IM- PROVEMENTS IN SHAPING, PRESSING, AND ROLLING MALLEABLE IRON AND STEEL
Year: 1856

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Henry Bessemer, of 4, Queen Street Place, New
Cannon Street, in the City of London, for the Invention of "IM-
PROVEMENTS IN SHAPING, PRESSING, AND ROLLING MALLEABLE IRON AND
STEEL."
1:
Sealed the 19th September 1856, and dated the 31st May 1856.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICAT
Telt by the sam
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 31st
May 1856.
I, HENRY BESSEMER, of 4, Queen Street Place, New Cannon Street, in the
City of London, do hereby declare the nature of the Invention for "IMPROVE-
HENTS IN SHAPING, PRESSING, AND ROLLING MALLEABLE IRON AND STEEL," to be
as follows:-
When ingots or masses of malleable iron and steel are formed by pouring
or running the metal in a fluid state into moulds, it is generally found that
the ingots or masses so produced are more or less spongy or cellular, and
that owing to this circumstance, and to their crystalline condition, such cast
ingots or masses are apt, to be crushed or broken when put between rollers of
the kind now ordinarily used for rolling malleable iron. I have also found
that the ordinary rolling mill does not afford the desired facility for rolling

page_text: very heavy masses of metal, such as may be produced by casting. The
object therefore of my present Invention is to lessen or remove these dis-
advantages of the ordinary rolling mill by the use of the apparatus which
I will now proceed to describe; and which. consists of a pair of stout frames
or standards of cast iron, further strengthened by rods or bars of malleable
iron, and which are secured to a massive bed plate mounted on masonry.
Between these standards I place two segments of a cylinder or roll of very
large diameter; the curved surfaces of such segments are placed next to
each other, and each one is capable of motion on an axis, working in suitable
bearings formed in the standards, before mentioned. The curved portion of
the segments are formed, by preference, of chilled iron or steel, and the other
part of cast iron, and one or both sides of them should be provided with
segmental spur gearing, so arranged as to insure a corresponding motion of each
segment, one or both of which is to be attached to a connecting rod or rods;
the opposite ends of these rods are also to be connected to a crank, the
constant rotation of which will produce a reciprocating motion of the segments.
The crank shaft should have on it a heavy-fly wheel to regulate the motion,
and it may also serve as the crank shaft to any convenient form of steam
engine; or the crank shaft of the segment mill may be actuated by any
suitable gearing driven by steam or water power. The face of the segments
are to have grooves formed therein, similar to the grooves formed in the rolls
at present in use for rolling bar iron, so that the ingot of cellular metal will
thus be supported laterally during the pressing operation, and will be prevented
from being crushed or broken to pieces, and will be so acted upon on every
side as to weld or close up any cavities. that may have existed therein, and
thus render the ingot solid and capable of bearing the action of the ordinary
rolling mill. It will be understood that if the segments employed are parts
of circles of from 10 to 20 feet in diameter, that they will press on a much
greater length (at one time) of the ingot than would be the case if ordinary
rollers of about 18 inches in diameter were used, and also that there will be
much less tendency to separate the ingot into pieces when pressed between
such comparatively flat surfaces as are presented by the large segments, before
described. The reciprocating motion communicated by the crank to the
segments will cause them to act on the ingot both in passing in between
them and on its coming back to its original position, so that no time will be
lost in the process, and the labour of returning the mass of metal by hand,
as practised in ordinary rolling mills, will be avoided. In order to bring the
curved faces of the segments nearer to each other as the compressing and
elongating operation proceeds, I use a hydraulic press cylinder, having a

page_text: short ram acting on the brasses, in which one of the segments rest; a force
pump, actuated by any convenient moving part of the machine, will inject a
regulated quantity of water into this cylinder at each motion of the segments,
and will thus bring them nearer together; or any convenient arrangement of
screws or excentrics may be used in licu thereof, if desired.
At both sides of the apparatus I fit up several light guide rollers, for the
purpose of receiving the mass of metal, and allowing the workmen to move
or turn it over as required; the ingot or mass of metal may thus be pressed
and shaped into the form desired, or it may be finished by rolling in a suitable
rolling mill until it is reduced to the desired form and dimensions. In the
rolling of ingots or masses of cast malleable iron or steel care should be taken
that the pressure put on them should not be such as to cause too great an
elongation of the ingot at each time of passing it through the rolls; this
point should be attended to more especially in the early stages of the process,
or before the fibre of the metal is somewhat developed. It will also be found
that the ingot is apt to be broken in returning it over the rolls if much
violence is used by the workmen in its removal; I therefore construct a
rolling mill for the express purpose of rolling ingots of cast malleable iron
and steel, whereby the amount of draft or elongation of the ingot at cach
successive rolling may be carefully regulated, and whereby the danger of
breaking the ingots in the early stages of the rolling process may be avoided;
and much labour saved in the process.
In carrying into effect this part of my said Invention, I place a strong
foundation plate on masonry, and I erect thereon a series of roller frames, in
which suitable rolls are fitted and arranged with gearing, by means of which
the various rolls are put in motion, each frame with its pair of rolls being
placed in such a position that an ingot or mass of iron or steel may pass from
one to the other in succession, the space between the rolls being occupied by
several lighter guide rollers, so as to prevent the bending of the ingot in
rolling, and also assist in carrying forward the ingot and forcing it into the
grooves formed in the pair of rolls-next in succession; the guiding rollers
may be forced together by springs, so as not to take a very tight grip on the
ingot or bar, and they should also be driven by a friction clutch or other.
suitable contrivance, so that if their surfaces do not travel at the exact speed
of the ingot or bar a slipping may take place. The spaces between each set
of rolls should be so adjusted as to give such an elongation of the ingot as it
will bear safely, and each successive pair of rolls should be so far in advance
of the other as will allow the ingot or bar to leave one pair of rolls before
entering another, and thus avoid the necessity of making each pair of rolls

page_text: in
travel at a speed increasing in the exact ratio of the increasing length of the
ingot or bar. The rolls may be provided with grooves of different forms, so
that one train may be made use of for the manufacture of bars, rods, or rails
of different sizes and of different sectional figures. In some cases I fit
up one pair of rolls having their axes in a vertical position between each of
the pairs of rolls which have their axes in a horizontal position, so that the
ingot or bar is compressed alternately in opposite directions during its passage
through the series of rolls, in a manner similar to the alternate compression on
opposite sides, caused by turning round the bar in each successive
groove
ordinary rolls; and here I would observe that the grooved rolls generally
employed in the manufacture of iron and steel are subject to considerable
wear and tear, and consequently entail a heavy expense in their necessary
repair or renewal; this tendency to wear out is still further increased in
consequence of their being cast in metal sufliciently soft to be turned in a
lathe, I therefore make grooved rolls for rolling iron and steel in the following
manner: In the first place, I cast an iron cylinder, which I bore out truly,
and I then fit two covers or ends to it; I next proceed to turn truly several
rings or hoops of malleable iron, each of which is divided across the centre;
these rings are accurately fitted into the cylinder, and are put down one upon
another with their junctions at opposite sides of the cylinder, the interior
surface of each ring being so formed as to correspond with the intended
grooves in the roll. The cylinder covers are bored through slightly conical,
and the holes in them serve to form the bearings or journals of the roll.
When all the rings are put into the cylinder and the covers bolted on, the
fluid metal is poured in, which will form a complete roll, with its grooves and
bearings all properly formed, without the necessity for turning in the lathe,
and whereby an extreme degree of hardness may be given to the outer surface
by chilling, while the cost will be much less than that of a roll finished in
the lathe; in some cases I form on the rolls a row of teeth at one or both
ends of them, so as to cause the pair of rolls to revolve together without
separating gearing. The iron used for making rolls in the manner above
described may be of the same quality as that which is now generally employed,
or they may be cast in steel or steely iron.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Henry Bessemer in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
29th November 1856.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, HENRY
BESSEMER, of 4, Queen Street Place, New Cannon Street, in the City of
London, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Thirty-first day of May, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-six, in the nineteenth year of Her reign,
did, for Herself, Iler heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said
Henry. Bessemer, Her special licence that I, the said Henry Bessemer, my
executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Henry
Bessemer, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the
term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel
Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN SHAPING,
PRESSING, AND ROLLING MALLEABLE IRON AND STEEL," upon the condition
(amongst others) that I, the said Henry Bessemer, my executors or adminis-
trators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of their
hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the
said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause
the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patcut.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Henry Bessemer, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be per-
formed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement thereof, that is to say :-
When ingots or masses of malleable iron and steel are formed by
pouring or running the metal in a fluid state into moulds, it is generally found
that the ingots or masses so produced are more or less spongy or cellular, and
that owing to this circumstance, and to their crystalline condition, such cast
ingots or masses are apt to be crushed or broken when put between rollers of
the kind now ordinarily used for rolling malleable iron; I have also found that
the ordinary rolling mill does not afford the desired facility for rolling with
heavy masses of metal, such as may be produced by casting. The object
therefore of my present Invention is to lessen or remove these disadvantages of
the ordinary rolling mill by the use of the apparatus which I will now proceed

page_text: to describe; and which consists of a pair of stout frames or standards of cast
iron, further strengthened by rods or bars of malleable iron, and which are
secured to a massive bed plate mounted on masonry. Between these standards
I place two segments of a cylinder or roll of very large diameter; the curved
surfaces of such segments are placed next to each other, and each one is
capable of motion on an axis working in suitable bearings formed in the
standards, before mentioned. The curved portion of the segments are formed,
by preference, of chilled iron or steel, and the other part of cast iron, and one
or both sides of them should be provided with segmental spur gearing, so
arranged as to insure a corresponding motion of each segment, one or both
of which is to be attached to a connecting rod or rods. The opposite ends of.
these rods are also to be connected to a crank, the constant rotation of which
will produce a reciprocating motion of the segments. The crank shaft should
have on it a heavy fly-wheel. to regulate the motion, and it may also serve as
tlie crank shaft to any convenient form of steam engine; or the crank shaft
of the segment mill may be actuated by any suitable gearing driven by steam
or water power. The face of the segments are to have grooves formed therein,
similar to the grooves formed on the rolls at present in use for rolling bar iron,
SO that the ingot of cellular metal will thus be supported laterally during the
pressing operation, and will be prevented from being crushed or broken to
pieces, and will be so acted upon on every side as to weld or close up any
cavities that may have existed therein, and thus render the ingot solid, and
capable of bearing the action of the ordinary rolling mill. It will be understood
that if the segments employed are parts of circles of from 10 to 20 feet in
diameter, that they will press on a much greater length (at one time) of the
ingot than would be the case if ordinary rollers of about 18 inches in diameter
were used, and also that there will be much less tendency to separate the
ingot into pieces when pressed between such comparatively flat surfaces as are
presented by the large segments before described. The reciprocating motion
communicated by the crank to the segments will cause them to act on the
ingot both in passing in between them, and on its coming back to its original
position, so that no time will be lost in the process, and the labour of returning
the mass of metal by hand, as practised in ordinary rolling mills, will be
avoided. In order to bring the curved faces of the segments nearer to each
other as the compressing and elongating operation proceeds, I use a hydraulic
press, cylinder, having a short ram acting on the brasses, in which one of the
segments rest; a force pump, actuated. by any convenient moving part of
the machine, will inject a regulated quantity of water into this cylinder at each
motion of the segments, and will thus bring them nearer together; or any

page_text: convenient arrangement of screws or excentrics may be used in lieu thereof if
desired. At both sides of the apparatus 1 fit up several light guide rollers, for
the purpose of receiving the mass of metal, and allowing the workmen to move
or turn it over as required. The ingot or mass of metal may thus be pressed
and shaped into the form desired, or it may be finished by rolling in a suit-
able rolling mill until it is reduced to the desired form and dimensions.
In order that the mode of constructing and arranging the several parts of this
apparatus may be fully understood, I have represented the same on Sheet A of
Drawings hereunto annexed, where Figure 1 is a longitudinal section, Figure 2
a side elevation, Figure 3 an end elevation, and Figure 4a plan of the same. a is
the bed plate, to which the cast-iron standards or frames bare bolted, the wrought
iron rods or tention bars c passing entirely through each pair of standards b and
6, and thus taking the whole tensile strain off of the frames b. The two stout
frames of iron d and e are provided with axes d* and e*, and the opposite ends
of them are made flat, and are bolted to the segment blocks d' and e'. These
blocks are curved on the upper face, and are formed with grooves in them,
made in a similar manner to the grooves of an ordinary grooved roll, such as
are now generally used for rolling various forms of iron. At each side of
these segment blocks a segment or portion of a tooth wheel is formed either on
them or bolted to them; the axes of the upper segnient frame rest in brasses f;
and the axes of the lower one are supported in brasses g, beneath which are
large screws having a wheel on them, and by means of which the segment
framed e may be raised or lowered, as desired, by any suitable gearing, as will
be readily understood; or the raising or lowering of the segment frame may be
effected by hydraulic pressure or otherwise, as found most convenient. The
main driving shaft h has a wheel i keyed upon it, which may be driven by any
suitable first mover. The shaft works in plummer blocks j, which are
bolted to the bed plate. On the outer ends of the shaft h there are keyed two
half cranks, to which one end of the connecting rods are attached, the other
end of them being connected to studs or pins m, which project from each side
of the lower segment frame c', so that whenever rotatory motion is com-
municated to the wheel eye and shaft h the segment frames d and e will be made
to oscillate, their curved surfaces rolling together and pressing any ingot or
block of metal placed in between them. An ingot of metal is represented
at n, Figure 1, passing between the segments. It has attached to it a rod or
"porter" o, by which the workman may control its motion; the ingot moving
in the direction of the arrow marked thereon, will pass onto the supporting
plate p and guide roller 9, and as soon as the motion of the segment frames are
reversed, the workman will push the "porter," and cause the ingot again to

page_text: return, and be again acted on by the pressure of the segment blocks; he will
remove it from groove to groove as its side diminishes until the last and
smallest groove has acted upon it, after which it may be removed and re-
heated previous to the completion of the rolling process. In the rolling of
ingots or masses of cast mallable iron or steel, care should be taken that the
pressure put on them should be such as to cause too great an elongation of the
ingot at each time of passing it through the rolls; this point should be
attended to more especially in the early stages of the process, or before the
fibre of the metal is somewhat developed. It will also be found that the ingot
is apt to be broken in returning it over the rolls if much violence is used by
the workmen in its removal; I therefore construct a rolling mill for the
express purpose of rolling ingots of cast mallable iron and steel, whereby the
amount of draft or elongation of the ingot at each successive rolling may
be carefully regulated, and whereby the danger of breaking the ingots in the
early stage of the rolling process may be avoided, and much labour saved in
the process.
In carrying into effect this part of my said Invention, I place a strong
foundation plate on masonry, and I erect thereon a series of roller frames, in
which suitable rolls are fitted and arranged with gearing, by means of which
the various rolls are put in motion, each frame with its pair of rolls being
placed in such a position that an ingot or mass of iron or steel may pass from
one to the other in succession; the space between the rolls being occupied by
several lighter guide rollers, so as to prevent the bending of the ingot in
rolling, and also assist in carrying forward the ingot and forcing it into the
grooves formed in the pair of rolls next in succession; the guiding rollers may
be forced together by springs, so as not to take a very tight grip on the ingot
or bar, and they should also be driven by a friction clutch or other suitable
contrivance, so that if their surfaces do not travel at the exact speed of the
ingot or bar a slipping may take place. The spaces between each set of rolls
should be so adjusted as to give such an elongation of the ingot as it will bear
safely, and each successive pair of rolls should be so far in advance of the other
as will allow the ingot or bar to leave one pair of rolls before entering another,
and thus avoid the necessity of making each pair of rolls travel at a speed
increasing in the exact ratio of the increasing length of the ingot or bar. The
rolls may be provided with grooves of different forms, so that one train may be
made use of for the manufacture of bars, rods, or rails, of different sizes and of
different sectional figures.
In some cases I fit up one pair of rolls having their axes in a vertical
position between each of the pairs of rolls which have their axes in a horizontal

page_text: position, so that the ingot or bar is compressed alternately in opposite direc-
tions during its passage through the series of rolls, in a manner similar to the
alternate compression on opposite sides, caused by turning round the bar in
each successive groove in ordinary rolls.
The mole of constructing and arranging the various parts of the apparatus
for rolling cast ingots or masses of mallable iron and steel, as herein-before
lastly described, will be more fully understood by reference to Sheet B of
the Drawings hereunto annexed, where Figure 1 is a longitudinal section;
Figure 2 is a plan, partly in section and partly in elevation; Figure 3 is an
end elevation of the horizontal rolls; Figure 4 is a side elevation of a portion
of the system of rolls; and Figure 5 is a section through one of the standards d,
shewing the verticle rolls e, e, in elevation.
a is a massive foundation or bed plate; b, b, are cast-iron standards or
frames, in which the grooved horizontal rolls c are fitted in suitable brasses,
the lower ones having packing pieces driven in beneath them, so as to bring
the rolls in contact, no adjusting screws being required, as the rolls are not set
up or down during the rolling process; d, d, are standards or frames, for the
purpose of supporting the vertical rolls e, e, which are grooved in like manner,
and move in brasses fitted to the standards; these brasses are also set up, when
required, by packing pieces driven in between them and the slots in the frame,
into which the brasses are fitted; ff, are smaller standards or frames, for the
purpose of supporting the carrying rollers or wheels 9, g, which are mounted
on axles h, and work in suitable brasses or bearings formed in the standards g;
the feet of the different standards are dovetailed into the bed plate a, and
secured by wedges in the usual way, or they may be bolted down to the bed
plate by bolts. The axes of the upper guide or carrying rollers g, g, may be
pressed on by a powerful spring, or by a weighted lever; or the brasses. may
have a yielding packing, so as to cause them to grip the ingot with sufficient
force to move it forward and present it to the next pair of rolls, but it should
be acted on with no more force than is ample for that purpose, so that if the
speed of their surfaces happens not to be equal to or exceeds that of the ingot,
that a slipping will take place, and thus prevent the ingot from being broken
or injured. i is the main driving shaft for driving the horizontal rolls by
means of the bevilled or mitre wheels j, the guide rollers being driven by
other bevilled or mitre wheels k. Below the bed plate a another line of driving
shafts m is used, to put in motion the vertical rolls e, which are also driven by
bevilled or mitre wheels n, and which will be best understood by reference to
Figure 5, the shafting m and its supports, as also the gearing, which is required
to transmit motion to the shafts i and m, being omitted in the Drawing, as

page_text: their precise arrangement will, more or less in all cases, depend on local
circumstances. At one end of the series of rolls I have represented an ingot of
metal in the act of passing through the first pair of the series, while another
ingot of metals, extended in length and lessened in thickness, is represented as
leaving the last pair of rolls, having passed in succession between each pair of
horizontal and vertical rolls forming the series. And here I would observe,
that any convenient number of pairs of rolls may be used with progressively
smaller grooves, each of which should be only so much less in the groove as
the peculiar quality of the iron or steel will safely admit of.
And although I have represented in the Drawings-rolls having a square
groove, it will be readily understood that grooves of other forms may be used,
as already practised in rolling rods or bars of a variety of sectional forms; and
also that in some cases the vertical rolls may be dispensed with, and several
small supporting rollers be used in addition to the guide rolls represented in
the Drawings, for the purpose of forming a support to the under side of the
ingot or bar, or supporting plates may be used, as represented at t, t.
And here I would observe that the grooved rolls generally employed in
the manufacturo of iron and steel are subject to considerable wear and tear,
and consequently entail a heavy expense in their necessary repair or renewal.
This tendency to wear out is still further increased in consequence of their
being cast in metal sufficiently soft to be turned in a lathe; I therefore make
grooved rolls for rolling iron and steel in the following manner :-In the first
place, I cast au iron cylinder, which I bore out truly, and I then fit two covers
or ends to it; I next proceed to turn truly several rings or hoops of malleable
iron, each of which is divided across the centre; these rings are accurately
fitted into the cylinder, and are put down one upon another, with their
junctions at opposite sides of the cylinder, the interior surface of each ring
being so formed as to correspond with the intended grooves in the roll; the
cylinder covers are bored through slightly conical, and the holes in them serve
to form the bearings or journals of the roll. When all the rings are put into
the cylinder and the covers bolted on, the fluid metal is poured in, which will
form a complete roll, with its grooves and bearings all properly formed, without
the necessity for turning in the lathe, and whereby an extreme degree of hard-
ness may be given to the outer surface by chilling, while the cost will be much
less than that of a roll finished in the lathe. In some cases I form on the rolls
a row of teeth at one or both ends of them, so as to cause the pair of rolls to
revolve together without separate gearing. The iron used for making rolls in
the manner above described may be of the same quality as that which is now
generally employed, or they may be cast in steel or steely iron.

page_text: the
In order that the mode by which I carry into practical operation the
casting of chilled grooved rolls may be fully understood, I have shewn on
Sheet B of the Drawings hereunto annexed, at Figure 6, an elevation of a
roll with V grooves and a pinion as cast in one piece; and at Figure 7, I
have also shewn a longitudinal section of the mould for casting the roll.
Figure 6, and Figure 8 is a plan of the same. Figure 9 is a section of a
mould for casting a roll with semicircular grooves and two pinions in one
piece; and Figure 10 is an elevation of a roll and pinions, such as would be
formed in the mould, Figure 9. The outer shell or cylinder of the mould A,
Figure 7, is made in halves, dividing through the axis of the cylinder; at the
Jower end there is fitted a cylinder over B, which forms the bottom of the
mould, and against which the lower end of the pinion C is formed; at D there
is a ring, divided into several parts, in which indentations in the form of cogs
or spur gear is formed; it is divided so that the teeth of the pinion may be
readily released from it. E is a massive ring, forming the journal or bearing
of the roller; F, F, are other rings, fitted to the cylinder A, and, of such
form on their inner surfaces as will give the desired configuration or shape to
the grooves of the roll; these rings may be so varied as to give any variety to
grooves on one roll. G is the top cylinder cover, in the interior of which
is formed the journal II, and the driving end I of the roll; above the cover
G is placed a cylindrical piece J, which is lined with loam, and serves to form
a head or gate of metal. In Figure 8 it will be seen that the rings or hoops L
(which surround both the top and bottom of the cylinder) have an aperture
on one side, into which the wedges N are driven, and by means of which the
parts of the mould are held together; the various rings, before nanied, which
occupy the cylinder, being also divided into two or more parts, so that soon
after the casting of the roll the wedges L may be driven out and the casting
be quickly liberated while still in a highly heated state. The mould, repre-
sented at Figure 9, is constructed on the same general plan as the one already
described, having, however, two spur pinions formed on it at P, P, both of
which form part of the body of the roll, being formed between the journals
Q of the roll, as shewn also at Figure 10. Before using the moulds for casting,
they may be heated up to 200 or 300 degrees Fahrenheit, and the interior
parts brushed over with a thin coating of black lead, or a mixture of black
lead and oil; or they may be smoked, in a manner well understood, and by
which means I am enabled to cast rolls with their journals or bearings as
well as the other parts thereof with sufficient accuracy to enable the same to
be used without turning the surfaces of such rolls in a lathe, and am also
enabled to form thereon one or more pinions in one piece, and whereby much

page_text: of the expense of such rolls will be saved, and their durability increased by the
hard surfaces produced by casting the iron or steel in metal moulds.
Having thus described my Invention, and the manner in which the same
may be carried into practical operation, I desire it to be understood that I do
not confine myself to the precise details herein specified, provided that the
peculiar character of my said Invention be retained; but what I do claim is,-
Firstly, the shaping, pressing, and rolling of ingots or moulded masses of
cast steel and cast malleable iron, by means of segmental rolling apparatus,
such as herein described.
Secondly, I claim the shaping, pressing, and rolling of ingots or masses of
cast malleable iron and of cast steel by a combination of rollers, such as is
herein described.
And, thirdly, I claim the casting of rolls in iron moulds, as herein described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Henry Bessemer, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Twenty-ninth day of November, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-six.
Witness,
B. GOBEY,
24, Southampton Buildings,
Chancery Lane.
HENRY BESSEMER. (L.S.)