A CEMENT TO BE USED IN AQUATIC AND OTHER BUILDINGS AND STUCCO WORK, WHICH IS PRODUCED BY, THE USE AND APPLICATION OF A MINERAL SUBSTANCE NEVER BEFORE EMPLOYED IN THE MANUFACTURE THEREOF
Year: 1820

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHN
AMBROSE TICKELL, of Westbromwich, in the County of Stafford, Gentleman,
send greeting.
WHEREAS I, the said John Ambrose Tickell, did, by my Petition, humbly
represent to His present most Excellent Majesty King George the Fourth
that I had, after much study and expence, found out and invented " A CEMENT
TO BE USED IN AQUATIC AND OTHER BUILDINGS AND STUCCO WORK, WHICH IS PRODUCED
BY, THE USE AND APPLICATION OF A MINERAL SUBSTANCE NEVER BEFORE EMPLOYED IN
THE MANUFACTURE THEREOF," that I was the first and true Inventor thereof,
and that the same had not been practised or used by any other person or
persons, to the best of my knowledge and belief, I humbly prayed His said
Majesty to graut unto. me, my exors, admors, and assigns, His Royal Letters
Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland for the sole use, benefit, and advantage of my said Invention within
that part of His said Majesty's United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
called England, His Dominion of Wales, and Town of Berwick-upon Tweed,
for the term of fourteen years, according to the Statute in that case made and
provided; His said, Majesty, being willing to give encouragement to all arts
and inventions that, might be for the public good, was graciously pleased
to condescend to my request, and therefore, by His Royal Letters. Patent,
bearing date at Westminster, the Ninth day of May, in the first year of His
Majesty's reign, of His especial grace, certain knowledge, and mere motion,

page_text: did give and grant unto me, the said John Ambrose Tickell, my exors, admors,
and assigns, His especial licence, full power, sole privilege, and authority,
that I, the said John Ambrose Tickell, my exors, adñiors, and assigns,
and every of us, by myself or themselves, or by mine and our deputy or
deputies, servants or agents, or such others as I, the said John Ambrose
Tickell, my exors, admors, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and
no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter, during the term
of years therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend my said Invention within that part of His Majesty's said United King.
dom of Great Britain and Ireland called England, His Dominion of Wales,
and Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, in such manner as to me, the said John
Ambrose Tickell, my exors, admors, and assigns, or any of us, should in our
discretion seem meet, and that I, the said John Ambrose Tickell, my exors,
admors, and assigns, should and lawfully might have and enjoy the whole
profit, benefit, commodity, and advantage from time to time coming, growing,
accruing, and arising by reason of the said Invention for and during the term
of years therein mentioned; to have, hold, exercise, and enjoy the said licence,
powers, privileges, and advantages therein-before. granted or mentioned to be
granted unto me, the said John Ambrose Tickell, my exors, adññors, and
assigns, for and during and unto the full end and term of fourteen years from
the date of the said Letters Patent, and immediately ensuing and fully to be
complete and ended, according to the Statute in such case made and provided;
in which said Letters Patent is contained a proviso that if I, the said John
Ambrose Tickell, should not particularly describe and ascertain the nature of
my said Invention, and in what männer the same is to be performed, by an
instrument in writing under my hand and seal, and cause the same to be
inrolled in His said Majesty's High Court of Chancery within two calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent, that
then the said Letters Patent, and all liberties and advantages whatsoever
thereby granted, should utterly cease, determine, and become void, 'anything
therein-before contained to the contrary thereof in anywise notwithstanding, as
in and by the said Letters Patent, relation being thereunto had, may more
fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
John Ambrose Tickell, do hereby declare that the nature of my said Invention,
and the manner in which the same is to be performed, are particularly
described and ascertained-in and by the following 'Specification thereof (that is
to say):-

page_text: The material which I apply to the purpose of making cement is a mineral
substance raised in great abundance from the collieries and ironstone mines in
Staffordshire and elsewhere, which is at present thrown aside as useless, except
being lately occasionally broken into pieces, and in that crude state made use of
to repair the walls with. This material is a matrix of certain iron ores, and is
found at various depths in getting the coals and iron ores, being found also
above as well as below the strata of each. It is of a most peculiar nature and
figure, being of a blueish grey colour, and found in large ponderous masses,
presenting a very compact hard stone, forming horizontal series of conically-
shaped bodies, having nearly round or oval bases, and the lines forming the
boundaries of their sides not strait, but curved inwardly and concave, and the
interior of the bodies themselves, as well as the interstices between them,. con-
sisting of similar but smaller conical bodies closely united and wedged together.
It consists principally of calcareous and argillaceous earths, with an admixture
of oxide of iron, not however in sufficient quantity to make it worth smelting
to extract the iron, but fully sufficient, in combination with the other materials
of which it is composed, and after the treatment to which I subject it, to form
the valuable cement which is the object of this Patent. I convert this mate-
rial into this cement in the following manner :-The stone is broken into small
pieces and calcined in proper kilns, stratum super stratum with the small
refuse coal called in Staffordshire "slack" interposed until a considerable
portion of its volatile parts are driven off (which, however, must be so regulated
as not to produce vitrification), and the material has assumed a bright yellow
colour. It is then broken into smaller picces either under tilt hammers or
otherwise until it is sufficiently small to be capable of being ground by mill-
stones into a fine smooth powder, which is to be put into ovens or iron pots
placed over fires and kept stirred continually during the action of the heat so
applied, in order to promote the further expulsion of any carbonic acid or water
which it might have absorbed in the grinding process, and which would have
materially injured its efficacy. The powder is then to be closely packed whilst hot
from the ovens or pots in casks or cases, so constructed of sheet iron as to secure
it from the injurious action of the external air, and thus preserve its activity and
usefulness as a most tenacious and durable cement to be used in aquatic and
other buildings and stucco works when mixed with a proportion of clean-
washed sand, the proportional quantity of which must be regulated for the
different purposes it may be intended to be applied to at the discretion of the
workman. If for flooring, one third part of s and to two third parts of cement
is sufficient to be mixed to warrant its firm durability; if for stucco work, one

page_text: half of each or a larger quantity of sand is admissable, with a suitable quantity
of water, to render the composition fit for its various purposes.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Ambrose Tickell, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, the Sixth day of July, One thousand eight hundred
and twenty.
Handsworth.
CLEMT INGLEBY, Att³,
Birmingham.
AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Sixth day of July, in the year
of our Lord 1820, the aforesaid John Ambrose Tickell came before our said
Lord the King in His Chancery, and acknowledged the Specification aforesaid,
and all and every thing therein contained and specified in form above written.
And also the Specification aforesaid was stampt according to the tenor of the
Statute made for that purpose.
Inrolled the Eighth day of July, in the year of our Lord One thousand
eight hundred and twenty.