IMPROVEMENTS IN SHINGLING AND DRAWING HAMMERS
Year: 1872

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Henry Johnson, of 47, Lincoln's Inn Fields,
in the County of Middlesex, Gentleman, for the Invention of
"IMPROVEMENTS IN SHINGLING AND DRAWING HAMMERS."-A communi-
cation from abroad by Marcelin Liogier, of Paris, in the Republic of
France.
Sealed the 26th November 1872, and dated the 5th October 1872.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Henry Johnson
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition,
on the 5th October 1872.
I, JOHN HENRY JOHNSON, of 47, Lincoln's Inn Fields, in the County
3 of Middlesex, Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN SHINGLING AND DRAWING HAMMERS," a com-
munication to me from abroad by Marcelin Liogier, of Paris, in the
Republic of France, to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to certain improved modes of constructing the
helves of shingling hammers and of hammers employed for the forging
and drawing of steel, also to the trunnions for the same.

page_text: According to one modification it is proposed to entirely cover the
beech wood helve of the hammer with cylindro-conical or segmental
plates of soft cast steel, which are accurately fitted and secured thereto
by means of iron rings or hoops, and which by their clasticity and
resistance serve to increase the durability of the helve so encased. These
plates are provided on their inner surface with a longitudinal projection
or rib, which projections or ribs enter correspondingly shaped grooves
formed in the helve, so that the position of the plates on the helve is
rendered invarable. The helve thus constructed is also provided with a
socket piece or ring having on cach side a projection or trunnion, and
forming the fulcrum of the helve. The ring or hoop, which is situate at
the rear end of the helve, is formed with a projection on its under side
which strikes against the recoil beam, and is provided with a notch on
the top which is intended to be acted upon by the cam.
According to another modification there are disposed longitudinally
in the interior of the wooden helve three or any other suitable number of
flat iron blades, and on each side of the helve there is fitted a curved
iron blade, and the whole are firmly held together by rings or hoops, as
before described, key bolts being also passed through the wooden helve
and blades. In this arrangement a less number of rings or hoops will
suffice to provide sufficient strength, the socket piece for the fulcrum
herein before referred to, the end ring or hoop, and the hammer head,
all contributing to the strength of the helve, and being secured thereto
by wedges in the ordinary manner.
According to another modification it is proposed to dispense with the
wooden helve, and to employ the longitudinal iron plates or blades alone
(by preference three in number), the socket piece for the fulcrum, the
end ring or hoop, and the head of the hammer being attached to the
plates or blades by keys of wood and iron as before. By employing hollow
keys or wedges of an elongated form in cross section driven in between
the plates which compose the helve, and secured therein by transverse
key bolts, the use of wood in the helve may be entirely dispensed
with.
The socket piece for the fulcrum of the hammer is provided according
to this Invention with trunnions of a hemispherical form, such trunnions
being either forged in one with the socket piece, or firmly attached
thereto.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said John Henry Johnson in the Great Scal Patent
Office on the 4th April 1873.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHN
HENRY JOHNSON, of 47, Lincoln's Inn Fields, in the County of
Middlesex, Gentleman, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Fifth day of October, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-two, in the 36th
year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give
and grant unto me, the said John Henry Johnson, Her special license
that I, the said John Henry Johnson, my executors, administrators, and
assigns, or such others as I, the said John Henry Johnson, my executors,
administrators, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others,
from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term therein
expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend,
within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel
Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN SHINGLING
AND DRAWING HAMMERS," a communication to me from abroad by Marcelin
Liogier, of Paris, in the Republic of France, upon the condition
(amongst others) that I, the said John Henry John Henry Johnson, my
executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my hand
and seal, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the
said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed,
and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within
six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said
Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said John Henry Johnson, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same
is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement, reference being had to the accompanying
Drawings, and to the letters and figures marked thereon, that is to
say :-
The said Invention relates to certain improved modes of constructing
the helves of shingling hammers and of hammers employed for the
forging and drawing of steel, also to the trunnions for the same.

page_text: According to one modification it is proposed to entirely cover the
beech wood helve of the hammer with cylindro-conical or segmental
plates of soft cast steel, which are accurately fitted and secured thereto
by means of iron rings or hoops, and which by their clasticity and
resistance serve to increase the durability of the helve so encased.
These plates are provided on their inner surface with a longitudinal
projection or rib, which projections or ribs enter correspondingly shaped
grooves formed in the helve, so that the position of the plates on the
helve is rendered invariable. The helve thus constructed is also pro-
vided with a socket pieces or ring having on each side a projection or
trunnion, and forming the fulcrum of the helve. The ring or hoop,
which is situate at the rear end of the helve, is formed with a projection
on its under side which strikes against the recoil beam, and is provided
with a notch on the top which is intended to be acted upon by the
cam.
According to another modification there are disposed longitudinally in
the interior of the wooden helve three or any other suitable number of
flat iron blades, and on each side of the helve there is fitted a curved
iron blade, and the whole are firmly held together by rings or hoops, as
beforo described, key bolts being also passed through the wooden helve
and blades. In this arrangement a less number of rings or hoops will
suffice to provide sufficient strength, the socket piece for the fulcrum
herein-before referred to, the end ring or hoop, and the hammer head,
all contributing to the strength of the helve, and being secured thereto
by wedges in the ordinary manner.
According to another modification it is proposed to dispense with the
wooden helve, and to employ the longitudinal iron plates or blades alone
(by preference three in number), the socket piece for the fulcrum, the
end ring or hoop, and the head of the hammer being attached to the
plates or blades by keys of wood and iron as before. By employing
hollow keys or wedges of an elongated form in cross section driven in
between the plates which compose the helve, and secured therein by
transverse key bolts, the use of wood in the helve may be entirely
dispensed with.
The socket piece for the fulcrum of the hammer is provided according
to this Invention with trunnions of a hemispherical form, such trunnions
being either forged in one with the socket piece or firmly attached

page_text: And in order that the said Invention may be fully understood I shall
now proceed more particularly to described the same, and for that purpose
shall refer to the several Figures on the annexed Sheet of Drawings, the
same letters of reference indicating corresponding parts in all the
Figures.
Figure 1 is a longitudinal vertical section; Figure 2, a side elevation;
Figure 3, a transverse section; and Figure 4, an end view of one
arrangement of helve constructed according to this Invention. This
arrangement consists essentially in strengthening the beech wood
hammer held by entirely covering it with cylindro-conical plates of cast
steel, which are secured thereto by means of iron hoops, and which by
their elasticity and resistance serve to considerably increase the durability
of the helve thus strengthened at every part. Thus the helve a, which
is composed of beech wood and may be of any required dimensions and
length, is encased as shewn in the Drawing by means of four plates or
splints 6 of mild cast steel carefully fitted thereto, one of which is shewn
detached in Figures 5 and 6. These plates are provided on their
internal surface with a longitudinal rib or projection, which enters a
corresponding groove formed in the helve a. By this means the position
of the plates on the helve is rendered invariable, and it is simply
necessary to maintain them firmly thereon by means of iron hoops c, of
which there are nine shewn on the Drawing in the example Figures 1
and 2. The helve thus constructed is also provided between the fifth
and sixth hoops with a socket piece or ring d composed of steel with its
two ears or projections e forming a fulcrum for the hammer, and shewn
in the transverse section, Figure 3. The hoopf, which is placed at the
rear end of the helve, is provided as in this class of hammers with a
projection on its under side, which strikes against the recoil beam, and
is also formed with a notch on the top, which is intended to receive the
action of the cam. Hammer helves thus constructed will last for from
one to two years when the wood employed has been cut at a suitable
time and carefully selected, whilst the average duration of the ordinary
helves scarcely exceeds a fortnight or three weeks.
Figure 7 is a side elevation; Figure 8, a longitudinal vertical section;
and Figure 9, a transverse section of a modification of hammer helve
constructed according to this Invention. In this modification three
flat iron blades gare disposed in the interior of the wooden helve a of
the hammer, and arranged parallel to one another, and a curved blade h

page_text: also of iron is fitted at each side of the helve, the whole being strongly
bound together by means of iron hoops c, and locking or tightening
bolts i. In this arrangement it is simply necessary to apply to the
helve a two hoops c in front, and one hoop c behind to ensure the strength
and firmness of the hammer, which are also augmented by the socket
piece or ring d, the end hoop / (shewn detached in Figure 10), and the
hammer head j. The latter three parts are firmly secured to the helve
by means of iron wedges in the ordinary manner.
Figure 11 is a side elevation; Figure 12, a horizontal section; and
Figure 13, a transverse section of another modification, in which the
wooden helve is dispensed with, and the three iron blades or plates are
used alone; these blades or plates are keyed into the socket piece or
ring, the end hoop, and the hammer head in the same manner as
in the preceding example by means of wood and iron keys or wedges.
Figure 14 represents an exceedingly simple mode of keying, which
admits of wood being entirely dispensed with in the construction of
hammer helves on this system. It consists simply in interposing
between the iron plates which constitute the helve hollow iron keys or
wedges of an elongated form in cross section, which are driven into the
place they are intended to occupy, and are also maintained by one or
two transverse bolts.
Having thus described the two modifications of shingling hammer
liclves constructed according to this Invention, I shall now point out an
important improvement in the construction of the socket piece or ring
for the fulcrum, which also forms part of this Invention. It consists in
making the trunnions of an hemispherical form, which trunnions are
forged in one with the socket piece or ring, and ensure the strength
of the same. This system of trunnions is illustrated in Figures 13
and 14.
The various modes herein-before described of constructing hammer
helvos may be advantageously adopted not only for hammers for the
forging and drawing of steel, but also for the helves of shingling
hammers of every description.
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of the
said Invention, and the manner in which the same is or may be used or
carried into effect, I would observe in conclusion that what I consider

page_text: to be novel and original and therefore claim as the Invention secured
to me by the herein-before in part recited Letters Patent is,—
First. The peculiar modes of constructing the helves of shingling
hammers, and more particularly of hammers employed for the forging
and drawing of steel, as herein-before described and illustrated by the
Drawings annexed.
Secondly. Covering entirely the wooden helves of shingling and other
like hammers with cast steel plates, which are maintained thereon by
means of a longitudinal rib or projection entering the helve, and iron
hoops arranged at a suitable distance apart, substantially as herein-
before described and illustrated by the Drawings.
Thirdly. Inserting iron blades in the interior of the wooden helve of
shingling and other like hammers, and covering the sides of such wooden
helves with iron blades, which are strongly bound together by means of
iron hoops and locking or tightening bolts, substantially as herein-before
described.
Fourthly. The forming the helve of shingling and other like hammers
of parallel or nearly parallel longitudinally disposed iron blades main-
tained either by wood and iron keys or wedges, or by a special system
of keying, consisting of hollow iron keys or wedges driven in between
them and secured by bolts, substantially as herein-before described.
Fifthly. The use of hemispherical trunnions for the fulcra of shingling
and other like hammers, such trunnions being either firmly attached to
a socket piece or forged in one therewith, as herein-before described and
illustrated by the Drawings.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Henry Johnson, have to this
my Specification set my hand and seal, the Fourth day of April
One thousand eight hundred and seventy-three.
J. HENRY JOHNSON. (L.S.)