CERTAIN NOVEL AND IMPROVED COMBINATIONS AND ARRANGEMENTS OF DIFFERENTIAL. WHEEL GEARING AND ITS APPLICATION TO VARIOUS PURPOSES
Year: 1867

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Charles Frederick Cooke, of the Buckingham Works,
in the City of York, and John Standfield, of 46, Upper Stamford Street,
Blackfriars, in the County of Surrey, Engineers, for the Invention of
"CERTAIN NOVEL AND IMPROVED COMBINATIONS AND ARRANGEMENTS OF
DIFFERENTIAL. WHEEL GEARING AND ITS APPLICATION TO VARIOUS PURPOSES.”
"
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Charles Frederick Cooke
and John Standfield at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents,
with their Petition, on the 18th January 1867.
We, CHARLES FREDERICK COOKE, of the Buckingham Works, in the City
of York, and JOHN STANDFIELD, of 46, Upper Stamford Street, Blackfriars,
in the County of Surrey, Engineers, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "CERTAIN NOVEL AND IMPROVED COMBINATIONS AND ARRANGE-
MENTS OF DIFFERENTIAL WHEEL GEARING AND ITS APPLICATION TO VARIOUS
PURPOSES," to be as follows:-
Our Invention consists in certain new arrangements and combinations of
wheelsand of parts connected therewith forming a differential gear apparatus,
which is applicable generally for transmitting motion, and for imparting
increased power to the machinery, apparatus, or parts actuated by it; this
improved and new combination of differential gear is suitable for crabs, hoists,
and cranes, for capstans, for steering apparatus for ships, and for traction
engines, and the like purposes, for tools and machinery for turning and
Price 8d.]

page_text: boring, and for other purposes. The said gear in its most usual form consists
of four spur wheels, the first and second of which are placed on but not keyed
to what we will call the main arbor,whilst a disc or arm, which we will call the
carrier, and keyed to the main arbor between the first and second wheel,
carries in a boss formed for this purpose a second arbor turning freely in the
boss, on the two ends of which are keyed the third and fourth wheels, which
gear respectively into the first and second wheels. The principal feature in
our gear is that one of the two wheels on the main arbor is not revolving, but
fixed or held by friction straps or other means, whilst the power is applied for
the required work, or in some cases the above said wheel instead of being
fixed may have some independent motion from some other source.
In order that our said Invention may be more clearly understood we will
now describe the application of the differential gear in its most simple form
to a crab, reference being had to the annexed Sheet of Drawings, and to
the letters and figures marked thereon.
Fig. 1 represents a front elevation, and Fig. 2 an end elevation of the crab.
The wheel a is placed on or concentric with the main arborg, but is fixed
to the frame; b is the second wheel turning loose on the arbor g, as does also
the barrel h, which is fixed to the wheel b. One end of the carrier arm e is
keyed to the arbor or shaft g, and turns with it; at its other end the carrier
arme is furnished with a boss in which turns the second short arbor f, to the
ends of which the wheels c and d are keyed. Supposing now the wheels a & b
were both of the same diameter, and the two smaller wheels or pinions c and d
likewise of the same diameter, then the wheels c and d on being turned round
by means of the handle i will roll round the wheels c and d without pro-
ducing any motion or change of position in the wheel d and chain barrel h;
if, on the other hand, the wheel c has one tooth more than the wheel d, and
the wheel a one tooth less than the wheel b, then when the wheel c has once
rolled round the fixed wheel a, the wheel b with barrel will have changed
its position, and hence so much work is done, and thus by altering the pro.
portion of the number of teeth in the four wheels different degrees cf force
and speed are obtained. The gear has moreover the valuable property of
remaining stationary with a weight suspended from the barrel when the
handle is released, and it therefore permits of the usual ratchet wheels and
palls being dispensed with; this is of the greatest importance in hoisting
apparatus, capstans, and other apparatus. If a crab, as represented in
Figs. 1 & 2, is to be used as overhead tackle a grooved pulley with an endless
chain or rope passed over it would be used instead of the carrier arm e. For
steering purposes a spoke wheel would be substituted for it; for some pur-

page_text: poses, again, instead of the arm e a spur wheel is employed, and the pinion
gearing into the wheel fixed on a countershaft to which the handle is attached,
as is the case in ordinary crabs, and for very powerful hoists or crabs the
differential gear
is placed on this countershaft, which will at the same time
form its main arbor, the pinion gearing into the wheel to which the chain
barrel is attached being fixed to the fourth wheel of the gear.
One modification of our differential gear as applied to hoisting apparatus,
especially when the axle of the rope or chain barrel forms at the same time
the main arbor of the gear, as shewn in the annexed Sheet of Drawings,
consists in holding the wheel a at rest by means of a lever or steelyard with
adjustable weight instead of fixing it to the frame; by this means the hoist-
ing apparatus is formed into a weighing crane or hoist, by which the weight
of the object to be raised can be approximately ascertained. Instead of
spur wheels, as described, grooved frictional wheels or pulleys or internal
or bevil gear may be employed.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Charles Frederick Cooke and John Standfield in the Great
Seal Patent Office ou the 18th July 1867.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, CHARLES
FREDERICK COOKE, of the Buckingham Works, in the City of York, and
JOHN STANDFIELD, of 46, Upper Stamford Street, Blackfriars, in the County
of Surrey, Engineers, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Eighteenth day of January, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven, in the thirtieth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto us, the
said Charles Frederick Cooke and John Standfield Her special licence that
we, the said Charles Frederick Cooke and John Standfield, our executors,
administrators, and assigns, or such others as we, the said Charles Frederick
Cooke and John Standfield, our executors, administrators, and assigns, should
at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times
thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might
make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for
CERTAIN NOVEL AND IMPROVED COMBINATIONS AND ARRANGEMENTS OF DIF-
FERENTIAL WHEEL GEARING AND ITS APPLICATION TO VARIOUS PURPOSES," upon

page_text: the condition (amongst others) that we, the said Charles Frederick Cooke
and John Standfield, our executors or administrators, by an instrument in
writing under our, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should
particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in
what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed
in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and imme-
diately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said Charles Frederick Cocke and John
Standfield, do hereby declare the nature of our said Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and
ascertained in and by the following statement :-
Our Invention consists in certain novel arrangements and combination of
wheels and of parts connected therewith, forming a differential safety gear
apparatus; this gear is applicable generally for transmitting motion and
increasing or diminishing the speed of certain parts of machines, such as tools
for turning, screw cutting, boring, wheel cutting, and others; but we more
particularly intend to apply it to crabs, hoists, and cranes, to capstans and
windlasses, and to steering apparatus for ships, traction engines, and the like
purposes, in all of which its peculiarity as safety or lock gear is of the greatest
importance. Applied to crabs the gear consists in its most simple form of
four spur wheels, which may be disposed as follows:-The first wheel of,
say, 41 teeth is placed loose on a concentric with the main arbor or barrel
shaft, and is fixed to the frame and not revolving; the second wheel of, say,
42 teeth fixed to the chain barrel is placed loose on the main arbor. A disc
wheel or arm, which we call the carrier, keyed to the main arbor between the
first and second wheel carries on a second arbor the third and fourth wheels,
which are either cast in one piece or keyed to the arbor, the third wheel of,
say, 15 teeth gearing into the first wheel of 41 teeth; and the fourth wheel
of, say 14 teeth, gearing into the second wheel of 42 teeth. When the main
arbor is turned round by means of the handle the carrier will cause the third
wheel to roll round the first wheel, and the fourth wheel being in one piece
with the third wheel will roll round the second wheel, and at the same time
move it four teeth forward for each revolution of the main arbor. Owing to
the peculiar arrangement described the barrel can only be turned through the
main arbor, and on the handle being released the barrel will remain stationary
although the load be suspended from the barrel. The gear is, therefore, a
safety gear, and the ratchet wheel and pawls necessary in ordinary crabs and
other machines can be dispensed with. Instead of having the first wheel
secured to the frame and not revolving it may be connected with and held by

page_text: a friction band or other break for the purpose of permitting of the more
rapid lowering of a load or of the empty chain.
One part of our Invention consists in forming crabs and other hoisting
apparatus constructed with our gear into weighing apparatus for ascertaining
and indicating the weight of the load suspended from the barrel. To effect
this the first wheel instead of being immovably fixed to the frame is allowed
to turn to a certain extent on the main arbor, its motion being limited by
a graduated lever or steelyard attached to it which is furnished with a
sliding weight; or instead of the steelyard a combination of levers, such as
are usual in connection with ordinary weighing apparatus, may be employed.
In raising a load its weight can by this means be at once ascertained, which
will save the extra labor of separate weighing. For some purposes, again,
the first wheel instead of being fixed may have motion communicated to it
from some independent source, but in all cases, whether ordinary spur
wheels or internal wheels or bevil wheels be used our differential gear is
composed of four wheels, the first being either fixed or limited in its
revolving motion according to the object in view, the second wheel being
on the same axis as the first, and the third and fourth wheels made of or
formed into one piece, and worked by a carrier round the axis of the first
and second wheels, into which they respectively gear.
We will now proceed to describe the mode in which our improved gear
may be applied to various purposes, reference being had to the annexed
Sheet of Drawings, and to the letters and figures marked thereon.
Fig. 1 is a front elevation, partly in section, of a crab to which our
differential gear is applied.
A is the frame to which the first or fixed wheel B of 42 teeth is attached
concentric with the arbor C; the second wheel D of 41 teeth cast in one piece
with the barrel E turns loose on the arbor C. F is the carrier arm, shewn
detached in side elevation, keyed to arbor C, the forked end of which carries
the second arbor, on which the third and fourth wheel 1 of 14 teeth and I of
15 teeth which are cast in one piece revolve. By turning the arbor C with
carrier F round one revolution by means of the handle K the wheel H will
in rolling round wheel D make three revolutions, and the wheel I being in
one piece with H will likewise make three revolutions, and consequently the
wheel D with barrel E attached will be turned round to the extent of four
teeth. On the handle being released the barrel E with load suspended will
remain stationary for the reasons already explained. For moderate loads the
chain or rope is attached to barrel E, but when greater power is required
the barrel N is used which receives additional purchase through wheel L

page_text: fixed to barrel E and wheel M fixed to barrel N; the weight F¹ is for the
purpose of counterbalancing the wheels H and I.
Fig. 2 represents a modification of crab with internal wheels, the carrier F
being again represented detached in side elevation, the letters of reference
used denoting corresponding parts to those in Fig. 1. The gear may be
applied to crabs and other hoisting apparatus in a variety of ways, and instead
of the carrier being as described it may when the carrier wheels are of larger
diameter gearing into internal wheels be in the form of an excentric, upon
which the carrier wheels revolve, or again the carrier may be a crank on a
separate arbor, the carrier wheels revolving on the crank pin.
Fig. 3 represents one mode in which our gear may be applied to a ship's
capstan.
A is the standard or pillar supposed to be bolted to the deck planks. At
the upper part of A is keyed the fixed wheel B, whilst the second wheel D
is again cast in one piece with the barrel or drum E of the capstan. The
cap F formed with the usual spar sockets Facts at the same time as carrier,
and supports in the box F2 which is cast in one piece with it the second
arbor G with carrier wheels H and I. Supposing the number of teeth in
the four wheels B, D, H, I, to be 42, 41, 14, and 15 teeth respectively the
capstan barrel E will be turned by four teeth of the wheel D, or rather less
than one-tenth of a revolution for every revolution of the cap F. The capstan
is worked like the ordinary capstans by means of spars inserted into the
sockets F", and the hold on the spars may be released at any time; the
capstan barrel with weight suspended from it will always remain in its
position without the necessity of a ratchet wheel and pawls, as in ordinary
capstans, and with perfect safety to the hands employed in working it. In
order to reduce the strain upon the teeth of the four wheels B, D, H, I, the
cap
be made with a second box F3, arbor G, and wheels H, I.
may
Fig. 4 represents a side elevation, partly in section, of a steering apparatus
for vessels to which our differential safety gear is applied, and Fig. 5 is an
end elevation of the same, the hand wheel being removed.
F
A is the frame; the fixed wheel B is secured by the pedestal cap A', and
is prevented from turning round by means of a key in the usual manner. The
shaft C which carries the hand wheel K has its bearing at one end in the
fixed wheel B. The second wheel D is cast in one piece with the bevil pinion
L, which latter gears into the bevil wheel M keyed to the upper end of the
rudder post N. The carrier wheels H, I, revolve on the second arbor G
which is held at both ends by the plates F3 which are screwed to and connect
the fork ends F2 of carrier F which is keyed to shaft C. F' acts as counter-

page_text: weight to the wheels H, I, fork ends F2, and plates F³. This steering
apparatus is by the application of our gear again made into a safety apparatus.
The hold upon the hand wheel K may be released at any time, and whatever
the position of the rudder it will remain the same until changed through
the hand wheel.
Having now described the nature of our said improvements, and the
manner in which the same may be carried into effect, we wish it to be
understood that what we claim as the Invention to be secured to us by the
herein-before in part recited Letters Patent is,―
Firstly, the novel combination and arrangement of differential wheel
gearing, and its application to various purposes, in the manner substantially
as described.
with
And, secondly, the combination of our said differential wheel gear
parts for the purpose of forming crabs and other hoisting apparatus into
self-acting weighing machines, in the manner substantially as described.
In witness whereof, we, the said Charles Frederick Cooke and John
Standfield, have hereunto set our hands and seals, this Eighteenth
day of July, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred
and sixty-seven.
(L.S.)
C. F. COOKE.
JOHN STANDFIELD. (L.s.)