Year: 1892

page_text: Date of Application, 7th June, 1892
Complete Specification Left, 4th Mar., 1893-Accepted, 8th Apr., 1893
2100 parts of white pine resin.
For fats not mentioned above, the proportions are calculated according to the
quantity of oxide of potassium necessary for a complete saturation of the fat, and
according to the quantity of fat necessary for the saturation of the oxide of calcium,
or lime.
The above is effected as follows.
The fat, after being weighed is divided into two equal parts. In one recipient
is prepared a lye of 34 per cent. of chemically pure carbonate of potash, and into
another milk of lime prepared from a quantity of chemically pure oxide of
calcium, previously weighed.
One of the parts of the fat above mentioned is then melted on a slow fire in a

page_text: In a boiler of copper coated with nickel inside, or lined with sheet nickel, and
heated either by direct fire or by a steam jacket, is introduced the purified fat, or
fat and oil, or stearine and oil, and this is then heated at a pressure of from
1th to 2 atmospheres, and as soon as the fat or stearine is melted, there is poured
in the tenth part of the calculated quantity of alkaline carbonate (potash lye of
28 to 32° B. or soda lye of 12° B.) while stirring the melted mass vigorously with
a ladle of nickel or wood.
The mixture thus formed froths strongly and rises rapidly to the top of the
boiler. If it rises too fast the heating is suspended, and the molten frothing mass is
stirred on the surface for cooling it. As soon as it begins to sink, the steam is again
admitted to the boiler jacket and a fresh quantity of the alkalies is added to the
mass. By this means it is cooled down to such a degree that the remainder of the
alkalies can be introduced. It is more advantageous to reheat the mass every time
it sinks, up to 90° C. and to introduce the alkalies by degrees in small quantities.
There is thus rapidly formed a mass of dense soap which is transformed by con-
tinued boiling into finished soap. During such boiling there is added to the mass,
while stirring from time to time, small quantities of fresh water, and the longer the
boiling is continued during such addition of water, the more surely is the decom-
position of the whole quantity of the carbonate salt effected and the more the soap
gains in transparency and elasticity.
After from two to four additions of water every ten to fifteen minutes, com-
mencing with the proportion of th and afterwards th of the entire alkaline
carbonate, and after the water has been each time well mixed with the soap, the
mass is dried under a pressure of from 4 to 5 atmospheres, taking care that it does
not burn.
When a sample taken during the drying of the mass has a dull appearance, and
is rapidly transformed during its cooling into a hard and elastic body, the heating
is suspended, and the material is run out of the boiler into moulds, and is subjected
at once to pressure. After standing for two or three days in a dry place, the soap
will be sufficiently hard for use.
If on the other hand the sample taken does not appear sufficiently dry, the
drying of the soap is continued until it has attained the requisite consistency.
If the mass should be too brittle, a small quantity of water is added in the boiler
and carefully mixed with the mass.
1

page_text: Instead of introducing the alkaline carbonate gradually it may be added all as
once and the mixture be heated slowly at a slight pressure. As soon as the mast
begins to froth and rise, it is stirred at the surface as above stated, taking care that
it does not boil over, by stopping the heat supply if necessary.
If the mass sinks again after half an hour and ceases to froth, it decomposes
suddenly, if the process is successful into pure neutral fat and a flocculent grey
alkaline salt saturated with fat, and combined with an undecomposed alkaline
carbonate. The heat must then be raised in the boiler and every few minutes
there must be introduced into the mass very small quantities of water, which
are stirred up therewith until the mass ceases to froth and becomes dense and
transparent.
If too much water were introduced into the mass at the beginning, the combination
would not be effected until after the evaporation of the excess of water and after
the alkaline carbonate has become more dense.
The best mode of proceeding is to first heat the mass without water, taking care
to prevent it from burning by energetic stirring. After a time the saline flakes
increase, the mass begins to froth, becomes thicker and assumes a white spongy
appearance.
The heating is reduced to prevent the mass from burning and there is added
6th part of water. If the boiler is too hot, less water is added because it produces
strong frothing, causing the mass to boil over. It is stirred first at bottom and then
at the top, and after a few minutes the same quantity of water as before is added.
Afterward the double quantity of water is added until the mass ceases to froth and
acquires the consistency of a seni liquid soap, which is dried in the same manner as
indicated above.
In the same manner hard soap with a potash or soda base is produced or a soap
of a combined potash and soda base, in using caustic alkaline lyes for boiling with
the fats.
It must however be remembered that the caustic lyes produce a stronger frothing
of the mass than the carbonates.
2. The offal or waste (residues, of tallow melted by direct fire heat) or the
residues of the fat (residues of fat melted by means of steam) are easily saponified,
as additional admixture either with tallow alone or together with semi liquid oils,
but only by means of a weak lye, preferably by means of caustic alkaline lyes
rather than by alkaline carbonate lyes.
The mixture of the offals of tallow should boil for a long time, and from time to
time water should be added to the boiler until the moment when the whole mass is
melted.
+
If the whole of the alkali is not added at once, such as in two quantities, the first
portion transforms the tallow into soap before the offal or waste is melted. The
second portion of alkali will then hardly act at all on the offal because the soap
formed will surround and isolate the same.
3. The soap of tallow and resin can be boiled with caustic alkaline lyes or with
alkaline carbonate lyes.
It is preferable to prepare first a soap compound with tallow or a mixture of
tallow and semi liquid oils and the whole quantity of lye, and then to introduce
the resin into the boiler. When the resin is melted the mass will be completely
boiled in half an hour, in adding small quantities of water two or three times, and
carefully stirring, after which the mass is dried.
To 100 kilos of tallow, or mixture of tallow and other fats 50 to 100 kilos of
resin are taken, and the corresponding quantity of lye, calculated as above
indicated.
For the manufacture of hard soap with potash base it is preferable to use the
fat of horned cattle, then pork fat, and lastly the fat of bones.
The suet of sheep, containing only little glycerine and producing if used alone,
only a brittle soap, should be mixed with oleine, glycerine or other fats.

page_text: The stearine which even with an addition of 20 p.c. of glycerine only produces
a friable soap, must be mixed with larger quantities of glycerine, oleine or other
liquid or semi liquid fats. Thus, for example, to 100 kilos stearine should be
added 25 to 50 kilos glycerine, 100 to 200 kilos of oleine or other liquid fats,
150 to 300 kilos palm or cocoanut oil.
The tallow, in combination with the potash, gives a yellowish white soap, hard,
semi-transparent and elastic; on the other hand, in combination with soda it gives
a grey brittle soap.
The liquid and semi liquid fats produce in combination with potassium, a light
semi hard soap.
Moreover some of these fats enter with great difficulty into combination with the
alkaline carbonates.
When mixed with stearine tallow and resin, all the liquid and semi liquid fats
give a good hard soap..
When mixed with resin alone nearly all the oils form only a soap that is difficult
to dry.
Some fats, for example palm oil give in combination with potash a very hard
soap in combination with soda a brittle soap; and in combination with potash and
soda together, a very good soap. White sperm oil forms with potash or soda a
semi hard white soap.
Colophonium and white pine resin produce in combination with potash or soda a
soap of equal quality, hardness and colour.
The resin soap, which is very hard, washes well in cold water, and dissolves
entirely, but it dries unequally in the boiler, and slowly when stored, and as long
as it is not very dry, it is somewhat tacky. It loses these defects entirely when
fat is added to the mass.
The resin soap is best prepared with caustic alkalies; there may also be used
in the first instance 9 parts of alkaline carbonate lye and afterwards I part of
caustic alkaline lye.
Mixed soaps with palm oil or resin are treated in the same way. The waste
portions give an excellent hard yellowish brown soap.
The residues of the melted fats produce with an addition of resin and with
potash lye a very good black hard soap.
For making hard soap with ammonia base, sebacic acids or resinous acids in the
form of stearine or colophonium are treated with salammoniac.
For 2190 kilos of stearine or 2000 kilos colophonium 738 kilos of commercial
salammoniac and 300 kilos of water have to be used. The colophonium or stearine
or a mixture thereof is heated slowly, and when the mass is melted there is poured
in slowly the mixture of powdered carbonate of ammonia and water.
When the whole of the mass begins to be reduced there is added about 100 kilos
of water and the whole is agitated until the mass ceases frothing. When a strong
odour of ammonia is given off and no further air bubbles are seen to rise, nor any
saline flakes appear, a sample is taken, and if this hardens as soon as it cools, the
soap is finished. If the mass is brittle, there is added some water and the stirring
is continued. If the sample is too moist, the mass is evaporated until the desired
consistency is obtained.
The process can be carried on under pressure to prevent the escape of ammonia.
The soap is moulded under pressure and it is removed from the moulds the next
day. The soap with ammonia base is insoluble in cold water but very soluble in
hot water. For use, it is reduced to powder, and dissolved in hot water.
After
cooling the solution with cold water, this solution can be used advantageously for
cleansing silk fabrics.
For preparing soap with a combined ammonia and potash or ammonia and soda
base, which is excellent for cleaning silk materials, there are mixed in the boiler,
over a slow fire and during 15 to 30 minutes, soap composed of potash base and
tallow, freshly prepared and still hot, with soap of ammonia base, freshly made,