CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE AND CEMENTATION OR WELDING OF STEEL AND IRON, IRON AND IRON, AND STEEL AND STEEL TOGETHER, AND IN ADAPTING SUCH IMPROVEMENTS TO VARIOUS USEFUL PURPOSES
Year: 1869

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Paul Rapsey Hodge, Civil Engineer, of 10,
Adam Street, Adelphi, St. Martin's-in-the-Fields, Charles Hengst,
of Fulham Road, Chelsea, Engineer, and Newton Wilson, of 144,
High Holborn, in the Parish of St. George's, Bloomsbury, for
the Invention of "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE AND
CEMENTATION OR WELDING OF STEEL AND IRON, IRON AND IRON, AND STEEL
AND STEEL TOGETHER, AND IN ADAPTING SUCH IMPROVEMENTS TO VARIOUS
USEFUL PURPOSES."
Sealed the 1st April 1870, and dated the 4th October 1869.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Paul Rapsey Hodge,
Charles Hengst, and Newton Wilson at the Office of the Com-
missioners of Patents, with their Petition, on the 4th October
1869.
We, PAUL RAPSEY HODGE, Civil Engineer, of 10, Adam Street,
Adelphi, St. Martin's-in-the-Fields, CHARLES HENGST, of Fulham Road,
Chelsea, Engineer, and NEWTON WILSON, of 144, High Holborn,
in the Parish of St. George's, Bloomsbury, do hereby declare the

page_text: nature of the said Invention for "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANU-
FACTURE AND CEMENTATION OR WELDING OF STEEL AND IRON, IRON AND IRON,
AND STEEL AND STEEL TOGETHER, AND IN ADAPTING SUCH IMPROVEMENTS TO VARIOUS
USEFUL PURPOSES," to be as follows:-
These improvements relate principally to a new method of cementing
or welding of steel and iron together, or the welding of any of the steels
to themselves, or the welding of any of the irons to themselves by a new
flux, and certain other adjuncts added to the flux to assist in the proper
combination of the metals to be so treated in cementation or welding.
We are aware that borax when calcined and combined with powdered
glass in combination with or without any of the highly essential hydro-
carbons or essential oils has been used, but our process differs from any
of the well-known methods in respect to the effect of such flux used on
the surfaces to be united.
We prefer to use and claim as new a flux composed of calcined borax,
say, one ounce, essential oil of rosemary a quarter of an ounce, iron
filings or iron powder made very fine and mixed uniformly with the
borax and essential oil. This compound is put on the surfaces of the
metals to be combined together after being heated to about 240° to 260°
Fahr.; and then heated up in a close muffle or hollow fire or a close
heating furnace to a red heat, when the flux acts on the surface of the
two metals and the powdered iron, producing a melting condition and
incandescence on the surfaces of the two pieces more than in the body
of the two metals, when the iron filings or powder become liquid iron
melting together the surfaces, and when joined under percussive force or
pressure effect a perfect union. Another flux is composed of calcined
borax, say, one ounce, iron filings or iron powder one ounce, or any other
proportion best suited to the area of the surfaces to be so united. The
material when combined is sifted on to the heated metal as before de-
scribed, say from 240° to 260° when the borax melts and holds these fine
particles of iron such as iron powder or filings between them, when
these pieces of metal are heated to a red heat and joined either by
percussion or pressure in any way. Or we have another method of
planing the surfaces perfectly smooth, and then serrating them by planing
or cutting in cross lines so as to present a surface somewhat like a
bastard cut file, when either of the compositions mentioned above are
put on to the surfaces at the temperature named, and then the two pieces

page_text: of metal are heated to a high red heat or a heat not to burn the metals.
The effect of the flux on the small tips of metal forming the serrated
surfaces and the filings combined will be to melt the whole of these
projections, and when the surfaces are combined and placed under the
hammer or rolls or by pressure in any other manner they will bo
effectually united and become as one piece.
Having described our method of fluxing and combining, cementing,
ar welding the surfaces of the various metals together, we will now
describe the various uses and methods to which this new mode of
combining the metals herein specified may be carried into effect. In
steeling the top edge of iron rails for railways either with Bessemer
metal or with cast or shear steel; also in welding cast or Bessemer
steel on to the surfaces of the periphery of railway wheels for locomotive
engines or carriages, or for the tyres of carriages for common roads; also
in the lining of iron boiler plates with steel, on one or both sides, to be
used in the manufacture of steam boilers, girders, roofs, or iron safes, or
in the manufacture of armour plates with steel on one or both sides,
which steel may be hardened while the iron will retain its normal
tenacity and strength. Another important and valuable use is in
the welding of steel tubes together for any purpose of cast steel or
otherwise of Bessemer steel, or in the lining of bearings of shafts or
railway axles, journals, or bearings, or boxes; the boxes may be made
of cast iron, or cast malleable iron, and a liner of cast steel may be
welded on its surface and then hardened to any hardness without injury
to the cast bearing itself.
.
Another valuable improvement will be in the manufacture of steel or
iron ordnance either in sections or in rings, or both combined, or in the
welding of twist barrels for rifles or fowling pieces or pistols. Or in the
combining and cementing or welding of swords or other arms, or any
other kind of cutting instrument, such as knives, chisels, axes, adzes,
and turning tools of every description; or for the lining of piston rods
and guide bars of steam engines, or any and all of the moving parts of
steam engines, whether stationary, marine, or locomotive. Or we line
the surface of bars of iron with steel to manufacture horse-shoes that
may be steel faced. Or in the combining of iron and steel together for
scythes, or reap hooks, or for the cutting knives of chaff-cutting
machines, or the combining of malleable cast iron and cast or shear steek

page_text: together in the manufacture of shears or scissors. Or we combine
together plates of iron and steel of any desired thickness for springs
for railway carriages, locomotive engines, or carriages for common roads,
or for buffers or draw springs for railway carriages. The iron and steel
combined will have the effect of preventing the steel from breaking,
while the iron will obey all the flexible movements of the steel parts of
the springs; the advantage being in all the before-mentioned cases
that the steel can be hardened or tempered to any degree, while the iron
will always remain in its normal condition in some cases, or nearly so in
others. Or we combine iron and steel plates together for the building
of ships, either for the framing to give it strength or for the plates to
give both increased strength and wear. Or we weld on to the surfaces
of cast iron anvils or hammers of any weight steel facings of any desired
thickness. Or we steel the wearing surfaces of horn plates for loco-
motive engines or carriages to prevent the wear of the edges by the
axle boxes.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Paul Rapsey Hodge, Charles Hengst, and
Newton Wilson in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 2nd April
1870.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, PAUL
RAPSEY HODGE, Civil Engineer, of 10, Adam Street, Adelphi, St.
Martin's-in-the-Fields, CHARLES HENGST, of Fulham Road, Chelsea,
Engineer, and NEWTON WILSON, of 144, High Holborn, in the Parish of
St. George's, Bloomsbury, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Fourth day of October, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-nine, in the thirty-
third year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give
and grant unto us, the said Paul Rapsey Hodge, Charles Hengst, and
Newton Wilson, Her special licence that we, the said Paul Rapsey
Hodge, Charles Hengst, and Newton Wilson, our executors, adminis-
trators, and assigns, or such others as we, the said Paul Rapsey Hodge,
Charles Hengst, and Newton Wilson, our executors, administrators,

page_text: and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to
time and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands,
and Isle of Man, an Invention for "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
MANUFACTURE AND CEMENTATION OR WELDING OF STEEL AND IRON, IRCH AND IRON,
AND STEEL AND STEEL TOGETHER, AND IN ADAPTING SUCH IMPROVEMENTS TO VARIOUS
USEFUL PURPOSES," upon the condition (amongst others) that we, the said
Paul Rapsey Hodge, Charles Hengst, and Newton Wilson, our exe-
cutors or administrators, by an instrument in writing, under our, or
their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and
ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the
same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great
Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately
after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that wc, the said Paul Rapsey Hodge, Charles
Hengst, and Newton Wilson, do hereby declare the nature of our said
Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be
particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement.
These improvements relate principally to a new method of cementing
or welding of steel and iron together, or the welding of any of the known
steels to steel, or the welding of any of the irons either cast, wrought, or
malleable cast to each other by a new flux, and certain other adjuncts
added to the flux to assist in the proper combination of the metals to be
so treated in cementation or welding.
We are aware that borax when calcined and combined with powdered
glass in combination with or without any of the highly essential hydro,
carbons or essential oils has been used, but our process differs from any
of the well-known methods in respect to the effect of such flux used on
the surfaces to be united.
We prefer to use and claim as new a flux composed of calcined borax,
say, one ounce, combined with essential oil of rosemary, or any of the
essential oils mixed with iron filings, or iron powder made very fine and
mixed uniformly with the calcined borax and essential oil. This com-
pound is put on the surfaces of the metals to be combined together
after being heated to about 240° to 260° Fahr*., and then heated.up-in a

page_text: close muffle or hollow fire or a close heating furnace to a red heat, when
the flux acts on the surface of the two metals and the powdered iron,
producing a melting condition and incandescence on the surfaces of the
two pieces more than in the body of the two metals, when the iron
filings and powdered flux become liquid iron, melting together and
uniting the surfaces, which when joined under percussive force or
pressure effect a perfect union. Another flux is composed of calcined
borax, say, one ounce, iron filings or iron powder one ounce, or any
-other proportion suited to the area of the surfaces to be so united.
-The material when combined is sifted on to the heated metal, as before
described, say, from 240° to 260° Fahr., when the borax melts and holds
these fine particles of iron such as iron powder or iron filings between
them, when these pieces of metal are heated to a red heat and united by
either percussive force or pressure in any way. Or we have another
method of planing the surfaces perfectly smooth, and then serrating
them by planing or cutting them in cross lines, so as to present a surface
somewhat like a bastard cut file, when either of the compositions before
mentioned are put on to the surfaces at the temperature named, and
then the two pieces of metal are heated to a high red heat or a heat not
to burn the metals. The effect of the flux on the small tips of metal
forming the serrated surfaces and the filings combined will melt the
whole of these projections, and when the surfaces are combined and
placed under the hammer or rolls or by pressure in any other manner
they will be effectually united and become as one piece.
Having described our method of fluxing and combining and cementing
or welding the surfaces of the various metals together, we will now
describe the various uses and methods to which this new mode of com-
bining the metals herein specified may be carried into effect. In steeling
the top edge of iron rails for railways, either with Bessemer metal or
cast or sheer steel; also in welding cast, sheer, or Bessemer stecl
onto the surfaces of the periphery of railway wheels for locomotive
engines or carriages, or for the tyres of carriages for common roads;
also in the lining of iron boiler plates with steel on one or both sides to
be used in the manufacture of steam boilers, girders, roofs, or iron safes,
or in the manufacture of armour plates with steel on one or both sides,
which steel may be hardened, while the iron will retain its normal
tenacity or strength. Another important and valuable use is in the

page_text: welding of steel tubes together for any purpose, either of cast steel or
otherwise of Bessemer steel, or in the lining of bearings of shafts or
railway axles, journals, or bearings, or boxes; the boxes may be made of
cast iron or cast malleable iron, and a liner of cast steel may be welded
on its surface, and then hardened to any hardness without injury to the
cast bearing itself.
Another valuable improvement will be in the manufacture of steel
or iron ordnance either in sections or in rings, or both combined, or
in the welding of twist barrels for rifles or fowling pieces or pistols;
or in combining and cementing or welding of swords or other arms,
or any other kind of cutting instrument, such as knives, chisels,
axes, adzes, and turning tools of every description; or for the lining
of piston. rods and guide bars of steam engines, or any and all of
the moving parts of steam engines, whether stationary, marine, or
locomotive. Or we line the surface of bars of iron with steel to manu-
facture horse-shoes therefrom that are required to be steel faced. Or in
the combining of iron and steel together for scythes or reap-hooks; or
for the cutting knives of chaff-cutting machines; or the combining of
malleable cast iron and cast or sheer steel together in the manufacture
of shears or scissors. Or we combine together plates of iron and steel of
any desired thickness for springs for railway carriages, locomotive
engines, or carriages for common roads, or for buffers or draw springs
for railway carriages. The iron and steel combined will have the effect
of preventing the spring from breaking, while the iron will obey all the
flexible movements of the steel portion of the springs; the advantage
being in all the before-mentioned cases that the steel can be hardened or
tempered to any degree, while the iron will always remain in its normal
condition. Or we combine iron and steel plates together for the building
of ships, either for the framing to give it strength, or for the plates to
give both increased strength and wear. Or we weld on to the surfaces
of cast-iron anvils or hammers of any weight steel facings of: any desired
thickness. Or we steel the wearing surfaces of horn plates for railway
locomotive engines or carriages to prevent the wear of the edges by the
axle hoxes

page_text: the fluxes or compounds for the purposes set forth, as they may be
varied in their equivalents to suit each special purpose and end intended;
but what we claim is, the use of the said fluxes and compounds for the
welding of the various metals together for the several purposes set forth
in this Specification.
In witness whercof, we, the said Paul Rapsey Hodge, Charles
Hengst, and Newton Wilson, have hereunto set our hands and
scals, this Thirty-first day of March, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and seventy.
PAUL R. HODGE.
(L.S.)
C. HENGST.
(L.S.)
NEWTON WILSON. (L.S.)