IMPROVE- MENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CERTAIN KINDS OF SCREWS, AND IN TOOLS
Year: 1875

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Frearson, of Birmingham, in the County of
Warwick, Mechanical Engineer, for the Invention of " IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CERTAIN KINDS OF SCREWS, AND IN TOOLS AND
Scaled the 9th November 1875, and dated the 1st June 1875.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Frearson at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
1st June 1875.
I, JOHN FREARSON, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick,
Mechanical Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Inven-
tion for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CERTAIN KINDS OF SCREWS,
AND IN TOOLS AND MACHINERY TO BE USED IN THE SAID MANUFACTURE," to be as
follows:-
My Invention relates to the manufacture of such screws as have
cavities, depressions, or nicks in their heads, into which cavities,
depressions, or nicks the extremities or ends of the screwdrivers are
A

page_text: fitted to drive the said screws, and my said Invention is especially
applicable to the manufacture of the screws described and claimed in
the Specification of Letters Patent granted to me on the 12th day of
July 1870, No. 1971.
My Invention consists of the improvements herein-after described in
making the heads and cavities, or depressions, or nicks of the said screws,
and in tools to be used in the manufacture of the said heads and cavities,
depressions or nicks, and also in machinery or parts of machinery to be
used in connection or combination with the said tools.
Iron screws of the kind cominonly termed flat-faced wood screws are
usually headed at one operation in dics having conical or cylindrical
recesses of the depths of the heads of the screws to be made by the use
of flat faced punches; the heads are afterwards turned, and by means
of saws are nicked. By this mode of heading screws at one operation
the iron becomes disintegrated before it fills the countersunk portion of
the die, and so condensed when the die is filled that it is difficult without
fracture to impress the cavities required in the heads of the screws
described in the Patent before referred to. Morcover, if the iron wire
used for making such wood screws is unsound before being headed it is
made more unsound after being headed by the ordinary process, and
after the deep nicks are sawn across the heads the two halves of the
heads often separate during the operation of driving.
The object of my present Invention is to prepare and make screw
heads of suitable shape with sufficient ductility to render them fit to
receive cavaties, depressions, or nicks therein by pressure, and this I
effect by two operations, the first operation being to prepare the screw
head for the second operation, which consists in simultaneously
impressing the cavity, depression, or nick or nicks in the prepared head
and completing the external shape of the said head.
In making the head of a screw according to my Invention I first
compress or upset between a properly shaped dic and punch the end of
the wire or rod into a head, the under side of which has the ordinary
conical or cylindrical figure, and the upper side is conical or conoidal.
The upper part of this prepared head is of a suitable height to permit of
the metal being penetrated and spread out while the first stage of the
operation of impressing the cavity, depression, or nick is being per-
formed.

page_text: The punch for fashioning the conoidal-shaped head of the screw has a
recess in it of a counter shape to that of the said head, and the die used
with the said punch has a conical or cylindrical countersunk recess suffi-
ciently deep for the said dic to support the entire head while the cavity
or nick is being impressed in the head.
Having thus prepared the head I impress the cavity, nick, or nicks in
and complete the external form of the said head before removing it from
the die in which it was formed or while it is in a similar die by means of
a second punch having on its lower end a projection of a counter form
of that of the cavity, nick, or nicks to be made in the screw head, a face
or shoulder being formed around or outside the said projection to cor-
respond with the face of the finished screw head.
That part of the preparatory heading punch herein-before described
which immediately surrounds the recess in the said punch fits the upper
part of the countersunk recess in the die, or the body part of the punch
fits and slides through a collar or fixed hole above the die for the purpose
of making the preparatory head and its shank concentric with each
other, and the body part of the cavity impressing punch may be made to
slide through a collar or hole for a like purpose.
The recess in the preparatory heading punch is made of a conical or
conoidal shape for the purposes of compressing the fibres towards the
centre during the process of upsetting the metal, and of leaving the
metal in a suitable shape and sufficiently ductile state for the second
punch to enter and impress the cavity and complete the face of the
screw head.
By my Invention the prepared head being seated in the dio the cavity
making projection of the impressing punch penetrates the apex of the
prepared lead, and as this punch advances it opens the upper portion of
the head, spreading it out radially until the face or shoulder of the
punch reaches it, when the said shoulder compresses and expands the
metal, which being compressed between the wall of the die and the face
or shoulder of the punch so pinches the cavity impressing projection of
the punch that the edges of the cavity, nick, or nicks are brought up to
a proper angle.
The cavity is impressed and the screw head is thus completed in a
cold state without being annealed between the operations of preparing,

page_text: When screw heads of other shapes than those described are required
I make the punches and dies of the desired form, but in all cases I prefer
to give the upper side of the preparatory head a coniodal figure.
When the screw heads are too large to be compressed, or the cavities
to be impressed cold as described I compress and impress them while
is in a heated state.
A single punch of small diameter may be employed for impressing the
cavity and shaping the screw head. A punch composed of two parts,
namely, a punch within a punch, may be employed, the central part of
the punch being used for impressing the cavity in the screw head and
the external part for shaping the head.
Each die contains a central hole of the form required for the screw
blank, and the said dic is preferably externally conbed to fit a conical
hole in a holder or bolster, which secures it concentrically with the
punch in a press or machine, and each die is split or is composed of 2
equal parts, whose meeting faces present a sectional clovation of the
complete dic. This split die is held to it seat during the compressing
and impressing processes by means of a two-branched lever, and liberated
by it when the processes are completed. A rod or ram of the diameter
of the screw shank raises the screw blank, and with it the said dic, until
arrested by the said lever, and the conical split die being relieved from
the grip of the said holder the rod or ram ejects the screw blank from
the press or machine.
The prepared head of the screw may be made in one press or machine
and the cavity impressed in another; or both processes may be performed
in the same machine. In this case the machine is provided with a cir-
cular intermittent rotating table or disc, which latter is used in place of
the holder or bolster herein-before described. In the said intermittent
table are fitted four (or other number) of the split dies described.
When a die in the table is at rest opposite the feeding apparatus a
length of wire to form the screw is fed into it. By the motion of the
table the wire is brought in succession opposite the preparing punch for
compressing the head opposite the single or compound punch for
impressing the cavity and shaping the upper side of the head, and
opposite a die stop, when the ejecting rod or ram discharges the
finished screw blank from the machine: As the table carries four dies

page_text: the four operations described are performed simultaneously, each in its
respective dic, that is, four pieces of wire are fed into the dies, four screw
heads prepared, four cavities impressed and the head shaped, and four
completely headed articles ejected from the machine at each revo-
lution of the table or disc. A slide or lever fixes the table in the
required position after each motion. A fixed guide plate may be used
with the said table instead of the levers for holding the dies in
position.
The countersink in the split die may be made only of the depth of the
head of the screw to be made, and the body part of the impressing
punch which is used with the said die does not enter the countersink
portion of the dic, but the face of the punch is made larger in diameter
than the screw head so as to press upon and fit the upper surface of the
dic. In this case the preparatory head is partly above and partly below
the top surface of the split die, there being just sufficient metal to fill
the die when the head of the screw is completed; or the recess the
punch may be made of the depth and counterform of the head to be
made, the die used with the said punch having a central hole of the size
of the shank of the screw, but without a countersunk recess.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent
filed by the said John Frearson in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 27th November 1875.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHN
FREARSON, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick, Mechanical
Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the First day of June, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-five, in the
thirty-eighth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and
successors, give and grant unto me, the said John Frearson, Her
special license that I, the said John Frearson, my executors, admini-
strators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said John Frearson, my
executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with,
and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during,

page_text: the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use,
exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CERTAIN KINDS OF SCREWS, AND IN TOOLS
AND MACHINERY TO BE USED IN THE SAID MANUFACTURE," upon the condition
(amongst others) that I, the said John Frearson, my executors or
administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one
of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the
nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to
be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent
Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the date
of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said John Frearson, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement thereof, that is to say :-
My Invention relates to the manufacture of such screws as have
cavities, depressions, or nicks in their heads, into which cavities, depres-
sions, or nicks the extremities or ends of the screwdrivers are fitted to
drive the said screws; and my said Invention is especially applicable to
the manufacture of the screws described and claimed in the Speci-
fication of Letters Patent granted to me on the 12th day of July 1870,
No. 1971.
My Invention consists of the improvements herein-after described in
making the heads and cavities or depressions or nicks of the said screws,
and in tools to be used in the manufacture of the said heads and cavities,
depressions, or nicks, and also in machinery or parts of machinery to be
used in connection or combination with the said tools.
Iron screws of the kind commonly termed flat faced wood screws are
usually headed at one operation in dies having conical or cylindrical
recesses of the depths of the heads of the screws to be made by the use
of flat faced punches. The heads are afterwards turned, and by, means
of saws are nicked. By this mode of heading screws at one operation
the iron becomes disintegrated before it fills the countersunk portion of
the die, and so condensed when the die is filled that it is difficult without
fracture to impress the cavities required in the heads of the screws
described in the Patent before referred to. Morcover if the iron wire

page_text: used for making such wood screws is unsound before being headed it is
made more unsound after being headed by the ordinary process, and
after the deep nicks are sawn across the heads the two halves of the
heads often separate during the operation of driving.
The object of my present Invention is to prepare and make screw
heads of suitable shape with sufficient ductility to render them fit to
receive cavities, depressions, or nicks therein by pressure; and this I
effect by two operations, the first operation being to prepare the screw
head for the second operation, which consists in simultaneously
impressing the cavity, depression, or nick or nicks in the prepared head,
and completing the external shape of the said head.
In making the head of a screw, according to my Invention, I first
compress or upset between a properly shaped die and punch the end of
the wire or rod into a head, the under side of which has the ordinary
conical or cylindrical figure, and the upper side is conical or conoidal.
The upper part of this prepared head is of a suitable height to permit of
the metal being penetrated and spread out while the first stage of the
operation of impressing the cavity, depression, or nick is being per-
formed.
The punch for fashioning the conoidal shaped head of the screw has a
recess in it of a counter shape to that of the said head, and the die used
with the said punch has a conical or cylindrical countersunk recess
sufficiently deep for the said die to support the entire head while the
cavity or nick is being impressed in the head.
Having thus prepared the head I impress the cavity, nick, or nicks in
and complete the external form of the said head before removing it from
the die in which it was formed, or while it is in a similar die by means
of a second punch having on its lower end a projection of the counter
form of that of the cavity, nick, or nicks to be made in the screw head,
a face or shoulder being formed around or outside the said projection to
correspond with the face of the finished screw head.
That part of the preparatory heading punch herein-before described,
which immediately surrounds the recess in the said punch, fits the
upper part of the countersunk recess in the dic, or the body part of the
punch fits and slides through a collar or fixed hole above the die for
the purpose of making the preparatory head and its shank concentric

page_text: whose meeting faces present a sectional elevation of the complete dic.
This split die is held to its seat during the compressing and impressing
processes by means of a two-branched lever, and liberated by it when
the processes are completed. A rod or ram of the diameter of the screw
shank raises the screw blank, and with it the said dic, until arrested by
the said lever, and the conical split dic being relieved from the grip of
the said holder the rod or ram ejects the screw blank from the press or
machine.
The propared head of the screw may be made in one press or machine,
and the cavity impressed in another; or both processes may be per-
formed in the same machine. In this case the machine is provided with
a circular intermittent rotating table or disc, which latter is used in
place of the holder or bolster herein-before described. In the said inter-
mittent table are fitted four (or other number) of the split dies
described.
When a dic in the table is at rest opposito the feeding apparatus a
length of wire to form the screw is fed into it. By the motion of the
table the wire is brought in succession opposite the preparing punch for
compressing the head, opposite the single or compound punch for
impressing the cavity and shaping the upper side of the head, and
opposite a die stop, when the ejecting rod or ram discharges tho finished
screw blank from the machine. As the table carries four dics, the four
operations described are performed simultaneously, each in its respective
die, that is, four pieces of wire are fed into the dies, four screw heads
prepared, four cavities impressed, and the heads shaped, and four com-
pletely headed articles ejected from the machine at cach revolution of
the table or disc. A slide or lever fixes the table in the required
position after each motion. A fixed guide plate may be used with the
said table instead of the levers for holding the dies in position.
The countersink in the split die may be made only of the depth of the
head of the screw to be made, and the body part of the impressing
punch which is used with the said die does not enter the countersunk
portion of the die, but the face of the punch is made larger in diameter
than the screw head, so as to press upon and fit the upper surface of the
die. In this case the preparatory head is partly above and partly below
the top surface of the split die, there being just sufficient metal to fill
the die when the head of the screw is completed. Or the recess in the

page_text: punch may be made of the depth and counter form of the head to be
made, the die used with the said punch having a central hole of the size
of the shank of the screw, but without a countersunk recess.
I will now describe with reference to the accompanying Drawings the
manner in which my Invention may be performed.
The same letters of reference indicate the same parts in the several
Figures of the Drawings.
To facilitate the references I have arranged the letters of reference in
the following order :-Where the signs of reference are composed of two
letters the inital letters A, B, C, D, E, F, G, I, and J, refer to the
articles which constitute the motions of the machinery. Thus, where
the letter A in combination with another letter appears, it indicates
some part of the wire feeding motion; B, the wire cutting-off motion;
C, the intermittent motion, and so forth.
Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 11, 20, 22, 23, 24, and 25 represent the
punches and dies to be used in combination with the machinery herein-
after described and illustrated in the accompanying Drawings, for the
purpose of making conical sided flat faced screw heads, having cavities
or nicks impressed therein, as marked D in the sectional view, Figure 4,
and in the plan Figure 17.
Figures 5, 6, 12, and 13 represent the punches and dies to be used in
combination with the machinery herein-after described and illustrated in
the accompanying Drawings, for the purpose of making the cheese head
or cylindrical head screw blanks with cavities or nicks impressed
therein, as marked U in the section, Figure 6, and in the plan,
Figure 18.
Figures 7, 8, 14, and 15, represent the punches and dies to be used in
combination with machinery herein-after described and illustrated in the
accompanying Drawings for the purpose of making screw heads of a
mushroom or hemispherical shape with cavities or nicks impressed
therein, as marked W, in section in Figure 8, and in plan in Figure 19.
In Figure 1 the punch F is represented in section about to descend
for compressing the head on the end of the wire or rod A, and in
Figure 2 the said punch F is represented after it has descended and
formed the head on the rod B.-

page_text: The compound punch, Figures 3 and 4, by which the cavity is
impressed in, and the external form of the flat faced conical sided screw
heads shaped is marked GP; P, being the central impressing tool,
and G, the external tool for completing the form of the screw head.
In Figure 3 the compound punch GP is represented about to
descend upon the conoidal head of B in the die H, and in Figure 4, the
punch GP is represented after it has descended into the die H,
impressed the cavity in the head and completed the external form of the
head of the screw blank D, as shown in section in Figure 4, and in plan
in Figure 17.
Figure 34 represents in elevation a single punch marked X, which
may be used in place of the punch GP, Figures 3 and 4, for impressing
the nick or nicks, and compressing and finishing the external form of
the screw head. The said punch X may be varied in shape according to
the figure of the screw heads and cavities to be produced.
When a cylindrical head is to be produced by the use of ono of the
dies marked H and a punch X the figure of the cavity in the said dio
and the figure of the acting end of the said punch are varied in form to
suit the shape of the head to be produced.
Figures 5 and 6 represent partly in elevation and partly in vertical
section tools for forming cylindrical screw heads, and for impressing
cavities or nicks therein, and Figures 7 and 8 represent partly in
elevation and partly in vertical section the tools for forming hemi-
spherical screw heads, and for impressing the cavities or nicks therein.
The dies of these tools are without countersunk recesses for forming and
receiving the head, the head being formed and nicked external to the
die by the action of the punch and the face of the dic.
A plan of the upper side of the dies S, Figures 5, 6, 7, and 8, is
represented in Figure 21, and plans of the under faces of the punches
N, O, Q, and R, are represented respectively in Figures 12, 13, 14,
and 15. The split dies used with these punches are marked S. The
punch for forming the preparatory head on the rod T, Figure 5, is
marked N. The compound punch for impressing the cavity in the head
and completing the external form of the cylindrical screw head is
marked O P, in Figure 6, the screw blank shown in section in the die S
is marked U and is shown in plan in Figure 18.

page_text: The punch, Figure 7, for forming the preparatory head on the rod V is
marked Q, and the compound punch for impressing the cavity in and
forming the hemispherical head on the screw blank W is marked RP,
in Figure 8, and the screw head W is shown in plan in Figure 19.
The shape of the respective recesses in the punches NO, QR, is
clearly shown in the Drawings, and their action upon the end of the
wire or rod to form the preparatory head, and to finish the external form
of the head while the impressing tool is operating will be readily under-
stood by, an examination of the Drawings. The recesses in the punches
O and R may be varied in form according to the figure of the screw
heads to be produced.
I make the dies H and S by preference circular and coned externally
to fit a suitable holder, as represented in Figure 36, and marked Ma,
or as in Figure 42, and marked NA, but the external parts of the said
split dies may be of a rectangular shape, as represented in Figures 22,
23, 24, and 25, or of other shapes externally. And I make the im-
pressing parts of the punches by preference of a conical figure, with
four branches, each branch being at right angles to the adjacent one,
but the projections on the punches to be used in combination with the
machinery herein-after described and represented in the accompanying
Drawings may be of other shapes without departing from my Invention.
I forge each half conical die on a hardened steel faced swage block or
anvil, and the half conical recess in the swage anvil that fits the coned
part of the half die I make true by preference by means of a circular
conical emery lap; and when the half dies are forged, and the parts
which surround the screws to be made properly steeled (as is well
understood), I make the two inner flat faces of the dies to fit each other,
and then place them in a concentric chuck similar in construction to
that represented in Figure 29, excepting that it is coned in the opposite
direction and face the top surface of the two half dies by turning. Then
in another chuck, coned as represented in Figure 29, I place the said
two half dies and screw the chuck Ff on or in the lathe mandril Fc,
with the large face of the split die against the end of the abutment rod
or block Fe, and turn the small end of the die to gauge in length.
I then place the externally finished split die in the previously named
chuck, and bore the central hole and recess in the die.
Figure 57 represents in elevation, and Figure 58 represents in hori-

page_text: or machinery to be used for shaping the projecting ends of the said
punches, by which the cavities or nicks are impressed in the heads of
screws, and also for shaping the ends of screwdrivers to fit the cavities
in the said screw heads; LA represent a part of the bed of the machine;
and LB represents a part attached to LA by means of bolt (not shown).
Four radial grooves at right angles are planed in the projecting circular
part of the head on the part LA, in which grooves are placed the sliding
dics Lf, and on the said dies Lf the circular cap Lc is placed. This
cap is held by four screws and retains the sliding dies Lf in the grooves.
On the bed LA is fixed the headstock or poppet LD, in which is the
cylindrical slide LH. Surrounding the sliding dies Lf is the sliding
bush Le, which externally fits L B. The said bush Le has two branches,
shown in section in Fig 57. These branches are provided with joints
(not shown in the Drawing), to which connecting rods are attached,
cach of which connecting rods embraces a crank on the main shaft (not
shown). Between the two cranks is a cam (not shown) which actuates
the slide LH. The action of this apparatus is as follows:-The end of
the punch X being suitably shaped is placed in the machine with its
point between the inclined and opposed ends of the sliding dies Lf and
its shoulder against the faces of the said dies; and the other end of the
punch X is embraced by the coned end of LH, and held firmly in.
position by the outside rim of the said cam, while the bush Le is caused
to advance in the direction of the arrow, and the conical part of the said
bush pressed against the four bevelled outer ends of the dies Lf forces
them simultaneously towards the centre of the apparatus, and the said
dics Lfimpress the grooves in and compress the branches of the punch
into the shape required.
Although I have described the machine as constructed with four
radial dies L f, yet three or more than four of the said dies may be
employed. The dies Lf may be actuated simultaneously by other
means than by the bush Le.
I forge the wire cutters represented full size in Figures 26, 27, and 28
in a recess on an anvil, the said recess having the figure of the counter-
shape of the cutters.
The machinery which I use by preference in combination with the
aforesaid punches and dics for impressing the cavities and compressing
the shapes of the heads of screws, is represented in Figures 38, 39, 40,
and 41, Figure 38 representing in elevation the front side; Figure 39,

page_text: une plan, and Figures 40 and 41, the two end elevations of the said
machinery.
Figure 42 represents in cross section the bed HA (through the line
O B, in Figure 39) showing the intermittent rotating table Ch con-
taining the conical split dies H which are accurately fitted in the steel-
hardened bushes N, A, and the three saddles KB, two of which arc
shown by dotted lines; these saddles are adjusted in case of wear by
the set screws K C, and the sliding plug Dc for setting the table
firmly in position in the four equal divisions during the operations of
heading and nicking is also adjusted by saddles and by the set lower
screws K C.
Figure 46 is a cross section of the bed HA also through the line
O B, and Figuro 47 is a vertical section of the bed HA through the
linc O C, in Figure 46; Figures 44 and 47 represent the blocks for
adjusting for wear the cap H B and a part of the oil reservoir.
Figures 44, 45, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, and 56 represent in
detail parts similarly lettered in Figures 38, 39, 40, and 41; Figure 53
is a horizontal section through the line O D, in Figure 54; and Figures
55 and 56 are vertical sections through the wire, or between the two
cutters, and the parts in Figures 53, 54, 55, and 56 are similarly lettered
to like parts in Figures 38, 39, 40, and 41; Figure 52 represents the
relative positions of the cams on the shaft A a.
HA, Figures 38, 39, 40, and 41, represents the bed of the machine;
HB, the cap for the slides Fc; HC in Figure 44, the guide plate for
the punches and dies; HD, the bracket for the wire cutter parts; HE,
the bracket containing the wire straightening rollers; H F, the bearings
for the shaft Cc; HG, the bearing for the sliding dovetail inclines Bg;
HH, the bearing for the ejecting slide Ef; H I, the oil reservoir; and
HJ, the plug which is to be withdrawn to empty the reservoir. The
shaft I a being set in motion in the direction of the arrow on the fly
wheel the pinion I working in the spur wheel Jb turns the shaft Ja,
the crank Jc (Figure 48) and the intermittent worm wheel O a at the
same time, by means of the pinion I c, working in gear with the spur
wheel Id turns the shaft A a. Upon A a is the adjustable crank Ab
which gives a reciprocating movement to the connecting rod A c, and
the lever Ad upon the way shaft Ae as a fulcrum. The forward
motion of the links Af in connection with the lever Ad and the toggle

page_text: joint Ag causes the long arm of the lever Ah moving on the fulcrum
pin on A to be raised, and the short arm of the said lever Ah to be
depressed and to grip the wire An between itself and the slide A i.
The 'further continuance of the same forward motion causes the slide
Ai with the whole of the parts Af, A g, Ah, to advance with the wire
towards the cutters and dies, which said dies are slightly countersunk,
and while the slide A i is returning the portion of wire which has passed
the cutters Bj is cut off and left in the die H; A k is an arm carrying
the tumbler Aj. When the said arm Ak is in the position shown in
Figure 38 it has no action upon the long arm of the lever Ah, but
when for any reason it is wished to prevent the gripping action of the
lover Ah it is only necessary to turn the handle Ak to the right through
an angle of 90 degrees to bring the tumbler Aj upon the long arm
in order to lock the said lever and prevent it gripping
of the lever A
the wire.
The check A which is held loosely between the screw heads and the
bed HA is pressed against the [slide Ai by means of a coiled spring
acting against a shoulder on a bolt in the box Am, and the friction
thereby produced causes the toggle joint A to raise the long arm of
the lever A, and to depress the short arm of the said lever to grip the
wire at the commencement of the motion of the slide Ai. The.
shaft A a also carries the cam Ba which actuates the lever Bb; the
connecting rod Bc (which is adjustable by means of the right and left-
hand screw in the bush Bk), the lever, Bd, the link Be, the joint and
boss Bf which has an internal screw to fit the end of the cylindrical
slide with the two dovetailed inclines Bg, which by advancing in the
direction of the arrow, Figure 39, cause the end of the external slide B
(see Figures 53, 54, 55, and 56), and the internal slide Bi where the
cutters are fixed to approach towards each other and the cutters to come
together, and the reverse motion causes the cutters to recede from the
wire line.
On the shaft Ja which is timed with the shaft A a is the intermittent
worm wheel Ca, which gives an intermittent motion to the tangent
wheel Cb, the shaft Cc, the spur wheel Cd, the intermediato
wheel Ce, the small spur wheel Cƒ, the shaft Cg (Figures 42 and 43),
and the intermittent rotating table Ch.
On the shaft A a is the cam Da giving motion to the lever D b, which
actuates the table adjusting slide Dc working through a stuffing box

page_text: to prevent the oil escaping from the reservoir H I. On the same
shaft A a is the cam Ea which gives motion to the lever Eb, the
connecting rod Ec, the lever Ed, the links E e, the slide Ef, and
the ejecting ram Eg.
On the before-mentioned shaft Ja is the crank Jc (see Figure 48),
which gives motion to the compound connecting rod Fa with the
links Fb; the slides or bolts Fc (containing the regulating abutment
pieces F d, and the abutment rod Fe), tho concentric chucks Fƒ (also
represented separately in Figures 29, 30, and 33), and the punches F
and X.
The chuck Ff and parts connected therewith are represented in detail
in Figures 29, 30, and 33. The split cone C is arrested by the abut-
ment Fe, while Ff is screwed into the bolt Fc, the internal cone
of Ff tightening the punch and holding it concentrically. The
bracket HE carries the apparatus for straightening the wire before 1
being fed into the machine; Gc and Gd carry the rollers which
press upon opposite sides of the wire An giving it a zig-zag figure.
The part Gc which carries one set of the rollers is capable of a sliding
motion to and from Gd which carries the other set of rollers; G carries
a tumbler which is moved by the lever Ga; Gb and Gd are bolted
together the proper distance apart by the bolts and nuts Ge, and the
tumbler forces the rollers in Gc against the wire on one side and draws
the rollers in G d against the other side of the wire.
·
1
I will now trace the progress of the wire from its entering the
machine to its ejection in the shape of a completely headed and nicked 2
screw blank.
The lever Ga being turned at a right angle to the
position represented (as shown in Figure 39), the rollers in Gc and Gd
are thereby permitted to recede from the line of the wire An, and the
end of a coil of wire is passed by hand between the rollers until it
reaches the wire presser or holder, which consists of a bolt and spring 3
regulated by the screw KD, the said bolt being bevelled on its lower
end to allow the end of the wire to enter the shaft I a (which is set in
even time with the shafts Ja and A a) is then set in motion. The train
of parts lettored A c, A d, A e, Af, and A g, actuated by the crank Ab,
causes the lever Ah to grip the wire An, and by the motion of the 3
slide A i to carry forward the end of the wire beyond the cutting tools
into tho die, and a sufficient quantity of metal to form tho head pro-

page_text: jecting beyond the die into a groove in HC (see Figure 44, in which the
curved groove is shown by the curved dotted lines leading to the
bush HK). The train of parts indicated by the letters Bb, Bc, Bd,
Be, Bf, Bg, B h, Bi, and Bj (in Figures 53, 54, 55, and 56) is then
set in motion by the cam B A, and a length of wire is cut off and
remains in one of the dies H.
On the shaft Ja is the worm wheel C a, on one-third of the circum-
ference of which there are portions of inclined teeth, and on the other
two-thirds the teeth aro at right angles to the shaft J a (see Figures 40
and 41), the said inclined and rectangular teeth working in the tangent
whool C b, and giving an intermittent motion to the shaft Oc; the spur
wheels Cd, O e, and Cf, and shaft C g, thus moving the table Oh in
the direction indicated by the arrow in Figure 42 one quarter of a
revolution on its centre during one-third of a revolution of the shaft J a.
The said table C / carrics four similar equidistant dies H H, and the
die which received the wire is brought in position opposite the punchi F.
The table C being locked or bolted in position by tho bolt Do the
bolt or slide Fc carrying the punch F, and actuated by the crank J c
and connecting rod Fa advances with the punch F through the guido
bush HK, Figures 44 and 45, and compresses a conoidal head on the
wire. The guide bushes H L have a similar guiding function in the
nicking operation. The table C then moves another quarter of a
revolution, bringing the die containing the conoidal headed rod opposite
the punch X, and while the die is at rest the punch X is advanced and
the nick or cavity is impressed in the conoidal head which now assumes
the finished shape of a flat faced screw head. Another quarter of a
revolution of the dic table Ch brings the die containing the completed
screw blank opposite the ejecting ram E g, which is actuated as before
described. As the shafts Ja and A a revolve four times to one
revolution of the die table Ch, and as the table is at rest during two-
thirds of each revolution of Ja and A a, it will be understood that the
four operations described are being simultaneously performed each in its
respective die, that is, four pieces of wire are fed into the dies, four
screw heads prepared, four cavities impressed and the heads shaped, and
four completely headed screw blanks ejected from the machine at each
revolution of the table Ch.
The impressed nicks may be made in an ordinary screw-heading

page_text: and carriers, Figures 36 and 37, and the combination of those parts of
my Invention which have reference to impressing the cavities in the
heads of screws with the ordinary machinery I consider to be included
in my Invention.
t
Figure 43 represents in cross section a modification of that part of my E
Invention illustrated in Figure 42. HA is the bed of the machine in
section, and Ch represents the intermittent table containing rectan-
gular shaped dies K L, which may have central through holes to fit the
wire, or each central hole may terminate within the dic, according to
the length of screw required, as represented in Figures 23, 24, and 25. ]
In the last-mentioned case I employ an ejector marked M, the fore
end of which is wedge shaped, which entering between the dio first
raises the outer die K to a stop, the height of the thickness of M, and
afterwards as it further advances ejects the screw blank into a chute
(not shown), which conducts it from the machine.
When I employ rectangular or other shaped dics, whose centre holes
do not extend through the die, I feed the wire into the dies from the
recess or face sido of the dics.
When the several dies are brought into the respective positions proper
for heading and nicking the headed blank the dies K are firmly sup-
ported by rams Ka, which are pressed against the dies K at the required
times, and withdrawn by the action of cams, toggle joints, or other
equivalent mechanism.
In order to give steadiness to the bolt Dc I employ two oblique
guides fixed on either side of it, as indicated in dotted lines, which said 2
guides are made to have the required bearing in the bolt Dc by means
of the set screws K C.
It will be observed that at Kn thero is a recess, into which the die K
is advanced, when by the operation of the tool M the said die K is raised
from the die L for the ejection of the finished screw blank.
It will be further observed that as the table Ch³ moves in the direction
of the arrow that the incline on the end of the die K, coming against
the inclined side of the recess Kn, the said die K will be brought back.
to its position in contact with the die L.
When the screw blanks made in machines of either of the kinds,,

page_text: Figures 42 and 43, have projecting heads, as represented in Figures 5,
6, 7, and 8, a circular groove must be made in the inner face of the guido
plates HC and H C. The groove, from the first position of the dies
to the second, is of a width to permit the passage of the projecting end
3 of the wire. From the second to the third position of the dies the said
groove must be of a width and figure proper to permit of the passage of
the head, and from the third to the fourth position of the dies a similar
groove is made, excepting that it is somewhat shallower.
When the screw blanks made have conical heads of the ordinary form
) the ejector E g (see Figure 39) in operating upon the end of the screw
blank not only forces forward the said screw blank, but causes the
rising of the dies from their seats in the table Ch, whereby the loosening
of the said dies from the blank is effected, and the blank readily
ejected.
By an examination of Figures 38 and 39 it will be seen that the guide
plate HC has in it a groove, shown in dotted lines, in which groove
the projecting dies travel from the last or ejecting position to the first or
wire receiving position; but, as will also be seen by an examination of
the said Figure 39, the said groove is inclined, and vanishes at the first
position of the dies, so that the projecting dies, from which the headed
screw has been ejected, are returned to their normal position in the
intermittent table Oh by the time they have reached the position proper
for the reception of a fresh piece of wire.
I prefer to use two moving cutters of the shape represented in
Figures 26, 27, and 28, because in the act of cutting off the wire the
two flat surfaces of the cutters do not compress and harden that part of
the wire which is to form the head of the scrow.
The return motions of the wire cutters, the table setter, and the
ejector, may be effected in the usual manner by means of springs, but I
prefer to use counter cams and counter levers instead of springs, because
their action is safer.
The slides containing the cutters Bj, may be actuated by means of a
toggle joint or by other equivalent means.
After the punches are shaped in the apparatus, Figures 57 and 58,
they are placed in a concentric chuck, and the outsides of the branches
of the impressing points are turned in a lathe to a proper angle.

page_text: Although I have only described and represented my improvements in
connection with screws, the depressions or cavities in which are situated
within the head, that is, do not pass. through or pierce the sides of the
head as the nick of an ordinary screw does; yet my said improvements are
also applicable to the manufacture of screws having nicks crossing cach
other at the centre of the head. and passing out at the sides of the
head.
In order to make the heads and nicks of the last named kind of
screws, it is only necessary to give the tools for impressing the nicks the
required form, the operation of the said tools differing in no respect
from the operation of the tools described and represented.
Having described the nature of my Invention, and the manner in
which the same is to be performed, I wish it to be understood that I do
not limit myself to the precise details described and illustrated in the
accompanying Drawings, as the same may be varied without departing
from the nature of my Invention; but I claim as my Invention of im-
provements in the manufacture of certain kinds of screws, and in tools
to be used in the said manufacture,―
First. Manufacturing blanks for screws by the use of punches and
dies of the kinds herein described and illustrated in the accompanying
Drawings for shaping the heads, and for impressing the depressions,
cavities, or nicks in the heads of the said screw blanks in combination
with the machinery described and represented, that is to say, machinery
in which the wire receiving dies are moved to and from the punch in a
plane at right angles to the line in which the punch acts, whether tho
motion of the dies is rectilincar or curvilinear.
Secondly. The arrangement or combination of parts of mechanism for
feeding wire into a machine for heading and impressing cavities,
depressions, or nicks in the heads of screw blanks, substantially as
herein-before described and illustrated in the accompanying Drawings.
Thirdly. The arrangement or combination of parts of mechanism for
cutting off the wire fed into a machine for heading and impressing
cavities, depressions, or nicks in the heads, of screw blanks, substantially
as herein-before described and illustrated in the accompanying
Drawings.
Fourthly. The arrangement or combination of parts of mechanism

page_text: mittent rotating table of machinery for heading and impressing the
cavities, depressions, or nicks in the heads of screw blanks, substantially
as herein-before described and illustrated in the accompanying
Drawings.
Fifthly. The general combination into machinery for heading and for
impressing cavities, depressions, or nicks in the heads of screw blanks
of the feeding, cutting off, heading, and impressing mechanisms
enumerated in claims two, three, and four, in conjunction with the
heading and impressing dies and punches, substantially as herein-before
described and illustrated in the accompanying Drawings.
Sixthly. The adaptation of the heading and impressing dies and
punches for heading and impressing the depressions, cavities, or nicks in
the heads of screw blanks to screw heading machinery of the ordinary
kind, as herein-beforo described.
Seventhly. The arrangement or combination of parts of machinery,
substantially as herein-before described and illustrated in the accom-
panying Drawings, for shaping the impressing or acting ends of punches
for completing and impressing the heads of screw blanks.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Frearson, have hercunto
set my hand and seal, this Twenty-fifth day of November, in'
the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-
five.
Witness,
GEORGE SHAW.
JOHN FREARSON. (L.S.)