IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR TURNING, BORING, CUTTING, SHAPING, AND REDUCING WOOD AND OTHER SUBSTANCES APPLICABLE TO THE MANUFACTURE OF VARIOUS ARTICLES
Year: 1864

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Henry Bayley, of Stalybridge, Cotton Manufacturer,
Leopold Newton, of Oldham, Cotton Spinner, and John Greaves, of
Stalybridge, Manager, all in the County of Lancaster, for the Invention
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Henry Bayley, Leopold
Newton, and John Greaves at the Office of the Commissioners of
Patents, with their Petition, on the 30th March 1864.
We, HENRY BAYLEY, of Stalybridge, Cotton Manufacturer, LEOPOLD
NEWTON, of Oldham, Cotton Spinner, and JOHN GREAVES, of Stalybridge,
Manager, all in the County of Lancaster, do hereby declare the nature of
the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR TURNING, BORING,
CUTTING, SHAPING, AND REDUCING WOOD AND OTHER SUBSTANCES APPLICABLE TO THE
MANUFACTURE OF VARIOUS ARTICLES," to be as follows:-
Our Invention relates to self-acting machinery for forming cop tubes, or
cop bottom holders, and like articles, from wood or other suitable material,
and it consists in an improved combination and arrangement of self-acting
machinery, by which cop bottom holders and other like articles are made from
blanks of any convenient length; portions of which blanks are bored, turned,
or shaped, and then cut from the blank, which is then fed forward so that
[Price 8d.]

page_text: these operations are repeated till the blank is thus cut up into the articles
required, when another blank is supplied. The long blanks are first cut by a
saw into the square form, then they are passed through the axis of a hollow
shaft mounted in suitable bearings, which hollow shaft has a face plate upon
it, with suitable cutters, which when the hollow shaft is turned reduce the
square blanks to a cylindrical form, a little larger in diameter than the largest
size of the tube or cop bottom holder or other article required, the square
blanks are fed to the cutters of the rotating hollow shaft through a square
hole formed in a bracket placed in front of the cutters, and by this means
the square blanks are held and prevented from revolving when pushed
through the cutters. The square blanks may be pushed through the cutters
of the hollow shaft by hand, or may be entered between rollers, placed
at each end of the hollow shaft, which rollers are serrated so as to grip
the blanks and push and draw them through the hollow shaft. When
the square blanks are reduced to the cylindrical form they are taken to
our improved machine for boring, shaping, or turning, and cutting. This
machine consists of a hollow spindle or shaft mounted in bearings like an
ordinary lathe spindle, at one end it has a chuck formed upon it, which carries
an opening and closing jaw arrangement, which can grip and hold the cylin-
drical blank (which is passed through the hollow lathe spindle) and make it
rotate with the hollow lathe spindle so that the end of the cylindrical blank
protruding from the chuck may be operated upon by the boring and cutting
tools. The jaws in the chuck are worked by a cone sliding lengthways of the
shaft, which cone is acted upon by a clutch fork lever actuated by a cam.
The centrifugal action of the jaws may be counterbalanced by short levers
and weights, or the jaws may be made to grip and hold the blank by the
pressure produced by their centrifugal action, or by the action of springs, with
or without cam action to open or slacken the hold of the jaws when the blank
is to be fed forward. The cylindrical blanks are fed and pushed through the
hollow lathe spindle by means of a concave centre, in which the end of the
blank is free to revolve; this concave centre is mounted upon a slide so
that it may be moved to and from the hollow lathe. spindle in the line of its
axis; this slide has two catches or pawls jointed upon it one of which works
in a fixed ratchet toothed bar, the other in a reciprocating ratchet toothed bar.
The teeth in these ratchet bars are equal in length to the length of the blank
to be fed forward for each tube, or cop bottom, or other article, and the
reciprocating ratchet toothed bar has a movement given to it by a cam equal to
the pitch of the teeth by which the slide with the concave centre is advanced
one tooth by each movement. The pawl entering the fixed ratchet bar

page_text: prevents any back movement in the slide; these ratchet bars may have a
series of fine pitched teeth, and several of them may be taken for each length,
fed forward by varying the stroke of the reciprocating ratchet toothed bar.
Instead of the ratchet toothed bars a rotating shaft may be used with a screw
thread upon it such thread having a section of the ratchet tooth, or other
form, a pawl from the slide of the concave centre taking into this screw
thread, the slide being thus moved by the rotation of the screw shaft which is
turned intermittently. The hole is bored in the axis of the blank by a shell
bit, fixed in a slide capable of moving in the line of the axis of the hollow
lathe spindle. The blank is turned, reduced, or bevelled and cut off by a
compound cutting tool, which is placed at a suitable inclination upon a slide
which can move to and fro in a line at a right angle to the axis of the hollow
lathe spindle. The feeding, boring, turning, shaping, and cutting are all
performed by cams upon the same shaft acting through suitable connecting or
transmitting rods or levers. We make the machines double, and so arranged
that the same cam performs the same operation for two sets of operating parts
except that the time of action for one set of operating parts alternates with
that of the other, being 180 degrees of revolution apart. For making cop
tubes or cop bottom holders the action of the machine is as follows:-The
jaws of the chuck at the end of the hollow lathe spindle are drawn back or
released, the feed motion advances the cylindrical blank the length of the
required article, and then stands, then the jaws grip the blank so that it is
certain to rotate with the hollow lathe spindle, then the boring shell or bit
advances and bores the hole, and then retires and stands, then the compound
cutters advance and operate and cut off the
withdraw and stand; these operations being
cutting off tool may be actuated separately.
finished the pawls of the slide with the concave centre are withdrawn from the
teeth of the bars, and it is drawn back and another blank is then entered
without stopping the machine.
article thus formed, and then
repeated for each article. The
When a long cylindrical blank is
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Henry Bayley, Leopold Newton, and John Greaves in the
Great Seal Patent Office on the 29th September 1864.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, HENRY
BAYLEY, of Stalybridge, Cotton Manufacturer, LEOPOLD NEWTON, of Oldham,
Cotton Spinner, and JOHN GREAVES, of Stalybridge, Manager, all in the County
of Lancaster, send greeting.

page_text: WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Thirtieth day of March. in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-four, in the twenty-seventh year
of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto
us, the said Henry Bayley, Leopold Newton, and John Greaves, Her special
licence that we, the said Henry Bayley, Leopold Newton, and John Greaves,
our executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as we, the said
Henry Bayley, Leopold Newton, and John Greaves, our exccutors, adminis-
trators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from
time to time and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of
Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR TURNING, BORING,
CUTTING, SHAPING, AND REDUCING WOOD AND OTHER SUBSTANCES, APPLICABLE TO
THE MANUFACTURE OF VARIOUS ARTICLES," upon the condition (amongst others)
that we, the said Henry Bayley, Leopold Newton, and John Greaves, by an
instrument in writing under our hands and seals, or under the hand and
scal of one of us, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of
the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed,
and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within
six calendar months next and inmediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said Henry Bayley, Leopold Newton,
and John Greaves, do hereby declare the nature of our said Invention, and
in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described
and ascertained in and by the following statement and accompanying Drawings,
that is to say:-
Our Invention relates to self-acting machinery for forming cop tubes, or cop
bottom holders, and like articles from wood or other suitable material, and
it consists in an improved combination and arrangement of self-acting
machinery, by which cop bottom holders and other like articles are made
from blanks of any convenient length, portions of which blanks are bored,
turned, or shaped, and then cut from the blank, which is then fed forward, so
that these operations are repeated till the blank is thus cut up into the
articles required, when another blank is supplied. The long blanks are first
cut by a saw into the square form, then they are passed through the axis of
a hollow shaft mounted in suitable bearings, which hollow shaft has a face
plate upon it with suitable cutters, which when the hollow shaft is turned
reduce the square blanks to a cylindrical form a little larger in diameter than

page_text: the largest size of the tube or cop bottom holder, or other article. required,
the square 'blanks are fed to the cutters of the rotating hollow shaft, through
a square hole formed in a bracket placed in front of the cutters, and by this
means the square blanks are held and prevented from revolving when pushed
through the cutters. The square blanks may be pushed through the cutters
of the hollow shaft by hand, or may be entered between rollers placed at
cach end of the hollow shaft, which rollers are serrated so as to grip the
blanks, and push and draw them through the hollow shaft; when the
square blanks are reduced to the cylindrical form, they are taken to our
improved machine for boring, shaping, or turning, and cutting. This machine
consists of a hollow spindle or shaft, mounted in bearings like an ordinary
lathe spindle, at one end it has a chuck formed up it, which carries an opening
and closing jaw arrangement, which can grip and hold the cylindrical blank,
(which is passed through the hollow lathe spindle,) and make it rotate with
the hollow lathe spindle, so that the end of the cylindrical blank protruding
from the chuck may be operated upon by the boring and cutting tools. The
jaws in the chuck are worked by a cone or collar sliding lengthways of the
shaft, which cone is acted upon by a clutch fork lever actuated by a cam.
The centrifugal action of the jaws may be counterbalanced by short levers
and weights, or the jaws may be made to grip and hold, the blank by the
pressure produced by their centrifugal action, or by the action of springs,
with or without cam action, to open or slacken the hold of the jaws when the
blank is to be fed forward. The cylindrical blanks are fed and pushed
through the hollow lathe spindle, by means of a concave centre, in which the
end of the blank is free to revolve; this concave centre is mounted upon a
slide so that it may be moved to and from the hollow lathe spindle in the
line of its axis; this slide has two catches or pawls jointed upon it, one of
which works in a fixed ratchet toothed bar, the other in a reciprocating ratchet
toothed bar. The teeth in these ratchet bars are equal in length to the
length of the blank to be fed forward for each tube, or cop bottom, or other
article, and the reciprocating ratchet toothed bar has a movement given to it
by a cam equal to the pitch of the teeth, by which the slide with the concave
centre is advanced one tooth by .cach movement. The pawl entering the
fixed ratchet bar prevents any back movement in the slide. These ratchet
bars may have a series of fine pitched teeth, and several of them may be
taken for each length feed forward by varying the stroke of the reciprocating
ratchet toothed bar. Instead of the ratchet toothed bars a rotating shaft may
be used with a screw thread upon it, such thread having a section of the
ratchet tooth or other form, a pawl from the side of the concave centre,

page_text: taking into this screw thread, the slide being thus moved by the rotation of
the screw shaft which is turned intermittently. The hole is bored in the
axis of the blank by a shell bit fixed in a slide capable of moving in the
line of the axis of the hollow lathe spindle. The blank is turned, reduced,
or bevelled, and cut off by a compound cutting tool, which is placed at a
suitable inclination upon a slide, which can move to and fro in a line at a
right angle to the axis of the hollow lathe spindle. The feeding, boring,
turning, shaping, and cutting, are all performed by cams upon the same shaft
acting through suitable connecting or transmitting rods or levers. We make
the machine double, and so arranged that the same cam performs the same
operation for two sets of operating parts, except that the time of action for
one set of operating parts alternates with that of the other, being one hundred
and eighty degrees of revolution apart. For making cop tubes or cop
bottom holders the action of the machine is as follows:-The jaws of the
chuck at the end of the hollow lathe spindle are drawn back or released,
the feed motion advances the cylindrical blank the length of the required
article and then stands, then the jaws grip the blank so that it is certain to
rotate with the hollow lathe spindle, then the boring shell or bit advances
and bores the hole, and then retires and stands, then the turning or reducing
cutters advance, and operate and cut off the article thus formed, and then
withdraw and stand, these operations being repeated for each article. The
cutting off tool may be actuated separately. When a long cylindrical blank
is finished the pawls of the slide with the concave centres are withdrawn from
the teeth of the bars, and it is drawn back, and another blank is then entered
without stopping the machine.
The manner in which we prefer to carry our improvements into effect is
illustrated by the accompanying Sheet of Drawings.
Fig. 1 is a side elevation, and Figure 2 an end elevation of the apparatus for
rounding the square blanks of material before operating upon them by the
machinery illustrated by Fig. 3 a side elevation, and Fig. 4 a plan view,
of which Fig. 5 is a detached cross section on the line 1-2, Fig. 3, and
Fig. 6 is a longitudinal section, and Fig. 7, an end view of the chuck part
of one of the hollow spindles, showing the manner in which the jaws or dies
are actuated so as to grip the rounded blank; Fig. 8 is an enlarged detached
view, shewing the årrangement of the tools for shaping and cutting off the
article from the long blank, and Fig. 9 is a Diagram explaining the times of
action of each cam, and the relative times of action of the cams to each other.
The wood or other material to be operated upon is cut up by a circular saw
into square blanks of two or three feet long as found most convenient, and

page_text: these square blanks are rounded or made cylindrical by an apparatus similar
to that illustrated by Fig. 1 and 2.
(a) is a bracket secured to a lathe or other suitable bed, this carries an
hollow shaft (b), having a face plate (b¹) at one end, which has a rib (b)
upon it, to which a cutter (b³) is secured by screws, the cutter having slots
for the screws to pass through, by which its edge may be adjusted to the
work. The shaft has a grooved pully (b) formed upon it, upon which an
endless band works to give the required rotatory motion; (c) is a bracket also
secured to the lathe bed, this bracket has a square hole in it opposite the
axis of the hollow shaft (b), to guide the blank, and prevent it from being
rotated by the action of the cutter. The hole in the face plate is trumpet
mouthed, and the cutter (b) is rounded off at the entering edge so as to
gradually take the corners off the square blanks, as it is pushed forward,
and reduce it to the cylindrical form. The blanks prepared in this machine
are ready to be operated upon by the machine illustrated by Figs. 3 and 4.
(a) is the bed of the machine cast in one piece, and supported on two feet (a'),
and (b) is a bed for supporting the feeding mechanism, it is carried at one
end by being secured to the bed (a), and at the other end by a foot (b¹).
The Drawings Figs. 3, 4, and 5, show a double machine with two sets of
similar operating parts, except that both sets are actuated by the same set of
cams and geering, we shall therefore in describing the machine only refer to
one set of parts. (c) is a hollow shaft or spindle mounted in bearings, same
as a common lathe spindle, it has a collar (c') at the back end, with lock
nuts for taking àway its end play; (c) is the pulley upon which the belt
works for giving rotatory motion to the spindle (c). which for cop tubes is
driven at a speel of about 2500 revolutions per minute. The front end of
the spindle (c) has a face plate (c) formed upon it, as illustrated half size
in Figs. 6 and 7. The face plate has as many slots formed in it as there are
dies, two dies (d) only are shown in the illustrations, one opposite to the
other. There is a slot formed across the face of the plate (c,) and this slot
is continued in the lengthway of the spindle (c), so that each die (d) will
fit so as to slide freely to and from the axis of the spindle. When both dies
are brought together as shown in Figs. 6 and 7, they form a complete circle
equal in diameter to that of the cylindrical blanks fed through them, and each
die has a small projection, which when the dies are compressed to the blank
will enter the material, and hold it firm. The dies (d) are kept in their
places by a thin plate (c) screwed to the front of the face plate. The dies
are actuated by a moveable collar (d'), which fits the exterior of the spindle
(c), upon which it can slide to-and-fro. It is guided and made to rotate

page_text: with the spindle by two pins (d) (shown by dotted circles in Fig. 7,) fixed
at the back side of the face plate, their axis being parallel to the spindle (c).
These pins fit holes formed in the collar (), in which an inclined slot is
formed for each die (d) corresponding to the incline or cone form of the
outside of the dies, so that when the collar (d) is pushed towards the face
plate ("), its slotted inclines will draw the dies towards the axis of the
spindle, and when moved in the opposite direction the lies will be released,
and can move outwards from the axis of the spindle, which they will do by
their own centrifugal force when rotating. The collar (d) is actuated by a
clutch fork lever (d), having its fulcrum on a stud secured to the bed, the
lower end of the lever having a pin or bowl which fits into the groove of the
cam (). The two prongs of the forked lever () are connected by a n bent
part carrying an oil cup (d). A projection upwards from the bed carries
a slide (e), which can move to-and-fro in the parallel to the axis of the
spindle (c), and this slide is made to carry a shell bit (e¹), which comes
exactly in the line of the axis of the spindle (c), so as to bore the hole in the
centre of the tube. The slide (e) receives to-and-fro motion from a lever
(e), (shown in dotted line Fig. 3), having its fulcrum on a stud fixed in the
bed, the upper end of the lever having a pin which fits a slot in the slide
at a right angle to its line of motion, and the lower end of the lever has a
pin or bowl fitting the groove of a cam (F). The slide (f) for the shaping
and cutting off tools is mounted on a projection from the side of the bed (a),
it receives motion from a lever centered on a stud secured to the bed, one end
of the lever working in a slot in the slide, the other end of the lever in the
groove of a disc cam (). The plane of the motion of the slide (f) is at
about an angle of forty-five degrees to the horizon (as shewn in Fig. 8),
the direction of the motion of the slide is at a right angle to the axis of the
spindle. The cutting tool (j') for shaping the tube to the cone form, is
placed in a slot formed in the slide (f), and when adjusted to its proper
angle and distance from the line of the axis of the spindle (c), it is secured
by a set screw (f). One edge of the tool is higher than the other, according
to the extent of cone in the tube, and this inclination of the cutter, and its
proper elevation is adjusted by two screws (f) one at each edge of the cutter
tipon the heads of which the tool rests, as shown in Fig. 8. The cutting tool
(f) is so arranged that it begins to operate upon the outside end of the
projecting blank, and finishes at the inside end of the blanks or smaller end
of the tube, (which is of the cone form), the edge of the tool passing over
the surface or periphery of the tube when finished, being adjusted to form a
tangent to the periphery of the finished tube. The cutting off tool (g) is

page_text: also secured by a screw in a slot formed in the slide (/). The plane of its
cutting edge is vertical, the line of its edge is inclined at an angle to the
line of motion of the slide, so that its edge approaches towards the axis of
the lathe spindle as the slide () advances, it thus cuts upward, and at a
few degrees less than at right angle to the line of motion of the slide (f).
and against the under side of the shaping tool (f). when it has finished
and passed over the surface of the tube. The blank (a) to be operated upon,
is fed forward by a slide (h), which can move to-and-fro on the feeding bed.
One end of the blank when entered in the hollow lathe spindle, rotates freely
in the concave or hollow centre carried by the slide, as shewn in Figs. 3
and 4. The feeding bed (b) has a ratchet toothed bar or surface (b³), fixed
or formed upon it from end to end. (as shewn in Fig. 3 and 5). The bed
also carries a corresponding toothed ratchet bar (¹), which is arranged in
guides in the bed so as to slide to-and-fro in a line parallel to the axis of
the spindle (c), and this ratchet toothed bar receives motion from a cam (h³),
which acts upon a pin or bowl upon a descending arm from the bar (h³).
The ratchet teeth are equal in pitch to the length of the tube or article to be
formed. The slide (h) has a descending projection, which carries a stud in it
forming the centre of two pawls (h³), one entering the fixed ratchet teeth (b³), the
other the ratchet teeth in the moving bar (¹), and each pawl has a projecting
tail part, so that an elastic rubber. band (h), may be placed upon them to
keep the pawls in the teeth of their respective ratchets. The pawls are
withdrawn from the teeth of the ratchets by a lever (h) centered on a stud
in the slide (h), the lower end of the lever having a pin that enters between
the tail parts of the pawls, which are inclined in form, so that when the
handle (h) is pulled back, the tail parts of the pawls will be separated and
withdrawn from the teeth of the ratchets, a stop is fixed to prevent the
handle from being pulled too far back. By this arrangement when the slide
has to be drawn back, it may be done by simply pulling back at the handle,
the first part of the movement lifting the pawls from the teeth. Fig. 9 is a
Diagram representing the cams on a plane. The points marked 0 and 360
are the same parts of each cam, and the cams are arranged to act in relation
to one another, as shown in the Diagram. The full line represents the path
of the cams. The feeding cam (h) begins to feed at 0. and ends its feeding
movement at the 54th degree of revolution, it then gives the back movement
to the ratchet bar during the remainder of the 360 degrees of revolution. The
gripping cam has released its hold of the blank at 0, and is stationary during
the time of feeding till the 48th degree of revolution, then it moves to grip
the blank between the 48th and 96th degree of revolution, then holds the

page_text: blank between the 96th and 312th degree of revolution, and releases the blank
between the 312th and 360th degree of revolution. The boring cam (e) has
withdrawn the bit, and is stationary at 0, and remains so till the 96th degree,
it then advances to bore till the 186th degree, and then moves back till the
246th degree, and is stationary during the remainder of the 360 degrees
of revolution. The cutting and shaping cam (5) brings the slide back at 0,
and remains stationary till the 204th degree of revolution, when it begins
the movement towards the blank, and ends this movement at 306 degrees,
withdrawing to its first position during the remainder of the 360 degrees
of revolution. As before stated there are two sets of parts operated h the
same cams, there being two bowls or pins in the groove of each cam, the
bowls or pins being on opposite sides of the cams, consequently about 180
degrees of revolution apart so 'that each set of parts act alternately. The
cams are all placed on the shaft (k), this shaft has a toothed wheel on its end,
that gears with a pinion secured to the pulley (k), loose on a stud fixed to
the end of the bed, there is also another pulley forming the "loose pulley
on the same stud. A belt works upon these fast and loose pulleys driving
the cam shaft for cop tubes at about twelve revolutions per minute. The
machine has been described as arranged for making cop tubes, but articles
of other form may be shaped in a substantially similar machine, by modifica-
tions in the shape and arrangement of the cutting tools.
We have now particularly described the nature of our Invention, and the
mode of carrying the same into effect, and claim as our Invention, the com-
bination and arrangement of single or double machines for making cop tubes,
and like articles as herein-before described, and shewn in the accompanying
Drawing.
In witness whereof, we, the said Henry Bayley, Leopold Newton, and
John Greaves, have hereunto set our hands and seals, this Twenty-
eighth day of September, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight
hundred and sixty-four.