A NEW MACHINE TO BE APPLIED TO AND ADOPTED IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF WHEEL CARRIAGES, FOR IM- PROVING THE PRINCIPLE AND INCREASING THE POWER OF THE DRAUGHT, SO AS TO REDUCE THE QUANTITY OF ACTIVE FORCE NECESSARY TO BE EMPLOYED THEREIN
Year: 1800

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM
TURNER, of Penshurst, in the County of Kent, Paper Manufacturer, send
greeting.
WHEREAS I, the said William Turner, having by my petition humbly
represented to. His present most Excellent Majesty King George the Third
that I had, by long study, great application, and at a considerable expence,
invented, compleated, and brought to perfection "A NEW MACHINE TO BE
APPLIED TO AND ADOPTED IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF WHEEL CARRIAGES, FOR IM-
PROVING THE PRINCIPLE AND INCREASING THE POWER OF THE DRAUGHT, SO AS TO
REDUCE THE QUANTITY OF ACTIVE FORCE NECESSARY TO BE EMPLOYED THEREIN," and
which, I humbly apprehended, would be of great utility to this kingdom in
general, as the same would considerably lessen the expence and labour
attendant upon wheel carriages, and would be a publick benefit and advantage
to all His Majesty's subjects who should have occasion to use the same, and
therefore having most humbly prayed His said Majesty to grant unto me, my
exors, admors, and assigns," His Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal
of Great Britain for the sole use and benefit of the said Invention within that
part of His said Majesty's Kingdom called England, His Dominion of Wales,
and Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, for the term of fourteen years, pursuant to
the Statute in that case made and provided, His said Majesty, being willing
to give encouragement to all arts and inventions which might be for the

page_text: public good, by his Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great
Britain, bearing date at Westminster, the Thirtieth day of May, in the
fortieth year of His reign, of His especial grace, certain knowledge, and
mere motion, did give and grant unto me, the said William Turner, my exors,
admors, and assigns, His especial licence, full power, sole privilege and autho-
rity, that I, the said William Turner, my exors, adiñiors, and assigns, and
every of us, by myself or themselves, or by mine or our deputy or deputies,
servants or agents, or such others as I, the said William Turner, my exors,
admors, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time
to time and at all times thereafter during the term of years therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend my said Invention
within that part of His said Majesty's said Kingdom of Great Britain called
England, His Dominion of Wales; and Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, in such
manner as to me, the said William Turner, my exors, adiñors, and assigns, or
any of us, should in our discretions seem meet, and that I, the said William
Turner, my exors, adññors, and assigns, should and might have and enjoy the
whole profit, benefit, commodity, and advantage from time to time coming,
growing, accruing, and arising by reason of the said Invention, for and during
the term of years therein mentioned, to have, hold, exercise, and enjoy the
said licence, powers, privileges, and advantages therein-before granted unto me,
the said William Turner, my exors, adñiors, and assigns, for and during and
unto the full end and term of fourteen years from the date of the said Letters
Patent next and immediately ensuing, and fully to be complete and ended,
according to the Statute in such case made and provided; in which said
Letters Patent is contained a proviso, that if I, the said William Turner,
should not particularly describe and ascertain the nature of my said Invention,
and in what manner the same is to be performed, by an instrument in writing.
under my hand and seal, and cause the same to be inrolled in His Majesty's
High Court of Chancery within one calendar month next and immediately
after the date of the said Letters Patent, that then the said Letters Patent,
and all liberties and advantages whatsoever thereby granted, should utterly
cease, determine, and become void, anything herein-before contained to the
contrary thereof in anywise notwithstanding, as in and by the said Letters
Patent, relation being thereunto had, will more fully appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said William Turner, in compliance with the
said proviso, do hereby describe and ascertain the nature of my said Invention,
and the manner in which the same is to be performed, and do declare that the
Plan or Drawing thereof, which, with its several drafts and figures, exactly
represents the same in composition, and also its several parts distinctly accom-

page_text: panying and annexed to these Presents exhibits and contains the following:
particulars (that is to say) :-
A sliding bar as represented in Figures 1, 2, and 3 in the annexed plan,
whereof Figure 1 represents the upper side of the said sliding bar; Figure 2
represents the under side thereof. In Figures 2 and 3 the same sliding bar is
represented with a latch fixed thereto underneath the same, at the letter a;
and in the said Figures 2 and 3, at the letter b, is described the splinter
attached to the sliding bar. Figure 3 presents a profile or lateral view
of the said sliding bar, together with the said latch and splinter attached
thereto, as above mentioned. Figure 4 represents a compound treddle, which
is composed of two levers or arms a and a, attached to either end of a small
flat bar by rivets at b, b, and b, with small bars at the letters c and c, attached
also by rivets which admit a freedom of play, to which small bars the under
traces herein-after mentioned are meant to be fixed. Figure 5 represents a
strap. Figure 6 represents a crank axis and worm. Figure 7 represents a
balance or fly-wheel. Figure 8 represents an axletree, with a nut and rochet.
thereon. Figure 9 represents a click, consisting of two parts, attached to each
other by a rivet at the point a; one part whereof is in the shape of a quadrant or
quarter of a circle, and the other part whereof is a small bar at letter b, which
falls upon the indenture of the said rochet, as after mentioned. Figures 10
and 11 represent a stop, the purpose of which will be herein-after described.
The several particulars and parts before mentioned are connected together, and
produce their final effect in the manner herein-after mentioned, (that is to say,)
they are all contained in or attached to a square or oblong frame, secured
together by means of two iron bars, each in the form of a cross, the upper of
which bars receives the axis of the worm. The under bar has a shoulder or
step, as appears in Figure 19 at the letters a, a, for the purpose of receiving.
the lower part of the axis of the worm, and the nut and rochet on the top of
which frame is fastened a pin, which enters into the porch of the carriage.
when such carriage consists of four wheels, and when such machine is applied
to the fore wheels thereof, of which frame Figure 12 represents the inside of
the right side thereof, and Figure 13 represents the inside of the left side
thereof. To the sliding bar is attached a splinter, as represented in the said:
Figure 2, to which splinter are attached and fastened the upper traces, herein-
after mentioned, which upper traces pass above the shafts, as may be seen in:
Figure 19 and other parts of the annexed plan, and which said upper traces.
at the other end thereof are attached to the collar of the horse in the usual
manner, or may be fastened to and connected with whatever animal or active
force shall be made use of in drawing the carriage. The latch fixed to the

page_text: under part of the sliding bar, as before described, when the said sliding bar is
not drawn forward by the application of the force of the draught, fastens upon
the strap, in the manner represented in Figure 15 at the letter a. The lower
pair of traces, which are shewn in the plan annexed at the letter b.in the
Figure, 19, and in other parts of the annexed, plan, are fastened at, the
farthest ends thereof, near the shoulder of the horse, to the 'extremities of
a splinter, which is attached, at its center to a bar fixed at the ends of the
shafts, but which splinter moves upon a joint or rivet, so as to play loosely with
the motion of the shoulders of the horse or other active force, which splinter
and bar are represented distinct from the shafts by Figure .14 in.the said plan.
The shafts are to be fixed or attached to the front of the said frame of the
machine when the same is applied to the fore wheels, as shewn in Figure 22,
and other parts of the said plan. These lower. traces pass. from the said
last-mentioned splinter under the shafts towards the carriage, and entering
into the frame underneath the sliding bar, pass in an irregular direction, as
may be seen in Figure 22 at the letters a, a, a, over the pullies 6 and 6,
towards the levers or arms of the compound treddle, where. they are respectively
attached to the two small bars, represented at the letters c.and c, when the
machine is applied to the fore wheels, and which said small bars are attached.to
the arms of the compound treddle by joints or rivets, as before mentioned, so
as to play with the motion of the said compound treddle. The compound
treddle is attached in and to the said frame at the points. a and a, in. the
Figures 12 and 13, by joints or rivets. The strap is attached to the compound
treddle at the point d in Figure-4, and passes in an. oblique. direction to the
crank, to which it is attached, as represented in Figure.22 at the letter d.
The teeth of the nut fall within the spiral grooves of the worm, as described
in Figure 20 at the letter a. Through the center, of the nut passes. the
said axletree of the carriage between the wheels and enters into the nave.of
each wheel, but which, being of a square form, when it enters the nave of one
of the wheels, is immoveably fixed in that situation, so as necessarily, when
forced round, in the manner herein-after described, to impart its own rotatory
.motion to that wheel, the other end of the axletree being round, and, con-
sequently loose within the nave of the other wheel, permits the carriage to turn
freely, which axletree works in the collars, of the frame, marked with the
,letters 6 and 6 in the said Figures 12 and 13, each of which. collars has two
parts, the internal view whereof is represented by the Figures 17 and 18 in
the said plan. These are the several parts of the machine; and their reciprocal
.connection when set up for use, as far as the. object. of the draught alone is
concerned, the united operation of which, when the active force is applied, is

page_text: thus produced:-The upper traces, which are connected with the collar of the
horse and the splinter of the sliding. bar, in the manner before described,. upon
the first motion of the horse, or first, application. of. any active force, pull
forward the sliding bar, which sliding bar, acting upon the strap by means of
the latch, herein-before mentioned as being fastened to the same sliding bar,
turns the worm, which worm being connected, in the manner before described,
with the nut, imparts a revolutionary motion. to the axletree, of, the carriage,
and. by consequence to the wheel. But this force acting thus by means of the
upper traces is not meant to be continued, for the latch after the first impulse
of the draught is disengaged thereby from the strap, and is kept so disengaged
by a part of the latch entering into the frame, as described in the. Figure 20
at the letter b, and, consequently, after a first impression is given to the carriage
by the medium of the upper tracés, as far as this machine. or..invention is
concerned in the draught, the carriage derives no. further assistance.froin.this
operation of the machine. This first impression or impulse. is seconded and
continued by means of the connection which the machine. has with the active
force through the medium of the lower traces in the following manner: These
lower traces, by reason of the particular manner in which they form the con-
nection between the horse, or the active force applied, and. the compound
treddle, impart that alternate. movement which is naturally derived. from .the
motion of the shoulders of the horse in drawing,. ór which may be purposely
produced by other active power to the arms of the compound treddle, which
compound treddle, by means of the strap connected with it, as. before described,
and fastened at the other end to the crank, turns the worm; which worm; by
its connection in the manner above mentioned with the nut, forces round the
axletree of, the carriage, and, by consequence, the wheel to which. the axletrce
is fixed, and, by necessary result, the whole carriage is forced forwards... The.
balance or fly-wheel, which is fixed at the top of the axis of the worm, is also
necessarily set in motion, which motion it returns equably through the whole
machine, at the same time increasing and regulating the revolutionary, force of
the worm and nut. These are the several parts of thic machine, their connec
tion, powers, and offices, as far as the object of the draught only is concerned.
Another object of the machine is to furnish the means of stopping the back-
ward motion of the carriage with certainty and safety in the manner following:-
The click is placed in the frame, as appears in Fig. 19 at the letter c, and is
attached thereto by a joint or rivet, upon which it turns freely... In the cir
cular part of the quadrant part of the said click is a groove, through which a
cord or chain, fastened at the point. c in Figure 9, passes to the point d in
Figures 1, 2, 3, and 19;. on the sliding bar, where it is also fastened. The

page_text: other part of the click, videlicet, the said small bar, falls upon the indentures of
the rochet, through the centre of which the axletree of the carringe passes, as may
be seen in Figure 19; from which Figure, it appears, that when the carriage
stops the said small bar part of the said click must enter into one or other of
the indentures of the rochet, and consequently prevent the backward motion of
the carriage, at the same time the stopping of the carriage by the consequent
backward pressure against the bar part of the click by means of the connection
between that and the rochet, forces the said quadrant part of the click (which
will have been brought forward by the motion of the sliding bar) back into its
óriginal situation, so as to bring its perpendicular radius towards the front of
the carriage, whereby the sliding bar, which is connected with the said click
by the means aforesaid, is drawn back into the same situation in the frame
in which it was while the carriage was stationary, so that the object and use of
the said, sliding bar is renewed and regained when the carriage is again put in
motion. The forward rotatory motion of the carriage may likewise be checked
by means of the stop, which, being in the shape represented by Figure 10, is
placed behind the balance or fly-wheel, standing upon a fulcrum or rivet, at the
top part of which said stop a cord is fastened, which passes in the direction e, e,"
in Figure 22, to the crank under the foot board at the letter a in Figure 21,
and is there connected with a pedal at 6 in the foot board on the right side of
the driver, which pedal, when pressed by the foot of the driver, draws forward
the stop, so as to press the same against the balance or fly-wheel, by which
means the motion of the machine, and consequently the motion of the carriage,
may be stopped at the pleasure of the driver. The bar part of the click is also
connected with the driver's foot board by means of a cord passing from the
said bar part of the click in the direction given to it by the pulley at the letter
f in the Figure 22, which cord is fastened to another crank under the foot
board, and thus commuicates with another pedal in the driver's foot board on
his left side, which pedal, being pressed by the foot of the driver, will raise up
the bar part of the click and release it from the rochet, by which means the
carriage may be backed at the pleasure of the driver. The horse or other
active force is to be placed in the shafts before the bar (with the splinter
thereto attached), Figure 14, is placed on the shafts. Figure 19 represents
the machine viewed laterally on the left side thereof, or supposing the frame to
be opened by removing the left side thereof, in which Figure 19 the said
sliding bar is represented in the state it is in before the same is drawn forward,
in the manner and for the purpose herein-before mentioned. Figure 20 repre-
sents the machine viewed laterally on the right side thereof, or supposing the
said frame to be opened by removing the right side thereof; in which Figure

page_text: 20 the said sliding bar is represented in the state it is in when drawn forward, in
the manner and for the purpose herein-before mentioned. Figure 22 represents
the machine viewed on its upper side, or supposing the frame to be opened by
removing the upper side thereof. Figure 23 represents the machine viewed on
its under side, or supposing the frame to be opened by removing the under side
thereof. This machine or invention is capable of being applied as well to the
hind wheels of the carriage as to the fore wheels of the carriage, and operates
in both cases by the same methods and powers, the only difference being in the
greater length of the lower traces, rendered necessary by the greater distance
of the machine from the front of the carriage, which lower traces in this case
are attached to one arm only of the said compound treddle, and are made to
pass over the pullies, as seen in Figure 24, and a necessary difference in the
length of some of the cords above described, and the addition of a cord or
strap, which, by reason of the greater distance to which the machine must be
removed as aforesaid, becomes necessary to connect the splinter to which the
upper traces are attached with the sliding bar. The direction of the cords from
the click and stop to the foot board may be varied by additional pullies, as
occasion may require.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Turner, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Twenty-seventh day of June, in the fortieth year of
the reign of our Sovereign Lord George the Third, by the grace of
God, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, King, Defender of the
Faith, and so forth, and in the year of our Lord One thousand eight
hundred.