IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR THE SPINNING, TWISTING, AND DOUBLING AND LAYING OF HEMP, FLAX, AND OTHER FIBROUS SUBSTANCES
Year: 1862

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Bellamy Payne, of Chard, in the County of
Somerset, Engineer and Lace Manufacturer, for the Invention of
"IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR THE SPINNING, TWISTING, AND DOUBLING
AND LAYING OF HEMP, FLAX, AND OTHER FIBROUS SUBSTANCES,"
Sealed the 3rd March 1863, and dated the 20th October 1862.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Bellamy Payne at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 20th October 1862.
I, JOHN BELLAMY PAYNE, of Chard, in the County of Somerset, Engineer
and Lace Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR THE SPINNING, TWISTING, AND DOUBLING
AND LAYING
follows:-
OF HEMP, FLAX, AND OTHER FIBROUS SUBSTANCES," to be as
My Invention of "Improvements in Machinery for Spinning, Twisting, and
Doubling and Laying of Hemp, Flax, and other Fibrous Substances," relates
more particularly to the manufacture of thread, twine, cords, lines, cordage,
and cables, but some parts of my improvements are also applicable to spinning,
twisting, doubling, and laying silk, cotton, and other fibrous substances.
According to my first improvement the slivers wound on bobbins are placed
in separate rotating frames or cages, called sliver cages, in which are mounted
drawing rollers, whereby the sliver is drawn down to the proper size. A proper
drag or tension is put upon the sliver by means of a disc or plate, which is by
means of a spring pressed down on the sliver, and produces a drag thereon as

page_text: the bobbin is pulled round by the drawing rollers. The sliver cage is rotated at
considerable speed by suitable driving gear, and thereby puts a twist into the
drawn-out sliver, motion being at the same time given to the drawing rollers
by means of a screw shaft or other equivalent mechanism, which is by pre-
ference driven by a stationary toothe dwheel, into which a pinion on one end of
the screw shaft gears and works as the sliver cage is rotated. The drawn-out
sliver, after being twisted into a yarn, passes out of the cage or frame through
a central hollow spindle, and is conducted to another rotating apparatus which
I will call a tension rotating bobbin frame, by which an additional twist is
put in the yarn while kept in a state of tension. This tension rotating bobbin
frame is arranged to be driven in such manner that the drawn out and
twisted or spun sliver from the sliver cage will receive more or less twist as
may be desired while under tension, and in this state the yarn will enter a
rotating apparatus which I call a kink preventer, and from thence the yarn
passes to a doubling or laying spindle constructed according to the product
desired. The apparatus which I call a kink preventer, and which is, as above
stated, placed between the rotating tension bobbin frame and the laying or
doubling spindle, holds the yarn in such manner as to prevent twist passing
the part held. Hence, by the rotation of this apparatus additional twist is put
into the yarn intermediate between the kink-preventing apparatus and the
laying or doubling spindle, while twist is taken off the yarn intermediate
between the apparatus and the tension bobbin frame. It will therefore be
understood that according to the relative speed of the different parts of the
apparatus, so will be the state of the yarn in the finished product or manu-
facture. I have thus far spoken only of making of yarns, and doubling and
laying the same, but the system of employing a combined arrangement of
tension frame kink-preventing apparatus, and doubling or laying spindle, is
applicable when making strands, and laying strands into ropes and cables.
Care is to be taken that the speed of the draught rollers and bobbins of the
tension rotating bobbin frame be in proportion to the speed of the drawing rollers
of the sliver cage or frame. In order to actuate these two arrangements of
apparatus one or other of them may be driven by a band passing over a pulley
or other gear, but the other apparatus should be actuated by toothed gearing
operated by the first cage. By the doubling or laying spindle two, three, or
more yarns or strands from as many separate tension rotating bobbin frames
and kink preventers may be doubled or Jaid to form a thread or twine, or cord
or line, or rope, or other manufacture. In order to facilitate the winding on
of strands on to the receiving bobbins of the doubling or laying spindles in a
proper and uniform manner, and to regulate the hardness of the twist (as the

page_text: strand is made) a friction drum or drag is mounted on a supplementary shaft,
and driven by a toothed wheel on the central spindle of the twisting frame.
In order to temper the winding-on motion of the forming operation in line,
cord, and rope making, or the winding-on motion in the doubling or laying
of twine, the bobbin is made to rest on a plate at the upper end of a
sleeve or hollow shaft through which the spindle passes. The sleeve shaft
carries a toothed rim or wheel, which gears into another wheel on the
axle of the tempering or drag wheel on which a drag is put by a friction
band acted on by an adjustable spring. By this means the tempering wheel
may be allowed to rotate at a much lower speed than is required by the
ordinary arrangements for doubling or forming, and yet increases the quantity
of work produced. The kink preventer is intended to obviate such an accu-
mulation of twist in the yarn or strand as would cause a kink, and this is
accomplished by the rotating motion of grooved or other rollers (round which
the yarn or strand is passed several times), which is driven by suitable gearing,
and placed as above mentioned between the tension rotating bobbin frame
and the laying or doubling spindle. In order to equalize the delivery of
different sizes of yarn to the laying or doubling spindles it will sometimes be
found necessary to vary the position of the grooved or other rollers in the kink
preventers either by placing them in a horizontal position one above the other,
and driving them by means of snails or screws acting on pinions on the axles
of the rollers, or by placing them in a horizontal position side by side, and
driving them by bevil or other gearing, or by placing them vertically on each
side of a central spindle provided with a toothed ring into which
gear similar
wheels on the axles of tho rollers, so that the latter may be properly rotated.
For finer yarns another arrangement is desirable by placing one of the grooved
or other rollers on the central spindle, and causing the other to revolve round
it. The axle of the outside roller carries a pinion which gears into an internal
circular rack placed inside a cap piece or cover or other convenient gearing.
For the finest yarns one of the grooved rollers will be dispensed with, and
the yarn passed round a plain spindle placed either centrally or outside the
central spindle. The grooved or other rollers in these several arrangements
may be driven either by spur, bevil, or other gearing by bands and pullies, or
by screws, as may be found most convenient. Instead of the pairs of grooved
rollers I sometimes for some kinds of yarns or strands employ a cylinder,
which is placed on the central spindle, and has helical grooves cut around it
to receive the yarns or strands. A slow motion on its axis is given to this
cylinder for the purpose of delivering the yarns or strands.
Another improvement consists in adapting to the spindles and bobbins of

page_text: ordinary spinning, twisting, and doubling machines suitable mechanism whereby
the drag or tempering operation is regulated by the bobbins, and this is effected
by a collar plate keyed to the bobbin, beneath which is screwed a toothed
pinion revolving on a copping bar, and into this pinion works a toothed wheel
in which is fixed a friction drum having attached to it a tempering strap.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said John Bellamy Payne in the Great Seal Patent Office on
the 20th April 1863.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHN
BELLAMY PAYNE, of Chard, in the County of Somerset, Engineer, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twentieth day of October, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-two, in the twenty-sixth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me,
the said John Bellamy Payne, Her special license that I, the said John
Bellamy Payne, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as
I, the said John Bellamy Payne, my executors, administrators, and assigns,
should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all
times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might
make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "In-
PROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR THE SPINNING, TWISTING, AND DOUBLING AND
LAYING OF HEMP, FLAX, AND OTHER FIBROUS SUBSTANCES," upon the condition
(amongst others) that I, the said John Bellamy Payne, by an instrument
in writing under my hand and seal, should particularly describe and ascertain
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to
be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent
Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the
said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said John Bellamy Payne, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the follow-
ing statement, reference being had to the Drawings hereunto annexed, and to
the letters and figures marked thereon (that is to say):-
My Invention of "Improvements in Machinery for the Spinning, Twisting,

page_text: and Doubling and Laying of Hemp, Flax, and other Fibrous Substances,"
relates more particularly to the manufacture of thread, twine, cords, lines,
cordage, and cables, but some parts of my improvements are also applicable
to spinning, twisting, doubling, and laying silk, cotton, and other fibrous
substances.
According to my first improvement the slivers wound on bobbins are placed
in separate rotating frames or cages, called sliver cages, in which are mounted
drawing rollers, whereby the sliver is drawn down to the proper size. A
proper drag or tension is put upon the sliver by means of a disc or plate, which
is by means of a spring pressed down on the sliver and produces a drag
thereon as the bobbin is pulled round by the drawing rollers.
The sliver cage
is rotated at considerable speed by suitable driving gear, and thereby puts a
twist into the drawn out sliver, motion being at the same time given to the
drawing rollers by means of a screw shaft or other equivalent mechanism,
which is by preference driven by a stationary toothed wheel, into which a
pinion on one end of the screw shaft gears and works as the sliver cage is
rotated. The drawn out sliver, after being twisted into a yarn, passes out of
the sliver cage or frame through a central hollow spindle, and is conducted to
another rotating apparatus, which I will call a tension rotating bobbin frame,
by which an additional twist is put in the yarn while kept in a state of tension.
This tension rotating bobbin frame is arranged to be driven in such manner
that the drawn out and twisted or spun sliver from the sliver cage will receive
more or less twist as may be desired while under tension, and in this state
the yarn will enter a rotating apparatus which I call a kink preventer, and
from thence the yarn passes to a doubling or laying spindle constructed
according to the product desired, whether twine, line, or rope. The apparatus
which I call a kink preventer is, as above stated, placed between the rotating
tension bobbin frame and the laying or doubling spindle, and by means of a
series of grooved or other rollers, as hereafter described, holds the yarn so as
to prevent twist passing the part held. Hence, by the rotation of this apparatus,
as bereafter described, additional twist is put into the yarn intermediate
between the kink-preventing apparatus and the laying or doubling spindle,
while twist is taken off the yarn intermediate between the apparatus and the
tension bobbin frame. It will therefore be understood that according to the
relative speed of the different parts of the apparatus so will be the state of
the
yarn in the finished product or manufacture.
In Sheets I. and II. of the accompanying Drawings I have shewn a machine
constructed according to the first part of my improvements, and intended for
sninning and laving of varns thread or twine.

page_text: Fig. 1 is a front elevation of a portion of the machine shewing all the parts
necessary for spinning yarns for and doubling or laying one twine or cord;
Fig. 2 is a transverse section of the same, shewing the arrangement of driving
gear for actuating the several working parts of which the machine is
composed.
A, A, A, are the sliver cages or frames (of which there may be two, three,
or more for each twine or cord, according to the description of manufacture it
is intended to produce). Each of these sliver cages is provided with hollow
spindles at their upper and lower ends, by which they are mounted in bearings
in the longitudinal rails D¹, D³, D³, of the framing of the machine. a, a, a, are
the bobbins which have been previously filled with the sliver to be spun or
twisted. Each of these bobbins a is carried in its frame or cage A by a pin
or axle a³, which is retained in its place in the frame A by the spring catch a
when the bobbin has been adjusted thereon. The sliver is led from the bobbins
a, a, a, down through a guide to and around the rollers b, b, b, and from these
rolls the sliver is conducted down between the two drawing rollers c, c, which,
as well as the rollers 6, 6, are suitably mounted in bearings in the sides of the
frames A, A, A. In passing between these rollers b and c the sliver will be
drawn out to the required fineness, depending on the relative surface speed of
the rollers b and c, and in that state it passes from between the rolls c, c, and
out from the sliver cages A, A, A, through the lower hollow spindles, and by
the rapid rotation of the sliver cages A, A, A, the slivers will receive any
desired amount of twist. It is preferred that the rollers b and c of each of the
frames or cages A should receive their motion from the rotation of the sliver
cages A in the following manner :-The lower hollow spindles of the frames
or cages A are provided with stationary pinions d, which are fust upon the
longitudinal rail D³, and into the pinion d of each of the sliver cages gears a
spur wheel e', which is keyed upon the lower end of a vertical shaft e carried
in bearings upon one side of the frame A. This shaft e has a wormi e in gear
with a worm wheel f' keyed upon one end of the horizontal shaft f. At the
opposite end of this shaft f is a worm fin gear with the worm wheel g¹ on
the vertical shaft g. This shaft has upon it two worms g³ and g³. The upper
one, g, is in gear with a worm wheel upon a short shaft h (carried from that
side to the sliver cage A by a bracket), which has a small spur pinion i in gear
with one of the spur wheels ; upon the axles of the rollers b, b. The lower
worm g' is in gear with a worm wheel c* upon the axles of one of the lower
rolls c, c.
The rollers b and c will thus always maintain the same ratio of
speed to the sliver cage A. A proper drag or tension is put upon each of the
sliver bobbins by the disc or plate a* on the lower end of the square spindle k,

page_text: which is made to slide easily through the upper hollow spindle of the frame A.
On the top of the spindle k, and surrounded by a cup to contain oil, bears the
point of a tension or pressing apparatus, consisting of a vertical spindle l,
whose lower point rests on the top of the spindle k. The upper end of this
apparatus slides in a square socket attached to the top longitudinal rail of the
machine. Around the spindle is a case * containing a coiled spring which
can be more or less compressed between the upper end of the case * and a
collar on the spindle in the following manner:-The case * can be raised or
lowered by the pinion n, which is in gear with the rack m formed on the
outside of the case *. The pinion n is fast upon a short shaft n¹ carried by
brackets attached to the framing D, and may be actuated by means of a worm
wheel upon the shaft n' and a worm upon shafting having at its opposite end a
hand wheel, conveniently placed by the attendant, so that the pressure may be
regulated with the greatest nicety without stopping the machine by simply turn-
ing the hand wheel, and thereby rotating the shaft n' and acting on the rack m.
The sliver, after receiving the requisite amount of twist, passes through the
central hollow spindle in the bar D³ to the tension rotating bobbin frame B,
having a bobbin o mounted therein in a similar manner to that described
with reference to the bobbin on which the sliver is wound. The frame B-is
carried by a central hollow spindle mounted in bearings on the longitudinal
rail D', and through this hollow spindle the now twisted yarn passes to the
bobbin o, around which it is coiled one or more times. Within the frame B,
and beneath the bobbin o, a conical disc break p is placed so as to bear against
the bobbin o, which is made conical for that purpose. The disc p has a hollow
spindle sliding through the lower part of the frame B, and any amount of break
power may be brought to bear upon the bobbin o by turning the thumb screw 9,
thereby compressing the helical spring r and causing the opposite end of the
lever s to press upward the disc break p. Or if preferred the helical spring "
may be caused to act directly upon the break disc p and the tension will be
rendered adjustable by the thumb screw being mounted upon a central hollow
stud fixed upon the upper face of the longitudinal rail Ds in the manner shewn
at B* in the front elevation Fig. 1. This tension rotating bobbin frame
receives its motion from the sliver cage A. A pinion 1 keyed upon the end
of the lower hollow spindle of the sliver cage A gears into a spur wheel 2
upon a vertical shaft 3, mounted in bearings on the longitudinal rails D³
and D. Another spur wheel 4 upon the shaft 3 is in gear with a pinion 5
upon the central hollow spindle of the tension bobbin frame B below, so that
the speed of the sliver cage and tension bobbin frame will bear a constant
ratio the one to the other, and a greater or less amount of twist may be put

page_text: "
in by altering the relative sizes of the spur gear 1, 2, 4, and 5. The spun
or twisted yarn passes down through the lower hollow spindle of the rotating
tension bobbin frame B and enters the kink preventer C, which consists of a
frame t having upper and lower central hollow spindles mounted in bearings
upon the longitudinal rails D and D. Two horizontal grooved rollers u, u¹,
are mounted horizontally in bearings in the frame t, and are driven by the
rotation of the frame. A short vertical shaft v mounted at one side of the
frame t has at its lower end a pinion w in gear with a stationary central
wheel z.
The shaft at its upper end carries a worm in gear with a worm
wheel on the axle of the lower horizontal roller u. At the opposite side of
the frame t the rollers u, u³, are geared together by small spur wheels. The
extreme end of the lower hollow spindle is furnished with a spur pinion y
(Fig. 2, Sheet II.) by which rotary motion is communicated to each of the
apparatus C as will be hereafter described. The spun or twisted yarns enter
the kink preventers C through their upper hollow spindles, and are coiled
around the horizontal grooved rollers u, u¹, in a helical coil. The twisted
yarns pass out of these kink preventers by the lower hollow spindles, and are led
down to and through the grooves in the edge of a conical "top or grooved
block E. The position of this plate may be so adjusted as to maintain the
required regularity of twist. The spindles or flyers E are hung in bearings
in the longitudinal rails D' and De, between which is a pulley E' for receiving
motion by a driving band. The doubled or laid yarns in each case are carried
down through the hollow spindle and down the flyer arm to the bobbin F which
is carried on one of the vertical spindles F¹ mounted upon the copping frame G.
This frame is made capable of sliding in suitable vertical guides (as shewn
in the sectional view Fig. 2), and is raised and lowered by chains from the
ends of the levers H attached to the chain wheel on the shaft I. A friction
drum J is mounted within the copping frame G upon a fixed axle, and the
spur wheel K, which is attached to the under side of the friction drum J, is in
gear with the spur pinion L on the laying spindle E¹. The friction band
which is applied to the drum J is made fast to a pin N* on the copping
frame G, and its opposite end attached to an adjustable spring apparatus N
(see the plan view, Fig. 3, Sheet I.). This part is also shewn on an enlarged
scale in section at Fig. 4. It will be seen that the friction band is screwed
to a spindle, capable of sliding in the frame N without turning round,
being steadied at its opposite end by a screw k³ whose point is inserted in
a longitudinal groove cut in the spindle k¹. The case *, within which is
the spring, also has a lip projecting into the said groove for the same purpose,
and this case * has moreover on its under side a catch which takes into

page_text: the teeth of a ratchet rack upon a projecting bracket N¹ of the framing N. By
raising this catch the case * can be readily adjusted so as to compress the
spring within it as much as may be required to give the requisite amount
of tempering or break power to the laying spindle. The friction band may
sometimes be required to touch the drum but slightly so as to give such
slight break power as would be required for some descriptions of work, and the
means I adopt to effect this object are shown at Fig. 3, Sheet I., which is a
detached plan view of a portion of the apparatus shewing the friction drum J,
and behind it a quadrant slotted bracket M, having several studs M¹ which are
also slotted or split at the top so that the friction band may be placed therein,
and be thereby held from the periphery of the drum J and carried from one
stud to the other as far round the circumference of the drum as it may be
desired. By this means a very delicate amount of friction power is attainable
with the same apparatus which may therefore be used for heavy descriptions
of cordage. Motion is communicated to the main driving shaft O, Fig. 2, by
bands passed round the driving pulleys O¹, and from a pinion O2 keyed upon the
main shaft Omotion is communicated to the spur wheel O' on the shaft P
through the intermediate wheels 0³, 0, 0%. On this shaft P is a series of
pullies P¹, provided with straps or bands which pass to and around the
pulleys A on the upper hollow spindle of each of the several sliver cages A,
Figs. 1 and 2, so that each sliver cage will be separately driven at the requisite
speed from the pulley shaft P. It will be obvious that the direction of rotation
of the sliver cages may be changed at pleasure by driving them with a straight
or twisted band as may be required, so that either a right or left handed twist
may be produced in the same machine when desired. The kink preventers C of
each set receive their motion from the spur wheel O2 on the driving shaft O
through the wheels Q, Q, and R, R². The spur wheel R2 on the horizontal
shaft S gears with the spur wheel R¹. The bevil wheel S¹ is so placed on this
shaft S as to gear with and drive the bevil wheel S³, which is mounted on a stud
pin beneath the longitudinal rail D° of the machine. On the same stud pin and
secured to the bevil wheel S³, in each set is a spur wheel T. Into this spur
wheel T the whole of the spur pinions y gear and from it receive motion. The
laying or doubling spindles E receive their motion from the pulleys V¹ on the
shaft V by means of straps or bands which pass to and around the pullies E¹
on the spindle of the flyers E. The shaft V receives its motion from the main
shaft O by the intermediate wheel U and spur pinion U. The operation of the
machine in the process of manufacturing yarns, thread, or twines, such as that
shewn in the Diagram, Fig. 5, Sheet VII., is as follows:-The slivers to be
spun or twisted are wound on bobbins, which are placed in the several sliver

page_text: cages A, A, A, where the slivers are drawn to the required extent, and they at
the same time receive considerable amount of twist intermediate between the
sliver cage A and the tension bobbin frame B by the rapid rotation of the
sliver cages A, say, at about 1800 revolutions per minute. The spun or
twisted yarns pass down through the hollow spindles, and are eoiled around
the bobbins o of the tension bobbin frames B as many times as may be
desired, and they will then receive more or less twist while in a state of
tension (according to the arrangement of gearing employed) between the
tension rotating bobbin frames B and the sliver cages A, from which the
former derive their motion. In the arrangement shewn, which is suitable for
all descriptions of laid twine, a speed of about 1790 revolutions would be
given to the tension bobbin frames B, so that in this instance the amount of
twist will be slightly reduced, but this may be varied by changing the gearing.
The separate yarns now pass from the rotating bobbin frame B and enter the
kink preventers C through their central hollow spindles, and are coiled in a
helical coil around the rollers u and u¹, which being driven by the rotation of
the apparatus will draw down the yarns or strands, and pass them through their
lower lower hollow spindles to the doubling or laying spindle. In the arrange-
ment shown the kink preventers C are intended to be rotated at about from
800 to 1000 revolutions per minute. The yarns being held firmly by the
grooved rollers, the twist put in by the apparatus above cannot run down past
the parts held, and hence by the rotation of this apparatus C a certain amount
of twist will be taken out intermediate between the kink preventers C and
the tension rotating bobbins B, but the kink preventers will put in twist
between them and the doubling spindles in a more regular manner, so that
the twist will be more equally distributed. The grooved top or block E* to
which the yarn or strands are conducted from the kink preventers C may be
adjusted so as to regulate the hardness of the twist produced by the doubling
or laying process which the yarns when combined undergo while being twisted
together by the spindles E, as above described and the spindle may be driven
at about 800 or more revolutions per minute for that purpose. The twine or
cord is wound upon the bobbins F by the arms of the flyers E; the break
power applies to the drum J already described will retard the rotation of the
spindle F to about 400 revolutions per minute, or to the speed required
steadily to wind up the cord or twine as it is made. It will of course be
understood that care must be taken that the speed of the draught rollers and
bobbins of the tension rotating bobbin frames B, B, B, Figs. 1 and 2, Sheets T.
and II., should be in proportion to the speed of the drawing rollers of the
sliver cages or frames A, A, A. In order to actuate these two arrangements

page_text: of apparatus, that is to say, the sliver cages A and tension rotating bobbin
frames B, one or other of them may be driven by a band passing over a pulley,
as shewn in the Drawings, but the other apparatus should be actuated by
toothed gearing operated by the first cage. By the doubling or laying spindle
two, three, or more yarns or strands from as many separate tension rotating
bobbin frames and kink preventers may be either doubled or laid to form a
thread, or twine, or cord, or line, or rope, or other manufacture, as shewn in
Figs. 1, 2, 6, 8, 12, and 13. In order to facilitate the winding on of strands
on to the receiving bobbins of the doubling or laying spindles in a proper and
uniform manner, and to regulate the hardness of the twist (as the strand is
made), it will be seen that a friction drum or drag wheel is mounted on a
supplementary shaft, and is driven by a toothed wheel on the central spindle
of the twisting frame.
I have thus far only spoken of making of yarns, and doubling and laying
the same into twine or cord, but a portion of the combined arrangement of
tension frame, kink-preventing apparatus, and doubling or laying spindle, is
applicable when making or forming strands, as shewn in Figs. 6 and 7,
Sheet III. An arrangement or combination of an analogous character may
also be employed for laying strands into ropes and cables, as shewn at Figs. 12
and 13, Sheet V. In spinning and doubling twine, thread, or cord in the
above-described machine it will only be necessary to detach the apparatuses B
and C, or to allow them to remain stationary by removing the spur pinion 1
on the foot of the sliver cage A, and the spur pinion y on the spindle of the
kink preventer C. The yarn may then be led as it is delivered from the sliver
cages A through fixed guides to the doubling spindle E, or if required the
operation of doubling may be performed more perfectly by passing the yarn
delivered from the sliver cages direct to the rollers u, u, of the now stationary
kink preventer C; the rollers u, u¹, are then to be rotated, and made to draw
down and pass the yarn to the doubling spindles by supplementary shafts
running longitudinally in the machine, and carrying at intervals small spur
wheels which gear with the spur wheels on the ends of the several rollers u, u¹.
These supplementary shafts may be rotated from the main shaft by any
suitable gear; or instead of these supplementary shafts two longitudinal
grooved rollers C, C, may be mounted in the machine, as seen in the Diagram
Fig. 41, (Sheet II.,) intermediate between the sliver cages A and the doubling
spindle E. The yarns from any number of sliver cages or rotating bobbins
may be coiled helically round these grooved rollers, which are to be driven at
the requisite speed by gearing from the main shaft of the machine. By this
means the spun yarn is drawn down and passed forward to the doubling

page_text: spindles E. Spun and balf laid twine or cord may be conveniently made by
the machine.shewn at Figs. 1 and 2, by employing the sliver cages A only for
the purpose of carrying the yarn, which is then to be wound on the bobbin a,
and led from thence through the fixed guides to the grooved rollers u, u¹, of
the apparatus C, which is made stationary, as before described; or it may be
coiled around the longitudinal grooved rollers mounted in the machine, as shewn
in the Diagram, Fig 41, and from thence it passes to the spindle E. It will
be seen that in this case it is intended that the cages A which carry the
bobbin of yarn shall receive a certain amount of rotation in order to throw
into the yarn a greater amount of twist than that given in ordinary doubled
twine.
In Sheet III., Fig. 6 is a plan, Fig. 7 is a partial section, and Fig. 8, Sheet IV.,
an end view of a machine for forming from two to any number of yarns into
one strand, such as that shewn in the diagram, Fig. 9, Sheet VII., technically
known as "register" tube forming, and consists of register plates and com-
pressing tubes or dies, the lower one being fixed on the iron frame end, and
the upper one working in a grooved guide, pressed down so as to form a hole
of the required size, and is held in its position by a lever or spring. This
machine is for twisting the strand whilst in the register tube, and for giving
the requisite amount of twist to the twisted bundle of yarns at the time the
compression is being effected in the register tube. The twisted bundle of
yarns is drawn forward by the apparatus C, which is constructed similar to
the kink preventers shewn in Figs. 1, 2, and 12, but which in the present
instance also acts as a doubling or laying instrument. The strand thus
formed is wound up in a regular coil upon the revolving bobbin E. This
machine, being intended for forming strands to be afterwards used for the
manufacture of heavy descriptions of cord, the kink preventer or doubling
instrument C and winding-up spindle B are placed horizontally in the machine.
Any number of threads or yarns that may be required to form the desired
thickness of strand are taken from bobbins or coils of yarn arranged on a
stand independent of the machine, and are led into the left-hand end of the
machine under the finger in the tube C', which is mounted between the
vertical cheeks of a frame bracketted to the end of the main framing of the
machine, as will be seen in Figs. 7 and 8, Sheets III. and IV. The finger C*
in the tube C is jointed upon the fulcrum pin a, and is capable of rising to
allow any varying thickness of yarns to pass. The finger is brought back and
held to its work with any requisite degree of pressure by the bow spring bor
other springs, or by levers, which are caused to bear upon the finger, and are
attached to it. Above the bow spring is a thumb-screw c to regulate the

page_text: compression of the spring b. The kink preventer or apparatus C is mounted,
as before stated, horizontally in bearings upon the rails D and D' of the
machine by means of its central hollow spindles, into one of which the yarns
are made to enter through the outer spindle. This apparatus is of the same
construction as the kink preventers already described as forming part of the
machine for spinning and laying yarns, thread, or twine (see Figs. 1 and 2,
Sheets I. and II.), and differs only in the use to which it is applied. In the
present instance it serves to twist together or form the yarns into a strand
whilst they are under the action of the compression finger C* within the
register tube C³, and to draw the yarns from the bobbins, and pass on the now
twisted or formed strand out through the opposite central spindle to the
winding-up bobbin B, the frame of which is mounted in bearings on the
rails D, D³, D', of the framing. The frame B, Fig. 6, carries the winding-on
bobbin E. The left hand spindle of the apparatus is hollow, to allow in this
instance of the passage of the strand to the bobbin E. The rotation of the
bobbin E is derived from the revolution of the frame B, and is communicated
to the axle of the bobbin E in the following manner:-Around the outer or
right-hand spindle or shaft B¹ is a sleeve e, supported in bearings in the
rail D³, and having upon it a bevil wheelf and two spur wheels g and h. In
order to regulate the speed of and temper the winding-on motion of the
forming operation, the lower spindle of the bobbin frame is mado to pass
through the upper end of a sleeve or hollow shaft e. The sleeve shaft e carries
a toothed wheel or pinion which gears into another wheel on the axle of the
tempering or drag wheel F, on which a drag is put by a friction band, acted
on by an adjustable spring. By this means the tempering wheel may be
allowed to rotate at a much lower speed than is required by the ordinary
arrangements for doubling or forming, and thus the winding-on bobbin E in
the frame B is enabled to rotate at a greater speed, and increases the quantity
of work produced. The speed at which the sleeve e shall be allowed to rotate
will therefore be controlled by the break or drag wheel F, which is keyed on
the shaft F¹. The spur wheel i, which is attached to the break or drag wheel
or drum F is in gear with the spur pinion upon the sleeve e.
This drag
wheel is also controlled by another break or drag wheel G, which is made to
act on the axle F¹ of the first drag wheel F, by causing the spur wheel / to
gear into a pinion ; upon the axle of the drag wheel F. Both the drag
wheels are furnished with friction bands or levers and adjustable spring
apparatus, similar to that described with reference to the machine shewn in
Sheet I. On motion being communicated to the main shaft I, Fig. 6, by a
band passed round the driving pulley H, and through the spur wheels J, J', J²,

page_text: (the latter being keyed on the spindle of the winding-on frame), the wheel
will be caused to rotate and carry round the frame and with it the bevil
wheel Z, which is in gear with the bevil wheelf upon the sleeve shaft c. By
this means the pinion mu will be caused to rotate, and being in gear with the
wheel n on the spindle of the winding-on bobbin E, the latter will be caused
to rotate slowly on its axis. The small spur wheel o is also carried round with
the frame in a similar manner and through the train of worms, worm wheels,
bevil wheels, and other gear will cause the travelling guide d to traverse to
and fro on the double screwed shaft p, and thus the strand will be wound up
regularly, and properly distributed on the bobbin E; the twist given to the
strand or bundle of yarn having been maintained or increased by the rotation
of this winding-on frame. It will be understood that the apparatus c by its
rotation draws the yarns through the register tube C', and forms them into a
strand. For this purpose the apparatus C is caused to rotate by motion being
communicated to it from the main shaft by the spur wheels K, K¹, K², the
latter being keyed upon the hollow spindle of the apparatus C, as shewn in
Fig. 6. This apparatus C may be caused to deliver the strand to an apparatus
over or around a pulley of certain diameter, which sets in motion a series of
wheels, and forms a reckoner or counter, shewing upon a dial the number of
yards or fathoms that have passed over the pulley, and an index may be set to
the number required, causing a bell to ring when the given number of yards
or fathoms have been prepared.
Another arrangement of parts, consisting of a combination of tension bobbin
frame A, kink-preventing apparatus C, and laying apparatus E, is shewn in
Sheet V., and is intended for the manufacture of layed ropes or lines, such as
that shewn at Diagram Fig. 10, Sheet VII., or cables, such as those shewn
at Fig. 11, Sheet VII., may be made in a similar arrangement of apparatus.
Fig. 12, Sheet V., is a plan view of the machine, and Fig. 18 an elevation
of the left-hand end of the machine, the driving gear being shewn in red and
blue lines. A, A, A, are the tension rotating bobbins; C, C, C, are the three
or more kink-preventing apparatus; and E is either the laying or doubling
apparatus. It will of course be understood that if it be desired to make four-
strand ropes or cables, four rotating bobbin frames A, A, and four kink-pre-
venting apparatus will be required, and in the various descriptions of
manufacture where a small heart or core is required, such heart or core may
be inserted in the ordinary manner through the "hollow top" E* into the
centre of the ropes or cables, which are in the process of being laid in this
machine.
All the several apparatus just mentioned are constructed upon the principle

page_text: described with reference to the twine-making machine shewn in Sheets I. and II.,
except that in the present instance the tension rotating bobbins A, A, A, are
used simply for carrying the strands when making shroud rope or line.
When making cables, the bobbins will be filled with the shroud ropes or laid
lines, of which the cable is to be composed. A friction break or disc with a
pressure spring apparatus for giving the requisite tension is adapted to
the bobbin frames A, A, as shewn in Fig. 12. The kink-preventing
apparatus C, C, C, shewn in Fig. 12, are slightly different in construction to
those already mentioned, but will be afterwards described. They are modified
to suit the heavy description of work which it is intended to carry on in this
machine. The laying or doubling apparatus is similar in construction to tho
onc shewn at Fig. 6, Sheet III. The whole of these apparatus are mounted in
bearing pon the horizontal rails of the framing D. Motion is communicated
to the machine by bands from any prime mover to the pulley E, Fig. 12, on
the main shaft F, upon which is keyed the spur wheel G, which by the
wheel G' (mounted upon a stud axle on the framing) drives the spur wheel G³.
Another wheel G³, on the same stud axle and bolted to the wheel G2, gears
into and drives the spur pinions H, II, H, upon the hollow axles of the
rotating tension bobbins A, A, which are set equidistant from the central wheel.
It will be seen that the kink-preventing apparatus C, C, C, are driven by a
similar arrangement of gearing by the spur wheel I on the main shaft F,
through the intermediate wheels J, J, J, and J³, the several spur pinions k,
which are keyed upon the axles of the kink preventers, being in gear with the
spur wheel J. The laying apparatus is driven from the spur wheels L, L', on
the main shaft F through the intermediate wheels M, M³, and upon
pinions N, N', which are keyed upon the hollow axle and solid spindle of the
laying apparatus. This arrangement of gearing is represented in the end
view, Fig. 18, by red and blue lines; it will be seen that this laying spindle is
like that before described and shewn in Sheet III. provided with a double
break or drag wheel, which is suitably modified and arranged to operate and
govern the winding on motion. In place of a friction band as in the former
instance, the break or drag wheels are embraced by semicircular wrought-iron
arms a, a, (seen best in Fig. 13) jointed to a stud pin b on the framing of the
machine. These wrought-iron arms are made to press upon or break the
wheels by means of the iron bolt and thumbscrew c which connect their ends.
The arms a may be made of a trough section, and provided internally with
segments of cork, which are to be made to bear upon the break or drag wheel.
It will be obvious that any arrangement of simple or compound levers with
weights may be caused to act upon the arms a in place of the bolt connections

page_text: shewn, in order to obtain sufficient break power for some descriptions of
manufacture.
Fig. 14, Sheet I., represents a modification of my improved tempering or
drag apparatus, shewn in sectional elevation. E is the ordinary spindle and
flyer in common use. Around this I place a sleeve E* capable of sliding on
the spindle, and upon the sleeve E* are collars 1, 2, 3, and 4, between which
it is mounted in bearings at the edge of the copping frame G, G. Another
collar plate 5 above the copping frame G supports the bobbin F, which is
attached thereto by means of a button. Upon the sleeve E*, and near its
lower end, is the spur pinion L in gear with the spur wheel k attached to the
drag or tempering wheel J, which is mounted upon a fixed axle secured to
the copping rails. A drag is put upon the friction wheel by a friction band
assisted by the adjustable spring apparatus, as before described and shewn in
Figs. 3 and 4 of Sheet I.
In order to equalize the delivery of different sizes of yarn to either the laying
or doubling spindles, it will sometimes be found necessary to vary the positions
of the grooved or other rollers in the kink preventers, either by placing them
in a horizontal position one above the other, and driving them by means of
snails or screws acting on pinions on the axle of the rollers or by placing
them in a horizontal position side by side, and driving them by bevil or other
gearing, or by placing them vertically on each side of a central spindle provided
with a toothed ring, into which gear similar wheels on the axles of the rollers,
so that the latter may be properly rotated.
For finer yarns another arrangement is desirable, by placing one of the
grooved or other rollers on the central spindle, and causing the other to revolve
round it. The axle of the outside roller in this arrangement carries a pinion
which gears into an internal circular rack placed inside a cap piece or cover
or other convenient gearing. For the finest yarns one of the grooved rollers
may be dispensed with, and the yarn passed round a plain spindle placed
either centrally or outside the central spindle. The grooved or other rollers
in the several arrangements may be driven either by spur, bevil, or other
gearing, by bands and pullies or by screws, as may be found most convenient.
Instead of the pairs of grooved rollers a cylinder, which is placed on the central
spindle, and has helical grooves cut around it to receive the yarns or strands,
may be employed. A slow motion on its axis is given to this cylinder for
the purpose of delivering the yarns or strands.
The forms and construction of the apparatus used in preventing kinks
employed in combination with bobbin tension frames, and with doubling or
laying spindles or apparatus may be greatly varied, and in Sheets VI. and VII.

page_text: I have shewn several different arrangements of kink-preventing apparatus,
which I propose to employ in manufacturing different sizes of yarn, strands,
twines, ropes, and cables. At the same time I would remark that I do not
claim any of such apparatus when considered separate and apart from combi-
nations such as above described.
Fig. 15, Sheet VI., is a side elevation of a kink-preventing apparatus having
the grooved rollers arranged horizontally one above the other.
a, a, are the
grooved rollers mounted in bearings in the frame, their axles have worm
wheels keyed upon them, which are driven by the worms b and c on the
vertical shaft & (carried in bearings on brackets from the frame) and receiving
its motion from the rotation of the apparatus by means of the spur wheel o
keyed at the end of the vertical shaft which is in gear with the ring of
stationary teeth f. This form of kink-preventing apparatus is one shewn in
the "forming machine" Sheet III., and in the cable machine Sheet V.
Figs. 16 and 17 are front and side elevations of an arrangement on the same
principle (that is with rollers one above the other) and driven by worms and
worm wheels. Around the lower hollow spindle of the apparatus is a stationary
worm f, into which take the teeth of the worm wheel e, keyed upon the hori-
zontal shaft e' (carried by lugs on the frame of the apparatus). This shaft
has a worm e formed upon it, into which gears a worm wheel on the vertical
shaft d; upon this shaft d are the worms b and c in gear with worm wheels on
the axles of the rollers a, a. Thus the rollers a, a, will be driven at a greatly
reduced speed for finer yarns.
Figs. 18 and 19 are front and sectional elevations of a modification of the
last arrangement, in which the lower portion of the frame a¹ of the apparatus
is sunk somewhat into the longitudinal rail D of the machine, and rotates
around a central hollow stud, which is secured to the rail by a screw nut. On
the upper part of this hollow stud is cut the stationary worm f, into which
takes the worm wheel e on the horizontal shaft e', as shewn by dots in Fig. 19.
The shaft e¹ is carried by brackets from the frame a' of the apparatus, and will
be driven consequently by the rotation of the kink preventer, so that motion
will be communicated to the rollers a, a, as the kink preventers rotate by
means of the spur wheel e³, which is in gear with the spur wheel 1 on the axle
of the lower grooved roller a, and the grooved rollers a, a, being geared together
by the spur pinions 2 and 4, and intermediate wheel 3, the rollers will have a
slow rotary motion imparted to them. In this arrangement the apparatus is
driven from above by the spur pinion y on the upper axle, which may in some
instances be convenient.
It will be seen from the next modification, Fig. 20, that the spur gearing

page_text: and stationary worm fare placed outside the frame a¹ of the apparatus, in
order to avoid the possibility of the fibres of loose spun yarns from catching
therein.
In Figs. 21 and 22 are shewn front and side elevation of an arrangement,
in which the grooved rollers a, a, are placed horizontally side by side. The
frame a¹ is mounted in a bearing on the longitudinal rail D, its hollow spindle
having a pulley or other gear keyed to it above the rails for the purpose of
giving motion to the apparatus. Pendent from the rail D is that portion of the
frame which contains the grooved rollers mounted in bearings side by side
within it. Around the hollow spindle is the stationary pinion f, which is screwed
into the rail D, and upon the side of the frame a¹ are lugs for supporting in
bearings the vertical shaft d carrying a pinion e, which gears with the stationary
pinion f. At its lower end the shaft d carries a small bevil wheel g, which by
means of the bevil g¹ on a stud pin and the spur wheels h drive the grooved
rollers a (see Fig. 22).
Fig. 28 represents in side view a modification in which the spur pinions h, h,
on the axles of the grooved rollers a, a, are driven by means of a worm on the
lower end of the vertical shaft d.
Figs. 24 and 25 represent another modification in which the stationary
worm is applied to this description of apparatus. It will be seen from the
Drawing that the frame a¹ of the apparatus is mounted in bearings upon the
longitudinal rails D, D¹, of the machine, and that on motion being communi-
cated to the pinion y keyed to the lower hollow spindle the apparatus will be
caused to rotato, and the worm wheel e on the shaft e' being carried round the
stationary worm f will be caused to slowly rotate, and through the worm e³
will drive the worm wheel 9 on the horizontal shaft h, upon which are formed
two worms i, i, in gear with the worm wheels b, c, upon the axles of the grooved
rollers a, a.
In Figs. 26 and 27 is shewn a similar arrangement of kink-preventing
apparatus in which the grooved rollers a, a, are placed side by side, and are
driven by a train of spur wheels 1, 2, 3, 4, actuated from the worm wheel c,
which as before described is driven by the stationary worm f, formed around
the hollow axle of the frame a¹.
In Sheet VII. are shewn several arrangements or constructions of kink-
preventing apparatus, in which the grooved rollers are placed vertically.
Fig. 28, Sheet VII., is a front elevation, and Fig. 29 a horizontal or
sectional plan of an apparatus, adapted especially for manufacturing heavy
descriptions of ropes, strands, and yarns. In this arrangement there are four
grooved rollers placed in a vertical position around a central spindle, which

page_text: The
is mounted in bearings in a frame, and is made with hollow ends.
frame turns in bearings on the rails D, D', and is rotated by means of the
spur pinion y, which is keyed on the end of the lower hollow spindle. On
the upper ends of the axles of the vertical rollers a, a, are spur wheels. b, b,
which gear into the stationary pinion f, which is fixed to the rail D around
the central spindle of the frame a'. It will be seen from the Drawing that
the yarn or strand is passed through the upper hollow spindle, and is coiled
around the grooved rollers a, a, and passes out of the apparatus by the lower
hollow spindle. It will be obvious therefore that from two to any number of
rollers may be employed in this manner to form an efficient kink-preventing
apparatus.
Fig. 30 is a front elevation, and Fig. 81 a sectional plan of a modification
of the last arrangement, and is constructed especially to meet the requirements
of finc yarns. In this arrangement a system of worms and worm wheels are
employed to drive the vertical grooved rollers a, a. It will be seen that on
the apparatus being rotated by means of the spur pinion y, which is keyed on
the lower hollow spindle of the frame a' (which turns in bearings in the longitu-
dinal rails D,D,) that the worm wheel e, Fig. 31, on the horizontal shaft e¹, will
be carried round the stationary worm (Fig. 30) which surrounds the lower hollow
spindle of the frame a¹. The shaft e¹ also carries two worms and e³, which,
as the shaft e¹ rotates, will drive the worm wheels on the ends of the axles of
the grooved rollers a, a, with which they are in gear.
The application of bevil wheels to a like arrangement of apparatus, which is
also suitable for fine yarns, is shewn in front elevation and sectional plan at
Figs. 32 and 33. A stationary bevil wheel fis secured to the rail D, and surrounds
the hollow spindle of the frame a. Into this bevil wheel gears a bevil pinion e,
(Fig. 38), which is keyed on the horizontal shaft e¹ (carried by lugs formed
on the frame a¹), and passes through the spindle of the frame, and between the
grooved rollers, as will be seen in the sectional plan, Fig. 33. This shaft e
bas upon it two worms and e³, which gear with the worm wheels keyed on
the end of the axles a, a, and thereby communicate a slow rotary motion to
the latter. Another modification is shewn at Fig. 34, which is a front
elevation, partly in section; Fig. 85 is an under side plan view of the disc
wheel c and bracket arm a³, which forms part of this arrangement; Fig. 36
is a sectional plan of Fig. 85. In this arrangement the grooved roller a is
mounted loosely upon the vertical spindle a¹ between the two bracket arms a
and a³, which are made fast to the spindle a¹ by screws or otherwise; in
bearings in these bracket arms is mounted the other grooved roller a* parallel
to the roller a. A spur wheel 6 keyed on the upper axle of the roller a*

page_text: gears into a small spur wheel 6' mounted on a stud pin upon the bracket
arm a (see Fig. 35); this spur wheel gears into the circular rack c secured
to the under side of the rail D of the machine, and on motion being commu-
nicated to the central spindle by the spur pinion y, the bracket arms a³ and a³
will carry round with them the roller a*, which will be caused to revolve round
the other roller a, and to rotate on its own axis by the spur wheel b' being
in gear with the stationary circular rack c, as before-mentioned; this motion
will be communicated to the other roller a, the two being geared together by
the wheels d, e, and e', Fig. 36. The yarns or thread which enter the appa-
ratus by the upper hollow spindle are brought out through the hole f cut
through the spindle and bracket arm a coiled around the two rollers a and a*
in a helical coil, and led over the pulley 9 into the lower hollow spindle by
the hole f¹, Fig. 34, from whence they will pass out of the apparatus. The
pulley g is attached to the bracket arm by a screw nut al, and may be turned
over to the opposite side of the bracket, as shewn in dots in Fig. 36, so that
the yarn may be coiled in such manner that the apparatus can be rotated in
the opposite direction to that shewn in the Drawing, if required.
Fig. 37, Sheet IV., shows, in elevation, an apparatus in which only one
roller a is driven by gearing, but a supplementary roller a*, revolving around
it, is rotated only by friction of contact of the yarn which is wound in a helical
coil around the two rollers. The lower end of the roller a carries a wheel b
in gear with a wheel c on the end of a short shaft, which turns in bearings in
the bracket arm a³, having at its other end another spur wheel e in gear with
the stationary circular wheel f secured to the rail D of the machine. The
bracket arms a² and a carry guide rollers g, g¹, to assist the yarn on passing
to and from the rollers a, a, as the apparatus rotates. Fig. 38 represents a
similar arrangement of gearing for rotating a single roller which turns loosely
around a central spindle; this roller has but one groove cut in a helical line
upon it, and around which the yarn or thread is to be coiled. Fig. 39
represents a similar arrangement with a plain roller without any grooves, and
which for fine yarns will be found to answer if made in the curved form shewn
in the Drawing.
Another improvement consists in adapting to the spindles and bobbins of
ordinary spinning, twisting, and doubling machines suitable mechanism,
whereby the drag or tempering operation is regulated by the bobbins, and
this is effected by a collar plate keyed to the bobbin, beneath which is screwed
a tooth pinion revolving on a copping bar, and into this pinion works a
toothed wheel, in which is fixed a friction drum, having attached to it a tem-
pering strap.

page_text: My improved means of adapting the drag or tempering apparatus to
ordinary spinning machinery is shewn at Figs. 14 and 40, Sheet I. In
Fig. 14 the spindles E have a drag apparatus and copping bar adapted to
them in a similar manner to those shewn in the twine machine, but in some
cases only a short collar plate, as shewn at E*, Fig. 40, is adapted to the
ordinary spindle in place of the long sleeve, shewn at Fig. 14. The axle on
which the break or drag J is mounted is carried by a bracket a, which is
bolted on the ordinary copping frame, the bobbin F being attached to the top
of the collar plate by a button or screw nut b.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Bellamy Payne, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Twentieth day of April, One thousand eight
hundred and sixty-three.
Witness,
5
J. W. MOFFATT,
66, Chancery Lane.
J. B. PAYNE. (L.S.)