IMPROVEMENTS IN THE METHOD OF AND APPARATUS for RefrigeraTING (and for Heating) Liquids
Year: 1876

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Lawrence, of Saint Mary Axe, in the City of
London, Engineer, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE METHOD OF
AND APPARATUS for RefrigeraTING (and for Heating) Liquids,”
Soaled the 6th March 1877, and dated the 22nd September 1876.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Lawrence at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents on the 22nd September 1876.
WILLIAM LAWRENCE, of Saint Mary Axe, in the City of London, Engineer.
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR REFRIGERATING (AND
FOR HEATING) LIQUIDS."
It will be convenient in this Specification to define and describe the Invention
as adapted to the refrigeration or cooling of liquids, this being the primary object.
Its adaptation to the heating of liquids will be apparent by a converse use or
application which is also intended, although not in express terms herein further
defined and described.
To avoid confusion of terms the liquids or water for the cooling or refrigerating
purposes are herein-after termed "water," and the liquids to be cooled or reduced
in temperature are herein-after termed "heated liquid," and include particularly
"brewers' worts," "distillers' mash," molasses, and such like liquid or semi-liquid
materials.
The Invention comprises a system of and apparatus for refrigerating or cooling
in which the "heated liquid" to be cooled is directed and caused to flow by
gravitation over or against the external corrugated surfaces of "water" chambers,
formed principally or partly of plates of copper or other convenient metal bent to
form such corrugated surfaces, the "water" being caused to flow or pass in a broad
sheet through the "water" chambers, which are in some cases but not in all cases
to be mounted upon trunnions, axes, or centres for the purpose of reversing, turning
over, or placing them at any desired inclination for rinsing, washing out, or cleansing
the insides of the chambers or their external surfaces, and also for repairs (when
required) by soldering or otherwise. Sometimes one water," that is to say, a
supply of "water" at one temperature is intended to be applied or employed. And
sometimes two or more "waters," that is to say, two or more supplies of "water'
"
"

page_text: at differing temperatures are intended to be applied or employed in combination
or simultaneously, but in different "water" chambers constituting parts of the same
system or apparatus,
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said William Lawrence in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 20th March
1877.
WILLIAM LAWRENCE, of Saint Mary Axe, in the City of London, Engineer.
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR REFRIGERATING (AND
FOR HEATING) LIQUIDS."
It will be convenient in this Specification to define and describe the Invention
as adapted to the refrigeration or cooling of liquids, this being the primary object.
Its adaptation to the heating of liquids will be apparent by a converse use or
application which is also intended, although not very prominently herein further
defined or explained.
To avoid confusion of terms the liquids or water for the cooling or refrigerating
purposes are herein-after termed "water," and the liquids to be cooled or reduced
in temperature are herein-after termed "heated liquid," and include particularly
"brewers' worts," "beer," "distillers' mash," "molasses," and such like liquid or
semi-liquid materials.
The Invention comprises a system of and apparatus for refrigerating or cooling
in which the "heated liquid" to be cooled is directed and caused to flow by
gravitation over or against the external corrugated surfaces of "water" chambers,
formed principally or partly of plates of copper or other convenient metal bent to
form such corrugated surfaces, the "water" being caused to flow or pass in a broad
sheet through the "water" chambers, which are to be mounted on trunnions,
axes, or centres for the purpose of reversing, turning over, or placing them at any
desired inclination for rinsing, washing out, or cleansing the insides of the chambers
or their external surfaces and also for repairs when required. Sometimes one
"water," that is to say, a supply of "water" at one temperature is intended to be
applied or employed. And sometimes two or more waters," that is to say, two
or more supplies of "water" at differing temperatures are intended to be applied or
employed in combination or simultaneously but in different "water" chambers
constituting parts of the same system or apparatus.
«
"
The
In the accompanying Drawing, Figures 1 and 2 illustrate an apparatus for
cooling brewers' worts, shewing the general rather than specific construction, and
are here introduced to lead up to and better explain the features of the Invention.
Figure 1 is a transverse section, and Figure 2 a side elevation partly in section.
The arrows a and b denote the "heated liquid" flow and the "water" flow
respectively; e and fare the two corrugated sides of the chamber constructed of
heated liquid"
thin sheets of metal, against the external surfaces of which the
flows, and d the chamber or space between them for the flow of the "water."
sides e, f, have their corrugations nested, packed, or placed closely, those of each
sheet within those of the other, not touching each other, but leaving the passage d
between them. They are closed or connected at top and at bottom and are soldered
or united at the ends to standards or end frames g, g. These frames carry at the
top a supply and distributing trough h, having holes through its bottom for
delivering the "heated liquid the more evenly and for distributing it in two
films or thin sheets or layers one on each side of the apparatus as it passes or falls
or flows on to the external surfaces of the corrugations. In its course downwards
the "heated liquid " is exposed to the large surfaces of the plates, and its particles
in contact with them are continually changed in consequence of the eddies, rippling,
rotation, agitation, or disturbance which is set up or caused by having to hug or
run into the corrugations and over the nosings or projections between them; i and

page_text: ** are inlet and outlet pipes for the "water"; / receiving trough with outlet
spouts for discharge; 1, 1, are toothings or projections which I have found it desirable
to employ to assist in the reception and equable distribution of the "heated liquid"
when this is brewers' worts. I prefer copper as the metal to be used for the
corrugated plates e, f, and gun metal for the standards g, g, tinning the latter for
soldering to the plates, and I sometimes completely coat the external surfaces of
the apparatus with tin, especially when it is intended to be used for milk. g*, g*,
are horns or hooks upon the standards, upon or from which sometimes I hang
screens of canvas or indian-rubber or other suitable material whilst the refrigerator
is in use.
Various sizes and proportions of the complete apparatus may be employed
according to the particular special intended uses, but for cooling brewers' worts I
have found it convenient, whatever the size of the complete apparatus may be, to
make the corrugations in the proportion and about three times the size of those
represented in the section, Figure 1, and for cooling milk, in the proportion and
about five or six times the size of those represented in the section, Figure 1, and for
cooling thick and viseid liquids, in the proportion and about three times the size
of those represented in the section, Figure 3. Stays or strengthening plates or
pieces are to be used in the chamber d between the corrugated plates when the
size of the apparatus so requires.
The Figures 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12 illustrate the Invention by a repre-
sentation of apparatus for cooling brewers' worts, in many respects similar to the
apparatus illustrated by the Figures 1 and 2, but constructed with trunnions and
arranged for two supplies of water at differing temperatures and simultaneously
applied.
Figure 4 is a (partial) side elevation; Figure 5, a (partial) plan view; Figure 6,
an end elevation; and Figure 7, a vertical section. These are drawn to about
one-half or two-thirds of the scale of the Figures 1 and 2; Figures 8, 9, 10 and 11,
are diagrams drawn to a smaller scale; Figure 8 being a side elevation, shewing
more distinctly the supply and delivery pipes for the two "waters."
Figure 9) is a side elevation, omitting the said pipes; Figure 10 is a similar view
shewing the apparatus in a reversed position on the trunnions; and Figure 11,
a similar view showing the apparatus placed in a nearly horizontal but somewhat
inclined position. The arrows in the Figures denote the currents of the "waters ;"
P and are the principal compartiments or divisions (an upper and a lower one)
enclosing spaces which constitute "water" chambers for the two "wators."
"
دو
""
These compartments are constructed (as in the firstly described apparatus) of
corrugated copper plates with the ends closed by being soldered to gun metal
frames R, R; Figure 12 is a cross section at T of one of these frames. The "heated
liquid," which is to be cooled, is fed to and passes over and away from the
apparatus, as above explained; p, p, are "water" supply pipes to, and **, 2**, "water
exit or delivery pipes from the upper compartment P, the "water' to be passed
through which is intended to be or may be well or river water, at an ordinary
temperature, and to be continually supplied and (perhaps) running away to waste
after performing its office; q is a "waste" supply pipe to the lower compartiment Q
the water to be passed through which is intended to be, or may be iced "water"
or "water" at a lower temperature than the former; q³ is a perforated pipe in
continuation of q, and within the compartment Q, for better distribution of the iced
"water;" q*, q*, are exit or delivery pipos from the compartment Q, which pipes
may conveniently lead back again into the same ice well or cold water tank from
which the supply is taken, and from which by means of a small pump the circu-
lation may conveniently be effected; R*, R*, are the trunnions on which the
apparatus swings or turns, these being carried on bearings U, U, on pillars or
standards V, V. Proper unions or jointing pieces of any convenient description
are to be supplied for connecting and disconnecting the pipes when the apparatus
is to be turned on the trunnions. The bearings U, U, are shewn as made adjustable
for height, the object being by regulation to cause, as perfectly as possible, an

page_text: uniform flow of the "heated liquid" and to prevent its running to one side more
than to the other. When a very limited depth of fall is obtainable for the "heated
liquid," as is not infrequently the case in breweries, it will be convenient to use the
apparatus in the comparatively horizontal position indicated in the Figure 11, the
adjustment of the trunnions serving to give a fall or inclination crosswise to
admit of readily draining and cleansing the exterior surface of the corrugations,
and for convenience a removeable false or extra or inner side piece being sometimes
applied.
It is to be noted that I intend the employment of trunnions sometimes in
combination with only one "water" compartment or division and sometimes in
combination with two or more, and whether the apparatus be eniployed in a vertical,
horizontal, or inclined position. And it is also to be noted generally that the profile
or sectional form of the corrugations may be varied in any convenient manner,
instead of following the precise profile or profiles represented in the Drawing. The
suddenly cooling milk as it comes from the cow is considered to improve it by
arresting decomposition, and in this sense to "purify" it, and similarly water heated
and suddenly cooled may be improved or "purified."
And it is further to be noted that for "purifying" (in the sense explained) milk
water for drinking purposes, and other liquids, I purpose to effect both the heating
and the cooling in one and the same apparatus, such generally as is represented in
the Figures 4, 5, 6, and 7, the upper compartment or division P being used for
heating, the lower one Q for cooling, and the corrugations being suited to the
requirements, as above explained. Also water may be "purified" in an apparatus,
such generally as is represented in Figure 1, the same water being run continuously
from the bottom and upwards through the inside of the apparatus, entering at
ordinary temperature become heated as it rises, passing into a small cistern or
receptacle at the top (sometimes being therein further heated or boiled or tho
temperature maintained), and thence being distributed and falling over the outside
of the apparatus and becoming cooled and "purified."
Having now described the nature of my said Invention and the manner in which
the same is to be and may be performed, I desire it to be understood, that I claim
as of my said Invention,-
"
Firstly. The method of refrigerating liquids by the application of two or more
waters at differing temperatures, the "heated liquid " being passed over the external
surfaces of corrugated metal plates, enclosing and forming parts of " water
chambers and being cooled by two or more waters, as herein set forth and described
and illustrated by the Drawing.
Secondly. With reference to apparatus for refrigerating liquids formed with cor-
rugated metal plates enclosing "water" chambers, the constructing such apparatus
with or mounting it upon trunnions, axes, or centres, for reversing, turning over,
or placing the apparatus at any desired inclination, as herein set forth and described
and illustrated by the Drawing. [This second claim is intended to include the
application of trunnions generally, that is to say, whether two or more "waters
are employed or only one "water."]
"
And, Thirdly and Lastly. The converse use of the apparatus for heating liquids
(instead of for refrigerating or cooling them).
In witness whereof, I, the said William Lawrence, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Twentieth day of March, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and seventy-seven.
WILLIAM LAWRENCE. (L.S.)