IMPROVEMENTS IN HEATING AND EVAPORATING FLUIDS
Year: 1849

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM
BOGGETT, of Saint Martin's Lane, in the County of Middlesex, Manufacturer,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Twenty-seventh day of
September, One thousand eight hundred and forty-nine, in the thirteenth
year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant
unto me, the said William Boggett, my exors, admors, and assigns, Her
especial licence, full power, sole privilege and authority, that I, the said
William Boggett, my exors, admors, and assigns, and such others as I, the
said William Boggett, my exors, admors, or assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times during the term of
years therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, in the
Islands of Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney, Sark, and Man, and in all Her
Majesty's Colonies and Plantations abroad, my Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS
IN HEATING AND EVAPORATING FLUIDS;" in which said Letters Patent is con-
tained a proviso that I, the said William Boggett, should cause a particular
description of the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same
is to be performed, by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal, to be
inrolled in Her said Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said above in part recited

page_text: Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference being thereunto had, will
more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that the nature of the said Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, are fully described and ascertained in
and by the present Specification thereof, reference being had to the Drawings
hereunto annexed; that is to say :-
Figure 1 is a vertical section, and Figure 2 a horizontal section on the
line y, z, of an improved stove in which carburetted bydrogen gas is proposed
to be employed as the source of heat.. A is a cylinder which forms the body
of the stove, and is closed in at top and bottom by plates a, b. B, B, are a
series of conical air tubes of earthenware or metal, which are fixed with their
broad ends uppermost within the cylinder, being closely fitted into apertures
made for them in the top and bottom plates a and b, so that they shall have
no communication with the surrounding spaces c, c, c, c. C is a ring of gas
burners (which may be supplied from any convenient source), which are
pierced with holes on those sides only which face the conical air tubes B, so
that the streams. of flame may impinge directly upon the tubes. e, e, are
apertures for the supply of air to the gas burners. D. is a flue which carries
off into the chimney the smoke and vapour which accumulate in the spaces c, c.
E is a chamber at the top of the stove for the reception of the warmed air
which ascends the 'conical tubes B, B, and F. is a perforated regulator by
which the quantity of heated air admitted into the chamber or apartment
where the stove is placed can be regulated at pleasure. It will be seen that,
from the manner in which the parts of this stove are arranged, no intermixture
of the products of combustion with the air to be warmed can take place, and
that one of the chief objections to the use of stoves of this description is thus
completely removed.
•
Figure 3 is a vertical 'section, and Figure 4 a plan on the line'x, w, of a cook-
ing stove constructed on the same system as the preceding. A, A, is a cylinder
as before, the bottom of which is perforated with air holes. a, a... D, E,
are two plates or diaphragms with an open space between them, which/serves
to receive the gas when let on from the: supply pipe G; F'is a third diaphragm,
the space between which. and E, contains a layer of some porous substance,
as ground pumice stone, or 'iron filings,. and. f,.f, are tubes open at both
ends, which pass right up through all the three. plates. D, E, and F,
and through the spaces between D, E, and F. The plates E. and F
are perforated with small holes in the.. spaces. between the tubes f. f,
to admit of the upward ascent of the gas, which is ignited as it emerges
upon the upper surface of F, while, the air tubes f, f,' supply the air requisite

page_text: to support the combustion of the gas. G¹ is a perforated disc of fire clay
.which is occasionally. introduced between the upper plate F and the cooking
vessel H, in order to encrease the draft, but in this case the gas is ignited as it
emerges from the apertures. in G', instead of from those in F. The cooking
5 vessel H is made to fit exactly into the top of the cylinder. J is a tube which
carries off the unconsumed smoke and vapour into the chimney.
Figure 5 is a vertical section, and Figure, 6 a plan on the, line a, z, of an
oven which may be fitted upon the top of the gas stove last described. Aª is
a cylinder of polished metal with a corrugated or fluted bottom b. e is a side
door. c, d, are, two shelves, supported in one framework which turns on
a pivot stepped in the bottom b, and is turned round as required by the handle.
A gridiron may be substituted for the undermost of these shelves, as represented
in Figure 7.
Figure 8. is a vertical section of another form of stove in which coal or coke
is intended to be employed as the source of heat. A is a cylindrical case
of iron; B; an open fireplace raised on the bottom of A; C is a hollow conical-
shaped lump of fireclay, which dips into the centre of the fireplace and is
upheld by a circular ledge d, which projects from the inside of the case;
D. is a second lump of fireclay which rests upon, and is nearly of the same
shape as the other, the apex of the one D fitting into the hollow of the other
C, but so as to leave an open space m between them; E; E, are two passages,
through which a constant supply of fresh atmospheric air is conveyed from
the outside of the. stove into the open space m between the two fire lumps,
where it becomes warmed by the heat extracted from the under fire lump, C;
ff are vertical passages formed in the upper fire lump D, through which the
air heated. in m. ascends into a chamber F at the top of the stove, from which
its escape into. the surrounding apartment is regulated at pleasure (as in
Figure 1) by a perforated cover F2; G is a pipe which conveys the smoke
and vapour from the space immediately over the fireplace to the chimney,
all escape thereof in any other direction being, prevented by the close
fitting of the under conical fire lump into the circular ledge d.
Figure 9 is a vertical section, and Figure 10 a horizontal section on the
line a, y, of a gas stove, differing in its construction from those before, de
scribed. A is an outer cylinder of iron. B, a circular hood of fireclay, which
rests on the bottom of the case A, and contains a ring. E of burners, which
are supplied with gas from a tube F. G, G, are a set of vertical. tubes of
earthenware open at both ends, by which the hood B communicates with a
smoke-box H at the top of the stove. a, a, are apertures in the bottom plate
of the outer case, up through which streams of atmospheric air are constantly

page_text: flowing into the hood, from which they ascend in a heated state (less tho
portion required for the combustion of the gas) through the pipes G, G,
imparting a high degree of heat thereto. J is a pipe which carries off the
smoke and vapour which collect in H into the chimney; and b, b, are aper-
tures in the outer case for the admission of atmospheric air, also the space
between the outer case and the interior hot-air tubes (G, G) where they become
.warmed by contact with these tubes, without acquiring any of the empyreu-
matic odour which belongs to air heated by direct contact with flame or with
metallic surfaces, and from which they are distributed to the surrounding
apartment by a perforated regulator, F, as in the other gas stoves before
described.
Figure 11 is a vertical section, and Figure 12 a plan partly in section,
of another description of gas stove. A is an outer case of metal. B a hollow
cone of earthenware which encloses a ring of burners C, which are supplied-
with gas from a pipe D; a are apertures for the supply of air to the interior
of the cone b, b, apertures for the supply of air to the space around the cone.
H, a pipe for carrying off the smoke and heated vapour from the top of the
cone to the chimney; and F, a perforated cover which regulates the diffusion
of the air, which has been warmed by contact with the cone into the surround-
ing apartment.
°
Figures 13 and 14 exhibit a modification of the gas stoves represented in
Figures 1 and 2, and in Figures 9 and 10; the only difference being that in
this case the escape pipe H is turned downwards in order that it may be
carried under the floor of the apartment towards the chimney.
Figure 15 shews a modification of the stove represented in Figures 11 and
12. Instead of a ring of gas burners being all in one plane, a series of
burners C, rising one above another in conical succession, are employed, as
shewn, the flames from which impinge against or are projected towards the
interior sides of the cone B. The escape pipe H also passes straight upwards
through the top of the stove into the chimney.
Figure 16 represents a further modification of the stove represented in
Figures 11 and 12. The cone B is here inverted and the air passed through
it, which is intended to warm the apartment, while the burners C are placed
in the space exterior to the cone, and arranged in the same successional order
as in Figure 15. In all the stoves which have been herein-before described,
the air to be heated, instead of being taken from the apartment in which the
stove is placed, may be conducted from the open air on the outside by means.
of a pipe or pipes suitably laid and connected.
Figure 17 is a front elevation, and Figure 18 a vertical section, of a

page_text: dwelling-house fireplace, so constructed as to furnish a constant supply
of warm air, independently of the heating effect which it produces by
direct radiation. A is a hollow space left between the back of. the
stove and wall, and a, a, apertures in the hearth, through which air
enters into the flat chamber c, thence it ascends into the space A to be
there heated. From A it may be either passed back into the apartment
through openings p, p, in the mantle piece, or conveyed to another apartment
or apartments by pipes suitably placed for the purpose. The flow of warm air
from the space A is admitted or shut off at pleasure by means of a suitable
regulator. The back of the stove is made by preference of firebricks cased
with iron, and the firebricks set step-wise in order to economise fuel and to
prevent it from being pressed out by its superincumbent weight, both as
represented in the Drawings, but they may be constructed of any other
suitable materials, and in any other suitable manner. Instead also of there
being only one open air space behind the back, that space may be filled with
vertical earthenware tubes open at both ends. The upper part of the back,
which may be either of fireclay or metal, is inclined for the purpose of
radiating heat (in combination with the sides E, E) into the apartment. A
fixed back may be substituted for the moveable one shewn in the Drawings if
desired. Figures 19 a section, and 20 (front view), Figures 21 and 22 (plans),
shew various modes of constructing false backs for economizing fuel by
diminishing the space allotted to it in common grates. These false backs
B, B, B, may be either of iron or of firebrick.
Figure 23 is a plan, and Figure 24 a sectional elevation, of an improved
arrangement of fire bars, which is specially adapted for steam engine furnaces,
and also applicable to stoves, grates, and furnaces of all kinds. F, F, are
horizontal bars which rest by their ends on the side walls W, W, and are cast
with ribs b, b, on their upper surfaces. G, G, are pyramidal gratings which
occupy the spaces between the bars F, F, and are kept in position by abutting
against the ribs b, b, each pyramidal grating consisting of four triangular
sides cast in one piece. An elevation of one of these sides is given separately
on an enlarged scale in Figure 25, or the pyramidal gratings may be cast in
four divisions, and those let into the annular cross pieces, which will facilitate
the clearing away of dirt, clinkers, &c. The quantity of heating surface
which can thus be included in any given area is much larger than with fire
bars constructed and arranged in the usual manner.
Figure 26 is a vertical section of an improved oven, which is proposed to *
be heated by either hot water or steam. The top, bottom, and sides of this

page_text: oven are composed of corrugated or fluted iron plates, (in order to increase
the amount of radiating surface,) and the corrugations or flutes serve as
recesses or channels for the pipes which supply the hot water or steam. Or,
the plates may be backed up with fireclay lumps, as represented in Figure 27,
in which case the corrugations or flutes will themselves serve as the channels
for the hot water or steam, and the lumps will absorb from the passing
currents a considerable portion of the heat which they will afterwards give
out to the plates, and through them to the interior of the oven. Instead of
corrugations, the interior surface of the oven may consist of alternate pro-
jections and hollows, as shewn in Figure 27, crossing one another at right
angles, which will absorb a greater portion of heat, and also radiate better
than if the surfaces were plain or corrugated.
:
i
Figure 27 is a vertical section of a double gas oven, wherein 'the 'smoke
and vapours resulting from the combustion of the gas are prevented, by an
arrangement somewhat different from those adopted in the gas stoves before
described, from entering into the oven. A, A, are the interior chambers of
the oven; B, B, the gas burners; and C, C, flues by which the smoke and
vapours are led away into the chimney.
Figure 27 represents an arrangement for heating by gas, in which the
flames, instead of impinging against a solid cone or cones of earthenware,
impinge against a series of hollow cones a, a, a, perforated all over, and
filled with coarsely powdered pumice stone or any other suitable pulverulent
substance.
'
Figure 54 is a vertical section of a gas stove, the body of which is com-
posed of earthenware divided into radial compartments so as to represent in
its horizontal section the form of a star, as represented in Figure 55. The
products of combustion ascend the interior spaces a, a, and the heat is
radiated from the exterior surfaces b, b, of the compartments.
Figure 28 represents a sectional elevation of an evaporating pan of an
improved construction. P is the pan, which is made double, that is to say,
with a casing p, the space c'between which' and the pan is permanently filled
with water, or oil, or some saline solution (as muriate of lime), and herme-
tically sealed, except where closed by a safety valve, so that when the enclosed
fluid is once heated to any degree to which the safety valve may be loaded it
can only lose the heat it has acquired by communicating it to the fluid to be
evaporated until the safety vale is raised. 'd', d', 'are a series of bent tubes
which are riveted to the bottom of the casing p, and 'communicate freely
therewith at both ends. F is the fireplace. For the fluid contained in the

page_text: outer casing any readily fusible metallic alloy may be substituted, and in that
case an opening may be substituted for the safety valve.
Figure 29 is a vertical section of a bath, shewing an improved method of
heating it expeditiously and economically. A is the bath, which is open as
usual, and A* an outer casing, which is permanently filled with water or any
of the fluid substitutes mentioned in the description of Figure 28, and her-
metically sealed. B, B, B, are three (or any other suitable number of)
recesses of a conical form formed in the bottom of the outer casing,
and C, C, C, are gas burners, so placed that their flames' shall impinge against
the sides of the conical recesses. As a degree of heat much above the
boiling point can be safely imparted to the fluid in the outer casing without
undergoing any loss from evaporation on cold water being poured into the
open vessel A, its temperature is raised very rapidly by the surplus heat
communicated from the outer casing, and even if the burners are extinguished
the heat accumulated in the outer casing is found sufficient to warm many
repeated supplies of fresh water to the bath.
'
Figure 30 is a vertical section of a steam boiler which it is proposed to
heat by gas. A is a central chamber surrounded with water, except at a
doorway (not seen in the Drawing). a, a, are gas burners, which are to be
kept supplied from a gas generator placed in some convenient situation adjoin-
ing the boiler, and are so placed that their flames shall impinge against the
surfaces of a series of vessels s, s, of the shape of inverted cones, which are
open at their upper or broad ends, and thereby impart the required heat to the
entire body of water.
Figures 31, 32, 33, and 34 exhibit four several methods of encreasing the
heating surface in flue boilers, without making any encrease in 'their sectional
areas. F, F, are flues; f.f, short tubes (open at both ends to the water),
which cross the flues in various directions, and serve to take up and transfer to
the water much of that heat which now passes unappropriated through the
central parts of the flues.
Figure 36 shews how the system of heating adopted in Figures 28 and 29
may be applied to the ordinary flue boilers. F is an internal flue; G, an
outer casing, which has no communication with the water of the boiler, but
is itself permanently filled with water or any of the substitutes aforesaid.
9, 9, are short cross tubes, open at both ends, by which free communication is
kept up between the top and bottom of the outer casing, and which are also
permanently filled. v, v, are chambers to allow for the expansion of the fluid
in the casing G, in order that the latter may always contain sufficient fluid to

page_text: cover the upper surface of the flue. A supply pipe and safety valve would
also require to be added.
Figure 37 is a cross section of an improved tube especially adapted to
railway locomotive and marine boilers, and which may also be adopted with
advantage in blast furnaces. It consists of iron, drawn or cast in the usual
way into lengths of a corrugated form, and lined with fireclay, whereby three
important objects are obtained: first, a greater amount of heating surface in a
given space that when the tubes are plain; second, a better absorbent surface;
and third, greater durability.
Figures 38 and 39 are modifications in point of form of Figure 37, and
without the fireclay lining.
Figure 40 is a cross section of another modification of Figure 37, in which
a number of cross pieces of fireclay, arranged in the form of a star, are
substituted for the fireclay lining, which pieces may be either moulded all in
one, or in sections of two or three each.
Figure 41 represents a vertical section of an improved apparatus for
heating houses and apartments; and Figure 42, a cross section of it, on the
line a, b. A is a furnace. B, a boiler. C, a corrugated tube (or plain, if
preferred), which passes straight upwards from the boiler through an air
passage D, which tube and air passage are carried to the top of the building
and have branches (c, d), leading to the several stories or apartments, where
there are more than one. The air passage D communicates at bottom with
the external atmosphere by the flues e, e. The branch tubes and passages
are all slightly inclined towards the main pipe and passage D. The steam,
ascending by its own elastic force, heats the whole of the interior tubes C, c,
which in their turn part with the heat to the air in the surrounding passages
D, d, from which it is distributed through apertures suitably placed to the
different stories or apartments. As the steam becomes cooled and condensed,
it returns down the tubes into the boiler, which will require but little
additional supply to keep it in constant action. Instead of there being only
one series of air passages D, d, these may be doubled or trebled, or increased
to any number desired (earthenware tubes being preferred for the purpose);
and should an apartment be required to be heated which is on no higher level
than the boiler, the steam pipes must be provided with taps at suitable places
to draw off the water of condensation.
Figure 43 (a vertical section), Figure 44 (cross section), and Figure 45
(plan), show how a common kitchen range may be adapted to the heating of a
bouse by steam, on the same system as 'just described.

page_text: Figures 46 and 47 represent a modification of Figure 41 in so far as regards
the boiler, which is,fitted with cross tubes for encreasing the heating surface,
on the plan adopted in Figures 31, 32, 33, and 34, as before described.
Figure 48 represents a boiler constructed on the same plan as Figure 46
and 47, but heated by jets of gas.
Figure 51 represents another method of heating a boiler by gas. A is the
boiler; B, B, flues or passages underneath; C, C, the gas burners, the flames
of which are driven against the legs of the boiler by means of currents of air
issuing from the four-horned central tubes, D, D, through which they are
propelled by means of a fan or other apparatus driven by the engine or
otherwise.
Two other modes of constructing boilers to be heated by gas are repre-
sented in Figures 52 and 53 section and plan, and Figures 56 and 57 (also a
section and plan).
Another mode of employing jets of hydrogen or carburetted hydrogen
gas for heating and evaporating fluids is founded on the principle of the
oxyhydrogen blow pipe, but instead of using oxygen I use atmospheric air in
a heated state in combination with the gas. Where the smelting of metals is,
for example, the object to be effected, I propose to have the furnace perforated
all over, that is to say, as low down as the tuyeres now used for introducing
the hot or cold blast into each of the perforations in the furnace, I propose
blowing a jet of the gas, and in combination therewith a current of heated
air. As the metal melts and sinks in the furnace, I shut off the upper jets,
keeping only those at work which are acting on the metal. For the heating
of boilers on the preceding plan, I propose to place in the fire-box a number
of wedgewood ware baskets or cups arranged in rows, each containing a
quantity of lime or limestone; and from holes perforated outside the furnace
or fire-box to direct upon them compound jets of gas and heated air, as above
described, which will cause the lime to become incandescent and throw off an
. intense heat. The nitrogen, carbonic acid, and other incombustible gases
evolved it will be necessary to get rid of by a pump, fan, or steam jet.
These gases may be carried round the boiler in a casing, and afterwards
through a box containing a number of tubes, which will be thereby heated,
and may be made to heat the atmospheric air which is used in the jets by
passing the same through them. The intensity of heat produced by the
ordinary blow pipe is well known, but that is much inferior to what may be
obtained from the combination of the oxygen and heated atmosphere in
the manner just described, and more especially from the projection of such a
compound steam upon lime. The hydrogen gas may also be heated (by any."

page_text: .
suitable means) as well as the atmospheric air before its introduction into the
furnace, and in place of the heated atmospheric air heated oxygen may be
employed in combination with the bydrogen gas (heated or unheated). A
combination of the latter description will be found especially advantageous in
the case of small metallurgical operations where extreme degrees of heat are
required..
In the stoves; boilers, and other sorts of apparatus herein-before described
as heated by gas, the jets of gas are mostly represented as issuing vertically
from the burners, but they may be also readily made to issue either horizontally
or obliquely, or in any other direction whatever which may be best suited for
causing the jets of one tube to impinge on those nearest to it, the great object
in all these cases being to raise the whole of the tubes to a high temperature,
whereby. not only a better combustion of the gas will be ensured, but a
greater amount of radiating heat will be produced. The amount of heating
medium. may be also in most cases conveniently, increased by making the tubes
or cones, or other vessels, whether of metal or earthenware, of corrugated or
knobular surfaces.. This form of construction will be found particularly adapted
to the apparatuses represented in Figures 1, 8, 9, 11, 13, 15, 16, and 54.
And having now described the nature of the said Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed; I declare that although I have in the
course: of. the preceding description mentioned the substances which I prefer
employing in each case, and have given also certain relative dimensions, I do
not confine myself to such substances or dimensions, but reserve a right to
vary the same, so long as this can be done consistently with the general
system of .construction or action adopted in each case. And the improve-
ments which I claim as constituting the said Invention are as follows:-
First, I claim the combination in heating stoves of external casings of
iron or other metal, with internal chambers or cellular blocks of fireclay in
the manner variously exemplified in Figures and 2, Figure 8, Figures 9
and 10, Figures 11 and 12, Figures 13 and 14, and Figure 15 and Figure 16,
Figure 27, Figure 27b, Figures 54 and 55, whereby in each case the warm
air supplied by the stove to the apartment in which it is placed is kept
entirely separate and distinct from the smoke, vapours, and other immediate
products of combustion.
Second, I claim the gas stove represented in Figures 3 and 4, and before
described in the peculiar combination of parts of which the same consists.
Third, I claim the construction of fireplaces with hollow backs for the
heating of air in the manner represented in Figures 17 and 18 before
described.

page_text: Fourth, I claim the form of false back for fireplaces represented in
Figures 18, 19, 20, 21, and 22, and before described.
Fifth, I claim the employment in furnaces of steam boilers and other
heating and evaporating apparatuses of pyramidal gratings, as represented in
Figures 23, 24 and 25, and before described.
:
Sixth, I claim the construction of ovens with the top, bottom, and sides
composed of corrugated or fluted plates, containing in the corrugations or
flutes thereof pipes for the circulation of steam or hot air represented in
Figure 26, and before described, and also the modification thereof represented
in Figure 27.
Seventh, I claim the employment, for heating and evaporating purposes, of
cells or vessels permanently filled with heated water or other fluid or metallic
alloys in a fluid state in the manner variously exemplified in Figures 28, 29,
and 36.
Eighth, I claim the employment in steam boilers of flues having short
cross tubes open at both ends, as variously exemplified in Figures 31, 32, 33,
and 34, 56, 57, and before described.
Ninth, I claim the construction of the flues or tubes of steam boilers and
other heating apparatuses, with an internal lining of fireclay, as exemplified
in Figure 37, or with internal division pieces of fireclay, as shewn in
Figures 40 and 55.
Tenth, I claim the construction of steam or hot water tubes of the forms
shewn in Figures 38 and 39.
Eleventh, I claim the heating of steam boilers by gas in any of the modes
represented in Figures 30, 48, and 51. Figures 52 and 53 and 56 and 57,
and before described.
Twelfth, I claim the employment, for heating and evaporating purposes, of
a combination of hydrogen or carburetted hydrogen gas in a cold or heated
state with heated atmospheric air, or with heated atmospheric air and lime, as
before described, also the combination of heated oxygen gas with hydrogen
gas either cold or heated, as before described.
Thirteenth, I claim the mode of warming air by means of steam pipes,
exemplified in Figures 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, and 48, and before
described.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Boggett, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Twenty-seventh day of March, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty.
WILLIAM (L.S.) BOGGETT.

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Twenty-seventh day of March,
in the year of our Lord 1850, the. aforesaid William Boggett came before
our said Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged the Specification
aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained and specified, in form
above written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped according
to the tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.
Enrolled the Twenty-seventh day of March, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty.