Improvements relating to Dynamo Electric Machines.
Year: 1888

page_text: Date of Application, 14th Feb., 1888
Specification Accepted, 6th Apr., 1888
[Communicated from abroad by RUDOLF EICKEMEYER, of Yonkers, in the County of
Westchester and State of New York, United States of America.]
Improvements relating to Dynamo Electric Machines.
I, HENRY HARRIS LAKE, of the firm of Haseltine, Lake & Co. Patent Agents,
Southampton Buildings, in the County of Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of
this invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly
described and ascertained in and by the following statement :-
This invention relates to the "winding" of armatures, and it is applicable to many
of the various forms of dynamo electric machines, whether for generating electricity
or for use as motors, and especially to such as contain an armature having a winding
of wire, as distinguished from what are known as "bar armatures."
Heretofore at the ends of wire wound armatures, the wire in the coils has crossed,
or has been crossed by, and in close contact with, the insulated wire of other coils,
and sometimes portions of wire in one coil crossed other portions of the wire in the.
same coil, and therefore perfect insulation was rendered extremely difficult.
One object of this invention, is to reduce the crossing of wire in each coil, at the
ends of the armatures to a minimum, and to avoid close contacts, wherever the path
of any portion of the wire, is angular to the path of any other portion, whether the
said portions of wire be in one coil, or in several coils.
Heretofore in all Bi-polar machines, and in many multipolar machines having
armatures embodying a series of wire coils or windings, crossing the ends of the
armature drum or core, the wire included in some of the coils, or circuits, has
necessarily been greater or lesser in length, than that in some other coils, and hence
the said coils have varied in resistance. Another object of this invention is to provide
an armature with coils which contain a uniform length or quantity of wire, thus
securing a practically uniform resistance in the several circuits, and obtaining a
practically perfect equilibrium throughout the armature conductors..
Another object of this invention, is to enable all of the conductor coils or windings
to be readily removed from the armature, and to keep each practically intact, for
ready replacement thereon, and thus to provide not only for the substitution of a new
coil for an imperfect one, but also to economize wire, and reduce the cost of applying
coils to armatures.
In certain prior multi-polar machines, the armature coils have been capable of
ready attachment to and removal from the armature drum or core, and several of the
coils in each armature have been counter-parts in size and form, but several different

page_text: sizes and forms have been necessary in each machine, but there are known no prior
multi-polar, or bi-polar machines, in which the several armature coils were counter-
parts in size and form, or any prior bi-polar machine, which has had coils capable of
being applied to, or removed from the drum or core, without actually unwinding the
wire, although in certain prior machines having bar conductors, the bars could be
readily applied to and detached from the drum or core, by separating the bars from
such discs, or other radial conductors, as were employed at the ends of the drum or
core, as distinguished from one of the herein described independent and separable
coils, which can be removed complete and intact, without materially varying its form,
or any liability of impairing the insulating jacketing on the wire.
Regardless of the character of the armature, with reference to its polar arrange-
ment, it is believed to be broadly new, to cover a drum or core with a series of coils
which are counterparts in size, and contour, and which are therefore interchangeable
one with another, with reference to their positions on the armature drum or core.
The present improvements involve a novel method of winding armature conductors,
in which the wire is first formed into separate coils or windings" which are
counterparts in size and contour; then the said coils are applied to a drum or core
with appropriate portions of each coil, loosely overlying appropriate portions of the
periphery of the core, parallel with its axis; and then, after all have been properly
arranged with reference to each other, they are bound down and more or less
contracted for securing a proper engagement of the "winding" with the periphery of
the core.
In order that the wire of the several coils may be. properly massed within a
minimum of space at the ends of the armature, the end portions of the coils are curved
in evolute lines.
In order that the crossing of the wire in each coil may be obviated, the wire at
each end, in each convolution, is curved in evolute lines at both sides of what may be
termed the axial line of the coil, and at the centre or inner ends of said evolute curves
or bends, the wire is off-set and occupies lines which are parallel with the axis of the
coil, thus making one side of the coil longer than the other side, so that the short
side of any one coil, may be passed into, and through, the long sides of other coils,
and enabling the wire at the ends of any one coil or winding on an armature to be
practically isolated by space from the coincident underlying or overlying wire of any
other adjacent coil, so that although the parts of the wires in such two adjacent coils
are angular to each other, and in one sense cross each other, yet each will be insulated
by more or less space, from the other. In excess of the insulating effect afforded by
the usual insulating jackets or coatings on the wire.
Whether the said coils or windings are adapted for use in bi-polar, or in multi-polar
machines, they are novel in that, each at one side of what may be termed its
axial line, is of lesser external dimensions, than the internal dimensions, of its
opposite portion, and both of the said portions are substantially alike in contour, so
that they can be symmetrically assembled upon a drum or core, and enabled, at the
ends of said core, one portion of each coil to overlic, and the other portion underlie,
appropriate portions of other coils.
*
"
The novel means devised for conveniently winding the said novel coils, consists of
a former affording desirable outlines, and having detachable bearing or forming
faces, for enabling the removal of a coil from the former.
In the accompanying drawing,
Figure 1 illustrates, in side view, a bi-polar armature provided with thirty-six
conducting coils or windings in accordance with this invention.
Figure 2 is an end view of the same, with the commutator removed.
Figure 3 illustrates in plan or top view, one of the coils or windings detached, but
with a portion of its terminals removed.
Figure 4 is a perspective view of the same complete.
Figure 5 illustrates in side view an armature provided with the novel coils or
"windings" in a more complex form, and adapted for use in a four pole machine.
Figure 6 is an end view of the same without the commutator.

page_text: Figures 7 and 8 illustrate respectively in plan and side views one of the coils
detached.
Figure 9 illustrates one of the said coils in perspective.
Figure 10 illustrates portions of two coils for a bi-polar armature core, cach coil
having four convolutions, or "windings" and each located on a line which bisects the
centre of the core, the periphery of the latter being indicated in dotted lines.
Figure 11 is a top view of one end of the coils shown in Figure 10.
Figure 12 illustrates portions of two coils of another form, properly located with
reference to each other as when on a core, and although each has four convolutions
or windings as in Figure 10, yet in this case, both coils are bisected by the aforesaid
central line, as clearly indicated in this figure.
Figure 13 is a top view of one end of either of the said coils shown in
Figure 12.
Figure 14 illustrates portions of two coils of still another form, each having eight
convolutions or windings, but they are arranged on a core with reference to the said
central line as in Figure 12.
Figure 15 illustrates a top view of either of the coils shown in Figure 14.
Figure 16 illustrates a top view of one of the novel coil winding "former."
Figures 17 and 18 illustrate the two ends thereof.
Figure 19 is a side view thereof.
Figure 20 is an end view of a coil in the form developed by winding the wire upon
the said "former."
Figure 21 is a side view of one end of the said coil.
Figures 22 to 25 inclusive, illustrate another variety of " former," and respectively
show its top, two ends, and one side.
Figure 26 is a view of a coil in the form developed upon the former,"
Figure 22.
Figure 27 is a top view of such a coil as would be produced on the "former,"
Figure 22, but in this case the terminals are located near one side of the coil instead
of being near the centre as in the other coils, but with this form of coil the said
terminals may if desired be located at the centre as in the other coils.
Figure 28 illustrates one of the coils having twelve convolutions or windings,
differing in the arrangement of the wire at the sides of the coil.
Figure 29 illustrates in side view a "former" on which the coil, Figure 28, is
wound, but which when removed therefrom is then bent into the form indicated.
Figure 30 illustrates the evolute line which is required for bending a coil like
Figure 28, so that all the wires at the ends of the armature will be equi-distant from
cach other throughout their curved paths.
33
In the above descriptions of the several figures, it will be seen that the term "side
is applied to that portion of a "winding" or coil of conducting wire, which traverses
the face of an armature core, and the term "end" to that portion of the coil which
lies across the end of an armature, in passing from one portion of the face of an
armature drum or core, to another portion, as in multi-polar machines, or to the
diametrically opposite side of the said face, as in some bi-polar machines and by
"axis" of the coil, is understood that line, which corresponds with the axis of the
armature core on which the said coil is used, whether the said coil axes be located
quite closely to the axis of a drum or core, as in bi-polar machines, or more remote
from the arinature axis, as in multi-polar machines.
In Figure 1, the armature shaft A, and commutator B, require no special
description, and the same is true of the armature drum or core C, which is hidden
from view, in figure 1, but more or less exposed at its ends in Figure 2, and projecting
laterally from the said ends, there is a series of annularly arranged detachable studs,
or pins a, composed of, or covered with, insulating material. In this armature there
are thirty-six counterpart coils D of conducting wire, and each coil at one side of its
axial line, indicated in dotted lines in figure 3, is of lesser external dimensions than
the internal dimensions of the opposite portion, and both of the said portions are
substantially alike in contour, and this characteristic feature, is always maintained

page_text: regardless of the number of windings in the coil, and of variations in the form of the
armature to be covered. In Figures 3 and 4, 6, denote the two sides and c c¹, the
two ends of the coil, c², c³, the convolutions; and d and d the terminals which are
electrically connected with the commutator B. The side b, of the coil is longer than
the side , so that when the several coils are mounted on the core, the side ¹, of each
passes into or through the sides b, of other coils, the narrow short sides, alternating
with the protruding long sides, and the pins a, serving to confine them against
peripheral displacement on the core. It will be seen, that at each end of the coil, the
path of the wire, in each convolution, is in a peculiarly curved or evolute line,
extending from the side of the coil, to a point near the centre (but at one side of the
axis thereof) then in a line as nearly parallel with the axis of the coil as may be
practicable, then in another evolute line, to the opposite side of the coil. It will also
be seen, that while the wire in both convolutions of each coil, lies side by side upon
the armature face, in one layer, the said wire at the ends of the coils, is changed in
position so that the wire of the two convolutions stands side by side, but at right
angles to the ends of the core. The wire of which these counter-part windings or
coils are usually composed, is sufficiently flexible to enable the sides to be readily
pressed into close contact with the face of the core, and also, so that in putting a
series of such coils upon an armature, the long sides of the coils may be lifted, to
allow the short sides of other coils to be passed freely beneath them, or on the other
hand, to allow the long sides, to pass freely over the short sides of other coils. In
this armature, it will also be seen, that the two sides of each coil, occupy upon the
face of the core, positions on the same side of a central diametric line, as illustrated
at line, Figure 2, it being understood that the said line passes at one side between
the short side of one coil, and the long side of the next adjacent coil, and at the
opposite side of the core it passes between the long and short sides of the same
two coils.
It will also be seen that all parts of the wire in either convolution, are substantially
parallel with the coincident parts of the other convolution in the same coil, and that
although at the ends of the coils, the path of wire in every coil, is angular to the
path of wire in other coils outside of it, they are so far separated or isolated from
each other by space, as to secure perfect insulation. It will be obvious that all of the
coils can readily be loosely applied to the core, the pins a, placed in position, and the
sides of the coils pressed into proper relations with the periphery of the core, without
any material arrangement of the wire at the ends of the coils.
In Figures 5 and 6, is shown an armature having thirty-six coils, each containing
four convolutions, and arranged so that the wire is in two layers on the core.
The coils D, are as before described, in having long sides b short sides b', and
terminals d and d, but each coil has four convolutions c², c³, c, c, as illustrated in
Figure 7. This being an armature for a four pole machine, each of the coils extends
over one-quarter of the periphery of the armature, as indicated by the two lines a,
which divide the periphery into four equal parts. The detachable studs a are applied
as before, for confining the coils in place, and enabling the wire in the several
convolutions at the ends of the coils, to be maintained side by side, or four wide
instead of two wide and two deep, as at the sides of the coil. Near the centre,
another series of detachable pins or studs a¹ is employed for better confining the coils
in place. These pins are inserted after the proper number of coils have been loosely
applied to a drum or core.
The path of each convolution of wire, is substantially as described in connection
with Figure 3, and at no point, does any one part of the wire cross another part, the
paths being as nearly parallel at all points as it is practicable to have them, and
although the paths of the inner grouped portions of the convolutions at the ends of the
coils are angular to the paths of the outer or protruding groups, they are isolated
therefrom, or separated by ample space, to serve a good purpose in the matter of
insulation. After the coils are properly mounted upon the cores, the usual peripheral
binders are applied, as indicated in dotted lines in Figures 1 and 5. Each of these
drum armatures, contains, it is believed, for the first time, a "winding" of wire, in

page_text: which the coils are counterparts in size and contour, are of equal length, and the
several circuits or sections are uniform in resistance and inductive effects; and also
in which the the sides of the several convolutions of each coil lie parallel with the axis
of the armature, and the connecting or end portions thereof lie side by side in a
flattened group, and parallel with each other, also in which portions of each section or
coil at its ends, lie in contact with the ends of the armature core, and other portions
of its ends off set, at its axial line, and free from contact with the ends of said core.
In figures 5 and 6, is shown an armature having a winding" composed of a series
of detachable counterpart coils, in which one-half of each winding, at one side, lies
next to the periphery of the drum or core, and at the other side lies upon an interposed
winding.
«
In figures 10 and 11, the coils D' are illustrated each having four convolutions
², c³, 5, and these are arranged as before described, and it will be seen that the
convolution 3, for instance, at the right hand side of the figure, is the lower outer
layer, while on the other side it is the upper inner layer, and so on.
These coils are
shown as when arranged for hi-polar machines, and the wire at the ends is grouped
side by side, four wide, and stands at right angles to the ends of the core. It is
sometimes desirable that the wire at the sides of each coil, should be in one layer,
superimposed by the wires of another coil, to form additional layers, as illustrated in
the coils D of Figures 12 and 13, in which case, each coil has four convolutions
c2, 3, 4, and ³, and the wires thereof lic side by side on the face of the armature core,
and also side by side at the ends, but at right angles to the ends of the drum or core,
as clearly indicated in Figure 13, which is a top view of one end c and portions of
two sides and b¹, of a coil. These coils have the same general characteristics, of
those previously described, but it will be seen that at each side of the core, indicated
in dotted lines, each coil at its one side, overlaps or overlies one side of another coil,
and that at the opposite side, this overlapping is reversed, thus placing all of the con-
volutions in both coils, in a uniform position on the armature drum or core.
This general arrangement can be carried out to any desired extent, as for instance,
so as to cover an armature core with four layers of conducting wire, as illustrated in
Figures 14 and 15, where in each coil D³ has eight convolutions; the wire at the
sides bor b¹ of each coil, being in two layers and four wide, and one side of each,
overlying one side of the other; and on the other side of the core (indicated in
dotted lines,) the overlying of the sides is reversed as before described, and in this
coil, the wire at the ends, stands side by side in one web, or layer, eight wide, as
shown in Figure 15, and at right angles to the ends of a drum or core when applied
thereto.
Figures 16, 17, 18, and 19 illustrate one of the novel "formers" upon which the
wire is wound. This "former" consists in part of a strong rectangular frame, having
sides e, e¹, and ends e², e³, the size and proportions of the said frame and its parts
being varied according to the size and character of the armatures, with which the
coils are to be used. At each side of the frame, there is a central transverse open
vertical slot ff, curved at the bottom, and provided with side walls f², f³, laterally
projecting respectively from the outer surface of one side, and the inner surface of
the other. These slots should be of a width, to correspond with the size of the wire
used in each case. These side walls f, f³, may be fixed in position, but it is pre-
ferable that they be detachable, and hence they are parts of detachable cheek pieces.
There are four cheek pieces g, g, h, h', which in matter of substance are counterparts,
éach having an evolute forming face i, on their lower sides, and each being detachably
applied to the frame by means of dowel pins, and thumb bolts k. Two of the said
cheek pieces y and h, are applied to the inner surfaces of the sides of the said frame
at one side of the said slots ff", and at the opposite side the cheek pieces g' and h¹
are similarly applied to the outer surfaces of the sides of the frame. At the top of
one end of the frame, there is a single vertical forming face l, having rounded ends,
and extending from one side of the frame to the other, and there are two small
vertical slots which enable the convenient use of twine, for binding the convolutions
at the end of a coil together. At the opposite end 3, of the frame there are two

page_text: similar forming faces m, and m', occupying different vertical and horizontal planes,
and the upper face m', is shorter than the lower face, and the latter is slightly inclined
inwardly to form the wires in proper shape to be laid against the inner wires in
parallel lines. All of said forming faces have at their bases, horizontal ledges or
surfaces.
In winding, there is first arranged a straight length of wire (equal to a little more
than one-half of a convolution of the coil desired), so that it will project from the
outer end of the cheek piece ¹, over and beyond the adjacent end portion of the
frame, and then commence to lay the wire beneath said check piece h', thence through
the slot beneath the cheek picce 1, thence up and along the straight bearing face m,
beneath the cheek piece g, outward through the slot f, beneath check piece, along
the straight bearing face 1, beneath check piece 4', alongside of the wire already laid,
and so on until the desired number of convolutions have been wound, the end pro-
jecting through slot f, serving as one terminal. Then the initial end is carried along
the bearing face 1, beneath the check piece g¹, and opposite the slot f, it is bent out-
ward, to serve as the second terminal of the coil or circuit. With the bearing faces
and m a coil similar to that shown at D, Figure 3, would be produced. With the
bearing faces l, m, and m³, a coil like those shown in Figures 10 and 11, would be
produced. With a single bearing face at m of proper height, coils D Figures 12
and 13, would be produced, and the two faces m and m', would also be used for
winding coils D3, Figures 14 and 15 a part of a similar coil being shown in Figure 20,
from which it will be obvious that the coil having been thus wound upon the "former,
requires only, that the two groups of four convolutions cach, at the short side ¹ of
the coil, are to be manipulated so that one group will overlie the other, and thus
arrange the wire in four lines, two wires wide and two deep, as illustrated in Figure 21,
wherein the grouped wire at b, wound on the face l, is complete, and the two portions
of wire at wound on the faces m, and m³, are shown to be still separated, but
readily arranged as described so as to make them conform in arrangement with the
wire at b.
The former," shown in Figures 22 to 25 inclusive, embodies all of the essential
features already described in connection with the "former," Figure 16, but this differs
from that in having angular sides as clearly indicated, and in having bearing
faces 12, m², m³, of somewhat different form, for winding such a coil as is illustrated
in Figure 26, having its terminals d and di, at the side of the coil as also illustrated
in Figure 27, in the coil D. This "former" has also wire receiving slots f², f³, ƒ ƒ³
This former has also a longitudinal barn at the bottom, provided with a central
hole n¹, for enabling the support of the "former" upon a shaft or axis, so that it may
be revolved in the process of winding, and similar variations can, however, be made
in the previously described "former "if desired. After the coils have been removed
from the "formers," and properly manipulated, and bound with twine at intervals,
they are heavily charged with shellac or other suitable insulating material.
In Figure 28, is illustrated, a coil having twelve convolutions, arranged three deep
and four wide at its sides. This coil can be wound upon a frame, which has no curved
faces, but the straight bearing faces are detachable, as illustrated in Figure 29. In
this case, the wire is laid side by side at the ends forming webs six wires wide, but it
is laid on each of the bearing faces m, m³, m³, m³, in three layers, two wires wide.
After the coiling has been completed, the bearing faces are dropped away from the
wire, and the coil is detached from the frame, in the form indicated in said Figure 29.
The portions of wire from the faces m and m¹ are then pressed closely together, and
so also are the portions from the faces m and me, and then the two halves of the coil
are bent at the ends as indicated in solid lines in Figure 28, thus completing the form
of the coil, which like all the others, at one side of its axial line, is of lesser external
dimensions than the internal dimensions of the opposite portion. The dotted lines in
Figure 28, near the middle of the coil, together with the solid lines, indicate the curve
best suited for this coil.
In all the coils shown, the wire at the ends occupies evolute lines, and that curve is
preferred to any other, because it enables the shortest possible length of wire to be

page_text: laid closely together. The circle upon which this curve is constructed should in each
case have a diameter equal to the diameter of a circle which at its periphery would
coincide with the diameters of the wire in each web, if the said webs were grouped
closely side by side, as indicated in Figure 28. It will be observed that in the bi-polar
armature Figure 2, the wire is curved for more than half its length at the ends, while
in the four pole armature Figure 6, a much smaller length of wire is curved, and this
curving of the webs, becomes of little importance, if the number of poles be increased.
In each coil, regardless of how the wire of the several convolutions at the sides of
the coil may be arranged for duty in a magnetic field, the wire is uniformly arranged
at the ends of the coil, in that it lies in two evolute paths joined by a central path
parallel with the axial line of the coil, said axis corresponding with the axis of the
armature of which the coil may form a part.
In each coil, there is a long side b, and a short side b¹, and in each case the short
side can be passed into or through the long side, because, for the first time, a portion
of each coil which is at one side of its axial line, is of lesser external dimensions,
than the internal dimensions of the opposite portion of the coil, although both portions
are substantially alike in contour.
Again, when any of said coils are mounted upon an armature core, the larger
portions of the coils at their ends are remote from the ends of the smaller portions
of other coils, and hence although the paths of the conductors in each coil, lie
angularly to and cross the conductors of other coils at the ends, they are for the
first time, it is believed, so far separated by space, or at least free from close contact,
as to render electro communication between them practically impossible.
In mounting said coils, as illustrated in Figures 1 and 5, the larger portions of the
coils, alternate with the smaller portions of the adjacent coils, and this feature is
clearly involved with the use of the coils D, D', D, and D. With the coils D
and D³, said alternation is also involved, but the small portions of the coils rest upon
the face of the drum or core, and the larger portions overlie the smaller portions.
It should be next observed, that in each instance, a set of any of the varieties of coil
shown, can be readily applied to an armature core of proper diameter and length,
secured in proper relations to each other by the detachable pins or studs (b, and as
readily removed, without materially deranging the wire in any of the coils.
may
Each of these several novel features possesses value, and more or less of them
be employed upon an armature, and variations in their employment can readily be
made without materially affecting the results, as is believed will be clearly obvious
to persons skilled in the art when guided by these disclosures, these latter being
deemed ample for the purposes of this specification. It will be obvious that an
armature drum or core may be provided with integral projections or recesses for
holding the coils in place, and that such coils may also be used upon stationary
cores for use in machines having revolving magnets.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of the said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed as communicated to me by my
foreign correspondent I declare that what I claim is :-
First A dynamo electric armature coil or "winding," which at one side of what
may be termed its axial line, is of lesser external dimensions, than the internal
dimensions of the opposite portion, both of the said portions being alike in contour,
substantially as described.
Second In a dynamo electric armature winding, a series of coils which are
counterparts in contour, each complete and separable from the others, and each
having substantially one-half thereof of lesser external dimensions than the internal
dimensions of the other half substantially as described whereby portions of each of
the said coils overlie, and other portions underlie, appropriate portions of other coils.
Third In a dynamo electric armature winding, a series of coils, cach at one side of
its axial line, being of lesser external dimensions than the internal dimensions of the
other half, and all mounted upon an armature drum or core, with the smaller portions

page_text: of the several coils, alternating with the larger portions in their positions at the
periphery of the drum or core, substantially as described.
Fourth In a dynamo electric armature, a "winding" composed of detachable
counterpart coils, each of which is placed in immediate contact with the periphery of
the armature core at one side only, substantially as described.
Fifth In a dynamo electric armature, the combination substantially as hereinbefore
described, of an armature drum or core, and a "winding" of wire in independent
armature coils, which are of equal length, and each of which occupies diametrically
opposite portions of the periphery of said drum or core.
Sixth In a dynamo electric armature, a winding composed of independent
separable coils of wire, and in which the wire of the several convolutions, lies upon
the periphery of the armature drum or core in lines parallel with its axis, and lies side
by side in flattened webs, edgewise to the ends of the core or drum, and in parallel
paths in crossing from one side or face of said core to the opposite side thereof.
Seventh-Ina dynamo electric armature, an armature coil enclosing a portion of
the armature drum or core longitudinally, and having at the ends of the coil and core,
portions lying in contact with said core; and other portions of said coil at its ends,
offset adjacent to the axial line, and removed from such contact, substantially as
described.
Eighth A dynamo electric armature coil adapted to enclose an armature drum or
core longitudinally and having the wire at its ends curved to occupy two evolute paths
which merge at the centre with a path which is parallel with the axial line of the coil,
substantially as described.
HASELTINE, LAKE & Co.,
45, Southampton Buildings, London, W.C.,
Agents for the Applicant.