IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR DIGGING, REAPING, MOWING, AND PERFORMING CERTAIN AGRICULTURAL OPERATIONS, AND FOR CUTTING DRAINS AND EXCAVATING: PARTLY APPLICABLE TO ARRANGEMENTS FOR COM- MUNICATING MOTION FOR OTHER PURPOSES
Year: 1858

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Pierre Philippe Celestin Barrat and Jean Baptiste
Barrat, of 33, Bard St. Martin, Paris, in the Empire of France, for the
Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR DIGGING, REAPING, MOWING,
AND PERFORMING CERTAIN AGRICULTURAL OPERATIONS, AND FOR CUTTING
DRAINS AND EXCAVATING: PARTLY APPLICABLE TO ARRANGEMENTS FOR COM-
MUNICATING MOTION FOR OTHER PURPOSES."
Sealed the 21st December 1858, and dated the 30th June 1858.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Pierre Philippe Celestin
Barrat and Jean Baptiste Barrat at the Office of the Commissioners of
Patents, with their Petition, on the 30th June 1858.
We, PIERRE PHILIPPE CELESTIN BARRAT, and JEAN BAPTISTE BARRAT, of
33, Bard S. Martin, Paris, in the Empire of France, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR DIGGING,
REAPING, MOWING, AND PERFORMING CERTAIN AGRICULTURAL OPERATIONS, AND FOR
CUTTING DRAINS AND EXCAVATING; PARTLY APPLICABLE TO ARRANGEMENTS FOR
COMMUNICATING MOTION FOR OTHER PURPOSES," to be as follows:-
This Invention relates chiefly to machinery to be worked by steam for
agricultural purposes, such as digging, mellowing, and cleaning land, reaping
and mowing; also for excavating cuttings, trenches, drains, and other works.
Our machinery carries a steam engine and proper tools, and is so contrived
that the steam may propel it along, and at the same time work the tools.
It may serve as a locomotive for traction or as a carriage, or (removing
the connections of its driving shaft with the wheels) as a stationary engine.
A single steam cylinder will suffice, but two may be used, and motion is
thence communicated to an intermediate driving shaft which actuates pro-
Price 8d 1

page_text: pelling wheels through proper connections, and likewise works through other
connections, cranks to which the tools are attached.
Earth, &c., thrown up, may be cast back direct or lifted on to an inclined
platform or an endless apron, and projected laterally. A frame supported by
the propelling wheels and driving or intermediate shaft may carry parts
transmitting motion to those wheels. The feed tank is under the boiler
between the large wheels, and the fire-place over the fore carriage wheels,
whereby length is reduced, weight well distributed; chain wheels avoided, and
the driver can stand at the side, a railed platform being provided for him
supported on each side the boiler, before the fire-place and between the
large wheels. The intermediate shaft being under the boiler, force is well
distributed between propelling wheels and tools, which arrangement may
be applied with any locomotive having one or more horizontal or vertical
cylinders. A short frame may be connected to the machine to carry the
tools, having screws and bevil wheels for raising and lowering them, and
parts for distributing earth, &c.
For throwing the wheels into and out of gear, their naves carry toothed
pieces engaging with clutches, their peripheries have cross ribs for biting
the ground.
A bolt passes through the axle, connecting it to a forked bearing to accom-
modate the fore wheels to surface undulations. The large wheels may be
behind the smoke-box, and fore-carriage wheels behind and beneath the
boiler, and a single fore wheel used in small machines. To turn the machine
or alter its direction, a toothed plate worked by a handle is made to actuate
and guide the fore-carriage wheels. Bevil and worm wheels, and screw or
combinations of bevil wheels and pinions may impart continuous motion to
the wheels, so that they move along regularly as the tools act, or by means of
an intermediate toothed wheel (on a shaft (held in blocks on the driving shaft
and propelling wheels' axle) gearing with a pinion on the driving shaft, and
carrying a stud, which at every revolution moves a wheel (on the propelling
wheels' axle) one tooth; the tools may act on one spot twice or oftener for every
revolution of driving shaft. The distance of the tools from the ground may be
regulated by a shaft having bearings travelling in guide grooves worked by an
arm combined with bevell pinions and jointed screws. In one arrangement
there is a tool carrying frame, the intermediate shaft being cranked.
For throwing parts into and out of action, a rod travelling in guide tubes
'may beactuated by levers engaging and disengaginga clutch mounted on tubes
on which are the shafts, bearings, and a chain wheel at one end, and a fly and
chain wheel at the other; this arrangement may be applied to other machines:

page_text: The driving shaft cranks may be thrown in and out of gear through the fly-
wheel by moving studs into and out of slots in the crank which is carried
along with them.
The forks, spades, picks, or other tools used, may have alternating, con-
tinuous, intermittent, &c. motion, and are jointed or otherwise connected to
cranks or shanks, or to a tool carrier, and placed in single or in double rows,
the front shorter than the back, with a space between exceeding the thickness
of earth to be broken, so that that detached by the front row will fall over
when drawn back and divide land into two layers. Tools acting by pressure
may be so mounted that the back row may finish cutting when the front begins.
Tools cutting in consecutively or at different times divide the ground into
layers. For opening trenches we propose a tool consisting of a curved or
concave rod ending in a pick, the inclined edges of which form two sides of a
triangle while the prongs carry two plates meeting at an angle forming a
shovel; jointed or hinged tools may be used to allow of resilience on the
shanks. A curved tray may receive the earth drawn up, trailing on the
ground, resting on the tool driving shaft, and kept from tilting up by springs;
or an endless travelling web may be employed. Springs and elastic washers
are used to mitigate shocks. In one arrangement the shaft drives through
chain wheel aud pinion a cranked shaft, which transmits to rocking levers a
horizontal and to cranks a vertical reciprocating action, which twofold motion
is imparted to the tools, and the cranks being right angled the work is divided
into two actions. The parts may be brought under or curved back for
turning soil over. For digging, the shanks may be shortened and worked by
rotary action,the crank shaft moving each pick consecutively; the tool carrier
and rod are kept parallel to the ground by bars; crank arrangements may
communicate alternating action to tools, the earth being thrown up by one
while broken by another. Right angled cranks on the same plane may carry
fork and spade alternately, a stop restricting the stroke (for cleaning them).
Two tool carrier shafts, one above the other, may be linked by a slotted tie,
the top row of cranks being curved and loose on their shafts change the
tools direction on reaching the dead point; the tool is vertical till it cuts
in, when it slightly curves; on straightening, the loose crank is not carried
on, but the bottom crauk still moves,carrying the tool with it,and is brought
back by a spring. Slotted tool shanks may be carried by cranks and guided
by a fixed shaft. Two rows of tools on an upper and lower shaft may work
by horizontal and vertical action alternately, or there may be two shafts, one
over the other, each with a crank, one on the left, the other on the right, such
Cranks being attached by rods to cranks on one and the same driving shaft to

page_text: impart alternating action to the tools. The cranks may be engaged aud
disengaged by forming them with a curved slot, and linking them with other
cranks lor se on a shaft (under the boiler) carrying crank and lever with studs,
against which on lifting the lever, the loose cranks bear, and keep the tools
raised.
For some excavations the tools are set angularly to each other, and for
slopes and ridges are placed on the same side of the machine, obliquely to
the axis, to collect earth from sides towards centre. The tools may be
worked reciprocatingly by cranks held at top by fore and aft shafts
supporting shanks parallel to the ground.
The machinery may be adapted for being driven by horse or animal
traction instead of steam, the parts being connected, motion may be com-
municated from the propelling wheels instead of working the latter by the
driving shaft.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent
filed by the said Pierre Philippe Celestin Barrat and Jean Baptiste
Barrat in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 29th December 1858.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, wc, PIERRE
PHILIPPE CELESTIN BARRAT and JEAN BAPTISTE BARRAT, of 33, Bard St. Martin.
Paris, in the Empire of France, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Thirtieth day of June, in the year of our Lord
one thousand eight hundred and fifty-eight, in the twenty-second year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto us, the
said Pierre Philippe Celestin Barrat and Jean Baptiste Barrat, Her special
licence that we, the said Pierre Philippe Celestin Barrat and Jean Baptiste
Barrat, our executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as we,
the said Pierre Philippe Celestin Barrat and Jean Baptiste Barrat,
our executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with,
and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the
term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel
Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY
FOR DIGGING, REAPING MOWING, AND PERFORMING CERTAIN AGRICULTURAL OPERA-
TIONS, AND FOR CUTTING DRAINS AND EXCAVATING ; PARTLY APPLICABLE TO
ARRANGEMENTS FOR COMMUNICATING MOTION FOR OTHER PURPOSES," upon the

page_text: condition (amongst others) that we, the said Pierre Philippe Celestin Barrat
and Jean Baptiste Barrat, our executors or administrators, by an instru-
ment in writing under our or their hands and seals, or under the hand and
seal of one of us or them,should particularly describe and ascertain the nature
of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and
cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said Pierre Philippe Celestin Barrat
and Jean Baptiste Barrat, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention, and in what manner the saine is to be performed, to be par-
ticularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement thereof,
reference being had to the Drawings, and to the letters and figures marked
thereon, that is to say:-
This Invention relates chiefly to machinery worked by steam for agricultural
purposes, such as digging, mellowing, and cleaning land, reaping and mowing,
also for excavating cuttings, trenches,drains, and other works. Our machinery
carries a steam engine and proper tools, and is so contrived that the steam
may propel it along and at the same time work the tools. It may serve as
a locomotive for traction, or as a carriage, or (removing the connections of
its driving shaft with the wheels) as a stationary engine. A single steam
cylinder will suffice, but two may be used,and motion is thence communicated
to an intermediate driving shaft, which actuates the propelling wheels through
proper connections, and likewise works through other connections cranks to
which tools are attached. Earth thrown up may be cast back direct or lifted
on to an inclined platform or an endless apron and projected laterally. A
frame supported by the propelling wheels and driving or intermediate shaft
may carry parts for transmitting motion to those wheels. The feed tank is
under the boiler between the large wheels and the fire-place over the fore-
carriage wheels, whereby length is reduced, weight well distributed, chain
wheels avoided, and the driver can stand at the side, a railed platform being
provided for him, supported on each side the boiler, before the fire-place and
between the large wheels. The intermediate shaft being under the boiler,
force is properly distributed between propelling wheels and tools, which
arrangement may be applied with any locomotive having one or more hori-
zontal or vertical cylinders. A short frame may be connected to the machine
to carry the tools, having screws and bevil wheels for raising and lowering
them,and parts for distributing earth,&c. For throwing the wheels into and
out of gear, their naves carry toothed pieces engaging with clutches; their
peripheries have cross ribs for biting the ground. A bolt passing through the

page_text: axle attaches it to forked bearing to accommodate the fore wheels to surface
undulations. The large wheels may be behind the smoke box, and the fore
carriage wheels behind and beneath the boiler, and a single fore wheel used
in small machines. To turn the machine or alter its direction, a toothed
plate worked by a handle is made to actuate and guide the fore carriage
wheels. Bevil and worm wheels and screw, or combinations of gear wheels
and pinions, may impart continuous motion to the wheels so that they move
along regularly as the tools act, or the tools may be caused to act on one spot
twice.or oftener for every revolution of the driving shaft by means of an
intermediate toothed wheel (on a shaft held in blocks on the driving shaft
and propelling wheels' axle) gearing with a pinion on the driving shaft and
carrying a stud, which at every revolution moves a wheel on the propelling
wheels' axle one tooth. The distance of the tools from the ground may be
regulated by a shaft having bearings travelling in guide grooves, worked by
an arm combined with bevil pinions and jointed screws.
In one arrange-
ment there is a tool-carrying frame, and the intermediate shaft is cranked.
For throwing parts into and out of action, a rod travelling in guide tubes
may be actuated by levers engaging and disengaging a clutch mounted on
tubes, on which are the shafts' bearings, a chain wheel being at one end and
a fly and a chain wheel at the other. This arrangement may be applied to
other machines. The driving shaft cranks may be thrown in and out of gear
through the fly wheel by moving studs into and out of slots in the crank
which is carried along with them. The forks, spades, picks, or other tools
used may have alternating, continuous, intermittent, &c. motion, and are
jointed or otherwise connected to cranks or shanks, or to a tool carrier, and
may be placed in single or in double rows, the front shorter than the back,with
a space between exceeding the thickness of earth to be broken, so that the
layer detached by the front row will fall over when drawn back, and divide
the earth into two layers. Tools acting by pressure may be so mounted that
the back row may finish cutting when the front begins. Tools cutting in
consecutively or at different intervals divide the ground into layers. For
opening trenches we propose a tool consisting of a curved or concave rod
ending in a pick, the inclined edges of which form two sides of a triangle
while the prongs carry two plates meeting at an angle, forming a shovel
Jointed or hinged tools may be used to allow of resilience on the shanks
A curved tray may receive the earth thrown up, trailing on the ground, and
supported by the tool-driving shaft, and kept from tilting up by springs, o
an endless travelling web may be employed. Springs and elastic washers ar
used to mitigate shocks. In one arrangement the shaft drives, through chain

page_text: wheel and pinion, a cranked shaft, which transmits to rocking levers a hori-
zontal, and to cranks a reciprocating, action, which twofold motion is
imparted to the tools, and the cranks being right-angled the work is divided
into two actions. The parts may be brought under or curved back for
turning soil over. For digging, the shanks may be shortened and worked by
rotary action, the cranked shaft moving each pick consecutively; the tool
carrier and rod are kept parallel to the ground by bars. Crank arrangements
may communicate alternate action to the tools, the earth being thrown up by
one while broken by another. In one arrangement right-angled cranks on
the same plane may carry fork and spade alternately, a stop restricting the
stroke; or two tool-carrier shafts, one above the other, mey be employed,
linked by a slotted tie; the top row of cranks being curved and loose on their
shafts change the tool's direction. On reaching the dead point the tool is
vertical till it cuts in, when it slightly curves; on straightening or righting
the loose crank is not carried on, but the bottom crank still moves, carrying
the tool with it, and is brought back by a spring; or slotted tool-shanks
may be employed; carried by cranks, and guided by a fixed shaft; or there
may be two rows of tools on an upper and lower shaft, working by hori-
zontal and vertical action alternately; or there may be two shafts, one over
the other, each with a crank, one on the left, the other on the right, such
cranks being attached by rods to cranks on the same driving shaft to impart
alternating action to the tools. The cranks may be engaged and disengaged
by forming them with a curved slot, and linking them with others loose
on a shaft (under the boiler), carrying crank and lever with studs, against
which, on lifting the lever, the loose cranks bear, and keep the tools raised.
For some excavating purposes the toots are set angularly to each other, and
for slopes and ridges are placed on the same side of the machine obliquely
to the axis to collect earth from the sides towards the centre. The tools
may be worked reciprocatingly by cranks held at top by fore-and-aft shafts
supporting shanks parallel to the ground.
The machinery may be adapted for being driven by horse or animal traction
instead of by steam; the parts being connected, motion may be communicated
from the propelling wheels instead of working the latter by the driving shaft.
We now proceed more fully to exemplify our said Invention, and the
manner of performing the same, by reference to the accompanying Drawings.
DESCRIUTION OF Un DRAWINce

page_text: from a boiler or generator 2, and transmitting motion from its piston by
connecting rod 105 to shaft 106, carrying fly wheel 109, and also acting
by connecting arms 112 and 115 ou cranks 114, 115, at right angles on one
and the same shaft 116, which we call the intremediate shaft, and which
on the one hand actuates the axle 122 of the propelling wheels 45 through
gear wheels 136 and screw 134, mounted on shaft 133 (or by other con-
nections), and on the other hand this shaft actuates the tool carriers by means
of connecting arms 242 communicating a recipr cating action to cranks 237,
which motion is thus communicated to the tools, and may be con verted into the
desired description of motion for mellowing the laud, digging and throwing it
up. Figure 12 is a vertical section of the boiler, the peculiarity whereof
consists in the position of the furnace 12 directly over the fore carriage wheels.
We prefer to use a return-flue tubular boiler instead of the description shewn,
because the upper side of the furnace is less exposed, which is an advantage
in irregular soils. 43 is a toothed boss on the propelling wheels, engaging
toothed clutches 44 for connecting and'disconnecting these wheels; and cross
ribs are bolted on the tyres, to cause them to bite the soil., The axle 46 las
a bolt hole 49 (Figures 11 and 12, Sheet I,) in which a bolt 51 is passed to
connect the fore carriage to the forked bearing 50, to accommodate the
wheels to undulations of soil. To turn the fore carriage and change the
direction of progress, we work a handle 129 (Figure 15), which transmits
motion to a toothed plate or rack 124 through connections, such as 125, 126
127, 128, and 13C, which causes the fore carriage wheels to take an inclined
direction in respect of the axis and changes the direction as desired.
Continuous motion may be transmitted to the wheels by (1st) two bevil
wheels, screw and worm wheel, as shown in Figure 15, 16, 17, Sheet I.;
(2nd,) two toothed wheels and three pinions; (3rd,) two spur wheels and
two pinions; (4th,) two bevil wheels and two bevil piuions. Or intermittent
progressive motion may be communicated, (as, for example, when a very hard
soil has to be mellowed or numerous roots destroyed), by employing the
arrangement represented in Figures 9 and 10, where the shaft 116 carries a
pinion 151, and the axle 122 a toothed wheel 153, having teeth set at suitable
distances apart.
142 are two bars, resting on shaft 116 and axle 122, and
supporting the shaft of an intermediate wheel 152 in gear with a pinion 151
and formed with a stud or projection, which at every turn of the wheel 152,
causes wheel 153 to advance one tooth, so that by suitable relative combination
and arrangement of pinion 151, wheel 152, and teeth of wheel 153, the
machine may be moved forward once for every two, three, or four, or more
revolutions of the driving shaft, and the tools be thus caused to act on the soil

page_text: twice, thrice, or oftener at the same spot. To raise and depress the tools to
or from the ground, the shaft 158 (Figure 16) is placed in bearing blocks 157,
free to travel up and down in slotted guides 156, and capable of being raised
simultaneously by the handle 163, which actuates, through bevil pinions
161, 164, two jointed screw rods 159, placed above the bearings 157.
Figures 1 and 2, elevation and plan, shew a complete machine; the frame,
shewn detached in Figures 5 and 6, is intended to support the steam engine
and tools. In this arrangement the driving shaft 18 (Fig. 18) is cranked,
receives motion from the connecting rods 17 of the pistons in cylinders 15,
and is supported by bearing plates 27 and 28 (Figures 2, 18, and 45,) on
which are two tubes 78 resting on supports 80, and acting as guides to a
rod 79, which may be moved by levers 81, 82, oscillating on their contre 88,
so as at the same time to engage or disengage the clutch or coupling 89 on
the tubes 92, 95.
Figure 45 shews detailed the parts for driving the tools and the mode
of mounting them on the shaft 210; the wheel 24 receives rotary motion
from the driving shaft by means of a stud 215 fixed thereon, which slides in a
groove formed in rocking levers 212, and which motion is converted, in
respect of shaft 210, into horizontal oscillating motion on the shaft 158 by the
connecting rod 214 and crank 221; this motion is combined with that of the
shaft round its axis, thus allowing the tools to cut in, if any impediment
should be offered to them, an india-rubber packing inserted at 208 and 205
causing them to give under pressure only yielding to great resistance. Now
the tubes 92, 95, (Fig. 18,) are surrounded by bearings 95, placed on a
guard plate fixed on bars 26; the tube 95 supports at one end of the frame
a chain wheel, while the tube 92 supports the corresponding chain wheel
and a fly wheel 97. This arrangement for connecting and disconnecting
parts or throwing them into or out of action, may be applied to other
descriptions of apparatus and machinery generally.
Figure 4, Sheet I, shews an arrangement for engaging and disengaging,
through fly wheel 98, the cranks 97 on the driving shaft 18, cause studs 99
to move to and fro and enter orifices in crank 97, so as to draw it along
with them. The shaft 18 transmits motion to the wheels through bevil
gear wheels 67, 68 (Figure 2), shaft 69, and screw 70 (Figure 1), and actuates
the working tools by a chain 25 or other mechanical means, according as
the motion is to be reciprocating, continuous, intermittent, &c.
Among the tools which we employ are picks or mattocks, forks, and
spades, which strike into the soil by a blow or by pressure, shovels for
throwing up the mellowed earth, &c.

page_text: Figures 5, 6, 15, 16, and 17, Sheet 1, represent various tools formed with
one, two, three, or more branches, and fitted on the machine.
Figure 46,(Sheet 3,) shews one of the percussive action tools detached, with
the handle removed. For mellowing extensive layers of earth, and dividing
them vertically into fractions, we employ a series of tools 181, 182, 183, 184,
to act thereon consecutively, mounted on a common shank, as in Figure 50
or in Fig. 1, according as the machine is moving in or contrary to the
direction of the work to be performed.
Figures 7 and 8, (Sheet I,) exemplify an arrangement of shanks 176 for
picks, hoes, &c. Spades may be fixed to a tool carrier or fitted directly on
cranks which drive them, as shewn in Figures 15, 16, and 17; the tools may
be fitted singly on each shank, but it is preferred to set them in two rows, as
shewn, those of the front row being shorter than those of the back, with a
space between greater than the thickness of the layer of earth to be detached"
by the tool. By this arrangement the layer detached by the front row is
thrown over on itself, when the tool draws it back, and the earth is divided
into two layers, one higher than the other. For tools acting by pressure, the
tool carrier should be so arranged that the back row of spades may finish
cutting into the soil when the front row has just begun. Picks for opening
trenches or cuttings for drains may be arranged as in Figures 23,24, and 25,
Sheet 2. The pick 185 performs a twofold operation of cutting into the soil
and throwing up the mellowed earth. This implement consists of a concave
rod 186, fixed to the tool carrier, and terminating in a pick, the inclined edges
of which form the two sides of a triangle, the apex uppermost; the tool ends
in three arms, which support two sheet-iron plates 187, so connected as to
form two sides of a triangle with the angle behind, so as to act as a sort of
shovel, this mode is analogous to that shewn in Figures 54,55; the crank 227
con:municating motion to the driving shaft describing a certain angle; the
crank arm 243 describes the same angle, being keyed on the same axis. On
coming in contact with the soil, the tool turns on its axis 244 until projection
248 meets stud 249, when the tool enters ; its weight and the spring 246 bring
it back to its original place, the extreme position maintained by the stud.
For throwing up earth, tools such as shown in Figure 29 may be used so
jointed as to yield slightly on the shank when going down to take up a fresh
lot of earth. In Figures 23 and 25 the shovel throws the earth on to a tray or
plate 188, having just the suitable curve trailing at the bottom 19; on the
ground, and fixed at 191 to shanks 190, which rest on the tool-driving shaft.
198 are springs resting on the shanks 190, to prevent them from being lifted
up when the spades raise the earth from the bottom of the cutting. The earth

page_text: may be thrown on to inclined platforms, which cast it over one or both sides
of the apparatus. Figures 52 and 53 show an arrangement of endless web,
working on chains 290, over rollers 288, and 289, for carrying the earth as it
travels on the roller 288, driven by connections 287, 286, 28, 284, actuated
by cranked shaft 106, carrying fly wheels 109. To prevent damage from
obstructions in the soil, steel box or band springs and india-rubber washers
are used. Machinery for mellowing and raising earth is exemplified in
Figures 1, 2, 7, and 8, shewing a digging arrangement by means of cranked
shaft and cranks having rotary action. The driving shaft transmits motion to
chain wheels 23 and 24 by the chain 25, the wheel 24 causing the shaft 218
to revolve, which by its cranks imparts to-and-fro action to levers 212, and
up-and-down motion to cranks 221, so that the tool shanks partake of this
compound motion as the cranks are at right angles on the tool driving shaft,
so that the work is effected in two actions or intervals. Figures 21 and 22
shew an arrangement for breaking and throwing up earth similar to the
preceding, except that it is turned round or brought under, whereby the length
of the frame may be reduced as indicated in dotted lines, Figure 1. The
picks push back the earth just detached, bring the lower layer of earth to the
surface, and throw the upper layer to the bottom. By doing away with the
elastic pad (which allows resilience of the shanks on the carrying shaft),
shortening the shanks, and placing two rows of picks thereon, they will cut in
by pressure, and may be used for digging. If spades are used instead of the
picks, Figures 21 and 22, the machine will be adapted for raising or throwing
up mellowed land. In this case the machine should move in a direction
opposite to that when used for digging, i.e, when the picks Figure 25 are
employed. Arotary digging arrangement is represented in Figures 19 and 20.
The cranked shaft, in revolving, sets each of the picks in motion consecutively.
Two guide rods keep the tool carrier and the rod 227 parallel to the
surface of the soil, thus facilitating the cutting-in action of the tools.
Figures 15, 16, and 17, shew arrangements in which reciprocating motion is
adopted for digging; here cranks act as supports to the tool carrier. In Figures
23 the dotted lines 254 and 255 indicate the extreme positions, and motion
is given by crank arin 253, moved to and fro (from front to back) by any suitable
means, whereby the shovel 186 removes the earth already detached out of the
excavation, while the tools 181, 182, and 183 detach other slices; it should
be borne in mind that while the spades and tools are at work the machine is
being propelled forward, which also furthers the operation. Figures 33, 34,
and 35 shew a rotary arrangement, in which several cranks 271, 272, 278,
and 274 set at right angles in the same plane, carry a fork or short spade 267

page_text: alternately, a stud is provided to stop the tool on the return stroke, so that
when it comes into a horizontal position, it is cleared from the earth, roots,
&c. which it may have picked up. Figures 5 and 6 represent a reciprocating
arrangement for digging purposes, in which the cranks are arranged on two
shafts, one above the other, the top cranks 283 on reaching the dead point,
change the tools' direction suddenly, being loose on the shaft 281, and some-
what curved. The cranks 284 are of the same length as 283, to which they
are connected one by one by a rod 295, having two orifices the same distance
from the centre as the distance between the shafts 281 and 282, here the tool
remains perpendicular to the soil from the starting point until it gets into a
vertical position, and then cuts into the soil, slightly bending for the purpose,
but on reaching a vertical position, the crank 284 continuing its travel towards
290, the loose crank (whereof the dead point is in the vertical line) will cease
to be carried along with it, but the lower crank continuing its stroke will carry
along, with it the part 291 of the tool carrier, thereby obtaining a rotary
motion round the point of connection, as indicated in the dotted line 290; the
machine moving forward, a spring will restore the tool to its previous position,
after having cleared such obstruction as may be presented in the soil.
Figures 31 and 32 represent this arrangement adapted for digging; Figures
29 and 30 shew it as applied for throwing up mellowed land; Figures 13 and
14 shew a reciprocating arrangement for "spading," the top of each shank is
carried by and slides in a slotted crank, and they are guided by a fixed shaft.
Figures 40, 41, and 42 shew, detailed, an arrangement, in which the earth is
cut in two reciprocating actions, one horizontal and the other perpendicular,
by means of cranks fitted on two shafts, one above the other. The cranks
302, 304, 316, and 317; 307, 308, 312, and 313 are of the same radius, and
of equal throw, so that all the tools may be set at work together, or first, the
first and third together, then second and fourth together, and so on. To dig
up and throw back the earth, the picks need only be differently placed, as
shewn in Figures 47, 48, 49; to throw up mellowed land, spades should be
used instead of picks. Figures 39, 40, and 43, shew, in detail, an arrange-
ment for throwing the cranks 307 and 308 into and out of action. After
having disengaged then, the tools should be lifted off the ground, so that the
machine may go on; for this purpose the means indicated in Figures 43, 27,
and 28 may be employed, in which the two cranks 334 and 335 are formed
with a curved slot (see Figure 44), and are connected to the cranks 336 and
337 fitted loose on the shaft 338 under the boiler, and a crank 341 and lever
arm 339 formed with projections 342 and 340 are keyed on the shaft 338, so
that when the parts are disengaged by lifting the lever, the cranks 336 and

page_text: 357 will bear against these studs 340 and 342, and keep the tools off the
ground.
Figure 26 shows a mode of arranging cutting picks and spades for
excavating drains and trenches. To form banks and ridges, the two mattocks
are fitted at the same side of the machine. obliquely to the axis, as in Figure
38, thereby collecting the earth from the sides towards the centre. Figure
36 is a side view, and Figure 37 a back view of an arrangement for digging
by reciprocating action by means of cranks supported at top by a fore-and-aft
shaft, and which act at bottom as fulcra for a set of cranks kept parallel to
the soil, and supported at each end. In all these arrangements, excepting
when several strokes of the tool are required on one and the same spot, the
machine moves forward with every revolution of the driving shaft a space
equal to the thickness of the layer of earth to be detached.
A railed platform is fixed on props, two each side of the boiler, extending
between the large wheels-in front of the furnace, so that the driver may
get round the engine to work the levers, attend to the fire, &c. By fitting
the proper implements or tools to the machinery, it may be readily adapted
for reaping and mowing.
And having now described the nature of the said Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, we declare that we claim,-
First, the adaptation of a single cylinder locomotive engine, for the
purpose of mellowing land and throwing up earth.
Second, the adaptation of an intermediate shaft, for communicating
motion both to the propelling wheels and to the working tools.
Third, the employment of a frame, resting by its bearings on the pro-
pelling wheels and on the intermediate or the driving shaft, and supporting
parts for communicating motion to the propelling wheels.
Fourth, the employment of an arrangement of parts for obtaining
intermittent action, that is to say, for causing the tools to act twice, or
oftener, on any particular spot.
Fifth, the combination of the two preceding arrangements in the same
apparatus, so as to obtain, at pleasure, continuous or intermittent action.
Sixth, the placing of the furnace over the fore carriage wheels.
Seventh, the arrangement of a feed-water tank under the boiler and
between the large wheels.
Eighth, the employment of a short frame connected to the apparatus,
for carrying the tools.
Ninth, the adaptation on the small frame of an arrangement of screws and
bevil wheels, for raising and lowering the tools from and towards the ground

page_text: Tenth, the combination with such small frame of mechanical parts for
casting over the sides of the machine the earth mellowed and thrown up
by the spades.
Eleventh, the employment of cranks, keyed at right angles, or of other
mechanical arrangements, having the same method of action for causing the
tools to perform their work in two strokes, intervals, or actions, as described.
Twelfth, the adaptation, arrangement, and method of action of peculiar
implements, so contrived and acting as to cut into the soil consecutively
and at different intervals, and thereby divide the earth acted on into two
or more layers.
Thirteenth, the various arrangements and combinations herein-before
described and represented in the Drawings for throwing parts into and out
of action or connection, and for communicating the desired motion's or
actions, and for the arrangements of the tools or implements.
Fourteenth, the adaptation to various machinery and apparatus, and
generally where parts or appliances have to be thrown into and out of
action or connection, of the peculiar arrangement and combination of parts
for such purpose, represented in and described in reference to Figure 18
of the Drawings.
Fifteenth, the general arrangement and combination of parts of machinery
herein-before described with reference to the Drawings, adapted for digging,
mellowing, reaping, mowing, and performing various agricultural operations,
and for cutting drains and excavating.
Sixteenth, so combining and arranging the parts of the aforesaid
arrangement of machinery, that it may be worked by draught animal,
instead of by steam, by applying animal traction to the propelling wheels,
and thereby actuating the driving shaft, and hence the working tools.
In witness whereof, we, the said Pierre Philippe Celestin Barrat and
Jean Baptiste Barrat, have hereunto set our hands and seal, this
Tenth day of December, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight
hundred and fifty-eight.
Witness,
EMILE BARRAULT,
Ing, 33, Bard St. Martin.
P. P. C. BARRAT. (L.S.)
J. B. BARRAT.
(L.S.)