IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER, AND IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR EFFECTING THE SAME
Year: 1860

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Thomas John Marshall, of Bishopsgate Street Without,
in the City of London, Engineer, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN
THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER, AND IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR
EFFECTING THE SAME."
Sealed the 12th April 1861, and dated the 18th October 1860.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Thomas John Marshall
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
18th October 1860.
I, THOMAS JOHN MARSHALL, of Bishopsgate Street Without, in the City of
London, Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of my said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER, AND IN MACHINERY OR APPA-
RATUS FOR EPFECTING THE SAME," to be as follows:-
My Invention consists in an improved apparatus and process for purifying
or straining the pulp of any materials used in the manufacture of paper from
knots, grit, or other impurity by causing it to pass in a dilute fluid state out-
wards from the interior of a cylindrical, octagonal, drum, barrel, or other shaped
vessel made to rotate round its axis through a series of apertures, slits, or per-
forations on the surface of the said cylinder or vessel, the purified pulp being
collected in a vat, trough, or other suitable vessel to be conducted on to the
"making" machine. The pulp or stuff to be strained being led or conducted

page_text: into the revolving cylinder or drum at one end of the same is propelled
gradually through the same by means of an archimedean screw, or spiral vanes
or ribs by which the pulp is conducted over the entire inner surface, the finer
fibres getting away through the apertures, slits, or perforations, whilst the refuse
is conducted to the other end of the cylinder, whence it is removed in the
manner hereinafter shown.
In order to effect a more complete separation of the refuse, I, in some cases,
give a vibrating. motion to the straining or separating cylinder or drum by
means of cams, wheels, levers, or any mechanical equivalents for producing the
same motion.
In order that my Invention may be clearly understood, I proceed more par-
ticularly to describe my improved process for the straining of the fibres or pulp
of any material used in the manufacture of paper, which consists in directing
the said fibres or pulp through a vessel, or cylinder, or drum, either round or
having four, six, eight, or any number of sides, or a barrel or other shaped
vessel formed of brass or any other metal plates, bars, or rings made to rotate
round its axis resting in proper bearings, supported upon a framework of wood
or iron, or of other metal. The surface or circumference of this vessel is
provided with a series of round, oblong, or any shaped apertures, slits, or per-
forations, which may either be parallel, at right angles, or in a diagonal direc
tion to the axis of the said cylinder. These apertures are made sufficiently
large to allow of the passage of the strained pulp while they intercept the
knots, grit, or other substance which it is desirable to keep out of the paper.
For making fine paper these apertures, perforations, or slits are made the one
hundred and fifteenth part of an inch wide. For coarser papers their size is
increased according to the texture required, as in the manufacture of such
papers a large fibre is used. Το prevent the knots, grit, or other impurities
from resting or passing round the interior of the straining cylinder or drum in
one continuous line as the same revolves, a contrivance is provided to transmit
them longitudinally through the said cylinder. This consists of an archi-
medean screw or spiral vanes, or ribs fixed to the inner periphery, or to the
axis or shaft of the said cylinder or drum, so that the compound pulp or stuff
to be strained which is made to enter the cylinder at one end through a hollow
tube, neck, or trunnion, is propelled by the rotative action of the cylinder or
drum, archimedean screw, or spiral vanes, or ribs gradually along and over
the entire interior surface of the said cylinder or drum, and after having thus
been separated from the fibres and finer parts, is finally ejected through the
opposite end of the cylinder or drum through a corresponding, neck or
trunnion. It may also be made to proceed through a hollow shaft, and then

page_text: thrown out either by hand or by a series of scoops or curved floats placed at
the end, or discharged by the incline at the end of the screw. Beneath the
straining cylinder or drum is placed a receiving vessel, vat, or trough to
receive the finer fibres which have been separated from the pulp. This
receiving vessel, vat, or trough may be constructed of iron, brass, wood, or any
suitable material. The straining cylinder or drum may be made to rotate
either in a horizontal or inclined position by means of tooth gearing, band,
pullies, straps, or any other suitable contrivance, or fixed on a shaft passing
through the centre.
Besides this rotatory motion I, as herein-before stated, in some cases com-
municate a vibrating motion to the straining cylinder or drum by means of
cams, wheels, levers, or any mechanical equivalents for producing the
necessary vibrating motion which is imparted to the cylinder or drum to
prevent any lodgement of the stuff or fibres of rag or other material used, and
to facilitate the separation of the finer fibres from the refuse.
My apparatus can be constructed either with or without the arrangement
for producing this agitating or vibrating action, and may be used. without the
archimedean screw, vanes, or ribs herein-before mentioned.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Thomas John Marshall in the Great Seal Patent Office on.
the 16th April 1861.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, THOMAS
JOHN MARSHALL, of Bishopsgate Street Without, in the City of London;
Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Eighteenth day of October, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty, in the twenty-fifth year of Her reign,
did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said Thomas John Marshall, Her special license that I, the said Thomas John
Marshall, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the
said Thomas John Marshall, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should
at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times
thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might
'make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for
*** IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER, AND IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS

page_text: FOR EFFECTING. THE SAME," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the
said. Thomas John Marshall, my executors or administrators, by an instru-
ment in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should
particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and
in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be
filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and
immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
1
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Thomas John Marshall, do hereby
declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement :-
My improvements in the manufacture of paper relate to the more effectual
separation of grit, knots, and other impurities from the pulp with which it in
a previous state is intermixed. The manner in which this separation is effected
will be best explained in the nature of my improved machinery, or apparatus
for that purpose, of which a description, as well as the mode of its action, is
given below.
My Invention consists in an improved apparatus and process for purifying
or straining the pulp of any materials used in the manufacture of paper from
knots, grit, or other impurity by causing it to pass, in a dilute fluid state, out-
wards from the interior of a cylindrical, octagonal, drum, barrel, or other
shaped vessel, made to rotate round its axis through a series of apertures,
slits, or perforations on the surface of the said cylinder or vessel, the purified
pulp being collected in a vat, trough, or other suitable vessel, to be conducted
on to the "making" machine. The pulp or stuff to be strained being led or
conducted into the revolving cylinder or drum, at one end of the same is
propelled gradually through the same, by means of of an archimedean screw or
spiral vanes or ribs, by which the pulp is conducted over the entire inner
surface, the finer fibres getting away through the apurtures, slits; or per-
forations, whilst the refuse is conducted to the other end of the cylinder,
whence it is removed in the manner herein-after shewn.
.
In order to effect a more complete separation of the refuse, I, in some cases,
give a vibrating motion to the straining or separating cylinder or drum by
means of cams, wheels, levers, or any mechanical equivalents for producing
the same motion.
In order that my Invention may be clearly understood, I proceed more
particularly to describe my improved process for the straining of the fibres or
pulp of any material used. in the manufacture of paper, which consists in
directing the said fibres or pulp through a vessel, or cylinder, or drum, either

page_text: round or having four, six, eight, or any number of sides, or a barrel or other
shaped vessel, formed of brass or any other métal plates, bars, or rings, made
to rotate round its axis, resting in proper bearings, supported upon a frame-
work of wood or iron, or of other metal. The surface or circumference of this
vessel is provided with a series of round, oblong, or any shaped apertures, slits,
or perforations which may either be parallel at right angles or in a diagonal
direction to the axis of the said cylinder. These apertures are made suffi-
ciently large to allow of the passage of the strained pulp, while they intercept
the knots, grit, or other substance which it is desirable to keep out of the
paper. For making fine paper these apertures, perforations, or slits are made
the one hundred and fifteenth part of an inch wide; for coarser papers their
size is increased according to the texture required, as in the manufacture of
such papers a large fibre is used. To prevent the knots, grit, or other im÷
purities from resting or passing round the interior of the straining cylinder or
drum in one continuous line as the same revolves, a contrivance is provided to
transmit them longitudinally through the said cylinder. This consists of an
archimedean screw or spiral vanes or ribs, fixed to the inner periphery or to
the axis or shaft of the said cylinder or drum, so that the compound pulp or
stuff to be strained, which is made to enter the cylinder at one end through a
hollow tube, neck, or trunnion, is propelled by the rotative action of the
cylinder or drum, archimedean. screw, or spiral vanes or ribs gradually along
and over the entire interior surface of the said cylinder or drum, and after
having thus been separated from the fibres and finer parts, is finally ejected
through the opposite end of the cylinder or drum through a corresponding
neck or trunnion. It may also be made to proceed thro' a hollow shaft, and
then thrown out, either by hand or by a series of scoops or curved floats;
placed at the end, or discharged by the incline at the end of the screw.
Beneath the straining cylinder or drum is placed a receiving vessel, vat, or
trough, to receive the finer fibres which have been separated from the pulp:
This receiving vessel, vat, or trough may be constructed of iron, brass, wood,
or any suitable material. The straining cylinder or drum may be. made to
rotate in a horizontal or inclined position by means of tooth gearing, band
pullies, straps, or any other suitable contrivance, or fixed on a shaft passing
through the centre. Besides this rotatory motion I, as herein-before stated,
in some cases communicate a vibrating motion to the straining cylinder or
drum by means of cams, wheels, levers, or any mechanical equivalents for
producing the necessary vibrating motion, which is imparted to the cylinder or
drum, to prevent any lodgement of the stuff or fibres of rag or other material
used, and to facilitate the separation of the finer fibres from the refuse. My

page_text: apperatus can be constructed either with or without the arrangement for
producing this agitating or vibrating action, and may be used without the
archimedean screw, vanes, or ribs herein-before mentioned.
For the better and more clear illustration of the nature of my Invention,
and of the manner in which the same is to be effected, I hereunto append
Drawings, which may be described as follows:-
Figure 1 is a sectional elevation, and Figure 2 an end view of the machine.
"A, A," are the two frames, which support, on suitable bearings B, B, the
cylindrical vessel which I shall herein-after denominate the cylinder C, through
which the pulp is passed in order to effect the separation, as herein-before
described. The frame may be constructed of wood, iron, or other metal, and
I do not limit myself to the material of which the cylinder, with its necks or
mouth-pieces D, D, is composed. I prefer, however, to form the barrel of
sheet brass, as this material affords more facility for perforating it in the
manner desired. The plates constituting the barrel are perforated throughout
their entire surface, although in the Drawings their perforations 0, 0, 0, are
only partially shewn. E, E, E, E, are the screw ways or inclined planes, by
means of which the pulp, after its entrance at one end into the cylinder, is
transmitted through it, and finally expelled through the mouthpiece or neck D
at the opposite end. These screw ways may also be composed of brass,
galvanized iron, or other suitable material. F, F, F, F, is the trough or vat
for receiving the separated fibres or pulp, and is placed beneath the cylinder ;
G, H, are two sets of spur wheels and pinions, the former of which attached
at one end of the cylinder C, and the latter supported by bearings, secured to
the frame A. The shaft for this pinion contains also a pully for working by
means of a strap the pully I on the cam shaft K, in order to produce the
vibrating motion of the cylinder C; this vibratory motion. is effected in the
following manner:-The cam lifting alternately by means of the screwed rod L,
and the suspension rods M, M, fixed thereto by the cross-head N, the
cylinder C. In order to throw as little strain as possible on this cam, the
weight of the barrel is balanced alternately by means of a spring S acting on
the rod L, or by means of a lever, fulcrum, and weight, as indicated by the
red dotted lines. Motion may be imparted to the machine either by manuel
power, by cranks attached to each end of the shaft, or by means of a strap and
pulley deriving motion from some other primary agent.
Having described the nature of my said Invention, and the purpose or
object to be accomplished thereby, I do not confine myself to the precise
details or arrangements I have stated for the means of carrying them into
effect; but I claim as the principle or main feature of my Invention the use

page_text: of a revolving cylinder, of any form or shape, for straining and cleaning pulp
to be used for the manufacture of paper by causing it to pass outwards from
the interior through slits or openings in the periphery or surface thereof, in
the manner herein-before represented; and this straining cylinder may be
constructed with or without a shaft or spindle, through the centre of it, and
with or without a screw or partial diagonal ribs or agitators of any kind in the
interior thereof, and may be erected either in a horizontal or angular position,
and may be worked either with or without a vibrating motion.
In witness whereof, I, the said Thomas John Marshall, have hereunto
set my band and seal, this Fifteenth day of April, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-one.
Witness,
JOHN SAMUEL FISHER.
THOMAS JOHN MARSHALL. (L.S.)