IMPROVEMENTS IN TREATING FATTY, OLEAGINOUS, RESINOUS, BITUMENOUS AND CEROUS BODIES IN THE MANUFACTURE AND APPLICATION OF THEM AND OF THEIR COMPONENTS AND SUBSIDIARY PRODUCTS TOGETHER WITH THE APPARATUS TO BE EMPLOYED THEREIN TO NEW AND OTHER USEFUL PURPOSES
Year: 1850

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME we WILLIAM
RADLEY of Lambeth Chymical Engineer and FREDERICK MEYER of Lambeth
Oil Merchant send greeting
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria in and by Her
Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the. United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland called England bearing date at Westminster the Twenty-fifth
day of May One thousand eight hundred and fifty in the thirteenth year
of Her reign for Herself Her heirs and successors did give and grant unto
us the said William Radley and Frederick Meyer our exors adñiors and.
assigns Her especial licence full power sole privilege and authority that
we the said William Radley and Frederick Meyer our exors admors and
assigns and such others as we the said William Radley and Frederick
Meyer our exors admors and assigns should at any time agree with and no
others from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term of years
therein mentioned should and lawfully might make use exercise and vend
within that part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland called
England Her Dominions of Wales. and Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed in
Her Islands of Guernsey Jersey Alderney Sark and Man and in all Her
Majesty's Colonies and Plantations abroad our Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN TREATING FATTY, OLEAGINOUS, RESINOUS, BITUMENOUS, AND CEROUS BODIES IN
THE MANUFACTURE AND APPLICATION OF THEM AND OF THEIR COMPONENTS AND
SUBSIDIARY PRODUCTS TOGETHER WITH THE APPARATUS TO BE EMPLOYED THEREIN TO
NEW AND OTHER USEFUL PURPOSES" in which Letters Patent there is contained
a proviso that we the said William Radley and Frederick Meyer shall parți-

page_text: cularly describe and ascertain the nature of our said Invention and in what
manner the same is to be performed by an instrument in writing under our
hands and seals to be enrolled in Her said Majesty's High Court of Chancery
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said in
part recited Letters Patent as reference being thereunto had will more fully
and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE that in compliance with the said proviso the said
William Radley and Frederick Meyer do hereby declare the nature of their
Invention, and the manner in which the same is to be performed is
particularly described and ascertained in and by the following instrument in
writing reference being to the letters and figures therein contained and to the
iconographic Drawings thereunto annexed
Our Invention consists primarily in the manufacture and purification of the
ordinary "rock" or "lime soap " of the composite candle manufacturers
denominated by us in this Specification glycero-pingnate of lime as a necessary
incident to the fabrication of soaps and candles in such manner as to obtain
in a separate state from any given oil or fat the distinctive material of each of
these manufactures the glycerine (now entirely lost to the soap boiler and but
little if any exception in this regard to the composite candle block manu-
facturer) the oleic butyric stearic and margaric acids respectively the two
latter as a double acid compound used and denominated by the trade "candle
block" in distinctly separate and marketable states so as whilst the "candle
block" the primary object of search by the candle manufacturer freed from
the contaminations of the two first-named components of oils and fats may
with a minimum of expense in its production be placed at his disposal the
bleic and butyric acids conjointly with or separately from the stearo-margaric
acid to be applied in like manner to the purposes of the soap maker whilst
the glycerine instead of as now being a tax by its presence upon the industry
of both producers may by its devotion to many useful purposes in the arts
and manufactures become an object of benefit to both these parties
respectively.
Our Invention relates secondarily to certain improved methods of treating
oleaginous and fatty bodies so as either to purify these commodities as they
are found in the market and thereby render them more fit for the purposes
and intentions of this Specification or obtain these productions of animal and
vegetable tissues by processes of incipient manufacture in a purer and less
contaminated state than usual.
Our Invention relates collaterally as our title indicates to the treatment of
fatty oleaginous resinous bitumenous and cerous bodies integrally so as to

page_text: Freeing a crude substance from combination
with impurities.
Deprivation of fatty and oily matter.
The material of electricity.
Acted by electricity.
To act on by a gaseous medium, as carbonic
acid, &c. &c.
A stuffing box.
Sweet principle of fats.
Capable of resisting the action of water.
Above the ordinary elasticity.
Literal & lineal description of an apparatus.
State of powder so fine that the grains can
neither be seen nor felt.
Like a shower of rain.
Caustic alkaline solution.
Sweet principle of oils.
That which is left when any substance is
pressed.
Compound solid acid of fat and marrow.
Specific gravity.
Alkaline, saponaceous, and coprolic cleansing.
Related to "sapals."
Related to "pinals."
Bitumenic acid bodies of a dark color in tar
and pitch.
CAPITAL 1.
subjective matter of our Specification consisting
ment of oils and fats the distillation of debased
on of the results of the several processes adopted
and axle lubrication combustion saponification
this Specification is subdivided into the following
with their application to lubrication combustion
and fatty bodies with their application to lubri-
ndles and soaps and the ulterior purposes of this
distillation of oils fats and fatty bodies and the

page_text: application of the gaseous matters and oily and .acid 'fats resulting therefrom.
to the manufacture of soaps and solvents of the sapaline and pinaline com-
pounds herein-after mentioned and for the formation of such of the said
compounds as require fatty and oily acids or any of them respectively.
4th The production and application of elaidine and elaidic acid and their,
derivations to lubricative combustional and general purposes.
Section 1. For the depuration of oils our first process consists in oxydating.
acidifying or otherwise decomposing and rendering more soluble in water the
foreign matters commonly found in all commercial oils and fats consisting
variously in different specimens and varieties of mucilage and mucus resino--
extractive and gelatine albumen fibrine and other similar vegetable and
animal matters and principles by medium of carbonic nitric, chromic, chloric.
and phosphoric acids or either of them in manner following that is to say.
When nitric acid is to be used we mix in any proper vessel as of iron or
earthenware &c. from two to five pounds of nitric acid of specific gravity of
about 1.210° with one hundred and twelve pounds of oil previously deprived of
all aqueous matter either by the action thereon of chloride of calcium or other
substance with absorbent properties or what is better by subjecting the oil to
a current of anhydrous common air or any other gaseous medium at any
temperature above that of 32° with brisk agitation performed by any suitable
apparatus so as to diffuse the air or gas in a state of fine division through the
oil or melted fat which being agitated by anhydrous air, or gas forced by any
suitable blowing apparatus through its parts will both agitate the oil and
absorb its moisture. The oil thus treated is now to be mixed with the requi-
sité quantity of nitric acid and subjected to the temperature of 250° to,
350° during one to two hours phosphoric, chromic and chloric acid may be
substituted with advantage for the nitric acid, using similar proportions, tem-
pérature and routine of treatment.
33
When carbonic acid is to be used the oil is to be introduced into the ap-
paratus described in Cap VIII. Iconograph I as "aero-dynamic digester
and therewith from one half per cent. to ten per centum of water either
pure or holding in solution an acid or salt to call into play the acid properties
of this gaseous reagent and when the contained agitator has been set in
motion therein by any convenient application of power connected therewith
whilst carbonic acid gas is passed into the cavity of the digester to be mixed
with its oily contents by a worm helix or other pipe or pipes a gradually
increasing temperature is to be applied thereto.
As a substitute for carbonic acid gas prepared for other purposes of this
Specification and to diminish the general expense and trouble of the process,

page_text: as above described carbonic acid gas in an impure state as derived from the
combustion of carbonaceous matter as herein-after set forth but deprived of
all dusty particles may be withdrawn from its source in any furnace retort
or combustional receptacle by such a steam jet or combination of steam jets
ȧs is used for the ventilation of mines and other purposes and forced thereby
or by any other apparatus capable of this duty into the digester so as at once
to gasulate the oil and agitate its particles. This process may be continued
at any temperature but preferably at 200° or thereabouts during five to six
hours with any convenient gaseous pressure, but the higher the pressure the
better and then after the said pressure has been relieved by the escape of the
gas, cold, warm, and hot water in repeated portions is to be serially and
severally as hereby set forth injected into the digester and the oil therein
well washed therewith giving each portion time sufficiently to settle and
separate in order to withdraw it ere another affusion is made.
It is to be here remarked that as all temperatures pressures and acid and
other impregnations herein-before and herein-after described throughout this
Specification are variably competent to produce the effects required we do
not confine ourselves to the numerical proportions given such being the best
which our experiments have hitherto led us to adopt.
Oils may also be depurated and defecated by acting upon them within
similar apparatus and by similar procedure as is directed in the previous para-
graph of this section of Capital 1st by common air or sulphurous acid gas;
common air mixed with oxygen gas; common air mixed with sulphurous acid
gas; and any other gaseous or liquid medium possessing the chymical property
of an oxydizer or a decoxydizer, but the oil must be previously blended with
from one to ten per centum of water and the temperature of digestion carried
to 250° or 350° with powerful and brisk agitation.
In all these processes of depuration of oils by the action of gaseous media
such aeriform reagents must be passed continuously into the cavity of the
digester and where little or no absorption thereof takes place provision must
be made in the apparatus for passing them out, so as being returned to the
apparatus which forces them thereinto they may be subsequently returned con-
tinuously and without interruption into the digester and where and when
corrosive gases are used provision in the metallic vessel or vessels must be
also made to protect the same therefrom by any ordinary method.
We proceed lastly to the depuration of oils and fats by means of electric
polarity to effect which purpose the oil in its normal state and fat in the state
of fusion being both mixed by a few minutes. agitation with as much water as
each can retain in a state of repose is then to be exposed to the influence of

page_text: galvanic or frictional electron indiscriminately in any convenient manner but
preferably by means of a modification of a "Woolfe's series described for
this purpose as Iconograph II in the VIIIth capital or division of this
Specification.
"
When a battery is used we prefer to construct it of zine and copper or cast
iron and copper cylinders revolving slowly in cells containing an oily acid by
preference the oleic, the copper cylinder about half immersed so that the air
which thus has access to its surface serves to excite it and so develope an
electric current. Such a battery must be composed of unusually large plates
and in greater numbers than ordinary e.g. five hundred pairs of plates of two
feet square each turned and made into cylinderic form. The two cylinders'
of each pair may revolve the one within the other and be respectively insu-
lated from each other by gutta percha mountings or instead of the cylindric'
form of elements this "oleic battery may consist of plates as usual but
suspended upon beams of metal to which motion is so adapted as alter-
nately to raise and dip the plates from out of, and again into the oleic
acid excitant. The metallic oleates which from time to time collect
upon the plates must be scraped off them and reserved for adoption to
to their various uses as described in this Specification. Or instead of mixing
water with the oil and fat to be electrated respectively we sometimes
substitute therefore any saline solution or solution of caustic potash or soda
of any moderate strength and in other instances instead of acting upon the
impurities of the oil and fat directly by the conducting power of the infusion
of water from five to ten per cent. or thereabouts (but we are not confined
to these quantities of aqueous infusion) by decomposing said water whose
eliminated oxygen and hydrogen gases in a nascent state kept well blended
with the oil or fat will decompose the impurities thereof and cause them to
become soluble in the water contained therein or that of the subsequent
washings into which may be infused a small proportion of caustic ley of
potash soda or ammonia.
Section 2.-Fats and fatty bodies may be treated in all respects the same as
indicated for oils with the exceptions that the temperatures of operation
must in all cases be as much elevated above the corresponding temperatures
for oils, as the fats and fatty bodies respectively require above the temperature
of 60° to render them completely fluid the agitation more briskly performed,
the supply and pressure of the gaseous media more energetic and the
duration of the processes of longer continuance. Also in defocating fats
and fatty bodies, instead of using water alone in the subsequent washings
it is expedient that the first and sometimes the second affusion be made in

page_text: the cold state with a caustic ley of potash soda or ammonia preference.
being given to that of soda of the hydrometric specific gravities of 1006 and
1003 or thereabouts respectively in volumes as compared with that of the
melted fat of one-fifth, which may be used again and again ere it is consigned
for purposes of economy to the soap making department.
Section 3.-Our Invention for the acquisition of the acid fats (whose
combination with the oxides of glycerule and lipule form ordinary fat tallow
marrow and butyraceous bodies generally) in a separate state by evaporative
distillation consists in taking advantage of the fact that "the fatty and oily acids
are much more volatile after exposure to a temperature competent to destroy
their organic base" a result which we term the "debasement" of fats and
oils. To effect this object we expose the depurated or commercial fatty or
oily body to a temperature of 450° to 750° (the precision of which can only
be acquired by attentive practice and nice observance on account of the ever
varying nature of fatty impurities depurated fats and oils requiring a lower
and impure commercial fats and oils a higher temperature but the heat of
melting lead i.e. 662° will in general be the medium) within a close vessel,
provided with a weighted valve of safety to admit of the escape of the gaseous
and vapourous results of the resolution of the organic oxides aforesaid) the
cessation of the production of carbonic acid and inflammable hydrocarbon
gases will indicate (provided a sufficient temperature has been employed to
produce them) the completion of this "debasement" when the debased fat
or oil as the case may be may either be distilled from within the same vessel
and the products condensed and collected in any suitable vessel or vessels or
transvased into any other vessel for this purpose. To expedite the process
and as a vehicle for the passage of the fatty or oily vapours a current of
steam deoxygenated air (as from the previously described process of oxydic
depuration of oils) carbonic acid carbonic oxide hydrogen or hydro-carbon
gases or any of them simply or in commixture and heated to the required
temperature may be in this heated state blown or drawn through the contents
of the stillatory by a pipe or pipes dipping therein and leading therefrom and
thence through the requisite condensers. This process of cremation of fats
and fatty bodies as a preparation of them for the distillative separation of
their components by medium of the condensors aforesaid may be applied
to the debasement of oils and particularly of the siccative oils for the
production of linic and cannabic acids substantially as set forth.
Section 4th. For the production of elaidine and elaidic acid we proceed
as follows, preferring the elaine of tallow and olive oil and their oily acids
as well as lard its oil and stearine To every one hundred and twelve pounds

page_text: of lard, freed from moisture as before specified we add seven pounds of nitric
acid of specific gravity 1'280 or thereabouts and heat the mixture to 212° or
220° so long as nitrogen nitrous or carbonic acid gases are evolved without
access of air by which a yellow coloured elaidine is produced which to
deprive of its colour we proceed as follows. To every one hundred and
twelve pounds of this elaidine we add seven pounds of a a saturated solution
of a carbonated alkali or from three and a half to seven pounds of animal
gall at the temperature of 120° or thereabouts and mixing the two bodies
by agitation allow them to cool, the agitation being continued so as to
leave them in a state of thorough mixture for several days at the tem-
perature of 60° to 80°. The whole is then to be agitated with water
at 60° to 80° to separate the coloured solution which process may be
repeated as often as required to produce a less coloured product. For
the production of elaidic acid to be used in common with elaidine for
illuminative combustion amongst the other applications aforesaid we prefer
the oleic acid as obtained from the processes described in section 3rd.
after an exposure of some days in a divided state or some weeks in bulk to the
free influence of common air or the red oleic acid coming from the ordinary.
manufacture of "candle block " may be used but any oleic acid will answer
the purpose subject to the conditions above specified. We take of this oleic
acid sugar lignine potatoe and other starch or any of them and nitric acid
of sp. gr. 1.250 or a mixture of three parts pure strong nitric with one part
hypo-nitrous acids in the proportions of one hundred and twelve pounds of
oleic twelve pounds of nitric acid or eleven pounds of the acid mixture.
aforesaid in lieu thereof one pound and a half of starch lignine or powdered
sugar and digest the mixture in a gentle heat for two to three hours and
subsequently washing with hot water and agitation to dissolve out the oxalic
acid thus formed which may be obtained in crystals by evaporation we
pursue a similar course for the decoloration of the elaidic acid thus formed as.
for elaidine and thereafter (if greater hardness is required) we repeat the
process with this elaidic acid and fresh proportions of sugar starch and
lignine, as aforesaid and nitric acid, whereby a dense and highly combustible
material will be obtained, which may be purified from smell and freed from
colour by a cold digestion firstly with a caustic ley of sp. gr. 1001 or
thereabouts or a saturated solution of an alkaline carbonate as described for
elaidine the latter application at a temperature of 212° or by the use of
animal gall as directed for elaidine or by the three processes seriatim as one
routine. To the quantities and proportions of materials here specified for the-
formation of elaidine and elaidic acid as a subsidiary product we do not

page_text: being so included as being more or
Elaidine may also be produced by a
confine our claims, all other proportions
less competent to produce the effect.
similar process using tallow lard and any other fatty matter and their
component elaine or any of them respectively. Oils and fats manifest con-
siderable power of retaining aqueous moisture in hydraulic or simple mixture
and are prone from this admixture to become of inferior quality and less
adapted to the purposes described in this Specification and more particularly
oils which remain milky or dull in appearanco whenever they have been
treated or commingle with water or aqueous solutions so as to be less
saleable and although it is difficult in the main to free oils and fats from
ingredient moisture and particularly to restore to and confer upon them the
brightness or semi-translucency which is so great a desideratum in the oil
and tallow trade yet we have to a certain extent succeeded in this object
which we effect by acting upon the oil or fat so affected with cold warm and
hot air or gas or cither of them deprived or not as convenient of their
aqueous moisture. As a sequel to the depurative process aforesaid and to
restore the brightness of commercial oils and fats respectively we churn or
agitate them with common air or gaseous bodies at any temperature
whatsoever, but preferably from 25° to 40° or with these gaseous media
rendered thoroughly or partially anhydrous by exposure to any substance
greedy of moisture or deliquescent at any temperature whatsoever but pre-
ferably from 60° to 120° Or a deliquescent salt may be blended in powder or
solution of any degree of concentration or dry substance greedy of moisture
as stove dried chalk lime gypsum, &c., with the oil or fluid fat, to absorb its
and restore its brightness wholly or in part as the case may be.
moistur

page_text: aforesaid in a state of debasement for evaporative distillation and formation of
artificial manure.
Section 1st The membranaceous cellular and osseous structures of animal
and vegetable bodies require something more than breaking and bruising ere
being submitted to the expression of their cell-enclosed oleaginous butyraceous
fatty and saccharine matters and juices on which account we advocate
the following mode of procedure for treating these adipose and oleiferous
organic structures. Butchers fat whale blubber cods liver and similar
bodies (in a perfectly fresh and uncorrupted state preferably) must be sub-
jected to the operation of slicing by any suitable machine and thereafter or
previously exposed to a current of steam or hot air either dry or moist as a
preparation for extracting their oily and fatty components free or nearly so
from the adventitious presence of gelatinous mucous and other impurities
which the ordinary process of "rendering" and "melting" invariably induce, but
we prefer to expose the finely sliced adipose structure to the influence of
anhydrous air either cold warm or of a temperature up to 250° (but to this heat
we do not confine ourselves as a greater or lesser temperature will proportion-
ately succeed) which whilst it renders fellic albumenous gaseous fibrinous
gelatinous and mucous bodies more or less anhydrous and therefore to this
extent immiscible with oils and fats by evaporating and absorbing their moisture
may also tend to fuse out and extract from the sliced material a considerable
portion of the fatty and oleaginous matters therein contained and being then
subjected to pressure by the modes usually practised the remainder of the
fat or oil as the case may be, will be obtained free from the usual contamina-
tions. Fresh and other bones of animals containing fat may be similarly
treated for the extraction of their marrow in a pure and anhydrous condition
for which purpose the bones roasted at a temperature from 300° to 450° or
thereabouts to make them brittle when the object is to convert the marc
to manure or merely stoved at or about 212° or otherwise as they are
obtained in the market may be smashed to a state of fine division and then:
being exsiccated or not by anhydrous air or gas at ordinary temperature or
heated to 350° or to any intermediate degree as occasion may serve, may.
be bagged whilst hot and subjected to powerful pressure for the extraction-
of their marrow.
The bone marc or refuse from which the marrow has
been expressed, may if previously roasted be devoted to the purposes of a.
rich agricultural condiment or fertilizer and if not previously roasted to the.
manufacture of gelatine.
Section 2.-Our Invention under this section of the second capital division-
of this Specification relates to the production of "adipocire" from the fibrinous

page_text: parts of animals, and is thus performed It has long been known that the
action of current water upon animal carcases is to convert the fleshy parts
into a substance partaking of the qualities of wax and tallow conjointly
and generally related (both in mode of formation and properties) to the
substance denominated "elaidine" It has also been known prevously that
digestion of fesh in hot diluted nitric acid is competent to the production
of this adipocire but beyond the laboratory experiments such a process has
never found the utility it deserves as capable of converting a great proportion
of the offal of slaughter houses and nearly useless flesh of horses and other
animals into a valuable and less objectionable form and distination. Our
Invention in this regard consists in reducing in a rag-grinding masticating
or other machine the flesh of horses and other animals intestines and offal
of a fibrinous nature previously degreased or not at option to a state of pulp
which when diffused in water we operate upon in two different ways The
first method or way consists in the transfusion of finely divided common air
or any or all of the gaseous media described in the 1st capital with oxygen
gas or other gaseous body abounding in this gas by a weak associated bond
of combination agitated and dispersed or not through the aqueous pulp of
fleshy matters prepared as aforesaid at a pressure increased beyond the
ordinary aerospheric elasticity from one to twenty pounds per square inch
and at a temperature ranging from 32° to 180° the middle gradation between
these extremes of temperature being most energetic during
a variable space
of time from ten to forty days according to the fineness of fibrinous com-
minution perfect adaptation of temperature and other influential circum-
stances when the mixture may be raised in temperature so as to melt the
now generated adipocure and then left to repose that it may float and be
removed after which the pultaceous fibrine remaining may be subjected again
and again to a repetition of the same process until no more fibrine remains:
This process may be modified by the use of carbonic acid sulphurous acid
gas &c. phosphorus acid or either or any of them in combination with
common air and further modified by forcing these gaseous substances as
aforesaid into the "acro-dynamic digester to the required pressure and with
agitation at the temperatures aforesaid leaving the whole in an otherwise
undisturbed state for two or more days then after allowing the residual
gases to escape renewing the same with repetition of the same routine of
process, until no more febrine is left to be oxidated. Our second method
consists in the use and action of powerful oxydizers to and upon the pultaceous
mixture aforesaid as of nitric acid diluted with one two or more equivalents
of water chloric and perchloric and chromic acids or by passing the vapours

page_text: of chlorine and of chlorous sulphurous nitrous and hypo-nitrous acid gases
or any of them through the mixture in a suitable apparatus as of a "Woolfe's
series" provided with the capability of restraining undue elevations of tem-
perature or lastly by the more prompt reactive agency of phosphoric acid
or of sulphuric acid and peroxide of manganese in admixture with the
fibrinous pulp previously reduced to a nearly anhydrous state and subsequently
washing the digested products with hot water to remove the adipocire.
The adipocerous matter thus obtained may either be adapted in its coloured
state to the fabrication of candles per se or in mixture with other bodies
as well as to the manufacture of soaps and separation of its fatty and oily
acids or it may be purified and deprived of most of its colour by washing
thoroughly in repeated doses of hot water then of alkaline ley of potash
soda or ammonia of sp. gr. by the hydrometer of 1001 to 1005 or of animal
gall in solution and if required of a purer white it may be precipitated thus
by water from its solution in hot alcohol.
:
Section 3. Bones when smashed to a pulpy state of greater or less fineness
and pultaceous animal refuse separately or combinedly may be introduced into
the atmo-dynamic digester with from two and a half to fifteen per centum of
quicklime or other caustic earthy body in the state of milk of lime or fluid
hydrate of any other earthy matter respectively and thus saponified by the
action of steam or other heat in connection or not with mechanical agitation
and at a temperature from 212° to 250° or upwards after detachment from
the chondrine gelatine and other animal matter deprived therefrom by digestion
for a few hours with water at the temperature of 212° to 350° according to the
degree of purification required the greatest degree of purity resulting from
the highest temperature. The glycero-pingnate of lime &c. as aforesaid may
be treated for the manufacture of glycerine oleic and other soaps and the
margaric acid for the fabrication of candles and other productions as described
in the 3rd capital of this systematic arrangement of Specification. As it may
be advantageous to produce a soap with base of potash and soda or either of
them in commixture with gelatine on the one hand and phosphate of lime one
the other we treat the smashed bones and pultaceous animal matters respec-
tively with solutions of caustic potash and soda or either of them as is
commonly done or as herein described so as to produce a saponaceous solution
in conjunction or commixture with gelatine and bone earth or if the bone
earth be allowed to fall precipitately with gelatine alone from which the
gelatine and pingnic acid may be separated by any acid.¨
Section 4. The fatty matter of bones and animal matters generally may also
be economically obtained by treating these organic bodies in their natural and

page_text: integral state or when comminuted as aforesaid in the first place by crema-
tion in any close vessel so as to destroy the organic base of the fats as herein-
before stated under capital 1st Section 3 for debasement of oils and fats and
thereafter to detach the oleic the margaric and other fatty acids and products
by destillation as herein-before described and adaptation of the residue to
purposes of manure.
CAPITAL 3RD.
Our Invention under this head relates to the production of insoluble soaps of
lime baryta strontia alumina magnesia and metallic oxides generally and
respectively in combination with oily fatty and butyraceous bodies or any of
them. Their depuration from glyceric and butyric acids and decomposition
with formation of soluble soaps applicable to general purposes and "candle
block" to the manufacture of candles whilst the economized glycerine is
devoted to the respective applications herein-before and herein-after described
and consists of the following sections-
1st The production of insoluble soaps by the combination of commercial or
depurated fatty and oleaginous bodies respectively with earthy and oxydic
bases and especially with caustic lime to produce a glycero-pingnate of lime.
2d The depuration of the resulting glycero-pingnate of lime, or of any
other base by the separation of the glyceric acid as glycerine.
3d The detachment of the oily acids taking oleic acid as their type from
the pingnendinous salts, taking stearo-margarate of lime or either of thein as
their type and formation of an alkaline oleic soap.
4th The decomposition of the pure stearo-margarate of lime and other
congeneric bodies by the action of acids generally.
5th The decomposition of the oleo-glycerates of the aforesaid earthy and
other bases by means of carbonic acid gas.
6th The production and conservation of carbonic acid for the aforesaid and
other purposes.
Section 1st. To produce the insolable soap of fatty and oleaginous bodies
with earthy or metallic oxide for base and more particularly the glycero-
pingnate of lime from hydrate of lime and tallow we prefer to perforin this
operation of saponification in a closed vessel provided with a single or double
agitator the whole subsequently described as altmo-dynamic digester. Into
this sort of vessel or apparatus we introduce the common or depurated fat or
oil and therewith from fourteen to seven per centum for tallow and oil
respectively of quicklime slaked to the condition of fluid hydrate by admixture
with about twice its weight of boiling water and then introduced into the
digester or allowed to cool to the temperature of 120° to 130° before admixture

page_text: within the digester with the tallow or other fat or oil as the case may be aud
about ten to twenty per cent. of clean sand (the finest Calais or Lynn sand
being preferred) which commixture being effected a brisk agitation must be
commenced and kept up for a space of time from two to five hours during
which process the temperature of the mixture is to be gradually elevated to
that of 220° to 250° and when the saponification is known to be completed
(samples being withdrawn from time to time after the lapse of the first hour or
two to ascertain this fact the steam or other source of heat must be excluded in
order that the product may cool a brisk agitation being all the while kept up
in order to prevent the aggregation or clotting of the particles of the lime
soap now formed should the state of comminution for the subsequent purposes
not prove fine enough a variable proportion say from five to twenty-five per
cent. (though to these proportions we do not confine ourselves) of sulphate of
soda or other efflorescent or other salt with or without the sand may be
added to the mixture in the digester any time during before the commence-
ment or after the completion of the process but in this latter instance before
the cessation of the action of the agitator or agitators. We have here spoken
particularly of the formation of what in trade language is denominated "rock
soap" synonimous with our "glycero-pingnate of lime" by the union of tallow
with caustice lime in the state of fluid hydrate but the process above described
is also intended by us as equally applicable to the union of any and every fatty
oily resinous cerous and bituminous substance whatsoever with alkaline
earthy and metallo-oxydic bases or any two or more of them respectively so
as to produce in the first instance an insoluble soap which may either be
treated as herein-after described with the formation of an oleate soap and the
more solid fat acid in combination with lime or other base not alcaline in a
detached state for treatment by acids for the manufacture of candles and for
the purposes generally of this Specification or the glycero-pingnate of lime
may after having the glycerine scoured out or otherwise be treated with
alkaline ley of ammonia potash and soda or any of them of the strength
marked by the hydrometer at 1010 or thereabouts with a temperature above
212° and with constant and brisk agitation for the manufacture of ordinary
domestic curd medicinal and trade soaps.
Section 2nd. The depuration of the glycero-pingnate of lime resulting from
the preceding operation or any modification of it with the materials specified
consists in the first, place of the withdrawal of the glyceric liquor either
whilst the pulverulent soap remains in the digester aforesaid or subsequently
to its discharge therefrom into a filtering apparatus or other vessel destined to
receive it commingled or not as the case may be with a portion of sand

page_text: sulphate of soda or other saline matter introduced as directed in any of which
vessels at the convenience of the operator the soap is to be washed with warm
'water once or twice and the washings added to the glyceric liquor aforesaid.
The rock soap or as we term it glycero-pingnate of lime if not in an im-
palpable powder must be made so either by subjection to the action of the
aerosphere if an efflorescent saline body has been added to and incorporated
with it, as before stated whereby the whole will fall to powder or should it be
preferred the glycero-pingnate of lime made without the introduction of any
sabulous and saline body may be reduced to the state of impalpable powder
by being ground in a mill or sliced by a slicing machine. The glycero-
pingnate of lime in a state of powder of any fineness ranging from the state
of division that each particle will pass through a sieve with meshes from
the th to the 100th of an inch diameter to which sizes however we are not
confined but that we prefer to reduce it to the impalpable state as upon such
a condition the operations of depuration are prompt, precise and complete
with less trouble and waste of time than when the soap is in a coarser state of
pulverulency. We introduce the powdered glycero-pingnate of lime or other
insoluble soap into the atmo-dynamic digester and therewith a quantity equal
to from five to six times its weight of caustic ley of potash soda and ammonia
or any of them combinedly or separately but we prefer the ley of soda of an
hydrometric sp. gr. of 1000. 5 to 1001 but to these degrees we do not confine
ourselves as higher and lower degrees of strength will answer the purpose with
variable intensities, the weaker requiring more time for each operation and
more repititions of its application and the stronger having a tendency which
without nicety of operation would be troublesome) to detach and render soluble
the fatty and oily acid of the saponacious powder hence we prefer the afore-
said degrees of alkaline impregnation, and two or three successive applications
commencing with the weakest ley at a temperature below 212° and passing to
the stronger leys with temperatures corresponding to the boiling points of each
and with a duration of operation and brisk agitation from 30 minutes to 4, 5
or 6 hours or more or less according to the density and degree of pulverulency
of the glycero-pingnate of lime, the finest requiring least time and temperature
but equally brisk agitation. These operations will be competent to the com-
plete removal of all the glyceric acid from its combination with lime and
admixture with the glycero-pingnate of lime which is obtained as an alkaline
glycerate. The ley or lye, used secondly, may become the first of a new
operation and that used thirdly, the second and so forth reserving the
saturated solutions of alkaline glycerate for the purposes described in our
5th capital division hereof. The glycero-pingnate of lime having by these

page_text: processes been deprived of its elyceric component comes now under the
denomination of oleo-pingnate of lime and it is a part of our Invention
to deprive this compound soap of the oily acid which in combination
with lime forms one of its ingredients thus leaving the original soap in its
simplest form as a true stero-margarate or pingnate of lime in which
designation the word pingnate represents throughout this Specification any
solid fat acid as stearic, margaric otherwise stearo-margaric, cocinic, palmitic,
&c., &c., the lime representing any base and the oleic acid any oily acid
whatsoever.
Section 3rd Our method of detaching the oily acid, whether oleic, lime,
cannabic or otherwise, but in this case oleic acid from the oleo-pingnate of
lime still contaminated with oleate of lime consists in treating it in the same.
sort of apparatus as for the detachment of the glyceric acid or glycerine with
powerful and continuous agitation and with about the same volume or weight
of an alkaline caustic lye of soda potash or ammonia but preferably of soda
of a strength answering to 1002 to 1005 of the hydrometer at a temperature
that may exceed 212° for the weakest but not so for the stronger lye, during
a space of time as before stated in regard to degree of pulverulency ranging
from 2 to ten hours but to which limits in consideration of the competency
of longer times being sometimes required and shorter durations being some-
times competent to this effect we do not confine ourselves. The oleate of soda.
thus formed may be separated from the powder of soap by means of a filter
and after washing the powder with cold warm or hot water but cold water pre-
ferably i.e. about 60° to 70° degrees of temperature, it may be again scoured
with a second and even with a third or further dose of caustic lye or ley
using these scourings as firsts and seconds in subsequent operations upon fresh
impure or oleo-pingnate of lime, the oleate of soda resulting from these.
operations being generally in an alcaline condition may be boiled down in this
state or with oily or fatty matter or with any of the depurated oily or fatty.
acids preferably or with resins or bitumens or any of them combined for the
formation of bar or other soap or soaps in the usual manner for application to
domestic and artistic uses or in mixture with water and other bodies to the.
purposes of lubrication and the intentions of Capital 6 Section. 4. The
resulting pingnate of lime may now without the ulterior necessity of bagging
and pressing its decomposed products be subjected to the action of strong
acids sufficiently dilated with water for the detachment of its base and after
washing in repeated affusions of cold or hot water to remove adhering acids
the "candle block" may be devoted without further preparation to the for-
mation of composite or other artificial sperm or wax candles and if a superfine

page_text: article of "candle block "be required the washed fatty acid matter aforesaid
may be run into cakes with or without the commixture of any substance to
increase its porosity as prepared sawdust any textile fabric sand or other
competent substance and subjected to pressure as subsequently described in
this Specification or as ordinarily practised or the pingate of lime may be
treated with soda or other lye at 212° to 250" or more of a strength from
1005 to 1035 at 60°) for the production of hard soft and curd soaps.
Section 5 Our Invention relates to the detachment of glycerine firstly and
oleic acid commonly so called secondly by means of carbonic acid at different
temperatures' respectively. To effect these purposes we introduce the glycero-
pingnate of lime preferably in fine powder into aero-dynamic digester with
about its own weight of water and then passing therein carbonic acid at
a pressure from that of the circumambient aerosphere to several multiples of
the natural pressure at a temperature below 212° with brisk agitation until a
sample drawn out begins to indicate the presence of oily matter when the
contents of the digester must be thrown into a filter which removes the
glycerine and after being well washed therein by cold or warm water and
then being restored to the digester may be treated again with carbonic acid
for the detachment of the oily acid from the base as before stated at a similar
pressure but somewhat elevated range of temperature. The oleic or other
oily acid thus obtained must be decanted and preserved in closed vessels out of
contact with the aerosphere or otherwise for lubrication and adaptation to
the several purposes of this Specification. Or the glycero-pingnate of lime in
the state of coarse or fine powder may be exposed in layers to the action of
the aerosphere the carbonic acid of which will decompose its glycerate of
lime the glacerine of which may occasionally be washed out and the exposure
and washing renewed again and again as often as necessary.
Section 6.-Our Invention for the production and conservation of carbonic
acid for the aforesaid and other purposes consists in the treatment of limestone
chalk marble and all other forms and varieties of carbonate of lime or other
earth or stony matter with such components or any of them as for the production
of carbo-hydrogens from bitumenous fuels preferring the following method
without limitation thereto. Into a retort which may be cylindrical ellipsoidal
or polygonal of a mean diameter and length of about two feet by six feet but
any other dimensions will subserve the purpose set horizontally or vertically
but preferably in the latter position a charge of carbonate of lime is to be
inserted and when the two lids of the retort are closed the valve connected
with the medium of exhaustion is opened and a variable degree of exhaustion
practised thereby on the cavity and contents thereof in most respects the

page_text: same as is set forth in the Specification of Letters Patent granted unto William
Radley the third day of May One thousand eight hundred and forty-five
"for improvements in the production of gases "&c. or the paddle-wheel
retort therein described may be used for the evolution of carbonic acid gas
from any of the earthy and metallic carbonates which decompose at a red heat.
To expedite the decomposition of the carbonate by removing the liberated gas
which enveloping the carbonate hinders the emission of gas by its pressure.
steam of water in a highly heated state and common air carbonic acid gas
or any of them may be forced where the exhaustion is low or simply permitted
to enter when the exhaustion is high by the lower or opposite orifice of the
retort to that of its outlet therefrom through the cavity of which and amongst
and around the pieces of carbonate therein contained where common air is
used the results of the process must be stored at any pressure or elasticity for
use in the processes for the dépuration of oils and fats but it will also serve
for the purposes of the purer specimens of carbonic acid produced by the use
of steam and carbonic acid applied as aforesaid. If a small proportion of
charcoal charwood charpeat or other similar carbonaceous matters be intro-
duced commingled with the carbonate or occupying the lowest part of the
retort or end contrary to that where the gas makes its exit then steam com-
mingled with carbonic oxide may be used to expedite the procedure and
when the carbonic acid gas is not required of a very pure nature then the
charge of the retort may be principally or wholly carbonaceous matter through
which in an ignited state steam of ordinary temperature but preferably in a
hyperheated state may be passed the retort or vessel' for this purpose should
be either set horizontally and only about half filled with the carbonaceous
matter aforesaid and if upright then whatsoever its diameter may be its
length ought to be no more as the proportion of carbonic oxide to carbonic
acid generated by this method is generally in direct proportion to the quantity
of ignited carbon through which the results of the decomposed watery vapor
have to pass.
"3
CAPITAL 4.
"
"
The fourth capital division of our Specification relates to the acquisition
and use of "elaio-stearine otherwise "stearoptine or fatty matter of the
beans or berries of the "theobrorna cacao or cocoa yielding fruit and appli-
cation of the subsidiary "marc" from whence this fatty matter has been
taken to the general purposes of the manufacture of pastes and powders of
Cocoa chocolate and broma of a new kind by us denominated "bromage
whilst the fatty matter which we call theo "bromine "is to be applied to the
manufacture of candles and to the general purposes of this Specification.
3
:

page_text: ceases.
Section 1st. We take the beans or berries aforesaid and either press them
in this state or previously reduce them to coarse powder in a crushing or
rasping mill the whole kept as cool as possible to prevent the empastement to
which this substance is peculiarly prone by grinding at a temperature but
little elevated which would hinder the crushing or rasping process. The
powder thus obtained we next submit to pressure in the ordinary manner of
pressing oleaginous seeds in a press whereby a gradually increasing tempera-
ture and pressure can be applied to the bags of broken beans either by using
hollow plates filled with oil, water solutions, steam or gas or any other heat
bearing medium, beginning with the temperature of 80° or thereabouts and
gradually increasing it to 250° or 300° or upwards or so long as any fatty
matter exsudes staying the process of heating and pressing when this result
Another mode to which we give the preference is to heat the beans
in a perforated cylinder such as is used in the better processes of roasting
cocoa and coffee berries until they sweat and begin to evolve a watery vapour
free from the empyrheumatic odour characteristic of the commencement of the
real roasting process and so discharging them and allowing them to become
cold in order to rasp or rind and press them as before stated or what is
preferable at once to bag and submit them to severe pressure in any
proper press with a gradually increasing force the better to accomplish the
full extraction of the "theobromine." The marc which has lost its theo-
bromine may now be subjected to the full roasting process either in an
imperforated cylinder or upon a revolving wire cloth exposed to heat: should
it be thought desirable to retain the aroma of the roasting process, the
marc introduced into any convenient receptacle by preference or cylinder
of any proper and fit material set on one end and provided interiouly
with a number of perforated trays wherein and whereon the bruised
"cake'
"
press
or mare is laid to the depth of a few inches may
be permeated by steam air and gas or either of them heated to the
required temperature which to suit different palates may range from 275
to 450° or thereabouts the vapour which is evolved at the opposite end o
the cylinder or receptacle may be led away to a refrigeratory or the vapours
compelled to condense by dynamic agency aided or not by collatera
refrigeration. Or the beans aforesaid may be wholly roasted and then sub
mitted to pressure either ground or just as delivered from the roaster. Al
other oleaginous seeds and fruits may be treated with advantage as herein
before described particularly the kernels of the almond Brazil and cocoa nut
whose marc when freed from its butyraceous oil or the greater part thereo
may by roasting become subservient as a beverage either alone or in com
**
"

page_text: bination with each other and with that of the theobroma cacao or any of them
condimented and flavoured or not with any suitable or usual aromatic and
sugarry material.
Section 2nd. The theobromine as consisting of a true stearate of oxide of
glycerule dissolved in an oleate of the oxide of lipule may be used "per se" or
in admixture with the other materials which enter into the composition of
candles, or it may be bagged or-caked and pressed to elevate its melting point
by the expression of the greater part or all of its elaine or lastly it may be
saponified and treated in all respects as set forth in Capital 3rd of this Speci-
fication and adapted to any or all of the uses to which such bodies are
respectively applied by this Specification.
This divisional head relates and comprises the production purification and
adaptation of glycerine and lypine the hydrated oxides of glycerule and lypule
together with alcaline earthy and oxydic glycerates and sulpho-carbono and
phospho-glycerates to new and useful purposes.
Section 1st. The first part of our Invention in this regard relates to the
glyceric liquor which commonly flows from the vats wherein the glycero-
pingnate of lime or "rock soap" of the stearic candle makers is produced by
boiling milk of lime with common tallow. This glyceric liquor for the most
part consists of glycerate and butyrate of lime dissolved in a weak solution of
hydrated glycerine and from which it must be freed before it can be adapted
with full effect to the uses herein-after detailed. We have found that both the
butyrate and glycerate of lime so held in solution are detached by the action of
the aerospheric carbonic acid spontaneously and by long continued and slow
boiling in free air the butyric acid and butyrine requiring to be skimmed off
from time to time whilst the lime in a carbonated state from both compounds
is precipitated. Imitating then this process we prefer to act upon the glyceric
liquor by carbonic or hydro-sulphuric acid gas by passing either of these gasses
but preferably the latter through the liquor in any cellular apparatus having the
functional properties of a "Woolfe's series" or into the aero-dynamic digester
until no more gas is absorbed and then subjecting the gasulated liquor to
evaporation the carbonate and hydro-sulphide of calcium will be rapidly thrown
down and an otherwise pure glycerine remain. The next step of our procedure
in this connection is with the glycerate of soda obtained by scouring glycero-
pingnate of lime by any alkaline ley in a caustic state as detailed in Capital 3
which we treat by carbonic or other gasulation to detach the alkali and then
by evaporation of the glycerine to the consistence of syrup cause the carbonate

page_text: or other salt to be thrown down by which procedure we obtain a nearly if not
quite pure glycerine. Thirdly in the treatment of "glycero-pingnate by carbonic
or other gasulation we obtain a solution of carbono or other glycerate of lime,
which by slow evaporation is decomposed with the deposition of carbonate or
other salt of lime when and as the solution attains a thick melassic consistency.
Section 2nd. We have observed in the course of our experiments that
alkaline glycerates form pigments dyes colours and stains by admixture with
solutions of metallic oxides and that if a piece of linen or cotton imbued with
a metallic salt or "vice versa " be immersed in such a solution of a glycerate
or otherwise as above varied double decomposition ensues with the production
of a dye colour or stain which is with difficulty removed by caustic alkaline
ley.
Section 3rd Relates to the application of common or impure but preferably
of depurated glycerine whether obtained as herein-before or herein-after stated
or by any other process having the same rationale to the manufacture of shoe
and harness blacking tanning of hides currying and preparing leather and to
metallic scouring. In the application of glycerine to the composition of
harness and shoe blacking it is especially requisite that no free barytes nor
lime nor carbonate sulphite hydro-sulphide nor hypo-sulphite nor any salt of
these earths be present in the composition and if the ivory black which
generally does (as it ought to) form an essential ingredient of these compo-
sitions be deprived of the greater portion of the phosphate of lime by the
action of hydro-chloric or other acid competent to this result and sub-
sequent cleansing with warm water to remove the whole of the solution
of hydro-chloric solution of lime the addition of glycerine to such a blacking
containing a smaller proportion than usual of sulphuric acid forming a
sulpho and phospho-glycerate of lime will greatly improve the disposition to
become lustrous and with greater permanency and quality of polish.
Section 4th. The intense disposition of glycerine to combine with lime
more especially when sulphuric lactic phosphoric and other acids or an alcali
are respectively present renders this substance of the first importance in
"unlining" skins and hides in the preparatory steps of tanning them into
leather. When pelts, hides and skins imbued with lime from the "bates "
or other
process for "unhairing" and degreasing these bodies are immersed
in a trough or pit containing a solution of glycerine in combination with a
carbonated alkali a soluble carbono-glycerate of lime and alkali is formed in
the course of some little time, which may be expressed from the hides by the
subsequent process of "handling" performed by men or an imitation thereof
by mechanical power and when in like manner a solution of glycerine.com-

page_text: bined with sulphuric lactic phosphoric or other acids is used an equally
soluble sulpho lacto phospho or other acid glycerate of lime as the case
may be is rapidly formed and withdrawn from the substance of the hide
skin or pelt by the endosmosic and exosmosic action peculiar to membranous
bodies the rapidity of which may be enhanced by "manual or mechanical
handling." The presence of phosphoric acid in leather and especially leather
curried with "dubbing" containing fish-oil and the pronenes of this acid to
render leather brittle by combining with its tanno-gelatine makes the property
of glycerine in its avidity to combine with phosphoric acid and so by removing
this vicious influence of one of its components from the substance of the
leather useful to produce or at least conserve the supple firmness imparted by
the curriers' art and permanently confer the property of softness upon curried
leather when blended with the dubbing and composition for waxing or the
one or the other as may be thought desirable.
Section 5th. The great affection of glycerine when in admixture with sul-
phuric nitric hydro-chloric and other acid bodies for metallic oxides and its
power of limiting their corrosive action to that of the scale or oxide renders
pure glycerine of great importance in scouring metallic goods from the scale
of oxide by which their manufacturer invests them.
CAPITAL 6.
This general divisional chapter of our Specification describes the production
of a class of compounds formed by the union of the acid components of fatty
oily resinous bituminous and cerous bodies and their derivatives by double
decomposition with an earthy alcaline and metallic salt or any or either of
them or by direct combination of these bodies with the basis of these salts
respectively and generally denominated herein "sapals" from sapo and the
first syllable of alumina this substance being the type of all these oily and
fatty compounds and "pinals" from pinic acid and al aforesaid the type of
the resinoid and bitumenic series and the application thereof "
per se " in
admixture with each other and with other resinoid oleaginous spirituous
bitumenous fatty and cerous bodies or any of them to the manufacture of
atmofuge and hydrofuge pastes and compounds to be used as varnishes
lacquers and japans for general purposes and for printing inks smear cloth
pistons and joint rings and for all other similar purposes.
Our Invention herein relates to the combinations of the organic acids with
metallic oxides generally and particularly the oleic and elaidic stearic and
margaric linic and cannabic pinic and colopholic the sylvic and pinaric. The
carbolic nigrinic, tanno-melanic, humic, melassic, glyceric, crenic, apocrenic,

page_text: glucic, brunolic, asphaltic, bdellic, butyric, palmic, palmitic, palmitonic, and
cocinic acids, with the oxides of aluminium, calcium, barium, magnesium,
strontium, iron, copper, zinc, tin, manganese, cobalt, antimony, arsenic, lead,
nickel, and chromium for the production of saponaceous and other compounds
which we denominate generically "sapals" from fatty and oleaginous acids
and "pinals" from resinous and bitumenous acids with bases respectively.
Although we do not confine our operations and applications to such a selection
which is made more for the purpose of brevity than singling out more useful
specimens of the almost innumerable compounds which these bodies make
with each other which are all more or less but largely applicable to the
common purposes as atmofuges and hydrofuges we yet as for the sake of
example give preference to the oleates stearates, margarates, linates, canna-
binates and elaidates of alumina iron copper lime barytes zinc magnanese
cobalt and arsenic and the pinates sylvates pimarates, colopholates and
asphaltates of alumina lime magnesia baryta iron magnanese cobalt and
lead specimens of whose general application we now proceed to indicate.
Section 1st. We take the oleate of soda or other alkaline base as the
case may be from the scouring of glycero-pingnate of lime aforesaid or any
soluble oleate or elaidate whether produced as described in Capital 2 and 3
or otherwise and add it (in the cold state preferably) to a solution of sulphate
of the sesqui-oxide of iron or of common alum or any neutral or acid salt of
the metallic oxides above indicated by which will be formed an oleate of sesqui-
oxide of iron alumina or any of the other respective bases.
In like manner
neutral alkaline stearate margarate cocinate or that of any other fatty acid
solid at common temperatures may be commingled in very diluted solution
with a solution of any of the metallic salts before indicated whence will result
aqueously insoluble saponaceous compounds whose general properties are those
of the oleates save that they require a higher temperature to soften and melt
them and when cold are for the most part too brittle and short for use as
atmofuges and hydrofuges except when mixed with essential oil of turpentine
which makes them clammy and sticky Furthermore we take a combination
of common white yellow and black resin any of the family of pitch's and
other thermogenic and other organic acid resins and bitumens respectively
with a caustic ley of soda potash or ammonia as may be preferred and on
adding them or any of them to any of the metallic solutions aforesaid respec-
tively an aqueously insoluble saponeceous compound will result differing little
from the congeneric compounds of solid fatty acids with bases except in colour
greater coherency cheapness of production and a somewhat lower temperature
at which they soften by heat.

page_text: Lastly with the linic and canabic acids obtained from the siccative oils in
combination with the bases indicated we obtain a series of acqueously insoluble
compounds having many properties in common with the preceding congeneric
bodies with the additional property to the linates of absorbing oxygen rapidly
from the common or aerospheric medium in some instances so energetically as
with the linate of alumina with the development of so much heat as to produce
ignition in the course of the twelve hours next after these compounds-are
separated from the mother liquor and distributed to dry in the air.
Section 2d. When however the linates of nearly all oxydic bases are
gradually oxydized a more or less dark and colored resinoid matter results
which dissolved to saturation in essential oil of turpentine the linic and can-
nabic acids, metacet one and other menstrua a most valuable series of colored
varnishes are produced which thickened with any colouring matters desired
form printing inks of great brilliancy transparency and sheen of impression
those varnishes prepared with linates dissolved as above specified are highly
siccative except when dissolved in cannabic acid which latter acid results from
linic acid by oxidation just as colopholic acid does from pinic and elaidic acid
from oleic acid) when the drying property is less pronounced.
Section 3rd. When the oleate of sesqui-oxide (commonly but very im-
properly called per-oxide) of iron mixed with about one fourth its weight of
stearate margarate cocinate or elaidate of alumina or magnesia (but as other
proportions will form very similar compounds we do not so confine our claims)
is blended to a plastic state at a temperature varying from 100° to 250°
according to the season of the year and other circumstances of requirement
with some or any of the least volatile of the oils coal tar or their congeneric
exemplars of wood and animal tars and a smear cloth formed by spreading
the compound by any suitable process or machine upon canvas linen cotton
or other textile fabric or upon thin slices of wood called scale board or cork
the same laid one upon the other when suitably solidified by evaporative and
refrigerative congelation and subsequently heated to make the "sapaline"
surface adhesive will serve to form rings for the pistons of steam engines air
pump bucket packings heat retaining envelopes for steam and water pipes
flexible feed pipes and all other similar uses where heat is concerned with
water oils or gases as well as for rings for pipe and other joints strips for
rendering plank-made cisterns water-tight and when dissolved in essential oil
of turpentine or the hydrochlorates of chlorides of acetule or formule as
hydrofuge applications to walls waggon and cart covers hat bodies and boxes
trunks and all other similar uses and applications. In the preparation of

page_text: atmofuge compounds which are required to possess considerable elasticity and
cohesion we prefer the use of the tar or bitumen resulting from the distillation
of peat and chistose bitumens when deprived of the essential oil or oils upon
which the objectionable odour of such compounds depends.
Section 4th. Oleates linates cannabinates and other like salts of alumina
and sesqui-oxide of iron and other bases or either or any of them when dis-
solved by heat and agitation in a very variable proportion of "benzole" or
highly volatile oil of coal naptha and then mixed with common coal or wood
tar in such proportion as to be fluid at about 150° to 200° or at any other
temperatures according to the discretion of the operator may then. be run into
suitable moulds provided with the usual axular cores to form rollers for inking
printers' types or the least volatile oils of coal tar called "dead oils " may be
used instead of the coal tar itself. When this or the usual material has been
run into the mould as aforesaid which should be so fixed as to turn on its
axis should be made to revolve with a velocity of from twenty to eighty revo-
lutions per minute until the whole is nearly cold.
Section 5th.-Bdelliates asphaltates carbolates brunolates and conopholates
of oxides of iron manganese copper arsenic lead zinc barium calcium
magnesium aluminium and strontium separately or in combination with
each other and with caoutchouc gutta percha shell-lac and other resinoid
bodies or any of them, in any assignable proportion may when mixed by heat
and agitation with naptha dead oils essence of turpentine coal wood or peat
tar he used for painting ships' bottoms spars masts decks and rigging all
naval and military implements accoutrements and munitions shot shells
rockets and the guns and howitzers themselves whose point blank range of
shot &c. so protected will greatly exceed the unlimned projectiles. These
compounds per se or mixed hot with sand alone and sand and dry chalk and
sand and quicklime in powder and with composite and Roman cement
or any either or more of them may then in a hot state be used as mortar in
the construction of sea walls groins breakwaters fortifications permanent land
batteries and all architectural work exposed to and liable to be endangered by
vibration as railway structures and the foundations of steam engines and
mixed with sawdust wood shavings ground cork oakum hemp chopped
straw and hay peat fibre and other similar fibrous or semi-fibrous materials
may be applied to stuff seats and cushions and the interspaces betwixt the
planking of ships of war and floating batteries to receive diminish and
annihilate the momentum of shot and other projectiles.

page_text: The seventh head of our general arrangement relates to the combination of
organic acids with alkaline earthy and metallic bases and of organic coloring
matters with these several bodies and their application respectively per se or
when dissolved in suitable menstrua to the purposes of painting calico print-
ing paper leather and wood staining dyeing and polychromatic embellishments
generally. The organic acids and bases required for these purposes being for
the most part the same as those specified in the 6th Capital for sapalic and
pinalic compounds and as the applications are now to be those of painting
printing staining dying and chromatic embellishment separately and in com-
bination with organic coloring principles a somewhat different description as
to preparation of them for these purposes is required. Where saphaline and
pinaline compounds or either of them are devoted singly or in combination
with each other to the purposes to which ordinary oil paints are made
applicable and to paper and leather staining and decorative embellishment
generally the aforesaid bodies may be used without other preparation than
mixing to a proper consistency with all or any of the menstrua described in this
Specification. To prepare these sapalic and pinalic colors for the aforesaid
purposes a somewhat irregular description is required in consideration of the
intervention of the Specification of Letters Patent enrolled on the Twenty-
third of October last past by Charles Humfrey M.A. wherein is claimed the
production of colors from the combination of fatty acids generally but specifi-
cally of the oleic the elaidic and the stearic acids respectively with metallic
protoxides and peroxides whereby a considerable gap is created in our intended
Specification. We are thus debarred the production of fatty acid colors but
seeing that the said Specification has omitted all notice of the combinations
of the fatty and oily acids directly (as compared with the method by double
decomposition with the metallic oxides) our claim for colors so formed will be
as integral as intended including the formation of simple as well as compound
colors the former by saline decomposition of oily soaps and the latter by
decomposing an alkaline saponacious solution by two metallic solutions, so as
to satisfy its polymorphic functions by two or more basic impregnations as of
the acid margarate of protoxide of tin or zinc &c. neutralized by an equivalent
of any oxide yielding a blue sapal to produce a green pigment.
Section 1st. To prepare greens pinks yellows blues and other colors with
the fatty and oily acids in combination with metallic oxides indiscriminately
giving preference always to those with the oily acids and their allotrophic
metamorphic and isomeric forms excepting however (as requiring different

page_text: treatment) the acids of the siccative oils we proceed as in the well-known pre-
paration of glycero-pingnate of protoxide of calcium commonly denominated in
the candle trade "rock" or "rock soap" and "lime soap" by boiling together
one equivalent of the fatty or oily acid either in the condition of a bi-pingnate of
oxide of glycerule or oleate of oxide of lipule respectively wherein by pingnate
is represented the type or representation of every fatty acid naturally solid or
semi-solid and by oleate that of every oily acid with for example onė
or two equivalents of the sesqui or reddish brown oxide of iron according
as a sample or compound color may be required of any metallic oxide
capable of producing the desired color and one or more equivalents of
water in any convenient vessel with steam and mechanical agitation or
as herein-before and herein-after specified and described. The compound so
produced requires different subsequent treatment accordingly as it has been
produced from a fatty or oily body in union with its natural organic base and
when this base has been displaced in a previous operation by basic water. In
the former case after the glyceric liquor has been drained away and the
metallic rock soap has become cold this product must be ground sliced or
otherwise reduced to fine powder as directed for the scouring of glycero-
pingnate of lime in the third capital division of this Specification and may
then be subjected to the action of cold warm or hot digestion of a weak lye
or solution of caustic potash soda or ammonia or the carbonates and other
acid combinations of these alkalies and the powdered color when so scoured
from glycerine and well washed and filtered as aforesaid may be dried and
adapted to use. This description of a production of a pink red color from
pingnic and oleic acid and iron is to be taken as an example of all the rest of
the compounds of pengnic and oleic acids with the metallic bases as before
specified; colored soaps to be used as herein-before indicated may be pre-
pared in like manner by combinations of the naturally solid fatty acids in the
state of bipingnate of protoxide of hydrogen or of oxide of glycerule or lipule
or both combined with the metallic oxides in the manner specified for the
oleic colors which are to be purified from glycerine by grinding and scouring
as indicated for those colors.
Section 2nd. When simple or compound colors are acquired for paints
&c. not readily or commercially obtainable in the way previously shown by
direct or self production we prepare a basic or fundamental paint or paste by
the solution of an oleate or pingnate or both combined of any base which
yields a colourless or nearly colourless compound or "sapal" as of lime
baryta magnesia alumina &c. in any suitable menstruum as of essence of
turpentine &c. and mix therein the desired color which may be for this pur

page_text: pose flake black drop ivory black lamp black or any similar carbonacious body
Prussian blue red lead vermillion orange and yellow chromes yellow ochre
umber flake white zinc white chalk bone and porcelain earth or any of
them or any other colored or colourless pigment whose presence in such
diluted sapaline compound will not by any superior elective chymical affections
disturb its integrity with disappointment of the formation of the intended
color.
Section 3rd. Another important part of our Invention consists in the
formation of compounds generically denominated "pinals" consisting of com-
binations of the resinous bitumenous and their derivative organic acid bodies
with metallic oxides or as enumerated in the preamble to Capital 6 which
we effect as follows-assuming the pino-sylvic acids or either of them of
common resin as an example and type of the rest we commence with making
a resinous soap in any manner and with the trade proportions of the ingre-
dients but preferably by boiling about twenty-eight pounds by weight of
common white or yellow resin with carbonated and caustic solutions of potash
soda and ammonia or any of them but preferably with about six gallons of
ley of carbonate or of caustic soda the latter making one thousand and five
on the hydromoter (to which proportions and strengths we do not however
confine our claims) until both are combined into a saponaceous solution
which we then decompose by admixture with any metallic salt aforesaid the
solution for instance of the sesqui-oxide of iron in any acid menstruum as
representing all other solutions of metallic salts and collecting the product of
pinate sylvate or pino-sylvate of iron as the case may be (pinic acid abounding
in the white and sylvic in the yellow variety of resin) and washing the curdy
or flocculent matter in cold or warm water which by pressing and drying will
be fit for use as a colour or pigment which when dissolved in any convenient
menstruum to a thick consistency may be used without any other preparation
or to a thinner consistency and thickened with any similar or dissimilar color
to produce the same or any compound color as herein-before specified respect-
ing bibasic colors.
Section 4th. Our Invention under this division further relates to the pro-
duction of dyes and stains upon cotton linen woollen silk and other fabrics
together with leather coriaceous cloth and other preparations by means of
sapalic and pinalic mordants employed in dyeing and calico printing applicable
also to paper wood and leather staining and other similar purposes. To this
end we take advantage of the property possessed by all organic coloring
matters and principles of attaching themselves to any substance into which
oxides of tin or alumina enter as a component or otherwise and of the

page_text: property possessed by these oxides particularly alumina of being power-
fully attracted and retained per se or in certain modes of combination of
which the pinals and sapals aforesaid with base of alumina or tin are apt
exemplars by nearly all animal and vegetable substances and particularly of
cotton and linen fibres. Our first operation therefore consists in imbueing
these and other fabrics textile and otherwise with a solution of any combina-
tion of an oily fatty resinoid and bituminous nature or any of them with
oxides of tin and aluminum or either of them and afterwards exposing
them in any usual manner to an aqueous alcoholic etherial alkaline
and acid infusion and infusions or any of them of curcumine rheine
luteoline quircitrine polychroite gamboge annotto carotine rhaponticine
morine safflower and all other yellow coloring matters or any of them and
of dacromine santaline anchusine carthamine alizarine (i.e., madder red)
together with madder lake madder brown madder purple madder orange
madder yellow hematoxyline, braziline camwood erylhrophyll and all other
red coloring matters or any of them, and with lecanorine orceine erythrine
and litmus indigo cochineal kermes aloes their crude sources and derivatives
or any of them except as regards archil and cudbear. The pinalic and sapalic
mordants aforesaid may be formed for these purposes by dissolving the
"pinals" and "sapals" aforesaid respectively in caustic and carbonated alkaline
solutions of potash soda and ammonia or either of them which may then be
precipitated on the fabric to be printed dyed or stained by the use of a weak
acid solution as of bitartrate of potassa or other acid salt or by a strong
mineral acid sufficiently diluted or solutions of these bodies to be used as mor-
dants may be effected by dissolving the " sapals" and "pinals " aforesaid in
oleic linic cannabic and other oily acids solutions of their alkaline combina-
tions or in the oily compounds of ethule with various acids as the oleic
sebacic &c. herein-after claimed as applicable to lubrication and perfumery
and precipitated therefrom upon the fabric or fabrics by scouring away the
solvent by an alkaline solution when the former, and by the use of alcohol,
&c. when the latter solvent; or the fabric may be imbued with any salt of
alumina or tin in the usual manner which after being treated with the oily
fatty resinoid and bituminous acids or any of them dissolved in alcohol or solu-
tion of ammonia potash or soda in a hot state so as to form the sapal or pinal
upon the cloth or other fabric the same may be exposed to the action of the
colouring solutions aforesaid after being well rinsed and cleansed with water or
other "scour" again to be washed after coloring in water of an alkaline or
acid tendency or otherwise to deterge the cloth or fabric from all extraneous
matter.

page_text: Lastly these vegetable coloring matters combined with the simple or com-
pound sapaline and pinaline compounds aforesaid may be devoted to most of
the purposes of paints varnishes japans hydrofuges colors and other uses to
which these bodies were said to be applied in Capital 6. .
ICONOGRAPH 1.-AERO-DYNAMIC DIGESTER.
This apparatus intended for the treatment of oils and fats in their depura-
tion and defecation for the saponification thereof and subject operations as
described in the 1st 2d and 3d Capitals as also to the processes described
under Capitals 4th 5th 6th and 7th consists of a strong vessel of sheet iron or
sheet copper entirely or of the two metals conjointly constructed of a cylindric
form with dome ends of a length about twice its diameter with its lower one-
third surface covered with a jacket of strong boiler plate of copper or iron.
Between this jacket and the digester itself must be a steam space of half inch
to two inches wide connected at one end with the steam generator by a pipe
provided with a throttle valve and at the other end by a pipe and weighted
valve to give the steam exit. The digester proper must be provided with a
valved outlet and inlet at its upper surface the one weighted like an ordinary
safety valve to restrain the escape of gaseous media introduced to its cavity
by the other of the two apertures i. e., the inlet whose valve must be seated
to open interiorly to prevent the regurgitation of said gases. The gas outlet
and inlet must be situated at opposite ends of the digester or otherwise if the
digester proper is divided into compartments by a septum or septa and in the
middle thereof a man-hole with a lid or cover and on one side thereof an aper-
ture provided with a thermometer whose bulb just exceeds the inner surface of
the digester covered by a perforated guard and on the other side thereof an
aperture with an apparatus inserted for taking samples of the contents of the
digester when in operation. At the two ends in the centres of the domes
aforesaid must be two glands or stuffing boxes the one to transmit the axle of
an agitator or agitators and the other to afford firm location and passage to
the other end of the axle connected by a catch box with steam-driven geering
whilst in the middle of the lower part of the digester must be another gland to
transmit across the steam space aforesaid the pipe by which the results of any
process are to be drawn off in some operations into a tank for repose and in
others into the body of a filter. Anywhere in the lower part of the jacket
aforesaid must be a cock or valved orifice to draw off condensed water.

page_text: or single agitators to drive it or them and when a double motion in contrary
directions with two distinct agitators is required and when the upper agitator
is driven by one and the lower agitator by the lower orifice by any adventitious
motive force. The atmo-dynamic digester is a variation of the aero-dynamic
digester to suit those purposes where agitation is subservient to the effect of
dissolving or commningling one substance with another as of any of the sepaline
or pinaline compounds with a menstruum to form a paste or varnish and where
the act of gasulation is not required. In like manner the aero-dynamic
digester may be said conversely to be a modification of this apparatus suitable
to those requirements where chymical action resulting in substitutive decom-
position is contingent upon the act of treating two or more bodies within its
cavity and it may be said to be a special adaptation of mechanical arrange-
ments to favor the action of a gas whose elasticity interferes with its chymical
power upon a solid or liquid substance, as of carbonic acid or other gas upon
the gelatinous impurities of oils and fats &c. &c. As to the flat-vaned agitator
or atmo-dynamon finds its chief utility for the purposes of this Specification in
connection with the atmo-dynamic digester so the aero-dynamon or oblique-
vaned agitator distinctively belongs to the aero-dynamic digester. This latter
named apparatus in connection with the aero-dynamic digester never has its
vanes or paddles set otherwise than in the plane of its axular motion nor are
they ever required (as those of the atmo-dynamon are) to be voluted or
oblique but they are for most purposes of gasulation required to be made
concave in the sense or direction of their planeness with the substance of the
vanes perforated or not at option with small holes so that revolving within
a cavity half filled with liquid and half with gas its dished vanes may sub-
merge and immingle a large volume of the gas.
ICONOGRAPH 2.-ELECTRO-DEPURATOR.
This apparatus consists of a series of any shape or size of vessel provided
with one two or more necks or openings at top with or without aerospheric
access thereby to the liquid contents with two necks opposite to each other or
two or more pairs of necks stoppered with corks or stoppers perforated for the
transmission of polar wires in circuit with an electric battery or machine.
Inasmuch as carbonic acid ammonia and other gaseous products are evolved
from oils and fats exposed to electric polarity which from large and extensive
arrangement of the requisite apparatus in operation might prove detrimental to
the health of operatives we prefer to connect one of the upper openings or
necks of each of the series of apparatus hereby described by means of a pipe
with an hydraulic main, so as to carry away these gases and vapours and
C

page_text: enable any of the serial jars or vessels to be disconnected emptied and
replenished. As extent of surface forming the poles of such an arrangement
and process is of the greatest importance in a practical and therefore com-
mercial sense we have described four different methods of extending the sphere
or scope of action of an electric current upon oils and fats shewing them in
the Drawing in one case as a number of terminals branching off from and
on to the main electrodes in another case the electrodes are furnished with
balls or discs of spongy metal as of platina gold &c in a third case the
electrodes are terminated by bottles or tubes of gutta percha or other sub-
stance not a conductor of electron attached by their necks to the electrodes,
and filled with any acid or saline solution and their mouths covered with
membrane or closed by any porus septum whilst a fourth method describes
the single electrodes as poles, in one, two, or more pairs.
A B C D
EE
FFFF
G G
ICONOGRAPHIC REFERENCE.
Vessels in series to contain the oily or fatty matter.
The hydraulic main pipe.
Bent tubes of any material to connect the vessel with the
hydraulic main.
The conducting wires coming from and leading to the electric
source.
aaaa Hydraulic cups to seal the insertion of the tubes F F F F.
bbbb Reverse cups on the tubes to complete the scaling of the
hydraulic joints.
СССС
IIII
Polar electrodes.
Gas necks of the jars or vessels.
hhhh Supply necks of ditto.
kkn n
II m m
opqr
opqr
Draw-off cocks.
} Electro-polar apertures.
} Modifications of polar terminals.
SPECIFICATION OF CLAIMS.
In addition to the processes and productions and applications thereof and of
the several materials apparatus and machinery herein specifically described
as a whole and integral routine we claim separately and especially the
following particular items to wit―
1st The processes apparatus productions and applications severally
described and required by each of the seven capital heads of this Specification

page_text: as separate operations with apparatus distinctly and independently of the
entire routine.
2d The apparatus and uses exhibited in the eighth capital head of this
Specification by description and Iconographs severally and independently of
each other and of the purposes of this Specification as herein-before described
and herein-after claimed.
3rd The preparation of oils and fats by rendering them anhydrous by the
processes and materials herein specified before the depurative action of the
acids named and of all strong acids generally and the application of such oils
and fats so rendered anhydrous or further purified as herein-before described
or otherwise to general purposes of the arts manufactures and domestic and
other uses.
4th The purification of oils and fats by acting upon them by pure and
impure carbonic acid in any manner whatsoever and particularly by the
methods and apparatus herein-before set forth as well as by phosphoric acid
sulphurous acid common air and oxygen gas separately or in combination as
herein-before described.
5th The purification and other results of and upon oils and fats by fractional
and galvanic electricity polarity and aqueous decomposition of their hydraulic
impregnations by the action of electricity no matter how derived but acting
in manner herein-before specified together with the production and applica-
tion as paints and pigments of the oleates formed in the bataries specified.
6th The debasement and subsequent distillation of oils and fats in the
manner and by the aid of the apparatus and vehicles herein-before specified*
and application thereof to the production of soaps and for the uses of capitals
6 and 7 solely exclusively and respectively.
7th The production and application of hydrochlorate of chloride of acetule
from the evaporative distillation of oils and fats and fatty bodies and from
the destructive distillation of oils fats bones and other organic substances as
a contingent or subsidiary product of the processes described in this Specifica-
tion and as an intentional product of manufacture from all and every of such
sources to be applied as a menstruum generally in the manufacture of
varnishes and other similar compounds and particulary its application to the
purposes of this Specification.
8th The method of producing elaidine and elaidic and oxalic acids by one
and the same process with repetitions thereof if required as herein-before
described or by any modification thereof but we do not claim the production
of elaidine acid elaidic and by the action of nitrous and hypo-nitrous acids
upon oily and fatty bodies otherwise than when these bodies are dehydrated

page_text: as herein-before is set forth nor the production of oxalic acid by the action of
nitric acid on saccharine and amylaceous or ligneous substances separately
but we confine our claim to the production of elaidine and elaidic acid and its
congeneric bodies palmine and palmic acid from any and every oily and fatty
body by the nitrous and hypo-nitrous acid gases liberated from the action of
nitric acid on saccharine glyceric ligneous and amalaceous substances or any
of them in the production of oxalic acid and also by the action of nitrous and
hypo-nitrous acid gases upon oils and fats in the anhydrous state as set forth
in the first Capital in regard to the purification of oils.
9th The production of fats oils butters oily and fatty acids soaps adipo-
cure and manure substantially as described in the several sections of the
second Capital head of this Specification.
10th The bagging and pressing and bagging or pressing smashed bones and
animal offal no matter how produced for the acquisition of their marrow and
fatty matter and application of the bone and other marc to the purposes
herein-before described.
11th The production and preparation of insoluble soaps by the methods and
processes detailed in Section 1 Capital 3 the subsequent separation therefrom
of glycerine oleic soap and stearo-margarates of lime and of other gases by
caustic leys and carbonic acid as detailed in Sections 2, 3, 4, and 5 of the
same Capital together with the modes and sources of production of carbonic
acid as indicated in the same Capital Section 6 and its application when so
produced to all similar purposes and the aeration of water and beverages.
12th The manufacture of domestic and other soaps from insoluble soaps by
any method whatsoever and particularly by the methods and with the
apparatus herein-before set forth.
13th The production of theobromine and "bromage" from cocoa and other
beans and kernels and the application of the former to the purposes of this
Specification generally and of the latter as an ordinary beverage as set forth
in the fourth Capital.
14th The production of glycerine by the processes and from the sources
detailed in the 2d 3d 5th 6th and 7th Capitals together with its application
as detailed in the fifth Capital.
15th The production of sapals and pinals from the components enumerated
in the preamble to the sixth Capital and application thereof individually and
in commixture with each other and with gutta percha caoutchouc wax shell-
lac and other resinous and bituminous bodies and their application as herein-
before described and additionally as cements and pastes for engineers and
architects.

page_text: 16th The application of oleates succinates onanthates claidates suberates
sebates bulyrates and capylates of the oxides of ethule methule formule
acetule banzule and anisule to lubricative purposes generally per se and in
admixture with each other and with other fatty oily resinous and bituminous
bodies and their acid principles separately and in combination with bases
generally or any of them respectively.
17th The application of the fatty oily and bituminous acids and of
glycerine to the purposes of metallic soldering surfacing brazing metallic
scouring and other like processes.
18th The application of the organic acids enumerated in claim 16 or any
of them with the exception of the butyric in combination with the organic
bases ethule methule anisule formule benzule salicule amule and acetule
or any of them to the scenting of soaps candles linements essences com-
pounds and every description of perfumery.
19th The application of the sapaline and pinaline bodies of Capital 6 pre-
pared as therein specified and described subject to the exception stated in the
7th Capital to all purposes of painting printing staining dying and hydro-
fuge polychrome and monochrome embellishments.
20th The application of the sapaline and pinaline bodies herein-before
claimed separately and in combination with gutta percha caoutchouc wax
shell-lac and other resinous bituminous and cerous bodies or any of them
per se or in solution to all atmofuge and hydrofuge purposes as herein-before
described and to printers' rollers.
21 The application of the aforesaid sapaline and pinaline bodies per se or
dissolved in suitable menstrua as mordants for dyes stains and pigments
upon every description of textile and other fabrics applicable to domestic
artistis technic and stragenic decoration and embellishment.
22 The application of the sapaline and pinaline bodies aforesaid in com-
bination with the pure and impure products of the several coloring matters
and principles enumerated in Section 2d Capital 7 to surface painting
printing and staining.
23 The production of colored varnishes japans and lacquors from any of
the colored sapaline and pinaline bodies compounded as aforesaid from the
several components enumerated in the preamble to the 6th Capital and from
ordinary varnishes from the union of any of the sapaline and pinaline bodies
formed by the union of any of the organic acids enumerated in Capital 6 with
the earthy bases therein also enumerated and their application to every
description of surface decoration respectively.
24 The production of piston and joint rings gland and other packing and

page_text: every other atmofuge and hydrofuge adaptation of these compounds and of
the smear cloth formed of the sapaline and pinaline compounds of the organic
acids enumerated in the preamble to Capital 6 with the several bases therein
also named upon textile and every other fabric respectively.
25 The production of varnishes and colors for painting staining and dying
from the linates otherwise linoleates and connabinates of metallic oxides
obtained by direct union of their components and by saponaceous decom-
positions.
26 The application of glycerine otherwise glyceric acid otherwise hydrate
of oxide of glycerule and lypule respectively to the uses and purposes detailed
in Sections 2 3 4 and 5 of Capital 5 obtained from and every source
and by means of any and every process whatsoever whether in a crude or
pure state as also the application of glycerine and compounds of glycerine
with metallic and other oxides and with other bodies or any of them as
mordants or mordant to adapt and fix upon textile and other fabrics any and
every description of any electro-negative and electo-positive otherwise alka-
loid and acidulous coloring matters whatsoever respectively.
In witness we the said William Radley and Frederick Meyer have
hereunto set our hands and seals this Twenty-fifth day of November
One thousand eight hundred and fifty.