IMPROVEMENTS IN AGRICULTURAL LOORWERTHER ODDRATING WRON LAND
Year: 1858

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Robert. Wilson Chandler, of Bow, in the County of
Middlesex, Engineer, and Thomas Oliver, of Hatfield, in the County
of Hertford, Farmer, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN AGRICULTURAL
LOORWERTHER ODDRATING WRON LAND "
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Robert Wilson Chandler
and Thomas Oliver at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with
their Petition, on the 29th October 185.
We, ROBERT WILSON CHANDIER, of Bow, in the County of Middlesex,
Engineer, and THOMAS OLIVER, of Hatfield, in the County of Hertford,
Farmer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE
MENTS IN AGRICULTURAL APPARATUSES FOR PLOUGHING AND OTHERWISE OPERATING
UPON LAND," to be as follows:-
Our Invention relates in part to a former Invention, for which we obtained
provisional protection on the 1st day of June, 1858, and our present improve-
iments consist, first, in dispensing with the arrangement of outside frame, and
of three, four, or more wheels, described in our former Specification, and
employing two wheels at the middle of the plough, and where necessary one
at each end also, in place of the said three, four, or more wheels. The two
wheels now employed are connected by suitable rods, and are provided with
steering levers extending towards the seats (which are placed as before) in
077

page_text: such manner that both wheels are turned simultaneously by either of the
steering levers which the ploughman when seated can reach conveniently.
The sets of ploughs are balanced in a similar manner to that adopted in our
former Invention, and are raised and lowered by means of racks also, as
before. The rack boxes are supported by the axles of the wheels, and are
provided below with set screws to adjust the depth to which it is desired
to lower the ploughs. We so arrange our ploughs as to throw the earth
to the right or to the left at pleasure.
Our Invention consists, secondly, in employing a sceath or loose cutting
wheel in advance of each of the ploughs for the purpose of cutting through
roots, &c., which would otherwise accumulate in front of the plough, and
clog it.
Our Invention consists, thirdly, in constructing steam ploughs with the
principal features described in our former and present Provisional Specifica-
tions, but with a steam or other locomotive engine applied between the
sets of ploughs, the arrangement of the parts being of course modified to
suit the circumstances, or, which is virtually the same thing, by applying
sets of ploughs one to each end of a traction or other locomotive engine,
connecting them by rods, as described in our former Specification, and
raising and lowering their inner ends by means of racks as before; the wheels
of the locomotive engine must in this case be so fitted that they may be
locked and steered in pairs essentially as has been explained in reference
to our ploughs. By means of this part of our Invention, we can plough
when we please directly by a locomotive, and can separate the ploughs
when we please from the locomotive, combine them so as to form one
machine of themselves, and drive them from the engine (which will then
remain at rest) by means of ropes, &c., as usual.
Our Invention consists, fourthly, in connecting the draught ropes or
chains to a nearly vertical lever or levers depending from a transverso stay
on the lower part of the machine at the middle for the purpose of drawing
the ploughs down well into the ground when the strain comes upon the
said ropes or chains.
Our Invention consists, fifthly, in forming double snatch blocks with pulleys,
which may be shifted from one position to another in the blocks in order to
accommodate the directions of the ploughing ropes to the varying positions
and directions which it is desirable to give to the ploughs in ploughing fields
of various forms. And we mount such snatch blocks either upon wheels of
their own, so as to form a sort of wagon or cart, in which loose implements
and ploughing appurtenances may be carried from place to place, and in which

page_text: reels may be placed to receive the ploughing ropes when out of action; or
we mount them upon the end of the engine previously patented by us for
agricultural purposes.
For the driving or hauling of ploughs and other like agricultural imple-
meuts, instead of placing the drums upon the axle of the main wheel of the
engine, we propose to place the drums between the wheels.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the couditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Robert Wilson Chandler and Thomas Oliver in the Great
Seal Patent Office on the 29th April 1859.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, ROBERT
WILSON CHANDLER, of Bow, in the County of Middlesex, Engineer, and
THOMAS OLIVER, of Hatfield, in the County of Hertford, Farmer, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-ninth day of October, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-eight, in the twenty-second year of
Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto
us, the said Robert Wilson Chandler and Thomas Oliver, Her special licence
that we,
the said Robert Wilson Chandler and Thomas Oliver, our executors,
administrators, and assigns, or such others as we, the said Robert Wilson
Chandler and Thomas Oliver,our executors, administrators, and assigns,should
at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times
thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might
make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for
IMPROVEMENTS IN AGRICULTURAL APPARATUSES FOR PLOUGHING AND OTHERWISE
OPERATING UPON LAND," upon the condition (amongst others) that we, the
said Robert Wilson Chandler and Thomas Oliver, or one of us, our execu-
tors or adininistrators, by an instrument in writing under our, or their,
or one of our or their hands and seals, should particularly describe and
ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same
was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal
Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the
date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said Robert Wilson Chandler and Thomas
Oliver, do hereby declare the nature of our said Invention, and in what

page_text: manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and
ascertained' in and by the following statement thereof, reference being had
to the Drawings hereunto annexed, that is to say:-
Our Invention relates in part to a former Invention for which we obtained
Letters Patent, dated the First day of June, One thousand eight hundred and
fifty-eight; and our present improvements consist, first, in dispensing with the
arrangement of outside frame, and of three, four, or more wheels described in
our former Specification, and employing two wheels at the middle of the
plough, and where necessary one at each end also, in place of the said three,
four, or more wheels. The two wheels now employed are connected by
suitable rods, and are provided with steering levers extending towards the
seats (which are placed as before) in such manner that both wheels are turned
simultaneously by either of the steering levers which the ploughman when
seated can reach conveniently. The sets of ploughs are balanced in a similar
manner to that adopted in our former Invention, and are raised and lowered
also as before. Whereracks are used, the rack boxes are supported by the axles
of the wheels, and are provided below with set screws to adjust the depth to
which it is desired to lower the ploughs. We so arrange our ploughs as to
throw the earth to the right or to the left at pleasure.
Our Invention consists, secondly, in employing a sceath or loose cutting
wheel in advance of each of the ploughs for the purpose of cutting through
roots, &c., which would otherwise accumulate in front of the plough and
clog it.
Our Invention consists, thirdly, in constructing steam ploughs, with the
principal features described in our former and present Specifications, but with
a steam or other locomotive engine applied between the sets of ploughs, the
arrangement of the parts being of course modified to suit the circumstances.
or, which is virtually the same thing, by applying sets of ploughs oue to each
end of a traction or other locomotive engine, connecting them by rods, as
described in our former Specification, and raising and lowering their inner
ends by means of racks as before. The wheels of the locomotive engine must
in this case be so fitted that they may be locked and steered in pairs essen-
tially as has been explained in reference to our ploughs. By means of this part
of our Invention, we can plough when we please directly by a locomotive, and
can separate the ploughs when we please from the locomotive, combine them
so as to form one machine of themselves, and drive them from the engine
(which will then remain at rest) by means of ropes, &c., as usual.
Our Invention consists, fourthly, in connecting the draught ropes or chains
to a nearly vertical lever or levers depending from a transverse stay on the

page_text: lower part of the machine at the middle, for the purpose of drawing the
ploughs down well into the ground when the strain comes upon the said
ropes or chains.
Our Invention consists, fifthly, in forming double snatch and other blocks
with pulleys, which may be shifted from one position to another in the blocks,
in order to accommodate the directions of the ploughing ropes to the varying
positions and directions which it is desirable to give to the ploughs in
ploughing fields of various forms. And we mount such snatch blocks either
upon wheels of their own, so as to form a sort of wagon or cart in which loose
implements and ploughing appurtenances may be carried from place to place,
and in which reels may be placed to receive the ploughing ropes when out of
action, or we mount them upon the end of the engine previously patented
by us for agricultural purposes.
Sixthly, for the driving or hauling of ploughs and other like agricultural
implements, instead of placing the drums upon the axle of the main wheel of
the engine, we propose to place the drums between the wheels.
In the Drawings hereunto annexed we have represented the best methods
with which we are acquainted of carrying the several parts of our Invention
into effect.
Figure is a side elevation, and Figure 2 a plan of a ploughing apparatus
constructed according to the first part of our Invention. A,A,A,A',A¹, A¹, are
the rising and falling beams to which the ploughs B,B,B, are attached in the
usual manner; C,C, are the two main wheels which are mounted upon axles,
through which pass upright spindles 1), D, on one of which is a crank E.
From this crank extend rods a, a', attached at their other ends to handles
F,F,respectively, which handles are placed near the seats G, GH, as shown,
in order that one or other of them may be within easy reach of the ploughman
as he sits in either of the seats. The upright spindles have attached to them
below short bars b, b, and transverse connecting rods c,c, in order to cause the
two wheels to move together when either of the handles F, F¹, are moved.
Upon the bars b, b, are formed crauk-like projections, through which set
Screws 6, 6, pass up and rise through tapped holes in the axles. By means
of these screws the heights of the main wheels are adjusted,theaxles rising and
falling freely on the spindles D, D. Instead of the steering rods and handles
just described, we sometimes prolong one of the short bars before mentioned
until the ends of it reach nearly to the scats, so that they may be grasped by
the ploughman and used as steering levers as indicated by the dotted linesI,I',
Figure 1. We do not confine ourselves to either of these arrangements of
parts for giving motion to or steering the axles, as other arrangements may be

page_text: conveniently substituted for them,such, for example, as a worm wheel or part
of a worm wheel upon the upright spindle D,and a worm gearing into it, with
rods extending from the worm to the seats G, G', having hand wheels upon
the ends of these rods. The inner ends of the beams A,A,A,A,A¹, A¹, have
respectively passed through them the bolts d,d', upon the ends of which are
small rollers which run between vertical guides on the inner sides of the
upright side frames K, K. To the outer of the beams A, A, A, A', A², A',
are attached four links e,e,e',e¹, the upper ends of which are pinned to two.
cross bars ff, fixed to the transverse shaft L. To this shaft, near the
middle, is rigidly fixed the double lever M, which terminates at each end in
a handle. By raising or lowering either of these handles the ploughman, who
can conveniently reach them from his seat, can raise the points of either set of
ploughs from the ground, or lower them into it at will. The double lever M.
may have the draught rope attached to it, the said rope being led down from
it under the plough and away to the engine, the object being in this case to
keep the ploughs down securely in the soil, as will be well understood.
Another double lever N is sometimes to be fixed to the extremity of the
shaft L, and to have mounted upon each end of it a guide wheel, as indicated
at g, g, Figure 1. The object of these parts is, that when the ploughs are
ploughing uneven ground, the guide wheel, by following the contour of the
ground, inay impart corresponding motions to the lever N, and thus prevent
the ploughs from penetrating too deeply into the elevations of the soil. In
the apparatus shewn in Figures 1 and 2, we employ a small wheel O, adjust-
able as to height at each end. This wheel runs in the furrow last made and
supports the weight of the ploughman. We employ adjusting screws, or
screws and nuts, for varying the distances apart of the plough beams, when
desired. P,P,arethe sceaths or loose cutting wheels which we employaccording
to the second part of our Invention. We find it convenient to mount them in
sets, each set upon one axle or spindle, and we make the height of this spindle
adjustable in order to vary the depth to which the scenths penetrate. We do
not confine ourselves to placing these sceaths in the position shown, as it may
be found convenient to mount the spindles which carry them in bearings
suspended from the plough beams A, A, A, A', A' A', or otherwise. The
sceaths are so fitted upon their spindles (by screw threading the latter
and employing nuts or otherwise) that their distances apart may be varied
as may be desired.
In Figures 1 and 2, Sheet 2, we have shewn a sectional elevation and plan
view respectively of portions of an apparatus similar to that illustrated in
Sheet 1, but with scarifying tines fitted in. place of the ploughs. When the

page_text: apparatus is thus used for scarifying purpose, we sometimes bring on cach side
a supplementary tine beam Q (shewn separately at Q and Q¹¹) in order to
increase the breadth of the land scarified at each passage of the apparatus, or
to scarify the land over which the wheels have passed, by placing a tive in the
wake of each wheel. These supplementary tine beams Q, Q, are formed so
that they may be applied at once to the outer plough beams by merely passing
the holes formed in the tine beams over the threaded ends of the transverse
bolts which connect the plough beams, and screwing nuts up against them.
When not required for use on the main apparatus the tine beams Q, Q, may
be brought together and mounted upon wheels, as shewn in plan and side
elevation respectively in Figures 3 and 4, Sheet 2, thus forming with their
tines and with a central tine bar and time, ascarifying implement of themselves,
which may be driven either by steam power, horse power, or otherwise.
When the main apparatus is used for scarifying, the small wheel at the end of
the ploughing apparatus is shifted to the middle plough beam. For giving
motion both to this small implement and to the main implement (Figure 1,
Sheet 2), we sometimes employ a quadrant centred upon a spindle, as shown
detached in plan in Figure 5, Sheet 2, the hauling ropes or chains being
attached to the opposite ends of the quadrant. When one rope is put in
tension the other which is slack is carried by the opposite end of the quadrant
to one side and out of the line of action, and vice versâ, as will be readily
understood upon inspection of Figure 3, Sheet 2. In Figure 1, Sheet,
we have shewn on the end of the short hauling rope attached permanently
to the apparatus, a slip or disengaging hook, the ring k of which is to be
pushed off the point of the hook by any suitable obstacle placed on the
snatch block or elsewhere on the arrival of the implement at the headland,
by which means the implement will be disengaged from the long hauling
rope of the engine. Instead of scarifying tines any other suitable tines or
implements may be employed as before described, according to the nature
of the operations to be performed upon the land.
In Figure 1, Sheet 3, we have shown in outline one method of carrying
the third part of our Invention into effect; but we by no means confice our-
selves to the arrangement shown, as this part of our Invention may be
variously modified, as will be evident to practical inen.
In Figures 2 and 3, Sheet 3, we have illustrated in-plan and side elevation
respectively the manner in which we carry the fourth part of our Invention
into effect. A, A, are the side frames of a steam plough; B is a transverse
shaft supported by them; O is a lever depending from B; D is a short length
of chain which is attached at each end to the lower end of the lever C, and

page_text: passes round the pulley E, which is fixed as shewn, but is sometimes inclined
to the lead of the chain. To two parts of the chain D are attached the
hauling ropes F, F¹. The action of these parts resembles the action of the
parts shown separately at Figure 5, Sheet 2, and already explained. When
the rope
F1 is hauled upon, the chain D is pulled round the pulley E, and
the rope F thus drawn to the side out of the way as shewn, and vice versa.
The lever C has also linked to it at the lower end a pair of rods (not shewn
in the Drawing) leading either directly or through other rods to the ends
of the plough beams in order to keep the beams down, and thereby to keep
the ploughs in the soil while either the one or the other of the hauling
ropes is in tension, as the case may be.
Figures 4 and 5, Sheet 3,illustrate in part the manner in which we carry the
fifth part of our Invention into effect. Figure 4 is a side elevation of a wagon
composed as before described under this head of our Invention. Figure 5
is a plan of the same with some of the upper parts removed for the sake of
clearness. A, A, are two pullies carried by the beam of frame B, which with
other framework forms the bottom of the wagon; this bottom is mounted upon
wheels C, C, in any convenient manner, and furnished with light rails or
frames I) 1), for holding any loose ploughing appurtenances that it may
be convenient to place in the wagon. These rails or frames are of course
easily fixed and readily removable. E is a reel placed in the wagon, upon
which reel the hauling ropes or wires may be conveniently wound fortransport.
The axles of the wheels of this wagon are made hollow, and each of the wheels
carries four smail pulleys (fitted, as shewn, or in any suitable manner), which
surround the extremities of the axles, as in Figures 6 and 7, Sheet 3; these
wheels and axles, when detached from the wagon,are to be used as "porters"
for the hauling rope or wire, the latter being passed through the hollow axles.
The small pulleys before described are for the purpose of preventing the said
rope or wire from injurious rubbing on its entrance to or exit from the hollow
axle. When the wheels and axles are detached from the wagon bottom, the
pulleys A,A,may be simply used by laying the frame, which forms the bottom,
upon
the ground and fastening it down by pegs, or any other convenient means,
and then passing the ropes around the said pulleys. Or, when we desire to
shift the pulleys from one position to another, as mentioned under the fifth
head of our Invention, we fit the under side of the pulley frame) or wagon
bottom) with studs a, a, and brace bars b, b, as shewn in Figure 1, Sheet 4,
and have loose pulleys c, c', which may be fitted either as shown in the Figure
or with either of the said pulleys in the space d, or by using longer studs.e, e
two pulleys c, c', may be placed one above the other, as shown in Figure 2,

page_text: Sheet 4. The brace bars b, b, and the frame to which they are attached,
are furnished with several holes near to each other, into either of which the
axles of the pulleys may be fitted, for the purpose of adjusting them to varying
circumstances, as may be necessary during the ploughing operations. The
pulleys A, A, shown in Figures 4 and 5, Sheet 3, are mounted on an internal
frame, to which a reciprocating motion may be given, by means of a screw-
threaded rod and a handle h, the object of this motion being to cause the
pulleys to traverse to and fro in front of the winding-on drum, when necessary,
in order to facilitate the accurate coiling of the rope or wire thereupon.
We do not confine ourselves to the arrangement shown, as the same result
may be obtained by other equivalent means. For example, we sometimes
adopt the means indicated in Figures 3 and 4, Sheet 4. Figure 3 is an end
view of au engine formerly patented by us,with the winding drums A, A, upon
the wheel axles; B is a transverse shaft threaded at B',B',the threaded parts
working in the threaded sockets C, C, which are respectively attached to or
in one with the pulley frames D, D, which carry the guide pulleys E, E.
Motion is imparted to the threaded rod B3, B4, from the shaft F', which is
driven by means of any suitable rotating part of the engine; the bevil wheel G
on the extremity of the shaft F, is made to gear alternately with one or other
of the bevil wheels E, H¹, by means of the self-acting clutch arrangement
shown in plan in Figure 4, Sheet 4, as will be readily understood, the clutch
being operated upon by the rod I,which is itself moved by the frame Dacting
upon a striker attached to it. By these means the guide pulleys E, E, are
caused to reciprocate in front of the winding-on drums A, A, moving once
in either direction for every given number of rotations of the drums.
equivalent result may also be obtained by causing a bar, which carries the
guide pulleys to reciprocate, by means of toothed wheels giving motion to
an eccentric which moves in a slot in the said bar, as shown in Figure 5,
Sheet 4. This apparatus may be supported by a bracket, as shown.
An
In Figures 6 and 7, Sheet 4, we have shown in side elevation and plan a
method of imparting a reciprocating motion, by means of an eccentric, to
pulleys, like those shown at A, A, in Figures 4 and 5, Sheet 3; it consists
simply in employing a shaft B, which may be driven by means of a belt
from the engine acting on a drum (not shown) on one end of it, while the
other end of the said shaft carries a bevil wheel C, gearing into a second
bevil wheel D, upon the axle of which is an eccentric E, which is clasped by
the band F, which is connected to the pulley frames. The rotation of the
shaft B will produce the rotation of the eccentric E, and this will cause the
pulley frames and pulleys to reciprocate, as is well understood,

page_text: In Figure 1, Sheet 5, we have shown one method of carrying the sixth
part of our Invention into effect. A, A¹, are drums (two in this case, but
théré may be more or less), each of which drums is formed with driving
teeth a, a, as shown, in order that when convenient, as it sometimes is, we
may remove these drums from the position shown in Figure 1, Sheet 5, and
place them one on each side of the engine, in the positions shown in
Figure 2, Sheet 5, and drive them by spur gearing. These drums are formed
with flat edges, and the rope or wire is guided on or off them by means of
the guide pulleys B, B', which, when not required for this purpose, may he
used as snatch blocks, or otherwise.
Ín Figure 3, Sheet 5, we have shown a Diagram which illustrates the
manner in which the rope or wire is conducted around the drum, according to
this part of our Invention. A is the main drum; and B, B', are the guide
pulleys; the rope or wire makes two, three, or more turns round the drum A
and the coils are prevented from riding over each other or leaving the drum,
by means of the pressure pulleys C, C', which press upon the rope or wire
where it passes upon the drum, and press it against the surface of the drum,
and by such guide pulleys as may be necessary for the purpose. The rope R,
after passing round the druin A, goes half round the pulleys B, B¹, and
away, as shown in drawn lines at R, R", to the ploughs; or else it passes
alinost entirely around the pulleys B, B'; and away, as shown in dotted lines
,, to the ploughs. Tension pulleys P, P¹, have attached to them cords
which pass over pulleys q, q', which may be suspended from the engines, and
have attached to them a weight which draws them down, and keeps the rope
Riu tension, thereby taking up the slack. In some cases we lead the rope R
directly away from the drum A without employing guide pulleys. Independent
ropes or wires may be passed round the pulleys A, A', Figure 1,Sheet 5,in order
to plough simultaneously with twoimplements on opposite sides of the engine.
In Figure 4, Sheet 5, we have shown another method in which the rope
or wire may be led away around the pulleys B, B', after passing several
times around the drum A.
And having now described the nature of our said Invention and in what
manner the same may be performed, we declare that we claim,―
First, the construction of apparatus for ploughing and otherwise operating
upon land, as described under the first head of our Invention, and illustrated
in the Drawings hereunto annexed.
Secondly, the employment of a sceath or loose cutting wheel in advance
of each of the ploughs, in the manner and for the purpose herein-before

page_text: Thirdly, the construction of steam ploughs, as described under the third
head of our Invention.
Fourthly, the method of confecting the draught ropes or chains to the
apparatus, by the means and in the manner described under the fourth head
of our Invention, and illustrated in the Drawings hereunto annexed.
Fifthly, the several methods of forming and combining snatch and other
blocks, and of mounting the same upon wheels to form wagons or carts, or
upon the end of an engine, all as herein-before described under the fifth
head of our Invention, and illustrated in the Drawings hereunto annexed.
Sixthly, the method of placing and working the druins of ploughing and
other like apparatus, as described under the sixth head of our Invention,
and illustrated in the Drawings hereunto annexed.
In witness whereof, we, the said Robert Wilson Chandler and Thomas
Oliver, have hereunto set our hands and seals, this Twenty-ninth day
of April, One thousand eight hundred and fifty-nine.
ROBERT WILSON CHANDLER. (L.S.)
THOMAS OLIVER.
(L.B.)