IMPROVEMENTS IN THE FABRICATION OR COMPOUNDING OF IRON AND STEEL FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES
Year: 1884

page_text: I, WILLIAM ROSE of The Mount Halesowen, in the County of Worcester,
Gentleman do hereby declare the nature of said invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
THE FABRICATION OR COMPOUNDING OF IRON AND STEEL FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES
to be as follows:-
The old method of amalgamating or uniting together steel and iron by placing
finished rods or bars of steel and iron longitudinally side by side and over each
other successively, until a billet is produced, which after being banded together by
iron bands is heated to a welding heat, and rolled to the form and size required.
Or small pieces of iron and steel are mixed together and placed in a heating furnace,
and when at a welding heat the mass is united and rolled down into the required
form of iron.
By my improvements, two metals viz :—cast steel and wrought iron bars or rods
are amalgamated into a compound metal, and on being rolled and worked out
together constitute merchant bars strips or sheets.
In carrying out my invention I take a mould of a size proper to form the
required bloom hereinafter produced, and within this mould wrought iron bars
are placed (to any number) vertically, or in the direction of their fibre, leaving
intervening spaces surrounding each bar of the series, which is to form a part of
the bloom to be produced, and into these intervening spaces between the said bars,
molten steel is run or poured thus filling upon the whole of the insterstices or
intervening spaces between or surrounding the bars.
As soon as the molten steel surrounding the wrought metal bars has sufficiently
set or solidified, it is removed when the ingot is cast as described. It is next
heated and rolled or hammered down to any size required for the manufacture of
chain, nails, rivets, tubes or any other articles which the metal is suitable for.
The metal thus produced by the uniting or compounding of cast steel with wrought
iron bars by the process hereinbefore described is tough, rich in fibre, and will
readily. weld.
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Although I have described that the ingot or bloom composed of cast steel and‐
iron bars, which are rolled and worked out together into merchant metal, yet

page_text: castings may be produced in the same way; that is to say, I take as before a
mould of the requisite shape of the casting to be made, and I place within this
mould bars of wrought iron (to any number) divided by intervening spaces, and
around and between these bars, molten cast steel is run, so thereby producing a
casting composed of combined cast steel and wrought metal. The wrought iron
bars or rods act as sinews of strength to prevent the casting from breaking when
subjected to severe strains.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
I, WILLIAM ROSE of The Mount, Halesowen, in the County of Worcester,
Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of said invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
THE FABRICATION OR COMPOUNDING OF IRON AND STEEL FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES,"
and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described
and ascertained in and by the following statement :-
The production of iron or steel bars or rods of a superior quality is generally
effected by amalgamating or uniting the said metals, by what is commonly called
piling, which is most expensive-This old method of amalgamating or uniting
together steel or iron is effected, by placing finished rods or bars longitudinally
side by side, and over each other, so as to produce successive layers, until a billet
is formed, which after being banded together by iron bands, is heated to a welding
heat and rolled to the size and form required.
By my improvements two metals, vizt-cast steel and wrought iron or wrought
steel bars, rods and other sections of fibrous iron, or wrought steel are amalgamated
or formed into a compound metal, or into a mechanical combination of the said
two metals, which on being rolled down, and worked out together, constitute bars
strips, sheets and other forms according to the purpose to which the compound
metal is to be applied.
Heretofore it has been difficult to weld or unite together in a body cast steel;
thus in the welding of a large body of cast steel, the impact of the hammer in
welding, extends only to a very short distance into the interior, for while the

page_text: surface is comparatively cool and compact, the interior is very hot and crystalline→
This defect in the crystalline character of cast steel which renders it difficult or
impossible to weld in bodies of bulk I have overcome by mixing or compounding
with the said cast steel fibrous iron, wrought steel or steely iron, which when allied
or combined together, admits of being readily welded when raised to such a
temperature, that the parts will properly unite.
By the fabrication or compounding of iron and steel as described, the metal
produced, possesses great malleability, ductility and tenacity; and further it will
readily weld.
Having described the nature of my invention, I will now proceed to describe the
manner in which the same is to be performed; and I wish it be understood that
the foregoing diagrams are only designated as explanatory of the principle upon
which my invention is founded, as it is perfectly immaterial in what form or in
what way, the rods, bars, strands strips or other forms or sections be combined
with cast steel, therefore the subordinate details in the manufacture are immaterial.
Figure 1 represents a mould for the casting of an ingot or bloom of cast steel
with rods or bars of fibrous iron or wrought steel embedded within it--a a is a
mould box and b b b are wrought iron or wrought steel bars placed in an erect
position, or in the direction of their fibre, leaving intervening spaces c c surrounding
each bar of the series, which is to form a part of the bloom to be produced, and
into these intervening spaces between and around the said bars molten steel is run
or poured, thus filling up the whole of the interstices or intervening spaces between
and surrounding the bars or rods, as represented in figure 2, which shows part in
section an ingot or bloom compounded of wrought iron or wrought steel bars and
cast steel produced in the mould figure 1-bb are the bars as before described
and 8 8 8 is the cast steel in which the said bars are embedded-Figure 3 is a plan
of the mould figure 1, showing the position of the bars with respect to each other,
also the intervening spaces which are filled up by molten steel-Figure 4 is a
diagram of a mould showing other ways in which bars, rods or strips of wrought
iron or wrought steel may be arranged to suit the varying requirements, or the
purpose to which the metal is to be applied, as the said rods, strips or other sections
of wrought iron or wrought steel may be arranged in a multitude of ways without
changing the nature and object of my invention.
.
As soon as the molten steel surrounding the bars or other sections has sufficiently
set or solidified, the ingot or bloom figure 2 is next brought into shape to admit
of it being passed through the necessary rolls, the precise form of the grooves is
immaterial, as the intention is simply to reduce together the mechanically com-
bined metals into a bar or rod of any section, so that the ingot or bloom is passed
again and again through the rolls until the ingot becomes a long bar or rod com-
pounded of wrought iron or wrought steel and cast steel as represented in a similar
section figure 5-Figure 6 represents a section of a drawn out bar in which the
square rods embedded within the cast steel are placed lozenge shaped-Figure 7 is
a similar section of a bar having round instead of square rods-Figure 8 shows in
elevation the bar figure 7 with a portion of cast steel surrounding the ends of the
bars bb removed, so as better to exhibit how the said rods are embedded within
the steel, forming as it were, sinews, in virtue of which, the metal is greatly
improved in malleability, ductility and tenacity; and further, the said combined
or compound metal will readily weld-The said rods or bars may be readily con-
verted or fabricated into bolts, rivets, spikes, chain, cables, cotters and .other
objects Figure 9 is a longitudinal vertical section of figure 8-Figure 10 is an
angle bar shewn with its end in section, to exhibit the wrought iron or wrought
steel sinews passing through the cast steel-The cast steel when drawn out together
with the wrought iron or wrought steel bars is greatly improved, both in its
working quality and tenacity, from the fact that the crystalline structure is pre-
vented by the blows of a hammer or the impact of the rolls, thus creating or
imparting also to the steel a fibrous character Figure 11 is a cross section of a
merchant bar composed of a wrought metal strip drawn down into the form of

page_text: a helix embedded within the cast steel-This particular form gives great lateral
strength to the objects made from the bar or metal as described-Figure 12 is a
rivet, figure 13 is a spike, figure 14 is a bolt before being screwed, figure 15 is.
a nail, and figure 16 is a cotter pin, all made from merchant bars or rods herein-
before described-Figure 17 is a cross section-Figure 18 shows a chain link
fabricated from the compound metal bars or rods hereinbefore described, by which
great strength and tenacity is imparted thereto-The view figure 18 shows a cross
section of the links exhibiting the strands of wrought iron or wrought steel bars
surrounded by cast steel, which latter has become more or less fibrous in the process
of its fabrication from an ingot to a chain link-Figure 19 is another form of link,
the metal being cut away, in order to better exhibit its structural character-
Strands embedded in the steel as shown, may be to any number and section con-
sistent with the character of work or chain to be formed-Figure 20 represents a
carriage axle made from the compound metal as described-Figure 21 is a cross
section on the dotted lines A B, the carriage axle is preferably produced from a bar
of suitable dimensions made from an ingot of compounded metal, the bar being
drawn down and the collar upset thereon by forging or by other well known pro-
cesses It will be observed from the part of the axle shown in section, that the
sinews strands or rods of wrought iron or wrought steel or of steely iron lie in
the direction of the length of the axle-Light steel axles can be constructed with
little or no liability to fracture as is common with axles constructed heretofore of
metal composed wholly of wrought steel or of iron, from the fact that the molecular
structure of the compound metal, is such that the constant vibration only impairs
a portion of the surrounding metal-Figure 22 is a railway carriage axle, with one
of its ends partly broken off and fabricated from metal produced according to my
invention Figure 23 is a section of a bar which may be converted into an axle or
other object-Figure 24 is another section of a bar in which bent up wrought
metal strips or flats, are arranged, embedded concentrically within the cast steel-
Figure 25 is a skelp for the production of a tube gun barrel or other tubular object-
The bars or strips of wrought metal are arranged diagonally so that when the skelp
is turned up into a tube or other cylinder, the strips form helical like bands of
strength-Such a structural character of metal may be advantageously applied to
the construction of steam boilers-The edge of the skelp shows the arrangement
of the wrought metal bars or flat strips which have been spread out in the process
of rolling and although I have only represented a single series, yet two or more
series may be employed with like effect, which may break joint one with another
as may be desired.
Figure 26 represents a billet or bloom of compound metal as described, which is
most suitable for the production of boiler plates, armour plates or slabs and such
like objects requiring great strength-The production of such a billet, bloom or
ingot is produced by arranging longitudinally and in transverse directions, bars
or rods separated by intervening spaces into which the molten cast steel is run,
which surrounds the bars and forms a compact block or mass of cast steel, with.
wrought iron or wrought steel or steely bars crossing each other in a horizontal
direction The perspective representation figure 26 shows a part of the cast steel
broken away, so as to exhibit the bars crossing each other which form a network
of fibrous wrought iron or wrought steel bands-This block is beated to the proper
temperature and rolled down either into a slab figure 27, or into a boiler or other
plate figure 28, or into sheet metal for any purpose to which it may be most suited-
Figure 29 represents a sheet or plate produced by a different arrangement of piling.
Figure 30 represents a cannon or ordnance produced by the compounding or
combining of cast steel and wrought iron, or wrought steel bars or strips which are
made into coils or helixes and placed concentrically one within the other, which
may be right or left handed or both combined; and within the intervening spaces
between and around the said coiled bars or strips of any desired section, molten
steel is run so as to embed the wrought metal described within a basis of cast
steel; that is, I prefer to produce a casting figure 31^ formed of the compound

page_text: metal, cast steel and wrought iron or steel bars or strips bent into helical like rings
of a section most suitable for acquiring great strength and resisting tensile strain―
The casting figure 31 which is now ready to be drawn down and when in a
heated state is operated upon by steam haminers or other forging expedients und
brought into shape as represented in the said figure 30. The forging or drawing
down imparts fibre to the cast steel and also improves the quality of the wrought
iron or wrought steel or steely iron bars or strips constituting the coils-Figure 31
represents how the coiled bands or helical bars are arranged to resist that tensile
strain which the gun is subjected to when under fire-The gun may be provided
with a steel lining as is commonly done with guns of large calibre. Or instead of
drawing down the gun into shape, it may be cast to the exact figure required, with
the coiled bars or strips embedded within the cast steel-Figure 32 represents a
mortar fabricated or formed in the same way as a cannon or ordnance as herein-
before last described.
Figure 33 represents a tube or cylinder composed of cast steel and wrought iron
or wrought steel bands or bars, produced from an ingot or short tube of cast steel
figure 34 having embedded within it wrought iron or wrought steel bars or bands
formed into coils-This ingot (figure 34) with its coils is drawn down to any
length of tube or cylinder as in the said figure 33-Or compound steel and iron
may be produced by the following method (vizt) instead of placing the bars of
wrought iron or steel in the mould before the crude steel is poured or run into the
same as hereinbefore described, the molten or crude steel may first be run into the
mould, and while in a fluid or molton state wrought iron or wrought steel bars may
be forced therein of any form required.
Although I have described that the ingot or bloom composed of cast steel and
wrought iron or wrought steel bars (or wrought bars of a steely nature) which are
rolled and worked out together into merchant metal, yet castings may be produced
in the same way; that is to say, I take as before a mould of the requisite shape of the
casting to be made, and I place within this mould bars of wrought iron or wrought
steel (to any number) divided by intervening spaces, and around and between these
bars, molten cast steel is run, so thereby producing a casting composed of combined
cast steel and wrought metal-The wrought iron or wrought steel bars, rods or
strips act as sinews of strength to prevent the casting from breaking when subjected
to severe strains or pressure.
Figure 35 represents a shot or shell of chilled cast steel having embedded within
it, bands or bars of wrought iron or wrought steel of any desirable section, which
are preferably bent into coils and the molten steel run between and around them in
the process of casting-In figure 36 the supporting or stay bands of the shot are
arranged in the direction of its axis or thereabouts.
By constructing shot or shell with wrought iron or wrought steel or steely iron
bands, combined with chilled cast steel as described, great penetrative power is
thereby gained; the shot or shell in penetrating the armour plate or other object
is not liable to crumble as is common with shot of the ordinary kind.
Figure 37 represents a cast anchor made of combined cast steel and wrought iron
or wrought steel bars or rods-The wrought iron or wrought steel rods or bars
when disposed as represented greatly strengthen both the shanks and the flukes of
the said anchor-Where the anchor is required to be of a superior quality, I prefer
to make it in the form of a blank, and then draw it down and shape it by forging
or otherwise.
Figure 38 represents an ordinary casting made of cast steel and wrought iron or
wrought steel bars or rods which latter give great strength to it-Figure 39 is
a casting of a shaft hanging bracket composed of the combined metals as described
-Figure 40 shows a cast wheel composed of cast steel and wrought iron or wrought
steel bars.
The kind of cast steel I prefer to employ, is what is known as Siemens mild
steel, although I do not limit myself as other kinds of cast steel may be used with
nearly the same effect.

page_text: The generalization of the compounding of the allied metals cast steel and wrought
iron or wrought steel bars, rods or strips admits of varied applications, such for
example as sheets, boiler plates, armour plates, rivets, spikes, chain, cables, anchors,
cannon or ordnance, shot, tubes, cylinders, gun barrels, shafts, axles, angle pieces,
and other forms and sections for various purposes.
The metal produced as hereinbefore described is of a superlative quality when
compared with other metals produced at the same cost.
I wish it to be distinctly understood that I do not confine myself to the exact
way in which the wrought bars are disposed within the cast steel; as the said
wrought bars may be arranged in a variety of ways to suit the purposes to which
the mechanically combined metal is to be applied; and further the wrought metal
may be introduced into the crude cast steel in the form of old wrought scrap metal,
such as old rails, old boiler plates and wrought scrap of any description.
Although I prefer to employ bars and other forms of wrought iron, combined with
crude cast steel, for the production of my new compound metal for general purposes,
yet I wish it to be understood that where a superlative compound metal is required,
I use wrought or worked steel instead of iron. And also where a cheap or second
rate quality of compound metal is required, I introduce scrap or old metal or
puddled bars or blooms as a substitute for wrought steel or wrought iron bars.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what
I claim is
First: The fabrication or compounding of wrought iron or wrought steel with
cast steel by placing in a mould, bars, rods, strips, coils or other forms of wrought
or worked iron, or wrought or worked steel and running molten cast steel into the
intervening spaces between and around the said bars, rods or other forms, thus
producing a mechanically combined compound metal or casting, either in the form
of a bloom or in the form of an ingot which is subsequently rolled, forged or other-
wise fabricated or worked out together into merchant bars or fashioned into other
forms substantially as described and illustrated in figures 1 to 37 both inclusive of
the accompanying Drawings.
Secondly: The production of a compound metal consisting ossentially of bars,
rods, strips, coils and other forms of wrought iron or wrought steel which are
mechanically combined with cast steel, so as to form a compound ingot, bloom or
other object which is subsequently fashioned, fabricated or worked out together
substantially as described and illustrated.
Thirdly The production of compound castings consisting of wrought or worked
iron, or wrought or worked steel embedded within crude cast steel substantially as
described and illustrated.
"
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