IMPROVE- MENTS IN THE APPLICATION OR PRODUCTION OF COLORS, MARKS, OR. DESIGNS TO OR IN MARBLE, WOOD, IVORY AND OTHER MATERIALS AND IN APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN a
Year: 1883

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to George Hand-Smith of N° 74 College Street Chelsea, in
the County of Middlesex Doctor of Medicine for an Invention of "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE APPLICATION OR PRODUCTION OF COLORS, MARKS, OR. DESIGNS
TO OR IN MARBLE, WOOD, IVORY AND OTHER MATERIALS AND IN APPARATUS
EMPLOYED THEREIN
a
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said George Hand-Smith at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 3rd December 1883.
GEORGE HAND-SMITH of N° 74 College Street Chelsea in the County of
Middlesex Doctor of Medicine. "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE APPLICATION OR
PRODUCTION OF COLORS, MARKS, OR DESIGNS, TO OR IN MARBLE, WOOD, IVORY
AND OTHER MATERIALS AND IN APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN
"
This invention has reference to further improvements founded upon the
invention described in the Specification filed in pursuance of Letters Patent
granted to me dated the 29 day of September 1877. I have found that for certain
descriptions of colors it is advantageous to proceed upon a modified course of
operation as hereinafter described, in order to obtain the best results.
I first apply these colors or designs with which the marble ivory or other object
is to be marked or colored in a suitable manner to the surface of the articles and
then I proceed to heat without providing any further moisture in the closed holder
or chainber for the desired time and I then admit vapour into such holder as
described in my said specification maintaining the increase of temperature of such
vapour or atmosphere within such holder suitably adjusted in advance of the
temperature of the articles being treated until the maximum heat desired to be
employed for such treatment has been reached say for instance to a temperature
for the articles and the vapour of 200° Fahrenheit I then close the valves of the
bolder or operating chamber or otherwise cut off further ingress of vapour and I
proceed to lower the temperature of the vapour around the articles into which
penetration of the color or marks is desired in properly adjusted ratio with such
articles either by progressively lowering such temperatures or by effecting such

page_text: lowering of temperature by stages with intermissions during which intermissions
I maintain the temperature at one point for the desired interval and then resume
the lowering of such temperature.
-
In some cases I start the operation on the articles (to induce penetration of the
colors or marks into the marble or stone or other articles as described with both
the articles and the liquid to produce vapour cold and I then raise the temperature
gradually of those articles and of the vapour to the desired maximum for that
part of the process and then I proceed to lower those temperatures relatively so
as to produce by relative differences of temperature a state of atmosphere around
the marble or stone or other material favourable to the penetration of the said
colors or coloring or marking matter into such marble or other material.
Or in some cases after heating the articles treated in the dry or comparatively
dry temperature of the closed holder without access of liquid for a suitable period
I let on or permit access of liquid and consequently vapour to the contained
atmosphere around the articles the temperature of both articles and vapour being
as nearly as possible the same and I then close such holder against further access
of vapour and the heat applied is so adjusted as to maintain the differential or
relative difference of temperature of vapour slightly in advance of the articles
treated which is necessary to the desired production of penetrative action to the
color or matter for coloring the marble or other article treated whilst at the same
time the temperature generally of the whole is being progressively or by stages
lowered.
Should the first treatment of the articles not have been found sufficient or the
effect produced not to be completed or to have been of the extent desired the
operation may be recommenced and repeated until the desired depth of penetration
or effect has been attained.
"
The invention furthur relates to improved apparatus which I employ in
'coloring" printing or producing colors or shades of colors or devices in and upon
animal vegetable and mineral substances in order to color or print or produce
colors or shades or devices some distance into the substance or body of the
materials treated or partly into and partly upon the substance or body of the
material whether such substance be of animal vegetable or mineral matter such for
instance as marble stone bone ivory wood india rubber and many others and in
carrying out which invention the substance or material desired to be colored
printed marked or treated is submitted to a dry or relatively dry heat in a closed
vessel from which radiation of such heat is prevented or sufficiently controlled and
after subjecting this substance to this heat until it has itself become of or about
the same temperature say of a little more than the temperature desired for instance
100° Fahrenheit vapor is allowed to flow into the chamber at a temperature
slightly in excess of the article or goods to be treated so that the atmosphere in
the vessel may be charged therewith The surrounding vapour is allowed to
progressively increase in temperature thus keeping the vapour somewhat above or
slightly in excess of the temperature of the goods or articles being treated; which
taking their heat from the surrounding vapour are necessarily cooler, so long as the
vapour continues to grow hotter. The requisite color design or matter destined to
produce color or printing having been applied to the surface of the article and the
article subjected to the aforesaid dry air treatment the vapour is then brought to
operate thereon whereby such dye color printing or design is subjected to a
penetrative action then set up and is induced to sink or is carried or forced into
the marble ivory or other substance under treatment to a considerable depth and
most useful and beautiful results are obtained. The difference of temperature
between the object being treated and the surrounding vapour should not be such
as to produce undesirable condensation as such would be detrimental to the
working of the process that is to say so long as a difference of temperature or
saturation around each object is maintained that condition is favorable to the
penetrative action of the color or color producing matter into the solid. The
deposition or condensation of moisture is to be prevented by the preservation of

page_text: the co-relation of the temperatures of the object treated and its surrounding
vapour as described
The regulation respectively of the temperature of the object treated and the
surrounding vapour is effected with the aid of thermometers placed in or adjoining
the heated chamber and radiation of beat is, prevented by surrounding air
chambers or cells themselves receiving vapour of the same temperature as that
surrounding and filling the holder or operating chamber which vapour is supplied
by liquid supplied to and circulating in the lower part of or below the air chamber
and operating chamber or holder capable of being shut off from communication
with such operating chamber during the dry heating by valves or other closing
means
The differential temperatures at the relative differences of heat requisite to
maintain the action as described presents no difficulty in maintaining at from
about 100° to even about 200° Fahrenheit and higher.
By means of the color being induced to penetrate into substances treated to such
a depth as is effected by this process the operator can color print or otherwise
produce designs tints and devices in the material and then to remove by abrasion
polishing or otherwise the surface or a portion or portions of the surface material
without injury to the coloring tint device or other markings desired to be retained
in a finished article either throughout the whole, or portions of such finished
articles.
Excess of color or colored designs if present may afterwards be removed leaving
the desired design or the excess may be allowed to remain.
In practice generally the object is to sink, all of the colors below the surface of
the material treated. In some instances colors or agents are employed that will
under treatment generate colors (as soluble salts of iron,) not yellow per se yet
producing yellow throughout for varigated marbles.
In carrying out these improvements I provide an inner vessel of copper or
galvanized wrought iron or other suitable material having free open communication
with water or other suitable liquid contained in the lower part of this chamber but
readily capable of being separated from communication with such liquid when
required by means of valves or cocks or other closing means at will by means of
suitable gear from the exterior. This inner chamber is surrounded all round its
sides and top, by two or more air chambers or cells each chamber sealed off from
the next chamber by its walls dipping into water or other liquid contained in a
trough or tray supporting them provision being made by openings below the level
of the water for its circulation over that troughs surface, beneath this trough is a
water bath or chamber supplied with water or other liquid to be heated and below
this water chamber again are jets of gas or other suitable heating means regulated
by suitable valves with indicators suitable curtains of metal or other suitable
material may be used to protect the flames and confine the heat as required.
Thermometers placed in communication with the air chamber next adjoining the
inner chamber and in the water chamber below indicate the temperatures respec-
tively therein and admit of the delicate adjustments requisite for the success of the
operations.
Suitable non conducting walls or surrounding materials cover the whole.
The inner chamber for containing the objects to be treated is constructed so as
to be capable of being conveyed or run into and drawn out through doors or
removable portions of the surrounding air chambers so as to be more readily filled
with and emptied of the objects to be treated or colored in the manner described
by means of wheels attached to its bottom running on a moveable tramway or by
other suitable devices well understood.
This facility for removal of the inner holder for ivory and such like valuable
goods will be found very convenient in pactice particularly in continuous working
where one inner chamber may be in operation within whilst another chamber is
being prepared and further the danger of the moisture of the atmosphere of the
interior cells or air chambers becoming condensed on the opening of the doors and
•
-

page_text: of falling on the goods within the inner chamber is averted. The said inner
chamber being closed by the closing of the floor valves before withdrawal.
The operating chamber may be inserted and removed by the same entrance or
entrance and exit may be arranged at opposite sides of the apparatus.
In operation with this apparatus the rate of increase at which I find the relative
temperatures of the vapour and the articles being treated should rise and the time
for which such temperatures should be maintained depends on the nature of the
material and the thickness of the articles for instance a thick piece of marble ivory
or other substance will require a considerably slower rate of increase per. hour
than would be satisfactory for a thin sheet or piece of the same material. The
heat must be allowed greater time to penetrate the greater thickness or substance
and the rate of increase of temperature must be correspondingly lessened.
For instance whilst for some thin or quickly penetrated substances (as respects
the color) a rate of differential increase respectively of the vapor and the articles
of say 30 degrees Fahr: per hour may be advisable and give good results on the
contrary for much thicker bodies a correspondingly differential increase of 1 of a
degree per hour may be as fast a rise as may safely be permitted regard being had
to the avoidance of condensation of moisture on the goods being treated.
Thus for pieces of ivory of of an inch in thickness I have found it to give a
satisfactory result when thus treated at a relative increase of 5 degrees Fahrenheit
per hour the coloring matter employed being say one of the ordinary aniline colors ;:
and when employing as a coloring matter sulphate of iron and operating therewith
on the surface of a piece of marble, of an inch in thickness say starting at a
temperature of 130° at the rate of increase of temperature of 1° to 2° per hour that
after about 18 hours treatment such as described good results were attained.
Colors I have found to give good results in the production of designs in marble
are obtained by treating coal tar with one of the known volatile solvents such
as benzole, to separate the insoluble matter and then evaporating the solvent more
or less according to circumstances of shade required, or the basic salts of iron
produced by partial precipitation with carbonates or oxides of the alkaline metals.
Another modification of the improved apparatus employed by me in carrying out
my said process is constructed as follows:-
I provide a central or inner chamber surrounded on all four sides and top by two
or more air chambers one without the other to prevent radiation and outside
I provide suitable wood or other nonconducting substance with intervening packing
of air or the like matters adapted to further prevent radiation or loss of heat.
One or more than one side of this inner chamber may be formed with or as a
door or opening and corresponding doors or openings are likewise formed in the
surrounding walls or sides of the heat retaining air chambers to allow of access to
and removal and replacement of the contents of that inner chamber.
The walls or sides of the inner or operating chamber rest within a tray or trough
or shallow recess adapted to contain at the desired time a suitable liquid, such
recess being formed in or over a closed water or liquid chamber which closed
chamber with its contained liquid is heated below by gas jets or other suitable
source of heat capable of being readily controlled by valves or such like means.
The walls or sides of the surrounding air chambers also dip into and have their
communication one with another and with the inner chamber sealed or cut off
by dipping into the liquid in this recess when such is supplied. Holes formed
below the liquid level of the trough or recess permit circulation freely of such
liquid within the trough. A suitable nonconducting packed cover or casing
surrounds the exterior air chamber.
The beat from the gas jets or other heating means is prevented from passing
away too freely by means of suitable curtains or enclosing walls below the
underneath side of the closed air heating chamber.
The temperature of the inner chamber and also of the closed liquid heating
chamber is indicated by thermometers placed in communication with those
chambers

page_text: In use the substances to be colored or marked or otherwise operated upon as
already described are placed in the inner chamber the opening or openings closed,
this chamber is then ready within the enclosing air chambers, and the close fitting
doors or covers to these are closed respectively, cutting off atmospheric com-
munication between them, and the outer casing or packed cover is also made entire
by closing the opening thereto. Heat being then applied by the gas or other
heater below the closed liquid chamber, heat is imparted to the inner chamber in
turn for the desired time as a dry or relatively dry heated atmosphere around the
substances to be colored marked printed or similarly treated to sink or induce
impregnation of the color or matter to produce color or marking therein.
1
A valve or valves or other suitable means is operated controlling a supply of a
suitable liquid from suitable pipes or conduit in connection with the closed liquid
heating chamber so as to cause a limited quantity of water or other liquid to be
more or less slowly spread over the floor of the chambers cutting off atmospheric
communication as already mentioned between them.
In some instances it is not requisite for the liquid supplied to the floor of the
inner chamber to have any communication with or to flow into the lower parts of
the air chamber surrounding such inner chamber.
The liquid heating chamber below the floor may be in some cases carried a
greater or less distance up the outer sides of the air chambers surrounding the
inner receptacle to give sufficient head or cause sufficient pressure for the flow of
the liquid over such floor.
"
In some instances as for large pieces of marble it may be advantageous or more
convenient first to heat the marble in a separate heating chamber or apparatus by
applying heat more directly.
"
In such cases for safety the marble or other such large articles should be heated
a little higher than the operating chamber so as to be safe from any ill effects of
condensation from cooling in transferring.
•

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed
•
by the said George Hand-Smith in the Patent Office on the 3rd June 1884.
GEORGE HAND-SMITH of N° 74, College Street Chelsea in the County of
Middlesex Doctor of Medicine "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE APPLICATION OR
PRODUCTION OF COLORS MARKS OR DESIGNS TO OR IN MARBLE, WOOD, IVORY
AND OTHER MATERIALS AND IN APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN."
This invention has reference to further improvements founded upon the
invention described in the Specification filed in pursuance of Letters Patent granted
to me dated the twenty ninth day of September One thousand eight hundred and
seventy seven. I have found that for certain descriptions of colors it is
advantageous to proceed upon a modified course of operation as hereinafter
described in order to obtain the best results.
I first apply these colors or designs with which the marble ivory or other object
is to be marked or colored in a suitable manner to the surface of the articles and
then I proceed to heat them in a closed chamber or holder without providing
therein any further moisture for the desired time. I then admit vapor into such
holder as described in my said Specification maintaining the increase of
temperature of such vapor or atmosphere within such holder suitably adjusted so
as to be kept in advance of the temperature of the articles being treated until the
maximum heat desired to be employed for such treatment has been reached for
instance I employ with advantage a temperature for the vapor of 200° Fah. When
the required temperature is reached I close the valves of the holder or operating
chamber or otherwise cut off further ingress of vapor and I proceed to lower the
temperature of the vapor around the articles into which penetration of the color
or marks is desired in properly adjusted ratio with such articles either by
progressively lowering such temperatures or by effecting such lowering of
temperature by stages with intermissions during which intermissions I maintain
the temperature at one point for the requisite time and then resume the lowering
of such temperature
In some cases I start the operation on the articles (to induce penetration of the
colors or marks into the marble or stone or other articles as described) with both
the articles and the liquid used to produce vapor in a cold state and I then raise
the temperature gradually of those articles and of the vapor to the desired
maximum for that part of the process I then proceed to allow the temperature
of the vapor to lower so as to produce relative differences of temperature between
the articles and the surrounding vapor and so effect the penetration of the said
colors or coloring or marking matter into such marble or other material
Or in some cases after heating the articles treated in the dry or comparatively
dry temperature of the closed holder without access of liquid for a suitable period
I let on or permit access of liquid and consequently vapor to the contained
atmosphere around the articles the temperature of both articles and vapor being
in the first instance as nearly as possible the same and I then close such holder
against further access of vapor and the heat applied is so adjusted as to create and
maintain a differential temperature, that is, a relative difference of temperature
between the articles and the vapor
This differential action is continued as long as is necessary so as to effect the
desired penetrative action of the color or matter upon the marble or other article
treated the temperature generally of the whole being progressively or by stages
lowered
In order to practically explain and illustrate my improved process I will suppose
a piece of ivory of about 3ds of an inch in thickness to be the article under
29

page_text: operation and this article to have been heated in the comparatively dry heat of the
closed operating holder for about 3 hours at a temperature gradually raised to say
200° Fah. or somewhat lower without access of vapor the vapor is then let in or
permitted access for about one hour and the temperature of both articles and vapor
are brought to about the same degree, the holder is then closed and supply of vapor
shut off and the heat is carefully adjusted and gradually diminished at a
descending rate averaging say 2/2 degrees per hour, or as nearly so as may be, and
this degree of descent of temperature is continued until a temperature of say
140° or thereabouts, lower than which it is not advisable to continue the operation
as the lower temperatures are more troublesome to control
It will be found that at the early stage of descent of temperature the fall will
be of a less rapid rate than somewhat later keeping however the relative
temperatures of the articles and vapor in proper difference of relation that is to
say the article slightly in arrear of or below that of the vapor by careful study of
the thermometers and attention to use of the regulating devices until a minimum
of temperature is reached and the articles are ready for removal from the holder as
described hereinafter. Should the first treatment of the articles not have been
found sufficient, or the effect produced not to be completed, or to have been of the
extent desired the operation may be recommenced and repeated until the desired
depth of penetration or effect has been attained
The invention further relates to improved apparatus which I employ in coloring
printing or producing colors or shades of colors or devices in or upon animal
vegetable and mineral substances
It must be noted that the difference of temperature between the object being
treated and the surrounding vapor should not at any time during the operation be
such as to produce undesirable condensation upon the surfaces of the articles
treated as such would be detrimental to the working of the process that is to say
so long as a difference of temperature around each object is maintained that
condition is favorable to the penetrative action of the color, or color producing
matter, into the solid
-
The deposition, or coudensation, of moisture is to be prevented by the pre-
servation of the co-relation of the temperatures of the object treated and its
surrounding vapor as before described.
The regulation respectively of the temperature of the object treated and the
surrounding vapor is effected with the aid of thermometers placed in or adjoining
or connected with the heated chamber in a manner that is well understood by
persons conversant with the action of heating ovens or chambers and radiation of
heat is prevented by surrounding the chambers or holders with hollow casing
containing vapor of the same temperature as that filling the holder or operating
chamber which vapor is supplied by liquid supplied to and circulating in the lower
part of the casing such vapor being capable of being shut off from communication
with such operating chamber during the dry heating by valves or other closing
means
The maintenance of differential temperatures at the relative differences of heat
requisite, the action being kept up as described, presents no difficulty at from about
100° to even about 200° Fahrenheit and higher.
By means of the color being induced to penetrate into substances treated to such
a depth as is effected by this process the operator can color print or otherwise
produce designs tints and devices in the material and then remove by abrasion
polishing or otherwise the surface or a portion or portions of the surface material
without injury to the coloring tint device or other markings desired to be retained
in a finished article either throughout the whole or portions of such finished
articles..
•
Excess of color or colored designs if present may afterwards be removed leaving
the desired design or the excess may be allowed to remain
'
In practice generally my object is to sink all of the colors below the surface of the
material treated

page_text: In some instances colors or agents are employed that will under the described
treatment generate or produce or bring out colors (as soluble salts of iron) not
yellow per se yet producing yellow throughout for variegated marbles
:
In carrying out these improvements I provide an inner vessel of copper or
galvanized wrought iron or other suitable material having free open communication
with water or other suitable liquid contained in the lower part of this chamber but
readily capable of being separated from communication with such liquid when
required by means of valves or cocks or other closing means to be operated at will
from the exterior
This inner chamber is surrounded all round its sides and top by two or more
hollow casings or air chambers or cells each chamber sealed off from the next
chamber by its walls dipping into water or other liquid contained in a trough or
tray supporting them provision being made by openings below the level of the
water for its circulation over that trough's surface-Beneath this trough is a water
bath or chamber supplied with water or other liquid to be heated and below this
water chamber again are jets of gas or other suitable heating means regulated by
suitable valves with indicators
Suitable partitions of metal or other suitable material may be used to protect
the flames and confine the heat as required.
Thermometers placed in communication with the air chamber next adjoining the
inner chamber and in the water chamber below indicate the temperatures
respectively therein and admit of the adjustments being made which are requisite
for the success of the operations.
Suitable non-conducting walls or surrounding materials cover the whole
apparatus.
The inner chamber for containing the objects to be treated is in some cases so
constructed as to be capable of being conveyed or run into and drawn out through
doors or removeable portions of the surrounding air chambers so as to be more
readily filled with and emptied of the objects to be treated or colored in the
manner described by means of wheels attached to its bottom running on a
moveable tramway or by other suitable devices well understood
This facility for removal of the inner holder for ivory and such like valuable
goods will be found very convenient in practice particularly in continuous working
where one inner chamber may be in operation within whilst another chamber is
being prepared and further the danger of the moisture of the atmosphere of the
interior cells or air chambers becoming condensed on the opening of the doors and
of falling on the goods within the inner chamber is averted. The said inner
chamber being closed by the closing of the floor valves before withdrawal.
The operating chamber may be inserted and removed by the same entrance
or entrance and exit may be arranged at opposite sides of the apparatus.
In operating with this apparatus the rate of increase at which I find the
relative temperatures of the vapor and the articles being treated should rise and
the time for which such temperatures should be maintained depends on the nature
of the material and the thickness of the articles for instance a thick piece of
marble ivory or other substance will require a considerably slower rate of increase
per hour than would be satisfactory for a thin sheet or piece of the same
material
The heat must be allowed greater time to penetrate the greater thickness or
substance and the rate of increase of temperature must be correspondingly
lessened
For instance whilst for some thin or quickly penetrated substances (as respects
the color) a rate of differential increase respectively of the vapor and the articles
of say 30 degrees Fahrenheit per hour may be advisable and give good results on
the contrary for much thicker bodies a correspondingly differential increase
of of a degree per hour may be as fast a rise as may safely be permitted
regard being had to the avoidance of condensation of moisture on the goods being
treated

page_text: Thus for pieces of ivory of an inch in thickness I have found it to give
satisfactory result when thus treated at a relative increase of 5 degrees Fahrenheit
per hour commencing with a temperature of 130 degrees Fahrenheit and continued
for 10 hours or until a temperature of or about 180 degrees Fahrenheit is reached-
the coloring matter employed being say picric acid, or the picrates, or one of the
ordinary red, blue, violet, or other aniline colors, or organic matter, such as gum
mixed with nitrate of silver for black. When employing as a coloring matter
sulphate of iron and operating therewith on the surface of a piece of marble of
an inch in thickness say starting at a temperature of 160 degrees at the rate of
increase of temperature of 1 degree to degrees per hour that after about 20 to
40 hours treatment respectively or until a temperature of about 200 degrees
be reached good results were attained
Colors which I have found to give good results in staining marble in variegated
effects are for a yellow, say, for instance sulphate of iron in concentrated solution
or for a bluish shade say first treat as above and then treat with ferrocyanide of
potassium, or for a pink shade say a solution of sulphate of copper first applied
and then next apply ferrocyanide of potassium
Colors which I have found to give good results in the production of designs in
marble are obtained by treating coal tar with one of the known volatile solvents
such as benzole to separate the insoluble matter and an admixture of equal parts
by measure of coal tar and benzole will give a good result and then evaporating
the solvent more or less according to circumstances of shade required and this will
give a series of shades of brown to or verging onto black or the basic salts of
iron produced by partial precipitation with carbonates or oxides of the alkaline
metals and these will give a series of shades of yellow verging, onto red or buff.
Or gamboge in solution evaporated to a suitable concentrated consistency may be
used
For coloring wood the range of coloring matters available will includ_st
of ordinary and well known stains employed for the purpose of coloring wood
Another form of apparatus used by me in carrying out my said process-is
constructed as follows
I provide a central or inner chamber surrounded on all four sides and top by
two or more casings or air chambers one without the other to prevent radiation
and outside I provide suitable wood or other nonconducting substance with inter-
vening packing of hair or the like matters adapted to further prevent radiation or
loss of heat
One or more than one side of this inner chamber may be formed with or as a
door or opening and corresponding doors or openings are likewise formed in the
surrounding walls or sides of the heat retaining air chambers to allow of access to
and removal and replacement of the contents of that inner chamber
The walls or sides of the inner or operating chamber rest within a tray or
trough or shallow recess adapted to contain at the desired time a suitable liquid
such recess being formed in or over a closed water or liquid bath which closed bath
with its contained liquid is heated below by gas jets or other suitable source of
heat capable of being readily controlled by valves or such like means
The walls or sides of the surrounding air chambers or casings also dip into and
have their communication one with another and with the inner chamber sealed or
cut off by dipping into the liquid in this recess when such is supplied-Holes formed
below the liquid level of the trough or recess permit circulation freely of such
liquid within the trough-A suitable non-conducting packed cover surrounds the
exterior air chamber
The heat from the gas jets or other heating means is prevented from passing
away too freely by means of suitable partitions or enclosing walls below the under-
neath side of the closed heating chamber
The temperature of the inner chamber and also of the closed liquid heating bath
is indicated by thermometers placed in communication with those chambers

page_text: In use the substances intended to be colored or marked or otherwise operated
upon as already described are placed (having the coloring matters previously applied
to their surfaces) in the inner chamber the opening or openings closed, this chamber
is then ready within the enclosing air chambers and the close fitting doors or covers
to these are closed respectively cutting off atmospheric communication between
them and the outer casing or packed cover is also made entire by closing the
opening thereto. Heat being then applied by the gas or other heater below the
closed liquid bath, heat is imparted to the inner chamber in turn for the desired
time as a dry or relatively dry heated atmosphere around the substances to be
colored marked printed or similarly treated to sink or induce impregnation of the
color or matter to produce color or marking therein
A valve or valves or other suitable means is operated controlling a supply of a
suitable liquid from suitable pipes or conduit in connection with the closed liquid
heating bath so as to cause a limited quantity of water or other liquid to be more
or less slowly spread over the floor of the chambers cutting off atmospheric
communication as already mentioned between them
In some instances it is not requisite for the liquid supplied to the floor of the
inner chamber to have any communication with or to flow into the lower parts of
the air chamber surrounding such inner chamber
The liquid heating bath below the floor may be in some cases carried a greater
or less distance up the outer sides of the air chambers surrounding the inner
receptacle or holder so as to give sufficient head or cause sufficient pressure for the
flow of the liquid over such floor
In some instances as for large pieces of marble it may be advantageous or more
convenient first to heat the marble in a separate heating chamber or apparatus by
applying heat more directly. In such cases for safety the marble or other such
large articles should be heated a little higher than the operating chamber so as to
be safe from any ill effects of condensation from cooling in transferring ⚫
.
The following is a description of the drawings of the portion of the apparatus
according to first modification in which Figure 1 shews a longitudinal section of
the apparatus. Figure 2 a transverse sectional view of one half of the same
divided on the line X X of Figure 3. Figure 3 is a horizontal section of the said
apparatus. Figures 4. 5. 6. 7 and 8 show parts separately a is the operating
chamber for containing the articles treated this chamber is mounted on wheels a
to run on rails a provided within this chamber a and thence onto other rails, not
shewn, turned down or run to meet these rails a when the chamber a is rolled on
the wheels a out of the chamber b and through the chamber c by way of the
openings left by swinging aside the doors 63 and c³ which close the entrances to
those air cells or heat retaining chambers 6 c. This operating chamber a is
provided with a door a² shewn to open in two leaves on hinges a' for access to
the interior
The bottom of this chamber a is formed with openings therein as such openings
being closed or left free or partly free by the sliding over them of a similarly
perforated plate a operated by a screw all and winch a¹0 such screw a¹¹ taking
into a thread at a¹ in the frame at the bottom of the chamber a. The coincidence
of the openings giving free passage into the chamber a and the super position of
the solid parts of the plate a¹ upon the openings as closing the same
The walls 62 of the chamber b rest on the bottom of the chamber c and the
bottom of these chambers b and c are supplied with liquid which can circulate
freely over the entire surface of those chambers through the openings c³ therein.
a¹ is a double wall filled in or lagged with hair or other suitable non-conducting
material to retain the heat
e is a water bath or chamber supplied with water or other liquid by means of an
inlet pipe i and outlet j.
g are gas burners supplied by pipes g¹ for heating the water bath e It will be
found thạt whẹn the water bath has been sufficiently heated with all the burnera

page_text: the slower increase of heat subsequently desired may be maintained by a few
only of the burners the others being by suitable cocks not shewn turned off or
lowered as the case may require.
The water or other liquid to the bottom of the chambers b and c may be
supplied by a channel from water bath e controlled by a tap or cock operated
from the exterior of the apparatus or this liquid may be otherwise supplied say by
means of inlet and outlet pipes & and k
In operation the holder or operating chamber a having been run out and
opened ready is filled up as desired with the articles to be treated and is then closed
by shutting the doors a² and valves a³ of the floor a³s thereof run into the chamber b
on the rails a the doors b² and c² being closed after removal of the rails connecting
the rails a with those traversing the works and the heat applied to the water
bath e that heating the liquid in the chamber b c and then transmitting its heat to
the inner chamber or holder a producing a comparatively dry heat therein as
already described and this is continued for a time then the floor valve a³ is moved
so as to open the passages as letting in vapor to that chamber a. The operator
now by careful attention to the indication of the thermometers h and h² is enabled
to so adjust the relative temperatures of the water bath and holder that guided by
those indications and the nature and thickness of the material under treatment the
proper adjustment of the contained atmosphere may be maintained with the
gradual rise of temperature.
Guages and valves not shewn are employed (such as are usually used where
adjustment of pressure is necessary) to control the supply of the gas to the
burners g.
Figure 9 is a longitudinal section of the second form of apparatus similar in
operation to the foregoing but having its operating chamber not removeable.
Figure 10 is a transverse section of one half of the same divided down the centre
by the line X X of Figure 11.
Figure 11 is a sectional plan view thereof
a indicates the central or operating chamber for containing the objects to be
treated as described. b and c are surrounding air or heat retaining cells or
chambers. d is an outside double wall to the cell a packed, or lagged, with hair or
other suitable non-conductor, the inner skin d¹ being metal and the outer skin d²
wood. e represents the hot water bath across which lie supports e¹ for the
chamber a having holes e* pierced therein to facilitate the circulation of the liquid
in that chamber a. a¹ represents a tray or trough for the reception of a limited
quantity of water to be let in from the water bath e when required by means of a
valve or cock f when operated by the wheel f¹. a² is a door in the surrounding
wall a³ to the chamber.a. 63 a door in the surrounding wall b³ to the chamber or
cell b and a³ the like door in the wall d for the chamber c. a³ is a portion of a
grating to cover the lower part of the chamber a above the bottom or tray
portion a. g are burners for heating the water bath e by gas supplied by pipes g².
g is a gauge for regulating the flow of gas h h h are thermometers for
indicating the heat respectively of the inner chamber a the air chamber or cell b
and the water bath ei is the inlet pipe for supply and ; the outlet for liquid to
the water bath c.
The roofs a b' and d' are formed sloping as shewn in order to carry down any
moisture condensed thereon.
In operation the doors a b² and c² being closed the gas burners g heat the water
bath e which in turn heats the air cells b and c and the central chamber a
When vapor is desired in the chamber a liquid from the water bath e'is let in by
cock f turned by handle f¹ and liquid flows over the tray a¹ and vapor arises into
the chamber a.
Should the heat of the water bath e be required to be lowered cold water can be
let in by pipe i and heated water let out by the pipe ;
The thermometers h and h³ indicating respectively the relative temperatures of

page_text: the chamber a and water bath e enable the heat of the bath and consequently that
of the vapor or atmosphere in the chamber a to be regulated to a great nicety
The desired heating having been maintained, and completed as desired the
doors d¹ and b¹ to the air cells and the door a to the operating chamber may be
opened and the objects treated removed, or the operation repeated
Having thus fully described my Invention and the manner in which the same is
to be employed I would have it understood that what I claim is
1st The use of my improved processes for treating surfaces or articles by applying
thereto colors or color producing matters which are caused to penetrate and
become incorporated therewith substantially as described.
2nd. The manufacture of artificially colored or marked or ornamented articles by
my improved process substantially as herein described.
3rd. The use of the respective forms of apparatus for the purposes indicated
constructed substantially as herein described and illustrated respectively in
Figures 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10 and 11.
In witness whereof I the said
and seal this thirty first day of
hundred and eighty four
George Hand-Smith have hereunto set my hand
May in the year of our Lord One thousand eight
Witness.
ALFRED GEORGE BROOKES.
55 Chancery Lane London.
Fellow Inst Patent Agent.
GEORGE HAND-SMITH (L.S.)