IMPROVEMENTS IN AND RELATING TO REFRIGERATING APPARATUS FOR THE PRESERVATION OF PERISHABLE SUBSTANCES, FOR COOLING AIR IN HOSPITALS AND OTHER BUILDINGS, AND FOR OTHER COOLING OR REFRIGERATING PUR- POSES.
Year: 1880

page_text: "
LETTERS PATENT to William Robert Lake, of the Firm of Haseltine, Lake,
& Co., Patent Agents, Southampton Buildings, London, for an Invention of
IMPROVEMENTS IN AND RELATING TO REFRIGERATING APPARATUS FOR THE
PRESERVATION OF PERISHABLE SUBSTANCES, FOR COOLING AIR IN HOSPITALS
AND OTHER BUILDINGS, AND FOR OTHER COOLING OR REFRIGERATING PUR-
POSES. A communication from abroad by De Witt Clinton Sanford, of Saint
Louis, Missouri, United States of America, Provision Broker.
"
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Robert Lake at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 28th January 1880.
66
* WILLIAM ROBERT LAKE, of the Firm of Haseltine, Lake, & Co., Patent Agents,
Southampton Buildings, London. IMPROVEMENTS IN AND RELATING TO REFRI-
GERATING APPARATUS FOR THE PRESERVATION OF PERISHABLE SUBSTANCES, FOR
COOLING AIR IN HOSPITALS AND OTHER BUILDINGS, AND FOR OTHER COOLING
OR REFRIGERATING PURPOSES." [A communication from abroad by De Witt
Clinton Sanford, of Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America, Provision
Broker.]
The present Invention is applicable to meat-curing, packing, and preserving
establishments, to breweries, beer-caves, wine-vaults, cellars, stores, saloons, houses,
hospitals, morgues, churches, vessels, railway carriages, to portable refrigerators
such as those used for houses, saloons, stores, and hotels, and to other buildings,
structures, places, and purposes where refrigeration, desiccation, or ventilation is
desired.
The distinguishing feature of the Invention is the employment of refrigerating
air currents in a horizontal direction. The Invention further relates to means
for directing and controlling the refrigerating currents. It also has reference
to the mode and means for utilizing the drip-water. It further has reference
to the construction of the ice-cribs and of the walls and roof of the refrigerating
building.
The construction employed in carrying the said Invention into practice consists
mainly of an apartment wherein air is cooled, and a refrigerating apartment or
series of refrigerating apartments through which the air after being cooled travels

page_text: in a horizontal direction, the air leaving the air-cooling chamber at the lower level
thereof, and after traversing the refrigerating apartments passing into the air-cooling
chamber again at the upper level thereof, and the current being due to the difference
in weight of the colder air in the air-cooling chamber and the warmer air in the
refrigerating apartments.
The refrigerating apartments may be side by side, and upon the same level or
thereabout, or they may be one above the other, and the air after passing through
them may be discharged into the open air, and fresh air may constantly be taken
In all
into the air-cooling apartment in place of using the same air over and over.
cases however the refrigerating apartments themselves constitute the flues for the
air-current, and the latter is caused to move horizontally through them, saving
when the series of refrigerating apartments are arranged one above another, and
in such case the current is partly in a vertical direction, viz., in passing from a lower
story to an upper one.
For this cooling any suitable cooling agent, system, or apparatus may be
employed. I prefer to use ice, placing it preferably in a crib. The ice should be
disposed so as to expose as much surface as is practicable to the air, so as to cool
the requisite quantity of air as speedily as possible. To this end the upright and
cross slats of the crib should be spaced apart the farthest practicable distance, and
sufficient space must be left between the crib and the walls of the air-cooling
apartment and around the ice for abundant air to freely pass. I prefer to construct
the crib so that its top, sides, and bottom, are exposed to the air, but it may extend
to the floor and against the walls of the air-cooling apartment, providing a space or
flue is left open through which the air can descend in contact with the ice. The
crib may be movable or a fixture, and it should be made so that the ice can be
introduced either at its sides or top. To obtain the best results the body of the
ice should extend as high as the lower edge of an upper opening or an opening
through which the air enters the air-cooling chamber. A reservoir is arranged
beneath the ice to catch the drip-water, and hold it for use there
;
also a partition-
wall between the air-cooling chamber and the refrigerating apartments. There are
openings respectively at the top and bottom of this wall. Through the lower one
the air passes from the cooling chamber into the refrigerating apartments, and
through the upper one it returns from the refrigerating apartments into the chamber.
These openings are fitted respectively with doors or valves, by moving or closing
which the circulation of the air through the entire refrigerator can be regulated or
stopped at will. I provide a series of four refrigerating apartments, corresponding
to a four-storied house, being separated by close floors or shelves extending
horizontally across the length and breadth of their respective apartments, excepting
that an opening is left at the ends or sides alternately farthest from and next to
the air-cooling chamber. These openings are for the passage of air from one
refrigerating apartment or story to the next one above it. By this arrangement
the refrigerating apartments become a series of horizontal flues, which, with the
openings connecting them, form a continuous flue (of uniform cross section or nearly
so) connecting the lower opening with the upper opening of the air-cooling chamber,
and through which the air circulates. I provide openings (having doors that can
be tightly closed) in the top of the uppermost refrigerating apartment to allow the
discharge of air when desired. There is a similar opening similarly closed in the
top of the air-cooling chamber to admit fresh air into that chamber when desired.
The articles to be refrigerated are placed in refrigerating apartments, where they
are subjected to the current of air flowing from the air-cooling chamber, and thereby
cooled and dried. The air in turn becoming warmer, and having its specific gravity
reduced, ascends from story to story, finally re-entering the air-cooling chamber,
where it is again cooled, dried, and purified, and from whence it re-enters the
refrigerating apartments to repeat its work, the current being regenerated without
auxiliary aid.
The air contained in all these connected apartments may be likened to an endless
chain, no part of which can move or stop without all of it moving or stopping, and

page_text: by opening or closing the valves at either of the openings or by operating a valve
at any other desired point in the path of the current the latter can be controlled
accordingly.
The course of the air through the refrigerating apartments is both horizontal
and vertical, the horizontal and vertical currents being connected, forming one
continuous current that ultimately ascends and enters the air-cooling chamber at
the upper level thereof. Only the horizontal portions of the current are used for
refrigerating, the vertical portions serving merely as connections to complete the
circuit. All the openings and spaces for the passage of the air should in cross
section not only be large enough to permit (when desired) air to pass throughout
all the various apartments of the refrigerator in sufficient quantity to abstract the
heat from the articles being refrigerated, but the entire flue throughout its length
from the point where it leaves the air-cooling chamber to where it enters it again
should be practically of uniform cross-sectional area to enable the air to pass freely
and rapidly, and so as to abstract the heat as speedily as possible. When the
refrigerating apartments are fully occupied, as in a meat-packing establishment,
the articles being cooled I estimate will obstruct about one half the air-space.
Hence the openings and all that portion of the flue not used for refrigerating should
be about one half the area of that of the cross-section of some of the refrigerating
apartments. The air space in the air-cooling chamber should be proportionately
spacious, and as a general rule, in order to obtain the best results, it may be stated
that, after making allowance for the space occupied by the articles being cooled in
the refrigerating apartments, the remaining portion or portions of the flue (meaning
the apartments and openings for the time being employed) should be nearly or
quite uniform in cross-sectional area.
As thus far described, the various openings at the ends of the floors of the
refrigerating apartments have been considered permanent, but by making openings
at both ends of the floors, and providing doors or valves to close them at will, and
by placing doors (swinging either vertically or horizontally) or vertical partitions
across the refrigerating apartments at the edge of the openings, and by properly
adjusting said doors and partitions the current of refrigerating air may be thrown
through either two or all of the refrigerating apartments, or cut off from any of
them at pleasure. The general construction may also, without departing from the
principle of the Invention, be modified by arranging a series of refrigerating apart-
ments on each side of the air-cooling chamber, or by placing the latter at the side
of the refrigerating apartments. The air-cooling chamber also may be arranged
differently; it may be placed above the refrigerating apartments, or it may be
removed from the immediate vicinity of the latter, and in either case be connected
therewith by suitable flues.
The velocity of the air current is in proportion to the height of the ice in the air-
cooling chamber, and consequently the height of the column of cold air in the air-
cooling chamber. Therefore, to obtain increased velocity, the air-cooling chamber
and its interior arrangements may be placed or built higher than the refrigerating
apartments, whether the latter are arranged side by side or one above another.
The improvement may also be applied to a two-story house, as well as to a house
of more stories. The house can be ventilated as well as cooled by opening the
valves and allowing the air-currents to pass, the external air being admitted
through the opening, and after being passed through the apartments, as desired,
being discharged through an opening.
Openings connecting any one of the refrigerating stories directly with the air-
cooling chamber can be made, if desired, through the wall of the air-cooling chamber,
through which openings the cold air can flow into the refrigerating apartments, as
previously described, providing the ice in the said chamber extends above the
opening in question; but when any of said last named openings are to be used all
other lower openings for the outflow of air from the air-cooling chamber should be
closed.
I will now describe the application of the Invention to connected refrigerating

page_text: apartments upon the same level, or to a one story house having a series of compart-
ments side by side, or to a refrigerator of chest form thus divided.
In a series (of two or more) apartments arranged side by side the current of cold
air passes from the air-cooling chamber through an opening into refrigerating
apartments, and after circulating to and fro through them (passing through an
opening) it passes up a flue and thence through an opening into the upper part of
the air-cooling chamber, completing the circuit without auxiliary aid. In this
arrangement also, by means of adjustable openings and doors at the ends of the
partitions (where three or more refrigerating apartments are used), or at other
suitable points, the refrigerating current may be directed through any of the
refrigerating apartments at will; also when more than two refrigerating apartments
are used either of them may be connected directly with the air-cooling chamber by
means of suitable openings or flues. The air may be allowed to pass out of the top
of the flue instead of returning it into the air-cooling chamber.
The walls and partitions of the horizontal series may in some cases be as high as
the walls of the air-cooling chamber, in which case the flue would be omitted; the
openings for the outflow and inflow from and to the air-cooling chamber retaining
their position near the bottom and top thereof respectively.
The said Invention further has reference to a mode of utilizing the cold water
produced by the melting of the ice. Such water has heretofore been applied to the
cooling of air, but at the bottom of the ice-chamber, but such application is not
highly advantageous for the reason that the air in the lower part of the ice-chamber
is about as cold as the drip-water. The latter has also been used to cool external
apartments by passing it through pipes or reservoirs placed in such apartments,
therefore the use of drip water in the above mentioned way is not a part of this
Invention. My improved method is as follows:-The warmest air in the air-
cooling chamber is at the upper level thereof, and consequently that is the point
where the cold drip-water should be applied to be the most effective. It should be
applied to the cooling of the air on its way to the ice, and thereby increase the
effective cooling power of the air-cooling chamber and diminish the consumption of
the ice. I obtain this result preferably by means of a pipe extending from the
drip-water reservoir upward to the space above the ice, and thence preferably
across and through this space a number of times (to obtain cooling surface), and
finally passing out of the air-cooling chamber. The upper part of this pipe should
be of thin metal or other heat-conducting material.
The cold drip-water by any suitable means is made to pass from the reservoir up
and through a pipe and thence to be discharged therefrom outside the air-cooling
chamber. The pipe being chilled by the cold water circulating through it cools
the surrounding air above the ice, and thus the drip-water is caused to co-operate
with the ice. The outer end of the drip-water pipe may be extended below the
level of the water in the reservoir and the entire pipe be made to act as a syphon
provided the height is not too great. The flow of water may be regulated by a
cock at the discharging end of the pipe. The pipe in its course may be formed into
any shape that will extend its cooling surface and increase its efficiency as a cooling
agent. If desired the water may be forced up into a reservoir, and from the
reservoir be allowed to flow into pipes or open troughs in the top of the air-cooling
chamber, thence to pass out as before described. Frequently in practice the drip-
water, even after it issues from the air-cooling chamber, is still sufficiently cool to
be further utilized. To this end the pipe is conducted into another refrigerating
apartment where it may be formed into a close coil.
By closely coiling the pipe in forming the coil a flue is formed in the apartment.
It should be placed as near the top of the apartment as possible after leaving
sufficient space above it for the liquid (or air as the case may be) to pass over and
into the flue. Space must also be left between the coil and the floor of the apartment
for the air or liquid to pass out from the lower end of the flue. The coil being
cooled by the circulation therein of the drip-water a downward current in
consequence is generated within the flue. The air or liquid within the pipe

page_text: becoming cooler and heavier descends and passes from the bottom of the flue out
into the apartment, while the warmer air or liquid is flowing into the flue at the
top. A circulation through the flue of all the air or liquid in the apartment is
thus maintained, resulting in the rapid cooling of the air or liquid, for the latter is
drawn in a volume through the flue. The circulation is still further promoted by
placing a casing or jacket (open above and beneath) around the coil, and thereby
forming another (annular) flue between the casing and coil. It is preferable in
forming the coil to wind the pipe from the bottom upward so as to bring the
warmest air or liquid in contact with the warmest part of the coil first and
afterward with the coldest part. The coil may also be in the form of flattened
tubes united above and below. The drip-water pipe as it passes through the
various apartments above described may be formed into any shape that may be
most advantageously applied to accomplish the desired effect. For instance it may
be increased in width to cover the inside of the top or roof of the apartment or
railway car to protect the apartment or car from the heat of the sun.
The Invention further has reference to a sun protecting wall and the air flue
connected therewith, and to the construction of the roof of the building.
A wall is built outside and a few inches from the main wall of the building, forming
a space or flue between the two walls. There are openings in the lower part of the wall
leading from the outer air into the flue. The combined areas of the openings
should be equal or thereabout to the cross sectional area of the flue, and the openings
are provided with valves that can be opened or closed when desired. The flue or
space extends upward, opening at a point above the refrigerating apartments of the
house, and either directly into the open air or into the open space immediately
beneath the roof, or into a flue or space constructed in, on, or immediately under and
next to the roof. The roof flue is practically a continuation of the flue between the
two walls, and it performs the same office with respect to the roof as the last
named flue does to the wall of the building.
In operation when the sun-wall has by the sunshine become heated through so
as to heat the air in the flue so that it is warmer than the external air, the valves
should be opened admitting the cooler external air into this flue to supply the
place of the warmer air which ascends and escapes through one of the other flues
into the open air.
By this means the heat of the sun, which otherwise would fall directly upon the
main-wall and be absorbed by it and conducted through it, is warded off and
received by the sun-wall. A large portion of the heat received by the sun-
protecting wall would be conveyed to the main wall were it not for the intervening
current of cooler air which is allowed to pass through the flue and carry the
heat off until the protecting wall is cooled down to the temperature of the external
air. This operation is particularly beneficial when the sun after shining hot becomes
obscured by clouds, or sets, and the temperature of the external air falls. Then the
cooler external air passes through the openings and ascends through the flue below
the walls, and the absorbed heat of the protecting wall is thus carried off from the
building. While the air in this flue is cooler than the external air the inlet valves
should be kept closed, thereby retaining the cool air in the flue. If it is not done
the cool air in the flue will descend and escape through the lower openings, and
thus a current of descending air will be cooled by the main wall and the aim of
this feature of the Invention be frustrated. Hence the valves are indispensable in
securing the full benefit of the sun-protecting wall.
The construction and operation of the flue in the roof are based upon similar
principles; this last named flue may be used without the flue between the walls
or in combination therewith, or the two flues may be both used, but independently.
In all cases it is desirable, and especially when the flue in the roof is used
independently, to employ a valve to close the lower end of this flue to prevent the
descent of air therein, as above described in connection with the flue between the
walls. The outlet, whether of this flue or the flue in the roof, should be constructed

page_text: and arranged so that the air therein in its upward course will meet with no
resistance, such as a counter-current arising from the wind without the building.
To this end the outlet of the wall-flue (when the latter is used independently)
should open upward and not outwardly from the side of or through the wall, for in
such case the wind when blowing against the outlet would cause a descending
current in the flue. The outlet of the flue with roof is preferably constructed as
shewn. The valves for closing the inlets to the wall-flue and roof-flue may be
made and operated in any suitable manner.
I may employ various modifications of refrigerating houses and refrigerators, all
however based upon the principle of employing refrigerating air currents in a
horizontal direction, for example,-
In a train of passenger carriages the air-cooling chamber is in the forward
carriage. The air may be taken into it, cooled therein in the ordinary manner as
above described, and passed thence through a pipe into a flue beneath the carriage.
It passes thence upward through the floor into the interior and is discharged at a
suitable point.
In the application to a train of goods-wagons one wagon is divided in a vertical
series of refrigerating apartments and another into a horizontal series.
The air-cooling chamber may be at the top and beneath it a vertical series of
refrigerating apartments. The air-current passes from the chamber into a space or
flue which extends downward to the bottom of the lowest apartment. Thence it
passes in the same direction through all the refrigerating apartments into a flue,
and thence upward in the air-cooling chamber again.
If desired the upper part of the elevated portion of the air cooling-chamber
may be cooled by the coil through which the drip-water from the ice below is
caused to circulate; the flues may be divided so as to form a separate flue to each
apartment.
I provide means for utilizing the drip-water which is conducted downward
through a pipe into a space cooling the air therein; this space may be regarded as
an extension of the air-cooling chamber, the air flowing thence into an apartment,
and thence to and fro through the remaining refrigerating apartments, and finally
returning into the air-cooling chamber, and passing round and round through the
two lower apartments, the upper refrigerating apartment being cooled by a current
directly from the ice-chamber.
In a construction adapted to a pork packing establishment, the two upper
apartments are in the form of a horizontal series, and are cooled by the cold air
coming from the chamber which is in the upper part of the construction. The
two lower apartments may be cooled by means of the drip-water from the chamber
as follows: The drip-water pipe is carried downward into a space where it cools
the air. The air passes from the space into the lower apartment, and thence into
another apartment, and thence into the space again, and so on round and round.
If the drip-water be insufficient to cool the apartments then the air-cooling
chamber can be applied to cool them in the usual way above described and by
opening the valves.
In another modification I may provide an air-cooling chamber at each end of
the refrigerating apartments. The air passes from the first chamber into the
apartment, thence through a flue into the other chamber, thence into another
apartment, and thence through another flue back into the first chamber again.
The air-cooling chamber may extend the entire length of the building at one
side thereof, and from the top to the bottom thereof.
I may provide a series of air-cooling chambers as relays to be used in con-
ducting the air-currents long distances. The air passes from the first chamber
into an apartment, thence by a flue into the next chamber, thence in the next
apartment, and so on.
I may provide a construction similar to the last, but thrown into the form of a
quadrangle, or so as to connect the various apartments and make the air-current

page_text: continuous, that is to say, the air-current passes from one chamber into an apart-
ment; thence into another chamber, thence into another apartment; thence into a
third chamber, thence into a third apartment; thence into a fourth chamber, thence
into a fourth apartment, and thence into the first chamber again. The current
may be sent either through or around the first chamber, as desired.
In another modification the air-cooling chamber is located at the centre of the
construction. The air passes from the chamber into an apartment, through which
it circulates until it reaches a partition, thence it passes upward into another
apartment, and winds backward around therein, passing thence into a third
apartment, thence into a fourth apartment, thence into another apartment (cir-
culating first in one direction and then in the other), and thence into the chamber
again.
In some cases the air-current moves continuously in the same direction around
the chamber, passing from the latter into one apartment, and thence through the
other apartments into the chamber again.
In some cases the air-cooling chamber is confined to one corner of the con-
struction, the air passing into one apartment, thence into another apartment, and
thence back into the chamber again.
The air-cooling chamber may extend in some cases higher than the uppermost of
the vertical series.
Another modified construction valuable for several purposes is as follows:-
There is an air-cooling chamber at one side or end of a horizontal series of
refrigerating apartments, the air-current being sent in the same direction through
all the apartments, and the current in each apartment being independent of the
currents in the other apartments. It may serve on a smaller scale for such a
building as a morgue, or on a larger scale for a block of buildings or stores, the
apartment representing the various tenements or stores.
The drip-water-pipe may lead from the main refrigerator into a supplementary
refrigerator in the air-cooling chamber, of which it serves as the means for cooling
the air. Articles may be partially cooled in the small refrigerator and afterwards
placed in the larger one.
I provide an adjustable or portable ice-crib, which by means of a cord can be
raised or lowered in any apartment. If desired the crib can rest on feet. It may
be surrounded by a jacket to enable the currents to be directed as desired. This
construction can be used in show cases, windows, and also in larger apartments.
In a construction for a transparent non-heat-conducting window or door I
provide several panes of glass having air-spaces between them. A sash may be
provided of any suitable shape.
In one form of ice crib the ice is supported upon a vertical series of shelves, and
to enable the air to come in contact with the under as well as the upper side of
the ice the shelves are preferably in the form of gratings or separated bars or slats.
The upper and under sides of the ice being thus exposed, and the ice being in
cakes or pieces, the air is enabled to encounter a very large extent of ice-surface,
for it can practically come in contact with nearly all the exterior of each piece
of ice.
In another form of ice-crib there are a vertical series of shelves upheld by
suitable standards. The shelves are composed of bars or slats. The slats are
spaced farther apart in the upper shelves, and close together in the lower shelves,
that is to say, in the top shelf the slats are spaced as far apart as the size of the
ice-cakes will permit, and from the top shelf downward the slats are gradually
nearer and nearer together. The object of this is to enable the ice after it has
melted sufficiently to drop through the openings in the top shelf to be caught and
supported on the shelf next beneath, where it is held until it has again become
sufficiently reduced in size to drop through to the third shelf, and so on. The
shelves are inclined to enable the ice (which is put onto the shelves at their upper
ends) to slide down into and along the shelves to the lower ends thereof.

page_text: In practice the ice may be moved along ways (that extend transversely past the
shelves) until opposite the shelves, to which it is then transferred, and allowed to
slide down therefrom.
When the air-cooling chamber is of such height as or for other reason it is
desirable to require the ice-cribs to be divided into stories, and the drip-water
coming from the upper stories to be caught and conducted away, so as not to fall
into the lower stories, the ice-crib in the upper stories may be separated by vertical
passages; for otherwise the drip-water-pans would have to extend continuously
across the building and cut off the descent of the air.
In another construction. the shelves at their upper ends are curved upward; this
enables the ice to be dropped from above into the shelves (which are made like
troughs) and be shot down into place.. These shelves can have ways along their
upper ends to enable the ice to be readily brought opposite the shelves.
In another form the crib is formed of scantling laid crosswise. The ice is fed
downward into cells, spaces being reserved for air-passages. In forming the crib
the scantling can be laid closer together or farther apart, as desired, and either of
the spaces can be used for ice-cells or for air-passages, as desired, and more or less
of the spaces can be used for ice-cells or for air-passages, as occasion may
require.
I also provide a device to be used in an air-cooling chamber styled a pipe air-
cooler. The drip-water from the ice is caught in a reservoir, from which it is
drawn or forced through a pipe union, piping, another union, and thence discharged
through another pipe. The flow may, where the conditions permit, be induced on
the principle of the syphon, or it may be compelled by a pump.
may use a "pipe air cooler" extending from the bottom of the air-cooling
chamber upward to the top thereof. In this case no solid refrigerant is used, but
the air in the chamber is cooled by elevating or forcing a liquid or gaseous
refrigerant through thin metal pipes or vessels extending from the bottom to the
top of the air-cooling chamber, the air to be cooled entering the chamber at its
upper end, and passing out at the lower end in the usual way, and in its course
coming in contact with the piping, and thereby chilled. The chilled piping is a
substitute for ice, the refrigerant used in chilling the piping being forced up
through the piping in place of or rather corresponding to the elevating of the
solid ice in the ordinary ice-crib. The great advantage of this mode is that the
refrigerant is more readily and accurately controlled, and adjusted to the work to
be done than is practicable with a solid refrigerant. It can be easily lowered or
raised, so as to have it any desirable height, and the apparatus can be constructed
and operated so that the refrigerant when discharged from the top of the cooler
will have the same temperature as that of the incoming air, and at the same time
the cold air discharged from the lower end of the air-cooling chamber will be of
the same temperature as the refrigerant or piping at the lower end of the cooler.
In this manner the cold of the refrigerant is preferably utilized. If desirable the
cooling apartment may be divided into several stories. The refrigerant may be
contained in a tank or vessel either in the air-cooling chamber or in an adjacent
apartment. From this tank the refrigerant is forced through the cooling pipes,
and thence it may be either returned to the tank to be re-cooled and re-used, or it
may be discharged, as may be desired, according to the refrigerant used. Any
such as a pump, may be used for moving the refrigerant, and the pipe and
cooler may be in any desirable form for extending its cooling surface. I am aware
that metal pipes have heretofore been used within the refrigerating apartments for
the purpose of cooling the air and articles contained in said apartments, but this
has been without any provision for producing or permitting a passage of air bodily
through said apartments. In the present system such passage of air is provided
for as well as a descending air-current through the air-cooling chamber for use in
connected refrigerating apartments.
means,
In the construction of a building for chilling slaughtered cattle the peculiar

page_text: feature is the provision of openings in the top of a longitudinal partition. As the
slaughtered animals are hung in the chill-rooms the first ones are hung as near as
possible to the cold air inlet, and those afterwards introduced are hung along next
to each other toward the end of the partition, and so on round into the apartment
and towards the ascending flue. Now there is no advantage in compelling the
warm air and vapour from the first animals to traverse the whole length of the
compartments to reach the return flue, and to avoid this the compartment inay'be
virtually shortened for the time being by opening a valve and allowing the air and
vapor named to pass directly, or almost directly, to the ascending flue. As the
chilling apartments are filled with animals up to the first opening then that opening
is closed, and the next opening is opened, and so on. Any number of openings may
be used. They are all fitted with valves.
The same principle may be applied to chill-rooms having a return flue above
them. This combination of chill room and return flue is valuable, irrespective of
the openings.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said William Robert Lake in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 28th
July 1880.
WILLIAM ROBERT LAKE, of the Firm of Haseltine, Lake, and Co., Patent Agents,
Southampton Buildings, London. "IMPROVEMENTS IN AND RELATING TO REFRI- E
GERATING APPARATUS FOR THE PRESERVATION OF PERISHABLE SUBSTANCES, FOR
COOLING AIR IN HOSPITALS AND OTHER BUILDINGS, AND FOR OTHER COOLING
OR REFRIGERATING PURPOSES." A communication from abroad by De Witt
Clinton Sanford, of Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America, Provision
Broker.
The present Invention is applicable to meat curing, packing, and preserving
establishments, to breweries, beer-caves, wine-vaults, cellars, stores, saloons, houses,
hospitals, morgues, churches, vessels, railway-carriages; to portable refrigerators,
such as those used for houses, saloons, stores, and hotels, and to other buildings,
structures, places, and purposes where refrigeration, desiccation, or ventilation is
desired.
The distinguishing feature of the said Invention is the employment of refri-
gerating air-currents in a horizontal direction. The Invention further relates
to the means for directing and controlling the refrigerating currents; it also
has reference to the mode and means for utilizing the drip-water; it further
has reference to the construction of ice-cribs, and of the walls and roof of the
refrigerating building.
The construction employed in carrying the said Invention into practice consists
mainly of an apartment wherein air is cooled, and a refrigerating apartment, or
series of refrigerating apartments, through which the air, after being cooled, travels
in a horizontal direction, the air leaving the air-cooling chamber at the lower
level thereof, and after traversing the refrigerating apartments, passing into the
air-cooling chamber again at the upper level thereof, and the current being due to
the difference in weight of the colder air in the air-cooling chamber, and the
warmer air in the refrigerating apartments.
The refrigerating apartments may be side by side and upon the same level or
thereabout, or they may be one above the other, and the air after passing through
them may be discharged into the open air, and fresh air may constantly be taken
into the air-cooling apartment in place of using the same air over and over again.
In all cases however the refrigerating apartments themselves constitute the flues
for the air-current, and the latter is caused to move horizontally through them
excepting when the series of refrigerating apartments are arranged one above
another, and in such case the current is partly in a vertical direction, viz., in
passing from a lower story to an upper one.
Figures 1 to 7 are vertical longitudinal sections of a refrigerating building
embodying this Invention, and shewing the refrigerating apartments in the form
of a vertical series.
Figures 8 and 9 are a longitudinal vertical section and a horizontal section of a
building shewing a horizontal series of refrigerating apartments, the air-cooling
chamber being higher than the said refrigerating apartments.
Figures 10 and 11 are views similar to Figures 8 and 9, but shewing all the
apartments of the same height, and also shewing their adaptation to a railway
carriage.

page_text: Figures 12 and 13 are longitudinal sections shewing the application of my
Invention to a train of railway carriages.
Figure 14 is a longitudinal vertical section of a building having the air cooling
chamber in the top story, and beneath it a vertical series of refrigerating apart-
ments, the refrigerating air currents moving in the same direction.
Figure 15 is a view similar to Figure 14, but shewing the air-cooling chamber
elevated at one end.
Figures 16 and 17 are also vertical sections shewing the air-cooling chamber
above and the refrigerating apartments beneath, the arrows indicating the course
of the air currents.
Figures 18 and 19 are similar sections shewing a coil through which the drip
water is passed for the purpose of cooling the lower apartments.
Figure 20 is a vertical section shewing an analogous use of the drip-water
in connection with another form of air-cooling chamber and refrigerating
apartments.
Figures 21 and 22 represent a vertical section and a horizontal section of
a building having an air-cooling chamber at each end of the refrigerating
apartments.
Figure 23 is a vertical longitudinal section, and Figure 24 a horizontal section
of a building having an air-cooling chamber extending throughout the length of
the building from top to bottom thereof.
Figure 25 is a longitudinal section shewing a series of air cooling chambers, or
what may be termed relays.
Figure 25a is a plan partly in section shewing a construction similar to that of
Figure 25, but arranged in a square form.
Figure 26 shews a modification of the latter.
Figure 27 is a horizontal section shewing a circular refrigerating apartment with
the air cooling chamber at the centre.
Figures 28 and 29 represent a horizontal section and a vertical section of a
construction having a central ice-chamber and a vertical series of refrigerating
apartments surrounding it, the arrows indicating the direction of the currents.
Figure 30 is a vertical section similar to Figure 29, but having the refrigerating
apartinents arranged differently.
Figure 31 is a longitudinal horizontal section shewing the air cooling chamber
confined to one corner of a building.
Figure 32 is a longitudinal vertical section shewing a vertical series of re-
frigerating apartments, and an air-cooling chamber extending above (in turret
form) the uppermost refrigerating apartment.
Figure 33 is a horizontal section through the turret shewn in Figure 32.
Figure 34 is a vertical section of a building shewing an arrangement adapted
(on a smaller scale) to morgue purposes, or on a larger scale to a series of tenements
or stores.
Figure 35 is a vertical section of the same in a plane at right angles to the
latter, and
Figure 36 is a horizontal section of the same.
Figure 37, a vertical section, shewing the drip water utilized to cool an auxiliary
refrigerator.
Figures 38 to 44 are vertical sections in detail, shewing the roof and outer wall
of a refrigerating building.
Figure 45 is a vertical section shewing a vertically adjustable and portable
ice-crib.
Figure 46 is a vertical section shewing a cooling coil.
Figures 47 and 48 represent a vertical section and a horizontal section of a
modified cooling coil.
Figures 49 and 50 are a side elevation and transverse section of a non-conducting.
window.

page_text: Figures 51 and 52 represent an end elevation and a side elevation of an improved
ice-crib.
Figures 53 and 54 are a vertical section and a plan or top view of a modified
form of ice-crib, shewing an arrangement for feeding the ice directly downward.
Figure 55 is a vertical section shewing an air cooling chamber, containing what
may be termed a pipe air cooler, the latter occupying the upper part of the chamber
and an ordinary ice crib the lower part.
Figure 56 is a vertical section of an air cooling chamber, shewing the "pipe air
cooler" extending from the bottom to the top of the chamber, and also a tank for
supplying the cooling liquid.
Figures 57 and 58 represent a longitudinal vertical section and a horizontal
section of a building, shewing openings in the refrigerating apartments between
the ends thereof through which the refrigerating air currents may pass when it is
not desired to use the whole length of the refrigerating apartments.
Figure 59 is a longitudinal vertical section of a similar construction, but shewing
but one refrigerating apartment and a return flue above it and the openings from
the refrigerating apartment leading into the return flue, and
"
Figure 60 is a vertical section of an air-cooling chamber arranged at an
inclination, as, for instance, against a hill-side and with a "pipe air cooler
therein,
Figures 61 and 62 represent different forms of ice-cribs hereinafter referred to.
A, Figures 1 to 7, represents a building embodying this Invention; B represents
the apartment wherein the air to be used in the refrigerating apartments is cooled
and dried. For this purpose any suitable cooling agent, system, or apparatus may
be employed. I prefer to use ice, placing it preferably in a crib C. The ice should
be so disposed as to expose as much surface as is practicable to the air, so as to
cool the requisite quantity of air as speedily as possible. To this end the upright
and cross slats of the crib should be spaced apart or separated the farthest
practicable distance, and sufficient space must be left between the crib and the walls
of the air-cooling apartment and around the ice for abundant air to freely pass.
I prefer to construct the crib so that its top sides and bottom are exposed to the air;
but it may extend to the floor and against the walls of the air-cooling apartment,
providing a space or flue is left open through which the air can descend in contact
with the ice. The crib may be movable or a fixture, and it should be made so that
the ice can be introduced either at its sides or top. Desirable forms of ice-cribs
are shewn in Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and are hereinafter explained. To obtain
the best results the body of the ice should extend as high as the lower edge of the
upper opening c, or the opening through which the air enters the air-cooling
chamber. D, Figures 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, represents a reservoir arranged beneath the
ice to catch the drip-water and hold it for use, as hereinafter described; C', Figures
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, represents the partition-wall between the air-cooling chamber and
the refrigerating apartments. There are openings c and c¹ respectively at the top
and bottom of this wall. Through the lower opening c¹ the air passes from the
chamber B into the refrigerating apartments, and through the upper one, c, it
returns from the refrigerating apartments into the chamber B. These openings are
fitted respectively with doors or valves E, E¹, by moving or closing which the
circulation of the air through the entire refrigerator can be regulated or stopped at
will. F, F, F2, F³, Figures 1 to 7, represent a series of four refrigerating apart-
ments corresponding to a four-storied house, being separated by close floors or
shelves f, f, f, extending horizontally across the length and breadth of their
respective apartments, excepting that an opening G, G, G', is left at the ends or
sides alternately farthest from and next to the air cooling chamber B. These
openings are for the passage of air from one refrigerating apartment or story to the
next one above it. By this arrangement the refrigerating apartments become a
series of horizontal flues which with the openings connecting them form a continuous
flue (of uniform cross section or nearly so) connecting the lower opening c¹ with the

page_text: upper opening c of the chamber B, and through which the air circulates, as indi-
cated by the arrows. H, H, represent openings (having doors h, h, that can be
tightly closed) in the top of the uppermost refrigerating apartment to allow the
discharge of air when desired. I represents a similar opening similarly closed in
the top of the air-cooling chamber to admit fresh air into that chamber when
desired.
The operation of the Invention as thus far described is as follows:-Ice being
placed in the crib C, and all the exterior openings of the refrigerators being closed
and the doors E, E¹, opened, the air in proximity to the ico becoming cooled and
therefore denser and heavier than the air in the refrigerating apartments descends
through the air-cooling chamber, and thence through the opening c¹ out into the
lower refrigerating apartment F. The current traverses this apartment horizontally,
and thence passes upward through the opening G into the next apartment F', and
so on, to and fro, as shewn in Figure 1, until it passes through the upper opening c
into the air-cooling chamber again. The articles to be refrigerated are placed in
the apartments F, F1, F2, F³, where they are subjected to the current of air flowing
from the air-cooling chamber and thereby cooled and dried. The air in turn
becoming warmer, and having its specific gravity reduced, ascends from storey to
storey, finally re-entering the air-cooling chamber, where it is again cooled, dried,
and purified, and from whence it re-enters the refrigerating apartments to repeat
its work, the current being regenerated without auxiliary aid.
The air contained in all these connected apartments may be likened to an endless
chain, no part of which can move or stop without all of it moving or stopping, and
by opening or closing the valves at either of the openings c, c¹, or by operating a
valve at any other desired point in the path of the current, the latter can be
controlled accordingly.
The course of the air through the refrigerating apartments F, F', F², F³, it is
seen is both horizontal and vertical, the horizontal and vertical currents being
connected forming one continuous current that ultimately ascends and enters the
air-cooling chamber at the upper level thereof. Only the horizontal portions of
the current are used for refrigerating, the vertical portions serving merely as
connections to complete the circuit, all the openings and spaces for the passage
of the air should in cross section not only be large enough to permit (when
desired), air to pass throughout all the various apartments of the refrigerator in
sufficient quantity to abstract the heat from the articles being refrigerated, but the
entire flue throughout its length from the point where it leaves the air-cooling
chamber to where it enters it again should be practically of uniform cross sectional
area, to enable the air to pass freely and rapidly, and so as to abstract the heat as
speedily as possible. When the refrigerating apartments are fully occupied, as in a
meat-packing establishment, it is estimated that the articles being cooled will
obstruct about one half the air-space. Hence, the openings c, c', and G, G1, G2, and
all that portion of the flue not used for refrigerating should be about one half
the area of that of the cross section of the apartments F, F¹. The air-space in the
chamber B should be proportionately spacious, and as a general rule, in order to
obtain the best results, it may be stated that after making allowance for the
space occupied by the articles being cooled in the refrigerating apartments, the
remaining portion or portions of the flue (meaning the apartments and openings
for the time being employed), should be nearly or quite uniform in cross-sectional
area.
As thus far described, the various openings G, G, G2, at the ends of the floors of
the refrigerating apartments F, F1, F2, have been considered permanent; but by
making openings G3, G4, G5, at both ends of the floors, and providing doors or
valves g, g, g, g³, g, g³; to close them at will, and by placing doors (swinging
either vertically or horizontally) or vertical partitions J, J, across the refrigerating
apartments at the edge of the openings, and by properly adjusting the said doors
and partitions, the current or refrigerating air may be thrown through either two

page_text: or all of the refrigerating apartments, or cut off from any of them at pleasure.
Some of the modes of obviating the air current are illustrated by Figures 1 to 7.
The general construction may also, without departing from the principle of this
Invention, be modified by arranging a series of refrigerating apartments on each
side of the air-cooling chamber, or by placing the latter at the side of the
refrigerating apartments. The air-cooling chamber also may be arranged
differently, that is to say, it may be placed above the refrigerating apartments,
or it may be removed from the immediate vicinity of the latter, and in either
case be connected therewith by suitable flues.
The velocity of the air-current is in proportion to the height of the ice in the air-
cooling chamber, and consequently the height of the column of cold air in the air-
cooling chamber; therefore to obtain increased velocity the air-cooling chamber
and its interior arrangements may be placed or built higher than the refrigerating
apartments whether the latter are arranged side by side, or one above the other.
The improvement may also be applied to a two-storey house as well as to a house
of more stories. The house can be ventilated as well as cooled by opening the
valves h, i, and allowing the air-currents to pass, as indicated in Figure 6, the
external air being admitted through the opening i. And after being passed through
the apartments as desired discharged through the opening h.
Openings similar to the openings c, c¹, Figure 1, connecting any one of the stories
F, F, directly with the air-cooling chamber, can be made if desired through the
wall of the chamber B, through which openings the cold air can flow into the
refrigerating apartments, as previously described, providing the ice in the chamber
B extends above the opening in question. But when any of the said last named
openings are to be used, all other lower openings for the outflow of air from the
air-cooling chamber should be closed.
I will now describe the application of this Invention to connected refrigerating
apartments upon the same level, or to a one storey house having a series of com-
partments side by side, or to a refrigerator of chest-form thus divided. Referring
to Figures 8 and 9, K, K¹, represent a series of apartments (two or more) arranged
side by side. The current of cold air passes from the chamber B through the
opening into the apartments K, K', and after circulating to and fro through them
(passing through the opening k¹), it passes up a flue L, and then through an
opening into the upper part of the air-cooling chamber B, completing the circuit
without auxiliary aid. In this arrangement also by means of adjustable openings
and doors at the ends of the partitions (where three or more refrigerating apart-
ments are used), or at other suitable points, the refrigerating current may be
directed through any of the refrigerating apartments at will. Also when more
than two refrigerating apartments are used, either of them may be connected
directly with the air-cooling chamber by means of suitable openings or flues. The
air may be allowed to pass out of the top of the flue L instead of returning it into
the chamber B. In this case the opening 7 should be closed, and an opening in the
top of the chamber B should be opened.
The walls and partitions of the horizontal compartments K, K¹, may in some
cases, and as shewn in Figures 10 and 11, be as high as the walls of the air-cooling
chamber, in which case the flue L would be omitted; the openings for the over-
flow and inflow from and to the air-cooling chamber retaining their position near
the bottom and top thereof respectively.
It appears from the foregoing description that the air, after leaving the air-
cooling chamber, is moved bodily in a horizontal direction, not merely a portion
thereof, such as an upper stratum, but all the air entering the refrigerating
apartments is passed horizontally throughout the same.
This method has several important advantages; by means of it stagnation is
prevented in any portion of the apartment or apartments being refrigerated. The
refrigerating current can be thoroughly controlled and directed not only into any
desired apartment, but can be sent evenly and with equal force through every level

page_text: of a refrigerating apartment. The current can also be sent to a great distance from
the air-cooling chamber, making it practicable to use refrigerating apartments
several hundred feet in length, and of even greater lengths or distances.
By this means more floor area and refrigerating capacity in proportion to the
size of the air-cooling chambers are obtained than when the refrigerating current
is sent in a vertical direction. This Invention is also especially valuable in a meat
packing establishment, where the meat is stored in bulk upon the floor, frequently
in a moist condition. In this case it is impracticable to perforate the floor and to
use a vertical refrigerating current as the articles themselves obstruct the circulation
of the air by closing the perforations, and the moisture drips through the perfora-
tions into the apartment or flue beneath. This difficulty is avoided by the use of
this Invention, as a tight floor is thereby made practicable.
The said Invention further relates to the mode of utilizing the cold water
produced by the melting of the ice. Such water has heretofore been applied to the
cooling of air, but at the bottom of ice-chambers, but such application is not highly
advantageous, for the reason that the air in the lower part of the ice-chamber is
about as cold as the drip-water. The latter has also been used to cool external
apartments by passing it through pipes or reservoirs placed in such apartments,
therefore the use of drip-water in the above mentioned ways is not a part of this
Invention. My improved method is as follows, that is to say:-The warmest air
in the air-cooling chamber is at the upper level thereof, and consequently that is the
point where the cold drip-water should be applied to be the most effective. It
should be applied to the cooling of the air on its way to the ice, and thereby
increase the effective cooling power of the air-cooling chamber, and diminish the
consumption of the ice. I obtain this result preferably by means of a pipe M,
Figure 7, extending from the drip-water reservoir D upward to the space above
the ice, and thence preferably across and through this space a number of times (to
obtain cooling surface), and finally passing out of the air-cooling chamber. The
upper part of this pipe should be of thin metal or other heat-conducting material.
The cold drip-water by any suitable means is caused to pass from the reservoir
up and through the pipe, and hence to be discharged therefrom outside the air-
cooling chamber. The pipe being chilled by the cold water circulating through it
cools the surrounding air above the ice, and thus the drip water is caused to co-
operate with the ice. The outer end of the drip-water-pipe may be extended
below the level of the water in the reservoir, and the entire pipe is made to act as a
syphon, provided the height is not too great. The flow of water may be regulated
by a cock at the discharging end of the pipe. This pipe in its course may be
formed into any shape that will extend its cooling surface and increase is efficiency
as a cooling agent. If desired, the waste water may be forced up into a reservoir,
and from the reservoir be allowed to flow into pipes or open troughs in the top of
the air-cooling chamber, and thence pass out as above described. Frequently in
practice the drip-water, even after it issues from the air-cooling chamber, is still
sufficiently cool to be further utilized. To this end the pipe M is conducted into
another refrigerating apartment, where it may be formed into a close coil n, Figure 46.
By closely coiling the pipe in forming the said close coil na flue is formed in the
apartment. It should be placed as near the top of the apartment as possible, after
leaving sufficient space above it for the liquid (or air, as the case may be) to pass
over and into the flue. Space must also be left between the coil and the floor of
the apartment for the air or liquid to pass out from the lower end of the flue. The
coil being cooled by the circulation therein of the drip-water, a downward current
in consequence is generated within the flue. The air or liquid without the pipe
becoming cooler and heavier descends and passes from the bottom of the flue out
into the apartment, while the warmer air or liquid is flowing into the flue at the
top. A circulation through the flue of all the air or liquid in the apartment is thus
maintained, resulting in the rapid cooling of the air or liquid, for the latter is
drawn in a volume through the flue. The circulation is still further promoted by
placing a casing or jacket N (open above and beneath) around the coil, and thereby

page_text: .
forming another annular flue between the casing and coil. It is preferable in
forming the coil n to wind the pipe M from the bottom upward, so as to bring the
warmest air or liquid in contact with the warmest part of the coil first, and
afterward with the coldest part. The coil may also be in the form shewn in
Figures 47 and 48, that is to say, of flattened tubes united above and below the
drip-water pipe M as it passes through the various apartments above described, or
it may be formed into any shape that may be most advantageously applied to
accomplish the desired effect. For instance, it may be increased in width to cover
the inside of the top or roof of an apartment or railway vehicle, to protect the
apartment or vehicle from the heat of the sun.
This Invention further relates to what I term a sun-protecting wall, and the air-
flue connected therewith, and to the construction of the roof of the building.
Referring to Figures 38 to 44 inclusive, Q represents a wall built outside, and a
few inches from the main wall a of the building, forming a space or flue Q¹ between
the two walls. There are openings q in the lower part of the wall Q leading from
the outer air into the flue Q. The combined areas of the openings q should be
equal or thereabout to the cross-sectional area of the flue Q, and the openings are
provided with valves q¹ that can be opened or closed when desired. The flue or
space Q¹ extends upward, opening at a point above the refrigerating apartments of
the house, and either directly into the open air, as at R, Figure 44, or into the open
space S immediately beneath the roof T, as in Figures 39 and 40, or into a flue or
space u constructed in, on, or immediately under and next to the roof, as in Figures
41, 42, 43. The roof-flue u is practically a continuation of the flue Q¹, and it
performs the same office with respect to the roof as the flue Q¹ does to the wall of
the building.
In operation when the sun wall Q has by the sunshine become heated through
so as to heat the air in the flue Q1 so that it is warmer than the external air the
valves q' should be opened, admitting the cooler external air into the flue Q' to
supply the place of the warmer air, which ascends and escapes through the
flues R, S, or u, as the case may be, into the open air.
By this means the heat of the sun, which otherwise would fall directly upon the
main-wall a and be absorbed by it and conducted through it, is warded off and
received by the sun-wall. A large portion of the heat received by the sun-
protecting wall Q would be conveyed to the main wall a were it not for the
intervening current of cooler air, which is allowed to pass through the flue Q¹ and
carry the heat off until the protecting wall Q is cooled down to the temperature of
the external air; this operation is particularly beneficial when the sun after shining
hot becomes obscured by clouds, or sets, and the temperature of the external air
falls. Then the cooler external air passes through the openings q and ascends
through the flue Q1, and the absorbed heat of the protecting wall is thus carried off
from the building. While the air in the flue Q1 is cooler than the external air then
the inlet valves q¹ should be kept closed, thereby retaining the cool air in the
flue. If this is not done the cool air in the flue will descend and escape through
the lower openings, and thus a current of descending air will be cooled by the
main wall a, and the aim of this feature of the Invention be frustrated. Hence
the valves q¹ are indispensable in securing the full benefit of the "sun protecting"
wall Q.
The construction and operation of the flue u in the roof is based upon similar
principles. This last named flue may be used without the flue Q¹, as in Figure 43,
or in combination therewith, as in Figures 38 and 42, or the two flues u and Q'
may be both used independently, as in Figures 39 and 40. In all cases it is
desirable, and especially when the flue u is used independently, to employ a
valve u¹ to close the lower end of the flue u to prevent the descent of air therein,
as above described, in connection with the flue Q. The outlet, whether of this
flue Q¹or u, should be constructed and arranged so that the air therein in its
upward course will meet with no resistance, such as a counter current arising from
the wind without the building. To this end the outlet of the wall-flue Q' (when

page_text: the latter is used independently) should open upward, as in Figure 44, and not
outwardly from the side of or through the wall Q; for in such case the wind
when blowing against the outlet would cause a descending current in the flue.
The outlet of the flue u is preferably constructed as shewn. The valves for
closing the inlets to the flues Q¹and u may be made and operated in any suitable
manner.
I will now proceed to describe various modifications of refrigerating houses and
refrigerators, all however based upon the principle of employing refrigerating air-
currents in a horizontal direction.
Figures 1 to 7 inclusive, in addition to illustrating the general principle of the
Invention, shew different forms and various arrangements of the valves used in
controlling and directing the flow of the refrigerating air current through the
refrigerating apartments; they also shew different forms of ice-cribs and drip-
water pans and drain-pipes.
In Figure 12 the air-cooling chamber B¹ is in the forward carriage of the train.
The air may be taken into it at b, cooled therein in the ordinary manner as above
described, and passed thence through a pipe b¹ into a flue 6 beneath the carriage F's.
It passes thence upward through the floor into the interior of the carriage and is
discharged at f.
Figure 13 shews the application of this Invention to goods wagons. In this
case a continuous air-circulation is shewn as indicated by the arrows.
The
car F5 is divided into a vertical series of refrigerating apartments, and the car Fo
into a horizontal series. The connections between the cars are shewn at b, b.
In Figure 14 the air-cooling chamber B is at the top, and beneath it is a
vertical series of refrigerating apartments F, F, F, F10. The air-current passes
from the chamber B2 into a space or fluo 62, which extends downward to the bottom
of the lowest apartment F10; thence it passes in the same direction through
all the refrigerating apartments into a flue 6³, and thence upward in the air-cooling
chamber again.
The construction illustrated in Figure 15, and which is a modification of that
last described, has the air-cooling chamber B³ elevated at one end B4. If desired
the upper part of the elevated portion may be cooled by the coil n, through which
the drip water from the ice below is caused to circulate. The dotted lines in this
view shew how the flues 62, 63, may be divided so as to form a separate flue to each
apartment F, F8, Fº, F¹º.
The constructions shown in Figures 16 and 17 are analogous to those last above
described, the air-cooling chamber being above, and the courses of the air currents
as indicated by the arrows.
Figures 18 and 19 illustrate means for utilizing the drip-water, which is
conducted downward through the pipe M³ into a space 65, cooling the air therein.
This space 65 may be regarded as an extension of the air-cooling chamber B³, the
air flowing thence into the apartment F", and thence (in Figure 18) to and fro
through the remaining refrigerating apartments, and finally returning into the
chamber B, (and in Figure 19) passing round and round through the lower
apartments F, F12; the upper refrigerating apartment being cooled by a current
directly from the ice-chamber. The construction shewn in Figure 20 is adapted to
a pork packing establishment, the two upper apartments F3, F4, being in the form
of a horizontal series, and being cooled by the cold air coming from the chamber Bº,
which is in the upper part of the construction. The two lower apartments F15, F10,
may be cooled by means of the drip-water from the chamber B as follows, that is
to say:-
The drip-water-pipe M³ is carried downward into a space m³ where it
cools the air. The air passes from the space m³ into the lower apartment F¹º, and
thence into the apartment F1, and thence into the space m³ again, and so on round
and round. If the drip-water be insufficient to cool the apartments F1, F16, then
the air-cooling chamber B, Bo, can be applied to cool them in the usual way above
described, and by opening the valves 6, 6º, as shewn. In Figures 21 and 22, an
air cooling chamber is shewn at each end of the refrigerating apartments. The

page_text: air passes from the chambers B7 into the apartment F1, thence through the
flue into the chamber B8, then into the apartment f18, and thence through
the flue f¹ back into the chamber B' again.
In Figures 23 and 24 the air-cooling chamber Bº extends the entire length of the
building at one side thereof, and from the top to the bottom thereof. The course
of the air current is indicated by the arrows. A modification however is indicated
by the dotted arrow x, Figure 23, indicating that the air can return from the
apartment F directly into the chamber B. Figure 25 shews a series of air-
cooling chambers B10, B1, B2, B¹³. They may be regarded as relays to be used in
conducting the air-currents long distances. The air passes from the chamber B10
into the apartment F20, thence by the flue f20 into the chamber B", thence into the
apartment F1, and so on.
Figure 25 shews a construction similar to the last thrown into the form of a
quadrangle, or so as to connect the various apartments and make the air-current
continuous, that is to say, the air current passes from the chamber B¼ into the
apartment F, thence into the chamber B1, thence into the apartment F12, then
into the chamber B16, thence into the apartment F, then into the chamber B17,
thence into the apartment F25, and thence into the chamber B¼ again. The
chamber B¹ is shown out of line to indicate how the current may be sent either
through or around it, as desired.
Figure 26 shews a similar construction, but circular in form.
In Figures 27 to 30 the air-cooling chamber is located at the centre of the.
structure ог construction. In Figures 27 and 30 the air passes from the
chamber B18 into the apartment F, through which it circulates until it reaches
the partition f26, thence it passes upward into the apartment F and winds back-
ward around therein, passing thence into the apartment F", thence into the
apartment F28, then into the apartment F20 (circulating first in one direction and
then in the other), and thence into the chamber B18 again. In Figures 28 and 29
the air-current moves continuously in the same direction around the chamber B19,
passing from the latter into the apartment F30, and thence through the
apartments F1, F³, F33, F34, into the chamber B19 again.
Figure 31 shews the air-cooling chamber B confined to one corner of the
construction, the air passing into the apartment F34, thence into the apartment F³5,
and thence back into the chamber B20 again. This construction, as well as those
shewn in Figures 11, 23, 24, can be used in refrigerators of the chest form.
In Figure 32 the air-cooling chamber B" extends higher than the uppermost of
the vertical series F30, F37, F33, F39.
The construction shewn in Figures 34, 35, 36, is valuable for several purposes.
It embodies an air-cooling chamber B" at one side or end of a horizontal series F40,
F, F, of refrigerating apartments, the air current being sent in the same direction
through all the apartments, and the current in each apartment being independent
of the currents in the other apartments. It may serve (as shewn) on a smaller
Bcale for such a building as a morgue, or on a larger scale for a block of buildings
or stores, the apartments F10, F1, F2, representing the various tenements or stores.
In Figure 37 the drip-water-pipe M³ leads from the main refrigerator A² into a
supplementary refrigerator A³, in the air cooling chamber B23 of which it serves as
the means for cooling the air. Articles may be partially cooled in the small
refrigerator A³ and afterwards placed in the larger one.
Figure 45 shews an adjustable or portable ice-crib C. By means of the cord c*
it can be raised or lowered in the apartment B. If desired, the crib can rest on
the feet c³, c, and may be surrounded by a jacket C³ to enable the currents to be
directed as indicated by the arrows. This construction can be used in show-cases,
windows, and also in larger apartments.
Figures 49 and 50 illustrate a construction for a transparent non-heat-conducting
window or door. A, A, A, A', represent several panes of glass having air
spaces a, a, a, between them. The sash A³ may be of any suitable shape.
Figures 51, 52, 53, 54, 61, 62, illustrate forms of ice-cribs, the primary object of

page_text: which is to support and expose the ice in such a manner as to obtain the largest
amount of cooling surface and at the same time to provide ample space for the air
current to freely pass. A secondary aim is to provide for readily placing the ice.
and for catching the dripwater.
To secure the maximum cooling surface the ice is supported upon a vertical
series of shelves, and to enable the air to come in contact with the under as well as
the upper side of the ice the shelves are preferably in the form of gratings, or
separated bars, or slats. The upper and under sides of the ice being thus exposed,
and the ice being in cakes or pieces, the air is enabled to encounter a very large
extent of ice surface, for it can practically come in contact with nearly all the
exterior of each piece of ice.
Figures 51 and 52 shew one form of ice crib for carrying out this part of the
Invention. C7, C³, C, C¹º, C1, C2, C¹³, are a vertical series of shelves upheld by
suitable standards c'. The shelves are composed of bars or slats c8. The slats are
spaced farther apart in the upper shelves and close together in the lower shelves,
as shewn in Figure 51, that is to say, in the top shelf C the slats are spaced as far
apart as the size of the ice-cakes will permit, and from the top shelf downward the
slats are gradually nearer and nearer together. The object of this is to enable the
ice after it has melted sufficiently to drop through the openings in the top shelf to
be caught and supported on the shelf next beneath, where it is held until it has
again become sufficiently reduced in size to drop through to the third shelf and so on.
The shelves are inclined, as shewn in Figure 52, to enable the ice (which is put
onto the shelves at their upper ends) to slide down into and along the shelves to
the lower ends thereof.
In practice the ice may be moved along ways c (that extend transversely past
the shelves) until opposite the shelves, to which it is then transferred and allowed
to slide down thereupon. When the air cooling chamber is of such height as
for other reason it is desirable to require the ice cribs to be divided into stories,
and the drip water coming from the upper stories to be caught and conducted away
so as not to fall into the lower stories, the ice-crib in the upper stories may be
separated by vertical passages c¹o, as shewn in Figure 51; otherwise the drip-
water pans c would have to extend continuously across the building and cut off
the descent of the air. Arranged however as shewn in Figure 51 the drip water
can be caught and the air can pass down.
The construction shewn in Figures 53 and 54 is a modification of that last
described for the reason that the shelves C1, C1, at the upper ends c¹, c1, are
curved upward. This enables the ice to be dropped from above into the shelves
(which are made like troughs) and be shot down into place. These shelves C can
have ways c along their upper ends to enable the ice to be readily brought
opposite the shelves.
The construction shewn in Figures 61, 62, is a simple mode of forming a crib,
Figure 61 being a top view, and Figure 62 a side view thereof. The crib C15 is
formed of scantling laid across wise, as shewn. The ice is fed downward into the
cells C, the spaces C7 being reserved for air-passages. In forming the crib the
scantling can be laid closer together or farther apart, as desired, and either of the
spaces C or C17 can be used for ice-cells or for air-passages, as desired, and more or
less of the spaces can be used for ice-cells or for air-passages, as occasion may
require.
The above described ice-crib shewn in various forms in Figures 51, 52, 53,
54, 61, 62, may in general terms be styled an "exposing or honey-comb ice-crib."
Figure 55 shews a device to be used in an air-cooling chamber styled a "pipe
air-cooler." A represents an air-cooling apartment; Ce represents an ice-crib
occupying the lower portion of the chamber A; C17* represents a system of piping
of any suitable form as C19*, C18*, or C20*, occupying the upper portion of the
chamber A10. The drip-water from the ice is caught in the reservoir D¹º, from
which it is drawn or forced through the pipe (10, union d", piping C18, C1, C20
union d, and thence discharged through the pipe d'³. The flow may, where the
"

page_text: conditions permit be induced on the principle of the syphon, or it may be compelled
by the pump d¼. The course of the air is indicated by the downwardly-pointing
arrows entering, say, at d¹, d¹6, and passing out at d. The crib C16 is shaped to
leave a space c just inside the exit 7, in order that the air may pass from the
interstices of the crib freely to the exit.
Figure 56 shews a (pipe air-cooler" extending from the bottom of the air-
cooling chamber upward to the top thereof. In this case no solid refrigerant is
used, but the air in the chamber is cooled by elevating or forcing a liquid or
gaseous refrigerant through thin metal pipes or vessels extending from the bottom
to the top of the air-cooling chamber, the air to be cooled entering the chamber at
its upper end and passing out at the lower end in the usual way, and in its course
coming in contact with the piping, and thereby being chilled. The chilled piping
is a substitute for ice, the refrigerant used in chilling the piping being forced up
through the piping in place of or rather corresponding to the elevating of the
solid ice in the ordinary ice-crib. The great advantage of this mode is that the
refrigerant is more readily and accurately controlled and adjusted to the work to
be done than is practicable with a solid refrigerant. It can be easily lowered or
raised, so as to have it any desirable height, and the apparatus can be constructed
and operated so that the refrigerant when discharged from the top of the cooler
will have the same temperature as that of the incoming air, and at the same timo
the cold air discharged from the lower end of the air-cooling chamber will be of
the same temperature as the refrigerant or piping at the lower end of the cooler.
In this manner the cold of the refrigerant is preferably utilized. If desirable the
cooling apartment may be divided into several stories.
The refrigerant may be contained in a tank or vessel C18, either in the air-
cooling chamber C¹ or in an adjacent apartment C. From this tank the
refrigerant is forced through the cooling pipes C", and thence. it may be either
returned to the tank to be recooled and reused, or it may be discharged as may
be desired, according to the refrigerant used. Any means, such as a pump C22, may
be used for moving the refrigerant, and the pipe air-cooler may be in any
desirable form for extending its cooling surface. I am aware that metal pipes have
heretofore been used within the refrigerating apartments for the purpose of cooling
the air and articles contained in the said apartments, but this has been without
any provision for producing or permitting a passage of air bodily through said
apartments. In the present system such passage of air is provided for as well as
a descending air-current through the air-cooling chamber for use in connected
refrigerating apartments.
Figure 60 shews a "pipe air-cooler" in an inclined position, as against a
hillside.
Figures 57 and 58 shew a construction of building for chilling slaughtered
cattle. The peculiar feature in it is the openings R³, Rs, in the top of the longi-
tudinal partition R*.
The object of this construction is as follows, that is to say:-As the slaughtered
animals are hung in the chill-rooms R5, R, the first ones are hung as near as
possible to the cold air inlet, say at R7, and those afterwards introduced are hung
along next to each other toward the end of the partition R4, and so on round into
the apartment Re and toward the ascending flue Rs. Now there is no advantage
in compelling the warm air and vapor from the first animals to traverse the
whole length of the compartments to reach the return flue, and to avoid this the
compartment may be virtually shortened for the time being by opening the valve
at R³, and allowing the air and vapor to pass directly or almost directly to the
ascending flue Rs. As the chilling apartments are filled with animals up to the
first opening R³ then that opening is closed and the next opening R³ is opened,
and so on. Any number of these openings may be used, and are all fitted with
valves.
The same principle may be applied to chill-rooms having a return flue above
them, as shewn in Figure 59, where R³ is the chill-room, R₁ the return flue, and

page_text: R, R1, the openings. This combination of the chill room and return flue is valuable
irrespective of the openings R", R¹².
Having thus fully described the said Invention as communicated to me by my
foreign correspondent, and the manner of performing the same, I wish it under-
stood that I claim,―
First. In a refrigerator or refrigerating house two or more refrigerating compart-
ments, the largest dimension of which is in a horizontal direction, the said
compartments being connected with each other at alternate ends, and the first and
last compartments being at their ends connected, without any intervening refrige-
rating compartments, with an air-cooling chamber forming a continuous flue, as
above set forth and for the purpose specified.
Second. The combination in a refrigerator or refrigerating house of an air-cooling
chamber and a refrigerating apartment, the latter being connected with the former
by an opening or flue leading from the lower part of the air-cooling chamber, and
also by another opening or flue leading into the upper part of the said air-cooling
chamber, and having one or more imperforate partitions or floors extending from
the wall of the apartment nearest the ice-chamber, and between the said openings
or flues, horizontally across said apartment, and provided with openings at one or
both ends for the purpose of directing the flow of the refrigerating current in the
manner described.
Third. The combination in a refrigerator or refrigerating house of an air-cooling
chamber and a refrigerating apartment, the former extending to or above the lovel
of the latter, and connected therewith by an opening or flue leading from the lower
part of the air cooling chamber, and also by another opening or flue leading into
the upper part of the said air-cooling chamber and the said refrigerating apart-
ment having one or more imperforate partitions or floors extending from the wall
of the apartment nearest the air-cooling chamber, and between the said openings or
Hues, horizontally across said apartinent, and provided with openings at one or
both ends for the purpose of directing the flow of the refrigerating current in the
manner described.
Fourth. The combination in a refrigerator or refrigerating house of the floors or
partitions forming a series of refrigerating apartments whose largest dimension
is in a horizontal direction, and that are connected with each other at their ends
only, with valves to shut off the refrigerating current from any of the said apart-
ments to enable a refrigerating current to be sent through all of the said apart-
ments successively, or a portion only of the said apartments, as desired.
Fifth. The combination in the house A of the air-cooling chamber B, provided
with the openings c, c', and the apartments F, F1, F2, F³, substantially as above
described.
Sixth. The mode or method of refrigerating by means of a refrigerating air-
current moving bodily in a horizontal direction throughout the refrigerating
apartment, as above described.
Seventh. A refrigerator or refrigerating house combining in its construction an
air-cooling chamber and a refrigerating apartment, or a series of refrigerating com-
partments, the air passing horizontally throughout the refrigerating apartment or
compartments after passing through the air-cooling chamber, substantially as above
described.
Eighth. The combination of an air-cooling chamber and a refrigerating apart-
ment whose largest dimension is in a horizontal direction, the latter being connected
at one end and at the lower level thereof with the air-cooling chamber at the
lower part thereof, and at the other end and at the upper level of the refrigerating
apartment, either directly or by a flue, with the air-cooling chamber at the upper
part thereof, substantially as above described.
Ninth. A refrigerator or refrigerating house having a series of refrigerating
apartments arranged side by side and connected with each other at one or both
ends, and having a refrigerating air-current moving bodily through the said
refrigerating apartments.

page_text: Tenth. A refrigerator or refrigerating house having a series of refrigerating
apartments, such apartments opening into each other at their ends, and having
valves or doors to close any of the said openings and apartments when desired to
enable a refrigerating air-current to be sent horizontally through, or be cut off from
any of the said apartments at will.
Eleventh. A refrigerating apartment whose largest dimension is in a horizontal.
direction, having openings at its ends, only the opening at one end being at the
lower level of the apartment, and at the other end at the upper level of the apart-
ment, for the passage of a refrigerating air-current moving bodily through said
apartment in a horizontal direction.
Twelfth. The house A, having the chamber B and the apartments K, K¹, arranged
and operating substantially as above described.
Thirteenth. A refrigerator or refrigerating house having an air cooling chamber
and one or more refrigerating apartments, the said chamber being of greater height
than the said apartment or apartments, as above set forth and for the purpose
described.
Fourteenth. The combination of the chamber B, the apartments K, K', and the
flue L, substantially as above described.
Fifteenth. The chamber B, having the dripwater pipe M leading from the
reservoir D up into the upper part of the said chamber, as above set forth and for
the purpose specified.
Sixteenth. The cooling coil n, with or without the surrounding jacket, as above
set forth and for the purpose specified.
Seventeenth. The combination of the house A, the sun-wall Q, the flue Q¹, the
opening q, and the valve q', substantially as above described.
Eighteenth. The combination of the house A and the flue Q¹, the latter having
its outlet arranged and extended as above set forth and for the purpose
specified.
Nineteenth. The roof T having the flue u and the valve u', as and for the purpose
specified.
Twentieth. The combination of the flues Q' and u, substantially as above
described.
Twenty first. The combination of the carriage having the chamber B' and the
opening b, the carriage F' having the flue b³, and the outlets and the pipe b¹,
substantially as above described.
Twenty second. The combination of the carriages or wagons B, F5, Fº, and the
connections b, b, substantially as above described.
Twenty third. The combination of the chamber B2, the apartments F', F³, Fɔ, F¹º,
and the flues b², 6%, substantially as above described.
Twenty fourth. The combination of the chamber B³ having the elevated. end B4,
the apartments F', F, F, F10, and the flues 62, 63, substantially as above described.
Twenty fifth. The combination of the chamber B5, the extension 65, the pipe M²,
and the series of refrigerating apartments, substantially as above described.
Twenty sixth. The combination of the chamber B³, the extension b³, the pipe M²,
and the apartments F", F, substantially as herein described.
Twenty seventh. The combination of the chamber B6, the apartments F¹³, F1,
F, F, the pipe M³, the space m³, the valves b, 6º, and the chamber B, B³,
substantially as above described.
Twenty eighth. The combination of the chambers B7, B³, the apartments F17, F18,
and the flues f17, f18, substantially as above described.
Twenty ninth. The combination of the chamber B and the series of refrigerating
apartments, substantially as above described.
Thirtieth. The combination of the chambers B10, B1, B12, B18, the apartments F20, F21,
and others, and the flues f20 and others, substantially as above described.
Thirty first. The combination of the chambers B¹, B1, B6, B17, and the apart-
ments F, F, F, F, substantially as herein described.
122

page_text: Thirty second. The combination of the chamber B18 and the apartments F25+, F26
F2, F2, F, substantially as above described.
Thirty third. The combination of the chamber B¹ and the apartments F³, FS1,
F32, F33, F34, substantially as above described.
Thirty fourth. The combination of the chamber B and the apartments F34, F³,
substantially as herein described.
Thirty fifth. The combination of the chamber B" and the apartments F30, F37,
F38, F3, substantially as above described.
Thirty sixth. The combination of the chamber B and the apartments F40, F1, F2,
substantially as above described.
Thirty seventh. The combination of the refrigerators A³ and A³, the pipe M³, and
the chamber B23, substantially as above described.
Thirty eighth. The adjustable or portable ice-crib C with or without the
jacket C, substantially as and for the purpose specified.
Thirty ninth. The sash As having the transparent panes A*, A, A, A, as
described.
.
Fortieth. An ice-crib having a vertical series of openwork or other shelves, as
and for the purposes specified.
Forty first. An ice-crib having a vertical series of openwork shelves or gratings,
the opening in the uppermost shelves or gratings being the largest, and gradually
diminishing in size down to the lowest shelf or grating, as above set forth and for
the purpose specified.
Forty second. An ice-crib having a vertical series of inclined shelves for the
purpose specified.
Forty third. The combination of the vertical series of inclined shelves C7, C³, and
others and the ways c³, cº, substantially as above described.
Forty fourth. A series of ice-cribs separated by vertical passages c¹º and having
drip-water pans c¹, as above set forth and for the purpose specified.
Forty fifth. An ice-crib having a series of shelves C4, C4, curved at their upper
ends c, c, as above set forth and for the purpose specified.
Forty sixth. The combination of the curved shelves C¹, C¹, and the ways c¹³, c¹5,
substantially as above described.
Forty seventh. The cellular crib C15 with or without the cells c¹ and spaces c¹7,
substantially as above described.
Forty eighth. An ice-crib having the ice in separated pieces, each of which is
exposed to the air-current passing through the crib.
Forty ninth. An exposing ice-crib for the purpose of bringing the air in contact
with each portion of the ice therein.
Fiftieth. An ice crib having the body of ice divided horizontally and vertically
to form both horizontal and vertical passages for the air to pass throughout the
body of ice.
Fifty first. The air-cooling chamber A10 having the crib Cl*, the system of
piping C, the reservoir D10, and the pipes (710, d¹³, substantially as above described.
Fifty second. The combination of an air-cooling chamber having an exit d¹ and
an ice-crib Ce shaped to leave the space c, substantially as above described.
Fifty third. An air-cooling chamber having a system of piping extending from
the bottom to the top thereof, substantially as above set forth and for the purpose
specified.
Fifty fourth. The herein described mode of cooling an air-current in an air-
cooling chamber, which consists in passing a liquid or gaseous refrigerant upward
through and thereby cooling a system of piping within the air-cooling chamber,
and thereby absorbing the beat from the descending air-current, substantially as
above described.
Fifty fifth. The combination of a tank or vessel C18, the air-cooling chamber C¹³,
and the pipe air-cooler C2, substantially as above set forth and for the purposes
specified.
Fifty sixth. The combination of an air-cooling chamber and a refrigerating
'

page_text: apartment, the said chamber having an air current passing through it and into the
refrigerating apartment, and that is cooled by a refrigerant circulating through a
system of piping in the said chamber, substantially as above described.
Fifty seventh. An inclined pipe air-cooler, substantially as above described.
Fifty eighth. The combination of the chill-rooms R³, R, the partition R* having
the openings RS, R³, and the flue R8, substantially as above set forth and for the
purpose specified.
Fifty ninth. The combination of the chill room Rº, the flue R10, and the
openings R¹, R12, substantially as above set forth and for the purpose specified.
Sixtieth. The combination of the room R³ and the return flue R10, substantially
as above described.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Robert Lake, have hereunto sot
my hand and seal, this Twenty eighth day of July, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and eighty.