IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS OR APPLIANCES CONNECTED WITH GENERATING, CONDUCTING, MEASURING, OR TESTING AND APPLYING ELECTRICITY FOR MEDICAL AND OTHER PURPOSES."
Year: 1874

page_text: 1.ETTERS PATENT to Isac Louis Pulvermacher, of 194, Regent Street,
in the County of Middlesex, Electrical Engineer, for the Inven-
tion of "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS OR APPLIANCES CONNECTED WITH
GENERATING, CONDUCTING, MEASURING, OR TESTING AND APPLYING ELECTRICITY
FOR MEDICAL AND OTHER PURPOSES."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Isac Louis Pulvermacher
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition,
on the 16th November 1874.
I, ISAC LOUIS PULVERMACHER, of 194, Regent Street, in the County
of Middlesex, Electrical Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the
said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS OR APPLIANCES CONNECTED
WITH GENERATING, CONDUCTING, MEASURING, OR TESTING AND APPLYING ⚫
ELECTRICITY FOR MEDICAL AND OTHER PURPOSES," to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to improvements in apparatus or appliances
connected with generating, conducting, measuring, or testing and
applying electricity for medical and other purposes, and consists

page_text: according to the first method in stringing or attaching a series of dished
or cone shaped plates or discs of positive and negative metal, separate
from metallic contact by fibrous texture or threads in a superposed
manner as "elements," and with a film or lining of fabric or tissue
between each pair for the proper distribution and absorption of the
exciting liquid, which is supplied to the same from a central tube per-
forated at intervals, the tube being first drawn over a ribbed stem of
insulating material so that the exciting liquid which has to be supplied
through the perforations may flow down the channels between the ribs,
when an adequate pressure is applied to the liquid derived from a ball
or reservoir connected at one end of the tube the other end being closed.
The discs or plates of dished or cone shape may have any number of side
edges, and I form in the stamping out process a series of tongues or pins
which when bent outwards determine the distance the elements shall be
apart, the tongues being so arranged that voltaic connection by tho
tongues or pins throughout the series is established. Each plate of the
elements has also other tongues which project when bent as claws to
take hold of the plates of similar metal of the neighbouring elements,
when the elements are separated farther apart which they can be when
the series are required for quantity electricity and of low tension.
"
In some cases the plates or discs are slotted so that they can be slid
sideways upon the centre. tube or rod, and in this way built up in a
superposed manner. The battery thus composed may be enclosed in a
framework or box to receive at its bottom the overflow liquid in a lower
channel, and when the battery is to be set in use conducting wires can
be attached to the respective poles, and the battery thereby employed
either for medical or other purposes, viz., telegraphy, deposition of
metals, and similar purposes.
The exciting liquid is preferably of the kind capable of absorbing
atmospheric oxygen, and in preparing a liquid applicable to the pur-
poses I employ for instance a solution of chloride of sodium and pyro-
gallic acid; the latter absorbs atmospheric air by the free access of it to
the negative plates of each element through the open-worked slots,
whereby depolarization of each element is obtained for the maintenance
of a constant current by single exciting liquid.
The plates or discs before spoken of are perforated or stamped open
worked for the free admission of the air, or for the passage of chlorine

page_text: gas or its equivalent, which has affinity for hydrogen and the exciting
liquid.
Instead of open worked copper plates I use sometimes negative metal
in the form of flat spirals or zig-zags of copper wire surrounded with
cotton threads in distant helices, similar to those I use in my galvanic
bands.
The next part of my Invention consists in attaching to buckles or end
caps such as are referred to in my former Patent, No. 3519", a bent
loop piece the ends of which are stamped with a hole, the edges of the
holes being turned outwards so that projecting rings are formed to be
passed through holes on the buckles or end caps, and then burred down
like ordinary eyelets. The projection rings then acting as joints upon
which the loops can be moved to give clearance through the buckles or
end caps for the introduction of an exciting liquid tube for a washing
out appliance, such as a brush, also for the admission and withdrawal of
plates or wires into and from the central portions of the hollow bands.
In making flexible bands for dry application of electricity upon the
surface of the body I unite two or more bands at the edges so that one
can fold over upon the other a strip of fabric previously saturated with
an exciting liquid, sufficient to excite the elements being laid between
them. The poles of the same kind are united at the same ends, thus
doubling the electric quantity.
The strip of fibrous texture may be continuous or made up of separate
pieces, with spaces between the ends corresponding to the divisions
between the elements, and can be temporarily placed in position or be
pinned or otherwise secured to hold the strip in place.
In some cases one band is made up of negative metal only, and the
other of positive metal only, the two being thread coated when required
and divided into small elements, the latter being afterwards arranged in
voltaic connection, the strip of fibrous material in this case not being
actually required.
Another improvement refers to coating the zinc cylinders of my
voltaic batteries, chains, and stationary flexible cylinders for preventing
their contact with the copper cylinders when pushed into the latter.
Upon the zinc cylinders perforated with a series of holes in a diagonal
direction I spirally wrap a thread of cotton, and chip the end of the

page_text: thread in a niche at the meeting edges of the cylinders to hold it firmly,
a plan obviating the sewing operation referred to in my previous
Patent.
By the improved method the portions of the thread that crosses the
holes in the metal are caused to enter the holes by the pinch of the
other portions of the thread, when those plates (cylinders) are being
pushed in placo in the copper cylinders.
Another part of my Invention consists in making discs of say copper
with a hole in the centre, and with a dished or recessed portion round
the central hole, in which recess a disc of fibrous material can be laid,
and then a disc of say zinc, this having a loop piece projecting from its
under side to pass through the central hole in the copper disc, a pin
being afterwards passed through the loop and through a backing to hold
the two metals in position without touching each other, thus forming an
element which can be set in action when excited. These elements may
be used singly or a series of them can be attached to a band or backing
and put into voltaic connection. A pair of such can be used as
electrodes which, when secured by a pin to the inner surface of an under
garment, will convey a current of electricity from a battery through the
intermediation of a flexible conducting wire, one end of this wire being
fastened to the pin of the element outside the garment, the other end
being attached to one of the poles of the voltaic battery.
My next improvement relates to an electro-chymical water decom-
posing test and measuring apparatus, to be used in connection with my.
electro-medical apparatus by which the strength of a voltaic current can
be minutely indicated on a scale, and resistances balanced or varied
according to the resistances of the body or conductor through which it is
made to pass.
I dispose a thermometer glass tube so as to make of it a shaft passing
air-tight through a stopper placed on one end of a cylindrical glass
holder, which at the other end is likewise closed by a stopper forming
the bottom of the glass. The inside portion of the shaft is ground into
serrated or star shaped form, on which a thin platinum spiral wire is
wound in distant spirals, the wire taking into grooves on the edges.
One end of this platinum spiral wire is bent round and passed through
the narrow channel of the glass shaft, so as to project on the upper or
outer end. On the bottom stopper of the glass is a metal disc on which

page_text: platinum wires are fixed in a circular line, and at a distance from the
centre that no contact takes place with the platinum spiral on the
central shaft. The other side of the disc is fixed to a metal rod, this
passing through the bottom stopper and projecting.
The free end of the thin platinum wire left projecting from the upper
end of the shaft is connected with one pole, say the positive, and the
metal rod projecting beneath through the bottom of the glass with the
other pole, say the negative, the water in the glass will by the action of
a current become decomposed, the gases will rise to the water level
and accumulate above it, and having no outlet will exercise a pressure
on the water which is caused to rise in the narrow channel of the glass
shaft, and permits an observer to read off the rising of the water, the
glass being gauged for the purpose.
.
In order to indicate the rising the water may be coloured. By
shifting and varying the position of the glass shaft in the hole of the
stopper the platinum wires (electrodes) may be arranged more or less
apart, and the resistances in the water more or less increased, and
thereby adjusted to the more or less tension or quantity of the electricity
in the balance.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Isac Louis Pulvermacher in the Great Seal Patent
Office on the 15th May 1875.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, ISAC
LOUIS PULVERMACHER, of 194, Regent Street, in the County of Middle-
sex, Electrical Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Sixteenth day of November, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-four, in the
thirty-eighth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and suc-
cessors, give and grant unto me, the said Isac Louis Pulvermacher,
Her special licence that I, the said Isac Louis Pulvermacher, my
executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said
Isac Louis Pulvermacher, my executors, administrators, and assigns,
should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and

page_text: at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and
lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United King-
dom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, .and Isle of
Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS OR APPLIANCES CON-
NECTED WITH GENERATING, CONDUCTING, MEASURING, OR TESTING AND APPLYING E
ELECTRICITY FOR MEDICAL AND OTHER PURPOSES," upon the condition (amongst
others) that I, the said Isac Louis Pulvermacher, my executors or
administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one
of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the
nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to 1
be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent
Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the date
of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Isac Louis Pulvermacher, do hereby
declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same 1
is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement thereof, that is to say :-
"
This Invention relates to improvements in apparatus or appliances
connected with generating, conducting, measuring, or testing and
applying electricity for medical and other purposes, and consists, ?
according to the first method, in stringing or attaching a series of dished
or cone shaped plates or discs of positive and negative metal separate
from metallic contact by fibrous texture or threads in a superposed
manner as elements," and with a film or lining of fabric or tissue
between each pair for the proper distribution and absorption of the
exciting liquid, which is supplied to the same from a central tube perfo-
rated at intervals, the tube being first drawn over a ribbed stem of
insulating material, so that the exciting liquid which has to be supplied
through the perforations may flow down the channels between the ribs,
when an adequate pressure is applied to the liquid derived from a ball or
reservoir connected at one end of the tube, the other end being closed.
The discs or plates of dished or cone shape have any number of side
edges, and I form in the stamping-out process a series of tongues or pins
which when bent outwards determine the distance the elements shall be
apart, the tongues being so arranged that voltaic connection by the
tongues or pins throughout the series is established. Each plate of the
clements has in some cases other tongues, which project when bent as
claws to take hold of the plates of similar metal of the neighbouring

page_text: elements when the elements are separated farther apart, which they can
be when the series are required for quantity electricity, and of low
tension.
In some cases the plates or discs are slotted so that they can be slid
sideways upon the centre tube or rod, and in this way built up in a
superposed manner. The battery thus composed may be enclosed in a
framework or box to receive at its bottom the overflow liquid in a lower
channel, and when the battery is to be set in use conducting wires can
be attached to the respective poles and the battery thereby employed
either for medical or other purposes, viz., telegraphy, precipitation of
metals, &c., &c.
The exciting liquid is preferably of the kind capable of absorbing
atmospheric oxygen and in preparing a liquid applicable to the purposes;
I employ for instance a solution of chloride of sodium and pyrogallic
acid; the latter absorbs the oxygen of the atmosphere by the free
access of it to the negative plates of each element through the open-
worked slots, whereby depolarization of each element is obtained for the
maintenance of a constant current by single exciting liquid.
The plates or discs before spoken of are perforated or stamped open-
worked for the free admission of the air or for the passage of chlorine
gas, or its equivalent, which has affinity for hydrogen and the exciting
liquid.
Instead of open-worked copper plates I use sometimes negative metal
in the form of flat spirals or zig-zags of copper wire surrounded with
cotton threads in distant helices similar to those I use in my galvanic
bands.
The next part of my Invention consists in attaching to buckles or end
caps, such as are referred to in my former Patent, No. 3519", a bent
loop piece, the ends of which are stamped with a hole, the edges of the
holes being turned outwards so that projecting rings are formed to be
passed through holes on the buckles or end caps, and then burred down
like ordinary eyelets, the projecting rings then acting as joints, upon
which the loops can be moved to give clearance through the buckles or
end caps for the introduction of an exciting liquid tube for a washing-
out appliance, such as a brush; also for the admission and withdrawal of
plates or wires into and from the central portions of the hollow
bands.

page_text: In making flexible bands for dry application of electricity upon the
surface of the body I unite two or more bands at the edges so that one
can fold over upon the other, a strip of fabric previously saturated with
an exciting liquid sufficient to excite the elements being laid between
them. The poles of the same kind are united at the same ends, thus
doubling the electric quantity.
The strip of fibrous texture may be continuous or made up of separate
pieces with spaces between, the ends corresponding to the divisions
between the elements, and can be temporarily placed in position or be
pinned or otherwise secured to hold the strip in place.
In some cases one band is made up of negative metal only and the
other of positive metal only, the two being thread-coated when required
and divided into small elements, the latter being afterwards arranged in
voltaic connection, the strip of fibrous material in this case not being
actually required.
Another improvement refers to coating the zinc cylinders of my
voltaic batteries, chains, and stationary flexible cylinders for preventing
their contact with the copper cylinders when pushed into the latter.
Upon the zinc cylinders perforated with a series of holes in a diagonal
direction I spirally wrap a thread of cotton and clip the end of the
thread in a niche at the meeting edges of the cylinders to hold it firmly,
a plan obviating the sewing operation referred to in my previous
Patent.
By the improved method the portions of the thread that crosses the
holes in the metal are caused to enter the holes by the pinch of the other
portions of the thread when those plates (cylinders) are being pushed in
place in the copper cylinders.
Another part of my Invention consists in making discs of, say copper,
with a hole in the centre, and with a dished or recessed portion round
the central hole, in which recess a disc of fibrous material can be laid,
and then a disc of, say zinc, this having a loop piece projecting from
its under side, to pass through the central hole in the copper disc, a pin
being afterwards passed through the loop and through a backing to hold
the two metals in position without touching each other, thus forming
an element which can be set in action when excited. These elements
may be used singly, or a series of them can be attached to a band or
backing and put into voltaic connection. A pair of such can be used

page_text: as electrodes, which when secured by a pin to the inner surface of an
under garment will convey a current of electricity from a battery
through the intermediation of a flexible conducting wire, one end of
this wire being fastened to the pin of the element outside the garment,
the other end being attached to one of the poles of the voltaic
battery.
My Invention is clearly shewn in the annexed Drawings.
Figure 1 represents in section a series of cone-shaped discs of negative
metal a and positive metal 6 arranged in voltaic order in a superposed
manner, the two discs of each pair having a film or tissue of fibrous
material between, as before set forth. Each negative, or it may be each
positive disc has slits formed in them in the stamping out and shaping
operation, from which tongues c, c, at intervals can be bent up or down
as desired for the opposite metal of the next pair of plates or discs as
elements to rest up or be put into contact with the length or height
of the tongues being in proportion to the distance at which the elements
have to be kept apart. The cone-shaped discs made up as elements
are held in position by and supplied with an exciting liquid from a
rubber or other suitable flexible tube d, this being strained over a
central stem e of rigid material, say ebonite, to retain the rubber tube
in a vertical non-yielding condition. The rubber tube is slit at intervals
by a lancet or other sharp tool, the slits corresponding to vertical spaces
formed in the central stem down which the exciting liquid can be
caused to flow on pressure being applied to a charged ball or receptacle
on its free end. Spaces, hollows, or corrugations are so made in the
stem, and in proportion to the number of slits in the rubber tube that
the spray of liquid is diffused through the whole of them so as to
thoroughly moisten the fibrous material without waste. Should however
the quantity of liquid supplied be in excess I provide a receptacle f
at the bottom into which the overflow can run, which overflow can from
time to time be returned into the charging ball as desired.
The disc plates may be dished or hollowed and with radial ribs or
other projections, or they may be cut radially with the side edges turned
up like a fan ventilator, as in Figure 2, and have the fabric either in
sheet, strip, thread, or other form arranged between each pair, the spaces
between the raised or turned up edges on one side and the level or
turned down edges on the other sides admitting for the necessary
passage between the elements forming the battery.

page_text: If I use thread as the fibrous body between the discs of each pair of
my plates, I prefer to stitch or sew it in concentric rings 9, 9, 9, as in ..
Figure 3, the height or thickness of the threads being sufficient to
prevent surface contact of the two metals of the element, and to
permit of free access of air at all times into and between them.
In most cases in constructing my disc-shaped elements as above
described I form lips which can be turned down as in Figures 4 and 5,
the tips h, h, being again bent to serve as hooks or claws for taking
hold of the corresponding plate of the next element when the elements
are separated farther apart for the production of quantity electricity of
low tension by bringing all the zincs in contact as well as all the copper,
thus forming an element of large surface, but which plates as elements
forming the battery in the ordinary position are so arranged in proximity,
and the claws kept clear of the corresponding plates of the neighbouring
elements are excited electricity of high tension through the contact
effected by the bent up tongues c.
The terminals of my battery act as poles in the ordinary manner, and
can by the employment of wires and polc plates be used for all purposes
of medical electricity, telegraphic precipitation, or deposition of metals in
the usual manner or as desired.
The exciting liquid I prefer to use with the foregoing constructions of
batteries is a solution of chloride of sodium and pyrogallic acid, but I do
not confine myself thereto, because by the slits or other spaces, such as
perforations or slots in the plates themselves, a free passage of air can be
had sufficient for the depolarization purposes. Chlorine gas or its equi-
valent which has an affinity for hydrogen can be used in combination
with an exciting liquid.
The negative metal of my disc or dished cones may be formed from
metal strips bent into flat spirals, and these I prefer should be partially
coated by thread wound spirally on, but they may have corresponding
spiral shaped pieces of fabric laid on and secured in any suitable
manner.
Figure 6 represents cone or dish shaped negative plates a, a, with the
edges turned under like button head blanks, and with positive metal
coned or dished discs b, b, within the hollows of the heads, each positive
metal disc having a turned up shoulder c to pass through a central hole
in the heads to serve as a ring socket to take over the exciting liquid

page_text: tube, as shown, and to serve also as supports to the negative or copper
discs, between which and the zinc discs the fibrous body is pinched in
the manner shown.
The ring sockets of the zinc discs are pierced with a hole, through
which an ordinary dress pin or other pointed appliance can be passed, as
also through the tube to suspend the disc. The length of the pin may
be such that by forming a bayonet or other notch in the turned under
edge of the negative or copper disc as the button head, the point of the
pin can be passed into the hollow or beading, and then the pin head can
be pushed into the bayonet joint and the button head turned to lock it
in position. Any number of such pairs of plates as elements can be
suspended or fitted on the rubber tube at fixed distances apart for
making up a pile, the plates as elements being arranged in voltaic con-
duction by the transverse pin of one socket, having its point and head in
contact with the negative metal disc of the element next above it.
The turned under edge of the negative discs may be of any shape
compatible to the desired strength of the article, and the method of
introducing pins in the manner set forth, by which the point and
the head are protected enables me to employ such buttons as pole
plates to any of my previously patented bands and to many of my
previously patented chains, as well as to most constructions of bands and
belts, garments, chains, or other appliances now or likely to be used for
the application of medico-electricity, the copper portion of the element
being applicable for the immediate touch, or for dry conduction, or
enclosed in a flannel for wet conduction in the manner well known.
Figure 7 represents a portion of a voltaic band composed of wires
(copper a, and zinc 6) rolled upon edge cords j, as in my previous
Patents upon this subject; the two wires in this case are rolled upon
the cords at one time by the same winding, and the distance to which
they are kept apart to prevent metallic contact with one another is
maintained by strips of gutta percha k or other flexible material, having
grooves on the two faces into which the wires can lodge themselves, as
in Figure 8, the strips of flexible insulating material being retained in
contact with the edge cords by an after pinch put upon the wires. By
5 this means I can produce a band in which both wires of each element
are left exposed for dry conduction or for self-generating application, or
such a band can be wrapped or enclosed in a fabric for wet conduction.

page_text: It will be observed that I dispense with the thread covering on the
copper wires of these elements, and I fix buttons m or tags at the
junction of each two elements, which maintain the layers of the band
apart when it is rolled up spirally for dipping or for other purposes.
Figure 9 represents a few patches of flannel n or other absorbent of
moisture tacked, laced, or otherwise applied to a strip of gutta percha k
or other flexible insulating material for insertion into the hollow of the
band, each patch of flannel corresponding in depth and length to each
of the elements, so that the spaces will be preserved and the wet con-
duction between one element and the other intercepted, and derived
currents throughout the chain thus obviated.
Figure 10 shows a modification of the method of attaching the flannel
patches, so that they can be lodged in and drawn from the band with
facility. In this case the flannel patches n are sewn to edge cords j,
which may be coated with an insulating material, say rubber, in a liquid
state, or they may be left plain.
Figure 11 represents a plan view of a couple of face plates, forming
when folded a buckle or fastener for my band and other articles, the
middle portion p to serve as the loops by which the article can be
fastened on to the body of the wearer, and the portion q, r, when folded:
to serve as ears or joint loops for a pin to be passed into, as in Figures 7
and 12. The length of the folded plate as a buckle or fastener cor-
responds to an element, and the ears or joint loops take up a position in
the space between two elements, so as not to increase the thickness of
the band or belt at that part.
In the case of using any of my bands or belts so fitted as batteries the
conducting wires or rings or tapes as means of fastening can be looped
on to the loop portions of the buckles.
Figure 13 represents a buckle or fastener for medico-electric bands or
belts in which the two face plates 8, s, are formed from a side folding, &
the face plates being previously pierced with a hole, into which a kind of
eyelet can be fitted, and be secured by the edges of the eyelet being
burred down upon the outside of the face plates. The tape or other
loop piece p in this construction is previously put over the eyelet, so
that the band wires or plates are presented to both faces of the loop &
pieces or flanges, and in such a manner that the tape loop can turn upon

page_text: the eyelet, as shown by the dotted lines, the eyelet itself passing through
the band or belt for the attachment of the buckle thereto.
Figure 14 shows a double face plate buckle or fastener, in which ring
shoulders are formed on the flanges of the tape loops, the shoulders
forming an abutment or support against the edges of the holes in the
face plates for the retention therein when a pin is passed through the
holes and through the wires or plates of the band or belt, as will be
understood.
•
Figure 15 represents a plate of zinc with a series of diagonally stamped
holes or slots in it, which has when rolled into cylindrical form as in
Figure 16 a thread of fibrous material wound round it upon the outside
in distant spirals to cover said holes or slots. The cylinder thus thread
coated can then be pushed into any of my previously patented outer
cylindrical negative plates (open worked or plain), and be retained therein
by the pinch of the portions of the thread which are upon the solid
portions of the zinc cylinder, the portions of the thread covering the
holes or slots being by the aforesaid pinch forced sufficiently into the
holes or slots as to prevent the thread moving in any way that would
permit the two metals of the element from coming into metallic contact.
By this means the difficulties and inconveniences of sewing or stitching
a thread on to the zinc cylinder or plates are dispensed with, and one
side of the plate only becomes coated instead of both sides.
v
Figure 17 shows a portion of a band or belt for medico-electrical and
other purposes in which strips or plates of zinc and copper u and u¹are
arranged in a row upon a flexible insulated material and held in their
places by their ends being passed under loops to previously formed by a
sewing machine, the insulated material being secured to another fabric
of say flannel, to form a backing. The strips or plates are arranged side
by side in voltaic order upon an insulated flexible material as shewn.
The distance and the width of the loops are regular and uniform, to pre-
serve the parallel position of the plates or strips, as shown, the stitching
also uniting the insulating or waterproof lining to a backing of ordinary
canvas forming the exterior of the band or belt. The voltaic connection
of the plates or strips thus arranged is established by wires, as shown at
rows A and B in Figure 23. The strips or plates u and u¹ may be
arranged in a row as just described without any insulated material or
backing by using tapes in which the loops just described are formed,

page_text: through which the plates are passed and held. By using a tape of
double width the lower ends of one row of plates and the upper ends of
another row of plates may be looped therein so as to be capable of being
turned up to form the double band presently described.
Figure 18 represents a similarly arranged band or belt, but instead of 5
the plates being of zinc and copper they are of magnetized steel, forming
a magnetic battery. Thes plates are pushed in between the waterproof
material and the backing sewn together by the stitching of the loops, as
already described.
Figure 19 shows another form of band in which zinc and copper plates 1
are formed with loops at both ends. The loops are made by making
a double slit in the metal and then stamping out the metal between the
double slit into a semicircular form, as shown at Figure 20. The zino
and copper plates are then superposed, being separated by a fabric placed
between them, and the loops of the one plate fit exactly into the 1
hollows of the loops of the other plate, so that a cord will pass through
both and keep them together; a number of such superposed plates strung
together and set in voltaic contact form the battery.
Figure 21 represents a series of alternate strips or plates of the shape
shown in Figure 22 of zinc and copper strung together in thread loops 2
without any backing or attachment of fabric, the separation of the strips
or plates being effected by the knots forming the loops of the thread.
Figure 23 shows a band in which a double row A and B of such
voltaic bands are fastended upon the same backing. The plates of zinc
and copper are so arranged in each row that the zinc plate of row A will 2
be exactly above the copper plate in row B, so that when the one row is
bent up over the other row the zinc and copper plates of the two rows
will face one another. Being set alternately in voltaic connection, if a
strip of fabric moistened with exciting liquid, such as described at
Figure 10, is placed between them, the band forms a voltaic battery in 3
action. The zinc and copper plates just mentioned are formed with
tongues, as shown at Figure 24, between which the end of voltaic con-
nection wires are pinched and held. I apply this method of doubling
the band and exciting it by a moistened fabric to the other bands
already described in this Specification, and in those of my previous 3
Patents.

page_text: My next improvement relates to an electro-chemical water decomposing
test and measuring apparatus, by which the strength of a voltaic current
can be minutely indicated on a scale and resistances balanced or varied
according to the resistances of the body or conductor through which it is
Figures 25 and 26 show clearly my water decomposing apparatus, and
are respectively a vertical section and a horizontal plan through the
line X, X. The apparatus consists of three glass tubes C, D, E, arranged
concentrically, the outer of these tubes O is fitted at the bottom into a
stand D, the middle tube D is open at the bottom and at the top is
hermetically closed around the outer tube C, and against the inner
tube E by means of washer rings F and G. This middle tube D is
provided at the top with a metallic cap with rim forming a finger
piece H so as to be capable of being turned round by the hand. At its
bottom a portion of it I is cut away so as to leave a space T of about a
fourth portion of its width open to the outer tube C. The inner tube E
is
open at the bottom. Upon a metallic cap surrounding the outer tubo
a link K is soldered, and their platinum wires L turned up at the
bottom are soldered to the cap, a conducting wire connected to the
links K lead to one pole of a battery. In the rim of the middle tube Da
socket is formed in which a ring M is free to move, and a link N is
connected to the ring M, to which the conducting wire leading from the
other pole of the battery is attached; soldered to the metal cap of the
middle tube D are platinum wires P similar to those already described
and leading down the middle tube so as to face the other platinum
wires L. By turning the middle tube D the wires P can be brought
opposite and close to the wires L, or be separated from each other by the
whole diameter of the middle tube so as to bring the remaining portion
of the tube D between them like a screen. The three tubes are partially
filled with water and on sending a current from the battery the water
will be decomposed, since the lower ends of the platinum wires are
above the level of the bottom of the inner tube E the gas evolved cannot
escape, and the water displaced by the formation of the gas will be
forced up the inner tube E which is marked with a scale by means of
which the quantity of gas decomposed by the current may be read upon
the gauge. When the wires are close together the intensity of the
electric current will be at its maximum, but when they are separated as
they may be to any degree by turning the middle tube D, the resistance

page_text: to the conduction of the current will be increased, and it can be brought
to the minimum of intensity by degrees at will.
And having now described the nature of my said Invention and
the manner in which the same is to be performed, I declare that I
claim,-
'
Firstly. The construction of constant voltaic batteries with an
automatic feeding of a single exciting liquid, and the arrangement of
open worked negative plates so as to allow the atmospheric air free access
for depolarization, substantially as herein-before described and as shown.
in Figures 1 to 6 of the accompanying Drawings.
Secondly. The method of charging the conductable connections
between the metal plates of the elements from quantity into tension and
from tension into quantity, substantially as herein-before described and
shown in Figures 4 and 5 of the accompanying Drawings.
1
Thirdly. The construction of voltaic batteries in which the conductable 1
connections in superposed elements are effected by ordinary dress pins
enabling the elements also to be used as electrodes when medically
applied, substantially as herein-before described and shown in Figure 6
of the accompanying Drawings.
Fourthly. Constructing hollow flexible voltaic bands composed of 2
flat spirals of zinc and copper wires, in such a manner that the naked
wires are prevented from touching one another, and metallic contact
between the layers of the band with one another when rolled up
spirally into a block or mass is avoided as herein-before described
and as shown in Figures 7, 8, 9, and 10 of the accompanying 2
Drawings.
Fifthly. The end buckles for fastening and connecting voltaic bands
similar to those shown in Figure 7, of which the last element is enclosed
in the buckle hooked between the elements, and shut like a hinge as
herein-before described and shown in Figures 11 and 12 of the accom- 3
panying Drawings.
Sixthly. The modification of these end buckles, as described and as
shown in Figures 13 and 14 of the accompanying Drawings.
Seventhly. Fastening threads on zinc cylinders for preventing their
contact with the copper cyinders in chain batteries as herein-before 3

page_text: described, and as shown in Figures 15 and 16 of the accompanying
Drawings.
Eightly. The system of making galvanic and magnetic band batteries
from plates united together by threads formed into loops through
which the plates are inserted, whereby flexible batteries can be very
expeditiously manufactured, substantially as herein-before described
and as shown in Figures 17, 18, 21, 22, 23, and 24 of the accompanying
Drawings.
Ninthly. The manner of bringing the batteries last claimed into
action by folding one row of plates upon another row of plates as
described, and as shown in Figure 23 of the accompanying Drawings.
Tenthly. Connecting such plates as to form a battery in the manner
described and shown with reference to Figures 19 and 20 of the accom-
panying Drawings.
And, Eleventhly. The water decomposing, measuring, and testing
apparatus, substantially as herein-before described and as shewn in
Figures 25 and 26 of the accompanying Drawings.
In witness whereof, I, the said Isac Louis Pulvermacher, have
hereunto set my hand and seal, this Fifteenth day of May, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-
five.