Improvements in Apparatus for Making Butter.
Year: 1893

page_text: Date of Application, 24th July, 1893
Complete Specification Left, 24th May, 1894-Accepted, 7th July, 1894
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Apparatus for Making Butter.
J, FRANCIS THOMAS BOND M.D. of Llanthony Gloucester do hereby declare
the nature of this invention to be as follows :-
:-
The object of this invention is to apply in the most effective way the principle of
concussion in the churning of milk, or cream in a vessel which is either entirely
open to the air and for purposes of observation during churning, or which is only
covered with a loose lid; the concussion being effected by the rotation of a wheel
furnished with paddles or beaters of various shapes and sizes, or, the substance of
which is so grooved or bent as to produce the effect of paddles or beaters; such
wheel being made to rotate in the liquid in a plane at right angles to its surface,
but not being wholly immersed in it, in such a way that the paddles, or the portions
of the wheel which act as paddles, strike the surface of the liquid at an angle more
or less approaching a right angle, according to the extent to which the wheel is
immersed, and being carried through the liquid in their rotation create currents in
it and thereby promote continuous concussion, agitation and mixture, whilst portions
of the liquid are carried by the wheel through the air, to the full influence of which
the liquid is thus exposed.
For the purposes of this invention I construct in wood, metal, earthenware,
enamelled iron or any other suitable material, a tank or trough of any convenient
size and shape, but preferably circular or oval in plan, and with a rounded bottom,
so as to avoid corners as much as possible. In the lower part of this vessel I make
an outlet, with an appropriate plug or tap, for the purpose of letting off its contents
when required.
In order to utilise for the purposes of this invention the advantages in butter
making of a wooden surface for the interior of the vessel just described and to
avoid the difficulty and cost of constructing one of solid wood, so that its interior
may be as free from corners as possible, I may first make the vessel of metal, as
hereinbefore described, preferably of tinned iron, and then line it with a thin sheet,
or with sheets of wood, cut so as to fit as accurately to the interior of the vessel_as
possible, and retained in adhesion to its inner surface by tinned rivets or wire. By
this means I obtain a light but strong vessel, with all the advantages of wood, but
at less cost than it could be constructed of wood alone if made so as to avoid corners
on its inner surface.
I then construct either in wood or metal, or partly in wood & partly in metal, a
wheel, the diameter of which is somewhat less than that of the vessel, in the centre
of the hub of which is fixed a spindle or axle, by which it can be rotated in the
vessel, either by working the spindle in receptacles made for the purpose on
opposite points of the borders of the vessel, or in holes on opposite points of the
sides of the vessel. To the end of the spindle may be attached a handle, either
straight or cranked, for working by hand, or a pulley for working by gearing,
either multiplying or otherwise, as may be desired.
In constructing this wheel I may proceed in several ways, which I will now
proceed to describe.
(1) 1 may construct a circular disc, of sufficient thickness to give it the requisite
firmness, and to the surfaces of this disc I may attach ribs or flanges in a radiating
manner. Such ribs may be of any number and of any height proportionate to the
diameter of the wheel, and may be either rounded or angular in transverse contour,
or with parallel surfaces and a free border, except where attached to the body of
the wheel.

page_text: (2) Or, I may obtain the same effect by making grooves in the substance of
the disc, radiating from the centre to the circumference, so as to corrugate its
surfaces.
(3) Or, I may corrugate the substance of the disc, if of metal, by folding it in a
radiating way, after the manner of a fan, so as to cause the corrugations to produce
the effect of paddles when the wheel is rotated.
(4) In either of the foregoing cases I may remove a varying amount of the
centre of the disc, which is the least effective part, and replace it by one or more
spokes, leaving the peripheral portion for corrugation, grooving or the attachment
of paddles. Or, I may remove the whole of the disc and may construct the wheel
of a hub, spokes and rim, the spokes being composed of flattened blades of varying
width, but generally broader at their attachment to the rim than to the hub, and so
attached to the latter that, as the wheel rotates, the flattened blades strike the
liquid successively after the manner of paddles, as hereinbefore described.
(5) Or, I may enlarge the rim of the wheel in a transverse direction, so as to
form a tire of any convenient breadth, to the inner and outer surfaces of which I
may attach ribs or blades, so as to form paddles, which, when the wheel rotates,
shall strike the surface of the liquid as herein before described; such rim or tire
being connected to the hub of the wheel either by a solid frame or disc or by two
or more spokes. Such ribs or blades may be of any convenient number and of any
height proportionate to the diameter of the wheel, and may be either rounded or
angular in transverse contour, or with parallel surfaces and a free border, except
where attached to the surfaces of the tire. They may be also fixed at right angles
to the line of the periphery of the wheel, or at any other angle, or may wind round
the surfaces of the tire in a spiral direction.
(6) Or, I may produce the same effect by making grooves in the substance of
the tire, on both surfaces; or, I may corrugate the substance of the tire, if of metal,
by folding it transversely at right angles to the line of its periphery, or at any other
angle or in a spiral way.
(7) Or I may obtain the same effect by substituting for a continuous tire a series
of plates or blades connected together by one or more rings, after the manner of
the paddles of a mill wheel or of the wheel of a paddle wheel steamer, the plates
being of any convenient size and shape and fixed at any convenient distance from
one another, and either at right angles to the rings or obliquely, or set in one or
more spirals, either in the same or in opposite senses, so as to form single or double
screws.
In all of these modifications of the rim, as in those of the disc of the wheel,
herein before described, the object is the same, riz.: to apply paddles to a wheel
variously constructed, so as to form a system of beaters or dashers by which the
surface of the liquid in the vessel is violently concussed and agitated as the wheel
rotates in it, two or more such wheels may be combined to act together in a single
vessel, moving either in the same or in opposite directions.
Dated this 22nd day of July 1893.
FRANCIS THOMAS BOND.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Improvements in Apparatus for Making Butter.
I, FRANCIS THOMAS BOND, sometime of 75 Guilford Street, London W.C.,
but now of Llanthony House, in the City of Gloucester, Doctor of Medicine,
do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the same is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement :-
The object of this invention is to apply, in a more effective way than hereto-
fore, the principle of concussion in the churning of milk or cream in a vessel

page_text: which is either entirely open at the top to the air, for purposes of observation
during churning, or which is only covered with a loose lid. For this purpose
the concussion is effected according to this invention by the rotation of a wheel
furnished with paddles or beaters of various shapes and sizes, or the substance
of which is so grooved or bent as to produce the effect of paddles or beaters,
such wheel being made to rotate in the milk or cream (hereinafter referred to
as cream) in a plane at right angles to the surface thereof but not being wholly
immersed in it so that the paddles or beaters, or the portions of the wheel which
act as paddles or beaters, will strike the surface of the cream at an angle more or
less approaching a right angle, according to the extent to which the wheel is
immersed, and being carried through the cream in their rotation, will create
currents in it and thereby promote continuous concussion, agitation and mixture,
whilst portions of the cream will be carried by the wheel through the air to the
full influence of which it will be thus exposed, and will be thrown by centrifugal
force against the inner surface of the vessel and its cover thus still further
intensifying the concussive action.
A wheel of the kind referred to can be constructed in various forms which may
be generally grouped under two types. The first type is represented by a wheel
the body of which is flattened at right angles to the axis on which the wheel
rotates, so as to form a disc or plate of auy convenient radius and thickness. The
surfaces of such disc or plate may be grooved or the substance of the disc (if of
metal) may be folded radially, after the manner of a fan, so that when the wheel is
rotated the grooves or folds shall act as beaters, the furrows thus formed in the
wheel also at the same time lifting portions of the cream as the wheel rotates and
dashing them against the inner surface of the vessel, thus increasing the concussive
action. Or the wheel may be composed of a flattened disc to the surfaces of which
beaters of an appropriate form are adapted so as to form radial flanges or ribs, the
anterior and posterior surfaces of which may be flat, or angular, or be rounded,
either in a doubly convex or doubly concave or concavo-convex sense, the grooves
thus formed having a zero depth and minimum breadth at their inner ends and a
maximum depth and breadth at their outer ends. Or the wheel may have portions
of the body removed leaving two or more radiating pieces which act as spokes
held together by a residual portion which acts as a tire, such spokes being grooved
on their anterior and posterior surfaces and being expanded in breadth from their
inner to their outer ends as just described, to form beaters.
In wheels of the second type the effective surface is still further enlarged by the
expansion of the tire into a rim or hollow drum, one or both surfaces of which may
he grooved in a direction parallel, or oblique to the axis of rotation of the wheel;
or, the substance of the rim (if of metal) may be folded in the same directions;
thus not only increasing the concussive surface of the wheel but also the amount of
cream which can be lifted and dashed against the inner surface of the vessel.
Or, the effective surface of the tire may be increased by providing it with
flanges or ribs, of a flattened or rounded section, in the latter case either
doubly convex or doubly concave or concavo-convex, these flanges or ribs being
arranged parallel or obliquely to the axis of the wheel. In wheels of this type
where a portion of the body is removed leaving radiating pieces or spokes,
which are grooved on their anterior surfaces or on both the anterior and
posterior surfaces, it is necessary to remove also so much of the rim at the point
where the spokes are connected with it as will allow of a free passage for discharge
of the cream through the rim at the distal end when the wheel is rotated. In this
type of wheel also the beaters on the outer surface of the rim may form prolonga-
tions of the spokes, thereby increasing the effective surface of the latter and giving
additional stability to the wheel.
In the accompanying drawings,
Fig. I is a vertical section on the line of Fig. 2; and Fig. 2 is a horizontal
section on the line y y of Fig. 1 illustrating apparatus for making butter provided.
with a wheel of the first type constructed according to this invention.

page_text: 1 is a vessel to contain the cream to be treated. It may be constructed of any
suitable material, as for example wood or metal, and of any convenient size. In
the example shown it is of rectangular form in plan and has a rounded bottom,
an outlet, not shown, but which is normally closed by a plug or tap, being
provided at its lower part for running off its contents when required. On the
top of the vessel is a movable cover 1 which also should be of rounded or
curved form, and be fitted to rest on the vessel 1 in such a way that cream
thrown against it by the rotation of the wheel can readily drain back again into
the said vessel. The wheel consists in this example of a ring 2 connected by
spokes 3 to a hub 4 by which it is fixed to a spindle 5 mounted to rotate in
water tight bearings 6 supported in opposite sides of the vessel 1. The spindle 5
may be provided with a crank handle 5ª by which it can be driven direct by
hand, or with a belt pulley 5 so that it can be driven from a motor; or it
may be indirectly driven through multiplying gearing as well understood.
The wheel, which may be constructed of wood or metal, or partly of wood and
partly of metal and of sufficient thickness to give it the requisite stiffness, is
provided at its opposite sides with radially arranged ribs or flanges adapted
to act as paddles or beaters and the number and dimensions of which can be
varied to suit requirement, according to the diameter of the wheel employed.
These ribs or flanges, herein called beaters, may be made of rounded or angular
form in transverse contour or section, or with parallel surfaces and a free border,
except where attached to the wheel. Thus Fig. 3 shows in cross section a beater 7
having rounded surfaces that give it a double convex form; Fig. 34 a beater 7*
having rounded surfaces one of which is concave and the other convex; Fig. 3B a
beater 7 having rounded surfaces that give it a double concave form the rounded
surface or surfaces in each case ending it may be in a feather edge as shown.
Fig. 3 shows a beater 7° of solid angular form in cross section; Fig. 3D a beater 7
of hollow or recessed angular form in cross section; and Fig. 3 a beater 7° having
parallel surfaces and rounded free edge.
These ribs or beaters may project radially inward beyond the inner periphery of
the ring 2 as well as from the sides of the wheel, and may be continuous in structure
with the spokes so as thereby to strengthen the wheel and simplify its construction.
Figs. 4 and 5 are respectively a side elevation and plan showing a wheel made in
wood in which I thus unite each spoke and the corresponding ribs, paddles or
beaters, by constructing them of one piece of wood, which is fixed in the hub 4 of
the wheel at one end and is attached to both sides of the flat ring 2. Fig. 54
is an elevation of one of the combined spokes and beaters formed with a slot
to receive the ring 2. 1 prefer to groove the combined spokes and ribs so that
they shall be of concavo-convex or doubly concave form in cross section, or, as
in the example shown, of doubly concavo-convex form. By so doing the efficiency
of the concussive action of the beaters is much increased, as each beater not only
strikes the surface of the cream or milk with an enlarged and, therefore more
effective surface, but as it leaves the cream it carries up a certain amount with it
and dashes it against the side or roof of the churn. In order still further to
increase the efficiency of this arrangement I prefer to broaden the compound
spoke-rib from its point of insertion in the hub, where its efficiency is least, to its
distal end, where its efficiency is greatest. For the same reason I graduate the
width and depth of each groove 7* therein from the point of insertion of the spoke
in the hub where both are zero, to the distal end where the groove may be as deep
and wide as is consistent with the size of the wheel, as shown.
Figs. 6 and 7 are similar views to Figs. 4 and respectively, showing part of a
modified construction of wheel of the first type in which a beating action, somewhat
similar to that produced by the radial beaters 7 shown in Figs. 1 to 5 inclusive, is
obtained by making grooves 7* in the substance of the wheel, the said grooves
radiating from the centre to the circumference of the wheel so as to corrugate its
two surfaces.
Figs. 8 and
are similar views to Figs. 6 and 7 showing a corrugated metal

page_text: wheel formed by folding the metal in a radiating way after the manner of a fan, so
that the corrugations thus formed will produce the effect of beaters when the wheel
is rotated.
In each of the herein previously described arrangements, the ring 2 may be
regarded as a disc from which a portion of the centre, which is the least effective
part, has been removed and replaced by spokes.
Fig. 10 is a sectional plan; Fig. 11 a side elevation, and Fig. 12 a true plan,
showing a wheel of the second type the rim 2ª of which is enlarged in a transverse
direction so as to form a tire that may be of any convenient breadth, and to the
outer surface or periphery of which is attached ribs or blades 7, so as to form
paddles or beaters which, when the wheel rotates will strike the surface of the
liquid, as hereinbefore described. The rim or tire may be connected to the hub
of the wheel either by a solid frame or disc 3ª as shown at the upper part of Fig. 11,
or by spokes 3 as shown in the lower part of that fig., and in Fig. 10. The ribs
or blades 7 may be of any convenient number and of any suitable height, propor-
tionate to the diameter of the wheel, and may be either rounded or angular in
transverse contour or cross section as shown for example in Figs. 3, 34, 3B, 30
and 3º, or with parallel surfaces and a free border as shown in Fig. 3º except
where attached to the surfaces of the tire. They may be fixed at right angles
to the periphery of the wheel, that is to say parallel to the axis of the wheel,
as shown at 7 Figs. 11 and 12, or inclined thereto as shown at 78. Or the ribs
or blades may be wound spirally around the rim after the manner of a screw
thread as shown in Fig. 13, in which case the rim is still more extended so as to
form a drum. In the example shown a single screw blade is shown, but there might
be two or more such blades.
Fig. 14 is a side elevation and Fig. 15 a plan showing a modified construction of
wheel of the second type in which each spoke and corresponding blade or beater
are in the same line and continuous with one another. When the wheel is made
of wood this arrangement strengthens and simplifies the construction, as each spoke
and corresponding blade or beater is formed out of one piece of material that is
held in position by the rim, which serves to connect the several spoke-blades
together.
In this form of wheel I prefer to make the blades or beaters of concavo-convex
form, as shown in cross section, or of double concave form, for, not only does the
hollowing of the surface of the blade or beater give it a larger impact on the cream
in the vessel as it strikes it, but, as it rises out of the cream, it carries a larger
portion of cream with it in its course and dashes the same against the ends and top
of the vessel, thereby increasing the concussion of such cream as herein before
explained in the case of the form of wheel without a tire. The spokes may in this
case be also curved or hollowed on their anterior or posterior surfaces in the plane
of rotation, or on both these surfaces so as to present grooves which will increase
the area of that portion of the surface which strikes the liquid in rotation, and if
these grooves are continuous with the concave surfaces of the corresponding blade
or beater and the spokes are so fixed in the rim that there is no interruption to the
flow of cream from the one to the other through holes or spaces left for the purpose
in the wheel rim, both the spokes and the paddles will scoop up cream from the
vessel as they travel through it, and the cream so lifted will be discharged from the
end of the groove in the paddle with a force proportionate to the rate at which
the wheel is rotated. In this form of wheel the paddles may project to: any distance
beyond the rim consistent with strength.
Fig. 16 is a developed plan view to a larger scale than the other figures, of a
portion of the outer surface of a rim or tire showing sections of beaters of concavo-
convex and double concave form in section, shown in face view in Figs. 17 and 17ª
respectively, and formed in one with the spokes which extend through holes 2b
in the rim 2".
I may increase the efficiency of the type of wheel shown in Figs. 14 and 15, in

page_text: regard to the quantity of cream on which it may be made to operate, by giving the
wheel an elongated form, which I may do either by connecting together two or
more narrow tires by means of transverse ribs, or by widening the rim or tire so as
to form a drum. In either case the spokes may be arranged in radial planes
corresponding in number to the spokes in each circular series, or the spokes in one
circular series may be arranged to alternate in position with those of the series on
either side of it. It is to be understood that where the tire is extended so as to form
a drum, or a series of tires are arranged side by side and connected together in the
way just mentioned, the hub must be correspondingly elongated to allow of the
spokes being fixed in it at the same distance from one another in a longitudinal
direction as that which separates them in the rims or drum. This latter form of
wheel is adapted to churn larger quantities of cream than can be conveniently
churned in a churn fitted with a wheel of the flat ring type hereinbefore described,
which is better adapted for smaller quantities of cream.
A beating action similar to that produced by the beaters shown in Figs. 10, 11
and 12, is obtained by making grooves in the substance of the rim or tire on one
or both surfaces, or by corrugating the substance of the rim or tire, if of metal, by
folding or bending it transversely or at right angles to the periphery, as shown in
side elevation in Fig. 18, or at any other angle, or in a spiral direction.
Fig. 19 is a side elevation of a wheel of the second type in which the same effect
is obtained by substituting for a continuous rim or tire a series of plates or blades 7
connected together by one or more rings 2* after the manner of the paddles of a
mill wheel, or of the wheel of a paddle wheel steamer, the plates being of any
convenient size and shape and fixed at any convenient distance from one another,
either at right angles to the rings as shown, or obliquely; or they may be bent so
as to form single or double screw-blades.
In all the modifications of the wheel herein described and shown in the drawings,
the object is the same viz., to increase the effective surface of a disc of any given
size by grooving or furrowing its surface radially or by providing it with radiating
ribs or flanges; or by grooving the anterior and posterior surfaces of the spokes;
or by grooving the inner and outer surfaces of the expanded tire, so as not only to
thus increase the surface of impact by which the cream is concussed as the wheel
rotates in it but also to increase the scooping action of the wheel by which cream
can be lifted by it, as it rotates, and dashed against the inner surface of the
vessel.
I wish it to be understood that in the forms of wheel herein before described in
which the tire itself is not expanded into a rim for purposes of concussion, the
essential part of the apparatus is the paddle by means of which the cream is
concussed, either by impact of the paddle on it, or by being thrown against the
body of the vessel, the ring rim or tire having a secondary and inferior value only
for butter making purposes.
After the butter has been obtained in a granular form by the action of a wheel,
such as hereinbefore described, it can be washed in the said vessel by first running
off the butter milk and replacing it by one or more successive volumes of water
sufficient to allow of the wheel being covered by the water in which the butter
granules can then be effectually washed by slowly rotating the wheel.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of the said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what I
claim is :-
1. A butter making apparatus comprising a vessel for containing cream, and
upon a suitable spindle or axle a wheel that can be caused to rotate within the said
vessel, and which is provided with paddles or beaters either rounded in transverse
contour as described with reference to the examples respectively illustrated in
Fig. 3, Fig. 34, Fig. 3B, Figs. 4, 5 and 54, Figs. 14 and 15 and Figs. 16, 17 and 174,
or angular as described with reference to the examples respectively illustrated

page_text: in Fig. 3º and Fig. 3", or with parallel surfaces as described with reference to the
examples respectively illustrated in Figs. 1, 2 and 3, Figs. 10, 11 and 12, Fig. 13,.
and Fig. 19 of the accompanying drawings.
2. A butter making apparatus comprising a vessel for containing cream, and on
a suitable spindle or axle so that it can be caused to rotate in said vessel a wheel
that is grooved, bent or corrugated substantially as hereinbefore described with
reference to the examples illustrated respectively in Figs. 6 aud 7, in Figs. 8 and 9.
and in Fig. 18 of the accompanying drawings.
3. An apparatus for making butter comprising a vessel for containing cream and
on a suitable spindle or axle so that it can be caused to rotate in said vessel a wheel
constructed with a hub, spokes projecting therefrom, a rim or tire connecting such
spokes, and blades or beaters projecting from the rim or tire substantially as.
hereinbefore described for the purpose specified.
Dated this 24th day of May 1894.
For the Applicant,
W. LLOYD WISE,
46, Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, W.C., Chartered Patent Agent..