Improvements in and Connected with Refractory Linings, Particu- larly Adapted for Metallurgical Furnaces, but Applicable also for other Purposes.
Year: 1886

page_text: Date of Application, 24th June, 1886
Complete Left, 17th Mar., 1887.
Complete Accepted, 19th Apr., 1887
Improvements in and Connected with Refractory Linings, Particu-
larly Adapted for Metallurgical Furnaces, but Applicable also for
other Purposes.
I THOMAS TWYNAM of 54 Minford Gardens, West Kensington Park in the County
of Middlesex, Metallurgical Chemist do hereby declare the nature of this invention to
be as follows:-
This invention relates to improvements in and connected with tho, production of
highly refractory furnace linings and converter bottoms or plugs and of refractory
bricks and blocks for use in metallurgical operations and in the lining of moulds for
steel and other castings. It is found that when chrome iron ore ground finely and
made plastic with water is used for the lining of metallurgical vessels, the linings or
bricks when dried readily crumble away, and although intensely refractory, will not
stand the necessary mechanical wear. The same result is attained when tar, oil or
other carbonaceous matter is mixed with the ore, as the carbon soon burns out, and
leaves an unsatisfactory lining. I havo found that a very coherent refractory brick or
furnace lining material may be formed by mixing ground (but not too silicious)
chrome iron ore with a small percentage of an alkaline salt, for which purpose the
carbonate, hydrate, silicate manganate or chloride answer well, the sulphate is apt to
impart sulphur to the molten metal, and on that account is frequently unsuitable.
About eight to ten per cent of the carbonate of soda or about five per cent of the
hydrate or silicate will be found to give good results, the alkaline salt should be
dissolved in the water used for moistening the chrome ore before pressing it into bricks
or slabs, ten to twelve per cent of the chloride may be used, but this mixture is chiefly
of service for lining the moulds for steel or other castings where it will be found to
have an advantageous influence owing to the partial volatilization of the chloride which
in a furnace or converter would be somewhat objectionable.
Dated this Twenty-fourth day of June 1886.
PHILIP M. JUSTICE,
55 & 56, Chancery Lane, London,
Agent for the Applicant.

page_text: COMI LEIE DI DOLFICATION.
Improvements in and Connected with Refractory Linings, Particu-
larly Adapted for Metallurgical Furnaces, but Applicable also for
other Purposes.
I, THOMAS TWYNAM of 54 Minford Gardens, West Kensington Park in the County
of Middlesex, Metallurgical Chemist, do hereby declare the nature of this invention
and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and
ascertained in and by the following statenient :-
This invention relates to improvements in and connected with the production of
highly refractory furnace linings and converter bottoms or plugs and of refractory
bricks and blocks for use in metallurgical operations and in the lining of moulds for
steel and other castings.
It is found that when chrome iron ore ground finely and made plastic with water
is used for the lining of metallurgical vessels, the linings or bricks when dried, readily
crumble away, and although intensely refractory, will not stand the necessary
mechanical wear. The same result is found when tar, oil, or other carbonaceous
matter is mixed with the ore, as the carbon soon burns out, and leaves an unsatisfac-
tory lining. I have found that a very coherent refractory brick or furnace lining
material may be formed by mixing ground (not too silicious) chrome iron ore with a
small percentage of an alkaline salt, for which purpose the carbonate, hydrate, silicate
manganate or chloride answer well, the sulphate is apt to impart sulphur to the molten
metal, and on that account is frequently unsuitable.
For forming refractory bricks or linings for furnaces or convertors used in the
manufacture of iron or steel the following method of procedure should be employed.
The alkaline salt to he used should be dissolved in just sufficient water to thoroughly
moisten the ground chrome ore. In the case of a Siemens' or open hearth furnace
the bottom may be made directly with the moistened mass. When forming the
bottom the ore may be thrown in in layers much in the manner that a silicious
bottom is put in, one layer being set by the heat before another is thrown on.
building the side walls, poris &c, of an open hearth furnace the material is
most conveniently formed into bricks by pressing the ore moistened with the
dissolved alkaline salt into moulds after which the bricks may be dried and
used directly without a preliminary burning, but have to be carefully handled until
fired.
For
Although in my provisional specification I have stated that about eight to ten per
cent of the carbonate of soda or about five per cent of the hydrate or silicate would
be found to give good results, since then my experiments lead me to believe that about
two per cent or rather less of the carbonate of soda or from one to one and a half per
cent of the hydrate is sufficient to mix with chrome ore when the same is to be used
for the hearth or lining of a furnace for steel manufacture and that when using other
alkaline salts the quantity used should be so proportioned as to give about one per

page_text: cent of soda or potash when the brick or lining is intended to stand a steel molting
heat.
The same mixture may be used for plugs for uso in acid or basic lined converters,
slightly more alkaline salt may be used for this purpose and the plug should be fired
at a high heat. It also forms a convenient material for making tuyeres. When the
material is to be used for purposes in which such intense heats are not employed
somewhat more alkaline salt may be used with the ground chrome ore, about four to
five per cent however is the maximum which my last experiments lead me to believo
should be employed. The inaterial may be used for lining moulds for steel and other
castings and in this case besides the alkaline salts already mentioned salt may be used
to make the ground chrome ore coherent, the presence of the salt will be found to have
an advantageous influence owing to its partial volatilization in the mould whilst casting.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said invention,
and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I claim is :-
The improvements in and connected with refractory linings hereinbefore described
which consist in forming such linings of chrome iron ore intimately mixed with a
small percentage of an alkaline salt substantially as and for the purposes set forth.
Dated this 16th day of March 1887.
PHILIP M. JUSTICE,
55 & 56, Chancery Lane, London,
Applicant's Agents.