CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN PRODUCING ORNAMENTAL DESIGNS ON THE SURFACES OF FANCY AND OTHER GOODS MADE OF PAPIER MACHE, WOOD, GLASS, CHINA, EARTHENWARE, TIN, IRON, OR OTHER SUCH LIKE MATERIALS, THE SURFACES OF WHICH WHEN MADE UP ARE USUALLY FINISHED BY STAINING, VARNISHING, PAINTING, OR JAPANNING
Year: 1856

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Samuel Tearne, Japanner, of Birmingham, in the
County of Warwick, and George William Richmond, Artist, also of
Birmingham, in the same County, for the Invention of "CERTAIN
IMPROVEMENTS IN PRODUCING ORNAMENTAL DESIGNS ON THE SURFACES OF
FANCY AND OTHER GOODS MADE OF PAPIER MACHE, WOOD, GLASS, CHINA,
EARTHENWARE, TIN, IRON, OR OTHER SUCH LIKE MATERIALS, THE SURFACES OF
WHICH WHEN MADE UP ARE USUALLY FINISHED BY STAINING, VARNISHING,
PAINTING, OR JAPANNING."
Scaled the 21st April 1857, and dated the 3rd November 1856.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Samuel Tearne and George
William Richmond at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with
their Petition, on the 3rd November 1856.
We, SAMUEL TEARNE, Japanner, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick,
and GEORGE WILLIAM RICHMOND, Artist, also of Birmingham, in the same
County, do hereby declare the nature of our said Invention for
IMPROVEMENTS IN PRODUCING ORNAMENTAL DESIGNS ON THE SURFACES OF FANCY AND
OTHER GOODS MADE OF PAPIER MACHE, WOOD, GLASS, CHINA, EARTHENWARE, TIN,
IRON, OR OTHER SUCH LIKE MATERIALS, THE SURFACES OF WHICH WHEN MADE UP ARE
USUALLY FINISHED BY STAINING, VARNISHING, PAINTING, OR JAPANNING," to be as
follows (that is to say) :-
In producing ornamental designs in imitation of inlaid work of wood,
marble, stone, or other material. we first prepare the colours necessary for the

page_text: ground or surface (on which we propose to apply our improvement) with a
colour not soluble in water, and by applying or imitating on this the wood,
marble, or stone, &c. intended to he represented as inlaid, the colours being
mixed in a vehicle soluble in water, but not in turpentine. We next transfer
the true form of the intended ornament, which being first printed on paper or
other suitable material from a stone in the ordinary way in which lithographic
prints are produced, and the ink used for producing such design being of a
greasy nature forms a stop which is soluble in turpentine, but not in water.
In this stage we wash off with water the graining, marbling, &c. soluble in
that liquid, and not protected by the stop. We now propose to finish the
work by graining, marbling, or otherwise ornamenting the whole surface, and
then remove the printed stop by means of turpentine or other suitable fluid,
when the part underneath the stop will represent an inlaid ornament according
to the nature of the material desired to be inlaid. In producing an orna-
mental design on pearl we apply a stop (as before-mentioned) with a
composition that will resist acid. We then bite away the unprotected part by
a suitable acid, so as to leave the part protected by the stop in relief. The
stop may now be removed and the part eaten away by the acid filled up by
thick opaque paint or coloured composition, which being smoothed down and
varnished the pearl ornament will be chastely defined. This mode of ornament
is particularly applicable to pearl inlaid or worked up in papier mache
goods.
In applying our Invention to staining or enamelling we transfer a stop to the
glass, china, or other material, and float over it the vitrifiable colours, and then
remove the stop either by washing or burning, and as the principal modes
herein-before described are applicable to tracery or border patterns, we will
now describe how we produce pictures of a more artistic kind, applicable for
the centres of trays, pannels, windows, glass, china, or other articles usually
finished or ornamented by pictorial or artistic workmanship. We first print
on a paper which we prefer to be covered on the surface with strong size. On
this we print designs in colours by any of the usual methods of colour printing,
whether from lithographic stones, wood blocks, plates, or any other suitable
process. We next prepare the surface on which such design is intended to he
applied with an adhesive composition not soluble in water; to this we apply
the design face downwards, and in due time remove the paper, on which
the design was first printed. This we do by moistening the paper. which will
readily be disengaged from the colour or colours of which the design or picture
is composed, and leave them firmly adhering to the surface to which they have
been applied. If such design he applied to common papier mache or other

page_text: such like goods, common colours may be used, but if applied to surfaces
intended to be burnt in, such as on glass, china, earthenware, &c., such colours
must be mixed accordingly, so that they will vitrify and incorporate or unite
with the material on which they are laid.
by the said Samuel Tearne and George William Richmond in the Great
Seal Patent Office on the 1st May 1857.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, SAMUEL
TEARNE, Japanner, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick, and GEORGE
WILLIAM RICHMOND, Artist, also of Birmingham, in the same County, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Third day of November, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and fifty-six, in the twentieth year of Her reign,
did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto us, the said
Samuel Tearne and George William Richmond, Her special licence that
we, the said Samuel Tearne and George William Richmond, our executors,
administrators, and assigns, or such others as we, the said Samuel Tearne
and George William Richmond, our executors, administrators, and assigns,
should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at
all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully
might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention
for "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN PRODUCING ORNAMENTAL DESIGNS ON THE SURFACES
OF FANCY AND OTHER GOODS MADE OF PAPIER MACHE, WOOD, GLASS, CHINA,
EARTHENWARE, TIN, IRON, OR OTHER SUCH LIKE MATERIALS, THE SURFACES OF
WHICH WHEN MADE UP ARE USUALLY FINISHED BY STAINING, VARNISHING, PAINTING,
OR JAPANNING," upon the condition (amongst others) that we, the said Samuel
Tearne and George William Richmond, our executors or administrators, by
an instrument in writing under our or their hands and seals, or under the
hand and seal of one of us or them, should particularly describe and ascertain
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be
performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said
Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE. that we, the said Samuel Tearne and George William
Richmond, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what

page_text: 1
ascertained in and by the following statement thercol, that is to say-
Our Invention consists of the processes herein-after described of orna-
menting surfaces. In order to produce ornamental designs resembling the
inlaying of woods, marbles, and other ornamental materials, we proceed as
follows:-
We first prepare the surface to be ornamented with a colour or ground of
the tint which it is intended the ornament shall have, which is to be produced
on the said surface. We make this ground colour or tint with a suitable
pigment or colouring material; mixed with drying oil or copal varnish or other
oily or dissolved resinous matter, which will produce a paint or colour not
affected by water!". The said ground colour is dried and hardened in the usual
way in a stove or otherwise.
The surface is then grained or marbled or orna-
mented in imitation of any desired ornamental material, the said graining,
marbling, or ornamenting being effected with distemper colours or with
colours mixed with size or some other vehicle which is soluble in water, so
that at an after stage the said graining, marbling, or ornamenting, may be
removed where required by a sponge wetted with water. We then take an
impression of the ornament to be produced from an engraved copper plate or
lithographic stone or other printing surface, the said impression being taken
in printing ink or other oily or greasy compound. The said impression is
taken on tissue or transfer paper and is transferred by the well-known method
to the surface to be ornamented. The tissue or transfer paper is wetted with
water and sponge and removed, leaving the ornament which was printed upon
it on the grained or marbled surface. The application of water washes away
the graining or marbling which was produced in distemper or water colour,
leaving only that portion which is defended by the transferred printing ink or
oily matter. There is thus produced a surface of the original or body colour,
having an ornament on it in graining or marbling, the said ornament being
covered with printing ink.
The process described may be repeated on any part of the surface if desired,
that is to say, the ground colour unoccupied by the defended ornament may
be again grained or marbled with a different pattern or colour in distemper or
water colour, and another ornament transferred in printing ink to the grained
or marbled surface, all the graining or marbling being washed off, save that
defended by the printing ink, and this treatment may be repeated as often as
desired on different parts of the ground colour. The whole surface is again
grained or marbled in distemper or water colour, and dried. We then apply
oil of turpentine or such other solvent as will dissolve the printing ink or oily

page_text: matter which has been transferred to' part or parts of the surface, and the
ornaments which were defended by the said printing ink or oily matter will be
disclosed. The surface now presents a ground color of the graining or
marbling last applied, on which ground are ornaments in the colours and
grainings or marblings which have been before applied and temporarily
defended as described. The surface may now be finished by varnishing or in
any other desired manner.
Although we prefer to grain or marble in distemper or water colour, and to
transfer the stopping of the ornament in printing ink or oily matter, yet
the contrary course may be adopted with the same or nearly the same effect,
that is to say, the graining or marbling may be effected in oil colour, and the
stopping in distemper or water colour. After having grained or marbled the
surface and transferred thereto a printed design, we sometimes wish, after
the removal of the undefended portion of the graining or marbling, to treat the
surface with acids or chemical agents. In this case, instead of a stopping of
printing ink, we prefer to print the design to be transferred in a mixture
of bees-wax, printing ink, varnish, resin, and Brunswick black. This mixture
resists acids more effectually than printing ink.
We do not think it necessary to describe the proportions of the several
materials used, as the proportions may be varied, and printers and others are
well acquainted with the compositions of various stoppings, such as that
referred to. The last-described process is particularly applicable to the
ornamenting of pearl: That portion of the pearl which is to be left in relief as
an ornament is defended by a transferred design, printed with a strong greasy
or resinous stop; "and after the removal of the transfer' paper dilute nitric or
other suitable acid is applied. The said acid dissolves that portion of the pearl
which is left undefended, and on removing the stop the design is left in relief.
The sunken parts may then bé filled up in the usual way, or the ornamented
surface may be finished in any desired manner.
In ornamenting glass, or vitreous or semi-vitreous surfaces, we transfer
a design printed with an oily or greasy stop, so as to protect the glass or
surface. After the removal of the transfer paper we pour on,, or otherwise
apply, the solution or mixture proper to produce on the surface the stain
or color required as a ground colour. When the said solution or mixture is
dry we remove the stop with oil or turpentine, or other solvent; and by
heating the glass, or 'vitreous or semi-vitreous article, in a muflle, the stain or
ground color is burnt into the surface; or the stop may be made of a
composition, such as oil or grease and lamp black. which will he burnt away by
the heat applied, and which will not require to be dissolved off prior to

page_text: the burning in of the ground colour. In some cases of ornamenting glass or
vitreous or semi-vitreous surfaces we transfer the design or ornament in an
aqueous stop or mixture, and apply the ground colour mixed with an oily
vehicle, but we prefer the method last described. We sometimes modify the
process herein first described as follows:-We grain or marble the surface to
be ornamented with an oil or varnish colour, and we grain or marble a sheet
of transfer paper with a distemper or water colour and dry it.
We print
a design or ornament with varnish upon the said grained or marbled paper, and
wash all the graining or marbling from the said paper, excepting that defended
by the varnish; we then transfer the said varnish ornament to the surface to
be ornamented, the said varnish taking with it the water or distemper colour
on which it had been printed. We sometimes print in an oily or resinous
vehicle one side of a sheet of paper with a grained or marbled pattern, and
print or draw on the other side lines intersecting each other, so as to divide the
paper into a series of geometrical designs, as-triangles, squares,-hexagons, or
otherwise; we then divide the paper by the said lines, and transfer the-grained.
or marbled pattern upon
a surface or article which has been previously
grained or marbled in a different colour or pattern, and thus produce the
appearance of different woods or marbles inlaid after the manner of a mosaic.
One of the processes constituting part of our Invention consists in trans-
ferring to glass or opaque bodies coloured designs, the said transfer being
effected at once or by one process. In carrying this part of our Invention into
effect we print a coloured design or colour print upon transfer paper.
In
effecting the said printing, however, we reverse the order in which the colours
are ordinarily printed; that colour which in the ordinary printing of colour
prints is printed first, we print last, the whole order of printing being reversed.
We transfer the colour print thus printed to papier mache, glass, or other
surfaces, by the ordinary processes of transferring. When the transfer paper
has been removed, the colours present themselves in the order of super-position
in which they occur in a colour print printed upon paper by the ordinary
method. The design is afterwards protected by varnish, or finished in any
desirable manner. We sometimes print the colour print in vitrifiable colours,
and fix it on the glass by burning.
The various processes herein-before described, and which constitute our
Invention, are suitable for the production of ornamental designs upon various
surfaces, especially papier mache, wood, glass, china, earthenware, iron, and
other metallic and earthy or vitreous surfaces.
Having now described the nature of our said Invention, and the manner of
carrying the same into effect, we wish it to be understood that we do not limit

page_text: ourselves to the precise details herein described, as the same may be varied
without departing from the nature of our said Invention; but we claim as our
Invention,-
Firstly, producing ornamental designs upon surfaces by first colouring,
graining, or marbling the said surface with a distemper or water colour, and
transferring thereto a design printed in an oily material, so as, to protect part
of the surface while the graining or marbling is washed from the remainder,
the process being repeated as often as may be necessary to produce the various
kinds of design required.
Secondly, producing ornamental designs upon surfaces by first colouring,
graining, or marbling the said surface with an oil colour, and transferring
thereto a design printed in distemper or water colour, so as to protect part of
the surface, while the graining or marbling is removed from the remainder
by a suitable solvent, the process being repeated as often as may be necessary
to produce the various kinds of design required.
Thirdly, the process, herein described, of ornamenting pearl, and such other
surfaces as may be acted upon by acids, that is to say, transferring to the said
surfaces a design, printed in some material not acted upon by the acid
employed, for the purpose of defending a portion of the surface from the action
of the acid.
Fourthly, ornamenting glass by transferring thereto a printed design, so as
to defend portions of the surface while the stain or ground colour is poured or
floated upon the said surface, and afterwards drying the stain or ground colour
and burning, the stop being previously removed or burnt off by the heat
applied.
Lastly, ornamenting glass and other surfaces by transferring thereto designs
printed in colours, as herein-before described.
In witness whereof, we, the said Samuel Tearne and George William
Richmond, have hereunto set our hands and seals, this 'Thirtieth day of
April, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and
fifty-seven

page_text: the Matter of a Patent granted to SAMUEL TEARNE, Japanner, of
Birmingham, in the County of Warwick, and GEORGE WILLIAM
RICHMOND, Artist, also of Birmingham, in the same County, for an
Invention of "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN PRODUCING ORNAMENTAL
DESIGNS ON THE SURFACES OF FANCY AND OTHER GOODS MADE OF PAPIER
MÂCHÉ, WOOD, GLASS, CHINA, EARTHENWARE, TIN, IRON, OR OTHER SUCH
LIKE MATERIALS, THE SURFACES OF WHICH WHEN MADE UP ARE USUALLY
FINISHED BY STAINING, VARNISHING, PAINTING, OR JAPANNING," bearing
date the Third day of November, One thousand eight hundred and
fifty-six, to which said Letters Patent a Specification has been duly
filed; and also which said Letters Patent, and all interest therein,
have been duly assigned to MARTIN BILLING, of Birmingham aforesaid,
Stationer, by an Indenture of Assignment, bearing date the Fifth
day of June, One thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven, and duly
registered the Twenty-fourth day of August, One thousand eight
hundred and fifty-seven.
IMER proposed to be entered by the said Martin Billing, as such
gnee as aforesaid, pursuant to the Statute in that case made and
vided.
REAS since the date of the said Assignment the said SAMUEL TEARNE
RGE WILLIAM RICHMOND (the said Inventors) have discovered that that

page_text: part of the said Invention described in the Specification of the said Letters
Patent, and which consists in the printing of designs in two or more vitrifiable
colors upon the same piece of transfer paper, and afterwards transferring the
said designs to articles of glass, china, and earthenware, and fusing or burning
the said designs on the said articles, was not new at the date of the said Letters
Patent for which reason I, the said Martin Billing, as such assignee as afore-
said, am desirious to and do hereby disclaim the following words contained in
the Specification duly filed as aforesaid, videlicet, "we sometimes print the
color print in vitrifiable colors, and fix it on the glass by burning."
In witness whereof, I, the said Martin Billing, have hereunto set my
band and seal, this Sixth day of October, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven.
MARTIN BILLING. (LS.)
To the Commissioners of Patents for Inventions.
I hereby grant my fiat, giving leave to the above-mentioned Martin Billing 1
to file in the Great Seal Patent Office, with the Specification to which the
same relates, the above-written Disclaimer.
HENRY S. KEATING.
Temple, 3rd November 1857.