IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM GENERATORS OR STEAM BOILERS AND FURNACES, PART OF WHICH IS ALSO APPLICABLE TO OTHER HEAT-GENERATING APPARATUS
Year: 1865

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Joseph Twibill, of Irvine, in the County of Ayr,
North Britain, Engineer; for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN
STEAM GENERATORS OR STEAM BOILERS AND FURNACES, PART OF WHICH IS
ALSO APPLICABLE TO OTHER HEAT-GENERATING APPARATUS,
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Joseph Twibill at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 27th
January 1865.
I, JOSEPH TWIBILL, of Irvine, in the County of Ayr, North Britain,
Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN STEAM GENERATORS OR STEAM BOILERS AND FURNACES, PART OF WHICH
IS ALSO APPLICABLE TO OTHER HEAT-GENERATING APPARATUS," to be as follows,
that is to say:-
This Invention relates more particularly to improvements in the construc-
tion of that class of steam generators or boilers in which the body or main
portion of the vessel containing the water and steam is formed or constructed
of metal tubes, pipes, or cylinders jointed together, and having the heat
applied to their outter surface, and which improvements render such boilers
more durable and efficient, giving greater freedom of circulation to the water
and steam, and a consequently less liability to priming than in such boilers
as heretofore constructed..

page_text: The first part or modification of this Invention consists in a new and
improved form or construction of steam generator or heater, and is formed by
erecting one or more rows or layers of tubes or pipes over and along the two
sides of a boiler fire or furnace, which may be of almost any of the ordinary
constructions, laying at a considerable angle in the form of an inverted V (A),
the lower ends of such rows of tubes being jointed into longitudinal and
horizontal pipes laying along each side of the furnace, while the upper ends
forming the apex of the angle are jointed into one or two longitudinal and
horizontal pipes situated in a vertical line over the centre of the furnace, so
that the fire or flames and heated products of combustion impinge or act
directly on the outter surfaces of these rows of tubes, which are always full
of water, the whole of this portion of the generator or heater within the
furnace being below the water level of itself or that of the main boiler when
worked in connection with such.
The water is by preference fed in at the two front ends of the two lower
longitudinal pipes, so that as the currents of water and steam are heated they
flow up the rows of tubes, forming the two sides of the angle over the furnace
into the longitudinal pipe or pipes at the apex, from which they are led by
one or more conducting pipes, as desired, according to the purpose for which
the apparatus is employed, as, for instance, when used as a water heater to a
main steam boiler. The said conducting pipes convey the steam to the steam
receiver direct or to the upper part of the boiler near the water level; and it
will be observed that this improved heater could be worked in connection with
almost any of the ordinary constructions of boilers now in use, as well as with
those formed wholly of tubes and pipes, and when so worked the inner ends
of the two lower longitudinal pipes are connected to the lower part of the
water space of the boiler so as to admit of the return currents of water from
the main body of the water therein. When this arrangement is used by itself
for generating steam or heating and circulating water, the currents may be
carried down by pipes leading from the sides or ends of the longitudinal
top pipe or pipes in the centre over the furnace to those at the sides below,
direct, or otherwise after they have been cooled down in heating purposes.
Another and second part or modification of this Invention consists in
forming the main body of such tubular boilers of one, two, or other number of
sets,divisions, or "stacks" of tubes or pipes, principally arranged in transverse
rows or layers over each other in lengths equal to the width of, and laid across
the main flue, heating chamber, or furnace, either horizontally and parallel to
each other, or at a considerable angle to the horizon, particularly so, and by
preference, as seen in the transverse sectional elevation, and when so angled,

page_text: the rows or layers may be parallel to each other, or the angles made to
increase towards the top of the "stack" where the heat and ebullition is
greatest, so as to further assist the ascension of the currents of hot water and
the steam as it is generated. The top and lower ends of these layers of
transverse tubes, particularly those placed at a considerable angle from the
vertical or horizontal line, are jointed into larger longitudinal horizontal pipes
laid along and over the top of each other so as to face or form the sides of
the main flue or furnace chamber behind the grate or fire-place. These
pipes, connecting and receiving all the ends of the transverse tubes, may,
when desired, be placed somewhat off the longitudinal level line to assist a
particular arrangement of the currents, and they may be placed vertically
over each other, or at an angle leaning inwards at the top, as desired. The
ends of these two rows of longitudinal pipes, receiving the ends of the
transverse tubes, are jointed into four large vertical or angular pipes or
cylinders according as the longitudinal pipes are placed in a vertical or
angular position over each other.
The two vertical or slightly angular cylinders connecting the longitudinal
pipes at the side of the furnace where the "stacks" of angular transverse
tubes are highest, are carried up considerably above the water level in the
said "stack" of tubes aud pipes so as to form in conjunction with two horizontal
transverse cylinders, to which they are jointed, large steam chambers or
receivers, the other ends of the transverse steam chambers being connected
by pipes to the other two vertical or slightly angular cylinders, which are
cut short below the water level to complete the circuit and admit of the
reverse currents of water to the lower horizontal longitudinal pipes.
When one "stack" only of these tubes and pipes is used, it will be seen,
from the foregoing description, that two or four vertical or angular cylinders
are required to convey the steam to the steam vessels, according as the
longitudinal and horizontal pipes are connected at one or both ends, and
either one or two steam chambers to correspond; but when two or more
"stacks are employed, the adjacent ends of their longitudinal pipes can
be connected to the same vertical cylinders, so that for every additional
"stack" employed to connect it at the four corners, only two additional
vertical pipes or cylinders are required.
"
In the arrangement of this part of the Invention, in which the layers of the
transverse "stacks" of tubes are arranged horizontallyand in vertical rows over
each other, they are jointed to a row of large vertical pipes ranged longi-
tudinally along each side of the furnace or main flue behind the fire-place, the
lower ends of which vertical pipes are jointed into two longitudinal water pipes,

page_text: while their top ends are carried high enough above the water level to form
steam chambers in connection with two large longitudinal cylindrical vessels
to which they are are all jointed. In some cases when the furnace is wide,
and consequently the transverse tubes long, they are each connected in suc-
cession by a vertical central pipe or pipes to the one immediately above, so
as to give additional freedom to the ascent of the currents of hot water
and steam as it is formed in the "stack" of horizontal pipes to the upper
layer where the said central pipes are connected to an additional
longitudinal steam chamber.
These several arrangements, under the second head of this Invention, may
be used in conjunction with those described under the first head, or by them-
selves in connection with any ordinary boiler furnace or fire-grate. When
used in connection with the first modification of improved generator or heater,
the lower longitudinal horizontal water pipes laid along the sides of the main
flue are connected at the back of the fire-place by pipes to the two horizontal
pipes of the heater into which the feed water is forced, which admits of the
reverse currents from the lower part of the main boiler to supply the excessive
ebullition caused in the pipes over the fire or furnace. When used with any
ordinary furnace, the water is fed into the said lower longitudinal water pipes
direct. In either of these several cases the flames and heated gasses from the
furnace are made to pass along the main flue or heated chamber which is
formed with the "stacks" of tubes and pipes, as before described, on the outter
surfaces of which the heated produces of combustion impinge and act upon
the whole at once, so as to heat the water within, and cause the currents of
water and steam to flow along the horizontal and angular transverse tubes,
and along the horizontal pipes, and up the vertical cylinders and conducting
pipes towards the transverse or longitudinal steam chambers, as the case may
be. Or otherwise the flames and heated products may be made, by pre-
ference, to run first along three, four, or other number of the top rows of
transverse tubes throughout any number of the stacks, and then be reversed
back through any number of the next lower rows, and, finally, be reversed at
the front end again, so as to pass along the remainder of the lower rows, on
their way to the chimney, one row at every reverse being closed up by the
pipes being placed in close contact, or the spaces between them filled up,so as
to form a roof and bottom, and cause the flames and gasses to run along the
divisions as they are reversed by walls and ducts at the ends of the stacks.
When desired these currents of hot gasses may be conveyed round the
steam chambers at the top of the boilers before finally passing to the chimney,
so as to superheat the steam therein. The sides, ends, and roof of the body

page_text: of the furnace or main flue or chamber coutaining the stacks of tubes and
pipes forming the steam generator, may be formed either of light walls of
brick or of sheet iron, in either case having large doors formed in them for
getting at the tubes, pipes, and flues of the boiler and furnace for the
purpose of repairing and cleaning the same.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Joseph Twibill in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
25th July 1865.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOSEPH
TWIBILL, of Irvine, in the County of Ayr, North Britain, Engineer, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-seventh day of January, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-five, in the twenty-eighth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said Joseph Twibill, Her special liceuse that I, the said Joseph Twibill, my
executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Joseph
Twibill, my executors, administrators, or assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the
term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel
Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM GENE-
RATORS OR STEAM BOILERS AND FURNACES, PART OF WHICH IS ALSO APPLICABLE TO
OTHER HEAT-GENERATING APPARATUS," upon the condition (amongst others)
that I, the said Joseph Twibill, my executors or administrators, by an
instrument in writing under ny hand and seal, or under the hand and seal
of one of them, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the
said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and
cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Joseph Twibill, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement in writing, reference being had to the accompanying Drawings, and
to the letters and figures marked thereon, that is to say :-
My said Invention relates more particularly to improvements in the con-
struction of that class of steam generators or boilers in which the body or

page_text: main portion of the vessel containing the water and steam is formed or
constructed of metal tubes, pipes, or cylinders, jointed together, and having
the heat applied to their outer surface, and which improvements render
such boilers more durable and efficient, giving greater freedom of circulation
to the water and steam, and consequently less liability to "priming," than
in such boilers as heretofore constructed.
The first part or modification of my Invention consists in a new and
improved form or construction of steam generator or heater, and is formed
by erecting one or more rows or layers of tubes or pipes, over and along the two
sides of a boiler fire or furnace, which may be of almost any of the ordinary
constructions laying at a considerable angle in the form of an inverted V (A),
the lower ends of such rows of tubes being jointed into longitudinal and
horizontal pipes laying along each side of the furnace, while the upper ends
forming the apex of the angle are jointed into one or two longitudinal and
horizontal pipes situated in a vertical line over the centre of the furnace,
so that the fire and flames and heated products of combustion impinge or
act directly on the outer surfaces of these rows of tubes, which are always
full of water; the whole of this portion of the generator or heater within
the furnace being below the water level of itself or that of the main boiler
when worked in connection with such.
The water is by preference fed in at the two front ends of the two lower
longitudinal pipes, so that as the currents of water and steam are heated,
they flow up the rows of tubes forming the two oblique sides of the angle over
the furnace into the longitudinal pipe or pipes at the apex, from which they
are led by one or more conducting pipes as desired, according to the purpose
for which the apparatus is employed, as, for instance, when used as a water-
heater to a main steam boiler the said conducting pipes convey the steam to
the steam receiver direct, or to the upper part of the boiler near the water
level, and it will be observed that this improved heater could be worked in
connection with almost any of the ordinary constructions of boilers now in use
as well as with those formed wholly of tubes and pipes, and when so worked
the inner ends of the two lower longitudinal pipes are connected to the
lower part of the water space of the boiler so as to admit of the return
currents of water from the main body of the water therein. When this
arrangement is used by itself for generating steam, or heating and circulating
water, the currents may be carried down by pipes leading from the sides
or ends of the longitudinal top pipe or pipes in the centre over the furnace
to those at the sides below, direct or otherwise after they have been cooled
down in heating purposes,

page_text: Another or second part of modification of my Invention consists in forming
the main body of such tubular boilers of one, two, or other number of sets,
divisions, or "stacks" of tubes or pipes, principally arranged in transverse rows
or layers over each other, in lengths equal to the width of and laid across the
main flue, heating chamber or furnace, either horizontally and parallel to each
other, or at a considerable angle to the horizon, particularly so, and by preference
as seen in the transverse sectional elevation, and when so angled, the rows or
layers may be parallel to each other, or the angles made to increase towards the
top of the "stack" where the heat and ebullition is greatest, so as to further
assist the ascension of the currents of hot water, and the steam as it is gene-
rated. The top and lower ends of these layers of transverse tubes, particularly
those placed at a considerable angle from the vertical or horizontal line are
jointed into larger longitudinal horizontal pipes laid along and over the top o
each other, so as to face or form the sides of the main flue or furnace chamber
behind the grate or fire-place. These pipes connecting and receiving all the
ends of the transverse tubes, may when desired be placed somewhat off the
longitudinal level line to assist a particular arrangement of the currents, and
they may be placed vertically over each other or at an angle leaning inwards
at the top, as desired. The ends of these two rows of longitudinal pipes
receiving the ends of the transverse tubes are jointed into four large vertical
or angular pipes or cylinders, according as the longitudinal pipes are placed
in a vertical or angular position over each other.
The two vertical or slightly angular cylinders connecting the longitudinal
pipes at the sides of the furnace where the "stacks" of angular transverse
tubes are highest are carried up considerably above the water level in the
said "stack" of tubes and pipes, so as to form in conjunction with two hori-
zontal transverse cylinders, to which they are jointed, large steam chambers
or receivers, the other ends of the transverse steam chambers being con-
nected by pipes to the other two vertical or slightly angular cylinders which
are cut short below the water level to complete the circuit and admit of the
reverse currents of water to the lower horizontal longitudinal pipes.
When one "stack" only of these tubes and pipes is used it will be seen
from the foregoing description that two or four vertical or angular cylinders
are required to convey the steam to the steam vessels according as the
longitudinal and horizontal pipes are connected at one or both ends,and either
one or two steam chambers to correspond; but when two or more "stacks "
are employed, the adjacent ends of their longitudinal pipes can be connected
to the same vertical cylinders, so that for every additional "stack" employed

page_text: to connect it at the four corners only two additional vertical pipes or cylinders
are required.
In the arrangement of this part of my Invention in which the layers of the
transverse "stacks" of tubes are arranged horizontally and in vertical rows
over each other, they are jointed to a row of large vertical pipes ranged
longitudinally along each side of the furnace or main flue behind the fire-place,
the lower ends of which vertical pipes are jointed into two longitudinal water
pipes, while their top ends are carried high enough above the water level to
form steam chambers in connection with two large longitudinal cylindrical
vessels to which they are all jointed. In some cases when the furnace is wide,
and consequently the transverse tubes long, they are each connected in
succession by a vertical central pipe or pipes to the one immediately above, so
as to give additional freedom to the ascent of the currents of hot water and
steam as it is formed in the "stack" of horizontal pipes to the upper layer
where the said central pipes are connected to an additional longitudinalsteam
chamber.
These several arrangements under the second head of my Invention may be
used in conjunction with those described under the first head, or by themselves
in connection with any ordinary boiler, furnace, or fire-grate. When used in
connection with the first modification of improved generator or heater, the lower
longitudinal horizontal water pipes laid along the sides of the main flue are
connected at the back of the fire-place by pipes to the two horizontal pipes of
the heater into which the feed water is forced, which admits of the reverse
currents from the lower part of the main boiler to supply the excessive
ebullition caused in the pipes over the fire or furnace. When used with any
ordinary furnace the water is fed into the said lower longitudinal water pipes
direct. In either of these several cases the flames and heated gases from the
furnace are made to pass along the main flue or heated chamber which is filled
with the "stacks" of tubes and pipes as before described, on the outer surface
of which the heated products of combustion impinge, and act upon the whole at
once, so as to heat the water within and cause the currents of water and steam
to flow along the horizontal and angular transverse tubes, and along the hori-
zontal pipes and up the vertical cylinders and conducting pipes, to the transverse
or longitudinal steam chambers as the case may be. Otherwise, the flames
and heated products may be made, by preference, to run first along three, four,
or other number of the top rows of transverse tubes throughout any number of
the "stacks," and then be reversed back through any number of the next lower
rows, and, finally, be reversed at the front end again, so as to pass along the

page_text: remainder of the lower rows on their way to the chimney. One row at every
reverse being closed up by the pipes being placed in close contact, or the spaces
between them filled up so as to form a roof and bottom to cause the flames and
gases to run along the divisions as they are reversed by walls and ducts at
the ends of the "stacks."
When desired these currents of hot gases may be conveyed round the steam
chambers at the top of the boiler before finally passing to the chimney, so as
to superheat the steam therein. The sides, ends, and roof of the body of the
furnace, or main flue, or chamber containing the "stacks," of tubes and pipes
forming the steam generator may either be formed of light walls, of brick, or
of sheet iron, in either case having large doors formed in them. for getting at
the tubes, and pipes, and flues of the boiler and furnace for the purpose of.
repairing and cleaning. the same.
And in order that my said Invention may be properly understood, I shall
now proceed to describe the several illustrative Figures upon the two Sheets
of explanatory Drawings, which I have hereunto appended for the purpose
of showing certain modifications under which my improvements may, be
judiciously carried out in practise, similar reference letters being employed
to indicate similar or corresponding parts in all the Figures.
Figure 1 is a side elevation, and Figure 2 is a plan of one modification,
form, or arrangement of steam generator or boiler constructed in accordance
with my said Invention, but having the "outer walls," or the brickwork
forming the sides and covering, shown as cut away, or in vertical or hori-
zontal section respectively in each of the views, for the purpose of showing
the general arrangement and construction of the whole and the several parts
more clearly; and Figures 3 and 4 are transverse vertical sections of the same,
taken on an irregular line indicated at 1-1, and 2-2, respectively through
the fire-box, and main portion or body of the boiler, in Figures 1 and 2, to
which they correspond.
In this arrangement, shown in Figures 1 to 4, on Sheet 1 inclusive, the
fire-box A, which is constructed in accordance with one modification of these
improvements, herein-before named or described under the first part or head
of my Invention, is attached to and used mainly as a water heater and cir..
culator to and in connection with the main steam generator or boiler a, which
is a modification of the improvements described under the second head of my
Iuvention.
The general arrangement and construction of the water heater and steam
generator A forming the sides and roof of the fire-box consists mainly of the
two rows of tubes B,, B', placed by preference at an angle with each other; of.

page_text: from 45° to 90°, as seen particularly in Figure 3, in the form of an inverted V
(A) over a boiler furnace or fire-grate or fire-grate G, which is of the usual
construction, except that it is by preference made wider in proportion to its
length. The lower ends of these two rows of tubes B, B¹, are truly turned
with a taper and jointed steam and water tight into bored faucets formed in
the two longitudinal pipes D and D' placed horizontally at each side of the
furnace C, and their upper ends are similarly jointed into the two horizontal
and longitudinal pipes D2 and D³ over the centre of the furnace, but instead
of the two pipes D2, D3, one larger pipe having two rows of faucets might in
some cases be preferred. The ends of the two lower pipes D, D¹, and the
two uppermost ones D2 and D³ are respectively connected to each other by
the transverse pipes E, E¹, and F, F1, through lateral branches and flange
joints, and these E,F,and E',F',are connected by the two vertical pipes G,G,
and G¹, G¹, respectively, thus binding the whole of the pipes forming the
fire-box or water heater A firmly together into one structure, with complete
power of communication throughout for the water and steam to flow and take
their natural currents; the whole being enclosed and covered in on the out-
sides by the brick walls and tiles H, H'. The cold water which is fed into
the heater A at any of the ends of the pipes E or E¹, left projecting beyond
the outer wall H for the purpose of connecting them to an injector, pump,or
other feeding apparatus, flows along these pipes E, E¹, and D, D¹, and up the
pipes B, B', along with the steam, which is generated in them by the action
of the fire and heat below them, and acting on the greater part of their outer
surface. The steam, or steam and water, is carried upwards from the two
pipes D2, D3, and F, F, by the two forked or double-branched vertical
pipes I, I, through the longitudinal pipe J at or near the water level to the
lower steam or steam and water receiver of the main boiler a, to which it is
jointed, while the water can flow back from the pipes D2, D3, and F, F, at
the top through the four vertical pipes G, G', to the lower pipes E, E¹, and
D, D', to keep up or supply the circulation of the water.
The main portion or body a of this modification of steam generator or
boiler, shown in Figures 1 to 4, is composed or formed mainly of two sets or
"stacks" of transverse tubes 6, by preference laying parallel to each other,
and at a considerable angle with the horizon, by preference from 30° to 45°,
as seen more particularly in the transverse view, Figure 4. The tubes 6 are
ranged in horizontal and vertical layers or rows over each other, as seen parti-
cularly in Figures 1 and 2, and the lower and upper ends of the horizontal
rows are jointed into faucets formed in the horizontal longitudinal pipes d
and d'ranged in two vertical rows for each "stack," and which form the sides

page_text: of the main flue or heating chamber c behind the furnace C, and fire-box.or
heater A, and in direct open communication therewith, having only the usual
fire-bridge C between them. The ends of these rows of pipes d, d³, are con-
nected to the vertical pipes or cylinders e, e¹, by flange joints; those placed
between the "stacks," and where the ebullition and motion of the water and
steam would be greatest, marked e³, e³, are, by preference, made larger than
the others. The whole of the main portion of the generator a, thus forming
a combined bound structure or vessel with complete water communication, and
the power of circulation of the same throughout all its parts, is enclosed at
the sides and back end by light brick walls h, being a continuation of the
furnace walls H, and closely covered in by the, light tile roof h¹. This
arrangement, is fitted with two transverse steam chambers k and k¹, the lower
onek having a few inches of water in it, the mean level of which is indicated
by the dotted line at 3;; this water space is connected at one end of the
receiver by the vertical pipe i to the top of the cylinder e², and at the other
end by the branch to the cylinder e³. At some distance above the water
level 3, at the highest side of the generator a, the tops of the three cylin-
ders e¹, e3,3,are connected to the longitudinal steam pipe j, which, is connected
in the centre by the short lateral pipe to one end of the lower steam
receiver. at the upper part of its steam space. The lowest, water pipe d of the
main boiler a is connected to the back of the pipe D of the heater Athrougha
branch at the lower end of the vertical-pipe e placed between them, thus
connecting both vessels A and a at the highest and lowest water level by the
pipe J and branch frespectively, The heated products of combustion from the
furnace Crafter acting on the tubes B,,B', of the heater or fire-box A, pass
along the first division of the chamber c and act on the whole of the first
"stack" of tubes b,, filling at the same time until they come in contact--with
the central brick wall or hanging bridge c¹; which causes them' to descend and
pass through the arched channel c² formed in the lower part of the bridge c',
when they enter the second division of the cand act on the second" stack"
of tubes b, filling it, when they finally pass off to the chimney through
the duct or flue y regulated by the damper. g'at the rear of the chainber. c.
When it is desired.to heat the, steam and water chamber the brick work is
built round. it as dotted. in at in Figures 2, 4, when the hot gases are
made to pass up through a duct, as indicated at ", (Figure 4,) in, front of the
central wall c' and down on the other side, as at 12. The water may be.fed
into the main boiler a when desired by the branch E2 at the lower part of, the
cylinder and by preference blown off at the lowest point of the same, or
the pipes e, by any of the branches m, which would be fitted. with any of the

page_text: usual valves or cocks for that purpose. The steam as formed rises up the
pipes b and along the pipes d' to the vertical conducting pipes or cylinders
e, es, e, from the tops of which it is conducted by the longitudinal steam
pipes j, j, to the steam space of the receiver k, while any water carried along
with the steam through the short pipes or by the water communication i¹, will
pass off at the other end of the receiver k down the pipe i to the lowest and
coldest side of the generator a,and complete or supply the currents of water to
the horizontal pipes d and lowest ends of the tubes bengenderd by the action
of the heat on their outer surfaces in the flue or chamber c. When the
heater A is used as a boiler or steam generator by itself the two pipes I and I
would be directly attached to a steam receiver of any desired construction
suitable for the purpose required; but when used as a water heater and
circulator only for the purposes of heating and ventilating buildings or currents
of air for drying, or for the evaporation and crystallization of substances, the
pipes I, I', are made to conduct the hot water for the purpose required, and
which, when cooled down, is returned to the heater A and introduced at any
of the ends of the lower pipes E or E',so as to obtain the circulation necessary
for the proper working of the heater. Although the water heater A has been
described as connected with one of my improved steam boilers, yet it is also
equally capable of being applied to any of the ordinary boilers now in use,
and when so used the back ends of the pipes D, D¹, are connected at the
lower part of the water space, and the pipes I, I', or J are connected at or
near the top of the water level in and to the boiler to which the heater A
is to be applied.
Figures 5, 6, and 7, on Sheet 1, are respectively longitudinal, transverse,
and horizontal sections of another modification of my improved steam gene-
rator, partially described under the second part or head of my improvements,
and slightly different from that shown and described in relation to Figures 1
to 4. In this modification the boiler furnace C is constructed much in the
usual manner, except that the grate and fire-box are made nearly the full
width of the chamber c and the "stacks" of tubes b and pipes d, d², and
vertical pipes or cylinders e, e¹, e2, and e³, which are all constructed much the
same as in the former arrangement described. The two steam receivers K
and K¹ in this case are placed longitudinally over the centre of thegeneratora,
and the lower one K, which contains some inches of water, the level of which
is indicated by the dotted line 3, is covered in by the brick lining L, leaving a
space or flue L' round the greater part of its circumference and length in
direct communication with the two divisions of the main chamber c through
its roof h' on each side of the bridge c'; which maintains the water and steam

page_text: in the vessel K at a high temperature. The water is fed into the generator a
by the lateral branch M in the centre of the longitudinal water pipe N directly,
connected to the lower ends of the three vertical pipes or cylinderse, e, ande²
while their upper ends and similarly connected by the longitudinal pipe O,
from the centre of which the branch P is connected to the receiver K at
the lowest point of its water space, while the water is blown by cocks
attached to either of the ends N¹ of the pipe N. The steam is conveyed from
the longitudinal pipe by the three branch pipes to the upper part of the
steam space of the receiver K, to which they are jointed by flanges.
Figure 8 is a longitudinal vertical section of another modification of steam
generator constructed in accordance with these improvements under the second
part or head of my Invention; Figures 9 and 10 are transverse vertical sec-
tions of the same taken on the indicated lines 4-4, 5-5, of the furnace in
Figure 8, at the back of the furnace or front of the main boiler chamber c,
and through the smoke box g2 at the rear of the chamber c, respectively
showing the structure of the main boiler a, a¹, and water heater A¹ in end
elevation as enclosed in their chambers cand g²; and Figurell is a horizontal
section of the same arrangement taken on the irregular line indicated at 6-6,
in Figure 9. In this modification, shown in Figures 8 to 11 on Sheet 2
inclusive, the main boiler is composed of two "stacks" a, a¹, the transverse
tubes 6 of which are ranged horizontally and parallel to each other, as seen in
Figure 9, and in vertical and horizontal rows over and in a line with each
other, as seen in Figure 8. The tubes 6 of the boiler a, a', and in this case are
formed in two lengths and jointed at their ends in vertical rows into the three
vertical faucet pipes d, d, and d¹ ranged in three longitudinal rows, those
of the two d, d, forming the sides of the main chamber c, while those of d
run along its centre resting on the division wall H² The bottom ends of
these three rows of vertical pipes d, d, and d¹, of each "stack" a and a¹ are
jointed by flanges to the longitudinal water pipes N, N, and N¹, and the top
ends of these pipes & forming the two side rows are similarly connected by
flanged joints to the two large longitudinal steam pipesj; whilst the top ends
of the pipes a¹ of the centre row are similarly jointed direct to the cylindrical
steam receiver K. The two stacks of tubes a and a¹ are thus connected
together by the steam chamber K direct, and through the four short lateral
pipes j' to the steam pipe j, while the three water and two steam pipes
N, N, N', and j, j, of each set of "stack" are also jointed by their respective
flanges at N2 and 12, making the whole a complete bound structure with water
circulation throughout. The water heater A¹, in this arrangement placed in
the smoke.box g² behind the back wall 2 of the main chamber
is con-
C

page_text: .structed of two vertical rows of horizontal transverse tubes or pipes b', each pipe
having three short vertical branches 62 passing through them with flanges on
their under and upper sides, so that when they are built up and jointed together
as shown in Figures 8 and 10, the branches 62 form three vertical pipes from
the bottom to the top of the structure or vessel which has thus free .communi.
cation for the water throughout all its parts. This mode of constructing and
erecting the horizontal transverse tubes ; though only shown as applied to the
water heater A', is also equally applicable to those of the main generator, a¹.
In this arrangement the water is fed into the water heater A¹ by the double
branch pipe n to the two lowest central vertical rows of branches of the
horizontal pipes b', and after, passing up through the whole heater to the top
is conveyed by the double branch pipen' at one side, and by the vertical water
pipe and knees n² to the back end of one of the water pipes N of the generator
a, a', and circulated through the tubes b of the same by the action of the
heat on their outer surface, and is blown off when desired at the front end of
any of the tubes N, N, or N¹, as at N³, by cocks or valves attached in the
usual manner for the purpose. The heated products of combustion from the
:furnace C are made to pass along the division c¹ of the main chamber c
covered in by the tile roof h¹, and thus heating the three horizontal top rows of
tubes b until they reach the back wall h², where they are caused to descend
through the opening o left for the purpose, and pass along the second division
c² containing the next three horizontal rows of tubes b, which are thus heated,
. and as the flames and hot gases reach the bridge wall Cof the furnace, raised
higher than usual for the purpose, they are here again: reversed and caused to
descend through the duct o¹, and pass along the lowest division c³ containing
the two lowest rows of tubes b, which are thus heated also, and the hot gases
finally caused to pass through the low arched opening h³ in the wall.h2.into
the smoke box g³, where they act on all the tubes b' of the water heater A¹ as
they pass up to and out at the flue g³ to the chimney. The spaces. between
the tubes of the fourth and seventh horizontal rows are filled up by fire-
clay or tiles, as shown at h4, so as to form divisions or roofs for conducting the
heated products of combustion in the required course or direction. For the
purpose. of superheating and drying the steam. in the receiver K, it is built
in all round by the brick wall L on the top of the tile roof h', leaving a flue
space L.round the greater part of its circumference and length, into which
the duct. L, regulated by a damper, conducts the hot gases from the furnace
C, where after passing along the flue: L and acting on the surface of the
receiver K, they pass. down the opening L³ at the back wall 2: into the
chamber c. The direction of.the currents of the heated products of com-

page_text: bustion from the furnace to the flue leading to the chimney is indicated by
arrows in the several views of the different modifications described. In order
to give greater facility and freedom of access to and for the purpose of
cleaning the "stacks" of tubes 6 and 61, and the flues and chambers c¹, c², c³,
and 2 in this arrangement, the greater portion of the sides of the main
chamber c and smoke box g2 have been fitted with the double and single
folding light iron doors h, hinged to " suugs "or hinges formed on several of
the vertical side pipes d of the generator a, a¹, and the vertical side pipes 62
of the water heater A¹. In some cases for the same purpose of obtaining
access to the tubes 6, I would also form similar or sliding light iron doors to
cover in openings to be left in the brick walls and roofs h and h¹ described
in the two modifications of these improved generators shown and described
in reference to the several Figures shown on Sheet 1.
Instead of covering in the sides, ends, and top of these improved
generators by brick walls and doors as described, I do so in some cases by
thin portable sheets of iron, riveted together to the required sizes, and
attached by screw bolts or pins to the rows of side pipes d, d', or to a light
iron frame erected for the purpose, so as to be easy of removal when access
is required for cleaning or repairing the tubes.
Although I have only shown two sets or "stacks" of transverse tubes, with
their horizontal and vertical connecting pipes and vertical cylinders in the
several modifications of my improved steam generator described, it will be
evident that three, four, or other number might be connected in the same
manner in a straight line, when greater steam generating power is required,
and when forming a long boiler might have another furnace or fire-grate at
the other end, or it might have the furnace or furnaces ranged laterally, and
in either case have the direction of the currents of hot gases through the flues
or chambers containing the transverse tubes 6 modified to correspond. I by
preference connect the transverse tubes 6 in short portable rows of from six
to ten, those delineated in the several Figures being in sets of eight, into
their horizontal or vertical connecting pipes d, d, by faucet joints p, as seen
particularly in Figures 2 and 9 on Sheets 1 and 2 respectively, as the cases
may be, for the double purpose of saving space or getting the tubes bas close
together as possible, and the removal of these short portable rows when
required for the renewal of worn out or defective tubes without disturbing any
other portion of the generator by unscrewing the flange joints q of the pipes
d, d', and the branches connecting them to the vertical and horizontal pipes
and cylinders e, e', e², e³, and N, j, and the generator left in working order

page_text: without loss of time by simply screwing on blind flanges to the branches
at q, where the pipes d, d¹, were removed for the time being.
In Figures 12, 13, and 14, on Sheet 2, is shown in enlarged detail a portion
of a few of the tubes b and their connecting pipes d, in side and edge view
and plan respectively, as jointed together by a peculiar faucet joint tapering
inwards, so that any single tube b can be withdrawn or inserted without dis-
turbing any of the other tubes or pipes. This is effected by forming a row of
short tubular openings » exactly in a line with and along the opposite side of
the pipe d to that of the faucets p¹. These openings are made rather larger
than the tubes b, which are inserted or withdrawn through them and the
interior of the pipes d when desired, by the removal of the covers s jointed
over them and attached to the pipes d by the "U bolts" and screw pins t,
and ranged conveniently along the sides of the generator for the purpose, and
when made in long flat plates equal to the whole height of and width between
the pipes d,d, and formed with overlapping or half-checked edges as shown,
would form a good and convenient outer casing to the generator, instead of
the brick walls or irou doors h herein-before described.
In place of connecting the transverse tubes or pipes 6 to their horizontal
and vertical connecting pipes d by the faucets p or p¹as herein-before
described, I sometimes do so by flange joints u, and in such cases I construct
the transverse tubes 6, as shown in two modifications, by the single tube in
half elevation and section in Figures 15 and 16 on Sheet 2, by forming a
series of hollow enlargements of a partially spherical or eliptical form as
shown at v, or of an angular annular form as. shown at v, which serves the
double purpose of giving greater heating surface and utilising the parallel
space occupied by the flanges u as shown by the dotted lines in both the
Figures.
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of my said.
Invention, and. the manner in which the same is or may be used. or carried
into effect, I may observe that I do not confine or restrict myself. to. the
precise details or arrangements which I have had occasion to describe,
delineate, and refer to, as many variations may be made therefrom without
departing from the main or essential features of my Invention; neither do I.
claim the forms of the various parts particularly by themselves, or their con-
struction, or the modes of jointing and putting them together, which I have
had occasion to describe or refer to, as many of these have heretofore been
used in various mechanical structures, except in combination with and forming
part of the essential principles or features of my Invention; but what, I.

page_text: consider to be novel and original, and therefore claim as the Invention secured
to me by the herein-before in part recited Letters Patent is,-
First, the general arrangement and construction of steam generators,
furnaces, and water heaters formed with rows of pipes ranged in the form of
an inverted V (^) directly over a furnace, substantially as herein-before
described under the first head of my Invention in reference to Figures 1, 2,
and 3, on Sheet 1, or any mere modification thereof.
Second, the general arrangement and construction of steam generators and
furnaces, with "stacks" of angular transverse tubes or pipes, substantially as
herein-before described under the second head of my Invention in reference
to Figures 1 to 7, inclusive, on Sheet 1, or any mere modification thereof.
Third, the general arrangement and construction of steam generators and
furnaces, with "stacks" of horizontal transverse tubes or pipes, substantially
as herein-before described under the second head of my Invention in reference
to Figures 8 and 11, inclusive, on Sheet 2, or any mere modification thereof.
Fourth, the system or mode of jointing the ends of the transverse tubes or
pipes of these improved steam generators, so that any single one of them can
be withdrawn or inserted right through from the opposite or outer side of
the pipe to which it is connected, substantially as herein-before described in
reference to Figures 12, 13, and 14, on Sheet 2, or any mere modification
thereof.
Fifth, the system or mode of forming the bodies of the transverse tubes or
pipes of these improved steam generators, with spherical or enlarged bulging
surfaces, substantially as herein-before described in reference to Figures 15
and 16 on Sheet 2, or any mere modification thereof.
In witness whereof, I, the said Joseph Twibill, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Twentieth day of July, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-five.
30 Witness,
W. R. M. THOMSON,
Patent Agent,
20, Buchanan Street,
Glasgow.
JOSEPH TWIBILL. (L.S.).