or a Improvements in a Check-action, Self-held, Pneumatic Tube Tubeless Tyre, with Fixture Adjuncts, adjustable also as Cushion or Solid-rubber Tyre, for all kinds of Cycles, Auto- motors, Road Carriages, and other like Rolling Bodies.
Year: 1898

page_text: Date of Application, 4th Feb., 1898
Complete Specification Left, 1st Nov., 1898-Accepted, 4th Mar., 1899
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
or
a
Improvements in a Check-action, Self-held, Pneumatic Tube
Tubeless Tyre, with Fixture Adjuncts, adjustable also as
Cushion or Solid-rubber Tyre, for all kinds of Cycles, Auto-
motors, Road Carriages, and other like Rolling Bodies.
We, JOHN BALLantyne Small, Pneumatic-Wheel-Builder, residing at 7, Great
George Street, Hillhead, and JAMES WEDDERBURN OGILVY WALKER, Manager of
Glasgow Rubber Works, Maryhill, residing at 11, Huntly Terrace, North Kelvinside,
both in the City and County of Glasgow, do hereby declare the nature of this inven-
tion to be as follows:-
The said invention has for its object an addition to, or additions to, and improve-
ments in a tyre cover and adjuncts, for a check-action, self-held, pneumatic tubed or
tubeless tyre.
The addition or additions we, herein, make; and which will be more specifically
described further on, is a check-action lock-flap or lap locking together, under air
pressure, the near lap or flap, and the outer lap or flap. The said check-action lock-
Hap will, be known, in this specification, as the lock-flap.
The near lap, is folded first, and, afterwards the outer lap, which lies downmost on
the rim and is blown, by pneumatic force, against, same, and, in order to securely
lock the aforesaid two flaps, under pneumatic. force, our lock-flap is used in the
manner, herein, to be specifically described. This lock-flap consists of a certain
number of separate tongue-shaped laps or tongues, on the near side, and a
corresponding number of said laps or tongues, on the outer side. Made with sixteen
tongues, eight of them would be on the near side and the other eight on the outer
side; but, as their clench aid, at or near the valve, is of a purely supplementary
nature, one or more of them can, at that point, be dispensed with, thus rendering the
The tongues fixed on
number, on one side say eight, and on the other side, seven.
the near side clench on the outer side, and, conversely, the tongues fixed on the
outer side clench on the near side. When under inflation, the two rows, in check-
action, form one clench, and, when deflated, they, of course, form two separate rows
of check-action flaps, one on either side. The clenches are of two kinds:-the diagonal
which are the arms TT T2 T3, and, the latitudinal taking up the breadth of the
rim and thus running in the line of axle which are the ribs R and R¹. In this
specification, we make an improvement with a modification of the latter, whereby, we
obtain a longitudinal clench running in the line of traction, as will further on be
described in the drawings, and, by this means, we obtain, with a more equitable
distribution of our metallic or other suitable structure, a greater control of the
rubber in its longitudinal stretch which is check-actioned throughout its whole
circumference by means of the diagonal and longitudinal clenches and also by the
lock-flap. The following are the approximate measurements for a cover of say
eighty inches in circumference:-8 sections, on either side, of 5 inches each with
near and outer laps 1 inches each, in breadth, and tread 34 inches, thus making the
breadth say 6 inches.
With the metallic structure embedded in pure Pará rubber, the same is then

page_text: built on the two laps and afterwards covered with a soft rubber, after which, the
eight tongues on the one side and seven on the other side forming in combination
the lock-flap, the tread is then solutioned on to the basement canvas of breadth
6 inches, after which the cover is about complete and ready for its external rubber
cover. The rims we use are the plain crescent, or the cresent with lateral beadings
of metal and with longitudinal corrugations in the channel bed. We, however, do
not specify any particular rim; and, knowing that a British Patent exists claiming a
specific rim having dovetail lateral grips or metallic clenches, we hereat, desire it to
be known that such a rim is, from its structural nature, totally unsuited for our tyre
-cover-which-does-not depend on such a rim for its self-holding power but to the
check-actions of its cover.
The near and outer flaps fixed permanently at the valve, other three fixtures
consisting each of bolt and nut are, for easy manipulation, made respectively at the
top of circle and also at the two sides of circle and in each case the tube in the event
of requiring repair remains encased between the near and outer flaps and can, in
consequence, be taken out at any of the quadratures and repairs effected,
thereat.
Irrespective of the valve, these other three permanent fixtures on near and outer
flap are not necessary for holding on the cover but merely to keep it in position until
it takes action, under pneumatic force, thus acting as a preventative against creeping
of the cover until clench power be fully obtained. The cover can be put on either at
the near or off side. Owing to the extra size of the near lock-flap with diagonal
extensions on its opposite side the cover is preferably put on at the off side though it
can be put on the rim at either side.
The lock flaps by way of modification, and for lightness, can be made, in skeleton,
as will be described, further on.
In order that our said invention and the manner of performing or carrying same
into practice may be understood we have, hereunto, appended one sheet of drawings
in which the same letters and numerals are used to designate the respective parts, in
all the figures where shewn.
Figure is a plan view of the outer or off-side lap or flap broken off in
longitudinal and latitudinal cuts and shewing the placement of metallic
structure.
Figure 2 is a plan view of the near side lap or flap in like manner broken off and
likewise shewing the placement of metallic structure.
Figure 3 is a plan view of the cover shewing the outer and near laps or flaps with
lock-flap arrangement.
These three figures shew the tyre spread out.
Referring to Figure 1, T2 is the left arm and T³, the right arm of the outer
lap.
These are shewn as in the other two figures spread out and lying flat; when folded
in and placed on the rim, instead of forming a V shape they form an inverted V
shape.
T¹ is the right and T the left arm of the near flap.
The improved metallic structure arrangement is here shewn; R¹ is formed of four
metallic pieces embedded in rubber and solutioned together while the arms of the
triangle are similarly treated, the flap thus formed with this metallic structure
arrangement has, on being folded for placement on the rim, the action of so many
hinges each triangle acting as a hinge. The ribs, R, and R¹ can be formed all of one
piece of metal. The rubber, with inflation, is controlled from point to point by
means of three sorts of clenches R¹ giving longitudinal and latitudinal clench action
while diagonal clench action is obtained from the arms, the whole, in combination,
giving check-action throughout the entire circumference of the rim. R similarly acts
and, in reciprocal check, increases the power of check-action.
Figure 2 on the near side is the same as Figure 1 in so far as metallic structure is
concerned but as will be seen the ribs, R, on being folded work into the arms, in

page_text: diagonal placement, on the off side thus giving check-action to the rubber with
inflation all as already specifically described.
Figure 3 is an approximate measurement of a cover for an eighty-inch circum-
ference tyre.
The metallic structure is figured and numbered as in Figures 1 and 2 the addition
or additions shewn in this figure is the lock-flap arrangement forming, with inflation,
an entire tube or when deflated a number of flaps on one side with a reciprocal
number on the other side for the purposes of check-action, thereby, rendering the
tyre, under inflation, self-held. I is the tongue of the near side lock-flap, I, in
like manner, is the tongue of the outer or off-side lock-flap; L is the lock-flap:
clench, in all cases, fixed on at the tips of the lock-flaps. These lock-flap clenches, L³,
are composed of soft rubber which, on inflation, sink down commensurate with
pneumatic pressure brought to bear against them. These lock-flaps, for the sake of
lightness, are made in skeleton. Two or more strips are fixed on the attatchment
side, and, in the clench side, the rubber paddings or beadings are placed all as
already specifically described. The lock-flaps are shewn in drawings of equal size but
these can be modified to suit exigencies. The near lock-flap can be made, in extra
size, by having diagonal extensions and in each case the diagonal pull as well as the
direct cross pull are given."
As already stated, the crescent rim is used. This rim, modified to suit our tyre,
has a projection in the channel bed extending continuously round the whole circum-
ference in segments and by ineans of this blade-like projection or projections in the
bed of the channel the flaps take action quicker under air compression, and the liability
of creeping is thus reduced to a minimum.
JOHN BALLANTYNE SMALL,
JAMES WEDDERBURN OGILVY WALKER.
a
Improvements in a Check-action, Self-held, Pneumatic Tube or
Tubeless Tyre, with Fixture Adjuncts, adaptable also as
Cushion or Solid-rubber Tyre, for all kinds of Cycles, Auto-
motors, Road Carriages, and other like Rolling Bodies.
We, JOHN BALLANTYNE SMALL, Pneumatic-Wheel-Builder, residing at 7, Great-
George Street, Hillhead, and JAMES WEDDERBURN OGILVY WALKER, Manager of
Glasgow Rubber Works, Maryhill, residing at 11, Huntly Terrace, North. Kelvinside,
both in the City and County of Glasgow, do hereby declare the nature of this
invention and in what manner the same is to be perforined, to be particularly
described and ascertained in and by the following statement :-
The said invention relates to improvements in Small & Walker's application,
No. 1084 of 14th January 1898, for a check-action self-held pneumatic tubed or
tubeless tyre, particularly as it relates to a check-action lock-flap holding together,
cover. The said check-action
nnder air-pressure, the near and outer laps or
lock-flap is, in shape, either rectangular or diagonál, as will, further on, be specifically
described.
In our use of the rectangular lock-flap, we employ two kinds of clenches which are
respectively known, herein, as the diagonal and circumferential metallic-cienches,
and, in our use of the diagonal lock-flap, we, of course, employ only the circum-
ferential metallic-clench, all as will, hereinafter, be more fully described, in detail

page_text: These lock-flaps consists of a certain number, on either side. In the case of the
rectangular kind, these tongue-shaped laps or tongues are placed, eight on one side,
and seven on the valve side, as their clench at or near the valve is of a purely
supplementary nature, one or more of them can, at that point, be dispensed with.
In the case of the diagonal kind, they are placed with an even number, on either
side. For distinctive or descriptional purposes, they are respectively known as the
near and outer lock-flaps.
In building-on the diagonal lock-flaps, we commence, for the sake of convenience'
at the near side, from left to right, and, having finished the building-on of same, we
do likewise with the other side, but, in this case, the building-on is effected from
right to left, instead of from left to right, as in the former case. These lock-flaps,
thus built-on, are, it will be seen, in check-action placement, and, in which case the
diagonal pull or tensile strain, on the diagonal, is obtained from said lock-flaps,
while the circumferential pull or tensile strain, on the traction-line, is obtained from
the metallic circumferential clench, with its various adjuncts, consisting of tape-
brace enveloped in tape envelope and sealed to the bottom of the tyre, all as will
yet more fully be described, herein. In the foregoing method of building-on of the
diagonal lock-flaps, it will be seen, the order is firstly from left to right, on the near
side or side next the tyre builder, but, that method, as already stated, is merely for
the sake of convenience as it would make no difference (in the check-action place-
ment of said lock-flaps) in commencing to build-on the lock-flaps from right to
left, in either case, as already stated, the check-action arrangement would attain
the same results, and thus effect the same end and purpose. The rectangular
lock-flap, with its two kinds of metallic-clenches, gives centripetal flap-action, as also
does the diagonal lock-flap, with its circumferential metallic-clench.
The rectangular lock-flap is built, on the basis canvas, on the flap, whereas the
diagonal lock-flap is built on the basis Jaconet, or its equivalent, on the round, and
not on the flat, and, when taken off the circle-mandril it, of course, retains the
rotundity, thereby, given it. This tyre mould or last used for rotund-shaping our
cover will, hereinafter, be known as the circle-mandril, it serving for the purposes of
making our tyre cover, the same specific purposes as does a boot last in the making
of a boot or of a number of boots of a specific shape, and may be made of wood or
of metal, but is preferably made of wood and has an aluminium blade-like projection
extending continuously round the circumference of about the same size as that used
in the channel bed of the rim for which it is intended, and, when all the flaps have
been built-on, a slit with a knife or other suitable cutting instrument is made on the
circumferential bottom line of the circle-mandril, in the region of R3, and the tyre, in
its finished state ready for receiving its rubber "jacket" otherwise called the rubber
cover, is taken off the said circle-mandril and put on the rim and then inflated in the
usual way. However, as an alternative method of treating the tyre canvas-cover, it
can still remain on the circle-mandril until covered with the rubber-cover in which
case it is then said to be fully covered, all that now requires to be done is to have a
slit made with a knife or other suitable cutting instrument along the circumferential
bottom line, in the region of R³, as afore-stated thus slitting the thin sheet of Jaconet
upon which the flaps have been built and when taken off the mould or last, otherwise
called the circle-mandril, the tyre retains its shape in its present uninflated state,
and, in which state it is, of course, ready for placement upon the rim and then
inflated in the usual manner.
In order that our said invention and the manner of performing or carrying same
into practice may be understood, we have, hereunto, appended three sheets of draw-
ings in which the same letters and numerals are used to designate the respective
parts, in all the figs., where shewn.
Fig. 1, in Sheet No. 1, is a plan-view of the near flap, broken away, shewing the in-
built metallic-structure, thereon.
Fig. 2 is a broken-away plan-view of the near and outer flaps, on basis cloth, shew-
ing the metallic-structure and the relative placements of the lock-flaps, on either side.
Fig. 3 is a plan-view of the circumferential metallic-clench, ready for closure.

page_text: The check-action brace, with its right and left clenches, Nº and N1, protrudes beyond
the envelope, E, as, herein, shewn and having centre of same running through the
metallic arin, T, the said arm, in this case, being tubular.
No and N10 are made of one piece and are, herein, shewn running through the
tubular metallic arm, all ready to be enclosed in the envelope.
Fig. 4, on Sheet No. 2, is a spread-out plan-view, looking down on the top of the
circle-mandril, shewing the relative placements of the near and outer diagonal lock-
flaps, prior to closure or fixing-on of same, on to the Jaconet. On being closed in,
around said Jaconet, Nº add N10 would, in this fig.,.be totally obscured from view as
they would then be fixed on, in the circumferential alignment, as shown in Fig. 7.
In this fig., the top side of the circle-mandril is shewn, and, in Fig. 7, the bottom
side is shewn.
Fig. 5 is a cross-cut sectional view of Fig. 4, when the said Fig. 4 has had all its
lock-flaps built-on, on either side, ready for putting into the rim channel for an
initial inflation, and in which case there would be as, herein, shewn, in relative place-
ment, the diagonal lock-flaps, on either side, check-actioning, the one with the other.
Fig. 6, on Sheet No. 3, is a broken-away elevation-view of the outer side of our
circle-mandril shewing, in dotted lines, the initial placement of LA, the head of the
near-side diagonal lock-flap, on the near side, counteracted by the placement of its
opposite diagonal lock-flap, L, the tail-end of the near-side diagonal lock-flap, fixed
on to the outer side, and, thereby, check-actioning the near side with the off-side, in
diagonal and in circumferential check-actions.
Fig. 7 is a broken-away plan-view of Fig. 6, turned round a quarter of a circle, and
shewing relative placements of the head and tail-ends of the diagonal lock-flap, L* L,
and their check-actioning adjuncts.
Fig. 8 is a plan-view of a diagonal lock-flap, taken in its entirety. In this fig., it
will be seen, E¹ remains unclosed, and N° and N10 are broken away. With E closed,
this diagonal lock-flap is shewn, in Fig. 4, as the bottom lock-flap with its tip, IA,
ready to be solutioned on to N side, and its opposite tip, L5, in like manner, ready to
be solutioned on to O side.
Referring to Figs. 1 and 2 of the drawings, these relate to the rectangular lock-flap
arrangement with circumferential and diagonal metallic-clenches; and Figs. 4, 5, 6,
and 8 relate to the diagonal lock-flap arrangement, with its modified circumferen-
tial metallic-clench, without the diagonal metallic-clenches, as seen in Fig. 3.
According to Fig. 1, there is a broken-away plan-view of the near flap with its
in-built metallic structure composed of circumferential metallic-clench, T5, in com-
bination with its diagonal clenches. N is the near-side metallic-structure which is;
of course, fitted on to the near-side of the rim ; N³ is the circumferential tape-girth,
on the top side, at the triangle base; N is the circumferential tape-girth, on the
top side at the triangle base sealing the metallic-structure base, N³ is the
circumferential tape-girth, on the top side, at the triangle apex sealing the metallic-
structure, thereat.
T is the top side of the canvas fabric solutioned, on both sides; B is the basis of
the triangle, on the near side. C is the near lap and which, of course, is on the near__
side; T is the circumferential tubular metallic-clench specifically used with our
diagonal lock-flap, as shewn in Figs. 4, 7 and 8. E is the envelope composed of
linen tape totally enveloping the metallic-clenches and adjuncts, thereof. Referring
to the circumferential tape-girths, these are composed of the very finest and strongest
linen tape of about an inch in breadth and solutioned with one coat of the very finest
quality of pure Pará solution of the thickest consistency, after which they are tripli-
cated or quadruplicated, and, with their second coat of solution, as above described,
are circumferentially fixed on, in their respective locations as, herein, given.
Fig. 2 is a broken-away plan-view of the near and outer flaps, on basis cloth,
shewing metallic-structure and the relative placements of lock-flaps, on either side.
These outer and near laps or flaps, it will be seen, are shew with lock-flap arrange-
ment. The cover can be put on either at the near or at the off side; but, with

page_text: diagonal extensions on its opposite side, the cover can be put on the rim, at either
side.
These lock-flaps, by way of modification and for lightness, can be made in skeleton,
that is to say, thin strips of linen, for strength-giving purposes, can be used along
with the lightest and thinnest cotton, the equipoise being maintained by means of
the strength-giving strips being built-in, in such a manner as to counteract the
undue tension that would otherwise be put upon the cotton which is, in a much
greater degree, a yielding material. These lock-flaps can be made of equal size, in
-the-rectangular lock-flap arrangement, and also to suit the various exigencies that
might arise. They can also be made in extra size having diagonal-extensions with a
number of flaps on the one side and a reciprocal number on the other, for the
purposes of check actioning, thereby, rendering the tyre, under inflation, self-held.
These lock-flaps made rectangular, as shewn in Fig. 2, are, herein, known as the
rectangular lock-flaps, and with diagonal extensions, as shewn in Figs. 4, 6, 7 and 8
are, herein, known as the diagonal lock-flaps, all as will be specifically described,
further on.
Lis the tongue or lock-flap, on the near side, otherwise called the near-side
rectangular lock-flap; L2 is the tongue or lock-flap on the outer side or off side and
is otherwise called the off-side or outer rectangular lock-flap.
These aforesaid lock-flaps have, in this fig. their exact locations assigned them in
which it will be seen they, in check-action placement, check-action each other, in
right angle arrangement, as the diagonal lock-flaps check-action each other, in
diagonal arrangement.
In building in these rectangular lock-flaps, we obtain a cloth called the tread and
which is, of course, lighter than the basis cloth and of about the same breadth as said
basis cloth upon which it is solutioned, in the centre thereof, to about 3 or 3 inches,
in breadth.
On to said tread, these rectangular lock-flaps are solutioned and when said tread,
with said lock-flaps solutioned, theren, is placed upon the basis cloth they occupy the
exact locations, as shewn in this fig. The following are the approximate measure-
inents for a cover of say 80 inches :-8 spaces, on either side, of 5 inches each with
near and outer laps 1 inch, or, at most, 1", in breadth, and with the total breadth
of the basis cloth 64"; but, of course, a greater number of sections can be obtained,
such as 10 spaces, on either side, with 4" each per lap, that is to say 40" on either
side, thus taking up the 80" of the circumference. The rectangular laps can be
variously disposed by having them 2", in breadth, up to say 4" or 5", or with skeleton
laps composed of thin interlocking strips as already stated, but, in all cases, the one
side is preferably made the exact counterpart of the other, this being necessary to
maintain the equilibrium or equipoise, with pneumatic tensile strain on all the
parts, in circumferential check-action. O¹ is the circumferential tape-girth on the
outer top side, at the triangleapex; 02, the circumferential tape-girth, on the outer
top side, at the triangle base; O, the outer side metallic-structure.
The terms outer side and near side have the same meaning, herein, as in Small;
Mac Lellan & Walker's Patent No. 6202 of 1896, and, again in Small & Walker's
Application No. 27597 of 1897. The near side means the side near the user, it being
the side next to him in performing the first act of putting on one of the said tyres as,
herein, described, in which case the rim stands erect, and, as a consequence, the side
next him or near side, it being the side on which he initially slips the tyre into the
channel of the rim. To the tyre-builder it is, in like manner, the near side and, of
course, the outer side is technically known as the off or outer side.
B is the basis of the triangle, on the outer side; B, the basis of the triangle, on
the near side. N is the near-side metallic-structure; T4, the top-side of the canvas
fabric, solutioned on both sides; T, the circumferential metallic-clench, to be more
fully described, in Fig. 3.
A is the outer lap and which, of course, is on the outer side; C, the near lap, on
the near side; E, the envelope, to be more fully described, further on, in Fig. 3.

page_text: N³ is the circumferential tape-girth, on the top side, at the triangle base; N', the
circumferential tape-girth, on the top-side, at the triangle base, sealing the metallic-
structure base; No, the circumferential tape-girth, on the top side, at the triangle
apex, sealing the metallic-structure, thereat. All the above tape-girths are made, as
already specifically described, and are preferably allowed an overlap, in the circum-
ference, of about ten inches. All the aforesaid tape-girths are made as already
specifically described in Small & Walker's Application, No. 1084 of 14th January
1898, and are, when used, for the tyre, herein, specified preferably allowed an overlap,
in the circumference, of about ten inches, as already stated.
Fig. 3 is a plan-view of the circumferential metallic-clench, ready for closure.
The check-action brace, with its right and left clenches, N and N1, protrudes
beyond the envelope, E, as, herein, shewn and having centre of saine running
through the inetallic arm, T", the said arm, in this case, being tubular.
Nº and N10 are made of one piece and are, herein, shewn running through the
tubular metallic arın, all ready to be enclosed in the envelope.
The metallic-clench, herein, shewn, is specifically intended for the diagonal lock-
flap the metallic-clench used for the rectangular lock-flap has, in addition to T³, a
metallic arm, on either side, designated, for descriptional purposes, T, T¹ or T², T³, to
shew their particular location, on right or left of T' whether they may be located,
on the top or bottom of the basis cloth, or on the right or on the left of the said T",
check-actioning; on the circumferential or traction-line. The placements of these
inetallic-clenches T, T¹, T2 and T3 are all specifically described in Small & Walker's
Application, No. 1084 of 14th January 1898 in which it states that cords or equiva-
lent stiffenings are of two kinds respectively affording circumferential and diagonal
clench power, and, therein, the full particulars are given of the one kind of clench
power in so far as it relates to cords or equivalent stiffenings such as solutioned
tapes, all as, therein, specifically described lying in their circumferential placement,
this Application dealing directly with the second kind, in diagonal placement.
These cords or equivalent stiffenings can be variously intertexed throughout the
cover for strength-giving purposes.
The favourite intertexture is that shewn in Fig. 4 with stiffenings in diagonal
placement which, in conjunction with the circumferential cords or stiffenings, affords
the greatest circumferential and diagonal clench power throughout the cover.
As the particular distinctions designate the diagonal clenches T, T¹ or T2, T3, in
their various locations they are, for obvious reasons, ommitted in Figs. 1 and 2, it
being known that these aforesaid diagonal metallic-clenches are used and act in
conjunction with T5, the circumferential metallic-clench. The said clench, T³, shewn
in this fig. is specifically intended for the diagonal linen tape clench, T, and, of
course, in that case, requires no more than the three members, shewn under four
designations, for descriptional purposes, as follows:-T is the circunferential clench
of metal or metallic-clench preferably inade of tubular metal and specifically used
with the diagonal lock-flap, as shewn in Figs. 4, 6, 7 and 8. This metallic-clench
is, as already stated, made of tubular metal but may also be made of Fox's
ambrilla metallic-hollow-frame or of steel wire of about 16-inch-wire-guage. In
the two former cases, it is made with the members, N° and N1, running through
it, and, in the latter case, with the wire built-on, on the outside of the girth, after
which it is enveloped in the envelope E. The cords or equivalent stiffenings are
variously intertexed throughout the cover. These cords, stiffenings or solutioned-
tape braces can be placed in circumferential, or in diagonal, placement, their
specific uses being here shewn in the former placement, that is to say, in circum-
ferential alignment.
E is the envelope composed of linen tape totally enveloping the metallic-
clenches and adjuncts, thereof.
This envelope may envelop a greater or a lesser portion than that shewn in the
drawing, hereof; it may also be made to merely envelop the metallic portion with
a slight overlap for sealing purposes. Here, the envelope is shewn open and ready
for closing

page_text: It is closed in the usual way, when the solution has been properly dried, and
after which a roller is firmly run along the metallic and linen portions making all
the parts one and indissoluble, after which it is, built in, as shewn in Fig. 8.
N⁹ is the right end of the circumferential brace and N10 is, of course, the 'left end
of same. These two braces check-actioning, on the circumference, right and left
respectively, are run through the tubular metallic-clench, T5, and are one and the
same brace divisible into right and left merely for descriptional purposes shewing,
as already stated, the right and left circumferential tensile strains, in check-action
arrangement. When these right and left ends are built in, as shewn in Fig. 5, the
check-action, on-the-circumferential-line,. it will be-seen, is literally interminable,
for, where one tension
or strain ends, more than one tensile strain begins.
N° and No, forming one piece of duplicated linen tape, solutioned and closed with
roller giving check-action, on the circumference, is, for further strength-giving
power, composed of one piece of duplicated linen tape with, in addition, an in-laid
strand of the strongest whip-cord, all which being solutioned forms one indissoluble
piece.
Fig. 4, on Sheet No. 2, is a spread-out plan-view, looking down on the top of the
circle-mandril, shewing the relative placements of the near and the outer diagonal
lock-flaps, prior to closure or fixing-on of same, on to the jaconet. On being closed
in around said jaconet, N° and N10 would, in this fig., be totally obscured from view
as they would then be fixed on, in the circumferential alignment, as shewn in Fig. 7.
In this fig., the top side of the circle-mandril is shewn and in Fig. 7, the bottom side
is shewn.
1 is the head of the near-side lock-flap terminating at L5 (the two, IA and L5,
making one flap), otherwise called the head of the near-side diagonal lock-flap. 1 is
the tail of the near-side lock-flap beginning at 1 (the two, L and L, making one
flap), otherwise called the tail of the near-side diagonal lock-flap. Le is the head of
the off-side lock-flap terminating at 17 (the two, 16 and 17, making one flap), other-
wise called the head of the off-side diagonal lock-flap. 17 is the tail of the off-side
lock-flap beginning at L (the two, L and L', making one flap), otherwise called the
tail of the off-side diagonal lock-flap. These tongues or lock-flaps, fixed on the near
side, clench on the outer side, and, conversely, the tongues or lock-flaps fixed on the
outer side clench on the near side, and thus when under inflation the two rows, in
check-action, form one clench giving longitudinal or circumferential tension running
in the line of traction. On turning to Fig. 5, it will be seen that L clenches as I³,
but on the opposite side, and, likewise, L' elenches as 17, but on the opposite side,
thus giving check-action diagonal tensile strains, while the circumferential braces.N
and N10, as will be seen in Fig. 7, circumferentially check-action, on the near and on
the offsides, thus giving check-action, on the circumferential alignments.
Either the near or the off-side could be first built, but for descriptional purposes
and in order to simplify matters and also for the sake of convenience at the works
whereby an easy system is formulated, the near side being first built and, in this
Fig. 14, being first placed on, at the head end, whereat it is solutioned, and afterwards
the tail end is built on and similarly solutioned, and, in this manner, all round the
circumference is the head and tail end (in all, one piece) of the near side built-on,
after which the head end is built-on, on the off-side with the tail end (in all, one
piece), L7, in like manner, and, after building-on the first tongue, all the others are
gone on with, in the same manner, as was in the case of building-on the near
side.
With respect to the envelope, E, it will be seen that the envelopes of Land L³ are
up-turned, whereas, the envelopes of 16 and 17 are down-turned; this, for obvious
reasons, is done in order to have an invisible closure of the metallic-structure, the
whole of the said structure being entirely hidden and forming one indissoluble
ring, on either side, as seen in Fig. 5, and, of course, by this arrangement, apart
altogether to the neatness and invisibility of the closure, the envelopes, so closed, the
one against the other, directly act, in check, the one against the other.

page_text: C is the "last or "mould made of wood or of other suitable material but
preferably of an elastic wood such as that used in archery for bow-construction and
which is, herein, known as the circle-mandril and, whereon, the tyre-cover, C+, is
built. An iron mandril or metallic-mandrit of the same shape, but with an enlarge-
ment on its diameter of about th or ths of an inch, is used by us for the circular-
construction of our self-fitting India-rubber-cover destined for the canvas cover, C,
thrown from the aforesaid circle-mandril. When either are taken from the mandril
they assume, as near as possible, the same shape, in the cross-cut, as that shewn in
Fig. 5, and, in the circumference, as that shewn in the circle segment, in Fig. 6.
Two kinds of mandrils are used, one being for the rubber "jacket" and the other for
the cloth structure, the former mandril being made of iron and the latter of wood.
We, hereat, desire it to be known that we make no claim to either the one or the
other in the construction of our cloth structure, as also in the shaping of the rubber
"jacket" or external rubber-cover, as aforestated.
This circle-mandril, made of wood, has a blade-like projection, R³, running all
the way round for the purpose of maintaining the rotundity, whilst the cover is being
constructed, and, at suitable distances, thereon, there are metallic fixtures with
wormed holes bored, therein, suitable for screw-nail fastenings.
In order to get our cover off when completely built, we have a segment of about
6 or 9 inches which is rendered easily removable, the wood being elastic, and by this
means the cover is, with the removal of said segment of the circle-mandril, easily
removed, therefrom.
C3 is a strip of jaconet cut on the bias and solutioned on one side after which it
is rendered the same shape as the circle-mandril by having a circumferential strip of
about one inch broad (solutioned on both sides) fixed on to the jaconet, C³, at about
the region, R³.
C2 is a circumferential pencil-made line running along the top of the jaconet and
used as a circumferential guide-line, in the building-on of the lock-flaps. The said
lock-flaps, before being built-on, are firstly placed on the flat, on a straight line of
zine with the respective markings, thereon, for guide-lines, and thus have their
circumferential line corresponding to the line, C2, on the jaconet, and in building-on
said lock-flaps any deviation from this circumferential alignment would, of course,
cause an error, or errors, in the diagonal alignments, and also undue tensile strains in the
check-action arrangement, on either side. As a substitute for this jaconet a species
of gauze or its equivalent, a film, or thin cloth resembling a film when solutioned,
can also be used, its main and primary purpose being to hold together the lock-flaps,
in the course of building-on, it being used for no strength-giving purposes but
merely for the purposes, as above stated. In fixing on this jaconet, or its equivalent,
great care is necessarily to be bestowed in making it the exact size of the circle-
mandril and also totally free from creases, as otherwise the neatness, and symmetry,
in the placement of the metallic-structure, would be largely interfered with and
which is, in the construction of our tyre, of the utmost importance.
N is the near-side metallic-structure; O is the outer-side metallic-structure; E,
the envelope composed of linen tape; E¹, the envelope lock-flap, all to be more fully
described, in Fig. 8; Ts, the circumferential metallic-clench specifically used with
the diagonal lock-flap; No, the right end of the circumferential brace; N10, the left
end of same.
Fig. 5 is a cross-cut sectional view of Fig. 4 when the said Fig. 4 has had all its
lock-flaps built-on, on either side, ready for putting into the rim channel for an initial
inflation, and in which case there would be as, herein, shewn in relative placement
the diagonal lock-flaps, on either side, check-actioning, the one with the other.
C' is the circle-mandril around which there is placed the lock-flap arrangement,
right and left, as already described, with the jaconet for the first or basis cover.
C is the circumferential line along the top of the jaconet used as a guide-line in the
building-on of the lock-flaps. C3 is the jaconet, or gauze, or its equivalent. L is
the head of the near-side diagonal lock-flap, on the same side with I, the tail of

page_text: the off-side diagonal lock-flap which, in their check-action arrangement, diagonally
pull.
15 is the tail of the near-side diagonal lock-flap and Lo, the head of the off-side
diagonal lock-flap. N gives the location of three circumferential tape-girths, with
each an overlap of about 10 inches, composed of the same material and in the same
manner as the tape girths already described, in Figs. 1 and 2.
As a substitute for this triple row of tape girths, N", on either side just above the
check-action circumferential girths of L and L, on the one side, and, of L and L*,
on the other side, unfolded tape can be used, but this triple-row is preferably used
´and-built-in just immediately after, LA-L³, lock-flaps have been built-on. They are
thus, along with the metallic-structure, invisibly sealed within the two lock-flaps,
and in which position they maintain, in like manner with the whole of the in-built
structure, the rotundity of the circle-mandril. R³ is a circumferential guide-ring
with a knife-like blade correctly. dividing, in two equal portions, the near from the
outer side of the circle-mandril, whereon, the jaconet, or its equivalent, has been
solutioned on. This circle, R³, has fixed on to it three or four spokes, and, of course,
rotates from a central point, and is, thereby, at the will of the tyre-builder who can
work it round in the process of lock-flap-building, or other work connected with the
construction of the tyre.
-
A mandril made of iron or of metal and a little larger in the diameter is used for
the construction of our rotund-shaped india-rubber-cover, as already specifically
described. When the rubber is taken off said mandril, it is, of course, naturally
round instead of flat as in the case of other tyre covers which are made rotund by
inflation of air tube. Having taken off our rotund rubber-cover, we, thereafter,
solution the inside top portion with the finest Pará solution, after which it is placed
on the structure, C4, awaiting it, and, in about a couple of hours afterwards, the
remaining unsolutioned portions of the rubber cover are solutioned and held ready for
the final closure of same, after which operation the tyre is fully made, and, of course,
taken off the circle-mandril. The mandril made of iron or of metal as aforestated
and used in the manufacture of our tyre, we, hereat, desire it to be known is not,
herein, claimed by us. C is the cover built with lock-flaps and having everything
complete, all as described, in Fig. 4, and thus in a fit state for the solutioning on of
the rubber cover when fully made and ready to be taken off the metallic circle-
mandril.
N is the near-side metallic-structure fitted on to the near side of the rim; 0, the
outer side of metallic-structure fitted on to the outer side of the rim.
With our
diagonal lock-flap, the near. and outer sides, in so far as the placement of the tyre
into the rim is concerned, are merely used for descriptional purposes, but, for facility
it is advisable to place the tyre on to the rim as, herein, indicated, but that, it may
be stated, is not absolutely necessary, as it can be placed on the rim from the outer
side though, of course, with some more difficulty and is, therefore, not to be made the
rule.
Fig. 6 is a broken-away elevation-view of the outer side of circle-mandril, C¹,
shewing, in dotted lines, the initial placement of I, head of near-side diagonal lock-
flap, on the near-side, counteracted by the placement of its opposite, L³, the tail
end of nearside diagonal lock-flap, fixed on to the outer side, and, thereby, check-
actioning the near side with the off-side in both diagonal and circumferential
check-action tensile strains. In this fig., it will be seen that C2 is upperinost and in
Fig: 7, it is downmost. With C2 upperinost, as in Fig. 4, and as, therein, specifically
described, the near side is first built and the first lock-flap to be built-on completely
would be the head, LA, followed by its tail end, L³, (the two forming one and the
same piece) all as shewn in this fig. The check-actioning of the various parts of
this Fig. are more fully shewn in Fig. 7, wherein, the respective check-action place-
ments of the braces, Nº and N1, in the direct circumferential line, are to be seen.
All the other lock-flaps, built in this manner, on the near side and in like manner on
the outer side, the right and left pull of the opposing forces are continuously
check-actioned throughout the whole circumference of the tyre. O is the outer-side

page_text: metallic-structure, fitted on to the outer side of the rim ; C1, the circle-mandril; C²,
the circumferential line shewing the alignment on the jaconet for the lock-flap
placements; C3, the jaconet or its equivalent; LI, the head of the near-side diagonal
lock-flap; L, the tail of the near-side diagonal lock-flap.
Fig. 7 is a broken-away plan-view of Fig. 6 inverted, shewing relative placements
of the heal and tail ends of the diagonal lock-flap, L L, with their check-action
adjuncts. In comparing the near and outer side of this fig., the same will be at
once understood by merely inverting Fig. 5 when it will be seen that R³ is
uppermost.
In looking along the metallic guide ring, R³, the placement of all these counter-
active agencies is at once made manifest. All these check-action agencies appear, on
their respective sides, as seen in the cross-cut sections respectively marked LL, the
near side, and L L5, on the off side. N is the near-side metallic-structure fitted on
to the near side of the rim; 0, the outer-side metallic-structure, fitted on to
the outer side of the rim; C, the circle-mandril; R³, the circumferential guide-
ring with a knife-like blade correctly separating N and O sides with half on one
side and half on the other; No, the right end of circumferential brace; N10, the
left end of same; C³, the jaconet or its equivalent; T³, the circumferential
metallic-clench specifically used with the diagonal lock-flap; E, the envelope com-
posed of tape and totally enveloping the metallic-clenches and adjuncts of same; E',
the envelope lock-flap indissolubly locking together the envelope with its metallic-
structure and adjuncts of same; LA, the head of the near-side diagonal lock-flap; L³,
the tail of the near-side diagonal lock-flap.
Fig. 8 is a plan-view of a diagonal lock-flap, taken in its entirety. In this fig.,
will be seen, E¹ remains unclosed and N and N10 are broken away. With E¹
closed, this diagonal lock-flap is shewn in Fig. 4 as the bottom lock-flap with its
tip, L', ready to be solutioned on to N side, and its opposite tip, L³, in like manner,
ready to be solutioned on to O side. This lock-flap the head of which is built
on to one side and the tail end on the other side and is, taken in its entirety,
called a lock-flap and the same that goes, in like marner, on the opposite side
is, for the same descriptional reasons, called a lock-flap with "near" or "off-side" as
the case may be. It thus goes that in describing a near-side lock-flap, in its entirety,
or an off-side lock-flap, in its entirety, the respective duplicate letters with their
respective numerals would be used thus:-L L for the first-named and L 17
for the second-named. A near-side diagonal lock-flap, it will thus be seen, is one
the head of which is built-on, on the near side, and, for the same reason, an off-side
lock-flap is one having its head built-on, on the off or outer side. Herein, is shewn
the near-side lock-flap, IA, or head, thereof, which is first built. In making a
lock-flap for the opposite side, no change is made, the one being an exact counterpart
of the other.
In placing them on the jaconet, or in building them on on, as already described in
Fig. 4, the only difference being the manner of placing E¹. The flap shewn in this
fig. would have E¹ closed and remaining as it is, whereas, the lock-flap for the
opposite side would have its E¹ folded in like manner and afterwards turned with E'
downwards so that E¹ of the one flap goes face to face with the opposing E¹ with the
triple-row of tape girths, N, firmly embedded between them, and thus forming an
invisible check-action structure indissolubly held together. After this, the braces
which are by this time adhering to the jaconet and the other ends throughout the
circumference are, for the sake of neatness and better action against the check-action
pull, enclosed in a single-ply tape solutioned on one side if not to be totally covered
by the rubber cover, and, solutioned, on both sides, if to be covered by
the rubber cover. In the former case a thin strip of one-side-solutioned jaconet will
suffice to cover up any unsightly parts. These diagonal lock-flaps can be variously
composed of single-ply cotton tapes solutioned and with marginal overlap to single-ply
linen tapes. The lock-flap shewn in this fig. has cotton for its basis with T of linen
for the diagonal strain, and, for its circumferential strain, it has T5, N° and N10
enveloped in E, which again is enveloped in E¹. Reference to Figs. 4 6 and 7 shew the

page_text: placement of this lock-flap, while Fig. 4 shews the placement of said lock-flap with
its counteractive lock-flap, on the outer side, check-actioning, all as already has been
specifically described.
Skeleton diagonal lock-flaps are composed of cotton with a strong linen thread or
cord running through it, on the same diagonal lines as indicated in To, in which case
a greater number are used. By making the cotton narrower, only two diagonal check-
action clenches, such as T, would be used, but an odd number is, for strength-giving
purposes, preferably used. E¹ is the envelope lock-flap, indissolubly locking together
the envelope, E, with its metallic structure and adjuncts.
The portion marked El of this envelope-on-being folded over, it will be seen, gives
elongation to N° on I side by having its sharp point protruding along the
circumferential alignment when placed on, as seen in Fig. 4, N10, on 15 side, being
similarly elongated, its sharp point protruding along the circumferential alignment,
whereby a further increase on the check-action of the lock-flap, in its entirety, is
obtained. To are diagonal clenches composed of linen tape either in single-ply or in
multiple-fold. They are preferably made in single-ply with strong tape or for the
sake of neatness, they are made of thin tape, duplicated and carefully pressed with
the roller, and after which they are built-on, in the manner, herein, described.
Having built-on To, the metallic-structure in E is then placed on the lock-flap and
the whole pressed firmly down by means of roller and after which the envelope lock-
flap, E', is folded over and all is then ready for building-on, as seen in Fig. 4, the
order of procedure being to build one sidé then the other, commencing for disciplinary
reasons with the near side, all as already specifically described. N is the near side,
metallic-structure, fitted on to the near side of the rim ; O, the outer-side metallic-
structure fitted on to the outer side of the rim; L', the head of the near-side diagonal
lock-flap; L, the tail of the near-side diagonal lock-flap;. No, the right end of
circumferential brace; N10, the left end of same; T4, the circumferential metallic-
clench specifically used with the diagonal lock-flap; E, the envelope composed of
linen tape totally enveloping, the metallic-clenches and adjuncts of same.
On the completion of the on-building of the lock-flaps, the rubber-cover is put on,
all as already specifically described, and after which it is taken off the circle-mandril
and put on the rim and inflated when it will be seen that instead of blow-off or
centrifugal action to the flap-edges, as with other tyres, our tyre has an entirely
different action, its action being centripetal thus giving blow-on, or blow-in action,
all as already specifically described. The circumferential metallic-clench, T5,
specifically used in the diagonal lock-flap, may be made with 16-inch-wire-guage
steel-wire or of Fox's umbrilla-metallic-frame, but for this specific purpose of clench-
ing, in the circumference or line of traction, and, check-actioned by means of To, the
diagonal clenches of linen tape, we make this clench, T5, of the very finest tempered
steel of the same quality as peu-steel or steel used in the manufacture of pen nibs.
These minute tubes are machine-cut, to their proper size, and, after which the right
end of the circumferential brace, No, is drawn through while in its dry or unsolutioned
state. This brace, in its entirety, as already specifically described, is of one piece and]
the end, No, is drawn through so that the equal-sized end, N10, remains at the same
distance, at the other end, Ts, being, as near as possible, in the centre, and thus
giving equilibrium to the strain on the circumferential or line-of-traction stretch or
tensile strain. After this has been done with the circumferential brace, in its dry or
unsolutioned state, we have T with its brace steeped in naphta for about an hour
or so and after which it is taken out of the naphta-pot and laid to dry for two or more
hours and afterwards undergoes the following process of manufacture: -(1) steeped
in thin solution (2) taken out and put into a pot of a thicker-consistency Pará
solution (3) taken out and put into another pot of a still thicker-consistency Pará
solution (4) taken out of said pot and thoroughly dried on zinc plates and after this,
it will be found that that portion of the brace, metal-covered by T5, has sufficiently
swollen and now remains firm in its metal covering, and, therefore, not liable to shift,
on being built-on, on the jaconet,

page_text: In using Fox's umbrilla-frame-metal or metallic-structure for umbrillas this
operation is more easily effected or carried out, they being hammered into shape,
and, in using steel wire, the wire is, of course, built-on, on the outside, and the whole
of the brace, having been previously totally solutioned, is thus easily dealt with, as
compared with the tubular metallic, T5. After the first inflation, on the rim, it will
be found that all these metallics, Ts, will have taken their circumferential curvature
shape. Our tyre with the diagonal lock-flap or with the rectangular lock-flap fits on
to an ordinary rim, that is to say a rim without lateral dove-tail clenches, or,
with
clench-power in the rim, and not in the tyre. We, however, do not specify any
particular rim, and knowing that a British Patent exists claiming a specific rim
having, for the purpose of holding on the tyre, dove-tail lateral grips or metallic-
clenches, we, hereat, desire it to be known that such a rim is, from its structural
nature, totally unsuited for our tyre-cover which does not depend on the rim for its
holding-on power but, on the other hand, possesses a self-holding power belonging to
the check-action arrangement, all as aforestated, in its cover and tread of canvas.
crescent rim can be used for our tyre. This specific rim modified to suit our tyre has
a blade-like projection in the channel bed made of aluminium (for the sake of light-
ness) and.extending continuously round the circumference and by means of said
projection, in the bed of the channel, the flaps take action quicker, under air-
compression, and the liability of rubber-creep is, thereby, reduced to a minimum.
Aluminium or some of its various compounds, is preferably used for the sake of
lightness.
A
The flap action of our tyres with either diagonal or with rectangular flap is, as
already specifically-described centre-seeking, in its under-inflation action, and not
centrifugal, as with other tyres.
For a second-grade tyre, we make the near-side lock-flap, L L³, of same with a
thicker kind of fabric, and, over this, when built, we place, instead of the opposite
lock-flap, L6 L', a circumferential strip of canvas or linen tape of about one third
of the tyre's cross-cut diametric measurement and, after which operation, the said
canvas cover is covered, whilst on the circle-mandril, with its india-rubber-cover, in
the ordinary way applicable to our diagonal lock-flap tyres, all as already specifically
described.
As a protection against the nipping of the air-chamber, the same is, where
necessary, covered with a thin strip or strips of jaconet or of some other suitable
protective cloth or material of analagous make or description and equally suited
therefor.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of our said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed, we declare that what we
claim is:-
First :—The method of manufacturing or constructing a check-action, self-held
pneumatic tyre, either with rectangular lock-flaps or with diagonal lock-flaps, the
latter or diagonal lock-flaps, being rigidly held and check-actioned by means of
metallic-clench, T, and its various auxilliary or subsidary check-actioning aids or
adjuncts, for all kinds of cycles, auto-motors, road carriages and other like rolling
bodies, substantially as, herein, described in reference to and shewn in the accom-
panying drawings.
Second: The circumferential metallic check-action clench, T5, in combination
with its diagonal clenches, one on either side, as shewn in Figs. 1 and 2, substantially
as, herein, described in reference to and shewn in the accompanying drawings.
Third-The circumferential metallic check-action clench, T5, as per Claim Second ;
hereof, in combination with the near-side rectangular lock-flap, L, or its counter-
active equivalent, L2, as shewn in Fig. 2, substantially as, herein, described in reference
to and shewn in the accompanying drawings.
Fourth-The circumferential metallic check-action clench, T, with envelope, E,
and continuous brace marked with its right and left ends, N° and N10, in all, con-
sisting of three distinct and independent members, and forming, in combination,

page_text: when closed or enveloped, one member, as shewn in Fig. 3, substantially as, herein,
described in reference to and shewn in the accompanying drawings.
Fifth-The diagonal lock-flap, in its entirety, L L, as shewn in Fig. 8 with lock-
flap-envelope, E', and diagonal clenches, To, held in circumferential clench by means
of Ts, as per Claim Fourth, hereof, substantially as, herein, described in reference to
and shewn in the accompanying drawings.
Sixth-The diagonal placements of lock-flaps, with stiffenings intertexed through-
out the cover, for strength-giving purposes, reciprocating check-action throughout
the cover, all as shewn, in Fig. 4, and, substantially as, herein, described in-reference
to and shewn in the accompanying drawings.