IMPROVEMENTS IN HYDRAULIC BREAK REGULATORS, SUCH IMPROVEMENTS BEING APPLICABLE TO MACHINES IN GENERAL
Year: 1876

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Adolfo Cozza and Lorenzo Corseri, both of Rome, in the
Kingdom of Italy, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN HYDRAULIC
BREAK REGULATORS, SUCH IMPROVEMENTS BEING APPLICABLE TO MACHINES
IN GENERAL."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Adolfo Cozza and Lorenzo
Corseri at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 22nd May 1876.
ADOLFO COZZA and LORENZO CORSERI, both of Rome, in the Kingdom of
Italy. "IMPROVEMENTS IN HYDRAULIC BREAK REGULATORS, SUCH IMPROVEMENTS
BEING APPLICABLE TO MACHINES IN GENERAL."
The object of this apparatus is to neutralize automatically an excess of power,
or an abatement of resistance beyond the normal limits accidently developed
in any driving or moving power, or to overcome with the greatest homogeneity
and rapidity a motive power innate or acquired.
In the first case its important feature is that it is automatic, in the second that it
may be worked by hand or other power.
To these two main features correspond the two principal parts of the apparatus,
which parts may operate together or separately.
First Part. The principal part constituting the regulating principle consists of
a valve a (see Figure of the accompanying Sheet of Drawing) placed in the
mouth 6 of a pump, worked by the same motive power, which is to be submitted
to the action of the regulator. This valve, moveable on the axle c, has two arins
or wings of unequal surface, so that the liquid which is to pass through it passing
between the edge of its main arm a¹ and the concentric side of the pump barrel b,
within which it is enclosed, exercises upon this valve a pressure tending to make
it turn on its axle. During the regular working of the motive power apparatus this
does not occur, because of the counterpressure of the registering spring e which
counteracts the said rotary effort, but upon the slightest increase in the velocity
of the liquid this equilibrium will be disturbed by the increased pressure. The
shortest arm all of the regulating valve is a sector, having for centre the point of
[Price 6d.]

page_text: rotation c, and in the aforesaid revolution the end of this arm closes proportionately
to its inclination the discharge pipe b¹, so that the liquid issuing from the pump
incets with the same relative difficulty in its passage, and the engine driving the
pump will ensure a motive power, which, given the arrangements necessary to
establish the equilibrium, will be equal to the excess of power, or to the abatement
of resistance.
Second Part. The second part consists in frictional brakes, which each time that
they have to work automatically act by virtue of the pressure developed by the regu-
lating apparatus; this pre sure being communicated to them by an additional tube
taken froin the capacity of the pump and placed between the smell arm of the valve
and the propeller of the liquid. The pressure communicated to the brakes by
means of the liquid not only multiplies by the surface presented to it in the
direction of the force but also undergoes (by reason of the present arrangements)
a second multiplication compressing the one against the other a series of discs and
plates (see Figure 2), the first p compelled to revolve with the driving shaft L,
the second ? so arranged that they do not follow the first in their revolution, while
both slide in the direction of the axis (see arrow m) in such wise that a stay
being given to the last and the first q being compressed the pressure is multiplied
by the number of plates between.
A second arrangement applicable not only as aforesaid but to the rim or even
the top or nave of the wheel consists in giving to the surfaces in contact a cunciform
shape, or in other words, form the equal and opposed surfaces of "voussoirs" or wedges
(see Figures 13 and 14) formed of right angles or isosceled (supposing one side to
be the base) more or less open in revolving around the axis of rotation and with
their summits in the direction of the compressing force, so that the surface
enlarges according to the relation of the base and the cuneiform sides, and the
pressure is multiplied by the double height thereof divided by the base so that
it may be modified by each square inch of the new surface. This second part
or frictional brakes may be worked arbitrarily by hand independently of the
automatic regulator.
The accompanying Sheet of Drawing shows various applications and modifications
of our Invention.
Figures 3, 4, 5, and 6, represent a self-acting brake regulator embodying our
Invention suitable for a marine engine of two thousand horse-power. Suppose
that the machine to which this apparatus is applied makes regularly sixty
revolutions a minute, and that suddenly the resistance of the water is wanting,
its velocity would only reach sixty-five revolutions, because that is the greatest
difference given by the major revolution of the valve. Suppose the pressure
within the pump to be 12 atmospheres, and the coefficient of friction plate
with plate, lubricated with water, equal to 031, we shall have upon its 18,986
square centimetres of friction surface the developement of a resistance equal to
120,000 kilogrammes, thus assuming 30,000 to be paralysed by the passive causes
inherent to the same machine the action of the brake will substitute work-
ing power by maintaining a nearly constant relation between the power and
the resistance.
Special conditions of this apparatus:
1. The liquid is made to circulate by a rotary pump acting in both directions,
sucking in the liquid by one orifice and forcing it out by the other. Preference is
given to oil from its resistance to leakage and its property of preserving metal.
2. The segments covering the friction wheel, by means of suitable springs or
their own elasticity placed between the edges in contact therewith, are pushed
radially and kept at a proper distarce from the opposite regulator.
3. The apparatus is placed in communication with the engine only at the moment
of starting it.
Figure 3 is a side view; Figure 4, a front view; Figure 5, a cross section at c, b,
Figure 4; Figure 6 a cross section at f, g, Figure 3; and Figure 7 a cross section

page_text: A, regulating valve; B, exchange valves; C, circular obturators or closing valves;
D, regulating screws; E, reaction spring of regulating valve; F, elastic slide; C, reser-
voir for feeding pump; L, shafts; M, front support; N, frictional wheel; O, cylinder;
P, frictional segments; Q, conduit from reservoir to pumps; R, communications with
the press; S, hand wheel for regulating of spring E; T, bearing for small end shaft
and wheel; U, openings for lubrication; V, orifices for injection and extraction of
lubricating liquid.
Figure 2 shows a friction brake composed of discs and plates embodying the
arrangements above described. q', first plate or piston of the press, q, plates, discs,
or piston rings, L, shafts.
Figure 8 brake for axles of engines, tenders, and railway carriages. These
friction brakes, the surfaces of which are cuneiform, are all joined together and the
liquid communicates from the engine simultaneously either pressure from the
regulating apparatus or from the liquid under the expansive action of the steam.
Each couple placed upon the axle of a carriage are connected by a rigid tube,
whercas between carriage and carriage the connection is by flexible tubes; r, r, ",
box enclosing the apparatus; b, friction wheel; a, axle; m, ring of conducting
tube; m, n, reservoir of the compressing liquid.
Figure 9, cross section at r, s, Figure 2.
Figure 10, regulating valve in which the passage of the liquid from the dis-
charge opening into the suction opening is accomplished with very little contraction,
and its use is therefore preferable in some cases where the regulating apparatus is
constantly in action. Besides the spring there is an adjustment of the piece z in
which circulates the major arm e, which regulates the constant outlet. By uplift-
ing the action of the regulating valve is suppressed, while by bringing it into
direct contact therewith the sucking orifice becomes independent of the pressure
opening. It works in both these directions.
Figures 11 and 12 show another regulating valve. The liquid passing over the
diaphragm gives it a rotary motion proportionate to the velocity with which it is
animated, as in the case above described, a counter pressure caused by the adjusting
or regulating spring m prevents any action of the valve upon the discharge opening
of the pump during the normal working, whereas in case of excessive velocity it turns
and reduces the openings corresponding with the orifices 8 of the discharge pipes.
This apparatus is more sensitive to the variable action of the liquid because the
point of rotation is reduced to the smallest possible surface and therefore all passive
causes are almost eliminated.
Figures 13 and 14 show sections of more convenient frictional surfaces.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said Adolfo Cozza and Lorenzo Corseri in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 22nd November 1876.
ADOLFO COZZA and LORENZO CORSERI, both of Rome, in the Kingdom of Italy.
"IMPROVEMENTS IN HYDRAULIC BREAK REGULATORS, SUCH IMPROVEMENTS DEING
APPLICABLE TO MACHINES IN GENERAL,"
The object of this apparatus is to neutralize automatically an excess of power or
an abatement of resistance beyond the normal limits accidently developed in any
driving or moving power, or to overcome with the greatest homogencity and rapidity
a motive power innate or acquired.
In the first case its important feature is that it is automatic, in the second that
it may be worked by hand or other power.
To these two main features correspond the two principal parts of this apparatus,
which parts may operate together or separately.

page_text: First Part. The principal part constituting the regulating principle consists of a
valve a (see Figure 1 of the accompanying Sheet of Drawing) placed in the mouth b
of a pump worked by the same motive power, which is to be subinitted to the
action of the regulator. This valve, moveable on the axle c, has two arms or wings
of unequal surface, so that the liquid which is to pass through it passing between the
edge of its main arm a¹ and the concentric side of the pump barrel b, within which it is
enclosed, exercises upon this valve a pressure tending to make it turn on its axle.
During the regular working of the motive power apparatus this does not occur,
because of the counter pressure of the registering spring e which counteracts the said
rotary effort, but upon the slightest increase in the velocity of the liquid this
equilibrium will be disturbed by the increased pressure and the valve will make a
proportionate revolution; that is to say, it will turn until the spring counterpoises
the increased pressure. The shortest arm all of the regulating valve is a sector,
having for centre the point of rotation c, and in the aforesaid revolution the end of
this arm closes proportionately to its inclination the discharge pipe b¹, so that the
liquid issuing from the pump meets with the same relative difficulty in its passage,
and the engine driving the pump will consume a motive power, which, given the
arrangements necessary to establish the equilibrium, will be equal to the excess of
power, or to the abatement of resistance.
Second Part. The second part consists in frictional brakes, which each time that
they have to work automatically act by virtue of the pressure developed by the
regulating apparatus; this pressure being communicated to them by an additional
tube taken from the capacity of the pump, and placed between the small arm of the
valve and the propeller of the liquid. This pressure communicated to the brakes by
means of the liquid not only inultiplies by the surface presented to it in the direction
of the force but also undergoes (by reason of the present arrangements) a second
multiplication compressing the one against the other a series of discs and plates
(see Figure 2), the first p compelled to revolve with the driving shaft L, the second q
so arranged that they do not follow the first in their revolution, while both slide
in the direction of the axis (see arrow m) in such wise that a stay being given to
the last 2, and the first q being compressed the pressure is multiplied by the
number of plates between.
A second arrangement applicable not only as aforesaid but to the rim or even
the boss or nave of the wheel consists in giving to the surface in contact a cuneiform
shape, or in other words, form the equal and opposed surfaces of "voussoirs" or
wedges, see Figures 13 and 14, formed of right angles or isosceles (supposing one
side to be the base) more or less open in revolving around the axis of rotation, and
with their summits in the direction of the compressing force, so that the surface
enlarges according to the relation of the base and the cuneiforin sides, and the
pressure is multiplied by the double height thereof divided by the base so that it
may be modified by each square inch of the new surface. This second part or
frictional brakes may be worked arbitrarily by hand independently of the automatic
regulator.
The accompanying Sheet of Drawing shows various applications and modifica-
tions of our Invention.
Figures 3, 4, 5, and 6 represent a self-acting brake regulator embodying our
Invention suitable for a marine engine of two thousand horse-power. Suppose that
the machine to which this apparatus is applied makes regularly sixty revolutions
a minute, and that suddenly the resistance of the water is wanting, its velocity
would only reach sixty-five revolutions, because that is the greatest difference given
by the major revolution of the valve. Suppose the pressure within the pump to
be 12 atmospheres, and the coefficient of friction plate with plate, lubricated with
water, equal to 031, we shall have upon its 18,986 square centimetres of friction
surface the developement of a resistance equal to 120,000 kilogrammes, thus
assuming 30,000 to be paralysed by the passive causes inherent to the same
machine the action of the brake will substitute working power by maintaining a
nearly constant relation between the power and the resistance.

page_text: Special conditions of this apparatus :-
1. The liquid is made to circulate by a rotary pump acting in both directions,
sucking in the liquid by one orifice and forcing it out by the other. Preference is
given to oil from its resistance to leakage and its property of preserving metal.
2. The segments covering the friction wheel, by means of suitable springs or
their own elasticity placed between the edges in contact therewith, are pushed
radially and kept at a proper distance from the opposite regulator.
3. The apparatus is placed in communication with the engine only at the moment
of starting it.
Figure 3, is a side view; Figure 4, a front view; Figure 5, a cross section at c, b,
Fig. 4, Figure 6, a cross section at f, g, Figure 3; and Figure 7, a cross section
at d, c, Fig. 3.
A, regulating valve; B, exchange valves; C, circular obturator or closing valves,
D, regulating screws, E, reaction spring of regulating valve; F, clastic slide;
G, reservoir for feeding pump; L, shaft; M, front support; N, friction wheel;
O, cylinder; P, frictional segment; Q, conduit from reservoir to pumps; R, com-
munication with the press; S, hand wheel for regulating of spring E; T, bearing
for small end shaft and wheel; U, openings for lubrication; V, orifice for injection
and extraction of lubricating liquid.
Figure 2 shows a friction break composed of discs and plates embodying the
arrangement above described. q¹, first plate or piston of the press; 7, plates;
P, discs or piston rings; L, shaft.
Figure 8, brake for axles of engines, tenders, and railway carriages. These
friction breaks, the surfaces of which are cuneiform, are all joined together, and
the liquid communicates from the engine simultaneously either pressure from the
regulating apparatus or from the liquid under the expansive action of the steam.
Each couple placed upon the axle of a carriage are connected by a rigid tube,
whereas between carriage and carriage the connection is by flexible tubes;
,,, box enclosing the apparatus; 8, 8, friction segments; b, friction wheel;
a, axle; m, ring of conducting tube; n, n, box or chest of the compressing liquid.
Figure 9, cross section at 1, 8, Figure 2.
Figure 10, regulating valve in which the passage of the liquid from the discharge
opening into the suction opening is accomplished with very little contraction, and
its use is therefore preferable in cases where the regulating apparatus is constantly
in action. Besides the spring there is an adjustment of the piece, in which
circulates the major arm e which regulates the constant outlet. By uplifting the
action of the regulating valve is suppressed while by bringing it into direct contact
therewith the sucking orifice becomes independent of the pressure opening.
works in both these directions.
It
Figures 11 and 12 show another regulating valve, the liquid passing over the
diaphragm gives it a rotary motion proportionate to the velocity with which it is
animated, as in the cases above described, a counter pressure caused by the ad-
justing or regulating spring m prevents any action of the valve upon the discharge
opening of the pump during the normal working; whereas in case of excessive
velocity it turns and reduces the openings corresponding with the orifices 8 of the
discharge pipes.
This apparatus is more sensitive to the variable action of the liquid, because the
point of rotation is reduced to the smallest possible surface, and therefore all passive
causes are almost eliminated.
Figures 13 and 14 shew sections of more convenient friction surfaces.
Having now described the nature of our said Invention, and in what manner
the same is or may be performed, we will set forth its principles in relation to
the main points which we claim as secured to us by the herein-before in part
recited Letters Patent-
1. The facility of direct communication and multiplication of the power by the
means herein-before described, which permit the suppression of means of com-
munication and the multiplication of power, particularly in railway trains.

page_text: 2°. The especial and exclusive use, both in the action of the regulating apparatus
as well as in the communication of the power obtained by this or other means, of
a liquid under pressure, substantially as and for the purposes herein-before set
forth.
3° The utilization of the excess of motive power or motive force relatively to
the resistance as regulating power by means of the pressure developed by the
increased difficulty in the outflow of a liquid driven by the same motive power
through an orifice the opening of which is invariable. This difference of pressure,
resulting from the increased speed of the escaping liquid, is utilized as working
power on a valve, which in overcoming a proportionate counterpressure reduces
the section of the discharge orifice, so as to multiply in proportion to this reduc-
tion the contraction and resistance of the out-flowing liquid, thus developing a
passive cause which may balance the decreased action or the excess of power.
4. Obtaining in the friction brakes an increase of surface and of power in the
friction surfaces by giving them a cuneiformn shape.
5. Multiplying the pressure by means of an arrangement of discs compelled to
turn with the driving shaft, or with any other axle dependent upon the action of
said shaft. Each of these discs is in contact with a plate, light as regards the
circular motion, so that both sliding in the direction of the axis, compressing the
first (by the hydraulic action) against the last, the result is a developement of
pressure and of frictional resistance proportioned to the number of the said plates
or discs.
6. In the case of the application of our friction apparatus to railway trains
(when the automatic action is not desired) the power may be derived from the
liquid under pressure of steam, and if required be multiplied by two differential
cylinders.
Finally. We would observe that while all the parts and principles above set forth
constitute one complete system they may be applied independently; also that as
regards the power compressing our friction brakes it may be manual or any other
power, according to the circumstances of each particular case.
In witness whereof, we, the said Adolfo Cozza and Lorenzo Corseri, have
hereunto set our hands and seals, this Second day of November, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-six.