Improvements relating to Apparatus for the Production of Motive Power.
Year: 1890

page_text: Date of Application, 9th June, 1890-Accepted, 6th Sept., 1890
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements relating to Apparatus for the Production of Motive
Power.
I, CHARLES TELLIER, of Rue Félicien David, Paris, in the Republic of France, Civil
Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the
same is to be performed to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement :-
My invention relates to apparatus for the production of motive power by means of
an aqueous solution of ammonia and is illustrated in the accompanying drawings in
which
Figures 1 and 2 represent an elevation partly in section of my improved apparatus
(Figure 2 is intended to be placed upon the right hand side of Figure 1 and to be
connected thereto).
Figure 3 is a vertical longitudinal section of the vapourizer.
Figure 4 is a vertical section on the line G H of Figure 3 showing the apparatus
for separating the liquid and the gas.
Figure 5 is a horizontal section on the line G" H" Figure 3.
Figure 6 is a vertical section on the line A B of Figure 3.
Figure 7 is a vertical section on the line CD of Figure 3.
Figure 8 is a section of a special construction of air-tight cock.
Figure 9 is a section of a special construction of air-tight safety valve.
Figure 10 is a vertical section of the exchanger.
Figure 11 is a section, drawn to a large scale of the upper part of the exchanger:
Figure 12 is a view of an arrangement of multiple horizontal exchangers.
Figure 13 is a vertical longitudinal section of the absorbing apparatus.
Figure 14 is a transverse section of the absorbing apparatus taken on the line F³, F*
of Figure 13.
Figure 15 is a general view of the saturating and desaturating apparatus.
Figure 16 is a vertical longitudinal section of the saturating exchanger shewn in
Figure 15.
Figure 16 is a transverse section of Figure 16.
Figure 17 is a section drawn to an enlarged scale of the ammonia pump.
Figure 18 is an elevation partly in section of the arrangement for effecting the
lubrication of the motor cylinder and the stuffing of the piston rod.
Figure 19 is a section shewing a different arrangement of the vessel G*.
Figure 20 is a section of an arrangement for preventing the return of the ammonia
towards the exhaust chamber of the motor cylinder.
By referring to Figures 1 and 2 which represent the complete apparatus it will be
seen that it principally consists of an ammonia vapourizer I, an apparatus J for effecting
an exchange of the caloric, a complementary cooler K an absorber L, a superheater M
and a motor N.
The operation of the apparatus is easily explained.
An ammoniacal solution is poured into the vapourizer I. The exhaust steam from a
suitable engine enters through a tube O, is distributed in the tubes of the vapourizer
and passes in a condensed state into the tube P.
The ammoniacal vapour passes out through the tube Q into the superheater M ;
thence it passes to and actuates the motor N; when it has performed its work therein
it passes through the pipe R R R figures 1 and 2 which extend from the exhaust of
the motor cylinder N to the absorber L. It becomes absorbed in the lower absorber L
and the upper absorber and cooler K. The solution thus reformed escapes through
the tube SS to the pump T which forces it into the vapourizer I but causing it first to
traverse the exchanger J.

page_text: On the other hand a current of solution constantly egresses through the tube U
from the vapourizer I and enters the tubes of the exchanger J in order to therein
exchange its caloric with the liquid which is returning to the vapourizer. This very
cold solution leaves the exchanger J by means of the tube V V which conducts it to
the cooler K which by means of the tube W allows it finally to enter the absorber L.
The general operation of the apparatus being thus explained I will now proceed to
describe in detail the various useful parts and thus point out my improvements.
I will commence by describing the vapourizer. Figure 3 shows this apparatus on an
enlarged scale it being only shewn in outline in Figure 1. It consists of a vessel of
sufficient strength indicated by the letters A', A', A, A', enclosing a certain number
of tubes B', B, B1, B2, as shown in the sections Figures 6 and 7 taken through the
lines A B and C D.
To ensure perfect tightness of the apparatus which is very necessary the
tubes B, B1, B1, B', are flanged at each end as shown in Figure 6. Morcover a layer of
plaster or other suitable plastic substance is run into the interior of the apparatus at
each of its ends so as to seal the end of each tube. This arrangement is shown
at C, C Figure 3.
Above the vapourizer is a three-way cock D¹ which may however be replaced by two
ordinary cocks surmounted by two tubes E and F. The tube E' serves for the
introduction of the exhaust steam; when the apparatus is not working the tubes E¹
and F¹ are placed in communication and the steam escapes outside in the ordinary
manner. When however it is required to work the apparatus the cock is turned so as
to place the tube E' in communication with the tube G on the cap of the vapourizer
and the steam naturally flows through the tubes B', B', B', B' into the cap H¹.
To this cap I connect an air pump 1' which draws off the air with the water of
condensation from the vapourizer the limits of which are indicated by the
letters A', A', A', A¹.
By operating thus, 1 transform this vapourizer into a surface condenser and
consequently I work by condensation the engine which furnishes the exhaust steam
thereby augmenting its power. At the side of the air-pump I' is placed a feed
pump J which collects the water of condensation which accumulates in the recipient K
and reintroduces it into the boiler which is thus fed with distilled water.
It may be necessary to work the ammonia apparatus directly by the boiler. For
this purpose. I connect to the tube G₁a cock X which by means of a tube Y is
connected to the boiler of the works. It will be easily seen that if the motor be
stopped and no more steam arrive through the tube E' steam can be drawn from the
boiler through the medium of the cock X and the tube Y and consequently stoppage
of the ammonia-motor is avoided.
It is important that the animoniacal vapour should leave the vapourizer purified as
much as possible from the water which it may have drawn along with it.
For this purpose I arrange above the vapourizer the separating apparatus L, L¹, L', L'.
This apparatus consists of a jacket L, L, L'; L' fixed by means of bolts or rivets
upon the vapourizer. Under the cover M³ is placed a cylinder N¹, N', N', N' of
perforated sheet metal or wire gauze the perforations extending to the line 0', O'.
This cylinder occupies the entire height of the space comprised between the vapourizer
and the cover M¹. This arrangement has for object to force the scum or primings of
ammonia which would be produced to be broken up and to simply allow the gases to
escape through the tube P and the cock Q which conducts the gases to the motor N
Figure 2.
Figure 4 shows a section of this arrangement drawn to an enlarged scale and taken
on the line G H of Figure 3. In order to assist the separation of the liquid and the
-gas-the-jacket. L, L, L, L does not communicate directly to the vapourizer but this
communication is effected through a number of tubes-R³, R¹-the-openings of which
are shown in Figures 3, 4 and 5.
The liquid which has been drawn along into the jacket L', L', L', L' continually
returns into the vapourizer through the pendent tubes S', S₁, S₁ Figures 3 and 4.
Instead of pending tubes I may employ return tubes; in this manner the cluster of

page_text: tubes B', B¹, B', B' instead of being separated into two series as shown in Figures 6
and 7 could be placed so as to form a single series.
Figure 7 shows an arrangement of sheet iron cheeks T', T, T¹, T' placed laterally
and longitudinally in the vapourizer. The object of these cheeks is to form a clear
passage between themselves and the wall A¹, A', A', A' so as to obtain a kind of
resting place in which the solution by not emitting any bubbles of vapour, will become
more dense and will destroy the equilibrium with the part which occupies the centre
of the vapourizer whereby the circulation of the liquid around the heating
tubes B', B, B1, B₁ will be assisted. U', U' is a liquid gauge provided with a stop
cock.
Figure 6 which is a section on the line A B of Figure 3 shows the diaphragm V¹, VI, V¹.
This diaphragm V, V, VI, which divides the vapourizer into two parts allows of
employing tubes of great length. It also forces the upper layer of solution which is
in a state of ebullition in the back part of the vapourizer where the return pipe Wis
immersed, as shewn in Figure 3, to pass into the second part of the vapourizer where
the suction pipe X' is immersed and consequently to cause the said solution to be
drained off in as complete a manner as possible. This is very advisable because it is
important to cause the solution to leave the vapourizer in as exhausted a state as
possible.
To assist this exhausting action the number of diaphragms may be increased so that
the liquid which enters the back end of the vapourizer through the tube W¹ Figure 3
leaves at the other end in as exhausted a state as possible through the tube X'.
In this kind of apparatus the question of loss of ammonia is of great importance.
The parts which are mainly the cause of this loss are the cocks. I therefore employ
a special kind of cock, the tightness of which is most sure. One of these cocks is
shewn in Figure 8. It comprises a cast-iron body orcasing AA" B" B "C" in
which moves a spindle E" F" This spindle is operated by means of a hand wheel G",
a stuffing box H", H" allowing of ensuring the perfect occlusion of the spindle
Between the pipe flange L L to which the cock is applied and the
corresponding flange AA" of the cock is interposed a disc M M of soft metal
such as lead, tin or antimony. When the spindle EF of the cock is screwed
inwards it presses against the soft metal disc M" M" and so perfectly adapts itself
thereto that a tight closing of the cock is ensured.
וניון 11
A safety valve should be placed upon the vapourizer I Figure 1 in order to
provide against any unlooked for pressure which may be produced in this apparatus.
This valve is shewn at Y and Z figures 1 and 3. Ordinary safety valves, how-
ever, present great disadvantages inasmuch as that, however well they may be
ground they always allow gas to escape and this would cause a loss and render
the apparatus of little use. To obviate this disadvantage I provide the valve Y¹
and (Figures and 3) just referred to and which is shewn at figure 9. This
valve consists mainly of a seating II" on which rests the valve K" kept on its
seat by a spring bearing upon a ring or plate O" O mounted upon
pins P P provided with screw nuts so as to allow of regulating the tension of
the spring. The spring may be replaced by a weight placed upon or beneath
the valve. Whatever may be its internal arrangement the apparatus is enclosed in
a tight casing q 9" 9" 9" surmounted by a cap R and provided with an
opening S to which is applied a tube a' a' a leading to the absorber L Figure 1.
It will be readily understood that the vapours which pass out through the valve
will flow directly into the absorber L Figure 1 through the return tube R and
consequently will case the vapourizer 1 of all ammoniacal pressure which might
exceed the regular degree.
Any safety valve, however, requires to be inspected, but this valve being enclosed
would possess the disadvantage that it cannot be seen. To avoid this inconvenience
I connect the valve Z Figure 9 to the plug cock Y¹ and when it is desired to
inspect the valve it is only necessary when the absorber L, Figure 1, is free from
pressure to raise the cap R" when the interior can be seen without any
inconvenience.

page_text: As it is very advisable in this kind of apparatus to preserve the heat it is
important to isolate the parts which present the largest extent of surface and from
which in consequence the heat would radiate most extensively. In order to effect
this rest the vapourizer on wooden blocks T", T, T, T, Figures 3, 6 and 7,
and besides I enclose it in a wooden case "U". In the space Vs between the
said case and the apparatus I place a suitable non-conductor of heat, preferably
powdered chalk, which I fill in up to the top of the case and I thus obtain as complete
an isolation as can be desired.
Figure 10 illustrates the exchanger.
I have found that the exchangers I have heretofore made do not work so well with
large tubes as with small ones; also that when employing sheet iron the projecting
rivets and the stamped bottoms cause spaces to be left which contain too great a body
of the liquid to allow it to properly exchange its heat. I have discovered besides that
currents are produced through the mass of liquid in circulation, so that the said liquid
remains around some of the tubes of the exchanger, whilst on the contrary, it passes
too quickly over others.
The arrangement illustrated in Figure 10 remedies these defects.
1stly. The exchanger is formed of tubes of small diameter placed very closely
together.
2ndly. It is made as much as possible of cast iron to prevent the objectionable
spaces caused by the rivets and the flanged edges of the iron sheets.
3rdly. It is made in several parts or sections a, a, b, b and c, c, which is an impor-
tant improvement, and the number of the sections may be even greater than that
shewn.
Between each section is placed a diaphragm d d and e e perforated with holes
having a diameter of a millimeter more than the tubes of the exchanger which are
shewn at ffff. As these diaphragms are inserted in the joint, they absolutely
prevent circulation, except through the annular space of half a millimeter left around
the tubes JJ, f. The liquid is thus forced into contact with the exchanger
tubes ffff, and consequently their surface is utilized as much as possible.
To assist the action of the said, tubes, the diaphragm dd is placed as near as
practicable to the inlet g in order that as soon as the liquid enters the apparatus it
may be distributed over the whole surface to be utilized.
The liquid coming from the absorber enters through the inlet g and leaving through
the tube passes to the vapourizer I, Figure 1. The liquid from the vapourizer, on
the other hand, enters through the short tube i fitted to the cap j, Figure 10. As it is
important that the liquid thus introduced shall be very regularly distributed in the
tubes fff I place in the short tube a distributing tube k which, being perforated
with a number of holes, forces the liquid to be spread equally in the cap j Figure 10.
To ensure the regular distribution taking place in as complete a manner as possible
two precautions should be taken :-
The first is to place a perforated diaphragm as shown in Figure 11 beneath the
distributor k, each hole of the diaphragm corresponding with one of the tubes f.
The second precaution is to place in each tube a small stopper 1, Figure 11, which
narrows the passage of each tube, so that the total section of the tubes represents
about one and a balf times the inlet section of the short tube i.
Under these conditions the surface of the exchangers will work in as complete a
manner as possible. There is another precaution to be observed with this apparatus.
As the liquid circulates from top to bottom it would form a liquid piston and air
accumulating at its lower part the exchange surfaces would be considerably reduced.
To remedy this defect and to cause the apparatus to become completely filled I place
in the cap-j a blow-out float n the point of which engages in an opening o. The result
is that whenever there is any air in the apparatus the float.is.lowered and the orifice o
is opened; the air can consequently escape through the orifice and the tube P Figure 1
which conducts it to the absorber. When on the other hand the liquid reaches the
float a, Figures 1, 10 and 11, which is suitably equilibrated by means of a spring or a
counterweight the point of the float will stop up the orifice o, Figure 11, and the liquid

page_text: being prevented from issuing therefrom is forced to descend in the tubes and pass off
through the lower short tube q.
In order that the apparatus may be always full of liquid a cock r is placed at the
end of the short tube q. The orifice of this cock being smaller than the inlet h,
Figure 10, of the liquid the apparatus is always completely full.
A liquid gauge s
allows of verifying the proper working of the apparatus. By more or less opening of
this cock the circulation of the solution can be regulated.
At the upper part of the exchanger is a tube t connected to a coil of pipe e provided
with a cock w. The object of this arrangement is to assist the drawing off of the oil
which might pass into the circulation and which is forced to accumulate in the upper
part of the exchanger.
To fix the tubes of the exchanger I can employ three different methods
The first consists in making the bottom of the exchanger of cast iron then placing
and pinning the tubes therein. This arrangement is shown at 20, 20³, Figure 10. An
interior layer of plaster, sulphur or other similar plastic substance which is shown
at b, ensures perfect tightness of the tubes.
The second method is shown in the upper part of the exchanger, Figure LL. A
plate is placed in a groove made in the inner side of the exchanger and the joint is
made with a sheet of india-rubber y, y in such a manner that, the said india-rubber
covers the flange on the body of the apparatus and the plate, at the same time.
The joint of both of these pieces with the cap j can therefore be made at once.
Above the plate a, a is placed another disc of india-rubber perforated with holes which
c¹
are smaller than the tubes ff.ff. Above this is placed a disc of sheet iron c¹,
perforated with as many holes as there are tubes, and it is secured by means of pins
or studs fixed in the plate x, x. The locking is naturally made and tightness is thereby
effected.
The third method consists simply in retaining the sheet-iron plate, a, pinning, the
tubes in this plate and covering it on its inner side with a layer of plaster, sulphur or
other plastic substance. The tubes may be sufficiently extended to allow of a layer of
plaster being placed outside on each side of the discs a, .
Solder can be employed for fixing the tubes but it is less convenient and less sure
than the means I have described.
If the arrangement of vertical exchanger cannot be adopted I can employ the
exchanger arranged horizontally but then instead of making it of a single apparatus,
I employ several, as shewn in Figure 12. I thus obviate the following inconvenience,
viz :—
The liquid in circulation being at different temperatures the hottest portion would
necesasrily reach the highest portion of the exchanger and consequently the exchange
would be imperfect.
By considerably reducing the diameter of the exchanger and increasing the distance
travelled over this object is obviated and consequently regular working is ensured.
Figure 16 shows the complete absorbing apparatus. It consists of the absorber
proper shown at W, W which is surmounted by an apparatus which I call a cooler-
absorber X", X", by reason of its double function which will be hereinafter explained.
The absorber W W comprises a metal cylinder Y Y Y Y in which is placed
a cluster of tubes Z" Z Z". These tubes are fixed in each end of the absorber by
one of the three means herein before described, as an example, for the exchanger.
As there is neither pressure nor heat in the absorber I prefer to employ for this
apparatus bottoms cast on directly as shown in Figure 13. But, as in this part of the
apparatus there is neither heat nor pressure, I employ a more simple method of sealing
the tubes which allows of economically constructing the apparatus; it consists in
running onto the ends a¹, a', a', a' inside the aborber, a layer of plaster and on the
outer side of the ends a², a' a layer of cement c', c². In this case I bore conical holes
in the outer face of the end a' a' so that the cement may be easily compressed between
the tubes.
The same means may be applied to the exchangers and in fact to all the parts not
subjected to pressure whether the ends be of sheet iron or of cast iron.

page_text: The following double result is thus obtained :—
1stly. The cement, not being attacked by the water, the circulation of the latter will
be insured in the caps d, and in the tubes Z1, Z¹, Z11
2ndly. The plaster, after saturation, not being attacked by the ammonia, its
substance penetrates into the smallest interstices and forms an absolutely hermetical
joint.
The plaster is only slightly soluble in the ammoniacal liquors (about 1 %), yet, in
order that the saturation may take place without injuring the joints thus inade, it is
advisable to introduce into the apparatus a small quantity of plaster in excess which
will allow the solution to be saturated.
A diaphragm is placed at ff" so as to support the tubes.
The ammoniacal gas to be absorbed enters through the tube g¹ which is extended
into a tube ¹ connected to a tube in the interior Y", Y", Y, Y". The tube i¹ is
perforated with a number of lateral holes in order to distribute the gaseous ammonia
throughout the length of the absorber.
One of these holes is shown at J¹ in Figure 14 which is a section of Figure 13 on
the line FF4.
From this description the process of absorption will be easily understood.
e¹
The ammoniacal solution is enclosed in the absorber W W which contains tubes
extending above the line B' B1, Figure 14; water enters through the tube of the
cap d', passes through the tubes Z, Z", Z and finally egresses through the cap.
and the tube m¹. The apparatus is thus constantly cooled. On the other hand, the
ammoniacal gas coming from the motor and entering through the tubes g' and ' and
the perforated tube becomes distributed in the solution and the absorption is thus
effected.
The gases which result from the absorption pass out through the tube n¹ n¹ n¹ which
conducts them to the cooler-absorber X" X", whilst the solution which has been
reconstituted flows through the orifice o¹, shown in dotted lines in Figure 13 because
it is placed at the back part of the apparatus, and in section at Figure 14. This
orifice or passage opens into a discharge vessel P¹.
The object of this vessel is the following:
It is important to leave in the absorber a regular quantity of liquid which is indicated
by the line B¹ B¹ corresponding to the passage o¹. If an ordinary tube were placed
here non-dissolved gas would escape with the solution and would impair the action of
the circulating pump placed at T Figure 1. To avoid this objection I make the
passage of an oblong shape, that is to say, I make it in width about four times its
height, consequently the liquid passes out of the absorber W1 W" in thin flat streams
of less thickness than the height of the wide passage o' (which allows the equilibrium
of the gases) and becomes stored in the vessel P where it is then ready for the
pump T.
A liquid gauge M5 M³ allows of ascertaining if the apparatus is working properly.
I have already stated that the ammoniacal vapours in excess escape through the
tube n¹n n which conducts them into the short tube q' in the cooler-absorber X"X",
from which tube q' extend two perforated tubes which allow the excess of
aminonia to pass into the solution contained in the cooler-absorber X"X".
This solution which enters this apparatus through the tube or cock s¹ fills the cooler-
absorber up to the height of the outlet tube t which by means of a tube ¹¹Ì
introduces the absorbing current of ammonia into the absorber Www.
In the cooler-absorber X" X" is placed a cluster of tubes y¹, y'y' fixed therein by
the means herein before described. Into these tubes passes the current of cold water
which is to effect the gencral condensation of the ammoniacal vapours.
The said water is very cold because it has not yet performed its work. It therefore
acts energetically upon the exhausted-solution which enters the cooler-absorber X" X".
Say, for example, it is the same water which serves during the whole period of
absorption. It enters through the tube traverses the cluster of tubes y¹, y', y' con-
tained in the cooler-absorber and thus enters the cap which allows it to egress through
the tube a¹¹. The latter by means of a tube 661 611 conducts it to the tube
which

page_text: through the medium of the cap d' allows it to pass into all the tubes Z Z"Z" of the
absorber WW. These latter tubes conduct it into the cap e', whence it passes
through the tube m'.
All the tubes employed in these two parts of the apparatus are partially stopped as
already explained when describing the exchanger, so that their united section is at
most one and a half times the section of the general water conduit. When large tubes
are employed I place therein a wood or metal core so as to force the liquid into contact
with the surfaces. This renders the absorption as complete as possible.
When the ammoniacal vapours have been superheated they contain a considerable
quantity of heat. This heat can be recovered by placing an exchanger at any suitable
In this case it
point of the exhaust pipe which leads from the motor to the absorber.
is the solution to be sent back to the vapourizer which would pass around the tubes of
the said exchanger. A small tube placed either on the tube n¹ n¹ n', Figure 3, or on
the tube a, Figure 13, allows of joining the air tube p which leads from the cock
surmounting the exchanger, Figure 10.
11
11
At the commencement of the operation there is necessarily some air in the cooler-
absorber XX". The apparatus for extracting this air is shown at d₁ell and f".
It consists of three superposed tight chambers d", e", "", each containing water up
to the level of the lines g, g, h, "When it is required to blow off the
cock is opened, the air mixed with gas will escape through the cock j", the tube hill,
the immersed tube A, and will become washed in the first washing chamber d". The
gases which escape from this first washing leave through a tube which is prolonged
in dotted lines between the apparatus at (11" and enter the chamber e" through the
tube m. The air then passes off through the tubes n¹¹, o", oll, ol and p" and is a
third time washed in the washing chamber f". Finally the air escapes from "
through the tube 7" which conducts it into a Woolf's apparatus 1 containing
mercury. Thence it passes through a second washing ves el containing an
Then through the tube it enters the cock from which
extends a tube y". This tube y" allows of connecting the blow-out apparatus with
the vacuum pump i¹, Figures 1 and 3. By opening this cock the air can be extracted
below atmospheric pressure which is necessary to ensure the proper working of the
apparatus. A cock on the other hand allows the apparatus to be left in com-
munication with the atmosphere when it is desired to blow off freely into the
atmosphere. As the liquids contained in the blow-off apparatus d", elf will be so
much more saturated as they receive the washing action it is important to replace
them successively so as to cause the saturated liquid to enter the apparatus and to
place the pure water in the chamber ".
areometer
;
For this purpose I employ the cocks a¹¹¹, b, c, d.
!
The first cock a allows of the liquid from being introduced into the apparatus.
The cock allows of passing the liquid from e" into " and the cock allows of
passing the liquid from " into e¹¹. Finally the cock d allows of introducing water
into the chamber f". Liquid gauges ef and g¹ allow of the level of the liquid
in the chambers being seen. Tubes serve to balance the internal pressure.
The arcometer indicates when a small quantity of ammonia comes into the
chamber and consequently when the transferring operation just described from
one vessel to the other should be performed.
The heat which is disengaged in the absorber being considerable may be utilised for
generating a second supply of vapour.
For this purpose instead of causing water to circulate in the tubes Z" Z ZI
make use of either pure ammonia or a highly charged solution which would be caused
to reach there in such a manner as to collect the vapour into a special chamber whence
it is conducted to the motor cylinder.
Figure 15 illustrates an important improvement which I have made in the
apparatuses which improvement consists in de-saturating the solution of ammonia
which passes to the absorber and in saturating that which passes to the vapourizer.
The arrangement employed consists of a vapourizer I, an exchanger J, an absorber I.
with its refrigerator K a super-heater M and a circulating pump T but the improve-.

page_text: M
ment especially consists in two chambers or vessels V" W" which I will now proceed
to describe.
The chamber W contains a float X" connected to the tube Z" which communicates
with the vapourizer I and conducts a current of the ammoniacal solution into the
chamber W and as this chamber communicates freely with the exchanger Jit
results that the chamber W" and the exchanger J' are always filled with solution to
the height of the float X". A tube A passes from the upper part of the
chamber Wand opens into the perforated tube B B of the saturating
exchanger V
The
Figure 16 is a section on line M M of Figure 15 of the saturating exchanger
drawn to a larger scale which allows of its construction being clearly seen.
saturating exchanger is provided internally to about of its height with a series of
tubes K K see Figure 16. Into these tubes water passes from a tube CC
Figure 15 leading from the absorber K L and enters the chamber D1 and thence
passes to the tubes K* K* of the exchanger Figure 16 which conducts it to a
chamber E whence it passes away through the tube Z. A discharge cock Z³
Figure 15 allows of the water being discharged at will through a pipe X which
communicates with the absorber. The saturating exchanger is filled with solution up
to the opening G Figure 16 (shown in dotted lines) which communicates with a
chamber G4 Figure 16 which communicates with the valve H of the pump T.
By this arrangement the solution contained in the saturating exchanger Vis
always cool and that which passes into the chamber W is always hot whereby the
heated solution in W" gives off ammonia vapour which is absorbed into the solution
contained in the saturating exchanger V which is always cool. The solution
contained in the chamber W" thus becomes weakened and passes to the absorber
while the solution in the saturating exchanger V" becomes enriched and passes to the
vapourizer.
In order to regulate the last named operation the pump T is double acting, that is
to say, through its lower valve I the chamber formed by the displacement of its
piston and the tube of it draws liquid from the absorber L and conveys it through the
tube Y into the saturating exchanger V1 while through its valve H and its upper
chamber, also formed by the displacement of the piston, it draws the solution from V
through the tube Land forces it through the tube M1, first into the exchanger J
and afterwards through the tube N¹°N and, when it is reheated, into the
vapourizer I:
Under these conditions the work of absorption and vapourization is more thoroughly
effected which facilitates the working of the apparatus.
Instead of employing one pump two pumps may be employed.
The pump T can be arranged so that the action of one side of the piston draws up
the liquid from the absorber and forces it into the vapourizer and the other side of the
piston draws liquid from the vapourizer and forces it into the absorber. The
regulating cock (Figures 1 and 15) or its equivalent can thereby be dispensed with:
Figure 17 is an illustration of the arrangement drawn to a larger scale shewing the
pump chamber " placed in communication through the valve chamber I'll with the
absorber and the vapourizer. When the piston S₁₁rises the valve P₁ also rises and
liquid from the absorber fills the chamber 0111 and when the piston S1 descends the
liquid from Oraises the valve Q and the liquid is forced through the latter valve
into the vapourizer. When the piston is working with its other face, that is to say,
with the chamber R the liquid is drawn in from the vapourizer that is to say from a
chamber under pressure in order to conduct it to the absorber when the pressure
is less.
In order to prevent the whole of the liquid passing through the valve chamber T
whereby the piston would work loose I provide the valve Vi with a spring W¹ of a
tension greater than the pressure produced by-the-vapourization, that is to say, if the
vapourizer works at 5 kilos. the strength of the spring should be such that the
valve V will not be raised by a lower pressure than 6 kilos. By these means
the working of the apparatus becomes easy and regular: The current of liquid which

page_text: arrives from ths vapourizer through the tube X 111 raises the valve Y¹ and fills the
chamber R formed by the displacement of the piston but it cannot raise the
valve Vas the latter is supporting the weight greater than the pressure of
the vapourizer.
It is therefore necessary that the piston should return and force
the valve V to rise and then the liquid can pass to the vapourizer through the
pipe Z
It frequently happens that the pump T becomes hotter than the absorber and that
consequently gas may be evolved therein. To prevent this the pump T is submerged
in a current of cold water, or is placed in a metal receptacle or, and this is the
simplest plan, an outer covering of brickwork is constructed around it. A blow off
cock may be advantageously provided for getting rid of any air which may be
therein.
The tubular exchanger J described with reference to figures 1 10 and 15 can be
replaced by an exchanger filled with pieces of metal (iron turnings for example)
which store up the heat from the vapourizer to subsequently give it up to a current
from the absorber.
The action is thus alternating, that is to say, for a few minutes the exchanger
receives the current from the vapourizer and afterwards by reversing the cock the
liquid from the absorber passes over the metal to take back the heat given up and to
restore this heat to the vapourizer. If the action is required to be continuous it
would be necessary to employ two exchangers working in opposite directions, that is.
to say when one is receiving liquid from the vapourizer the other receives the current
from the absorber and so on.
The mode of lubricating the motor cylinder and of packing the piston rod is shown
at figure 18. A is the piston rod working through a stuffing box B* B* provided
with packing against which is placed a metal ring D and then further packing E
against which bears a gland F. On the stuffing box B B is a cup G which,
by means of a small pipe H, is in communication with the pipe leading to the
absorber and also communicates by a cock I with an oil cistern K which is open to
the air. The cistern K is placed at a height of two or three metres above the motor
and by means of a vessel L is put in communication with a coil of pipe v, which
draws oil from the exchanger J.
The operation of the apparatus is as follows:-
On the cock w being opened the oil passes into the vessel L fills it and flows there-
from into the cistern K; when the gauge shews that the cistern is full the cock wis
closed. Should.a small quantity of ammoniacal solution enter the vessel L' a cock M
with which it is provided allows of the contents being drawn off and carried through
a pipe to the absorber L figure 1.
The cistern K being full of oil the cock I is opened and when the cup G is full
(which is shown by means of a gauge with which it is provided but which is not
shewn in the drawing) the cock is closed. The oil in the cup G passes through the
opening N into the ring D' which constantly lubricates the piston rod and also the
The ammoniacal
piston as some of the oil works through the packing to the latter.
vapours which may have passed through the packing escape through the pipe N¹ pass
through the cup G and finally pass through the tube H to the absorber.
Similar arrangements can be applied to the rods of the slide valves and other
analogous parts of the motor.
The improvements are also applicable to the pump which I have described with
reference to figure 17 in which O is the metal ring referred to as D' in figure 18 and
the discharge opening N of this figure 18 is referred to as P4 figure 17.
Figure 19 shews another arrangement of the lubricating cup G in which case the
cup is made larger and is placed at some distance above the apparatus and can then
lubricate all the bearing parts of the apparatus by means of pipes.
The piston rod can be prevented from leaking by a folded india-rubber tube held
in position by a spiral spring and which being attached to the stuffing box and to the
cross head prevents the rod from coming into communication with the atmosphere.
B

page_text: •
'
The lubricating cup G can be replaced by the cistern R' in which case a tube
would lead from its underside and be so arranged as to feed all the bearings.
It sometimes happens that the liquid contained in the absorber L figure 1 reaches
the discharge chainber of the motor cylinder N and fills this cylinder whereby the
engine is sometimes stopped.
There are two ways of remedying this objection.
The first is shewn in figure 2 and consists in the addition of a return tube Q to the
discharge chamber R which tube allows of the return into the absorber L (figure 1)
through the tube R R or other suitable tube of the liquid conveyed to the chamber R.
In order that this return may be assured it is necessary to raise the chamber R one or
two meters above the absorber L.
The second method is shewn in figure 20.
Lis the absorber which is surmounted by a valve S' which opens outwards and by
means of the tube T communicates with the tube R of the discharge chamber R of
figure 2. This valve when absorption takes place allows the vapours from the
absorber to reach the pipe R and consequently prevents the liquid from the
absorber L rising into the pipe R and into the chamber R and the motor N
(figure 2). The valve St can be dispensed with by giving a greater elevation to the
discharge tube R in this case the column formed in the tube would no longer allow
of absorption as it would be heavier than the difference existing between the
absorber and the discharge chamber R.
I lute the tubes of the superheater M figures 1 and 15 with plaster as above
described and in order to facilitate its working I place beneath it a chamber V
which receives the water of condensation.
When the superheater is near the boiler the water of condensation can be returned
directly thereto. The steam employed for the superheating contains water which
increasing in volume in the superheater prevents the steam from acting. To prevent
this I place the superheater over the pipe which feeds the steam to the cylinder in
such a manner that air may be carried along at each stroke of the piston. A clear-
ance valve can also he arranged on the superheater but this arrangement does not
give such good results as that just described. In any case it is advantageous to
connect the clearance valve with the general steam pipe. A cock Will allows of the
water of condensation being conveyed to the feeder, an air tube U figure 15 being
provided in order that the water of condensation should flow easily from the
superheater through the pipe T
If instead of causing the ammoniacal gas to pass around the tubes of the superbeater
it is caused to pass into the tubes it is necessary to provide each tube with a core or
plug of wood or metal which by considerably reducing the section of the tube forces
the vapours to come into contact with the sides of the said tubes which consequently
increases the work of the surfaces.
In my former patents I have described the utilization of waste heat from all sources
including that from chimneys.
As it would not be convenient to place my apparatus in a chimney I cause the smoke,
by means of a fan, to pass into a tubular boiler without a furnace but communicating
with the vapourizer T.
The result is that the vapour employed in the vapourizer I, being at a very low
pressure, the smoke is utilized even at a very low temperature and consequently the
whole of the vapour which is formed thus becomes condensed in the tubes of the
vapourizer and conveys thereto the heat brought along by the smoke.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what I
claim is :-
1. An apparatus for the production of motive power by means of gas under pressure
arising from an aqueous solution of ammonia constructed and arranged substantially
aa hoid

page_text: And in an apparatus for the production of motive power by means of gas under
pressure arising from an aqueous solution of ammonia the following subordinate
features mentioned in claims 2 to 25.
2. The cock D' figure 3 in combination with the vapourizer.
3. The combination of the tubes B' B¹ figure 3 with their ring and the layer of
plaster as and for the purpose herein before described.
4. The construction of cock shewn in figures 3 and $ of the accompanying
drawings.
5. The combination of the air pump and the vapourizer I figures 1, 3 and 15 of the
accompanying drawings.
6. The combination of the feed pump J figure 3 with a generator for producing
initial water steam.
7. The combination of the vapourizer I with the separator L', the tubes R¹ and S¹
figures 3 and 4 of the accompanying drawings.
8. The combination of the cheeks T₁ with the tubes B₁ of the vapourizer I
figures 3 and 7 of the accompanying drawings.
9. The combination of the tubes B¹ of the vapourizer 1 with the diaphragm Vi
figures 3 and 6 of the accompanying drawings.
10. The combination of the vapourizer I with the generator producing the initial
water steam and the cock X5.
11. The combination of the safety valve Z figures 3 and 9 with the cock Y₁ and
the vapourizer 1.
12. The combination of the tubes B' with the gauge U₁.
13. The cast iron exchanger J combined with the tubes f, and the sealing layer of
plaster.
14. The exchanger J figures 10 and 11 in combination with the plate d, the plate e,
the tubes, the diaphragm m, the plugs 1, the discharge float n and the gauge s.
15. The combination of the valve s figure 20 with the absorber I.
16. The combination of the cooling absorber X" figure 13 with the absorber W"
and the washer d"e"f".
17. The longitudinal absorbing cylinders in combination with the tube n', figure 13
and the tubes Zu figure 14.
18. The combination of the absorber W₁ and the pump T with the diverting
apparatus P and the oval tube o¹.
19. The combination of the cooling-absorber with the washer d"e"f" and the
aerometer figure 13.
20. The combination of the absorber W" with the tubes Z" the tube o' and the
gauge Ms.
21. The combination of the saturator V" the vapourizer I and the absorber L with
the de-saturating exchanger figure 15.
22. The combination of the superheater M with the tube U and the vessel V1.
23. The combination of the absorber L and the vapourizer 1 with the double acting
pump figure 17.
24. The stuffing box and ring figure 18 in combination with the lubricator G.
25. The combination of the exchanger and of the chambers L and K with the
coil v figure 18.
26. The combination of the motor cylinder N and the absorber L with the
chamber R figure 2 and the return tube Q*.
Dated the 9th day of June 1890.
G. F. REDFERN & Co.,
4, South Street, Finsbury, London, Agents for the Applicant.