A METHOD, PRINCIPLE, OR APPARATUS FOR RAISING OF WATER OR OTHER FLUIDS
Year: 1828

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, ANTON
BERNHARD, of Finsbury Square, in the County of Middlesex, Engineer, send
greeting.
WHEREAS His present most Excellent Majesty King George the Fourth,
by His Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing
date at Westminster, the Twenty-fourth day of July, in the ninth year of
His reign, did, for Himself. His heirs and successors, give and grant unto
me, the said Anton Bernhard, His especial licence, that I, the said Anton
Bernhard, my exors, admors, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Anton
Bernhard, my exors, admors, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and
no others, from time to time and at all times during the term of years
therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend,
within England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and in all
His said Majesty's Colonies and Plantations abroad, my Invention of "A
METHOD, PRINCIPLE, OR APPARATUS FOR RAISING OF WATER OR OTHER FLUIDS;" in
which said Letters Patent is contained a proviso obliging me, the said Anton
Bernhard, by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal, particularly to
describe and ascertain the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner
the same is to be performed, and to cause the same to be inrolled in His
Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar months next and
immediately after the date of the said in part recited Letters Patent, as in
and by the same, reference being thereunto had, will more fully and at large
annear

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Anton Bernhard, do hereby declare the nature of my said Invention to
consist in a method of raising water and such other fluids as are subject to
the same laws, as far as regards the application of this Invention thereto, by
means of an apparatus acting on the combined principles of exhaustion,
atmospheric pressure, heat, and condensation or refrigeration, and which prin-
ciples are simultaneously brought into action by a new combination of the air
pump, furnace, condenser, refrigerator, and Torricellian column. And in further
compliance with the said proviso, I, the said Anton Bernhard, do hereby
describe the manner in which my said Invention is to be performed by the
following description thereof, reference being had to the Drawing annexed,
and to the figures and letters marked thereon (that is to say) :-
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING.
Figure 1 is a vertical section through the centre of an apparatus constructed
on the principles of my said Invention, and adapted for the raising of
water to the height of fifty feet. A, A, are supposed to be two sides of an
elevated tower, say about one hundred feet high; B, C, D, and E, are four
boarded platforms or stories in the said tower, and some of the other parts
coloured brown merely represent the wooden, framework which supports part
of the apparatus; F is an ordinary boiler furnace; G.is the ashpit; H is an
ordinary circular boiler set in the furnace, the flue of which after passing round
the boiler passes into the brick chimney stack. I, and is thence carried upwards
through the iron funnel J to the brick chamber K, whence the smoke is
carried off by a smaller branch funnell O, which being at the back of this
Figure cannot conveniently be shown here, but which will be exhibited more
plainly in the next Figure; L is a pipe leading from the boiler to the main
pipe M, N, which is the pipe through which the water is raised in a heated
state, and which I therefore call by way of distinction the hot fluid ascending
pipe. It will be observed that this pipe M passes up the centre of the
chimney I, J, until it reaches the chamber K, at which place the chimney and
the main pipe take different directions, the latter being turned to one side at
N in order to pass by the box P, P, which contain a series of small pipes
which I call the condensing or refrigerating pipes. The hot fluid ascending
pipe M, N, communicates with the upper part of these pipes at Q, as will be
more particularly explained hereafter; that portion of the hot fluid ascending
pipe from Q to W is separate from the lower part, the point of union being
at W, where there is a stuffing box which allows the pipe to adjust itself, as it
is extended or contracted in length by the variations of temperature to which

page_text: it is exposed; the vertical part of the pipe M, N, which extends below the pipe
L, is merely for the purpose of support, and to obtain a firm foundation for the
whole. It will be seen that there is a box at the lowest extremity of the pipe
to receive any dirt that may collect, and which box is furnished with a door to
remove the said dirt. The condenser or refrigerator consists of a series of
small pipes communicating with each other, and all inclosed in a strong
wooden case through which a current of cold air passes; the manner in which
this current of cold air is admitted into the box or casing which surrounds the
condensing or refrigerating pipes is not shown in this Figure, but the pipe U is
the exit pipe for the air by which it leaves the box after having performed the
operation of condensing or cooling the water in its passage through the con-
densing or refrigerating pipes. This pipe U should rise about twenty-five feet
above the condenser or refrigerator, which communicates at the side opposite
to Q, with the pipe R, R, R, through which the cooled water is carried off and
descends into the cistern S; wherefore I call this pipe R, for distinction's sake,
the cooled fluid descending pipe; S is a cistern kept sufficiently full of water to
seal the end of the pipe R, and T is a valve to be applied for the same purpose
when occasion requires. V is an exhausting pipe leading from the top of the
pipe R to an air pump situated behind the cistern S on the first floor B of the
building, and therefore not visible in this Figure.
I will now proceed to describe Figure 2, which is a vertical section
also, but not taken through the centre, and represents those parts which
could not be shown in Figure 1. Those parts which are similar in
both Figures I shall designate by similar letters, which, if attended to,
will render a repetition of the description of many of them unnecessary; thus,
for instance, A is the tower or building; B, C, D, and E, the floors of
the building; F, the furnace; G, the ashpit; H, the boiler, with a man hole
a at one end; L is the branch pipe from the boiler leading into the main pipe;
I is the chimney stack; e is the place where the furnace flue enters the
chimney; J is the funnel or continuation of the chimney, and forms a sort of
jacket round the main or hot fluid ascending pipe, which is within it; X, X, is
a feed pipe leading from the boiler to a reservoir Y, and it will be observed
that this pipe X, X, is furnished with a valve opening upwards to admit water
to the boiler, but preventing the return of any water which has once entered
the boiler; Z, Z, Z, is an air pipe or funnel open below to the external air
through an aperture in the wall of the lower part of the building, and com-
municating above with the bottom part of the box P, and it is by this means
that the current of cold air before alluded to enters the box, passes upwards
through it in the manner shown by the arrows in Fig. 1, and afterwards

page_text: escapes by the pipe U, as before described; O is the branch funnel: before
alluded to, which continues the chimney upwards from the brick chamber K,
at which point, as has been before stated, the hot fluid ascending pipe emerges
from the chimney, and slants off to the side of the condenser or refrigerator,
while the funnel or chimney slants off, as here shown, to carry off the smoke;
V, V, is the exhausting pipe inserted at the top of the cooled fluid descending
pipe R, and leading, as will be seen, to an air pump, situated, for conveniency
sake, on the first floor of the building, and which may be worked by hand, or
by power derived from the apparatus itself. It now only remains for me to
describe the condenser or refrigerator more particularly, and then to describe the
mode of setting the apparatus to work and its general action. Figure 3 is a
sectional plan of the pipes of the condenser or refrigerator on a larger scale,
the better to show its form; and Figure 4 is a vertical section showing the
manner in which the cooled water gets into the pipe R; and first, I will
describe Figure 3: 6 is the pipe which receives the heated water from the
main pipe M, N; and from which it flows into the pipe g, and thence through
the upper tier of pipes marked i, into the boxes marked r, and thence returns
by the under tier of pipes, which cannot be shewn in this Figure, to the pipe f
and thence flows into the pipe R; there are two rows or sets of pipes, but, as
they act in precisely the same way, the above description is sufficient.
Figure 4 is a side view or section; V is the exhausting pipe; i, i, are what
I call the upper tier of pipes; and c, c, the under tier of pipes, and the series
of these two tiers is what I call a set. I will now describe the mode of setting
the apparatus to work and its general action:-A constant supply of water,
either natural or artificial, must be furnished to the reservoir Y, so to keep the
water line constantly to the height here shown, or nearly so; water must also
be supplied to the cistern S, sufficient to fill the pipe R at first setting the
apparatus to work, but afterwards enough to fill the cistern to the height here
shown will be sufficient; this being attended to, the air pump should be worked
by hand or otherwise; this will of course produce a partial vacuum in the
exhausting pipe V, the pipe R, the condenser or refrigerator, the pipe M, N,
the branch pipe L, the boiler II, and the feed pipe X, X, the conse-
quence of which will be that the pressure of the atmosphere on the water-in
the reservoir Y will force a portion of that water through the pipe X; X, into
the boiler, and thence into the main pipe M, N, up which it will ascend to a
certain height, according to the perfection or imperfection of the vacuum
created by the air pump; at the same time a similar operation is going on in
the pipe R, for the valve T being opened, the pressure of the atmosphere on
the surface of the water in the cistern S, forces a" portion of that water up the

page_text: 1.
pipe R, and it is important that the vacuum formed should be sufficiently
perfect to maintain the water in that pipe at a height of thirty feet at least,
and if the full height of a Torricellian column of water, so much the better; but
it will be evident that the height of this column will vary according to the
specific gravity of the fluid to be raised, and the length of the pipe R may be
made to correspond accordingly. We will suppose the water in the main
pipe M, N, to have risen by the internal exhaustion and the external pressure
of the atmospheric air to the height marked by the dotted lines; if a fire be
now lighted in the furnace, and raised to a sufficiently high degree of tempera-
ture, the water in the main pipe M, N, will become heated, and gradually
ascend to Q, whence it will flow into the pipes of the condenser or refrigerator;
in its passage through these pipes it will be cooled by the current of air which
will be passing up the pipe Z, Z, Z, into the box P, and escaping at the
pipe U, and when the water. has been thus cooled it will flow out of the con-
denser or refrigerator into the pipe R, where it increases the column of
water in that pipe to a height greater than the atmospheric pressure below
will sustain, and, thus a portion of water, equal to that which is flowing into
the pipe R at its upper end, is constantly flowing out of it at its lower end
into the cistern S, to restore the equilibrium, and from this cistern S it is
therefore evident a constant fall of water fifty feet in height from the waste
pipe may be obtained for any purpose required. It may be as well here to
observe that the height of the said fall of water will always be determined, in
an apparatus of this kind; by the distance between the surface of the water in
the reservoir Y and that in the cistern S. It should also be stated that, after
a sufficient exhaustion has been made by the air pump to set the apparatus to
work, it will still be found necessary to renew the exhaustion by working the
air pump, in consequence of the air which disengages itself from the heated
water.
Now, whereas various modes of exhaustion, may hereafter be found ap-
plicable to my said. Invention; and various modes of cooling the water
or other the like fluid, by blasts of air, cold water, or otherwise, as it
passes from the upper part of the hot fluid ascending pipe to the
upper part of the cooled fluid descending pipe, as also various modes of
applying the heat to the ascending fluid; but whereas I claim as my Inven-
tion the combination, in manner herein-before described, of an air exhausting
apparatus, which in this case is supposed to be an air pump; a beating appa-
ratus, which in this case is supposed to be a furnace; a cooling apparatus, which
in this case is supposed to be effected by a current of air; and a Torricellian
column, which in this case is supposed to be of water combination, being for

page_text: the purpose of raising water or such other fluids as are subject to the samo
laws, as far as regards the application of the Invention thereto, either in
order to get rid of or remove the said fluid from the place whence it is
taken, or to be applied afterwards as a prime mover; and such my Invention
being, to the best of my knowledge and belief, entirely new, and never before
used within that part of his said Majesty's United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland called England, His said Dominion of Wales, or Town of Ber-
wick-upon-Tweed, nor in any of His said Majesty's Colonies or Plantations
abroad, I do hereby declare this to be my Specification of the same, and
that I do verily believe this my said Specification doth comply in all respects,
fully and without reserve or disguise, with the proviso in the said berein-before
in part recited Letters Patent contained. Wherefore I hereby claim to main-
tain exclusive right and privilege to my said Invention.
In witness whereof, I, the said Anton Bernhard, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Twenty-fourth day of January, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and twenty-nine.