IMPROVEMENTS IN CHURNS
Year: 1851

page_text: DRUMMONDS SPECIF ATION..
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, PETER
ROBERT DRUMMOND, of Perth, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Twenty-ninth day of
July (One thousand eight hundred and fifty-one) in the fifteenth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me,
the said Peter Robert Drummond, Her especial licence, full power, sole pri-
vilege and authority, that I, the said Peter Robert Drummond, my exors,
adiñors, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Peter Robert Drummond,
my exors, admors, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others,
from time to time and at all times during the term of years therein ex-
pressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within
England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, the Islands of Jersey,
Guernsey, Alderney, Sark, and Mau, and in all Her Majesty's Colonies and
Plantations abroad, my Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN CHURNS;" in which
said Letters Patent is contained a proviso that I, the said Peter Robert.
Drummond, shall cause a particular description of the nature of my said
Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, by an instru-
ment in writing under my hand and seal, to be inrolled in Her Majesty's

page_text: altci The date
same, reference being thereunto had, will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Peter Robert Drummond, do hereby declare that 'the nature of my said
Invention, and the manner in which the same is to be performed, are fully
described and ascertained in and by the following statement thereof, reference
being had to the Drawing hereunto annexed, and to the figures and letters
marked thereon, that is to say:
My Invention consists of combining mechanical parts into a churn, as
hereafter explained.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING.
1
Figure 1 shows a vertical section of a churn constructed according to my
Invention. Figure 2 is a plan in section. a, a, is a vessel of wood divided
by the perforated partition b, which is also of wood. This perforated partition
6 slides freely in a groove on either side of the vessel a, hence the partition
and the interior of the vessel a can be better and more readily cleansed by
removing the partition b. In each of the compartments of the vessel a there
is a plunger d, the nature of which is shewn in the Drawing. e, e, are, the
plunger rods, which for the purpose of introducing air into the vessel a, and
below the surface of the fluid, are made partly hollow as shewn. The plunger
rods work through- openings in the cover f, which is made in two parts, and
fits loosely on the top of the vessel a. To each of the plunger rods are
applied flexible valves g, h, which I prefer to make of vulcanized india
rubber. The valve 9 opens inwards as the rod ascends, and the valve h
opens outwards as the rod ascends, hence there will be a stream of air
pass downwards into the fluid as the plunger ascends, and the valves g, h,
will close as the plungers descend. The openings or passages covered by
the valves are in the plates 9', which plates fit into the dovetail recesses
formed in the plunger rods, as shown. Motion is communicated to the
plungers by, means of the wheel i, which receives. an alternating motion, as
hereafter explained. On this wheel cords or bands.or flexible connections j, j,
are fixed, as shown, the other ends of such connections being fixed to the
plunger rods in such manner that the alternating motion of the wheel will
alternately raise and lower each of the plungers, the two plungers being
caused to move in opposite directions. It will be evident that the wheel i
may be substituted by a beam with curved ends. The wheel i receives its
motion from the fly wheel k which is put in motion by a handle at 1, such

page_text: fly wheel making a continuous rotation, and by means of a connecting rod
m the fly wheel causes the wheel i to alternate or move to and fro on
its axis.
Having thus described the nature of my Invention, and the manner of
performing the same, I would have it understood that I do not claim the
several mechanical parts separately, nor do I confine myself to the details, so
long as the peculiar character of my Invention be retained; but what I claim
is, the combination of parts herein described into a churn.
In witness whereof, I, the said Peter Robert Drummond, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Twenty-sixth day of January, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-two..

page_text: DRUMMOND'S SPECIFICATION.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, PETER
ROBERT DRUMMOND, of Perth, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters. Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdoin of Great
Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Twenty-ninth day of
July (One thousand eight hundred and fifty-one) in the fifteenth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors; give and grant unto me,
the said Peter Robert Drummond, Her especial licence, full power, sole pri-
vilege and authority, that I, the said Peter Robert Drummond, my exors,
adiñors, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Peter Robert Drummond,
my exors, admors, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others,
from time to time and at all times during the term of years therein ex-
pressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within
England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, the Islands of Jersey,
Guernsey, Alderney, Sark, and Man, and in all Her Majesty's Colonies' and
Plantations abroad, my Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN CHURNS;" in which
said Letters Patent is contained a proviso that I, the said Peter Robert
Drummond, shall cause a particular description of the nature of my said
Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, by an instru-
ment in writing under my hand and seal, to be inrolled in Her Majesty's

page_text: High Court of Chancery within six calendar months next and immediately
after the date of the said in part recited Letters Patent, as in and by the
ame, reference being thereunto had, will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Peter Robert Drummond, do hereby déclare that the nature of my said
Invention, and the manner in which the same is to be performed, are fully
lescribed and ascertained in and by the following statement thereof, reference
eing had to the Drawing hereunto annexed, and to the figures and letters
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING.
J.
P.
3
Figure 1 shows a vertical section of a churn constructed according to my
Invention. Figure 2 is a plan in section. a, a, is a vessel of wood divided
by the perforated partition b, which is. also. of wood. This perforated partition
b slides freely in groove on either side of the vessel a, hence the partition
and the interior of the vessel a can be better and more readily cleansed by
removing the partition b. In each of the compartments of the vessel a there
is a plunger d, the nature of which is shewn in the Drawing. e, e, are the
plunger rods,, which for the purpose of introducing air into the vessel a, and
below the surface of the fluid, are made partly hollow as 'shewn. The plunger
rods work through openings in the cover f. which is made in two parts, and
fits loosely on the top of the vessel; a. To each of the plunger rods are
applied flexible valves g, h, which I prefer to make of vulcanized india
rubber. The valve g opens inwards as the rod ascends, and the valve h
opens outwards as the rod ascends, hence there will be a stream of air
pass: downwards into the fluid as the plunger ascends, and the valves g, h,
will close as the plungers descend. The openings or passages covered by
he valves are in the plates g', which plates fit into the dovetail recesses
ormed in the plunger rods, as shown. Motion is communicated to the
lungers by means of the wheel i, which receives an alternating motion, as
ereafter explained... On this wheel cords or bands or flexible connections j, j,
re fixed, as shown, the other ends of such connections being fixed to the
lunger rods in such. manner that the, alternating motion of the wheel will
lternately raise and lower each of the plungers, the two plungers being
aused to move in. opposite directions. It will be evident that the wheel i
ay be substituted by a beam with curved ends. The wheel i receives its
notion from the fly wheel k which is put in motion by a handle at 1, such
211
31
2

page_text: fly wheel making a continuous rotation, and by means of a connecting rod
m the fly wheel causes the wheel i to alternate or move to and fro on
its axis.
Having thus described the nature of my Invention, and the manner of
performing the same, I would have it understood that I do not claim the
several mechanical parts separately, nor do I confine myself to the details, so
long as the peculiar character of my Invention be retained; but what I claim
is, the combination of parts herein described into a churn.
In witness whereof, I, the said Peter Robert Drummond, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Twenty-sixth day of January, in the year.
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-two.

page_text: WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, bearing datc at Westminster, the Twenty-ninth day of
July (One thousand eight hundred and fifty-one) in the fifteenth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me,
the said Peter Robert Drummond, Her especial licence, full power, sole pri-
vilege and authority, that I, the said Peter Robert Drummond, my exors,
adñiors, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Peter Robert Drummond,
my exors, adiñors, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others,
from time to time and at all times during the term of years therein ex-
pressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within
England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, the Islands of Jersey,
Guernsey, Alderney, Sark, and Man, and in all Her Majesty's Colonies and
Plantations abroad, my Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN CHURNS;" in which
said Letters Patent is contained a proviso that I, the said Peter Robert
Drummond, shall cause a particular description of the nature of my said
Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, by an instru-
ment in writing under my hand and seal, to be inrolled in Her Majesty's

page_text: High Court of Chancery within six calendar months next and immediately
after the date of the said in part recited Letters Patent, as in and by the
same, reference being thereunto had, will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Peter Robert Drummond, do hereby declare that the nature of my said
Invention, and the manner in which the same is to be performed, are fully
described and ascertained in and by the following statement thereof, reference
being had to the Drawing hereunto annexed, and to the figures and letters
marked thereon, that is to say:--
My Invention consists of combining mechanical parts into a churn, as
hereafter explained.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING.
Figure 1 shows a vertical section of a churn constructed according to my
Invention. Figure 2 is a plan in section. a, a, is a vessel of wood divided
by the perforated partition 6, which is also of wood. This perforated partition
b slides freely in a groove on either side of the vessel a, hence the partition
and the interior of the vessel a can be better and more readily cleansed by
removing the partition b. In each of the compartments of the vessel a there
is a plunger d, the nature of which is shewn in the Drawing. c, c, are the
plunger rods, which for the purpose of introducing air into the vessel a, and
below the surface of the fluid, are made partly hollow as shewn. The plunger
rods work through openings in the cover f, which is made in two parts, and
fits loosely on the top of the vessel a. To each of the plunger rods are
applied flexible valves g, h, which I prefer to make of vulcanized india
rubber. The valve g opens inwards as the rod ascends, and the valve h
opens outwards as the rod ascends, hence there will be a stream of air
pass downwards into the fluid as the plunger ascends, and the valves g, h,
will close as the plungers descend. The openings or passages covered by
the valves are in the plates g', which plates fit into the dovetail recesses
formed in the plunger rods, as shown. Motion is communicated to the
plungers by means of the wheel i, which receives an alternating motion, as
bereafter explained. On this wheel cords or bands or flexible connections j, j
are fixed, as shown, the other ends of such connections being fixed to the
plunger rods in such manner that the alternating motion of the wheel will
alternately raise and lower each of the plungers, the two plungers being
caused to move in opposite directions. It will be evident that the wheel i
may be substituted by a beam with curved ends. The wheel i receives its
motion from the fly wheel which is put in motion by a handle at !, such

page_text: fly wheel making a continuous rotation, and by means of a connecting rod
m the fly wheel causes the wheel i to alternate or move to and fro on
its axis.
Having thus described the nature of my Invention, and the manner of
performing the same, I would have it understood that I do not claim the
several mechanical parts separately, nor do I confine myself to the details, so
long as the peculiar character of my Invention be retained; but what I claim
is, the combination of parts herein described into a churn.
In witness whereof, I, the said Peter Robert Drummond, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Twenty-sixth day of January, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-two.