IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR MOULDING AND COM- PRESSING SUBSTANCES FOR ARTIFICIAL FUEL
Year: 1868

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to George Anderson, of Northumberland Street,
Strand, in the County of Middlesex, Gas Engineer, for the
Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR MOULDING AND COM-
PRESSING SUBSTANCES FOR ARTIFICIAL FUEL."
Sealed the 21st August 1868, and dated the 3rd March 1868.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said George Anderson at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 3rd March 1868.
I, GEORGE ANDERSON, of Northumberland Street, Strand, in the
County of Middlesex, Gas Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the
said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR MOULDING AND
COMPRESSING SUBSTANCES FOR ARTIFICIAL FUEL," to be as follows:-
My Invention relates to improvements in apparatus for preparing,
moulding, and compressing substances for the manufacture of artificial
fuel.
The apparatus consists of a pug mill fixed in a horizontal position
on a vertical standard also forming part of the mill, the thrust journal
of the mill spindle closing one end is also fixed to said standard. The
spindle of the pug mill is provided with suitable mixing and propelling

page_text: arms for acting on the materials and has a pinion at its outer end,
receiving motion from an upper horizontal ram shaft mounted in
bearings at top of standards driven direct by the motive power employed,
said shaft being also provided with arms for mixing the materials as they
are introduced into the hopper of the pug mill. The horizontal shaft
above mentioned is further provided with an eccentric for operating
the up-and-down motion of a ram, the frame of which works in suitable
guides forming part of the vertical standard. The ram by the action
of the eccentric is caused to enter a series of orifices or moulds made
in a rotary mould table mounted at the lower part of the standard
for compressing the materials forced therein by the action of the pug
mill. This mould table has intermittent motion imparted by the aid
of a grooved cam on the ram shaft or otherwise for the purpose of
moving it forward the distance between the moulds during the
upward motion of the ram above the table. The moulds are provided
with false bottoms operated by a cam, also fixed on the end of ram
shaft in connection with a vertical spindle for the purpose of raising
the said false bottoms at the desired times on a level with the surface
of the mould table when a wiper is brought into operation for
removing the brick of moulded material, said wiper being turned one-
fourth of a revolution for the purpose by the aid of a pin on the cam
of the vertical spindle acting on a lever in connection therewith.
The breeze or any of the other materials which are to be used is
first filled into the hopper and also a continuous stream of tar, petroleum,
or other liquids run in which will be regulated to the quantity
required for the several kinds of materials that may be used in the
composition of the fuel. The arms secured to the ram shaft well mix
the materials as they are put into the hopper, which by the action of
the mixing and propelling arms secured to the mill spindle will be
thoroughly incorporated and forced through the nozzle pipe into the
moulds, and upon being filled will be moved forward underneath the
ram which in descending the lower half of its stroke compresses the
materials and forms the brick; and during the time the ram is in the
mould, the cam motion raises the brick previously made out of the
mould level with the top of the table, the wiper then comes into action
and wipes it off. When the materials used require heat to assist
their more thorough incorporation while passing through the mill,
the latter may be surrounded with a steam jacket to receive the exhaust
steam of the engine.

page_text: In a modified arrangement of moulding machine I use a single mould
composed of a movable steel thimble rising and falling on
a solid
bottom or plug fixed on a vertical standard. The ram in this case
works in a barrel formed on the casting closing the end of the pug
5 mill. The steel mould or thimble is raised or lowered by means of a
grooved cam having a toothed rack cast on its outer edge gearing with
a pinion actuating a vertical spindle and lever for removing the
moulded bricks and dusting the mould. This latter operation is
performed while the arm is removing the brick by dust boxes carried
on each end of the lever arm which is brought forward by the aid of
a pin on the ram barrel acting on pinions formed on the dust boxes
so as to bring the holes in their bottoms opposite those in the lever
arm and allow a portion of the dusting material to fall through into
the mould to prevent the brick adhering to it.
According to another plan I employ a double acting machine on
the same principle of moulding with steel thimbles as above described.
In this case the rams act horizontally while the materials are supplied
from a vertical pug mill. A strong bed plate is provided, to the raised
ends of which are fixed the solid ends of the moulds and also the
ram barrels. The pug mill is supported above the centre of bed plate,
the materials being supplied therefrom by two pipes. The shaft
operating on the ram by an eccentric passes up through the pug
mill, where it is provided with mixing arms, while motion is
imparted to the thimbles or moulds by a cam on the same shaft
acting alternately on the thimbles by means of suitable connecting
rods. The materials after being thoroughly incorporated in the mill
are forced through the pipes into the empty spaces which have been
left from the previous forward strokes of the rams, and the stroke of
the eccentric being equal to the thickness of two bricks, during the
time the rams are passing the last half of the return stroke and the
first half of the forward stroke the materials are being forced into the
empty spaces. When the rams are turning the centres on the return
stroke, the cam comes into action and moves the thimbles back on
the solid bottoms which have a spiral groove in each that receives a
pin fixed in each of the thimbles so that the thimbles turn one-fourth
of a revolution on the solid ends during the time they are moving
back to loosen the bricks from the bottom of the moulds and allow
them to fall clear when the thimbles are full back.

page_text: In a modified arrangement of this double acting machine I mount
the bed plate on a suitable frame and mount a vertical ram and mill
shaft at the centre, the ram barrels being fixed at either end of the
bed plate in a parallel line, and having flanges and ports on their top
sides on which is placed the pug mill provided with corresponding ports.
The rams are operated alternately by one eccentric while the driving
wheel is fixed on the vertical shaft below the bed plate. The materials
will be thoroughly incorporated by the time they reach the bottom
of the mill, when they are forced through the ports by the propelling
arms and press on the top of the rams during the time the rams are
in the barrels, and as the rams on the return stroke will leave the
ports fully open the materials will be forced into the empty spaces
left by the return stroke of the ram, and being pushed forward by the
ram will be compressed sufficiently by the resistance arising from the
friction against the sides of the barrels.
Lastly, I will describe a single acting hand machine on the same
principle as that last described, in which the bed plate is of V form in
plan, the ram barrel being mounted at one end and the eccentric
and driving shafts at the forked end. The ram barrel has two ports
on the top at the ram end, one communicating with the hopper
containing the fuel materials and the other with a smaller hopper in
which is placed any dry powder to be supplied in front of the ram
when at its extreme backward position to prevent the materials from
adhering thereto while being compressed. The ram is connected by
a crosshead to the strap of eccentric being guided at bottom in suitable
grooves in the bed plate. The materials after being placed in the
hopper are forced into the ram barrel by a screw and then compressed
by the forward motion of the ram and the resistance arising from the
friction of the sides.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, a
filed by the said George Anderson in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 2nd September 1868.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, GEORGE
ANDERSON, of Northumberland Street, Strand, in the County of
Middlesex, Gas Engineer, send greeting.
30

page_text: WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Third day of March, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight, in the thirty-
first year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give
and grant unto me, the said George Anderson, Her special licence
that I, the said George Anderson, my executors, administrators, and
assigns, or such others as I, the said George Anderson, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with and no
others, from time to time, and at all times thereafter during the term
therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise,
and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,
the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for " IMPROVE-
MENTS IN APPARATUS FOR MOULDING AND COMPRESSING SUBSTANCES FOR ARTI-
FICIAL FUEL," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said
George Anderson, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in
writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should
particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and
in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same
to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months
next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said George Anderson, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is
to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement, reference being had to the three Sheets
of Drawings hereunto annexed, and to the letters and figures marked
thereon (that is to say): :-
My Invention relates to apparatus for preparing, moulding, and
compressing substances for the manufacture of artificial fuel.
Figure 1 of the Drawings shows a front view of one arrangement of
apparatus of my Invention, Figure 2 a plan, Figure 3 a longitudinal
vertical section, and Figure 4 a horizontal section of same.
A is a vertical standard to which a pug mill B is fixed in a horizontal
position carrying a spindle C provided with suitable mixing and pro-
pelling arms for acting on the materials, the thrust journal of said
spindle C closing the end of the mill, as seen at a in the standard A.
The mill spindle C carries a pinion D at its outer end, receiving motion
from a pinion E on an upper horizontal shaft F mounted in bearings
at the top of the standard A. and driven direct from any source of power.

page_text: This shaft F, which is mounted across the mouth or hopper of the
pug mill B, and is also provided with arms for mixing the materials as
they are introduced. The horizontal shaft F carries an eccentric G at
its front end mounted in a frame H fitted to work up and down on
guides I cast on the vertical standards A. This frame H carries the
ram or plunger K, which by the action of eccentric G is caused to
enter successively a series of orifices or moulds 6 in a rotating mould
table L fixed at the lower part of the vertical standard A, as seen.
The ram K in descending compresses the materials, which are forced
into the moulds b, b, by the action of the arms on the pug mill spindle
through the pipe or channel c seen more clearly in the horizontal section
Figure 4.
Figure 5 shows a separate plan of the gearing for producing an
intermittent rotary motion of the mould table L of just sufficient extent
to bring each of the moulds containing the materials in succession
under the plunger K. This gearing consists of a grooved cam d
mounted on the driving shaft F, Figure 3, in which cam works a pin
or stud carried on the end of a lever e mounted on the standard A. and
connected by a rod and crank at its other end to a ratchet escapement
on the upper end of the vertical spindle f of the mould table, serving
to hold the latter rigidly in position when moulding. The parts are
so arranged that during the time the ram K is rising upwards from
the table L by the action of the eccentric G said table is rotated or
moved forward a sufficient distance by the aid of the gearing above
mentioned in readiness for the ram to enter the next mould, and
so on.
Various other modes of producing the intermittent motion of the
mould table may, however, be adopted in lieu of that shown and
described. The moulds b are provided with false bottoms b¹ for raising
the brick out of the mould to a level with the surface of the table L,
from which it is removed by the wiper R. This is effected in the
following manner-g is a lever arm pivotted at one end to the
standard A, at the other to a vertical spindle h. At the lower
end of spindle h is fixed a bracket h¹ over which the false bottoms b¹
of the moulds pass successively. i is a cam keyed on shaft F, which
on being rotated raises the lever arm g and consequently the spindle h
and bracket h¹ each time a mould arrives over the latter; k is a pin
on cam i, which on the latter being rotated comes in contact with

page_text: an arm pivoted at one end to the lever arm g and communicating
as shown with an arm on spindle h for imparting partial rotary motion
to the latter at the same time that it is raised, and to wiper R for
removing the brick, spindle h, which slides up and down in wiper R,
being prevented from turning therein by means of a rib or feather
formed on it. The wiper R is returned to its position by a projection m
passing down a spiral guide n on the descent of spindle h, which is
thereby rotated in the opposite direction.
The following is the action of the apparatus:-The breeze or any
of the other materials which are to be used is first filled into the hopper
and also a continuous stream of tar, petroleum, or other liquids run
in which will be regulated to the quantity required for the several
kinds of materials that may be used in the composition of the fuel,
the arms secured to the ram shaft F well mixing the materials as
they are put into the hopper, which materials by the action of the
mixing and propelling arms secured to mill spindle C will be thoroughly
incorporated and forced through the pipe c into the moulds b, and
upon being filled will be moved forward underneath the ram K, which
in descending the lower half of its stroke compresses the materials
and forms the brick, and during the time the ram is in the mould
the cam motion i raises the brick previously made out of the mould
level with the top of the table L. The wiper R then comes into action,
and removes it off, as before described.
When the materials used require heat to assist their more thorough
incorporation while passing through the mill the latter may be surround-
ed with a steam jacket to receive the exhaust steam of the engine, as
will be herein-after referred to.
Figure 6 shows a vertical section, Figure 7 a plan, and Figure 8
an end view of a modified arrangement of moulding machine of my
Invention, while Figures 9, 10, 11, and 12 show detached parts herein-
after referred to. In this machine I use only one mould consisting
of a steel thimble M rising and falling on a solid bottom or plug M¹
fixed to the vertical standard A. B is the pug mill; C, mill shaft;
D, E, toothed gearing; F, driving shaft; and G, eccentric, as before;
K is the ram, which in this case works up and down in a barrel and
guide K' formed in one casting with the step a of mill spindle closing
the end of the mill B. E, F, worm and wheel for transmitting motion
from the engine to the machine. The steel mould or thimble M is

page_text: raised and lowered by means of a grooved cam N, Figure 9, formed
in one with the eccentric G mounted on shaft F and having rack
teeth cast on its outer edge gearing with a pinion N¹ on the upper
end of a vertical spindle N turning in bearings on standard A. The
spindle N has a pin O running in the groove of cam N, by the aid of
which the thimble M mounted on a part P on the lower end of said
spindle is raised or lowered therewith on the solid bottom or plug M
before mentioned. The spindle N is further provided with a lever
arm Q, which serves to remove the brick off the bottom M, and also
for dusting the mould. This motion is obtained by the rack C' on
cam N coming into gear with the pinion N' so as to turn the spindle N,
to which the lever arm Q is fixed, half a revolution.
The apparatus for removing the bricks is separately represented at
Figure 10, and also on an enlarged scale in plan and section Figures 11
and 12. The lever arm Q is provided with a dust box or receptacle d¹
at either end, recessed therein as shown and provided with teeth around
their upper edge gearing with a pinion e¹ which on the rotation of
the lever arm is brought in contact with a pin seen in Figure 8 fixed
on the ram barrel so as to slightly turn the box d¹ and cause the
perforations in the bottom to coincide with those of the lever arm Q
and admit of a portion of the powder contained falling through on
passing over the mould in removing the brick, so as to prevent the
material adhering thereto. The apparatus being thus arranged the
materials pass through the mill B in a similar manner to that before
described, being forced into the ram barrel K' by the screws or
other means during the time the ram K is ascending the upper half
of the return stroke and the first half of the down stroke. After the
ram has compressed the materials in the mould the cam N comes into
action and forces the steel thimble M down till its upper surface is
level with the solid bottom M', leaving the brick free to be removed
by the arm Q, which comes into action the moment the thimble M
is brought down by the cam, all as herein-before described.
Figure 13 of the Drawings shows a part sectional elevation, and
Figure 14 a plan of a double acting machine on the same principle of
moulding with steel thimbles above described. A is a strong cast-iron
bed plate having raised ends, to which are secured the solid bottoms
B, B, of the steel thimbles or moulds B2, B3, as also the ram barrels
C¹, C¹. A vertical ram shaft D' is mounted at the centre of the bed

page_text: plate A' turning in bearings a', c', which is continued upwards to form
the spindle E of the vertical pug mill F2 supported by brackets G', G',
above the bed plate as seen, said spindle being provided with mixing
arms as before; H', H', are pipes for conveying the materials from
mill F to the ram barrels C₁; I eccentric mounted on ram shaft D'
which is driven by a bevil wheel fixed thereon below the bed plate at f¹.
The bush or eccentric I' is fitted to work in a frame I', said eccentric
alternately projecting the rams C2, C3, into the moulds for the purpose
of compressing the materials; K² is a cam on ram shaft for giving
motion to the thimbles or moulds B2, such motion being transmitted
alternately to said thimbles by means of the frames L', seen separately
in plan at Figure 15 together with cam K³.
The action of the apparatus is as follows:-The materials after being
thoroughly incorporated in the mill Fe are forced through the pipes H'
into the empty spaces in the ram barrels C¹ which have been left from
the previous forward strokes of the rams C and the stroke of the
eccentric I being equal to the thickness of two bricks, during the time
the rams are passing the last half of the return stroke and the first
half of the forward stroke the materials are being forced into the empty
spaces. When the rams are turning the centre on the return stroke
the cam K comes into action and moves the thimbles B back on the
solid bottoms B₁ which have a spiral groove g¹, g', in each that receives
a pin h¹ fixed in each of the thimbles, whereby they are caused to turn
one quarter of a revolution during the time they are moving back to
loosen the bricks from the bottom of the moulds and allow them to
fall clear when the thimbles are full back.
Figure 16 shows a sectional elevation; Figure 17 a plan, and
Figure 18 an end view of a modified arrangement of double action
machine provided as before with two horizontal rams combined with a
vertical pug mill. In this machine A is the bed plate, as before
resting on a wood foundation, and with which is cast the guide brackets
G for ram frame and the vertical ram and mill shaft D¹, E'. The ram
barrels C are made parallel throughout their length and are fixed at
each end of the bed plate A' having flanges on their top sides on which
rest the pug mill F. The ram barrels C' are further provided with
ports K' corresponding with similar ports in the bottom of the pug
mill for the exit of the materials. The eccentric I works in a square
bush in frame I' and serves to operate both rams C² alternately, the

page_text: motion being imparted by a bevilled wheel R fixed on the ram shaft
below the bed plate; R' is the driving pinion in connection with the
power employed for setting the apparatus in motion; t is a vertical
rod or feeder provided with a spring for keeping it down, and working
up and down in guides for assisting the passage of the moulding
materials into the ram barrel C₁. It is raised by one of the mixing
arms of the pug mill coming in contact with an inclined plane t' fixed
to rod t; X is a steam jacket surrounding the pug mill F receiving
the exhaust steam from the engine for heating the moulding materials
if required, and thereby assist their thorough incorporation in passing
through the mill; Figure 19 shows a separate plan of the moulding
gear.
The action of the apparatus is as follows:-The materials will be
thoroughly incorporated by the time they reach the bottom of the mill
F when they are forced through the ports K' by the propelling arms,
and press on the top of the rams C during the time the rams are in
the barrels C', and as the rams on the return stroke will leave the ports
fully open the materials will be forced into the empty spaces left by
the return stroke of the ram, and the materials being pushed forward by
the ram will be compressed sufficiently by the resistance arising from
the friction against the sides of the barrels.
Lastly. Figure 20 shows a vertical section%; Figure 21 a plan,
Figures 22 and 23 end views of a single acting machine on the same
principle as that last described in whicn I make the bed plate A¹ of Y
form in plan, the ram barrel S being mounted at one end and the
eccentric and driving shafts S¹, S³, at the other and forked end. The
ram barrel S has two ports m, m³, on the top side, port m communicating
with the hopper T containing the materials for forming the fuel and
port m¹ with a smaller hopper T in which is placed any suitable dry
powder supplied in front of the ram U when in its extreme backward
position to prevent the materials from adhering to its end while being
compressed. The ram U is connected by a crosshead U₁ to the strap
of eccentric U³, said crosshead running in suitable guides on the bed plate
A¹; V, driving wheel on eccentric shaft S¹ gearing with pinion V' on
hand shaft S. The materials after being placed in the hopper are
forced into the ram barrel by a screw not shown, and then compressed
by the forward motion of the ram and by the resistance arising from the
friction of the sides of the ram barrel as in the preceding instance.

page_text: Having described the nature of my Invention, and the manner of
performing the same I declare that what I claim as my Invention to
be protected by the herein-before in part recited Letters Patent is,-
The several arrangements of apparatus for preparing, moulding, and
compressing substances for artificial fuel herein-before described and
represented in the accompanying Drawings or any mere modifications
of the same.
In witness whereof, I, the said George Anderson, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Tenth day of August, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight.
GEORGE ANDERSON. (L.S.)