IMPROVE MENTS IN MOULDING OR SHAPING METALS
Year: 1856

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to David Yoolow Stewart, of Glasgow, in the County
2
of Lanark, North Britain, Ironfounder, for the Invention of "IMPROVE
MENTS IN MOULDING OR SHAPING METALS."
Sealed the 2nd May 1856, and dated the 8th March 1856.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said David Yoolow Stewart
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
8th March 1856.
I, DAVID: YOOLOW STEWART, of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark, North
Britain, Ironfounder, do hereby, declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS. IN MOULDING OR SHAPING METALS," to be as follows, that is to
say:-
This. Invention relates chiefly to the moulding of metal pipes or the manu-
facture of hollow cast-iron articles of cylindrical contour, but it is also judi-
ciously applicable to the moulding or casting of other articles of a general form
more or less similar to that of pipes.
The apparatus employed in carrying out this Invention in practice, consists
of a core bar (on which the core surface is formed for producing the internal
figure of the pipe or hollow article to be moulded and cast) capable of being
expanded or collapsed in diametrical dimensions. Such core bar affords many
facilities in the operations of moulding or producing the cast-iron articles,
whilst it enables the founder to effect an economy in dispensing with the use
of hay or other material ordinarily employed in preparing core surfaces. This
core bar is composed by preference of four longitudinal pieces of curved metal.
or segmental metal plates, combined together annularly, with their longitudinal
junction inclined edges in contact with each other.. A central spindle is ad

page_text: justed in the axial line of this combination of plates long enough to project to
some distance beyond the ends of the segmental plates. This central spindle has
fast upon it, near each end, a strong disc plate, formed with four diametrically
disposed inclined surfaces, corresponding with four inclines, one on each of
the inner surfaces of the segmental plates, and at or near the ends of the
plates. These two inclined edged dises thus form as it were the solid ends of
the bar, being embraced by the ends of the combined segments. Each inclined
portion is formed like a species of double hook in plan, being a recess parallel
with the axial line of the spindle, and having parallel overhanging edges or
embracing pieces, both the inner and outer sides of which embracing pieces
are the inclined parts. Each of these embracing inclines embrace a corre-
sponding projection upon the inner side of each segmental plate end. The
action of these end discs then is such, that if traversed longitudinally in the
direction of the spindle's axis the whole of the segmental plates are made to
approximate to or recede from the axial line of the spindle. The contiguous
edges of the segmental plates are inclined or cut out in such manner that they
can easily work over each other during the adjusting action; and to enable
them fairly to clear one another, the two opposite inclines of the acting
discs in each case are at different angles, so that one pair of segmental plates
can start before or work in and out more rapidly than the other pair. Instead
of rectangular recessed inclines of this kind, dovetail inclines may be employed
with a similar result. In addition to these discs of wedge action there are are
two or more sets of four intermediate supporting arms or pieces of metal,
contrived so as to answer as adjusting stays or trusses for the segmental plates.
These stays.or trussing pieces are in each case formed of a central disc or
collar fast upon the main central spindle, and having jointed to it radially a
set of four diametrically opposed arms.. These arms are rounded off at their
outer free ends, which bear against the inner faces of the segmental plates in
such a manner as to produce a knee-joint action between the main spindle
and the individual plates. At an intermediate point between the joint of the
arm and its end bearing surface a longitudinal tension rod is in each case
jointed to the arm, and continued out to the upper end of the core bar, where
a short jointed piece is attached, and passed through the end disc, being
screwed upon its outer projecting end, and carrying a nut fitted into a sup-
porting recess in the disc. Each of the radial arms is fitted up with a tension
rod in this way, and all the arms in the same longitudinal line are linked or
connected so as to be capable of simultaneous motion. The effect of this
arrangement is, that by screwing up the end nuts more or less a greater or less
outward pressure can be exerted through the arms upon the inner faces of the

page_text: core bar plates. This pressure serves to steady the plates, and answers as a
trussing action when put in force in opposition to the inclined action or hold
of the end discs. In making core bars of this kind for socket pipes, or for
articles where an enlargement occurs at any part, provision is made for the
due working of the segmental plates in their adjustment, by suitably cutting
out or shaping and inclining the contiguous edges. Core bars of this kind
may either be fitted up with a screw or other mechanical adjusting action upon.
the bars themselves, or, as is preferred, they may be quite free from all such
complexities and obstructions, there being nothing whatever beyond the end
adjusting discs. In this latter case an important feature consists in the fact
that the adjusting action for expanding and collapsing the core bar is effected
entirely independantly of the bar itself. The adjustment is performed by
means of a separate pressure apparatus, a hydrostatic press being fitted up for
the purpose in the foundry, all that is necessary being the giving a direct
longitudinal pressure to the main spindle and the two end discs. A screw or
other apparatus may be similarly employed. Although reference has herein-
before been made to the use of two end inclined action discs only, yet this
number may be varied; and besides this, the wedge or inclined action may.
be contrived to act also in the case of the intermediate trussing arms, and
these arms although still acting as knee joints may be contrived with double-
acting end surfaces, so as to both press out and draw in the plates, as in the
case of the end discs. To prevent the adjusting details from coming clear out
of the core bar, stops are fitted up to come into action when the proper distance
of traverse is liable to be exceeded.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said David Yoolow Stewart in the Great Seal Patent Office on
the 8th September 1856.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, DAVID
YOOLOW STEWART, of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark, North Britain,
Ironfounder, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Eighth day of March, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and fifty-six, in the nineteenth year of Her reign,
did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said
David Yoolow Stewart, Her special license that I, the said David Yoolow.
Stewart, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said
David Yoolow Stewart, my executors, administrators, or assigns, should at

page_text: any time agree with, and no others, from, time to time and at all times there-
after during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully,might make, use,
exercise, and vend, within, the United Kingdom of. Great, Britain and Ireland,
tlie Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention, for, IMPROVEMENTS IN,
MOULDING OR SHAPING METALS," upon the, condition (amongst others) that
I, the said David Yoolow Stewart, by an instrument in writing under, my.
hand and seal, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature; of the
said: Invention, and in what manner, the same was, to, be performed, and
cause the same to be, filed in, the Great Seal; Patent.Office within six calendar.
months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW, YE, that I; the said David Yoolow. Stewart, do licreby.
declare the nature of my,said Invention, and in what, manner, the same, is to
be performed; to be particularly described and: ascertained in. and by... the
following statement in writing, reference being had to the accompanying
Drawings, and, to, the letters and figures marked thereon, that is to say:
My said Invention relates chiefly to the moulding of metal pipes, or the
manufacture of hollow cast-iron articles of cylindrical.contour, but it is also
judiciously applicable to the. moulding or casting fofrother articles of a general
form more, or; less, similar to that of pipes. The apparatus employed in carrying
out this Invention in practice consists of a core bar. (on which the core surfacé
is formed for.producing the internal figure of the pipe or hollów..article to be.
moulded and, cast), capable of being. expanded: or.. collapsed in diametrical
dimensions. Such core bar affords many facilities in the operations of moulding.
or producing the cast-iron articles, whilst it enables. the founder.to,effect.an.
economy in dispensing with the use of hay or other material ordinarily
employed in preparing core surfaces. This core bar is composed by preference
of four longitudinal pieces of curved metal or segmental metal plates combined
together annularly, with their longitudinal -junction inclined edges in contact
with each other. A central spindle is adjusted in the axial line of this.com-
bination of plates long enough to project to some distance beyond the ends of
the segmental plates. This, central spindle has fast upon it near each end a
strong disc plate, formed with four diametrically disposed, inclined surfaces,
corresponding with four, inclines, one, on each of the inner surfaces of the
segmental plates, and at or near the ends of the plates. These two inclined
edged dises thus form as it were the solid ends of the bar, being embraced by the
ends of the combined segments. Each inclined, portion is formed like a species,
of double, hook in plan, being, a recess parallel with the axial line of the
spindle, and having parallel overhanging edges, or embracing picces, both the
inner and outer sides of which embracing pieces are the inclined, parts; each

page_text: T
of these embracing inclines embraces a corresponding projection upon the
inner side of each segmental plate end. The action of these end discs then
is such, that, if traversed longitudinally in the direction of the spindle's axis the
whole of the segmental plates are made to approximate to or recede from the
axial line of the spindle. The contiguous edges of the segmental plates are
inclined or cut out in such manner that they can easily work over each other
during the adjusting action; and to enable them fairly to clear one another,"
the two opposite inclines of the acting discs in each case are at different
angles, so that one pair of segmental plates can start before or work in and
out more rapidly than the other pair. Instead of rectangular recessed inclines
of this kind, dovetail inclines may be employed with a similar result. In
addition to these discs of wedge action, there are two or more sets of four inter-
mediate supporting arms or pieces of metal, contrived so as to answer as
adjusting stays or trusses for the segmental plates. These stays or trussing
pieces are in each case formed of a central disc or collar fast upon the main
central spindle, and having jointed to it radially a set of four diametrically
opposed arms. These arms are rounded off at their outer free ends, which
bear against the inner faces of the segmental plates in such a' manner as to
produce a knee-joint action between the main spindle and the individual
plates. At an intermediate point between the joint of the arm and its end
bearing surface a longitudinal tension rod is in each case jointed to the arm
and continued out to the upper end of the core bar, where a short jointed'
piece is attached, and passed through the end disc, being screwed upon its outer
projecting end, and carrying a nut fitted into a supporting recess in 'the disc.
Each of the radial arms is fitted up with a tension rod in this way, and all the
arms in the same longitudinal line are linked or connected, so as to be capable
of simultaneous motion. The effect of 'this. arrangement is, that by screwing
up the end nuts more or less a greater or less outward pressure can be exerted
through the arms upon the inner faces of the core bar plates. This pressure
serves to steady the plates, and answers as a trussing action when put in force
in opposition to the inclined action or hold of the end discs. In making core
bars of this kind for socket pipes, or for articles where an enlargement occurs
at any part, provision is made for the due working of the segmental plates in
their adjustment by suitably cutting out or shaping and inclining the con-
tiguous edges. Core bars of this kind 'may either be fitted up with a screw or
other mechanical adjusting action upon the bars themselves; or, as is preferred,
they may be quite free from all such complexities and obstructions, there being
nothing whatever beyond the end adjusting discs. In this latter case an
important feature consists in the fact that the adjusting action for expanding
...

page_text: and collapsing the core bar is effected entirely independently of the bar itself.
The adjustment may be performed by means of a separate pressure apparatus,
a hydrostatic press being fitted up for the purpose in the foundry, all that is
necessary being the giving a direct longitudinal pressure to the main spindle and
the two end discs. A screw, or other apparatus, may be similarly employed.
Although reference has herein-before been made to the use of two end
inclined action discs only, yet this number may be varied; and besides this, the
wedge or inclined action may be contrived to act also in the case of the inter-
mediate trussing arms, and these arms, although still acting as knee joints,
may be contrived with double-acting end surfaces, so as to both press out and
draw in the plates, as in the case of the end discs. To prevent the adjusting
details from coming clear out of the core bar, stops are fitted up to come into
action when the proper distance of traverse is liable to be exceeded.
And in order that my said Invention may be properly understood, I have
bereunto appended and shall now proceed to describe a Sheet of explanatory
Drawings, shewing the manner in which I prefer to carry my Invention into
practical effect.
Figure 1, on the Sheet of Drawings, is an external elevation of one modi-
fication of core bar as constructed according to my Invention; and Figure 2 is
a longitudinal section, corresponding to Figure 1, the core bar being shown as
with portions broken away in both Figures; Figure 3 is a plan or end view
looking on the top of the core bar; Figure 4 is a transverse section of the bar,
taken just above the lowermost inclined surfaces, the segments being distended
or in their outermost positions; and Figure 5 is a transverse section above the
middle inclined surfaces or stay pieces, the segments being shown as drawn in
or collapsed. Figure 6 is a longitudinal section of another modification of core
bar as constructed according to my Invention; Figure 7 is a transverse section
of this bar, showing the collapsing and distending details in plan as looking
down upon them in one half of the Figure, and as looking upon their under
sides in the other half of the Figure. Figure 8 is a longitudinal section of the
faucet portion of the core bar, showing a modified arrangement of this part of
the bar. The core bar represented in Figures 1 to 5 consists of four segments
or curved pieces of metal A, B, encompassed at their upper ends by a deep
ring C, which corresponds to the faucet portion of the core bar, the whole
being set round a central spindle D. The segments B are drawn in within
the segments A when the bar is collapsed, and the segments A close upon the
segments B, the junction edges of each being bevilled, as shown in the sections
Figures 4 and 5, so as to admit of this action; the faucet ring C is formed with
arms and a central boss E, and is keyed on the spindle D at or near one end.

page_text: Near the bottom of the spindle D is fixed a four-armed boss F, the outer ends
of the arms of which are formed with dovetail inclined surfaces, as at G, and
these fit and work in corresponding dovetail recesses in blocks H fixed to the
several segments A, B. A similar set of dovetail inclines and recesses are fitted
upon the spindle and segments respectively near the faucet end of the core
bar, the parts being indicated by the same letters of reference as below.
In Figures 1 and 2 the segments A, B, are shown as distended, but on the
spindle D being moved longitudinall, or raised in any convenient way, the
segments being held by the adhesion or friction of the casting encompassing
them, the dovetail inclines G slide along the grooves in the blocks B, and
cause these to collapse towards the spindle. As the segments A require to
collapse at a slower rate than the segments B, in order that the latter may
recede within them, the inclines appertaining to the former are made slower or
more obtuse than those appertaining to the latter.
mass.
In Figure 2 one side represents a section through one of the segments A,
whilst the other side represents a section through one of the segments B, and
the different inclination in the two cases is distinctly shown. The usual prac-
tice is to draw the core bar out of the cast pipe by means of a crane, the
hauling chain of which is attached to the top of the spindle D, so that on the
lifting action commencing the movement of the spindle D first causes the seg-
ments A, B, to collapse, and then when these are sufficiently separated from
the sides of the casting the entire core bar is lifted out of the casting in a
The core bar is again distended for subsequent use by traversing the
central spindle D in the reverse direction or downwards, and this causes the
inclines G to force the segments A, B, out to their full dimensions. To
strengthen and keep the segments A, B, well set out along their entire length,
one or more intermediate wedge or incline rimmed discs I are keyed upon
the spindle D. and bear upon the inclined inner edges of blocks J, fixed to the
segments A, B. These discs I act as stays to keep out the segments, whilst
the inclination of the bearing surfaces admits of the segments collapsing, when
the spindle D is moved longitudinally.
In the modification represented in Figures 6 and 7 on the Sheet of Draw-
ings, certain of the details are slightly different from those just described, and
are superior to them as regards their practical efficacy. The core bar is coin-
posed of four segments A, B, encompassed at their upper ends by a ring C,
corresponding to the faucet of the pipe, and the whole is set round a central
spindle D, as in the first example. Blocks or brackets E are bolted to the
segments A, B, near their top and bottom ends, and at their longitudinal
centres, for the inclined pieces fixed upon the spindle D to act upon in dis

page_text: tending or contracting the core. bar. The outward or distending action and
the inward or collapsing-action is effected. by means of distinct and separate.
pieces; thus, a conical ring-G-fixed upon the spindle.serves for forcing out the
segment; and acts upon the eilges II of the sides of the brackets E. When.
the segments are fully distended, the lower narrower.edge of the conical ring G
enters notches h, formed in the sides of the brackets, and by the inner surface
of the cone abutting against the inner side of the notch, locks and holds the
segment in position, preventing. it from moving either outwards or inwards.
The collapsing movement is effected by means of small inclined. bits I, carried
on the turned up ends of the arms of a boss J, fixed upon the spindle. D.
These inclined bits I act upon the outsides of inclined surfaces K on the inner
sides of the brackets E, which are hollow or box-shaped at this part. When
the ring. G-is in contact with the inclined edges I the inclined bits. I are quite
free from the surfaces K, that is to say, a little play. is allowed, and a slight
longitudinal movement of the spindle D has to take place before the bits I
begin to draw in the segments. This particular arrangement of. inclined edges
and surfaces is especially designed with the view of making them so that any
sand or grit may fall easily away and not lodge between the working surfaces.
to injure the proper action of the parts. At the longitudinal centre of the.
core bar the piece J with the bits. I may be dispensed with, the conical ring. G
only being retained to act as a stay in keeping out the segments to their proper
position: The brackets E are the same at the centre as at the ends, but merely
on account of the convenience of casting them from the same pattern. The
several pieces J'and. G are strung upon the spindle D, the lowermost piece J
resting upon a collar thereon, whilst tubes L are placed between each set to.
regulate their distance asunder. The boss M of the faucet piece C:is!passed
upon the spindle in the same way, and a nut N'is screwed over all upon the
spindle to. bind the whole firmly together. Feathers O are formed on the:
inside of the faucet piece. C. to. assist in keeping the segments in their proper
positions, these feathers passing through. slots formed in the ends of. tlie seg-.
ments. When the segments A, B, are distended, they are kept accurately to
their proper positions, auch locked radially, so as neither. to move outwards..nor
inwards, by means of a ring P carried loose on a boss Q upon the lower end
of the spindle, and capable of being adjusted up and down. on the spindle. by
means of a screw. or otherwise. This ring P is formed with a raised rim; or
a number of projections R,. which fits or fit into, grooves in blocks S, bolted
to the lower ends of the segments. When the bar is to be collapsed the 'ring
P is drawn down by unscrewing, so as to free the riin or projections R from
the blocks S, and so as also to allow of the longitudinal movement of the

page_text: spindle D in drawing in the segments.
A conical hood T is fixed on the
spindle D just above the ring P, to prevent sand from injuring or choking
the screw. In some cases it is intended to construct the faucet portion and
segments in continuous lengths; in other words, to form the segments with
the faucet portions, upon them, so as to dispense with a separate faucet ring, as
shown in Figure 8. In this case a ring U is fitted upon the upper end of the
spindle, to lock and hold the segments accurately in position at that end when
distended; this ring is formed with a groove, which fits upon projections V,
upon brackets W, formed or fixed upon the segments A, B.
I
may here remark, that in order to simplify the Drawings the segmental
core bar plates are represented without perforations; but the practical iron-
founder will understand that these plates are to be perforated for the passage
through of air or vapour from the loam or other coating which is applied to
their outer surfaces to complete the core for use.
Ilaving now described and particularly ascertained the nature of my said
Invention, and the manner in which the same is or may be used or carried into
effect, I may observe, in conclusion, that I do not confine or restrict myself to
the precise details or arrangements which I have had occasion to describe or
refer to, as many variations may be made therefrom without deviating from
the principles or main features of my Invention; but what I consider to
be novel and original, and therefore claim as the Invention secured to me by
the herein-before in part recited Letters Patent, is,―
First, the system or mode of constructing collapsable core bars for casting
pipes and similar articles, so that the longitudinal movement of the central
spindle pushes out and draws in the segments composing the core bar by
means of inclined surfaces, as herein-before described.
Second, the system cr mode of locking the segments composing the core
bar when in their distended positions, as more particularly herein-before
described in reference to Figures 6, 7, and 8 on the Sheet of Drawings
hereunto attached.
In witness whereof, I, the said David Yoolow Stewart, have hereunto set
my band and seal, this Sixth day of September, One thousand eight
hundred and fifty-six.
DAV. Y. STEWART. (L.S.)