Horological Apparatus for Indicating Local Standard Time and Universal Zone-time and for Finding the Time at all Parts of the World.
Year: 1899

page_text: Date of Application, 6th June, 1899
Complete Specification Left, 4th Jan., 1900-Accepted, 10th Feb., 1900
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Horological Apparatus for Indicating Local Standard Time and
Universal Zone-time and for Finding the Time at all Parts of
the World.
I, ANDREW JOHN DAY, Watchmaker, a subject of the Queen of Great Britain
and Ireland, and resident of Semaphore Road, Exeter, in the Province of South
Australia, do hereby declare the nature of my invention for "Horological
apparatus for indicating local standard time and universal zone-time and for
finding the time at all parts of the world," to be as follows:-
Figure 1 is a representation of a dial with a meridian index constructed accord-
ing to my invention.
Figure 2 is a representation of the radiant and equatorial circle attached thereto
Figure 3 is a view of the face of the time-keeper or time-finder complete, with
the local hour hand, the radiant and the equatorial circle, and the minute hand
attached. In this figure, for the sake of clearness the shading in the centre of
the dial and the numbers of the degrees on the equatorial circle are omitted.
Figure 4 is a sectional view showing the attachment of the radiant and the
hour hand to the hour wheel.
Figure 5 shows a folding case, having a time-finder on one side and a map with
the twenty four time-zones marked thereon on the other side. In this figure for
the sake of clearness the shading in the centre of the dial is omitted.
Figure 6 represents a globe to which a time-finder is attached at the southern
pole. In this arrangement there are no discs on the radiant.
Figure is the view of the face of a time-keeper or time-finder, on which the
names of the principal places in each time-zone are exhibited.
Similar letters refer to similar parts in all the figures.
In Figures 5, 6, and 7, for the sake of clearness the words "ante meridian"
and post meridian" are omitted.
The object of this invention is by one instrument and with one dial to indicate
standard time at all parts of the world and also to indicate the point on the
equator at which the sun is at its meridian and enable the mean time to be calcu-
lated therefrom by a simple well known formula.
It is to be used in connection with an ordinary map or globe and the zone-time
system which consists in dividing the earth (the equator being a circle of 360
degrees) in twenty four zones of 15 degrees of space each measured east and west
and equal to one hour of time each and thus as the earth revolves on its axis
once in twentyfour hours the twentyfour pointers constructed and operated as
hereinafter described in combination with the minute hand (the minutes being
universal) indicate the time in each and all of twentyfour time-zones.
A circle is attached to the underside of the pointers having the 360 degrees
of the equator marked thereon and an index called the meridian index depends
from the noon XII on the dial. The index shows on the dial at any moment the
actual meridian and its longitude, It will be obvious that by the application of

page_text: a simple well known formula the mean time at any place can be calculated from
the above.
Although to find the time of every place in the world a map or globe is re-
quired I would point out that for a limited number of places the exact time can
he indicated without any such map or globe by marking according to their zone
locality as many names of places as there is room for upon each zone pointer.
Thus for instance upon a large clock or timefinder all the principal towns in
No. 3 zone could be marked upon No. 3 pointer whilst upon watches or small
dials the number would be limited. and without any names on the pointers a
map or globe would be used.
In ships and travellers clocks which are constantly being moved from place to
place the alteration of hands may be entirely avoided by using a zone-indicator
which may consist of a roller or table. This can be adjusted from time to time so
as to show when set according to longitude the number of time-zone in which
the vessel or traveller is located. The number thus indicated will be the number
of the pointer which will give the hour time.
In applying this invention I employ a dial or diagram of twentyfour hours,
with a double set of Roman or other numerals, I to XII, in one and the same circle
in combination with a radiant as hereinafter described.
For the purpose of distinguishing the periods, such as night, noon, morning
and evening the background of the dial may be toned from black at the lower
night XII, to a light shade or color at the upper or noon XII. In further
carrying out the same purpose, a moon or disc in white or light color appears
adjacent to the night XII, and may have the word "night" displayed upon it;
a sun disc adjacent to the noon XII having the word " noon upon it; stars
with "morning" and "evening" thereon adjacent to the left hand VI and the
right hand VI respectively; and the words "ante meridian" and "post meridian"
on the left and right respectively. The meridian index projects from the dial
immediately over the equatorial circle.
"
In conjunction with such dial and for the purpose of indicating times at all
places a radiant is provided, consisting of a boss with twenty-four pointers cor-
responding with the twenty four time-zones into which the face of the world is
divided and an equatorial circle attached to the underside of the pointers and also
one minute hand indicating the minutes which are universal.
The radiant is attached to the central arbor of the time-keeper or time-finder,
and the usual hour hand is attached over the radiant with a spring tight action,
so that the hour hand can be set to the local time of the zone in which the radiant
is being used for the time being. The radiant with the hour hand is caused to
perform one revolution in the course of twentyfour hours.
The minutes which in zone-time calculations are universal, are marked on the
dial by dividing it as usual into sixty spaces, and one hand indicates the minutes
of time at all places.
Each of the twentyfour pointers is numbered to indicate the zone it applies to
and attached to the underside of the pointers is the equatorial circle having the
360 degrees marked thereon.
Upon each pointer of the radiant it is convenient to place a circular or other
plate or device containing the number of the zone and sometimes the principal
place or places therein. This plate may in vertical dials be attached by a pin or
pivot, on which it hangs loosely, and may be weighted so as to retain all the
numbers or names in horizontal position for reading. Upon each pointer or plate
the longitude may be shown.
As the radiant is rotated by the movement the hour hand being set over the
pointer of the local time-zone, and set to local time, will indicate the local time.
and each of the twentyfour pointers will simultaneously indicate the hour at the
same period in its respective time-zone, whilst the minute hand revolving once in
an hour indicates the minutes at all places.
To get the time of any place in the world observe the number of the zone in

page_text: which it is situated. The pointer correspondingly numbered is the hour hand of
that zone, and indicates the hour, whilst the long hand indicates the minute.
The foregoing description applies chiefly to time-keepers. My invention may:
also be applied for educational or commercial purposes to finding the times
respectively at different places.
It will also be evident that with and without movement attachments this inven-
tion may be adapted to a great variety of purposes connected with practical
business, and scientific pursuits. For instance a dial or diagram with radiant
may be printed on celluloid and placed in the back case of a watch, book, or
diary. Or dials or diagrams and radiants may be mounted and used upon an
ordinary map or globe ruled in time-zones or as office conveniences, and in a
great variety of styles for many other purposes.
The words time-keeper and time-finder are used in this specification to indicate
instruments, diagrams, and appliances used for indicating, recording or measur-
ing time, or for showing zone-time at different parts of the earth's surface and
meridian (noon). The word radiant in this specification is used to mean
boss having twentyfour pointers and the equatorial circle attached to the under-
side of the pointers.
the
Referring to Figure 1 which represents the dial, the background is toned
from black at the lower or night XII, to light shade or color at the upper or
noon XII. Upon this background is a white circle on which are painted or other-
wise marked a double set of Roman or other numerals, I to XII. The minutes
which in zone-time calculations are universal, are marked on the dial by the
numbers 0 to 55, outside the hours as usual. Upon an inner circle the solar hours
are enumerated from 0 to 23, with subdivisions of quarter, half, and three quar-
ters. A moon or dise is shown in white on the dark background adjacent to the
night XII, and having the word "Night" thereon, a sun or disc adjacent to the
noon XII having the word "Noon upon it, a star upon the right hand having
the word "Evening" upon it, and a star on the left having the word "Morning
upon it. The left half of the dial is marked "Ante meridian," and the right half
Post meridian." The meridian index projects from the dial immediately over
the equatorial circle.
"
"
The dial may be printed or painted in or upon metal, card, celluloid, or other
material the meridian index being cut and raised or else attached separately.
In the drawing (Figure 2) I have illustrated the radiant A which consists of
a central boss having twentyfour pointers and an equatorial circle attached to
the underside of the pointers. It can be cut or formed out of, or printed upon,
aluminium, celluloid, card, or other material. Each of the pointers has marked,
either upon itself or upon a plate or ticket attached. its zone number, and, if
desired, the principal place or places in such zone. Each of the plates is attached
by a pin or pivot on which it hangs loosely, and being weighted at the bottom,
retains the writing in horizontal position for reading.
In the drawing (Figure 3) which represents the face of the time-keeper or time-
finder complete, the minute hand is marked "Universal minute," and the hour
hand is marked "Local hour."
In time-keepers the hands and radiant are operated by clock-work, the minute
hand is attached to a square arbor and the hour hand is attached to the hour wheel
arbor by a spring tight attachment, while the radiant is attached rigidly to the
hour wheel arbor by a square socket, so that it cannot move except by the motion
of the wheel. This is shown in Figure 4. D is the hour wheel, D₁ a squared
portion of the arbor which carries the radiant A, and D² a round portion which
carries the local hour hand B, which is secured by the key spring H in the annu-
lar slot D. In the drawings the local hour hand is set co-incident with the
pointer of the time-zone No. 9 in which "Adelaide" is situated.
In time-finders, as distinguished from time-keepers, the hand B is preferably
formed in one piece with the radiant A, though they may be made separate if
desired; and the minute hand C is attached to a free arbor, or riveted or eyeleted

page_text: to the dial, so as to be capable of adjustment relatively to the radiant or hour
hand.
In the drawing (Figure 5) is represented a folding case, which contains on
one side a map of the world, with the twentyfour time-zones marked thereon.
Upon the other side is placed a time-finder, as hereinbefore described.
In the drawing (Figure 6) is represented a globe upon which the twentyfour
time-zones are marked, and a time-finder is fixed at the pole. In this application
of my invention the dial is held rigidly in position by means of the rod or
standard M, which carries the bearings of the central spindle of the globe, and is
provided with suitable weighted foot. The globe is rigidly attached to its central
spindle, to which also the radiant and local hour hand are rigidly attached, but
outside the dial. The minute hand moves freely upon the end of the spindle.
In this case the numbers of the zones may be dispensed with, as the map moves
with the radiant.
In the drawing (Figure 7) is shown a time-finder which dispenses with the
necessity of referring to a time-zone map. Around the outer circle of the dial
thereof is provided a radially tabulated arrangement of the names of the chief
places in each of one twentyfour time-zones, each table being numbered according
to its zone position. In the drawing some of the names are inserted by way of
illustration. By this the time in any of the chief places of the world can be found
without any map.
I would have it understood that I do not limit myself to the details herein set
forth. A great variety of forms and styles may be adopted in the construction
and arrangement of dials and radiants according to the principle of my invention.
Dated this 6th day of June 1899.
NEWTON & SON,
Agents for the Applicant.
Horological Apparatus for Indicating Local Standard Time and
Universal Zone-time and for Finding the Time at all Farts of
the World.
I, ANDREW JOHN DAY, of Semaphore Road, Exeter, in the Province of South
Australia, Watchmaker, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in
what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascer-
tained in and by the following statement:-
-
The present invention has reference to apparatus for indicating local time and
universal standard zone time.
In carrying out this invention, use is made of the recognized system of dividing
the earth into 24 zones of 15° each, measured cast and west of a prime meridian,
cach zone representing one hour of time.
Many attempts have been made to construct a clock, or time finder, which will
give a reading of local and universal standard time, but hitherto the reading has
not been instantly apparent at a glance.
The object of the present invention is to provide means whereby zone or
standard time at any place in the world can be seen, and compared with local time,
more easily than heretofore.
In carrying out my invention, I employ, in common with other inventors, a
clock or watch arranged to give one hour-hand revolution in 24 hours, and
having, on a dial, 24 hour-divisions of 12 hours each (a.m. and p.m.).

page_text: In addition to the ordinary hour and minute hands I employ according to my
invention, a radiant of 24 pointers, which revolves with the hour-hand. Each
pointer of the radiant bears the number of the zone, from 0 to 23, which it
represents, and in some cases, where the pointers are large, the names of the chief
places within the respective zones may also be indicated thereon. A knowledge,
however, of the number of the zone of any particular place (derived from an in-
dex or key) will give, at sight, the standard time in that locality.
A circle is attached to the underside of the pointers, having the 360 degrees
of the equator marked thereon, and an indicator called the meridian-index,
depends from the noon XII on the dial. The index constantly points out, on
the equatorial circle, the longitude of that place on the earth where it is noon,
and the radiant will, at the same time, give the number of the time zone.
It will be obvious that, by the application of a simple well-known formula,
the mean-time at any place can be calculated from the above, while the zone-time
can be read straight off the dial.
Although, to find the times of every place in the world, an index or key, or a
map or globe, is required, I would point out that, for a limited number of places,
the exact time can be indicated without any such map or globe, by marking,
according to their zone locality, as many names of places as there is room for,
upon each zone-pointer of the radiant.
Thus, for instance, upon a large clock or time finder, all the principal towns
in No. 3 zone could be marked upon No. 3 pointer, whilst upon watches or small
dials, the number would be limited, and, without any names on the pointers,
a map or globe would be used.
In ships and travellers' clocks, which are constantly being moved from place
to place, the alteration of hands may be entirely avoided by using a zone indi-
cator, which may consist of a roller or table. This can be adjusted, from time
to time, so as to show, when set according to longitude, the number of time zone
in which the vessel or traveller is located. The number thus indicated will be
the number of the pointer which will give the hour time.
In applying this invention, I employ a dial or diagram of twenty-four hours,
with a double set of Roman or other numerals, I to XII, in one and the same
circle, as shown in the accompanying drawings.
Fig. 1 is a representation of a dial with a meridian index constructed according
to my invention.
Fig. 2 is a representation of the radiant and equatorial circle attached thereto.
Fig. 3 is a view of the face of the timekeeper or time finder complete, with the
local hour-hand, the radiant, and the equatorial circle, and the minute-hand
attached. In this figure, for the sake of clearness, the shading in the centre of
the dial, and the numbers of the degrees on the equatorial circle, are omitted.
Fig. 4 is a sectional view showing the attachment of the radiant and the hour-
hand to the hour-wheel.
Fig. shows a folding case having a time finder on one side, and a map with
the twenty-four time-zones marked thereon, on the other side. In this figure,
for the sake of clearness, the shading in the centre of the dial is omitted.
Fig. 6 represents a globe to which a time finder is attached at the southern
pole. In this arrangement, there are no discs on the radiant.
Fig. 7 is a view of the face of a time keeper or time finder, on which the names
of the principal places in each time-zone are exhibited.
"
Similar letters refer to similar parts in all the figures.
In Figs. 5, 6, and 7, for the sake of clearness, the words "ante-meridian" and
post-meridian are omitted.
"
Referring to Fig. 1, which represents the dial, the back-ground is toned from
black, at the lower or night XII, to a light shade or color at the upper or noon
XII. Upon this background is a white circle, on which are painted or otherwise
marked, a double set of Roman or other numerals, I to XII. The minutes, which
in zone-time calculations are universal, are marked on the dial by the numbers

page_text: 0 to 55, outside the hours, as usual. Upon on inner circle, the solar hours are
enumerated from 0 to 23, with sub-divisions of quarter, half, and three quarters.
A moon or disc is shown in white on the dark background adjacent to the night
XII, and having the word "Night" thereon, a sun or disc adjacent to the noon
XII having the word "Noon upon it, a star upon the right-hand having the
word Evening upon it, and a star on the left, having the word "Morning"
upon it. The left half of the dial is marked Ante-meridian," and the right
half Post-meridian." The meridian index projects from the dial immediately
over the equatorial circle.
"
دو
."
The dial may be printed or painted in, or upon metal, card, celluloid, or other
material, the meridian index being cut and raised, or else attached separately.
In the drawings (Fig. 2), A is the radiant, which consists of a central boss
having twentyfour pointers, and an equatorial circle attached to the underside of
the pointers. It can be cut or formed out of or printed upon, aluminium, cellu-
loid, card, or other material. Each of the pointers has marked, either upon itself,
or upon a plate or ticket attached, its zone number, and, if desired, the principal
place or places in such zone. Each of the plates, in the case of a radiant rotating
in a vertical plane, is attached by a pin or pivot, on which it hangs loosely, and,
being weighted at the bottom, retains the writing in horizontal position for
reading.
In the drawings, Fig. 3, which represents the face of the time-keeper or time-
finder complete, the minute hand is marked "Universal minute," and the hour-
hand is marked Local hour."
In time-keepers, the hands and radiant are operated by clock-work; the minute-
hand is attached to a square arbor, and the hour-hand is attached to the hour-
wheel arbor by a spring-tight attachment, while the radiant is attached rigidly to
the hour-wheel arbor by a square socket, so that it cannot move, except by the
motion of the wheel. This is shown in Fig. 4. 1) is the hour wheel; D¹ a squared
portion of the arbor which carries the radiant A, and D2 a round portion which
carries the local hour-hand B, which is secured by the key-spring H in the
annular slot 13. In the drawings, the local hour-hand is set co-incident with
the pointer of the time zone No. 9, in which "Adelaide" is situated.
In time-finders, as distinguished from time-keepers, the hand B is preferably
formed in one piece with the radiant A, though they may be made separate, if
desired, and the minute-hand C is attached to a free arbor, or rivetted or eye-
letted to the dial, so as to be capable of adjustment relatively to the radiant, or
hour-hand.
In the drawings, at Fig. 5 is represented a folding case, which contains, on
one side, a map of the world, with the twenty-four time-zones marked thereon.
Upon the other side is placed a time-finder, as herein before described.
In the drawings at Fig. 6 is represented a globe upon which the twenty-four
time-zones are marked, and a time-finder is fixed at the pole. In this application
of my invention, the dial is held rigidly in position by means of the rod or
standard M, which carries the bearings of the central spindle of the globe, and is
provided with a suitable weighted foot.
The globe is rigidly attached to its central spindle, to which also the radiant
and local hour-hand are rigidly attached, but outside the dial. The minute-hand
moves freely upon the end of the spindle. In this case, the numbers of the zones
may be dispensed with, as the map moves with the radiant.
In the drawings at Fig. 7 is shown a time-finder, which dispenses with the
necessity of referring to a time-zone map. Around the outer circle of the dia!
thereof is provided a radially tabulated arrangement of the names of the chief
places in each of the twenty-four time-zones, each table being numbered accord-
ing to its zone-position. In the drawings, some of the names are inserted by way
of illustration. By this, the time in any of the chief places of the world can be
found without any map.

page_text: Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what
I claim is:-
1. In time-keepers and time-finders, the employment of a radiant having
twenty-four numbered pointers indicating simultaneously, on the same twenty-
four hour dial, the hour in their respective time zones, substantially as set forth.
2. In time-keepers and time-finders having the usual hour and minute hands,
the employment of a radiant consisting of a boss having twenty-four pointers,
the first being marked “0,” or “Prime-meridian," and the others consecutively
"1" to 23, each indicating, on the same twenty-four hour-dial, the hour in its
respective time-zone, and an equatorial circle attached to the underside of the
pointers, indicating the actual meridian, substantially as described, and for the
purpose set forth.
Dated this 44, low of Tonno 1000