IMPROVE- MENTS IN DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES to be as follows:
Year: 1884

page_text: I, The Honourable CHARLES ALGERNON PARSONS, of Victoria Works Gateshead-
on-Tyne, in the County of Durham, a member of the firm of Clarke, Chapman and
Company, Engineers, do hereby declare the nature of said invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES to be as follows:-
"
This invention relates to electric generators designed to be driven with safety at
a high rate of speed, several or many times as fast as such machines are ordinarily
driven, and wherein the speed shall be capable of regulation so that the generator
may give either a constant current or a constant electro-motive force, as may be
desired.
•
When the generator has an armature of the drum or Siemen's type I form the
core of iron plates, discs or washers fitting tightly upon the shaft or axis, which
may or may not be made hollow for the passage of fluid to carry off the heat.
These plates, discs or washers are insulated from each other, preferably by paper.
In or on the core thus formed there are equi-distant longitudinal channels, by
preference parallel to the axis of the core, for the reception of the conductors which
are threadled or laid therein. In the former case that is when they are threaded
through the core, they are completely enclosed, and are thus secured from being
thrown out by the great centrifugal force, and in the latter case they are overwound
with pianoforte wire with the same object. This method of construction does not
readily permit of the conductor being laid on in continuous lengths to form coils,
and therefore I prefer to lay each length in separately and connect them in the
proper sequence in the following way :-
The armature core is prolonged at each end and is formed by preference of discs
or washers of non-magnetic metal separated from the iron core by suitable
insulation. It is convenient to make these extensions of smaller diameter than the
central part of the core. Half the conductors, taken alternately, are bent over a
taper insulating disc, and are wound spirally, making about a quarter of a turn,
round the extension of the core. Their ends are secured in an insulating disc, and
the remaining conductors are similarly wound but in the opposite direction. Their
ends are also secured in a like manner. By this arrangement the conductors which
are to be connected together to form a continuous convolution are brought together
at their ends and may be coupled in any convenient way, as by fine wire or copper
clamps and soldered. At the commutator end one wire of each pair is left long.

page_text: When the
enough to be connected to or inserted into, a strip of the commutator.
conductors are bound on with wire the convolutions which go to form a coil may
be wound on in one length the arrangement at the ends being substantially similar
to the above.
In order to resist the great centrifugal force the commutator is formed of several
rings of segments, retained in position around a central bush, by interlocking steel
ringa. The steel rings are insulated from the segments, and cach row of segments
is insulated from the adjacent rows.
To keep the current constant, either in intensity or in electromotive force,
I regulate the supply of actuating fluid to the motor, (which is by preference of
the high speed type described in my specification No 6735 of 1884) by means of
an apparatus controlled by the current itself acting through a magnet or solenoid.
The supply valve of the motor is operated by a piston or diaphragm one side of
which is in communication with a fan driven by the motor and is subject to
variations of pressure due to the varying speed. So far the apparatus is similar to
that described in my specification No 6735 of 1884, and if the exhaustion of the
fan is opposed by a spring, and by uniform admission of air, an approximately
constant speed is obtained. But if a constant electromotive force or a constant
current be required the resistance of the spring or the inlet of air must be varied
according to the condition of the circuit. If the regulation be effected by the inlet
of air a current, either a shunt current, across the poles of the motor, or the main
current, is made to excite a magnet which attracts or directs a pivotted armature
connected to a valve, plug or shield controlling the inlet of air to the plunger or
piston. When the current round the magnet increases the size of the inlet is
decreased and the supply of actuating fluid is reduced. In many cases the field
imagnet of the generator may be utilised as the magnet which controls the air inlet.
Should an accident happen to the machine or the circuit whereby the current in
the regulating magnet is greatly reduced or arrested the motor would receive a
large increase of actuating fluid, and its speed, with that of the generator, would
be augmented to a dangerous extent. To prevent this the passage from the pump
to the piston or diaphragm is normally contracted by a valve. This valve is
connected to a piston in a cylinder, one end of which communicates with the
atmosphere and the other with the pump. This piston is maintained in position
against the air pressure by a spring, but should the speed of the pump be greatly
increased the piston is drawn forward and operating the valve it leaves an un-
obstructed passage from the pump to the diaphragın, and thus the full exhaustive
effect of the pump is brought to bear to control the motor.

page_text: I, The Honourable CHARLES ALGERNON PARSONS, of Victoria Works, Gateshend-
on-Tyne in the County of Durham, a member of the firm of Clarke, Chapman and
Company, Engineers, do hereby declare the nature of my said invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN DYNAMO ELECTRIC MACHINES and in what manner the same
is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement :—
This invention relates to electric generators designed to be driven with safety at
a high rate of speed several or many times as fast as such machines are ordinarily
driven, and wherein the speed shall be capable of regulation so that the generator
may give either a constant current or a constant electromotive force, as may be
desired.
When the generator has an armature of the drum or Siemen's type I form the
core of iron plates, discs or washers fitting tightly upon the shaft or axis, which
may or may not be made hollow for the passage of fluid to carry off the heat.
These plates, discs or washers are insulated from each other, preferably by paper.
On the core thus formed there are equi-distant longitudinal channels, by preference
parallel to the axis of the core, for the reception of the conductors which are laid
therein.
These conductors are overwound with piano-forte wire with the object to secure
them against being thrown out of the channels by the great centrifugal force. The
conductors may be laid in these channels either separately or in continuous lengths
to form coils. I prefer to connect them in the proper sequence in the following
way-The armature core is prolonged at each end and is formed by preference of
discs or washers of non-magnetic metal separated from the iron core by suitable
insulation.
It is convenient to make these extensions of smaller diameter than the central
part of the core. Half the conductors, taken alternately, are bent over a taper
insulating disc, and are wound spirally, making about a quarter of a turn, round
the extension of the core. Their ends are secured in an insulating disc, and the
remaining conductors are similarly wound but in the opposite direction. Their
ends are also secured in a like manner.
By this arrangement the conductors which are to be connected together to form
a continuous convolution are brought together at their ends and may be coupled in
any convenient way, as by fine wire or copper clamps and soldered. At the
commutator end one wire of each pair is left long enough to be connected to or
inserted into a strip of the commutator. When the conductors are laid on in
continuous lengths to form coils the arrangement at the ends is substantially
similar to the above except that the wire is bent back instead of being coupled at
the ends.
In order to resist the great centrifugal force the commutator is formed of several
rings of segments, retained in position around a central bush, by interlocking steel
rings. The steel rings are insulated from the segments, and each row of segments
s insulated from the adjacent rows.
To keep the current constant, either in quantity or in electromotive force, I
egulate the supply of actuating fluid to the motor, (which is by preference of the
high speed type described in my specification N° 6735 of 1884) by means of an
pparatus controlled by the current itself acting through a magnet or solenoid,

page_text: The supply valve of the motor is operated by a piston or diaphragm one side of
which is in communication with a fan driven by the motor and is subject to
variations of pressure due to the varying speed. So far the apparatus is similar to
that described in my specification No 6735 of 1884, and if the exhaustion of the
fan is opposed by a spring, and by uniform admission of air, an approximately 5
constant speed is obtained. But if a constant electromotive force or a constant
current be required the resistance of the spring or the inlet of air must be varied
according to the condition of the circuit. If the regulation be effected by the
inlet of air a current, either a shunt current, across the poles of the magnet, or the
main current, is made to excite a magnet which attracts or directs a pivotted 1
armature connected to a valve, plug or shield controlling the inlet of air to the
plunger or piston. When the current round the magnet increases, the size of the
inlet is decreased and the supply of actunting fluid is reduced. In many cases the
field magnet of the generator may be utilised as the magnet which controls the air
inlet.
Should an accident happen to the machine or the circuit whereby the current in
the regulating magnet is greatly reduced or arrested the motor would receive a
large increase of actuating fluid, and its speed, with that of the generator, would
be augmented to a dangerous extent. To prevent this according to one arrange-
ment the valve plug or shield is made in such wise that if its motion be continued
in the same direction after it has opened the air inlet to the full it will rapidly
close it again. According to another arrangement the passage from the pump to
the piston or diaphragm is normally contracted by a valve. This valve is connected
to a piston in a cylinder, one end of which communicates with the atmosphere and
the other with the pump. This piston is maintained in position against the air
pressure by a spring, but should the speed of the pump be greatly increased the
piston is drawn forward and operating the valve it leaves an unobstructed passage
from the pump to the diaphragm, and thus the full exhaustive effect of the pump is
brought to bear to control the motor.
Referring to the accompanying sheet of drawings. Fig. 1 is an elevation of an
armature of the drum or Siemen's type according to my invention. Fig. 2 is a
central longitudinal section of the same. Fig 3 is a cross section in line 1-2 of
Fig. 5. Fig. 4 is an elevation of a modified armature of the drum or Siemen's
type according to my invention. Fig. 5 is a longitudinal central section of the
same.
Fig. 6 is an elevation, partly in section, of a portion of an apparatus according to
my invention for controlling the speed of a motor driving an electric generator
according to the requirements of the circuit. Fig. 7 is a plan of the same. Fig.
is a vertical section of another portion of the said apparatus.
Fig 9 shows the two portions of this apparatus applied to a motor and an
electric generator.
Referring to Figs. 1, and 2, d* represents the hollow axis or spindle of an
armature suitable for use in a generator revolving at a high rate of speed.
Upon this shaft there are arranged a series of tightly fitting iron discs or
washers a, a, insulated from each other, preferably by paper.
A portion only of these discs is shewn in the drawings.
At each end of the series of iron washers is a washer or disc c³ of insulating
material. Beyond each of the washers c is a second insulating washer c, and
after these there comes another series of metal washers c³, preferably of brass, the
arrangement being concluded at each end by an insulating washer c¹ forced up by
a nut.
The iron washers which form the core of the armature are grooved at equa
angular distances with channels in which the conductors f*,ƒ* are placed. Each
conductor is coupled to the corresponding one at the other side of the armature i
the following way:-Every alternate conductor is bent down along a groove in th
washer c, and is then carried round the cylinder at an angle of about 45 degree
‘with the axis as shown in dotted lines, and is finally threaded through a hole in th

page_text: outer insulating flange or washer c¹. When the one half of the conductors have
been thus treated they are bound round with insulating tape, and the remaining
half are similarly arranged, except that they are bent in the opposite direction.
The ends ff are united in couples, and at the commutator end every alternate
one of the wires is left projecting and fits into a suitable recess or hole in one of
the commutator segments 1,, the other end being connected to the appropriate end
of the coil next in series. The coupling of the conductors ff, is preferably
effected by fine wire or copper rings (Fig. 3) and is so arranged that when
completed the whole of the wires form a continuous circuit. In the drawing there
are 20 convolutions and there are 10 segments in the commutator, which are
connected to each alternate coil.
In Fig. 5 the wires are shewn differently arranged at the end furthest from the
commutator, where instead of the conductor being divided and coupled. to the
next in the manner described above it is bent and passed back through the outer
ring of holes, in the last washer, care being taken to preserve the insulation against
injury.
To retain the wire in position in both forms of armature shown, I prefer to
use pianoforte steel wire bound on tightly over suitable insulation (Figs. 1, 2, 4
and 5).
In order to resist the great centrifugal force the commutator is formed of several
rings of gun-metal segments 1, 2 retained in position on the bush n by the steel
rings m*, m*, and the nut o. The segments are insulated from each other, and
from the rings m*, m*, preferably by asbestos millboard.
The apparatus shown in detail in Figs. 6, 7 and 8, and in general elevation in
Fig. 9 is designed to regulate the speed of the motor, by which the generator is
driven, so that a current of constant or approximately constant quantity or electro-
motive force, as the case may be, may be produced automatically. The apparatus
consists of two portions, one (Figs. 6 and 7) acted upon by the generator or by a
current derived from the generator, and the other (Fig. 8) designed to operate the
throttle valve (or its equivalent) upon the motor. These two parts are connected
by a pipe. The former is shown in the drawings as mounted upon and operated
by the field magnets, but it may also be actuated by an independent magnet or
solenoid.
A bar of soft iron i, i (Figs. 6, 7, and 9) is pivotted on a vertical spindle j, j,
which also carries a finger or pointer k, ending in valves or guards one or
other of which according to the state of the circuit covers more or less the inlet co
to the pipo v. Ordinarily it is the valve or guard k¹ which does this. The
polarity of the magnet tends to place the bar i parallel to the lines of force, and
this tendency is resisted by the spring * which is attached at one end to the
spindle and at the other to an adjustable bush o* which can be rotated and fixed
as desired to vary the tension of the spring. When the magnets are shunt wound
and the iron is far from saturation the intensity of the magnetisation will vary as
the electro-motive force at the terminals, and when they are series wound it will
vary as the current.
The other end of the pipe v communicates with a space enclosed between flexible
diaphragms t, t (Fig. 8). Two pairs of diaphragins stiffened with metal plates,
and enclosing two spaces in communication with each other are shewn in the
drawing.
The internal space is subjected to a continuous exhaustion while the motor is
running by a fan 7, mounted on or driven by the motor. The diaphragmns_are
thus subject to a constant external pressure tending to press them together. This
pressure is resisted by a spring p, acting through a rod o', which is connected at
one end to the outer diaphragm, and at the other end to the throttle valve of the
motor. So far the apparatus shewn in Fig. 8 is similar to that described in my
specification Nº 6735.
According to my present invention, however, air is, or may be, admitted to the
space enclosed by the diaphragms through the nine as the other and as …..LOL!

page_text: already explained, more or less covered by the valve or guard k¹ forming part of
the apparatus shewn in Figs. 6 and 7. Thus the supply of motive fluid is not
regulated entirely by the spoed of the fan, but principally by the position of the
magnet (Fig. 6).
In case the regulator should cease to act efficiently either from accident to itself
or to the dynamo or to the external circuit, excessive speed of the motor is
prevented according to one arrangement, by the second part k³ of the valve or
shield covering the air inlet as the needle continues to move in the same direction
as that in which it opened the air inlet. According to another method the same
effect is gained by the action of the piston x*. This is normally kept in the
position shown in the drawing, by the spring w, w, and in that attitude it partially
closes the passages between the diaphragm and the pump. The rear end of the piston
is enlarged at x¹, and stands in a cylinder y. One end of this cylinder is exposed
to the atmosphere through the holes 2, z, and the other to the suction of fan through
the hole c*. Should the fan attain a dangerous velocity the reduction of pressure
in the cylinder y causes the piston x to be forced forwards against the opposition
of the spring, which is adjusted to permit of this, and a clear passage is left
between the pump and the pipe v. The diaphragms are then exhausted and
the supply valve to the motor closed; and this independently of the magnetic
regulator.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that I do
not lay any general claim to the construction of an armature with a hollow axis
on which metallic discs are threaded nor to the laying of conductors in grooves or
channels or the laying of conductors along and tightly binding them upon an
armature core, but what I do claim is
In electric generators :-
1. The use of the peculiar construction and arrangement of armature shewn in
and described with reference to Figs. 1, and 2 or the modification shewn in and
described with reference to Figs. 3, 4, and 5 of the drawings.
2. The use of a commutator composed of two or more sets of segments with
interlocking rings and one tightening nut substantially as described.
3. The use for controlling the speed of the motor whereby the electric generator
proper is driven, of a needle, bar or armature subject to or actuated by the
inductive action of a current produced by the said generator, an air inlet whose
size is varied by the action of the said needle, bar or armature, a diaphragın (or
piston) in communication with the said air inlet and a fan or exhauster the
arrangement and operation being substantially such as described above.
4. The use for controlling the speed of the motor whereby the electric generator
proper is driven, of a needle, bar or armature, subject to or actuated by the
inductive action of a current produced by the said generator, an air inlet whose
size is varied by the action of the said needle, bar or armature, a diaphragm (or
piston) in communication with the said air inlet, a fan or exhauster, and means
for increasing in case of accident the exhausting effect of such fan or exhauster
substantially as described.