AN IMPROVEMENT OR IMPROVEMENTS IN MAKING PAPER BY MACHINERY
Year: 1828

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, GEORGE
DICKINSON, of Buckland Mill, near Dover, in the County of Kent, Paper
Manufacturer, send greeting.
WHEREAS I, the said George Dickinson, did by my petition humbly
represent to His most Excellent Majesty King George the Fourth, that I had,
by long study and application, and after much trouble, labour, and expence,
found out and invented "AN IMPROVEMENT OR IMPROVEMENTS IN MAKING PAPER
BY MACHINERY," which said Invention I, the said George Dickinson, conceived
would be of great public utility; that J, the said George Dickinson, was the
first and true Inventor thereof, and that the same was not known (except
to those whom I had employed in constructing the model for the same), and
had never been used or practised by any other person or persons, to the best of
my knowledge and belief; I did therefore most humbly pray His Majesty to
be graciously pleased to grant unto me, my executors, adñiors, and assigns, His
Majesty's Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain for the
sole use, benefit, and advantage of my said Invention within that part of His
Majesty's United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland called England, His
Majesty's Dominion of Wales, and Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, for the term
of fourteen years, according to the Statute in that case made and provided;
and His said Majesty, being willing to give encouragement to all arts and
inventions which might be for the public good, was graciously pleased to con-
descend to my request, and therefore, by His Royal Letters Patent under the
Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at Westminster, the Twenty-first
day of February, in the ninth year of His reign, of His especial grace, certain

page_text: knowledge, and mere motion, for Himself, His heirs and successors, did give
and grant unto me, the said George Dickinson, my exors, adñiors, and assigns,
His especial licence, full power, sole privilege and authority, that I, the said
George Dickinson, my exors, adñiors, and assigns, and every of us, by ourselves,
or by our deputy or deputies, servants or agents, or such others as I, the
said George Dickinson, my exors, adñiors, or assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times hereafter, during the
term of years therein and herein-after expressed, should and lawfully might
make, use, exercise, and vend my said Invention within that part of His
Majesty's United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland called England, His
Dominion of Wales, and Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, in such manner as to
me, the said George Dickinson, my exors, adiñiors, and assigns, or any of them,
should in our discretions seem meet; and that I, the said George Dickinson,
my exors, adiñors, and assigns, should and lawfully might have and enjoy the
whole profit, benefit, commodity, and advantage from time to time coming,
growing, accruing, and arising, by reason of the said Invention, for and during
the term of years therein and herein-after mentioned; to have, hold, exercise,
and enjoy the said licence, powers, privileges, and advantages therein-before
granted or mentioned to be granted unto me, the said George Dickinson, my
exors, admors, and assigns, for and during and unto the full end and term of
fourteen years from the date of the said Letters Patent next and immediately
ensuing, and fully to be complete and ended, according to the Statute in such
case made and provided; in which said Letters Patent is contained a proviso,
that if I, the said George Dickinson, should not particularly describe and
ascertain the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same
is to be performed, by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal,
and cause the same to be inrolled in His Majesty's High Court of Chancery
within four calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said
Letters Patent, that then the said Letters Patent, and all liberties and
advantages whatsoever thereby granted, should utterly cease, determine,
and become void, any thing therein-before contained to the contrary thereof
in anywise notwithstanding, as in and by the same Letters Patent, relation
being thereunto had, more fully and at large appears.
NOW KNOW YE, that in obedience to the said Letters Patent, and in com-
pliance with the said proviso therein contained, I, the said George Dickinson,
do hereby describe and ascertain the nature of my aforesaid Invention, and the
manner in which the same is to be performed, in manner following (that is
to say) :-
_ My said Invention is applicable to machinery of a similar kind to that which is

page_text: now commonly used by paper makers, and whereby liquid pulp (or stuff pre-
viously prepared) is moulded and formed into paper upon the horizontal surface
of an endless web of wire cloth, which is extended over revolving rollers, so as
to be moved-horizontally in the direction of its length. The liquid pulp being
poured out in a continual stream upon one end of the horizontal surface that
the endless web presents for its reception, is carried forwards by the progressive
motion of the moving surface, so as to cover over the same with an even film
or thin layer of watery semi-fluid pulp, which becomes-concentrated and less
fluid by the continual drawing away of the superabundant water through the
wire cloth during the progress of the pulp along with the moving web through
all the length of the horizontal surface which that web presents. The pulp
will thereby be coagulated upon the wire, and the drainage of the water from
the pulp-is-expedited by causing the wire-and-the pulp-to-pass over a vessel
or hollow space from which the air is partially exhausted by air pumps, in
order that the external atmospheric air may press the pulp upon the wire,
and cause the water to drain away through the same. The pulp is afterwards
consolidated by causing it to pass along with the web between a pair of revolv-
ing pressing rollers, around one of which the web is conducted; and the other
or upper roller presses by its weight upon the surface of the pulp, so as to
squeeze it down against the wire and express the water from it, whereby
it acquires such a state of consistency as to admit of being detached from the
wire in a continuous film of wet paper, and transferred to the surface of an
endless web of soft felt which is extended over revolving rollers. And by the
motion of that felt the paper is conducted along with the felt between another
pair of pressing rollers, which express more of the water from the paper, and
by the pressure of those rollers the paper is so much consolidated that it will
admit of being removed from the felt in a continuous film of damp paper,
which is wound by the machine around a reel, from which it is afterwards cut
off and divided into detached sheets of paper.
And in order to facilitate the
draining away of the water from the layer of liquid pulp, and to effect
its formation into a consistent film of paper upon the moving surface of the
web, that surface requires to be continually shaken or jogged alternately back-
wards and forwards with a short and quickly reciprocating motion. In the
paper machines hitherto in use that shaking motion is given in a horizontal
and lateral direction across the direction of the slow and progressive motion,
whereby the web carries forwards the pulp in a film upon its horizontal surface
as fast as the pulp is poured out upon one end of the horizontal part of the
web; and the extent of such horizontal lateral shaking motion, or the space
through which the web shakes backwards and forwards, is greatest at that

page_text: end of the horizontal surface of the web where the pulp is first poured out
upon the same, but is less and less at all parts of the web as they extend
towards the other end, where the pulp becomes consistent, so that the watery
pulp is subjected to a considerable horizontal agitation at first; but as it pro-
ceeds along with the web and parts with its water (by draining through the
wire cloth) that agitation diminishes, because the space through which
the web is moved laterally backwards and forwards becomes less and less, till
it is nearly imperceptible at the end where the film of wet paper is removed
from the wire, as before described. And whereas I have found out that
the formation of the watery pulp into consistent paper is better per-
formed by shaking that part of the web which first receives the liquid pulp
with a motion alternately upwards and downwards nearly in a vertical direction,
than by shaking the same horizontally and laterally, I have, after much study
and repeated trials, at great expence, succeeded in constructing a machine,
which is represented in the two Sheets of Drawings hereunto annexed),
the various parts of which are very similar to those of other paper machines
heretofore in use, but those parts are arranged, disposed, and combined
together in a suitable manner to admit of giving an up and down shak-
ing motion to the web, instead of a lateral horizontal shaking motion, as
heretofore practised in paper machines. Figure 1 is a longitudinal elevation
of the whole machine, taken sideways; and Figure 2 is a horizontal plan,
corresponding to Figure 1. Both these Figures are drawn to a scale of an
inch and a half to a foot, or one-eighth part of the real size. Figures 4 and 5,
Sheet 2, are sections of one of the cylinders of the machine. The same letters
of reference are used to designate the same parts in all the four Figures.
The red line a, a, a, Figure 1, represents the endless web of wire cloth, which
is extended half round a horizontal roller A at one end, and rather more than
one fourth round a horizontal cylinder B, B, at the other. The upper part of
the web, which is extended from the top of the roller A to the top of the cylinder
B, forms the horizontal moving surface which is to receive the liquid pulp,
and that part of the wire is borne up from beneath by a series of small
rollers b, b, b, which are mounted on pivots at each end, and are placed side by
side, close together, across the breadth of the web, as shewn in Figure 2, so
as to form a sort of horizontal table, along which the wire cloth can move very
easily when the cylinder B is turned round in order to cause the endless web
to circulate about the roller A and the cylinder B. After passing over the
cylinder B, the web is conducted between a pair of pressing rollers W, W, and
having passed around the lower of those rollers, the under part of the web is
borne up by one roller v, and is also carried over another roller x, which

page_text: is mounted in a frame, and can be set backwards or forwards, either at one
end or the other, as may be requisite, in order to strain the wire to an
equal tension at each edge of the web. The cylinder B and the roller A revolve
about axles supported in suitable bearings which are attached to a cast-iron
framing consisting of two sides C, D, E, which are placed at opposite sides of
the web, in parallel vertical planes, and are united firmly together by a hori-
zontal cross bar F at one end, and by a smaller bar G at the other end. The
lower ends of the upright legs C, at one end of the frame are supported on
fixed centre pins, by which they are jointed into sockets d, fastened upon the
main wood framing; the middle of the cross bar F at the other end of the
frame is borne up by a connecting rod e, from a crank of a very short radius
at the extreme end of a horizontal spindle H, which is supported in
bearings by the wood framing of the machine, and is turned rapidly
round by the machinery, in order that its short crank may, by the con-
necting rod e, alternately raise up and lower down the cross bar F,
together with the frames C, D, E, which are united together by the bar
F; the endless web a, a, with all its various rollers A, b, b, v, x, and the
cylinder B, which are contained between those frames (and are supported
thereby), partake of the motion. An up and down shaking motion is thus
given to that part of the web which encompasses the roller A, and where the
liquid pulp is first poured upon it from the trough I, the motion of the frames
C, D, E, being about the horizontal axis or centre lines of the two fixed pins
in the sockets d. The cylinder B, which is nearly over that axis, partakes but
very slightly of the shaking motion; but the motion which it does derive
therefrom is backwards and forwards, nearly in a horizontal direction, and in
the direction of the motion of the web; and each part of the length of the
web has less and less extent of that shaking motion in proportion to its
distance from the axis of motion d, and also the up and down shaking motion
thus given to every part of the web is more inclined towards a horizontal
direction, according as that part is more distant from the roller A and nearer
towards the cylinder B. The cylinder B is turned round, in order to give the
progressive motion to the said endless web of wire a, a, by means of teeth
formed at each end of the cylinder B, which teeth are engaged by the teeth
of two wheels J, J, fixed on the ends of a horizontal axle K, which is
mounted in bearings formed in the frame at E. A pulley L, Figure 2, is fixed
on the extreme end of the axle K, to receive an endless strap, which also
passes round another equal pulley, mounted upon an axle M (see also Figure 1),
which is situated beneath the centre line of the axis of motion d, in order
that the tension of the endless strap which encompasses the pulley L may

page_text: be but slightly affected by the shaking motion of the frame C, D, E, F. At
the other end of the axle M is another pulley, to give it motion by an endless
strap from a pulley upon the horizontal shaft N, which is turned by bevelled
wheels at O from the long horizontal shaft P, to which the first motion is
given to turn the machine by water or steam power, and the shaft P, by other
bevelled wheels at Q, turns the cross shaft R with a quick motion, and by a
large pulley S and an endless belt a rapid motion is given to a small pulley
which is fixed on the extreme end of the axis H of the crank, so as to turn
that crank round rapidly, and then the crank rod e gives the up and down
shaking motion to the frame C, D, E, F, in which the web is mounted, as
before described. The liquid pulp, being suitably prepared and tempered with
water in a vat, is conducted by a pipe (not seen in the Figures) into a
trough 5, Figure 1, from which it is delivered into another horizontal trough,
mounted across the end of the frame D, D, F, as shewn by dotted lines I in
Figure 1, and then the pulp flows over the edge of that trough in an even
stream, which flows over a flap of leather that is fastened to the edge of the
trough I, and applies upon the horizontal surface of the endless web a, a, at
the part
which passes round the roller A. By this leather flap the pulp is
delivered upon the moving web at a little distance beyond the commencement
of the series of small rollers b, b, and by the continual motion of the web the
pulp is carried forwards in a even film as fast as it flows from the trough I
over its leather flap upon the wire. To retain the pulp within a certain
width upon the wire, and to prevent it running off sideways, two endless
straps h, h, called deckle straps, are applied longitudinally along each edge of
the horizontal surface of the wire, at the places where the two edges of the
paper are intended to be, so that the space between the two deckle straps
determines the width of the paper. The deckle straps h, h, are extended
round pullies i, i, placed over the roller A, and also round other pullies j, j,
Figure 2, fixed upon the axle K of the cog wheels J, J, which give motion to
the cylinder B, and the deckle straps are thereby moved along with the wire,
so as to accompany the same, with a corresponding motion. The deckle straps
are held down in close contact with the wire by two horizontal brass rails k, k,
called deckles, which are fixed immediately over the deckle straps h, h, being
supported upon two horizontal cross bars 1, 1, which extend across over the
wire from one of the side frames C, D, to the opposite one, and the bars 1, 1,
pass through the two deckles k, k, at right angles to their length. The centre
pins, on which the pullies i, i, revolve, are carried by brackets fixed to the
ends of the deckles k, k. The deckles k, k, can be moved along the crass
bars, and fixed at any place; and also the pullies j. j, Figure 2, can

page_text: be moved along the axis K, and fixed thereon, so as that the deckle straps h, h
may be applied upon any part of the width of the wire, according to the width
of the paper required to be made thereon. m, m, are two small pullies
applied to each of the deckle straps to bend it from a straight line as much as
may be requisite to give that strap a proper degree of tension over its pullies
i, i, and j, j. The pins upon which the pullies m; m; revolve, are fixed at the
opposite ends of a bar, which is fixed by its middle to a short upright standard
erected from the deckle, the bar being fixed by one screw bolt, about which it
is moveable as a centre of motion. One of the pullies m can be set higher,
and the other lower, as may be necessary, to tighten the deckle strap. Each
of the deckle straps is also conducted beneath another pulley n, which is partly
immersed in a box fixed upon the deckle and containing water.
The deckle
straps h, h, by passing through the water in those boxes, are continually
washed and cleared from all the fragments of paper or pulp which may adhere
to them. The cross bars 1, 1. which support the two deckles k, k, over the web,
are sustained at each end. by two upright screws fixed fast to the horizontal
rails D, D, of the framing; and by means of nuts upon these screws, the cross
bars 1, 1, can be set higher or lower, as may be necessary, to level them, and
cause the deckle straps h, h, to apply properly upon the surface of the wire.
The pivots at the ends of the small rollers 6, 6, beneath the web a, a; are sup-
ported in notches in the edges of pieces which are fastened to the insides of
the side rails D, D. A large flat tray, shewn by dotted lines at 20, 20, in
Figure 1, is placed beneath all the small rollers b, b, in order to catch the
water which runs down through the wire from the liquid pulp. This tray is
fixed on two cross rails, the ends of which are supported by the arms of iron
standards T, T. The horizontal spindle H of the crank is supported in
bearings, carried by an iron frame, which is extended across the wood framing;
and upright standards 4, 4, are erected upon the wood framing, with brackets
projecting out from them, beneath the cross bar F, at the end of the frame
C, D, E, to support two strong springs o, which balance the weight of that
end of the frame, in order to facilitate the action of the crank to give the up
and down shaking motion thereto. The stuff trough I, from which the pulp
is poured out upon the web, is fixed horizontally across within side of the
frame D, F, D, being fixed thereto, and moving therewith. That edge of the
trough I which is nearest to the roller A is lower than the other edge, to
permit the pulp to flow over it; and the flap of leather which is nailed to the
edge of the trough extends over the wire on the top of the roller A, to con-
duct the stream of pulp from the through to the wire. The prepared pulp is
conveyed into the trough I by another trough 5, fixed immoveably over it,

page_text: and into which the prepared pulp is brought through a pipe from a vat, in the
usual manner of other paper machines. 6 is the slice. It is a thin board, fixed
edgeways upwards, across between the deckles k, k, so as to leave a small narrow
space between its lower edge and the surface of the wire for the pulp to flow
through along with the moving web. The lower edge of the slice 6 dips into
the pulp, and tends to diminish the waves which form on the surface of the
moving pulp; and the slice also prevents the passage of any bubbles of air
which have been raised upon the liquid pulp by its previous agitations in
pouring out over the leather flap upon the wire. The circumference of the
cylinder B is pierced with a great number of small holes disposed at regular
intervals. It will, therefore, admit water to drain through from the film of
pulp or half-formed paper which covers the endless web where it passes over
the cylinder B. That water passes through the holes which are pierced in its
circumference into the inside, where it is received into a trough 7, Figures 3
and 4, fixed withinside the cylinder; and from that internal trough the water
is carried away by a drain pipe, which is conducted through the hollow axle 8, 8,
on which the cylinder B revolves. And to cause the water to thus drain
through from the paper to the inside of the cylinder B, the interior of the
trough 7, which is fixed withinside of that cylindar, is kept partially exhausted
of air by the continual action of air pumps worked by the machine (but which
are not represented in the Drawings). A portion of air being withdrawn
from the internal trough 7, the elastic pressure of the air which remains in it
is rendered less than that of the external atmospheric air which is in contact
with the outside surface of the film of pulp or half-formed paper upon the
endless wire, and consequently that paper is pressed down upon the wire by
the excess wherewith the pressure of the atmosphere predominates over the
pressure of the air remaining unexhausted from the internal trough 7. This
difference of pressure tends to squeeze out the water from the paper, and it
passes through the wire cloth to the inside of the cylindar B, and is received
within the internal trough 7, from whence it drains away by the drain pipe
which passes through the hollow axle 8, 8. The construction of the cylinder B
and its internal trough 7 is explained by Figure 3, which is a longitudinal
section, and Figure 4, which is a transverse section, of that cylinder. B, B, is
the rim or circumference of the cylinder, which is made of brass or copper,
pierced with a great number of holes, which are about one fourth of an inch
diameter, and are arranged at distances of about three eighths of au inch
apart from the centre of one hole to the centre of every adjacent hole; (that
is to say,) the centres of every three adjacent holes form the three angles of an
equilateral triangle, each side of which is three eighths of an inch. The ends

page_text: of the cylinders are closed by two circular plates or wheels 9, 9, which have
projecting rims entering a little way into each end of the cylinder B, B, and
fastened thereto by screws through the centres of the wheels 9, 9. The ends
of the fixed hollow axle 8, 8, pass in holes bushed with brass; and around the
circumferences of the plates 9, 9, teeth are formed to communicate motion to
the cylinder B, B, at each end thereof, from the cog wheels J, J, upon the
axis K, as before described. The extremeties 8, 8, of the hollow axil project
out from the centre of each end 9, 9, of the cylinder B; and those extremeties
are received and clamped fast in the bearings at the upright ends or legs C of
the frame C, D, E, Figure 1, so as to prevent the axle 8 from turning round,
but the cylinder turns round upon that axle. The axle 8, 8, is not straight,
but it bends down in the middle part 10, in the manner of a crank, within the
cylinder B, as is shewn in Figure 3; and into this lower part 10 three straight
iron pins 11, 11, 11, are fixed fast, so as to stand up therefroni. Their upper
ends are fitted into sockets formed at the under side of the internal trough 7,
and spiral springs are coiled round the pins 11, to act beneath those sockets,
to urge the trough 7 outwards from the centre of the cylinder B, and cause
the edges of the trough 7 to apply closely to the internal surface of the
cylinder B, B, with a sufficient force to make them fit closely thereto. The
bottom part of the trough 7 is made of metal, with the sockets for the pins 11
projecting down from the under side of it. The sides of the trough 7 are
made of wood, fixed upon the metal bottom by screws, as shewn in Figure 4,
and the ends of the trough are made of iron. The internal surface of the
trough is lined with leather, the edges 12 and 15, Figure 4, of which are
turned over the upper edges of the sides of the trough; and the upper edges
of the ends of the trough are also covered with leather at all the parts where
they apply to the interior surface of the cylinder, in order to make a close
junction thereto, and to prevent the entrance of any air into the trough except
that which may pass through the paper. From each end of the trough 7 a
pipe 13, 14, proceeds with a curve, and passes through the hollow axle 8, 8.
The air pipe 13, which goes to the air pumps, passes through the bottom of
the trough 7, and is fastened thereto, then extends horizontally within the
trough, along a great part of its length, being pierced with small holes at every
part to admit the air to be drawn from the trough into the pipe 18; and as
the air enters at so many points, it is drawn away equally from every part of
the length of the trough. The water pipe 14 is for draining off the water
from the trough 7, and it joins to the bottom of the trough. The pipes 13,
14, are rather smaller than the hollows within the ends 8, 8, of the axle
through which they pass, in order to admit of as much play as is requisite for

page_text: the trough to enable its edges to apply to the internal surface of the
cylinder BThe internal trough 7 applies to the interior surface of the
cylinder B, so that one of the sides 15, Figure 4, of the trough will stand
vertically over the centre line of the cylinder B; and when the endless web,
by its progressive motion, conveys the film of half-formed paper "over the
upper part of the cylinder B, the water will be expressed from the paper by
the atmospheric pressure during the passage of the paper over that part of the
cylinder B. which covers over the trough 7, from which the air is partially
exhausted by the air pumps. The water pipe 12 is turned down in a
vertical direction after passing out through the extreine end of the hollow
axle 8, and the lower end of the pipe is open, and dips beneath the
surface of the water, which drains down through the pipe into a small
cistern placed on the ground at the side of the machine to receive the
water. The water in the cistern prevents the external air from entering at
the open end of the pipe. The air pipe 13 is extended from the extreme
end of the hollow axle 8 to the air pumps, which are two working barrels, of
about 3 inches bore, combined together to act alternately. Their pistons
move through about 7 inches stroke, with alternate reciprocating motions
transmitted by suitable levers..from a crank formed upon a spindle, which is
turned round by an endless strap and pulley fixed upon any convenient part
of the first motion.shaft P The relative diameters of those pullies are
adapted to give each of the pistons about twelve strokes per minute, so as to
exhaust twenty-four times the capacity of either of the barrels per minute
from the internal trough 7. When the cylinder B is turning at such a rate
as to move: the endless web through a space of twenty-five feet per minute,
and, consequently, when the machine is making twenty-five feet length of
paper per minute, the deckles being set at three feet apart to make the paper
of that width; and each of the two pullies which receive the endless strap to
give motion to the crank which works the air pumps should have three
grooves of different sizes, in order that, by shifting the strap from one groove
to another, the air pumps may be moved quicker or slower, as 'may be found,
on trial, to answer best, in order to drain the paper by suction in the manner
before described whilst it is passing over the partially exhausted trough 7.
The rate of motion necessary to enable the air pumps to produce an adequate
degree of exhaustion within the trough 7 will depend upon the thickness and
quality of the paper to be made, its width, and the rapidity with which it is
made or passed over the trough. 7. Note.-The ends 16 of the internal
trough 7 must be opposite to the deckles, in order that the space between
them (or the length within the trough .7; which is partially exhausted, may be

page_text: equal to the width of the paper which is making at the time upon the wire;
and those ends are moveable within the trough, that they may be set therein
to correspond with the deckles according to any width of paper that is required
to be made. The ends of the trough 7 are only fitted in between the two
sides 12 and 15 thereof without any fastening, and their friction is sufficient
to keep them wherever they may be placed. The places of the ends must be
adjusted at the same time that the deckles äre set to the width of the intended
paper. For this purpose, a small rod is inserted through suitable holes per-
forated in the ends 9, 9, of the cylinder B, B, and by screwing a screw formed
on the end of that rod into a corresponding hole in each of the ends 16 of
the trough, the rod takes firm hold of that end, and each end can thus in
turn be drawn by the rod along in the trough to place it at the required part
in the length thereof.
Having now described all those parts of the machine by which the pulp is
formed into a continuous film of wet paper, I shall proceed to enumerate
those parts by which that paper is pressed by suitable pressing rollers, and
then detached from the endless wire and transferred to an endless felt, in
order to be again pressed between other pressing rollers. As the
paper is
carried round the cylinder B by the 'motion of the endless web, it passes
beyond that part of the cylinder which is over the internal trough 7, and then
the paper is no longer affected by the atmospheric pressure, which is occa-
sioned by the exhaustion by the air pumps; but the paper remains upon the
surface of the endless web completely formed' into paper, though still in a wet
state; that wet paper is carried along with the endless wire between a pair of
pressing rollers W, which are mounted one over the other in brackets 17, 24,
projecting out from the frame C, D, and the lower of the two rollers W is
turned round by an intermediate pinion p; from the toothed wheelwork 9, at
one end of the cylinder B, working into a toothed wheel w, fixed upon one
end of the lower roller W. The pivots at each end of the axis of the lower
pressing roller W are supported on bearings formed at the ends of brackets 17,
which are fastened to the lower ends of the upright legs C, C, of the frame,
and project out therefrom. Two upright standards 24 are fixed upon the
brackets 17, and stand up high enough to retain the pivots of the upper roller
W, and keep that roller in its place over the lower roller. The upper roller W
rests, by its own weight, upon the wire which encompasses the lower roller
W, in order to press upon the paper with which the wire is covered; and
to increase that pressure as much as may be necessary, the upper roller
is borne downwards by hooks applied to the pivots of its axis, and connected
with levers 25, which are moveable about centre pins fixed in the ends of the

page_text: brackets 17; and the ends of the levers 25 are loaded with weights to, bear.
down the upper pressing roller W towards the lower roller W, so as to apply
the surface of that roller in close contact against the film of wet paper which
covers that part of the endless wire where it surrounds the lower roller W, in
order that, by passing between the pair of pressing rollers W, a slight pressure
may be given to the paper whilst it remains upon the wire.
After passing
through the pressing rollers W, W, the paper is detached from the endless
web a, a, and passes upwards to apply itself to an endless felt 1, 1, r, which
is supported and extended over a series of rollers 17, 17, 17, 17, 18, all turn-
ing freely upon pivots at their ends, those pivots being supported in brackets
fastened to the wood framing. The endless felt passes between a second pair
of pressing rollers Y, which are turned round by the toothed wheelwork X, y.
The pivots of the roller 18 are lodged in notches in racks, so as to admit of
altering the position of that roller, in order that the endless felt may be
extended to a proper tension. The wet paper being carried along with the
endless felt r, r, between the second pressing rollers Y, is further consolidated
and squeezed by the pressure that they occasion, so that after the paper has
passed between those rollers it can be separated from the endless felt in a
sufficiently dry and firm state to enable it to be gathered around the surface
of the reel Z, which is turned slowly round by the wheel 19, the pinion 20,
and the pullies 21, 22, from the end of the axis of the second pressing rollers
Y, so as to draw off the paper from the endless felt r, r, as fast as it is deli-
vered out from between the rollers Y. When the reel Z has accumulated
and wound up around its own circumference as much paper as is thought
desirable, it is removed, and another empty reel z is put in its place to take
up the paper; to facilitate the exchange of the empty reel for the full one,
the two reels are lodged in suitable sockets at the opposite ends of bars
23, 23, which are fixed by their middles to a horizontal axle 24, and move
with that axle, in order to turn the bars 23 half round, or end for end, and
thus convey one of the reels into the place of the other reel.
It is unneces-
sary to give any further description of the latter parts of the machine which
operate upon the paper after it is detatched from the endless wire, because
they are well known to those conversant with the paper machines now in use.
The motion of the endless felt, r, is communicated to it from the pressing
rollers Y, Y, between which it passes. The two toothed wheels X and y,
which turn the second pair of pressing rollers Y from the main cross shaft N,
must be apportioned according to the relative diameters of those rollers, as
well as to the relative diameters of the pullies, upon the cross shafts N and M,
which turn the pulley L, together with the cog wheels J, J, and the inter-

page_text: mediate pinion p, and the cog wheel w, in order that the motion given to the
endless felt r, r, may exactly correspond in direction and in velocity with the
motion of the endless wire a, a; and in like manner the pullies 21, 22, must
be apportioned to the wheel and pinion 19 and 20, and according to the
diameter of the reel Z, so that the reel will wind up the paper just as fast as
the endless felt gives it off. The crank pin which produces the up and down
shake of the endless web is fastened at the end of the horizontal spindle H at
three sixteenths of an inch out of the centre line thereof, so as to give an up
and down motion of three eighths of an inch to the cross bar F, at the end
of the frame C, D, F, D, C; but that crank pin admits of being fixed at a
greater or a less radius, so as to give a longer or shorter shaking motion, as
may, on trial, be found most suitable for making different kinds of paper.
The small pulley on the end of the spindle H is apportioned according to the
sizes of the bevelled wheels Q and the pulley S, so as to produce one turn of
the crank in the time that the endless web advances forwards about one inch;
therefore, the web is shaken once upwards and downwards again at about
every inch of paper that is made.
Having now completely described the machine which I have brought to
bear so as to answer in practice, I do hereby declare that my Invention con-
sists in giving a shaking motion to the endless web of woven wire about a
fixed axis situated at a distance below the horizontal plane of that part of the
said wire upon which the paper is formed, the said centre being nearly ver-
tically below that part of the said web where the paper is subjected to the
pressure of the atmosphere, and which shaking motion is such, that if a line
be drawn from the said axis, and at right angles therewith, to any point in
the plane of the said web near to the part thereof which first receives the
pulp, the said line would move upwards and downwards in a vertical plane.
And whereas the arrangement, disposition, and combination of the various
parts of the machine herein-before described have been adopted, in order to
enable the endless web to receive an up and down shaking motion as afore-
said, they may be greatly varied, at the discretion of the inaker of the
machine, without departing from that essential property of my Invention as
herein-before set forth.
In witness whereof, I, the said George Dickinson, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Eighteenth day of June, in the ninth year of the
reign of our Sovereign Lord George the Fourth, by the Grace of God
of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland King, Defender
of the Faith, and in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred
and twenty-eight
GEORGE DICKINSON (L.S.)

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Eighteenth day of June, in the
year of our Lord 1828, the aforesaid George Dickinson came before our said
Lord the King in His Chancery, and acknowledged the Specification aforesaid,
and all and every thing therein contained and specified, in form above written.
And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped according to the tenor of
the Statute made for that purpose.
Inrolled the Twentieth day of June, in the year of our Lord One
Inrolled the Twentieth day of June, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and twenty-eight.