Year: 1899

page_text: I; EUGENIO CANTONO, of 15, Via degli Astalli, Rome, in the Kingdom of Italy,
Captain of Engineers in the Italian Army, do hereby declare the nature of this
invention to be as follows:-
In the ordinary Morse and like instruments, employed for the reception of
telegraphic messages, mechanical regulators of speed are used to maintain in
constant motion the strip of paper whereon the message is printed.
According to this invention I substitute for such mechanical regulator, an
electrical regulator, or small dynamo, and I utilize the operation thereof to pro-
duce the electric current necessary for the transmission of messages, and I provide
means whereby accommodation is provided for the inductor for the said electrical
regulator, or dynamo, in order to keep, within very narrow limits, the uniform
velocity imparted to the armature when it is desired to attain considerable
differences of potential in the Morse instruments, and I further utilize the nuclei
of the several parts which constitute the magnetic circuit of the said dynamo,
and provide other devices attached thereto, such as an electro-magnet with a
polarized armature, for effecting the impression of the signs.
The invention may be carried out as follows:-
-
The last wheel of a train of gear wheels which serves to transmit motion to
the mechanism whereby the paper is fed along, is caused to engage with a pinion
fast upon the armature shaft of the said. dynamo, or, if preferred, upon the shaft
of a fly-wheel, or other speed-regulator, in connection with the armature of the
dynamo.
«
The motion of the dynamo-armature is opposed by a resistance couple," which
is variable as to the speed and energy of the outer circuit.
It will be sufficient in practice, i.e. taking into account any friction that may
be caused by transmission, to adjust the motor impulse of the resistance couple,
to a pre-determined, or normal speed, so that a uniform motion may be maintained.
The function, which expresses the relation existing between the resistance
couple of the armature and its speed, varies according to the dimensions and type
of the dynamo employed, but, in practice, the several elements may be so cal-
culated as to set up a relation conformable to the requirements of good telegraphic
transmission.
Thus, for example, where a magneto-electric machine is employed, the increase

page_text: of the resistance couple, as a function of velocity, will almost wholly depend
on the increase and action of the Foucault currents. Where a dynamo-electric
machine, excited in derivation, is used, the increase of velocity will increase the
difference of potential in the Morse instruments, and hence also the field, and, in
consequence, there will be an increase also in the resistance couples due to the
effects of hysterics, to the Foucault currents, and to the action of the current
passing through the wires of the armature moving in a more intense field of
induction.
If there be used, to effect a saving in the "motor work," a dynamo-electric
machine comprising a dynamo with a disc, i.e. unprovided with iron, the resist-
ance couple will increase with the velocity, almost entirely as an effect of the
increase in the "intensity" of the current in the induced wire, and of the
enlargement of the. field of induction wherein it moves; the whole arising from
the augmented difference of potential in the Morse instruments, resulting from
the increase in the angular velocity of the armature.
From the foregoing it will be clear, therefore, that the armature of a small
dynamo, conveniently placed, will, by engaging with the gearing which serves to
feed the paper strip, he capable of operating as an excellent speed regulator.
The armature of the small dynamo of whatever type will be called upon to
vield a difference of potential varying with the resistance of the several lines
along which current is to be sent. Now in view of its function as a speed regu-
lator, it cannot be subjected to angular velocities differing too widely from a
predetermined average. Hence it is necessary that variations of electro motive
force on an extensive scale should be obtainable with a small percentage of varia-
tion in the number of revolutions representing its normal speed. To this end,
where a small dynamo, excited in dérivation has to be dealt with its mode of
employment will be readily understood, the various features of the magnetic circuit
and the excitation circuit, being so calculated that, to a slight variation in the
difference of potential in the Morse instruments, there shall correspond a sub-
stantial increase in the intensity of the field of induction, whereas to make pro-
vision for those cases where it is desired to make use of permanent magnets in
producing the induction field, it became necessary to devise some special appli-
ance, and therefore I adopted a small magneto-electric dynamo as a regulator
wherein the armature is capable of being so moved axially as to admit of the
gradual insertion of such armature between the polar enlargements of the inductor
system.
The result will be that when it becomes necessary to increase the difference of
potential in the Morse instruments the motor-strain will necessarily be increased
with it, while at the same time, the armature will be caused to enter further
between the polar enlargements, sufficiently to increase in an equivalent propor-
tion, the resistant couple, and to maintain a constant velocity.
The nuclei of the inductor are used in forming a polarized electro-magnet as
follows: To the part which constitutes the yoke of the conductor is secured
the extremity of an electro magnet core, while the other end of such core, formed
as a polar extension, is arranged in the vicinity of the polar enlargements of the
induction coils of the dynamo, the movable armature carrying the styles for the
impression of the telegraphic signs, being so disposed as to close, with the proper
air gaps the magnetic circuit between the enlargements of the nuclei of the
induction coil.
The method of operation of the said polarized electro-magnet is as follows:-
When a current is sent through the coils which surround it, there will develop
in its enlarged end, a pole dependent upon the direction of the current, and of
the two ends of the small armature, polarized by the action of such pole, and,
therefore, themselves constituting two poles, of the same denomination: one will
be attracted, and the other repelled, by the polar enlargements, "to which they
are being opposed," so that they will form a receiving instrument endowed with

page_text: a maximum degree of sensibility, and therefore capable of operating with a
minimum expenditure of energy.
One of the wheels, say the first wheel of the train of gear-wheels herein before
referred to between the armature and the point of application of a weight or other
motor such as a spring or the like, may have a handle or knob secured to its
shaft and adapted for ready manipulation by hand, so as to enable the mechanismi
to be arrested when transmission is discontinued, and further permitting by
making it act in the direction coinciding with (that of) the motor impulse, the
normal velocity to be quickly imparted to the armature at the time of starting.
The entire electrical apparatus, thus devised, may be made to operate, if neces-
sary, as a simple generator of electrical energy, responding to the necessity,
occurring in practice, of producing sensible and varying differences of potential,
together with slight variations of speed in the armature.
Dated this 4th day of May 1899.
JOHNSONS & WILLCOX,
47, Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, W.C., Agents.
I, EUGENIO CANTONO, of 15, Via degli Astalli, Rome, in the Kingdom of Italy,
Captain of Engineers in the Italian Army, do hereby declare the nature of this
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed to be particularly
described and ascertained in and by the following statement:-
In the ordinary Morse and like instruments, employed for the reception of
telegraphic messages, mechanical regulators of speed are used to maintain in
constant motion the strip of paper whereon the message is printed.
According to this invention I substitute for such mechanical regulator, an
electrical regulator or small dynamo which is driven by a falling weight.
With
these means I obtain within very extended limits a high speed of the paper strip
without the need of any mechanical regulators. At the same time the small
dynamo or electro magnet generates in the same way the. required current for
transmitting the signals along the line when any point ceases to be a receiver
and becomes a transmitter. For regulating the speed of the paper strip or the
potential of the current to be transmitted along the line I can either change the
value of the falling or descending weight or vary the magnetic flux by means
of a wrought iron stirrup acting as a shunt between the poles of the dynamo or
electro magnet and I further utilize the nuclei of the several parts which con-
stitute the magnetic circuit of the said dynamo and provide other devices such as
an electro magnet with a polarized armature for effecting the impression of the
signs.
The invention may be carried out as hereinafter described with reference to
the accompanying drawings of which Figure 1 represents diagrammatically in
side elevation an arrangement of apparatus according to my invention Figure 2
shews also diagrammatically the electro magnetic instrument with polarized
armature for marking the signals or signs. Figure 3 is a horizontal section of
Figure 2. Figures 4 and 5 represent in plan partly in section and in elevation
respectively an arrangement comprising a dynamo adapted to be excited in deriva-
tion with energy derived without iron. Figure 6 is a detached view of the arma-
ture brushes and collector. M Figure 1 is a permanent magnet on which are
mounted drums Tt between which drums the tape on which the messages are

page_text: marked is fed from a drum 21 on to a drum 22 or vice versa.
A train of gear
wheels R transmits motion, through a wheel r, to the drum T by which the
tape is fed along. The train of wheels R also gears with a pinion "fast upon
the spindle of the armature I of a dynamo or if preferred upon the shaft of a fly
wheel or other speed regulator in connection with said armature. Motion is
imparted to the train of gearing R by means of a chain C and weight F..
.
In Figure 2 a special polarised receiver is shewn. S' indicates the electro magnet
receiver. The lever A which presses the roll of paper against the inking roller
can turn on its pivot p³, its two ends are opposite the polarised extensions of the
small magneto-electric machine. When the current does not pass into the electro-
magnet S the lever is kept horizontal by means of two springs m operated by
regulating screws. Suppose the current be sent into the electro-magnet S¹ and
that the current be sufficiently powerful to magnetise it so that the pole e forms
a north pole, the lever A will then have by induction a south pole at its centre
and a north pole at each end. Now suppose that the extension E on the left be
south and that on the right be north the left end of the lever will be attracted
while the right end will be repelled, the lever will be inclined sharply and will
press the strip of paper against the inking roller and keep it in contact so long as
the current passes. The polarised receiver is thus in a condition to work and is
very sensitive.
In Figure 3 a method is shewn for varying the magnetic field. I is the arma-
ture, a is a pinion on the shaft of the armature, C is the current collector, P the
brushes, E the polarised extensions and M the permanent magnet. In order to
vary the magnetic field acting on the armature the latter is introduced more or
less between the polarised extensions which movement is readily effected by
turning the screw V. m¹ is a handle by means of which the armature I can be
rotated.
The speed of the armature may be increased or diminished as desired by
increasing or diminishing the driving weight F; or else by inserting to a greater
or lesser extent the armature between the polarised extensions.
By inserting the armature I more or less between the polarised extensions E
the speed may be reduced but by increasing the weight on the motor the speed
can still be maintained; the winding on the armature still supplying a current
of high electro-motive force. The current developed on the armature can be
collected by means of the brushes P and collector C and may be employed for the
transmission of messages by means of the ordinary transmission key of the Morse
system..
The greater the resistance offered on the line, the higher the electromotive
force of the current should be which increased force can be obtained by inserting
the armature still further between the polarised extensions and increasing the
weight F.
The current sent along the line may be received on an electro-magnet like
the Morse apparatus which attracts an anchor which by means of a lever causes a
strip of paper to move against an inking roller for impressing the conventional
lines or signs.
It will be sufficient in practice, taking into account any friction that may be
caused by transmission, to adjust the resistance couple of the motor to a pre-
determined, or normal speed, so that a uniform motion may be maintained. The
function which expresses the relation existing between the resistance couple of the
armature and its speed varies according to the dimensions and type of the dynamo
employed but in practice the several elements may be so calculated as to set up
a relation conformable to the requirements of good telegraphic transmission.
Thus, for example, where a magneto-electric machine is employed the increase
of the resistance couple as a function of velocity will almost wholly depend on
the increase and action of the Foucault currents. Where a dynamo electric
machine, excited in derivation, is used, the increase of velocity will increase the
difference of potential in the Morse instruments, and hence also the field and in

page_text: consequence there will be an increase also in the resistance couples due to the effects
of hysteresis to the Foucault currents and to the action of current passing through
the wires of the armature moving in a more intense field of induction.
lf to effect a saving in the motor work" there be used a dynamo electric
machine comprising a dynamo with a disc armature unprovided with iron, the
resistance couple will increase with the velocity almost entirely as an effect of the
increase in the intensity" of the current in the induced wire, and of the enlarge-
ment of the field of induction wherein it moves, the whole arising from the
augmented difference of potential in the Morse instruments resulting from the
increase in the angular velocity of the armature. An arrangement of this kind is
illustrated in Figures 4 and 5 wherein N indicates an induction nucleus, E cir-
cuit of excitation, LL wire terminals, S brushes in the induced circuit, I¹
armature, I collector, C a magnetised cover retaining the circuit between the two
opposite currents, and a a pinion on the axis of the armature, engaging with a
train of wheels R.
.
From the foregoing it will be clear therefore that the armature of a small
dynamo conveniently placed, will, by engaging with the gearing which serves to
feed the paper strip, be capable of operating as an excellent speed regulator, the
dynamo in this case acting as an electro-magnetic brake.
The armature of the small dynamo of whatever type will be called upon.to
yield a difference of potential varying with the resistance of the several lines
along which current is to be sent, according to the length of the line. Now in
view of its function as a speed regulator it cannot be subjected to angular veloci-
ties differing too widely from a predetermined average. Hence it is necessary
that variations of electro-motive force on an extensive scale should be obtainable
with a small, percentage of variation in the number of revolutions representing
its normal speed.
To this end where a small dynamo excited in derivation has to be dealt with
its mode of employment will be readily understood the various features of the
magnetic circuit and the excitation circuit being so calculafed that, to a slight
variation in the difference of potential in the Morse instruments there shall corre-
spond a substantial increase in the intensity of the field of induction, whereas
to make provision for those cases where it is desired to make use of permanent
magnets, in producing the induction field, it became necessary to device some
special appliance and therefore I adopted a small magneto electric dynamo as a
regulator wherein the armature is capable of being so moved axially as to admit
of the gradual insertion of such armature between the polar enlargements of the
induction system.
The result will be that when it becomes necessary to increase the difference of
potential in the Morse instruments the motor strain will necessarily have to be
increased with it, while at the same time the armature will be caused to enter
further between the polar enlargements sufficiently to increase in an equivalent
proportion the resistent couple and to maintain a constant velocity.
The nuclei of the inductor are used in forming a polarized electro-magnet as
follows. To the part which constitutes the yoke of the inductor is secured the
extremity of an electro magnet core, while the other end of such core, formed as a
polar extension is arranged in the vicinity of the pole pieces of the dynamo, the
movable armature or lever carrying the styles for the impression of the tele-
graphic signs being so disposed as to close with the proper air gaps the magnetic
circuit between the enlargements of the nuclei of the pole pieces.
The method of operation of the said polarized electro-magnet is as follows.
When a current is sent through the coils which surround it, there will develope, in
its enlarged end, a pole dependent upon the direction of the current and of the two
ends of the small armature or lever A will be polarized and themselves constitut-
ing two poles of the same denomination, one will be attracted and the other
repelled, by the polar enlargements to which they are being opposed so that they

page_text: will form a receiving instrument endowed with a maximum degree of sensibility,
and therefore capable of operating with a minimum expenditure of energy
By providing the train of gear-wheels with a handle as hereinbefore described
the mechanism can be readily manipulated by hand so as to arrest it when trans-
mission power is discontinued and permit of its being operated in the direction
coinciding with that of the motor impulse and also permitting of the normal
velocity being quickly imparted to the armature at the time of starting.
The entire electrical apparatus described may be made to operate if necessary
as a simple generator of electrical energy responding to the necessity occurring
in practice of producing sensible and varying differences of potential together with
slight variations of speed in the armature.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what
I claim is:
1. In electric telegraphic apparatus of the character referred to, the employ-
ment in place of the usual mechanical regulators, of an electrical collector or
receiver, capable of operating as a speed regulator and as a generator of electrical
energy substantially as herein before described.
2. The arrangements hereinbefore described for maintaining within narrow
limits the variations in the angular velocity of the armatures which when they
occur cause also variations in the electro-motive force generated substantially as
hereinbefore described.
3. The employment of a dynamo in combination with an electro magnet having
an armature for receiving signals and impressing signs substantially in the
manner herein before described.
4. Providing the driving mechanism with a handle whereby the device can
be readily manipulated by hand so as to enable the mechanism to be arrested,
and the mechanism can be caused to act in the direction coinciding with that
of the motor-impulse and the normal velocity be quickly imparted to the arma-
ture at the time of starting, substantially as hereinbefore described.
5. The electrical apparatus herein before described capable of being operated if
necessary simply as a generator of electrical energy, responding to the necessity
occurring in practice of producing sensible and varying differences of potential
together with slight variations of speed in the armature substantially as herein-
before described.
-1
1000
JOHNSONS & WILLCOX,
47, Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, W.C., Agents.