Year: 1886

page_text: I FRANK CANDY of No. 6 Leigh Road in the County of Middlesex Manufacturer
do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows:-
My invention consists of the improvements hereinafter described in the manu-
facture of materials for use in filtering sugar solutions and other liquids and of
precipitants or precipitating agents for use in the treatment of sewage and other
foul liquids.
In manufacturing filtering materials according to my Invention I mix spent oil
shale with any natural or artificial mixture of clay and carbonaceous matter and
coke or carbonize the said mixture and I take a quantity of the resulting product
or a quantity of lignite either in the raw state or carbonized or a quantity of the
product resulting from the carbonization of any natural or artificial mixture of
clay and carbonaceous matter (either or any of which products are hereinafter
referred to as the "carbonized material") and I granulate the carbonized material
and boil it with mineral acid and water until all or the greater part of the iron and
alumina contained in the carbonized "material are dissolved in the acid. I then
separate the granules of the carbonized material so treated from the acid solution
of iron and alumina leaving in the said solution the fine powder of the carbonized
material and I wash the said granules with water until they are free from acid
and the soluble sulphates have as far as possible been removed and I then
dry the granules When I wish to enrich the filtering material with nitrogenous
carbon or other carbon I mix glue or other suitable nitrogenous matter or tar or
oil or other fatty matter with the matters which I use in the manufacture of
the said filtering material and afterwards carbonize the mixture. I add the said
nitrogenous matter or other fatty matter at any suitable stage of the process herein-
before described. The granules of the carbonized material thus treated are then
ready for use and are a valuable substitute for animal charcoal in sugar refining
and for filtering other liquids.
In manufacturing precipitants according to my Invention I take a quantity of
either spent oil shale or of the aforesaid carbonized material or of a mixture of
spent oil shale and the aforesaid carbonized material and add thereto a quantity
of the acid solution of iron and alumina resulting from the manufacture of the
filtering materials herein before-described and a quantity of the water which has
.

page_text: been used for washing the granules of the said filtering materials and boil the
whole in order to render the iron and alumina soluble. I then evaporate the moisture
from the mixture and thus produce a precipitant which is capable of use in the
purification of sewage and other foul liquids and may be added thereto for the said
purpose in a dry state either in the form of powder or in other convenient form.
Where it is desirable to enrich the precipitant with salts of iron I add to the
spent oil sbale or to the carbonized material or to the mixture of spent oil shale
and carbonized material before treating them with the acid either spathose ore or
other ironstone or ore containing iron in a form which will readily dissolve in
mineral acid. Or I treat such ore or ironstone with the aforesaid acid solution or
with a mineral acid and add the product to the spent oil shale or to the carbonized
material or to the said mixture. When I use ironstone containing carbonaceous
matter I prefer to carbonize the ironstone before treating it as herein before
described.
In case the acid solution obtained in the preparation of the filtering material as
hereinbefore described be, not procurable in sufficient quantities for the treatment
of the spent shale or of the carbonized material or of the ironstone or iron ore in
the preparation of precipitants as herein before described I use a mineral acid in
place of the said solution or I make up the deficiency with mineral acid and
proceed as hereinbefore described that is I boil the mixture and afterwards
evaporate the moisture therefrom but I prefer to use the said acid solution as the
iron and alumina contained in it are valuable precipitating agents and consequently
add considerably to the efficiency of the precipitant prepared as hereinbefore
described.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in the Manufacture of Filtering Materials and
Precipitants.
I FRANK CANDY of No. 6 Leigh in the County. of Middlesex Manufacturer
do hereby declare the nature of this Invention and in what manner the same is
to be performed to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement :-
My invention consists of the improvements hereinafter described in the manu-
facture of materials especially intended for use in filtering sugar solutions and
other liquids and of precipitants or precipitating agents for use in the treatment
of sewage and other foul liquids and other liquids containing matters in solution.

page_text: In manufacturing filtering materials according to my Invention I take a quantity
of the product resulting from the carbonization of any natural mixture of clay and
carbonaceous matter produced by the natural impregnation of amorphous clay with
organic matter and forming a natural deposit not of a shaly structure (which pro-
duct is hereinafter referred to as "the carbonized material ") and I granulate the
said product and boil it with mineral acid and water until the acid has virtually
ceased to act on the iron in the granules I then separate the granules of the
carbonized material so treated from the acid solution of iron and alumina and free
the said granules from acid and the salts produced by the action of the acid by
repeatedly washing the said granules with and boiling them in water. I then dry
the granules. The granules of the carbonized material treated as hereinbefore
described are then ready for use and are a valuable substitute for animal charcoal
in sugar refining and for. filtering other liquids and may be used and revivified in
the same manner as animal charcoal and will be found to yield no more iron to
sugar solutions than does animal charcoal.
The granulation of the carbonized material may be effected by passing it through
a mill of similar construction to a bone crushing mill or any other apparatus in
which it can be reduced to the size most effective for sugar refining which is found
to be that portion which consists of granules of such sizes as will pass through a
"No. 16" sieve but will not pass through a "No. 60" sieve.
In order to ensure the action of the acid on the granules to the required extent
it is generally sufficient to boil them in the acid for about three hours but the time
necessary varies to some extent according to the particular sample of carbonized
material selected for treatment and may be easily ascertained by withdrawing some
of the granules and washing them with water and afterwards boiling them in
water until free from acid and then boiling them for a few minutes in fresh acid
and testing the said acid for iron. As the alumina and other soluble matters leave
the carbonized material more readily than the iron it is only necessary to test for
iron. When the said test indicates that the granules are as free from iron as
animal charcoal I separate the remaining granules (i,e those from which the sample
for testing has been drawn) from the acid and rinse them thoroughly with water
and add the first rinsings to the acid in which the granules have been boiled and
then boil the granules in water until scarcely any chemical reaction indicating the
presence of iron in the water can be obtained. I then separate the granules
from the water and thoroughly dry them by artificial heat or allow them to dry
spontaneously.
The acid in which the granules are boiled may be either.muriatic acid or sulphuric
acid or nitric acid according to which will be most valuable in the after use of the
acid liquor or solution as hereinafter described. The acid used should be diluted
to such an extent as will render its solvent action upon iron compounds the most
powerful. The extent of dilution required to produce this result is well known to
chemists. In order to expedite the process it is necessary to use the said acid
considerably in excess of the quantity required to combine with the soluble con-
stituents of the granules of carbonized material. As the acid liquor or solution is
afterwards utilized the use of an excess of acid is not wasteful.
In selecting a carbonized material I prefer one containing only a small quantity
of iron and one which is not friable or easily reducible to powder. The carbonized
material manufactured as described in the specification filed by me in application
for Letters Patent No. 15948 dated the twenty eighth day of December A.D. 1885
is well suited for the purpose.
In manufacturing precipitants according to my invention I take a quantity of
the powder produced in granulating the carbonized material and add thereto a
quantity of the acid liquor or solution of iron and alumina resulting from the
manufacture of the filtering materials herein before described and a quantity of the
water which has been used for the first rinsings or washings of the granules of
the said filtering materials and boil the whole to dryness. I add the said powder
to the said liquor in such quantity that the carbonized material when the process

page_text: is completed may contain little or no free acid. The precipitant produced as herein-
before described is very porous of high specific gravity and rich in soluble salts of
iron and alumina and in carbon and is therefore very valuable for use in the puri-
fication of sewage and other foul liquids and other liquids and solutions capable of
purification by precipitation and may be added thereto for the said purpose in
the form of a powder or in other convenient form.
Where it is desirable to increase the proportion of salts of iron in the precipitant
I add to the powdered carbonized material a quantity of the powder resulting from
the manufacture described in the Specification accompanying my application for
Letters Patent No. 1793 dated the 6th day of February 1886 before treating the
carbonized material with the acid liquor.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my invention
and the manner in which the same is to be performed I wish it to be understood
that I make no claim to the treatment of carbonized material with acid otherwise
than as herein before described and as hereinafter stated but I declare that what
I claim is
First The manufacture of filtering materials as hereinbefore described that is
to say by granulating carbonized natural mixtures of clay and carbonaceous
matter of the kind herein before referred to with reference to the manufacture of
filtering materials and afterwards removing iron and alumina therefrom by boiling
the granules in mineral acid and afterwards separating the granules from the acid
and rinsing the granules with water and subjecting them to the action of boiling
water in order to free them from the acid which has been absorbed by them and
to free them from the salts produced by the action of the acid.
Secondly The manufacture herein before described of a powder capable of use
for producing precipitation in liquids and solutions by adding or mixing together
powdered "carbonized material" and an acid liquor containing iron and alumina
and boiling the mixture to dryness.
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