IMPROVEMENTS IN MANUFACTURING SOAP
Year: 1859

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Abraham Lindo, of Batignolles, in the French
Empire, Chemist, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN MANUFACTURING
SOAP."
Sealed the 15th July 1859, and dated the 20th January 1859.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Abraham Lindo at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition; on the
20th January 1859.
I, ABRAHAM LINDO, of Batignolles, in the French Empire, Chemist, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MANU-
FACTURING SOAP," to be as follows:-
My Invention embraces, 1st, a new process for the manufacture of soluble
and insoluble soap; 2nd, an improvement in the preparation of lyes for the
manufacture of soap; and 3rd, the addition of certain substances or chemical
matters, which being added to soap made by ordinary means render it more
durable, and its use more economical.
Experience has shewn me that polybasic soaps and soaps with alkaline
bases are more quickly and cheaply made than others; also, that the addition
of glue, gluten, fecula, starch, and albuminous matter, with solutions of alumina,
especially the tartrate of alumina, effects great economy in their manufacture.
The solutions of alumina, and especially the tartrate, may be advantageously

page_text: added to all soaps, however manufactured. Therefore, instead of preparing
lyes by combining the salts of soda or potash with water, and filtering the
solutions through layers of caustic lime, an operation which lasts several days,
and then mixing them with various fatty acids, tallow, or oil, and boiling them
together several days to convert them into soap, I mix the caustic lime alone,
or combined with alumina, magnesia, silica, or the like, with sesquicarbonate
or bicarbonate of soda or potash and water, and I boil them in a pan together
with resin, and add small fractions of fatty acids or fatty bodies until thorough
mixture has taken place. The fatty acids or fatty bodies having been melted
in another pan, I pour the alkaline solutions into the pan which contains the
greater quantity of the fatty matters in a state of fusion, and stir until the
whole of the materials have become thoroughly mixed and incorporated. At
the expiration of several hours I obtain a resinous soap, with a base of soda or
potash, combined with salts of lime,, magnesia, alumina, and others contained
in the lime. I afterwards add a solution of glue or glutinous matter, and a
small dose of fecula. I stir, and add tartrate of alumina dissolved in water.
For the manufacture of insoluble soaps, I mix tallow or other fatty acid
with lime in equal portions, and apply heat until they become united. After
being united, the mixture is allowed to cool, and is decomposed by sulphuric
or hydrochloric acid, magnesia will become a sulphate or hydrochlorate of
magnesia, and the lime combined with magnesia will form a sulphate or hydro-
chlorate of lime. I mix the sulphate of lime and sulphate of magnesia, or the
hydrochlorates of the same base and hydrochlorate of magnesia, with soaps
manufactured in the ordinary manner. I sometimes dispense with resin in the
manufacture of my soaps, and use a large proportion of fecula.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Abraham Lindo in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
20th July 1859.
1
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, ABRAHAM
LINDO, of Batignolles, in the French Empire, Chemist, send greeting..
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
-Patent, bearing date the Twentieth day of January, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-nine, in the twenty-second year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said Abraham Lindo, Her special licence that I, the said Abraham Lindo, my
executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Abraham

page_text: Lindo,. my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree
with;. and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during
the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make; use, exercise;
and vend, witbin. the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an. Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN. MANU-
PACTURING SOAP," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Abraham
Lindo, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under
my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and
ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same
was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal
Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the date
of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE,. that I, the said Abraham Lindo, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be per-
formed, to be particularly described. and ascertained in and by the following
statement thereof; that is to say:-
My. Invention embraces, first, a new process for the manufacture of soluble
and insoluble soap; second, an improvement in the preparation of lyes for the
manufacture of soap; and third, the addition of certain substances or chemical
matters, which being added to soap made by ordinary. means renders it. more
durable, and its use more economical..
Experience has shown me that polybasic soaps and soaps with alkaline
bases are more quickly and cheaply made than others; also, that the addition
of glue, gluten, fecula, starch, and albuminous matter, with solutions of
alumina, especially the tartrate of alumina, effects great economy in their
manufacture. The solutions of alumina, and especially the tartrate,. may be
advantageously added to all soaps, however manufactured. Therefore, instead
of preparing lyes, by combining the salts of soda or potash with water, and
filtering the solutions through layers of caustic lime (an operation which lasts
several days), and then mixing them with various fatty acids, tallow, or oil, and
boiling them together several days to convert them into soap, I mix the
caustic lime alone, or combined. with alumina, magnesia, silica, or the like,
with sesquicarbonate or bicarbonate of soda or potash, or any other salts of
these bases and water, and I boil them in a pan together with resin, and add
small fractions of fatty acids or fatty bodies until thorough mixture has taken
place. The fatty acids or fatty bodies having been melted in another pan, I
pour the alkaline solutions into the pan which contains the greater quantity of
the fatty matters in a state of fusion, and stir until the whole of the materials -
have become thoroughly mixed and incorporated. At the expiration of several.

page_text: hours I obtain a resinous soap with a base of soda or potash, combined with
salts of lime, magnesia, alumina, and other salts contained in the lime. I
afterwards add a solution of glue or glutinous matter; and a small dose of
feculá. I stir, and add tartrate òf alumina dissolved in water.
For the manufacture of insoluble soaps, I mix tallow or other fatty acid
with lime in equal portions, and apply heat until they become united. After
being united, the mixture is allowed to cool, and is decomposed by sulphuric
ór hydrochloric acid; the magnesia will become a sulphate or hydrochlorate of
magnesia, and the lime combined with magnesia will form a sulphate or
hydrochlorate of lime. I mix sulphate of lime and sulphate of magnesia,
or the hydrochlorate of lime and hydrochlorate of magnesia, with soaps manu-
factured in the ordinary manner. I sometimes dispense with resin in the
manufacture of my soaps, and use a larger proportion of fecula.
The Invention is carried out by combining with the usual alkalies now
employed, viz., either soda or potash (forming either a stearate or bi-stearate
of soda or potash when combined with the fatty acids named margarine or
oleine, or oleic acids, or any other basic formations from oils, &c.,) magnesia,
carbonated or otherwise; lime, earbonated or otherwise; silica or silicates,
alumina or aluminates, such as the hydrate of alumina or the tartrate of
alumina alone, or combined with potash or soda. The said substances may be
employed in a state of causticity or otherwise (the soluble aluminous solutions
not being included), and may be selected principally from the mineral family
classed in geology as lime or calcium, or calcium united to magnesia, &c.,
called dolomites, or the silicates combined with the calcium, or with lime, or
with carbonate of lime or aluminates united to the calcium, or to the lime, or
to the carbonate of lime or magnesium; other substances are generally found
united, such as salts of iron or manganese, or the carbonates, or several of
these substances, and the same are to be taken as nature has formed them, or
the several combinations may be formed by art as may be required, so that one
of the most distinctive features of my Invention consists in combining these
alkaline substances together in water, and submitting them to the influence of
heat, and when in a proper state, combining them with grease, oils, or any
kind of fatty acids (or other preparations capable of uniting & forming
saponaceous bodies), bringing them together in such proportions as may be
required, so as to form a soluble soap alone, or in conjunction with proper
quantities of glue, gelatine, gluten, (or bodies capable of furnishing similar
products), fecula, or any of its compounds, albuminous matter, either vegetable
or animal, resins or resinous bodies, with or without the solutions of alumina,
especially the tartrate of alumina; the application of these several chemical

page_text: preparations being dependent on the quantity of the lime employed; if an
aluminate of lime is employed, any other aluminated preparation may be
dispensed with.
I claim as a specific application for the manufacture of soap generally, the
addition of the tartrate of alumina, combined with soda or potash to its other
component substances, as rendering the soap more resisting to the action of
water, and moderating its caustic action on the skin. I also claim the form-
ing of insoluble soaps by combining grease, oils, or similar substances with the
limes denominated dolomites, without the use of soda or of potash, as the said
compound when decomposed by the aid of acids will produce the stearate
more diaphanous, and the magnesian products from the acids bear a higher
value than the sulphate of lime as now produced; this insoluble soap may be
subjected to heat, and distilled.
I further claim as my Invention a peculiar compound or stone soap, pecu-
liarly adapted to the cleaning of wool or woollen cloths, or other bodies woven
or in a rough state; it is formed by the combination of substances containing
magnesian limestone, either caustic or in a non-caustic state, and adding
appropriate doses of alumina or aluminates, or silica or silicates of soda, potash,
or other like substance.
It is to be understood that in forming my soluble soaps I reserve to myself
and claim the privilege of firstly combining the grease, oils, resins, or fatty
acids by immersing them in mild or caustic alkaline lyes, or melting them
alone previous to my combining them with their polybasic compounds, as
before illustrated, and thus enabling me to apply generally my method to the
methods now employed in the manufacturing of soap as ordinary soap, after
several immersions in lyes, may be completed under my system, and rendered
polybasic.
My method of preparing soluble soaps is as follows:-I take of either soda
or potash, combined with greater or less quantities of carbonic gas and water,
115 lbs. of carbonate of lime, dolomite or lime, united with alumina or silica,
either alone or combined with other adjunctive substances, or in a caustic state
18lbs., & of water 400lbs. I boil the same together, and I then add of either
grease, oils, or the two combined together, or any fatty acids, 100 lbs.; I then
further add of resin or any resinous compounds 80 lbs., (this may be omitted if a
white soap is required); I then add of either starch, or glue, or gelatine, or any
other mucilaginous body 55 lbs. The whole is boiled together until a perfect
saponaceous compound is produced. If the base is of soda its nature is hard,
and it may be run into moulds or otherwise. If the base is of potash it will
be-soft, and as such, casks will be required to-pack the same therein. I claim

page_text: no peculiar right to any form of boiler or kettle to be used in the operation of!
boiling, but can operate safely in those boilers or kettles where the heat is well
under control.
It is to be understood, the quantities above now given may be varied
according to the quality of the soaps required, and the nature of the materials
to be employed as each fatty acid, oil, or grease hydrates itself more or less.
To produce insoluble soap, I take of tallow, grease, or oil 1,000.lbs.; of
dolomite in a caustic state 250 lbs.; of water 500 lbs., or thereabouts. I boil
until a perfect fusion is effected, and then allow the mixture to cool; when
cold, I add such acids as may form the most valuable compounds, and the
salts of magnesia may be sold with greater advantage than those of lime.
To produce stone soap I take dolomite either in a mild or caustic state, or
of substances similar to it, 200 lbs. ; of carbonate of potash or soda 200 lbs. ;"
of earths, containing alumina, silica, and other similar ingredients 800 lbs.; of
water 150 lbs., more or less, and I boil the whole together. When well
amalgamated and cooled, the same is placed in casks and applied to its use.
It is understood that the quantities of water and solid substances may be
varied according to the qualities of the soap required; but I claim especially as
my Invention, the conversion of the above-named bodies or substances' into
soaps or saponaceous compounds without changes of lyes, the lye being
prepared as above described, and conjoined to a polybasic alkaline base.
In, witness whereof, I, the said Abraham Lindo, have. hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Fourteenth day of July, One thousand eight
hundred and fifty-nine.
Witness,
CH. ARMENGAUD, jo.,
Civil Engineer,
Boulevard de Strasbourg, No. 23,
à Paris.
A. LINDO. (L.S.)