CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN HEATING AND REFRIGERATING, AND IN APPARATUS CONNECTED THERE WITH
Year: 1852

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM
HENRY JAMES, of Number 14, Great Charlotte Street, Blackfriars Road, in
the County of Surrey, Civil Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent, under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Third day of September,
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-two, in the sixteenth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said William Henry James, my exors, aditiors, and assigns, Her especial
licence, full power, sole privilege and authority, that I, the said William
Henry James, my exors, adñiors, and assigns, or such others as I, the said
William Henry James, (my exors, adñiors, or assigns, should at any time
agree with and no others, from time to time and at all times during the term
of years therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, my
Invention of CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN HEATING AND REFRIGERATING, AND IN
APPARATUS CONNECTED THERE WITH;" in which said Letters Patent is contained
a proviso that I, the said William Henry James, shall cause a particular
description of the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the
same is to be performed, by an instrument in writing under my hand and
seal, to be inrolled in Her Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said in part
recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference being thereunto had,
will more fully and at large appear.

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
William Henry James, do hereby declare that the nature of my said Invention,
and in what manner the same is to be performed, are fully described and
ascertained in and by the following Specification (that is to say):-
Firstly, in a method or nicthods of transmitting heat from its source or
sources, which may consist of furnaces containing inflammable matters in a
state of combustion, or of heated vessels or materials, to any other apparatus
or materials to which it is required to be applied, which may be situated at any
given distance, by means of hot air or other elastic fluids or vapours, jointly or
singly, and made to pass or circulate through endless tubes or passages extend-
ing through, around, or in contact with such source or sources of heat, and also
through, around, or in contact with such apparatus or materials to be heated,
so that on their passing the said source or sources of heat they should con-
tinuously imbibe and carry with them a portion of such heat, which they give
off again more or less when passing the apparatus or materials to be heated,
and so on continuously for any length of time, or as long as the heat is sup-
plied, and the apparatus or materials remain to be heated, and the circulation
of the heated fluids before mentioned is continued, which circulation I
effect by fan-blowing wheels, screw-vane wheels, force pumps, or any other
suitable forcing apparatus introduced within or connected with the said end-
less tubes or passages, and which apparatus may be actuated by steam or
any other available power applied from without, and connected therewith by
means of rods or axles working through stuffing boxes or well fitted apertures
formed in the said tubes or passages; or, I sometimes effect such circulation
of fluids or vapours by jets of steam or compressed air introduced within
such tubes or passages by pipes leading from boilers, or from bellows or force
pumps, or other air-forcing apparatus from without, which jets are turned
(within such tubes or passages) in the direction of the said source or sources
of heat, and which as they enter will commingle with any fluids therein con-
tained, and will then circulate and re-circulate, and be heated and re-heated, in
passing through the same, save and except such portions as are allowed to
escape, as hereafter mentioned. Now, in the latter methods of producing
the circulation by jets of steam or air, I have stopcocks or outlet valves,
connected with or attached to such tubes or passages, which are situated
beyond the apparatus or materials to be heated, which are adjusted or
weighted as may be required for regulating the pressure within them, by their
allowing any surplus, consisting of steam, condensation water, or hot air, to
escape, the former of which may pass through a tube into the cistern of water
used for the supply of the boiler for the purpose of heating the water therein,

page_text: or the latter into the ashpit of the furnace employed for tho purpose of sup-
plying the fire with hot air, and of promoting the combustion of the fuel
therein contained. Sometimes, however, instead of passing a jet of atmo-
spheric air into the said tubes or passages, there to circulate and become
heated and re-heated, as before described, I pass the said jet of compressed
air into the close ashpit of a close-fitted stove or furnace, and thereby cause
the products of combustion to pass by means of a pipe into the same tubes
or passages, so as to produce a current of hot elastic fluids, being the products
of combustion, within them, and which, being made to issue in the direction
required, will thereby circulate and re-circulate through the same in con-
junction, and carrying with them any other fluids therein contained, and
heating in their passage at the same time the apparatus or materials as
before mentioned, after having effected which, the superabundant. surplus is,
allowed to escape through pipes and valves, as before described. Or, I some-
times produce such circulation of elastic fluids and vapours, by the heating
and cooling thereof, which I effect as follows, namely:-I will suppose, for
the sake of example, that I have two rooms, one above the other, with a
perforated floor between them composed of perforated metal plates, tiles, or
other suitable materials for allowing of the circulation of heated, air through
them. In the lower floor of these rooms I have a central opening, and also
a central opening to correspond therewith in the ceiling of the upper room.
I have also a close stove or steam or hot-water pipes, or other hot vessels,
placed in the lower room over the said central opening for the purpose of
heating the air therein. These two rooms are also enclosed within a thin
metallic casing of corrugated iron, zinc, or other metal, the upper and lower
portions of which casing are formed of a conical or pyramidical shape, and
the whole of which casing is made air-tight, or nearly so, and is surrounded
by another outer casing formed of brickwork, or other non-conductors of heat,
having a central opening in the upper part thereof communicating with the
external air, and the lower part communicating by means of a pipe extending
upwards from the bottom of the inner casing to the ashpit of the furnace
employed, when situated in the lower room before mentioned, in which case
it may pass through the lower central opening formed in the floor thereof to
the said ashpit; or, in case of such furnace being situated and employed in
any external position for the purpose of generating steam, or the heating of
hot water for supplying with steam or hot water the said steam or hot-water
pipes, then the said pipe is made to extend from the lower portion of such
outer casing to the ashpit of the furnace, for the purpose of supplying the
fire with heated air, and thereby economizing the fuel consumed therein,

page_text: which air becomes heated in its passage thereto from the upper central open-
ing in the outer casing, when passing between that and the inner casing upon
which it impinges and around which it passes, and by its cooling action
thereon condenses at the same time the vapour and cools the heated air cir-
culating within it, as hereafter described. I may also here mention, that
when the close stove is employed, and situated in the lower room, as before
mentioned, I sometimes pass the flue or chimney therefrom through the side
of the lower room, and also through the inner and outer casings into the
external air, and carry the same to a considerably greater height than any
other part of the apparatus, but generally prefer, when there is no impediment
to so doing, to pass the same at once from the upper part of the furnace
through the perforated flooring, and through the central opening in the ceiling
of the upper room, and through the inner casing, and lastly, through the
upper central opening in the outer casing to a considerable elevation above
the same, as before stated; into or connected with which opening or chimney
I sometimes place a fan wheel, or other forcing and exhausting apparatus,
worked by any available power for assisting the current of air or other fluids
passing through and from the said apparatus and furnace. I have also door-
ways or openings into the said rooms, through the inner and outer casings,
which are closed when in use, but so arranged as not to communicate there-
with, or to cause such casings to communicate with each other, which I effect
by forming tubular passages leading thereto, and made air-tight in respect to
such casings. Now, for better explaining this method of producing the
circulations of the said fluids for purposes of heating, I will now suppose
that any apparatus or materials to be heated, dried, or evaporated, are placed
in the upper room, then upon the fire being lighted in the furnace, and the
air in the lower room becoming heated thereby, or by the hot water or steam
pipes, as before mentioned, it will naturally ascend through the said perforated
floor into the upper room, through which it will pass, and heating in its passage
any apparatus contained therein, or any materials to be dried or evaporated, the
vapour therefrom passing, together with the said heated air, through the central
opening in the ceiling of the upper room, and impinging against the upper part of
the conical or pyramidical top or covering of the inner casing, which is at the
same time subjected externally to the cooling influence of the cold air impinging
upon the same, and passing between that and the outer casing to the ash-pit of
the furnace, as before mentioned, and whereby the heated air and vapour becomes
cooled, more or less, and the latter condensed, and thereby caused to descend
by their gravity within and between the said inner casing, and around the exterior
surfaces of the said rooms, which may be formed of brickwork, or other non-

page_text: conductors of heat, so that the said air, after having been so cooled and
deprived of its vapour or moisture, would flow again through the central
opening in the floor of the lower room, so as to be again re-heated in passing
the said furnace or licated pipes or vessels, and in a fit state for imparting
additional and continued heat to the apparatus or materials placed in the said
upper room, as before stated, or for uniting with and carrying any vapour
arising therefrom, to be then condensed, and the heated air again cooled and
re-heated as before, and so on, continuing to circulate for any length of time
by the alternate heating and cooling thereof. The condensation water, as it
collects in the lower part of such inner casing, being drawn off through a small
pipe and stopcock connected therewith, as occasion may require, or a mode of
causing the circulation of such fluids by the alternate heating and cooling
thereof, may, perhaps, be more readily understood by the following simple
arrangement and explanation, videlicet: I will suppose, for the sake of example,
that I have an angular, quadrangular, or otherwise formed endless tube or
chamber containing the said fluids or vapours, which are required to be made
to circulate therein by the alternate heating and cooling of the opposite parts
thereof, and consequently of the fluids or vapours therein, for the purpose of
communicating heat during their circuit to any apparatus or materials placed
within the upper portions of such tube or chamber, or of communicating heat
through any other portions of such tube or chamber, to any materials in
contact therewith, causing thereby a continued difference in the specific gravity
in the fluids, while passing through such opposite parts of the said tube or
chamber, so as to occasion thereby their continuous circulation. This I effect
as follows, namely: I will again, for the sake of example, suppose that I have
an inverted syphon, the legs or upright tubes of which are of unequal length,
the shorter leg being made to envelope the side or portion of the said endless
tube or chamber which I require to be cooled, and the longer leg or tube to
envelope the opposite side or portion thereof which I require to be heated, for
which purpose I place a fire upon a grating within the lower part of the
longer leg of such inverted syphon, which longer leg will then serve as a
chimney thereto, and the shorter leg and lower part of such inverted syphon
will serve as a passage for the air to the said fire, which cold air on entering
the same will, in passage downwards, impinge upon that side or portion of the
tube or chamber which is required to be cooled, and in producing that effect
will itself become heated previous to entering the fire, and, consequently,
economize the fuel consumed, at the same time that the opposite side or portion
of the said tube or chamber, which is enveloped and above the fire in the
longer leg of such inverted syphon, will become heated, so that by the joint

page_text: effect of both operations a continuous heating and cooling of the fluids or
vapours contained therein will take place as required for effecting such
continuous circulation thereof for heating purposes.
Having thus specified the main features or principle of these modes of
heating, I now proceed to name and describe the construction of several
important applications connected therewith, namely, for the heating of ovens
for the baking of bread, biscuits, and pastry, as well as for numerous drying
processes; as also for heating apparatus for boiling, evaporating, generating
steam, distilling, as well as for heating cellular, vesicular, tubular, or other
shaped plates and vessels for the various purposes of cooking and drying; also
the application of the same principle of heating for the warmings of buildings,
and as a means of transmitting heat for horticultural, agricultural, or any
other purposes to which such modes of transmitting or communicating heat
may be applicable. Now in respect to ovens for baking and drying purposes,
I construct them of the said cellular, vesicular, tubular, or other shaped plates
which serve as floors or shelves, for the construction of which I have other
Letters Patent, which may be formed of metal, earthenware, baked fire-clay,
or any other suitable materials; or of plates ribbed or studded underneath with
metallic conductors of heat, and resting upon other plates, under which upper
plates, and against which metallic conductors, I cause the heated air, gasses, or
vapours to pass, impinge, and circulate horizontally, or upwards or downwards,
by sides, flues, or passages connecting them together. Or I sometimes employ
two or more separate circulations of the heated air, gases, or vapours, by
means of as many separate pipes, flues, or passages, with stopcocks or dampers
extending from such furnaces or heated vessels to and through each floor or
shelf of such ovens, for the purpose of allowing different degrees of heat to be
imparted to such separate floors or shelves as may be required, returning
therefrom through the said endless passages into, through, or around the said
furnaces or heated vessels, to be again re-heated, which heated air, gases, or
vapours may also be made to pass and circulate by means of flues around any
portion or the whole of the external portions of such ovens when formed of
metal (though I generally prefer having the sides and crown formed of bricks,
earthen materials), and sometimes also through tubes running through the
internal parts of such ovens, in addition to the cellular, vesicular, tubular, or
other formed floors or shelves, before mentioned, for the purpose of more
perfectly heating the air, and thereby the materials therein contained, which
various floors, and cavities, and tubes, and passages so connected together, will
then form a portion of the main circuit or circuits through which the hot air,
gases, and vapours are made to pass and circulate, as before described, for the

page_text: purpose of heating the said ovens. In respect to the heating of apparatus for
boiling, evaporating, generating steam, or distilling, I effect the same by
causing the heated air, gases, and vapours produced and circulating, as before
described, to pass through tubes running through the liquors therein contained,
and then by means of pipes, flues, or casings around the external portions
thereof, or by either method separately, such tubes or flues forming also a portion
of such main circuit, and which current of heated air, gases, or vapours may be
connected by means of pipes with and made to circulate as required through
cellular or other formed plates and vessels, as before described, for forming
hot plates for purposes of cooking, as well as for many other purposes of
heating, or through flues or pipes running through buildings for heating
them by radiation, or for heating tanks of water, or generating steam, which
hot water or steam may then be distributed through pipes for heating such
buildings; and when employed for horticultural agriculture, or other purposes
where the furnaces or sources of heat may be situated at considerable distances
from where the heat is required to be applied, I cause the heated air, gases,
or vapours to circulate through tubes or flues surrounded by non-conductors of
heat, for the purpose, as far as possible, of preventing its escape by radiation,
excepting at such situations or localities which it is required to be applied,
which latter portions I form of uncovered metallic tubes or plates, or other
good conductors of heat, which may be ribbed or studded with transverse
metallic conductors, as before described, which methods of heating may be
employed for heating water contained in tanks surrounded by non-conductors
of heat, to be used as may be required for horticultural or agricultural/
purposes; or the under surface of soil may be kept in a warm state by means
of such tubes, flues, or passages being made to extend through such tanks of
water, or underneath such surfaces of soil (when so heated) in any circuitous or
zigzag direction, so as to render such soil in a condition highly favourable to
vegetation, particularly in the winter season, and in conjunction and when
covered by hand glasses or forcing frames.
Secondly, I propose also to use the previously described method or methods
of transmitting and circulating fluids through endless tubes or passages
(excepting in the use of steam, or other heated fluids,) for the transmission
and circulation of air through, or in contact with vessels containing or
surrounded by ice, or other refrigerating materials (for the purpose of refri-
gerating other materials, or other vessels in, or connected with such circuit, or.
exposed to the action of the air so refrigerated and circulated.
Thirdly, in the use of coal, tar, or other inflammable materials as fuel, when
employed for generating steam in boilers or generators of marine or other

page_text: steam boats and locomotive engines, being supplied from reservoirs, as may be
required, and inflamed in conjunction with other inflammable matters in
furnaces placed separately from such boilers or generators, and the gases,
flame, and vapours resulting therefrom being conveyed from such furnaces
through tubular openings or passages connected therewith, and leading to such
boilers or generators, there being extra chimneys with dampers within them,
whereby the heat can at any time be diverted and cut off from such boilers or
generators.
For the better explaining this mode of heating, as applied to the said
purposes, and also the general construction of the apparatus connected there-
with, I will now describe its application to a marine or other steamboat
boiler or generator, namely, in the first place I have a strong, close-topped
tank or reservoir, composed of strong wrought iron, or other suitable materials,
fixed in a convenient position on the deck of such steamboat, or in any other
more eligible position for containing any requisite supply of tar, or other
inflamable liquid; into the upper part of which tank or reservoir I have
inserted two pipes with stopcocks in them, one for admitting of a supply of
tar, or other liquid, as may be required, from the vessels in which it is conveyed,
and which, after being emptied of their contents into such reservoir may, if
thought proper, be filled with water and used as ballast, to make up any deficiency
of weight that would otherwise arise from the combustion of the tar or other
fuel employed, and the other for the escape or admission of air when required
for the emptying or filling of the said tank or reservoir, from the bottom of
which I have another pipe leading to the ashpit of the furnace, with a rose
mouth-piece attached to the end of it, and with a stopcock intervening for
enabling me to regulate the supply of tar or other inflammable liquid, and by
which and by means of the pressure from above, and by the direction of the rose
mouth-piece, I cause any required quantity thereof to be projected in a finely
divided state against the under portion of the hot bars of the furnace and the
lower parts of the fire, or by proper side or other openings into the centre of
the fire or the hottest part of the furnaces, a sufficient quantity of atmospheric
air being admitted at the same time to promote the perfect combustion
thereof, so as to prevent any smoke being produced, which I effect the more
perfectly by having the furnace, which for this purpose may be of very small
dimensions in comparison with the ordinary furnaces, surrounded and separated
from the boiler by a sufficient thickness of fire-brick or other non-conductors
of heat, as to prevent, as far as possible, any lateral radiation of heat, whereby
I am enabled to keep up a much more intense and perfect combustion in the
furnace than when the fire and furnace are in contact with the boiler itself.

page_text: I should also mention that the fuel I employ in the furnace, independently of
the tar or other inflammable liquid, consists of anthracite, or of coke or
charcoal, or a proportion of each, and that there are tubular openings or
passages connecting the furnace with the various tubes or flues of the boiler,
and through which the flame and products of combustion pass, and generato
steam in their passage to the chimney. I have likewise an additional chimney
attached to the furnace, with a damper therein, for diverting the heat from the
boiler, so as to prevent the generation of steam, if required, or for passing the
same through the tubes, flues, or passages of any other boiler or boilers that
may be employed. Now, as regards the application of tar or other inflam-
mable liquid as fuel to the boilers of locomotive engines, I place the tank or
reservoir containing it on a separate carriage, and from which reservoir 1
convey the tar or other inflammable liquid, by means of a flexible pipe and
rose mouth-piece, through the ashpit or other openings, into the furnace,
which I place in a recess formed in the boiler to receive it, or underneath the
same, and which furnace I surround with fire-bricks or other suitable non-
conductors of heat, for the reason as before stated, and from which I pass the
flame and products of combustion through the various tubes or passages of the
boiler to the chimney, as described in respect to steamboats; or the tar or other
liquid may be projected against the under portion of the fire bars and fire of the
ordinary furnaces, either of steamboat or locomotive engine boilers, when supplied
from tanks or reservoirs, as before described, into which I sometimes introduce
a certain quantity of compressed air for forcing the tan or other liquid
through the pipes to the furnaces, particularly in case of its being found
necessary to place the said tanks or reservoirs below the level of the said
furnaces and boilers.
Fourthly, in the application of steam, surcharged with caloric, to the gene-
ration of ordinary steam, and also to the heating of cellular, tubular, vesicular,
or other shaped hollow plates and vessels, when used for heating, and for the con-
struction, more or less, of ovens and cooking apparatus, or for heating cellular,
tubular, or vesicular-shaped plates and vessels, when used for other purposes of
heating, which I effect in the first place, for generating steam, by causing any
proportion of the steam from ordinary boilers to pass and circulate through pipes
in which stopcocks are placed for regulating such quantity, and also through
vessels connected therewith, and forming a portion thereof sufficient to a sufficient
heat to surcharge the same with caloric, and then to pass back again into or in
contact with the water in the said boilers, so as to unite with or take up a sufficient
quantity as to be wholly reconverted into ordinary steam, which may then be
conveyed away by other pipes and used for the working of steam engines or

page_text: any other purposes, for which purpose I have a small fan-blowing wheel, or
other forcing apparatus, placed within or connected with the pipes leading
from the said boilers to the hot pipes or vessels employed for surcharging tho
steam with caloric, and worked by steam or any other available power con-
nected therewith from without, which I employ for commencing and continuing
the circulation of the steam, as before mentioned; and there are also valves
fixed in the pipes leading from the hot pipes or vessels back again to the
boilers, to prevent any water passing through them from the said boilers into
such pipes or hot vessels. Or I sometimes cause the steam from ordinary
boilers to pass through such hot pipes or vessels, for the purpose of being
surcharged with caloric, and then back again through other pipes in contact
with the enclosed surfaces or tubes of the boilers, for the purpose of assisting
the generation of the steam therein, the condensation water being pumped
back again into the said boilers by small force pumps attached thereto. Or,
in the second place, instead of passing such surcharged steam back again into
or in contact with such boilers, I sometimes pass it into tubes or casings of
other vessels or boilers, for the purpose of generating steam, or into cellular,
tubular, vesicular, or other shaped plates or vessels when used in the con-
struction of ovens or cooking apparatus, or into cellular, tubular, or vesicular
shaped plates or vessels when used for other purposes of heating, the conden-
sation water in all the aforesaid applications (when the said apparatus is
placed above the level of the boilers) being either allowed to escape through
valves or stopcocks, or to flow by its own gravity through return pipes and
valves into the said boilers, or it may be allowed to escape as before, or be
lifted or forced into them from such apparatus in case its being placed below
the level of the said boilers by means of small pumps, or other forcing
apparatus attached thereto. Or I sometimes generate steam and surcharge it
with caloric in the same vessels, and at the same time, when heated to a
sufficient degree, which I effect by forcing water, by the power of gravitation
or by means of small force pumps, through pipes having rose mouth-pieces
fixed at their farther extremities, which are connected with and made to pass
into the said hot vessels for the purpose of causing the water, when passing
through the same, to enter into hot vessels in a state of very minute division,
having stopcocks fixed in the said pipes, to enable me so to regulate and limit
the quantity admitted, so to effect both those objects of generating and sur-
charging steam at the same time and in the same vessel as before stated,
which latter method of generating and surcharging steam I also purpose to
employ for the several purposes before mentioned.
I may also here state, that I sometimes employ separate furnaces for heating

page_text: the pipes or hot vessels used for surcharging the steam for the several purposes
before mentioned, when such an arrangement can conveniently be made,
though I generally use the same furnaces for that purpose as are employed
also for heating the said boilers.
Fifthly, in surcharging with caloric the exit steam (or a portion thereof)
from steam engines, and then employing such surcharged exit steam in the
generation of ordinary steam, to assist more or less in the working of the
engines. This I effect by causing the exit steam, or a portion thereof, as it
escapes from the engine cylinders, to pass through two-way cocks leading into
two-way branch pipes, one of each of them being made to pass through and
into the condensers, as afterwards described, and the others into metallic
vessels subjected to a sufficient heat in furnaces, or otherwise, to surcharge
with caloric the whole or any portion of such exit steam in passing through
them, to facilitate which I generally have the inner surfaces of such hot
vessels studded very closely with transverse metallic conductors of heat, similar
to a double chevaux-de-frize, against which conductors the exit steam impinges
in passing through the same. I then cause the stean, so surcharged with
caloric, to pass from thence through other vessels, which I prefer should be
studded, both within and without, with similar metallic conductors, or to have
vertical metallic tubes placed within them to allow of water passing and
circulating through such metallic tubes; which vessels, so studded with
metallic conductors or tubes, may themselves consist of horizontal tubular
plates, or other shaped horizontal tubular conformations, which are united
together, and placed in succession one above the other, and just submerged
below the surfaces of the water in the boilers, so that the exit surcharged
steam passing into and through the upper portions thereof would, in the first
place, communicate the most intense portions of its heat to the upper parts
of the water for the purpose of converting the same into steam, and then
made gradually to descend through the lower parts thereof, which are made
to extend to such a depth in the water that the said exit steam should
at the least be deprived of the heat originally imparted to it in passing through
the said hot vessels, and which steam, so deprived of a portion of its heat, I
then cause to pass through other pipes, which are made to extend in any zigzag
form through other metallic vessels or condensers which are surrounded by
non-conductors of heat, and through which vessels or condensers I also pass in
any zigzag form the other pipes conveying any other portion of exit steam from
the cylinders through the said two-way cocks and pipes, and which portion of
exit steam may not have been subjected to the surcharging process, and into and
through which vessels or condensers I allow the cold atmospheric air to pass

page_text: and impinge against these said zigzag pipes in its way to the ashpits of the
furnaces employed, and the lower ends of which zigzag pipes are made to com-
municate with and pass into other vessels for receiving the condensation water
therefrom, together with any steam which may remain uncondensed, which
steam, so passing into the latter vessels, I still further condense by passing
other zigzag pipes through them, and through which pipes I force the water
from the main water tanks to the boilers by the force pumps of the engines; in
which case I allow the condensation water, together with any steam that may
still remain uncondensed, to pass from such latter vessels through exit valves,
loaded to any required extent as may be found advisable, in comparison with
the pressure of steam in the said boilers, and then through exit pipes into the
said main water tanks used for supplying such boilers. Or, otherwise, I pass
jets of water in sufficient quantity from the water tanks through pipes with
rose mouth-pieces, into the upper parts of such latter vessels, either by the
gravitation thereof or by means of force pumps, as to make up any deficiency
caused by evaporation, leakage, or otherwise; and then, by means of other
pumps and connecting pipes, I force the same, together with tho condensation
water, into the said boilers for the supply thereof, allowing any steam still
remaining uncondensed, or any superfluity of water, to pass through loaded
valves and exit pipes, as before, into the water tanks. I may here add, that I
sometimes employ separate fires and furnaces for heating the vessels used for
subcharging the steam, though I generally use the boiler furnaces for that
purpose. I likewise sometimes generate steam for this purpose in vessels
separate from the boilers, as before described in my fourth specified
improvement.
Sixthly, in surcharging with caloric the exit steam in double cylinder or
double action expansion engines, and then employing the exit steam, so sur-
charged with caloric, in generating fresh steam to assist more or less in the
working of the said engines. This I effect by causing the high-pressure steam,
as it escapes from the smaller cylinders of such engines, to pass through hot
vessels (similar to those described in my fifth and last specified improvement)
for the purpose of surcharging the same with caloric, and then into the larger
low-pressure cylinders of such engines, for the purpose of actuating the pistons
therein, or otherwise to pass at once into such low-pressure cylinders heated to
a sufficient degree externally by means of furnaces, hot air, or other hot fluids,
or by any other suitable means of effecting that object, so that after having
actuated the pistons of such larger cylinders, it should still possess sufficient
heat for generating steam of sufficient pressure and quantity as mainly assist in
supplying with steam the smaller high-pressure cylinders of such engines,

page_text: by causing the same to pass from the said low-pressure cylinders through
similar horizontal-vessels similarly placed under the water of the boilers, and
thence through similar condensers and vessels, as also particularly described in
my last specified improvenient for using the surcharged exit steam from.steam
engines...
:
4. Seventhly, in surcharging with caloric the exit steam arising from covered
evaporating pans or vessels, and employing such surcharged steam in mainly
re-heating the same. This I effect by causing the steam, as it arises from such
pans or vessels, to pass, through pipes to and through other pipes or vessels,
subjected to a suflicient heat by means of furnaces or other methods, to sur-
charge the same with caloric, such pipes and vessels being similarly constructed
to those as previously described in my fifth specified improvement for surcharg-
ing the steam with caloric, and then, when so surcharged, to flow back again
through tubes or other vessels passing through the liquor contained in the said
evaporating pans or vessels, and studded with transverse metallic conductors,
or with tubes running through them, as, before described in this Specification,
and then around and underneath the same within suitable casings formed to
receive it, to which casings loaded valves may be attached for regulating the
pressure within them, and pipes and stopcocks for drawing off the principal
O portion of the condensation water as it collects therein. Now, in the lower
part of the said casing I always leave sufficient water from which to generate
steam for boiling the liquor contained in such pans or vessels, so as to com-
mence the evaporation; I effect which object I place either the furnace itself
which I employ for surcharging the steam, or the flues thereof underneath the
lower portions of such casings, or otherwise I inject jets of water (by means of
small force pumps) in a very divided state into the said hot pipes or vessels, so
as to. generate sufficient steam for heating the said pans or vessels, until
a sufficient pressure of, steam is produced therefrom as cause it to flow, as
generated, through such hot pipes or vessels, so as to continue the evaporation
by its application in a surcharged state to the said pans or vessels, through the
medium of the tubes and casings, as before described; or otherwise, fan-
blowing machines. or other forcing apparatus may be connected with the pipes
leading from such pans or vessels, and worked by any available power for pro-
pelling the air or vapour therefrom through and from the said hot pipes or
vessels into or through the said tubes or casings for heating the liquor and
commencing evaporation, or until sufficient pressure of steam be obtained to
save the necessity of their further application.
Eighthly, in surcharging with caloric the exit air and vapours from drying
rooms, manufactories, or other buildings, artificially heated, and then employing

page_text: such air and vapours so surcharged with caloric for heating the fresh atmo-
spheric air entering, or previous to entering, such drying rooms, manufactories,
and other buildings, and also for heating the fresh air previous to entering the
furnace and fire where the heat is generated. This I effect by causing the
heated air and vapors with which it becomes united or mixed in passing
through such drying rooms, manufactories, or other buildings, to pass from the
upper parts thereof around, through, or in contact with the flues or chimney of
the furnace, by means of proper tubes or casings running through or around
the same, and then around or in contact with the furnace itself, or of other
vessels heated thereby, so as to become surcharged with caloric. In the next
place I cause such exit air and vapours, so sucharged with caloric, to flow
through tubes or vessels of any required length, and running in any circuitous
or zigzag direction, through or around which, in other tubes or vessels, I cause
the fresh atmospheric air to enter and flow in an opposite direction to and into
the lower part of the said drying rooms, manufactories, or other buildings, for
the purpose of its being heated thereby previous to entering the samo; and for
abstracting a still further quantity of caloric therefrom, previous to its final exit
from such tubes or vessels, I cause them to be surrounded by or to pass
through other tubes or vessels, through which the fresh atmospheric air passes
to the fire, as well as for the heating of such air previous to its entering the
fire, for the purpose of economizing the fuel consumed, to facilitate which
operations I sometimes employ a fan-blowing wheel, or other suitable forcing
apparatus connected with the said passages, and worked by any available power
for causing the air, gases, and vapors to flow through the same, either into the
open air or chimney, as may be required. I likewise purpose forming the top
and sides of such drying rooms of glass, framed in wood or in any other
suitable material, although other non heat conducting materials will answer
the purpose for the construction of such drying rooms. I may also add that I
sometimes use metallic conductors of heat, as previously described in this
Specification, placed transversely across any of the said passages, and extending
into the adjoining passages for facilitating an exchange of temperature of the
fluids passing within them.
Ninthly, in a mode of regulating the temperature, pressure, and quantity of
surcharged steam from any required purposes, by means of an equivalent com-
pensating column or head of water contained in an upright vessel, and
communicating downwards, or forming part of an inverted syphon tube, also
filled with water, and communicating at its other end with a steam-tight vessel
inclosing the heating apparatus for generating steam, but not communicating
therewith, excepting externally, which steam-tight vessel or casing is intended

page_text: for containing the steam as generated by the water coming in contact more or
less with such heating apparatus, which steam will be generated in quantity
accordingly, and which will be also subjected more or less to the direct action
of heat, so as to be more or less surcharged with caloric according to the
quantity drawn off, by cocks or otherwise, for use, and which can be thereby
regulated for any particular purpose, and according to the pressure thereof will
the water'be driven back or allowed more or less to come in contact with the
heating apparatus, which pressure can be regulated as required by the height
of the said column of water, in a similar manner to the action of the well-
known spongy platinum and hydrogen lamp-lighting apparatus, in which the
acid liquor is driven away, or rises in contact with the zinc, more or less,
according to the quantity of hydrogen generated and consumed...
:
Tenthly, my other improvements in refrigerating during the heat of summer,
and particularly in some of the colonies and in tropical climates, consists in
conveying the cold air from elevated positions or other cold localities, through
tunnels or passages placed generally under ground, and composed of brickwork,
stoneware, earthenware, or other non-conductors of licat; or, when much pres
sure is required, through metal pipes surrounded by any suitable non-conductors
of heat, which I effect by fan-wheels, pumps, or any other suitable exhausting
and propelling machinery connected therewith, and worked by water or other
cheap power, such air being then distributed through branch pipes, and allowed
to escape therefrom as required, for any purposes of refrigeration; or in some
cases air may be artificially refrigerated by passing through tubes under water,
and then conveyed and distributed, as before stated, for purposes of refrigeration;
or, on the contrary, air, whether naturally or artificially heated, may be pro-
pelled from one locality to another through similar tubes or passages by similar
machinery, but the heat thercof must be applied by its radiation through good
metallic conductors, or by the exposure to its direct action of any apparatus or
materials to be refrigerated previous to its escape and ultimate expansion (from
loaded flaps or valves attached thereto, which it should be made to pass, or
otherwise an opposite effect would be produced, in consequence of its reduction
of temperature by such sudden expansion.
:
Eleventhly, in producing the refrigeration of materials in vessels, or of
vessels themselves, for refrigerating other materials by the expansion of atmo-
spheric air therein from its ordinary pressure and temperature. This I effect by
causing common air to pass for any length of time through any number of very
small apertures formed in one side of a vessel, by means of air pumps or any
other powerful and suitable air-exhausting apparatus or process applied to

page_text: openings formed in the opposite side thereof, such air being caused thereby
to expand, and at the same time impinge against and refrigerate any apparatus
or materials placed within the same; or, by its being caused to expand
against the internal surfaces of such perforated vessels, which may be formed
of any convenient shape for that purpose, and studded throughout with trans-
verse metallic conductors, or may have small metallic tubes running through
them, against which also it may be made to impinge, and through which water
or other fluids which are required to be refrigerated may pass and circulate, or
such vessels may be used for refrigerating any other materials which may
be placed upon or in contact with them.
Twelfthly, in refrigerating and condensing, or partially condensing, the
steam from steaming rooms or other steam apparatus, or the vapours from
stills or evaporating vessels, by the joint action of the cold water or other fluid
used, and the cold air passing for the supply of the fire. This I effect by
passing such steam or vapour in the first place through or around a worm
pipe or other condensing apparatus, surrounded by or surrounding the cold
water or other fluid employed; and, in the second place, passing such portions
thereof as may still remain uncondensed thereby through another worm pipe or
other condensing apparatus placed within another vessel, or another compart-
ment of the same vessel, and through either of which the cold atmospheric air
is made to pass to the ashpit of the furnace employed, so as to impinge against
the said worm pipe or other condensing apparatus contained within such other
vessel or compartment, and which worm pipes or condensing apparatus may
then be made to communicate with another vessel, or a third compartment of
the same vessel, for containing the condensation water or other condensed
liquor, to which latter vessel or compartment may be attached a safety valve
loaded to any pressure that may be found advisable.
Thirteenthly, my improvements in "apparatus connected therewith," as
forming part of the title to this Patent, consist in the foregoing described appa-
ratus for transmitting and applying heat, and for effecting refrigeration for the
several purposes herein mentioned, when performed by and in connection with
the several methods herein described of heating and refrigeration.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Henry James, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Twenty-fifth day of February, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-three.
W. H. (L.s.) JAMES.

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Twenty-fifth day of February,
in the year of our Lord 1858, the aforesaid, William Henry James came
before our said Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged the
Specification aforesaid, and all and every thing, therein contained and specified,
in form above written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped
according to the tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.
Enrolled the First day of March, in the year of our Lord One thousand
eight hundred and fifty-three.