IMPROVEMENTS IN EXTRACTING OLIVE OIL AND IN THE MACHINERY OR APPARATUS TO BE EMPLOYED THEREIN
Year: 1871

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Giacomo Eduardo Marchisio, of Baker Street,
Portman Square, in the County of Middlesex, Analytical Chemist,
for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN EXTRACTING OLIVE OIL AND IN
THE MACHINERY OR APPARATUS TO BE EMPLOYED THEREIN.
Sealed the 12th December 1871, and dated the 14th June 1871.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Giacomo Eduardo
Marchisio at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his
Petition, on the 14th June 1871.
I, GIACOMO EDUARDO MARCHISIO, of Baker Street, Portman Square,
in the County of Middlesex, Analytical Chemist, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN EXTRACTING OLIVE
OIL AND IN THE MACHINERY OR APPARATUS TO BE EMPLOYED THEREIN," to be as
follows:-
This Invention relates to an improved method of and means for
extracting olive oil from olives or olive skins, whereby I effect a more
rapid and complete extraction of the oil than by the ordinary methods

page_text: of treatment, and consists in applying heat (preferably moist heat) to
the centres of the bags containing the meal or skins during the process
of pressing.
According to one mode of carrying out my present Invention I
employ a hydraulic or other form of powerful press, and I combine with
the top or bottom plate of the press a perforated pipe or pipes extend-
ing perpendicularly from the centre of either of such plates through-
out the whole length or height of the press. The bags containing
containing the meal or olive skins are of the construction now frequently
employed in the extraction of olive oil, that is to say, they are of a
circular form with an opening in the top and bottom situate in the
centre thereof. These bags are placed one over the other upon or round
the central perforated pipe which passes through the central apertures.
As fast as each bag is adjusted in its place it is filled with the meal or
olive skins another one is placed above it and also filled, the process
going on until the pile has obtained sufficient height to fill the press.
In order to afford sufficient free space for the filling and manipulating
of the highest bags of the pile, I make the top plate or head of the press
removeable from the side columns and connect it to any convenient
arrangement of hoisting tackle for the purpose of raising it and main-
taining it elevated until the pile of bags is completed. The head is then
lowered again and secured to the tops of the side columns by nuts,
cottars, or otherwise, and the pressure is then applied. By this arrange-
ment I am enabled to economise space in the press as the filling or
packing of wood or other material hitherto required to be introduced
between the top of the pile of bags and the under surface of the head of
the press is entirely dispensed with. The press having been thus
prepared and cold pressure having been applied as long as may be
considered necessary, I then apply heat, either dry or moist, but
preferably moist, by admittiug hot air, steam, or hot water into the
central perforated pipe or pipes, which, escaping through the lateral
perforations, permeates the meal or skins in each of the several bags.
from its centre towards its periphery, thereby heating, and in the case
of steam or hot water moistening the contents of the bags and facili-
tating the flow of oil. Round the upper part of the press and at
convenient intervals round the pile of bags I place other perforated
pipes through which hot water is forced and directed in the form of a
shower on to the exterior sides of the bags in order to wash the same and
liquify the the thicker. portions of the oil which would otherwise lodge

page_text: thereon and consequently impede the flow of the oil through them.
As the pressing plate of the press must rise as the column or pile of
bags is compressed it is necessary to so construct or arrange the central
hot air, steam, or hot water pipe or pipes as that it or they shall contract
or compensate for the rising of the pressing plate. This may be accom-
plished in various ways, as, for example, the said pipes may be made
telescopic in two or more parts, or the pipe may be made in one piece
only which is caused to slide through a stuffing box in the bottom of a
steam chamber situate above the head of the press, or the said pipe
may be made of steel of a spiral or helical form, so as to expand or
contract as required by its own inherent elasticity.
Although in practice it is preferred to employ a central perforated
pipe or pipes for applying the heat to the centre of the bags it is not
absolutely essential to my Invention that such pipes should be employed
as hot air, steam, or hot water may be applied directly into the opening
formed in the centre of the pile of bags after they have undergone
sufficient cold pressure.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Giacomo Eduardo Marchisio in the Great Seal
Patent Office on the 14th December 1871.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, GIACOMO
EDUARDO MARCHISIO, of Baker Street, Portman Square, in the County
of Middlesex, Analytical Chemist, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Fourteenth day of June, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-one, in the 34th
year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and
grant unto me, the said Giacomo Eduardo Marchisio, Her special license
that I, the said Giacomo Eduardo Marchisio, my executors, adminis-
trators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Giacomo Eduardo
Marchisio, my executors, administrators, or assigns, should at any time
agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter
during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make,
use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for

page_text: "IMPROVEMENTS IN EXTRACTING OLIVE OIL AND IN THE MACHINERY OR APparatus
TO BE EMPLOYED THEREIN," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the
said Giacomo Eduardo Marchisio, my executors or administrators, by
an instrument in writing under my hand and seal, should particularly
describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what
manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed
in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and
immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Giacomo Eduardo Marchisio do
hereby declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the]
same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in
and by the following statement, reference being had to the accom-
panying Drawings, and to the letters and figures marked thereon (that
is to say):-
My said Invention relates to an improved method of and means for 1
extracting olive oil from olives or olive skins, whereby I effect a more
rapid and complete extraction of the oil than by the ordinary methods of
treatment.
According to my Invention I apply heat (preferably moist heat) to the
inner surfaces or centres of the bags containing the "meal" or "skins"?
during the process of pressing.
In carrying out my said Invention I use a hydraulic or other form of
powerful press, and I pile the bags (which are made for this purpose
of an annular form) containing the "meal" or "skins" round a
removable central iron core, which may be made hollow for the sake of ?
lightness. This core not only keeps the bags in their places, but insures
a clear cylindrical space or cavity being left in the centre of the pile of
bags when the said core is withdrawn. Before withdrawing the core,
however, the bags are subjected to cold pressure in order to extract the
first portion of the oil, and when sufficient cold pressure has been
applied to effect this object the core is withdrawn, and the pressure
slightly reduced. Hot air, steam, or hot water (but by preference steam)
is now introduced into the central cylindrical space or cavity left in the
pile either by blowing the same through a finely perforated tube inserted
into the said central cylindrical space, or by allowing the hot air, steam, 3
or water to enter the said central space directly without the inter-
vention of the perforated tube. The whole mass thus becomes warmed
through, and is then subjected to further pressure. Or in lieu of using

page_text: a removeable core, and directing the steam, hot air, or hot water into
the cavity left in the centre of the pile of bags by the withdrawal of
such core,
I may combine with the top or bottom plate of the press a
perforated pipe or pipes extending perpendicularly from the centre of
either of such plates throughout the whole length or height of the press.
The bags containing the meal or olive skins are placed or piled one over
the other upon or around this central perforated pipe, which passes
through the central openings in the bags. As fast as each bag is
adjusted in its place round the before-mentioned central core or per-
forated pipe it is filled with the meal or olive skins, and then another.one
is placed above it, which is also filled like the first, the process going.
on until the pile has attained sufficient height to fill the press. But in
order to afford sufficient free space for the filling and manipulating
of the highest bags of the pile I make the top plate or head of the
press removeable, so as to slide upwards and downwards upon the side
columns, and connect it to any convenient arrangement of hoisting
tackle for the purpose of raising it and maintaining it elevated until
the pile of bags is completed. The head is then lowered again
and secured to the side columns by nuts, cottars, or otherwise, and
the pressure is then applied. By this arrangement I am enabled
to economize space in the press, as the filling or packing of wood or
other material hitherto required to be introduced between the top
of the pile of bags and the under surface of the head of the press
is entirely dispensed with. The press having been thus prepared, and
cold pressure having been applied, as before stated, as long as may
be considered necessary, I then apply heat either dry or moist (but
preferably moist) by admitting the before-mentioned hot air, steam, or
hot water into the central perforated pipe or pipes when such pipes are
used in connection with the press, which hot air, steam, or hot water,
by escaping through the lateral perforations in the said pipe or pipes,
permeates the meal or skins in each of the several bags from its centre
outwards, thereby heating, and, in the case of steam or hot water,
moistening the contents of the bags and facilitating the flow of oil, as
already described. Round the upper part of the press, and at convenient
5 intervals round the pile of bags, there may be placed other perforated
pipes through which hot water may be forced and directed in the form
of a shower on to the exterior sides of the bags in order to wash the
same, and liquify the thicker portions of the oil which would otherwise
lodge therein, and consequently impede the flow of the oil, through

page_text: them. As the pressing plate of the press must rise as the column or
pile of bags is compressed it is necessary to so construct or arrange the
central hot air, steam, or hot water pipe or pipes, when used in com-
bination with the press, as that it or they shall contract or in some
other way compensate for the rising of the pressing plate. This may be
accomplished in various ways; for example, the said pipes may be made
telescopic in two or more parts sliding one within the other, or the pipe
may be made in one piece only, and caused to slide through a stuffing
box in the bottom of the steam chamber situate above the head of the
press; or the said pipe may be made of steel of a spiral or helical form,
so as to expand and contract as required by its own inherent elasticity.
The accompanying Drawing represents a vertical section of a hydraulic
press specially constructed and arranged for the carrying out of my said
Invention.
A is the usual hydraulic cylinder, and B is the ram carrying the
pressing plate C. Three or more columns D, D, connect the head E of
the press with the main body or base plate F. The head E is capable
of being raised along the upper ends of the columns D by means of a
counterbalance weight and any convenient hoisting tackle hooked to
the eyes a, a, fixed into the said head; or it may be otherwise elevated
for the purpose of facilitating the manipulation of the upper bags of the
pile, and thereby enabling a full pile to be built up without the loss of
space incurred by the insertion of packing blocks between the top of
the pile and the head of the press. The head when supported by the
columns rests on a shoulder or on a cottar b, b, in each column, and
when the pressure is being applied the head is held firmly in its place by
the strong keys or cottars c, c, driven through the said columns above
the head. A central opening d, d, is made in the head E, which opening
communicates with a steam chamber G securely connected by a steam-
tight joint with the head of the press, the said joint being tightened by
nuts e, e, on bolts passing through the flange on the base of the steam
chamber. A pipe H flexibly jointed at f connects the steam chamber
with the main steam pipe I. The bags containing the meal or skins,
but which I have not shewn in my Drawings, are to be piled upon the
pressing plate C round the central tubular core K, which fits at its
lower end into a central recess or cavity 9 in the pressing plate, whilst
its upper end is contained within the central opening d in the head of
the press, and rises up through the head E as the pressing plate C is

page_text: elevated during the first or cold pressing operation, the steam chamber G
being removed or lifted off by any convenient tackle hooked into, the
eye h in the top of the said chamber. This first or cold pressure extracts
a considerable amount of oil which collects in the gutter i, and flows.
off by the spout k in the pressing plate. After having been subjected
to the cold pressure for a sufficient time the central core K is withdrawn
by hoisting it up. through the hole in the head of the press, and the
pressure is released a little so as to loosen slightly the pile of bags. The
steam chamber & is then lowered and applied to the head E, and the
joint tightened up, steam or hot air, but preferably steam, being then
admitted by the pipe into the said chamber, whence it flows through
the opening d into the central chamber or space left in the pile of bags.
During or after this admission of steam, hot air, or hot water the pressure
on the now warm and moist pile is increased until all the available oil
is extracted. The condensed steam or hot water which collects in the
bottom of the cavity or well in the centre of the pile and any oil
which may flow thither is drawn off by the pipe and cock m for that
purpose.
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of my
said Invention, and the manner in which the same is or may be used or
carried into effect, I would observe in conclusion that what I consider
to be novel and original, and therefore claim as the Invention secured to
me by the herein-before in part recited Letters Patent is,-
First. The application of steam, hot water, or hot air to the centre of
the pile of bags containing the meal or skins from which olive oil is
expressed immediately before or during the time of pressure, substantially
as and for the purpose herein-before described.
Secondly. The application and use to and in presses for extracting
olive oil of an opening in the centre of one or other or both of the
pressing surfaces for admitting steam, hot water, or hot air into the centre
of the pile of bags, as and for the purpose herein-before described.
Thirdly. The making the head of an olive oil press capable of being
readily elevated in order to admit of the press being entirely filled with
bags without the intervention of packing, as herein-before described.
Fourthly. The combination of a central perforated pipe or pipes with
an olive oil press, substantially as and for the purpose herein-before
described.

page_text: Fifthly. The combination of a closed chamber in communication with
a steam, hot water, or hot air pipe with the centrally perforated head
of an olive oil press, substantially as and for the
herein-before
described.
purpose
In witness whereof, I, the said Giacomo Edwardo Marchisio, have 5
to this my Specification set my hand and seal, this Twelfth day
of December One thousand eight hundred and seventy-one.