A MACHINE TO BE DRIVEN BY THE PRESSURE OF A FLUID, OR TO DISPLACE A FLUID, OR TO MEASURE IT
Year: 1852

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Henry Moseley, of Wandsworth, in the County
of Surrey, for the Invention of "A MACHINE TO BE DRIVEN BY THE
PRESSURE OF A FLUID, OR TO DISPLACE A FLUID, OR TO MEASURE IT."
Sealed the 9th April 1853, and dated the 15th October 1852.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Henry Moseley at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
15th October 1852.
I, HENRY MOSELEY, of Wandsworth, in the County of Surrey, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "A MACHINE TO
BE DRIVEN BY THE PRESSURE OF A FLUID, OR TO DISPLACE A FLUID, OR TO
MEASURE IT," to be as follows:-
It consists principally of two cylinders having the same axis; one,
which is partly solid, being contained within the other, which is
hollow. Fig. I. represents a section of the machine longitudinally,
as it regards the axis; and Fig. II. a section transversely to the axis,
through m, n.

page_text: In all the Figures the fixed parts are shewn by the darker, and the
moveable parts by the lighter tints; but in certain cases all the parts
shewn in the Figures revolve, and then the dark and light tints indicate
parts which revolve in opposite directions.
A, A, A, A, Figs. I. and II., are sections of the larger or hollow
cylinder, and B, B, B, B, of the less or solid cylinder. The external
diameter of B, B, is less than the internal diameter of A, A, so that a
space A, B, is left between the inner surface of the one and the outer
surface of the other. The solid cylinder is of the same length exter-
nally with the hollow cylinder internally. C, C, C, C, Fig. I., repre-
sent the ends of the hollow cylinder.
X,X, Figs. I. II., represents the axis of the machine, which is
hollow, but is divided in the middle by a partition or diaphragram Y,
Fig. I.
The solid cylinder B, B, is fixed on the axis X, X, and the hollow
cylinder A, A, turns round it on the bearings D, D. There is an aper-
ture Z, Fig. I., in the side of the hollow axis X, X, communicating
with a passage Z, T, Fig. II., in the solid cylinder, which leads into
the hollow space A, B; by this passage the steam or other fluid is
admitted to the machine.
On the other side of the partition Y, and in that side of the hollow
axis X, X, which may be supposed to have been removed to shew the
aperture Z, there is another aperture and another corresponding passage
through the solid cylinder into the hollow space A, B. This second
passage is marked by dotted lines at W, S, Fig. II. The steam or
other fluid which has entered the machine by the extremity A, of the
hollow axis, and the passage Z, T, leaves it by the passages S, W, and
by the opposite extremity of the axis D, D; Fig. II., is a partition,
which slides in a corresponding aperture or slot of the solid cylinder,
and which remains at rest when that cylinder is at rest or is moveable
with it. A spring fixed in the hollow space D, d, keeps the partition
pressed up against the inner surface of the cylinder A, A.
E, E, and F, F, Fig. II., represent partitions, which slide back-
wards and forwards into recesses, slots, or grooves in the sides of the
hollow cylinder. All the partitions are of the same length, measured a

page_text: parallel to the axis, as the hollow cylinder internally, so that when
the partition E, E, is pressed forwards, as shewn in Figure II., into
contact with the surface of the solid cylinder, the space between it
and D, D, is wholly closed, except as it regards the passage T, Z.
When by the revolution of A, A, either partition E, E, or F, F,
comes into the position marked T', Fig. II., it is thus pressed into close
contact with the surface of the cylinder B, B, and remains in contact
with it until it reaches the position S, when it begins to be withdrawn,
and is wholly withdrawn when it reaches the position R, or before
it comes opposite to the partition D, D, round the end of which it
passes, and then begins to be thrust forwards again so as to come
in contact with B, B, when it again reaches T.
When the par-
tition E, E, was at S, the partition F, F, must have been at T, so that
before E, E, began to be withdrawn the space between D, D, and F, F,
was closed.
When the Machine is driven by the Pressure of a Fluid.
In the case in which the machine is driven by the pressure of steam,
or of any other fluid, the pressure of that fluid against the partition
E, E, will communicate motion to the cylinder A, A, about the axis
X, X, until that partition passes the position S, when the steam or
other fluid will begin to escape through the aperture or passage S, W,
into the chamber Y, b, Fig. I., of the hollow axis. But before this
escape of the fluid begins the partition F, F, will have come into the
position T', and will have been pressed up against the surface of B, B;
and thus E, E, and F, F, will alternately receive the pressure of the
fluid, and will continue the motion of the cylinder A, A, in the same
direction round the axis X, X.
Instead of the cylinder B, B, being fixed, and A, A, moveable, A, A,
may be fixed and B, B, moveable, or both cylinders may be moveable.
In the last case the cylinders will be made to move in opposite directions
by the opposite pressures upon D, D, and E, E.
By this last arrangement the machine is capable of being made to
receive the action of twice the amount of motive power, and so of
yielding twice the work. The opposite motions of the cylinder A, A,
and the axis X, X, may be made to communicate a motion in the same

page_text: to a parancs share by passing a band found one outer surface
of A, A, and round a drum upon the shaft, and by passing another
crossed band round a drum upon a prolongation of the axis X, X, and
round a second drum upon the shaft.
To reverse the motion of the machine, it is only necessary to admit
the steam or other fluid by the pressure of which it is driven through
the opposite end of the axis X, X.
When the Machine is used to displace a Fluid, as a Pump.
In the case in which the machine, instead of being driven by the
pressure of a fluid, is used as a means of displacing that fluid, either
the cylinder A, A, or the cylinder B, B, or both of them, must be driven
round by some external power.
The hollow axis X, X, being then made to communicate by its
extremity a, with the fluid to be displaced, that fluid will be made to
enter the hollow axis in the direction a, Y, and to pass through the
channel Z, T, Fig. II., into the space between D, D, and E, E, where
otherwise there would be a vacuum.
It will be discharged through the channel S, W, Fig. II., and the
hollow axis Y, 6; and, if it be an elastic fluid, may be condensed into a
receiver; or, if it be a liquid, may be lifted to any higher level through
that channel by the action of the machine.
When used as a Meter to measure Fluids.
The machine is used as a meter by adapting to it any mechanical
expedient for registering the number of its revolutions or parts of a
revolution. As the same quantity of fluid must, if it be incompressible,
pass through it at each revolution, (or if it be compressible, provided
the resistance to its revolution be always the same,) it is evident that
if the quantity which passes through at one revolution be first ascer-
tained, the quantity which must have passed through when any number
of revolutions has been registered will be known.
The machine is used as a meter by adapting to it any mechanical
expedient for registering the number of its revolutions or parts of a
revolution. As the same quantity of fluid must, if it be incompressible,
pass through it at each revolution, (or if it be compressible, provided
the resistance to its revolution be always the same,) it is evident that
if the quantity which passes through at one revolution be first ascer-
tained, the quantity which must have passed through when any number
of revolutions has been registered will be known.

page_text: which space contains the steam or other fluid by which the machine is
driven, or which it displaces or measures, must be separated from the
rest of the cylindrical space A, B, in such a way that no portion of the
contained liquid may be able to pass from the one space into the other.
The points where this communication is possible are,-
1st, the ends R, R, and Q, Q, Fig. II., of the partitions D, D,
and E, E.
2ndly, the sides or edges by which the partition D, D, is in contact
with the internal faces G, H, Fig. I., of the two ends C, C, C, C, of the
hollow cylinder.
3rdly, the surfaces H, K, by which the same internal faces of the
ends C, C, of the hollow cylinder are in contact with the ends of the
solid cylinder B, B.
1st. To secure a constant contact of the end R, R, of the partition
D, D, with the inner surface of A, A, it has been before explained that a
spring is fixed in the space D, d, which constantly keeps the former
surface pressed on the other.
To keep the end Q, Q, of the partition E, E, closely in contact with
the surface of B, B, from the position T', to the position S, the follow-
ing expedient is adopted :-
In Fig. III. m, n, p, o, represents one of the faces of the partition.
The dotted lines q, a, w, v, u, t, s, i, shew the form of a cavity within
its substance, whose dimensions are indicated by corresponding sections
of the partition drawn above & to the left hand of the Figure.
Fig. IV. represents in plan and section a separate piece, o which
the portions i, k, h,g, g, h, k,i, is received into this cavity. At the
bottom of this is a spring f, e, f, which, pressing against the bottom
v, w, of the cavity, Fig. III., keeps the upper surface i, i, of the piece,
Fig. IV., in contact with the top q, i, of the cavity, Fig. III., unless
some pressure be applied to the piece H, H, and some resistance offered
by the slide sufficient to compress the spring. The width, k, of the
piece, Fig. IV., is less than the height q, x, or i, s, (Fig. III.) of
the open ends of the cavity, so as to allow of the compression of the
spring for a short distance until the piece H, H, (Fig. IV.) rests upor
the shoulders, w, t, 3, of the cavity (Fig. IV.).

page_text: It is by means of the piece H, HI, that the partition E, E, is driven
backward and forwards, as will be explained hereafter. The space by
which H, H, is driven forwards is somewhat more than is necessary to
bring the end Q, Q, of the partition (Fig. II.) in contact with the
cylinder B, B. Thus the spring f, e, f, (Fig. IV.) is compressed against
the bottom v, u, of the cavity (Fig. III.), and thereby constitutes a
spring packing of the end of the partition E, E, on the surface of B, B.
The same expedient is adopted in respect to the partition F, F.
2ndly. The following is the expedient by which the sides or edges of
the partition D, D, Fig. II., are packed against the internal faces G, H,
of the ends of the hollow cylinder. That partition is formed of an
outer and an inner part. The outer part is represented in section in
Fig. V. Within the hollow space shewn in the section two pieces
are received, which accurately fit it, and together fill it up. These
are shewn in Fig. VI. In the edges s, t, where these two pieces
meet one another, cavities are formed, which make up together the
cavity l,m, m,l. Within this cavity are fixed springs l, a, m, tending
to separate the two pieces edgewise. By the pressure of these springs
the surfaces Z, Y, Fig. VI., are kept continually pressed against the
internal faces G, H, Fig. I., of the ends of the hollow cylinder. They
constitute a spring packing of the edges of the partition D, D, Fig. II.
This packing will preserve the contact of the edges of the partition
with the surfaces G, H, notwithstanding any difference in the wearing
away of these edges or of these surfaces caused by the different velocities
of their parts situated at the different distances. If the two pieces shewn
in Fig. VI. be of any clastic substance, as vulcanized india-rubber, the
hollow space and the springs may be dispensed with, or a single piece
of such elastic substance may be used instead of two pieces, or the
use of such elastic substances and of solid pieces may be combined.
3rdly. The packing of the ends of the solid cylinder B, B, upon the
internal surfaces H, K, of the ends of the hollow cylinder is effected by
means of solid cylindrical projections or rims, which form part of the
solid cylinder, and are shewn in section by H, L, M, Fig. I.; these
are fitted accurately by grinding into corresponding cavities in the ends
of the hollow cylinder.

page_text: The edges of the partitions E, E, F, F, Fig. II., are guided as they
slide backwards and forwards, and packed, by thin longitudinal ribs,
shewn by a, o, and s, p, Fig. III., which fit accurately into correspond-
ing grooves in the internal faces of the ends of the cylinder A, A.
Means by which the Sliding Partitions are moved.
The following is the expedient by which the sliding partitions E, E,
F, F, are noved so as to be wholly withdrawn when they pass the
extremity of the fixed partition D), D, and kept constantly pressed up
against the convex surface of B, B, between the positions T', and S.
N, N, N, N, Fig. I., are circular plates, keyed or otherwise fixed by
means of the collars 0, 0, upon the axis X, X. These plates do not
touch, but are very nearly in contact with the outer surface of the ends
C, C, of the hollow cylinder. On the inner surfaces of these plates are
cut similar grooves, of the curved form represented by the dotted
lines P, P, in Fig. VIII., but of larger dimensions. The portion P, R, P,
being part of a circle, and the rest, P, S, P, of such a shape that the
distance of S, from the centre of the axis is greater than that of R, by
somewhat more than the distance G, II, Fig. I., through which the
partitions have to slide. These grooves are represented in section at P.
The extremities Q, Q, of the piece H, H, Fig. IV., are received into
the grooves. This piece II, II, carries the slide E, E; and a similar
piece, whose ends work in the same groove, carries the slide F, F. The
portions H, I, of the pieces H, II, Fig. IV., slide in corresponding
grooves in the outer surfaces of C, C, Fig. I., and the portions e², i, pass
through corresponding slots in the bottoms of these grooves.
By the revolution of the cylinder A, A, the projections Q, Q, are swept
along the grooves in the fixed plates N, N; and by the forms of the
grooves they are kept at the same distance from the centre of the axis
while they pass through T', E, S, Fig. II., and made continually to
vary their distances as they pass through the rest of cach revolution,
one slide being always in the act of varying its distance while the other
is not.

page_text: Expedient to be used in certain case for diminishing the Power expended
in moving the Slides.
In certain cases I adopt the following expedient to diminish the power
expended in moving the slides:-
U, U, Fig. VII., represents a hollow cylindrical piece, fixed on the
ends C, C, of the cylinder A, A, and moveable with it about the
axis X, X.
Fig. VIII. shews the circular plate forming one of the faces or ends
of this flat cylindrical piece. X,X, Y,Y, (Fig. VIII.) are slots cut
through this plate.
The dotted lines (Fig. VIII.) shew two systems of levers, resembling
in certain respects the toy called the lazy tongs. These two systems of
levers are contained in the hollow space W, W, Fig. VII.
The axes a, Fig. VIII., of the levers b, c, are fixed; all the other axes
of the two combinations of levers are moveable; but those O, and Q, of
the two extreme pairs of levers in each system project through the slots
in the circular plates, and are guided by them. It is a property of this
combination of levers that when the axis O, of the first pair is moved
through any space in its corresponding slot, the axis Q, of the last pair
will be moved through five times that space.
In some cases I use more and sometimes less pairs of levers than
are shewn in the diagram, and then there is a different increase of the
motion. V, V, V, V, Fig. VII., represent circular plates keyed upon
the axis X, X, having grooves cut in their faces, which are shewn in
plan by the dotted lines P, P, Fig. VIII., and in section by P, P,
Fig. VII.
The projections O, O, of the axis of the first pair of each system of
levers are received into the grooves thus cut in the two plates V, V, on
one side of the machine, and precisely the same is done on the other
side of the machine.
As the pieces U, U, and the levers are carried round with the revolu-
tion of the machine, the end 0, 0, of the axis of the first pair of levers in
each system are thus swept through the grooves, and thus, during one
portion of the revolution, are made to preserve the same distance from

page_text: the centre, and during the rest to recede (along the slot Y, Y,) from and
then return to that distance.
The axes Q, Q, of the last pairs of levers will follow the same law,
except that they will recede along the slots X, X, (and return) through
five times the distance that the others did.
The axes Q, Q, of the last pairs of levers are prolongations of the pro-
jections QQ of the pieces H, H, Fig. IV., which carry the slides
E, E, F, F, Fig. II.
The slides are thus made to move, and they are packed as before;
but the motion being taken from parts of the machine nearer to the
axis, and the forms of the grooves not being required to differ so much
as before from the circular form, the loss of power by friction is
less.
Modification of the Machine, in which the Fluid is admitted at the
Periphery of the Hollow Cylinder.
Another modification of the machine is shewn in Figs. IX.
and X.
The fluid is here admitted to and leaves the machine by apertures
in the periphery of the outer cylinder, instead of by the axis.
The partition D, D, is inserted in the outer cylinder instead of the
inner, and the sliding partitions E, E, F, F, are received into the inner
cylinder instead of the outer.
The ends C, C, of the outer cylinder are separated from its periphery
A, A, and fixed upon the inner or solid cylinder B, B; and the pro-
jecting rim L, M, is a part of A, A, instead of B, B. The cylinder B, B,
is fixed on the axis X, X.
The slides are moved by expedients similar to those described before;
but the grooves in the fixed circular plates N, N, Fig. IX., are of the
forms shewn on a reduced scale in Fig. XI., the circular portion of
the groove being that which is most distant from the axis, instead of
that nearest to it.
The periphery A, A, of the outer cylinder, and the circular plates N, N,
are fixed to the stand of the machine, and the inner or solid cylinder
revolves, carrying with it the axis X, X, which is fixed to it.

page_text: In the picce H, H, Fig. IV., which carries the slides, the parts f', e,
and the radial grooves corresponding to them in the pieces C, C,
Fig. IX., are longer, so that the cross piece e', e', may be received
into the apertures marked for it in the side E, E, Fig. X., while the
projections Q, Q, Fig. IV., are received into the curved grooves shewn 5