IMPROVE- MENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER, AND IN THE MACHINERY EMPLOYED THEREIN
Year: 1877

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Luke, of Headswood House, Denny, in the County
of Stirling, North Britain, Paper Manufacturer, for the Invention of "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER, AND IN THE MACHINERY EMPLOYED
THEREIN."
Sealed the 18th December 1877, and dated the 21st June 1877.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Luke at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents on the 21st June 1877.
«
JOHN LUKE, of Headswood House, Denny, in the County of Stirling, North
Britain, Paper Manufacturer. IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER,
AND IN THE MACHINERY EMPLOYED THEREIN."
My Invention consists, first, in, the making of a sheet or web of paper of two or
more sheets of different thicknesses or of the same thickness, which may be of
different colours and qualities, that is to say, the body or greatest and strongest
portion of the paper may be of a coarser quality than the other coating or coatings,
and of any colour, but the other coating or coatings may be made of any coloured
pulp required. This I do in a more superior manner to anything of the kind that
has yet been done by means of having that portion of the machine made easily
adjustable while at work which guides, brings, or lays the different sheets, webs, or
coatings together at the proper point to suit any strength of web of sheet of paper,
or any quality and quantity of paper-making material. I also coat webs of linen
or other suitable textile fabric in a similar manner.
The second part of my Invention relates to the machinery and apparatus for
performing the same.
In some cases I make use of a common or ordinary Fourdrinier paper-making
machine with travelling wire web, couch rolls, press rolls, and drying cylinders, for
forming the body or coarsest portion of the web or sheet of paper, and to coat this
web or sheet with finer or different coloured material on one side only, I mount a
vat over or above the Fourdrinier travelling web, in such a manner so as to be clear
of it, and allow space enough between the under side of the vat and the deckle

page_text: apparatus of the travelling web below, so as to interfere as little as possible with
the working of that portion of the machine. This vat is supplied from a stuff chest
with palp by means of a regulating apparatus so as to keep up a regular supply.
I mount a hollow cylinder in this vat, which cylinder has hollow trunnions, one on
each end, and are supported in suitable bearings fixed to the vat, and in which they
are free to revolve, or only one of the trunnions may be hollow. The outer covering
of this cylinder is fine wire cloth, fine enough to prevent any of the pulp from
passing into the cylinder, and escaping through the trunnions or disc ends of the
cylinder, which are also sometimes made hollow to allow the waste water from the
pulp to pass through. In suitable framework on the top of this vat I mount a
couch roll or rolls in suitable bearings, and at such a height so that the said couch
roll or rolls with the felt or travelling cloth will be in close contact with the
cylinder top, and by which frictional contact the cylinder is made to revolve at such
a rate that its surface will have about the same speed as that of the travelling wire
web of the Fourdrinier machine. The couch roll endless felt is guided past the vat
by means of one or more rollers, and passes round a press roll placed at a suitable
distance behind or before the vat.
When the whole is in operation the pulp which adheres to the wire cloth of the
cylinder (as the water passes through it) is carried round with it in the shape of
a film or sheet of the proper thickness required untill it comes between the cylinder
and couch roll, where it then adheres to the felt and is stripped from the wire
covering, and is carried through between two press rolls and over guide rollers,
which are mounted in bearings in a moveable and adjustable frame to the place or
point required, which in this case is towards the sheet which has been formed, or
being formed, by means of the travelling wire of the Fourdrinier machine.
The point or points where I cause these different sheets to meet and come in
contact with each other, so that they may adhere firmly together and form one sheet
only, is or are varied; for instance, in one case they are brought together on the
travelling wire web of the Fourdrinier machine before it passes on to the suction
box or boxes, and at another time they may be made to meet and adhere to each
other on the top of any one of the suction boxes, if there are more than one, or at
any intermediate point between or over them, and in some cases after the body
sheet which has been formed by the Fourdrinier machine has passed between the
couch rolls, and before passing the press rolls, and sometimes even at a point between
any pairs of the different sets of press rolls.
When I put a coating of pulp or paper on both sides of the sheet or web, I mount
another cylinder paper-making machine similar to that already described, in such
a manner so that the film or sheet formed by the same will be brought on to what
is the underside of the sheet when being made by the Fourdrinier machine.
I sometimes dispense with the ordinary Fourdrinier machine for forming the body
of the sheet of paper, and make use of a cylinder machine similar to that already
described, and generally known as the cylinder paper-making machine, the other
coating or veneering sheet or sheets being guided or led to it, placed in contact with
it, and made to adhere together by means of press rolls as formerly described, and
after passing these rolls are passed over heated drying cylinders, and dried in the
ordinary manner.
The coating or veneering of sheets or webs of paper by other varieties (while
being made) either in quality or colour is not new, as that has been done before
by means of two Fourdrinier machines, but what I do is done in a more superior
manner by means of the new combination of machinery as herein-before described.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said John Luke in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 21st December
1877.
JOHN LUKE, of Headswood House, Denny, in the County of Stirling, North
Britain, Paper Manufacturer. "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER,
AND IN THE MACHINERY EMPLOYED THEREIN."
My Invention consists, first, in the making of a sheet or web of paper of two or
more sheets of different thicknesses, or of the same thickness, which may be of
different colours and qualities, (that is to say), the body or greatest and strongest
portion of the paper may be of a coarser quality than the other coating or coatings
and of any colour, but the other coating or coatings may be made of any coloured
pulp required. This I do in a more superior manner to anything of the kind that
has yet been done by means of having that portion of the machine made easily
adjustable while at work which guides, brings, or lays the different sheets, webs, or
coatings together at the proper point to suit any strength of web or sheet of paper,
or any quality and quantity of paper-making material, I also coat webs of linen
or other suitable textile fabric in a similar manner.
The second part of my Invention relates to the machinery and apparatus for
performing the same.
In some cases I make use of a common or ordinary Fourdrinier paper-making
machine with travelling wire web, couch rolls, press rolls, and drying cylinders for
forming the body or coarsest portion of the web or sheet of paper, and to coat this
web or sheet with finer or different coloured on side only I mount a vat
over or above the Fourdrinier travelling web in such a manner so as to be clear of
it, and allow space enough between the under side of the vat and deckle apparatus
of the travelling web below, so as to interfere as little as possible with the working of
that portion of the machine. This vat is supplied from a stuff chest with pulp by means
of a regulating apparatus, so as to keep up a regular supply. I mount a hollow cylinder
in this vat, which cylinder has hollow trunnions one on each end, and are supported
in suitable bearings fixed to the vat, and in which they are free to revolve, or only one
of the trunnions may be hollow. The outer covering of the cylinder is fine wire
cloth, fine enough to prevent any of the pulp from passing into the cylinder and
escaping through the trunnions or disc ends of the cylinder, which are also sometimes
made hollow to allow the waste water from the pulp to pass through. In suitable
framework on the top of this vat I mount a couch roll or rolls in suitable bearings,
and at such a height so that the said couch roll or rolls with the felt or travelling
cloth will be in close contact with the cylinder top, and by which frictional contact
the cylinder is made to revolve at such a rate that its. surface will have about the
same speed as that of the travelling wire web of the Fourdrinier machine. The
couch roll endless felt is guided past the vat by means of one or more rollers,
and passes round a press roll placed at a suitable distance behind or before the
vat.
When the whole is in operation, the pulp which adheres to the wire cloth of the
cylinder (as the water passes through it) is carried round with it in the shape of a
film or sheet (of the proper thickness required), until it comes between the cylinder
and couch roll, where it then adheres to the felt, and is stripped from the wire
covering, and is carried through between two press rolls and over guide rollers,
which are mounted in bearings in a moveable and adjustable frame to the place
or point. required, which in this case is towards the sheet - which has been formed
or being formed, by means of the travelling wire of the Fourdrinier machine.
The point or points where I cause these different sheets to meet and come in contact
with each other, so that they may adhere firmly together, and form one sheet only,
is or are varied; for instance, in one case they are brought together on the travelling
wire web of the Fourdrinier machine before it passes on to the suction box or boxes,

page_text: and at another time they may be made to meet and adhere to each other on the top
of any one of the suction boxes if there are more than one, or at any intermediate
point between or over them, and in some cases after the body sheet which has
been formed by the Fourdrinier has passed between the couch rolls and before
passing the press rolls, and sometimes even at a point between any pairs of the
different sets of press rolls.
When I put a coating of pulp or paper on both sides of the sheet or web, I
mount another cylinder paper-making machine (similar to that already described)
in such a manner so that the film or sheet formed by the same will be brought
on to what is the under side of the sheet when being made by the Fourdrinier
machine.
I sometimes dispense with the ordinary Fourdrinier machine for forming the
body of the sheet of paper, and make use of a cylinder machine (similar to that already
described, and generally known as the cylinder paper-making machine), the other
coating or veneering sheet or sheets being guided or led to it, placed in contact
with, and made to adhere together by means of press rolls (as formerly described),
and after passing these rolls are passed over heated drying cylinders, and dried in
the ordinary manner.
The coating or veneering of sheets or webs of paper by other varieties while
being made either in quality or colour is not new, as that has been done before
by means of two Fourdrinier machines, but what I do is done in a more superior
manner by means of the new combination of machinery as herein-before described.
In order to shew clearly the manner in which I carry the same into effect, I will
now proceed to describe the same more fully, and with reference to the Drawings
hereunto annexed.
The first part of my Invention relates to the mode of and machinery for making
a sheet or web of paper, composed of two or more sheets of any required thickness
or thicknesses, or of different qualities or colours.
In Figure 1 of the accompanying Drawings, I have shewn how I effect the same
when I make use of the Fourdrinier and cylinder paper-making machines
combined, and with my moveable or swinging laying on frame and rollers combined.
A is the paper-making travelling endless wire web of the Fourdrinier machine
which passes over or partly around the rollers B, B, B, and lower couch roll C; C¹ is
the upper couch roll; D, D, are a pair of press rolls; a, a, are a pair of small inter-
mediate rollers between the couch and press rolls; E, E¹, are two suction boxes
(but more may be used), over the perforated tops of which the wire cloth travels in
the usual manner; F is an ordinary paper-making cylinder mounted in bearings in
or fixed to the pulp vat G, which is mounted above the Fourdrinier machine; His
the couch roll over which the endless felt b, b, b, b, b, is mounted, and which is also
mounted on rollers b¹, 61, 61, and on or over the lower press roll I; I' is the upper
press roll.
In the working of the machine after the pulp or soft web is taken off the paper-
making cylinder by the couch roll H and endless felt b, b, b, b, b, it is pressed between
the press rolls I and I¹; it then leaves the felt, and is continued onwards and over
one of a pair of guide rollers c, c¹, mounted in the upper ends of the two sides of
the movable or swinging frame J. This frame is centred, swung. or pivotted at the
top, the axle or stud on which it is pivotted has a common centre with the roller c,
which is nearest to the press rolls I and I¹. There are also other guide rollers,
ffffff, mounted in the swinging frame, through between each pair the soft
paper is guided downwards, and laid easily on to the sheet or web of paper which
is or is being formed by the Fourdrinier machine.
In the Drawing I have shewn the swinging frame in a perpendicular position
and laying the cylinder made sheet on to the Fourdrinier made sheet, nearly right
above the last suction box E', but when the machine is at work I can alter the
swinging frame into the most proper position for laying the upper or cylinder made
sheet on to the lower at the best point for them adhering together.
I have shewn different positions by dotted lines in the Drawings. The position

page_text: marked shews the upper sheet being laid on at a point above the first suction
box E. The lines h shew the upper sheet as being laid in front of and near to the
couch rolls. The lines i represent it as being laid on to the lower sheet after that
it has passed through between the couch rolls, and immediately in front of the
intermediate rolls a, a, which are mounted in proper bearings between the couch
and press rolls. The lines ; indicate the upper sheet as being laid on to the lower
one in front of the press rolls; their first point of contact is where they are caught by
these rolls.
In some cases I lay the upper sheet on to the lower where the lower is quite soft,
and before it has passed on to any of the suction boxes at all. I mount endless
felts or webs over the upper and lower pairs of rollers which are mounted in the
swinging frames. The felts or webs pass and travel downwards between these
rollers, thus carrying the upper sheet of paper steadily between the felts to the point
of delivery required. I sometimes dispense with these endless felts or webs, and
allow the paper to pass down between the rollers. The swinging frames are securely
and steadily fixed after the proper position has been found.
After the sheets have been pressed together by the press rolls, and then forms one
sheet only, it is carried on to, over, and partly around the steam heated cylinders
K, K, K, K, K, and is dried in the usual manner.
Partly in dotted lines in Figure 1, I have shewn the combination of machinery
I make use of when I make a threefold sheet or web of paper.
I make use of the entire foregoing arrangement as described and shewn in the
Drawings for making a twofold sheet or web, but in this case I mount another
cylinder paper-making machine underneath these two machines already described,
in such a manner that the sheet formed by it is carried upwards, and brought into
contact with the under side of the sheet or web which has been made by the
Fourdrinier machine; L is the vat; M is the cylinder; M' is the couch roll;
,,,,, the endless felt passing over or partly around the rollers 1, 1, 1, and under
the press roll N; N¹ is the upper press roll.
After the sheet or web which is formed by the last mentioned cylinder passes
partly around and leaves the upper press roll N¹, it is led on to the under side of
the Fourdrinier sheet, and passed through the press rolls along with the other
two already formed sheets or webs which causes the three plies to adhere, and
which now form one sheet, and is then passed on to the steam drying cylinders
К, К, К, К, К.
I sometimes cause the sheet which is making on the last mentioned cylinder
machine to come in contact with the other or others in front of the intermediate
rollers a, a.
In some cases I make use of the Fourdrinier machine and the lower cylinder
machine only, and sometimes with either pair of machines, or singly if necessary.
In Figure 21 have shewn a combination of two cylinder paper-making machines,
and so in this case dispense entirely with the Fourdrinier machine.
In Figure 3 I have shewn a combination of three cylinder paper-making
machines.
Similar letters refer to similar parts in the Drawings of these cylinder machines.
F is the cylinder; G is the pulp vat; H is the couch roll; b, b, b, b, b, is the
endless felt; b, b, bi, are guide rollers; I is the lower press roll, and I is the upper ;
c, cl, are guide rollers in the upper ends of the moveable or swinging frame J;
ffffff are guide rollers mounted in the said frame; a, a, are a pair of
intermediate rollers mounted between the two pairs of press rolls I, I, I, 11;
K, K, K, K, K, are the steam heated cylinders, over and under which the paper is
carried, so as to get dried in the usual manner.
For some particular kinds of paper I wind the undried paper on any proper
number of reels or rollers, and pass any number of the wet or pulpy sheets through
the machine, and coat then or it on one or both sides or none at pleasure, and through -
the press rolls to cause them to adhere together, they or it then pass or passes on to
the heated cylinders and get dried.

page_text: I do not limit myself to the number of cylinder machines made mention of above,
as I sometimes make use of more than three cylinder paper-making machines for
making special kinds of paper.
And having now described the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner
the same is to be performed, I declare that I claim,
1...
First. The combination of a single cylinder paper-making machine with swinging
guide frame, and with the Fourdrinier machine as described and set forth in Figure 1
of the Drawings.
Second: The combination of the Fourdrinier paper-making machine with two
cylinder paper-making machines, as described and shewn partly in dotted lines in
Figure 1 of the Drawings.
Third. The combination of two cylinder paper-making machines without the
Fourdrinier machine, as described and shewn in Figure 2 of the Drawings hereunto
annexed.
Fourth. The combination of three or more cylinder paper-making machines as
herein-before described, and with reference to Figure 3 of the Drawings.
Fifth. The moveable or swinging guide or laying on frame with rollers mounted
therein, as described and shewn in the Drawings hereunto annexed.
In witness whercof, I, the said John Luke, have hereunto set my hand
and seal, this Eighteenth day of December, One thousand eight hundred
and seventy-seven.
JOHN LUKE. (L.S.)