IMPROVEMENTS IN AERIAL NAVIGATION, AND IN THE APPARATUS CONNECTED THERE WITH
Year: 1864

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Marc Antoine François Mennons, of the Firm of
Mennons and Telescheff, Home and Foreign Patent Agents, of Abingdou
Chambers, in the City of Westminster, and 24, Rue de Dunkerque,
Paris, in the Empire of France, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN
AERIAL NAVIGATION, AND IN THE APPARATUS CONNECTED THERE WITH."-A
communication by Gustave de Struve, Lieutenant-Colonel of Engineers,
and Nicolas de Telescheff, late Captain of Artillery, of the Imperial
Guard, residing at No. 19, Ofitzerskaïn, St. Petersburg, Russia.
Sealed the 24th February 1865, and dated the 20th September 1864.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Marc Autoine François
Mennons at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his
Petition, on the 20th September 1864.
I, MARC ANTOINE FRANÇOIS MENNONS, of the Firm of Mennons and
Telescheff, Home,and Foreign Patent Agents, of Abingdon Chambers, in the
City of Westminster, and 24, Rue de Dunkerque, Paris, in the Empire of
France, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN AERIAL NAVIGATION, AND IN THE APPARATUS CONNECTED THEREWITH," to be as
follows:-
This Invention relates to improvements in aerial navigation based on the
employment of stationary.or moveable concave surfaces, the form and dimen-
sions of whichare.determined according to the principles hereafter laid down.
In order to sustain in the air a beavy body, it is necessary to produce a

page_text: mechanical power, the value of which depends on the weight of the body and
the velocity of its fall. In reducing this velocity we evidontly reduce in pro-
portion the amount of power required to sustain the falling body. All bodies
passing through the air encounter in the direction of their movement an
opposing force produced by the resistance of the air itself, and dependent on
their velocity, their form, and their dimensions; therefore, in order to reduce
the velocity of a falling body of a given weight, its surfaces must be increased
and so formed as to produce the maximum amount of resistance. The force
of gravitation acting constantly in a vertical line, all bodies should fall in that
direction. Thus bodies provided with large surfaces will always fall vertically,
provided the form and inclination of these surfaces do not give rise to a
decomposition of forces capable of converting the vertical into an oblique
motion. The falling body can only maintain its vertical direction so long as
its surfaces are horizontal, and its contre coincides with the centre of gravity,
as in ordinary parachutes. If its surfaces, instead of being horizontal, are
inclined to a given angle, the line of descent will cease to be vertical, as the
resistance of the air and the force of gravity acting on the inclined surfaces
will be each decomposed into two other components,which will determine the
true direction of movement.
Thus, supposing that a body A,B, Fig. 6, Pl. 1, of the annexed Drawings,
inclined to a given angle,beabandoned to the action of gravity, the velocity of
its fall in the direction of the resultant of the forces acting upon it will
increase progressively, and its momentum will increase accordingly. If on
arriving at a given point the direction of the surfaces be changed from A, B,
to A, B, in forming an angle of elevation equal to the angle of inclination,
the body should rise to its original height by virtue of its momentum. But
the resistanco opposed by the air will evidently reduce this height, from
whence it follows that to attain the starting point a sufficient mechanical
power must be applied to overcome the resistance of the air arising from the
average velocity of the body. Thus in converting at certain intervals the
angles of inclination into angles of elevation, and vice versa, the body will
during its movement be constantly maintained above a given level. In this
case tho line followed by the body in its undulating motion through the air
will be represented by the curves a, b, c, d, e, f, Fig. 1, Pl. 1.
From the preceding observations it will be understood that to displace in
the air a heavy body, the latter must be provided with lurge surfaces, must be
capable of being changod at will from one anglo to another, and be acted on
by a motor of sufficient power to overcome the resistance of the air in the
direction of its movement.

page_text: The displacement of heavy bodies in the air according to the principles
above laid down constitutes the basis of one mode of aerial navigation
comprised in the present improvements.
We have hitherto only examined the influence exerted on the displacement
of heavy bodies in the air by the direction and arrangement of their surfaces,
without taking into account the form of these surfaces, which, so far as we
have gone, presented but a secondary importance as a means of increasing the
resistance of the air to the downward movement. Thus a concave form,
similar to that of the ordinary parachute, would perfectly answer the require-
ments of that theory, which, as we have seen, is derived from the direction of
the surfaces. The form of these surfaces may, howevor, exert considerable
influence on the system of displacement. Thus, for instance, in supposing a
body of the weight P, the surface of which, B, A, Fig. 2, forms an angle B
with the horizon; abandoned in the air this body will fall, but encountering
a resistance in the inclined surfaces B, A, the acting forces will be decomposed
into components P cos. B, P sin. B, R and R. The component of the counter-
pressure R, having no surfaces on which to act, produces no effect, from
whence it follows that in virtue of the component P sin. B, the body, as we
have seen above, would fall in the direction of the surfaces A, B. In adding
to the body another surface B, C, the component R₁ will act upon the
surfaces, and be decomposed into forces 7,71; the first will be anuulled by the
weight, and to avoid losing the effect of the second a third surface C, D, is
added to the body. A body provided with such surfaces would in falling quit
the direction A, B, to follow that of the force P cos. B, while its weight
would be completely annulled by the counter-pressure of the air due to the
velocity of the fall.
Finally, supposing a body provided with surfaces of the above form, and
inclined to certain angle, if by aid of a motor a given amount of velocity
were imparted to it in the direction of the surfaces A, B, it would evidently
rise did not the attraction of gravity counteract the upward tendency, con-
sequently it is obliged to move in the direction of the forces acting upon it.
To move such a body in a horizontal direction it is only necessary to impart to
it an ascensional momentum of sufficient value to render horizontal the
direction of the resultant deriving from the acting forces.
The precise
dimensions of the surfaces and the respective value of the forces in action can
be readily determined by calculation, without going into which we may con-
clade that many known systems of motive engines may be employed to
produce in the direction of the surfaces the amount of power required for the
horizontal movement of heavy bodies in the air. The horizontal displacement

page_text: of heavy bodies, provided with stationary surfaces, of which the essential
elements are above indicated, constitutes a second mode of aerial navigation.
In observing the flight of birds it will be remarked that the open wings take
the forin shewn in Figs. 3, 4, and that they are constantly drawn towards the
body by a spring, the power of which is equal to the weight of the bird.
During flight the forco of the spring is balanced by the counter-pressure of
the air on the wings, which allows the bird to move the latter in a vertical
plane, but when at rest, its muscular power being insufficient to overcome the
tension of the spring, it is obliged before taking flight to acquire a certain
momentum by running forward or throwing itself from a height. As above
noted the force of the spring annuls the weight, while the muscular power
only overcomes the resistance opposed by the air to the motion. In order to
overcome this resistance the hind part of the wing is elastic, and takes the
form shewn in Fig. 5.
The horizontal displacement in the air of heavy bodies provided on the
above principle with wings or moveable surfaces of a particular form, and with
a spring tending constantly to draw these wings towards the body, constitutes
a third mode of aerial navigation.
Fig. 1, Pl. II., represents in cross section, on a scale of a flying
machine constructed according to the first of the three modes above described;
Fig. 2 is a longitudinal section; and Fig. 3 represents the half of a plan of
the same machine. The two last-named Figures are on a scale of 10
The dimensions of this macbine are calculated for the carriage, at a speed
of thirty miles per hour, of one hundred and twenty persons with their
baggage, plus the supply of water and coal necessary for a ten hours'
journey.
The essential elements of this machine are the body A, with the motive
engine B, the fixed surfaces C, the horizontal rudder D, the weighted regu-
.lator P, the screw F, and the vertical rudder E. The body A is constructed
of an elongated form, so as to present the least resistance to tho air, and is
divided into two stages or compartments a, b. In the middle of this body,
and in the centre of gravity of the entire apparatus, is placed a steam engine B
of twenty horse-power, the boilers of which are mounted in the lower stage b,
whilst the driving cylinders are set in the upper compartment a. The pistons
of the cylinders act directly on the shaft of the screw F, which passes through
the Hooring of the stage a. The passengers are placed at each side of the
engine on longitudinal benches m, m. The communication between the
stages a, b, and the deck G is obtained by the stairs n, n, o. The stationary
surfaces c, c, take the concave form of a largo parachute pointed at both
'

page_text: extremities, and are composed of the curved beams d,d, of a light framework
firmly secured to the body A. Between these beams are set the ribs e,e, e, e,
and the whole is covered with an impermeable tissue.
The object of the horizontal rudder D is to give to the apparatus the
required angles of elevation and inclination. This rudder moves on the
horizontal shaft h, and is worked by means of the cords r, r. When it takes
the position shewn by the dotted lines h, s, the pressure of the air upon its
surface causes the apparatus to rotate on it's centre of gravity, and to form a
certain angle of inclination, producing the descent in th it direction. When
on the other hand the rudder takes the position h, t, the apparatus rises.
Thus in changing at intervals the position of the rudder the apparatus may be
placed at any desired angle of elevation and inclination. The elevation and
inclination of the apparatus may also be obtained by means of the regulator P,
by changing the position of which on the bar x, y, the centro of gravity is
thrown backward or forward,and the axis of the apparatus inclines downwards
or upwards, as the case.may be. The essential object of this regulator is,
however, to counterbalance the fixed cargo, so as always to maintain the
centre of gravity as nearly as possible in the same position. The screw F is
composed of an elastic spring, which transmits the maximum of working
with variable degrees of speed. The vertical rudder E serves to give
to the apparatus the required direction in the horizontal plane.
power
The machine, thus constructed, should be started from an inclined plane
placed at a height of at least fifty feet above the ground, in descending from
which it acquires a certain degree of initial velocity, and when free in the air
the angles of elevation and inclination corresponding with the average speed
of displacement are obtained in the manner above described. In order to rise
to a greater height than that of the starting point,it is evident that the motor
must develop the surplus power required to raise the apparatus to a given
altitude within a given space of time, according to the principles already laid
down.
With a few modifications the arrangement just described may be applied
to the realisation of the second mode of aerial navigation. To this end it
would only be necessary, as above seen, to give to the surfaces another form,
and to place the propeller in such a position as to enable it to impart to the
apparatus a given speed in the direction of the surfaces. The form of the
surfaces in this case is represented in Fig. 2 (Pl. II.) by the dotted line M, N,
and the position of the screw shaft by K, L.
The details of construction of the different parts of this machine may be
varied according to circumstances. The starting may be effected from an

page_text: inclined plane of less height than that required for the preceding arrange-
ment. The power of the motor and other details are the satue in both
cascs.
Fig. 7, Pl. I., represents on a scale of the plan of an apparatus with
moveable wings intended for the transport of one person, who serves as motor;
Fig. 8 is a longitudinal section, and Fig. 9 a cross section of the same. A is
the body of the apparatus, which should bo strongly built,aud be so shaped as
to present the least resistance to the air during the motion; C, C, are wings
with concave surfaces (as in Fig. 5), each composed of a lever provided with
springs. The whole of the apparatus is covered with an impermeable tissue,
and the wings are set on a line, which forms a givon anglo with the axis of
the combination. D, Fig. 8, is a horizontal rudder, capable of moving in a
vertical plane. The sides of this rudder are independent, so as to enable them
to turn the apparatus to the right or the left. g, g, are levers, connected by
bands with the cylinder containing the spring B; F is a pedal suspended
from the roof by a cord and connected with the cylinder by a strap. The
passenger seated on the bench E, by pressing the foot on the pedal bends the
spring, the force of which must be fully equal to the sum of his weight and
that of the apparatus. The starting of this apparatus is effected, as in the
preceding arrangements, from an inclined plane.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by tho said Marc Antoine François Mennons in the Great Seal Patont
Office on the 4th March 1865.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I. MARC
ANTOINE FRANÇOIS MENNONS, of the Firm of Mennons and Teleschoff,
Home and Foreign Patent Agents, of Abingdon Chambers, in the City of
Westminster, and 24, Rue de Dunkerque, Paris, in the Empire of France,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twentieth day of Soptomber,in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-four, in the twenty-eighth year of
Hor reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto
ine, the said Marc Antoine François Mennons, Her special licenco that
I, the said Marc Antoine François Mennons, my executors, administrators,
and assigns, or such others as I, the said Mare Antoine François Mennons,
my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree

page_text: with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during,
the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, juse, exercise,
and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the,
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN AERIAL
NAVIGATION, AND IN THE APPARATUS CONNECTED THEREWITH," (a communication
from abroad by Gastave de Struve, Lieutenant-Colonel of Engineers, and
Nicolas de Telescheff, late Captain of Artillery of the Imperial Guard,
persons resident at No. 19, Ofitzerskaia, St. Petersburg (Russia), upon
the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Marc Antoine François
Mennons, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing
under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly
describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner
the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great
Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately after
the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Marc Antoine François Mennons, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the
same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement, reference being had to the Figures of the accom-
panying Drawings, and to the letters marked thereon, that is to say :-
This Invention relates to improvements in aerial navigation based on the
employment of stationary or moveable concave surfaces, the form and dimen-
sions of which are determined according to the principles hereafter laid down.
In order to sustain in the air a heavy body, it is necessary to produce a
mechanical power, the value of which depends on the weight of the body and
the velocity of its fall. In reducing this velocity we evidently reduce in pro-
portiou the amount of power required to sustain the falling body. All bodies
passing through the air encounter in the direction of their movement an
opposing force produced by the resistance of the air itself, and dependent on
their velocity, their form, and their dimensions; therefore, in order to reduce
the velocity of a falling body of a given weight, its surfaces must be increased
and so formed as to produce the maximum amount of resistance. The force
of gravitation acting constantly in a vertical line, all bodies should fall in that
direction. Thus bodies provided with large surfaces will always fall vertically
provided the form and inclination of these surfaces do not give rise to a
decomposition of forces capable of converting the vertical into an oblique
motion. The falling body can only maintain its vertical direction so long as
its surfaces are horizontal, and its centre coincides with the centre of gravity,
as in ordinary parachutes. If its surfaces, instead of being horizontal, are

page_text: inclined to a given angle, the line of descent will cease to be vertical, as the
resistance of the air and the force of gravity acting on the incli ned surfaces;
will be each decomposed into two other components, which will determine the
true direction of movement. went to
Thus, supposing that a body A, B, Fig. 6, Pl. I., of the annexed Drawings,
inclined to a given angle, be abandoned to the action of gravity, the velocity
of its fall in the direction of the resultant of the forces acting upon it will
increase progressively, and its momentum will increase accordingly. If in
arriving at a given point the direction of the surfaces be changed from
A, B, to A, B, in forming an angle of elevation equal to the angle of incli-
nation, the body should rise to its original height by virtue of its momentum;
but the resistance opposed by the air will evidently reduce this height, from
whence it follows, that to attain the starting point, a sufficient mechanical
power must be applied to overcome the resistance of the air arising from the
average velocity of the body. Thus in converting at certain intervals the
angles of inclination into angles of elevation, and vice versa, the body will
during its movement be constantly maintained above a given level. In this
case the line followed by the body in its undulating motion through the air
will be represented by the curves a, b, c, d, e, f, Fig. 1, Pl. I.
From the proceding observations it will be understood that to displace in
the air a heavy body, the latter must be provided with large surfaces, must be
capable of being changed at will from one angle to another, and be acted ou
by a motor of sufficient power to overcome the resistance of the air in the
direction of its movement.
The displacement of heavy bodies in the air according to the principles
above laid down constitutes the basis of oue mode of aerial navigation com-
prised in the present improvements.
We have hitherto only examined the influence exerted on the displacement
of heavy bodies in the airby the direction and arrangement of their surfaces,
without taking into account the form of these surfaces, which, so far as
we have gone, presentod but a socondary importance as a means of increas
ing the resistance of the air to the downward movement. Thus a concavo
form, similar to that of the ordinary parachute, would perfectly answer the
requirements of that theory, which, as we have soen, is derived from the
direction of the surfaces. The forin of these surfaces may, however, exer
considerable influence on the system of displacement. Thus, for instance, in
Bupposing a body of the weight P, the surface of which B, A, Fig. 2, form
an angle B with the hoaizon; abandoned in the air this body will fall, bu
encountering a resistance in the inclined surfaces B, A, the acting forces wil

page_text: be decomposed into components P cos. B, P sin. B, R, and R. The component
of the counter-pressure R₁, having no surfaces on which to act, produces no
effect, from whence it follows that in virtue of the component Psin. B, the body,
as we have seen above, should fall in the direction of the surfaces A, B. In
adding to the body another surface B, C, the component R₁ will act upon the
surfaces, and be decomposed into forces", "; the first will be annulled by the
weight, and to avoid losing the effect of the second a third surface C, D, is
added to the body. A body provided with such surfaces would in falling quit
the direction A, B, to follow that of the force P cos. B, while its weight would
be completely annulled by the counter-pressure of the air due to the velocity
of the fall.
Finally, in supposing a body provided with surfaces of the above form and
inclined to a certain angle, if, by aid of a motor a given amount of velocity
were imparted to it in the direction of the surfaces A, B, it would evidently
rise did not the attraction of gravity counteract the upward tendency, conse-
quently it is obliged to move in the direction of the forces acting upon it. To
move such a body in a horizontal direction, it is only necessary to impart to it
an ascensional momentum of sufficient value to render horizontal the direc.
tion of the resultant deriving from the acting forces. The precise dimensions
of the surfaces and the respective value of the forces in action can be readily
determined by calculation, without going into which we may conclude that
many known systems of motive engines may be employed to produce in the
direction ofthesurfaces the amount of power required for the horizontal move.
ment of heavy bodies in the air. The horizontal displacement of heavy bodies
provided with stationary surfaces, of which the essential elements are above
indicated, constitutes a second mode of aerial navigation. In observing the
flight of birds, it will be remarked that the open wings take the form shewn
in Figs. 3,4,and that they are constantly drawn towards the body by a spring,
the power of which is equal to the weight of the bird. During flight the
force of the spring is balanced by the counter-pressure of the air on the wings,
which allows the bird to move the latter in a vertical plane, but when at rest,
its muscular power being insufficient to overcome the tension of the spring, it
is obliged before taking flight to acquire a certain momentum by running
forward or throwing itself from a height. As above noted, the force of the
spring annuls the weight, while the muscular power only overcomes the
resistance opposed by the air to the motion. In order to overcome this
resistance, the hind part of the wing is elastic, and takes the form shewn
in Fig. 5.
The horizontal displacement in the air of heavy bodies provided on the

page_text: above principle with wings or moveable surfaces of a particular form, and
with a spring tending constantly to draw these wings towards the body,
constitutes a third mode of aerial navigation.
Fig. 1, Pl. II., represents in cross section, on a scale of a flying
machine constructed according to the first of the three modos above described;
Fig. 2 is a longitudinal section; and Fig. 5 represents the half of a plan of
the same machine. The two last-named Figures are on a scale of 190
The dimensions of this inachine are calculated for the carriage at a spoed
of thirty miles per hour of one hundred and twenty persons with thoir
baggage, plus the supply of water and coal necessary for a ten hours'
journey.
The essential elements of this machine are the body A, with the motive
engine B, the fixed surfaces C, the horizontal rudder 1), the weighted
regulator P, the scrow F, and the vertical ruddor E. The body A is con-
structed of an elongated form, so as to present the loast resistance to the air,
and is divided into two stages or compartments a, b. In the middle of this
body, and in the centre of gravity of the entire apparatus, is placed a steam
engine B of twenty horse-power, the boilers of which are mounted in the
lower stageb, whilst the driving cylindersare set in the upper compartimentu.
The pistons of the cylinders act directly on the shaft of the screw F, which
passes through the flooring of the stage a. The passengers are placed at
each side of the engine on longitudinal benches m, m. The communication
between the stages a, b, and the deck G is obtained by the stairs n, n, o. The
stationary surfaces e, c, take the concave form of a large parachute pointed at
both extremities, and are composed of tho curvod beams d, d, of a light frame-
work firmly secured to the body A. Between these beams are set the ribs
e, e, e, e, and the whole is covered with an impermeable tissue.
The object of the horizontal rudder D is to give to the apparatus the required
angles of elevation and inclination. Thisruddermovesonthehorizontal shaft h,
and is worked by means of the corda r, r. When it takes the position shewn
by the dotted lines h, s, the pressure of the air upon its surface causes the
apparatus to rotate on its center of gravity, and to form a certain angle of
inclination, producing the descent in that direction. When, on the other hand,
the rudder takes the position h, t, tho apparatus rises; thus in changing at
intervals the position of the rudder, the apparatus may be placed at any
desired angle of elevation and inclination. The elevation and inclination of
the apparatus may also be obtained by means of the regulator P, by changing
the position of which on the bar x, y, the centre of gravity is thrown back-
ward or forward,aud the axis of the apparatus inclines downwards or upwards,

page_text: as the case may be. The essential object of this regulator is, however, to
counterbalance the fixed cargo, so as always to maintain the centre of gravity
as nearly as possible in the same position. The screw Fis composed of an
elastic spring, which transmits the maximuin of working power with variable
degrees of speed. The vertical rudder E serves to give to the apparatus the
required direction in the horizontal plane.
The machine, thus constructed, should be started from an inclined plane
placed at a height of at least fifty feet above ground, in desconding from
which it acquires a certain degree of initial velocity, and when free in the
air, the angles of elevation and inclination corresponding with the average
speed of displacement are obtained in the manner above described. In order
to riso to a greater height than that of the starting point, it is evident
that the motor must develop the surplus power required to raise the
apparatus
to a given altitude within a given space of time, according to the principles
already laid down.
With a few modifications the arrangement just described may be applied
to the realisation of a second mode of aerial navigation. To this end it would
only be necessary, as above seen, to give to the surfaces another form, and to
place the propeller in such a position as to enable it to impart to the appa-
ratus a given speed in the direction of the surfaces. The form of tho surfaces
in this case is represented in Fig. 2 (Pl. II.) by the dotted line M, N, and
the position of the screw shaft by K, L.
The details of construction of the different parts of this machine may be
varied according to circumstances. The starting may be effected from an
inclined plan of less height than that required for the preceding arrange.
ment. The power of the motor and other details are the same in both
cases.
Fig. 7, Pl. 1., represents on a scale of the plan of an apparatus with
moveable wings intended for the transport of one person who serves as motor;
Fig. S is a longitudinal section; and Fig. 9 a cross section of the same. A is
the body of the apparatus, which should be strongly built, and be so shaped
as to present the least resistanco to the air during the motion; C, C, aro
wings with concave surfaces (as in Fig. 5), each composed of a lever provided
with springs. The whole of the apparatus is covered with an impermeablo
tissue; the wings are set on a line which forms a given angle with the axis
of the combination; D (Fig. S) is a horizontal rudder, capable of moving
in a vertical plane. The sides of the rudder are independent, so as to enable
them to turn the apparatus to the right or the left. g, y, are levers, con-
nected by bands with the cylinder containing the spring B; F is a pedal,

page_text: suspended from the roof by a cord and connected with the cylinder by a strap.
The passengers seated on the bench E, by pressing the foot on the pedal
bends the spring, the force of which must be fully equal to the sum of his
weight and that of the apparatus. The starting of this apparatus is effected,
as in the precoding arrangements, from an inclined plane.
Having now described the nature of the said improvements,aud the manner
of carrying them into effect, I would have it understood that I do not confine
myself to the general details of construction above laid down, as these may
obviously be modified according to requirements without deviating from the
principles or main features of the Invention; but what I claim and desire to
secure by Letters Patent is, the application to flying machines or vessels
intended for aerial navigation of stationary or moveable concave surfaces, the
form, dimensions, and position of which are determined according to the
principles herein set forth and practically exemplified by the Figures of the
accompanying Drawings.
In witness whereof, I, the said Marc Antoine François Mennons, have
hereunto set my hand and seal,this Third day of March, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-five.