Improved Means of Multiplying the Power of Steam, Gas, Air, Water, or any like Substance.
Year: 1896

page_text: Date of Application, 11th May, 1896-Accepted, 5th Sept., 1896
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improved Means of Multiplying the Power of Steam, Gas, Air,
Water, or any like Substance.
JAMES DAVIES Skyvog Solva St. David's County Pembroke Shipmaster do
hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement :-
This invention relates to an improvement in multiplying the pressure of steam
gas, air water or any other. Firstly I shall deal with steam, a part of this invention
which is called accumulator, may be attached to any kind of a vessel or tank that
is made for the purpose of evaporating water into steam, the accumulator can be
attached to any kind of machinery that requires a rotatory or any other motion,
this invention consists of three principle parts, namely, accumulator, boiler, and a
conical ended cylinder or cylinders, the boiler is so arranged that steam can be
copveyed from the apex of its cone or any other part, to an accumulator, or direct
to a flat headed, or a couical ended cylinder as may be required; the boiler and
accumulator are made nearly in the same shape, that is one end is made cylindrical,
and the other conical, through the conical end the substance escapes from both, the
end of greatest area of the accumulator is placed upwards, and in the boiler
downwards, in this end of the boiler the water is placed, and is also the end that is
directly exposed to the fire.
In the accompanying drawings: Sheet 1, Fig. 1, illustrates a sectional view of
the whole engine, and shows how it can be mounted upon wheels, for the purpose of
locomotion, and also shows how a conical ended cylinder can be connected to
an axle or shaft; A is the conical end of the boiler, A¹ is the body where the
water is placed, the space between B and B shows the amount of water that can
be evaporated before any part of the flue surface becomes in any way exposed to
the heat without being covered with water, CCC are conical flues that go up
through the bottom of the boiler, and are connected with the flue marked L L
which passes through the boiler horizontally into the smoke box and conveys the
heat and smoke under the chimney, D the ash pit, fire box or furnace, E furnace
door F flue for admitting air in to the furnace G lever connected to rod H, for
opening or closing the stop cock or valve at apex marked I of the accumulator, its
with this lever the steam can be admitted or shut off the cylinder kk or for
stopping or putting the engine in motion, J a self acting valve, K is a pipe
for injecting water into the boiler from the outside casing of the machinery
marked P1 P2 P3 P4, this casing completely envelopes the whole engine, and is made
double for holding water for the use of the boiler, the water will always be in a
warm state, another object of this casing is to confine the heat and make every
possible use of it, as can be seen no part of the boiler or accumulator is in any way
exposed to the cold air from the outside, the smoke box or the part where the
accumulator is fitted answers the purpose of superheater to the steam that is
contained in the accumulator, M an opening in the pipe K for forcing water in to
the boiler, N a flue from the furnace to the smoke box, O a damper for the same,
QQ a casing for the conical end of the boiler and the steam pipe Y, for the
purpose of protecting the both from the heat or flame which passes through the
flucs U and V, other ways the boiler and pipe would become unduly heated, Ra
connecting rod connected with S which is a blow off cock, this cock is intended to

page_text: e
answer several purposes, in the first place to blow off steam from the boiler when
necessary, and to blow off steam for creating more draught, a flexible pipe can be
attached to it and convey the steam into another machine or brakes as may
be required, T a deposit for priming that may accumulate in the steam pipe Y, and
can be blown off through S, U U U a flue or the course that the heat, flame, and
smoke makes from the furnace to the chimney, V V V answers the same purpose
on the outside, these flues again are acting as superheaters for the steam in
the conical end of the boiler A, and also for the steam in pipe marked Y, W a lever
that works the stop cock X for the purpose of addinitting steam in to part 6 of the
accumulator, which has the greatest area and has the least pressure on the square
inch, when the accumulator is full of steam and has sufficient pressure on it to what
the engine is intended to work at, the steam can be entirely cut off from the
accumulator, mean time the engine will be self acting, as will be fully explained
further on, the amount of steam now that the boiler evaporates can be used for any
other purpose through valve or stop cock S, any waste of steam through leakage
or condensation may be immediately replenished when required through valve X,
Ya strong pipe covered over by ensing Q for conveying steam from the boiler to
the neenmulator, and is superheated by the heat passing through U, & V, Za valve
for allowing steam to escape from the casing of the engine and is carried through
passages U & V to the chimney; a part of the accumulator which has its both
sides inclined to the perpendicular plane about 8 degrees, 6 the part of the greatest
area of the accumulator, c a heavy ram that fits steam tight in to part 6 of the
accumulator and its for the purpose of pressing the steam from a, and through
the apex marked ap, d a kind of a platform for putting on additional weights when
more pressure is required, e is also for pressing the ram if required, a framing for
screw to work through, is a heavy screw for pressing spring when inore
pressure is necessary, the chimney, i a valve for allowing the steam to escape
from the out side casing of the engine direct to the chimney, H a valve for steam
to escape from the accumulator when the ram c is pressed above it and answers
the purpose of a safety valve, jj, the two return pipes that conveys the steam
from the conical ended cylinder after doing its work back to part of the
accumulator which has the greatest area and the least pressure on the square inch,
kk the conical ended cylinder which will be fully explained in Fig. 3, ra pump
rod for foreing the water from the outside easing of the engine to the boiler when
required, and is attached to some convenient part of the engine, co a compartment
for carrying fuel, m is a kind of a bottom or an end firmly fixed to the boiler steam
tight for the purpose of the spiral springs n and q to press against, n and g are
two strong springs for the purpose of pressing the steam in part A of the boiler
towards apex marked ap, O is a kind of a moveable piston to fit steam tight but
sufficiently loose to move up or down for the purpose of pressing on springs a and g,
by so doing it gives the steam in part A of the boiler an upward pressure, p is a
pipe that conveys the steam from the lower part of the boiler to its conical end,
the pipe is firmly fixed to m, passes through O sufficiently loose to allow to
move up or down. I having now explained the various different parts of the
engine shall next explain how the engine is performed, the irregular figures in D
represents the fuel, the irregular curved lines represents the flames and smoke &c.,
the straight horizontal lines in the boiler and the outside casing of the engine
represents water, when fire is lit in D a part of the heat and smoke goes up
through the flues marked CCC and into the flue L L', and leads it under the
chimney, it can be seen that these flues imparts a great deal of their heat to the
water in the bottom of the boiler, these flues and a part of L, are completely
covered with water, they are so arranged that sufficient space is left between them
to allow the water to circulate freely; also another portion of the heat and smoke
flows into the smoke box at flue N, this heat superheats the steam in the
accumulator, the remaining portion of the heat flows up on each side of the boiler
through cources marked U and V, and empties at the lower part of the chimney
in the smoke box, this beat greatly superheats the steam in the conical end of the

page_text: solid of some heavy material, it is so arranged that it will move either up or down
freely in part b of the accumulator, but air, steam and water tight, an extra
pressure can be put on this ram by spring e and screw f, if required without using
additional weights.
Sixthly. An accumulator having two different pressures on the square inch or
inches, having nearly the sum or the whole of the pressure that ram c exerts on
the substance used at part 6 of the accumulator thrown on 1, 2, or more inches at
the apex marked ap, but less resistance of the inclined sides of the accumulator,
and the amount of friction of the ram against the sides of the accumulator at b,
this accumulator can be connected with a conical or a flat ended cylinder or any
other for the like purpose.
Seventhly. A conical ended cylinder k k for working any machinery that requires
a rotatory motion or any other, and is so constructed that it will return or force
the substance that has been used in it after doing its work back to that part of the
accumulator that has the least pressure on the square inch, and has the greatest
area, the cylinder having two conical ends acting as an exhaust, fitted with two
stop cocks or valves worked alternately by the eccentric-rod t, rod t also to regulate
the steam in the valve chest w, the rod connected to the main shaft or any other
convenient part of the engine, the piston having two piston rods to transfer its
power to the machinery.
Eighthly. An accumulator that can be attached to any kind of boiler or boilers at
present in use or any kind of a vessel or tank that may be made for the purpose
of evaporating steam, the accumulator to increase the pressure of its steam as may
be required.
Ninthly. A double casing made to hold or carry water for the purpose of feeding
the boiler, and completely envelopes it, and a part of the accumulator, and also
answers the purpose of superheater to the accumulator and its appendages all
made substantial for the purpose specified.
Dated this 8th day of May 1896
JAMES DAVIES.

page_text: cylinder we will have 1950 + 1000 390,000 = 387,050 lbs. or about 172 tons
clear force, as can be seen the steam after doing its work in the cylinder is forced
back to the accumulator, through the exhaust pipe marked ex, ck is a two way cock
to regulate the steam allowing it to enter the accumulator or to the chimney as
may be required the valve marked at the apex of the accumulator can be
managed from the after end of the engine.
The cubical contents of the space between the fire bars and the bottom of the
boiler in the furnace is about 29 cubic feet, if we fill this space half full of loose
coal it will amount to about 2 cwt, which will be ample to bring the water in the
boiler to a boiling point, when properly burnt, now we have sufficient steam in the
boiler and accumulator, and at the desired pressure, very little further fuel will be
required, just sufficient to keep the fire lit and maintain the same pressure, as
I have before explained after the accumulator is filled with steam at the necessary
pressure, the machinery after starting will be self acting, that is the same steam is
used over & over again, therefore the steam in the boiler will be kept in reserve,
to replenish any condensation or leakage that may occur, or the reserve steam can
be brought to a higher pressure, if any extra speed or power is required on the
machinery the steam can be admitted as before to the upper end of the accumulator,.
and more weight must be added to the ram, or more pressure on the spring as may
be desired. To multiply the pressure of air we have to press air in to part 6 of the
accumulator, air now will answer the same purpose as steam before, no fuel
whatever is necessary the engine will be entirely self acting.
To multiply the pressure of water, the water is placed in the accumulator and
the weight of ram e will be resting on it, and will force it through ap, gas may be
used in the like manner or any other substance that may be in a similar state, it
will be absolutely necessary that the apex will be kept closed untill the necessary
pressure is obtained.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what I
claim is:-
Firstly. A boiler made for evaporating steam and to increase its pressure,
made round square or any other shape, having one two or more if necessary of its
sides brought to a point or a thin edge for the purpose of allowing the steam to
escape and be conveyed to a cylinder or cylinders, vessel or vessels, accumulators
or any other as may be required.
Secondly. A boiler made round as A A' and having one of its ends made conical
for the purpose of increasing the pressure at apex ap, having a certain amount of
pressure on every square inch of an area on the moveable end O, and producing the
sum of the whole pressure on O, at apex ap, but less resistance of the inclined
sides, the whole pressure on O, thrown on a smaller area at ap, this boiler can be
used if necessary without m n o p & q.
Thirdly. A boiler made with a number of conical shaped flues or any other
passing through its bottom and joining another flue L that passes through the
boiler, the object being to obtain as much flue surface as possible in the water in
the boiler and to bring the water sooner into a boiling condition thereby rising
steam in less time than without flues.
Fourthly. A boiler mude that can be thoroughly surrounded with the heat from
the furnace, and is so arranged that the heat on its way from the furnace towards
the chimney superheats the steam in the conical end of the boiler and steam
pipe Y, the conical end and the steam pipe to be covered over with an extra casing
if necessary as Q, or any other for the purpose of protecting them from getting
intensely heated.
Filthly. A vessel or a tank made in the form of a and b, been either round or
square or any other shape as may be desired, for the purpose of receiving a quantity
of stean, gas, air, water, or any other like substance, and to be pressed therefrom
by a heavy ram marked c, this ram is made bollow and can be weighted, or made

page_text: through the return pipes jj, the resistance now offered to this side of the piston
will be 314 sq. in. x 1 tons which is the pressure on the sq. in. in the upper part of
the accumulator, 314 x 1471 tons, 39,250 47138,779 tons, that will be
over and above that will be required to press the steam back to where it came from,
again all owing 779 tons for friction I will have 38,000 tons clear working force
theoretically speaking, the resistance above will be offered by using a flat headed
cylinder, by using a conical ended cylinder, the resistance will be considerably less.
Again for instance we will say that the boiler has only the ordinary pressure
of 15 lbs. on the square inch in all, let this be forced into part 6 of the accumulator
which has an area of 500 sq. inches this will lift ram c which must weigh 500 lbs.
x157,500 lbs. or about 3.3 tons, this will give about 3 tons of pressure on
apex ap which has an area of 4 sq. inches 7,500 lbs. 4 = 1,875 lbs. on the square
ineb, let the stean again be forced into the cylinder kk, the piston which has an
area of 314 in., now 314 x 1875 = 588,750 lbs. or about 263 tons of force on the
piston while we only require 314 x 15-will be equal to 4710 lhs, or about
1 tons, shall require that much force to force the steam back to the upper end
of the accumulator, again allowing 63 tons for friction resistance &c. I will have
about 200 tons of clear working force which is sufficient to drive the heaviest
machinery in the world, the ram e may be made hollow and weighted or made of
some heavy material in one piece, but it must fit steam tight in the accumulator.
Fig. 3, shows a sectional view of the conical ended cylinder, also showing how it
can be connected to a working shaft and how the valve gear is worked from
the main shaft, I is the feed pipe and corresponds with in Figure 1, kk the
conical ends and body of the cylinder, the piston, w the valve chest, u' u the slide
valve, y vy v the steam ports, the return pipes, s a cross head joining the two
piston rods, stop cocks in the apexes of the conicnl ends of the cylinder and
acts as an exhaust, t a rod that works the slide valves and the two stop cocks at the
apexes of the cylinder, and is connected with the main shaft at 2, and is worked the
same as an ordinary eccentric, Y Y a shaft with a crank on it, A a connecting rod.
Sheet 2, Fig. 5, shows a perspective view of the arcanmulator and boiler, and also
the outside casing with its outer facing removed, A A' the boiler, Y and Q shows
the steam pipe and its covering in section, Q2 shows the pipe Y covered over,
P P P the outside casing of the boiler shown double, a 6 the accumulator, ap its
apex, the other different parts are similarly lettered as Fig. 1, so there is no
necessity of any further description here. Fig. 6, and end view of the boiler,
CCC the conical flues through the bottom. Fig. 7, shows how the accumulator
can be attached to a donkey engine boiler.
Sheet 3, Fig. 8, shows a sectional view of a locomotive engine, showing how an
accumulator can be attached to it without in any way interfereing with the
construction of the boiler itself nor any part of the machinery in any manner
whatsoever, only slightly increasing the dimensions of the smoke box. I shall now
make use of the following numbers to show what an immense pressure can be
gained by using an accumulator, in the first place the area of the accumulator at b
to be 706 square inches, and the pressure of steam in the boiler to be 15 lbs.
on the square inch, the ordinary pressure of air, the steam flows into the
accumulator through the pipe marked, now the weight of ram e will have to be
706 x 15 = 10,590 lbs. or about 4.7 tons, now that amount of weight will be
resting on the steam in the accumulator, now the whole of this weight will
be pressing on the apex marked ap but less resistance of the inclined sides of the
accumulator, and the friction of the ram against the sides of part b, the apex of the
accumulator to have an area of 3 square inches, 10,590 ÷ 3 = 3,530 lbs. on
the square inch, allowing 530 lbs. for friction and resistance of the inclined plane
will leave 3000 lbs. clear pressure on the square inch, the area of the piston in
the flat ended cylinder M to have an area of 130 sq. inches, now we have
130 x 3000 lbs. = 390,000 lbs. or about 194 tons of force on the piston, to force the
steam back to the upper end of the accumulator through the exhaust pipe ex we
will require 130 x 15 = 1950 lbs. deducting this and 1000 lbs. for friction in the

page_text: boiler and the steam pipe Y. The steam now passes from the lower part of the
boiler through pipe p and in to part A, through the steam pipe Y and in to part b
of the accumulator, the steam to he allowed to flow in to the accumulator, untill the
heavy ram c is lifted, therefore the whole weight of ram c will rest on the steam
in the accumulator, consequently the steam will be pressed through ap at a very
high pressure having on it the full weight of the ram, but less friction and the
resistance of the inclined plane of the sides of the accumulator, which is not very
great, the steam now enters the conical ended cylinder which will be fully
explained in Fig. 3, after doing its work will be returned through pipes marked jj,
in to the upper part of the accumulator. To make this invention clearly under-
stood, and to show what an immense power or pressure can be gained by its use,
I shall make use of the following numbers, I do not limit the invention to these
particular dimensions nor any other, greater or less may be used as may be
required; the diameter of the boiler at its lower end we will say about 37 in. this
will give an arca of about 1075 square inches, and the cubical contents of water in
the space between B and B is about 8,600 cubic inches, or about 5 cubic feet, the
cubical space of the conical end of the boiler marked A is about 14,237 cubic
inches or about 8.26 cubic feet, the cubical space of the accumulator is about
27,280 cubic inches or about 15-6 cub. ft. now I have a cubical space for steam in
the boiler and accumulator combined of about 41,537 cubic inches or about
24 cub. feet, now the evaporation of about 24 cubic inches of water at the ordinary
pressure of air, that is about 15 lbs. on the square inch will fill that space at that
pressure, I shall again allow 10 more cubic inches of water for evaporation for the
heavy pressure that will be in the lower part of the accumulator, it can be seen
that the pressure increases greatly towards the apex of the accumulator, con-
sequently I shall want more steam than would be necessary if the pressure
was 15 lbs. on the square inch throughout, for this as I have before stated I allow
10 cubic inches of water which is equal to 1,700 cubic inches of stonm, the
evaporating of 30 in. of water will in no way bring any part of the boiler exposed
to the heat, I shall base all my future calculations on the pressure of 15 lbs. on the
square inch,
Fig. 4, shows the boiler as if it was made of the same diameter throughout its
length, now if steam was pressed into the space marked A and sp sp at a force
of 15 lbs. on the square inch the area of both ends L L' and O to be 1075 square
inches cach, now we have 1075 x 15 lbs. 16,125 lbs. of pressure on each end,
forcing end L L in the direction indicated by the arrows, if spaces ap ap we will
say were cut off, and the same amount of steam was pressed into A. the space
indicated by the dotted lines at the pressure of 15 lbs, on the square inch, the whole
force of 16,125 lbs. I had before on the end I L' must fall on the apex marked ap
which has an area of about 5 square inches, now I have a pressure of 16,125 ÷ 5
3,225 lbs. on the square inch at apex marked ap, which corresponds with ap
in Fig. 1, let the steam now be conveyed through the pipe Y in to part b of the
accumulator, at the above pressure, the diameter of this part of the accumulator to
be 25 inches, that will give an area of 500 square inch now when steam is pressed
in to the accumulator at the pressure of 3,225 lbs. on the square inch and the area
of the lower part of ram c to be 500 square inches now I will have an upward force
of 500 x 3,225 lbs. 1,610,500 lbs. or about 630 tons, ram e will have to be this
weight or else it will be blown out of the accumulator, there is a weight now of
about 630 tons resting on the steam in the accumulator and this weight must rest
on apex ap, but less resistance of the inclined sides of the accumulator and the
friction of the ram, for which I allow 30 tons, that will leave 600 tons on the apex'
of clear pressure, we will say the apex to have an area of 4 square inches
600 tons 4=125 tons on the square inch, let the steam again be pressed into the
cylinder kat 125 tons on the inch through apex ap and pipe I, the piston in the
cylinder marked to have an area of 314 square inches, that will give a force
of 314 x 125 = 39,250 tons, on one side of the piston which is communicated with
the accumulator, the other side of the piston will now be forcing the steam back