Year: 1886

page_text: Date of Application, 11th May, 1886
Complete Left, 30th June, 1886.
Complete Accepted, 9th Aug, 1887.
JAMES DUFFY 46 Clerkenwell Close London late of Nutstown Garristown Co.
Dublin Ireland farmer and grazier. I do hereby declare the nature of this invention
to be as follows:-
A horse shoe in which there may be one two three or four screws to form the
roughing or one screw if prefered two or one entering at the part or parts of
the shoe or parts visible as you stand directly behind the horse when standing the toe
screws enter at the part visible as you stand before the horse when standing and may
project at the hinder surface at least having slope to bring the roughing in contact
with said surface or surfaces. As means of permanent fastenings I suggest for the
toe screw an internal screw with a graduating point the main screw split so that it
will expand as the smaller screw presses into a sloped recess in main screw and
strengthen the hold of the main screw for fastening the heel screws I suggest another
form which may be used an insition in the end of the screw which will receive the
end of a flat stay the stay to be fastened by its head by a screw or screws or else
there by preventing to or fro action. The toe screw fastening may be applied to the
heel screws and probably with success but I do not think the fastenings of the heel
screw will be applied to the toe screw with advantage. As permanent holding for
these screws there is required an enlarged heel resembling extension of the common
calk for some distance along the under surface from the heel towards the toe and for
the toe screws a toe calk or enlargement there may be one or two screws in the toe
or one in each heel or two in heels of each shoe and two in the toe can he used four
in each shoe I believe to be the most perfect form of roughing the toe calk or socket
for serew or screws may take one at its middle or one at each end the roughing may
consist of one two three or four screws each one of increase advantage to the horse
and owner the toe calk may be used as leveling for the position of the hoof or may
be dispensed with the toe screw will admit of a calk head on its point and if such
prefered I propose the screw to be screwed directly down through the rim of the hoof
and the shoe or in case of portion of the hoof being removed to let the head of the
screw rest on the shoe directly through shoe where in such positions it will be held by
DS

page_text: the calk head screwed to its point also by its own head and thread. The heel calk
entering as explained in form B may project in front or above the shoulder of the
calk or behind or under the shoulder under means the surface of the calk or the side
of it in contact with the ground but the sockets may vary in length and size as may
the screws and need not interfere with the space for nailing. Almost every one can
perform this opperation and without rising the shoe of the ground except in cases
where the calk head is introduced it will be then necessary to take up the shoe for a
short time. For the facility and expediency of the appliance I recommend bitts and
braces for renewing the roughing which every driver can find space for in his wagon
or any other vehicle and by carrying the apparatus with him can stop when he finds
his horse slipping and renew the roughing. The calk head is not necessary. recom-
mend at least two screws in each shoe as with one part of the shoe may slip and
cause twisting pressure to the leg the screws to be constructed with a recess in one
end to receive a bitt chisel shaped or otherwise so as to give proper wrenching hold.
Some may object to this invention by saying it will increase the weight of the shoe
too much but it will by no means do so nearly all the weight added by the enlarge-
ment of the toe and heel can be diminished in the parts between as there will be no
wear on them. It must be remembered that the screws will not be an extra beyond
that apparent as they serve to fill space from which an equivalent has been taken it is
quite possible to make a light enough shoe without leaving out a single part.
Any driver should be able to rough by this method. I have traced the subject retro-
gressively for centuries and have not seen any invention to hold forth so substantial
roughing as this or such facility of renewal. Experimentists seemed prejudiced
against touching any part of the shoe their antacessors avoided. The calk head to
afford wrenching hold by ordinary provision. The toe screws may enter when not
intended for a calk head as explained in form B and project at either the hind surface
of the toe or the surface in contact with the ground.
If necessary I will explain a wrenching hold for screwing calk head.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
An Improved Method of Roughing Horse-shoes.
JAMES DUFFY, 46, Clerkenwell Close, E.C. late of Nutstown, Garristown, Co.
Dublin, Ireland, farmer and grazier. I do hereby declare the nature of this
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly
described and ascertained in and by the following statement :-
A horse-shoe to contain roughing: comprising one two three or four screws and
permanent fastenings to guard against the screws leaving their positions, by irregular
The shoe to have one
pressure, and to a great extent against such a result by wear.
two or three calks or sockets to hold roughing.
A shoe to accommodate one to four screws inclusive, and fastenings.
Easy method of performing the operation of roughing.

page_text: Inexhaustible system of supply of roughing, its perfection as roughing and its
benefit by dispensing with the necessity of removing shoes so destructive to hooves
and shoes by frequent repetition; also saving of time and inconvenience by being easy
to renew at almost any time or place; and the system being so guarded against
causes of accident by horses treading, generally so liable to result from roughing.
The screws, if four to each shoe, one to enter at the part of each heel, visible as
you stand behind the horse when standing, two toe screws to enter at the part of
the shoe and toe calk, visible as you stand before the horse; every screw must
have a sloping position that more substance may be engaged in hold and to incline
the end of the screw towards the ground, that a sufficient portion will protrude
below the under surface of the shoe, to form roughing, except in cases where an
imitation of calk head is to be used, then, I recommend the toe screws to be screwed
straight down through the hoof and shoe, or through the shoe only, if a portion of
the hoof will be removed such screw to have a head, by means of which and its
thread and point cover or imitation of calk head, being screwed to its point, it can
be fastened without the other prescribed fastenings; it is not necessary the fastenings
be used in the toe or heel screws in every case nor are the four screws inseparably
necessary; one two or three may be dispensed with, as accordingly may the sockets
with the option of whom it may concern. I recommend at least two screws, as
with one, parts of the shoe may slip and cause twisting pressure to the leg. As
permanent fastenings, I suggest for the toe screw an internal screw with a graduating
formation, to fill a corresponding screw-hole, the screwing of which will expand
the main screw, such being provided for by slitting the end of the main screw,
thereby affording means to which recourse can be had to cause any pressure
necessary for renewing the hold of the main screw, the small or internal screw
to have nearly the ordinary drill. There may be another fastening applied to the
heel-screws a flat stay, one end to enter an insition provided in the end of the
screw, which will cooperate with the slitting. The direct screwing toe screw may be
used with, or without a toe calk the other end or head of the flat stay to be fastened
to position by a screw or screws, or rivet or rivets, provision being made in con-
struction of the stay and shoe, to accomodate hold for such means when required:
or slitting to receive a widened end of the stay so formed, as to take hold in the
slitting. The latter form of fastening will not apply to the toe screws so successfully
as the internal screw, as casual irregularity may endanger the horse. As holding for
the main screws there will be required an enlarged heel resembling extension of the
ordinary calk along the under surface of the shoe to hold the heel screws, and a toe
calk or socket to provide hold and space for the toe screw or screws, which will
accomodate one screw through its middle, or if dispensed with, and two preferred,
they can be provided with proportionate positions, either in the case of one screw or
two screws: the calk head may be used on one or both; this imitatation of calk head to
he screwed to the point or points of the screw or screws, or not on either, if the
sloping position preferred, also optional; regarding the direct position whether used or
not, one screw may have a sloping position and one erect or both may have the
sloping, or erect or direct position; if the toe screws will be dispensed with, the toe calk
can be optionally dealt with; it may be used as leveling for the position of the hoof or
dispensed with. The heel screws to enter at the part or parts of the heel or heels
of the shoe, visible as you stand behind the horse when standing, and may project in
front of, or above the shoulder of the heel calk or socket, or behind, or under the
shoulder; the meaning of behind or under the shoulder, is that the screw may
protrude through the under surface, or the part in contact with the ground, in
front of or above means the end of the extended heel calk not facing the ground.
The calks or sockets may vary in size; the screws may also; the calks need not
interfere with nailing. Almost every person can perform the operation and
without raising the shoe off the ground, except in cases where the calk head is to be
used, it will then be necessary to take up the shoe for a short time to screw on the
calk head. To promote facility and expediency of appliance, I recommend bitts and
braces for renewing the roughing, as a good method of screwing, but it is not for

page_text: :
bitts or braces I claim a patent; it can be clearly understood, there are original ideas
contained in Form C independant of the suggestions of facilities of appliance, but if it
is necessary according to the rule that every suggestion be combined, I am quite
satisfied to accord. I suggest that every driver carry the necessary convenience for
roughing they will not occupy much space; and the driver when he will find his horse
slipping can screw the roughing. I believe the four sloping screws to be the best.
form of roughing, particularly for horses under heavy loading the sloping toe screws
enter at the part of the shoe and toe calk visible as you stand before the horse, and
may project through the hind surface of the calk, or that next the frog, or through the
surface in contact with the ground. I believe each screw of increase from one to four
inclusive advantage to all concerned. The screws to be constructed, as before
explained, to receive a bitt shaped somewhat like the ordinary screw driver and to
correspond with the shape of the end of the flat stay the bitt and insition to afford
good wrenching hold. Some people may object to this invention on the grounds that
it will increase the weight of the shoe too much but it will by no means do so, nearly
all the weight, added by the enlargements of the toe and heels, can be diminished in
the sides or parts between, as the enlargements and roughing will be subject to all
wear, the sides or parts between will not suffer any wear by contact with the ground;
the calk must be made substantial, in order to afford proper hold for the roughing. A
shoe is seldom known to break from wear except at the toe and that is well provided
for. It must be remembered that the screws will be little or no increase of weight,
as they go to fill space from which nearly an equivalent will be taken; it is quite
possible to make a shoe light enough without leaving out a single part of the invention
recommended for use, in each shoe. I do not consider the fastenings for the sloping
screws extremely essential. I have confidence that they will work well without
fastening. Instead of screwing through the hoof and shoe, portion of the hoof may
be removed to let the head of the erect or direct screwing screw rest on the shoe :
the screw may also have a head when screwed through the hoof and shoe, the head to
rest on the shoe must be small, the one to rest on the hoof may be larger, the screw to
be sufficiently long that its point extending below the shoe will fill the vacancy
provided for it in the calk head; a position to be provided in the hoof for the head
of the screw and any part not even with the hoof that above the surface must be
rasped off or to a shape not likely to cut or hurt anything tender coming in contact
with it, such as the horse's nose or tongue, such screws will not require the internal
screw, or flat stay fastening. The calk head to receive a bitt by provision being
made therein, or a pincers its points being made to fit the holes in the calk head:
and the pincers can be so constructed that its handles will lie close together, and fit
the brace as an ordinary bitt, and will be a good plan of wrenching. If rivets will
be used the best sort is a rivet with a split end, in which split, there can be a small
wedge, that as the rivet will be tightened to its place; the wedge will be pressed into
the split and make the rivet secure, as it will enlarge the inmost end and make it
perfectly fast. The erect screw can be applied to the outside heel of the hind shoes,
but not to the inside heels with safety, as the horse may tread when turning and
wound himself or in his stable may injure himself; or two horses working together.
the near bind shoe of one, and the off hind shoe of the other, should not be roughed
by this method, nor will it advantageously apply to the fore shoes, as the heel will
require to be lengthened, will cause horse to overreach. I recommend the internal
screw as the best fastening for the sloping fore heel screws.
1 Is a view of the under surface or surfaces of the shoe in contact with the ground
when in position on the hoof presenting three calks or sockets containing and showing
the points and ends of four screws in sloping positions.
2 Is a similar view of a shoe presenting three calks containing and showing alike
three screws.
3 Is a similar view of a shoe presenting two calks and two screws.
4 Is a similar view presenting two calks showing one screw.
5 Is a view of the under surfaces of a shoe presenting two heel calks without
roughing and a toe calk containing two screws.

page_text: 6 Is a view of the under surfaces of the shoe presenting a toe calk and one
screw, the heel calks do not contain roughing, but show in five and six that when
prefered to use the roughing in the toe calk it will be somewhat necessary to use the
heel calks to keep the hoof in proper position. By figures 3-1-5-6 & 13 are
exemplified some of the changes of positions of roughing "which may be introduced to
accord with ideas of utilizers.
7 Is a view of a hoof through which and its shoe at the toe is represented an erect
or direct screwing toe screw having a head but without a point cover or calk head.
8 Is a view of a hoof and shoe showing heel calks not containing roughing and a
toe screw having a point cover or calk head.
9 Is a shoe and hoof showing the lengthened heel containing the erect screw with
naked point.
10 Is a shoe showing the lengthened heel containing a screw having a point cover
or calk head.
Figures 7-8-9 & 10 are meant as reverse views to those of 1--2-3-4-5-6-
11-12 & 13, and are meant to represent shoes in their positions on the hooves also in
positions on the ground.
11 Is a view of four screws nearly into position showing a skeleton toe calk
containing two sloping screws their heads though not fully into position show the
internal screw in position in their head ends. The heel screws show at their head
ends the flat stay fastening with its chisel shaped part in position and the head ends of
the main screws not fully in, nor is the screw of the stay or plain peg the left heel
shows a rivet and a plain peg the right shows a screw and plain peg to secure the
stay, the hole for the plain peg to be large enough to receive it freely.
:
12 Shows four screws in position.
13 Shows two heel screws projecting behind or under the shoulder of the calk,
through the surface in contact with the ground.
14 Is a view of the main screw showing at its head end the head end of the
internal screw as in tightened position.
15 Is a view of the main screw and the internal screw represented as entering its
receptacle therein.
16 Is the main screw tapered at the point.
17 Is a representation of the main screw not tapered.
18 Is a view through the receptacle from side to side of the screw.
19 Is a representation of the internal screw which has a receptacle for a screw
driver in its head end, but need not have a common screw head.
20 Is a rivet having a slit end.
21 Is a representation of rivet having a slit end, and a wedge to enter the slit to
enlarge the rivet to make it necessaril tight, rivets may be slit or split.
22 Is a view of the end of the wedge.
23 Is a view of the end and side of the wedge point.
24 Is a view of the side of the wedge.
25 Shows the flat stay fastening having a peg and screw to fasten it to position:
the peg to be in one projection of the head of the stay to enter a receptacle provided
beside the receptacle for the main screw and the former mentioned screw to enter
through the other side of the head of the stay the receptacle provided for it in the
calk the stay when made to accommodate two fastenings resembles the letter T and
when made for one fastening resembles the letter L.
26 Is a representation of a flat stay having a peg and rivet as fastenings: the peg
and rivet differ in as much as the peg may be moulded with or constructed as part of
the stay and will not require to be so tightly fitted or pressed to position as the rivet
but will be better of being a good fit for its receptacle, the rivet will require to be
well tightened both to enter through provisions made in the projections their
receptacles for hold prepared in the calk.
27 Is a representation of a flat stay having a rivet only as hold to position to enter
through provision made in the projection its receptacle of hold provided in the calk.
Every rivet will require to be fastened by a wedge being beaten or pressed into its

page_text: slitting except that by choice the rivet bore be completely through the calk it then
may be tightened in the ordinary way but such a method will weaken the calk that
is boreing through.
28 Is a representation of a flat stay having one screw only as fastening to enter
through provision made in the projection its receptacle of hold prepared in the calk.
29 Shows the calk head and its wrenching hold.
30 Shows the erect toe screw with sloping head to one side and cut away off the
other the head must be small and have blunt edging.
31 Shows the erect screw with sloping head and point cover.
32 Shows the erect screw without a head or point cover.
33 Shows the erect screw not having a head but having a point cover the screw
supposed to be entering the receptacle in the point cover.
34 Erect screw having full head but as small as possible that it may not necessitate
much cutting away of the hoof but but sufficient to aid the screw hold by its seat
on the shoe.
35 Is a shoe having a toe calk containing and showing two screws their points
protruding below the under surface: these screws represent sloping positions.
36 shows the left hand screw protruding through and below the under surface of
the calk and the right hand screw protruding through and behind the hind surface.
37 Is a rivet somewhat slit and a wedge to suit.
38 Is a split rivet and a wedge to suit.
39 Is a representation of a Hat stay having two projections forming its head, this
stay may be beaten into position provision being made in the calk to receive it by
great pressure or may be fastened by a screw or rivet.
40 Is a representation of a flat stay having as fastening a rivet and a repre-
sentation of a wedge entering the slitting or splitting of the rivet at its outmost end
which when in position as fastening will be the end visible that is the end joined to
the head of the stay.
41 Is a representation of a shoe reduced in weight by its inside rim being cut
away leaving only sufficient width for substantial nailing and proportionate strength.
Use will determine the most material or metal to use in making screws for
roughing.
Having now fully ascertained and described the nature of my invention I claim
Her Majesty's Letters A I Patent Letter A for sloping position and Letter I for erect
position.
I hereunto sign my name this 30th day of April One thousand eight hundred and
eighty seven.