IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF LEAD-ENCASED TIN PIPES, AND IN APPARATUS EMPLOYED IN SUCH MANUFACTURE
Year: 1870

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Hiram Haines, of Liverpool, in the County of
Lancaster, Civil Engineer, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN
THE MANUFACTURE OF LEAD-ENCASED TIN PIPES, AND IN APPARATUS EMPLOYED
IN SUCH MANUFACTURE."
Sealed the 22nd March 1870, and dated the 18th January 1870.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Hiram Haines at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
18th January 1870.
+
".
I, HIRAM HAINES,. of Liverpool, in the. County of Lancaster, Civil
Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IM-
PROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF LEAD-ENCASED TIN PIPES, , AND IN APPARATUS
EMPLOYED IN SUCH MANUFACTURE," to be as follows:-
My Invention relates chiefly to a peculiar mode of forming ingots of
lead and tin combined, the said compound ingots being formed in moulds
by the aid of mandrils or cores with one metal concentrically within the
other, the union of the two metals composing the ingot being effected

page_text: by the application of muriate of zinc or muriate of tin, or both, to the
interior surface of the lead ingot previous to casting the interior ingot
of tin, thereby ensuring the adhesion of the lead and tin to each other
as they are discharged from the machine in the form of a double pipe,
the interior one being of tin and the exterior of lead.
The said Invention also relates to an apparatus consisting of a series
of moulds arranged upon a vertical pillar or column, so that they may
rotate consecutively in line with any force that may be applied to draw
the cores, whereby the ingots may be formed with increased rapidity,
and the labor or force required in the operation of preparing them is
economized. I prepare a cylindrical mould, into which I first place a
central core in the shape of a frustrum of a cone having its smaller end
bevelled or chamfered; I then cast or pour molten lead into the mould
around this core; I then withdraw this core and apply muriate of zinc
or muriate of tin, or both, to the interior surface of the lead ingot so
formed; I then introduce into the centre of the hollow interior space
formed in the centre of the lead ingot by the conical core a core of
smaller diameter than such space, and pour or cast melted tin in the
annular space formed between the said core and the lead ingot. The
combined ingot is then placed in an ordinary lead pipe press, and forced
through a die while around a central core or mandril. The muriates arc
to be applied to the interior surface of the lead ingots before the tin is
cast or poured therein, in order to insure the perfect union or soldering.
of the two ingots (the lead and tin) together. The moulds are made of
cast iron or other suitable metal, and are attached to a boss or sleeve,
which is fitted to rotate upon the aforesaid column or pillar. The said
moulds are made in two halves longitudinally, so that they may be
readily separated when the ingots are to be taken out of the moulds.
The bottom is made with a small hole in the centre to receive the end
of the mandril, and insure its being held centrally within the mould.
The means applied to draw the cores from the ingots may be a steam or
hydraulic cylinder, or a screw or lever fixed to the upper part of the
column and connected with the cores by a rod or chain, or the cores may
be drawn from the moulds by any other mechanical power applied in a
similar manner.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Hiram Haines in the Great Seal Patent Office on
the 16th July 1870.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, HIRAM
HAINES, of Liverpool, in the County of Lancaster, Civil Engineer, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Eighteenth day of January, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy, in the thirty-
third year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto me, the said Hiram Haines, Her special licence ·
that I, the said Hiram Haines, my executors, administrators, and
assigns, or such otliers as I, the said Hiram Haines, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others,
from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term therein
expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend,
within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel
Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS. IN THE
MANUFACTURE OF LEAD-ENCASED TIN PIPES, AND IN APPARATUS EMPLOYED IN
SUCH MANUFACTURE," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the
said Hiram Haines, my executors or administrators, by an instrument
in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals,
should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said
Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and
cause the same to be filed in the Great Scal Patent Office within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Hiram Haines, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement, reference being had to the accompanying Drawing
forming a part of this Specification :—
My Invention relates chiefly to a peculiar mode of forming ingots of
lead and tin combined. The said compound ingots are formed in moulds
by the aid of mandrils or cores with one metal concentrically within
the other, the perfect union of the two metals composing the ingot

page_text: being ensured by the application of muriate of zinc or muriate of tin,
or both, to the interior surface of the lead ingot previous to casting the
interior ingot of tin. By thus ensuring the adhesion of the lead and tin
to each other the ingots when placed in a pipe press are discharged
from the same in the form of a double pipe, the interior being of tin
and the exterior of lead.
The said Invention also relates to an apparatus consisting of a series
of moulds arranged upon a vertical pillar or column, so that they may
rotate consecutively in line with any force that may be applied to draw
the cores, whereby the ingots may be formed with increased rapidity,
and the labor required in the operation of preparing them is economized.
I.prepare a cylindrical mould, in which I first place a central core in
the shape of a fustrum of a cone having its smaller end bevelled or
chamfered; I then cast or pour molten lead into the mould around this
core; I then withdraw this core and apply muriate of zinc or muriate
of tin, or both, to the interior surface of the lead ingot so formed. I
then introduce into the centre of the hollow interior space formed in the
centre of the lead ingot by the conical coro a corc of smaller diameter
than such space and pour or cast melted țin in the annular space formed
between the said core and the lead ingot. The combined ingot is then
removed from the mould, and with a core or mandril inserted in its
centre is placed in an ordinary lead pipe press and forced through a die
of the proper size to give the required diameter to the pipe. The tin is
slightly bevilled at one end to facilitate the entrance of the ingot into
the die. The muriates are to be applied to the interior surface of the
lead ingots before the tin is cast or poured therein, in order to insure
the perfect union or soldering of the two ingots (the lead and tin)
together. The moulds are made of cast iron or other suitable metal, and
are attached to a boss or frame, which is fitted to rotate upon the
aforesaid column or pillar. The said moulds are preferably made in two
halves longitudinally, so that they may be readily separated when the
ingots are to be taken out of the moulds. The bottom is made with a
small hole in the centre to receive the end of the mandril and insure its
being held centrally within the mould. The means employed to draw
the cores from the ingots may be a steam or hydraulic cylinder, or a
screw or lever fixed to the upper part of the column and connected with
the cores by a rod or chain, or the cores may be drawn from the moulds
by any other mechanical power applied in a similar manner.

page_text: constructed and arranged according to my Invention.
Figure 2 is a vertical section on the line X, X, Figure 1.
Figure 3 is a plan of the bottom plate which supports the foot of the
column; shewing the same provided with friction rollers to facilitate the
rotation of the moulds!
Figure 4 is a vertical section of a container and press employed for
manufacturing my improved pipes.
Figure 5 shows a portion of the same detached. Like letters indicate
the same parts throughout the Drawing.
I construct a frame a to carry the rotating moulds b. The said framè
is fitted to turn freely on the bar or shaft c, and the said moulds and
frame rotate together, the moulds bearing upon the antifriction rollers d.
The shaft or bar c is keyed at its' upper end in a socket formed in the
lower end of the column e, and its lower end is fitted in a square socket
in the base plate f, which forms the bed of the antifriction rollers d.
This bed is firmly bolted to the foundation on which the entire apparatus
is crected. A collar g is placed between the rotating frame a and the
lower end of the column e. The said collar, which keeps the moulds
properly down upon the antifriction rollers is made in two halves, which
are bolted together around the bar c, and may be readily removed when
it becomes necessary to raise the frame and moulds to allow the anti-
friction rollers to be examined or repaired, or for other purposes.
-
The manner of casting the ingots herein-before partially described is
as follows:-I place in the mould 6 a central fustro-conical core h,
around which the molten lead j is cast.. When the lead has properly.
cooled or set the core is withdrawn; I then by means of a sponge or
brush or in any other convenient manner apply the muriate of zinc or
tin, or both, to the interior surface of the lead ingot j. The small core i,
which is of a diameter corresponding with the bore of the pipe to be
produced, is then placed in the centre of the mould, as shewn. The
molten tin is then poured into the annular space k, filling the same and
adhering perfectly to the lead. When the tin has become sufficiently
cool and hard the core i is withdrawn and the ingot removed from the,
mould. The moulds may be constructed in any manner which will

page_text: allow the removal of the ingot to be readily and conveniently effected.
I have shown them formed in two parts, which may be opened to liberate
the ingot, but if desired they may have the bottom removable to allow
the ingot to drop therefrom, or the ingot may be drawn out at the top of
the mould. A catch m is arranged on the bottom plate to take into
notches in the moulds, and retain them in the proper position under and
in line with the power for withdrawing the cores.
It is obvious that by the above-described arrangement of the moulds b
to rotate around the pillar under and away from the means for with-
drawing the cores the said moulds may be consecutively filled, the cores
withdrawn, and the ingots taken out with great facility and rapidity,
and the labour and expense of the work is greatly economized.
To manufacture the ingots thus produced into lead-encased tin pipes
or tubes I place the ingot in the container n, Figure 4. This container
is similar to that of an ordinary hydraulic lead pipe press. The ingot is
placed therein with the chamfered or bevilled end of the internal (that
is, the tin) ingot upward and with the mandril o inside it, as shewn;
then by the action of the press the ingot is pressed against the fixed
ram p, and is forced out through the annular space between the mandril
and the dier in the form of pipe of the desired diameter with the two
metals in close combination, as above described. Upon the termination
of the stroke of the press the container descends to its normal position
to be refilled, and the residue of metal left in the container around the
mandril is forced out by the auxilliary piston s, upon which the pump
acts through the pipe t, which is coupled to the short branch pipe u
screwed in the main piston v, and which communicates with the space
below the pistons through the passage v². Another ingot and mandril
are then placed in the container, and the above-described operations are
repeated. If desired I may convert the pipes into sheets during the
process of manufacture by fixing a cutter w in or above the die in the
ram p, as shewn in Figure 5. This cutter will split the pipe or tubing
as it issues from the press.
Now having thus fully described my said Invention, and shewn how
the same may be conveniently and advantageously carried into practice,
I wish it understood that I claim,-
First. The application of muriate of zinc or muriate of tin, or both,
combined to the interior surface of the lead ingot previous to the casting
of the tin therein, for the purpose set forth.

page_text: Second. The series of moulds constructed substantially as herein
described, and supported and arranged to rotate upon and around a
vertical pillar or column, for the purposes set forth.
In witness whereof, I, the said Hiram Haines, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Twelfth day of July, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy.
HIRAM HAINES. (L.S.)
Witness,
WM. ROBT. LAKE.