IMPROVE- MENTS IN THE ROLLING STOCK OF RAILWAYS, AND TRACTION ENGINES AND CARRIAGES POR COMMON ROADS
Year: 1864

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Peter Salmon at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 17th December
1864.
I, PETER SALMON, of Wynyatt Street, Goswell Road, in the County of
Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE ROLLING STOCK OF RAILWAYS, AND TRACTION ENGINES AND CARRIAGES
POR COMMON ROADS," to be as follows:-
My Invention in the first place in reference to steam boilers consists, firstly,
in a superheating flue or flues in the upper portion of the Cornish boiler with
vertical tubes in them, through which flue or flues the hot vapour passes,
thereby expanding or superheating the steam; secondly, in using the present
locomotive or traction boilers or others which may be substituted of a less
complicated but stronger make, or a serious of these combined, as steam or air
expanders or superheaters, or merely as receivers of high pressed steam; or
compressed air, gas, or water, or a mixture of these elements; and when
expanded or superheated a fire or fires, or flame from gas or oil is applied,
these elements are supplied to the expanders, superheaters, or receivers by
means of a flexible or metalic pipe or tube, with screw facit steam-tight
unions for connecting and disconnecting, connected to stationery steam boilers,
hydrolic or forcing apparatus, or engines at suitable stations before starting,
and on the line of rout; thirdly, in attaching to locomotive or traction boiler
frames air pumps and suitable condensing apparatus, the discharge hot water
escaping into sewer formed between the rails, or into a closed vessel; fourthly,

page_text: in placing the composition for boiler in a bag, and suspending it under the
water level; fifthly, in attaching to one or more boilers an apparatus I term
an electoral embrage, being a communication with wires worked by electricity,
springs, and lievers for supplying water to the level required, and in announcing
by an alarm bell every cause of danger, such as when the level of water
falls too low, the feeding pumps or injectors getting out of order, the electoral
pile ciesing to act, a considerable leakage occuring, the fire getting too fierce,
and the pressure of steam exceeding the proper limit, or from the stoker
neglecting his duty in keeping up the fires, and causing the steam to fall too
low, which alarm cieses only when the danger it has signaled is provided
against.
And my Invention in the second place in reference to railway and other
carriages, trucks, waggons, omnibuses, &c., consists firstly, in the applycation to
any of these conveyances of steam generators or expanders, or receivers of
steam, air, gas, or water, with suitable high pressure or condensing engines,
or both combined, or water vessels for using these elements, or a mixture of
them, the source of supply being simelar to that described in the first place for
the purpose of propulsion, motion, or speed; also in the applycation of the
heat from the oil, candle, or gas lamps used in lighting these conveyances to
the steam generators or expanders, or the steam &c. may be conveyed from
generators or expanders by flexible or metalic tubes & unions to locomotive
or traction engine. New carriages, &c., I construct partly of iron and
steel, with suitable spaces to contain or expand foresaid elements; secondly,
in applying to foresaid conveyances my electoral embrage simelar to that
described in the first place, being an apparatus which communicates with all
the breaks of the carriages in a train, worked by electricity, springs, and rack
wheel, which rack being a magnate under the control of the engine driver or
other official with an electoral insulater in the shape of a small liever, tight-
ening or slackening all the breaks at once, this being effected by actuating the
lievers or springs, or as an auxilliary power, cutting off or increasing the voltalic
current going the whole length of the train, and in prospect of a cololision or
other danger all the breaks can be immediately released, and allowed to act
upon the wheels, or in the event of couplings breaking, or partial runing off
the line, the electoral wire becomes disconnected or broken, and the breaks
instantly acts automically and stops the train, the breaks being all self-acting
by springs or cylindrical steam cusions, and taken out of gear, and sustained
alarm bell or bells
there by the embrage. Attached to the apparatus is an
within the reach of every functionery, and all the travellers in the train, and
in order to prevent abuse the interupters at their hand in each compartment

page_text: are constructed so that when once they have been handled or worked three
results follows:-1st, it is impossible for the travellers to place them in their
original position, this being effected by a spring under cover and lock, the key
of which is kept by the guard; 2nd, the alarm continues to ring till rectified
by the guard; 3d, that a signal is displayed outwardly on each side of the
carriage, or in darkness a cover is taken off a lamp where the alarm has been
sounded. The three separate electoral wires of this apparatus are enclosed in
a small wire rope, but having known projecting connections for each carriage
of the wires inside, a suitable gangway with rail I make to pass along the
sides or down the middle of carriages; thirdly, I construct new carriages, &c.
to contain two or three floors, with inside or outside stairs from the lower to
the upper floors, the level of the first or under floor being only a few inches
above the level of the way, with suitable sleeping, wash-hand basin, and W. C.
closets, each floor may have a passage from end to end, or the upper floor
may be arranged as a promenade for the travellers with requisite seats. The
water in vessel under first floor I use as forming the basis of gasholders for
the lights. On these low set carriages, &c., in snowy weather I place a pro-
jecting bow or stem to first carriage to clear the snow from the way, and for
summer weather the roof of the upper floor I make of iron, wood, or glass, to
coil up at the sides or top on revolving spindles, and when the roof is not
circular, the upper part of the sides descend, I place two or more gas or oil
lights in each compartment protected by a glass tube only, so that ventilation
takes place; fourthly, the wheels of the carriages I make solid or armed of
cast steel, each of them has a flange for each side of the rails, and work singly
with hollow steel or solid axles, each of them is oselating in their frame or
fixing, and bearing up the carriage with vertical circular steel springs, or
india-rubber washers, with centre spindles between the bush or top bearing of
the axle, and the under side of a circular pivot, the spindles passing through
pivot; the arbour or spindle of this pivot may also be surrounded with a
circular steel spring or washers, the top of this pivot spindle is fixed in a two-
armed fixing which oversteps the wheel, the under sides of this fixing being
bolted to floor of carriage on each side of the wheel, which wheel runs
through the floor. Another mode of hanging these axles of oselating wheels
is for the sides of the fixing to be made circular, the bushes for axle being
placed in it with lateral and vertical play, with steel springs and centre spindles
under and above the bushes, and also at sides if required; the upper and
under centre spindles having lateral motion in fixing, with lapped plates between
springs and fixing, this mode I prefer for axles connecting two wheels, but
either or both combined I apply to one or two-wheeled axles if approved, the

page_text: wheels for common roads are of wood, iron, or steel, either solid or armed, to
which the oselating axles also apply, the tyres I cloth with pieces of wood at
set distances, the axles when connecting two wheels may pass through car-
riages, &c., between the roof of the under and the floor of the upper storey,
and I attach to axle of first pair of wheels a spoked wheeled stearing appa-
ratus, to this or simelar fixings, circular pivot tables, or other suitable position
at the driving wheels, is attached the engine or engines (which are bolted
through fixing to floor of carriage) high pressure or condensing or both
combined to drive each wheel, or one axle may connect the two wheels with
engines attached, three, five, or other number of old carriages, &c., may be
connected together, and mounted with these single or double oselating
wheels, &c., which enables the body of the carriage to be lowered, so that
upper storeys or floors may be built on them; and the axles in either old or
new carriages, &c., may be carried between the roof of the lower and floor of
the upper storey, when connecting two wheels; if any carriages are wished to
be retained on the old level, but to have these single or double-wheeled ose-
lating axles applied, the carriage is carried on top of circular pivots, and
stationery axles I apply to runing wheels if approved of; fiftly, in warming
railway and other carriages, &c., by the exhaust, or boiler or expander steam,
I use
hot water, or air, conveyed in tube from locomotive or other sourse.
improved unions in the flexible tubes between locomotive and tender, or
carriages, these being brass or other metal, the socket of the one screwing into
the flange of the other, making a steam-tight joint, the system of pipes or tubes
within the carriages are suited to each class, that of the first consisting of one
main tube either round or flat from end to end of carriage, with an upright
branch and cross piece of tube or heater on top under each seat, these upright
branches being of simelar height throughout the carriage; that in the second
class is the same in every respect, except that the upright pieces, &c., under
every second seat is ommitted; and that in the third class consists merely of
one main tube from end to end of carriage. In all classes of carriages the
tubes may be used of various sizes or shapes to suit capacity of carriage,
and the main tubes may be either laid along the floor, or inserted in a space
for the purpose in floor of carriage, with perforated covering of wood or metal,
hot air from gas, perfumed or plain wax candles may be introduced; sixthly,
I use a steping carriage for alighting from carriages, &c., at any intermediate
point between stations on railways or common roads, or at a station where it
is not wished to stop the conveyance, it consists of a platform on two pair of
wheels with upright hand rails pulled after carriages, when it is steped on,
the weight of the persons acts as a drag or break to retard its motion. At

page_text: stations it may be allowed to remain, but at intermediate points the travellers
alight from it when it comes to a stand, it is then pulled on; seventhly, the
seats and backs of all classes of railway and other carriages, &c., I alter and
construct from the horizontal and vertical to angular lines, which allows the
traveller's heads and upper part of the chest to incline backwards when in a
sitting position.