IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINES FOR PREPARING, SPINNING, AND DOUBLING COTTON AND OTHER FIBROUS SUB- STANCES
Year: 1854

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Ephraim Hallum, of Stockport, in the County of
Chester, Cotton Spinner, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINES
FOR PREPARING, SPINNING, AND DOUBLING COTTON AND OTHER FIBROUS SUB-
STANCES."
Sealed the 23rd January 1855, and dated the 25th July 1854.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Ephraim Hallum at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 25th
July 1854.
I, EPHRAIM HALLUM, of Stockport, in the County of Chester, Cotton Spinner,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
MACHINES FOR PREPARING, SPINNING, AND DOUBLING COTTON AND OTHER FIBROUS
SUBSTANCES to be as follows:-
This Invention has reference to those machines which build the material
submitted to their action into the form of cops, bobbins, or the like, such as
the machines known as slubbing and roving frames, throstles, mules, and
doubling frames, and consists in the application to machines of this class of
such mechanism as shall impart to their spindles a speed of revolution which
shall vary in inverse proportion to the quantity of material built on to the cop
or bobbin; that is to say, such a varying speed as shall be greater at the com-

page_text: mencement of the winding on, and less as the material accumulates, and the
cop or bobbin becomes heavier. It will be readily understood, that the object
of this improvement is to increase the average rate of production, by driving
the spindles more rapidly when the cops or bobbins are light than when they
are heavy, it being evident that under the ordinary system of driving the
spindles at an even speed, the limit of this speed is governed by what the
spindles will bear when the cops or bobbins are full, or nearly so, inasmuch as
it is found that the more material is wound on, the more unsteadily the spindles
The mechanism which I employ to carry out my Invention consists in
an adaptation of two cone pulleys, placed in relation to one another so that
the larger diameter of one is opposite to the smaller diameter of the other; and
I cause a belt to be traversed along these pullies, at such times, and in such a
manner, as may vary the speed as required. I do not, however, confine myself
to the use of cone pulleys, as it is clear that a combination of wheels of different
diameters may be so arranged as to give the desired effect, namely, by bringing
different sets successively into action at the proper moment. In the latter case
the variation of speed will be intermittent, while in the former it may be
rendered either continuous or intermittent; and it will be understood that in
both cases where the action is preferred to be intermittent, it may either be
made self-acting, or effected by hand; where it is required to be continuous, it
will be best carried out by self-acting means. In place of wheels of different
diameters, as described, pullies of different diameters may be used, furnished
with driving belts, in a manner which it is unnecessary to describe.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Ephraim Hallum in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
24th January 1855.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, EPHRAIM
HALLUM, of Stockport, in the County of Chester, Cotton Spinner, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-fifth day of July, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-four, in the eighteenth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said Ephraim Hallum, Her especial license that I, the said Ephraim Hallum,
my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said

page_text: Ephraim Hallum, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any
time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter
during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use,
exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Irc-
land, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN MACHINES FOR PREPARING, SPINNING, AND DOUBLING COTTON AND OTHER FIBROUS
SUBSTANCES," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Ephraim
Hallum, by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal, should par-
ticularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what
manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in
the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately
after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Ephraim Hallum, do hereby declare the
nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed,
to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement
and accompanying Drawing (that is to say):
My Invention has reference to those machines which build the material
submitted to their action into the form of cops, bobbins, or the like, such as
the machines known as slubbing and roving machines, hand and self-acting
mules, throstles, and doubling frames, and consists in the application to
machines of this class of such arrangements and mechanism as shall impart to
their first motion shafts, and thus to their spindles, a speed of revolution which
shall vary in inverse proportion to the quantity of material built on the cop or
bobbin; that is to say, such a varying speed as shall be greater at the com-
mencement of the winding on, and less as the material accumulates, and the
cop or bobbin becomes heavier. It will be readily understood that the object
of this improvement is to increase the average rate of production by driving
the machines, and thus the spindles, more rapidly when the cops or bobbins
are light than when they are heavy; it being evident that under the ordinary
system of driving such machines at an uniform speed, the limit of this speed
is governed by what the spindles will bear (without prejudice to the yarn or
sliver) when the cops or bobbins are full, or nearly so, inasmuch as it is found
that as more material is wound on, the more unsteadily the spindles run. The
modes in which my Invention may be carried into effect are various: mechanism
giving a variable revolving speed may be attached to the framing of machines
where it is intended to carry my improvement into effect, or such mechanism
may be arranged apart from the machine; and either in the first or latter case,
it may be regulated to give the various speeds required by hand or by inter-

page_text: 66
mediate apparatus, forming a connection between it and the action of the
machines. The diminution of the speed of the machines as the cop or bobbin
fills may be either continuous and gradual, or it may be intermittent (in one
or several successive steps); and if a continuous diminution of speed is required,
it it may be obtained from the adaptation of a cone or cones, or equivalent
expanding pulley or drum arrangenient, or by an arrangement of a cone or
cones or expanding pulley or drum in connection with the geering known as
the "differential geering;" or if an intermittent variation of speed in (steps or
stages) is required, it may be obtained by the cones or equivalent arrangement,
or by sets of wheel-work of different diameters geering together, or pulleys of
different diameter connected together by belts, which may be successively
brought into action at such times and in such manner as may vary the speeds
as required. That arrangement of mechanism which it will be most advisable
to adopt to accomplish my Invention in the various machines herein-before
referred to, will depend upon circumstances and the peculiarities of cach
machine, as two "cones" or "two expanding drums" may be best and most conve-
niently applied in some inachines, whereas in others it may be most convenient
to use arrangements of wheels or pulleys of different diameters, and the details
of the arrangements and mechanism for causing the changes of speeds. to be
self-acting will also require to be varied to suit the peculiarities in construction
of each machine; but these modifications and adaptations will be readily made
by a mechanic with the following explanation of the arrangements shewn in
the Drawing annexed hereto; but before proceeding to describe them I may
remark, that the speed which the spindles will bear (without prejudice to tho
yarn or sliver) at the commencement of the cop or bobbin, and when fully
formed, will vary in different machines, depending upon the strength and
length of the spindles and weight of material wound on the cop or bobbin, but
the extreme speeds may be readily ascertained by trial or practice, the greatest
amount of production being obtained from the spindles by gradually diminishing
the speed from the highest extreme to the lowest, as the cop or bobbin builds;
but if the changes in speeds are to diminish by steps, then each speed should
be equal to what the spindles will bear with the material upon them at the
moment immediately preceding the next change or diminution of speed. I may
also mention here that the same letters and figures of reference will be used
on similar and corresponding parts in each Figure of the Drawings.
Figs. 1 and 2, and Figs. 3 and 4, shew two arrangements, which may be
adapted to carry out my Invention; Figs. 1 and 3 being longitudinal views; and
3 and 4, ends views; Figs. 2, 3, and 4 being partly sectional views. Figs. 1

page_text: and 2 shew an arrangement of two cone drums, (a, b,) placed so that the
small end of each one is opposite the large end of the other. Motion is
imparted from one to the other by a belt c passing round them. The first
cone drum (a) keyed on the shaft is driven by a belt (d) or by geering
from the motive power employed, and it drives the other cone drum b,
which may be keyed on the first motion shaft e of the machine, and as the
belt (c) is traversed froin the large end of the cone drum (a) to the smaller,
the revolving speed of the shaft e will be diminished. This is done by
means of the strap guides 9, 9', (which slide on rods h,) having motion imparted
to them by a screw t, or other suitable means; this screw may be made to
revolve continuously or at intervals (or intermittently), at such speed as will
give the requisite amount of motion to the strap guides. Fig. 3 and 4 shew.
an arrangement of differential geer; e is a portion of the first motion shaft of
the machine to be driven; 1, 1, "fast and loose" driving pulleys, driven by a
belt d. Both pulleys (1, 2) are loose on the shaft e, but the bevel wheel mis
fast to pulley 1, and the bevil wheel m¹ is keyed on the shaft e, which receives
all the revolving motion imparted to it by the bevil wheel m, through the
intermedinte bevil wheels m° (having their fulcrums in the wheel m³), when
the wheel m³ is held from revolving; but when permitted to revolve, only a
portion or none at all, according to the amount of revolution: therefore, if the
wheel m³ is held when the cop or bobbin commences, and is gradually allowed
to revolve with increasing speed as the cop or bobbin fills, the speed of tho
machine will diminish in the same proportion. The wheel may be held by a
break lever () arrangement pressing. on its rim; this break may be sustained
against the rim by weights or a weighted, lever, the weight being moved on
the lever to increase or diminish the friction, or a spring may be employed
and gradually released to diminish the friction. Or, otherwise, the rim of the
wheel me may be toothed, and the speed of its revolution may be regulated by
a.pinion working in it fixed on a short shaft, receiving the increasing speeds
required from geering or from a pair of cone drums or expanding cones; one,
say, fixed on the shaft e, and the other on the short shaft parallel to it, having
the pinion upon it geering with the wheel m³, and having the belt and
arrangement for moving the strap guide as described of Fig. 1 and 2, or in
any other suitable manner. Figs. 5 and 6, and Figs. 7 and 8, show two other
arrangements which may be adopted in carrying my Invention into effect,
which are very convenient, and by which one change (a diminution) is made
in the speed of the machine during the formation of the cop or bobbin, say
when the cop or bobbin is about half built. e, may be supposed to represent

page_text: a portion of the first motion shaft of the machine to be driven, upon which
are keyed two spur wheels P1, P2, which geer with corresponding spur wheels
P³, P, on a counter shaft f, parallel to the first mentioned shaft. One pair
of these wheels is proportioned to give the greatest speed the spindles will
bear without prejudice to the yarn or sliver with the material upon them at
the moment immediately preceding the change to the slower speed, which
is what the spindles will bear when the cop or bobbin is fully formed. The
spur wheel P' is keyed on the shaft f, and the wheel P3 is secured to the
pulley, both being loose on the shaft, while the adjoining pulley is loose on
the shaft f, being the loose pulley for the belt d; when the machine is to be
stopped, is a pulley fast on the shaft f. It will now be seen that when the
driving belt d is working on the pulley 1, the shaft f will be made to revolve,
giving motion by the wheels P, P, to the first motion shaft of the machine,
and when the belt d is moved to the pulley P, the first motion shaft will be
driven by the wheels p³, p¹. It is therefore obvious that when the belt is on
the pulley 1, the pulley will receive a quicker revolving motion in the same
direction as 7, through the wheels p¹, p³, and vice versa when the belt is on
the pulley ; but in either case the difference in speed is at liberty to escape,
as the pulleys are free to revolve when the belt leaves them at a slower or
quicker speed. Figs. 7 and 8 show another arrangement, by which the
machines to which this Invention applies may be driven at either of two
speeds. In this arrangement two belts d, d', are employed, and two sets of
pulleys of such diameters as will give the speeds required; the pulleys
marked are loose on the shaft, the two outside ones being the loose pulleys
for the belts when the machine is not to be worked, and those marked are
pulleys keyed on the shaft e (which may be the first motion shaft of tho
machine). As the straps or belts d, d', are moved simultaneously from one
pulley to another by the strap guides g, g¹, fixed on a rod r, it will be under-
stood from what has been explained, that when the belts d, d', are respectively
on the small pulley 1, and large pulley , d¹ will give motion to the machine,
and when on the small pulley and large pulley (as shewn), d will give
motion to the machine. In place of the arrangement exhibited by Figs. 5
and 6, an arrangement may be adopted by which the pulley is dispensed
with the two wheels p³, p', being loose on the shaft f, cach having one
half of a clutch box cast or attached to their bosses, which are placed
opposite to each other on the shaft and between the two wheels, the other
halves of the clutch boxes are fitted on the shaft, which two halves may
be formed in one piece, moveable on a fixed key, so as to be carried round

page_text: by the shaft f; with this arrangement the same movement which brings
the moveable part of the clutch out of geer with one wheel will bring it
into geer with the other. A series of, wheels, may be adapted with clutch
box arrangements, so that any wheel of the series may be brought into opera-
tion as required, first disengaging other wheels of the series. The several
arrangements I have described may be fixed apart from the machines to be
driven, and pulleys may be fixed on the shafts marked e, by which the motion
of the arrangement employed may be transmitted by means of a belt direct to
the first motion shaft of the machine. I have already mentioned that the belts
may be traversed on the two cone arrangement, by a screw or other suitable
means, either continuously or intermittently (at intervals); but in the arrange-
ments shewn by Figs. 5, 6, 7, and 8, the belts require to move suddenly and
intermittently, which is accomplished in the following manner is the stop
rod, on which the strap guides 9, 9', are fixed; to this stop rod a weight (s),
or weighted lever (s'); or spring, is attached, which will pull the rod when
free with sufficient force to cause the strap or straps to move from one pulley
to the other, but the action of the weight or spring is resisted till the move-
ment is required by a finger r³, fixed adjustable on the rod and bearing against
a plate t', (not shewn in Fig. 7 and 8,) moveable on a screw t, fitted in a
fixing u, secured to the framing of the machine; this plate t' is arranged so
that it can be drawn down by the screw (t), (which is made to revolve by a
ratchet wheel t', or any other suitable geering), till at last the finger ¹ on the
stop rod r is liberated, and the weight (s) or spring is allowed to act to
traverse the belt or belts. In mules and like machines, the screws t, or other
equivalent arrangement, may be actuated by the carriage pushing the lever t²,
carrying the pawl t³, working in the ratchet t', either directly or through
connecting rods, the lever being brought back by a weight or spring to a stop
fixed to limit the amount of its action; or the screws may be actuated both
in mules and all other machines to which this Invention refers, cither by a
continuous or by an intermittent or step motion, obtained from any convenient
part having motion during the formation of the whole cop or bobbin; or the
plate (), (for intermittent or step changes,) or strap guides for continuous
ones, may have motion duly proportioned in mules from the motion of tho
'copping rail," or in roving and slubbing machines, from the mechanism
effecting the changes in the revolving speed of the bobbins as the material
increases in diameter.
64
Having now particularly described the nature of my said Invention, and
the several modes by which I carry the same into effect, I wish it to be under-

page_text: stood that I do not confine myself to the particular modes described, which it
is obvious may be variously modified, and still effect the objects and purposes
of my Invention; but I claim as my Invention, the application of suitable
mechanism orme chanical apparatus to machines of the class herein-before
mentioned, so as to impart to such machines through their first motion shafts
(and thereby to the spindles) a varying speed for such purposes, and in such
or any equivalent manner, as herein-before expressed.
In witness whereof, I, the said Ephraim Hallum, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Twenty-third day of January, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-five.
EPHRAIM HALLUM. (L.8.)