IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MEANS OF COMMUNICATION BETWEEN THE PASSENGERS, GUARD, AND DRIVER OF A RAILWAY TRAIN, PARTS OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE APPLICABLE TO COMMUNICATING ON VESSELS
Year: 1853

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Charles Hadley, of Lower Hurst Street, Bir-
mingham, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MEANS OF
COMMUNICATION BETWEEN THE PASSENGERS, GUARD, AND DRIVER OF A
RAILWAY TRAIN, PARTS OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE APPLICABLE TO
COMMUNICATING ON VESSELS."
Sealed the 12th August 1853, and dated the 12th February 1853.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Charles Hadley
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition,
on the 12th February 1853.
I, CHARLES HADLEY, of Lower Hurst St, Birmingham, do here-
by declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
THE MEANS OF COMMUNICATION BETWEEN THE PASSENGERS, GUARD, AND DRIVER
OF A RAILWAY TRAIN, PARTS OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE APPLICABLE TO
COMMUNICATING ON VESSELS," to be as follows: -
The first part of my Invention consists in using a tube made of
vulcanized caoutchouc or of other similar elastic material, enclosed
or not enclosed in a case of metal or wood, as a means of commu-

page_text: .
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nicating between the passengers, guard, & driver of a railway
train. This tube may be placed in the roof, or on the flooring, or
attached to the sides of a railway carriage. In order that it may be
carried the whole length of the train, it is requisite that provision
should be made for occasional detaching of carriages, and for car-
riages being added to the train; and to effect this, the tubes at the
end of each carriage must be fitted with screws and a screw threaded
collar, which effectually secure the necessary union; & admit of
detaching branch tubes made of the same material run off at right
angles with the main tube, so that passengers may as easily speak
through them as through an ordinary speaking tube. These branch
pipes will have a mouth piece, and in some cases a whistle. I prefer
to use two main tubes,-one fitted with branch pipes as described,
and one for the sole use of the guard for communicating with the
engine driver. When these two tubes are used, the branch pipes
in the interior of the carriage for. passengers are furnished with a
branch in the form of a T or Y- (vertical or inverted) communicating
with each tube, and having a tap or valve in each T or Y piece so
geared to a connecting rod & screw as to be reversed by a key on the
outside and on each side of the carriages; so that when communi-
cation can be made through one tube it cannot be made through
the other. In order that the guard and the engine driver may
distinctly hear any signal, sound, or, words conveyed through the
tubes, a trumpet shaped end is to be placed near the guard's seat,
and on the engine near where the driver stands; and from the
trumpet piece a small flexible tube is carried, and attached to the
dress of the guard and driver.
The second part of my improvements consists in using a tubular
rope composed of caoutchouc, gutta percha, or other elastic material,
in combination with a hempen or other fibrous covering, or with
wire. This rope is to be wound round a wheel placed near to the
guard, the wheel being adjusted prior to starting by the guard, and
maintained in its position by a catch rack or spring. The
must be sufficiently long for any length of train, and work upon
grooved pullies or rollers. It may pass over or under the carriages,
rope

page_text: but it is preferred that it should be fitted inside the carriages. By
means of this elastic tubular rope, the guard may, when necessary,
cut off the steam from the engine. This object is effected by attach-
ing the rope to the starting & reversing. handles, or gear of the
engine! The two main tubes and the elastic rope may in some
cases be used together in one train, for the purpose of effecting com-
munications between the passengers, guard, and driver of a train. :
The third part of my Invention consists in using the aforesaid
elastic tubes or tubular ropes on ships or other vessels, for the
purpose of communicating between the captain or commander and
the man at the wheel, or the engine driver; being more especially
applicable to steam ships, & also for the purpose of reversing or
stopping the steam engines in vessels in cases of collision or other
accident. For this purpose it is obvious that, the arrangements
specified abové as relating to use in trains will have to be modified.
The details of these arrangements it is not necessary here to describe,
the principle of this part of 'my Invention consisting in the use of
these tubes or tubular ropes for the purposes named; and it may
be remarked, that many minor details of arrangement are not herein
described, in reference to the 1st, 2nd, or 3rd part of my Invention;
substantially and in principle, however, my Invention is herein
described.:
:
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters
Patent, filed by the said Charles Hadley in the Great
Seal Patent Office on the 12th August 1853.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I,
CHARLES HADLEY, of Lower Hurst Street, Birmingham, send.
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent bearing date the Twelfth day of February, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-three, in the
sixteenth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and suc-

page_text: cessors, give and grant unto me, the said Charles Hadley, Her
special licence that I, the said Charles Hadley, my executors, ad-
ministrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Charles
Hadley, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any
time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times
thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully
might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MEANS OF COMMUNICATION BETWEEN
THE PASSENGERS, GUARD, AND DRIVER OF A RAILWAY TRAIN, PARTS OF
WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE APPLICABLE TO COMMUNICATING ON VESSELS,”
upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Charles
Hadley, by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal,
should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said
Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed,
and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of
the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Charles Hadley, do hereby
declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the
same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascer-
tained in and by the following statement (that is to say):
The first part of my Invention relates to obtaining communication
between the passengers and guard, and guard and driver, of a train
whilst standing or in motion, and consists of a series or system of
speaking tubes. Each carriage is furnished with a tube or tubes
running the whole length of and projecting from each end of the
carriage; the projections must be such that by their elasticity they
may be sprung together whilst being attached or screwed. The tubes
may be fixed underneath or within the roof the carriages (in this
case they will oscillate upon grooved pullies attached to the bearing
ribs of the roof of the carriage, and covered by framing to protect
them from injury), or they may be fixed underneath the bottom
of the carriage; and are composed of "vulcanized caoutchouc" or
other suitable elastic material; either alone or protected by casing,

page_text: and at each end terminating in a (right) screw thread firmly attached
to and around the exterior of the tube. The connection between the
separate carriages or tubes is formed by means of a loose screw
threaded collar being screwed on one tube flush with the edge; the
tube of the adjoining carriage is drawn or sprung to it; the screw
threaded collar is then reversed half way upon it, which completes
the connection (without the aid of separate branch or junction
tubes); a small hook and chain on the collar joint, and a loop on
the collar prevents it (the collar) from coming loose; and the tubes
being stationary in their centres, only renders them clastic and
flexible, and causes them to follow and conform themselves to the
contraction and expansion of the buffer rods and springs, being held
thereby in a continual state of tension.
Secondly, in each carriage or department of a carriage, a branch
pipe or tube, either fixed stationary to the carriage, or portable,
is attached to and communicates with the main or one of the
main tubes, between the two stationary bearings; each of these
branch tubes is fitted at the end (placed or fixed in a convenient
part of the carriage) with a trumpet shaped mouth and ear piece,
and an ordinary common whistle inserted therein or connected
thereto; the mouth and ear piece are supplied with a spring or
lever, and open only when in use for transmitting a signal or
alarm; thus any passenger, in case of fire, accident, or other
casualty, can immediately give a signal or alarm to the guard,
by removing or opening the plug tap or valve, and blowing the
whistle strongly; which alarm or signal is immediately heard by
the guard. This communication is always certain, by the sound
being carried to the guard by the head wind caused by the motion
of the train. I prefer employing two of these tubes: one with
the branches open thereto for the passengers and guard only,
and the other without branches, or with the branches closed, for
the sole use of the guard and driver for giving alarm or usual
orders for starting or stopping a train; but I do not confine myself
to them, as one tube with the branches and connections may be
used for nearly the same purpose; or this one tube may be used in

page_text: conjunction with the tubular rope, as specified herein-after. This
arrangement of branched tube, and the principle of the tubular
rope specified herein-after, may be used for various other purposes
and uses. Thirdly, where two separate main tubes are used as
herein specified and described, the branch tubes in the interior of
the carriages are furnished with a T or Y (vertical or inverted)
branch next to and communicating with each of the main tubes
.(between the two stationary bearings, where they are attached to
the carriages), and having a tap or valve in each T or Y branch
so geared to, and by means of a transverse connecting rod and
screw, as to be reversed by a key on the outside and on each side
of the carriages (in the same way as the locking of the doors); so
that when the communication is open in one branch, it is closed in
the other (and vice versa). Thus the communication can be
opened with either or one particular tube, some definite rule being
observed as to which tube is to be used for passengers. This ar-
-rangement requires the loose key and transverse connecting rods to
be always turned in one direction (say to the right or left), through-
out the whole length of the train, previous to its starting. In
a second arrangement, I employ the main tubes fixed in the centre
of the carriage, either on, in, or under the roof, or underneath the
bottom of such carriage, and both (tubes) close together, or nearly
so; and in lieu of the T and Y branches and tubes, and the revers
ing apparatus above described, I employ what I call a "double
turnplate collar." This collar is similar to that described in the
first part, with the addition of a hinged joint transversely, or
parallel with and upon the surface of the collar, either solid or
attached thereto. On the tubes being sprung and screwed together,
these two hinge joints (one on each collar) fit into one another, and
are secured by a loose pin (attached to the collar by a chain) passing
through them, the same as an ordinary door. hinge. Each of these
(main) tubes have marked over them at each end of the carriage, on
the outside, some letter or mark (say P, for passengers and G, for
guard); and in each department of the carriages, the one for the
passengers and guard has its own separate and distinct junctions or

page_text: branches. This double turnplate collar or collars is for the purpose
of connecting these main tubes, say the two P's together and the
two G's together, either..parallel with one another, or one tube or
collar to cross the other; as may be required by the position of the
carriages in taking them indiscriminately to form a train. This
last method I prefer, as being the most simple, effective, and least
liable to disarrangement and injury. Each end of the main tube for
the guard and driver, and the guard's end of the main tube for the
passengers and guard, is furnished with an ordinary trumpet-shaped
end (either stationary, or upon a swivel principle), as specified
above, and by incans of the circular return bend, as described below,
and shown in Figures 1, and 3. This circular return bend is made
by carrying the tube near to the engine funnel, see a,. Figure 3, and
then returning it by a half circle b, of metal or other material,
grooved or notched in its edges, and in section similar to the linsal
half of a tube, being elastic or flexible, and attached permanently at
its end d, by pins, to the bell plate e; so that, on the ropes, being
pulled, it gives the form shewn by the dotted lines f, so as to cause
the trumpet end g, to face the engine driver. The object of this is
to counteract the effect of the current of air or head wind blowing
in the direction of the arrows caused by the motion of the train, as
shown by the arrows in Figures 1, and 3, which causes a continuous
suction or draught in the tube from the guard to the driver. g and
h, Figures 1, and 3, show the arrangement of the two ends of this
tubular rope, and i, Figure 1, the arrangement of the end of the
tube for the passengers and guard; and this last may be also con-
tinued for the use of the driver to signal the guard; or, in conjunc-
tion with this, an elastic tube may be attached to the trumpet end
(at each end guards and driver), temporarily attached to his dress,
as to be continually near his ear.
Thirdly, in a modification of this communication, to be used
separately or in conjunction with the branched tube above re-
ferred to, I employ a perfect tubular rope wound upon the cir-
cumference of a light wheel j, Figure 1, grooved on its circum-
ference, secured and working upon an axis k, fixed to or against

page_text: the side of the guard's van, and supplied with springs or ordinary
weights to keep the rope in a state of tension. The end of
this tubular ropes (which should be sufficiently long for a train
of any number of carriages, or it may be made in two or more
lengths), in the guard's van, is carried from and through the circum-
ference, as shewn by the line 7, and attached permanently to the
centre of the wheel j, before mentioned, near to the axis k, of, or
the centre of a hollow axis, on which it (the wheel j,) is mounted;
from which centre or axis k, a branch tube and mouth piece k, is
fixed by and working upon an ordinary union or swivel joint,
which (branch tube) remains always in a stationary position. This
wheel j, has a series of handles m, attached to and projecting from
its side or circumference, similar to the steering wheel of a vessel;
for the guard to turn it by with facility, one of these handles m,
being always near him, without removing from his station at at the
break; so that he is enabled to give a signal with one hand and
apply the breaks with the other simultaneously. This tubular rope
is fixed and runs in a rectangular shaped casing, with a top or side
lid upon hinges (or the improved receivers described hereafter)
fixed as mentioned; but I prefer it running immediately over or
under the carriage doors; and within these casings are a series of
small, circular, grooved, loose pullies upon axles grooved to fit the
rope, which causes it to reciprocate freely therein. The object of
this modification is to combine (for the especial use of the guard
and driver) a signal rope and signal tube in one and the same.
The end of this tube on the engine is fitted with the circular return
bend and the portable branch tube, as described; and also, in
addition to this, is fitted to and connected with the engine a
whistle bell or other signal. The tube is connected to a wheel or
bar by a union joint or loose screw collar similar to the one which
connects the tubes together, as specified above. From or at this
joint is a separate and independent connection or apparatus fitted
to and forming a part of the engine, and which terminates in a bar
working in stationary bearings on the engine or tender, having one
or more springs or clicks upon it for striking the bell hammer or

page_text: the whistle lever. This bar has reciprocating or semirotary
motion, and is connected with a spiral spring or ordinary 'balance
weight and line sufficiently strong to keep the tubular rope: drawn
towards the engine funnel; or a wheel working and revolving upon
a central axis may be used in lieu of this bar (which is fully
described hereafter), and is connected with the whistle, bell, or
other signal, in such a way or manner that on the rope being pulled
or wound by the guard, or an accidental parting of the train, it
opens the whistle, and leaves it open until closed by the driver; and
in case of a bell being used, is so constructed, that, on being pulled
by the guard, the hammer strikes the bell several times successively;
the spiral spring or balance weight causing the rope, chain, or wire
(on its being loosed or released by the guard) to resume its-station-
ary position again. This rope, chain, or wire is additionally con-
nected to the starting lever and the reversing lever or gear, such
motion being communicated by the balance line t, by axle and
wheel excentrics, or a crank and connecting rod (but I do not
confine myself to any particular mode or apparatus for obtaining or
effecting this connection, as it must be varied according to the con-
struction of the engine itself); so that, in cases of accident or emer-
gencies, it is in the power of the guard to arrest the progress of the
train according to the number of the revolutions given to the bell
wheel, Figure 3, by pulling the rope s (during the operation, the
rope s, must be held or secured by means of additional balance
weight or weights, or compressed spring attached to the guard's
wheel, and constructed so as to be wound up by him and brought to
bear upon the wheel in an instant when required, and to be removed
when done with). In this last arrangement, in order that the guard
may know in which direction or position he has placed the apparatus;
a separate spring lever whistle is attached to each operation of a
different and distinct sound, and acted upon and closed successively
by the action of the bar or wheel. To show the action of this bar
or rotary wheel just described, Figure 4, is a general plan of, and
Figure 5, a vertical section of, one of the improved rotary wheel and
bell apparatus. a, is a flat iron plate, by which it is fastened to the

page_text: engine or tender, or a support carried from either of them; b, is a
circular plate or frame in one or more parts; c, is a permanent
axis on the plate.a, at right angles; d, is the rotary wheel, in which
are a series of (two or more) spring clicks e, fastened to the inner
side or surface of the wheel d, by means of screws or pins i, and
projecting through the slots j, in the wheel d (or it may be a flat
plate with the clicks e, projecting from its lateral areal surface);
fand g, are pullies connected permanently with the wheel d. These
d, f, and 'g, are kept in their position on the axles c, by a collar h,
and screw.
On the end of the axis c, is fitted the bell k, in the
ordinary manner. 1, is an axis working at each end in bearings
mand n; in the centre of and upon this axis 7, is a collar o, from
which is a branch p, carrying the hammer q, which strikes the
bell k. At the end of this axis at m, is a projecting tongue r. s, is
the rope attached to the pulley f, and in Figure 3, is shewn by the
dotted line y. The double lines s, show the tube, and x, the collar
outside the casing b. Figures 4, and 5, show a ring collar or other
connection to attach the guard's line to it; the rope y, Figure 3,
round the pulley f, being attached to the ring or collar x, on the
tube a. This ring or collar works and bears against an india
rubber ring or washer fixed to and on the outside of the casing b,
Figures 4, and 5. t, is a rope round and attached to the pulley g;.
and to its end is fixed an ordinary balance weight or spiral or other
spring. This machine or apparatus is attached to some part of the
engine or tender, and its action is thus: the line s, is coiled three
or more times around the pulley f, and the same with the line t,
around the pulley g. The line's, being pulled by the guard, causes
the wheel ḍ, to revolve in the direction of the arrows.
lution, each of the clicks e, catch the arm r, which causes the
hammer q, to strike the bell k, several times successively. On the
ropes, being released by means of the balance weights on the line t,
the wheel d, returns. The spring clicks e, pass over the tongue or
arm r, as shewn by the dotted lines u, until it (d,) obtains its. sta-
tionary position again. The weight or power upon the end of the
line t, must be such as to obtain a balance of leverage over that on
In its revo-

page_text: the line s. These bell, apparatus are variously constructed' and
modified; and by applying a second (or the same) plate or wheel d
or reciprocating bar, with a second series of clicks e, side by side,
fixed in an opposite direction to those shown on the Drawings, and
a second.arm r, upon the axis l, at the end n, shown in Drawing,
Figure 5, by the dotted lines, the bell is struck successively on
the return of the wheel d, the same as on its revolution, and is
applicable.to (manufactories, churches,, railways, signals, lighthouse,
fogbells, and) various other purposes, and may be wound up to
strike, any number of times. To illustrate the application of the
communication, for the purpose of the guard being enabled to
arrest the progress of the train, Figures 2, and 3, are partial, vertical
sections of a locomotive, with this communication as it is proposed
most generally to be adopted. .e, is a vertical plate attached to the
side of the engine, upon which the bell 'apparatus n, is fixed, with
the rope s, to work overhead. .s; is the tube attached to the collar,
of the end of the tube d;, and the dotted line y, under it is the rope
attached to the collar a, and round the pulley f, Figures 4, and 5.
O, Figures 2, and 3, is the starting or steam lever; p, is an axis
working in bearings on each side or edge of the plate e; upon this
axis p,
between the two bearings, is a pulley 9, corresponding with
the pulley g, in Figures 4, and 5, and the balance line t, is coiled
around this pulley q; previous to the balance weight being attached
to its end, upon the front end of the axle p, is fixed a crank and
pin r, or a wheel; v, is a connecting rod attached to the crank pin r,
the other end having a long slot, which is fixed and works upon a
headed pin u (or friction pulley thereon), attached to the starting
lever o; the pin u, on the starting lever o, works in this slot with;
out interruption. The action is thus, the black lines represent the
engine in transit, with the steam turned on at full: on the signal
rope s, being pulled by the guard (say once or twice around the bell
pulley f, Figures 4, and 5, the crank r, and shaft v, Figures 2, and
3, oscillate, as shown by the dotted line (from r, to r), which give
the requisite (bell or whistle) signal without affecting the, starting
lever o; but on the rope s, being pulled further (say a second or a

page_text: third time) around the pulley f, Figures 4, and 5, to w,.Figures 2,
and 3, the connecting rod v, acts upon the pin u, and forces the
lever 0, to that position shewn by the dotted lines Figure 2, which
shuts off the steam, and at the same time gives or acts upon a
perpetual self-acting signal; this mode of communication is appli-
cable to steam and other engines, and vessels.
The next part of my Invention relates to the construction of
the tubular rope above above mentioned and described. In con-
sequence of the objections to which the use of gutta percha
and caoutchouc are liable, owing to the action of the extremes
of temperature upon them, and to "vulcanized caoutchouc," by
ineans of its too great horizontal elasticity, I construct the tu-
bular rope thus: I take the caoutchouc in two plates or layers,
the two together being the thickness of the tube; between these
two plates or layers (being cut the circumference of the tube)
are placed a series of metal threads, or thread-like wires, being
placed at uniform distances parallel with and throughout the entire
length of the tube to be formed; these plates (with the wires be-
tween) are afterwards joined together by pressure, heat, or other-
wise in the ordinary manner, and closed and formed in the shape
of the tube, or they may be made in the shape of two (interior
and exterior) tubes. The inner perfect tube being made, the wires
may be placed lengthwise around it, and the outer tube being
drawn thereon or applied around it in the shape of a plate or layer,
and joined together as before; or they may be composed of caout-
chouc, gutta percha, or other elastic material, either solely or partly,
in conjunction with one another (and in lieu of the interior wires
as mentioned above), with a hempen, woven, fibrous, wire, or other
outside covering or coating attached thereto with some gummy or
adhesive substance to render it rigid in the direction of its length,
and in each or either case is, in addition to the ordinary interior
spiral wires, to keep it in a cylindrical form; by this method these
tubular ropes are obtained perfectly elastic, so as to bend freely
around the wheel or in any direction required, but at the same
time in the direction of their length they acquire a rigid and in-

page_text: flexible character. The tube a, or branch continuation from the
collar or joint x, Figure, 3, coiled round the half circle b, to the
trumpet end g, will be stationary to and form part of each bell
apparatus, and is a vulcanized elastic tube with the ordinary spiral
wires in the interior to preserve its cylindrical shape, but not the
lineal wires as above specified.
"
The next part of my Invention relates to an improved receiver,
where a tubular or solid signal rope or wire is used to render it
certain and effectual in its operation at all times, and to counteract
the drawback of friction or clogging attendant upon the length
of or curving of a train, or the inequalities of the heights of
the carriages. From the carriage b, Figures 6, and "7, either
attached permanently, or fitting or sliding in spring or other
rackets, is a small bar a, projecting horizontally and at right
angles from the side of the carriage b. Upon this bar a, are
fixed two vertical pins c, and d, upon which are mounted two
friction rollers e, and f; projecting from the bar a, and attached to
one side of it are two small arins g, and h, having a pin i; through
them, upon this pin i, is placed another friction roller k, working
horizontally; the top of or vacancy between these vertical rollers
e, and f, is covered by a drop or flap 1, being hinged to the top of
the pin e, as shewn in Figure 7, or hinged to the bar a, or g, as
shown in Figure 6, and having a forked shape at the other end; this
fork on the flap 1, being dropped down, fits on and around the pin
d; this pin.d, is carried up above the roller 'f, and is supplied at the
top with a crank-shaped drop m, hinged by the pin n, through o;
which is screwed and secured upon the top of d; on the flap 1, being
dropped, the forked end fits.on and around the pin d; the crank-
shaped drop m, keeps the flap l, in its place, which may be also
supplied with a friction roller in the space between the rollers e,
and f. The rope may be inserted in and released from these
receivers with the utmost facility and rapidity: the action is thus
to insert a rope, turn the drop m, on one side, and lift the flap l, as
shown by the dotted lines in Figure 6; insert the rope and replacè
1, as before (and vice versa). These rollers e, f, and k, are con-

page_text: structed variously; first, of hard wood with metal caps; filled in
black in Drawing Figure 7; these caps are secured by a tube
passing through the centre of the roller, and the cap at each end
being screwed either over or on the inside of this tube, or by wire
pins passing through them (the rollers) and rivetted on each cap.
Secondly, entirely of metal, being made hollow on their insides, as
shewn by the dotted lines in e, f, and k, in Figure 6.
I also propose to employ the tubes or the tubular rope herein-
before described, either separately or conjointly, in steam and sailing
ships, and vessels, to communicate or give orders from one part of
the vessel to another. In steam ships, but more especially "river
steamers;" I propose to use the tubular rope separately or attached
to the starting or reversing gear of the engine, for the purpose
of instantly stopping or reversing the engines, when required to
prevent collisions.
I do not confine myself to the precise details herein described, so
long as the peculiar features or characteristics of my Invention, or
any part thereof be retained; but what I claim is,―
First, the use of flexible tubes of vulcanized caoutchouc or other
elastic material, with the mode of securing them, and the mode of
connecting them for communicating on railways & on ships as herein-
before described.
Secondly, the use of flexible tubes with junction or branch tubes
throughout their entire length; the mode of opening and closing the
communication to each or either of the tubes in each department of
a carriage, and the double turnplate collars.
Third, the application and use of tubular ropes; the arrangement
of the vertical wheel; the mode of carrying and connecting the tube
to the centre thereof, with the swivel joint and permanent tube
therefrom.
Fourth, the reciprocating or rotary bar or wheel (whistle or bell)
apparatus, and the mode of applying such signal rope to the steam
starting and reversing gear, and a system of perpetual self-regis-
tering signals.
Fifth, the construction of the tubular ropes of vulcanized caout-

page_text: chouc, with the series of metal thread-like wires inserted therein,
and the construction of the same with an outside covering or
coating, to render them rigid in the direction of their length; and
also the application of such tubular ropes.
Sixth, the receivers with loose friction pullies, and the mode of
constructing such friction pullies.
Lastly, the application and use of the tubes and tubular rope on
board steam ships and sailing vessels, for the purposes herein-before
described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Charles Hadley, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Eleventh day of August, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-three.
CHARLES HADLEY. (L.S.