IMPROVEMENTS MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING DYNAMO AND MAGNETO- ELECTRICITY BY A SELF SUSTAINING & SELF ROTATING PROCESS
Year: 1882

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Henry Mayhew of 37 Store St Bedford Sq. in the united
Parishes of St Giles in the Fields & St Georges Bloomsbury in the Cou[n]ty
of Middlesex Author and Journalist for an Invention of IMPROVEMENTS
MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING DYNAMO AND MAGNETO-
ELECTRICITY BY A SELF SUSTAINING & SELF ROTATING PROCESS
IN
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Henry Mayhew at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents on the 7th November 1882.
HENRY MAYHEW of 37 Store Street Bedford Square in the united Parishes of
St. Giles in the Fields and St. Georges Bloomsbury in the County of Middlesex
Author and Journalist IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR PRO-
DUCING DYNAMO- AND MAGNETO-ELECTRICITY BY A SELF-SUSTAINING AND SELF-
ROTATING PROCESS
The apparatus I employ for the purpose of producing the requisite electricity by
mechanical means consists mainly of 3 different parts or machines united into one
composite piece of Electrical Machinery viz:-
1. A Magneto-Electric Machine or "Exciter"
2. An Electro Magnetic Machine or "Generator."
3. "A Galvanometric Multiplier "Machine or Magneto Deflector.
These three diverse machines are severally fitted onto the same shaft or axle, so
that they may be all made to revolve with equal velocity
Nevertheless Machines No. 1 & 2 are kept electrically distinct from each
other, as well as from Machine N°. 3,-for the electric current in No. 1 Machine is
made to be continuous and always travelling in the same direction; whereas the
current in No. 2 is caused to be constantly alternately-reversed some six times in
the course of each revolution; whilst in Machine N°. 3. the current is changed once
only in every rotation
T

page_text: armature surrounded by a coil of insulated copper wire revolving between the
several magnetic poles and having a Commutator fixed upon the axle or main
shaft of the machine, so as to cause the electric current thus induced in the wire
round the armature (by the revolution of the cylindrical coil in front of the
magnetic poles) to assume one and the same direct course instead of having an
inverse current, as it would otherwise assume unless such change were caused in it
by the influence of the said commutator.

page_text: By such means the electric current which is induced by the "Exciter" is
alternately reversed six times in the course of each revolution of the main shaft
and then taken on to :-
A series of large rotating electro-magnets fitted so as to revolve in the centro of
the electro-magnetic hoop described (Under the head of the dynamo-electric
Machine, or "Generator)
"
"
These large rotating electro-magnets are also set radially, in the same manner as
the small ones before mentioned, upon a central drum or hexagonal cylinder, while
the wires from each of them are so interconnected that their poles, owing to the
alternate reversion of the current by the commutator previously spoken of, aro
caused to be changed half a dozen timos in the course of each revolution of tho
main shaft; so that the South pole of any of the rotating magnets which was at
first attracted by one of the North poles of the Electro-magnetic hoop, becomes, on
the sudden changing of its poles, as suddenly repelled by the North pole of the
adjacent segment, and as suddenly attracted by the South pole of the neighbouring
one; and thus, as the same changes occur in all, a continued revolution of tho
whole of the magnets is maintained by the simple repetition of the alternations of
attraction and repulsion in each, in the same manner as in carried on in what is
commonly known among electricians as a "Ritchies rotating Magnet."
Now the application of this principle of Electro-Magnetic rotation, as a means of
causing the revolution of the dynamo- and magneto-electric machines in con-
nexion with my Electric Lighting apparatus, is what I claim especially as one of
the main features of my invention.
But this principle of Electro-Magnetic rotation as applied to the apparatus for
Electric Lighting, I cause to be still further intensified by the addition of what
I term:-
III. THE GALVANOMETRIC
"
MULTIPLIER" MACHINE OR MAGNETO DEFLECTOR.
This I also claim as being an equally novel part of my invention
It consists of a narrow and hollow oblong box, made either of inillboard or thin
wood (such as some two or three layers of veneers glued together) upon the outside
of which are wound some hundreds of yards of insulated copper wire, the same as
if the box were simply a flattened reel, and in the interior of which are fitted some
ten bar magnets bolted together, so as to form a large compound magnet suitably
'keyed” upon the main shaft or axle of the apparatus
This part of the composite machinery consists merely of a modification of the
multiplier" of a galvanometer, which as is well known, depends for its efficacy
upon the invariable law that a magnetic needle has an inherent tendency to place
itself at right angles to an electric current.
But I find that if permanent connexion be made with the coil of insulated wire
wound round about the "Gyro-box" as I call it (for it constitutes but the Galvano-
metric "Multiplier" of the electric action appertaining to the large compound
magnet which is free to move on the axle passing through the centre of the box,
and which is therefore subject to the same laws as the Galvanometric Needle itself)
such compound magnet, instead of rotating thoroughly within the said box, is
caused to assume merely a rectangular position; or in other words, it is simply
deflected out of its original horizontal place, and made to take up a vertical one
instead; whereas if, on the contrary, electric connexion be suddenly set up, and as
suddenly severed, with the external coil of wire, by means of an adjacent commu-
tator, which has two very narrow conducting plates, fixed at wide intervals across
its circumference (so that contact may be made with the surrounding coil of wire
only for a moment during each revolution) the impetus of the original rectangular
deflection will be found to be sufficiently strong to drive the internal compound
magnet round in a perfect circle, instead of sending it merely through an arc of
90 degrees.
And I find moreover, that if this connexion with the external coil of wire

page_text: surrounding the internal magnet be thus suddenly renewed, and thus suddenly
ruptured, at each fresh revolution, that continuous and perfect rotation can be
maintained under such circumstances; and that the internal magnet can be thereby
caused to revolve on its centre as rapidly as the contact with the external coil of
wire is caused to be "made and broken.'
The apparatus I employ for this purpose consists of the hollow oblong box before
mentioned.
On the outside of this a considerable quantity of covered copper wire is wound
horizontially, while the main shaft of the composite apparatus passes through an
" a scries of
aperture in the centre of the said box, and on this shaft is "keyed
permanent bar magnets screwed together so that the compound magnet thus
formed may be made to revolve in the middle of the box as before described.
The consequence is that the electric current which is caused by the covered wire
to circulate about the exterior of the gyro-box is made to continue deflecting the
large permanent bar magnets within it still more powerfully-in the saine manner
as the needle of a galvanometer is caused to rotate continually by the wire of the
multiplier, on the repeated and sudden passing of an electric current either above
or below such needle.
Now this being an equally essential and novel part of my invention, I con-
sequently claim not only the application of the principle of Ritchies rotating
magnet, but that of the Galvanometric deflection, as a means of giving the necessary
electro-motion to the dynamo- and magneto-electric apparatus required for the
purpose of Electric Lighting by mechanical means.
The main and essential feature of my invention in connexion with the production
of the Electric Light and Electric power, consists therefore in my having availed
myself of the well-known means of causing Electro-motion as well as Electro-
rotation, either by the attraction and repulsion of the opposite and similar poles of
-magnets (whether -permanent_or_temporary) or by the universal law of the
rectangular deflection of a permanent or temporary inagnet, as well-as-a-dynamic_
coil, (if free to move) whenever it is brought under the influence of an electric
current.
It consists indeed in my having applied such means of Electro-motion to the
better developement of the dynamo- and magneto-apparatus usually employed for
the purpose of generating Electricity by mechanical agency
Consequently, I claim as part and parcel of my invention, all such methods and
appliances generally as the means, not only of obviating the necessity of taking
advantage of the adventitious aid, (but likewise of avoiding the concomitant
expense) of employing wind, water, steam or any mechanical agent as the generator
of the requisite power and motion in the dynamo- and magneto-machines used for
producing Electric Illumination or Electric Force.
And I make this claim because, by the methods before described, as well as by
any similar methods for attaining the same end, not only is my apparatus caused to
rotate by its own electric energy and tendencies, but also to continue rotating, and
to maintain the energy so developed, by its own self-agency and inherent powers;
and because to the best of my belief, such means have never before been applied to
such a purpose.
In fine I claim the above method, not alone as a new mode of producing
Electricity sufficient for the purpose of Electric Illumination at a comparatively
nominal cost (by doing away with tbe necessity, and consequent expense of
resorting to some extraneous motive power as the means of giving the requisite
motion to the instrumental dynamo-motor machine) but likewise as the generator
of sufficient force to supersede the agency of either steam, wind, or water, as an
essential prime-mover for any kind of machinery whatsoever.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed
by the said Henry Mayhew in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 7th May
1883.
HENRY MAYHEW Author and Journalist of 37 Store Street Bedford Square London
in the County of Middlesex IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF "DYNAMO-
MOTOR MACHINES" [sic]
My invention for Improvements in the construction of Dynamo-Motor
Machines" consists essentially of two electrically-diverse, but mechanically-similar,
parts. One of these is the Electro-Motor Machine, and the other the Dynamo-Motor
Machine which, when united together, side by side, constitute the usual apparatus
I employ in its entirety. These Machines, according to my arrangement, both
work in juxta-position to each other, but one is made, when in proper order, to
move from left to right, that is to say, in the same way as the hands of a clock,
and the other to turn from right to left, or in the reverse direction.
The prime-mover or "Exciter" of these Machines may be any ordinary
"Rheomotor," or generator of electricity (such as a voltaic battery or magneto-
electric machine) having sufficient power to send an electric current through the
several coils of insulated wire wound round the soft-iron cores of the double set of
electro-magnets composing the two machines.
The particular kind of Electro-Motor Machine which I prefer, for the purpose
of producing the requisite rotary motion, is one in which the magnetic force is
made to act tangentially, or in other words at right angles, to the axes of the
several electro-magnets whose attractive and repulsive forces are the causes of the
rotation.
">
My Electro-Motor Machine is one of my own designing and composed of six
long electro-magnets, set a the extremities of each of the half dozen equidistant
radii of a hexagonally-divided circle. All these six electro-magnets are made in
the form of rectangular horse-shoes, and so arranged upon a horizontal spindle that
the cross-plates connecting their two opposite polar "limbs or "branches" shall
radiate from it and be set in a vertical plane, whilst the polar "limbs" themselves
shall extend horizontally, or, what amounts to the same, be ranged in parallel lines
with the spindle or central shaft upon which a moiety of the said electro-magnets
is made to rotate.
The other extremity of each of the electro-magnetic limbs or branches is also
connected by a vertical cross-plate, so that the magnets themselves, when the
machine is arranged upon suitable bearings, seem as if they were some half dozen
transverse rods, or slender cylinders, fixed across the circumference of a broad
hexagonal wheel, and as if designed to unite the spokes at the back and front
of it.
For the purposes of rotation, every one of the long horizontal limbs to the
magnets is made up of four separate short pieces (See Drawing to Sheet N° 2), all
ranged in a line, and having their opposite poles facing each other. The two short
end pieces (1 and 1') however, (as well as 4 and 41), are kept stationary, and firmly
fixed to the cross-plates which form in the drawing but two of the hexagonally
arranged radii through which the central spindle or main shaft has to pass at
either end of the machine. It is, indeed, only the four intermediate pieces (2 and 2¹
as well as 3 and 3') of each of the long composite magnets which are free to move
and affixed to the central shaft of the machine.
These four intermediate magnets have their two cross-plates joined back to hack,
and screwed up tightly together, in such wise that the two adjoining polar limbs

page_text: at either end of the united cross-plates shall have opposite polarities: that is to
say, that the two limbs at one extremity of the conjoint cross-plates shall be
North and South poles, and those at the other extremity South and North ones,
as the case may be; so that they may be respectively attracted and repelled by the
Northern and Southern poles of the end pieces of the before-mentioned six
composite magnets each of which may be said to form as it were, one long
cylindrical magnet with four "consecutive poles," as they are technically termed.
This alternation of the poles in the several pieces forming these same long
cylindrical magnets is easily brought about by winding the different coils of covered
wire round the soft-iron cores in opposite directions; so that for example, the first
portion of each of the composite magnets may consist of a northern and the next of
a southern polar limb, and these be followed by another northern and another
southern branch, all ranged in one line; while the four corresponding limbs at the
opposite end of such cross-plate will naturally be made up of a S pole and a
N pole, and then a second S pole and a second N pole, according to the mode of
arrangement.
The entire Electro-motor machine would therefore consist altogether of some
twenty four seperate magnetic elements, every four of which might be regarded as
being arranged (with their poles alternating) in six horizontal rows, or parallel lines,
after the following fashion:—
in which each of the above six rows of magnets has the two intermediate or
bracketted, picces free to move, and is therefore able to rotato with the contral
shaft or spindle, according as the poles of such intermediate pieces are duly changed
at every sixth segment of the circle in which they are made to move; so as to be
first attracted and then repelled every time they pass by the "an-allactic"
(unchanging) poles of the stationary end-pieces (See Drawing, Sheet N° 2, figures 1
and 11, as well as 4 and 4')
These different changes of the poles in the two intermediate magnets (2 and 3,
as well as 2 and 3') are brought about in the usual manner, by means of a "hex-
allactic" (six-changing) Commutator (C Sec Drawing Sheet No. 2) which is fixed,
near the bearings, to the main-shaft of the Electro-motor machine-that is to say a
Commutator fashioned, after the usual manner of commutators in general, for
sending an electric current, alternately in opposite directions, as many as half-a-
dozen times in the course of each revolution.
Such then being the mechanical and magnetic arrangement of the Rotary
Electro-Motor Machine, it needs but to add that the rotary movement of tho
apparatus is brought about in the following manner :-
The electric current from the generator is first made to circulate directly round
the soft-iron cores of the stationary magnets (1 and 11, as well as 4 and 4¹) set at
either extremity of the machine (in order that they may always maintain the same
polarity); after which the current is taken on (by suitable conductors) through the
Commutator to the moveable intermediate magnets (2 and 21, as well as 3 and 3');
so that, so soon as the N poles of the stationary and unchanging end-pieces have
attracted the S poles directly facing the opposite N poles of the stationary magnets,
they shall immediately have their polarities reversed through the agency of the
Commutator; in order that, instead of the moveable magnets in this situation having
dissimilar poles to the stationary ones, they shall be no sooner brought into close con-
tiguity with the end-pieces than their poles shall become changed to similar ones &
consequently the moveable intermediate magnets shall immediately begin to be
repelled by the stationary end-pieces, instead of being attracted by them as before.

page_text: By these means, it will be seen, the several N poles of the moveable magnets are
continually being driven away from the corresponding N poles of the stationary
ones, and as continually being drawn towards those more congenial S poles of
the an-allactic and fixed end-pieces which are immediately adjacent to them.
Hence, by the repeated reversal of the poles of the intermediate magnets, they
are as repeatedly being, not alone repelled by one half of the stationary ones,
but as repeatedly attracted at the same time by the other half of them, in the
course of each revolution-the natural and necessary consequence of such inverse
agency being that rapid and powerful rotation is not only set up, but kept up, by
such means
Such is a concise explanation of the construction, and mode of action, of the
rotary electro-motor portion of my apparatus.
The rotary dynamo-motor moiety of it, on the other hand, consists of almost
the same mechanical and magnetic arrangement as the rotury electro-motor
machine-with the exception that in order to admit of the electro-motor part of
the apparatus having sufficient power to drive the dynamo-motor part of it, the
Intter moiety of the bipartite rotary engine is fitted with but two, rather than three,
such rectangular horse-shoe magnets as there are in the other portion of the engine.
The cross-plates of these two magnets are set in a line with the chords of the arcs of
the two opposite quadrants of the circle to whose rectangular radii they are affixed
(See Drawings in Sheet No. 1, Figure B) The polar limbs or "branches" of the
magnets themselves are therefore made to form only four, instead of six, horizontal
rows of the long composite instruments before described-the consequence being that
the moveable intermediate portions of them have, in the course of each revolution,
to pass between not more than two-thirds of the attractive and repellent bodies
which the others belonging to the first half of the machine, had to travel through.
The chief difference, however, between the rotary part of the Electro-Motor
Machine, and that of the Dynamo-Motor one, lies in the fact that while the Electro-
Motor rotary engine is made to revolve dextrorosally i. e. from left to right, the
Dynamo-Motor one on the other hand, has to be forced to rotate sinistrororsally i. e
from right to left, or in the reverse direction
This is effected simply by means of a crossed driving-belt (See Figure C in sheet
of Drawings No. 1) or else by the interposition of two cog-wheels, one being affixed
to each of the main shafts of the two contiguous machines; so that, as the one
engine is placed side by side with the other, it is made to turn mechanically in a
contrary direction. The reason for this reverse movement being necessary is
because the force of the electro-motor machine arises solely from the attraction
which dissimilar magnetic poles, and the repulsion which similar ones, always
evince for each other-whereas, in the dynamo-motor machine similar poles have
to be made to approach one another, despite their inherent repulsion, and dissimilar
ones to recede from each other, notwithstanding their innate attraction.
The natural result is, therefore, that whilst the Electro-motor rotary engine
requires but little force to drive it, the Dynamo-motor one, on the contrary, needs
the exercise of considerable power to stir it. And necessarily so: because the
Magnets in the Electro Motor Machine are moving, so to speak, in conformity with
their will, or in other words, in a direction which is in accordance with the laws
of their innate attractive and repellent propensities-whereas in the Dynamo-
Motor apparatus the magnets require to be driven, as it were, against their will,
or, what amounts to the same thing, in a course which is diametrically opposite to
their natural tendencies and inclinations.
(◊)
Hence, in the action of the dynamo-motor machine, the "quadri-cuspidated"
(four pointed) magnetic curves representing the lines of the repellent forces
existing between the similar poles of two contiguous magnets, when such poles are
made to face each other, have to be compressed into almost parellel lines (as the
magnets approach one another) in the course of each revolution of the machine. And

page_text: thus the electricity, begotten by such action and counter-action, is continually being
squeezed up, as it were, into a smaller compass; until it gets to be endowed with
all the abnormal vigour of an elastic fluid under inordinate high-pressure; that
is to say the electric "fluid" circulating through the coils of the insulated wire
surrounding each of the soft-iron cores of the Electro-magnets becomes trans-
formed, by this high-pressure agency, into a current of extreme and almost-
explosive intensity.
Such then are the rotary Electro-Machine and the Rotary Dynamo-Machine
which I generally use as the Motor engines required for my purpose, and the patent
rights of which I claim as being part and parcel of my invention.
But I do not confine myself to these machines alone as the means of rotation,
or as sources of the Electric energy, necessary for the attainment of my end.
Indeed, 1 claim also, as an essential part of my invention, the use of any known
electro-rotary engine whatever, when worked in connection with any other dynamo-
machine, and made the means of driving the latter in a direction contrary to the
natural attractions and repulsions of the magnetic forces, so as to develop a greater
or less amount of dynamo-electric power.
The other Machines which I prefer to employ for attaining the same end are
those of an oscillatory, rather than a rotary, character, and which therefore serve
to give a backward and forward movement both to the electro and dynamo-motor
engines, or to either of them, when worked in juxta-position and in contrary
directions to each other.
The oscillating Machines which I generally use for this purpose are such as are
made to work in a recumbent position, that is to say when placed flat upon the
base-board, (though they can be worked with equal advantage when standing on
end) and mounted with a horizantial centre-pin affixed to a vertical bean, so that
they can thus be made to develop a certain amount of electric and dynamic-force
by their progressive and retro-gressive movements.
The recumbent machine which I prefer consists of the same long lines of composite
cylindrical magnets (See Drawings sheet 3), cach made up of four seperate pieces,
with the two pieces at the ends (M and M', as well as MI and M*) stationary,
and the two in the middle (M" and M2, as well as M and M³) free to move
backwards and forwards in in a horizontal direction. These composite electro-
magnets have, like those before mentioned, a rectangular horse-shoe form but there
is only a double row of such instruments arranged in four polar lines in my
approved oscillatory Electro-Motor Machine and but a single row of such magnets
arranged in two such polar lines in the dynamo-Motor one (Sec plan A & B in
sheet 3 of Drawings.). The intermediate magnets (11 & 2, as well as III and 3)
which are moveable between the stationary end-pieces (I and 1, as well as IV and 4)
are made to travel horizontally to and fro along the base-board upon a raised
rail by means of the grooved friction-rollers which are situate on either side of the
poles of the intermediate magnets (See side-elevation, sheet No. 3.). This
arrangement is adopted in order to ensure that such intermediate magnets
may be driven along in a perfectly straight line; and with this view the oscillating
beam (C) is fitted, on suitable bearings, between the Electro-motor and dynamo-
motor machines, and has two long levers (Land L') each working on a pin one at the
top and the other at the bottom of the beam-One of these levers stretches along
one side from the top of the beam to the centre of the two conjoined cross-plates
in the electro-motor machine; while the other lever extends on the other side from
the bottom of such beam to the centre of the united cross-plates in the middle of
the dynamo-motor machine.
The rectilinear movement, thus brought about, by the jointed ends of the levers
affixed to the top and bottom of the central oscillating beam, is necessary in order
that, when the two opposite poles of each of the intermediate magnets (MII
and M, as well as MI and M³.) in the electro-motor machine are being made
to approach the dissimilar poles of the stationary end pieces, they may be drawn
straight towards the others--that being the direct line of attraction, and the one

page_text: in which the magnetic force is much stronger than when exerted in any slanting or
sliding direction.
Moreover, in the oscillating dynamo-motor machine, the single line of noveable
magnets, on being made to recede from tho attractive influence of the dissimilar
poles of the stationary end-pieces, or vice versa on being forced, (immediately after
the poles of the middle magnets have been reversed), to approach the similar poles
of such stationary end-pieces, causes a certain amount of compression to be
exercised upon the repellent powers resident in the two like polarities, in order
that the opposing magnetic energies may be made to assume all the abnormal
vigour, as was before said, of an elastic fluid under inordinate "high-pressure;
and thus to become endowed in the most effective manner possible, with the
prodigious intensity of dynamic electricity, when densely compressed, and brought
up to a pitch of the most exalted energy.
It is by such means that I am enabled to dispense with the necessity, and
consequent cost, of employing a steam or gas engine as tho most convenient
instrument yet used for developing dynamic agency; for I am thus able to make
similar poles approach, rather than recede from one another, as well as to cause
dissimilar poles to recede from, rather than approach each other; or what is the
same thing, to overcome by such means the natural attractive and repellent powers
of the magnetic forces theinselves.
This end then being accomplished by the means above indicated, and the
requisite quantity as well as intensity of electricity being thus produced in a state
of greatly exalted energy, it is easy, by suitable conductors, to carry off tho
powerful electric current so developed, and to tako tho high-pressure electric
fluid "as it is termed to another such machine or machines; and therewith to
make other electro-motor and dynamo-motor engines, the magnets of which shall bo
considerably larger and more powerful, and which shall therefore have considerably
greater electric energy than the original generator.
I therefore make the following claims for the sole right of constructing and
using each and every of the subjoined machines (either singly i.c. without any
other of them, or without any other machine whatsoever) as the means of
producing an amount of dynamic power, as well as of performing any required
rotary or oscillating movement by clectric agency-viz:-
1. A tangential-rotary Electro-Magnetic Machine.
2. An oscillatory Electro-Magnetic Machine
3. A tangential rotary Dynamo-Motor Machine
4. An oscillatory Dynamo-Motor Machine.
And I make these claims as being the sole Inventor of each and all of the
machines
HENRY MAYHEW (L.S.)