IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF TWINES, LINES, CORDS,, AND STRANDS FOR ROPES, AND IN THE PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR POLISHING. AND FINISHING YARNS, STRANDS, TWINES, AND CORDS
Year: 1871

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Bellamy Payne, of Chard, in the County of
Somerset, Engineer, and William Edward Newton, of 66, Chancery
Lane, in the County of Middlesex, Oivil Engineer, for the Invention.
of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF TWINES, LINES, CORDS,, AND
STRANDS FOR ROPES, AND IN THE PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR POLISHING.
AND FINISHING YARNS, STRANDS, TWINES, AND CORDS.”
Sealed the 5th December 1871, and dated the 23rd June 1871.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Bellamy Payne
and William Edward Newton at the Office of the Commissioners of
Patents, with their Petition, on the 23rd June 1871..
We, JOHN BELLAMY PAYNE, of Chard, the County of Somerset,
Engineer, and WILLIAM EDWARD NEWTON, of 66, Chancery Lane, in
the County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, do hereby declare the nature
of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF TWINES,
LINES, CORDS, AND STRANDS FOR ROPES, AND IN THE PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR
A

page_text: POLISHING AND FINISHING XARNS, STRANDE,
follows:-
The object of this Invention is to improve the manufacture and finish
of twines, lines, cords, and ropes, and to economize labour in the manu-
facture of those articles.
In the manufacture of twine we take ordinary spun yarns, but before
laying them or making them into twines we pass them through a
machine or apparatus in which the loose fibres are laid and the surface
of the yarn polished by friction. The yarn is then rewound on to
bobbins, and during this operation knots; splices, or other imperfections
in the spinning are removed therefrom, and facilities for cleaning the
yarn from excrescences are afforded. The bobbins are then placed in a
scalam or bobbin frame, and the yarns drawn therefrom with a proper
amount of tension under or over a dry rotary rubber in order to remove
the loose fibres from the yarn, which then passes over a cylindrical
brush, which by rotating in a trough containing gum or some gelatinous
solution will damp the yarn in its passage and consolidate the fibres.
The wetted yarns are then brought through a guide and over rotating
and fixed rubbers, all which rubbing surfaces may be covered with cocoa-
.nut fibre, and any suitable number may be caused to operate on the
yarns. The yarns are next passed round a pair of grooved rollers in a
helical coil as many times as may be necessary to obtain the required
quantity of yarn to be here (while at tension) submitted to a rubbing
action from one or more rotary rubbing surfaces. These rollers will also
equalize the draught of the yarns through the machine. The yarns are
again to be subjected to the operation of rotating and fixed rubbing
surfaces, so as to perfectly lay the finest fibres of the yarns. By these
repeated rubbings the fibres will be laid smooth, and the damp yarns are
then drawn 'over or into a partially enclosed space, which we term a
drying chamber. The yarns are conducted into this drying chamber by
means of a pair of grooved draught rollers, which may be placed
externally or internally of the chamber, as may be most convenient.
These grooved rollers are placed a considerable distance apart, and the
yarns are wound around theṁ helically, so as to submit any desired
quantity to the drying operation in the chamber at one and the same
time. In this chamber the travelling yarns are acted upon by a rapid
current of hot or cold air forced through by any suitable apparatus.
The apparatus employed for heating the air if hot air be preferred is

page_text: arranged below the drying chamber, and consists of a steam chest,
through which are made inclined vertical passages from a closed
chamber situated beneath, into which air is forced. This air, in passing
up through these inclined vertical passages through the steam chest, is
licated, and issues into the drying chamber from mouths governed or
regulated in size, by an excentric valve. Each mouth is covered by a
perforated plate or wire gauze to minutely divide the stream of air, which
then passes up and between the damp yarns or strands, from which it
will in its passage carry off the moisture. If it be required to employ
cold air only in the operation of drying it will be necessary to enlarge
the openings into the chamber by means of the excentrical valve, and to
provide a larger quantity of air at an increased pressure.
The top or
cover of this drying chamber may be perforated or may be partially or
entirely removed if necessary to allow of the free escape of the humidity
carried off by the current of dry air. Inside this drying chamber at any
convenient places are arranged adjustable rubbing surfaces covered with
cocoa-nut fibre, or by preference horsehair cloth, under which the yarns
are drawn while being dried. Upon leaving the drying chamber the
finished yarns are to be wound upon bobbins preparatory to being placed
in the laying machine.
It is important that the yarns or strands should travel with uniform
speed through the apparatus just described, and to this end we actuate
the winding on bobbins in a peculiar manner so as to obtain an uniform
surface speed and tension, and avoid breakage of the yarns. The driving
band for actuating the spindles. of the winding-on bobbins is kept in
contact with the pullies of the spindles by adjustable tightening pullies,
and therefore when the strain on the yarn is too great the band will slip
over the pullies until the tension is reduced to its normal and proper
dogrec. We find it in practice convenient (and to produce good solid
twines and cords it is very important) that the yarns or strands to form
such twines or cords should be wound very tightly on to the bobbins
prepared for the laying machine. We therefore take the bobbins from
the regulating winding frame containing the yarns which have passed
through the drying chest (and which are in a finished or polished state)
and place them in a tension yarn winding machine, in which the yarn
will be wound upon the rotating bobbin provided for the laying machine
with an uniform tension. In this machine the delivery bobbins are
provided with spring friction gear, which will give a certain amount of
2

page_text: tension whatever may be the diameter of the bobbin. The yarns pass
from these bobbins over or between friction bars or guides, and under
and around fleeting or surging pullies provided with friction wheels, with
which (by means of a weighted lever and band) an adjustable tension
may be put upon the yarn. The winding-on bobbins are driven at a
differential speed by cone pullies. It will be seen that by this second
winding of the yarns preparatory to laying them or making the twine
the fibres will be laid in the twine in the same direction as in the yarns,
and therefore the finish and appearance of the twine will be much
improved. The yarns thus prepared are then placed in the laying
machine, and laid or doubled into twines. The twines thus laid and
doubled on to bobbins in the laying and doubling machine are then
placed on the bobbin scalum, and are led as many times as may be
necessary around a drum provided with surging grooves, so as to enable
them to stand the strain here required to be put upon the layed twine,
which then passes through the stricking or finishing machine, and in
their course the layed twine will be passed as before around the draught
rollers several times, by which means considerable strain will be put
upon the layed twine during its passage from the said grooved surging
pulley. Rotary and other friction surfaces, over and under which the
twines are drawn, again operate upon them after their surfaces have been
slightly damped, as before described; they then pass into and through
the drying chamber. From the last grooved roller of this drying
chamber the twines pass to and around the draught rollers of the
snugging, straining, and reeling frame, and thus the twines will receive
a second strain while at considerable tension. Each twine being
passed through a "snugger" formed of horsehair or other suitable rope,
will receive its final polish from the draught rollers, and the finished
twines are severally led through fixed and traversing guides, and con-
ducted each on to a self-acting reel driven in a similar manner to that
described with reference to the yarn bobbin winding before mentioned,
and wound up into hanks or "rans" for the market.
In the manufacture of lines, cords, and strands to be employed in the
formation of ropes we take the bobbins containing the ordinary spun
yarns and place them on a bobbin scalum frame, and pass them through
the several processes before described with respect to twine, that is to
say, we damp them with a gelatinous composition, subject them to rotary
and other rubbers, and pass them through or over the drying chamber.

page_text: For yarns employed in the manufacture of lines, cords, or ropes it may
sometimes be sufficient to pass the wet yarn over a heated steam chest
formed with a curved top, and in place of draught rollers to employ
grooved rollers running loose on their axles and so placed as to keep the
helical coil of yarn wound around them down upon this curved surface,
motion being given to these rollers by the passing yarns only. We now
take as many of the finished yarns as required over guides into and
through a tube in a novel machine, which we term a tubing machine,
for the purpose of doubling the same. The yarns are passed around a
pair of grooved draught rollers in a helical coil (between which rollers
the yarns may be operated on by rotary or other rubbers if desired),
thence through a vertical tube and doubling flyer to the bobbin on which
the finished strand is wound. We drive the doubling flyers by means of
bevil and spur geer in place of, as hitherto, by belts in order to obtain
an uniformity of twist in every strand throughout the machine, and also
by this means the proportions of the spur geer being altered, we are
enabled to obtain any desired number of twists in a given length of
strand, the friction geer which we prefer to employ to wind up the
finished strands being that shewn and described in a previous Patent
granted to me, John Bellamy Payne, and dated 80th December 1861,
No. 3251. The bobbin containing the strand is now to be placed on the
tension winding machine and wound with an uniform tension upon the
rotating laying bobbin, and after having been laid into lines or cords in
the laying machine we pass it through all those processes of finishing,
straining, and polishing before described with reference to twine, and
wind it into hanks or otherwise prepare it ready for the market.
up
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said John Bellamy Payne and William Edward Newton
in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 23rd December 1871.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS. SHALL COME, we, JOHN
BELLAMY PAYNE, of Chard, in the County of Somerset, Engineer, and
WILLIAM EDWARD NEWTON, of 66, Chancery Lane, in the County of
Middlesex, Civil Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Twenty-third day of June, in the year of

page_text: our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-one, in the thirty-
fifth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto us, the said John Bellamy Payne and William
Edward Newton, Her special licence that we, the said John Bellamy
Payne and William Edward Newton, our executors, administrators,
and assigns, or such others as we, the said John Bellamy Payne and
William Edward Newton, our executors, administrators, and assigns,
should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and
at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and
lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United King.
dom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of
Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF TWINES,
LINES, CORDS, AND STRANDS FOR ROPES, AND IN THE PROCESS AND APPARATUS
FOR POLISHING AND FINISHING YARNS, STRANDS, TWINES, AND CORDS," upon the
condition (amongst others) that we, the said John Bellamy Payne and
William Edward Newton, our executors or administrators, by an instru-
ment in writing under our, or their, or one of their hands and seals
should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Inven-
tion, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the
same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said John Bellamy Payne and William
Edward Newton, do hereby declare the nature of our said Invention, and
in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described
and ascertained in and by the following statement, reference being had
to the Drawings hereunto annexed, and to the letters and figures marked
thereon (that is to say) :—
The object of this Invention is to improve the manufacture and finish
of twines, lines, cords, and ropes, and to economisc labour in the
manufacture of those articles.
In the manufacture of twine we take ordinary spun yarns, but
before laying them or making them into twines we pass them through
a machine or apparatus in which the loose fibres are laid, and the
surface of the yarn is polished by friction. The ordinary spun yarn is
first to be rewound on to bobbins, and during this operation knots,
splices, or other imperfections in the spinning are to be removed
therefrom, the rewinding of the yarn affording facilities for cleaning it

page_text: from excrescences, and causing the fibres to lie in the right direction for
the after operations of finishing and winding.
In the accompanying Drawings Sheets I., II., and III. illustrate the
mechanism used in the finishing of the yarns which are to bo afterwards
layed into twine.
Fig. 1, Sheet I., is a side elevation of the bobbin frame or scalum
which receives the bobbins filled with the ordinary spun yarns intended
to be operated upon, and which is situated at any convenient distanco
from the finishing mechanism; Fig. 2 is a side elevation of a tension
or delivery grooved roller detached, and which is intended to be
interposed between the bobbin frame and the finishing machine when
the kind of yarn under operation requires to be held at tension; Fig. 3
is a side elevation of the "striking" and finishing machine, and Fig. 4
is a plan view of the same.
Bobbins filled with the selected spun yarn obtained as described
above are placed in the scalum or bobbin frame (as shown at Fig. 1),
and each of the bobbins a on this frame is provided with an adjustable
pressure apparatus a* in order that a proper amount of tension may
be put upon the yarn drawn therefrom. The yarns are then passed
around the grooves of the detached tension roller A*, Fig. 2, in order
that the yarns may be held at tension during their passage through
the "striking" machine. An adjustable amount of tension is put upon
the yarns by the break a¹, which may be operated by the lever and
weight a³ or by a tension spring. From this tension roller the yarns
then pass into the stricking machine (shewn at Figures 3 and 4),
which consists of a duplicate series of rotating rubbing cylinders
A, A, B, B, C, O, H, H, I, I, K, K, mounted on the projecting ends
of short shafts at both sides of the machine. These shafts are carried
on bearings on the side frames of the machine, the whole being
driven by a series of belts 1, 1, 1, from the main driving shaft M
(see Fig. 4). The grooved draught rollers F and G are carried by
shafts mounted in bearings on the frame of the machine, and are
driven by the train of spur and bevil gear 2 to 12 from the main
shaft M. Stationary grooved rubbing surfaces D, E, and J, L, are
carried on adjustable brackets, and serve to hold the yarns steady
while under operation. The yarns enter the machine from the bobbin
frame, Fig. 1, through the guides a³, and are led over a rotary
rubber A and a cylindrical brush B, which by rotating in the trough b
•

page_text: (containing gum or some gelatinous solution) will damp the yarn
in its passage and consolidate the fibres. The gummy or gelatinous
solution used for this purpose is similar in composition to that used
in polishing thread or yarns, and as it forms no part of the present
Invention it will not be necessary to give any description of its com-
position. The wetted yarns then pass through the guides c, and are
brought over the rotating rubber C and under and over the fixed
rubbers D and E, some of which rubbing surfaces should be covered
with cocoa-nut fibre, horsehair, or other suitable substance, and any
convenient number of them may be caused to operate on the yarns.
The yarns are next passed round the pair of grooved rollers F and G
for the purpose of giving an equal draught of the yarns through
the machine. The yarns are passed round these grooved rollers in
a helical coil as many times as it may be necessary, so as to retain
the yarn (while at tension) under the rubbing action of the rotary
rubbing surfaces H, I, a sufficient length of time. The yarns on
passing from these grooved rollers F and G are again subjected to the
operation of fixed and rotating rubbing surfaces J, K, and L, so as to
partially clean the yarn and cause the finest fibres to lie close to the
body of the yarns.
On Sheet VIII. of the Drawings are shewn a series of Diagrams
drawn on an enlarged scale with a view to shew more clearly the
nature and object of the Invention and the effect of the several windings
and rewindings (upon bobbins) that the yarns undergo during their
progress from the state of ordinary spun yarn to the manufactured
twine and the changes in the condition and position of the fibres that
consequently ensue.
Fig. 1 shews the ordinary spun yarn in its rough state; Fig. 2
represents the rewinding for selection from bobbin 1 to bobbin 2;
Fig. 3 represents the effect produced by the progress of the yarn
through the machinery from the scalum bobbin 2 to the regulating
winding bobbin 3; Fig. 4 represents the rewinding from bobbins 3 to 4
which is necessary for filling the smaller rotating bobbins 4 of the laying
machine; Fig. 5 shews that the position of the fibres in the finished
twine is the same as in the spun yarn.
When a stubborn fibre has been used in the manufacture of yarns
we find it necessary in order to obtain the desired improvement in
the finish of the twines to wind the yarns in the regulating bobbin

page_text: winding machines direct on to the rotating bobbins ready to be
placed in the laying machine to be doubled, twisted, or laid into
twines, and when the yarns or strands are finished and wound in
this manner the fibres of the yarn will be wound on the rotating
bobbins in a reversed position to that shewn at 4, Fig. 4, consequently
when twisted, doubled, or laid into twine a portion of these stubborn
fibres which have not been removed in the stricking process will be
laid in with the twist in the laying operation, and the remaining
portion together with the finer fibres will be caused to be smoothi
during the finishing process, and thus produce a better appearance when
using an inferior material.
By theso repeated rubbings to which the yarns are subjected as
above described the fibres which in the first rewinding (made for the
purpose of selection) were reversed from the direction in which they
were spun, as shewn in the Diagram, Figures 1 and 2 (Sheet VIII.),
will in their passage through the machine have been laid smooth in
the same direction as they were spun; as shown by the Diagram,
Fig. 3. The damp yarns are then drawn over and into a partially
inclosed space which we term a drying chamber, and are thero
subjected to the action of hot or cold dry air. This portion of the
mechanism is shewn on Sheet II., where Fig. 5 is an elevation
shewing the drying chamber; Fig. 6 is a plan of the same; Fig. 7,
a longitudinal section of the entering end of the chamber; and Fig. 8,
a cross section on the line 1, 2, of Fig. 7. The chamber N is formed
of a wrought-iron frame d, the top being covered in with sheet iron
and the sides formed by balanced wrought-iron shutters e, which may
be wholly or partially removed from the sides of the chamber by
lowering them (as shewn in Fig. 5) if desired.
The apparatus employed for heating the air (if hot air be preferred)
is arranged below and forms the bottom of the drying chamber N,
and consists of a steam chest N', through which aro made inclined
vertical passages N³, Fig. 7, placed on the top of a closed chamber N³
situated beneath, into which air is forced through the nozzles N* from
any ordinary blowing engine or other equivalent apparatus. This air in
passing up through the inclined passages N made through the steam
chest N' is heated and issues into the drying chamber from mouths fƒ,
which are governed or regulated in size by excentric valves f¹, shewn in
side view and section on an enlarged scale at Figures 9 and 10. These

page_text: mouths fare covered by a perforated plate or wire gauze f, Figures 7
and 8, so as to minutely divide the stream of air which issues from the
inclined passages N' into the chamber N. The yarns are conducted
over the top of the chamber N and over the guide pulley O into the
drying chamber N by means of a pair of grooved draught rollers P, P¹,
which are placed externally (or they may be placed internally of the
chamber if more convenient) and which receive their motion from the
driving shaft Q through the bevil gear wheels Q1, Q³. These grooved
rollers P, P', are placed one at each end of the machine, and therefore
a considerable distance apart, and the yarns are wound around them
helically, so as to admit of submitting any desired length of the yarn to
the drying operation in the chamber N at one and the same time. In
this chamber N the travelling yarns are acted upon by a rapid current
of hot air issuing from the orifices or mouths of the inclined passages N³.
This hot air in passing up and between the damp yarns or strands
within the chamber N will in its passage carry off the moisture there-
from. But if it be required to employ cold air only in the operation
of drying (as may be desirable with some kinds of yarn) it will be
necessary to enlarge the openings f into the chamber N by turning the
excentric valve f¹, as shewn in the Fig. 10, so as to supply a larger
quantity of air to the chamber, and which air may, if desired, be
supplied at an increased pressure. The balanced shutters or sides e of
the drying chamber admit of the chamber being practicably lengthened
or shortened at pleasure, so as to expose the yarns or twines any
desired length of time to the drying action of the air; two of these
shutters are shewn in Fig. 5 as pushed down, so as to open the sides of
the chamber for the escape of the moisture given off from the yarns.
But if a free escape of the moisture carried off by the current of dry air
is desired the top or cover of this drying chamber may be perforated, or
be partially or entirely removed. Inside the drying chamber N at any
convenient places are arranged adjustable rubbing surfaces R, R, covered
with cocoa-nut fibre, or by preference horsehair cloth, under which the
yarns are drawn while being dried, their position being adjustable
(according to the amount of friction desired) by means of the quadrant,
ratchet, and pawl R¹.

page_text: speed through the "stricking" and finishing machines, and to this end
the "
winding on" bobbins are actuated in a peculiar manner, so as to
obtain an uniform surface speed and tension and to avoid breakage of
the yarns.
Fig. 11, Sheet III., is a side elevation of the regulating yarn winding
machine, and Fig. 12 is a plan view of the same. This winding frame
is operated by a prolongation of the driving shaft Q of the finishing
machine, and consists of vertical spindles S carrying the bobbins S¹
arranged in four lines, each of which is inclined at an angle from or to
the central line of the machine, as seen in the plan view, Fig. 12. Thesc
spindles (which are mounted in bearings on the horizontal bars S², S³,)
carry pulleys S³, 83, at their lower ends. The driving band T employed
for actuating one half of the spindles of the winding-on bobbins (which
are arranged in four lines) is passed around a driving pulley S-at one
end of the machine, and an adjustable tightening pulley S³ at the other
end, and takes a serpentine course around the spindle pullies S and the
guide pulleys S*, which latter are set back from the line of spindles, and
are carried on stud axles on the frame of the machine, the driving
band being kept in contact with the pullies 8 of the spindles by the
adjustable tightening pulley S" mounted on a slide S*, and adjusted by
means of the screw 8', so that when the strain on the yarn is too great
the band will slip over the pullies until the tension is reduced to its
normal and proper degree; the other half of the spindles are driven in
the same manner by another and similar driving band T. The shafts of
the two driving pullies S and S are geared together, and motion is
communicated to them from the main shaft Q by the train of spur
wheels g, h, h¹, i, j, so that by means of change wheels on the shafts Q
and h³ any desired speed may be communicated through the bovil
gear i, j, and spur wheels k, l, to the driving bands T, T, and spindles S.
The yarns or strands to be wound on bobbins are led through the guide
cyes of the cross bars V to their respective bobbins. For the purpose of
distributing the yarn evenly over the bobbins a rising and falling motion
or copping motion is communicated to the longitudinal bar U, on which
the guide bars V are carried by means of the mangle motion straps m,
attached to a stud m³ on the vertical sliding bar m³ pendent from the
bar U, and sliding in brackets carried from the frame of the machine;
these brackets form guides for the rising and falling frame. Tho

page_text: "E
mangle motion" shaft receives its motion by means of a pinion on
the shaft m' through the train of spur wheels m³, and through the train
g, h, h', from the driving shaft Q. By this means the 'straps m will be
alternately used to raise and lower the guide frame U, V.
We find it in practice convenient (and to produce good solid twines &
and cords it is very important) that the yarns or strands to form such
twines or cords should be wound very tightly on to the bobbins prepared
for the laying machine. We therefore take the bobbins from the yarn
or strand regulating winding frame, shewn and described with reference
to Sheet III. (containing the yarns which have passed through the
drying chamber, and which are in a finished or polished state), and place
them in a tension yarn or strand winding machine, in which the yarn
will be wound upon the rotating bobbin (provided for the laying
machine) with an uniform tension, and during this rewinding the
direction of the fibres will be again reversed or disturbed, as shewn in ]
the Diagram, Fig. 4, Sheet VIII.
In Sheet IV. of the Drawings Fig. 13 is a side elevation of the tension
yarn-winding machine, and Fig. 14 is a front elevation of one end of the
machine. A is one of the bobbins (filled with yarn to be rewound)
brought from the yarn regulating winding frame last described (and 2
shewn in Sheet III.) and is placed upon one of a series of spindles
projecting from the front of the machine in a nearly horizontal
position. B is a smaller "rotating" bobbin intended to be here wound
with yarn ready for use in the laying machine. For that purpose the
rotating" bobbin is placed on the end of the horizontal spindle of the 2
cone pulley C, D, D, are friction rollers or bars; and E is the surging
pulley. In this machine the delivery bobbins A are provided with spring
friction gear F similar to that shewn and described in the Letters
Patent granted to John Bellamy Payne, dated October Twentieth, One
thousand eight hundred and sixty-two, No. 2824. Any desired amount a
of friction may be put upon the bobbin A by means of the hand wheel G,
by turning which a certain amount of tension will be given whatever
may be the diameter of the bobbin. The yarns pass from these bobbins
A, A, over or between the friction bars or guides D, D, carried by a
bracket from the frame of the machine and under and around the 8
fleeting or surging pulleys E, E, which are mounted on the outer end
of horizontal shafts which turn in bracket bearings carried by the frame
of the machine. To the opposite ends of the surging pulley shafts are

page_text: keyed friction wheels E', provided with a friction band E kept in
tension by a weighted lever E³, so that an adjustable tension may thus
be put upon the yarn as it passes around the surging pulley E. The
yarn is led from the surging pulley E through holes in the guido
plate H. This guide H is carried by a pendent bracket from the sliding
plate H³ mounted upon the projecting bracket H³ of the frame of the
machine. This sliding plate H³ receives a reciprocating motion and will
distribute the yarn equally over the bobbin B. The winding on bobbins B
are driven at a differential speed by the cone pullies O and F. The cone
pulley O is mounted upon the spindle of the receiving bobbin B and is
driven by a belt from the cone pulley G on the main shaft G of the
machine. At both ends of the axle of the cone pulley C is mounted a
loose or idle pulley O¹ and O³, on which the driving belt will rest before
the commencement and after it has completed its traverse, so that the
length of the cone pulley C will practically determine the length of
yarn to be wound on the bobbin B.
The shifting of the belt of the cone pulleys is made automatic in the
following manner:-Below the bobbin B the rocking lever P is mounted
upon the fulcrum pin P¹ carried by a bracket from the frame of the
machine. The front end of this lever bears against the periphery of
the yarn upon the bobbin B; the back end is connected by a link to a
lever I³ keyed upon an inclined rock shaft I' carrying the belt shifting
forks I', I'. By this means as the bobbins B fill with yarn the belt will
be shifted towards the larger diameter of the cone pulley O, and pass
onto the loose pulley C³, when the rotation of the bobbin B will stop
and a fixed length of yarn will be wound upon all the bobbins in the
machine with an uniform tension. A reciprocating motion is given to
the guide plate H¹ by the vertical arm of the bell-crank lever J pivotted
on the fulcrum pin J'. The horizontal arm J* of this bell-crank lever is
connected by the link J' with the front end of a rocking lever Jª, and
the opposite quadrant shaped end is provided with teeth which gear with
a pinion on the end of a mangle motion shaft K, which shaft receives
its motion from the pulley G' on the main driving shaft G¹ by the
belt L which turns the pulley L' mounted on a stud axle, and gives
motion by means of the spur wheels K³, K³, K³, to the shaft K.
It will be seen that by this third winding of the yarns on to the
rotating bobbins 4 preparatory to laying them, the direction in which
the fibres lie will have boen reversed, as shewn in the diagram, Fig. 4,

page_text: Slicet VIII., and when these rotating bobbins 4 are placed in the laying
machine, and the yarns drawn therefrom, the finer fibres of tho yarns
will in passing through the laying machine be caused to lie in the same
direction as in the rough spun yarn, as shewn in the diagram, Fig. 5,
Sheet VIII., and therefore the finish and appearance of the twine will be
much improved.
The finished yarns thus prepared by the above-described process
and mechanism may then be placed in any ordinary laying machino
and laid, twisted, or doubled into twines in the ordinary manner, or by
means of the twine laying machine for which Patents were granted
to John Bellamy Payne, bearing date respectively Thirtieth December
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-one and Twentieth October Onc
thousand eight hundred and sixty-two, No. 3258 and 2824. Or the
novel mechanism herein-after described with reference to the manufacture
of lines, cords, &c. may be used for the purpose. The twines after being
laid and doubled on to bobbins in any of the above-mentioned laying,
twisting, and doubling machines are next to be finished and made into
hanks ready for the market. For this purpose the bobbins containing
the laid and doubled twines are to be taken to the finishing machine
and placed on the bobbin scalum shewn at Fig. 1, Sheet I., from which
cach of the twines are led as many times as may be necessary around
a drum provided with a surging groove or grooves like that shewn at A*,
Fig. 2, Sheet I., so as to enable them to stand the strain here required to
be put upon the layed twine, which is then led through the striking or
finishing machine shewn at Figures 3 and 4, Sheet I., and in their
course through this machine the layed twines will be passed as before
around the draught rollers F and G several times, by which means
considerable strain will be put upon the layed twine during its passage
from the grooved surging pulley A*, Fig. 2. Rotary and other friction
surfaces shewn in Fig. 3 (over and under which the twines are drawn)
again operate upon them, their surfaces having been slightly damped
as before described by the rotary brush B. They then pass into and
through the drying chamber N before shewn and described with refe-
rence to Sheet II. From the last grooved roller of the drying chamber
the twines (being dried sufficiently) pass into the snugging, straining, and
recling frame shown on Sheet V. of the Drawings, where Fig. 1 represents
a portion of the machine in elevation, and Fig. 2 in plan view. The
laid or doubled twines on entering the snugging and straining machine
are passed through snuggers" A* formed of horsehair or other suitable.

page_text: rope, which will give them their final polish, they are then led through
and between the guides A. to and around the draught rollers B*, B¹, in
a helical coil between the draught rollers B and B³, and the draught
rollers P and P¹ of the drying machine the twines will receive a second
strain while at considerable tension. From the draught rollers B, B³, the
finished twines are then severally led through the fixed guides C and the
traversing guides D, and each conducted to one of a series of self-acting
roels E', E, to be wound up into hanks or rans "for the market.
Motion is communicated to the several parts of this machine from
the driving shaft Q, which may be a prolongation of the driving shaft
of the finishing machine when that is used in connection with this
machine, or it may be independently driven, the draught rollers B, B¹,
receiving motion therefrom by the bevil wheels F and a train of spur
wheels G, G, G³, G³. By means of change wheels we are enabled to
give any amount of strain for the purpose of testing or otherwise by
accelerating or diminishing the speed of rotation of the draught
rollers B, B. The reels E, E¹, E³, are driven in a manner similar
to that described with reference to the yarn bobbin winding machine,
that is, by a belt H from the driving pulley I which passes in a serpentine
course under and over adjustable guide pulleys J, J, J, and under the
pulleys K (keyed on the axles of the reels E, E¹, &c.), thence to and
around the adjustable tightening pulley L, and back to the driving
pulley I which receives its motion from the driving shaft Q by the bovil
gear M, spur pinion N, and the spur wheel O, upon the shaft of the
driving pulley I. The traversing guides D, D, are actuated from the snail
cams e on, the shafts E by means of the rocking lever e¹ connected by
the link e³ with the arm e³ on the axles of a ratchet and worm wheel e'.
This arm ³ is provided with a pawl taking into the ratchet wheel e*,
which communicating motion to the worm fon the same axle will traverse
the guide bar D by means of a pin pendent from its under side and guide
the twine to the reels E so that it will be wound thereon in regular
order.
In the manufacture of lines, cords, and strands to be employed in the
formation of ropes the bobbins containing the ordinary spun yarns are
placed on a bobbin scalum frame, and passed through the several
processes before described with respect to twine (with reference to
Sheets I., II., and III.), that is to say, we damp them with a gelatinous
composition, subject them to rotary and other rubbers, and pass them

page_text: through or over the drying chamber. For yarns employed in the manu-
facture of lines, cords, or ropes it may sometimes be sufficient to pass
the wet yarns or strands over a heated steam chest formed with a
curved and grooved top, as shewn at Fig. 10*, Sheet II. The draught
rollers X, X, provided with grooves are so placed as to keep the helical
coil of yarn wound around them down upon the curved surface Y,
motion being given to these rollers by spur gear. If desired grooved
rollers (or wheels, each containing a single groove) may be mounted
loose on their axles, and receive motion from the passing yarns only.
In laying the yarns used in the manufacture of lines, cords, and ropes
we take as many of the finished yarns as required over guides into and
through a tube in a novel machine, which we term a tubing machino,
for the purpose of doubling the same. This tubing machine is shewn in
Sheets VI. and VII. of the Drawings, Fig. 1, Sheet VI., being a portion
of the machine in side elevation, and Fig. 2, Sheet VII., an end :
elevation. This machine possesses some features similar to ordinary
laying machinery, and to that patented by John Bellamy Payne as
before referred to, but in this machine the doubling flyers are actuated
by bevil and spur gear in place of as hitherto by belts, in order to obtain
an uniformity of twist in every strand throughout the machine.
A, A, are grooved draught rollers mounted on longitudinal shafts
turning in bearings in the side frames of the machine; B, B, are tubes
for leading the yarn to be layed from the draught rollers A to the
doubling flyers O, C. The doubling flyers O are mounted vertically in
bearings on the front rail of the machine, and carry at their upper ends a
the spur gearing by which they are driven. The bobbin D is carried
by the vertical spindle E mounted in bearings on a rising and falling
frame F, and is fitted with adjustable friction gear, that which is
preferred and shewn in the Figures being that for which Letters Patent
were granted to John Bellamy Payne, and dated Thirtieth December a
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-one, No. 3258. The yarns to be
layed into lines, cords, and ropes are severally brought from their
rotating bobbins and are passed round the grooved draught rollers A, A,
in a helical coil (between these rollers they may be operated on by
rotary brushes or other rubbers if desired), thence led through the a
vertical tubes B, B, to the doubling flyers C, O, and to the bobbin D, on
which the finished strands, lines, cords, and ropes are wound, as shewn
in the Drawing.

page_text: The arrangement of gearing for driving the novel parts of this
machine will be best seen by referring to the end view shewn on
Sheet VII. Motion is communicated to the shaft a of the machine by
the belt a¹; and through the spur wheel 6 keyed on the same shaft to the
; large spur wheel è mounted on a stud axle d. Keyed on the axle d is
the pinion e, which by the intermediate wheel and the spur wheel and
pinion g', g, g, motion will be transmitted to the spur wheel h on the
end of the shaft of the upper grooved roller A. The lower grooved
roller is driven from the shaft of the upper rollers by the spur wheels
i,j,k. The arrangement for driving the doubling mechanism is shewn
in Fig. 2, Sheet VII., where it will be seen that to the upper end of tho
flyor spindles is keyed a spur pinion 7, which gears with a spur wheel m
keyed on a vertical shaft. This vertical shaft is geared with the hori-
zontal shaft ” by the bevil wheels o, p, and carries at its outer end the
spur pinion g, which by the change or speed wheels r, s, is geared with
and receives motion from the large spur wheel c before mentioned. Tho
shaft of the wheels r, s, being mounted in quadrant slots in the frame
of the machine (as seen in Sheet VII.), the proportions of the spur gear
may be altered to obtain any desired number of twists in a given length
of strand. The bobbins containing these strands which have been
doubled are now to be placed on the tension winding machine, and
wound with an uniform tension upon the rotating laying bobbins of tho
laying machine, and after having been laid into lines or cords in the
laying machine are to be again passed through all those processes of
finishing, straining, and polishing before described with reference to
twine and wound up into hanks or otherwise made ready for market.
Having now described this Invention of "Improvements in the
Manufacture of Twines and Cords, and in the Process and Apparatus
for Polishing and Finishing Yarns, Strands, Twines, and Cords," and
having explained the manner of carrying the same into effect, we claim
as the Invention secured to us by the herein in part recited Letters
|Patent,-
First. "Striking" and smoothing or finishing yarns, twines, and
strands while at tension, as herein set forth.
Second. Drying yarns, twines, strands, lines, and cords while at
tension by the action of currents of hot or cold air, or of hot and cold
air combined, as herein set forth.

page_text: Third. The arrangement and construction of the apparatus for drying
yarns, twines, and strands, lines, and cords, as shewn and described with
reference to Sheet II. of the Drawings.
Fourth. The means herein shewn and described of passing the yarns,
twines, strands, lines, and cords through the "striking" and drying 5
machinery at an uniform speed, and keeping them at tension during the
striking" and drying operations, as herein set forth with reference to
Sheets I. and II. of the Drawings.
Fifth. Winding the yarns or strands upon bobbins with an uniform
tension by means of the mechanism shewn and described with reference 1
to Sheet III. of the Drawings.
Sixth. Winding yards and strands upon bobbins with an uniform
tension and regulated length, as herein shewn and described with
reference to Sheet IV. of the Drawings.
Seventh. The mechanism for giving the adjustable testing strain to 1
the passing twine, lines, and cords, in the manner and for the purpose
set forth as shewn and described with reference to Sheet V. of the
Drawings.
Eighth. The improved arrangement of mechanism for reeling twines,
lines, and cords into hanks or "rans," as herein set forth.
2
Ninth. The improved arrangement or construction of twisting,
doubling, and laying machinery shewn and described with reference to
Sheet VI. and VII. of the Drawings, whereby an equal number of twists
in each strand through the machine as obtained in such a manner that
the twist may be changed without decreasing the delivery of the 2
draught rollers or the yield of the machine, as herein set forth.
In witness whereof, we, the said John Bellamy Payne and William
Edward Newton, have hereunto set
hand and seal, the
Twenty-third day of December, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and seventy-one.
3
J. B. PAYNE.
(L.S.)
W. E. NEWTON. (L.s.)