CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MODE OF MANUFACTURING BRICKS, TILES, AND QUARRIES, AND CERTAIN OTHER ARTICLES MADE OR COMPOSED OF BRICK EARTH, AND OF BURNING AND FIRING THE SAME, AND CERTAIN ARTICLES OF POTTERY AND EARTHENWARE
Year: 1844

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM
BASFORD, of Burslem, in the County of Stafford, Brick and Tile Manufacturer,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Gracious Majesty Queen Victoria, in and by Her
Letters Patent under Her Privy Seal, bearing date at Westminster, the
Twentieth day of January now last past, and in the seventh year of Her
Majesty's reign, after reciting, amongst other things, that I, the said William
Basford, had by my petition humbly represented that I had invented "CERTAIN
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MODE OF MANUFACTURING BRICKS, TILES, AND QUARRIES,
AND CERTAIN OTHER ARTICLES MADE OR COMPOSED OF BRICK EARTH, AND OF
BURNING AND FIRING THE SAME, AND CERTAIN ARTICLES OF POTTERY AND
EARTHENWARE," and that the said Invention was new, and had never been
practised or used by any other person or persons whomsoever, to my know-
ledge or belief: Her said Majesty, therefore, did, for Herself, Her heirs and
successors, give and grant unto me, the said William Basford, my exors,
adñiors, and assigns, Her especial licence, full power, sole privilege and
authority, that I, my exors, admors, and assigns, by myself, or such other
person as I should appoint or agree with, and no others, from time to time
and at all times thereafter during the term of years therein expressed, should
and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend my said Invention within that
part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland called England, Her
Majesty's Dominion of Wales, and Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and in the

page_text: Islands of Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney, Sark, and Man, and also in all Her Colo-
nies and Plantations abroad, as to me, my exors, admors, and assigns, should
seem meet, and that I should and lawfully might have and enjoy the whole
profit, benefit, commodity, and advantage from time to time coming, growing,
accruing, and arising by the said Invention, for and during the term of years
therein and herein-after mentioned, to have, hold, exercise, and enjoy the said
license, powers, privileges, and advantages, for and during the term of fourteen
years from the date of such Letters Patent next ensuing, and fully to be com-
plete and ended; in which said Letters Patent is contained a proviso, obliging
me, the said William Basford, within the space of six calendar months, from
the date thereof, to cause a particular description of the nature of the said
Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, by writing
under my hand and seal, to be enrolled in Her Majesty's High Court of
Chancery, as in and by the said Letters Patent, on reference thereto, will
more fully appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
William Basford, do hereby declare that the nature of my said Invention, and
the manner in which the same is to be performed, are fully described and
ascertained in the following statements thereof, reference being had to
the first and second Schedules of Drawings hereunto annexed, and to the
several letters and figures, and explanatory notes therein, respectively marked
and written; and that for the purpose of giving the best explanation in my
power of such Invention, and in order that the same be accurately and
distinctly understood, I have divided this Specification of my said Invention,
and the manner in which the same is to be performed, into five several distinct
heads or claims, as the same are herein-after respectively stated and set forth
(that is to say):
First, for effecting my improvements in the mode of manufacturing bricks,
paving tiles, and quarries, I have invented and brought into use various
moulds or matrices, tools, and implements of wood or metal, or wood and
metal combined, differing in several respects from those previously used in
such manufacture; and under this head. I proceed to describe the moulds or
matrices, tools, and implements so by me invented, which are as follows:-
The first variety or pattern of such moulds which I claim, I call a double
mould, and I have distinguished the same by the letters A, A, in the said first
:Schedule of Drawings annexed hereto. It consists of two moulds, both of
which are made superficially of equal size and dimensions, but they are of
unequal depth or thickness on their beds, and when united together form a
.cavity of the size of the brick or tile intended to be made therein. The

page_text: deeper mould, of the two is first filled with clay. in the ordinary manner in
which brickmakers.are accustomed to fill their moulds, and the smaller mould
is then placed upon and accurately. fitted to the under. mould. Between the
raised ends of the latter, or by a spring, a button, or pin, whereupon a fresh
layer of clay of a finer description, and it may be of a different colour,' is
worked upon the. united mould, to give an improved. surface to the brick or
tile, and the two layers of clay being closely pressed and portered together;
unite and form the article required of its proper thickness and dimensions.
(It may be proper to explain that the portering of the clay is a term commonly
used by brickmakers to signify the pressure and rubbing of the clay into a
mould, and finishing it off on the working bench before the brick is taken
out to. be dried). .
: .
Another kind of mould, which I denominate a mould with laps, and have
distinguished by the letter B in the said first, Schedule of Drawings, differs
only from the mould ordinarily used by brickmakers in having small laps
attached thereto by hinges at each end, such laps being one inch or somewhat
less in-depth on the upper bed or plane of the mould, and when turned down,
admitting of an equal thickness or slice of clay. being taken out, from the
clot. (which, is a term applied by brickmakers to the lump of clay which
they put into a mould to form a brick or other article), and then the laps
being raised, and (a coat or layer of finer clay being, applied to and portered
or worked into the surface, a brick, tile, or quarry is formed of the size and
thickness required."
Another mould, which answers the same purpose as that last mentioned, I
denominate a slide mould, and have distinguished by the letter C in the said
first Schedule of Drawings. It has at each end small slides which, when
-closed, form the just length, of the brick or tile; but-when drawn back admit of
a slice of clay being pared off from the surface of-the-clot, which being done,
and the slides again closed, the brick or tile is finished by a coating or layer of
finer clay, as in the method described in-reference to the said last-mentioned
mould with laps.
f
- " **
Another mode of effecting the same object, and of making bricks, tiles, or
quarries of peculiar shape and formation, I adopt by using an ordinary-descrip-
tion of brick, tile, or quarry mould, with a loose bottom of wood or metal of any
form or thickness required by circumstances, and after filling the mould with
ordinary-clay, and fashioning the article therein, removing the loose bottom,
and supplying the brick, tile, or quarry with a coating or layer of finer clay,
either on the upper or lower surface thereof. A. mould with such loose bottom,
or with a raised bottom fitted to the mould, may be used for making bevilled

page_text: bricks, or any bricks or quarries of unequal sides and irregular figures. I
have distinguished an ordinary brick mould with a flat loose bottom by
the letter D 1, D2, in the said first Schedule of Drawings, but my Inven-
tion applies equally to moulds of every shape used with loose bottoms or
raised bottoms fitted to the mould of any form or figure for making bricks,
tiles, or quarries, and coating one or more of their sides with a finer surface
of clay.
Another mode of obtaining the same end is by means of a press, worked
either by a lever or screw, having the bottom of its moveable plate made
with rabbeted edges, cut out so as to fit into an ordinary mould, or any other
mould filled with clay, and to compress the clay somewhat below the plane or
web of the mould, and thereby admit of a coating or layer of the finer clay
being laid thereon, as in the use of the mould with laps, and the slide mould
herein-before specified. This press is not confined to any particular form or
pattern, but I have distinguished an implement which answers the purpose,
with a rabbeted plate bottom thereto, by the letter E in the said first Schedule
of Drawings; but my claim in reference to this part of my Invention consists
in the application of a press to a brick or tile mould, in order to sink the clay a
little below its surface, and allow of a facing of finer clay being applied thereto.
I have invented another species of mould for making bricks with improved and
polished surfaces on those sides and ends which are to form the face of the
brick work of any building, and especially adapted to the making of what are
called front bricks for first-rate houses. This mould I designate an obverse
mould; it is of the size of two or more ordinary brick moulds, and designed to
make to or more bricks by a division of the lump of clay moulded therein into
two or more parts, such division being made vertically to the web or plane of
the mould. I have shewn a mould of this description in the said first Sche
dule of Drawings, and marked the same with the letter F. The figure so
exhibited is intended to represent a mould for making two bricks, and the
dotted line across the same, marked f, f, f, shews the manner in which the
moulded lump of clay is to be cut and divided into two bricks with polished
side faces; but if the bricks are to be made with polished ends, the mould
must be equal in depth to the length of a single brick, and equal in width to
the thickness of four bricks, and the lump of clay will in this case be cut and
divided vertically into four parts, so as to form four bricks. The face, sides, o
ends of bricks made in these obverse moulds may be coated over on the
sides and ends which are presented to the plane or web of the mould
by any of the means previously mentioned in reference to the working o
the clay in the said moulds marked respectively A, B, C, and D, or by any

page_text: similar or other process or means within the scope and meaning of this my
Specification.
I have also invented a mould in two parts for making bricks to be used in
building arches, circular pillars, chimney tops, tunnels, flues, and culverts, or
sewers, which I call a segment mould, and have distinguished in the said first.
Schedule of Drawings by the letter G. This mould differs from that ordinarily
used for making such kinds of bricks in having the rounded or circular sides
open, instead of having the flat beds open. The clot of clay is introduced into
each part of the mould from and on the larger rounded side, admitting thereby.
of both or either of the rounded sides of the bricks being smoothed or polished
by any of the means made use of in manufacturing other bricks of the best
quality, and it also admits of the two layers of clay, after they are separated
from the moulds, being compressed together unequally on their beds, so as to
form rabbeted sides and joints in any building.
I have also invented an implement for the purpose of completing the forma-
tion of bricks or paving tiles, and giving to them smooth outer surfaces in their
green state (being the state they are in after being partially dried), which I.
call a bond or clip. It is made to enclose the brick or tile all round, but so
as to leave the face or upper surface open for the operation of finishing, and is.
composed of wood or metal, with joints at the angles to open or close at
pleasure, and when closed to fit exactly to the exterior sides of the brick or
tile, and to be fastened with a clasp or ring, or otherwise. The use of it is to
enable the workman to add a smooth surface to bricks or tiles of a coarser.
body, or to polish the surface, sides, or ends of bricks or tiles more effectually,,
and to answer any of the purposes of the several moulds described in the
preceeding parts of this head of my Specification, and it may be adapted to
the finishing and completing of bricks or tiles made by any of the processes
herein-after specified by me, or to bricks made in any method already in use
where a smooth or improved surface is required. I have shewn the figure of
such a bond or clip in the said first Schedule of Drawings, and marked the
same with the letter H, but the form and size of the implement depends
entirely upon and must correspond with the brick or tile to which it is to be
applied.
Another mode of effecting an improvement in the method of making bricks,
tiles, or quarries generally, by means of tools and implements which I have
invented, is as follows:-
Whereas by the ordinary manner of moulding bricks, tiles, and quarries, the
clot of clay being put into a mould and pressed and portered by the workman,
the superfluous clay is then taken off and levelled by the hand, or by passing a

page_text: wire over the web of the mould.
Now, in connexion with this process of
moulding, I have introduced certain tools or implements for the purpose of
producing smooth and improved surfaces to the manufactured articles, which I
called paring or shaving tools. They are made of wood or metal, or any hard
substance, and have sharp edges for cutting off the clay in the manner here-
after described. I have shewn two specimens of these tools (one of them
being notched and the other plain), in the said first Schedule of Drawings, and
marked the same with the letters I 1, I 2. The tool marke I 1, or the plain
shaver, is bevelled or chamfered on one or both of its edges, but it may be
made of any other form or pattern suitable to the purpose for which it is
designed; and as soon as the superfluous portions of a cot of clay has been taken
off in the ordinary manner by the hand or a wire, the edge of the tool is passed
closely over the web or plane of the mould, to shave and pare the surface of the
clay quite even, so that a thin coating of finer clay may be immediately applied
to and worked into the surface. The tool marked I 2, or the notched shaver;
may be used instead of the plain shaver, and in a similar manner; but it is
adapted, by its notched edge, to penetrate the surface of the mould a little below
its web or plane, and pare off a thin portion of the clay, thereby affording room
for a layer of finer clay to be applied to the upper surface of the brick; tile, or
quarry, for smoothing and finishing off the same. I also use, for the like pur-
pose, a bow with a metal plate or blade connecting the two extremities thereof,
and the edge of which is turned a little inward and bevilled, and fitted, and
adapted to move exactly within the hollow of the mould, rather below its web
or plane, so that when passed over the same, it pares off a thin surface of the
clay, and gives room for a finer coating to be applied thereto. This bow I
have also shewn in the said first Schedule of Drawings, and marked with the
letter K; and I think it proper to observe that the paring or shaving tools and
bow I have now described may be made of any length and size required, or of
any other form or pattern, so as to answer the purpose of paring off the sur-
faces of several bricks, tiles, and quarries at once, when the same are made in
the said mould called an obverse mould, with their face, sides, or ends upwards,
or when made in the compound mould described by me under the next
following head of this my Specification; and I claim the exclusive use of all
the several moulds, matrices, tools, and implements for coating, polishing,
and improving the surfaces of bricks, tiles, and quarries which I have herein-
before specified and described as being articles of my own original Invention
and discovery.
The second head of my Invention also refers to improvements in the mode
of manufacturing bricks of divers kinds, paving tiles, roofing tiles, draining

page_text: tiles, and quarries, and to certain benches or tables, frames, and implements, and,
to a pressing machine which I have constructed for the, purpose of forming and
making with greater expedition and accuracy several articles of bricks, tiles, or
quarries, and which I now proceed to describe. I have invented and brought
into use a bench. or table, with a raised rim or border along each side thereof,
such rim or border being equal in height to the proposed thickness of bricks,
tiles, or quarries intended to be made thereon. The bench is or may be
divided into several compartments or forms,, both longitudinally and, trans-
versely, by the insertion therein of thin partitions or strips of wood or metal
not quite so high as the border, but so as to make the compartments
or forms of the size and shape of the bricks, or tiles, or quarries required; and
the compartments may have loose pallets, or sliding or moveable, bottoms, for
the purpose of separating them into distinct parts. This bench or table is
made use of in the following manner; namely, a large clot or thick layer of
clay, sufficient to cover the surface of the table within the border or its several
compartments or forms to the thickness of the partitions only, is batted or
pressed down by the workman, either by the hand or any proper instrument, so
as to fill up and cover the surface of the table or the whole of the compart-
ments equally and regularly, and then a coating or surface of finer clay may be
applied upon and over the whole of the compartments or forms to the level of
the outside rim or border, in order to give a proper smoothness and finish to
the mass. The pallets or loose bottoms of the compartments, with the articles
formed thereon, are then taken out and separated; and the articles, whether
bricks, tiles, or quarries, are placed on boards, or otherwise, to dry, preparatory
to their being fired. I have described a bench or table with a raised border
and compartments on each side thereof, and an open space along the middle
corresponding with that I have in present use, and designated the same in the
said first Schedule of Drawings by the letter L, which admits of two persons
working thereat together.. And I claim the exclusive, privilege of manufac-
turing bricks, tiles, or quarries, by means of such a bench or table, with a raised
border divided into compartments, and with loose pallets or moveable bottoms,
or. by means of any bench or table constructed with compartments, for the pur-
pose of forming several bricks, tiles, or quarries at the same time from a broad
clot of clay spread upon its surface, which I believe to be an entirely new
Invention of my own."
..I have also invented a mould of larger dimensions than a mould in common
use, to be fixed upon a working bench purposely constructed to support the
same, which I denominate a compound mould, and which is of the size of
three, four, five, or as many bricks or quarries as are proposed to be made

page_text: therein at once. It has loose bottoms or pallets capable of being removed at
pleasure, which are made of the size of the face and counterface of the bricks
or quarries intended to be made. This mould is filled with a thick layer of
clay, which being batted or pressed down, a thin surface is then pared or shaved
off the top thereof by means of the paring tools described under the last pre-
ceding head of this my Specification, and thereupon a coating of finer clay is
applied over the whole mass in the manner last above mentioned in reference
to the bench with a raised border; I then use a frame of wood or metal of a
proper size and shape to fit entirely over the mould, and this frame being
furnished with knives or sharp blades of brass or other metal fixed either
lengthways or crossways, for the purpose of cutting out the layer of clay into
the shapes of the bricks or quarries intended to be made, and the frame being
adjusted to the mould in such a manner as that the knives or blades shall come
in contact with and rest upon the clay, and being then pinned down or other-
wise fastened thereon, the loose bottoms and pallets within the mould are raised
by means of a lever or other pressure applied to them from below, and the
whole layer of clay in the mould is cut and divided into sections by the knives
or blades, and thereby separated into the various shapes and forms intended,
and the loose pallets, with the bricks or quarries upon them, may be then
removed for the purpose of being dried. I have shewn a compound mould,
and a cutting frame belonging thereto, of the construction I now specify in the
Drawing, marked M, m, m, m, m, m, in the said first Schedule annexed
hereto (the letters m, m, m, m, m, denoting the frame fixed on the mould);
and my claim to this Invention embraces not only moulds so constructed, with
the cutting frames belonging to them, but the object and purpose they are
designed to carry out being that of making to or more bricks or quarries at
one operation, and with their polished sides or ends upwards, by means of a
mould of large dimensions, like that I denominate a compound mould, besides
the cutting frame mentioned as an appendage to the compound mould last
above described.
I have invented a similar implement for superseding altogether the use of
moulds or matrices in the formation of bricks, tiles, and quarries, and for
cutting out and dividing a broad clot or mass of clay, when tempered and pre-
pared to a proper degree of stiffness, into several bricks, tiles, or quarries; and
I claim the Invention, not only of the implement itself, but the mode of using
and applying it. This implement, which I also denominate a cutting frame, is
made of any size and figure requisite for the purpose for which it is to be used,
and consists of an outer rim or border of wood or metal, with inner blades or
thin bars of brass or other metal, having sharp edges, or of wires so fixed and

page_text: The
constructed as that when the frame is pressed down upon the clot of clay, the
same is cut into several different parts, which are then immediately fit to be
removed for the purpose of being hardened or dried to their green state.
clot or mass of clay subject to this operation may be either formed in one layer,
portered or battered to the thickness required for the bricks or other articles
intended to be made therefrom, or may be of greater thickness and sufficiently
deep or thick for cutting off two or more layers successively from the top of the
mass, in which case an outside guage frame is necessary to hold the mass
together, and regulate the cutting of each layer to its proper thickness, and
then one layer being cut off horizontally, the guage frame is lowered so as to
admit of another layer being cut off in like manner; the cutting of each layer
from the mass being made with a bow, such as is generally used by brick-
makers, having a strong wire string. The surface of each layer, before its
separation into parts, may be coated, by the application of a preparation of
finer clay, in the manner described under the two last foregoing articles or
claims of Invention. I have exhibited the figure of a cutting frame, such as
that I am now describing, with a mass of clay as it is intended to be operated
upon thereby in the first Schedule of Drawings, and marked the same with the
letter N, but the form thereof and the arrangement of the blades or wires will
necessarily vary, according to the purposes to which it is to be applied, as before
mentioned; and with respect to the guage or outer frame, it may either be
attached to the cutting frame by hinges, or may be separate therefrom, but I do
not think it needful to describe the outer frame particularly, as I confine my
claim of Invention, in the present instance, to the instrument I call a cutting
frame, and the mode of using it for the more expeditious making of several
bricks, tiles, or quarries from a large clot or mass of clay, in the manner I have
stated.
I have also invented an implement I denominate a surface frame, which I
make use of for the purpose of giving to any kind of bricks, tiles, and quarries,
improved surfaces by means of liquid clay or other matter or mixture poured
upon or applied to such articles, either in their soft state or when partially
dried. This frame is made of wood or metal of any required size or shape, to
enclose several bricks, tiles, or quarries at once. It is placed upon a loose
board or a broad pallet on the floor or working bench, and its depth or height
rather exceeds the thickness of the articles it embraces. The inner edges
thereof are lined with moleskin, velvet, or any soft nappy material to which the
liquid matter will not adhere, and thin slips of wood or metal, having both
their sides lined with a similar material, are inserted in and along the divisions
between each brick, tile, or quarry, so as to prevent the liquid matter from

page_text: running into the joints. The liquid is carefully poured upon and over the
surfaces from a can with a broad spout, or other vessel, and forms a
thin surface to the bricks or other articles, which are then removed with
the board or pallet they rest upon; and when the surface is sufficiently
set, the frame and slips are detached, and the manufactured articles are
separated for further hardening, finishing, and firing. If moveable slips are
not used for dividing the bricks or other articles in the surface frame, the
whole of its interior may be filled with a layer of clay of the thickness required,
and a surface of liquid matter sprinkled or poured over the whole mass, which,
when sufficiently dry, may be cut and divided into the shapes required by
means of any sharp implement properly adapted for the purpose.
And my
claim to this Invention likewise applies specifically to the making of roof tiles
with polished and improved surfaces. I have shewn a frame adapted to embrace
several bricks and articles at one time in the said first Schedule of Drawings,
and marked the same with the letter O. But I think it necessary to observe
that the exclusiveness of this Invention applies as well to a frame for applying
a liquid surface to a single brick, tile, or quarry (such frame being lined with
the soft nappy material before mentioned), as to a similar frame adapted to two
or any greater number of bricks, tiles, or quarries. And my claim to the
Invention I assert accordingly.
I likewise make bricks, tiles, and quarries, for building, paving, or other
purposes, and of square, octagon, or any other figures, within two surfaces, either
plain or marbled, or otherwise variegated, by means of argillaceous and mineral
liquid matter, with which I dress and paint them over previous to the firing
process. The brick, tile, or quarry is moulded and prepared in the ordinary
way in which such articles respectively are made, or by any of the ways and
means which I have specified and described as pertaining to my Invention
under the present or any foregoing head of this Specification, and whilst the
brick, tile, or quarry remains wet or moist, a preparation of liquid clay, or
other matter in a pulpy state, is brushed or poured over the surface thereof, so
as to form a thin coating thereto, and then, before it becomes set or stiff, it is
painted or grained or touched over with a colored mineral fluid, applied with a
quill, a pencil, a feather, or a small brush, so as to give to the surface the
appearance of marble, porphyry, or any other natural or fossil substance. The
brick, tile, or quarry is then left to dry, and when it has become sufficiently
dry, it is trimmed and polished with a knife or sharp tool, or is pressed, squared,
and made perfectly smooth and even by any machine or instrument adapted to
the purpose, before it is taken to the kiln or oven. The liquid coating
and colouring matter are composed of earthy, and mineral ingredients, but

page_text: I do not claim any exclusive right in respect thereof, my Invention being
confined to the giving to bricks, tiles, and quarries improved surfaces by
means of argillaceous and mineral preparations in a fluid state poured or
brushed over them as soon as they are moulded and fashioned.
I have further invented and perfected a machine for pressing bricks, tiles,
and quarries, for the purpose of giving them greater solidity and a more
smooth and even surface, or impressing them in their soft or green state with
any figure or device, either raised or sunk, on the surface, and which machine
I use in conjunction with any of the moulds or frames I have invented and
already described under this or the foregoing heads of my Specification. This
machine is supported by a frame of wood, having a smooth bed or level surface
made of wood or any metal, on which the articles of bricks, tiles, or quarries
are to be placed in moulds or sockets, for the purpose of being compressed
by two rollers passing over their surfaces, in a manner similar to the
movements of a patent mangle. The frame supports the upper part of the
machine, which consists of a box for enclosing weights, similar to the box of a
mangle, underneath and fixed to which box the rollers are appended. It is
moved backwards and forwards in the frame, over and along the moulds or
sockets, by means of a handle or windle to turn an axle with a pinion wheel
acting on a rack, and giving an alternate backward and forward motion to the
box, which can be elevated or lowered at pleasure, by raising or lowering the
rack which is supported at. each end thereof, at any required height, by
upright stancheons, perforated with holes, and whereby the space between the
rollers and the bed of the frame can be regulated according to the thickness of
the bricks, tiles, or quarries required to be pressed; and the rollers act upon
the bricks or other articles in the moulds, either by direct contact with their
surfaces, or by the insertion of surface plates made to fit into each mould,
which plates may have carved, panelled, or figured devices of any design or
pattern, for impressing the surfaces of the bricks or other articles in the
moulds; or, if the surface plates be made plain and of the thickness required
for a coating of finer clay, the articles compressed are adapted for such an
application by any of the means, or processes I have already described in
reference to the giving of improved surfaces to such articles, and they may be
cut and divided into various parts by any of the implements I have before
specified under this head of my Specification as adapted for such purpose. The
machine is constructed with a lever or beam under the bed. of the frame,
moving upon an axle or pin, by means whereof the bricks or articles in the
moulds or sockets are elevated and raised out of the sockets by a piston acting
at each end of the lever or beam, and thus, whilst the roller at one end is acting

page_text: by pressure on the mould, the article in the mould at the other end is raised to
be taken away. I have shewn the figure of the machine I am now describing
at the foot of the said first Schedule of Drawings, and designated the same with
the letters P, M; and my claim to this machine extends to all its essential
parts, and more especially to that part of its construction which consists of
rollers under its box, similar to the rollers of a patent mangle, which I believe
to be quite original, as applicable to the pressing of bricks, tiles, or quarries.
(The frame of the machine is marked with the letterf in various parts thereof;
the bed with the letters 8, s, s; a mould or socket on the bed with the letter m;
the box with the letters B, B, B, B; the rollers with the letters R, R, R; the
windle, axle, and pinion with the letters W, a, p; the fly wheel with the
letters y, y; and the stancheons attached to the box with the letters n, n.
I have shewn the beam or lever under the frame, and the pistons attached
thereto, in a separate Drawing, and marked the same with the letters P, B;
but I do not insist on any exclusive claim to the construction of this part of my
machine.)
.
The third head of my Invention relates to the manufacture of improved
roofing tiles, which I make of several kinds, as I now proceed to describe
them. And, first, I make roofing tiles of the ordinary shape, or plain roofing
tiles, with improved outer surfaces, and giving very superior smoothness and
beauty to the roof of a house or other building, beyond what the rough and
porous tiles in ordinary use produce. I accomplish my improvement by
means of the paring or shaving tools and bow, which I have referred to and
described under the first foregoing head of this my Specification, and marked
respectively in the said first Schedule of Drawings with the letters I 1, I 2,
and K, or by implements of a similar kind, which I use for paring or taking
off a thin slice of the clay from the surface of the clot, rather below the web or
plane of the mould, and I then supply a coating of finer clay, in lieu of that so
pared off, after which the tile is finished by the operation called portering
(which I have already explained), or by batting, which signifies the levelling of
the tile, and giving it more solidity by a bat of wood, and polishing the surface
with a smoothing plane; the tile is then placed by the workman upon a pallet
or board, and an assistant thereupon puts another pallet upon the smooth sur-
face, and turns over the tile upon such second pallet, and then, with his hand,
turns up the nibs or becks, which are formed in the moulding of the tile,
towards the rough side or inner surface thereof, and carries away the tile to be
dried, previously to the firing; or, instead of using a second pallet, the assistant
turns the nibs or becks downwards upon the first pallet, towards the rough side
of the tile, and then carries the same away to the drying flat, where it is placed,

page_text: with the nibs downwards, in a groove purposely made to receive tiles so con-
structed. I also make tiles of the same improved kind merely by putting a
thin layer or surface of finer clay upon the clot from which the tile is formed,
and then putting the clot into the mould with the fine surface downwards, and
finishing the tile in the ordinary way, by turning the nibs upwards on the
pallet, and then taking the article away to the drying flat.
Another method of making the same description of tiles which I practise,
is by using a mould with a loose bottom, which is first filled in with a clot of
ordinary clay, and the bottom of the mould then removed, and the space it
occupied supplied with finer clay, either by turning the mould upside down,
or by a thin layer applied at the top, and then the tile is finished off with a
smoothing plane, as mentioned in the first case stated under this present head
of my Specification.
Another mode of making the same description of tiles is by placing the
mould, when filled with a clot of ordinary clay, cut off by the bow, under a
press having a rabbetted plate bottom fitted to the form and size of the mould,
and the clay being then pressed down a little below the web or top of the
mould, the vacant space is filled in with a coating of finer clay by any of
the methods already described under this present or the first foregoing head
of this my Specification.
Another mode of making the same description of tile is by using an ordinary
tile mould, and placing therein a board or pallet the same size as the tile,
having small orifices or holes sunk at one end thereof, to admit of the becks
or nibs of the tile being formed in their proper shape and position along with
the tile in the working thereof; and the exterior surface of the tile is then
smoothied or polished by any of the methods before described under this or the
first foregoing heads of my Specification. I further observe, that moulds of
this description may either be used singly or in a frame of several compart-
ments, and I have represented a frame of three compartments, with the boards
or pallets thereon, in the said first Schedule of Drawings, and distinguished
the same by the letter P, (the holes sunk in the boards being denoted in each
compartment by the letters p, p, p, p, p, p,) and though I have only shewn a
frame of three compartments, a similar frame may be constructed in four or
more divisions, so as to make as many tiles at once as practicable, and my
claim of Invention extends equally to any such moulds.
I also make roofing tiles with grooved or angular edges and weather-proof
joints, which, when placed in alternate courses upon the roof of a house or other
building, give to it the appearance of a pannelled surface. These tiles are of
two kinds, the one having a broader and the other a narrower width. The

page_text: broader sort are. made of. the ordinary size of roofing tiles, or of any size
.required, and in or by any of the methods before described under this head of
my Specification. They differ from plain roofing tiles in having grooved or
angular edges, made to correspond with and fit into the hollow edges of the
narrow tiles next described, and have square recesses countersunk in their
under sides, to receive and lie flat upon the sunken parts of the narrow tiles.
I make the narrow, tiles of any width. I please, less than the width of those
which cover the principal portion of the roof; and they are to be laid upon the
roof alternately with the broad tiles, so as to cover the edges of such broad
tiles, and so that the edges or side joints of each fall and wrap into one
another, and that a roof covered over by them may resemble a framed surface,
or what architects call the stiles and pannels of a wainscot. The narrow tiles
are made with nibs or becks at their upper extremities, by any of the methods
I have already mentioned under this present head of my Specification, and
with angular, rebated, or grooved edges, adapted to close into the edges of
.the broader tiles, with or without mouldings on their borders, as will be
better understood by reference to Figures Qa, Qb, and R, in the said first
Schedule of Drawings, in which Qa denotes the broad tiles, Q6 the narrow
tiles, and Figure R their appearance when placed together upon the roof of
a building.
I likewise make surface tiles and under-drip tiles for the roofs of houses
.and buildings, such under-drip tiles being entirely concealed when the roof is
. covered in, they being laid immediately under the joints of the surface tiles
. on the roof, and for which purpose they have a hollowed or grooved centre,
within which the rounded or angular extremities of the surface tiles lie with
their joints or edges close together; and these under-drip tiles, so placed, carry
down the water which penetrates the crevices or joints of the surface tiles over
to and upon the next course of the surface tiles on the roof. I have described
the form of these under-drip tiles, with covering tiles of corresponding edges
to fit into them, in Figs. Sa and Sb, in the said first Schedule of Drawings;
and also the appearance of a section of a roof in which they are used, in
Fig. T, in the samo Schedule.
I also make improved hip tiles for covering the hips or diagonal angles of a
roof. They differ from ordinary hip tiles in having a circular projecting roll
on their ridges of about half the depth of the tile; and when the tiles are
placed one above another, the rolls meet and fit together, and form a continuous
projection from the eaves. to the ridge of the roof, resembling the ridge. and
hip rolls of a slated roof when covered with flashings of lead. The surfaces
of these. hip tiles I improve in the process of their manufacture by any of

page_text: the means I have already described under this head of my Specification; and
I have shewn the figure of two of such hip tiles when placed in position
together, and distinguished them by the letter X in the said first Schedule of
Drawings.
All the several descriptions of roofing tiles which I have herein-before
described under this present head of my Specification:I believe to be new, and
I'claim the benefit of each and every description of them as. being my own
original Invention.
I also make ridge tiles, or, as they are usually termed, criss or crest tiles,
either with rounded and fluted surfaces, or with banded or pannelled surfaces, the
joints of which, when placed together on a roof, drop into each other by means of
rabbetted or grooved edges, and render the whole length of the ridge of a build-
ing uniform, without any visible joints or caps, and proof against the weather,
without cement or mortar, though they may be laid on with either. These tiles
are made of any dimensions required, and are intended for covering slated as
well as tiled roofs. They are polished or smoothed by any of the means before
described or referred to under this head of my Specification; and I have shewn
the figures of three sorts of such ridge tiles. in: the said first Schedule of
Drawings, and distinguished the same therein by the letters Ua, Ub, and Uc;
I' have also shewn the appearance of part of a roof covered with each descrip-
'tion of these tiles, and have marked the same in the said Schedule with the
letters Wa, W b, and W c.
The fourth head of my Invention relates to the manufacture of bricks..for
building and other purposes, which I make of various kinds, as I now proceed
to describo the same.
And, first, I make bricks with rabbetted or grooved joints, which drop into
one another, and render the walls impervious to wet, giving them likewise
additional strength and solidity. One species (which I designate rabbeted
bricks) are composed of two layers of clay, both: being of equal thickness.and
of equal size, but compressed together unequally on their flat surfaces, so that
one layer may project about one inch, more or less, beyond the edges of the
other layer on one side and one end of the. brick, and leave a corresponding
recess or rebate at the opposite side and end.
Another species of this kind of bricks I designate bricks with grooves..and
tongues; they are composed, or have the appearance of being composed, of
three layers of clay compressed together, equal. in size, and nearly equal in
thickness, the two outside layers being exactly even, and placed square..with
and parallel úpon each other, but the middle layer projects on one side and one
end about an inch (more or less) beyond the edges of the outer layers, and on

page_text: the opposite side and end leaves corresponding grooves or recesses between the
outer layers. The projecting parts, which I call the tongues of these bricks,
are made rather thinner than the grooves or recesses, so as to drop freely into
them when worked up in a wall, and to admit of the joints being set with
mortar or cement. These bricks being used for the construction of walls, and
the joints being filled in with liquid cement, will render the wall altogether
impervious to water, and walls so constructed are peculiarly adapted for build-
ing tanks or cisterns. Bricks of both the last-mentioned kinds I make with
bevilled or chamfered edges, to resemble rustick stonework in the casement of
a building, or with sunken pannels or impressions, or presenting any figure or
design of bas-relief on their outer surfaces. I make both these species of
bricks last above described, either with or without their surfaces or faces being
polished by the moulds, implements, methods, and contrivances I have already
described under the first, second, and third heads of this my Specification, in
reference to the smoothing or polishing of bricks and tiles. I have shewn a
specimen of those I denominate rabbeted bricks in the said first Schedule of
Drawings, and marked the same therein with the letter Y, and have therein
given a view of a portion of a wall constructed with such bricks, with bevilled
joints to represent a rustic basement, and have marked the same with the
letters Y, Y. I have also shewn in the same Schedule a specimen of the
bricks with groves and tongues, and marked the same with the letter Z, and
given a view of a portion of a building in which they are used, and marked the
same with the letters Z, Z.
Both the descriptions of bricks last above
described are made either in moulds or matrixes of the proper form of the
bricks themselves, or in a square mould by the insertion therein of strips of
wood of the size and form of the rabetted or grooved side and end, and by the
removal of such strips of wood before the bricks are carried away to be dried;
or, instead of using such strips of wood, the grooved or recessed parts are cut
away from the bricks, whilst in their green state, by sharp instruments adapted
to the purpose.
I also manufacture a description of bricks of large dimensions for the par-
ticular purpose of building furnaces; potters' ovens, kilns, and fire flues, and
with rebated surfaces on both the upper and lower beds. They are made
either of the entire thickness of the walls of the furnace, oven, or flue, or
used as a coating or lining with other bricks. They may have rabbeted and
projecting ends, as well as sides similar to those herein-before first described
under this present head of my Specification; but my claim does not extend
beyond the rabbeted surfaces of the upper and lower beds, and these bricks,
having no straight joints when embedded together, are found to preserve the

page_text: heat of a furnace or oven much more effectually than can be done in the ordi-
nary mode of oven building, in which the joints are very liable to crack and
open by the force of the fire. I have shewn a brick of this description, which I
denominate a furnace brick, in the Fig. marked F, B, in the said first Schedule
of Drawings hereto. annexed. I also manufacture large bricks or blocks for
cornice or gutter spoutings of clay or brick earth, for the eaves of houses, to
answer the purpose and save the expence of lead gutters. My brick cornices
and spoutings are made in blocks of clay, or large bricks of any size or dimen-
sions required, and have smoothed or polished facings given to them by some
or any of the means or processes specified and described under the first, second,
and third heads of this my Specification. The gutter blocks have hollowed or
concave upper surfaces for conducting the water along the same, which are
also smoothed and polished in like manner; and when laid under the eaves of
a roof, the joints should be run or drawn with cement, and afterwards painted,
in order to render the gutters impervious to water. Both descriptions of
bricks or blocks now specified are or may be made with rabetted sides or joints
to tie into one another, and give additional firmness to the work, and security
against the penetration of water. They may be also painted on the outer side,
to give them the appearance and colour of stone. I have shewn specimens of
the bricks and blocks I am now describing, and intended respectively for a
cornice and for gutter spouting, in the said first Schedule of Drawings, and
marked the cornice block with the letters C, B, and the gutter block with
the letters G, B. I also make bricks or blocks of brick earth for moulded
cornices, but without gutters, and of various patterns, to surmount the fronts or
parapets of houses, and moulded plinths, fascias, and fillets of the same
material, to answer the purposes for which stone is most cominonly used in
such respective members of a house or building, and to save the expence of
stone. These articles being of great variety, I do not proceed to describe the
same more particularly; but I claim the right to their Invention, and to the
processes and means of coating and polishing them with finer clay, in the
manner I have specified and explained in reference to the other articles
described under this head of my Specification. I also make large bricks, or
blocks of brick earth, with or without grooved or rustic surfaces, for the heads
of windows or other recesses of houses and buildings, three of which bricks or
blocks form a flat or chamber arch, the centre block being the key of the arch,
and the whole being firmly bound together when set in a wall. The outer
faces and under faces or soffits of these bricks are coated with finer clay, and
polished by any of the means I have already detailed and referred to in
reference to cornices and moulded blocks, and I have shewn a specimen of
B

page_text: them as they form the head of a window in the said first Schedule of Drawings,
and marked the same with the letter W, H.
I also make bricks for the coping of naked walls of several varieties, some
with rounded even surfaces, others with rounded fluted surfaces, and others
with three-sided angular surfaces, and of any size or dimensions which may be
required. Coping bricks of this description, with rounded even surfaces, or with
three-sided angular surfaces, I make with their surface side upwards in the
moulds, and coping bricks of rounded fluted surfaces with either side upwards
in the moulds; the mould in each case being formed and adapted to the
particular variety of the article manufactured, and all these articles admit of a
coating or polishing of the surface by any of the means I have already
described or referred to in reference to other articles mentioned under this head
of my Specification. I think proper to observe, that bricks thus formed and
moulded have a very superior neatness and smoothness to anything which can
be obtained by making them in the ordinary method with their surfaces.
downwards. I have shewn specimens of coping bricks of the three descriptions
to which this part of my Specification refers in the said first Schedule of
Drawings, and marked the same with the letters and figures, Cop. 1,
Cop. 2, Cop 3.
I also make bricks of large size with rounded outside surfaces for circular
pillars, columns, or chimneys, and guaged to any size or diameter required for
the purpose of erecting the shafts of such pillars, columns, or chimneys, and to
supersede the use of stone for those purposes. These bricks are made either
with plain or fluted outer surfaces, or with any impressed pattern or design
required, and are formed in segment moulds of the description of that which
is shewn in the said first Schedule of Drawings, and therein marked with the
letter G, and which I have more particularly explained under the first fore-
going head of this my Specification, or in moulds of similar construction; and
the outer or convex surfaces are polished and smoothed by any of the means I
.have already described or referred to under this head of my Specification. If
these bricks are made with rabbeted beds, or grooves and tongues, they must
be formed in two or three distinct moulds, and the several layers of clay com:
pressed together whilst in a soft state, in like manner as the other bricks or
blocks before mentioned. Under this present head of my Specification I have
shewn a section of a column of three courses of such bricks or blocks in the
said first Schedule of Drawings, and marked the same therein with the letters
and figures P, B, 1, 2, 3.
I also make building bricks of the ordinary size, or of any size and dimensions
which may be required, by a peculiar method and contrivance which I have

page_text: introduced for the purpose of giving to them improved surfaces or faces on
their sides and ends, when embedded in the walls. They are made in
moulds which I call obverse moulds, and compound moulds, and have described
under the first and second heads of this my Specification, and of which I have-
given Drawings in the said first Schedule hereto annexed, and marked therein.
with the letters F and M. The face sides of the bricks are presented upwards,
on the web or plane of the mould, and a smoothness and polish is thus given to:
them, either with or without a coating of fine clay, which it is impossible to give
to bricks made in the ordinary way with their flat beds to the web of the
mould. The mass of clay thus smoothed and polished being taken out of the
mould is of the size and thickness of two or more bricks, and is either cut into
two or more equal parts vertically to the face formed on the plane of the
mould immediately as it comes out therefrom, or is carried off without being
divided to be dried to its green state, and when sufficiently dry is cut and
divided into two or more bricks; for either of which purposes a sharp blade
or cutting instrument is required. When the end faces of the bricks are
required to be polished, the mould is made equal in depth to the length of a
single brick, and the web of the mould of the size of two bricks united. The.
block of clay being then moulded therein, and the surface polished by any of
the means already mentioned or referred to in this head of my Specification, is
afterwards cut and divided, either in its soft or green state, in the manner.
before mentioned.
And whereas bricks for building purposes made with their face sides or
ends upwards to the web or plane of the mould, in the manner I have now
described, are to my knowledge or belief altogether a new Invention, I claim
the exclusive right, not only to manufacture bricks in the manner now stated,
but to finish and face such bricks by any process or method, or with any artificial.
surface, or by any device I may think proper to make use of for such.
purpose.
'
And I further claim under this head of my Specification, as my proper
Invention, the right to make and mould bricks in any ordinary mould, or in any
of the moulds described under the first head of this Specification, by and from
a clot of clay composed of a coarser body and a cake or layer of finer clay, put
together into the mould, but with the finer layer presented to the web or plane
of the mould, to be worked and polished thereon for the purpose of forming an
improved surface to the brick.
The fifth and last head of my Invention relates to the mode of burning or
firing bricks, tiles, quarries, and other articles made or composed of clay and
brick earth, and certain articles of pottery and earthenware, the object thereof
B 2

page_text: being to burn these several descriptions of goods to the greatest degree of
hardness and firmness, and at the same time to preserve them of their self
colours, and prevent their being crushed, warped, fused, or damaged whilst
undergoing the process of firing; and I accomplish this object by certain
methods of constructing the interior of an oven or kiln, and arranging and
placing the goods which are intended to be fired therein in the manner I now
proceed to state-And, first, whereas by the present practice bricks are set in
tiers or courses, one upon and above the other, in stacks from the bottom of
the kiln, between open flues or draughts left for the passage of the fire, and
these tiers or courses are continued upwards to the height of the tie-overs or
covering bricks, which terminate the open flues or draughts, and thence upwards
to the arch or top of the oven or kiln in promiscuous courses. Now, my mode
of constructing and arranging the interior of an oven or kiln consists in the
formation of chambers or hollow compartments between the flues or draughts,
and making the sides and coverings of such chambers impenetrable to the
flame or blaze, by building up from the floor of the oven or kiln temporary
walls on each side of and adjacent to the several flues or draughts to the height
of the tie-overs or coverers, which terminate the open part of those draughts.
I construct such side walls either with bricks or quarries placed edgeways and
closely jointed, or with rabbeted bricks, or grooved and tongued bricks, such
as I have described under the last foregoing head of this my Specification.
These side walls are carried upwards to the height of three feet or thereabouts
from the floor, or as much higher as may be requisite for enclosing a proper quantity
of goods for the firing process; and when filled with goods, the chambers are
covered in with large flat bricks, tiles, or quarries, the joints of which covers
are also carefully secured to exclude the blaze. The open flues or draughts are
here covered with bricks called tie-overs and checkers, according to the ordinary
method of covering in the draughts of an oven or kiln. Then, above the first
chambers and the tie-overs and checkers of the flues, I form other chambers in
a similar manner, one above another, to the height of the arch or top of the
oven or kiln, or as near thereto as may be thought requisite, and the heat is
communicated to these upper chambers by narrow flues along their sides
composed of any bricks, tiles, or earthen pipes, intended for the firing process
The several tiers of these upper chambers are covered in by flat bricks, tiles
or quarries, closely jointed to exclude the blaze, in the same manner as the
lower chambers; and it may be proper, in the construction of the lower as well
as the upper chambers, to divide them or some of them across horizontally by
shelves or rests of large flat bricks, to support the weight of the goods in the
upper part of each chamber, and prevent undue pressure on those below

page_text: When the side walls of the lower chambers are formed, the interior of each
chamber. is filled in with bricks, tiles, or quarries of the better quality, or other
articles made or composed of brick, earth, or any articles of pottery or
earthenware, for the process of firing, and after these lower chambers are
covered in as I have already described, the upper chambers are formed and
filled in with goods to be fired, in like manner as I have stated with respect to
the lower chambers; and theso upper chambers are formed and arranged in
such manner as may be most convenient, but so that the heat of the kiln or
oven may be confirmed and equally carried under, over, and round about such
upper chambers by the narrow flues under them, or along their sides and ends,
in the manner best calculated to burn and fire the goods within the several
chambers effectually and equally in every part of the oven or kiln.
It may be proper here to observe that I do not limit my Specification, as to
the interior of an oven or kiln, to an oven or kiln constructed throughout with
chambers or hollow compartments, but I claim the option of forming the
bottom portion of the kiln or oven, and any portion I think proper of the
upper part, into chambers, and to set in the rest of the goods intended to be
fired promiscuously, and not in chambers; and although I maintain that
chambers impenetrable to the blaze, such as I have above described, are
necessary in order to preserve bricks and other articles therein of a pure self
color, yet for the purpose of burning any such goods of a blue color, as they
are frequently required, I construct the bottoms of the chambers with bricks
perforated with small holes, and cover the chambers with similar perforated
coverings, to admit of the blaze circulating partially through the chambers, and
giving the goods a blue tint. I also pierce the side walls of the chambers, if I
see occasion, for the purpose of giving the goods a deeper tint; and I declare
that the peculiarity of this part of my Invention, which I claim. as original,
consists in the mode of constructing my oven or kiln with hollow floors under
the chambers, and with chambers made impenetrable to the blaze, or per-
forated so as to admit of the blaze being partially introduced, for the purposes
and in the manner I have above explained.
In the second Schedule annexed to this Specification I have shewn Draw-
ings explanatory of this head of my claim, in which Figure A represents a
vertical section of a circular brick oven with a single tier of chambers, con-
structed to the height of the main flues or draughts, and Figure B represents a
ground plan and floor of the same oven, one-half of which is distinguished by
the letters a, b, c, and d, and represents the floor of the chambers with the flues
or draughts between them; and the other half, marked with the letters e, f, g,
and h, represents the flues underneath the floor, which floor is supported by

page_text: sleepers of loose bricks, indicated by the lighter shades in this half of the circle,
the darker shades in each of the Figures marked respectively A and B
indicate the fire places and flues or draughts of the oven. The mouths of the
oven in Figure B are marked with the letters Z, Z, and from them the main
flues extend as radii to the centre of the oven, forming triangular chambers along
their sides. The Drawing marked C in the said second Schedule represents
a vertical section of an oblong square brick kiln with a coved top, and with
chambers constructed to the height of the main flues or draughts, similar in all
respects to those represented in Figure A, except that in Figure C, in conse-
quence of the square form of the kiln, the chambers are formed into squares
instead of triangles. The Drawing marked D in the same Schedule shews a
ground plan of the kiln, marked C, with the construction of the floors of the
chambers along one side thereof (indicated by the letters i, k, l, m, and n,) and
on the other side the construction of the flues under the floor of the, kiln,
indicated by the letters o, p, q, r, and s. In each of the sections or Figures
marked A and C, the tie-over bricks and checkers, which cover the several
chambers of the oven and kiln, are indicated by the horizontal courses marked
in those Drawings by the letters X, X, X, X, and these courses serve as foun-
dations for the chambers or stacks of bricks or goods above them. The oven
represented by Figure A has a single orifice at its top, and the kiln represented
by Figure C has two or more orifices, in which respect they do not differ from
an ordinary oven or kiln, and their only distinction, in respect of which I assert
an exclusive right of Invention, consists in their having flues under their floors,
and chambers between the draughts, as I have above particularly described
the same.
Now, whereas my several claims, herein-before specified and described under
the five foregoing heads of this Specification, relate to improvements in the
mode of manufacturing bricks, tiles, quarries, and other articles composed of
clay and brick earth, and of burning and firing the same, which improvements,
by means of the moulds, tools, implements, benches, frames, processes, opera-
tions, and contrivances, which I have herein-before particularly described and
specified, and the construction and arrangement of the oven or kiln for firing
the manufactured goods, which I have likewise herein-before described, are
entirely new, and have never before been practised within that part of the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland called England, the Dominion of
Wales, the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, or the Islands of Guernsey, Jersey,
Sark, or Man, or in any of Her Majesty's Colonies or Plantations abroad, I
do hereby declare this to be my Specification of the same, and that I do
verily believe that this my Specification doth comply in all respects fully, and

page_text: without reserve or disguise, with the proviso in the said herein-before in part
recited Letters Patent contained; wherefore, I do claim to maintain exclusive
right and privilege to the several parts of my said Invention, according to the
tenor, true intent, and meaning of this my Specification thereof.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Basford, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, the Eighteenth day of July, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and forty-four.
Signed, sealed, and delivered by the
within-named William Basford, in
the presence of
WILLIAM (L.S.) BASFORD.
Enrolled the Nineteenth day of July, in the year of our Lord One thou-
sand eight hundred and forty-four.