IMPROVEMENTS IN VALVE GEAR FOR DIRECT-ACTING STEAM ENGINES AND PARTS FOR WORKING THE SAME
Year: 1877

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Martin Benson, of No. 9, Southampton Buildings, London,
for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN VALVE GEAR FOR DIRECT-ACTING
STEAM ENGINES AND PARTS FOR WORKING THE SAME." A communication
from abroad by Ezra Cope and James Riley Maxwell, of Hamilton, Ohio,
United States of North America.
Sealed the 16th November 1877, and dated the 5th June 1877.
'
"IMPROVEMENTS
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Martin Benson at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents on the 5th June 1877.
MARTIN BENSON, of No. 9, Southampton Buildings, London.
IN VALVE GEAR FOR DIRECT-ACTING STEAM ENGINES AND PARTS FOR WORKING
THE SAME." A communication from abroad by Ezra Cope and James Riley
Maxwell, of Hamilton, Ohio, United States of North America.
1
One portion of my improvement consists in the several arrangements of parts and
manner of working the valve or valves for regulating the pressure of steam
admitted to the cylinder for governing and keeping the piston speed at a constant
and uniform velocity under variable loads, particular when the engine is used
for pumping purposes, and is partly supplemental to my Patent, dated 10th
February 1876, No. 1413, for improvements in steam valves for steam pumping
machinery, and the manner of working the same. In that case, as in this, I produce
the governing effect by the combined motion of the main valve seat, which is move;
able, and the main valve; but in this case, with a simpler and more efficient arrange-
ment of parts, the main valve seat receives its motion from the main piston of the
engine through a suitable arrangement of levers and rods, and the main valve is
moved by the direct pressure of steam in a supplementary cylinder, and is controlled
by an ordinary cataract'; in some of the arrangements the supplementary cylinder is
placed inside the steam chest.
"
The auxiliary valve is moved in most of the arrangements by a lever worked
from the main piston, similar to the plans in my Patent of 16th February 1876.
In some cases, to ensure a full stroke of the auxiliary valve, a secondary lever is
employed, one end of which is sometimes attached to the piston rod of the auxiliary,
or cataract cylinder, while its opposite end is attached to the upper end of the lever

page_text: moved by the main piston, and so arranged that in reversing the motion of the
auxiliary piston its rod is made to act on the auxiliary valve rod through the
secondary lever, and thereby give the auxiliary valve its full stroke.
In some arrangements the auxiliary valve is moved, or partly moved, by the
valve-moving seat or the main valve, or the combined notion of the valve-moving
seat and main valve by a lever or an arrangement of levers and rods placed inside
the steam chest and connected with the auxiliary. cylinder and its piston, by which
they are worked, for moving the auxiliary valve. Usually in such cases the main
valve receives its initial movement from the main piston through a suitable system
of levers and rods; valves of this structure or other forms of valves herein
described may be used in duplex engines; in such cases the piston of one cylinder is
made to move the valve of the other.
Another modification of my improvement is operating an independent exhaust,
valve by a supplementary cylinder, and the inlet valve by the combined motion
taken from the main piston and from a supplementary cylinder, and controlled in
its movement by a cataract; in some cases the inlet valves are cylindrical and have
an oscillating motion, and are fit in the steam passages leading from the valve face
to the cylinder.
Another portion of the improvement is the manner of using a twisted bar for
moving the main valve by motion taken from the main piston rod through an
arm in combination with an auxiliary cylinder and cataract for producing the
controling and governing motion on the main valve; in this case but one valve is
used.
Another modification of this portion of my improvement is to employ a lever
properly fulcrumed and moved by the main piston to act on a slide, which slide is
also indirectly connected with an auxiliary cylinder, and both of which are made to
act on the main valve, and by the combined motion of the two the main valve
receives its governing movement; in this case the auxiliary cylinder is supplied with
water pressure for moving its piston, and is thereby made to perform the functions
of a valve-moving cylinder and cataract.
In some of the valve arrangements I employ balance slide valves, and for some
cases use the cylindrical slide valve, and in some instances the cut-off or governing
motion is effected by working the cut-off valve at right angles, or across the main
valve, similar to the plans described in my Patent dated 16th October 1875..
Another modification of my improvement is to use a single steam valve worked
by water pressure from a moveable auxiliary cylinder, and the motion imparted to
the said cylinder from the piston of the engine produces the governing inotion of
the valve; the lever for moving the auxiliary or cataract cylinder from the main
piston is provided with adjustable fulcrums to vary the movement of the cylinder
or regulate the cut-off while the engine is in motion.
In some cases the auxiliary or valve-moving cylinders are constructed so when
first starting the engine they are worked by steam till a sufficient pressure is got
in the pump when the steam is shut off, and the water pressure from the pump
used instead; the pistons of the auxiliary cylinders are cushioned in some cases by
air chambers to prevent them striking or moving too far.
Another part of my improvement is to govern the motion of the engines by
opening or closing the valve or cock in the cataract cylinder to permit the liquid to
flow from one end of the cylinder to the other with an increased or diminished
resistance for regulating the motion of the steam valve. This is effected by pressure
of water in the pump acting in a cylinder provided with a piston, the said piston
operating the cataract valve through the medium of levers and rods; the levers are
weighted to move the valve in one direction, while the pressure from the pump
moves it in the opposite direction to open and close it as required for governing
purposes.
Another portion of my improvement is adopting the valve arrangement to a
single cylinder direct-acting condensing engine for adimitting steam to the exhaust
end of the cylinder to destroy the vacuum, and forming a cushion for the piston, and

page_text: reducing the pressure of exhaust steam before it passes to the condenser to lessen
the quantity of condensing water; also the arrangement of a right and left hand
screw for regulating the tappets for moving the auxiliary valve for direct-acting,
engines, and for adjusting the auxiliary valve to its proper position.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said Martin Benson in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 1st
December 1877.
"IMPROVEMENTS
MARTIN BENSON, of No. 9, Southampton Buildings, London.
IN VALVE GEAR FOR DIRECT-ACTING STEAM ENGINES AND PARTS FOR WORKING
THE SAME." A communication from abroad by Ezra Cope and James Riley
Maxwell, of Hamilton, Ohio, United States of North America.
One portion of my improvement consists in the several arrangements of parts and
manner of working the valve or valves for regulating the pressure of steam
admitted to the cylinder for governing and keeping the piston speed at a constant
and uniform velocity under variable loads, particular when the engine is used for
pumping purposes; and is partly supplemental to my Patent, dated 16th February
1876, No. 1413, for improvements in steam valves for steam pumping machinery,
and the manner of working the same. In that case, as in this, I produce the
governing effect by the combined notion of the main valve seat, which is moveable,
and the main valve; but in this case, with a simpler and more efficient arrangement
of parts, the main valve sont receives its motion from the main piston of the
engine through a suitable arrangement of levers and rods, and the main valve is
moved by the direct pressure of steam in a supplementary cylinder, and is con-
trolled by an ordinary cataract; in some of the arrangements the supplementary
cylinder is placed inside the steam chest.
The auxiliary valve is moved in most of the arrangements by a lever worked from
the main piston, similar to the plans in my Patent of the 16th February. 1876.
In some cases, to ensure a full stroke of the auxiliary valve, a secondary lever is
employed, one end of which is sometimes attached to the piston rod of the
auxiliary or cataract cylinder, while its opposite end is attached to the upper
end of the lever moved by the main piston, and so arranged that in reversing.
the motion of the auxiliary piston its rod is made to act on the auxiliary valve
rod through the secondary lever, and thereby give the auxiliary valve its
full stroke.
In some arrangements the auxiliary valve is moved, or partly moved, by the
valve-moving seat or the main valve, or the combined motion of the valve-moving
seat and main valve by a lever or an arrangement of levers and rods placed inside
the steam chest, and connected with the auxiliary cylinder and its piston, by which
they are worked, for moving the auxiliary valve. Usually in such cases the main
valve receives its initial movement from the main piston through a suitable system.
of levers and rods; valves of this structure or other forms of valves herein.
described may be used in duplex engines; in such cases the piston of one cylinder
is made to move the valve of the other.
Another modification of my improvement is operating an independent exhaust
valve by a supplementary cylinder, and the inlet valve by the combined motion

page_text: taken from the main piston, and from a supplementary cylinder, and controlled in
its-movement by a cataract; in some cases the inlet valves are cylindrical, and, have
an oscillating motion, and are fit in the steam passages leading from the valve face
to the cylinder.
Another portion of my improvement is the manner of using a twisted bar for
moving the main valve by motion taken from the main piston rod through an arm
in combination with an auxiliary cylinder and cataract for producing the controlling
and governing motion on the main valve, in this case but one valve is used.
Another modification of this portion of my improvement is to employ a lever
properly fulcrumed and moved by the main piston to act on a slide, which slide is
also indirectly connected with an auxiliary cylinder, and both of which are made to
act on the main valve, and by the combined motion of the two the main valve
receives its governing movement; in this case the auxiliary cylinder is supplied with
water pressure for moving its piston, and is thereby made to perform the functions
of a valve-moving cylinder and cataract.
•
In some of the valve arrangements I employ balance slide valves, and for some cases
use the cylindrical slide valve, and in some instances the cut-off or governing motion
is effected by working the cut-off valve at right angles or across the main valve,
similar to the plans described in my Patent, dated 16th October 1875.
Another modification of my improvement is to use 'a single steam valve worked
by. water pressure from a movable auxiliary cylinder, and the motion imparted to
the said cylinder from the piston of the engine produces the governing motion of
the valve; the lever for moving the auxiliary or cataract cylinder from the main
piston is provided with adjustable fulcrums to vary the movement of the cylinder
or regulate the cut-off while the engine is in motion.
In some cases the auxiliary or valve-moving cylinders are constructed so when
first starting the engine they are worked by stoani until a sufficient pressure in got
in the pump, when the steam is shut off, and the water pressure from the pump used
instead; the pistons of the auxiliary cylinders are cushioned in some cases by.air
chambers to prevent them sticking or moving too far.
Another part of my improvement is to govern the motion of the engine by open-
ing or closing the valve or cock in the cataract cylinder to permit the liquid to flow
from one end of the cylinder to the other with an increased or diminished resistance
for regulating the motion of the steam valve. This is effected by pressure of water
in the pump acting in a cylinder provided with a piston; the said piston operating
the cataract valve through the medium of levers and rods; the levers are weighted
to move the valve in one direction, while the pressure from the pump moves it in
the opposite direction to open and close it as required for governing purposes.
Another portion of my improvement is adopting the valve arrangement to a
single cylinder direct-acting condensing engine for admitting steam to the exhaust
end of the cylinder to destroy the vacuum, and forming a cushion for the
piston, and reducing the pressure of exhaust steam before it passes to the con-
denser to lessen the quantity of condensing water, also the arrangement of a right
and left hand screw for regulating the tappets for moving the auxiliary valve for
direct-acting engines, and for adjusting the auxiliary valve to its proper position.
Reference will now be made to the accompanying Drawings and letters of reference
marked thereon, in order to give a fuller understanding of the improvements.
Fig, 1, Sheet 1, of the accompanying Drawings illustrate a modification of the
self-governing valve motion, the cataract is stationary, and the self-governing effect
is produced by the combined motions of the main valve seat, which is movable, and
the main valve itself. The former receives its motion from the main piston by
means of a lever, and the latter is. moved by the direct pressure of steam and is
controlled by a cataract.
A is the main steam cylinder; B, the main piston; and C, the steam chest ; D, is
the main valve moved, as before mentioned, by the direct pressure of steam upon
the valve-moving piston D¹; E is a movable valve seat, upon which the main valve
slides; the seat itself receives a positive motion. from the main piston through the

page_text: lever I and connecting rod I'; F is the auxiliary valve which admits steam to and
exhansts it from the valve moving cylinder C¹; it is operated by the contact of
the lever I with the tappets k, k¹, upon the rod K. The valve F receives additional
motion in order to open the ports e, e, to their full extent by means of the secondary
lever M, which is fulcrumed at the end of the lever I, and receives motion from the
valve-moving piston D¹ through its rod D" and the connecting link N. The ball of
the lever M acts upon the tappets k, l, to move the valve F; H is a stationary cataract
of ordinary construction whose piston is attached to and controls the motion of the
valve-moving piston D¹.
The operation of this arrangement is as follows:-As shewn in the Drawings the
main piston has just reached the end of its stroke to the left, causing the lever I to
come in contact with the tappet ³, moving the auxiliary valve F to the right;
steam now passes through the port e, to the left of the valve-moving piston D¹
forcing it, and hence the main valve D to the right, at the velocity permitted by the
flow of liquid in the cataract cylinder. This motion of the valve-moving piston acts,
as we have shown, through the lever M upon the auxiliary valve F, containing its
motion to the right and admitting a full supply of steain throguh the port e to the
valve-moving piston. The main valve being thus carried to the right commences to
uncover the porta in the valve seat, and hence steam passes through the main steam
port A¹ to the left of the main piston, and is exhausted from its right, causing it to
commence its stroke to the right. The lever I at once commences to 'act upon the
movable seat E, forcing it to the right, the same direction in which the main valve.is
moving. Now if they continue to move at exactly the same velocity.the opening for
the admission of steam to the inain cylinder will remain the same. But if tho
load upon the main piston should be so increased as to lessen its velocity, the open-
ing for the admission of steam will be increased, since the main valve continues to
inove at a uniform velocity. On the other hand, should the load be lessened so
as to increase the velocity of the main piston, the valve seat will be carried under the
main valve, so as to nearly or quite cut off the admission of steam. Thus the same
effect is produced as in previous arrangements of my Patented "self-governing
valve" motions the admission of steam being automatically controlled, according to
the work to be done.
Fig. 2, Sheet 1, is an arrangement identical in principle and action with. the
preceding, but differing somewhat in construction. The valve-moving piston is an
ordinary piston working in an independent cylinder C, and moving the main valve
by the rod D". The auxiliary valve F' receives its additional motion by means of the
lever M placed inside the steam chest, and operated by a ball working in a socket in the
main valve. The effect produced is precisely similar to that herein-before described.
Fig. 3, Sheet 1, is a further modification of this arrangement differing from the
previous one only in the method adopted for moving the auxiliary valve F: An
arm & is attached to the movable seat, receiving motion with it from the lever 1;
and acting on the auxiliary valve through the lever M and rod K. The motion
being received from the lever I, between its power and fulcrum, the valve F is
moved in a direction opposite to that in which it was moved in the previous cases,
hence the valve must be a B valve to produce the proper effect. In every other
respect the arrangements are precisely similar.
The arrangement shewn in Figs. 4, 5, and 6, Sheet 2, differs principally from the
arrangements before described in the construction and arrangement of the auxiliary.
valve F. Fig. 4 is n sectional elevation of this arrangement; Fig. 5, a transverse
sectional elevation; and Fig. 6, a plan. The valve seat is movable and is operated
as in the first three arrangements from the main piston, and the main valve is
operated by the direct pressure of steam. The main valve D and valve-
moving piston D' are cast together and operate in an independent cylinder
abutting against the ends of the steam chest. The auxiliary valve F is.
placed on the side of the valve-moving cylinder C, and is operated from
the movable seat by means of the lever K. The fulcrum is in the seat E; one;
end of the lever K.is attached to a stem on the back of the valve F, and the other,
'
.

page_text: .
extends down between two fixed tappets k, k¹. The movable seat carries the lever
K until its lower end comes in contact with one of the tappets k, k². The seat
continuing to move will operate the lever, causing it to throw the auxiliary valve F.
The cataract piston rod is attached to the valve-moving piston by means of the
yoke and rods D" D". A plug R is provided for throttling the exhaust from the
valve-moving cylinder when no cataract is used. The operation is the same as that
described and represented by Fig. 1, as to the self-governing action of the valve.
Fig. 7, Sheet 2, is a longitudinal elevation; Fig. 8, a transverse elevation; Fig. 9,
a plan of the valves; and Fig. 10, the auxiliary valve F. The auxiliary valve F is
placed within the valve-moving piston, and is operated by a lever K, as in the 1
previous described plans. In the previous case the valve was necessarilly short, so
that the parts and e¹ leading to the ends of the valve-moving cylinder were
crossed. In this case the valve is sufficiently long to render the crossing of the
ports unnecessary; hence a B valve is required to produce the proper effect. The
operation of both the arrangements is precisely the same.
Fig. 11, Sheet 3, represents an arrangement and its modifications with an inde-
pendent exhaust valve D operated by an independent auxiliary piston G¹, while the
main valve E is the cut-off and admission valve, having two motions imparted to
it to produce the differential motion of the cut-off valve only; one motion is imparted
to it by the direct pressure of steam upon the valve-moving piston D¹, and the s
other from the main piston through the lever I and a movable cataract cylinder H,
the combined motions producing a differential motion of the main valve, as in my
previous Patent, No. 629, 1876. The auxiliary valves F and F are attached to the
same rod, and move together by the contact of the lever I with the tappets k, k¹.
The operation is as follows:-The main piston B has just completed its stroke to
the left, bringing the lever I into contact with the tappets k, k¹, and moving the
auxiliary valves F, F¹, to the right; steam is then admitted to and forces the
auxiliary and valve-moving pistons G and D¹ to the right. The former carries
the exhaust valve to the right, opening the exhaust port A' to its full extent,
exhausting steam from the right of the main piston. The latter D' carries the main
valve E to the right at the velocity permitted by the flow of liquid in the cataract
cylinder H, opening the steam admission port a, admitting steam to the left of the
main piston. The latter then commences its stroke to the right, and at once begins
to move the cataract cylinder H, by means of the lever I, to the left. This motion of
the cataract cylinder affects the cut-off and admission valve, as has been described in
my previous Patent, forcing it in a direction opposite to that in which it is being
moved by the valve-moving piston D¹, and bence a variable motion is given the
main valve for regulating the admission of steam to the main cylinder, according to
the work to be done.
Fig. 12, Sheet 3, is a modification of the preceding, in which plug valves E, E,
are substituted for the flat slide E. The plug valves E, E, are attached to the rod
M² to an intermediate lever M, one end of which is attached to the valve-moving
piston rod, and the other by a link I to the lever I. Either end of the intermediate
lever M may become the fulcrum, and hence the plug valves E, E, have a variable
motion, which regulates the admission of steam to the main cylinder, as in all previous
The upright arm N is also attached by a sliding base to the intermediate
lever M and to the auxiliary valve rod K, and hence the auxiliary valves have
a variable motion similar to the plug valves E. The cataract cylinder H is
stationary, the variable motion being imparted, as I have shewn, by means of an
intermediate lever. The auxiliary steam pistons G'in both the foregoing modifica-
tions are controlled by throttling the exhaust from the cylinders.
cases.
Fig. 13, Sheet 3, illustrates an arrangement in which the main piston, by means
of an arm J, imparts motion to a twisted bar, which acts through intermedinte
mechanism to move the main valve in one direction, while it is moved in an opposite
direction by a valve-moving piston, whose motion is controlled by a cataract,
as in previous cases herein described. The twisted bar imparts its motion to a
cylindrical hub, in which is a spiral or helical-shaped groove g. The main valve

page_text: rod 1' has a collar R attached to it, having a stem which extends into the groove g
The turning of the hub I will then affect the main valve D through the collar R
causing it to move in either direction, at the same time the valve-moving piston D¹
is moving it in an opposite direction through the slide T', causing a variable motion,
as heretofore described.
. Upon the other end of the twisted bar is attached a segment, Fig. 14, with
tappets k, k¹. The twisting of the bar brings the tappets alternately into contact
with a bent lever N, to which is attached the auxiliary valve rod K, hence moving
the auxiliary valve F.
Any other known device for moving the auxiliary valve may be adopted.
Fige. 15 and 16 are views of a device which may be substituted for the
cylindrical hub in this plan.
R¹ is a plate having an angular slot q into which the stem of the collar R upon
the valve rod I¹ enters. On the under side of the plate R' is a toothed rack, and on
the end of the twisted bar I is a pinion I". These two engage, and the turning
of the bar I moves the plate crosswise in the slides T¹, causing the main valve, by
means of the collar R and slot q, to move in either direction, as in the previous
.case herein-before described.
Fig. 17, Sheet 4, is a sectional elevation; and Fig. 18, a plan of a modification of
the arrangement before described, in which a plate, operated by a lever attached to
the main piston rod, and having an angular slot, imparts a variable motion to the
main valve.
"
Figs. 19, 20, 21, and 22 are details. T, Fig. 19, is an upright standard bolted
to the harp, and provided with slides in which the movable plate R operates. It is
also provided with an arm which serves as a fulcrum for the right angled lever I.
The plate R, Fig. 22, slides horizontally upon the standard T, and is also provided
with slides in which the plate R¹ moves vertically. The plate R is attached to the
valve-moving piston and main valve rod, allowing the valve-moving piston to move
the valve freely in either direction. 'I', Fig. 21, is a flat bar which connects the
two rods, and has a pin q', which enters the angular groove 7 in the plate R¹. The
latter R¹ is moved vertically by the bent lever I, and this motion, by means of the pin
7 working in the angular groove 2, moves the main valve in a direction opposite to
that in which it is being moved by the valve-moving piston, hence giving it a variable
motion, as heretofore. The auxiliary valve F is operated by the tappets k; k¹, on
the rod K through the swinging arm and lever I.
The valve-moving cylinder O may be supplied by water pressure from any
source, thus performing the combined functions of a cataract and valve-moving
cylinder, the cocks i, i, in the exhaust ports e¹¹, e¹¹, serving to regulate each end
separately.
If desired a single regulating cock in the exhaust f may be used.
If steam is used the exhaust ports may be throttled, so as to produce a variable
movement of the main valve.
If preferred the usual valve-moving and cataract cylinders may be used.
In the following arrangements two valves are used to produce the differential
motion, forming a main and cut-off valve as in an ordinary cut-off engine.
In Fig. 23, Sheet 5, the main valve is a balanced slide valve, the exhaust from
the main cylinder passing out through it. It is operated by the valve-moving
piston D', whose motion is controlled by a cataract, as in previous cases herein
.described.
}
The cut-off valve D is placed upon and around the main valve E, and is operated
from the main piston by means of the lever I. This lever has a movable fulcrum
upon the connecting piece between the valve-moving piston rod and the valve-seat
rod D. The auxiliary valve F is operated by the lever M, which has a stationary
fulcrum.
The auxiliary valve may be operated by any other known device if desired. The
valve-moving and cataract cylinders are stationary.
The operation is as follows:-The main piston B has just reached the end of its

page_text: stroke to the left, and the lever M has come in contact with the tappet k¹, moving
the auxiliary valve F to the right. Steam is then admitted to the left of the valve-
moving piston, forcing it, and with it the main valve E to the right. After it has
moved the extent of its lap, carrying the cut-off valve D with it, the port a begins
to communicate with the main steam port A', admitting steam to the left of the
main piston, and exhausting from its right through the exhaust B¹. The main
piston then commences its stroke to the right. If the valve-moving piston and main
piston continue to move at a uniform velocity, the movable fulcrum of the lever I
will be carried to the right, and the cut-off valve D will not be affected. But if
the velocity of the main piston vary, the lever I will at once begin to act on the
cut-off valve D, admitting a greater or less quantity of steam to the main cylinder,
according to the load. It will be seen that the cut-off valve is wholly independent
in its action.
Fig. 24, Sheet 5, is a modification of the foregoing, in which the 'cut-off valve D
is placed within the main valve, and the valves move in the same direction.. Steam
is admitted through the valve and exhausted through the end of the steam chest.
The main and valve-moving pistons must move in opposite directions at the same
time, hence the auxiliary valve F is a B valve. The operation is identical with
that just described in Fig. 23.
In Fig. 25, Sheet 5, the main valve is a cylindrical valve, operated by the direct
pressure of steam and controlled by a cataract. The cut-off valve is a double-headed
plunger, operated by the main piston through the lever I, and operating within' the
main valve. The auxiliary valve F is also a double-headed plunger, operated by
the contact of the lever I with tappets on its rod. Steam is admitted through the
port S, and passes to either end of the cut-off valve D to the auxiliary valve F.
A peculiar arrangement, shewn in Fig. 26, is adopted for giving the auxiliary valve
Fadditional motion, as in Fig. 1. One end K of the valve rod is screwed into a
socket M¹, and the other into a block N which moves in the socket. A small
executive ended lever M joins the main valve rod D", and the socket M¹-being
joined to the latter by a pin passing eccentrically through the end of the lever, when
the main piston moves the lever M is moved, the end of the lever I presses against
the tappet, forming a fulcrum, so that the block N is forced in and out of the
socket M¹, accomplishing, in effect, the lengthening and shortening of the valve rod.
To prevent the lever M from moving the rod K after the lever I has moved away
from the tappet, a friction block is held down upon the rod by the screw t, so that
its friction is greater than that of the valve, and thus continues its motion. The
tappet, Fig. 27, consists of the two pieces k and p forming a lock nut, whose position
may be changed as may be necessary.
In operation the lever I first moves the auxiliary valve F, admitting steam from
the port S to one end of the main valve D. This valve then commences its motion
at the speed permitted by the cataract, bringing the steam admission port a or a¹
into position to admit steam past the end of the plunger valve D and exhaust
between its heads. The main piston then commences its motion, and the lever I
begins to move the plunger D in the direction in which the main valve is moving,
producing the same results under variable loads, as heretofore described.
In Fig. 28, Sheet 6, the main valve D is a balanced slide valve, operated by an
independent valve-moving piston, and the cut-off valve E is placed under the main
valve and is moved by the lever I through the movable cataract cylinder. H, H, is a
combined cataract and valve-moving cylinder performing the functions of both.
The cylinder is surrounded by an air space, outside of which is another annular
space e, filled, as in the cylinder itself, with liquid. Steam enters the auxiliary
valve chest through x. The auxiliary valve-F being moved to the right, for instance,
as shewn by the catact of the tappet with the arm M, steam passes through the
cavity h¹ and port e', and, pressing upon the liquid in the annular space e, raises the
valve T and forces the piston G to the right. The liquid in the left of the cylinder
Hpasses out through an opening in the valve T and rises in the other side. This
action is reversed when the auxiliary valve is again-reversed.
•
°

page_text: The seats for the valves T are circular, as shewn in the transverse section, Fig. 29.
The liquid pressing beneath them raises them freely without any undue expenditure
of power, but the flow of liquid down through them is controlled by the amount of
opening left at the end of the valve. The screws Y being provided to draw, the
valve-end wise to vary the size of the opening and so control the motion of the
cataract piston. The motion of the main and cut-off valves are in the same direction.
The place of this arrangement is shewn in Fig. 30. The exhaust face of the valve
seat is a part of the cylinder A, while the cut-off plate is an independent piece.
Figs. 31 to 35, Sheet 6, illustrate an arrangement in which the governing or cut-
off motion is given by a cross motion of the cut-off valve. A combined valve-moving
and cataract cylinder, similar to that described above, but stationary, is used. Fig.
31 is a sectional plan of the valves; Fig. 32, a plan; and Fig. 35, a transverse
section. The main valve E, shown in Fig. 33, is a flat slide valve moved longi-
tudinally between slides on the valve seat by the valve-moving and cataract piston
G. The upper openings of the ports a, a³, in the main valve are placed at an angle,
while the lower openings, shown in dotted lines, are square with the main steam
ports. The cut-off valve consists of a plate with a single angular port c. The plate
is moved by a series of levers and rock shafts across the back of the main valve, and
is guarded in the lid of the steam chest ; steam passes through the port c to the ports
a, a', in the main valve, and thence to the main cylinder. The motion of these
valves with angular ports across each other regulates the amount of opening through
which steam passes to the main cylinder, and thus controls the action of the engine.
The main piston moves the cut-off valve crosswise by means of the lever I and rock
shaft M; a bell-crank lever at the end of the rock shaft moves the cut-off valve by
the rod I and the auxiliary valve F by tappets upon the rod K. The cataract is
similar to that described in connection with Fig. 28. The valve T however are
flat hinged valves, having a series of holes, and the downward passage of the liquid
is controlled by the number of the holes through which it is allowed to pass. The
hand wheels and screws V are provided to move the valves to regulate the flow of
liquid. Fig. 35 is a transverse section of the cataract showing clearly the arrange-
ment of the valves and liquid space. The usual form of cataract and valve-moving
cylinder may be used if desired.
Fig. 36, Sheet 7, is a sectional elevation, and Fig. 37 a plan of a modification of
the differential arrangement in which liquid is used in operating the valve-moving
piston, and the latter also performs the functions of a cataract. A single valve is
used, and the differential motion is produced by the movable valve-moving cylinder,
as shewn and described in my Patent, No. 629 of 1876.
The valve D is a flat slide valve, and is attached to the valve-moving piston
rod E-upon the rod E. On either side of the valve D are two pistons E, E, which
enters the chambers E¹, E', in the steam chest. These chambers communicate with
the chest through the small hole m. The object of this cushioning device is to
prevent the main valve from over-running the ports too far, and allows the steam
ports to be opened quickly to reverse the stroke of the main piston. This device is
applicable to all my valve motions in which the valve-moving cylinder is movable,
and may readily be adopted to them.
A small pump, the cylinder of which is movable, and piston stationary, is used to
supply water to the valve-moving cylinder.
The cylinder is moved with the valve-moving cylinder by the lever I; the piston
may, if preferred, be made to move, and the cylinder be stationary. The main piston
through the lever I, as in all previous cases, reverses the auxiliary valve F. It also
moves the valve-moving and small pump cylinder, forcing the water from the
latter through the pipe X into the auxiliary valve chest, and thence into the valve-
moving cylinder through the port e or e¹.” Water is exhausted from the valve-
moving cylinder through either of the ports ell, ell, and the exhaust f into the pipe Z,
whence it passes to the suction chamber of the pump H.
The pump H may take its supply of water from any other source, if pre-
ferred.

page_text: To regulate the pressure in the valve-moving cylinder C₁ an air vessel V upon the
pump H, or a weighted lever, or any similar device may be employed. Cocks q
and q are placed in the exhaust ports of the valve-moving cylinder to throttle them,
as may be necessary to control the movement of the valve.
The main slide valve may be balanced in any of the usual ways, but will perform
satisfactory when unbalanced.
A safety valve may be placed upon the discharge side of the pump H, and any
excess of pressure will be returned to the suction side of the pump, or into a cistern
from which the pump takes its supply.
Figs. 38 and 39, Sheet 8, present an elevation and plan of a modification of the
preceding arrangement, in which the supply pump H is dispensed with, the water
being supplied to the valve-moving cylinder from the main pump itself through the
pipe Y; its exhaust passes through the pipe Y' to the suction chamber of the
pump. The pistons E, E, and chambers E¹, E¹, in the main chest are dispensed
with, and the cushioning device H used instead thereof. It consists of the upright.
H, having two small cylindrical chambers opening outward. In these the pistons
G, G, work, and are cushioned by over-running the small openings through which
air is admitted to the chambers, in addition to that admitted through the pipes
M, M, past the check valves N, N, on the outward motion of the pistons. On the
inward motion the air is prevented from escaping by the check valves, and forms
the cushion; this device is important in cases where the valve-moving cylinder is
movable. It stops and controlls the motion of the main valve so that it may not
open too wide, and so closes sooner when required to do so by the return of the
main piston. In starting the engine the cocks W, W₁, in the pipes Y, Y¹, are closed,
cutting off the communication of the pump and the valve-moving cylinder. The
cocks V, V, are opened, and through them steam passes to and from the valve-moving
cylinder. After the engine has run sufficiently long to get up a pressure in the
pump the cocks V, V', are closed, and. W, W', are opened, and the valve-moving.
piston is then operated by water pressure.
Fig. 40, Sheet 9, illustrates an arrangement in which an independent exhaust
valve is used, and the differential effect is produced by a main supply and a cut-off
valve moving in the same direction. P is the exhaust valve, consisting of a central
stem, and working in the cylinder C₁₁. The valve E performs the functions of a
main supply valve and an auxiliary valve for admitting steam to move the exhaust
valve P, and is operated from the main piston by the lever I. The cut-off valves
D, D, work upon the back of the valve E, and are operated by the valve-moving
piston D', and controlled by the cataract H. They are adjustable upon the rod E¹,
as shewn in the Drawing. The valve-moving and cataract cylinders are stationary.
The auxiliary valve F is operated by the lever I through a secondary lever N, as in
cases previously described.
4
In operation the auxiliary valve F is just moved by the lever N, as shewn, to the
left, admitting steam to the right of the valve-moving piston D³, forcing it and
consequently the cut-off valves D to the left. This motion carries the cut-off valves
off the steam port & in the main valve, and steam passes through it and through the
main port A¹ to the left of the main cylinder, forcing the main piston to the right. 4
The lever I at once begins to move the valve E in the same direction in which the
cut-off valves D are moving; hence any variation in the speed of the main piston
will cause a variable motion of the valves, controlling the admission of steam to the
main cylinder, according to the work to be done, as in all previous cases herein-
before described. Near the end of the stroke the valve E uncovers the port d. E
leading to the auxiliary cylinder C, and brings the exhaust ports d' and q on the
left into communication, forcing the exhaust valve P to the left, and bringing the
ports into communication to exhaust steam from the left of the main cylinder. This
Fig. aud Fig. 41 also illustrates a device for regulating the speed of the engine,
according to the pressure on the pump. The cock L of the cataract is connected by 5
a series of rods to a piston, plunger, or diaphragm R and a weighted lever V. The
plunger R operates in a cylinder T, one end of which is.connected by a pipe to the

page_text: water main or to the discharge chamber of the pump. The weight W may be so
placed upon, the lever as to maintain any desired pressure.
When the pressure in the main rises above what is desired the plunger R will be
forced out of the cylinder T, raising the weight W, and closing the cock L, by ineans
of which the speed of the main piston is reduced until the desired pressure is again
obtained. Should the pressure fall below that desired the weight W will fall,
forcing the plunger R back, into the cylinder T, and opening the cock L so that the
water may pass freely from end to end of the cataract cylinder. The speed of the
inain piston will then be again increased, raising the pressure to that desired. A
full supply of steam should be admitted to the main chest.
Figs. 42 to 44, Sheet 9, illustrate a modification of the above-described regulating
device, applicablo to one differential valve motion, in which a movable. cataract
cylinder is used. The plunger cylinder T is vertical. The cock L is operated from
the levers by means of the bevelled wheels Z, Z; Z¹ is feathered upon the shaft Z
so that Z and Z" will always engage, notwithstanding the motion of the cataract
cylinder.
Numerous other modifications of this device may readily be constructed, but all
dependent on the same principle. The valve motion shewn is precisely the same as
onc herein-before described.
In this arrangement, Fig. 45, Sheet 10, a single valve D, having a differential
motion imparted to it by the combined motions of the valve-moving piston the
latter acting through the lever I and movable cataract cylinder H, two auxiliary
valves are used in order to ensure a full supply of steam to the valve-moving
piston. The initial valve F is operated by an arm attached to the cataract cylinder,
as in previous cases, and admits steam to move the auxiliary valve F', its motion
admitting steain to the valve-moving cylinder. Should the engine be working
very slow the initial valve might only receive a slight motion from the arm, so that
if it admits steam directly to the valve-moving piston the supply might not be
sufficient to overcome its friction, or move it fast enough, but by using the auxiliary
valve F, which has but little friction surface, and requires very little steam to move
it, the valve-moving cylinder will always receive a full supply of steam.
In this Fig. is also shewn a device for regulating the point and time of cutting
off. An end view of the device is shewn in Fig. 46. P is the fulcrum of the
lever I. By means of the screw v this fulcrum may be drawn in either direction;
and by so doing the point of cutting off is controlled, the lever acting directly on
the cut-off valve. The screw t is provided for raising or lowering the fulcrum, by
means of which the time of changing the initial valve is controlled. The screw v
divides the stroke of the piston B in the main cylinder.
Fig. 47, Sheet 10, is a modification of the preceding, where instead of two valves
two means are provided for moving the auxiliary valve. The auxiliary valve rod K
has a cylinder with a spiral slot, into which a nut N on, the cataract cylinder
enters. When the main piston approaches this end of the stroke the valve F is
twisted by means of the nut N acting in the spiral slot q, changing the communi-
cation of the ports leading to the valvo-moving cylinder. The tappets k, l, are also
provided in order to give the auxiliary valve a further motion endwise. As the
valve must only be affected at the end of the stroke a collar n is provided slotted at
g to allow of lost motion.
The device described above for controlling the point and time of cut-off is shewn,
Fig. 48 being a plan thereof.
Figs. 49 and 50 are details of parts which the Drawings fully explain.
Fig. 51, Sheet 11, illustrates the differential valve motion adopted to a compound
engine. The general arrangement of the valve gear on the high-pressure cylinder is
the same as that shown in Fig. 11. The valve E receives a differential motion from
the combined motions of the main and valve-moving pistons, controlling tho
admission of steam to the main cylinder, while the valve D is moved independently
by the auxiliary piston G¹ exhausting steam from the main cylinder. The low-
pressure valve E¹ is attached to the rod R' of the auxiliary piston G¹, and moves

page_text: J
with the exhaust valve D. The auxiliary valve F admits steam to the auxiliary
cylinder C', and the auxiliary valve F¹ admits steam to the auxiliary cylinder C
The former, F, has an amount of lost motion which may be regulated by the collars
K³, K³, upon the rod K, allowing the valve F to move first and admit steam to the
auxiliary cylinder C". The auxiliary piston G¹ then draws the low-pressure valve
off the steam port, admitting steam to the low-pressure cylinder in advance of the
piston, destroying a vacuum, and forming a cushion for the piston P¹ when it shall
have covered the port M. The exhaust valve D is also moved simultaneously with
the low-pressure valve E, exhausting steam from one end of the high-pressure
cylinder in advance of the admission of steam to the other end. The valve E.is
then moved off the steam admission port by the valve-moving piston D', and the
piston B, assisted by the vacuum in the low-pressure cylinder, draws the piston P¹
past the port M, admitting steam to the low-pressure cylinder. The valve E is then
actuated to control the velocity of the pistons, as heretofore.
Figs. 52 and 53, Sheet 11, are modifications of the arrangement shewn in Figs.
17 to 22 for giving the main valve differential motion. The arm M', Fig. 52,
attached to the valve rod N, has an angled or curved slot or link, into which a
sliding block joined by the wrist 2 to the end of the valve-moving piston rod D" enters.
An arm I of the lever I is connected by the rod M to the arin M. If the main
and valve-moving pistons move at the same velocity, no effect will be produced a
upon the main valve. If the main piston move faster the lever I will draw the
end of the orm M' up or down, causing the sliding block to move in the slot q;
but since the valve-moving piston cannot be moved by this action, because of the
cataract piston, the valve must be moved in a direction to cut off the admission of
steam to the main cylinder. If the main piston should move more slowly the 2
valve-moving piston will force the arm M1 and the valve in a direction to admit a
greater supply of steam to the main cylinder.
The auxiliary valve inay be placed upon the side of the auxiliary cylinder, or
in any other convenient position, and operated by the end of the lever I.
In Fig. 53, the valve rod N and valve-moving piston rod D₁ are united by the 3
jointed rods M³, M". The lever I is connected by the arm I and rod M to the
rods M, M, at their joint. The lever then acts upon the valve, as in the previous
case, causing it differential motion by what is equivalent to lengthening and
shortening the valve rod.
Figs. 54 and 55, Sheet12, illustrate the differential valve motion adopted to a single 3
cylinder "direct-acting condensing engine." The object of the arrangement is to
admit steam to the exhaust end of the cylinder, destroying the vacuum, and forming a
cushion for the piston, and also to reduce the pressure of the exhaust steam before
passing to the condenser, requiring only a small amount of condensing water. Fig. 54
is a longitudinal section, and Fig. 55 is a transverse section.
4
The valve seat of the engine has seven ports. The outer ones A¹, A¹, are high
steain ports leading to the ends of the cylinder; P, P, are exhaust ports from the
cylinder; R, R, are exhaust ports leading from the ports P, P, to a condenser, not
shewn; B is the main exhaust port leading to the atmosphère or a heater, not shewn.
The main valve is a long slide valve having two cavities u, v, which establish com- 4
munication between the exhaust ports P, P, and the exhaust to the condenser R, R.
A third cavity m, m, extends across the valve, and brings the exhaust ports P, P,
into communication with each other, and also into communication with the exhaust
13 through the opening n. The main valve is moved by the valve-moving piston
D' to open the steam ports, and the differential motion is produced by the com- 5
bination of this motion of the valve-moving piston and the motion of the main
piston acting through the lever I, and the movable cataract cylinder H. The
auxiliary valve F is placed in the chest F¹ upon the top of the main chest. The
cataract cylinder H is only partially filled with water and other liquid, in order to
allow the initial motion of the main valve to be made quickly, bringing the cavity 5
m in the valve into position to establish communication between the ports P, P.
The amount of liquid to produce this effect may be regulated as shewn in Fig. 56,

page_text: The ends of the cataract cylinder communicate with the chamber H', in which are
two plungers G, G¹. These plungers may be moved in or out by the hand wheels
n, n, and screws m³, increasing or decreasing the amount of liquid space, and so
controlling the distance. The valve-moving piston may travel free from resistance.
A lifting valve M is placed in the main exhaust B¹. The valve is held to its seat
by the weighted lever N, the position of whose weight may be changed, so that the
engine will exhaust at any desired pressure.
Operation. The main piston is near the end of its stroke to the left, and has
moved the main valve into position to cut off the admission of steam to the right
end of the cylinder, and moved the auxiliary valve F to adinit steam to the left
end of the auxiliary cylinder C. The valve-moving cylinder D¹ and main valves
then move quickly to the right until the cataract piston comes in contact with the
liquid in the cataract cylinder. The velocity of the valve-moving piston is then
arrested, and the remainder of its motion is made at the velocity permitted by the
flow of liquid. in the cataract cylinder. This initial motion of the main valve
brings the ports P and P into communication through the cavity m. Hence steam
passes through these passages to the left end of the cylinder in advance of the main
piston, filling the ports and clearance spaces, and forming a cushion, upon which
the piston comes to rest. These passages being filled, the exhaust steam passes
through the opening n to the main exhaust and to the atmosphere, until its pressure
is reduced below that to which the lover N¹ is loaded.
In the mean time the main valve continues to advance, and, at the proper point,
cuts off the communication of port P and cavity m, and brings in communi-
cation with the exhaust cavity leading to the condenser. The main valve also
.commences to openthe steam port A, admitting steam to the left end of the main
cylinder, and reversing the stroke of the main piston. The main piston at once
acts through the lever I and movable cataract cylinder H upon the main valve,
causing its differential motion, and controlling the speed of the main piston, as in
all previous cases herein-before described.
The lever I may be attached to the cataract piston G and the cataract cylinder
attached to the valve-moving piston rod if preferred; the effect will be the same.
This is applicable in all cases where the cataract cylinder is movable.
Figs. 57 and 58, Sheet 12, illustrate an arrangement applicable to the valve gear
of any direct-acting engine for regulating the position of the tappets, which move
the auxiliary valve with relation to each other, and to the valve itself. The tappets
are secured upon the shaft N by right and left handed screws; upon the end of the
shaft N is a small crank T, by turning which the position of the tappets with
relation to each other is changed, that is, they are brought nearer together or farther
apart.
The shaft and tappets are carried by a frame M, to which the valve rod K is
attached. The frame rests upon the cataract cylinder. A lengthened adjusting screw R,
through which the shaft N passes, is screwed into the frame; a collar upon the shaft
N causes the changing of the position of the tappets with relation to the valve.
By the turning of the adjusting screw (i.e.) the tappets are together moved to the
right or left, so that the arm on the cataract cylinder will come in contact with
either of them earlier or later, and thus changing the stroke of the main piston. A
lever X is provided for operating the auxiliary valve by hand.
•
In other respects the arrangement does not differ materially from others pre-
viously described, and can be operated while the engine is in motion. This is very
important when pumping engines of the direct-acting class have to be operated
from a minimum to a maximum piston travel, and work close to the main cylinder
heads as a matter of economy, and is admirably adopted for direct pumping into
street mains or stand pipes for the supply of cities or towns.
In Figs. 59. to 63, Sheet 13, the main valve is represented attached to the valve
moving piston, and moves with it by the direct pressure of steam without the
controlling influence of a cataract.;. the steam admission ports will therefore bo
opened to their full extent as..soon as the auxiliary valve is reversed. The main

page_text: valve cuts off steam by the motion of the main piston which is communicated to
it through the lever I, movable cataract cylinder H, and valve-noving cylinder O¹.
The cataract is intended to check the engine of its speed. When moving at its
normal speed the liquid space in the cataract cylinders is equivalent to an equal
amount of lost motion of the lever, the friction of the valve causing it to remain
stationary, and forcing the liquid in the cataract cylinder from one end to the other.
Near the end of the stroke the cataract cylinder and piston will come in contact,
and acting through the valve-moving cylinder upon the main valve-will cause it to
cut off steam. Should the speed of the main piston be accelerated, the friction of
the main valve will be overcome, and the valve itself will be moved over the steam
port, cutting off the admission of steam. The main valve is a flat D slide valve
with a bridge in the centre of the exhaust cavity. The auxiliary valve F is also a
flat slide valve upon the valve-moving piston, and is moved by the valve-moving
cylinder C¹ by means of the lever M. The lever is fulcrumed in the steam chest,
moving the valve in a direction opposite to that of the main valve; and since the
same motion which closes the main valve opens the auxiliary valve, the engine can
never fail to act. The main steam ports extend to the ends of the cylinder; the
main valve D¹ closes the steam admission port before the piston reaches the end of
the stroke, the steam thus confined forming a cushion for the piston. A small
groove. across the bridge in the exhaust cavity permits the confined steain to be
slowly exhausted. A cock or valve R may be placed in the exhaust from the valve-
moving cylinder, by means of which the speed of the valve-moving piston may be
regulated.
The operation is as follows:-As shewn in the Drawings the piston has reached
the end of its stroke to the right, and the valves have been reversed so as to admit
steam through port A¹ to the right end of the main cylinder, the piston then
commences its stroke to the left. If the piston moves at its normal speed, the
liquid in the cataract cylinder will be forced from its left to the right end, the valve-
moving cylinder and main valve remaining stationary before reaching the end of
the stroke, the cataract cylinder and piston will come in contact carrying the valve-
moving cylinder and main valve to the right. This motion will carry the main
valve over the steam admission port, and bring the ports A¹ and B¹ into communi-
cation through the cavity D¹, exhausting steam from the right of the cylinder. At
the same time this motion carries the auxiliary valve F to the left, admitting steam
through the port e to the left end of the valve-moving cylinder, and exhausting
from its right end through the port e¹ and f¹. The valve-moving piston and main
valve then move to the right the full extent of their travel, opening the port A¹ for
the admission of steam to the left end of the cylinder, reversing the stroke of the
main piston.
Figs. 64 to 69, Sheet 13, is a modification of the preceding arrangement, in which
the valve-moving cylinder itself is stationary and its heads movable, producing the
same effect as in the arrangement just described. The cylinders C³, C, are held by
stops in the steam chest or in any other convenient manner; the heads C₁, cui
are pistons operating in the cylinders, and held together by the stem S. The stem
carries also the arms K, K¹, which move the lever M.
In other respects, both of construction and operation, the arrangements are
identical. The main valve may be attached to and move with the valve-moving
cylinder; in either of these arrangements the valve-moving piston being attached
to the cataract cylinder and moved by the main piston. In that case the auxiliary
valve will be carried by the valve-moving cylinder.
Figs. 70 to 75, Sheet 13, illustrates a modification adopted to small engines
without a cataract..
Fig. 70 is a longitudinal elevation; Fig. 71, a transverse section; Fig. 72, a top
view. of the valve seat shewing the position of the ports; and Fig. 73, a plan. The
main valve is operated. by a valve-moving piston, which operates in a movable
valve-moving cylinder C₁. The auxiliary valve F is placed within the valve-
moving. piston D', Fig. 73. The main piston operates the lever I; the lever is

page_text: attached to a rock shaft I, on the inner end of which is a double-ended finger or
lever; the lower end of this finger moves the valve-moving cylinder C, as shewn
in Fig. 70, giving it a continuous motion coincident with that of the main
piston.
The upper end of the finger operates the auxiliary valve F, giving it also a
continuous motion, but in a direction opposite to that of the valve-moving cylinder.
At the end of the stroke the valve-moving piston comes in contact with the valve-
moving cylinder, and the latter moves the main valve over the parts, cutting off
steam from the 'main cylinder. The motion of the valve-moving piston is controlled
by throttling the exhaust from the valve-moving cylinder by the cock R. The
main exhaust port B is placed in the side of the seat, the finger for moving the
valves occupying its central part. The valve-moving piston is cushioned by over-
running the exhaust ports in the auxiliary valve F.
The combined motions of the valve-moving cylinder and piston give the main
valve a differential motion, which regulates the admission of steam to the main
cylinder as in all previous cases herein-before described.
Figs. 76 to 82, Sheet 14, illustrate the valve gear before described on Sheet 13;
applied to a duplex engine, in such a manner that one engine will operate the
auxiliary valve of the other, or when desired each engine may operate its own
auxiliary valve, operating wholly independent of the other.
Fig. 76 is a longitudinal section through engine A; Fig. 81 is an end view of
engines A and B, shewing the arrangement of tappet levers in the position in
which they are placed when the engines are working independently, each operating
its own auxiliary valve. The dotted lines shew their position when the engines are
working duplex, one operating the auxiliary valve of the other; Fig. 82 is a vertical
cross section of the engines and valve gear; Fig. 77 is a plan of the engines shewing
the position of the parts and ports; Fig. 78 is a plan; Fig. 79 is a face view; and
Fig. 80, a sectional view of the auxiliary slide valve.
In every other respect, both of construction and -operation, the arrangement is
identical with those previously described on Sheet 13.
When operating as a duplex engine, it will be observed that the one engine
simply moves the auxiliary valve of the other engine and drags its own main valve
shut.
CLAIMS.
1st. In Figs. 1, 2 and 3, Sheet 1, the combination of the main valvo D and
the movable valve sent E, the former moved by the direct pressure of steam upon a
valve-moving piston, and the latter by the main piston through the lever I, by.
means of which the admission of steam to the main cylinder is automatically
controlled, substantially as shown and described.
2nd. In Figs. 1 and 2, Sheet 1, the auxiliary valve F and lever M, in combination
with the valve-moving piston D and lever I, for giving the auxiliary valve
additional motion, substantially as shewn and described..
3rd. In Fig. 3, Sheet 1, the auxiliary valve F, and levers Mf and M³, in combination.
with the valve-moving piston and movable seat for moving the auxiliary valve,
substantially as herein-beforo described.
4th. In Figs. 4 to 10 (inclusive), Sheet 2, the main slide D, cylinders D', D',
cataract cylinder H, piston G, auxiliary valve F, lever K, tappets or stops K, K¹,
movable valve E, lever. I, constructed and used for the purposes herein-before
stated.
5th. In Fig. 11, Sheet 3, the exhaust valve D in combination with the auxiliary
piston G¹ operated independently of the main valve, substantially as and for the
purposes before described.
6th. In Fig. 11, Sheet 3, the combination of the cut-off and admission valve D,
having differential motion imparted to it by the main and valve-moving pistons,
and the exhaust valves E,. substantially as and for the purposes herein-before
described.
•

page_text: 7th. In Fig. 12, Sheet 3, the combination of the cock valves E, E, and the slide
valve D, the former having a differential motion imparted to them by the combined
motion of the main and valve-moving piston acting through the lever M, by means
of which the admission of steam is controlled, and the latter having motion imparted
to it by a valve-moving piston for exhausting steam, substantially as and for the
purposes herein-before described.
8th. In Figs. 13 to 16 (inclusive), Sheet 3, the main valve D in combination with
the valve moving cylinder D' and the twisted bar I, by means of which the main
piston imparts a motion to the main valve, producing a differential motion, sub-
stantially as and for the purposes specified.
9th. In Figs. 17 to 22 (inclusive), Sheet 4, the combination of the main valve D,
and valve-moving piston D' with the sliding cam plates R, R¹, and standard T, the
plate R being moved from the main piston by the lever I, and producing a
differential motion of the main valve, substantially as and for the purposes herein-
before described.
10th. In Figs. 23 to 27 (inclusive), Sheet 5, the main valve D, and cut-off
valve E, the former operated by a valve-moving piston, and the latter by the main
piston through the lever I, whose fulcrum is upon the valve-moving piston rod and
inoves with it, and controlling the admission of steam to the main cylinder, sub-
stantially as and for the purposes herein-before stated.
11th. In Figs. 25 and 26, Sheet 5, the valve rod K, tappets k, k¹, sleeve M²,
plunger N, eccentric lever M, pin n, in combination with the main valve rod D",
as and-for the purposes herein-before stated.
12th. In Figs. 28 and 29, Sheet 6, the movable cut-off plate E, surrounding
the inner or exhaust bridges X, X, of the main valve face; the exhaust valve Ď
in combination with a direct-acting engine whose valve gear is partially steam
moved, and partially by motion derived from the engine, substantially as before
described.
13th. In Figs. 28 to 32 (inclusive), Sheet 6, the cylinder H, piston G, auxiliary
valve F, rod K, valves T, T, chamber e, e, adjusting screws W, W, all constructed,
arranged, and used for the purposes herein described.
14th. In Figs. 31 to 35 (inclusive), Sheet 6, the main valve E having the upper
parts angular, and operated by a valve-moving piston in combination with the cut-
off plate E moved from the main piston by suitable connecting mechanism across
the back of the main valve for controlling the motion of the engine, as and for the
purpose herein-before described,
15th. In Fig. 36, Sheet 7, the main valve D, auxiliary or valve-moving cylinder C
and piston D' in combination with the pump H, by means of which the valve-
moving piston is operated and controlled by hydraulic pressure, substantially as
before described.
16th. In Figs. 38 and 39, Sheet 8, the combination of the main valve D, valve-
moving cylinder C and piston D¹, the latter controlled and operated by steam or
hydraulic pressure, said pressure being obtained from the main or an auxiliary pump,
or any other source, substantially as before described.
17th. In Figs. 36 to 39 (inclusive), Sheets 7 and 8, in combination with steam-
moved or hydraulic valve gear, the cushion chamber E¹, E, and pistons E, E, inside
the main steam chest as in Fig. 36 and 37, or outside, as in Figs. 38 and 39, at
pistons Hand G, G, vent holes m, m, ports P, P, check valves n, n, to admit air for
destroying the suction or vacuum when the piston starts to move out, all arranged
and for the purpo: c before described.
18th. In Figs. 38 and 39, Sheet 8, the combination of the valve-moving and
cataract cylinder C, piston D¹, rod D", main slide valve D, auxiliary valve F, rod K.,
pipes y, y¹, cocks or valves V, V, W, W¹, link I¹, and lever I, as and for the purpose.
before described.
19th. In Fig. 40, Sheet 9, in combination with the main and cut-off valves, the
exhaust valve P operated independently of the other valves, as and for the purpose
before described, ·

page_text: 20th. In Figs. 40 to 44 (inclusive), Sheet 9, the combination of the cataract
cylinder H, cock or valve L, lever ✗, weight W, plunger R, cylinder T, and the
valve gear of a direct-acting engine arranged to operate with or without the differ-
ential valve gear, as and for the purpose before described.
21st. In Figs. 45 and 46, Sheet 10, in combination with the valves of a direct-
acting steam engine, the lever I, having a fulcrum which may be adjusted so as to
divide the stroke of the main engine's piston, and the time of letting steam on the
valve-moving cylinder so as to regulate the stroke of the engine by means of the
screws t and b, substantially as and for the purposes before described.
22nd. In Figs. 47 to 50 (inclusive), Sheet 10, the auxiliary valve F; its initial
motion being imparted to it by the cataract cylinder through the spiral or cam-
shaped groove and pin N, admitting steam to give the valve its end motion by
twisting or turning same in combination with the valve-moving piston and inain
valve, substantially for the purposes before described.
23rd. In Fig. 51, Sheet 11, in a compound engine the combination of the
cylinders A and P, main slide valve E', exhaust valve D, valve-moving cylinder C",
and piston G, operated independently, the cut-off and admission valve E having
a differential motion imparted to it by the main and valve-moving pistons, substan-
tially for the purpose before described.
24th. In Fig. 52, Sheet 11, the main valve D, valve-moving piston D', cylinder C¹,
in combination with the pivoted link M, sliding pin or block P on the rod D", said
link being operated from the main piston by the lever I through link M, producing
a differential motion of the main slide valve, as and for the purposes before described.
25th. In Fig. 53, Sheot 11, the combination of the main slide valve D, valve-
moving cylinder C, links or loggles M1, M1, operated from the main piston by the
lever through link M, producing a differential notion of the main slide valve, for
the purposes before described.
26th. In Figs. 54 and 55, Sheet 12, in combination with a direct-acting con-
densing engine having a single cylinder, a main slido valve having the ports or
passages m, m, n, v, v, and the main cylinder A, with ports or passages A', A', P, P,
R, R, and B, all arranged and operated as and for the purpose described.
27th. In Figs. 54 to 56 (inclusive), Shoet 12, in combination with the foregoing
claim (26th), the valve-moving cylinder C¹, piston D", the cataract cylinder H, its
piston G, all arranged and operated as described.
28th. In Fig. 56, Sheet 12, in combination with the cataract cylinder H, its
piston G, the cylinder or chamber H³, pistons or plungers G¹, G³, arranged as and
for the purposes before specified.
20th. In Fig. 54, Sheet 12, in combination with a direct-acting condensing
engine having a single cylinder, a snifling valvo M in the passage B leading from
the cylinder and communicating with the heater, chamber, or condenser, whereby
the pressure is allowed to escape, but a minimum amount of steam is retained in
the main cylinder and passed to the condenser to make a vacuum, thus utilizing the
exhaust steam for heating the feed water, and using but a small amount of injection
water, all arranged as and for the purposes before described.
30th. In Figs. 57 and 58, Sheet 12, in combination with a direct-acting engine
having tappet valve gear, a tappet connection whereby the tappets are adjusted
relatively to one another by a right or left hand screw, and adjusted relatively to
the valve by an independent screw, as and for the purpose herein-before described.
31st. In Figs. 59 to 63 (inclusive), Sheet 13, the combination of the main slide
valve D¹ cast with or secured to the valve-moving piston or pistons and the valve-
moving cylinder C, when the main valve is moved by the valve-moving piston to
admit steam to the main cylinder and by the valve-moving cylinder or its heads.
to cut off steam, arranged and operated substantially as shewn and described.
32nd. In Figs. 70 to 74 (inclusive), Sheet 13, the combination of the main valve D,
3 the valve-moving cylinder C, valve-moving piston D', and auxiliary valve F,
arranged and constructed to control the motion of the main piston, substantially as
and for the purposes before described.

page_text: 33rd. In Figs. 76 to 82 (inclusive), Sheet 14, in a duplex engine the arrangement
of a lever connection between the valves and main pistons of the engines, so that
each engine closes its own main valve and opens the other's auxiliary valve, sub-
stantially as shewn and described.
34th. In Sheet 14, in a duplex engine the arrangement of a lever connection
between the valves and main pistons, so that each engine may operate its own
auxiliary valve, or that of the other engines, allowing the engines to be operated
independently or together, substantially as shewn and described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Martin Benson, have hereunto set my hand
and seal, this First day of December, in the year of our Lord 1877.