AN IMPROVEMENT OR IMPROVEMENTS IN BREWING WORTS FOR ALE, PORTER, AND OTHER LIQUORS, AND IN STORING ALE, PORTER, AND OTHER LIQUORS
Year: 1849

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JAMES
LAWRENCE, the elder, of Colnbrook, in the County of Middlesex, Brewer, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Royal
Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Twenty-eighth day of
March, in the twelfth year of Her reign (One thousand eight hundred and
forty-nine), did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto
me, the said James Lawrence, my exors, admors, and assigns, Her especial
licence, full power, sole privilege and authority, that I, the said James
Lawrence, my exors, admors, and assigns, or such others as I, the said James
Lawrence, my exors, adñiors, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and
no others, from time to time and all times thereafter during the term of
years therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, excrcise, and
vend, within England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, in
the Islands of Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney, Sark, and Man, and in all Her
Majesty's Colonies and Plantations abroad, my Invention of "AN IMPROVEMENT
OR IMPROVEMENTS IN BREWING WORTS FOR ALE, PORTER, AND OTHER LIQUORS, AND
IN STORING ALE, PORTER, AND OTHER LIQUORS;" in which said Letters Patent
there is contained a proviso, obliging me, the said James Lawrence, to
particularly describe and ascertain the nature of my said Invention, and in
what manner the same is to be performed, by an instrument in writing under
my hand and seal, and to cause the same to be enrolled in Her said Majesty's

page_text: .
High Court of Chancery within six calendar months next and immediately
after the date of the said in part recited Letters Patent, as in and by the
same, reference being thereunto had, will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
James Lawrence, do hereby declare that the nature of my said Invention,
and the manner in which the same is to be performed, are particularly
described and ascertained in and by the following statement thereof, reference
being had to the two Sheets of Drawing hereunto belonging, and forming part
hereof.
Firstly, my improvement or improvements in brewing worts for ale, porter,
and other liquors relates to the cooling down of such worts from a heated state,
and consists in effecting this object by passing them or causing them to flow
or pass through an improved refrigerator or arrangement of tubes surrounded
by water or other suitable fluid or material at a temperature less than that of
the said worts, and from which all deposit or deleterious matter may be
removed with greater facility than heretofore.
And in order the better to explain the manner in which this division of my
Invention is to be performed,' I will now proceed to describe the Drawings
which I have prepared as illustrative thereof.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS.
In Sheet No. 1, Figures 1 and 2 represent external side and end elevations
respectively of my improved vertical refrigerator, the latter Figure repre-
senting it as without two of the doors C, C, (hereafter reforred to);
Figures 3 and 4, transverse and longitudinal vertical sections respectively;
the section, Figure 3, being taken across the line Z, Z, in Figure 1, and a
the section, Figure 4, across the line Y, Y, in Figure 2. Figure 5, a side
view of one end of one of the tubes, for the passage of the wort. Figure
6, a side view of the other end of such a tube. Figure 7, an end view
of the screw nut, for fastening the tube in its proper position. Figure 8,
a view of a cleaner for these tubes. Figure 9, a view of the operating s
end of the cleaner on a larger scale. The Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, and 8,
are drawn to a scale of one inch to a foot, and the remaining Figures
to a scale of the actual size. A is the casing or frame of the refrigerator,
composed of oak or other suitable wood, and resting on the beams B, B, which
support it. This casing or frame, together with the covers or doors C, C, a
forms a large cistern D, and two series of small cisterns E, E, E², &c., and
F, F, F, &c. These are furnished with air holes *, *, which may be closed
by plugs, if desired. G, G, are extremely thin copper tubes of about half an

page_text: inch in diameter, passing through the large cistern without communicating
therewith, but connecting the alternate series of small cisterns together in the
following order, namely,-E with F, F with E¹, E¹ with F¹, F¹ with E²,
E with F, and so on. The tubos are connected to the frame A, in the
following manner :-To one end of each is soldered or brazed a brass collar H,
with a flange thercon, as shown more particularly in the Figure 5, and to
the other end also of cach is soldered or brazed a brass collar I, which has
a scrow cut thereon, as shewn more particularly in the Figure 6. K. (in
Figures 6 and 7) is a screw nut, by turning which, when the tube is placed
in its proper position in the apparatus, it will become securely fixed; indian-
rubber or other, washers being used to prevent leakage. This arrangement.
will afford great facility for replacing any tube that may become burst or
broken, access being obtained to it by simply removing one of the doors C, C,
at each end of the tube. I would here remark, that two or more rows of
tubes G, G, (as shewn by dotted lines in one part of Figure 4,) may be used,
if desired, in place of one row, as represented generally throughout the
Drawing. The covers or doors C, C, (each of which forms a side to one of
the small cisterns,) are removeable not only for the purpose before referred to,.
but also for cleansing the tubes G, G, by means of the brush or cleaner L
(see Figures 8 and 9). The tubes should be cleansed as often as may be
necessary in order to prevent deposit, which might check the flow of the wort,
or injure its quality, or detract from the conducting qualities of the thin metal..
These covers or doors are kept in their proper position by means of bolts and
thumbscrew nuts as shewn, and are strengthened by metal plates to resist the
pressure, and in so fixing them against their corresponding small cisterns,
I employ washers or strips of caoutchouc, or other suitable packing, to prevent
leakage. These covers or doors may be made to work on a hinge, if preferred.
M and N are supply and discharge pipes respectively for the wort; O and P
are supply and discharge pipes respectively for the water employed to cool
the wort; Q is a board, which serves to divert the direction of the current of
water from the immediately upward direction given to it by the end of the
supply pipe O; R is a board, serving a similar purpose with regard to the
current of water towards the discharge pipe P. The constant circulation and
change of water is obtained by pressure from a large cistern or head of water
at a sufficient height above the refrigerator, or by a pump, according to
circumstances. I would here remark, that I construct the apparatus so as to
give to the tubes about half an inch fall or inclination in eight feet, in order
that they may drain the more easily when not in use.
The mode of using the apparatus is as follows:-The cistern D being first.

page_text: filled with water, the wort is received direct from the "hop-back" through the
supply pipe M, and flows gradually downwards through the several series of
small cisterns and tubes in the direction given to it by the arrangement of
tubes before described, and as shewn by the Drawing. The water flows
upwards in the cistern D, and in absorbing the caloric from the wort the
upper portion of the water will be always the hottest, and the lower portion
will be of nearly even and uniform temperature with the supply of water.
The effect of this will be that the hot wort will first be operated upon by
the hottest portion of the water (which, however, will be considerably colder
than the wort), and gradually will be operated upon by water, decreasing in
temperature till it be cooled down to, or very nearly to, the temperature of the
water as supplied. I would here remark, that the casing or frame of my
refrigerators may be made of metal, slate, or other suitable material, if it should
.be so desired.
In Sheet No. 2, I have represented, at the Figures 10 to 13, different views
illustrative of my improved horizontal refrigerator, which is a modification of
the one already above described. Figure 10 is an end elevation; Figure 11,
a plan; Figure 12, a section taken as denoted by the line X, X, in Figure 11;
and Figure 18, a side elevation, shewing two of the covers or doors removed
for the purpose of cleansing the tubes. The arrangement and operation of
the refrigerator represented in these Figures is so nearly similar to that of
my vertical refrigerator that I consider it unnecessary to enter into any detailed
description of it, but have marked the corresponding parts in each with similar
letters of reference. The chief difference, however, between the two is, that in
the horizontal refrigerator there are a number of water cisterns D, D¹, D³, &c.,
instead of one large one, from one to the other of which the water flows in the
direction denoted by the above series of letters and by the blue arrows on the
Figure 11. In order to ensure that the wort, as received into the refrigerator in
its most heated condition, shall first be subjected to the operation of the hottest
portion of the water, and the gradual change of temperature be effected as
required (and as more particularly herein-before explained with regard to my
vertical refrigerator), the wort to become subjected to the effect desired is
received first into the small cistern E, and its course is thence through the
tubes G, G, and other small cisterns in the direction denoted by the red
arrows in the Figure 11. I have shewn in the Figure 13 more than one row
of tubes G, G, for each water cistern; but I would remark, that in using
more rows than one, I consider it advisable that in the water cistern nearest to
the supply of the wort, or in both that cistern and in the water cistern nearest
to the discharge of the wort, there should be a fewer number of tubes G, G,

page_text: whereby there will be less inequality in height of the wort in the small cisterns
during the operation of the apparatus.
By both of my improved refrigerators I am enabled to dispense with the
use of the large open coolers ordinarily employed to cool down the wort from
about the boiling point to about one hundred degrees of Fahrenheit previously
to passing the wort through the ordinary refrigerators, and consequently I
avoid the deterioration in quality, and the loss in quantity, induced by that
practice, with which practical brewers are well acquainted. By my refrigera-
tors I reduce the temperature of the wort from its boiling point, or nearly so,
down to about the temperature of about fifty-four degrees by the use of water
supplied at about fifty-two degrees, using with eighty feet of half-inch thin
tubes about one and a half times as much water as that of the wort to
copper
be cooled thereby. The supply of both water and of wort I therefore regulate
accordingly in any convenient manner.
Secondly, my improvement in storing ale, porter, and other liquors consists
in an improved mode of keeping them cool, so as to preserve them in good
condition, by the insertion of pans or vessels through the heading, or in place
of the heading, of the vats or other vessels (in which the ale, porter, or other
liquor is required to be preserved), and in supplying these pans with cold
water, which may be either occasionally changed or continually changing.
And in order the better to explain the manner in which this division of my
Invention is to be performed, I will now proceed to describe the Figures 14
and 15 of the Sheet No. 2. Figure 14 is a plan, and Figure 15 a vertical
section of a storing vat constructed according to my Invention. a, a, the
sides or staves; b, the bottom or lower heading; c, c, hoops; d, a metallic
pan for holding water, screwed down to the top edge of the staves, and.
forming a cover for the upper end of the cask in place of the ordinary heading.
In fastening down, I employ indian-rubber or other packing, so as perfectly to
close this end of the vat. In the pan d, I place cold water, which may either
be kept constantly running over, or may be removed by a syphon, as it
becomes heated by the chemical action of the enclosed liquid, or the same may
be changed periodically. I have found that during the hottest part of the
year about three gallons of water, supplied at a temperature of about fifty-two
degrees, and changed once in twenty-four hours, is sufficient for a seven
barrel stowing vat.
Having now described the nature of my said Invention, and also the manner
in which the same is to be performed, I claim,-
Firstly, the improvement or improvements in brewing worts for ale, porter,