Year: 1886

page_text: Date of Application, 25th Nov., 1886.
Complete Left, 25th Aug., 1887.
Complete Accepted, 27th Sept., 1887
1 JAMES YATE JOHNSON of 47 Lincolns Inn Fields in the County of Middlesex
Gentleman do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention which has been com-
municated to me from abroad by Pierre Cote of Paris in the Republic of France
retired Commandant to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to the arrangement and construction of Motors wherein the
action of weight or pressure or weight and pressure is or are utilized to produce
motive power. These Motors are constituted by the grouping together of certain
parts hereinafter described which being combined together in various ways form
engines or machines differing as to form but having one principle of action common
to all inasmuch as their source of power is invariably weight or pressure or weight and
pressure in combination.
In an apparatus embodying the principle of this Invention as described by my
foreign correspondent a combination of racks is employed gearing with a wheel
provided with teeth on one half or other suitable fraction only of its periphery so as
to gear with rack teeth on each side alternately. Assuming this wheel to be stationary
and the racks to be in a vertical position the point of support of the latter is at the
extremity of the horizontal radius of the wheel and if left to itself in this position it
will tend to turn towards the side opposite to its point of support with an initial
force which may be expressed by PR, P being the weight of the double rack and R
the radius of the wheel. If supplementary weights be attached to the rack with their
centres of gravity in a line with the main axis of the rack the said force will be
proportionately increased. This force is hereinafter termed "lateral force." The
double rack is placed between two discs carried on the shaft of the wheel and is
provided at each extremity in a line with its axis with a rod or bar sliding in holes
formed in plates connecting the two discs, so that in yielding to the said lateral force
it imparts to the said disc an impulse resulting from the said force in one direction or
the other. This combination of a double rack and two rigidly connected discs is
hereinafter termed an element.

page_text: The lateral force which tends to induce the element to turn is the motive power of
the Engine. A motive power Engine constructed according to this Invention is
composed of two such elements the shafts being parallel and connected together by a
combination of racks and partially toothed wheels hereinafter described whereby they
are also connected with a third shaft situated at an equal distance from the two first
mentioned shafts. The two elements and their connections are carried between two
large parallel discs rigidly connected together and capable of turning on the aforesaid
third shaft as a centre.
All the forces which tend to cause the elements to turn in the direction of the lateral
force and the large discs in the contrary direction are hereinafter termed "positive
forces" and the forces which tend to impart to the elements and to the large discs
movements in a direction contrary to that resulting from the positive forces are
hereinafter termed "negative forces."
The three shafts carry wheels toothed on a fraction say one half of their peripheries
and these wheels gear with three corresponding double racks in the form of frames
presenting rack teeth on opposite sides of the said wheels and engaging alternately
with the teeth thereon. Three of such frames hereinafter referred to as "triple racks
are employed in each engine or machine.
In an apparatus arranged to work by the action of weight the double racks having
their greatest development on the right are arranged in the vertical position with
their point of support on the left hand of the centre at the extremity of the
horizontal radius of the wheels. These racks are placed between two equal discs
mounted on two equal and parallel shafts and are guided so as to move in a straight
line by prolongations sliding in guides attached to the said discs as heroinbefore
explained. The discs can turn freely on their shafts and the racks are provided with
supplementary weights arranged in a line with the axes of the racks.
Each disc is connected with external wheels provided with teeth on half of their
periphery gearing with the teeth of racks forming the end racks of two triple racks.
Two such racks are provided on each side of the machine one of each pair having
its teeth or greatest development on the right of the corresponding wheel when the
other presents its teeth on the left of the corresponding wheel. The wheel gearing
with the central racks of each triple rack is fixed on a central shaft corresponding
to the third shaft referred to in the introductory remarks. The double central rack
presents teeth on each side of the wheel for the reciprocating motion and the end
racks present teeth on one side only of the corresponding wheel such teeth being
arranged on different sides at opposite ends of each triple rack.
66
The two triple racks on one side of the discs change their direction of motion
simultaneously with one another but not simultaneously with the two on the other
side. These four triple racks are hereinafter termed 'positive" triple racks.
Outside these racks there are arranged two other triple racks the central rack of
which likewise engages with a partially toothed wheel on the aforesaid third or central
shaft. These two triple racks have their greatest development on the right of the
wheel, that is to say the wheels are at the left hand ends of the racks at starting and
present rack teeth on each side of the three corresponding wheels. These two triple
racks hereinafter referred to as, "negative" triple racks do not change their direction
simultaneously and their wheels gear with their upper rack teeth starting from a
horizontal plane.
Outside the negative triple racks the central shaft carries two large discs rigidly
connected together and capable of turning freely thereon. These large discs carry
the bearings for the two shafts of the first mentioned discs and present external bosses
through which the central shaft is passed. Outside these bosses are placed the
bearings for the central shaft and outside these bearings a wheel or disc hereinafter
termed the "dynamometric wheel" is fixed on the said shaft being employed for
turning the shaft and placing it in the desired position.
Assuming the central shaft to be stationary and letting P represent the weight of
one of the double racks 9 the supplementary weight R the radius of the wheel gearing
with said rack, A O the distance between the small or planetary shafts carried by the

page_text: large discs and the central shaft r the radius of the shaft which performs the work
and F the loss resulting from friction; the apparatus will then turn or revolve upon
AO
its centre with a force equal to (4 P + 8 q)
-
F.
Modifications of the power and changing the direction of motion are produced as
next hereinafter explained. Assuming that the central shaft is caused to turn from
left to right so as to make one complete revolution the power will decrease during the
first 90 degrees of its angular motion passing through all the valves.
-(4P +89)
AO-
"
cos m
-
F corresponding to each angle (m) traversed.
When the shaft has described 90° the apparatus will be in equilibrium.
Between 90° and 180° the apparatus will progress from right to left with a force
which will pass in regular succossion through the same valves through which it passed
during the first 90°. When the central shaft has completed the 180° the apparatus
will turn from right to left with the maximum force which it possessed in turning
from left to right. The corresponding powers may be marked upon the dynamometric
wheel which marks the angles traversed.
In place of arranging the supplementary weights 7 hereinbefore referred to with
their centres of gravity in a line with the axis of the double racks one weight may be
applied to each rack being located at the extremity of a horizontal lever arm / fixed
to the middle of the left hand side of the rack. The apparatus will then turn from
4 P¹ AO —
- F
left to right with a force equal to 2 q (b
(1 × 2A01+R+
T
T
-
P¹ representing the weight of the double rack increased by half the weight of the
lover arm l. In apparatus wherein single racks are substituted for the double racks
of the elements hereinbefore described P¹ represents the weight of a single rack
which is increased by half the weight of a lever arm when the single racks are
provided with lever arms.
In place of the negative triple racks hereinbefore referred to racks may be
employed gearing with wheels fixed on the central shaft and resembling the positive
triple racks. These racks present teeth on both sides of the central wheel but the
end racks present teeth on one side only of the corresponding wheels and on different
sides thereof.
In the apparatus wherein four positive triple racks are substituted for the two negative
triple racks they are arranged to gear with the upper side of the right hand wheels
and with the lower side of the left hand wheels when the element is requird to turn
from right to left the inverse arrangement being employed when the direction of
motion is to be reversed.
One of the double racks of each element may be dispensed with together with the
corresponding wheel and in this case a horizontal lever (1) is applied to the side of
the shaft and carries a weight (q.) The corresponding discs of the element and
the corresponding triple positive racks are likewise removed. On opposite
sides of the elements the planetary shafts carry two positive triple racks moving
in opposite directions. In this case the apparatus will turn with a force equal
i (2 A 0-7)= F.
to 2 g
In order to transmit motion to a shaft situated at a distance from the apparatus
two wheels having teeth on half of their periphery only are connected to the large
or main discs on the central shaft and these wheels gear with the teoth of double
racks which transmit motion to similar wheels on the distant shaft the racks of each
double ruck being connected by a bar of any suitable length.
According to another arrangement the prolongations of the double racks working
in the guides of the elements herein before described are dispensed with and in place
thereof supplementary double racks are attached to the double racks engaging with
the wheels on the shafts of the small or planetary discs. These supplementary

page_text: double racks are not in a line with the other double racks and gear with wheels
turning in bearings in the discs of the elements. The axes of these wheels are
provided with weighted lever arms and the centres of gravity common to each
supplementary double rack and to the weight on the corresponding wheel coincides
with a prolongation of the axis of the central rack. This combination of central
racks and supplementary racks is hereinafter termed "triple skew racks." Each
element comprises two triple skew racks which do not change their direction
simultaneously and the negative triple racks are dispensed with.
Assuming that the large discs are caused to turn from left to right the force will
diminish obtaining in succession all the values resulting from the cosines of the
angles traversed until it reaches zero when the angle traversed amounts to 90°
from 90° to 180° the elements and the central shaft continue to move with a force
which increases regularly obtaining in succession the same values given by the
cosines of the angles traversed. When the large discs have completed the 180° the
central shaft turns from left to right with the maximum force which it had from right
to left.
In apparatus in which pressure intervenes a pair of positive triple racks and a pair
of negative triple racks are arranged on one side of the apparatus between the
element and one of the large racks. The central shaft being stationary each element
is provided with one skew triple rack. The shafts of the elements are provided
externally to the discs with loose sleeves carrying wheels toothed on half their
periphery and operating two single acting racks. At their opposite extremities one
of these two racks gears with another semi wheel fixed on a prolongation of the
shaft of the wheel gearing with the end racks of the skew triple rack. All these
single-acting racks are in the form of frames enclosing the wheels and presenting a
surface which bears against that portion of the periphery of the said wheels which
is unprovided with teeth. These single acting racks are hereinafter termed
"auxiliary racks." The loose sleeves are provided outside the auxiliary racks with
wheels engaging with two triple racks also gearing with wheels fixed on a loose
sleeve on the central shaft. These two triple racks are hereinafter termed "pressure
racks." Each of the two main racks is provided externally with a socket or boss
which serves as a shaft and rests upon a support. The loose sleeve on this shaft
passes through the socket on one side and carries externally to the support a wheel
which serves to exert any desired pressure thereon. This wheel is hereinafter termed
the "dynamic wheel." Outside the dynamic wheel there is a support or bearing
through which the shaft passes and a dynamometric wheel is placed upon the shaft
outside this bearing. Assuming the central shaft to be stationary let a pressure
represented by Q be applied to the dynamic wheel. The engine will then turn with
AO-2 r
a force equal to (2 Q + 4 P)
F. This form of the apparatus may be
modified in various ways by varying the arrangement and combination of the racks
and wheels and weighted lever arms. For example a series of three parallel
connected racks may be employed gearing with the wheels on the central shaft of
the element and with wheels on shafts carried by the discs of the elements and
acting in combination with a single rack or racks moving perpendicularly to the
three parallel racks and gearing with wheels on the same shaft.
In a compound apparatus imparting motion to the central shaft the two negative
triple racks are dispensed with and the planetary shafts are stationary in the large
discs. The auxiliary racks are formed by two equal double racks whose long axes
are in a line with each other. The two auxiliary racks of each element gear on the
same side each with its two wheels; they do not change their direction at the same
time.
The loose sleeves on the planetary shafts or shafts of the elements are further
provided with a wheel toothed on half its circumference gearing with a single rack
operated at the middle by a wheel fixed on a sleeve on the central shaft. This single
acting rack carries a branch or arm unprovided with teeth which presses on the
sinooth part of the wheels and retains the teeth in gear. This rack acts as a pressure

page_text: rack in place of the two triple racks employed in the apparatus with a stationary
central shaft.
•
R
"
-
- F.
The large discs being stationary let a pressure Q be exerted on the dynamic wheel, the
central shaft will then turn from right to left with a force equal to (Q + 4 P)
If a pressure Q be exerted from right to left the central shaft turns from left to right
R
with a force equal to (Q- 4 P) F. If the pressure be removed and the large
discs caused to turn from left to right and if in the course of the first 90 degrees the
pressure be restored at any angle (m) the shaft will resume its motion from right to
left with a force equal to (Q+4 P cos m) -F. When m= 90° the shaft turns
-
R
-
under the action of pressure alone with a force of Q.
R
2"
F. From m=
= 90° the
action of weight tends to cause the central shaft to turn in a contrary direction that
is to say from left to right with a force which goes on increasing obtaining in
succession all the values 4 P
cos m. Consequently if when the large discs have
R
"
completed their second period
of 90° a pressure Q be exerted in the contrary
direction that is to say from right to left the central shaft will turn from left to right
with the force of (Q + 4 P) - F which is the same as it had from right to left
before the revolution of the large disc. The combination and arrangement of parts
by means of which these or similar results are obtained may be modified in various
ways.
T
The compound apparatus hereinbefore described may be caused to operate by
pressure alone by changing the arrangements accordingly. For exainple the
apparatus with a stationary central shaft may be operated by pressure alone by
placing the double racks of the elements in a horizontal position and the same
result may be obtained in apparatus imparting motion to the central shaft by
removing the weighted lever arms or by employing single acting racks in the
elements in combination with the arrangements in which triple- negative racks are
employed. These motors are applicable to all purposes where motive power is
required and by employing wheels with concentric pinions or their equivalents it
is possible with any given weight or pressure or weight and pressure to obtain any
power limited only by the strength of the materials employed in the construction of
the apparatus.
J. HENRY JOHNSON,
47, Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, W.C.,
Agent for the said James Yate Johnson.

page_text: I, JAMES YATE JOHNSON, of 47 Lincolns Inn Fields in the County of Middlesex,
Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of this Invention which has been com-
municated to me from abroad by Pierre Cote of Paris in the Republic of France,
retired commandant, and in what manner the same is to be performed to be
particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement :-
This Invention relates to the arrangement and construction of motors or motive
power engines wherein the action of weight or pressure or weight and pressure is or
are utilised to produce motive power. Those motors are constituted by the grouping
together of certain parts hereinafter described which being combined together in
various ways form engines or apparatus differing as to form but having one principle
of action common to all inasmuch as their source of power is invariably weight or
pressure or weight and pressure in combination.
The accompanying drawings illustrate the elements or individual mechanical media
employed in carrying out this invention as communicated to me by my foreign
correspondent and also illustrate various combinations of the same forming the new or
improved motor engine or apparatus as hereinafter described.
A double rack B B Figure 1 has its greatest developenient on the right (or on the
left) in the horizontal plane of the axis of its pinion. The latter being fixed or
stationary, if the double rack be placed in a vertical position the point of support c of
the latter is situated at the extremity of the horizontal radius of the pinion and, if
left to itself in this vertical position, the rack will tend to turn towards the side
opposite to its point of support with an initial force PR, P being the weight of the
double rack and R the radius of the pinion. If supplementary weights gq had been
previously attached to the double rack with their common centre of gravity in the
major axis or a prolongation of the major axis of the said double rack this initial force
inducing the latter to turn to the opposite side to that at which its point of support
is placed would have been (P + 29) R. This force which tends to cause this double
rack to turn in the opposite direction to its point of support is termed lateral force by
my foreign correspondent and the plane which, containing the axis of its shaft,
divides the toothed part of perimeter of its pinion into two equal parts is termed the
"plane of greatest development."
When the double rack left to itself in the vertical position and resting on its point
of support turns upon the latter as on a centre the initial force PR or (P + 29) R
constantly diminishes in traversing an angle of 50° 24' 32" at the end of which it is
reduced to zero. From this moment if the double rack be caused to continue to turn
in the same direction upon its point of support in such a manner as to bring it back
to the vertical position after passing through 180° an expenditure of force takes place
equal to the sum of the successive forces which impelled it to turn on the side opposite
to its point of support in the period during which it was traversing the angle
50° 24' 32".

page_text: Thus, in one complete revolution, the double rack provided or not with weights q
gives and expands in the direction of the movement imparted to it by the lateral force,
two equal quantities of force which mutually destroy one another in the general
economy of the system to which this double rack may be attached.
Weight and Pressure, separately or combined, being the motive power, the com-
bination of instrumentalities or mechanical agencies constituting the direct medium
for the realization or production of this motive power is hereinafter referred to as an
"element."
The combination of instrumentalities whereby the action or impulse received from
the element is transformed into motion or power is hereinafter termed an
36 arrangement."
The engines or motors may have one or two elements which in the latter case are
perfectly alike; this element or these elements operate two shafts O O' Figure 3 placed
parallel to and at equal distances from a central shaft A situated in the same plane.
When there are two elements the corresponding parts in both are marked by the
same letters of reference but the letters referring to parts of the element driving the
shaft O' are distinguished by a short stroke thus (0¹).
In this description all the arrangements are assumed to be in the starting position
which is invariably the case when the observer facing one extremity of the shaft A
has the shaft O on the right and the shaft O' on the left the three axes O A O' being
in a horizontal plane.
The apparatus or engine comprises frames p p Figure 2 composed of three equal
double racks having an alternating movement their major axes being in the same
straight line and their centres being at equal distances apart. These instrumentalities
are hereinafter termed "triple racks."
In the following description of the different arrangements of the motor apparatus or
engine whether operated solely by weight or with the intervention of Pressure all
these arrangements form one general series in which each individual arrangement is
distinguished by a Serial Number.
Apparatus operated by weight, with shaft A stationary.
Two large discs D D, Figure 3, rigidly connected together are capable of turning
freely upon their central shaft A and carry at equal distances, A O and A O¹, fixed
shafts 0 0. They also carry in the same plane with the shafts OA O¹ bearings for
two loose shafts (C¹ situated at equal distances from the shafts 0 0¹ the distance
being limited solely by the size of the lever arms that with this arrangement may be
applied to the said shafts C C².
Between the two discs the shafts 0 0¹ each carry two loose sleeves which extend
from the middle of the shaft carrying them to the adjacent disc.
The central shaft A can turn freely upon two supports S S arranged outside the
large discs and carries the following parts, viz. :-
1. Arranged externally to the front or anterior support a wheel d y which enables
the said shaft to be rotated in either direction and to be maintained stationary in any
desired position. This wheel is termed the dynamometric wheel.
2. In the interior of the large discs one being on the same side as the posterior
disc and the other on the same side as the anterior disc, the central wheels of two
triple racks p p figure 2 the end wheels of which are fixed on the sleeves of the
shafts 0 0. These two triple racks have their greatest developement on the left.
(This greatest developement may be either on the right or on the left) and they do not
change their direction of motion at the same time so that the shaft A is never left free
their gearing being so regulated that when the central pinions fixed on the shaft A
engage with the upper branch the end pinions fixed on the sleeves of the shafts 0 0¹
are in gear with the lower branch and vice versa. The triple racks pp are provided
at their extremities with guides in which the shafts CC slide during the alternating
or reciprocating motion (see dotted lines, figure 2).
On the inner side and near to its triple rack each boss or sleeve on the shafts 0 0¹
carries a wheel which gears with a wheel of the same radius (not being as illustrated
in figure 3 of the drawing which illustrates another arrangement hereinafter referred

page_text: •
to wherein the radius of the wheels on the sleeves on 0 0¹are double that of the wheels
fixed on CC) fixed on the shaft C or C¹.
Each shaft CC¹ carries on the left hand in a horizontal plane in the middle of the
space separating the two wheels a lever arm at the extremity of which is fixed a
weight 9.
The mechanism being thus arranged for starting the shaft A is rendered immovable.
The sum (29) of the forces which in the triple racks pp impel the branches opposite
to the points of support on the central pinions to turn left to right, all have 2 R as
their moment relatively to these points of support. The triple racks p pare induced
to turn from left to right with forces the sum of which is 2 q1 x 2 R. But the discs
which move invariably with the triple racks turn upon the axis A as a centre and
the moment of 2 q 1 relatively to this axis is R consequently the discs being impelled
from left to right with a force 2 ql x R only which represents exactly the resistance
to the movement exerted by the weights q, there is an equilibrium.
Consequently in order to destroy this equilibrium it is necessary that the action of
each weight 9 on the discs should be greater than the product of its weight by the
moment of its centre of gravity relatively to the axis of the shaft C or C¹ to which its
lever arm is attached. This result is obtained by subjecting the triple racks, PP. to
modifications which increase their power without modifying the resistance of the
weights q. The triple rack when thus modified is hereinafter termed a "triple rack
with a multiple action" and is distinguished by the letter M.
The expression multiplied action does not mean the simultaneous co-operation of
several different actions but one action the power of which is multiplied.
Triple racks M may be made with double, triple, quadruple, etc., action but as a
very simple medium for multiplying the power is afforded by the principle of the
wheels with concentric pinions it is preferable to provide the apparatus simply with
the double action triple racks M.
Double action triple rack M-As hereinbefore explained each triple rack is com-
posed of three double racks the centres of which on one and the same straight line are
at equal distances apart. These triple racks have their greatest development on the
right (Figure 4). The radius of the pinion of the central double rack is equal to half
the radius of the pinions of the end double racks and the branches of the three
component double racks have a length 2 R, R being the radius of the small pinion.
When the latter has made a revolution of M degrees the end pinions will have made
degrees consequently during each stroke or travel 2 TR the small pinion
will make a revolution of 360 degrees, and the extreme or end pinions a revolution
of 180 degrees.
one of
m
2
After the first revolution of 360° of the small pinion the three pinions are at the
end of their stroke (or of their racks) the small pinion being set exactly in the position
for starting and consequently presenting its other semi-perimeter to the teeth the end
pinions being set in the reverse position and presenting the same semi-perimeter to
their corresponding teeth as before as they belong to other racks having an ordinary
reciprocating motion. The gearing of the small pinion with the branches of its double
rack is regulated as follows:-
The branches of the central double rack are divided longitudinally into two equal 4
parts (see drawing of part of the rack viewed from below in figure 4) and the small
pinion is divided into two divisions corresponding respectively with these two
longitudinal parts. Each division of the small pinion is toothed as if it acted
independently as the pinion of a double rack with an ordinary reciprocating motion
with this difference that the length of the toothed portion of its perimeter is slightly
modified by a condition hereinafter referred to. One division of the pinion is provided
with teeth on the right hand side the other division being regularly provided with
similar teeth on the left hand side. The longitudinal parts or divisions of the rack
branches are toothed to correspond with the divisions of the small pinion in such a
manner that the revolution having taken place either on one side or the other one 5
division is in gear during the first 180 degrees and the other during the next

page_text: 180 degrees; at the end of each stroke the division which leaves one branch commences
to gear with the other branch.
In the reciprocating movements with the double rack, when the pinions are at one
end of their travel their teeth commence and finish at such a distance from the
diameter of contact as to enable the pinion in its rotary motion to get clear of one
branch just as it commences to engage with the other. The semi-perimeters which
carry the teeth in the divisions of the small pinion thus commence and end in a
part unprovided with teeth. In the present case the length of this part is determined
by the condition that when after a traverse of 180° the gearing of one division succeeds
the gearing of the other division the tooth at the extremity opposite to that which is
leaving the gearing in one division and the tooth at the extremity opposite to that
which is taking the gearing in the other division must not meet the teeth of the
other branch of the double rack.
The small pinion leaves its double rack at the middle and at the extremity of each
stroke but as in the engines the shaft A carries two triple racks M whose changes of
direction take place with sufficient intervals between them, all the teeth are never out
of gear at the same time in the two triple racks M.
To insure and direct the movement of the pinions in their corresponding racks they
are provided with rims, washers, or flanges which bear against the sides of the branches
outside the teeth.
If it were required to obtain a triple rack M with triple action the radius of the
end pinions would have to be triple the radius of tho central pinion and the strokes or
extent of motion of the three pinions would each equal 3 R. In place of two series
of teeth each representing one half 7 R of the stroke the branches of the central
double rack would carry three series of teeth (figure 5) each representing one
third r R of the stroke. These three series of teeth would succeed one another in
each branch from one longitudinal part to the other longitudinal part at the distance
determined by the interval which separates the extremities of the toothed part on one
division from the extremities of the toothed part in the other division of the small
pinion. Whether the triple rack M have a double, triple, quadruple, etc., action it is
always necessary for the toothed part of the small pinion which completes the working
in gear of one stroke to commence to enter into gear with the rack teeth for the next
following stroke. The longitudinal parts of one branch are consequently provided
with teeth arranged symmetrically with those of the longitudinal parts of the other
branch.
7T
For a triple rack M with a quadruple, quintuple, etc., action the radius of the end
pinions would be four, five, etc. times greater than the radius of the central pinion
and the longitudinal parts of each branch would carry four, five, etc., series of teeth
each representing R which become or correspond with the quarter, the fifth, etc. of
the stroke and succeeding one another in the same manner as in the case of the triple
racks M with double and triple action. Figure 6 shows the arrangement or
distribution of the teeth of the central branch of a triple rack M with quadruple
action.
Arrangement No. 1.-In the engine or apparatus described operated by the action
of weight the two triple racks p p are replaced by two triple racks M with double
action or effect (figure 3) which like pp have their greatest developement to the left and
must not both change their direction at the same time. The radius of the wheels fixed
on the sleeves of the shafts O O¹ is double that of the wheels fixed on the shafts C C¹.
The powers 9 produce on the end branches of the double racks of M effects equal to
those which they produce on the branches of the end double-racks of p p but the
moments 2 R of the first relatively to the axis A are double the moments R of the
latter. The resultant of the actions or effects produced on the discs is consequently
the same as the resultant 2 9 1 of the effect produced on a lever of the first order in
which a power
Agl
acts on the long arm 2 R on the right hand and the resistance 201
2 R
acts on the short arm R on the left hand.
being represented by F the discs would turn
The resistance resulting from friction
m left to right with a force 2 q l-F.
B

page_text: The levor arms 7 fixed to the shafts CC traverse in opposite directions angles equal
to those traversed by the discs; they always remain horizontal during the movement,
and the action of the weights q is continuous.
Remarks 1. It is not necessary for the distances O C, O¹ C¹, to be equal
to A O, A O¹; the shaft C C¹ may be brought as near as possible to the shafts O01
provided that the relations or proportions between the radii of the wheels fixed on the
respective shafts is maintained.
2. If the distance OC, O¹ C³, does not admit of the employment of a lever arm of
sufficient size to obtain the requisito power the lever arms may be fixed outside the
discs upon prolongations of the shafts CC in which case the size of the arms is only
limited by the distance between the sleeve and the disc.
MODIFICATIONS OF THE POWER AND CHANGES OF DIRECTION.
Let the shaft A be turned from right to left and cause it to make a revolution of
180 degrees.
During the first 90 degrees the power will diminish passing through all the
values 2 ql cos. m - F corresponding to each angle m traversed.
When the shaft A. has completed its revolution of 90 degrees the engine or apparatus
will be in equilibrium.
From 90 degrees to 180 degrees the engine or apparatus will move from right to
left with a power which will pass regularly through the same values as were traversed
during the movement through the first 90 degrees. When the shaft A has completed
its revolution of 180 degrees the engine or apparatus will turn from right to left
with the power 2 q l-F which it had at the starting position.
TRANSMISSION OF THE MOTION.
To transmit the motion to a shaft A' (figure 3) irrespective of the distance of the
latter it is necessary to fix upon the boss or sleeve of the posterior disc the pinions of
two double racks T figures 7 and 7" connected by a rigid rod of the required length
to two other equal double racks T' whose pinions are fixed upon the shaft A¹ and in
such a manner that the major axes are in the same straight lines. Each double rack T
forms with the double rack T¹ a piece of mechanism hereinafter termed a
" trans-
mission rack."
The two transmission racks must not change their direction of motion at the same
time in order that the boss or sleeve of the disc and the shaft A' may be always in
gear or connected.
Arrangement No. 2.-The arrangement No. 1 may be simplified by removing the
shafts C(figure 8) and consequently also the guides formed at the extremities of
the triple racks M and causing the wheels fixed on the sleeves of the shafts 0 0¹ to
gear with wheels of half the radius fixed on a loose sleeve placed on the shaft A
between the two triple racks M; this sleeve is provided at the middle with a
horizontal lever arm on the left on the extremity of which is fixed a weight q.
This engine or apparatus turns from left to right under the action of the effective
force q l-F.
Remarks 1. If in this apparatus or engine triple racks M of any action were
employed it would be necessary to conform to the general and absolute rule that the
radius of the wheels fixed] upon C C₁ for the arrangement No. 1 or the radius of the
wheels fixed on the sleeve of the shaft A for arrangement No. 2 should be to
the radius of the wheels fixed on the shafts 0 0' as the radius of the smaller pinion
of the triple rack M employed is to the radius of the large pinions of the said triple
rack M.
2. In all the arrangements with the shaft A fixed or stationary the triple racks M
make their changes of direction in planes which cut or intersect one another; the
horizontal plane of the axis A dividing into two parts the dihedron formed by these
planes; the triple racks M are inclined to an extent equal to the moment of each of
their changes of direction; at this moment the triple rack M which has its greatest

page_text: developement above the horizontal plane of the axis A would slide upon the washers
of its pinions and consequently fall down upon the teeth of the latter were it not
prevented by the action of the centrifugal force and friction, but if at the moment of
changing the direction any accident such as a violent shock a momentary stoppage
occasioned by any means should occur it might happen that without completing
their fall the triple racks M would be displaced sufficiently to derange the gearing.
To provide against this latter contingency there is placed upon the shaft A at the
side of each triple rack M a double rack ss (figure 9) equal to the central double
rack of the latter and terminating at its extremities in two slides which work upon
the shafts 0 0' during the reciprocating motion which it is intended to make. This
double rack with its two slides forms a device which is hereinafter termed a
supporting rack" and which should have a weight equal to the weight of one triple
rack M.
66
The supporting rack of each triple rack M has its greatest developement
diametrically opposed to that of the latter so that its motion always takes place in the
contrary direction. Each triple rack M is connected to its supporting rack by two
connecting pinions (figure 10) loose on shafts carried by a loose ring which being
between the two can turn freely upon the shaft A. These pinions gear with the
lateral parts of the central branches of the triple rack M for a length equal to the
stroke of this latter; they carry externally rims or cheeks which resting on
the branches of M ensure the gearing of their teeth and their revolution upon
the shaft A.
Without taking into account the centrifugal force which is favourable, at the end of
each stroke the triple racks M will be prevented from falling down by the weight of
their supporting racks and by friction.
APPARATUS OPERATING BY WEIGHT IMPARTING MOTION TO THE SHAFT A.
Arrangement No. 3.-The double racks B B, B¹ B¹ figures 11 and 12 which have
their greatest developement in the horizontal plane to the right are in the vertical
position; they are situated between two small equal discs d d, d' d' rigidly connected
together being loose on the shafts 0 0 of their pinions. These shafts 0 0¹ are
parallel with a shaft A situated in the same plane and equidistant from them both.
The shaft A carries two large discs D D rigidly connected together which can turn
freely thereon and carry the shafts 0 0¹ fixed in their bearings.
The major axes of BB, B₁ B¹ are prolonged as straight branches of double
racks 6 6 6 6¹ equal to B B, 'B' B' and whose centres are equally distant from the
centres of these latter. The pinions of the double racks bb bb gear with the straight
arms. The points of support of these latter are on the right at the middle of their
branches like the points of support C C of the central double racks B B, B¹ B¹; the
shafts of bb, bb' carry on the right in the planes of greatest developement lever arms/
at the extremities of which are attached weights q.
The centre of gravity g common to each double rack bb or 61 6¹ and to the
weight q carried by its shaft is in a prolongation of the major axis of B B or B¹ B¹.
This combination of a double rack B B or B¹ B' and two double racks b b or b¹ b¹
carried thereby is hereinafter termed a "skew triple rack."
Each shaft O O³ carries between the two discs d d, d¹ d¹, two equal skew triple
racks and which do not change their direction at the same time.
The combination of the two discs d d or d¹ d¹ with the mechanism situated between
them constitutes an "
element" of the apparatus or engine.
The small discs dd, d' d' are provided externally with bosses or sleeves figure 12
through which the shafts 0 0' pass. Each of these sleeves carrios the end pinion of
a triple rack pp whose middle pinion is fixed on the shaft A: These two triple
racks PP do not change their direction at the same time.
The two large discs D D are provided externally with bosses or sleeves through
which the shaft A passes and which rest upon supports or- bearings. The anterior
sleeve carries the dynamometric wheel d y which serves to turn the large discs in one

page_text: obviate the falling or dropping of the racks hereinbefore described with reference to
arrangement No. 2 and enable supporting racks to be dispensed with. In this case
where the action of Weight is not utilized the lever arms of arrangement No. 7 are
not necessarily horizontal provided that they be both in the same plane.
ENGINE OR APPARATUS OPERATING BY PRESSURE IMPARTING MOTION TO SHAFT A.
Arrangement No. 8. The arrangement No. 3 is modified as follows, viz. :-
The pinions of bb, bb gear on the left with their branches on the side opposite to
the gearing of the pinions of B B, B' B¹.
The two triple racks pp are placed rearwardly to the elements on the sleeves,
prolonged for the purpose, of the sinall rear discs d'd d'd. The sleeves of the small
front or anterior discs are dispensed with.
In front of the elements the shafts 001 and the shaft A each carry a loose sleeve;
the sleeve of the shaft A passes through the sleeve of the large anterior disc.
The shafts of the double racks bb, bb prolonged for the purpose in front of the
elements carry wheels, as indicated in figure 14, which gear with other wheels of the
same radius fixed on the loose sleeves on the shafts 00¹. These wheels are termed
auxiliary wheels."
66
Outside the auxiliary wheels the loose sockets 001 are each provided with a second
wheel which gears with a wheel of the same radius fixed on the loose sleeve of the
shaft A. These wheels are termed "
pressure wheels."
Outside the sleeve of the large front disc the loose sleeve of the shaft A carries the
dynamic wheel dm which serves to exert upon it a circular pressure in one direction or
the other as in arrangement No. 6.
2
"
The large discs being rendered immovable let a pressure be exerted with the
dynamic wheel from left to right on the loose sleeve of the shaft A,
of this loose sleeve.
pressures
being the radius
Q
× 8 R,
exerted on
The moment, relatively to the axes, 001, of each of the
the left branches of the double racks bb b¹ 6' and which tend to turn the skew triple
racks from left to right, is 2 R.
Q
TX 8 R
The several pressures
each exert upon the shafts of bb, b¹ 6¹ and consequently
on the small discs a double contrary action but the common moment of this relatively
to the same axes 00' is R only. The sum 2Q of the forces which tend to impel the
triple skew racks from left to right is consequently equal to the sum 2Q of the forces
which tend to cause the shafts of bb, 6' 6' to revolve from right to left around 00' and
the discs under the action of these two equal and contrary forces remain in
equilibrium.
But on the other hand the action of the auxiliary wheels of the shafts 00¹ upon
the auxiliary wheels of the shafts of bb, 66' impel the discs to turn from right to left
with forces the sum of which is Q the shaft A will consequently be rotated with the
force or power Q—F.
If in place of exerting the pressure from left to right the pressure be exerted from
right to left the shaft A turns from left to right with a force or power Q-F.
Remarks-1. In place of the mechanical pressure exerted by the dynamic wheel the
action of weight may be employed by fixing upon the loose sleeve on the shaft A in 4
the place of the said dynamic wheel a lever arm carrying a weight q. Then as in
arrangement No. 3 the dynamometric wheel is fixed on the sleeve of the large front
disc and an engine or apparatus operated by weight is obtained.

page_text: If the double racks bb b¹ b¹ in place of being on the left, were on the right of the
major axes of B B B¹ B¹ the movement of the shaft A would take place in the
opposite direction with the same force Q (n + 1). As a general rule with this
arrangement the shaft A turns to the side actuated by the sum of the moments of the
lever arms relatively to the axis A or to the opposite side according as the double
racks bb bb are on this or on the opposite side relatively to the major axes
DDD1 DI
1. In the same way as in the engines or apparatus with the shaft A fixed each
double rack B B, B' B' of the elements may have but one double rack bb or b¹¹
only which would be arranged according to either of the two dispositions indicated
in arrangements 4 and 5, the coefficient of Q will always be
I
R
-
1.
The type No. 5 is preferable because it is more simple and takes up less room.
2. In all the arrangements which give motions to the shaft A the double
racks bb, b b are on the left of the major axes of B B, B' B' if these double racks
were arranged in like manner symmetrically on the right of the same major axes the
shafts A would turn in the same direction as that of the pressure.
T
I
1

page_text: And so on the coemcient or z being invariably
MODIFICATION OF ARRANGEMENT No. 3 GIVING A NEW TYPE OF THE ENGINE
OR APPARATUS OPERATED BY WEIGHT.
The arrangement No. 3 being modified has given the arrangement No. 8 which
may be a pressure Engine or a Weight Engine or it may, as next hereinafter
described be converted into another typical arrangement of the Weight Engine.
The pinions of bb, b' b₁ as in arrangement No. 8 gear with the branches opposite
to those with which the pinions of B B, B' B' gear.
The branches of bb, b¹ b¹ carry no lever arms but carry wheels which gear with
wheels of the same radius fixed on shafts C or C¹ carried by the small discs. All the
shafts of bb, b¹ b¹ have their shaft C or C¹ placed at the same distance and arranged
in exactly the same manner relatively to each of the first mentioned shafts.
The shafts CC carry on the left horizontal lever arms at the extremities of which
there are fixed weights g. If the distance of the shafts CC from the shafts of bb, b¹ b¹
is not sufficient to allow of these lever arms passing between them the shafts C C¹
must be prolonged in front of the elements and the lever arms can then be fixed
on these prolongations.
To obtain the formula of the power of this arrangement let it be assumed
that bb, b¹ b¹ are at the extremity of the lever arm l¹ make =n and in the general
R
formula of arrangement 8 it will be simply necessary to substitute 4 q, 7 in the place
of Q. The shaft A will partake of a rotary motion to the left or to the right according
as the double racks 6, 6' 6' are on the left or on the right of the major axes
of B B, B¹ B³, the force or power of this movement will be 4 q 1 (n × 1).
Final remarks. Whatever the size or capacity for power of an apparatus or Engine
operated by pressure may be it is possible with a given pressure to obtain unlimited
power that is to say a power which has no other limit than the strength of the
mechanical media by which it is applied.
Let n represent a number of wheels with concentric pinions each wheel having a
radius 20 times greater than that of the pinion, then the pressure Q will act upon
the sleeve of the shaft A with a power Q x 20 n.
.
To exert pressure a dynamometer is employed on the graduation of which the
corresponding forces are marked.
These motors may be employed under all circumstances where force or power
is employed for manufacturing or agricultural purposes or for locomotion. In
the latter case they can be employed on water, on railways and on common roads.
CONCLUSION.
In the weight engines the lever arms / carrying the weights 9 are constantly
maintained in the starting position by the very fact of the movement of the engine,

page_text: continually falling with the same force on a circumference 2 n l. The weight engines
may consequently be designated "constant fall engines."
99-
In the arrangements where pressure intervenes it is always exerted without change
at the surface of the shafts C (" or of the loose sleeves on the shaft A in the
case of engines with fixed shafts A, and at the surface of the loose sleeves on 0 0¹
in engines giving motion to the shaft A. These shafts and these loose sleeves do not
turn upon their axes during the motion of the engines they resist the pressures applied
to them and these pressures are constant. The pressure engines may consequently
be designated "constant pressure engines."
In engines giving motion to the shaft A according to the type lastly described
when the small discs turn to the side of the direction of the lever arms the
latter turn in the contrary direction so as to maintain constantly at the same
value the moments of the weights a relatively to the shafts C C. The small discs
consequently constantly expand the force or power 4 q เ necessary to elevate
the centres of gravity of the weights q but the constant sum 47 of the moments
of these weights relatively to the axes 0 0¹ restores at the same time to the
small discs this force 4 gl which they expend and reduce to o the resistance of the
weights g at the extremities of their lever arms. The engines made according to this
type may consequently be termed "ascending weight engines."
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of this Invention
and the manner of carrying out the same in practice as communicated to me by
my foreign Correspondent I declare that what I claim is :-
--
First. Motive power engines or apparatus employing the action of the constant fall
and constant pressure hereinbefore described as well as the arrangement and
construction of the mechanical media which transform this fall and this pressure into
motive power, the arrangement of the ascending weights, the mechanical agencies
formed by the double racks with alternating motion, the several forms of the triple
racks M with multiple action, and the transmission rack T T' all arranged and
operating substantially in the manner hereinbefore described with reference to
the accompanying drawings.
Second. The several combinations and arrangements of parts or mechanical media
combined and operating for the production or application of force or motive power
substantially as herein before described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Dated the 25th day of August 1887.