IMPROVEMENTS IN KILNS OR OVENS, AND IN BRICKS, TILES, AND QUARRIES TO BE EMPLOYED IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE SAME
Year: 1876

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Coates Daniel, of the Borough of Hanley, in the
County of Stafford, Brick Manufacturer and Merchant, for the Invention of
"IMPROVEMENTS IN KILNS OR OVENS, AND IN BRICKS, TILES, AND QUARRIES
TO BE EMPLOYED IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE SAME."
Soaled the 23rd March 1877, and dated the 29th December 1876.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Coates Daniel at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 29th December 1876.
JOHN COATES DANIEL, of the Borough of Hanley, in the County of Stafford,
Brick Manufacturer and Merchant. "IMPROVEMENTS IN KILNS OR OVENS, AND IN
BRICKS, TILES, AND QUARRIES TO BE EMPLOYED IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE
SAME."
My Invention relates to improvements in the forming of the flues and covering of
the same, to form the bottoms of kilns or ovens, in the construction of arches for the
fire-holes, in the lining of the body of the kiln or oven, and in the finishing of the
inner ring of the dome, all as herein-after described.
In carrying out my Invention as applied, for example, to a circular kiln or oven
constructed upon what is known as Minton's system, I employ in forming the
junction of flues what I designate flue bricks, that is to say, bricks made of sufficient
size and strength, and having the opening corresponding with the flue moulded or
formed in them. A considerable saving in balance is thereby effected by the
operation of cutting the bricks for that purpose being dispensed with, whilst at the
same time the strength of the flue is greatly augmented; I also with a like object
construct the quarries which cover the flues of such shapes that they may be fitted
together and engage the one with the other without any or with but little cutting.
For example, the inner annular portions are composed of quarries in the shape of
seginents of rings, beyond which annular portions are series of quarries arranged
radially, the inner quarries of such series being made of a curved shape to fit the
other periphery of the enclosed annular portion. The intervals between these
radial series are filled in with quarries of a triangular, pentagonal, and rectangular
shape, according to their position. Where apertures are necessary they are moulded
or formed in the quarries. The brick for the spy hole or regulating hole is made of
such a form that being placed upon another quarry it will leave an aperture
sufficiently large to place a brick in the same when not in use. The brick for the

page_text: spy hole or regulating hole is so arranged as to enter the wall of the kiln or oven to
a considerable distance, thus securing greater strength than can be obtained by
forming the hole with ordinary bricks in the usual manner.
The arches for the fire-holes are formed of segmental blocks, whereby a great
saving in labor and materials is effected.
According to the ordinary system the clay of which the joints are made (and
there are a number of them owing to the small size of bricks used) through con-
traction allows the centre or key brick to fall out, thus destroying the arch;
whereas the outer arch when formed by these segmental blocks is in two parts only,
and of such a form that it cannot fall through, and the inner arch where there is the
greatest heat is of three parts, the centre forming a key of such a shape as to guard
against falling through most effectually. The lining brick for lining kilns or ovens
is made with the inner face of the same curve as the body of the kiln or oven and
the ends radiating to the centre of the same curve, thereby preventing the drawing
into the kiln or oven which usually takes place over the bags. The crown brick
which is used to form the inner ring of the dome is constructed of such a shape as
to rest upon the next ring, thereby preventing all liability of its falling in which
usually occurs when the parts are arranged in the ordinary manner; the inner ring
also forms the seating for the damper.
In applying the Invention to ordinary kilns or ovens the sides of the main flues
are formed with the flue bricks, thus preserving the openings from the main flues
into the quarters (which are filled in in the ordinary way) from contracting, and so
closing the quarters and preventing the passage of heat through the same.
The flues are covered by quarries or tiles constructed of segments, annular,
triangular, pentagonal, and rectangular forms, as before-mentioned, which fit onc
with another and so form one complete whole. The arch seatings are blocks or
lumps from which to spring ordinary arches, the lumps also form cheeks for glut
holes. The top of the hob round the fire-hole is formed of 3 blocks or lumps,
whereby wear round the mouth is prevented and the strength is increased.
The bricks for lining the oven or kiln and for round the crown hole are the same
as heroin-before described for ovens on Minton's' system.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by the
said John Coates Daniel in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 29th June
1877.
JOHN COATES DANIEL, of the Borough of Hanley, in the County of Stafford,
Brick Manufacturer and Merchant. "IMPROVEMENTS IN KILNS OR OVENS, AND
IN BRICKS, TILES, AND QUARRIES TO BE EMPLOYED IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF
THE SAME."
My said Invention relates chiefly to that description of kiln or oven, in respect of
which Letters Patent were granted to Thomas William Minton, dated the 10th May
1873, No. 1709, but it is also applicable to kilns or ovens of the ordinary con-
struction, and it consists of improvements in the forming of the flues and covering
of the same to form the bottom of the kiln or oven in the construction of bricks for
spy holes or regulating holes for the lining of the body of the kiln or oven and for
the inner ring of the dome, and in the construction of arches for fire-holes, all as
herein-after described, reference being had to the two Sheets of Drawings hereunto
annexed.
Figure 1 (Sheet 1) of my Drawings represents a vertical section of a kiln or oven
constructed upon Minton's system with the improvements which form the subject
of my said Invention applied thereto; Figure 2 (Sheet 2) is a corresponding sectional
plan of the same, the section of the right and left hand halves of the Figure being
taken respectively along the lines 1, 2, and 3, 4, (Figure 1).
Figures 3 to 14 (Sheet 2) represent details of the bricks and quarries.

page_text: Figure 15 (Sheet 1) is a section taken at right angles to Figure 1, through the
wall of the kiln or oven, illustrating the improvements in the bricks for spy holos or
regulating holes.
Figures 16 and 17 (Sheet 1) are details illustrating the improvements in the
arches for fire-holes.
Figure 18 (Sheet 2) represents a sectional plan of the inner portion of an ordinary
kiln or oven with my Invention applied thereto, and Figures 19, 19ª, 20, and 21
represent details of the same which will be herein-after referred to.
Referring to the arrangement illustrated by Figures 1 to 17 of my Drawings,
I employ in forming the junction of the main flues A with the branch flues or
offsets B what I designate flue bricks (as shown at C, Figures 1 and 2, and in
detail in Figure 3), that is to say, bricks made of sufficient size and strength, and
having the opening a corresponding with the flue B moulded or formed in them,
whereby a considerable saving in labour is effected by the operation of cutting the
bricks for that purpose being dispensed with, whilst at the same time the strength
of the fluo is greatly augmented; I also with a like object construct the tiles or
quarries which cover the flues of such shapes, as to admit of their being fitted
together and engaging the one with the other without any or with but little cutting.
For example, the inner annular portions are composed of quarries D (Figures 2
and 4), and E (Figures 2 and 5), in the shape of segments of rings, beyond which
annular portions are series of quarries F, G, arranged radially, the inner quarries F
(Figures 2 and 6), of such series being made of a curved shape to fit the outer
periphery of the enclosed annular portion E, whilst the others G (Figures 2 and 7)
are of a rectangular form. The intervals between these radial series are filled in, as
shewn in Figure 2, with quarries H, H¹, (Figures 8 and 9) of a triangular form,
quarries I, Figure 10, of a pentagonal form, and quarries K, Figure 11, of a
rectangular form according to their position. Where apertures are necessary, as
shown at b, Figures 2 and 8, they are moulded or formed in the quarries.
The brick for the spy hole or regulating hole is shewn at L, Figures 1 and 15, and
detached in Figure 12. It is made of such a form that being placed upon another
quarry M, it will leave an aperture c sufficiently large to admit of a brick being
placed in the same when the spy hole is not in use. The brick L is so arranged as
to enter the wall N of the kiln or oven to a considerable distance, as shewn in
Figure 1, thus securing greater strength than can be obtained by forming the hole
with ordinary bricks in the usual manner. d, Figure 13, is one of the bricks for
the lining o of the kilns or ovens; it is made with the inner face c of the same
curvature as the body N of the kiln or oven, and with the sides f, f, radiating to
the centre of the same curve, as shewn, whereby the liability of the bricks being
drawn into the kilns or oven, which action usually takes place over the bags, is
obviated. The crown bricks P used to form the inner ring P¹ of the dome Q are
constructed with a shoulder g (see Figures 1 and 14), so as to rest upon the next
ring R, thereby preventing all liability of the inner ring P¹ falling in, which usually
occurs when the parts are arranged in the ordinary manner; the inner ring P¹ also
forms the seating for the damper S.
My improvement in the construction of arches for fire-holes is illustrated most
clearly in Figures 16 and 17 (Sheet 1). It consists in constructing the arches of
segmental blocks, the outer arch T, Figures 1 and 16, being composed of two
parts h, h, only made of such form that it cannot fall through, and the inner arch U,
Figures 1 and 17, where there is the greatest heat, being made of three parts i, i, i¹,
the central one (¹) of which forms a key of such a shape as to guard against falling
through most effectually. The liability with which the ordinary system is attended
of the destruction of the arch by the falling out of the central or key brick due to
the contraction of the clay at the numerous joints is thus entirely obviated, whilst
at the same time a considerable saving in labour and materials is effected.
Figures 18, 19, 19ª, 20, and 21 (Sheet 2) illustrate the application of my said
Invention to kilns or ovens of the ordinary construction. A are the flues, the sides
of which are formed with the flue bricks C, by the employment of which in

page_text: substitution for ordinary bricks the labor in forming the bottom is greatly reduced
as very little cutting of bricks is required and more perfect distribution of the heat
is obtained.
The mode of connecting the flue bricks together will be understood clearly by
reference to Figure 19ª.
The flues are covered by the tiles or quarries constructed of segments which fit
one with another, and so form one complete whole, as herein-before described with
reference to the arrangement, Figures 1 to 17, some of the segments, as for example,
the pentagonal, being however divided, as shewn at I, I, Figure 19. The arch
seatings are blocks or lumps l, h, Figure 20, from which to spring ordinary arches T,
the lumps h, h, also forming cheeks for glut holes. The top of the hob round the
fire-hole is formed of 3 blocks or lumps h¹, h¹, h¹, Figure 21, whereby wear round
the mouth is prevented and the strength is increased.
The bricks for lining the kiln or oven and for the crown are constructed of
similar forms to those herein-before described with reference to the arrangement
illustrated in Figures 1 to 17.
Oven bottoms constructed in accordance with my said Invention possess the
advantage over those of the ordinary construction in that the liability is obviated
of the flues being filled with sand and dirt, which defect in ordinary ovens is
occasioned by the small spaces being filled with cut bricks and the like, which
speedily wear away with the expansion and contraction of the oven at every firing,
whereas in my arrangement there are no or but few small pieces to become
displaced.
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of my said Inven-
tion, and the manner in which the same is or may be used or carried into effect,
I would observe in conclusion that what I consider to be novel and original, and
therefore claim as the Invention secured to me by the herein-before in part recited
Letters Patent is, the general arrangement and combination of parts herein-before
described and illustrated by the accompanying Drawings.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Coates Daniel, have to this my Specifi-
cation, set my hand and seal, the Twenty-first day of June, One thousand
eight hundred and seventy-seven.
JOHN COATES DANIEL. (L.S.)