IMPROVED MACHINERY OR APPA- RATUS AND PROCESSES FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER PULP FROM WOOD AND OTHER FIBROUS MATERIALS
Year: 1866

page_text: Sealed the 29th January 1867, and dated the 1st August 1866.
PROVISIONALSPECIFICATION left by the said Joseph Sawyer and Frederick
Bauman at the Office of the Commissioners, of Patents, with their Petition,
on the 1st August 1866.
We, JOSEPH SAWYER, of Forston Street, Engineer, and FREDERICK BAUMAN,
of Oakley Square, Gentleman, both in the County of Middlesex, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVED MACHINERY OR APPA-
RATUS AND PROCESSES FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER PULP FROM WOOD AND
OTHER FIBROUS MATERIALS," to be as follows:-
The object and intention is to obtain a simple and more economical
system than heretofore of making pulp from wood or other fibrous materials.
This we propose to effect by machinery or apparatus of the following con-
struction: A cast-iron frame supported by standards or columns, also a bed
plate, to be firmly bolted to the frame, with two slots for holding the timber,
wood, or other fibrous material in position lengthwise of the fibre, two cast-
iron side plates fitted with racks and pinions or screws to adjust, raise, or
Price fid 1

page_text: lower the top part, a table plate fitted with friction rolls made of wood or iron;
a groove of a V-shape may be used for the table to travel on the above-named
side plates; the top part or table has a series of sicel plates, fixed, tempered
to the degree of saw plates, and on one edge, or on the end of the steel plates
are formed the cutting points, known as the diamond point. The table may
be put in motion by a crank or an excentric lever, thus giving a horizontal
motion to the table; the points or cutters being attached to the table are put
in motion at the same time, thus operating on the wood, timber, or other
fibrous materials lengthwise of the fibre thereof; during this operation we
introduce or admit cold water amongst the fibre; we also propose to make a
roll or drum of wood or iron with a spindle or shaft through the lengthway of
the roll or drum having bearings on which it will rotate at a speed of 25 to
200 revolutions per minute. About the periphery of the above-named roll or
drum cutters are fixed, some made of steel plates bevilled on the cutting
edge, and others with teeth similar to saw teeth; these cutters are arranged
alternately, namely, first a smooth one and then a coarse one; and for more
effectually operating on fibrous materials generally we propose to employ a
frame fitted with a sliding or moveable box which is placed in front of the
aforesaid roll or drum; this roll or drum rotates on its own axis horizontally,
while the moveable box in front thereof has a vertical motion imparted thereto,
and by this action the fibre may be obtained of any quality, either fine or
coarse. We further propose to reduce the fibre thus obtained into pulp fit
for making into paper by subjecting the fibre to the action of warm or cold
water, or both, also steam and alkali, during the process of beating and
mulling, grinding, rolling, crushing, and purifying. Instead of employing a
beating machine open to the pressure of the atmosphere, as heretofore generally
used, we propose to enclose the beater in an air-tight case and admit the fibre
thereinto through a pipe with an inlet and outlet connection; the pulp thus
produced will be of a sufficiently good quality for making into paper, for
general purposes; but for a finer quality of paper we propose to pass the pulp
through a mill with any kind of stones, such as are in common use in grinding
mills of various kinds.
In order to expedite the making of the pulp the same may be effected by
passing it through a muller or mill of the following description:-We take a
roll or drum of wood or other material, say, six feet in diameter and six inches
thick, on each side are perforated steel plates fixed securely by bolts, and a
spindle put through the six-inch way of the roll with bearings for it to rotate
on its own axis; an inside casing is made of steel plates, and an outer casing
of framework for carrying the roll or drum made air-tight; when the drum is

page_text: in motion the perforated steel plates come in contact with the inside casing of
steel plates, which effects the cutting of the pulp to any degree of fineness of
quality; the fibre may be fed in at the top of the frame, and the outlet be at
the bottom; standing in a vertical position, steam will be admitted through
the outer casing and warm water to soften the pulp; the alkali will come into
the purifyer, which is fitted with a strainer plate, allowing the refuse to pass
off through the cylinder or rolls and there be crushed, so that there may not
be the least waste.
SPECIFICATION
in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent ed
by the said Joseph Sawyer and Frederick Bauman in the Great Seal
Patent Office on the 1st February 1867.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, wc, JOSEPH
SAWYER, of Forston Street, Engineer, and FREDERICK BAUMAN, of Oakley
Square, Gentleman, both in the County of Middlesex, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the First day of August, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and sixty-six, in the thirtieth year of Her reign, did,
for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto us, the said Joseph
Sawyer and Frederick Bauman, Her special licence that we, the said Joseph
Sawyer and Frederick Bauman, our executors, administrators, and assigns,
or such others as we, the said Joseph Sawyer and Frederick Bauman, our
executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no
others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term therein
expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within
the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands,
and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVED MACHINERY OR APPARATUS AND
PROCESSES FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER PULP FROM WOOD AND OTHER FIBROUS
MATERIALS," upon the condition (amongst others) that we, the said Joseph
Sawyer and Frederick Bauman, our executors or administrators, by an
instrument in writing under our, or their, or one of their hands and seals,
should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention,
and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to
be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and
immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said Joseph Sawyer and Frederick Bauman,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the

page_text: same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement, that is to say:-
The object and intention of this Invention is to obtain a simple and more
economical system than heretofore of making pulp from wood or other fibrous
materials; this we propose to effect by machinery or apparatus of the following
construction: A cast-iron frame supported by standards or columns, also a
bed plate, to be firmly bolted to the frame, with two slots for holding the
timber, wood, or other fibrous material in position lengthwise of the fibre,
two cast-iron side plates fitted with racks and pinions or screws to adjust,
raise, or lower the top part, a table plate fitted with friction rolls made of
wood or iron; a groove of a V-shape may be used for the table to travel on the
above-named side plates; the top part or table has a series of steel plates fixed,
tempered to the degree of saw plates, and on one edge or on the end of the
steel plates are formed the cutting points, known as the diamond point. The
table may be put in motion by a crank or an excentric lever, thus giving a
horizontal motion to the table; the points or cutters being attached to the
table are put in motion at the same time, thus operating on the wood, timber,
or other fibrous materials lengthwise of the fibre thereof; during this operation
we introduce or admit cold water amongst the fibre; we also propose to make
a roll or drum of wood or iron with a spindle or shaft through the lengthway
of the roll or drum having bearings on which it will rotate at a speed of 25 to
200 revolutions per minute. About the periphery of the above-named roll or
drum cutters are fixed, some made of steel plates bevilled on the cutting edge,
and others with teeth similar to saw teeth; these cutters are arranged alter-
nately, namely, first a smooth one and then a coarse one; and for more
effectually operating on fibrous materials generally we propose to employ a
frame fitted with a sliding or moveable box which is placed in front of the
aforesaid roll or drum; this roll or drum rotates on its own axis horizontally,
while the moveable box in front thereof has a vertical motion imparted thereto,
and by this action the fibre may be obtained of any quality, either fine or
coarse. We further propose to reduce the fibre thus obtained into pulp fit
for making into paper by subjecting the fibre to the action of warm or cold
water, or both, also steam and alkali, during the process of beating and
mulling, grinding, rolling, crushing, and purifying. Instead of employing a
beating machine open to the pressure of the atmosphere, as heretofore generally
used, we propose to enclose the beater in an air-tight case and admit the fibre
thereinto through a pipe with an inlet and outlet connection; the pulp thus
produced will be of a sufficiently good quality for making into paper for
general purposes; but for a finer quality of a paper we propose to pass the pulp

page_text: through a mill with any kind of stones, such as are in common use in grinding
mills of various kinds.
In order to expedite the making of the pulp the same may be effected by
passing it through a muller or mill of the following description:-We take a
roll or drum of wood or other material, say, six feet in diameter and six inches
thick, on each side are perforated steel plates fixed securely by bolts, and a
spindle put through the six-inch way of the roll with bearings for it to rotate
on its own axis; an inside casing is made of steel plates, and an outer casing
of framework for carrying the roll or drum made air-tight; when the drum is
in motion the perforated steel plates come in contact with the inside casing of
steel plates, which effects the cutting of the pulp to any degree of fineness of
quality; the fibre may be fed in at the top of the frame and the outlet be at
the bottom; standing in a vertical position, steam will be admitted through
the outer casing and warm water to soften the pulp; the alkali will come
into the purifyer, which is fitted with a strainer plate allowing the refuse to
pass off through the cylinder or rolls and there be crushed, so that there may
not be the least waste.
And in order to explain our said Invention as completely as possible we
now proceed to describe the best means we are acquainted with for carrying
the same into practical effect, reference being had to the illustrative Sheets of
Drawings accompanying these Presents, and to the numeral figures and
letters of reference marked thereon respectively as follows:-
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS.
At Sheet 1, Figure 1, represents a side elevation of a machine constructed
according to our said Invention, and intended for cutting logs of wood into
fine shreds to be afterwards reduced to pulp suitable for manufacturing into
paper; Figure 2, a cross section through the line A, B, at Figure 1, drawn
to an enlarged scale; Figure 3, plan of fly wheel, connecting rod, and stud
wheel. At Sheet 2, Figure 4 is a longitudinal section of the machine through
the line C, D; at Figure 2 of Sheet 1, Figure 5, plan of stud wheel; Figure 6,
elevation of the same; Figures 7 and 8, elevation and cross section of a portion
of a novel form of knife drawn full size.
At each of the foregoing Figures we employ similar letters of reference
to denote corresponding parts in so far as such parts appear or can be seen at
each of such said Figures and Sheets of Drawings respectively. A, A, marks
the side framing of the machine connected together by castings B, B, at
suitable distances; C, C, standards securely bolted to the framings A, A;
these standards are formed with parallel openings at a, a, into which the

page_text: rectangular shaped ends b, b, of the casting D are fitted so as to slide therein
by means of the screws c, c¹, the said screws taking into screwed nuts d, d,
securely held in position by the face plates E, E; the screws c, c¹, are sup-
ported by and revolve in steps at e, e, and the upper end of each screw has a
mitre wheel F fixed thereon gearing into corresponding wheels G, G, fixed on
the horizontal spindle H; 1 is a handle for imparting rotatory motion to the
wheels F, G, and screws c, c¹, as hereafter described. It will be seen, upon
referring to Figure 4 of Sheet 2, that the casting D is formed with inclined
sides g, g, to which the cutting knives K are connected and adjusted by screws
at 1, 2. The construction of these knives will be better understood by referring
to Figures 7 and 8 of Sheet 2, where m marks a blade of tempered steel
fluted or grooved; n are the cutting points formed at an angle of 45 degrees
on one edge and 90 degrees on the other edge; 1 is an open cast-iron plate
or table for carrying the logs of timber M intended to be operated upon; N is
a loose plate for holding the logs of timber firmly together by means of the
screws 3, 4, placed at suitable distances along the said plate; 0, 0, anti-
friction rollers for supporting and guiding the table L; P is a sliding clutch
box actuated by the fork Q by hand for raising the knives quickly, as hereafter
described; R is a rod connected by one end to the table L, and by the other
end to a stud h. adjusted and fixed in the rim of the fly wheel S in accordance
with the required traverse of the table L.
We now proceed to describe the mechanism which we employ for lowering
the cutting knives each time the table and wood have passed under them so
as to take a fresh cut; to effect this a bevil wheel T is fixed on the screw c
and gears into a pinion U fixed on one end of the shaft W, and there is
another bevil wheel X fixed on the opposite end of the shaft W gearing into
the wheel fixed on the shaft Y; Z, a stud wheel fixed on Y; k, k, pins or
studs fixed in Z; these studs are operated upon by a tappet fixed to the
rim of the fly wheel S, at each revolution of which the screws c, c', will be
moved partly round and lower the knives the required distance.
Modus operandi.-The timber being securely fixed upon the table of the
machine, the operator proceeds to lower the knife block and knives by means
of the handle I to the required depth and cut; the table is then put in motion
by a strap passed round the drum on the fly wheel shaft and connected with
any suitable prime mover, and as the timber comes into contact with the edges
of the cutting knives a series of fine strips are then taken off of about th
part of an inch in thickness or more, as may be desired, and when the table
has travelled to the end of the frame and carried the timber clear of the
knives, by this time the tappet 1 on the fly wheel will come into action and

page_text: move the knives downwards so as to take a fresh cut. Upon the return
stroke of the table the opposite knives come into action and cut the timber as
before stated, and so on successively until the entire thickness of the timber is
reduced to shreds. In order to place another quantity of logs on the table it
is necessary first to stop the machine, then raise the knife block and knives,
which may be quickly done by means of the handle I, the clutch box P being
first thrown out of gear by the fork Q. The knives are then adjusted to their
work, as before stated, and the machine set in motion as before, and in this
manner and by these means a large quantity of timber may be reduced to
shreds in a short space of time. The kinds of wood we propose to use
are spruce, pine, willow, poplar, and other soft woods, or similar fibrous
substances.
Having now described and set forth the nature and object of our said
Invention for improved machinery or apparatus and processes for the manu
facture of paper pulp from wood and other fibrous material, we would remark
in conclusion that what we claim as our Invention intended to be secured to
us by the herein-before in part recited Letters Patent is as follows:-
We claim the general arrangement and combination of parts above described
with reference to the accompanying Sheets of Drawings as constituting
improved machinery or apparatus adapted for performing the preparatory
operation of manufacturing paper pulp from wood and other fibrous substances
of similar character thereto.
And especially we claim the form and position of the knives m and manner
of using the same, as above described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Frederick Bauman, one of the parties
hereto, have hereunto set my hand and seal, this Thirty-first day of
January, in the year of our Lord One thousand cight hundred and
cinte rover
FREDERICK BAUMAN. (L.s.)