Improvements in Writing Materials.
Year: 1896

page_text: Date of Application, 4th Sept., 1896-Accepted, 4th Oct., 1897
Improvements in Writing Materials.
We, Dr. LUIGI CEREBOTANI, Professor, of 63 Sendlingerstrasse, Munich in the
Kingdom of Bavaria, Germany and MAX BERNSTEIN, Proprietor of the Firm of
Joh. Friedr. Wallmann & Co., Patent Attorneys, of 74 Blumenstrasse, Berlin Germany,
do hereby declare the nature of our invention and in what manner the same is
to be performed to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement:-
The present invention relates to a writing telegraph differing from those hitherto
known, such as Gray's, Caselli's and the like in the following points:-
(a) The surface to, be inscribed may be of any desired size.
(b) No particular device for shifting the paper is necessary.
(c) No previous adjustment, that is to say no particular arrangement, is necessary
to obtain correspondence of motion.
(d) The risk of transmitting errors which may be due to omissions in the circuit
closure, and the like is obviated.
The invention consists mainly of a device by means of which the notion of the
writing point or pencil is resolved into its two rectangular components, i.e. the
position of the pencil is determined at each moment by its two co-ordinates, so
that by transinitting the respective changes in the length of the two co-ordinates
from the transmitter to the receiver, the pencil of the latter is caused to make the
same movements as the pencil of the former, the construction of the device being
such that each point of the surface to be inscribed can be easily reached.
Figure 1 is a perspective view of the main parts of the device.
Figure 2 a plan of the same together with a device for transmitting the alterations
of the length of co-ordinates to, an electric ratchet device.
Figure 2 is a side-elevation of Fig. 2.
Figure 3 shows the electro-mechanical part of the receiver in plan.
Figure 4 is a side-elevation of the main parts of Figure 3.
Figure 5, is a modified construction of the mechanism for reversing the direction
of movement.
Figure 6 is an automatic escapement mechanism.
Figures 7, 8, 9, 9* and 9 are diagraminatic, views of an arrangement by means of
which the motion of the co-ordinates or the reversing of said motion can be transinitted
through a single line.
Referring to Figures 1, 2 and 2, a small bar e2 is movably arranged on rails a¹ a²,
whilst on the rails 6' 6 there is another bar c'.
These bars are rigidly connected to rods e¹ and e2 which are supported to move
easily on rollers d³ de d³ and ds do d10 (Fig. 2). Very easily movable side-blocks g² g¹
are arranged on the bars c2 and c¹ respectively. A tube f rigidly connects these
slide-blocks together in such way that said tube always remains normal to the two
bars and consequently to the writing surface.
The device described is exactly the same for the transmitted as for the receiver.
The transmitter is provided besides with two similar electric ratchet devices actuated
by rods e and e². One of these ratchet devices is shown in Figs. 2 and 2, in which

page_text: is a toothed rack secured to el, a pinion engaging with said rack, k¹ a contact-
wheel with a determined number of contact-studs on its circumference, which when
engaging with the fixed contact determine the closing of the circuit, and n¹ is a
reversing switch connected with the battery as shown in Fig. 2. band
nare mounted on the same spindle a, h¹ and ¹ being firmly secured to it, while n is
frictionally mounted on it by means of a spring-hand or device so that it is
constantly held applied against either one or the other of the fixed contacts according
to the direction of the rotation of the spindle a.
The receiver is provided with two similar electro-magnetic apparatus corresponding
to the two ratchet-devices of the transmitter, said electro-magnetic apparatus
causing the rods e and e² of the receiver to move. One of these apparatus is shown
in Figs. 3 and 4, in which is a drum (driven by a clock-spring) having a toothed
rim turning the spindle s¹ through the intermediary of the toothed wheel t2. The
rotation of the spindle s' is however prevented by the esenpement consisting of a wheelt
(Fig. 4), pallet 8 and springs q and 9 (Fig. 3). The spindle s can turn to the
extent of one tooth of the escapement wheel only when the electro-magnet p
attracts the armature secured to the pallet s. The rotation of the spindle 8¹
causes, by means of a pinion v, the double-rack u to move, the direction of this
movement depending on the pinion engaging with the lower or upper set of
teeth. The rack is secured to the guide-rod e or e² of the writing apparatus. In
order to enable the pinion to engage alternately with the lower or upper set of
teeth, the spindle s¹ is made in two parts connected by a coupling w¹ one dise of
which is rotatably connected by a ring w to the armature of a polarised electro-
magnetz. This polarised magnet only raises the spindle s¹ and the pinion when
a current of a certain sign passes through its winding, at the same time a projection
of the armature w³ of another magnet ¹ falls under a shoulder of the spindle §¹
and holds in a raised position until the magnet zz is demagnetised by reversing
the current, the electro-magnet s' of opposite polarity then attracting its arrpature wit
whereupon the projection releases the shoulder and the spindle s' falls down.
The transmitter and the receiver co-operate in the following manner: When the
rod el of the transmitter is moved towards the left in moving the writing point or
pencil, the switch n¹ (Fig. 2) connects the positive pole of the battery with the
contact wheel, the negative pole being connected to earth, so that the current
goes from the transmitter to the receiver through the line n each time that a stud
of the contact-wheel engages with the contact ¹. Each contact causes the
armature v at the receiver (Figs. 3 and 4) to be attracted and consequently one
tooth of the escapement wheel to be released. If, therefore, the number of teeth
of the escapement wheel to be released. If, therefore, the number of teeth of the
escapement wheel is the same as that of the contact-stud of the wheel k', the two
wheels will always move through the same angle, so that if the sizes and number
of teeth of the racks and pinions are the same at the receiver and transmitter, a
certain movement of e¹ at the transmitter will produce the same movement at the
receiver. If the spring-barrel drives the escapement wheel in the direction
indicated by the arrow in Fig. 4, then, in order to obtain a movement towards the
left-hand, the pinion v must be in engagement with the upper row of teeth of the
rack u, the magnets 2 and 21 must be therefore polarised in such manner that
the pinion is raised with the current of the direction indicated.
If the direction of motion at the transmitter is altered the switch n reverses
the current whereupon the pinion v comes into engage.nent with the lower series
of teeth of u, all the rest acts as before, so that the direction of the movement at the
receiver is reversed.
The rods at the transmitter and receiver are similarly connected. Their
movement can of course take place at the same time as that of the rods e¹, so that
the simultaneous movements of both rods at the transmitter, depending on the
movements of the pencil produce similar movements of the rods at the receiver,
the co-operation of which movements causes the pencil at the receiver to trace
identical lines.

page_text: Figure 5 shows another arrangement by means of which the raising and the lowering
of the pinion can be effected. In this figure It is a frame supporting the electro-
magnets E E and a pin on which is pivotted a magnetised piece of steel r which is
on one side widened to form any armature and on the other is formed into a lever-arm
holding the spindle 8 of the pinion v. The steel-piece is magnetised so that the
armature part of it is of the same polarity at both ends situated opposite the electro-
magnet branches E E, so that when the electro-magnet is excited, the armature
is attracted by one pole and repelled by the other, whereby the piece is brought
into a certain terminal position. If the current and thus the polarity of the electro-
magnet are reversed, the part r moves into its other terminal position, so that the
pinion is thus raised or lowered. There is no necessity to have a separate device
for retaining in its terminal position as it is held in either position by magnetic
attraction.
Instead of the clock-spring barrel combined with the escapement mechanism
described, an automatic escapement device as illustrated in Fig. 6 may be used.
As will be seen from the preceding description, two wires are required for connecting
a transmitter to a receiver, one wire being for the rods e¹ and the other for the rods e.
If it is desired to use a single wire, then the arrangement must be such as that
diagrammatically shown in Figs. 7, 8, 9, 9 and 9". The contact-wheel at the
transmitter together with the contact serve then for the temporary closing of a
local hattery L, 'n whose circuit an electro-magnet yt is placed. Instead of the
reversing switch there is arranged a double lever a similarly mounted and actuated,
said lever closing the local battery S when the rod el is moved towards the left,
whereby two electro-magnets y and y are introduced into the circuit. When the
rod el is moved in the opposite direction this circuit is again opened by the
lever m¹.
Similar arrangement is made for the rod e2, whereby the contact-wheel k closes
the battery S with electro-magnets y', and m2 closes the battery S with electro-
magnets y and y when the rod e' is correspondingly moved.
At each contact at k¹ the magnet y' attracts its armature V', whereby the line-
battery B', the negative pole of which is earthed, is connected with the positive pole
to the line wire F. There is thus generated a current going from the transmitter to
the receiver. If the contacts on were effected by the movement of el towards the
left, then the battery S1 would be simultaneously closed by means of the lever m', the
magnets y and y would attract their armatures m³ aud m' whereby additional cells
would be switched in the batteries B' and T. The result is that in consequence of
the movement of the rod el to the left, there are generated in the line positive
currents .e. going from the transmitter to the receiver, said currents being, owing to
the increased number of cells switched in, much stronger than those generated when
said rod moves to the right.
The operations following upon the movements of the rod ea are the same, as the
arrangement is a similar one, the only difference being that the battery B2 corre-
sponding to the rod et has its positive pole earthed and its negative pole connected to
the line. Consequently the movement of the rod e generates in the line negative
currents i.e. those directed from the receiver to the transmitter, said currents being
more or less strong according to the direction of the movement of e².
There are therefore generated in the line positive and negative, strong and weak
currents, as the armatures VI and V are attracted. They can be generated, however,
only if the contacts produced by VI and V2 do not take place simultaneously, for then
the opposite potentials of the batteries B' and B2 destroy each other, and no current
enters the line.
In order however to send in this case, into the line two equally strong short
currents in quick succession, one being negative and the other positive, the
batteries T and T2 are used, which batteries are arranged in the same way as the
batteries B' and B. This is effected by the local battery H with its electro-magnet K
being closed by the simultaneous descent of the armatures V and V2 aided by the
connecting wire. The electro-magnet K attracts therefore its armature J whereupon

page_text: at first a negative current is sent into the line from the battery. T through the
contact of and then a positive current from the battery T" through the contact of both
said currents being strong or weak according as y and y are switched in or not, i.e.
according to the direction of movement of the rods e¹ and e².
The currents arriving through the line enter at the receiving station, the apparatus
illustrated in Figures 8, 9, 94 and 9", those in Figures 9 and 9 being identical except
that their magnets are differently polarised, so that one apparatus becomes operative
when positive currents enter it while the other becomes operative when negative
currents enter it. After passing through said apparatus the current returns into the
transmitter station through the earth-plate shown in Fig. 9.
The electro-magnets p and p' whose function is to release the escapement mechanism
or to actuate the automatic escapement mechanism at the receiver proper (Fig. 8) are
polarised so that one is excited only by positive and the other only by negative
currents.
In Figs. 9, 9 and 9" is a pivotted lever the centre of gravity of which is above
its fulcrum, so that it must be in one of the end positions and can never remain in
any intermediate position. Under its arın are double-armed levers. p³ ³ and t3 03
actuated by the electro-magnets & by means of a lever a b'. The latter as
shown in Fig. 9 is supported in its fulcrum by means of a spring. When weak
currents pass through it, the electro-magnets attracts the arm a of the lever a' b'
downwards which lever at the same time serves as an armature, whereupon the
lever is brought by the lever på g³ into such position that it rests on g³. In case of
strong currents both magnets 3 & attract the armature a³ b downwards said
armature remaining in a horizontal position and the spring being compressed,
whereby the lever is brought by the lever into the opposite position. In this
position 3 closes the local battery H' whereby the pinion is raised by means of the
electro-magnet Z3 which is necessary for reversing the direction of movement.
If the magnets of the receiving station are polarised so that the apparatus shown
in Fig. 9 as well as the electro-magnet p can be actuated only by positive currents
and the apparatus shown in Fig. 9 together with the electro-magnet ponly by
negative ones and if the directions in which the escapement, wheels employed are
turned by the clock springs (or by the magnet in the automatic escapement
mechanisin) are correspondingly chosen then separate closures of circuit produce at
the receiver the same movements that generated them at the transmitted.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of this
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed we declare that what,
we claim is :-
1. A writing telegraph for transmitting manuscript drawings, and the like
according to which the motion of the pen or pencil is resolved into rectangular
co-ordinate axes, characterised by the pen or pencil being adapted to slide on or with
slide rods guided in directions at right angles one to the other substantially as
described.
2. A writing telegraph of the character described in which the guide rods moved
by one writing carriage effect the movement of the switch lever n' and the contact
wheels & substantially as described.
3. A writing telegraph of the character described provided with means whereby
the direction of movement of the receiver is determined by a polarised relay switched
into the line-circuit the arinature of said relay causing a pinion to engage with either
one or the other rack secured to the guide rods of the apparatus substantially as
described.
4. A writing telegraph of the character described in which the movements of the
instrument are transmitted through a single wire line.
(a) by means of local circuit actuating the electro-magnets y' y² and K for the
purpose of connecting at the transmitter by means of armatures V V & J first the
positive pole of the battery B then the negative pole of the battery B or in quick
succession the positive pole of the battery T" and the negative pole of the battery T

page_text: to the line wire whereby either one or the other of the moving mechanisms of the
receiver is actuated.
(b) by the use of a device (constituted by contact levers m¹ and m2 batteries S¹
and S electro magnets y³ and y' and y' and y') for switching in additional cells and thus
increasing the strength of the corresponding batteries whereby the lever 3 is turned
and thus the direction of movement of the guide rods at the receiver is reversed the
latter direction being maintained until owing to the direction of movement at the
transmitter the battery again works with a reduced number of cells in order to reverse
the lever into its original position substantially as described.
5. The combination and arrangement of parts constituting the complete writing
telegraph apparatus substantially as described and illustrated in the accompanying
drawings.
Dated this 20th don of Cantanh