IMPROVE- MENTS IN IMPLEMENTS TO BE USED IN THE CULTIVATION OF THE SOIL
Year: 1863

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Joseph Seaman, of Lowesmoor Works, Worcester,
Agricultural Implement Manufacturer, for the Invention of "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN IMPLEMENTS TO BE USED IN THE CULTIVATION OF THE SOIL."
Sealed the 1st December 1863, and dated the 5th June 1863.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Joseph Seaman at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
5th June 1863.
I, JOSEPII SEAMAN, of Lowesmoor Works, Worcester, Agricultural Imple-
ment Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN IMPLEMENTS TO BE USED IN THE CULTIVATION OF THE SOIL," to
be as follows:-
This Invention relates to certain improvements in agricultural implements
to be used in the cultivation of the soil, which are partly applicable to ploughs,
cultivators, and harrows, or to any other implement of the same class, and
consists, firstly, of a peculiar arrangement and mode of applying leverage to
the frame of a cultivator, so that by pressing down a lever it shall cause all
the tines and shares to rise equally from the ground. Where it is necessary
to have a very heavy implement, the operation may be performed by two or
027

page_text: more levers, the one to raise the front shares and the other the hinder ones.
In carrying out this part of my Invention a shaft or axle is placed across and
at a suitable distance above the framework of the implement, being fixed by
brackets or otherwise so as to be supported by the travelling wheels. This
shaft or axle forms the fulcrum of the lever, the front end of which is attached
to that part of the framework which carries the front share legs. On the
most convenient part of the same axle are fixed two cog wheels of a suitable
diameter, behind which are fixed two other cog wheels on their respective
axes, and on each of these last-mentioned wheels or in connection therewith
are two short levers of a similar form to the front part of the main lever, and
connected in a similar way to that part of the framework to which the hind
share legs are fixed. These two pairs of cog wheels being properly geared, it
will be seen that by pressing on the main lever the wheels will turn towards
each other, and cause the hind share legs to rise out of their work at the
same time and to the same distance as the front share legs, or the height
of raising them may be varied by having the cog wheels of unequal size;
or where a very heavy implement is required, the same operation may be
performed in parts, one lever acting upon the front shares, and one or more
other levers serving to put the wheels into motion for raising the hind share
legs. As it is not necessary, excepting in very rare cases, that these wheels
should make more than half a revolution, a quadrant or a segment of a
wheel would frequently answer the same purpose, or a pair of friction
wheels might be used in place of toothed wheels, or when it is necessary
to place the fulcrums of the levers further apart than it is practicable to
employ wheels whose peripheries come in contact, I purpose connecting
the two wheels or quadrants by a chain or rope, and when it is not con-
venient to employ the lever a worm or screw may be used, which acts upon
the shaft, and produces the same effect as the lever.
1.
The second part of my Invention relates to the mode of forming that part
of a cultivator known as the share legs, in order to obtain lightness with great
strength. Instead of making them of solid bars, 1 purpose using two light
bars, put together with small struts and rivets, so that when looking at the
front of the stalk or tine there is a space between the two bars, and on taking
a side view of the same stalk the upper part thereof shall be in two parts, one
laying behind the other, but towards the front they meet and are welded
together into one piece. I also propose, when using that kind of harrow where
it is necessary to have loose points, to make the teeth on the trussed principle
above described, the beam of the harrow passing in between the two sides which

page_text: form the tooth; the front or bottom of the tooth is fixed thereto on the same
principle as for the cultivator. In the manufacture of share legs, tines, or teeth
for cultivators or harrows I use a loose clip, one side of which fits on to the side
of the beam, and the other side has a recess for holding the tooth, the clips and
teeth being firmly held to the beams by bolts or pins passing through the
beams, clips, and teeth, each row of teeth being secured by one bolt, as claimed
in my Patent dated 18th April 1859, No. 972. In the construction of har-
rows where greater facility for taking out the teeth is required than has
hitherto been obtained, in place of the clip above described I use an expanding
clip to take the tooth or tine; the bolt that passes through the struts and
beams in order to form the frame of the harrow will not in this case pass
through the teeth, but through the two ends of the expanding clip, which
has a recess on one side to fit into the side of the beam. The tooth in this
arrangement is a plain piece of iron, requiring only to be cut from the bar
and pointed, and will be held in the slot either immediately in front of or
behind the bolt that passes through the beams, clips, and struts, one bolt
being used for each row of teeth, so that by screwing this bolt tight all the
teeth in the row will be held in their place, and by loosening the same all the
teeth can be taken out without taking the harrows apart.
A cap
The third part of my Invention relates to a peculiar method of constructing
wheels for ploughs, cultivators, or any other implement requiring wheels used
in the cultivation of the soil. On the frame, or that part of the implement
whereon it is intended to fix the wheel, I form a cylinder, the inner part of
which is much larger than that part next to the wheel. Within this cylinder
place a journal that fills the inside at each end, but is recessed in the centre;
the end of this journal projects through the small end of the cylinder, a hole
being made entirely through the centre of this journal, wherein the stump of
the wheel is firmly secured. o is then applied oil-tight on to that end of
the cylinder where the journal is inserted, which will enable it to carry as
much oil as the cylinder will contain without escaping at the small aperture.
The stump of the wheel is fixed firmly into the journal, and provision is made
in the socket of the cylinder, namely, that part which takes the wheel standard,
for carrying the oil under that part of the boss of the wheel which projects
over the end of the cylinder. A groove is cut round the outside of the cylinder
for a packing of white metal or any other substance that will serve to keep
the dirt from working into the joint at the end of the cylinder where the stump
of the wheel is inserted. Further, I fix the wheel slides and standards to the
bean of the plough in such a manner that the direction of the wheels can be

page_text: readily altered or set to the greatest nicety, cutting either to or from the land.
To obtain this object I make two holes vertically in that part of the plough
beam where it is necessary to attach the wheels, by which means a plate is
bolted thereto, laying in a horizontal position, either on the top of the beani
or underneath, as may be desired. In this plate are two slots, through which
the bolts pass, so that by loosening the same they can be adjusted either to
the right or left, either of the bolts serving as a fulcrum. On this plate are
formed two recesses to take the two slides that hold the wheels, which are
held in their places hy the same bolts that hold the plate to the beam. These
slides are formed with a long slot up the centre of each, through which the
aforesaid bolts pass, a recess being formed in that end of the slide which is
intended to take the wheel standard in a similar manner to the recesses in the
plate that hold the slides. The wheel standards are made on the same principle,
that is to say, they are a sort of double bar, forming a slot long enough to
allow the wheels to be raised or lowered as may be desired. That part of the
plough known generally as the share lever, or lever neck, is made in two
parts; the part to which the share is fixed passes through a socket at the share
end of the frame, whilst the other part is fixed to the hinder part of the frame
these two parts are then connected by a coupling with a right thread at one
end and a left thread at the other, corresponding threads being made on
the ends of the two parts that form the lever.
The last part of my Invention relates to improvements in the construction
of whippletrees for the purpose of applying power to the draught of agricul-
turul implements and machinery, and consists of a peculiar mode of
constructing whippletrees for drawing harrows, ploughs, and other field
implements by making them of two flat bars of steel separated by blocks of
metal, serving as distance pieces; the two bars are held against these blocks
by rivets, and the blocks themselves have screwed holes made in them to
receive the draught eyes, the whole forming a trussed whippletree.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Joseph Seaman in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
5th December 1863.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOSEPH
SEAMAN, of Lowesmoor Works. Worcester, Agricultural Implement Manu-
facturer, send greeting.

page_text: WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Fifth day of June, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, in the twenty-sixth year
of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant
unto me, the said Joseph Seaman, Her special license that I, the said
Joseph Seaman, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others
as I, the said Joseph Seaman, my executors, adminstrators, or assigns,
should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at
all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully
might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for
IMPROVEMENTS IN IMPLEMENTS TO BE USED IN THE CULTIVATION OF THE SOIL,"
upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Joseph Seaman, my
executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my hand and
seal, or under the hand and seal of one of them, should particularly describe
and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the
same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great
Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next aud immediately after the
date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said John Seaman, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be per-
formed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement, reference being had to the accompanying Drawings, and to the
letters and figures marked thereon, that is to say :-
My said Invention relates to certain improvements in agricultural imple-
ments to be used in the cultivation of the soil, which are partly applicable to
ploughs, cultivators, and harrows, or to any other implement of the same class,
and consists, firstly, of a peculiar arrangement and mode of applying leverage
to the frame of a cultivator, so that by pressing down a lever it shall cause all
the tines and shares to rise equally from the ground. Where it is necessary
to have a very heavy implement, the operation may be performed by two or
more levers, the one to raise the front shares and the other the hinder ones.
In carrying out this part of my Invention a shaft or axle is placed across and
at a suitable. distance above the main framework of the implement, being
fixed by brackets or otherwise so as to be supported by the travelling wheels.
This shaft or axle forms the fulcrum of the lever, the front end of which is
attached to that part of the framework which carries the front share legs.
On the most convenient part of the same axle are fixed two cog wheels of a

page_text: suitable diameter, behind which are fixed two other cog wheels on their
respective axes, and on each of these last-mentioned wheels, or in connection
therewith, are two short levers of a similar form to the front part of the main
lever, and connected in a similar way to that part of the framework to which
the hind share legs are fixed. These two pairs of cog wheels being properly
geared, it will be seen that by pressing on the main lever the wheels will turn
towards each other, and cause the hind share legs to rise out of their work at
the same time and to the same distance as the front share legs, or the height
of raising them may be varied by having the cog wheels of unequal size; or
where a very heavy implement is required, the same operation may be per-
formed in parts, one lever acting upon the front shares, and one or more other
levers serving to put the wheels into motion for raising the hind share legs.
As it is not necessary, excepting in very rare cases, that these wheels should
make more than half a revolution, a quadrant or a segment of a wheel would
frequently answer the same purpose, or a pair of friction wheels might be used
in place of toothed wheels, or when it is necessary to place the fulcrums of the
levers further apart than it is practicable to employ wheels whose peripheries
come in contact, I propose to connect the two wheels or quadrants by a chain
or rope, and when it is not convenient to employ the lever a worm or screw
may be used, which acts upon the shaft and produces the same effect as the
lever.
The second part of my Invention relates to the mode of fixing the tines or
teeth for harrows. I use for this purpose a loose clip, one side of which fits on
to the side of the beam, and the other side has a recess for holding the tooth,
the clips and teeth being firmly held to the beams by bolts or pins passing
through the beams, clips, and teeth, each row of teeth being secured by one
bolt, as claimed in my Patent dated One thousand eight hundred and fifty-nine,
No. 972, or a separate bolt may be used for each tooth and clip. In the con-
struction of harrows, where a greater facility for taking out the teeth is
required than has hitherto been obtained, in place of the clip above described
I use an expanding clip to take the tooth or tine; the bolt that passes through
the struts and beams, in order to form the frame of the harrow, will not in
this case pass through the teeth, but through the two ends of the expanding
clip, which has a recess on one side to fit on to the side of the beam. The
tooth in this arrangement is a plain piece of iron, requiring only to be cut
from the bar and pointed, and will be held in the slot of the clip either imme-
diately in front of or behind the bolt that passes through the beams, clips,
and struts, one bolt being used for each row of teeth, so that by screwing this

page_text: bolt tight all the teeth in the row will be held firmly in their place, and by
loosening the same all the teeth can be taken out without taking the
harrow apart.
The third part of my Invention relates to a peculiar method of constructing
and fixing wheels for ploughs, cultivators, or any other implement requiring
wheels used in the cultivation of the soil. On the frame, or that part of the
implement whereon it is intended to fix the wheel, I form a cylinder, the inner
parts of which is much larger than that part next to the wheel. Within this
cylinder I place a journal that fills the inside at each end, but is recessed in the
centre; the end of this journal projects through the small end of the cylinder,
a hole being made entirely through the centre of this journal, wherein the
stump of the wheel is firmly secured. A cap is then applied oil-tight on to
that end of the cylinder where the journal is inserted, which will enable it to
carry as much oil as the cylinder will contain without escaping at the small
aperture. The stump of the wheel is fixed firmly into the journal, and pro-
vision is made in the socket of the cylinder, namely, that part which takes the
wheel standard, for carrying the oil under that part of the boss of the wheel
which projects over the end of the cylinder. I sometimes cut a groove round
the outside of the cylinder for a packing of white metal or any other sub-
stance that will serve to keep the dirt from working into the joint at the end
of the cylinder where the stump of the wheel is inserted. Further, I fix the
wheel slides and standards to the beam of a plough in such a manner that the
direction of the wheels can be readily altered or set to the greatest nicety,
cutting either to or from the land. To obtain this object I make two holes
vertically in that part of the plough beam where it is necessary to attach the
wheels, by which means a plate is bolted thereto, lying in a horizontal position,
either on, the top of the beam or underneath, as may be desired. In this
plate are two slots, through which the bolts pass,so that by loosening the same
the plate can be adjusted either to the right or left, either of the bolts serving
as a fulcrum; on this plate are formed two recesses to take the two slides
that hold the wheels, which slides are held in their places by the same bolts
that hold the plate to the beam. These slides are formed with a long slot up
tne centre of each, through which the aforesaid bolts. pass, a recess being
formed in that end of the slide which is intended to take the wheel standard
in a similar manner to the recesses in the plate that holds the slides. The
wheel standards are made on the same principle, that is to say, they are a sort
ot double bar, forming part a slot long enough to allow the wheels to be raised
or lowered as may be desired. That part of the plough.known generally as

page_text: the share lever, or lever neck, is made in two parts; the part to which the
share is fixed passes through a socket at the share end of the frame, whilst
the other part is fixed to the hinder part of the frame; these two parts are
then connected by a coupling, with a right thread at one end and a left.
thread at the other, corresponding threads being made on the ends of the
two parts that form the lever,
The last part of my Invention relates to improvements in the construc-
tion of whippletrees for the purpose of applying power to the draught of
agricultural implements and machinery, and consists of a peculiar mode of
constructing whippletrees for drawing harrows, ploughs, and other field
implements, by making them of two flat bars of steel separated by blocks
of metal, serving as distance pieces; the two bars are held against these
blocks by rivets, and the blocks themselves have screwed holes made in
them to receive the draught eyes, the whole forming a trussed whippletree.
And in order that my said indenture may be fully understood, I shall now
proceed more particularly to describe the same, and for that purpose I shall
refer to the several Figures on the Sheets of Drawings hereunto annexed, the
same letters of reference indicating corresponding parts in all the correspond-
ing Figures. Figure 1, in Sheet 1 of my Drawings, represents a side elevation
of a cultivator fitted with my improved arrangement of leverage for causing
all the tines and shares to raise equally from the ground, and, Figure 2 is a
separate detail, shewing a slightly modified arrangement. A is the main
framing of the cultivator, which is supported at the rear end upon. a pair of
adjustable running wheels, one of which is shewn at B. The front end of the
cultivator is supported on a steering or swivel wheel C. These parts may be
constructed and fitted in any convenient and well known manner, and form
no portion of my present Invention. The tines or share legs D, D, which
may also be of the ordinary construction, are fitted to an inner movable frame
or set of levers, of which E, E', represent the rear and front end cross bars,
to which the fulcrums of such levers are attached, such cross bars resting
upon the edges of the main framing A of the cultivator; the cross bars E, E¹,
of the inner frame or levers are connected by means of the short links F, F, to
the levers G,G', which levers are respectively keyed on to the transverse shafts
H, H', carried in the upper end of two side brackets, one of which is shown
at I, bolted to the main framing A. The shaft H does not extend completely
across the machine, but consists of two short shafts in the same axial line,
having a space left between their contiguous ends in or near the centre of the
machine to allow of the depression of the long lever K, attached to the front

page_text: :
shaft H', which extends entirely across the machine; central fixed brackets,
not shewn in the Drawing, are employed for carrying the two contiguous or
inner ends of the short shafts H; the shafts H and H' are geared together by
means of spur wheels, pinions, or segments L, L, so that on turning the front
shaft H by depressing the lever K, the shafts 'H' will also turn, but in the
opposite direction, and consequently the levers G, of which there are two
connected to the rear cross bar E, will rise simultaneously with the front lever
G', and consequently the minor frane or levers, with the whole of the share
legs or tines attached thereto, will be raised so as to clear the tines or shares
from the ground. In some cases, in lieu of using gearing or spur wheels L, L,
for connecting the rocking shafts H and El', a chain or band L may be,
employed, passed over pullies or drums /, /, as shewn in the detail, Figure 2.
This will be found convenient in cases where the centres of the shafts Hand H
are too far apart to admit of the convenient use of geared quadrants or wheels.
Figures 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 represent full sized details of the mode I adopt
for securing the tecth of harrows to their beams. Figure 3 is a side elevation
of one or two modifications; Figure 4 is a longitudinal section of the same;
and Figure 5 is an elevation of the opposite side of the tooth to that shewn
in.Figure 3. A is the beam of the harrow, on to the side of which is fitted a
clip B, which is recessed to fit on to the side of the beam, as shewn clearly in
Figure 4. This clip is also recessed on its opposite or outer face to receive the
upper
end of the tooth C. A bolt hole is made through the beam clip and tooth,
and a long bolt D passes through them, and holds them together by means of a
aut Eat each end; this bolt D passes also through tubular stays or strutts F
interposed between the beams, as described in the Specification of my Patent
of One thousand eight hundred and fifty-nine, No. 972. In order to afford
facility for removing and replacing a tooth without taking the harrowin picces, I
propose sometimes to employ the second modification, of which Figure6isaplan,
Figure 7 a side elevation, and Figure 8 an edge view of the tooth and clip.
In this arrangement an expanding clip B is employed, having an opening
nade vertically through it sufficiently large to receive the top of the tooth or
tin C. A slit is made on one side of this opening, as shewn at a, in Figure 6,
so as to enable the opening to expand and release the tooth or to hold it
firmly by simply unscrewing or screwing the nut or nuts E. One of these
nuts is screwed on to each end of the long bolt D, which passes through the
beams A of the harrow and thro' the tubular stays or strutts F, herein.
before referred to, and also thro' the expanding clip, which is recessed, as
above described, to fit on to the side of the beam, but the bolt does not pass

page_text: thro' the tooth itself, which is merely held by the vice or gripping action of
the jaws of the expanding clip.
Figure 9 represents a plan of a portion of a harrow on a small scale,
having its teeth secured by means of the expanding clips above mentioned.
On referring to this Figure, it will be obvious that by simply slackening any
one of the nuts E, the teeth along the corresponding bolt will be slackened,
and any one of them may be removed without separating any of the other
parts, which cannot be effected with the arrangement first described, where
the long bolts pass thro' the harrow teeth themselves. In both arrange-
ments the same bolt which holds the tooth in its place holds the clips against
the beams and connects the beams together.
Figure 10 is a longitudinal section of a wheel and portion of a wheel
standard applicable to ploughs, cultivators, and other implements requiring
running wheels; Figure 11 is a vertical section at right angles to Figure 10;
and Figure 12 is a separate detail of the journal employed in securing the
wheel in its place. A is the boss of the wheel, the rim and arms of which
are broken away in the Drawing. Into this boss I cast a wrought-iron stud
or pin B, which is made of a square, hexagonal, or polygonal section, or
rounded if desired, and is tapered and fitted into the centre of a steel or other
metal journal C. This journal fits accurately inside a hollow cylinder D,
which is cast on the standard or wheel support, or is provided with a socket E
to receive the standard F, as shewn in my Drawing. The journal having
been inserted thro' the end of the cylinder, the pin or stud in the wheel is
passed through the journal, and is secured therein by the nut G. As the
front end of the cylender next the wheel is partly closed, with the exception of
a smaller aperture, through which a projecting part or boss on the end of the
journal passes, it follows that the wheel will be held in its place, as the journal
can only be withdrawn from the back end of the cylinder, and is secured to
the stud or axle of the wheel. An annular groove a is made in the surface of
the journal (which revolves freely inside the cylender), to forma chamber for
the reception of oil, which is introduced through the passage bin the standard,
and is closed by a lid or slide c; the lower part of the socket which receives
the standard forms an oil reservoir,and communicates with the interior of the
cylinder by the passage d. In order to exclude grit and dirt from the interior
of the cylinder, a leather or other packing disc e is placed over the rear end
of the cylinder, and a metal slide ffits over it and keeps it in its place, such
slide being held by the bolt 9 which holds the standard in the socket. The
rear part of the nave of the wheel may be made to project over and enclose

page_text: the front end of the cylinder, as shewn in Figure 10, and a packing of
white may be introduced at h between the interior of the nave or boss and
the exterior of the cylinder, to prevent the entrance of dirt thro' the front
end of the cylinder.
Figures 13, 14, and 15 represent full sized details of the method I adopt for
fixing the wheel slides and standards to the beams of ploughs, so that the
direction or angle of the wheels with the beam can be readilyaltered or adjusted.
Figure 13 isavendelevation of the mode of fixing the wheel slides and standards.
Figure 14 is a side elevation of the same; and Figure 15 is a corresponding
plan thereof. A is a portion of the plough beam, and B is aslotted platebolted
to the under side or to the top side of the beam, as may be desired, by the two
bolts C, C, passing through the beam, and serving also to secure the wheel
slides D, D, in position. These slides are slotted longitudinally so as to be
capable of adjustment, and are fitted into grooves or recesses made trans-
versely across the plate B. A vertical groove or recess is made in the head E
of each slide D, into which is fitted and secured by a bolt and nut F the
slotted wheel standard G. These standards are shewn partly broken away in
Figure 13, and one of them (lettered F) is shewn in full side elevation in
Figure 11, in which Figure is also shewn the slide D' with its head E³, and
the standard bolt F', which parts are referred to by similar letters in Figures
13, 14, and 15. This mode of attaching the wheel standards to ploughs
affords great facility for adjusting or altering the positions of the wheels; for
example, one or both the wheels may be brought nearer to or further from the
beam according to the width of furrow turned over by the plough by simply
adjusting the position of the corresponding slide or slides D in their slots or
recesses in the plate B, or if the angle of the wheels with the plough beam is
to be altered so as to cause them to cut more or less towards or from the land,
it is simply requisite to slacken the two vertical bolts C, C, and to adjust the
plate B to any desired angle by turning it on one or other of the bolts C as a
centre, for which purpose the plate B is provided with curved slots or open-
ings for the bolts to pass through, as shewn in the plan, Figure 15.
Figure 16 represents a partial or sectional elevation of a plough body in
which the lever neck is constructed according to my present Invention.
A is the plough body, aud B, B', the share lever or lever neck, which I make
in two parts, united by a long nut or screw coupling C, which screws on to
the adjoining ends of the two parts of the lever neck, a right screw thread
being formed on the end of one part, and a left thread on the other, and
corresponding threads are made in the two ends of the long nut or coupling,

page_text: so that ready facility is afforded for applying or adjusting the leugth of the
lever neck; one end of this lever neck is secured to a screw bolt D, that
passes through a curved slot d in the hinder part of the plough body A, the
hind part of the lever being held on this bolt by two nuts in any desired lateral
position with the plough body, whilst the opposite end is passed through a
socket E at the front or share end thereof, the two ends being connected and.
held firmly together by the coupling nut C, as herein-before described.
Sheet 2 of the Drawings illustrates my improvements intheconstruction of
whippletrees. Figure 1 represents a plan, partly in section, and Figure 2 is a
side view, also partly in section, of one form of my improved whippletree as
adapted for harrows; Figure 3 represents a plan of a set of whippletrees
intended for drawing ploughs or other field implements, but which are con-
structed on the same principle as the first, each whippletree being composed
of two thin steel bars a, a, united together by means of rivets or bolts which
pass through intermediate. blocks b, b, interposed between the two steel
bars a,, and serving as distance pieces. Some of these distance pieces b³, b',
are provided with tapped holes, into which the draught eyes c, c, for drawing
harrows and other field implements are screwed; or the holes may be without
any screw thread, the shank of the draught eyes being simply passed through
them, and secured by nuts on their outer ends; d is a draught bar or rod, the
ends d' of which form distance picces, which are secured between the steel
bars by bolts or rivets near the opposite ends of the whippletree, whilst the
centre is connected to the centre of the whippletree by a curved bar c, the
connecting eye e' of which also forms a distance piece between the steelbarsa.
In Figure 3 the centre of the draught bar is connected to the centre of the
whippletree by a block e, which forms a distance piece between the bars a,and
serves also as the attachment for the draught ring f. The draught eyes are not
screwed into blocks as in the first arrangement but have eyes g formed upon
their shanks, which serve as distance pieces between the ends of the steel bars.
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of my
said Invention, and the manner in which the same is or may be used or
carried into effect; I would observe in conclusion that what I consider to
be novel and original, and therefore claim as the Invention secured to me
by the herein-before in part recited Letters Patent, is,―
1st, the general constructions and arrangements of implements to be
used in the cultivation of the soil substantially as herein-before described.
2nd, the peculiar mode of and apparatus for lifting the teeth, tines, or
share legs of cultivators as herein-before described.

page_text: 3rd, the application and use of loose clips for attaching and securing
the tines or teeth of harrows to the beams as herein-before described.
4th, the application and use of expanding clips for attaching and secur.
ng the tines or teeth to the beams of harrows as herein-before described.
5th, the peculiar mode of attaching and securing wheels to ploughs
cultivators, and other agricultural implements, substantially as herein-
before described and illustrated by Figures 10, 11, and 12 of my Drawings.
6th, the peculiar mode of attaching the whee! slides and standards to
ploughs as herein-before described.
7th, the making of the share lever or lever neck of ploughs in two parts
coupled together as herein-before described.
Sth, the peculiar construction of steel whippletree for agricultural field
implements as herein-before described.
In witness whereof, 1, the said Joseph Seamen, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Fifth day of December, One thousand eight
hundred and sixty-three.
JOSEPH SEAMAN.
L.S.)