IMPROVEMENTS IN MAKING ROADS, WAYS, AND FLOORS, AND IN THE TREATMENT OF A MATERIAL FOR SUCH PURPOSES
Year: 1871

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Frank Candy, of New Barnet, in the County
of Hertford, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN MAKING ROADS,
WAYS, AND FLOORS, AND IN THE TREATMENT OF A MATERIAL FOR SUCH
PURPOSES."
Sealed the 28th November 1871, and dated the 4th October 1871.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Frank Candy at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
4th October 1871.
I, FRANK CANDY, of New Barnet, in the County of Hertford, do
5 hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
MAKING ROADS, WAYS, AND FLOORS, AND IN THE TREATMENT OF A MATERIAL FOR
SUCH PURPOSES," to be as follows:-
:-
My improvements relate to the use and treatment of a material for
laying down or making roads, ways, and floors, that is at once econo-

page_text: mical, durable under great traffic, and that presents a sufficiently rough
surface to furnish a good foothold for horses and other beasts of burden.
The material I employ is that portion of the natural deposit from
which "kaolin" or china clay is produced that is composed of granitic
and other particles, and which is washed and left as refuse from the
said “kaolin” or china clay in the process of manufacture. I first dry
this material in kilns or ovens or by other suitable means, and I then
mix it with bitumen in the following mode and proportions, which,
however, may be varied according as circumstances require:-I take
about 43 per cent. of natural asphalte and reduce it by heat to a fluid
state. I then add and mix with it about 50 per cent. of kaolin "refuse,"
2 per cent. of oxide of iron, and 5 per cent. of vegetable or mineral tar.
The whole mass is submitted to heat and well stirred and mixed until
each particle of "refuse" is coated with bitumen, when it may be laid
down upon roads, ways, or floors, the latter being previously prepared
with concrete in the usual manner.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Frank Candy in the Great Scal Patent Office on
the 1st December 1871.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, FRANK
CANDY, of New Barnet, in the County of Hertford, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Fourth day of October, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-one, in the thirty-
fifth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto me, the said Frank Candy, Her special licence
that I, the said Frank Candy, my executors, administrators, and assigns,
or such others as I, the said Frank Candy, my exccutors, adminis-
trators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from
time to time and at all times thereafter during the term therein
expressed, should and lawfully might make, usc, exercise, and vend,
within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel
Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MAKING

page_text: ROADS, WAYS, AND FLOORS, AND IN THE TREATMENT OF A MATERIAL FOR SUCH
PURPOSES," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Frank
Candy, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing
under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly
› describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what
manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed
in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and
immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Frank Candy, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to bo
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement, that is to say :-
My improvements relate to the use and treatment of a material
for laying down or making roads, ways, and floors, that shall be at
5 once economical, durable under great traffic, and present a sufficiently
rough surface to furnish a good foothold for horses and other beasts of
burden.
"
The material I employ is that part of the natural deposit from which
" kaolin or china clay is produced which is composed of granitic and
O other particles, and which is washed off and left as refuse from the said
"kaolin" or china clay in the process of its manufacture.
To carry out my Invention I first dry this material in kilns or ovens
or by other suitable means, and I then mix it with bitumen in the
following manner and proportions, which, however, may be varied
5 according as circumstances require, and which will depend largely on
the quality of the materials used, videlicet:-I take about four parts
of natural asphalte and reduce it by heat to a fluid state; I then add
and mix with it about six parts of "kaolin" refuse, one part of iron-
stone or a smaller quantity of oxide of iron, and one part of vegetable or
) mineral tar. The whole mass is submitted to heat and well stirred
and mixed until each particle of "refuse" is coated with bitumen.
The composition is then ready for use, and may be laid down upon
roads, ways, or floors, the latter being previously prepared with concrete
in the usual way.
Having now described my Invention and the manner of carrying the
T claim e the amalmoment and frantonant

page_text: "kaolin" refuse in combination with other materials for laying down or
making roads, substantially for the purposes and in the manner hercin-
before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Frank Candy, have hereto set my
hand and scal, this Twenty-ninth day of November, in the year of 5
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-one.