An Improved Lid for Churns.
Year: 1892

page_text: Date of Application, 23rd Apr., 1892
Complete Specification Left, 21st Jan., 1893-Accepted, 4th Mar., 1893
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
An Improved Lid for Churns.
1, THOMAS BRADFORD, of High Holborn, in the County of Loudon, Laundry
and Dairy Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said invention to be as
follows:-
This invention relates to an improved lid or cover for churns, the same being
especially applicable to end-over-end churns having circular or approximately
circular end openings.
A special object of the invention is to produce a lid or cover for churns which
will combine the advantages of lightness of substance (whereby its capacity for
absorption of liquid from the contents of the churn and its liability to expansion due
to such absorption will be correspondingly reduced) and of weight (whereby the
manual effort to operate the churn will be correspondingly reduced), with the
necessary strength to resist warping, lateral distension and splitting of the lid due
to such absorption and the alternate drying of the lid.
In carrying out the invention, I take a slab of suitable hard wood of a much
thinner substance than is ordinarily used for such purpose, and I turn the same
to the desired dished formation on its under side and to the desired peripheral
dimensions, so producing a dished disc-like lid. Around the outer periphery of
such lid I turn a groove of suitable depth, and into such groove I insert either_a
continuous circular wire (preferably of tinned steel though it may be made
of other suitable metal) surrounding the disc, or two semi-circular wires each
half-surrounding the disc, such wire or wires being of a suitable tensile strength
and substance to serve their intended purposes of utility, and being located by
being embedded in said groove so as to leave a sufficient portion extending beyond
the periphery of the disc, and by having their ends secured by being driven
end ways into the substance of the lid at right angles to the direction of the grain
of the wood, (or otherwise in any suitable manner) so as to form a binding metallic
rim of light substance but of sufficient strength, adapted to serve the primary
purpose of binding and holding the fibres of the wood in lateral contact, so as to
effectually prevent the wood from splitting along the grain from lateral expansion;
and to serve the secondary purpose of protecting the periphery of the lid or cover
from being injured if accidentally dropped or if forcibly brought into contact with
any hard material.
For affording the necessary strength to resist warping, and for aiding in preventing
said lateral distension and splitting of the lid, I also apply to the outer side thereof,
a broad bar of lance-wood or of other suitable hard wood, disposing the bar (the
grain of which runs in the direction of its length) cross-ways of the grain of the
wood of the lid, and screwing or otherwise securing the bar thereto. Each end of
such bar projects beyond the edge of the lid and also beyond that of the churning
vessel to which it will be applied, sufficiently to be adapted to serve for securing
the lid to the churning vessel, by such projecting ends being inserted into pivoted
stirrups, secured to the opposite outer sides of the edge of the end-opening of the
churning vessel and fitted with binding screws adapted to engage with such inserted
ends of said cross-bar.
The liquid-tightness of the juncture of the lid and churning vessel is ensured
by a surrounding rubber ring let into a peripheral recess made in a part of the
disc of the lid of a less diameter than that in which said binding wire is inserted
and secured.
By the aforesaid means, I substitute,—for the usual thick lid with its heavy
annular metal casting in which it is usually embedded,-a light, strong and

page_text: efficient lid of materially reduced substance and weight and possessed of several
other practical advantages.
I also dispense with the four usual binding attachments for securing the lid to
the churning vessel, and thus enable the lid to be secured and released in about
half the time usually required. As a further advantage I very materially reduce
the cost of production of the lid.
Dated this 23rd day of April 1892.
DAY, DAVIES & HUNT,
321, High Holborn, London, W.C., Agents for the Applicant.
"
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
An Improved Lid for Churns.
I, THOMAS BRADFORD, of High Holborn, in the County of London, Laundry
and Dairy Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in
and by the following statement :-
This invention relates to an improved lid or cover for churns, the same being
especially applicable to end-over-end churns having circular or approximately
circular end openings.
A special object of the invention is to produce a lid or cover for churns which
will combine the advantages of lightness of substance (whereby its capacity for
absorption of liquid from the contents of the churn and its liability to expansion
due to such absorption will be correspondingly reduced) and of weight (whereby
the manual effort to operate the churn will be correspondingly reduced), with the
necessary strength to resist warping, lateral distension and splitting of the lid due
to such absorption and the alternate drying of the lid.
On the accompanying drawings ;-
Fig. 1, represents a partial elevation, partly in section, of an end-over-end churn,
adapted with the improved lid, which is also represented partly in elevation and
partly in section.
Fig. 2, represents a plan of the improved lid partly in horizontal section on the
line a-b, Fig. 1.
Fig. 3, represents a partial elevation illustrating the means of securing the lid
on the churn.
Fig. 4, represents a sectional elevation of the lid on the line -d, Fig. 2, and
5 the line Fig. 2.
Fig. 3 represents a like view on, in slab 6, of suitable hard wood (of a much thinner
substauce than is ordinarily used for such purpose) is turned to the desired dished
formation on its under side, as at g, Fig. 1, and to the desired peripheral dimensions,
so producing a dished disc-like lid. Around the outer periphery of the lid is turned
a groove 7, of suitable depth, and into such groove is inserted a continuous circular
wire 8, (preferably of tinned steel, though it may be made of other suitable metal)
surrounding the disc, or two semi-circular wires each half-surrounding the disc,
such wire or wires being of a suitable tensile strength and substance to serve their
intended purposes of utility, and being located by being embedded in said groove
BO as to leave a sufficient portion (preferably about one-half the substance)
extending beyond the periphery of the disc (vide Figs. 4 and 5) and by having its
or their ends secured by being driven endways into the substance of the lid (vide
Figs. 2 and 4) at right angles to the direction of the grain of the wood, (or other-
wise in any suitable manner) so as to form a binding metallic rim of light substance
but of sufficient strength adapted to serve the primary purpose of binding and
holding the fibres of the wood in lateral contact, so as to effectually prevent the
wood from splitting along the grain from lateral expansion, and to serve the
secondary purpose of protecting the periphery of the lid or cover from being

page_text: injured if the lid be accidentally dropped or brought into contact with any hard
material.
For affording the necessary strength to resist warping, and for aiding in
preventing said lateral distension and splitting of the lid, there is also applied to
the outer side thereof, a broad bar 9, of lance-wood or of other suitable hard wood,
the bar (the grain of which runs in the direction of its length) being disposed cross-
ways of the grain of the wood of the lid, and being screwed or bolted as at 10, or
otherwise secured thereto.
Each end of the bar projects beyond the edge of the lid (ride Figs. 2 and 4) and
also beyond that of the churn 11, to which it will be applied (vide Fig. 1,)
sufficiently to be adapted to serve for securing the lid to the churn. The ends of
the bar 9, are fitted with metallic caps 12, and are secured by being inserted into
pivoted stirrups 13, secured in staples 14, bolted to the opposite outer sides of the
edge of the end opening of the churn, the stirrups being fitted with binding
screws 15, adapted to engage with such inserted ends of said cross bar, cide the
right hand side of Fig. 1.
The liquid-tightness of the juncture of the lid and churning vessel is ensured in
a usual manner by a surrounding rubber ring 16, let into a peripheral recess 17,
made in a part of the lid of a less diameter than that in which said binding wire is
inserted and secured.
By the aforesaid means, I substitute, for the usual thick and rigid lid with its
heavy annular metal casting in which it is usually embedded, a light, strong and
efficient lid of materially reduced substance and weight and possessed of several
other practical advantages among which may be mentioned that the improved lid
possesses just that elasticity which ensures a true setting of the lid on the seating or
open end of the churn.
I also dispense with the four usual binding attachments for securing the lid to
the churn, and thus enable the lid to be secured and released in about one-half the
time usually required.
As a further advantage the cost of production of the lid is very materially
reduced.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of the said inven-
tion, and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what 1
claim is :-
DAY, DAVIES & HUNT,
321, High Holborn, London, W.C., Agents for the Applicant.