IMPROVEMENTS IN MOTIVE POWER, AND MEANS OF COMMUNICATION BETWEEN PASSENGERS WHILE TRA- VELLING, AND APPLIANCES CONNECTED THEREWITH
Year: 1865

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to George Bell Galloway, of Liverpool, in the County
of Lancaster, Inventor, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN MOTIVE
POWER, AND MEANS OF COMMUNICATION BETWEEN PASSENGERS WHILE TRA-
VELLING, AND APPLIANCES CONNECTED THEREWITH."
Sealed the 4th July 1865, and dated the 7th January 1865.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said George Bell Galloway
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 7th January 1865.
I, GEORGE BELL GALLOWAY, of Liverpool in the County of Lancaster,
Inventor, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN MOTIVE POWER, AND MEANS OF COMMUNICATION BETWEEN PASSENGERS
WHILE TRAVELLING, AND APPLIANCES CONNECTED THEREWITH," to be as follows :-
My improvements consist in the application of principles involved and
in part described in my Patents, dated respectively March the 15th,
1859, No. 651, and October the 31st, 1857, No. 2765, and in means of
communication as between passengers and others, and in appliances con-
nected therewith.
My Invention consists in the combination of air and water, which I
shall jointly or separately force into steam boilers generally by suitable
arrangements of feed pipes and valves in connection with the furnaces,
and in respect to boilers for locomotive purposes, applicable for the
purposes of transit. I propose, instead of surrounding the tubes with

page_text: water, as is now the usual practice, to fill the surrounding boiler spaces
with atmospheric air and steam, which will arise from the water by
which the fire-places and the parts of the boilers will be surrounded.
And where larger boilers are required for other purposes I shall adopt
the construction of boiler and furnaces by which 1 shall cause the smoke
and gases to pass from the coal fires over or in connection with a coke
furnace or fire by a suitable arrangement of the flues and tubes before
it passes into the up-take or chimney; and as a further means of
economising power, I shall cause the boiler feed pipes to pass over,
underneath, or by the sides of furnaces or fire-places, and I shall also
force water and atmospheric air through pipes by a regulated feeding
process, so that steam or motive power shall be attainable at the end
of such pipes, which may be at once applied to engines, or it may be at
first received through a pipe having a steam valve affixed in it, and thence
connected with an accumulator, in which it shall be subject to a greater
heat if required, or through a separately constructed fire-place, as a
means of superheating prior to its being applied as motive power; or I
shall produce motive power through the use of any of the known agents
by which electricity is produced, and apply electricity in combination
with water, or air, or both, by and througn suitable arrangements, such
as pipes, valves, and accumulators.
..
And in respect to furnaces, instead of allowing the gases from the
fires to pass off so quickly as they do at present, I propose to continue
the flues or tubes in a circular or other direction to as great an extent
as the inside of the boiler construction will admit, the object being the
complete utilisation of the fuel; and I propose to use tubes, made of
drawn steel or amalgamated metal, much thinner than the tubes now
in use.
And I may also split up the flame in its passage through the
tubes by angular divisions, which I shall place horizontally within them.
These divisional flame dividers will more effectually diffuse the heat,
and can also be used as a means (by having an eye or square part at
one end, the tubes may also cleaned; this can be effected by the aid of
a key or bolt, and then after turning them within the tubes, withdrawing
them therefrom. And I may also force jets of heated air upon or
through the fires into the flues, smoke boxes, tubes, and up-take, and
cause the steam feed pipes to pass through an iron fire-box, which I affix
or suspend to the pipe or pipes, as between the boiler and cylinders, the
object being to improve the expansive properties of the steam power.
And in order to prevent the burning of the packing in cylinders, and
to avoid friction, I shall force cold atmospheric air through the ordinary
steam ports in combination with the steam by an air pump and accumu-
Jator attached to the steam chest, and draw off the worked off steam by

page_text: a pumping working action, which I cause to work in the opposite direc-
tion to the stroke of the engine, by which arrangement I obtain an
auxiliary motive power through and by the aid of expended steam; and
I also propose to substitute a semicircular eccentric motion affixed in
connection with or upon the ends or other parts of shafts where crank
motions are now applied, and obviate the friction connected with such
motions by affixing in connection with the connecting rods circular
rollers, the object being to present a revolving surface to all parts of
engines and shafts where friction is found to exist, and especially to
obviate the necessity for cranked axles and cranks. And I also propose
to apply my improved motive power for transit purposes on land by the
following arrangements:-The construction of the engine or motor I
propose to use instead of horses, and the locomotive power now in use
may consist of a construction for omnibuses and carriages corresponding
in length to the space occupied at present by horses. The framework
may be of iron, steel, or other metal; the driving wheels have broad
flanges constructed of iron with convex arms, or in some places may
resemble what I shall denominate a form like unto a garden roller, and
fitted underneath the bottom of the framework, the object being by the
use of this broad travelling circular surface to enable me to apply the
power fully as a means to effect-the transit of goods and passengers on
common roads. The framework referred to with the engine, boiler, and
wheels, is intended to have seats for passengers placed upon the top and
sides of it, and at each side, underneath the seat, I mean to affix a
tube, having glasses of magnifying power (if required) within it, in
order that the engineer or guard may perceive more clearly distant
objects; and I propose to apply a telescopic tubular arrangement par-
ticularly adopted to railway engines, such as ordinary telescopes used at
sea, affixed or used in connection with the engine or guard's van, arrange-
ments so that signals or obstructions on the line may be sooner perceived
thereby. The steering or guiding of the engine or travelling machine
will be effected by a centre wheel, which will be worked by a motion
guided by the conductor or guard, and affixed at one or both ends; and
I may also affix a centre guiding wheel to omnibuses and other con-
veyances, and obviate the friction which now exists in the turning of
them by affixing friction sheaves or rollers either within the circle or
in the framework connected with the axle wheels, and apply modifica-
tions of the plan, framework, and motive power, to suit the nature of
the work to be done. In the construction of the engine and boiler I
propose that the chimney or uptake may be subdivided, and the gases, as
well as the exhaust vapour from the power applied, I propose to carry
off either by subdivided pipes, so as to distribute the contents into the

page_text: atmosphere without objection or noise; and in this arrangement I may
be also able to pass them over or through the coke fire, by which plan
I shall effect more perfect purification; and to effect this object I employ
a suitable arrangement of tubes and pipes, and in some cases I may apply
and affix in connection with the framework underneath the boiler a
power generator, a lever, or levers of as great length as can be applied.
And at one end of the lever 1 propose to affix a tapped motion or an
eccentric motion, the object being to regulate the stroke and work air
pumps, which I may work by a side rod action, horizontally or vertically,
by which plan. I shall more economically apply motive power to rail-
way and other engines, the object being the application of the principle
evolved in the fulcrum and lever through and by the application of
mechanical arrangements. I also propose to supply motive power of a
more limited nature by the means of hand air pumps; in this case the
air is to be pumped and forced into an accumulator for compression.
To the accumulator I may affix a pipe, which may be of a spiral or other.
form, and, if necessary, cause the pipe to pass through a coke fire-place
constructed for that purpose. The air pumps will, when the carriage or
machine is set in motion, then be caused to be worked by eccentric or
other angular connection. The supply of air will thus be kept up
(especially when the carriage or machine is travelling down hill, and the
compressed power received in the accumulator thereby will save either
the manual labour or other first motive power, which may have been
applied in starting carriages or machines; and the principle of this plan
I may also apply by balance weights or spring appliances, either in con-
nection with water, or air, or both, through or by two separate
accumulators, one working into the other, that is, one being discharged
through the power produced into the other, by which means, in a given
time, opening the reserve valves, there will be a continuation of the re-
verse motive power. This plan I may adopt and apply without any fire.
The means by which I propose to effect a communication as between
travellers and others will consist of a central communication as between
the compartments which in the seat parts of carriages may be made to
lift up, and the back divisional part made to open as a door, and thus
any number of doors made by this plan will provide the means of com-
munication from carriage to carriage. I also propose to affix glass
as a medium of perceiving objects as between the divisions of carriages
and from one carriage to another. And I also propose to affix a tube or
tubes; having mouth-pieces and air alarums or whistles, in connection
therewith, such as are now in use in offices and public buildings, con-
nected by union joints from carriage to carriage, through which com-
munication, connected with the various compartments and carriages,

page_text: I may continue the means of communication both to the guards and
engine drivers or locomotive trains. And I also propose to apply this
mode of air and speaking communication throughout state cabins and
other parts of ships or steamers, the object being to protect and inspire
more comfort and confidence while travelling; and for this purpose I
also propose that the number of every state cabin and compartment of
railway carriages shall have both their rules in respect to the use of
such appliances and the number of the compartment or carriage legibly
affixed, so that they may be seen and read by all passengers. And as
a further means to insure comfort and to make journies by sea or land
more safe and agreeable, I propose to illuminate or light up the com-
partments in carriages, cabins, engine rooms, stoke-holes, and also to
apply for signal lights a composite wire, of which magnesian wire will
form the chief element in combination with other metallic substance or
wire, such as zinc, or in combination with carbonaceous substances, or
surround magnesian wire with a composite substance, such as wax or
other fusible substance, in combination (if required) with an acid; or
I may surround the before-named wire with cotton or other fibrous sub-
stance saturated with a chemical solution, such as hydrocholoric or other
acid to prevent its too rapid consumption, the object being to supply for
all general illuminating purposes for which gas and lamps are now being
used a bright steady light through or by greatly increased magnifying
power, and the appliances implied in the title of my Specification con-
sist in the various applications herein-before named and referred to, and
for the purposes set forth in this my application for Her Majesty's Royal
Letters Patent.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said George Bell Galloway in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 7th July 1865.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, GEORGE
BELL GALLOWAY, of Liverpool, in the County of Lancaster, Inventor,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Seventh day of January, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-five, in the twenty-eighth
year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and
grant unto me, the said George Bell Galloway, Her special licence that
I, the said George Bell Galloway, my executors, administrators, and
assigns, or such others as I, the said George Bell Galloway, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no

page_text: .
others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term
therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
MOTIVE POWER, AND MEANS OF COMMUNICATION BETWEEN PASSENGERS WHILE TRA-
VELLING, AND APPLIANCES CONNECTED THEREWITH," upon the condition (amongst
others) that the said George Bell Galloway, my executors or ad-
ministrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of
their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the
nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be
performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent
Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the date
of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that 1, the said George Bell Galloway, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement thereof:-
My improvements consist in the application of principles involved in
part described in my Patents dated respectively March 15th, 1859, No.
651, and October 31st, 1857, No. 2765, and in motive power and means
of communication as between passengers while travelling, and appliances
connected therewith.
My Invention consists in the combination of air and water, which I
shall jointly or separately force into steam boilers generally by a suit-
able arrangement of feed pipes and valves in connection with the fur-
naces or any other parts of boilers; and in respect to boilers for loco-
motive purposes, applicable for the purposes of transit by sea or land, I
propose, instead of surrounding the upper tubes with water (as is now
the general practice) to fill the space with water (as is now the general
practice) to fill the space with atmospheric air in order that it may' com-
bine with the steam which arises from the water by which the fire spaces
and other parts are surrounded. And where larger boilers are required
for other purposes.I shall adopt the construction of boiler and furnaces
by which I shall cause the smoke and gases to pass over a coke furnace
.or fire by a suitable arrangement of the flues and tubes (similar to the
plan. I have described in my Patent, No. 651, before referred to) before
it passes into the up-take or chimney; and as a further means of
economising power I shall cause the boiler feed pipes to pass over, under-
neath, or by the sides of furnaces or fire-places, and I shall also force
water and atmospheric air through pipes by a regulating feeding pro-
cess, so that steam or motive power shall be attainable at the end of
such pipes which may be at once applied to engines, or may be first re-

page_text: ceived through a pipe having a steam valve affixed in it) connected with
an accumulator, in which it shall be subjected to greater heat (if re-
quired), or through a separately constructed fire-place, as a means of
superheating it prior to its being applied as motive power; or I shall
produce motive power through the use of any of the known agents by
which electricity is produced, and apply electricity in combination with
water or air, or both, by and through suitable arrangements, such as
pipes, valves, and accumulators.
And in respect to furnaces, instead of allowing the gases from them
to pass off so quickly as they do at present I propose to continue the
tubes in a circular or other direction to as great an extent as the con-
struction of the boiler will admit, the object being the more complete
utilization of fuel, and for this object I may also split up the flame in
its passage through the tubes by angular divisions which I shall place
horizontally within them. These divisional flame dividers will more
effectually diffuse the heat, and by having an eye or square part at one
end of them the tubes may be also scraped and cleaned out, and this
can be effected by turning them round within the tubes and then with-
drawing them out therefrom. I will also force jets of heated air upon
and through the fires into the flues, tubes, smoke boxes, and up-take,
and cause the steam feed pipes to pass through an iron fire-box which I'
aflix or suspend to the steam pipe or pipes as between the boiler and
the cylinder, the object being to improve the expansive properties of
steam and to obviate friction and prevent the burning of the packing in
cylinders. I shall force cold atmospheric air through the ordinary
steam ports in combination with the steam by an air pump accumulator
and pipes attached to the steam chest, and also draw off the worked-off
steam by a pump-working action, which I cause to work in the opposite
direction to the stroke of the engine, as by this plan I shall obtain
auxilliary motive power through and by the aid of expanded steam.
And I also propose to substitute a circular excentric motion, affixed upon
the ends or other parts of shafts where crank motions are now applied,
and obviate the friction connected with such motions by affixing in
connection with the ends of the connecting rods circular rollers, the
object being to present a revolving surface to all parts of engines and
shafts where friction is found to exist, and especially to obviate the
necessity for crank axles or cranks. And I also propose to apply my.
improved motive power for transit purposes on land by the following
arrangements:-The construction of the engine or moter 1 propose to
use instead of horses or other locomotive power now in use may consist
of a construction for omnibuses and carriages corresponding in length
so the space occupied at present by horses, the framework may be of

page_text: iron, steel, or other metal, the driving wheels have broad flanges con-
structed of iron with convex arms, and in some cases may resemble what
I shall denominate in form like unto a garden roller, and be fitted under-
neath the body of the framework; the object being, by the use of this
broad travelling circular surface, to enable me to apply the power fully
as a means to effect the transit of goods and passengers on common
roads. The framework referred to, with the engine, boiler, and
wheels, is intended to have seats for passengers placed upon the top and
sides of it, and at each side, underneath the seat, I may affix a tube
having glasses (of magnifying power if required) within it in order that
the engineer or guard may perceive more clearly distant objects, and I
propose to apply telescopic tubular arrangements particularly adapted
to railway engines, such as the ordinary telescopes used at sea, affixed
or used in connexion with the engine and guard's van arrangements, or
supply engineers and guards with opera. glasses, or fit their caps with
glasses affixed within a peak to cover the eyes, or supply convex oval
eye-glasses, fitted in flexible light, frames, secured by elastic bands round
the head, so that the signals and any obstructions may be sooner per-
ceived thereby, and this description of eye-glass spectacles I may
generally supply for general purposes.
The engines I propose to apply may be of any suitable ordinary adap-
table form, or I may use that form or principle of planet motion I have
in' part described in the Patent granted to me bearing date 9th Novem-
ber, 1864, No. 2779, or obtain a greater amount of motive power by
adopting the principle of a spiral motion similar to that adopted where
it is required for shafts to work in cross directions as by this plan of affix-
ing a wheel upon the axles (which in that case would simply have more
particularly to carry the weight of the boiler, framework, and engines,)
a much greater power would be obtained as the pistons could then
travel at the greatest possible velocity, and so cörrespondingly with
much less weight of material, evolve a much greater effective power,
and the principle of this action I may subsequently apply to engines
travelling upon railways, and also prevent railway engines from leaving
the rails (as they at present are so liable to do) by affixing to railway
engines independent leading wheels of as small diameter, as prac-
ticable, which small wheels I propose shall have their flanges as deep
as possible, as by this plan proportionate to the velocity of the wheels,
a more continued protective guiding power will be given to railway
engines and trains.
And this principle of deep flanges or additional
wheels may be also applied to the carriages and trucks, and waggons.
And I may also apply the before-named principle of motion to the
shafts of the engines of steam ships and vessels, and to the screw pro-

page_text: peller shafts, and also drive thereby screw propellers at a much
greater velocity and affix my forms of screw propellers (as described in
my last Patent just above referred to) upon separate independent shafts,
and work them in opposite directions, one above or by the side of each
other, the object being to reduce the diameter of screw propellers,
and by the increased velocity at which they may be thus driven in con-
nection with the centrifugal action of the water in which they have to
work, thereby obtain a much greater amount of speed for vessels at less:
cost as working expences, and having also much less weight of boilers
and engines, &c. &c., to carry, which displaces so much cargo and pas-
senger accommodation as at present constructed, or I may obtain in-
creased speed of the propeller shafts by friction sheaves of such diameter
as may be required, or by what is usually called planet motion wheels.
The steering or guiding of the engine or travelling machine to be
used instead of horses will be effected by a centre wheel, and be worked
by a motion by the conductor or guard, affixed at one or both ends, and
I may also apply a centre guiding wheel to omnibuses or other con-
veyances and obviate the friction which now exists in the turning of
them by affixing friction sheaves or rollers within either the circle or in
the frame connected with the axle wheels, and apply modifications of
the framework and motive power, to suit the nature of the work to be
done, and may apply a brake for the purpose of speedliy stopping wag-
gons, carriages, &c., by causing the pole to move, or apply brake power
by lever action and connections by the power of horses in holding back
which will by their power thus naturally applied brake the wheels; and
may also apply this principle of braking power to both engines and
carriages upon railways, by connecting the springs and buffers, and
applying brakes, to every wheel, as by this plan when the power is short
of from the engine, the buffers and springs and brakes will simul-
taneously act, and thereby have the greatest tendency to stop vehicles
and trains in shorter distances and in less time.
I
In the construction of the engine and boiler I propose that the chimney
or uptake may be subdivided and the gases as well as the exhaust
vapour from the power applied, I propose to carry off either by sub-
divided pipes so as to distribute the contents into the atmosphere with-
out objection or noise, and in this arrangement I may be also able to
pass them over or through the coke fire, by which plan I shall effect
more perfect purification, and to effect this object I employ a suitable
arrangement of tubes and pipes, which I may either connect with what
I shall denominate a vapour distribution chamber which will consist of
irou casing fitting underneath the boiler, or it may also extend from the
fccd water cistern, which I propose to affix upon the top of the boiler

page_text: below the seats I have proposed for goods luggage or passengers, down
to and around the axle frame. This air and steam exhaust and vapour
chamber will be perforated in all parts, the object being that the ex-
haust and gases from the coke furnace should be thus allowed naturally
to escape into the atmosphere without objection. This plan will
obveate the necessity for vertical chimneys.
In some cases 1 may apply in connection with the framework under-
neath the boiler or power generator a lever of as great length as can be
upplied, and at one end of the lever I propose to affix a tapped motion or
an eccentric motion, the object being to regulate the stroke, and work
air pumps, which I may work by a side rod action, horizontally or
vertically, by which plan I shall more economically apply motive power
to railway and other engines, the object being the application of the
principle evolved in the fulcrum or lever through and by the application
of mechanical arrangements.)
I also propose to supply motive power of a more limited nature by
the means of hand air pumps. In this case the air is to be pumped
and forced into an accumulator to which I affix pipes which may be of
a spiral or other form, and if necessary, will pass through a coke fire-
place, constructed for that purpose, the air pumps will when the carriage
or machine is set in motion then be caused to work by eccentric or other
angular communication, the supply of air will then be kept up especially
when the carriage or machine is travelling down hill, and the com-
pressive power received in the accumulator thereby will save either the
manual labour or other first motive power, which may have been applied
in starting carriages or machines; and the principle of this plan I may
also apply by balance weights or spring appliances, either in connection
with water or air, or both, by two separate accumulators, one working
into the other, that is to say, by one being discharged through the power
produced into the other, by which means in a given time, and opening
the reverse valves, there will be a continuation of the same motive power;
this plan I may adopt and apply without any fuel.
And the means by which I propose to effect a communication as be-
tween travellers and others, will consist of a central communication as
between the compartments, and also the ends of each carriage, which
in the seat parts of carriages may be made to lift up, and the back or
divisional parts made to open as a door, or the seat part may be affixed
to the door, and so move with it, and thus the doors by this plan will
produce the means of communication. I also propose that carriages for
refreshments form part of each train. I also propose to affix glass and
perforated zinc or wire gauze fitted in a frame or forming parts of the
doors; or instead of doors as between the compartments, I may affix

page_text: the frame in which I affix the wire gauze or perforated zinc (as this will
also equalize the temperature within the carriages) to open as they now
do in the ordinary doors of the carriages, or sliding from side to side
in a frame. I also propose to affix within each compartment a tube or
tubes of as large diameter as can be arranged, and connect each tube
with a flexible or metallic tube, which I affix to the sides or the roof
inside of the carriages, and connected with each branch tube I affix a
mouth-piece and a valve above this orifice, as by this plan when any
passenger wishes to communicate with the guard, they have simply first
to press the valve open with the hand, and then speak loudly into the
mouth-piece. And in order to check any improper use of this plan, I
affix behind the valve a spring, which at once acts upon a signal, which
signal thereby becomes fixed, and will thus indicate the compartment
from which the communication was made. The main air tube or tubes
can be connected by flexible tubes connected by union joints from
carriage to carriage, through which communication connected with the
various compartments I may continue the means of communication both
to the guard and engine driver of locomotive trains. And I also pro-
pose to apply this mode of air and speaking communication throughout
state cabins, and other parts of ships or steamers, the object being to
protect and inspire more confidence and comfort while travelling; and
for this purpose I also propose that the number of every state cabin and
compartment of railway carriages shall have both the rules in respect
to the use of such appliances, and the number of the compartment or
carriage legibly affixed, so that they may be seen and read by all pas-
sengers, and as a further means to ensure comfort and to make journies
by sea or land more safe and agreeable, I propose to illuminate or light
up the compartments of carriages, cabins, engine rooms, stoke-holes, and
also to apply for signal lights, a composite wire, of which magnesian wire
(or its constituent form the chief element, in combination with other
metallic substances or wire, such as zinc, or in combination with car-
bonaceous substances; or surround magnesian wire with a composite sub-
stance, such as wax or other fusible material, in combination (if re-
quired) with an acid; or I may surround the before-named wire with
cotton or other fibrous substances, saturated with a chemical solution
such as hydrochloric or other acid to prevent its too rapid consumption,
the object being to supply for all general and illuminating purposes for
which gas and lamps are now being used, a bright steady light through
and by greatly increased magnifying power, and the appliances implied
in the title of this my Specification consists in the various applications
herein-before named and referred to, and for the purposes set forth in
this Specification.

page_text: Having herein so generally by forms and figures of description de-
scribed my various plans for the accomplishment of the purposes set
forth and implied, I do not deem it necessary to attach Drawings in con-
nection herewith, agreeing nevertheless to supply them if and when re-
quired); but I would have it understood that what I claim and desire to
secure the exclusive use of is, the various principles of my Invention
herein described in those my in part recited Letters Patent, and for the
various purposes set forth.
And, finally, let it be understood, that in the event of my having herein
and hereby encroached upon the rights of others, I do hereby disclaim
any desire or intention so to do, and simply solicit to be apprised in
writing with proof thereof.
In witness whereof, I, the said George Bell Galloway, have here-
unto set my hand and seal, this Seventh day of July, in the year
of our Lord One thousand cight hundred and sixty-five.
Witness,
HENRY CLEMENT,
8, Quality Court,
Chancery Lane.
GEORGE BELL GALLOWAY. (L.S.)