Improvements in Apparatus for Making Ice, Refrigerating, Evaporating, and Desiccating.
Year: 1891

page_text: Date of Application, 8th July, 1891
Complete Specification Left, 17th Aug., 1891-Accepted 2nd July 1892
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Apparatus for Making Ice, Refrigerating,
Evaporating, and Desiccating.
We, ANTHONY GAPPER SOUTHBY, of 96, Chestnut Avenue, Forest Gate, in
the County of Essex, Engineer, and FREDERICK DELACOURT BLYTH, of Grange
Road, Leyton, in the County of Essex, Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature
of this invention to be as follows:
=:
This invention relates to improvements in apparatus or machinery proceeding
upon the samo principle and having the same object in view as that described in the
Specification of three several Letters Patont dated respectively August 8th 1877,
No. 3017, and February 19th 1885, No. 2288, and October 20th 1888, No. 15,127.
In order to carry out our invention we constitute the cylinder or cylinders of the
air and vapour exhausting pump or pumps the base-plate or foundation to which
the rest of the framework of the machine is attached, such framework being either
formed in one piece with the said cylinder or cylinders or bolted to brackets cast
thereon, the object being to take advantage of the large size and weight of the
vapour pump or pumps, so as to obtain a stable foundation for carrying the
general working parts and thereby to obtain a compact economical and serviceable
form of machine.
It is further essential, for the successful working of the machinery herein
referred to, that the apparatus or mechanism for actuating the valves in
connection with the vapour pump or pumps should operate with exactness and
precision.
As explained in the Specification of Letters Patent No. 2288 of 1885, it is
necessary, when working under our system, to open the inlet-valves of the vapour
pump and to hold them open during certain definite but variable periods of the
motion of the piston in order to effect the starting of the machine, and one
part of our invention relates to improved methods of and apparatus for actuating
the inlet valves of the vapour pump or pumps of machines working on the above
principle.
There are employed, according to our method of constructing and arranging
the apparatus herein referred to, vapour pumps of ordinary and well known
forms, viz. :-
(1) Single acting pumps having valves in the piston.
(2) Double acting pumps with external valves.
Each machine comprises a pump for producing a vacuum in the vessel containing
the liquid or substance to be treated and hereinafter called the freezing vessel and
for exhausting the vapour produced by such vacuum from the said liquid or
substance, the said pump being heated sufficiently to prevent the condensation of
vapour therein, a condenser for condensing such vapour and an air-pump for removing
the products resulting from such condensation, all as described in the said former
Specification, No. 3017 of 1877.
One form of our machine having a single acting vapour pump is constructed on
the principle of the "grasshopper" type of steam-engine in order to render it
compact.
In this arrangement the vapour pump piston is operated from a steam engine or
other motor by a beam fulcrummed to a swing frame, the said beam also serving to
rotate a crank-shaft carrying fly-wheels. The bearings for the swing-frame and
crank-shaft are formed in frames integral with the pump cylinder; or the said
frames may be bolted to brackets formed on the said cylinder.

page_text: The cylinder of the steam engine or other motor is bolted to the pump
cylinder.
The inlet and exit valves are advantageously of the type described in the
Specification of the before mentioned Letters Patent, No. 2288 of 1885 and any
convenient number may be employed. The inlet-valves are connected to the valve
rod in such a manner that they can be easily removed. For this purpose we fix a
bracket (which we prefer making of several thicknesses of thin spring steel) to the
lower end of the said rod, which bracket is provided with forks which engage
beneath buttons at the centres of the valves, the necks of the said buttons being
slipped into the forks before the stems of the valves are entered in their guides.
To prevent the valve rod from being raised high enough to release the valves from
their guides we provide a stop which can be easily removed. This stop advan-
tageously comprises a collar or series of collars resting on a cross-head keyed to the
said valve rod, which collar or collars strike against the underside of a bracket
when the rod is at its highest point. The key for fixing the said cross-head must
be prevented from falling out.
Instead of connecting the inlet valves to the valve rod as described we may pass
the said rod through a stuffing-box in the piston and fix brackets on its lower end
under the piston adapted so as to lift the valves, and we provide a suitable stop 80
that the valves can be raised and lowered by the valve rod, without fear- of their
getting loose, while by releasing the stop, they can be immediately taken out. This
stop may be a bracket attached to the valve rod above the valves and secured by
an easily removable key.
In order that the valve rod may be operated to open the inlet-valves, it is
connected. by links to a forked-arm jointed to the punip cross-lead and designed
to be operated by either of two cams pivotted to the said cross-head.
One of the said cams serves to open the valves during the down strokes of the
"working" of the machine, that is to say, when producing ice or doing equivalent
work, while the other cam serves to keep the said valves open for any portion of
the delivery stroke when the machine is "starting."
One of the said cams is connected to and operated by a moving part of the
machine. The other cam is connected by links to an adjustable block or nut so
that, as the pump cross-head works up and down, the said cam will be caused to
oscillate on its pivot by the said links.
As described in the Specification No. 3017 of 1877 we prevent the vapour from
condensing before leaving the vapour pump by heating the pump cylinder, this
being advantageously effected by hot water in a jacket surrounding the said
cylinder.
In one form of our machine having a double acting vapour pump the crank-shaft
is carried by a standard integral with the vapour pump cylinder and the steam
cylinder and air-pump on brackets also integral with the said cylinder, the said
air-pump being driven off the cross-head of the steam engine..
In this machine the inlet-valves are arranged in valve-boxes on and opening into
the side of the pump cylinder, the said valve-boxes being connected by a spacious
pipe or chamber..
The valve rod is provided with arms having adjustable studs adapted to impinge
against and open the said valves alternately.
In order to operate the said rod and consequently the valves, we arrange an
additional rod so that it can slide parallel with the piston-rod.
To the main cross-head we fix an arm having an opening adapted to engage
friction-wise with the said additional rod in order to move it up and down.
The valve rod and additional rod are connected in any suitable manner, so that
the movement of the latter rod is imparted to the former to operate the valves.
In order when "starting". the machine to stop the movement of the valve
rod and therefore the closing of each inlet-valve during each delivery-stroke of the
pump, we provide a bracket attached to the said rod and provided with two

page_text: surfaces which are designed to be opposed and impinged against by two cams
pivotted on a pin forming the fulcrum of a lever, which lever is connected to the
main cross-head.
The said cams are connected' to a block, the position of which and consequently
that of the cams can be adjusted by suitable meaus such as a screw.
In another form of machine having a single acting vapour pump the vapour
cylinder is provided with a chamber below, which chamber is extended-sideways to
allow room for the passage of a levor and rocking-shaft, the said lever being
connected to the said shaft and serving to operate the pump pistou. The rocking-
shaft passes through a stuffing-box and carries another lever outside the chamber,
which latter lever is connected by a connecting-rod with the crank-shaft which is
supported in bearings in brackets on the sides of the vapour cylinder. The outside
lever serves to work the air-pump.
In this machine we operate the inlet-valve from two eccentrics by suitable
mechanism, suitable means being employed to put either of the eccentrics in
connection with the valve. One eccentric is arranged in a position on the shaft
suitable for the "working" of the machine, while the other eccentric is arranged
in a position on the said shaft suitable for the "starting."
In another form of double acting machine the steam cylinder is placed on the
cover of the vapour pump cylinder, the piston-rods of both cylinders being guided
by slides bolted to the side of the steam cylinder. The air-pump is driven by a
lever attached to the fulcrum shaft of the beam.
In this arrangement the valve rod is operated by a cam or eccentric on a shaft
in the valve chamber. The said cam-shaft is driven from the crank-shaft through
the medium of an additional shaft and gear-wheels. The said cam-shaft is,
however, capable of movement relatively with the crank-shaft in order to enable
the cam to be rotated to provide for keeping open the inlet-valves as required for
"starting."
To enable this relative movement to be effected we provide n
coupling-box, one end of which engages with the cam-shaft by a spline-joint while
the other end is provided with a key which engages in a spiral slot in the additional
shaft, the said slot, extending sufficiently far round the shaft to allow of the cam,
when the coupling-box is moved longitudinally by suitable means, being turned into
the "starting position.
"
Instead of the spiral slot the additional shaft may be formed of a twisted-bar and
engage in a correspondingly shaped opening in the boss of one of the gear-wheels,
which boss thereby sorves as a nut and is carried in a bearing on the machine.
The additional shaft is connected to the cam-shaft and adapted to rotate the same,
and consequently the cam by being moved through the gear-wheel by suitable
means.
Or the cam-shaft may be provided with a spiral toothed-wheel engaging with a
similar wheel having a much broader face and mounted' on the additional shaft so
that, if the former wheel be moved along the latter wheel; the cam-shaft and
consequently the cam will be rotated.
In another form of double acting machine two vapour pumps are employed, they
being driven by side levers from the crank-shaft. The two vapour pump cylinders
are united by girders constituting the frames for carrying the bearings for the
crank-shaft and trunnion bearings for the side levers, the said girders being bolted
to brackets cast on the sides of the said vapour pump cylinders.
Or a beam may be substituted for tho said levers mentioned above, the frames
being raised at the centre of the machine to carry it.
In this machine the inlet-valves are opened by levers connected together inside
the connecting passages, and operated by shafts on which are arms which are
connected together by a rod actuated by a forked arin which embraces a cam on
the crank-shaft. The said cam is made with a varying conformation so that, if
the forked arm be moved along it by suitable means, the said arm will be caused
open the inlet-valves as is required for "working" or "starting."
to

page_text: In another form of double acting machine the vapour pump is arranged
horizontally with the crank-shaft carried in bearings on one end of the vapour
pump cylirder and driven by connecting-rods from a cross-head connecting the
vapour pump rod with the piston-rod of the steam cylinder, which cylinder is
connected to a bracket formed integral with the cover at the other end of the said
rapour pump cylinder. The air-pump is attached to the other cover.
In this arrangement the inlet-valves are adapted to be opened by arm³ mounted
on shafts extending through one side of the valve chamber and carrying other arms
connected together. One of the latter arms is connected to a pivotted fork actuated
by a cam on the crank-shaft.
In order to provide for keeping open the inlet-valves for the "starting," the cam
is adapted to be turned relatively with the crank-shaft by means of a spiral-feather
attached to a sliding-collar and engaging a corresponding groove in the said cam
and by means of a spiral-slot in the crank-shaft in which engages a key on the said
spiral-feather.
Another form of double acting machine we construct on the principle of the
"hammer-head" type of steam engine, that is to say, the piston of the vapour-
pump is connected to the crank-shaft through the medium of what is known as a
"hammer-head" connecting-rod which is operated from the steam cylinder. The
said cylinder and the air-pump are supported on brackets integral with the vapour
pump cylinder, the said air-pump being driven from the said connecting-rod.
By forming the said connecting-rod in the shape of a T it may be employed to
drive two vapour pumps instead of one.
In this machine the inlet-valves are arranged so that they open from the vapour
pump cylinder like exit valves instead of towards the said cylinder in the usual
manner.
The said inlet valves are opened by a cam through the medium of suitable
connections.
Suitable weights (or springs may be used) for closing and keeping the said valves
closed when not operated by the cam. The said cam is driven by gear-wheels from
the crank-shaft.
•
To enable the cam to operate the inlet-valves for the "starting" it is adapted to
slide longitudinally by suitable means.
Another form of double acting machine we construct of the "grasshopper" type
with the steain cylinder bolted to the side of the vapour pump cylinder similar to
the single acting machine first described.
In this machine, instead of inlet-valves as in the machines hereinbefore described,
we employ cocks to serve the same purpose.
To operate the cocks we provide them with stems which pass up through stuffing-
boxes and carry bevel-toothed quadrants engaging with similar quadrants on
independent horizontal shafts.
To the end of each of the said shafts we fix a bent slotted lever, and to enable
the said levers to be oscillated and consequently the cocks to be operated we fix
two cranks to the main-shaft and connect them by rods to the ends of a slotted
link in such a position that a pin cau pass through the slots of the said link and of
the two bent slotted levers.
4
By this arrangement one of the cranks will oscillate the bent slotted levers when
the said pin is at one end of the slots and the other crank will oscillate the levers
when the said pin is at the other end of the said slotted levers.
The pin is adjusted in the slots by means of racks formed on the corresponding
side of each of the three slots, and we provide the said pin with three pinions to
gear into the racks and with a worm-wheel on the pin and a screw by which the said
pin can be adjusted to any-point along the slots as desired.
In another form of double acting machine we arrange the vapour pump to
oscillate in a suitable frame, either on trunnions at one end of the said cylinder or
in a central position on the aides of the cylinder.

page_text: In this machine the freezing or evaporating vessel is connected to the vapour
cylinder but it can be made separate from the same and connected by a suitable
stuffing-box.
In this machine we advantageously use cocks for the inlet of the air and vapour
of similar construction to those previously described.
We
We sometimes make the ports from the cocks into the vapour cylinder a short
distance from the ends of the latter, so that the piston will pass beyond the said
ports, as described in our before mentioned Specification, No. 2288 of 1885.
Connect, the plugs of the said cocks to a single shaft which passes through a stuffing-
box, the upper end of the said shaft being provided with a forked lever in which a
pin fixed to the frame of the machine engages, so that the oscillation of the cylinder
operates the cocks.
In order to heat the vapour cylinder of this machine we form a chamber on toe
bottom and top cylinder covers connected by circulating passages on the cylinder,
which chambers we fill with water through a funnel, a lamp or the like being used
to heat the water contained in the lower chamber, which water circulates through
the passages to and from the said upper chamber.
In the single acting machine first described, instead of the links we may employ
a rack connected to the adjustable block and gearing with a pinion attached to the
starting" cam.
66
Or we actuate the valve rod from two cams through the medium of a lever
carried by the beam of the machine. One of the said cams which is loose on its
shaft is provided with a sleeve which has a spiral slot and the said shaft is formed
hollow with a straight slot cut through it extending along the same distance as the
spiral slot.
In the hollow portion of the said shaft is a rod carrying a stud which
passes through the straight slot and spiral groove, the rod with its stud being
adapted to be drawn in and out by suitable means so as to turn the one cam
relatively to the other cam.
•
In direct acting machines we sometimes provide an arm and standard or rock-
frame in place of the beam to carry the lever actuating the valve rod.
Instead of the cams just described we may employ two eccentrics and a link
motion and the valve rod may, for instance, slide through an eye on the end of the
lever carried by the beam and be provided with a fixed collar above the said end,
so that the said lever will first lift the said collar and raise and open the said
valves and move down again and allow them to close during the down-stroke of the
piston, and will slide down the valve rod away from the collar on the up-stroke of
the piston and allow the said valves to remain closed.
When the valve mechanism of the single acting machine first described is
arranged for a similar machine of the direct acting type we operate the valve, rod
by a forked arm attached to the connecting-rod of the vapour pump.
All the arrangements for actuating the inlet valves described, apply equally to
single acting machines delivering on the down stroke, except that the operating
cams or excentrics have to press down the valves to open them instead of having to
raise them. In these machines the inlet valves may be applied to the piston as
described in the Specification of Letters Patent No. 2288 of 1885 before referred
to, the valves being held up against their seats by springs. The valve seats may
be formed of rings of india-rubber held in place by metal rings bolted to the
piston, and casily removable by unscrewing the bolts. The valves will be actuated
both for "starting" and "working" by the valve rod, which presses down on the
valves and opens them, while the springs close them when the pressure is removed,
all as described in the aforesaid. Letters Patent.
"
In double acting machines having the inlet valves arranged to open from the
vapour pump cylinder like exit valves we sometimes arrange to operate the said
valves by two cams, the one cam being fixed in the position required for "working
and the other cam adjusted to the position required for "starting." In one method
of adjusting the said cam we provide it with bevel teeth with which a bevel pinion
gears, which pinion is on one end of a shaft carried by the fixed cam. At the

page_text: :
other end of this shaft at the centre of the main shaft is a worm-wheel gearing
with a worm on a short shaft provided with a handle the said handle serving to
rotate the second cam through the medium of the parts described.
In some cases we arrange to close the two inlet valves by means of a single
weight instead of a separate -weight for each as herein before described. This
weight is in the form of a broad plate with two slots cut through it, one for each
valve and the ends of the rods connected to the valves are furnished with pins
passing through the slots, the slots being of such a form that when the said pins
are moved in one portion of them, the valves will be opened and closed for the
"working" while when in the other portion of the slots each valve will be kept
open and only close at the end of each delivery stroke at its end of the vapour
cylinder for the "starting."
"
The rods connected to the inlet valves are also connected to forked arms having
inclined faces which engage with two cams, one for each valve, so that by moving
the said cams through the forked arms the pins in the said rods will be adjusted in
the slots, in the weight.
We sometimes arrange to open the inlet-valves by the actuating mechanisın as
well as close them; thereby dispensing with the use of weights or their equivalents
for that purpose, springs of considerable power but very short range being
preferably arranged in connection with the said valves to give ease to the
working.
In this arrangement the lever for operating each valve engages with cam-
grooves in discs, the said grooves being aliaped so as to move the said levers when
the discs are oscillated, in order to open and close the inlet valve, as required.
One portion of the grooves is formed in such a manner as to keep the valves
pressed against their seats, while the other portions of the grooves are formed so
as to open the valves.
In order to operate the valves for the "working" and the "starting," we provide
two cranks connected to a link or quadrant, and to the discs just described are
connected spur-pinions gearing, with spur-teeth on rack-bars.
These bars are
connected with the link through the medium of spur-teeth gearing with an
additional pinion attached to a lever jointed to an adjustable slide-block in the said
link. The additional pinion and link are adapted to be guided in any suitable
⚫ manner.
"7
When the slide block is at one end of the said link it operates the valves for.
"working" and when at the other end it operates them for "starting."
Instead of one link motion to actuate the two inlet valves as just described, we
may actuate each valve by a separate link motion from the one pair of cranks.
In this arrangement we dispense with the rack-bars and connect the slide-block
in each link or quadrant to an arm connected to each disc hereinbefore described,
the said links being in this case adjusted relatively with the said blocks by suitable
means. The connecting-rods of the cranks are of different lengths, so that, when
the links are adjusted, they will rotate the discs into the positions required for.
starting" or "working" as the case may be.
"
Although we have described certain arrangements of inlet-valves in combination.
with mechanism for actuating the same, it will be obvious that several of such
arrangements of valves can be used in combination with actuating mechanisms
other than those with which they have becu described as combined with.
In all descriptions of machines, we may make the condensers of the injecting
description, but instead of injecting the condensing water in a continuous jet or
spray, we admit it by regulating apparatus at intervals at the time of the delivery
of the vapour into the condenser; or we allow it to run over a series of trays
(from one to another), so that the water cools a large surface of metal, against
'which the vapour condenses when ejected from the vapour cylinder.
regulating apparatus may consist of a three-way cock, one branch of which is
always in communication with a measuring vessel while another leads to the water-
supply, and the third to the condenser, the said cock, being actuated in any
"
Such

page_text: convenient manner, as for instance, by a ratchet and pawl and lever connected to
some reciprocating portion of the machine, so that the turning on and off of the
water can be regulated in proportion to the strokes of the machine, and its flow
stopped when the machine stops.
We use a similar arrangement of regulating apparatus to feed the water into
the freezing or evaporating vessel in which ice is being made or water cooled
by the evaporation of a portion of the water admitted.
We sometimes place the measuring vessel on the end of a pipe, connected with
and acting as the lever of the plug of a three-way cock of the hollow plug type.
This measuring vessel lever we counterbalance by a lover and weight, the weight
being such as to overbalance the measuring vessel when the latter is empty, and to
be overbalanced when the latter is full.
We may also use two measuring vessels, one for each side of the plug, and make
two passages in the plug, one for each measuring vessel, so that while one vessel is
filling, the other is emptying itself, and this action we control by a pawl and
notched wheel. We may actuate this pawl by a pressure-gauge as described in
the Specification No. 15127 A.D. 1888 before mentioned. The lever of the pawl
may be lifted by an electro-magnet on an electrical contact being made by the
pressure-gauge, or the pawl may be lifted directly by a series of ordinary aneroid
diaphragin cells exhausted of air, when the pressure of the vapour decreases below
the point at which it is desired to admit a fresh measure of water.
In another form of water regulator, two valves instead of the three-way cock are
employed and actuated by a hand-lever, so that by moving the lever in one direction
the one or inlet valve is opened which allows the water to fill the measuring vessel
in which the valves are situated, while by moving the lever in the other direction
the other or outlet valve to the evaporating vessel is opened, both the valves closing
automatically.
In all these arrangements of mechanism for regulating the supply of water to
the evaporating vessel for making ice we provide means analogous to those
described in the last mentioned Specification, to prevent the inlet in the evaporating
vessel from freezing, the said means, however, being adapted to the special require-
ments. For instance, we make the outlet from the three-way cock or valve in the
form of a pipe passing through another considerably larger pipe, and we admit the
water to the space between them in such a manner that it has to pass down to
the bottom of the space before rising up to pass through the cock or valve.
Dated the 9th down...1.. 1901
G. F. REDFERN & Co.;
4, South Street, Finsbury, London, Agents for the Applicants.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Apparatus for Making Ice, Refrigerating,
Evaporating, and Desicoating.
We ANTHONY GAPPER SOUTHBY, of 96, Chestnut Avenue, Forest Gate, in
the County of Essex Engineer, aud FREDERICK DELACOURT BLYTH, of Grange
Road,, Leyton, in the County of Essex, Manufacturer, do hereby declare the
nature of this invention and in what manner the same is to be performed to be
particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement :-
This invention relates to improvements in apparatus or machinery proceeding
upon the same principle and having the same object in view as that described
in the Specifications of three several British Letters Patent dated respectively
August 8th 1877, No. 3017, February 19th 1885, No. 2288, and October 20th 1888,
No. 15127.
In order to carry out our invention we constitute the cylinder or cylinders of the

page_text: air and vapour exhausting pump or pumps the base-plate or foundation to which
the rest of the framework of the machine is attached, such framework being either
formed in one piece with the said cylinder or cylinders or bolted to brackets cast
thereon, the object being to take advantage of the large size and weight of the
vapour pump or pumps so as to obtain a stable foundation for carrying the general
working parts and thereby to obtain a compact, economical and serviceable form of
machine.
It is further essential, for the successful working of the machinery herein referred
to, that the apparatus or mechanism for actuating the valves in connection with the
vapour pump or pumps should operate with exactness and precision.
As explained in the Specification of British Letters Patent No. 2288 of 1885, it
is necessary, when working under our system, to open the inlet valves of the vapour
pump and to hold them open during certain definite but variable periods of the motion
of the piston in order to effect the starting of the machine, and one part of our
invention relates to improved methods of and apparatus for actuating the inlet
valves of the vapour pump or pumps of machines working on the above principle.
There are employed, according to our method of constructing and arranging the
apparatus herein referred to, vapour pumps of ordinary and well known forms,
videlicet.
(1) Single acting pumps having inlet valves in the piston, called hereinafter
Type "A."
'
(2) Double acting pumps with external inlet valves called hereinafter Type B.
Each machine comprises a pump for producing a vacuum in the vessel.containing
the liquid or substance to be treated and hereinafter called the evaporating vessel,
and for exhausting the vapour produced by such vacuum from the said liquid or
substance, the said pump being heated sufficiently to prevent the condensation of
vapour therein, a condenser for condensing such vapour and an air-pump for
removing the products resulting from such condensation, all as described in the said
former British Specification No. 3017 of 1877.
The inlet and exit valves are advantageously of the type described in the
Specification of the before mentioned British Letters Patent No. 2288 of 1885 and
any convenient number may be employed.
Taking, as an illustration, a machine which call type A, having a single acting
vapour pump with inlet valves in the piston, we will proceed to describe, in the
first instance, the general construction and arrangement of the complete machine,
together with the valve actuating apparatus, such valve actuating apparatus being
readily adapted to any form of refrigerating or evaporating machine constructed
on the same type, viz., with a single acting vapour pump.
In the accompanying drawings, in the several figures of which similar letters
indicate similar or corresponding parts,
Figures 1 and 2 are respectively a front elevation partly in section and a plan of
the said machine, which is constructed on the principle of the "grasshopper" type
of steam engine in order to render it compact.
a is the pump for producing a vacuum in the freezing vessel (not shewn)
containing the liquid or substance to be treated and for exhausting the vapour
produced by such vacuum from the said liquid or substance, the condenser for
condensing such vapour, and c the air-pump for removing the products resulting
from such condensation..
a' is the piston of the pump a, which piston is operated by its piston rod a' from
a steam engine d through the medium of a beam d' fulcrummed to a swing frame d³,
a crank-shaft d', rotated by the said beam through the medium of a connecting
rodd, being employed to determine the stroke of the piston a. d, d are fly
wheels.
d' and d' are respectively the bearings for the swing framed and crank-shaft d³,
which bearings are formed in frames de integral with the pump cylinder a as shewn ;
or the said frames may be bolted to brackets formed on the said cylinder.
d', d' are radius rods jointed to the beam d'and to brackets on the cover a*.

page_text: The cylinder of the steam-engine d and the air-pump care bolted to the pump
cylinder a at each side of the beam d, the connecting rod of the engino and the
rod of the pump being connected to the said beam and the eccentric for operating
the slide-valve of the steam-engine fixed on the crank-shaft d³.
e, e are the inlet-valves in the piston a', which valves are arranged to open
upwards, and the exit valve or valves is or aro arranged in a box a³ on the top
cover a* of the vapour pump and communicating with the condenser b. By this
arrangement of the inlet and exit valves, by which the pump delivers on the upstroke,
they can be easily inspected and manipulatod.
61, 6¹ are openings at the base of the pump a for effecting communication between
the said pump and the freezing vessel. e' is the valve rod for operating the inlet-
valves, which rod passes through a stuffing-box as in the cover a. Its upper end
works in a guide a in a bracket a' on the cross-head a while its lower end works
in a guide ain the piston. The inlet valves are connected to the said rod in such
a manner that they can be easily removed. For this purpose we fix a bracket
(which wo prefer making of several thicknesses of thin spring steel) to the lower
end of the said rod e', which bracket is provided with forks which engage beneath
buttons eat the centres of the valves, the necks of the said buttons being slipped
into the forks before the stems of the valves are entered in their guides e. To
prevent the valve rod el from being raised high enough to release the valves from
their guides, we provide a stop which can be easily removed.
This stop
advantageously comprisos a collar or series of collars e resting on a cross-head e
keyed to the valve rod e', which collar or collars strike against the underside of the
bracket a when the rod is at its highest point. The key for fixing the said
cross-head must be prevented from falling out. A key suitable for this purpose is
advantageously constructed as shown at f, Figures 3 and 4, which represent
respectively on an enlarged scalo an elevation and plan illustrating the application
of the said key to the cross head e'. The outer end of the key is cranked as at fi
and a screw is passed through a hole in the said end, with a collar f* on the
screw on each side of the hole, as shewn in the said figures. This screw sorews
into the cross-heade hereinbefore described so as to drive the key into its key
way in the orcss-head and valve rod, while by unscrewing the scrow, the key is
withdrawn. Although we have shewn a key as suitable for fixing the said cross-
head to the valve-rod, we make no claim thereto, and any other suitable well
known means, such as, for instance, clamp nuts, may be used for effecting the
purpose.
Instead of connecting the inlet-valves to the rod e as described we may pass the
said rod through a stuffing box in the piston a' and fix brackets on its lower end
under the piston, adapted so as to lift the valves, and we provide a suitable stop so
that the valves can be raised and lowered by the valve-rod, without fear of their
getting loose, while by releasing the stop they can be immediately taken out. This
stop may be a bracket attached to the valve-rod above the valves and secured by
an easily removable key such as that shown in Figures 3 and 4.
In order that the valve-rod e' may be operated to open the inlet-valves, it is
connected by links f to a forked arm f jointed to the cross-head a³ and designed
to be operated by two cams for a cam pivotted to the said cross-head.
"
The cams serve to open the valves during the down-strokes of the "working
of the machine, that is to say, when producing ice or doing equivalent work, while
the cam f' serves to keep the said valves open for any desired portion of the
delivery stroke when the machine is "starting."
These cams, only act to lift the rod e¹ and valves e, which close by their
own weight, by the friction between the rod e¹ and the stuffing box a and by their
momentum at the end of cach down stroke of the piston a' during the "working,"
and at the "starting" by the pressure of the air and vapour on the said valves.
The cams are connected to and operated by the connecting rod through the
medium of link f and arms f, the link being of such length that the cams f
are just on the point of lifting the arm f and consequently the valve-rod e and
B
1

page_text: valyes e, when the piston a¹ is at the top of its stroke, as shown by the dotted lines
in Figure 1, and the said cams will, by reason of their attachment to the
connecting rod'd open and maintain open the valves on the down-stroke .and
allow them to close at the end of the said stroke, while the said valves will be
allowed to remain closed during the up-stroke.
The cam is connected by links g, to an adjustable block or nut 9* so that as
the cross-head a works up and down, the said cam will be caused to oscillate on its
pivot by the said links. The block o' is adapted to be adjusted in position by a
screw provided with a handle g. The position of the said block, shown by the
full lines in Figure 1, is that which it occupies when the machine is "working" and
in which position the cam cannot operate the valves e, but, if the block 9 be
moved into the position- shewn by the dotted lines in Figure 1, the cam will be
moved into such a position that it will maintain the valves e, e open during the whole
of the delivery stroke of the piston a' and allow them to close at the end of the said
stroke. By moving the block into other positions on the screw 9", the cam f
will be moved so that it maintains the inlet-valves open during a greater or leas
portion of the delivery stroke of the piston a', that is to say, if it be placed half
way between its extreme positions on the screw g³ the valves will be maintained
open during the first half of the said' delivery stroke and. so on in proportion,
the opening of the valves always commencing at. the beginning of the delivery
stroke:
By this construction it will be seen that the "starting "of the machine to produce
atvacuum in the freezing vessel is enabled to be effected by adjusting the block o
so that the inlet valves close just before the piston a' arrives at. the end of the
delivery stroke, at which point the cam f' is in the position shown by dotted lines
in Figure 1, so that only a small portion of the air contained within the vapour
pump is forced into the condenser and air-pump and thereby slightly attenuates the
remainder of the air in the vapour pump and freezing vessel. By gradually shifting.
the block towards the position shown in full lines in Figure 1, so that the
proportion of the delivery stroke during which the inlet-valves are opened is
gradually correspondingly lessened; the air contained: in the vapour pump and
freezing vessel' will be still further attenuated' until' practically exhausted. When
the block arrives at the said position, the cam will be out of operation and the
inlet valves will thereby be allowed to effect their normal working, that is to say,.
they will be opened on the downstroke of the piston a¹ by the cams f' and' allowed
to close on the up or delivery stroke, the vapour from the liquid or substance in the
freezing vessel being drawn into the pump, from which it is forced through the exit
valve or valves into the condenser and condensed, the products of such condensation
being finally pumped out by the air-pump c, thus:completing the cycle of operations.
As hereinbefore and as described in the British Patent Specification. No. 3017.
of: 1877. we prevent the vapour from condensing before leaving the vapour pump
by heating the pump cylinder, this being advantageously effected by steam or hot
water in a. jacket surrounding the said cylinder and also applied. to the cylinder
cover.
Taking as a further illustration a machine, which call type B, having a double
acting vapour pump with external inlet valves, we will proceed to describe in the
first instance, the general construction and arrangement of the complete machine,
together with the valve actuating apparatus, such valve actuating apparatus being
readily adapted to any forms of refrigerating or evaporating machine constructed.
on the same type, viz., with a double acting vapour pump.
Figures 5 and 6 are respectively, a sectional side elevation and a plan of the said
machine, and
Figures 7 and 8 are detail views of the same.
In this machine the crank-sliaft is carried by a standard de integral with the
vapour pump cylinder a, and the steam cylinder d and air-pump c, on brackets
also integral with the said oylinder, the said air-pump being driven by the cross-
head of the steam engine, and the vapour pump by a connecting rod from the crank-

page_text: shaft. In this machine the inlet-valves e, e are arranged in valve-boxes h' on and
opening into the side of the pump cylinder a, the said valve-boxes being connected
by a spacious pipe or chamber. The said valves e,e are arranged to open in
opposite directions, the top valve closing by gravity, while the lower valve is closed
by springs he surrounding the guide-rods of the said valve.
The exit valves e* for the lower end of the vapour pump are arranged beneath
the corresponding inlet-valve as shown in Figures 5 and while the exit valves.for
the upper end of the said pump are arranged in a box a³ on the cover a*.
is the valve-rod which works through a stuffing-box a³ and in a guide a' in the
chamber as clearly shown in Figure 7, which represents a section through the
said chamber at right angles to that shown in Figure 5. The said rod is provided
with arms h, having adjustable studs adapted to impinge against and open the
said valves alternately, that is to say, when one arm has just allowed its valve to
close, the other arm will have begun to open the other valve, which relative move-
ment of the valves is necessary during the "working" of the machine.
HP
In order to operate the rod e and consequently the valves e, we arrange a rod h
so that it can slide parallel with the piston rod a. This rod works in a guide h
on the cylinder cover a, and to the main cross-head awe fix an arm 4* having an
opening adapted to be packed so as to engage frictionwise with the rod h in order
to move it and down. 10 is a lever fulcrummed at " and connected to the
rode e¹ and so that the movement of the latter rod is imparted to the former to
operate the valves e, e, and as the rod e' with its arms, for operating the valves
can only move a short distance compared with the piston-rod a' by reason of the
valves e, e being limited in their movement the arm can therefore only move them
that distance, and will therefore slip up and down the rod the remainder of the
stroke of the piston a!. This arrangement of the mechanism provides for opening
the valves as required for the "working" of tho machine as hereinbefore stated.
In order when "starting" the machine to stop the movement of the rod e¹ and
therefore the closing of each inlet-valve during the delivery strokes of the pump at
their respective ends of the pump cylinder, we provide the following arrangement
of mechanism, that is to say, we provide a bracket attached to the rod e¹ and
provided with two surfaces which are designed to be opposed and impinged against
by two cains pivotted on a pin f" forming the fulcrum of a lever g which lever
is connected by a link to an extension on the arm he fixed to the cross-head a".
The cams are connected by links to a block or nuty, the position of which,
and consequently that of the cams, can be adjusted by a screw g³ having a handle g
and carried by the lever g. By adjusting the block so that it and the cains
assume the position shewn in Figure 5, which is the position they occupy when the
machine is working," the said cams cover one another and will not oppose the
movement of the rod e', as the movement of the lever gis not sufficient to move them
so as to impinge against the surfaces 10, but if the cams are adjusted to the
"starting" position, which is that shewn in Figure 8, which represents a detached
view of the part of the mechanism now being described, the cams will be alternately
moved by the lever g (as it moves up and down) so as to oppose and impinge against
the surfaces, thereby only allowing the arm to close each valve at the end of
each stroke of the piston a', when the action of the lever g will have moved the cam
(which has been opposing the rod e¹) out of contact with the surfaces it has
been impinging against. By means of the screw g³ the cams f' can be adjusted so
as to allow the friction on the rod to close the valves e at any part of each
delivery stroke.
In this arrangement of inlet valves, while one valve is being held open at the
delivery end of the vapour pump during the “starting," the other valve will open
automatically by reason of the suction.
We will now describe a modified form of machine of type A.
Figures 9, 10, 11 and 12 represent respectively a sectional elevation, a plan, a rear
clevation and a horizontal section on the line 12, 12, of Figure 9 of this machine.
In the said figures, a is the vapour pump cylinder having a chamber i below,

page_text: which chamber is extended sideways to allow room for the passage of a lever d' and
rocking shaft, the said lever being connected to the said shaft and serving to
operate the piston al by a link a³. The pistou made sufficiently deep to enable it
to be efficiently guided, and the deepened portion below the packing-rings is cut
away for the lever d to pass through. The shaft passes through a stuffing-box
in the side of the chamber i aud carries another lever outside, which latter lever
is connected by a connecting rod d with the crank shaft d³ which is supported in
bearings in brackets on the sides of the vapour cylinder a. On the lever i² is
an extension which serves to work the air-pump c.. e is the inlet-valve with a
cover arranged in the cylinder cover a' for the inspection of the said valve, which
cover may be allowed some lift for the escape of air when "starting" the machine.
In this machine we operate the inlet-valve e by the following mechanism, that is
to say, we provide a lever i fulcrummed on the lever d', one end of the said lever i
being arranged beneath the spindle of the valve e, wbile the other end is arranged
so that it can be operated upon by a rod working through a stuffing box and
connected by a nut g² to a screw g³, the ends of which screw are connected to, and
operated by, two eccentrics f and f' so that the said eccentrics serve to operate
the valve e, tlie said screw serving to put either of the eccentrics in conucction with
the said valve. The eccentric is arranged in a position on the shaft d³ suitable
for the "working" of the machine, that is to say, it keeps the inlet-valve e open
during the down-stroke of the piston a' and allows it to close during the up or
delivery stroke while the eccentric 7 is arranged in a position on the said shaft
suitable for the "starting" that is to say, it is in such a position on the shaft, that by
placing its junction with the screw 9 more or less in connection with the rod is, tho
valve will be held open a greater or less proportion of the delivery stroke.
In Figure 9 it will be seen that the end of the lever, bearing against the end of
tlio rod, is arranged so as to practically coincide with the axis of the shaft i in
order that the oscillation of the lever d' shall not affect the said lever i³.
We will now describe various modified forms of machines of type B.
Figures 13 and 14 are a sectional elevation and a plan respectively of a double-
acting machine in which the vapour pump a is driven by a beam d¹ fulcrummed at
ono cud to standards d bolted to the sides of the vapour pump cylinder.
Figuro 15 is a section illustrating a portion of the inlet valve mechanism.
The steam cylinder d is placed on the cover of the said vapour pump cylinder,
the piston-rods of both cylinders being guided by slidesj bolted to the side of the
stenin cylinder d. The air pump c is driven by a lever j attached to the fulcrum
shaft of the beam d¹.
In this machine the valves are arranged and operate similarly to those illustrated
in Figures 5 and 7, except that the top exit valves are placed just abovo the top
inlet-valve. In this arrangement, the rod for operating the inlet-valves e is
operated by a cam or eccentric on a shaft in the valve chamber ³, the said
rod being arranged so that its ends impinge against and open the valves e
alternately. The shaft which passes through a stuffing-box on the chamber h², is
driven from the crank-shaft d³ through the medium of another shaft (coupled to
it) and mitre wheels and 1. The shaft is, however, capable of movement
relatively with the crauk shaft d³ in order to enable the cam to be rotated to
provide for keeping open the inlet-valves as required for "starting." To cuable
this relative movement to be effected, we provide a coupling-box j³, one end of
which engages with either of the shafts, by a spline-joint, while the other end
is provided with a key which engages in a spiral slot in the other of the said
ehafts, the said slot extending sufficiently far round the latter shaft to allow of the
cam j³, when the coupling box is moved longitudinally, being turned into a position
as shown by the dotted lines in Figure 15, diametrically opposed to that shewn by
the full lines, which is the "working" position. To enable the said coupling box
to be moved, we provide means such as those shewn which comprises a lever 10
pivotted to the machine, one end of which lever engages with the coupling box
while the other end engages with a nut g' capable of movement on a screw 9³. By

page_text: this arrangement the position of the cam can be adjusted so as to keep open the
valves e during any portion of the stroke as required when "starting."
,,
Instead of the arrangement described, for effecting the movement of the cam j³
relatively with the crank-shaft d³, we may make use of either of the arrangements
illustrated by Figures 13 and 13. In the arrangement illustrated by Figure 13^,
the shaft is formed of a twisted bar and engages in a correspondingly shaped
opening in the boss of the mitre wheel, which boss thereby serves as a nut and is
carried in a bearing on the machine. The shaft is connected to the shaft by a
coupling-box, and is adapted to rotate the shaft, and consequently the cam jê,
by being moved through the wheel by a screw 93 working in a nut g², the
coupling-box being sufficiently long to allow of this movement without the shaft s
being disconnected. In the arrangement shown in Figure 13, the shaft
vided with a spiral-toothed wheel " engaging with a similar wheel having a
much broader face and mounted on the shaft, so that if the wheel be moved
along the wheel by the screw g³, the shaft, and consequently the cam³, will be
rotated.
is pro-
Figures 16 and 17 are a sectional elevation and a plan respectively, of a double-
acting machine in which two vapour pumps are employed, they being driven by
side levers d' from the crank shaft . The two vapour pump cylinders a are
united by girders constituting the frames for carrying the bearings for the crank-
shaft d³, the trunnion bearings for the side levers, the said girders being bolted to
brackets cast on the sides of the said vapour pump cylinders.
It is evident that a beam may be substituted for the said levers mentioned above,
the frames being raised at the centre of the machine to carry it.
Figure 18 is a section on the line 18, 18, Figure 16, through one of the girders de
shewing the inlet-valve operating mechanism.
Figure 19 is a section on the line 19 Figure 18, but drawn to an enlarged scale;
and,
Figures 20, 21, 22 and 23 are respectively acctions on the lines 20, 21, 22 nud 23
of Figure 18.
In this machine the inlet-valves e for each pump cylinder are arranged, the onc
within a box on the top cover of the pump cylinder and opening towards the
said cylinder, while the other one is arranged within a box on and opening into
the side of the cylinder, the two boxes being connected by a passage or chamber ½³,
similarly to the machine shewn in Figures 5 to 8. The exit valves at the bottom
of the pump cylinders are arranged in the boxes h, while those at the top of the
Baid cylinders are arranged in boxes a¹. The inlet-valves, which operate in a
similar manner to tho inlet-valves shewn in Figures 5, 6, 13 and 14, are opened by
levers & connected together inside the connecting passages, one for the top valve
and one for the bottom valve of each pump cylinder, while the one is closed by
gravity and the other by springs, the said two lovers & being connected by a rod ¹
inside the passage. The two top levers are operated by shafts passing
through stuffing boxes in the sides of the passages h. On the outer ends of these
shafts are arms which are connected together by a rod jointed to and actuated
by a forked arm which embraces a cam on the crank shaft d' and is pivotted
on a shaft . The said cam is made with a broad face having a varying con-
formation, so that when rotating, if the arm & be moved along it, the said arm will
be caused to open the inlet-valves as is required for "starting." To enable the
arm to be moved along the said cam, the shaft is made hollow for the
reception of a nut which engages with a screw 9 and projects through &
slot in the shaft so as to be connected to the arm h, as shewn clearly in
Figures 18 and 19.
One end of the cam jª is shaped so that it will move the arm at the beginning
of the stroke of each pump piston a', so as to alternately open the inlet-valves of
each pump cylinder as is required for "working." Figure 20 represents a section
of this end of the cam. If the arm is moved to tlic other end of the cam j³, the
shape of which is represented by the section Figure 23, both of the inlet-valves of

page_text: each vapour pump will be kept half open during both strokes of the piston, and
only close at the end of each delivery stroke, which is as required for starting,"
while the valves will be allowed to close earlier by shifting the said arm back along
the face of the cam, two sections of which at equal distances from the ends of the
cam and from one another are shown at Figures 21 and 22.
Figures 24, 25 and 26 aro respectively a plan, an elevation partly in section and
an end view of a horizontal double acting machine with the crank-shaft carried
in bearings in brackets d³ on one end of the vapour pump cylinder a, and driven by
connecting rods from a cross-head a connecting the vapour pump rod a' with the
piston-rod of the steam cylinder d, which cylinder is connected to a bracket ("
formed integral with the cover at the other end of the said vapour pump
cylinder. The air-pump is attached to the other cover.
The piston of the vapour pump is supported on its own rod a² and that of the
air-pump conjointly, the latter rod being driven therefore from the piston a¹.
This piston should be lubricated continuously by any suitable lubricator.
Figure 27 is a view of a portion of the crank-shaft d³ shewn in Figures 24 to 26
carrying mechanism for operating the inlet-valves as hereinafter described.
In this arrangement the inlet-valves e are arranged to open the ends of the
vapour pumpicylinder, they being advantageously suspended in boxes h' by links k
so as to guide them parallel. The exit valves e* open into a common chamber **
connected with the condenser b. The inlet-valves are adapted to be opened by
arms & each of which is caused to bear against one of the links of each valve
for that purpose. The said arms are mounted on shafts extending through one
side of the chamber and carry other arms connected together by a rod kl.
One of the arms k³ forms one arm of a bell-crank, the other arm of which is
connected by a rod to a pivotted fork actuated by a cam jou the crank-
shaft d, which cam is of similar shape to the section shewn at Figure 20 so as to
provide for operating the inlet-valves for "working." In order to provide for
keeping open the inlet-valves for the "starting," the oam is adapted to be turned
relatively with the shaft by means of a spiral feather attached to a sliding
collar and engaging a corresponding groove in the said cam, and by means of a
spiral slot in the shaft d in which engages a key on the said spiral
feather.
By this arrangement, if the sliding collar & be moved in the direction of the
arrow (Figure 27) by means of a lever jo, and screw g³ similar to those shewn
in Figures 13 and 14, the combined actions of the feather and the slot k¹º will
cause the cam to rotate in the direction of the arrow k¹ so as to be in position for
keeping open the inlet-valves as required.
Figures 28 and 29 are respectively a sectional end elevation and a sectional side
elevation of a double acting machine constructed on the principle of the "hammer--
head" type of steam engine, that is to say, the piston a' of the vapour pump. a
(which piston is formed as a trunk) is connected by its connecting rod to the crank-
shaft dthrough the medium of what is known as a "hammer-head" connecting rod
or beam which is operated from the steam cylinder d. The said cylinder and
the air-pump are supported on brackets integral with the vapour pump cylinder,
the said air pump being driven from the said connecting rod d', as shewn.
By forming the said connecting rod d' in the shape of a T it may be employed to
drive two vapour pumps instead of one.
In this machine the inlet-valves are-arranged so that they open from the vapour
pump cylinder like exit valves, instead of towards the said cylinder in the usual
manner, the valves being closed against their seats by weights, springs or actuation
capable of withstanding the greatest pressure to which the air or vapour inside the
cylinder is to be subjected. The exit valves are, however, of the usual type and
arranged in boxes on the side of the said cylindor. One of the inlet-valves is
arranged in a box on the top cover of the vapour cylinder and is of a circular
shape, while the other one is arranged on the side of the said cylinder in a chamber /²
connected to the box ', and is of an approximately oblong shape to correspond

page_text: with the port which it covers. The said valves are guided by means of spindles
working in guides e and are operated by a cam ja of similar construction to that
shewn in Figures 16, 17 and 20 to 23, through the medium of levers 1, 1 pivotted
on shafts,, the lever for operating the top inlet-valve being connected thereto
5 by a link and bell-crank 1, while the lever i for oporating the bottom inlet-valve
(which lever is duplicated. below its pivot) is connected directly thereto.
, are weights (or springs may be used) for closing and keeping the said inlet-
valves closed when not operated by the cam.
The said cam is fixed on and rotated
by a shaft driven by mitre wheels from the crank-shaft ³, similarly to the
arrangement shewn in Figures 13 and 14.
To enable the cam to present its varying conformation to the ends of the
leverato operate the inlet-valves for the "starting," it is adapted to slide
longitudinally by means of a forked nut g' engaging with it, operated by a
screw g³..
Figures 30 and 31 are a sectional elevation and plan respectively of a double
acting machine of the "grasshopper" type having the steam cylinder d'bolted to
the side of the vapour pump cylinder similarly to the single acting machine
illustrated in Figures 1 and 2.
Figures 32, 33 and 34 are detail views relating to the said machine.
In this machine instead of valves for governing the inlet to the vapour pump as
in the machine herein before described we employ cooks to serve the same purpose,
the said cocks, which are of the hollow plug type, being arranged in casings h' on
the side of and opening into the top and bottom of the vapour cylinder,.the said
casings being connected by a chamber. The exit valves e*, which are of the
usual type, are arranged, those at the bottom of the cylinder in a box a at the side
of the said cylinder, while that or those at the top are arranged in a box a³ on, the
cylinder cover. The cooks are provided with ports which, when coincident
with the ports in the vapour cylinder, open communication between the said
cylinder and the freezing vessel.
To,operate the cocks we provide the following mechanism, that is to say, we
provide them with stems which pass up through stuffing boxes and carry bevel
toothed-quadrants' engaging with similar quadrants on independent horizontal
abafts 1, one of which shafts is hollow to enable the other one to pass:
through it.
To the end of each of the shafts we fix a bent slotted lever m, the bent
portions of which face in opposite directions and are provided with the slots m'..
The relative angles of the slotted portions of the levers m are such, that, if a pin,.
hereinafter described, be passed through the two slots ml at the ends nearest tho
axes of the said levers and the levers be oscillated as hereinafter described, the
ports in the upper and lower plugs of the cocks are in such relative positions
that when one of them is just opening, the other is just closing and vice versa, this
being the position for "working," while, if the pin be passed through the slots at
the outer ends of the said levers, and the levers be oscillated as hereinafter described,,
the openings in the plugs alter their relative positions, so that they are open together
almost the whole of one revolution and close alternately at the end of their delivery.
strokes, at their respective ends of the cylinder a, this being the position for
"starting. To enable the said lovers m to be oscillated and consequently the
cocks e to be operated, we fix. two.cranks m', m³ to the main shaft d' and connect
them respectively by rods m', m³ to the ends of a slotted link m arranged in such
a position that.a.pin m' can pass through the slot of the said. link and the slots of
the two levers m. The crank m serves to actuate the cocks for the "working,"
while the crank.m³ serves to actuate them for the "starting."
By this arrangement, the crank m² will oscillate the levers m when the pin m² is
at the end of the slots nearest their axes, as shown in Figure 30, and the crank m³
will oscillate the levers when the said pin is at the outer end of the said levers; as
shown in the detached view Figure 34, the movement in the latter case, by, being

page_text: imparted at the outer ends of the slotted levers, not giving so much motion to the
plugs as in the former case. By placing the pin m' in the slots at any position
intermediate with those described, each cock can be caused to close on its delivery
stroke at any desired portion of the stroke of the piston a'. The pin m' is adjusted
in the slots by the following means, that is to say, we fix racks, m to the corre
sponding side of each of the three slots, as shewn, and we provide the said pin with
three pinions m to gear into the racks; we also provide a worm wheel mo on the
pin and a screw 93 gearing therewith, the screw working in sockets on the outside
slotted lever m and provided with a handle gt by which the said pin can be adjusted
to any point along the slots as desired.
Figure 32 is a section through, the cocks shewing them in the position they
occupy when the pin m' is in the "working" position and the piston a' is in the
position shewn in Figure 30; and,
Figure 33 is a similar view but showing the cocks in the position they occupy
when the pin m' is in the "starting" position, the piston a' being still in the position
shown in Figure 30.
Figures 35, 36 and 37 are respectively an end elevation, sectional elevation and
plan of a small oscillating machine more especially intended for hand-power, as
shown.
Figure 38 is a section on the line 38, 38 Figure 37.
In this machine the vapour pump cylinder a has the condenser and air-pump
attached to it, and so arranged, is oscillated in a frame n either on trunnions at
one end of the said cylinder, as shewn, or in a central position on the sides of tho
cylinder.
The vapour cylinder in this machine, for the sake of lightness, is advantageously
formed of a tube clamped between two covers a' against rings of "woodite" or
vulcanized compressed fibre n' in grooves in the said covers.
n' is the freezing or evaporating vessel which is connected to the vapour cylinder
through the medium of the chamber, but it can be made separate from the same
and connected by a suitable stuffing-box with the joint covered with oil, in the
manner well known in connection with vacuum pumps, the stuffing-box being placed
in the line of the trunnions n'; or it may be connected with vulcanized india-
rubber suction hose, the grip armoured hose answering well for the purpose, as it
does not shrink in length by the vacuum.
In this machine we advantageously use, for the inlet of the air and vapour, cocks
of similar construction to those shewn in Figures 30 and 31 and opening into the
connecting chamber h. The exit valves e* are arranged to open into the side of
the vapour cylinder, as shewn clearly in Figure 38, they being connected to the
air-pump c, which acts also as a condenser, it being advantageously provided with
a water-jacket c¹; as shewn.
We sometimes, as shown in the drawings, make the ports from the cocks into
the vapour pump cylinder a short distance from the ends of the latter, so that the
piston a' will pass beyond the said ports, as described in our before mentioned
British Specification No: 2288 of 1885. We connect the plugs of the said cocks
to a single shaft which passes through a stuffing box, the upper end of the said
shaft being provided with a forked-lever n at right angles to it, in which a pin n³
fixed to the frame n of the machine engages, so that the oscillation of the cylinder a
operates the cocks. The ports in the plugs e are widor than the ports leading to
the vapour-cylinder, the plugs being so arranged on the shaft 1 as to overlap one
another on a vertical line, in order to give a free passage through both when in
their central position, which occurs when the piston is at each end of its stroke.
This is the position in which the plugs are placed when "starting," the pin n³ being
. removed from the lever to prevent the said plugs being operated by the
oscillations of the cylinder a When the pin n' is in engagement with the forked-
lever, however, the oscillation of the said cylinder operates the cocks for
"working.".

page_text: When "starting," the piston a' after passing the ports connecting the coCKS WITH
the vapour cylinder a on each delivery stroke, expels the air through the exitɔ
valves and thus produces the vacuum.
In order to heat the vapour pump cylinder of this machine, we form a chamber n
on the bottom and top cylinder covers a and connect them by circulating passages n
on the cylinder, which chambers we fill with water through a funnel-n, a lamp or
the like (not shown) being used to heat the water contained in the lower chamber,
so that it circulates through the passages n' to and from the saiḍ upper
chamber n..
We will now describe modifications of the mechanism for operating the inlet-
valves in machines of type A.
Figure 39 is a rear elevation of a machine similar to that illustrated by Figures 1
and 2, but shewing a modified form of the mechanism for operating the inlet-valves.
In this arrangement we substitute for the links g and 9 in Figure 1, a rack o:
connected by a rod o' to the nut g³, and gearing with a pinion of attached to the
cam f', the screw o carrying the nut being arranged in the position shewn, in a
bracket of fixed in any suitable manner. The pinion o' is kept in gear with the
rack o by a bar of which is connected to the rod o' and bears on the boss of the.
said pinion. By this arrangement, the cam will be caused to rotate when
the piston a' moves up and down, by reason of the movement of the rack o and if
the rod o' be in the position shewn by the full lines, which is the "working
position, the said cam will not affect the arm, but if the nut 9' be moved to the
other end of the screw 9, as shown by the dotted lines, the cam will be moved into
the "starting" position where it will operate in a similar manner to the cam f' in
Figures 1 and 2.
"
In Figure 39 the positions indicated by the dotted lines correspond with the.
similarly indicated positions in Figure 1.
Figure 40 is a similar view to Figure 39 shewing another modified form of the:
mechanism for operating the inlet-valves; and,
Figure 41 is a section on the line 41, 41 of Figure 40.
•
In this arrangement we actuate the rod e and consequently the inlet-valves e, by
two cams and ** through the medium of a lever o pivotted to a bracket o® and
connected by a rod o' to one end of a lever o8, the other end of which is connected
to the valve-rod e¹. The said cams are of similar shape to the section shewn at
Figure 20. The fulcrum of the said lever o8 is carried by the beam d', the said
fulcrum being arranged between the cross-head as and the fulcrum of the beam.
In order to prevent the movement of the beam from affecting the lever o, the
portion of the said lever from its fulcrum to the end coupled to the valve rod e',
and the portion from its fulcrum to its actuated end, must bear the same proportions
to each other as the portion of the beam d from the fulcrum of the lover of to the
cross-head a bears to the portion from the said fulcrum to the fulcrum of the said
beam, so that if the actuated end of the lever o be kept stationary, the other end
will move through the same distance as the cross-head as, while if the actuated
end be moved, the valve-rod e' and consequently the inlet-valves will be moved in
relation to the piston a'.
The cam is fixed to a shaft j' driven from the crank-shaft d³ by mitre
wheels, and is so arranged, that, by means of the connecting mechanism with
the inlet-valves, it opens the said valves on the down-stroke of the piston a² and
allows them to close on the up-stroke as is required for "working." The cam.j³*
which is loose on the shaft is provided with a sleeve o which has a spiral slot ol
formed half round the said sleeve and the shaft j is formed hollow, with a straight
slot cut through it extending along the same distance as the spiral slot o. In the
hollow portion of the said shaft is a rod o" carrying a stud o" which passes through
the straight slot and spiral groove, the said rod oil with the stud o" being adapted
to be drawn in and out by a screw so as to turn the cam * one half a turn
backward relative to the cam j. By this arrangement, if the screw g' is operated
to force the stud o to one end of the spiral and straight slots, the two cams will

page_text: cover one another, which is the position for "working," while at the other end of
the said slots, they will be diametrically opposite, as shewn in Figure 41, which is
the position for "starting." By placing the cam ** at any point between these
extremes the inlet valves will be allowed to close at any desired point of the
delivery stroke.
In direct acting machines we sometimes provide an arm and standard or rook
frame in place of the beam to carry the lever actuating the valve rod.
Instead of the cams. just described, we may employ two eccentrics and a link
motion, one of the eccentrics which operates the inlet-valves for the " "working"
being fixed on the main shaft d³, or one geared thereto at equal speed, so that its
dead points coincide with the half stroke of the piston a¹ of the vapour pump
cylinder and so that by its action through the medium of the lever o³,
will open
and close the inlet valves during the half of. its revolution simultaneous with the
down-stroke of the said piston, but the valves must be allowed to remain closed on
the up-stroke of the piston, and to effect this, the valve-rod e¹ may, for instance,
slide through an eye on the end of the lever of and be provided with a fixed collar
above the said end, so that the said lever will first lift the said collar and raise and
open the said valves and move down again and allow them to close during the
downstroke of the piston, and will slide down the valve-rod e' away from the
collar, on the upstroke of the piston and allow the said valves to remain closed.
The dead points of the other eccentric which serves to actuate the valves for the
"starting, coincide with those of the piston. The rod connecting this eccentric
with the lever o is made of such a length as to allow the inlet-valves to close at
the end of the delivery stroke or one of the dead points of the piston a' when the
said eccentric is also at one of its dead points.
-
Figure 42 is an elevation shewing a modification of the inlet-valve mechanism
shewn in Figures 1 and 2 adapted for operating for the "working," the inlet valves
of a direct acting machine of type A ; and
Figure 43 is a section on the line 43, 43 of Figure 42.
In this arrangement a forked-arm attached to the connecting-rod d' serves to
lift the valve-rod e' by acting on friction-rollers attached to the arm on the
rode, and is so adjusted, that, as the said connecting rod sways to one side of the
dead point on the down-stroke, it lifts the valves, but lets them go free to close on
the upstroke as is required for the "working." For the "starting," the valve
mechanism is substantially the same as that shewn in Figures 1 and 2.
All the arrangements for actuating the inlet-valves described, with reference to
Figures 1 and 2, 9 to 12, 39, 40 and 42 apply equally to single acting machines
delivering on the down-stroke, except that the operating cams or eccentrics have
to press down the valves to open them instead of having to raise them. In these
machines the inlet-valves may be applied to the piston as described in the
Specification of British Letters Patent No. 2288 of 1885 before referred to, the
valves being held up against their seats by springs. The valve seats may be
formed of rings of india-rubber held in place by metal rings bolted to the piston,
and easily removeable by unscrewing the bolts. The valves will be actuated both
for "starting" and "working" by the valve rod, which presses down on the valves
and opens them, while the springs close them when the pressure is removed, all as
described in the aforesaid Specification.
The inlet-valve area in all cases must be of large size, proportionately with
the piston. The combined circumference of the said valves should not be less
than one half that of the piston for a single acting machine working at high
speed.
We will now describe various modifications of the inlet-valves and of mechanism
for operating them in machines of type B.
Figure 44 is a sectional elevation of the lower part of a machine similar to that
shewn in Figures 13 and 14, but provided with inlet-valves of the kind illustrated
in Figures 28 and 29. The said valves and their actuating mechanism being in
the "working" position."

page_text: Figure 46 is a similar view to Figure 44 but shewing the inlet-valves and their
actuating mechanism in the "starting" position; and
Figure 46 is a transverse vertical section of the valve chamber h³ ;
Figure 47 is a section on the line 47, 47, of Figure 44.
and
In this arrangement the inlet-valves are shewn of the same form as the bottom
inlet-valve in Figures 28 and 29 and are similarly applied, that is to say, they are.
arranged at the side of the cylinder a. The said valves are each jointed to two
bent levers 1, l'having weights and keyed to a shaft l' similarly to the said bottom-
The shafts in this arrangement pass
inlet-valve shewn in Figures 28 and 29.
through stuffing boxes in the side of the chamber ½³. Arms are keyed to the.
outer ends of the shafts A, and connecting rods k connect these arms with two
levers provided with rollers which bear against and are operated by two cams.
and, the cam being fixed in the position required for "working," and the
cam arranged so that it can be adjusted to the position required for "starting,"
The
similarly to the cams described with reference to Figures 40 and 41.
weights serve to close the valves e and to keep the levers against the cams.
is shewn in dotted
In Figure 44 the position of the cam ** when "starting
lines. Instead of adjusting the said cam ** in Figures 44 and 45 by the means
described with reference to Figure 40, we provide it with bevel-teeth p with which
a bevel-pinion p¹ gears, which pinion is on one end of a shaft p' carried by the fixed
cam. At the other end of this shaft, at the centre of the main shaft d³, is a
worm wheel p³ gearing with a worm gª provided with a handle g', the said handle
serving to rotate the second cam through the medium of the parts described. This
arrangement is not advantageous for machines with the crank-shaft revolving at a
high speed, as the handle is required to be turned faster (when turning in one
direction) than the said shaft in order to rotate the cam j³*.
"
'
Figure 48 is a similar view to Figure 44, but shewing another modification of the
inlet-valve actuating mechanism, the valve chamber h which is shewn wholly in
In this figure the
section, being placed, howover, to suit the said mechanism.
valves and the said actuating mechanism are in the "working" position.
Figure 49 is a sectional elevation at right angles to the view in Figure 48.
Figure 50 is a similar view to Figure 48, but with a part only of the valvo
chamber in section shewing a portion of the valve actuating mechanism in the
"starting" position, and
Figure 51 is a similar view to Figure 49, but with the valve actuating mechanism
in the "starting" position.
Figures 52, 53 and 54 shew different positions of a portion of the inlet-valve.
actuating mechanism.
In this arrangement, the two inlet-valves are closed by means of a single.
weight, instead of two weights as hereinbefore described with reference to
Figures 28, 29, 44 and 45, and the valves are carried by two bent levers / similarly
to the valves hereinbefore described with reference to Figures 44 and 45, except
that the shafts do not pass through the side of the chamber ³, and that rods p
connect the weight to the outer ends of the levers, which weight is arranged loose
on a shaft midway between the valves. This weight is in the form of a broad
plate with two slots cut through it, one for each valve, and the ends p" of the
rods p' are furnished with pins p' passing through the slots, as clearly shewn in
Figure 48. The slots each comprise two curved portions p and p connected
together by an inclined portion pls. The portions po of the slots are generated
with radii from the axes of the junctions of the rods with the levers I, with the
valves closed. The portions pu of the said slots are formed at such an angle that
the pins p, when the rods p' are operated as hereinafter described, can be easily
moved therein, and the portions p of the slots are generated with radii from the
axes of the junctions of the rods p' with the levers with the valves open. By this
arrangement when the pin p' of either of the rods p' is in the portion p" of its slot,
the weight will keep the valve connected to the said rod closed, while when the
said pin is moved up the inclined portion p" of the said slot, the valve will be
.

page_text: :
:
.
:
:
1
1.
opened, and will remain open while the said pin p' is. in any part of the portion pu
of the slot. The rods p are operated to move the pins p' along the slots in the
weight by connecting rods p and arms keyed to the shafts & carried by
bearings inside the chamber. is another shaft parallel to and at equal
distances from the shafts k, which shaft j passes through a stuffing-box at the side
of the chamber and is carried by bearings so that it can be moved across the
said chamber by the screw g. This shaft carries two cams, one for each
valve, which cams actuate forked-arms keyed to, the shafta k. The forked-
arms have broad faces which are inclined as shewn in Figures 48, 50, 52, 53
and 64. The shaft is driven by mitre wheels, from the crank shaft d', the
wheel which is separate from the said shaft, being carried by a bearing, with
the shaft passing through the centre of the said wheel and driven by a pin or key
in the said wheel engaging with an angular slot in and extending round the
shaft about one quarter of its circumference. By this arrangement, when the
shaft is moved into the chamber by the screw g³, it will thereby be revolved
one quarter of a turn in the same direction as its rotation; at the same time the
two cams will be moved to the inner end of the inclined faces of the forked-
arms, as shewn in Figures 48 and 52, which is the correct position for "working"
on the downstroke. If, when the piston a' is in the position shown in Figure 49,
the shaft be moved out, that is to say, in the opposite direction to that just
described, it will be turned in a contrary direction to that of its rotation and the
two cams will be brought into contact with the outer ends of the inclined faces
of the forked-arms &, as shewn in Figure 53, and by the dotted lines in Figure 48,
...which will move the inlet-valve at the bottom of the chamber * into the position
shewn also by dotted lines in Figure 49, this being the "starting" position.
:
.
1
Figure 54.is a similar view to Figures 52 and 53, but shewing the cams in the
"starting" position, as in Figure 50.
In this arrangement the inlet-valves, instead of being guided as shewn in
Figures 28, 29, 44 and 45, are suspended by links e pivotted in the chamber h*.
Figures 55 and 56 are similar views to Figures 44 and 45 respectively, shewing
an arrangement by which the inlet-valves, in addition to being opened by the
actuating mechanism, are closed also thereby, thus dispensing with the use of
weights or their equivalents for that purpose, springs of considerable power but
..very short range being preferably arranged in connection with the said valves to
give ease to the working.
:
1
Figure 57 is a view at right angles to that shewn in Figure 55, with the valve
chamber in section.
Figures 58, 59 and 60 are respectively an elevation, a horizontal section and a
cross section on the line 60, 60 of Figure 38, on an enlarged scale, of one of the
inlet-valves provided with springs as above mentioned.
..
In this arrangement the lever for operating each inlet-valve is fulcrummed
at and carries a pin g which, instead of working directly in bearings in brackets
on the valve, is carried by slide blocks q sliding in brackets q' integral with the
said valve. The slide-blocks q' are pressed against by springs q, but these springs
are kept always in compression by the slide blocks being retained by the brackets,
the combined compression of the two springs in each valve being sufficient when the
valve is closed to prevent the pressure in the cylinder a from opening the said valve.
Between the inlet-valves are two discs on two shafts passing through stuffing-
boxes in one side of the chamber ². These discs are provided with cam-grooves q
on their faces to receive pius 9 at the ends of the levers 4,. and the said grooves
are shaped so as to move the said levers when the discs are oscillated, in order to
open and close the inlet-valves e as required. To effect, this, one portion of the
grooves is formed concentrically with the centre of the discs, and the levers /
are so arranged, that, when in engagement with these portions, the valves are
thereby pressed against their seats, while the other portions of the grooves are
formed eccentrically, or in, such a manner as will allow of easily moving the ends
of the levers so as to open the said valves.

page_text: In order to operate the valves for the "working" and the "starting," we make
use of the following mechanism, that is to say, we provide two cranks m³,"m³,
rods m, m, and link m similar to the arrangement shewn in Figures 30 and 31,.
m being the crank and m the connecting rod for actuating the valves for the
"working," and m³ the crank; and m the connecting rod for actuating for the
"starting," the crank m³ having a shorter throw than the crank m.
On the outer ends of the shafts are spur pinions q gearing with spur-teeth q
on rack bars. These bars are connected with the link me through the medium
of spur-teeth o gearing with a pinion 90 attached to a lever q", the outer end of
which lever is jointed to a slide block g³ in the link m², which block can be adjusted
in the said link by a screw g³. The pinion go and link q are pivotted to a slide
block on a fixed guide-bar q, and the link m is similarly pivotted to another
slide block also on the said bar q¹³.
By this arrangement, if the pinion 10 be moved by adjusting the block 'g' into
the position shewn in full lines in Figure 55, the bars will be moved so as to
bring the discs into the position shewn, thereby opening the upper inlot-valvo by
the eccentric portion of the groove q' in the upper disc, while the lower inlet-valve
is forced against its seat and retained in this position by the concentric portion of
the groove g' in the lower disc, the crank m² and its connecting rod m³ then operating.
the valves for the "working." By adjusting the block g', by the screw g, to the
other end of the link me, as shewn in Figure 56 and in dotted lines in Figure 55,
the "starting" crank m³ and its connecting rod m will be brought into action.
The moving of the said block g not only puts the said crank and its connecting
rod into action, but it turns the pinion go, and thus the shorter throw of the crank m
can only revolve the discs so that only the eccentric portions of the grooves q*
come into action, and thus both inlet-valves are kept open during the strokes of the
piston a', and each inlet-valve at the delivery side of the piston is only closed at the
end of the delivery stroke, as required, for "starting.". The inlet-valves can be
caused to close earlier on the delivery stroke, by adjusting the block g' in the
link me as will be obvious.
10
Figures 61 and 62 are similar views to Figures 55 and 56 respectively but
shewing the inlet valves each actuated by a link motion from the one pair of
oranks instead of one link motion to actuate the two valves as in the said latter
figures.
tr
In this arrangement we dispense with the rack bars 9 and connect the slide
block g³, in each link or quadrant, by a rod q to an arm on one of the shafts,
and we arrange each slide block g to slide on a guide rod 9", the links me being, in
this case, adjusted relatively with the said blocks by a screw g³ and lifting links q
The connecting rods m' and m³, however are of different lengths, so that when the
links are adjusted, they will rotate the discs into the positions required for
starting" or "working" as the case may be. By the substitution of the arms of for
the pinions shewn in Figures 55 and 56, the disos j³ cannot be rotated to the same
extent, the grooves in the said discs and the outer ends of the levers are therefore
shortened in proportion to such diminished rotation. It will be obvious, however,
that the two link motions just described can be used in connection with the rack
and pinion arrangement shewn in Figures 55 and 56, in which case each link
would be connected to a rack bar.
Although we have described certain arrangements of inlet-valves' in combination
with mechanism for actuating the same, it will be obvious that several of such
arrangements of valves can be used in combination with actuating mechanisms
other than those which they have been described as combined with, for instance,
instead of actuating the valve rod.e in Figures 7 and 8, by the means described it
may be actuated by a lever having its end farthest from the valve-rod arranged
beneath the cranks or eccentrics of a link motion, which cranks or eccentrics are
fixed on the main shaft, the slide block in the link or quadrant being connected with
the end of the said lever. Or the cranks or eccentrics may be fixed on a secondary
shaft geared to and having equal speed with the main shaft so as to enable them to

page_text: act directly on the said valve rod. The crank or eccentric for "working". is fixed
on, the main shaft so as to be at half stroke when the piston a' is at one end of its
stroke, such half stroke being that which will effect the opening of the valves for
the suction a trifle after the commencement of the suction motion of the said
piston a'. The other crank or eccentric for "starting" is fixed on the main shaft 5
Bo as to be at one end of its stroke when the piston is also at one end of its stroke,
the said position of the eccentric allowing each inlet valve to close just before the
end of the delivery stroke at its end of the vapour cylinder.
Instead of actuating the cooks illustrated in Figures 30 and 31 by the mechanism
shewn we may employ that shewn in Figures 55, 56 and 57. The "starting "
crank m³ in this arrangement being shorter than the "working" crank m³, will
reduce the revolution of the plugs of the cocks the desired amount as hereinbefore
described, for "starting," the length of its connecting rod m being such as to move
the plugs into their proper positions. The pinions and shafts, in this arrange-
ment may carry bevel wheels inside the connecting chamber 2, gearing into wheels 1
on the stems of the said plugs.
Instead of the arrangement just described, we may use for each cook a link
motion connected to cranks, as shewn in Figures 61 and 62 in connection with
valves. As shewn in the said figures, we make the link rods m* and m of different
lengths and the crank m² of greater throw than the crank m³, the former crank
being fixed with its dead points coinciding with the half strokes of the piston a', so
that whatever mechanism connects it with the plugs of the cocks will rotate each
plug as required for the "working," while the other crank is set with its dead
points coincident with those of the piston a', and has its throw and its link rod of
such length, that whatever mechanisni connects it with the plugs of the cocks will
rotate each plug as required for the "starting."
In this arrangement, instead of the rods 9" and arms 9 shewn in Figures 61 and 62
for connecting the cocks to the link motions, we can advantageously use guided
rack bars connected to the slide blocks of the said links and gearing with spur
pinions on the stems of the cocks, or we can substitute a double chain quadrant for
each pinion and rack bar; or two toothed wheels or quadrants, one of twice the
size of the other, the smaller wheels being attached to the stems of the plugs with
the large ones gearing with them and severally connected with the link motions by
levers.
We sometimes also use cams either on the main or on a secondary shaft geared to
the main shaft so as to run at equal speed therewith for actuating the cocks, for
instance, with cocks having vertical plugs as herein before described, the cocks being
connected by a chamber or pipes, and placed either on the side or ends of the pump
cylinder, we fix an arm at right angles to the stem of each plug, and we fix a spring
to the end of the arm, which always tends to move the plug to its open position.
In front of or between the two stems and arms, parallel with the plugs, we place a
'shaft driven by suitable gearing from and at equal speed with the main shaft, and
to this shaft we fix two shifting cams designed to impinge against the arms and
close the cocks alternately as the cams rotate. These cams are so shaped, that, when
one of their ends is brought into contact with its respective arm, it closes the cook
connected thereto during the delivery stroke at its end of the vapour pump cylinder,
while when the other of their ends is brought into contact with its respective arm
it only closes the cock connected thereto at the end of the delivery stroke at its end
of the vapour pump oylinder, but allows it to open again by the action of the springs
attached to the arms immediately after, the intermediate portions of the cams being
so as to shut the cocks earlier between these two positions.
The cams may be shifted by any suitable well known means, for instance, the
shaft carrying them may be moved by a forked-lever engaging in a groove in a
block fixed to the shaft, the cams having their similar ends in the same direction
and the shaft passing loose through the gearing that drives it, but engaging with
the said gearing-with a spline-joint in a well known manner.
Instead of opening the cocks by springs as just described, they may be opened a

page_text: the beginning of each suction stroke by any additional suitable actuating mechanism,
such as by cams or lever arms on the same shaft as the cams for closing them, acting
on an additional arm on each cock, or by another cam or lever-arm on another
shaft driven from and at equal speed with the shaft carrying the cams for closing
the cocks also acting upon the arm on each cock.
i
In practice we find that double acting machines can only be worked at a com-
paratively small number of strokes per minute, the length of stroke being of little
consequence. The inlet-valves in these machines need not be as large as for single
acting machines having the inlet-valves in the piston, and we find that the area of
the opening of the inlet-valve or valves should not be less than one fiftieth of the
piston area.
We prefer making the exit valves of small size, say, not more than five inches in
diameter, increasing the number to obtain the necessary area, which 'should not be
less than one thirtieth of that of the piston for fast running single acting machines,
and not less than one fiftieth of the area of the piston for double acting machines.
It will be obvious that the length of the stroke does not affect the size of the
valves.
When the exit valves are arranged on the top cover of a vertical vapour pump
cylinder they are advantageously placed on gratings, so as to prevent anything
from dropping into the said cylinder. They must be made as light as possible and
with little lift, not more than five sixteenths of an inch, unless they are actuated as
described in the Specification of British Letters Patent No. 15127 of 1888. If the
exit valves are arranged to open downwards, they must be supported by springs vory
carefully adjusted, so as just to keep them closed except when the delivery of the
vapour or air is taking place. All these valves must be placed so that they may be
easily got at for inspection and repair.
We place the condensers as near to the exit valve boxes as convenient and with
very large passages from the said valve-boxes, say, not less than one eighth the
diameter of the vapour pump piston and we usually connect the said condensors to
the said passages so as to depend from the walls thereof, as they do not require to
be of large size. Six feet of condensing area to each hundredweight of ice made
per hour is the least area that should be used when the temperature of the
condensing water is not below 70° Fahrenheit.
The condensers may be of any good pattern giving sufficient a
.area of passage in
that portion immersed in the condensing water through which the vapour first passes.
If the condenser is formed of a zig-zag or helical pipe it should be reduced' in
area towards the air-pump:
Condensers formed of bundles of small pipes passing through a drum can be very
conveniently attached to any of the machines and take very little space, but the
Bum of the areas of the pipes should be somewhat more than the area of the passage
from the oxit valve-box. We may also employ condensers of the injecting type
with our regulating apparatus hereinafter described combined therewith.
Figures 63 and 64 are respectively a vertical section and a sectional plan with
the cover removed of this form of condenser.
+
The said condenser comprises 'a chamber in which are a series of superposed
trays arranged in the manner shewn, each of which has one of its edges slightly
lower than the rest, so that the condensing water can fall over the said edge onto
the tray beneath it, the vapour to be condensed passing between the said trays.
and are respectively the inlets for the condensing water and vapour from the
vapour cylinder and is the outlet from the condenser.
Figures 65 and 66 are respectively siniilar views to Figures 63 and 64, but
shewing the trays slightly modified in form, openings being provided for the over-
flow from each tray. The whole of the trays except the end ones are also provided
with central openings for the passage and circulation of the vapour to be condensed.
As the condensing water night continue to flow into the condenser when the
machine is at rest (in which case the water might force its way into the vapour
cylinder, which would prevent the machine from working until all had been
.

page_text: evaporated) we admit it to the condenser by means of the regulating, apparatus.
hereinafter described.
Figure 67 is a plan of one form of such regulating apparatus; and
Figure 68 is a section on the, line 68, 68 of Figure 67.
The said apparatus comprises a three-way cocks having a hollow plug s¹, one
branch, of which is always in connection with a vessel having a certain
capacity, and which we term a measuring vessel, while another branch is in
connection with the water supply, and a third branch is in connection with the
condenser.
The opening in the plug is always in communication with the measuring
vessel through the branch, and is provided with B-ports, which is designed to
be put in connection with the branches and alternately. By this arrangement
if the said plug be rotated, the ports, when opposite the opening in the branch s*,
will allow the measuring vessel to be filled with the condensing water, which
water, when the said port is opposite the opening in the branch & will be discharged
into the condenser. The said cock can be actuated in any convenient manner, as
for instance, by a pulleys as shewn, by a ratchet and pawl and lever connected to
some reciprocating portion of the machine, or by other suitable means, so that the
turning on and off of the water can be regulated in proportion to the strokes of the
machine, and its flow stopped when the machine stops.
Figure 69 is a section of a regulating apparatus similar to that just described,
except that the plug is not hollow, the port being formed in the said plug
so as to be capable of connecting the branchs' with either of the branches and s.
Instead of the three-way cocks described, we may use a two-way cock on each
side of the measuring vessel, the plugs of which are connected together so that
when actuated, the one is closed when the other is opened; or we may make the
measuring vessel in the form of a D-valve sliding first over the communication to
the water supply, so as to receive a supply of water, and then over the passage to
the condenser, to deliver the said supply; or the apparatus may comprise a cylinder
having a double piston, the space between the pistons forming the measuring vessel;
but in this latter case, the ends of the cylinder must be always in communication,
the one with the water supply and the other with the condenser, so as to allow
of the escape of the water from the said ends, as the piston moves into the same.
past the water-supply and condenser openings.
Figure 70 is an elevation of one form of apparatus for feeding the water to be
frozen or cooled into the freezing or evaporating vessel.
Figure 71 is an elevation at right angles to Figure 70; and
Figure 72 is a section on the line 72, 72 of Figure 71.
This apparatus comprises a three-way cock of the hollow plug type, and a
measuring vessels similar to, and operating in the same manner, as the apparatus
illustrated by Figures 67 and 68.
In order to regulate the admission of the measure of water to the freezing vessel,
according to the number of strokes of the machine, we provide a ratchet-wheel s
fixed to the plug of the cock, and acted upon by a pawl t on a lover so as to turn
the said ratchet-wheel, the lever turning freely on the said plug and having its free
end connected to and operated in one direction by any reciprocating part of the
machine through the medium of a cord or chain, and in the other direction by its
own weight, it falling onto an adjustable stop t2, the number of teeth of the wheel
passed over by the fall of the said lever at each stroke of the machine being
regulated by adjusting the said stop t³.
The said apparatus is also provided with means, analogous to those described in
the before mentioned British Patent Specification No. 15127 of 1888 for preventing
the inlet in the evaporating vessel from freezing, that is to say, we make the outlet
from the three-way cock in the form of a pipe passing, through another con-
siderably larger pipe t, and we admit the condensing water by means of a pipe t
which is of such a length, that the said water has to pass down to the bottom of
the space between the pipes t, before rising up to pass through the said cock,
:

page_text: thereby imparting its heat to the said pipe t³ and consequently to the water passing
to the freezing vessel.
Figure 73 is an elevation of another form of apparatus for regulating the
admission of water.
Figure 74 is a similar view to Figure 73 but partly in section; and,
Figures 75 and 76 are respectively sections on the lines 75, 75 and 76, 76 of
Figures 73 and 74.
In this apparatus, we use two measuring vessels & connected to two passages in
the plug, one for each measuring vessel, so that by the oscillation of the said vessels's
and plugs, one vessel will fill while the other empties itself, this filling and
emptying action which only takes place at or near the extreme limits of the
oscillation, renders the said oscillation automatic by reason of the overbalancing of
the empty vessel by the full vessel. This action we control by a pawl and
notch in a disc u. The said pawl and disc are located in a closed vessel u³ con-
nected to the freezing vessel by a pipe u and containing a series of ordinary aneroid
diaphragm cells u exhausted of air, which are acted upon by a spring to resist
the slight pressure of the vapour in the said vessel u, and raise the lever-pawl when
the pressure of the vapour decreases below the point at which it is desired to admit
a fresh measure of water.
The play or movement of the disc u³ is limited by a stop u³ and is such, that,
when either measuring vessel is emptied, the said disc will return to its central
position by reason of it being overbalanced by the other measuring vessel filling,
the pawl u engaging with the notch and holding the disc in the said position,
thus cutting off all communication between the said emptied vessel and the freezing
vessel, until the pawl is released from the said notch u' by the movement of the
aneroid cells, thereby allowing the disc to turn on a fresh supply of water from
the full vessel's³.
Instead of actuating the pawl by the aneroid cells, we can actuate. it by a
pressure gauge, as described. in. the Specification No. 15,127 of 1888 before
mentioned, and the pawl may be lifted by an electro-magnet on an electrical contact
being make by the said pressure-gauge.
Instead of two mensuring vessels as described, we can use only one which we
counterbalance by a lever and weight, the weight being such as to overbalance the
said measuring vessel when the latter is empty, and to be overbalanced when the
latter is full.
Figure 77 is a vertical section of another form of water regulator, in which two
valves
vare respectively employed for the inlet and outlet of the water to be
frozen, the said valves being actuated by a hand-lever ³, so that by moving the
lever in one direction, the one or inlet-valve v is opened which allows the water to
fill the measuring vessels, in which the valves are situated, while by moving the
lever in the other direction the outlet valve ¹ to the freezing vessel is opened, both
the valves closing automatically.
We may use any suitable pattern for the small air pump, that is to say, a pattern
similar to the pumps used for condensing engines, or for vacuum-evaporating pans,
which patterns will answer well. With single acting pumps good results are
obtained by making the diameter of the cylinder of the said air-pump one sixth
that of the vapour pump, with one half the stroke, or proportionately smaller for
double acting pumps, though it is well to have ample capacity.
The greatest heat necessary for heating the vapour pump cylinders is about
130° Fahrenheit though a greater heat would not be detrimental, except to the
valve-seats.
The joints of the removable covers which we employ for closing the openings
at the top of the exit valve boxes and in other parts of the machines are all of the
same description as those of the inlet and exit valves, in fact, many of the covers
act as valves to allow of the exit of the air and vapour when "starting" the
machines, especially the covers of the exit valve boxes. These covers do not
need any special means for pressing them onto their seats for the purpose of
D

page_text: rendering the joints air-tight, as the pressure of the atmosphere will do this, so that
they need only be held in position. If the seats of the covers are in a more or
less horizontal plane, the weight of the covers will hold them in position, but if the
seats are in a vertical plane it is necessary to hold the covers against them. This
may be accomplished by suitable clamps and screws against the centres of the
covers.
We usually use a material such as "woodite" for the joints of the smaller covers,
and a harder one such as vulcanized compressed fibre for the larger ones, and these
latter we usually form of convex sheets of thin boiler plate, the edges being turned
and rounded to act as beads.
In all single cylinder machines, the piston and other moving parts must be
counterbalanced, as, for instance, by weights on the fly wheels, as is well known
but in single acting machines we usually do not place these weights exactly
opposite the cranks, but in such a position that they will assist the driving power
towards the delivery end of the stroke, where most power is required, while at
the other end of the stroke they will absorb some of the momentum gained at
the time when little power is required.
In single acting machines the crank-shaft can advantageously be arranged a
little out of line with the piston-rod in direct acting engines, or with the
connecting rod pin in beam engines, so as to bring them in. a more direct line
with their work on the delivery stroke.
Although we have described most of the machines as being driven by steam
cylinders mounted on them, we do not confine ourselves to this method of driving
as it will be obvious that they can be driven equally well by other motors either
attached to or separate from the said machines.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of our said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed we declare that what we
olaim is:-
(1.) Constructing and arranging machines or apparatus for making ice,
refrigerating, evaporating, and desiccating, in such a manner that the large
vapour pump forms the base or foundation to which the framework carrying the
working parts of such machines is attached, substantially as described.
(2.) The general construction and arrangement of the machine (of type A) with
its valve actuating mechanism, substantially as described and illustrated in
Figures 1 to 4, of the accompanying drawings.
(3.) The general construction and arrangement of the machine (of type B) with
its valve actuating mechanism, substantially as described and illustrated in
Figures 6 to 8 of the accompanying drawings.
(4.) The general construction and arrangement of a form of machine of type A
with its valve actuating mechanism substantially as described and illustrated in
Figures 9 to 12 and the modification thereof as described with reference to
Figures 5 to 7, 13 to 15, 17 to 23 and 28 and 29 of the accompanying drawings.
(5.) The general construction and arrangement of the several forms of machines
of type B, with their respective valve actuating mechanisms, substantially as
described and illustrated in Figures 13 to 15, 16 to 23, 24 to 27, 28 and 29, 30 to 34,
and 35 to 38 of the accompanying drawings.
(6.) The construction and arrangement of the several forms of valve actuating
mechanism, substantially as, and for the purposes, described and as shewn in
Figures 1 to 4, 39, 40 and 41, 42 and 43, 9 to 12, 6 to 8, 13 to 15, 13, 138, 16 to 23,
24 to 27, 28 and 29, 30 to 34, 35 to 37, 44 to 47, 48 to 54, 55 to 57 and 61 and 62
of the accompanying drawings.
(7.) In machinery for making ice, refrigerating, evaporating and desiccating, the
several forms of regulating apparatus for admitting a measured supply of water at
regulated intervals into the condenser, substantially as described and as illustrated
in Figures 67 to 69 of the accompanying drawings.
(8.) In machinery for making ice, refrigerating and evaporating, the several

page_text: forms of regulating apparatus for admitting a measured supply of water at regulated
intervals into the evaporating vessel substantially as described and as illustrated in
Figures 70 to 77 of the accompanying drawings.
Dated the 17th day of August 1891.
G. F. REDFERN & Co.,
4, South Street, Finsbury, London, Agents for the Applicants.