Self-generative Power Machine.
Year: 1895

page_text: Date of Application, 26th Apr., 1895 Accepted, 8th June, 1895
Self-generative Power Machine.
I, GORDON EARL ADAMS, of Howley Lodge, Warwick Road, Maida Hill
West, City of London, England, Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this
invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed to be particularly
described and ascertained in and by the following statement:
Fig: 1 is a partial sectional elevation.
Fig. 2 is a plan of Fig. 1.
Fig. 3 is an enlarged diagrammatical view of the wiring, with commutators
flattened; showing the ten positions of brushes.
Fig. 4 is an enlarged partial sectional elevation of commutators and brushes.
I use any suitable arrangement for switching brushes off. Not shown in drawings.
Fig. 5 is a plan of Fig. 4 taken on lines 1, 1, Fig. 4:
a, Figs. 1 and 2, is the frame on which the field-magnets and' armature bearings
are carried.
b, 61, 62, 63, Figs. 1 and 2, are the poles of field-magnets.
e2 are the yokes of the said' field-magnets.
c3 are zinc plates. for insulating field-magnets from the frame a.
jare gun-metal set screws for adjustment of field-magnets, Fig. 1.
k Figs. 1, 4, 5, is a ring for carrying brushes,, the said ring being, fixed' to
platform k 1.
l is a frame bolted to frame a, Figs. 1 and 2, for carrying bearings n 3, in which
shafts n 2 revolve:
nare worm-wheels fixed on shaft n2, and in gear with worms m, Figs. 1 and 2.
The, object of gearing off in four places being to equalise the pressure upon
shaft g, and to vary surface contact'; the force of friction being proportional to
the total pressure between two surfaces; I'multiply the surfaces of contact in, order
to lessen the friction.
The armature consists of two soft iron wheels; f1, into the rim of' each said
wheel are fixed eight pins, f, these pins carrying the laminations, 13, over which
the coils are wound. At the end of pins fare fixed soft iron nose pieces, d, the
said nose pieces protruding through the gun-metal flanges e, Figs. 1 and 2. The
flanges are made in segments, bolted together by bolts, el, Fig. 2. The armaturés
are insulated from steel shaft g by gun-metal bushes, f/2.
g
g is a vertical hollow steel shaft carrying armature and commutators A, B,C,
and insulated from shaft'and 'worms, m, the bottom end of said shaft revolving in
an bydraulic footstep bearing, h, and the top in bearing h3, Fig. 1. The inlet for
the hydraulic pressure to, footstep bearing enters at i, Fig. I, and forces, the
bottom ring, 3, upwards, compressing the packing 1, thereby securing a fluid-
tight joint, working automatically as well as raising the, shaft from the steel
bearing plates s, here will be seen that the friction is not proportional to the load.
To facilitate lubrication I supply oil under hydraulic pressure. through the hollow
shafting g, by the inlet pipe g 1, which is stationary, and suitably packed to allow
shaft g to revolve, the oil issuing from, very small holes, '4, Fig. 1, bored through
that portion of the shaft g which revolves in the packing of the footstep bearing,
and which will be used as a tension to secure equilibrilim in the armature mass.
2, Fig. 1, are packing rings, as described in my previous Patent, No: 12,936/94,

page_text: The four shafts n 2 are suitably geared to a slow-speed dynamo; and the power
generated by the machine is taken off at other end of said shafts by any suitable
gearing gearing not shown in drawing.
I will now describe the whole machine in motion, which will also embrace
manner of wiring.
I must first of all give motion to the machine by some extraneous force; say by
exciting the armatüre and field-magnets by accumulatore, which, causing the
armature to rotate (at first slowly), and the dynamo being in gear with the motor,
the dynamo will at first naturally generate a negligeable quantity of electricity,
but when the armature mass has obtained say half its maximum speed, then the
dynamo will be generating an appreciable amount of current, which current goes
direct to armature mass and field-magnets, thereby helping the accumulators, and
causing armature mass to gain a greater speed at each revolution until its maximum
velocity, 400 or 500 revolutions per minute, has been obtained. Now, the accumu-
lators having finished their work by giving the desired velocity to the machine,
are now switched off or arranged to automatically break circuit, but the motion in
the armature mass is retained by the current from the dynamo under the following
circumstances :-
Referring to the wiring on Fig. 3, I will follow the current generated by the
dynamo, through its various duties:-
O, Fig. 3 is the slow motion dynamo which gives its maximum amount of current
at about 40 or 50 revolutions of its armature per minute.
N is the negative, and P the positive wire from dynamo; the negative terminating
in the brush C, supplying continually the negative current to the 16 pole circuit-
changer A. The positive electricity is conducted in the same manner by brush C1
to the positive of A, from where it is led away by brush C2 to the field-magnet
coil 2 through 63, to 1, then to b, and from there to brush C 3..
B is a 2-pole circuit-changer, fed with positive and negative electricity in like
manner as A by brush D and D1. From brushes E and E1, current flows
to brushes G and G 1, thereby supplying C, which in turn supplies the armature
coils.
The 16 pole circuit-changer is constructed in such a manner that during one
revolution of the armature, the polarity of the field-magnets is changed 16 times.
This arrangement is to secure attractive and repulsive effects between the
armature and field-maguet coils; each pair of armature coils forming a single bar
magnet, having a north and south pole, and being alternately attracted and repelled
by the like and unlike polarity of their own and field-magnet coils.
band 62, Fig. 2, indicate plan position of field-magnets. 1 and la, 2 and 2a,
3 and 3a, 4 and 4a, indicate coils on armature-1 and la being a pair forming, a
single bar magnet; and so on with each pair. If, now, field-magnet coil b be north
and 62 be south, and armature 1 he south and armature la be north, the field and
armature coils will attract each other. When the armature coils have gained a
position parallel with the field-magnet coils, the polarity of the field-magnets is
changed by means of the 16 pole circuit-changer A; the field-magnet coil b then
becomes south, and the field-magnet coil b2 becomes north, the armature coil 1
remaining south, and the armature coil la remaining north, thus repulsion takes
place between armature and field coils.
Field-magnets 6 and 62 are then again altered in polarity, 6 becoming north and
2 becoming south, armature coils 4u and 4 being south and north respectively,
field and armature coils again being attracted until the parallel position or, I may
say, neutral point is reached. The field-magnet circuit is again reversed, armature
coils 3a and 3 remaining same polarity, attraction between field-magnet coils and
armature coils takes place; again the neutral position is reached, field-magnet
circuit again being reversed, armature coils remaining as before, repulsion takes
place, field-magnet circuit at neutral position is again. reversed, armature coils, 2a
and 2 remaining same polarity, attraction between field-magnet coils and armature

page_text: oils taking place until neutral position is again reached, when field-maguets again
hanged, armature coils remaining same polarity, causing repulsive effects.
In this position it is necessary to change the polarities of the armature coils,
nd for this purpose is introduced the 2-pole circuit-changer B, as the next
rmature coil in position after 2a is really la, which, owing to the winding,
vould be in repulsive polarity with field-magnet b; so by reversing the polarity of
the armature coils at this point (half revolution) we can proceed as if starting
again from coils 1 and 1a.
C, Fig. 3, is the distributor for the armature coils, being built up of eight metal
bars, insulated from each other by insulating bars cl. Upon the metal bars are
fixed terminals to hold the wires, which run to top and bottom armature wheels.
The wires to top armature wheel from the terminals of distributor C, Fig. 4, are
held in position by set screws p2, the said wires passing through holes p drilled
and insulated through commutators B and A to underside of wheel 1, and are held
in position on said wheel by insulating lugs r, and then connected with the upper
armature coils.
The wires for bottom armature wheel are also held in position by set-screws, p 3,
passing along upper side of lower armature wheel, and likewise held by insulating
lugs, and connected with lower armature coils.
It will be seen that the coils ending in the terminals in contact with brushes G
and G 1 are the only coils in circuit, all other coils being out of circuit until
coming into position to receive current from brushes G and G 1, as shown in
Fig. 3.
In a large machine it would be necessary to increase the number of armature
coils, and it might be advantageous to add more field-magnets.
For the following observations. I trust that I may be pardoned, for in them there
is nothing new. The reason that I make them is, that by the collocation of the
whole of the dynamical conceptions (as we now understand them), and by the
proper arrangement and application of the principles and forces now at our disposal,
I maintain and prove that I have succeeded in producing a machine that is
self-generative.
In the notions promulgated by Newton, of Space, Time, Force and Mass, there is
left out that which is of the most vital importance, namely, Velocity. Time
remains always the same, but the motions of different masses in the universe must
necessarily have differences of velocity.
Space must be composed of molecules, the denser particles cohering and forming
tangible masses, and constituting mechanical bodies; whilst the lighter particles
forming the innumerable, imperceptible masses with invisible motions are of an
ethereal nature. There is no doubt as to forces. emanating from the ethereal
portion of the universe and acting upon the heavier bodies, thereby causing
mechanical motion.
Motion, which is velocity, then being assumed, it is necessary to take into
consideration the different velocities of each of the following; namely, that of a
mechanical body; and, that also of a force. As an example of force, take
electricity.
For instance take the communication of force from two points A and B. First
by (say) water, and secondly by electricity. In the first case you have water at A,
which will travel through a channel to B. And in the second case A and B are
connected by a wire that will conduct the electricity. The water must be let loose
from A at the same time that the current is communicated from A. The point is
the difference in the velocity of the water (which is the mechanical force), and the
electric current in,travelling from. A to B.
The differences of velocity between mechanical motion and that of a force such
as electricity are at once seen to be disproportionate, for at whatever speed a
mechanical mass may travel, its quickness of motion is nil, in comparison with that
of the electric current,, but time must remain the same for each.
Scientists say that action is always equalled by re-action, and in the purely

page_text: mechanical sense that is true, but in nature we are not dealing exclusively with
mechanical or tangible, matter, but with forces acting in conjunction with mass.
We might as well' add that re-action is counterbalanced by action (anyway, motion
I think is pre-supposed), for if motion (which is action) had an equal counteracting
force, there could be no motion in the universe:-Professor Balfour Stewart, in
his "Conservation of Energy," says "what we gain in power we lose in space, but
we are. willing to sacrifice space or quickness of motion (velocity) in order to
obtain the tremendous pressure or force which we obtain by means of the
hydrostatic press," or any other form of leverage machine; or machines whose
parts have different velocities, such as the differential pulley-block. Action and
reaction here, as in everything else purely mechanical, are opposite and equal, not
taking friction into consideration. The mass of the armature in the machine under
your notice has motion given to it by the magnetism acting from the periphery of
the mass itself, and also upon the periphery from fixed points past which it rotates:
It will be seen that this mass can be utilized 'in the same manner as a leverage
machine or machine that has differences of velocity, of which in reality it is the
most convenient form when a continuous pressure is required. Since the main
requisite is a great force the impulse is applied to the periphery of the whicel; the
amount of motion (momentum) it contains is governed by velocity: The velocity
of the mass will be found to vary in the same ratio as the distance of the direction,
of the impulse from the axis, that is to say: an impulse applied to the periphery of
a wheel will cause a greater velocity than if the same force were applied to any
point inside the periphery. The whole force of an impulse applied to the revolving
mass is shared amongst the various parts of the mass, and is transmitted to them:
from the point where the impulse is applied by reason of the cohesion and tenacity,
of the parts, and the impossibility of one part yielding to a force without carrying.
all the other parts with it. The force applied acts upon those particles nearer to
the axis than its own direction under advantageous circumstances; for their power
to resist the applied force is small in the same proportion with their distance from
the axis. On the other hand, the applied force acts upon the particles of the mass
at a greater distance than its own direction, under circumstances proportionally
disadvantageous, for their resistance to the applied force is great in proportion to
their distance from the axis. We see, then, that a force or impulse applied at the
farthest possible point from the axis of the wheel' or mass, acts upon all' points
nearer to the axis than its own direction under advantageous circumstances, and
upon all points within the circle of its own radius under circumstances similar and'
equal to its own. So the greatest velocity that can be produced by a certain force
is produced when that impulse is applied to the periphery of the wheel; the direction
of the impulse being the same:
१
Therefore, by applying the impulse to the periphery, we secure the greatest
amount of motion, and of force, which is abstracted from the wheel at the axle,
because the weight or power at the end of the short arm is great, as its relation to
the long arm is small; that is, if the radius of the wheel equalà: 16, and that of the
axle 1; one ton pressure applied to the periphery will give sixteen ton pressure at
the axle, but the distauce the long arm travels, is as 16 to: 1 compared with that
traversed by the short arm, since the circumference of a circle varies as its radius.
So we see that to obtain pressure we must sacrifice a corresponding velocity; but
this-we can easily afford to do, since we can have any velocity we like (by the
continued application of the iinpulse); and a correspondingly great pressure. This
great pressure, is communicated by mechanical' means to a 'slow speed dynamo,
whose speed 'is-40 or 50' revolutions per minute, and output; say: 90% of the force
communicated to it from the centre of mass. We have a great velocity in our
mass and are willing to sacrifice it at the axle, thereby putting a very great force
or pressure into a (short space) slow motion-dynamo. Again it has been seen that
the velocity caused by a certain impulse increases with the distance of the direction 5
of the impulse from the axis; therefore the velocity of points at different distances
from the axis differ in like manner. When a mass revolving on its axis performs

page_text: one revolution, every point in that mass may be said to have described a circle,
and the points that are nearest to the axis perform a much smaller circle than
those points which are more remote. And as no point is capable of responding to
an impulse without the whole sharing in the same motion, every point in the mass
commences and finishes revolving at the same instant; therefore different points
perform different distances in one and the same time. Therefore the velocities of
the different points vary as their distance from the axis, while the times of their
revolution are invariably the same. One revolution of a point at the axis is
performed in exactly the same time as that of a point in the periphery of the mass.
I should like you to think of the machine, as a whole, somewhat after this
manner :-
Firstly
-
-We have a rotating mass with a given velocity.
Secondly-We lose quickness of motion to gain great mechanical force through
a short distance.
Thirdly We transmute that mechanical force into another; namely, electricity
(by slow motion dynamo).
==
Fourthly We apply that force of electricity to magnetise given points.
Fifthly By the rapidity with which the electric current travels, we have
potential energy, or energy of position.
Sixthly
--
We must particularly take into consideration the kinetic energy of
the mass.
But bear in mind that we must not argue upon these principles
separately, for then action would be equalled by the reaction.
In conclusion I beg to say to those readers who are interested in this subject, if
they were to study "The Principles of Dynamics developed on new lines," by
Professor H. Hertz (Collected Works, Leipzig, Barth, 1894), it would not only
interest, but also convince the studious thinker, that by the application of different
principles and forces in the manner which I have endeavoured to describe, of the
feasibility of self-generation.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the neare of my said inven-
tion, and in what manner the same is to be performed declare that what I
claim is
A self-generative power machine, produced by the means, principles, and devices
as herein set forth.