Animal Physiology and Structural Anatomy.
Year: 1886

page_text: Date of Application, 27th Nov., 1888.
Complete Left, 26th Aug., 1887.
Complete Accepted, 7th Oct., 1887.
Animal Physiology and Structural Anatomy.
I, DAVID THORPE LEE of 1 Elm Tree Road St. John's Wood, London, in the
county of Middlesex, Artist, do hereby declare the nature of my invention for
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE METHOD OF TEACHING ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY & STRUCTURAL
ANATOMY to be as follows :-
My improvements consist in having models for the purpose of illustration in
teaching physiology and structural anatomy. The models used are constructed of
papier maché, india rubber or other substance, and made in separate parts in moulds
taken from nature or a model representing nature.
The aforesaid models thus made are afterwards prepared in a way to make them
durable and convenient to handle, and then fixed to each other by attachments so as
to form a complete whole, yet allowing any separate part to be removed at pleasure,
for the purpose of illustration. By this means the attention can be fixed upon any
particular part, and its action, and its relation to other parts without
particular part being confused with the whole.
In applying or adapting the aforesaid method of teaching physiology and anatomy
to general educational purposes; the parts which are of general interest only are
selected for illustration; and when desired, are made of colossal, or larger than life,
size and moulded when possible, in relief only, or partly in the round and relief,
with or without super-imposed and removeable portions. The aforesaid parts can
then be attached or permanently fixed to a board or other suitable support. My aim
being to construct the models intended for the purpose of teaching a general
knowledge of physiology in schools, so that they may be employed with facility, and
in place of the ordinary diagrams now used for that purpose.
Dated this 27th day of November 1886.
DAVID THORPE LEE.

page_text: аци Apparatus TUT Teaching
Animal Physiology and Structural Anatomy.
I, DAVID THORPE LEE, 1 Elm Tree Road St. John's Wood, London, in the county
of Middlesex, Artist, do hereby declare the nature of my invention for IMPROVEMENTS
IN THE METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR, TEACHING ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND
STRUCTURAL ANATOMY, and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be
particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement :-
My invention is for the purpose of teaching animal physiology and structural
anatomy, and is more especially designed for use in schools where a general, as
distinct from a special, education is given.
In carrying the same out, I adopt a method more calculated to excite the interest
and increase the attention of the pupil; this will be understood from my manner of
proceeding as herein explained, whereby the construction of the human or other
animal body can be illustrated in a more simple and instructive way than by the use
of cartoons or books.
The method consists in teaching by the aid of an apparatus consisting of models,
either in the round or partly round, copied from nature. The said models being
composed of moveable or removeable parts, each of which said parts representing in
one or more pieces the anatomy and organs of animal construction.
The apparatus consists of the aforesaid models representing the anatomy and organs,
the said models being so constructed as to fit together and form a complete whole, yet
allowing any one or more parts to be moved or removed as desired, for the purpose of
illustrating their relations to each other.
To illustrate more fully the manner of performing my said invention, I will take
for example the apparatus consisting of models in the round representing the trunk
of the huinan body.
The model of the outside surface is made to represent the skin, upon this being
removed the muscles are shown, upon removing these, the front ribs and a portion of
the viscera are exposed to view, the front ribs are then taken off, when the assemblage
of organs forming the apparatus of digestion, circulation and respiration, are
represented in their natural positions.
These can be removed separately, being composed of a sufficient number of pieces
to illustrate their action and particular connection to each other. There then remains
the interior of the empty trunk, and the remaining portions of the ribs, vertebrae and
pelvis, in their natural positions.
The skin and muscles of the back are made to take off in the same way as those of
the front, showing the back portion of the ribs and their attachment to the vertebrae.

page_text: The organs of the senses, with some slight modifications, are illustrated by much
the same manner of proceeding,
In describing the method of construction, I will again refer to the apparatus
representing the trunk of the buman body.
The substance representing the skin, muscles, and bones, is composed of paper,
pushed or worked in layers into moulds, the said pieces of paper being held together
by some adhesive matter. The organs 1 preferably make of a more flexible material,
india-rubber dissolved and run into moulds, and afterwards vulcanised and painted, is,
I believe, the best material for the purpose particularly where the part is likely to be
frequently handled, and its flexibility better representing that of its counterpart in
nature, such for instance as the brain, heart, lungs, arteries, diaphragm, intestines, and
other parts of similar character or flexibility.
In forming other parts which are only slightly flexible, such as the windpipe, gullet,
and corresponding parts, I work into the moulds linen, cotton, or other fabric, in
layers, in a similar manner as the paper, but use india rubber solution for the adhesive
matter.
The portions which are made of paper are covered with linen or cotton after they
have left the mould and dried, for the purpose of making them more durable, but
preferably, where the form will permit of it, such as the parts representing the skin,
muscles, and like parts, I lay the textile fabric in the mould, and press adhesive
layers of paper upon it. By this manner of proceeding a better outward surface is
obtained, and at a more economical cost.
As economy of cost is of importance, in the construction of the life sized, or larger
than life sized models, I have the aforesaid fabric printed or dyed of the colour such
parts as it is intended to cover, have in nature. In this way the cost of their being
painted by hand is obviated, and a more uniform appearance obtained. This applica-
tion of printed fabric is of importance in forming those parts of the apparatus which
are in low relief, as the colour can be printed in light and shade, for the purpose of
increasing the appearance of rotundity in the model.
In constructing the smaller than lifesize models, particularly those portions repre-
senting the organs of the senses, 1 substitute in place of either the india rubber or
papier mache, wax, melted and run into a mould, or the mould brushed over with
melted wax, or a sheet of thin wax is pressed and worked into the form of the mould.
Upon the wax, so formed, while in the mould, layers of adhesive paper are laid and
pressed, by which adhering to the wax, the models are rendered much less fragile and
can be handled without risk of breaking.
The paper can be made adhesive by being pasted, as in the ordinary manner of
producing objects of papier mache, but instead of using paste as an adhesive medium,
1 preferably use a very porous or unsised paper, similar to blotting paper for instance,
and cover it, or saturate it with a solution of gum, british gum in preference, in place
of the paste; it is then allowed to dry.
Paper so prepared I then divide in pieces of form and size most convenient for the
purpose, damping or moistening them with water by the aid of a spunge or similar
substance, and work them layer upon layer into the mould until the desired thickness
is obtained. The advantage of this method is that a less number of layers of paper
is required to obtain the desired strength, and the liability to warp or shrink is
much less.
:
In cases where it is more convenient that the models should occupy as small a space
as possible, or where it is preferable to teach from models larger than life I prefer
making them in comparatively low relief, so that they can be attached to a board or
other flat surface or part of the model itself may form the flat surface, enabling them
to be placed upon an easel, or hung against a wall or screen; though I do not confine
myself to constructing the aforesaid models in the manner as herein described of any
particular size, either in the round or partly round. For instance, they may be made
of comparatively miniature size, singly or in a series, either in the round, or in low
relief, or part relief only, for the purpose of enabling them to be contained in a
cabinet or in cases of book form for private instruction.

page_text: Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said invention,
and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I claim, is ;-
Firstly Improvements in the method of teaching animal physiology and structural
anatomy in schools where a general as distinct from a special education is given.
The said improvements consisting in using for the purpose of instruction an apparatus
composed of models; the said models being either in the round or partly round, and
in one or several pieces fitting together, and arranged in such a manner as to illustrate
their relation to each other, as herein before described.
Secondly The employment of india rubber in the formation of certain parts
forming the apparatus, and the combination of such parts, composed of india rubber,
with other parts formed of paper or papier machè, in the manner and for the purposes
bereinbefore described.
Thirdly The application of printed or dyed textile fabric for the purpose of
covering or lining the portions made of papier machè, and the forming of other parts
made of wax strengthened by a lining of adhesive paper, and also the method of
making paper adhesive by coating or saturating it with gum, for the purposes as
herein substantially set forth.
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