IMPROVEMENTS IN LINED CONDUITS, AND IN THE PROCESS OF AND MACHINERY FOR MANUFACTURING THE SAME
Year: 1883

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Charles Aubrey Day, of 321, High Holborn, in the
County of Middlesex, Fellow of the Institute of Patent Agents, for an
Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN LINED CONDUITS, AND IN THE PROCESS OF
AND MACHINERY FOR MANUFACTURING THE SAME communicated to him from
abroad by Calvin Detrick, of Brooklyn, King's County, State of New York,.
in the United States of America
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Charles Aubrey Day at the
Offico of the Commissioners of Patents on the 7th November 1883.
CHARLES AUBREY DAY, of 321, High Holborn, in the County of Middlesex
Fellow of the Institute of Patent Agents, "IMPROVEMENTS IN LINED CONDUITS,
AND IN THE PROCESS OF AND MACHINERY FOR MANUFACTURING THE SAME
"
(a communication to me from abroad by Calvin Detrick, of Brooklyn, Kings
'County, State of New York, in the United States of America)
This Invention relates to a conduit composed of a tubular lining of thin metal
clothed with end pressed cement of a defined shape, and also comprises the process
of and machinery for manufacturing euch conduit all as hereinafter described.
In the manufacture of the improved conduit there are used a tubular casing of a
form corresponding with that of the exterior of the desired conduit, and a lining
tube which is to form a permanent part of the said conduit, and which is preferably
made of thin sheet iron, and the space between the tube and the casing is packed
by ramming in the longitudinal direction of those parts plastic or semi-plastic
material, any available cement, for instance, which will become hard when dry,
and the casing is drawn forward and sections of tubing added from time to time.
From this process there results the improved conduit consisting of a thin lining
tube or of a succession of sections of tubes clothed with a thick solid mass of
cement which soon becomes hard, the cement clothing being of an external form
defined by the casing, and the solidity and uniformity of the cement being insured
by end-ramming the material when in a semi-plastic condition, for no such solid
cover of cement can be made by ramming it round a tube contained in a trough

page_text: •
open at the top to permit vertical ramming, as by horizontally packing the material
round a tube contained in a tubular casing.
As the application of the cement to the tube by hand would be a tedious
operation, there is used a machine which is in many respects similar to that
described in the Specification of Letters Patent N° 922. A.D. 1883. granted to
myself on the 23rd day of February last, but the machine described in this said
Specification was constructed for the formation of conduits by packing cement
round a former or formers which were retracted, leaving an opening or openings in
the cement, whereas the present machine is for the formation of conduits of which
a tubular lining forms a permanent part.
A casing for defining the external form of the conduit contains an annular
plunger or ram which can be reciprocated in the casing by an operating lever
through the medium of mechanism referred to hereinafter.
The tube which is to constitute the lining of the .conduit, may be made of thin
sheet iron, or even of stiff paper but sheet metal tubes made of thin spiral strips
secured at the edges are preferred and is passed through a guiding tube one end
of which passes through and is secured in any suitable manner to the rear end of
the casing.
The devices described and illustrated in the Specification and drawings of the
above mentioned former Letters Patent, through the medium of which the plunger
is reciprocated by vibrating the operating lever, may be used, but it is preferred to
use the mechanism which is herein described.
A rock shaft to which the operating lever is secured, has its bearings on
standards secured to the casing, one on each side of the same, and to this shaft are
attached two arms each of which is connected by a link to one arın of a lever and
to the outer end of a link which is hinged to the rear end of the casing, the other
arm of the said lever being linked or connected to the ram. There are these links
and lever on both sides of the guiding tube, each lever having its fulcrum pin in
an elongated slot in one of the standards.
According to the Invention for which the said former Letters Patent were
granted, the ram was operated by a lever through the medium of a toggle joint, so
that great power might be exerted on the ram. especially at the conclusion of its
forward movement, but in the present instance there is on each side of the guiding
tube a duplex toggle joint for imparting greater power to the ram, the fulcrum pin
sliding in the elongated slots in the standards as the operating lever is vibrated.
When an underground conduit has to be laid a trench of suitable depth is dug in
the ground, and the above described machine is placed at the bottom of this trench,
after which a section of lining tubo is passed through the guiding tube.
The material in which the lining pipe is enveloped may consist of ordinary
cement which is originally in a semi-plastic condition, but which subsequently
becomes hard, different materials and compositions being available for the purpose,
hence, in using the word "cement " herein, it is intended that it should be
understood to include any available and suitable material which, after being
packed while in a plastic or semi-plastic state, will eventually become hard.
The material selected is placed in a hopper which communicates with the interior
of the casing, an attendant being at hand to feed this hopper, while another
attendant vibrates the operating lever and thereby reciprocates the ram which
slides in the casing and on the guiding tube.
The consequence of this reciprocation of the ram will be the packing of cement
round the lining pipe.
As the operation is continued the entire machine will slowly and intermittently
recede, owing to the resistance which the packed cement presents to the ram, and
the receding machine will leave behind it a conduit consisting of the packed
cement containing the lining tube which forms a permanent part of the conduit;
the external shape and thickness of the packed cement being determined by the
shape of the casing which need not be of any precise form but may be made of any
required form, but whatever its form, the casing should be tubular, so as to entirely

page_text: surround any required length of the conduit being formed, and the cement should
be packed endwise in the casing around the lining tube, so that the cement will be
solidly and uniformly compacted.
From time to time as the machine recedes a section of lining tube is fitted to the
end of that which is being clothed with ceinent, so that a continuous conduit of
any desired length may be made. It is preferred in all cases to coat the sections
of lining tubing, no matter of what material they may be composed, with pitch or
suitable pigment.
If the lining tubing be of metal it may be very thin and cheap, as it is reinforced
in the most substantial manner by the packed cement, and protected thereby from
all liability to be injured externally.
The conduit may be made and used for drainage purposes, or for water or gas
distribution, for containing electric conductors, and for other purposes.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed
by the said Charles Aubrey Day in the Putent Office on the 20th March
1884.
CHARLES AUBREY DAY, of 321, High Holborn, in the County of Middlesex,
Fellow of The Institute of Patent Agents, "IMPROVEMENTS IN LINED CONDUITS
AND IN THE PROCESS OF AND MACHINERY FOR MANUFACTURING THE SAME"
(a communication to me from abroad by Calvin Detrick, of Brooklyn, Kings County,
State of New York, in the United States of America)
This Invention relates to a conduit composed of a tubular lining of thin metal
clothed with end pressed cement of a defined shape, and also comprises the process
of and machinery for manufacturing such conduit all as hereinafter described.
On the accompanying drawings, Fig 1 repre-ents a transverse section of a
conduit made according to the present Invention; Fig 2 a diagram illustrating the
manner of forming the conduit; Fig 3, a sectional view of the machine for making
the conduit; Fig. 4, a sectional plan view of Fig. 3, and Fig 5, a detached view of
the mechanism for operating the 1am or plunger.
Referring to Fig 2 and supposing A to be a tubular casing of a form corre-
sponding with that of the exterior of the desired conduit, and G a lining tube
which is to form a permanent part of the said conduit, and which is preferably
made of thin sheet iron, if the space between the tube and the casing A, be packed
by ramming in the direction of the arrow plastic or semi-plastic material, any
available cement, for instance, which will become hard when dry, and the casing
be drawn forward and sections of tubing added from time to time, there will be
the conduit shown in the transverse section Fig. 1. consisting of a thin lining tube
or rather successions of sections of tubes clothed with a thick solid mass of cement
which will soon become hard the cement clothing being of an external form defined
by the easing A, and the solidity and uniformity of the cement being insured by
end-ramming the material when in a semi-plastic condition, for no such solid cover
of cement can be made by ramming it round a tubo contained in a trough open at
the top to permit vertical ramming, as by horizontally packing the material round
a tube contained in a tubular casing.
As the application of the cement to the tube by hand would be a tedious
operation there is used the machine shown in Figs 3, 4, and 5.
The machine is in many re-pects similar to that described in the Specification of
Letters Patent N° 922 granted to myself on the 23rd day of February A.D. 1883,
but the machine described in this said Specification was constructed for the
formation of conduits by packing cement round a former or formers which were
retracted, leaving an opening or openings in the cement, whereas the present
machine is for the formation of conduits of which a tubular lining forms a
permanent part.
A casing A, which is in the present instance of the form shown in Fig 1, contains
an annular plunger or ram B, which can be reciprocated in the casing by an
operating lever D, through the medium of the mechanism shown in Figs 4 and 5,
and referred to hereinafter.
G, is the tube which is to constitute the lining of the conduit, and which may
be made of thin sheet iron, or even of stiff paper, but sheet metal tubes inade of
thin spiral strips secured at the edges are preferred.
The tube G passes through a guiding tube H, the end a, of which passes through
and is secured in any suitable manner to the rear end of the casing as shown in
Fig 3

page_text: The devices described and illustrated in the Specification and drawings of the
above mentioned former Letters Patent, through the medium of which the plunger
is reciprocate by vibrating the operating lever, may be used, but it is preferred to
use the mechanism which is hereinafter described.
A rock shaft I, to which the operating lever is secured, has its bearings on
standards J, secured to the casing A, one on each side of the same, and to this shaft
are attached two arms b, each of which is connected by a link c, to one arm of a
lever K, and to the outer end of a link d, which is hinged at e, to the rear end of
the casing, the other arm of the said lever K, being connected to the ram B, by a
link f. There are these links and lever on both sides of the guiding tube H, each
lever K, having its fulcrum pin h, in an elongated slot in one of the standards J.
According to the Invention for which the said former Letters Pat-nt were
granted, the ram was operated by a lever through the medium of a toggle joint, so
that great power might be exerted on the ram, especially at the conclusion of its
forward movement, but in the present instance there is on each side of the guiding
tube a duplex toggle joint for imparting greater power to the ram, the fulcrum
pin h, sliding in the elongated slots in the standards J, as the operating lever D, is
vibrated.
When an underground conduit has to be laid, a trench of suitable depth is dug in
the ground, and the above described machine is placed at the bottom of this trench,
after which a section of lining tube G, is passed through the guiding tube H.
The material in which the lining pipe is enveloped may consist of ordinary
cement which is originally in a semi-plastic condition, but which subsequently
becomes hard, different materials and compositions being available for the purpose,
hence in using the word "cement' herein, it is intended that it should be
understood to include any available and suitable material which, after being
packed while in a plastic or semi-plastic state, will eventually become hard.
The material selected is placed in a hopper M, which communicates with the
interior of the casing A, an attendant being at hand to feed this hopper, while
another attend int vibrates the operatin lever and thereby reciprocates the rum
which slides in the casing and on the guiding tube H.
The consequence of this reciprocation of the ram will be the packing of cement
round the lining pipe G. As the operation is continued the entire machine will
slowly and intermittently recede, owing to the resistance which the packed cement
presents to the ram, and the receding machine will leave behind it a conduit
consisting of the packed cement containing the lining tube which forms a permanent
part of the conduit, the external shape and thickness of the packed cement being
determined by the shape of the casing A, which need not be of the precise formi
shown in the drawing, but the casing, whatever its form, should be tubular, and
the cement should be packed endwise in the casing around the lining tube so that
it will be solidly and uniformly compacted.
From time to time as the machine recedes a section of lining tube is fitted to the
end of that which is being clothed with cement, so that a continuous conduit of
any desired length may be made. It is preferred in all cases to coat the sections of
lining tubing, no matter of what material they may be composed, with pitch or
suitable pigment.
If the lining tubing be of metal it may be very thin and cheap, as it is reinforced
in the most substantial manner by the packed cement, and protected thereby from
all liability to be injured externally.
The conduit may be made and used for drainage purposes, or for water or gas
distribution, for containing electric conductors, and for other purposes.
Having thus particularly described and ascertained the nature and objects of the
said Invention and in what manner the same is to be or may be performed or
carried into practical effect, I would observe in conclusion that what I consider to
be novel and original and therefore claim as constituting the Invention secured to
me by the hereinbefore in part recited Letters Patent is :-
1. The herein before described improved mode of forming conduits, such mode

page_text: consisting in clothing a lining pipe with cement compacted within a tubular casing,
by ramming it into the end thereof, as set forth, and advancing the casing from
time to time, all substantially as specified.
2. The hereinbefore described improved conduit, the same consisting of a lining
tubing clothed with a continuous coating of cement compacted to a defined external
form, as set forth.
3. The combination of the casing A, its hopper, the ram B, and mechanism for
operating the saine, with the guiding tube H, substantially as hereinbefore set
forth.
4. The combination of the casing A, the ram B, and operating lever D, with the
duplex toggle joint devices through the medium of which the ram is reciprocated
by the said operating lever, substantially as hereinbefore described.
In Witnoss whercof, I, the said Charles Aubrey Day, have hereunto set my
hand and seal this 29 day of February in the year of our Lord One thousand eight
hundred and eighty four.