Improvements in and relating to the Compressing, Shaping, and Drawing of Metal Tubes, Tubular, Hollow, and Solid Articles, and in Means and Apparatus therefor.
Year: 1891

page_text: Date of Application, 6th July, 1891
Complete Specification Left, 4th Apr., 1892-Accepted, 28th May, 1592
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in and relating to the Compressing, Shaping, and
Drawing of Metal Tubes, Tubular, Hollow, and Solid Articles,
and in Means and Apparatus therefor.
I, JAMES ROBERTSON, Engineer, of 95 Colmore Row, Birmingham, Warwick-
shire, do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows:-
My invention relates mainly to compressing and shaping metals such as wrought-
iron, steel, and copper made soft by heat. Shaping or forming billets or masses of
metal in this soft state into tubes, tubular, hollow, and solid articles by pressing,
piercing or expanding these by great force into or through shaping dies or matrices
by mandrels or shaping tools for tubes, tubular and hollow articles, or by rams or
shaping heads for solid articles and bars.
My invention consisting mainly in new and improved means and apparatus for
fixing and operating the dies, matrices, mandrels, and metal billets during the
shaping operation and new and improved means and apparatus for expelling the
articles so formed in dies and matrices quickly, and also for cooling the matrices,
dies, mandrels, or other shaping tools quickly after they perform their shaping
operations to avoid their being injured by heat, by injecting water or other fluid at
a high pressure into the dies or matrices at or near the inner end surfaces of the
article so formed, using by preference water in a cold state for this purpose, as by
its cooling action it contracts and releases the article in the die, as also affords very
steady force for its removal out of it.
This mode of expelling the articles thus formed greatly diminishes the risk of
injury to them, such as is incident to their removal from like matrices and dies, by
manipulating die opening up tools, preserving also in this new and improved way
the matrices, dies, mandrels, and other shaping, tools from being injured by heat,
by this very quick means of cooling them immediately after their shaping work is
performed, as also greatly facilitating the speed at which compressing and shaping
metal work of this kind is now done by like matrices and dies. Force by preference
from hydraulic cylinders to be used to actuate the matrices and dies, which matrices
or dies may be formed of one or more pieces or otherwise suited for the articles to
be produced.
As applied to the manufacture of metal tubes, tubular, and hollow articles, this
invention is mainly a further development of my invention for which Letters
Patent of the United Kingdom were granted to me No. 1627 dated the 30th day
of January 1890 entitled "Improvements in and relating to the manufacture of
metal tubes, tubular, or hollow articles, and in means and apparatus therefor" and
mainly as applied to the manufacture of metal tubes, tubular, and hollow articles in
long tube forming dies as described in connection with this invention referred to.
For fixing or for pushing forward the billet in the die to carry out this invention
in a new and improved way and part of this invention, the inner end of the billet
of metal inserted into the die to be formed into a tube is made to rest upon a
service piece of thin metal plate, inserted in with each billet in a cold state, by
preference of copper, brass, or steel, which thin service plate in turn rests on a
tubular metal piece by preference of a free working fit for the dic, the inner
diameter of the same. being bored out to the diameter of the mandrel used,
or slightly larger. The length of this tubular resting piece for the billet,
being somewhat longer than the length of the mandrel head used. This
tubular billet abutting piece (and receptical for the mandrel head resting in
after it has passed through the billet of metal in the die in turn rests on an
after billet holding up or pushing stem rod which is part of my older invention
referred to, but in this present invention in a new and improved way, and part of

page_text: this invention is formed with a water passage through most of its length, and
opening into the die, and provided with a water pipe coupling flange, which pipe is
connected to a head of water or forcing pumps, or other means for supplying water
at a high pressure.
In forcing the mandrel through the hot metal in the die or forcing the billet
over it the thin resting service place for the billet directly resting upon it, gives
way in its central part when the point of the mandrel reaches at or near the end of
the billet and allows the mandrel head to pass into the holding up or pushing
tubular piece, at which instant the water by a tap is admitted to the die through
this channel in the after billet holding up stem rod, and the water becoming thereby
in contact with the hot tube just formed, heated mandrel and connections getting
thereby partly converted into steam, which with the water used at a great pressure
quickly thrusts out the tube or other article so formed out of the die. Instead
of the thin service plate of metal as just described used to hold up the central part
of the inner end of the billet in the die against the piercing action of the mandrel of
a known limited power of resistance, a nut piece with a thread or collars of soft
metal thus secured in the end of the billet holding up tubular piece is arranged to
give way to allow the mandrel to pass in a similar way, which modification is more
suitable than the service plate described for the larger sizes of tubes and tubular
articles. The water may also be admitted to the die at its after end or side, or by
a channel formed in its walls at any point. With water at about a pressure of one
ton to the square inch a round cliannel of about half an inch in diameter is
sufficient to cool and eject almost the heaviest articles formed in these dies or
matrices in this way. A bottom water entering chamber to the die in another new
and improved form for the introduction of the water and to prevent the metal being
compressed getting into it suitable also for any part of a die or matrice and suitable
for tubular or hollow articles such as military shells or solid articles, or solid parts
of hollow articles over which the metal in the die or matrice must necessarily
overlap, consists in a screw tapped into the walls of the die, by preference the
bottom end of it, the point of the screw or turned part on the point of same
extending through into the die to form part of its internal shaping surface, and at
a short distance from its point where it enters the die a water channel is formed
at the side of the screw, and entering sideways into it, which on the hot metal
being shaped in the die and over the point of this screw is thereafter unscrewed
out a short distance until the water inlet is uncovered, after which the water is
admitted and thus obtains access to expel the hot article formed.
In a similar way a plain rod inserted through the wall of the die or matrix a
working fit, having its inside end, forming part of the inside surface of the die,
with a similar water inlet which may be moved out and in similarly by a lever
excentric or other means to form up the surface of the dies for the metal in the
die, and to admit the water when required.
Another new and improved way of effecting this closing means against the
entrance of the metal into the water entering orifice, consists in inserting into the
inner surface of the die an overlapping metal covering pad which may be left
loose over the water orifice allowing room for the water to pass at its edges.
A new and improved means of effecting a like end without any movable pieces,
consists of a piece of strong metal tube sufficiently long to pass through the walls
of the die, and secured into it by screwing or otherwise, the tube to be filled with
metal wire about an eighth part of an inch in diameter by preference of steel
having the wire compressed so very hard into the tube as to form in its inner end
surface of wire a sufficiently compact firm mass to dress off flush to the inner
surface of the die where it is inserted so as to withstand the pressure of the hot
metal. The intercices between the wires thus laid together to be sufficiently small
to prevent the compressed metal on the die from entering them to any considerable
distance, but such as would leave the water free to enter in sufficient quactity to
cool and expel the article shaped in a die or matrice.
A new and improved mode of shaping and drawing tubes from billets of metal.

page_text: such as of steel, or copper, and part of my invention consists in pushing the metal
out of a long tube forming die over a stationary mandrel by a pushing stem rod.
The mandrel stem rod to be held in its position at its after end, and by a guide
placed at or near the end of its mandrel head set in a guide and left free to be
pushed back by the tube being formed as it exudes past the mandrel, the long dic
being held stationary. In a similar way the mandrel may be placed and held in a
short bottom die placed in a long die of larger diameter and the billet of metal
pushed over it.
For further solidifying a tube formed in a long die, a new and improved mode
of doing this consists in pressing up the metal in the die around the mandrel
stem rod by an annular ram before it is discharged from the long die.
In these new and improved modes of making tubes just described, as also described
in my older invention for the same purpose herein before referred to, it is part of
my invention to use and apply the water expelling or thrusting out means and
apparatus hereinbefore described to expel out tubes, tubular, or hollow articles
from the dies.
A new and improved mode of compressing or solidifying billets of metal in
combination with my water expelling apparatus such as billets of iron, steel, or
copper for being converted into tubes or other articles, consists in placing the
billet in a long die of generally the same forms as described in my aforesaid old
invention referred to for making tubes, but instead of a mandrel being used, a ram
to be operated to press up and solidify a billet of metal to what degree may be
wished. Heretofore owing to the difficulty of getting out a billet of metal treated
and pressed up in this way has rendered such a mode of compressing and shaping
hot metal not practicable or advantageous. It is part of my invention to apply
this made of expelling billets of metal in these dies by water at a great pressure
as hereinbefore described. Several pieces of metal may also be placed in a long
die with or without intervening shaping cold pieces of metal between such pieces of
heated soft metal and all pressed up and expelled at one operation. One or more
die pieces with contained pieces of heated soft metal, may be placed between each
pair of surfaces and be similarly compressed up and the contained metal shaped
to devices formed in such dies, and all cooled and expelled by water as
described.
A new and improved mode of imparting rigidity to mandrel stem rods for
forming tubes, tubular, and hollow articles, and part of my invention consists in
placing the parallel mandrel stem rod in a tubular guide piece bored out a sliding
fit, to the diameter of the stem rod and of a length nearly equal to the length of
the mandrel stem rod or stroke of same having one or more slots cut in this
mandrel stem rod guide, this guide to be turned and placed in a correspondingly
bored out propelling ram head, with a cotter projecting into the guide through the
slot or slots and overlaying the end of the mandrel stem rod. Thus formed when
the mandrel propelling head advances to propel in the mandrel stem rod and its
mandrel point piece, the cotter in the crosshead directly propels it but allows its
stiffening guide to pass through the bored out eye of the crosshead itself freely
when the forward end of guide comes up against the end of the long tube forming
die. This form of mandrel guide being mainly serviceable for mandrels of sinall
diameters. A new and improved apparatus for compressing and shaping or drawing
of billets or bars of heated soft metal of a round or other form of cross section
from billets or masses of heated soft metal of larger diameters to smaller diameters
or smaller cross section, consists in two long dies of different diameters set in line
to each other. In the larger diameter of which the mass, billet, or bar of heated
soft metal is placed, into the bottom of which is placed a short taper die the form
or diameter the mass, billet, or bar of metal is wished to be reduced, the afte
cylin ler being mainly to serve as a guide to the finished bar to form it straight.
The larger cylinder has placed in it a working fit, a ram and ram head coinposed
of a straight central turned stem rol of a diameter a working fit for the bottom
finished rod forming die. A sliding annular piece or ram head is bored out to fit

page_text: this stem rod of a length about equal to the length of the stroke of the ram and
somewhat shorter than its turned stem rod, but having at the after end of this ram
head a movable chock piece which holds it up flush with the end of its stem rod.
This ram head is turned a working fit for the larger long die, and on a billet of
soft metal being placed in this long die, and this flush ended ram inserted and
pushed up into it with sufficient force to expel the mass of heated soft metal until
it reaches the die. The after holding up ram head chock is thereafter removed,
leaving the ram stem rod projecting through its head sufficiently far by a fresh
additional short inward passage of the ram and its stem rod to expel the bar out of
the short taper die and complete the bar compressing and forming operation in
this way.
JAMES ROBERTSON.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in and relating to the Compressing, Shaping, and
Drawing of Metal Tubes, Tubular, Hollow, and Solid Articles,
and in Means and Apparatus therefor.
1, JAMES ROBERTSON, Engineer of 95 Colmore Row, Birmingham Warwickshire
do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the same is
to he performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement in writing, reference being had to the accompanying two sheets of
drawings, and to the letters and figures marked thereon, that is to say
My invention relates mainly to compressing and shaping metals such as iron,
steel, and copper made soft by heat, shaping or forming masses or billets of metal
in this soft state into tubes, tubular, hollow or solid articles by pressing, piercing,
or expanding these by great force into or through shaping dies or matrices by
mandrels or shaping tools for tubes, tubular, and hollow articles, or by rams or
shaping heads for shaping solid articles and bars. My said invention consisting
mainly in new and improved mcans and apparatus for fixing and operating the
dies, matrices, mandrels, and metal billets during these shaping operations.
New and improved means and apparatus for expelling inetal articles while in a
hot and plastic state from shaping dies or matrices and also for cooling the
matrices, mandrels, or other shaping tools so used quickly after they perform their
shaping operations to avoid their being injured by heat.
This invention being mainly a further development, and further new and
improved applications of my inventions for which Letters Patent of the United
Kingdom were granted to me namely:-No. 5018 dated the 4th day of April 1888
entitled "Improvements in and relating to the manufacture of metal tubes, tubular
or hollow articles, and in shaping and finishing of same, and in apparatus therefor "
and No. 1627 dated the 30th day of January 1890 entitled "Improvements in and
relating to the manufacture of metal tubes, tubular and hollow articles and in means
and apparatus therefor" and which inventions in all the suitable forms of the main
parts of same and actuating gear therein shown used, it is part of my invention to
combine and apply with these improvements. It is no part of my invention to use
any of these new and improved miodes and means of making tubes or other hellow
or solid articles out of what is usually designated "soft metals" such as lead or tin
which have the distinguishing feature from other metals of not hardening under
pressure or by being hammered in a cold state.
I use throughout the following description the same letters and numerals of
reference to indicate like parts in all the figures where like parts are shown in
order as far as possible to avoid needless repitition in describing the various
modifications shown. Throughout my explanation I designate a solid or hollow
piece of metal as taken from a heating furnace to be operated upon either for being
formed into a tube, tubular, or solid article, a "billet." The arrows indicate the

page_text: directions of the motions of the moving parts of the apparatus shown used, and of
the motions of the billets and finished articles being operated upon when in
motion.
For the purpose of showing and described the parts of my invention, that part of
my invention for holding up the metal billet in the die to be operated upon against
the piercing action of the mandrel and of cooling and expelling the tube or tubular
article formed in same, I show a long tube forming die and connecting parts,
with mass or billet of hot metal being operated upon of my most improved form
of these, all being of the general form described in my older inventions hereinbefore
refered to.
Fig. 1 is a rear end elevation, and Fig. 2 a plan showing this die and all
connections in section, the die A A being shown in halves, the billet B in the
die A A being held from motion endwise in its place by the after billet holding up
stem rod C, against the piercing action of the mandrel D. The billet B being
shown in section in Fig. 2 nearly pierced through by the mandrel D. The
mandrel D, stem rod D', after holding up stem rod C, and its stem rod head C¹,
and after holding up ferrule piece C2 which is placed between the billet of metal B
being shown operated upon and for receiving the mandrel after it is forced through
same (all of which, so far being part of my older inventions refered to) but to
prevent the hot metal of the billet B being operated upon, from passing by the
force from the mandrel D into this abutting and receiving receptical for the
mandrel C, a piece of metal plate E in a cold state, by preference formed of
copper, iron, or steel, its employment therein being part of my said new improve-
ments, is shown in Fig. 2 placed over the mouth of this abutting ferrule piece and
receiving receptical C2 for the mandrel D, and shown interposed between the hot
billet B and the ferrule C².
I call this plate E a service plate and it is used of such a thickness or strength
as to by its shearing resistance to the advancing mandrel D and to the advance of
the central part or mass of the billet B as to prevent the metal of same flowing
into the ferrule C2, this plate E being generally of a thickness from about a
quarter of an inch to one inch, being increased in thickness as the diameter of the
tube being formed is increased or proportioned in thickness to keep the billet B up
to the piercing action of the mandrel D, yet to give way or be shorn through when
the mandrel D reaches the end of the billet B as is shown in Fig. 2 nearly passed
through the billet or close to this plate E.
Fig. 3 shows the position of the mandrel D after it has been wholly forced
through the billet of metal B, with a small portion of the metal of the billet B²
forced out before the mandrel and portion of the plate E in the form it gives way
or is shorn out in its central part before the small portion of metal of the billet or
barb B which comes out before the point of the mandrel. At which position the
piercing operation of the mandrel is completed and its motion forward stopped.
Leaving of this plate E as shown a small annular piece or ring E2, held fast
between the forward end of the tube B' just formed, and the end of the ferrule C²
the shearing strength of the cold metal plate E to be forced off the billet B being
thus so proportioned as to allow little of the heated soft metal of the billet B to
pass it, but to give way and allow the mandrel D to pass it.
My new and improved means and apparatus for expelling tubes and other
articles so formed in dies and matrices of heated soft metal in a plastic state, as.
also for cooling the matrices, dies, mandrels, and other shaping tools after the
metal shaping operation is completed is also shown by the figures just described, as
also my new and improved mode of cooling articles of this kind so formed, is also
shown by the same figures just described, and for fixing the metal in same and
shaping it. This expelling and cooling action is effected by injecting water or
other fluid at a high pressure into the dies or matrices at or near the inner end
surfaces of the article that has been formed in dies or matrices, using by preference
water in a cold state for this purpose, as by its ready cooling action it couls and
slightly contracts the hot metal and releases the hold of the die on the hot metal

page_text: article just formed in it, as also affords very steady force for its removal out of it.
Fig. 1 in rear end elevation has shown the after billet holding stem rod C removed,
showing the ferrule receiving piece C2 into which the mandrel D is forced after it
has performed its piercing work, and into which in the die A A' the cooling water
is forced at a great pressure. The channel through which the water is led in this
example into the die A A¹ to cool and expel the tube B and cool the die and
mandrel, is shown formed in the after billet holding up stem rod C, having this
water channel C3 shown in Figs. 2 and 3. Fig. 2 showing a pipe connection C+ to
be connected to water forcing pumps, water accumulator, or any means affording
water at a high pressure. Fig. 3 in which the after stem rod C is shown broken
off, showing in section also the mandrel D, end ferrule piece C, barb of the copper
billet B broken off before the mandrel D, off the billet B, and central shorn out
piece of the plate E1, ring piece of this plate E², left in at the end of the tube B¹,
all in their several positions immediately after the mandrel D has been passed
through the billet, and when the water is admitted through the channel C³ in the
fter stem rod C, into the die A. A. To make the after stem rod head C' water
tight it is provided with a cord or leather packing ring C³ shown in Figs. 2 and 3.
In this state the water is admitted and by preference at a pressure of about a ton
to the square inch, forcing back the mandrel head D into the hot tube B' just
formed almost water tight, generating steam also largely and at a high pressure,
and cooling the tube B so formed, and by contracting it by cooling releases same
in the dic, and cooling the mandrel D and all parts exposed to it, forcing the
mandrel head D into the tube makes it for the instant about water tight and
quickly forces out tube and mandrel leaving no time for the hot metal to do the
die, mandrel, or any of the working parts of same any injury, and makes the die
ready for a fresh operation. The die A A' is shown in halves and placed in
a container A3 which is shown placed in a sliding guide A³ and provided with
a mandrel entering guide G which is of a form used in my older inventions
refered to.
Fig. 4 is a rear end elevation and Fig. 5 a sectional plan of a similar die to that
just described and the same letters of reference refering to like parts, and the after
holding up stem rod in Fig. 5 being also shown removed, but showing in this
example a service plate E resting underneath the ferrule C2 which receives the
mandrel after it has passed entirely through the billet B. The internal space of
the ferrule C having placed in it a filling up pad metal piece E3 an easy sliding fit
for same which as shown fills up entirely the internal space of the ferrule C
presenting nearly a flush surface at its inner end for the soft metal of the billet B
resting on. The mandrel D is shown at the point of just passing out of the
billet B, at about which point it forces forward the pad piece E³, and shearing
through the plate E allows this pad E³ to enter into the hollow part C³ of the
stem rod C, and the mandrel head D to enter into the ferrule C*.
This arrangement of working the plate E tends to detach less metal as an end
barb from the billet B when the mandrel passes out of it, than in the foregoing
modification described.
Fig. 6 is a rear end elevation and Fig. 7 a sectional plan of a die A A¹ and
.connections fitted with another modification of an after piece to give way before
the billet piercing mandrel. Fig. 6 showing also the sliding picce A³ of the con-
tainer A broken off, as also the after stem rod C in Fig. 7 removed. As shown in
sectional plan there is in this example no bottom billet holding-up service plate,
but the ferrule piece C2 has cut in it a series of annular grooves C and the filling
up pad piece E3 which is about half an inch smaller in external diameter than the
internal diameter of the ferrule piece C2, has shown formed in it a series of grooves
in its periphery E corresponding in pitch with the internal grooves C, shown in
the ferrule piece C, one groove in each part would do, but a series is prefered. To
bind these two parts together the ferrule piece C2 and its filling un pad piece E³
with a known and requisite resistance to the central pad E³ to be displaced by the
mandrel these two parts are set on end and centrally to each other and the

page_text: intervening internal annular space between these and grooves C in the ferrule
piece C and grooves E formed in the periphery of the pad piece E³ is filled up-
with soft metal E (by preference with tin) and in this way with binding threads of
same to both parts, which when the mandrel comes to the end of the billet B and
to press to the requisite degree on the pad piece E³ one or the other thread or
threads or collars of soft metal threads or collars E or Co gives way by
shearing off the collar or collars (as shown) off either the ferrule picce C or off the
pad piece E thereby allowing it to be pushed by the mandrel D into the hollow
part of the after holding up billet stem rod C³ without injury to the mandrel.
The resistance of the soft metal collars C and E on the soft metal ring E.
being formed of sufficient strength to resist the soft metal of the billet B from
flowing through the ferrule C² to sustain the piercing force of the mandrel.
The resisting shearing strength of a bar of cold metal is also suitable for
this purpose (by preference of iron or steel) of a strength proportioned to shear
through or give way at a resisting strength that will not destroy a hillet piercing
mandrel. Instead of a flat bar or plate laid or under a receiving ferrule for the
billet piercing mandrel as described in connection with Figs. 2 and 3 and Figs. 6
and 7 a bar of any form of cross section by preference a square bar or pin also.
serves this purpose and Fig. 8 in after end elevation (with the after stem rod C
removed) and Fig. 9 in sectional plan shows a ferrule piece C' for the billet B
resting upon fitted with a filling up piece E3 similar in general form to that
described in connection with Figs. 4 and 5 having shown passed through both the
ferrule piece C2 and its central metal filling up piece E³ a square metal pin E being
shown in sectional elevation in Fig. 8 and in sectional plan in Fig. 9 passed.
through these, which on being shorn through by the force of the mandrel D at
or near the position it is shown placed, forces the filling up piece E³ before it
into the hollow part C3 of the stem rod C and thus allows the mandrel D itself
to get freely out of the billet B and to be brought to rest in the ferrule
piece C.
Water or other suitable liquid or by soft metal such as lead, placed in a
suitable ferrule piece in a confined way, may also be made to give way at a
suitable pressure to give sufficient resistance to enable the mandrel to get
through the soft hot metal of the billet, though mainly practicable only for
being used in the piercing of billets of large diameters.
Fig. 10 is a rear end elevation of a long tube forming die with the after
billet holding stem rod removed and Fig. 11 a sectional plan of same generally of
the foregoing form described but in which a long closed ended vessel C turned a
working fit for the die A A' also formed in balves the receiving piece C is also
bored out to a requisite diameter to be an easy fit for the mandrel D and to pass
down freely into it with only the pad piece E before it, to nearly its internal
bottom. This pad piece E³ serves the same end to the mandrel D and the metal of
the billet as described in connection with Figs. 4 and 5 and Figs. 8 and 9, but it is
shown packed with a piston E fastened to its forward end shown leather packed
to suit water or lead. In the state it is shown this close ended mandrel receiving
piece C is suited to act with either water or lead but by preference is shown filled
with water. The bottom end of it has shown a hole bored and tapped with a
coarse threaded screw which has screwed into it a corresponding plug of lead water
tight and the screw threads of this plug being proportioned in strength to resist as
much pressure in proportion to its area as serve the piercing action of the hot billet
of metal B, but weak enough to give way when the mandrel D comes in contact
with its filling piston fitted piece E which it does by forcing out the bottom water
relieving plug E by the water shearing off the screw threads of this lead plug E,
thereafter the contained water flowing out allowing the mandrel D free access into
its receiving ferrule or cylinder C. In making tubes and tubular articles in this
way of large diameters the mandrel receiving piece C when being wrought with
water may be fitted with a small conical safety valve instead of this lead plug

page_text: safety valve E. Instead of the cooling and expelling water being as shown
admitted to the die or matrice through an after billet holding up stem rod or at iss
end as here shown and described, it may be admitted through any part of the walls
of the die though generally most advantageous to be admitted at its end.
When
used at a pressure of a ton to the square inch area, a channel of about half an inch
diameter is for most purposes sufficiently large and may be readily bored in at any
suitable point in the walls of the matrice or die.
A new and improved water entering chamber formed in the inside of the die
having some considerable area which enables the water to produce cooling and
expelling effect more quickly than one of small area, and to prevent the metal
being shaped or compressed entering it. Suitable also for most parts of a matrice
or die, and for obtaining a continuous surface in the parts where the metal must
overlap, consists in forming a hole of the same cross area of water chamber
required in the die, and fitting in a bar a sliding fit into it with means to secure the
end of this bar flush to the inside surface of the die and with means to draw it back
again a short distance and secure it there again to form a water entering cavity or
chamber in the inside surface of the dic. To which cavity the water at a high
pressure can be forced after the hot metal in the die is shaped. The water may be
admitted sideways by a small channel into the hole in which this bar is made to
move back a short distance from its inside end.
One way of carrying this object out is shown by Fig. 12 in external plan and
Fig. 13 in sectional side elevation by which a portion of the walls of a dic A is
shown in which a round hole is shown hored, and a turned pin A' fitted into same a
tight working fit, which turned pin A is shown projecting out to the outside of the
wail of the die, and a screw formed on it adapted to work in a nut A³ shown fixed
to the wall of the die A. The end of this pin A is shown extended still further.
out and a handle A fitted on it by which this pin A' can be turned round and
screwed back, which when the metal is compressed on the surface A' of the die,
and flush over the point of the pin this pin A is drawn back as far as take it past
the small water channel C³ which allows the water to be forced in freely in to
the die.
Another new and improved way of effecting a closing means against the entrance
of the metal into the water entering orifice in the inside surface of a matrice or
die, consists in inserting into the inner surface of same an overlapping metal
covering pad plate which may be left loose over the water orifice allowing room for
the water to pass at its edges or through small holes formed in its mass to the hot
compressed metal.
Fig. 14 is a front end plan, and Fig. 15 a side sectional elevation of a closed
ended matrice A bored out internally suited for forming closed ended cylinders of
hot metal for being united end wise such as are used for containing compressed gas,
volatile substances and like purposes requiring great strength. A water channel C³
being shown formed in the centre of the bottom end of the matrice and a water
pipe C connected to it. The inside orifice of this water channel C³ is shown
covered over with a thick round pad plate E loosely placed in the bottom of the
die A of a shape next to the hot metal to assist in shaping the article to be shaped
in the dic, and with a number of holes E' of so small diameter formed in it as will
not allow the hot metal to enter far into them shown in plan by Fig. 14, which
small holes may have small gutter channels E formed in the inner surface of
the plate E from the central water orifice C³ to allow the water freely to these
holes.
A: billet B of hot metal is shown by Fig: 15 placed in the die A, and mandrel D
shown broken off short placed on top of same held centrally on the hot metal by
the guide G all in a state ready for the mandrel head D being forced down into
the billet of metal B. At the completion of the stroke, the form of the article B
shown formed, and the altered position of the mandrel head and guide of same G,
and thereafter on the water being admitted all the contents of the die A is by it

page_text: quickly forced out. The bottom pad covering plate E is by preference made of
considerable thickness or mass and partially heated at every fresh operation in order
to make the hot metal resting on it flow more readily.
A new and improved means of entering in water into a matrice or die when
filled with compressed hot metal, affording a means of doing this without any
loose or moving pieces or apparatus, and easily inserted into a matrice, or die-
consists of a piece of strong metal tube sufficiently long to be passed through a
wall of a matrice or die and couple by a pipe for conveying water to it, and fill this
pipe longitudinally and tightly with metal wire by preference of steel round wire
about an eight part of an inch in diameter. The wires to be compressed into the
tube sufficiently as by their frictional hold on the internal surface of the tube and
on each other as form a mass at their ends as will resist sufficient pressure on end
from the compressed hot metal in the die and enable the end of the tube and
wires in it to be shaped to suit the shape of the inside of the die or matrice.
Fig. 17 is a front end plan, Fig. 18 a side elevation, and Fig. 19 an end
elevation of a die shown fitted with a water channel piece C³ of this form,
shown fixed into the bottom of the die A which is shown adapted for making
military shells. This piece of strong water way tube C3 shown, is packed
with small wires as above described and shown shaped at its inner end to the
form of the point of the military shell B' shown in section by Fig. 19 and is
further shown in side sectional elevation by Fig. 18 in which it is shown connected
to a water pipe at its outside end to a bent pipe Ct. The water channel part with
the position of the wire C7 in it being also shown in section. By this means the
water passes through the interstices between the wire, the ends of which is shown
dressed into the shape required, affords a shaping surface for the metal, and by
reason of the smallness of the openings between the wires, the metal enters but a
short distance into same, and though the surface of the metal of the article
compressed and shaped at the part opposite this water channel C³ is left a little
rough, this roughness is easily dressed off.
The general mode of operating this die is the same as just described in
connection with Figs. 14, 15 and 16, and the same letters of reference refer to
like parts.
A new and improved mode of imparting rigidity to mandrel stem rods for forming
tubes, tubular, and hollow articles, and part of my invention consists in placing
the parallel mandrel stem rod in a tubular guide piece formed or bored out a sliding
fit to the diameter of the stem rod and stroke of same, having one or more slots
cut in this stem rod guide. This guide by preference to be formed or turned
parallel and placed in a correspondingly shaped out or bored out propelling ram
head with a cotter projecting into the guide through a slot or slots and overlaying
the end of the mandrel stem rod. This form of mandrel guide being mainly
serviceable for mandrels of small diameters.
Fig. 20 is a sectional plan of a long die A. A' formed in halves, after stem rod
for same C, mandrel receiving ferrule C2, billet B, mandrel guide G, and mandrel D
all placed in position ready for taking a piercing stroke. There is no difference of
this form of die and connections for same, than the die and connections described
in connection with Figs. 1, 2 and 3 on Sheet one of my drawings, and the same
letters of reference refers to like parts in both figures.
Fig. 21 shows the same form of die and like connecting parts and the same
letters of reference refering to like parts, but this Fig. 21 shows the stroke of the
mandrel D and its stem rod D' completed. The mandrel head being shown passed
through the tube B', and the mandrel D resting in its receiving ferrule C² at the
inside end of the tube B' formed.
Fig. 22 is an external plan of my new and improved mandrel stem rod guide H
which is bored out a sliding fit for the mandrel stem rod D' shown placed in it.
This guide H placed to be actuated by the driving head I and its bush piece I
is also turned all over parallel and also fitted a sliding fit into the driver bush I'
of the driver I, which driver bush I is shown fitted and bolted to the
13

page_text: driver I shown in section in Fig. 22 and in elevation by Fig. 23 and may be
actuated with a hydraulic ram or otherwise. The stem rod guide H has shown
formed in its top side the slot H' which extends to nearly its whole length, and in
this example cut through on its top side, only, its bush holder I and mandrel
propeller I being shown in elevation by Fig. 23, and in cross section through the
mandrel driving cotter 12, this driving cotter by preference is formed of steel
and fixed firmly in the upper part 13 of its bush driver I', shown extending down,
and overlapping the end of the mandrel stem rod D₁ shown in elevation by
Fig. 23 and in sectional plan in Figs. 20 and 21, and by this arrangement when the
driving head 1 and bush mandrel end holder placed in same advances and propels
in the mandrel stem rod D₁ and mandrel D, while the guide H which keeps the
mandrel stem rod from deflecting remains throughout the stroke stationary
embracing the mandrel stem rod D, while the guide H itself is allowed to pass
through the driving head I and its bush piece I'. The positions of the driving
rain, crosshead I at the commencement of the stroke being shown in Figs. 20
and 22 and when the tube forming stroke is completed the position of the driving
crosshead I and all parts of the die and moving parts of same, and tube being
shown by Fig. 21. The arrows on the moving parts indicating the motion that
takes place during the stroke. Instead of the cotter being fixed in one side of the
bush only as shown, it may be riveted in on both sides, but in that case a slot
requires to be cut in the other side of the mandrel stem rod guide H to suit this
arrangement.
A new and improved mode of shaping and drawing tubes from billets of metal
such as of steel and copper and of diminishing the external diameter of the tube
formed below that of the tube blank or billet of metal operated upon, consists in
pushing the metal out of a long tube forming die over a mandrel and through a
short die of smaller diameter placed in the larger die and thus forming a die of a
larger diameter for the reception of the tube blank with a smaller shaping die end
for effecting this reduction of diameter. The after small end of the die held in its
position by an after holding up stem rod against the pushing action of the
actuating ram, the larger die being also placed in a sliding guide as described in
my invention. refered to No. 1627 of date 1890 which imparts to the metal con-
tained in a long die the same degree of compressing and squirting pressure at both
ends of same. This new and improved form, combination, or arrangement of die,
together with my water cooling process inside the die, and quick mode of expelling
the tube or other article formed in it, rendering this mode of forming seamless tubes
practicable.
Fig. 24 is a front end elevation and Fig. 25 a plan, showing a tube forming
die A placed in a sliding guide A³, mandrel D, tube billet forcing ram J, and
after billet holding up stem rod C, small die A, and mandrel guide G. The
billet B which is in this example of a tube blank form, being shown contained
in the large part of the die A all in position for taking a tube forming stroke.
All parts being shown in section except the metal forcing ram J, the sliding
guide A being shown broken off. The hole shown in the billet B is formed
before it is placed in the die, and formed an easy fit for the short mandrel D
shown placed in it. The after die and billet holding stem rod C is formed hollow
as large diameter as freely allow the tube B¹ to be formed to pass along it, and
as long as take in its full length.
Fig. 26 showing the stroke of the ram J completed and the tube B' formed. The
tube B being shown broken short, and the after stem rod C, also in both Figs. 25
and 26 shown broken off short. The cooling and expelling water is admitted by
the pipe C which forces back the ram J, and with it the die A as far as allow the
tube and the small end die A to be removed and all made ready for a fresh
operation.
Instead of the mandrel being pushed along with the metal of the billet as in the
modification of die of two diameters just described, the mandrel D may be entered
in through a hollow billet forcing ram, and through a hollow metal billet, and held

page_text: stationary end wise in an ordinary tube mandrel carrier or otherwise, and otherwise
actuated as in the modification just described.
Fig. 27 is an end elevation and Fig. 28 a sectional plan of a die A, sliding
guide A³ for same, with an after die and billet holding up stem rod C, and billet
forcing ram J and all parts shown in position of a nearly completed stroke, showing
most of the billet B squirted out through. the smaller end die picce A of the
die A into a tube B', the long mandrel stem rod D' is shown made fast in the mandrel
dog K. The motions of all the working parts, and of the billet and tube, being as
indicated by the arrows marked thereon. The notion on the main die A. is as
the arrows bb for a short distance at the commencement of the stroke until both
ends of the billet B gets compressed alike, and when near the completion of its
stroke by the movement of the metal flowing out through the small die A, the
main die reverses its motion end wise for a short way back through its sliding
guide A as indicated by the arrows c c.
In a similar way to that just described the mandrel may be placed and held in
a short bottom die of a larger diameter than its tensional holding stem, the mandrel
head being also placed in a short bottom dic, and passed up through both the billet
and its forcing ram.
Fig. 29 is an after end elevation of a long tube forming die and mandrel, and
Fig. 30 a sectional plan of a die of this kind, shown by Fig. 29 with portion
of its guide A³ broken off, and by Fig. 30 with the mandrel steam rod D' broken
off short. The action of this modification of die and mandrel is the same and
the motions of the die A and ram J also as indicated by the arrows placed on the
figures as just described, and the same letters of reference refering to like parts-
but in this example the after billet and small die A8 is shown held by the plate A°.
The stem rod Ċ shown used in the figs. last described being in this example
removed. The mandrel D shown formed in one piece with its stem rod D', and
fixed in the stationary mandrel carrier K, serving at the same time the purpose of
the after stem rod shown by Figs. 27 and 28 thereby serving to compact the metal
of the billet B shown in the die A being squirted out into the tube 13' alike at the
die end of the billet as at the ram end J, same as when the after holding up stem
rod C is used.
Fig. 31 is a rear end elevation, Fig. 32 a plan of a die A AB of different diameters
adapted to expand a solid billet of hot metal B out into a tube B' of larger external
diameter than the billet B from which it is made. In this modification also the
mandrel D and its stem rod D' serves the purpose of an after billet holding up stem
rod against the forcing action on the billet to squirt the metal of the billet Bover the
mandrel D and also produces about equal pressure at the after end of the die, and on
the mandrel D, as on the front end of the metal of the billet B in direct contact
with the forward end of the ram J by the frictional contact of the surface of the
billet B with the internal surface of the die A, and by its sliding action through
its endwise sliding guide A³ at the commencement of the stroke of the ram Jas
indicated by the arrows bb for a short distance until all the metal of the billet B
or nearly so becomes under equal pressure as described in connection with the
foregoing figs. which effect is necessary to produce tubes in this way, particularly
tubes of great length. Fig. 32 shows the die A As, and the ram J in section and
in their positions at the commencement of the stroke of the ram J, with the
billet B shown in the die A. There is also shown in the die A a short piece of
metal of the same kind as the billet B, B3 and also in a hot state placed in the die.
Fig. 33 shows the positions assumed of the ram J, die A A³ and mandrel
guide G, and the form and position of the metal of the billet formed into a tube B¹
shown broken off short. When the stroke is completed the portion of hot
metal B³ is shown in Fig. 33 formed into a hollow cap B enveloping the mandrel D,
and separate from the tube B' which when the tube B' and mandrel D is expelled
by the water passed through a flexible pipe C and through the channel C³ in the
ram J, leaves the die A. A" ready for a fresh operation. The motions of these are
indicated by the arrows placed on same.

page_text: A new and improved mode of compressing and shaping metals such as of iron,
steel and copper in a heated soft state in combination with my shaping dies and
matrices placed in sliding guides so as by the action of one ram and a fixed after
holding stem rod, equal pressure can be imparted to both ends or both sides of
the article being compressed, and shaped, and also in combination with my new
and improved mode of contracting and cooling the articles shaped and dies for
same, and of expelling the articles from the dies hereinbefore described in
connection with Figs. 1 to 11 on Sheet one of my drawings.
Fig. 34 is a rear end elevation and Fig. 35 a sectional plan of a die A A' in
halves, placed in a container A³, and set in a sliding guide A³ in which a fixed
after holding up stem rod C with water channel C³ and water pipe C* connected
to same is shown placed in the internal after end of the die A A¹ which is of a
round form.
The
Placed before the front end of this stem rod C is a thick perforated plate E of
the form described in connection with Figs. 15 and 16 to prevent the hot metal
from getting into the mouth of the water orifice C³ formed in the stem rod C. A.
billet B is shown placed in the die A. A' before the perforated plate and after
that a ram J is set. To be by preference actuated by a hydraulic ram which is
caused to give to the ram J. the force requisite to compress and shape the billet B,
after which the ram J is drawn back and on the water being introduced into the
channel C formed as shown in the after holding up stem rod C, at a high pressure
quickly expels from the die A A¹ the shaped and compressed billet B.
substitution of the ram J for the mandrel D (shown in Figs. 1, 2, and 3 on Sheet
one of my drawings is all the difference of these Figs. (34 and 35) from
Figs. 1, 2, and 3 and the same letters of reference refering to like parts, all except
that of the ram J, and need not be further described. The internal form of the
die may be round. (as shown) or square or any other shape. The motion on the
die A A is as shown by the arrow & until the metal B is compressed alike at botli
ends. Two or more pieces or blanks of heated soft metal can be compressed and
shaped in long dies of the form just described, set in a container and in a sliding
guide to equalize the pressure throughout the die, which thus by diminishing the
loss of pressure at the far end of the die by the friction of the billets of metal on
its walls compressed in it allows of a long die being used for this and like
purposes.
Fig. 36 is a rear end elevation, Fig. 37 a sectional plan of a long die of a round
form, after billet holding up stem rod C, and forcing ram J, all to correspond. of
the same forms as just described and the same letters of reference refering to like
parts, but instead of only one billet of metal being shown operated upon, as just
shown and described, there is in this example three billets of metal B. B. B.
shown in section by Fig. 37 to be operated upon, and each of these billets B
to be compressed into a web or disc pulley. There being also shown inserted into
the long die A A' a sliding fit, four round disc shaping metal pieces L. L. L. L.
in a cold state with suitable devices on their sides, to form the sides, rims,
and bosses of the pulleys all as shown in section by Fig. 37. When the
ram J is forced up as shown by Fig. 38 these round flat sided blanks B. B. B.
as shown in Fig. 37 assume the disc pulley shape shown in Fig. 38, and
at the completion of the stroke of the ram J, these pulleys B B B forged in
this way with their side shaping piece L. L. L. L. are all forced out by the water
entered into the die A A' through the channel C³ and the die made ready for a
fresh operation.
Metals such as of iron or steel and of copper and its alloys can be forged quickly
in this way, and of almost any shape as the dies and shaping pieces may be of
square, oblong, or any other shape instead of the round form shown.
In matrices and dies suited for compressing and shaping heated soft metal into
short articles where there is not much diminution of the pressure by friction by
great length of surface on the side walls of the matrices and dies, the sliding guide
and after holding up stem rod can be dispensed with and in that form my new and

page_text: improved form of matrice and die is mainly limited to the use of my new and
improved water cooling and expelling means and apparatus but this for the
preservation of the die from injurions duration of contact with the heated metal, and
quickness of action obtained by my water expelling action of the article compressed
and shaped from hot metal in this way is of itself important.
As an example of this form of die Fig. 39 is a front end elevation,
Fig. 40 a side sectional elevation of a die A adapted to compress and shape a
billet B of heated soft metal shown placed in same into a cog wheel. The die A
being shown placed in the container A' which has to be made very strong and by
preference of steel and here shown broken off. This die A which is of an annular
form having shown formed in it the recesses A10 into which the metal of the plain
cylindrical billet B is forced by the pressure of the ram J to form the cogs 13' of
the wheel B. The ram J the after end of which is shown of a round form, and
shown broken off, has its front end on its periphery shown formed into cogs J' for
a somewhat greater length than the depth of the die A, these cogs being made an
easy sliding fit for the corresponding internal cogs recesses A" of the die A.
Fig. 40 shows the billet B placed in the die, and the ram J entered into the die.
a short distance ready for being forced in on the billet B to compress and shape it,
and causes the metal of same to squirt into the wheel cog shaped recesses in the
die A¹º.
Fig. 41 which is a sectional plan showing the stroke completed and the cog.
wheel B formed.
A perforated plate E of the form described in connection with Figs. 15 and 16.
for preventing the hot soft metal entering the water orifice C³ and on the water-
being admitted through the pipe C shown, the wheel B¹ is forced out and the die
made ready for a fresh operation. Dies shaped to various devices can be made to.
fit the container A2 and in this way articles of various shapes can in this way be
formed very solidly and very quickly. This water expelling process being capable
of being suited for most forms of dies for shaping or forging heated soft metals.
A new and improved apparatus for compressing and shaping or drawing or
compressing down masses, billets, or bars of heated soft metal of a round or other
form of cross section from a larger cross section to a smaller cross section or larger.
diameter to a smaller diameter-consists in two long dies of different diameters
set in line with each other, or of one long die of large size cross section or large
diameter and a short die of smaller cross section or smaller diameter placed in the
large sized one. In the larger diameter of which the mass, billet, or bar of hot
metal is placed, and into the bottom end of which the smaller diameter short
forming or drawing die is placed of the size the billet of metal is wished to be
reduced.
Fig. 42 is a rear end clevation, and Fig. 43 a sectional plan of a die A A¹
formed in halves, a container for same A2, and a fixed sliding guide A³ for the
die container A² which sliding guide A³ is shown broken off in both these
figures. Into the after end of the die A is shown placed the after
billet and short die holding up stem rod C, and into the die A A¹ (which
is bored out of a round form) is shown placed the short die A³, billet B to.
be reduced in diameter, and ram J entered into the front end of the die A. A' and
set against the billet B shown in position ready to take its billet or bar reducing
stroke. The die A A' has shown in it a water channel C³ for leading in the cooling.
and bar expelling water near the end of the billet B.. The after holding up stem
rod has shown formed in it centrally a hole somewhat larger in diameter than the
bar to be formed, shown in Fig. 44. The metal forcing ram J has shown formed
into it a hole throughout its length, slightly enlarged at its inner end for a short.
distance outwards into which is placed a ram M a sliding fit, and with a head M'
formed on it at its inner end placed in this inside recess which prevents the metal
under pressure pressing outwards this ram M.
The whole arrangement of the die is generally similar to that described in
connection with Figs. 1 to 3 on Sheet one of my drawings and by the action of“

page_text: the sliding guide the ram J imparts to the metal of the billet pressure about alike
at both ends of the billet Bas explained in connection with Figs. 34 to 38 and
other foregoing figures. When the stroke is completed and the billet B forced out
into the round bar B₁ (shown broken off short) the ram J is in the position shown
in Fig. 44.
To push the metal out of the short die A the ram M is pushed in a short.
distance after the completion of the stroke of the large ram J until it pushes out
the metal out of this small die A thereafter the cooling and expelling water is
admitted to the die through the pipe C and channel shown in the die, A,
expelling the finished bar B', which after the rams J and M are drawn back, the
die is again ready for a fresh operation.
Having now particularly described and
invention and in what manner the same
what I claim is :-
ascertained the nature of my said
is to be performed I declare that
First. The method of and appliances, and apparatus for compressing and shaping
metals such as wrought-iron, steel, and copper made soft by beat, shaping or
forming masses or billets of metal in this soft state into tubes, tubular, hollow, and
solid articles substantially as herein described in reference to and shown in the
accompanying drawings.
Second. The mode of and means for holding up endwise a metal billet made soft
by heat in a tube forming die against the piercing action of a mandrel by inserted
pieces of metal in a cold state as a plate, bar, bolt, or ring or like form of such a
limited shearing or breaking strength, and apparatus for holding and regulating
same as to prevent the billet of metal passing unpierced endwise before the mandrel
along the die but to give way as the mandrel approaches to, or reaches the far end
of the billet, so as to cause the mandrel to pass entirely through the billet without
breaking off any material amount of the metal at the far end of the billet, and
without injury to the mandrel substantially as described in reference to Figs. 1 to 9
of the accompanying drawings.
Third. The mode of and means for holding up endwise a metal billet made soft
by heat in a tube forming die against the piercing action of a mandrel by an inserted
vessel containing a liquid or soft metal, and piston fitted in same in such a mode as
can be regulated to resist the pressure and flow of the metal of the billet from
passing into the cylinder but when the mandrel approaches near to, or reaches the
far end of the billet, the greater pressure caused by its presence to the piston of the
vessel the contained liquid or soft metal is caused to flow out and allows the mandrel
head to pass into the vessel after the receding piston, without breaking off any
material amount of the metal off the far end of the billet and without injuring the
mandrel substantially as described in reference to and shown by Figs. 10 to 11 of
the accompanying drawings.
Fourth. The mode of and means for introducing fluids at a high pressure (by
preference water in a cold state) into matrices and dies used for shaping metals in
a hot plastic state operated by mandrels, rams, shaping heads or pieces for cooling
the articles compressed formed, or shaped in such dies and matrices, and also for
cooling the matrices, die, mandrel or shaping tools used as described in reference
to and shown in connection with Figs. 1 to 44 of the accompanying drawings.
Fifth. The mode of and means for forcing out quickly, or expelling tubes,
tubular, or hollow articles, compressed, formed, or drawn in matrices or dies from
metal in a heated plastic state by fluids at a high pressure (by preference water)
and expelled while still in a hot state as described in reference to and shown in
connection with Figs. 1 to 19 and Figs. 24 to 33 of the accompanying drawings.
Sixth. The mode of and means for forcing out quickly or expelling metal solid
articles out of matrices or dies, compressed or formed in same in a heated plastic
state and forced or expelled out of the matrice and dies while still in a hot state by
fluids, as described in reference to and in connection with Figs. 34 to 44 of the
accompanying drawings.

page_text: Seventh. The mode of and means for compressing and shaping of closed ended
tubular articles of metal in a heated plastic state in matrices and dies in com-
bination with my fluid or liquid expelling means and apparatus as described in
reference to and shown in connection with Figs. 14 to 19 of the accompanying
drawings.
Eighth. The mode of and means for squirting out tubes out of long dies, out of
metals such as of iron, steel, and copper in a heated plastic state out of long
containing dies, through a second smaller die and in combination with my water
cooling and expelling means and apparatus as described in reference to and in
connection with Figs. 24 to 30 of the accompanying drawings.
Ninth. The mode of and means for squirting out tubes out of metals such as of
iron, steel, or copper in a hot plastic state out of long billet containing dies through
larger after dies in combination with my water cooling and expelling means and
apparatus as described in reference to, and in connection with Figs. 31 to 33 of the
accompanying drawings.
Tenth. The mode of and means for protecting the stem rods of metal piercing
mandrels and metal compressing rams in endwise motion, or under pressure from
deflecting by guides with a longitudinal slot or slots through which the stem rod or
ram is propelled by a propelling piece or cotter as described in reference to and
shown in connection with Figs. 20 to 23 of the accompanying drawings.
Eleventh. The mode of and means for the compressing and shaping of billets of
heated metal in a heated plastic state in a die having an after billet holding up
stem rod over which the die is left free to move endwise in a sliding bush or other
sliding means by motion and force end wise from the compressing ram transmitted
to the die by the contact of the metal in the die, the die thereby moving endwise
until the metal in the die becomes compressed as much as at the after end, or end
next to the stem rod, as at the end next to the forcing ram as described in
reference to and shown.more particularly in connection with Figs. 34 to 38 of
the accompanying drawings.
Twelfth. The mode of and means for compressing and shaping of billets of heated
metal in a plastic state in a die set in a sliding bush or sliding guides to allow of
its motion end wise and fitted with a metal billet fixed after billet holding up stem
rod over which the die is left free to move on end combined with a means of cooling
and expelling the billet from the die after it is shaped and compressed as described
in reference to and shown in connection with Figs. 34 to 38 of the accompanying
drawings.
Thirteenth. The mode of and means for compressing and shaping metal articles
in a heated soft plastic state in matrices and of cooling and expelling the same by
water at a high degree of pressure as described in reference to and shown in con-
nection with Figs. 39 to 41 of the accompanying drawings.
Fourteenth. The mode of and means for compressing and shaping two or more
billets of metal together in a die at one thrust of a compressing ram of heated
metal in a heated soft plastic state into articles in internal dies. The die being
placed in a sliding guide and left free to move on end, and, fitted a sliding fit
internally with a fixed billet holding up after stem rod over which the die is left
free to move on end in combination with a means of cooling in the die by water
and of expelling them by water as described in reference to and shown in connection
with Figs. 36 to 38 of the accompanying drawings.
Fifteenth. The mode of and means for compressing and shaping two or more
billets of metal in a heated soft plastic state in a matrice by internal shaping dies
combined with a means of cooling the articles inside the die by water, and of
expelling them by water as described in reference to and shown in connection with
Figs. 36 to 38 of the accompanying drawings.
Sixteenth. The mode of and means for squirting out bars of metal of a round or
other form of cross section out of a metal billet placed in a die in a heated soft
plastic state such as of iron, steel and copper forced out of a main die by a ram
through a small die of a round, square, or other form of cross section, set against

page_text: an after shaping die and billet holding up fixed stem rod. The die being placed
in or on a sliding guide, and left free to move on end so as to impart about equal
pressure on the metal by a ram at both ends of the metal billet, and provided with
a small ram for pushing out the bar out of the small shaping die, as described in
reference to and in connection with Figs. 42 to 44 of the accompanying drawings.
Seventeenth. The mode of and means for squirting out metal rods of a round or
other form of cross section out of a billet of hot metal in a hot plastic state placed
in a long die of a round or other form of cross section, placed in a sliding guide
and free to move on end, and with a fixed after shaping die and billet holding up
stem rod, placed a sliding fit in the billet containing die provided with a small ram
for pushing out the after end of the drawn bar out of the shaping die, and provided
also with means for cooling the die with water and of expelling the bar by water
as described in reference to and in connection with Figs. 42 to 44 of the accom-
panying drawings.
Thatod thin and day of Al 1065)
JAMES ROBERTSON.