IMPROVEMENTS IN MOTORS
Year: 1879

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Herbert John Haddan, of the Firm of Herbert and
Company, Solicitors of Patents, of 67, Strand, in the City of Westminster,
Civil Engineer, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN MOTORS." A com-
munication from abroad by Eusebius Molera and John Cebrian, both of
San Francisco, in the United States of America.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Herbert John Haddan at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 25th February 1879.
HERBERT JOHN HADDAN, of the Firm of Herbert and Company, Solicitors of
Patents, of 67, Strand, in the City of Westminster, Civil Engineer. " IMPROVE-
MENTS IN MOTORS." A communication from abroad by Eusebius Molera and John
Cebrian, both of San Francisco, in the United States of America.
The improvements relate to motor engines in which liquid or solid elastic pistons
and screw mechanisms are actuated or rotated by direct contact with an expansive
gas or vapour generated in any convenient way. The improvements consist in the
employment of one or more plungers or pistons worked in combination with slide
valve attachments by or with a uniform flow of liquid in combination sometimes
with a movable external cylinder and float device, movable with said pistons, and
adapted to operate said valve mechanism. From the generator used, the motive
fluid is passed into one or more gas chambers wherein to expand and act upon the
said pistons or upon a screw to transmit its work. The motive fluid enters through
a suitable valve chest to the piston or screw chambers, said fluid being conducted
through an exhaust pipe and away to a condenser after expanding its force. Instead
of using the liquid piston direct upon any hydraulic mechanism, we may interpose
a second transmitting liquid between them. The above arrangement will act also
as pumping machinery by the addition of a water valve or valves, and also as fluid
meters when the capacity of the chamber or chambers is known. The elastic solid
piston is interposed between the motive fluid and the driven mechanism, and
consists of a movable but elastic solid constructed of discs or rings of metal, dome
shaped or otherwise constructed. The screw mechanism is located in a chamber,
and is actuated therein by the pressure of the tension or elastic force of the fluid,
the screw being secured to an axial shaft and enclosed by a lateral drum, the
power generated being readily transmitted to any machinery to be operated thereby.
The various parts may be constructed of metal, and the speed of the motors
regulated by governors of the ordinary or specially adapted construction. The
chambers and plungers may be each of one piece or built up.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said Herbert John Haddan in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 21st
August 1879.
IMPROVE-
HERBERT JOHN HADDAN, of the Firm of Herbert and Company, Solicitors of
Patents, of 67, Strand, in the City of Westminster, Civil Engineor.
MENTS IN MOTORS." A communication, from abroad by Eusebius Molera and John
Cebrian, both of San Francisco, in the United States of America.
The Invention relates to mechanisms in which liquid elastic pistons are employed,
and to mechanisms in which solid elastic pistons are employed, also to mechanism
in which a screw is actuated in rotation by direct contact with an expansive gas or
vapour. In connection with our improved motors we employ suitable boilers or
gas generating chambers which may be of any desired shape or construction.
Referring to the Drawings forming part of this Specification, Figure 1 is an axial
section of a motor or engine in which two cylinders are concentrically arranged,
and provided with a valve chest having a double set of conical valves. Figure 2
is a similar view showing an enlarged piston rod and a single set of valves adapted
to operate for the same purposes as those of Figure 1. Figure 3 is a vertical sectioni
of a motor, wherein slide valves are employed, and wherein the power is communi-
cated to a driving shaft through the medium of a liquid piston which operates
directly upon a wheel which may be connected with the driving shaft. Figure 4 is
a similar view showing an horizontally moving slide valve, and such an arrangement
of parts as will cause the hydraulic motor connected with the driving shaft to be
operated by a continuous and uniform flow of liquid in one direction. Figure 5 is
a plan view of the engine shewn in Figure 4, the valve chest of the same being
removed. Figure 6 is a sectional view of a further modified form of our improved
motor, wherein, instead of having two plungers movable within their respective
casings, we have shown one movable interior plunger connected with a movable
exterior casing or cylinder. These Figures are chosen to represent a class of
engines or motors embodying the principles of part of our Invention, wherein the
valve and piston arrangements shewn in either of said Figures may be transferred
to devices represented in any of the other said Figures by simple mechanical
alterations. From the boiler the motive fluid must pass into one or more gas
chambers A, A, wherein to expand and act upon a piston to transmit its work.
B is the valve chest wherein the valves are located, and through which the motive
fluid enters the piston chambers, said fluid being conducted through the exhaust
pipe b, and away to the condenser after expending its force upon the pistons. In
Figures 1 and 3, the chambers A and A¹ are located concentrically, and connected
by the valve chest B located at either end of the pair. The valves are so arranged
that when the supply pipe is in communication with the chamber A it is discon-
nected from A', and at the same time the exhaust pipe is in communication with
A¹, but disconnected from A; when the valves are shifted, reverse communications
are of course made. These valves may be conical, slide, or of any approved form,
so long as they operate as above indicated. In Figure 1, they are shewn as conical
in two pairs mounted upon two parallel stems which are united with the main
rod o, along which a float or a plunger or open diaphragm may slide. The rod c is
to be provided with two stops against which the diaphragm, float, or plunger can
abut in its forward and backward motions, and thus shift the valves at the com-
pletion of the stroke. In Figures 1 and 2, the plunger C is provided with a cavity
for the accommodation of rod c. The two pairs of valves might be placed on a
single stem, and the same results would be obtained. In Figure 3 we, illustrate the
application of slide valves for the same purpose. In this Figure the channel d
communicates with A, and d with A. At é is a D shaped valve moving in the
space f, and having a circular pin at the top g, and one at bottom g', both of which
move in cylindrical cavities provided for them. A cylindrical bore h, h, traverses

page_text: the space, and opens into chamber A, and is also provided with communications
,, leading to the cavities within which pins g, g₁, are located. The passages
jj, j*, connect bore h, h, with the exhaust pipe e¹. The rod c² carrying two long
piston slides within bore h, h, the lower piston with stuffing box k shutting off
communication of space with chamber A, down into which rod c is made to
extend. Upon this extension are mounted two stops, one near the top and one
near the bottom of A, A'; float D moves upon rod c, following the motions of the
liquid piston in chamber A, and as this float strikes either of the stops, it will pull
the valve rod up or down as the case may be, thus shifting the valves, as will be
seen by the following:-When rod C is pulled down, its upper piston closes the
communication between space and the upper outlet i and upper pin hole of g.
which latter is then open to the exhaust through ¹, j*, and at the same time the
lower piston opens communication between space f and the lower outlet i, closing
the lower exhaust channel j. The motive fluid will then operate to elevate or
shift the valve and hold it, and the boiler will be connected with chamber A¹ and
chamber A with the exhaust passage. When rod c¹ is elevated upon ascent of the float,
reverse communication will be established, as is easily understood. The valve or
slide e is provided with a spring and screw intended to hold it against its seat, and
to compensate for wear of parts. The advantage of this disposition of parts results
from the fact that but little force is required to move the valve rod c, c¹, on account
of its being balanced against the pressure of the motive fluid in space f, but any
other form of slide valve would answer the general purpose with more or less
friction. In Figure 4, we show another form of slide valve. In this case the two
piston chambers A, A1, are supposed to be in the form of half cylinders separated
by the wall Z, through which a vertical revolving shaft m is made to pass. The
valve ports are indicated at O, O¹, and e represents the valve as before. At n is an
eccentric made fast to shaft m, and serving to throw the valve. It will be plainly
seen that at every complete revolution of m the valve will give a full stroke.
Instead of making n fast to m, we may insert between them toothed wheels or any
other devices, in order to have one stroke of the valve to any given number of
revolutions of m. In cases where the valve motion is external, we may use any of
the ordinary ways to produce it. If the valve rod projects through the valve chest
into chamber A or A¹, we may employ a stuffing box for liquids only, but if said
valve rod projects through the steam chest at any other point, we should require a
more perfect stuffing box, as for gas &c., which should be avoided if possible.
Each of the described double valves may be replaced by two separate valves in one
valve chest, or in two, and either may be moved externally or internally by the
same or by independent mechanism. The chambers A and A¹ may be disconnected
if desired, or may have a connection, the shape or position of which will vary
according to the purposes of the machine. If they be disconnected they will each
have their separate elastic pistons, and these may operate independently or together.
If connected, they may be attached by solid pieces or made to operate together
by means of an interposed liquid or otherwise as found most desirable. If the
pistons be elastic the chambers may be of any shape whatever. If we have two
disconnected chambers and liquid pistons we will have two liquid masses recipro-
cating, and since we may attach to each chamber a pipe at any inclination, we
may direct these reciprocating motions at pleasure and cause the liquids to com-
municate their power to any bydraulic mechanism. If the chambers be connected,
for instance, as shown in Figure 1, we have a single liquid mass having a motion
from A to A, and the reverse. The motive fluid enters through a into A and
presses the liquid piston into A¹, which is then connected with the exhaust
or condenser. When nearly all the liquid has passed into A', the valves are pulled
down by the float, or otherwise tripped, and the motive fluid enters A¹. As A is
then in communication with the exhaust or condenser, a partial vacuum will be
produced in A, and the liquid piston will be forced into A by the power of the
motive fluid and that of the vacuum; when this chamber is full, or nearly full, the
valves will be thrown to their original position; and the motions and operations
-

page_text: will be thus continued so long as the motive fluid is admitted to the engine or
motor. If a plunger c be interposed between the motive fluid and the piston, as
in Figure 1, a rectilinear reciprocating motion will be communicated to this plunger
and its attached rod, from whence it may be communicated to any mechanism.
In this Figure we have represented the plunger as being located inside of chamber
A, by which arrangement we are enabled to operate the valves without exterior
communication. Nearly all the liquid may be disposed beneath the plunger C. We
might even suppress the liquid piston on top of C, but as one of the objects of the
liquid piston is to avoid steam packings it is better to employ the liquid sub-
stantially as indicated. It should be carefully observed that the device represented
in Figure 1 indicates only one disposition of material and operative parts which we
may adopt. The chambers may not only be of any shape whatever but they may
be placed in any relative position near or far apart, and they may have independent
sets of valves, their communications may be had through any pipes or vessels, or
may be stopped altogether, and a plunger or other suitable hydraulic device may
be introduced at any point of said communications without departing from the
spirit of the Invention. In further illustration of the scope of the Invention, we
have shown at Figure 6 two chambers A, A¹, having no communication except
through the valve chest, which in this case is placed between the two. Theso
chambers are again shown as cylindrical, each one having its own plunger or
equivalent therefor. The plunger and its rod are in this instance supposed to be
in one single piece, in consequence of which the stuffing box p of rod E in Figure 1
is replaced by the hydraulic press packing q. In order to avoid the boring of a
long cylinder, the two chambers A, A', have the shape of an ordinary hydraulic
press cylinder, thus reducing the boring to the length represented by a², b¹. The
liquids, r, operate as the pistons, which in this case assume a ring shape, or when
C is at its lowest point 1 may assume the shape of a circle. In Figure 1 the
chambers are represented as stationary and the plunger movable, but if we
suppose the plungers in that Figure to be stationary, the chambers would have to
be made movable. In Figure 6 is indicated a union of the two instances. In
the lower portion of the engine the chamber is made stationary and its plunger
movable, and in the upper section the chamber is movable and plunger stationary.
The two movable pieces are connected by the rods a, a¹, which might be suppressed.
We might still further simplify the device of Figure 1, preserving all its advantageous
characteristics, as shown in Figure 2, wherein the double valves are replaced by single
sets. In this illustration the sectional area of rod E is supposed to be equal to one
half that of chamber A, in which event the total pressure of the downstroke
will be double that of the upstroke. The single valves establish alternate
communication between A alone and a and b, the branch a keeping A¹
constantly in communication with the boiler, and there being no opening
between A' and the exhaust. Under this arrangement if we represent by
symbol X the transverse sectional area of the upper face of the plunger, and
represent by symbol Y the transverse sectional area of the plunger-rod, while
symbol Z is taken to represent the pressure of the motive fluid within supply
pipe a, then the pressure of the motive fluid against the upper face of the plunger
can be represented as Z x X, while the pressure of the motive fluid against
the lower face of the plunger can be represented as Z x Y but Y = X/2; hence
said lower face pressure is Z x X/2; the difference between this upper and
lower face pressure is therefore Z x X. Z x X/2 = 2 x X/2, which latter
quantity represents the resultant or effective pressure imposed upon the upper face
of the plunger, in subjection to which said plunger moves on its down stroke. For
the up stroke there is no pressure against the upper face of the plunger, while the
lower face is subjected to a pressure represented by Z x Y, but Z x Y = ZxX/2,
which latter quantity hence represents the force of the up stroke, plus however the
-suction power from the exhaust. A very simple calculation will therefore give the
true relation to be established between C and E to obtain an equal power for the up
and down strokes, or to obtain two powers differing by certain desired amounts.
-

page_text: Figures 3 and 4 represent devices wherein the liquid pistons are caused to flow con-
stantly in the same direction. In Figure 3 the two chambers A, A', are concentric
cylinders, and in Figure 4 half cylinders separated by the wall l. Each chamber in
Figure 3 must have two liquid valves t, u, t, u, one opening inwardly and the
other outwardly. The liquid piston in its motion from one chamber to the other
will always move from the outwardly opening valves towards those which open
inwardly. By varying the relative positions of these two valves we may obtain
many different directions of the liquid current. If the two outward valves are
nearer together, or in closer relative communication than with the other two (as in
Figure 3) then we obtain a constant flow in the direction v, v', v*. If the communi-
cations were placed in a cross shape, we would obtain two intermittent flows
crossing each other. Figure 3 shows the engine applied to a vertical water-wheel,
from which the desired motion may be easily communicated. The two outwardly
opening valves t, t¹, are connected by two tubes leading to the wheel case F, as are
also the inwardly opening valves u, u'. When the motive fluid is pressing the
liquid in A¹ down, it will open valve t', closet and u¹, enter case F, and through
valve u will enter chamber A. In this Figure we have shown a float, which, fol-
lowing the up and down motions of the liquid piston in A, will operate the valves
in the valve-chest, as previously explained. When nearly all the liquid has passed
into A the float will trip valve e, which allows the motive fluid to enter A. The
liquid will then close valve u, open valve t, close t¹, and open u, and will take the
same course v, v³, v*, and so the motion will continue. The water wheel within
case F may be of any approved construction; the base will vary in shape according
to the kind of wheel employed. The openings at t, u, t', u', may be varied so as
to cause the liquid to act at any point of the wheel, and the valve e may be moved
directly by the shaft of the water wheel, as previously intimated. Figure 4 shows
the application of the improved motor to a horizontal water wheel or turbine. In
this case the communication between A and A' is through the box G, and through
tho tubes w, w³, which reach nearly to the bottom of the said box. The valves
u, uz, might be placed at the opposite ends of w and w³, or at any point of their
length. The box G is divided into two compartments, in the upper one of which
are the vanes X regulated by H, so as to direct the liquid upon the water wheel I
in the compartment below. The upper compartment communicates with the outward
valves tv, tx, and the lower one with the inward valves us, uz. When the motive
fluid acts in A the liquid passes through ty, thence through the vanes, and upon
water wheel I, and then up through w and ux into A. When the motive fluid
acts in A¹ the liquid opens t, passes through the vanes to the wheel through w to
u, and thence into A. At J is shewn an air chamber, which will act as a cushion,
preventing shocks, &c. The wheel I may be of any construction whatever, and by
suitably disposing the liquid valves we may cause the water to act upon the
periphery, or at the center of the wheel. If in Figure 3 we suppose two distinct
communications, one from t to u', and the other from t¹ to u, the liquid pistons will
constitute two intermittent liquid currents in the same direction, and each one may
act upon a different mechanism if desired. The liquid pistons should be such that
they have no chemical action upon the gas or vapor used as a motive fluid, so as
not to waste or even neutralize it, or any of it. Instead of using the liquid piston
directly upon any hydraulic mechanism, we may interpose a second transmitting
liquid between them. In this case the liquid piston should have no chemical action
upon the motive fluid or upon the transmitting liquid. Such is the case in our
Figures, wherein 7 is the liquid piston, and sx is the second or transmitting liquid.
Either one of the chambers A or A' and its accompanying valves may be dispensed
with, in which event the motive fluid will act in the remaining chamber as before,
but the resulting motion will be intermittent and not continuous. If a second
transmitting liquid be employed under this modification there must be a vessel
provided for its reception upon leaving the single chamber, and by establishing
communication between this vessel and the single chamber similar to that before
explained as between A and A¹, we can obtain results similar to those hereinbefore

page_text: noted. As will appear from the foregoing, these engines may be applied to any
kind of machines, and therefore to pumping machines, but they may also be
employed directly as pumping engines. We have only to suppose each piston
chamber A, A, provided with the water valves t, u, of Figure 3, the inward valve t
being connected with the passage for the liquid to be pumped, and the outward
valve u with the point where the liquid is to be delivered, and we have an illus-
tration of a pump which may be made single or double acting, and serviceable for
throwing all kinds of liquors or gases, sands and muds. These same machines may
also be employed as fluid meters. The fluid to be measured is made to follow the
way pointed out as above for the motive fluid. It must therefore fill the piston
chamber or chambers before it can escape, and if we know the exact capacity of
said chambers we will have the exact measurement of the fluid passed at every
stroke of the elastic piston, and the number of these strokes may be conveniently
registered as in the meters now employed. The motive fluid after leaving the
piston chambers is conducted to a condenser, which may be of any construction
whatever, and from the condenser it must pass to the feeding pipe of the boiler to
be used again. Referring to the mechanism in which solid elastic pistons are employed,
Figure 7 is an axial section of a motor in which one of the elastic cylinders or chambers
is extended, and the other is compressed or closed. Figure 8 is a section and elevation
upon a plane through the valve chest, and at right angles to the axis of motor shown in
Figure 7. Figure 9 is an axial section of a modified form of motor, wherein a solid
elastic piston and a slide valve are employed; Figure 10 is a similar view of still another
modification showing one method of transmitting the power to the operating
machinery and the application of conical valves to govern the inflow and outflow of
the motive fluid; Figure 11 islan axial section of an ordinary conical valve illustrating
one method by which the improvements may be applied to valve stems in order to
prevent leakage along the line of piping or elsewhere. On Figure 7 K, K', are two
elastic cylinders forming with their solid or other heads the gas chambers A, A¹.
The heads L, L', are joined by rods M, M', and the elastic tubes are shown as bound
with wire netting or other material, permitting them to expand in the direction of
their length, but maintaining them against expansion in other directions. These
tubes are secured to the central valve chest in a gas tight manner by any desirable
means, preferably by an encircling band, substantially as shown. When the parts
are properly constructed and arranged in the position indicated in the Figure 7
their operation is substantially as follows:-The. gas or vapor under pressure of
whatever character it may be is admitted through pipe O to chamber A. The
communication with A' being closed, when the walls of this chamber are sufficiently
extended to draw the opposite head L' down so that it will come in contact with
the valve stems, it causes the valves to move so as to open the communication from
A to A, and from A to the exhaust passage P, closing the communication between
A and P, and between A and O. The tube K' is then extended and draws the
head L with it, which, when at the proper point, shifts the valves to their original
position, and thus the two tubes are alternately extended. By any simple or
approved mechanical means the movable pistons or heads may be connected with
the machinery to be driven. From this explanation it will be observed that we
interpose between the motive fluid and the driven mechanism a movable or elastic
solid which affords nearly all the advantages of the liquid piston described in the
first part of our Invention. In Figure 9 we have shown the elastic pistons in the
shape of disks which are united with the valve chest as before, but instead of being
spirally wrapped with metal are prevented from expanding excessively by a cover.
In this instance we have also illustrated how a liquid may be employed to transmit
the power which is communicated by K, K', to any desired point. The valve
which governs the inflow and outflow of the motive fluid is moved back and forth
by contact of K or K¹ with its stem. The chambers A and A¹ are provided with
suitable inlet and outlet valves, as shewn, Q, Q¹, R, R¹. The transmitting fluid is
forced out of chamber A' by the diaphragm or piston K', and a corresponding
quantity is drawn into A, and the reverse motion of this transmitting liquid takes

page_text: place through the passages governed by the proper valves. In all the Figures any
suitable style of valves may be employed, and these may, if desired, be operated
from the exterior of the engine, as for instance, by the shaft of the wheel or other
device put in motion. By employment of such valves as are shewn their stems are
made to project into the fluid chambers, and thus to obviate the necessity of stuffing
boxes. The pistons being made steam tight and capable of being made in any
form desired, they dispense with the expensive boring and fitting, and the trouble-
some steam packing. A very simple form of engine is illustrated in Figure 10
wherein a plunger is moved back and forth within its casing by the transmitting
liquid which enters first the one side and then at the other, causing the plunger to
reciprocate in a manner easily understood. Under this simple arrangement the
valves Q, Q, R, R¹, of Figure 9, are dispensed with, and the valve chest is provided
with conical valves which are shifted by the elastic pistons K, K¹, in a manner
apparent from the foregoing description. The valve T of the conical sort is
provided with a stem U. This stem is surmounted with a disk U', and this disk
united by a flexible tube V, which is also joined with a portion of pipe W in such
a manner that no steam, gas, or other fluid can escape at the point of union. The
flexible tube must be protected by wire netting or any other clastic covering, or
else by any rigid longitudinal covering so as to prevent any undue lateral expansion,
therefore its longitudinal elasticity will readily prevent the necessary upward and
downward movements of the valve, and thus the expense and other objectionable
features attending the use of stuffing boxes will be obviated. With slight and imma-
terial alterations the same principle may be applied to other forms of valves, in fact
this device may be used instead of any kind of stuffing boxes, whether of valve
stems, piston rods, or any others. Inasmuch as the complete utilization of the motive
fluid is a prominent feature of our Invention, this method of rendering all the
valve connections perfectly tight is regarded as a valuable and important adjunct.
The devices described are capable of being operated as pumps and metres by
changes which will be apparent to any one skilled in such mechanisms. Referring
to a further part of the Invention, the construction and operation is as follows:-
Gas or vapor suitably expanded is introduced into a chamber in which a screw is
located, and which latter is adapted to be actuated in rotation by the pressure of
the tension or elastic force of the fluid, as the same passes from the induction to
the eduction end of the said chamber. This screw is secured to an axial shaft, and
enclosed by a lateral drum, the power generated being readily transmitted to any
machinery to be operated thereby. By forming the screw of proper length all the
available force of the motive fluid may be utilized. If said fluid be steam or other
cheap substance, it may be exhausted into the atmosphere. If however an
expensive substance, such as ammoniacal gas be used, then the motive fluid is
In instance of
collected in a condenser and returned to the boiler for repeated use.
both fluids however the back pressure is reduced to a minimum. This construction
of motor completely dispenses with steam or gas valves and their connections,
hence the numerous objections to such mechanisms are obviated. It also causes the
action of the motive fluid to be constantly in the same direction, and consequently
there are no dead points or dead moments in the operation of the motor-pistons, and
piston packings are avoided; while at the time there are no true bore cylinders to
be formed and maintained in operative condition; also the friction of the different
parts is circular and not rectilinear. Referring to the Drawings, Figure 12 is a view
in vertical central section of one form of motor embodying our Invention. Figure 13
represents in vertical central section, and also in transverse section a form of motor
provided with governor mechanism. Figure 14 is a view ip vertical central section of
a modification of the Invention. Figure 15 represents in vertical central section and
also in transverse section a form of motor provided with governor nechanism,
different from that shown in Figure 13. The screw A² is in these instancès.
secured to a vertical tubular shaft B2, having openings b², one or more connecting
with the upper body of the boiler; C is the cylindrical wall or drum laterally
inclosing the screw, and adapted to confine the motive fluid to a passage up

page_text: through the latter. In this particular instance the chamber or casing D³, within'
which the screw and enclosing drum rotate, is extended downwards, and thereby
constitutes the boiler E. Two ring packings d are interposed between said drum,
and chamber F.is the condenser or dissolver communicating with chamber D³, by
one or more conduits f. The tubular shaft constitutes the feeding pipe froin said
condenser to the boiler; while pipe G connects the lower side or bottom of the
latter with the condenser. If desired, a rose G may be formed at the discharge
end of said pipe; a cock or valve g³ regulates the flow of liquid through the pipe.
The upper extremity of the tubular shaft is provided with a screw H³ depending
from a stationary stem h³, and having its thread formed the reverse of the thread
of screw A. K² is a shaft driven by shaft 6%, and may be connected with any
manner of machinery. A fire place L³ is also shown in the view. In order to
make the Invention clearly understood, we will suppose the boiler to contain a rich
solution of ammoniacal gas in water, the same being given simply as an illustration,
and not limiting our Invention, inasmuch as any other kind or mixture of solutions,
any kind or mixture of liquids and their vapors, and any gas or gases kept in a
liquid or gaseous state may be substituted for ammonia as desired. The operation
of the motor is as follows:- Under the influence of heat the gas will disengage
from its solution and impinge against the screw, thus actuating the latter in
rotation as well as the axial shaft and the laterally inclosing drum of the same.
By the time that the gas reaches the eduction end of the chamber it will havo
expended the greatest part of its energy upon the rotating screw and will be cooler,
sufficient tension however will be left to carry it through the eduction conduits
into the condenser or dissolver. At the same time the liquid near the bottom
of the boiler will be nearly free of ammonia, and the pressure within said
boiler will force said liquid up through pipe G² into the condenser or dissolver,
where it will again meet the gas which passes through conduits f2 and dissolve
the same, thus obtaining in the dissolver a solution equal to that contained
in the boiler, only cooler than the same. The rotation of the tubular shaft about
the fixed inverted screw H³ suspended within the same will force the solution in
the condenser or dissolver down through said tubular shaft, and out into the upper
body of the boiler, thus closing the circuit of the motive fluid. By properly
adjusting the valve located within pipe G³ we may regulate the flow of liquid into
the condenser or dissolver, so that the same may be just sufficient to absorb the
exhausted gas. The tension of the fluid within the boiler will be transmitted
through openings 62 into the tubular shaft, and against the flow of liquid passing
down through the same, it therefore operates in tendency to prevent the rotation
of said tubular shaft. But inasmuch as the same tension is simultaneously acting on
the full area of the screw inclosing drum it causes the rotation of the said screw and
axial shaft with a much greater degree of power, hence the downward force of the
liquid within the tubular shaft will always overcome the upward force. By
maintaining the temperature of the fire place or of the boiler constant we will
obtain a constant flow of gas and of liquid, as described, which as a result produces
a constant action of the motor. The construction of our motor is in no sense of
the word limited to the forms represented in the several views. The boiler and
the fire place may be of any shape whatever. The former is shewn as constituting
part of the chamber or casing, within which the rotating screw works in order to
give our motor a compact form. But instead thereof the boiler may be formed
independent from said chamber, or may be removed entirely from the same, in
which case an opening should lead from the boiler to the lower area of the screw
drum in order to allow the motive fluid to enter through the lower opening of the
rotating screw. The fire place and the boiler might also be formed so as to avoid
heating the pivotal bearing of the axial shaft of the rotating screw, even while
maintaining said pivotal bearing within the boiler. In the majority of instances
it would not be a disadvantage to have the pivotal bearing within the boiler, since
the temperature of the latter would not be high, that for ammoniacal gas, as an
instance, being sufficient at one hundred degrees Fahrenheit. In instance of the

page_text: pivotal bearing being outside of the boiler we may employ a stuffing box at some
point of the axial shaft, and therefore dispense with stuffing box ², represented in
the Drawings, inasmuch as shaft K2 would in such case be outside of the boiler.
The boiler may be provided with glass and cock gauges, safety valve, feeding
opening, and all other desired attachments. The governor in this case should differ
somewhat from the usual steam governors. One style of governor, as shewn in
Figure 13, may consist of a stationary diaphragm or disk M² suitably perforated and
placed between the boiler and the lower end of the rotating screw; a second disk N³
is located close to the first and adapted to have a reciprocal movement, whether
angular or rectilinear, so that it will open the perforations or openings of the sta-
tionary disk to a certain extent more or less when moved. In said Figure 13 the
plate N is shewn to have an angular motion imparted to it by means of the
rack Qoperating on a portion of a pinion made fast to N2. But said motion may
be given by any system of levers, springs, or otherwise, and it may be angular or
rectilinear. It is only necessary to connect said movable disk or plate (through the
rack Q or otherwise) with an ordinary governor mechanism. Another class of
governors is shewn in Figure 15. M³ is a disk fastened to the shaft or to the drum,
and revolving with it. It has one or more openings m³ to allow the motive fluid
to pass to the screw space. On top or below said disk there are several plates N³
covering one or more openings m³; said plates may be guided by proper guides or
not; they are attached to two springs n³, one of which is made solid to the shaft,
or to a plate near the shaft, and the other spring to the drum or to a plate near the
drum, or else only one of the two springs may also be used; said springs may
be of any shape, material, or size whatever, as long as they allow the plates N³
to have a radial reciprocating motion. Said springs are balanced in such a
way that when the screw is at rest the plate or plates N³ leave the opening
or openings m³ fully open, or nearly full open. When the screw is set in rotary
motion the centrifugal force will send the said plates N³ away from the shaft,
and they will partially shut the openings m³, thus regulating the flow of the
motive fluid without the interinission of any other governor mechanism.
By a proper adjustment of the springs of N³ we may have the openings m³
altogether closed as soon as the shaft and screw attain a certain speed, and therefore
the speed of the motor engine is perfectly controllable.
Should the connection
between the boiler and the rotating screw be a pipe, then any of the ordinary steam
governors can be used. Another kind of governor for these motors, and one which
in many cases is preferable, should be of such character as will admit of the fire or
other source of heat being controlled thereby, a fire damper placed either at tho
smoke stack or at the grate door, or even a suitable screen located within the firo
place may be used. These dampers or screens should be connected with ordinary
governor mechanism, which latter may be actuated in the well known manner.
the fire used should be gas or liquid under the control of keys or wicks said governor
mechanism may act directly upon the latter to produce the desired effect. The
rotating screws may be of any construction and of any appropriate material, one,
two, or more blades may be formed therein, a single thread or several threads may
be formed, all of which, together with the pitch and total length of the screw, may
vary according to the requirements of the machinery. The screw drum as well as
the casing or chamber in which the same works may be made of any suitable
material; if desired said casing or chamber may be formed with one or more
inwardly projecting collars which provide lateral bearing for the drum. This collar
or collars may be formed by following out the interior side of the casing or
chamber, or even by cutting the same in the middle. We have represented this
casing or chamber as being made of one piece in order to prevent more effectually
the escape of any motive fluid between the same and the screw drum; for the same
reason, although it is not absolutely necessary, said drum may be made sufficiently
long to extend down into the liquid within the boiler which will greatly decrease
such escape. If such escape should obtain there would be a loss of motive power
rather than of motive fluid; but to guard against the same we prefer to have packing
If

page_text: interposed between said drum and casing or chamber. In Figure 12 we havo
represented 2 rings d' of any suitable material, as steel, rubber, hemp, liquid, or
other substance; there may be several of the same, or the latter may be substituted
by one or more spirals which will be more effective by having the direction of their
thread the reverse of the thread of the rotating screw. In Figure 13 a different form
of packing is shewn, the same being one or more hydraulic press packings d³. This
Figure also represents the chamber or casing as formed with a single collar b³
against which the screw drum has bearing, thus reducing considerably the friction
caused by the rotation of the latter against the side of said casing or chamber. In
Figure 14 a collar b having an inclined or coniform bearing face is represented. The
contact between the drum and the chamber or casing will constantly be tight, by
reason of the tension of the motive fluid against the rotating screw, which forces
the latter together with the drum upwards. The bearing surface of this collar b
may be spherical, cylindrical, or otherwise, and any suitable packing may be used
therewith; in brief, one may use between the screw-drum and its casing, whether
the latter be with or without collars, any effectual packing not herein inentioned
without departing from this Invention. If desired the screw drum itself may be
dispensed with, the blades of the screw being in such instance made sufficiently
thick to prevent escape of the motive fluid between their edges and the wall of the
chamber or casing, or suitable rims may be formed on the edges of said blades, or
grooves may be made in said edges or rims and packed, or any other form of packing
may be substituted. However, though the drum is not absolutely necessary for our
motor, yet we consider that its employment simplifies the construction of the latter.
The chamber or casings even in a form of motor, essentially such as shewn in Figure 12,
may be in separate piece from the boiler and separated by a suitable joint. In such
instance we may insert in said joint some nonconducting material, so as to avoid a
high temperature in the frictional surface of the druin and chamber, and in the
top surface of the rotating screw. The condenser may also be of any suitable
form and material; it may be located directly on the top of the chamber or
casing as shewn in the Drawings, or otherwise, provided only that the same com-
municates with the top of the screw space or chamber in which the rotating screw
works; such communication may be had through any kind of pipes, openings, or
equivalent connections. In the instance of the condenser or dissolver being located
directly on the top of the chamber or casing, as shewn in the Drawing, we may use
some non-conducting material in the joint packing of the cover of said chamber, or
between the chamber and the condenser or dissolver, the same being adapted to prevent
the heat of the motor from warming said condenser or dissolver, and thus favor the
solution or condensation of the motive fluid. Likewise said condenser, or dissolver, or
its communication with the rotating scrow chamber may be connected in any desirable
manner with a refrigerator, or even be enclosed within the latter, so as to hasten the
solution or condensation. The screw shaft may be solid or hollow, and in the latter
case may be employed as a feeding pipe for the boiler or not; if not so employed, a
separate pipe or other appropriate communication may serve as a feeding medium,
and at any point of said connection a force pump or other suitable device may be
introduced, in order to provide effectual fooding. Such feeding pipe may come from
the condenser or dissolver, if the latter be used, or from elsewhere. This screw
shaft may be supported by a pivot c³ and a collar c³, both of which latter may be
in the form of any of the well known devices for similar purposes; adjusting screws,
oil cups, feeders, and seats may also be employed. The screw shaft or the collar c³
may be provided with suitable shoulders to prevent the rotating screw from yielding
to the upward tendency imparted by the motive fluid. Said collar may be located
at the extremity of the screw shaft, or at any other point thereof, so too the shaft
itself may extend upward to or beyond the top of the condenser or dissolver. All
those parts of the motor most subject to wear and tear, such as the above said
shoulders and other abutments, the collar C³ of Figure 14, and the upper end of drum
and other similar ones, may be made in separate pieces, secured or otherwise fastened
in their proper places, so as to be removed when necessary at a trifling cost and

page_text: A
1st. In a motor actuated by gas or vapor in a state of tension, the combination
with concentric piston chambers and a double acting hydraulic device operated by
a liquid piston of valve-mechanism governing the supply and exhaust of tho
motor fluid, together with a float device movable with said piston, and
adapted to operate said valve-mechanism, substantially as set forth. 2nd. In
a motor conducted by gas or vapor in a state of tension, the combination with
concentric liquid piston chambers and a plunger working within the inner one
thereof, and connected with the driving parts of a valve-stem which extends down
within said inner chamber, and is adapted to operate the valve motion in supplying
and exhausting the motive fluid, said valve stem being alternately raised and
lowered by engagement of stops formed at suitable points thereon with the plunger,
substantially as set forth. 3rd. In the motor in which an hydraulic device con-
nected with the driving parts is actuated by the expansive force of certain gases or
vapors, the combination with the liquid piston chambers having suitable intercom-
munication of a valve chest located above the same, and a valve stem, which latter,
by engagement with the hydraulic device, oporates the valve motion within said
valve chest, substantially as set forth. 4th. In a motor in which an hydraulic
device connected with the driving parts is actuated by the expansive force of
certain gases or vapors, the combination with the liquid piston of an independent
liquid interposed between the latter and the hydraulic device, said piston having no
chemical action relative either to said liquid or motor fluid, substantially as sot

page_text: forth. 5th. In a motor, the combination with a liquid piston of a float diaphragm
disk or equivalent device movable therewith and adapted to actuate the valves
which govern the inlet and outlet of the motivo fluid, substantially as set forth.
6th. In a inotor provided with one or more liquid pistons, the combination with the
piston chamber of a valve chest and valvos arranged therein or thereon, substantially
as described, so that the valve stems shall project through the chest only into the
piston chambers for the purposes and objects named. 7th. In a motor engine
operating with elastic pistons, the combination with a piston chamber provided with
supply and exhaust valves, and a plunger, which latter connects by plunger rod
with the driving mechanism of a second piston chamber having constant communi-
cation with the first chamber and also with the pipe which supplies both chambers
with suitable motive fluid in a state of tension, such plunger rod being of such
transverse sectional area relative to the chamber in which it works that the effective
strokes of the plunger respectively following the alternate supply and exhaust of
the motive fluid may be alike equal or variable as desired, substantially as set
forth. 8th. The combination of the two chambers A, A¹, valve chest B, valve e,
liquid piston r, float D, wheel case F', valves t¹, t, n, n³, and the revolving whicel, sub-
stantially as set forth. Oth. The method of operating machinery herein described,
consisting in applying the motive fluid alternately to one of a pair of solid elastic
pistons through the medium of valves which are operated by said pistons, and then
transmitting the power from the pistons through the medium of a liquid, the flow
of which is controlled by the movements of the pistons in the manner explained.
10th. In a motor, the combination with a centrally disposed valvo chest, the opposite
surfaces of which serve as surfaces for confining the motive fluid in one direction,
said valve chest provided with valves; the stems of which are constructed and
adapted to project from the opposite surface of the valve chest of solid elastic pistons
attached to the centrally disposed valve chest and movable toward and from the
same, substantially as set forth. 11th. In a motor, the combination of a centrally
disposed valve chest, solid elastic pistons attached thereto, substantially as shown,
valves for governing the inlet and outlet of motive fluid operated by the pistons, and
a transmitting fluid interposed between the pistons and the device to be driven,
substantially as set forth. 12th. In a motor the combination of a valve chest having
valves which are moved by the solid elastic pistons and chambers surrounding
said pistons, and provided with inlet and outlet ports for the transmitting liquid,
which ports are governed by valves adapted to the operation of the pistons, sub-
stantially as set forth. 13th. In a motor the combination with the solid elastic
pistons of liquid chambers located exteriorly thereto, and adapted to receive and
discharge the transmitting liquid in the manner shown and described. 14th. The
combination with the solid elastic pistons, adapted to receive and transmit motion,
of a valve chest, substantially as shown and described, so that the valve stems shall
project only into the chambers formed within said pistons for the purposes named.
15th. In a motor the combination with centrally disposed valve chest, the opposite
surfaces of which serve to confine the motive fluid in one direction, of an unyielding
outer covering and intermediate clastic pistons, substantially as set forth. 16th.
The combination with a boiler having a vapor eduction port, one or more at the
upper end thereof, of a horizontally moving screw attached to the driving shaft of
the motor and located within the upper portion of the boiler, substantially as set
forth. 17th. In a motor engine the continuation with a screw actuated in rotation
by the pressure of gas or vapor, and a lateral drum secured thereto, of a chamber or
casing in which the latter rotates, together with suitable packing inserted between
said drum and chamber, substantially as set forth. 18th. In a motor engine the
combination with a chamber or casing having communication with the boiler, and
a screw actuated in rotation within the former by the tension of gas or vapor of a
condenser or dissolver, together with connections of the same respectively with said
chamber and boiler, substantially as set forth. 19th. In a motor engine the combi-
nation with a screw actuated in rotation within a chamber or casing by the tension
of gas or vapor and a boiler, of a condenser or dissolver connecting with the eduction

page_text: end of said chamber and having communication also with the upper body of the
boiler, substantially as set forth. 20th. In a motor engine the combination with a
screw actuated in rotation within a chamber or casing by the tension of gas or
vapor, a boiler, and a condenser or dissolver of pipe communications of the latter
respectively with the lower and upper body of the boiler and the eduction end of said
screw chamber, substantially as set forth. 21st. In a motor engine the combination
with a screw actuated in rotation by the tension of gas or vapor and secured to a
tubular axial shaft of a condenser or dissolver having communication with the
upper body of the boiler through said shaft, substantially as set forth. 22nd. In a
motor engine the combination with a chamber or casing provided with a screw
which is actuated in rotation by gas or vapor, of a condenser or dissolver con-
necting with the eduction end of said chamber, and mechanism adapted to force
the motive fluid therefrom into the boiler, substantially as set forth. 23rd. In
a motor engine provided with a screw which is rotated by gas or vapor in a state
of tension, the combination with a condenser or dissolver and pipe connection of the
same with a boiler of an inverted screw located longitudinally within said pipe, and
free therefrom, the same being adapted to force the motive fluid into said boiler,
substantially as set forth. 24th. In a motor engine the combination with a screw
actuated in rotation by the tension of gas or vapor and secured to a tubular axial
shaft, which latter provides communication between the boiler and condenser or
dissolver, of a screw located within said shaft and adapted to force the fluid from
said condenser or dissolver into the boiler, substantially as set forth. 25th. In a
motor engine the combination with a screw actuated in rotation by the tension of
gas or vapor, and a tubular axial shaft to which it is secured, and which provides
communication between the boiler and condenser or dissolver of a fixed screw
located longitudinally within said shaft, and free therefrom, said screw having its
thread formed the reverse of the thread of the rotating screw, substantially as set
forth. 26th. In a motor engine actuated by the expansive force of certain gases or
vapors against a screw, the combination with the screw chamber or space of a per-
forated plate or diaphragm inclosing its fluid induction end and adjustable valve
mechanism controlling said perforations or openings, the same being adapted to
automattically govern the supply of motive fluid into said screw chamber or space,
substantially as set forth. 27th. In a motor engine actuated by the expansive force
of certain gases or vapors against a rotating screw, a governor consisting in the
combination with the scrow chamber or space, of adjustable devices adapted to
control the passage of the motive fluid therein, together with governor connecting
mechanism, substantially as set forth. 28th. In a motor engine actuated by the
expansive force of certain gases or vapors against a rotating screw, the combination
with the screw chamber having communication at its eduction end with a condenser
or dissolver, of a governor located at the opposite and induction end of said chamber
whereby the passage of motive fluid into the latter is controlled, substantially as
set forth.
In witness whereof, I, the said Herbert John Haddan, have hereunto set my