Improvements in Culinary Beaters.
Year: 1887

page_text: [Communicated from abroad by WILLIAM A. McCOWEN, of Philadelphia, County of
Philadelphia, State of Pennsylvania, United States of America, Gentleman.]
Improvements in Culinary Beaters.
I, PETER JENSEN, of 77, Chancery Lane, in the County of Middlesex, Fellow of the
Institute of Patent Agents, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in
what manner the same is to be performed to be particularly described and ascertained
in and by the following statement:
This invention relates to beaters or kneaders and has for its object the production of
a machine at once capable of kneading bread, atomizing and aerating foods, and the
mixing or amalgamating any substance that requires such treatment.
It consists of a knife, whip or beater which at once presents the least resistance
and the greatest strength in the direction of motion, in the rigidity of the knife whip
in the direction of motion and its movement to and from the axis of the beater, in
the flexibility and elasticity of the whip, in the expansibility of the whip by centrifugal
force, in the loop form of the whip, in the taper construction of the whip, in the curved
form of the whip, in the multiplied series of the whips, in the means of fastening the
whip to the whip or rotary carrier, and in other features which will hereinafter be
fully explained.
In the drawings
:-
Fig. 1, is a perspective view of a beater principally designed for heavy work,
attached to the wall, and shows the mechanism for raising and lowering the whips
and for shifting the shaft in order to change the power and speed; kneading requires
power, hence for such work the mechanism must be geared for power. Whipping
and aerating foods and light substances requires speed and for this class of work the
machine is geared for speed.

page_text: Fig. 2, a perspective view of a beater for light substances adjusted to the wall or
other suitable support.
Fig. 3, a detailed sectional view of the carrier and knife beater or whipper showing
the manner of securing the beater to the carrier.
Fig. 4, a detailed perspective view of a portion of the carrier, the beater and the
means for securing the beater to the carrier.
Fig. 5, a front view of a knife beater or whipper.
Fig. 6, detail sectional views of modified forms of the carrier showing one of the
wedge shaped blocks made integral with the carrier.
Fig. 7, a perspective view of a modified form of carrier and beaters in which the
latter are pivotally connected with the carrier, and,
Fig. 7ª, is a section of one of the beaters shown in fig. 7.
The bracket, A, for supporting the beater has a vertical aperture a, in its outer end
for the passage of the rack bar, B, carrying at its lower end the beater and driving
mechanism, and a recess, a², to one side of the aperture in which is placed the pinion, b,
meshing with the rack bar and mounted upon the shaft b₁, journaled transversely
in the head and having one end extended and provided with the crank, b², for rotating
the shaft and pinion and moving the rack bar up and down to the desired position.
The rack bar is held at an adjusted position by any known means, that shown being
preferred, which consists of the block, C, located in the aperture of the head and
resting against the side of the rack bar and seated in the groove, c, formed longi-
tudinally in the side of the rack bar, and the set screws, C', passing through the head
and having their inner ends bearing against the block for clamping the rack bar
between the walls of the head and said block, C. The lower end of the rack bar has
lateral arms, D, extended therefrom in diametrically opposite directions which terminate
in bearings, d, and support the horizontal shaft, E, and the intermediate arm D¹,
which terminate in the bearing, d¹, in which is journaled the vertical shaft, F. The
horizontal shaft, E, is provided at one end with the balance wheel and crank and
intermediate the ends with the bevel gear wheel, e, and the bevel pinion, e¹, which are
keyed thereto on opposite sides of a prolongation of the shaft, F, which is provided
with bevel pinions, f, and, fl; pinion, f, is smaller than pinion, f¹, is adapted to
mesh with the pinion, e', and is keyed to the shaft F, above the bearing, d², pinion, f¹,
keyed to the shaft, F, below the bearing, d¹, is adapted to mesh with the bevel gear
wheel, e. The gear wheel, e, and the pinion, e', are so arranged relatively to pinions, f,
and, f, that when the pinions, f, and, e, are out of gear the gear wheel, e, and pinion,f,
are in gear so that a slight longitudinal movement of the shaft, E, in its bearings
suffices to change the relative speeds of the shafts, E, and, F, and consequently the
velocity of the beater. The shaft is held in the desired adjusted position by a latch
or keeper fitting in one or two annular grooves or channels in the shaft.
The latch, G, is a lever pivoted at one end to one of the bearings, d, and having
two slots or recesses, g, and, g', in its edge, the recess, g, corresponding with and is
adapted to receive the contracted or reduced portions of the shaft formed by the
grooves, g³, the recess, g', gives clearance for the passage of the bolt, 92, the head of
which overlaps the sides of the recess and holds the latch firmly against the side of the
bearing.
The bracket, H, shown in fig. 2, has the arm, H₁, fitted therein so as to swing
laterally out of the way and is held in position by the set screw, h, the outer end
carries the beater and the driving mechanism which is composed of the master wheel, I,
and the pinion, i, either made one with the carrier or head supporting the beaters or
made separate from said head and fastened to the shaft to which the head or carrier
is secured.
The whip or beater is composed of the carrier or head, J, and the knife or beater, K.
The carrier is mounted on the vertical shaft of the driving mechanism and the knife
beaters are connected at their upper ends with the carrier and are free at their
lower ends to move in and out or to and from the axis about which the carrier
revolves.

page_text: The beaters composing the knife are preferably thin and wide and are arranged
with their wide or flat sides substantially parallel with the line of motion or at right
angles to radial lines extending from the axis around which the beaters travel so they
will not yield in the direction of motion of the whip.
The knife whip is designed for dough and heavy substances. Dough is tenacious
and cannot be readily divided or beaten. To be properly worked by machinery it
must be pulled and folded upon itself. The knife form of the whip admits of its more
readily passing through the dough. At the same time when the dough is yet partially
soft it undergoes a pulling or drawing out action in the direction of motion or in a
circle instead of a straight line, and the dough is being constantly folded upon itself. !
An additional finger working action is given to the dough by the movement to and
from the axis of the beater, the varying resistance of the dough, the changing velocity
and centrifugal force. When the dough is very stiff and tenacious it is carried in a
body by the revolving whips and is effectively worked or kneaded by them; first, by
reason of their sharp thin edges whereby they cut and pull and more readily change
their position in the dough; then by their elasticity which gives a finger working
movement, both from the varying velocity and resistance of the dough, and finally
from the bulk or mass of dough itself working upon the knife whip by reason of the
changing velocity, the friction of the sides of the vessel, or other causes, and its
changing of the centre of gravity.
The thin blade edges enables the whip to pass into the dough and while it is cutting
its way through it is at the same time pulling or stretching it out. If the whips
were thick they would carry the dough in front of them, or in a firm unyielding mass.
The whip, however, must be strong in the direction of motion, otherwise they would
be bent out of action by the tenacious, heavy substance. The knife form shown in
section in fig. 7", gives this strength as well as the elasticity and movement to and
from the centre of motion. The blade is made to taper from its junction with the
whip carrier to the lower end in order to give it the least dough clinging surface, as
shown in figure, 7.
I do not confine myself to the knife form of whip, as an approximate kneading
degree can be obtained with round or other style of elastic or swinging whip.
The carrier shown in figure, 7, is composed of a series of arms, L, radiating from a
central socket, and the beaters which taper in width and thickness from top to bottom
are pivotally connected with the arms, preferably by having their upper ends bifurcated
and embracing the sides of the arms to which they are pivotally attached. There may
be as many beaters arranged on these arins as desired, for convenience of illustration
only two are shown.
These knife whips in motion act like sharp knives and quickly atomize the food or
other substances treated by them. The atomizing of food makes it more wholesome,
and renders different food substances capable of being preferably mixed together, by
means of which many new food combinations are secured which would otherwise be
impracticable.
The atomizing of foods also renders them capable of being thoroughly aerated,
whereby the use of raising powders can be dispensed with in glutinous foods while in
fruits and vegetables it introduces new flavours and improves the appearance.
The beaters are preferably thin and flexible, which permits them being rigidly
connected at their upper ends with the carrier and having their lower ends susceptible
to swing outward by centrifugal force; they are made of stout and flexible material;
the beaters in order to move outward by centrifugal force must be flexibly or pivotally
connected at their upper ends with the carrier as shown in figs. 1, 2, and, 7. The
beaters may be straight, slightly curved or loop shaped, and may be set at equal or
unequal distances from the centre of motion or axis of the carrier and
may be arranged
radially in groups of two or more. The preferred form of beater, as previously stated,
is made from a strip of flat material, either wood or metal, steel being best adapted
for the purpose, in that it can be very thin and rigidly connected with the carrier and
possess sufficient elasticity to move laterally and yet remain firm and unyielding in

page_text: the direction of motion of the carrier. This strip doubled on itself forming a loop
and the ends are firmly secured to the carrier in any known manner. This may be
done by passing the two ends of a strip through an opening in the carrier and passing
two wedge shaped blocks between the separated ends from opposite sides of the carrier
and drawing said blocks, together by means of bolts passed through them thus
clamping the ends of the beaters between the sides of the blocks and the sides of the
openings. If desired one of the blocks either the upper or lower may be dispensed
with, in which case it will be replaced by a cross bar made integral with the carrier
and extending across the opening leaving a space on either side thereof for the
insertion of the ends of the beater as shown in fig. 6, which ends are passed through
such openings and the block is passed between the ends either from above or below
as the case may be.
Instead of the lower ends being connected they may be separated and may approach
each other thus forming a tapering beater.
I do not confine myself to this form of carrier. In fig. 2, is shown a modification
especially designed for beating a small quantity of light substances, the whips of
which are thin steel, or other wire. Being thin and flexible and under speed they act
like sharp knives, first to atomize the food and then to aerate and ainalgamate it.
Eggs beaten by them have a close and fine texture, wherein the air cells are smaller
than when produced by other means. This enables it to have other substances mixed
with it without breaking down the air cells, whereby a greater degree of lightness is
secured in foods with a smaller quantity of egg than ordinarily employed.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of the said invention
and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what I claim is :-
1. The combination with the carrier, of the knife beater composed of a thin flat
bar connected at its upper end with the carrier, and having its lower end free to
swing outward under centrifugal force, substantially as and for the purpose described.
2. A whip composed of beaters which are carried outward by centrifugal force,
substantially as described.
3. The combination with the carrier of the knife beater composed of a flat bar
formed into a loop and arranged with its sides parallel to the line of motion of the
beaters and having its upper end fastened to the carrier, substantially as set forth.
4. The combination with the carrier, of the knife beater connected with the carrier
and rigid or stiff in the direction of its motion.
5. The combination with the carrier, of the knife beater connected with the carrier
and rigid or stiff in the direction of its motion and free to swing outward, substantially
as and for the purpose described.
6. A whip composed of a carrier, and one or more series of flexible beaters having
their upper ends connected with the carrier and their lower ends detached and free to
move independently of each other, substantially as and for the purpose specified.
7. The combination with the carrier, of the knife beater composed of a flat bar formed
into a loop the ends of which are separated and fixedly secured to the carrier and the
lower end of the loop being free to swing outward under centrifugal force.
8. The combination with the carrier, of a series of loop shaped beaters depending
therefrom.
9. In a whipper the combination with the carrier and mechanism for revolving the
carrier, of a series of depending beater arms having their lower ends flared outward,
substantially as and for the purpose described.
10. The combination with the carrier, of the knife beater composed of a flat bar
tapering in width and connected with the carrier at its upper end and free to swing
outward at its lower end, substantially as set forth.
11. The combination with the carrier of the knife beater composed of a flattened
bar tapering in width and thickness from top to bottom and connected with the
carrier at its upper end and free to swing outward at its lower end, substantially as
set forth.

page_text: 12. The combination with the carrier having openings therein and the knife
beaters, of the block fitted into the opening and clamping the beater between its side
and the side of the opening, substantially as set forth.
13. The combination with the carrier having openings, and the ends of two knife
beaters fitted in the opening, of the block inserted between said ends and clamping
them between its sides and the sides of the opening, substantially as specified.
14. The combination with the carrier having openings, and the loop shaped beater
having its ends inserted in one of the openings, of the block inserted between the ends,
substantially as described.
15. The combination with the carrier having openings, and the loop shaped beater
having its ends fitted in the openings, of the two wedge shaped blocks fitted between
said ends and the bolt for drawing the blocks together, substantially as set forth.
Dated this 27th day of June 1887.
PETER JENSEN.
By Jensen & Son,
77, Chancery Lane, London, W.C.,
Patent Agents.