IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF UNINFLAMMABLE AND INCOMBUSTIBLE PRODUCTS FOR WRITING AND PRINTING PURPOSES, FOR PAPER HANGINGS, STAGE SCENERY, MODELLING, MOULDING AND OTHER DECORATIVE PURPOSES, FOR COVERING ELECTRIC WIRES CABLES, FOR. WITHSTANDING THE ACTION OF ACIDS FOR DECORATING CERAMIC AND OTHER WARE AND FOR OTHER ANALOGOUS PURPOSES
Year: 1883

page_text: ETTERS PATENT to Alexander Melville Clark of the Firm of A. M. and
W. Clark of 53 Chancery Lane the County of Middlesex Fellow of
the Institute of Patent Agents for an Invention of IMPROVEMENTS IN
THE MANUFACTURE OF UNINFLAMMABLE AND INCOMBUSTIBLE PRODUCTS FOR
WRITING AND PRINTING PURPOSES, FOR PAPER HANGINGS, STAGE SCENERY,
MODELLING, MOULDING AND OTHER DECORATIVE PURPOSES, FOR COVERING
ELECTRIC WIRES
CABLES, FOR. WITHSTANDING THE ACTION OF ACIDS
FOR DECORATING CERAMIC AND OTHER WARE AND FOR OTHER ANALOGOUS
PURPOSES communicated to him from abroad by Gaspard Meyer, of Paris,
France.
AND
.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Alexander Melville Clark
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 20th February 1883.
ALEXANDER MELVILLE CLARK of the Firm of A. M. and W. Clark of 53 Chancery
Lane in the County of Middlesex Fellow of the Institute of Patent Agents
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF UNINFLAMMABLE AND INCOMBUSTIBLE
PRODUCTS FOR WRITING AND PRINTING PURPOSES, FOR PAPER HANGINGS, STAGE
SCENERY, MODELLING, MOULDING, AND OTHER DECORATIVE PURPOSES, FOR COVERING
WITHSTANDING THE
ELECTRIC WIRES AND CABLES, FOR
ACTION OF ACIDS, FOR
DECORATING CERAMIC AND OTHER WARE AND FOR [OTHER] ANALOGOUS PURPOSES
[communicated to him from abroad by Gaspard Meyer, of Paris, France].
This Invention relates to a process and to the products resulting therefrom, for
rendering uninflammable and incombustible printed matters and manuscripts of all
descriptions, and also paper hangings, stage scenery, moulded and modelled objects
of an ornamental or decorative character in relief or otherwise and in short all
objects to the manufacture of which the said products can be applied.
The Invention consists in the composition of an ink and of a pulp for the
manufacture amongst other applications of a paper rendering uninflammable and
incombustible all writings, printed matter, engravings or drawings; moulded and

page_text: modelled work as well as ornaments or decorations in relief in the production of
which these elements enter are likewise rendered inflammable and incombustible
and even indelible and unalterable by the action of acids, or by a temperature of
1000° to 1200° C. to which the documents or other objects may be exposed, the
ink remaining always transparent and unalterable.
The pulp of which these different objects are made and which constitutes an
important feature of the Invention, is prepared of a composition into which enters
asbestos fibre or any other fibrous mineral having similar properties. To manufac-
ture an uninflammable and incombustible paper, I first grind about 509 kilos of
raw asbestos fibre and afterwards card it, taking the finest qualities for the purpose
according as I desire to produce a paper of good quality. The waste fibre is saved
and put on one side for the manufacture of cardboard or other inferior products as
will be hereafter explained.
The mineral fibre of good quality, after being ground and carded, is placed in a
vat and moistened with plain water. In order to form a bath suitable for the
purification and bleaching of the pulp, the vat is first filled with asbestos fibre, and
upon the pulp thus moistened, I pour about kilos of chloride of sodium or of
potassium for each 100 of pulp to be bleached or purified. Chloride of lime and
hydrochloric acid may also be employed with advantage. To purify and bleach
the pulp it is afterwards washed and ground by ordinary means. At the time of
manufacture I further add mica pulverised or reduced to fine powder in the propor-
- tion to-8-to 10 kilos for each 100 of pulp. I may also add 4 to 5 kilos of ordinary
paper pulp. If the first operation is not sufficient-for complete purification, it
should be repeated a second time.
For the manufacture of cardboard or paper of inferior quality, I may substitute
for the mica the same proportion of ochreous clay or artificial ultramarine, according
to the color it is desired to impart, to the substance of the paper or cardboard.
The pulps thus prepared receive a first sizing of gelatine and a second fireproofing
composition of 60 parts of silicate of soda or potash and 40 parts of distilled or
plain water. The manufacture of the paper is conducted in the ordinary way of
inaking laid or watermark paper either by hand or machine. The colored paper
or cardboard treated as above described by this fireproofing preparation or sizing,
are unalterable either by acids or by the action of fire, the color remaining always
transparent and indelible.
The inode of manufacture is similar in the case of paper hangings, fancy papers,
and others to be used for decorative purposes, for stage scenery, hangings, and
other purposes.
The paper after being manufactured as above described are ornamented by the
application of the incombustible ink of this Invention. This ink may be made of
any color and is always unalterable; its composition will be described hereafter for
the principal applications of which it is susceptible.
For the manufacture of paper hangings I generally employ the waste mineral
fibres or those of second quality; if it be desired to color the mass of the pulp, I
add a quantity of ochreous clay which should not however exceed 15 kilos for
100 of fibrous pulp, as a greater proportion would prejudice the suppleness of the
paper so that when exposed to a high temperature it is liable to become brittle.
These paper hangings are printed or otherwise decorated by means of the incom-
bustible ink of this Invention, the process and means employed being similar to
those already in use and therefore unnecessary to be here specified.
The hangings and decorations made according to this Invention, not only have
the great advantage of being uninflaminable and incombustible, but the further one
of circumscribing the area of a fire whilst the printed characters decorations, or
painting preserve their transparency and color. In order to restore their primitive
aspect, it is only necessary to sponge with water or lye the surfaces blackened by
smoke or fire and then apply upon the said surface a coat of varnish composed as
follows-3 kilos silicate of soda or potash, 1 kilo commercial glycerine, 1 kilo
plain water, or else a coat of ordinary varnish as sold in commerce. The latter

page_text: would however only have the property of restoring the transparency of the colors
without preserving them in case of being again exposed to fire.
This incombustible pulp or composition may also be applied with advantage as
the insulating covering for conductors of electricity, for making receptacles for
acids, for coating the interior of vats intended to contain metallic or other acids.
In short the composition ferns an advantageous and economical substitute for
caoutchouc and guttapercha.
It may also be applied to the production of ornaments in relief of all kinds, and
particularly on ceramic and crystal ware for the indefinite preservation between
two thicknesses of glass or other material, of documents, portraits, engravings, and
printed matter of an important nature such as the inscriptions intended to be
embedded in the earth or placed beneath the foundation stones of edifices and
monuments, and which colored by means of this ink, will be rendered quite
indestructible, the composition or pulp being capable of supporting the beat at
which the objects are fired or burnt, whether enclosed between crystals where
it is placed in the fused state, or in relief. It is even capable of supporting
metallization.
Waste asbestos fibres are generally employed after being purified as above
described, for these manufactures.
:
To obtain with this pulp a suitable covering for electric cables, I melt 15 kilos
of paraffin, to which I add 3 kilos of pulverised resin which is then mixed with
100 kilos of asbestos purified and prepared as above described for second quality
paper pulp. The composition is stirred and rendered as homogeneous as possible
and applied to the wires in the same way as guttapercha. An external sheathing
of guttapercha, lead, hemp, or other material may afterwards be applied. Electric
wires or cables thus prepared, whether for aerial or subterranean use, have the
particular advantage of much greater durability than those covered with gutta
percha, which is moreover very expensive. The covering of wires may also be
made by lapping strips of the second quality paper of this Invention around them,
and by this means telegraph cables may be rendered both unalterable and
incombustible and leakages of electricity which are often considerable may be
prevented.
The coatings and vessels exposed to the action of metallic and other acids are
manufactured of this incombustible paper pulp by ordinary means, it being only
necessary to take a sufficient quantity of the pulp for the intended purpose and
work it in exactly the same way as clays for ceramic ware. The objects thus
produced are then dried either in the air or by artificial heat, and may afterwards
be employed with the same advantages as with caoutchouc or guttapercha. I may
also coat or manufacture by the same means the supports for telegraphic wires or
cables.
For the relief ornamentation of ceramic, crystal, or other ware susceptible of
being fired again at a high temperature, or of being metallized with another metal,
the pulp or composition is prepared and composed as follows:
Asbestos or other similar mineral fibre
White or ochreous clay compounded according to the color to be given
to the pulp
Silicate of soda or potash
Plain or distilled water
Glycerine
80 parts.
95
5-99
1 part.
This same composition serves for moulding frames, medallions, tablets, for
modelling ornaments in relief for the internal decoration of houses, theatres, and
other structures and which are desired to be uninflammable and incombustible.
It is only necessary to take a quantity of the pulp sufficient for making the
desired cbjects and render it as homogeneous as possible, whereby any desired
inouldings, coatings, and decorations may be made of this pulp which may be
worked as a perfectly plastic material and remains perfectly uninflammable and

page_text: incombustible, and if the pulp is colored by means of this process the transparency
of the colors resists all temperatures.
In enumerating hereafter the various formulae which give good results for the
manufacture of different pulps or compositions which are uninflammable and
incombustible, insulating and conducting, it should be understood that I do not
limit myself thereto and that other proportions than those indicated may be used
and will give good results.
1st Formula. For pulp for white paper or cardboard of high quality for
manuscripts, deeds, printed matter or engravings to be uniniaminable and
incombustible at a very high temperature, I take.
1. Asbestos fibre or other mineral fibre having the same properties}
purified and bleached as above explained
2. Mica of good quality finely pulverised
460 kilos.
30-
10
-
If it be desired to obtain paper stuff colored throughout the mass, I substitute
for the white clay or silica, natural ochrey clay or ultramarine, artificial by
preference as it contains the least sulphurous acid, and I mix before adding to
the pulp according to the color to be obtained. A higher proportion of mica
silica or clays may be employed, but might injuriously affect the strength of the
paper.
The fireproof sizing of the pulp is as follows:-
I
To size 100 kilos of pulp, I first size with gelatine as for ordinary vegetable
pulps, and I then size a second time with silicate of soda or potash and water.
may also size at one operation as follows:-To size 100 kilos of pulp, I dissolve in
the usual way 4 kilos of gelatine; this quantity is sufficient with waters of good
quality for papers of medium strength. I add to the gelatine kept liquid by heat,
6 kilos of silicate of soda or potash.
3rd Formula. To form a pulp for coating and enveloping aerial or subterranean
telegraph-wires, I take :-
1. Pulped asbestos fibre purified
2. Paraffin
4
80 kilos
9
"
3. Natural clay
6
"
4. Glycerine or vegetable oil
2
"
5. Pulverised resin
3
"
4tb Formula. This is suitable for a pulp for coating or making vessels or
receptacles for metallic and other acids
Natural clay
Pulped asbestos fibre purified
•
Silicate of soda or potash
Glycerine or paraffin
-
90 kilos.
5
"
3
"
100 kilos.

page_text: mixtures, and that for one of the liquids used, other similar products may be
substituted to obtain the same result. Generally speaking, the Invention consists
essentially in different applications of the pulp whose composition comprises the
treatinent of asbestos fibres or other mineral fibres having similar properties
purified by chloride of sodium, potassium, or lime and hydrochloric acid combined
according to requirements with mica silica, natural clays and with gelatine
glycerine, silicates of soda or potash, oil, paraffin, and resin.
The fireproof sizing above described may also according to circumstances be
replaced by another fireproofing treatment which consists in producing upon the
pulp the same effects as the silicates to a certain extent, by inmersing the paper
made as above described rapidly in a bath of sulphuric acid formed of two parts
by weight of fuming acid and one part of water, and afterwards washing.
The manufacture of the ink to be used in combination with the products made
of the said pulp, and which is also completely incombustible, varies according
to its diverse intended applications. Generally for the manufacture of all kinds
or qualities of incombustible inks, I proceed first in the following way for the
colours to be produced, artificial ultramarine, natural or calcined clays being
the essential constituents of the coloring matters; these matters are generally
employed alone or mixed together, according to the shade desired for the
incombustible ink.
"
By proceeding in the following way, excellent results are obtainable and all
colors or inks for printing or writing remain incombustible and indelible by the
action of acids, air, and fire, whatever may be the temperature to which the writing
or printing may be exposed, and always retain their pristine transparency and
brilliancy.
The essential part of the process for liquefying these indestructible and indelible
inks consists in employing according to the different combinations and require-
nents, plain or distilled water, sugar, silicates of soda or potash or others,
glycerine, borax or boracic acid, added to varnishes or to compositions already in
general use for the manufacture of certain printing inks which it is unnecessary to
describe.
To make indestructible inks of all colors, the mixtures are effected with the
coloring matters already specified in the following manner. For example, in order
to make, a black ink I use the dark brown clay generally known as cassel earth, or
sienna with artificial ultramarine in the following proportions:
Black Ink.
Sienna or Cassel earth (dark brown)
Antifonia ulemaning
:--
80 parts
00

page_text: The natural colors employed for the following shades, are-
Chestnut brown
Red
Yellow
Blue
-
-
-
-
The clay called Sienna or Cassel earth.
The clay called red ochre earth.
"
yellow ochre earth.
Artificial or natural ultrainarine.
The proportions above given may be varied indefinitely according to the
shades to be obtained, and I do not therefore limit myself to the proportions
specified.
I may also, in order to obtain greater brilliancy, modify the tone of the shades
above described, or add other colors for example in the first inixture above specified
I may substitute for the artificial ultramarine burnt black or other black. Situilarly
in the green color I may use the green earth of Verona or add it thereto. In the
red color I may add vormillion or French cinnabar. To the mixture of yellow
ochre I may also add Naples yellow, but these several additions, are not strictly
necessary, the combinations of natural or calcined clays employed alone or mixed
with one another or with artificial ultramarine giving remarkable results.
The solid oxides also give satisfactory results, but their high price would render
their use too costly.
I will therefore only indicate here the following formula for writing ink.
Oxide dissolved by borax or other flux
40 parts

page_text: Indestructible printing, autographic and lithographic inks may be obtained by
the following formulæ.
Cla MILWA ax mind
70 next
As above described other proportions for the mixtures may be employed, the
general conditions of manufacture being a discretionary choice and proportion of
the ingredients above described and an intimate mixing together in order to obtain
a homogenous and sirupy composition.
To produce water colors for painting on the uninflammable and incombustible
paper and cardboard of this Invention, and for the documents to be encased between
two parts of crystal or common glass in a state of fusion I proceed as follows.
Colors such as those applied upon or under the glaze in the decoration of crystal or
ceramic ware are specially suitable for the manufacture of water colors, the addition
of silicates of soda or potash employed alone or combined with spirit of turpentine
being of essential importance.
These compounds-besides being indestructible and suitable for use with advan-
tage on the indestructible paper or cardboard of this Invention, may also be usefully.
employed for the decoration of ceramic ware generally.
By the above means all shades of water colors may be obtained but in this case
also the proportions may be varied.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said Alexander Melville Clark in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
20th August 1883.
ALEXANDER MELVILLE CLARK of the firm of A. M. and W. Clark of 53 Chancery
Lane in the County of Middlesex Fellow of the Institute of Patent Agents.
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF UNINFLAMMABLE AND INCOMBUSTIBLE
PRODUCTS FOR WRITING AND PRINTING PURPOSES FOR PAPER HANGINGS STAGE
SCENERY MODELLING MOULDING AND OTHER DECORATIVE PURPOSES FOR COVERING
ELECTRIC WIRES AND CABLES FOR WITHSTANDING THE ACTION OF ACIDS FOR
DECORATING CERAMIC AND OTHER WARE AND FOR OTHER ANALOGOUS PURPOSES
A communication to me from abroad by Gaspard Meyer of Paris France.
"
This invention relates to a process and to the products resulting therefrom, for
+rendering uninflammable and incombustible, printed matter and manuscripts of all
descriptions, and also paper hangings, stage scenery, moulded and modelled objects
of an ornamental or decorative character in relief or otherwise, and in short all
objects to the manufacture of which-the said products can be applied
The invention consists in the composition of an ink and of a pulp for the
manufacture amongst other applications, of a paper rendering unimflaminable and
incombustible all writings, printed matter, engravings or drawings; moulded
and modelled work as well as ornaments or decorations in relief in the produc-
tion of which these elements enter are likewise rendered uninflammable and
incombustible and even indelible and unalterable by the action of acids, or by a
temperature of 1000° to 1200° C to which the documents or other objects inay
be exposed, the ink remaining always transparent and unalterable.
The pulp of which these different objects are made and which constitutes an
important feature of the invention, is prepared of a composition into which enters
asbestos fibre or any other fibrous nineral having similar properties. To inanufac-
ture an uninflammable and incombustible paper, I first grind about 500 kilos of
raw asbestos fibre and afterwards card it taking the finest qualities for the purpose
according as I desire to produce a paper of good quality. The waste fibre is saved
and put on one side for the manufacture of cardboard or other inferior products as
will be hereafter explained. The mineral fibre of good quality after being ground
and carded is placed in a Vat and moistened with plain water. In order to form
a bath suitable for the purification and bleaching of the pulp, the vat is first filled
with asbestos fibre and upon the pulp thus moistened I pour about 5 kilos of
chloride of sodium or of potassium for each 100 of pulp to be bleached or purified.
Chloride of lime and hydro-chloric acid may also be employed with advantage.
To purify and bleach the pulp, it is afterwards washed and ground by ordinary
means. At the time of manufacture I further add mica talc plaster & pulverized
or reduced to fine powder, in the proportion of 8 to 10 kilos for each 100 of pulp.
may also add 4 to 5 kilos of ordinary paper pulp. If the first operation is not
sufficient for complete purification it should be repeated a second time.
I
For the manufacture of cardboard or paper of inferior quality, I may substitute
for the mica talc plaster & the same proportion of ochreous clay mineral colors, or
artificial ultramarine according to the color it is desired to impart to the substance
of the paper or cardboard.
The pulps thus prepared receive a first sizing of gelatine and a second fire-
proofing composition of 60 parts of liquid silicate and 40 parts of distilled or plain
water. The manufacture of the paper is conducted in the ordinary way of inaking
laid or watermark paper either by hand or machine. The colored paper or

page_text: cardboard, treated as above described by this fireproofing preparation or sizing,
are unalterable either by acids or by the action of fire, the color remaining always
transparent and indelible.
The mode of manufacture is similar in the case of paper-hangings, fancy papers
and others to be used for decorative purposes, for stage scenery hangings and other
purposes.
The papers after being manufactured as above described are ornamented by the
application of the inccinbustible ink of this invention. This ink may be made of
any color and is always unalterable; its composition will be described hereafter
for the principal applications of which it is susceptible.
For the manufacture of paper hangings I generally employ the waste mineral
fibres of those of second quality; if it be desired to color the mass of the pulp I
add a quantity of ochreous clay mineral color or ultramarine which should not
however exceed 15 kilos for 100 of fibrous pulp, as a greater proportion would
prejudice the suppleness of the paper, so that when exposed to a high temperature
it is liable to becoine brittle.
These paper hangings are printed or otherwise decorated by means of the
incombustible ink of this invention the process and means employed being similar
to those already in use and therefore unnecessary to be here specified.
The hangings and decorations made according to this invention not only have
the great advantage of being uninflammable and incombustible, but the further one
of circumscribing the area of a fire whilst the printed characters decorations or
painting preserve their transparency and color.
This incombustible pulp or composition may also be applied to the production of
ornaments in relief of all kinds and particularly on ceramic and crystal ware, for
the indefinite preservation between two thicknesses of glass, or other material, of
documents, portraits, engravings and printed matter of an important nature such
as the inscription intended to be imbedded in the earth or placed beneath the
foundation stones of edifices and monuments, and which colored by means of this
ink will be rendered quite indestructible, the composition or pulp being capable of
supporting the heat at which the objects are fired or burnt whether it be enclosed
in crystal glass wherein it is placed whilst the glass is in the fused state, or whether
it be in relief. It is even capable of supporting metallisation, and the application
of vitrifiable colors.
To obtain with this pulp a suitable covering for electric cables, I melt 15 kilos
of paraffin, to which I add 3 kilos of pulverised resin which is then mixed with
100 kilos of asbestos purified and prepared as above described for second quality
paper pulp. The composition is stirred and rendered as homogeneous as possible
and applied to the wires in the same way as gutta percha. An external sheathing
of gutta percha, lead, hemp, or other material may afterwards be applied. Electric
wires or cables tous prepared whether for aerial or subterranean use, have the
particular advantage of much greater durability than those covered with gutta.
percha, which is moreover very expensive.
The covering of wires may also be made by lapping strips of the 2nd quality
paper of this invention, around thein and by this means telegraph cables may be
rendered both unalterable and incombustible, and leakages of electricity which are
often considerable may be prevented.
The coatings, and vessels exposed to the action of metallic and other acids, are
manufactured of this incombustible paper pulp by ordinary means, it being only
necessary to take a sufficient quantity of pulp for the intended purpose and
work it in exactly the same ways as clays for ceramic ware. The objects thus
produced are then dried either in the air or by artificial heat, and may afterwards
be employed with the same advantages as with caoutchouc or gutta percha. I
inay also coat or manufacture by the same means the supports for telegraphic wires
or cables.
The pulp or composition paper or cardboard may also be advantageously
employed for covering or lining safes either on the interior or exterior, or be

page_text: placed between two metallic or other walls also as a protective envelope for
preserving papers, title deeds and other valuable documents from damage by
fire.
For the relief ornamentation of ceramic, crystal or other ware susceptible of
being fired again at a high temperature, or of being metallised with another metal,
the pulp or composition is prepared and composed as follows.
80 parts.
Asbestos or other similar mineral fibre
White or ochreous clay compounded according to the color to
This same composition serves for moulding frames medallions tablets for modelling
ornaments in relief for the internal decoration of houses theatres and other structures
which are desired to be uninflammable and incombustible.
It is only necessary to take a quantity of the pulp, sufficient for making the
desired objects and render it as homogeneous as possible, whereby any desired
mouldings, coatings and decorations may be made of this pulp which may be worked
as a perfectly plastic material and remains perfectly uninflammable and incom-
bustible and if the pulp is colored my means of this process the transparency of
the colors resists all temperatures.
In enumerating hereafter the various formulae which give good results for the
manufacture of different pulps or compositions which are uninflammable-and
incombustible, it should be understood that I do not limit myself thereto and that
other proportions than those indicated may be used and will give good results.
1st Formula. For pulp for white paper a cardboard of high quality for manuscripts,
deeds, printed matter or engravings to be uninflammable and incombustible at a very
high temperature, I take. 1. Asbestos fibre or other mineral fibre
having the same properties, purified
and bleached as above explained
2. Mica talc or plaster of good quality
460 kilos
If it be desired to obtain paper stuff or cardboard colored throughout the mass
I substitute for the white clay or silica natural ochrey clay or artificial ultra-
marine.
The fireproof sizing of the pulp is as follows. To size 100 kilos of pulp I first
size with gelatine or other animal or vegetable size as for ordinary vegetable
pulps, and I then size a second time with a suitable silicate and water. I I may
also size at one operation as follows. To size 100 kilos of pulp I dissolve in the
usual way 4 kilos of gelatine; I add to the gelatine kept liquid by heat, 6 kilos of
liquid silicate.

page_text: 3rd Formula. To form a pulp for coating and enveloping aerial or subterranean
telegraph wires I take :-
:-
It will be evident other proportions may be adopted for the ingredients of these
mixtures, and that for any one of the liquids used other similar products may be
substituted to obtain the same result. Generally speaking the invention consists
essentially in different applications of the pulp whose composition comprises the
treatment of asbestos fibres or other mineral fibres having similar properties,
purified by chloride of sodium, potassium or lime and hydrochloric acid combined
according to requirements with mica, silica, natural clays, plaster &c. and with
gelatine, glycerine silicates oil paraffin resin and size.
The fireproof sizing above described may also according to circumstances be
replaced by another fireproofing treatment which consists in producing upon the
pulp the same effects as the silicates to a certain extent, by immersing the
paper made as above described rapidly in a bath of sulphuric acid formed of
two parts by weight of fuming acid and one part of water, and afterwards
washing.
The manufacture of the ink or colors to be used in combination with the products
made of the said pulp, and which is also completely incombustible, varies according
to its diverse intended applications. Generally for the manufacture of all kinds or
qualities of incombustible inks or colors I proceed first in the following way for the
colors to be produced, artificial ultramarine natural or calcined clays being the
essential constituents of the coloring matters; these matters are generally employed
alone or mixed together according to the shade desired for the incombustible
ink.
By proceeding in the following way excellent results are obtainable and all
colors or inks for printing or writing remain incombustible and indelible by the
action of acids, air and fire whatever may be the temperature to which the writing
or printing may be exposed, and always retain their pristine transparency and
brilliancy.
The essential part of the process for liquefying these indestructible and indelible
inks consists in employing according to the different combinations and require-
ments, plain or distilled water, sugar, silicates, glycerine, borax or boracic acid,
added to oils or to compositions already in general use for the manufacture of
certain printing inks which it is unnecessary to describe.
To make indestructible inks of all colors, the mixtures are effected with the
coloring matters already specified, in the following manner. For example in order

page_text: to make a black ink I use the dark brown clay generally known as cassel earth, o
Sienna with artificial ultramarine in the following proportions.
Black Ink, Umber or Cassel earth (dark brown).
Artificial ultramarine
80 parts
20
17
The natural colors employed for the following shades are
Chestnut brown. The clay called Cassel or Umber earth
Sienna or red ochre
--Red
Yellow
Blue
Green
"
yellow do
Artificial ultramarine blue
Artificial
رو
green
"1
The proportions above given may be varied indefinitely according to the
shades to be obtained and I do not therefore limit myself to the proportions
specified.
I may say also in order to obtain greater brilliancy, modify the tone of the shades
above described, or add other colors either natural or artificial for example, in the
green color above mentioned I may use the green earth of Verona, or artificial
ultramarine green or add it thereto, but these several additions are not strictly
necessary the combinations of natural or calcined clays employed alone or mixed
with one another or with artificial ultramarines giving remarkable results.
The solid oxides also give satisfactory results but their high price would render
their use too costly.
I will therefore only indicate here the following formula for writing ink.
Oxide dissolved by borax or other flux
40 parts

page_text: as the mineral colors or clays combined and mixed according
forinulae.
For an indestructible writing ink of any color take :-
1st Clay pure or nixed as above explained
2. Commercial glycerine
3. Liquid Silicate
4 Plain or distilled water
The proportions may however be varied indefinitely and I do not therefore limit
myself thereto. To make copying Ink it is only necessary to dissolve in water
2% of Sugar-candy or 3% of raw sugar.
Indestructible printing, autographic, and lithographic inks may be obtained by
the following formulae.
As above described other proportions for the mixtures may be employed the
general conditions of manufacture being a discretionary choice and proportion of
the ingredients above described, and an intimate mixing together in order to obtain
a homogeneous and sirupy composition.
To produce water colours for painting on the uninflammable and incombustible
paper and cardboard of this invention, and for the documents to be encased

page_text: between two parts of crystal or common glass in a state of fusion, I proceed as
follows.
Colors such as those applied upon or under the glaze in the decoration of
crystal or ceramic ware are specially suitable for this manufacture of water colors,
after having been well ground and dried, and then used either with water, oil or
spirit.
These compounds besides being indestructible and suitable for use with advan-
tage on the indestructible paper or cardboard of this invention, may also be
usefully employed for the decoration of ceramic and glass ware generally.
By the above means all shades of water colors may be obtained suitable for
applying either upon or under the glaze. For decorating or printing ordinary
paper hangings the clays, mineral colors or ultramarines may be simply diluted in
vegetable or animal size, but it is always preferable to add the silicate to make the
color adhere in case of fire although it may be dispensed with.
Having described the nature of the said Invention and the manner of performing
the same I declare that what I clain as the Invention to be protected by the
herein before in part recited Letters Patent is:
1st The treatment of asbestos fibre or any other mineral fibre having similar
properties by purifying and bleaching with chloride of potash, soda or lime, and
hydrochloric acid; and adding mica talc or natural clays, plaster and artificial
ultramarine, for the manufacture of an uninflammable and incombustible pulp or
-composition for making laid or watermarked paper or cardboard_either white or
colored substantially as herein specified.
2nd The manufacture of paper hangings, fancy and other papers to be used for
decorative purposes, for stage scenery, wall hangings and other purposes by means
of the processes hereinbefore described and with the colors referred to in claims-9
and 15 as specified.
3rd The fireproof sizing of the paper pulps herein before described as well as of
ordinary pulps, by means of gelatine dissolved and combined with silicates, also
the sizing with sulphuric acid mixed in the manner described, and for the purposo
specified.
4th The application of the incombustible pulp or paper for covering or lining
fire-proof safes, and as a preservative envelope for title deeds and other valuable
documents.
5th The employment for covering aerial or subterranean telegraph cables or
wires of the asbestos pulp or paper herein described, in combination with a mixture
of resin and paraffin, the whole being afterwards enclosed in a sheathing of gutta
percha, lead, hemp or other material as specified
6th The manufacture of vessels for containing metallic or other acids or the use
for lining such vessels of the pulp or composition herein specified.
7th The production of decorations in relief upon ceramic or glass ware as well
as of moulded or modelled work for the internal decoration of houses and other
structures with the incombustible pulp herein-described in varying proportions as
specified.
8th The preservation of all documents composed of the white or colored pulp
of this Invention by placing between two thicknesses of crystal or other glass in
fusion and also beneath a ceramic glaze as herein specified.
9th The preparation and application of a combination of artificial ultramarine
mineral color, and natural or calcined clays, as the base of the coloring matters to
be employed for rendering manuscripts drawings and printed matter of all kinds,
completely incombustible as herein specified.
10th The employment for liquefying the said coloring matters, of silicates,
glycerine, turpentine, borax, wax or other similar products capable of producing
the same effects, with the addition if desired of sugar, plain or distilled water
ordinary varnish or boiled oil as specified.
11th The production of indestructible writing or copying ink in combination with
nineral clays or colors, silicates glycerine, water and sugar as specified,

page_text: 12th The combination of the several coloring matters for varying the tints of the
colors in the production of all kinds of indestructible ink comprised under claims
9 and 15
13th. The production of writing printing or other inks of all shades by the
employment of oxides as herein specified.
14th The production of printing or other inks colored by the means specified.
under claims 9 and 15.
15th The production and application of water colors suitable for application
upon or beneath the glaze, on paper or other incombustible product, by ineans of
vitrifiable colors which may he used as desired either with water oil or spirit as
herein specified
16th The application of the colors and inks included under claims 9 and 15 upon
all kinds of incombustible paper and scenery for any of the purposes hereinbefore
specified as well as for photography.
17th The sizing of all kinds of paper cardboard or other product incombustible
or otherwise after manufacture with or without size, by means of a composition
having a base of silicate pure or inixed.
In witness whereof I the said Alexander Melville Clark, have hereunto set
my hand and seal this twentieth day of August A.D. 1883.
A M CLARK (L.S.)