IMPROVEMENTS IN MANUFACTURING, ARRANGING, COMBINING, COMPRESSING, AND TREATING IRON, STEEL, and OTHER METALS AND MATERIALS TO INCREASE THEIR STRENGTH, POWER OF RESISTANCE, AND USEFULNESS."
Year: 1873

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Haggett, of Watford, in the County
of Herts, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN MANUFACTURING,
ARRANGING, COMBINING, COMPRESSING, AND TREATING IRON, STEEL, and
OTHER METALS AND MATERIALS TO INCREASE THEIR STRENGTH, POWER OF
RESISTANCE, AND USEFULNESS."
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION filed by the said William Haggett at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition and
Declaration, on the 23rd April 1873, pursuant to the 9th Section
of the Patent Law Amendment Act, 1852.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM
HAGGETT, of Watford, in the County of Herts, send greeting.
WHEREAS I am in possession of an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS.
IN MANUFACTURING, ARRANGING, COMBINING, COMPRESSING, AND TREATING IRON,
STEEL, AND OTHER METALS AND MATERIALS TO INCREASE THEIR STRENGTH, Power
OP RESISTANCE, AND USEFULNESS," and have petitioned Her Majesty to grant
A

page_text: unto me, my executors, administrators, and assigns Her Royal Letters
Patent for the same, and have made solemn Declaration that I am
the true and first Inventor thereof.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said William Haggett, do hereby declare
that the following Complete Specification, under my hand and seal
fully describes and ascertains the nature of the said Invention, and in
what manner the same is to be performed in and by the following
statement, reference being had to the annexed Drawings and to the
figures and letters marked thereon, that is to say :-—
My said Invention is applicable to the manufacture, arrangement,
combination, compression, and treatment of plain plates, bars, and rods
of iron, steel, and other metals, glass, bricks, tiles, artificial stone, wood,
and wood pulp, and other materials to be used for civil, military, and
naval purposes, including ordnance, armour plating for ships and forts,
and also for lighting, heating, and ventilation by rolling, pressing,
stamping, hammering, moulding, casting and forming thercon and therein
throughout the entire mass or substance thereof under great pressure, a
series of large or minute corrugations or undulations, and which
corrugations or undulations may be longitudinal and transverse, circular,
radiated, or diagonal, or a compound of two or more thereof, so that the
same when produced may be of different qualities and thicknesses, and
interlock or interlace with each other so as to obtain in metals and other
materials great lateral strength and rigidity and power of resistance..
Such corrugations or undulations are formed by means of suitable
rollers, dies, moulds, presses, stamps, steam and other hammers and
appliances of corresponding sizes and patterns adapted for the purpose (the
metals so employed being when practicable and if desired case-hardened
in the same way as wrought iron is case-hardened), as will be well
understood and which do not form part of the present Invention. The
materials thus treated may be so formed with or without perforations
therein, varied to suit the character of the materials operated on, some
by direct casting in matrices of the desired form, others by being pressed
cold or hot between rollers or on a moveable bed with a fixed roller above
regulated according to the thickness required, others by being rolled or
pressed cold between rollers, stamps, dies, steam hammers, or other
contrivances of like character, or pressed into a matrix or mould while
the materials are cold or pliable, and left to be heated, baked, or dried in
the usual way, but in all cases the opposite impressing face of the

page_text: rollers, stamps, dies, moulds or matrices for shaping the undulations
must be formed conversely or in pairs so adjusted that the alternate
concave and convex parts shall accurately fit, work, and press into each
other. Each kind of metal must be subjected to such pressure, heat, or
other process as their respective characters may require to bring them
to the highest degree of perfection as to quality, texture, and strength
such of the plates, bars, or rods as may be cast in the undulated forms
of molten materials, or formed of plain plates heated and pressed into
the forms desired, their thickness being uniform as considerations of
economy and utility may require they should be; such materials
will, on account of their uniform thickness, also cool and contract
equally throughout, and thus the inevitable damaging effect of unequal
cooling in plates, bars, and rods of unequal thickness will be avoided,
an object of great importance. When such are exposed to different
degrees of heat or strains, as in steam boilers, bridges, and other
works, the undulations adapting themselves so as to prevent fracture,
the iron and steel undulated plates, bars, and rods will with or with-
out preparation with case-hardening, as aforesaid, be so fagotted up
with or without perforations, that the longitudinal and transverse
undulations and fibres of successive layers shall alternately cross each
other where needful, or a layer of one quality and then of another, in
which form the fagot is heated to a proper degree of heat for welding
placed on a suitable bed, or within a compartment or mould of proper
form that shall have sufficient strength to prevent spreading; pressure,
or any adequate power or force may then be applied to ensure perfect
adhesion between the plates, bars, and rods, and as much more power
should be applied as may be required to compress the mass to a proper.
degree of density. The quality of the metals, especially fibrous metals,
will be materially improved by this process, as by the undulations of the
plates the whole will be interlocked, knit firmly, welded, and powerfully
compressed, and the combination will become admirably adapted for
the purposes above named. The mass blocks or plates thus built up are
when practicable at once shaped in accordance with their use in the
form thus imparted to them; but when finished with plain surfaces
having interior undulations they can of course afterwards be rolled,
pressed, or forged to any dimensions and forms that may be required
through ordinary rollers and appliances without materially changing the
textile knit or felted character of the combination, or between undulated
rollers or suitable prepared undulated book or other dics with plain

page_text: •
outsides to work between ordinary rollers, presses, stamps, or other
appliances, and yet finish the metals with surfaces wholly or in part
undulated on the outsides. Metals having their fibres thus intermixed
and closely interlocked, and as it were knit and fitted together will also
be of a most desirable quality for railway purposes, especially as it is
intended in this undulated form to mix the fagots for railway works of
iron and steel of the toughest quality, and so arranged as to bring the
best steel and iron where the greatest wear is occasioned by friction, or
to place on edge in the rails prepared, compressed, undulated, steel with
smooth edges between the ordinary iron, thereby producing the requisite
smooth bearing and width for the wheels and greatly increased security
from wear at much less cost. This improvement it is intended also to
apply to all the present iron or steel rails by re-rolling when required to
make and keep them in good working order, or by heating and forming
therein grooves to receive on edge such compressed prepared steel with
smooth edges and undulated sides, by the form of which every portion
will be firmly and securely fixed therein by merely hammering or
pressing together such grooves by passing or welding such bars whilst
in a heated state between rollers or other appliances as usual, and the
same plan will be adopted for other purposes where the face only is
required to be hardened.
Rails made of undulated, interlocked, and mixed metals although
finished with one or more smooth surfaces will neither split or laminate
by use, and therefore their sizes and weights may be reduced, and yet
they will wear much longer than others formed in the ordinary way.
The same intermixing and preparation of metals and arrangement of
the undulations to correspond with the forms for wheels, tyres, axles,
´and bearings, will be made so as to introduce layers or portions of undu-
.lated wood, wood pulp, or other materials between the metals to lessen
the weight, and also prevent injury from the heating of one portion
by friction being communicated to the others as will also be done with
the bearings in all descriptions of machinery and works fitted up with
these compressed metals; the wood, wood pulp, or other materials so
introduced also taking up the oil and grease to lubricate the same.
The materials treated and formed in accordance with my said Inven-
tion may be welded or combined according to their nature (as will be
well understood), or used separately or in combination with each other,
and will afford facility for contraction and expansion without injury to

page_text: the substance of the material or materials. This result is attained as
before mentioned by careful disposition of the qualities of the material
or materials employed as well as of the direction of the fibres or
substance thereof, the better or more highly compressed metals or
materials being placed on the outside, the same consisting of hard and
soft wrought metals (when metals are employed) arranged "end on" or
otherwise, or mixed with prepared cast and chilled iron and steel which
by the form of corrugation or undulation will interlock or interlace
together. The whole is finished under great pressure obtained by any
suitable means without allowing the same to spread. This method of
treatment and manufacture will give to the materials great strength and
power of resistance, and render the same capable of being applied with
great advantage separately or in combination with each other, and with
other materials to the construction of ventilating and heating apparatus,
and of armour plated and other ships, forts, turrets, flotillas, shields,
ordnance, bridges, steam and other boilers, girders, roofs, and to a great
variety of other purposes.
In the treatment, preparation, combination, and using of iron, steel,
and other metals and materials as are most suitable for fagoting up for
welding or using in combination those portions prepared in the best
manner are placed where the greatest strength and power of resistance
may be required. The corrugations or undulations are prepared so as to
be capable of interlocking or interlacing with each other as before
described, but when the metals or materials are desired to be finished
with plain surfaces the outside portions are rolled, pressed, or moulded
with one undulated and one plain roller, or pressed under one plain and
one undulated die; and by placing the metals or materials thus prepared
on the outside with the wholly corrugated or undulated metals or
materials on the inside, the several portions may when prepared as
before mentioned be welded, rolled, or pressed between plain rollers or
presses, and finished with plain surfaces and yet preserving the internal
corrugated or undulated form of the fibres as before set forth.
.
Where dies and moulds are employed to produce armour blocks,
ordnance, and other heavy works, the wrought metals are compressed of
the undulated form, and cast or chilled metals made to correspond
therewith, and the same are employed and placed so as to protect each
other, or the condensed plates may be made and corrugated or undulated
of the required section, and when prepared as aforesaid placed in
w

page_text: suitable metal or metals is or are cast, and the whole when needful
subjected to pressure still further to condense the same, the combination
being thus welded, interlocked, and interlaced, and the several portions
forming the structure supporting each other so as to produce great
strength and power of resistance.
The degree of pressure to be applied to the metals and materials
treated in accordance with this Invention is limited only by the require-
ments of the purpose for which the same are to be employed.
In applying armour plates formed in accordance with this Invention,
strong bases are prepared to which undulated angle plates are securely
fixed from end to end, and on which is laid with some yielding or semi-
elastic substance to keep out the water the first row of corrugated or
undulated blocks or plates, the same being followed by angle plates and
rows of blocks to the required height, with a suitable coping bolted at
the top with unexposed bolts. The thickness of the iron or steel may
be varied as desired, the difference being made up of corrugated or
undulated wood, wood pulp, or other material or materials so as to
present a smooth metal or anvil face without any exposed bolts from top
to bottom; and in cases in which ordinary armour plates are employed
the edges thereof may be corrugated or undulated, and the same fixed
with corrugated or undulated angle plates so as to avoid the bolts used
being exposed.
When desired two or more sides of the plates, blocks, bricks, or other
materials formed or treated in accordance with this Invention are
finished with concave corrugations or undulations, whilst others are
finished on two or more sides thereof with convex corrugations or
undulations, and others will be formed with portions of each description
of undulations on two or more sides so as to fit into and bond with each
other and afford every facility for rapid use, all having straight sides and
ends, shewing when used straight joints similar to ordinary slabs, plates,
or bricks.
In building ships of every description to which this Invention is
applied, all the ribs or framework and internal fittings may be con-
structed of corrugated or undulated materials, and the plates used for
the decks and ceilings are perforated when required, and fitted with

page_text: pipes for carrying off the vitiated air, and for the admission of pure air,
either heated or cooled.
In the manufacture of bricks, tiles, and ceramic goods, the ordinary
materials are employed, but the articles are finished with minute or
other corrugations or undulations thereon of the form before mentioned,
or of any other designs, with or without perforations, to be used for
all the ordinary purposes would be employed for the purposes of heating,
ventilation, evaporation, or condensation, whether pottery or other
materials are employed.
In the manufacture and treatment of glass in accordance with the
principles of my said Invention, the ordinary methods of preparation
are employed, and when produced with plain surfaces an additional
heating or annealing is given thereto, and the corrugations or un-
dulations imparted with or without perforations, according to the
purposes for which it is to be used. It is intended to form these
sheets of glass in one or more thicknesses and colors, and to apply
thereto gold, silver, and other colored substances, patterns, and designs
on, between, or under the same for the protection thereof in the forma-
tion therewith of tiles for flooring, walls, ceilings, and fittings of rooms
generally when undulated with minute undulations to represent tapestry,
or larger undulations of the radiated and other forms for reflectors,
ventilators, and other purposes.
For producing wine and other bottles, fountains, fish globes, ferneries,
and other purposes, the outside undulated mould is properly prepared
to open in sections of brass or other metal, and the glass when hot
is blown therein, as at present, which will produce the undulations, and
thus increase the strength without additional thickness.
When plates or blocks formed and perforated (if desired) as before
mentioned are used in the manufacture and construction of furnaces,
ovens, boilers, fire-boxes, cooking apparatus, grates, stoves, and lamps,
great advantages are attained by a saving of fluel being effected by
consumption of smoke, and by the noxious gases and vapours being
intercepted, carried off, or condensed by the corrugations or undulations
and perforations and pipes connected therewith, and in all cases the
forms of such plates or blocks are made to suit the purposes for which
they are to be employed.
.

page_text: The same plan will
When the plates or blocks are applied to grates, stoves, furnaces,
locomotives, and other fire-places to promote combustion and consume
smoke the convex sides thereof perforated at the apex of the undulations
will be placed towards the coal or other fuel, and be fed from boxes
or other convenient places on the concave side with atmospheric air,
which, by thus passing through such metal plates, will be heated
and be taken up by the fluel without ordinary draughts, will allow
all the carbon to be consumed, whilst other plates with the concave
sides towards the fire will allow the azote and other light noxious
gases which will not burn, to pass off by the flues, or be carried
through condensers when too heavy to ascend.
be adopted with cooking apparatus, ovens, and such like contrivances,
the plates being so arranged as only to admit the requisite quantity
of pure air to carry off that which is vitiated, and be capable of being
regulated to any required degree of heat, whilst covers and suitable
stands will be constructed to be used with these and all other ovens
with the concave side of the plates inside, and minute perforations
on the apex to let off but not to let in vapours, which must be
injurious when various descriptions of food are baked in the same
oven; and these covers of any forms with corresponding stands to fit
the same will be used for baking bread, biscuits, and such like goods,
or if prepared as dish covers they will only be made with an inside
perforated plate to collect and retain the steam whilst in use.
S
When in furnaces, boilers, and all other domestic articles. it is
desirable to prevent the boiling over or the escape of injurious effluvia
in houses or manufactories these undulated and perforated plates will
be added to the covers thereof with concave sides towards such liquids,
the steam from which being condensed by cold water or other suitable
medium will be collected in the undulations and pass off into pipes
prepared for that purpose, and be carried back to such vessel or into
separate tanks for future use.
In the application of these plates to gas and other stoves and lamps,
reservoirs to receive pure atmospheric air will be provided, from which,
through the undulated and perforated plates and pipes, it will be con-
veyed to the flame in minute quantities, thereby increasing the light
and heat; a portion of such pure air being also thereby heated and
introduced into rooms to increase the temperature when required, whilst
other undulated plates will be fitted up in various forms to intercept

page_text: and accumulate the carbonic acid and other noxious gases in water,
either in separate vases or over each burner so as to be washed when
needful, and thus prevent the same from contaminating the air and
making it injurious to health, as at present.
It is also intended to apply these undulated and perforated plates with:
the concave side upwards to furnaces, tanks, or channels formed for
carrying off by properly trapped drains or pumps the carbonic acid,
carburetted hydrogen, and other noxious gases which will mix with and
accumulate in water in the basement floors of houses, tunnels, mines;
and other works which are too low or deep to allow the same to run out
and mix with the surrounding atmosphere; and to further purify and
render healthy such places undulated and perforated pipes and plates
will be so arranged therein or to admit pure air, water, or steam in
minute quantities to condense such injurious gases and carry them off
by the pumping engines and drains to be made in such mines and works
with regular fall from every part covered with such undulated and
perforated plates up to and into the wells provided for taking off the
water therefrom.
I will now refer to the annexed Drawings, from which the nature of
my said Invention will be more clearly understood.
Figures 1 and 2 are cross and longitudinal sections showing the
preparation as before mentioned, and fagotting up after preparation, as
aforesaid, of a large round bar of iron or steel with undulated fibres or
substance, the line shading showing the difference in quality and extra
compression to be used separately, or welded or combined, the quality
being denoted by a brand thereon.
.Figures 3 and 4 are cross and longitudinal sections showing the
fagotting up of a similar round bar of iron or steel with straight fibres as
at present.
:
Figures 5 and 6 shew that undulated bars finished with plain surfaces
will appear the same as the present metals with straight fibres, those
with undulated fibres being marked by a brand.
Figures 7 and 8 are cross and longitudinal sections showing the
preparation and fagotting up of a square bar or plates of iron or steel of
any dimensions with the undulated fibres or substance, the line shading

page_text: showing the difference in quality and extra compression to be denoted
by a brand, as aforesaid.
Figures 9 and 10 are cross and longitudinal sections showing the
fagotting up after preparation of a similar square bar or plates of iron or
steel with straight fibres as at present.
Figures 11 and 12 shew that the external appearance of undulated
and straight fibred bars and plates of iron or steel is the same, those
with undulated fibres being denoted by a brand, as aforesaid, to denote
the quality.
Figure 13 is an illustration of plates or bars of the undulated iron or
steel prepared welded and finished with plain outsides but of intermixed
metals, and may be made in blocks so as to interlock into each other, as
denoted by the difference in shading, and so as to work into other
undulated metals and materials where required.
Figure 14 is a cross section of bars or plates of iron, or steel, or ]
mixed metals of any dimensions prepared, fagotted up, welded, and
finished, with two plain and two undulated surfaces and square ends to
be used separately or in combination, according to the purpose to which
the same are to be applied.
Figure 15 is the front view of the last-mentioned bar or plate of iron 2
or steel showing the undulations longitudinally and transversely, the
brand thereon denoting the quality.
Figure 16 is a view of bars or plates of iron, steel, or mixed metals
prepared, fagotted up, welded, or used separately or in combination,
showing the longitudinal and transverse undulations on nearly the whole 2
of two sides, a portion being left plain with plain edges and ends as
intended to be done in all other cases where required for extra com-
pression or shaping, capable of being built up on each other, as there
shewn, so as to expose only such prepared and compressed edges; the
fibres or substance of such metals being also, when desired, arranged 3
"end on" to give greater resistance to the whole, and secured by the
undulated angle plates bolted to the back, by which arrangement the
whole will be securely fixed without any bolts being exposed or liable to
injury; or if preferred these rows of undulated iron for fixing may be
wider and 'built up with or let into the woodwork. It is also intended 3
in all works when considered needful to put thin gutta percha, india-

page_text: rubber, or other yielding substance between the joints to keep out the
water and thereby prevent injury therefrom.
Figure 17 represents a portion of armour plating or blocks made of
the undulated iron and steel or mixed metals, the fibres or substance
being properly arranged "end on" or otherwise prepared, compressed,
fagotted up, and welded or cast for use separately or in combination
when finished by means of suitable pressure, so as to produce on the
ends smooth anvil faces, such as will afford the needful power of
resistance. The longitudinal and transverse undulations on the four
sides being so prepared, part with concave and part with convex
undulations, so as to enable the same to interlock into cach other, and
into the undulated angle plates prepared to correspond therewith to be
easily built up on prepared bases, and fixed securely at any time to
ships, forts, shields, and works of defence by the undulated angle plates
when required, as before described.
Figure 18 illustrates the manner of building up the last mentioned
armour plates or blocks of iron and steel or mixed metals with other
materials for ships, forts, turrets, shields, and works of defence, and
secured thereto when required by the before mentioned undulated angle
plates, the whole presenting on the outside a condensed smooth. anvil
face surface, so arranged in fibre, substance, quality, and thickness as to
give the requisite power of resistance.
It is intended to make these plates or blocks of armour plating of any
of the herein described undulated forms of iron, steel, mixed or other
metals and materials, either by rolling, pressing, stamping, or casting,
or partly cast and partly wrought with two or more sides undulated,
part being raised or convex, and part being sunk or concave, or all
raised or convex undulations on some of the blocks or plates, and all
sunk or concave on the others to interlock into cach other, the ends or
outsides in cach case being compressed, condensed, and finished smooth,
as may be required.
It is intended to form or make one or more rows of suitable concave
or convex undulations on the edges of the present straight fibred metals
or armour plates to enable them to be affixed on the top, bottom, or
around the same by the aforesaid angle plates, undulated to correspond
therewith; or these bars or plates can then be bolted or rivetted together
with great advantage in the same way as if wholly undulated. This

page_text: plan is also applicable to and is intended to be applied in the construction
of tubes, pipes, boilers, and other works to provide for power of expansion
and thus lessen the liability to bursting. As some portions of the works
of defence will be more exposed than others this plan will afford an
opportunity of adding to or reducing the thickness and weight of the
iron and steel or mixed metals, as well as giving great facilities for
intermixing therewith on the inside wood, wood pulp, and other
materials similarly undulated, and yet shewing on the outside the same
smooth metal surface. These blocks and plates are easily applied when
provision is made therefor, and they can therefore be placed in position
at any time, thus preventing injury thereto from exposure, and affording
an opportunity from time to time to make them equal in resistance to
any increased weight or force of projectile, the blows from which under
this system will in a measure be distributed by the blocks being slightly
moveable, the whole of the undulations under such circumstances
impinging or pressing on each other in all directions, thereby lessening
or preventing injury to the same as well as affording protection to the.
whole. The embrasures or ports can be fitted up in the same way with
shields capable of being easily worked.
Figure 19 is a plan shewing longitudinal and transverse undulations
of any sizes, either perforated or partly perforated, applied to the whole
surface of these mixed metals of iron and steel, or mixed metals and
other materials of any thicknesses; and Figure 20 is the section thercof,
showing the form of fibres and substance in both directions, the line
shading denoting the difference in quality to be separately compressed!
and welded after preparation, or used as sheets, and for ventilating,
heating, evaporating, and condensing when perforated at the apex of the
undulations.
Figures 21 and 22 are plan and section of similar metals and materials
undulated around the edges only, if so preferred, for boilers and other;
purposes.
Figures 23 and 24 are plan and section of similar metals and materials
with undulations longitudinally and transversely across the centre both
ways to allow of the contraction and expansion thereof without injury,
as well as for other purposes, the undulations being introduced in such
directions and numbers as may be most suitable.
Figures 25 and 26 are plan and section of undulated bars and plates

page_text: of similar metals and materials with straight edges for all descriptions of
works when required, and it is intented to make on portions or the
whole of the present or future metals undulations corresponding with
the sizes thereof, thus producing greater strength and facility for
rivetting for ribs of ships, bridges, roofs, and other purposes.
Figures 27 and 28 are plan and section of similar metals and materials
prepared with diagonal undulations in two directions over the whole or
only portions thereof, as in other cases, and of such thicknesses, sizes,
and angles as may be most convenient.
Figure 29 is a plan of similar metals undulated in a circular and
radiated form for all works requiring the same, which are also intended
to be prepared of egg and other shapes so as to make the same useful
for ends of boilers and other circular works, including cast steel or other
metals to be used for grinding corn, seeds, wood, and other pulp; also
paint and mineral mills and disintegrators with or without perforations,
or partly perforated, and it is intended to adopt the same plan for plates
of all metals, glass, pottery, and other materials for all descriptions of
house fittings, as well as for reflecting, ventilating, heating, evaporating,
and condensing purposes, the same being perforated where desired for
such purposes. These plates will also be prepared and undulated of oval
or other suitable forms to be applied to horse and other shoes to prevent
slipping and afford other advantages.
Figure 30 is a plan to illustrate coils of similar metals intended to be
undulated, of different sizes and lengths, so as to roll up wholly from
the centre rifled core, or only as there shewn, or in separate coils
prepared and welded to give the requisite strength of such diameter as
may be required, or the coils will be finished so as to fit over each other,
or be mixed with prepared wrought or cast metals, to give a proper finish
and greater power of resistance and prevent injury from sudden strains,
thus making the same more valuable for ordnance steam cylinders and
other purposes.
Figures 31 and 32 represent coils or plates of similar metals of any
sizes or thickness, with circular and radiated undulations, to enable the
same to be built up or welded to fit over each other, according to the size
of bore and power required for ordnance or other purposes of any dimen-
sions, by which means the quality of the whole will be fully ascertained
and secured, enabling portions also to be cast, interlocked, welded, and

page_text: finished, to give great power, or if so desired the several parts may be so
arranged and fitted for bolting together with unexposed bolts for the
purpose of making the same more portable when of extraordinary size.
The same plan will be adopted for plates of pistons and bearings of
shafting for screws, paddle, and other wheels, as well as for bearings of
all kinds of machinery. Each coil or plate being made or undulated of
this form may consist of different descriptions of metals, wood, wood
pulp, or other materials, and afterwards bolted, turned, bored, and
finished, when the whole will not only work well together, but also
prevent injury from friction, which will not extend from one portion of
the metals to another, being prevented by being intermixed by the layers
of wood or wood pulp, which will absorb the oil, and thus lubricate and
make the whole perfect. It will also enable the worn portions of the
. bearings to be shifted or replaced with little trouble or expense. Similar
plates of this or any of the other forms will also be manufactured of
pottery, glass, wood, metals, papier maché, gutta percha, india-rubber,
and all other materials which may be rolled, moulded, pressed, stamped,
cast, or formed, of yielding materials as portions of or fixings for the
several works herein described.
:
:
Figures 33 and 33ª are plan and section of undulated panels of any
description of metals and materials of any sizes and thicknesses, with
straight edges to fit any frames, or for various works, the line shading on
the section showing the fibres or substance of mixed metals to be used
separately or in combination.
Figure 34 illustrates the plates to be manufactured of iron, steel, :
mixed metals, and other materials combined for roofing and forming
portable buildings, as well as for coverings for all manufactories and
apparatus therein, perforated or partly perforated, so as to be useful for
inside work, as at al; felt or other absorbing material at a 2; then wood
or metal raps, a3; and then covered with undulated slates or plates a
made of metal, pottery, glass, wood, wood pulp, or other materials,
thereby not only improving the ventilation, but also acting, when so
arranged, as evaporators or condensers when water or other liquids are
employed in connection therewith, the vapours from which will thereby
be removed or collected for further use, the forms of each system of a
plates and number being made to correspond with the apparatus to
which the same may be applied. The same plan may be adopted for the
walls, ceilings, floors, doors, windows, and fittings generally, and may

page_text: be galvanized, painted, papered, or decorated and finished according to
the purpose for which such buildings may be intended, while grates and
stoves may also be fitted up with the undulated plates of suitable
materials for the promotion of heat and ventilation. Walls for buildings
may also be built of undulated and perforated bricks or blocks of fire-
proof and waterproof materials.
Figure 35 is to illustrate the advantage of the undulated bars and
plates for rivetting in ship building, and for all other purposes, by which
the whole strength of the metal is secured, and the rivets being pre-
vented from shearing and injury, as contrasted with Figure 36, representing
the present bars and plates only held together by the rivets, which are
very liable to injury under great strains, thereby producing leaks and
endangering the whole.
Figure 37 shews the same advantage as to rivetting before mentioned,
when the bars or plates are only undulated near their junctions, and the
other parts are required to be plain, contrasted with the present method
shown by Figure 38. The same increased strength over the present plan
is afforded by the undulated mixed metals for all purposes, or when the
ordinary metals are only undulated at the joints, after being fitted, they
will possess the extra strength when lapped and rivetted.
.
Figure 39 is to illustrate the combination of the undulated mixed
metals with wood, wood pulp, and other materials, which will be arranged
according to the purpose for which they are to be applied, and will be
valuable for bridges, girders, roofs, and such like works, by which
3 greater strength will be afforded with less weight than can be by the
present method, as shewn by Figure 40. The same plan will be adopted
for portable and other railways, tramways, and for other purposes, one
substance being protected and made more valuable by the other, and
when iron and steel alone are used the qualities, fibres, and substance
thereof will be so prepared, arranged, and compressed as to give increased
wear on the surface, whilst if desired to secure grip without so much
weight, or for tramroads for steep gradients, one portion or concave side
of the undulations will be made in the tire of the wheels, the other or
convex on the rails, the longitudinal undulations being slightly deeper
and running in each other as smoothly as if wholly plain, the transverse
ones being loose will give the grip, when both are of metal, or one of
them may be formed of gutta percha, india-rubber, wood, wood pulp,

page_text: or other yielding materials to secure additional advantages when used
for streets or roads. Other portions of the streets will be finished with
undulated blocks of metal, wood, wood pulp, artificial stone, granite,
and other materials of various descriptions, capable of being prepared
and compressed as aforesaid, or where desired portions of the granite
paving or ordinary roads may be continued therewith. The blocks will
be prepared of the requisite form, and when laid will maintain a good
true surface or curve, and yet be capable of being readily removed or
replaced when alterations are required to be made to gas, water, and
other works.
Figure 41 illustrates the method of forming armour-plated blocks of
the undulated and compressed metals, and wood or wood pulp
"end on,"
with smooth anvil faces on the outside to build in where desired, and
fixed without bolting, with the armour-plating made wholly of metals
by which the weight may be reduced to any required extent in the less
exposed parts, and yet the whole correspond on the outside.
Figure 42 is to shew the manner of building forts and other works
rapidly in difficult situations or as temporary works, where they will
produce the greatest effect with the undulated compressed metal blocks
of different thicknesses on the outside, whilst the inside may be of wood,
wood pulp, bricks, earth work, or other materials. The same plan being
adaptable for building walls of houses, the blocks of patent stone, or
other materials on the outside, and bricks, concrete, or other materials
to make the required thickness inside, or with the undulated blocks or
bricks they may be easily built hollow to prevent injury from damp and
facilitate ventilation and heating thereof. These blocks are finished with
smooth sides and ends, the tops having sunk or concave undulations, the
bottoms raised or convex and perforated when desired or required.
Figure 43 shews similar blocks or bricks with smooth sides and ends,
the tops and bottoms being finished with sunk or concave undulations,
and perforated where desired or required.
Figure 44 shews similar blocks or bricks with smooth sides and ends,
the tops and bottoms being finished with raised or convex undulations,
whilst other plates and blocks will be formed with portions of each
description of modulation on two or more sides so as to fit and interlock
into and bond with the last mentioned blocks or bricks or into and with
any other bars or plates which arc intended to be finished in a similar

page_text: manner and perforated where desired or required. In all cases other
portions will be undulated or left plain where desirable or needful..
Figure 45 shews the form of blocks or plates of the undulated and
compressed metals and materials with plain sides and ends, but undulated
as before described on the top and bottom, with or without perforations
similar to either of those last mentioned, and to work in therewith of
any sizes so as to form turrets, shields, cylinders, shafts, arches, corridors,
and works of such like description or of any diameter.
To give additional strength for turrets, domes, and works of defence
some of the circles may be whole and entire and in others arranged so
as to leave the needful embrasures or ports which can be fitted up with
shields and be capable of being rapidly erected on the bases prepared for
that purpose with unexposed bolts, so that they may be put together
when required instead of always keeping the same in position and
exposed, besides injuring the sailing qualities of vessels on long voyages,
to which these improvements may be applied. Decks will be protected
and masts and all fittings of ships, forts, and works will be made of these
mixed compressed undulated metals with greater strength and less
weight than can be done at present, besides affording other advantages.
Figure 46 is a section of the undulated and compressed metal plates
or blocks of different descriptions or qualities cither prepared, welded,
or built up to break the joints, and arranged for the best qualities to bo
in the most exposed parts to afford the greatest resistance on the end or
face which is to be finished with a smooth surface, the whole being so
interlocked as to entirely prevent removal of any portion thereof after
being built up complete, the upper courses being bolted inside or affixed
with undulated angle plates, as before described.
Figure 47 is a similar section of the undulated blocks or plates showing
the greatest power of resistance of the metals brought to the face, and
the thickness made up of wood, wood pulp, or other suitable materials.
In this as in the last described modification the undulations of portions
of the metals are reversed, bringing the two sides with sunk or concave
undulations opposite cach other, the space between being filled up with
blocks or plates formed with raised or convex undulations on both sides
to bond into such sunk undulations which will be done on the edges of
the ordinary armour or other plates when such are used to enable the
B

page_text: same to be fixed in position without bolting with the undulated angle
plates, as before described.
I may here state that I am aware that metals and other materials have
heretofore been made with corrugated surfaces in order to increase their
strength, and Letters Patent have been granted to me bearing date the
Twenty-first day of March, One thousand eight hundred and fifty-nine,
No. 707, for "An Improved Method of Treating Metals and other
Materials to Increase their Strength," whereby the right to undulate the
surfaces of metals and other materials with double corrugations and of
using the same for purposes of ventilation was secured to me, but what
I consider was novel and original, and therefore claim as constituting
my said present Invention, are,-
The improved methods of manufacturing, arranging, combining, com-
pressing, treating, and producing with and on plain plates, bars, and
rods of all descriptions of iron, steel, and other metals and materials,
compound undulations or corrugations, and combining the same thus
formed into blocks and bars of greater thickness under great pressure
with other materials, and the application thereof separately or in com-
bination, substantially as and for the purposes herein-before set forth and
described.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Haggett, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, the Tenth day of April, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-three.
Witness,
E. P. H. VAUGHAN, F.C.S.
54, Chancery Lane.
WILLIAM HAGGETT. (L.S.)