IMPROVE- MENTS IN GENERATING AND STORING ELECTRICITY AND IN APPLIANCES CONNECTED THEREWITH
Year: 1882

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Frederick Henry Varley of Mildmay Park Works in the
County of Middlesex, Telegraph Engineer for an Invention of "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN GENERATING AND STORING ELECTRICITY AND IN APPLIANCES
CONNECTED THEREWITH
ท
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Frederick Henry Varley
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 24th October 1882.
FREDERICK HENRY VARLEY of Mildmay Park Works in the County of
Middlesex Telegraph Engineer IMPROVEMENTS IN GENERATING AND STORING
ELECTRICITY AND IN APPLIANCES CONNECTED THEREWITH.
My Invention for improvements in generating and storing electricity consists
mainly as follows viz, for
Dynamo electric machines capable of generating currents of electricity suitable
for producing electric light, motive power or for other purposes to which such
currents are available, and also improved means whereby the current derived, may
be stored up in accumulators or secondary batteries arranged either in multiple
or continuous series-An automatic charging or main switch which is made to open
or close the circuit for the purpose of regulating the charge stored in the
accumulator; also self acting registers or meters to record the supply or quantity
of electricity delivered during a given period of time.
The dynamo machine I prefer to construct in two forms to be employed together
or separately, one to be continuously driven the other to be actuated by an
alternating or reciprocating motion such as that of the movement of a piston in a
steam engine. The continuously driven machine consists of a series of specially
constructed coils with iron or other suitable cores mounted on the periphery of a
disc, cylinder or ring, which constitutes the connecting or subsidiary magnetizing
armature between the cores of the several coils and affords also the means of
attaching the series of coils mechanically together and likewise the whole to the
driving shaft. Each coil has a separate or free magnetizing pole which projects
outwards radially whilst the core of the coil is preferably placed at right angles or
"

page_text: tangentially. The other end of the core is also radial and serves as the
magnetizing attachment to the armature. Insulated conductors or wires are
wrapped around the cores, the plane of each convolution being radial or nearly so.-
The coils are connected in continuous series and each junction connected to the
strap of a circular commutator in the well known way of the Pacionetti or
Gramme system, the whole being mounted on an axis or driving shaft. The poles
of the field magnets are made to envelope or nearly envelope the moving coils. In
small size machines I prefer to employ four field magnets, and to use four
connecting combs to carry off the current from the rotary commutator. The
number of contact combs in any given machine being in proportion to the number
of field magnets employed. With the four pole machine there are four positions
of electric potential two + and two-, and part or the whole of the current
generated may be employed in charging up the field magnets in the usual and well
known manner. In the former case, the field magnet coils form a shunt or derived
circuit, or in the latter the coils of the field magnet are inserted in the main
circuit; Another method being to employ a portion or section of the series of
moving coils to produce the current required for magnetizing the field, while the
remainder of the coils are joined in series to produce the external or available current.
In larger machines several series of coils may be driven from the same axis, each
series forming a separate complete rotary system.--The second form which I term
the reciprocating machine consists mainly in the employment of field magnets
having a central core of one polarity surrounded by a circular pole of the opposite
kind, the annular space between the outer pole and the central core affording the
magnetic field from which a current is obtained by the plunging in or the
withdrawal of a compactly wound helix or helices.
It is obvious that if the current so obtained be in one direction, by plunging the
helix or helices into the magnetic field same will be in the opposite direction on
the withdrawal of the helix or helices.-In order that these currents shall be made
to flow after leaving the coil_in_one direction only, it is necessary to employ a
commutator or current changer, which is especially-constructed to avoid the
burning of the contacts whilst changing the alternating currents set-up-in-the..
helix or helices into a continuous current, or a current flowing in one direction.―
This can be accomplished in several ways, one of which is the following-A
reciprocating tube or chamber, provided with contact poles at each end, and a
central contact, which likewise serves as a cross axis, contains a movable
connector such as fluid mercury or a sliding contact piece.-If mercury be
employed the tube is partly filled, so that the circuit between the central axis and
one of the contact poles shall be closed by the tilting of the tube.
On reversing or re-tilting, contact is made between the central axis and the other
contact pole, thus forming a current changer by the alteration of incline.-If
mercury be employed for closing the circuit, an are will be formed at the time of
reversal.
One way of extinguishing the are being to place the current reverser between
the poles of a powerful magnet:-This magnet will also serve in deflecting the
current reverser, though this may be achieved mechanically.-Another method is
to employ a compound pole in which the change of direction in the current may be
commutated to flow out at the requisite terminals, a small secondary battery being
mounted between the poles of a powerful magnet, the construction of which is as
follows: A trough or chamber having two terminal poles and an intermediate
fluid tight but conducting partition made of carbon, platinum, or non-oxidizable
substance, is filled with a conducting fluid.-For example, I term the poles
A, B, and C.-If a negative current be applied at the central pole or partition B,
the latter flows out at A, whilst if a positive current is applied to the central
pole B, it will flow out at C,-this being due to the deflection of a current by
-magnetic action.
Two of these current changers form the commutator, one being applied to each
terminal wire of helix or helices connecting the positive poles together and

page_text: likewise the negative poles A also together, it will be found that continuous current
will flow through an external circuit from C to A, so long as the helix or helices be
moved in and out of the magnetic field.-This current may be employed in.
magnetizing the field, and for production of electric light, motive power, etc.-
Another method is to employ a movable conductor also placed between the poles of
a magnet, which conductor is deflected, and establishes contact to the right or left by
the magnet, according to the direction in which the current is flowing, the arc
produced at the breaking of contact being extinguished by the same magnetic
action, which causes the deflection of the movable conductor and the burning effect
of the arc may be still further reduced by employing fluid induction plates.-In
order to store up the current into the accumulators or secondary batteries, it is
necessary to arrange or provide a current of three, four or more volts tension for
each cell of accumulator battery. If these cells be joined up in continuous series,
and the potential of current employed is proportionately increased, the whole serios
will be charged in one operation, but it will be found that though the whole series
have apparently acquired their full amount of electric storage, the potential of each
individual cell will not necessarily be equal.-The cell having a larger storage
capacity will not have so high a potential after a period of charging as those of
smaller capacity, and though great care may be taken to render the cells as nearly
equal in capacity as possible, still a considerable variation in the tension will be
found. As a secondary battery when fully charged offers more resistance to the
current than a nearly exhausted one, it is obvious the higher tension cells will
retard the charging of the remainder of the series. To provide against this, an
automatic charging or main switch is placed between each accumulator cell, so that
when any of the series become charged to their required potential, an electrical cut
off or bye way is formed, which disconnects for the time being the cell from the
charging circuit, and at the same time joining in those cells which are not fully
charged. One of the methods to effect this is to make the currents flowing
from cell to cell pass around two helices, in which are inserted movable cores
suspended from a scale beam.-One of the helices is in the main circuit, and the
other of high resistance in a derived circuit. When the amount of current flowing
round the helix in the main circuit is considerable, the moving core is powerfully
attracted, whilst little or no current passes through the derived circuit, but as the
cell becomes charged, the current in the main circuit becomes proportionately
reduced, and the current flowing through the derived circuit becomes more
powerful. This causes the attraction of the moving cores to be reversed, and the
core in the derived circuit helix becomes more powerfully attracted.-This causes
the latter core to descend and break the circuit of the charged cell, and join in at
the same time the next in the series, which requires an extra period for charging.-
This action continues until the whole series are charged to a uniform potential.
The accumulators may however be charged by automatic switches, which are set in
motion by the charging current and which disconnect the cells and join them in
divided circuit so long as the current flows, but disconnects the cells and joins them
in continuous circuit as they become sufficiently charged, and thus leaves them
ready for subsequent employment.-In order to record the amount of current
consumed, I employ a series of small capacity accumulators, which accumulators on
becoming charged to a regulated degree, discharge themselves automatically into
the main or service accumulators. This discharge is effected by reversing the
position of the connections, whilst this reversal of the connections also actuates a
recording mechanism which shows on dials the number of "amperes" consumed in
charging the service accumulators. A further method of recording the amount of
current consumed is as follows:-A porous or suitable cell, furnished with a lip,
spout or tube at its top is filled with mercury.-This cell is placed in an outer fluid
tight cell, the bottom of which is also covered with mercury. The latter cell is
then filled with a solution of sulphate of mercury or other suitable fluid, to immerse
the porous cell. On connecting the mercury in the outer cell to the positive
terminal of the charging circuit, and the mercury in the porous cell to the negative

page_text: terminal metallic mercury is carried by electrolysis into the filled porous cell,
increasing the head of mercury which overflows at the lip and falls into the outer
jar to be re-dissolved.-The mercury as it falls is made to turn a wheel or move a
lever connected to a recording mechanism, and thus shows the amount of mercury
electro-deposited, which of course furnishes a definite measure for determining the
number of "amperes" consumed. Instead of using the mercury to move lever etc,
it may be conducted by a channel into a separate chamber, and the amount of
current employed determined by weighing the mercury, or the mercury may be
made to establish an electric recording circuit.-I prefer to employ for the service
accumulators carbon poles or plates made in accordance with my patent of June 13,
1882, No 2776, and to use in conjunction with them galvanized iron or other
suitable plates as the opposite pole. If the carbon pole be coated with binoxide of
manganese and the polarizing fluid be composed of sulphates of manganese, zinc
and mercury in solution a very high potential can be obtained.
Metallic zinc and mercury are respectively thrown by the charging current on to
the galvanized plate which becomes coated with a surface of amalgamated zinc by
the reduction of the zinc and mercurial salts;-whilst binoxide of manganese is
formed on the surfaces of the carbon poles.-These cells when fully charged, give
out a current of several "amperes" during a lengthened period.-The galvanized
iron may also be employed as the outer cell, the recharging the battery restoring
the zinc dissolved in giving out the current, and thus prevents the destruction of
the iron. In conjunction with this or separately, I may employ a carbon or other
suitable pole or plate, which connects any free mercury to the carbon pole, and this
renders it capable of being re-converted into mercuric sulphate by the charging
current.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed
by the said Frederick Henry Varley in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
24th April 1883.
•
FREDERICK HENRY VARLEY of Mildmay Park Works in the County of
Middlesex, Telegraph Engineer, "IMPROVEMENTS IN GENERATING AND STORING.
ELECTRICITY AND IN APPLIANCES CONNECTED THEREWITH."
My Invention for improvements in generating and storing electricity consists
substantially as follows:-Dynamo electric machines capable of generating currents
of electricity suitable for producing electric light, motive power, or for other
purposes for which such currents are available, are used in combination with
improved means whereby the current desired may be stored up in accumulators or
secondary batteries, arranged either in multiple or continuous series-An automatio
charging or main 'switch which is made to open or close the circuit for the purpose
of regulating the charge stored in the accumulator; also self acting registers or
meters to record the supply or quantity of electricity delivered during a given
poriod of time. The dynamo machine I prefer to construct in two forms, to be
employed together or separately, one to be continuously driven, the other to be
actuated by an alternating or reciprocating motion, such as that of the movement
of a piston in a steam engine. The continuously driven machine consists of a
series of specially constructed coils, with iron or other suitable cores, mounted on
the periphery of a disc cylinder or ring, which constitutes the connecting or
subsidiary magnetizing armature between the cores of the several coils, and affords
also the means of attaching the series of coils mechanically together, and likewise
the whole to the driving shaft.-Each coil has a separate or free magnetizing pole
which projects outwards radially, whilst the core of the coil is preferably placed at
right angles or tangentially.-The other end of the core is also radial, and serves
as the magnetizing attachment to the arinature.-Insulated conductors or wires are
wrapped around the cores, the plane of each convolution being radial or nearly
so. The coils are connected in continuous series, and each junction connected to
the strap of a circulur commutator in the well known way of the Pacinotti or
Gramme system, the whole being mounted on an axis or driving shaft.-The poles
of the field magnets are made to envelope or nearly envelope the moving coils.-
In small size machines I prefer to employ four field magnets, and to use four
connecting combs to carry off the current from the rotary commutator The
number of contact combs in any given machine being in proportion to the number
of field magnets employed.-With the four pole machine, there are four positions
of electric potential two + and two -, and part or the whole of the current
generated may be employed in charging up the field magnets in the usual and well
known manner. In the former case, the field magnet coils form a shunt or derived
circuit, or in the latter, the coils of the field magnets are inserted in the main
circuit; another method bring to employ a portion or section of the series of
moving coils to produce the current required for magnetizing the field, while the
remainder of the coils are joined in series to produce the external or available
current. In larger machines several series of coils may be driven from the same
axis, each series forming. a separate complete rotary system.-The second form,
which I term the reciprocating machine, consists mainly in the employment of
field magnets having a central core of one polarity surrounded by.a circular pole
of the opposite kind, the annular space between the outer pole and the central core
affording the magnetic field from which a current is obtained by the plunging in or
the withdrawal of a compactly wound helix or helices.-It is obvious that if the

page_text: current so obtained be in one direction by plunging the helix or belices into the
magnetic field, same will be in the opposite direction on the withdrawal of the
helix or helices. In order that these currents shall be made to flow after leaving
the coil in one direction only, it is necessary to employ a commutator or current
changer, which is especially constructed to avoid the burning of the contacts
whilst changing the alternating currents set up in the helix or helices into a
continuous current or a current flowing in one direction-This can be accom-
plished in several ways, one of which is the following:-A reciprocating tube
or chamber, provided with contact poles at each end, and a central contact
which likewise serves as a cross axis, contains a movable connector, such as
fluid mercury or a sliding contact piece. If mercury be employed, the tube is
partly filled, so that the circuit between the central axis and one of the contact
poles shall be closed by the tilting of the tube. On reversing or retilting contact
is made between the central axis and the other contact pole, thus forming a current
changer by the alteration of incline. If mercury be employed for closing the
circuit, an arc will be formed at the time of reversal-One way of extinguishing
the arc being to place the current reverser between the poles of a powerful magnet.
-This magnet will also servo in deflecting the current reverser, though this may
be achieved mechanically. Another method is to employ a compound pole, in
which the change of direction in the current may be commutated to flow out at
the requisite terminals, a small secondary battery being mounted between the
poles of a powerful magnet, the construction of which is as follows:-A trough
or chamber having two.. terminal poles and an intermediate fluid tight but
conducting partition made of carbon, platinum or non oxidizable substance,
is filled with a conducting fluid. For example I term the poles A, B.
and C.-If a negative current be applied at the central pole or partition B,
the latter flows out at A, whilst if a positive current is applied to the
central pole B it will flow out at C this being due to the deflection of a current
by magnetic, action. Two of these current changers form the commutator, one
being applied to each terminal wire of helix..or helices_connecting the positive
poles C together and likewise the negative poles A also together, it will-be-found
that continuous current will flow through an external circuit from C to A so long
as the helix or helices be moved in and out of the magnetic field.-This current
may be employed in magnetizing the field and for production of electric light,
motive power &c.-Another method is to employ a movable conductor, also placed
between the poles of a magnet which conductor is deflected and establishes contact
to the right or left by the magnet, according to the direction in which the current
is flowing, the arc produced at the breaking of contact being extinguished by the
same magnetic action which causes the deflection of the movable conductor, and
the burning effect of the arc may be still further reduced by employing fluid
induction plates.-In order to store up the current into the accumulators or
secondary batteries, it is necessary to arrange or provide a current of three, four,
or more volts tension for each cell of accumulator battery-If these cells be joined
up in continuous series and the potential of current employed is proportionately
increased, the whole series will be charged in one operation, but it will be found
that though the whole series having apparently acquired their full amount of
electric storage, the potential of each individual cell will not necessarily be equal.-
The cell having a larger storage capacity will not have so high a potential after
a period of charging as those of smaller capacity, and though great care may be
taken to render the cells as nearly equal in capacity as possible, still a considerable
variation in the tension will be found.-As a secondary battery, when fully charged,
offers more resistance to the current than a nearly exhausted one, it is obvious the
higher tension cells will retard the charging of the remainder of the series.―To
provide against this, an automatic charging or main switch is placed between each
accumulator cell, so that when any of the series become charged to their required
potential, an electrical cut off or bye way is formed, which disconnects for the time
being the cell from the charging circuit and at the same time, joining in those cells

page_text: which are not fully charged.-One of the methods to effect this is to make the
current flowing from cell to cell pass around two helices, in which are inserted
movable cores suspended from a scale beam.-One of the helices is in the main
circuit, and the other of high resistance in a derived circuit.-When the amount of
current flowing round the helix in the main circuit is considerable, the moving
core is powerfully attracted, whilst little or no current passes through the derived
circuit but as the cell becomes charged, the current in the main circuit becomes
proportionately reduced and the current flowing through the derived circuit
becomes more powerful.-This causes the attraction of the moving cores to be
reversed, and the core in the derived circuit helix becomes more powerfully
attracted. This causes the latter core to descend and break the circuit of the
charged cell, and join in at the same time the next in the series, which requires, an
extra period for charging. This action continues until the whole series are charged
to a uniform potential. The accumulators may however be charged by automatic
switches, which are set in motion by the charging current and which disconnect
the cells and join them in divided circuit so long as the current flows, but
disconnects the cells and joins them in continuous circuit as they become sufficiently
charged, and thus leaves them ready for subsequent employment.-In order to
record the amount of current consumed, I employ a series of small capacity
accumulators, which accumulators on becoming charged to a regulated degree,
discharge themselves automatically into the main or service accumulators.-The
discharge is effected by reversing the position of the connections, whilst this
reversal of the connections also actuates a recording mechanism, which shows on
dials the number of "amperes" consumed in charging the service accumulators.―
A further method of recording the amount of current consumed is as follows:-
A porous or suitable cell, furnished with a lip, spout, or tube at its top, is filled
with mercury. This cell is placed in an outer fluid tight cell, the bottom of which
is also covered with mercury.
The latter cell is then filled with a solution of sulphate of mercury or other
suitable fluid, to immerse the porous cell.-On connecting the mercury in the
outer cell to the positive terminal of the charging circuit, and the mercury in the
porous cell to the negative terminal, metallic mercury is carried by electrolysis into
the filled porous cell, increasing the head of mercury, which overflows at the lip
and falls into the outer jar, to be re-dissolved.-The mercury as it falls is made to
turn a wheel or move a lever connected to a recording mechanism, and thus shows
the amount of mercury electro-deposited, which of course, furnishes a definite
measure for determining the number of "amperes" consumed.-Instead of using
the mercury to move a lever etc, it may be conducted by a channel into a separate
chamber, and the amount of current employed determined by weighing the mercury,
or the mercury may be made to establish an electric recording circuit.-I prefer
to employ for the service accumulators carbon poles or plates made in accordance
with my patent of June 13, 1882, No. 2776, and to use in conjunction with them
galvanized iron or other suitable plates as the opposite pole.--If the carbon poles
be coated with binoxide of manganese and the polarizing fluid be composed of
sulphates of manganese, zinc and mercury in solution, a very high potential can
be obtained.-Metallic zinc and mercury are respectively thrown by the charging
current on to the galvanized plate, which becomes coated with a surface of
amalgamated zinc by the reduction of the zinc and mercurial salts, whilst binoxide
of manganese is formed on the surfaces of the carbon poles.-These cells when
fully charged, give out a current of several "ampéres" during a lengthened period.―
The galvanized iron may also be employed as the outer cell, the recharging of the
battery restoring the zinc dissolved giving out the current and thus prevents
the destruction of the iron.-In conjunction with this or separately, I may employ
a carbon or other suitable pole or plate, which connects any free mercury to the
carbon pole, and this renders it capable of being reconverted into mercuric sulphate
by the charging current.
Having thus far. described the nature of my said Invention, and incidentally

page_text: intimated in what manner the same is to be performed, I will now proceed by
reference to the accompanying Drawings, to further and particularly describe and
ascertain in what manner the same is to be performed or carried out in practice,
that is to say :-
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS.
Fig. 1. shows general arrangement of the field and armature coils of a four pole
machine, in which A represents a carrying frame supporting the tangential armature
coils b. b. b. etc, with their radial wrappings, and the subsidiary magnetizing
circuit c. c. c. etc-D, the framework uniting the field magnets, and forming the
general support for the bearings through which the rotary armature is driven.
Fig. 2 represents the armature removed from the field magnets showing the longi-
tudinal and radial wrappings of the coil b. b. b. and the connections to the
commutators B, taking the connections from the coils b. b b, &c, which are connected
to the commutator straps or segments 6' 6' 6', whilst the subsidiary or field charging
circuits are connected to the commutator C, and joined respectively to the com-
mutator segments or straps cl cc etc-The armature is driven in the direction
shown by the arrow, and it will be seen that there are always two radial poles,
and for a considerable part of the time three radial poles presented to each field
magnet, thus in the four field machine, the armature is divided into four magne-
tizing systems developing currents in the coils b. b. b, and c., c. c, &c; these are drawn
off from the rotary commutator by connecting combs in the usual way.
Fig. 3 shows one arrangement. of a reciprocating machine, the field magnet with
its central core of one polarity is surrounded by an annular core of the opposite
kind, represented by N. S, and 8. n. 8 n. A and B representing the helices, C, and D;
the reciprocating current reverser or commutator-E represents the reciprocating
power, shown as an example by piston rod and cylinder.-The to and fro movement
of N. S. generates currents in the helices A and B, the direction of the current
flowing through-these-helices being dependent upon the direction of movement as
already described are made by commutation-to-flow-through the field and external
circuit in one direction..
Fig. 4 is an isometrical view showing the general details of the current reverser
when placed between the poles of a magnet represented by N. S. between which
the oscillating tube D, partly filled with mercury or suitable conductor, is mounted
on an axle or pivot P, which also serves as the central contact piece or pole b. c;
and a being the other contact pieces or current changers.
Fig. 5 represents the compound pole made by a trough having two terminals +
and
with an intermediate fluid tight but conducting partition B.-A negative
current entering at b would pass out at the-terminal c, whilst the positive current
flows out at the + terminal a if carbon plates be employed, and the trough be
exhausted so as to form a vacuum chamber, an electric discharge will pass only in
the direction in which the magnet deflects it, and consequently the vacuum
discharge may be employed as a current changer in place of a fluid induction.
battery.
Figs. 6 and 7 show one plan of arrangement for charging the accumulators in
series. + and-represent the charging current,-a and a represent the automatic
charges or main switches respectively, in which are inserted movable cores
suspended from a lever B.-B' represents a counterpoise, which also may be a core
inserted in second coil to be acted upon by a derived or direct current.
Fig. 8 represents an automatic switch, which is set in motion by the charging
current, and which disconnects the cells and joins them into divided circuits so long
as the charging current flows, but disconnects the cells, and joins them in continuous
circuit as they become sufficiently charged, and thus have them ready for subse-
quent employment.-+ and-represent the mains from the charging circuits-
a. ala" the helices actuating the switches b. 6' 6", which are shown in Drawing
as charging in divided circuit.-d. d¹ d", cores which slide in coils. a a¹ all, either
upward or downward, according to the strength of the current.-When the

page_text: accumulator or accumulators become charged, the resistance in circuit becomes so
much augmented that the current practically ceases to influence the cores d d¹_d"—
When the arms of the switches bb' 6", assume the position shown by the dotted
lines, they are joined up in series as shown by said dotted lines.-E É¹ E" repre-
sents the fluid induction plates or accumulators. In treating the carbon according
to my patent No. 2776 as before mentioned I find it is rendered a better electrical
conductor if the fibre be first filled with either silica or boracic acid by precipitation
or otherwise, and which become converted into conducting silicium or boron by
the carbonizing process in the converters, or powdered boron and silicium may be
added to the hydrocarbon fluid for the same purpose; this addition of silicium or
boron to the fibre adds materially to the strength of the plates, as well as increasing
its conducting properties, and is applicable to all purposes where carbon is used as
a conductor of electricity, and further where greater density and for special
purposes, I sometimes employ silk or a mixture of silk and other fibres, which are
subjected to a like treatment as described in my specification No. 2776
A.D. 1882.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of the said
Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed or carried out in
practice, I hereby declare that I claim the Invention of
"Improvements in generating and storing electricity, and in appliances con-
nected therewith "
substantially as hereinbefore set forth and described, wherein the following
are peculiar and important points or features:-
(1.) The construction and arrangement of rotatory armatures and dynamɔ
machines, substantially as and for the purposes described and illustrated in Figs. 1
and 2.
•
(2.) The employment of a reciprocating or alternating motion for dynamo
machines, with the use in connection therewith of current reversers, substantially
as described and illustrated by Figs. 3, 4, and 5.
(3.) The use of a compound pole for reversing the current, substantially as shown
and described.
(4.) The use of a vacuum chamber in place of a conducting fluid for the compound
pole, substantially as described.
(5.) The employment of automatic switches for charging the accumulators in
series, substantially as described, and illustrated by Figs. 6 and 7.
(6.) The employment of automatic switches set in motion by the charging
current, and which disconnects the cells and joins them in divided circuit as long
as the charging current flows, but re-connects the cells and joins them in con-
tinuous series as they become sufficiently charged, and thus to leave them ready
for subsequent employment, substantially as described and shown in Fig. 8.
(7.) The use of galvanized iron and zinc plates in conjunction with the prepared
carbon accumulator plates as described.
(8.) The use of a suitable conductor such as silicium and boron, in conjunction
with fibrous material, substantially as and for the purposes described.
In Witness whereof the said Frederick Henry Varley have hereunto set my
hand and seal this twenty fourth day of April in the year of our Lord one
thousand eight hundred and eighty three.
Witness.
T. MORGAN
21 Cockspur Street
"
⚫ Charing Cross SW.
FREDK H VARLEY. (L.S.)