PREPARING VARIOUS RESINS, AND COMBINING THEM WITH OILS AND FATTY MATTERS FOR MANUFACTURING CANDLES THEREOF
Year: 1856

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Charles Durand Gardissal, of 10, Bedford Street,
Strand, London, and of 29, Boulevart St. Martin, Paris, Patent Agent,
for the Invention of "PREPARING VARIOUS RESINS, AND COMBINING THEM
WITH OILS AND FATTY MATTERS FOR MANUFACTURING CANDLES THEREOF."—A
communication.
Sealed the 1st July 1856, and dated the 7th April 1856.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Charles Durand Gardissal
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
7th April 1856.
I, CHARLES DURAND GARDISSAL, of 10, Bedford Street, Strand, London, &
of 29, Boulevart St. Martin, Paris, Patent Agent, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "PREPARING VARIOUS RESINS, AND COMBINING
THEM WITH OILS & FATTY MATTERS FOR MANUFACTURING CANDLES THEREOF," to
be as follows:-
This Invention consists of employing the resins called myrica cerifera &
carnoba, for the manufacture of tapers and candles. To bleach these matters
I use principally hypochlorites of lime and potash. I proceed as follows
for the resin myrica cerifera:-First in 10 parts (of the weight) of resin
which I melt, I pour (in weight) of an alkaline solution, saturated with
hypochlorite of potash or of soda; I then stir the matters together until by

page_text: cooling and hardening they have a bluish-white tint. 2nd, I liquidify them
again in hot water, and I pour ro' in weight of a solution saturated with
nitrate of ammoniac, which being stirred combines with the chlorine evolved
by the hypochlorites; after which I add to the liquid mass a portion of sul-
phuric acid diluted with 2 parts of water, and the mass must again be stirred.
Thirdly, I liquidify a third time in hot water to clarify & free the mass from
the excess of acid; I pour off and collect the purified resins, which I mould &
melt by the ordinrary process. To give a finer transparency to my candles I
add from 5 to 6 per cent. of stearine, & I do not heat the moulds.. The wicks
I use are plaited like the ordinary ones, & boiled in a solution of boric acid &
of nitrate of ammonia.
1 thus proceed for the resin of "carnoba"-First, in 10 parts in weight
of resin, which I melt in 4 parts of water, I pour in weight of chlorate
of potash and of sulphuric acid diluted; I stir the mass, & when it is
sufficiently bleached, I pour it off; I mould while the mass is still liquid; &
I bleach by exposure to the sun. 2. I melt again the matters, I add to it 7
parts of oil of cocoa & of tallow, and again whiten the whole by-exposure
to the sun. 3. I again liquidy, and cast in heated moulds. The wicks are
the same as those already mentioned; they are boiled in a solution more
charged with chlorate of potash, & the nitrate of ammoniac is dispensed with.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Charles Durand Gardissal in the Great Seal Patent Office on
the 7th July 1856.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, CHARLES
DURAND GARDISSAL, of 10, Bedford Street, Strand, London, and of 29;
Boult St Martin, Paris, France, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Seventh day of April, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and fifty-six, in the nineteenth year of Her reign,
did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said
Charles Durand Gardissal, Her special licence that I, the said Charles
Durand Gardissal, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others
as I, the said Charles Durand Gardissal, my executors, administrators, and
assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others,. from time to time and
at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully
might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the. United Kingdom of Great

page_text: Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for
"PREPARING VARIOUS RESINS, AND COMBINING THEM WITH OILS AND FATTY MATTERS
FOR MANUFACTURING CANDLES THEREOP," a communication, upon the conditioni
(amongst others) that I, the said Charles Durand Gardissal, by an instrument
in' writing under my hand and seal, should' particularly describe and ascertain
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be
performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal' Patent Office
within-six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said
Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Charles Durand Gardissal, do hereby
declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is
to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement:
This Invention consists in applying to the manufacture of candles of various
qualities; the vegetable matters known by the name of myrica cerifera and
carnoba, combined with other oils and fatty matters, after a previous bleaching
by means of liypochlorites and other processes, which will be described here-
after. The candles' thus manufactured according to my principle have no
odour, and give a smokeless light.
I shall now describe the various means I use for bleaching and purifying
the myrica cerifera so as to obtain from the said substance fancy candles of
the very best' quality.
1st, taking 20 pounds (avoirdupoids) of myrica cerifera, I have the whole
melted into an enamelled boiler on a furnace, thè fire of which may be
managed at will, by means of steam for instance. 2d; the myrica being
melted, I pour at several times about the fifth part of a pint (1 décilitre)
of hypochlorite with basis of potash or soda, to the fullest degree of alkaline
saturation and chlorine concentration, stirring the mixture constantly by
means of an agitator contrived within the boiler for the purpose. 3rd, when
the mixture has got the state of a paste, and a suitable whiteness, which
is' easily ascertained when no other tint but a light bluish hue is to be
perceived when looking against the day-light through the paste as it is made to
drop down from a slice or spätle'; 4th, I immediately pour on the stuff thus
prépared some hot water for rendering it liquid, and liable to be decanted.
5th, in this state the whole is made to pass into a tube coated inside" with
leaden sheets, or into any other vessel impervious to acids, by means of a cock
contrived at the bottom of the vessel in which the bleaching operation took
place, and before the matter is quite cooled, it is powdered over with nitrate or
with carbonate of ammonia, viz., about the third part of an ouncé (10 grammes)

page_text: for twenty pounds of the said matter, still stirring on the whole as in the former
operation; then leaving the mixture at rest for two hours, I only give a little
stirring at every quarter of an hour, in order to allow the nitrate of ammonia
the time to neutralize the chlorine. This time being elapsed, I pour on
the mixture one piut, about, (1 litre) of suphuric or other acid for twenty
pounds of the matter, diluting it with a quantity of water equal to three
times its volume. 6th, I again leave at rest this sub-acid mixture for five hours,
still stirring on from time to time by means of the agitator. 7th, when the
preceding operations have taken place, as has been specified, I proceed with
crystallizing the wax, by separating it from the various' agents used for the
bleaching and purifying operation, which is effected by letting into the matter
a current of either hot water or steam; and as the said wax is clarified and
comes to float on the surface, I elutriate it by means of a cock suitably
contrived. 8th, in this state the wax is decanted into vessels of any suitable
form, and preserved in cakes for being afterwards applied to the manufacture
of candles in the manner I shall describe.
The matter being melted by means of a steam bath in a double-bottomed
boiler, is cast into moulds which do not require being previously heated. If
it is desired to give the candle a greater diaphaneity I add five or six per cent.
of stearine.
The wicks to be used are the usual platted wicks prepared as follows:-One
ounce, about, of boric acid vitrified, being dissolved into two pints of water, I
immerse a number of wicks into that water there to boil for five minutes,
and afterwards let it cool; which being done, I throw in half an ounce (12
grammes) of nitrate of ammonia, stir the whole, and six hours after take out
the wicks, which are to dry very slowly.
For converting the vegetable stuff called carnoba into candles, I proceed as
follows-1st, twenty pounds of the said substance are melted into an enamelled
boiler, together with four pints of water, the whole being stirred by means of
a wooden slice coated over with a leaden sheet, or by any other suitable means.
2d, the stuff being about melted, I throw in two-thirds of an ounce of chlorate
of potash and also of an ounce of sulphuric acid diluted with a quantity of
water equal to three or four times the volume of the mixture.
I stir on,
mastering the ebullition either by throwing in some cold water or checking
the fire of the furnace by any suitable means provided for the purpose.
half an hour working, the boiler cock is let open for the liquid being decanted
into a wooden tub coated inside with a leaden sheet. 3rd, when the matter
has been abiding in the tub the necessary time for the chemical agents and
the liquid to precipitate, and when the matter is about to be cristallized, I
After

page_text: open the cock and let the wax into suitable moulds. The cakes that are to be
as thin as possible are then exposed to the open air, even to the sun light;
where, after a certain time they get a certain degree of whiteness, which may
still be increased by renewing the operation several times and at a few days
interval. 4th, in order to transform this wax thus prepared into candles, I
have it melted again by means of a steam bath with an addition of cocoa oil or
of tallow in the following proportions, viz., two parts of either of the said sub-
stances for three parts of carnoba.
This mixture being sufficiently melted, it now remains to cast it into the
moulds, either directly or after a fresh airing. The matter being melted,
and beginning to cristallize at the surface, is cast into the moulds that have
been previously heated to the same temperature. The candle is not to be
taken out of the mould, but after a complete cooling.
The whicks to be used for the carnoba candles are the same as we have
already mentioned for myrica cerifera candles, only in preparing them a sixth
part more of boric acid, vitrified, is employed than for the former operation,
and no nitrate of ammonia.
Having thus described the nature of my Invention, and the manner in
which the same is or may be carried into effect, I wish it to be distinctly under-
stood that I do not confine myself to the precise details herein described, as
such may be varied or modified without departing from the principe of action
thereof; but I claim as new and of my Invention, the application of the
vegetable substances or resins known by the name of myrica cerifera and
carnoba, combined with other oils and fatty matters, to the manufacture of
candles and bougies, by using the methods and processes above specified.
In witness whereof, I, the said Charles Durand Gardissal, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this 4th day of July, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-six.
(L.S.)
C. D. GARDISSAL.