IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR CUTTING STONE
Year: 1853

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Emerson Goddard, of New York, in the
County of New York and State of N. York, U. S. A., for the
Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR CUTTING STONE."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Emerson Goddard
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition,
on the 13th September 1853.
I, EMERSON GODDARD, of New York, in the County of New York
and State of New York, U. S. A., do hereby declare the nature of the
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR CUTTING STONE" to be
as follows:-
My improvements consist in so adjusting the angle of the chisels by
the turning points or axes of the cutter bars placed above the angle of
the chisel stocks by the eccentric screws that the screws and axes may be
used also to connect and disconnect the chisels with the hammers, and
for the elevation and depression of the cutting edge, giving to each
chisel an elastic fulcrum on the spring, and a non-elastic bearing in the
groove of the cutter bar, and placing two series of chisels in such rela-
tive positions therewith as to be operated by one revolving hammer
placed between them, regardless of the direction in which the hammer

page_text: revolves, so that either of the sets of chisels may be brought into
action, or their angles varied within the required limits of the machine,
so as to bring either set into contact with the stone, or withdraw them, as
required, by means of the eccentric screws, which move them into any
position, fastening them at any point by set screws or some other analo-
gous device, these cutter bars, chisels, and hammers being suspended in
a suitable frame, which can be adjusted to the face of the stone at any
elevation. The cutter frame above named is formed of iron castings. In
this frame are one or two revolving cylinders placed across the frame,
and having their journals supported in proper bearings in the frame,
from which cylinders are projections placed in spiral directions around
the periphery of the cylinder, serving as tappets, cams, or bammers to
act upon the chisels by coming in contact with and giving a blow upon
the chisel at each quarter revolution of the cylinder, or four blows
during an entire revolution of the hammer cylinder.
The chisels are of two kinds,--roughing and smoothing; the two sets
are set in opposite directions, and are placed in a frame composed of
two bars which extend across the frame, and are connected by two
sector pieces, one at each end of the bar, said sector pieces being
pivoted in the frame of the machine by the axes before named. The
bars are equal in length to the breadth to be cut; the upper bar has a
groove cut in its under side the whole length, into which the chisel
stocks fit; and this groove, together with the space between the bars,
are sufficient to regulate the motion of the chisels, the parts adjacent
serving as a permanent guide thereto, limiting the action of the chisels.
To the forward end of the bars are attached springs, upon each one of
which rests a smoothing chisel or two roughing chisels; these springs
serve to hold the chisels in the groove, and relieve the bars of the jar
consequent upon the rapid and forcible action of the chisels when work-
ing, permitting at the same time an easy and convenient mode of remov-
ing the chisels by a pressure downward of the band upon the edge of the
chisels.
The sector of the cutter bars turn on pivots, as above stated, by
means of a projection working into an eccentric screw, by which the
chisels are adjusted to the proper angle, or thrown out of the range of

page_text: action of the hammers, so as also to change the angle of the chisels,
and also to raise them above the stone when not operating upon
it during the time the stone moves in an opposite direction; there
being two sets of chisels to each cylinder of hammers, and each set
pointing in different directions, one only of which is brought into
action at a time, according to the direction the stone is moving. The
chisels are made to act by percussion upon the stone by means of the
blow of the tappet, those chisels only acting that point in the direction
against which the stone is moving; said chisels being adjusted to the
proper angle chip the stone off by the percussive action above named, the
springs and guide bars serving to give the chisel a perfect and uniform
motion, not subject to back lash, jar, or vibration, which enables me to
work the chisels at a much greater speed than heretofore acquired by
stone-cutting machines working by percussion, when no such device to
remedy the jar, &c. has been devised. The roughing cutters are im-
proved further in form, giving to the cutters a peculiar angular bevilled
point, by which the stone gets a simultaneous fracture forward and
laterally, thus preventing its spawling or fracturing below the proper
line of surface, while at the same time it breaks off the ridge of rock
between the cutters, and prepares it for the smoothing cutters, which
could not be done by the tool heretofore used, and the work is much
more perfect, besides which less repair is required, and the tools more
easily replaced, making a saving of time in running the machine, as
well as expedition in its operation while at work, which increase of
speed is essential to give a clean uniform surface to the stone.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Emerson Goddard in the Great Seal Patent
Office on the 13th March 1854.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I,
› EMERSON GODDARD, of New York, in the County of New York and
State of N. York, U. S. A., send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Thirteenth day of September, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-three, in the

page_text: seventeenth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and succes-
sors, give and grant unto me, the said Emerson Goddard, Her special.
licence that I, the said Emerson Goddard, my executors, administra-"
tors, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Emerson Goddard,
my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter
during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make,
use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR CUTTING STONE," upon the condition
(amongst others) that I, the said Emerson Goddard, by an instrument
in writing under my hand and seal, should particularly describe and
ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same
was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal
Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately after
the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Emerson Goddard, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same
is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement thereof (that is to say):
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING.
Fig. 1, is a side elevation; Fig. 2, an end elevation of the cutter
frame detached and viewed in the direction of the arrow; Fig. 1,
showing a row of cutting chisels in place, and the cylinder hammers
behind, showing also the arrangement of the hammers upon the cylinder,
and the form of the roughing chisels. Fig. 3, is a longitudinal vertical
section through the centre of the cutter frame on the line (2), Figs.
2, & 4, and perpendicular to the axes of the hammers and cutter bars,
showing their relative positions, construction, and arrangement, and
the mode of inserting and hanging the cutters, their shape, &c.
Fig. 4, is a vertical cross section through the centre of the cutter frame;.
showing the cutter bars with smoothing chisels in place, and the
hammer cylinder behind, as in Fig. 2. Fig. 5, is a longitudinal vertical
section of the cutter frame near one side on the line (3) of Figs.
2, 4, showing the method of elevating and depressing the points of

page_text: the chisels. Fig. 6, is a vertical cross section of the upper part of
the frame and machine, showing the main driving shaft of the feed
works, and its connection with a screw for elevating and depressing
the cutter frame, &c. Fig. 7, shows the lower end of the same screw,
also the feed apparatus, by a vertical longitudinal section viewed from
the rear.
Fig. 8, is a vertical cross section showing the same parts.
The same letters or figures of reference show like parts on all the
Figures.
My improvement consists in so adjusting the angle of the chisels by
the turning points or axes of the cutter bars placed above the angle of
the chisel stocks by means of the eccentric screws, or their equivalents,
that the screws and axes may be used also to connect and disconnect
the chisels with the hammers, and for the elevation and depression of the
cutting edge, giving to each chisel an elastic fulcrum on the spring, and
a non-elastic bearing in the groove of the cutter bar, and placing two
series of chisels in such relative positions therewith as to be operated
by one revolving hammer placed between them, regardless of the
direction in which the hammer revolves, so that either of the sets of
chisels may be brought into action, or their angles varied within the
required limits of the machine, so as to bring either set into contact
with the stone or withdraw them, as required, by means of the afore-
said eccentric screws, which move them into any position, fastening
them at any point by set screws or some other analagous device, these
cutter bars, chisels, and hammers being suspended in a suitable frame,
which can be adjusted to the face of the stone at any elevation. (4) is
the main bed plate to which the framework and machinery is attached;
the ways (5) rest thereon; near the centre four posts (6) are elevated,
which connect with a cap (7) bolted to their upper ends together; these
form a frame within which the cutting frame works. The machinery
which moves the cutting apparatus up and down may, in narrow
machines, be constructed as follows:-A large screw (8) is set vertically
in the stationary frame above described, its lower end being stepped in
the pivot (9); this screw can be easily turned by the hand wheel (10)
for nice adjustment of the cutting frame; but to move the frame up
and down rapidly the screw (8) is geared to the driving power by a

page_text: bevel wheel (11) at its upper end, into which either one of the two
bevel wheels (11) gear to move it in opposite directions; these two
wheels (11) are connected by a sleeve to engage or disengage with the
bevel wheel (11) on the screw; they slide endwise on a horizontal
driving shaft (12) which has its bearings in the side cap pieces (13)
of the frame; by this device the screw can be turned in either direction
at will by means of a bent lever (14) turning on a fulcrum on the
hanger (13) a well-known device. In the sides of the upright posts
(6) are four racks (15), into which work four small pinions (16) on
two shafts (17), having bearings (18) in the cutter frame; these
shafts are connected by a counter shaft (19) on the side by bevel
wheels (20), and the counter shaft is turned by the single screw (8)
above named, working into a female screw attached to the cutter
frame, by means of which the cutter frame is moved up and down
perfectly parallel; a simple and cheap device. But more than
one screw should be used in machines of any. considerable width,
when the racks (15), pinions (16) and (20) & their shafts (17)
& (19) may be dispensed with, and the before-named screws con-
nected by a chain or other gearing. The cutter frame above
named is formed of iron castings, as clearly shown in the Draw-
ings; in this frame are one or two revolving cylinders placed across
the frame, and having their journals supported in proper bearings in
the frame, from which cylinders (21) are certain projections placed in
spiral directions around the periphery of the cylinder, serving as tap-
pets, cams, or hammers to act upon the chisels by coming in contact
with the heel at the angle, as clearly shown in Figs. 1, & 2, at (21),
giving a blow upon the chisel at each quarter revolution of the cylinder,
or four blows during an entire revolution of the hammer cylinder.
The chisels are of two kinds,-roughing and smoothing; the two sets
are shown set in opposite directions, and placed. in a frame composed
of two guides or bars (22) & (23), which extend across the frame, and
are connected by two sector pieces (24), one at each end of the bar,
said sector pieces being pivoted in the frame of the machine by the
axes (25) before named. The guides are equal in length to the
breadth to be cut; the upper bar (22) has a groove cut in its under

page_text: on a shaft (39), turning freely thereon; the rims of the bevel wheels
side the whole length, into which the chisel stocks fit; and this groove,
together with the space between the bars, are sufficient to regulate the
motion of the chisels, the parts adjacent serving as a permanent guide
thereto limiting the action of the chisels. To the forward end of
the bars are attached springs (26), upon each one of which rests a
smoothing chisel or two roughing chisels; these springs serve to hold
the chisels in the groove, and releive the bars of the jar consequent
upon the rapid and forcible action of the chisels when working, per-
mitting at the same time an easy and convenient mode of removing
the chisels by a pressure downward of the hand upon the edge or point
of the chisels.
The sectors of the cutter bars turn on pivots, as above stated, by
means of a projection (27) working into an eccentric screw (28), by
which the chisels are adjusted to their proper angle, or thrown out of
the range of action of the hammers, so as also to change the angle of
the chisels, and also to raise them above the stone when not operating
upon it during the time the stone moves in an opposite direction;
there being two sets of chisels to each cylinder of hammers, and each
set pointing in different directions, one only of which is brought into
action at a time, according to the direction the stone is moving. The
chisels are made to cut by percussion upon the stone by means of the
blow of the tappet, those chisels only acting that point in the direction
against which the stone is moving; said chisels being adjusted to the
proper angle chip off the stone by the percussive action above named,
the springs and guide bars serving to give the chisels a perfect and
uniform motion not subject to back lash, jar, or vibration, which enables
me to work the chisels at a much greater speed than heretofore ac-
quired by stone-cutting machines working by percussion when no
such device to remedy the jar, &c. has been devised. The roughing
cutters are improved further in form, giving to the cutters a peculiar
angular bevelled point, shown in the Drawing, by which the stone
gets a simultaneous fracture forward and latterly, thus preventing
its spawling or fracturing below the proper line of surface, while at
the same time it breaks off the ridge of rock between the cutters,
and prepares it for the smoothing cutters, which could not be done by

page_text: the tool heretofore used, and the work is much more perfect, besides
which less repair is required, and the tools more easily replaced,
making a saving of time in running the machine, as well as expedition
in its operation while at work, which increase of speed is essential to
give a clean and uniform surface to the stone.
In my machine all the chisels are prepared to a guage by
machinery or otherwise, so as to be exchanged and fitted at once
to their places. The provision for cutting the stone while moving
in either direction is very important, and by it a great saving of
time is effected, saving the labor and time of turning the stone,
or returning the carriage, and avoiding the difficulty of splicing
cuts when the same side of the stone requires cutting both ways,
which becomes necessary when the corners are to be made square,
and also avoiding the loss of material by preventing the spawling
off of the stone at the end, as would be the case if cut to the end one
way without turning, which is the alternative in machines heretofore
made.
My machine differs from others in use by the power of varying the
feed with ease and precision when in motion; it is well known that
some parts of the same stone will bear much greater feed than others;
this renders the power readily to change the speed of the stone when
cutting important. This feed motion consists of the following parts :-
On the shaft, Figs. 1, & 6, there is an eccentric (29) communicating an
oscillating motion to the lever (30) by means of a connecting rod (31),
at the upper end of which connecting rod is an apparatus for attaching
or detaching, consisting of a socket (32) on the connecting rod, into
which a pin (33) fits that can be attached or detached by the set screw
(34), said pin being affixed to and moving with the eccentric strap
communicates motion to the connecting rod or not, as desired, while
the machine is in motion, thus affording a reliable means of connecting
or disconnecting the feed at pleasure. To the lower end of the connect-
ing rod (31) is coupled a sliding joint (35); said sliding joint moves
along the oscillating lever (30), giving it a proper motion for the
desired feed; the lever (30) is connected with a rock shaft (36), which
is thereby vibrated; upon the rock shaft there is a bevel wheel (37)
that works into two other bevel wheels (38) placed opposite each other

page_text: (38) project over, as clearly shown in Fig. 7, and on the inner surface
of each a groove (39*) is cut; within these projecting rims two wheels.
(40) are located, that are firmly affixed to the shaft (39); and upon.
the face of these wheels there is a rim (41) inside the grooved rim
above named of the bevel wheel (38), leaving sufficient space between
the two rims for the insertion of a clutch (42), binding them together,
the clutch being set to turn the feed apparatus in one direction. The
clutch is a friction clutch, as clearly shown at (42), Figs. 7, 8, and can
be shifted to work either way, according to the course the stone
is to be fed, by turning the eccentrics (42) over on their centres
(43) by means of the pins (44), so that the springs (45) attached
thereto by the connecting rods (46) shall draw on the other side
the centres when the clutches are at the bottom of the arc; this
movement is made by the rack shaft (47) and arms (48), actuated
by the handle (49) or other analagous device). (This apparatus
may be duplicated to produce a more uniform motion, placing the
eccentrics at quarters, and substituting a pawl and ratchet for the
friction clutch.) Thus constructed and arranged the clutch is durable,
and efficient, and peculiarly adapted to the purpose; the result is, a
progressive motion of the worm shaft (50, 51,) in one direction. This
worm wheel gears into a worm wheel (52) on shaft (58), running
across the frame under the carriage bearing the stone, and at its
centre is a pinion (54) that gears into a rack (55) on the carriage by
which it is moved to and fro. This forms a simple, compact, efficient,
and durable feed motion, easily regulated, and readily variable, when
in motion or otherwise, to an extent sufficient and exactly adapted to
the proper feed of a stone-cutting machine.
On the ways (5) the stone carriage (56) slides; this carriage is an
oblong structure, having a rack (55) attached to it longitudinally
through the centre, gearing, as before stated, into a pinion below; to
this carriage head and tail blocks (57) are affixed; on the abutments
(58) of these blocks the stone rests, the two ends of the stone to be
worked being blocked up to the proper position, and supported by
wedges drawn between it and the sliding carriage; the blocks are
made fast to the carriage at any point by set screws (59,) to accommo-
date themselves to the length of the stone to be worked; the stone is
.

page_text: made fast by means of the dogs (60), which slide on the cylindrical
part of the blocks, and are made fast in a proper position by a key
driven in between the arm of the dog and the rear part of the block,
thus forming an expeditious and perfectly adjustable mode of fasten-
ing the stone permanently to the carriage, which is important in
working stone.
Having thus fully described my machinery for cutting and dressing
stone, what I claim therein as new, and for which I desire to secure
Letters Patent, is, first, the cutting apparatus, consisting of the double
bar or guide, bent cutter, shank, and springs, substantially in the
manner and for the purposes set forth.
I also claim in combination therewith the mode of throwing the
cutters out of or into gear, and varying the angle of the cutting edge
as required.
I also claim the use of two sets of cutters in one frame, as described,
so as readily to cut either way, in the manner set forth.
I also claim in combination with the other parts the apparatus for
adjusting the height of the cutters by means of the screw combined
with the cog wheels and racks for that purpose, or the connected
screws, as described.
I also claim in combination with the above-named cutting apparatus
the feed apparatus herein specified, and operating in the manner
described.
I also claim the construction of the roughing cutter, as herein
described.
In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and seal, this
Sixteenth day of February A D 1854
Witness,
RICH VAN DYKE, JR,
THо E. WARREN.
EMERSON GODDARD. (L.S.)