Improvements in Tyres for the Wheels of Vehicles.
Year: 1897

page_text: Improvements in Tyres for the Wheels of Vehicles.
JAMES PARR, 61, Friar Lane, Leicester, Cycle Manufacturer, do hereby declare
the nature of this invention to be as follows:-
The object of this invention is to make for and to furnish the wheels of "horse
vehicles motor vehicles, perambulators, bicycles, tricycles, and all rolling bodies
with an elastic, compressible and rebounding hollow or solid, continuous, sectional,
or fragmental tyre core composed of suitable proportions of the compounds
hereinafter mentioned.
These tyre cores may be in one continuous piece or they may consist of two or
more sections, or they may be composed of cubes, spheres or other angular or globular
fragmental particles capable of impaction in or under the outer cover and theroby
made to assume the shape of a tyre.
My continuous tyres are made by forcing the aforementioned compounds whilst
in a fluid or syrupy state and under pressure into an inner tube, or without an
inner tube the compound may be forced into the circumferential groove of the
metal rim, in or under the canvas and rubber covering.
My sectional and fragmental tyre-cores are made up of fragments properly
moulded; or otherwise formed by chopping large pieces of the tyre-core
compound.
Whenever the tyre-core is moulded the fluid or syrupy compound always
subsequently sets in such a manner as to develop that property which is technically
called the elasticity or life of the tyre.
A
Although my compounds may be injected into and otherwise adapted to any
combination of tyre I prefer to make tyres in the following manner that is to say,
I take any kind of grooved rim and cover the base or floor of its groove with a
thick pad whose length equals the circumference at the bottom of the groove.
portion of this pad is left loose and displaceable whilst the other part is firmly
cemented or otherwise permanently affixed to the floor of the groove of the rim, or
the pad may consist of two or more pieces suitably arranged with a view to
allowing the tyre to be put on and taken off in the manner horeinafter
explained.
'
My tyre cores consist of an elastic compressible and rebounding hollow, or solid,
continuous, sectional, or fragmental substance surrounded when necessary by an
elastic inner tube covered with canvas externally faced with india rubber.
Continuous with the inner circumference of this outer covering and affixed
thereto runs a continuous wire, baud, or chain, or other suitable rigid rib, or else a
wire, band, or chain having free or overlapping ends.
It will now appear self evident that a fixed continuous wire, band, or chain
whose diameter only equals that of the outer surface of the pad attached to and
covering the floor of the circumferential groove of the rim is altogether too small
to pass over the projecting free edges of the wheel whose diameter is larger.

page_text: I surmount this difficulty by removing sufficient of the pad to allow part of the
wire to touch the exposed bottom of the groove and by an eccentric motion allow
When this has
the other part of the wire to pass over the free edge of the rim.
been accomplished the loose portion of the pad is replaced between the wire and
bottom of the 'groove and that effectually prevents accidental removal of the
tyre.
When the wire, band, or chain has free or overlapping ends I tighten the wire
by suitable means which while maintaining the tension of the pull also effectually
prevents slipping and accidental loss of 'grip.
I will now proceed to enumerate the various substances used for making mý
tyre cores.
.
Glycerine and its compounds, gelatine, isinglass glue and chondrin and similar
substances from every available source, starch, dextrine, and gluten or substances
containing the same linseed oil, linoleic acid linoxylin and linoleates; nut oil, poppy
oil rape oil, oleic acid and oleates.
The above mentioned substances combined with sulphur or its compounds,
chlorine or its compounds gun, resins, carbolic acid, salicylic acid and other
antiseptics antiforments and disenfectants also tungstic acid and its compounds.
Dated this 20th day of June 1897.
JAMES PARR, 61, Friar Lane, Leicester, Cycle Manufacturer, do hereby declare
the nature of this invention and in what manner the same is to be performed,
to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement :-
The object of this invention is to make for, and furnish the wheels of horse
vehicles, motor-vehicles and all other rolling bodies, with an elastic compressible,
rebounding, hollow or solid, continuous, sectional, or fragmental tyre core,
surrounded "when necessary" by an elastic, or flexiblo tube, with, or without an
outer covering" composed of canvas, or other textile fabric externally faced with
india rubber, or its compounds or else composed of any more desireable combination
of other more suitable materials and provided with suitable means for securing it in
its position on the wheel.
These "tyre cores" I make in several different ways according to the various
requirements of different purposes. My continuous tyres are made by forcing the
hereinafter described compounds whilst in a fluid, viscous or syrupy state, and
under pressure, into the inner tube of a tyre until the proper degree of distention
has become effected, but in those cases wliere a tube is not used, I inject the
compound into the circuinferential groove of the rin under the outer covering.
Tubular tyres having no "inner tube" are, preferably, injected in precisely the
same manner as I inject an "inner tube.". My sectional-tyre-cores comprise two
or more sections, separately moulded in suitable moulds, or else one or more cut-
off-portions, of a coil made without special reference to the circumference of any
particular wheel, and forcibly conformed thereto by the outer covering and its
adjustinente. My fragmental-tyre-cores.are made up of angular fragments formed
by chopping up large pieces of the condensed compound into suitable portious
and afterwards impacting theru under the outer covering, or in the tubular tyre
(whichever style of tyre is used) until the desired dimensions and consistency are
thereby attained.

page_text: When spheres or other globular shapes are preferred, I cast them, or squeeze
them, in suitable moulds or machines, and subsequently impact them in the manner
described.
In whatever way the tyro-core is moulded the fluid, or viscous compounds always
subsequently sets or condensos in such a manner as to develop that peculiar
property technically called the "elasticity" or "life of the tyre." Notwithstanding
this description of the methods which I prefer for moulding and otherwise making
iny tyres, whenever circumstances necessitate a more direct and expeditious
modus-operandi I place a charge of the condensed compound in the "injector" and
then apply sufficient pressure to overcome cohesion and frictional resistance and
drive the composition all round the wheel thus making a continuous tyre-core
ready for immediate use.
My compounds may be injected into and otherwise adapted to any and every
combination of tyre but diversity in the shape of rims now being manufactured
compels me to adopt various contrivances for safely anchoring my tyres to them.
Sometimes I adopt for the anchoring of my hydrostatic tyres the various
principles already applied to pneumatic and solid rubber tyres commonly known to
the cycle trade, and hereinafter explained as well as my own principles of
auchorage also hereinafter described. This adaption of. pneumatic and solid
rubber tyre anchorage principles to my hydrostatic tyres constitutes a new and
novel use for those pre-existing inventions.
In one particular all wheels designed for elastic tyres are alike, namely they are
all provided with a grooved rim, thore however the similarity ends, for the grooves
vary in almost every conceivable form each one having been specially designed to
afford the maximum degree of anchorage to some particular tyre of the variety now
being used.
The diagrams shown on Sheet 1 of accompanying drawings are marked Fig. 1;
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, whilst furnishing a fow examples of the rims in common use
will also serve to elucidate the adaptation of iny tyres to them. It may assist me
in doing that if I first briefly describe several of the tyres for which these rins
were designed by their respective inventors. Some tyres consist of an elastic or
flexible tube having a semi-tubular outer covering these may be fitted into
rims 1, 2, 3, 5, 8 other tyres comprise an inner tube inside a tubular covering these
also may be applied to rims 1, 2, 3, 5, 8. Some tyres have thickened margins
capable of making continuity of surface and interlocking with each othor in the
riin: These are affixable to rims 1, 2, 3, 5, 8. Some tyres have thickened edges
capable of interlocking with undercut projections or recesses in the groove of the
rim, these may be used on rims 4, 6, 7, 9.
Some tyres have an overlapping basal flap adaptable to rims 4, 6, 7, 9 these
tyres are generally used as tubeless tyres.
•
Another tyre made out of flat or semi-circular stuff having angular thickening
of both edges which when they are brought together form a seamed tube wliose
inner tube assumes a split but close-joined projection standing diametrical to the
circumference of the tyre, in section, whilst the seam externally protrudes forming
a split but close-joined pad whose marginal grooves are capable of interlocking
with the inner surface of the rim of the wheel. These are generally used as
tubeless tyres. The internal pressure of air when the tyre in position is inflated
being sufficient to effectualy close the seam and prevent the possibility of leakage,
and is adaptable to rims as shown on Sheet 1 Nos. 4, 6, 7 au 9.
Rims 1;
When a central band, chain, or wire is used for attaching the tyre.
2, 3, 5 and 8 are generally employed. When a wire-edged semi-circular covering
is preferred for holding the tyre ou rims 1, 2, 3, 5 and 8 are generally used. Tyres
secured with covers having thickened or flanged edges are used conjointly with
rims 4, 6, 7 and 9.
Other forms of tyre are made too some of which are fastened on with a cover
having a wired edge and a thickened edge, some have a fixed edge and an affixable
loose edge whilst others are fastened by means of laces, studs, or spikes. When

page_text: No. 9 rim is used the tyre is usually rammed in until the undercut groove is filled
and the surplus tyre substance forms a protruding cushion on the periphery of the
wheel.
Fig. 10 Sheet 2 represents a bobbin shaped wheel used for motor cars and other
heavy or light vehicles also skates. The complete wheel comprises a large circular
bag having flattened sides and a central hole through which the nave of the wheel
passes. The nave has two large flanges one or both of which are loose and capable
of traversing the uave and approximating each other at the same time driving
inward the sides of the bag and thrusting its contents outward thus causing the
bag to bulge beyond their diametor and so form a tyre to the wheel. As berein-
before stated I adopt all these modes of anchoring my hydrostatic tyres according
to the varying requirements of different purposes. Sometimes, however, I fix them
in the following manner:-I take any kind of grooved rim, and cover the floor of
its groove with a thick pad of leather, folt, wood, metal, or any other suitable
material, whose length equals the circumference at the bottom of the groove; a
portion of this pad is purposely left loose and the other part may be firmly cemented
down to the rim or otherwise permanently affixed. (The pad sometimes consists of
two or more seperate pieces suitably arranged with a view to allowing the tyre to
be put on and taken off in the manner about to be explained.) Continuous with the
inner circumference of the tubular outer covering and affixed thereto runs a central
continuous-wire, band, or chain, now, it is self evident that a continuous.wire, chain,
or band whose diameter only equals that of the outer surface of the pad, is quite
too small to pass over the projecting free edges of the wheel whose diameter is of
course, much larger, it becomes necessary thereforo to remove the loose half of the
pad and let the central wire, band, or chain make contact with the now exposed
floor of the groove before the other half of the central continuous wire, band, or
chain can be made to pass over the edges of the rim into its proper position. When
this is accomplished the loose portion of the pad may be easily replaced and after
distention of the tyre it effectually prevents accidental displacement.
Sometimes instead of using a contral continuous-wire, band, or chain, requiring an
adjustable pad, I use an adjustable central wire, band, or chain whose free ends
overlap or otherwise make continuity by screwing, hooking, clutching or other
means suitable for fixing or loosening the tyre as occasion may require.
When applying my tyre to such rims as 4, 6, 7, 9 as shown on Sheet 1 I use
two circuitous lateral projections called "ribs" or wings one on each side of the
tubular-tyre these when adjusted interlock with the undercut projections or recesses
in the groove of the rim and ensure the required stability or anchorage of the tyre..
Shown in section on Sheet 3. Fig. 11 in which B is the tyre.
C. C. the wings in situ and A the rim.
I will now proceed' to enumerate the various substances used in the making of my
tyre-cores and show how for different purposes they are combined in varying
proportions and different ways. Let it be perfectly understood however that I do
not restrict myself to the use of these formulas for it is self apparent that the list of
components includes many bodies which are equivalent to each other and capable
of substituting one another without necessarily altering the physical nature of the
product.
Again the gelatinising power, of some of the components, and the curing power
of others of them varies according to the source whence they are obtained; or the
various methods of treatment adopted for their manufacture, hence my formulas
must necessarily vary according to these conditions and also according to all the
exactions of dissimilar circumstances, for instance; tyres that are perfectly suited
to all the requirements of hot climates may be less suitable for colder regions, and
tyres capable of fulfilling all the requirements of ponderous motor cars may be
quite unfit for invalids-bath-chairs and perambulators, therefore it must be under-
stood that these formulas do not limit the range of adaptability of my hydrostatic
tyres they are intended to illustrate a few of the many uses to which my list of
components may be put in this direction.

page_text: The substances used in the manufacture of my hydrostatic tyres are,, gelatine,
isinglass, glycerine, glue, chondrin and other similar substances from every
available source namely, starch dextrin, gluten, glucose, lichenin or substances
containing the same with, or without water, linseed oil, linoleic acid and its
compounds, uut oil, poppy oil, rape oil, oleic acid and its compounds, the above
mentioned substances with or without sulphur or its compound, chlorine or its
compounds, gums, resins, carbolic acid, salicylic acid and other anti septics and
anti ferments, namely tungstic acid, chromic acid, tannic acid and their compounds,
which substances I sometimes use in the manner hereinafter described, namely
"
14.parts more of
Glycerine
Water
-
18 parts (more or less)
-
6 parts (more or loss)
Dissolve with the aid of heat carefully continued until a proper consistency is
attained, then add of the antiseptic known by the several names formal, formalin,
formaldehyde and formicaldehyde sufficient to cure the compound.
2. Gelatine
Glycerino
9 parts (more or less,
12 parts (more or less)
Water containing a small proportion of the anti ferment called chromic acid or
its compound bichromate of potash or other combination of chromium 8 parts.
20 Dissolve by the aid of heat in a dark room, dissipate the water and expose to the
chemical action of solar light.
Q Lainclosa
1 nont Iman on logal
Sheet 1 shows sections of rims numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9:
Sheet 2 Fig. 10 shows the bobbin shaped wheel, in which A is the circular bag
having flattened or compressed sides, B, BI are the two flanges capable of traversing
the nave, and forming the rim of the wheel to receive the tyre, C is the nave
through which the axle passes, and D, is the nut generally used to adjust flange,
or flanges and hold same in position.
Sheet 3 Fig. 11 shows the winged tubular tyre and rim, in section, A is the rim,
B the tyre, and C, C the two circuitous lateral projections, called ribs, or wings,
in position, and as herein before described.

page_text: Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said' in-
vention and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what
I claim is
1. The sole right to compose a tyre of the nature herein before described, from
the components herein specified.
2. The sole right to fill or distend a tyre with a fluid, syrupy, viscous or semi-
solid substance under pressure (as substantially set forth on page 2 of my
specification.