Improvements in Rolling Metal and in Apparatus therefor.
Year: 1885

page_text: Improvements in Rolling Metal and in Apparatus therefor.
1, HERBERT JOHN HADDAN, of 67, Strand, in the City of Westminster, Civil
Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of my invention for IMPROVEMENTS IN
ROLLING METAL AND IN APPARATUS THEREFOR, a communication to me from
abroad by Reinhard Mannesmann and Max Mannesmann, both of Remscheid,
Rhenish Prussia, Germany, Manufacturers, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement:
This invention embraces and relates to a process of and apparatus for rolling
solid or hollow metal blocks or pieces and thereby imparting to them various
dimensions shapes sections or longitudinal forms.
The process consists firstly in imparting to the piece (to be rolled) a rope-like
twist as regards their outer fibres. For this purpose the block or piece is mado
to rotate between two plain-disks or between two or more conically shaped or
otherwise formed rollers and thereby to advance slowly.
In consequence of the different speed of rotation of the two ends of the blank
a twist similar to that of a wire-rope is imparted to the fibre of the rolled product.
The blank successively passes between narrow passages of the disks or rollers and is
thus brought or reduced to any desirable small dimension (as regards section).
The apparatus for rolling various dimensions of round iron with two plain-disks is
represented on sheet 1 of the annexed drawings in which figure 1 is a horizontal
section (partly on the line E F of fig. 2 and partly on the line G H of fig. 3) fig. 2 a
section on line A B of fig. 1 and fig. 3 a section on line C D of fig. 1.
As may be seen from the drawing these plain disks are preferably arranged with
horizontal axes somewhat inclined to each other and the one axis a little higher
than the other. The two axes of the plain disks are arranged in symmetrical
supports or standards both of which are provided with adjusting pieces t and by
means of screws are connected to a solid bed plate.
By adjusting these pieces the inclination of the two axes in relation to each other
may be varied (in a horizontal plane) the standards being arranged to pivot at the
rear end of the bed plate and on a centre under the coupling of the driving shaft. The
difference in the height of both axes is regulated by means of plates-inserted under
he standards. The machine power is introduced at E. The cog-wheel K transmits
he same partially to the cog-wheel L and to the axis of the plain disk, which is

page_text: connected to the former by tongue and groove and partially by means of the connecting
shaft E F to the cog-wheel O which by means of the intermediate cog-wheel P causes
the cog-wheel Q, which is connected with the second plain-disk by means of tongue
and groove to rotate in a direction opposite to that of the first plain disk.
The material is introduced at and withdrawn at s. The rollers turn in opposite
directions. Owing to the greater radius at s the speed of the circumference there
is greater than at r. As may be seen from the drawing the two disks a and b by
their opposed rotation and equal speed effect a rotation of the blank. Two horizontal
guide-rollers or guide strips, adjustable in a vertical sense for various dimensions
of blanks but not shown in the drawing prevent lateral sliding off. Besides the rotation
the friction of the disks imparts to the blank a motion forwards according to the
difference in the levels of the plain-disks.
By varying the "excentricity" of the two disks (as we may so call the divergence
of the axes of the plain-disks from the middle position in the vertical plane) and their
inclination to each other it is possible to obtain various alterations of form. By
approaching the centres of the disks (without altering the distance apart of their
peripheries) the cone described by the blank in its passage from a thick dimension to
a thinner one is prolonged and the stretching therefore takes place more gradually in
a greater number of rotations. The adjustment of the excentricity and of the
inclination of the disks in relation to each other in the construction represented in
the drawing is effected while the inachine rests by means of adjusting pieces.
By varying the distance apart of the discs which is effected by sliding backwards
or forwards one of the disks in the direction of its axis and by a corresponding
variation or alteration of their eccentricity one is enabled to roll various dimensions of
round metal.
The screw-like twist of the fibre may be made greater or less according to whether
the blank is passed through quicker or slower and whether it is applied nearer to
the centre of the disks or nearer to the periphery, that is to say according to the
inclination of the disks in relation to each other. The rope-like twist of the fibre
is most useful for iron which is to be used for the manufacture of screw nuts, wire
for wire-ropes, binding-wire, chains, steel and iron which are to be used for gun
barrels.
Another method of rolling is effected by means of an oblique or diagonal mill as
shown in Figs 4, 5, 6 and 7 of the annexed drawings, which will hereafter be described,
but is not herein claimed.
If in the oblique or diagonal mill a round core or mandril, be situated in front of
the centre of the blank, then pipes or tubes may be formed by passing the blank
between the rollers and over the mandril.
The inner diameter of these pipes will be determined by the thickness of the core
or mandril, the outer by the distance apart of the peripheries of the rollers.
The core or mandril may be provided with a screw-thread by means of which it
may screw itself into the solid material. But then of course it ought not to have
the same turning motion as the blank.
Instead of the solid blocks, hollow-rolled, hollow-cast or bored blocks or such as
have been hollowed out in any other way may be used.
The core or mandril may increase or decrease toward the end of emergence or
may be of uniform width all through.
If an enlargement or widening of the tube or pipe is required, the rollers are
provided with elevations or risings which run more or less parallel to the direction
of the axis and these risings are preferably disposed in such a manner that the
cavities produced in the wall of the tube by the one roller will be crossed by the
other.
These elevations or risings effect a widening of the material, that is to say an
enlargement of the diameter of the tube or pipe.
They may be made in different shapes, triangular, rounded or the like and they
preferably decrease in size towards the end of emergence of the tube or pipe until they
at last disappear entirely, in order to secure a smooth tube.

page_text: If the mandril or core is made conical and adjustable then the internal diameter
of the finished pipe or tube will be determined by the diameter of the conical core
at that point, which at the time lies opposite to the end point of the active roller
faces and consequently by a suitable adjustment of the core or mandril the inner
diameter of the pipe or tube may be increased or decreased at will.
The outer dimension may also be varied at will by a suitable adjustment of the
rollers.
By employing a revolving core or mandril of other section than round, pipes of
unequal thickness of shell may be produced.
Instead of allowing the acceleration of the blank between the rollers to be obtained
by the adhesion on the roller surfaces this acceleration may be promoted by arranging
or disposing upon the rollers spiral or helical corrugations of increasing pitch, which
will cause wavelike or corkscrew-like impressions in the blank, and generally press
at the rear side of the ridges formed on the blank and in this manner drive these
ridges forwards.
As owing to the increase of pitch the corrugations diverge towards the end of
emergence of the rollers, it is advantageous to provide in the spaces between them
additional corrugations and to flatten the corrugations towards the end of emergence
in order to produce a smooth rolled product.
If rods or wires that have been rolled according to this method and consequently
possess a rope like twist of the fibre, are welded into bundles and these are again
subjected to the same process of rolling, an iron is obtained which by its disposition
of the fibre exactly resembles a rope twisted of strands.
If the corrugations on the rollers are disposed in lines with a pitch greater than
corresponds to the feeding motion of the blank then the material is displaced or
shifted at the periphery and a pipe is formed, which remains solid at the rear part,
consequently by simply cutting off the solid end pipes are produced from solid blocks
without the use of a mandril or core.
In the second sheet of the annexed drawing is represented an
apparatus."
Fig 4 represents the apparatus partly in elevation partly in section.
Fig 5 is a section on the line A-B of Fig 4.
Fig 6 is a section on the line E F of Figs 4 and 5.
Fig 7 is a section on the line G H of Fig 5.
"
oblique rolling
In the standard of the apparatus there are three cylindrical borings. In each of
these cylindrical borings is arranged a cylinder adapted to be curved by means of a
check-piece and to be adjusted in the direction of its longitudinal axis by means of an
adjusting screw. These cylinders carry the bearings of the rollers and are recessed
in the centre for reception of the rollers. At the sides they are provided with notches
into which enter the check-pieces mentioned above which are capable of being moved
transversely and serve to adjust the obliquity of the rollers. The check-pieces as well
as the adjusting screws are connected by means of shafts and bevel-wheels for
the purpose of a uniform adjustment of the rollers, as represented in the annexed
drawing.
The working surfaces of the rollers are moved in opposite directions by means of
a train or gearing of any suitable construction.
The blank or object to be rolled is introduced at a and withdrawn at y (Fig 5).
If the shaft u vis turned in the direction of the arrow (Fig. 4) the rollers will
all turn to the left so that the blank receives both a rotary and an advancing
motion.
If the shaft is turned in opposite direction, then the speed of advance of the blank
decreases until by continued turning of the shaft this motion is transferred into a
retrograde one, whilst the rotary motion is still continued in the old direction.
If a core or mandril is centrally affixed, preferably in a supporting bearing
arranged in the standard of the train or cog-wheel gearing then solid blocks or pieces
or hollow bodies of thick shell may be rolled to very thin pipes and that by one
single passage through the apparatus.

page_text: By the employment of a suitable core or mandril pipes or tubes with internal ribs
may be produced.
For some purposes it will be sufficient to connect only two or even only one of
the working rollers with the motor leaving the others free to revolve.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what
I claim is
"
(1) The process of producing tubes, from solid blocks or pieces by means of
oblique rolling" with the use of mandrils substantially as described.
(2) The process of enlarging pipes and hollow bodies by "oblique-rolling" with a
mandril substantially as described.
(3) The process of rolling tubes or tube-pieces from solid blocks by oblique rolling
without the use of mandrils, substantially as and for the purpose described.
(4) The construction and use of "plain-disk-rolling-mill" represented in Figs 1, 2
and 3 of the annexed drawings.
Dated this 27th day of January 1885
Dated this 27th day of January 1885
H. J. HADDAN.
By Herbert & Co., Agents,
67, Strand.
H. J. HADDAN.
By Herbert & Co., Agents,
67, Strand.

page_text: I, HERBERT JOHN HADDAN, of 67, Strand, in the City of Westminster, Civil
Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of my invention for IMPROVEMENTS IN
ROLLING METAL AND IN APPARATUS THEREFOR, a communication to me from
abroad by Reinhard Mannesmann and Max Mannesmann, both of Remscheid,
Rhenish Prussia, Germany, Manufacturers, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement:-
This invention embraces and relates to a process of and apparatus for rolling
solid or hollow metal blocks or pieces and thereby imparting to them any desired
dimension, shape, section, or longitudinal form and any desired disposition of the
fibres by simply passing such pieces once between two or more rollers and without
reversing the motion of the rollers.
The process consists firstly in imparting to the piece (to be rolled) a rope-like
twist as regards their outer fibres. For this purpose the blocks or pieces are made
to rotate between two plain-disks or between two or more conically shaped or
otherwise formed rollers and thereby to advance slowly.
In consequence of the different speed of rotation of the two ends of the blank in
this open roll a twist similar to that of a wire-rope is imparted to the fibre of the
rolled product. The outside fibres resist the lengthening process to which they are
thus subjected and so create a pressure which from all sides is uniformly directed
towards the centre of the object and which pressure maintains the blank almost
perfectly round, prevents a lateral spreading and consequently suppresses the use
of a closed "roll" inasmuch as during the most rigid rolling a crumbling or hollowing
of the material is prevented. The blank now constantly and successively passes
between narrower passages of the disks and of the rollers and is thus brought or
reduced to any desirable small dimension (as regards section) without strain on the
material. If the ends of the roller which the blank last passes are profiled, then
the finished product will also assume the corresponding profile.
The profile may also be produced by special rollers after the blooming or rough-
rolling of the blank. The strength of extension, ductility and contractibility of the
iron are essentially increased by this rope-like disposition of the fibres for the
reason that a considerable tractive power presses these rope-like twisted fibres
Di 11

page_text: together and thus imparts an increase of resistance which these fibres oppose to a
displacement in regard to each other that is to say against tearing. For the same
reason this method of rolling increases the strength and resistance of the material
against any tendency to lateral bending. The apparatus for rolling various dimen-
sions of round iron with two plain-disks is represented on sheet 1 of the annexed
drawings in which figure 1 is a horizontal section (partly on the line E F of fig. 2
and partly on the line G H of fig. 3) fig. 2 a section on line A B of fig. 1 and fig. 3
a section on line OD of fig 1.
As may be seen from the drawing these plain disks are preferably arranged with
horizontal axes somewhat inclined to each other and the one axis a little higher
than the other. The two axes of the plain disks are arranged in symmetrical
supports or standards both of which are provided with adjusting pieces t and by
means of screws are connected to a solid bed plate.
By adjusting these pieces the inclination of the two axes in relation to each other
may be varied (in a horizontal plane) the plain disk standards being arranged to pivot
at the rear in the edge of the bed plate and in a centre at which the power of the.
machine is introduced or transmitted. Thus several of such plain-disks close behind
each other may be driven by one and the same machine without regard to the
relative inclination of the axes of the plain disks. The difference in the height of
both axis is regulated by means of inserted plates. The machine power is introduced
at E. The cog-wheel K transmits the same partially to the cog-wheel L and to the
axis of the plain disk, which is connected to the former by tongue and groove and
partially by means of the pitmån E F to the cog-wheel O which by means of the
intermediate cog-wheel P causes the cog-wheel Q, which is connected with the
second plain-disk by means of tongue and groove to rotate in a direction opposite
to that of the first plain disk.
The material is introduced at r and withdrawn at 8. The rollers turn in opposite
directions. Owing to the greater radius at s the speed of the circumference there
is greater than at r. As may be seen from the drawing the two disks a and b by
their opposed rotation and equal speed effect a rotation of the blank. Two
horizontal guide-rollers or guide strips, adjustable in a vertical sense for each
dimension, but not shown in the drawing prevent lateral sliding off. Besides the
rotation the friction of the disks imparts to the blank a motion forwards in the
direction of the arrow for the reason that the points of the disks which bear on the
same periphery of the blank do not diverge in a direction perpendicular to the axis
of the blank but rather both simultaneously advance a little in the direction of the
axis of the blank and that in ratio to the difference in the levels of the plain-disks.
By the friction on the plain-disks therefore the blank is advanced in a sense and
manner corresponding to the position of the plain-disks and to their speed of
rotation and is thus carried to the narrowest spot between the rollers. The blank
is drawn inward with equal force at all points whilst the speed of rotation of the
same is increased constantly towards the emergent end and the diameter of the
blank is constantly decreasing towards the point of emergence and consequently
for both reasons a greater twist of the fibres is caused. The material opposes a
greater resistance to this twist for the reason that the outer layers of the fibre are
subjected to great tractive force. Similarily the inner parts are greatly compressed
and lateral widening otherwise occurring between the plain-disks is almost avoided
so that only the stretching remains. Now by varying the "excentricity" of the
two disks (as we may so call the divergence of the axis of the plain-disks from the
middle position in the vertical plane) and their inclination to each other it is
possible to obtain any desired degree of alteration of form in each point of the disks
so that the decreasing excentricity of the spiral line which any point of the blank
describes or runs through between the disks is constantly more and more contracted
and consequently the alteration of form is constantly decreased. By approaching
the centres of the disks (without altering the distance apart of their peripheries) the
cone described by the blank in its passage from a thick dimension to a desired.
thinner one is prolonged and the stretching therefore takes place more gradually in

page_text: a greater number of rotations. The adjustment of the excentricity and of the
inclination of the disks in relation to each other in the construction represented in'
the drawing is effected while the machine rests by means of adjusting pieces but
may also be effected during the working of the machine by known means.
On account of the adjustability of the alteration of form at each stage, for each
metal (in accordance to its ductility at any given temperature) the size of the
finished rod at emergence may be made any thickness desired without, straining.
the metal too much. By varying the distance apart of the rollers, which is effected
by sliding backwards or forwards one of the disks in the direction of the axes and
by a corresponding variation or alteration of their excentricity one is enabled to
roll any desired dimension of round metal. The sliding forward and backward of
the disks in the direction of the axis may be effected by means of cog-wheels.
This new rolling-mill apparatus may be called a universal one acting as it does
both for preliminary rolling as well as that of finishing it employs open rolls and
yet affords a uniform and simultaneous compression from all sides and may be used
for rolling all dimensions of round metal from thick blocks by one single passing
of the object between the rollers.
The screw-like twist of the fibre may be made greater and stronger according to
whether the blank is passed quicker or slower and whether it is applied nearer to
the centre of the disks or nearer to the periphery, that is to say according to the
inclination of the disks in relation to each other. The rope-like twist of the fibre
is most useful for iron which is to be used for the manufacture of screw nuts, wire
for wire-ropes, binding-wire, chains, steel and iron which are to be used for gun
barrels. In screws and screw-nuts manufactured from iron which has been rolled
according to this system (the latter by aid of the use of a suitable nut-press) the
fibres lie almost parallel to the threads and the nuts have a far greater strength
and may therefore be made thinner than those hitherto made.
The process further consists in rolling with instantaneously reversible and
variable speed of the feed of the blank but without variation of the speed of the
rollers and without reversing the motion of the same and without necessitating
that the blank leaves the rollers, before being finished completely. This is
attained by the plain-disk rolling-mill described by varying the heights of the axes
of the disks.
If the excentricity of the roller axis (from the central or middle position) is more
decreased then the feed motion of the blank decreases more until at a conaxial
position of the disks it ceases completely.
If the disks are placed excentrical in the opposite direction then the blank
assumes a retrograde motion without causing a material change of the speed or
direction of rotation of the rollers or the blank. With symmetrically shaped
rollers these disks work just as well in a forward as in a backward direction.
By a slight displacement of the axis in relation to the centre besides constant equal
rotation a reciprocal motion of the blank in the direction of the axis may be
effected, consequently the rolling apparatus is made universal-acting with a
constantly equal direction of motion of the machine as well as the rollers. If a
small raised ring or other suitable device is arranged upon the disks this apparatus
by reversing will roll rods with lugs, pieces of round section and of various shapes
in longitudinal direction and that in various dimensions with one apparatus. The
speed of the feed can be increased or decreased at any moment and at the same
time the object can be varied in diameter at any point by means of the pressure
screws. By using convex or somewhat concave or flat-cup shaped disk-rollers
instead of plain ones the former act more favorably upon the blank by keeping it
automatically in the centre and prevent the hollowing of the blank which is
avoided by the swage-like effect of the cup formed faces. This concave or cup-
like shape is especially adapted for the rough rolling of thick-blocks.
The new method of rolling also consists in the rolling of thick blocks by means
of so called "Trio” (3) or "Quadrupel" (4) rollers as shown in Figs 4, 5, 6 and 7
of the annexed drawings.
>

page_text: Fig 4 shows the new apparatus partly in elevation partly in section. Fig 5 is a
section on the line A B of Fig 4. Fig 6 a section on the line E F. Fig 7 a section
on the line G H.
Here the middle parts of the blocks being rolled cannot diverge or recede from
each other and therefore a large reduction of dimension may be effected without
causing a crumbling or hollowing of the material especially when this apparatus
is used in combination with the methods herein described. It is a matter of course
that this "trio" rolling-mill may be changed into a "reversing" mill in a similar
way as the disk-rolling-mill, namely by varying the excentricity.
The method for rolling glowing iron or steel consists in grasping vigorously the
blank (preferably by means of the "diagonal" or "oblique" rolling-mill described
or in any other way) and to press it forward into any desirable sbape of "pressing-
iron" so that it will receive any desired shape of section. An essential condition
for successfully carrying out this method is that the "pressing iron" should not
materially reduce the absolute size of the section but bring only the blank into
another shape of section.
The diagonal rolling-mill herein described is especially adapted for carrying into
practice this principle, firstly because the blank can be grasped vigorously especially
by use of the methods to be described, further that the resistance of the "pressing-
iron" may be overcome and secondly because by varying the distance apart of the
rollers by means of the "pressing screw" the most correct dimension of the rough-
rolled rod may be obtained for entrance into the "pressing-iron and thus
according to the temperature and to the condition of the "pressing-iron" the
thickness can so be adjusted that the corners of the "pressing-iron " will just be
filled by the material being rolled without necessitating a jumping or jogging of
the same.
"
The most advantageous size of the rough-rolled rod is determined by the
temperature at which the rolling-process is carried on and by the amount of
carbon in the iron or steel to be rolled but the facility of constant adjustment
of the same on the part of the rolling engineer which the diagonal rolling-
mill herein described affords are essential reasons for the practicability of this
method.
In the diagonal rolling-mill the "pressing-iron" preferably ought to be arranged
capable of turning and ought to be provided with suitable bearings so that the
disposition of the material being rolled is not effected by the "pressing-iron."
In this manner a great many dimensions and forms of star sections, which could
not have been rolled hitherto, may be rolled now from crude blocks by simply
passing the rollers once. This is especially the case when rollers are used which are
profiled at the end of emergence as then only the labour of adjustment, is reserved
for the "pressing-iron." For many cases it is more practical not to let the
"pressing-iron" enclose the blank perfectly, for the purpose of reducing friction
and so that in case of little inequalities in the thickness of the material they may
be pressed out laterally, without stretching the material. The second part of the
"pressing-iron" then smooths the projecting parts.
The new method of rolling also serves for producing in the diagonal rolling mill
any desirable shape of section except a round one, and consists in making the
desired shape of section by the addition of cold and possibly hard metal pieces,
shaped conically at their foremost part, to a round section as this is the most
suitable one for rolling purposes. These metal pieces are allowed to press
themselves into the blank during rolling and the blank is moved forward by the
pressure of the rollers.
But these cold supplementing or compensating pieces called "rolling-noses" are
prevented from moving ahead, so that the blank is bound to shift along against the
rolling noses with sliding friction.
The rollers are preferably made rough and engage the blank by means of suitable
projections in the manner of cog wheels or screws, whilst the cold compensating

page_text: pieces are smooth and hence produce smaller friction upon the blank especially
when the rollers have grasped the blank at a long surface.
In all cases it is preferable to arrange the rolling noses conically and if employed
in the universal rolling mill herein described they will at every rotation of the
roller roll themselves deeper into the blank, which, is advancing towards them in
such a manner, that the rolling-nose will be rolled into the blank with a cone which
constantly increases in width.
The rolling-noses are preferably arranged to be capable of lateral movement, so
that at times when they are not grasped by the rollers at all or only partially so,
they will slide upon the blank with inconsiderable friction.
If during rolling of a girder the rough rolled round rod is left thicker in the
centre than at both ends; by gradually increasing the distance apart of the rollers
towards the centre of the rod, the dimension of the "rolling-nose" being unchanged,
it will result that the thickness of the finished girder will increase gradually
towards the centre in the same ratio as the material of the rough-rolled round rod
was left thicker.
The thickness of a girder can thus be varied in places and this new system
enables girders to be so rolled with all parts along the whole length subjected
to a uniform strain. Whilst hitherto only girders of a uniform section could be
rolled.
It is a matter of course that in this proceeding the single "rolling-noses" are so
situated in relation to each other that the necessary lateral mobility which
corresponds to the greatest increase of dimension in the middle, is perfectly
secured.
This method of imparting shape by the use of "rolling-noses" may be combined
with the “pressing-iron" to advantage, by giving to the blank the necessary form
of section by means of these noses and leaving to the "pressing-iron" only the
labour of pressing out more exactly the true dimension.
"
Many complicated forms may be produced by means of the "rolling-noses
nearly circular in shape, and then by means of the "pressing-iron” certain parts
can be brought into their true position with little force.
This combination is to be recommended especially for the reason that the " rolling-
noses" require and necessitate the same construction of the rolling-mill (machine or
apparatus) as the "pressing-iron" and may be attached to the "pressing-iron"
without any difficulty.
The rollers remain the same in all cases and for producing any other dimension
or other form of section it is only necessary to change or replace the small
pressing-iron" and the corresponding "rolling-noses" and to adjust the distance
apart of the rollers.
The "pressing-iron" is preferably arranged to be capable of turning so as to give
way or yield to the rotation of the blank but cannot be displaced or shifted in the
longitudinal direction of the "rolling-noses."
If a twisted profile is arranged in or attached to the "pressing-iron" the blank
will be forced to assume also a twisted shape and thus it is possible for many
special purposes to produce from crude blocks forms of rolled products that have not
been known hitherto and that by one single passage between the rollers as for
instance bars with twisted teeth from which cog-wheels may be cut in disk shape
bodies of circular, spiral and serpentine form.
In all shapes of section produced by means of the "pressing-iron " the twist of
the fibre may be obtained by imparting to the block the desired twist of fibre
during the process of rough-rolling it from the thick state into the desired shape
and size of section, this twist it preserves afterwards when being shaped by the
pressing-iron."
In rolling rails of wrought iron the screw-like twist of the fibre offers the
advantage, that the single layers of the fibre do not scale off under the influence of
the wear and tear to which the rails are subjected, as hitherto,

page_text: This disposition of the fibre in a direction crossways to that of wear and tear
offers also advantages for many other special purposes.
If the "rolling-nose" instead of being placed externally is partially or wholly
put in the interior of the blank, for instance in form of a round core or mandril,
situated in front of the centre of the blank, then the blank widened pipes or tubes
may be formed by one single passing between the rollers.
The inner diameter of these pipes will be determined by the thickness of the core
or mandril, the outer by the distance apart of the peripheries of the rollers.
The mandril instead of being solid may be arranged as a "scroll" at its rear end
or along its entire length for the purpose of reducing the sliding friction and
cooling. In this case the mandril is not to be capable of turning and the "scrolls"
formed by it must lie exactly opposite to the active surfaces of the rollers.
The core or mandril may be provided with a screw-thread by means of which it
may screw itself into the solid material. But then of course it ought not to have
the same turning motion as the blank.
Instead of the solid blocks, hollow-rolled, hollow-cast or bored blocks or such that
have been hollowed out in any other way may be used.
The core or mandril may increase or decrease toward the end of emergence or
may be of uniform width all through.
If an enlargement or widening of the tube or pipe takes place, the rollers are
provided with elevations or risings which run more or less parallel to the direction
of the axis and these risings are preferably disposed in such a manner that the
cavities produced in the wall of the tube by the one roller will be crossed by the
following one.
These elevations or risings always effect a widening of the material, that is to
say an enlargement of the diameter of the tube or pipe and will henceforth herein
be called " widening-rolls."
These "widening-rolls" may be made in different shapes, triangular, rounded
or the like and they may preferably decrease in size towards the end of emergence
of the tube or pipe until they at last disappear entirely, in order to secure a smooth
tube.
If the "rolls" receive a profile of suitable dimension at the end of emergence
from the rollers, then by the process of rolling the tube may be provided with a
rim, border or corrugation or with distinctly shaped risings and cavities which for
many purposes may be of great advantage and practical use.
If all "widening-rolls" have the same inclination to the direction of the axis and
a tooth-shape profile towards the end of emergence, then pipes and tubes with
teeth may be produced by rolling.
If the mandril or core is profiled at the end of emergence or provided with teeth
then the pipe or tube receives internally the corresponding negative form.
In this manner may be produced pipes with internal ribs.
If the mandril or core is provided with a twisted profile or with twisted cutter
teeth, with a screw-thread or the like, then the negative shape is produced inside
of the pipe or tube as for instance an inner or female screw-thread or a group of
inner twisted teeth.
The same means as before described for preventing the material from getting
hollow, the twist imparted to the fibres, further, the use of simultaneously applying
"Trio "-rollers "widening-rolls," may be employed in the rolling of hollow blocks
for the purpose of diminishing at will the internal diameter of the pipe or tube.
If the mandril or core is made conical and adjustable then the internal diameter
of the finished pipe or tube will be determined by the diameter of the conical core
at that point, which at the time lies opposite to the end point of the active roller
faces and consequently by a suitable adjustment of the core or mandril the inner
diameter of the pipe or tube may be increased or decreased at will.
The outer dimension may also be varied at will by a suitable adjustment of the
rollers for pipes of all dimensions, this rolling-mill, machine or apparatus may be
considered as a universal acting one for the same rollers and the same core.

page_text: Moreover as the adjustment of the internal as well as external diameter may be
effected at any moment and consequently at any point of the blank (or object
Leing rolled) this apparatus will produce hollow pieces of any desirable internal or
external shape as for instance tubes or pipes with strengthened or thickened ends
or with strengthened or thickened middle-parts or both, also conical shaped,
"pipette "-shaped, "retort"-shaped hollow bodies.
If, by the rolling-machine represented in sheet 2 of the annexed drawing, a solid
crude block is first widened to a pipe or tube of thick sides or shell and of the
greatest diameter of the "facon " pieces to be rolled, which is effected by using
symmetrical shaped rollers the "excentricity" of the rollers being reversed and the
rollers as well as the core or mandril adjusted then by the return of the block thus
widened to a pipe this block may be rolled in the manner described into the form
of a hollow body of any desirable section.
This "universal" apparatus will therefore roll solid blocks or blocks that have
been made hollow by a preliminary rough-rolling process or in any other manner
into the form of a hollow body of any desirable section and that by one single
passage to and fro between the rollers.
During the forward movement of the block the core or mandril is subjected to
thrust during the backward movement or return of the same to traction.
For the production of pipes of very small internal diameter or very considerable
length the same method may also be employed to advantage.
Thus it is possible to produce pipes of extraordinary thin shell and of extraordinary
length.
In a manner similar to that described herein before this method also enables a
screw-like twist of the fibre to be obtained which is effected either by using
different proportions in the diameter of the rollers and that of the blank for the
end of entrance and that of emergence or by employing simply pieces which
possess already the rope-like twist of the fibre.
Pipes thus strengthened by the rope-like disposition of the fibre will (by having
equal thickness of the shell and equal diameter) possess a greater strength of
resistance than those hitherto produced.
If it is intended to roll the pipes or tubes without twisting the fibre then the
proportion between the circumference of the rollers and that of the blank must be
the same at the end of entrance as at the end of emergence.
By "reversion" also and by a uniform working forwards and backwards the
strong twist of the fibre may be avoided.
As everything is well balanced the rolling-apparatus is capable of receiving great
speed and all objects may be rolled in a very short time.
By combining the apparatus with a "pressing-iron" of suitable internal shape
and with a suitable core or mandril, adapted to bend up certain parts of the object
(being rolled) and to press in others hollow star sections or sections provided with
screw-furrows or drills, and pipes of other desirable section may be produced, and
by the use of "rolling-noses" and "pressing-irons" toothed hollow bars adapted to
serve for the manufacture of cog-wheels and pipes with internal or external ribs
may be produced.
•
By employing a core or mandril of other section than round, pipes of unequal
thickness of shell may be produced.
By means of the " pressing-iron" these pipes as well as those of equal and
uniform thickness may be bent in any desirable shape and consequently this system
of rolling will produce hollow bodies of very complicated form as for instance
hollow girders of any shape, hollow rails, hollow sills, and sleepers, hollow cog-
wheels.
"
In the process described of "diagonal" or oblique' " rolling the glowing end
part of the blank last in contact with the rollers may be cooled by means of water
and in this manner a cold rolling of round pipes as well as many other shaped or
profiled pipes may be effected.
This mov alea he affected by any other special operation.
:

page_text: By these means a great elasticity is imparted to the pipes and consequently the
employment of peculiarily shaped and sectioned tubes is afforded.
If metals, which have been stretched in a glowing state (like steel for instance)
are rolled into pipes or tubes with screw-twists of very high pitch and are subjected
either simultaneously or afterwards to a sufficient process of cold rolling, then these
pipes or tubes will possess an extraordinary elasticity in longitudinal direction and
may be used for elastic supports, which are required to secure great resistance and
safety against thrust.
For rolling very thin dimensions in glowing state it is advantageous to work
with glowing or more or less warm core or mandril of hard material for the purpose
of reducing the force requisite and of maintaining the thin blank warm and
malleable by means of the heat of the core or mandril.
The method of rolling further consists in not allowing the acceleration of the
blank between the rollers to be obtained by the adhesion on the roller surfaces as
usual, but to attain this acceleration in a direction crossways to that of the motion
of the rollers by arranging or disposing upon the rollers cutter like or round or
other elevated parts at constantly increasing distances apart, for instance rolls can
be used mounted in a worm or spiral line of constantly increasing pitch, which will
cause wavelike or corkscrew-like or other cavities in the blank, or will cut them-
selves knife fashion into the blank and generally work at the rear side of the
ridges of these notches formed in the blank and in this manner drive these ridges
or risings ahead with an acceleration corresponding to the increasing pitch of the
worm or spiral line.
If therefore by any force constantly new material is introduced in between the
first "rolls" then wave-like or corkscrew-like or other indentations or notches will
run from the thicker end of the blank to the thinner one.
The "stretching rolls" are preferably disposed in such a manner, that the corre-
sponding rolls of the second roller constantly drive ahead the ridges or risings
produced by the corresponding rolls of the first roller.
By a suitable choice of the proportions of pitch with regard to the distance apart
of the rollers the blank is moved forward with an acceleration corresponding to the
requisite reduction of its dimension.
The feed of the material at the entrance of the rollers also in this method of
rolling is effected by a suitable adjustment, of the positions of the axes of the rolls,
it is therefore best to employ for this method the round rolling-mill herein described
but so modified, that the rollers contain the "rolls" above described, henceforth
called "stretching-rolls."
At the same time the extraordinary advantage is obtained that the circum-
ference of the working part of the roller may be made as small as desired.
Corresponding to the small radius of the working part of the roller the consump-
tion of power in stretching the blank is smaller than hitherto, so that for rolling
with these "stretching-rolls" a smaller power is necessary than hitherto expended.
As the "stretching-rolls" diverge towards the end of emergence of the rollers,
it is advantageous to provide the large empty space there produced with new
'stretching-rolls" or to widen and flatten these rolls towards the end of emergence
in order to produce a smooth rolling-product.
"
The "stretching-rolls" may be executed perfectly cutter like and next cut the
thick block asunder in cork screw fashion. The further part of the rollers jumps
or jogs the body thus formed straight and rounds it again.
Further the rolls of round or cutter-like shape may be again reduced and thus
the operation may be continued to effect any desirable reduction of the blank,
As the greatest alterations of form are effected by cutter like rolls, the fibres of
the blocks are displaced almost without any lateral widening of the blank and
without internal pressure as in the ordinary process of rolling.
A combination of this method with the former one (which includes the simple
advancement of ridges) consists in cutting the blank into disks connected partially

page_text: in the centre or into spiral shaped bodies then jumping these and dissevering and
jumping them again by means of successive and somewhat similar "rolls.”
The "stretching-rolls" ought to advance with an acceleration corresponding to
the reduction of the blank that is to say they ought to be disposed in lines with
constantly increasing pitch.
By a suitable shape and position of the "stretching-rolls" on the single rollers
the "rolls" of the one roller will drive the material ahead whilst those of the
other jump or jog the same back or cross the wave ridges produced by the former
and flatten them partially.
66
This causes a felting of the fibre and if besides this a twist of the fibre is effected
by any of the methods herein-described, this combined treatment of the fibre may
be employed to advantage in rolling thick blocks-which preparatorily have been
'rough-rolled" from layers of steel and iron or other combinations of metals that
have been welded or cast together-so that without any additional welding process
a genuine damaskeening of any desirable fineness may be produced which may be
employed to advantage in the manufacture of arms.
If rods or wires that have been rolled according to this method and consequently
possess a rope like twist of the fibre, are welded into bundles and these are again
subjected to the same process of rolling, an iron is obtained which by its disposition
of the fibre exactly resembles a rope twisted of strands.
When exposed to torsion or bending all parts of the section are strained more
uniformly than is the case with the iron produced hitherto and consequently a
higher strength of tension is attained than by a simple twist.
If the "stretching-furrows" are disposed in lines with a pitch greater than
corresponds to the feeding motion of the block then the material is displaced or
shifted at the periphery without stretching the rod internally and thus a pipe is
formed, which remains solid at the rear part, consequently by simply cutting off
the solid end pipes are produced from solid blocks without the use of a mandril or
core.
The new method of rolling also consists in guiding the blank between the rollers
in such a manner that exact spheres or segments of spheres are rolled.
This is attained by changing the cog-wheels and thereby laterally adjusting the
rollers in relation to each other in such a manner that the first roller remains in its
normal position, whilst the second one drives the blank forward and the third one
simultaneously besides imparting the rotation drives the blank backward.
If two rollers or plain-disks are used the one roller imparts to the blank rotary
motion and drives it forward, whilst the second one drives it backward. The
blank between the rollers consequently receives one rotary motion parallel to that
of the normal roller and another rotary motion of inclined direction. The rollers
consequently traverse circles of a sphere and if the blank is prevented from dis-
placement in the front and rear, then according to the size of the adjustment of the
rollers either a sphere or a segment of a sphere will be produced.
This method consequently allows of rolling both complete spheres as well as
shaped pieces with spherical surfaces as for instance axles and trunnions for all
sorts of machines and vehicles.
If hollow "Trio " rollers are employed externally they will hold the blank in the
centre and the rolling of spheres may take place between three rollers without
necessitating a confinement of the blank.
The new method of rolling also consists in rolling loops of welded iron steel and
metal according to one of the processes described and simultaneously freeing them
at their highest heat of the slags enclosed so that for many purposes a further
welding process becomes superfluous.
According to this method the loops by the movement of the rollers are pressed
in between the rotating plain-rollers (represented in the drawing) or conical or
cylindrical rollers and by pressure the slag is removed whilst simultaneously the
desired reduction of dimension is effected.

page_text: If this operation takes place sufficiently quick then the fibres will weld together
after the removal of the sag.
By twisting the fire the removal of the slag is still promoted but this twist
'ought not to be too strong at the commencement of the operation in consideration
of the loose connection of the crystals in the loops.
If it is intended to apply the above various methods of rolling herein described,
to one and the same apparatus the one represented in the second sheet of the
annexed drawing may be recommended as the most versatile type of an "oblique
rolling apparatus."
4
Fig represents the apparatus partly in elevation partly in section.
Fig 5 is a section on the line A-B of Fig 4.
Fig 6 is a section on the line E F of Figs 4 and 5.
Fig 7 is a section on the line G H of Fig 5.
The apparatus consists of one, two or three standards each of which is provided
with a cylindrical boring. In each of these cylindrical borings is arranged a
cylinder adapted to be moved laterally by means of a check-piece and to be
adjusted in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the screw by means of an
adjusting screw. These cylinders carry the boxes for the bearings of the rollers
and are recessed in the centre for reception of the rollers. At the sides they are
provided with notches into which enter the check-pieces mentioned above which
are capable of being directed at will and serve to adjust the relative positions of
the cylinders. The check-pieces as well as the "pressing irons" are rigidly con-
'nected by means of shafts and cog-wheels for the purpose of a uniform adjustinent
of the rollers, as représented in the annexed drawing.
The working surfaces of the rollers are moved in opposite directions by means of
a train or gearing of any desirable construction.
The blank or object to be rolled is introduced at x and withdrawn at y (Fig 5).
If the shaft u vis turned in the direction of the arrow (Fig 4) the rollers will
all turn to the left so that the blank receives both a rotary as well as advancing
motion.
If the shaft is turned in opposite direction, then the speed of motion of the blank
decreases in a ratio to the displacement of the axis of the rollers until by con-
tinued turning of the shaft this motion is transferred into a retrograde one, whilst
the rotary motion is still continued in the old direction.
A slight turning of the shaft u v consequently will "
"
reverse the blank without
necessitating any change in the speed or direction of motion of the power machine
or of the rollers and by adjustment of the pressing-screws to gradually reduce it to
the desired diameter or thickness.
A screw-nut attached to one of the pressing-screws and provided with a scale
shows by means of a hand screwed to the standard the thickness of the blank
between the rollers.
By affixing to the apparatus two or three rollers of the shape shown in Fig 8
and by using the system of "reversing" trunnions with rings or shoulders and
other shaped pieces of any kind may be rolled in the manner described.
By affixing rolls of the shape shown in Fig 9 bolts with very sharp heads may
be rolled from thick rods and cut into any desirable length.
By affixing rolls of the shape shown in Fig 10 and changing the cog-wheels
which drive the check-pieces so that the one roller is not turned at all, the second
one is turned to the right and the third one turned to the left, spheres and shaped
pieces with spherical surfaces may be rolled, the diameter of which may be varied
according to the distance apart of the rollers.
By affixing or hanging in at the rear at y the rotating "pressing-iron" with the
"rolling-noses" and suitably adjusting the two or three rollers all forms and sizes
of solid sections may be produced.
"
If instead of the "rolling-nose a core or mandril is affixed, preferably in a
supporting bearing arranged in the standard of the train or cog-wheel gearing then

page_text: solid blocks or pieces or hollow bodies of thick shell may be rolled to very thin
pipes and that by one single passage through the apparatus.
By the simultaneous use of a suitably shaped "pressing iron" (with or without the
employment of rolling-noses) all sorts of the hollow bodies of any desirable shape
of section may be rolled from crude blocks and at one single passage through the
apparatus as for instance hollow cog-wheel bars serpentine-pipes, pipes with
radiating ribs.
By affixing rollers with "stretching" rolls and arranging the rotating "pressing-
iron" at the narrowest place at the two lowest rollers instead of in the midst of
the three rollers the rolling-mill is transferred into a wire rolling-mill serving to
roll wire of any desirable fineness from thick pieces or blocks in glowing state or
by the use of a shaped "pressing-iron" to roll shaped wire of any desirable section
from crude rods and that by one single passage through the apparatus.
By arranging at the entrance of the rollers a "pressing-device" which presses a
glowing loop in between the rollers, the rolling mill in its front part is transferred into
a "squeezer" or "flattening-mill" for loops while at the rear part it imparts to the
rolled loop the desired form of section that is to say by one passage through this
"universal-rolling-mill" the crude loop may be freed from the slag and transferred
at the same time into finished rolled shaped iron.
By substituting profiled, polygonal or toothed rollers or such provided with
furrows or drills instead of the three round rollers, cog-wheel bars with any desirable
shape of teeth may be produced, which may be used as bars or from which
cog-wheels may be cut in disks (slices), rubbing tools, cutter-bars and other tools
with straight or twisted teeth and other toothed, corrugated or fluted objects may
be produced.
According to the thickness of the round bar introduced any desirable number of
teeth may be produced with the same rollers.
By substituting rollers, one of which is provided with sharp furrows or drills
inclined to the right, the second with such to the left and the third with such of
other inclination, the objects rolled may be provided with cutting "risings" or
ridges or such of any other desirable shape and cutters and other toothed tools may
be rolled by one passage through the apparatus.
By the employment of a suitable core or mandril pipes or tubes with internal or
external cutting surfaces as for instance mill-cylinders, pipes with internal or
external threads hollow cutter-bars with internal cutting faces & may be
produced.
By substituting excentric or other suitable rollers provided with angular or
other teeth disks may be rolled to cog-wheels and by the use of a core or of
internal rollers toothed rings, bands, hoops and tyres may be produced.
This last process may be modified for the purpose of securing exact roundness of
the object to be rolled by employing a cold ring made to rotate between the rollers,
which ring is provided, internally with suitable teeth, and eventually may be closed
laterally by means of two disks screwed on to it so that the glowing hoop, tyre or
band is pressed into the mold thus formed by means of a strong roll, capable of
being adjusted or set with considerable force. The lateral disks may however be
arranged on the roll.
By affixing small, flattened rollers, preferably reduced at the lowest part, fashioned
pieces with lugs as for instance trunnions may be produced.
Having fully described the nature of this invention and the manner in which it
is carried into practice it is understood that the adjustment of the rollers may be
effected by any desirable mechanical means, that the details of construction may
be varied, without departing from the nature of the invention for instance in the
disk-rolling-mill" described the axis of the disks may be placed perpendicular.
16
For some purposes it will be sufficient to connect only two or even only one of
the working rollers with the machine,

page_text: Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what
I claim is
1. The processes herein-described of "oblique rolling that is to say the process
of rolling solid or hollow metal blocks or pieces to desirable thin dimensions, to
desirable shapes of section or shapes in longitudinal direction and to impart to
them fibre, all without necessitating a reversion of the motion of the rollers or a
repeated passage of the object between the rollers, substantially as and for the
purpose described.
2. The processes and apparatus for carrying out the system of oblique rolling
and the products attained thereby, to wit:
The process of twisting the fibre strongly by means of rolling for the purpose of
allowing stretching at one single passage through open rolls or forms and for the
purpose of increasing the tensile strength, flexibility, elasticity and the coefficient
of contraction of the product rolled and for the purpose of producing artificial
damaskeening of metals or combination of metals with rope-like, screw-like or
strand-rope-like twist of the fibre, substantially as and for the purpose described.
The process of rolling metals to desirable thinness by the use of two plain-disks
or concave, convex or conical disks or rollers, the opposite working surfaces of which
rotate in opposite directions and by rolling to impart to these metals desirable
shapes of section by the use of a suitable roll or form at the end of emergence,
substantially as and for the purpose described.
The process of rolling by which the speed as well as the direction of motion of
the blank may be reversed and varied at any moment without necessitating any
change in the speed or direction of motion of the rolls and the process of rolling
between three or more rolls, simultaneously working on the same or nearly the
same periphery of the blank substantially as and for the purpose described.
The process of perfecting or altering the form of section of the blank emerging
from between the rolls or providing it with certain profiles internally or externally
or of bending single parts of the blank or of bending the whole blank in longitudinal
or transversal direction or both by means of the "pressing-iron" described
substantially as and for the purpose described.
The process of varying at will both form as well as size of section of the blank
during rolling, between rolling surfaces which move in opposite directions by means
of " rolling-noses" as described, which may be fixed internally or externally,
substantially as and for the purpose described.
The process of attaining the acceleration of the blank-not as hitherto by the
adhesion of the roller-surfaces to the blank-but in a direction crossways to that of
the motion of the rolls and by means of cutterlike angular or rounded "stretching-
rolls" baving on their surfaces screw lines of constantly increasing pitch or by
means of raised parts of any desirable shape which run oblique'y or crossways or
in rows directed obliquely or crossways to the longitudinal axis of the blank, all
substantially as and for the purpose described.
The process of widening tubes or tube-shaped bodies between rollers or of
stretching them simultaneously, by the use of the "stretching-rolls" described
which may run parallel or obliquely to the direction of the axis, substantially as
and for the purpose described.
The process of rolling from blocks or other pieces which by a preliminary process
of rolling or forging have received a round or otherwise formed section-bodies of
various sections or rods, bars or other hollow bodies, profiled in a longitudinal or
transverse direction, by means of rotation and simultaneous advancement of the
blank between suitably shaped rollers in a direction more or less oblique to
the direction of stretching, with or without change of the size of section; for
which purposes the working-surfaces of the rollers lying opposite each other
move in almost opposite directions and the blanks rotate and simultaneously

page_text: advance either constantly or periodically, substantially as and for the purpose
described.
The process of "oblique" rolling by which loops are liberated from slag and
stretched, rough rolled or finished perfectly by the same operation, substantially as
and for the purpose described.
The process of rolling spheres and spherical surfaces between three or more
rollers substantially as aud for the
purpose
described.
The process in treating loops and pressing out the slags by twisting the fibre,
and the process of transferring or rolling loops into finished products owing to the
speed and perfection of the purification, without necessitating any further welding-
process, substantially as and for the purpose described.
The process of producing solid or hollow cog-wheels or cog-wheel-bars by means
described.
of "oblique-" or cross rolling substantially as and for the purpose
**
"
The process of rolling forged pieces and other shaped pieces with lugs, shoulders
or offsets, and of round or profiled section by means of the system of "reversing
described or between rollers with flattened or excentric working surfaces, which
move in opposite directions and apply periodically, substantially as and for the
purpose described.
The process of imparting to tubes or pipes a rope-like or other twist in the fibre
by rolling, substantially as and for the purpose described.
The process of rotating and simultaneously advancing hollow bodies and solid
ones of other than round section between rollers substantially as and for the
purpose described.
The process of producing service-pipes for gas, wind, steam and fire-conduits
boiler and other tubes and pipes or hollow columns without soldering or welding
seam from crude blocks or bored or hollow pieces or rings or bands by one single
passage between the rollers and by means of the process of "oblique rolling'
substantially as and for the purpose described.
"
The process of producing tubes, pipes and boilers "pipette" shaped or other
hollow bodies of any desirable profile from solid or bored blocks or pieces or rings
by means of the method of "oblique rolling" and by the use of mandrils or internal
rolls or rollers substantially as and for the purpose described.
The process of rolling pipes and tubes by means of the "stretching-rolls" herein
described.
The process of widening pipes and hollow bodies by the method of "oblique-
rolling" substantially as and for the purpose described.
The process of rolling tubes or tube-pieces from solid blocks without the use of
mandrils or internal rollers, substantially as and for the purpose described.
The process of producing. hollow bodies which are solid at one end by means of
rolling, substantially as and for the purpose described.
The process of producing "parabola”- girders, tubes with strengthened ends or
centre-parts or both, between rollers, substantially as and for the purpose described.
The process of rolling tubes, pipes and such like with internal or external ribs
which may run crossways, obliquely or parallel to the direction of the axis, also
pipes or tubes with unequal thickness of shell, hollow girders, tubes or pipes with
internal or external cog-wheel teetb, cutter-teeth or rimer-teeth or other desirable
teeth or drills; or internal or external cross cuts or dressing, as for instance mill-
cylinders or tubes with internal or external threads substantially as and for the
purpose described.
The process of rolling in the "oblique-rolling-mill" round or otherwise shaped
tubes in a cold state.
The process of rolling "tubular-springs" or elastic pipes or tubes which under
the influence of a change in pressure will act like springs, that is to say, will rise
and fall with elastic motion, selfacting "sediment-bursting-tubes," serpentine-tubes
and such like,

page_text: The process of rolling pipes of hard material by the use of, glowing mandrils or
cores, substantially as and for the purpose described.
3. The "oblique-rolling-mill" apparatus serving to carry out the new method of
rolling, especially:
1). The "plain-disk-rolling-mill" represented in Figs 1, 2 and 3 of the annexed
drawings, in its details and general arrangement.
2). The "trio-rolling-mill" represented in Figs 4, 5, 6 and 7 of the annexed
drawings in its details and general arrangement.
3). The "Duo-rolling-mill" for "reversing" the blank without necessitating
a "reversing" of the motion of the rollers, in its details and general arrangement,
all substantially as and for the purpose described.
4. The new products attained by the process of "
described to wit:
oblique-rolling" herein,
Metals with strand-twist fibre, iron with screw-twist fibre, rolling damaskeened
metals or combination of metals serving for the manufacture of gun and canon-
barrels, pipes, tubes, boilers and such like also wire, the fibres of which are twisted
by rolling, diagonally stretched round or shaped wire, and wire of less than two
millimeters diameter, rolled in a glowing state.
Cog-wheels and cog-wheel-bars with straight, oblique or angular teeth, rolled
cutter-bars, rimerbars with rolled teeth with or without twist or bevelled teeth;
rails with screw or rope like twist of the fibre.
The "parabolá" girders and serpentine and spiral shaped pipes or bodies formed
by rolling.
Pipes, tubes and boilers rolled obliquely, conical or otherwise shaped; pipe-pieces
of any desirable shape as for instance "pipette" shaped tubes.
2
Tubes with lugs shoulders or strengthenings, for instance flanged tubes, hollow
columns with strengthened ends or centre parts or both.
Boiler-pieces with strengthened or thickened rivet-strips.
Serpentine-pipes, circular pipes as for instance band or tyre-pipes segmental
pieces or other similar products produced by bending the object during rolling.
Tubes and pipes with internal or external ribs, running parallel or obliquely or
crossways to the direction of the axis of the tube.
-
Tubes and pipes with rolled internal or external cutter-teeth.
Tubes and pipes with rolled internal or external threads.
Tubes and pipes with internal or external perforated, dressed or chamfered teeth
as for instance for mill-cylinders.
Tubes and pipes with internal or external ridges or "risings
distinct shape and rolled in a glowing state.
73
and cavities of
Tubes of other than round section, and of any desirable section as triangular,
square, oval, corrugated or rolled pipes, hollow girders, hollow sleepers.
Seamless elastic or spring-tubes which under the influence of internal or external
pressure yield in the longitudinal or transverse direction, to wit:
Boiler-tubes and pipes which under the influence of steam-pressure change their
form in longitudinal or transverse direction and thereby break the sediment or
incrustation of the boiler, elastic tubes or coils for buffer-springs, manometer-pipes,
expansion-pipes, elastic tube spokes.
Tubes and pipes "oblique rolled" in a cold state.
Combinations of the former, as for instance elastic tubes with ribs, serpentine-
tubes with ribs or with expanding longitudinal or transversal sections.
Solid and hollow bodies of angular and star sections by the process of "oblique-
rolling," also wire "oblique-rolled" in a cold state.
Rolled shaped pieces produced hitherto by forging and called "forged pieces'
with lugs, shoulders, offsets and of round or profiled section,
"Façon "- iron rolled directly from loops, at one heat.
"

page_text: Iron freed of slags and "finish"- welded simultaneously between rollers without
necessitating a second welding process.
Rolled metal spheres and shaped or "façon "- pieces with spherical surfaces.
All substantially as and for the purpose described.