THE MANUFACTURE OF EARTHENWARE PIPES FOR DRAINS AND SEWERS
Year: 1857

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Padgett, of Poole, in the County of
Dorset, for the Invention of "THE MANUFACTURE OF EARTHENWARE PIPES
FOR DRAINS AND SEWERS."
Sealed the 16th April 1858, and dated the 29th October 1857.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Padgett at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
29th October 1857.
I, WILLIAM PADGETT, of Poole, in the County of Dorset, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention for "THE MANUFACTURE OF EARTHENWARE
PIPES FOR DRAINS AND SEWERS," to be as follows:--
This Invention consists of a method in the construction and manufacture of
earthenware pipes and sockets, bands or collars for house, agricultural, and
other drains, sewers, and conveyance of water, for effecting an improved con-
duct and flow of sewage and drainage matter, and of spring or other water,
and for the taking up or removal of any pipe or pipes to cleanse or repair, and-
if need be to replace or exchange the same for junction pipes, syphons, or
bends, and for other purposes.
The improvements consist in the construction of what may be called a
socket band or collar in two detached parts, each having a recess or hollow.

page_text: space or aperture, and at the insides of this aperture or recess two elevations,
which form solid bearings to receive and support the ends of the pipes. The
pipes have at each end a welt or projection, and these projections are laid in
the recess of the detached half socket band or collar, which lower half socket
I call a concave rest, and the other or upper half I call a concave cover.
For agricultural drainage purposes the pipes I propose using are square in
the outline and have one or more openings or currents for the passage of water,
with laps or recesses, so as to form true and perfect level joints.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said William Padgett in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
29th April 1858.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM
PADGETT, of Poole, in the County of Dorset, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland, bearing date the Twenty-ninth day of October, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven, and in the twenty-first year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me,
the said William Padgett, Her especial licence and sole privilege, that I, the
said William Padgett, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should and
lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend an Invention for "THE MANU-
PACTURE OF EARTHENWARE PIPES POR DRAINS AND SEWERS," within the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of
Man, during the term of fourteen years thence next ensuing, upon the con-
dition (amongst others) that I, the said William Padgett, my executors or
adminstrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of their
hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the
said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, and cause
the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said William Padgett, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner, the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement and Specification thereof, reference being had to the accompanying
Drawings, in each of which similar parts are marked with similar letters of
reference (that is to say):-

page_text: My said Invention consists of a method of constructing or manufacturing
earthenware pipes or tubes and detached sockets, bands, or collars for con-
necting such pipes or tubes together, in order (amongst other things) to
facilitate the laying down and fixing such pipes or tubes and rendering them
more perfectly level as well as free from projections or obstructions when such
pipes or tubes are intended to be used for the purpose of conveying spring or
other water, drainage water, sewage, or other liquids, or other
purposes; and
also in order to facilitate the taking up or removal of any pipe or pipes to be
cleansed or repaired, or to be removed for any other purpose.
According to my improved mode of construction I make each such pipe or
tube with a welt or convex projection at or near each of the ends thereof, and
I make socket bands or collars each in two or more pieces, so that when such
pieces are put together they will form a hollow collar with an annular recess
within it, so as to receive and hold the welts or convex projections of two pipe
ends when placed within the collar, for the purpose of being connected and
held together.
...
These collars I make of various dimensions and with annular recesses of
various sizes, so as to adniit and hold within such recesses not only the welts
or convex ends of the pipes or tubes, but also the tempered clay or other
suitable plastic material in which the ends of the pipes or tubes are to be
embedded.
.
The welts or annular convex projections at the ends of the pipes or tubes
do not take any bearing upon or against the interior of the annular recesses
within which they are placed, but only upon or against the clay or plastic or
other material within which they are embedded, and the sides of the pipes or
tubes bear upon or come in contact with annular rims or fillets within the
collars, each of which has within it one such rim or fillet at each side of its
annular recess, so as to connect and hold the pipe ends securely together.
Care is used in laying down any series of pipes to use collars all of an equal
thickness, and when laid down the lower parts of the collars (which I call
concave rests) are laid correctly, so that when the pipes are placed and fixed
within the collars the lower sides of such pipes or tubes shall all lic, as nearly
as practicable, in a true line upon the same inclined plane, so as to insure an
uninterrupted flow of the water or other liquid passing along.
By laying pipes in this way the accumulation of sewage or other matters
within drainage pipes may be prevented or greatly diminished, and by these
means the escape of foul air arising from the decomposition of sewage or other
matter within such pipes, which is so fatal to the health of mankind generally,
may be prevented or greatly lessened.
も

page_text: The exteriors of the pipes or tubes to be used for agricultural drainage pur-
poses. may be made square, or with flat or level tops and bottoms, instead of
being made round like ordinary pipes. Such pipes may have one or more
longitudinal apertures or channels for the drainage water to pass along, and
such openings or channels may be made round or otherwise, as may be thought
best.
Pipes made in this way may be made so as to take up less space vertically
than round pipes, and may thus be easily laid out of the way of the plough;
and by constructing them with divisions so as to divide the interior into two or
more water channels the flat tops and bottoms of the pipes will be stronger
and better able to support the weight of the soil above them.
These square
or flat pipes may have welts or convex projections at their ends, and may be
laid and secured within appropriate collars, in the same way as already men-
tioned with respect to round pipes or tubes, the shapes of the collars, being
varied to make them fit the square or flat pipes, or they may be made with
bevilled laps or ends, as shewn in the Drawings..
=
Having now described. the nature of my said Invention, I will proceed, with
the aid of the accompanying Drawings, to shew in what manner my: said
Invention may be performed or carried into practice.
Figure 1 is a side sectional view of several lengths of cylindrical pipes or
tubes resting on and within the lower half or part of each of the collars B, B*,
the upper half or part of some of the collars B* being removed at the joints
marked. A at the top, and at the other joints both parts B and B* of the
collars are shewn complete as when laid for use.
!
In this Figure, the pipes, except at the joints, are shewn in longitudinal ver-
tical section, and the collars and halves of collars are shewn with parts of their
exteriors removed, so as to shew their internal annular recesses K and the
welts or convex annular projections at the ends of the pipes placed within such
recesses.
.
.
;
Each of the collars has a vacant space or annular recess K, which continues
entirely round its interior, and is made of such dimensions as to leave room not
only for the welts or convex projections, but also for the packing materials;
such as mortar, cement, clay, or other material which may be used to secure
the joints and make them tight. Round the interior of each of these collars
and near to the sides pass two annular rims or fillets E and E, which form the
sides of the recess K, and upon the interior parts of these rims or fillets the
sides of the pipes rest when laid down. If the lower parts of these collars or
connecting pieces be laid correctly according to the intended level or incli-
nation, the pipes Leing made of one uniform diameter and thickness, they will;

page_text: when laid upon the rims or fillets within the lower halves of the collars, lie
upon a similar level or inclination, so as to form an even and uninterrupted
channel or passage for the flow of sewage or other liquid along the intended
level or incline.
When the upper parts of collars are put on 'and the parts are properly
cemented together, the ends of the pipes within being also efficiently packed
or cemented together, the escape of any liquid or foul air from the joints of the
pipes may be prevented.
In Figures 2, 3, and 4, I have given detailed views of collars and parts of
collar B, B; Figure 2 being a top view of the upper part of one of the
collars, Figure 3 a cross.section of the lower half of one of the collars, and
Figure 4 a cross section of both the upper and lower halves of a collar.
In Figure 4 is shewn an opening X in the upper half of the collar, which
opening may be made of such dimensions as may be found necessary or con-
venient for the purpose of examining the juncture of the convex ends of pipes
or tubes previous to the running in of any cement or other materials to secure
the joint.
In Figures 3 and 4 are shewn portions of the annular récess or space
within each collar, in which the welts or convex projections at the ends of the
pipes or tubes, aře. placed and secured, so as to prevent any displacement or
disarrangement of the pipes longitudinally.
Figure 5 is a side view of one of the pipes, shewn partly in section..
Figure 6 représents an end view of the same pipe distinctly, shewing the
welted or convex ends D, D, of the pipes or tubes.
In Figure 6 a number of slight incisions, grooves, or scratches d, d, are
made around the pipes immediately behind the welts or convex projections
D; D, for the purpose of enabling the cement or packing and collars to hold
the ends of the pipes more firmly and securely together.
Figure 7 is a side view of the whole (both upper and lower half) of one of
the collars, and Figure 8 is a similar view of one half of a collar.
The depth of the annular recess K, in Figure 7, is shewn by a circular dotted
line, and the depth of half of the annular recess is shewn in Figure 8 by a
semicircular dotted line. The depth of this recess may however be varied, as
may be found convenient...
.
I have shewn the exterior of the collar in these Figures:as being octagonal,
which I prefer, because it enables me to obtain flat external'surfaces without
much increase of the quantity of the material used in making them, and the
flat surfaces prevent or have a tendency to prevent. lateral. shifting whilst the
lower parts of the collars-are being laid for, uşe.. When the collars are large,

page_text: the material or which they are made may be economised by making them with
perforations, such as shewn at f.f, in Figures 7 and 8.
In Figures 9 and 10 I have shewn a somewhat but different mode of
securing the ends of pipes or tubes which can be used, which may be used
when the pipes will be subjected to great internal pressure. For this purpose
I set back the annular welts or convex projections a short distance, say, about
an inch and a quarter (more or less), according to the size and diameter of the
pipes), from the ends of the pipes, so as to leave a space between an annular
projection and the end of a pipe upon which it is made, as shewn at i, Figures
10 and 11.
The collars for connecting the pipe ends together. in such a case are made
as much larger or broader as may be requisite to admit the welts within the
annular recesses within the collars. When the ends of two pipes are placed
together I place a zinc or galvanized iron hoop or band P round the joint, as
shewn in Figure 10. This band may be perforated or serrated at both its
edges (as shewn in the Figures), to facilitate the admission of cement, and
being (say, about half an inch,) larger in its internal diameter than the external
diameter of the ends of the pipes to which it is to be applied, prevents any
difficulty in fitting, in case of a slight warpage of the pipes. This enlarged
internal diameter of the collar also allows the cement or other packing used
for securing the joint to completely imbed and surround the joint, and at the
same time be hold securely in its place, thereby obtaining a concentration of
strength in order to form an air and water-tight joint, and the annular recess
within the collar being at the same time more or less perfectly filled with the
cement or other material used in cementing the joint, will tend to make it
more firm and secure.
In Figure 11, I have shewn a pipe or tube with the circular welts or convex
projections set back from the ends of the pipe, in manner herein-before
described, the body of the pipe being shewn in section; and in Figures 12 and
13 I have shewn an external and a side view of a zinc, galvanized iron, or
other band, shewing the perforations or serrations at the edges, for facilitating
the admission and better holding cement or other materials to be applied. A
galvanized iron or other wire may also be used and applied externally round
a collar, as shewn at Figure 9, for the purpose of binding the upper and lower
parts of the collar together.
In Figures 14, 15, 16, and 17, I have shewn end and side views of the flat
or squared lap and recess pipes or tubes, which occupy small space vertically,
and which being flat at bottom they are not so much liable as round pipes to
settle in. sandy or boggy earth, the upper surface of every alternate pipe

page_text: or tubes being two inches longer than the under surface, which I call lap
and recess, they form a perfect level joint. These flat pipes may also be
secured together at their ends or joints by means of quadrangular collars,
applied, in like manner as herein-before described with reference to round
pipes or tubes.
The mode of making earthenware pipes for water, for drains, and for other
purposes being well known, it is not necessary for me to describe it. But from
my long experience in the trade, I should recommend the use of screw
machinery, in which there can be no compressed or confined air, and in which
the core or die is supported from the centre, having no cross arms to impede
the progress of the clay whilst under pressure, so that the pipes may stand a
high internal and external pressure. The pipes or tubes being made of
uniform thickness agreeable to the size required, should be taken direct to the
potters' wheel or lathe, and the first welt or convex projection formed with the
profile rib or scratcher; when that has obtained a sufficient degree of stiffness
(well known to work men) it is again placed upon the wheel or lathe, cut true
to any desired length, and the welt or convex projection formed at the opposite
end.
It will be seen that this extra thickness of the welt contributes to insure the
safety of drying and burning, and gives greater strength to the ends. The
collars can be made by the common way in plaster moulds and profile, or by
screw pressure in steamed moulds;
But I prefer making the collars by means of a pipe machine in the form of
a thick pipe, of about the length of the pipes, being separated in two or more
parts whilst the clay is leaving the die; the internal diameter of which.thick
pipe is of the external size of any particular pipe required; after this thick
pipe is formed and of sufficient hardness, I cut it into such lengths as may be
required for making collars of the intended size. These lengths, rings, or
portions of pipe remain until sufficiently hard to allow of the hollow or
annular being cut or turned out by hand or steam power in a lathe to the
required width and depth, leaving the rims or fillets projecting inwards, as
shewn in Drawings.
When these collars are to be burnt in the kiln I propose to set them round
the pipes of the size which they are intended to be used for connecting together,
in order that they may be more true when burnt.
Having now described the nature of my Invention, and the manner in
which it is to be performed, I claim as my Invention the arrangement or com-
bination of earthenware pipes, having welts or convex projections at their ends,
with collars, for securing the joints or junctions of such pipes at their ends,

page_text: made in two or more pieces and with internal recesses, as herein-before
described; also the application of a hoop or band at such joints or junctions,
to assist in fixing or holding the cement or packing upon the same, as herein-
before described; also the application of a wire round a collar, for the purpose,
of securing the parts thereof together, as herein-before described; also the
construction of drainage pipes or tubes with flat tops or bottoms, and partitions
dividing the same into several channels and strengthening the same; as herein-
before described; and the construction of such pipes or tubes with bevilled,
laps or ends, as herein-before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Padgett, have hereunto set my..
hand and seal, this Twenty-eighth day of April, in the year of our Lord:
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-eight.
WILLIAM PADGETT. (L.S.)
Signed and sealed in the pre-
sence of
FRANCIS WILLIAM PADGETT,
Longfleet, n' Poole, Dorset.
THOMAS POTTER,
Longfleet, n' Poole, Dorset.