IMPROVEMENTS IN HYDRAULIC APPARATUS;
Year: 1847

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, LOUIS
DOMINIQUE GIRARD, Engineer, of Paris, in the Kingdom of France, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Twentieth day of July,
One thousand eight hundred and forty-seven, in the eleventh year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said
Louis Dominique Girard, my exors, adññors, and assigns, Her especial licence,
full power, sole privilege and authority, that I, the said Louis Dominique
Girard, my exors, adñors, and assigns, and such others as I, the said Louis
Dominique Girard, my exors, adñiors, or assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times during the term of
years therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, my
Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN HYDRAULIC APPARATUS; PART OF THESE IM-
PROVEMENTS ARE APPLICABLE TO AIR APPARATUS;" in which said Letters Patent
is contained a proviso that I, the said Louis Dominique Girard, should
cause a particular description of the nature of my said Invention, and in
what manner the same is to be performed, by an instrument in writing under
my hand and seal, to be inrolled in Her Majesty's High Court of Chancery
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said
in part recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference being thereunto
had, will more fully and at large appear.

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Louis Dominique Girard, do hereby declare that the nature of my said
Invention, and the manner of performing the same, are fully described and
ascertained in and by the following description thereof, reference being had
to the Drawings hereunto annexed, and to the figures and letters marked
thereon, that is to say:-
The hydraulic system, which I have denominated "moteur pompe," is
intended usefully to employ a fall of water so as to obtain a moving power,
and at the same time to have the capability of raising water, as will be here-
after described; and the Invention comprises several characters arranged in a
new manner, and principally by a new mode of forming and applying the
pistons of cylinders, which is adjusted by its adhering properties without
slliping, following the action of the apparatus, as will be hereafter explained.
This system, besides allowing of the construction of the apparatus to be
simplified, offers a very superior advantage over all other hydraulic machines,
and may be applied with the same results to ordinary pumps, for blowing
machines, and to pneumatic machines.
Figure 1 represents a vertical section of this apparatus, showing the follow-
ing arrangement:-A is a moveable apparatus which works as a piston,
attached to the centre of which is a cylinder B; the external sides A of this
piston are connected to the cylinder B, by means of an annular valve seat C,
in ended to receive a circular valve D, suspended from a holder E (and
sliding upon another holder E'), and which valve surrounds the cylinder; G
is a spiral spring which keeps up the suspension of the hollow ring valve D.
The sides A of the piston, it will be seen, are joined to a large receiver or
vessel H, which may be made of wood, metal, or any suitable material. I is
a strip of leather or other suitable impermeable material, which is fixed to
the sides of the chamber A and reservoir II, and which forms a fold having
a free space in the circular space between the piston A and reservoir H.
The cover S of the cylinder B has affixed to it a metal rod J, the upper part
of which passes through a cross-guiding piece K, which serves to guide it
during the alternate ascensional movement of the cylinder B and of the
piston A, and this rod J is also connected to a connecting rod L. In the
head of this rod L the machine is attached to the crank M on a shaft N,
moved by a fly wheel O; affixed also to the reservoir H is another ring
valve D', and which is suspended in a similar manner as the one above
described to a holder E2, sliding over a holder E³, and which has a tendency
to remain open by means of the elasticity of a spring G', and during the
working of the apparatus one valve is open whilst the other is shut. The

page_text: circular holders E, E', and E, E³, of the valves D, D', slide the one over
the other, and are so arranged that their coupling guide valve through the
means of arms which unite each of the valves to each outer holder E, E
P are stops against which the holder E¹ presses when the piston rises, and by
which means the valve D is closed. The working of the apparatus is as
follows: Suppose that the apparatus is intended to employ a fall of water
for the purpose of gaining power, in which the letter R will represent
the upper height of the water, and R₁ the lower, the operation will be as
follows-It should be remarked that all of the ring valves D, D', are in their
turn pressed upon by the column of water equal to the height; if then one of
these valves is closed, the other will open by the spring G, G'; supposing
the valve D closed and the valve D¹ open, the piston vill be moved by the
column of water R, R¹, that is to say, by the difference of the pressure above
and below the piston A, which will give a descending rectilinear movement,
which by means of the connecting rod L and crank is converted into a
rotary movement of the fly wheel O; the piston A, after having passed
through the distance which separates its lower end from the upper part of
the holder E, touches this said holder, and will fall down; the spring G¹, placed
below, will be compressed more and more until the valve D', which follows
the movement, is closed; at this moment the pin of the crank M will come
again to the vertical point, and the fly wheel, by the acquired speed, will com-
plete the descending movement. It is to be observed that the piston A
cannot arrive at the end of its course without giving a pressure to the liquid
contained between the two valves D, D', and as the water is not compressible
the valve D will open, and allow a quantity of the water to pass out from the
under part to the upper part of the piston; the fly wheel continuing its pro-
gression will again raise up the piston A, and during the time that it is rising
up, the valve D, raised by the spring G, will remain open, and will allow the
water from the reservoir (displaced by the ascention of the piston) to flow into
the space between the valves D, D'. When the piston A is near the end of
its upward course, by striking against the projecting pieces P the valve D is
closed, the outer holder or collar E slides over the other collar E¹, and the
piston will continue to ascend (after having closed the valve D) until the
valve D¹ is opened, through which the water will flow, and it will be kept
open by means of the spring G¹, as it was at the commencement of working;
these effects will be produced in a similar manner upon the descent or ascent
of the piston. In the upward and downward movement of the piston A, the
leather packing I will work in the following manner-When the piston com-
mences to descend, the part of the packing or strip of leather arund it, which is
shown in the Drawing pressing against the external side of the piston, will, by

page_text: its descending action, be brought down to the inner side of the vessel or reser-
voir H, and when the piston rises again the packing will again fold up, as shewn.
The apparatus before described is capable of converting, by means of a fall of
water, a rectilinear movement as to a continuous rotary movement; but it
is not limited to that application, for it may also be used for pumping water
by arranging, as is shown in the Drawing, a valve U to a cover S of the
cylinder B, and an ascension tube V, supplied with a valve X (and an air
chamber to obtain a continuous jet), not shewn in the Drawing, and the tube V,
being connected to the tube T, which guides the piston A, B; by this arrange-
ment the water in the reservoir R, R', may be employed to raise water in
the tube V; the water will be introduced into the cylinder B through the
valve U, when the piston A is raised, and it will be forced into the tube V
through the valve X when the piston falls down, and it is for this reason
that I have given the name of moteur pompe, because this apparatus pos-
sesses the capabilities of being employed for the purpose of giving motion to
machinery, and at the same time may be used as a pump for raising water.
This system of forming and applying the piston may be applied to all descrip-
tions of pumps, for blowing machines, for furnaces, and for pneumatic machines
for atmospheric railways.
In the Drawing, Figure 2 shows the application of the same system to an
ordinary pump, in which the bag or strip of leather I, is affixed at one end
through the body of the pump, and the other to the upper part up the piston
D, where there is a small projection or shoulder, which serves to support the
leather, and keep it at all times extended, avoiding the contraction at the
moment when the piston is descending.
In the Drawing No. 3 is a vertical section of a blowing machine, either
single or double action, to which the system is shown as applied, where the
strip of leather I is fixed at one end to the moveable cylinder Y, and to the
other to the fixed cylinder H, so arranged equally between the moveable and
fixed pieces so as to prevent any friction from the piston and the cylinder coming
in contact with each other, which is effected by means of a central guide J.
Having thus described the nature of the Invention, and the manner of per-
forming the same, I would have it understood that I do not confine myself
to the precise details, so long as the character of the Invention be retained.
And I would observe, that this system of packing may equally well applied
to all descriptions of air engines.
But what I claim is, the mode of arranging apparatus to obtain power
by means of a fall of water, as herein described.
Secondly, I claim the arranging apparatus for obtaining power, and for
arising water, as herein described. And,

page_text: Thirdly, I claim the mode of applying and forming the pistons of pumps,
ir engines, and other machines, as herein described at Figures 2 and 3.
In witness whereof, I, the said Louis Dominique Girard, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Twenty-eighth day of December, in the year
of our Lord 1847.
This is the Specification referred to in the affidavit of Samuel Carpmael,
sworn before me, this 20th day of January, 1848.
J. JEFFERSON.
Samuel Carpmael, of Lincoln's Inn, in the County of Middlesex, Gentleman,
maketh oath and saith, that he is acquainted with the manner and character
of the handwriting of Thomas Pickford, Her Britannic Majesty's Consul at
Paris, in the Kingdom of France. And this deponent further saith, that the
signature "Thomas Pickford," set, subscribed, or written in the margin of
the Specification hereunto annexed, marked A, and dated the Twenty-eighth
day of December last, and purporting to be executed by Louis Dominique
Girard, Engineer, of Paris aforesaid, whereby it is stated that the said Specifi-
cation was acknowledged by him, the said Louis Dominique Girard, before
the said Thomas Pickford, on the said Twenty-eighth day of December, at
Paris aforesaid, is of the proper handwriting of the said Thomas Pickford.
S. CARPMAEL.

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the oath of Samuel Carpmael the
Specification aforesaid was enrolled, word for word, as above written. And
also the Specification aforesaid was stamped according to the tenor of the
Statute made for that purpose.
Enrolled the Twentieth day of January, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and forty-eight.