AN IMPROVED MACHINE FOR BORING AND OTHER CUTTING OPERATIONS IN STONE, AND OTHER MINERAL SUBSTANCES OF SIMILAR CHARACTER
Year: 1856

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Alexandre Tolhausen, of No. 7, Duke Street, Adelphi,
London, County of Middlesex, Sworn Interpreter at the Imperial
Court of Paris, for the Invention of "AN IMPROVED MACHINE FOR BORING
AND OTHER CUTTING OPERATIONS IN STONE, AND OTHER MINERAL SUBSTANCES
OF SIMILAR CHARACTER." - A communication from Hans Rees, John
Loudon, and Otto Ahlstrom, Manufacturers, New York, United States.
Sealed the 15th July 1856, and dated the 25th January 1856.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Alexandre Tolhausen at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
25th January 1856.
I, ALEXANDRE TOLHAUSEN, of No. 7, Duke St, Adelphi; London, County of
Middlesex, Sworn Interpreter at the Imperial Court of Paris, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVED MACHINE FOR
BORING & OTHER CUTTING OPERATIONS IN STONE, & OTHER MINERAL SUBSTANCES
OF SIMILAR CHARACTER," being a communication from Hans Rees, John
Loudon, & Otto Ahlstrom, Manufacturers, New York, United States, to be
as follows:-
This machine is applicable to a variety of boring & internal cutting pur-
poses, but is only intended to be used in operating within a hole which has
been previously drilled or bored by some other means. It is capable of
enlarging & making perfectly true the irregularly-shaped holes which are pro-
duced by the drill which is most commonly employed for drilling stone. It is

page_text: also capable of producing a large chamber of almost any shape at the bottom of
or at any distance from the mouth of a small hole to contain a large charge
of powder for blasting purposes, or to serve any other purpose. It is further
capable of enlarging the lower part of any hole for fastening a shaft, pillar,
or other support therein.. It may also be employed to cut a screw thread in
the interior of a hole, & it may serve to perform many other useful boring &
internal cutting operations. This object is attained,-
1°, by the arrangement of a screwed socket & nut, or their equivalent, of a
base piece & collar, or any other suitable shoulder on a boring bar, whereby
the power applied to the nut or equivalent to move the boring bar & feed the
cutter, to cut in an upward direction or outwards from the inner extremity of
the hole, & the resistance of the stone or other substance to the action of the
cutter, are made to keep the bar & its appendages steady in the requisite
position & condition for, operation, & a cumbrous frame to guide the boring
bar & sustain its action is rendered unnecessary.
2°, by the application of the cutter to the boring bar in such a manner that
it may be drawn entirely into the bar, thus admitting of the use of a bar of
the full-size of the preparatory hole, & obtaining the greatest practical degree
of support for the cutter.
3°, by arranging the cutter to swing from a bearing within the boring bar,
& to work through & slide upon a bearing in a slot in a rod which slides
longitudinally through the boring bar, or what is equivalent, by arranging it to
swing from a bearing attached to a rod which slides longitudinally through the
boring bar, & to work through & slide upon a bearing in a slot in the bar,
whereby the longitudinal movement of the rod in the boring bar is caused to
adjust the cutter laterally to the boring bar while in the hole, & thus, while
the adjustment of the cutter is entirely controlled from the top or outer end
of the boring bar, it is provided in all its positions with proper & efficient
bearings to sustain it & hold it up to its work.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed 3
by the said Alexandre Tolhausen in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
19th July 1856..
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, ALEXANDRE
TOLHAUSEN, of No. 7; Duke Street, Adelphi, London, County of Middlesex,
Sworn Interpreter at the Imperial Court of Paris, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
35

page_text: Patent, bearing date the Twenty-fifth day of January, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-six, in the nineteenth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me,.
the said Alexandre Tolhausen, Her special licence that I, the said Alexandre
Tolhausen, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the,
said Alexandre Tolhausen, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at
any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times there-
after during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use,
exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,,
the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for AN IMPROVED.
MACHINE FOR BORING AND OTHER CUTTING OPERATIONS IN STONE, AND OTHER
MINERAL SUBSTANCES OF SIMILAR CHARACTER, a communication from Hans
Rees, John Loudon, and Otto Ahlstrom, Manufacturers, New York, United
States, upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Alexandre Tolhausen,
my executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my or
their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascer-
tain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be
performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office.
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said.
Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Alexandre Tolhausen, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement: -
This machine is applicable to a variety of boring and internal cutting pur-.
poses, but is only intended to be used in operating within a hole which has
been previously drilled or bored by some other means. It is capable of
enlarging and making perfectly true the irregularly-shaped holes which are
produced by the drill, which is most commonly employed for drilling stone.
It is also capable of producing a large chamber of almost any shape at the
bottom of or at any distance from the mouth of a small hole to contain a
large charge of powder for blasting purposes, or to serve any other purpose.
It is further capable of enlarging the lower part of any hole for fastening a
shaft, pillar, or other support therein. It may also be employed to cut a
screw thread in the interior of a hole, and it may serve to perform many other
useful boring and internal cutting operations.
The Invention is illustrated in the accompanying Drawing, in which Fig. 1
is an elevation of the machine; Fig. 2 is a central vertical section of the same;
Fig. 3 is a section in the plane, indicated by the line a, a, in Fig. 2; Fig. 4

page_text: is a section in the plane, indicated by the line y-y, in Fig. 2; Figs. 5, 5º, 6,
6, 7, 7, and 8 are sectional views of the boring bar A, showing modifications
of the form of and manner of applying and adjusting the cutters. Similar
letters of reference indicate corresponding parts wherever they are used in: the
several Figs.
B, Figs. 1, 2, and 4, is an iron base, to which is fitted a deep hollow socket.
C, which serves as a guide for the cylindrical boring bar A, which passes
through it, and also through the base B. The socket C has a screw' thread
on its exterior, to which is fitted a deep nut D, which is furnished with handles
d', d', to enable it to be turned by hand when necessary. The boring bar is
provided with a collar E, which is moveable, but capable of being secured to
it at any desired point by a binding screw a, or some equivalent device, and
between this collar and the nut D the bar is furnished with a neutral ring or
washer b. The collar E is provided with a dovetail groove, see Fig. 3, to
receive a dovetail key c, see Figs. 2, 3, and 4, which may be adjusted, as
shown in Fig. 1, and in unbroken outline in Fig. 2, to come in contact with
the projection d on the outside of the nut D, and thus cause the nut to rotate
with the boring bar when rotary motion is given to the latter; or the said key
may be adjusted, as shown in dotted outline in Fig. 2, so as to rotate with the
boring bar clear of the projection d, leaving the nut stationary. The boring
bar is to be fitted with a capstan head F, and bars G, G, or any other
mechanical contrivance for applying rotary motion. H, Figs. 1 and 2, is the
cutter, which lies within a slotted cavity e in the boring bar, near to the-lower
end thereof, and is hung loosely on a pivot f passing through the bar. The
cutter also passes through a slot g in a rod I, which works in a dovetail groove
in one side of the boring bar, and which is capable of being drawn upwards in
the groove by means of a nut j, fitted to a screw cut on the top of the rod,
the said nut resting on a collar k, fitted to the top of the boring bar. By
drawing this rod I upwards; the point of the cutter is thrown outward from
the boring bar, the outward movement being facilitated by giving an inclined
form to the bottom of the said slot g, against which the back of the cutter
rests. By pushing the rod downwards, the cutter is drawn inwards, and may
be entirely sheathed or drawn within the cavity and slot g. The form of the
cutter is nearly straight for the greatest portion of its length, but near its
extremity it is curved, in order that whatever may be its position relatively to
the bar it may only present a point or "small cutting surface in contact with
the stone.
Before describing the modifications of the cutter, shown in Figs. 5, 5, 6,
6, 7, 7, and 8, the operation of the machine, with the cutter constructed and

page_text: applied, as shown in Figs. 1 and 2, will be described. When commencing
the operation of the machine, the cutter is drawn entirely within the boring
bar, the base B with the socket C and nut D being placed over the hole, to be
enlarged and adjusted by screws B, B', B', with which it is provided for the
purpose, and the collar E being placed loosely on the bar; the bar is inserted
through the nut, socket, and base, into the hole, which is shown in section in
Fig. 2 in red outline, and indicated by the letters 1, l. If the enlargement of
the hole is desired at. the bottom, the boring bar is dropped to it, and the
collar E fastened on the bar close to the nut, which is screwed down as near
as possible to the base B. The key c should now be raised high enough to
clear the projection don the nut, and on rotary motion being given to the bar,
the cutter may be forced out by turning the nut j at the top of the rod I.
When the cutter, after a few revolutions of the boring bar, has been brought
out far enough to take as deep a cut as is practicable, the key c is pushed
down to catch the projection d, the nut is carried round with the bar, and
regular upward movement of the bar to feed the cutter takes place as the
revolution continues. If the enlargement of the hole is desired to be of
greater length than the feed apparatus admits of at one movement, then the
bar may be held up to its place, while the nut D is screwed down towards the
base B, and the collar E slipped down to it and again fastened, and the
operation may in this way be continued to the top of the hole, which is
necessary when the hole is intended to receive a shaft or pillar. If a large
cavity or chamber is required for a charge of powder for blasting, or a con-
siderable enlargement of the hole only at the bottom part is for any purpose
required, the cutter, after reaching the proper point of elevation for the top
of the enlargement, is slightly loosened or thrown in by a turn of the nut j,
and the boring bar is again let down to the bottom, and the operation repeated
upward for the required. distance. This may be repeated until the cutter
arrives at such a position that a. line drawn from its point to the pivot f will
form a right angle with the bar, as shown in black dotted outline in Fig: 2,
after which-no-further lateral enlargement can take place. The operations of
the cutter are illustrated in Fig..2, where one cut is represented by red lines
o, o, as having been finished, and a second cut p, p, as progressing, the cutter
in producing the latter cut occupying the position relatively to the bar repre-
sented in unbroken black outline. A chamber, cut with the cutter, thrown
out to its fullest extent, as shown in black dotted outline, is also shown in
Fig. 2 by red dotted outlines q, q. This chamber, if desired, may have its
upper part finished off, as shown by blue lines r, 7, by giving an upward move-
ment to the cutter by means of the screw j after the upward movement of the
E

page_text: bar has been stopped. If it is desired to enlarge the hole at any other portion
except at the bottom, it is only necessary to fasten the collar E at the proper
point, and the operation is precisely the same as above described. The feed
may be varied to suit the character of the stone by having a number of sockets
C with feed screws of different pitches. These may be readily changed, as
they are only dropped into a cavity in the base upon a shoulder.m at the
bottom thereof, and provided with a feather n, fitted to a suitable notch or
groove, to prevent them turning, as shown in Figs. 2 and 4.. By using a feed
screw of sufficiently coarse pitch, a screw may be cut in the stone by a cutter
of the same form, as shown in Fig. 2, which cutter. may be also employed to
form a cavity or chamber of conical, spherical, or other form, but for these
purposes the point of the cutter will be required to move laterally to or from
the bar as the upward feed progresses. The lateral movement may be pro
duced by working the nut j by hand, while the upward feed action is produced
by the connection of the nut D with the bar by means of the key c, or both
the nut D and the nut j may be operated by hand.
A very important feature in the operation of this machine consists in its
cutting upward or outward from the bottom or innermost extremity of the hole,
whereby the force applied by the nut D to keep the cutter to its work and
force it into the stone, and the resistance of the stone to the action of the
cutter, serve to hold the machine firmly in place, and thereby enables all
framing except the base piece B, if that may be termed framing, to be dis-
pensed with, reducing the construction of the machine to the greatest possible
simplicity, and making the machine portable and capable of being used in the
most difficult situations.
•
. Another important feature consists in the application of the cutter to the
boring bar, so as to be capable of being drawn entirely within it, thus
enabling a boring bar, to be used of the full size of the preparatory hole,
and thereby obtaining the greatest possible amount of support. And in
connection with this feature, another important feature consists in the method
of supporting the cutter in the bar, so as to give it a proper degree of
stability when thrown out to its fullest extent. In order to get the required
stability in the direction of the revolution, the cutter is fitted to the bar so as
to cross its centre, the pivot f being on the opposite side of the centre of the
bar to that side from which the point of the cutter protrudes; and thus a long
bearing for the sides of the cutter is obtained, which is sufficient to hold it
steady even when the cutting point is protruded a very considerable distance from
the box. The cutter is also well supported to hold its point up to its work by
resting at the top and back of the cavity e in the bar, as shown in Fig. 2, and

page_text: on the bottom of the slot 7 in the rod I. The pressure on the bottom of the
slot g is, for the most part, transferred by the rod I to the boring bar, and so is
the pressure on the sides of the said slot, by reason of the said rod being fitted
snugly to the bar, and there is very little direct strain on the rod I. There is no
strain on the pivot f, as that is fitted very loosely to the hole in the cutter, the
only use of the pivot being to attach the cutter to the bar and keep it in place:
By drawing out the bar and driving out this pivot f, the cutter may be taken
out or changed as often as desired. In Fig. 5 the cutter H is shown fitted in
a slots, made entirely through the boring bar A, and attached at its upper part
to a rod I, passing through the centre of the said bar, which is bored to receive
it. The back of the cutter rests on an inclined surface t at the bottom of the
slots, and its point is forced outwards by forcing down the rod I, and forcing
the back of the cutter in contact with the incline t. The rod l' is moved
longitudinally in either direction by means of a nut j', fitting to a screw thread
on its upper part, said nut being confined so as not to move longitudinally to
the screw by a second and larger nut J, fitting over it like a cap, and screwing
tightly on the top of the boring bar. In order to get the cutter Hin and out
of the slot s, the peculiar kind of connection with the rod I, viz., a cylindrical
segment u and socket, shown in Fig. 5, not admitting its detachment from the
rod except by movement in a lateral direction; the lower part of the boring
bar below the slots has to be split to allow the slot to be opened, and the
cutter and rod to be drawn out at the bottom. The split part of the bar is
secured when the cutter is in place by means of a collar K, which is slipped
over it and secured by a screw bolt L screwing into the end of the bar. The
top of this screw bolt L serves as an additional bearing for the back of the
cutter, being beveled off to form a continuation of the inclined bottonit of the
slot, as shown in Fig. 5. This construction of the lower part of the bar is
illustrated partly in Fig. 5*, which is a central section of the lower part of the
bar at right angles to Fig. 5. The cutter shown in Fig. 5 resembles in a great
degree that shown in Fig. 2. In this arrangement the cutter crosses the centre
of the bar as it passes entirely through the bar, and, consequently, is well
supported in the direction of its revolution. The cutter is supported to hold
its point up to its work by resting against the bottom t of the slots, and
against the segmental end u of the rod I¹.
In Fig. 6 a cutter H is shown, which is moved out in a manner the same
as H, Fig. 5, but is arranged in a manner precisely the reverse, the point
being turned upward instead of downward, and the attachment of the rod' I
which moves it being by a pivot f at the bottom. The back of the cutter
works in contact with an inclined surface t, at the top of the slot s²,in the

page_text: boring bar A2, in which the cutter is received, and it is thrown out by pulling
the rod upwards. The rod I has a slot v to receive the cutter, and to allow it
to pass the centre of the bar; and in order to make up for the loss of strength
by the slot, it is enlarged at that part where the cutter is, as shown at vin
Fig. 6, and also in Fig. 6*, which is a bottom view of the bar: Below the slot
v the rod has a stout foot piece M, hollowed out to support the cutter, in order
that in holding the cutter up to its work the pivot f2 may be relieved of strain.
The cutter is held to its work by bearing on the inclined surface t of the slot
in the boring bar, and against the foot piece M of the rod. From the foot
piece the support is, in a great degree, transferred laterally to the boring bar
by the enlarged portion of the rod, which fits snugly to a cavity made in
the boring bar, and consequently there is very little direct strain on the rod.
In Fig. 7 is shown a cutter H³, which is hung on a pivot f³, occupying a
fixed position in the cutter bar, and which works through a slot in a rod I
which works through the centre of the boring bar As. The arrangement and
operation of this cutter differs not materially from that H; first described, and
represented in Figs. 1 and 2. In order to allow the rod I³ to pass the pivot f³;
it is furnished with a slot w, at right angles to the slot in which the cutter
works; said slot working freely on the pivot f³, in order to transfer from the
rod Is to the boring bar the support which is necessary to hold the cutter up to
it's work. The lower part of the rod is fitted snugly into a cylindrical cavity in
the boring bar, as shown in Fig. 7*, which is a bottom end view of the bar;
and in order to support the cutter as near as possible to its point, the foot of
the 'rod:I' is made with 'a tongue N, which passes into the slot ³, which is made
in the bar for the cutter to work through. This cutter H³, like H, hangs
loosely on the pivot which attaches it to the bar, and has a proper bearing in
the upper part of the cavity in the bar in which it is received.
In Fig. 8 is shown a cutter H, of a curved form, which is.attached loosely
at its lower end by a pivotf to a rod I, which slides in a dovetail groove' in
one side of the boring bar A. The rod It is made with a strong foot piece P,
which is also fitted in a dovetail form to a cavity z in the bottom of the boring
bar; and in the foot piece is a cavity 9', shown in dotted outline, which is
so formed as 'to serve as a bearing for the cutter, which as the rod is raised and
lowered slides in and out through a curved slot at the opposite side of the bar.
In this arrangement the cutter is held to its work by bearing on the bottom
face t' of the slot in bar, and upon the foot piece P of the rod I*. .
The cutters H, H, and Hare all'intended to cut only on their points, or on
a narrow surface, as that is the most advantageous way of operating in stone
when a deep or heavy cut is required. The cutters H and H are intended

page_text: for cutting conically. The cutter H2 has a serrated edge, so as to cut on a
series of points or narrow surfaces; and the cutter II³ has a long straight edge,
which is only intended to produce a kind of scraping operation to finish the
surface of the cavity. Any one of the forms of cutter shown in Figs. 2, 5, 6,
and 7 may be applied to the bar, and adjusted in all the several modes illus
trated in those Figs.
In all the several modes of applying and adjusting the cutter which have
been described and represented, the principle on which the cutter is supported,
and on which its orbit is expanded or enlarged, is the same, it having two
bearings, viz., one in the boring bar and another in the moveable rod which
passes through the bar; and in these bearings it is firmly held by the resistance
of the stone to cutting operation, and the force applied to produce the cut;
and in all cases the support given by the rod which passes through the bar is,
to great extent, transmitted in a lateral direction to the boring bar; but, so
long as the cutter is out of contact with the stone, it is free to be moved
laterally by power applied longitudinally to the rod which works through the
bar. It is hardly necessary to observe, that the cutting operation may be per-
formed at a depth or distance from the surface where the base piece B rests
only limited by the strength of the bar in resisting torsional action.
Having thus described the nature and particulars of the said Invention,
I desire it to be distinctly understood that I do not confine myself to the
precise details herein described, as such may be varied or modified without
departing from the principle of action thereof; likewise, I do not confine
myself to the strict figure or form of any apparatus or portion of apparatus
herein described; but I claim as new and of my Invention,
1st, the combination of the screwed socket C and nut D, or their equivalent,
the base piece B and the collar E, or other suitable shoulder on the boring bar,
substantially in the manner described, whereby the power applied to the nut, or
equivalent, to move the boring bar and feed the cutter to cut in an upward
direction, or outwards from the inner extremity of the hole, and the resistance
of the stone to the action of the cutter, are made to keep the bar and its
appendages steady in the requisite position and condition for operation, and
a cumbrous frame to guide the boring bar and sustain its action is rendered
unnecessary.
2nd, the application of the cutter to the boring bar in such a manner that
it may be drawn entirely into the bar, thus admitting of the use of a bar of
the full size of the. preparatory hole, and obtaining the greatest practicable
degree of support for the cutter, as herein fully described.
3rd, arranging the cutter to swing from a bearing within the boring bar,

page_text: and to work through and slide upon a bearing in a slot in a rod which slides
longitudinally through the boring bar, or what is equivalent, arranging it to
swing from a bearing attached to a rod which slides longitudinally through the
boring bar, and to work through and slide upon a bearing in a slot in the bar,
whereby the longitudinal movement of the rod in the boring bar is caused to
adjust the cutter laterally to the boring bar while in the hole; and thus, while
the adjustment of the cutter is entirely controlled from the top or outer
end of the boring bar, it is provided in all its positions with proper and efficient
bearings to sustain it and hold it up to its work, as herein fully described. .
In witness whereof, I, the said Alexandre Tolhausen, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Seventeenth day of July, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-six.
A. TOLHAUSEN. (L.s.)