IMPROVEMENTS IN APPLYING ELECTRICITY FOR TELEGRAPHIC PURPOSES AND IN APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN
Year: 1859

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Thomas Allan, of Adelphi Terrace, in the City of
Westminster, Civil Engineer, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN
APPLYING ELECTRICITY FOR TELEGRAPHIC PURPOSES AND IN APPARATUS
EMPLOYED THEREIN."
Sealed the 27th March 1860, and dated the 29th September 1859.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Thomas Allan at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 29th
September 1859.
I, THOMAS ALLAN, of Adelphi Terrace, in the City of Westminster, Civil
Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS. IN APPLYING ELECTRICITY FOR TELEGRAPHIC PURPOSES, & IN APPARATUS
EMPLOYED THEREIN," to be as follows:-
My present Invention is based upon and is a further carrying out of
Inventions the subject of Patents dated 16th Nov. 1850, No. 13,352, and
24th June 1852, No. 14,190, and consists in an improved arrangement
applicable to the step-by-step motion, and otherwise suitable for a distant pole
changer. I form my compound or many-poled electro-magnet with eight
poles, having the surfaces of the poles extended, and the permanent magnet
with eight poles likewise, working horizontally as before, but with the poles
placed between each pair of the poles of the compound electro-magnet, and
thus producing a more direct action of the attractive forces. And in lieu of
the double escapement wheels I use but one. An arm extended from the
arbor of the oscillating permanent magnet works in a slot in an upright
[Price 8d.1
⋅

page_text: beam, hinged, and free to move at its lower end with one escapement wheel
placed vertically, and pivoted on its upper end, so that as the permanent
magnet is made to oscillate to and fro by the action of the current on the
polarities of the electro-magnet, it causes the arm (or one of the poles
extended) moving in the slot and also the beam to do so likewise, and thus
the wheel that is free to rotate is moved from side to side, and so coming in
contact with stationary pallets is caused to move round one tooth at each
oscillation to and fro, and to cause the pointer or index hand on the dial to
move round from letter to letter.
In the next arrangement the extended arm (either fixed to the arbor or an
extension of one of the magnet poles) instead of working in a slot, has its
extremity made sufficiently large to admit of a pivot hole being drilled in it to
receive a pivot. Into this is placed the pivot end of the arbor of the escape-
ment wheel, and thus the upright beam before described is dispensed with.
In this arrangement I prefer a single straight, magnet, and to cause it to move
"to and fro as required. I place in its vicinity, and in a line with its length, a
double-poled electric-magnet, so that the north poles and south poles will be
arranged face to face, and in parallel lines with the permanent magnet placed
between them, so as to attract and repel either pole of the permanent magnet
according as the polarity of the electro-magnet is alternated by any of the
various means in use for that purpose. This arrangement is adopted so that
the permanent magnet may be in the most efficacious position of magnetic
influence. When used as a distant pole changer, the arm in these previous
and previously patented arrangements is caused to make contact alternately
with two studs or upright pieces of metal tipped with gold or platinum, each
respectively connected with the in-going wires of two electro-magnets and local
batteries so placed with the faces of their poles opposite each other and at a
short distance to allow of a small keeper or piece of soft iron on an arbor to
oscillate freely between them, and to be attracted by either alternately, in
accordance with the action of the pole changer, the motion of which is neces-
sarily to and fro in accordance with the nature of the induced currents as
applied and derived from a closed magnetic circle, as described in the Speci-
fication of my Patent of 24th June 1852, No. 14,190.
:
The effect of these currents being only momentary, and not sustained, marks
similar to those now used, cannot be recorded on the slip of paper used for
that purpose, but merely dots, so that the latter's of the alphabet are denoted
by so many dots denoting figures, and such combinations of figures indicating
letters as described in the Specification of my Patent of 16th Nov. 1850,
No. 13,352. The dots in this instance are produced by two small stamps
1iters

page_text: jointed to the end of a transverse beam placed on the arbor, which oscillates to
and fro as the keeper is attracted alternately by the electro-magnets. The
slip of paper passes underneath the stamps by means of clockwork in the
usual way, and receives the dots in passing.
I have further invented another mode of causing a distant local contact
maker or relay to be acted on by either induced or voltaic electricity as may
be required. In this case I use a many-poled magnet, with a keeper of softi
iron acting direct on the surface of the magnet and within a very short range.
The keeper is placed on a spindle which works perpendicularly through a
bridge above and the base of the magnet beneath, or balanced on an arbor
This latter arrangement from its steadiness, and not being likely to act of itself
from any shaking or jolting, is peculiarly applicable for an electrical communi-
cation, through a train when in motion, and by means of which an electro-
magnetic apparatus on the engine to signalize to the eye and ear simul-
taneously can be put into action. This apparatus, arranged with the usual
clockwork for the purpose, forms a very simple recording telegraph instru-
ment, but where required for extended or great distances it should be
arranged for a short circuit and worked by itself, arranged as a relay, whereby
great power and certainty of action can be acquired, so as to punch holes in
the 'strip of paper and make very distinct marks or records, and which are
applicable for the re-transmission of a message, or may be used for the
composition thereof in the first instance.
The pole changer for working such recording telegraphs or relays is formed
similarly to that described in the Specification of my Patent of 16th
Nov. 1850, No. 13,352, but placed vertically, and supplied with a series of
spokes, the rounded front of the case having a slot therein, through which five
of the spokes appear. On the sides of the case in juxtaposition to the spokes
the figures one to five are placed, and the mode of working is by pumping
down as it were that spoke opposite to the figure required, which is recorded
by the receiving instrument as so many dots, and when punched they appear
strung together into one long slot.
The next improvement is a composing machine, and consists of a mode of
punching or perforating strips of paper for the transmission of signals in a
recording or printing telegraph. This I accomplish in two ways, first, by a
series of many-poled electro-magnets, with the keepers acting direct on the
surface as last described, and placed so that by the depression of keys and
making contact with one or more of the electro-magnets, the desired number of
the electro-magnets will be acted on, and the required punches depressed so as
to form letters in accordance with a code previously arranged. Secondly,

page_text: by the required number of keys corresponding to the letters in the alphabet
acting upon levers which operate upon one or more transverse levers con-
nected with a series of punches, which are thus caused to be depressed, one or
more simultaneously so as to produce perforated holes in the order and
arrangement required to indicate the letters of the alphabet in accordance
with a pre-arranged code of signals. The slips so perforated are then to be
inserted into the transmitting apparatus of a recording arrangement of
telegraphing.
The next improvement consists in utilizing the powerfully intensive effects
produced from the closed magnetic induction coils as described in the Specifi-
cation of my Patent of 24th June 1852, No. 14,190, which cannot be effec-
tively or availably worked without an apparatus for reversing the primary
current as described in the Specification of my Patent of 16th Nov. 1850,
No. 13,352, or on the principle thereof, and thus forming a speedy and certain
instrument for long ocean circuits. The break is caused to rotate by a step-
by-step motion actuated by a lever, where each movement of the lever acting
on the reversing break creates through the primary circuit an alternately
reverse current, and consequently a change in the polarities of the closed
magnetic induction coil, and thus causes an electrical impulse to be trans-
mitted through the line circuit, and by a suitable arrangement at the receiving
station to mark a dot on the paper, and so by the number of dots transmitted
with suitable stops, an alphabet indicated by figures for letters as described in
the Specification of my Patent of 16th Nov. 1850, No. 13,352, can be
recorded by the receiving instrument.
The reversing break is constructed so that the points of contact shall be of
large surface, and the contact made by a wheel rotating transversely to the
reversing sections of the break in order to produce friction, and thus keep the
surfaces of contact always clean during the working of the instruments.
Attached to this break is a rotating drum on a traversing rack, and to the
lever movable pointers, which by the motion of the lever are brought into
contact with the rotating drum, on which is placed a sheet of manifold so that
the fac-simile of what is transmitted through the line circuit is recorded on
the drum of the transmitting apparatus. The receiving or recording appa-
ratus on long circuits will be worked by a local battery put in action by
means of a relay, which is so constructed that the break in the local circuit
will not take place at the same point where contact is made, thus insuring
certainty of action under all circumstances while the instruments are being
worked.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Thomas Allan in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
29th March 1860.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, THOMAS
ALLAN, of Adelphi Terrace, in the City of Westminster, Civil Engineer,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-ninth day of September, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-nine, in the twenty-third year of
Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me,
the said Thomas Allan, Her special licence that I, the said Thomas Allan,
my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Thomas
Allan, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during
the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise,
and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
APPLYING ELECTRICITY FOR TELEGRAPHIC PURPOSES, AND IN APPARATUS EMPLOYED
THEREIN," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Thomas
Allan, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under
my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe
and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the
same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great
Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately after
the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE that I, the said Thomas Allan, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the fol-
lowing statement thereof, reference being had to the accompanying Drawings
(that is to say):-
The first part of my Invention consists in improvements on the Inventions
set forth in the Specifications of my previous Patents, dated November 1850,
N° 15,352, and June 1852, N° 14,190, applicable to the step-by-step motion
distant pole changers, and relays.
In Figures 1 and 2, Sheet 1, I show a plan and elevation of the step-by-
step instrument, where I form the compound or many-poled electro-magnet
with eight poles, with the compound permanent magnet working horizontally,

page_text: as formerly described, but with its poles placed between each pair of the poles
of the electro-magnet, and thus producing a more direct action, with better, effect
for the purposes required. In order to produce the step-by-step action from
the oscillatory motion of the magnet in lieu of the double escapement wheels
shown and described in my Patent of 1850, I use but one, as follows:-An
arm C, Figures 1 and 2, or one of the poles of the magnet extended takes into
a slot d, in the upright piece e, centred and free to move at f, with a single
escapement wheel placed vertically, so that as the permanent magnet is made
to oscillate to and fro by the action of the current on the poles of the electro-
magnet, it causes the arm or extended pole c, moving in the slot d, to make
the upright piece e to oscillate, carrying with it the wheel a, and so cause it to
strike the fixed pallets b, b, alternately in such manner as to make the wheel
to rotate, and carry with it the pointer or index hand on a dial, in the manner
previously described in the Specification of my Patent of 1850.
"
In Figure 3 I show another arrangement to effect the same purpose.
In
this case, for simplification of parts, I cause the pivot of the arbor of the
escapement wheel a, to take into the end of the extension C of the permanent
magnet. I use the residuary magnetism to retain the escapement wheel to
the side last called to, and thus dispense with springs and other appliances. I
also use the same arrangements of permanent and electro-magnets, as shown
in Figures 1, 2, and 3, for distant pole changers or relays, as next herein-after
described.
The second part of my Invention consists in the construction of distant pole
changers or relays. Figures 4 and 5, Sheet 1, are a plan and end view of one
of my improved relays, especially applicable in combination with my recording
instruments herein-after described in explaining the third part of my Invention
for long submarine circuits. a, a, a, a, are the poles of the electro-magnet
furnished with movable eccentric pieces b, b, b, b, for adjustment; c is the
permanent magnet made hollow to ensure a greater amount of permanent
magnetism, in proportion to its weight, than can be acquired otherwise; d, d¹,
are the contact pins for the local circuit; e is a ring of platinum or gold on
the permanent magnet to work against the contact pins; f is a wire fixed on
the arbor h, leading down and dipping into the mercury cup g, the arbor h
works in centres i, i, placed in ivory supports k, k; the mercury cup g is con-
nected to the terminal 1, and the two contact pins d, d', are connected to the
terminals m, m³, the upright pillars o, o, and the mercury cup g, are necessarily
insulated with ivory pieces p, p, from the frame and each other; by this
arrangement in combination with the recording instrument hereafter to be

page_text: described, the evils arising from deflagration in breaking contact are removed
from the relay where the power is weak, to the break piece in the recording
instrument, where the power is strong enough to overcome its effects:
Figures 6 and 7, Sheet 1, are a plan and. section of another improved' relay
to produce the maximum of contact effect from the smallest means or electric
power. In this case I increase the number of poles in the permanent magnet,
so as to approximate nearer to the poles of the electro-magnets, and thus dis-
pense with the eccentric pole pieces, as shown in Figures 4 and 5.
In Figures 15 and 16, Sheet 1, I show another of my relays or pole changers.
In this case I use a many-poled electro-magnet with a keeper of soft iron
acting direct on the surface of 'the magnet and within a very short range. In
Figure 15 the keeper is placed on a spindle which works perpendicularly
through a bridge above, and the base of the magnet beneath, or as in Figure 16;
balanced on an arbor.
:
The third part of my Invention consists in constructing an improved recording
instrument. Instead of the dot and dash alphabet as in present use, I make
an alphabet of dots alone, and so arrange them that they indicate numbers, in
a manner similar to that set forth in the Specification of my Patent of 1850.
In this recording instrument every current makes a dot, as the relay does not
require an opposite current to put it in position to print the next mark as is
generally done, nor does the relay require any spring or weight to bring it to
a position in which the local circuit may be cut off. I make the action of the
printing levers in the recording instrument break the local contact, and so
remove the injurious effects of spark from the delicate part of the relay- to the
break piece in the recording instrument, where there is greater power. The
relay therefore lies against the local contact screw it was last called to the
circuit, being cut off by the action of the printing magnet. I also make the
power of the printing magnet draw the roll of paper on which the message is
to be received, the instrument starting away at the first signal, and continuing
to pass the paper until the signalling is discontinued.
By allowing a small
.
pendulum to play between springs, I adjust the speed of the instrument to the
rate required. Figure 8, Sheet 1, is a section of my recording or receiving
instrument; Figure 9, an end view; Figure 10 a plan, and Figure 11 a front
view. A, A, are the magnets surrounded by the coils B, B; C, is the armatüre
centred at D; E is a lever fixed into the armature C; F is the break piece
composed of alternate insulating and contact divisions; G is a ratchet wheel
fixed on the same arbor as the break; H is an upright paul, on the top of
which the lever E rests, the bottom part takes into the teeth of the ratchet
wheel G; I is a forked lever seen in Figure 10, which passes on each side of
:

page_text: the ratchet G, in which as many steel pins are fixed as it has teeth, placed
alternately, one-half of them on each side; K is a start wheel also on the
same arbor as the break, in the teeth of which the spring piece L rests;1
M and M¹, are two conducting springs connected to the terminals m and m¹ of
the relay, Figure 4; N is a connecting spring taking to one end of the
coil B, the other end of the coil B is connected to the pole P of the local
battery; O is an insulated piece on which the connecting springs are fixed;
P is a ratchet wheel, and on the same arbor are fixed the spring X, and
toothed wheel W; R is a paul fixed on the armature lever E, and taking into
the ratchet wheel P; S is the escape wheel, having on the same arbor the
pinion V; T is the escapement with the small pendulum U on its arbor; Z is
a paul taking into the ratchet wheel P. a is the spring that regulates the
speed of the pendulum U; b is the slide in which the spring a can be either
raised or depressed by the cord c, over the pullies d, d; e is the handle and
index shown in the front of Figure 11; f is an inclined piece, which allows of the
regulating spring a collapsing, or which forces it to extend and to regulate the
speed of the pendulum U; 9, 9, are two levers seen in Figures 9 and 11, with
inclined pieces in their upper ends, standing in position to be thrown back by
the alternate pins in the sides of the ratchet wheel G; h, h, Figures 9 and 11,
are two springs to recover the levers g, g; the printing levers i, i, Figure 11,
are fixed on the same arbor as the levers g, g, which arbor passes to the outside
of the instrument; k is the printing or drawing through roller, round which is
an india-rubber band, to allow of the paper being indented for the proper
marking of the dots, as in the ordinary Morse system; is the nipping roller
pressed by the spring m; the nipping roller can at any time be easily thrown
back to allow of the paper being put into the machine.
arrangement on the wheeel P for stopping the winding when more spring is
not required to be wound up; Y is a lever which carries the paul R of the
lever E, out of the teeth of the winding wheel P; the pin in the arbor comes
round under the spring y, which throws forward the lever Y, and allows the
paul R to fall into the ratchet teeth, and wind round the wheel P until the
lever Y comes under the paul R, and carries it out of the teeth again.
Figure 12 shows the
The action of the instrument is as follows: A current from the line wire
causes the magnets of the relay, Figure 4, to attract the permanent magnet c
against the local contact pin d', which is connected to the terminal m³, and
thence to the spring M¹, Figure 8, which rests on the contact piece of the
break F, the local battery current starting from N at the terminal 1 of
Figure 4 passes to the mercury cup up through the wire f into the contact
pin d¹, then to the spring M¹, Figure 8, through the centre pin N to the

page_text: coils B, B, and into the pole P of the local battery, so completing the circuit.
The magnet A attracts the armature C, Figure 8, and pulls down the lever E,
which presses down the upright paul H, and turns the break one division, and
so cutting off the local circuit by turning in the insulation to the spring M¹;
the spark takes place at the spring M¹, and not at the relay; the relay can
therefore stand against the local contact pin d¹. A spring carries up the
forked lever I and upright paul H, which allows the lever E to carry round
another tooth of the ratchet wheel G, when the magnet next acts. The action
of the lever E carrying with it the paul R wound round the ratchet wheel P
one tooth, and with it the spring in the box X, the fixed paul Z dropping into
the teeth and holding it from running backwards; the drawing-through
roller k, seen best in Figure 11, is then moved forward, carrying with it the
strip of paper, the escapement and pendulum regulating the time through the
wheel W and pinion V. In moving down the upright paul H, it carries
down with it the forked lever I, which stops the break from over-running by
The star
coming against one of the alternate pins in the ratchet wheel G.
wheel K moving round one tooth at the same time as the break and ratchet
wheel G (all three being on the same arbor), the spring L falls into the star
wheel K, and locks the arbor with the break. The alternate pin in the
ratchet wheel G, seen in Figure 11, presses down one of the levers g, bending
the recovering spring h until the pin passes the inclined piece on lever g;- then
the spring h'throws forward the printing lever i, making a dot on the paper,
The next current from the
and instantly standing clear of the paper again.
distant station will attract the relay magnet to the opposite side (for I always
send alternate currents), and so close the local battery by making contact with
the pin d. As the break piece F will now stand with the contact piece on the
spring M instead of the spring M¹, as in
turned it one division,) the current from the
mercury cup g, Figure 4, to contact pin
spring M, Figure 8, through the contact
complete its circuit round the magnet A to the pole P of the battery. The
magnet A will then turn the break piece F, and cut off the local circuit, the
spark taking place at spring M, and the relay still standing against the contact
pin d, the circuit being cut off by the action of the magnet A. The winding
wheel P will advance another tooth, and keep passing the paper, and the
alternate pin on the ratchet wheel G, will throw back the other lever g,
bending the spring h, and so cause the other lever i to print another dot. The
dots on the paper are zig-zag, and agree with the positive and negative
currents from the distant station, all the negatives acting on one printing
Figure 8, (the last motion having
local battery will pass from N to
d, from d to terminal m, then to
division to the spring N, and so

page_text: 1.7
lever, and the positives acting on the other printing lever. By, this arrange-
ment the dots are, more distinct, and much less paper is required, the, dots
being alternate cannot merge into each other. To form an alphabet I prefer
making the vowels e, i, a, o, u, y, of the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, all the other
letters I form of a combination of these numbers, divided by the time of one
signal between the numbers; thus, B is one dot, the space of one dot, and
then five dots, or 1-5, and so on for all the other letters. The letters occurring
most frequently in the language are composed of the smallest number of
signals. In Figure 11 is seen the word "receiving" dotted on the strip of
paper. By this system, although I have more marks than is required in the
Morse, yet I send fewer currents, for each signal makes its dot, and much less
time is required to form words. The magnet in my relay, Figure 4, being
perfectly balanced, and no spark taking place at the contact pins, allows of a
much higher speed of signalling, with greater certainty of action, than can
ever be attained where either two currents are required for every mark, or
where the relay is recovered by weight or spring. By turning the index e,"
seen in Figure 11, the regulating spring a, Figure 10; is lowered to the
bottom of the small pendulum U, and at the same time expanded by the
inclined piece to suit the longer motion of the pendulum. The pendulum
striking against the spring a causes it to vibrate much quicker, and so allow a
faster speed of paper.
Each tooth of the ratchet wheel P winds sufficient
spring to pass through paper for one dot and a space long enough for the end
of a word when the instrument is at its quickest speed. If the speed be
lessened, then the lever Y, Figure 12, will come round and carry up the
paul R from the teeth of the wheel P, and not allow the action of the magnet
to wind until the pin y in the arbor of the drawing-through roller K comes
under the tail of the lever Y and throws it forward, and so allowing the paul R
to drop into the teeth again.
The fourth part of my Invention consists of an improved transmitting or
sending instrument. I use a perforated strip of paper, or band of any other
suitable non-conducting material, perforated by a punching machine to be
herein-after described. Through the holes in the strip of paper I make
contact with a local battery, and so cause a magnet to draw forward the paper,
and at the same time turn a reversing break similar to that patented by me
in 1850, thereby working the line battery with alternate positive and negative
currents, which are recorded by my improved relay and recording instrument
herein-before described. I also attach a key to the same instrument, so that
it may be used for hand sending if required. In general detail the sending
instrument is the same as the recording instrument, so that Figures 8, 9, 10,

page_text: and 12 will serve to descrihe it. Figure 13 is a front elevation. Instead of
the contact breaker F, I use the reversing break shown in Figure 14, also the
printing levers g, g, i, i, and springs h, h, are dispensed with. I connect a
local battery to the terminals P, N, seen at the right of Figure 10. This
battery makes contact through the holes of the paper by the platina wheel B,
Figure 13, touching the metallic drawing-through roller A. C is the spring
that presses the wheel B, and is fixed to the nipping roller lever D; E is the
spring that presses the nipping roller F against the drawing roller A. When
a hole in the paper comes opposite the contact wheel B, the circuit of the local
battery is closed round the magnets A, A, Figure 10, which causes the
armature lever E to turn the reversing break, seen in Figure 14, and which
takes the place of the contact breaker F in the recording machine.
action of the magnets also winds forward the paper, fresh holes allowing the
contacts to take place, and the small pendulum U regulating the speed, as in
the recording instrument herein-before described.
The
The perforated strip of paper has merely to be put into the machine, and
the speed regulated according to the capability of the line wire, and the number
of signals on the punched paper will be recorded on the distant instrument,
both sending and receiving instruments stopping when the message or punched
band is completed, by the non-conducting paper breaking the local -circuit
when the perforations have ceased.
I form the reversing or line break of three metallic discs insulated from
each other, and so cut and divided on their outer edges, that the action of the
battery shall be alternate. The two outside discs 1 and 3, Figure 14, are
connected to the line battery by the springs P, N, pressing on the pieces o, o.
The springs L and E are connected to the line and earth terminals, the other
two terminals R and R', being connected to the relay to allow of the distant
station speaking through the break seen in Figure 14. I is the regulating
contact screw connected to the terminal R, Figure 10, the spring L being.
connected to the terminal R¹. The disc 2, Figure 14, is cut into ratchet
divisions, which are placed between the alternate notches in the two discs 1
and 3. By the action of the magnet A on the lever E, the reversing break
shown in detail in Figure 14 is carried round one division by the ratchet
wheel G as previously described in the recording instrument. By the line or
reversing break being turned one division, the line battery has its poles brought
in contact with the springs L and E, so sending a current along the line to
the relay at the distant station. The reversing break 1, 2, 3, then cuts off
the line battery, and puts line to earth through the disc 2, and then stands,
when the action of the lever on the ratchet wheel Ġ has ceased on the contact

page_text: screw I, which carries up the spring E, Figure 14, and allows earth to the
line only through the relay, which gives the distant station the power of
speaking without any switching being required. The next local contact
through the holes in the perforated strip of paper will cause the magnet A to
turn the line reversing break another division, so reversing the poles of the
line battery, then put line to earth and lock the break, the contact screw
carrying up the earth spring E from the ratchet piece 2, Figure 14, and so
put in relay to earth. The locking of the break arbor is caused by the pins
in the ratchet wheel G, Fig. 10, coming against the forked lever I, and the
spring L falling into the teeth of the star wheel K as previously described.
I also furnish this instrument with a key n, Figures 8, 9, and 13, by which
the signals can be transmitted by hand if required, the key n takes into the
upright paul H, and on being depressed acts the same as the armature lever E;
a separate spring s, Figure 8, carries up the key n. The stem of the key is
slotted, and rests on the shoulders of the upright paul H, and can be moved
independently of the lever E, as it is not requisite to wind the paper spring
when sending by hand. The key n does not move when the magnet lever is
working, the end of the lever moving freely in the slot as seen at t, Figure 9.
In Figure 13, the index e is shown, and on the perforated strip of paper is
punched the word "sending."
My fifth improvement consists in a method of working the line by currents
induced from the electro-magnets of the sending and receiving instruments,
and so dispensing with the series of cells generally used for line currents.
Figure 1, Sheet 2 is a side view; and Figure 2 is an end view of the instru-
ment I use for this purpose. In this arrangement I place the electro-magnets
under instead of between the cheeks of the instrument. A, A, are the magnets,
much larger than in any other form of instrument, to increase the magnetic
induction, and so produce secondary currents powerful enough to work the
line; B, B, is the primary wire circuit which works from the local battery;
C, C, is the secondary circuit induced upon by the magnets A, A; D is the
armature into which is fixed the lever E centred at F, the end G of the lever
acts on a tail fixed to the lever for printing and winding as previously described
in Sheet 1, Figure 8. The other parts are precisely similar to what has been
already described in Sheet 1. In the case of the receiving instrument, I use
on the same arbor a separate break for alternating the induced currents, so
that the instrument can send or repeat the message on to a different station. if
required. By relieving the relay of the spark, as previously described, I can
use much heavier quantity currents from the local battery, and so pass the
primary current through the contact pins of the relay without injury, A

page_text: signal from the distant station moves the relay, and closes the circuit of the
primary coils, inducing a current in the secondary coils at the making of the
magnet. The motion of the armature attracted to the magnets prints a dot,
and at the same time winding the spring for passing the paper, and then cuts
off the local circuit at the break piece as previously described. The secondary
current produced at the break of the primary or local circuit being opposite to
the current derived from the make of the magnet is sent into the line in an
opposite direction, so causing two currents in the line wire in one direction.
The break locks and stands with earth through relay, to allow of speaking
from the distant station without switching.
Figure 3, Sheet 2, is a side view, and Figure 4 is an edge view of the com-
mutator or break used in this instrument. I connect the secondary coils or
line battery to the springs P, N, which press on the pieces O, O', the piece O
being connected to 1, and O' to 3; the line and earth are connected to the
springs L and E, and I is the regulating screw and contact pin for relay. The
shaded divisions or disc 1 may be called the positive end of the secondary
wire or line battery, and disc 3 the negative end or pole of the secondary wire,
One action of the magnet
the ratchet piece 2 being the earth contact.
armature carries the break over two divisions, thereby putting positive to line
when the magnet- is making, and negative when the magnet is breaking, and
so making both into one current in the same direction. The next action of
the magnet puts negative to line when the magnet is making, and positive
when it is breaking, thus causing both to move the distant relay to the oppo-
site side, every action of the magnet producing and sending on if required
alternate currents to work the distant receiving instrument, and so repeat the
message at two stations. The sending instrument works on the same principle,
the primary circuit being closed through the perforations in the strip of paper,
the attractive power of the magnets turning the break or commutator seen in
Figures 3 and 4, and so causing the induction currents produced in the
secondary wire to be transmitted alternately to the relay of the distant recording
instrument. The power of the magnets also in both sending and receiving
instruments, moves forward the paper, starting when the first signal is made,
and stopping when the signalling is completed as previously described.
In connection with the recording instruments I sometimes use the printing
arrangement shown in Figures 5 and 6, Sheet 2, Figure 5 being an elevation,
and Figure 6 a plan. A is the drawing through roller, and B the nipping
roller pressed by the spring C; D is a leading roller gently pressed by the
nipping roller E sufficiently to hold the paper tight; F. is the printing roller
round which is put a piece of carbonized paper; the friction of the paper strip

page_text: keeps the printing wheel F turning round to bring fresh carbonized paper over
the printing levers G; the screw H carries the wheel F, and by turning the
nut I to the right or left, the wheel F is advanced forward or draw back over
the printing levers until the whole of the blank paper has been used up; K is
a nut which holds on the wheel F, and screws off when the wheel F requires
the black paper to be renewed. By this arrangement the dots are rendered
much more distinct than in the indentation system.
My sixth improvement is a composing machine, and consists of a mode. of
punching or perforating strips of paper or other suitable non-conducting
material for the transmitting of messages or signals, which are recorded by
receiving instruments. The letters of the alphabet are arranged on keys or
levers, which act on the punches in such a manner as to produce one complete
letter properly spaced by the key being depressed, one motion of the hand
being sufficient to produce a complete letter.
Figure 7, Sheet 2, is an end view, and Figure 8 is a front view of this
composing machine. I arrange 28 levers on one centre E; or each lever I fix
an ivory knob on which is placed the letter of the alphabet. The letter levers
are arranged in three different lengths to save space; the levers are seen in
Figure 7, the knob and stem A being fixed into the shortest lever B and C,
belonging to the other two lengths; Figure 8 shews the knobs and keys as
arranged, eight on the shortest, and ten on the middle length, ten also being
on the longest length; under the 28 letter levers are placed six steel bars work-
ing from the same centre E; the bars are seen Figure 7, a, b, c, d, e, f, being
an end section of them on which the 28 letter levers are resting; under the six
steel bars are placed six levers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, shewn by the dotted lines g, g,
extending to the same centre E, on which are placed the letter levers; into
the six levers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, are fixed six links 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 61, seen in
Figure 8, to which are attached the punches a¹, b¹, c¹, d¹, e¹, f'; G is a
bracket carrying the punches; F, F, is the frame in which the punches work;
His the cutting plate where the paper band is perforated, each lever and punch
are carried up by the spring I; K is a spring that carries up the keys; L is
the blank lever placed on the same centre E as the other levers, but passing
underneath the punch bars a, b, c, d, e, f, instead of above. The lever Lis
depressed at the same time that any of the letter levers are put down; M is
the spring that brings up the blank or space lever L; N is the dividing lever
centred at O; the short arm is pressed down by the blank lever L, and the long
arm carries the paul P, which acts on the teeth of the ratchet wheel R; S is
a spiral spring for turning the drawing through "roller T; U' is a fixed paul
to hold the ratchet wheel R; V is the locking link which fixes the wheel R,

page_text: 1
and with it the roller T, which is on the same arbor; W is, the nipping roller
held against the roller T by a spring; X is a roller round which the punched'
paper is wound by the friction of the drawing roller T. The roller X is fixed
on an arm Z, which is centred at h; i, i, is a crank lever held back by the
spring K, Figure 7, also used for discharging the drawing through spring,S;
1 is a pin on the blank lever L, which discharges the crank lever i, i, when
the blank or space lever rises; m is the friction wheel to hold tight the paper;
n is the nipping roller pressed by the spring o fastened to the arm p,, which
moves tight on the arbor r; by lowering the arm p the friction can be
increased; the wheel m does not turn round, but merely serves as a friction
service; S is the paper band passing from the supply roller under the nipping.
roller n over part of the friction wheel m along the top of the case over the
cutting plate H, where the holes are punched, then round part of the drawing
roller T, under the nipping roller W, over and round the winding roller X.
1.
To produce an alphabet, I use six punches, and read the. spaces as well as
the punched holes; every letter in this arrangement. occupies the same length
of paper. The first punch cuts a hole in every letter, and measures off the
paper into spaces. Figure 10, Sheet 2, shews a piece of the paper perforated.
The letter A is composed of two punched, holes and four spaces, each space,
being equal to a punch hole; the letter B is composed of three punched holes.
one space, one punch hole, and one space, and so on, the spaces being read as
well as the punch holes. One letter always occupies the space between the.
large punched hole. Figure 9 shows the same slip, when recorded on the
receiving instrument, the dashes, dots, and spaces corresponding exactly with
the large and small punched holes and spaces in the punched slip, Figure 10.
The action of the machine is as follows: Supposing the letter D is to be
punched, it is composed of the first, or large punch hole, the space of two
punches, then two small punched holes, and the space of the last punch, or
one punch, two spaces, two punches, and one space. Figure 7 shows the key
which is notched for the letter D. By pressing down this key with the finger
the letter D being marked on its ivory knob, the key forces down with it the
steel bars a, d, e, leaving the three bars b, c, f, standing still; the bars a, d,
depress the punch levers 1, 4, 5, bringing down with them the connecting
links 1, 4, 5, and with them the punches a, d, e, seen in Figure 8, and
and so perforating the paper which passes over the cutting plate H. By, the
depression of the steel bars a, d, e, Figure 7, the blank key L, which passes
underneath the bars is thrown down, carrying with it the short end of the
dividing lever N, Figure 8, which elevates the, long end, carrying up with,,it
the paul P, at the same time extending the spiral spring S. The paul P is
So

page_text: raised over nearly two teeth of the ratchet wheel R; the crank lever i, i, is
then drawn back by the spring K, seen best in Figure 7; this lever i holds
down the dividing lever N, until the blank lever L comes up, bringing with it
the pin l, which strikes the crank lever i, i, and discharges the spiral spring S,
carrying down with it the paul P, which turns the ratchet wheel one tooth, and
with it the drawing roller one division; by the action of the crank lever i, i,
the drawing roller is not moved until the punches are all out of the holes in
the paper. The paul P is held firm against the teeth by the locking lever V,
and the paul U holds the arbor from returning when the paul P is being
raised. When the key D is allowed to rise by withdrawing the finger, the
paper is carried forward one space, which is equal to the length of the letter,"
the letter having been punched by pressing down the key. The letters are
therefore punched and spaced accurately by the simple depression of the keys,
a skilful operator not being required as in the case of sending dot and dash
characters. At the end of every word the blank key L is put down, which
throws forward (when released) the paper the space of one letter without
punching any holes. By this machine letters can be perforated as fast as the
fingers can be passed over the keys. In recording from this punched slip I
use an ordinary relay and recording instrument, my improved relay and
recording instrument herein-before described not being suitable for making the
dash or dividing mark as seen in the slip, Figure 9.
My seventh improvement consists in. the construction of a composing
machine suitable for perforating paper for my improved relay and recording
instrument previously described. The keys and bars are similar to my com-
posing 'machine just described, Figures 7 and 8, Sheet 2, but instead of
reading the spaces with the punched holes, and drawing through the same
length of paper for each letter, I read the small punched holes sometimes
divided by a space as described in my dot alphabet, and draw through paper
equal only to the length of the letter. By this arrangement I very much
shorten the length of the letters, and at the same time render the alphabet
.much more distinct.
Figure 1, Sheet 3, is a plan of this instrument; Figure 2 an end view; and
Figure 3, a front view. I arrange thirty keys or letter levers on one centre;
the keys are seen in Figure 1, with the ivory knobs and letters marked upon
them, the letters requiring few punches, and short length of paper are placed
on the shortest levers or keys. A, B, C, in Figure 2, shews the different
lengths of the keys; E is the centre on which the key D works; a, b, c, d, e,
f, g, h, are eight steel bars centred on E, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, are eight
punch levers on the same centre E, passing underneath the steel bars a, b, c, d
1.4.1

page_text: e, f, g, h; the punches 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, are held in a slot as seen in"
Figure 2, and are pressed' down by 'the downward motion of the keys on the"
steel bars and punch levers; F is the frame that carries the punches"; H is
the cutting plate where the paper" is perforated; G is the dividing 'lever
centred at I, and best seen in Figure 3; the short arm of G extends across
under the eight steel bars a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h; K, 'K' are two links fixed to the".
levers L, L'; M is a lever carrying the paul n; on the arbor o are fixed' the
ratchet wheel W and the drawing through roller S; there is another ratchet
wheel P, shewn by cutting away part of the wheel W; this wheel P has
opposite cut teeth to the wheel W, and on it is fixed the spring R; T and U'
are two pauls centred on the same arbor V; X and Y are two nipping rollers
pressed against the drawing roller by the springs i, i; Z is the friction clip to
hold the paper tight; s, s, s, s, is the paper band passing under the punches
and over the nipping roller X, under the drawing through roller, and then+
over the nipping roller Y. The steel lever bars are so arranged that the
dividing lever G shall draw through a quantity of paper, equal to the length of
the letter. The letters punched on the paper are shown in Figure 4. A is
three punch holes; B is one punch hole, one space, and then five holes; to
distinguish the end of a letter, a space of two punches is allowed, the space
between the parts of a letter being one punch; at the end of a word a space
equal' to four punches 'is passed through without any holes; this is done by
putting down the key marked "space" which moves down the lever G without
taking down any of the steel bars or punch levers. In Figure 2 is seen the
letter lever or key cut for the letter D. This letter is composed of two
holes, one space, and two holes; by pressing down with the finger the ivory
knob with the letter D upon it, the key D is depressed, taking along with .it
the steel bars a, b, d, e, carrying with them the punch levers and punches
The
1, 2, 4, 5, which punch the required number of holes in the paper.
bare being the longest lever down determines the distance; the short end of
the dividing lever G is depressed, the long end being elevated in proportion,
carrying up with it the links K, K', to which are fixed the levers L, L'; the
lever L brings up with it the paul in the teeth of the ratchet wheel P, which
winds up the spring R a distance equal to what is required; at the same time
the lever L is raised, carrying before it the measuring arm M, on which is
placed the paul-n; before beginning its upward motion the raised piece seen in
the 'dotted lever L' acts on the tail of the paul n, and raises it out of the teeth,
the height the lever G is raised determining the number of the teeth it will pass
over; T is the paul that holds what is wound, and drops into the teeth of the
ratchet P; U is the discharging' paul with a pin. p, on its side to be acted on

page_text: by the inclined end of the dotted lever L; the paul U drops into the ratchet
wheel W. On withdrawing the finger from the depressed key D, the steel
bar e rises, allowing the lever G to depress the links K, K', carrying down
with them the levers L, L'; the inclined end of the lever L' striking the pin p
on the paul U raises it out of the teeth, which allows the spring R to throw
round the arbor O, and with it the drawing roller S, so carrying forward
the paper s, s.
The distance discharged is always equal to the distance
wound up, and the length of letter or number of punches required to make it
determines the number of teeth or length of spring to be wound and
discharged. For instance, in the letter D, the distance from the centre E to
the bare measured the throw of the dividing lever G, causing it to extend
over seven teeth, each tooth giving the distance of one punch. In the case of
a long letter, such as J, the steel bar h would be depressed, and cause the
dividing lever G to measure off and discharge ten teeth, which gives one hole,
one space, and six holes, and two spaces for the end of the letter. The steel
bars a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, are at the distances of 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, from the
centre E, and each winds and discharges a number of teeth equal to these
numbers. The letter E is one punched hole, to punch which the steel bar a
would be depressed, which would wind and discharge three teeth, which gives
the distance of one hole and two spaces for the end of the letter. Figure 5
shews the letters recorded from the punched strip of paper on my improved
relay and receiving instrument, as herein-before described.
My eighth improvement consists in the construction of a composing or
perforating machine, in which I use the power of magnetism instead of the
pressure of the finger to punch and throw through the paper band. This is
done by simply making contact with the number of magnets required to make
each letter.
Figure 6, Sheet 3, is a plan, and Figure 7 is a front view, of my electro-
magnetic punching machine. On a central rod A, A, I place eight tubes
B, B, &c., the one passing through the other; on each of these tubes I fix the
armatures B, B, &c., under which are placed the electro-magnets C, C; the
punch levers and punches 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, are also fixed on the tubes, so
that when the armatures are attracted by their electro-magnets the punches
are at the same time depressed, thus perforating the paper s, s, seen passing
under the punches. M is the electro-magnet to draw through the paper when
punched; E is its armature centred at F; the armature E is over the central
arbor F, and is extended to the ratchet wheel at E'. On the central arbor F is
fixed the dividing lever G, G, the short end of which is placed above the
armature E, the long arm of G extending under the letter keys; on this long

page_text: arm are fixed cross pieces at right angles to it, on which the letter keys rest.
The letter knobs are seen in Figure 6, with the. letters of the alphabet marked
upon them.
The distance of each letter, knob from the fulcrum F is, so
arranged that the dividing lever when depressed by any one of the letter knobs
shall measure the quantity of paper to be drawn through equal to the length
of that letter. The drawing through spring and ratchet wheels are the same
as described in the last machine, and shewn on the same Sheet in Figures 2
and 3. H is a paul fixed to the armature lever E at E¹; on H is a pin i,
which takes into a slot on the bent lever 1, 1; k is another pin on the paul H,
which strikes the tail of the discharging paul m, m; n is the measuring arm,
on which is the paul o; a, a, a, &c., are the letter knobs and stems, which,
when depressed, carry down the dividing lever G until the shoulder piece b
makes contact with the connecting wires c, c, c, &c. of the punching magnets
C, C; all the letter knobs are depressed to the same distance in punching the
letters. The battery circuit of the drawing-through magnet M is continued
through the letter knobs, any knob being depressed; the circuit is therefore
broken until the knob returns to its place again, which takes place when the
finger is raised. I is another spring contact maker for the same circuit. The
magnet M does not act unless the letter knobs are all up, and at the same
time the magnet lever E makes contact with the piece I. To punch the
letter D the knob on which D is marked is depressed, carrying down with it
the dividing arm G; the knob D has then made contact with the four 'punch
magnets required to perforate the letter D; the armatures are therefore
attracted, and the punch levers depressed, forcing the punches through the
paper. The depressing of the long arm of the dividing lever G raised the short
arm from the top of the armature E of the magnet M; the armature E' then
follows it up by a spring, so depressing the long arm of the lever E until the
paul H passes down over seven ratchet teeth at the same time by the bent
lever,, raising the measuring arm n with its paul'o out of the teeth of the
other ratchet to the height of seven teeth, the long arm of the armature
lever E making contact also at the same time with the piece I, but the
magnet M cannot attract the armature E until the letter knob is allowed to
rise, and so complete the circuit of the magnet M. The punch magnets
having punched the letter D, the knob is allowed to rise, which completes the
circuit of the battery with the magnet M; it therefore attracts its armature E,
and raises the long lever E, E¹, the paul H winding up seven teeth of the
ratchet and spring, and when the armature has reached the face of the magnet
the pink in the paul H strikes the tail of the discharging paul m, m, out of
the teeth, and so allows the arbor and the drawing-through roller to carry

page_text: forward the punched letter. The circuit of the magnet M is also at the same
time cut off by the armature lever E rising and breaking contact at the spring
piece I. The letters requiring a short space of paper are placed furthest from
the centre F, E being the shortest letter, being made of one punch hole and
two spaces for the end of a letter. All the letters on the same cross bar
require the same length of paper, and the shoulders of the letter keys or knobs
are notched to suit the contact wires for the number of punch holes in the
letter.
My ninth improvement consists in the construction of a break or sending
instrument suitable for breaking and reversing the primary current of my
closed electro-magnetic induction coils, patented by me in 1852. The action
of this break is similar to that patented by me in 1850, and consists of a wheel
so formed as to have alternate positive and negative copper pins round its
circumference, on which two copper rollers or discs are caused to rotate by the
friction of the pin wheel, and so always' clean the points of contact. The pin
wheel is made to turn round by the alternate motion of a lever or sending
handle, acting upon a ratchet wheel, each motion of the handle breaking and
reversing the primary current of the closed magnetic induction coil, thereby
producing in the secondary or line circuit two separate currents, but both in
the same direction, which act upon my improved relay and recording instru-
ment, each motion of the handle producing on the distant instrument one dot,
and so forming letters, as previously described. I also attach to this sending
instrument a recording or check apparatus, by which a fac-simile is produced
of every letter or signal that has been sent into the line circuit. By this
machine errors can at once be detected and traced to the operator. The sheet
produced by this means becomes a correct copy of every transaction, that has
passed through the line, and can be retained at the office for reference and
comparison.
Figure 1, Sheet 4, shows a front view of my improved sending and recording
instrument. The sending part of the machine is at the right hand; and
Figure 2 shews an end view of the sending handle and break; Figure 3 shews
an end view of the recording part of this instrument.
I will first describe the sending or reversing break. P and N are two
separate wheels, each cut into five divisions; they are then screwed together
but insulated from each other. The divisions of the wheel P are placed
between the divisions of the wheel N, and so form a wheel of ten alternate
divisions; into each division is fitted a stout copper pin a, a, &c., held by the
set screw s, s, &c. The side N of the wheel is in connection with the arbo
of the instrument, but the side P is insulated from the other parts of the

page_text: instrument, and connected by the boss B to the connecting spring C.. The
boss of the side N extends, as seen by the dotted lines, to the ratchet wheel
W, the wheel W being fixed on the boss of N; over the boss, and insulated
from it is placed the arm D; E is a spindle working in a step F fixed on the
boss of the bent arm D, the upper end of the spindle E working in the arm D;
G is a copper disc fixed on the spindle E, and pressed down upon the copper
pin a by the spring H acting on the spindle E. The arm D is connected to
one end of the primary wire; I is the other copper roller or disc connected to
the other end of the primary circuit. The roller I is fixed on the spindle K,
and works in the two projecting arms L, L, of the upright support M; O is
a spring that presses the disc I against the battery pin a in the break wheel.
The spring C, which belongs to the P side of the break, is connected to the
positive pole of the battery, and the side N is connected to the negative pole
through the arbor of the instrument. The arbor R is firmly screwed into the
upright support piece S; on the support S is fixed an arm T, on which the
bent lever U, U, is centred. On the boss B of the break is fixed an insulated
ratchet wheel V, into the teeth of which the pauls X, Y, are placed. Z is the
sending handle or lever centred on the arbor R of the machine; the handle
lever Z carries a swallow tail piece b, which acts as a stop against the upright
support S; c is a link connecting the handle Z to the bent lever U, U. The
break is free to rotate on the arbor R. When the handle Z is pulled forward
in the direction of the arrow, Figure 2, the paul X causes the break to rotate
one division forward, breaking and reversing the primary circuit, and pro-
ducing an induced line current which acts on the distant relay, and dots one
on the recording instrument. On pushing the handle Z back again, the
paul Y, by the action of the bent lever U, rotates the break another division
forward, the break always going round in the same direction; by the last
motion of the handle the primary circuit was broken and reversed, so causing
an opposite line current to act on the distant relay, and print another dot.
For every alternate motion of the sending lever a line current is produced,
and so by counting and spacing, the letters and words are formed, as previously
described.
I will now describe the recording or check instrument which I attach to
this break or sending machine. On the arbor R, R, which is fixed into the
upright support S, I place a drum d, round one end of which is cut a screw e;
this screw takes into the traversing rack f. On the same arbor R I place a
long tube g, having a feather or projecting piece h; the feather h carries
round the drum d. On the end of the feather tube g is fixed a toothed
wheel i, also seen in Figure 3. k is an escape wheel with its escapement I

page_text: and pendulum m; on the escape wheel arbor is fixed the pinion n, which
takes into the teeth of the large wheel i; o is the spring fastened to the
tube p, on which is fixed the ratchet wheel r; W is the winding wheel fixed
on the boss of the break, and turns round with it; is a paul fixed on the side
of the ratchet wheel r, which takes into the teeth of the ratchet wheel W
when the spring requires winding; on the side of the ratchet r is an arrange-
ment for carrying up the pault when the spring is wound. The pin u.on the
side of the large wheel i, pressing on the inclined piece v, throws down the
pault into the ratchet wheel W, which by the action of the. break again, winds
up the spring, the paul being raised out of the teeth by the fixed. piece w
carrying up the pin x on the side of the inclined piece v; y is a paul which
holds the spring from running back again, and so causes the escape wheel and
pinion to rotate the drum forward. a', a', Figure 1, are two levers centred
at b¹, which extend by the horizontal arbors to b¹ at the left hand of the
traversing rack f; c', c', are the two printing levers moved by the alternate
pins s, s, in the side of the break acting on the levers a¹, a'; d¹ is the small
roller that lines the paper; e¹, e¹, are the springs that recover the printing
levers c¹, c', and cause them to dot on the drum d, and then instantly stand
clear of the drum again; f is a folding support centred at g¹; into f¹ is fixed
the traversing rack f, the other end of which is centred at h². By unscrewing
the thumb screw, the end of the arbor R is allowed to clear the folding
support; the support f is then folded over, carrying with it the traversing
rack clear of the screw e on the drum d, at the same time throwing back
the line wheel d¹; the drum d can then be withdrawn from the arbor R, and
a fresh paper put round it; k¹ is a contact spring put into the primary circuit
to cut off the contact when the signalling is finished; is the piece where the
circuit is completed. The lever m¹ is acted on by the pins in the break,
every motion of the sending handle throwing the detent n' out of the teeth of
the wheel, which allows the spring o' to carry up the spring k¹, and complete
contact with until the signalling is stopped, when it is again carried down
by the motion of the toothed wheel i, and so breaks contact again. The
whole instrument is enclosed in a case, which may be made the operator's or
sender's desk; the sending lever alone comes through the case. At the left
end of the case or desk is a door large enough to allow of the drum being taken
off the arbor.
If it is required to produce a copy of every message that has been sent
through the cable or line, then the drum d is surrounded with a sheet of
carbonized paper; over this is placed the sheet of paper which is to receive
and retain the copy of the signals. The drum d is then placed on the

page_text: arbor R, and the door locked, when it is impossible to signal through the line
without producing a fac-simile of what is sent. The first motion of the handle Z
moves the lever m¹, Figure 3, and causes the primary contact to be, completed
by the spring k¹ making contact with the piece ; the break also moves on
one division which has sent an induced current to the distant station, and so
records one dot on the receiving instrument. The handle moving has also
wound up the spring enough to carry the drum forward the space of one .dot,
and the distance allowed at the end of a word; one of the alternate pins s in
the side of the break by striking the lever a¹ caused the printing lever c¹ to
dot one on the drum d, the wheel d¹ making the division line by pressing on
the paper; the paper is lined exactly the same as the distance between the
teeth of the traversing rack, the dots being in the distance between the lines:,
The drum d is, by the action of the spring, rotating slowly, at the same time it
is traversing along the arbor R towards the break, the teeth of the rack causing
the paper on the drum to be traced by a long spiral line. The speed of the
drum d is regulated according to the rate of signalling by the pendum and
springs, as before described in my receiving instrument. The next action of
the handle will again reverse the break, printing another dot on the distant
receiving instrument, and at the same time recording another dot on the drum,
the time between the signals being exactly shown by the distance between the
dots on the paper of the drum d. If intelligible signals or letters are sent
along the line, then they will be recorded as such on the drum; but if badly
manipulated, so as to be unintelligible, then the sheet on the drum will at
one show it to be the operator's fault. Should a portion of time be allowed
without signalling longer than what the drum spring will carry the drum
forward, then the motion ceases until the next signal or motion of the sending
handle, thus preventing a waste of the paper on the drum, by the pin u in the
toothed wheel i coming round the paul t, is caused to drop into the teeth of
the winding wheel W, so that the spring is always wound when it requires it.
When the drum d has reached the end of the rack f it stops the action of the
sending handle Z. The drum must then be withdrawn, and a fresh paper put
upon it. By this machine it is impossible that the clerk can send any.
information to the distant station without its being recorded against him. The
dots forming the letters and words are zig-zag, exactly the same as herein-
before described in my recording instruments.
:
Having now described the nature of my said Invention, and the manner in
which it is to be performed, I hereby claim as of my Invention,-
First, the combinations, adaptations, and applications of electric and

page_text: magnetic forces' for telegraphic purposes, shown and described in the first
part of this my Specification.
Second, the construction and arrangement of relays or distant pole changers,
as herein-before 'described, and the construction and employment of hollow
permanent magnets for relays, such relays being without springs or weights,
and in which the breaking of the local circuit-producing spark is effected
otherwise than at the point of contact, in the manner shown and described in
the second part of this my Spécification
Third, the combination of parts in the construction of a recording or
receiving telegraph apparatus, as herein-before described.
Fourth, forming alphabets for telegraphic purposes from dots alone, pro-
duced by the reversed currents through the relay and the alternating break in
the machine itself, as herein-before described.
Fifth, the combination of the aforesaid relay and reversing apparatus, for
the special purpose of breaking the current at the alternating break in the
machine instead of the relay, and causing the printing magnet in the said
recording apparatus to wind up a species of clockwork sufficient to draw
through the paper, all as herein-before described.
Sixth, the construction of the said clockwork with pendulum adjustment, to
regulate speed, in the manner shown and described in the third part of this
my Specification.
Seventh, the transmitting or sending instrument, worked by local magnetic
power in connection with a reversing break, carrying through strips of pre-
viously punched or perforated paper, and so working the line current alter-
nately to suit the relay and recording apparatus, in the manner shown and
described in the fourth part of this my Specification.
Eighth, the combination of the aforesaid transmitting instrument with the
means of producing electricity, patented by me in 1852, whereby the local
magnetic power is caused to produce induced currents of electricity for trans-
mission to the distant relay and recording instrument, and whereby the local
magnetic power of the magnet in the receiving instrument is utilized as a
reproducer of inductive force for a further station, in the manner shown and
described in the fifth part of this my Specification.
Ninth, the combination of parts forming a complete machine for the per-
foration of slips of paper for composing telegraphic messages, in the manner
shown and described in the sixth part of this my Specification.
Tenth, the combination of parts of the punching machine, especially
applicable to my improved relay, recording, and transmitting apparatuses,

page_text: described in the second, third, and fourth parts of this my Specification, in the
manner shown and described in the seventh part of this my Specification.
Eleventh, the combination of parts and employment of magnetic power
instead of lever power for the perforation of slips of paper, in the manner
shown and described in the eighth part of this my Specification.
Twelfth, the combination of parts carrying out the features in the reversing
break, described in the Specification of my Patent of 1850, to electric currents
generally, and the primary currents of induction coils, as described in the
Specification of my Patent of 1852, together with a local recording apparatus
or check on transmission, in the manner shown and described in the ninth part
of this my Specification.
And, thirteenth, the combination of the parts of my Invention, as set forth
in the second, third, fourth, and seventh parts of this my Specification, forming
together a complete automatic system of "Improvements in the Application
of Electricity for Telegraphic Purposes, and in Apparatus connected there-
with.
In witness whereof, I, the said Thomas Allan, have hereunto set my hand
and seal, this Twenty-ninth day of March, One thousand eight hundred
and sixty.
THOMAS ALLAN. (L.S.)