Improvements in Preparations for and Ornamentation of Clear Glass.
Year: 1893

page_text: Date of Application, 4th Apr., 1893-Accepted, 27th May, 1893
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Preparations for and Ornamentation of Clear
Glass.
I REGINALD HADDAN of the firm of Herbert Haddan and Co. of 18 Buckingham
Street, Strand, W.C. London, Patent Agent do hereby declare the nature of this
invention a communication to me from abroad by Samuel Evans, Charles Leonard
Rawson, and Charles Turner Brown all of 423 Temple Court, Chicago, in the
State of Illinois, United States of America and in what manner the same is to
be performed to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement:-
This invention relates to the preparation for and ornamentation of clear glass
by grinding and by grinding and chipping determined portions, but not all, of one
or both faces of a sheet of glass, and the obtaining of a sheet or sheets of glass
ornamented by designs produced by the combined effect of ground and clear, or
chipped and clear, or of ground, chipped and clear glass.
The objects of the invention are, to obtain a pattern and a process wherein
such pattern is used, whereby a plate or sheet of glass or a series of such plates
or sheets, can be produced having clear and ground faces, clear and chipped faces,
or clear, ground, and chipped faces thereon, combined in a determined manner, such
faces consisting of surfaces having curved, straight or broken boundary lines,
grouped and arranged as desired, and having sharp and clearly defined contours.
In the ornamentation of a series of sheets of glass by this process, such sheets
being duplicates of each other, each of such sheets is in turn subjected to the
sand blast process with the same pattern laid thereover, and it is therefore necessary
to construct the patterns of ductile sheet metal, preferably zinc, protected on the
upper surface thereof by a coating of oleaginous, gelatinous or other elastic
material adapted to withstand the action of sand driven directly against it in the
sand blast process.
It is preferred that such coating be a paint coating, consisting
of paint oil, as linseed oil and lamp black.
And, too, where such patterns are of intricate design, or consist of letters or
figures, it at times occurs that parts thereof will, unless in some way tied to the
main part of the pattern, drop therefrom; while it is necessary that when the
sheet of glass is subjected to the sand blast process with such pattern thereover
the tie pieces used for holding those parts of the pattern which would, otherwise
drop therefrom, shall not constitute an obstruction to the direct action of sand
driven by the sand blast process. To obtain such tie piece it is necessary to
construct it of sheet metal and to connect it to the several parts of the pattern
so that it will extend in a plane at right angles with the plane in which the pattern
is extended; with notches on the underside of the tie-pieces in the parts thereof
extending over the open spaces of the pattern.
In order to make the construction of the several patterns which may be used
in the carrying out of this process well understood, and to assist in the explanation
of the process, the invention is illustrated by drawings which accompany and form
a part hereof, in which-
Fig. 1, is a face view of a sheet metal pattern or stencil plate wherein letters
and designs are cut through the body of the sheet of metal forming the pattern,
with tie-pieces holding certain parts of the pattern in place;
Fig. 2, an end elevation thereof;
Fig. 3, a face view of a sheet metal pattern, wherein letters and designs are
cut from or out of the body of a sheet of metal and held together by tie-pieces,
with the boundary line of a sheet of glass whereon the pattern is placed ;

page_text: Fig. 5, a sheet of glass which has been subjected to the sand blast process with
the pattern illustrated in Figs. 1 and 2, placed thereon;
Fig. 6, a sheet of glass which has been subjected to the sand blast process
with the pattern illustrated in Figs. 3 and 4, placed thereon;
Fig. 7, a sheet of glass which has been subjected to the sand blast process with
the pattern illustrated in Figs. 1 and 2, and also with the pattern illustrated in
Figs. 3 and 4, laid thereon ;
Fig. 8, a sheet of glass ornamented by the herein described process, wherein
clear, ground and chipped glass, constitutes the design.
The same letter of reference is applied to a given part of the several devices
and things illustrated in the drawings, where more than one view thereof is
shown.
Before proceeding to describe the drawings, particularly the patterns illustrated
therein, it should be stated it is not to be understood that in the ornamentation
of a sheet of glass by this process it is necessary or at all times advisable to use
two patterns in the grinding by the sand blast process of parts thereof; as a
pattern adapted to protect the parts of the glass which are to appear clear in
the completed design from the action of the sand in the sand blast process is all
that is required; but in certain designs such a pattern would be frail in construction
and not durable, and hence, means for obviating the use of such a pattern are
herein illustrated and described. Where two patterns are used for the sand blast
process, the order of such use is immaterial.
And, further, in the ornamentation of a series of sheets of glass with the same
design, by this process all the sheets of the series are successively subjected to the
process, and particular reference will be hereinafter made to the ornamentation of
a single sheet.
A, A', are, respectively, patterns; and B, B', respectively, the designs cut
through or out of the material, (preferably sheet zinc), of which such patterns are
constructed. C, is a coating of oleaginous gelatinous or other elastic material
(preferably paint and oil, as linseed oil and lamp black), on patterns A, A',
respectively, adapted to protect them from the action of sand driven by a sand
blast in the ordinary sand blast process; D, D, are ties, having notches d, d,
therein, secured to the patterns, A, A¹, respectively, and connecting the several
parts together. E, is a sheet of glass designed to be ornamented by this process.
E', is sheet E, partially ornamented by having been consecutively subjected to the
sand blast process with pattern A', thereon. F, is that portion of the sheet of
glass which is ground by the sand blast process with pattern A, thereon; and
F', the portion which is ground when pattern A' is placed thereon. G, is that portion
of the sheet of glass which is to appear as clear glass in the completed designed,
and extends as an intervening boundary line, dividing the ground into parts and
between the ground and chipped portions of the completed design, (wherever a
sheet of glass is ornamented by both ground and chipped portions), and where the
ornamentation consists of clear and ground glass, such clear glass portion is
necessary to produce designs, as in Fig. 7. H, is the chipped portion of the
design.
To obtain in the practice of this process the best defined contour lines possible,
a liquid coating of the shellac of commerce is applied to the entire surface of the
sheet of glass, and allowed to dry before laying the pattern or patterns thereon
and subjecting the glass, protected in parts thereof by the pattern thereon, to the
sand blast process, although a liquid coating of japan, or any quick drying varnish,
or even asphaltum, can be used, as a substitute for the coating of shellac, and well
defined contour lines will be obtained thereby.
This coating of shellac, or its equivalent, forms when placed on the glass_as
described, what is herein termed a sand blast protective coating, that is, a coating
not adapted to protect the glass from the direct action of the sand in the sand
blast process, but a coating adapted to protect the glass from the indirect action of
scattering grains of sand diverted outside the portions of the glass desired to be

page_text: ground when a pattern made as described and adapted to resist the direct action
of the sand is placed thereon.
When the ornamentation is to consist of determined parts of ground and clear
glass, with no chipped portion, a pattern is then laid on the glass and such glass so
protected is submitted to the sand blast process.
Where a single pattern is used in so ornamenting a sheet of glass by this process
that chipped portions of the glass are included in the design, those parts, (if any)
which are to appear as ground glass in the completed design, as well those which
are to appear as chipped glass, are ground at the same time by the sand blast
process, and the operation is: a coating of liquid shellac of commerce, or its
equivalent, is first applied to the entire surface of the glass and allowed to dry
and a second coating of asphaltum or equivalent material adapted to form a
chipping compound protective coating is then applied to the entire surface of the
glass over the first named coating, and allowed to dry. A pattern adapted to
protect the part to appear as clear glass in the completed design, and that part,
only, is then placed on the glass over the coatings and the glass so protected,
subjected to the sand blast process.
If the design is to appear as chipped glass, a glass chipping compound is then
applied over the entire surface of the glass, but with the protective coatings where
not removed by the sand blast process, interposed between the glass and the
chipping compound. After the chipping is completed the glass is cleaned and the
ornamentation is complete.
If the design is to appear as chipped and ground glass after the completion of
the grinding, as described, a coating of chipping protective compound, preferably
asphaltum, is applied to the portion of the glass to appear as ground glass in the
completed design, and the chipping compound is then applied, as before stated, to
the entire surface of the glass.
The application of chipping protective compound to the parts to appear as
ground glass is easily effected with a brush, as it can overlap onto the coatings
remaining on the portions of the glass to appear as clear glass in the completed
design, and snch portions of clear glass entirely surround the portions to appear
aa ground glass, and to which the chipping protective coating is so applied.
While japan, a quick drying varnish, or even asphaltum can be used as a substitute
for the liquid shellac of commerce as a sand blast protective coating for the
production of definite contour lines to the ground glass, such coating of shellac
cannot be used as a substitute for the coating of asphaltum for a glass chipping
compound protective coating.
When both a coating of shellac and asphaltum, or its equivalent, are interposed
between the glass and the chipping compound, the shellac remaining on the glass
after the grinding will adhere to the glass during and after the chipping, while the
coating of asphaltum, or its equivalent, thereover, will adhere to and be taken off
the glass by the chipping compound; but if japan, a quick drying varnish or
asphaltum, be employed as a substitute for the coating of shellac and a second
coating of asphaltum, or its equivalent, be placed thereover, both coats so inter-
posed between the glass and the chipping compound will adhere to the chipping
compound and come off the glass in or during the chipping.
Whether a coating of shellac, asphaltum, or other material be employed to
obtain definite contour lines in the grinding of the glass, the coating used will
remain undisturbed by the grinding, on the parts of the glass showing as clear in
the completed design, and although the coating of shellac will not be taken off the
glass by the chipping compound while the coating of asphaltum, if used as a
substitute for the coating of shellac, will be taken off by the chipping compound;
yet, where the shellac coating is first used, it will be found much easier to clean the
glass after the completion of the process; and too, where shellac is used,
better contour lines in both the ground and chipped portions of the design, are
produced.
Where, as is usually the case, the completed design is to consist of combined

page_text: clear, ground and chipped glass and two patterns are employed in the sand blast
process, one for protecting the sheet of glass in the portions thereof to appear
as ground and clear in the completed design and one for protecting such sheet in
the portions thereof to appear as chipped and clear, a variation is possible in the
order of the taking of the several steps necessary; but such variation constitutes
no material change in the process, and the preferable way of producing such
ornamentation will first be described.
Cover the entire surface of the glass on the side thereof to be exposed to the
sand blast process, with a sand blast protective coating in a liquid condition,
preferably shellac, and allow it to dry; then lay thereon pattern A and subject the
glass so protected to the sand blast process, thereby grinding the portions of the
glass to appear as ground glass in the completed design. Next cover the entire
surface of the glass, on the side thereof which has been exposed to the sand
blast process, with a chipping protective coating in a liquid condition, preferably
asphaltum, allow it to dry, and then place pattern A' over the sheet of glass and
again subject such sheet of glass, so protected, to the sand blast process, thereby
grinding the portions thereof to appear as chipped glass in the completed design.
Then remove the pattern and cover the entire surface of the glass with a chipping
compound and allow it to dry. Upon the completion of the glass chipping
process the ornamentation will be complete. If the chipping protective coating
is not applied, as last described to the glass prior to the grinding of the portion
thereof to appear as chipped glass in the completed design, the chipping protective
coating, preferably asphaltum, must be applied by hand to the portions of the
glass to appear as ground and clear in the completed design and although this can
be readily done with a brush in designs of a simple character and to make the
contour or boundary lines of the chipping protective compound practically coin-
cident with the contour or boundary lines of the sand blast protective compound, it
is difficult to so apply it in extended or complicated designs and such mode of
applying such coating is not considered desirable.
A second and effective order of procedure of the several steps in this process is:
The sand blast protective coating, preferably shellac, is first applied to the entire
surface of the sheet of glass on the side thereof to be exposed to the sand blast
process and when dry a second and chipping protective coating is applied, also in a
liquid condition, entirely thereover and allowed to dry. The pattern properly
prepared, as described, to resist the action of the sand blast and adapted to protect
the glass in the portions thereof to appear as clear and ground glass in the com-
pleted design, is then placed over the sheet of glass and such glass so protected is
subjected to the sand blast process, after which the chipping compound is applied
to the entire surface of the glass. If, as preferred, the sand blast protective
coating employed be shellac, such coating will be found, after the completion of
the chipping process, sufficiently intact to permit the immediate placing upon the
sheet of glass, of the pattern adapted to protect the portions of the glass to appear
as clear and chipped in the completed design, from the action of the sand blast,
and the sheet of glass so protected can be and is again subjected to the sand blast
process, after which the glass is cleaned and the ornamentation is complete. If,
however, a coating of asphaltum, or its equivalent, is employed for the sand blast
protective coating, it will be necessary, after the completion of the chipping process,
to again apply a sand blast protective compound, preferably shellac, to at least the
portion of the glass to appear as clear glass in the completed design, (such portion
entirely surrounding the chipped glass portion of the design), before placing the
last named pattern thereover and subjecting the glass to the sand blast process as
last above described.
A. still further or other variation of the order of the several steps required is:
The sand blast protective coating, preferably shellac is applied in a liquid
condition to the entire surface of the glass, allowed to dry and then a chipping
protective coating is applied over the first named coating. The pattern A¹ is then
placed over the sheet of glass and such sheet of glass so protected is subjected to

page_text: the sand blast process, thereby grinding the portions of the glass which are to
appear as chipped glass in the completed design. After such grinding pattern A
is substituted for pattern A', and the glass so protected is again subjected to the
sand blast process, thereby grinding the portions of the glass to appear as ground
glass in the completed design. A chipping compound protective coating, preferably
asphaltum, is then applied with a brush to the portion of the glass last ground
allowed to dry and the glass chipping compound then applied to the entire surface
of the glass on the side thereof on which the several protective coatings have been
applied.
It has been found by practice that when the several protective coatings are
applied in such order as that the contour lines thereof shall all be produced by and
during the submission of the glass with the several patterns thereover to the sand
blast process, whereby the contour lines of such coating and the contour lines of the
ground glass which are to appear as chipped glass in the completed design are
coincident, the chipping of the glass will commence at the edge of the clear or
underground portion thereof, and will extend therefrom in toward the center of the
ground portion which is to appear as chipped in the completed design and hence by
this process when the several steps are taken as above described so that the contour
lines of the clear glass and the ground glass which is to appear as chipped glass
in the completed design are made and determined by the grinding process, definite
contour lines to the chipped portion of the design are obtained, and hence such
order of the several steps is in all cases preferred over that course of taking the
several steps which requires any of the protective coatings to be applied with
the brush in a manner to produce therewith the contour lines of the portions of the
glass to appear as chipped in the completed design.
Where asphaltum is employed as a substitute for shellac, for the sand blast
protective coating hereinbefore described, such asphaltum may also constitute the
glass chipping compound protective coating referred to in which case such coating
may be termed a sand blast and glass chipping compound protective coating.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of the said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I
clain is:-
;--
1. A stencil plate consisting of a sheet metal pattern having a coating on the
exposed surface thereof of material adapted to withstand the action of sand projected
by the sand blast process; substantially as described.
2. A sheet metal pattern forming a stencil plate whereof the several parts are
connected together by sheet metal ties extending over the open spaces of the pattern
in planes at right angles with the plane of the pattern, such ties having notches cut
therein on the under edge thereof and above the openings in the pattern, and a
coating of material adapted to withstand the action of sand projected by the sand
blast process, applied on the exposed surface thereof; substantially as described.
3. The process of ornamenting glass which consists of applying a sand blast
protective coating, adhering thereto to the entire surface of a sheet of glass, of
placing a pattern thereover adapted to resist the action of the sand in the sand
blast process, and of subjecting the glass so prepared to the action of the sand
blast process, thereby simultaneously removing the coating over and grinding
the portions of the glass in the open spaces of the pattern; substantially as
described.
4. The process of ornamenting glass which consists of applying a sand blast
protective coating adhering thereto to the entire surface of a sheet of glass, of
applying a chipping protective coating to the entire surface of the glass thereover,
of placing a pattern thereover adapted to resist the direct action of the sand in the
sand blast process, of subjecting the glass so prepared to the action of the sand
blast process, thereby simultaneously removing the coatings over and grinding
portions of the glass, and of applying a glass chipping compound to the entire
surface of the glass with such coatings where remaining thereon interposed between

page_text: the glass and the chipping compound, and allowing such chipping compound to dry;
substantially as described.
5. The process of ornamenting glass which consists of applying a sand blast
protective coating adhering thereto to the entire surface of a sheet of glass, of
applying a chipping protective coating to the entire surface of the glass thereover,
of placing a pattern thereover adapted to resist the direct action of the sand in
the sand blast process, of subjecting the glass so prepared to the action of the
sand blast process, thereby simultaneously removing the coatings over and grinding
portions of the glass, of applying a chipping protective coating to the portions of
the glass thereby ground and to appear ground in the completed design, of applying
a glass chipping compound to the entire surface of the glass with the coatings
thereon interposed between the glass and chipping compound, and allowing such
chipping compound to dry; substantially as described.
6. The process of ornamenting glass which consists of applying a sand blast
protective coating adhering thereto to the entire surface of a sheet of glass, of
placing a pattern thereover adapted to resist the direct action of the sand in the
sand blast process, of subjecting the glass so prepared to the action of the sand
blast process, of applying a chipping compound protective coating adhering thereto
to the entire surface of the sheet of glass on the side thereof exposed to the sand
blast process, of placing a second pattern thereover, adapted to resist the direct
action of the sand in the sand blast process, of subjecting the glass so protected to
the action of the sand blast process, thereby simultaneously removing the chipping
compound protective coating over and grinding portions of the glass, of applying a
glass chipping compound to the entire surface of the glass with the coatings thereon
interposed between the glass and the chipping compound, and allowing the chipping
compound to dry; substantially as described.
7. The process of ornamenting glass which consists of applying a sand blast and
glass chipping compound protective coating adhering thereto to the entire surface
of a sheet of glass, of placing a pattern thereover adapted to resist the direct
action of the sand in the sand blast process, of subjecting the glass so prepared to
the action of the sand blast process, of applying a glass chipping compound to the
entire surface of the glass and allowing such chipping compound to dry, of applying
a sand blast protective coating adhering thereto to the entire surface of the sheet
of glass on the side thereof exposed to the sand blast and glass chipping process, of
placing a second pattern thereover adapted to resist the direct action of the sand
in the sand blast process and to protect the portions of the glass to appear as clear
and chipped in the completed design, and of subjecting the glass so protected to
the action of the sand blast process; substantially as described.
1040
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R. HADDAN.
Herbert Haddan & Co.,
18, Buckingham Street, Strand, London.