IMPROVE- MENTS IN THE ARRANGEMENT AND CONSTRUCTION OF MODEL GLOBES DRIVEN BY CLOCKWORK FOR THE PURPOSE OF DEMONSTRATING AT ALL TIMES
Year: 1874

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Louis Jérome Napoleon Mouret, Civil Engineer,
of 13, Ruo Gaillon, Paris, France, for the Invention of "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE ARRANGEMENT AND CONSTRUCTION OF MODEL GLOBES DRIVEN BY
CLOCKWORK FOR THE PURPOSE OF DEMONSTRATING AT ALL TIMES ALL THE
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION filed by the said Louis Jéromo Napolcon
Mouret at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his
Petition and Declaration, on the 4th August 1874, pursuant to the
9th Section of the Patent Law Amendment Act, 1852.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, LOUIS
JEROME NAPOLEON MOURET, Civil Engineer, of 13, Rue Gaillon, Paris,
France, send greeting.
WHEREAS I am in possession of an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
THE ARRANGEMENT AND CONSTRUCTION OF MODEL GLOBES DRIVEN BY CLOCKWORK
FOR-THE-PURPOSE OF DEMONSTRATING AT ALL TIMES ALL THE ASTRONOMICAL PHASES
OF THE EARTH WITH REFERENCE TO THE SUN," and lave petitioned Her
Majesty to grant unto me, my executors, administrators, and assigns,
•

page_text: Her Royal Letters Patent for the same, and have made solemn Decla❤
ration that I am the true and first Inventor thereof.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Louis Jérome Napoleon Mouret, do
hereby declare that the following Complete Specification under my hand
and seal, fully describes and ascertains the nature of the said Invention,
and in what manner the same is to be performed, in and by the
following statement:-
In order that my Invention be clearly understood I will proceed to
describe it in detail conjointly with the three accompanying Sheets of
Drawings, of which Sheet 1 represents in plan at Figure 1, and in longi-
tudinal clevation at Figuro 2, an apparatus serving to demonstrate tho
correctness of the theory on which my apparatus are constructed and
worked.
Sheet 2 represents in three different Figures one arrangement of a
model globe driven by two clockworks, the first of which is an ordinary
timepiece, and the second specially adapted to the globe but controlled
or regulated by the first, in which Figure 1 is a plan in section
through A, A, Figure 2; Figure 2, a lateral elevation in section
through B, B, Figure 1; and Figure 3, an external lateral elevation of
the same seen from the other side.
Sheet 3 represents in five different Figures another construction of the
said globe, in which one single clockwork is made to answer the double
purpose of imparting motion to the globe and of indicating the time,
Figure 1 being a plan in section through A, A, Figure 2; Figuro 2, a
front elevation of the same with the clockwork removed; Figure 3, a
lateral elevation with a few parts in section; Figure 4, a back clevation
with the globo in section; and Figuro 5, a plan completo.
The object of my Invention is to facilitato the demonstration in a
clear and tangible manner of the different astronomical motions of the
carth. For this purpose I construct my models with a sphere of any
given size, but which, for cheapness and other considerations, I prefer to
limit to between 6 to 12 inches diameter, and which I connect by an
appropriate train of wheels with a motive power, such as a barrel spring,
in such a manner that this globe, impelled by the clockwork, will pass
through successively all the phases of its revolutions, and at the samo
rato at which our planet travels. And to render the demonstrations
more effective and conclusive, I attach to the said model a timepiece,
either combined with the clockwork of the sphere, or preferably actuating

page_text: simultaneously the said globe, whilst at the same time either of these
motors can at any time be disengaged, and the different motions imparted
to the globe by hand at any required speed.
DEMONSTRATIVe Apparatus, SHEET 1.
In order to simplify my automatically moving globes, instead of
causing them to describe a large circuit or orbit such as the earth makos
round the sun, I merely cause it to make an orbit on its own centro
independently of its rotation round its own inclined axis. The above
mentioned apparatus is for the purpose of demonstrating that under these
circumstances such motion is faithfully correct as regards the different
phases of the earth with reference to the light it receives from the sun.
If we suppose a person placed with his back to the sun in a line with tho
radius vector, and provided with a telescope to follow not our planet but
merely its axis, supposing the same to be visible, the said axis, on account
of its parallelism, will have described two cones d, e, f, and 1, c, n,
Figure 2, the former of which will be inverted. A linė a, b, passing
through the centres of these two cones will divide the axis d, n, at c,
that is, in two equal parts, and it follows that the said line, which must
be perpendicular to the plane of the orbit r, t, may be denominated the
orbitating line, and extended from 6 to x, and thus provide the clement
of a central fixed spindle, which I also denominate the orbitating
spindle, because although remaining stationary its mission is to cause to
be realized with an absolute precision all the consequences of the travel
of the orbit.
The left apparatus, Figures 1 and 2, describes an orbit according to
section J, K; the right apparatus is an equivalent, reproducing the
effects of the travel of the orbit an its own centre.
I will commence by describing the left apparatus, of which J, K; is
a fraction of its orbital circumference; P, the supposed centre of the
sun; P, o, a straight line connecting the centre of the sun with the
centre of the carth, which line I denominate the radius vector;
M, position supposed to be occupied by solar observer; T, V, the cir-
cumferential limit of the solar light, indicated by a ring, which I
denominate circle of illumination, passing through the centre of the
sphere in which it turns on its axis, and accomplishes its two motions,
diurnal and orbital, the first of which actually, and the second by
traduction; a, z, axis of the earth, which is constantly parallel with

page_text: itself; b, o, a, the angle of perspective of this axis, such as it is seen by
the solar observer M, and which is modified every instant of time for the
said observer; 8, t, u, v, r, dial showing the months and days, and
indicating modifications exactly similar to those of the axis; d, e, f, g, h,
frame supporting the above-mentioned parts, rotating at P by means of
the handle R, as indicated by the arrows; s¹, indicator attached to the
said rotating frame, which indicates to the observer the constant changes
and successions of days and months.
The right hand apparatus is composed of M' position assumed by the
observer placed in front of the globe; o, central point through which
the central line of the cones passes; s, t, axis of the carth; 8, o, z, angle
of perspective of the axis of the globe, which angle, as regards the
terrestial observer M³, is absolutely identical to the angle b, o, a, which
is seen not only by the solar observer M, but at the same time by the
two observers for the same month and day and for each second of the
year. Therein lies the difficulty of the solution, that is to say, the
terrestial observer placed at M³, Figure 2, will perceive the axis of the
globe at a, n, on the 22nd September, and at f, l, on the 22nd March,
and on the following September the same axis will return to the position
d, n, after having described the two cones d, c, f, and l, c, n.
a, b, will
be the centre line of those two concs, and perpendicular to the plane of
the orbit r, t, and may be extended from 6 to x, in which case it will
give rise to the orbitating shaft, on the summit of which tho globe will
pivot, just as if the rotation occurred at the centre of the earth. Thus
whilst all these results occur for the terrestial observer, the same results
will be perceived by the solar observer as far as geometrical lines aro
concerned, which lines are sufficient, and which may be regarded in the
same light as the translation of one language into another, in which
the words differ but tho meaning is the same. Therefore this theory of
imaginary cones is correct, since it is founded on a correct geometrical
basis.
I will now proceed to describe the two mechanical systems which I
have adopted to carry the same into practice, the first being driven by
two combined clockworks and the second by a single one.
Model Globe Driven by Two Clockworks and by Hand when required ¦
for Experimental Purposes, Sheet 2.-This model consists in a main
upright central shaft 1, which I call an orbitating shaft provided with a
barrel spring 2, which is wound up by a handle 3, pinion 4, and

page_text: wheel 5, 6 being the usual ratchet wheel employed conjointly with a
catch not shown in the Drawing. I also place loosely on this shaft a
large gear 7 with 146 teeth gearing with a pinion 8 connected by
upright pillars with an upper plate 9 turning on the summit of the
shaft 1. The number 146 has been adopted for these teeth because
being of 365, the number of days in the year"; the pinion 8 can cause it
to pass teeth in 24 hours, which corresponds to 0°, 59', 8", consequently
the gear 7 will make exactly one revolution in 365 days. On the gear 7
I fix the inclined spindle 10 for the sphere and provide its upper
extremity with a small conical cavity to receive the point of a needle,
forming at the same time the geometrical centre, and the centre of
gravity of the globe for the former purpose, see Figure 4, Sheet 3. The
globe contains a central hollow wooden shaft a lined with a metallic
tube b on which the globe must be turned, and in the centre of which
the needle has been solidly fixed for the latter purpose (see also
Figure 4, Sheet 3) I adapt round the wooden post a a metallic ring c
from which radiate three frames d provided each with a screw e, on which
are strung the balance weights f, the position of which can be regulated
from the outside by a key passed through the thickness of the globe on
to the square ends g. On the central tube 11 I fix a pinion 12 gearing
with the spur wheel 13 of the barrel; the motion thus imparted by the
barrel is transmitted to the lower pinion 14 made fast with the upper
pinion 12, from thence by the intermediate loose gear 15 to the central
pinion 16 running loose on the upright shaft 1, and connected by a
tube 17 with the lower gear 18, which drives the pinion 19 in direct
connection with the clockwork or timepiece 20 by level gears 21, 22,
23, 24, the latter of which is made fast on the upright spindle 25, on the
upper extremity of which is fitted a sliding coupling 26 provided with a
tooth 27, which can be brought in and out of gear with the corresponding
tooth 28 adapted in the under face of the coupling 29, fixed on the
lower extremity of the spindle 30 driven by the clockwork 20, which
thus regulates the requisite motion imparted to the sphère by tho
barrel 2.
When the globe is required to work with the timepiece 20 the latter
is first connected by raising the clutch 26 by means of the bell-crank
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page_text: with 12 teeth fitted on the horizontal shaft 35, and thus the motion
imparted by the barrel 2 is controlled thanks to the horizontal worm 30
fitted on the extremity of the shaft 85 gearing in the 25 toothed wheel 37
fitted on the upright spindle 38, which carries the 10 toothed pinion 8
gearing in the large orbital gear 7, which makes one entire revolution 5
in 365 days; for this large orbital gear 7 is provided as above stated
with 146 teeth, and 10 is to 25 as 146 is 365.
It must be borne in mind that the barrel spring 2 is placed centrally
in the flying frame 9, 7, that it imparts its motion to the pinion 8, and
its spring is wound by the rotation of the main central shaft 1; it 1
therefore follows that this spring acting at its two extremities imparts
two motions, one to the pinion 12 and the other to the pinion 8 which
requires to be regulated or controlled; this is effected by the worm 36
driven by the worm wheel 34 which in its turn is driven by the upright
spindle 39, that is, by the clockwork of the timepiece.
It is also important to remark that if the worm 36 is driven by the
wheel 34, whilst the timepiece is in gear by means of the spring
clutch 40, the action of this clutch ceases when the apparatus is worked
for experimental purposes by the handle 41. When the handle is
rotated the worm 36 receives the same motion, and rotates the wheel 37 2
and pinion 8, which latter allows the orbital wheel 7 to turn 0°, 59′, 8″,
for each revolution of the handle, that is, in 24 hours; this development
takes place whilst all the other parts remain stationary, and therefore
also the orbital wheel which carries the axis of the globe, it follows that
the experimental operator being placed in the same conditions as those of 2
the solar observer can in a few minutes reproduce all the modifications
of the angle of perspective of the axis for any day or cach day of the
year.
As above stated it is the clutch 20 and 30, which effects the connection
between the barrel spring 2 and the timepiece 20, and the same can be g
disconnected by the rod 12; this rod in my mechanism is caused to
assume three different positions; the first, as shown in Figure 2, where
the barrel spring and timepiece are connected; the second, half way
drawn out, disconnects the two sources of power, the barrel spring being
completely independent acts on the gear 18, pinion 19, gear 43, and 3
pinion 44, and gear 45, and pinion 46, on the shaft of which latter is
placed an ordinary fly, and under these circumstances will rotate with a
relatively rapid motion; the third when completely drawn out, a brake

page_text: attached to the bell crank 31 comes in contact with the fly, and then all
motion of the globe is arrested. Therefore the three following conditions
are obtained for the globe :-
Regular motion in relation with time, rapid motion, immobility, and
simultaneously in either of these three conditions the handle-41.can-be
worked. I will also add that the globe turns on an axis inclined 23° 28',
which remains constant during the annual revolution that the globe
travels, thus in the plane of a large fixed circle which divides it in two.
equal parts, and thus forms for each second of the year the surface.
receiving the sun's light, and that which remains in darkness. Behind
this large circle, at a distance of about 10 degrees, another circlo exists
which indicates for each second of the year the zone of reverberation,
the circumferential depth of which is always equal, and what is termed
daybreak and twilight.
Besides these two circles I adapt a third a still more important
indicator, Figures 2 and 3, consisting in an upright 47 with an upper
point 48 directed constantly to the centre of the lighted surface of the
globe, and which corresponds with the radius vector and a lower.
point 49, serving to indicate on the rotating dial 50 the days and months
of the year.
Model Globe Driven by the Timepiece and by Hand for Experimental
Purposes, Sheet 3.-This model consists in a base plate 1, to which the
entire apparatus is attached by a central bolt 2, and levelled by mill-
headed studs 3, 3, 3. The said apparatus is contained entirely in the
framework 4, to which are attached the two uprights 5,.5, by means of
the regulating screws 6, 6. To these uprights are attached, firstly, the
circle of illumination.7; and, secondly, the semicircular bar 8, to which
is affixed tho pointer. 9 simulating the radius vector, and a second
pointer 10 serving to indicate the months and the days engraved on the
rotating ring 11 supported on pins 12, 12, projecting from the rotating
framing 13, to which the inclined axis 14 of the sphere 15 is attached.
The timepiece I make use of for imparting motion to my sphere is
sufficiently represented by the main plates 16, 16, 16, attached to the
main framing, and may be of any ordinary description provided with a
spindle 17, making one revolution in an hour, and bearing at its.
extremity a 7 tooth pinion 18 gearing in a wheel 19:with-168: teeth,
and making consequently one revolution in twenty-four hours, which

page_text: motion is transmitted by tho bevel gears 20, 20, spin wheel and
pinion 21, 22, and bevel wheels 23, 21, to the globe 15 rotating on its
axis 14, whilst it is caused to effect its orbital circuit by the screw 25
keyed on the horizontal shaft 26, and gearing in worm wheel 27, see
Figures 1 and 4, pinion 28, and spur wheel 29 made fast to the rotating
cage 18, turning on the upright stationary orbitating spindle 30.
For experimental purposes I make uso of the cross shaft 20 provided
at each extremity with a handle 31 and 32, the one 31 for the purpose
of rotating rapidly the globe according to its two motions diurnal and
orbital, in which case the bevel gear 20 keyed on the shaft 26 through 1
the gears 20, 21, 22, 23, and 21 imparts the diurnal motion, as abovo
stated, and slips ahead of the clockwork gear 19 by the depression of the
spring catch 36, whilst the parts 25, 27, 28, and 29 impart the orbital
motion, the one 32 for acting on the orbital motion only through the
parts 25, 27, 28, and 29, above mentioned, all the others remaining 1
stationary from the fact of the existence of the spring catch 35 fitted in
the disc 34, forming part of the sleeve 33 keyed on the left extremity of
the shaft 26, which is made in two pieces, as shown, by the part of the
sleeve in section, Figure 2.
The catches 35 and 36 are both shewn turned at right angles to 2
facilitate comprehension. For larger globes I proposo adapting an
auxiliary barrel spring to the gear 19 to assist the clockwork.
For scientific purposes, as well as for the navy, I modify my models,
firstly, by doing away with any experimental working; and, secondly,
by providing the orbital gear with 487 teeth for the bissextile cyclo 2
comprising 1461 days, which must be effected with precision and
without stoppage of any sort. For the number 1461 divided by 3 gives
487. The astronomical year which includes 305-25 days yields the same
result, 365-25 divided by 3 equals 121-75, which, added to 365-25,
makes 457.
This latter operation shows that with an orbital gear of 487 teeth
the pinion acting on the same should pass one and one-third teeth
in 24 hours.
Having thus explained the nature of my improvements, and the best
means I am acquainted with for carrying the same into practice, I claim 3
as my Invention,—
Firstly. Tho construction and general arrangement of the mechanism

page_text: above described, and illustrated in Sheet 1, for demonstrating the cor-
rectness of the theory on which my model globes are made by working
simultaneously with the same handle a skeleton apparatus representing
my system of globe, and a similar apparatus describing a wide circuit
round a fixed point or centre.
Secondly. The general arrangement of mechanism above described,
and illustrated in Sheet 2, for passing a model globe through the phases
of our planet, and at the same speed conjointly with a timepiece, the
said globe being actuated by a primo mover, the motion of which is
regulated by the timepiece.
Thirdly. The general arrangement of parts in the said model, illus-
trated in Sheet 2, whereby the globe is operated by hand for demon-
strative purposes or for adjustment.
Fourthly. The general arrangement and construction of tho
mechanism above described and illustrated in Sheet 3, for imparting the
several motions to a model globe by means of one single clockwork,
serving at the same time as a timepiece, as well as the parts specified
and illustrated for imparting to the globe a more rapid motion by hand
when required for the purpose of demonstration or setting.
In witness whereof, I, the said Louis Jérome Napoleon Mouret,
have hereunto set my hand and seal, this Thirty-first day of
July, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and
seventy-four.
5 Witnesses,
LASNIER &
D. H. BRANDON,
13, Ruo Gaillon,
Paris.
L. J. N. MOURET. (L.S.)