Improvements in Ovens for Baking Bread, Biscuits, and the like.
Year: 1892

page_text: Date of Application, 19th Jan., 1892
Complete Specification Left, 19th Oct., 1892-Accepted, 19th Jan., 1893
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Ovens for Baking Bread, Biscuits, and the like.
I, EDWARD NAYLOR, of 14, Fitzgerald Street, Manchester Road, Bradford, in
the County of York, Baker, do hereby declare the nature of this invention, to be
as follows:-
This invention relates to the construction of ovens for baking bread, biscuits,
and other like articles, and the main objects are to produce ovens for this purpose
which shall require less fuel to attain a given temperature than heretofore, and
also allow of the temperature being perfectly under the control of the user.
I construct the external portion of the ovens preferably of brickwork, with an
inner lining of fire-brick, and of a square or rectangular form; the furnace or
furnaces being located either at one or both ends, and either lengthwise or
transversely, with the firing doors at the front or back or both, or at one or both
sides, as the case may require. A chamber extends immediately below the oven,
occupying nearly the whole area of the under side of the oven and includes the
furnace or furnaces, a similar chamber being arranged immediately above the oven.
Flues, at the end of the lower chamber, communicate with the one immediately
above the oven.
Another oven may be also built above the second chamber, and a
third chamber, communicating with the second by flues at its opposite end would,
in this case, occupy a position immediately above this second oven. In each of
these chambers a number of deflecting walls or partitions are disposed, in such a
manner as to cause the heat from the furnace or furnaces to travel through each
such chamber in a zigzag course. These deflecting walls or partitions may be
arranged in a variety of ways, but must be so disposed as to cause the hot air to be
diverted or deflected alternately from one side to the other of the chambers. The
hot air and products of combustion, after leaving the uppermost chamber, by way
of flues at one end of same, travel along the outer surface of that chamber and
finally make their exit at the opposite end by way of the chimney. I may provide
the heating chambers with a dividing wall right across same, in either direction,
and so arrange the flues that the heat may be regulated, by means of dampers, as
to be supplied to either the whole surface of the ovens or only half of each as
required. The dampers also allow of the heat being so regulated as to be used
wholly for heating either one or both ovens (when two are included in the structure)
separately or simultaneously. I also construct an air chamber in immediate
connection with the furnace, which is capable, by means of the manipulation of one
or more flue dampers, of carrying off the surplus heat when the lowest chamber is
too hot.
In the double construction, I find that the lower oven, having the greater heat,
is preferable for baking such articles as biscuits, while the upper is more suitable
for bread baking and the like. In the lower oven, if used for biscuits for instance,
I may provide a travelling apparatus to receive and carry the biscuits. This may
conveniently consist of an endless chain operated by sprocket wheels, arranged in
suitable bearings, outside the ends of the oven and driven by external power. The
trays to carry the biscuits are pivoted to the endless chain, means being provided
for maintaining these trays in a horizontal position throughout their travel.
Dated this 18th day of January 1892.
CROSSLEY & Co.,
72, New Market Street, Bradford, Yorks., Agents.

page_text: COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Ovens for Baking Bread, Biscuits, and the like.
I, EDWARD NAYLOR, of 14, Fitzgerald Street, Manchester Road, Bradford, in
the County of York, Baker, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in
what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and
ascertained in and by the following statement:-
This invention relates to the construction of ovens for baking bread, biscuits,
and other like articles; and the main objects are to produce ovens for this purpose
which shall require less fuel to attain a given temperature than heretofore, and also
allow of the temperature being perfectly under the control of the user.
I construct the external portion of the ovens preferably of brickwork, with an
inner lining of firebrick, and of a square or rectangular form; the furnace or
furnaces being located either at one or both ends, and either lengthwise or trans-
versely, with the firing doors at the front or back or both, or at one or both sides,
as the case may require. A chamber extends 'immediately below the oven,
occupying nearly the whole area of the under side of the oven and includes the
furnace or furnaces, a similar chamber being arranged immediately above the oven.
Flues, at the end of the lower chamber, communicate with the one immediately
above the oven. Another oven may be also built above the second chamber, and
a third chamber, communicating with the second by flues at its opposite end would,
in this case, occupy a position immediately above this second oven. In each of
these chambers a number of deflecting walls or partitions are disposed, in such a
manner as to cause the heat from the furnace or furnaces to travel through each
such chamber in a zigzag course. These deflecting walls or partitions may be
arranged in a variety of ways, but must be so disposed as to cause the hot air to
be diverted or deflected alternately from one side to the other of the chambers.
The hot air and products of combustion, after leaving the uppermost chamber, by
way of flues at one end of same, travel along the outer surface of that chamber and
finally make their exit at the opposite end by way of the chimney. I may provide
the heating chambers with a dividing wall right across same, in either direction,
and so arrange the flues that the heat may be regulated, by means of dampers, as
to be supplied to either the whole surface of the ovens or only half, of each as
required. The dampers also allow of the heat being so regulated as to be used
wholly for heating either one or both ovens (when two are included in the
structure) separately or simultaneously. I also construct an air chamber in
immediate connection with the furnace, which is capable, by means of the manipu-
lation of one or more flue dampers, of carrying off the surplus heat when the
lowest chamber is too hot.
In the double construction, I find that the lower oven, having the greater heat
is preferable for baking such articles as biscuits, while the upper is more suitable
for bread baking and the like. In the lower oven, if used for biscuits for instance,
I may provide a travelling apparatus to receive and carry the biscuits. This may
conveniently consist of an endless chain operated by sprocket wheels, arranged in
suitable bearings, outside the ends of the oven and driven by external power. The
trays to carry the biscuits are pivoted to the endless chain, means being provided
for maintaining these trays in a horizontal position throughout their travel.
In the drawings
Fig. 1 is a side sectional elevation, Fig. 2 an outside side elevation, and Figs. 3, 4,
and 5 sectional plans through the first, second and third sets of flues; represented
in Fig. 1, respectively.
Figs. 6, 7 and 8 are detail views.
Figs. 9, 10, and 11 are sectional plans through the flues of another form of
furnace, the whole being constructed according to my invention.

page_text: In the forms of furnaces shown in the drawings three chambers are delineated,
but it is understood that the invention may be varied by the employment of the
first chamber only, or the first and second or third together only.
A is the furnace, B the fire-door, C lower chamber, D middle chamber or second
chamber, E top or third chamber. F are the deflecting walls or partitions, G the
dividing walls, H lower oven, J upper oven.
In the example shown at Figs. 1 to 5 inclusive, the ovens are fired at the
side, and doors L are arranged on either side to facilitate cleaning the flues and
chambers. In the example shown in Figs. 9, 10, and 11 the furnace is in front and
the second or middle chamber is divided by the dividing wall G into the two
chambers D and D. Similarly, the top or third chamber is divided by the dividing
wall G into the chambers E and E¹.
The flues a Fig. 3, in the lower chamber C, communicate with the flues b, b, l',
Fig. 4, in the middle chamber, the flues b, c, in this chamber communicating with
the flues & Fig. 5, in the top chamber, and these with the chimney at e. Dampers,
one of which is shown at Fig. 2, are provided where required for regulating the
heat, as before described.
Figs. 9, 10, and 11 are diagrams representing sectional plans through the flues of
another form or modification of furnace; Fig. 9 showing the lower or bottom chamber,
Fig. 10 the middle or second chamber, and Fig. 11 the top or third chamber.
The flues 1, 1, and 1, 1, Fig. 9 cominunicate with the flues 2, 2, and 2*, 2",
Fig. 10, and these with the flues 3 and 3ª. Flues 3 and 3ª communicate with
flues 4 and 4 Fig. 11, and these with the chimney, in the following manner;-The
flames and products of combustion from the furnace A in Fig. 9 partly enter the
flues or side chambers 1, 1, on either side of the front of such furnace, and partly
pass away at the back of the furnace into the chamber C, from whence they enter
the flues 1, 1, located on either side in the masonry forming the back of said
chamber C, at the bottom or midway of same. The flues 1, 1, passing up through
the masonry at the bottom of the middle or second chamber at 2, 2, Fig. 10, open
out into the chamber D'; and, in like manner, the flues 1", 1", passing through the
bottom of this chamber at 20, 2, open out into the chamber D; the products of com-
bustion passing up by way of the flues 2, 2, and 2", 2", respectively (which are merely
a continuation of the flues 1, 1, and 1ª, 1ª, respectively) thus enter the chambers D'
and D respectively, on either side of the dividing wall G. The products of com-
bustion then further pass up through flues 3 and 3 respectively, from the chambers D'
and D respectively, and emerge through the bottom of the top or third chamber,
Fig. 11, at 4 and 4" respectively. These flues 4 and 4* are a continuation of the
Hues 3 and 3, and they open out into the chambers E¹ and E respectively, on
either side of the dividing wall G. The products of combustion passing through
Hlues 4 and 4 enter respectively the said chambers E' and E, and finally pass off
up the chimney at 5, 5, represented by the dotted lines. All the flues above
described are of any ordinary or well known construction or arrangement; their
disposition or location, as shown on the drawings and described herein, constituting
the essentials of the invention.
Fig. 8 is a sectional detail showing part of the masonry over the furnace (Fig. 1)
and between it and the oven H. This consists in a coiled air passage, N Figs. 1
and 8, open at one end, for the purpose of cooling the oven H, at that part, from
the direct heat of the furnace.
The travelling arrangement 1 prefer to use consists in a series of say four
endless chains O Fig. 1, driven by power, through the medium of sprocket wheels P
at either end of the oven. These chains are partly submerged in grooves in the
bottom of the oven; and the trays, to contain the articles to be baked, are placed
on top of them. The sprocket wheels are mounted in any suitable device or
brackets attached to the masonry. Or I may employ the device illustrated in
Figs. 6 and 7, consisting of two endless chains, mounted and driven as before, and
the weighted pivoted plates R. Both devices are useful when baking bread and
the like as well as biscuits.
1

page_text: Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said inven-
tion, and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what 1
claim is :-
1. The arrangement and construction of the improved ovens for baking bread,
biscuits, and the like, substantially as described and shown on the drawings or any
mere modification of same.
2. In ovens for baking the dividing wall G for the purposes specified.
3. In ovens for baking the deflecting walls or partitions F as shown and described
or any mere modifications of same.
4. The endless chain devices shown and described with reference to Figs. 1, 6,
and 7, for the purposes specified.
Dated this 18th day of October 1892.
CROSSLEY & Co.,
72, New Market Street, Bradford, Yorks., Agents.