IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CONFECTIONERY
Year: 1875

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Brown, of the City of Glasgow, in the
County of Lanark, North Britain, Engineer, for the Invention of
"IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF
CONFECTIONERY.'
"
Sealed the 3rd August 1875, and dated the 15th February 1875.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Brown at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
15th February 1875.
I, JOHN BROWN, of the City of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark,
North Britain, Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR THE MANU-
FACTURE OF CONFECTIONERY," to be as follows:-
This said Invention consists generally in an improved construction of
an angled revolving pan for making the rolled or rounded sugar coated
confections, and of its motive high-pressure steam engine combined, all
portable or carried on one frame, the exhaust steam of the engine being
blown into the casing of the pan to heat it and the material and

page_text: confections being treated therein. And further, in an improved con-
struction and arrangement of steam boiler for generating the steam to
drive the engine of this and other such confectionery pans; which
improvements will be much more convenient, especially for small
manufactories, and more economical of steam, heat, and fuel, and will
take up less space than such machines or mechanism have done as
heretofore constructed and used.
The nature and novelty of this Invention or improvements consist all
as follows: First (as regards the combined portable confectionery pan
and its high-pressure steam engine exhausting into and heating the pan),
the inner shell of the pan is much of the usual hollow flattened globe
shape, open at the front top side and made of sheet copper with strong
rim at the mouth; but the outer lower shell or case is made of a flattish
bowl shape of cast iron, with a thick hollow stem revolving in a long
neck bearing and close footstep stuffing box, bearing in two strong arms
cast on and projecting up from the sole plate, and so as to revolve at an
angle of about 45° as usual. The inside copper pan or shell is fitted
close to a turned or bored bearing strip of half an inch or so in depth, at
the largest or equatorial part, leaving a recess beyond for forming a
steam-tight joint at the lip of the outer case; and inside this bearing ring
the space is left of an increasing depth towards the hollow shaft, as the
usual close steam heating space, within which as many resting paps are
left projecting up from the inside of the outer case, as there are to be
ordinary lifters (as from 3 to 8, according to the size of the pan) within
the lowest part of the internal copper pan for raising and rolling the
confections over, so that screw pins within these are made both to fix
themselves and secure the copper pan itself to the outer driving shell.
Near the centre over the end of the hollow shaft the pan is bulged
inwards to leave room for a hollow copper mushroom-shaped condensed
water receiver, with its upper edge cut away as a receiving open mouth,
having its hollow stem or neck secured in the upper end of a small
conducting tube, steadied in the eye of a collar screwed in the upper end
of the larger hollow driving spindle, and carried down and out through a
fluid-tight stuffing box, preferably at its lower end, so as to hold it from
turning round, and to conduct the condensed water into a chamber or
knee duct in the sole plate, to which a coupling pipe may be attached
with a tap for carrying off the condensed water and escape steam from
the heating steam space between the shells of the pan.

page_text: The exhaust steam from the engine passes in by a branch at the
lower side of the footstep bearing into an inner annular space between
the footstep bush and upper stuffing box, through a few holes bored
through the thickness of the hollow shaft at this part, and then up the
annular space left between the inside of the hollow shaft and small
outlet tube, thence into the heating space through holes formed for the
purpose in the guide collar at the neck of both the hollow shaft and
water tube.
A few water lifters in the form of small U shaped gutters, are screwed
to the inner surface of the outer case between the securing paps, long
enough to carry the condensed water from the lowest part of the bearing
rim to the upper edge of the mushroom receiver or cup, into which it is
delivered as each gutter rises over the horizontal line of the centre or top
of the cup.
The duplex pan so formed and carried by its angled spindle is driven
(by these improvements) through a worm wheel keyed on this spindle
between the said two bearings, and by a transverse worm or screw cast or
keyed on the centre of the crank shaft below, and revolving in brass
bearing covers fitted in blocks cast at each side of the screw on the said
standard frame, carrying the pan shaft as stated. The motive engine is
preferably of the angled oscillating class, having the cylinder (or
cylinders when two are employed) carried and oscillating, preferably at
right angles to the angled pan shaft and screw crank shaft, by its usual
central steam and exhaust trunions in bush bearing blocks with covers,
having the inner one cast on the side of the main standard carrying the
pan and the screw crank shaft, the pillow block of the outer end being
bolted to the sole plate just beyond the steam casing, on the outside of
which the steam trunion is cast as the inlet steam branch, having the
steam pipe from the boiler coupled to it by the usual stuffing box or
other equivalent tight moving joint.
The exhaust steam trunion is similarly jointed to a branch pipe leading
into a two-ported valve chest controlled by a slide valve and spindle
with hand lever or screw wheel outside, a pipe from the one being led
and coupled to the inlet branch at the foot of the pan shaft, so as to
admit a regulated supply of exhaust steam to the steam heating casing
of the pan, all otherwise as before explained, while the other port has a
pipe leading the steam not required for heating the pan to any other

page_text: place for use, or allow it to escape, as may be preferred or convenient;
but a separate cock or valve might be used to control the steam in or to
either or both of these exhaust steam pipes.
The crank or disc is keyed on the one end of the screw shaft with its
crank pin in line with and directly connected to the piston rod of the
cylinder, the fly wheel being keyed on the overhanging end of this shaft
at the other side of the main standard; but when two cylinders are used
with their crank pins set at right angles to each other the fly wheel
might be dispensed with, as the second cylinder would be similarly
mounted and coupled at the fly wheel side of the standard and sole
plate.
The spindle of the steam slide valve, which works out through the
stuffing box of the steam chest, is steadied in a guide bracket secured on
the top of the cylinder cover, and is actuated in a usual manner by a pin
or cross head on it between the guide and stuffing box working into a
fixed curved groove secured to some stationary part of the framing; but
it might also be worked by a revolving motion taken from the crank
shaft, as in any other ordinary oscillating engine.
As regards the improvements in the construction of the steam boiler
(for generating the steam for actuating the engine, and afterwards
exhausting into and heating the pan, or other confectionery pan to
which it is equally applicable), these consist of an oblong water con-
taining vessel with semicircular ends and flat sides, with vertical
truncated conical holes through them, as fire chambers or furnaces
erected on a suitable brick or fire-proof floor above a circular grate or
fire-bars and ash-pit open at front with brickwork and top plate above,
all otherwise fitted with holes and portable lids over the said furnaces, so
as to answer for the purpose of putting on the sugar boiling pans, and
do instead of the ordinary fires for boiling and preparing the sugar for
the various operations and purposes of confectionery manufacture. At
the back of this water containing and heating vessel, surrounding and
heated by the sugar boiling fires a small cylindrical, horizontal, tubular
steam boiler is built, with a small smoke box at the front end with
conducting and removable doors over the flue leading from the upper
part of each of the conical sugar boiling fires, all so as to pass the
escaping flames and heated gases through the two sets of tubes in the
said steam boiler to the smoke box and chimney at its extreme back
end.

page_text: The water in the lower part of this boiler is kept high enough to cover
the tubes, leaving a large space above for generating and containing
the steam, which is conveyed to the inlet trunion of the engine con-
trolled by a stop valve or throttle valve in a usual manner, as desired.
The upper and lower parts of the front water boiler and tubular steam
boiler are directly connected below the water level in the latter by a
short knee branch above, in front, and by a longer pipe to the lower back
end of the circular boiler to give perfect circulation of the water, while
the lower part of the steam boilers is preferably mounted some little
distance below the top level of the water boiler, so that the tubes and
upper water level of the former is considerably above the top of the
latter or sugar boiling fires and hot hearth plate.
This duplex steam boiler is fitted with strengthening stays at the flat
parts, and with the usual safety valve, water gauge, blow-off cock, and
other steam boiler fittings.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said John Brown in the Great Seal Patent Office on
the 13th August 1875.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHN
BROWN, of the City of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark, North Britain,
Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Fifteenth day of February, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-five, in the
thirty-eighth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and suc-
cessors, give and grant unto me, the said John Brown, Her special
licence that I, the said John Brown, my executors, administrators,
and assigns, or such others as I, the said John Brown, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no
others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the
term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise,
and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,
the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CONFECTIONERY,'

page_text: upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said John Brown, my
executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or
their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and
ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same
was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal
Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the
date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said John Brown, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement in writing, reference being had to the accompanying
two Sheets of Drawings, and to the letters and figures marked thereon,
that is to say :-
My said Invention consists generally, first, in an improved construc-
tion of an angled revolving pan for making the rolled or rounded sugar
coated class of confections, and of its motive high-pressure steam engine
combined, all portable or carried on one frame; the exhaust steam of
the engine being blown into the casing of the pan to heat it and the
materials or confections being treated or formed therein; and further, or
secondly, in an improved construction and arrangement of steam boiler
for generating the steam to drive the engine of this and other con-
fectionery pans, which improvements will be much more convenient,
especially for small manufactories of confections, and more economical
of steam, heat, and fuel, and will take up less space as a whole than
such machines or mechanism have done as heretofore constructed and
used.
And in order that the nature, novelty, and mode of performing or
'putting my said Invention into effect or practice may be properly
understood I shall now proceed to describe the several Figures on the
two Sheets of Drawings which I have hereunto appended for that
purpose, the same reference letters indicating the same or like parts in
all the Figures where shown.
Referring to the first part or improvement of my said Invention and
to the several Figures on Sheet 1 of the Drawings in reference thereto,
Figure 1 is a side or end elevation of a hollow or spheroidal revolving
confectionery pan A, A', A", and its motive steam engine D to G, all
carried as a portable or self-contained machine complete on the same
frame and sole plate B, B', B¹¹, B², with the lower part of the hollow

page_text: 1,
cased steam-heated pan A, A', and its carrying and driving spindle A"
in section; and Figure 2 is a plan of the same taken on the plane 1
at right angles to the angled axial line 2
and
2 in Figure 1, with part of
the plan A, A', broken away to show the carrying frame B, B¹,
motive engine D to G, and gearing C, C', the cylinder E, and valve
casing E of the engine being shown in section; while Figures 3 and 4
are sections taken on the lines 3 3 and 4 - 4 in Figure 1, to show
the particular construction of the pan and the engines, and arrangement
of inlet and outlet. steam pipes G, G³, and cocks G₁, H, all constructed
in accordance with and illustrative of one modification of my said new
or improved confectionery pan and engine combined, under the first part
of my said Invention or improvements.
Referring to the construction of this improved combined portable
confectionery pan and its high-pressure steam engine exhausting into
and heating the pan. The inner shell or case A of the pan is made
much as usual of domed sheet copper strengthened at the round open
mouth by a small malleable iron tube, ring, or hoop, round which the
outer edge of the copper is turned. Round the inside of this copper
pan A eight (but it might be less or more, according to size) broad raised
lifters or wings A² are fitted close on the front or advancing edge, but
raised a few inches or so on the back edge and radially in the middle of
the lower or deepest domed part, for the confections to roll over and be
separated from each other where the syrup is dripped on them near the
line 3 in Figure 1; these wings are each so secured by two V shaped
angle irons or flanges, and the same screw pins at a³ that fix the shell A
itself to the paps at a¹ projecting up from the inside of the improved
construction of strong outer supporting and driving cast-iron case or
shell A¹, but at a sufficient distance apart to leave the narrow steam
heating space or case a all round between the lower surface of the
copper pan A, and inner surface of the cast-iron case A', which has a
steam tight projecting rim and stuffing box joint at 1, formed all round
its outer edge and junction with the copper pan, and which with the
paps a¹ leave or form the steam heating space a, which is preferably
widened near the centre by doming the copper pan towards the inside
5 at A*, to leave room for the stationary receiving cup 6 for discharging
the condensed steam or water from the space a, as will herein-after be
explained. When these pans A, A', are made of a small size the outer
shell A¹ may be cast in a piece with the thick hollow stem A" but

page_text: when large it is preferred to be cast separately and bolted by a turned
and close jointed flange, as shown at A¹¹, to the stem or shaft A" which
is fitted to revolve in a long neck bearing B₁ at top, and close footstep
stuffing box bearing B' below, formed in two strong arms cast on and
projecting up from the stand frame B and sole plate B¹ combined, all so
that the pan A, A', A", revolves on its hollow shaft A" at an angle of
about 45° as usual, but resting on a brass bearing collar at the bottom
of the combined steam supply, chambered stuffing box, and footstep B²,
lubricated when desired by the removal and insertion of the screw pin
at B, Figure 1. Near the centre, over the end of the hollow shaft, the
pan is bulged inwards to leave room for a hollow copper mushroom-
shaped condensed water receiver 6 with the lower part bent up to the
angular axis 2 -2, or with its upper edge cut away as a receiving
open mouth, as seen particularly in Figures 1 and 2, having its hollow
stem or neck secured in the upper end of a small stationary discharge
tube 6¹, steadied in the eye of a collar c, secured by snugs to the upper
end of the large hollow driving spindle A¹ and carried down through a
stuffing box in the lower step B³, and into the stuffing box B at its
lower end (both fluid-tight), where it is held from turning round by the
pin 6, all so as to conduct the condensed steam or water into a
chamber or knee duct in the sole plate B¹, to which a coupling pipe,
as 6, may be attached, fitted with a tap for regulating the escape of
the condensed steam or water, and it may be a limited portion of steam
also from the steam heating space a between the shells A, A, of the
pan, all as indicated by the blue arrows in Figure 1.
h
The exhaust steam after having performed the work of driving the
engine is conducted through the exhaust pipe / by a branch h¹ coupled
at the lower side of the footstep bearing B', into an inner annular space
between the footstep bush or collar B³ and its upper stuffing box, through
a few holes bored through the thickness of the hollow shaft A" at this
part, and then up the annular space left between the inside of this shaft
and small outlet tube 6¹, thence into the heating space a through the
interstices c¹ left for the purpose between the snugs fixing the steadying
collar c at the neck of both the hollow shaft and water tube, all as
indicated by the red arrows in Figure 1.
A few water lifters in the form of small curved gutters d, d, U shaped
in cross section (as shown in side elevation, plan, and cross section on
the line 0 0 detached in Figure 5) are screwed by the flange and
-->

page_text: pins ď¹ to the inner surface of the outer case A¹ nearly radially between
the securing paps a¹ in this case, say four in number, and long enough
to carry the condensed water from the lowest part of the space a and
bearing rim or pan A' (as at d¹¹, in Figure 1) to the upper edge of the
mushroom receiver or cup b, as each gutter rises over the horizontal line
e, e, (indicated in blue in Figures 2 and 5) of the centre or top edge of
the cup, and in this position the top back edge d¹ and lower edge of the
delivery mouth ď of the lifters, over and from which each will deliver
the water raised by it into the cup 6 while turning from the position
d³ to d* in the direction of the black arrow indicated in Figure 2, so as
to flow down the pipe 6', out through the discharge pipe 6¹¹, as before
stated, as indicated by the blue arrows in Figure 1.
The duplex pan A, A¹, so formed and carried by its angled hollow
spindle A", is by these improvements driven through a screw or worm
wheel C keyed on the spindle A" between its two bearings B", B³, and
by a transverse worm or screw C¹ gearing into it below, cast or keyed
on the centre of the crank shaft D of the engine, which revolves in
brass bush bearings D¹ with covers fitted in pillow blocks or brackets on
each side of the screw C³, cast in one with and projecting up from the
main standard or frame B, carrying the whole, including the motive
engine, which is preferably of the angled oscillating class, having the
cylinder E (or cylinders, when two are employed) carried and oscillating
preferably at right angles to the angled pan shaft B¹ and screw crank
shaft D by the usual central steam and exhaust trunions E" and E' in
bush bearing blocks with covers F, F', (both respectively) having the
inner one F¹ cast on the side of the main standard B carrying the pan
and the screw crank shaft, the pillow block F of the outer end being
bolted to the sole plate B¹ just beyond the steam casing E¹, on the
outside of which the steam trunion E" is cast as the inlet steam branch,
having the stationary steam pipe G from the boiler coupled to it by the
usual stuffing box G" or other equivalent tight movable joint, and fitted
with the usual inlet screw or stop valve G¹, the steam branch and valvo
G, G', being held from turning by the flange and stays 9, 9³, attached to
each side of the bearing block F.
The exhaust steam branch pipe G³ is similarly jointed to the exhaust
steam trunion E by a stuffing box G³, and held from turning by the
stays g¹ and flange g, which has the inner open flanged end of a two-way
outer cock H jointed to it, so that the exhaust steam can be led through

page_text: the exhaust pipe h, h', into the steam chamber B³ through the hollow
shaft B into the casing a to heat the pan A, as before described, or be
allowed to escape through the outlet blow-off pipe h³, as shown in
Figures 1 and 4, and particularly in the sectional view of the two-way
cock H, shown detached in Figure 4 H, which shows the exhaust steam
partially passing through both when only a portion of the steam was
required for heating the pan, the cock being turned by a handle H³, as
indicated in dotted lines in Figures 4 and 4 H; or otherwise, instead of
the two-way cock H, a two-ported valve chest controlled by a slide valve
and spindle, with hand lever or screw wheel outside, might be used, a
pipe from the one port being led and coupled to the inlet branch B³ at
the foot of the pan shaft B", so as to admit a regulated supply of exhaust
steam to heat the pan A, all otherwise as before explained, while the
other port has a pipe leading the steam not required for heating the pan
to any other place for use, or allow it to blow off or escape, as may be
preferred or convenient.
The crank or disc D' is keyed on the one end of the screw shaft D,
with its crank pin D³ in line with and directly connected to the piston
rod E³ of the cylinder E, the fly wheel D" being keyed on the over-
hanging end of this shaft D at the other side of the main standard B;
but when two cylinders are used, with their crank pins set at right
angles to each other, the fly wheel might be dispensed with, as the
second cylinder would be mounted and coupled at the fly wheel side of
the standard and sole plate, all substantially as described and shown on
the opposite or disc crank side.
The spindle i of the steam slide valve, which works out through the
stuffing box of the steam chest E' is steadied in a guide bracket
secured on the cover of the cylinder E by two of its screw bolts or pins,
and is actuated by the upper end of the bow arm j attached to it between
the stuffing box and guide i¹, having its lower end attached to a fixed
lateral stud in the steam gudgeon pillow plock F, all through or by
the rocking action of the valve rod with the cylinder and steam chest,
and consequent shortening and lengthening of the oscillating rodj; or
otherwise this valve may be actuated by a pin or cross head on it, instead
of the bow arm j between the guide and stuffing box working into a
suitable curved groove secured to some stationary part of the framing,
but it might also be worked by a revolving motion taken from the crank
shaft, as in other ordinary oscillating engines.

page_text: Referring to the several Figures on Sheet 2 of the accompanying
Drawings, Figures 1 and 2 are a sectional side elevation and front
elevation partly in section respectively taken on the lines 1---1 and
22 in Figure 3, which is a sectional plan corresponding to and taken
on the line 3---3 in Figure 1, all of the steam boiler and furnace or fire-
place combined and constructed in accordance with and illustrative of
the improvements constituting the second part of my said Invention, for
generating the steam for actuating the engine, and afterwards exhausting
into and heating the pan or other confectionery pan in an equivalent
manner, the furnace part being also suitable for the heating or boiling of
the syrups in small pans capable of being set thereon, thus dispensing
with other fires for that purpose.
And the nature and construction of this part of my said Invention
consist in forming the furnace part of the boiler of an oblong water
containing vessel A, with semicircular ends A' and flat sides, and with
vertical truncated conical openings or chambers A", through them,
concentric to the ends A¹ as fire chambers or furnaces, erected on a
suitable brick or fire-proof floor Z above a circular grate of fire-bars A³,
supported on a ring A³ with feet within the ash-pit, open at the front A*
for the admission of the air to support combustion. The other outer
surfaces of the boiler or vessel A are covered in with brickwork or any
of the non-conducting boiler coverings round the sides at C and top O¹,
surmounted by the cast-iron top plate D with a round hole d fitted with
a portable lid ď³, over each furnace or fire-place and grate A' and A³, so
as to answer for the purpose of setting on the small portable sugar or
syrup boiling or heating pans (instead of ordinary fire-places) for boiling
and preparing the sugar or syrup, for preparing the confections in the
improved revolving pans forming the first part of my said Invention,
and for the various other operations of confectionery manufacture. At
the back of the said water containing and heating vessel A surrounding
and heated by the sugar boiling fires, a small cylindrical, horizontal, and
tubular steam boiler B is erected with a small smoke box E at the front
end, with a connecting and removable door E¹ over the two flues A",
leading from the upper part of the conical sugar boiling fires or furnaces
A', all so as to conduct the escaping flames and heated gases through
the two sets of tubes b, in the said steam boiler B to the smoke box and
chimney F and F¹, at its extreme back end, all as indicated by the red
arrows in the several Figures.

page_text: The movable door E¹ over the smoke box may be drawn back by the
handle eat pleasure when the fire requires to be damped, or the
chimney F¹ might be fitted with a throttle valve or other damper,
though this is not shown in the Drawings.
The water in the lower part of this boiler B is kept high enough to
cover the tubes b, leaving a large space B' above for generating and
containing the steam, and surmounted by the usual safety valve steam
chest B, through the branch B of which the steam is conveyed to the
inlet steam trunion of the engine, and controlled by the stop or screw
valve G, or a throttle valve, all as described in reference to the Figures
on Sheet 1 of the accompanying Drawings.
The upper and lower parts of the front water boiler A. and tubular
steam boiler B are directly connected below the water level, in the latter
by a short knee branch G above in front, and by a long knee pipe H to
the lower back end of the circular boiler, to give perfect circulation of
the water; this knee pipe H having a standard H' cast on it to support
the back end of the boiler B from the floor Z, while the lower part of
the steam boiler B is preferably mounted some little distance below the
top level of the water boiler A, so that the tubes 6 and upper water level
of the former is considerably above the top of the latter or sugar boiling
fires and hot hearth plate A¹ and D.
This duplex steam boiler A, B, is shown with its side and end plates
all welded, but these might be rivetted and jointed by angle irons in a
usual manner when preferred, stays a being fitted and rivetted between
the opposite flat sides, and with the usual safety valve B", and also water
gauge, blow-off cock, sludge doors, and other necessary steam boiler
fittings, although these are not shown in the Drawings; and the exposed
surfaces of the boiler B might be covered in with brickwork or any
of the usual non-conducting materials for preventing the escape of
heat.
This boiler is suitable for the generating of steam in confectionery
manufactories, as well as for the driving of other motive engines, and
the heating of other forms of pans, and for other heating purposes than
those described under the first part of my said Invention, and for the
usual heating of the sugars or syrups over the fire-places A¹, all as
described in connection with this combined steam boiler and con-
fectionery fire-place or furnace,

page_text: Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of my
said Invention and the manner in which the same is or may be per-
formed or carried out into practice, I have to state that I do not restrict
myself to the precise details which I have herein described or delineated,
neither on the other hand do I desire to claim all the parts of con-
fectionery pans or sugar and syrup heating furnaces which I have had
occasion to refer to, except as combined with my said Invention or
improvements herein specified, but what I consider to be novel and
original, and therefore claim as the Invention secured to me by the
herein-before in part recited Letters Patent is,―
First. The general construction and arrangement of an angled revolving
confectionery pan and its motive engine, all portable, self-contained, and
carried on the same frame, all substantially in the improved manner
herein described in reference to the first part of my said Invention, and
shown on Sheet 1 of the accompanying Drawings, or any mere modifica-
tion thereof.
Second. The driving of confectionery pans by a high-pressure steam
engine direct, and heating them by the exhaust steam from the engine,
all substantially as herein described in reference to the first part of my
said Invention, and shown on Sheet 1 of the accompanying Drawings.
Third. The general construction and use of a duplex steam boiler or
generator and furnace or fire-place combined for confectionery manu-
factories, all substantially in the new or improved manner herein
described in reference to the second part of my said Invention, and
shown on Sheet 2 of the accompanying Drawings.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Brown, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Twelfth day of August in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-five.
30 Witness,
W. R. M. THOMSON,
Patent Agent,
Glasgow.
JOHN BROWN. (L.S.)