A NEW OR IMPROVED ATMOSPHERIC AIR MOTOR
Year: 1883

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Herbert John Haddan, of Kensington, Middlesex for
an Invention of A NEW OR IMPROVED ATMOSPHERIC AIR MOTOR a com-
munication to him from abroad by Benjamin James Forster, of Toronto, in
the Dominion of Canada
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Herbert John Haddan at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 10th March 1883.
"
HERBERT JOHN HADDAN, of Kensington, Middlesex, 'A NEW OR IMPROVED
ATMOSPHERIC AIR MOTOR," a communication to me from abroad by Benjamin
James Forster, of Toronto, in the Dominion of Canada,"
This invention consists in a flexible air-tight vessel in combination with
nechanism so arranged in connection with the flexible vessel that the reciprocating
movement of the vessel produced by the expansion and contraction of the air
within it, due to the increase or decrease in the temperature of the atmosphere,
shall impart, movement to a motor capable of storing the power thereby produced,
and reproducing the same at such times as required.
Also in an air-tight flexible vessel connected to mechanism deriving its motion from
the expansion and contraction of the said vessel in combination with an inflexible
air reservoir, also air-tight but communicating with the flexible vessel.
Also the combination of an inflexible air-tight vessel connected to the flexible
vessel and provided with a mercurial safety valve.
Also in an air-tight flexible cylinder, fixed at one end to a table and having its
moveable head provided with friction rollers, working in guide bars, in combination
with a counterbalance weight.
Also in an endless chain passing around pulleys, in combination with a cross head
connected to and affected by the movement of a flexible cylinder, and having
pivoted on it dogs, arranged to engage with the said chain.
Also in an apparatus for utilizing the changes in the temperature of the
atmosphere by the expansion and contraction of a flexible cylinder arranged to
impart a rotary movement to a spindle, the application of a ribbon spring, the
inner end of which is connected to the spindle, and the outer end to a flange,
connected with the main cogwheel.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said Herbert John Haddan in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
10th September 1883.
HERBERT JOHN HADDAN, of Kensington, Middlesex. "A NEW OR IMPROVED
ATMOSPHERIC AIR MOTOR," a communication to me from abroad by Benjamin
James Forster, of Toronto, in the dominion of Canada
It consists essentially of a flexible air-tight vessel arranged in connection with
mechanism, so that the reciprocating movement of the flexible vessel produced by
the expansion and contraction of the air within it, due to the increase or decrease
of the atmospheric temperature shall impart movement to a motor capable of
storing the power thereby produced and reproducing the same at such times as
required, as hereafter more particularly explained.
Figure. 1. is an elevation exhibiting an arrangement of mechanism for producing
the desired result.
Fig. 2. is an enlarged detail of dogs and endless chain.
Fig. 3. is a detail of spring connection.
It is a well established fact in pneumatics that air will expand three-eighths (³/s)
of its bulk between the freezing temperature and the boiling point of water:-in
other words, that eight measures of air at the freezing temperature become eleven
at the boiling point of water.
It is also well established in pneumatics that air preserves an equable rate of
expansion at all temperatures, its increase of bulk for example being the same from
zero to one hundred degrees as from one hundred to two hundred degrees and as
its expansion from thirty-two to two hundred and twelve degrees; Fahrenheit,
amounts to three-eighths (3/8) of its bulk at thirty-two degrees, it follows that
every degree on this scale corresponds to a change in its bulk, amounting to one
four hundred and eightieth (1/480) of the bulk at thirty-two degrees.
I bave mentioned this maxim in pneumatics in order that the principle of the
mechanism may be understood and its operation appreciated as produced by
changes in the temperature of the atmosphere.
If a hermetically-sealed vessel containing nothing but air be subjected to heat,
the expansion of the air within it produces a power increased in proportion to the
heat applied and under certain circumstances in proportion to the volume of the
air contained within the vessel.
It is with a view of utilizing the power produced by the law of pneumatics
referred to that the apparatus which I will now proceed to describe has been
devised.
A, represents a flexible cylinder preferably made of silk specially prepared with
the view of making it impervious to air, and having solid heads, B, and, B¹, fixed to
it at either end, rings being placed at intervals in the silk cylinder, A, to prevent
the collapse of the same when subjected to a greater external pressure than that
produced within it. If this bermetically-sealed cylinder A, is collapsed but at the
same time contains a certain volume of air, it follows that owing to the
construction of the cylinder as explained, should heat be applied to it, the
expansion of the air within it, will force its two heads apart, which heads will
again come together when the air within the cylinder has cooled down to its
original temperature. With the view of utilizing this expansion and contraction
I provide the following simple mechanism.-The lower head, B, of the cylinder, A,
is fixed to a table, Č.. The other end, B', is provided with suitable friction
rollers, D, held opposite to each other on the said head and brought in contact with
the vertical guide bars, E,

page_text: The cylinder, A, is in this manner held in a vertical position while its free
movement caused by the expansion and contraction of the air within it, will not
be injuriously affected by the means explained for guiding its movement in a
given direction. F, are two rods connecting the top, B', with the cross head, G,
provided with friction rollers, H, which rollers, like the friction rollers, D, fit and
work on the vertical guides, E. It will thus be seen that the movement of the
head, B¹, produced by the expansion or contraction of the air within the vessel, A,
will impart a similar movement to the cross-head G.
With the view of balancing the weight of the head, B¹, and cross head, G,
I provide counterbalance weights, I, which are connected to the cross head, G, by
the chains, J, passing over pulleys, K, which are held in suitable brackets supported
in the frame-work of the machine. By thus providing balance weights the force
produced by the expansion of the air will have exactly the same effect on the
mechanism as an equal force produced by the contraction of the air within the
cylinder, A.
L, is an endless chain passing around the pulleys, M, and, N, held in suitable
brackets secured to the frame work of the machine as illustrated. The chain, L,
passes through holes in the cross head, G, which cross head has pivoted upon it in
proximity to the chain, L, two dogs, O, and P. The dog, O, being set against the
chain, L, so that it will engage therewith only when the cross head, G, ascends;
while the dog, P, is set so as to engage with the same chain, but on the opposite
side of the pulley when the cross head descends. By this arrangement of dogs it
will be seen that the pulleys, M, and, N, will always revolve in the same direction
whether the cross head moves up or down in its guides as explained.
As the volume of air within the vessel or cylinder, A, would not in itself be
sufficient to produce a power applicable for practicable purposes I provide an
additional vessel, Q, which is also hermetically sealed but is suitably connected by
a pipe, R, or otherwise to the vessel, A, in order to constitute an air reservoir for
the supply of pressure to the said flexible vessel, A.
The number and size of the reservoir, Q, can of course be indefinitely increased
but for the purpose of explaining this invention it will be sufficient to show one
reservoir only. If the apparatus constructed as described is placed in a position
where it will be affected by the differences in the temperature of the atmosphere,
which varies in summer in this latitude as many as seventy degrees between noon
and midnight, it follows that the expansion and contraction of the air thus
produced within the chamber, A, reinforced by the expansion and contraction of
the air within the reservoir, Q, will produce as herein explained a reciprocating
movement to the cross head, G, which movement is imparted by the dogs, O,
and, P, to the chain, L, and through it to the spindles on the pulleys, M, and, N.
It follows that if these spindles or either one of them is suitably connected to a
motor propelled by a spring or its equivalent for storing power and reproducing
the same, the said spring or its equivalent, will be constantly supplied with fresh
power by the reciprocating movement of the flexible vessel, A, and thus so long as
the apparatus is subjected to the atmosheric [sic] changes, so long will power be
supplied to the motor which reproduces the same in the usual manner.
Although the greatest motion will be produced when the temperature changes to
the greatest extent, it will of course be understood that at every slight change in
the temperature the motor will be affected to a certain extent. If exposed to the
bright rays of the sun the air will expand. Should the sun become clouded for a
short period the air will naturally contract, and so on during the whole day, at
each and every change of the temperature, the air either expands or contracts, and
consequently the apparatus imparts to the motor a power given out as described.
As the movement of the apparatus will be irregular, sometimes fast and sometimes
slow, and sometimes imparting no movement at all, it is important that the
mechanism devised to store the power produced by the motion of the apparatus
should be so constructed that the irregular manner in which the power is applied
to it should have no effect on its working In Fig. 3. I exhibit a plan by which a

page_text: spring may be wound up without affecting the motor propelled by the said spring.
In this figure the spring, S, is attached at one end to the spindle, M, its other end
being connected to the flange, T, to which flange the main cogwheel, U, is connected.
The spindle is therefore entirely independent of the main driving cog wheel, U,
except so far as it is connected by the spring.
When the spindle is revolving the spring is wound up, but in so winding it, it
does not effect the movement of the main driving cog wheel, U, consequently the
spindle, M', may be caused to revolve quickly or slowly according to the movement
of the apparatus without effecting in any way the movement of the main driving
cog-wheel except so far as reinforcing the power to be applied to it.
In constructing the apparatus, its size will of course be regulated to suit the
particular work it is intended to perform. The extreme change of the temperature
will also be considered. In the event of the changes being more extreme than
calculated upon I provide what is termed a safety valve to relieve the apparatus of
any unlooked-for strain.
In Fig. 1., V, is a cup of mercury communicating with the interior of the
reservoir, Q. W, is a pipe leading from the reservoir, Q, at one end and its other
end fitting into the mercury in the cup, V, the interior diameter of the cup being
greater than the outer diameter of the pipe. In the event of the expansion
within the reservoir, Q, being greater than required to impart the desired
movement to the cylinder, A, instead of exerting the extra strain on the said
cylinder the surplus power produced by this extra expansion is relieved by the
escape of air through the pipe, W, thence through the seal of mercury out into the
atmosphere.
It will of course be understood that the seal of mercury is of such a size as
will simply balance the extreme pressure which the cylinder, A, is calculated to
withstand. In the event of the contraction of the air within the cylinder, A,
being greater than the mecurial seal will withstand the outer air will of course
force its way through this seal and thence into the reservoir, Q, which is thus
supplied with fresh air and consequent power.
What I claim as this invention is:-
1st. A flexible air-tight vessel in combination with mechanism so arranged in
connection with the flexible vessel that the reciprocating movement of the vessel
produced by the expansion and contraction of the air within it, due to the increase
or decrease in the temperature of the atmosphère, shall impart movement to a
motor capable of storing the power thereby produced, and reproducing the same at
such times as required substantially as and for the purpose specified.
2nd. In an apparatus to produce motion by the expansion and contraction of air
due to the increase or decrease in the temperature of the atmosphere, an air-tight
flexible vessel connected to mechanism deriving its motion from the expansion and
contraction of the said vessel, in combination with an inflexible air reservoir, also
air-tight but communicating with the flexible vessel substantially as and for the
purpose specified.
3rd. In an apparatus for utilizing the changes in the temperature of the atmosphere,
and in which motor power is applied to mechanism by the reciprocating movement
of an air-tight vessel, the combination of an inflexible air-tight vessel connected to
the flexible vessel and provided with a mecurial safety valve, substantially as and
for the purpose specified.
4th An air-tight flexible cylinder, A, fixed at one end to the table, C, and having
its moveable head provided with friction rollers, D, working in guide bars, E, in
combination with the counterbalance weights, I, substantially as and for the purpose
specified.
5th. In an apparatus for utilizing the changes in the temperature of the atmosphere
by the expansion and contraction of a flexible cylinder, an endless chain, L, passing
around the pulleys, M, and, N, in combination with the cross head, G, connected to
and effected by the movement of the flexible cylinder, and having pivoted on it the

page_text: dogs, O, and, P, arranged to engage with the chain, L, substantially as and for the
purpose specified.
6th. In an apparatus for utilizing the changes in the temperature of the atmosphere
by the expansion and contraction of a flexible cylinder arranged to impart a rotary
movement to a spindle, the combination of a ribbon spring, S, the inner end of
which is connected to the spindle, M¹, and the outer end to the flange, T, substan-
tially as and for the purpose specified.
In witness whereof I the said Herbert John Haddan have hereunto set my hand
and seal this 10th day of September A.D. 1883.
H. J. HADDAN
(L.S.)