Improvements in the Treatment of Sewage and Polluted Waters, and in and in connection with the Manufacture of Materials for use in the Treatment of Sewage and Polluted Waters.
Year: 1892

page_text: Date of Application, 1st Nov., 1892
Complete Specification Left, 1st Aug., 1893-Accepted, 2nd Sept., 1893
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in the Treatment of Sewage and Polluted Waters, and
in and in connection with the Manufacture of Materials for use
in the Treatment of Sewage and Polluted Waters.
I, FRANK PULLEN CANDY of 56 Nightingale Lane, Balham, in the County of
Surrey, Sanitary Engineer do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as
follows:-
I take the iron oxide produced from the iron borings used in connection with the
reduction of nitro-benzol in the manufacture of analine and add thereto a sufficient
quantity of sulphuric acid or hydrochloric acid or both and water if necessary, to
dissolve the said iron oxide and form a substance sufficiently solid to be capable of
being easily transported. I may use the said iron oxide in a hot slurry as it comes
from the stills or in a cold slurry or after drying; the sulphuric acid or hydrochloric
acid I generally use hot, preferably drawn hot from the concentrating vessels used
in the manufacture of the acid, the water, if any that I add, I preferably add hot
and if necessary further heat the acidified iron oxide.
Or I take the said iron oxide as before mentioned and mix it with bauxite, for
instance equal parts of each, or with other suitable material and add thereto
sufficient sulphuric acid or sulphuric and hydrochloric acids and water if necessary
and further beat if required, to dissolve the mixture and form a substance sufficiently
solid to be easily transported; the sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid and water I
preferably use hot as before mentioned. After having been acidified the mixture
18, to a depth of about six inches, allowed to remain in a large receptacle and when
about half set it is divided into slabs about eighteen inches square by means of a
framework which is allowed to fall upon it or by other suitable means.
Instead of using hydrochloric acid I may use chloride of sodium and sulphuric
acid, and instead of the oxide of iron before mentioned I may employ other suitable
iron oxide, preferably a ferric hydrate.
In manufacturing such a material as before mentioned or other salt suitable for
the purification of sewage and polluted water, if more heat is required to dissolve
the ingredient or ingredients than is obtained by using hot acid and hot water I
place the mixture of mineral or minerals, acid and water in moulds or receptacles
of convenient size and shape for example moulds having sides only or sides and a
bottom only, or if I can without heating the mixture obtain it in a sufficiently
stiff condition to retain its shape as slabs or lumps, I place the aforesaid moulds and
their contents or the aforesaid slabs or lumps in a kiln or oven.or its equivalent and
heat them to the required temperature admitting steam if necessary.
The salts produced in the before mentioned ways 1 use for the precipitation and
clarification of sewage and polluted waters.
When I wish to purify sewage or polluted waters by filtration I take the before-
mentioned iron oxide produced from the iron borings employed in the reduction of
nitro-benzol and bring the sewage or polluted waters into contact therewith,
previously washing it if necessary, or if I wish to produce blocks or granules
suitable for filtration purposes, I take the said iron oxide and subject it to con-
siderable pressure with or without the addition of a.substance.or.substances to aid
in holding the particles together, or I mix the said iron oxide with clay or with
clay and carbonaceous matter and burn or carbonise the mixture, or I obtain the
required result in other ways, my desire being to produce a hard porous and
magnetic substance.
Dated this 20th day of October 1892.

page_text: • COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in the Treatment of Sewage, and, Polluted Waters, and
in and in connection with the Manufacture of Materials for use
in the Treatment of Sewage, and Polluted 'Waters.
I, FRANK PULLEN CANDY of 56 Nightingale Lane Balham in the County of
Surrey, Sanitary Engineer do hereby declare the nature of this invention' and in
what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and
ascertained in and by the following statement :-
I take the iron oxide produced from the iron borings used in connection with the
reduction of nitrobenzol in the manufacture of aniline, such iron oxide being
hereafter referred to as "the iron oxide," and add to the iron oxide a sufficient
quantity of sulphuric acid, and water if necessary, to dissolve the same, the mixture
being then heated so as to convert or retain it in a solid form.
1
The method I prefer is as follows-
I take one hundred parts by weight of the iron oxide in dry powder and about
one hundred and fifty parts by weight of commercial sulphuric acid' containing
about 80 per centum of absolute sulphuric acid, and about ten parts by. weight of
water; the acid I use hot, preferably drawn hot from the concentrating vessels
used in the manufacture of the said acid, the water I also use hot. These three
before mentioned ingredients I thoroughly combine together, first mixing the water
and acid together and then adding the iron oxide; the result is a production of a
dry salt of iron which however on being kept absorbs moisture; I therefore place
the said dry salt of iron in a kiln, oven, or other heating apparatus, and heat it so
that it will remain in a dry condition.
I sometimes add bauxite or other suitable alumina containing ingredient for
instance calcined china clay; and a sufficient quantity of sulphuric acid and water
to dissolve the bauxite, to the iron oxide sulphuric acid and water and heat the com-
bination so as to produce a solid mass. The bauxite, or its equivalent, may be in
any desired proportion to the iron oxide. This combination, or the acidified iron
oxide alone, should the latter be produced in a. liquid or pasty condition; Irprefer
to place in moulds or receptacles so constructed that the contents when dried..can
be easily removed, for instance, I may have moulds consisting of four sides only, or
of four sides and a bottom only; one or more of the sides or the bottom may be
hinged or removable for greater convenience. The said moulds or receptacles and
their contents are then placed in a kiln or oven or other heating apparatus and the
contents dried or solidified after which the moulds and contents are: withdrawn from
the said heating apparatus and their contents removed from the moulds! when they
are ready for use for the precipitation and deodorization of sewage or impure water.
The moulds or receptacles may be made oficiron or clayware or of other suitable
material or materials and can be constructed of any suitable size or shape, Hiprefer
to construct them so that they produce square or oblong blocks, about six inches
thick and weighing about fifty six pounds.
Instead of using the iron oxide in a dry powder as before mentioned al may
employ it in a damp condition or in a slurry condition, for instance, hot as it comes
from the stills I should however allow it to have a preliminary settlement so as to
obtain it as thick as possible, if there were sufficient moisture in the iron oxide it
will be evident that I need add no waterito it when the sulphuric acid is added.
The before mentioned salts of iron and alumina are added to the sewage or
polluted water in the ordinary way for the introduction of precipitants and fexert a
powerful precipitating and deodorizing action upon such sewage or polluted water.
When I wish to purify sewage or polluted waters by filtration I take the before
mentioned iron oxide produced from the iron borings employed in the reduction of
nitrobenzol and wash the said iron oxide in water, so as to remove the objectionable
soluble, matter present in the iron oxide, the said soluble matter is sometimes an

page_text: iron salt which if left in would interfere with the proper working of the iron oxide
filter bed. place a layer of the washed iron oxide or of the washed iron oxide
mixed with sand gravel or other suitable material, in a filter bed and pass there-
through the polluted water to be purified.
Or, I take the iron oxide washed or unwashed and mix it intimately with clay.
I sometimes also add carbonaceous matter such as coal dust, sawdust, tar or green
oils. I then burn or carbonize the mixture so as to produce a firm porous substance,
preferably black in colour, this I employ, after reduction to a suitable size, if not
already granulated, either alone or mixed with sand or gravel or other suitable
material as a layer in a filter bed and pass the polluted water to be purified there-
through.
I prefer to employ a clay of a carbonaceous character and one which will burn at
a low temperature for instance, the ligniferous clays of Devonshire. A mixture of
equal parts of clay and iron oxide I find suitable.
I sometimes produce the mixture of clay and the iron oxide in the form of
porous blocks or cylinders.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I
claim is :-
1. The manufacture of a solid sulphate of iron from the oxide of iron, produced
from the iron borings used in connection with the reduction of nitrobenzol in the
manufacture of aniline, substantially as described.
2. The manufacture of a solid sulphate of iron and alumina from the said oxide
of iron and from bauxite or its equivalent substantially as described.
3. The use of moulds or receptacles for the purpose of solidifying under the
action of heat an acidified mass of an iron or aluminium oxide substantially as
described.
4. The washing of the before mentioned iron oxide previous to its use for filtration
purposes.
5. The manufacture of a filtering material by the burning or carbonizing of a
mixture of clay and the before mentioned iron oxide substantially as described.
Dated this 29th day of July 1893.
F. FULLEN CAN
CANDY.