
causes the said disk wheel to revolve. The disk wheel has ratchet teeth on its
edge, into which a ratchet or ratchets work, to prevent the wheel returning
after being moved as just mentioned. The said disk wheel is connected with
the cloth roller by means of a train of wheelwork, for the purpose of causing
the cloth roller to revolve at the same time as the disk wheel revolves, and at
such velocity as to give the desired number of picks in a given length of
cloth.

page_text: The stem before mentioned, which carries the lever for moving the disk
wheel, is attached to a rack, the said rack having motion given to it by wheel-
work, or a worm and wheelwork connected to the other wheelwork before
mentioned by means of a shaft or otherwise. When the rod containing the
cross slot or slide acts upon the lever fixed on the stem, and thereby causes
the disk wheel to revolve, the train of wheels attached thereto causes the rack
to which the said stem is attached to move the lever along the cross slot from
the centre of the disk wheel towards its circumference, thereby decreasing the
time of revolution of the said disk wheel in proportion to the increasing
diameter of the cloth on the cloth roller, and consequently winding on the
cloth at an uniform rate, and allowing a constant number of picks to be made
in a given length of cloth.
OBTAINING AND APPLYING MAGNETIC MOTIVE POWER
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Edward Henry Cradock Monckton
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 29th May 1861.
I, EDWARD HENRY CRADOCK MONCKTON, of the Parthenon Club, Regent
Street, in the County of Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of the
said Invention for "OBTAINING AND APPLYING MAGNETIC MOTIVE POWER," to
be as follows (that is to say):-
My Invention has reference to cutting off or diverging magnetic attraction
at certain points for the purpose of obtaining motive power, and consists,
firstly, in the application of galvanic or electric currents conveyed by wire into
contact with magnets or other mediums (insulated or otherwise) attracting
each other. And, secondly, in lieu thereof, in the direct application to the
poles of magnets or other mediums, insulated or otherwise, of pieces of iron
or other similar paramagnetic mediums (such as nickel, peroxide of lead, red
lead, or otherwise), whether simple, compound, or chemically prepared.
To obtain a rotatory or reciprocating motion by the action of magnets or
other mediums, I cause the magnets to be placed on the periphery of a wheel,
or attached to a frame so as to attract and be attracted in their turn by other
magnets in a fixed position, these magnets or other media having their
attraction cut off or diverged by the above applications in such manner as to
admit of other magnets being successively brought into their sphere of

page_text: attraction, whereby a rotatory or other motion is produced, the magnets, iron,
or other media being protected from the action of the atmosphero or otherwise
by means of electro-plating, or by coating them with any suitable substance
for that purpose.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF OILS, AND IN TREATING OILS AND FATS FOR PURPOSES OF PURIFYING, DECOLORIZING, CLARIFYING, AND DISINFECTING THEM
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Charles Corroy Regnault at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 25th
February 1861.
I, CHARLES CORROY REGNAULT, of Margaret Street, Cavendish Square, in
the County of Middlesex, Chymist, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF OILS, AND IN TREATING
OILS AND FATS FOR PURPOSES OF PURIFYING, DECOLORIZING, CLARIFYING, AND
DISINFECTING THEM," to be as follows:-
My Invention relates to oils which are manufactured or treated by distilla-
tion, and refers, first, to the manufacture of oils, for which purpose, before
distilling the resinous or other matter from which the oil is to be obtained, I
mix or combine therewith a powder, which may consist of powdered charcoal
or powdered plaster, or of brick earth, clay, steatite, talc, flint, slate, stone,
chalk, sand, ashes, or silicate of aluminium in a powdered state, or other pow-
dered matter, which is neutral to or does not affect the good qualities of the
oil, and which, when the matter is submitted to distillation, will combine and
form a deposit or precipitate with the gummy, gelatinous, waxy, or other pre-
judicial matters, which it is desirable to extract from the oils to be obtained,
and will separate them therefrom. After having mixed the powdered agent
with the matter to be distilled, I submit the same to heat and proceed to-
distil. I afterwards proceed to a second process of distillation, but before so
distilling I mix or combine with the matters to be distilled powdered quick-

page_text: lime combined with carbonate of soda, to which I generally add chloride of
lime, and preferably also one of the powdered agents mentioned in the first
process; when I wish to proceed to subsequent distillations, I proceed before
so distilling as I did for the second distillation.
My Invention also relates to treating fats and oils already manufactured, for
purposes of clarifying, purifying, decolorizing, and disinfecting them; for this
purpose before distilling them I mix or combine therewith powdered quick-
lime combined with carbonate of soda, generally adding chloride of lime, and
preferably also adding one of the powdered agents mentioned in the first
process; I then proceed to distil.
AN IMPROVE- MENT OR IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR SIGNALLING ON RAILWAY. TRAINS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Thomas Griffiths at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 15th
March 1861.
I, THOMAS GRIFFITHS, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick, Manu-
facturer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVE-
MENT OR IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR SIGNALLING ON RAILWAY.
TRAINS," to be as follows:-
My Invention consists of machinery or apparatus constructed as herein-after
explained for signalling on railway trains. In the guard's van or other part
of the train a strong closed cistern or reservoir is fixed, connected with which
is a condensing pump. The said condensing pump is worked from the moving
carriage in the manner herein-after explained, and by its action air is con-
densed in the reservoir of a pressure sufficient to sound a railway whistle or
whistles or other alarum with the requisite loudness for signalling purposes..
The said cistern or reservoir is provided with a pressure guage and safety
valve, as well as a railway whistle or whistles or other alarum capable of
being sounded by condensed air. The condensing pump is worked in the
following manner :-On one of the axles of the guard's van, or the carriage to.
which the signalling apparatus is fixed, is a cam or excentric, which is loose
upon the said axle, but is capable of being geared thereto, so as to take a
rotatory motion therefrom by means of a clutch box acted upon by a lever.
The said lever is under the control of the guárd, who can by its means readily

page_text: throw the cam or excentric into or out of gear with the axle upon which it is
situated. The piston rod of the condensing pump is connected with the cam
or excentric, either directly or through an intermediate lever.
In using the apparatus the guard on the starting of the train throws the
canı or excentric into gear, and the motion of the carriage or van axle works
the condensing pump. When the air in the reservoir has been condensed to
the degree required to sound the whistle or whistles or alarum with sufficient
Joudness the guard throws the cam or excentric out of gear. The train
proceeds with a supply of condensed air ready for use, in case it should be
required to signal the driver. When the guard wishes to call the attention of
the driver he opens a stop-cock or valve between the condenser and the
whistle or whistles, and the latter immediately sound. The requisite pressure
of air in the reservoir is kept up by throwing the apparatus into gear with the
axle of the carriage or van whenever the pressure in the said apparatus
approaches the minimum efficient pressure.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF LOOM PICKERS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Ambler at the, Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 22nd November
1861.
I, WILLIAM AMBLER, of Keighley, in the County of York, Paper Merchant,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
THE MANUFACTURE OF LOOM PICKERS," to be as follows:-
"
or
Loom pickers are now made entirely of what is called "sizeing
untanned bide, which is very apt to break, soon wears out, and is expensive.
My improvements consist in forming them of metal adapted to receive a
padding of "sizeing" or other suitable material, combined sometimes with an
india-rubber back for the purpose of elasticity where they strike the end of the
shuttle.
I form the part where this elastic material to strike the shuttle is applied as
a sort of chamber formed by a lip or other holding means at the front or
striking end to prevent the padding being forced through, and a screw or
other suitable means at the back to press upon the padding, and thereby.
regulate the amount of elasticity to it as well to give facility for the replace-
ment of a fresh pad when one is worn.
IMPROVEMENTS IN PREPARING FABRICS TO BENDER THEM SUITABLE FOR PACKING GOODS, AND IN CLOSING OR SEALING PACKAGES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by James Brown at 'the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 2nd Aprik
1861.
I, JAMES BROWN, of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark, North Britain,
Packing Case Maker, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN PREPARING FABRICS TO BENDER THEM SUITABLE FOR
PACKING GOODS, AND IN CLOSING OR SEALING PACKAGES," to be as follows, that.
is to say:
This Invention relates to the preparation of textile fabrics so as to render
them impervious to water or air, and therefore suitable for packing goods..
which may be protected from injury by preventing the access of air or
moisture thereto.
Under one modification of this Invention the cloth, linen, silk, woollen, or
other suitable fabric is wound upon a roller, and the fabric is caused to pass-
therefrom down into a tank or other suitable receptacle containing a solution
of gutta percha dissolved in naptha, or other solvent, and kept heated by
means of steam, or the direct application of fire. The fabric passes under
a roller or other suitable contrivance arranged within the solution tank, and
thence upwards and between a pair of heated rollers, which serve to press the
solution into the interstices of the fabric, and by the application of heat to.
evaporate the naptha. From these rollers the fabric is carried into a trough
containing cold water to thoroughly cool it, and thence over a heated table to-
evaporate the moisture, and finally is wound upon a roller, which completes-

page_text: the process. Fabrics prepared in this manner are impervious to water and to
air, so that they may be advantageously used for lining cases, or for forming
packages intended for exportation, and for other generally similar purposes.
To seal the overlapping edges of fabrics prepared in this manner it is only
necessary to apply heat to the surfaces to be joined, and press them together;
this softens the gutta percha, and causes the parts to unite firmly together.
Or the sealing may be done by means of a suitable varnish or cementing
medium. In this way both moisture and air may be effectually excluded from
the goods packed in these fabrics. If preferred, the material known as
vegetable parchment may be used to enclose the goods, and the improvement
in the application of this material consists in sealing or cementing the edges
or open parts of the package with marine glue, either softened by heat, or
applied in the form of a solution. The vegetable parchment being impervious
to water, it only requires an effective mode of sealing the edges to render it
applicable to all the purposes of packing goods which are required to be
protected from damp.
A MODE OF PROMOTING A MORE PERFECT COMBUSTION OF FUEL IN FURNACES, AND THE MANNER OF EFFECTING THE SAME
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Joseph Capron Tiffany at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 6th May
1861.
I, JOSEPH CAPRON TIFFANY, of the City of New York, in the State of New
York, one of the United States of America, do hereby declare the nature of
the said Invention for "A MODE OF PROMOTING A MORE PERFECT COMBUSTION
OF FUEL IN FURNACES, AND THE MANNER OF EFFECTING THE SAME," to be as
follows:-
It consists in a method of first heating air, and mingling it with steam in a
place or chamber separate and apart from the furnace or place of combustion,
and then introducing them thus combined into the latter at a point where they
will produce the best effect on the combustion, which is to produce, by mixing
them and the gases created by heat and their combination with the carboni-
ferous vapours on their way to the chimney from the incandescent fuel, an
inflammable compound, which is at once consumed, and where the heat pro-
duced thereby can be effectually and usefully employed, while at the same
time the apparatus through or by which the steam and air are admitted is
protected from being clogged or otherwise rendered ineffective by accumulation
of ashes, the action of the fire, &c.; and also in regulating by means of
suitable devices the proper proportions of air and steam, which by practice
will be found when combined to produce the best effect. For this purpose a
chamber is constructed in such a position that one or both its sides can be
heated by the furnace fire. Within it is contained covered and protected a

page_text: perforated pipe into which steam is admitted, and where is also received a
supply of air. The steam and air aro heated by coming in contact with the
hot plate or side of the chamber at the same time that they are commingling,
and then passing through orifices near or in the top of the chamber are intro-
duced into the furnace above and over the fuel, so as to meet and combine
with the carboniferous vapours before they reach the flues or chimney and
produce the desired result.
AN IMPROVED CARTRIDGE FOR BREECH-LOADING GUNS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Frederick Morton Eden at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 16th
April 1861.
1, FREDERICK MORTON EDEN, of No. 5, Hare Court, Temple, in the County
of Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN
IMPROVED CARTRIDGE FOR BREECH-LOADING GUNS," to be as follows:-
This improved cartridge is intended for use in that class of breech-loading
gun (whether smooth bored or rifled) wherein the barrel or barrels is or are
mounted on a hinge, and the muzzle turns down, thus bringing the breech up
for loading.
The cartridge is similar in external form to those hitherto employed for such
purposes, but instead of forming the cylindrical case of paper as usual, it is
made of metal (aluminium being preferred on account of its lightness and
incorrodibility). This case is to be carefully fitted to the chamber in the
breech of the gun, and is cut or slit on one side longitudinally through its
entire length, in order to avoid any strain from the explosion.
The charge is ignited as follows:-The pin which exists in the ordinary
cartridge is retained, but the inner end (in place of being pointed and entering
a cap previously placed in the cartridge) is hollowed out, and in the cavity
receives the detonating composition. When pushed into the cartridge the
pin descends upon a steel or other metal point fixed in a small cylindrical
opening in the base of the cartridge case.

page_text: These cartridge cases can be used repeatedly for an indefinite period, and it
will be merely necessary for a sportsman to carry about half a dozen cases, as
he or his attendant can replenish them as quickly as can possibly be required
from an ordinary powder flask and shot belt or bullet pouch, as the case may
be. And any requisite quantity of the detonating pins can be carried instead
of the ordinary percussion caps. The pins also can be recharged with the
explosive compound and used over and over again.
IMPROVEMENTS IN CARRIAGE BUILDING
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Edward Charles Morgan at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
4th February 1861.
I, EDWARD CHARLES MORGAN, of Norwich, do hereby declare the nature of
the Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN CARRIAGE BUILDING," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in carriage building.
In order to prevent noise and sound in the bodies of railway and other
carriages, I employ in constructing such bodies or parts of bodies two or more
thicknesses or layers of wood, which are joined or cemented together. Each
of such thicknesses or layers of wood is perforated with numerous holes, and
in joining or cementing them together it is preferred they should be so
arranged that the perforations or holes shall not come opposite each other, and
between such layers or thicknesses of wood I interpose a layer or thickness of
leather or of felt, or other fabric or soft substance suitable for damping or
preventing sound; and in some cases such leather, felt, or other soft substance
may be also applied on the exterior and interior of such combinations of wood
and other materials. By these means the bodies or parts of the bodies of
railway and other carriages will be rendered less liable to the noise and sounds
now so commonly found to occur in the bodies of carriages.
IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR WEAVING CORDS AND ROPES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Edouard René Marie Vigneron
de la Jousselandière at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with
his Petition, on the 14th October 1861.
I, EDOUARD RENE MARIE VIGNERON DE LA JOUSSELANDIÈRE, of Nantes, in
the Empire of France, Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR WEAVING CORDS AND ROPES,"
to be as follows:-
My machine or apparatus consists of a hollow sphere with sloping apertures,
in which conical pieces will turn, and by means of channels (say, four,) on
their surface carry with them contiguous spindles and bobbins, thus each of
my spindles moving on a cone and within a sphere will always tend to one
point, namely, the centre of the sphere, consequently, the thread or strand will
always be stretched, and the twisting or weaving point move in proximity to a
mathematical point. Each of the cones is set in motion by a gearing placed
on the same axle, and the motor is placed indifferently on one or other of the
axles, working all the gearings which command each other, forming a hexagon
around my sphere. By means of return pieces or cramps my spindles pass
successively from one cone to the other, and thus alternately rising and falling,
and making the entire circuit, effect the twisting of the threads or strands.
To prevent my spindles turning on their own axis during their translation, and
thereby either twist or wind off the thread or strand, I apply to their hind
part a pin or stud, which acts as a buffer against a similar piece behind each

page_text: channel in the cones. It is unnecessary here to describe the traction cylinder
which draws the strand, and regulates its progress to work more or less close
accordingly as the cylinder be more or less weighted, or that the small springs
which regulate the unwinding of the bobbins be more or less tightened. I
usually employ six cones and twelves spindles weaving by six and by twelve,
but by increasing or lessening the number of cones and spindles, I weave by
any number. I may thus sum up my improvements, namely, a means of
weaving rope or cord with or without standing warp, by the aid of cones
moving in a sphere, or in a polyhedron, in such wise that the friction of
the thread or strand is entirely suppressed, that the tension is constant, and
the thickness indifferent, also (by the addition of buffers or pins placed on the
spindles and the driving cones) a means of preserving equal tension of the
threads or strands. It will be understood that the weights on the traction
cylinder may be suppressed, and that it may be worked by gearing commanded
by the machine itself.
IMPROVEMENTS IN ANCHORS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Isaiah Grylls at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 5th January
1861.
I, JOHN ISAIAH GRYLLS, of Murton Street, Sunderland, do hereby declare
the nature of the Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN ANCHORS," to be as
follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in anchors. For these
purposes the crown and arms of an anchor are constructed with a short
sbank, in the upper end of which is formed an eye or opening to admit of its
being connected by a pin joint to part of the shank to which the stock is
applied, which part of the shank is formed with a fork end beyond where the
end of the shank which carries the aruns and crown is connected, the two
limbs of the fork extending on either side of the lower part of the shank to
the crown; by this arrangement the end of the shank which carries the arms
and crown will be enabled to assume an angular position in respect to the
upper part of the shank and its forked end or continuation plates.
IMPROVEMENTS IN FIRE- ARMS AND ORDNANCE
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Philip Vallance at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 10th May
1861.
I, PHILIP VALLANCE, of 4, Bolton Road, Abbey Road, Saint John's Wood,
do hereby declare the nature of the Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN FIRE-
ARMS AND ORDNANCE," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in fire-arms and ordnance.
In fire-arms, and ordnance of the ordinary construction, the recoil is more or
less severe; this arises in consequence of the powder being placed in the bore
of the piece, and of its being ignited from the back of the charge, thus
causing a too sudden combustion of the powder, the result of which arrange-
ment is that immediately the first portion of the powder is ignited it disturbs
all the rest, and setting fire to the whole of the charge generates a large quan-
tity and heavy pressure of gas and vapour before the projectile has had time
to get into rapid motion. In some cases the charge placed in the bore of the
piece has heretofore been ignited from the front in place of from behind as is
more usual, but in these cases, in consequence of the charge lying in a mass
in the bore, the first portion of the powder ignited has set fire to all the rest
almost although probably not quite so fast as in the former case, still the
commencement of the explosion is much more rapid than it should be to
produce the greatest propelling effect on the projectile, and the least recoil.
In other cases the charge has been placed in a chamber of less diameter

page_text: than the bore, and at the breech end thereof, and has been ignited from the
This arrangement it is evident is open to the same objections as the
ordinary arrangement first mentioned.
According to my Invention I form a chamber to receive the charge at the
breech end of the bore of the piece, the chamber being considerably less in
diameter than the bore, and I so arrange the touch-hole or vent that the
front of the charge may be first ignited. Hence it results that the burning of
the first portion of the charge will not instantly ignite the rest, and the
charge burns gradually back from the front, and the projectile has time to
get into rapid motion before the larger portion of the charge is ignited, at the
same time, however, if the length of barrel, the weight of the charge, and the
diameter of the chamber are properly proportioned, the whole charge will be
burnt before the projectile escapes from the barrel, but as the pressure in the
barrel will at no time be excessive, the recoil will be but slight.
IMPROVE- MENTS IN PICKERS USED IN LOOMS FOR WEAVING
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Bland at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 15th October
1861.
I, WILLIAM BLAND, of Baildon, near Leeds, in the County of York, Over-
looker, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN PICKERS USED IN LOOMS FOR WEAVING," to be as follows:-
My improvements relate to the construction and shape of pickers used in
looms for weaving, in strengthening those parts which have principally to
sustain the shock in striking against the shuttle, and consist in so arranging
the material of which the pickers are composed, as to render it less liable to
destruction by that shock. To effect this, I make the pickers of pieces-of-
buffalo or bullock hide, a material commonly called "sizing" leather,
caoutchouc, or any other suitable material, which has hitherto been used for
the manufacture of pickers; but to strengthen the striking part, I lap the
outer fold of the material composing the picker over the side of the picker to
the back end of the same, and secure it there with one or more staples and
rivets, thus changing the T-shape of the picker into an 1 or any other suitable
shape, and turning in the outer fold the material edgewise to the work or
parallel to the spindle on which the picker slides. The picking band or strap
being fastened as usual, I provide the necessary space for it to pass the outer
fold, where it laps over the side.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE DRYING OF BRICKS AND OTHER ARTICLES MANUFACTURED OF FIRE CLAY OR COMMON CLAY, AND IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF DRYING ROOMS FOR SUCH PURPOSE
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Adolf Julius Diedrich Seitz at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
24th July 1861..
I, ADOLF JULIUS DIEDRICH SEITZ, of the Town and County of the Town
of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Chemist, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE DRYING OF BRICKS AND OTHER ARTICLES
MANUFACTURED OF FIRE CLAY OR COMMON CLAY, AND IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF
DRYING ROOMS FOR SUCH PURPOSE," to be as follows:-
The improvements in the drying process, and in the construction of drying
rooms for such purpose, are as follows:-A closed drying room is constructed,
provided with a ceiling having openings therein, closed by shutters, and fur-
nished with skylights. This room is fitted with benches constructed of flags,
quarls, slates, or other porous materials, to receive the bricks or other articles
to be dried, spaces being left between for the passage of barrows and workmen.
In this drying room are arranged a system of pipes heated (by preference). by
means of the waste steam from the steam engine, as being more economical,
but a separate boiler may be employed if necessary. The pipes are to be of
as large a diameter as the quantity of exhausted or other steam will allow,
and are to be carried under the benches, and will heat the drying room after
the manner of a stove. The steam pipes, after passing under one bench, are
carried across the passage way, either along the ceiling or underneath the
floor, to the next bench, and so on throughout the room. The pipes are to be
furnished at convenient places with water boxes, valves, or taps for letting off

page_text: the condensed steam therefrom. The steam given off from the articles being
dried will pass out of the room through the openings in the ceiling, and cannot
become condensed in any part of the drying room on account of the high
temperature at which the room and all its fittings are maintained by the steam
pipes. By using the exhaust steam from the engine a constant temperature
of from eighty to one hundred and thirty degrees, day and night, can be main-
tained in the drying room without any expenditure of labor or material, and
thus a very great economy will be effected.
IMPROVEMENTS IN PRE- VENTING INCRUSTATION IN STEAM BOILERS, IN TANKS FOR CONTAINING THE FEED FOR THE SAME, AND IN BARS FOR THE FURNACES THEREOF
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by James Farren at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 13th March
1861.
I, JAMES FARREN, of Clapham, in the County of Surrey, Engineer, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN PRE-
VENTING INCRUSTATION IN STEAM BOILERS, IN TANKS FOR CONTAINING THE FEED FOR
THE SAME, AND IN BARS FOR THE FURNACES THEREOF," to be as follows:-
My Invention for preventing incrustation consists in the employment of rain
or distilled water, which must be held in sufficient store in tanks to meet any
deficiency which might arise from continued dry weather, and I prefer to con-
struct the tanks of non-aborbent bricks, united by hydraulic cement or water-
resisting cement. I make my furnace bars of fire-clay, glazed or unglazed,
alone or mixed with clinkers, broken pottery ware, ground or pounded with
potters' sand; bars thus made will endure greater heat than iron without
fusing, and will be made much cheaper.
A NEW OR IMPROVED STEAM BOILER
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Samuel Richard Smyth at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with bis Petition, on the 17th
June 1861.
J, SAMUEL RICHARD SMYTH, of Dover, in the County of Kent, do hereby
declare the nature of the 'said Invention for "A NEW OR IMPROVED STEAM
BOILER," to be as follows (that is to say) :-
My Invention, which has reference to a new or improved steam boiler, with
the view to increase the strength and heating surface thereof, consists in
constructing boilers with the upper and lower surfaces so curved as to form
an arch, the said surfaces being plain or corrugated longitudinally as may be
required, and provided with flange projections at the sides or ends for taking
into the brickwork or otherwise; at the upper portion of the said boiler an
arched or horse-shoe shaped steam chest is to be placed and secured centrally
and longitudinally, and furnished with suitable openings communicating with
the interior of the boiler for the flow or passage of the steam. By this arrange-
ment, the flues may be carried above and below the boiler so as to extend the
heating surface, and prevent the exposure of any portion of the said boiler to
the external air.
IMPROVED MOULDED INDIA-RUBBER BOOTS, SHOES, AND OTHER LIKE ARTICLES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by David Lang at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 1st November 1861.
-A communication from abroad by Germain Burnet, 12, Rue de
l'Echiquier, Paris.
I, DAVID LANG, of 26, Skinner Street, Snow Hill, London, do bereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVED MOULDED INDIA-RUBBER
BOOTS, SHOES, AND OTHER LIKE ARTICLES," to be as follows:-
My Invention relates to an improved moulded india-rubber or other elastic
boot or shoe, or other coverings for the feet (and other like articles), which
are formed in the manner herein-after described (that is to say), I first design
a model of the particular shape and configuration of the foot or other part,
for which the article is to be made, and then I also form a mould or matrix
corresponding with the external form of the boot, shoe, or other article when
moulded and finished upon the first-mentioned model. The model and matrix
are so formed that the interstice between the external surface of the core
mould and the internal surface of the matrix shall correspond exactly with
the dimensions and thickness of the elastic material at every part of the boot,
shoe, or other article. By preference, I propose to use india-rubber vul-
canised, but other materials possessing the requisite qualities for these articles,
and this process of formation, may also be used.
The peculiarity of my said Invention consists in the form of the moulds
and parts thereof, and in the design and production of boots, shoes, and

page_text: similar articles like the ordinary leather boots, shoes, &c. to be worn next to
the foot, having a solid sole and heel, vamp, back, and leg formed without any
seam or foundation, every part being solid, and the whole in one piece when
finished. I propose to use rubber of various degrees of hardness, chemically
combined in the mould, and cured in the usual way. In forming the boot or
shoe the sole and heel may be formed of sheet rubber in layers built to the
required thickness first, and the uppers may also be in sheets cut and stretched
upon the core mould, and then inserted into the matrix, in which the whole
receives its form by heat, & when cool is ready for wear.
IMPROVED MACHINERY FOR MAKING BRICKS, PIPES, AND TILES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Joseph Oliver at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 13th September
1861.
I, JOSEPH OLIVER, of Longtown, in the County of Cumberland, Railway
Contractor, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVED
MACHINERY FOR MAKING BRICKS, PIPES, AND TILES," to be as follows:-
Upon a suitable frame is mounted a hopper, in which the clay is placed in
a raw state; the bottom of the said hopper forms a grating. In the said
hopper are a number of tilt hammers fixed on the extreme ends of levers,
working on a shaft mounted on the said frame, and operated upon by cogs
on a revolving drum, which depress the short ends of said levers, and give
motion to the tilt hammers in the hopper, by which means the clay and any
small stones that are in it are pounded, crushed, and forced through the said
grating into a chamber under the said hopper. In the front of the said
chamber is a spout or aperture through which the prepared clay is driven
out on to a table by means of a horizontal hammer connected with an eccentric
communicating alternate motion to the same, and a knife is fixed in front of
the said spout for dividing the clay to the required breadth for the mould.
The said machine for preparing the clay may be worked by horse or steam
power. The pressing machine may be on the same frame as the hopper, or
on a detached frame; in either case it will receive the clay direct from the
spout of the hopper on to a block. Over the said block slides a mould, in

page_text: which the bricks are formed under pressure of a punch or die connected to a
powerful lever near its fulcrum. The said lever is weighted at its extreme
end, and is also connected by a chain to the end of a second lever, suspended
from which is a treadle for lifting the said punch. The said mould is lifted
up by means of a crank lever operated upon by a treadle, and cuts off tho
required quantity of clay, which is pressed into shape by the action of the
punch. Pipes and tiles can also be made by using dies and moulds suitable
for those purposes.
AN IMPROVED SIGNAL
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Love at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 29th August
1861. A communication from abroad by Robert Harvey, of Lonsdale
Street West, in the City of Melbourne, Victoria.
I, JOHN LOVE, of Lower Brook Street, Grosvenor Square, in the County of
Middlesex, Surgeon, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"AN IMPROVED SIGNAL," (communicated to me from abroad by Robert Harvey,
of Lonsdale Street West, in the City of Melbourne, Victoria,) to be as
follows:-
The signal may be used on railway trains, or for any purpose for which it
may be found applicable. When used on railway trains, it consists of a metal
tube running along the roof of each carriage, with moveable joint at each end
(worked by springs) to allow carriages to be coupled or uncoupled. The last
carriage of the train has that end of its tube which is furthest from the loco-
motive blocked, and the end of the tube or series of tubes next the engine is
stopped by a sounding box or gong fitted to the tender. The signal is given
by a small rifled revolver, fitted in rest, with a long trigger and crank, in a
round barrel open at top and sliding within another barrel, similar to the
slide of a telescope. This portion of the apparatus is inserted into the roof of
each or any of the carriages under the tube, and opening into it. In signalizing
it is only necessary to press up the inner barrel until it receives the catch, and
the revolver goes off; the said inner barrel must then be restored to its

page_text: normal position, or it would interfere with the action of the apparatus in other
carriages. The ball so discharged from the revolver strikes the metallic plato
or gong, the driver answers by his whistle, and stops the train, the action of
the signal being simple, certain, and instantaneous.
AN IMPROVED METHOD OF MAKING FIRE-PROOF BUILDINGS, SHIPS, AND OTHER CONSTRUCTIONS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Joseph Girton Briggs at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 18th
September 1861.
I, JOSEPH GIRTON BRIGGS, of Number 23, Earl Street, Blackfriars, in the
City of London, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"AN IMPROVED METHOD OF MAKING FIRE-PROOF BUILDINGS, SHIPS, AND OTHER
CONSTRUCTIONS," to be as follows:-
It consists in making fire-proof buildings, ships, and other constructions,
and preventing the spread of fire by opposing to its progress water placed
either between walls, floors, and ceilings, doors or partitions of any kind, or
within walls, floors, ceilings, doors, or partitions of any kind built or con-
structed hollow or held in or by any convenient casing, or by any other means,
against or upon the surfaces of walls, floors, ceilings, doors, or partitions of
any kind, or any surface it may be desirable to protect from the action of fire,
providing for the free egress of steam, or for its discharge upon the fire by
means of a pipe, vent, or opening, or pipes, vents, or openings, or all or any
of them, or by any other means, and for the replacement of evaporated water
by means of a pipe or pipes fed in any convenient manner, or by any other
For example, in the case of a building already erected, the interior
of each apartment in it might be lined with sheet iron or any other suitable
material, a space being left between such lining and the sides of the apart-
ments, which space should be either kept full of water, or have pipes so
arranged as to fill it quickly at the first alarm of fire, and to replace evaporated

page_text: water, free vent being left for the passage of the steam either into the sur-
rounding atmosphere, or on to the fire. The iron or other material might be
affixed by any well known or convenient means, but the manner of affixing it
would be likely to vary with the material used, and the kind of building to
be protected.
The object of the Invention is to prevent fire from spreading beyond the
apartment or compartment in which it may originate, by so interposing water
between that apartment or compartment and any other, that any heat beyond
that sufficient to boil water must be expended in the production of steam.
IMPROVEMENTS IN FIRE-ESCAPES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Louis Wyttenbach and Philippe
Lugand at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their
⚫ Petition, on the 8th May 1861.
We, LOUIS WYTTENBACH and PHILIPPE LUGAND, Mechanical Engineers, of
No. 12, Rue Caumartin, in the City of Paris, do hereby declare the nature
of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN FIRE-ESCAPES," to be as
follows:
We propose placing upon a carriage (supported by four wheels of equak
diameter) a number of X levers or lazy-tongs, placed in two series, parallel
to the right and left sides of the framing or carriage, each pair of the series.
of levers on the right being connected to the opposite pair on the left by an
iron cross piece or bar. When the fire-escape is not in use the X levers
will lie close upon each other, but when it is required to form ladder to one
or other of the stories of a house, by turning cranks on each side of the carriage
a shaft and pullies will be set in motion, and by a suitable gearing they will
cause the X levers or lazy-tongs to expand or open pair after pair on both
sides of the carriage until the required height be attained, but as the levers
with their cross bars will now be perpendicular, we purpose providing a
toothed segment or rack and pinion at each side of the carriage and a shaft
carrying near one end a screw, and at the other end a crank handle on turning
which the screw on the shaft will gear into the pinion which will tooth into
the rack, and by their combined action they will cause the series of lazy-tongs
or ladder of x levers and cross bars to incline towards the building on fire,

page_text: fastening to it by hooks at the upper end of the raised levers. The ladder
of lazy-tongs resting then against the building we propose passing an iron
basket or chariot up and down in the following manner:-The lazy-tongs
will have carried up with them a couple of pulleys (one on either side near
the hooks) each supporting an endless chain attached to the chariot and
working round a metal drum on the carriage. On turning a crank on each
side of the carriage the endless chain will wind round the drum and raise the
chariot towards the top of the ladder, and when laden with passengers or goods
by letting go or reversing the action of the cranks, the chariot will be lowered
on to the carriage. A break will be provided to prevent a too rapid descent.
A pole or shafts will be attached to the carriage, and one or more horses used
to convey the fire-escape to the scene of conflagration, and the construction
of the carriage will permit (if required) two of the wheels to run on to the
pavement while the other pair remain on the roadway without impairing
the efficiency of the apparatus, and the wheels may be locked to keep the
carriage steady.