Year: 1888

page_text: Date of Application, 10th Feb., 1888
Complete Specification Left, 5th Nov., 1888
Complete Specification Accepted, 7th Dec., 1888
I, ALEXANDER LAGERMAN, of Jönköping in the Kingdom of Sweden, Engineer,
do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows :-
When types are composed by machinery they are often arranged in successive rows
in a galley, each row intended to be a line of forme; but these lines are seldom
precisely of the length which they are required to have in the forme. The lines have
therefore to be justified by introducing between the words, space types of less or
greater thickness according as the line requires to be shortened or lengthened.
My invention relatos to apparatus for this purpose so arranged that the required
lengthening or shortening of each composed line is indicated to the operator, and that
he can rapidly and easily, without exercise of skill, but by merely setting a gauge to
suit the indication of length, and moving certain handles, give the line the proper
length and place it in the forme.
In the first place, I provide space types of several different thicknesses; I find that
three thicknesses are generally sufficient; and I use one set of these, say, those of the
middle thickness, in composing the lines, which therefore present themselves in the
grooves of the galley with spaces of only one thickness separating the words. I
transfer the galley with its rows of types in this condition to a slide on the justifying
machine on which it lies inclined somewhat backwards presenting the faces of the
types to the operator.
Above this slide there are several nearly vertical channels side by side, containing
rows of space types of several different thicknesses, those of one thickness in each
channel.
At the lower end of those channels there is a reciprocating transverse slido, having
its front wedge shaped and, behind that, a shoulder which passes to and fro under the
channels containing the space types.
The operator moves the galley until the front line of its types comes up to
stop.
He then by raising a lever pushes this row of types up towards a moveable stop
above. This stop, according as it is thus raised above its normal position by a line

page_text: of types too long, or as it is left below its normal position by a line of types too short,
shews the operator by an index on a graduated scale to what extent the space types
must be changed by introducing thicker or thinner spaces in order to bring the line
to its proper length. By turning a hand wheel, the operator causes the line of type
to ascend until a gauge point which is kept back by the tops of the character types
advances, when a space presents itself, over the top of a space type which is shorter
than the character. types. When this gauge advances into the space, the upward
movement of the line of types is arrested, and the transverse slide advances pushing
out from between the types the space already thero, and substituting for it one or
other or a combination of several of the space types of different thickness, the
particular space or spaces thus substituted descending from their channels as deter-
mined by a stepped slide, which is adjusted by the hand of the operator in con-
formity with the index of length mentioned above.
This is repeated for several or for all of the spaces in the line, the index of length
altering its position for every substitution of space effected until it arrives at zero,
this showing that the line has been altered to the proper length. The line thus
justified is then pushed by a transverse slide into its place in the forme, and if
*required a lead, or strip of metal which spaces line from line, is automatically pushed
forward and up against the line last advanced into the forme.
By employing only three thicknesses of space type as above mentioned, using
those of the middle thickness in composing, and afterwards in justifying, substituting
when necessary for some or all of these the thicker or thinner spaces or combinations
of two or three of those, I am enabled to effect all such justification as is
required for ordinary formes. There may however, be space types of other
thicknesses employed, according as the conditions of the composition and justification
may require.
Dated this 10th day of February 1888.
ABEL & IMRAY,
Agents for the Applicant.

page_text: I, ALEXANDER LAGERMAN of Jonkoping in the Kingdom of Sweden, Engineer,
do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what mannor the same is to be
performed to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement thereof :--
When types are composed by machinery, they are often arranged in successive
rows in a galley, each row intended to be a line of formo, but these lines are seldom
precisely of the length which they are required to have in the forme. The lines have
therefore to be justified by introducing hetween the words space types of less or
greater thickness according as the line requires to be shortened or lengthened. My
invention relates to apparatus for this purpose, so arranged that the required
lengthening of each composed line is indicated to the operator, and that he can
rapidly and easily without exercise of skill, but by merely setting a gauge to suit
the indication of length, and moving certain handles, give the line the proper length
and place it in the forme.
In the first place, I provide space types of several difforont thicknesses, I find that
three thicknessos are generally sufficient, but four, such as, and of an
m. quad give greater facility for justifying, and I use one set of these, say those of
one of the middle thicknesses such as the th space, in composing the lines, which
therefore present themsolves in the grooves of the galley, with spaces of only this ono
thickness separating the words. I transfer the galley with its rows of types in this
condition to a slide on the justifying machine on which it lies inclined somewhat
backwards presenting the faces of the types to the operator. Above this slide there
are several nearly vertical channels side by side containing rows of space types of the
three other thicknesses, those of one thickness in each channel. At the lower end of
those channels there is a reciprocating transverso slide having its front wedge shaped,
and behind that a shoulder which passes to and fro under the channels containing the
space types. The operator, moves the galley until the front line of its types comes up
to a certain position. He then by moving a lever brings a hook finger down on this
row of types which he then pushes up. The hook finger according as it is raised
above its normal position by a line of types too long, or as it is left below its normal
position by a line of types too short, shows the operator by an Index on a graduated
scale to what extent the space types must be changed by introducing thicker or
thinner spaces in order to bring the whole line to its proper length. He sets an index
accordingly and then by turning a hand wheel the operator causes the line of type
to ascend until a gauge point which is kept back by the tops of the character types
advances when a spaco presents itself over the top of a space type which is shorter
than the character types. When this gauge advances into the space, the upward
movement of the line of types is arrested, and the transverse slide advances pushing
out from between the types the space already there and substituting for it one or other
or a combination of several of the space types of different thicknesses, the particular

page_text: space or spaces thus substituted descending from their channels as determined by a
stepped slide which had been previously adjusted by the hand of the operator in
conformity with the index of length mentioned above. This substitution of spaces is
repeated for several or all of the spaces in the line, the index of length altering its
position for every substitution of space effected until it arrives at zero, this showing
that the line has been altered to the proper length. The line thus justified is then
pushed by a transverse slide into its place in a slip galley ready to be made up
into pages, and, if required, a lead which spaces line from line is automatically pushed
forward and up against the line thus advanced into the slip galley.
By employing only a few thicknesses of space types as above mentioned, using
those of one of the middle thicknesses in composing and afterwards in justifying,
substituting when necessary for some or all of these the thicker or thinner spaces or
combinations of several of those, I am enabled to effect all such justification as is
required for ordinary formes. There may, however, be space types of other
thicknesses employed, according as the conditions of the composition and justification
may require.
Such being the general character and operation of justifying apparatus according
to my invention I will now proceed, to describe its construction referring to the
accompanying drawings.
Fig. 1 is a front view, Fig. 2 a plan on A. B. Fig. 3 a plan on C. D. Fig. 4 is an
ond view. Figs. 5 and 6 are transverse sections respectively on E. F. and G. H. of
Fig. 1. The other figures show details hereinafter referred to, that is to say. Fig 7
is a part longitudinal Soction showing the clutch, to the driving spindle C. Fig. 8 is
a part sectional plan of the feed for leads. Fig. 9 is a part plan showing the
operation of the adjusting and holding flange of E. Fig. 10 is a front view of the
dial and index shewing required spaces, Figs. 11, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18 and 19 are part
elevations shewing the operation of the slide in introducing spaces of various thick-
nesses: Fig. 15 shews combinations of a few space types to make up a number of
different thicknessos. Fig. 16 is a part transverse section shewing the appliance for
determining thickness of spaces. Figs. 20 and 21 show respectively the passage
for the wedge of the slide and a transverse Section of the wedge itself for opening a
space in a row of types.
A is the main frame which is inclined backwards and is supported on end
framos A¹ A². A shaft C. mounted in bearings in the frame A² and in a bracket B.
can be turned by a hand wheel D having handle D¹. On the shaft C. is fixed a barrel
cam E in the groove E' of which is engaged a roller F1 at the end of a lever F which
by its pin F gives reciprocating motion to the horizontal slide L. As shown in
Fig. 7 the end of the shaft C is bored to receive a spindle C¹ and terminates in
an obliquely serrated disc C against which another obliquely serrated disc Con
the spindle C can be brought to bear, the two forming a clutch for driving a
pinion on the spindle C₁ which pinion gears with the partially toothed wheel H.
From a pin H¹ on the wheel H extends a bent rod H³ a roller H³ on which is
engaged in a curved slot I¹ formed in a bracket projecting from a slide I. When
the wheel H. turns partly round in the direction of the arrow, the rod H raises
the slide I. until the roller H' enters an inclined guide slot A³ by which it is
directed into the oblique part of the slot I', the slide I. then ceasing to move
apwards during the rest of the movement of the wheel H. On the wheel H. are
fixed two curved guides H and H' which at each end of the stroke of the
wheel H. move outwards and inwards respectively a roller K' mounted on a slide U.
as will hereafter be described.
On H the shaft of the wheel H. is fixed a bent arm H with handle H' by
which the wheel H. can be moved by hand.
The slide I. moves up and down along a bar A and has fixed to it a bar I'
on which is guided another slide 1. From this extends downwards a rod 1*
terminating in a rack which gears with a pinion 1'. On the spindle of this-pinion
is fixed an index I and the spindle is urged by a volute spring in a box 17 so
as to press the slide 1 downwards. A booked arm I (Figs. 1 and 5) is fixed to

page_text: the slide I and on a pin I on the slide I. is pivotted a lever 110. On the upper
part of the frame are channels K¹ K' K³ containing space types of different
thicknesses, such as are mentioned above, as advancing by twelfths of an m. quad,
these being ready to be introduced singly or variously combined, as the case may
> be, between the words of type in each line.
Tho slide L, as shown in Fig. 17 terminates in a wedge L' behind which is a
transverse slot L' to receive some or other of the space types from the
channels K' KK. Also on a pin I of the slide L. is pivoted an arm L' which
terminates in a fork L projecting upwards with its prongs one on each side of
O a thinned part of the slide L. (where the transverse slot occurs) and a foot L'
under the fork L' as the slide L. moves to and fro, glides over the tops of three
vertical slides M¹ M' M'. These slides, as shown in Figs. 11 and 16 rest on a
notched bar N. which is moved to and fro transversely to the slide L. When the
slide L. is at the extreme of its stroke to the right the slot L' as shewn in Fig. 11,
is immediately under the channel K' and the fork I' if it were then in its highest
position would prevent a space type from entering the slot, and consequently as L.
moved to the left it would carry no space type with it. If however under M³
there is a notch of the bar N. the depth of a K' space type or of several of
these one or more of these will drop into the slot Land will be carried forward
by the slide L. If M¹ and M' have the same depression as M³ as indicated in
Fig. 17 no space types will be taken from K₁ K because the slot L' is already
chargod from K'. If however, M³ and M¹ be lower than M³ one or more space
types, as dotermined by the depressions of M² M¹ may enter the slot L* from K³ K¹
while the slide L. rests for a moment with the slot 1 opposite each of these
channels, as indicated by Figs. 12 and 13. Thus the selection of the separate or
combined space types received in the slot L' depends upon such of the notches
in the bar N. as are brought for the time being under the slides M¹ M² M'.
Fig. 15 indicates how various widths of spaces may be formed by combinations
of the three space types respectively ths, ths and ths of an m. quad in order
however to be able to use all the widths shewn in Fig. 15, the slot I would
necessarily be deeper than it is shown in the other figures. As indicated in
Figs. 11 and 12 the wedge L' as it advances to the left pushes a space out from
between two words of the composed line of types. The channel O. up which the
composed line is pushed, as shown in Fig. 20, has an opening ¹³ 0 suited
for passage of the wedge L₁ a transverse section of which is shown by Fig. 21
this being formed with side ribs L' which are of such depth that they raise a
spring presser 0 along with the upper part of the side of the type channel and
the portion of the composed line above them sufficiently far to admit the deepest
of the spaces contained in the slot L. When the slide L. has fully advanced the
cam protuberance E on E. (see Figs. 1 and 6) raises a roller P on an arm P³
of a rocking shaft P and thus an arm P. P¹ on the same shaft P¹ (Fig. 16) is
raised lifting the tail M' of the slide M¹ (Fig. 14). This slide has fixed in it a
pin M (Fig. 11) projecting through slotted holes in the slides M³ and M³ so that
when M is lifted by P¹ the other slides M² M³ are raised also. When M' is thus
lifted, the fork L' is raised moving up out of the slot L' the space types which
it held (see Fig. 14) thus putting them in the line of composed matter in the
place of the space type that had been pushed out by the advance of L' and
allowing the shoulder of L¹ to retreat. During the retreat of L. the fork L'
is kept up to prevent any spaces from dropping into the slot L from the
channels K K* K*.
The clutch discs CC (Fig. 3) are kept engaged by the pressure of a bar Q.
which is guided on the pin C and is jointed at Q to an arm Q₁ which is
pivotted at Q and is urged by a volute spring on its pivot so as to press the
clutch disc against C. From Q extends a horizontal arm which is sup-
ported on the hooked end R¹ of a rod R³ (Fig. 6) which is kept up by a helical
spring of such moderate strength that, if the clutches (C³ should happen to bo
subjected to strain such as occurs when the point of S becomes engaged between

page_text: two types of the row, the rod R' can descend compressing the spring and allowing
the arm Q to descend so as to permit the rod Q. to move to the left, on (
being pressed away from C³ by the strain on the oblique teeth of their serrations.
The arm Qis connected by a rod Q' (Fig. 1) to an arm Q on a rocking shaft
mounted on the standard A². Another arm Q on this rocking shaft can be pushed
down by hand to disengage the clutches C C³.
A vertical rocking shaft S has fixed on it an upper arm S³ (Fig. 2) to which
is jointed a horizontal rod S. It has also a lower arm S' (Fig. 6) which carries
the spring rod R and its hook R¹. The rod S has a rounded point S¹ which
when a space presents itself in a line of the type, can penetrate over the top of
the space type (which is shorter than the character types) between the two words
of the composition which the space separates. When S₁ thus finds a space which
it can enter, the arm S (Fig. 3) which hangs in an inclined attitude swings to
the right taking the hook R₁ out of the way of the arm Q' which can then descend
overcoming the weak spring on the shaft and disengaging the clutches C³ C³.
While the slide I. as already described is being raised by the movement of the
wheel H. driven by the pinion (and the lever 110 rises with it, its upper
end I pushing up a line of type out of the foremost channel of Z., as soon as
a space type presents itself for entrance of the point S¹ of the rod S., the
clutches CC become disengaged, the pinion O ceases to revolve, the wheel H.
ceases to move, the slide ceases to rise and the line of type that was being raised
remains at rest, while, by the action of the slide L and its appliances, the required
spaces are introduced in the line of composition. While the slide L. is performing
this function, but before its wedge end I is withdrawn from the line an inclined
segnient E³ (Figure 6) on the end of E moves the arm S. withdrawing the point S¹
of the rod S. from the space of the line and letting it bear against the character type
next below in the line.
Reverting now to the notched bar N which by the position of its notches under the
slides M¹ M* M' determines the magnitude of the spaces introduced into the line of
con.position, its position is determined as follows:-It is jointed to an arm T' (Figure 2)
on a rocking shaft T which can be moved by a handle T³ (Fig 1.) An index T on
an arm T of the shaft T. can move in front of a scale T. Another arm T' (Figure 9)
of the shaft T. carries a segment Ts with teeth into one or other of the spaces of which
when brought nearly into position a thin flange E' projecting from the ond of E. can
engage so as to determine the exact position and retain the parts connected with N.
in that position during the operation of the slide I. As already described tho
index 1 (Figure 10) is moved to the right or left of its vertical or zero position
according as the line of type in the foremost channel of Z is too short or too long.
The operator observing the number of spaces in the line and the position of the
index I can at once see how much the line requires to be lengthened or shortened
and can see by the dark and light spaces of the dial that are crossed by the
index I which of the several sets of space types should be introduced at every space
of the line in order to make it of the right length for the justified formo. If the
length can be made exact at a single interspace, he observes on which division the
extreme point or graduation 1 of the index rests, and he thereupon moves tho shaft T
till he brings the index T on the field corresponding to that indicated by the index Iº.
If on the other hand, the column requires substitution of two interspaces he notes the
position of the graduation 2 of 1° on the dial 1" or if any other number of interspaces
has to be substituted, he notes the position of the graduation marked by that number
on I and in all cases he adjusts T in correspondence with that part of the dial which
is crossed by the graduation observed. The fields to which the index T is moved are
marked by the letters a, b, c &c. corresponding to the fields similarly marked on the
dial I¹¹.
By this preliminary adjustment the position of the notched bar N. is determined,
and then by the revolution of the wheel D. the whole line of type has its spaces
adjusted so as to bring it to the proper length for the justified formo.
The justified line is advanced into the galley X. in the following manner. The

page_text: curved segment H7 on the wheel H. (Figure 5) having pushed back the roller K*, the
bar U. on which K* is mounted encounters and moves an arm V of a rocking shaft having
other arms V on pivots in which is jointed a bar V having attached to it a bent
plate V³. The front face of this bent plate moving to the left pushes the justified line
out from the grip of 18 and I" into the galley X against certain frictional resistance
applied to a plate X' which is attached to an arm X' projecting down from a spring
slide on a rod X. Also a bar X (Figure 5) is pressed down by a spring on the top
of the line of type as it enters the galley.
To the bar U. is secured a plate U¹ between which and the bent face of the plate V³
the line of type slidos in its ascent. When the slide I. has reached the top of its stroke
the plate U is withdrawn by the back movement of K* and U. permitting the line
to be pushed into the galley.
When the slide I. is by the handle H drawn down, the hook 18 passes down on
the right hand side of the front bend of V, when I. approaches the end of its down
stroke the segment H on the wheel H. moves forwards the roller K* and the bar U
thus advancing the plate U' and moving V back to the right.
When the lower end I of the lever 110 engages on the sloped arm Y. (Figure 1)
it is pushed towards the right while the upper end I is still in the empty type channel
of Z. By this movement the slide Z. is moved bodily to the left by the width of a
channel. When I escapes from the channel in which it was engaged, I" having
then passed Y, a tight spring moves I" to the right so that it is ready on the next
ascent of I to enter the fresh channel containing type into the top of which the hook 1ª
has engaged during descent of I.
Behind the galley X. is a space in the framing forming a magazine A8 (Figure 2)
of leads which are pushed towards the right by a slide A that is drawn forwards by
a weight A' (Figure 5) connected to it by a cord A' passing over guide pullies as
shewn in Fig. 2. The plate U¹, as shewn in Figure 8 has a shoulder which at each
forward movement of U advances one or more of the leads introducing them between
the successive lines of type in the slip galley.
The channels K K K being charged with space types, the magazine A³ with
leads and the slide Z being placed on the right with the channels charged with
composed lines of types having the shorter space types between the words consisting of
character types the operator proceeds as follows:-By his right thumb ho depresses Q
thus retracting the point St and uncoupling CC thus permitting the wheel H to
be moved by the handle H giving upward movement of the foremost line of type
in Z. which line is then raised with the hook I resting on the uppermost type. The
operator now sees how many spaces there are in the column and also notes the position
of the index 1' on the dial I, he sets his index T to correspond and turns the
handle D' and observes how the position of the index I becomes altered. When it
comes to its upright or zero position, he ceases to work the handle D' and depresses
the arm Qallowing the now justified line of types to be pushed into the slip galley by
moving the handle H°.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of this invention and
in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I claim is :—
1. Apparatus for justifying printing formes which, when adjusted to suit a line of
composition automatically selects and introduces between the words thereof, space types
of suitable thickness to make the whole line of the length required for a line of
justified forme, the said apparatus being constructed and operating substantially as
herein described and represented by the drawings.
2. In apparatus such as is referred to in the preceding claim the construction and use
of an indicator having a graduated index, which according as a line of composition
held between an upper and lower stop is too short or too long, is moved to right or
left of its zero position over curves on a dial whereby the number and magnitude of
spaces necessary for justification are visibly indicated substantially as described.
3. In apparatus such as is above referred to, the combination of a reciprocating
slide with its appliances whereby a space type of a line of composition is extruded, the

page_text: types above it are wedged upwards and space types automatically selected from their
respective channels are introduced into the line substantially as described.
4. In combination with the reciprocating slide and its appliances referred to in the
preceding claim, a set of vertical slides and a notched bar adjustable in position to
support them at such heights as determine the thickness of the space types introduced
by the reciprocating slide substantially as described.
5. In apparatus for justifying printing formes a magazine for leads with its
appliances for introducing leads between the justified lines of the forme substantially as
described.
Daded thin Kah Jam
AT
1000
ABEL & IMRAY,
Agents for the Applicant.