IMPROVEMENTS, IN THE MANUFACTURE OF COLOURS FROM METALS, AND IN THE FURNACES OR APPARATUS FOR THE SAME
Year: 1856

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Leopold Ador,. Chemist, and Edouard Abbadie,
Manufacturer, both of Paris, in the Empire of France, for the Invention of
"IMPROVEMENTS, IN THE MANUFACTURE OF COLOURS FROM METALS, AND
IN THE FURNACES OR APPARATUS FOR THE SAME."
"
"
Sealed the 24th December 1856, and dated the 11th October, 1856.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Leopold Ador and Edouard
...Abbadie at The Office of the Commissioners' of Patents; with their Petition,
on the 1th October 1856.
We, LEOPOLD 'ADOR, Chemist, and EDOUARD ABBADIE, Manufacturer, both
of Paris, in the Empire of France, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF COLOURS FROM METALS
AND IN THE FURNACES OR APPARATUS FOR THE SAME," to be as follows;
Our Invention refers, first; to the manufacture of colours from "zinc and
other metallic salts; it refers, secondly, to certain processes and to the arrange-
'ment of the apparatus used in the said manufacture. The oxide of zinc, which
constitutes the basis of these colours, result from the decomposition of sulphate
of zinc by heat, either in a furnace or in- retorts, sulphuric acid monohydrated
being thereby evolved," and there only remaining oxide of zinc Colours thus
'obtained afford various advantages, videlicet, sálubrity, economy, and solidity.
Price 8d1

page_text: The yellow of delicate hue (Roman yellow) results from the decomposition of
sulphate of zinc by heat in a retort or furnace.
Buff colours result from the admixture of 100 parts of sulphate of zinc
in solution with one and quarter part of a solution of sulphate of iron,
marking from 28° to 30° Beaume. The same colour of delicate hue is
obtained by mixing with 100 parts of sulphate of zinc in solution 2 and parts
of a solution of sulphate of iron, marking 28° to 30° Beaume. The same
colour, but of deeper shade, results from an increased quantity of solution of
sulphate of iron in proportion to the depth of colour desired.
Golden yellow results from an admixture of 100 parts of sulphate of zinc in
solution with 2 parts of agotate, or nitrate of manganeze, marking 12° to 14°
Beaume. The same colours of deeper shade result from the employment of a
greater quantity of agotate of manganeze.
Scheele's green is obtained by mixing with 100 parts of sulphate of zinc in
solution 2 parts of a solution of nitrate of cobalt, marking 20° Beaume. The
deeper greens result from the employment of a greater quantity of nitrate
of cobalt.
Gray colours are obtained by mixing with 100 parts of sulphate of zinc in
solution 2 parts of a solution of sulphate of copper, marking 20° Beaume.
The darker grays result from the employment of an increased proportion
of sulphate of copper.
Yellow green of a delicate hue results from the mixture with 100 parts of
sulphate of zinc of, first, 2 parts of a solution of nitrate of nickel, marking
15° to 16° Beaume; secondly, a solution of azotate of silver.
; Brown colours are obtained by adding to 100 parts of sulphate of zinc, first,
3 parts of a solution of azotate of nickel, marking from 15° to 16 Beaume;
secondly, 3 parts of a solution of azotate of cobalt of same mark; and, thirdly,
from to parts of a solution of azotate of copper, also of the same mark.
The same colour of a deeper shade results from the employment of the
same materials in similar proportions, but which are longer submitted to
furnace heat.
Colours of a rosy hue are obtained by mixing with 100 parts of sulphate of
zinc in solution from 2 to 3 parts of a solution of azotate of iron, marking from
20° to 25° Beaume. The same colours of a deeper shade result from an
increased quantity of azotate of iron.
White is obtained from the employment of genuine sulphate of zinc (that is
to say) free from any other salts, more especially salts of iron.
The furnace or apparatus in which the sulphates of zinc. are treated are
illustrated in the annexed Drawings.

page_text: Figs. 1, 2, 3 show the arrangement of the retorts when these are made use
of. The same letters stand for like parts in these three Figures.
Fig. 1 is a longitudinal section of the retort and fire place;; Fig. 2 is a
transverse section through the line x, x,. of Fig. 1; Fig. 3 is a front view.
A is the brickwork; B, the fire-place with the grate; C, the ash-pit;
D, the retort of fire bricks for oxidizing the sulphates of zinc after they have
been previously mixed; it is surrounded with burning fuel. E, fire bricks upon
which the retort D rests; F, F, brick pillars for securing the retort D in' its
position; G, fire-brick shield for upholding the coal that surrounds the upper
surfaces of the retorts, and also serving as a partition between the fire-place
and the flue H; H, the flue, through which the gases escape into the chimney
1; J, openings formed through the brickwork to stoke and keep the fire up to
its position round the retort D; K, exit passage for the gases.
Figs. 4, 5, and 6 show the arrangement used with reverberatory furnaces.
In these three Figures the same letters stand for like parts.
Fig. 4 is a longitudinal section; Fig. 5, a transverse section through the
line x, x, of Fig. 4; and Fig. 6, a front view of the reverberatory furnace."
A is the fire-place with its grate; B, the ash-pit; C, the fire-brick bridge;
D, a lattice of platina or amianthus, as close as possible for the purpose
of preventing the cinders and clinkers dropping from the fire-place; E, the
body of the furnace; F, the mouth through which the substances, are taken
out; G, the crown; H, opening through which the substances or materials
arc introduced; I, chimney for the escape of the gaseous products; J, feed
door for fuel; K, moveable iron roller upon which the rake works that serves
to withdraw the products; L, iron bearing of the roller; M, slide valve or
damper of the chimney. The sulphate of zinc, previously reduced to a pul-
verulent state, is thrown, together with a proper admixture of the solution of
colouring 'metallic salts, into the retorts or furnaces, and the operation is
carried on. The chemical action may continue from 4 to 8 hours in the
retorts, and half that time in the furnaces. Peep holes are contrived through
the brickwork to allow the assistant to attend the operation, and to take out
the products at the proper time, that is, when the desired tint is obtained.
Azotales, chlorides, acetates of zinc will answer the
and yield
similar results when they are mixed in the like circumstances with the same
metallic salts.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Leopold Ador and Edouard Abbadie in the Great Seal Patent
Office on the 11th April 1857.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, wc, LEOPOLD
ADOR, Chemist, and EDOUARD ABBADIE, Manufacturer, both of Paris, in the
Empire of France, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her Most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Eleventh day of October, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and fifty-six, in the twentieth year of Her reign,. did,
for Herself,, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto us, the said Leopold
Ador and Edouard Abbadie, Her special licence that we, the said Leopold
Ador and Edouard Abbadie, our executors, administrators, and assigns, or
such others as we, the said. Leopold Ador and Edouard Abbadie, our executors,
administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from
time to time and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of
Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF COLOURS FROM
METALS, AND IN THE FURNACES OR APPARATUS FOR THE SAME." upon the condition
(amongst others) that we, the said Leopold Ador and Edouard Abbadie, our
executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under our, or their,
or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the
nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be per-
formed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal. Patent Office
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said
Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said Leopold Ador and Edouard Abbadie,
do hereby declare the nature of our said Invention, and in what manner the
same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement, reference being had to the Sheet of Drawings
hereunto annexed, and to the letters and figures marked thereon (that is
to say):-
Our Invention consists, 1st, in the manufacture of colors by means of salts
of zinc, and of certain other metallic salts; 2nd, in the arrangement of the
apparatus and processes employed in this manufacture.
Oxide of zinc, which forms the base of the manufacture, is obtained by the
decomposition of salts of zinc by means of heat, either in furnaces or retorts.
The advantages which these colours offer are their wholesomeness, combined

page_text: with solidity and economy. When this oxide of zinc results from the
decomposition of sulphates, monohydrated sulphuric acid (acid of Nordhausen)
is disengaged from it, and there remains oxide of zinc, which, combined with
other metallic oxides, produces all kinds of colors, shades, or tints.
We shall here describe the preparation of sulphate of zinc of which we
make use. Metallic zinc is decomposed by means of sulphuric acid, of a
strength of from eighteen to twenty degrees Beaume. When the liquid is
completely saturated we let it rest some time in order that it may be decanted
in a clear state; it should now mark from thirty-six to thirty-eight degrees
Beaume; it is then evaporated to a pasty consistency in leaden vessels heated
by an open fire, taking care to agitate the matters until the leaden vessel is
removed from above the fire, so as not to allow the bottom of the heater
to melt. The sulphate of zinc is taken out thus thickened on plates of zinc or
lead, when it is left to cool by spreading or dividing it as much as possible
with a spatula of wood.
The apparatus or plant serving for this conversion of pieces of zinc of all
sizes into sulphate of zinc in a mass by the aid of sulphuric acid is represented
in the Drawings annexed in Figures 1 and 2.
Figure 1, vessels of stoneware, of a capacity to contain about seventy-five
gallons, in which to dissolve the clippings of zinc with sulphuric acid till the
zinc be completely saturated. Figure 2, transverse section of the furnace,
containing the boilers serving to evaporate the liquors from the sulphate
of zinc. A, brickwork; B, fire-places; C, ash-pit; D, boilers of lead in which
the liquid sulphate of zinc is evaporated until of a pasty consistency.
We shall now indicate the mixture of metallic salts by which we obtain the
several colors, supposing their manufacture to be with sulphate of zinc.
Delicate yellows, called Roman yellows, are obtained by the simple decom-
position by heat applied to the sulphate of zinc in the retorts or in the furnaces,
herein-before described.
Chamois yellows or buffs are obtained by, mixing one hundred parts of
sulphate of zinc in solution with one and a quarter parts of a solution of
sulphate of iron, marking twenty-eight to thirty degrees Beaume.
Delicate buffs or chamois yellows are obtained by mixing one hundred parts
of sulphate of zinc in solution with two and a half parts of a solution of
sulphate of iron, marking twenty-eight to thirty degrees Beaume.
•
Chamois or buff yellows of the deepest hue are obtained by augmenting in
proportion to the depth of the tint required the quantity of the solution of
sulphate of iron.
Golden yellows are obtained by mixing to one hundred parts of sulphate of

page_text: zinc in solution two and a half parts of a solution of azotate (nitrate). of man-
ganese, marking from twelve to fourteen degrees Beaume. Golden yellows
of the deepest shade are obtained by mixing a larger quantity of azotate
(nitrate) of manganese..
Greens, called Scheele's green, are obtained by mixing to one hundred
parts of sulphate of zinc in solution two and a half parts of a solution. of
nitrate of cobalt, marking twenty degrees Beaume.
Greens of the deepest shade are obtained by mixing a. greater proportion of
nitrate of cobalt.
:..
Greys are obtained by mixing to one hundred parts of sulphate of zinc in
solution' two and a half parts of a solution of sulphate of copper, marking twenty
degrees Beaume.
Greys of the deepest shade are obtained by mixing a greater proportion of
sulphate of copper.
Delicate yellow greens are obtained by mixing to one hundred parts of sul-
phate of zinc, first, two and a half parts of a solution of nitrate of nickel,
marking fifteen to sixteen degrees Beaume, and secondly, some drops of a
saturated solution of azotate (nitrate) of silver.
Bronzes are obtained by adding to one hundred parts of sulphate of zinc,
first, three parts of a solution of azotate (nitrate) of nickel, marking fifteen to
sixteen degrees Beaume; secondly, three parts of a solution of the same
strength of azotate (nitrate) of cobalt; and thirdly, from one to one and a half
per cent. of a solution of azotate (nitrate) of copper of the same strength."
Deep bronzes are obtained by employing the same agents in the same
proportions, but subjecting them during a longer time to the action of
the fire.
Rose colors are obtained by mixing one hundred parts of sulphate of zinc
in solution with from two to three parts of a solution of azotate (nitrate) of
iron, marking twenty to twenty-five degrees Beaume.
Rose colors of the deepest hues are obtained by augmenting the proportions
of azotate (nitrate) of iron.
Whites are obtained simply by employing sulphates of 'zinc in a very pure
state, that is to say, freed from all other salts, principally of 'salts of iron, which
is tested by the chemical agency of cyanide of potassium. The greatest care
must be taken in this last manufacture that the apparata or plant used are
perfectly clean. Thus, instead of placing sulphate of zinc on the sheets of lead
or of zinc, they are run into vessels or pots of stoneware.""
اردو
The several combinations of materials and chemical actions 'producing the
colors indicated, require 'variable lengths of time for their transformation and

page_text: .
'completion, according to the 'apparatus, the heat of the fire, the colors; or the
shades of color required. The operation must be watched attentively the whole
time, and when the shade of the color is obtained it must be removed quickly
from the furnace. The' apparatus in which the concentration of the sulphate
of zinc takes place is represented in the Drawings hereunto annexed:
The arrangement used when the "colors are manufactured with retorts is
represented in Figures 3, 4, and 5. Figure 3 is a longitudinal section of 'the
retort furnace, shewing the retort; Figure 4 is a transverse section through
the line of Figure 3; and Figure 5 is a front view. A is the brickwork,
part of which is masonry; B; fire-place, furnished with grates of iron; C, ash-
pit D, retort, of ceramic fireproof material, serving to oxidize the sulphates of
zinc; it is surrounded completely by incandescent charcoal. E, 'fire-brick sup-
ports sustaining the retort D at several points; F, buttresses or abutments of
brickwork, serving to give solidity and to maintain the retort; G, plate of fire-
proof ceramic material, 'maintaining the charcoal' which surrounds' the 'upper
part of the retort D," and "serving also as a separation between' the 'fire-place
and the passage H; H, passage by which the products of combustion "escape,
and which pass 'to the chimney I; 'I, chimney; J, draft openings made in the
brickwork of the fire-place, for permitting by means of large pokers of stirring
the fuel and maintaining it in its position 'round the retort D," and also to
remove the cinders;-K, pipe, for the escape of the gas.
.1
The arrangement of the plant when manufacturing" with reverberatory
furnaces is represented in Figures 6, 7, and 8. The same letters represent in
these three' 'Figures the same parts where 'they recur. Figure 6 is a longi-
tudinal section, Figure 7 a transverse section through the line'x, x, 'in Figure 6,
and Figure 8 a front view, of a reverberatory furnace. A, fire-place with its
bars of iron; B, ash-pit; C, fire-bridge of brickwork; D, grating of platina
or amianthus, of as close a make as possible; this grating being intended to
prevent the cinders or particles of charcoal escaping from the fire-place. E,
sole or hearth of the furnace; F, mouth of the furnace, serving to draw out
the materials; G, vault or arch of the furnace; H, opening of introduction to
the furnace; I, chimney by which the gaseous products escape; J, entrance
by which the fuel is introduced; K, moveable iron roller on which the poker
or instrument is rolled in withdrawing the product; L, iron supports of the
roller; M, damper of the chimney.
The sulphate of zinc in a plastic state, mixed with solutions of metallic
coloring salts, is put into the retorts or into the furnaces, and the fire kindled ;
the action is continued from four to eight hours in retorts, and about half
that time in the furnaces. Openings in the sides permit the observation of the

page_text: .
withdrawn
process in operation in the furnace, so that the material may, be w
when the required color is arrived at.
The colored oxides of zinc taken from retorts or furnaces are detached from
the sides and reduced to powder by a cone mill, or by millstones and
afterwards bolted and sifted very fine.
Azotates of zinc, chlorides, of zinc, and acetates of zinc would produce
analagous results; these, if treated in the same manner and with the same
metallic salts, would furnish similar colors. We are enabled equally well to
manufacture all kinds of colors and shades of colors by mixing with the car-
bonate of zinc carbonates of all coloring metals, but in lieu of treating them in
a liquid state they are treated when dry and in powder. It is necessary
that the carbonates of zinc (like the coloring carbonates, of iron, of copper,
of cobalt, of antimony, of manganese, of bismuth, of nickel, &c.) should be
very pure.
.4c
The proportions of coloring carbonate we employ are never less than six per
cent. of the weight to the carbonate of zinc, and this proportion is augmented
according to the shade of color it is wished to obtain. In this chemical
action we employ for the recipients or receivers the retorts indicated in the
annexed Drawings.
The operations occupy a period of two or three hours. When the color and
shade of color is obtained it is withdrawn from the furnace, pulverized and
sifted, as we have already described..
Having described the nature of our Invention, and the, manner in which it is.
to be performed, we declare that what we claim as our Invention, to be secured
by the herein-before in part recited Letters Patent, is,-
First, the manufacture of colors completely mineral, the base of which is
zinc, formed by salts of zinc mixed and treated with the salts, of several other
metals, in the proportions and, as herein-before described..
Secondly, the apparatus represented in the Drawings annexed, and herein-
before described, for or used in this manufacture.
..
In witness whereof, we the said Leopold Ador and Edouard Abbadia,
have hereunto set our hands and seals, the Eighth day of April, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven.