matthewleechen/300YearsOfBritishPatents huggingface dataset:
AN IMPROVED METHOD OF FASTENING IRON PLATES TO SHIPS' SIDES
Year: 1862

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by David Beale at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 8th January 1862..
I, DAVID BEALE, of No. 10, Cobden Street, Saint Leonard's Road, Bromley,
in the County of Middlesex, Pattern Maker, do hereby declare the nature of
the said Invention for "AN IMPROVED METHOD OF FASTENING IRON PLATES TO
SHIPS' SIDES," to be as follows:-
I claim as my Invention an improved method of fastening plates made of
iron or other materials to ships' sides, which I accomplish in the following
way, viz.: I commence at the lower part of the vessel by driving from the
outside peculiar formed bolts, which I call dovetail eye bolts, through the eye
of which is inserted a dowel or pin through the vessel's side, leaving the head
of the bolt and dowel or pin projecting outside the vessel; the plates are so
constructed with recesses at the lower edge as to receive the dovetail head of
the bolt and the dowel or pin, the upper edge with holes to receive the dowels
or pins only; one end of the plates will be grooved and the other end tongued.
The plates are then placed so that the head of the bolts and dowels or pins
shall fit in the recesses of the same; another row of the same kind of bolts
without the dowel or pin is driven above these plates, and then the dowel or
pin is driven through the eye of the bolt and into the holes or recesses in the
upper edge of the plates, by which means a great saving of labour is effected
and a much less quantity of bolts is required. The bolts above mentioned are

page_text: fastened on the inside of the vessel by nuts and screws, or otherwise, as may be
most convenient.
Secondly, I reserve to myself the right (in cases where it may be more
convenient) of using, instead of the above-mentioned bolts, tapped heads or
nuts made in the form of the head of the bolt above described, the plates
having recesses in both the upper and lower edges, each recess being made to
receive one half of the tapped head or nut and dowel or pin. When the
upper and lower edges of the plates come together the tapped heads or nuts
are fastened to the vessel's side by means of screw bolts from the inside.
N.B. I do not claim as part of my Invention the groove and tongue in 1
the end of the plates, as I am aware that the same has already been in use,
but I claim the method of fastening the plates with the dovetail ey bolts and
dowel or pin, or with the tapped heads or nuts, as above described.
Improve- . MENTS IN PRESSURE AND VACUUM GAUGES
Year: 1862

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by George Allcroft at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 28th March
1862.
I, GEORGE ALLCROFT, of 2, Church Row, Camberwell, in the County of
Surrey, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "Improve- .
MENTS IN PRESSURE AND VACUUM GAUGES," to be as follows:-
The modes heretofore generally adopted in the construction of pressure and
vacuum gauges have been to make the springs thereof (on which the steam or
other fluid had to act for imparting motion to the index hand of the gauge) of
metal.
Now, this Invention consists in substituting in place of a metal spring a
piece of vulcanized india-rubber sufficiently thick to resist great pressure, and
also to be capable of indicating a very low pressure or variations of pressure.
In combination with the vulcanized india-rubber before mentioned I employ
certain mechanism; for example, within the case of the gauge and behind the
dial thereof, I affix and connect to the bottom a piece of metal in which is
formed a recess to receive a piece of very thin sheet brass, on which is placed
the piece of vulcanized india-rubber aforesaid; a hole is also formed through
the aforesaid piece of metal for the passage of steam or other fluid beneath the
india-rubber aforesaid. Into the recess above mentioned I screw a piece of
metal, in which is placed a small loose piston pressed downwards by a helical 1
metal spring, and to the top of the rod of the aforesaid piston I connect a rod

page_text: cranked at top and connected to a slotted arm, adjusted by a screw to a
toothed quadrant acting on the leaves of a pinion, the axis of which carries
the index hand of the gauge.
By thus constructing gauges, the india-rubber being firmly screwed and
held between the two pieces of metal before mentioned, the steam or other
fluid pressing against the under side of the india-rubber aforesaid will raise
same, and impart motion to the index hand through the agency of the piston,
toothed quadrant, and pinion before mentioned. As the pressure diminishes, the
helical spring before mentioned will force down the piston, and thus draw
back the index hand, and by adjusting the slotted arm aforesaid either nearer
to or farther from the axis of motion of the quadrant in like manner the
gauge may be adjusted to indicate any amount of pressure.
In using the above gauge as a vacuum gauge the cranked rod before
mentioned must be connected to the opposite end of the slotted arm, so that
as the india-rubber descends by the action of the vacuum beneath the index
hand of the gauge shall move in a proper direction.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE TREATMENT OF PETROLEUM TO RENDER IT NON-INFLAMMABLE
Year: 1862

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Charles Humfrey at the-Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 28th August
1862.
I, CHARLES HUMFREY, of Suffolk Grove, Southwark, in the County of
Surrey, Oil Merchant, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE TREATMENT OF PETROLEUM TO RENDER IT NON-INFLAMMABLE,"
to be as follows:-
The highly inflammable properties of American and Canadian earth oils, as
imported into this country are well known and subject them to high charges
for dock rent and insurance. These earth oils are of course combustible as
are all other similar products, but that which renders them especially dangerous
is the fact that they hold in solution a highly inflammable vapour or gas. A
slight elevation of temperature causes the disengagement of large quantities of
this vapour which then assumes the form of gas permanently gaseous at all
ordinary temperatures and pressures. The earth oils as they issue from the
wells are generally fully charged with this gas but some of it is dissipated by
exposure to the air and during transport, and I find that an ordinary sample
of American oil as it arrives in this country contains about three times its
volume of gas. Were these earth oils perfectly free from the gas they hold in
solution they would be no more dangerous to store and manufacture than
other hydrocarbon oils and not nearly so dangerous as naptha, benzol, and
spirits of turpentine. The object of the processes herein-after described is

page_text: perfectly to divest the petroleum of the gas it holds in solution. I take a
closed iron vessel (an ordinary cylindrical steam boiler with egg ends will
answer the purpose perfectly) and fill it to about three-fourths of its capacity
or rather more with petroleum. The steam chest of this vessel is placed in
communication with an air pump and a vacuum or partial vacuum produced
under this influence, the gas dissolved in the petroleum will be liberated freely
and being drawn off by the air pump will be blown away. The vacuum still
being maintained I heat the petroleum by means of a steam jacket or dry
steam worm to about 120 degrees Fahrenheit when a further quantity of gas
will be disengaged and blown away. By means of a perforated pipe placed
at the extreme bottom of the boiler, and furnished with a stop cock, I then
allow a current of atmospheric air to be drawn in minute streams through
the petroleum, this, aided by the gentle heat and by the exhaust, will carry
off the last portions of the dissolved gas. The petroleum may then be
run into the casks from which it was taken and be stored without danger.
If it is requisite to preserve the gas for use, no air must be admitted into
the petroleum and steam may be used instead of air, but otherwise I prefer the
use of air.
AN IMPROVEMENT OR IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF AXLES
Year: 1862

page_text: I, EUGENE GUSTAVUS MUNTZ, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick,
Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"AN IMPROVEMENT OR IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF AXLES," to be as
follows (that is to say):-
My Invention consists in employing cast and wrought iron or steel in
combination in the manufacture of axles. I take for the arm or centre of the
axle a bar or faggot of wrought iron or steel, around which I cast iron or steel,
I thus obtain the form of the axle by casting, saving the labour of forging,
whilst the wrought metal in the centre affords the requisite tenacity.
CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN POWER LOOMS FOR WEAVING
Year: 1862

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Josiah Lord, of Todmorden, in the County of York,
Machine Maker, and John Brown, of Burnley, in the County of Lan-
caster, Overlooker, for the Invention of "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN POWER
LOOMS FOR WEAVING."
Sealed the 22nd August 1862, and dated the 27th June 1862.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Josiah Lord and John
Brown at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their Petition,
on the 27th June 1862.
We, JOSIAH LORD, of Todmorden, in the County of York, Machine Maker,
and JOHN BROWN, of Burnley, in the County of Lancaster, Overlooker, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN
POWER LOOMS FOR WEAVING," to be as follows:-
Our Invention is designed for the purpose of effecting the stoppage of the
loom when the shuttle does not enter the shuttle box as required, and consists
in the arrangement of mechanism described as follows:-Upon the ordinary
stop rod" of the loom we fix a vertical rod projecting downwards and
forming a bell-crank lever with the "stop rod tongue" and upon this rod a
spring is fixed, which is acted upon by a stud on the crank arm at each "beat

page_text: up," also on the rod, and beneath this spring a projecting finger is arranged
so as to come under a bowl on the framing, for..the purpose of holding the
"stop rod tongue" out of contact with the "frog" during the traverse of the
shuttle. When the shuttle enters the boxes as required, the spring yields to
'the stud on the crank arm, but when the shuttle omits to enter the box at the
proper time, the back finger on the "stop rod," not being sustained by the
"swell" of the shuttle, is at liberty to fall inwards, so that when the stud on
the crank arm lifts the spring at the next "beat up," the vertical rod is moved
by the spring and turns the stop rod sufficiently to throw the "stop rod
tongue" into contact with the "frog," thereby effecting the stoppage of the
Joom.
IMPROVEMENTS IN ROTATORY ENGINES
Year: 1862

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Harpur Jordan at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 16th September
1862.
I, HARPUR JORDAN, of the Town and County of Southampton, Engineer, do
hereby declare the nature of the Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN ROTATORY
ENGINES," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in rotatory engines. For
these purposes the steam cylinder employed has within it another cylinder or
enlargement of the shaft, which is of less diameter than the steam cylinder.
The centre of the inner cylinder is excentric to that of the steam cylinder, and
the periphery of the inner cylinder is arranged constantly to touch the steam
cylinder at one point. The driving shaft of the engine is in the centre of the
inner cylinder, and the inner cylinder forms an enlargement of that part of the
shaft which is within the steam cylinder. The driving shaft works through
the covers of the steam cylinder. Through the inner cylinder a slot is formed,
within which two sliding pistons are applied, which are capable of motion
independently of each other. On the inner surface of each of the end covers
of the steam cylinder is a groove or track concentric with the centre of the steam
cylinder, in which grooves pins or projections on the ends of the pistons work,
and the pistons are thus caused to slide into and out from the slot formed
through the inner cylinder. The two. pistons constantly touch the steam
cylinder as the inner cylinder rovolvos therein, by which the steam cylinder is

page_text: divided into two equal parts, but by reason of the arrangement of the steam
ports, one of the pistons may for a time be pressed on by the full pressure
of steam from the boiler, whilst the other piston is being acted on by steam
expansively, which is effected in the following manner :-On either sido
of the lino of contact of the inner cylinder with the steam cylinder, there
is a steam port, one of which is constantly the outlet or exhaust port,
whilst the other is the supply port; this may be changed or reversed by a
suitable slide valve, as is well understood. By these arrangements, so soon as
either of the pistons passes the steam port it will shut off the communication
between the steam port and the other piston, when the full pressure of the
steam will, for a time, be on the piston which has last passed the steam port,
whilst the steam between this piston and the other piston will act expansively
on the larger area of the other piston. The piston and other parts are to be
suitably packed, in order that the same may be rendered steam-tight.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF ARMOUR-PLATED SHIPS AND FORTIFICA- TIONS
Year: 1862

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Joshua Horton at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 30th October
1862.
I, JOSHUA HORTON, of the Etna Works, Smethwick, near Birmingham, in
the County of Stafford, do hereby declare the nature of the Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF ARMOUR-PLATED SHIPS AND FORTIFICA-
TIONS," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in the construction of
armour-plated ships and fortifications.
In constructing armour-plated ships, I form the ship with hollow ribs or
frames, as has before been proposed in the Specification of a Patent granted
to Alexander Samuelson, and dated the 12th February last, No. 373, but in
place of applying thereto armour plates, having flanges which are butted
together and lodged within the hollow ribs or frames as is there proposed,
employ armour plates having no flanges, but which are recessed at their edges;
these plates are held in their places by T-pieces, the head of each T-piece
lapping over the edges of two adjoining plates; and fitting the recesses, so as
to make a flush surface; the stems of the T-piece enter and are secured within
the hollow ribs or frames.
The ends of the armour plates are arranged so as not to come directly one
under the other, but the joints are distributed as uniformly as possible over the
whole of the ribs or frames, and the hollow ribs or frames where they are not

page_text: required to receive T-pieces are closed in by the ordinary skin of the vessel
under the armour plate.
In order to prevent the ends of the armour plates from drawing out from
their fastenings, I form the bottom of the recesses at the ends of the plates
with grooves, and I make the heads of the T-pieces with corresponding pro-
jections to lock into these grooves.
In some cases in place of forming the frame of the ship as above described,
I make it in an ordinary manner, and rivet to it the plating to form the skin,
and to secure the armour plate, I employ T-pieces as before, but the stems of
these T-pieces are made to come intermediate of the ribs or frames, and their
stems project through apertures formed for them in the skin, and are enclosed
and fixed in boxes or troughs rivetted to the skin.
Fortifications may be constructed in the same manner as the sides of armour-
plated ships.
In applying armour plating to wooden ships or fortifications, recesses are
cut in the wood to receive the stems of the T-pieces; or these stems may be
dispensed..with, so that what was the T-piece becomes only a coupling piece
held in its place by bolts through it, and the frame of the structure; this
system may also be adopted when the frame of the structure is not of wood.
IMPROVE- MENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF SHIPS AND SHIELDS
Year: 1862

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Bush at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 11th April
1862.
I, WILLIAM BUSH, of Tower Hill, in the County of Middlesex, Civil
Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF SHIPS AND SHIELDS," to be as follows:-
My Invention consists in constructing the sides of ships of two thicknesses
of iron or steel, in running between the two plates molten metal from a little
below the load water line upwards, and in filling up the space between the
two plates, from the keel upwards to such points as may have been filled in
with molten metal, with bitumen, pitch, marine glue, or any other like sub-
stance which may be run in hot, and which will solidify on cooling. My
double plates may be applied to existing ships as well as in the construction of
new ships.
My Invention in shields consists in constructing them with a floor free to
revolve, upon which the gun or guns is or are mounted, and with a roof in
the shape of a segment of a circle.
The roof is supported by iron columns and is stationary, the protection for
the
gun or guns and men working the same, in addition to that afforded by
the roof, is formed of a ring or rings of thick wrought-iron plates, or of double
plates with molten metal run into the space between them. In the rings port
holes are provided for ordnance as well as loop holes for small arms.
whole of the parts excepting the roof move together when they are made to
revolve.
The
IMPROVEMENTS IN ROTATORY ENGINES
Year: 1862

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Henry Johnson at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 31st
March 1862. A communication from abroad by Wilhelm Heinrich
Christian Voss, of Berlin, in the Kingdom of Prussia, Engineer.
I, JOHN HENRY JOHNSON, of 47, Lincoln's Inn Fields, in the County of
Middlesex, and of 166, Buchanan Street, in the City of Glasgow, North
Britain, Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN ROTATORY ENGINES," a communication from abroad, by
Wilhelm Heinrich Christian Voss, of Berlin, in the Kingdom of Prussia,
Engineer, to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to a peculiar construction and arrangement of rotatory
engines, and consists in the employment of a pair of disc wheels, having a
number of steam ports cast therein, each disc being fixed on a separate shaft
of its own.
In place of the two shafts being in the same axial line with each
other, they are placed at an angle, so that one edge of the discs will be nearer
together than the opposite edge. The steam ports or passages pass through
the discs, and the corresponding ones in the inner faces of the two discs are
connected by expansible bags or tubes of vulcanized india-rubber or other
suitable material. A valve is so arranged as to admit the steam into each
port successively as the discs revolve, the steam entering that port and bag or
tube which is situate at the point where the edges of the discs are nearest
together. As the steam expands this tube it tends to rotate the discs, and

page_text: bring the next succeeding port under the valve, which then receives steam in
its turn, and so on, the exhaust taking place through the opposite disc, and at
a point where the expansion of the tube is no longer of service. Motion is
transmitted from these discs by having spur teeth cast thereon, gearing into
corresponding pinions on a second motion shaft. The bearings which support
the shafts of the two disc wheels are made adjustable on their tables, so
as to regulate exactly the angles of the two shafts.
IMPROVEMENTS IN BREECH-LOADING FIRE-ARMS
Year: 1862

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Aungeir Byrnes at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 30th June
1862.
I, AUNGEIR BYRNES, of Metropolitan Building, Mile End New Town,
London, Gun Maker, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN BREECH-LOADING FIRE-ARMS," to be as follows:-
About four inches in length of the breech-end of the barrel is bored out
somewhat larger than the principal part thereof. At the junction of the
two sizes of bore a conical seating is formed for the purpose of receiving a
plug or stopper. Immediately before such seating is placed the ordinary.
percussion nipple, and behind the same an opening is formed by cutting a gap
on the top side about three inches in length, and about one-third of the
diameter of that part of the barrel in depth, leaving about one inch in length
behind the opening to receive the breech piece and form an abutment for the
plug or stopper. The sides of the opening are cut away to the full width of
the bore, and grooved for a purpose herein-after stated; a plug or stopper about
one inch in length is fitted to the bore within the opening, free to slide the full
length thereof, and shaped to fit the conical seating air-tight when pushed
forward. One part of a hinge is projected on the top side of such plug
(behind the conical part) into which is attached a flap or cover, so shaped as
to close the opening and fill up that part of the bore between the plug and the

page_text: back end thereof, thereby completing an abutment for the plug or stopper
(quite independent of strain upon the hinge pin) when the flap is shut down.
A guard piece is fitted to the plug and made to slide in the grooves before
mentioned to keep the same from rising when drawn back to admit a cartridge.
The flap is fitted with a self-closing spring bolt, such bolt being acted upon by
a cranked spindle (or its equivalent) with an arm or lever attached, and so
arranged as to withdraw the bolt from its fastened position when the lever is
lifted up, and to close and securely fasten the same when the lever is let down.
In the latter position only is it possible to get the hammer to the full bent
ready for firing. These parts are altogether so arranged that by one act the
bolt is withdrawn from its fastened position, the flap opened, and the plug
or stopper drawn to the back end of the opening, making room in front to
admit a cartridge. And when the cartridge is inserted by one act the plug
is pushed up to the seating, carrying the cartridge before it into the barrel,
and the cover shut down and securely fastened safe and ready for firing, the
breech-piece being relieved from recoil, and having only to hold the barrel in
the stock. I prefer fitting it to the plain bore and fastening it with a cotter
pin, to give greater facility for taking the barrel out, or to take out the breech-
piece to clean or look through the barrel. The foregoing dimensions and
description refer to a musket, rifle, or fowling piece, other arms to be arranged
in proportion, differing as occasion may require, keeping to the main prin-
ciple.
IMPROVEMENTS IN PREPARING COTTON FOR SPINNING
Year: 1862

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Samuel Cunliffe Lister and James Warburton, of.
Manningham, near Bradford, in the County of York, Spinners, for the
Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN PREPARING COTTON FOR SPINNING."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Samuel Cunliffe Lister
and James Warburton at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents,
with their Petition, on the 28th January 1862.
We, SAMUEL CUNLIFFE LISTER and JAMES WARBURTON, of Manningham,
near Bradford, in the County of York, Spinners, do hereby declare the nature
of the Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN PREPARING COTTON FOR SPINNING," to be
as follows:-
According to our Invention cotton is first passed through a scutching,
beating, or other machine acting in like mannner, to knock out the dirt and
to open the fibre as heretofore when the cotton is to be carded, but in place of
making the "laps" of cotton by such machines suitable for a carding engine,
they are made of a proper width and thickness for a combing machine. The
cotton in place of being subjected, as heretofore, to the carding process, is then
either taken directly to a combing machine and combed, or the cotton before
being combed is subjected to the action of a screw gill or other drawing

page_text: machine, and then combed. We use what are known as Noble's combing
machines in carrying out our Invention, but others may be used. By
preparing cotton for spinning, as above described, not only is the expense of
the carding process saved, but the breaking of the fibres consequent on. the
carding process is avoided.
IMPROVE- MENTS IN BUILDING SHIPS AND OTHER VESSELS
Year: 1862

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Osborne Reynolds at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 10th April
1862.
I, OSBORNE REYNOLDS, of Debach, near Woodbridge, in the County of
Suffolk, Clerk, do hereby declare the nature of the Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN BUILDING SHIPS AND OTHER VESSELS," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object "Improvements in Building Ships and other
Vessels." For these purposes in constructing the lower parts of a ship or vessel
wedge-formed timber is used, the thinner edge of the wedge being inwards, and
the thicker edge outwards; between each strake of these wedge-formed timbers
there are plates of iron or steel as wide as the wedges or filling pieces of
timber. The wedges and the plates of iron both run in a direction fore and
aft of the ship or vessel, and by reason of the filling pieces of timber being
wedge shaped the requisite curved form for the bottom of a ship or vessel is
obtained; through these wedge-formed timbers, and through the plates of iron
or steel between them, screw bolts are passed, and the whole strongly screwed
together. The walls of a ship or vessel are similarly constructed, the timber
being made with parallel sides or wedge shaped, according as the form of the
ship or vessel may require. The plates of iron or steel between the horizontal
layers of timber used in forming the sides of a ship or vessel from such
distance below the water line upwards are formed with thick massive outer
edges which overlap the filling pieces of wood, and form the outer surface or

page_text: skin of a ship or vessel, in order that the outer surface of a ship or vessel may
be capable of resisting shot and other projectiles, and also in order to make the
body of the ship or vessel of great strength. The layers of wood and the
plates of iron or steel used in forming the sides of a ship are perforated to
receive upright screw bolts to screw or compress the whole of the layers
together at proper intervals.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF WINDOW BLINDS
Year: 1862

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Robert Peacock at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 11th March
1862.
I, ROBERT PEACOCK, of the Firm. of Messieurs Peacock and Prattley, of
the City of Manchester, Manufacturers and Printers, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF
WINDOW BLINDS," to be as follows:-
It has heretofore been customary, in the manufacture of window blinds, to
employ linen, cotton, or other woven fabric. Now, my Invention consists in
substituting paper for the woven fabrics usually employed. In performing
my Invention, I make use of paper made from the ordinary materials of
suitable thickness and dimensions according to the size of the blinds to be
produced, and this paper is either dyed, stained, printed, painted, photo-
graphed, or otherwise ornamented of the desired color and pattern. In some
cases the paper is passed through a solution of sulphuric acid, or otherwise
prepared to make it transparent, and to increase its durability.
AN IMPROVED PROCESS OR PROCESSES FOR THE PREPARATION OF CERTAIN COLORING MATTERS FROM ANILINE
Year: 1862

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Watson and William
Henry Watson at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with
their Petition, on the 17th September 1862.
We, WILLIAM WATSON and WILLIAM HENRY WATSON, both of Harrogate,
in the County of York, Manufacturing Chemists, do hereby declare the nature
of the Invention for "AN IMPROVED PROCESS OR PROCESSES FOR THE PREPARATION
OF CERTAIN COLORING MATTERS FROM ANILINE," to be as follows:-
We mix aniline with aqua regia in the proportions of about two parts of
aniline and one part of aqua regia (the aqua regia being the well known mix-
ture of nitric and hydrochloric acids), and subject the mixture in a conve
nient vessel to a temperature of about 340° Fahrenheit, and by continuing.
this temperature coloring matter is gradually formed. We have found that
the colouring matters consist of a red coloring matter, a blue coloring matter,.
and another substance of a dark color. We wash out the red coloring matter by
water, and then treat the residue with alcohol, which dissolves the blue color,
and the dark substance. To the alcoholic solution we add five or six times
the volume of benzole, and leave the mixture at rest for some hours to settle.
The benzole retains in solution the black coloring matter, and the blue is
precipitated. We then decant off the liquids. This blue coloring matter is
soluble in alcohol, and is then ready for use. Instead of mixing aniline and
nitric acid and muriatic acids in a liquid state, we find that we obtain similar

page_text: coloring matters by mixing the vapours or gases arising from the distillation of
aqua regia with the vapour of aniline, or passing such vapour of aqua regia
into liquid aniline, the resulting mixture being afterwards submitted to heat,
and the other processes as before mentioned.
IMPROVE- MENTS IN TUBULAR STEAM GENERATORS
Year: 1862

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Anderson at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 17th April
1862.
I, WILLIAM ANDERSON, of 85, Shaftesbury Street, in the County of Middle-
sex, Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN TUBULAR STEAM GENERATORS," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in tubular steam generators,
and the improvements consist in the means resorted to for fixing the bends,
which connect the ends of the tubes, to each other. The tubular bends are
each made with sockets, to receive the ends of two tubes. The ends of the
tubes pass through iron plates, and the connecting of the ends of the tubes is
external to the two end plates. The above description of steam generator is
not new, but in place of fixing the connecting bends as heretofore, they are by
this Invention fixed by means of studs or rods with screwed ends, such studs or
short rods being fixed to the plates through which the ends of the tubes pass;
and it is preferred so to arrange the fixing of the studs or short rods, that one
of such studs or rods shall come intermediate of the ends of three of the tubes
used in constructing a steam generator; with each of these studs or short rods,
it is preferred that a triangular plate or bridge should be used, so arranged as
to come on projections or steps, which are formed at or near the ends of the
bends, the centres of which steps or projections correspond with the centres of
the two tubes which a bend connects. In each of these triangular plates or

page_text: bridges there is a hole through the centre, through which the screwed end of
one of the studs or short rods passes, and by means of screw nuts the three.
ends of the bridge or triangular plate are made to press on the bends, or on
the steps or projections thereof. It is, however, not essential that the bridges
or plates should be of a triangular form, as simple two-ended plates or bars,
or bridges or bars of other form may be employed in place thereof, to press
on the steps or projections of the bends, the studs or short rods being suitably
fixed to the end plates of the generator for that purpose, and I would state
that the pressing plates or bridges or bars may be of such form as to admit of
the use of more than one stud or short rod through each of them, or
the studs or short rods may be connected with nuts or with plates, or
various forms or bars inside the common plate, through which the ends of the
tubes pass.
IMPROVEMENTS IN HOOKS AND SWIVELS FOR FASTENING CHAINS OF ALL SIZES, AND FOR OTHER SIMILAR PURPOSES
Year: 1862

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by James Ellis at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 4th March
1862.
I, JAMES ELLIS, of Petersham, in the County of Surrey, Farmer, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN HOOKS AND
SWIVELS FOR FASTENING CHAINS OF ALL SIZES, AND FOR OTHER SIMILAR PURPOSES,"
to be as follows:-
'
The guard is formed to resemble a common chain swivel of any size, but
arranged so as to be detached and united by means which cannot accidentally
occur. The link, resembling that in a common chain swivel, is cut so close
to the stem, which works and revolves in the cap, as to barely leave space
for the cut point to slide along a rifle groove first on the outside and after-
wards along the inside of a groove in the cap. A screw ferule works on the
end of the hook to open or close the spaco between the end of the hook & the
stem, so as to form a complete link when screwed up close. The head of
the hook at the end of the stem when raised above the cap in order to detach
it comes into contact with the link or fastening to which the cap is suspended;
a groove on the head of the hook allows it to pass, so that it may be com-
pletely reversed. The point of the hook has then to be guided along the inner
groove of the cap, and the hook is thus freed or seperated from the swivel
cap.
IMPROVEMENTS IN COLLECTING HUMAN EXCRETA, AND IN THE APPARATUS AND MEANS EMPLOYED THEREIN
Year: 1862

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Louis William Thudichum
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
16th December 1862.
I, JOHN LOUIS WILLIAM THUDICHUM, of Kensington, in the County of
Middlesex, Doctor of Medicine, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN COLLECTING HUMAN EXCRETA, AND IN THE
APPARATUS AND MEANS EMPLOYED THEREIN," to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to a mode or method of collecting the human feces
and the urine separately, the main object being the preservation of such
excreta separate from each other.
According to one mode of carrying out this Invention as applied to water-
closets in connection with drains and sewers, it is proposed to so construct the
pan of the closet that the feces shall fall into one compartment and the urine
into another, the pan being divided by a transverse partition for that purpose.
The compartment which receives the solid excreta is constructed similar to an
ordinary water-closet, and opens into a drain pipe leading to the sewer. The
front compartment for the reception of the urine is connected by a pipe with
a uroduct or separate drain pipe fitted into any convenient portion of the
main sewer, so that the urine discharged into the closet will always remain
separate from the other contents of the sewer. The urine from other sources
in the household which does not pass directly into the anterior compartment
of the water-closet is collected in a suitable urine can, and poured into a special
sink fixed in any convenient part of the premises, whence it flows by a special

page_text: pipe into the uroduct herein-before referred to. This can is provided with a
sunk funnel-shaped filtering lid or strainer, and with a handle on one side and
a spout on the other to facilitate the emptying of its contents, and is further
provided with a large hinged handle over the top to carry it by. In those
localities where water-closets are not used, and where no system of sewerage
is adopted, I propose to substitute for the ordinary privy and cesspool a
receiving pan divided into two, compartments by a transverse partition, the
front compartment which receives the urine communicating by means of a pipe
with a reservoir, tank, or carboy, whilst the compartment for the reception
of the solid excreta is provided with a hinged bottom, opened at will by a
handle. Into this compartment is introduced a small quantity of dry or dried
earth, or pulverised lime, or a mixture of those substances, which, together
with the feces, descends into any suitable receptacle below.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CHAINS, AND IN THE APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN
Year: 1862

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Marie Celesto Sinibaldi at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition on the 6th
August 1862.
I, MARIE CELESTE SINIBALDI, of 1, South Villas, South Street, Greenwich,
in the County of Kent, do hereby declare the nature of the Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CHAINS, AND IN THE APPARATUS
EMPLOYED THEREIN," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in the manufacture of
chains, and in the apparatus employed therein. For these purposes the links
are cast of suitable metal, and the succeeding links are, in the act of casting,
caused to link ono within the other. A series of metal moulds are employed,
and they are formed, arranged, and connected together to produce alternately
the horizontal and vertical links. Each mould is by preference formed to
bave a single link cast therein, and the series of moulds are placed or con-
nected together in such manner that the melted metal run into one mould
does not enter or mix with tho metal which is run into the other mould or
moulds used therewith; on the contrary, the succeeding links of a chain,
whether cast in succession or simultaneously in a series of moulds, are separate
castings, and are, by the act of casting, linked one in another. In this
manner may any desired number of moulds be used, and each have a link
cast therein, and by reason of the forms of the moulds and their being used
together, the succeeding links will, when cast, be linked into each other. It

page_text: should, however, be stated that separate links may be cast in suitable moulds,
and then coupled together by :casting intermediate links in moulds formed
to receive or partly to receive the links previously. cast separate; by these
means a series of links cast separate are formed into a chain by casting inter-
mediate or coupling links to connect the separate links together.
IMPROVEMENTS IN BREECH-LOADING FIRE-ARMS
Year: 1862

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Benoit Théodore Ulysse Monin at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
6th November 1862.
I, BENOIT THEODORE ULYSSE MONIN, of No. 60, Boulevart de Strasbourg,
Paris, in the Empire of France, Merchant, do hereby declare the nature of
the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN BREECH-LOADING FIRE-ARMS," to be
as follows:-
The object of this Invention is to facilitate the rapid loading and dis-
charging of fire-arms. It consists in using and removing a sliding key, which
when removed opens an aperture leading from the bore of the gun to the but-
end or stock. This but-end contains a recess fit to contain several cartridges,
which are brought forward by an endless belt or chain running on two rollers;
the shaft of one of these rollers carries a pinion, which is actuated by a tooth
wheel loose on the shaft of the cock, when the said cock is moved back a
catching-spring hook causes the wheel to move, whilst when firing the same
wheel remains motionless. The whole motion is given by the finger bearing
on the trigger; the cock by its back motion not only causes the chain to
move and to bring forward the cartridge, but a lifting cam carried by its
shaft removes the key; the latter carries along a connecting rod, which causes
a sliding piece to push forward a cartridge into the breech of the barrel, then
a spring brings the key to its place and the gun is ready to be fired off.
IMPROVED MACHINERY FOR DIGGING OR CULTIVATING LAND
Year: 1862

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Joseph Ellicott Holmes at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 17th
June 1862. A communication from abroad by Benjamin Field, of
Sheboygan Falls, Wisconsin, United States of America.
I, JOSEPH ELLICOTT HOLMES, of South Parade, Trafalgar Square, Chelsea,
in the County of Middlesex, Mechanical and Civil Engineer, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVED MACHINERY FOR
DIGGING OR CULTIVATING LAND," to be as follows:-
This Invention of improved machinery for digging or cultivating land
relates to that description of machinery in which the land is operated upon
by means of digging instruments, which act somewhat in the manner of
spades.
These instruments, which I will call spades, are secured to shoulder
pieces or blocks, which support and strengthen them from behind. These
blocks or shoulder pieces are fixed to wheels, which are mounted on a cranked
part of the axletree of the running wheel or wheels which rotate or roll over
the surface of the land as the machine is drawn forward. To the peripheries
of these latter are secured straight bars which extend across the machine, and
act as scrapers for the spades. As the machine progresses over the land, the
spades are thrust out between the bars, and made to enter the earth and dig
and lift up a portion thereof, which when the spades are drawn back within
the peripheries of the large wheels will be forced or scraped off by the scraper

page_text: bars. Motion is communicated from the piston rod of the engine to the
crank shaft, on which is mounted a pinion that gears into and drives an
intermediate wheel, whereby a large toothed wheel secured to the arms of the
running wheels is driven. When it is desired to prevent the spades from
working or entering the ground the cranked part of the axletree is moved
round part of a revolution, and the spade wheels will then be lifted up. This
movement is effected by causing a dog or trip lever to enter between the
teeth of the large toothed wheels and be driven or carried forward thereby.
This dog or trip lever is under the control of the engineer, who by means
of a lever and connecting rod can easily throw it in or out of gear.
A NEW OR IMPROVED KIND OF LAST CAPABLE OF BEING ADJUSTED TO VARIOUS SIZES AND TO VARIOUS SHAPES OF TOES
Year: 1862

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Washington Agnew at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 20th
January 1862. A communication from abroad by Samuel Slater, of the
City of London, in West Canada.
I, JOHN WASHINGTON AGNEW, of the City of London, in West Canada, but
now of Windsor Chambers, Great Saint Helen's, in the City of London,
Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "A NEW
OR IMPROVED KIND OF LAST CAPABLE OF BEING ADJUSTED TO VARIOUS SIZES AND TO
VARIOUS SHAPES OF TOES," to be as follows:-
The object of this Invention is to produce a last simple in construction, easy
in use, and capable of being so adjusted so to form several different sizes and
shapes, and thereby to save the necessity for having such a great number of
different lasts as are now required.
To the usual or any form of last are affixed toe plates or thin sheets of
malleable iron, steel, brass, or other hard metal of about one-eighth of an inch
in thickness, and of about three inches in length, which toe plates are fastened
to the last by a screw working through a slot in the same of about an inch in
length, into a metal nut inserted in the toe of the last, which screw and nut
hold the toe plate securely to the last. The toe plates may be increased in
length or thickness as may be requisite. In order to lengthen the last the
screw is loosened, and the toe plate pushed forward to the size required, when
the screw is made fast again, and so on from time to time as may be
necessary.

page_text: By the way of example, take a last, say a No. 6, move the toe plate forward
three-sixteenths of an inch, viz., half a size, it is No. 6%; extend the toe plate
half a size more, it is No. 7; extend it again half a size more it is No. 7,
making altogether 4 different sizes, which is the usual extent of which each toe
plate is made capable. These two plates are also made round, square, pointed,
or otherwise, so as to suit the fashion or shape required, and each last provided
with such differently shaped toe plates, so that by way of further example the
above last No. 6 being provided with round and square toe plates, will be
equivalent to 8 different lasts. By this simple arrangement of the toe plates
each pair of lasts can be extended so as to form 4 different sizes of round, and
4 different sizes of square toed- lasts as above, and thirteen pairs of last will
form the usual complete set running from small size No. 1 to size No. 13,
and large size, No. 1 to 13, being equivalent to 104 pairs of lasts; and if
quarter sizes are used, which are often required, these 13 pairs of lasts with
round and square toe plates will then be equivalent to 208 pairs of lasts.
Of course the toe plates can be applied to larger or smaller lasts than those
included in the above sizes.
- MENTS IN PROJECTILES FOR FIRE-ARMS
Year: 1862

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Ward Girdlestone at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 24th
January 1862.
I, JOHN WARD GIRDLESTONE, of Birkenhead, in the County of Chester,
Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE -
MENTS IN PROJECTILES FOR FIRE-ARMS," to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to a peculiar arrangement and construction of pro-
jectiles to be used in connection with rifled or smooth bore ordnance, or fire-
arms, and consists in incasing the rear portion, and part of the sides of the
shot or projectile with a jacket of wood, papier maché, or other suitable
material. The outside of this casing or jacket fits the bore of the gun whilst
the inside fits the shot, provision being made for enabling the jacket to detach
itself readily from the shot so soon as it leaves the gun. In the case of rifled
guns, the twist imparted to the jacket is transmitted therefrom to the projec-
tile by means of a square or other suitably shaped recess in the rear of the
jacket, being driven over a corresponding projection on the projectile by the
explosion of the charge, the projectile on loading being not quite driven home
in its jacket. As the projectile is in some cases made slightly tapered towards
its rear end it follows that when the recess in the jacket is driven on to the
corresponding projection at the back of the projectile the shot will be more
firmly held by the jacket, and that the jacket will thenceforward in the dis-
charge fit the rifle grooves more tightly, and, after the discharge the jacket will
fall to pieces more readily. One or more recesses or annular chambers may be

page_text: formed upon the circumference of the jacket for the reception of lubricating
matter, when such matter is used. Powdered black lead may also be used. In
order to facilitate the separation of the jacket or outer casing from the projectile
it is further proposed to make a number of longitudinal saw cuts or divisions in
the jacket or case, extending from the front to near the rear end thereof. In
cases where shot is intended to be used against armour plates it is proposed to
make the striking or head part of the projectile slightly concave to improve its
penetrating powers. In order to prevent all chance of splitting or damage of
the rear end of the encasing material a plate of metal or other resisting material
is used as a shield to receive the direct force of the explosion,