AN IMPROVED PROCESS FOR OBTAINING AND UTILIZING THE CHEMICAL PRODUCTS OF SPENT BARK (COMMONLY CALLED TAN') AND ALL OTHER WOODY FIBRE, ALSO IMPROVED APPARATUS TO BE EMPLOYED THEREFOR;
Year: 1861

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Lorberg, of No. 34, Saint Mary-at-Hill,
Eastcheap, in the City of London, for the Invention of "AN IMPROVED
PROCESS FOR OBTAINING AND UTILIZING THE CHEMICAL PRODUCTS OF SPENT
BARK (COMMONLY CALLED TAN') AND ALL OTHER WOODY FIBRE, ALSO IMPROVED
APPARATUS TO BE EMPLOYED THEREFOR;"
.
Sealed the 12th September 1861, and dated the 15th March 1861.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Lorberg at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 15th
March 1861.
I, WILLIAM LORBERG, of No. 34, Saint Mary-at-Hill, Eastcheap, in the
City of London, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN-
IMPROVED PROCESS FOR OBTAINING AND UTILIZING THE CHEMICAL PRODUCTS OF SPENT
BARK, (COMMONLY CALLED TAN,') AND ALL OTHER WOODY FIBRE, ALSO IMPROVED
APPARATUS TO BE EMPLOYED THEREFOR," to be as follows:-
This Invention consists in subjecting the tan as it comes from the yard or
in other conditions, or other woody fibre to dry or destructive distillation at
certain temperatures. The products of this distillation are charcoal, tar, and
other oily matters, acid, and gas. The tar is subjected to certain processes for
the purposeof obtainingitsvariousconstituents, forexample, paraffine,creosote,.
naptha, and other constituents. The acid may be obtained from the liquor in
the usual way, or in improved apparatus of the following construction, that is:
031

page_text: to say: I employ a metal vessel of suitable dimensions, fixed to a conduit
pipe, situate between a furnace and a condenser; I fill said metal vessel with
alkali, which combines with the acid as it passes through same, without con-
densing much of the watery vapour, and by these means the acid is neutralized
in an almost saturated condition without any additional trouble.
The gas given off consists principally of hydrogen and carbonic oxide, and
therefore constitutes an excellent source of heat, which I propose to employ
for heating the whole apparatus. I would also observe that the aforesaid gas,
by the use of very simple means, can be made to burn with a luminous flame,
and thus be rendered applicable to illuminating purposes.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said William Lorberg in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
14th September 1861.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM
LOBBERG, of No. 34, Saint Mary-at-Hill, Eastcheap, in the City of Londor,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Fifteenth day of March, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-one, in the twenty-fourth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said William Lorberg, Her special licence that I, the said William Lorberg,
my executors,administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said William
Lorberg, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during
the term therein expressed, should and lawfullymight make, use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel
Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "AN IMPROVED PROCESS FOR OBTAIN-
ING AND UTILIZING THE CHEMICAL PRODUCTS OF SPENT BARK (COMMONLY CALLED
TAN) AND ALL OTHER WOODY FIBRE, ALSO IMPROVED APPARATUS TO BE EMPLOYED
THEREFOR," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said William
Lorberg, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under
my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and
ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was
to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent
Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the
said Letters Patent.

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said William Lorberg, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement, that is to say :-
This Invention consists in subjecting the tan as it comes from the yard or
in other conditions, or other woody fibre, to dry or destructive distillation at
certain temperatures. The products of this distillation are charcoal, tar, and
other oily matters, acid, and gas. The tar 's subjected to certain processes for
the purpose of obtaining its various constituents, for example, paraffine,
kreosote, naphtha, and other constituents. The acid may be obtained
from the liquor in the usual way, or in improved apparatus of the following
construction, that is to say -I employ a metal vessel of suitable dimensions
fixed to a conduit pipe, situate between a furnace and a condenser. I fill
said metal vessel with alkali, which combines with the acid as it passes
through same, without condensing much of the watery vapour, and by
these means the acid is neutralized in an almost saturated condition without
any additional trouble.
The gas given off consists principally of hydrogen and carbonic oxide, and
therefore constitutes an excellent source of heat, which I propose to employ
for heating the whole apparatus. I would also observe that the aforesaid gas,
by the use of very simple means, can be made to burn with a luminous
flame, and thus be rendered applicable to illuminating purposes.
In order to explain my said Invention as completely as possible I now
proceed to describe the best means I am acquainted with for carrying the
same into practical effect, reference being had to the accompanying illus-
trative Sheet of I-rawings, and to the numeral figures and letters of reference
marked thereon respectively as follows:-
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING.
The Drawing represents a longitudinal and vertical section of my improved
apparatus. A is the furnace; B, ash-pit; C, fire-place; D, retort; E, main;
G, saturator; a, agitator; b, opening for s applying alkali; c, tap; H, am-
monia receiver; I, water and tar partial condenser; K, condenser proper ;
L, naphtha receiver; M, gas holder.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PROCESS.
The processnaturally dividesitselfinto two parts, first, obtainingtheproducts;
secondly, the utilizing products of tan or woody fibre. It will be necessary
however in my description to combine the two, since in many particulars
The processnaturally dividesitselfinto two parts, first, obtainingtheproducts;
secondly, the utilizing products of tan or woody fibre. It will be necessary
however in my description to combine the two, since in many particulars

page_text: the first is materially modified to suit the purposes to which the products
are to be applied. By the carbonization of tan, in particular I obtain the
following products, charcoal, gas, acetic acid, ammonia, tar, and a variety
of ethereal oils, and ethereal or spirituous liquids, usually called wood spirit,
pyroxilic spirit, or naphtha and water. The tar contains the usual constituents
of wood tar, such as creosote, eupione, paraffine, and other constituents,
but is particularly rich in hydrocarbons, matters which I propose to convert
into gas by the means herein-after described, and thus I render these con-
stituents applicable for illuminating purpose. The apparatus required for
the carbonization of tan, or other woody fibre, consists of the retorts or
cylinders and furnaces. One of the principal products of the operation being
inflammable gas, it is necessary in determining the form or dimensions of
the retorts, first, to decide whether the gas is to be used for illuminating or
heating purposes, as, moreover, the quantity and quality of the various other
products greatly depend upon the amount, regularity, and intensity of the heat
supplied thereto, it is requisite to decide which the operator intends making
his principal products, and supposing the gas is to be used for illuminating
purposes, and is therefore to be the principal product, I proceed as follows:-
In the ordinary process I obtain about 13,000 cubic feet of inflammable
gas froin one ton of tar, which however I can increase to 15,000, or even
more. If a moderate heat, say, a dull red heat, be applied, then the gas is
but slightly illuminative. At a full red heat the gas is very bright, and
increases in brightness and quantity as the heat approaches to a white heat,
I therefore use retorts of moderate size, cylindrical, oval, square, or D shaped
from 4 to 8 feet long, and from 18 inches to 2 feet in diameter. These
retorts may be fitted up in the same or similar manner as the retorts now
employed in and for the manufacture of coal gas. In fact it is not material
what shape or size the retorts are, provided the diameter be not too large,
but I give the preference to the following arrangement of apparatus :-I
use cylindrical retorts from 4 to 6 feet high, and from 18 to 20 in diameter,
made of stout cast iron, from 1 inch to 1 inches thick, open at one end
and provided with a rim at top 2 to 21 inches wide. This opening is fitted
with a disc or round lid, also of cast iron, provided with a screw to fasten
it down tightly, and an exit pipe 2 to 3 inches diameter, and 4 to 6 inches
long. Various contrivances answer this purpose; I use a wrought-iron rod,
fitted moveably to the top of the cylinder, similar to the handle of a bucket,
with a screw in the centre. In fastening the disc or lid it is of course
necessary to employ a suitable kind of luting, such as clay or lime, as it is
highly important that the joints should be perfectly tight, and to ensure

page_text: at first have been
The retorts hold
by the use of a
this I prefer to use cast iron instead of wrought iron for the retorts, since
the joints of wrought irou do not keep tight, or if so
found to give way after the first two or three charges.
2 to 3 cwt. of tan, but can be made to hold 4 to 5 cwt.
press. Of these retorts I provide a double set, i.e., if I intend working with
12 I provide 24. The furnace in this case consists of a square, oblong, or
preferably elliptical room, or oven, with stout fire-brick side walls, of the
exact height of the retorts, and covered at top with a thick cast-iron plate,
provided with apertures of the same diameter, as the retorts which are
placed perpendicularly through these openings upon the floor of the furnace,
and are supported by the rim above mentioned, which at the same time
closes the apertures of the plate, if necessary a little luting may be applied
to make the joint true. The retorts are arranged in sets or nests of 2, 3,
4, 6, or even 12, in a furnace, and the fire is applied to them in a manner
similar to a reverbratory furnace so as to prevent this the direct action
of the fire upon the retorts, but it may also be applied directly underneath
the retorts. If more than 3 or 4 retorts are put in a nest it is desirable
to have two or more fires; a good chimney shaft should also be provided
in order to have a thorough good draught. If the gas is intended to be
used for heating purposes, for instance for heating the retorts or boilers,
or the like, then it is desirable to have it without illuminative power, in
fact to have as much hydrogen and light carburetted hydrogen as possible.
In this case I recommend the employment of somewhat larger retorts to
save labour in charging, and to apply only a moderate degree of heat thereto
say a dull red. In this instance I propose to use the tan or other woody
fibre wet, and thus I obtain a large quantity of a gas burning with a
bluish and very hot flame. The furnaces are to be constructed in the
manner herein-after described, only a much larger number could be placed
in one room or oven supplied with several fires. I run two, three, or four
gas pipes along the sides of each row of retorts, with apertures pointing
towards the retorts, or, still better, turn a pipe spirally round each retort.
Fifteen or twenty minutes after the fires have been lighted the supply of
gas commences and will be found more than sufficient to carbonize the
entire charge, and if a couple of gas holders were supplied for the storage
of gas then the process could be carried on without any fuel. In this
arrangement of the carbonising apparatus, a crane is required for the purpose
of lifting the retorts into and out of the furnaces. In thus giving preference
to one form of apparatus, I wish it to be distinctly understood that I do
not disclaim the horizontal arrangement which has advantages for certain

page_text: kinds of fibre, but for the special purpose of carbonising tan I prefer the
perpendicular retorts from the following reasons:-1st. the charging is done
much more conveniently, the tan being small or finely divided; 2nd, the
charcoal being left to cool in the retorts, great waste is avoided in drawing
it out red hot, when it invariably bursts into flame; 3dly, the process being
continuous, the fires are never allowed to slacken, and consequently the furnace
remains continually red hot; 4thly, the furnaces are much cheaper to construct,
are less liable to crack, and consequently last much longer; 5thly, the recorts
being moveable and three or four times a day under the eye of the workmen
any. flaws or beginning of a flaw can be at once detected and possibly rectified
without interfering with the furnace or interrupting the process. The con-
necting pipes and main I propose to arrange as follows-The position and
arrangement of the retort determine the arrangement of the connecting
pipes. In any case the arrangement may be similar to that employed in
ordinary gas works, which being well known and commonly used, I lay
no claim to except as regards the case of the upright retorts. In this case
I run a main either above or by the side of the furnace, or in any other
convenient or suitable position, and use connecting pipes with a moveable
joint and a union screw at the end to fasten to the exit pipe of the retort.
The diameter of the main will necessarily depend upon the number and
size of the retorts with which it is connected, and will vary from 1 to 3
feet. It is desirable to have it large in order to allow free egress. to
the vapours or gases from the retorts. One end of the main I close with a
blank flange, and to the other end I connect two pipes, one about 2 inches in
diameter, level with the bottom of the main, the other (varying in diameter
according to the size of the main) I connect a little above the centre of
the main. The smaller pipe, which is provided with a stopcock, carries off
from time to time the tarry liquid condensed in the main, and the larger pipe
conducts the vapours from the main into the condensing and separating
apparatus. The vapours arising from the retorts being a mixture of all the
products in the gaseons form may be condensed in the usual way, either by a
Liebig's condenser, the usual worm, or the atmospheric condenser, and after-
wards saturated, redistilled, evaporated, and otherwise treated. This process,
although usually employed, is attended with great waste of fuel, time, and
labour, to save which I construct an apparatus for the above purpose as
follows I take three vessels of equal size, holding from 50 to 100 gallons
each, made either of metal or wood; the first I call the saturator, this I provide
with 2, 3, or 4 perforated false bottoms, and a door close over cach bottom,
and a tap or cock close above the lowest or true bottom. The vessel is shut

page_text: steain-tight at top, but the larger exit pipe from the main enters either at
bottom, or preferably through the top, passing down within 3 inches of the
bottom. Another pipe passes from the top of the saturator down to within
2 or 3 inches of the bottom of the second vessel, or ammonia receiver. This
is a plain vessel without any false bottom. A second pipe passes from the top
of the said ammonia receiver to within 2 or 3 inches of the bottom of the third
vessel, or tar and water receiver, which is similarin construction to the second
vessel aforesaid, but is furnished with an outer vessel to contain cold water.
Each of the three vessels aforesaid is provided with a tap or cock at bottom,
and an opening shut with a screw cap or stopcock at top; the third vessel has
also an aperture for a thermometer. By the use of these three vessels com-
bined I effect the separation of the acid, the ammonia, the water and tar, the
naphtha, and the gas.
In the first or acid receiver, or saturator, I separate
all the acid. For this purpose I present an alkali to the acid vapours, which
combines with the acid without condensing much either of the tar or water,
since the temperature is not sensibly lowered. My object being to obtain the
alkaline acetate in as concentrated a condition as possible I prefer to employ
the alkali in the dry state, I therefore place a layer of slaked lime (mixed, if
necessary, with small coke or charcoal to render it porous) upon each of the
perforated bottoms, which not only neutralizes all the acid vapours, but also
decomposes the combinations of acetic acid with the ammonia and other
alkaline principles of the tar. Any other alkaline earth, if equally cheap in
the locality, will answer the purpose more or less effectually. The same object
can be attained by the employment of an alkaline carbonate, but to this there
is the objection that the gas becomes contaminated with carbonic acid, from
which it would afterwards have to be freed again. In order to avoid the
somewhat expensive and complicated arrangement of perforated bottoms the
lime may also be used as milk of lime, but in this case it is desirable to have
a stirrer or agitator in the saturator, otherwise the lime is apt to settle at the
bottom, and ultimately clog up the pipe. In some localities, chalk being less
expensive than lime, and whenever the gas is to be burnt in the furnaces, this
will be found to answer equally as well as lime, except as to the above-
mentioned objection. From the saturator the uncondensed vapours pass over
into the second vessel, or ammonia receiver. Here I present an acid to them,
either sulphuric, hydrochloric, nitric, or oxalic, according to what salt of
aminonia is to be obtained. The ammonia is neutralised and retained, but
the temperature being still rather high, the other vapours passon to the third
vessel. My object being here to condense all the tar and all the water, I keep
the temperature down to about 180° by a supply of cold water or a current of

page_text: air; the naphtha, ethereal oily principles, and illuminative gas remain volatile
at this temperature and pass over into the condenser proper, which consists of
any of the usual appliances for this purpose. The outlet pipe of the condenser
proper passes into the last vessel, where I obtain the naphtha and volatile oils,
the gas again passing off through a pipe at the top either into the furnace or
into a gasholder. By this arrangement I also effect a kind of naphthalization
of the
gas, which for illuminating purposes is highly advantageous; but when
the gas is to be burnt a greater quantity of naphtha may be obtained by the
old process, although it is questionable whether the additional quantity of
naphtha pays for the fuel, time, and labour necessary in that case.
I now proceed to describe the evaporating pans as follows:--These are of
the usual form and material; there should be at least three, two shallow ones
for evaporation, and one rather deep for torrefaction. The former I heat with
steam, the latter requires a direct fire.
The stills. Two stills at least are required. They may be of the ordinary
form, heated by steam, which I prefer. Several vats or pans are also required
for filtration, decantation, and crystallization, which being of the ordinary
kind require no description here. Also gasholders for the storage of gas,
unless other arrangements be made for this purpose.
MODUS OPERANDI.
First, the carbonization or dry distillation.-I fill the retorts with tan, either
dry, air dry, or mixed with tar, dry or wet, as it comes from the tan yard; I
press or stamp it down pretty firmly to within 2 or 3 inches of the top of the
retort, and then close the retort tightly, place it into the furnace, connect the
pipe, and the fire having been previously lighted, the process begins at once.
The vapours pass through the various separating vessels and the condensor,
and the gas finally passes into the gasholder or into the furnace, where it is
burnt. It may of course be also used for heating the evaporating pans or the
stills. If the tan be used dry the process is more rapid than if the tan be wet,
and the product is more concentrated, there being less water generated, and
the gas is more luminous, but 'appears in less quantity. If the tan be used
wet, and a good fire kept up, the liquid obtained is more dilute, but it is
evident that the moisture suffers decomposition to a certain extent along with
the woody fibre, for the product contains more acid in proportion to the fibre.
The most advantageous way is to mix the tan with tar, either wood tar or coal
tar from gasworks. The proportion of tan and tar may be varied from 1 ounce
to 6 ounces (by weight) of tar to every pound weight of tan. It is extremely
difficult to distil the tar alone, but in combination with 'finely divided woody

page_text: fibre, such as tan, sawdust, dyewoods, and the like, which readily absorb it,
the tar undergoes decomposition as easily as the fibre, and the production of
acid spirit, ammonia, and gas is greatly increased. Care must be taken not
to use too much tar, otherwise it boils over into the pipes and escapes
decomposition. If the fire is kept regular, and the process conducted care-
fully, the charcoal will be found little different from the tan charcoal, since
then nearly the whole of the taris volatilized. When the charge is completely
carbonized, which may be ascertained by the exit pipes becoming cool, the
exit pipe is disconnected, the opening of the retort stopped or plugged, and
the retort is lifted out by a crane or other contrivance and allowed to cool.
Another retort is at once placed into the furnace, and the process continues
uninterrupted. When the retorts are sufficiently cooled down the charcoal
is discharged into suitable vessels and kept out of atmospheric contact as
much as possible. From time to time the liquids in the saturator and in the
ammonia receiver are examined and withdrawn before they are completely
neutralized. As regards the liquor from the saturator, if lime or chalk have
been used, the liquid consists of a solution of acetate of lime mixed with
tarry matters and combinations of lime with acid tarry principles. It is advis-
able to allow some of the tarry matters to subside. If acetate of lime is to be
made the liquor is boiled down to dryness, and the crystals of acetate as they
form are removed, drained, and dried. If acetate of soda be the object of
manufacture then the liquid is drawn into a pan and quickly boiled down to
about 15° Baumé. It is then decomposed by the requisite quantity of sulphate
of soda (or carbonate, or soda ash, if price be no objection), and after the sul-
phate (or carbonate) of lime has been separated by filtration, or subsidence,
and decantation, the clear liquid is evaporated to about 30° Baumé, and then
run into vats to cool and crystallize. Dark brown crystals of acetate of soda
will be obtained in the course of 24 to 36 hours, which are drained from the
liquor and subjected to further purification. The mother liquor is again
evaporated, together with a fresh batch of liquor, and again set aside for
crystallization. The brown acetate of soda may be further purified at least
to a slightly yellow tint by repeated crystallisitions, which, however, is a
tedious process, and I therefore prefer to torrefy it as follows:-
The torrefaction.-This operation requires great care in the management,
because by employing too high a temperature the acid will be decomposed,
and the whole batch may be lost. To avoid this, I proceed in the following
manner, by which I produce perfectly pure and colourless crystals: In a
moderately shallow pan I evaporate a convenient quantity of the brown
crystals to complete dryness; the crystals first fuse in their water of crystal-

page_text: lisation, and ultimately crumble down into a dull black powder. I then place a
small quantity of the dry powder into the deep or torrifying pan, and carefully
heat it up to the fusing point, about 550° Fahrenheit; and when the salt is
in complete fusion, that is to say, when it can be stirred about like an oily mass
or heated tar I add more dry acetate in small portions at a time, so as not to
reduce the temperature too much, in fact, the quantity should never be suffi-
cient to interrupt the fusion of the melted mass; I thus continue the process
until the pan is nearly full. I then keep up the fire for about an hour or
more, constantly agitating the mass, so as to bring every particle in repeated
contact with the atmosphere, and ultimately run it out into a shallow iron
pan where it immediately congeals into a dark grey dull brittle stoney mass.
When quite cold I re-dissolve it in water, separate the carbonaceous
particles by subsidence or filtration, again evaporate to about 30° Baumé,
and finally crystallize. By this process the combinations of the alkali with
kreosote and other tarry principles are completely decomposed, and the tarry
inatters partly driven off as vapours, partly reduced to charcoal, as, however,
by this decomposition small quantities of alkali are liberated, the acetate
would be contaminated by carbonate if the crystallization were carried too
far. For this reason, after two or three crystallizations I throw back the
mother liquor into a fresh quantity of acetate of lime to be decomposed, thus
utilising the carbonate, and preventing the deterioration of the acetate. The
carbonate being more soluble than the acetate there is no danger of any
carbonate crystallising, if the evaporation be not carried beyond 35° Baumé
in summer, and 30° Baumé in winter. As regards the liquor obtained from
the ammonia receiver, this consists of a solution of sulphate of ammonia or
chloride of ammonium, according to what acid was used, contaminated with
tarry matters, and is purified in a manner similar to that of the acetate. If
the chloride be required pure it has ultimately to be sublimed in the usual
way, and as regards the liquor obtained from the third vessel, if the process be
conducted carefully this contains water and tar, only the tar is separated by
subsidence and decantation. Should it be found to contain more than a trace
of ammonia it is only required to cool down the ammonia receiver to 180°
Fahrenheit to 195° Fahrenheit, to prevent the ammonia from passing over,or
to introduce an acid in the third vessel to combinewith the alkali. As regards
the liquor in the last or naphtha vessel, it contains naphtha (wood spirit, wood
ether), more or less strong, according to the temperature kept in the third
vessel, and a considerable quantity of volatile oil of a dark brown color float-
ing on the top, and which may therefore mostly be removed by decantation;
the naphtha is then rectified bydistillation. As regards the gas obtained by the

page_text: pass
foregoing process, generally the gas as obtained by the above process is quite
pure and fit for illumination. Should further purification be desirable I
it through a vessel containing milk of lime, or preferably dry lime mixed with
coke, which completely removes all traces of tarry matters which may have
been carried along with the gas. In the ordinary process I obtain between
10,000 and 15,1 00 cubic feet of gas, but when gas is the principal object I
convert so much into gas as to obtain between 15,000 and 18,000 cubic feet.
Having now fully described and set forth the nature and object of my said
Invention of" An Improved l'rocess for Obtaining and Utilizing the Che-
mical Products of Spent Bark (commonly called 'Tan ') and all other Woody
Fibre, also Improved Apparatus to be employed therefor," together with the
best means I am acquainted with for carrying the saine into practical effect;
I would remark, in conclusion, that what I claim as my Invention intended
to be secured to me by the herein-before in part recited Letters Patent is
as follows:-
Firstly, I claim the means, above described, for effecting the carbonization
or dry or destructive distillation of tan and other woody fibre, particularly
refuse woody fibre, such as sawdust, dye-woods, chips, and other similar woody
fibres for the purpose of obtaining certain products therefrom, as above
stated.
S. condly, the carbonization of wet woody fibre, as above described.
Thirdly, the means above described for effecting the distillation or carboni-
zation of tar, wood tar, and coal tar in combination with woody fibre.
Fourthly, the meansabove described for effecting the purification of acetate
of soda by torrefaction.
Fifthly, the apparatus, above described and represented by the accom-
panying Drawing, for conducting the process of separating and condensing
the products.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Lorberg, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Fourteenth day of September, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-one.
WM. LORBERG. (L.S.)