IMPROVEMENTS IN DIVERSE LAMPS."
Year: 1863

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Anthony. Gapper Southby, of Bulford, in the
County of Wilts, Engineer, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN
DIVERSE LAMPS."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Anthony Gapper Southby
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition,
on the 8th July 1863.
I, ANTHONY GAPPER SOUTHBY, of Bulford, in the County of Wilts, Engineer,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
DIVERSE LAMPS," to be as follows:-
Firstly, in roof lamps commonly used on railways, or other lamps, in which
the burners are placed in a glass globe covered with a reflector, the reservoir
being either above the flame or contained in the glass globe in such a way
that any oil spilled from the lamp may be caught in the globe. These lamps
I adapt to the burning of hydrocarbon oils, preferably the heavier portions
of them, or a mixture of the same with fat oils, or to enable them to burn the
fat oils alone with increased brilliancy by enclosing the wick in a deflector, or.
covering it with a button, and admitting air to the flame through a passage
or passages enclosing the wick and well, in order to conduct the air under
the deflector, from which it is drawn together with the flame by the rarified
air in the globe, and a metal chimney placed above it, all or nearly all other
means of ingress for the air being closed, the said plan applying to burners

page_text: with either flat or round wicks, and with either outside deflectors or the inside
ones, usually called buttons, the air passage or passages being either brought
down from above the glass globe, in which case it is made of a form which
will least obstruct the light, and the oil passage, if the reservoir is above the
flame, being enclosed in it to keep it cool, or the air passage or passages may
pass through holes, being fixed oil-tight therein.
Secondly, in lamps enclosed in ordinary lanterns or cases made of metal and
glass or horn, as carriage lamps, station signal lamps, head & tail lights,
porter's lamps, station lights, and ship's signal lights, these lamps I fit with
deflectors and air passages connecting them with the outer air in the way and-
for the purpose herein-before described, and excluding as much as may be
necessary to obtain a sufficient draught, all other means of ingress or egress for
the air from the lamp, except through a chimney rising from a short distance
above the top of the flame. In cases where, lanterns are large it may be
advisable to enclose the flame in an inside glass case or globe, fitting the
chimney to the top of it, in which case the chimney may be press'd down upon
the top of the glass with a spring, so that by raising it the glass may be easily
removed. In small lanterns, or ones in which the flame is large in. proportion..
to the space, it is necessary to supply a few small holes in the sides of the
lantern to admit cold air. In bull's eye lanterns, or ones with very thick glass,
may be advisable to fit a thinner glass inside the thick one.
it
Thirdly, in outside deflector lamps, whether the deflector be of metal or
glass, that is, with a choke in the chimney, I surround the wick holder with
a pipe considerably larger than the wick holder, and rising above it to about
the level of the top of the wick, for the purpose of causing a sharper deflection
of the air against the upper part of the flame, while the lower part is, to a
certain extent, protected, the lower part of the pipe being more or less
closed.
Fourthly, in lamps with flat wicks I make a wick raiser by means of a
screw and nút by the side of the wick carrying teeth to enter the wick, and
nd down le turning the screw
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed.
by. the said Anthony Gapper Southby in the Great Seal Patent Office,
on the 8th January 1864.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, ANTHONY {
GAPPER SOUTHBY, of Bulford, in the County of Wilts, Engineer, send
Creating

page_text: WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Eighth day of July, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, in the twenty-seventh year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said Anthony Gapper Southby, Her special licence that I; the said Anthony
Gapper Southby, my executors, administrators, and, assigns, or such others as
I, the said Anthony Gapper Southby, my executors, administrators, and assigns,
should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all
times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully
O might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man; an Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN DIVERSE LAMPS," upon the condition (amongst others)
that I, the said Anthony Gapper Southby, my executors or administrators.
by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and
5 seals,
should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said In-
vention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the
same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar mouths
next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Anthony Gapper Southby, do hereby
O declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is
to be performed, to be, particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement:
.
:
My Invention for improvements in diverse lamps consists, firstly, in. roof
lamps commonly used on railways, or other lamps in which the burners aro
placed in a glass globe covered with a reflector, the reservoir being either
above the flame or contained in the glass globe in such a way that any oil
spilled from the lamp may be cauglit in the globe. These lamps are adapted
to the burning of hydrocarbon oils, preferably the heavier portion of theui, or
a mixture of the same with fat oils is used with great advantage 'to insure
steadiness in burning, or the fat oils alone may be burned with increased
brilliancy:
:
:
In constructing my improved lamps I. fit the reflector on to the top of the
glass air-tight, or nearly so, with the exceptions herein-after mentioned, and I
fit on to the top of this reflector a metal chimney, which I make of sufficient
5 length to create, the required draught; this is a point which.I have found to
be of very great importance. From the reflector I pass down one or more.
pipes communicating with the outer air (herein-after called air passages.) In
this air passage or passages in the lamps in which the réservoir is above the
flame, I prefer to enclose the ordinary oil pipe supplying oil to the well from

page_text: the reservoir in order to keep it cool; the well itself I cover with an outer
case connected with the air passage or passages, on which I fit a deflector
adapted to the shape of the wick in such a way as to allow of no communi-
cation between the air passage and the body of the lamp, except through the
opening in the deflector. In this class of lamps the reservoir may be of any
of the ordinary shapes. In the lamps in which the oil reservoir is placed in
the lower part of the globe, I prefer to suspend them from the reflector by
means of the air passage, and if the flame is placed on the top of the reservoir,
I cover the flame with a deflector, and make it communicate with the air
passage or passages; or, if the reservoir is of the form and the flame placed
in the same position as in the Sinumbra lamp, I cover the well and passages
in the same way as I have before described for the lamps in which the
reservoir is placed above. In all the before-mentioned lamps, when the globe
is of considerable depth, I attach to the deflector a rod for the purpose, of
lowering it upon the flame after the lighted lamp is in place. When these
lamps are not intended for locomotion, and so are not exposed to shaking or
oscillation, the oil well may be dispensed with, the bottom of the air chamber
being made to act as a well.. In these lamps the reservoir may be placed
either above or below the flame; or the reservoir may be of the form and the
flame placed in the same position as in the Sinumbra lamp, and the reflector
partly replaced by a glass cover carrying the chimney. In roof lamps or any
lamps placed in partitions it is necessary that the air supplies and chimney
communicate with the same locality.
In the lamps mentioned under the second head of my Provisional Specifi-
cation, or those enclosed in ordinary lanterns, or in cases made of metal and
glass or horn, as carriage lamps, station signal lamps, head and tail lights,
porters' lamps, station lights, and ships' signal lights, I employ metal
chimnies rising from a short distance above the flame and passing through the
top of the lantern of sufficient length to produce the required draught, all
other egress from the body of the lamp being closed, and the only ingress
being through the deflector. The oil reservoirs may be of any of the usual
shapes, the flame being covered with deflectors, and supplied with air by a
passage or passages communicating with the inside of the lamp or globe only
through the opening' in the deflector and with the outer air, as shewn in
Drawings Nos. 12, 13, 14, and 15, or any similar way in which the reservoir
.may be removed from the lantern, and the air passage or passages kept
moderately tight.
In all the herein-before mentioned lamps the wicks may be either round or
flat, and raised and lowered by any of the usual methods, such as rack and

page_text: pinion, spiral groove, or German raiser. In cases where the air pipe is liable
to obstruct the light, I make it of a form to do so as little as possible, such as
an egg-shape, with the narrower end towards the flame, and with a flat wick
towards the side of it; the deflectors must be made to suit the shape of the
wick, as is well understood. In the case of round or double wicks the inside
deflector, called a button, may be used. All deflectors should be fixed at a
proportional height above the wick, varying with the oil intended to be used
in the lamp; for the heavier portion of mineral oils from about to inch
from the top of the wick holder, with the lighter portion from to in.,
and with fat oils about the same. It is not requisite in any of the lamps
-before-mentioned that the moveable parts, with the exception of the deflectors,
should fit very accurately, as a small quantity of cold air admitted is of use to
keep the lamps cool, and in small ones a few minute openings besides are of
advantage.
In order that the description of my Invention given above may be better
-understood; I subjoin Drawings shewing the various arrangements of the parts,
which form in combination the iniproved lamps invented by me and adapted to
various purposes.
No. 1 shews a complete sectional elevation of a railway roof lamp, con-
structed on a plan which I have found to answer well, as keeping the lamp
cool and shewing the position of the different parts.
Nos. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6; 7, 8, and 9 show various arrangements of the lower parts
which in combination with the upper parts (which are not shewn, and may be
made like those in Figures 1 and 4) form varieties of my improved-roof lamps
for carriages.
.
Nos. 10 & 11 are lamps constructed, on similar principles with the parts.
so arranged as to be adapted for use in halls, factories, and similar purposes.
No. 12 shows my improved railway signal lamps.
.
Nos. 13, 14, and 15 are my improved lamps, constructed so as to be
adapted for general outside lighting purposes.
No. 16 shows another arrangement of the oil vessel constructed by me for
the same lamps. These Drawings are made to half original size, and in all
but a few cases that are easily distinguished, as the handle in Fig. 1, the
double lines represent glass; the same letters represent corresponding parts in
the various lamps shewn in the respective Drawings.
A denotes air passage made of such a form as least to obstruct the light.

page_text: F
3
G
H
K
"
L
M
"
"
wire to raise deflector.
oil reservoir.
position of burner and wick, which are not shewn, in order to
prevent complication.
reflector.
chimney of sufficient length to produce the required draught.
.cooling chimney.
These Drawings will readily enable persons familiar with the construction
of lamps of the class described to construct the various forms of my improved
lamps, and adapt them to the purposes required; it will be evident that in
some instances the bodies of some of the lamps may be changed and placed
in cases of other lamps adapted to receive them.
In all these lamps it is necessary to see that the oil is safe at a moderately
high temperature say, about 130°, or the lancet standard of safety); but in
the railway lamp, especially in the smaller ones, I prefer only to use the
,heavier portions of the mineral oils, although the heaviest portion of all is
better extracted in distillation.
In these oils I find that it is advisable as a rule to mix a small amount of
fat oil, as it greatly improves the steadiness of the burning.
Having now described my Invention, I claim the various arrangements and
:combinations of parts, which respectively constitute the various forms of my
improved lamps, constructed as herein-before described and shown in the
Drawings.
In witness whereof, I, the said Anthony Gapper Southby, have hereto
set my hand and seal, this Seventh day of January, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-four.
ANTHONY GAPPER SOUTHBY. (L.s.)
Signed, sealed, and delivered by the
above-named Anthony Gapper
Southby, in the presence of
JOHN GREENFIELD,
Clerk to Mr. James Bell,
21, Abchurch Lane, City.