Improvements in the Manufacture of Fabrics used as or for Horse Clothing, Ruggings, Coatings, or in the Production of Felts and the like.
Year: 1898

page_text: Date of Application, 17th June, 1898
Complete Specification Left, 17th Mar., 1899-Accepted, 17th June, 1899
Improvements in the Manufacture of Fabrics used as or for Horse
Clothing, Ruggings, Coatings, or in the Production of Felts and
the like.
I, GEORGE RICHARDSON, of Low Mills, Kendal, in the County of Lancaster,
Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows:-
.
This invention relates to the manufacture of a new class of textile fabrics which
may be variously used as for example for or as horse-clothing, as ruggings and
coatings, in the production of felt, and the like.
In carrying out my invention, I may advantageously use a cheap ground warp
such as jute, but I may employ any suitable warps whatever and may arrange
the warp threads one or more, but preferably with two ends in a dent of the
reed in the loom. The number of warp threads being arranged according to the
thickness of the warp required to give the desired effect. The weft is so inter-
woven as to predominate on the face of the cloth, that is to say each weft thread
floats over more ends than under, and the face floats are so arranged and pro-
portioned that they completely bury the warp, whilst at the same time the back
floats of weft cover the warp on that surface quite adequately and only to a little
less degree than on the face. This more or less complete covering of the warp by
the weft is rendered more complete in the case of fabrics which are milled.
The accompanying diagrams illustrate in what manner I may carry my inven-
tion into effect.
I may use any convenient number of shafts in the manufacture of the cloth
from 5 upwards, except 6.
In each pick of weft the number of warp ends floated over on the face of the
cloth is the smallest number greater than one half the number of shafts, and
the following number of ends floated under is the greatest number less than
one half of the number of shafts employed. This float over and under is repeated
throughout the pick. With 5 or any other odd number of shafts, the face float
in the first pick ends and the face float in the following pick commences on the
same thread.
With an even number of shafts the face float in the second pick
commences on the thread before the last of the preceding pick as shewn by the
diagrams.
When a number of shafts is used which is the double of an odd number, half
as many lags in the pattern mechanism may be employed as there are shafts but
an.odd number of shafts may carry two warp ends instead of one as shewn to the
right of the diagrams Figures 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8. With this exception, the
ordinary draft, which is shewn to the left of each diagram, is straight in every
case.
Figure 1 is a diagram shewing the use of 5 shafts. The face float is over three
ends which is the next greater number to one half the number of shafts, and
the under float covers two ends which is the next smaller number to one half the
number of shafts. This rule is observed in every case and will not be repeated
with reference to the other diagrams. Each succeeding pick has its face floats

page_text: commencing on the warp end which was last in the preceding pick. There are
five picks to the round.
Figure 2 shews the use of seven shafts. Each pick floats over four and then
under three. As with Diagram 1 and in all cases of odd numbers of shafts, each
succeeding pick has its face floats commencing on the warp end which was last
in the preceding pick. There are seven picks to the round.
Figure 3 shews the use of eight shafts. Each pick, following the same rules,
floats over five and under three and in succeeding picks the face floats commence
on the warp thread next before the last covered by the face floats of the preceding
picks as in all cases where an even number of shafts is used. There are eight
picks to the round.
Figure 4 shews nine shafts. Each pick floats over five and under four and
there are nine picks to the round.
Figure 5 shews ten shafts. Each pick floats over six and under four and there
are five picks to the round.
Figure 6 shews eleven shafts. Each pick floats over six and under five, and
there are eleven picks to the round.
Figure 7. shews twelve shafts. Each pick floats over seven and under five and
there are twelve picks to the round.
Figure 8, shews thirteen shafts. Each pick floats over seven and under six,
and there are thirteen picks to the round.
Figure 9 shews fourteen shafts. Each pick floats over eight and under six,
and there are seven picks to the round.
Other greater numbers of shafts may be used in accordance with the same rules.
Either of the fabrics made according to this invention as illustrated by the
diagrams may be varied as for example by using two or more shuttles with
differing or contrasting wefts which produce contrasting twills. Further with
such contrasting wefts, by periodically taking successive picks with the same weft,
broken twills or similar effects may be produced. I may also add one or more
warp threads of worsted or other contrasting or special material to each or any
ground warp thread and thus produce other effects.
As with other textile fabrics, two or more cloths may be woven together in the
loom according to these improvements and such fabrics are especially useful in
the manufacture of felts and like fabrics.
Dated this Sixteenth day of June A.D. 1898.
W. E. HEYS & SON,
Agents for the Applicant.
Improvements in the Manufacture of Fabrics used as or for Horse
Clothing, Ruggings, Coatings, or in the Production of Felts and
the like.
I, GEORGE RICHARDSON, of Low Mills, Kendal, in the County of Westmoreland,
Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained
in and by the following statement:-
-
This invention relates to the manufacture of a new class of textile fabrics which
may be variously used as for example for or as horse clothing, as ruggings and
coatings, in the production of felt and the like.
In carrying out my invention I may advantageously use a cheap ground warp

page_text: such as jute, but I may employ any suitable warps whatever and may arrange
the warp threads one or more, but preferably with two, ends in a dent of the
reed in the loom, the number of warp threads being determined by the
thickness of warp required to give the desired effect. The weft is so inter-
woven as to predominate on the face of the cloth, that is to say, each weft thread
floats over more warp threads than under, and the face floats are so arranged and pro-
portioned that they completely bury the warp, whilst at the same time, the back
Hoats of weft cover the warp on that surface quite adequately and only to a little
less degree than on the face. This more or less complete covering of the warp by
the weft, is rendered more complete in the case of fabrics which are milled.
I may use any convenient number of shafts except six, from five upwards.
In each pick of the weft, the number of warp threads floated over on the face of
the cloth is the smallest number greater than one half the number of shafts used,
and the following number of warp threads floated under, that is to say on the back
of the cloth, is the greater number less than one half of the same number of
shafts. This alternate float over and under is repeated throughout the pick.
With 5, or any other odd number of shafts, the face float in the first pick ends
and the face float in the following pick commences on the same warp thread.
With an even number of shafts, the face float in the second pick comniences on
the thread before the last of the contiguous float in the preceding pick.
When a number of shafts is used which is the double of an odd number, half
as many lags in the pattern mechanism may be employed as there are shafts but
an odd number of shafts may carry two warp ends instead of one as shewn to the
right of the diagrams Figures 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8, accompanying the Provisional
Specification filed with my application for Letters Patent. With this exception, the
ordinary draft, which is shewn to the left of each of the diagrams filed with my
Provisional Specification, is straight in every case.
I will further describe my said invention with reference to the diagrams
Figures 1 to 9 inclusive left with my Provisional Specification, and to the accom-
panying diagrams Figures 10 to 21 inclusive.
Figure 1 is a diagram shewing the use of five shafts. The face float is over
3 ends, which is the smallest number greater than one half of the number of
shafts. The under float covers two ends of warp, which is the greatest number
less than one half the number of shafts. This rule, which has already herein-
before been set forth, is to be observed in every case and will not be repeated
with reference to the following diagrams. Each succeeding pick has its face
floats commencing on the warp end which was last in the contiguous float in the
preceding pick. The condition hereinbefore set forth that when there is an odd
number of shafts the weft commences its float on the warp thread on which the
contiguous float of the preceding pick ended, is thus observed and will not be
hereinafter repeated. In this case there are five picks to the round.
Figure 2, shews the use of seven shafts. Each pick, following the condition
already hereinbefore set forth, floats over four and then under three. The floats
commence and end as described under Figure 1, and there are seven picks to the
round.
Figure 3 shews the use of eight shafts. Each pick, according to the conditions
hereinbefore set forth, floats over five and under three, and in succeeding picks
the face floats commence on the warp thread next before the last covered by the
contiguous float of the preceding pick, as in all cases where an even number of
shafts is used. There are eight picks to the round.
Figure 4 shews the use of nine shafts. Following the conditions given each
pick floats over five and under four, and there are nine picks to the round, as
shewn.
Figure 5 shews the use of ten shafts. The conditions for an even number of
shafts are observed and the weft floats over six and under four. There are five
picks to the round as already described, since 10 is the double of an odd
number, 5.
'

page_text: Figure 6 shews the use of eleven shafts. Each pick floats over six and under
tive and the conditions hereinbefore specified are observed. There are eleven
picks to the round.
Figure 7 shews the use of twelve shafts. Each pick floats over seven and under
five and the required conditions are otherwise observed. There are twelve picks
to the round.
Figure 8 shews the use of thirteen shafts. Each pick floats over seven and
under six, the required conditions are observed, and there are thirteen picks to
the round.
Figure 9 shews the use of fourteen shafts. Each pick floats over eight and
under six, and there are only seven picks to the round since 14 is the double of an
odd number, 7.
Other convenient greater number of shafts may be used in accordance with the
same conditions.
The diagrams accompanying this specification illustrate applications of the
hereinbefore described invention in the production of cloths, having modified
characteristics. In these diagrams, the weft is supposed to be in horizontal lines
instead of in vertical lines as in the diagrams already hereinbefore described.
Figures 10, 11, 12 and 13 illustrate the application of my improvements in
the production of double cloths stitched together in the loom. The warp threads 1
and every third warp thread thereafter form the upper face of the cloth: warp
threads 2 and every third warp thread thereafter, form the under surface of the
cloth and warp threads 3 and every third warp thread thereafter are binding
warp threads which stitch the two cloths together. Figure 10 shews the appli-
cation of the five shaft weave as illustrated by Figure 1; Figure 11, the seven
shaft weave as illustrated by Figure 2; Figure 12, the eight shaft weave as
illustrated by Figure 3: and Figure 13 the nine shaft weave as illustrated by
Figure 4.
Other cloths having a greater number of plies or thicknesses may similarly be
woven and stitched together in the loom and other greater numbers of shafts may
be employed as illustrated by Figures 5 to 9 inclusive.
Figures 14 and 15 shew how there may be introduced into the cloth two floating
warp threads for each ground warp thread, and Figures 16 to 20, one such thread
for each ground warp thread for the purpose of producing a self or contrasting
twill, spots, checks, stripes and the like. The additional warp threads may have
the same or different colours which may be the same as or different from that of
the ground warp or weft. If the face weft threads are woven in two colours,
pick and pick, a coloured twill is produced. Further, with such contrasting weft
threads, broken or similar effects may be produced, as is well understood, by
periodically taking successive picks in the same colour. Figure 14 shews the
application of the five shaft weave, Figure 1; and Figure 15 shews that of the
seven shaft weave Figure 2 with the additional warp woven into the back of
the cloth. Other numbers of shafts may be similarly employed. The warp
threads 1 and every third warp thread thereafter, are the ground warp threads
of Figure 1. The warp threads 2 and every third warp thread thereafter form
one set of the additional floating warp threads, and the warp threads 3 and every
third warp thread thereafter form the other set of additional floating warp
threads, both being woven into the back of the cloth and not shewing on the
face, may be of a cheaper, stronger, or other different material.
Figures 16, 17, 18, 19 and 20, differ from the two figures described in
having only one additional floating warp thread for every ground warp thread,
instead of two. Figure 16 shews the application of the five shaft weave, Figure 1:
Figure 17, the seven shaft weave, Figure 2. All the warp threads bearing odd
numbers correspond with the warp threads of Figures 1 and 2. All the warp
threads bearing even numbers are the additional floating warp threads. Figures 16
and 17 shew single floating warp threads woven into the back of the cloth as in
Figures 14 and 15. In Figures 18, 19 and 20, a twilled effect is produced by

page_text: bringing the floating warp ends into the face of the cloth. These warp threads,
as before described, are those bearing even numbers. Figure 18 shews the five
shaft weave, Figure 1: Figure 19 the seven shaft weave, Figure 2. In Figure 20,
a similar effect is produced with the nine shaft weave Figure 4, by similar means.
It will be understood that the additional floating warp threads Figures 14 to 20
inclusive can be interwoven in either the face or back of the cloth. Figures 14 to 17
inclusive shew them as interwoven into the back, and Figures 18, 19 and 20,
as interwoven in the face, but I do not limit myself to these examples. With
reference to Figures 14, 15, 18, 19 and 20, it will be seen that, in order to obtain
the lengths of floats for the additional warp threads stitched into the fabrics,
separately shewn by diagrams Figures 1, 2 and 4, it is necessary to repeat the
order of picks in the round. This is not necessary in all cases however, as for
examples in Figures 16 and 17.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what
I claim is:
1. The herein before described manufacture or production of cloth which
consists in floating the ground weft successively over and under portions of the
warp the number of warp threads floated over in one round by the ground weft
being equal to the next whole number greater than one half of the total number
of shafts used and the number of warp threads floated under by the same thread
being equal to the number of shafts used minus the number of warp threads floated
over, and in which each over float of the ground weft with 5 or any greater odd
number of shafts commences on the warp thread last floated over in the pre-
ceding pick or commences in the case of 8 or other greater even number of
shafts on the last but one warp thread floated over in the preceding pick.
2. The hereinbefore described manufacture or production of cloth which
consists in interweaving the ground warp and weft in the manner described in the
preceding claim and in interweaving therewith additional warp threads sub-
stantially as and for the purposes hereinbefore set forth.
3. As new articles of manufacture, textile fabrics in which the ground warp
and weft are interwoven in the manners and for the purposes hereinbefore
described and as illustrated by the diagrams accompanying both the provisional
and the present specifications.
Toted this 16th day of Varah AT 1800