IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR HEATING AND VENTILATING
Year: 1869

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Henry Johnson, of 47, Lincoln's Inn
Fields, in the County of Middlesex, Gentleman, for the Invention
Of: IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR HEATING AND VENTILATING."-A
seli communication from abroad.by John Johnson, of Saco, in the State
of Maine, United States of America.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Henry Johnson
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition,
on the 9th February 1869.
I, JOHN HENRY JOHNSON, of 47, Lincoln's Inn Fields, in the County
of Middlesex, Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR HEATING AND VENTILATING,"
communication from abroad by John Johnson, of Saco, in the State
of Maine, United States of America, to be as follows:-

page_text: radiators for warming and ventilating apartments, also in cooking
utensils, stoves, and ovens; and, secondly, of a self-acting feed apparatus
for effecting the supply of fresh water in limited quantity to the steam
generator.
The improved radiator and ventilator consists of an upper and
lower chamber or box connected together by a series of pipes placed
either in pairs, one being under the other, with an annular space between
the inner and outer pipe, or a series of concentric pipes may be
employed, the several annular spaces in the one case, or the alternate
annular spaces in the other case, communicating with the interiors
of the two chambers, whilst the central pipe or the other annular spaces
open completely through such chambers but do not communicate with
their interiors. Steam is admitted from a generator to the lower
chamber, and passes up the annular spaces communicating with the
upper chamber, whilst the air to be warmed by the heat radiated from
the two surfaces of the external and internal pipes passes up the internal
pipe or pipes and along the outside of the external pipes, the increased
radiating surface presented by the radiator tending to heat the air
quickly and produce a constant and rapid upward current therein,
thereby warming and ventilating the apartment. Stop-cocks are pro-
vided in the upper and lower chambers for the escape and entrance of
the steam and for blowing out the air on commencing to use the
radiator.
Another form of radiator intended for the use of solid fuel, such as
coal, coke, or wood, consists of an outer and inner shell, the inner shell
containing a central fire-pot of fire-brick or other refractory material,
the products of combustion from which pass up a central chimney or
flue. The outer shell contains a small quantity of water or other
vaporisable liquid which is collected in an annular depression or well
surrounding the base of the chimney. Through the outer shell a
number of vertical air pipes pass, and adjustable air inlets are provided
in a hollow base underneath the fire for supporting combustion.
inclined shoot provided with a door communicates between the top of
the fire-place and the outside of the outer shell for the introduction of
fuel as required. This radiator is provided with the self-acting feeder
herein-after described under the second head of this Invention for the
purpose of keeping up the supply of water or other vaporizable liquid in
the inner shell or steam generator. In order to secure a larger radiating
An

page_text: and condensing surface the double walls of the generator may be corru-
gated or star-shaped in horizontal cross section.
The heating apparatus may be constructed in different forms, or in
the shape of articles of furniture, such as tables, sideboards, desks, and
mantels, and may be more or less ornamented in colors and finished with
Japan or other varnish.
The improved heating apparatus for cooking purposes consists of a
species of oven or heating chamber composed of an inner and outer
shell, the inner one forming a chamber for the reception of the food to
be cooked or heated, which chamber is furnished with a tight fitting
lid or cover so made as to radiate as little heat as possible. The outer
shell or steam generator contains a small quantity of water or other
vaporizable liquid which is vaporized by a lamp or gas light or by a
small fire beneath. A plugged orifice is provided for the introduction of
the water or vaporizable liquid, and the self-feeding apparatus herein-
after described under the second head of this Invention is combined with
the steam generator for the purpose of keeping up the supply of water.
The self-acting feeder which constitutes the second part of this Inven-
tion consists of a water reservoir, by preference in the form of an urn,
which is in communication by means of a coiled pipe with the interior
of the steam generators herein-before referred to containing the small
quantity of water to be vaporized. The coiled portion of the pipe
occupies the lower portion of the urn; its lower end passes through the
bottom of the urn into the generator, whilst its upper end is bent, so as
to form a syphon. When the urn is charged with water the mouth
of the pipe just dips beneath the surface, whilst the bend is a little
above the water level. Having supplied a small quantity of water, say
about two cubic inches to each cubic foot of space in the generator, and
applied heat thereto, the air in the generator is rarified and passes out
through the mouth of the coiled tube, and continues so to do until the
generator is filled with steam of the atmospheric tension: Should the
steam not be condensed as rapidly as it is generated the excess of steam
in passing into the: coil loses its latent heat and becomes condenced, the
water produced thereby falling to the bottom or boiling part of the
generator. As the water in the urn becomes gradually warmer a small
per-centage of the water in the heater will occupy the urn, but closing up
the mouth of the syphon; but so soon as the pressure or temperature
in the generator is reduced a supply of water will quickly re-enter the

page_text: generator and air will follow, thereby keeping up the original quantity
of water that was placed within it. As it is desirable that a small
quantity of water be used for condensation an open pipe may be fitted
on to the top of the generator for the escape of steam, and just below this
an open cup is provided. A bent pipe is inserted into this cup, which
pipe enters the generator and being always filled with water forms a seal
to prevent escape of steam into the cup. The lower end of the condenser
pipe in the urn is trumpet-shaped, and the steam passes up it as it escapes
through the open pipe. As the steam issues into the air it loses heat,
the condensed water falls into the cup, and thence through the water-
sealed pipe into the generator to be again converted into steam. By
these devices the steam, air, and water are regulated automatically,
and the generators may be made of any thin metal not liable to collapse
or explode and light enough to be moved readily from place to. place.
This self-acting feeder is equally applicable to the generators described
in the Specification of the former Patent herein-before referred to.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said John Henry Johnson in the Great Seal Patent
Office on the 9th August 1869.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHNS
HENRY JOHNSON, of 47, Lincoln's Inn Fields, in the County of Middle-
sex, Gentleman, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Ninth day of February, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-nine, in the
thirty-second year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and
successors, give and grant unto me, the said John Henry Johnson,
Her special license that I, the said John Henry Johnson, my exe-
cutors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said
John Henry Johnson, my executors, administrators, or assigns, should.
at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at
all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and law-
fully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an

page_text: Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR HEATING AND VENTILATING,"
a communication from abroad by John Johnson, of Saco, State of Maine,
United States of America, upon the condition (amongst others) that I,
the said John Henry Johnson, my executors or administrators, by an
instrument in writing under my hand and seal, should particularly
describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what
manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed
in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and
immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said John Henry Johnson, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the
'same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained
in and by the following statement, reference being had to the accom-
panying Drawings, and to the letters and figures marked thereon, that is
to say-
The said Invention relates to improvements in the apparatus for
heating and ventilating for which I obtained Letters Patent, bearing
date the Sixteenth of April One thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight,
No. 1250, and consists, firstly, of improvements in radiators for warming
and ventilating, apartments, also in cooking utensils, stoves, and ovens;
and, secondly, of a self-acting feed apparatus for effecting the supply of
fresh water in limited quantity to the steam generator.
The various kinds of apparatus herein-after described consist mainly of
improvements in radiators, cooking utensils, stoves, and ovens, and also
in a self-acting attachment for the supply of fresh water in limited
quantity to the steam generator.
I will first describe the radiator and ventilator. This is so constructed
that a thin stratum or column of steam is exposed on two sides to the
external air intended to be heated, the combined area of the surface
of these two sides being much greater than the exposed surface of
the radiators now commonly in use. The steam has a direct passage
through the radiator, and as it does not follow a tortuous course its
movement it rapid and the whole interior is quickly filled; condensation
takes place rapidly and induces a swift current of the external air
through the heated central tubes.
The radiator, Figure 1 of the Drawings hereunto annexed, is supported
haritable stan
ML

page_text: of the apparatus consists of a hollow box or compartment having at one
end an aperture G in which is fitted the stop-cock I. The steam from a
boiler is admitted at this point. The top of the radiator consists of a
similar box C, having an aperature H and a stop-cock J for the escape of
steam whenever it is desirable to blow it through the apparatus or to
discharge the air. The two hollow boxes B and C are connected with
each other by a series of vertical pipes D, D¹, having one end secured to
the bottom plate of the upper box and the other end to the top plate of
the lower box. Within each of these tubes D, D¹, there is a central
tube E of less diameter than the outer tube, having its upper end in the
top plate of the upper box C and its lower end in the bottom plate of
the lower box B, thus affording a free passage for the external air, which
enters at the bottom of the radiator near the floor of the apartment, and
escopes and is diffused at the top of the upper box. Between the central
air tube E and the larger exterior tube D there is an annular space F,
through which the steam from a boiler passes and heats both the outer
and inner tube, both of which are in contact with the external air. It
will be understood that the whole of the steam passes through the
It is obvious that any
annular space F between the pipes D and E.
number of concentric pipes or tubes may be employed in which each
alternate space is used for the reception of steam and the transmission of
the external air.
.
In the Invention for which I obtained Letters Patent, No. 1250,
A.D. 1868, herein-before referred to, no provision was made for the
automatic supply of water to the steam generating cylinder; the mode
of effecting this is represented in Figures 2 and 3 of the Drawings
annexed; this apparatus also regulates the steam pressure within the
generator B. An open-mouthed vessel A, Figure II.; made in the form
of an urn is placed upon the top of the steam generator B, in which a
very small quantity of water is used. The lower part of the urn is fitted
steam-tight to the top of the heater, as shewn at X. A coil of metal
pipe P of small diameter is placed in the urn, and its lower end is
soldered to the base of the urn making it tight, so that it will hold the
water W; the pipe then enters the generator, its lower end being open
for the free discharge of water. The urn is made of greater depth than
width; the coil P occupies the lower part of it and terminates at the top
in a curve D formed like a syphon. This part is secured to the fixed
rod R, which supports it and holds the open end E of the pipe always.

page_text: at the same level. On filling the urn with water the end E of the pipe
is just beneath the surface, whilst the bend D is a little above the water
line. In this position water cannot rise to fill the neck or bend of the
tube, and consequently cannot when the urn is filled act as a syphon.
When a small quantity of water (say about two cubic inches to each.foot
of space inside the generator) is put into the generator B and heat
applied the air in the heater is rarefied and passes out through the coiled
tube at E, and continue so to do until the heater is filled with steam of
atmospheric tension. If the temperature of the apartment be such that
the steam is not condensed as rapidly as it is formed at the surfaces in
contact with the external air the excess of steam in passing into the coil
loses its latent heat, and the water produced thereby falls to the bottom
or boiling part of the heater. The coil of pipe or condenser receiving
heat and imparting it to the water at the lower part of the urn causes
the water to rise and be replaced by the cooler water from the top. As
the condensing water W becomes gradually warmer a small per-centage
of the water of the heater will occupy the urn and close up the end E of
the condenser pipe; but on a very slight change of temperature of the
heater the pressure or tension within the heater will be reduced, and this
water will quickly re-enter the heater and air follow, thereby keeping up
the original quantity of water that was placed within it. The cover C
has a large surface and is made of suitable material for radiating heat,
and any vapour that is condensed upon the lower side falls within the
urn. As it is desirable that a small quantity of water be used for
condensation the urn may be constructed as shewn in Figure III. The
steam plug X of this heater has an open pipe H for the escape of steam,
and just below this an open cup I. A bent pipe J is inserted below the
plug and forms a trap or seal, partially filled with water to prevent
the escape of steam; the lower end of the condenser pipe P is made
trumpet-shaped, as shown at K. As steam issues from the pipe H into
the air. it loses heat, the condensed water falls into the cup I, and from
thence through the water-sealed pipe J back to the heater B ready to
be again converted into steam. By this arrangement less steam enters
the coil P in the urn, and as the condensation takes place in part at the
cup and funnel I, K, less condensing water is required in the urn. A
moderate degree of tension may be produced within the heater or steam
generator by bending one of the coils of pipe P in the form of an
inverted siphon, so that it may be filled with water; but as steam at
212° F. contains the greatest amount of latent heat, and as this is

page_text: the requisite in steam heating, it is found that but little tension is
required for the greatest efficiency. By these devices the steam, air,
and water are regulated automatically, and the generators may be made
of
very thin metal, not liable to collapse or explosion, and light enough
to be moved readily from place to place.
W
Figure 4 represents an elevation in partial section of one form of
cooking apparatus constructed in accordance with this Invention. The
steam generator B rests upon the supports A. The bottom U has a
depression to receive a small quantity of water V, which is heated by
the gas or other lamp L. In the top sheet S there is a plugged
aperture M for the admission of water. Steam occupies the space
between the walls B and O, and in the cavity or chamber within the
walls O the articles to be cooked are placed as at Q. A condenser like
the one represented in Figures 2 or 3 is placed on the top of the
tube N, the lower end of which opens into the space W. A double lid
or cover C prevents the
escape of
gas
heat.
Another form of cooking or heating utensil is shewn at Figure 5, the
urn or condenser being represented in place upon the top of the pipe N.
The parts corresponding to like parts in Figure 4 are marked with
similar letters of reference.
Figure 6 shows the mode of construction of a stove or steam generator
designed for the use of solid fuel, such as coal, coke, or wood, which is
burned at or near the centre of the apparatus within the inner wall of the
generator. The base A upon which the heater B rests is provided with
draft doors C through which air passes, and thence rises through the
grate to the fuel L, which is burned in the fire-pot R, near the centre of
the heater, the walls of the fire-pot should be of good thickness and
made of fire-brick or other non-conductor of heat. The products of com-
bustion escape through the funnel or chimney flue Z. Fuel is supplied
at the door d, and falls down the sloping plate T which forms the
bottom of a close box or chute, passing through both walls of the
A small
heater, but having no opening into the steam space W.
quantity of water placed at V in the bottom U is vapourised by the heat,
and the supply of water is automatically maintained by means of the
water urn and condensing coil P applied at the top of the tube N, as
represented in Figure V. The air of the apartment enters at the
bottom of the tubes Y (shewn also in Figures 2 and 3), is heated by

page_text: the steam in the space W, and issues at Y¹ at the top of the heater.
The space occupied by the water V or other vaporisable liquid consists
of an annular depression surrounding the funnel or chimney Z and
concentric therewith. The products of combustion are carried off by
the flue or chimney Z, as shewn in the Drawing.
In order to secure a larger radiating and condensing surface the
double walls of the steam generator may be corrugated or fluted or made
star-shaped, as shewn in the plan or top view, Figure 7.
The apparatus may be constructed in rectangular forms, or in the
shape of articles of furniture, such as tables, sideboards, desks, or the
like. These may be ornamented in colors, and finished with Japan or
other varnish. These surfaces will remain in good condition, as by this
mode of generating heat the temperature is very uniform, and the metal
plates cannot be heated to excess.
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of the
said Invention, and the manner in which the same is or may be
used or carried into effect, I would observe in conclusion that what
I consider to be novel and original, and therefore claim as the
Invention secured to me by the herein-before in part recited Letters
Patent is,-
1st. The peculiar arrangement of the internal air pipes and the
external steam pipes connected with the top and bottom chambers,
substantially as and for the purpose herein-before described and illus-
trated by Figure I. of the Drawings.
2nd. The peculiar automatic condenser and regulator attached to the
steam generator, by means of which the water to be vaporized is
uniformly supplied from a reservoir at a higher level, substantially as
herein-before described and illustrated by Figures 2, 3, and 5 of the
Drawings.
3rd. The peculiar combination and arrangement of generator supplied
with a small quantity of water, and having the fire at or near its centre,
together with the tubes for the distribution of air, and provided with the
water regulator, substantially as herein-before described and illustrated
by Figure 6 of the Drawings.
4th The combination of the above-described apparatus with articles

page_text: of furniture for the radiation and distribution of heat, as herein-before
described.
5th. The peculiar arrangement of the several parts constituting a
culinary apparatus, as herein-before described and illustrated by Figure 4
of the Drawings.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Henry Johnson, have to
this my Specification set my hand and seal, this Seventh day
of August One thousand eight hundred and sixty-nine.
J. HENRY JOHNSON. (L.S.)