IMPROVEMENTS IN MANUFACTURE OF CANDLES
Year: 1852

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, wc, JOSEPH
MORGAN, of Manchester, Patent Candle Machine Manufacturer, and PETER
GASKELL, of the same place, Gentleman, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her présent most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Twenty-fourth day
of June, One thousand eight hundred and fifty-two, in the sixteenth year of
Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto us,
the said Joseph Morgan and Peter Gaskell, our exors, adññors, and assigns,
Her especial licence, full power, sole privilege, and authority, that we, the
said Joseph Morgan and Peter Gaskell, our exors, adiñors, and assigns, or
such others as we, the said Joseph Morgan and Peter Gaskell, our exors,
admors, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time
to time and at all times during the term of years therein expressed, should and
lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and the
Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, our Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN
MANUFACTURE OF CANDLES;" in which said Letters Patent is contained a
proviso that we, the said Joseph Morgan and Peter Gaskell, or one of us,
shall cause a particular description of the nature of our said Invention, and in
what manner the same is to be performed, by an instrument in writing under
our hands and seals, or under the hand and seal of one of us, to be inrolled
in Her Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar months next

page_text: and immediately after the date of the said in part recited Letters Patent, as
in and by the same, reference being thereunto had, will more fully and at
large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, we, the said
Joseph Morgan and Peter Gaskell, do hereby declare that the nature of our
said Invention, and the manner in which the same is to be performed, are
fully described and ascertained in and by the following statement thereof,
reference being had to the Drawings hereunto annexed, and to the figures and
letters marked thereon, that is to say :-
Our Invention consists,.-
First, of improvements in the nozels of the moulds used in the manufacture
of candles.
Secondly, our Invention consists of improvements in the moulds used for
moulding candles. And, .
Thirdly, our Invention consists of improvements in applying loops to candle
wicks.
And in order that our Invention may be most fully understood and readily
carried into effect, we will proceed to describe the means pursued by us.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING A.
Figure 1 shows a section of part of a candle mould and its nozel or cap
with such as is used in Morgan's patent candle moulding machine, and in
the position it assumes when returning to its place after a candle has been
forced out from the mould. Figure 2 is another section of the same parts, the
nozel or cap being at the end of the mould. The part a moves on an axis, and
has a piece of vulcanized india rubber 6, or it might be other. elastic material,
let into and fixed as shewn. By this means the slack of the wick in the mould
is taken up, and when the cap or nozel comes to the end of the mould 'the
parts are closed together, so as to hold the wick securely, and so as to prevent
the passage of the melted matter from flowing through, the closing of the parts
of the nozel being caused by the end of the mould being contracted or conical.
We would remark, that although we have shewn this part of our Invention as
applied to a mould, such as is used in Morgan's patent machine, it will be
evident that it may be used in other moulds which have moveable caps or
pozels."
We will now describe the second part of our Invention, which consists of
constructing moulds with the inner surface enamelled, as hereafter explained.
We would remark, that we are aware that pipes or tubes have before been
coated with enamel on their interior surfaces, and a Patent was taken for such

page_text: manufacture by Mr. Timothy Kendric. We do not therefore claim the coating
of tubular metal surfaces with enamel, but only the making of candle moulds
by the application of such process thereto. The process of enamelling tubular
surfaces having been described in the Specification of the said Patent it will
5 not be necessary to repeat it here, and it will only be desirable to call attention
to the fact that, in supplying enamel to the interior surfaces of metal moulds
for candle making that the interior should be as true and smooth as
may be;
for which purpose a bright polished steel mandril is employed. We prefer to
use iron tubing in the making of such moulds, and when about to apply the
enamel we introduce the mandril, taking care that it is retained correctly in
the centre, and when the material is set we remove the mandril, and allow the
materials to dry, and we again introduce the mandril, and run in the material
for glazing the surface, and when the same is set the mandril is withdrawn
and the glaze dried; by these means a smooth and true surface is given to the
interior.
'
We will now proceed to describe the third part of our Invention, which
consists of improvements in applying loops or platted wicks. Heretofore such
loops have been formed and affixed by hand. Now this part of our Invention
consists in arranging and combining machinery in such manner that a length
of wicking may be taken by the machine into itself at intervals, and in its
progress through the machine have loops formed or produced thereto at a
distance apart, according to the length of the candles to be made thereon.
DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS B.
The nature of the various views shewn in these Drawings being written
thereon, it will not be necessary to repeat the same here. a, a, is the framing
of the machine. b, b, are fixed bars which support the vertical tubes c, d,
through which the wicking is conducted to have loops inserted at intervals, as
lierein-after described. e, f, are two needles carried by the sliding bars e', f';
carried by the fixed guides g, g, which are suported by the cross bars g', g', 'as
shewn; the sliding bars e', f', are moved to and fro, in order to carry and with:
draw their respective needles through the wicking in the following manner :--h
s an axis turning in bearings in the side framing of the machine. Motion is
communicated to the axis h by the crank handle h', or by means of a pulley,
rom a steam engine or other motive power. h2, h3, are excentrics on the
xis h, which give a to and fro movement to the sliding bar e' by means
f the connecting rods, and h³ is another excentric on the axis h,
which by the connecting rod gives motion to the sliding bar f".
We will now describe the manner in which a short length of thread is

page_text: supplied from a bobbin cut off and placed in a position to be taken by the
i is a toothed
needles and drawn through the wicking, to form a loop.
wheel on the axis h, which takes into and drives the toothed wheel j turning
on a stud supported by a bracket on the end framing. A crank pin j' on the
face of the wheel j is connected to one end of the band or chain j, the other
end of the band j' having a weight attached to it at j³, in order to draw the
band in the opposite direction to that given it by the wheel j. The band js
moves. to and fro over the curved bar k, and is guided between rollers k', as
shown. is a bobbin, from which the thread is conducted through a small
tube or eye connected to the band j, the end of the thread being held by.
one of the spring holding instruments m, m', upon the surface of the bar h.
One end of each of the springs m, m', are affixed by screws to the under side
of the bar k, their other ends rising at right angles above the edge of the bark,
and turn again at right angles partly across the bar. The parts of the
springs m, m', which rise above the surface of the bar k have cutters formed
on them, so as to cut the thread as they descend, which is laid upon the
surface of the bar k. By the movement of the thread carrier the cutting and
holding parts of the springs m, m', have a tendency at all times to rise above
the surface of the bar k, and are caused to descend to cut and hold the thread
in the following manner:- is a bolt or slide on the under side of the bar k,
having projections l', one of which is acted upon at each movement of the
band, by a pin, in the band j, passing through a slot in the bar k.
,, are projections on the bolt or slide l, which, when brought in contact by
the movement of the pin in the band to or fro, act on one or other of the
inclined surfaces m³, m', on the springs m, m', and cause the spring acted
upon to be brought down or depressed, so as to cut off a length of thread
suitable for forming a loop, and at the same time hold the end of the thread
coming from the bobbin, whilst the thread carrier on the band ja moves in the
opposite direction, and lays another length of thread in a position to be cut off
and held by the other spring cutting and holding instrument. The length of
thread to form a loop as soon as it is cut off is taken hold of by the arms
n', n, on the axes of the small pulleys n, n, over each of which a cord
passes, and is connected at one end by a spring, and at the other end to the
lever o, the end of which is acted upon at each revolution of the wheel
by a pin or projection j³, which causes the pullies n, n, to make a partial
revolution, and the forked end of the arms n', n, by that means take hold
of the length of thread cut off, and carry one end over the needle e, and the other
under the needle f, the needles e, f, having at that time passed through the
wicking, and the openings to the eyes of needles will be in a position to

page_text: receive the thread and draw it through the wicking as the needles move
outwards. n³, n*, are plates against which the ends of the length of threads
are pressed and held by the arms n', n', as they conduct the thread under
and over the needles. d' is a pin on the end of the lever arm d*, which
moves on a pin joint in a recess formed in the tube d, the upper end of the
arm d and pin d' being constantly pressed inwards by a spring, as shewn.
At the time the ends of the length of thread are taken by the arms n', n², the
lever arm d is pressed outwards by its lower end being pressed inwards
against the bar be, and the point d' takes hold of and retains the piece of
thread and prevents it from being drawn tightly around the wicking, and by
this means a loop is formed when the ends of the piece of thread have been
drawn several times through the wicking, as we will now proceed to describe.
When the arms n', n', have placed one end of the piece of thread over the
needle e, and the other end under the needle f, the needles and slides move
outwards, and in doing so the openings to the eyes receive and draw the
thread through the wicking in opposite directions, and when the needles have
drawn the ends of the piece of thread to their greatest extremity outwards,
each end is taken hold of by the spring-holding instruments p, q, which
are acted upon in the following manner :-The springs p, q, are affixed by
screws at one of their ends to the projecting brackets p', q', on the cross
bars g', the other ends of the springs at all times pressing against the fixed
plates or projections p, q, fixed to the cross bar b, as shewn, until pressed or
acted upon by the sliding bolts e, f, carried by the slides c', f'. A short
description of the action of the sliding bolt f³, which is carried by the upper
side of the slide f', will enable a workman to understand the construction of
the bolt e, which is supported on the under side of the slide e', and cannot be
so readily scen in the Drawings. The action of the two bolts e³, f³,
on their
respective springs p, q, being similar, it will be seen on examining the
Drawings that one end of the sliding bolt f³ moves on a hinge joint, so that
when the slides e¹, f', are moving inwards to pass their needles through the
wicking, the ends of the sliding bolts when brought in contact with the fixed
stops g* will move on the hinge joints, and the sliding bolts will not be acted
upon to open the thread-holding instruments p, q. The bolt in passing
under the instrument 7 acts upon an inclined surface thereon, so as to give
an upward movement to its holding surface, and thereby raise the thread
with it in order that the thread may be in a position to be again received:
by the eye of the needle e. When again withdrawn, the instrument p
being acted upon in like manner by the bolt e³ upon its upper surface,
to give a downward movement to that end of the thread, to place it in

page_text: a position to be received by the eye of the needle f, when that needle is
again withdrawn, the movement of the slides and needles outwards causes
the hinged or jointed ends e of the sliding bolts e, f, to come against
the fixed stops or projections g*, the springs upon the hinged parts having
placed them in a position to do so; and as the hinges or jointed parts of the
bolts will only move in one direction, the bolts will be caused to slide in
their bearings, and, being suitably formed, will act on projecting surfaces on
the sides of the springs or instruments p, q, and force them away from the
parts p, q; and when the needles have drawn the ends of the piece of thread
through the wicking, and beyond the holding parts p, q, the sliding bolts e, f,
will have passed the fixed stops g*, and the instruments p, q, will be released,
and close the ends of the threads between them and the fixed holding
parts p, q, and the slides and needles will again move inwards, and the
action upon the piece of thread will be repeated at each revolution of the
axis h, and, according to the arrangement shewn, the ends of each piece of
thread to form a loop will be passed four times through the wicking, the
axis h making four revolutions to one of the wheel which actuates the thread
carrier and of the taking-up apparatus. The tubes c, d, through which the
wicking is conducted, are caused to make half a revolution after each time the
ends of the piece of thread are drawn through the wicking, and each tube has
a lever arm c, d, with a point at one end, each arm being let into a recess
on the side of each tube. The arms c*, d*, move on a pin joint at one end,
and are constantly pressed outwards by a spring, as shewn by the separate
views in the Drawings. But whilst the drawing through of each piece of
thread takes place the lever arms c*, d*, are pressed inwards, and the points
are forced through the wicking so as to hold it and cause it to revolve with
the tubes c, d. The tubes c, d, are caused to revolve in the following
manner 1 is a bevilled tooth wheel on the axis which takes into and
drives the bevilled tooth wheel 2 on the vertical axis 3; 4 is another bevilled
toothed wheel fixed on the axis 3, which gives motion to the axis 5 by means
of the bevilled wheel 6; the axis 5 gives motion to the bevil wheel 7, which
takes into and drives the bevil wheel 8 on the axis 9, on which is affixed the
bevil wheel 10; the wheel 10 takes into and drives the bevil wheel 11
fixed on the lower end of the axis 12; upon the axis 12 are keyed two
wheels 13, 14, which have half the nuinber of teeth that there are on the
pinions 15 and 16 affixed on the hollow axis or tubes c, d; and, as the bevil
wheels through which the motion is communicated from the axis h to the
axis 12 contain the same number of teeth, the axis 12 will make one revolu-
tion for each revolution of the axis h, and the teeth on the wheels 13, 14, will

page_text: .be so timed as to take into the teeth of the pinions 15, 16, and cause them to
make half a revolution just after each drawing out of the needles takes place,
so as to bind the thread tightly around the wicking, the nature of which will
be better understood by examining the enlarged diagrams shewing the course
5 of a piece of thread through the wicking at several stages of the operation.
.
We will now describe the manner in which a length of wicking suitable for
a candle is carried up through.the tubes c, d, after a loop has been inserted, in
order to bring a fresh part of the wicking into position to have a loop inserted
by the continuous action of the machine. 17 is a small bevilled toothed wheel
fixed on the end of the axis 5, which takes into and drives the bevil toothed
wheel 18 fixed on the axis 19, the wheel 18 having four times the number of
teeth of the wheel 17, in order to give one revolution to the axis 19 for four
of the axis 5. On the other end of the axis 19 is affixed the wheel 20,
having a number of teeth on one part of its periphery sufficient to give one
revolution to the pinion 21 on the end of the axis 22, and motion is
communicated by the teeth of the wheel 20 to the pinion 21 and to the
axis 22 just after the last drawing through of the needles to secure a loop has
taken place, and the points on the ends of the levers c*, c*, will be allowed to
spring out of the wicking and relieve it by the removal of the bars 6', b²,
which slide in bearings on the side framing of the machine, and are acted
upon in the following manner:-On the axis 22 are fixed the two heart-
shaped cams 23, 23, which in their revolution act on the rollers 24, carried by
the lever arms 25, which move on a fulcrum or axis 26; the lever arms 27
being connected by links 28 to the bars b1, b2, withdraw them from the
surface of the tubes c, d, during the time the cams 23 are in action, and allow
the levers c, d, to spring out and release the wicking to be raised a proper
distance for a fresh loop to be inserted. 29 is a wheel fixed on the axis 22,
which has teeth on a part of its periphery only which take into and drive the
small toothed wheel 30 fixed on the axis 31, which gives motion by the fixed
pulley and band 32 to the pulley 33 fixed on the axis of the taking-up
roller 34, over which the wicking is conducted from the tubes c, d, all which
will be readily understood on examining the Drawings.
Having thus described the nature of our Invention, and the manner in
which the same is to be performed, we would have it understood that we do
not confine ourselves to the precise details herein described, so long as the
peculiar character of any part of our said Invention be retained; but what
we claim is,
First, the application of vuleanized india rubber or other elastic flexible
material to the nozels or caps of candle moulds herein described.