Improvements in or in connection with Drains, Sewers, and Channels, and Junctions, Traps, Inlets, Covers, and Joints for the same
Year: 1898

page_text: Date of Application, 10th June, 1898-Accepted, 13th Aug., 1898
Improvements in or in connection with Drains, Sewers, and Channels,
and Junctions, Traps, Inlets, Covers, and Joints for the same.
I, EDWARD ALBERT GREEN, of 16, Rock Street, in the City and County of
Sheffield, Building Surveyor to the City Urban Authority, do hereby declare the
nature of this invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be
particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement:-
-
This invention relates to improvements in the design or construction of junctions,
traps, inlets and covers for drains, sewers and channels, and joints for the same:
whereby disconnection, ventilation, adjustment and access are more readily provided
for, than is possible with the systems and construction now in general use
And in order that my invention and the manner in which the same is to be
performed may be more readily and clearly understood, I have annexed hereto the
accompanying diawings, to which reference is had in the following descriptions
My invention in the first place refers to an improved form of spigot and socket
Joint, for use in connection with the above mentioned drainage appliances This
construction is illustrated in Fig. 1, which represents the spigot end of a pipe
This construction consists in forming the adjoining surfaces of the spigot and
socket ends, respectively spherically convex, and spherically concave; the
radius oa of the spherically convex surface being slightly greater than the outside
radius ob of the pipe, and the centre o lying outside beyond the plane of con-
tacted of the spherical and cylindrical surfaces, as shewn, at a distance approxi-
mately equal to one sixth of the radius oa, and the spherical surface covering in
section an angle coe of 30 degrees or thereabouts. In the case of covers as shewn
in Fig 14, this angle is made about 18 degrees. I am aware that spherical joints,
in which the centre o is placed between the said plane of contact and the end of the
pipe, have been previously proposed to be used, and this part of my invention
includes therefore, only my above described form of spherical joints
Hitherto the ventilation has usually been provided for by fixing an upright
square junction in the line of the main drain or sewer, from which an upright
pipe shaft has been continued upwards to near the surface of the ground, and sur-
mounted with a grating Again, if a branch drain is required to be connected to
any line of pipes, an ordinary slaut junction is fixed in the main line of pipes to
receive the end of the branch drain; and should the branch drain or sewer require
trapping, or disconnecting from the main line of pipes, an ordinary disconnecting
trap is fixed in the line of the branch drain or sewer, from the opening at the top
of which a pipe shaft is carried upwards to near the surface of the ground, and
surmounted by a grate, to ventilate the branch drain If the line of branch drain
or sewer from the junction is not leading in the required direction, a pipe bend of
the requued angle must be inserted in the line of the branch drain or sewer to
obtain the proper direction
Thus as many as four different and separate appliances may be required and
used to properly permit of the construction, adjustment, disconnection and ventila-
tion of drains and sewers. Such appliances are costly, and take up a considerable

page_text: amount of room, and where bends are used, the drains or sewers cannot be properly
rodded
I avoid these disadvantages by the use of the above described joint and the con-
struction and means following, which constitute the second part of my invention
Fig. 2 18 a vertical section on line ABC of Fig 3, and Fig 3 is a plan and
section on line DE of Fig 2, of an untrapped junction constructed in accordance
with my invention 18 the junction, and 6 the inlet bianch, both being formed
in one piece
When it is desired to provide for the ventilation of the main sewer,
a socket opening c is formed on the upper side of the junction a. for the insertion
of the spigot end of a ventilating pipe If this is not required, the opening may
be closed with a stopper, or the junction may be formed without any opening as
shewn in plan in Fig 4, and in vertical section in Fig 5
The socket opening of
the inlet branch bis formed spherically concave, in which fits the correspondingly
shapede spherically convex, spigot end of a short adjustable 11se_e
the upper
end of which is formed with a spherically concave socket end f, Figs 2 and 4,
is an adjustable bend inlet the lower spigot end of which is formed spherically
convex, so as to fit in the concave socket end of the adjustable riser e, whilst the
spigot end of the last pipe of the branch drain or sewer fits in 'the socket end
of the bend f
It will be evident, that not only does the spherical construction of the above
mentioned spigot and socket ends allow of the rotation of the bend inlet in any
desed horizontal direction, but it also allows of the bend inlet being tilted, so as
to be adjusted to the inclination of the branch drain or sewei, as shewn in Fig 6,
whilst the use of the similarly adjustable riser e, not only allows a further adjust-
ment of the inclination, but avoids any limitation of the horizontally rotary
adjustment of the bend inlet f, which might be caused by the projecting part of
the access or ventilating opening c of the junction a
h 18 an access opening formed on the slant at the middle and back of the inlet
bend, to enable the branch drain to be rodded, and also the opening into the
Junction This opening is provided with a stopper
Fig 5 is a vertical section of a junction, provided with an inlet having both n
vertical and a horizontal socket opening, and k respectively The vertical open-
ing may be closed by a stopper, or made spherically concave to receive the lower
end of a ventilating pipe, or the lower end of a second branch drain or pipe
Fig 7 shews in horizontal section a modification in which the inlet branch
19 formed separate, instead of in one piece with the junction piece a. the socket
inlet of the latter and the spigot end of the former, corresponding to the angle
between the directions of the two, being formed oval, the sides of the socket being
approximately conical, to allow of a proper joint construction The inlet ( the
socket) end of the branch bis formned spherically concave, to receive the lower
spherically convey end of the before mentioned adjustable riser
The dotted line X Y and cross hatching in Fig 2, indicate the line of formation
for channels
Fig 8 18 a plan looking on the top, Fig 9 a horizontal section on line LMNO
of Fig 10, and Fig 10 is a vertical section on line PRS of Fig 8, of a trapped
junction and inlet constructed in accordance with my invention, and having an
access socket opening e, to give access to the junction and trap above the trap
lip p, or to receive the lower spigot end of a ventilating pipe Fig 11 is a plan
looking on the top of a trapped junction without said access opening, to which
construction the dotted lines w, Fig 10, correspond Fig 12 is a cross section
on line FH of Fig 8, the dotted lines in Fig 12, shewing the section on line FH
of Fig. 11
Similar letters are used to indicate similar parts as in the preceeding description
and drawings of the untrapped junction In Figs 8 10 & 11, the junction 19
shewn provided with an adjustable inlet piece f, having vertical and horizontal
socket openings and 7, as in Figa 5 and 6, though it will be evident that it may
be provided with an adjustable inlet bend, as illustrated in Figs 2 and 4.

page_text: The adjustable riser e 18 made longer in this case than for the untrapped
junction
Fig. 10 further shews the brickwork of the excavation for the junction and
inlet, with east iron rim m and cover n Fig. 13 is a plan of the latter It should
be noticed that the section of the cover as shewn in Fig. 10 is on line PQ of
Fig 13, whilst the remainder of Fig 10 is on line RS of Fig 13
The dotted line XY and the cross shading in Fig. 10, shews the lines of forma-
tion when adapted to channels
The opening of the inlet branch of the junction and the upper end of the
adjustable riser are formed with spherically concave sockets, and the lower part
of the riser e and of the inlet piece f are formed with spherically convex spigot
ends.
As will be seen these junctions combine in themselves the pipe or channel
forming part of the main drain the junction for the branch drain and the trap;
and have one or two openings at the top to ventilate either the main drain or
the rear part of the trap or branch drain, or both
The inlets are formed single or combined, to allow of one or two branch drains
delivering into the same junction, and having, as also the junctions spherical socket
and spigot joints, are adjustable either to the line or fall of one or more branch
drains or sewers This kind of joint construction may be applied to all kinds of
drainage appliance connections, where the plane of the socket or spigot ends
or inlets 18 horizontal or thereabouts.
In carrying out my improved method of ventilating drains and sewers, the com-
bination and close construction in one junction of two ventilating openings for
the main drain and the rear of the trap and the branch drain, allows of two ventilat-
ing inlet pipe shafts being carried up close together to near the surface of the
ground, where both shafts are surmounted by one ventilating cover (Fig 10),
made in one piece, or in duplex form; thus reducing the number of such openings
in the surface of the public highways, and the extent, number and expense of
the excavations required to give access to the drains or sewers in the case of
stoppages, which cannot be forced from the street surface through the ventilating
shafts
A space may be left between the sperical surfaces of the socket and spigot joint
for the insertion of cement, or convex and concave composition rims may be run
round the spigot into the space when put together with a lubricant.
"
By using the short and long "riser with the untrapped and trapped junctions
respectively, the use of junctions of both hands may be obviated, the inlets being
thus permitted to revolve over the mam drain round the entire circle; while a
uniform action of the drainage dropping into the junction is maintained, whatever
may be the direction it proceeds from.
I am aware that a P trap inlet has previously been used in which the socket
opening of the trap is at such a height that the inlet can be adjusted or rotated
horizontally to any position of a complete circle, I do not therefore make a
general claim to such rotary adjustment.
Lastly my invention refers to an improved construction of trap for fixing
against the wall of a building or in a similar position to receive the drainage
from connections having a downward direction, with the object of obtaining similar
advantages to those of the previous parts of my invention. For example the trap
can be adjusted to outfall drains running in any horizontal direction on the
outside of such wall, as well as to the socket or fall of said outfall drains, and in
addition, it or its cover can be adjusted to the surface gradient of the pavement.
This construction is illustrated in vertical section in Fig 14 and in plan in
Fig 15, the lower half of Fig. 15 being a half plan with the cover of removed
The body a of the trap is made circular in horizontal section, and is divided by a
diaphragm into a rear receiving chamber with small exposed water surface for
evaporation. and a front inspection and cleaning chamber with access opening
at the top; closed by a triple stopper, consisting of two cover plates d and clay seal

page_text: between and around them. These are easily applied or removed for inspection
and access to the front chamber and to the spigot branch of the trap to which the
socket end of the first of the outfall pipes is fitted The diaphragm b extends only
over about $/, rds to %, the of the full depth of the body of the trap, so that the front
and ear chambers of the trap communicate with each other at the bottom, and
also at the top when the cover plates d are removed This construction permita
also of inspection and access to the outlet drain for rodding purposes, and for the
inspection of the outlet joint e of the trap, when constructing the drain, to see
that no ridge of cement is left about the joint e, or if so to clear it away; such an
obstruction to the proper working of the drain being a very common cause of drains
becoming blocked, where access is not given. The cover f is formed square over
the top, but circular over the lower part, the joint surface being formed spherically
convex and the corresponding surface of the trap opening spherically concave as
previously described
The circular shape of the body allows it to be turned horizontally in any
duection through a semicircle to suit the direction of the outfall drain, whilst the
spherical joint of the cover of permits of the cover f being laid parallel to the
plane of the ground surface, and square with the line of the wall, whatever may be
the vertical or horizontal adjustment of the body of the trap.
9 is the fall pipe to accommodate which a U shaped opening is formed or cast
in the back part of the cover Ventilating openings i are cast in the cover, the
top of the grating thus formed may be level with the top of the cover, or sunk
When the outfall pipe is not intended to pass through the cover, the grating
may be sunk as shown in Fig 16 If desired an opening may be formed in the
back part of the body of the trap to receive a slanting downfall pipe
dotted lines in Fig 14 shew an hemispherical as an alternative form of the lower
part of the tiap body.
The
Although I prefer to use the special form of spherical joint I have described and
claimed, I do not wish Claim 2 hereunder and those following to be restricted to
the case where the spherical socket and spigot joints are formed in exact accordance
with Claim 1.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what I
claim is.
1. In drain and sewer pipes, channels, junctions, and other drainage appliances,
inlets, and other eonnections for the same, the formation of the socket openings
spherically concave and of the spigot ends spherically convex so that such spherical
surfaces cover in section an angle of 30 degrees or thereabouts and in the case of
covers 18 degrees or thereabouts at the centre of the sphere of formation and lies
entirely to one side of the said centre substantially as herein set forth and illustrated
in Fig 1 of the accompanying drawings
2 The combination in one piece of a main pipe or channel having spigot and
socket ends and a branch pipe running into the same having a socket opening the
axs of which 18 at right angles to the plane of the axis of the main and
branch pipe, substantially as set forth
3 The modification of the subject matter of Claim 2 in which the branch s
formed as a separate piece from the main pipe substantially as set forth and
illustrated in Fig 7 of the accompanying drawings
The combination in one piece of a main pipe or channel having spigot and
socket ends a branch pipe running into the same and a trap substantially as herein
set forth and illustrated in Figs. 9 and 10 of the accompanying drawings
5 In connection with drains and sewers the construction and use of adjustable
risers with spherically concave socket ends and spherically convex spigot ends
substantially as and for the purpose herein set forth.
6. In connection with drains and sewers the use and construction of trapped and

page_text: untrapped junctions in which the socket opening for the branch connection is
formed spherically concave substantially as herein set forth.
7. In connection with drains and sewers the combination of untrapped junction a
risers and inlet or inlets substantially as and constructed substantially as herein
set forth and illustrated in Fig. 2 to 5 of the accompanying drawings.
8 In connection with drains and sewers the combination of trapped junction a
riser e and inlet or inlets f substantially as and constructed substantially as herein
set forth and illustrated in Figs. 8 to 12 of the accompanying drawings
9 In connection with drains and sewers the use and construction of bend inlet
having a rodding opening formed in the middle of the bend at the back and with the
spigot end formed spherically convex substantially as herein set forth and
illustrated.
10. The construction of trap for receiving the drainage from connections having
a downward direction characterized by a circular section of the body an access
opening having a spherically concave joint surface and cover having a spherically
convex joint surface substantially as herein set forth and illustrated in Figs 14
and 15 of the accompanying drawings.