IMPROVEMENTS IN GOVERNORS FOR REGULATING THE SPEED OF PRIME MOVERSCLAIMER AND MEMORANDUM OF ALTER
Year: 1870

page_text: the Firm of Tongue and Birbeck, Patent Agents and Engineers, of
34, Southampton Buildings, Chancery Lane, in the County of Middlesex,
for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN GOVERNORS FOR REGULATING THE
SPEED OF PRIME MOVERS." A communication from abroad by Edward
Albert
A
Buss and Wilhelm Buss, of the Firm of Buss Freres, Engineers, of Paris,
in the Empire of France, bearing date the Nineteenth day of January,
One thousand eight hundred and seventy, No. 161.
DISCLAIMER AND MEMORANDUM OF ALTERATION proposed to be filed
by Bernhard Augustus Schäffer and Christian Frederick Budenberg, trading'
under the style or firm of Schäffer and Budenberg, of Buckau Magdeburg, in
the Empire of Germany, the Assignees of the above-mentioned Letters Patent,
in the Great Seal Patent Office, with the Specification to which the same
relates, according to the Statute in that case made and provided.
i
Whereas since the date of the said Letters Patent and that of the filing of the.
said Specification thereof we have discovered that certain parts of the said
Invention, viz., an apparatus câlled a "cataract," illustrated by Figs. 11 and 12.
of the Drawings, is never used in practice, and it is described in such Specification
as an integral part and complement of the governor, and also the said "cataract" is
not mentioned or referred to in the Provisional Specification of the said Invention,
though described, illustrated, and claimed in the final Specification; therefore we
desire to disclaim such parts of the said Specification and Drawings as refer- or
relate to such "cataract," and to alter the same consistently with such disclaiming,
and we also desire to define the claim to the said Invention by striking out the
second claim in the said Specification."
NOW NOW YE that we, the said Bernhard Augustus Schäffer and Christian
Frederick Budenberg, by and with the leave of Her Majesty's Attorney General, do
hereby disclaim the paragraph commencing with the words "The improved.
apparatus," and ending with the words "more sensitive," on page 5 of the Speci-
fication, as printed by Her Majesty's Printers.

page_text: :
And we also further desire to amend the said Specification by omitting the
paragraph commencing with the words "From the description," on page 9 of the
said Specification, as printed by Her Majesty's Printers, to the words "composition
of this new governor," on page 10 of the said Specification.
And we further desire to amend the said Specification by striking out the second
claim as printed by Her Majesty's Printers.
And we also further desire to amend the said Specification by striking out
Figs. 11 and 12 in the Drawings of the said Specification as printed by Her
Majesty's Printers.
And in order that the effect of the present Disclaimer and Memorandum of
Alteration may be clearly shewn and understood, we will proceed to recite (omitting
the preamble and testing clause) the said Specification as proposed to be hereby
amended.
This Invention relates to improvements in apparatus well known under the
general name as governors, acting by centrifugal force or rotating pendulums, which
are intended to maintain a steam engine or other prime mover to which they may
be applied at as regular and uniform a speed as possible.
These improvements in this mechanical agent, which plays so important a part in
steam engines, are such that they constitute a novel instrument of great precision
acting upon the same principle as many others intended for the same purpose, that
is to say, by the effect of centrifugal force.
An
According to one part of this Invention two weights are arranged on each
pendulum of the governor in the same plane passing through a vertical axis.
ordinary rotating governor may take all possible forms; two points may always be
taken which answer to the equation of equilibrium given for the pendulum. 'If
these two points are found united in one, the ordinary rotating governor may
always preserve the same from answering wholly the equation of equilibrium,
conditions which together form the basis of the ordinary conical pendulum. In
this single governor there is the well-known equation of equilibrium h
most common formula h = const. is equally applicable to the equilibrium
pendulum of the governor.
. two
A
W 2
$
=
the
The improved apparatus constructed according to this Invention, termed a
" rotating astatic governor," differs essentially from the ordinary conical pendulum
governor both in its form and mode of action. Thus, for example, in this arrange-
ment the centre of gravity of the weights is so chosen that within a certain
determined limit this pendulum is in a position of stable equilibrium; whatever
may be the angular speed whilst outside these two limits it can only assume a position
of unstable equilibrium. At the points of transition between stable and unstable
equilibrium the pendulum is in neither of the two states of equilibrium ; it is in
neutral equilibrium. Generally the action of a similar pendulum near the indicated
points is very near to being neutral. If then such a form is given to the pendulum
that these two points of transition from' stable equilibrium to unstable equilibrium
be not too far apart, a pendulum will be obtained that will be nearly in neutral
equilibrium between these two points: According to this Invention the angle
within which the pendulum is found in stable equilibrium is utilized, the limit in
each direction between the two points of transition or neutral equilibrium.
It is found by careful calculation that an amount or amplitude of oscillation of
about 20° corresponds with an insignificant difference of speed; therefore this angle
has been adopted in governors constructed according to this Invention..
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS..
Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 of the annexed Drawings show several views and parts
separately of one of these improved regulators suitable for small steam engines or
other prime movers.
-
Figures 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 show similar views of another arrangement of parts
sonable of summing a moistenes druble that of the nusending ona

page_text: .
6th. Two small studs, four axes, and a key.
In the Drawing the bracket B, which is firmly fixed upon the vertical axis, is
composed of one centre part and two supporting arms, combined together as shown,
or in any other suitable manner.
The essential parts of the rotating pendulum are the two weights G and G', and
the two arms P, p, and P', and p¹. The arrangement adopted in this instance
requires the arms P, P₁, to be forked, and to give the levers p, p¹, the form shown
in the Drawing. The weights G at one end of the pendulums have in this arrange-
ment a spherical form, and the weights Q, Q, at the other end a cylindrical form,
in which a curved slot is formed.
The second pendulum is, as above stated, very similar to the preceding one.
Each of the small rods or links is connected at the upper part by means of studs
with one of the pendulums, and at the lower part with the sliding coupling M.
The two rods or links transmit the movements of the pendulum to the sliding
coupling M..
.
A feather or feathers upon the rotating axis pass into a groove formed in the
interior of the sliding coupling and cause it to turn with the rotating axis, and at
the same time limit the vertical amount of movement of the sliding coupling.
When the speed of the prime mover is augmented, and consequently that of the
governor, the pendulum then acts so that the balls G, G', move out from the axis
whilst the two cylindrical weights Q, Q', rise, consequently the sliding coupling
is raised along the vertical axis, and on the contrary when the angular speed
diminishes, exactly the reverse takes place. It will thus be seen that these
governors differ in an essential manner from the ordinary conical pendulum as
much in exterior form as in the mode of action, such being the basis of the difference
which exists between this novel apparatus and the existing governors acting by
centrifugal force.
The governors shown by Figures 1 to 10 are both arranged and calculated so as
to fulfil the conditions indicated, that is to say, so as to describe a certain angle in.
the limits of which they will be found in the position of stable equilibrium, in
all positions.
The degree or amplitude of oscillation of the pendulum is regulated as before
stated by the key or feather, and the groove in the sliding coupling as exactly as
possible, so that the pendulum can only travel in either direction as far as the points
of transition or of neutral equilibrium. In order to compensate for slight imper-
fections in the workmanship or construction of these pendulums, or if they do not
act exactly as desired, a regulating or adjusting screw 8 is employed, which is
arranged in each of the cylindrical weights Q of each pendulum. By adjusting the
position of these regulating screws where necessary the defects of manufacture in the

page_text: pendulum may be very well corrected. If for example the two points of transition
or of neutral equilibrium are too far separated one from the other the regulating
screws must be moved, so that they approach the axis. If on the contrary the two
points of transition are too near one to the other, the regulating screws must be
moved in the opposite direction. By the aid of the regulating screws the power
is obtained of augumenting the sensibility of the apparatus at will.
To give a finished governor the necessary sensibility, that is to say, to remedy
either the want or the excess of distances of the points of transition, the following
means may be employed :-
care
A
1st. The governor may be put in movement by the steam engine or other prime
mover by the aid of a pair of cones and a belt, eene, being taken that the pressure
of the steam and the resistance opposed to the.engine remain as nearly as possible
constant, and the movement may be regulated as much as possible by an ordinary
governor. The angles of variation given by the pendulum may then be measured
when the belt is passed on to different sizes of pulleys.
2nd. The experiment will be much more conclusive if the steam engine regulated
as described is replaced by a clockwork movement of sufficient power.
The red lines in Figure 1 show the extreme positions of the pendulum arms. These
improved governors, besides the perfection obtained without great complication,
present the advantage of making the movable arms describe (even when they are
very short) but a very small are of a circle, and consequently the centrifugal force
has only a very weak action upon the axes, seeing that the weight of the pendulum
is divided on each side of the vertical axis, circumstances which greatly contribute
to diminish friction in the apparatus.
Having thus described the nature of the Invention, and the manner in which the
same is carried into practice, what is claimed under the above in part recited Letters
Patent is, the arrangements and combinations of mechanical parts or other equivalents
constituting the improved governors herein-before described and shown at Figures 1,
2, 3, 4, and 5, and at Figures 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 of the Drawings hereunto annexed.
And we, the said Bernhard Augustus Schäffer and Christian Frederick Budenberg,
hereby further declare that the above Disclaimer and Memorandum of Alteration
are not, nor is any part thereof, intended to extend the exclusive right granted
by the said Letters Patent, and these Presents shall not extend the said exclusive
right in any way whatever.
In witness whereof, I, the said Christian Frederick Budenberg, on behalf of
myself and the said Bernhard Augustus Schäffer, have hereunto set my hand
and seal, this Third day of May, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight
hundred and seventy-eight.
I hereby grant my Fiat, giving leave to the above-named Bernhard Augustus
Schäffer and Christian Frederick Budenberg, the Assignees of the above-mentioned
Letters Patent, to file in the Great Seal Patent Office, with the Specification to
which the same relates, the above-written Disclaimer and Memorandum of
Alteration.

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Garrett Tongue, of the Firm of Tongue
and Birkbeck, Patent Agents and Engineers, of 34, Southampton
Buildings, Chancery Lane, in the County of Middlesex, for the
Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN GOVERNORS FOR REGULATING THE SPEED OF
PRIME MOVERS."-A communication from abroad by Eduard Buss
and Wilhelm Albert Buss, of the Firm of Buss, freres, Engineers,
of Paris, in the Empire of France.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Garrett Tongue
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 19th January 1870.
I, JOHN GARRETT TONGUE, of the Firm of Tongue and Birkbeck,
Patent Agents and Engineers, of 34, Southampton Buildings, Chancery
Lane, in the County of Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of the
said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN GOVERNORS FOR REGULATING THE SPEED
OF PRIME MOVERS," to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to apparatus known as governors acting by
centrifugal force or rotating pendulums which are intended to maintain

page_text: '
a steam engine or other prime mover to which they may be applied at as
regular and uniform a speed as possible.
According to this Invention two weights are arranged on each
pendulum of the governor in a plane passing through the vertical axis.
The pendulums are in the form of bell cranks or angular levers, the one
arm of the lever extending across the rotating axis and the other in the
ordinary direction of the pendulum of a governor. These levers move on
axes supported on each side of the rotating axis in the usual manner.
The weights are arranged at each end of the pendulum, the centre of
oscillation of the pendulums being between such weights..
The apparatus constructed according to this Invention is termed a
rotating astatic pendulum. The centre of gravity of the weights is
chosen in such a manner that within a certain determined limit this
pendulum is in a position of stable equilibrium, whatever may be the
angular speed, whilst without these two limits it can only take a position
of unstable equilibrium. At the two points of transition between stable
and unstable equilibrium the pendulum is in neither of the two states of
equilibrium; it is in neutral equilibrium.
According to this Invention the angle within which the pendulum is
found is stable equilibrium is utilized, the limit in cach direction being
the two points of transition or neutral equilibrium. And it is found
that with an amount of oscillation of about 20° there is an insignificant
difference of speed, and this angle is adopted in governors constructed
according to this Invention.
The parts of which each of the governors is composed are the fol-
lowing:-
A vertical axis transmitting the movement.
A double-forked bracket mounted upon the rotating axis and support-
ing the pendulums.
Two corresponding pendulums or vibrating arms of peculiar form
which form the rotating pendulum, and which are provided with regulating
The essential parts of the rotating pendulum are the two weights and
the two arms. The weights at one end of the pendulums may have a
special form and the weights at the other end a cylindrical form and be

page_text: formed with a groove in the arc of a circle. Each of the small links is
• connected by means of studs with one of the pendulums and with the
sliding coupling. These two links transmit the movements of the
pendulum to the sliding coupling. A feather or feathers upon the
rotating axis pass into a groove formed in the interior of the sliding
coupling and cause it to turn with the rotating axis, and at the same
time limit. the vertical amount of movement of the sliding coupling.
When the speed of the prime mover is augmented, and consequently
that of the governor, the pendulum then acts so that the balls separate
from the axis whilst the two cylindrical weights risc. Consequently the
sliding coupling is raised along the vertical axis, and on the contrary
when the angular speed diminishes exactly the reverse takes place.. The
degree of oscillation of the pendulum is regulated by the feather and
the groove in the sliding coupling as exactly as possible, so that the
pendulum may travel in either direction only to the points of transition
or of neutral equilibrium.
If the pendulum does not act exactly as desired a regulating screw is
arranged in each of the cylindrical weights of each pendulum, and by
placing these regulating where necessary the defects of manufacture in
the pendulum may be corrected. If, for example, the two points of
transition or of neutral equilibrium are too far separated one from the
other the regulating screws must be moved so that they approach the
axis. If, on the contrary, the two points of transition are too near one
to the other the regulating screws must be moved in the opposite
direction. By the aid of these regulating screws the power is obtained
of augmenting the sensibility of the apparatus at will. To give to
finished pendulum the necessary sensibility, that is to say, to remedy
either the want or the excess of distance of the points of transition
the following means may be employed :-The governor may be put in
movement by the steam engine by the aid of a pair of cones and a belt,
care being taken that the pressure of the steam and the resistance
opposed to the engine remain as nearly as possible constant, and the
movement may be regulated as much as possible by an ordinary governor.
The anglès of variation given by the pendulum may then be measured
when the belt is passed on different sizes of pullies.
•
1
. The experiment will be much more conclusive if the steam engine
regulated as described is replaced by a clockwork movement of: sufficient

page_text: power. The amplitude of the pendulum may be regulated by means of
collars upon the rotating axis.
Governors constructed according to this Invention are extremely
sensible, and act instantly and effectively with but trifling variations of
speed.
Governors constructed according to this Invention may be considerably
varied in size and form. A great improvement is obtained without great
complication. The moveable arms describe a very small arc of a circle,
even though such arms are very short; therefore the centrifugal force
has only a very feeble action upon the centres of oscillation, the weight
of the pendulum being divided on each side of the vertical axis, and the
effect of friction in the apparatus being greatly diminished.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said John Garrett Tongue in the Great Scal Patent
Office on the 9th July 1870.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHN
GARRETT TONGUE, of the Firm of Tongue and Birkbeck, Patent Agents
and Engineers, of 34, Southampton Buildings, Chancery Lane, in the
County of Middlesex, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Nineteenth day of January, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy, in the thirty-
third year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto me, the said John Garrett Tongue, Her special
licence that I, the said John Garrett Tongue, my executors, adminis-
trators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said John Garrett Tongue,
my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with,
and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during
the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise,
and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
GOVERNORS FOR REGULATING THE SPEED OF PRIME MOVERS," a communi-
cation to me from abroad by Eduard Buss and Wilhelm Albert Buss, of

page_text: the most common formula h=const. is equally applicable to
the equilibrium pendulum of the governor.
The improved apparatus constructed according to this Invention
termed a "rotating astatic governor" differs essentially from the ordinary
conical pendulum governor both in its form and mode of action. Thus,
for example, in this arrangement the centre of gravity of the weights is
so chosen that within a certain determined limit this pendulum is
in a position of stable equilibrium whatever may be the angular speed,
whilst outside these two limits it can only assume a position of unstable
equilibrium. At the two points of transition between stable and unstable
equilibrium the pendulum is in neither of the two states of equilibrium;
it is in neutral equilibrium. Generally the action of a similar pendulum
near the indicated points is very near to being neutral. If, then, such
a form is given to the pendulum that these two points of transition
from stable equilibrium to unstable equilibrium be not too far apart a 1
pendulum will be obtained that will be nearly in neutral equilibrium
between these two points.
According to this Invention the angle within which the pendulum is
found in stable equilibrium is utilized, the limit in cach direction between
the two points of transition or neutral equilibrium.
It is found by careful calculation that an amount or amplitude of
oscillation of about 20° corresponds with an insignificant difference of
speed; therefore this angle has been adopted in governors constructed
according to this Invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS.
Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 of the annexed Drawings show several views
and parts separately of one of these improved regulators suitable for
small steam engines or other prime movers; Figures 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10
show similar views of another arrangement of parts capable of over-
coming a resistance double that of the preceding onc.
The Drawings show two governors which differ in their mode of
construction in order to show the small variations in details of which
the apparatus is susceptible without departing from the principle or
mode of action.
Figure 1 is a front elevation of the whole of the apparatus; Figure 2
is a side view; Figure 3, a plan; Figures 4 and 5 are perspective views
of the principal parts detached.
9

page_text: It will be seen that Figures 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 are very similar to the
preceding Figures; the same description will therefore apply to the two
governors shown in the Drawings.
The essential parts of which each governor is composed are the
following 1st, a vertical axis transmitting the movement; 2nd, a
double forked bracket B mounted upon the rotating axis and supporting
the pendulums which swing upon the axes or arbors a, a¹; 3rd, two
corresponding pendulous or vibrating arms P, p, and P¹, p', of peculiar
form, which constitute the rotating pendulum and which are provided
with regulating screws; 4th, two small rods or links; 5th, a sliding
coupling M; 6th, two small studs, four axes, and a key.
In the Drawing the bracket B which is firmly fixed upon the vertical
axis is composed of one centre part and two supporting arms combined
together as shown, or in any other suitable manner. The essential parts
of the rotating pendulum are the two weights G and G¹, and the two
arms P, p, and P¹ and p¹. The arrangement adopted in this instance requires
the arms P, P¹, to be forked and to give the levers p, p¹, the form shown
in the Drawing. The weights G at one end of the pendulums have in
this arrangement a spherical form, and the weights Q, Q, at the other
end a cylindrical form, in which a curved slot is formed. The second
pendulum is as above stated very similar to the preceding one. Each
of the small rods or links is connected at the upper part by means of
studs with one of the pendulums and at the lower part with the sliding
coupling M. The two rods or links transmit the movements of the
pendulum. to the sliding coupling M. A feather or feathers upon the.
rotating axis pass into a groove formed in the interior of the sliding
coupling and cause it to turn with the rotating axis, and at the same
time limit the vertical amount of movement of the sliding coupling.
When the speed of the prime mover is augmented and consequently that
of the governor the pendulum then acts so that the balls G, G', move
out from the axis, whilst the two cylindrical weights Q, Q¹ rise, con-
sequently the sliding coupling is raised along the vertical axis, and on
the contrary when the angular speed diminishes exactly the reverse
takes place. It will thus be seen that these governors differ in an
essential manner from the ordinary conical pendulum as much in exterior
form as in the mode of action, such being the basis of the difference
.

page_text: which exists between this novel apparatus and the existing governors
acting by centrifugal force.
The governors shown by Figures 1 to 10 are both arranged and
calculated so as to fulfil the conditions indicated, that is to say, so as
to describe a certain angle in the limits of which they will be
found in the position of stable equilibrium, whilst beyond this angle
there will be but an unstable equilibrium in all positions. The degree
or amplitude of oscillation of the pendulum is regulated as before stated
by the key or feather and the groove in the sliding coupling as exactly
as possible, so that the pendulum can only travel in either direction as
far as the points of transition or of neutral equilibrium. In order to
compensate for slight imperfections in the workmanship or construction
of these pendulums, or if they do not act exactly as desired, a regulating
or adjusting screws is employed, which is arranged in each of the cylin-
drical weights Q of each pendulum. By adjusting the position of these
regulating screws where necessary the defects of manufacture in the
pendulum may be very well corrected. If, for example, the two points
of transition or of neutral equilibrium are too far separated one from the
other, the regulating screws must be moved so that they approach the
axis. If, on the contrary, the two points of transition are too near one
to the other, the regulating screws must be moved in the opposite
direction. By the aid of these regulating screws the power is obtained
of augmenting the sensibility of the apparatus at will.
To give to a finished governor the necessary sensibility, that is to say,
to remedy either the want or the excess of distances of the points of
transition, the following means may be employed:-1st. The governor
may be put in movement by the steam engine or other prime mover by
the aid of a pair of cones and a belt, care being taken that the pressure
of the steam and the resistance opposed to the engine remain as nearly
as possible constant, and the movement may be regulated as much as
possible by an ordinary governor. The angles of variation given by
the pendulum may then be measured when the belt is passed on to
different sizes of pulleys. 2nd. The experiment will be much more.
conclusive if the steam engine regulated as described is replaced by a
clockwork movement of sufficient power.
The red lines in Figure 1 show the extreme positions of the pendu-
These improved governors, besides the perfection obtained
lum arms.

page_text: without great complication, present the advantage of making the
moveable arms describe (even when they are very short) but a very
small are of a circle, and consequently the centrifrugal force has only
a very weak action upon the axes, seeing that the weight of the pen-
dulum is divided on each side of the vertical axis, circumstances which
greatly contribute to diminish friction in the apparatus.
"
From the description given of the apparatus its operation will be
understood so far as it is a governor acting under the influence of cen-
trifugal force, but as a slight difference of speed corresponds with the
relatively large amplitude of movement of the arms, it follows that
if it is not suitably arranged upon the engine equilibrium may not be
disturbed and the regulating effect may not be obtained. Thus it may
happen that the pendulum after having hesitated and appeared to be
disturbed for a moment flies out all at once and manifestly passes the
position of equilibrium. To avoid this inconvenience it is necessary
so to construct the apparatus [that a suitable power is. opposed to
sudden movement of the sliding coupling. For this purpose, a novel
construction of "cataract is arranged to act in combination with the
improved governor, which fulfils the conditions that are proposed with
certainty, whereby the governor is rendered a very perfect instru-
ment in a practical point of view. Figures 11 and 12 show this
"cataract." Figure 11 is a vertical section; Figure 12 a horizontal
section. The cylinder g, g, is moveable around its axis a, which passes.
through the centre of gravity of the apparatus; a link b`or any other.
suitable mechanism connects the cylinder with the sliding coupling of the
governor, so that each position of the sliding collar corresponds to a
certain angle described by the cylinder of the "cataract." When the
sliding collar is in its intermediate position the cataract is in the
position shown at Figure 11. The cataract is partly filled with liquid
and the remaining space is occupied by air. A vertical partition
separates the upper part which is filled with air into two parts, and in
this partition a small opening o is formed capable of regulation at will."
When the "cataract" is in a state of repose for an instant the level of
the liquid is at the same height on each side, and the cylinder is in
equilibrium and does not seek to change its position. But if a rapid-
movement of the sliding collar turns the cylinder suddenly to a certain
angle the liquid will be forced to rise on one side and to sink for so.

page_text: much on the other side. It thus happens that from the beginning of the
change of position of the cylinder the centre of gravity of the liquid
leaving the vertical position gives rise to a moment of resistance which
opposes itself directly to this movement. On that side of the level
the most raised the air is found to be rarified, and on the other it is on
the contrary compressed. But by the continual passage of the air by
the opening o the different pressures of the air and thus the different
levels soon return to the position of equilibrium. The opening o being
well regulated the air when the cylinder moves slowly should pass in
sufficient quantity that very small differences of level arise, whilst when
a sudden movement occurs it brings about a perceptible disturbance of
the level of the liquid surfaces, and consequently a moment of resist-
ance sufficiently considerable. The annular partition shown on the
Drawing is intended to prevent an eddy from being produced in tho
apparatus. In order that the "cataract" may work suitably it is indis-
pensable to employ such a form that as soon as the level of the liquid is
established the apparatus is in equilibrium whatever be the angle which
it may, occupy. Apart from this any desired suitable form may be
given to it according to circumstances, as this system of governor
without the addition of the "cataract" previously described would be
liable to irregularities in the working of the steam engine or other
prime mover, and it is only by their combination that the governor
really produces its proper effect. It follows from this that the "cataract"
as well as the pendulum form integral parts of the apparatus and are
complements one of the other as being necessary to the composition of
this new governor.
Having thus described the nature of the Invention, and the manner
in which the same is carried into practice, what is claimed under the
above in part recited Letters Patent is,-
First. The arrangements and combinations of mechanical parts or
their equivalents constituting the improved governors herein-before
described and shown at Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, and at Figures 6, 7, 8,
9, and 10 of the Drawings hereunto annexed.
"cataract
and
"Second. The apparatus herein-before described as a
shown at Figures 11 and 12 of the Drawings, and further the applica-
tion of the said "cataract" or modified forms thereof so arranged as to:
act in combination with the improved governors previously described:

page_text: for the purpose of regulating the speed of steam engines or other prime
movers, substantially as herein described.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Garrett Tongue, have here-
unto set my hand and seal, this Ninth day of July in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy.
JOHN GARRETT TONGUE. (L.S.)