IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PINS, HOOKS, EYES AND OTHER FASTENINGS
Year: 1847

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, MARY
JENKINS, of Aston, in the County of Warwick, Widow, send greeting,
WHEREAS Her most Gracious Majesty, by Her Letters Patent under
the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,
bearing date at Westminster, the Thirty-first day of December, in the
eleventh year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successore, give
and grant unto me, the said Mary Jenkins, my exors, admors, and assigns,
Her especial licence, full power, sole privilege and authority, that I, the said
Mary Jenkins, my exors, admors, and assigns, and such others as I, the said
Mary Jenkins, my exors, admors, and assigns, should at any time agree with,
and no others, from time to time and at all times hereafter during the term
of years therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise,
and veud, within that part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland called England, and Her Majesty's Dominions of Wales, and Town
of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and also within the Islands of Guernsey, Jersey,
Alderney, Sark, Man, and all Her Majesty's Colonies and Plantations abroad,
my Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PINS, HOOKS, EYES
AND OTHER FASTENINGS;" in which Letters Patent there is contained a proviso
requiring that I, the said Mary Jenkins, shall particularly describe and ascer-
tain the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal, to be
enrolled in Her said Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said in part recited Letters

page_text: Patent, as in and by the same, reference being thereunto had, will more fully
and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Mary Jenkins, do hereby declare the nature of my said Invention, and
the manner in which the same is to be performed, are fully described and
ascertained in and by the following statement thereof, and by reference to
the Drawing hereunto annexed, that is to say :-
My Invention consists of the several improvements herein-after mentioned,
that is to say-
First, an improved or novel construction of fasteners for dresses and other
articles, intended more especially to be used in place of the hook and eye now
in common use.
By reference to the Drawing it will be seen that the improved fastener or
fasteners consists of two wire loops or nooses, but I do not confine myself to
the particular shape or form of loop or noose as shewn in the Drawings, as it
may be varied in a variety of ways, as shewn by Figs. 1, 2, and 3. The
fasteners may also be used one of thread or silk, the other of wire. No dress
or article of clothing to which this fastener may be attached will be liable to
become unfastened by any ordinary expansion or contraction, for instance, of
theshoulders, when applied to ladies' or children's dresses. The fastener itself
is not liable to injury by the ordinary pressure of ironing mangling. It is
superior to the common hook because it lies more flat to the dress, and will
not catch it improperly.
or
Having thus described the nature of my Invention so far as relates to the
improvement firstly herein-before described, I wish it to be understood that
what I claim is the improvement caused by the novel construction of the
fasteners I have described.
Second, an improvement in coloring pins, hooks, eyes, curtain bands,
parasol and umbrella stretchers, buttons, and other fastenings made of iron or
brass or any other metal by applying colored enamels or japans in the following
manner-
A suitable number of articles intended to be enamelled or japauned ac-
cording to my Invention are taken by the operator, and submitted to a cleans-
ing process, which consists in shaking them in a bag made of rough material
till the filth upon the surface of the work disappears. They are then made
perfectly free from dust, after which they are placed in a bowl or basin, and a
sufficient quantity of spirits or oil of turpentine added to moisten them slightly
all over. This is intended to cause the enamel or japau mixture (which I
shall hereafter explain, and which is immediately added) to cover the whole

page_text: surface of the articles, the enamel or japan mixture freely following wherever
the spirits of turpentine has circulated. The quantity of enamel or japan
mixture necessary to be introduced into each lot of work may be easily ascer-
tained by the operator after a little practice. It should be sufficient to
produce a thin coat over each article of the whole mass. When this coat is
perfectly apparent the articles thus prepared are scattered over a sheet-iron
pan about as thickly as just to hide the surface. The pans I use for this
purpose are about one foot square. The pan, with its contents, is then placed
in a stove possessing an area of about sixteen cubic feet, and subjected to a
heat of from two hundred and ten to two hundred and twenty degrees of
Fahrenheit. After remaining in the stove about fifteen minutes the enamel
or japan becomes sufficiently set. The articles are then placed in a pan, and
submitted to a current of cold air. This completes the first part of the
process. In giving them a second coat the operator proceeds as in the first
part of the process herein described, omitting the spirits of turpentine unless
they adhere together. A few drops may in such case be added, sufficient to
loosen them. Any number of coats required may be proceeded with in the
same way; but I find that three or four coats are sufficient to produce a good
and perfect colour, and render the articles fit for sale.
I now proceed to describe the enamel or japan mixture before alluded to.
That used to produce a blue enamel or japan is composed of the following
parts-Superfine polishing or any other kind of varnish or gums, three
quarters of a pint ; spirits or oil of turpentine, half a pint; a preparation of
white lead commonly known as flake white, one pound; a well-known
preparation of prussiate of iron called Chinese blue, one ounce. The above
parts are thus mixed-The flake white and Chinese blue are ground together
in a quantity of varnish or gums and turpentine, sufficient to make a paste,
and facilitate the process of grinding. The remaining portions of varnish or
gums and turpentine are then added, and the mixture thus prepared is placed
in a bottle and corked. The mixture should be well shaken before being
used. The mixture for producing a red enamel or japan is composed of the
following parts:-A preparation of chrome well known in the market as
Persian, Vandyke, or Chelsea red, one pound; superfine polishing or any
other kind of varnish or gums, half a pint; spirits of turpentine, one quarter
of a pint. The mixing is performed as before described. The green enamel
or japan mixture is thus prepared :-Pale chrome, one quarter of a pound;
varnish or gums, as before, half a pint; turpentine, one quarter of a pint.
Mixing is performed as before described. The above will be sufficient to
shew the whole process. It should be observed, that by this method all other.

page_text: colours or shades of colours may be obtained by slight variations in the mix-
ture, the necessary ingredients of which may be obtained from a colour
maker. By the infusion of any of the above colours in silver, and then
adopting the process now in common use called silvering, I can also produce
a coloured article without the assistance of the varnish or gums.
Having thus described the nature of n.y Invention so far as relates to the
improvement secondly herein-before described, I would wish it to be under-
stood, that I do not make any claim to the enamels or japans or to the
silvering process herein described when separately considered; and I wish it
to be understood that what I claim is, the improvements in the manufacture
of pins, hooks, eyes, and other fastenings caused by producing colored and
also white enamel or japanned services thereto, as described, and also by
producing a colour on a silvered surface, as described, but I do not claim the
japanning of such articles black.
Third, an improved window or shutter fastener which is intended to afford
very great security when applied to windows or inside shutters. This fastener
consists of three parts: first, a hinge; second, a catch; third, a button; all made
of iron or brass or other metal. The fastener is intended to be affixed at the side.
of a window where the upper and lower sashes join, and it there acts upon
the principle of a prop. The lower limb of the hinge is intended to be fixed
at the top of the lower sash, and the catch is intended to be let into the wood-
work of the upper sash, as shown in Figs. 4 and 5. When it is desired to
fasten the window, the upper limb of the hinge must be thrown up, and
secured or locked to the catch by the button, as will be seen by the accom-
panying Drawing, Figs. 6 and 7, showing various views of the parts sepa
rately. When the window is desired to be opened, the upper part of the hinge
must be turned down upon the lower sash. This fastner is intended to do
with the present insecure and unsightly fastenings usually employed in
the centres of windows. By this description I do not intend to limit myself
as to the application of the fastener to any particular position on a window or
shutter, as I can render it applicable to the centre of a window or shutter.
away
Having thus described the nature of my Invention so far as relates to the
said improved window or shutter fastener, I wish it to be understood that what
I claim is, the improvement in the construction of the fastener.
Fourth, an ornamental candle fastener. This Invention is intended to
combine a metallic or other ornament for the candle acting as a fastener for
the candle with a save-all, by which the objectionable necessity of fastening
the candle with paper is done away with. I first make an ordinary sconce or
save-all without a rim, and then connect with it upon the upper edge, by

page_text: means of hinges, two, three, or more metal or other ornaments, which, being
moveable, may be caused either perpendicularly to surround the candle, and
support it in the candlestick, or to fall over the edge of such candlestick, and
act as an ornament only, as shown in Figs. 8 and 9. This fastener or save-all
is to be made of different sizes; and it is intended that the entire candle, when
first lighted, shall be placed upon the save-all, which will then be inserted,
and descend into the candlestick, and does not require to be touched until the
candle is consumed within about an inch, when a slight pressure on the orna-
mental part will suffice to raise the fastener sufficiently for the consumption of
the remainder of the candle without the necessity for any other save-all. This
fastener may be made with the ornamental parts plated, or of German silver
or of brass or other kinds of metal; and my method of applying colour to
different metals and other substances will also be applicable to this fastener.
Having thus described the nature of my Invention so far as relates to the
said proposed candle fastener, I wish it to be understood that I claim only the
improvement in the construction of a save-all by combining with it the hinges
and ornamental work above described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Mary Jenkins, have hereunto set my hand
and seal, this Twenty-seventh day of June, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and forty-eight.
MARY (L.S.) JENKINS.
AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Twenty-seventh day of June,
in the year of our Lord 1848, the aforesaid Mary Jenkins came before our
said Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged the Specification
aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained and specified,in form
above written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped according to
the tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.
Enrolled the Thirtieth day of June, in the year of our Lord One thousand
eight hundred and forty-eight.