IMPROVEMENTS IN WARMING AND VENTILATING APARTMENTS AND BOUDING
Year: 1856

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Servans de Jong, of 17, New Hampstead Road, in
the County of Middlesex, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN
WARMING AND VENTILATING APARTMENTS AND BOUDING"
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Servans de Jong at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 13th
June 1856.
I, SERVANS DE JONG, of 17, New Hampstead Road, in the County of
Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of the Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN WARMING AND VENTILATING APARTMENTS AND BUILDINGS," to be as
follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in warming aud ventilating
apartments and buildings, and consists of a peculiar combination and con-
struction of apparatus. For which purposes the air is heated by passing
from the exterior of the building through a suitable channel into the heating
chamber, the air supply channel being of dimensions according to the cubic
contents of the apartment or building to be warmed and ventilated by the
Invention. The air-heating apparatus and the passages for conducting the
heated air are to be of clay or other material than iron, but for drying
chambers iron may be used. From the air-heating chamber the warm air is
conducted by a suitable channel or channels under the floor of the apartment

page_text: to be warmed, in which floor there are to be valves or ventilators, through
which the warm air rises into the apartment. The channel or channels
conveying the warm air to the valves or ventilators, diminish in diameter or
size as they proceed further and further from the heating chamber. There
are also other valves or ventilators in the floor of the apartment, opening
into other channels below the floor, and such valves or ventilators and channels
are for the purpose of the air in the apartment passing to the ash-pit of the
fire which heats the heating chamber. By these means the cold air of the
apartment is withdrawn as warmed air is allowed to flow from the air-heating
chamber to the apartment, and the passage of air from the apartment. is to
be closed when sufficient has been withdrawn, and a passage from the outer
atmosphere is to be opened to supply the fire with air. In the ceiling of the
apartment there are to be other valves or ventilators, leading into channels
communicating with the interior of the chimney, such channels rising, by prefer-
ence, to some extent in passing from the apartment to the chimney. Although
only one apartment is mentioned, where the building contains several apart-
ments each is to be similarly arranged; the conducting air channels being
varied in their sizes or diameters according to the cubic contents of each
apartment. When, in warm weather, it is desired to introduce fresh air from
the exterior of the building, a communication or channel is used, connected
with the channels described, as boing used for the purpose of withdrawing
air from the apartment to the ash-pit of the fire.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Servans de Jong in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
12th December 1856.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, SERVAAS
DE JONG, of 17, New Hampstead Road, in the County of Middlesex, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Пler Letters
Patent, bearing date the Thirteenth day of June, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-six, in the nineteenth year of Her reign.
did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said
Servaas de Jong, Her special licence that I, tho said Servaas de Jong, my
executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Servaas
de Jong, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree

page_text: with, and no others, from time to time and at. all times thereafter during the
term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and,
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel
Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN WARNING AND
VENTILATING APARTMENTS AND BUILDINGS," upon the condition (amongst others)
that I, tho said Servaas de Jong, my executors or administrators, by an
instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and scals,
should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention,
and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the samo-to be
filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar. months next and
immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Servaas de Jong, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the samo is to be performed,.
to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement
thereof, that is to say:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in warming and ventilating
apartments and buildings, and consists of a peculiar combination and con-
struction of apparatus. For which purposes the air is heated by passing from
the exterior of the building through a suitable channel into the heating
chamber, the air supply channel being of dimensions according to the cubic
contents of the apartment or building to be warmed and ventilated by the
Invention. The air-heating apparatus and the passages for conducting the
heated air are to be of clay or other material thau iron, but for drying
chambers iron may be used. From the air-heating chamber the warm air
is conducted by a suitable channel or channels under the floor of the apartment
to be warmed, in which floor there are to be valves or ventilators, through
which the warm air rises into the apartment. The channel or channels con-
veying the warm air to the valves or ventilators diminish in diameter or size
as they proceed further and further from the heating chamber. There are
also other valves or ventilators in the floor of the apartment, opening into
other channels below the floor, and such valves or ventilators and channels
are for the purpose of the air in the apartment passing to the ash-pit of the
fire which heats the heating chamber. By these means the cold air of tho
apartment is withdrawn as warmed air is allowed to flow from the air-heating
chamber to the apartment, and the passage of air from the apartment is to
be closed when sufficient has been withdrawn, and a passage from the outer
atmosphere is to bo opened to supply the fire with air. In tho ceiling of the
apartment there are to be other valves or ventilators, leading into channels
communicating with the interior of the chimney, such channels rising, by

page_text: preference, to some extent in passing from the apartment to the chimney.
Although only one apartment is mentioned, where the building contains
several apartments each is to be similarly arranged, the conducting, air
channels being varied in their sizes or diameters according to the cubic
contents of each apartment. When, in warm weather, it is desired to introduce
fresh air from the exterior of the buikling, a communication or channel is
used, connected with the channels described, as being used for the purpose of
withdrawing air from the apartment to the ash-pit of the fire.
Having thus stated the nature of my said Invention, I will now proceed to
describe the manner of performing the same.
I warm and ventilate. buildings, as shown in the accompanying Drawings
No. 1, 2, 3, and 4, belonging to a plan for warming and ventilating a laundry
containing a drying closet. The laundry (see plan No. 1) being a building
of 104.704 cubic feet content, the oven or heating chamber for warming the
air should be about 12 feet long, 11 fect 6 inches wide, and 3 feet 9 inches
high at the centre of the arches, giving, after the deduction of the intersecting
walls, a capacity of about 400 feet, or 1 to 2614. This heating chamber is,
where convenient, to be built under the ground level, in a celler or vault, with
double walls, the spaces between them to be filled up with turf ashes. The
chamber is to be divided into four equal compartments, and in it a furnace is
constructed of fire-proof bricks, with a fluo running through three of the com-
partments into the chimney shaft, all of dimensions and forms, as shown in
the detail Drawings Nos. 3 and 4. If the inside of this warming chamber is
lined with white glazed tiles, it will improve the power of reflecting heat, but
walls lined with fine white cement will answer the purpose.
The furnace and flue must be constructed of bricks and carthenware, as
porous as can be got in the trade, and unglazed, that the beat may pass as
freely as possible through the surface. In the construction of the whole, iron
or any other metal should be used as little as possible, because metals are
always more or less injurious for the conveyance of air intended for supply of
animal life. But in beating chambers for drying closets, the furnace and flue
may be constructed of iron, as shown in A, sec Drawing No. 1, to increase the
heat. The channel intended to convey the cold fresh air from without the
building to the warming chamber, and colored at No. 1 blue, should be of
baked clay, and have, by preference, its opening in the shade at the north
side, descending in its level to the chamber. The length should be about 4
times the length of each compartment of the chamber, and its capacity equal
to such a compartment. At the junction of the cold-air channel with tho
warming chamber there must be a valve (seo plan detail, Drawing 3), and

page_text: also another valve at the junction of the warm-air channel at the other end of
the chamber, and with these two valves the stoker is able to regulate the heat
of the air to any degree required, and also its supply. The channel for the
conveyance of the warm air into the building, and colored pink in the plan (see
5 Drawing No. 1,) should be a little less in capacity at its junction than the
compartment of the chamber, to increase the velocity of the warm air on its
entrance into that channel. The channel must gradually decrease in diameter,
according to the different branches taken from it, in order to obtain an equal
supply of warm air in all parts of the building, and it should be more or less
o ascending in its level from the heating chamber to its extremity. The size
and number of the branches depend upon the capacity of the main trunk, as
shown in the Drawing No. 1, and introduce the warm air at the floor of the
building. This channel with its branches must be of baked clay.
When the fire in the furnace is lighted in the morning, and the warm air
first admitted into the building, the cold vitiated air in the inside of the
building is drawn off to the ash-pit of the furnace to supply the fire by means
of the channel, colored green in Drawing No. 1, which gradually increases in
size according to the junction of the several branches, as shown with dimensions
in Drawing No. 1, and descends in its level towards the ash-pit. This channel
is furnished with a valve, as shown in Drawing No. 3, which must be shut as
soon as the cold vitiated air is withdrawn, which is easily ascertained by the
degree of heat in the building itself. After the valve is shut, the fire is
supplied by a special channel marked X, and colored blue in the same
Drawing No. 1. Conformably to the above mentioned arrangements, the
warm fresh air pressed by the greater specific gravity of the cold fresh air,
which supplies the warm-air chamber, from without the building, will spread
itself through the interior, with the same velocity as the cold vitiated air is
drawn out by the fire. After a certain length of time, longer or shorter,
according to the number of persons assembled in the building or room, their
occupations, state of health, and other circumstances, the introduced fresh
warm air becomes vitiated, and consequently oppressive and unhealthy, the
vitiated and hottest air rising to the highest part of the building. For the
purpose of carrying off this vitiated air, I place ventilators in the ceiling con-
nected with channels leading to the interior of the chimney shaft, with a lap
at the entrance of the channel into the shaft to prevent a cross current in
the shaft itself. The cubic surface of the ventilators or gratings for the con-
veyance of the vitiated air through the ceiling should be nearly the same as
the cubic surface of the gratings for letting the fresh warm air into the
floors. This vitiated air channel is colored yellow in Drawing No. 2, and

page_text: gradually increases in size as it approaches the chimney shaft according to
the junction of the several pipes or grated ventilators rising, by preference,
to sonie extent in passing from the building to the chimney, and should be
furnished with one valve only, close to the chimney shaft, for a church or any
similar building, or in other buildings with separate valves for each floor or
room if required. These channels or pipes may be constructed of zinc, thin
iron or any other light substanco convenient for the purpose.
By the above-mentioned means a constant circulation of fresh, warm, and
healthy air may be obtained through the whole building without any injurious
draughts.
In summer, when cool fresh air is required, instead of warm air the green
colored channels may be put in communication with the blue colored channel
X (see Drawing No. 1) through the valve a (see detail Drawing No. 3), but
during that time the ordinary ventilators must be replaced by ventilators made
of copper wire to prevent the cool air rushing in with too great velocity, the
warm air channel remaining shut, and only the ventilators in the ceiling for
carrying off the vitiated air remaining active as usual by a small fire being
kept up in the furnace to create a draught in the chimney.
The channels mentioned in this Specification should be all of a circular
form, except the channel for conveying the cold fresh air to the heating
chamber, which may be of an oblong or square sectional form.
Notwithstanding the Drawings accompanying this Specification show the
system for a building of one floor only, the system remains the same for a
building with several floors or separato apartments to be warmed. The
capacity of the warm air chamber increasing more or less according to the
friction in a building, with two, three, or more floors or separate apartments.
Drying Rooms. To the Drawing No. 1, showing a plan for a laundry, I
have added a separate hot-air chamber to supply the drying rooms, and not-
withstanding this apparatus has nothing to do with warming and ventilating
the building itself, the principles of construction and action are the same, the
difference being only a difference in material and capacity. Tho hot-air
chamber A (see Drawing No. 1) is similar in form and dimensions to B, but
the furnace and flue, instead of being built of baked clay, is constructed of
iron to increase the degree of heat required for the speedily drying of the goods.
The cubic contents of this heating chamber in regard to the drying room
should be about ½ of the latter; i.e., if the drying room has 3.200 cubic feet
content, the hot-air oven should have 400 ditto. The red coloured channels
are for conveying the air heated in chamber A upon the same principles as
before explained in chamber B into the drying room shown in the plan, divided.

page_text: )
by a wall into two compartments (for the purpose of using both or only one at
the same time) by means of three apertures or ventilators in cach compartment.
A few minutes after the hot air is admitted into the drying room, the water in
the goods rises in steam to the top of the ceiling, and it is at that moment that
the valve, which shuts the ventilators in the ceiling, must be opened, and the
stean will escape with great velocity through the pipes communicating with
the chimney shaft, as seen in Drawing 2, and colored yellow. Usually the
power of velocity created by the pressure of the cold air in the external
channel which supplies the hot-air chamber is sufficient to dry the goods in a
few minutes, but if, in summer, from some unaccountable reason, the condition
of the atmosphere prevents a high pressure (which seldom will occur) the
blue channel, with the ventilators X, X, (see Drawing No. 1,) which must
have its entrance as far below the ground level as possible may be opened to
supply the deficiency.
To drying roonis at present in use that are quite close, my apparatus, as
shown in Drawing No. 1, may be successfully applied to create a current of
air to carry off the steam without building my heating chamber.
In witness whereof, I, the said Servaas de Jong, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Eleventh day of December, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-six.
SERVAAS DE JONG. (L.s.)
Witness,
G. G. TREMLETT,
Carlton Chambers, Regent St., Sol'.