IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF IRON AND STEEL, AND IN MACHINERY, APPARATUS, AND FURNACES USED THEREIN, AND FOR THE PRO- DUCTION AND APPLICATION OF GAS TO BE EMPLOYED IN SUCH MANUFACTURE, AND THE APPLICATION OF PARTS OF THE SAID APPARATUS TO THE MANUFACTURE
Year: 1863

page_text: THE
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF IRON AND STEEL, AND IN
MACHINERY, APPARATUS, AND FURNACES USED THEREIN, AND FOR THE PRO-
DUCTION AND APPLICATION OF GAS TO BE EMPLOYED IN SUCH MANUFACTURE,
AND THE APPLICATION OF PARTS OF THE SAID APPARATUS TO THE MANUFACTURE
Sealed the 20th May 1864, and dated the 19th December 1863.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Henry Tooth..
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
19th December 1863.
1, WILLIAM HENRY TOOTH, of Rhodeswell Road, Stepney, in the County
of Middlesex, Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF IRON AND STEEL, AND IN THE
MACHINERY, APPARATUS, AND FURNACES USED THEREIN, AND FOR THE PRODUCTION
AND APPLICATION OF GAS TO BE EMPLOYED IN SUCH MANUFACTURE, AND THE APPLI-
CATION OF PARTS OF THE SAID APPARATUS TO THE MANUFACTURE OF GLASS AND
ALKALI," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object, first, the refining and manufacture of
cast iron into wrought iron.
Secondly, the manufacture of cast iron into homogeneous iron and puddled
steel.

page_text: Thirdly, the manufacture of cast iron direct into steel.
And, fourthly, in the production of cyanogen gas, and the use thereof in
such processes; also the novel employment of carbonic oxide, carburetted
hydrogen, and carbonic acid.
And, lastly, for the balling of wrought-iron scrap and the application of
some of the above apparatus for the manufacture of glass and alkali.
The improved machinery or apparatus which I employ in the manufacture
of iron and steel, and in making gases to be used therein, relates, firstly, to
the puddling and balling furnaces in which the pig or cast iron scrap or molten
cast iron is to be operated upon, and in which wrought-iron scrap is to be
balled.
The first apparatus consists of a cylinder of wrought or cast iron, on the
outside of which are secured any convenient number of projecting iron rings
or otherwise by which the cylinder is supported on rollers. The wrought-iron
cylinder is formed internally on the bottom half of its circumference, or more
than the half, if required, of a number of cast or wrought iron segmental bars
or plates of suitable length, and supported on brackets or rings, or upon
flanges or ribs secured by bolts or otherwise inside the outer casing, or if
made of cast iron, the casing may be cast in one, two, or more pieces. The
outer casing, if made of wrought iron, may be perforated to allow of the
cooling influence of the atmospheric air, water, or steam, or in either case the
space between the inner and outer casing may be entirely enclosed, made
steam and water tight, and a stream of water or steam kept constantly passing
through. The upper part of the cylinder is fitted with a crown of iron or fire-
bricks, or bricks composed of plumbago or other suitable materials, in such a
way that the inside surface of that portion of the upper lining or crown may
be brought as near as is conveniently possible to an horizontal line running
through the centre of the cylinder for the purpose of bringing the flame down
upon the metal. The cylinder is carried by a number of antifriction rollers
enclosed in a framework that will contain water to keep them cool, or a
stream of water may be applied for that purpose. An axial motion is given
to the cylinder, which makes from one-third to two-thirds of a revolution
alternately in opposite directions. In order to stir up or part the iron as the
cylinder rotates, bars of iron arranged parallel to a centre line are inserted in
the lining of the cylinder, and made to project internally and externally to
keep them cool. Openings for tuyeres are made in the side of the cylinder
for the purpose of admitting and directing a blast of gas or atmospheric air,
or both combined, on to or into the iron or steel.
The ends of the cylinder are provided with cast-iron plates fitted on with

page_text: bolts and nuts, and arranged with projections to admit and exclude
atmospheric air as required. The cylinder is provided with covered openings
in its side for charging it, and taking out the iron when the operation is com-
pleted. To one end of the cylinder is fitted a moveable fire-box mounted on
wheels to run on a tramway, with adjusting gear to bring it up to the plate at
the end of the cylinder. The other end of the cylinder is also fitted with a
flue-box, either moveable or stationary, with adjusting gear also to bring it up
to the cast-iron plate at the end of the cylinder. In order to protect the
inner lining from the action of the heat and the chemical action of the iron, a
composition of slag, cinder, or oxide of iron, to which is added a small pro-
portion of carbon, alumina, and silica, in order to render it easily fusible, is
employed. This composition, which must contain iron or oxide of iron as a
principal ingredient, is used as an internal coating, and will protect the iron
bars from the action of the fire. In some instances, instead of using the
moveable fire-box, the cylinder is made sufficiently long to allow a portion at
one end to form the fire-box or furnace; this part is separated from the part
containing the molten iron by a bridge, and combustion is kept up by a blast.
of atmospheric air passing through tuyere pipes or through an opening in the
end of the cylinder. In other instances the flue-box is dispensed with, and
the cylinder divided into three compartments one at each end to be used as
the fire-place or furnace, and the centre part to contain the metal or iron; and
the opening in the side of the cylinder serves for leading off the products of
combustion and the gases formed during the operation into a flue or chimney
stack, combustion being kept up with a blast of atmospheric air, as above
described.
My next improvement, under this head of my Invention, relates to the
construction of furnaces composed of circular vessels with solid bottoms made
of cast or wrought iron. These vessels are bolted or fastened on to a table,
and fixed at the top of a vertical shaft, the bottom end of which is supported
in a step, the upper end of the shaft being kept in its vertical position by a
cross beam and brasses so fitted as to allow the shaft and vessel freely to
revolve. The upright shaft is provided with a bevil wheel to receive motion
from another bevil wheel fitted on an horizontal shaft, the diameter of the
wheels being so arranged that the one-third more or less of a revolution of
the driving wheel on the horizontal shaft may cause the vessel at top to make
a partial or complete revolution. The whole is fitted on to a bed plate, and
enclosed on the side so as to form a box to contain water and keep the parts
cool. One end of the horizontal shaft is allowed to project through the side.
and is fitted with a stuffing box to prevent the water from running out; on to

page_text: this end of the shaft a crank is fitted and driven by a connecting rod so as to
produce about one-third of a revolution in each direction, which will cause
the upright shaft and horizontal vessel to rotate in alternate directions. The
sides of the horizontal vessel are perforated with holes to admit of the
insertion of iron bars for the purpose of stirring and agitating the metal with
each alternate revolution; or instead of this arrangement, projections may be
formed on the bottom of the vessel to produce the above effect.
The upper
part of the furnace is composed of a bottom plate with a circular projection
to correspond in diameter with the horizontal vessel, on the outside of which
is fitted a moveable ring that can be adjusted and brought in contact with the
upper edge of the horizontal cylindrical vessel. To the edges on cach side of
the bottom plate are attached two vertical plates, with a doorway in each to
allow the men to charge and discharge and carry on the operations; the whole
furnace, when complete, is lined with brickwork. To this furnace I adapt
either one or two fire-places or heat-generating furnaces, worked either by
chimney draft or blast of atmospheric air. Two fire-places or furnaces, one at
each end, may be used, but the blast may be used with a furnace at one end
and a flue at the other, and I construct the fire-places or furnaces in such a way
that the heated gases generated may be blown on to the surface of the metal.
In case of using the single fire-place or furnace, I construct the crown with an
inverted bridge, so as to throw the flame down or on to the surface of the
metal; I also adapt tuyere pipes to the sides of the furnace to convey gases
into the molten metal.
The last part of this improvement consists in having a vertical hollow
shaft to pass through the crown of the furnace, to which are attached a
number of hollow arms, and which are put into rotary or reciprocating motion
to stir up the molten metal, instead of motion being communicated to the
horizontal chamber below, as before described. This improvement I also
intend to apply to ordinary puddling furnaces. The spaces in the shaft and
arms are intended to admit of a stream of water or steam being constantly
passed through to keep them cool. The shaft will also be coated with fire-
resisting material, and arranged so as to rise and fall in the furnace through
a suitable plate and cylinder fixed on the crown.
The last part of my improvements consists in the construction of a gas-
generating furnace, wherein can be produced carbonic acid, carbonic oxide,
carburetted hydrogen, and cyanogen gas, leaving a residue of hard coke and
the elements of cyanogen. The furnace is composed of an upper and lower
chamber, the two chambers being separated from each other by a perforated
arch or arches of brickwork enclosed with an iron casing lined with brick-

page_text: work, to the sides of which are fitted two or more fire-places so arranged that
they can be charged with fuel, so that the atmospheric air cannot pass through
into the lower chamber without coming in contact with the incandescent fuel.
and thereby becoming decomposed. On the top of the furnace are fitted
suitable. pipes with valves or dampers for carrying away the gases to suitable
pumps, reservoirs, or exhausters, to be used in metallurgic operations. To
manufacture carbonic acid, carbonic oxide, and carburetted hydrogen and hard
coke fit for smelting, the upper chamber is is charged with coals, and the fire-
places on the sides of the furnace are charged with fuel lighted, and a stream
of atmospheric air is caused to pass through the fuel. The gaseous products of
combustion will enter the lower chamber, pass through the perforated bottom
of the upper chamber, and distil off the gas from the coals contained therein;
this gas may be used either for purifying the metal, or for illuminating pur-
poses, or for combustion; then the coke is removed, the chamber recharged,
and the operation repeated. The cyanogen gas is formed by mixing coal,
coke, or other combustible carbon with carbonate or carburet of iron and a
solution of alkali. The upper chamber is charged therewith, and the fire-
places are fed with fuel, as before stated. A blast of atmospheric air is forced
in through the fuel to keep up combustion, and thereby becomes decomposed,
the oxygen of the atmospheric air taking up its equivalent of carbon, thereby
forming carbonic acid gas, and setting the nitrogen of the atmosphere free to
enter into combination with the alkali contained in the carbonaceous matter
in the upper chamber. Part of the carbon will form cyanogen gas, the other
parts forming the elements of cyanogen, both of which are to be used in the
manufacture of steel, the gas being blown through, into, or on to the wrought
iron or molten cast iron. The residue of carbonaceous matter, alkali, and
cyanogen remaining in the upper chamber of the furnace is then taken out
and pulverized, and forced through tuyeres into, on to, or through wrought.
iron or molten metal, which will convert them into steel; I also use it in the
place of charcoal both before and after it has been operated on in the furnace
by the combustible gases for the purpose of cementation in the manufacture
of steel.
The reciprocating rotary chambers and reciprocating rotary cylinder,
above mentioned may be used for melting or manufacturing glass, and also
for fusing the materials employed in the manufacture of alkali,
i

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said William Henry Tooth in the Great Seal Patent Office on
the 18th June 1864.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM
HENRY TOOTH, of Rhodeswell Road, Stepney; in the County of Middlesex,
Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Nineteenth day of December, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, in the twenty-seventh year of
Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto
me, the said William Henry Tooth, Her special license that I, the said
William Henry Tooth, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such
others as I, the said William Henry Tooth, my executors, administrators.
and asigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time.
and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and
lawfully might make, usc, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF IRON AND STEEL, AND IN
THE MACHINERY, APPARATUS, AND FURNACES USED THEREIN, AND FOR THE PRO-
DUCTION AND APPLICATION OF GAS TO BE EMPLOYED IN SUCH MANUFACTURE, AND IN
APPLICATION OF PARTS OF THE SAID APPARATUS TO THE MANUFACTURE OF GLASS AND
ALKALI," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said William Henry
Tooth, by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal, should par-
ticularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in
what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed
in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and imme-
diately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said William Henry Tooth, do hereby
declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is
to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement, reference being had to the Drawings hereunto annexed,
and to the letters and figures marked thereon (that is to say):-
This Invention has for its object, first, the refining and manufacture of cast
iron into wrought iron.
Secondly, the manufacture of cast iron into homogeneous iron and puddled
steel.
Thirdly, the manufacture of cast iron direct into steel.
Fourthly, the production of cyanogen gas, and the use thereof in such

page_text: processes; also the novel employment of carbonic oxide, carburetted hydrogen,
and carbonic acid.
Fifthly, for the balling of wrought-iron scrap into lumps or balls.
And lastly, the application of some of the above apparatus in the manu-
facture of glass and alkali.
The improved machinery or apparatus which employ in the manu-
facture of iron and steel relates, firstly, to the puddling and balling furnaces in
which the pig or cast iron scrap or molten cast iron is to be operated upon,
and in which wrought-iron scrap is to be balled or worked up into solid lumps.
In Sheets I. and II., Fig. 1 is an elevation of a cylindrical puddling furnace;
Fig. 2 is an end view of the fire-box and the gearing or mechanical appliances
for moving the same when required; Fig. 3 is a transverse vertical section
taken in the line 1, 2, of Fig. 1; Fig. 4 is a view of the right-hand end of
the rotating cylinder.
Fig. 5, Sheet II., is a longitudinal vertical section of the cylinder, fire-box,
and smoke flue; Fig. 6 is a horizontal section of the apparatus shewing the
rollers on which the rotating cylinder is supported and mounted. In these
latter Figures, but more clearly in Fig. 4, is shewn the method adopted for
imparting an alternating circular motion to the cylinder a, for the purpose of
agitating or working the molten or heated metal or other substance to be
operated upon.
In Sheets I. and II. is shewn the cylindrical puddling or balling furnace,
which is constructed of wrought or cast iron, on the outside of which are
secured any convenient number of projecting iron rings b, by which the
cylinder is supported on the rollers c, contained in a tank or vessel h, filled
with water to keep the rollers c cool. The wrought-iron cylinder a is formed
internally on the bottom half of its circumference (or more than the half if
required) of a number of cast or wrought iron segmental bars or plates d.
Fig. 3, of suitable length, and supported on brackets or rings or upon flanges
or ribs e, secured by bolts or otherwise inside the outer casing; or if made
of cast iron, the casing may be cast in one, two, or more pieces, and bolted
together. The outer casing, if made of wrought iron, may be perforated to
allow of the cooling influence of the atmospheric air, water, or steam. The
space between the inner and outer casing may be entirely enclosed and
made steam and water tight, and a stream of water or steam may be kept
constantly passing through. The upper part of the cylinder a is fitted with a
crown g. of iron or fire brick or bricks, composed of plumbago or other suitable
materials, arranged in such a way that the inside surface of that portion of the

page_text: upper lining or crown may be brought as near as is conveniently possible to a
horizontal line running through the centre of the cylinder, so that the flame
may be brought down upon the metal. The cylinder a is carried by a number
of antifriction rollers c, c, c, c, supported by framework, and enclosed in a
lank or vessel h, containing water to keep them cool; or a stream of water
may be applied for that purpose. An axial motion is given to the cylinder,
which makes from one-third to two-thirds of a revolution alternately in
opposite directions. The driving shaft for effecting this motion is shewn at n,
Fig. 4, whereon are mounted loosely two small bevil wheels o, p, and in gear
with a larger wheel q; a sliding clutch r is mounted on the shaft n in con-
nection with a lever s, which when struck alternately by studs 1, t, on the
cylinder a, as the latter rotates or oscillates causes the clutch r to engage with
one or other of the wheels o, o, and thus reverse the motion of the cylinder.
Springs s¹, s¹, are placed on each side of the lever s, to receive the blow of the
studs, and thereby prevent undue concussion. When the cylinder a is
required to rotate the hand rod u is hooked on to tlie link &, which allows the
levers to vibrate, as shewn by dots, but when the cylinder is required to
remain stationary the clutch is thrown midway between the wheels o, o, and
there held out of gear by the rod u being hooked on to the stud of the standard
w, as shewn in the Drawing at Fig. 4. A train of wheels x, Fig. 6, receives
motion through the shaft of the bevil wheel q, and imparts motion to the
respective rollers c, c, whereon the cylinder a rests, and thereby causes the
cylinder to revolve by friction of contact with the rollers. In order to stir up
or part the iron as the cylinder a rotates, bars of iron, arranged parallel to a
centre line, may be inserted in the lining of the cylinder, and made to project
internally and also externally, so that by contact with the air or by dipping into
water they may be kept cool. Openings for tuyeres are made in the side of
the cylinder for the purpose of admitting and directing a blast of gas or
atmospheric air, or both combined, on to or into the iron or steel, as will lic
hereafter more fully described. The cylinder a is provided at i¹, Fig. 1, with
a door or covered opening in its side for charging it and taking out the iron
when the puddling or balling operation is completed. To one end of the
cylinder is fitted a moveable fire-box i, mounted on wheels to run on a
tramway k, with an adjusting screw to force it up to the plate at the end
of the cylinder a. The other end of the cylinder is fitted with a fluc
box m, either moveable or stationary, and provided with adjusting gear
to bring or push it up to the cast-iron plate at the end of the cylinder.
Sheet III., Figs. 7, 8, and 9 represent a modification of the flue box

page_text: whereby the attendant may ball and work the metal with greater facility,
being less exposed to the heat of the furnace than in the arrangement just
described. This modification consists in dividing the smoke box into two
parts A and B, the upper part B of which slides in vertical guides C of the
lower part A, so that when the attendant wishes to ball or otherwise work the
metal within the cylinder, he first raises with a lever the upper part B of
the flue box into the position shewn by red lines in Fig. 7, thus leaving a
clear space or opening for the introduction of the tools and for working the
metal. The remaining Figures in this Sheet merely show the box in detail.
The several Figures in Sheets 4 and 5 represent the cylinder fire-box, flue-box,
and their appendages more fully in detail, but will require no further descrip-
tion. In order to protect the inner lining of the puddling vessels from the
action of the heat and also from the chemical action of the iron, a composition
of slag cinder and oxide of iron, to which is added a small proportion of carbon,
alumina, and silica, in order to render it easily fusible, is employed. The
proportion in which these ingredients are added is not very material; but, as
an example, I may say that in practice I have used 50 parts of slag cinder,
50 parts of oxide of iron or scale from the rolls of the rolling apparatus,
25 parts of ground cinder or coal ashes, and about the same quantity of silicate
of alumina, to which may be added a little limestone. This composition, which
must contain iron or oxide of iron as a principal ingredient, is used as an
internal coating for the cylinders or vessels, and will protect the iron bars from
the action of the fire. It will only be necessary to throw into the cylinder or
vessel a few shovelsful of this composition, which will be quickly melted by the
heat, and will adhere to the inside of the vessel if the machine be kept in
motion.. In some instances, instead of using the moveable fire-box, the cylinder
is made sufficiently long to allow a portion at one end to form the fire-box or
furnace. This part is separated from the part containing the molten iron by
a bridge, and combustion is kept up by a blast of atmospheric air passing
through tuyere pipes or through an opening in the end of the cylinder. In
other instances the flue-box is dispensed with, and the cylinder is divided into
three compartments A, B, C, one fire-box being at each end, as shewn at
Figs. 10 and 11, Sheet VIII. The end compartments A and C are used as
the fire-places or furnace, and the centre part B to contain the metal or iron.
The opening D in the side of the cylinder serves for leading off the products
of combustion and the gases formed during the operation into a flue or
chimney stack, combustion being kept up with a blast of atmospheric air
through the pipe E.

page_text: My next improvement under this head of the Invention relates to the
construction of furnaces composed of circular vessels with solid bottoms made
of cast or wrought iron, as seen in Sheets VI. and VII.
Figs. 12, 13, 14, 15, and 16, Sheet VI., represents a furnace composed of
a circular vessel a, revolving to and fro horizontally; Fig. 12 is a horizontal
section taken in the line 1, 2, of Fig. 13; Fig. 14 is a transverse section
taken in the line 3, 4, of Fig. 13; and Figs. 15 and 16 are detached views of
the plate supporting the body of the furnace.
In Figs. 17, 18, and 19, Sheet VII., is shewn a furnace of a somewhat
different construction to that last referred to, inasmuch as in this two fires are
used, to which blasts of air are applied, as at y, y. Other tuyeres are used by
which air may be blown upon the metal to cool it, and these respective blasts
can be regulated by dampers y' and z¹. The vessels a are bolted or fastened
on to a table b, and fixed at the top of a vertical shaft c, the bottom end of
which is supported in a step, the upper end of the shaft being kept in its
vertical position by a cross beam and brasses so fitted as to allow the shaft c
and vessel a freely to revolve horizontally. The upright shaft c is provided
with a bevil wheel c', which receives motion from another bevil wheel d¹, fitted
on a horizontal shaft d, the diameter of the wheels c and d¹ being so
arranged that one-third more or less of a revolution of the driving wheel d¹
on the horizontal shaft d may cause the vessel a to make a partial or complete
revolution. The whole of this gearing is fitted on to a bed plate, and enclosed
on the sides so as to form a tank or vessel e to contain water and keep the
parts immersed therein cool. One end of the horizontal shaft d is allowed to
project through the side of the tank e, and is fitted with a stuffing box to
prevent the water from running out. On to this end of the shaft a crank f is
fitted, and is driven by a connecting rod so as to produce about one-third
of a revolution in each direction, which will cause the upright shaft c and
horizontal vessel a to make partial rotations alternately in opposite directions.
The sides of the horizontal vessel a are perforated with holes to admit of the
insertion of iron bars g, Fig. 12, for the purpose of stirring and agitating the
metal at each alternate revolution; or instead of this arrangement, projec-
tions or ribs may be formed on the bottom of the vessel to produce the above
effect. The upper part of the furnace is composed of a bottom plate h, with a
circular projection h* to correspond in diameter with the horizontal vessel a,
on the outside of which is fitted a moveable ring i, that can be adjusted and
brought in contact with the upper edge of the horizontal cylindrical vessel a,
so as to exclude the air. To the edges on each side of the bottom plate are

page_text: attached two vertical plates j, with a doorway j in each, to allow the attendants
to charge and discharge the vessel a, and carry on the working operations.
The whole furnace when complete is lined with fire-brick work. To this
furnace I adapt either one or two fire-places or heat-generating furnaces,
worked either by a chimney draft or blast of atmospheric air. Two fire-places
or furnaces, one at each end, may be used, as shewn in Sheet VII., but the
blast may be used with a furnace at one end and a flue at the other, as shewn
in Sheet VI., and I construct the fire-places or furnaces in such a way that
the heated gases generated may be blown on to the surface of the metal. In
case of using the single fire-place or furnace as in Sheet VI., I construct the
crown with an inverted bridge k, so as to throw the flame down or on to the
surface of the metal. I also adapt tuyere pipes to the sides of the furnace
to convey gases into the molten metal.
The last improvement under this head of the Invention is shewn at Fig. 20,
Sheet VIII., and Figures 21, 22, and 23, Sheet IX., and consists in having a
vertical hollow shaft p to pass through the crown of the furnace, to which are
attached a number of hollow arms q, and which are put into rotary or recipro-
cating motion so as to stir up the molten metal, instead of motion being
communicated to the horizontal chamber below, as before described. This
improvement I also intend to apply to ordinary puddling furnaces. The
spaces in the shafts are intended to admit of a stream of water or steam in
order to keep them cool. The shaft will also be employed with fire-resisting
material, such as fire-clay or plumbago, and will be arranged so as to be raised
or lowered in the furnace through a suitable plate and cylinder fixed on the
crown.
In Sheet VIII., Fig. 20, is a section of a puddling furnace with the self-
acting stirrers applied thereto.
In Sheet IX., Fig. 21, is shewn a similar section of a furnace with a
slightly modified form of stirring apparatus adapted thereto; Fig. 22 is a
horizontal section taken at 1, 2, shewing the toothed segment and other
gearing by which the stirrers are actuated.
In Sheet X. are shewn external views of the above furnaces; Fig. 24 is a
plan, and Fig. 25 an elevation of Fig. 20, Sheet VIII., and Figs. 26 and 27
are similar views of the furnace shewn at Fig. 27, Sheet IX. In Fig. 20,
q, q, are the stirrers working in the puddling furnace a. These stirrers project
from a vertical pipe p, the lower end of which rests in a step at the bottom of
the cistern or tank e. The upper end of the shaft p is passed through a
stuffing box. and is surrounded by an external pipe p', which is supplied

page_text: with cold water through the branch på from the outer tube. The water
enters the inner pipe p through an opening p³, passing down that tube and
circulating through the stirrers q and q', to cool them, and thence down the
lower parts of the pipe p, through an opening p into the cistern e below,
the water being prevented from passing straight through the pipe p by the
division p³. The stirrers are made to reciprocate by the crank and wheel-
work g, h, i, as clearly shewn in the Drawings. is a tube of plumbago or
fire-clay surrounding the pipe p, to protect it from heat. In the crown of the
furnace is an opening into which fits a slab or stopper, so that .when it. is
required to raise the stirrers clear of the metal, this slab or stopper, with. the
pipe p and its appendages, are slidden upwards by the chains and levers l. A
cylinder m is placed over the opening in the crown of the furnace to prevent
the ingress of air when the stopper or slab is elevated.
In the Figures in Sheet IX. of the Drawings the stirring apparatus
is constructed and operated in much the same way as the one last
described, and needs no further description, as its construction will be readily
seen and understood by reference to the Drawing.
The last part of. my improvements is shewn at Sheet XI., and consists
in the construcaion of a gas-generating furnace, wherein can be pro-
duced carbonic acid, carbonic oxide, carburetted hydrogen, and cyanogen
gas.
Fig. 28 is a sectional elevation of the improved furnace; Fig. 29 is a
sectional plan view of the same. The furnace is composed of an upper and
lower chamber A and B, the two chambers being separated from each other by
a perforated arch or arches C, of brickwork, enclosed with an iron casing
lined with brickwork, to the sides of which are fitted two or more fire-places
D, so arranged that they can be charged with fuel, so that the atmospheric
air cannot pass through into the lower chamber without coming in contact with
the incandescent fuel, and thereby becoming decomposed. On the top of the
furnace are fitted suitable pipes E, provided with valves or dampers for
carrying away the gases to suitable pumps, reservoirs, or exhausters so as to
be ready to be used in the metallurgic operations. To manufacture carbonic
acid, carbonic oxide, and carburetted hydrogen and hard coke fit for smelting,
the upper chamber is charged with coals, and the fire-places on the sides of
the furnace are charged with fuel lighted, and a stream of atmospheric
air is caused to pass through the fuel. The gaseous products of combustion
will enter the lower chamber, pass through the perforated bottom of the
upper chamber, and distil off the combustible gas or carburetted hydrogen

page_text: from the coals contained therein. Then the coke is removed, the chamber
recharged, and the operation repeated. The cyanogen gas is formed by
mixing coal, coke, or other combustible carbon with carbonate, carburet, or
oxide of iron, and a solution of an alkaline carbonate, either soda or potash,
in the proportion of from ten to twenty parts of the salt or oxide of iron,
twenty-five to fifty parts of alkali to one hundred parts of carbon or coal.
The upper chamber is charged therewith, and the fire-places are fed with fuel,
as before stated. A blast of atmospheric air is forced in through the fuel to
keep up combustion, and thereby becomes decomposed, the oxygen of the
atmospheric air taking up its equivalent of carbon, thereby forming carbonic
acid gas, and setting the nitrogen of the atmosphere free to enter into com-
bination with the alkali contained in the carbonaceous matter in the upper
chamber. Part of the carbon of the alkaline carbonate (which will be
decomposed) will combine with the nitrogen, and form cyanogen gas,
the other parts (forming the elements of cyanogen) will unite with the
iron and the alkaline base, and form a ferrocyanide, which as well as the
cyanogen gas may be used in the manufacture of steel, to which end the gas
is to be blown on to the wrought iron or molten cast iron. The residue of
carbonaceous matter, alkali, and cyanogen remaining in the upper chamber of
the furnace is taken out and pulverized, and forced through tuyeres on to the
wrought iron or molten metal, and will convert it into steel; I also use this
pulverized carbonaceous matter in the place of charcoal (both before and
after it has been operated on in the furnace by the combustible gases), for
the purpose of cementation in the manufacture of steel. The reciprocating
rotary chambers and reciprocating rotary cylinders above mentioned, and shewn
in Sheets I., II., VI., and VII., may be used for melting or manufacturing
glass, and also for fusing the materials employed in the manufacture of alkali.
Having now described my Invention, and having explained the manner of
carrying the same into effect, I claim,-
First, the arrangement, construction, and mode of operating the cylinders
or chambers for acting on the molten metal.
Second, I claim operating upon molten metal for the purposes above men-
tioned by means of rotating or reciprocating hollow perforated stirrers or arms
as herein set forth.
Third, I claim the furnace or apparatus for and mode herein set forth of
producing the gases required in the manufacture of iron and steel, and also
the employment of the carbonaceous matters containing cyanogen in the
manufacture of steel by cementation in place of ordinary charcoal.

page_text: Lastly, I claim the application of the reciprocating chambers or cylinders
constructed and arranged as above described to the manufacture or melting
of glass, and for fusing the materials employed in the manufacture of alkali.
In witness whereof, 1, the said William Henry Tooth, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, the Seventeenth day of June, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-four.
Witness,
J. W. MOFFATT,
66, Chancery Lane.
WILLIAM H. TOOTH. (L.S.)