IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANU- PACTURE OR PREPARATION OF MATERIALS TO BE USED AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR BEES'-WAX, PARTS OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE APPLICABLE TO OTHER PURPOSES
Year: 1836

page_text: SPECIFICATION.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, FLETCHER
WOOLLEY, of York Street East, Commercial Road, in the County of Middlesex,
Gentleman, send greeting.
WHEREAS His present most Excellent Majesty King William the Fourth,
by His Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at
Westminster, the Fifteenth day of November, in the seventh year of His
reign, did, for Himself, His heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said Fletcher Woolley, His especial licence, full power, sole privilege and
authority, that I, the said Fletcher Woolley, my exors, admors, and assigns, or
such others as I, the said Fletcher Woolley, my exors, admors, or assigns,
should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at
all times during the term of years therein expressed, should and lawfully
might make, use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and the
Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, my Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANU-
PACTURE OR PREPARATION OF MATERIALS TO BE USED AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR BEES'-WAX,
PARTS OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE APPLICABLE TO OTHER PURPOSES;" in which
said Letters Patent is contained a proviso that I, the said Fletcher Woolley,
shall cause a particular description of the nature of my said Invention, and in
what manner the same is to be performed; to be inrolled in His said Majesty's
High Court of Chancery within six calendar months next and immediately
after the date of the said in part recited Letters Patent, as in and by the
same, reference being thereunto had, will more fully and at large appear.

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Fletcher Woolley, do hereby declare that the nature of my said Invention, and
the manner in which the same is to be performed, are particularly described
and ascertained in and by the following statement thereof (that is to say) :-
The various substances employed in the different processes of my Invention
are comprehended under the following heads, and will be referred to in
describing such processes numerically.
Head first. All kinds of animal and vegetable fats and oils solid at the
medium temperature of the surrounding atmosphere, which is about sixty
degrees of Fahrenheit, as tallow and other animal fats, and palm oil, cocoa-nut
oil and other like vegetable oils commonly used for giving light by or in com-
bustion.
Head second. All kinds of animal and vegetable elains and oils liquid at
the medium temperature of the surrounding atmosphere, as the elaine of
tallow, palm oil, cocoa-nut oil, seal, whale, sperm, and other oils used for
affording light by combustion.
Head third. All kinds of naptha used in certain lamps for giving light in
combustion, as petroleum naptha, coal tar naptha or coal tar oil, caoutchouc
naptha or caoutchouc oil, gas oil, vegetable naptha or vegetable tar naptha,
and any other like napthas or oils used as aforesaid, and commonly sold for
that purpose.
Head fourth. Pyroligneous naptha or ether, correctly named pyroxylic
spirit, sulphuric ether, and all other suitable spirits or ethers of like nature.
Head fifth. All mixtures of the substances included under head the third,
with those substances included under head the fourth, as two parts of coal
naptha, or caoutchouc naptha, with about six or more parts of pyroxylic
spirit.
Head sixth. Resinous bodies and resins, as caoutchouc, rosin, mastic, copal,
shell-lac, and others, and combinations of them with each other, as one part
rosin and four parts shell-lac melted together.
Head seventh.-Mixtures of the substances included under the heads third,
fourth, and fifth, with the substances included under head the sixth, as thick
solutions of copal in spirits, ethers, or napthas and caoutchouc in napthas, &c.
formed by processes already known to the public.
Head eighth. Certain solid bodies separated from solid animal and vege
table fats and oils, as stearine, stearic acid, margarine, margaric acid, adipocire,
and others of like nature.
Head ninth.-Mixtures of the substances included under head the second
with the substances included under heads third and fifth, as three parts of

page_text: cocoa-nut elaine to one of naptha, or to two of the substances included under
head the fifth.
I will now proceed to shew the manner in which the several processes are
to be performed:-Firstly, palm oil of commerce is to be put into a shallow
vessel made of copper, tinned iron, or other suitable metals, and raised to the
temperature at which incipient decomposition begins and vapour flies off, at
which temperature it must be kept for upwards of half an hour, and then
allowed to cool gradually and undisturbed, by which process the stearine will
crystalize more perfectly and separate better from the elaine; when sufficiently
cold and solid, or about the consistence of old honey, it is to be put into bags
or wrappers made of strong linen or sacking, or other suitable material, of such
a size and in such quantity that each bag or wrapper when fitted shall be
about two feet long, one foot wide, and one and a half inches thick, and in this
state subjected to the pressure of a powerful hydraulic screw or other suitable
press (a ten-inch ram hydraulic is the one I use), very slowly and gradually,
and as nearly as possible at the medium temperature of the surrounding
atmosphere, as long as any elaine continues to ooze out, by which process the
greater part of the eaine will be pressed out from the stearine. The elaine
thus obtained is applicable to the purposes of burning in lamps to give light,
and of lubricating machinery, and the stearine thus obtained may be made into
candles or other useful articles, or manufactured into a substance to be used as
a substitute for bees'-wax, as herein-after described.
Secondly, any of the substances included under head the first are to be
melted and mixed in the fluid state with any of the substances included under
the heads second, third, ninth, and fifth, in a suitable vessel, and in the propor-
tions of three parts of the former to one of the substances under heads third,
second, and ninth, or to thirty or forty parts of the substances included under
head the fifth, or in any other suitable proportions, determined by the dissolving
strengths of the substances included under heads second, third, fifth, and
ninth, and the solidity and less solubility of the substances included under
head the first, for they must be mixed in such proportions that the mixture
shall be nearly of the consistence of old honey at the medium temperature of
the atmosphere; when thus mixed the mixture must be allowed to cool
gradually and undisturbed, to favor the more perfect crystallization of the
stearine and to facilitate the separation of the elaine, and when cold and of
the consistence of old honey or thereabouts, it must be put into bags or
wrappers, and subjected to pressure, as herein-before described; by which
process the elaine will be pressed out and combined with its solvent, and the
stearine will remain in the bags or wrappers. The stearine can be made into

page_text: candles or other useful articles, or manufactured into a substance to be used
as a substitute for bees'-wax, as herein-after described, and the elaine combined
with its solvent may be applied to the purposes of burning in lamps for giving
light, and of lubricating machinery.
Thirdly, any of the substances included under head the eighth, of which
those made from tallow are best, are to be melted and mixed in the fluid
state with any of the substances included under heads sixth and seventh, also
melted and in a fluid state, in the proportions of three parts of the former to
one of the latter, or in any other suitable proportions, accordingly as the
resulting compound to be used as a substitute for bees'-wax is required more
or less tenacious, for the smaller the proportion of any of the substances
included under head the eighth, the stronger or more tenacious is the com-
pound. Of the one substances included under head the sixth, rosin melted
with four times its weight of shell-lac is best adapted; it will also be well to
state here that shell-lac will not melt and mix with the substances included
under head the eighth unless previously united with rosin, mastic, or such like
resins, and also that caoutchouc, capal, &c. will not unite well with the
substances included under head eighth unless previously dissolved, as men-
tioned and contained under head the seventh.
Fourthly, any of the substances included under the heads third, fourth, and
fifth, are to be mixed with any of the substances included under the heads
second and ninth, in proportions varying according to the dissolving strengths
of the former or soluble qualities of the latter, for the purpose of rendering the
latter more liquid and better adapted for burning in oil lamps of common
construction for the purpose of affording light.
.
Fifthly, any of the substances included under head the fourth are to be
mixed with any of the substances included under head the third, particularly
coal tar naptha and caoutchouc naptha, in the proportions of one part of the
latter to three of the former, for the purposes herein-before mentioned and for
burning in common oil lamps to give light.
What I claim as my Invention is the raising of palm oil to the temperature
at which incipient decomposition begins and vapour flies off, and the keeping it
at that temperature a short time for the purpose of facilitating the separation
of the stearine from the elaine thereof; the mixing of any of the substances
included under heads second, third, fifth, and ninth with any of the substances
included under head the first, for the purpose of facilitating the separation of
the stearine from the elaine, and also the mixing of those included under
heads third and fifth and those included under heads second and ninth, for the
purpose of rendering them more liquid and better adapted for burning in oil

page_text: lamps of common construction to give light; the mixing of any of the
substances included under heads sixth and seventh with any of the substances
included under head the eighth for the purpose of making substances or
materials to be used as a substitute for bees'-wax, and also the mixing of any
of the substances included under head the third with any of the substances
included under head the fourth for the purposes herein-before mentioned; but
I do not claim the pressing of any of the materials separately, but only in com-
bination with the solvents herein-before described, for separating the products
above mentioned, such pressing having been before employed to some of the
matters separately.
In witness whereof, I, the said Fletcher Woolley, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Thirteenth day of May, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and thirty sovan
FLETCHER (L.B.) WOOLLEY.
AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Thirteenth day of May, in the
year of our Lord 1837, the aforesaid Fletcher Woolley came before our said
Lord the King in His Chancery, and acknowledged the Specification aforesaid,
and all and every thing therein contained and specified, in form above
written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped according to the
tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.
Inrolled the Fifteenth day of May, in the year of our Lord One thousand
eight hundred and thirty-seven.

page_text: DISCLAIMER AND MEMORANDUM OF ALTERATIONS entered
by the said Fletcher Woolley, pursuant to the provisions of an Act passed
in the fifth and sixth years of the reign of His late Majesty King William
the Fourth, intitled "An Act to amend the Law touching Letters Patent
for Inventions."
I, the said Fletcher Woolley, do hereby declare that since the enrollment
of the Specification of the said Invention I have been advised that it is
doubtful whether certain substances comprised under the general words of
claim in the said Specification are new, as applied in manner therein set forth,
and also that some parts of the said Specification would be more clearly
understood if certain alterations were made therein; and for this reason, I, the
said Fletcher Woolley, do hereby make the following alterations and Dis-
claimer, that is to say:-Towards the beginning of the Specification, under the
seventh head of substances to be used, where I mention "thick solutions of
copal," I omit the word "thick." And further on in the said Specification, where
I proceed to shew the manner in which the several processes are to be
performed under the head "Firstly," after the words "suitable metals and" I
insert the words "when melted is to cover the bottom of such vessel to the
depth of about half an inch. It is to be then;" and a few words further on in
the said Specification, after the words "and vapour flies off," I hereby add the
words "say about from 260" to "270" Fahrenheit." And further on in the
said Specification, under the head " Secondly," after the words "in such pro-
portions that the mixture shall," I hereby add the words "when cold." And
a little further on in the said Specification, after the words "and the stearine

page_text: "
will remain in the bags or wrappers' I hereby add the words "When
napthas and spirits are used, the pressure should be carried to the greatest
extent, otherwise the napthas and spirits will remain united with the steane
in too great a proportion and make it flare in burning; whereas the small
quantity, about 30, which remains after the pressure herein-before described,
will make the stearine, which of itself burns with a dead flame, burn with a
flame more like wax. The stearines may also be further purified and pre-
pared by remixture with oils, and undergoing the operations at present used
for manufacturing stearic acid." And further on in the said Specification,
under the head "Thirdly, after the words "the substances included under
heads sixth and seventh," I hereby add the following words, and in brackets,
("The temperature of the stearines, when to be mixed with a resin or resins, is
to be raised to be degree at which the resin or resins used melt, or otherwise
such stearines and resins will not easily unite." And further on in the same
part of the said Specification, after the words "tenacious is the compound,"
I hereby add the words "when the composition is intended for making candles,
the proportions of the substances under the 7th head should be about 1 20th
part of the whole preparation, and that whether such substances are combined or
used separately. And further on, in the claiming clause of the said Speci-
fication, and under the first head of claim, after the word Invention, "I hereby
add the word "first." And a few words further on, after the words "vapour
flies off," I hereby add the words "say about from 260" to 270" Fahrenheit."
And a few words further on, after the words "a short time," I hereby add the
words "dependent on the depth of the vessels used, say about one hour for vessels
quarter of an inch deep, about 2 hours for vessels half an inch deep, and so on
in proportion." And a few words further on, after the words "from the claim
thereof," I hereby add the word "secondly." And a few lines further on, after
the words "to give light," I hereby add the word "thirdly." And also I
hereby disclaim the use of common oil of turpentine as included in the sub-
stances named for separating the elaine from the stearine. And further, I
disclaim the use of caoutchouc naptha, as included in the substances named
for rendering olunes more liquid. And further, I also disclaim the mixture of
alcolol with napthas, as included in the substances named for making them
burn in common lamps.
In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand, this Twenty-
third day of January, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight
hundred and thirty-nine.
FLETCHER WOOLLEY.

page_text: To the Clerk of the Patents of England.
This is to certify that Fletcher Woolley, of York Street East, Commercial
Road, in the County of Middlesex, Gentleman, has applied to me for leave to
enter with you the above-written Disclaimer and Memorandums of Alterations
of part of the title and Specification of a certain Invention for which Letters
Patent were duly granted unto him under the Great Seal, dated the 15th day
of November, 1886, and the Specification of which was duly enrolled on the
15th day of May, 1837; and, on considering of the said application, I
directed him to advertize his said Disclaimer and Alterations in the London
Gazette, and in the Times and Morning Chronicle newspapers, and such
advertizements have been duly made in the said Gazette, Times, and Morning
Chronicle on the 25th day of December, 1838, and no objection having been
made to the said application, I have accordingly granted leave to the said
Fletcher Woolley to file his said Disclaimer and Memorandums of Alterations,
pursuant to the Statute passed in the 6th year of the reign of His late
Majesty, entitled "An Act to amend the Law touching Letters Patent for
Inventions.