IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR SPINNING FIBROUS MATERIALS
Year: 1861

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Frederick Joseph Bramwell, of 35, Great George
Street, Westminster, in the County of Middlesex, for the Invention of
"IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR SPINNING FIBROUS MATERIALS."
Sealed the 16th October 1861, and dated the 24th April 1861.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Frederick Joseph Bramwell
at the Office of the. Commissioners of Patents, with bis Petition, on
the 24th April 1861.
I, FREDERICK JOSEPH BRAMWELL, of 3, Great George Street, Westminster,
in the County of Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of the said Inven-
tion for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR SPINNING FIBROUS MATERIALS," to
be as follows:
My improvements relate in part to those machines which are commonly
known as mules, or to that class of spinning machinery in which the spindles
recede from and approach to the drawing rolls, and consist,-
Firstly, in a method of governing the "winding-on," which I effect by
attaching the chain bar or other apparatus which works the winding-on
motion to the piston of an hydraulic cylinder, and then by controlling the
action of the valves by means of a shaper worked by the action of the mule, I
regulate the flow of water so as to cause at each succeeding "stretch" the
piston to vary in the extent of its motion in a corresponding manner with
Price 8.

page_text: varying dimension of the cops that are being wound. And when required I
further regulate the movement during each "stretch" by actuating a valve
or cock by means of the counterfaller, so as to adjust the winding-on at every
part of each stretch. In some cases I regulate the flow of the water entirely
by the action of the counterfaller.
Another of my improvements in those mules where "backing-off" is effected
by the use of friction cones, or of any other friction apparatus, consists in
regulating the speed at which the friction surfaces come into binding contact,
by means of hydraulic cylinders with pistons, which may be so arranged as
either to be the cause of the friction surfaces coming together, or else may be
used as mere regulators of speed, the movement being produced by a weight
or by other means.
Another of my improvements in the above-named mules consists in shifting
the driving strap from off the spinning pulley to the backing-off pulley by the
same or a similar apparatus to that above described.
"
Another of my improvements in mules consists in "putting-up" and
running out" the carriage by means of hydraulic cylinders with pistons, and
regulating the general speed, as also the speed at particular parts of each
stretch, by means of valves worked by the action of the machinery. In some
cases I only work the carriage in one direction, and by preference the "run-
ning-out" by the hydraulic apparatus, allowing it to be put up in the ordinary
manner, or sometimes the hydraulic apparatus may be used as a mere regulator
for the speed and time of movement of the carriage, the power being obtained
by the action of a weight, or by frictional machinery or otherwise.
Another of my improvements consists in working mules entirely by hydraulic
apparatus, so as to dispense with the use of driving shafts for these inachines
in the mill. This I perform by working the "putting-up" and "running-
out of the carriage, and the "winding-on "in ti.e manner as above described,
whilst the spinning is effected by means of the motion of a rack, actuated by
the piston of an hydraulic cylinder, which by suitable multiplying gearis made
to impart such a number of revolutions to the twist pulley as is required
to work the spindles in each stretch," the backing-off being effected by a
reverse move.nent of this piston, or by a separate hydraulic piston and
cylinder.
Another means of converting the motion of the piston in the hydraulic
cylinder into the requisite motion of the spinning band consists in multiplying
the travel of the piston by means of pulley blocks, so as to get such length of
action as may be required for the traverseof the spinning band overthepulley,
wich works the tin druin shaft. The rollers may be worked by suitable

page_text: gearing off the rim shaft, or off the motion of the spinning band when a rim is
not used.
By the means above described the whole of the operations in a "mule"
may be performed without the use of a driving shaft.
Another of my improvements in"mules" consists in preventing the formation
of "snarls" in the yarn when the faller rises at the time when the carriage is
just" put up." This I effect by making an incline at the end of the shaper
rail, so that the faller can only rise at the rate allowed by the incline, and I
do not disconnect the faller from the faller lock until the rise is complete, or
so nearly complete that its further motion will not be sufficient to cause snarls.
On the running out of the carriage the faller lock bowl, after the faller is
disengaged, moves backward along the incline to the level of the shaper rail, if
the incline be too sudden to admit of this action from the mere motion of the
carriage, I aid the return of the faller lock bowl to the general level of the
shaper rail by a lever, rod, arm, or plate, worked by the machine.
Another part of my improvements relates to those spinning machines where
the spinning is performed by means of flyers, and where the yarn is wound
on the spool or bobbin by the difference in the number of revolutions of the
spools and those of the flyers. They consist in one part in applying variable
gearing to regulate the action of the "jack in the box," by which, as is well
understood, the difference in the revolutions of the flyers and bobbins, and also
the speed of the traverse of the copping rail is controlled, so as to cause the
yarn to wind on the bobbins at a uniform rate, notwithstanding the alteration
in the diameter of the bobbins as the yarn accumulates on them At present
the variation in the motion of the "jack in the box " is effected by means of a
strap, caused to traverse on a pair of conical drums, or on one conical drum
and one cylinder set at an angle to the cone, but this plan is to a certain
extent objectionable, on account of the risk of the strap slipping, and thus
failing to fulfil its office. Now, my Invention consists in substituting the
action of gearing for that of the strap, and this I effect as follows:-By meaus
of a mangle motion, or by other means, I impart a reciprocating motion to
one end or one point of a lever having a moveable fulcrum, which motion is
regular and uniform in relation to the revolution of the spindles or the delivery
of the slubbing or roving from the rollers. The other end or another point of
the lever I provide with two racks or segments, which gear alternately into
opposite sides of a pinion, so that whether the racks or segments are moving
one way or the other, they always cause the pinion into which they gear to
revolve in one direction; or I have two pinions, one of which is continuously
gear with one of the racks or segments, and the other pinion with the other
in

page_text: rack or segment, and which pinions, being provided with suitable ratchets,
cause the spindle which passes through them always to r volve in one direction;
although they themselves have a reciprocating rotary motion. By adjusting
the moveable fulcrum of the lever relatively to the two points where it receives
and imparts motion, it will be seen that the ratio between the constant amount
of motion received from the mangle wheel and the motion imparted to the
circumference of the pinions may be varied, that is, the latter may be made
more equal or less than the former, so that by a suitable var ation of the
position of the fulcrum at each change in the direction of motion of the copping
rail, the requisite variation in the speed of the pinions may be obtained so as
to control the action of the "jack in the box," by which the due amount of
difference between the revolutions of the flyers and the bobbins is obtained, is
also the rate of ascent and descent of the copping rails, so as to wind on in a
proper manner at the increased diameter of the bobbins, caused by the
accumulation of another layer of yarn on them. The fulcrum may be caused
to shift by means of a screw, and this screw may be made of a variable pitch,
so that if it move through equal angles at each change of the direction of
motion of the copping rail, it shall alter the position of the fulcrum to such a
varying amount as to give the requisite difference in the motion of the two
above-mentioned points of the lever. Although this controlling of the revolu-
tions of the "jack in the box" by gearing may be accomplished by one lever,
as above stated, I prefer to use two levers, making their motion alternate to
each other, and having their racks always in gear with their pinions, which
pinions driving the shaft by means of ratchets, cause the same to revolve
always in one and the same direction, although they themselv s have a
reciprocating rotary motion. A fly wheel may be used with advantage on the
shaft to preserve its motion at the time of change in the reciprocation of the
levers. This would be unnecessary if three levers were used.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Frederick Joseph Bramwell in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 24th October 1861.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, FREDERICK
JOSEI H BRAMWELL, of 35, Great George Street, Westminster, in the County
of Middlesex, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-fourth day of April, in the year of our Lord

page_text: One thousand eight hundred and sixty-one, in the twenty-fourth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said Frederick Joseph Bramwell, Her special licence that J, the said Frederick
Joseph Bramwell, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others
as I, the said Frederick Joseph Bramwell, my executors, administrators, and
assigus, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time
and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and
lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR SPINNING FIBROUS MATERIALS."
upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Frederick Joseph
Bramwell, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under
my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe
and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same
was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent
Office within six calendar months next and imine liately after the date of the
said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Frederick Joseph Bramwell, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement thereof, referencebeinghadtothe accompanying D.awings,
and to the figures and letters marked thereon, that is to say -
My improvements relate in part to those machines which are commonly
known as "mules," or to machines of that kind in which the spindles alternately
recede from and approach to the rollers which deliver the yarn to be spun
As is well known to persons conversant with mules, the yarn after it has been
spun has to be wound on the spindles to form a "cop," and from the variation
of dimensions in such cop it is necessary to vary the number of revolutions of
the spindles according as the thread is being wound on the bare spindle or on
a large or a small part of the cop, and the effecting of this variation of the
speed of the revolution of the spindles is that which is known as the "govern-
ng of the winding on."
Now one of my improvements has for its object the performing this "govern-
ng "in a more effectual way than has hitherto been done by any of the
numerous contrivances adopted in self-acting mules. I effect this improvement
n the governing of the winding-on by combining with a mule an hydraulic
ylinder having within it a ram or piston, which I connect by any suitable
neaus to the winding-on apparatus in such manner that the speed of the
vinding-on shall be dependent on and shall bear a relation either direct or

page_text: inverse to the motion of the piston or ram, and then I regulate the motion of
the piston or ram by opening or closing, or partially opening or partially
closing, the apertures through which the water enters or leaves the cylinders,
or passes from one part of the cylinder to another, and this opening, or partial
opening, or closing, or partial closing, I cause to be done by the machine, and
varied by the machine from time to time to suit the varying shape and size of
the cops from their commencement to their completion.
One method of performing this is shewn on Sheet 1, where Figure 1 is a
side view partly in section; Figure 2 an end view, and Figure 3 a detail of
the lever d', &c., and although the arrangement exhibited in these Figures
would probably not be a convenient one from the space it would occupy, I
have shewn it as being (from its simplicity) well calculated to make clear the
principle of this part of my improvements.
6.
a is the spindle, with a' the cop partially formed; a'is the yarn being wound
on the spindle, and passing under b, the faller, carried on b', the faller shaft,
and over b³, the counterfaller, carried on 63, the counterfaller shaft; as is the
warve or pulley on the spindle by which it is driven through half cross bands
passing around the "tin drum" (which, with the bands, is not shewn). This
tin drum fixed on the tin drum shaft a,which carries a spur wheel a³, which is
driven by another wheel (these wheels are represented only by plain circles);
the wheel a is carried on a shaft a, which has ou it a barrel as around which
is coiled a chain a. The connection of this gearing with the tin drum shaft
is made by ratchets, so that the gearing may drive the tin drum shaft, while
the shaft cannot drive the gearing. A is the carriage square which supports
these parts. The carriage square A is shewn as being put up," or moving
towards the delivery roller,as indicated by the arrows. The winding-on takes
place during this time, and to understand the mode of producing it and the
means by which it is to be governed, it may be stated that if the end of the
chain a were held fast while the carriage moved, the barrel round which it is
coiled would be caused to revolve, and this revolution of the barrel will, by
the gearing before described, drive the spindles, and the chain being held quite
fast would enable them to wind on at their greatest pace, but if the end of the
chain a were allowed to follow the carriage as fast as it moved, then no
uncoiling would take place and no winding on would be effected, but if the
end of the chain were allowed to move in the direction of the carriage, but
not as fast as the carriage, then winding on would be effected, although not
so quickly as if the end of the chain were held fast, thus it will be seen that
the rate of winding on will be dependent on the pace at which the end of the
chain is allowed to follow the carriage.

page_text: The whole of the parts and motions above described are well known, and
various means have been adopted for regulating the amount that the end of
the chain shall move, through the best and most extensively used of which is
the radial screw, patented in 1830 by Mr. Richard Roberts, and commonly
known as the Roberts' screw. To effect this part of my improvements I attach
the end of this chain a'to a piston rode of an hydraulic cylinder c'containing
a ram e² to which the piston rode is fastened, and having a chain c³ which,
after passing over pullies fixed to a standard c, carries a weight. On the
counterfaller shaft 63 there is a lever d which works a rod d¹, the point of
attachment of which to the lever may be adjusted by the screw and nuts d³, d²;
this rod d' can also have its length adjusted by the right and left hand screwd³;
the other end of the rod d' works a lever d4 which works the shaft d5, and is
carried in a bearing 6 attached to the carriage square A, which as it is run
in and out slides the lever d' along the shaft d5, which may be either square,
as shewn, or round, with driving feathers and grooves as is well understood;
this shaft d5 carries a lever d7 weighted at one end, which lever works a rod d8
that comes under a lever ; this lever carries an adjustable weight d", and
by means of a rod d" presses on a valve 2, which is an outlet valve from the
hydraulic cylinder c², and is contained within a reservoir c. Assume the
carriage to be running in, as shewn by the arrow, and that the part of the
cop on which the yarn is then being wound is of such a diameter that the
chain a should follow the carriage at half the pace at which the carriage
is travelling in order to give the necessary number of revolutions to the
spindles, then it will be requisite that the outlet valve of the hydraulic
cylinder shall be open to such an extent that it will admit the ram to be
pulled into the hydraulic cylinder, and the chain to follow the carriage at
this pace of one-half the motion of the latter, but if the valve be not open so
much, then the spindles will wind ontoo quickly, which will cause the yarn to
pull down the counterfiller; this will raise the lever d and will withdraw the
rod d', and will suffer the weight ou the lever to act and raise the rod df,
the lever do, and the rod du,and the valve di,and will thereby allow the water
to flow faster from the hydraulic cylinder c'into the reservoir c, and will allow
the chain to follow the carriage more quickly, which will diminish the number
of revolutions of the spindle; but if, on the other hand, the chain follow
the carriage too quickly so that the spindles do not make enough revolutions
to wind the yarn on as fast as required, then the counterfaller will rise and will
press down the rod d' upon the lever d² and work the shaft d, overcome the
weighted lever d', and move the rod ds so as to suffer the weight to act by
the lever do and rod d" to partially close the valve s, and thus lessen the

page_text: rapidity of the escape of water from the hydraulic cylinder c; this will cause
the end of the chain a to follow the carriage square Amore slowly, and thereby
the rate of winding en will be increased. When the carriage is fully run in,
that is, "put up," it begins to return, and then the weight pulls back the
ram toits original place. When the carriage is fully "put up," the counter-
faller is down to its lowest point, and to allow it to assume this position without
hindrance from the apparatus that works the valves, the end of the rod d¹ is
made open so that it can withdraw from the lever d4, which will not then
follow it, as the weighted lever d' will not bave power to overcome the
weight on the lever when the carriage is running outwards, as there is
then no strain on the ram, and no assistance therefore from the water to lift
the weight do this weight is to be so adjusted on the lever that it shall
rather more than suffice to keep closed the valve d against the greatest
pressure that can be put on the ram c, by the chain a, which will be when
the cops are largest, but so also that it will yield to the action of the weighted
lever when assisted by the least pressure from within the cylinder, viz., that
given by the chain a when the cops are at the smallest.
The proportion of gearing is by preference to be so arranged that even
when the cops are at the smallest, and when, therefore, the most revolutions
are wanted, the end of the chaina shall not be stationary, but shall follow the
carriage square, although to a small extent; this will admit of the valve d¹2
always being slightly open, which will prevent it from sticking, and will also
get rid of the difficulty arising from the difference in area pressed on in the
valve when it is quite shut and when it is partially open. On the return of
the ram by the action of the weight c,the water that had been delivered into
the reservoir ce will return into the hydraulic cylinder partially through the
partlyopen valve d", but principally through the return valve e, which, although
it will open to admit water from the reservoir to the hydraulic cylinder, will
not allow of the passage of the water from the cylinder to the reservoir.
A more convenient, method of carrying out this part of my improvements is
shewn on Sheet 1 by Figures 4 and 5, the former of which is a side view
partly insection, the latter is an end view. In this arrangement the hydraulic
cylinder c¹ is placed vertically; the piston rod c, weight c, chain c³, and
standard c, with its pullies, are dispensed with. The ram c² comes out from
the bottom of the hydraulic cylinder, and carries two pullies c², c, over which
and over another fixed pulley e the chain a passes, and is attached to a
stud do. The ram is now shewn at its very highest point, and it is assumed
that the carriage is fully run iu. On the return of the carriage the weight of
the ram will cause it to fail to the full extent of its motion, that is, until

page_text: stopped by the block c,, and to draw the chain a over the pullies, while the
water that was in the reservoir co will return into the hydraulic cylinder c¹
through the return valve e. When the carriage runs in again the chain a
will draw the ram c2 up again to such an extent as the stage of the cop may
require.
case,
Another arrangement for carrying out this part of my improvements is
shewn at Figure 6, Sheet 1. In this the hydraulic cylinder c¹ is vertical, but
with the ram c2 issuing upwards, and carrying two pullies ci, c',over which and
a fixed pulley the chain a passes, and is made fast to a stud a10, as in the last
but the reservoir of instead of being a mere vessel, as in the arrange-
ments previously described, is a second hydraulic cylinder, containing another
ram eo, having a greater weight than c²; d, the valve by which the water
issues from the hydraulic cylinder c¹ into the reservoir cylinder c is here
shewn as a plain throttle valve. The apparatus is drawn in the position in
which it would be when the carriage was fully run in or put up, and when the
least amount of chain a' was unwound from the barrel. On the return of the
carriage the heavy ram c¹0 of the reservoir cylinder c will press downwards and
drive the water partially through the throttle valved 12,but principally through
the return valve e into the hydraulic cylinder c¹, and lift its lighter ram c² to
the extent of its motion; when the carriage runs in again, the chain a will
draw the ram c² down again to such an extent as the stage of the cop may
require, which, through the variation of the position of the counterfaller, acts
as in the previous arrangements through the shaft a5 on the throttle valve (12
by means of suitable levers and rods, and thus regulates the escupe of water
from the hydraulic cylinder c¹ into the reservoir cylinder c.
It will be observed that in the last two arrangements the stroke of the ram
is equal to only one-half the distance that the chain a moves through, this
renders the press more compact. By passing the chain a' over a further
number of pulleys the stroke of the ram may be further reduced in reference
to the distance the chain a' moves through, thus rendering the apparatus still
more compact. This diminution of the stroke of the ram may also be accom-
plished by passing the chain from it around a small barrel, while the chain a³ is
connected to a larger barrel on the same axis, or the chain a' may be connected
toa barrel on a shaft, which by decreasing gear drives another barrel, to which
the chain of the ram is fastened, and in this manner the stroke of the ram
may be diminished. No Drawing of these arrangements is given, as any com-
petent workman of the trade of a machine maker or engineer would have no
difficulty, from the above description, in making any such arrangement as is
therein mentioned.

page_text: Another arrangement for carrying out this part of my improvements is
shewn at Figure 7 of Sheet I. In this construction the ram c2 is replaced by
a piston c², aud the reservoir c' is dispensed with. Assuming the carriage to
be running in, the chain a³ will pull the piston in the direction of the arrow,
the rate of its motion will be regulated by the throttle valve d, which, as in
the last apparatus described is worked by suitable levers off the shaft d5.
The water between the piston c and the right-hand cover of the cylinder c
will be pressed along the passage c", pass the throttle valve d¹² into the space
between the left-hand end of the cylinder and the piston c²; the cylinder thus
becomes its own reservoir. On the return of the carriage the piston c' is to be
brought back by a weight c and chain c³, not shewu, but intended to be
similar to that of Figure 1, Sheet I., and the water is to find its way from the
left hand to the right-hand side of the piston, partly past the throttle valve d¹³,
but principally through the return valve e in the body of the piston.
Although this arrangement of a piston in a cylinder is shewn like that in
Figure 1 of the full stroke of the chain a', it is clear that it may be arranged
vertically, in a similar manner to that shewn at Figures 4 and 5, and also that
the length of the stroke of the piston may be reduced to one-half, or less, of the
distance that the chain a³moves through, while the parts may be made heavy
enough to perform the return stroke of the piston; thus, as in the arrange-
ment shewn at Figures 4 and 5, dispensing with the chain c³, standard c, and
weight 5. On the running out of the carriage the chain a³ is coiled upon the
barrel in the usual way, i.e., by another chain wound about it in the contrary
direction, which is overhauled by a counterweight, this counterweight being
lighter than the weight, which tends to restore the plunger c² to its original
position in the winding-on cylinder. The weight also that tends to restore
the plungers should only be such as will restore the plunger freely; it may
therefore occasionally be necessary to make the plungers hollow.
In Figure 1 the counterfaller alone is shewn as working the shaft ds, but
this shaft may be worked off the combined action of the faller and counter-
faller. The mode of doing this is shewn at Figure 8, Sheet 1, where in
addition to the leverd on the counterfaller shaft, another lever d¹³ is placed on
the faller shaft in such manner that when the faller goes down the lever will
go down. To the lever da link " is attached, and to the lever d¹³ a link d¹³.
These are respectively united to opposite ends of a bar d¹º to a place in which
the upper end of the rod d¹ is jointed; by this arrangement, if the faller and
counterfaller move the same amount in the same direction, no motion will be
communicated to the rod d'; but if while the faller is rising to wind on, the
counterfaller rises still more in consequence of an insufficient amount being

page_text: wound on,
then the rod d'will be depressed so as to partially stop the passage
for the flow of water, and thus cause a more rapid winding-on; while, on the
other hand, if the counterfaller approach the faller in consequence of a too
rapid wind on, the rod will be raised, and the flow of water will be increased
to check this excessive winding on. When at the completion of the run in of
the carriage the faller goes up and the counterfaller down in readiness for
the next stretch, both levers and d¹³ will be raised, and thereby the rod d¹,
this, if the rod ¹ be attached to the lever d', will open the valve ¹², or if the
rod d be not attached to but merely placed over the leverd, as shewn, it will
permit the weighted end of d to open d, and will thus put it in the best
position for allowing the water to return from the reservoir c into the
hydraulic cylinder; but, as before explained, the return valve e is added to give
a still more easy flow.
In the foregoing description throttle valves have been mentioned as applied
to the arrangements, Figures 6 and 7, and lift valves to the arrangements,
Figures 1, 2, and 3, and Figures 4 and 5; but it is clear that these throttle
valves may be equally applied to the other arrangements, or that slide valves,
piston valves, double-beat and balance valves or cocks, all of which are well
known to engineers, may be substituted. Where throttle valves or other
balanced and easily-moved valves are used they would offer no serious impedi-
ment to the movement of the faller and counterfaller on the running out of
the carriage, and the rod d¹ might be safely attached to the lever d4, were it
not that it is commonly desirable to be able to check the rate at which the
chain a is given out, just as the carriage is completing its inward run with
the object of making the point of the cop hard, and this would be interfered
with if d were fastened to d4.
In my improvements I effect the requisite checking in the rate at which
the chain is given out; to cause this hardening of the cop points by placing
an inclined piece of metal B (adjustable both as to its general height and its
incline by the nuts C, C, C, C, on the screwed standards D, D,) in such a
position that when the carriage is nearly put up it shall carry a bowl E, on the
outer end of the lever d', seen more clearly in Figure 3, Sheet I., below the in-
clined piece B, this will have the effect of depressing that lever and of dimi-
nishing the opening of the valve d¹, and will thus retard the flow of water, and
the delivery of the chain a, and will cause the yarn to be wound on faster just
at the point; this can be effected without any hindrance from the rod d¹, as
that is open at the bottom end, and the lever d' can therefore be depressed
without the rod d' moving with it.
In the whole of the foregoing arrangements the total motion of the valved"

page_text: is effected by the alteration in the position of the counterfaller or faller and
counterfaller, but the action will be rendered more delicate if the principal
part of the movement of the valve be governed by a "shaper," which will
vary as the cop varies, while only the imperfections or irregularities arising
from the use of this shaper are left to be corrected by the action of the coun-
terfaller, or faller and counterfaller.
Figures 5, 6, and 7, Sheet 4, shew different modes of effecting this. In
Figures 5 and 6, c¹ isthe hydraulic cylinder;.c² the ram in it, which regulates
the winding on; a is the chain, from the barrel on the carriage, passing over
pullies c, c,c8, 68, and attached to the boss a10, in the manner described in the
explanation of Figures 4 and 5, Sheet I; d, d', are the outlet valves, by
which on the chain a drawing up the ram c2, the water is allowed to flow into
the reservoir c; these valves are made of a peculiar shape for the reasons to
be hereafter explained; they are worked by a double-ended lever d³, which is
actuated by a rod d, attached to a lever d5, the fulcrum of which can be
adjusted by the right-hand screw at the upper end of the spindle de; d5 is
moved by a rod d', which is attached to a lever do, fast on the end of a shaft
do, which fills a somewhat similar office to the shaft d5, mentioned in the
description of the Figures 1 and 2, Sheet I. On this shaft is a lever do, which
vibrates in a bearing attached to the carriage (and being behind do, seen only
in end view at Figure 5), by which bearing it is made to slide endways along
the shaft do; this bearing is not shewn. Below this lever do there is a double-
ended lever d", which by means of a groove in a bracket attached to the
carriage is made to slide along with it, but is left at liberty to vibrate up and
down. The fulcrum of this lever is a bowl d¹³, which travels on a pair of
shaper rails e, e', to be hereafter described. One end of the lever d" carries
a weight d¹, and between that weight and the bowl, which acts as a fulcrum,is
the attachment of a link a¹, which connects it to the end of the lever do. At
the other end the lever d" is pressed on by the rod A, which is actuated off
the faller and counterfaller in the manner described in reference to Figure 8,
Sheet 1. The shaper rail e is supported at its ends by nuts e³, e³, carried on
screws e¹, et, worked by ratchet wheels es, es, off palls e, e, on a rod e', which
by the tappet es, attached to the carriage striking against the adjustable
tappets e, e, is made to move right and left at each reciprocation of the
carriage. The other shaper rail e¹ is fulcrumed at the back end on pin elo, and
at the front end is supported by the lower end of the screwed spindle do, which
is moved for the purpose of hand regulation by means of the band wheel B
Assume the cop to be about-to be commenced, and the spindles to be bare, the
shaper rail e will have been screwed by the attendant up to the highest point

page_text: e,
and
this rail is horizontal, or only deviates as much from it as is equal to the taper
of the spindles. The bowl d¹ will be raised by this rail, and thereby the rod
d' will also be raised, and the valves d, d', will be very nearly closed, by which
only a small amount of water will be able to escape from the hydraulic
cylinder c, and thereby a very small portion of chain a will be given off, and
a large amount of winding on will take place. As before described, at each
reciprocation of the carriage the shaper rail e will fall, and thus as long as
the bowl d is travelling along that shaper rail, the valves d, d', will be
more open than when that rail was high, more water will escape, more
chain a will be given out, and less winding-on take place; but when the
bowl d¹s reaches that part where the shaper rail e' is above e, in its now
lowered position, the bowl d¹³ will be compelled to leave the rail
travel on the rail e', which will gradually raise it, and thereby gradually
diminish the flow of water through the valves d, d', as the faller ascends
the conical part of the cop. By the time the cop bottom is finished the
rail e will be screwed down to its lowest position, and then the whole
action on the bowl d3 will be effected by the rail e, and this will con-
tinue during the remainder of the formation of the cop. Even after the
rail e is fully lowered, the reciprocation of the carriage will work the ratchet
wheels es, es, but when the raile is fully lowered, it rests on the supports e, ell,
and the screws et, et, will therefore draw the octagonal conical nats e³, e³, out
of the rail e, and they will then commence turning round without screwing
further down; or in lieu of this, au arrangement may be employed to throw
the palls e, e, out of gear with the ratchet wheels e5, es, and thus stop the
In the event of the
screws as soon as the rail e has reached its lowest point.
shaper rails e, e¹, not giving the exact regulation throughout the whole of the
stretch required by the form of the cop, the action of the faller and counter-
faller, caused by the irregularity in winding-on, will operate on the rod A, and
will thereby work the left-hand end of the lever d", and will actuate the
valves d, d', so as to compensate for the inaccuracies in the shapers e, e¹. The
strain upon the winding-on chain a will increase directly with the diameter of
the cops, and as the chain a'is that which puts the pressure on the water in
the cylinder c', it follows that that pressure will increase directly with the
diameter of the cops. Now, as the vertical motion of the valves d, d', is also
in direct relation with the diameter of the cops, it follows that if the increase
of area of opening made by their motion were to be regular, the flow of water
would increase not merely in proportion to the diameter of the cops, as it
should do, but to a greater extent, viz., that represented by the ratio of the
square roots of the increasing pressure. To obviate this it is requisite that

page_text: the plugs of the valves d, d¹, should be made of a form that will cause the
opening left around them at any particular position to be such, that when
multiplied into the square root of the pressure due to their position, it shall
allow a volume of water to escape in a given time, bearing such a proportion
to the volume of water that will in the same time escape when the valves are
in another position due to another part of the cop, as the diameter of the cop
in the first case bears to the diameter of the cop in the second; this will be
the case when the area of the opening for the escape of water varies as the
square root of the diameter of the cop. The valves d, d, are shewn in reverse
directions, so that the escape of water while it tends to close one tends to open
the other, and thus operates to balance them, but for this a single valve might
be used. In the event of the valves d, d', opening so much when the bowld13
is on the left-hand end of the shaper e', when that is at its lowest point that
they allow too much water to escape, and sufficient winding-on cannot be
obtained even for the largest size of the cop, then the spindle do should be
revolved by hand to alter the fulcrum of the lever d³, and thereby bring the
larger ends of the valves d, ¹, nearer to their seats, but as this would diminish
the amount of travel left in the valves, it follows that the bowl d¹³ as it ran
along the shaper rail e¹ would on its approach to the right-hand end of that
rail close the valves to quickly, and would thereby break them, besides
rendering the variation in the size of the aperture an improper one to suit the
varying form of the cop, this defect is remedied by the screw at the lower end
of d,which raises the left-hand end of the shaper e' as it raises the right-hand
end of the lever do, this brings the shaper e¹ more level,and thereby diminishes
the traverse of the bowl 3 to such an extent as is required by the altered
position of the valves d, d¹.
Figure 7, Sheet IV., shows an elevation, partly in section, and a plan of
the upper part of the hydraulic cylinder c', and of the reservoir ca. In this
arrangement, in lieu of the valves d, d', a plug k, parallel in one direction, but
made of a taper curve in the other, works through a parallel orifice k. This
plug kis worked off the bowl d in the manner described for the other
Figures, except in this respect that the lever " which carries this bowl works
on a pin at its left-hand end attached to the carriage, and is not operated on
by the rod A worked by the faller and counterfaller. In this case the
irregularities in the flow of water arising from the imperfection of the shaper
rails e, e¹, are corrected by the action of the faller and counterfaller, which,
through similar rods and shafts to those before described in reference to
Figures 1 and 2, Sheet I., operate on the rod l, which, through the bell-
crauk lever l'acts on the slide valve 12 placed over the orifice; in this way

page_text: If the motions of the plug
produced by the shaper e and e¹ are not exactly
such as to produce perfect winding on, they are corrected by the action of the
faller and counterfaller on the slide 2. There is an adjusting screw in the
rod, not shewn, for the purpose of hand regulation.
Another arrangement, which does not require a Drawing to explain it,
consists in letting the variation of the faller and counterfaller work not a slide
valve over the same orifice as that the plug works in, but an independent
slide lift or throttle valve.
In the foregoing arrangement for governing the action of the winding-on by
making it dependent on the regulation of the flow of water through apertures,
the operation has in every case been effected by the water being forced out of
the hydraulic cylinder by means of the chain a' attached to the drum on the
carriage pulling the rain or piston into the hydraulic cylinder. But another
method of carrying out my improvement in relation to the winding-on,
consists in forcing water into the hydraulic cylinder, and by the regulation of
the rate at which the water is forced in governing the pace of winding-on, and
by the like apparatus I am enabled to effect the backing-off'; but the
description of this method is not given here, but forms part of the description
of the mode of performing the whole operation of a mule by hydraulic
cylinders.
Another
part of
iny improvements relates to the gradual stopping of the
spindles. When sufficient twist has been put into a stretch of yarn, that is to
say, when the spindles have made the required number of revolutions to give
the amount of spinning or twist required in a stretch, it is necessary that they
should be stopped either preparatory to their being reversed to "back.off," or
in the case where "stripping "in lieu of "backing-off" is used to their being
made to revolve to "wind-on." To prevent an injurious shock, it is desirable
that this stoppage should be effected gradually, and for this various plans have
been proposed. Now, my improved mode of effecting this is by the regulation
of the flow of water.
On Sheet II, at Figure 1, is shewn in elevation, partly in section, a simple
method of carrying out this part of my improvement, a shews a portion of
the rim shaft of a mule which carries the rim, around which the spinning
band passes, the rim and band are not shewn; a¹ is attached to the shaft a,
and is the internal part of a pair of friction cones, of which a³, loose on the
shaft a,is the external part; a³ is provided with teeth around its circumference
by which it is driven in a reverse direction to that which the shaft has when
spinning; is a forked lever on the cross shaft a4, by which lever the outside
cone a² is made to approach to or recede from the inside cone a¹, this shaft a

page_text: being at the cessation of the spinning made to partially rotate by the action
of a si ring or weight suffered to come into play by the liberation of a catch.
By the contact of these cones, rurning in reverse ways, it is clear that the
shaft a will be stopped, and then turned backwards; all this is well understood,
and forms no part of my improvements; but this part of my improvements is
illustrated that now about to be described. Attiched to the shaft a4 is a
lever a', the end of which is connected to the piston rod of a piston as con-
tained within the hydraulic cylinder a', when by the liberation of the catch
the weight or spring moves the cross shaft at in the direction of the arrow to
put the outside cone a² into contact with a', it must raise the piston a6, but it
will only be able to do so at such a pace as the passage of the water through
the cock a will allow, and thus by the adjusting of this cock the motion may
be made as slow as may be required. When by the action of the mule the
shaft a is reversed, so as to draw the cones out of gear, no method of doing
which is shewn here, as there are various modes, which are well understood,
and which form no part of my improvements, the lever a³ depresses the
piston a, and the water returns to its upper side partially through the cock a³,
bnt principally through the valve as in the piston. The above description
refers to a mule where backing-off takes place; for a mule which strips aud
does not back-off, the outside cone a², although capable of endway motion on
the shaft a, would in other respects be stationary, the result would be, that
when it is put into contact with a', it will simply stop it and the shaft a, but
will not reverse their motion. Prior to the cones being put into gear, it is
necessary that the power which caused the shaft a to revolve in the direction
of the arrow at a should cease, this is generally effected by shifting the strap
from off the spinning pulley which is fixed on and drives the shaft a, this
shifting is commonly performed by a weight or spring suffered to act by the
liberation of a catch, this weight or spring is sometimes the same as that
which is employed to put the cone a² into gear with the cone a¹, but is some-
times an independent weight or spring.
Now part of my improvements relate to a mode by which the action of the
weight or spring to shift the strap is controlled by the regulation of the flow
of water, and to a means of restoring, by the action of water under pressure, of
this weight or spring to its first position ready to act at the next operation; and
in order that my improvements may be clearly understood, it is desirable they
should be shewnapplied to some existing form of mule. At Figure 2, Sheet II.
is exhibited a portion of a mule which is in extensive use, and is constructed
in accordance with the Specification of a Patent grant to Robert Halliwell,
on the 11th of May 1858, and numbered 105S. In this Figure the carriage

page_text: bowl
is shewn as running out, on its reaching its furthest extent outwards a projec.
tion on it strikes against one of the catches at the front of the headstock, and
therebyliberates the long lever n,and allows the left hand end to make its first
drop, when it is caught on the other catch, this by operating on gearing,
not shewn here, stops the further running out of the carriage, the dropping of
the left hand end raises the right hand end. The spindles continue to spin
to put in "twist at the head" after the carriage is out, until the revolution of
the twist finger r; by striking against the bowl s¹, lifts the bar s off the
catch s2, and allows the weight w to move the strap fork in the direction
of the black arrow, and thus shift the strap from off the spinning pulley a10 to
the self-acting and backing-off pulley a¹¹. At this time the stud s³, in the
bar s, has moved, the sector q, until the depression q¹ comes opposite the
p on the lever p³, when the spring p6 is suffered to act and to move the
lever p5, which by a cross lever (not shown) puts the outside cone a³ into
contact with the inside cone a¹. Thus far the whole of the operations are
those of Halliwell. To the bar s I attach a pine which lifts a rod e¹, which
works a bell crank e², and thus draws the catch 3 from before the projec-
tion et on the rod es, and allows the spring e, which has a tendency to draw
the rod e upwards, to act, this raises the piston valve o² to a position above
the outlet from the hydraulic cylinder e8. The piston rod e, attached to the
piston eo in this cylinder, is connected to a lever e", which is connected with
the strap fork lever t, and the weight w, from this it will be impossible for
the weight w to fall to shift the strap at any greater pace than is permitted by
the ascent of the piston elo, and this pace I govern by the regulation of the
amount of opening of the outlet valve d, which is held by the screw (13 up
to such an extent as may be required. To resume the operations performed
by Halliwell. As soon as the backing off is finished the faller lock ¿³ locks up
under the rack i, and the bell crank 4, attached to the bar i, sends down the
piece, which strikes against the second catch of the long lever n, and thereby
allows the left hand end to make its second drop,raising the right hand end still
further, by which the rod n³ moves, by the bell crank nt, the bar 2, to which
is fixed the attachment of the springp6, and thus releases it while the pinn
on the bar n, strikes against the lower part of the lever 15, moves it, and
throws the cone a² out of connection with the cone a', and stops the backing
off. At the same time the right hand end of the long lever n is raised high
enough to be latched on the catch. In this condition things remain until
the carriage has completed its run in, when a projection on it strikes
against the catch n', and the long lever n drops at the right hand end, this
end having now become the heavier in consoquence of the weighted lever o,

page_text: attached to the carriage pressing on it by the wheel o', which runs on the
long lever n, and which at this time is at the right hand end. In Halliwell's
arrangement there is a second weight to work the strap fork, which now
comes into play, the first weight having been eased off by a particular
arrangement. In my improvement I dispense by the following means with
this second weight, and the arrangement for easing off the first weight. I
prolong the right hand end of the long lever n, and pass it through a slot in
the lower part of the rod es, leaving sufficient clearence in this slot to allow
the right hand end of the long lever n to make its first and second rise with-
out moving the rod e upwards, this clearance is only equal to one of the
two rises of the lever n, but the rod e5 moves also the amount of one of the
two motions and doing that after the long lever n has made its first rise,
and thus following it, room is made for it to make its second rise, by this
arrangement as soon as the right hand end of the long lever n drops, it pulls
down the rod e³, and the piston valve e to the position shewn in the Drawing,
and admits through the inlet pipe el, water under pressure, which pressing
on the surface of the piston el depresses it, and thereby raises the weight w
and shifts the strap back on to the spinning pulley a.. When the rod e,
is pulled down, the projection e4, on it passes the catch rod e³ and is thereby
latched and prevented from rising until the next revolution of the twist fingerr
release the catch as before described. This arrangement may be modified
by dispensing with the weight w, and by making the hydraulic arrangement
double acting with two piston valves on the rod e³, or a slide or other con-
trivance well known to engineers, so that on its being liberated by the action of
the twist finger r and allowed to rise it shall not merely suffer the water above
the piston e to escape, but shall introduce water under pressure below that
piston and shall thereby force it upwards and shift the strap and allow the
cones to go into contact with the agency of any weight w.
This arrange-
ment may also be modified by retaining the two weights and gearing for
working them described by Halliwell, and by applying such an arrangement
of hydraulic cylinder as is shewn at Figure 1 of this Sheet II. the effect of
which would be merely to govern but not to move a weight. Figure 3, an
elevation, partly in section; Figure 4, a detail of some portion of the appa-
ratus, and Figure 5 an end view shews another part of my improvements by
which I shift the strap off and on the spinning pulley, put the cones a² and a¹
into contact to stop the spindles and back off and take them out of contact
again to cease backing off by the action of water under pressure, while by the
flow of water through orifices I regulate these movements and also regulate
the amount of "twist at the head.".

page_text: a is the rim shaft; a¹, the internal coné; a³, the external do. ; a³, the rim;
t, the strap fork; and a', a cross shaft, to which is fastened the forked lever a³,
which makes the cone a slide along the shaft a. On the shaft a' are also fixed
the levers a and a; the former of which, by a rol a', works the strap fork t,
while the latter is attached to the piston rod or plunger as of the piston a¹0 of
an hydraulic cylinder a"; the annular space around the plunger as is by the
pipe a12 always in communication with water under pressure. The apparatus
is shewn as it would be while the cones a¹ and a³ were in contact and backing-
off was taking place. It will be observed that the outlet piston valve b is par-
tially open, and that therefore the pressure of the water can exert its full
power downward on the piston 10, and thus hold the cones a², a¹, forcibly in
contact; as soon as the backing-off is complete the closing up of the faller
either by a long lever or by other connections, to none of which do I make any
claim, raises the rod 61, which is guided at its upper end by the guide b², and
isjointed above the guide at b³, the weight b* tending to keep the rod upright,
the joint 63 being made with a stop, in such a manner that it can only yield in
thedirectionsbewnbythe curved arrow; the projection bon it liftstheweighted
end of the lever into the position represented in Figure 4, in which, for the
sake of distinctness, the lever 6 is shewn,separated from the cylinder. When
65 has lifted the weighted end of the lever be into this position, it has moved
ts vertical limb 67 towards the left hand and has latched it under the second
notch of the latch 68, which retains it while the rod b' has, by the inclined part
of it at top striking against the fixed stop 69, being thrown towards the right
hand, and has thus withdrawn the projection 65 from under the weighted end
of the lever b6, leaving that weighted end free to re-descend as soon as the
catch 68 is lifted. By the lifting of the weighted end of the lever 66 the piston
valveb10 is raised above the inlet passage ", while the outlet valve b is allowed
to fall, so as to entirely close the outlet passage 6¹²; water under pressure now
enters below the piston a¹, and owing to the full area of the lower side of the
piston a being larger than the annular area of the upper side, the pressure of
water on the upper side will be overcome, and the piston al will be raised,
and thereby the forked lever a3 and the strap fork t will be moved towards the
left hand a small distance, viz., enough to take the friction cones a², a¹, out of
contact. This will shift the strap also towards the left-hand side of the self-
acting and backing-off pulley f, but the space purposely left on that pulley for
such motion will be sufficient to receive the strap, so that it will not go on the
spinning pulley f¹. As soon as this point is reached a plug tree c with two
steps in it, attached by across head and side rods to the plunger as (but which
attachment is not shewn), and which plug tree has therefore moved up with

page_text: the piston a, has come against a pin on the upright arm of the catch 6, which
catch works on a fulcrum at 613, and has thereby raised the catch enough to
allow the vertical limb 67 of the lever 66 to escape from the second notch of the
catch 68 and to rest against the first notch, this has allowed the lever 6 to
assume an entirely horizontal position, and has thereby closed both passages
11 and 12.
The piston now remains immoveable until the carriage is put up, when
it is requisite to place the strap on the spinning pulley f¹ to recommence spin-
ning; this is done by a projectlon on the carriage striking the pendent vertical
limbofa bell-crank lever d, the horizontal limb of which, by means of a rod d
raises a plug tree d, which strikes against the pin on the vertical limb 7 of
the lever 60, and again latches it under the second notch of the catch 6s; this
re-admits water under pressure into the lower part of the cylinder all, and
thereby raises the piston a through the rest of its journey and shifts the strap
as far as required on to the spinning pulley/', still leaving, as is usual, a part
of it on the self-acting and backing-off pulley. The outside cone 2 is of
course moved more towards the left hand, but this movement, although
not required, 's unobjectionable, care being taken to make the pinion that
drives the utside cone long enough to allow for this amount of endway
movement.
At the same time that this plug tree d2 sets the lever be, it also lifts up the
plug tree e on the piston rod e¹ of the piston e² of the hydraulic cylinder e³, the
water on the upper side of which piston returns to the lower side partly
through the regulating cock et, but principally through the valve e³ in the
pistone, which valve is prevented from falling through its own weight by the
spring e.
The completion of the up-stroke of the piston a10 of the hydrauliccylinder all
has raised its double-step plug tree c to the highest point, so that the second
step of the tree is now bearing against the pin on the catch lever 68, thereby
lifting it so much that the lever be might now be drawn over by its weighted
end were it not for the plug tree e of the hydraulic cylinder e³, against which
the pin of the vertical limb 67 of the lever 66 rests. The carriage now begins
to run out, and thereby releases the bell-crank lever d, which lifted the rod d¹
and allows it to fall. While the carriage is running out the piston e2 is falling in
the hydraulic cylinder e³, at such a rate, regulated by the amount of opening of
the cock e, that jus: at the time the right amount of twist is put in, it lowers
the plug tree e attached to it, until the top of the projecting part at e' passes
down to the level of the pin on the vertical limb 67 of the lever 66, when the
weighted end operates and shuts the inlet piston valve 610 and opens the dis-

page_text: charge piston valve b, therebyallowing the water pressure that is always on the
annular area to operate and drive down the piston a10; this moves the cone a²
towards the cone a', and puts the strap from off the spinning pulley on to
the self-acting and backing-off pulley
. Just before the cones come into contact, an arm 614 on the plungeras pressés
on a rod 615 (the length of which can be varied by a screw), and thereby par-
tially closes the outlet piston valve b; this renders the last part of the motion
as gradual as may be desired, and thereby cause the cones a² and a¹ to come
into contact gradually, and thus gradually to stop the spindles.
The plug tree c of two steps has descended along with the piston a 10, and
has thereby liberated the catch 68, ready to latch the vertical limb 67 of the
lever 6 at the next operation.
Another part of my improvements relates to the running in and out of the
carriage, and consists in combining with a mule an hydraulic cylinder a piston,
in which being pressed alternately on either side, reciprocates in the cylinder,
and thereby runs out the carriage to its proper distance, and by suitable
arrangements stops and reverses the carriage. By this contrivance I am
enabled to have a very easy motion for the carriage, and one admitting of
ready and complete control.
Another part of my improvements relates to performing the spinning by the
action of a piston in an hydraulic cylinder, whereby I am enabled to perform
the operation of spinning, and to stop and reverse the motion with great exact-
ness and facility.
In some instances I make the hydraulic cylinder that perform's the spinning
effect the backing-off and winding-on, while in other cases I employ a separate
cylinder for these purposes in which the regulation of the winding-on is done
byvarying the admission of water under pressure to the cylinder, as alluded to
in an earlier part of this Specification.
The mule which is shewn at Figures 1, 2, 3, and 4, Sheet III., and
Figure 1, Sheet IV., contains this arrangement for winding-on, which, as
before stated, will be explained in the description of the general operations of
the mule. When mules are worked with all these improvements they can be
driven from the steam engine or other prime mover by merely laying pipes on
from pumps
worked by the engine or other power, thereby dispensing with a
large amount of shafting and gearing in the mill.
Figure 1, on Sheet III., shews a side elevation, partly in section, of a
head stock of a mule arranged according to one mode of performing these
parts of my improvements; Figure 2 shews the front end of the headstock
partly in section; Figure 3 is a section of the headstock taken on the crooked

page_text: line M, N, and looking from front to back, but to prevent confusion
omitting certain portions, and Figure 4 is a view shewing some of the details.
detached.
Also on Sheet IV., Figure 1 shews an end section of the mule taken on
the line O, P, on Figure 1, Sheet III., and exhibiting those parts which were
omitted in the Figure 3, on Sheet III.
DESCRIPTION OF THE MULE AND MODE OF WORKING.
Assume the carriage A to be put up, i.e. to be at the roller beam, and
the whole machine in readiness for the run out.
Spinning. Then the loggerhead a which works the 4-way cock a¹ of
the hydraulic spinning cylinder a² will be at the extreme left-hand position
No.1, and this will put the cocka', so that the water will enter at the right-hand
side of the hydraulicspinning cylindera,and drive the pistona³in thedirection
of the black arrow, the rack 4 attached to the piston rod a will work the
pinion on the shaft a, and by the wheel a', keyed on the shaft a, will drive
the pinion as and its shaft a on which is a disc a10 carrying pawls a" which
will drive the ratchet wheel a attached to the spur wheel 3, which together
with ais loose on the shaft a³, and a through the pinion a" will drive the
rim shaft as and rima": The spinning band " passes around two pullies a¹8,
a, on the carriage, one of which a¹8 is on the tin drum shaft a, and then
the band passes around a pulley a loose on a shaft B at the front end of
the headstock, the motion of the piston of the hydraulic cylinder therefore
from right to left, in the direction of the black arrow, will cause the rim
band to run as shown by its black arrow, and this will drive the tin drum
and thereby the spindles in the usual way.
Driving. the rollers.-When the carriage commences to run out, it is
necessary that the rollers should revolve to deliver yarn, this is effected by the
bevel wheel 6. on the shaft a which drives through the other bevel wheel b¹
and clutch 6, the cross shaft 63, which by the change wheel b and an inter-
mediate wheel 65 drives the wheel b on the roller shaft 67, from which
the three pairs of rollers are worked in the usual way.
'
Running out the carriage.-When the spindles begin to revolve, and
the rollers to deliver yarn, it is necessary that the carriage should run out,
to effect this the loggerhead c of the four-way cock c'of the hydraulic cylinder
c2 for working the carriage is at its extreme position on the left-hand, viz'.,
position No. 1, and thus sets the cock c' so as to let the water in between,
the piston and the right hand cover of the cylinder c2 which will force the
piston in the direction of the black arrow. The band c³ is attached to one

page_text: end of the piston rod c' and the passes over the guide pullies c³, c, c², and
cs, to the other end of the piston rod c'. At a point between pullies and c
the band c³ is attached to the carriage A and thus works it, and under
the circumstances above described would run it out or in the direction of
the black arrow.
Stopping the rollers.-It is usual to stop the delivery of yarn by the
rollers before the carriage has quite run out, by which the yarn is stretched,
When the carriage has run out to such a point as may be desired for stopping
the delivery by the rollers a stud 68 on the carriage strikes an adjustable
stud 6 on a long rod 60 extending along the headstock, a bevilled part 611
at the back end of this rod is thus drawn below the horizontal limb 612 of
the bell crank clutch lever 613, and raises it overcoming the spiral spring 6+
and latching the lever on the latch 6, which is made to fall in position by
the weight 616, the clutch 62 is thus thrown out and the cross shaft 6³ and
rollers are stopped. During the further run of the carriage the parallel
part of the rod 60 continues to pass under the limb 12 of the bell crank. 613
but without further action on it.
Slackening speed of carriage after rollers are stopped.-When the rollers
have ceased to deliver yarn it is desirable that the carriage should move
much more slowly for the remainder of its journey outwards, by which the
after stretch of the yarn is gradually made, and the carriage is brought to
rest without shock, this may be effected by the arrangement shewn at
Figure 4, Sheet IV., where c¹ is au adjustable bar (attached to the rod c¹³ of
the press c², Figure 1, Sheet IV.) which moves by the lever co, the length of
which is adjustable, the plug of the cock c' to any extent, and at any period
after the rod 18 begins to move that may be desired, the cock e' remaining in
this position until by the action of the loggerhead c as hereafter explained
it is moved so as to entirely close the passage, and thus hold the carriage
fully out and at rest.
Stopping the carriage in its outward run.-When the piston in the
hydraulic cylinder 2 has moved as far in the direction of the black arrow
as is sufficient to run the carriage out to its furthest point, the cross head
e on the piston rod e' presses against a lever c, and thereby moves the
loggerhead c which moves the four-way cock c¹ to the position No. 2, when
in this place the passages in the cock are all closed and the press and carriage
are stopped, the loggerhead c is prevented from going further by the rod c
the projection on which comes against the catch e, and thereby stops
further movement.
Stopping the spinning and reversing the press ready for the next stretch.―
'

page_text: According to the common practice after the carriage has been stopped
the spinning still continues to give twist, which is called "twist at the head,'
In my arrangement to effect this the piston of the hydraulic spinning cylinder
a² continues to travel in the direction of the black arrow until it has moved
far enough to give the whole number of turns of the spindle required in
the stretch, when this has been done an adjustable stud a attached to the
rack a'strikes a lever a,and by means of the rod a throws overtheloggerhead
a to the position No. 3, thereby moving the four-way cock a', and reversing the
direction of the water so as to cause the piston in the hydraulic cylinder
to travel backwards, or in the direction of the dotted arrow; this reverses the
train of wheelwork as far as the ratchet wheel a which being provided
with a pawl and ratchet arrangement does not reverse, and this pawl and
ratchet arrangement prevents the rim from being driven backwards and
in effect leaves it free. As soon as the shaft a reverses, the friction clip
spring as keeps the pawls out of gear and thus prevents them from making
a noise and from wear, the use of a clip spring to keep pawls. out of gear
is well known. This backward motion of that piston continues until its
limit being reached the stud a²² strikes the lever a and thereby throws
over the loggerhead a to the position No. 2, at which point it is retained by
the rod a which is held by the catch in this position, and the passages
in the cock are closed so that the piston is at rest. When the driving of
the spindles ceased it was necessary to stop their momentum and to reverse
them to back off, and this I effect as follows:-
Stopping the momentum of the spindles and putting cones into readiness
to back off and wind on.--At the time the spinning is. completed and the
stud a pressed against the lever a23, so as to throw the loggerhead a into the
position No. 3, the rod a, by an adjustable stud d on it, moves a shaft d',
extending along the headstock, and thereby moves a loggerhead ² from right
to left until it passes over the centre and thereby takes suddenly with it,
although not through so many degrees a continuation d³ of the shaft d¹; this
shaft d³ works the four-way cock d' of the cylinder d5, thereby allowing water
under pressure to enter it and force up the piston de,and by the bell crank d²,
put the internal friction cone d'into contact with the external coned⁹ attached
to the pulley a", which runs loose on B; this stops gradually the momentum
of the spindles. Adjustable stops do are put for the loggerhead to fall on, and
thus the passage may be opened to the required extent to put the cones into
contact in a gradual manner. By the putting into contact the cones d* and
de, the pulley a" is connected with the shaft B on which it was loose,and can
be driven by means of B. The shaft B can be made to revolve in either

page_text: direction by means of the piston e' of the hydraulic cylinder e, which performs
the backing off and winding on in the following manner:-This cylinder e is
provided with a piston e,having attached to the bottom of it a piston rod e³,
and to the top a much larger rod or plunger e³; a cord e is fastened to the
rod e and plunger e³, and passes over a pulley e,and takes one or two turns
around a barrel e,fixed on a shaft e, on which is a spur wheel e³, which gears
At the
into a spur pinion e on the shaft B,and thus causes B to revolve.
time that backing off should be effected the piston e¹ is, by a contrivance that
will be hereafter explained, always at the height at which it isnowdrawninthe
cylinder or any other suitable height which may be selected for it when the
machine is first set to work. At the time the shaft d¹ moved through the
loggerhead d, the continuation d³ of the shaft d', and thereby put the cones d³
and into contact, a lever e¹0 on the shalf d', lifted by the link el, the bar el,
on which is the incline e,which pressed against a bowl e¹ in the end of the
long rod e extending along the headstock, and thereby drove it towards the
front of the headstock (at which end the rod e¹5 is attached to the pendant
limb e¹ of three-armed lever e, e17, e18,) and thereby lifted the weight e20
fastened on the horizontal arm e, lifting with it the piston valve e²¹, and
admitting a flow of water under pressui from the inlet pipe e to the lower
g the vertical lever e¹, fixed on
part of the cylinder e,at the same time loc
the shaft e(to which is also fixed the three-armed lever) under the second
notches of the catch the admission of water to press on the full areaofthe
bottom of the piston e¹ raises it up, overcoming the pressure of water on the
smaller annular area above the piston. The water is forced outwardsthrough
the valve into the pressure main pipe. The ascent of the piston e¹ will by
the corde,barrel e',and wheels 8 and ea,drive the shaft B in the direction to
send the spinning band, as shown by the dotted arrow (or the reverse way to
that in which it moves when spinning),and will thereby reverse the motionof
the spindles and cause them to back off. This backing off will continue until
the faller lock C closes up in the usual manner under the heel of the faller
rack D. This closing up will allow, as is well understood, the bar E to move
towards the back of the headstock, and willmakethebelleranke" vibrate, which
will lift the rod e, which owing to the carriage being fully out is then under
the end of the catch e; this will liberate the three-armed lever, and will allow
the weight e20 to move it, and the vertical lever el, which will suffer thepiston
inlet valve to fall and close the inlet passage e, while it will raise the
outlet piston valve e, so that as soon as the piston e¹ descends the water that
The inclined piece e¹³ on the
was below it will escape by the outlet e29.
bar e¹², which lifted the weight e, will not offer any opposition to its return

page_text: inasmuch as after having pressed against the bowl e", toeffect thisraisingofthe
weight, it passed above it and thus left space for its return. The inlet valve
below the piston e¹ being now shut and the outlet open, ifwaterunderpressure
be admitted in the annular space above the piston e¹, it will descend and will
then work the shaft B in the contrary direction to what it did before, or so as
to drive the spinning band in the direction of the black arrow, which is that
which is suitable to spin and wind on. The admission of water above the,
piston e' is effected by the piston valve e, which is worked off the shaft e³¹,
which is a similar shaft to the one mentioned as a in Figure 1, of Sheet 1
and is governed by a rod e32, worked off the combined action of the faller and
counterfaller by the levers and rods, as described at Figure 7 of Sheet 1.
Assuming the winding on to be taking place too fast the counterfaller will be
depressed, and thereby will raise the rod e, which will allow the shaft e³¹tobe
vibrated by the action of the weight es, this will drawdown the piston valvees,
and thereby diinsih the opening for the inlet of water above the piston el;
this will retard its descent and diminish the rate of winding-on. If on the
other hand the winding on be too slow, the counterfaller will rise, press down
therode, vibrate the shaft eat the opposite way, and lift the weight 33 and
piston valve and thereby admits more water above the pistone, andhastens
its descent and the pace of the winding-on. In order to diminish the strokeof
this piston e¹, the rim band is made to traverse in the direction of the black
arrow when the carriage is running out, by which a certain portion of the
revolutions that would be given to the spindles is not obtained, but on the
return of the carriage,i.e., when it is put up, it is clear that the spindles would
make a certain number of turns to wind on even if the spinning band were
held quite still. The size of the pulley a on the tin drum shaft of the tin
drum and of the warves on the spindles should be so arranged that even when
the yarn is being wound on the largest part of the largest copthe passage of
the carriage over a stationary band should not give sufficient revolutionstothe
spindles without some assistance from the downward motion of the pistone',
so that an effective government may always be maintained over the winding
on. In order to make the points of the cops hard there is a bowl F on the
end of the lever worked by the rod e³, and this as explained in reference to
the arrangements shewa on Sheet I., when the carriage is put up runs under
an inclined piece (which to avoid crowding the Drawing is not shown), and
thereby vibrates the shaft e,lifts the piston valve 30, and lets water into the
upper part of the cylinder, causing a rapid wind on at the point of the cop.
Putting up the carriage.-When the vertical rod e lifted the catch it
also lifted a lever c" alongside of it, and thereby through the shaft c and

page_text: lever c forced the rod c15,attached to this lever, towards the back of the head-
stock. This rod c15 extends along the headstock, and in Figure 1 is hidden
for nearly the whole of its length by the rod e¹5. The forcing of this rod c15
towards the back of the headstock moved the vertical limb of the bell-crank
catch e, and depressed the horizontal limb clear of the projection c¹ on the
rod c", thus allowing it to move further towards the right hand, and to suffer
the loggerhead c to take the position 3, which puts the four-way cock c¹ so as
to reverse the motion of the piston in the cylinder c², or to make it go in the
direction shewn by the dotted arrow, and to put up the carriage.
Gearing rollers preparatory to next stretch-When the carriage is nearly
run in, the stud 68 strikes a stud 618 on the rod 610, and thus drives it
towards the back of the headstock until the bevelled part 6" has gone entirely
away from below the bell crank 612, leaving that supported only by the
catch 615. When the carriage has just finished its inward run, the adjustable
stud 619 attached to it strikes away the catch 615, and allows the bell-crank
lever 612 to be operated on by the spring b", and gear the clutch b² to work
the rollers in the next outward stretch.
Drawing out the friction cones.-At the time the carriage is completing
its inward run, a stud d" on it strikes a lever d¹, and by means of a rod d¹³.
a bell-crank lever d4, another rod d15, and lever d¹ works the shaft d¹, and
brings the loggerhead d² over the centre, and thereby allows it to fall into the
position 1, reversing the four-way cock of the cylinder d³, which admits water
to enter and force its piston down, and by means of the bell crank d' draw
the friction cone d³ out of gear with the pulley a².
Starting the spinning.-At the same time the stud d" on the carriage
presses up the catch a, and thereby liberates the rod a27, and thus suffers
the loggerhead a to assume the position 1, which was the position it had at
the commencement of this description, and thus starts the spinning.
Setting the piston of the backing-off and winding-on cylinder in proper
position for backing-off at the next stretch.-When the carriage is just put
up, an incline e on it presses against the bowles of the lever e³, and thereby
forces the rod c¹s towards the front of the headstock, and thus raises the
weight e, and sets the valves e" and es so as to drive the piston e¹ upwards,
the vertical lever e¹ being again latched under the second notch es of the
catch e. This upward motion of the piston e' turns the shaft B, as before
explained, in the direction to back off, but as at this time the friction cone d
is out of contact with d' it has no effect on the pulley a", and therefore none
on the spindles. The ascent of the piston c' continues until it has reached the
point at which it is to rest in readiness for backing-off at the next stretch, at

page_text: which time the projection on the piston rod e² presses against a pendant
limb of the catch lever e", and moves it so much as to allow the vertical
lever e¹ to escape from the second notch e", and suffer the weight e20 to work
the three-armed lever until it is stopped by the vertical lever e¹ catching
against the first notch e38 of the catch e; this holds the three-armed lever
and valves e² and e28 in the position shewn in Figure 1, viz., that in which
both passages are closed, and therefore the piston e' remains at rest until the
next cessation of spinning when the rise of the bar e by means of the
incline e¹³ again, through the rod e¹, lifts the weight e, latching the vertical
lever under the second notch e23 of the catch e, whereby the piston e' is
forced upwards, and backing-off takes place, as before explained.
Starting the carriage to run out.-At the same time, the piston of the
carriage cylinder c² having completed its course in the direction of the dotted
arrow, and thereby fully run in the carriage, the crosshead c¹ on the further
end of the piston rod presses against the lever c¹, and by the end c¹s moves
the loggerhead c to the position 1, the position it had at the commencement
of this description, and reverses the four-way cock c', and starts the piston of
the press in the direction of the black arrow, and runs the carriage out
Although, in order to render the description of the operations performed by
the mule complete, I have described a method of driving, stopping, and
starting the rollers, I do not lay any claim to this part of the mule, nor to
the arrangements shewn, as, if not identical with those already in existence,
they are substantially the same, neither do I lay any claim to the arrange-
ments in part described for putting down and locking the faller. The pro-
portion of gearing, that is, the wheels and pullies between the hydraulic
cylinder a², and the spindles must be such as will during the stroke of the
piston of that cylinder give the requisite number of revolutions to the spindles;
this will vary according to the fineness of the yarn to be spun, and the
variation may be effected by having, as is not unusual in ordinary mules,
different diameters on the rim for the band to work on, or by altering the
proportion of the spur wheels and pinions, or reducing or increasing the length
of stroke in the cylinder by varying the tappets. The cylinder c², that
actuates the carriage, is shewn to have a stroke equal to the length of the
traverse of the carriage, but this stroke may, by pullies or gearing, as pre-
viously explained in reference to the winding ou, be varied, so that the stroke of
the piston in thecylinder may be more or less than the traverse of the carriage.
The four-way cocks a', c', with their loggerheads are exhibited to an
enlarged scale and in various positions in Figures 2 and 3 of Sheet IV. m is
the plug, which in the middle part is reduced to a single bar rather wider

page_text: than the passages; m¹ is the inlet passage; m², the outlet; m³, the passage to
the right hand end of the cylinder; and m*, the passage to the left-hand end;
m5 is a disc on the end of the plug, provided with me, m', two projecting studs
which are occasionally operated on by the arm n of the loggerhead; the
arm n is in one with a piece n¹, on which are two studs n2, n³, which are
occasionally operated on by the lever o, which, as well as the loggerhead lever,
is loose on a spindle formed on the end of the plug, the leverp is tight on this
same spindle. The action is as follows:-Assume the whole to be in position 1,
and pressure towards the left hand to be applied to the-bottom of the lever o,
it will move that lever, which by the stud n³ will lift the loggerhead until it
has passed over the centre, but in so doing will have had no action upon the
plug m, but when the loggerhead has got over the centre it will fall towards
the right hand, and its lever n will strike the stud m7 on the disc m³ on the
end of the plug, and will move it into the position No. 3. The fall of the
loggerhead towards the right hand will not be in any way restrained by the
lever o, because the stud n³ will run away from that lever, bringing the stud
2 round ready to be operated on by the lever o when pulled towards the
right-hand for the purpose of again putting the cock in the position shown in
Figure 1. The lever p is in a slot in a horizontal rod, and thus prevents the
loggerhead falling as soon as it is over the centre until this rod is liberated;
this is only of use as regards the cock a¹ when going from position 2 to
position 1, and as regards the cock c¹ when going from position 2 to
position 3.
Although four-way cocks are shewnaud described here any mechanic would
know how to apply lift valves, double beat valves, piston valves, or slide valves,
or other similar contrivances which are in use for changing the inlet or outlet
of steam or water in combination with a loggerhead; in lieu of a loggerhead
acting by weight, springs may be employed.
In the mules shewn at Figures 1, 2, 3, and 4, Sheet III., and Figure 1,
Sheet IV., separate hydraulic cylinders are employed for the purpose of
actuating the spinning and the motion of the carriage, and this is done in order
that after the carriage cylinder has ceased to operate, the spinning cylinder
may go on for a short time to give "twist at the head," but in those cases
where "twist at the head" is not used, and the whole of the spinning is done
during the outward motion of the carriage, the construction of the mule may
be much simplified, as one hydraulic pressure cylinder will be sufficient to work
the spinning and the running in and out of the carriage, and in those mules
which only strip and do not back off, the construction may involve only this
one hydraulic pressure cylinder to spin and move the carriage, and a resis-

page_text: tance cylinder, such as described in reference to Sheet I., to regulate the
winding on.
In the arrangement of mules shewn the hydraulic spinning cylinder is made
to do the work of spinning when travelling in one direction only, and to be
run in idly, but it is manifest that by having two racks attached to the piston
rod operating on opposite sides of two pinions loose upon a shaft, these pinions
would rotate in opposite directions as the piston of the hydraulic cylinder
reciprocated, and that if these pinions were provided with ratchets and pawls
they could be made to drive the rim shaft always in the direction for spinning,
whether the piston in the cylinder were moving to the right hand or to the
left. This arrangement of ratchets would not, when the rim is fixed to its
shaft, be applicable to those cases in which backing off is required, because
the ratchets would prevent the rim from turning backwards, but they would
be applicable to mules were stripping was used in lieu of backing-off, in such
a mule all that would be necessary for the spinning would be to have an
hydraulic cylinder, which in its run, say, towards the right hand, should spin,
and as it approached the extremity of its travel should, by an arrangement
that will be described in reference to Sheet 5, diminish its velocity, so as to
gradually check the speed of the spindles, and should throw overaloggerhead
into such a position as No. 2, of Sheet IV., where it should be held by a rod
until liberated by the putting up of the carriage, when the loggerhead would
be suffered to complete its journey and reverse the piston in the hydraulic
cylinder, so as to spin during the succeeding stretch, at the termination of
which the operation of retarding the velocity, throwing over, and holding the
loggerhead would be repeated; and even in those mules where backing-off
is required, this arrangement of a single hydraulic cylinder driving through
ratchets, the spinning, whether moving to the right-hand or to the left, might
be adopted by having the rim loose upon the rim shaft, so that by the throwing
out of a clutch at the termination of the spinuing, the rim may be free to
reverse for the backing off.
On Sheet V. is shown an arrangement of mule in which backing-off is
performed, and in which also the spinning cylinder operates to spin, whether
moving to the right-hand or to the left, and likewise effects the backing-off
and the winding-on.
Figure 1 is an elevation partly in section of the headstock; Figure 2 is an
end view shewing the hydraulic cylinder; Figure 3 is a plan showing some of
the details; and Figure 4 shows the vibrating tappet h³ and lever f5 in detail.
Only so much of the mule is drawn as is necessary to exhibit this arrange-
a' is an hydraulic cylinder, of which only the right-hand portion is
ment.

page_text: shown; a² is a piston rod attached to a piston in it, and carrying a double
rack of which the upper side a³gears into the pinion a³, while the underside a*
gears into the other piuion a. The pinion a is in one with the wheel a',
while the pinion as is in one with the wheel as; both the wheels and pinions
being loose on the fixed shaft a³, the wheel a drives the pinion a10, and the
wheel as drives the pinion a¹¹; a¹0 is on one with the wheel a¹³, and a" with
the wheel a, and a, a, a¹³, and a¹ are loose on the fixed shaft a¹5; a¹³ drives
the pinion a,and a" drives the pinion a¹7; a is on one with the internal
cone a¹, and a is in one with the internal cone a¹; as, a¹7, a¹8, and a¹⁹ are
all loose on the rim shaft a20; 21 is the rim; a22 is a double external friction
cone, capable of sliding along the shaft a20, and of making that shaft revolve
by means of a feather. By this arrangement if the cone a22 be in gear with
the internal cone a when the piston in the cylinder is moving towards the
right hand, it will cause the rim to move in a given direction; and if when
the piston of the hydraulic cylinder is moving towards the left-hand, the
cone a be put into contact with the interual cone a¹8, the rim will move in
the same direction as before.
Assume the piston in the cylinder a¹ to have been moving towards the
right hand, and the cone a to have been in connexion with the internal
cone as, spinning will have gone on at full speed until shortly before the
determination of the motion of the piston, a stud b attached to the rack
will have struck against a bowl b¹ on the lower end of a lever 62, and will
thereby have forced the lever 2x and the rod towards the left hand,
partially closing the throttle valve in the inlet pipe to the hydraulic
cylinder a¹, on its return 6 will move 62 towards the left, but this will not
affect 2x, as 62 drives it only in one direction by the projection 62**, this will
have retarded the velocity of the piston in the cylinder a¹, and will thereby
stop the spindles gradually, a projection 65 on the rod 63 will be latched
under the latch so as to retain the throttle valve partially closed, the
further motion of the rack a³, at, towards the right hand will have caused
a stud c on it to strike against a stud c¹ on a rod c², and this will have
drawn that rod towards the right haud and will thereby have pulled over
the logger head d from the position 1, which it then occupied, to a point past
the centre when it will fall by its own gravity to the position 2, and will
carry with it rapidly the stalk e of the double piston valve el, e², so that the
water can enter at the passage e³ between the right-hand end of the cylinder
a¹ and the piston, and thus drive it towards the left hand, this as the cone
a remains in contact with the internal cone a¹8, will reverse the spindles
and produce backing-off, the water which was on the left-hand side of the

page_text: piston, on the cylinder a¹ will escape by the passage et into the outlet es,
the backing-off will be effected at a much slower pace than the spinning in
consequence of the throttle valve 6 still remaining partially closed. As soon
as the backing-off is completed the faller in locking up,as is well understood,
raises a rod X which thereby presses on the underside of a catch f, situated
near the front end of the headstock,and lifts its weighted end f", this liberates
the loggerheal, which at that time by a pin f2x was latched in position |
under the notch f3 of the lever f, the loggerhead then falls into position 2,
and thereby moves through a lever f* fixed on the centre of the loggerhead
lever f, the rod f towards the right hand; this rod actuates the slide f
of the hydraulic cylinder f8, and thereby .drives its piston f towards the
right hand, which by the piston rod f10 moves through a double ended lever,
the outside cone a off the inside cone a 18 on to the inside cone a¹, this stops
the backing-off, and causes the spindles to revolve to wind on; but in order
that the winding-on may be governed it is requisite that the rod 3 should be
put into connection with the shaft %, which is the shaft actuated by the
faller and counterfaller as described in relation to the previous arrange-
ments. On the end of the shaft Z there is a lever g, carrying a weight g', this
lever by means of a toggle joint g², g², works when the toggle is vertical a
bell crank lever g³, which operates on the rod 63, and thereby on the valve b
in the inlet pipe, and thus controls the pace of the piston in the hydraulic
cylinder a',during the timeof the winding-on; when the backing-off ceases the
faller lock locking up presses by an arrangement not shown on a bowl g
on a lever g³, on a shaft g, and thereby moves a lever g' towards the right
hand, and this by means of the rod g³ attached to the centre of the toggle
joint g², g², pulls it to the vertical, and even a little past the vertical position.
At the same time the locking up of the faller lock has by a rod, not shewn,
moved the catch 66 from before the projection 66 on the rod 63, and has
thereby left the rod 63 at liberty to be operated on by the faller and counter-
faller during the run in. The catch 65 is kept in by a loggerhead weight,
notshown, which when the locking up of the faller lock pulls this catch away,
is moved over the centre, and thereby retains the catch and prevents the
On the
possibility of its re-locking the rod 6 during the winding-on.
completion of the winding-on a bar, not shewn, is moved by a stud on the
carriage, and an incline on this bar, bearing on the under side of the bowl g,
lifts it, and thereby throw the toggle g², g², out of upright, and the weight
put the throttle valve 6 wide open, when the piston in the cylinder a¹ starts
at full speed for spinning; the carriage, when it is just put up, strikes against
the latch 66, brings its loggerhead over the centre, and thereby puts it again
67

page_text: into position to retain the projection 65, when the rod 63 is again moved
towards the left hand. The carriage towards the end of its outward run by
the tappet strikes against the adjustible tappet h¹ on the sliding bar h²,
this bar carries a lappet h³, working on a pin at h4, counterbalanced by h, and
having a blade spring he which always tends to keep it in the centre as
shewn in Figure 1. Assuming the lever f5 to be in position 2, the pin f 13
will be struck by the upper part of the swivel tappet h³, this will cause the
tappet to vibrate upwards into the position shown in Figure 4, until it is
stopped by the stud f¹³ it will then commence to drive the lever f5 and
loggerhead f2 from the position 2 towards position 3, when the lever f5 will
fall forward until it will be retained by the stud f", catching in the notch f15
of the lever f, the stud f16 at the bottom of the lever f5, in moving to the
right hand will not have been opposed by the under side of the swivel catch h³,
as that will have been raised out of its way; when the faller lock next locks
up,
the rod X will again raise the catch f, and will thereby berate the
loggerhead from the position 3, and allow it to assume the position 4.
On the return of the carriage the tappet strikes against the adjustable
On the next running
tappet h, and thereby draws backwards the bar h².
out of the carriage the vibrating tappet ³ comes into contact with the
lower stud 16 of the lever 5, and this vibrates it as much below the horizontal
as in the Figure 4 it is vibrated above it, by this contirivance it drives the
loggerhead from the position 4 towards the position 1, the pin f receiving
no opposition from the tappet h³ as that has now vibrated so as to be below it.
There is a short bar 8 attached to the framing, above or below which a
pin h in the weight h5 bears, this retains the swivel tappet h³, either up or
down according as it may have been vibrated.
trivance the vibrating tappet h³ would as the loggerhead f² approached to the
vertical become level and would hinder the further traverse of this loggerhead.
When the piston in the hydraulic cylinder a' is completing its travels towards
the left hand end, a stud 68 on the rack as will come against the bowl 6° in
the bottom of the bell crank lever 10, and through the projection 610 will
drive the upper lever 610**, and by the link 6" will work the lever ²; and
thereby move the rod 63 again towards the left hand so as to partially close
the throttle valve and check the momentum of the spindles, the projection
The stud c will press against the
b being again latched by the latch 6º.
stud, and will thereby move the loggerhead d from position 2 to
position 1, this will move the double piston valves e¹, e², so as to reverse
the piston in the hydraulic cylinder a', backing-off will now take place in
Were it not for this con-

page_text: the manner previously described and will continue until the locking up of
the faller lock liberates the latch f, which will again produce motion in the
piston f, and will reverse the contact of the outside a". It is obvious
that the rod f may be used to work the lever f" of the outside cone a
without the intervention of the cylinder f³, but this would require the logger-
head 2 to be made more powerful.
Wherever, in the foregoing descriptions, water under pressure is mentioned
the pressure, except in very rare cases, where powerful heads of water exist
naturally, must be produced by pumps worked by steam engines, water wheels,
or other prime movers. The outlet pipes from these pumps will be the
pressure mains, from which branches may be taken to the various cylinders of
the various mules, it will be preferable to have on the pressure mains vessels
called accumulators, which serve as reservoirs and regulators of power, and
these,as is well known to most engineers, are constructed by having a stationary
vertical ram, around which is a moveable cylinder loaded with such a weight
as will give the pressure designed by the manufacturer; the pressure may be
varied by varying the weight.
I have, throughout the foregoing description, used the term water, or water
under pressure, when speaking of the operations to be performed, but it is
obvious that other elastic on non-elastic fluids might be used, although the
elastic fluids would not be so certain in their action as fluids which are prac-
tically non-elastic.
And although I have spoken of stationary hydraulic cylinders containing
moveable pistons or plungers, it is also obvious that the pistons or plungers
may be stationary and the cylinders moveable.
It is intended, throughout the preceding descriptions, that there may be
placed in the pipe that lets water, under pressure, into any of the cylinders, a
regulating valve which may be worked by hand, or may be one of that well-
known class which are self-regulating, and which will maintain a constant
pressure on the outlet side of them, however much the pressure on the inlet
side may exceed the constant pressure on the outlet; by one or other of
such valves the speeds of the various cylinders may be regulated.
A portion of my improvements relate to slubbing and roving machines, or
spinning machines of that kind in which the yarn is wound upon the spool or
bobbin by the difference in revolution between it and the flyer, the arms of
which revolve about it, and this difference in revolution may be made, either
by the spool moving more quickly or more slowly than the flyer.
As is well understood by persons conversant with this kind of machinery,

page_text: the one side of a "jack in the box" is connected with the shafting which drive
the flyers and the delivery of the yarn at an uniform rate, while the other
side of the "jack in the box" is connected with the gearing that drives the
spool or bobbin; and the differential motion of the two sides of the "jack in
the box" produces the difference between the revolutions of the spools and the
flyers, which causes the yarn to be wound on to the spool. This differential
motion is dependent upon the pace at which the middle wheel of the "jack
in the box "is driven. As the yarn accumulates upon the spools the motion
of the latter, relative to the flyers, has to become less, inasmuch as being larger
in diameter they take up an equal amount of yarn with a less number of
revolutions, at the same time the motion of the "copping rail," which causes
the spools to ascend and descend in front of the flyers, has to become slower,
because for any given height of spool a larger amount of yarn is wound on it
as it becomes bigger.
The spools are ordinarily without flanges, and the tops and bottoms of the
cops are made conical, and this is effected by causing the copping rail to make
a less vertical traverse at each reciprocation, for which various plans are in
use; the middle wheel of the jack in the box is driven by a pinion, which, in
the ordinary construction, is driven by a conical drum worked by a strap, and
at each reciprocation of the copping rail the strap is made to advance along
the drum. The whole of these are the ordinary operations, and I lay no claim
to them, but that which constitutes my improvement is a mode of driving
the pinion shaft, which works the middle wheel of the "jack in the box,"
without the use of a conical drum and strap, whereby I obtain, with much
greater certainty, the change in the relative number of revolutions of the spool
to the flyers, and also in the speed of the copping rail.
Sheet VI. Figures 1, 2, and 8, shewone method of carrying out of my In-
vention. A, A, are portions of the framing of the machine; 6 is the driving
pulley fixed on theshaft c; this shaft, by gearing, not shown, drives the flyers
and rollers to deliver the yarn at an uniform rate, and also carries d, one side
of the "jack in the box," of which is the middle wheel, and d' the wheel
on the opposite side; d is one the shaft d³, which, by gearing, not shown,
drives the spools. 'There is a cross shaft e driven by bevel wheelse¹,e2, off the
shaft c; this cross shaft e carries a pinion e³ which works an oblong mangle
motion e, guided in a standard e³, the shaft e being capable of vibration to
allow for the oscillation of the pinion driving the mangle motion. The mangle
motion is attached at its lower end to the left-hand end of 2 levers f, f',
which are fulcrumed on a moveable fulcrum 12, and at their right-hand end

page_text: are connected to the two racks g, g¹; g gears on the left-hand side of the
pinion, and g gears on the right-hand side of a similar pinion h'; these
pinions are both loose on the shaft i, but drive it in one direction only (vide-
licit, that of the arrow) by means of ratchets and pals; is a fly-wheel which
may be used with advantage on this shaft to continue the motion at the turn
of the stroke.
From this description it will be seen that while the mangle, motion e¹ is
ascending, the racks g, g', will be ascending, and g', which is in gear with the
right-hand side of the pinion ², will be acting to drive round the shaft, while g,
which is in gear with the left-hand side of the pinion h, will be running its
pal idly round in the reverse direction to the shaft; the shaft i, which is thus
kept revolving continuously in one direction, drives by a pair of bevel
wheels,, a shaft it, which by a pair of spur wheels 3, 6, drives another
shaft, on one end of which is a pinion 8, which drives d', the middle wheel
of the jack in the box; this shaft also by a bevel pinion, and a bevel
wheel, drives a short vertical shaft i", which carries at its lower end a bevel
pinion, which by gearing alternately with the bevel wheels, 2, capable of
sliding along and driving the shaft 3, drive that shaft in one direction or the
other, and by the pinion on the end of it gearing into the spur wheel k³
drives the shaft, the pinion k on the end of which gears into the rack 8,
and thereby works it upwards or downwards, accordingly as the bevel pinion /
is in gear with the bevel wheel' or ²; this rack works the copping rail,
but the connection for so doing is not shewn. The alternate gearing of the
wheels,, with the pinion k, and also the diminution of the traverse of the
rack, and therefore the copping rail after each reciprocation is effected by
the following arrangement, to which, although I believe it to be new, I lay no
claim, as it is not superior to other contrivances in use for the same purpose:-
7 is a tappet attached to the rack ³ moving between two moveable tappets 1,1²,
regulated by the right and left hand screw 13, carried in a lug on the
vertically sliding bar 15; this bar is guided top and bottom by the standard 16,
and is counterbalanced by the weight 17, the bar 15, by a slot at each end
operates on a pin in either one of the catches 18, 19, which latch alternately the
top and bottom end of the lever 110 fulcrumed on the carriage ; this lever has
fastened to it two spiral springs 1, 2, the other ends of which are attached
to the double ended curved lever ¹³, carried on a stud in the standard 16.
There is a stud in the back of the rack, which operates upon this lever s
The rack is now shown coming down, and it will be seen that the stud 1" will
drive against the lower end of the lever ¹³, and will thereby move the upper

page_text: end towards the left hand, putting the upper spiral spring " into tension, and
relieving the tension on the lower one ¹³ as soon as the rack 8 has descended
so low that the tappet l, on it strikes the lower adjustable tappet 12, it will
by it draw down the screw 13, and with it the bar which carries that screw.
On the bars being drawn down, it will pull down the top catch 18, and thereby
liberate the top end of the lever 70, which by the spring " will be caused to
move rapidly towards the left hand; this will draw the rod m towards the
right hand, and that by the forked lever will draw the wheels 1, 2, towards
the right hand, and thereby take 3 out, and put into gear with k; this will
reverse the motion of the shaft 3, etcetera, and the rack * will begin to ascend,
taking with it the copping rail. As the rack ascends the pin 1¹* on its
back will press against the upper end of the lever 13, and will thereby release
the top spring ", and strain the bottom spring 12, the right hand end of this
spring being held towards the right hand by the lower end of the lever 110
being latched on the bottom latch ; when the tappet / on the rack has
ascended high enough to strike the higher adjustable tappet it will by the
lifting of the bar liberate the lower catch i, and thereby allow the lower
spring to pull the lever 70 towards the left hand, and by the rod m and
lever m will put the bevel wheel ¹ out and bevel wheel /² into gear with
pinion, and thus again make the rack 8 go downwards. But at this time a
pal (not seen) carried on a rod 15 operates on the teeth of the ratchet
wheel, and thereby drives the screw 13, the lower end of which is made
square to be capable of sliding up and down in the boss of the ratchet wheel (16,
which drives it. The rod 15, which carries the pal is made to reciprocate by
being connected to the lower end of the lever (10; this partial revolution of the
right and left hand screw 13 will have brought the tappets (1, 1³, nearer to each
other, and they will therefore at the next reciprocation of the rack k³ be acted
on at an earlier period by the tappet l, and thus the copping rail will be
caused to make a shorter traverse at every reciprocation, and form a cop
with conical ends. It will be seen that there is a slot in the ends of the bar 5
sufficient to allow the catches and to play enough to lock the lever /10 as it
reciprocates. The forked lever m' works a shaft m², which by a lever m³,
rod m', and lever ms, works a sliding bar mo, carrying two pals m', m³, gearing
into the ratchet wheel m2; this wheel is fixed on a cross shaft m¹0, which by
bevelled wheels m", m, drives the screw m³ on which is a nut f³, which is in
one with the fulcrum f2 of the levers f, f'. It will be seen by this description
that every time the copping rail reverses, videlicit, every time the spool has
become bigger by a fresh layer of yarn the screw m¹s will be turned partially
i

page_text: round, and will draw the fulcrum 2 along the levers f, f', and will thereby
diminish the motion of the racks g, g', and therefore the rate of revolution of
the shaft i which they drive; but as it is by gearing from this shaft that the
middle wheel of the jack in the box, and the ascent and descent of the
copping rail is driven, it follows that they will now be going more slowly, as
they should do in consequence of the increased diameter of the spool. If the
screw ms were of an uniforin pitch, equal angular motions of it at each
reciprocation of the coppingrail would not produce equalsuccessivediminutions
in the speed of the shaft i; but this is obviated by making the screw m¹s of
appropriate decreasing pitch; under these circumstances, of course, the nuts
can only be in gear with the screw by a single stud.
Figure 1 in plan shews a modification of the mode of bringing forward the
fulcrum of the levers f. 1. o is a rod attached at the left hand end to the
fulcrum ; this attachment is not shewn, at its right hand end it is connected
by a pin working in a slot to a lever o¹, which is on a fulcrum at o³, and
which has on it a sliding box o", carrying a swivel nut o'; this nut is on an
ordinary screw o³, working in bearings 6, 7, which are adjustable, (the
bearing of carries not only the screw, but also the vertical shaft o, with the
wheels,) so that the angle made by the screw o with the rod o can be varied,
the screw o by means of a pair of bevel wheels of is driven from an upright
shaft o⁹, which carries a ratchet wheel 010 driven by pals o" and o¹ on a rod o¹³
which is similar to and is actuated in a similar manner to the rod m6, described
in Figures 1 and 2.
Figure 5 shows a mode of converting the reciprocation of the mangle motion
into the rotary motion of the shaft i, by means of the pinion h, fixed to this
shaft in lieu of the two pinions h, h¹, loose on it, and driving by ratchets, as
described in Figures 1 and 2; this is effected as follows:- is the mangle
motion working in the guide es, and by means of the link e at its lower end
working a single lever f, represented by dotted lines, which by a link fl at the
right-hand end works the double rack g, which is guided by the guide g¹; this
rack gears in its ascent with the left-hand side of the pinion h, and in its
descent with the right-hand side of the same pinion. The shaft i in this case
having sufficient side way liberty to gear alternately with the right and the left-
hand rack, this will involve a joint being made in this shaft, beyond which
joint motion must be taken for driving the machinery; the shaft is made to
vibrate from the right to the left at the termination of the stroke by being
a'tached to a role, which is connected at the other end to a shaft e, which
works the mangle motion, and thereby, as the mangle motion causes the shaft

page_text: to reciprocate, the shaft i with its pinion is made to reciprocate to gear alter-
nately with the two sides of the rack. In order to avoid the "dead point"
when the mangle motion reverses, which in the arrangement shewn in this
Sheet is overcome by the fly wheel on the shaft i, either of the above appara-
tuses might bedoubled with the duplicate apparatus so arranged that it should
be in the middle of its stroke,, while the first apparatus was at the change of
its motion. By this means there would be no dead point. It is obvious that
the fulcrum of the levers f, f, may be beyond either the point of attachment
to the mangle motion, or the point of attachment to the rack instead of being
between those points; also that a variation may be made in the action of the
levers by altering not the position of the fulcrum relative to both those points,
but by altering one of these in relation to the fulcrum and the other point,
but this latter mode from its making a change in the length of the lever
would be inconvenient in its application.
And having now described the nature of my improvements, and in what
manner the same are to be performed, I declare that I do not claim the
mechanical parts or elements of which the machinery herein described is or
may be composed, as being separate and apart from the combination and
application thereof, in manner and for the purposes herein described, any part
of the Invention comprised in the said Letters Patent; but I claim in
reference to the improvements in mules or in machinery of that kind, in which
the spindles approach to or recede from the drawing rollers, the controlling
and regulating all the various movements, or any one or more of them of
spinning, backing off, winding on, running in and out of the carriage, coming
into contact of the friction cones, or other apparatus used in ordinary mules
for stopping the momentum of the spindles, traversing of the driving band of
an ordinary mule off of and on to the spinning pulley; and also the regulation
of the amount of" twist at the head "by the variation in the flow of elastic or
non-elastic fluids.
And I claim in reference to these same machines the causing either in part
or entirely the whole or any one or more of the operations of spinning,
backing off, winding on, running in and out of the carriage, bringing into and
out of contact the friction cone or other apparatus, by which the momentum
of the spindles is stopped, and the moving the driving strap off of or on to the
spinning pulley by the pressure of elastic or non-elastic fluids.
And I claim in reference to slubbing and roving machines, or spinning
machines of that kind, in which the yarn is wound upon the spool or bobbin
by the difference of revolution between it and the flyer, the regulating of this

page_text: difference in the number of revolutions of the bobbin and the flyer by con-
trolling the "jack in the box" by means of the revolution of a shaft, the speed
of which is varied through being worked by reciprocating levers, the fulcrum
or length of which is altered from time to time, so that while the part by which
they are worked makes an uniform motion, the part by which they work the
shaft can be caused to make a varying motion.
In witness whereof, I, the said Frederick Joseph Bramwell, have here-
unto set my hand and seal, this Twenty-fourth day of October, in
the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-one.
F. J. BRAMWELL. (L.S.)
CHARLES D. ABEL.