IMPROVEMENTS IN MEANS OR APPARATUS POR OBTAINING LIGHT BY THE COMBUSTION OF MAGNESIUM
Year: 1866

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Richard Larkin, of Elm Cottage, Old Brompton
Road, in the County of Middlesex, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS
IN MEANS OR APPARATUS POR OBTAINING LIGHT BY THE COMBUSTION OF
MAGNESIUM."
Sealed the 24th August 1866, and dated the 9th March 1866,
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Richard Larkin at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 9th
March 1866.
J, RICHARD LARKIN, of Elm Cottage, Old Brompton Road, in the County
of Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN MEANS OR APPARATUS FOR OBTAINING LIGHT BY THE COM-
BUSTION OF MAGNESIUM," to be as follows:-
The improvements relate, first, to the combustion of magnesium in powder.
For this purpose a hopper or reservoir for the powdered magnesium is pro-
vided, which, according to one arrangement, is formed with an outlet having a
slide or other adjustment by which the amount of powder allowed to escape
in any given time may be regulated. The powder escaping is carried forward
by the surface of a cylinder or wheel forming part of the bottom of the hopper
at the outlet therefrom, and this cylinder or wheel is caused to travel at a

page_text: surface speed such that the powdered magnesium may be thrown forward in a
continuous stream, varying in quantity with the size of the outlet, and this
quantity so thrown forward when ignited becomes the source of combustion
and light. A scraper is provided to clear the surface of the cylinder or wheel
of any oxide or foreign matter that may accumulate on it. Instead of the
cylinder or wheel forming part of the bottom of the reservoir it may be at a
short distanco therefrom, to receive the powdered magnesium as it is fed
thereon in regulated quantities from the reservoir. The powdered magnesium
may also be allowed to flow from the reservoir into an inclined tube provided
with a blade, which is caused to revolve so as to carry the powder therein
forward to the opening of this tube into another tube or chamber, into which
air is forced by a fan or other means through au aperture, which may be
regulated to blow the powder forwards in a continuous stream to an outlet or
outlets forming a jet or jets. When two or more jets are provided I
prefer that they be inclined with a tendency to cause the powder therefrom
to meet for combustion. The flame produced may be protected by a glass or
glasses, and a current of air may be forced through an opening in the glass
or frame to support combustion, and thence passed out through an adjustable
opening, by which to regulate the supply of air independently of the varying
pressure of the surrounding atmosphere and aid in carrying off the fumes
produced by combustion. In some cases I employ a swing valvo with spring
or weight to regulate the force of the current of air in cases where it will not
be necessary to force the air in. Sponge, cotton, or other suitable porous
matter saturated with water, pyroligneous acid, or other liquid adapted to
absorb the gases generated and neutralize the injurious effects of them, placed
over the flame will serve to absorb the fumes produced by the combustion of
the magnesium. If desired, the supply of the magnesium powder may bo
intermittent, so as to obtain flashes of intermittent light. In this case the
lighting of the magnesium for the flashes or intermittent effects may be
obtained by a stationary light in position to act on the magnesium when
brought in contact. In some cases I mix other substances with the mag-
nesium, such as nitre, chlorate or prussiate of potash, oxide of manganese, to
produce a more sudden combustion, and I prefer to employ oxide of man-
ganese, and in some cases for intermittent lights the powder may be thrown
on to a flame by a spring or otherwise.
Secondly, for the combustion of magnesium in band ribbon or wire, I pass
it froin coils or otherwise between guide rollers to a pair of drawing rollers,
by which it is conducted on to the surface of a cylinder or wheel, by which it
is deflected to a point where it may be ignited, and I prefer that the surface

page_text: speed of such cylinder or wheel be less than that of the magnesium under
ignition, or with a tendency to retard the part ignited. The cylinders or
wheels acted upon by the lighted magnesium I form of metal, and by pre-
ference of iron.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Richard Larkin in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 8th.
September 1866.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, RICHARD
LARKIN, of Elm Cottage, Old Brompton Road, in the County of Middlesex,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Ninth day of March, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and sixty-six, in the twenty-ninth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said Richard Larkin, Her special licence that I, the said Richard Larkin,
my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Richard
Larkin, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time
agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter
during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use,
exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,
the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
MEANS OR APPARATUS FOR OBTAINING LIGHT BY THE COMBUSTION OF MAGNESIUM,"
upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Richard Larkin, my
executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their,
or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be
performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within
six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Richard Larkin, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement thereof, that is to say:-
The improvements relate, first, to the combustion of magnesium in powder.
For this purpose a hopper or reservoir for the powdered magnesium is
provided, which, according to one arrangement, is formed with an outlet

page_text: having a slide or other adjustment, by which the amount of powder allowed
to escape in any given time may be regulated. The powder escaping is
carried forward by the surface of a cylinder or wheel forming part of the
bottom of the hopper at the outlet therefrom, and this cylinder or wheel is
caused to travel at a surface speed such that the powdered magnesium may
be thrown forward in a continuous stream, varying in quantity with the size of
the outlet, and this quantity so thrown forward when ignited becomes the
source of combustion and light. A scraper is provided to clear tho surface of
the cylinder or wheel of any oxide or foreign matter that may accumulate on
it. Instead of the cylinder or wheel forming part of the bottom of the
reservoir it may be at a short distance therefrom to receive the powdered
magnesium as it is fed thereon in regulated quantities from the reservoir.
The powdered magnesium may also be allowed to flow from the reservoir into
an inclined tube provided with a blade, which is caused to revolve so as to
carry the powder therein forward to the opening of this tube into another tube
or chamber, into which air is forced by a fan or other means through an
aperture, which may be regulated to blow the powder forwards in a continuous
stream to an outlet or outlets forming a jet or jets. When two or more jets
are provided I prefer that they be inclined with a tendency to cause the
powder therefrom to meet for combustion. The flame produced may be
protected by a glass or glasses, and a current of air may be forced through an
opening in the glass or frame to support combustion, and thence passed out
through an adjustablo opening. The supply of air may thus be regulated
independently of the varying pressure of the surrounding atmosphere, so as to
aid in carrying off the fumes produced by combustion. In some cases I
employ a swing valve with spring or weight to regulate the force of the
current of air in cases where it will not be necessary to force the air in.
Secondly, the improvements relate to the combustion of magnesium in band
ribbon or wire. For this purpose I pass it from coils or otherwise between
guide rollers to a pair of drawing rollers, by which it is conducted on to the
surface of a cylinder or wheel, by which it is deflected to a point where it may
be ignited; and I prefer that the surface speed of such cylinder or wheel be
less than that of the magnesium under ignition, or with a tendency to retard
the part ignited.
The cylinders or wheels acted upon by the lighted magnesium I form of
metal, and by preference of iron.
But that the Invention may be better understood I will, by the aid of the
accompanying Drawings, proceed to describe means pursued by uie.

page_text: DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS.
Figure 1 shows a side view, Figure 2 a front view, and Figure 3 a back
view of apparatus arranged according to the first part of the improvements;
Figure 4 shows a section of parts separately; in each of these views the samo
letters indicate corresponding parts wherever they occur. a is the hopper or
reservoir to contain the supply of magnesium to be burnt in powder. This
hopper or reservoir is supported by the framing b, b; it is provided with a
moveable lid or cover a', and a longitudinal slotted opening at a² to serve as
an outlet for the powdered magnesium. This outlet a is provided with a
sliding cover c, by which the length of the slot or opening a³ may be regulated
to the quantity of powder which it may be desired should escape in any given
time. The powder escaping from the opening a² is received on to and carried
forward by the surface of a cylinder d, which may form part of the bottom of
the hopper or reservoir a, as is indicated by the separate sectional part view,
Figure 5, or it may be placed at a slight distance therefrom, as shown by the
arrangement under description. This cylinder d is caused to travel at a speed
such that the powdered magnesium may be thrown forward in a continuous
stream, varying in quantity with the size of the outlet a², and this quantity so
thrown forward when ignited becomes the source of combustion and light. I
cause ignition by a stationary or moveable flame of gas from a jet e or other-
wise. is a scraper which may be used, if desired, to press towards the
surface of the cylinder d in order to clear it of any oxide or foreign matter
which may accumulate thereon during use.
Motion is communicated to the moving parts according to the arrangement
shown in the following manner:-The axle g receives motion from clockwork
or other suitable mechanism, and has applied to it the friction pulley g¹, which
is in position by frictional contact to give motion to the wheel h affixed on the
axle h', which is supported 'at one end on one end of the lever i, and at the
other end in a fixed bearing 6. At this end of the axle h¹ is applied the
bevilled tooth wheel h, the teeth of which take into the teeth of a bevilled
tooth wheel k affixed on the axis of a grooved cylinder 4, to cause that
cylinder to revolve, and thus regulate the quantities of magnesium powder
delivered from the outlet a of the hopper a. The axis 9 has also applied
upon it the bevilled pinion 9, which takes into the teeth of the bevilled
pinion affixed on the axis of the cylinder d to give motion to that cylinder.
The axis & passes through openings provided for it in the opposite sides of the
hopper or reservoir a, and these openings are protected so as to prevent the
passage of the powder through them by leather or other flexible washers k³,
.

page_text: a
which are pressed close up to the sides of the hopper by springs. The lever i
turns upon an axis , and by the movement of the end thereof the wheel h
may be placed in contact with the wheel g', or removed therefrom, as indicated
by dotted lines in Figure 3, to stop the working of the apparatus at pleasure.
Figure 6 shows a modification of this part of my improvements in which
the powder magnesium as it falls from the hopper a in regulated quantities is
received on to an endless band and a pair of cylinders d, d. In place of the
powder magnesium being received on to the periphery of a cylinder or wheel,
it may be received on to the side surfaco thereof, and be cleared therefrom
for ignition by the action of another wheel or other surface acting as a scraper
thereon.
Figure 6 shows a sectional side view, Figure 6b a plan, and Figure 6º a
detail view of an arrangement according to this modification. In this case
the powder from the hopper a is received on to the side surface of a wheel d
which is affixed to and revolves with the axis d' thereof in the direction of
the arrow. When the powder on the surface of the wheel d comes in contact
with the edge of the wheel acting as a scraper it is thrown off thereby for
ignition; ff, are scrapers for cleansing the wheels and d. The wheel = is
undercut, as indicated by the sectional view thereof, Figure 6°, and it is affixed
to and revolves with the axis ='.
Figures 6, 6°, and 6 show another modification of this part of the
improvements. a is a reservoir for magnesium powder; b, a revolving valve
worked by the pulley c, and regulated by the arms d, d, catching into the
notch e in the valve shaft f; 9. 9, are agitating tongues for the purpose of
ensuring the fall of the powder and kept in vibratory motion by the inequality
of the shaft f; h is a tube to convey the powder on to the wheel or disc i,
which is turned quickly by the shaft i, to which it is attached; are arms on
the shaft to disperse the powder as it falls towards the wheel i; j is an
opening to admit air. The centrifugal force imparted to the powder by the
wheel i throws it out for combustion, and at the same time causes a current of
air to flow from the opening ; out at the circumference of the disc i, which
helps to keep the flame from the circumference of the wheel and also helps
in the delivery of the powder. By the preceding means the magnesium powder
is conveyed to the point of ignition without the aid of a stationary passage
between the outlet from the reservoir and the point of ignition.
Figure 7 shows by an external side view a modification of this part of the
In this
improvements, and Figure 8 shows a section of parts of the same.
case the magnesium powder placed in the reservoir a is caused to flow down
the inclined tube m to its mouth or opening m¹ into the pipe or tube n through

page_text: which a current of air or gas (as common coal gas) is caused to flow, adapted
to blow the powdered magnesium in a continuous stream towards the jets or
outlets n³, n'; n is a small passage in the tube n to regulate the current of
air or gas impinging on to the powdered magnesium; and n' is a tap to
regulate the supply of air; is a small chamber in the pipe n to contain
saturated sponge or other suitable porous material for filtering the air. The
tendency of the powder is to clog in the pipe m, to avoid which and to ensure a
constant stream through it I apply the flat blade o, which is supported as
shown, with capability of revolving, and is caused to revolve by having applied
to it the grooved pulley o' to receive a gut or band. The revolution of this
blade causes the powder brought in contact with it in the reservoir a to flow
down the tube or pipe m, and the powder in the reservoir a is caused to fall
continuously against the surface of that part of the blade o therein by means
of the small spring blades q, q, which are supported at their upper parts by
being affixed to the stationary bearings q', whilst their lower ends press against
the blade o, and are thereby kept in motion by the rotation of that blado
to prevent clogging of the powder in the reservoir a; r is a blade projecting
from an axis r', for the purpose of acting on the blades q, q, and bear them
away from the blade o when it may be necessary to remove or replace that
blade o, as more clearly shown by Figure 9. The outer end o³ of the blade o
is split and opened out, as indicated by the end view thereof, Figure 10.
These lamps may be protected by glass, as indicated by the lines s, &, and they
may have reflectors, as indicated by the dotted lines t, or otherwise. When
employing a current of air or gas to carry forward the magnesium powder to
the jets or points of ignition the form or character of the jets or points of
ignition, as also of the means of supply of such air or gas, may be varied. u is
an opening with a plate u suspended a short distance above it to admit a
flow of air from the surrounding atmosphere and disperse it in the lamp for
promoting combustion, or this opening may by a pipe be in communication
with a suitable blower, so as to supply air to the flame for combustion inde-
pendently of the varying pressure of the surrounding atmosphere.
A modification of the passage is shown at Figure 11, in which the opening
u is provided with a valve u, which turns upon an axis us, and is provided
with an adjustable weight u, to regulate the extent of opening of such valve
and regulate the force of the current of air. Sponge, cotton, or other suitable
porous matter saturated with water, pyroligneous acid, or other liquid adapted
to absorb the gases generated and neutralize the injurious effects of them,
placed over the flame will serve to aid in absorbing the fumes produced by the
combustion of the magnesium.

page_text: Figure 11 shows by a sectional view, and Figure 11** by an external
view, an arrangement for thus absorbing or partially absorbing the fumes
resulting from the combustion of magnesium. The sponge or other porous
matter, situated as desired, is applied in the chamber, which is perforated with
numerous openings ', and this chamber is suspended in the outer case y
upon the upper part of a glass s in lieu of the simple chimney and cover
shown by Figure 7. ¹ is a chimney to carry off the vapours passed through
the chamber z. If desired the supply of the magnesium powder may be
intermittent, so as to obtain flashes of intermittent light. In this case the
lighting of the magnesium for the flashes or intermittent effects may be
obtained by a stationary light e in position to act on the magnesium when
brought in contact. In some cases for intermittent lights the powder may be
thrown on to a flame by a spring or otherwise.
Figure 12 shows a longitudinal section, Figure 13 a side view, and
Figure 14 an under side view of apparatus arranged so that the supply of
magnesium may be intermittent and flashes of intermittent light obtained.
Figure 15 shows parts separately. A is the handle by which the apparatus
is held by the user; a is the reservoir containing the powdered magnesium ;
c is a cup or receiver which is supported on pivots c', c', in the frame d, and
this frame d is capable of turning on the axis d', in order that the cup c may
at one time be under the reservoir a in position to receive powdered mag-
nesium therefrom, and at another time it may come under an opening fin
the frame g, and by a percussive action throw the powdered magnesium
upwards into contact with the flame from a jet at h. The cup c is capable of
turning upon the pivots c¹ in the frame d in the motion of that frame, but it
is controlled to preserve a horizontal direction or nearly so by means of the
elastic guide c, one end of which is affixed to a projection c³ from the cup c,
whilst the other end of it passes into and is capable of sliding in a recoss A¹
formed for it in the handle A. By these means, as the frame d is with the
parts carried thereby moved from the position indicated by black lines to the
position indicated by red lines in Figure 13 or back again, any powder con-
tained in the cup c is prevented from falling out. The chamber or reservoir
a is at its opening a¹ provided with a valve i, which is borne upon with a
tendency to close it by means of the spring, which for this purpose surrounds
the upper part of the stem of the valve i and bears against the under side
of the stationary guide a³ to the stem
valve i. The lower portion of the stem
sufficient to admit of the valve i being slightly raised when the lower end of
the stem comes in contact with the lower portion of the cup c. The
and upon the upper sido of the
extends below the valve i a distance

page_text: quantity of powder allowed to escape may be regulated by varying the length
of the lower portion of the stem below the valve i. This is effected by:
screwing it in that valve. The frame d is provided with a handle d³ by which
it may be moved from one position to the other, as referred to, and it is de-
sirable when bringing it round to a position under the opening a' to cause it
to rise upwards quickly or with a jerk, in order that a portion of powder in
the reservoir a may thereby be more freely or certainly caused to flow out
into the cup c, and it is particularly desirable that the cup should be moved
upwards quickly or with a jerk against the opening f, in order thereby to
throw the powder upwards into the flame from the jet h. To facilitate these
actions the ends of the frame d at d³ are formed with horns, which are borne
upon by the ends of springs d'. The jet h is obtained, as shown, by the use of
methylated spirit or other suitable material which is contained in the reser-
voir k, and is allowed to flow in suitable quantities through the tube k' to the
outlet h, where it is ignited; 3 is the handle of a screw tap or valvo to close
or regulate the passage of the pipe k¹; 9 is a parabolic, or it may be other
shaped, reflector for reflecting the intermittent light or flashes thereof obtained.
In some cases I mix other substances with the magnesium, such as nitre,
chlorate of potash, or oxide of manganese, to produce a more entire ignition
or sudden combustion of the powder in a mass, and I prefer to employ oxide
of manganese. The proportions of the matters combined may vary considerably,
but about two parts by weight of magnesium to one of either of the above I
find to answer well.
Figure 16 shows a side view, Figure 17 a plan view, Figure 18 an end
view, and Figure 19 a longitudinal section of another arrangement of apparatus
for obtaining intermittent light or flashes thereof by the use of magnesium in
powder. This arrangement is particularly applicable to the use of another or
other matters in combination with the powdered magnesium, but which it may
be desirable to keep separate from the magnesium until such matters are
desired to be ignited. A, A, is the frame or bed of the apparatus; B is a
reservoir for the powdered magnesium, and, supposing the matter to be com-
bined with it to be oxide of manganese, then such matter would be placed in
the reservoir C. The bottom of the reservoir B is formed by the surface of
the roller D, which as it revolves takes with it portion of the powdered
magnesium from the reservoir B through the aperture B¹ formed between the
surface of the roller D and one side of the box B. In like manner the surface
of the roller E forms the bottom of the reservoir C, and the matter contained
in the reservoir C is driven out of that reservoir in the revolution of the
roller E through the aperture C. The size of the apertures B' and C¹ may bo

page_text: varied and regulated by slides applied to them. The two rollers D and E are
geared together so as to move towards each other by means of toothed wheels
D' and E' applied to their respective axes, and when using oxide of manganese
to combine with the powdered magnesium I prefer that the surface speed of
one roller be greater than that of the other roller, by which a slight grinding
mixing takes place. The combined powder as it falls from between tho
rollers B and C is received into the cup F, which is provided with a sliding
bottom F, by which the powder accumulated in the cup F may be allowed to,
fall through into the receiver G when that receiver G is brought under the
cup F.
These movements of the parts are effected in the following
manner: II is a slido which is capable of being moved to and fro between
the parts A', A', by acting on the handle II' affixed to that slide. To this
slide II is affixed another slide L, which bears against the periphery of the
drum M, so as to give rotary motion to that drum by frictional contact there-
with. To the drum M is applied the disc (1) carrying the spring driver (2)
to take into the ratchet wheel (3) affixed on the axis of the roller D, and give
motion to that roller D in the direction of the arrow thereon when the slide H
is moved outwards in the direction of the arrow thereon, but when the slide H
is moved in the opposite direction a clawker N passes into another ratchet
wheel O affixed on the other end of the axis of the drum D, so as to prevent
the rollers D and E from rotating except in the direction of the arrows. Upon
the slide H is applied the projection H', which when that slide II is drawn
back in the direction of the arrow comes against the projection F from tho
slide F¹ to open that slide and allow the powder in the cup F to fall into the
receiver G, which at that time is under the cup F, as is indicated by the red
dotted lines in Figure 19. The slide F¹ is closed again by the spring F.
The receiver G is attached to the slide II by a spring G', by which when that
slide is moved fully back again, and the receiver G passes the fixed incline P,
the projection G on the receiver G gives a vibratory motion to the receiver G
throwing the powder it contains upwards into the flame from a jet at Q. This
flame may be from a jet of gas or from the burning of volatile spirit or other
matter. (5), (5), are scrapers to cleanse the rollers D and E, and (6), (6),
are bars or plates crossing the rollers just where the two powders mix together
for the purpose of facilitating the mixing. In all cases the light obtained
from magnesium powder may be rendered intermittent by rendering the supply
of magnesium powder intermittent and the application of a fixed light for
ignition. The magnesium used should be in a state of fine powder.
Figure 20 shows an arrangement by which I carry the second part of the
Juvention into effect. In this case the magnesium band is fed between the

page_text: i
feed rollers w and w¹ to between the projecting rims of the surface of the roller x,
and these two wheels wand a are geared together by the pinions y in such
manner that the surface speed of the wheel is less than that of the wheel w
is a scraper. Figure 21 is a front view of the wheel, Figure 20.
Having thus described my Invention, and means by which I carry the same
into effect, I would have it understood that I do not confine myself to the
precise arrangements of parts as shewn and described, as these may be varied
without departing from the peculiar character of the Invention; but what I
claim is,
First, the application of the slide c adapted to regulato the size of the
opening for the supply of powder from a suitable reservoir for ignition, sub-
stantially as described. Also, I claim the application to reservoirs of magnesium
powder used in apparatus for obtaining light by the combustion of magnesium
of means for regulating the feed of such powder, acting in manner substantially
as described.
Secondly, I claim the arranging apparatus for burning magnesium in powder,
whereby the powdered magnesium is deposited from a suitable reservoir on to
the surface of a revolving cylinder or wheel, substantially as described.
Thirdly, I claim the arranging and combining parts, whereby the surface
receiving the magnesium powder from the reservoir or other supply travels at
a surface speed adapted to throw such powder forward on to the flame,
substantially as described.
Fourthly, I claim the application of a blade or feeder o, o, acting in manner
substantially as described, for the purpose of aiding the supply of powder
magnesium from a reservoir thereof.
Fifthly, I claim the application of a current or currents of air to act upon
the magnesium powder, and blow or convey it towards the jets or points of
ignition. Also, I claim the application of regulating means for regulating tho
supply of air for the purpose of forcing the powder through the tubes to the
jet or jets.
Sixthly, I claim the arranging apparatus for obtaining light by the burning
of magnesium in powder with two or more jets inclined with a tendency to
cause the powder when blown forwards to meet for combustion.
Seventhly, I claim the application of regulating means for the purpose of
regulating the flow of atmospheric air to support combustion when burning
magnesium in powder, in manner substantially as described in respect of
Figures 8 and 11.
Eighthly, I claim the arranging and combining apparatus for the burning

page_text: of magnesium in powder, whereby intermittent feed and flashes of light
therefrom may be obtained.
Ninthly, I claim the combining of nitre, chlorate of potash, or oxide of
manganese with magnesium powder, for the purpose of obtaining intermittent
light.
Tenthly, I claim the arranging or combining apparatus in connection with
apparatus for burning magnesium, whereby sponge, cotton, or other suitable
porous matter saturated with water, pyroligneous acid, or other liquid adapted
to absorb gases or fumes generated during such combustion and neutralize
their injurious effects, is employed.
In witness whereof, I, the said Richard Larkin, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Sixth day of September, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-six.
RICHARD LARKIN. (L.B.)