IMPROVEMENTS IN OBTAINING HYDROCARBON VAPOURS FROM GASES, AND IN THE APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREFOR
Year: 1875

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Young, of Clippens, in the County of
Renfrew, North Britain, Oil Works Manager, for the Invention of
"IMPROVEMENTS IN OBTAINING HYDROCARBON VAPOURS FROM GASES, AND IN
THE APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREFOR."
Sealed the 26th November 1875, and dated the 7th September 1875.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Young at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
'7th September 1875.
I, WILLIAM YOUNG, of Clippens, in the County of Renfrew, North
5-Britain, Oil Works Manager, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN OBTAINING HYDROCARBON VAPOURS FROM
GASES, AND IN THE APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREFOR," to be as follows, that is
to say :-
This Invention has for its object the more perfect removal and
O collecting of those hydrocarbons diffused through the gases produced in
obtaining mineral oils from coal, shale, and analogous bituminous
substances, as well as in the processes of coking coal,

page_text: The Invention consists of an improved arrangement whereby the
large quantity of oil necessary to absorb the hydrocarbon vapours from
the gas is economically applied, and thereafter treated for the recovery
of the absorbed volatile liquids.
The Invention further relates to an improved means of lessening the
quantity of oil required to absorb and remove the vapours of the volatile
hydrocarbons in the gas.
In carrying out this Invention according to one modification a vertical
tower or chamber constructed-of-metallic iron or other suitable material
is employed. This tower or chamber is divided into two compartments
by an arch of brick or a division of other non-conducting substance.
The upper compartment is filled with coke in a manner similar to the
coke tower for absorbing, at present in use, while the lower compartment
has a series of shelves or divisions placed at intervals, and having
openings at alternate sides in a manner similar to a "Coffey", still.
Into the bottom of this compartment or still a pipe conveying live or
exhaust steam is introduced. From the top of the still or compart-
ment there is connected a pipe leading to any convenient condensing
arrangement. The gases containing the diffused vapours are passed
into the bottom of and up through the coke in the upper compartment,
at the same time the oil for effecting the absorption is drawn from a
tank and pumped into the coke compartment and over the surface of
the coke, which oil, as it gradually descends absorbs the hydrocarbon
vapours, and the gases as they ascend become denuded, and are then
drawn off by a pipe placed at the top of the coke compartment. The
heavy oil containing the absorbed volatile hydrocarbon is drawn off at
the bottom of the coke compartment and conveyed by a pipe to a coil
placed in a vessel, through which the denuded hot oil from the still is
passed. By this means the saturated oils are heated and are then
convey.ed back and delivered on the upper shelf of the lower compart-
ment or still, where,-as-they-descend from shelf to shelf, they are
_brought-into-contact with the ascending current of live or exhaust
steam, by: the heat of which they are caused-to-give-off-the-previously
absorbed hydrocarbon-vapours-and-are-carried over to the condenser and
condensed. By the time the oils reach the bottom of the still they are
practically denuded of the volatile hydrocarbons which they had
previously absorbed from the gas and are continuously transferred to
the vessel containing the coil, through which the saturated oils are

page_text: passing from the coke compartment to the still, where the denuded
heavy oils are considerably cooled by parting with their heat, (as
previously stated,) to the saturated oils. They then only require to be
further cooled by passing through a coil immersed in cold water, when
they are returned to the tank and are again pumped to the coke
compartment.
In place of using so large a quantity of water as is required by the
preceding processes to cool the large volume of denuded oils and also to
condense the necessarily large volume of steam carried over from the
still with the vapours of the absorbed hydrocarbons the previously
described arrangement is so modified that the gases and heavy oils are
brought into intimate contact under pressure. This is accomplished by
making the coke compartment sufficiently strong and pumping the
gases and oils through it, the denuded gases being allowed to escape into
the outlet pipe by a weighted safety valve (or their expansive force may
be economically used to assist in pumping a fresh portion of saturated
gas and oil into the coke compartment, which oil may also be cooled by
the gas so expanded), the saturated oils being drawn off at the bottom by
a regulated ball cock. By these means the quantity of oil requiring to
be put through the arrangement is comparatively small, as the oil is
capable of absorbing out of the gas a much larger quantity of the
vapours whilst under pressure, and the supersaturated oils on being
allowed to escape into the still part with the absorbed hydrocarbons
much more easily, and as less steam passes over with them there is
required a comparatively small quantity of water to condense the
vapours and cool the denuded oils.
Instead of the "Coffey" still arrangement any of the ordinary forms
of still may be used, but preference is given to the "Coffey" still, as it
has hitherto been found best adapted for a continuous process, such as
that described, and in place of the heat of steam for the purposes of
this Invention the heat of a fire may be employed.

page_text: on the 6th March 1876.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM
YOUNG, of Clippens, in the County of Renfrew, North Britain, Oil
Works Manager, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Seventh day of September, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-five, in the
39th year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto me, the said William Young, Her special license,
that I, the said William Young, my executors, administrators, and
assigns, or such others as I, the said William Young, my executors,
administrators, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no
others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term
therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
OBTAINING HYDROCARBON VAPOURS FROM GASES, AND IN THE APPARATUS EMPLOYED
THEREFOR," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said William
Young, by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal, should
particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention,
and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the
same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent:
J
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said William Young, do hereby declare
_the_nature_of_my-said-Invention, and in what manner the same is to
-be-performed, -to-be particularly described and ascertained in and by
the following statement, reference_being_had-to-the-accompanying
Drawings and to-the-letters-and-figures marked thereon, that is to
say:
·

page_text: PERSPECTS; as well as in the prOCESSES OF woning coal, peas, or charring
wood.
The Invention consists of an improved arrangement whereby the
large quantity of oil necessary to absorb the hydrocarbon vapours from
the gas is economically applied, and thereafter treated for the recovery
of the absorbed volatile liquids.
And my said Invention further relates to an improved means of
lessening the quantity of oil required to absorb and remove the vapours
of the volatile hydrocarbons in the gas.
In carrying out my said Invention according to one modification a
vertical tower or chamber constructed of metallic iron or other suitable
material is employed. This tower or chamber is divided into two com-
partments by an arch of brick or a division of other non-conducting
substance. The upper compartment is filled with coke in a manner
similar to the coke tower for absorbing at present in use, while 'the
lower compartment has a series of shelves or divisions placed at intervals
and formed with openings at alternate sides in a manner similar to a
Coffey "still. Into the bottom of this compartment or still a pipe
conveying live or exhaust steam is introduced, and at the top of the still
or compartment there is connected a pipe which leads to any convenient
condensing arrangement. The gases containing the diffused vapours
are passed into the bottom of and up through the coke in the upper
compartment, and at the same time the oil for effecting the absorption
of the vapours is drawn from a tank and pumped into the coke com-
partment over the surface of the coke, which oil as it gradually descends
absorbs the hydrocarbon vapours. The gases as they ascend thus
become denuded, and are thereafter drawn off by a pipe leading from
the top of the coke compartment. The heavy oil containing the
absorbed volatile hydrocarbons is drawn off at the bottom of the coke
compartment and conveyed by a pipe to a coil placed in a vessel or its
meclianical equivalent, through or around which the denuded hot oil
from the still is passed. By this means the saturated. oils are heated,
and they are then conveyed back and delivered on to the upper shelf of
the lower compartment or still, from whence descending from shelf to
shelf they are brought into contact with the ascending current of live
or exhaust steam conducted into the lower compartment, as herein-
before set forth, and by the heat of which they are caused to give off
.

page_text: the previously absorbed hydrocarbon vapours which are carried over to
the condenser and condensed. By the time the oils reach the bottom of
the still they are practically denuded of the volatile hydrocarbons which
they had previously absorbed from the gas, and are continuously trans-
ferred to the vessel containing the coil or other mechanical equivalent
through or around which the saturated oils are passing from the coke
compartment to the still, where the denuded heavy oils are considerably
cooled by parting with their heat (as herein-before stated) to the
saturated oils. They then only require to be further-cooled-by-passing
_through-a-coil-or its mechanical equivalent immersed in cold water,
when they are returned to the tank and are again pumped to the coke
compartment.
In place of using so large a quantity of water as is required by the
preceding processes to cool the large volume of denuded oils, and also to
condense the necessarily large volume of steam carried over from the
still with the vapours of the absorbed hydrocarbons, and at the same
time to more.perfectly separate the vapours from the gases, the previously
described arrangement is so modified that the gases and heavy oils are
brought into intimate contact under pressure. This is accomplished by
making the coke compartment sufficiently strong, and pumping the
gases and oils through it, the denuded gases being allowed to escape into
the outlet pipe by a weighted safety valve; or their expansive force
may be economically used to assist in pumping a fresh portion of
saturated gas and oil into the coko compartment, which oil may also be
cooled by the gas so expanded, the saturated oils being drawn off at the
bottom by a regulated ball-cock. By these means the quantity of oil
requiring to be put through the arrangement is comparatively small, as
the oil is capable of absorbing out of the gas a much larger quantity of
the vapours whilst under pressure, and the supersaturated oils on being
allowed to escape into the still part with the absorbed hydrocarbons much
more easily, and as-less-steam-passes over with them there is required a
_comparatively-small quantity of water to condense the vapours and cool

page_text: of the coke tower any mechanical equivalent may be employed, such as
that used in gasworks for the absorption of the ammonia from the gas,
the object being simply to bring the absorbent oil and gas into intimate
contact.
And in order that my said Invention may be properly understood I
now proceed more particularly to set forth the system, mode, or manner.
in or under which the same is or may be used or practically carried into
effect, reference being had to the annexed Sheets of Drawings, and to
the letters and figures marked thereon, that is to say :—
The Figure on Sheet 1 of the Drawings is a vertical section of an
arrangement of apparatus constructed in accordance with my said
Invention for recovering the volatile hydrocarbons from gases by means
of an absorbent oil under ordinary atmospheric pressures.
The appa-
ratus consists of a vertical tower or chamber A divided into two com-
partments 1 and 2 by the metal plate and brick arch 3.
The upper
division 2 is provided with perforated trays 4, on which is laid coke;
broken brick, or other substance having a large surface, and not acted
upon either by the gases or by the oils employed to absorb out the
vapours of the volatile hydrocarbons from such gases. Into the
chamber 4 the gases are admitted by the pipe 6, and pass upwards in
the direction of the arrows through the several trayś of coke 5; whilst
at the same time oil is pumped by the small engine 7 from the tank 8
through the pipes 9 and 10 into the top of the tower or chamber A, and
is therein spread over the coke or other substance on the trays 4 by
impinging on the plate 11, held yieldingly against the mouth of the oil
pipe 10 by the spring 12. The spread oils drip from tray to tray over
and amongst the pieces of coke or other substance, and coming into
contact with the hydrocarbon vapours suspended in the ascending
current of gases the said oils absorb and retain them. By this means
when the gases reach the top of the chamber 2 of the vertical tower A
they are nearly denuded of the suspended hydrocarbon vapours, and the
said gases pass away by the outlet gas pipe 13; a fan 14 or its equivalent
being employed to overcome the friction of the gases passing upwards
through the coke in the chamber 2, and to circulate the gases through
the distilling or other vessels, with the object and in the manner hèrein-
after described.
"
15.
4...

page_text: pipe 15 to the heat' interchanging arrangement B, which consists of a
large number of tubes placed within a chamber and resembling what is
known as a surface condenser. The oils passing into this chamber® and
around the tubes become heated, as'herein-after set forth, and are then
drawn off and passed by the pipe 16 into the lower chamber or still 1 of
the vertical tower A, and which is surrounded by brickwork 17, and 'by
an air space 18 to retain the heat. This still or chamber is provided
with shelves 19, over which the oils entering by the pipe 16 are made to
flow; and at the same time the exhaust steam from the engine 7 is
_conveyed-by-the-pipe-20-into-the-bottom-of-the-chamber-or-still-1,-and-
spread out by the perforated disc 21. The gases meeting, and being
acted upon by this stream as they flow downwards over the several
trays 19, part with the hydrocarbon vapours they had previously absorbed
from the gases. These vapours pass upwards, and are drawn off by the
outlet pipe 22, and conveyed to the condensing coil C, kept cold by
water supplied by the pipe 23, where they are condensed and appear at
the separator 24 as a very volatile liquid. (This separator must be
covered, which may be conveniently done with a sheet of glass, which
prevents evaporation, and at the same time shows how the apparatus is
working.) Any water which may accompany the hydrocarbon liquid
is here separated by the pipe 25, and the hydrocarbons run off by the
pipe 26 to the store tank to be refined by the usual process for refining
mineral spirit.
The oils, after being denuded or deprived of the vapours
of the absorbed hydrocarbons by the heat of the exhaust .steam in the
still or chamber 1, collect in the bottom of the said chamber, and pass
off by the pipe 27 to the heat interchanging arrangement B, in the
tubes of which, as previously described, the denuded oils part with their
heat to the ascending surrounding current of oils containing the hydro-
carbon vapours, and passing by the pipes 15 and 16 from the coke
tower 2 to the still or chamber 1. The denuded hot oils are thus cooled,
and the cold oils passing to the still 1 heated (or the respective tempe-
ratures of the denuded and charged oils are interchanged or partially
so) any water condensed and accompanying the denuded oil from the
still 1 is drawn off by the pipe 28 from the bottom_of_the_heat_inter-
-changer BThe-nearly-cooled-oils are conveyed by the pipe 29, and
passed through the multitubular cooling arrangement D, into which cold-
water is made to flow through the pipe 30. The oils are thereby
perfectly cooled, and pass into the tank 8, from whence they are again
pumped up to absorb a fresh volume of hydrocarbon vapours from the

page_text: gases, as herein-before described. The process thus being continued,
and the heavy oils kept constantly circulating through the arrangement,
alternately absorb the hydrocarbon vapours from the gases in the
chamber 2, and part with such vapours in the still 1; should the exhaust
steam from the engine be insufficient to complete the distillation or
separation of the hydrocarbon vapours from the heavy oils live steam is
supplied by the supplementary pipe 31 to complete the operation.
On Sheet 2 of the Drawings hereunto appended, Figure 1 is an
elevation partly in section, and Figure 2, a plan of an arrangement of
apparatus constructed in accordance with my said Invention, and for
the recovery of the volatile vapours of hydrocarbons from gases by the
action of an absorbent oil whilst the gases are subjected to pressure.
The sectional parts of Figure 1 are taken upon the line a, b, Figure 2.
The apparatus consists essentially of parts similar to those already
described with reference to Sheet 1, with the addition of an engine and
cylinders for the compression of the gases, and for utilising the expansive
force of the compressed gas in producing power, and in cooling the oils
employed in absorbing the hydrocarbon vapours.
The gases to be treated are conveyed to the apparatus by the pipo 1,
and compressed by the double-acting cylinder pumps 2, actuated by the
steam engine 3, and gas engine 4. From the pumps the gases pass by
the pipes 5 and 6, to the vertical coke tower or chamber 7, which is
similar in construction to that already described, for the absorption of
the gases under ordinary pressure, only as the gases are compressed to a
much smaller volume, the tower has a much smaller relative capacity,
and is constructed proportionately stronger to resist the pressure. The
oils for the absorption of the hydrocarbons are also similarly introduced,
having previously been reduced to a very low temperature by being
brought into contact with the expanded gases in the manner herein-
after described. The compressed gases pass from the coke tower 7, after
they have been treated by the absorbent oil by the pipe 8, to the
cylinder of the gas engine 4 where their expansive force is utilised in
assisting to compress a fresh volume of gas. This cylinder may either
be made of a size to produce the requisite pressure, or the gases may be
worked or admitted more or less expansively to produce the necessary
pressure in the coke tower 7. The expanded gases on leaving the
cylinder 4 pass by the pipe 9 to the vessel or chamber 10, which may

page_text: either be fitted internally with trays containing coke or other suitable
substance, scrap iron being preferably employed, or with shelves as
shown at 25, Figure 1, the object being to present a large surface so
that the expanded cold gases may be brought into intimate contact with
the absorbent oil. This oil which is pumped from the tank 11 by the
pump 12, and pipes 13 into the top of the chamber 10, is there cooled
by the expanded gases as it pass down through and over tlie coke or
shelves, and is pumped by the pump 14, and pipes 15 and 16, to the
absorbent tower 7, wherein it is used to absorb the hydrocarbon vapours
_as_already_described..
The denuded gases after having in their passage through the vessel 10
abstracted the heat from the descending current of absorbent oils, and
parted with any hydrocarbon vapours absorbable by such oils, pass away
by the pipe 17 to be used as fuel, or otherwise consumed, or to be
subjected to treatment in the manner and for the purposes herein-after
described.
•
The oils containing the hydrocarbons absorbed from the gases are
drawn off from the bottom of the absorbent tower 7 by the pipe 18, the
flow outwards being regulated by the valve contained in the chest 19
(an enlarged detailed view of which is shown at Figure 3, Sheet 2),
by the mechanical equivalent of such valve.
or
By the expansive force of the gases the oils are propelled through the
pipes 20, 21, into the heat exchanging arrangement 22 and 23, from
whence they pass by the pipe 24 into the coffee still 25. At the same
time the exhaust steam from the steam cylinder 3 or a portion of it is
admitted into the bottom of the still 25 by the pipe 26 and disc 27, the
effect of which is to cause the descending stream of oils to part with
their vapours of the hydrocarbons absorbed from the gases. Those hydro-
carbon vapours, along with a small volume of steam, pass out by the
pipe 28 through the heat exchanging arrangement 23, and thence by
the pipe 29 to the condensing coil 30, which is kept cold by the
admission of water_through_the_pipe-31. The vapours-are-there coñ-¯
densed,-and-pass-into-the-separator 32, which must be covered as
hercin-before described to prevent evaporation, and wherein they are
separated from the water and run off by the pipe 33 to the store tanks
to be afterwards refined. The denuded oils on reaching the bottom of
the still 25 pass by the pipe 34 to the heat exchanging arrangement 22,

page_text: where they become cooled in the manner described by the cold oils from
the absorbent tower 7. From the heat exchanging arrangement they
are drawn off by the pipe 35 into the tank 11 ready to be pumped over
again to absorb a fresh quantity of hydrocarbon vapours from the gas.
36 is a multitubular cooler, through which the oils are passed to ensure
that they are cooled as low as possible before being subjected to the
refrigerating action of the expanded gases. -
The amount of pressure to which the gases are subjected may be
varied according to circumstances; from one to three or four atmo-
spheres will generally be found sufficient, but the pressure in a great
measure depends upon the nature and quantity of the absorbent oil
employed, and the boiling points of the hydrocarbons to be recovered
from the gases; the greater the absorbent power of the oil the larger the
quantity employed, and the higher the boiling point of the hydrocarbon
to be recovered from the gas the lower may be the pressure; on the
other hand, when the oil has a low absorbing power, when the quantity
employed is small, or when the hydrocarbon to be recovered from the
gas has a very low boiling point, the pressure must be increased.
"
The oil employed to absorb the vapours of the hydrocarbons from the
gases may be selected from those most convenient. Any of the fixed
vegetable or mineral oils, such as rape, olive, lard, tallow, and fish oils,
also almost all mineral oils, the very volatile and solid constituents of
which have been first so far removed as to allow them to absorb volatile
vapours and prevent them from getting solid or interfering with their
flow at the temperatures at which they are employed, as all have an
affinity for hydrocarbon vapours, but, as in conducting the process
continuously the oils have to be repeatedly heated and cooled it is an
object to select those having a low specific heat, and as high an absorbing
power as possible.
After many trials the oils I have found having those qualities in a
high degree are those known in the paraffin oil trade as "intermediate
oils," having a specific gravity ranging between 0.830° to 0.860° (water
1.000), and I therefore give preference to those oils.
The purposes to which it is proposed to apply this process are to
recover the hydrocarbons from the gases produced when coal, shale, and
similar bituminous substances are distilled for the production of mineral
oil, as also the gases resulting from the coking of coal, the charring of

page_text: wood, and other analogous operations; and in order that full advantage
may be taken of the use of such gases I have found it to be advantageous
to so modify the existing processes or arrangements under which such
distilling, charring, or coking is conducted, that when such coking or
charring is carried out at high temperatures the gases, after having
been denuded of the hydrocarbon vapours suspended in them, are made
to pass again through or over the coal or other substance undergoing
distillation, such treatment increasing the volume of the condensible
matters, and also adding to the amount of volatile hydrocarbons
recoverable from the-gas. I believe this to be caused by the hydro-
-carbon gases themselves being partly broken up into gaseous and liquid
compounds, and partly by the conservative action of such gases. in
protecting from over-decomposition the less stable hydrocarbon vapours
as they are being produced from the coal or other substance being coked
or distilled.
On the other hand gases produced from bituminous substances at low
heats, such as those resulting from the distillation of shale in the
manufacture of oil, may after having been denuded of their suspended
vapours of the hydrocarbons, or the densest portion of them, be
subjected to treatment in separate retorts or vessels, heated to dull
redness, either in the presence of another substance undergoing
distillation, or through and among fixed solid substances, such as coke,
broken brick, or other similar materials, heated to redness, and the
resulting gases treated by this process for the recovery of the volatile
bydrocarbons. Or when it is desirable to change the nature of the
volatile hydrocarbon contained in the gas prior to removal this may be
done by passing the gases containing them through vessels heated to
various temperatures, according to the nature of the hydrocarbon
desired.
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of my
said Invention,-and-the system, mode, or manner in or under which_the-
same is or-may-be used or carried into effect, _I_wish-it to be understood
that I do not confine or restrict-myself to the pricise details or arrange-
ments-of-apparatus which have had occasion to describe and delineate,
-as-the-same may be considerably modified without departing from the
essential features of my said Invention, for example, in lieu of circulating
the whole of the oils through the still a portion thereof may be so
circulated, and the remainder returned from the coke tower to the oil

page_text: tanks 8 or 11; neither on the other hand do I claim as new or as of my
Invention the separation and recovery of the hydrocarbon vapours from
gases by means of the absorbent action of oils, as I am aware that
heavy, or what is known in the oil trade as "blue oil," has been.
extensively applied to absorb out the vapours from the gases generated
when coals or shales are distilled in the manufacture of oils; but the
means hitherto employed to employ the large volume of oil required
have been such that only a comparatively small quantity of the hydro-
carbons contained in the gas has been recovered; I am also aware that
pressure and cold have been employed to condense out and separate the
hydrocarbon vapours from gases containing them; and I am further.
aware that these gases have been made to circulate through retorts in
the manufacture of shale oil, and I therefore make no claim to such
modes of recovering the hydrocarbons herein-before described; but what
I do consider to be novel and original, and therefore claim as the
Invention secured to me by the herein-before in part recited Letters
Patent is,―
First. The general arrangement and construction of apparatus herein-
before described and shown on the Drawing hereunto annexed, or any
mere modification thereof, and the employment of the same for
obtaining or recovering the volatile hydrocarbon fluids from the gases
containing them in a diffused or suspended state, these gases being such
as result from the destructive distillation of shale and other bituminous
substances, and from the coking or charring of coal, wood, and similar
substances at high temperatures, substantially in the new or improved
manner herein-before described.
Second. Absorbing and recovering the volatile hydrocarbons from
gases resulting from the coking and charring of coal, wood, and similar
substances at high temperatures, by causing the oils to circulate through
an apparatus, wherein after absorbing the vapours from the gases the
whole or part of the oils are subjected to complete or partial distillation,
and caused to part or partially part with the hydrocarbons absorbed, so
that the oils may be returned to the absorbing vessel again in a fit state
to take up fresh quantities of hydrocarbon vapours, substantially as
herein-before described and shown in the accompanying Drawings.
Third. Utilising and transferring the heat to and from the circulating
currents of absorbent oils employed to recover the hydrocarbon vapours

page_text: Fifth. Using and treating the gases resulting from the destructive
distillation of coal, shale, and similar bituminous substances, and from
the coking or charring of coal, wood, and similar substances at high
temperatures, substantially as and for the purposes herein-before
described.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Young, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Third day of March, One thousand
eight hundred and seventy-six.