IMPROVEMENTS IN HYDRAULIC MACHINERY FOR PRESSING AND ALSO SHAPING AND FORGING STEEL, IRON, AND OTHER METALS
Year: 1874

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Sir Joseph Whitworth, of Manchester, in the
County of Lancaster, Baronet, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS
IN HYDRAULIC MACHINERY FOR PRESSING AND ALSO SHAPING AND FORGING
STEEL, IRON, AND OTHER METALS."
Scaled the 20th November 1874, and dated the 7th September 1874..
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Sir Joseph Whitworth
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition,
on the 7th September 1874.
I, Sir JOSEPH WHITWORTH, of Manchester, in the County of Lan-
caster, Baronet, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN HYDRAULIC MACHINERY FOR PRESSING AND ALSO SHAPING AND
FORGING STEEL, IRON, AND OTHER METALS," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in machinery for
pressing and also shaping and forging steel, iron, and other metals in
the process of manufacturing hoops and tubes for guns, linings of steam

page_text: cylinders, cylinders for boilers, propeller shafts, cranks, air vessels, for
torpedoes, and other objects.
The machinery, constructed as herein-after described, may be used in
connection with machinery for compressing fluid metal, such as is
described in the Specification of prior Letters Patent granted to me, and
bearing even date with these Presents.
For the purposes of my Invention I employ a hydraulic press with a
moving head having the main hydraulic cylinder fixed in it, and I
provide an arrangement of mechanism for raising and lowering the
moving head of the press and for locking the same in any desired
position. The press has four hollow pillars screwed part of their length,
which are attached to the base of the press by nuts. On the top of the
pillars is fixed a cast-iron head or table supporting two hydraulic lifting
cylinders, the rams of which are fitted with cross heads carrying four
suspension bars. These bars pass through the moving head, and are
connected at the lower ends by cross bars, which are fastened to the
pressing ram. The moving head works between the base and the top or
fixed head of the press, and is raised or lowered by the admission or exit
of water from the under side of the rams of the lifting cylinders. The
moving head can be firmly and rapidly locked at any height from the
base which may suit the work to be operated on.
On the screwed pillars there are four circular nuts so arranged as to
rotate when the head rises or falls, and these serve to hold the moving
head in position when the pressure is being exerted.
Connected with the moving head are two quick pitch screws passing
through two nuts carried in the fixed head or upper table of the press.
Two spur wheels are keyed on the quick pitch screws and gear into
corresponding wheels on the periphery of the four circular nuts. When
the moving head is raised or lowered by the lifting cylinders the quick
pitch screws are forced through the fixed nuts, causing the screws to
revolve and give motion to the four nuts on the screwed pillars. These
nuts revolve at the same speed as the moving head rises or falls. Whilst
the head is in motion there is a slight clearance between it and the nuts.
In order to lock the moving head it is necessary to raise it slightly up to
the nuts. To accomplish this the quick pitch screws are locked to
prevent them from revolving by an arrangement fitted on to the moving

page_text: head, and the nuts through which they pass are rotated. These nuts
are fixed to or are part of two spur wheels, and are worked by means of
two racks moved horizontally by a hydraulic ram.
When it is desirable to lower the moving head out of contact with the
nuts for the purpose of moving it to another position the racks are again
set in motion in the opposite direction.
The locking motion applied to the quick pitch screws is also useful in
taking the dead weight of the moving head from the two lifting
cylinders in case the press may have to stand with the moving head
suspended.
The moving head, as already mentioned, carries a forging or com-
pressing cylinder, which forces a ram down upon the work. By attaching
the forging or compressing cylinder to and making it part of the moving
head I am enabled to employ a hydraulic cylinder of short stroke when
forging objects which may vary in size from a few inches to several feet
in diameter.
In order to control with ease and promptness the action of the forging
ram the water from the pumps is directed into the ram cylinder by
closing an escape valve. I employ two valves, the larger valve of which
combination is the main valve. When the main valve is raised the
water passes freely without acting upon the ram of the forging cylinder,
and the engine is relieved instantly from the load. The return stroke of
the ram is then effected by the pressure from an accumulator acting
upon the two hydraulic lifting cylinders. The main valve is brought
down on its seating by the pressure of water upon its head. The water
passes to the head of the valve by a passage of very small size, and the
pressure on the head of the main valve is relieved when required to lift
by opening a small valve, which may be either self-acting or worked by
hand. The small valve is easily opened or closed when working at a
very high pressure per square inch on the water, and it immediately acts
upon the main valve, so that no time is lost in the reversal of the
forging ram, and the engine is relieved from its load except during the
period when the forging ram is actually compressing the metal subject
to the operation.
In order to ascertain with exactness the movement of the ram at each
stroke I employ a large dial plate with a revolving index finger moved

page_text: .
I also employ an apparatus for rotating the work under operation
This
uniformly and through an equal space at each stroke of the ram.
apparatus consists of a hydraulic cylinder and ram fixed vertically on
the side of the fixed head of the press. The ram is connected by means
of connecting bars to a lever having a pawl working in a ratchet wheel,
which is attached to a mandril, on which the work is supported. By
raising or lowering the ram either by hand or a self-acting motion the
lever carrying the pawl acts upon the mandril and gives it a portion of
a turn at each stroke of the ram.
To enlarge a cylindrical hoop, such as would be used for the lining of
a steam cylinder I employ a cylindrical mandril of steel resting on
suitable supports placed on the lower table. Upon this mandril the
hoop or other object is gradually enlarged, and will retain its cylindrical
form if the amount of movement of the ram be correctly adjusted and
the mandril be rotated equally at the end of each stroke of the forging
ram, so that fresh surfaces are brought under action of the press.
When forging a cylinder of considerable length I use a comparatively
short core or hollow mandril, and I withdraw it or move it during the
operation of forging by means of a movable hydraulic cylinder supported
upon a carriage, on which it can be raised or lowered to suit the diameter
of the mandril. The cylinder contains a piston with a loose rod, which |
can be screwed into the end of the core or mandril. The end of the
cylinder is hemispherical, so that it may accommodate itself to any
irregularity of form in the work, thereby ensuring the strain being in a
direct line when the pressure is applied to withdraw the mandril. The
hemispherical end of the cylinder fits a corresponding cap which abuts
on the end of the forging from which the core or mandril is to be with-
drawn.
In cases where it is convenient to employ the same mechanism for
forging and for pressing fluid metal a powerful hydraulic cylinder is to
be mounted in the base of the press, as is described in another Pro-
visional Specification filed by me, and bearing even date herewith.

page_text: filed by the said Sir Joseph Whitworth in the Great Seal Patent
Office on the 6th March 1875.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, Sir JOSEPH
WHITWORTH, of Manchester, in the County of Lancaster, Baronet, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Seventh day of September, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-four, in the
thirty-eighth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and suc-
cessors, give and grant unto me, the said Joseph Whitworth, Her special
license that I, the said Joseph Whitworth, my executors, administrators,
and assigns, or such others as I, the said Joseph Whitworth, my execu
tors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no
others, from time to time and at all times thercafter during the term
therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN HYDRAULIC MACHINERY FOR PRESSING AND ALSO SHAPING AND FORGING STEEL,
IRON, AND OTHER METALS," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the
said Joseph Whitworth, my executors or administrators, by an instrument
in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should
particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and
in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same
to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months
next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Joseph Whitworth, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement thereof, that is to say: -
This Invention has for its object improvements in machinery for
pressing and also shaping and forging steel, iron, and other metals for
the manufacture of hoops and tubes for guns, linings of steam cylinders,
cylinders for boilers, propellor shafts, cranks, air vessels for torpedoes,
and other objects.

page_text: The machinery, constructed as herein-after described, may be used in
connection with machinery for compressing fluid metals, such as is
described in the Specification of prior Letters Patent granted to me, and
bearing even date with these Presents.
For the purposes of my Invention I employ an hydraulic press with a
moving head having the main hydraulic cylinder fixed in it, and I
provide an arrangement of mechanism for raising and lowering the
moving head of the press, and for securing the same in any desired
position. These arrangements are similar to those described in the
Specification of Letters Patent granted to me, and bearing even date
with the Letters Patent above mentioned, and numbered 3062. The
press has four hollow pillars screwed over part of their length, and
which are attached to the base of the press by nuts. On the top of the
pillars is fixed a cast-iron head or table supporting two hydraulic lifting
cylinders, the rams of which are fitted with cross heads, cach of which
carries two suspension bars. These bars pass through the moving head,
and are connected at their lower ends by cross bars which are themselves
fastened to the pressing ram. The moving head works between the base
and the top or fixed head of the press, and is raised or lowered by the
admission or exit of water from the under side of the rams of the lifting
cylinders. The moving head can be firmly and rapidly secured at any
height from the base which may suit the work to be operated on.
On the screwed pillars there are four circular nuts, so arranged as to
rotate when the head rises or falls, and these serve to hold the moving
head in position when the pressure is being exerted.
Connected with the moving head are two quick pitch screws passing
through two nuts carried in the fixed head or upper table of the press.
Two spur wheels are keyed on the quick pitch screws, and gear into
corresponding wheels on the periphery of the four circular nuts. When
the moving head is raised or lowered by the lifting cylinders the quick
pitch screws are forced through the fixed nuts, causing the screws to
revolve and give motion to the four nuts on the screwed pillars. These
nuts revolve at the same speed as the moving head rises or falls. Whilst
the head is in motion there is a slight clearance between it and the nuts,
but in order to secure the moving head it is necessary to bring the head
and the nuts into contact. To accomplish this the nuts upon the quick
pitch screws are fixed to or are made part of two spur wheels which are

page_text: worked by means of two racks formed upon a bar which is moved
horizontally by a hydraulic ram. There is also an arrangement fitted
on to the moving head for locking the quick pitch screws when
requisite.
The locking motion applied to the quick pitch screws is also useful in
taking the dead weight of the moving head from the two lifting
cylinders in case the press may have to stand with the moving head
suspended.
The moving head, as already mentioned, carries a forging or com-
pressing cylinder which forces a ram down upon the work. By attaching
the forging or compressing cylinder to and making it part of the moving
head I am enabled to employ a hydraulic cylinder of short stroke when
forging objects which may vary in size from a few inches to several feet
in diameter.
In order to control with ease and promptness the action of the forging
ram the water from the pumps is directed either into the ram cylinder
or is allowed freely to escape to the exhaust by closing or opening an
escape valve. I employ two valves, the larger valve of which com-
bination is the main valve. When the main valvo is raised the water
passes freely to the exhaust without acting upon the ram of the forging
cylinder, and the engine is thereby instantly relieved from the load.
The return stroke of the ram is then effected by the pressure from an
accumulator, which is constantly acting upon the two hydraulic lifting
cylinders before mentioned. The main valve is brought down on its
seating by the pressure of water upon its head. The water passes to the
head of the valve by a passage of very small size, and the pressure on
the head of the main valve is relieved when it is required to lift by
opening a small hydraulic valve, which may be either self-acting or
worked by hand. The small valve is easily opened or closed when
working at a very high pressure per square inch on the water, and it
immediately acts upon the main valve, so that no time is lost in the
reversal of the forging ram, and the engine is relieved from its load
except during the period when the forging ram is actually compressing
the metal subject to the operation.
In order to ascertain with exactness the movement of the ram at each
stroke I employ a large dial plate with a revolving index finger moved
by a rack and pinion connected with the forging ram.

page_text: I also employ an apparatus for rotating the work under operation
uniformly and through an equal space at each stroke of the ram. This
apparatus consists of a hydraulic cylinder and ram fixed vertically on
the side of the fixed head of the press. The ram is connected by means
of connecting bars to a lever having a pawl working in a ratchet wheel,
which is attached to a mandril on which the work is supported, so that by
raising or lowering the ram, either by hand or a self-acting motion, the
lever carrying the pawl acts upon the mandril and gives it a portion of a
turn at each stroke of the ram.
<r
To enlarge a cylindrical hoop, such as would be used for the lining of
a steam cylinder, I employ a cylindrical mandril of steel resting on
suitable supports placed on the lower table. Upon this mandril the
hoop or other object is gradually enlarged, and will retain its cylindrical
form if the amount of movement of the ram be correctly adjusted and
the mandril be rotated equally at the end of each stroke of the forging
ram so that fresh surfaces are brought under the action of the press.
When forging and drawing out a cylinder of considerable length I
use a comparatively short core or hollow mandril, and I withdraw it or
move it along during the operation of forging by means of a movable
hydraulic cylinder supported upon a carriage, on which it can be raised
or lowered to suit the various diameters of the mandril employed. The
cylinder contains a piston with a loose rod, which can be screwed into
the end of the core or mandril. The end of the cylinder is hemispherical,
so that it may accommodate itself to any irregularity of form in the
work, thereby ensuring the strain being in a direct line when the
pressure is applied to withdraw the mandril. The hemispherical end of
the cylinder fits a corresponding cap, which abuts on the end of the
forging from which the core or mandril is to be withdrawn.
In cases where it is convenient to employ the same apparatus for
forging and for pressing fluid metals a powerful hydraulic cylinder is to
be mounted in the base of the press, as is described in the Specification
of another Patent, bearing even date with the above in part recited
Letters Patent.
In order that my said Invention may be most fully understood and
readily carried into effect, I will proceed to describe the Drawings here-
unto annexed.

page_text: DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS.
Figure 1 is a front elevation of a press constructed according to my
Invention, together with its dial plate and index for indicating the
movement of the ram at each stroke; Figure 2 is a side elevation of the
press; Figure 3 is a longitudinal vertical section of the press; Figure 4
is a tranverse vertical section of the press on the line a', a', of Figure 3 ;
Figure 5 is a plan of the top side of the upper or fixed head of the
press; Figure 6 is a plan of the top side of the movable head; Figure 7
is a horizontal section of the press on the line 6¹, b¹, Figure 3; Figure 8
is a plan of the feed and exhaust pipes on the top of the press;
Figure 9 is a section of the horizontal ram employed in moving the
rack for locking the moving head; Figure 10 is a plan of the arrange-
ment on the under side of the moving head.
Figure 11 is a front elevation to a larger scale of a portion of the
press, shewing the apparatus I employ for revolving the work under
the press; Figure 12 is an end elevation partly in section of the
.same.
Figure 13 is a partial front elevation of the press with swage block,
and mandril.
Figure 14 is an end elevation of the press, with a section of the
hydraulic apparatus I employ for withdrawing the mandrils from the
forging Figure 15 is a transverse section of this apparatus.
The press has four hollow pillars A, A, A, A, screwed, as indicated,
through a part of their length; they are secured to the base or founda-
tion by nuts d, d, d, d. On the top of the pillars is fixed the cast-iron
head or table B which supports the two lifting cylinders C, C. The
rams O are fitted with cross heads D, D, from which are suspended the
lifting bars E, E. These bars pass through the moving head F, and are
connected at their lower extremities to cross bars G, G, fastened to the
pressing or forging ram H, so that by admitting or withdrawing the
water from the cylinders C, C, the head F, together with the forging
cylinder &c., can be rapidly raised or lowered and secured so as to
regulate without loss of time the distance apart between the pressing or
working surfaces, and therefore the distance through which the ram H
is required to move for the completion of the operation, and as the
dimensions of the work decrease the head can be again lowered to keep
:

page_text: the stroke of the ram H as short as possible, so that in this manner I am
enabled to employ a short cylinder and ram H, even when operating
upon work that may vary from a few inches to several feet in diameter,
and besides the power of rapidly adjusting the position of the head and
securing it where required admits of a great economy in the expenditure
of water, time, and power. These features of my arrangement are of
considerable importance.
In order to secure the moving head in any position while the pressure
is being exerted I place upon the four main screwed pillars A, A, A, A,
of the press four locking nuts J, J, J, J, which when brought firmly
into contact with the head F serve to hold the latter in position against
any vertical pressure..
Connected with the moving head are two quick pitch screws S, S,
passing through nuts T, T, carried in the fixed head or upper table B of
the press, and when the movable head F is raised or lowered by the
lifting cylinders C, C, the quick pitch screws S, S, are driven through
the fixed nuts T, T, and so the screws are caused to rotate, and with
them the spur wheels U, U, which are keyed to the screws. The spur
wheels U, U, gear into other spur wheels V, V, formed on the outside
periphery of the locking nuts J, J, J, J, whereby (there being at such
times a small amount of clearance between the face of the locking nuts
and the movable head) as the movable head is raised or lowered by the
lifting cylinders C, C, the quick pitch screws are rotated, and their
rotation is communicated through the spur wheels U, U, and V, V, to
the locking nuts J, J, J, J, which thus ascend or descend at the same
rate as the moving head F. When the moving head F has been
brought to the position required before the application of the pressure by
the ram H the movable head F and the nuts J, J, J, J, are brought
firmly into contact so as to secure the head in this position. For this
purpose the nuts T, T, are rotated to the required extent by the rack W
actuated by the hydraulic cylinder X. The rack W gears into spur
wheels formed on the periphery of the nuts T, T. The rotation of the
nuts T, T, is communicated to the quick pitch screws S, S, and thus to
the spur wheels U, U, which themselves gear with the wheels V, V,
and so revolve the locking nuts J, J, J, J, bringing them into firm
contact with the movable head F, which in this manner takes a direct
bearing upon the main screwed pillars and becomes immovable under the
pressure of the ram H. The nuts J, J, J, J, and the movable head F

page_text: having in this manner been brought firmly into contact the quick pitch
screws S, S, are also locked to prevent their revolving. This is accom-
plished by a small movement of the handles or levers Y, Y, which
actuate screws, whereby the collars w, w, keyed on to each of the quick
pitch screws are firmly gripped between the die x and the block x¹, in
which manner the rotation of the screws S, S, is prevented, as also that
of the locking nuts J, J, J, J, since the latter cannot rotate without the
quick pitch screws S, S, revolving at the same time.
The reverse action of releasing the thead F in order to raise or lower
the same is effected by the same operations performed in the reverse
order, i.e., the quick pitch screws are first unlocked by relieving the
grip at x by a small movement of the levers Y, Y, in the opposite
direction to that previously described, and then a movement of the
rack W by the hydraulic cylinder X rotates the nuts T, T, and so the
screws S, S, which actuating the gearing U, U, and V, V, revolves the
locking nuts J, J, J, J, through a small space, thus leaving the
necessary clearance between them and the movable head, when the
latter can be raised or lowered as required by the lifting cylinders C, C.
The moving head carries as before-mentioned a forging or com-
pressing cylinder K in which works the ram H actuating the pressing
surfaces.
In order to control with ease and promptness the action of the forging
ram I employ the valve apparatus shewn in Figure 3, in which the
water from the pumps entering by the two pipes L, L, is directed by
closing the escape or main valve N along the pipe or hollow plunger M
into the cylinder K, and acting upon the upper surface of the ram H
forces the latter down and performs the effective stroke of the press,
while the return stroke of the ram is effected by the lifting cylinders C, C,
the rams O of which are coupled to the cross bars G, G, connected with
the ram H by the suspension rods E, E, E, E: The cylinders C, C,
when the press is at work are kept in constant communication with an
accumulator or other source of constant pressure, so that immediately
is taken off the upper surface of the ram H,
pressure
the pressure
acting upon the under side of the rams O, O, rapidly raises the forging
ram H. When the main valve N is raised from its seating the feed
from the pumps passes directly through the valve N into the annulus P,
and escapes by the outlet pipe Q, Figure 8.
the

page_text: The main valve N is brought down on its seating by the pressure of
water on its upper surface. The water passes to the top side or head of
the valve N by a small passage R, and is withdrawn into the outlet pipe
when the down stroke of the ram H is complete, whereupon the pressure
of the water from the pumps introduced at L, L, immediately lifts the
valve N and opens the passage to the exhaust, when the lifting
cylinders C, C, perform the return stroke of the ram H.
The small valve controlling the admission of the water through R to
the head of the valve N is easily opened or closed even when working at
a very high pressure per square inch, and the upper side of the valvo N
having a larger area than its under side, the water admitted at R is
immediately effective in opening or closing the valve N, so that no time
is lost in the reversal of the forging ram, while the engine is also relieved
from its load, except during the period when the forging ram is actually
compressing the metal subjected to the operation.
In order to ascertain with exactness the movement of the ram at cach
stroke I fix on the face of the movable head a large dial plate ƒ and
pointer g, the finger g being attached to a pinion which is actuated by
the rack, one end of which is fixed to the cross bar G attached to the
ram, and in this manner I am able readily to regulate the amount of
compression effected at each stroke.
The split stops R¹, R¹, R¹, R', secured around the pillars by bolts and
nuts are for supporting the movable head F when the press is not in
use, and so to relieve the lifting cylinders of their load. The stops are
made in two halves for the convenience of taking them off when
required.
I also employ in conjunction with the press the apparatus shewn at
Figures 11 and 12 for rotating the work under operation uniformly and
through an equal space at each stroke of the ram. This apparatus
consists of an hydraulic cylinders and ram t, the cylinders s of which
may be fixed vertically on the side of the fixed head B of the press.
The ram is connected by means of a pair of links u, u, with a lever v,
the latter carrying a pawl w which works in a ratchet wheel y attached
to the mandril z on which the work is supported, so that as the ram t is
raised the pawl w engages with the ratchet wheel y, and the mandril
supporting the work is rotated through a portion of a revolution between
each stroke of the pressing ram H. The valve for admitting the water

page_text: or allowing it to escape from the under side of the ram t so as to raise
or lower the ram may be controlled by hand or made self acting.
To enlarge a cylindrical hoop, such as would be required for the
lining of a steam cylinder, I employ a hollow cylindrical mandril of
steel 2, the ends of which rest upon suitable supports C', C', standing on
the lower table B' of the press. The hoop is gradualy enlarged upon
the mandril at each stroke of the pressing ram, which latter carries the
swage block D'. The hoop will retain its cylindrical form if the pressing
ram be suitably controlled by the workman in accordance with the
indications of the indicating apparatus, and the movement of the ram t
be correctly adjusted so as to rotate the mandril through an equal
distance between each stroke of the forging or pressing ram so that fresh
surfaces of the hoop are brought under the influence of the press at each -
stroke.
This apparatus for rotating the work being used in conjunction with
the indicating apparatus already described admits of the work being
exposed to a uniform treatment all over its surface which is a point of.
very considerable importance.
When forging and drawing out a cylinder of considerable length I use
the mandril and apparatus shewn at Figures 13, 14, and 15. " is a
short core or hollow mandril screwed, as shewn, at one end, and in
order to move this mandril along as the work proceeds or to entirely
withdraw it when the hoop requires to be introduced into the furnace
for reheating I employ a movable hydraulic cylinder open at one end
and supported by the screw m from the carriage n. By the bevil
gearing p acting upon the screw m the cylinder can be raised or lowered
to suit the different diameters of the mandrils employed. The cylinder
is fitted with a piston q which can be coupled with the loose rod r. The
rod 7 is first screwed into the end of the core or mandril to be withdrawn,
after which the cylinder is brought up by the carriage and the other end
of the rod is passed through the nose of the cylinder and through the
piston q, when the nut c² is screwed on behind the piston, the several joints
being made tight under the pressure by cupped leathers, in the manner
shewn, so that by admitting the water from the pumps into the space ď²
between the end of the cylinder and the piston q the latter is forced back-
wards and the mandril h³ is withdrawn. The end or nose of the cylinder /
is made hemispherical, and is fitted into a loose cap v¹ which abuts on to
""

page_text: the end of the forging from which the mandril is to be withdrawn, so
that the end of the cylinder will accommodate itself to any irregularity of
form in the work, thereby ensuring that the strain shall be communicated
in a direct line when the necessary hydraulic pressure is applied to
withdraw the core or mandril.
I claim as my improvements in hydraulic machinery for pressing, and
also shaping and forging steel, iron, and other metals,―
1. The arrangement and combination of parts constituting the
improved hydraulic machine for pressing, shaping, and forging metal,
constructed substantially as described.
2. The combination of the moving head carrying the pressing cylinder
with the apparatus for rapidly raising, lowering, and securing it in
position, constructed and arranged substantially as described.
3. The arrangement of apparatus for rotating the work under the
press, and for ensuring uniform treatment over its surface, substantially
as described.
4. The arrangement of apparatus for withdrawing the core or mandril
on which cylinders are drawn out, substantially as described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Sir Joseph Whitworth, have here-
unto set my hand and seal, this Second day of March, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-
five.
TANAH HYTTAHYADAD