IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE
Year: 1864

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Henry Parkes, of Birmingham, in the County of.
Warwick, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF
Sealed the 29th November 1864, and dated the 19th August 1864.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Henry Parkes at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with bis Petition, on the
19th August 1864.
I, HENRY PARKES, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick, do hereby
declare the nature of the Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE
OP COLORS FOR DYEING, PRINTING, AND OTHER USES," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in the manufacture of
colors for dyeing, printing, and other uses. I treat aniline with chloride of
sulphur, using, say from 2 to 10 per cent. of the chloride, and I obtain a
series of colors comprising yellow, red, purple, brown, and black. If the
reaction be produced in the cold the brighter colors prodominate, and at
boiling heat the browns and blacks. I also treat aniline with the chlorides of
carbon, preferring the perchloride which I use about in the same proportion
as when working with chloride of sulphur... 1 employ a boiling heat and
colors varying from red to purple result. In some cases I treat color result-
ing from the action of a chloride of carbon on aniline with iodine or bromine ;
I boil these substances with the color, and I employ them in the proportion
of, say from to 5 per cent..of the aniline used; the shades of color resulting

page_text: are from red to purple; with iodine the colors tend to red, and with bromine
to purple. Another method of conducting the process is to add, say from 2
to 5 per cent. of chloride of sulphur to methylated spirit or alcohol, and then
after filtering, to mix therewith, say from 20 to 30 per cent. of aniline, and
say from 2 to 5 per cent. of iodine or bromine. The mixture is brought to
a boiling heat, and the resulting colors vary from red to purple. I also treat
aniline with a mixture of sulphuric acid and nitric acid; I take concentrated
sulphuric acid, and add to it so much concentrated nitric acid, say about 5 per
cent., as will, when it is mixed with aniline, prevent the formation of a solid
white substance which otherwise results from the addition of concentrated
sulphuric acid to aniline. I treat the aniline with from 2 to 10 per cent. of
the mixed acid, employing a boiling heat, and thus I obtain a series of colors
comprising yellow, brown, red, and purple. I also treat the yellowish dye
known commercially as phosphine, with chloride of sulphur; I moisten the
phosphine, which is a dry powder, with the chloride of sulphur; the colors
resulting vary in shade from yellow to brown.
In the cases in which heat is employed, it is desirable to use a close vessel
or a still to avoid loss of material. I would remark that, in speaking of;
aniline in this Specification, I use the word as including substances very
similar to aniline, and known to chemists as analogues thereof.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Henry Parkes in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
18th February 1865.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, HENRY
PARKES, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Nineteenth day of August, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-four, in the twenty-eighth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said Henry Parkes, Her special licence that I, the said Henry Parkes, my
executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as 1, the said. Henry
Parkes, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with,
and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term
therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend,
within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands,
and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF

page_text: COLORS FOR DYEING, PRINTING, AND OTHER USES," upon the condition (amongst
others) that I, the said Henry Parkes, my executors or administrators, by
an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and
seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Inven-
tion, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same
to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next
and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Henry Parkes, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be per-
formed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement thereof, that is to say:-
This Invention bas for its object improvements in the manufacture of
colouring matters for dyeing and printing, and for other uses. According to
my Invention, I treat aniline with chloride of sulphur, and I obtain a series
of colors comprising, amongst others, yellow, red, purple, brown, and black.
I proceed, by preference, as follows:-I take commercial analine, and I place
it in a closed vessel of large capacity, and by preference of copper, to which is
attached a condensing apparatus, and to every 100 parts of aniline I add, from
time to time, from 2 to 10 parts of chloride of sulphur; the chemical action
which ensues is very violent. A very rapid decomposition takes place with
the liberation of large volumes of coloured vapours, which are condensed and
collected; when this reaction is terminated I add a further quantity of the
chloride of sulphur, agitating from time to time until the desired result is
obtained. When the lighter and brighter shades of colour are desired, I prefer,
instead of proceeding in the manner before mentioned, and in order to avoid
the violent reaction which ensues on the addition of chloride of sulphur to
aniline, previously to dilute the chloride of sulphur with bisulphide of carbon,
mineral naptha or other suitable solvent, so as to modify the reaction; I add
such solution to the aniline and I then apply heat, and continue to boil the
said mixture until the desired result is obtained; I usually add to the chloride
of sulphur about one-third or half its weight of the solvent. The mass
resulting from either of these operations is then treated with methylated
spirit, or with other suitable solvents, in order to extract the coloring matters,
and these solutions may be employed for the purposes of dyeing and printing
in the usual manner. The liquid also with the coloring matter, which accu-
mulates in the condenser, is drawn out at the end of the operation, and is
treated to separate the color from any aniline which comes over with it; this
is conveniently done by shaking the mixture with methylated spirit or other
solvent and allowing it to stand till the aniline separates from the spirit which

page_text: now holds the color in solution., This colored solution is poured off, and when
brought to a proper strength is suitable for use.
Although I have mentioned that I employ chloride of sulphur in certain
proportions, and these are the proportions I prefer, still I do not limit myself
to the proportions given, as other quantities may be employed. When the
quantity of chloride of sulphur employed is small, the shades of color pro-
duced will be light, and they will be deeper according as the quantity of
cbloride of sulphur is increased. I would remark that, in speaking of aniline
in this Specification, I use the word as including substances very similar to
aniline, and known to chemists as homologues thereof. I would also remark
that what I mean by chloride of sulphur is that compound or compounds
known in commerce as red and yellow chloride of sulphur.
In witness. whereof, I, the said Henry Parkes, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Eighteenth day of February; in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-five.
HENRY PARKES. (L.B.)