CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS AND MACHINERY FOR CONDUCTING HEAT, AND APPLYING THE SAME IN THE OPERATIONS OF WASHING, SCOURING, CLEANSING, FULLING, DRESSING, DYING, AND FINISHING WOOLLEN CLOTHS, AND IN CALENDERING, STRAINING, GLOSSING, POLISHING, AND FINISHING SILKS, COTTONS, LINENS, WOOLLENS, AND ALL OTHER GOODS TO WHICH THE SAME MAY BE APPLICABLE
Year: 1829

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOSEPH
RAYNER, of King's Square, in the Parish of Saint Luke, Old Street, in the
County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS His most Excellent Majesty King George the Fourth, by His
Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at West-
minster, the Fifth day of February, in the tenth year of His reign, did, for Him-
self, His heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said Joseph Rayner,
His especial licence that I, the said Joseph Rayner, my executors, adminis-
trators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Joseph Rayner, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others,.
from time to time and at all times during the term of years therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within England,
Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, my Invention of "CERTAIN
IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS AND MACHINERY FOR CONDUCTING HEAT, AND APPLYING
THE SAME IN THE OPERATIONS OF WASHING, SCOURING, CLEANSING, FULLING, DRESSING,
DYING, AND FINISHING WOOLLEN CLOTHS, AND IN CALENDERING, STRAINING, GLOSSING,
POLISHING, AND FINISHING SILKS, COTTONS, LINENS, WOOLLENS, AND ALL OTHER
GOODS TO WHICH THE SAME MAY BE APPLICABLE;" in which said Letters Patent
there is contained a proviso, obliging me, the said Joseph Rayner, by an instru-
ment in writing under my hand and seal, particularly to describe and ascertain
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, and to cause the same to be inrolled in His Majesty's High Court of

page_text: Chancery within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of
the said recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference being there-
unto bad, will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Joseph Rayner, do hereby declaro that the nature of my said Invention, and
the manner in which the same is to be performed, is fully described and
ascertained as follows (that is to say):-
My improvements consist in the Invention of the application of an appa-
ratus for generating and conducting heat by the circulation of heated fluids
to the process of manufacturing of woollen and other cloths, and of polishing
and finishing the same, by which certain improvements are effected in the said
process; also in the Invention of the application of apparatus and machinery
to such other useful purposes as are herein-after described and exhibited in tho
accompanying Drawings. Figure 1 represents a section of a generater or
boiler, which may be constructed of cast or wrought iron, or any suitable
material, secured by a safety valve and placed on its end, suspended by parts
projecting into the brickwork, as shewn in the Figure. The fire is placed
under the end, and the flues are constructed to circulate spirally or otherwise
around the generator, which, by passing over a large portion of the surface of
the generator, will effect considerable saving in the consumption of fuel. To
the generator may also be adapted and connected a pucumatic apparatus, which
will effect a more complete combustion of the fuel, and a consequent saving of
expence. This pneumatic apparatus may be a pair of bellows of the usual
construction, or a cylindric or tubular blowing apparatus, as circumstances may
render convenient. The generater is charged quite full of fluid (water being
preferable in ordinary cases on account of its cheapness) and heated to the
required temperature. Should any loss of the fluid arise from leakage at the
joints or otherwise, it is supplied by the cistern a. To the projecting flanches
or nozzles b, c, pipes are connected for conveying the heated fluid. d, d, d,
represents a safety valve, lever, and weight; e, c, a tube or indicator, by which
the degree of heat the fluid has obtained may be known; it will also serve as
an air tube when the generater is charged with fluid, and will also indicate
the quantity of water in the generater. f.f, represent the furnace or grate bars;
9,9, the hoppers, by which the fire is supplied with fuel. To the generater thus
described a pipe is attached at the nozzle b, which may be conveyed in any
direction, and made to communicate with cylinders, the exterior casing of wood
vats, or other contrivances, and is connected with a return pipe entering at the
Bozzle c, and which will cause the entire circulation of the heated fluid, which
may thus be applied to furnace dying, heating stocks of fulling mills, or any

page_text: similar purpose, which admit of an exterior and interior case being so placed
as to permit the hot fluid to act freely upon the object to be heated; and the
degree of heat required will be obtained by regulating the degree of heat to
which the fluid in the generater, Fig. 1, is carried. I proceed to describe the
method of applying the circulation of heat by fluids to such purposes:-Figure
2 represents an horizontal view of an apparatus for transmitting heat by fluids
or liquids for the purpose of heating a drying stove for cloths of any descrip-
tion, or for any other useful purpose where a soft and mild heat is desirable,
and in particular where great security from fire is required; for as the heat
may be conducted to almost any reasonable distance, and the generator being
placed in a situation of security, at a distance from the drying stove, the risk
from fire is reduced to a minimum, or the least possible, under any construc-
tion of heating apparatus. h represents the top of the generater (as seen at
Figure 1), and the heated fluid passes along the pipes i, i, i, i, &c.; j, the
counter generator, by which the more rapid circulation of the heated particles
is secured. The bent pipes present an extended surface, from whence the
particles of heat are passing by radiation in rapid succession. The generaters
in this case are placed as much lower than the stove as circumstances will
admit, and the pipes or tubes are laid on a wall or any other solid foundation,
by which they may be firmly supported, and kept in the situation in which
they are placed. The same apparatus will apply with advantage to heating
buildings or manufactories, under various modifications and construction,
adapted to the circumstance of each particular case; but the application to
buildings or manufactories I do not claim as any part of my Invention.
Figure 3 represents an application of the apparatus to the purpose of indigo
or vat dyeing, by which any number of vats may be heated at one time.
The heat is conveyed by the fluid along the pipes and round a caseing or
interior tube placed in the vat, and the heat may be increased or diminished by
turning the stop-cock. k, k, represents the generater and counter generater.
1, 1, 1, 1, &c. represent the vats in section; n, n, the circular tube or casing,
within which the hot fluid circulates; m, m, the stop-cocks, through which the
fluid passes into the casing of the vats; 0, 0, 0, 0, are the pipes through which
the fluid circulates. Figures 4 and 5 represent applications of the apparatus to
drying calicoes, prints, and other manufactured articles. p. P. P. p, are rollers
on which pieces of calico are alternately rolled; it then passes over the hot
cylinders q, 2, 7, 9, to the rolled p, p, at the other end on which it is rolled by
the motion of the shaft r, through the medium of a strap or band; and when
the piece to be dried is drawn out to the end, the motion of the shaft is
reversed by any of the usual modes of changing the motion, and the cloth is

page_text: rolled back on the rollers p, p, at the other end, and this operation is repeated
until the piece is sufficiently dry. The cylinders are heated by a generater, and
the heat passes through each cylinder in succession, and the fluid or liquid returns
by circulation for fresh supplies of heat to the generator. s, s, represents the
pipes through which the hot fluid or liquid passes to each cylinder in succession,
&c. These apparatus may be made under various arrangements of construc-
tion, and Figure 5 is given as another application of the principle for drying
piece goods. t', t, represents a case charged with heated fluid or liquid, and of
sufficient width to dry the extended breadth of the piece; u, u, are nozzles or
flinches, by which the heat is charged, and returns to the generater; v, u, v, are
rollers, on which the cloth may be wrapt alternately; w, w, w, w, are carrier
rollers, placed across the heated case, to allow the cloth to pass freely over the
surface, and may or may not be used, as the strength or delicacy of the fabric
may require. Fig. 6 represents a section of the generater, and its application
to heating a cylinder or other form of vessel, to be applied to manufacturing
purposes, to be hereafter described. The generater A is assumed to be in all
cases kept entirely full of the fluid or liquid to be heated, and which is in-
tended to be the medium of transmitting heat to the various purposes to which
it is applied. That fluid will in most cases be water, or it may be oil or other
liquids, whose boiling points range much higher on the scale of Fahrenheit.
The generated A being full of the fluid or liquid to be heated, also the pipes B-
and the cylinder C, as the process of heating proceeds, the heated fluid or liquid
will pass from the top of the generator A along the pipes in the direction of
B to C, and, slightly cooling in its progress, the colder particles will pass from
and along the pipe D, and will return to the bottom of the generator A at c,
by which means a constant circulation of heat through the heated fluid or
liquid will be kept up. This is a plain and obvious application and illustra-
tion of the principle of conducting heat by fluids or liquids. The pipes B and
D may be made of any shape or form that circumstances may require, and
the cylinder C may be either stationary, as in Fig. 4, or made to move by
wheels and pinions (or other means), as hereafter described in the Figs. 7, 8,
9, and 10. A steam-tight and packed joint is described at E, E, in Fig. 6,
by which it is obvious that the cylinder C may be put in motion while the
pipes B and D remain stationary. The construction of the packed joints are
so distinctly represented by the Drawing at E, E, that any competent machinest
may construct the same without further description. This application of the
principle of conducting heat by fluids will apply to the calender with beneficial
effect, and any required degree of heat may be had on the surface of the
calendar roller with convenience. The apparatus described in Fig. 6 will

page_text: apply with little modification to calendering, and may be advantageously
adapted to any of the machine calenders in common use, which will greatly
assist in straining, polishing, glazing, and finishing cottons, silks, linens,
woollen, or other piece goods requiring this process. By an apparatus similar
to Figured 6, and an adaptation of the needful pipes, heat may be applied in the
woollen manufacturies to the process of washing and scouring, and cylinders
or vessels of wood or iron may be heated to the required temperature. The
stewing process may be performed by an adaptation of the apparatus in Fig. 6
by the same apparatus adapted to the object. Heat may be applied to the
fulling mill, using a case or lining instead of a cylinder, and the heating of
furnaces for dyeing effected in the same way. The same apparatus (Fig. 6)
will also apply to the generating of heat for the vats and furnaces of manu-
facturing chymists and bleachers. The peculiar arrangement required for such
objects will arise out of the circumstances of each particular case of application,
preserving and adhering to the principle of entire circulation of the heated
fluid or liquid, as illustrated in Fig. 6.1 A drying stove upon the plan
suggested in Fig. 3, and heated by the generator as described in Fig. 1, will
apply to gunpowder and all other manufactures where security and risk from
accident by fire is the primary consideration.
Fig. 7 and 8 represents the two sides of a machine for brushing, pressing,
and finishing woollen cloths. 1, 1, 1, 1, is the cast-iron frame on which the
machine is mounted, and 2 is a shaft placed across the entire machine, and to
which is fixed a fast and idle pulley, or any other apparatus by which the
machine may
be put in motion. 3 is a pinion on the shaft 2, working into and
moving the wheel 4 on the end of the heated cylinder C. 5, 5, are wheels on
the end of the roller shafts 6, 6, and which are put in motion by the wheel 4
on the axis of the heated cylinder C; the rollers 6 move the rollers 7, 7, 7, 7,
by friction or pressure.
F represents an iron roller smoothly turned to press
upon the surface of the heated cylinder C. The cylinder C may be made of
cast iron or other suitable material, and the rollers 7, 7, &c., &c., may be made
of wood or iron constructed in the usual way. 8 is a wheel on the central
shaft 2, which works into and moves the wheels 9, 9, on the ends of the brushes
HI, H, with considerable velocity. 10, 10, are levers, from which is suspended a
weight to press the rollers 7, 7, on 6, by which the cloth is firmly held during
the operation of brushing, &c., &c. 11, 11, are screws, to press the roller F on
the cylinder, and by which the operation of pressing is performed at the same
time with that of brushing. 12, 12, represents three smooth iron rollers, by
which the cloth is strained and held tight in passing to the friction rollers 7, 7,
and 6. 13, 13, represents a circular lining or case of wood, to be placed so as

page_text: to receive the cloth as it descends from the friction rollers 7, 7, 6, and it
is made smooth in the inside, so that the cloth may receive no injury as it
passes during the operation. The operative parts of this machine being thus
described, it may be lawful to state that the cloth to be acted upon is placed
in the circular lining or case 13, 13, and passes over and under the rollers
12, 12, in the direction shewn in the Drawing, over the friction rollers 7, 7,
to the brush H; then to the heated cylinder C, over which it passes, under
the roller F, then descends in the same way over the other brush II to
tho friction rollers and the wood caso 13; the operation is carried on suc-
cessively until completed. Heat is applied to the cylinder C by the apparatus
described in Fig. 6; and the surface of the heated cylinder may be raised to
the desired temperature, and being uniformly by the roller F through its entire
length, the process of hot pressing, brushing, and polishing or finishing is thus
performed at the same time and by one operation. Steam or hot water may
be applied during the operation to the surface of the cloth, by which the cloth
is polished, and a superior lustre is raised on the surface. The heated cylinder
may be moved with more or less velocity, at the option of the user, or as
experience shall suggest, and the same remark will apply to the brushing
cylinder. The above proportions are such as may be applied to advantage.
Figs. 9 and 10 represent the two side views of a machine, being another
application of the heating apparatus to dressing and cleansing or moistening
woollen and other cloths. 15, 15, 15, represents the cast iron or wood frame
on which the machinery is mounted. 16 is a pinion on the axis L, extending
across the centre of the machine, and having placed or fixed on the end of the
same internal and external friction wheels, or a fast and idle pulley, by which
motion is communicated to the entire machine. The pinion 16 takes into and
moves the wheel 17, fixed on the heated cylinder M. N is a roller of wrought
or cast iron, of the same length as the heated cylinder, and both are smoothly
turned on the surface. The axis of the heated cylinder is fitted with flanches,
which are adapted to join the pipes at the steam-packed joints, as shewn at
E, E, Figure 6, by which means the cylinder is heated to the required tem-
perature. 18 is also a wheel on the axis O, acted upon and moved by the
pinion 16. 19, 19, are wheels, acted upon and moved by the wheel 18, which
give motion to the cloth rollers 20, 20, on which axis they are placed, so as to
move freely and independantly when out of gear. On the axis of the cloth
rollers 20, 20, ratchet coupling wheel are placed, which by teeth take into cor-
responding teeth on the side of the axis of the wheels 20, 20. These ratchet
wheels are moved in and out of gear alternately as the cloth passes during the
operation from one to the other roll, the change being effected when the cloth

page_text: has reached the extremity of its length. 21 is a lever, moving on a centre 22,
by which the wheels are thrown in and out of gear, or remain neuter, at
the option of the operater, and as circumstances may require. 23, 23, are
brushes of wire or of bristles, or any other suitable material; or one or both
may be formed after the usual construction of the gig mill cylinder, with boards,
to receive the teazles or wires of any peculiar make or adaptation, to the
purposes of dressing cloth, and these may be moved with the required velocity
by changing the wheel 28. 24, 24, are friction wheels, fixed on the ends of
the axis of the cloth rollers 20, 20. 25, 25, are levers, to which a weight is
attached, and by which the friction wheel is retarded in its motion and held
steady when the wheel 19 is out of gear. The levers 25, 25, are joined to the
large lever 26 by chains at each end, and as the ends of the lever 26 rise and
fall, the levers 25, 25, will alternately act upon the friction wheels 24, 24, and at
the same time the depression or elevation of the lever 26 will operate upon the
lever 21, and throw it in or out of gear, as the case may require; and this is
effected by alternate cams fixed on an upright bar. 28 is a wheel on the end
of the axis L, and operates upon and moves the wheels at the ends of the axis
P, P, on which the brushes of wire or bristles of the gig mill cylinder is firmly
attached and fixed, and which is moved with the requisite velocity. 30, 30, are
friction rollers, to give greater or less action of the teazles or wires upon the
cloth. 31, 31, are screws, to give pressure to the roller N, if required. Another
arrangement of machinery may here be described, and heat be applied to the
cloth during the operation of dressing or raising the pile, by which the action
of tho teazles, brushes, or wire in the gig mill, will be greatly assisted, and
a double gig will be formed. In morseing or cleansing woollen cloth, the
successive charges of water will be assisted by the application of heat, which
may be raised to any required temperature. 32, 32, Fig. 9, represents the
exterior ring of a gig mill. 33, 33, are the boards of the gig mill, on which
the teazles or wires rest, and are supported between these boards. A roller
34, 34, of copper or any other suitable material, may be inserved, of about 3 or
4 inches diameter, more or less, which, being suspended on their own axes, will
move by the pressure of the cloth on the gig mill; or in the space between the
boards may be inserted a convex tube or case of copper, fixed to and on the
ring of the gigg mill, as seen at 35, 35, Fig. 9. These rollers or tubes may be
heated as follows, vizt, at the axes of the gig cylinders P, through a steam-
packed joint, connecting with a case of copper or cast iron. This case has a
hollow space of about two inches, and is of sufficient diameter to extend to and
support the copper rollers by their axes, which are inserted in the side of the
case through a stuffing box or other packing to prevent leakage. The hot

page_text: fluid being charged at the axis P, through a steam-packed joint from a
generator, as described at Fig. 6, the hollow case on the axis will communicate
the heated fluid to the copper rollers or tubes, which will pass through the
hollow axis of the rollers or tubes along the entire width of the gig mill, and
descend by a similar case at the other end of the axis, and will pass through a
steam-packed joint and return to the generator, as shewn at Fig. 6. Thus
heat may be applied to the gig mill in common use, and two, four, or more
heated rollers may be applied during the operation of dressing cloth, at the
same time the teazles or wires are performing their operation. The operation
is by folding or winding the cloth on the cloth roller 20, passing it in the
direction shewn in the Drawing g over the gig mill cylinder or brush or the
heated cylinder, then forward to the other brush or gig mill to the cloth roller
20; and when the cloth has run through its entire length, it returns back to
the other cloth roller, as heretofore described, and the operation is repeated
until complete.
In the apparatus and machinery before described, I claim solely as the
subject of my Invention, the application of heat conducted by a circulating fluid
or liquid through an apparatus of any construction to the several useful
purposes herein-before stated, whatever may be the fluid or liquid used or the
particular form or combination of machinery employed for effecting such
purposes; but I do not claim any of the parts of such apparatus or machinery;
fluids or liquids form a more convenient medium for conducting heat than any
other means. I therefore claim as my Invention solely, the application of heat
conducted by a circulating fluid or liquid to the manufacture of woollen and
other cloths, and also the other objects contemplated under any modification of
construction calculated for the general application of the principle of circulation,
as stated at Figure 6. This form of construction will admit of considerablo
variation, but the principle on which the Invention is founded, as above said, is
that of causing the heated fluid to circulate freely, and as it cools in its progress
to return to the generator for fresh supplies of heat, which operation would
continue until the whole fluid is of equal temperature, but which can never
be the case so long as the heat is passing, by radiating from the surfaces
intended to communicate heat to the useful objects and purposes herein-before
stated.
In witness whereof, I, the said Joseph Rayner, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Fifth day of August, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and twenty-nine.
JOSEPH (L.B.) RAYNER.

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Fifth day of August, in the
tenth year of the reign of His Majesty King George the Fourth, the said
Joseph Rayner came before our said Lord the King in His Chancery, and
acknowledged the instrument aforesaid, and all and every thing therein
contained and specified, in form above written. And also the instrument
aforesaid was stamped according to the tenor of the Statute made in the
fifty-fifth year of the reign of His late Majesty King George the Third.
Inrolled the Fifth day of August, One thousand eight hundred and
twenty-nine.