IMPROVEMENTS APPLICABLE TO THAT CONSTRUCTION OF GOVERNORS IN WHICH BALLS OR ROTATING WEIGHTS ARE EMPLOYED, THE SAID IMPROVEMENTS BEING APPLICABLE TO SUCH GOVERNORS FOR WHATEVER PURPOSE THEY MAY BE EMPLOYED
Year: 1872

page_text: ETTERS PATENT to William Edward Newton, of the Office for
Patents, 66, Chancery Lane, in the County of Middlesex, Civil
Engineer, for the Invention of " IMPROVEMENTS APPLICABLE TO THAT
CONSTRUCTION OF GOVERNORS IN WHICH BALLS OR ROTATING WEIGHTS ARE
EMPLOYED, THE SAID IMPROVEMENTS BEING APPLICABLE TO SUCH GOVERNORS FOR
WHATEVER PURPOSE THEY MAY BE EMPLOYED." -A communication from
abroad by Marie Joseph Denis Farcot, Jean Joseph Leon Farcot,
Michel Basile Abel Farcot, and Joseph Etienne Eloi Chateau, all
Oxan in the Ronublic of Thones
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Edward
Newton at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his
Petition, on the 12th December 1872.
I, WILLIAM EDWARD NEWTON, of the Office for Patents, 66, Chancery
5 Lane, in the County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS APPLICABLE TO. THAT
CONSTRUCTION OF GOVERNORS IN WHICH BALLS OR ROTATING WEIGHTS ARE EMPLOYED,
A

page_text: THE SAID IMPROVEMENTS BEING APPLICABLE TO SUCH GOVERNORS FOR WHATEVER
PURPOSE THEY MAY BE EMPLOYED," to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to improvements on the apparatus for regulating
the speed of machinery for which Letters Patent were granted to me
bearing date August 7th, 1868, No. 2476, the object of the Inventors
being to simplify the construction of the apparatus, and to eliminate from
the ball governor all resistances which may detract from its efficient
action.
In order to regulate the speed of steam engine or other motor two
forces are employed, viz., one derived from the engine or motor to be
regulated, and the other from a small independent or regulator engine.
The ball governor spindle takes its motion, as usual, from the engine to
be regulated, and by the rise and fall of the balls the spindle of the
supply valves is rocked. This rocking is however controlled by the
action of the small engine constituting a part of the regulator.
The sleeve on the governor spindle to which the arms of the governor
are jointed carries a loose collar, to which is pivotted the forked termi-
nation of a rock lever, the fulcrum of which is made adjustable
horizontally. To this lever counterweights are fitted, and also balance
springs, which will act cither together to depress the forked end of the
lever, or in opposition to each other, according to the position for the
time being of the fulcrum of the rock lever. Keyed to the supply valve
spindle is a bell-crank lever, the longer arm of which is connected by a
link to the piston rod of the regulator engine. The shorter arm of this
bell-crank lever serves to carry the fulcrum pin of a small rock lever,
one end of which is connected to the sliding collar by one of its pivot
pins before-mentioned. The other end of the small rock lever connects
through a link with an arm on the valve spindle of the regulator engine,
and it is through the rocking of this arm that the valve of the regulator
engine is worked and caused to supply steam alternately to opposite
sides of the piston. The valve box of this engine instead of being
situate on the cylinder is placed near the valve spindle of the engine to
be regulated, and steam pipes lead therefrom to opposite ends of the
cylinder of the regulator engine. The rise and fall of the sleeve due to
the centrifugal action of the governor is controlled by mounting the
same on a tube pendent from a diaphragm contained in a closed chest
through which the spindle of the governor passes. This diaphragm

page_text: The
serves to divide that chest into two compartments, which contain air or
liquid, and they are in connection through a contracted passage.
rise or fall therefore of the diaphragm due to the action of the governor
will put a pressure upon the confined air or liquid contained in one or
other of the compartments, and force it to the opposite side of the
diaphragm. As this transference will be slow, owing to the contracted
channel through which the air or liquid has to pass, the vertical
movements of the sleeve will be moderated.
Instead of the governor spindle passing up through the chest and
diaphragm, the chest may be situated below the governor spindle, and
its diaphragm may be connected to the sleeve by means of a rod pendent
therefrom.
In applying this Invention to regulating the speed of water wheels
and other motors requiring the excrcise of considerable force for their
regulation a modification of the apparatus just described is required.
-
The sleeve of the ball governor is weighted to a considerable extent,
and on its rise and fall through the centrifugal action of the governor it
is caused to act directly on the equivalent for the small rock lever before
mentioned. This rock lever has its fulcrum on one extremity of a bell-
crank lever, which is supported on a standard that serves also to carry
the top bearing of the governor spindle. On the axle which transmits
rotary motion to the governor spindle is keyed a crank arm, which
carries a pair of loose arms fitted at their extremities with double action
pawles, and gives a constant reciprocating motion thereto; these arms
with their pawls embrace a toothed wheel, which is keyed to an axle
leading to the sluice to be regulated. Mounted loosely on this axle is a
shield, which surrounds about three-fourths of the periphery of the cog
wheel, and is intended to interpose between its teeth and the double
action pawles. This shield is coupled by a connecting rod with the rock
lever before mentioned, and thus by the rise and fall of the sleeve on the
governor spindle an axial motion will be imparted to the shield. This
shield is slotted in order that it may present openings to the pawles, and
allow them to fall into the teeth of the wheel on the regulator axle, and
impart rotary motion thereto in either direction as desired. The lower
end of the bell crank before mentioned carries a segment rack, into
which takes a pinion mounted loosely on a stud axle, but fast to the
boss of a bevil wheel, which wheel is in gear with a bevil pinion on the
2

page_text: regulator axle. As now the rise and fall of the sleeve lays bare the
teeth of the regulator wheel to the action of the reciprocating pawles,
and thereby causes the rotation of the regulator axle, this motion will
through the gearing just referred to cause the crank lever to rock, and
thereby raise or depress the fulcrum of the rock lever, and the conse-
quence of this motion will be the shifting of the position of the shield
and the throwing of the pawles out of action.
It may be remarked with reference to the first-described arrangement
that the rock lever connected with the counterweight, instead of being
mounted on a shifting fulcrum, may have a fixed fulcrum, and be
fitted with an adjustable counterweight. In this case the outer end of
the rock lever will transmit motion to the valve spindle through a
sliding rack which has a tendency upwards through its resting upon the
end of a second weighted rock lever, which acts the part of the balance
spring before mentioned.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said William Edward Newton in the Great Scal Patent
Office on the 12th June 1873.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM
EDWARD NEWTON, of the Office for Patents, 66, Chancery Lane, in the
County of Middlesex, Oivil Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Twelfth day of December, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-two, in the
thirty-sixth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto me, the said William Edward Newton, Her special
licence that I, the said William Edward Newton, 'my executors,
administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said William Edward
Newton, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time
agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter
during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make,
use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS APPLICABLE TO THAT CONSTRUCTION OF GOVERNORS IN WHICH

page_text: "
BALLS OR ROTATING WEIGHTS ARE EMPLOYED, THE SAID IMPROVEMENTS BEING
APPLICABLE TO SUCH GOVERNORS FOR WHATEVER PURPOSE THEY MAY BE EMPLOYED,'
being a communication to me from abroad by Marie Joseph Denis
Farcot, Jean Joseph Leon Farcot, Michel Basile Abel Farcot, and
Joseph Etienne Eloi Chateau, all of St. Ouen, in the Republic of France,
upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said William Edward
Newton, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing
under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly
describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what
manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed
in the Great Scal Patent Office within six calendar months next and
immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said William Edward Newton, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner
the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained
in and by the following statement, reference being had to the Drawings
hereunto annexed, and to the letters and figures marked thereon (that is
to say) :—
This Invention relates to improvements on the apparatus for regulating
the speed of machinery for which Letters Patent were granted to me
bearing date August Seventh, One thousand eight hundred and sixty-
cight, No. 2476, the object of the Inventors being to simplify the con-
struction of the apparatus and to eliminate from the ball governor all
resistances which may detract from its efficient action.
In order to regulate the speed of a steam engine or other motor two
forces are employed, viz., one derived from the engine or motor to be
regulated, and the other from a small independent or regulator engine.
The ball governor spindle takes its motion as usual from the engine to
be regulated, and by the rise and fall of the balls the spindle of the
supply valve is rocked. This rocking is however controlled by the action
of the small engine constituting a part of the regulator.
The sleeve on the governor spindle to which the arms of the governor
are jointed carries a loose collar, to which is pivotted the forked
termination of a rock lever, the fulcrum of which is made adjust-
able horizontally. To this lever counterweights are fitted and also
balance springs which will act either together to depress the forked end
of the lever, or in opposition to each other, according to the position for

page_text: the time being of the fulcrum of the rock lever. Connected to the
supply valve spindle is a bell-crank lever, the longer arm of which is
connected by a link to the piston rod of the regulator engine. The
shorter arm of this bell-crank lever serves to carry the fulcrum pin of a
small rock lever, one end of which is connected to the sliding collar by
one of its pivot pins before mentioned. The other end of the small rock
lever connects through a link with an arm on the valve spindle of the
regulator engine, and it is through the rocking of this arm that the
valve of the regulator engine is worked and caused to supply steam
alternately to opposite sides of the piston. The valve box of this engine
instead of being situate on the cylinder is placed near the valve spindle
of the engine to be regulated, and steam pipes lead therefrom to the
opposite ends of the cylinder of the regulator engine. The rise and fall
of the sleeve due to the centrifugal action of the governor is. controlled
by mounting the same on a tube pendent from a diaphragm contained
in a closed chest through which the spindle of the governor passes, and
this diaphragm serves to divide that chest into two compartments, which
contain air or liquid, and they are in connection through a contracted
passage. The rise or fall therefore of the diaphragm' due to the action of
the governor will put a pressure upon the confined air or liquid con-
tained in one or other of the compartments and force it to the opposite
side of the diaphragm. As this transference will be slow owing to the
contracted channel through which the air or liquid has to pass the
vertical movements of the sleeve will be moderated.
Instead of the governor spindle passing up through the chest and
diaphragm the chest may be situated below the governor spindle, and
its diaphragm may be connected to the sleeve by means of a rod pendent
therefrom.
In applying this Invention to regulating the speeds of water wheels
and other motors requiring the exercise of considerable force for their
regulation a modification of the apparatus just described is required.
The sleeve of the ball governor is weighted to a considerable extent, and
⚫ in its rise and fall through the centrifugal action of the governor it is
caused to act directly on the equivalent for the small rock lever before-
mentioned. This rock lever has its fulcrum on one extremity of a bell-
crank lever which is supported in a standard that serves also to carry
the top bearing of the governor spindle. On the axle which transmits
rotary motion to the governor spindle is keyed a crank arm which

page_text: carries a pair of loose arms fitted at their extremities with double action
pawles, and gives a constant reciprocating motion thereto. These arms
with their pawles embrace a toothed wheel which is keyed to an axle
leading to the sluice to be regulated. Mounted loosely on this axle is a
shield which surrounds about three-fourths of the periphery of the cog
wheel, and is intended to interpose between its teeth and the double
action pawles. This shield is coupled by a connecting rod with the rock
lever before-mentioned, and thus by the rise and fall of the sleeve on
the governor spindle an axial motion will be imparted to the shield.
This shield is slotted in order that it may present openings to the pawles
and allow them to fall into the teeth of the wheel on the regulator axle
and impart rotary motion thereto in either direction as desired. The
lower end of the bell crank before mentioned carries a segment rack
into which takes a pinion mounted loosely on a stud axle but fast to the
boss of a bevil wheel, which wheel is in gear with a bevil pinion on the
regular axle.
As now the rise and fall of the sleeve lays bare the teeth
of the regulator wheel to the action of the reciprocating pawls, the rota-
tion of the regulator axle is thereby effected; this motion will through
the gearing just referred to cause the crank lever to rock and thereby
raise or depress the fulcrum of the rock lever, and the consequence of
this motion will be the shifting of the position of the shield and the
throwing of the pawles out of action.
In Sheet I. of the accompanying Drawings the arrangement of
mechanism first described and constituting the improved marine
regulator is shewn, Fig. 1 being a side elevation of the regulator;
Fig. 2, a plan view of the same; Fig. 3, a front elevation; Fig. 4, a
sectional elevation of the regulator with the arrangement for supplying
and cutting off the steam; and Figures 5 and 6 shew in elevation and
plan the parts for working the steam valve.
a are the rotating governor balls; b, the crossed arms with connecting
rods c; d, rock lever for varying the normal speed through the action of
the springs r, r. This lever is supported on an adjustable or sliding
fulcrum f, the traverse of which is effected by means of the screw e
operated by the hand wheel g; ¹is a beam, to the opposite ends of
which the springs ", ", are connected; h is an air break for regulating
the rapidity of action of the governor according to the requirements of
the work, that is to say, allowing it to act upon the variations of speed

page_text: without being effected by instantaneous variations which are not
prejudicial.
The mode of action and construction of this governor is known, and
has been already described in detail in previous Patents and special
works. is the vertical shaft rotated by the bevil pinion;; k¹ is a
sleeve serving partly as counterweight to the balls; k, its socket, to
which the forked end of the lever d is secured by means of the studs m, m;
1, 2, are counterweights of the lever & serving to balance it as completely
as possible, so that the whole system may be sensitive independent of
weight. The counterweights 1, l, arc carried by small beams n, n, which
retain the lever d in position against the thrust of the sleeve /¹, and the
other opposing forces; p is the steam cylinder of the regulator cngine; q,
the piston; 8, the piston rod; , a rock shaft for transmitting motion to
the slide valve z, the motion of which is to be regulated; u is an arm
keyed to and actuating the rock shaft t, motion being given to it by the
link v jointed to the cross head of the engine. One of the stud pins m
of the lever d as it oscillates acts upon the end of the rock lover x (see
Fig. 5), which through a link a¹ operates the lever x of the slide
valve 2, by which the steam is admitted to the cylinder p. The rock
lever a oscillates upon the study of the crank arm y, which is keyed
upon the shaft t. According to this arrangement it will be seen that
the motion of the piston q is completely under the control of the
governor. The slide valve 2, its finger 2, and its axle are actuated in
the required direction as the sleeve of the governor rises or falls. The
great simplicity of this arrangement of governor is obtained by dis-
placing the valve chest w (which is no longer upon the cylinder p), and
putting it in the position most favorable for working the valve with the
least possible number of joints. The steam passages are constructed of
simple tubes λ, λ, which open into the lower part of the cylinder p, and
they are therefore capable of cleansing it spontaneously; j is the
eduction port; and w³, the steam supply pipe. This construction of
regulator is applicable not only to marine engines, but to all motors.
whatsoever.
The Figures in Sheet II. show an analogous arrangement to that just
described with reference to Sheet I., but differing therefrom in several
important points which will now be explained. It will be readily under-
stood that the governor itself is reduced to its most simple form without
losing any of its essential features.

page_text: Fig. 7 shews the governor in side elevation, the lower part being in
section; Fig. 9 is a plan view of the same; and Fig. 10 is a longitudinal
section of the regulator engine, and the parts in immediate connection
therewith. The air or liquid compressing cylinder is not in this
example mounted upon the shaft i, but is placed at the bottom of the
arrangement. Instead of air liquid of any desired description may be
contained in the cylinder, the piston of which is actuated from the
sleeve by means of a rod 2 pendent from the socket of the sleeve.
The hydraulic governor arranged in this manner will be of more
powerful and yet more simple construction than the air cylinder. The
conical screw h² (see the detached section, Fig. 8) regulates its motion.
The lever d for varying the speed is also constructed in a simple
and novel manner by means of a yoke, upon which slides the support f
and the centre of oscillation ƒ³, actuated as already described by the
screw C. The centre of oscillation f¹ is knife shaped, and rests upon a
support f*, slightly bulged at its lowest portion so as to allow of
the lever & oscillating with a rolling motion. The counterweight 7 of the
lover d is cast with it; the directing rods n, n, reach to the ends of the
studs m, m³, of the lever d, thus giving it a rolling oscillating motion,
thus almost completely rectifying the vertical motion of the socket k³, and
neutralizing more effectively the oblique thrust. The socket ¹ is to this
end recessed interiorly and horizontally in the direction of oscillation of
the lever d and the rods n, n. It therefore rests upon the sleeve k with-
out giving a lateral thrust thereto. This arrangement of governor is
applicable to all descriptions of motors, and particularly to marine
engines.
The Invention relates further to improvements in the construction of
ball regulators, and in their mode of action for governing by means of
ratchets, or for transmitting motion to hydraulic wheels or other motors
which are difficult of regulation.
In Sheet III., Figures 11, 12, 13, 14 represent in elevation and plan
a governor, by means of which a completely novel result will be attained,
and the long sought for governor suitable for hydraulic motors will be
found. a is an isochronous governor with crossed arms and rods; b is
a weight which serves as a sleeve by augmenting considerably by means
of a surplus weight the normal speed and power of the governor. To
the lower side of the weight 6 there is connected by means of a ring c
made in two pieces, the rod d of the piston of an hydraulic governor h,

page_text: similar to those before described. The governor a is thus made at one
and the same time isochronous, rapid, powerful, stable, and precise in its
action. At the upper part of the weight b is formed a circular groove,
into which takes the bowle e, carried on the short arm of the rocking
leverf. The axis of oscillation m of this lever is fixed upon an arm g,
which represents the servo-motor to be driven, that is to say, that it is
made to travel to and fro continuously a distance proportioned to the
travel of the slide valve, or whatever regulator is employed for govern-
ing the motor. This arm 9 is to this end keyed upon the axle i which
has at its opposite end a toothed sector j keyed upon it. This sector is
actuated by means of a series of ordinary wheel gearing n, n¹, n³, from
the shaft p of the slide valve. The end of the longer arm f¹ of the
rocking lever f is brought in front of the axis of oscillation i of the
arm g, and carries at this point the pendent jointed socket of the rod q,
by means of which this arrangement of levers act upon the ratchet and
the motor.
Motion is imparted by means of the pulley which is mounted upon
the horizontal shaft ", which actuates by means of bevil wheels 12, 1³,
the vertical shaft a¹ of the governor. This shaft A carries at its
extremity a crank to which is pivotted a pair of arms r, r¹, and
through these it actuates the ratchet wheel & which is keyed to the
shaft p. 3, t, are pawles pressed against the ratchet wheels s by the
springs o, o; these pawls rock on transverse rods which pass respectively
through the ends of the arms 7, 7, and through the extremities of the
radius rods y, which are loose on the shaft p and serve to carry the pawls
and transmit thereto the reciprocating motion of the arms r, p.
Interposed between the ends of the pawls and the ratchet wheel s is
a metallic shield u, and which is free to oscillate around the same. This
shield is carried by the radial arms v, v¹, and actuated from the
arrangemant of levers f, g, by the rod q, which is bifurcated as seen
at q' so as to pass below the wheel 8. When the socketted end of the
rock lever f is in front of the axle i the shield 2 is so arranged as to
completely protect the teeth of the wheel & from the pawles, the shaft
then remains stationary. On the other hand as soon as the socketed
end of the lever fmoves from the axle (rising for example), the shield,
by uncovering a portion of the teeth of the wheel s, allows of two of
the four pawles to engage with the wheel and actuate the shaft p. It
will be understood that the system of pawles or ratchets just described
8
p

page_text: acts with double effect upon the ratchet wheels which has an almost
continuous motion in any desired direction. Each rod or 7¹ pushes
or draws turn by turn by means of one of the pawls in one way
or the other, according to the direction of the displacement of the
shield.
The shield u which is channelled at its centre u¹ acts in reality as two
shields and permits of the pawles 1, 3, finding the teeth in their front
uncovered like the pawles t', ť.
When the rod q falls with the end f¹ of the rock lever ƒ the pawles
12, 18, finding the teeth s uncovered in front of them, will act in place
of the pawles t', t', in the reverse direction, and the motion of the ratchet
wheels is reversed with that of the shaft p together with the whole gear
of the slide valve. When on the contrary the socketed end f¹ of the
'rock lever f comes in front of the axle i the motion of the ratchet
wheels is arrested.
In place of the wheel gearing n, n¹, n², for moving the arm g, which
represents the motion of the slide valve any other suitable arrange-
ment may be employed, for example that shewn at Figures 13 and 14;
is a plate keyed to the end of the shaft p and in the face thereof is
formed a spiral groove into which enters a stud at the lower end of a
rod. This rod is attached by the finger to the arm g; the rotation
therefore of the plate x will raise or depress the arm g, which motion
will be proportionate to the travel of the slide.
Z is a standard for supporting parts of the apparatus c, the main
portion of which is carried by a foundation plate z¹. Instead of con-
structing the levers and shafts obliquely, or nearly so, they may be
made the one with respect to the others as shewn in the Drawing,
parallel or perpendicular, as desired. A lever to having its centre of
motion at 10¹, and being capable of raising the weight 6 by means of the
ring 20³ will permit the driver to stop the motor instantaneously or in a
few seconds at most by raising suddenly the governor to the top of its
traverse, together with all it drives and governs. The slide valve will
thereby be completely closed, in which position it will remain as long as
the lever wis held down.
To start again it will suffice to allow the governor to drop by raising
the lever w. The lever wo may be used for the arrangement of a varying
annaratus of normal speed by causing it to act either by under or over

page_text: weighting the weight or sleeve of the governor. To this end the shape
and arrangement of the lever w may be modified according to the
principles set forth in the prior and in the present Patents. It would be
well, in order to render the motion of the arms more easy to construct
the two joints of the connecting rod q with the joints of the quadrant by
drawing back for this purpose one of the centres of action i and f
with regard to the vertical plane passing through the axis p and by
lengthening the arm of the shield so as to escape the wheels and thus
suppress the fork q, q.
The last part of the Invention relates to a novel system of optional
variation of normal speed during the working of the governor. This is
illustrated in Sheet II., at Figures 15, 16, and 17.
-The employment of tension springs of varying power has been all that
is desired for marine and other regulators. In certain cases and within
certain limits incomplete results have been obtained by means of varying
.counterweights.
A novel combination will now be described, by means of which results
will be obtained with counterweights for land machines as complete and
satisfactory as by means of springs. a is one of the ordinary isochronous
governors with crossed arms and rods; b, the sleeve; c, a beam oscillating
in the usual manner upon the fulcrum d and operating the sleeve on the
governor rod; fis an endless screw gearing into the quadrant f¹. Beneath
the screw fis arranged as usual a counterweighted lever acting by the
travel of its arc upon a bowleg to raise the screw f and impart to the
sleeve 6 a surcharged vertical action due to the counterweight i. The
beam c is generally a simple round bar, in this novel system it is
modified, and a special counterweight m³, m³, composed of two discs, is
adapted thereto, which are capable of being moved by means of a screw n
and flyer n¹ to one side or other of the fulcrum d. The action of the
counterweight is thus sometimes positive and sometimes negative in the
sense of the lowering or overweighting of the governor. This is a novel
application quite distinct from the known employment of a counter-
weight acting by means of a variable lever arm, but always in the same
way by surplus weight; thus novel results are obtained, for by combining
the positive and negative actions of the counterweight m with that of
the lower counterweight i an optional variation of normal speed in
greater proportion than can be obtained by the counterweight at present

page_text: in use, and which is altogether insufficient for manufacturing purposes,
is thereby obtained. This novel solution is attained by giving to the
beam c and the slide c', which it carries to guide the counterweight m,
a particular curve shewn at Fig. 17, its object being to vary the relative
angular position of the counterweight m at the different points of its
travel with reference to the governor placed at the top of its course.
It is ordinarily necessary for the stability of an isochronous regulator
that the compensating spring of the partial centrifugal forces placed
upon the axle should slightly falsify the isochronism at the top of its
course, as the centre of suspension of the balance beam placed above its
centre of gravity falsifies the sensibility at the expense of the stability.
This it is important to effect as it must increase the intensity as the
active vertical force of the governor upon the sleeve increases. The
curve of the lever or beam c is therefore calculated so that the motion
of the counterweight m (being nil when this weight is in front of a) the
ordinary compensating spring will be in its normal state, and that the
action of this spring at the top of its course will diminish relatively to
the displacement of the weight in towards the endless screw and augment
when m is moved towards the governor; thus the same degree of relative
stability for all rates of speed is attained, as also for the motion of the
counterweight m.
The action of the counterweight i may be replaced by a body of
surplus weight upon the governor, and jointed to the sleeve like the
weight of the regulator shewn at Sheet III. In this case the counter-
weight m may in some instances be constructed only with a negative
action, that is to say, acting only between d and c, but it may also be
made double acting, positive, and negative, as shewn at Sheet II.,
Figures 15, 16, and 17. It may be remarked that the beam c is in
every case but the ordinary balance beam, and that the addition of a
special balance for the counteweight which acts upon the governor is
dispensed with, and that at all speeds it prescrves with integrity the
travel of the rod e, f.
A modification of the system described may be obtained by simply
employing the slide with the moveable centre of oscillation of the marine
regulators already described. In this case a fixed weight acting from
top to bottom, instead of springs acting from bottom to top, would be
made fast to the extremity of a fixed weight, the position of the knife-

page_text: edge bearings would then be reversed. The centre of oscillation would
then be adjustable by the screw, and the normal speed of the governor
would be varied by altering the position of the weight. It would be well
to place a heavy weighted body upon the governor, such as that shewn
at b, Fig. 11, Sheet II.
Figures 18, 19, 20, Sheet II., illustrate a conical governor with
optional normal speed, slow motion, and reduced dimensions. It is
necessary in some instances to construct a governor of reduced speed,
and regulated beforehand, without being obliged to give thereto the large
natural dimensions which are the necessary consequence of a slow speed
of rotation. An advantageous and complete solution of this particular
case, often important, is attained by means of the governor with two
elevated rotating balls, such as those used in marine regulators. To
arrive at this novel solution it will suffice to place upon the axle and
above the lower sleeve of this governor, or at a suitable point, and made
fast to the sleeve (see Sheet II., Figures 18, 19, 20,) a spring a of
sufficient tension to in the first place balance the weight of the balls b, b,
and further to impart thereto a centripetal force on closing the governor,
according to the conditions of angular speed imposed. This simple
spring may also be replaced by a counterweight equivalent to or heavier
than the balls, but when it is desired to diminish as much as possible
the inertia of the oscillating masses, the spring is preferably used. The
spring and counterweight placed upon the axle may however be emploved.
40

page_text: same effect as the compensating springs of partial centrifugal power
described in the preceding paragraph.
A novel arrangement for securing for marine or other regulators, inde-
pendent of weight, an absolute osochronism notwithstanding the variation
of tension of the springs, is illustrated in Sheet II., at Figures 21, 22.
In the different regulators, and principally in marine regulators, the
variation of tension from one end to the other of the travel of the
springs employed prevents the realization of the complete isochronism
which in certain instances presents great inconveniences, for example,
on board ship where the helical line or curve readily changes. In order
to surmount this difficulty the arms of the lever are made to vary
relatively to the tension of the spring in inverse ratios of the value of
this tension for cach position of the masses of the governor, so that the
whole motion of the springs upon the governor may be sensibly constant
for all positions.
The novel conditions of statical and dynamical equilibrium may be
realized in different manners.
At Fig. 22 is shewn the arrangement which appears the most simple.
a, a, are twin springs which balance each other, or nearly as possible,
according to the well known system; b is the adjustable lever of the
same type as already described sensitively balanced by means of a
counterweight c. The point of attachment d of the hook a² of the
springs is brought down so that the arc which it describes around its
centre e will no longer be equally distributed, but brought entirely below
the horizontal.
It will readily be understood that the lever arm of the vertical force
(tension of the springs) applied at d will be variable, and that it will be
easy to combine this variation with that of the tension of the springs in
order to obtain in a very evident constancy of momentum of action. This
condition being realized for the centre of maximum oscillation situated
at e, which corresponds to the maximum momentum or to the minimum
of the normal speed, will again be obtained very approximately according
as the oscillation diminishes in extent by the shifting of the point e in
the slot; in fact, as the extent of oscillation diminishes the variation of
the lever arm diminishes also with the arc described by the point d; but
it is the same with the variation of tension of the springs which is

page_text: approximately reduced with their travel in the same ratio. The desired
result will therefore be approximately attained.
At Fig. 22 is shewn a different arrangement relating to the novel type
of marine regulator described in the present Patent, and satisfying in a
more theoretical and complete manner the condition required.
Instead of employing two circular springs as in the former examples
with the view of diminishing the variation of tension by the augmen-
tation of the length of the springs, it has been found that one only
suffices, and that a short one, the variation of tension being greater
without inconvenience when it is compensated for by the variation in
the contrary direction of its lever arm; f is a slotted lever constructed
as already described; g is a counterweight which counterbalances more
or less a portion of the parts which overweight the sleeve of the governor.
The centre of gravity of the arrangement should be exactly at h. j is a
small upper beam which transmits action of the spring; i is its centre of
oscillation; k is a single spring; and is a rod which connects the
beam to the slotted lever f, an accessory counterweight m diametrically
opposed to the centre of suspension of the rod equalizes the weight
of this rod and that of all the lower parts g, f, supported at h. The
spring, the centre of suspension of which is at non another diametrical
line from of the rod 7, will be held in equilibrio by means of a special
counterweight k¹ placed upon the same diametrical line as the centre of
suspension n. These combinations being arranged to completely
neutralize the variation of tension of the spring k from the maximum to
the minimum it suffices to find analytically or graphically the value of
the angle n, i, 1, which the two branches n, i, F, i, of the beam ; ought
to make. The momentum of action of the spring k is thus obtained, no
matter what the variation of tension during its motion may be by reason
of its reduced length. The solution of the problem is thus .completely
obtained, and the regulator can be made really isochronous independently
of its weight at all the angular positions of the governor acquiring
besides a sensitiveness and precision not hitherto known by the employ-
ment of the improvements already described in detail.
In some instances the counterweights m and k¹ may be dispensed
with, or their place and relative value modified; for example, when the
weight of the spring k, as compared to that of the parts suspended at h,
might without practical inconvenience balance them sufficiently approxi-
mately notwithstanding the variation of the lever arms of the beam j.

page_text: The two arrangements, Figures 21, 22, may thus be combined, or they
may be varied according to circumstances.
"
A novel result may be obtained for railways by the employment in
many instances of regulators of varying speed. Thus the varying speed
to be given in kilometers to a train being defined by means of an
indicator upon the scale of a regulator made fast to the driving axle of
a locomotive, it is evident that if the governor is really sensitive and
precise in its action, and acts powerfully by means of a regulator engine
upon the cut-off or other device connected with the steam supply, the
driver will no longer be obliged to feel about, but only to indicate by
means of the needle upon the scale the speed desired, which will be
obtained with great precision notwithstanding the variations of gradients
in all but exceptional cases, such as slipping in winter, which however
can be easily obviated..
The marine regulator and other systems of varying speed will therefore
render new and important services.
Having now set forth the nature of the Invention of "Improvements
applicable to that Construction of Governors in which Balls or Rotating
Weights are employed, the said Improvements being applicable to such
Governors for whatever Purpose they may be employed," as communi-
cated to me by my foreign correspondents, I wish it to be understood that
I claim the improvements above described, and their divers applications
to the different types of governors, isochronous or non-isochronous, with
two, four, or more revolving balls or equivalent revolving masses; these
improvements being principally characterized by the following points,-
1. The mode above described of combining the regulator engine
(simplified and improved) with the ball or marine governor independent
of weight, and with optional variation of normal speed.
2. The creation and employment of a novel type of marine regulator,
2. ING Creation and py
as described.
3. The novel mode of arrangement and employment of the improved
ball governor, above described, to regulate by a ratchet wheel and
pawls, water wheels or other motors, which offer a great resistance to
regulation.
"
naumal