IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF EARTHENWARE PIPES FOR DRAINS AND SEWERS
Year: 1854

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Josiah George Jennings, of Great Charlotte Street,
Blackfriars, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF
EARTHENWARE PIPES FOR DRAINS AND SEWERS."
Sealed the 4th August 1854, and dated the 6th May 1854.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Josiah George Jennings
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
6th May 1854.
I, JOSIAH GEORGE JENNINGS, of Great Charlotte Street, Blackfriars, do hereby
declare the nature of the Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF
EARTHENWARE PIPES FOR DRAINS AND SEWERS" to be as follows:-
This Invention consists of constructing pipes for drains and sewers with a
view to facilitate the laying down of pipes, and for getting at drains and
sewers for the purpose of cleansing the same, for repairs, and for other purposes.
These improvements consist of constructing what may be called junction or
coupling pipes, which are each made of two parts, with sockets at the ends, to
receive the ends of plain pipes, and such junction or coupling pipes are, when
desired, made for receiving branch pipes and bends. In order to give strength
to pipes for drains and sewers, I make them with screw or spiral ribs
externally, for causing the clay or plastic earth to be forced through revolving
dies.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Josiah George Jennings in the Great Seal Patent Office on
the 6th November 1854..
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOSIAH
GEORGE JENNINGS, of Great Charlotte Street, Blackfriars, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Sixth day of May, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-four, in the seventeenth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me,
the said Josiah George Jennings, Her special licence that I, the said Josiah
George Jennings, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as
I, the said Josiah George Jennings, my executors, administrators, and assigns,
should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all
times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might
make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IM-
PROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF EARTHENWARE PIPES FOR DRAINS AND SEWERS,"
upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Josiah George Jennings,
by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal, should particularly describe
and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same
was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent
Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the
said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Josiah George Jennings, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is
to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement thereof (that is to say) :-
This Invention consists of constructing pipes for drains and sewers with a
view to facilitate the laying down of pipes, and for getting at drains and sewers
for the purpose of cleansing the same, and for repairs, and for other purposes.
These improvements consist of constructing what may be called junction or
coupling pipes, which are cach made of two parts, with sockets at the ends, to
receive the ends of plain pipes, and such junction or coupling pipes are, when
desired, made for receiving branch pipes and bends. In order to give strength
to pipes for drains and sewers, I make them with screw or spiral ribs
exteriorly, by causing the clay or plastic carth to be forced through revolving
dies.

page_text: DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING.
Figure 1 shows some length of earthenware pipes constructed according to
my Invention; Figure 2 shows a short half pipe, having portions of sockets
at each end, so that when two of these are laid together they make a complete
length of pipe, receiving at the ends into the sockets the plain ends of two other
pipes of like bore or internal diameter. Some of these half pipes are made
with branches, either bent or straight, as shewn respectively at Figures
3 and 4. It will thus be seen, that in laying a drain or sewer according to my
Invention it will be composed of plain lengths of pipes a, a, and short junction
pipes in halves b, b, with or without branches c or d, as may be required. The
under junctions b, b, so to speak, act as chairs in a railway, but receive and
support the ends of plain pipes in place of rails, and I have in practice found
it convenient to call the under parts the chair pieces, and the, upper ones
saddle pieces. And for further convenience, in laying a drain or sewer, it is
desirable to have the plain pipes a, a, made of various lengths, so that the
parts b (more particularly where branches are required) may be caused to come
to the positions most convenient. And to ensure correctness of fall in the
drain or sewer, it is better to leave the saddle pieces b off till the last, by which
the flow of water through a drain may be seen; and in case of stoppage, in
place of breaking up parts of a drain or sewer, it will only be necessary to
remove the saddle pieces b. The length of the parts of pipes b may be varied,
but it is convenient not to have them too long, and their exterior form may be
varied from that shewn. I would state, in respect to this part of my Invention,
that I do not claim the manufacture of plain carthenware pipes, such as
shewn at a, a.
Another part of my Invention, as above stated, consists of making earthen-
ware pipes with screw or spiral ribs on the exterior surfaces; by this means
greater strength is obtained with truth of manufacture.
Figure 5 shows a length of earthenware pipe of the form I prefer to make
the ribs, but this may be varied; and in making these pipes, I arrange the die
through which the clay is expressed so as to be capable of revolving freely in a
suitable collar, and on the interior of the die it is formed with grooves of the
form desired to be given to the ribs; but these grooves are not parallel with
the central axis of the die, but slightly inclined thereto, so that as a pipe is
forced through such a die the die will slowly rotate, and thus will be produced

page_text: ribs on the exterior of the pipes, and such ribs will slightly incline to the central
axis of such pipes.
Having thus described the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner
the same is to be performed; I would have it understood that what I claim is,
the manufacturing of earthenware pipes for drains and sewers, as herein
described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Josiah George Jennings, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Third day of November, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-four.
JOSIAH GEORGE JENNINGS.
(L.S.)
Witness,
J. G. TONGUE.