IMPROVE- ..MENTS IN THE. PERMANENT WAY OF RAILWAYS
Year: 1864

page_text: ETTERS PATENT. .to John Henry Johnson, of 47, Lincoln's Inn Fields,
in the County of Middlesex, Gentleman, for the Invention of "IMPROVE-
..MENTS IN THE. PERMANENT WAY OF RAILWAYS, "-A communication from
abroad by Miguel de Bergue, of Barcelona, in the Kingdom of
. Spain.
Sealed the 30th September 1864, and dated the 6th April 1864.
PROVISIONAL. SPECIFICATION left by the said John Henry Johnson
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 6th April 1864....
1864.
I, JOHN HENRY JOHNSON, of 47, Lincoln's Inn Fields, in the County of
Middlesex, Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PERMANENT WAY OF RAILWAYS," a communication to
me from abroad by Miguel de Bergue, of Barcelona, in the Kingdom of Spain,
to be as follows:-
This invention relates to improvements in the sleepers, and modes of
securing the rails, and preserving the "can't" and guage of the rails in the
permanent way of railway's, and consists, according to "one arrangement, in
the employment of wrought or cast-iron transverse sleepers, which are rolled
or cast of a hollow or trough shape on the under side. This trough shape
may either be produced by curving downwards in a convex manner the sides
of the sleeper, or curving them inwardly or in a cóncave manner. Although
these forms are preferred other shapes may be employed presenting a hollow
[Price 8d.]

page_text: or trough in transverse section; or an undulated section might be used so as
to present three supporting points, the main bearing being in the centre line
of the sleeper. Some of these sleepers are made to extend across the way so
as to carry both the rails, and between them other intermediate sleepers of the
same form, but shorter, are employed. The desired cant or inclination of the
rail is obtained in a certain and exact manner by bending downwards or
depressing the longer sleepers more or less in the centre, according to the
degree of cant required. In securing the flat-bottomed rail to these several
sleepers, the tops or rail-bearing surfaces of which are made flat, it is proposed
to employ wrought or cast-iron clips placed on each side of the lower flange of
the rail, the clips being curved in such a manner as to rest at one end upon
the top of the sleeper; and at the other upon the flange or foot of the rail.
The clips are tightened down upon the rail flange by means of screw bolts
passing up through the sleeper and through the clips, and secured by a nut or
key, or by rivetting them over the clips; or the clips may be dispensed with,
and the rail rivetted or bolted down direct to the sleeper. The curved form
of the clips afford sufficient elasticity. to cause the nuts to remain tight when
once tightened up, and in order to hold the bolts more firmly it is preferred to
make their lower portions of a square section, the bolt holes in the sleeper and
clip being of a corresponding shape. These bolt holes are made just sufficient
apart to admit the rail foot, so that the two sides or edges of the foot will be
in contact with both the bolts. In securing the ordinary double-headed rails
to the sleepers above referred to, it is proposed, according to one arrangement,
to make an indent across the top of the sleeper of the exact width and form of
the rail foot or lower head, and to hold the rail down therein by means of
wrought or cast-iron angular clips placed on the outside of the rails only, and
provided with three separate bearing points. The one bearing point rests in a
notch in the surface of the sleeper, the second bears against the outer side of
the web of the rail, and the third presses down upon the foot or lower flange
or head. The clip is held firmly down in its place by a bolt passing through
the sleeper, and is tightened by a nut or key. This system of fastening may
also be applied to flat-bottomed rails if desired. In cases where it is preferred
to dispense with the indent across the top of the sleeper à separate wrought-
iron plate or chair may be employed provided with the indents for the rail and
clip, and this chair is held down upon the sleeper by the same bolt which
holds the clip and secures the rail in its place. If desired the sleepers, the
clips, and the separate plate or chair may be made by rolling in long lengths
and then cutting them transversely to the required size.
According to another system it is proposed to employ cast-iron plate sleepers

page_text: of a rectangular or other convenient form in plan, but having their under
surface formed by the intersection at right angles of two semi-cylinders with
their convex surfaces downwards, and having the edges of the semi-cylinders
expanded or turned outwards horizontally or nearly so, thereby leaving an
overhanging corner at each angle of the plate sleeper under which the ballast
is to be rammed. A raised edge is cast round the four sides of this plate
sleeper, on the upper surface thereof, and strengthening ribs are also cast
therein extending in pairs about 7" apart across the sleeper at right angles to
each other. The rail, which is flat-bottomed, rests upon two of these ribs,
which are slightly thickened for that purpose, and are provided with steps or
projections against which the outer edge of the flange of the rail foot bears:
The rail is held down upon the sleeper by a clip piece having two bearings,
the one upon the upper surface of the rail foot, inside the rails, and the other
upon a projecting rib cast for that purpose on the side of one of the before-
mentioned strengthening ribs, a notch being made in this part of the clip to
fit on to the top of the supporting projection. The clip is caused to press
down upon the rail-flange or foot by a bolt which is passed up through the
bottom of the sleeper and through the clip, over which a nut is screwed so as
to tighten the parts together. The side of the bolt should be in contact with
the inside of the rail flange or foot, and the clip should be situate midway.
between the two bearing ribs which carry the rail. These plate sleepers are
at desired intervals tied together to preserve the guage and "cant" of the rails
intact, the intermediate sleepers being left without tie bars, if preferred. It is
proposed to employ for this purpose strong wrought-iron tie bars, shaped
thus (3) or thus (I), which are bolted to the side of a projecting arm cast for
that purpose on those sleepers which are to be tied together; the flanges of
the bars fit accurately over the top and bottom inclined edges of the arm, and
these are the only parts in actual contact, as the web of the bar does not
touch the side of the arm. The parts are held securely by a bolt and nut, the
pressure or strain upon which prevents the nut from working. loose. By
having the arm cast on the sleeper at the proper angle, it is obvious that any
degree of "cant" or inclination of the rail may be obtained and maintained
with the guage in a perfect and permanent manner.
According to a third system it is proposed to employ chairs bolted to wooden
or other sleepers, either transverse or longitudinal; when longitudinal sleepers
are used the chair may have a projecting central web on its under side, which
will be situate between the inner sides of two longitudinal sleepers laid parallel
side by side, one end of the chair resting upon one sleeper, and the other end
upon the other sleeper, a space being left between the two, or a single sleeper

page_text: only may be used with a flat bottomed rail; it will simply require to have two
ribs cast thereon at right angles to the rail. and upon which the rail rests. A
projection or stop is cast on each of these ribs for the outer edge of the rail
foot to bear against. The rail is held in its place by a wrought or cast-iron
curved clip piece similar to the one herein-before first referred to, the clip
having one bearing upon the flange of the rail foot on the inside of the rail,
and another bearing upon the surface of the chair, which is notched or recessed
slightly at that part to receive this part of the clip. A bolt tightens the clip
down upon the rail foot or flange, and bears also against the inner edge of the
foot, the clip and bolt being situate midway between the two supporting ribs
on the chair.
According to another modification of this system suitable for single or
double-headed rails, the chair is cast with a single jaw, which bears against
the under side of the head of the rail on the outside thereof, whilst the
opposite side of the head of the rail rests upon a corresponding loose piece or
jaw, which bears upon the chair, and is held by a bolt passing through it and
through the rail and jaw of the chair. The rail is thus suspended with its
head resting upon the tops of the two jaws, whilst its foot may be left clear of
the chair. In both these arrangements the proper guage and "cant" are
maintained in an invariable manner by tie bars bolted to arms or lugs cast
at the proper angle on the chair, as described in reference to the cast-iron
plate sleepers, herein-before referred to.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said John Henry Johnson in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 6th October 1864.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHN
HENRY JOHNSON, of 47, Lincoln's Inn Fields,, in the County of Middlesex,
Gentleman, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Sixth day of April, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-four, in the twenty-seventh year of
Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto
me, the said John Henry Johnson, Her special license that I, the said
John Henry Johnson, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such
others as I, the said John Henry Johnson, my executors, administrators, or
assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time,
and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and

page_text: lawfully might make, usé, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PERMANENT WAY OF RAILWAYS," a commu-
nication to me from abroad by Miguel de Bergue, of Barcelona, in the
Kingdom of Spain, upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said John
Henry Johnson, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing
under my hand and seal, or under the hand and seal of one of them,
should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention,
and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same
to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months
next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said John Henry Johnson, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is
to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
..following statement, reference being had to the accompanying Drawings, and
to the letters and figures marked thereon, that is to say:-
The said Invention relates to improvements in the sleepers and modes of
securing the rails, and preserving the "cant" and guage of the rails in the
-permanent way of railways, and consists, according to one arrangement, in the
employment of wrought or cast iron transverse sleepers, which are rolled or cast
of a hollow or trough shape on the under side; this trough shape may either
be produced by curving downwards in a convex manner the sides of the
.sleeper, or curving them inwardly or in a concave manner. Although these
forms are preferred, other shapes may be employed presenting a hollow or
-trough in transverse section; or an undulated section might be used so as to
present three. supporting points, the main bearing being in the centre line of
the sleeper. Some of these sleepers are made to extend across the way so as
to carry both the rails, and between them other intermediate sleepers of the
same form, but shorter are employed. The desired cant or inclination of the
rail is obtained in a certain and exact manner by bending downwards or
depressing the longer. sleepers more or less in the centre according to the
degree of cant required. In securing the flat-bottomed rail to these several
sleepers, the tops or rail-bearing surfaces of which are made flat, it is pro-
posed to employ wrought or cast iron clips, placed on each side of the lower
flange of the rail, the clips being curved in such a manner as to rest at one
end upon the top of the sleeper, and at the other upon the flange or foot of
the rail. The clips are tightened down upon the rail flange by means of screw
bolts passing up through the sleeper, and through the clips, and secured by a
nut or key, or by rivetting them over the clips. Or the clips may be dis-

page_text: pensed with, and the rail rivetted or bolted down direct to the sleeper. The
curved form of the clips affords sufficient elasticity to cause the nuts to remain
-tight when once tightened up, and in order to hold the bolts more firmly it is
preferred to make their lower portions. of. a square section, the bolt holes in
.the sleeper and clip being of a corresponding shape. These bolt holes are
made just sufficient apart to admit the rail foot, so that the two sides or
edges of the foot will be in contact with: both the bolts. In securing the
ordinary "double-headed rails. to the sleepers above referred to, it is proposed,
'according to one arrangement, to make an indent across the top of the sleeper
of the exact width and form of the rail foot or lower head, and to hold the
rail down therein by means of wrought or cast iron angular clips placed. on
the outside of the rails only, and provided with three separate bearing points.
The one bearing point rests in a notch in the surface of the sleeper, the second
bears against the outer side of the web of the rail, and the third presses down
upon the foot or lower flange or head. The clip is held firmly down in its
place by a bolt passing through the sleeper, and is tightened by a nut or key.
This system of fastening may also be applied to flat-bottomed rails if desired.
In cases where it is preferred to dispense with the indent across the top of
the sleeper, a separate wrought-iron plate or chair may be employed pro-
vided with the indents for the rail and clip, and this chair is held down upon
the sleeper by the same bolt which holds the clip and secures the rail in its
place.
According to another system it is proposed to employ cast-iron plate sleepers
of a rectangular or other convenient form in plan, but having their under surface
formed by the intersection at right angles of two semi-cylinders or segments of
a cylinder with their convex surfaces downwards, and having the edges of the
semi-cylinders expanded or turned outwards horizontally, or nearly so, thereby
leaving an overhanging corner at each angle of the plate sleeper under which
the ballast is to be rammed. A raised edge is cast round the four sides of
this plate sleeper on the upper surface thereof, and strengthening ribs are also
'cast therein extending in pairs about 7" apart across the sleeper at right
angles to each other. The rail, which is flat-bottomed, rests upon two of
these ribs which are slightly thickened for that purpose, and are provided
with stops or projections against which the outer edge of the flange of the
rail foot bears. The rail is held down upon the sleeper by a clip piece having
two bearings, the one upon the upper surface of the rail foot inside the rails,
and the other upon a projecting rib cast for that purpose on the side of one of
the before-mentioned strengthening ribs, a notch being made in this part of
the clip to fit on to the top of the supporting projection. The clip is caused

page_text: to press down upon the rail flange or foot by a bolt which is passed up
through the bottom of the sleeper, and through the clip, over which a nut is
screwed so as to tighten the parts together. The side of the bolt, should be in
contact with the inside of the rail flange or foot, and the clip should be situate
midway between the two bearing ribs which carry the rail. These plate sleepers
are at desired intervals tied together to preserve the guage and "cant" of the
rails intact, the intermediate sleepers being left without tie bars if preferred.
It is proposed to employ for this purpose strong wrought-iron tie bars shaped
thus (3) or thus (I), which are bolted to the side of a projecting arm cast
for that purpose on those sleepers which are to be tied together; the flanges
of the bars fits accurately over the top and bottom inclined edges of the arm,
and these are the only parts in actual contact, as the web of the bar does not
touch the side of the arm. The parts are held securely by a bolt and nut,
the pressure or strain upon which prevents the nut from working loose. By
having the arm cast on the sleeper at the proper angle it is obvious that any
degree of "cant" or inclination of the rail may be obtained and maintained
with the guage in a perfect and permanent manner.
.
:
According to a third system it is proposed to employ chairs bolted to wooden
or other sleepers, either transverse or longitudinal, when longitudinal sleepers
are used, the chair may have a projecting central web on its under side, which
will be situate between the inner sides of two longitudinal sleepers laid
parallel side by side, one end of the chair resting upon one sleeper, and the
other end upon the other sleeper, a space being left between the two, or a
single sleeper only may be used with a flat-bottomed chair resting thereon. If
the chair be intended for the flat-bottomed rail it will simply. require to have
two ribs cast thereon at right angles to the rail, and upon which the rail
rests. A projection or stop is cast on each of these ribs for the outer edge of
the rail foot to bear against. The rail is held in its place by a wrought or
cast-iron curved clip piece similar to the one herein-before first referred to,
the clip having one bearing upon the flange of the rail foot on the inside of
the rail, and another bearing upon the surface of the chair, which is notched
or recessed slightly at that part to receive this part of the clip.. A bolt. tightens
the clip down upon the rail foot or flange, and bears also, against the inner
edge of the foot, the clip and bolt being situate midway between the two
supporting ribs on the chair.
According to another modification of this system suitable for single or
double-headed rails, the chair is cast with a single jaw, which bears against
the under side of the head of the rail on the outside thereof, whilst the opposite
side of the head of the rail rests upon a corresponding loose piece or jaw which

page_text: bears upon the chair, and is helil by a bolt passing through it and through the
rail and jaw of the chair. The-fail Listhus suspended with its head resting
upon the tops of the two jaws, whilst it's foot may be left clear of the chair In
both these arrangements, the proper guage" and "cant "are maintained in an
invariable manner by tie bar's bolted to arms or lugs cast at the proper angle
on the chair as described in reference to the cast-iron plate :sleepers, herein-
before réferred-to.
And in order that the said Invention may be fully understood, I shall now
proceed more particularly to describe the same, and for that. purpose I shall
refer to the several-Figures on the two Sheets of Drawings hereunto annexed,
the same letters of reference indicating corresponding parts throughout all the
corresponding Figures.
C
:0
Figures 1, 2, and 3, . on:-Sheet 1 of the Drawings, represent transverse
sections of sleepers constructed, according to this Invention, with the rail
secured thereto: ini any. convenient manner.;.. and Figure 4. is. a, longitudinal
section on a smaller.:scale answering..to any one of the sleepers above referred
to. These sleepers A are transverse sleepers made hollow, or of a strough
shape, and laid with.. their concave or hollow surfaces. down upon the ballast.
They are made of wrought or cast iron, and are rolled or cast to the form
required...Although:l, have shown three different sections of sleepers,I do
not confine. or restrict myself to those particular sections, as other forms of
hollow or trough-shaped. transverse wrought or cast iron, sleepers may be
employed; but in all cases it. is. proposed to bend the sleeper downwards in
the middle as shown at a, in. Figure 4, in order that the proper cant or incli
nation of the rails may be obtained in a permanent manner; this depression
bf the middle portion of the sleeper being greater or less in extent.according
to the degree of cant or inclination required in. the rails. In Figure 1 the
trough sleeper is formed. by curving its sides downwards in a convex manner
as at bbwhilst in Figure 2 the sides are curved. downwards. and inwardly,
or in a concave manner as at c, c. In Figure 3 I have represented a hollow
or trough-shaped transverse sleeper, having an undulating section, and pro-
vided with three rail-bearing surfaces. d,. d', d. The two outer, surfaces d, d,
may be used only as supports for the rail, whilst the middle one d carries the
attachments for securing the rail to the sleeper. Figure 5 represents one
mode which I adopt for securing a flat-bottomed rail to a metal sleeper,
whether such sleeper he constructed in accordance with this Invention, or in
any other manner. It consists in the employment of two wrought or cast-
iron clips B, B. (shown also in Figures 1, 2, and 3); placed one on each side
of the lower flange or foot of the rail, such clips being curved so that they

page_text: may rest at one end upon the foot of the rail, and at the other upon the
surface of the sleeper A, a small indent or recess e being made if desired in
the surface of the sleeper to receive this end of the clip; f, f, are bolts which
pass upwards through the sleeper and clips, and are tightened by nuts or
keys, or by rivetting their ends over the clips. As these clips have a bearing
only at their two extremities, a certain amount of elasticity is obtained, which
admits of the nuts being thoroughly tightened, and prevents their liability to
shake loose. It is preferred to use square bolts passing through square holes
in the sleeper and clips, and to place the bolts in such a position that they
shall each be in contact with the edge of the rail foot as shown, thereby effec-
tually keeping the rail in place laterally, and preserving the proper guage of
the line. Figure 6 represents a mode of securing the ordinary double-headed
or a flat-bottomed rail to a metal sleeper. It consists in fitting the foot or lower
head of the rail into a recess made at g across the sleeper A, and holding the
rail down by a three-bearing clip C situate on the outer side of the rail only.
This clip bears at 1 upon the surface of the sleeper, a recess or notch being
made to receive it if required; at 2 it bears against the upper portion of the
web of the rail on the outside thereof; and at 3 it bears down upon the foot
or lower head of the rail; is the tightening bolt for securing the clip and
rail to the sleeper, the elasticity or spring in the clip enabling the nut or key
to be securely held when tightened up. In some cases a chair plate D may
be interposed between the lower head of the rail and the sleeper as shown in
Figure 7, in which case the notches e and g for the clip and the rail will be
made in the chair plate in lieu of in the sleeper itself, and the bolt f is caused
to pass through the chair plate and sleeper as well as the clip, thus holding the
whole together. If desired the sleepers, the clips, and the chair plates may be
rolled in long lengths, and then cut transversely into sections of the required size.
Figure 1, on Sheet 2 of the Drawings, represents a transverse vertical
section of an improved cast-iron plate sleeper with rail attached; Figure 2
is a corresponding plan of the upper side thereof; Figure 3 is an elevation of
the inner side of the rail and sleeper; and Figure 4 is a plan of the under
surface of the sleeper.
The sleeper represented in the Drawings is of a rectangular shape in plan,
but I do not confine myself to that particular form. The under surface of
the sleeper is formed by the intersection at right angles of two portions of a
cylinder, as shown at A, A, in Figure 4, with their convex surfaces down-
wards. The edge of these curved portions are expanded or turned outwards
horizontally or nearly so, and form overhanging corners B, B, at each angle
of the sleeper, under which the ballast is rammed.' C is a raised edge or rib,

page_text: which is cast round the four sides of the sleeper, on its upper surface, as shewn
more clearly in, Figure 2, and D, D, and. D', D¹, are strengthening ribs or
webs cast in pairs across the sleeper.at right angles to each other. The rail E,
which may be flat-bottomed, or of double headed, bears upon two of these
ribs D³, D³, which are strengthened slightly in the middle for that purpose;
and are provided with stops or projections a, a, against which the outer edge
of the rail foot bears. F is a clip piece, which serves to hold the rail down
upon the sleeper; it bears at-one end upon the surface of the rail foot, whilst at
the other end, which is turned downwards, it rests upon a lug or projection b,
cast inside one of the strengthening ribs D, this bearing end of the clip
piece being forked to embrace the top of the lug, and so keep itself in position.
G is a bolt which passes through a square bolt hole in the sleeper and through
the clip F, and is tightened up so as to force the clip down upon the rail foot
by a nut or key; the elasticity of the clip and of that portion of the rail
situate between the supporting ribs D', D', tending to prevent the nut or key
from shaking loose. The guage of the line is maintained by the tie bar H,
which has an inclined rib c, c, formed upon its edges on one or both sides
thereof, such inclined ribs fitting against the correspondingly inclined surfaces
of the lug or arm I, which is cast in one piece with the sleeper, as shewn in
Figures 1 and 3. As the inclined surfaces only of the tie bar and lug are in
contact with each other a certain amount of elasticity is obtained, and conse-
quently the nut of the bolt d which unites them together can be more
effectually tightened up and prevented from shaking loose. The cant of the
rails is maintained in a fixed and permanent manner either by inclining to
the required degree those. portions of the ribs D¹, D¹, upon which the rail is
supported as shewn in the Drawing, or by casting the lug or arm I at such
an angle with the sleeper as will give the proper inclination of the entire
sleeper for the required cant of the rail. The intermediate plate sleepers are
of the same construction as that above described, but may be cast without the
arm or lug I, as the tie bars need only be used at the joint sleepers.
Figure 5.(Sheet 2) represents a transverse section of a flat-bottomed rail and
its chair secured to longitudinal wooden sleepers in accordance with this
Invention. Figure 6 is an inside elevation of the same, and Figure 7 is a plan
thereof corresponding to Figure 5. A is a cast-iron chair secured in any
convenient manner to a wooden sleeper B, which sleeper may be either
longitudinal or transverse as preferred: When longitudinal sleepers are
employed it is proposed to lay two sleepers parallel' side by side, as shewn in
Figure 5, leaving a space between them for the reception of a strengthening
and steadying rib a, cast on the under side of the chair; b, b, are two raised

page_text: ribs. cast on the two edges of the chair on its upper: surface, úpon which ribs
the foot of the rail rests.. A .projection crist formed on each of these ribs, to
serve as an abutment: for the outer edge: of the railsfoot.The trail is held
firmly down upon the ribs b, b, of the chair by means of the clip piece F,
which is similar to the clip piece herein-before last referred to. This clip is
situate midway between the two ribs b, b, and bears upon the rail foot on the
inner side of the rail and upon the surface of the chair, a notch being made
at d to receive it. G is the tightening bolt, which passes up through the
chair and through the clip F, and secures the rail in its place. I is an arm
or lug cast on the chair, or secured thereto, and having bolted to it the tie
bar H, as described in reference to Figures 1, 2, and 3 on the same Sheet of
Drawings. For maintaining the proper guage the cant of the rail is obtained
either by inclining the rail-bearing surfaces of the ribs b, b, as shewn in
Figure 5, or by casting the arm or lug I at the desired angle with the chair.
Figure 8 is a transverse section, shewing a mode of securing the ordinary single
or double-headed rail to a wooden or other sleeper. Figure 9 is a corre-
sponding plan of the same, and Figure 10 is an inside elevation thereof. In
this arrangement the chair A, which may be secured to a transverse or longi-
tudinal wooden or other sleeper in any convenient manner, has a single jaw a
cast upon it, which bears at its upper end against the under side of the rail
head on the outer side of the rail. On the inner side of the rail the head
bears upon the upper end of a loose piece or jaw B, which has a firm bearing
upon the chair A, and is held in its place against the inner side of the rail by a
bolt C, which passes through the rail and through the fixed and loose jaws A
and B. As a clearance is left between the jaws and the web of the rail a
certain amount of elasticity is obtained, which prevents the tightening nut or
key from working loose. It will thus be seen that the rail is suspended from
its head, the foot of the rail not being in contact with the chair. The guage
and cant of the rails is maintained by the arm or lug I and tie bar H, as
herein-before described. The intermediate chairs of the two arrangements
herein-before last described, may be cast without the arm or lug I, and the
tie bar H need not be employed with every chair.
Having. now described and. particularly ascertained the nature of the said
Invention, and the manner in which the same is or may be used or carried
into effect, I would observe, in conclusion, that what I consider to be novel
and original, and therefore claim as the Invention secured to me by the
herein-before in part recited Letters Patent is,-
1st, the general construction and arrangement of the permanent way of
railways, as herein-before described.

page_text: 2nd, the application and use to and in the permanent way of railways öf
wrought or cast-iron transverse trough sleepers, which are bent downwards
or depressed in the centre so as to give the desired cant to the rails, whilst at
the same time they maintain the proper guage, as herein-before described.
3rd, the system or mode of securing flat-bottomed and double-headed
rails to their sleepers or chairs by means of clip pieces and bolts, substantially
as herein-before described.
4th, the application and use of clip pieces having a bearing only at each
extremity for the purpose of securing rails to their chairs or sleepers, sub-
stantially as herein-before described.
5th, the system or mode of securing rails to their chairs or sleepers/by
means of clip pieces and bolts situate on the outer side of the rails, and having
three bearings, substantially as herein-before described and illustrated by
Figures 6 and 7 on Sheet 1 of the Drawings.
6th, the peculiar construction. of cast-iron plate sleepers and the mode of
securing the rails thereon, substantially as herein-before described.
7th. the peculiar modes of securing the rails to their chairs, and the
peculiar construction of chairs employed, substantially as herein-before
described and illustrated by Figures 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 on Sheet 2 of the
Drawings.
8th, the system or mode of maintaining the proper cant and guage of the
rails of permanent way, by means of tie bars bolted and fitted to arms or
lugs, which are cast upon or secured to the sleepers or chairs at the proper
angle for the purpose, substantially as herein-before described.
9th, the peculiar mode of fitting or securing the tie bars to the arms or
lugs, which are cast upon or secured to the chairs or sleepers of permanent
way, substantially in the manner and for the. purpose herein-before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Henry Johnson, have to this my
Specification hereunto set my hand and seal, the Fifth day of October,
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-four.
J. HENRY JOHNSON. (L.s.)