IMPROVEMENTS IN THE RAISING, LIFTING, OR DRAWING AND FORCING OF WATER AND OTHER LIQUIDS, AND IN THE APPARATUS AND MEANS EMPLOYED THEREFOR
Year: 1865

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to James McEwan, Engineer, and William Neilson,
Builder, both of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark, North Britain, for
the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE RAISING, LIFTING, OR DRAWING
AND FORCING OF WATER AND OTHER LIQUIDS, AND IN THE APPARATUS AND
MEANS EMPLOYED THEREFOR."
Sealed the 30th January 1866, and dated the 2nd August 1865.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said James McEwan and
William Neilson at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their
Petition, on the 2nd August 1865.
We, JAMES MCEWAN, Engineer, and WILLIAM NEILSON, Builder, both of
Glasgow, in the County of Lanark, North Britain, do hereby declare the nature
of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE RAISING, LIFTING, OR DRAWING
AND FORCING OF WATER AND OTHER LIQUIDS, AND IN THE APPARATUS AND MEANS
EMPLOYED THEREFOR," to be as follows, that is to say :-
This Invention consists essentially in new or improved forms and construc-
tions of apparatus for lifting or drawing water and other liquids from a low
level to a higher, or for drawing or raising liquids from a position or
place twenty or thirty feet below the apparatus up to its own level or height,
and then forcing the same a few feet higher or above it. This apparatus
therefore is particularly suited for lifting and forcing liquids, or for such pur-
poses as the raising of pure or impure water from rivers, docks, foundations,

page_text: wells, mines, quarries, low marches, cess or sewerage pools or receivers, also
the raising of water and liquids for manufacturing purposes, as for paper mills,
bleach works, distilleries, breweries, sugar houses, and many other purposes
where large quantities of liquid have to be raised.
The novel and important features of this Invention or apparatus and its
action are that it raises or draws the liquid in a dense undivided or unbroken
column or stream up or through the open pipes (without the obstruction, use,
or intervention of valves, buckets, plungers, pumps, or rods, which are all
more or less liable to derangement from their constant motion, and from
the injurious effects on them by the sand, stones, and other impurities in
the liquids being raised) by the action of a narrow or thin annular jet or
hollow conical stream of high-pressure steam which is caused to pass through
a narrow slit or space made to nearly the same angle as the jet of steam is
required to be. This slit is formed through the circumferential thickness of
the main pipe or a portion of it, in which the water or liquid is raised, so that
the steam impinges on or tends as it were to cut the column or stream of
liquid being raised in the form of a hollow cone, having its apex some inches
in advance or higher than the annular slit through which the steam passes,
and which would form the base of this indicated cone, whilst its axis would
coincide with that of the pipe and column of liquid being raised. The whole
angle of this conical stream of steam, as well as that of the slit through which
it passes is by preference formed within the limits of from 60° to 120°, or as
otherwise expressed the faces or ends of the slit would make an angle of from
30° to 60° with the axis of the pipe below them.
One modification of this apparatus or mode of constructing it, or working
it out in practise, consists in forming a short length or piece of pipe with
flanges at each end similar to those of the main column of pipes through
which the water is to be raised, so that it can be jointed between any two of
the main pipes and form part of the whole column; this short pipe is made
somewhat larger in diameter than the main pipe, and has formed at or near
the centre of it an enlarged annular space or cavity, with a small lateral
branch pipe attached or leading into it. A considerable portion of this short
pipe at each end is bored out parallel and fitted with two rings or tubes by pre-
ference formed of brass, composition, bush, or gun metal, the two making up
nearly the whole length of the short pipe, and having their internal diameter
the same or nearly so as that of the main pipes. The two adjacent ends of
these tubes are turned to the same or nearly the same annular bevelled or
truncated conical surface, and as one or both of the tubes are made to move
a short distance to or from each other, the width between these bevelled ends

page_text: or surfaces is contracted or widened, and as these, form, the slit or anuular
orifice through which the steam passes to act on the column of liquid being
raised within the pipes, the adjustment of the width of this annular
orifice or distance between these surfaces regulates to a considerable extent
the volume and force of the jet or stream of steam passing through it and
acting on the liquid inside the pipe. This motion and regulation of the
distance between the ends of the tubes, and the fixing of them when so regu-
lated, may be effected by various simple mechanical contrivances, one only of
which need here be described, and consists in having one or more short
spindles with excentric points, each passed in through a small stuffing box
formed in the outer short pipe, the excentric point working into an annular
groove or slot, which may be formed by rings or "snugs" on the outer
circumference of one or both of the tubes inside the outer short pipe, so that
when this spindle is turned by its square, head outside, the excentric point
working in the groove of one or both of the tubes regulates the width of the
annular steam orifice between them, and when properly regulated and set the
spindle or spindles is or are fixed by screwing up the stuffing box gland. upon
a steam-tight collar formed on each of the spindles.
When the apparatus, according to this Invention, is employed for raising
water or other liquid from a great depth, one of them is jointed between two
of the main pipes,, as before described, from twenty to thirty feet above the
lowest level of the liquid to be raised; and another. or second is then similarly
jointed about the same height above the first as it was above the low-water
level; then another is similarly placed about the same height above the
second, and so on to the. full height of the whole column of pipes through
which the liquid has to be raised. The actuating steam is conveyed from
any ordinary high-pressure steam boiler or generator by a descending pipe to
the several lateral. branches of the annular recesses at the centre of each of
the apparatus, according to this Invention; this recess, enclosed on the inner
side by the short tubes, forms a steam chamber or jacket all round the annular
steam jet or slit formed in or by the inner tubes leading to the water or other
liquid. in the pipes to be raised.
The netion of this apparatus is as follows:-The steam from the main
descending or conducting pipe enters the annular steam chamber of each "lifter"
by their lateral branch pipes for the purpose, and passes direct from this
chamber through the narrow bevelled slit or aperture formed between the
adjacent ends of the two inside tubes all round into the interior of the main
pipes, through which the water is raised, driving out all the air from the
inside of the pipes, which, together with the partial vacuum caused therein

page_text: :
by the condensation of the steam on the cold pipes, causes the water in which
the lower end of the pipe is immersed for a short distance, to flow or ascend
the interior of the pipe in a continuous stream; that is the removal of the
pressure to a great extent on the surface of the water inside the pipe, together
with the full pressure of the atmosphere, always acting on the outside, causes
it ascend the pipe until it reaches the first "lifter," where the steam meet-
ing the compact column of water, forces it some distance higher than itself
and brings it within the power of the second "lifter," which raises it in a
similar manner for the next stage within the power of the third "lifter," and
so on until the water flows off at the top of the pipes, or the height and level
required for its delivery. Or otherwise, instead of each "lifter" delivering
the liquid being raised direct through the same continuous pipe to the one
immediately above it in succession, each "lifter" may deliver the liquid at or
near its own level or height into a cistern, from which the one next above it
would draw or raise the liquid and deliver it in like manner into a cistern,
and so on until the liquid was delivered at the whole height or level required;
each "lifter" working independently.
In some cases it is preferred instead of having the internal tubes or rings
forming the annular jet cylindrical, and of the same internal diameter as the
main pipes through which the liquid is raised, to have them rather larger, and
formed with a slight hollow curve near the slit or narrow annular aperture
through which the steam passes, so as to give the circumferential portion of
the column of water or other liquid more immediately acted on by the steam at
this point a tendency to diverge towards its axis, and thus impart some of its
force to that at the centre portion, so as to carry up the whole column of
liquid at nearly the same velocity.
The Inventors are aware that the direct force and action of steam has before
been used on water to force, inject, and to some extent to draw or lift it;
I so that they lay no claim to this general principle or mode of using steam as
a motive power for forcing liquids; but what they consider to be new, and
therefore claim as their Invention is, their particular apparatus and mode of
applying the steam to a compact column of water or other liquid, so as to raise
it from a depth below, a few feet less, as a maximum, than that of a column
equal to the weight of the atmosphere, as, say twenty-five feet in the case of
water, a constant stream through the full bore of the pipes in which it is
raised, substantially as herein-before provisionally specified.
.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said James M°Ewan and William Neilson in the Great Seal
Patent Office on the 31st January 1866.
1
::
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, JAMES
MCEWAN, Engineer, and WILLIAM NEILSON, Builder, both of Glasgow, in
the County. of Lanark, North Britain, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Second day of August, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and sixty-five, in the twenty-ninth year of Her reign
did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto us, the said
James M Ewan and William Neilson, Her special licence that we, the said
James M Ewan and William Neilson, our executors, administrators, and
assigns, or such others as we, the said James McEwan and William Neil-
son, our executors, administrators, and assigns, should. at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the
term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel
Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE RAISING,
LIFTING, OR DRAWING AND FORCING OF WATER AND OTHER LIQUIDS, AND IN THE
APPARATUS AND MEANS EMPLOYED THEREFOR," upon the condition (amongst
others) that we, the said James M°Ewan and William Neilson, our executors
or administrators, by an instrument in writing under our, or their, or one of
their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of
the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and
cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said James McEwan and William Neilson,
do hereby declare the nature of our said Invention, and in what manner
the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in
and by the following statement in writing, reference being had to the accom-
panying Drawings, and to the letters and figures marked thereon, that is to say:-
Our Iuvention consists essentially in new or improved forms or constructions of
apparatus for raising water and and other liquids, or for lifting or drawing liquids
from a position or distance not exceeding thirty feet below the apparatus up
to its own level; and then forcing the same a few feet higher or above itself,
and is therefore particularly suited for the lifting and forcing of liquids gene-
rally for various operations and purposes, such as the raising of pure or impure
water from rivers, docks, foundations, wells, mines, quarries, low marshes, cess
or sewerage pools, or receivers, also for raising the liquids used in paper mills,
...

page_text: bleach works, distilleries, breweries, chemical works, sugar houses, and many
other similar purposes where large quantities of liquids have to be raised. As
this new or improved apparatus, which, from its peculiarity of construction
and action we desire to term a "steam liquid raiser," is much simpler and
can be manufactured for a mere fraction of the cost of most of the machinery
heretofore used for the same purposes (such as the pamps and pumping
engines, centrifugal and centripetal wheels, all most complicated, and employed
in
great variety), we believe many great and important advantages will result
to the public from its introduction and use.
The novel and important features of this our Invention or apparatus, and in
its action are, that it raises the liquid in a dense undivided column or stream
up through the open pipes without any obstruction therein (such as the use of
valves, buckets, plungers, pumps, or rods, which are all more or less liable to
derangement from the number of their parts and constant motion, and from
the injurious effects produced on them by the sand, stones, and other impurities
in the liquid being raised) by the direct action of a narrow or thin annular
jet or hollow conical stream of high-pressure steam which is caused to pass
through a narrow annular slit or space made in the body of the pipe at an
angle, by preference of about 30° with the axes of the pipe, but which may
be efficiently varied 10° or 15°, more or less, in an upward direction corres-
ponding to that of the jet or cone of steam desired to carry up the water in
the pipe thereby or along with it.
.
And in order that our said Invention, and the manner of performing ör
applying it, may be properly understood, we have hereunto appended a Sheet
of explanatory Drawings, showing several modifications which we at present
believe to be the best for working out in practice the improvements contained
therein, the same reference letters indicating the same or corresponding parts
in all the modifications and. Figures shown.
Figure 1 is a full-size vertical section, and Figure 2 is a horizontal section
corresponding to and taken on the line 1-1; in Figure 1, of that portion of
the water pipe through which the liquid is to be raised where the steam is
applied for that purpose, and which shows one modification or construction of
the apparatus or "steam liquid raiser" forming the essential feature of our
Invention. Figure 3 is a vertical section of the internal tubes or nozles
forming the conical annular slit through which the steam passes to raise and
act upon the water, corresponding to those parts in Figure 1, but of a slightly
different construction.
Figure 4 is a vertical section of another modification or construction of our
improved apparatus for raising liquids somewhat analagous to that shown in

page_text: Figures 1 and 2; and Figure 5, a horizontal section taken on the irregular
line 22, in Figure 4, to which it corresponds.
Figure 6 'is a vertical section of another adaptation of the same apparatus
considerably modified from either of those shown in the former Figures,
showing a part only of the adjacent ends of two of the main water pipes as.
broken away.
Figure 7 is a vertical section of a general arrangement of one modification
of our Invention as, by preference, adapted for and shown as raising water
from short distances, not exceeding thirty feet, by the use of two of the appa-
ratus or
"steam liquid raisers," as shown in the former large detailed
Figures; and Figure 8 is an elevation of a general arrangement of these
improvements as by preference adapted for and shown as raising water from
great depths, as from mines.
2
As shown in the several Figures we prefer to construct the water and
steam pipes all with truly turned or faced flanges, jointed in long lengths to
each other, perfectly water, air, and steam tight; but they may also be
efficiently jointed by screwed faucet joints when desired, at distances between
any two of these water pipes A, by preference about fifteen feet in the case of
raising water, and not more than twenty-five or thirty feet as a maximum
above the point or level from which the water or other liquid is to be raised;
is jointed the short length A' of the same continuous pipe A, forming one of
the liquid raising apparatus or "lifters" shown in proper position as in the
act of working in the general views, Figures 7 and 8, and in large sections, to
shew their form and construction, in Figures 1 to 6 inclusive.
:
Referring to the modifications shown in Figures 1 and 2, the short pipe A¹
forming the "lifter," is formed with an enlargement or annular steam space B
near its centre, with a lateral branch pipe C for conducting the steam into it.
The lower portion of the pipe A¹ is bored internally and fitted with the short
tube or nozle a, steam and water tight, with a flange at its lower end which
retains it in position between the faced flanges forming the steam and water
tight joint between the two parts A and A¹ forming the continuous main pipe
through which the water is raised. The upper part of the tube a forms the
inner side of the annular steam chamber B and divides it from the water space
inside the tube, which is of the same diameter as the main pipe A, and the
upper neck or throat a¹ of the pipe A', which is bored out in the form of a
hollow truncated cone or slightly angular curved surface d to receive the
extreme upper end of the internal tube a, turned on the outside to a con-
siderable angle, by preference of 30° with the axes of the pipe; or to be
efficient not many degrees greater or less than that, and formed with a sharp

page_text: edge at its extreme. upper and inner edge, where it forms a very narrow or thin
annular and partially conical space, slit, or orifice 6, by preference closer on
the side..nearest the steam chamber B, and widest towards the upper and
iuner surface of the pipe or throat a', where it meets the water or other liquid,
This slitb is therefore formed by the external and internal adjacent bevelled
surface c and slightly curved surface d of the tube a and throat a¹ respectively,
so that as the steam enters the branch Cit passes all round the annular steam
chamber B, and thence through the slit 6 into the inside of the throat a¹ of
the water pipe in the shape of a hollow vertical conical stream, as indicated
by the dotted lines b, e, b. The external part of the tube a adjacent to or in
contant, with the steam in the chamber B is covered by any bad conductor
heat, such as a few layers of hair or woollen cloth f covered by a thickness of
wood g retained in position by two bands of wire g¹ to prevent the cold liquids
passing up the inside of the pipes and tube A and a from condensing the steam
in the chambe B, or wasting and carrying off its heat; or otherwise that part
of the tube a exposed to the action of the steam on, the one side and the
liquid being raised on the other may be formed hollow with an enclosed air
space h, as shown in Figures 3 and 6. The tube a is preferred to be con-
structed of brass or other metal which would not be liable to corrode or be
acted upon by the liquids being raised or the steam so as to injure the face c
of the steam orifice 6; and when desired the throat part a¹ may also be made
with an internal tube of similar non-corrosive metal, as shown at a in
Figure 3, secured and inserted into the upper part of the pipe A', in a similar
manner to that described in reference to the tube a.
In the modification shown in Figures 4 and 5, the internal tube a is formed
without a lower flange and made moveable in a vertical direction so as to
adjust the width of the steam slit or orifice 6 from the outside when desired.
The steam chamber B in this case has an inner annular wall B₁ carried up to
near the top, where it is bored out internally to recieve and steady the brass
tube a as nearly steam-tight as possible, but leaving a hollow space h¹ down
the centre between them to prevent their metallic contact and conduction of
the heat from the steam in the chamber B to the liquid being raised in the
tube a. For the purpose of moving the tube a, and regulating the distance
of its conical or bevelled end surface c from that of d in the throat a', the
small spindle E with a square head outside is inserted through the lateral
stuffing box F, having an eccentric pin G on its inner end which takes into a
short horizontal or segmental groove H formed in the lower outer surface of
the tube, a, so that by turning the spinde E by a key on its
eccentric pin G raises or lowers the tube a so as to set or regulate the width
square
head the

page_text: of the slit 6 and force of the jet of steam passing through it; when so set the
spindle and tube are fixed in the desired position by screwing up the gland I
upon the ground collar E' of the spindle E; or, otherwise, in place of moving
the lower tube a, it may be fixed, and the top tube a³, Figure 3, used, and
made to move in the throat so as to regulate the width of the steam orifice 6,
as just described in reference to the lower tube a.
:
:
In the modification shown in Figure 6 the steam chamber B is formed
like a faucet at the extreme end of one of the long lengths of the main
water pipe A with an end flange J, and the lower end of its adjacent pipe is
formed with a plain flange J¹ faced and turned with an annular ring which
enters the faucet B a short distance to retain both ends of the pipes A con-
centric when jointed together. The steam faucet B is also furnished with a
lateral branch steam pipe C leading into it, as in the former modifications,
and the internal tube a is secured steam-tight by the flange and screw pins a³
to the bottom of the steam chamber B, the short body of the tube a being
made hollow, as in Figure 3, to prevent the cooling of the steam enclosed in
the annular chamber B, the upper end of the tube a being tapered to form
the lower face c of the steam slit b, where it enters a short distance into the
lower end of the adjacent pipe A, which is bored internally to an annular bevel
or curve to form the upper surface d of the steam orifice 6 of the required
width, as described in reference to Figures 1 to 5.
When any of these improved apparatus or "lifters," the construction of
which has so far been described in reference to Figures 1 to 6, aro employed
for raising liquids, the general arrangement, construction, and action of our
Invention is as follows:-Referring to the arrangement. shown in Figure 7,
the lowest end of the first length of water pipe A fitted with a rose K, the
holes of which are made a little smaller than the full bore of the pipe A, is.
immersed some distance below the level L of the liquid to be raised; and
when water has to be raised from fifteen to thirty feet, we prefer raising it in
two lifts in the same continuous pipe by the use of two of the "lifters," as
shown at A'1 and A12, in Figure 7, which are constructed with their steam
chambers B in the manner shown and described in relation to Figures 4
and 5, but having their internal tubes a fitted and fixed with a flange, as
shown in Figures 1 and 2. The first of the "water raisers" is placed at A¹1
between the flanges of the second and third lengths of the water pipe A, which
are, by preference, made about seven feet long each, and the second." raiser"
is placed within a few feet of the top or level where the water is to be
delivered; but it may be put at any distance from the first lifter A¹l not
exceeding the height of the first lift or distance of the first lifter A'l from the

page_text: low water level L, and which for efficient working we prefer to make balf the
height of a column of the particular fluid to be raised which would be equal
to the weight of the atmosphere, as in the case of water about fifteen or a
few feet more or less as a maximum for the first lift when more than one
Jifter is to be used in the same continuous pipe as shown in Figure 7, or also
for any number of single lifts, as shown in Figure 8. The actuating steam
from any ordinary high-pressure steam boiler at a pressure, by preference, not
Jess than twenty pounds upon the square inch, is conducted down the steam
pipes D. through the short lateral branch pipes C¹ into the branches C of each
of the steam chambers B of the lifters A¹1 and A12, from whence it passes up
through the narrow annular slits 6 into the inside of the main water pipes
A, A¹, at the throats a' in the form of conical jets. The steam at starting
drives and draws all the air out of the pipe A in an upward direction, thus
causing a suction or partial vacuum in the pipe above the surface or level L
of the water in which the lower end is immersed, which together with the full
pressure of the atmosphere always acting on the surface of the water outside,
causes it to ascend the interior of the pipe in a continuous stream until it
reaches the first lifter A', where the jet of steam meeting the compact
column of water acts on it in an oblique direction all round and forces it a
considerable distance above the first "lifter" A'1, so as to bring the water
within the suctional power of the second "lifter" A¹2, which acting by the force
of its own jet of steam raises the water up the second lift of the same con-
tinuous pipe A, as just described in relation to the first lifter A¹1, and forces
or delivers it over the bent pipe O at the top or level desired for its delivery
in a constant and unbroken stream.
By another arrangement shown in Figure 8, which is suited for raising
liquids from any ordinary depth required, each "lifter" A1, A2, A3, and A4
acts independently of each other.. The first or lowest "lifter" Al raises the
water from the lowest level L through its first set of water pipes A¹ to its own
level, and forces or discharges it over the curved pipe O¹ into the first
cistern P, when the second "lifter" A2 draws or lifts the water through its
set of pipes A³ from the bottom of the cistern P by the curved pipe Q, and
forces or delivers it by the curved pipe O into the second cistern P¹, and in
like manner the third lifter A3 draws the water from the cistern P¹ by the
lower bent pipe Q', and delivers it through its pipes A³, 0%, into the cistern P²,
when the last or top lifter A draws the water from the cistern P², and
.delivers or discharges it at the top or level desired through the curved pipe O'.
In this latter arrangement, Figure 8, although each litter A1, A2, A3, A4,
has its own distinct water pipe A', A, A, A, and does not deliver the water

page_text: through one continuous pipe A to the one immediately above it in suc
cession, as in the foriner arrangement, Figure 7, yet still they are all supplied
with steam from one common conducting and descending steam pipe D
with lateral branches C¹ in the same manner as described in relation to
Figure 7.
When large quantities of water, are desired to be raised by this Invention,
we prefer to multiply or increase the number of the sets of the water tubes
and "lifters" with one large steam pipe to supply them with branches
projecting laterrally out towards the steam chambers of each set of the water
lifters."
Although we have herein only shown and described our Invention as
worked out with round pipes (these being the most common section of pipes
in general use,) yet it will be obvious to the practical engineer that our
improvements are also applicable to pipes of an oval and oblong transverse
section.
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of our said
Invention, and the manner in which the same is or may be used or carried
into effects, we may observe, in conclusion, that we do not confine or restrict
ourselves to the precise details or arrangements which we have had occasion
to describe or delineate, as many variations may be made therefrom without
departing from the main or essential features of our Invention; neither, on
the other hand, do we claim the using of steam in a direct manner through
orifices for the forcing or injecting, and, to some extent, for drawing of water
(as we are well aware that this has been done in various ways heretofore,)
neither do we claim all the details of mechanical construction separately
which we have had occasion to describe and refer to (as many of these have
heretofore been used in various mechanical structures) except in combination
with and forming part of the essential principles or features of our Invention;
but what we consider to be novel and original, and therefore claim as the
Invention secured to us by the herein-before in part recited Letters Patent,
is,-
First, the general construction and arrangement of apparatus or mechanism
for the purpose of raising, lifting, or drawing, and forcing of water and other
liquids, substantially in the new or improved manner herein described and
delineated, or any mere modification thereof.
Second, the application and use of high-pressure steam in the form of thin
conical streams or angular circular jets caused to pass through narrow or fine
slits of the same shape formed round and through the body of conducting
pipes, so as by the direct action and force of the steam to draw, raise, and

page_text: force water or other liquid in a constant stream through the full bore of the
said pipes, substantially as herein-before described and delineated, or any
mere modification thereof.
In witness whereof, we, the said James M Ewan and William Neilson,
have hereunto set our hands and seals, this Twenty-second day of
January, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and
sixty-six.
Witness,
W. R. M. THOMSON,
Patent Agent,
20, Buchanan Street,
Glasgow.
(L.S.)
JAMES MCEWAN.
WILLIAM NEILSON. (L.S.)