A NEW OR IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR RULING, OR DRAWING, STRAIGHT, OR CURVED LINES, PARALLEL, CONVERGANT OR IN ANY POSITION DESIRED
Year: 1885

page_text: desired.
I LORENTZ ALBERT GROTH K.G.V. Civil Engineer and Proprietor of the Patent
Industrial and Financial Agency 30 Finsbury Pavement London E.C. do hereby
declare the nature of said invention for "A NEW OR IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR
RULING, OR DRAWING, STRAIGHT, OR CURVED LINES, PARALLEL, CONVERGANT OR
IN ANY POSITION DESIRED a communication to me from abroad by Jose Tarrés y
Puigsech, Gentleman of Rambla de San José 16 in the City of Barcelona Kingdom
of Spain and in what manner the same is to be performed to be particularly
described and ascertained in and by the following statement :-
"
The object of the invention is to give to a ruler or square certain movements
whereby parallel lines may be drawn no matter how far apart or whether the
several lines preserve or not the same distance from each other. Convergent
lines may also be ruled, with the converging extremities equidistant or otherwise
Finally curved or undulated lines similar or not and equidistant or not can also
be drawn.
It consists of three principal parts viz: the ruler holder, the carrier, and the
guide The carrier is the same for all uses but the guide is different in each case
For drawing parallel lines or lines converging to the centre of the arc formed by
a curved guide, the ruler holder is the same, but different in other cases.
In the annexed drawings two distinct forms of ruler holders are shown A A¹
and B¹ B B¹, Both are metallic and joined to the carrier by the pivot C. The
graduated arc D by means of the thumb screw D' secures the ruler at a fixed
angle with the carrier, which angle can be varied as desired and measured with
great accuracy by the scale n.
The ruler Ĕ may be lengthend and terminate in a point or acute angle or may
be replaced by a square.
The ruler holder B¹ B B¹ does not revolve round the pin C but in this case the
— DI Distanted to the nimet (around which it revolves freely.

page_text: The carrier is composed of two principal pieces F F1 and G. G¹. To the former
is attached the ruler holder and graduated are, and its edge rests against that of
the guide H. H'. G G¹ carries a catch C C which marks the place at which the
car is to stop when lines are to be drawn This catch revolves at c and a
spring d d keeps the other end between the teeth of the rack II attached to
the guide.
In order that the car may follow the guide with precision below the piece GG'
there are two rollers e e held by two springs at e¹ el These rollers by the action
of the springs press against the outer edge of the guide and thus keep the
piece F F (or a supplement to this piece which will hereafter be described)
fixed against the guide The same effect could be obtained without the rollers by
the use of springs resting on the edge of the guide.
To allow the carrier to follow the guide whether it is straight or curved a
supplement B. is attached to the carrier and is held in place by a plug 8
When
the guide is straight this supplement is also straight thus giving the carrier a
rectilinear movement When the guide is curved the supplement is also curveḍ
with the same radius as the curve of the guide.
This supplement may be dispensed with when the radius of the curve of the
guide is the same as that of the edge of the piece F F¹ as then this piece and with
it the ruler holder and ruler follow exactly the curve of the guide The object
of the supplement is to give sufficient contact between F F and the guide.
In the drawing, so that both applications may be seen the lower portion of the
guide is represented as straight with the supplement B resting against it, and the
upper portion curved. The curve being in this case being the same as that of
the piece F F this rests against the guide directly and completely:
The guides H H¹ can be of wood or metal The inner side H H is shaped
according to the work to be done Along this edge runs a rack II whose teeth are
equally distant from one another, or separated proportionately to the distance
between the lines to be drawn with the ruler E. The catch co resting on this rack
allows the designer to stop the carrier at the precise time and point at which a line
is to be drawn.
The guide is higher at the edges H H¹ than at the centre and in order that the
weight of the piece G G¹ and the pressure of the hand may not incline the apparatus
there are placed below the said piece G G¹ the small rollers o and o that rest on
the central part of the guide and whose axles are attached to the pieces h h while
the other end protrudes through a slot, so that the small rollers oo can be placed
in a straight or curved position according to the shape of the guide For greater
simplicity all this set of rollers and guides can be dispensed with and replaced by
curved metallic pieces h" attached by their ends to the under side of G G¹.
By the foregoing description of the various pieces it will be seen that for every
line that is to be drawn the carrier must be pushed forward one or more teeth of
the rack and when it reaches the end, the whole apparatus must be changed from
its place, and the carrier returned to its first position. To do this the catch oc
must be lifted from from the teeth of the rack II by means of the nipple m which
protrudes from the slide k on the under side.
This nipple slides against a notch in the catch cc seen more distinctly in the
adjoining drawing. The stops vv keep the slide k in place. When the slide is
pushed down the nipple m raises the catch oc but then the spring v tends to push
the slide upwards again. To avoid this the slide has a notch with a spring b which
catches on the button when the slide is pushed down The slide thus remains in
the position given to it, and the catch remains raised until the spring is removed
from the button when the slide K slips up as far as the stops vv allow it and
the catch falls in between the teeth of the rack in whatever place the carrier
may be at the time. The slide k with the stops vv the button v may be replaced
by a small knob placed on the upper part of the catch co which can be raised from
the teeth of the rack by means of this knob.
) . >
نا

page_text: The distance between the lines to be drawn with the ruler depends likewise on
the greater or less opening of the angle formed by the ruler holder and the guide
measured by the graduated arc For illustration suppose a straight guide and o the
angle between the ruler holder and carrier in this case every line drawn will be a
continuation of the former one as the edge of the ruler is parallel with the edge
of the guide. In other words the distance between one line and another is o.
When the angle is 90° the edge of the ruler is perpendicular to that of the guide,
aud the lines drawn are exactly as far apart as the distance between the teeth in
the rack. Between these two extremes lines may be drawn at whatever distance
desired, and this distance, when the ruler is at a given angle can be calculated
with mathematical precision By this means, a perfect tracing can be made whereby
any plan may be increased or diminished at will.
If instead of a straight guide a curved one be used and the ruler replaced by a
square, one of whose sides is directed to the axis of revolution, when the angle
between the ruler holder and the carrier is o the lines drawn will be radii converging
to the centre of the curve of the guide.
To draw lines converging to any point whatever the ruler holder B¹ B" B¹ is
used with the ruler E¹ that revolves freely at C¹.
The point of convergance is very simply and easily obtained by the use of the
pieces R and R¹. R is made immoveable by a weight or otherwise and its centre
placed upon the centre of convergance of the lines to be drawn R¹ is placed within R.
and the thus serves as a guide to the former in its revolving movements. R¹ has a
groove to allow the ruler E¹ to pass through lengthwise and R a notch in which the
ruler moves easily in all directions Using any guide whatever the lines drawn
with the ruler El will all converge to the centre of the piece R and at their con-
verging extremity will be separated by a distance proportionate to that between
the teeth of the rack.
R and R¹ can be shaped as complete circles instead of sectors as shown in the
drawing and can also be larger.
If a pencil holder L be placed on the ruler E¹ and if holding the catch the carrier
be put in motion, the pencil will draw on the paper a curve or an undulated line.
These lines can be repeated by moving the whole apparatus and likewise can be
made similar or entirely different at will even when the same guide is used, by
moving either the pencil on the ruler, or the piece R and R' or both together as the
case may be.
The pencil holder is composed of an interior rest and a guide L which holds the
pencil by the pressure of the thumb screw t¹ A drawing pen may be substituted
for the pencil. The holder L is kept in place on the ruler E¹ by another thumb
screw L¹ By the use of the ruler E¹ the rests R R¹ and the pencil holder alone,
whereby undulated lines of any figure such as Z Z or Z Z' may be drawn equal or
similar to each other This is done by following the irregular tracing Z Z' by the
end N of the ruler E¹ or Z Z¹ with a pin inserted at N¹ The pencil will reproduce
a similar line of any size and at any place by changing the pencil holder L and the
rests R R¹ as has been explained previously.
Finally against the ruler E or the square when the ruler holder A A¹ is used,
or against E¹ when B¹ B B¹ is used there can be placed a model straight on the
side next to the square or ruler to which it can be attached and curved or undulated
on the other edge, by this means perfectly equal curved or undulated lines may be
drawn at any position of the carrier along the rack in any direction and at any
distance from each other that may be desired.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature the nature of
my said invention and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare
that what I claim is
1. The apparatus for moving a ruler whereby parallel lines are drawn, combined
with a ruler holder moveable round an axis, or pivot, and a carrier, moveable along

page_text: a guide provided with a toothed rack to regulate the stoppages where lines are to
be drawn as before described and illustrated in the drawings.
2. The apparatus for drawing converging lines, in which the moveable carrier and
guides before referred to, are combined with a ruler attached to the carrier, and to
a rest moveable at will, which allows the ruler free movement around a centre point
of revolution in order to obtain lines converging at any point that may be desired
as before described and illustrated in the drawinga.
Dated this 22nd dew of October 1885