IM- PROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF IRON AND STEEL, AND IN APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN
Year: 1877

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Axel Gabriel Frykman, of 22, St. Peter's Square, Ham-
mersmith, London, and Stockholm, in Sweden, for the Invention of "IM-
PROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF IRON AND STEEL, AND IN APPARATUS
EMPLOYED THEREIN."
Sealed the 21st August 1877, and dated the 19th April 1877.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Axel Gabriel Frykman at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 19th April 1877.
AXEL GABRIEL FRYKMAN, of 22, Saint Peter's Square, Hammersmith, and
Stockholm, in Sweden. "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF IRON AND
STEEL, AND IN APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN."
This Invention relates to certain improvements in the manufacture of iron and
steel, and to novel apparatus to be employed at that stage of the manufacture
known as converting or refining, and consists in treating the impure or pig iron to
produce forgible iron or steel according to two modes or methods arising from the
partial difference in treatment requisite at this stage, the conversion being the chief
process in such manufacture.
The object is to increase the rate of production, and to manufacture a purified and
improved product, which will be, as much as possible, free from the admixture of
slag and gaseous impurities, with less consumption of fuel, and less working ex-
penses than ordinarily; and furthermore to partly substitute mechanical for manual
labour in working the molten metal in the process of converting or refining.
The first of the two methods consists in the converting of impure or pig iron to
produce forgible iron and steel in puddling or similar furnaces by the assistance of
the apparatus herein-after described, and with or without the simultaneous admission
of compressed air, gases, or of chemical re-agents, which re-agents may be of volatile or
unvolatile and purifying quality of oxidizing or deoxidizing nature; and when
used they are introduced into the molten iron through one or more hollow rake or
rakes (forming movable tuyeres) operated by and in connection with my novel
puddling machine, and the converted iron or steel after being treated according to
this first method will be producible in balls or parts of forgible nature.

page_text: The second method consists in the treating of the impure or pig iron upon a sole
or hearth in any furnace of any construction capable of obtaining and sustaining a
high temperature to produce the purified or converted metal in a state of fusion by
means of admitting compressed air or gases or chemical re-agents of unvolatile and
purifying quality, which said agents will be of oxidizing or deoxidizing, or other
advantageous nature and action, and be introduced through one or more movable
tuyeres or hollow rakes worked either by hand or by machinery into the molten iron
at sufficient depth to fully employ the converting power of the respective agent or
re-agents.
The puddling machine, and its appliance to the puddling furnace, consists of a
steam or compressed air cylinder, with its piston rod in direct connection with the
rake, and mounted upon a movable frame at each or any front of the puddling
furnace. One end of this frame is pivotted upon a centre placed underneath the
hole, through which the rake is introduced into the furnace, while the other or free
end is carried upon wheels moving in a segmental path described from the said
centre; or the frame can equally be mounted above the hole, through which the
rake is introduced upon a vertical shaft or bearings. By moving or radiating the
outer part of this frame, in regard to the furnace, all the radial positions required
for working the iron, and for reaching every part of the puddling chamber by the
rake, can be obtained.
The machine is either self-acting, or regulated by hand and allows of such
modification in the length of the stroke as is required for the purpose of reaching
every part of the puddling chamber, and for working the molten mass, and keeping
the furnace clean from the adhesion of iron.
The communication between the fixed air or steam supplying pipes, and the
cylinder of the puddling machine, which fixed pipes can be placed equally above or
under the movable frame, can be effected either by means of hose or pipes provided
with movable joints, but preferably through stuffing boxes arranged on the centre
of the motion of the frame either above or underneath the centre upon which the
frame works, dependent upon the fitting up of said frame.
The machine is simple and inexpensive in its construction, easy to manage, and
takes up no extra floor space, as it can be placed against the side of the furnace
after its use, and may be set up in connection with any old or existing furnace with
but slight alterations.
In the conversion of impure or pig iron, according to the first of the before-
mentioned methods, the metal is by preference melted in a cupola, or other furnace
of high power, or obtained directly from a blast furnace; and in either of these
cases, the molten metal is previously to conversion brought into a ladle to facilitate
the separation of the slag, or the melting can be performed in the puddling or
converting furface.
The puddling or converting furnace that I employ is preferably larger than an
ordinary puddling furnace, and of double construction, that is to say, provided with
two or more fronts, with doors for working the metal in the furnace, from two or
more sides, in order to facilitate the conversion and to increase the production by
converting a larger quantity than usual at one time.
This conversion combines partly the advantages resulting in the converting of
iron and steel by Bessemer's process, and by the method of converting iron in
puddling furnaces, and partly the advantages resulting from the admission of
compressed air or gases and chemical re-agents into the molten iron; the con-
version being promoted by a powerful action of the puddling machines, and
simultaneous introduction to the agents and re-agents, so as to effect a balance
between the mechanical work and the chemical action proceeding in the molton
mass.
The iron inside the puddling furnace in its melted condition is first subjected to
a strong current of air through the rake, in combination with a powerful action
thereof effected by the puddling machine, and as soon as the conversion has begun,

page_text: and the impurities of the iron have reached an oxidized state, or have been re-
moved to the slag, the chemical re-agents are admitted and take up one part of the
impurities, while the other part is volatilized in combination with the volatile
parts of the re-agents, thus preventing the impurities returning to the iron when
it has reached its comparatively pure and forgible condition.
The chemical re-agents, which are admitted to the molten iron through the rake
by means of an injector or other forcing apparatus, are as well of volatile as
unvolatile nature, of which the respective qualifications are applied for the im-
purities of the iron of corresponding nature, that is, the volatile re-agents are
applied for the impurities, which can be volatilized; and the unvolatile re-agents
are applied for the impurities of unvolatile nature. As the re-agents are forced
through the rake, they become heated, and the volatile parts thereof are volatilized
and reach the molten metal in conjunction with the air passing through the rake,
and the unvolatile part will reach the metal unchanged.
Carburetting or oxidizing substances, as well as ferromanganese, spiegeleisen,
or other suitable metals may be added when considered necessary. Thus exposed to
the action of the converting agents, the iron soon reaches its different states of
conversion.
A powerful and large amount of work executed by the puddling machines and
transferred to the iron is required,―
Firstly. In order to balance the work of the rake with the promoted conversion
caused by introducing compressed air or gases and chemical re-agents into the molten
metal.
Secondly. In order to compensate for the greater resistance to the conversion
caused by the addition of spiegel eisen and ferromanganese and other purifying
substances.
Thirdly. In order to obtain a uniform and improved product, because the
crystalline texture of the iron and steel is diminished in size by this powerful work,
and the quality of the manufactured iron is nearly in proportion to the amount of
work expended upon it during conversion.
Fourthly. In order to facilitate and to diminish the work expended upon the iron
subsequently to conversion, because if the iron has been sufficiently worked it does
not require so much work as usual to bring it to a saleable product.
As every part of the puddling chamber can be reached and kept clear from the
adhesion of iron, a great saving of time and materials will be effected; and as
mechanical is substituted for manual labour, the refiner or converter will be able to
employ his ability and experience in conducting the process and directing the
apparatus and admission of the respective agents, according to the materials used
and stages of the refining. When the conversion is completed, the subsequent
balling, forging, and rolling is performed as usual.
Compared with the ordinary process of converting iron in puddling furnaces, when
this melting is done in the puddling furnace, the production, according to my
Invention, is increased about 26 per cent., with a saving of about 20 per cent. of fuel,
and a reduction of about 35 per cent. in wages.
Heretofore it has been impracticable to convert the iron in puddling furnaces
directly without remelting, owing to the large amount of work required to over-
come the large resistance against conversion caused by such iron, but by the
substitution of the action of my novel puddling machine for manual labour, and by
the admittance of air and chemical re-agents, as described, this conversion is
possible and advantageous. By employing this method of conversion, in con-
sequence of its high purifying effect, I can produce a saleable product of purer metal
out of more impure iron, and the product manufactured is of uniform quality.
The want of puddling machines is founded upon the experience that the puddlers
who manage the conversion are incapable of effecting the required work to balance
the chemical actions proceeding within the molten mass, and neglect of this work
causes- -(1,) an irregular work of the furnace; (2) a delay in conversion;
(3,) large consumption of fuel and working expenses; (4) an inequable product; and

page_text: in addition to counteracting these defects, I am, according to my Invention,
capable of introducing the various agents and re-agents under the more perfect
control of the refiner, and with more direct effect.
The other mode of conversion consists, as previously stated, in exposing the iron,
which is contained in any suitable furnace during its conversion, either to an
alternative and single, or to a simultaneous and combined action of the respective
gaseous agents during the simultaneous action of the chemical re-agents, all of which
may be of oxydising, or deoxydising, or purifying, or other advantageous nature and
action; the resultant converted product being in a state of fusion, so as to be cast into
moulds or ladles. This mode of conversion combines partly the advantages resulting
in the manufacture of iron and steel by Bessemer's process, and by the method of
converting and melting iron and steel upon a sole or hearth, and partly. the
advantages resulting from the admittance of the said agents and re-agents into the
molten iron, as herein-after specified.
The apparatus employed in this manufacture, which may be of any suitable and
required form and construction, and such as used in the other method, with the
addition of gas generators, compressing engines, and hollow rakes, or movable
tuyeres, respectively for the purpose of generating, conveying, and admitting agents
and re-agents of the said nature and action into the molten metal. This process of
conversion can be divided into three parts, with the object of performing respectively
the melting, purifying, and converting of the pig iron.
The melting can be effected in the converting furnace, but is by preference per-
formed in a cupola, or other furnace of good effect; or the iron is obtained directly
from a blast furnace, as the case may be. The iron is previously to conversion
brought into a ladle, in order to facilitate the separation of the slag conveyed with
the iron from the smelting furnace.
The subsequent purification consists in exposing the melted metal to an alternative
action of oxydising and deoxydising currents of gases, and at the same time to the
action of chemical re-agents of gaseous and solid nature. The impurities change
their nature, or become dissolved from their chemical combinations with the iron,
by the influence of these alternative oxydising or deoxydising agents, and at this
very moment of becoming dissolved, they are combined with the chemical re-agents,
and leave the furnace either in a solid or gasoous condition respectively in the form
of slag or gases. The conversion proper now takes place, and is effected by the
admission of oxydising agents, in combination with a powerful working of the
hollow rakes or movable tuyeres; besides these actions, the conversion is performed
as in the corresponding process of the first method. Subsequently the product is
tested and modified by the addition of ferromanganese, spiegeleisen, carburetting,
and purifying substances. Finally, the melted metal is exposed to a strong current
of deoxydising gases in order to deprive the metal in its molten condition of the
oxidising gases remaining from the conversion in order to promote the density of
the resultant product, and when the desired quality has been obtained, the metal
is run off into a series of moulds or into ladles.
The system is capable of producing a purified and dense metal comparatively free
from the admixture of slag and gaseous substances, which metal is suitable for
castings and other purposes where a reliably pure and dense product is required.
The manufacture, according to each one of these methods, has a large production
in regard to the plant and machines employed therein.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said Axel Gabriel Frykman in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 50
19th October 1877.
AXEL GABRIEL FRYKMAN, of 22, St. Peter's Square, Hammersmith, London, and
Stockholm, in Sweden. "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF IRON AND
STEEL, AND IN APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN."

page_text: This Invention relates to certain improvements in the manufacture of iron and
steel, and to novel apparatus to be employed at that stage of the manufacture known
as converting or refining, and consists in treating the impure or pig iron to produce
malleable iron or steel, according to two modes or methods arising from the partial
difference in treatment requisite at this stage, the conversion being the chief process
in such manufacture.
The object is to increase the rate of production and to manufacture a purified and
improved product, which will be as much as possible free from the admixture of slag
and gaseous impurities, with less consumption of fuel and less working expenses than
ordinarily, and furthermore to partly substitute mechanical for manual labour in
working the molten metal in the process of converting or refining.
In order that the meaning of this Specification may be clearly understood I would
remark that by the terms "impure iron" or "impure metal," which occur in the
following description, I mean any combination or mixture containing iron and
other constituents or matters, which constituents or matters by their existance in
combination or mixture with the iron, render the metal unsuitable or less suitable
for manufacturing purposes, and by "the process of converting or refining" I mean
the act of removing or separating, or adding such or certain constituents or matters
from or to the iron, thereby rendering the metal suitable for manufacturing purposes.
For instance, by impure iron is to be understood such matters as any iron ores, any
slag containing iron, or similar ferruginous compound, or any pig iron; and by
impurities is to be understood any matter or matters that is or are detrimental to
the required quality of the metal.
The first of the two methods consists in the converting of impure or pig iron to
produce malleable iron and steel in puddling or similar furnaces, by the assistance of
the novel or improved apparatus herein-after described, and with or without the
simultaneous admission of compressed air, gases, or of chemical agents or re-agents,
dependent upon the chemical nature and quality of the impure or pig iron being
treated, which agents or re-agents may be of volatile or unvolatile and purifying
quality of oxydizing or deoxydizing nature; and when used, they are introduced into
the molten in pure or pig iron, preferably through one or more hollow rake or rakes
(forming movable tuyeres) operated by and in connection with my novel puddling
machine; and the converted iron or steel, after being treated according to this
first method, will be producible in balls or parts of malleable nature.
The second method consists in the treating of the impure or pig iron upon a sole
or hearth in any furnace of any construction capable of obtaining and sustaining a
high temperature to produce the purified and converted metal in a state of fusion, by
means of admitting under the surface of the molten mass compressed air or gases,
or chemical agents or re-agents of volatile or unvolatile and purifying quality,
which said agents or re-agents will be of oxydizing or deoxidizing or other advan-
tageous nature and action, and be introduced through one or more tuyeres or hollow
rakes worked either by hand or by machinery into the molten impure or pig iron,
at sufficient depth to fully employ the converting or refining power of the respective
agents or re-agents.
Generally it should be remarked the chief object of introducing either oxidizing
or deoxidizing gases, agents, or re-agents, is to effect a corresponding action upon
the impure metal being treated, that is, to convert or refine chiefly by introducing
either oxidizing matters or deoxidizing matters alone, or the one class of matters
alternating with the other, or by introducing both simultaneously.
If the impure iron contain the metal in an oxidized state I effect the conversion
or refining thereof chiefly by introducing deoxidizing or reducing gases, agents, or
re-agents, and if the impure iron contain the iron in a carburetted state, such as pig
iron or other or similar equivalent varieties, I effect the conversion chiefly by intro-
ducing oxidizing gases, agents, or re-agents, and generally if the impure iron contain
the metal in combination or mixture with any impurities, I introduce gases, agents,
or re-agents to combine with the impurities, and if the impure or pig iron contain
the metal in mixture or combination with matters of different or contrary nature

page_text: and affinity, so as to combine in the first instance with the one class of impurities
and afterwards to combine with the other class, and then I remove or separate the
combined impurities from the metal.
With the view of affording the greatest economy in the manufacture, the first
method is preferably applied for the converting or refining of impure iron wherein
the metal is contained in a carburetted state, such as pig iron and equivalent varieties,
and the second method is applied for the converting or refining of any impure iron,
that is, to any combination or mixture containing iron, pig iron included, and I
shall proceed herein-after to particularly describe and ascertain the two modes
or methods of converting or refining, and the apparatus constituting parts of this
Invention.
-
The heating of the furnaces employed herein is effected as usual by any fuel, and
to decrease the consumption thereof I treat it in manner and for purpose, as
herein-after described, in connection with the apparatus employed.
Before consuming any fuel to produce any effect, or before empoying any fuel
for any purpose, I prepare or concentrate the fuel in order to increase the efficiency
and to decrease the consumption thereof, if the nature of the fuel so require.
The component parts of every kind of fuel may be divided into two classes, of
which the one or first class contain combustible matters, and the other or second
class contain in mixture with the combustible matters less combustible or incom-
bustible matters; and the object of this preparation or concentration is to separate
and remove from the fuel, previously to combustion, the second class of matters
containing the incombustible and less combustible constituents, which second class
of matters if partaking in the combustion from their specific properties necessarily
and detrimentally effect the process of combustion and the amount of heat to be
obtained therefrom.
By incombustible or less combustible constituents of the fuel or the second class
of matters, I wish to be understood as meaning such substances or combinations
of matters, which if burnt by themselves (in a condition separated from the com-
bustible constituents of the fuel) do not generate so large a quantity of heat as to
provide their gases of combustion with a temperature exceeding that of the materials
or matters in the furnace to be heated or melted, and by the first class or combustible
constituents I understand the remaining or the chiefly heat producing substances.
Consequently it is obvious that the gases. of combustion from the less combustible
and incombustible constituents if consumed by themselves are not able to transfer
any heat to, or to raise the temperature of the substances or matters to be heated
on account of the low temperature obtainable therefrom; and if these constituents
are consumed in combination or mixture with the combustible constituents as is the
case with the fuel consumed in its natural state, a part of the beat generated by the
combustion of the combustible constituents will be consumed to raise the temper-
ature of the gases of combustion of the less combustible and incombustible
constituents, thereby lowering the resultant temperature of combustion, and con-
sequently decreasing the quantity of heat obtained therefrom. I effect this concen-
tration or preparation of the fuel by heating the fuel to a sufficiently high and
regulated temperature, and driving off the gaseous substances which are generated
during this heating of the fuel.
The heat may be transferred to the fuel through any surface applied in direct
contact with the fuel, that is, by means of any surface heating apparatus of
ordinary or well-known construction, but preferably by heated air or hot gases, or
by both, in mixture conveyed or conducted through a layer of fuel, in both cases the
gases formed from the fuel are separated or removed from it.
I shall now proceed to describe the best means I am at present acquainted with
to effect this preparation or concentration of the fuel.
Fig. 1, Sheet 1, and Fig. 1, Sheet 2, illustrate two different arrangements of
apparatus for concentrating the fuel, and wherein the required operation is performed
by the heat remaining and contained in the gases of combustion after the principal
heat thereof has been utilized in the fire-rooms of the respective furnaces.

page_text: In the arrangement shown in Fig. 1, Sheet 1, these escaping gases are made to
enter the flue B, and continue through and heat the fuel contained in the feeding
hopper A, and escape through the flue C and the pipe D for leading off the gases.
Another arrangement for the same purpose is shown in Fig. 1, Sheet 2, wherein
the escaping gases are sucked or drawn through the pipe B, and forced by the fan F
through the introducer C into the fuel contained in the feeding hopper A. The
pipes d are provided to introduce hot blast of suitable pressure through the same
introducer C, and the proportion between the introduced escaping gases and hot
blast can be regulated according to desire; while the introduced hot blast and gases
ascend through and heat the fuel, gaseous substances are generated of previously
stated quality, and escape at the top of the hopper.
This mode of concentrating the fuel combines the advantages and renders the
fuel capable and suitable to produce a high effect or temperature with a small con-
sumption of a fuel, which fuel may therefore be of inferior quality, that is, by a
fuel of inferior quality I am able to produce a high temperature and effect, and
this mode of concentration which I employ in the process of converting or refining
may also be advantageously employed for other purposes, wherein the attainment
of the said objects is necessary or desirable.
I produce the heat employed for heating the furnaces and for heating and melting
the ferruginous compounds to be converted or refined, according to the one alternative,
by introducing and conveying air of suitable pressure to and through a layer of
fuel kept as nearly as possible at a constant thickness and density to effect a
complete or regulated combustion, and to effect this combustion I employ an
apparatus which I term "heat producer," and according to the other alternative
I convert the fuel into combustible gases in a gas generator by introducing and con-
veying air of suitable pressure to and through a layer of fuel kept as nearly as
possible at a constant thickness, so applied as to effect an incomplete combustion,
and the thereby generated combustible gases I employ subsequently to effect a
complete or regulated combustion, as desired, but in any case the fuel employed to
produce the required heat has previously been prepared or concentrated, as described,
if the nature of the fuel shall so require.
Having produced the heat by the said modes and arrangements, I utilize the heat
in a vertical, horizontal, or inclined fire-room, in which the matters are heated or
melted, of which one end communicates with the heat producer or the gas generator,
and the other end communicates with a blast heating apparatus or steam boiler, as
the case may be, said blast heating apparatus having for its object to transfer the
heat from the gases escaping from the fire-room to the blast used for generating gas
and for effecting a complete or regulated combustion; consequently the furnaces
that I employ consist of a gas generator or heat producer, a fire-room, and a blast
beating apparatus; or instead thereof a steam boiler as required with rooms com-
municating with one another.
Figs. 1 and 2, and Figs. 3 and 4, Sheet 1, represent the "heat producers "F and M,
combined respectively with a vertical fire-room G and a horizontal fire-room N, and
Figs. 1 and 5, and Figs. 3 and 4, Sheet 2, represent the gas generators R and U,
combined respectively with the horizontal fire-room S and the vertical fire-
room W.
The heat producer represented in Figs. 1 and 2, and Figs. 3 and 4, Sheet 1, are
of the same construction, and consist of a vertical shaft F, which shaft is provided
at its top with a feeding hopper A with the blast pipes e and with the com-
munication m, and at the bottom with the slag hole g. The feeding hopper A is
provided with a lid n at the top and two shutters o at the bottom for charging the
fuel through the hopper into the shaft F, and at the sides the hopper is provided
with the arrangement for concentrating the fuel as previously stated. The blast is
supplied to the shaft F through the accumulating pipe d and through distributing
pipes. The height of the shaft is so great as to keep the fuel at the front of the
tuyeres at a sufficient density by the pressure and weight of the fuel contained in
the said shaft. The distance and the pressure of the blast to be introduced, and the.

page_text: density of the fuel at the tuyeres will determine the nature of the combustion, and
by varying the pressure of the blast a complete or regulated combustion can be
obtained, as the layer of the fuel is kept at a constant thickness and density, and in
this wise can be regulated and obtained oxidizing neutral and reducing flame
dependent upon the pressure of the blast.
The action of this heat producer will be readily understood, the fuel which has
previously been prepared or concentrated into the feeding hopper, and mixed with
such substances as to remove volatile impurities and as to produce a fusible slag
when consumed is charged into the shaft gradually, as it is consumed at the tuyeres,
the object now being to keep a quantity of fuel of as constant height as possible in
order to obtain a constant density thereof, which in combustion produces the required
heat. The slag of the fuel is run off through the slag hole g. The gas producer,
such as shown in Figs. 1 and 3, Sheet 2, are of the same construction, and consists
of a shaft R communicating at the top with a feeding hopper divided into
two compartments D and A, and at about midway the height of the flue m for
supplying the generated gas to the furnace, and near the bottom of said shaft
with the tuyeres K to supply the air necessary for the production of combustible
gases, and at the bottom with a slag hole for leading off the slag formed from the
fuel.
?'
The different compartments of the feeding hopper are separated from one another
by the shutters and from the shaft by the shutters 1, and Fig. 5 represents
another mode of closing the compartments by conical shutters.
The compartment A is designed to contain the fuel to be heated or concentrated,
the compartment D to contain a charge of fuel, and the compartment R is designed
to keep the fuel at a constant and sufficient density and thickness to produce the
said combustible gases by the introduction of air of suitable pressure through the
tuyeres K into the layer of fuel contained between the tuyers k and the flue m,
and represents the layer of fuel of constant thickness for the generation of the gases
as previously related, and the height of this shaft is designed to purposely effect this
density of the fuel contained in the said layer.
The tuyers k, in detail, Fig. 6, are of oblong form and hollow to facilitate their
cleaning, and to distribute the introduced air upon a large surface of fuel.
The introduction of air to produce the combustible gases can also take place at
the front a of the generator through a box provided with air-tight cleaning doors,
which mode of introduction, according to experience, leaves a more uniform gas
than by the introduction through common tuyeres.
The action of this generator is as follows:-The fuel is charged and prepared in
the compartment A of the hopper and mixed with such substances as to produce a
fusible slag and to remove volatile impurities from the fuel, and a part of this fuel
enters the compartment D to be charged into the shaft R, where the fuel descends
gradually as it is consumed, said charging being effected by opening and closing the
shutters 1, .
The combustible gases are produced as previously stated by the incomplete com-
bustion effected by the air passing through the layer of fuel between the tuyeres k
and the flue m, and the heat produced by this incomplete combustion is utilized to
raise the temperature and heat of the combustible gases, and by reason of the con-
centration of the fuel, the concentrated combustible gases reach the flue m in a red
hot condition, and are burnt by the admission of heated air through the openings 8,
and generate a very intense heat with great economy, in consequence of the com-
plete combustion of said gases. The slag of the fuel is run off through the slag
hole r.
The produced gas enters the flue m and is burnt by the hot blast obtained from
the pipe c, the admission of the blast to the compartments t and t¹ being regulated
by the valves u and introduced through the openings 8. The beat produced by this
combustion is chiefly utilized or consumed in the fire-room S, and furthermore
utilized in the compartment T containing the blast heating apparatus, and in the
feeding hopper A for concentrating the fuel as before described.

page_text: the heat producer combined with a horizontal fire-room N, but is otherwise of the
same nature and action.
The furnace, Figs. 3 and 4, Sheet 2, consists of a gas generator U of described
construction and action, combined with a vertical fire-room W of the same shape as
a cupola furnace. The gas generator supplies combustible gas to the belt flue X,
which communicates with the shaft W by radial flues, such as shown in Fig. 4, and
the blast pipes supply the air necessary to effect the combustion of this gas. The
combustion takes place at the front of the tuyeres in the room Z, and the gases of
combustion ascend through the shaft W, preparing and heating the charge for the
subsequent melting. The matters to be melted are charged at the top of the shaft W
in suitable quantity, and descend through the shaft, and are melted at Z, and accu-
mulated into the room P, from which room the metal is run off when ready for disposal.
The blast is supplied to the pipe F, and distributed to each one of the tuyeres / by
short connecting pipes.
The principal feature of this construction is that the combustible gases are gene-
rated in a compartment separated from the fire-room and the matters to be melted
therein, and that the highest effect of the fuel is obtained, as a complete combustion
is effected, and the heat of the gases of combustion is utilized to melt the matters,
and the ascending gases of this combustion to gradually heat the descending charge,
and that a complete or regulated combustion can be effected in a vertical shaft by
a mixture of air and combustible gases, whereby the matters to be melted are exposed
only to the action of gaseous fuel, and that the consumption of fuel regulates itself,
provided that the charging of materials is properly executed. The top of the shaft
W may communicate with the blast heating apparatus, and the combustion and
production of gases be effected by hot blast. Any fuel of inferior quality may be
employed, and a superior effect obtained therefrom, as the fuel can be prepared or
concentrated according as previously stated.
The intense heat produced by the combustion and the clearness of the gases obtained
therefrom, and the gradual utilization of the heat of the ascending gases by the
descending matters are qualifications that render the furnace useful for many
purposes. For instance, any ferruginous compound can be melted alone or in mixture
with other matters, that is, any iron ore, any pig iron, and any scrap iron or steel
can be melted either by themselves, or if necessary in mixture with carbonaceous
matters to produce malleable iron or steel, or to produce a ferruginous compound
that may be subsequently treated or converted.
The furnaces for the converting or refining that I employ are exhibited in Fig. 5,
Sheet 1, and Fig. 1, Sheet 2; and also in Figs. 1 and 2, and Figs. 3 and 4, Sheet 3,
of which Figures, Fig. 5, Sheet 1, and Fig. 1, Sheet 2, and further, Figs. 1 and 2,
Sheet 3, refer to the converting or refining, according to the first mode, and the
other to the converting or refining according to the second method.
The puddling furnaces exhibited in Fig. 5, Sheet 1, is represented in sectional
plan; and Fig. 1, Sheet 2, is a vertical section; it consists of the gas generator R,
the fire-room S, and the heating apparatus T, of which the gas generator and the
blast heating apparatus has been previously described. The fire-room S consists of the
hearth G, of well known construction, and of the vault and the sides built upon a
framework, which framework is supported from the floor by pillars. The fire-
bridge g, which extends all around the hearth, is made in segmental parts, and is
kept cold by water jets produced by a perforated water pipe passing through the
bridge. The hearth G, which is of any well known construction, is provided with
arrangements to rotate, and to descend or lower said hearth, as usual, and well known
respectively for the purposes of facilitating the working of the iron and discharging
the furnace. The bottom and the side of the hearth is kept cold by water circulating
in the space X; this furnace, Fig. 5, Sheet 1, is provided with one or more puddling
machine or machines U, of construction and action as herein-after specified, to move
or work the rabbles, and with a constant rabble V.
The rabbles worked by the puddling machines have for their object to stir or
work the molten mass upon the hearth, and the constant rabble to keep the sides

page_text: and the parts of the bottom close to the sides free from the adhesion of the molten
matters. If the hearth G is rotated in the direction indicated by the arrow, and
the puddling machines are set to work the rabbles u, the mass upon the hearth is
exposed to a combined movement, the resultant action of which is such as to work
the mass properly, and to keep every part of the puddling chamber free from the
adhesion of matters.
The furnace is fired by gas from the gas generator, as previously stated, and the
gases of combustion in the fire-room S have a pressure a little exceeding that of the
atmosphere, in order to prevent cold air being sucked or drawn through the space
between the fire-bridge and the movable hearth.
The furnace is liable to a perfect regulation of the combustion, and the manipu-
lation of the movable parts to suit the conversion or refining effected therein.
Currents of compressed air of different pressure are introduced through the spaces 8
and 8' to effect a complete or regulated combustion.
The converted or refined iron can be made up in one or several balls, and to
produce one ball the converted iron which is distributed upon the hearth can be
forced towards the centre by one or two flat tool or tools, which tool or tools is or
are moved by a screw from the circumference towards the centre, and by the simul-
taneous rotary movement of the hearth will accumulate the iron into a ball at the
centre of the hearth. The hearth is lowered and the ball discharged as usual. If
several balls are made the operation is performed as usual.
Figs. 1 and 2, Sheet 3, represent the action and construction of the puddling
machine, and its complimentary parts attached to or connected with a puddling
furnace; and Figs. 3, 4, 5, and 58 show the action and construction of the rakes,
and their complimentary parts in connection with a furnace containing a sole or
hearth, both of the said furnaces being of ordinary or well known construction,
except that they are fired with gas produced in a gas generator of construction and
action, as previously described.
Figs. 6 and 7 represent an injector of ordinary or well known construction for
introducing chemical agents or re-agents.
The puddling machine and its appliances consist of a steam or compressed air
cylinder A, with its piston rod B in direct connection with the rake C, and mounted
upon a movable frame D at each or any front of the puddling furnace. One end of
this frame D is pivoted upon a centre E placed underneath the hole, through which
the rake is introduced into the furnace, while the other or free end is carried upon
wheels D', moving in a segmental path described from the said centre E; or the
frame D can equally be mounted above the hole through which the rake is intro-
duced, and upon a vertical shaft or bearings E².
For convenience of illustration the modes of attaching frame D is shown applied
to Fig. 1, the bearings of supporting shaft E¹ being lettered E'. By moving or
radiating the outer part of this frame D, in regard to the furnace, all the radial
positions required for working the iron and for reaching every part of the puddling
chamber by the rake C can be obtained.
The machine is either self-acting or regulated by hand, and allows of such modi-
fication on the length of the stroke as is required for the purpose of reaching every
part of the puddling chamber, and for working the molten mass and keeping the
furnace clean from the adhesion of iron. The regulation may be similar to that of a
steam hammer.
The communication between the fixed air or steam supplying pipes F and the
cylinder A of the puddling machine, which fixed pipes can be placed equally above
or under the movable frame, can be effected by means of hose or pipes provided with
movable joints, but preferably through stuffing boxes H arranged on the centre line
of the motion of the frame D, either above or underneath the centre E or E¹, upon
which the frame works, dependent upon the fitting up of said frame.
The machine is simple and inexpensive in its construction, casy to manage, and
takes up no extra floor space, as it can be placed against the side of the furnace after

page_text: its use, and may be set up in connection with any old or existing furnace with but
slight alterations.
The rake or rakes, shown in plan, Fig. 3, and section, Fig. 4, Sheet 3, consist of a
hollow shaft a, one end of which shaft is provided with a tuyere b or b¹, and the
other end with a guiding arrangement, shown in Figs. 3, 4, and 5, and 5ª. This
guiding arrangement consists of a fork piece or spanner c, carrying a cross guide
piece d, provided with holes or guides in the ends d'. Into or through the said
boles or guides d is entered or passed a rod c, said rod being a continuation of the
swinging and guiding beam f, suspended by the universal joint g, affixed to a cross
framing in the roof; said rod and guide portion d, d', will serve to keep the ends of
the rakes or tuyeres b, b', in a vertical position. The rakes are suspended by or
from the chains h, and i is the inlet through which the air, gases, or substances are
admitted and pass to and through the shaft a, and thence by the central vertical
passage of the tuyere, and out by the horizontal or inclined crossway jets at the
base of the tuyeres into the molten mass. The tuyere portion b or b¹ (two forms
are shown for illustration) are made of suitable fire-resisting material, and are made
separate from the other portion of the rake, in order to allow of their being changed
when worn out.
The tuyere portion may be formed, as shown in Fig. 4a, that is, with central
vertical passage passing therethrough, and the lower face grooved or channelled
crosswise for the horizontal or inclined escape of the introduced gases or matters.
The rake may be kept cool by water circulating in or outside the shaft.
The horizontal or inclined admission of the air or gases causes a promoted and
uniform conversion by the more complete mixing of and movements in the molten
metal effected by the currents being introduced in this horizontal or inclined direc-
tion, which introduction causes a curved and consequently longer passage of said air
or gases through and greater contact with the metal than is effected by a perpen-
dicular admission, as in other processes.
The roof M. of the furnace, shown in Figs. 3 and 4, Sheet 3, is provided with
openings covered with lids M' and shutters N for the purpose of introducing the
rakes.
The gases which have previously been compressed can be admitted to the rakes in
either of two ways, of which the one is combined with the injector, such as shown
in Figs. 6 and 7, and the other is direct, that is, without an injector, and the con-
nections consist of hoses or pipes with universal joints, in order to admit of the
movements of the rake or rakes.
The rake can be constructed to have two ways, and combustible gases will be
introduced through the one and air through the other, and the combustion be effected
at the end of the tuyere in the molten metal where the gaseous matters meet, thus
heating the metal by the combustion and heat obtained therefrom.
The introduced air, gases, agents, or re-agents have for their object to perform an
oxidizing or deoxidizing or a purifying or a qualifying action or any of these actions
in combination upon the ferruginous compound to be treated, either in order to
separate or remove from the compound such substances or matters that is or are
detrimental to the required quality of the metal, or in order to impart to the metal
certain qualifications by adding to the metal or combining with the metal certain
introduced matters.
If the ferruginous compound or impure iron contain the metal in an oxidized
state I effect the conversion or refining thereof chiefly by introducing deoxidizing
or reducing gases, agents, or re-agents, and if the ferruginous compound or impure
iron contain the metal in a carburetted state, such as pig iron or other equivalent or
similar varieties, I effect the conversion chiefly by introducing oxidizing gases,
agents, or re-agents, and generally if the impure iron contains the metal in combina-
tion or mixture with any impurities, I introduce gases, agents, or re-agents to combine
with the impurities, and if the impure iron contain the metal in combination or
mixture with matters of different or contrary nature and affinity, I introduce

page_text: alternately gases, agents, or re-agents of opposite nature and affinity to combine in
the first instance with the one class of impurities and afterwards to combine with
the other class of impurities, and then I remove or separate the combined impurities
from the metal.
The qualifying action of the introduced agents or re-agents will be instanced
thus: If manganeous, or titaneous, or silicious, or carbonaceous iron or steel is
required agents or re-agents containing the said or the corresponding matters are
introduced in a pulverised or, if in the form of alloys, in a granulated state, in order
to combine or alloy with the metal to impart thereto needed or required qualifica-
tions, and it is hardly necessary to remark that the metal in its molten condition is
very susceptible to the actions of the introduced matters.
I will here observe that I do not claim the admission of oxidizing or reducing
gases and chemical agents or re-agents in general, but in the manners and for the
purpose as set forth.
In the conversion of impure or pig iron, according to the first of the before-
mentioned methods, the impure metal is by preference melted in either of the cupola
furnaces, as previously described, or in another furnace of high power, or is obtained
directly from a blast furnace, and in either of these cases the molten metal is brought
into a ladle to facilitate separation of the slag conveyed with the iron from the
melting furnaces. This conversion combines partly the advantages resulting in the
converting of iron and steel by Bessemer's process and by the method of converting
iron in puddling furnaces, and partly the advantages resulting from the admission
of compressed air or gases and chemical agents or re-agents into the molten iron, the
conversion being promoted by a powerful action of the puddling machines and
simultaneous introduction of the agents and re-agents so as to effect a balance
between the mechanical work and the chemical actions proceeding in the molten
mass, the object in view being to effect economy, rapidity, and regularity in the
production by performing the different stages of converting or refining in furnaces
specially applied thereto, and to improve the product by subjecting the impure
metal to a more complete treatment than usual.
To convert pig iron I melt or fuse the same, either alone or in mixture, with some
scrap iron or iron ore, as may be convenient, in either of the furnaces, Figs. 1 and 2,
Sheet 1, or Figs. 3 and 4, Sheet 2, in manner as previously stated, and the fused
metal is accumulated in a reservoir at the front of the furnace. When a sufficient
quantity of iron has been fused and the ball of metal has reached a sufficient depth,
I subject this metal contained in said reservoir to a previous refining by introducing
air and oxidizing and purifying agents and re-agents through a rake of similar
construction to that which has been described.
The qualifications of the treated metal will gradually approach those of malleable
steel and iron, and when considered sufficiently treated the metal is brought into a
ladle and conveyed to and discharged into a puddling furnace, such as shown in
Fig. 5, Sheet 1, and Fig. 1, Sheet 2, or Figs. 1 and 2, Sheet 3, where the metal is
treated together with fused iron ore or slag, or with both in mixture, by rabbles or
rakes worked by the puddling machines. The fused pig iron can also be treated in
the puddling furnace directly, and in this case air and oxidizing agents and re-agents
may be introduced into the molten metal through rake or rakes, and can be made
to act alternately with common rabbles, said rakes or rabbles being worked by the
puddling machines. The kind of gases, agents, and re-agents that may be introduced,
and the time of introduction, can only be judged by experience and from the state
of the process.
Carburetting or oxidizing substances, as well as ferromanganese, spiegel eisen, or
other suitable metals may be added when considered necessary. Thus exposed to
the action of the converting agents the iron soon reaches its different states of
conversion.
A powerful and large amount of work executed by the puddling machines and
transferred to the iron is required,―
Firstly. In order to balance such work of the rake or rakes with the promoted

page_text: conversion, caused by introducing compressed air or gases and chemical agents or
re-agents, into the molten metal.
Secondly. In order to compensate for the greater resistance to the conversion
caused by the addition of spiegel eisen and ferromanganese and other purifying
substances.
Thirdly. In order to obtain a uniform and improved product, because the crystaline
texture of the produced iron and steel is diminished in size by this powerful work,
and the quality of the manufactured iron is nearly in proportion to the amount of
work expended upon it during conversion.
And, Fourthly. In order to facilitate and to diminish the work expended upon
the iron subsequently to conversion, because if the iron has been sufficiently worked
during conversion it does not require so much subsequent working to produce the
articles manufactured therefrom.
As every part of the puddling chamber can be reached and kept clear from the
adhesion of iron, a great saving of time and material will be effected, and as
mechanical is substituted for manuel labour, the refiner or converter will be able to
employ his ability and experience in conducting the process, and directing the
apparatus and admission of the respective agents and re-agents according to the
materials used and stages of the refining.
f
Heretofore it has been impracticable to convert the iron in common puddling
furnaces directly without remelting, owing to the large amount of work required to
overcome the large resistance against conversion caused by such iron, but the substi-
tution of the action of my novel puddling machine for manual labour, and by the
admittance of air and chemical agents and reagents, as described, the conversion is
possible and advantageous. By employing this method of conversion, in consequence
of its high purifying effect, I can produce a saleable product of purer metal out of
more impure iron than heretofore, and the product manufactured is of uniform
quality.
It is well known that the want of puddling machines is founded upon the
experience that puddlers who manage the conversion are incapablo of effecting the
required work to balance the chemical actions proceeding within the molten mass,
and neglect of this work causes (1,) an irregular work of the furnace; (2) a delay
in conversion; (3,) large consumption of fuel and working expenses; (4,) an
unequable product; and, in addition to counteracting these defects, I am according
to my Invention, capable of introducing the various agents and re-agents under the
more perfect control of the refiner, and with more direct effect.
The balling of the converted iron is performed in the furnace with rotating hearth
in the manner as herein-before described, and in the furnace with stationary hearth
as usual, and the produced balls are subsequently treated as desired for their general
application. In this way it is possible to puddle the charges in very rapid succession
and thereby to lessen the cost of and to increase the production.
The other mode of conversion, as previously stated, and as illustrated in Figs. 3,
4, 5, 50, 6, and 7 of the Drawings, Sheet 3, the impure metal which is contained in
any suitable furnace during its conversion is exposed either to an alternative and
single or to a simultaneous and combined action of the respective gaseous agents
during the simultaneous action of the chemical agents or re-agents, all of which may
be of oxidizing or deoxidizing or purifying or other advantageous nature and action,
the resultant converted product being in a state of fusion, so as to be cast into
moulds or ladles. This mode of conversion combines partly the advantages resulting
in the manufacture of iron and steel by Bessemer's process, and by the method of
converting and melting of impure and pig iron to produce iron and steel upon a
sole or hearth and partly the advantages resulting from the admittance of the said
agents and re-agents into the molten iron, as herein-after specified.
If pig iron is converted the metal is preferably fused in either of the furnaces
shown in Figs. 1 and 2, Sheet 1, and Figs. 3 and 4, Sheet 2.
The fused metal accumulated in a receptacle of said furnace or furnaces can be
subjected to a previous refining in said receptacle by introducing air and oxidizing

page_text: matters through movable tuyeres as previously stated, or the fused metal can be
disposed of directly, and in either of these cases the obtained product is brought into
a ladle and conveyed to and discharged into the furnace, Figs. 3 and 4, Sheet 3. In
this furnace the metal is treated as in a Bessemer converter by introducing com-
pressed air, and in addition thereto, by introducing oxidizing, purifying, and
qualifying matters at such stage of the process as may be considered expedient, in
order to produce an improved product. The process will require a regulated
admission at its different stages, and this is effected by employing a regulated or
varied number of tuyeres, and at the same time the treated metal is agitated by
tuyeres being movable and independent of the furnace containing the metal. Pure
iron ore as well as carburetting or oxidizing substances, or ferromanganese and
spiegel eisen, and any kind of scrap iron and steel may be added when considered
necessary.
When the metal is converted or refined it is run off into moulds or into
ladles as desired.
A number of furnaces can be provided in which to convert or refine at one time,
and the process will be directed and applied according to the desired qualifications
of the converted product, and to produce any kind of iron or steel. A more com-
plete successiveness and uniformity than usual will be effected in the production by
employing this mode of converting or refining. Any repairs may also be executed
between the charges with the greater facility, and any new tuyeres be exchanged
for worn out tuyeres when required. Sometimes I employ a comparatively deep
bath of pig iron in order to save and to better employ the introduced blast, and for
this reason, as also by reason of the regulated admission, the power required to
convert or refine a certain quantity is less than by Bessemer's process, and heat pro-
duced by the combustion of the impurities in the iron is utilized to melt and take
up a quantity of scrap iron or steel corresponding to the quantity of generated
heat.
If the impure iron or ferruginous compound contain the metal in an oxidized
state, such as iron ore, any slag containing iron and so forth I convert or refine by
introducing deoxidizing or reducing gases, agents, or re-agents. For this purpose I
provide one furnace wherein I fuse iron ore and another wherein I fuse pig iron,
preferably of the construction and action as that of the furnaces shown in Figs. 1
and 2, Sheet 1, and Figs. 3 and 4, Sheet 2.
In order to remove or separate from the ore substances or matters which are
detrimental to the produced metal and to the lining of the converting furnace, and
in order to promote the fusion of the ore it is charged with fluxes and suitable
matters, to impart thereto certain qualifications that may suit and promote the
subsequent conversion. The furnace, Figs. 3 and 4, Sheet 3, is charged first with a
quantity of fused pig iron and then with a proportionate quantity of fused iron ore,
said pig iron and iron ore being conveyed into ladles from the melting furnaces. On
account of the difference in specific gravity the iron ore will be floating upon the
pig iron.
Deoxidizing or reducing gases, agents, and re-agents are introduced at sufficient
depth in the body of this metal bath to reduce the iron contained in the iron ore
into sinall particles, which descend into the pig iron and assimilate therewith,
forming iron or steel dependent upon the proportion of the said pig iron and iron
ore, and the mass can further be agitated or stirred by rabbles worked by the
puddling machine, carburetting, or oxidizing, or qualifying matters being added and
introduced when considered necessary to obtain a product of desired quality. If the
converted product is obtained in a liquid condition it is run off into moulds or ladles
and disposed of; but if the temperature is lowered it can be obtained in a pasty or
consolidated mass, which is made up into balls and discharged and worked to suit
any desired purpose. Owing to the large contact surface in proportion to the
amount of metal offered to the descending particles of reduced metal a rapid and
complete assimilation of said particles by the pig iron will ensue. The slag formed
from the iron ore is run off gradually or when accumulated as required. The metal
having been obtained it will be desirable to qualify it. If manganeous, silicious,

page_text: titaneous, carbonaceous, or other variety of iron or steel is desired to be obtained,
the qualifying agents or re-agents containing the requisite matters are introduced in
a pulverized or minutely divided condition, and the said substances become
combined or alloyed with the molten metal and impart thereto the necessary
qualifications.
The reducing or deoxidizing gases are obtained from a gas generator and conveyed
through a powerful surface condenser, where I remove or separate therefrom or
condense the contained water, and thence to a compressing engine where the gas is
provided with sufficient pressure for the subsequent introduction.
If by any process there has been obtained steel or iron in a liquid condition, and
it is desirable to render it free from honeycomb or to render it dense I introduce
reducing gases, agents, or re-agents which deprive the metal in its molten condition
of the oxidizing gases or matters contained or remaining in the metal from any
previous conversion or from any other cause. This is a useful and simple process to
effect density of the metal and render same more valuable for all kinds of castings,
and extends the applicability of the metal to many purposes beyond its present
uses. The metal may be tested and then modified by the addition of carburetting
or oxidizing substances, as well as ferromanganese, spiegel eisen, or other suitable
metals, and when the desired quantity has been obtained, it is run off into moulds
or into ladles as desired. Iron ore may also be used alone or in mixture and sub-
jected to the same treatment as described.
The conversion can be conducted to any degree short of completion, and the
resultant product made into balls or lumps, which may be subsequently treated in
any of the cupola or melting furnaces. For this purpose I provide iron or steel
obtained from the first method, and any ferruginous compound obtained from the
other method, and any scrap iron and steel and any pig iron, and proportionate
these constituents as required, and then this mixture or charge is melted in the
furnace, Figs. 3 and 4, Sheet 2, in a manner as previously stated, and the molten
metal is accumulated in the room P, or in a receptacle of any well-known and
suitable construction attached to the furnace. The produced iron or steel must bear
a relation to crucible cast steel, as the fusion is effected by a pure flame or ascending
gases, and the proportion of the constituents can be varied with the view of pro-
ducing a superior or good quality as desired. The consumption of fuel is small, as a
perfect combustion is effected, and the heat produced by the combustion is utilized
and the quality of the fuel can be inferior as a gas production therefrom is always
practicable, and the impurities of the fuel are separated from the ferruginous com-
pounds to be fused or melted.
In this furnace I can melt or fuse any ferruginous compound together with
oxidizing or reducing matters to produce iron or steel; for instance, I melt pig iron
and iron ore together with coal in any shape to produce iron and steel.
Sometimes I employ furnaces similar to Bessemer converters, having all required
appliances for such conversion, and in addition to these appliances I provide these
furnaces with holes or tuyeres for the introduction of air, agents, or re-agents above
the surface of the molten metal, said introduction having for its object to govern the
process and to raise the heat by effecting a combustion inside the furnace of the
combustible gases generated by the introduction of air under the surface of the
metal, whether such air be introduced according to the before-described process or
according to Bessemer's process. The addition of heat imparted by said combustion
renders possible the employment of a cheaper or more impure pig iron and the
utilization of a larger amount of scrap iron than usual to obtain an equivalent
resultant product.
Generally I would prefer to employ two converters and effect a preliminary
refining or purifying in the one, and a supplementary refining in the other. To
effect this preliminary refining or purifying, I charge the converter first with
molten pig iron, and then with molten iron ore in required proportions, and subject
the mass to the introduction of air for a short time, thence I run off the chief part of
the formed slag and discharge the metal into a ladle, which metal is subsequently

page_text: charged into the other converter wherein the refining is completed by introducing
air into the molten mass as usual, but in addition and when the carbonic oxide is
developed or produced, I introduce air, gases, agents, or re-agents above the surface of
the metal, and so raise the heat in order to effect the melting of a sufficient amount
of scrap iron that may be introduced. The process is in other respects carried out
as in a common Bessemer converter.
It is obvious that this mode of conversion will purify the iron to a great extent
and extend the use of pig iron of inferior quality in the production of iron and
steel.
Having now described the nature and particulars of my said Invention, so that
the same may be carried into practical effect, I claim the improvements in the
manufacture of iron and steel and in apparatus employed therein, as herein set
forth.
In witness whereof, I, the said Axel Gabriel Frykman, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Seventeenth day of October, One thousand eight
hundred and seventy-seven.
AXEL GABRIEL FRYKMAN. (L.S.)