IMPROVEMENTS IN TELEGRAPHIC APPARATUS
Year: 1876

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Sir William Thomson, Knight, of Glasgow College,
Doctor of Laws, and Professor of Natural Philosophy in the University and
Collego of Glasgow, and Fleeming Jenkin, of No. 3, Great Stuart St., Edinburgh,
for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN TELEGRAPHIC APPARATUS."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Sir William Thomson and
Flcoming Jenkin at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 13th
March 1876.
Sir WILLIAM THOMSON, Knight, of Glasgow College, Doctor of Laws, and Professor
of Natural Philosophy in the University and College of Glasgow, and FLEEMING
JENKIN, of No. 3, Great Stuart St., Edinburgh. IMPROVEMENTS IN TELEGRAPHIC
APPARATUS."
$5
Our present Invention relates to improvements in the mode of carrying out part
of the Invention described in the Specification of our joint Patent, No. 2086 of the
year 1873, but some of these improvements are capable of being usefully applied to
other electrical transmitting apparatus.
More particularly our Invention relates to a better construction of the automatic
paper transmitter, to improved punchers for preparing the paper, one of which may
be worked from a distance, and to the use of paper with a central row of holes
prepared before the message is punched, or with a central row of indentations pro-
duced by the punchers.
We have improved the automatic transmitter, so that the speed may be con-
veniently regulated, the risk of failure in making the contacts is reduced, and the
drawing-off mechanism is simplified.
Our improved punches are dissimilar from those which we previously described.
The object in our improved forms of puncher is to diminish the labour or effort of
punching, to give very perfect spacing, even when the punching is donc at high
speeds, and to construct the puncher so that it will not get readily out of order.
The object of using paper with a central row of holes previously prepared is to
diminish the labour of the clerk who has to prepare the paper, and to secure good
spacing with a comparatively simple form of puncher. A special forin of puncher is
preferably used to prepare the paper in this way.
We regulate the speed of the automatic transmitter by one of two forms of

page_text: governor. In our first form of governor we employ revolving weights hanging
from or attached to the ends of a cross bar fixed to a vertical spindle. The cen-
trifugal tendency of the revolving weights causes one or both of them to press
against the inside of a cylindrical ring, thus causing friction.
The divergence of the weights from the central axis is resisted by a suitable
spring or springs until the desired velocity is reached. Any increase of centrifugal
force above that which suffices to extend the spring or springs until the weight or
weights press against the ring causes pressure on the ring, and the frictional force
duo to this pressure resists to motion. To adjust at any time to a different speed
without stopping the machinery the tension of the spring or springs is varied by
the operator by means of a suitable handle, the motion of which changes the position
of one end of the spring or springs. The motion of the machinery is communicated
to the governor by means of toothed wheels.
In the second form of governor applied to the automatic transmitter we retain
the revolving weight or weights pressing against the inside of a cylindrical ring, as
described above, and we retain the spring or springs by which the centrifugal ten-
dency of the weights is resisted, but we vary the speed, not by altering the tension
of the spring or springs, but in the following manner :- -The notion of the clock-
work is communicated to the governor not as in the first form by toothed wheels
but by means of the friction between two discs at right angles to each other, the
one of which is vertical and revolves with the clock work, and the other of which is
horizontal, and is connected to the revolving spindle of the governor. The whole
governor is supported by a geometrical slide, that is to say, upon five points, each
of which is free to slip upon the surface on which it rests. The sixth point, which
keops the framework of the governor in equilibrium, is the point in which the
vertical disc is touched by the horizontal disc. This mode of suspension gives
rise to a couple tending to cause the whole framework of the governor to revolve
about a horizontal axis, and this couple is balanced by the moment of the pressure
between the two discs about the same axis. Thus the pressure between the two
discs is kept at a definite amount for all different positions into which the framework
may be brought for different adjustments.
By means of a suitable handle, giving a vertical motion to the whole framework
of the governor, the framework can be raised or lowered so that the disc on the
spindle of the governor is brought nearer to or removed farther from the centre of
the disc connected to the clockwork, and thus the speed of the machinery is varied.
We provide in this governor for further possible changes in speed by providing a
means of altering the tension on the springs which resist the centrifugal tendency
of the weights.
We diminish the risk of failure in the contacts of the automatic transmitter by a
change in the arrangement of the electrical contacts from that described in the
Specification of our Patent, No. 2086. We now connect the one pole of the battery
to the two lower contacts, on which the springs operated on by the levers rest when
depressed, and we connect the other pole of the battery to the two upper contacts
which these springs touch when they are raised. We connect the one of the said
springs to the two upper contacts on which the springs operated on by the cams
rest when raised, and connect the other of the first-mentioned springs to the two
lower contacts which the springs operated on by the cams touch when depressed.
We connect one of the two latter springs to carth, and the other to line. This
arrangement is less liable to short circuit the battery, and so to burn the contacts in
the case of faulty adjustment of the springs.
We also now provide spring contact pieces for the lower contacts, and we add
fixed guard bars so placed above or below the contact springs as to prevent these
from vibrating at quick speeds or being pulled up or down by adhesion, and so
burning the contacts or falsifying the signals.
The drawing-off mechanism is simplified by the omission of the large drum with
holes. We now use a single toothed roller, the projections of which enter the
successive central holes or indentations in the paper, and a guide consisting of a

page_text: metal plate with a slot in it, which plate keeps the paper sufficiently close to the
roller. We also use a second plate with a slot in it as a plough, by which the paper
is cleared off the roller.
We employ several forms of puncher to prepare the paper. In the first and most
complete form the power is supplied by a shaft driven by a spring or weight or
other source of power. The punching is effected by the depression of three keys,
each of which releases a detent, allowing the power to be applied. The depression
of the dot or dash key determines the punching of a dot or a dash respectively, and
also allows the feed mechanism to move the paper on by the amount of one space;
the third key allows the feed mechanism to be actuated. If central holes are
desired these are punched whenever the detent is released by any one of the three
keys. When the detent is released the power turns a horizontal shaft through a
constant fraction of a revolution to be called hereafter a period. On the shaft are
fixed two cam wheels, one called the punching can wheel, and the other the paper
cam wheel, with as many projections as there are periods in one revolution. The
projections of the punching cam serve by suitable mechanism to depress the punches.
The central punch is depressed whenever the detent is released if the central row of
holes is required. The dot punch is depressed through the intervention of a packing
piece introduced between the cam and punch when the dot key is depressed. A
similar packing piece allows the dash hole to be punched. The corresponding pro-
jections of the paper cam actuate the mechanism which pulls on the paper. This
paper cam surface is so shaped that the paper is drawn on at a speed which is slow
at first, increases to a maximum, and decreases to zero gradually, so that the paper
is jerked neither at starting nor stopping. The puncher has this peculiarity in
common with those previously patented by us, but the plan of producing the
gradual change of speed by the cam surface is novel in this puncher. The paper is
locked at the end of each period of motion by suitable pawls and ratchet wheels.
The punching and paper cams always revolve in one direction.
This puncher
requires a minimum effort on the part of the operator, as he has only to exert
sufficient force to release the detent to produce dot or dash or space; it also gives a
maximum speed, as the paper is stopped and started gradually, and it ensures the
complete punching of the hole, for the cam wheel cannot revolve through one
period without depressing the punch to the full extent. Lastly, no difference in the
style of operating has any influence on the regularity of the punching.
The parts of this puncher can be actuated with so little force that they may be
worked from a distance by an electro-magnetic relay or relays, so that a messago
sent from one station will be received by the puncher, which thus prepares tho
paper for retransmission at the next station. This can be done with two wires,
using one to release the detent and the other to insert the packing pieces for dot or
dash; or one wire may be used for the dot and one for the dash, the space being
produced by punching both a dot and a dash, both wires being used simultaneously
for this purpose.
A dot and dash hole simultaneously punched on opposite sides
of the paper transmits no current into the line, and are therefore equivalent to a
space or blank; or the same object can be effected with one wire, by using positive
and negative currents to actuate the relay or relays which insert the dot and dash
packing pieces respectively, while either current releases the detent; a weaker
positive or negative current can thus be employed to release the detent without
actuating the packing pieces when spaces are required; the original signals may be
sent if desired by a punched strip, in which the central holes are used to send the
weaker current. In this manner a series of stations can receive punched strips and
retransmit the message by their use.
When no external source of power is available the operator winds up the driving
weight or spring from time to time.
We use a similar apparatus, without detent keys or dot and dash punches, to pre-
pare the paper for other forms of puncher by punching a continuous row of central
holes; the power is then directly applied to the cam shaft, which rotates at a
uniform speed.

page_text: We use a simpler form of the same puncher, requiring the continual action of two
hands. In this form the can shaft carries two levers with cam surfaces, corre-
When
sponding to half a period of each of the continuous cams above described.
punching is to be performed this shaft is caused to oscillate backwards and forwards
by a handle, actuated, say, by the left hand, while the fingers of the right depress
the keys which determine whether a dot or dash hole shall be punched. When
spaces are required no key is depressed, but the handle actuated by the left hand.
The one cam punches the paper and the other actuates the feed mechanism. In
this form the labour of punching is kept distinct from that of selection of the punch
to be actuated. The selecting keys and punching handle are depressed at the same
time, and there is little difficulty in keeping time with the two hands; but to
obviate the results of possible carelesness on the part of the operator we prefer to
put the selecting keys on the punching handle, giving another form of puncher in
which the keys are first depressed and the handle then depressed; the selecting of
the acting punch by a packing piece and the special feed mechanism remain
unaltered when only one hand is used.
The forms above described will punch central holes, but the labour of using them
is somewhat diminished by preparing the paper with a continuous row of central
holes, as above described. In this case the three keys remain, but the central punch
is omitted. When, however, this is done, extreme accuracy in the feed is not of such
great importance, and a simpler form of puncher may be used. In this puncher we
employ a peculiar ratchet combined with a drawing off toothed roller suitable for
previously prepared central holes. The depression or movement of the handle or
key, or of any one of the keys if there are more than one, is made by means
of a spring or springs to communicate horizontal motion to the pivotted end of a
long horizontal paw! working into a ratchet wheel, the axis of which carries a
toothed roller employed to pull forward the paper. (The pawl need not necessarily
be horizontal, but is so described in order to avoid circumlocution.) The motion of
the pawl, and consequently the advance of the ratchet wheel, takes place at an
carly period in the depression or movement of the key or handle, and the depression
or movement of the punch into the paper takes place at or near the end of the depres-
sion or movement of the key or handle. Hence the forward movement of the paper
is completed before the punch is forced into it. The re-entrant angle of the teeth
in the ratchet wheel is a little more than 45 degrees.
The pawl spoken of above as horizontal presses against the ratchet wheel at a
point where the radius of the wheel makes an angle of 135 degrees or thereabouts
with the line of the pawl. Hence the end of the pawl which gears into the ratchet
wheel is carried up through a vertical distance approximately equal to the amount
of its horizontal advance. By the time that the pawl has advanced sufficiently to
ensure that the ratchet wheel shall advance permanently through the angle corre-
sponding to one tooth, the end of the pawl has risen so far that the back of the
pawl, near the end, presses against a firm stop, thus preventing any further advance
of the ratchet wheel. Thus, the single pawl first moves the ratchet wheel, and then
stops it and holds it firmly clutched. The horizontal pressure on the pawl con-
tinues during the remainder of the movement of the key or handle, and conse-
quently the ratchet wheel (and therefore the toothed roller and paper) remain firmly
clutched during the descent of the punch. A second pawl or click prevents the
ratchet wheel from following the horizontal pawl backwards when the horizontal
pressure on the latter is removed and the key or handle is allowed to return to its
normal position. When the pressure on the long pawl is removed during the back-
ward motion of the key or handle the weight of the long pawl suffices, if the pawl be
horizontal, to cause the long pawl when it is drawn back to fall into gear with the
next succeeding tooth of the ratchet.
The effect of the weight of the pawl may be added to by a spring, or altogether
replaced by a spring, if the pawl is not horizontal. This peculiar ratchet motion
may be adapted to all the other forms of puncher above described.
The toothed drawing-off roller may be made to emboss a row of central indenta-

page_text: tions in paper not previously punched. With ordinary care this simplest form of
puncher, worked by the fingers or with mallets, will perfectly prepare the paper for
the automatic transmitter, the row of indentations in the paper serving the purpose
of a central row of punched holes.
may
In any of the forms of puncher, instead of using three keys, a single handle
be employed capable of both vertical and lateral motion, so that it can be brought
down in any one of three parths or slots. When brought down either side slot a dot
or dash punch is actuated. When brought down the central slot a central punch
may or may not be depressed.
The paper mechanisin and central punch, if one is used, are actuated indifferently,
whichever path is taken by the handle, which may thus conveniently replace the
ordinary mallets.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said Sir Williain Thomson and Fleeming Jenkin in the Great Seal Patent
Oflice on the 13th September 1876.
Sir WILLIAM THOMSON, Knight, of Glasgow College, Doctor of Laws, and Professor
of Natural Philosophy in the University and College of Glasgow, and FLEEMING
JENKIN, of No. 3, Great Stuart Street, Edinburgh. "IMPROVEMENTS IN TELEGRAPHIC
APPARATUS."
Our present Invention relates to improvements in the mode of carrying out part
of the Invention described in the Specification of our joint Patent, No. 2086 of the
year 1873, but some of these improvements are capable of being usefully applied to
other electrical transmitting apparatus.
More particularly our Invention relates to a better construction of the automatic
paper transmitter, to improved punchers for preparing the paper, one of which may
be worked from a distance, and to the use of paper with a central row of holes
prepared before the message is punclied, or with a central row of indentations
produced by the punchers.
We have improved the automatic transmitter so that the speed may be con-
veniently regulated, the risk of failure in making the contacts is reduced, and the
drawing-off mechanism is simplified.
Our improved punchers are dissimilar from those which we previously described.
The object in our improved forms of puncher is to diminish the labor or effort of
punching, to give very perfect spacing, even when the punching is done at high
speeds, and to construct the puncher so that it will not get readily out of order.
The object of using paper with a central row of holes previously prepared is to
diminish the labour of the clerk who has to prepare the paper, and to secure good
spacing with a comparatively simple form of puncher. A special form of puncher is
preferably used to prepare the paper in this way.
We regulate the speed of the automatic transmitter by one of two forms of
governor. In our first form of governor we employ revolving weights hanging from
or attached to the ends of a cross bar fixed to a vertical spindle. The centrifugal
tendency of the revolving weights causes one or both of them to press against the
inside of a cylindrical ring, thus causing friction.
The divergence of the weights from the central axis is resisted by a suitable
spring or springs until the desired velocity is reached. Any increase of centrifugal
force above that which suffices to extend the spring or springs until the weight or
weights press against the ring causes pressure on the ring, and the frictional force
lue to this pressure resists the notion. To adjust at any time to a different speed
without stopping the machinery, the tension of the spring or springs is varied by
the operator by means of a suitable handle, the motion of which changes the
position of one end of the spring or springs. The motion of the machinery is
communicated to the governor by means of toothed wheels.

page_text: In the second form of governor applied to the automatic transmitter we retain
the revolving weight or weights pressing against the inside of a cylindrical ring as
described above, and we retain the spring or springs by which the centrifugal
tendency of the weights is resisted, but we vary the speed not by altering the
tension of the spring or springs, but in the following manner:-The motion of the 5
clockwork is communicated to the governor not as in the first form, by toothed
wheels, but by means of the friction between two discs at right angles to each
other, the one of which is vertical and revolves with the clockwork, and the other
of which is horizontal and is connected to the revolving spindle of the governor.
The whole governor is supported by a geometrical slide, that is to say, upon five
points each of which is free to slip upon the surface on which it rests. The sixth
point which keeps the framework of the governor in equilibrium is the point in
which the vertical dise is touched by the horizontal disc. This mode of suspension
gives rise to a couple tending to cause the whole framework of the governor to
revolve about a horizontal axis, and this couple is balanced by the moment of the
pressure between the two discs about the same axis. Thus, the pressure between
the two discs is kept at a definite amount for all different positions into which
the framework may be brought for different adjustments.
By means of a suitable handle giving a vertical motion to the whole framework
of the governor, the framework can be raised or lowered so that the disc on the
spindle of the governor is brought nearer to or removed farther from the centre
of the disc connected to the clockwork, and thus the speed of the machinery is
varied. We provide in this governor for further possible changes in speed by
providing a means of altering the tension on the springs which resist the centrifugal
tendency of the weights.
We diminish the risk of failure in the contacts of the automatic transmitter by a
change in the arrangement of the electrical contacts from that described in the
Specification of our Patent, No. 2086. We now connect the one pole of the
battery to the two lower contacts on which the springs operated on by the levers
rest when depressed, and we connect the other pole of the battery to the two upper
contacts which these springs touch when they are raised. We connect the one of
the said springs to the two upper contacts on which the springs operated on by the
cans rest when raised, and connect the other of the first-mentioned springs to the
two lower contacts which the springs operated on by the cams touch when
depressed. We connect one of the two latter springs to earth and the other to line.
This arrangement is less liable to short circuit the battery, and so to burn the
contacts in the case of faulty adjustinent of the springs.
We also now provide spring contact pieces for the lower contacts, and we add
fixed guard bars so placed above or below the contact springs as to prevent these
from vibrating at quick speeds or being pulled up or down by adhesion, and so
burning the contacts or falsifying the signals.
The drawing-off mechanism is simplified by the omission of the large drum with
holes. We now use a single toothed roller, the projections of which enter the
successive central holes or indentations in the paper, and a guide consisting of a
metal plate with a slot in it, which plate keeps the paper sufficiently close to the
roller; we also use a second plate with a slot in it as a plough by which the paper is
cleared off the roller.
We employ several forms of puncher to prepare the paper. In the first and
most complete form the power is supplied by a shaft driven by a spring or weight
or other source of power. The punching is effected by the depression of three keys,
each of which releases a detent, allowing the power to be applied. The depression
of the dot or dash key determines the punching of a dot or a dash respectively,
and also allows the feed mechanism to move the paper on by the amount of one
space; the third key allows the feed mechanism to be actuated. If central holes
are desired, these are punched whenever the detent is released by any one of the
three keys. When the detent is released the power turns a horizontal shaft through
a constant fraction of a revolution to be called hereafter a period. On the shaft

page_text: are fixed two cam wheels, one called the punching cam wheel and the other the
paper cam wheel, with as many projections as there are periods in one revolution.
The projections of the punching cam serve by suitable mechanism to depress the
punches; the central punch is depressed whenever the detent is released; if the
central row of holes is required, the dot punch is depressed through the inter-
vention of a packing piece introduced between the cam and punch when the dot
key is depressed; a similar packing piece allows the dash hole to be punched. The
corresponding projections of the paper cam actuate the mechanism which pulls on
the paper. This paper cam surface is so shaped that the paper is drawn on at
a speed which is slow at first, increases to a maximum, and decreases to zero
gradually, so that the paper is jerked neither at starting nor stopping. The
puncher has this peculiarity in common with those previously patented by us, but
the plan of producing the gradual chauge of speed by the cam surface is novel in
this puncher. The paper is locked at the end of each period of motion by suitablo
pawls and ratchet wheels; the punching and paper cams always revolve in one
direction. This puncher requires a minimum effort on the part of the operator, as
he has only to exert sufficient force to release the detent to produce dot or dash or
space; it also gives a maximum speed, as the paper is stopped and started gradually,
and it ensures the complete punching of the hole, for the cam wheel cannot revolve
through one period without depressing the punch to the full extent. Lastly, no
difference in the style of operating has any influence on the regularity of the
punching.
The parts of this puncher can be actuated with so little force that they may be
worked from a distance by an electro-magnetic relay or relays, so that a message
sent from one station will be received by the puncher, which thus prepares the paper
for retransmission at the next station. This can be done with two wires, using ono
to release the detent, and the other to insert the packing pieces for dot or dash, or
one wire may be used for the dot and one for the dash; the space being produced
by punching both a dot and a dash, both wires being used simultaneously for this
purpose. A dot and dash hole simultaneously punched on opposite sides of the
paper transmit no current into the line, and are therefore equivalent to a space or
blank; or the same object can be effected with one wire by using positive and
negative currents to actuate the relay or relays, which insert the dot and dash
packing pieces respectively, while either current releases the detent; a weaker
positive or negative current can then be employed to release the detent without
actuating the packing pieces when spaces are required. The original signals may
be sent, if desired, by a punched strip in which the central holes are used to send
the weaker current. In this manner a series of stations can receive punched strips
and retransmit the message by their use.
When no external source of power is available the operator winds up the driving
weight or spring from time to time.
We use a similar apparatus without detent keys or dot and dash punches to
prepare the paper for other forms of puncher, by punching a continuous row of
central holes, the power is then directly applied to the cam shaft which rotates
at a uniform speed.
We use a simpler form of the same puncher requiring the continual action of two
hands. In this form the cam shaft carries two levers with cam surfaces correspond-
ing to half a period of each of the continuous cams above described. When punching
is to be performed this shaft is caused to oscillate backwards and forwards by a
handle actuated, say by the left hand, while the fingers of the right depress the
keys, which determine whether a dot or dash hole shall be punched. When spaces
are required no key is depressed but the handle actuated by the left hand; the
one cam punches the paper and the other actuates the feed mechanism. In this
form the labor of punching is kept distinct from that of selection of the punch to
be actuated. The selecting keys and punching handle are depressed at the same time,
and there is little difficulty in keeping time with the two hands; but to obviate
he results of possible carelessness on the part of the operator we prefer to put the

page_text: selecting keys on the punching handle, giving another form of puncher in which
the keys are first depressed and the handle then depressed; the selecting of the
acting punch by a packing piece and the special feed mechanism remain unaltered
when only one hand is used.
The forms above described will punch central holes, but the labor of using them
is somewhat diminished by preparing the paper with a continuous row of central
holes, as above described. In this case the three keys remain, but the central punch
is omitted. When however this is done extreme accuracy in the feed is not of such
great importance, and a simpler form of puncher may be used. In this puncher we
employ a peculiar ratchet combined with a drawing-off toothed roller, suitable for
previously prepared central holes. The depression or movement of the handle or
key, or of any one of the keys if there are more than one, is made by means of a
spring or springs to communicate horizontal motion to the pivoted end of a long
horizontal pawl working into a ratchet wheel, the axis of which carries a toothed
roller employed to pull forward the paper. (The pawl need not necessarily be hori-
The motion of the
zontal, but is so described in order to avoid circumlocution.)
pawl, and consequently the advance of the ratchet wheel, takes place at an early
period in the depression or movement of the key or handle, and the depression or
movement of the punch into the paper takes place at or near the end of the
depression or movement of the key or handle; hence the forward movement of the
paper is completed before the punch is forced into it. The re-entrant angle of
the teeth in the ratchet wheel is a little more than 45 degrees.
The pawl spoken of above as horizontal presses against the ratchet wheel at a
point where the radius of the wheel makes an angle of 135 degrees, or thereabouts,
with the line of the pawl; hence the end of the pawl which gears into the ratchet
wheel is carried up through a vertical distance approximately equal to the amount
of its horizontal advance. By the time that the pawl has advanced sufficiently to
ensure that the ratchet wheel shall advance permanently through the angle corre-
sponding to one tooth, the end of the pawl has risen so far that the back of the
pawl near the end presses against a firm stop, thus preventing any further advance
of the ratchet wheel. Thus the single pawl first moves the ratchet wheel, and then
stops it and holds it firmly clutched. The horizontal pressure on the pawl continues
during the remainder of the movement of the key or handle, and consequently the
ratchet wheel (and therefore the toothed roller and paper) remain firmly clutched
during the descent of the punch. A second pawl or click prevents the ratchet
wheel from following the horizontal pawl backwards when the horizontal pressure
on the latter is removed, and the key or handle is allowed to return to its normal
position. When the pressure on the long pawl is removed during the backward
inotion of the key or handle the weight of the long pawl suffices if the pawl be
horizontal to cause the long pawl when it is drawn back to fall into gear with the
next succeeding tooth of the ratchet.
The effect of the weight of the pawl may be added to by a spring, or altogether
This peculiar ratchet motion
replaced by a spring if the pawl is not horizontal.
may be adapted to all the other forms of puncher above described.
The toothed drawing-off roller may be made to emboss a row of central indenta-
tions in paper not previously punched. With ordinary care this simplest form of
puncher worked by the fingers or with mallets will perfectly prepare the paper for
the automatic transmitter, the row of indentations in the paper serving the purpose
of a central row of punched holes.
In any of the forms of puncher instead of using three keys a single handle may
be employed capable of both vertical and lateral motion, so that it can be brought
When brought down either side slot a dot
down in any one of three paths or slots.
or dash punch is actuated; when brought down the central slot a central punch
may or may not be depressed.
The paper mechanism and central punch, if one is used, are actuated indifferently
whichever path is taken by the handle, which may thus conveniently replace the

page_text: In order that our said invention may be most fully understood and readily
carried into effect, we will proceed to describe the Drawings hereunto annexed.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS.
We will first, with the aid of the Drawings, describe more fully the improvements
in the construction of the automatic transmitting apparatus for use with punched
paper, described in the Specification of our joint Patent, No. 2086 of the year 1873.
Our first improvement in the transmitting apparatus consists in the application
of one or other of two forms of friction governor, by means of which the speed of
the machine, and consequently the rate of signalling may be casily controlled.
One of these governors is shewn in Figures 1, 3, and 4. Figure 1 is a side
elevation, Figure 3 is a back elevation, and Figure 4 is a plan, all partly in section,
of a complete automatic transmitter; Figure 2 is. a transverse section of the same
instrument.
In this form of governor the motion of the machine is communicated by means
of a pair of bevil wheels h and to a vertical spindle . To the spindle is fixed a
cross bar t, from each end of which a weight w hangs by flexible springs. As the
spindle revolves these weights are carried round with it, and their centrifugal
tendency causes them to press against the inside surface of a ring or cylindrical
box V. This pressure causes friction, and checks the motion of the machine. The
centrifugal tendency of the weights is resisted by a couple of springs 8, 8, which
pull them inwards towards the axis. So long as the centrifugal force of the
revolving weights is insufficient to overcome the tension of the springs and to force
the weights against the ring the governor does not oppose the motion of the
machinery, which therefore becomes accelerated until the centrifugal force of the
weights becomes sufficient to bend or extend the springs to such an extent that the
weights rub against the ring. The friction so produced prevents any. further
increase of speed from taking place. If now the tension on the springs be by any
means increased, the amount of centrifugal force required to produce the distension
necessary to allow the wheels to press against the ring is increased also; hence the
speed will be increased. Similarly by lessening the tension on the springs the
amount of centrifugal force required to distend them is diminished, and the speed is
consequently reduced. This affords a means of altering the speed, which is effected
in the following manner:-The ends of the springs which tend to pull in the
weights are fixed to a collar u, which slides up and down on the spindle. This
collar is connected to one end of a lever, the other end of which is raised or lowered
by means of a sliding wedge connected to the handle T. The collar is thus raised
or lowered by the movement of the handle T. When the collar u is raised, the
tension on the springs is increased, and therefore the speed is increased. also.
When the collar is lowered the tension on the springs, and therefore the speed, is
lessened.
The changes in the speed may be effected while the machine is in motion.
The starting and stopping is effected by means of the screw Y on the left-hand
side of the instrument, which when turned in the direction of the hands of a watch
advances so that its end presses against the back of the vertical bevel wheel h
which communicates motion to the governor. This jams the wheel and prevents
the machinery from moving. When the screw is turned through about half a turn
in the other direction the wheel is free, and the machinery is free to run.
In the other form of friction governor shewn in Figures 5, 6, 7, and 8, the
motion of the machinery is communicated to the vertical spindle by means of the
rolling contact of two discs and hat right angles to one another, and the whole
framework of the governor is supported by means of a contrivance which we call a
geometrical slide. The geometrical slide has five bearing points, each of which is
free to slide upon the surface on which it rests. A vertical pin 2 with a round top
enters a pyramidal hole in the bottom of the governor box V. The three points in
which it touches the sides of the hole are three of the five bearing points of the

page_text: slide; these three points do not prevent the slide from turning round in any
direction, but support the slide against vertical motion downwards and prevent
simple lateral translation of the slide parallelly to itself. The side of a horizontal
pin q projecting from the side of the governor box presses against a vertical surface
in the framework of the instrument; this gives a fourth bearing point which
prevents the slide from turning on a vertical axis. The fifth point is given by the
contact of a projecting part of the framework of the governor with one side of a
vertical fixed fork at r; this prevents the slide from turning round a horizontal axis
parallel to the vertical disc h. The combined effect of these five points of support
is to leave the framework of the governor freedom to turn round a horizontal axis,
and in a plane perpendicular to the vertical disc h. No other motion either of
rotation or translation is possible so long as the position of the five points of
support is unchanged. This tendency to turn round a horizontal axis gives rise to
a pressure between the vertical disc h and the horizontal disc ', which resists the
tendency and so keeps the framework of the governor steady. If now all the five
points of support which constitute the geometrical slide be raised or lowered
vertically as a whole, the framework of the governor will be raised or lowered; but
its tendency to turn round a horizontal axis, as described above, will be unchanged,
consequently the pressure between the vertical and horizontal discs which resists
that tendency will be unchanged also. The five points of support are raised or
lowered by raising or lowering the pin 2, when this is done the rim of the hori-
zontal disc slides vertically on the surface of the vertical disc, and the pressure
between them remaining unchanged the friction between them which is needed in
order that the motion of the machinery may be communicated to the governor is
unaltered also. In this form of governor, as in the preceding, there are two
revolving weights w, w, whose centrifugal tendency causes them to press against
the inside of a ring or cylindrical box V, and so prevents the speed of the machine
from exceeding a certain limit; but the adjustment in this case does not consist in
altering the tension of the springs which hold back the weights, but in altering the
relative speed of the machine and the governor. The pin p is connected with a
suitable handle. When the governor is raised the horizontal disc attached to the
governor approaches the centre of the vertical disc h attached to the machinery,
consequently the latter rotates faster relatively to the former, and the machine
must revolve faster before the spindle of the governor revolves fast enough to cause
the weights to press against the ring V. This adjustment may be easily effected
while the machine is in motion. The object of the geometrical slide is to enable the
whole framework of the governor to be raised or lowered without altering the
pressure between the two discs. In this form of governor a further provision is
made for increasing the range of possible speed by altering the tension on the
spiral springs s, s, which hold in the weights, which is done by turning the screw
nuts v, v. The starting and stopping is effected by means of the spring clutch m,
Figures 7 and 8, which grasps the vertical disc h, and is relieved by turning the
handle Y to which a circular wedge n is attached.
Our second improvement in the construction of the automatic transmitter consists
in a change in the arrangement of the electrical contacts from that described in our
Patent, No. 2086 of 1873, with a view of diminishing the risk of failure of signals.
As described in the Specification of that Patent the shaft A, A, Figure 3,
revolves once during the time required for the passage of one space in the punched
paper. This shaft carries the cam wheel o, o' (which we now call the determining
cam), and the two cams l' and I (which we now call the signal and curb cams
respectively). When a "dot" or left-hand side hole in the paper passes a pricker
descends into it, and by so doing lifts up a spring a through an opening into the
rim of the cam wheel o¹; similarly a "dash" hole in the paper causes the spring a to
be lifted up into the rim of o. When either of these springs is raised it remains up
during a complete revolution of the shaft. During rather more than half the
revolution the signal cam 1' depresses the spring e¹ under it, and during the
remainder of the revolution the curb cam 1 depresses the spring e while e¹ is

page_text: allowed to rise. When either a or a¹ is raised it is placed in contact with its upper
contact spring d or d, otherwise it remains in contact with its lower contact spring c
or c. Similarly when either e or e¹ rises it makes contact with g or g, and when
depressed with for f¹.
Instead of the arrangement of contacts described in our Patent, No. 2086, we
now connect the zinc pole of the battery to the two lower contact springs c and c¹
of the springs under the determining cam, and we connect the copper pole of the
battery to the corresponding upper contact springs & and d. We connect the
spring a to the lower contact springs f and f¹ of the springs operated upon by the
signal and curb cams, and we connect the spring a to the corresponding upper
contact studs g and gl; we connect the springe to the line and the spring e¹ to
earth. These connections, and the mode in which the several contacts produce the
signals, will be understood by reference to the diagram, Figure 9. In the diagram
the spring a is represented as having been raised so as to make contact with d
by the passage of a "dash" hole in the paper. It continues so raised during a
complete revolution of the cam. When the projecting rim of the signal cam 1'
comes round, e¹ is depressed and makes contact with ¹. This will happen
simultaneously with the rise of a or a if the cams are set so as to produce two
currents only in each signal, but if they are set so that each signal is made up of
three currents the depression of c¹ will take place either shortly before or shortly
after the rise of a or a. Thus the copper pole of the battery is connected by way
of d, a, f, and e¹ to carth, while the zinc pole is connected by way of c¹, a¹, I,
and e to line, and thus a negative current enters the cable to produce the "dash
signal. This state of things lasts for rather more than half the revolution until.
the projecting rim of the signal cam I' has passed, and that of the curb cam I has
come round. Then e rises and e is depressed, no change, however, taking place in
the positions of a and a. Then the zinc pole is connected by way of c¹, a¹, g',
and c to earth, while the copper pole is connected by way of d, a, f, and c to line.
This sends a positive current into the cable to produce the curb to the "dash
signal, which lasts as long as the spring e is depressed by the curb cam. When the
revolution is completed a falls and the signal is over.
〃
If instead of a "dash" hole a "dot" hole in the paper had passed, the pricker
on the left side would have descended, and the spring a would have been raised
into the rim of O' while a remained down. The reversal of the springs e and
operated on by the signal and curb cams would have gone on as before. Thus
during the passage of I¹ the zinc pole of the battery would have been connected by
way of c, d, f, and e' to earth, while copper would have been connected by way
of a, a, g, and e to line. Similarly during the passage of I copper would have
been connected by way of d¹, a¹, g, and e¹ to earth, while zine would have been
connected by way of c, d, f, and e to line. There would thus have been a positive
sigual current followed by a negative curb current of shorter duration, the joint
effect of which would have been to produce a
"dot" signal.
In the Specification of our Patent, No. 20SG, we represented the two poles of
the battery as connected to the two springs e and e'; g and g were connected to
d and fand f¹ were connected to cand c¹; a was connected to earth, and a¹
to line. This system had the disadvantage, as compared with that now described,
that in the case of a faulty adjustment of the springs e and e', such as to cause
them to make contact simultaneously either with their upper or their lower contacts
g, orff, the battery would be short circuited, which besides wasting the
battery would tend to burn the contacts, and so falsify the signals. Further, in
the event of the axle which carries the cains being removed (which is occasionally
done when the machine is in use) the springs e and e¹ would both be in contact at
onco with their upper contacts, and the battery would be short circuited. This
disadvantage is completely obviated by our new arrangement.
Our third improvement consists in the substitution of contact springs c and c¹
under the springs a and a¹, instead of contact studs, and in the addition of guard

page_text: bars which limit the play of the various contact springs being so placed above or
below the springs as to prevent them from vibrating at quick speeds or being pulled
up or down by adhesion to the moving springs a, a, e or el. By these means we
secure that the duration of each contact relatively to the time of a complete
revolution shall be completely unaffected by the rate at which the machine is
running, and we guard against the possibility of the battery being short circuited
by the simultaneous contact of either of the springs a or a¹ with both its upper
and lower contacts. The guard bars are not shown in the diagram, Figure 9, but
are shown in the back elevation of the instrument, Figure 3.
Our fourth improvement in the automatic transmitter consists in a simplification
of the drawing-off mechanism by which the paper ribbon is carried along and
discharged. We now use a single toothed roller B, Figure 2, instead of a toothed
roller and a countersunk wheel, as shown in Figure 1, Sheet 3 of our Patent,
No. 2080. We provide a guide C, Figure 2, consisting of a metal plate with a slot
in it. The plate lies close to the surface of the toothed roller B, the teeth of which
are allowed to pass by the slot in the plate. The paper ribbon, on entering the
instrument at D, passes between the guide C and the toothed roller B, and is so
pressed down by the guide upon the roller as to cause the projections on the roller
to enter the central row of holes or indentations in the paper.
We clear the paper
off the roller by a second plate, with a slot in it or plough E, Figures 2 and 4, after
which the paper is discharged at F.
The remainder of our Invention consists in improved methods of preparing the
punched paper for use with the automatic transmitter.
Figure 10 shows a side elevation; Figure 11, a front clevation; Figure 12, a
sectional side elevation; Figure 13, a sectional plan; and Figure 13, a partial
isometrical Drawing of that form of puncher (the first mentioned above) which we
distinguish by the name of the power puncher. There are two shafts A and B
connected by toothed wheels. On the shaft A is fixed a spring box or drum by
which a weight may be wound up. The operator winds up at intervals the spring
or weight on the shaft A. On the shaft B is fixed an escapement wheel C, on one
side of which there are twelve (or any other number of) projections which are
caused by means of the power stored up in the wound-up spring or raised weight to
press against a forked detent a (Figures 13 and 13^) which prevents the shaft B
from revolving.
Figure 13 gives a sketch of this detent separately. There are three finger
keys D, E, and D', the depression of any one of which releases the detent and
allows one tooth of the escapement wheel C to pass. Consequently when any one
of the keys is depressed the stored up power takes effect, causing the shaft B to
revolve through the angle corresponding to the pitch of the escapement wheel C,
which fraction of a revolution we call a period. Fixed on the sbaft B are two cam
wheels F and G, called respectively the punching cam and the paper cam, and each
having as many projections on its edge as there are periods in a revolution, or
(what is the same thing) as there are teeth in the escapement wheel C. The
projections on the punching cam wheel Fare wedge shaped, sloping in the direction
of revolution. Whenever the shaft B revolves one period, one of these wedges
passes over and depresses the central one e of three punches, and thus a central
hole is punched in the paper. The projecting wedges on F do not act upon the
punch e directly. Another wedged-shaped surface c hinged at y receives the thrust
from the projections on F, and communicates a vertical thrust to the punch e
when any one of the three keys is depressed; when the centre key E is
depressed the centre punch e is depressed alone; when either of the side keys D or
D is depressed its depression causes (by means of suitable cranks) a packing
piece for to slide in over the top of the corresponding side punch. This happens
before the detent is released which allows the shaft B to revolve. When the wedge-
shaped projection upon now passes it depresses not only the centre punch e, but
also the side punch which has been so to speak lengthened by the introduction of the

page_text: packing piece. Thus the depression of either of the side keys causes a central hole
and a corresponding side hole to be punched. The depression of both side keys
sinultaneously causes all three holes to be punched.
The feed mechanism by which the paper is moved forward one space whenever
any one of the three keys is depressed is shown in Figure 12. The paper cam G
fixed on the shaft B has as many projections as there are periods in a revolution.
Whenever any one of the keys is depressed, the partial revolution. of the shaft B
thereby produced causes. one of the projections on G to pass and communicate
reciprocating motion to one end of a hinged lever H which is pressed against the
surface of G by the spring b. The other end of the lever H is connected by
suitable cranks to a pawl which gears into a ratchet wheel I. The reciprocating
movement of H causes the pawl to pull round the ratchet wheel I tooth by tooth.
A click i prevents the ratchet wheel I from going backwards. The ratchet wheel I
is fixed to a spindle which also carries a tooth roller K, Figure 13, on which there
is the same number of teeth as in the ratchet wheel, and which is of such diameter
that its pitch is equal to that required in the punched paper. The projecting teeth
on K enter the central row of holes in the paper, and as K moves round one tooth
(along with the ratchet wheel I) every time the cam G gives a reciprocating motion
to H the paper is carried forward one step. Thus the advance of the paper occurs
when any one of the three finger keys is depressed.
The cams G and F are so constructed and so placed relatively to one another
that the advance of the paper is completed before the punch or punches enter tho
paper. The surface of the projections on G are so designed as to cause the advance
of the paper to begin slowly and end slowly as before described.
When the advance of the paper is complete, and when the punch or punches
are entering or leaving it, the paper is securely locked by means of a second ratchet
wheel J (Figure 13) fixed on the same spindle as I. At the instant that the
advance of the paper is over and just as the punch is about to enter it, the spring
pawl is made by means of the crank lever connected to H to gear with the
ratchet wheel J, whose teeth face the opposite way from those of the ratchet
wheel I, and the pawl j remains in gear with the ratchet wheel J until the punch
or punches are again clear of the paper. It is obvious that the couple required to
turn the shaft A might be obtained by a friction clutch from a continuously
revolving shaft instead of from the spring shown in the Drawing.
The three keys D, E, and D', in this puncher can be worked by electro-magnetic
relays actuated from a distance in the manner already described. When two lines
of telegraphic communication are available for this purpose the central key E inay
he dispensed with, and the spaces formed by the simultaneous action of the two
side keys. When the packing pieces are arranged as described above, such simul-
taneous action will cause both side holes to be punched, which will produce a space
or blank in the sending by the automatic transmitter. But the packing pieces may
also be arranged so that the depression of either side key will slip out instead of
slip in the corresponding packing piece. The effect of the simultaneous depression
of both side keys will then be to punch a central hole only.
When we desire to punch a continuous row of properly spaced central holes only
we use the same form of puncher simplified by the omission of the side keys,
packing pieces, detent, and escapement, and we cause the shaft B to revolve con-
tinuously by means of steam or any other power. In our modification of the same
puncher, requiring the action of two hands or of one hand and a foot, we dispense
with the store of power in the form of a spring or weight with the escapement and
detent and with the central key E. In this form the shaft B carries two levers in
place of the cam wheels G and F with cam-shaped surfaces, corresponding to half
a period of those wheels. The shaft B is caused to oscillate backwards and forwards
by a handle worked (say) by the left hand, while the fingers of the right hand
depress the side keys D and D', thereby causing the corresponding packing pieces
to be introduced over the side punches. The oscillating movement of the cam-shaped
levers, which replace the cam wheels G and F, produces (in the same way as above

page_text: described) the forward movement of the paper and the depression of the punch or
punches respectively. When the handle, actuated by the left hand, is worked alone
the paper advances and a central hole is punched. When the handle is actuated
and one or other of the finger keys is also depressed, the paper advances and a
central and side hole are punched.
To obviate any risk of the operator making mistakes by not keeping proper
time in the depression of the handle and of the finger keys, we have further modified
this instrument and obtained another form which we call the single lever puncher.
In this form we put the finger keys upon the rocking levers which causes the
reciprocating movement of the cam surface which actuates tho feed mechanism,
and we cause this rocking lever to depress the central punch directly, and (when
required) the side punches by means of packing pieces actuated by the side finger
keys.
Figure 14 shows a side elevation of the single lever puncher.
Figure 15, a back clevation; Figure 16, a plan; and Figure 17 is an isometrical
projection of the feed mechanism.
Lis a long horizontal lever, on the end of which nearest to the operator the
three finger keys D, E, and D₁ are placed. When any one of these keys is
depressed the lever is depressed with it, and directly depresses the central punch e,
and also actuates the feed by causing the cam-shaped surface G to slide over and
give reciprocating motion to the piece H. The feed mechanism consists of two
ratchet wheels and a toothed roller, all working in exactly the same way as in the
forms of puncher described above. The pieces shown in Figure 17 are lettered, so
as to correspond to the pieces already described in Figures 12 and 13.
The packing pieces and f¹ have notches in them just over the side punches,
when the packing pieces are in the position which they occupy when the side keys
are not depressed. Consequently, the depression of the central key leaves the sido
punches unaffected and punches a central hole only. When either of the side keys
is depressed the first thing that happens is that a horizontal sliding motion is
communicated to the corresponding packing piece for f¹ by means of the crank
or , so that it moves along about an eighth of an inch and thus brings a piece of
solid metal over the corresponding side punch. Then the continued depression of
the key carries down the near end of the lever L, and so first actuates the feed and
then punches both a central and a side hole. A. spiral spring M, fixed to the
distant end of the lever, pulls it back when the pressure of the finger is removed.
In all these forms of puncher the paper on entering passes through a spring
guide of the form shown at N, Figures 14 and 16. The guide consists of a hori-
zontal disc with a slot in it wide enough to admit the broadest paper which it may
be desired to employ. By means of a spring placed underneath the disc the disc
tends to turn round through about one right angle. Should the paper be narrower
than the slot the disc will turn slightly round, so that the slot may lie partly
athwart the paper, each side of the slot touching one side of the paper at one point.
This keeps the centre of the paper under the centre punch, and prevents the paper
from moving about laterally as it passes under the punches, and so admits of various
widths of paper being used without any adjustment being necessary.
When we prepare the paper beforehand by punching in it a properly spaced row
of central holes, as previously described, we punch the side holes required to make
the signals by means of a simple form of puncher, which is shown in Figures 18,
19, and 20, and which we call the side hole puncher. Figure 18 shows a sectional
side elevation; Figure 19, a front elevation; and Figure 20, a plan.
Figure 21 gives an enlarged Drawing of part of the feed mechanism.
There are three keys A', A², A³ The levers carrying the keys are hinged
at O, and are convergent towards the back, and when either of the two keys A¹ or
A is depressed the corresponding side punch a¹ or as is forced down; there is no
central punch. The paper enters in front, passes along between the guides band b',
and after passing under the punches is discharged at the back.
The feed motion is effected as follows:-The depression of any one of the three

page_text: с
keys communicates motion by means of the spring or springs s to a crank c, d, e,
which is hinged at d. As c is depressed with the key the end e advances in a nearly
horizontal direction, and carries with it a long horizontal paul c, p. The pawl is
pivotted on the end of the crank at e. The end of the pawl gears with a ratchet
wheel B, which is fixed on the spindle C. On the same spindle is fixed a toothed
roller R, the teeth of which project up between the punches a little above the plane
of motion of the paper, and enter the previously prepared central holes in the paper.
There is the same number of teeth in the toothed roller as in the ratchet wheel. When
any one of the keys is depressed the pawl advances, and carries the ratchet wheel
round through the angle corresponding to one tooth, and so causes the paper to
advance by one space. This action happens early in the descent of the key,
and is completely over before the corresponding punch enters the paper.
The re-
entrant angle of the teeth in the ratchet wheel is a little more than 45°.
quently when the pawl e, p, advances the end p rises vertically through a distance
nearly equal to its horizontal advance. The stop q is fixed above it at such a height
that when the advance of the pawl is suflicient to push the ratchet wheel forward
one tooth the back of the pawl has risen so far as to come against the stop ; this
prevents any further advance of the ratchet wheel, and so holds the paper firmly
during the descent of the punch.
Conse-
In Figure 21 the full lines show the position of the pawl when the advance is
complete; the dotted lines show its position at the beginning of the stroke.
During the remainder of the descent of the key the spring s yields, and the crank
c, d, e, remains fixed. The click prevents the ratchet wheel from following the
pawl e, p, backwards during the ascent of the key. When the key is allowed to
ascend the crank and pawl are pulled back by a spring D, and when e, p, is pulled
back the end p falls down, so as to gear with the next succeeding tooth; E is a
stop in the form of a bridge over the three levers, which is capable of being raised
or lowered, so as just to be in contact with the upper side of the levers when
they are not depressed by the operator. It is clamped in any position by the
screws Q, Q. To avoid risk of breakage we usually make the springs s multiple
rather than single.
In using this instrument it is not essential that the paper should be prepared by
having a row of central holes previously punched in it. When plain unpunched
paper is used the teeth of the toothed roller produce a row of central holes or
indentations, which answer the purpose of holes. The paper so prepared will,
when proper care is taken, run well through the automatic transmitter, the teeth
in the toothed roller of which will enter the successive central holes or indentations
in the paper.
The form of puncher just described is easily actuated by mallets or finger stalls
tipped with india-rubber, one or both hands being used. To lessen the strain on
the attention of the operator, and the consequent risk of his missing the keys, we
sometimes apply to the puncher a lever handle placed above the keys, and pivotted
by means of a ball-and-socket joint, so as to be capable of both vertical and horizontal
motion. The lever is guided in its descent by means of a guide plate with three slots
in it, which are so placed that when the lever is brought down in the central slot
it actuates the central key, and when brought down in either of the side slots it
actuates the corresponding side keys, and if desired the centre key also. This lever
handle may be used to actuate the finger keys of a complete puncher,, or it may be
used directly to actuate punches without the intervention of finger keys.
First. In connection with the automatic transmitter we claim the instrument
resulting from the combination described of certain parts of our original transmitter
with the improvements above described.
Secondly. We claim the power puncher as a combination, the main features of
which are the source of power, the release by detent, the packing picces introduced
by the action which releases the detent, the punching and feed discs, and the feed
motion by which the paper starts and stops gradually, and is held rigidly during

page_text: the operation of punching. We claim this puncher with or without the electro-
magnets by which paper may be punched at a distance.
Thirdly. We claim the combination by which a central row of holes can be con-
tinuously punched, being the same combination as that just specified with the detent
packing pieces and corresponding parts omitted. We make no claim in connection
with the two-handed puncher, having ascertained by experiment that it is inferior
to the other forms.
Fourthly. We claim the single lever puncher as a novel combination, the main
features of which are the arrangement of the packing picces in connection with the
single lever, and three keys, and the feed motion giving gradual starting and stop-
ping with a dead lock at the period of punching.
Fifthly. In connection with the side hole puncher we claim the combination
described of the key pawl and ratchet wheel with two punches and the feed
motion described, whether used with or without previously punched central
holes.
Lastly. We claim the pivotted handle described working in three paths in com-
bination with any of the punches described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Fleeming Jenkin, have hereunto set my hand
and scal, this Seventh day of September, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and seventy-six.
FLEEMING JENKIN. (L.S.)