IMPROVEMENTS IN WARMING RAILWAY CARRIAGES, AND IN THE APPARATUS OR MEANS EMPLOYED THEREIN
Year: 1874

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Henry Johnson, of 47, Lincoln's Inn Fields,
in the County of Middlesex, Gentleman, for the Invention of
"IMPROVEMENTS IN WARMING RAILWAY CARRIAGES, AND IN THE APPARATUS
OR MEANS EMPLOYED THEREIN."-A communication from abroad by
Jules César Timothée Mousseron, of Paris, in the Republic of
France.
Sealed the 16th June 1874, and dated the 6th January 1874.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Henry Johnson
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 6th January 1874.
I, JOHN HENRY JOHNSON, of 47, Lincoln's Inn Fields, in the County
of Middlesex, Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN WARMING RAILWAY CARRIAGES, AND IN THE
APPARATUS OR MEANS EMPLOYED THEREIN," a communication to me from
abroad by Jules César Timothée Mousseron, of Paris, in the Republic of
France, to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to a mode of and apparatus for separately
warming railway carriages by the aid of warm air obtained by the com-

page_text: bustion of charcoal or other fuel in specially constructed fire-places
situate either beneath or on the side of the carriage, and combined with
a peculiar arrangement of tubes for carrying off the products of com-
bustion, and for supplying fresh warm air to the interior of the carriage
through open mouth-pieces situate underneath the seats or into a receiver
covered by a grating and extending the full width of the carriage
between the seats immediately underneath the feet of the passengers.
'
According to one arrangement to be applied under the carriage a
small closed fire-place fitted with a grating and with a cleaning door and
feeding aperture above and composed of fire-clay or metal is connected
with a set of three concentric tubes; the inner tube carries off the
products of combustion and passes up through the body of the carriage
out at the roof. The second tube which surrounds the first serves to
convey the warm air to the interior of the carriage underneath the seats,
the said air entering the said tube by open mouth-pieces in connection
with an air space surrounding the body of the fire-place and communi-
cating with the said second tube. The third or outer tube forms a
casing to the whole and encloses an air space which prevents loss of heat
by radiation and obviates all risk of accidental fire; the said air space
being also continued round the fire-space by having an outer jacket or
envelope corresponding to the third tube surrounding such fire-place.
The cold air enters by the air inlets at or near the fire-place and becomes
gradually warmed by its passage round the fire-place and along the con-
ducting tubes, and is discharged into the carriage at an elevated tem-
perature. The air inlets may or may not be provided with regulators'
or valves for controlling the inlet of fresh air.
According to another arrangement of the said apparatus the set of
three concentric tubes and closed fire-place are disposed along the side
of the carriage between the outside of the longitudinal framing and the
footboard. Two parallel air inlets situate in the direction of the longi-
tudinal horizontal axis of the fire-place communicate with the circulating
air space round the same and catch the wind in whatever direction the
carriage may be travelling, the air when warmed passing into the
carriage through the second tube of the series and entering by branches
either under the seats or into a receiver covered by a grating situate
between the seats on the floor of the carriage. The products of com-
bustion escape by the central pipe as before, which in this arrangement
may be carried up outside the carriage at one end. In either of these

page_text: arrangements this pipe when smokless fuel is not used may be turned
downwards underneath the carriage.
With a view to ensure the proper working of the apparatus, whether
the wind be in the direction of the carriage or against the side thereof,
the air inlets may be disposed concentrically consisting of three tubes
with bell mouths projecting one beyond the other, the inner tube which
is the longest supplies the fire with air to support combustion, the second
supplies fresh air to the circulating air space round the fire-place and
communicates with the warm air distributing tubes, and the third tube
communicates with the outer casing or air jacket. Each of the con-
centric bell mouths is divided into four compartments by metallic wings
which compel the air to be blown with considerable force into the tubes
from whatever quarter it may come.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said John Henry Johnson in the Great Seal Patent
Office on the 6th July 1874.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHN
HENRY JOHNSON, of 47, Lincoln's Inn Fields, in the County of
Middlesex, Gentleman, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Sixth day of January, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-four, in the thirty-
seventh year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and succes-
sors, give and grant unto me, the said John Henry Johnson, Her special
license that I, the said John Henry Johnson, my executors, adminis-
trators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said John Henry Johnson,
my executors, administrators, or assigns, should at any time agree with
and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during
the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use,
exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN WARMING RAILWAY CARRIAGES, AND IN THE APPARATUS OR
MEANS EMPLOYED THEREIN," a communication to me from abroad by Jules
César Timothée Mousseron, of Paris, in the Republic of France, upon

page_text: the condition (amongst others) that I, the said John Henry Johnson,
my executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under
my hand and seal, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature
of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be per-
formed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Office within
six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said
Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said John Henry Johnson, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the
same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained
in and by the following statement, reference being had to the accom-
panying Drawings and to the letters and figures marked thereon, that is
to say :-
The said Invention relates to a mode of and apparatus for separately
warming railway carriages by the aid of warm air obtained by the com-
bustion of charcoal or other fuel in specially constructed fire-places
situate either beneath or on the side of the carriage, and combined with
a peculiar arrangement of tubes for carrying off the products of com-
bustion, and for supplying fresh warm air to the interior of the carriage
through open mouth pieces situate underneath the seats, or into a
receiver covered by a grating and extending the full width of the carriage
between the seats immediately underneath the feet of the passengers.
And in order that the said Invention may be fully understood, I
shall now proceed more particularly to describe the same, and for that
purpose shall refer to the several Figures on the annexed Sheet of
Drawings, the same letters of reference indicating corresponding parts in
all the Figures.
The Drawings illustrate two types or arrangements of apparatus for
warming railway carriages, the one being intended to be placed under-
neath the carriage, and the other at the side behind the foot board.
Figures 1, 2, and 3 represent warming apparatus arranged to be placed
underneath the carriage; Figure 4 is a side elevation; Figure 5 a longi-
tudinal section; and Figure 6 a corresponding plan of a fire-place with
a modified form of cold air receivers or inlets applied thereto.
Figure 7 is a plan shewing a grating or trellis for the admission of
warm air into the carriage; Figure 8 is a longitudinal section; Figure 9,
a corresponding plan.

page_text: Figure 10, a transverse vertical section; and Figure 11, an end view of
an arrangement of apparatus intended to be applied at the side of the
carriage.
Beneath the carriage there is placed in any convenient position,
according to the type or arrangement adopted, a pyrometric hot air
apparatus consisting of a fire-place A composed of metal, fire-clay, or
other suitable material, and provided with a grate E, a door G to
facilitate the lighting of the fire and the cleaning of the fire-place, and
a charging aperture H which also admits of the examination or inspection
of the fire-place. The fire-place is entirely surrounded by a metal
casing D, between which and the fire-place there is left a space d for the
circulation of air which is admitted through an air receiver or inlet B.
The smoke and the products of combustion escape through a pipe a
composed of metal or other suitable material and leading to the upper
part of the carriage, which pipe a is surrounded by another pipe a¹
composed of metal and enclosed in the outer casing D, so that three
pipes are employed the one within the other, the centre one of which is
provided for the purpose of carrying off the smoke; the intermediate one
conducts the warm air to warm air outlets, whilst the third pipe or outer
casing or jacket contains a cushion of air which serves both for pre-
venting loss of heat by radiation and for obviating all risk of accidental
fire. The air admitted through the air receiver or inlet B is warmed by
contact with the fire-place and passes along the space comprized between
the smoke pipe a and the pipe a¹, surrounding it to apertures 6, whence
it is distributed into T branches placed either underneath the seats or on
the floor, or in any other convenient part of the carriage.
Another air receiver or inlet C (Figure 2) is employed for the purpose.
of feeding or supplying air to apertures c which are disposed on the left-
hand side of the fire-place and terminate in branches I placed either on
the floor or underneath the seats, the smoke escaping through a pipe T.
It is obvious that the dimensions and position of the branches may
be varied as desired, and to suit the particular construction of carriage.
which is required to be warmed.
In the arrangement shewn in Figures 7, 8, 9 10, and 11, the apparatus
is arranged in the following manner, videlicet.-
First. It is situate immediately below the body of the carriage and in
front of the side frame in order to render the whole of the parts readily

page_text: accessible, and obviate the necessity for the person inspecting the same,
placing himself underneath the carriage for that purpose, and the height
of the apparatus in this arrangement is also considerably reduced.
Secondly. The smoke pipe is carried back to the outside of the
carriage.
Thirdly. The warm air pipes terminate either immediately underneath
the seats or in a case or chamber placed between the seats and covered
with a grating or trellis on which the feet of the
passengers rest.
Fourthly. The air receivers or inlets are so arranged as to ensure the
apparatus operating efficiently whatever may be the direction of the
wind.
In this modification the apparatus in lieu of being applied underneath
and towards the centre of the carriage is placed at the side, as before
mentioned in the space left between the longitudinal'girder a" (Figure 10)
and the footboard 6%, which arrangement admits of the proportions of the
parts being reduced. This modification renders it necessary to alter the
position both of the air receiver or inlet C which is now placed beneath
the fire-place opposite the receiver or inlet B, and of the warm air con-
ducting tubes a¹ which are continued along the longitudinal axial line
passing through the fire-place, as shewn in Figures 3, 8, and 9, so as to
open or terminate in branches b and c respectively on one side of the
carriage underneath the seats. The smoke pipe a is also placed at the
end of the carriage outside, as before mentioned, by means of which
arrangement the labour entailed in fitting the pipe in the interior of the
carriage is obviated. The apparatus operates in a similar manner to that
herein-before described.
The air receivers or inlets B, C, of the apparatus herein-before
described operate with regularity, but the arrangement may be modified,
as shewn in Figures 4, 5, and 6, in order to ensure the working of the
apparatus whatever may be the course of the wind, whether it blows in
the direction of the end or side of the train. Beneath the fire-place
there are disposed three concentric tubes e, f, g, the centre one g of which
is employed for the purpose of supplying air to the fire-place, the inter-
mediate one for conducting air into the casing surrounding the fire-
place, and the third or external tube e for supplying air to the outer 3
casing. The concentric tubes are formed with bell mouths h, h¹, and h³
respectively, which are divided into four compartments by means of

page_text: metal rings which force the air to enter the tubes whatever may be the
direction of the wind.
Figures 7 and 8 shew the arrangement adopted when in lieu of causing
the warm air to be discharged immediately underneath the seats, it is
desired to admit the same into the carriage between the seats; in this
case the air is directed into chambers K occupying the entire width of
the carriage and covered with a grating or trellis on which the feet of
the passengers rest. The warm air outlet tubes are simply extended
between the seats in lieu of terminating underneath the same, as herein-
before described.
It should be observed that when wood charcoal, prepared charcoal, or
other smokeless fuel is employed the smoke pipe may be bent round
below the carriage, and that the smoke pipe placed behind the carriage
as shewn in Figure 8, may in that case be dispensed with.
•
In the apparatus constructed according to this Invention, the con-
sumption of fuel is but small in proportion to the quantity of heat
emitted, whilst the arrangement of the conducting tubes for the warm
air is such as to obviate all risk of accidental fire.
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of the
said Invention, and the manner in which the same is or may be used
or carried into effect, I would observe in conclusion that what I
consider to be novel and original, and therefore claim as the In-
vention secured to me by the herein-before in part recited Letters
Patent is,―
First. The peculiar arrangements and combinations of apparatus for
separately warming railway carriages by the aid of warm air obtained
by the combustion of fuel in a fire-place or fire-places carried by the
carriage, substantially as herein-before described and illustrated by the
accompanying Drawings.
Secondly. The peculiar construction and arrangement of fire-place
with its doors, grate, cold air receivers, or inlets and pipes for effecting
the gradual warming of the air on its way to the outlet apertures, sub-
stantially as herein-before described and illustrated by the Drawings.
.
Thirdly. Combining smoke pipes with warm air pipes, substantially in
the manner and for the purposes herein-before described and illustrated
by the Drawings.

page_text: Fourthly. The combination with the smoke pipes and warm air pipes,
of an external jacket or casing for retaining the heat, of the air which
surrounds the smoke pipe, and obviating all risk of accidental fire, sub-
stantially as herein-before described and illustrated by the Drawings.
Fifthly. The peculiar arrangement and combination of warming
apparatus to be placed on the side of a railway carriage below the body
and in front of the side framing of such carriage, whereby the operation
of mounting or fitting and inspecting the apparatus is facilitated, sub-
stantially as herein-before described and illustrated by Figures 8, 9, 10,
and 11 of the accompanying Drawings.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Henry Johnson, have to this
my Specification set my hand and seal, the Sixth day of July,
One thousand eight hundred and seventy-four.