IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM ENGINES AND STEAM REGULATORS ATTACHED THERETO, ALSO IN PUMPS AND PUMP VALVES WORKED BY SAID ENGINE." SP
Year: 1874

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Davis Hooker, of No. 43, St. Julian's
Road, Kilburn, in the County of Middlesex, Engineer, and Samuel
Graham Browne, of No. 18, Cavendish Road, Kilburn, aforesaid,
Engineer, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM ENGINES AND
STEAM REGULATORS ATTACHED THERETO, ALSO IN PUMPS AND PUMP VALVES
WORKED BY SAID ENGINE."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Davis Hooker
and Samuel Graham Browne at the Office of the Commissioners of
Patents with their Petition, on the 23rd October 1874.
We, WILLIAM DAVIS HOOKER, of No. 43, St. Julian's Road, Kilburn,
in the County of Middlesex, Engineer, and SAMUEL GRAHAM BROWNE,
of No: 18, Cavendish Road, Kilburn aforesaid, Engineer, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM
ENGINES AND STEAM REGULATORS ATTACHED THERETO, ALSO IN PUMPS AND PUMP
VALVES WORKED
WORKED BY SAID ENGINE," to be as follows:-
Improvements in the construction of a direct-acting steam engine
working on the compound principle, which will start at any point in its

page_text: stroke, measure its stroke, and waste no steam in any of its functions,
attached to which' is an apparatus for regulating the supply of steam
thereto; also an improvement in pumps and pump valves worked by said
engine.
To a direct-acting high-pressure steam engine, as herein-after described,
is added a second cylinder, with the ordinary ports, valve, valve chest,
and any or all parts of a low pressure or condensing engine. The
valve chest of cylinder to be connected with the exhaust of the high-
pressure engine and its valve may be actuated directly from the valve,
valve piston, or secondary valve of the high-pressure cylinder, and so
arranged that the reciprocal motion produced by the action of steam in
the high-pressure cylinder and its exhaust steam acting expansively in
the low-pressure cylinder, combined with the vacuum produced in a
suitable condenser, work in such harmony as is produced or developed
in a compound engine, with crank, fly wheel, or other connections used
in such engines.
The pistons of both cylinders may be mounted on the same piston rod,
and the cylinder covers so arranged that the pistons may be readily
removed and examined. Suitable provision is made to attach the con-
denser pumps direct to the piston rod by a lover, or any other
desirable mechanical means. A prolongation of said connection or a
lever may be arranged to move the piston by hand.
The high-pressure cylinder is provided with a secondary piston encased
in a suitable cylinder, said piston being moved by steam and working the
main valve, opens the opposite ends of the main cylinder to steam and
exhaust as required. Said secondary piston may be connected directly
to the valve of the low-pressure cylinder, so that both valves are moved
by the action of steam on the secondary piston, this action taking place
when the steam has worked expansively in the low-pressure cylinder and
the pressure on its valve reduced to a minimum at the point of reversal
of said valve.
The ports in the low-pressure cylinder will be so placed that they enter
the cylinder at any convenient distance from its ends, so that when its
piston passes said ports all communication to the condenser or external
air is cutt off. All balance of steam or air remaining between the piston
and cylinder cover on being compressed acts as a cushion, and its elastic
force acting expansively assists in the start of the return stroke. The

page_text: cylinder covers may be faced so as to make the cushion positive in this
cylinder.
Arranged in the high-pressure cylinder or cylinder heads are levers.
Said levers are hung or pivoted in bearings, one end of which levers
extend into the secondary valve chamber and the other into the main
cylinder. The steam pressure from the secondary valve chamber packs
said bearings and prevents leakage.
Any other equivalent or mechanical device may be used to effect the
reversal of the secondary valve from the main piston. This secondary
valve is used for the reversal of the main valve, and may be of the
00 character, and may extend nearly the length of the clylinder, or
to the point of contact with said levers, so that said levers shall act
directly on said valve to effect its reversal by the action of the main
piston. This secondary valve may be connected by a rod or otherwise
through suitable glands, and utalized to work the valve of the low-
pressure cylinder, the length of this valve being sufficient to keep it in
accurate position when placed in its chamber. The aforesaid levers may
be pivoted to this valve, so that said valve and levers shall always be
in contact. This pivot may work in a suitable slot arranged in the
valve.
The exhaust may be cored under the main and 0 valves, through
which all may exhaust their steam into the low-pressure cylinder, tho
condenser, or the atmosphere, suitable openings and gates being provided
for such purpose.
The main ports and exhaust are of the ordinary construction, the
ports entering the cylinder at any desirable distance from its ends, so
that the piston on nearing the end of its stroke will cutt off the exhaust.
The secondary valve being actuated at or near the point where the piston
closes the main port supplies steam through a small port leading into
the cushioning space between the piston and cylinder head.
Other steam passages are provided, operated by and leading from the
secondary valvo to the secondary valve chamber or cylinder, entering it
near each of its ends, to supply and exhaust steam respectively at
opposite ends of the secondary or main valve piston, so as to effect the
reversal of the main valve by the main piston as required.
Small holes are bored in the valve chamber, which holes communicate
with holes bored in the ends of the valve piston when said piston is near

page_text: the end of its stroke, so that steam is supplied from the main valve
chamber at the point where the exhaust to the secondary valve is cutt
off, and thus acts as a valve to fill the space between the valve piston
and the cylinder cover with steam, and arrest the valve piston in its
stroke, the passage at the opposite end of the valve piston leading to
the secondary valve being open to steam till the reversal takes place,
which opens it to the exhaust and the corresponding port or passage to
the supply, thus arresting and reversing the main valves at each
alternate stroke of the main piston.
The high-pressure cylinder and its valve cylinder for facility in manu-
facture can be made in one casting, a suitable cover or bonnet being so
arranged that all its valves can be readily removed without disturbing
any other part of the engine, affording great advantage to the oxamina-
tion and repairing of said valves. Through a gland in said cover a
suitable lever may be arranged to operate the main valve by hand.
A steam regulator may be applied to engines of this class so-con-
structed that the quantity of steam entering and working an engine
may be gauged, so that the resultant in work balances the steam
supply.
Attached and communicating with the steam pipe, and near the
engine, is a small cylinder placed parallel with the pipe, in which
cylinder works a piston, said piston being attached to a regulator valve
working in the steam pipe. This attachment is made to an arm or lever
working the regulator valve, which lever may be so graduated that the
regulator valve is held open till the pressure of the steam acting on the
piston is greater than the pressure on the lever, forcing said lever up,
and cutts off or graduates the steam supply. This apparatus can be used
effectively when connection is made with the air vessel or pressure of a
pump driven by the engine.
This engine is admirably adapted for driving a pump of either the
plunger or piston class, said plunger or piston being mounted on the
piston rod of the engine, or may be used with separate rods connected by
a suitable coupling.
The pump valve or valves may be attached to the valve piston by a
rod or other mechanical means, working in suitable glands, also may be
driven from the secondary valve, and actuated by the main piston of the
high-pressure cylinder.

page_text: The pump valves may be constructed on the slide valvo principle, or
preferably can be made of an elastic material working or rolling over a
convex or curved valve seat, so that the reciprocal motion produced by
the valve piston opens or closes the valve as required.
•
A lining can be inserted into the pump cylinder, having a shoulder
resting on the counterbore of the pump cylinder, the barrel of which
may be chambered, except. near each end, which may be bored to hold
the liner in position. Suitable screws are provided, which are tapped
through the cylinder cover, and coming in contact with the shoulder of
the liner holds it firmly in place. By removing the cover the liner can
readily be withdrawn.
The operation of this compound engine is as follows:-Supposing the
main pistons are commencing their stroke, the steam from the main
valve chamber of the high-pressure cylinder is supplied behind the piston,
the opposite end of the cylinder being open to exhaust. When the
piston has covered the exhaust port it comes in contact with the
pivoted lever projecting into the cylinder, which being moved reverses
the secondary valve, thus reversing pressure to exhaust and exhaust to
pressure on the main valve piston, which necessarily reverses the
functions of the main valve. While this movement takes place steam is
being admitted by the secondary valve through the port leading on to the
cushioning space behind the main piston, which is gradually brought to
rest. The main valve being reversed and the load removed the steam
escapes into the valve chest of the low-pressure engine, and admitted
behind the driving end of the low-pressure piston. The relative position
of all the valves being reversed the steam from all the valves drives the
main pistons on their return stroke. At the end of this stroke the pistons
of the high-pressure engine acting against the pivoted levers reverses the
valves of both engines, and the pistons commence to make the next
return stroke. The steam which was working expansively in the low-
pressure cylinder is then opened through fits exhaust into the condenser,*
and a vacuum assists on the driven side of the piston. The high-pressure
cylinder can be used alone with good results.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said William Davis Hooker and Samuel Graham Browne
in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 23rd April 1875.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, WILLIAM
DAVIS HOOKER, of No. 43, St. Julian's Road, Kilburn, in the County of
Middlesex, Engineer, and SAMUEL GRAHAM BROWNE, of No. 18,
Cavendish Road, Kilburn aforesaid, Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Twenty-third day of October, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-four, in the thirty-
eighth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs, and successors,
give and grant unto us, the said William Davis Hooker and Samuel
Graham Browne, Her special licence that we, the said William Davis
Hooker and Samuel Graham Browne, our exccutors, administrators, and
assigns, or such others as we, the said William Davis Hooker and
Samuel Graham Browne, our executors, administrators, and assigns,
should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time
and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should
and lawfully might. make, usc, exercise, and vend, within the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle
of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM ENGINES AND STEAM
REGULATORS ATTACHED THERETO, ALSO IN PUMPS AND PUMP VALVES WORKED BY
SAID ENGINE," upon the condition (amongst others) that we, the said.
William Davis Hooker and Samuel Graham Brownc, our executors
or administrators, by an instrument in writing under our, or one of
our, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe
and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner tho
same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great
Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately
after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said William Davis Hooker and Samuel
Graham Browne, do hereby declare the nature of our said Invention,
and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly
described and ascertained in and by the following statement :-
Our improvements relate to the construction of direct-acting steam
engines, either acting at high pressure or on the compound principle of
high and low pressure,

page_text: D, secondary valve chamber encasing piston C, its covers e may
extend into the cylinder and form the working bearing of the piston C,
thereby affording simple means of drilling port Z and packing the
recess or port P, into which the port 6 may be drilled at both its
extremities.

page_text: G, rod connecting valve F with piston C (at a point out of the centre
of said piston, thereby keeping piston always in the same relative
position) so that the movement of both the valves E and F shall be
simultaneous, this movement taking place at the greatest expansion in
the low-pressure cylinders, and consequently when there is least 5
pressure on the valve F. The pistons of both cylinders may be mounted
on the same piston rod, and a liner may be used on piston rod of A
where the piston rod is reduced to fix the piston of A, and the yoke
between cylinder cover and pump may be made large enough (by being
connected with the flange of the cylinder) to facilitate the removal of 1
the front cylinder cover and piston when desired, the piston clcaring the
lever arm J, as shown, Fig. 1, clearance being allowed in corc M for
this
purpose.
H, main steam ports of cylinder A; H, H, exhaust of same; H', ports
and exhaust of cylinder B; H, valve chest of same. The ports cnter 1
their respective cylinders at some distance from their ends, so that their
pistons will cover ports when at the ends of their stroke, and cut off the
exhaust; any balance of steam remaining forms a cushion in the low-
pressure cylinder between the cover and piston.
I, spindles on which levers J and K arc mounted. They are so 2
placed in the cylinder that the main piston may carry the lever J past
its centre, thereby giving an accelerated movement to the valves L at
the exact time required for the reversal of piston C carrying with it the
main valve E. This spindle I is packed by the steam pressure on its
conical valve bearing, leakage of steam between chamber g and the main 2
cylinder being thus prevented.
J, K, levers set on spindle I. These levers are hung or pivoted on
bearings in the cylinder, the lever J extending from and working in the
recess or core M, and the lever or cam K in the chamber or recess g.
Each lever J is slightly curved where it bears on the main piston, so that 3
when it extends into the main cylinder the piston touches it at its longest
leverage and gradually passes to the shortest point of leverage, where an
accelerated movement is required to rapidly open the secondary ports and
exhausts b, c, d; this also allows the spindle I to be placed close to the
inside of cylinder (J being cranked to clear its intersection with cylinder 3
at its furthest extension into same, also cranked to clear piston rod, glands,
etc., in small sizes), getting thereby an increased movement in valve L

page_text: .
without its extending far into cylinder, and a longer stroke of the main
piston without increasing the length of the main cylinder. A modi-
fication of K is shown, Figure 4.
L, L, secondary valves working in recess or chamber g. By using
separate valves, so arranged that they come opposite to ports and d
and exhaust c (6 being placed at right angles to the point where it enters
secondary valve chamber D), we obtain the shortest possible length of
ports, thereby affording great facility of manufacture. They may be
made in one piece and come in direct contact with lever K, so that a
reciprocal movenient will take place when the lever J is actuated by
the main piston at each end of its stroke. These valves may be held
by a continuous bar with notches, or in any suitable manner; different
arrangements are shown, Figs. 24, 2³, 34, and 4; Fig. 3 shows a means
of lengthening valve bar in case of wear.
M recess or core placed as near as possible to the centre of cylinder A,
so that the distance from centre of spindle I to the point of intersection
with line of circumference of cylinder A may be the minimum, so as to
decrease the distance to the shortest point of leverage, the lever J
being cranked as above stated to clear piston rod and cylinder when
moved into it by action of L. The recess or core M can be placed in
the centre of cylinder, except in the smallest sizes.
N, recess or core in cylinder covers, forming a continuation of recess
M to allow clearance for greatest point of leverage when home.. It is
by the cranking of the lever J and the position given to the recesses or
cores M and N, so that the said lever may work therein, and the relative
position of spindle I, that we obtain an accelerated motion in L at the
exact point required, a longer stroke of piston without increased length
of cylinder, and are enabled to place and remove main piston.
O, P, Q, cores under valves L and exhaust H, H. The exhaust H, ¤,
forms a continuous core with those marked O, and thus may be reached
by a secondary exhaust port c drilled but a very short way, an arrange-
ment saving much labor and expense. The position of the recesses or
cores P also permits the drilling of the secondary ports 6 directly to it,
the cover e packing it. A continuation of port & may be drilled through'
cover e, when its exact position can be fixed, thus avoiding a great
b

page_text: U, loose handle in connection with pump. This handle may be used
as an independent means for moving pistons, and can be removed at
pleasure.
.
i
Y, port bored through bottom and back of piston C, and communicating
with steam or secondary cylinder D through port Z.
Z, port in cover e of cylinder D. The main and secondary cylinder 1
can thus be made in one casting, and an arm / be let in through cover
or bonnet of chamber g and secondary cylinder D to move the valve if
desirable by a lever on the outside.
a, projection in M fixed to cover of cylinder, which is fitted to act as
a buffer when J is in recess N; also to fill all steam space except such 2
as required for the movement of J.
b, c, d, secondary ports and exhaust. b, port drilled directly to core P
and through the cover e to secondary valve chamber; c, port reaching
exhaust H, H, by a very short drilling to core O; d, port which may be
drilled through to the recess M in engines of short stroke; but in 2
engines of long stroke the continuation of port d to the cylinder may be
cored in between recess or chamber g and port H. This core Qmay be
run to the point where the port is drilled and be there supported, having
a long print on opposite end, or it can be run through to point (sec
Fig. 3) in chamber g, where both ends can be supported on prints. At 3
the termination near the core is reduced, and has a shoulder on which
´a rivet can be made steam-tight, or it can be otherwise plugged.
e, cover of valve chamber D extending into secondary valve chamber,"

page_text: f, conical valve bearing, upon which spindle I packs; as aforesaid.
g, recess or chamber in which valves L are moved and kept in
position.
h, lever arm for moving piston C by hand if desired.
i is a lever coming through glands to move secondary valve L without
ntermediary of lever J (see Fig. 2B).
j, spindle on which valve L may rock instead of receiving a to-and-fro
motion as above set forth. Owing to the distance at which the valves
are placed from this contro there will be no appreciable difference of
wear upon its surface.
The operation of this engine is as follows:-Suppose the main
pistons are commencing their stroke the steam from the main valve E of
the high-pressure engine is supplied behind the piston through port H,
the opposite end of the cylinder being open to exhaust H, H. When
the piston nears the end of its stroke it comes in contact with the
pivoted lever J then projecting into the cylinder, which it moves,
reversing the secondary valve L, and covers the port then in exhaust.
The port leading into secondary valve L supplies steam behind piston
O when this piston has uncovered that port, the opposite end of which
has been open to exhaust at the same time by movement of valve L.
As this piston C nears the end of its stroke and covers the port then in
exhaust steam is admitted behind it through ports Y and Z, which thus
arrest the valve piston in its stroke. The port 6 at the opposite end of
piston C being open to steam till the reversal takes place, the piston C
is held in equilibrium until the port 6 at its opposite end is changed into
exhaust, when the steam contained behind piston starts it on its return
stroke and uncovers port then open to steam. Thus it will be seen that
this movement of the valve L reverses pressure to exhaust and exhaust
to pressure on the valve piston C, which necessarily reverses the function
of the main valve E. While this movement takes place steam is being
admitted by the secondary valve through the port D leading through Q
into the space behind the main piston, which is gradually brought to
rest. The main valve E being reversed, and the load removed, the steam
escapes into the valve chest H* of the low-pressure engine, and is

page_text: admitted behind the driving end of the low-pressure piston. The relative
positions of all the valves being reversed the steam from them drives
the pistons on their return stroke. At the end of this stroke the piston
of the high-pressure engine acting against the other pivoted lever J
reverses the valves of both engines, and the pistons commence to make
the next return stroke. The steam which was working expansively in
the low-pressure cylinder B is then opened through its exhaust into a
condenser, and a vacuum assists on the driven side of this piston. The
high-pressure cylinder A is used alone with good results by opening its
exhaust to the air or to a condenser and separating it from the low-
pressure cylinder.
In some cases it might be found advisable to let the steam from
secondary exhaust escape into condenser or atmosphere.
In case of double compound engines working alongside of each other
the high and low pressure cylinders can be placed side by side, so that
the exhaust of the high-pressure cylinder of one engine can pass
directly into valve chest of the low-pressure cylinder of the other engine,
thus saving expansion. An engine of this kind may be worked by one
valve piston, say, four plain valves in ordinary chests, the secondary
valve piston C working two valves at each end by levers connected to
piston valve through suitable glands instead of direct connection, tho
ports and levers J working piston C, being arranged to suit. Two engines
of this kind can be worked separately by having suitable gates for
cutting off the exhaust from either high-pressure cylinder to low-
pressure cylinder alongside, and opening it into low-pressure cylinder
behind it, and shutting off steam from other high-pressure cylinder.
-
The practical system of coring described greatly facilitates the manu-
facture, permitting the secondary ports and exhausts to be drilled
accurately, and simplifying the building of the engine, which would
otherwise be very difficult without the addition of covers, flanges, and a
other pieces, greatly adding to the height and weight of the engine.
The covers in the low-pressure cylinder may be faced so as to make
the cushion positive in the cylinder.
The secondary valve may be connected by a rod or in any suitable

page_text: The engine may be connected to the pump, whether of the plunger or
piston class, by mounting the plunger or piston upon the piston rod of
the engine; or it may be connected by separate rods by means of suitable
couplings.
The pump valves may be attached to the secondary piston through
suitable glands, also to the secondary valve, and be actuated by the
piston of the high-pressure cylinder.
When the pump valve is attached to the secondary piston the action
will take place when the pressure on it is lessening.
The pump valve may be constructed on the slide valve principle, or
it may be made of an clastic material preferably working or rolling over
a circular seat, so that the reciprocal motion produced by the secondary
valve piston or secondary valve opens and closes the valve as required.
If desired a lining can be inserted having a shoulder resting on the
counterbore of the pump, the barrel of which may be chambered, except
near each end, which may be bored to hold the lining in position;
suitable screws inserted through the pump cover pressing against said
liner and forcing its flange against the counterbore, thus rigidly fixing
the liner in position. By removing the cover the liner can be casily
withdrawn.
Our improved engine, whether simple or compound, may be worked
with or without the regulator X, the action of which will be apparent
from the Drawing. This regulator is so constructed that the quantity.
of steam entering and working the engine may be gauged in order that
the resultant in work may balance the steam supply. As will be seen.
there is attached to and communicating with the pipe near the engine a
small cylinder placed parallel with the pipe, and in which works a piston,
said piston being attached to the regulator or butterfly valve working in
the steam pipe.
This attachment is made to the arm or lever working
the regulating valve, the action of which lever may. be so graduated
that the regulator valve will be held open until the pressure of steam is
greater than the weight or pressure on the lever, and forces said lever
up, thus cutting off or graduating the steam supply.
When the regulator is attached to the air chamber of pump instead of
steam pipe the regulator is formed of a piston of two diameters, so that
in case of the breaking of stand pipe or loss of suction the piston acted
on by pressure, from air chamber will drop, and in so doing open steam

page_text: SAMUEL GRAHAM BROWNE. (L.S.)