IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUSES FOR CREATING ELECTRIC CURRENTS, CHIEFLY FOR MEDICAL PURPOSES
Year: 1857

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Isac Louis Pulvermacher, of Paris, in the Empire
of France, Engineer, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUSES
FOR CREATING ELECTRIC CURRENTS, CHIEFLY FOR MEDICAL PURPOSES."
Sealed the 16th March 1858, and dated the 17th September 1857.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Isac Louis Pulvermacher
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 17th September 1857.
I, ISAC LOUIS PULVERMACHER, of Paris, in the Empire of France,
Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE
MENTS IN APPARATUSES FOR CREATING ELECTRIC CURRENTS, CHIEFLY FOR MEDICAL
PURPOSES," to be as follows:-
The object of the present Invention is the producing of constant
batteries with the aid of one single exciting liquid, and the present
improvements have suggested themselves to me in carrying out and
fecting the chain and other portable batteries, for which Letters for
Great Britain have been formerly granted to me.
per-
My first improvement consists in an improved arrangement of electro-
magnetic apparatus for producing induced currents. Inside the coil of
copper wire I carry down numerous small iron wires, and bend them
up back again to the top of the apparatus, one half over the outside of
the coil of copper wire on one side, and the other half outside the coil

page_text: of copper wire on the opposite side, and then united to a bar or plate of
soft iron, the outer ends of which are connected to coiled springs out-
side the apparatus, in order that to-and-fro motion of the bar or plate
may be obtained by the interruption of the circuit.
I produce a constant and energetic current in batteries, without the
employment of any acid, by the use of positive metal, for instance, zinc
and carbon, or other negative body, and a solution of bichromate of
potassium, bisulphate of potassium, and sea salt. And I find it very
advantageous to construct batteries in such manner that the atmospheric
air may act upon the metal and exciting liquid simultaneously.
For portable flexible batteries I take an interior or foundation of
gutta percha or other suitable material in the form of a strip or band,
and perforate it at intervals, and wind thereon alternately copper,
silver, &c., and zinc wires, and at intervals of, say, half an inch, I make
such copper and zinc wires into separate elements, and unite the whole
into one battery; or, I weave copper and zinc or other positive and
negative metal wires with a non-metallic or textile warp, divide the
fabric thus composed into separate elements, and unite the whole to
form a battery of as many elements as are desired; or, I print, upon a
textile material, leather, paper, or other suitable fabric with an adhesive
composition, and cover with metal leaf or foil; or, I powder thereon
metal in filings or powder, and by pressure obtain a metal surface. I
next print a corresponding form in adhesive composition, and cover it
with metal leaf or foil, or powder it over with metal electrically positive
or negative to that previously mentioned, and by pressure obtain a
metal surface; or, I take a positive metal, say zinc, plate, and form
parallel slits therein, and press out every piece between two slits on one
side and then on the other side alternately, whereby a cage or holder is
formed. I then insert a smaller and negative plate, say copper,
similarly formed, but smaller, to allow of the pieces of copper coming
into the spaces between the pieces of zinc without touching them. I
thus obtain a large surface in a very small compass. Each element
may be of any desired size, and the elements may afterwards be united
to form a long and powerful chain or battery.
These batteries may be excited by being dipped in an exciting liquid
and then withdrawn, or by being supplied by capillary attraction
through some porous body.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Isac Louis Pulvermacher in the Great Seal Patent
Office on the 17th March 1858.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, ISAC
LOUIS PULVERMACHER, of Paris, in the Empire of France, Engineer,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Seventeenth day of September, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven, in the twenty-
first year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give
and grant unto me, the said Isac Louis Pulvermacher, Her special
licence that I, the said Isac Louis Pulvermacher, my executors, admini-
strators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Isac Louis
Pulvermacher, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should
at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and
at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, 'and vend,
within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel
Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARA-
TUSES FOR CREATING ELECTRIC CURRENTS, CHIEFLY FOR MEDICAL PURPOSES."
upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Isac Louis
Pulvermacher, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in
writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should
particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention,
and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same
to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months
next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that, I, the said Isac Louis Pulvermacher, d hereby
declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same
is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement thereof, reference being had to the Draw-
ings hereunto annexed, that is to say:―
The object of the present Invention is the producing of constant
batteries with the aid of one single exciting liquid, and the present
improvements have suggested themselves to me in carrying out and
perfecting the chain and other portable batteries, for which Letters
Patent for Great Britain have been formerly granted to me.
My first improvement consists in an improved arrangement of electro-
magnetic apparatus for producing induced currents. Inside the coil of
copper wire I carry down numerous small iron wires, and bend them

page_text: up back again to the top of the apparatus, one half over the outside of
the coil of copper wire on one side, and the other half outside the coil of
copper wire on the opposite side, and then united to a bar or plate of
soft iron, the outer ends of which are connected to coiled springs outside
the apparatus, in order that to-and-fro motion of the bar or plate may
be obtained by the interruption of the circuit.
I produce a constant and energetic current in batteries, without the
employment of any acid, by the use of positive metal, for instance, zinc
and carbon, or other negative body, and a solution of bichromate of
potass, bisulphate of potass, and sea salt. And I find it very advan-
tageous to construct batteries in such manner that the atmospheric air
may act upon the metal and exciting liquid simultaneously.
For portable flexible batteries I take an interior or foundation of
gutta percha or other suitable material in the form of a strip or band,
and perforate it at intervals, and wind thereon alternately copper, silver,
and zinc wires, and at intervals of, say, half an inch, I make such
copper and zinc wires into separate elements, and unite the whole
into one battery; or, I weave copper and zinc or other positive and
negative metal wires with a non-metallic or textile warp, divide the
fabric thus composed into separate elements, and unite the whole to
form a battery of as many elements as are desired; or, I print upon
a textile material, leather, paper, or other suitable fabric with an
adhesive composition, and cover with metal leaf or foil; or, I powder
thereon metal in filings or powder, and by pressure obtain a metal
surface. I next print a corresponding form in adhesive composition,
and cover it with metal leaf or foil, or powder it over with metal electri-
cally positive or negative to that previously mentioned, and by pressure
obtain a metal surface; or I take a positive metal, say zinc, plate, and
form parallel slits therein, and press out every piece between two slits
on one side and then on the other side alternately, whereby a cage
or holder is formed. I then insert a smaller and negative plate, say
copper, similarly formed but smaller, to allow of the pieces of copper
coming into the spaces between the pieces of zinc without touching
them. I thus obtain a large surface in a very small compass. Each
element may be of any desired size, and the elements may afterwards
be united, to form a long and powerful chain or battery. These batteries
may be excited by being dipped in an exciting liquid and then with-
drawn, or by being supplied by capillary attraction through some porous
body.
The Drawings hereunto annexed illustrate the several methods by
which I carry my Invention into effect.
Figure 1, Sheet 1, is a partial side view with a portion of the covering

page_text: removed, and Figure 2 a transverse section of my improved electro-
magnetic apparatus for obtaining induced currents, which is constructed
as follows:-Two sets of iron wires a, a, b, b, are taken and soldered
together through about one half their length; a coil of copper wire c, c,
is then wound around the soldered portions, the ends of such coil being
suitably connected to a battery of any required form. The sets of
wires a, a, b, b, are then respectively bent upwards, as shown in
Figure 2, in such manner as to enfold or enclose the coil c, c, the
whole of the ends or poles of the wires being brought into the same
plane. Above these ends or poles is placed a bar or plate d, carrying
at its ends the rods or wires e, e, which move through eyes or guides,
in order that the motion of the plate may be regular and equal at each
end; around the rods or wires e, e, are placed the spiral springs f, f,
which act against suitable resisting surfaces at their lower ends
(supposed to be broken off in Figure 1), and which force the bar or
plate d from off the ends or poles of the iron wires whenever the magnetic
force falls below a certain amount, that is, when the interruption of
the circuit takes place. The motion of the bar or plate d is limited by
a stop, which also is connected with one end of the wire, so that when
the said bar or plate comes against it, the circuit shall be again com-
pleted. By these means a rapid reciprocating movement is imparted
to the bar or plate d.
Figures 1 and 2*, Sheet 1, show an arrangement of a voltaic pile
in the form of a belt or band, which I make pliable or rigid, as may
be required. A is a band or strip of gutta percha or hardened
caoutchouc perforated with groups of holes f, f; the wires by which
the electricity is produced are wound round this band A, side by side,
but without touching, either by hand or by mechanical means. At the
parts marked a, a, the adjacent negative and positive wires respectively
are joined, being twisted together by a mechanical process. When
the wires are properly wound on the band A and alternately connected,
as described, the whole is subjected to pressure, in order to force the
wires somewhat into the gutta percha, to prevent them from shifting
their places and coming in contact. By varying the dimensions and
proportions of the elements, the quantity and intensity of the electricity
generated may evidently be varied. The pile is put into action by being
immersed or dipt in any suitable exciting liquid. The holes in the
band A are intended not only to put into play an extended surface of
the wires, but also to absorb an increased quantity of the exciting
liquid, and thus prolong the time during which the pile will disengage
the electricity. For the same purpose I fill up the interstices between
the holes and between the metallic wires with a paste formed of
deliquescent salts and a substance suitable for giving consistence or

page_text: body thereto. All the time such a pile remains in a humid atmosphere
it will continually disengage electricity without being again placed in
the exciting liquid. A number of piles, formed as before described,
may be combined in various ways, according to the various objects to
be attained, in such manner as to form a single pile of very great
strength. The arrangement which I prefer for this purpose is repre-
sented in Figures 1* and 2*, in which is shown a species of armature c
consisting of a clasp formed by cutting out and doubling a piece of
plate, the end of the gutta percha band A being placed between the
two parts and connected to them in any suitable manner. The armature
at one end of the band is of copper, and has the extremity of the copper
wire of the circuit fixed below and in metallic contact with it, and
the armature at the other end is of zinc, and has the extremity of the
zinc wire similarly connected with it. In this, as in all other cases
where copper and zinc are mentioned in this Specification, other sub-
stances suitable for generating electric currents when in combination
may be substituted for them. The outer ends of the armature c, c,
form loops d, d, through which ribbons e or other fastenings may be
passed.
Figures 8 and 9, Sheet 1, represent a metallic hinge furnished with
studs 9, the heads of which enter the holes / in the armature c, Figure 1*,
and connect the two together, leaving the said hinge free to turn in
any direction. Hinges thus formed are employed to connect a number
of piles or parts of piles formed as before described. For example,
to combine a number of these lengthwise, I place them as is shewn
in Figures 3 and 4, Sheet 1, where the positive armature of one is
shown connected to and in contact with the negative armature of the
next. To combine a number of them breadthwise, or side by side, I
employ the form of hinge represented at E, Figures 10 and 11, Sheet 1.
This hinge does not differ from that already described, except that at
the end is rivetted or otherwise fixed a prolongation of hardened
caoutchouc, ivory, or other insulating material. These insulating hinges
are placed at the surface opposite to that to which the conducting
hinges are attached, by which means a number of the small piles or parts
of piles may be combined in a single pile of great tension. In order
to combine a great number of the small piles or parts of piles so as
to occupy but a small space, I place them face to face parallel to each
other, and dispose the insulating and the conducting hinges respectively
as indicated in Figures 6 and 7, Sheet 1, in which D, D, are conducting
hinges, and E, E, the insulating. By placing these hinges in the
directions indicated, the necessity, when dipping the bands in this state
of assemblage in the exciting liquid, of immersing the extremities of

page_text: the hinges is avoided. A small projection n adapted to each hinge
prevents the parts of the piles from approaching too nearly to each
other.
In place of constructing my piles as before described I sometimes
make them by combining fibrous or other similar materials with metallic
wires in a species of web or fabric. This mode of manufacture is repre-
sented in Figure 12, Sheet 1. In this Figure three sections or elements
are shown, the copper wires or threads being marked by the letter c,
the zinc by the letter 2, and the fibrous material by the letter /.
The extreme threads of the warp on each side are of copper or other
suitable conducting metal, and are separated at the places marked p, p.
The threads of zinc of one section or element are put in voltaic contact
with the copper threads of the adjacent element, care being taken
that the copper and zinc threads of the same element do not touch.
This voltaic apparatus is put in operation in the same way as those
already described. But in order to produce a constant and uniform
effect with it I employ a vessel G containing the exciting liquid, and
lead into it the ends of the warp fibres, which by capillary and syphonic
action lead the liquid down to the voltaic apparatus, keeping the effect
constant and uniform all the time the vessel G contains any of the
liquid.
Figure 13, Sheet 2, shows an arrangement analogous to that last
described, but forming only a single element for the production of
currents of quantity. z and c are the zinc and copper wires respectively;
,, are the warp threads; G is the reservoir for the exciting liquid,
in which the threads,, dip as before; 1, 1, are the extreme threads
of the warp constituting the conductors of the two electricities.
Figures 14 and 15, Sheet 2, exhibit another arrangement of voltaic
clement. zand c are the zinc and copper bars respectively, as before;
s is a pocket through which the exciting liquid passes with difficulty.
The dotted line in the middle of this pouch represents a web or fabric
having the same object as the warp in the foregoing arrangements;
and are the conductors of the two electricities; b, b, are bands of
caoutchouc or other suitable material for keeping the parts of the
element together.
Figure 1, Sheet 5, shows a galvanic element acting by filtration, in
which a, a, are the negative wires, and b, b, the positive, that is, the
copper and zinc respectively; t is a conical tube of perforated insulating
material on which the copper wire is spirally wound; c is a membrane
or diaphragm surrounding the copper wire. The threads of zinc are
wound on this membrane in such manner that the spirals of zinc lie as
it were between the spirals of copper. The exciting liquid enters the

page_text: tube t continually, and penetrating it moistens the copper wires a, a,
then passing through the membrane e, reaches and moistens the zinc
wires b, b. The interstices between the spirals are filled with a porous
material.
Figures 2, 3, and 4, Sheet 5, also show a galvanic element acting by
filtration, in which the metals are employed in the form of cut plates,
as shown. is a vessel of copper, of which the longer sides a, b, a¹, b',
are furnished with slits or slots, by which they are divided into bars
or laths n; c, d, c', d', are plates of zinc, also furnished with bars
or laths m, and which may be bent or forced outwards into inclined
positions. The bars or laths n and m respectively lie between each
other. Contact between the two is prevented by means of a membrane,
as before. The exciting liquid flows continually into the vessel v.
great amount of surface is obtained by this arrangement and the
membrane, as well as hydrostatic pressure from the interior towards
the exterior prevents the deposition of zinc upon the copper.
A
Figures 5 and 6, Sheet 5, represent an analogous arrangement, in
which the electric action is sustained by the capillary action of threads
forming the diaphragm. a, b, and c, d, are two plates, the one of zinc,
the other of copper; they are furnished with slits e, e', where the metal
is carved and caused to project as before; /, /, are the threads forming
the diaphragm between the two metals; they unite and dip into the
exciting liquid, maintaining by their capillary effect the action of the
element. As the metals are in perfect contact with the atmospheric
air, the action of the pile will remain constant and uniform whilst
the reservoir contains any of the exciting liquid. The liquid flowing
away falls into a channel below the elements constructed as before
described.
To obtain constant single fluid piles by means of metallic filings or
powder I employ the foregoing arrangement in the following manner:
The two plates a, b, and c, d, are of the same metal, serving simply
as conductors; I cover one of these plates with a paste made from
the filings of the positive metal, and the other with a paste made from
the filings of the negative metal. The paste fills the spaces under the
projections, and acts in virtue of its porosity like spongy platinum;
that is, it condenses the oxygen of the air and depolarizes it perfectly.
When the metallic surfaces are exhausted, it is only necessary to apply
fresh coatings of the paste. Piles either of tension or of quantity may
be formed, as has just been described.
Figures 16 and 17, Sheet 2, represent reverse sides of a flexible pile,
produced by a kind of sewing or embroiding. 2, 2, are the zinc, and c, c,
the copper threads or wires, both of which are passed through and

page_text: through a fabric of some insulating material. Where the threads or
wires cross each other the fabric is between them and keeps them
apart.
Figure 18, Sheet 3, represents a flexible pile, produced by printing
upon paper, leather, or other analogous material. The metallic sub-
stances, zinc and copper, in the form of powder filings or thin sheets,
are fixed upon the paper by means of paste in parallel lines alternately.
A series of these lines forms a voltaic element, in which the zinc com-
municate with each other metallically by a transverse band z' of zinc
at one of the ends of the parallel lines, and the copper by a transverse
band c' of copper at the ends opposite the parallel lines. The transverse
band of zinc of one element is in contact with the transverse band c¹
of copper of the adjacent element. The development of electricity
with this pile is considerably augmented if it be covered with a sheet
of moist blotting paper or other porous nonconducting material.
Figure 19, Sheet 3, shews a thermo-electric pile, produced upon paper,
leather, or other convenient material, in forming which I employ metals
having a great thermo-electric capacity, such as antimony, bismuth,
platinum, iron, &c. s is the flexible material on which I fix the metals
in the state and by the process employed in the preceding case. The
disposition of the metals is the same as in the ordinary thermo-electric
pile, that is, they are disposed in parallel lines of the two different
metals alternately, which touch only at the parts and b' on opposite
sides.
In order to give to these metallic lines, pasted or otherwise attached
to paper, a certain thickness, I stamp in or sink the paper where the
metals are to be applied before they are fixed upon it. On connecting
a conducting wire to the line of antimony at one extremity, and a second
conducting wire to the line of bismuth at the other extremity of the
thermo-electric pile, the generation of electricity will commence as soon
as all the points of contact 6 are either heated or cooled, while all
the other points of contact 6' remain as they were, or vice versa.
In Figure 20, Sheet 3, the pile just described is shewn folded into
a compact form, and in Figure 21, Sheet 3, it is shewn rolled in a spiral
form, representing a powerful pile in a small compass.
In order to enable my pile on paper to be fixed like court plaster or
other such material I coat it with an adhesive material, such as a
mixture of gelatine and molasses, and I add to this material salts, acids,
or alkalies which augment the production of electricity.
This pile is transformed into a constant single fluid pile if the two
metals are applied on two separate sheets. For this purpose I produce
upon a sheet of paper or or other analagous material straight and close

page_text: lines in an electro-negative metal, perforating the interstices between
the lines with a great number of small holes. A second sheet, which
may also be perforated, is coated with an electro-positive metal, such
as zinc amalgam. By damping or moistening these sheets, and applying
them one upon the other, a voltaic element is obtained. The holes in
the sheets afford access to the atmospheric air for the depolarisation of
the copper.
Figures 22 to 31, Sheet 4, exhibit certain new dispositions of the
voltaic pile included in this Invention. Figure 26 is part of a plate
pile, of which Figures 22 and 23 shew each a face and an edge view
of the plates detached. a, Figure 22, is a plate of copper pierced
throughout with small holes and stamped into a corrugated form b.
Figure 23 is a plate of zinc first slit throughout in parallel lines, and
then having the alternate portions of the metal between the slits forced
outwards on opposite sides, as shewn in the sectional view, by a suitable
mechanical process, so as to allow the corrugated plate a to pass in
between them, as in Figure 24. The plate a is covered with gauze or
other material before it is passed in, and after it is within the parts
of the plate 6 the latter is subjected to pressure, in order to force the
parallel strips of it on either side the plate a into the corrugations of
the latter plate, but not sufficiently to bring the two metals into actual
contact. The two plates are formed with lugs or eyes d and e, Figures
26 and 27, or with other projections, by means of which, together with
rings n', n', the several positive and negative plates may be alternately
combined, so as to form a pile in the form of a pliable chain or belt.
If I desire to obtain a battery less voluminous but of the same force,
I fold or double the elements, as shewn in Figure 27, and fill the
spaces between them with sponge or other convenient material, which
will absorb a great deal of the exciting liquid, and consequently prolong
the operation of the pile. Elements thus formed may of course be
coupled and connected into a chain or belt pile, as before. I employ
this disposition to form small piles fixed to the interior of the covers
of boxes or cases of hardened caoutchouc containing the exciting liquid.
By closing the cover for a moment, the pile is immersed in the exciting
liquid, and its action thereby renewed when re-opened.
I employ all the foregoing combinations in forming busks, rings, (as
in Figure 25,) bracelets, head ornaments, or any other suitable articles,
worn upon any part of the body, and the construction is manifestly
applicable to other purposes.
Another arrangement of hydro-electric voltaic chains I effect by
winding the metallic wires on two thin tubes of metal, leaving a space
between them for a porous nonconducting material, by which the action

page_text: of the pile may be prolonged. Figure 30 represents a piece of a chain
of this kind; Figure 28 shows an element of it in section and in plan;
and Figure 29 gives a plan view on a larger scale. g and g' are the
tubes covered entirely with threads, say, of cotton; and are the
two metallic wires which are pressed into the tubes g, g', to some
extent. The two extremities of the positive wire are put into metallic
contact with the two ends of one tube, and the extremities of the
negative wire with the ends of the other. The space S is increased or
diminished as the element is made more broad or more narrow.
I have several methods of forming chains of these last described
elements, one consists in uniting them by small links b, Plan, Figure 30.
These links are held by the heads of pins v, v, inserted in the tubes;
I thus produce a pliable chain, contact being effected between the
positive metal of one link and the negative metal of the adjacent link.
Another method consists in employing a bent brace, Figure 31 the
arms of which enter the tubes and connect them as shown.
Another improvement consists of an interruptor, constructed after
the methods set forth, and to be used for closing or breaking the circuit
in a simple way. Figures 32 and 33, Sheet 4, represent the instrument
in section and plan respectively. a is a cup or shell of caoutchouc, a'
and c are concentric rings of metal sunk in the material of the cup a
without touching each other; v and v¹ are two metallic rings fixed to
the cup; b and d are conducting wires or threads passing around the
bottom of the cup to establish metallic contact between the rings a', c,
and e, . The rings, e, receive also the wires of the hydro-electric
chain, or the conductors from any source of electricity; in the cavity
of the cup a is a loose metallic ball. It will be understood that at
certain moments this ball, by rolling in the interior of the cup a,
will be caused to touch momentarily two of the rings a', c, at once,
and thus make and break the circuit even by a movement accidentally
communicated to the instrument; a cover m may be added to the instru-
ment to prevent the escape of the ball from the cup. To this little
instrument I add a decomposing apparatus, which can be put in the
circuit of a chain or in any other electric circuit; g is a tube fixed on
the cover m, at the top of this tube is fitted a stopper t pierced with
a hole o. Two hooks h, k, receive the electricity from the electric
source, and to these hooks are attached two conducting wires 1 and 1,
the lower extremities of which are introduced into the interior of the
tube g, through the plug u, which closes the said tube from below; p
and p' are two platinum points soldered to the ends of the wires 1, 1.
On partially filling the tube with water the decomposition takes place
as soon as the apparatus is placed in the circuit.

page_text: And having now described the nature of the said Invention', and in
what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that I claim,-
First, the improved electro-magnetic apparatus herein-before
described and illustrated in Figures 1 and 2, Sheet 1 of the Drawings
hereunto annexed.
Second, producing a constant and energetic current in batteries with-
out the employment of acid, by the use of relatively positive and negative
substances, and a solution of bichromate of potass, bisulphate of potass,
and sea salt as herein-before described.
Third, the construction of portable flexible batteries upon a foun-
dation of perforated gutta percha or other suitable material, as herein-
before described and illustrated in the Drawings hereunto annexed;
also the construction of galvanic batteries, as described with reference
to Figures. 5 and 6, Sheet 5, of the said Drawings.
Fourth, the construction of portable flexible batteries by combining
a warp of fibrous or other similar material or partially of such material
with a weft of relatively positive and negative metals, and the supplying
of batteries so constructed with an exciting liquid by the capillary
action of the said warp, both as herein-before described and illustrated
in the Drawings hereunto annexed.
.;
Fifth, the construction of portable flexible batteries by causing
metals to adhere to surfaces of paper, leather, or other similar material
as herein-before described and illustrated in the Drawings hereunto
annexed.
Sixth, the construction of portable flexible batteries by inserting
plates of metal between the divided portions of other plates of metal,
with an insulating material between them, as herein-before described
and illustrated in the Drawings hereunto annexed.
Seventh, the construction of an instrument for making and breaking
electric circuits as herein-before described and represented in Figures
32 and 33, Sheet 4, of the Drawings hereunto annexed.
In witness whereof, I, the said Isac Louis Pulvermacher, have
hereunto set my hand and seal, this Seventeenth day of March,
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-eight.
Witness,
R. A. BROOMAN,
ISAC LOUIS PULVERMACHER. (L.s.)
166, Fleet Street, London.

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