CERTAIN IMPROVED METHODS OF PREPARING VARIOUS ENAMEL COLOURS, AND OF APPLYING THE SAME SO PREPARED TO THE ORNAMENTING USEFUL VESSELS OF GLASS
Year: 1805

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, SAMUEL
ANNESS, of Red Lion Place, in the Parish of Saint Sepulchre, in the City of
London, China Enameler, send greeting.
WHEREAS His most Excellent Majesty King George the Third, did, by
His Letters Patent, under the Great Seal of His United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Twenty-sixth day
of November, in the forty-sixth year of His reign, give and grant unto me,
the said Samuel Anness, my executors, administrators, and assigns, His
especial licence, that I, the said Samuel Anness, my executors, administrators,
and assigns, should and lawfully might during the term of years therein
mentioned, make, use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and the
Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, my Invention of "CERTAIN IMPROVED METHODS
OF PREPARING VARIOUS ENAMEL COLOURS, AND OF APPLYING THE SAME SO PREPARED
TO THE ORNAMENTING USEFUL VESSELS OF GLASS;", in which said Letters Patent
there is contained a proviso, obliging me, the said Samuel Anness, by an
instrument in writing under my hand and seal, to cause a particular descrip-
tion of the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be.
performed, to be inrolled in His Majesty's High Court of Chancery within
one calendar month after the date of the said recited Letters Patent, as in and
by the same (relation being thereunto had) may more fully and at large appear.

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that in complianco with the said proviso, I, the said
Samuel Anness, do hereby declare that my said Invention of certain improved
methods of preparing various enamel colours, and. of applying the same so
prepared to the ornamenting useful vessels of glass, and the manner in which
the same is to be performed, are described as follows, that is to say :-
The object, aim, and purpose, in the composition of the said colours, beside
their particular respective tints, consists in making them so fusible as to melt
or adhere to vessels of glass by a degree of heat not so considerable as to melt
or injure the vessels themselves, and the composition and modes of application
of the said colours are as follow:-To prepare the flux or principal matter for
enamelling on glass vessels.
Method: Take 1 of saturnus glorificatus. (To prepare glorificatus thus,
take litharge or white lead, put it in a pan, pour on distilled vinegar, stirring
it well over a gentle fire till the vinegar becomes impregnated with the salt
of the lead, evaporate half the vinegar, put it in a cool place to crystallize,
and keep the crystals dry for use), half a pound of natural crystal calcined
to a whiteness, one pound of salt of polverine, or other fit alkali, mix them
together and bake in a slow heat for about twelve hours; then melt the mass,
and pulverize the same in an agate mortar, or any other proper vessel which is
not capable of communicating any metallic or other impurity.
Method 2 Or take three pounds of saturnus glorificatus, three quarters of
a pound of natural crystal as above, two pounds of salt of polverine, or more or
less of any of the above, mix and beat the same as in method 1", always
observing to put more crystal, if required, to be harder and less fusible, and moro
salt of polverine, if softer and more fusible; and farther, as all colours must s
bo mixed with more or less of one of these, or the following fluxes, those
colours which abound most with metal or metals will require a less proportion
of flux or fusible matter than those wherein there is much earth, stone, &c.
Method 3d. Take litharge, or white or red lead, or any preparation of lead
ór lead ores, and pearl ash, nitre, borax, soda, or any salt, natural or prepared,
which is capable of assisting the vitrification of stones, earths, sands, clays,
spars, fossils, calcareous matters, metals, semi-metals, minerals, &c., and take
sand, flints, or any stones, earths, clays, crystals, spars, fossils or petrifactions,
glasses of any kind, whether transparent or opake, mix more or less of any or
all of them together, as the hardness or softness of the flux requires; but I
think method 1" much the best.
"
To make Green.- Method 1: Take one ounce of copper dust, two ounces
of sand, one ounce of litharge, half an ounce of nitre, or two of copper, one of
sand, two of litharge, one and a half of nitre, mix them with equal parts of

page_text: flux, or vary the proportions of them as may be found necessary according to
the tint of colour required.
Method 2: Or take blue or green vitriol or azustain, or any preparation
of copper or copper ores, or cobalt, crude or prepared, or smalt, or any blue
made from lapis-lazuli, or azure stone or any other matter which will stand
the test of fire and antimony, or any preparation of Naples yellow; mixed in
due proportion with any kind of blue glass or enamels; and yellow glass
or enamels, melt. them together by fire, or use them raw, by simply grinding
with a proportion of flux, as may be found most convenient according to
the glass it is to be used upon, as the glass of different inanufactures differ
much in hardness and properties; or, instead of sand, take pulvérised flint,
natural crystal, or any stone or earth that is vitrifiable; but I think sand
best; and instead of litharge, take red lead, or any preparation of lead, and
instead of common nitre, take soda rochette, borax, or any alkaline, or any
other salt, natural or factitious, or bone ash, or any other ash, any of
these, or any fit material which will assist the vitrification of stones, earths,
glass,. &c.; take any proportion of any or all the above, according to the
tint of colour required; but I think method 1" much the best.
To make Black.-Method 1": Take calcined iron one oünce, cobalt, crudo
or prepared, one ounce, or zaffer two ounces, and manganeze one ounce, mixed
with equal parts of flux by melting or grinding together.
Method 2: Take sand, pulverised flint, flint glass, or any stone or earth or
vitrifiable substance, mix them with blue or green vitriol, calcined copper, or
any preparation of copper or copper ores, gold, antimony, or any metal, ore,
earth, or calcareous matter, natural or prepared, containing any of the afore-
said metals, &c., temper them with enamels or glasses of any kind, according
to the tint or quality required; they may be rendered softer with any of the
preparations of lead or salts mentioned in the method for making green, and
harder by the addition of more of the uniting matter; but inethod' 1" is
much the best.
To make Yellow-Method 1: Take of lead and tin ashes one-ounce,
litharge one ounce, antimony one ounce, sand one ounce, nitre four oüncès,
calcine or melt them together, pulveriso and mix them with a due proportion
of flux, as the nature of the glass may require; or take more or less of any
or all the above according to the depth of colour desired.
Method 2: Take any preparation of Naples yellow, or silver, or any com
pound which contains silver or antimony, or any metál, semi-metal, iñineral,
clay, earth, or stone, or calcareous matter which will yield a yellow that will
stand the test of fire, any or all may be tempered with any kind of yellow

page_text: enamel or yellow glass, or made harder or softer by the addition of any of the
salts, leads, flints, earths, or stones, &c. mentioned in method to make green,
always observing that the leads, salts, &c., render it softer, and the flints,
earths, stones, &c. harder, as is the case with all enamels and glasses; but I
think method 1st the best.
To make Blue.-Method 1: Take prepared cobalt one ounce, sand one
ounce, red lead one ounce, nitre one ounce, flint glass two ounces, melted
together by fire, pulverised and fluxed according to the degree of softness
or strength of colour required.
Method 2: Take smalt of any kind, or blue prepared from lapiz lazuli or
azure stone, or copper, or silver, or any kind of metal, semi-metal, mineral earth,
or calcareous matter from which a blue or blue green can be drawn which will
stand the test of fire, mix them with flux or any kind of glass or enamel,
and render it more hard with an addition of pulverised flint, or stone, or
carth, or any vitrifiable substance, or more soft by any preparation of lead or
any kind of salt, natural or prepared; but I think method 1*t best.
To make Olive.-Method 1: Take one ounce of the blue, as prepared in
method 1, half an ounce of black as prepared by method 1st, half an ounce
of yellow as prepared in method 1, grind them for use; if necessary, add flux
to make it softer.
Method 2: Take of any of the blues, or any or all the materials from
which the blues are made, any of the black, or any or all of the materials
from which the blacks are made, or any of the browns, or any or all the
materials from which the browns are made, and yellow, or any or all the
materials from which yellows are made, mix any or all these together, as
the tint requires, harden or soften them, as is observed for the greens; or, take
any metals, semi-metals, minerals, ores, flints, sands, carths, stones, spars,
petrifactions, or any calcareous matter, or any matter which will yield a colour
when fluxed, but the first method is the best.
To make White.-Method 1: Take tin, prepared by aquafortis, one ounce,
red lead one ounce, of white pebble stone or natural crystal two ounces, nitre
one ounce, arsenic one drahm, with equal parts of flux, or more or less, as the
softness or opacity may require, melted, calcined, or used raw.
Method 2 Take lead and tin ashes, or any preparation of lead and tin, and
bone ash, or any matter containing arsenic, or any white stone, earth, or clay,
or any calcareous matter, or any wares or porcelains, talks, spars, plaister of
Paris, chalk, lime, or whitening, or any matter which will retain a whiteness
in the fire, or any white glass, or any white enamel, take any or all of these
and temper them with any of the preparations of lead or salts, or both, to

page_text: render them more soft, as mentioned in method to make green, or harden them
with sands, flints stones, clays, earths, &c., more or less of any or all; but
I think the 1 method best.
To make Purple.-Method 1: Take the finest gold, dissolve it in aqua
regia regulated with sal ammoniac, put it in a sand heat for about forty-eight
hours to digest the gold, collect the powder, grind it with six times its weight of
sulphur, put it into a crucible on the fire till the sulphur is evaporated, then
amalgamate the powder with twice its weight of mercury, put it into a mortar
or other vessel, and rub it together for about six hours with a small quantity of
water in the morter, which water change frequently, evaporate the remaining
mercury in a crucible, and add to the powder ten times its weight of flux, or
more or less, as the hardness or softness of the colour may require.
Method 2: Dissolve gold in aqua regia, precipitate it with a solution of tin
in aquafortis, mix it with eight times its weight of flux, or more or less, as
the hardness or sofiness of the colour may require.
Method 3: Or take manganese and copper, and any preparation of cobalt
with salt of tartar, temper them with any kind of purple, blue, or black
enamels or glasses, or ingredients for making enamels or glasses, take more
or less of any or all these, and flux it or them as the colour requires.. The gold
may be prepared by amalgamation only, or solution only, or by any precipitate
evaporation, calcination, or fusion; but I think method 1** preferable.
To make Rose Colour.-Method 1: Take purple, as prepared; method 10%,
mix it with thirty times its weight of flux and one hundredth part of its weight
of silver leaf, or any preparation of silver, or vary the proportion of the flux and
5 silver as the quality of the colour may require; or any of the other preparations
for purple will do, varying the proportion of the silver and flux as above, or any
materials from which purple can be produced will, with the addition of silver
and flux, answer; but method 1 is the best.
To make Brown-Method 1: Take red lead one ounce, calcined iron ono
ounce, antimony two ounces, litharge two ounces, zaffer one ounce, sand two
ounces, calcined or melted together, or used raw, as may be most expedient,
or vary the proportions of any or all the above as tint or quality may require.
Method 2: Take any preparation of antimony, cobalt, mangañeze, tin,
silver, goll, iron, lead, copper, zink, platina, nichel, arsnic, bismouth, mercury,
5 or any other metal, semi-metal, mineral, clay, earth, stone, sand, or any
calcareous matter, natural or prepared, from which colour can be drawn, and
teniper any or all of the above with flux or any enamel or ingredient for
making enamel or glass, or ingredient for making glass. Browns may be
produced in greater abundance from a greater variety of metals, semi-a:etals,

page_text: minerals, earths, ochros, umbers, and calcareous matters than any other colour
as almost every metal will yield a brown; but I think method 1** best.
METHOD OF APPLICATION.
The aforesaid colours may be applied to vessels of glass in the following
manner, (viz.) by painting, printing, or transferring, dipping, floating, and
grounding. To paint, mix the colours (when reduced by grinding to a fine
powder) with spirits of turpentine, temper them with thick oil of turpentine,
and apply them with camel-hair pencils, or any other thing thought proper;
or nix them with nut or spike oil, or any other essential or volatile oil, or with
water, in which case use gum arabic, or any other gum that will dissolve in
water, or with spirits, varnishes, gums of any kind, waxes, or rosins, but the
first I conceive to be the best. To print, take a glue bat, full size, for the
subject; charge the copper plate with the oil or colour, and take the impression
with the bat from the plate, which impression transfer on the glass; if the
impression. be not strong enough, shake some dry colour on it, which will
adhere to the moist colour, or take any engraving or etching, or. stamp, or
cast, and having charged it with the oil or colour, transfer it on the glass by
means of prepared paper, vellum, leather, or any other substances that will
answer, but I think the first the best; any of the aforesaid engravings,
etchings, stamps, casts, or device, may be charged with waters, oils, varnishes,
or glutinous matter of any kind, reduced to a proper state, as is necessary in
printing in general; any or all these may be used alone or mixed with the
colours, when used alone the colour is to be applied in powder, as before
mentioned. To dip: mix the colour to about the consistency of a cream with
any of the ingredients used for printing, wherein dip the glass vessel, keep it
in motion till smooth.. To ground: first charge the glass vessel with oil of
turpentine with a camel-hair pencil, and while moist apply the colour in a dry
powder, which will adhere to the oil, or instead of oil of turpentine use any of
the materials used for printing, but I think the first best. To float: mix the
colour with any of the ingrelients used for printing to a consistancy according
to the strength of ground required, float it through a tube or any other vessel,
moving or shaking the piece of glass till the colour is spread over the part
required.
In witness whercof, I, the said Samuel Anness, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Twenty-fourth day of December, in the year of our
Lord One thousand cight hundred and five.
SANNESS. (.s.)

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Twenty-fourth day of Decem-
ber, in the forty-sixth year of the reign of His Majesty King George the
Third, the said Samuel Anness came before our said Lord the King in His
Chancery, and acknowledged the instrument aforesaid, and all and every
thing therein contained and specified, in form above written.
instrument aforesaid was stamped according to the tenor of the Statute made
in the forty-fourth year of His said Majesty's reign.
And also the
Inrolled the Twenty-fourth day of December, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and five.