Improvements in Telephones.
Year: 1890

page_text: Date of Application, 13th May, 1890-Accepted, 5th July, 1890
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Telephones.
We, WILLIAM VOGEL, of 142 Wilmot Avenue Civil Engineer and GARY GILES
CALKINS of Room 441 Rookery Buildings Manufacturer, both of Chicago in the
County of Cook and State of Illinois, United States of America do hereby declare
the nature of this invention and in what manner the same is to be performed
to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement:-
This invention relates to a novel telephone or device for transmitting vocal or
other sounds between distant points by means of a metallic conductor extending
between them. An apparatus embodying my invention differs from devices for the
same purpose heretofore employed, in the use of magnetism instead of electricity as
a mediuni by which sounds made in the vicinity of the transmitting instrument are
reproduced by the receiving instrument of the apparatus. I have found that a long
metallic strand or wire connecting two distant stations, between which it is desired
to transmit vocal sounds may be maintained in magnetic condition by surrounding the
same by an electric conductor or conductors, forming part of an electric circuit or
circuits. In either case, opposite magnetic poles are produced at opposite ends of
such strand or wire, and a plurality of neutral points and magnetic poles established
at intermediate points along the same. I have found, furthermore, that when an
armature located opposite one end of such magnetized strand or wire is caused to
vibrate, corresponding vibrations will be set up in an armature supported opposite
the other end of such magnetized strand, it being a well known fact that in the case of
ordinary magnets, any changes in the magnetic condition of one pole produced by the
movement of an armature or otherwise will result in corresponding changes in the
magnetic condition of the other or opposite pole of the magnet.
An apparatus embodying my invention consists in its main or essential features of a
magnetized metallic strand or wire, which reaches from the transmitting to the
receiving station, combined with armatures located at opposite poles or ends of said
strand or wire. In the operation of the apparatus, when the armature at one pole is
set in vibration by a sound in its vicinity, the armature at the opposite end of the
strand or wire is caused to vibrate in unison with the armature at the point of trans-
mission, and thereby reproduces accurately, sounds occurring at such point of trans-
mission. In practice, the vibrating armatures referred to preferably consist of."
diaphragms, which are supported opposite and adjacent to the poles of the magnet in.,
the same manner as heretofore common in electric telephones.
The invention above set forth in general terms may be carried out in practice for
the use of a great number of different forms of apparatus.
In the accompanying drawings:
Figure 1 is a diagram illustrating a sample form of my invention, showing a single
electric circuit employed to magnetize the strand or wire forming the core of the
electro-magnet.
Figure 2 is a similar diagram showing a strand or wire in which magnetism is
induced by a plurality of electric circuits.
Figure 3 is a diagram showing a strand or wire and a series of separate spools of
electric conductors thereon.
Figure 4 is a diagram showing an apparatus which differs from that shown in
Figure by having the strand or wire forming the magnet-core, arranged to forin
part of the electric circuit.
Figure 5 illustrates a permanent magnet employed to transmit vibratory motion
from one armature to another.
Figure 6 shows a metallic strand which is magnetized by a plurality of permanent
magnets.

page_text: Figure illustrates one practical way of arranging the coils of the electric circuit
about the magnet-core.
Figure 8 illustrates partially in side view, the main parts of one practical form of
apparatus embodying my invention.
Figure 9 is enlarged at the section of one of the magnet-pole-pieces and exciting
coils therefor, shown in Figure 8.
4
Figure 10 is a sectional view of a casing or shell which supports the vibrating
armature or diaphragm.
Figure 11 is a face view of the casing or shell shown in Figure 10.
Figure 12 is a sectional view taken upon line 12-12 of Figure 9.
Figure 13 is a sectional view taken upon line 13-13 of Figure 9.
As shown in the said drawings, (Figure 1) A A¹ indicate pole pieces of soft wire
and B a soft iron wire or strand extending between and connecting the same and
forming with the pole-pieces, the core of an electro-magnet. C C₁ are diaphragms
arranged respectively opposite the pole-pieces A and A', and D is an electric wire or
conductor which is coiled around the pole pieces A and A' and the wire B connecting
them, and is connected with the opposite poles of a battery D', said conductor D being
insulated in its part which surrounds said pole pieces and the connecting wire. The
conductor D is coiled or wound in the same direction on both of the pole pieces A and A'
and on the intermediate wire B, so that the current maintained in the circuit formed
by said wire and the battery D¹ will operate to establish a magnetic condition in the
said pole-pieces and the wire, making one of said pole-pieces of north and the other of
south polarity. Each pole-piece and diaphragm forms an apparatus adapted either for
transmitting or receiving. The connecting strand or wire B may be of any length
desired; provided that the electric current sent through the conductor D is of sufficient
strength to maintain in magnetic condition, the pole-pieces A A' and the strand D, which
together with the said conductor, constitute an electro-magnet, having a series of
intermediate poles between its ends, as is common in long magnets.
I have found by experiment with an apparatus constructed as described, that when a
noise or sound of vocal or other character is produced in the neighbourhood of either
one of the diaphragms C, a corresponding sound will be produced by the diaphragmn C",
or vice versa, the reason for this being, as far as I have been able to ascertain, that
any changes in the magnetic condition of one of the pole-pieces, due to the vibration
of the diaphragm adjacent thereto, are reproduced in the other pole-piece and give
corresponding movement to the armature adjacent to such pole-piece, it being well
understood that any variations in the magnetic condition or intensity of one pole-piece
of any magnet, whether a permanent or electro-magnet, will be followed by corre-
sponding changes in the magnetic condition of the other pole of the magnet.
I have found that it is not essential for the working of the telephone apparatus of
the character described that the magnetic condition in the connecting wire or strand
be maintained by the use of a single electric circuit only, but a plurality of electric
circuits may be employed for this purpose, provided they are arranged to give a circuit
around the wire or strand in the same direction and are thereby adapted to establish
opposite magnetic poles in the same. In Figure 2 for instance, I have shown the main
parts or elements of an apparatus similar to that shown in Figure 1 and having pole-
pieces A and A', connected by a wire B, and diaphragms C and C. In this
instance, a plurality of electric circuits E, E', E2, E3, E, are employed each of which
include separate electric batteries e, e¹, e², e³, e¹. In Figures 1 and 2 the electric con-
ductor is shown as wrapped about the connecting strand or wire. thoughout the entire
length of the same, but this construction, although desirable in some instances, is not
essential, inasmuch as separate compact coils arranged at intervals upon the said strand
or wire, may be employed with the same practical result. A construction of this kind
is shown in Figure 3, wherein A A' indicate pole-pieces and B a wire strand or core
connecting the same. FF are coils or electric conductors surrounding said pole-
pieces and arranged in circuit with batteries ff. F F F are intermediate coils of
electric conductors placed around the strand or wire B at points intermediate to the
pole-pieces. Said conductors F2 are arranged in circuit with batteries f2f2. In a

page_text: construction of this kind, the coils F2 F2 serve to form in fact, a series of electro-
magnets, having their poles in contact with each other, so as to maintain magnetic
condition in the entire length of the connecting wire even when the same is of great
length.
In Figure I have illustrated an apparatus embodying my invention, in which the
electric circuit (by which a magnetic condition is maintained in the soft wire strand or
wire), is completed through the strand or wire itself. In this instance, A A¹ are pole-
pieces and B a wire connecting the same. CC are diaphragins arranged adjacent to
the pole-pieces and D2 is an electric conductor connected with opposite electrodes of a
battery D³. The conductor D2 is arranged in the two coils D D about the pole-
pieces A and A¹, and is wrapped spirally about the wire B throughout its entire
length. The battery D³ is shown in said Figure 4 as located adjacent to one of the
pole-pieces A and the conductor D2, which extends along the wire B and is connected
with one electrode of the battery has electrical connection with the pole-piece A¹,
while that part of said conductor D2 connected with the opposite electrode of the
battery, has electrical connection with the said wire B at a point adjacent to the
battery. The part of the conductor surrounding the wire B and the pole-pieces is, of
course covered with insulated material, as before described, so that by connecting the
conductor with the said wire B and pole-piece A¹ in the manner described, an electric
circuit is completed through the said pole-piece and wire. This construction is of
advantage for the reason that it renders unnecessary the employment of a third wire
to complete the electric circuit. This is obviously a matter of great importance,
inasmuch as it enables the telephone to be constructed by the use of two wires or
strands only, to-wit; the wire or strand forming the extended core of the magnet and
an insulated wire wrapped about the same and forming part of the electric circuit. It
will be noted in this connection that I have found by experiment that the passage of
the electric current through the wire forming the magnet-core, has no effect whatever
upon the magnetic action of the same.
·
In Figure 5 I have shown a simple or elementary form of apparatus embodying
my invention, which may be used where the distance between the transmitting and
receiving instruments is not great. In this instance, I employ a steel rod or wire
which extends from the transmitting to the receiving instrument, and which is
permanently magnetized so as to form a magnet, having opposite poles at its
opposite ends and a series of intermediate poles. At the opposite ends or poles of
said magnet are located diaphragms, which form with the polarized ends of the
magnet, the transmitting and receiving elements. As shown in said Figure 5,
C indicates a magnetized steel rod or wire which reaches from the transmitting to
the receiving instrument, and H H₁ indicate diaphragms which are located opposite
and adjacent to the poles of the magnet. When one of said diaphragms is set in
vibration by means of sound waves impinging thereon, the magnetic condition of
the adjacent pole of the magnet G is caused to change or vary, thereby producing
corresponding changes in the opposite pole of the magnet, whereby vibrations are
produced in the second or receiving diaphragm, with the result of reproducing the
sounds made in the vicinity of the transmitting diaphragm, in the same manner as
heretofore described.
In Figure 6 I have shown the elements of a telephonic apparatus of the kind above
referred to, embracing an iron or steel wire which is maintained in magnetic condition
by permanent magnets disposed at intervals along the wire. In this instance I l' are
permanently magnetized pole-pieces adjacent to which are located armatures or
diaphragms JJ. 12 12 are intermediate permanently magnetized steel bars or
magnets which are connected with each other and with the magnets I and I' by
means of wires K K K. The intermediate magnets 12 I are disposed at such
distances apart as to maintain the connecting wire or rod permanently in a magnetic
state and by multiplying said permanent magnets and connecting pieces, the length of
the magnetized strand between the transmitting and receiving instruments or stations,
may be increased indefinitely.
Figure 7 is a diagram illustrating a simple form of apparatus embodying my

page_text: invention, wherein a single electric circuit is employed to magnetize the entire length
of the connecting wires of the apparatus. In this instance, L L' are pole-pieces
which are connected with each other by a soft iron wire M. N a circuit wire, which
is wrapped about the pole-pieces and wire M, and is connected with a battery or other
electric generator indicated by n. The ends of the conductor N are connected with
the pole-pieces LL', as indicated at n¹ n³, so that said pole-pieces and the wire M form
part of the electric circuit. The conductor N is preferably wound to form two large
or thick coils N' N', surrounding the pole-pieces L L₁, so as to produce a strong
magnetic condition in the said pole-pieces. CC aro diaphragms located adjacent to
the pole-pieces L L¹ in the same manner as hereinbefore described.
In Figures 8 to 13, I have illustrated one way in which I have carried out my
invention in practice. In this instance, P P are two pole-pieces which are connected
by a core-wire Q. R is an electric conductor connected with the opposite poles of the
battery or generator and wrapped about the core-wire Q and pole-pieces P P¹. The
extreme end of the pole-pieces of the conductor R is wound in a manner to form a
thick coil or bundle of wires R', and the ends of the conductor are connected with the
pole-pieces, as indicated at r¹. SS' are electric conductors which surround the pole-
pieces P P and which are in circuit with local batteries s s'. The current flowing
through said conductors S S¹ serve to re-enforce or strengthen the poles of the magnet.
The several conductors R and S S¹ are covered with insulating material in their parts
adjacent to the pole-pieces and core-wire. T T' is a metal shell or casing adapted to
be placed over the ends of the pole-pieces of the magnet and provided with a
diaphragm U which is located adjacent to the pole-piece when the shell is in place.
The shell T is provided with an outer wall T¹, which covers the diaphragm and is
provided with a central aperture forming a mouth piece for the transmitting devices.
To enable the instrument to be conveniently used both for receiving as well as
transmitting, the casing T is conveniently provided with a flexible tube t¹, to the
ends of which is attached a tubular ear-piece T which may be placed against the ear
and will serve to convey thereto, sounds produced by the diaphragm. The casing T
is herein shown as sustained by means of a stationary plate. V, which is sustained by
attachment to a wall as shown, or otherwise surrounds the pole piece P. Said plate V
is shown as provided with a flange p over which the open end of the shell may be
slipped and held by frictional engagement, thereby enabling the shell and diaphragm
therein to be removed and replaced when desired. V₁ indicates a shell or covering
which may be conveniently placed over or around the end of the pole-piece and the
wire-coil R thereon, to protect the latter from injury when the shell T is removed.
The conductor wires forming the electric circuit in either of the cases described,
may be wound more or less closely about the connecting or core-wire. In Figures 7
and 8 for instance, such conductor wire is shown as wrapped closely about the
core-wire with its adjacent coils or turns in contact with each other, but in Figures 1,
2 and 4, it is shown as wound thereon in separate or open turns and this will
commonly be a preferred construction in cases where the electric circuit conductor
extends throughout the entire length of the core-wire.
I have herein shown a battery as employed as a means of generating the length of
current, but other electric generators such as a dynamo or magneto-electric machine
may be employed for the same purpose. It will be obvious for instance that in
telephonic apparatus employed for long distances, the current from a dynamo electric
machine may be employed to maintain in magnetic condition, a connecting strand or
core-wire of great length.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of our said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed, we declare that what we
claim is:
1: A telephone embracing a magnetized strand or core extending from the
transmitting to the receiving station, and transmitting and receiving devices com-
prising vibrating armatures located adjacent to the ends or poles of said strand or
core, substantially as described.

page_text: 2: The combination with a wire or core and electric circuit or circuits, comprising
coils surrounding the said wire or core, and a shell or casing surrounding the end or
pole of the said wire, and provided with a diaphragm arranged opposite the said pole
and with a flexible tube having an ear piece in communication with the interior of the
shell, substantially as described.
TE
1 1000
WILLIAM VOGEL.
GARY G. CALKINS.
Haseltine, Lake & Co.,
45, Southampton Buildings, London, Agents for the Applicants.