to Machinery or Apparatus for Use with the same.
Year: 1885

page_text: to Machinery or Apparatus for Use with the same.
I, RUDOLPH ARNOLD, of Neudorf, Strasburg, in the Empire of Germany, do
hereby declare the nature of my invention for "IMPROVEMENTS RELATING TO
DIAMOND POINTED CUTTING TOOLS AND TO MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR USE
WITH THE SAME to be as follows:-
This invention relates to improvements in tools having diamond cutting points,
and to machinery or apparatus for use with the said tools.
Numerous endeavors have heretofore been made to employ black diamonds for
operating upon stone and metal. These endeavors, however, have been without
result, or rather they have not been attended by any practical success, inasmuch as
it has been almost impossible to set the diamonds in a firm and durable manner in
the tool, and, if such setting was really effected, it could only be done by reducing
the solidity of the tool itself, so that, by reason of the rapid wear of the latter, its
durability was quite out of proportion to the cost of its manufacture. The method
of setting the diamonds according to this invention differs from all others heretofore
practised, and permits not only a durable and inexpensive setting of diamonds
upon tools, but also permits an easy and rapid removal and replacement of the
diamonds according to requirement, without its being necessary to take the tool
itself apart.
The improved method consists essentially in setting the diamonds in such a
manner that they are not in direct connection with the tool, but attached thereto
through the medium of what I term bearers upon which the diamonds are previously
fixed.
One method of setting a diamond according to this invention is as follows, that
is to say; I provide a pin of soft steel or other suitable metal one end of which is
of conical shape, and is provided with a channel or recess of about 4 m/m in depth,
into which recess the diamond is inserted with its cutting edge innermost, or so
that it occupies the position which it is to have later on upon the tool, for instance
upon a saw. In order to enable the diamond to be readily inserted into the recess,
the conical part of the pin is cut longitudinally. After the pin has been heated
and the diamond inserted, it is screwed into a conical screw-plate, thereby com-
pressing the steel around the diamond. The said conical part of the pin, provided
with a screw-thread, is next screwed into a hole provided with screw-threads formed

page_text: in a steel plate or bearer, the diameter of which hole is slightly smaller than that
of the pin, the said plate having previously been heated to a red heat. The pin is
screwed so far into the plate that the diamond set in the former assumes its position
somewhat below the edge of the plate. The steel covering or extending over the
diamond is now filed or ground off and thus the diamond point is exposed as far
as is necessary for working.
In thus setting the diamond, three factors must be taken into consideration, in
order to ensure a thorough fastening of the diamond in the plate, namely, 1st the
pressure by which the diamond on the conical pin being screwed into the screw-
plate is pressed into the steel, 2nd the screwing of the pin into the plate or bearer,
and 3rd the contraction of the latter on cooling.
According to a second mode of setting, two holes or chambers at right angles to
each other are formed in a plate of soft steel. In the upper part of one hole is
placed the diamond. The plate is then heated to a red heat and a strong pressure
is exerted upon the same, whereby the steel is firmly pressed around the diamond.
After this, copper-solder or the like is poured in through the other hole or channel
and thus the complete setting of the diamond in the steel plate is effected.
According to a third mode of setting, a cavity is made in a plate of soft steel or
the like by means of a cross-cut chisel, the said cavity being of the same form as
the diamond to be inserted. The diamond is inserted in this cavity under con-
siderable pressure, the plate being at a red heat, the projecting edges of steel
produced by the chiselling are then compressed around and upon the diamond.
The diamond is thus enclosed by the steel, and is in direct contact with the same.
In case any hollow places are left between the steel and diamond, they may be filled
with brass, solder or the like.
It is now only necessary to grind off the steel covering the diamond point and
in this manner to expose the latter.
In the employment of diamonds, a distinction is made between cutting edge
and side diamonds and the method of inserting the diamond-bearers varies
accordingly.
The
The said diamond-bearers upon both vertical sides are dove-tailed or bevelled
and set upon the tool, such as a saw-blade or saw-disc, in recesses having grooves
of corresponding form, and are fixed by any suitable mechanical means.
bearers are made of different heights, in order to prevent the weakening of the
blade or disc in a continuous line. They can also be of different shapes and are
equally applicable for saws having alternate to-and-fro motions as for saws having
an uninterrupted motion, as circular or band saws. In any case, however, the
velocity of movement of the saw must be very great in proportion to the rate at
which it advances relatively to the material being operated upon, in consequence
of which, as compared with the old process of sawing, considerably more work is
effected.
It is necessary that an uninterrupted stream of water should be conducted upon
the working parts of the tool.
If the diamond saw is to be used for sawing soft or sandy stones, some changes
must be made in its construction, as during the sawing a thick saw dust is produced
which, mixed with water, forms a mass offering sufficient resistance to prevent the
washing of the saw by the stream of water. Now, as these stones are of compara-
tively small value and therefore permit the formation of a broader-saw-cut than
would otherwise be advisable, diamond-bearers of greater thickness than the saw-
blade can be used. Cavities are thus formed between the several bearers, in
which cavities the saw-dust or slime collects until it is washed off by the stream
of water.
As already observed, the velocity of the saw-blade or disc must be very great,
and this fact, therefore, necessitates the construction of a sawing machine or
apparatus which differs from those heretofore used, and which is capable of many
modifications, according as plates, columns, mouldings or the like are to be
produced.
'

page_text: The said machine or apparatus when arranged for use with a horizontally moving
saw comprises two or more cast-iron pillars, which are placed on a firm foundation
and held at their upper ends by frames, and are thus secured against any motion.
Up and down between these pillars, move the guides of the saw-frame. Between
two other pillars secured in like manner against motion, is likewise movable up
and down the bearings for the crank to which is attached a connecting-rod, by
which a horizontal alternating motion is imparted to the saw-frame. All the said
guides and bearings are suspended by chains and are lowered automatically
according as the cutting of the stone or the like by the saw progresses, by means
of suitable gearing. In operation the saw should have a velocity of from 90 to
100 strokes a minute.
To the support upon which the block to be sawn is fixed, various motions and
positions can be given.
The construction of a machine adapted for a frame saw having two or more
blades is as follows:-Between hollow cast-iron pillars, mounted on a firm
foundation and prevented from moving, a frame having guides for the saw-frame
in which the blades provided with the diamond-bearers are stretched, is adapted
to slide up and down by means of screw-spindles. The revolution of the said
screw-spindles, which are connected with each other by bevel-wheels and a shaft,
is effected by means of friction cones or the like, and can be regulated according
to the hardness of the material to be sawn and the recipro ating speed of the saws,
so that the frame with the saw-blades moves down according as the, cutting
progresses. The minimum number of strokes which the saw should make in
a minute is 80, whilst the guide-frame moves downwardly in a vertical direction
with a velocity of from 0.10 to 0.50 of a meter in an hour.
The saw-blades, of which any desired number can be arranged, are to be made
adjustable relatively to each other. If only a small number is used, for instance
five, they are arranged upon the right and left hand sides of the frame so as to cut
say five slabs from the ends of the block. The block is carried upon a movable
carriage.
A circular saw provided with diamonds can be used not only for cutting in the
known manner, but also for cutting channels and grooves and for turning columns.
The apparatus in which the circular saw is used is as follows:-Upon a slide-
rest having automatic longitudinal and transverse motions is supported a horizontal
shaft so that it can turn. At one end of the same is firmly arranged the diamond-
set circular saw and at the other end a belt pulley. The belt upon the latter runs
from a drum which is of the same length as the slide bed, and moves to and fro
with the slide-rest. The block to be operated upon is held as heretofore, the only
difference being that with the present invention it can be quadrangular in shape,
whereas the old method necessitated its being previously formed with eight (8) or
sixteen (16) angles. The object to be turned makes from 9 to 10 revolutions per
minute and the circular saw, according to the hardness of the object to be operated
upon and the setting of the diamond, from 1200 to 2500 revolutions per minute.
I sometimes arrange several circular saws in combination to form a cutter for
mouldings
The most perfect method heretofore known for cutting mouldings consisted in
the employment of a series of knives or cutters of counter profile to that of the
shape to be produced. These knives or cutters were secured upon a vertical shaft
and rotated at about 60 revolutions per minute. The slabs whose edges were to
be provided with a moulding were placed upon a slide, which, by means of screws,
was moved past the knives, whereby the desired moulding was produced.
Another method consisted in producing the moulding upon the slab or the like
by the to-and-fro movement thereon of a block having a counter profile to that to
be produced, sand and water being applied.
Both methods have their great disadvantages, inasmuch as in the former the
knives must be continually replaced by newly ground ones, which requires more
time and labour than the production of the moulding itself. In the second case,

page_text: the counter profile made of cast iron wears rapidly which very soon causes an
alteration of the shape of the moulding. In either case the work proceeds only
very slowly. The formation of the moulding by planing does not form a substitute
for these methods.
By the present invention, however, these defects are completely obviated, so that
mouldings of hundreds of metres in length can be produced without the least
alteration of the profile and without the machine requiring the least repairs.
For the purpose of producing the most generally employed profiles, several of
the described discs are put together side by side to form a counter profile, and
keyed upon a shaft. By shifting the relative positions of the several discs, the
most varying profiles can be produced.
If desired, however, cutters for mouldings or the like can be made in single
pieces, upon which the diamonds can be set in one or more diagonal rows. The
cutter which is fixed upon a vertical shaft should make from 1200 to 2000 and
more revolutions per minute. The stone or other material to be operated upon is
carried by a slide which can be moved towards the cutter by means of a screw, at
a velocity from two (2) to five (5) metres per hour. The velocity is in direct
proportion to the number of rows of diamonds on the cutter and to the diameter of
the same.
For forming the edges on round or curved plates such arrangements are made that
round plates turn upon their centres and curved plates have the proper velocity at
the edge.

page_text: Improvements relating to Diamond Pointed Cutting Tools, and
to Machinery or Apparatus for Use with the same.
I, RUDOLPH ARNOLD of Neudorf Strassburg in the Empire of Germany do
hereby declare the nature of my invention and in what manner the same is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement:
This invention relates to Improvements in tools having diamond cutting points,
and to machinery or apparatus for use with the said tools.
Numerous endeavours have heretofore been made to employ black diamonds for
operating upon stone and metal. These endeavours however have been without
result or rather they have not been attended by any practical success, inasınuch as
it has been almost impossible to set the diamonds in a firin and durable manner in
the tool, and if such setting was really effected it could only be done by reducing
the solidity of the tool itself, so that by reason of the rapid wear of the latter its
durability was quite out of proportion to the cost of its manufacture.
The method of setting the diamonds according to this invention differs from all
others heretofore practised and permits not only a durable and inexpensive setting
of diamonds upon tools but also permits an easy and rapid removal and replace-
ment of the diamonds according to requirement, without its being necessary to
take the tool itself apart.
The improved method consists essentially in setting the diamonds in such a
manner that they are not in direct connection with the tool but attached thereto
through the medium of what I term bearers upon which the diamonds are
previously fixed.
The setting of the diamonds in the bearers can be effected according to the
methods hereinafter more fully described and illustrated in the drawings.
According to the method illustrated in Figure 1 sheet I I provide a pin a of soft
steel or other suitable metal one end of which is of conical shape, and is provided
with a channel or recess c of about 4 m/m in depth, into which recess the diamond
is inserted with its cutting edge innermost or so that it occupies the position which
it is to have later on upon the tool, for instance upon a saw. In order to enable
the diamond to be readily inserted into the recess the conical part of the pin a is
cut longitudinally After the pin has been heated and the diamond inserted, it is
screwed into a conical screw-plate, thereby compressing the steel around diamond.
The said conical part of the pin provided with a screw-thread is next screwed into
a hole provided with screw threads formed in a steel plate or bearer b the diameter
of which hole is slightly smaller than that of the pin, the said plate 6 having
previously been heated to a red heat. The pin is screwed so far into the plate
that the diamond set in the former assumes its position somewhat below the
line e. f. The steel covering or extending over the diamond is now filed or ground
off as far as the line ef, and thus the diamond point is exposed as far as is
necessary for working.
In thus setting the diamond, three factors must be taken into consideration in
order to ensure a thorough fastening of the diamond in the plate b, namely, 1st the

page_text: pressure by which the diamond on the conical pin being screwed into the screw
plate is pressed into the steel, 2nd the screwing of the pin a into the plate or
bearer b and 3rd the contraction of the latter on cooling.
According to a second mode of setting illustrated in Figure 2 sheet I, two holes
or chambers a and b at right angles to each other, are formed in a plate of soft
steel. In the upper part of the hole a is placed the diamond. The plate is then
heated to a red heat and a strong pressure is exerted upon the same, whereby the
steel is firmly pressel around the diamond. After this copper-solder or the like is
poured in through the hole or channel b, and thus the complete setting of the
diamond in the steel plate is effected.
A third mode of setting is illustrated in Figure 3 of sheet I. In this case a
cavity is formed in a plate of soft steel or the like by means of a cross-cut chisel
the said cavity being of the same form as the diamond to be inserted. The
diamond is inserted into this cavity under considerable pressure the plate being
at a red heat. The projecting edges of steel produced by the chiselling are then
compressed around and upon the diamond. The diamond is thus enclosed by the
steel, and is in direct contact with the same. In case any hollow places are left
between the steel and diamond, they may be filled with brass solder or the like.
It is now only necessary to grind off the steel covering the diamond point and
in this manner to expose the latter.
In the employment of diamonds a distinction is made between cutting edge
and side diamonds and the method of inserting the diamond bearers varies
accordingly.
Bearers adapted to carry diamonds at the edge of a tool are shown in Figure 4
Sheet I. These bearers upon both vertical sides are dovetailed or bevelled and set
upon the tool such as a saw blade or saw disc in recesses having grooves of
The bearers
corresponding form, and are fixed by any suitable mechanical means.
are made of different heights, in order to prevent the weakening of the blade or
disc in a continuous line. They can also be of different shapes and are equally
applicable for saws baving alternate to and fro motions as for saws having an
uninterrupted motion, as circular or band saws. In any case, however, the velocity
of movement of the saw must be very great in proportion to the rate at which it
advances relatively to the material being operated upon in consequence of which
as compared with the old process of sawing considerably more work is effected.
It is necessary that an uninterrupted stream of water should be conducted upon
the working parts of the tool.
If the diamond pointed saw is to be used for sawing soft or sandy stones, some
changes must be made in its construction, as during the sawing, a thick saw dust.
is produced which mixed with water, forms a mass offering sufficient resistance to
prevent the washing of the saw by the stream of water. Now, as stones of this
class are of comparatively small value, and therefore permit the formation of a
broader saw-cut than would otherwise be advisable, diamond bearers of greater
thickness than the saw-blade can be used as shown in Figure 5 Sheet I. Cavities
are thus formed between the several bearers in which cavities the saw dust or
slime collects until it is washed off by the stream of water.
As already observed in the employment of these diamond bearers, the velocity
of the saw blade or disc must be very great and this fact therefore necessitates the
construction of the sawing machine or apparatus which differs from those here-
tofore used, and which is capable of many modifications according as plates,
columns, mouldings or the like are to be produced.
On sheets II and III a single saw is represented in plan and elevation respec-
tively. Between the cast iron pillars G (which are placed on a firm foundation
and held at their upper ends by frames and are thus secured against any motion)
the guides F of the saw-frame move up and down. Between the two other
pillars G¹ secured in like manner against motion the bearings F¹ for the crank are
likewise movable up and down. The horizontal alternating motion is transmitted
from the crank to the saw frame by means of a connecting rod.

page_text: All the said guides and bearings are suspended by chains, and are lowered
automatically according as the cutting of the stone or the like by the saw
progresses by means of suitable gearing. The motion of the saw blade, takes
place in a horizontal line and with a velocity of from 90 to 100 strokes per
minute. A plentiful supply of water to the cut is necessary.
To the support upon which the block to be sawn is fixed, various motions and
positions can be given by special devices.
On sheets IV and V of the drawings I have represented in plan and elevation
respectively a modification of the above construction according to which the saw
can be provided with two or more blades. Between the hollow cast iron pillars S,
mounted on a firm foundation, and braced together, the frame R having guides for
the saw-frame, in which the blades provided with the diamond bearers are
stretched, is adapted to slide up and down by means of screw spindles B. The
revolution of the said spindles B which are connected with each other by bevel
wheels and shafts H, is effected by means of friction cones C, and can be regulated
according to the hardness of the material to be sawn and the reciprocating speed
of the saws, so that the frame with the saw blades moves down according as the
cutting progresses. The minimum number of strokes which the saw should make
in a minute is 80, whilst the guide frame moves downwardly in a vertical direction
with a velocity of from 0.10 to 0.50 of a meter in a hour.
The saw blades, of which any desired number can be arranged, are adjustable
relatively to each other. If only a small number of saws is used, for instance five,
they are arranged upon the right and left hand sides of the frame so as to cut
slabs or plates simultaneously from both ends of the block. The said block is
carried upon a movable carriage and moves continually in a horizontal line.
On sheet VI I show a circular diamond pointed tool A which can be used not
only for cutting or sawing in the ordinary manner and for cutting channels and
grooves but also as shown in the drawing for turning columns.
The apparatus in which the circular tool is used is as follows:-Upon the slide
rest 1 having automatic longitudinal and transverse motions is supported the
horizontal shaft W, so that it can turn. At one end of the same is firmly arranged
the diamond pointed circular tool A, and at the other end a belt pulley R. The
belt upon the latter runs from a drum which is of the same length as the slide bed,
and moves to and fro with the slide-rest. The block M to be operated upon is
held as heretofore and may be quadrangular shape, whereas the old method
necessitated its being previously formed with eight (8) or sixteen (16) angles.
The object to be turned makes from 9 to 10 revolutions per minute and the
circular saw A, according to the hardness of the object to be operated upon, and
the setting of the diamond, from 1200 to 2500 revolutions per minute.
I sometimes arrange several circular saws or tools in combination to form
a cutter for mouldings, as shown in sheets VII and VIII.
The most perfect method heretofore known for cutting mouldings consisted in
the employment of a series of knives or cutters of counter profile to that of the
shape to be produced. These knives or cutters were secured upon a vertical shaft
and rotated at about 60 revolutions per minute. The slabs the edges of which
were to be shaped were placed upon a slide which by means of screws was to be
moved past the knives, whereby the desired moulding was produced.
Another method consisted in producing the moulding upon the slab or the like
by the to and fro movement thereon of a block having a counter profile to that to
be produced sand and water being applied.
Both methods have their disadvantages inasmuch as in the former the knives
wear rapidly and must be continually replaced by newly ground ones, which
operation requires more time and labour than the production of the moulding
itself. In the second case the counter profile which is generally made of cast iron
wears so rapidly that it very soon causes an alteration of the shape of the
moulding. In either case the work proceeds only very slowly. The formation of
the moulding by planing does not form a substitute for these methods.

page_text: By the present invention, however, these defects are completely obviated, so that
mouldings hundreds of meters in length can be produced without the least
alteration of the profile, and without the machine requiring the least repairs.
For the purpose of producing moulding of the most ordinary profile, several of
the described discs are put together side by side to form a counter profile and
keyed upon a shaft. By shifting the relative positions of the several discs, the
most varying profiles can be produced. Thus with the cutter represented in
Figure 2, sheet VIII which consists of 5 discs 17 different profiles can be produced.
If desired however cutters for mouldings or the like can be made in single pieces
(as shewn in Figure 1 sheet VII) upon which the diamonds can be set in the
manner represented in Figure 1 sheet I in one or more diagonal rows. The cutter
which is fitted upon the vertical shaft W makes from 1200 to 2000 or more
revolutions per minute. The stone or other material to be operated upon is
carried by a slide which can be moved towards the cutter by means of a screw at
a velocity of from two (2) to five (5) meters per hour. The velocity is in direct
proportion to the number of rows of diamonds on the cutter and to the diameter of
the same.
For forming the edges on round or curved plates, such arrangements are made
that round plates turn upon their centres and curved plates have the proper
velocity at the edge.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what
I claim is: -
First. The method of setting diamonds and other hard cutting bodies in steel
bearers substantially as described with reference to Figures 1, 2 and 3 sheet I of
the drawings.
Second. The method of arranging the said bearers provided with diamonds in
saw blades and other tools, substantially as described with reference to Figures 4
and 5 sheet I of the drawings.
Third. A circular cutter composed of several diamond pointed discs arranged in
the manner described with reference to the figures shown on sheet VIII of the
drawing or formed in a single piece as represented on sheet VII of the drawing.
Fourth. The improved machine or apparatus for sawing stones and other hard
bodies by means of diamond pointed saws substantially as described with reference
to sheets II and III of the drawings.
Fifth. The modification of my invention substantially as described with reference
to Sheets IV and V of the drawings.
Sixth. The improved machine or apparatus for cutting and turning stones and
other hard bodics, by means of circular diamond pointed discs, substantially as
described with reference to the figure shewn on sheet VI of the drawing.
Dated this 10th day of September 1886.