IMPROVEMENTS IN THE METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR HEATING, EVAPORATING, AND CONCEN- TRATING ALKALINE LIQUORS, BRINES, SOLUTIONS OF CHEMICAL SALTS, AND OTHER SIMILAR LIQUORS, AND. FOR OXIDIZING, DRYING, AND CALCINING THE REFUSE AND OTHER SIMILAR SUBSTANCES
Year: 1876

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Cammack and Alexander Walker, both of St. Helen's,
in the County of Lancaster, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR HEATING, EVAPORATING, AND CONCEN-
TRATING ALKALINE LIQUORS, BRINES, SOLUTIONS OF CHEMICAL SALTS, AND
OTHER SIMILAR LIQUORS, AND. FOR OXIDIZING, DRYING, AND CALCINING THE
REFUSE AND OTHER SIMILAR SUBSTANCES."
aled the 7th July 1876, and dated the 10th April 1876.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Cammack and Alexander
Walker at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 10th April 1876.
JOHN CAMMACK and ALEXANDER WALKER, both of St. Helen's, in the County of
Lancaster. "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR HEATING,
EVAPORATING, AND CONCENTRATING ALKALINE LIQUORS, BRINES, SOLUTIONS OF
CHEMICAL SALTS AND OTHER SIMILAR LIQUORS, AND FOR OXIDIZING, DRYING, AND
CALCINING THE REFUSE AND OTHER SIMILAR SUBSTANCES."
This Invention relates principally to the evaporation of carbonated and caustic
alkaline liquors down to dryness, and even fusing or calcining the residues; to the
evaporation down to dryness of such brines as are formed in a natural state in
Cheshire and elsewhere, and those made artificially by the solution of rock salt in
water; to the evaporation of refined salt cake liquors (that is, solutions of sulphate
of soda), and the drying down and oxidizing of a mud composed of oxides or
carbonates of manganese held in suspension in water, or solution of chlorides of
calcium or magnesium; also to the drying down of a mixed solution of chloride
of manganese and chloride of magnesia, and the decomposition and oxidation of
the residue.
The Invention also relates, secondly, to the concentration of vitriol; to the drying
down and roasting of paper makers' waste alkaline liquors; to the dehydration of
sulphate of lime; to the oxidation, and, if necessary, the distillation of the sulphur
from the oxide of iron after the purification of coal gas, or of any artificially made
sulphide of iron, and the treatment of aluminous shales or clay by vitriol in the
manufacture of alum, and to a variety of other analogous chemical processes.
The present Invention consists in the use and application for such purposes of
the continuous (or almost continuous) process, and the revolving cylinder or
[Price Gd.]

page_text: receptacle described in the Provisional Specification annexed to a petition for
Letters Patent filed by us on the Third day of March 1876, No. 903.
It will be understood that for oxidizing purposes air or oxygen would have to
be admitted or forced into the revolving cylinder or receptacle during the process,
and for carbonating purposes carbonic acid may be admitted.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said John Cammack and Alexander Walker in the Great Seal Patent
Office on the 10th October 1876.
JOHN CAMMACK and ALEXANDER WALKER, both of St. Helen's, in the County of
Lancaster. "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR HEATING,
EVAPORATING, AND CONCENTRATING ALKALINE LIQUORS, BRINES, SOLUTIONS OF
CHEMICAL SALTS, AND OTHER SIMILAR LIQUORS, AND FOR OXIDIZING, DRYING,
AND CALCINING THE REFUSE AND OTHER SIMILAR SUBSTANCES."
The Invention relates principally to the evaporation of carbonated and caustic
alkaline liquors down to dryness, and even fusing or calcining the residues; to the
evaporation down to dryness of such brines as are formed in a natural state in
Cheshire and elsewhere, and those made artificially by the solution of rock salt in
water;
to the evaporation of refined salt cake liquors (that is, solutions of sulphate
of soda), and the drying and oxidizing of a mud composed of oxides or carbonates
of manganese held in suspension in water, or solution of chlorides of calcium or
magnesium; also to the drying down of a mixed solution of chloride of manganese
and chloride of magnesia, and the decomposition, and oxidation of the residue..
The Invention also relates, secondly, to the concentration of vitriol; to the
drying down and roasting of paper makers' waste alkaline liquors; to the oxidation,
and, if necessary, the distillation of the sulphur from the oxide of iron after the
purification of coal gas, or of any artificially made sulphide of iron, and the treat-
ment of aluminous shales or clay by vitriol in the manufacture of alum and to a
variety of other analogous chemical processes, such as the treatment of acetate of lime
by vitriol for the production of pyroligneous acid; the revivifying of lime nud, as
formed in the making of caustic soda, and in the manufacture of coal gas; the
distillation of sulphur from crude. Sicilian or other native sulphur; and the purifying
by sublimation of carbonate of ammonia.
The present Invention consists in the use and application for such purposes of
the continuous (or almost continuous) process and the revolving cylinder or recep-
tacle described in the Provisional Specification annexed to a petition for Letters
Patent filed by us on the Third day of March 1876, No. 903, and, in the final
Specification subsequently filed.
It will be understood that for oxidizing purposes air or oxygen would have to be
admitted or forced into the revolving cylinder or receptacle during the process, and
for carbonating purposes carbonic acid may be admitted.
That our Invention may be better understood we have appended hereto a Sheet
of Drawings illustrative of various methods of carrying the same into practice.
Fig. 1 shows a sectional elevation of apparatus suitable for evaporating car-
bonated or caustic alkaline and like liquors, as brines, refined salt cake liquors, and
solutions of alum. a is the drying cylinder, caused to rotate on 'the wheels b;
c, rotary stirrer; d, fire-place; e, tank containing the liquor to be evaporated;
plunger, operated by the eccentric g; h, measuring vessel. When the plunger f
is in the position shown the liquor from the measuring vessel / flows into the
cylinder a. When the plunger is below the opening i the liquor from the tank e
flows into the measuring vessel 7. The quantity of the liquid in his adjusted by
the depth of the tube j in the vessel h. The residue from the evaporated liquid is
removed at ; l, waste gas exit.

page_text: Fig. 2 shows a sectional elevation of apparatus suitable for heating or evaporating
chemical substances, such as black ash liquors or lime nud produced in alkali
making, and oxide of manganese muds. Where air or carbonic acid is required to
be brought into contact with the material for oxidizing or carbonating purposes.
a, cylinder; c, stirrer; m, filling mechanism; n, air or carbonic acid entrance;
o, diaphragms for causing the air or carbonic acid to travel along the sides of the
cylinder, and so come in contact with the material being treated; p, door from
which the treated material is removed.
Fig. 3 is a sectional elevation showing apparatus suitable where a long continued
heating, or two degrees of heat is required, as carbonate of manganese mud or
mixture of sulphate of potash, lime, and chrome iron ore for bichrome making, or
where two degrees of heat may be advisable, as in the treatment of paper makers'
refuse liquors, spent oxide of iron, or mixture of chlorides of manganese and mag-
nesia. Here two revolving cylinders are employed, one above the other; the lower
one may be of fire-clay and used at a higher heat. The material enters at q in the
top cylinder, passes from the top cylinder to the bottom cylinder by the passage 7,
and leaves the bottom cylinder at t.
It will be obvious that various arrangements of rotating cylinders may be
employed in carrying out our improved continuous process. l, waste gas exit.
It will also be obvious that, if desired, the heating gases could be made to pass
through instead of around the cylinders.
Having now described the nature of the said Invention in such manner that
others will be enabled to carry our improvements into effect, we claim the improve-
ments substantially as herein set forth.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Cammack, have hereunto set my hand
and seal, the Seventh day of October, in the year of our Lord One thousand
eight hundred and seventy-six.
J. JOHNSON,
Patent Office,
Clayton Square,
Liverpool.
JN°. CAMMACK. (L.S.)