IMPROVE- MENTS IN THE METHOD OF MANUFACTURING HOES, AND IN THE TOOLS OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN
Year: 1884

page_text: -:(.
I, DANIEL SMITH, junior, of Raglan Street, Wolverhampton, in the county of
Stafford, engineer, do hereby declare the nature of my invention for, IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE METHOD OF MANUFACTURING HOES, AND IN THE TOOLS OR
APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN, to be as follows:-
!
This invention relates to the manufacture of Brazil hoes, that is, of hoes which
have cheeks projecting forwards from the eyes, by which such hoes are beld or fixed
to the handles, and has for its object to cheapen the cost of forming such eyes
and to secure uniformity in the cheeks thereof, and a better "finish" to the eye
generally.
According to this invention the short length of bar from which a hoe is to be
made is held (in of course a heated condition) edgeway's between two compression
dies which form the metal to (approximately) the outline on plan of the intended
eye and pole thereto (when such is required) but somewhat shorter, and with the
metal reduced on each side of the eye, at the front, to form the curves for joining
into the intended cheeks.
The eye thus partially formed is held within a solid bottom die of (approximately)
the same configuration, but somewhat longer, and, if desired, with a recess at the
bottom to receive any surplus metal and to form a gauge to fix its position in
the next pair of tools. A forcing tool or punch, of the size in cross section of the
intended hole through the eye, is then pressed into the partially formed eye and
forms the hole therethrough except for a wad or web of metal at the bottom or end
of the forcing tool. The metal extended somewhat endways by this operation,
and thus completely fills the die, and the forcing tool is shaped to give this endway
extension towards the pole or top. The forcing tool is also formed to leave the
metal in the hole projecting somewhat inwards on each side of the front, corre-
sponding to the reduced parts on the outside, and has a collar to press upon and
flatten the back of the eye.
The partially formed eye is next held on a lower cutting tool and the wad,
aforesaid, is cut out by a punch.
The partially formed eye is then transferred to a pair of finishing tools which are
formed so as to produce between them the finished eye with the cheeks thereon.
The tool (of this pair) for completing the interior of the eye carries or forces down
the metal left on each side of such interior to form the cheeks and is rounded or
tapered on each side at its end so as to give a lead in carrying or forcing down the
metal.
Dated this twenty-third day of January 1884.

page_text: I, DANIEL SMITH, junior, of Raglan Street, Wolverhampton, in the County of
Stafford, engineer do hereby declare the nature of my invention for IMPROVEMENTS
IN THE METHOD OF MANUFACTURING HOES, AND IN THE TOOLS OR APPARATUS
EMPLOYED THEREIN and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be
particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement, reference
being had to the accompanying drawings and the letters of reference marked
thereon (that is to say) :-
3. This invention relates to the manufacture of Brazil hoes, that is, of hoes which
have cheeks, projecting forwards from the eyes, by which, in combination with the
eyes, such hoes are held or fixed to the handles, and lias for its object to cheapen
the cost of forming such eyes, and to secure uniformity in the cheeks thereof, and
a better "finish" to the eyes generally..
'
According to this invention, a short length of bar from which a hoe is to be made
and of the proper breadth and thickness for the formation of the eye in the manner
hereinafter described, is held (in of course a heated condition) edgeways between
two compression dies which form the metal to (approximately) the exterior size and
shape of the intended eye and pole (when such is required). but somewhat shorter.
along the diameter lying towards the top or pole, and without the cheeks thereon,
and with the metal reduced on each side of the eye, at its front to form curves for
joining into the intended cheeks. This pair of dies is illustrated by figures 1 and 2,
of which figure 1 is a vertical section on line y y of figure, 2, and figure 2 is a vertical
section on line x x of figure 1. The same letters of reference occurring upon both
(these views indicate corresponding parts. A is a short length of bar from which
a hoe is to be formed, B the upper die, and C the lower die.. Referring to figure 1,
it will be seen that the upper and lower dies are shaped respectively to form the
metal between them to (approximately) the outline, in such view; of the intended
eye and pole thereto, the parts intended for the formation of the eye and pole-piece
being lettered respectively E and F.; and referring to figure 2, it will be seen that
the dies B and C are formed, respectively, so as to reduce the metal at a a, that is
on each side of the eye and at, the front thereof, so as to form the curves for joining
into the intended cheeks. The part D (shewn by dotted lines only on figure 1) on
the upper die B acts as a guage or guide for the adjustment of the bar as the same-
is placed between the dies, and forms a continuous backing or support to the back
of the part E whilst such part is within the dies. The partially formed eye figure 1
is somewhat shorter in an end way direction or diameter than the finished eye is
intended to be, for a purpose which will be presently understood.
The eye thus partially formed is held within a solid-bottom die of (approximately).
the same configuration internally, but somewhat longer, so as to be of the exterior
dimensions of the finished eye without the cheeks thereon, and, if desired, with a
recess at the bottom to receive any surplus metal. A forcing tool or punch, of the
size in cross section of the intended hole through the eye, is then pressed into the
partially formed eye, and forms the hole therethrough, except for a wad or piece
of metal at the bottom of the forcing tool which is left partially attached to the
eye.
'
This second pair of dies is illustrated by figures 3, 4, 5 and 6, of which figure 35
is a vertical section on line y y of figure 4, figure 4 a vertical section on line x x of
figure 3, figure 5 a plan of figure 3, with the top tool removed and with the partially
formed eye shewn previous to the operation of these tools, and figure 6 a plan of

page_text: figure 3, but with the partially formed eye shewn after the operation of these tools.
The same letters of reference occurring upon two or more of these tools indicate
corresponding parts. A is the short length of bar, B¹ is the forcing tool or punch,
and the bottom die. Referring to figure 5, a recess D' is sunk in the face of
the die C¹ to the exact shape of the exterior of the eye and pole thereon (if such is
required), but without the cheeks. When the partially formed eye is removed from
the first pair of tools and laid in the bottom die, figure 5, it only partially fills the
sinking D¹ therein, as shewn, and is held back against the shoulders bb; the forcing
tool or punch B¹ then descends upon the partially formed eye, entering the metal
thereof so as to partially form the interior of the eye. The bottom of this punch B¹
is formed of a slanting shape, as shewn at figure 3, so that in its descent through
the partially formed eye it forces forwards the metal towards the unfilled end of the
recess D', and thus avoids the escape of metal which would take place pass the
shoulders bb, if there were no arrangements for forcing and receiving the metal in
the direction of the top or pole, with the result, in such supposed case, of forming an
elongated neck instead of sharp corners as desired. During the descent of the punch
B' through the partially formed eye, the wad of metal E₁ is forced down out of the
interoir of the eye, and as this metal forms a shoulder against the corner c of the
lower die, additional security is obtained against any tendency of the metal to
escape back past the corners b b. The bottom of the die C¹ is slanted to correspond
with the bottom of the punch, so that, as the wad E¹ is compressed between such
die and punch, the metal thereof flows forwards towards the pole or top of the eye.
This wad of metal E¹ remains connected at its front end to the metal of the eye, as
shewn, and is drawn up out of the bottom die with the eye. Referring to figure 4,
it will be seen that the punch B' is shaped so to leave lumps or thicknesses of
metal a a¹ on the inside of the eye in position where the curved parts a a occur.
These lumps of metal in the interior furnish the material from which the projecting
cheeks are afterwards formed. F¹ is a collar, which presses upon and flattens the
back of the eye. G and H are inclined faces on the upper and lower tool,
respectively, for the purpose of giving the desired pitch of the part to form the
blade of the hoe.
It is not necessary to form a recess in the bottom die of the last-described pair of
tools, but if this is not done the punch must be shortened, and a diaphragm or wad
of metal will be left, by these tools, in the bottom of the eye joined around its
entire circumference to the main body of the metal.
The partially formed eye is next held on a lower cutting tool, and the wad cut
out by a punch.
The partially formed eye is then transferred to a pair of finishing tools, which
are formed so as to produce between them the finished eye with the cheeks thereon.
This last pair of tools is illustrated by figures 7, 8 and 9, which are each vertical
sections through the lower tool, but shew the upper tool in elevation. The sections.
shewn by figures 7 and 8 are taken through the same point as, but at right angles
to, that shewn by figure 9. The same letters of reference occurring upon two or
more of these views indicate corresponding parts. G¹ is the tool of this pair for
completing the interior of the eye and for carrying down metal to form the cheeks
thereof. In figure 7 this tool is shewn in its upward position previously to acting
upon the partially formed eye, and in figures 8 and 9 it is shewn to be in its
downward position, having completed the interior of the eye. H¹ is the lower tool
or die. This tool has an opening through it, and the upper end of this opening is
shaped to receive the partially formed eye after the same has had the wad cut.
therefrom. In figure 7 such partially formed eye is shewn in section in position.
within the lower die. Immediately below the part which is formed to receive the
partially formed eye, are two sinkings d d, one on either side of the opening through
the die H¹, and these sinkings d d are formed to the exterior shape of the intended-
cheeks, and consequently join at their upper ends into the curved parts a a on;
each side of the partially formed eye, as shewn, so that such curves may form

page_text: continuations of the exterior surfaces of the cheeks. The upper tool G¹ is circular
in section at its upper part, say on the line 2, and is gradually brought down to
the section shewn at figure 7a towards its lower end, say on the line 2, so as to
shape and complete the interior of the eye and cheeks thereon. As the punch G¹
descends into the opening through the lower die, it carries down with it a portion
of the lumps or thicknesses of metal a¹ a¹ inside the partially formed eye, and
spreads the metal thus carried down into the sinkings d d, as in section at figure 8,
thus forming cheeks one of which, J, is shewn in side elevation figure 9. The
lower end of the punch G¹ is shewn to be rounded in the elevation presented at
figures 7 and 8, so as to give a lead in drawing down the metal to form the cheeks,
and the bottom end of this punch is shewn square-ended, in the view presented at
figure 9, though it may be rounded in this view also, if desired. K is a collar
which bears upon and finishes the top of the eye. The eye, with the cheeks
thereon, and pole-piece, if such is required, is finished by the last mentioned tools,
but any frazing or fin thereon must, of course, be removed, in the usual or any
convenient manner.
The tools above-described may be operated either in a press or stamp, but
preferably in a press.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what
I claim is:
:
1. The improvements in the method of manufacturing Brazil hoes, according to
which, the exterior of the eyes, but somewhat shorter than the intended finished
eyes, and pole-pieces thereon, if such are required, and without the cheeks thereon,
and with the metal reduced on each side so as to form initial curves for joining
into the intended cheeks, are first formed by compressing the short lengths of bar,
from which hoes are to be made, edgeways between a pair of tools, and the
exterior of the eyes thus partially formed afterwards completed by means of
punching and drawing tools which draw forwards the metal towards the top or
pole of the eye, and prevent the metal escaping in the opposite direction which
would, if it did so escape have the effect of forming an elongated neck, and the
upper tool of which partially forms the interior of such eyes, but leaves therein
lumps or thicknesses of metal for the after formation of the cheeks; such eyes
being finally completed by means of a die and forcing tool, the latter of which
draws the cheeks into recesses in the die, and thus completes the interior of the eye
and forms the cheeks at one operation, all substantially as herein described and
shewn by the accompanying drawings.
2. In the manufacture of Brazil hoes, curving in each side of the metal from
which the eyes are being formed, previously to drawing the cheeks from lumps or
thicknesses of metal within the interior of the eyes, substantially as and for the
purpose herein described and shewn by the drawings.
3. In the manufacture of Brazil hoes, forming the general configuration of the
exterior of the eyes somewhat shorter along the diameter lying towards the pole or
top than the intended finished eyes, and then forming such partially finished eyes.
to their proper length or diameter in such direction, by means of a pair of tools,
one of which is formed to the exterior shape of the intended eyes with the pole-
pieces thereon (if such are required), and the other of which partially forms the
interior of the eyes, leaving lumps or thicknesses of metal therein from which the
cheeks are afterwards formed, and forces the metal forwards towards the tops or
pole-pieces so as to prevent its escapement in the opposite direction, and thus
prevent the formation of elongated necks, substantially as and for the purpose
herein described and shewn by the drawings.
4. In the manufacture of Brazil hoes, forming the interior of the eyes with
lumps or thicknesses of metal therein from which the cheeks are afterwards drawn,
by an inner tool, into recesses in a die, substantially as herein described and shewn
by the drawings.

page_text: 5. In the manufacture of Brazil hoes, drawing the cheeks thereof from lumps
or thicknesses of metal within the interior of the eyes, by means of an inner tool
and die, substantially as herein described and shewn by the drawings.
6. The combination of the tools herein before described and illustrated by the
drawings, substantially as and for the purpose described and shewn by the
drawings.
7. The tools herein described with reference to figures 1 and 2, for the purpose
of forming the exterior shape of the eyes of Brazil hoes but somewhat shorter along
the diameter lying towards the poles or tops than in the finished eyes and of giving
the initial curves a a on each side thereof, substantially as and for the purpose
herein described and shewn by the drawings.
8. The tools described with reference to figures 3, 4, 5, and 6, for the purpose
of completing the exterior shape of the eyes of Brazil hoes (which have been
previously partially formed substantially in the manner described), by forcing the
metal thereof in a direction towards the tops or pole-pieces, and thus preventing
the escape of the metal in the opposite direction, and so avoiding the formation of
elongated necks, and for the purpose of forming the interior of the eye with lumps
or thicknesses of metal therein from which the cheeks are to be afterwards drawn,
substantially as and for the purpose herein described and shewn by the drawings.
9. The tools described with reference to figures 7, 8, and 9, for completing the
eyes of Brazil hoes, and drawing and completing the cheeks thereof, substantially
as herein described and shewn by the drawings.
Dated this twenty-second day of October 1881.
STEPHEN WATKINS,
Agent for the Applicant.