CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MODE OF MANUFACTURING METALLIC TUBES, AND IN THE MODE OF JOINING THEM OR OTHER TUBES OR PIECES FOR VARIOUS USEFUL PURPOSES
Year: 1841

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, We, WILLIAM
CHURCH, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick, Civil Engineer; and
JONATHAN HARLOW, of the same place, Manufacturer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Iler present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at
Westminster, the Sixteenth day of December, in the fifth year of Hor reign,
did, for Herself, IIer heirs and successors, give and grant unto us, the said
William Church and Jonathan Harlow, Her especial licence, full power, sole
privilege and authority, that we, the said William Church and Jonathan
Harlow, our executors, administrators, and assigns, and such others as we, the
said William Church and Jonathan Harlow, our executors, administrators, or
assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at
all times during the term of years therein mentioned, should and lawfully might
make, use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and the Town of
Berwick-upon-Tweed, our Invention of " CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MODE
OF MANUFACTURING METALLIC TUBES, AND IN THE MODE OF JOINING THEM OR OTHER
TUBES OR PIECES FOR VARIOUS USEFUL PURPOSES;" in which said Letters l'atent
is contained a proviso, obliging us, the said William Church and Jonathan
Harlow, by an instrument in writing under our hands and seals, or under the
hand and seal of one of us, particularly to describe and ascertain the nature of
our said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, and to
cause the same to be inrolled in Her Majesty's High Court of Chancery
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said in
Pre S1

page_text: part recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference being thereunto
had, will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
William Church, on behalf of myself and the said Jonathan Harlow, do hereby
declare that the nature of our said Invention, and the manner in which the
same is to be performed, are particularly described and ascertained in and by
the following description thereof, reference being had to the Drawings hereunto
annexed, and to the letters and figures marked thereon, that is to say:---
Our improvements consist, firstly, in a mode of manufacturing metallic tubes
of various forms, differing in diameter within the length of each piece, that is
to say, a tube may be produced by our improved mode which shall gradually
taper froin one end to the other, or, if desired, may be parallel in some portions
of its length,and swelled, or tapering, or otherwise shaped in other portions of
its length.
Secondly, our improvements consist in a novel mode of joining such tubes,
or other tubesor pieces, for the purpose of forming metallic bedsteads, couches,
or other frames and articles. The first of these improvements, viz., the manu-
facture of metallic tubes, will be perceived by reference to the accompanying
Drawings, in which Figure 1 represents a front elevation of our apparatus for
forming tubes; Fig. 2 is a vertical section taken transversely through the
middle of the same; and Fig. 3 is an eud clevation, in all of which Figures
similar letters denote the same parts. The framework of the machine is
shown at a, a, a, standing upon an ordinary draw bench, a portion of which is
shewn at b,b; the substitute for an ordinary draw plate, through which the
metal intended to constitute the tube is drawn, consists of two channels or
grooves formed in rollers d, d, as shewn at c, c, the outward surfaces of which
rollers are capable of revolving in contact with each other upon axles dx, dx,
mounted in bearings attached to the framework a, a, a; the inward surfaces of
the channels or grooves c, c, taper gradually from the end c* in the direction of
their length, and also in their diameter, by which arrangement the rollers d,
when their circumferences are revolving in contact with each other, will at all
times present a circular orifice at their points of contact cxx, varying in
diameter according to their positions. Upon the axle of each of the rollers
d, d, is affixed a pinion e, e, for the purpose of causing them to revolve together
simultaneously and at equal speeds. Upon the axle of the lower roller a
pulley ff is mounted, around which is passed the cord or chain,
connected to a weight not shewn in the Drawing, by which means the
rollers d, d, will have a tendency at all times to revolve in the direction
of the arrows, Fig. 2. Figs. 4 represent in front view and transverse section

page_text: one of the rollers a, a, detached from the machine. Should it be desired
to form a tube gradually tapering from the one end to the other,as represented
at Fig. 5, the flat sheet of metal intended to constitute such tube is first cut
into the necessary shape, as represented in plan at Fig. 6, so that its breadth
will at all parts correspond to the circumference of the required tube. The
end of this sheet of metal is then curved up and introduced between the dies
c, c, in the ordinary manner of drawing tubes, as represented by red lines in
Fig. 2; it is then made fast to the drawing tackle and drawn in the usual
manner, during which operation the increasing diameter of tube will, by its
friction, overcome the weight attached to the cord g, g, and turn the rollers
round gradually in the direction of the rod arrows, thereby bringing an
increased diameter of the channels or grooves c,c, to the point c* *, exactly in
proportion to the increased diameter of the tube being drawn, the weighted
cord g, g, at all times retarding the progress of the rollers d, d, and conse-
quently allowing only an increase of diameter at the orifice c**, exactly in
proportion to the increase of diameter in the tube. By these means it
will be evident that a tube of any length, tapering gradually from the
one end to the other may be formed, the smaller and larger diameters
of such tube being equal to the smaller and larger diameters of the
channels or grooves c, c; or, if desired, a tube of any length and of any
required increasing. diameter between these dimensions may be produced.
In the former case, the rollers d,d, will of course revolve until the larger diameter
of the channels or grooves shall have arrived at the point cxx; in the latter,
they will only have moved through such a portion of a revolution as shall have
brought that point corresponding to the larger diameter of the required tube
to the point *. As another example of the operation of this apparatus,
suppose it desired to produce a tube of the form represented at Fig. 7; the
sheet of metal having been cut into the requisite form, as represented at
Fig. S, and introduced into the machine as before described, it will be drawn
through the channels or grooves c, c, from the point to i, without communi.
cating any rotatory motion to the rollers d, d, because this portion of the tube
is parallel, and consequently requires no variation in the diameter of the
orifice; but having been drawn to the extent of this latter point, and the
required form enlarging in diameter, the weight attached to the cord g, g, will
as before described be overcome, and the rollers d, 1, caused to revolve in the
direction of the red arrows, and thereby presenting an increased proportional
diameter of the orifice at the point c**, gradually proceeding in this direction
until the tubes shall have been drawn to the pointj, after which the decreasing
diameter thereof will allow the weighted cord g,g, to turn back the rollersd,d,

page_text: in the direction of the black arrow, in order to present a lesser diameter of
orifice proportionally to the decreasing diameter of the intended tube. It will
be evident that on this principle tubes of any required varying diameters may
be formed without changing the rollers d,, provided there is no greater
difference between the larger and lesser diameters of the tube than exists
between the larger and lesser diameters of the grooves or channelse,e; the flat
sheet of metal intended to form the tube determining the figure,and causing,
by its increasing or decreasing dimensions, the rollers d, d, to revolve suffi-
ciently to bring a corresponding variation in the diameter of the orifice e* *
into operation. In the Drawing we have shewn the channels c,c,as occupying
but about one third of the circumference of the rollers d, d, those c¹¹ being
placed on the opposite side thereto. We have also shewn in Fig. 1 three sets
of grooves placed side by side, by which means a greater variety of sizes of
tubes may be drawn in one machine; but if preferred, it will be evident that
only one set of grooves may be formed upon the rollers d. The surfaces of the
chanuels or grooves c, c, are represented as regular curves in the Drawing, but if
required, they maybe fluted, reeded, or otherwiseformed, in order to ornament the
tubes whilst being drawn. Tubes of various shapes, as above stated, may Bethus
producedand applied to avariety of purposes, amongstwhichwewillmentiontheir
applicability, as hollow pillars, for coatingand externally ornamenting the ordi-
nary pillars of metallic bedsteads, or the supporting pillars themselves may be
formed upon this plan. And we would further remark that in producing tubes
with fluted, reeded, or other ornamented surfaces, it might be desirable to
employ an internal mandril.
Our second improvement, videlicit, the mode of joining tubes and other
pieces for the purpose of forming metallic be.Istends, couches, and such other
metallic frames or articles as the Invention may be applicable to, consists in
effecting the union of tubes or other pieces with such portions as are of cast
metal, by inserting the ends of the tubes or other pieces into suitable moulds or
stocks, and casting the required junctions directly on to the tube or pieces.
whether such union be moveable joints, as in the case of folding parts of bed-
steads, or fixed, as in the case of corner pieces, &c. In order to explain
several examples of this operation, we have shewn, in three views, one con-
struction of metallic bedstead; and after havingdescribed the mode in which it
is fitted together, we shall proceed to explain that portion of the construction
to which this head of our improvements are applicable. Fig. 9, Sheet 2,
represents a side elevation of a metallic bedstead; Fig. 10 (Sheet 3), a plan
view of the top part thereof; and Fig. 11, a similar view of the bottom part;
the side and end rails, consisting in this case of bars of angle iron, are shewn

page_text: at 1, 1, 1, 1, upon each end of which are attached cast pieces m, m, m, having
dovetails formed thereon, which fit into corresponding cavities made in the
corner pieces », n, attached to the pillars 0,0,0,0. At the bottom of each
pillar there is a cast piece p.P.P.P, carrying the castors upon which the bed-
stead may be moved; and at the top thereof another cast piece 1º, p*, into
which the tie rods 9, 9, 9, 9, and feaster rods, "", "", "", are passed, by means of
dovetailed joints. Rods &,, are also let into the piece p", p*, for the purpose
of carrying the curtains.
Having thus briefly pointed out the construction of bedstead which we have
selected as our example, we will now proceed to describe certain moulds and
stocks by which portions of it may be constructed, according to this head
of our Inventior, referring to Sheet 4 of the accompanying Drawings;
previously to which, however, we would observe, that although in the
following description we have stated metallic moulds or stocks as being
used, yet in some cases moulds in sand or other material may be substituted,
and that, as a principle, whenever it is required to prevent the adhesion of the
cast metal to the substance on which it is cast, the latter must be smoked
or otherwise protected, as is commonly practised. In order to attach the
cast piece to the pillar, and, at the same time, to the pin which carries the
castor, as shown in Fig. 12 Sheet 4, a pair of stocks or metallic moulds are
formed, one of which is shown at t, t, Fig. 13; in the upper part of this mould
the pillar o, perfectly cleansed, is placed; and at the lower part the pin upon
which the caster is to be mounted. The two portions of the mould are then
brought together, as shewn in the plan view, Fig. 14; and, having been secured
by clamps or other convenient means, the metal poured through the gate c, v,
will firmly unite with the pillar o and pin u, forming the required piece, as at
Fig. 12. Figs. 15 represent a portion of an end rail, with the dovetailed piece
attached thereto. In order to form this we employ the mould or stocks repre-
seuted in the several views, Figs. 16 to 23 inclusive. Fig. 15 represents, in plan,
one portion of the stocks, a front view of which is shown at Fig. 16, and a side
view at Fig. 17; upon the ledge w of this piece is adjusted, by means of regis-
tering pins, as shewn in the Drawings, the piece .x (as seen in front and plan
views at Figures 18 and 19), in which is formed the dovetailed mortice y, which
constitutes the mould for the dovetail z upon the end rail. Fig. 20 repre-
sents a side elevation of another portion of the stocks, a left-hand end view of
which is shown at Fig. 21. This piece is adjusted by registering pins, as seen
in the Drawing on the ledges 1, 2, as shewn in the side elevation Fig. 22, in
which, the better to expose the parts, the dovetail mortice piece is removed.
On these parts being joined together, an angular space will be left, through
which the end rail is introduced, as shewn at 3, 3, Fig. 22; a slip of metal 5

page_text: is adapted to the piece 4, for the purpose of forming the mortice 6 (Figures
15) into which the bar 7° is passed (Sheet 2) for carrying the valance of the
bedstead. A block 7 is then placed on the top of the mortice box.r, as shewn
in the general longitudinal section, Figure 23; when the metal, being poured
in through the aperture S, S, the space around the angular rail will be filled
up, and the attachment formed, as shewnat Figures 15. The aperture 9, formed
in the block 7, is for the purpose of allowing the escape of air while casting.
In order to remove the casting the sliding piece 5 must be drawn back, when
the other portions of the mould may readily be removed, the cast metal
adhering to the rail 2, 2, which has been introduced clean, and coming freely
from the mould or stocks which has been smoked or otherwise protected.
Figures 24 to 34 inclusive represent, in several views, a set of stocks
suitable for forming, on our improved plan, the junction of the curtain-tie
and teaster rods with the top part of the pillar, detached views of which
parts are shewn in plau and side elevations at Figures 35. The base
of the stocks consists of two pieces 7, 9, divided through the centre as
shewn in the plan view, Figure 24. Figure 25 is a vertical section of the
same, taken in the line a, b. Upon the top of the piece q° is a right-angled
projecting piece °*, intended to form one side of the square top of the pillar.
Upon the piece is placed that portion of the stocks 10, 10, shewn detached
in plan view at Figure 26. Figure 27 represents these parts in plan view
when so arranged. The piece 10, 10, has four cavities formed therein 11, 11,
and 12, 12; into those 11, 11, are placed the curtain rods 8, s, their ends pro-
jecting beyond the piece 10, 10, as shewn in Figure 28. In the cavities 12, 12,
are placed the ends of the tie rods 4, 7, their dovetail ends also projecting
beyond the inward edge of the piece 10, 10. The cast piece q* of the rods
may have been cast into the rod in a similar manner to that described with
if thought
reference to Figures 15, or applied thereto in the ordinary way,
desirable; within the projecting part 17 is formed a dovetail
which is inserted loosely the projecting dovetail piece 18, for the purpose of
forming the groove for the reception of the teaster rod. Two cap pieces, one
of which is shewn detached in three viewsat Figures 29, are then placed upon
the piece 10, 10, and adjusted by register pius as shewn in the Drawing, their
undersides fitting on to the rods q ands,as shewn in the plan view and vertical
section, Figures 30 and 31. The top part of the stocks is then added, which
consists of two half circular pieces, one of which is shewn in front view at
Figure 32, a pin 14 being placed in the cavity 15, for the purpose of forming
a projecting piece on which the top ornament may be screwed. The pillar o,
to which the junction is to be effected, is placed in the circular cavity 15*, as
shown in Figures 33 and 34, the former being a vertical section taken through
groove, into

page_text: the whole apparatus in the line a, b, of Figure 24; and the latter a similar
view taken in the line c, d, of the same Figure. The parts being thus adjusted
and properly secured by clamps or other convenient means, the metal is poured
through the gate 16, 16, which filling up the vacant portion of stocks, and
flowing around the ends of the rods 8, 1, and dovetailed piece 18, will produce
the casting shewn in plan and elevational views, Figures 35. On removing
the casting, the dovetail piece 18 will remain therein, having slipped out of
the piece 10, 10, but may be subsequently driven out of the casting. By thesc
means it will be perceived that the sockets for the reception of the rods sandy,
will be accurately formed in the top corner piece, the operation of smoking or
other such treatment causing them to be loose joints; while at the same time
the pillar o, o, o, is firmly united to the corner piece, no operation of smoking
having there taken place. Figures 36 to 40 inclusive represent suitable stocks
or dies for uniting the bottom corner pieces to the pillars 0, 0, and at the same
time forming the dovetailed recesses into which the end and side rails I, I, arc
fitted. The stocks consist of two main parts, of which 19, 19, are inside views;
one of which is shewn at Figure 36, Figure 57 being a top view of the two
parts united. Figure 38 is a sectional plan view, taken in the line c, d,
Figure 36; two pieces o, o, intended to be joined to the corner picce in order
to form the pillar (having been properly cleaned, in order to insure the
adhesion of the melted metal), are placed in the circular aperture 19*, 19+.
The side and end rails 1, 2, having been properly smoked or otherwise similarly
treated, are then placed one in each half of the stocks in the recesses 20, 20,
as shewn in the sectional plan view, Figure 39, and vertical section, Figure
40, which latter Figure is taken in the line a, b, Figure 37, after which the
space between them is filled up by the wedge piece 21; and the whole having
been properly secured together by clamps, the melted metal is poured through
the gate 22, filling up the vacant space around the pillar o and rails 1, 1, and
producing the junction shewn in plan and elevational views at Figures 41. By
these means the dovetails of the side and end rails 1, 7, having been protected
by smoking or other similar process, will form loose joints capable of being
removed from the cast corner piece, while at the same time the pillar o, having
been placed in the stocks in a clean state, will be firmly united to the casting.
We will now, as another example, proceed to describe how a junction of tubes
or other pieces may be formed on this plan, constituting the pillar rails and
stretcher of what is commonly called a camp bedstead. Partial plan and end
views of a camp bedstead, with such an attachment as we have selected for an
example, are shewn in Sheet 5 of theaccompanying Drawings. Figures42to49
inclusive, Sheet 6, representa corner piece, with the mode of its attachments to

page_text: the various parts; and we will first proceed to describe the general con-
struction of the joint, and subsequently suitable stocks for manufacturing the
same according to our improvements. An end view of the attachment com-
plete is seen open at Figure 42, the corner piece is shewn at 23, to which the
longitudinal side rail 24 is attached, as shown in the plan, end, and side
views, Figures 43. On the top of the corner piece 23 is formed a dove-
tailed groove 23*, seen also in the partial plan view, Figure 44, into which
is placed the dovetail piece 25, cast upon the upright pillar 26. Upon
the piece 25 is also formed a dovetailed groove 25*, as shewn in the
detached views of the pillar, Figures 45, into which groove is passed a dovetail
formed on the extremity of the end rail 28, as shewn in two views at Figures
46. The dovetail piece on the end rail 28 projects downwards beyond the
flange of the pillar 26, passing into a dovetailed groove formed in the corne
piece 23, as shewn at 29 in Figure 48. A mortice 30 is formed in the side rai
as shown at 31, Figure 43, and partial plun view Figure 47, for the purpose of
receiving the joint of the stretcher 32; detached views of which are shown at
Figures 47. When folded up, the stretcher 32 turns inwards upon the centre
pin 35, as seen in Figure 47. Figure 48 represents a plan or top view of the
attachments complete; and Figure 49, a top similar view with the end rail
removed.
Having thus described the construction of the attachments selected for
illustrating our improvements, we will now proceed to explain the mode by
which the same may be manufactured. Figures 50 to 53 inclusive represent
in several views the stocks suitable for forming the dovetail piece on the end
rail 28. The stocks consist in similar top and bottom pieces 34, 34, shewn in
plan and edge views at Figure 50, having an aperture 35 formed in each, equal
to half the diameter of the rail 28. Within the pieces 34 a groove 36 is
made, within which is placed the block 37, having a dovetailed groove 38
formed therein, as shewn in plan view at Figure 51. Figure 52 represents in
vertical section, and Figure 53 in plan view, the stocks complete; the end rail
28 being adjusted in the apertures 35, the various parts of the stocks having
being smoked or otherwise suitably protected, and the end rail 28 properly
cleaned, the melted metal is to be poured thro' the gate 39, which filling up the
vacancy around the rail 28, and flowing into the dovetailed groove 38, will
produce the casting shewn at Figures 46, the cast metal adhering firmly to the
cleansed rail 28. On removing the two portions of the stocks 34, 3-4, the
block 87 containing the dovetailed groove BS will remain on the casting, but
may readily be driven off. Figures 5 to 60 inclusive, represent in several
views the different portions of stocks suitably arranged for casting the dove-

page_text: tailed piece 25 upon the pillar 26. Two pieces 40, 40, one of which is
shewn in edge view at Figure 54, are adjusted to each other by means
of register pins as shewn in the face view, Figure 55, and when so
combined form an aperture for the admission of the pillar 26; upon the
front of these combined pieces is placed the frame 41, shewn in front view
and vertical section at Figure 56; the frame 11 has a mortice formed
therein, in which is placed the block 42, having a dovetailed groove
formed therein, as seen in Figure 57, which are detached views of the
frame and block in vertical and horizontal section. On one side of the
frame 41 is formed a dovetailed groove 43, into which a sliding dovetailed
piece 44 is inserted. The frame 41, with its block 42, having been placed and
adjusted by means of suitable registering pins on to the combined pieces
401, 40, the various parts will be in the position represented in the horizontal
section Figure 58, which arrangement is also shewn in the vertical section,
Figure 59, which is taken in the line e, f, of Figure 58, looking towards the
left-hand end, and in plan or top view at Figure 60. The whole being then
properly secured by clamps or otherwise, the melted metal is poured through
thegate-45, which, by filling up the space around the cleansed pillars 26, will be
attached thereto, at the same time flowing into the dovetailed grooves of the
block 42 and forming the dovetail piece 25, the dovetailed groove 25* being
formed by the projecting piece 44; when on the various portions of the stocks,
which have been smoked or otherwise properly protected, being separated, the
casting will be produced, as represented at Figures 45, the metal adhering
firmly to the pillar 26. Figures 61 to 63 inclusive shew a construction of
stocks for forming the end of the stretcher on the rail thereof. Figures 61
represent in vertical and horizontal views one half of the stocks; Figures 62
are similar views of the other half, and Figure 68 is a horizontal section of
the two parts when united. The stocks having been properly smoked and the
rail cleansed, the latter is placed between the two portions, as represented in
the last-mentioned Figure, a pin 55 being passed through apertures 56 therein,
in order to form a hole in the stretcher joint for the centre pin when filled up.
The gate through which the metal is poured is shewn at 46. Figures 64 to
70 inclusive represent a set of stocks suitably constructed for casting the corner
piece on to the several rails before described. Figure 64 represents a flat
plate of metal 47, having semicircular cavities formed therein suitable for
receiving the pillar 26, cross rail 28, and stretcher 32, as shewn in Figure 65.
The dovetail of the rail 28 being placed within the dovetailed groove of
the pillar 26, as shewu in the Drawing, a cap piece, being the coun-
terpart of Fig. 64, is then placed on the top, and two pieces 48, 48,

page_text: The
constituting the mould for the stretcher, on the bottom thereof. One of
these latter pieces is shewn in vertical and horizontal views at Figs. 66;
in one of the pieces 48 is formed a groove 49, through which is passed
the sliding piece 50, shewn detached in two views at Fig. 67.
introduction of this piece is for the purpose of preventing the metal, i
when casting, from filling up the mortice 31, at that part where the stretcher
turns upon its centre pin. A circular hole 51 is also formed in the piece
48 through which a pin is passed in order to form the hole for the reception of
the centre pin upon which the stretcher turns. Fig. 68 represents the stocks
complete in vertical section taken through the line g, h, of Fig. 65. Fig. 69
is a similar view taken in the line i, k; and Fig. 70 is a plan or top view of
the whole. The metal, on being poured through the gate 52, will fill up all
the vacancies around the various pieces, attaching itself firmly to the cleansed
side rail 24, but merely fitting itself to the smoked or otherwise protected ends
of the rails 26, 28, and 32. By these means the whole set of connections
constituting one corner of a bedstead will be formed together, fitting each
other accurately, without the usual operation of filing or other cutting.
We have, in the foregoing description, given several examples of our improved
mode of joining tubes and other pieces; but it will be evident to all competent
persons, that a variety of other junctions may be formed by our improved process
in the construction of bedsteads, couches, frames, and such other articles; for
instance, an ornamental piece may be cast on to the pillar ofa bedstead,ora scroll
work of tubes or other pieces constituting the headrail may be ornamented by
casting devices thereon. It will be evident also that the construction of stocks
may be varied to a great extent, and particularly in ornamenting. When the
cutting of the stocks would become expensive, the ornaments may be moulded in
saud according to the usual method, and the tubes or other pieces laid therein,
as above described, with reference to the use of stocks, all of which variations
will readily suggest themselves to competent persons. With respect to the
other purposes to which a portion of the improvements described under the last
head of our Invention are applicable, we would state that loose joints made by
casting the one part on to the other may be used for a great variety of frame
work, or other combinations of tubes, and other pieces; for instance, iron
hurdles, park fences, rails in general, and many other applications which will
readily suggest themselves. In Sheet 2, at Figs. 9 A and B, we have shewn
in elevation and section an ornamental pillar suited for a bedpost, which is
composed by combining an internal and external tube prepared in the way
above described, or by any other convenient means; the parts of which when
properly fitted are secured by casting metal about the junctions a, b, c, d, as

page_text: represented by the blue colour, and by the means above explained, for casting
the corner pieces on the pillars, side rails, &c.
Having now fully described and ascertained the nature of our said Invention,
and the manner in which the same is to be performed, we wish it to be under-
stood that what we claim under the above in part recited Letters Patent is :-
Firstly, the mode of drawing metallic tubes by means of channels or grooves
capable of revolving and presenting variable diameters of orifice, as described
above.
Secondly, the mode of joining tubes or other pieces in the construction of
bedsteads, couches, frames, and such other articles, by casting blocks or con-
necting parts with dovetails on to their ends, in the manner above explained.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Church, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Sixteenth day of June, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and forty-two.
Inrolled the same Sixteenth day of June, in the year above written.