CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN CERTAIN METHODS OF LETTER-PRESS PRINTING BY MACHINERY
Year: 1835

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, ROWLAND
HILL, of Tottenham, in the County of Middlesex, Gentleman, send greeting.
WHEREAS I did by petition humbly represent unto His present most
Excellent Majesty King William the Fourth, that after considerable applica-
tion and expence I had invented "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN CERTAIN METHODS
OF LETTER-PRESS PRINTING BY MACHINERY," and His said Majesty, being willing
to give encouragement to all arts and inventions which may be for the public
good, was graciously pleased, by His Royal Letters Patent under the Great
Seal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, bearing date at
Westminster, the Twelfth day of February, One thousand eight hundred and
thirty-five, in the fifth year of His reign, for Himself, His heirs and successors,
to give and grant unto me, the said Rowland Hill, my executors, adminis
trators, and assigns, His especial licence, full power, sole privilege and
authority, that I or they, by myself and themselves, or by my or their deputies,
servants, or agents, or such others as I or they should agree with, and no
others, during the term of fourteen years from the date of the said Letters
Patent, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend my said
Invention within that part of His said Majesty's United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland called England, His Dominion of Wales, and Town of
Berwick-upon-Tweed, in such manner, as to me, my executors, administrators,
and assigns, shall seem meet, and that I or they shall enjoy the whole profit and
advantage arising by reason of the said Invention during the said term of fourteen

page_text: years: And whereas the said Letters Patent contain a proviso, obliging me, the
said Rowland Hill, particularly to describe and aseertain the nature of my said
Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, by an instrument
in writing under my hand and seal, and cause the same to be inrolled in His
Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar months next and
immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent, as in and by the
same, reference being thereunto had, will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Rowland Hill, do hereby declare that my said Invention is described and
ascertained in manner following, and by the aid of the mine Sheets of Drawings
hereunto annexed (that is to say):-
My said improvements relate to those methods of letter-press printing by
machinery which operate by means of cylinders revolving continuously, that is
to say, wherein the letter-press types from which letters are to be printed by
pressure are arranged around and affixed to a revolving cylindrical roller
(which may be called the type cylinder) in such manner that the printing
surfaces of those types will conform to the whole or part of a supposed cylin-
drical surface which is truly concentric with the axis or central line whereon
the type cylinder is to revolve; and a suitable inking apparatus, with revolving
inking rollers, being so placed in respect to the type cylinder as to supply ink
to the said printing surface thereof whilst the type cylinder is revolving; and
another cylindrical roller, (which may be called the platten cylinder), and which
may be covered with soft blanket, being placed with its axis exactly parallel to
the axis of the type cylinder, and with such a proximity of the platten cylinder
to the type cylinder as is suitable for bringing the paper which is to be
printed in contact with due pressure against the inked printing surfaces of the
types on the type cylinder. In this state of things, the paper being passed
around a portion of the circumference of the platten cylinder, at that side thereof
which nearly faces the type cylinder, and the two cylinders being caused to
revolve continuously with an exact conformity of motion of their respective
surfaces, they will pass the paper through between them, and it will become
printed by pressure of the inked surface of the printing types in so passing
through; the paper being sustained during the pressure by the blanket-covered
surface of the platten cylinder; and a continual succession of paper being thus
passed, every part of the inked type which forms the printing surface of the
type cylinder will in succession be brought in contact with the paper, so as
to print thereon an impression of all the types which are arranged around the
cylindrical surface of the type cylinder, wherefore at every succeeding revolution
of the type cylinder another succeeding impression of all the types upon it will

page_text: be printed on a succeeding portion of paper: And, whereas the above method
of printing by machinery which operates by means of cylinders revolving con-
tinuously is in general use for printing calico with ornamental patterns: And
whereas the said method was proposed for letter-press printing by machinery
with moveable types arranged around a type cylinder by Mr. William
Nicholson, in a Specification inrolled in pursuance of Letters Patent which
were granted to him on the Twenty-ninth day of April, One thousand seven
hundred and ninety, but on account of deficiencies and imperfections in the
machinery described in that Specification, the same has never been practised or
brought into use: And whereas machinery was brought to bear for letter-
press printing with stereotype plates bended to a cylindrical surface, instead of
moveable types, by Mr. Edward Cowper, under Letters Patent granted to him
on the Tenth day of January, One thousand eight hundred and sixteen, and
such machinery has been used to some extent.
Now, my present improvements in the said methods of letter-press printing
by machinery which operates by means of cylinders revolving continuously are
as follows:-
First, an improvement in the aforesaid methods of letter-press printing by
machinery for the purpose of securely fastening side by side, in the manner
herein-after described, a series of moveable printing types, with their printing
surfaces in conformity with the whole or part of a true but supposed cylindrical
surface, so as to form a revolving type cylinder; such type cylinder being some-
what similar to that which Mr. Nicholson aimed at constructing, as stated in
his Specification aforesaid, but with the improvement of having the types so
firmly fastened and retained in place around such type cylinder as will be
suitable for letter-press printing by the method herein-before mentioned, (and
particularly by the aid of the improvements herein-after described,) with
machinery consisting of cylinders revolving continuously.
Secondly, an improvement in the methods of letter press printing by
machinery for supplying ink to revolving cylindrical printing surfaces, the
Improvement being to gather and take off the ink continually and without
ntermission from the surface of a slow revolving cylindrical roller, upon
which surface the ink is previously spread in a thick coat by the usual means
of what is called an ink trough and ductor in ordinary printing machinery,
he said gathering and taking off being performed, in manner herein-after
described, by a quicker revolving cylindrical roller applying its quick moving
surface in contact with the slow moving surface of the other roller, called the
luctor roller, whereon the thick coat of ink is spread, and means of that

page_text: difference between the motions of the surfaces the said thick coat of ink is
extended and spread out in a thin attenuated coat upon the quick moving
surface, but which, by that means, becomes covered with uniformity and with
a suitable quantity of ink for being transferred by a series of revolving rollers
of the usual kind to the printing surfaces of the types on the revolving
type cylinder, so as to keep the same inked continually in an uniform and
proper manner.
that
paper
Thirdly, an improvement in the aforesaid methods of letter-press printing
by machinery, for the purpose of feeding the same with paper, and introducing
into the machinery in a suitable manner for being printed, thereby
the improvement being to supply the paper from a scroll consisting of a very
long continuous piece of paper, such as is commonly made by modern paper-
making machines which have drying machines annexed to them; the paper
made thereby being gathered or rolled up around reels in scrolls, which are
afterwards cut up into a great number of sheets of paper, one end of the long
piece of paper constituting such a scroll being introduced into the machinery
so as to past around a portion of the circumference of the platten cylinder.
and so as to become thereby subjected to pressure of the inked surface of the
type cylinder when the same and the platten cylinder are turned round with
corresponding continuous motion, whereby the said paper will be drawn off
and unwound from the scroll and passed through the machinery, which will
print one impression after another on the paper, at different succeeding portions
of the length thereof, without any cessation or intermission of the printing
operation until the whole scroll of paper is printed with a series of repetitions
of the same impression, in a similar manner to that commonly practised for
printing pieces of calico in cylinder machinery. And as fast as the paper has
become printed and has passed out through the machinery, it may be rolled or
gathered up around a reel in a scroll corresponding to that from which the blank
paper was drawn off; and after the paper has been printed on one of its sides
or surfaces in that manner, the scroll may be removed to another like machine,
whereof the type cylinder is suitably prepared for printing the opposite side or
surface of the paper, so that the scroll being presented to that machine in like
manner as it was to the first machine, except having its contrary surface turned
towards the type, and being passed through the second machine, the paper will
become printed a second time, on the opposite side or surface to that which was
first printed; or, instead of thus using another machine, the type cylinder of the
same machine, after the required number of impressions have been printed by
it on one side of a series of scrolls of paper, may then have types newly

page_text: arranged upon it, suitably for printing the second side of the paper by
submitting the scrolls of once printed paper to a second operation of the same
machinery; or otherwise the type cylinder, by which the paper has been printed on
one side, may be removed from the machine when the required number of
impressions have been printed on one side of the several scrolls of paper, and
another type cylinder, suitably prepared for printing the second side of the
saine paper, may be put into the place of the first type cylinder, in order to print
the scrolls of paper a second time on the opposite side thereof to that which was
first printed; or otherwise the type may be disposed on the type cylinder in
such manner that one-half of the cylindrical surface thereof will contain the
type whereof the impression is to occupy one side or surface of each of the
separate sheets or leaves of paper into which the scroll is ultimately to be cut
up and divided, and the other half of that surface will contain the type whereof
the impression is to occupy the opposite surface of each of the said sheets
or leaves of paper.
And after passing the scrolls of paper once through
the machine, so as to print one side or surface thereof, then one-half of the
impression thereon will consist of pages or columns which are to be on one
side or surface of the leaves of paper, and the other half will consist of pages
or columns which are to be on the opposite sides of those leaves. The paper
being so printed on one side, and gathered up again in a second scroll, the
same paper may then be replaced at the front of the same machine without
alteration of that machine; and the end of the once printed paper may be
introduced into the machine, as before, but with its contrary surface turned
towards the type, and in such manner that although the impression which is
to be made at the second operation on the contrary side of the paper will be
precisely the same as was made at the previous operation of the former side,
nevertheless, in consequence of the arrangement of the pages or columns of
the types upon the surface of the type cylinder, and the reversing or turning
of the paper with its contrary surface turned towards the type at the second
time of subjecting it to the machine, all those pages or columns of each
impression which are intended to occupy opposite sides of the several leaves
into which the scroll of paper is ultimately to be divided will become printed
at their proper places on the scroll, to correspond properly with the pages or
coluinns which on the opposite side of the same sheets or leaves of the paper
have been previously printed at the first time of passing the paper through
the machinery; by which means, when the twice printed paper is afterwards
cut up into separate sheets or leaves, each such sheet or leaf will have the
intended impressions of its two opposite sides.
Fourthly, an improvement in the aforesaid methods of letter-press printing.

page_text: by machinery for cutting up the aforesaid long continuous pieces or scrolls of
printed paper, before inentioned, into separate sheets or leaves at the completion
of the printing of the respective portions of that paper, by machinery which
operates, as aforesaid, by cylinders revolving continuously. The machinery for
effecting this part of the improvements may be of the same nature with that
which is now very commonly applied to the modern paper-making and drying
machinery for the purpose of cutting up the paper which is made thereby into
distinct sheets or leaves; the said cutting machinery being so connected with
the printing machinery as that a cutting-off of the paper (or two or more such
cuttings-off, if required,) shall be made for every revolution of the type cylinder;
the moment of cutting being correctly timed to the revolving motion of that
cylinder, so as to divide the paper at the proper intended places between the
repetitions of the impressions which have been previously made by the type
cylinder on the paper. And note.-Respecting the third and fourth articles of
my improvements, the same are not of necessity connected with my improve-
ments set forth in the other articles of improvement, for although I prefer to
supply the paper from a scroll containing a long piece of paper, nevertheless
detached sheets of paper may be supplied to machinery for letter-press printing
which operates by cylinders revolving continuously, and which machinery is in
The requisite
other respects constructed according to my improvements.
mechanism for assisting the persons who feed the machinery with detached
sheets of paper, and for introducing those sheets properly into the machinery,
being the same as is commonly used in ordinary printing machines, forms no
part of my Invention; and such mechanism is so well known to persons
conversant with printing machinery as to require no particular explanation.
Fifthly, an improvement in the aforesaid methods of letter-press printing by
machinery, by means of which improvement both sides of the paper may be
printed whilst the same is passing once only through the said machinery.
For this purpose the machinery must be provided with two type cylinders,
each with its own inking apparatus, and likewise its own platten cylinder, so
as to combine the parts of two machines, such as herein-before mentioned, into
one combination of machinery, having suitable wheelwork and connections for
producing a cotemporaneous revolving motion of all the several cylinders in
such manner that the paper being passed through between one of the type
cylinders and the platten cylinder corresponding thereto, and having received
the impressions of the types of that cylinder on one side of the paper, the
same will then, in the course of its further progress through the machinery, pass
between the other type cylinder and its corresponding platten cylinder, in order
to be printed thereby on the contrary side of the paper. The latter type cylinder

page_text: must have the types suitably arranged upon its surface for printing that
contrary side of the paper; and also the said last-mentioned type cylinder
must be so situated in respect to the first-mentioned type cylinder that the paper
in passing through the machinery will apply with one of its surfaces to one
of the type cylinders, and will then apply with its opposite surface to the
other type cylinder, whereby the paper will become printed on both sides
before it leaves the machinery.
Sixthly, an improvement in the aforesaid methods of letter-press printing by
machinery, by which improvement two impressions are respectively printed
upon two distinct papers at one and the same time from the types which are
fixed around the same revolving type cylinder, which must for that purpose be
provided with two distinct inking apparatuses, in order to apply ink to the
printing surface of the types at opposite sides of the circumference of the said
cylinder; and the type-cylinder must be provided with two platten cylinders,
one situated above it and the other below it, and one of the said papers which
are to be printed may be applied to the under part of the type cylinder, so as
to pass between the same and that platten rolled which is beneath the type
cylinder, in order to receive an impression of the types at the same time that
the other paper may be applied to the upper part of the type cylinder, so as to
be passing between the same and that platten roller which is above the type
cylinder, in order to receive another impression of the types; wherefore, by
this means, the same set of types which are disposed around the surface of the
same type cylinder will give one impression on one paper at every time that
by the revolution of that type cylinder the types thereof go down to their
lowest position, and will also give another impression from the same types on
another paper every time that they go up to their highest position; and
previous to making each such impression the said types are duly inked in
passing from one position to the other. By this means twice as many impres-
sions can be obtained in any given time as would otherwise be obtained with
the same rapidity of motion of the machinery, because two impressions are
made for every time that the type cylinder goes once round; and this part of
the improvements may be applied either to a simple machine which contains
only one type cylinder for printing only one side of the paper at a time, which
machinery will, by aid of this part of the improvements, make two impressions
of all the type that is applied around the said cylinder for every revolution of
that type cylinder, those impressions being on one side of the paper; or this part
the improvements may be applied to a compound machine, such as is men-
tioned as the fifth article of these improvements, with two type cylinders for
printing on both sides of the paper in passing the same only once through the

page_text: machinery, each of the type cylinders being provided with two inking appa-
ratuses and two platten cylinders; and in case of the latter application, three
distinct papers may be passing through the machinery at the same time,
videlicet, one paper, which is passed in the manner mentioned in article fifth,
with one of its sides in contact with one type cylinder, and then with its other
side in contact with the other type cylinder, whereby that paper becomes
printed on both sides; another paper, which is passed over one of the said
type cylinders, between the same and its uppermost platten cylinder, will
become printed on one side, videlicet, its undermost side; and another third
paper, which is passed under the other type cylinder, between the same and its
lowermost platten cylinder, will also become printed on one side, videlicet, its
uppermost side. The said two last-mentioned papers, after being thus passed
through the machinery, and printed each on one side only, are then made to
exchange places one with the other, and are put through the machine again
with the same side of each paper uppermost, in order to print the other side of
each paper, that is to say, the paper above mentioned which became printed
on its undermost side by being passed over one of the type cylinders will, at
the second time of passing the once printed paper, be passed under the other
type cylinder, in order to receive an impression therefrom on its opposite side.
By this arrangement the machinery will print at the rate of two perfected
impressions printed on both sides of the paper from all the type that is con-
tained on both the type cylinders for every revolution that those cylinders
make. And note. Respecting the fifth and sixth articles of my improve-
ments, the same are not of necessity connected with the third and fourth
articles, because the paper may be supplied to the machinery in detached
sheets by aid of such mechanism as is commonly used for introducing the
paper into ordinary printing machines, and which mechanism, as before
mentioned, forms no part of my Invention. And note.-All my said improve-
ments, after the first article, are applicable to the method of letter-press
printing by machinery which operates by means of cylinders revolving con-
tinuously, with stereotyped plates bended to a cylindrical surface, and fastened
around a type cylinder, after Mr. Cowper's method, before mentioned, instead
of moveable types fastened around a type cylinder, but such mode of bending
and applying stereotyped plates forms no part of my Invention.
Having now ascertained the nature of my improvements, I shall proceed to
describe, by the aid of the Drawings hereunto annexed, the manner in which
the same are to be performed, and for clearness of explanation the several
articles of improvement are treated separately in the order herein-after stated.
First, respecting that part of the improvements whereby a series of moveable

page_text: printing types are fastened around a type cylinder. The said types may be cast
in a mould in the usual manner practised by type founders, the mould being
rather differently formed, as shewn in Sheet I., in order that the stems of each
letter of the type may be made tapering in one direction, being rather narrower
at the tail end of each stem than at the letter end of the same stem, so that
the two sides of the stem are inclined to each other, instead of being exactly
parallel as in ordinary type, the tapering of the stems being such as will qualify
the type for being imposed or placed with their tail ends upon a cylindrical
surface, instead of a plane surface, and when so placed, that the inclining sides
of the stems will tend exactly to the center line of the cylinder, and the
printing surface of the type or face of the letter will form another large cylin-
drical surface exactly concentric with the said centre line of the cylinder. But
note. Although the stems of the types are thus made tapering in one direction,
they are made parallel, as usual, in the other direction; the parallel sides being
those which are formed by parralel flat surfaces of the two halves of the mould,
which halves separate from each other in order to withdraw the type, as shewn
at A and B, in Sheet I. The parts a, b, and l, j, of the interior of the mould,
which interlock with each other when the two halves of the mould are put
together, and which are made straight in ordinary type moulds, are made curved
to the arch of a circle. The usual side cheeks d, e, of the mould, which are
to form the inclining sides of the type, are fixed so as to tend exactly towards
the centre of circular curvature; and owing to the mutual interlocking of the
two halves of the mould being made by the usual prominent gage pieces f, g.
and h, i, fitting upon and including between them the curved edges a, b, and
,j, (in lieu of straight edges, as usual, in ordinary moulds). The side cheeks
d and e will always continue to bend towards the said centre, although they
may be placed nearer to or farther apart from each other, suitably for the width
of the letter which is to be cast, that width being determined, as usual in
ordinary moulds, by the width of the copper matrix which is stamped with the
hollow for forming the letter, and which is inserted between the outermost
gage pieces g and i of the two halves of the mould when they are put together;
and the mould also contains a circularly curved prominence m on one half,
with a corresponding cavity n on the other half for receiving it when the two
halves are put together. The said prominence occupies part of the cavity left
in the mould for the reception of the melted metal, and will occasion a broad
but shallow notch to be formed across the stem of each type, which notch
answers in some respects to the notches which are made across the stems in
ordinary printing types; but the said notches, according to my improvement, are
much wider, being adapted to receive small binding slips of metal by which the

page_text: type are to be retained in place on the type cylinder. The form of the finished
type is represented in Sheet II., the aforesaid notches being marked q; and the
setting up of type, cast in the manner above described (and which is represented
in Sheet II.), being the manipulation which is termed composition by printers, is
to be performed in the usual manner of composing with ordinary printing types,
excepting that the compositor is to use a composing stick, represented in Sheet
II., which is curved at the bottom or sole plate D, whereon the root, ends, or tails
of the types are to stand, the curvature being a cylindrically curved surface,
whereof the radius is less than the radius of the intended cylindrical printing
surface by the length of the type; and the sides or cheeks E and F of the said
composing stick are planes which tend towards the centre line or axis of the said
cylindrical curvature, and one of the said cheeks F of the composing stick is move-
able, as usual in ordinary composing sticks, for adapting the same to the intended
length of the lines; and when a line of letters has been composed, by setting
up types side by side in the composing stick, in the manner usually practised
by compositors, the notches 7 before mentioned, across the stems of several
types, will range one with another, so as to form a curved groove or channel,
all the length of the line, which line being finished, the compositor must insert a
curved binder strip of thin metal plate r, which is adapted exactly to fill the said
groove, and then he proceeds to set up and compose another succeeding line of
letters in his composing stick. And note.-At the ends of each such binder r,
small prolongations 3, s, are left projecting a little way beyond the ends of the
binder, and the extremities are bended at right angles to the flat plane of the
binder, so as to form a small hook. The use of the said hooked projections
3, 3, is two-fold, they serve to prevent the binder from dropping between
the lines of type by resting on the upper edges of the cheeks E and F of
the composing stick, and after the removal of the type to the chase or galley
by resting on the upper edges of the sides of such chase or galley, and they
also assist, as will be explained hereafter, in securing the lines of type in
their places on the type cylinder. The said curved binders r are completely
inlaid into the notches of the type, which notches are made of sufficient
depth to receive the binders, so that the stems of the types of succeeding lines
will come in contact laterally both above and below notches q, the same as in
ordinary type; the binders which are thus inlaid between each succeeding line
of types secure and lock every individual type, so as to retain it from being
drawn endways or dropping out of its place between the other types among
which it is set up. And note. Mr. Nicholson, in his Specification of One
thousand seven hundred and ninety, directs the type to be rendered tapering by
scraping the stems in a finishing stick after the type has been cast in the usual

page_text: manner, but he did not invent any means of binding such types together; and
the formation of a suitable notch q across the stem of each type, and the appli-
cation of binders r thereon, for the purpose of fastening such types together
for letter-press printing by a type cylinder, is part of my present Invention.
And in order to apply the type which is so composed upon a type cylinder for
letter-press printing by machinery, the type required for forming each page of
the intended printing may be included within a metal frame, called a chase, of
a size to suit the page, such as is represented at G, H, I, K, Sheet III., each
such chase being composed of two sides G, H, and two ends I, K, all made in
one piece of metal, or else of pieces very solidly fastened together like one.
The ends I, K, are curved to suit the cylindrical form of the type cylinder,
upon which they are to be applied in the manner shewn in Sheet I. The sides
G and H, although parallel to each other, are bevelled, so that their sides tend
to the centre line or axis of the type cylinder, and thereby the interior of the
chase is rendered suitable for receiving the type. The projecting ends s, &, at
the ends of the several binders r, r, between the lines of types, are lodged upou
the sides G and H of the chase, in the same manner as before described
respecting the composing stick; and in order to fasten the type into the chase,
a moveable end L is applied across one end of the interior of each chase,
having a small tennon at each extremity, which tennons are received into
notched grooves made for their reception in the inside surface of the sides G
and II of the chase; and the said moveable end L is forced up endways towards
the type by two screws t, v, which are tapped through the end K of the chase,
with holes across the heads to turn them by, and those beads press against the
moveable end L. At the time the chase is being filled with type it must be
placed either on the bare surface of the type cylinder or in a cylindrical surface
of equal curvature, the sides of the chase being placed parallel with the axis or
central line of such cylinder or cylindrical surface. The type for each page of
the intended printing being thus secured in chases, a number of such chases
of type may be affixed around a type cylinder, such as is represented in Sheet I,
and which is a plane roller or cylinder 1, 1, of cast iron, mounted on an axis
2, 2, and truly turned on its external circumference, without any projection or
flanges, being hollow within for lightness, with arms at each end to fix it on
its axis 2; and in lieu of projecting flanges, circular rings or belts of iron or
steel 3, 3, 3, are truly turned to fit upon the outside of the cylinder 1, 1, without
being fixed thereto, wherefore they can be placed at any part of the length of the
cylinder; and after the said rings are put on, end flanges 4, 4, are applied at
each end of the cylinder, being flat circular iron plates fitted on a projecting
central boss at each end of the cylinder, and firmly fastened to the ends of

page_text: the cylinder by screws; strong straight pieces of wood or iron 6, 6, of a length
suitable to the required distances of the rings 3, 3, 3, from each other, and of
equal thickness with those rings, are screwed firmly into the cylinder in two
straight lines, extending from the ring to another the whole length of the
cylinder, and on opposite sides thereof; these straight pieces assist in fixing
the rings at proper distances from one another. The rings 3, 3, 3, have
circular grooves excavated in each of their flat annular surfaces, and one end I
of each chase has a projecting tennon extending its whole length, to enter into
these grooves, and also the opposite end K has a screw w tapped through it,
with a taper stump point adapted to enter into the circular groove around the
ring 3, when that screw is screwed outwards from the chase, and as it enters
the groove to press rather against its upper side, by which means the chase may
be firmly fastened upon the cylinder, without perforating the surface thereof,
with any screw holes for fastening it. The tails or root ends of the types rest
upon the cylindrical surface of the cylinder, and the printing surfaces of the
types form a cylindrical surface, and according to the number of pages which
are required to be printed on one side of one sheet of paper, or as much paper
as is to be cut into one sheet and afterwards folded, so the chases are to be
arranged around the type cylinder in order to cover its cylindrical surface.
The Drawing, Sheet I, represents six chases applied in a circle around the
circumference of the cylinder, and two such sets applied end to end, but as
those two sets do not fill the length of the cylinder, blockings of wood W, W,
are inserted at each end. between the end flanges 4, 4, and the rings 3, 3, to
diminish the length suitable for two sets. This representation is only by way
of example; the number of chases making up the whole surface will, of course,
depend on the size of the cylinder and that of the page. And note.-For
ordinary book printing the type cylinder should be rather larger than is repre-
sented in Sheet I., if it is made twenty-six inches in length between the
end flanges 4, 4, and ten inches and three-quarters diameter for the cylin
drical printing surface of the types, (which is nearly thirty-three and three-
quarters incles circumference,) it will suit all or nearly all the sizes required.
And in order still further to secure the type in the several chases from dropping
out or becoming loose therein, thin metal rulers 5, 5, may be applied along
each side G, H, of each chase, and fastened thereto by screws.
The edges of
those rulers are rebated so as to overlap the hooked projections s, s, at the ends
of the binders, and which ends s, s, rest upon the sides G, H, of each chase,
and they are confined thereto by the rebated edges of the several rulers 5, 5.
The said rulers 5, 5, are made broad enough to overlap the sides G, II, of two
adjacent chases, so as to serve for securing the enis s, s, of the binder in

page_text: both chases; and each ruler being fixed by screws to both chases, they also
serve to fasten the several chases at their proper distances asunder around the
type cylinder, so as to leave the proper spaces for margins. These particulars
being understood of the method of imposing and fastening the types upon the
type cylinder for letter-press printing in pages having spaces between for
margins, as is usual for books, I shall proceed to explain the method which is
suitable for letters-press printing of newspapers, and other sheets consisting
of long columns without blank spaces or intervals therein, and the columns
being also very close side by side, without any considerable intervals between
each column and the next. The form of a type cylinder for that purpose is
represented in Sheet III. The central axis 2, 2, has a circular disk 1, 1,
firmly fixed upon each end of it, and around those two disks the end of a series
of strong bars of cast iron 10, 10, are applied, the bars fitting together side by
side like the staves of a cask, and each bar being supported at each end without
touching the axis 2, although they reach very near thereto, but they derive
support
from lateral contact with each other at their end at 12, 12, and also at
the middle of the length of each bar, where there is a slightly prominent part 14
for making that contract. The ends of all the several bars 10, 10, are fastened
to the circumferences of the disks 1, 1, by one screw 11 for each end of each
bar, which screws are fastened into the disks so as to radiate out therefrom,
and they pass through holes in the ends of the several bars, and have nuts
screwed on their outermost ends to confine the bars on the disks and to each
other; the nuts being countersunk flush into the substance of the bars. The
cylinder thus formed of staves or bars is truly turned in a lathe to a proper
size for the root ends of the stems of the type to rest upon, with a projecting
flange at each end to retain the ends of the columns of type, the outer circum-
ference of those flanges being rather less than the cylindrical printing surface
which is to be formed by the letters on the faces of the types. By unscrewing
the nuts of the screws 11, 11, the bars can be removed from the cylinder one at.
a time, or any one bar can be removed or replaced independently of all the others
The breadth of each bar is adapted to the width of the intended columns of
printing. The Drawing represents twelve bars, composing the circumference
of the turned type cylinder; two of those bars, marked 13, 13, are narrower
than the others, not being intended to receive type, but they are placed at the
intervals which correspond with the margins at the sides of the two sets of
columns which constitute the two large pages or side of the folio newspaper,
each of those large pages having five columns situated close to each other;
and on each side of each bar 10, a thin brass plate 15, 15, is fastened by several
small screws, so as to project up above the turned surface, whereon the roots of

page_text: the types are to stand in order to form boundaries to the ends of the lines of
type whereof each column is composed, wherefore each bar 10 becomes a
trough suitable for receiving a column of type. And I call each one a galley,
that being the term used by printers for a kind of trough to contain a column of
type. The two sides of each trough or galley, which are formed by the plates
15, tend to the central line of the type cylinder, suitably for including the lines
of type between them, and their upper edges are at a suitable height for
lodging the hooked projections s, s, at the ends of each binder r, in the same
manner as herein-before mentioned respecting the sides of the composing
stick and the sides G, I, of the chase. And note.-The side plate 15, 15, are
included in spaces left between the adjacent edges of the several bars 10, the
lateral contact of those bars being confined to the places marked 12, 12, and
14; and in order to retain the type securely in such galleys, slits are cut in
the plates 15, 15, at intervals, in order to receive small tennons x, x, at the
ends of particular binders, made of steel or other strong metal, which are
marked X, in Sheet II., those tennons being in addition to the hooked pro-
jections 5, 8, of the same binders, which, excepting those additional tennons,
are exactly alike all the other binders in form; and at about every two or
three inches in the length of the column of type which is placed in the galley,
one of the binders X is substituted for one of the ordinary binders r; and by
introducing the binder X obliquely across the width of the galley, one of its
tennons x is first entered into one of the slits in one of the side plates 15, and
then the other tennon x is entered into the other slit of the opposite side plate 15,
as the binder is inserted into its proper place in the notches of the type. By
means of such tennoned binders, the particular lines of type where they are
inserted will by secured in place, and the whole column of type being com-
pressed by two binding screws 16, 16, at the end of the galley, the intervening
lines of type will be held to each other by their lateral contact. The screws
16, 16, are tapped through a projection at the end of the galley, and are turned
by polygonal heads, which press against a fitting piece of iron y, applied across
the end of the column of type, and it has two tennons x, x, to enter into the
slits in the two slide plates 15. The pressure of the end of screws 16, 16, will
in some cases be found sufficient to hold the column in its place without the
use of the particular binders X, but such binders are useful as affording greater
security, and also for further security against any of the lines of type becoming
loose in the galley, thin plates 17 may be inserted into the narrow space left
between every two adjacent side plates 15 of the several galleys; and the plates 17
have prominent beads along both sides of each plate, in order to overlap the
hooked projections s, s, of all the several binders r which are interlaid between all

page_text: the lines of type, in the same manner as before described respecting the rebated
edges of the rulers 5, wherefore the plates 17 hold all the said projections 3, s,
down upon the edges of the side plates 15 of the galleys, and thereby retain
the binders r in place, as well as the types between which they are interlaid;
and the outermost edge of each of the plates 17 may be suitably formed for
printing a division line between the several columus of printing, if such lines
are required, in which case the said outermost edges of each plate 17 must be
exactly conformable to the cylindrical printing surface of the type. The
plates 17 are confined to their places by means of a screw 18 at each end of
each one, which serews are tapped into the ends of the galleys, and have broad
but flat heads overhanging the ends of the plate 17; a portion of each head is cut
away on one side to admit the end of the plate 17 to be inserted in place, and then.
by turning the screw round, the overhanging part of the head will confine the
plate 17. The two bars 13, 13, of the type cylinder, which are not galleys to
contain type, may have pieces of wood or metal fitted upon them to receive
rulers 19, which have rebated edges to overlap the hooked projections s, s, of
the binders r, in order to confine them, the rulers 19 being similar to the
rulers 5, before explained, and applying to the outermost columns of each page
of the newspaper, which columns are separated to leave the blank margins of
the paper. Revolving type cylinders, with moveable types fastened round
them in manner above described, may be used for letter-press printing by
machinery, and the type will be securely retained in place during the operation
of such cylinder. The mode of applying such a type cylinder for letter-press
printing by machinery may be varied, but the mode which I recommend is
represented in Sheet IV. The type cylinder 1, 1, is mounted, with its axis 2, in
a horizontal position in suitable bearings, which are supported by strong
uprights P, P, of the frame, and a winch or handle p may be fixed on the end
of the axis 2, to turn it round by; or otherwise in lieu of a handle, suitable wheel-
work for turning the machinery by mechanical power of millwork, in the same
manner as ordinary printing machinery is actuated; and a platten eylinder R is
disposed either above or below the type cylinder, having its axis parallel to that
of the type cylinder, and mounted in bearing q, q, which are sustained by the
same uprights p, p; the platten cylinder R may be covered with a soft blanket,
wrapped round its circumference, and the paper which is to be printed is
applied upon that surface when it is subjected to the pressure of the type by
passing between the type cylinder and the platten cylinder. The inking
apparatus, which consists of a series of revolving rollers covered with ink on
their surfaces, may be disposed in any suitable position in respect of the type
cylinder, for forming contact with the printing surfaces of the types whilst that

page_text: surface revolves by the motion of the type cylinder. The platten cylinder R,
allowing for the blanket, is made of the same diameter as the cylindrical
printing surface of the types, and the two cylinders are caused to turn round
with an exact conformity of revolving motion, by means of two equal spur cog
wheels M and N, one fixed upon the axis 2 of the type cylinder, and the other
upon the axis of the platten cylinder. And in order to admit of removing the
platten cylinder R from its proximity to the type cylinder 1, 1, when the machine
is not in the act of printing, the bearings 9, 9, for the axis of the platten
cylinder are fitted to the uprights p, p, of the frame, so as to be capable of
sliding up and down by action of excentrics 8, 8, which are mounted on strong
cross centre pins, borne by the uprights p, p, and by turning those excentrics,
the bearings q, q, can be forced towards the type cylinder. The two excen-
trics s, s, have long lever arms to turn them round by, and the said arms of
both the excentrics are connected by a cross link T, which, being moved end-
ways, will turn both excentrics so much as is. requisite for urging the platten
cylinder R towards the type cylinder suitably for printing; or by a contrary
motion of the link T, the platten cylinder can be removed from the type
cylinder when it is required to adjust the types or make other preparations for
the operation of printing; the revolving motions of the inking apparatus are
derived by toothed wheelwork from the spur wheel M, on the end of the axis
of the type cylinder. And note.-Stop screws are provided for limiting the
motion of the bearings q, q, of the platten cylinder towards the type cylinder,
so as to keep the cylindrical surfaces of the two at such a distance from each
other as is suitable for printing with an adequate pressure of the types against
the paper, allowing for the yielding of the soft blanket covering of the platten
cylinder R, and, if necessary, circular wooden bearers can be placed one at
each end of the type cylinder, and one also at each end of the platten cylinder,
the said circular wooden bearers being of such equal diameter and being so
placed that their circular surfaces shall press against one another when the
machine is at work, and packing, composed of many thicknesses of paste-
board, may be interposed at V between the sliders, which are moved by the
eccentrics 3, s, and the sliding bearings q, q, for the axis of the platten
cylinder, in order that such packings may yield a little, if any extraordinary
force tends to separate the cylinders from each other. A notch may be left in
the circumference of the platten cylinder, in order to fasten on its blanket
covering in the usual manner, the notch being at that part which will come
opposite to the vacancy in the type which surrounds the type cylinder, and
which in printing leaves the blank interval between the successive impressions
which are made by each revolution of the cylinders. The paper may be fed to

page_text: the revolving cylinders, sheet after sheet, by means of suitable apparatus tor
assisting the person who attends the machine to introduce the sheets correctly,
in a similar manner to the feeding of other letter-press printing machinery;
and endless bands of tape, circulating over suitable pullies, may be employed
to conduct the paper between the cylinders, and deliver it out from them when
printed, all which, being no part of my Invention and being commonly known,
requires no further explanation. My improvement for feeding the machine
with paper will be herein-after explained. The paper which is printed by the
machinery such as is represented in Sheet IV. will only become printed on one
side by passing through the machinery, and the printing of the contrary side
must be done by a second operation.
Secondly, respecting that part of the improvements whereby ink is supplied
to the revolving cylindrical printing surfaces of letter-press printing machinery.
The inking apparatus, see Sheets IV. and IX., consists of a series of revolving
cylindrical rollers placed parallel one to the other, with their surfaces in contact,
and the ink is transferred repeatedly from one to another, in order to become
very evenly distributed upon their surfaces, and is then supplied to the printing
surfaces of the types on the revolving type cylinder by two soft rollers, which
make contact with the types at two succeeding places during the revolution of
the type cylinder, in order to ink the types very completely, because any partial
deficiency of inking by one of those soft rollers will be supplied by the other.
The first supply of ink is obtained from an ink trough 20 and a ductor roller
21, both of the ordinary kind, which ductor roller has a comparatively slow
motion; the ink is received from the ductor roller by a second metal roller 22,
which revolves quicker, so as to cause a gentle rubbing of its surface against
the surface of the ducter roller 21, and thereby it takes away the ink in a more
extended and thinner film than can be left spread upon the surface of the
roller 21 by the edge of the ductor. The metal roller 22 is caused to move
backwards and forwards endways in its bearings at the same time that it
revolves, in order that it may more completely cover itself with the thin film of
ink which it takes away from the ductor roller 21. The metal roller 22 com-
municates the ink which it has so taken to a soft roller 26, made of a compo-
sition of glue and treacle in the usual manner of the soft inking rollers used
in ordinary printing machines; and the soft roller 26 transmits the ink again
to a larger wooden or metallic roller 28, which has also an endways motion,
in order to cause an uniform distribution of the ink upon it; and for the pur-
pose of completing that distribution, two soft rollers 29 and 30 are applied
over the large roller 28, to squeeze gently upon the ink, and spread it on the
surface, which, as it revolves, carries the ink round to the two soft rollers
B

page_text: 31, 32, which apply to its inky surface, and deriving a evenly distributed
supply of ink therefrom, transfer the same to the printing surfaces of the types
around the revolving type cylinder 1, 1, the same types deriving a first supply
of ink from the roller 32, and then again a second supply from the other roller
31, in order to make sure of a sufficient inking, but without laying in too great
a quantity at once; and 33 is another soft roller, applying its soft surface to the
inked surfaces of the types for completing the distribution of the ink which has
been previously applied to them by the two rollers 32 and 31. The several
inking rollers are turned round in the directions indicated by arrows in the
Drawings by means of toothed wheelwork, deriving motion from the spur
wheel M on the extreme end of the axis 2 of the type cylinder 1. The wheel
M turns an intermediate pinion 34, which is mounted on a stud centre pin
fixed to the frame of the machinery, and the pinion 34 turns a spur wheel 35
on the axis of the large roller 28, to give motion thereto; and that wheel, by an
intermediate pinion 36, which is mounted on a stud centre pin fixed to the
frame of the inking apparatus, turns a pinion 37 on the end of the axis of the
roller 22; the diameters and numbers of teeth of all the said toothed wheels
and pinions are suitably adapted for causing the cylindrical surface of the
several rollers to move with the same rapidity as the printing surfaces of the
type cylinder moves with. The soft rollers have no wheelwork to turn them,
but they derive motion from the surface with which they are in contact; the
first inking roller 21 is turned round very slowly by means of an endless band
39, encompassing a pulley 38 on the end of its axis, and the band 39 also
encompasses another pulley 40 on an axis which is mounted in a small frame
affixed to the frame of the machine, and that axis has a larger pulley 41 fixed
upon it, which receives motion by another endless band from a small pulley on
the axis 2 of the type cylinder, wherefore the rotatory motion is reduced in its
transmission by the bands to the roller 21, in such manner that the surface
thereof will move with only about one-twentieth part the rapidity of the motion
of the surface of the roller 22, against which it operates (or that the surfaces of
the other rollers and of the printing surface of the type cylinder move with); but
that proportion can be varied by means of several grooves of different sizes which
are formed around the pullies 38 and 40, and the endless band 39 being
applied in one or other of those grooves, will cause the roller 21 to be turned
with a greater or lesser speed than the said proportion of one-twentieth part,
and by that means the quantity of ink which will be communicated to the
roller 22, and thence to the types, can be graduated at pleasure. The setting
of the ductor by its setting screws 25 can be regulated so as to modify the
supply of ink, although it would be very difficult, if not impossible, to reduce

page_text: the flow sufficiently if the surface of the ductor roller 21 had as rapid a motion
as that of the other inking rollers. By combining the adjustment of the ductor
with the adjustment in the rate of motion of the ductor roller 21, the flow of
ink from the trough may be regulated with great precision, while at the same
time the supply being communicated uninterruptedly through means of the
intermediate rollers to the large roller 28 (instead of being laid down in
patches, as is the case in many machines which use a carrier roller to take ink
from the ductor roller to the inking table); the ink, by the method which I
employ, requires but little further distribution before it is ready to be laid on
the types. The bearings in which the axis of the roller 21 are sustained, as
well as the bearer bar 24, for the ink trough and ductor, are fitted to the sides
of the frame in which the inking apparatus is mounted, so as to be capable of
adjustment by setting screws 42, in order to regulate the contact of the surface
of the ductor roller 21 with that of the roller 22. The roller 22 is moved
backwards and forwards endways in its bearings by means of a worm or spiral
groove, having two contrary obliquities formed around a piece 43, which is
fixed one one of its axis; the groove winding round it in one direction of
obliquity for one or two turns, and then returning with a contrary obli-
quity, and crossing its former course and joining again into itself. A
forked piece, situated between the axis, enters into this groove, and being
mounted on an upright centre stud pin fixed to the frame, the action of the
fork in the oblique groove causes the axis and the roller 22 to move endways
in its bearings, until the returning obliquity of the groove coming to the fork
causes it to move endways in a contrary direction, the fork turning about on
its fixed centre pin so as to accommodate itself to the change of obliquities.
The larger roller 28 is moved endways in like manner, but to a less extent,
by a similar worm 44. The toothed wheels and pinions by which the rollers
28 and 22 are turned round are so broad on their edges as not to lose their
hold of the other wheels in consequence of the said endway motions. The
frame of the inking apparatus consists of two side plates 45, placed edgeway
upwards, with notches in them to form bearings for the axis of the several
inking rollers to revolve in. The two side plates 45 are united together by
the cross bar 24, on which the ductor is supported, and also by two cross bars
46, so as to constitute a firm frame, the whole of which is mounted like a car-
riage on four truck wheels 47, which run upon two horizontal railway bars 48,
which are fixed to the frame of the machine. The whole inking apparatus
may be wheeled away or withdrawn from the type cylinder when the machine
is in course of preparation for printing, but when it is prepared the inking
apparatus can be wheeled forwards into its place, with its three soft rollers
R 9

page_text: 31, 32, 33, applying with gentle contact to the type. The carriage is retained
The
by a latch 49, which has a setting screw to regulate that contact.
bearings for the axis of the soft rollers 31 and 32 are capable of regulation,
by setting screws to regulate their contact with the roller 28 and with the
type. And note. The revolving roller 21, with its ink trough and ductor
20, and setting screws thereto for spreading a regulated film of ink on the
roller, and then transferring that ink in a continuous supply to other soft
rollers, and by them applying it to the types, forms no part of my Invention,
the same being described by Messieurs Dacon and Donkin, as applied to
machinery which operates with a revolving type roller of a prismatic form,
but not a cylinder, in a Specification which they inrolled in pursuance of
a Patent granted to them the Twenty-third day of November, One thousand
eight hundred and thirteen, and the same method has since been practised.
My improvement thereon is in the method above explained, by means of
which the thick film of ink which has been so spread out on the surface of
such a ductor roller is taken away by the contact of another revolving roller,
whereof the surface moves so much quicker as to spread out and attenuate the
original film to any required degree of thinness which is suitable for trans-
ferring to the type in such quantity as they require, and which quantity can
be regulated by varying the speed wherewith the ductor roller is moved in
respect to the other roller, which takes off the film of ink from the ductor
roller by moving quicker, as aforesaid, in a regulated proportion of relative
motion. The ordinary motion given to certain rollers also forms no part of
my Invention, a similar arrangement having been adopted in many printing
machines.
Thirdly, respecting the part of my improvements whereby the paper of
a scroll consisting of a long continuous piece of paper may be fed or supplied
to letter-press printing machinery which operates by cylinders revolving con-
tinuously, so as to print a succession of impressions on the paper of such scroll.
Scrolls consisting of pieces of paper of any required length, can be produced by
paper making machinery having drying machinery annexed to it; and in order
to damp such paper suitably for printing, the apparatus represented in Sheet V
may be used. The scroll of dry paper 50 is placed upon an axis which is
lodged in bearings across a frame, which has also a water trough 51 fixed
across it, with a roller 52 revolving easily on pivots at each end, the lower par
of its circumference being immersed in the water contained in the trough 51
and there is another roller 53, which is covered with flannel, and which rest
by its weight upon the roller 52. Before using the machine, this flanne
should be wetted by turning the rollers 52 and 53 two or three times round

page_text: it will afterwards absorb moisture at its ends. The
paper from the scroll 50
is conducted down between the rollers 52 and 53, and then up again, and is
wrapped round an axis 54, which should be of small diameter, which axis is also
mounted in bearings across the frame, and is put in motion by an endless
band which encompasses a small pulley 55, fixed on the extreme end of the
axis 54, and also a larger pulley wheel 56, which is mounted on a stud pin fixed
in the frame, and having a handle to turn it round by. Note.-The axes
here spoken of must be placed in strict parallelism one with another. When
the handle is turned round its wheel 56, and endless band and pulley 55, com
municate a rapid motion to the axis 54, so as to wind off the paper from the
scroll 50, and gather it into a new scroll 54 a; and in its passage from one of
those scrolls to the other the paper is drawn between the two rollers 52
and 53, whereof the lower one 52, by revolving in the water contained in the
trough 51, brings up so much water continually as is requisite for damping the
paper, applying the same with regularity and uniformity to the surface of
the paper which, as it is gathered up in the new scroll 54 a, becomes damped,
and after remaining a short time to imbibe the water which has been thus
applied to the surface, the scroll 54 a will be ready for printing. The degree
of dampness which will be given to the paper by this method can be regulated
at pleasure by the depth of immersion of the roller 52 into the water con-
tained in the trough 51, and the rapidity with which the paper is caused to
pass through between the damping rollers. I have found the use of hot
water instead of cold water to facilitate the operation of damping. A scroll of
paper 54 a, thus prepared, is applied in front of the machinery, as is
shewn in Sheet 4, with its axis parallel to the type cylinder and platten.
cylinder, the axis being supported in suitable bearings 57; and for first
introducing the paper, one end of the scroll is attached in a temporary:
manner to the platten cylinder by folding the extreme end of the
paper
that notch in the platten cylinder R, which serves to fasten the blanket
round it, and sticking the paper on a row of sharp pins which project withinside
of the notch, which must be at that time turned towards the type cylinder.
And note. The machinery is supposed to stand properly prepared for printing
with the types properly inked, either from having been recently stopped in the
midst of its operation of printing, or else prepared by turning the type cylinder
round whilst the inking apparatus is in action; but the platten cylinder being
at that time separated from the type cylinder by turning aside the two
eccentrics S, S, by their common cross link T. The end of the paper being
thus attached to the platten cylinder R, the machinery is turned a little way in
order to carry the end of the paper in between the platten cylinder and the
into

page_text: type cylinder, then by turning the eccentrics S, S, by their cross link 1, the
platten cylinder is restored to its proper situation for printing; the ma-
chinery is again put in motion and begins to print on the paper, and when
the end thereof has been carried by the motion of the platten cylinder
to a sufficient distance round its surface, the machine is stopped, and the
said end of the paper is then detached from the notch in the platten cylin
der, and that end is attached to another axis 60, like that of the scroll 54 a,
in order that the paper may be wound up around the axis 60 as fast as it is
printed and comes through from between the type cylinder and the platten
eylinder. The attachment of the ends of the paper to the axis upon which it
is wound may be made by a little stiff paste by points projecting from the axis,
or by being wedged into a longitudinal groove in the axis, or by any other
suitable means.
The axis 60 is turned round in a suitable manner for thus
winding up the printed paper by means of a circular wheel without teeth, fixed
on each end of it, to rest upon the circumference of corresponding wheels,
which are fixed one on each end of a horizontal axis 61, situated in front of
the machine in suitable bearings parallel to the axis of the type cylinder, and
turned round therefrom by an endless band encompassing a pulley upon one end
of the axis, and also a corresponding pulley on one end of the axis of the type
cylinder. The axis 60, by its own weight and that of its two wheels and of
the paper around it, presses those two wheels upon the other two wheels
before mentioned at the ends of the axis 61, and the axis 60 is turned round
by their contact, which is sufficient for winding up the paper, although those
wheels slip as the scroll of printed paper which is wound up around the
aris 60 augments in diameter, so as to require less rapidity of revolving
motion for winding up, but the weight of the accumulating paper around the
axis 60 increases the pressure with which the said wheels are held in contact
so as to give more force of adhesion. And note.-The said pressure can be
regulated at pleasure by a small bearing lever 62, acting upon the end pivot
of the axis 60, to increase the pressure upon the wheels beyond the mere weight
of that axis, with a weight hung upon the lever in the manner of a steelyard.
The paper accompanying a considerable portion of the blanket-covered surface
of the platten cylinder R will have as much adhesion thereto as is necessary
for drawing the paper into the machine by unwinding it from off the scroll 54,
therefore the winding up scroll 60 only requires to draw the printed paper with
a very moderate force, so as to keep it tight and cause it to wind up evenly in
the new scroll which is to be formed of the printed paper. The other scroll 54,
from which the blank paper is pulled off, should have a slight retarding force
applied to the revolving motion of its axis by means of a wheel fixed thereon,

page_text: with a friction spring applied to press on the circumference of the wheel by
action of a regulating screw, so that the force of the spring can be encreased
at the discretion of the attendant suitably for retarding the turning of the scroll,
and extending the paper as much as is requisite for entering the paper pro-
perly between the type cylinder and the platten cylinder in order to be printed;
and the attendant must keep watch upon the paper as it passes between the
cylinders, to observe whether it keeps a straight course, and if it shews any
disposition to run away to one side or to the other, he can correct that tendency
by adjusting the position of the axis 54, moving it a little endways one way or
the other in the direction of its length by turning a setting screw 63, which is
provided opposite to one end of the axis 54, with a reacting spring at the
opposite end, and two other like screws are provided, one 64 for raising or
lowering one end of the axis 54, and the other 65 for setting one end of that
axis nearer to or further from the type cylinder, wherefore, by means of those
two adjusting screws 64, 65, the axis 54 of the scroll can be placed exactly
parallel to the axes of the type cylinder and platten cylinder at the commence.
ment, in order that the paper may pass straight through the machine, and then
any slight lateral deviation from that straight course which may afterwards
arise in the course of the printing can be corrected as it arises by adjustment
of the end serew 63. And note.-When the scroll of blank paper all drawn
off and printed, then another like scroll of blank paper must be put into its
place to be printed in turn; and in order to facilitate the introduction of
succeeding serolls, the same mode may be used as is commonly practised in
paper-making machinery for mounting the reels whereon the paper is gathered
and wound up, viz., the bearings in which the ends of the axis 54 of the scroll
is mounted are formed at the extremities of two arms 66, which are mounted
upon a horizontal axis 67, and the opposite ends of the same arms have like
bearings for receiving the axis of another scroll 68, so that two scrolls 54 and
68 are mounted at once, whereof one only, marked 54, is supplying paper to
the machine, but the other 68 is mounted in preparation; and when all the
paper of the seroll 54 is unwound, then, by turning the arms 66 half round
about their axis 67, the exhausted scroll 54 will be removed instantly, and the
full scroll 68 brought into its place, and the end of the paper thereof is to be
entered into the machine, as before described. The axis 60, with the scroll of
printed paper around it, must also be removed and replaced by another like
axis, to which the end of the new scroll of paper is to be attached, in order to
wind up another succeeding scroll of printed paper, as before. The arms 66
are detained in their proper places for presenting the scroll to the machinery
by means of a latch 69, as shewn in Sheet VIII., and the same Figure shews

page_text: how the adjusting screws 63 and 65 are applied to the bearings at the ends of
the arms 66, the screw 64 being applied to the bearing of the axis 67 of the
arms; that axis has handles upon the end of it to turn it round by when the
latch 69 is released by lifting up its handle, so as to exchange the empty scroll
54 for a full one 68, and then the latch 69 detains the arms 66 again. By this
method the scroll of paper is printed on one side with a series of impressions
following one after the other on the paper, which is rolled up again as fast as
it is printed in a new seroll 60, and that being removed from the machinery is
to be unwound and wound up again (the proper side being kept outermost) in
another new scroll, in preparation for printing the other side of the paper;
the intention of so unwinding being to cause the paper to enter into the
machinery at the second time with the same end of the paper foremost as
went foremost the first time. The said unwinding and winding up again may
be performed by the same method before described for damping the paper, and
as shewn in Sheet V., but without passing the paper between the rollers 52 and
53, carrying it direct from the scroll at 50 to the scroll at 54, unless the printed
paper should have become so dry, since it was printed, as to require damping
again; or otherwise the said rewinding may be done by winding up on the
axis 54, when the same is mounted in its bearings at the ends of the arms 66,
by means of a small handle applied on the end of the axis 54 for that purpose.
And note. In every case of winding up to form a scroll in preparation for
printing, the paper must be carefully watched as it is winding, and in order to
wind it evenly, the axis from which it is unwound, or else that around which it
is winding up to form a scroll, should be regulated endways by an adjusting
screw, as before explained respecting the screw 63, which is for that purpose;
and also suitable retardation, by friction produced either by the regulated
pressure of a weight or of a spring, should be applied to the axis of the scroll
from which the paper is unwinding, in order to wind it up with due tension
in the new scroll. This care should be taken in the use of the damping
apparatus, Sheet V. The paper being thus prepared for printing the second
time, is introduced into another similar machine having the types on its cylinder
suitably arranged, or the same machine, after the types on its cylinder are
suitably arranged, or after its type cylinder has been exchanged for another
with types duly arranged. The end of the printed paper is entered into the
machine, and the paper is passed through and printed at the second time in
the same manner as already described respecting the first time, and must be
watched in going in to keep it straight, and even during its passage, and also
the retardation of the scroll from which it is unwinding must be regulated by
that screw before mentioned which increases or diminishes the force, and conse:

page_text: The
quently the friction of the spring by which the retardation is produced, in such
manner as to keep the paper to an uniform tension, and from time to time the
motion of the machine may be stopped or retarded during the progress of
printing a long scroll of paper as may be requisite, in order to examine whether
the margin of the second impression correspond to those previously printed
at the opposite side of the paper, or, what is termed by printers, if good
register is preserved, and accordingly as the second impression may be found
by such examination to be gaining or loosing upon the first impression, the
retardation of the scroll must be regulated by the said screw so as to rectify
the tendency to depart from good register before it becomes considerable.
And note. According to the degree of tension which the paper requires, so
the force with which the winding-up scroll at 60 is turned must be regulated
by the weight and steelyard lever 62 before mentioned, in order to draw the
paper away from the platten cylinder with a force somewhat proportioned to
the retarding force which is applied to the unwinding scroll, from which the
paper is pulling off; this latter regulation does not require to be very exact.
but only so near to a balance that the paper will not be caused to slip around
the blanket covered surface of the platten cylinder by too great a disproportion
between the force of winding up and the retardation to the unwinding.
paper which has been printed on both sides and gathered in a scroll in this
manner will afterwards require to be cut across, to divide it into separate
sheets, at the proper places where the blank intervals are left between the
several successive impressions. The cutting may be performed by unrolling
the scroll and cutting the paper across at the proper places by large scissors
moved by the hand and directed by the eye of the workmen; or otherwise
additional machinery may be applied to the machinery which prints the second
side of the paper, in order to cut the paper into sheets, instead of winding
up the twice printed paper in a scroll, in which case the detached sheets
being delivered by the cutting machinery at the same rate that successive
impressions are printed, such a sheet may from time to time be examined,
to ascertain if the machinery is preserving register, without stopping or
retarding the machinery for such examination; and according as the second
impression may be found to be gaining or losing upon the first impression.
the retarding force to the motion of the scroll of once printed paper which
is unwinding can be regulated as before mentioned. The cutting machinery
will draw the paper away from the platten cylinder as fast as that cylinder
will deliver out the paper.
Fourthly, respecting that part of my improvements whereby the long piece
of printed paper last mentioned may be cut up into detached sheets, at the

page_text: completion of the printing of the respective portions of that paper, by the
methods herein-before and berein-after described. The machinery for this
purpose is represented in Sheet V., VI., and VII. And note.-Although
it is represented in Sheet VII. as applied to and acting in concert with
the machinery represented in Sheets VIII. and IX., which is for print-
ing the paper on both sides in passing only once through the machinery,
according to the fifth article of these improvements; nevertheless, the same
cutting machinery is equally applicable to the printing machinery represented
in Sheet IV. to be used therewith, when the paper is printed the second time,
for cutting it up into detached sheets. The completely printed paper, as it
passes out from between the type cylinder and the platten cylinder, is con-
ducted over a large revolving reel 70, whereof the circumference is equal to
the length of four of the sheets into which the paper is to be divided, and after
passing about half round the reel 70, the paper is thereby brought within
reach of nippers 71, 71, which take gentle hold of the two edges of the paper
near to each of the places where it is to be cut off, taking hold a littlo behind
that place in the direction in which the paper is moving, and the said nippers 71
being affixed to two endless chains 72, 72, which circulate over a series of
pulley wheels; the nippers 71 are carried forwards along with the paper after
they have taken hold thereof, and they keep hold whilst the paper is cut,
and afterwards until they deposit the several sheets which are cut off in a
heap or pile, or at least assist the persons who attend the machine in so
depositing the sheets as they are cut off, the nippers releasing their hold of
the paper when so deposited. The large reel 70, and the endless chains 72, 7,
are moved with a suitable speed for taking away the paper, just as fast as the
platten cylinder and type cylinder deliver out the same; for this purpose a
long endless chain 74 is applied around a pully wheel 75, which is affixed on
the end of the axis of the platten cylinder, and also around a like pulley
wheel 76 of the same size, which is mounted on a stud centre pin 73, and has
a pinion 77 affixed to it to turn a spur wheel 78, of four times the size and
number of teeth, fixed on the end of the axis of the reel 70. The pulley
wheels 75 and 76 have notches around their circumferences to receive the joint
pins of the chain 74, and prevent any slipping, so that the operation of the
chain 74 will be like that of toothed wheels, to cause the reel 70 to be turned
once round during four revolutions of the type cylinder. The chain 74 also s
passes around a pulley 77, on the end of an axis which passes across the
machine, and which has two pullies upon it, with teeth or points around their
circumference, for actuating the endless chains 72, 72, and those chains being
extended over pullies 79, 79, their upper portions will lie in a horizontal plane

page_text: over a sort of table 104, on which the detached sheets are to be collected in a
pile. The two chains 72. 72, are united by cross bars 80, situated at intervals
apart about equal to the length of the sheets which are to be cut off; and on
each end of each such bar 80 one of the nippers 71 is placed, and when they
take hold of the paper the cross bar 80 keeps them properly extended for the
width of the sheet. The endless chains 72, 72, pass close beneath the reel 70,
so as to bring the nippers 71 in contact with the paper whilst it is extended
around the reel 70, and where the paper approaches the lowest part of the
circumference of that reel. The nippers are each composed of two pieces
jointed together, so as to open and shut like pliers or pinchers, but having
broad flat surfaces, which shut together like a finger and thumb, to hold the
paper between them, those surfaces being lined with india-rubber, in order that
the parts which take hold may be soft and elastic. A bow spring is applied to
each pair of jointed pieces, in such manner as to hold the nippers open when
they are opened, or the same spring acts to keep them closed when they are
closed. One of the jointed pieces is fixed fast, to the cross bar 80, and the
other jointed piece has a tail projecting out at the opposite side of the centre
joint for opening and shutting the nippers, which is done as they go round with
the eudless chains, by being brought into contact with fixed guides suitably
placed for opening the nippers or for shutting them, according as they are
required to take hold of the paper or to let go. The nippers are brought by
the chains 72, 72, with their mouths wide open, until they fall in with the
paper upon the reel 70, so as to include the same within their open mouths,
and the nippers are then suddenly closed by action of the fixed guides, against
which their tails are at that moment brought into contact, and their springs
will afterwards keep the nippers closed, to retain a gentle hold of the edge of
the paper a little before and after it is cut. The cutting is performed by a knife
81, which cuts all across the width of the paper with an instantaneous slash,
acting upwards from below the edge of the knife, then entering into a crevice
between two straight edges, which are fixed parallel to each other on the
circumference of the reel 70. There are four such cutting places around the
reel 70, at equal distances apart, forming four of the eight rails of the reel.
The same cutting knife 81 serves for them all, acting with each cutting place
as the same comes in its turn to the lowest part of the circumference of the
reel; and after having made its cut upwards into the said crevice, and cut the
paper across, the knife 81 is withdrawn drawnwards therefrom, or suddenly, as
it was slashed upwards, in order to allow the reel to move on; but the said
action of the knife does not require any pause to be made in the motion of the
rcel, which continues to move regularly forwards with the paper, because the

page_text: knife 81 accompanies the reel 70 a little way in its motion, and makes its cut
whilst so accompanying, and then after being withdrawn downwards out of the
way of the paper, the knife returns in an opposite direction, in order to regain
For this
a situation in which it will be ready for repeating its cutting action.
purpose the knife is fitted into a sheath, formed by a narrow interval between
two parallel pieces 82, 82, supported at the upper ends of two arms 92, which
are mounted on a horizontal axis 83, situated parallel to and nearly beneath
the axis of the reel 70, being sustained in suitable bearings on the same frame.
On the extreme end of the axis 83 a toothed pinion 87 is fixed, and its teeth
are engaged by those of a toothed sector 84, which is mounted on an axis fixed
to the frame, and has two lever arms 85 radiating upwards from its centre,
with trunk rollers at the upper end of each arm, to be actuated by two
camms 86, 89, which are fixed on the axis of the pulley wheel 76, before
described. One of the camms 86, by its curvature, moves the sector 84 one
way, so as, by the pinion 87 and axis 83, to move the sheath 82 of the knife 81
in a proper diretion for accompanying the motion of the paper, and the curva-
ture of the camm 86 must be such that it will cause the sheath 82 of the knife
to accompany the motion of that cutting place on the reel which is then
coming.downwards into the cutting position, and with such precision that the
knife will come exactly beneath the crevice into which it is intended to cut
downwards, the said crevice being above the paper which is extended around
the reel, and the knife being below the paper, and for certainty of the knife thus
coming precisely below its corresponding crevice, a prominent tooth 88 is fixed on
the reel at each end of each of the crevices, but beyond the width of the paper.
and those teeth enter into corresponding openings in each end of the crevice
which forms the upper part of the sheath 82 of the knife, their action being like
the teeth of a pair of cog wheels, so as to ensure a correspondence in the motion
of the knife and of the reel for a moment before and a moment after the cut is
made. And after the knife 81 is withdrawn again into its sheath 82, the
camm 86, by its curvature, ceases to impel the said sheath 82 any further in
the direction in which the paper is moving, and then the other fellow camm 89,
acting on the trunk roller of the other lever of the toothed sector 84, moves it
in a contrary direction, and thereby brings the sheath 82 of the knife back
into a suitable position for being moved forwards again by the camm 86, in
due time to meet the next cutting rail of the reel 70, which is in its turn coming
round to the cutting position, and bringing with it as much more paper as.
when cut off, will make another sheet. The sudden slashing motion by which
the knife 81 is urged upwards out of its sheath 82 to cut the paper, and
then instantly drawn down again into that sheath, is communicated from two

page_text: cranks 90, at the opposite ends of a horizontal axis 91, which is mounted in
bearings at the lower ends of the same two arms 92 by which the sheath 82
of the knife 81 is affixed to its axis 83, the crank axis 91 being beneath the
axis 83, and partaking of the vibrating motion of the axis 83 as well as of the
sheath 82 for the knife. And from each crank a small crank rod or link 93 is
extended upwards, and jointed to the two ends of the knife 81.
(Note. The
crank rods 93 are bended so much as is requisite to avoid striking the axis 83.
By this arrangement, when the axis 91 of the two cranks 90 is turned once
round, the cranks 90, by their links 93, will urge the knife 81 upwards out of
its sheath 82, to make it cut through the paper, and will then draw the knife
down again into that sheath. The axis 91 is turned suddenly round by means
of a coiled spring, like that of a watch or clock, which is contained in a spring
box 94, fitted upon the axis 91, with the interior end of the spring attached
thereto, and the outer end is attached to the box 94, which, excepting that con-
nection with the axis, is free to turn round thereon. The axis 91 has a steel
arm 100 fixed fast to it, and the extreme end of that arm (which end is bended
laterally) stops against a curved stop 101, which is fixed fast to a cross rail of
the frame, and the axis 91 is thereby detained from turning round by the force
of the spring in the box 94, although that spring is always kept wound up in
readiness for turning the axis 91 and its cranks 90 suddenly round, in order to
make a slashing cut with the knife the instant that it is permitted to do so,
and that instant is determined by the vibrating motion of the knife, and its
sheath 82, in which the axis 91 participates; for at the same time that the
knife in its motion along with the reel 70, and the paper arrives at the position
where it is to make its slashing cut, then the bended end of the detaining arm
100 of the axis 91, by the vibrating motion thereof, passes off from the end of
the fixed curved stop 100, so as to allow the axis 91 and its cranks 90 to be.
turned round by the force of the wound up spring 94 with a very rapid motion
whereby the cranks 90 and their links 93 cause the slashing cut of the knife
and the return thereof into its sheath, when the axis 91 has thus made one
turn, the bended end of its arm 100 comes against another fixed curved stop 102,
which intercepts and detains it, and the axis 91 from moving further in the
same manner as the other stop 101 did; but in the course of the vibrating
motion of the axis 91, the said bended end of the detaining lever 100 will swing
beyond the end of the fixed stop 102, and allow the said end to drop off from
the same on to the other stop 101, in which state the axis 91 and cranks 90 of
the knife stand prepared for a repetition of their slashing cut when required to
cut again. It now only remains to explain how the spring 94 is kept con-
tinually wound up and ready for action. A toothed pinion 95 is formed on one

page_text: side of the box 94, to be worked by a cog wheel 96, of six times its size and
number of teeth, which is fitted loose upon the axis 83, and has a racke
wheel 97, of six teeth, fixed to it, those teeth are engaged by a driver 98, which
is jointed to the upper end of one of the arms 92 of the axis 83; a click 99
acts in the teeth of the same ratchet wheel 97; it is jointed to a fixed cross ba
of the frame, and acts to prevent the ratchet wheel moving backwards. The
driver 98 acts in one of the teeth of the ratchet wheel 97, to connect that
wheel with the axis 83, so that the wheel will partake of the motion of that
axis whenever the same is moved by action of its camm 89, in order to carry
the sheath 92 of the knife 81 in a contrary direction to the motion of the
whcel 70 and the paper; but on the contrary, the click 99, catching in another
tooth of the ratchet wheel 97, will prevent that wheel recoiling when the
knife 81 is moved along with the paper by action of its camm 86, for then the
ratchet wheel 97, and its cog wheel 96, become immoveable, whilst the axis
91 of the cranks 90, and the pinion 95 of the spring box 94, are partaking of
the swinging motion of the axis 83. In consequence of the pinion 95 acting
thus on the teeth of the immoveable wheel 96, that pinion and its spring box
94 are turned round on their axis 91, and thereby they wind up the spring
in the box 94 just one turn; but notwithstanding that turning of the pinion
95, and winding up of the spring, no motion will thereby be communicated
to the axis 91, and its cranks, to turn them round; but that axis is detained
by its arm 100 and fixed stop 101, from turning round, as before explained,
until the knife arrives at its proper position for making another cut, and then
the arm 100 drops off from its top 101. It has been already explained, that
the nippers 71 take hold of the paper an instant previous to the cut being made,
but a little after the place where the cut is made, wherefore after every cut the
sheet which is detached thereby is still held in the nippers by its edges near to
that end of the sheet which is going foremost; and also, the foremost end of the
uncut paper which wraps round the reel will, in like manner, be held by the
nippers 71 near to its foremost end, and by the motion which the nippers 71
derive from their endless chains 72, they will draw forwards the paper, and
keep it adhering to the reel 70. And when the nippers 71 have thus carried
forwards the end of the uncut paper the length of another sheet, then, by
another cut of the knife 81, that sheet is cut off; another succeeding pair
of nippers having in the meantime advanced and taken hold of the uncut
paper an instant previous to cutting, but at a small distance behind the place
where the cut is made. And in order to deposit the sheets which are so cut
off in a heap or pile one over the other, the nippers 71 are caused to open and
leave the sheets which they bad previously held, and carried forwards by the

page_text: motion of their chaius 72, at the moment when the said sheets arrive over the
table 104 on which thay are to be deposited. That table in mounted on
springs 195 so as to be buoyant, in order that it may admit of pressing it down
as the sheets accumulate, and form a Leep upon it. The pairs of nippers 77,
5 which bold the opposite edges of each sheet, are opened by fixed guides 196,
beneath which the tails of the nippers are carried as they move along with
their chains 72; and when the said nippers are so opened, they leave the sheet
(which they had previously held) quite loose, that it may drop by its weight
upon the heap on the table 104, but as that would be uncertain, two bearers
down 106, 107, which act like hands, are brought down upon the foremost and
hindmost ends of the sheet at the very instant when the nippers are opened.
The said bearers down 106, 107, are affixed by lever arms to two horizontal
axes 108, 109, which extend across the frame, and are actuated by two
camms 110, 111, fixed on the axis of the same pulley wheel 77, before men-
tioned, from which the endless chain 72, 72, derive their motion; the camm
110 acts by a lever 112 on the axis of 108 of the bearer down 106, to urge
the latter down upon the loose sheet of paper at the proper moment; and
the camm 111, acts by a lever 113 and a long link 114 and lever arm 115
on the axis 109 of the other bearer down 107, to urge the latter down upon
the same sheet at the same instant when the bearer down 106 acts thereon,
as before mentioned; and by their conjoined action the loose sheet is borne
down on the pile, and aggregated thereto, in an instant after the nippers have
let it go, and then the camm 111 allows its bearer down 107 to fly up again
instantly by action of a spring 116, in order to get out of the way of the next
following sheet and pair of nippers which is coming forward. The other bearer
down 106 is kept down a little longer, until it is also required to get out of
the way of the next sheet, and then its camm 110 allows it to fly up. The
bearers down 106, 107, depress the buoyant table as the pile of sheets accu-
mulates, and there are serrated racks, with fine teeth and spring clicks to them,
for holding down the table and restraining it from rising up when the bearers
down rise up from it. It is intended to have a person always in attendance
on this part of the machine to assist and keep the sheets smooth, and to avoid
doubling the ends. The buoyant table 104 is fitted in a frame, which slides
laterally across the machine, like a drawer, with two such buoyant tables 104
upon it, side by side, and when a pile is formed upon one table 104, the drawer
is pulled out sideways to remove the pile, and the same motion brings the
other table 104 into its place for beginning a new pile. Note.-The motion of
the nippers 71, by their endless chain 72, should be a very little quicker than
the actual motion of the paper, and the distance between the nippers should

page_text: he a very little more than the length of a sheet, in order to allow for shipping
and to keep the paper extended to a full measure.
Fifthly, respecting that part of the improvements whereby both sides of the
paper may be printed, by modification and duplication of the machinery con
structed according to the improvements herein-before described, while tha
paper is passing once through the machine. The machinery for this purpose
is represented in Sheets VIII. and IX. of the Drawings hereunto annexed
and the parts thereof being very similar to those before described, a brie
explanation will be sufficient. A second platten cylinder 120 is applied
immediately behind the platten cylinder R, and in contact therewith, and a
second type cylinder 121 is applied immediately beceath the second platten
cylinder 120, all being sustained in the same frame; also a second inking
apparatus is applied behind the second type cylinder 121, the only difference
in that inking apparatus being the introduction of an additional soft cylinder
or roller 122, to cause the surfaces of the rollers 31, 32, and 33, which apply
to the types, to move in the same direction with the types. The paper is first
introduced from the scroll 54, between the type cylinder 1 and its platten
cylinder R, and is thereby printed on one side; then the paper passes down
between the platten cylinder R and the additional one 120, but without being
pinched between them, and passing under the latter, and between that and the
additional type cylinder 121, the paper receives the other impression on the
other side; and then it passes away to the cutting machinery represented in
Sheets VI. and VII., which has been already described. And note.-In order
to cause the second impression to make register with the first, the cog wheels
on the ends of the axes of the respective type cylinders are not fixed fast on
their axes, but have arms fixed fast on them, with setting screws by which
the wheels can be suitably adjusted on their axes. The mode of feeding
the machinery with paper from scrolls is the same as herein-before described;
and the mode of bringing the platten cylinders into action, by excentrics S, S.
with a handle T, is the same, but the weight of the additional platten cylinder
120 requires to be balanced by counter levers 123 and springs. The wheel-
work for giving motion to the additional platten cylinder 120 ad type
cylinder 121, and the additional inking apparatus, is sufficiently represented in
Sheet IX.
Sixthly, respecting that part of the improvements whereby two impressions
may be printed at the same time on two distinct papers from the same
revolving type cylinder. The machinery will be the same as is represented
in the Drawings, and as herein-before described, with the addition of another
platten roller and another inking apparatus to the same type cylinder. Those

page_text: additions being respectively on opposite sides of the axis of that type cylinder,
whereby it will be rendered. capable of printing impressions from off the two
opposite sides of its circumference at the same time. The dotted circle 125,
Sheet IV., represents the place for such an additional platten cylinder over
the type cylinder 1, and the dotted circles 126 represent the position of the
additional inking apparatus to the same type cylinder. The additional paper
which will be printed by such an additional platten cylinder and inking appa-
ratus will move through the machine in a contrary direction to the other paper
which is printing at the same time, and the additional paper may be supplied
from a scroll at the back of the machinery, and wound up, when printed, in
a scroll at the front thereof; and in the same manner the. dotted circles 125
and 126, in Sheet IX., represent the places of an additional platten cylinder
and inking apparatus, when the same are applied to the machinery herein-
before described for printing on both sides of the paper at once; but the addi-
tional paper which is printed at the same time by such an additional platten
cylinder and inking apparatus will only be printed on one side, in the same
manner as would be done by the machinery represented in Sheet IV., and
herein-before described, but another additional platten cylinder may be applied
at the place shewn by the dotted circle-127, to act with a type. cylinder 121,
and the dotted lines 128 shew the place of another additional inking apparatus
for the said type cylinder 121. The additional paper which is printing at the
same time by such other additional platten roller and inking apparatus will
only be printed on one side, wherefore the complete machine will have three
distinct streams of paper flowing through it at the same time, whereof one will
be printed on both sides and completed, and may be cut up into detached
sheets, in the manner herein-before explained, but the other two will be printed
only one side of each paper, and must be gathered up in scrolls, after being so
printed, in the same manner as already described respecting Sheet 4; but after
the two additional papers have been so printed and gathered up in scrolls, the
samme being unwound and made up anew into scrolls, and exchanged one sort
for the other, may be passed through again, in order to be printed on the second:
side of each paper by the additional platten cylinders and inking apparatuses,
in the manner herein-before described of printing a second time by the
machinery represented in Sheet IV., that is to say, the paper which was printed
on one side by the uppermost additional platten cylinder from the upper type
cylinder, must at the second time be printed on its other side by the lowermost
platten cylinder to the lowermost type cylinder, and vice versa, and the paper
30 printed a second time must be gathered up in scrolls, in the manner herein-
before described respecting machinery. represented in Sheet W. Further

page_text: note. Respecting the first part of improvements, the occasional binders, with
tenons x, Sheeet II., herein-before described, may, if repaired, be used with
the chases, Sheet I., in the same manner as with the galleys, Sheet II., proper
grooves being in such case cut in the sides of the chases to receive the tenons ;
and leads 135, Sheet II., may be inserted between the lines of type for wide
printing, such leads being held in their places by the lateral pressure at the
end of the page or column, as already described, and may be still further
secured, if necessary, by having a slight horn or projection at each end, cor-
responding with the hooked projections to the binders r, Sheet II., and ranging
with the said hooked projections when in use. In printing newspapers, when
it is required to print a title or heading which will not all be included
within the side boundaries of the columns of type, the said title or heading.
may be formed upon a small stereotype plate formed to the cylindrical curva-
ture, and this plate may be supported by and screwed down upon proper
blocks of wood introduced into the galleys at the head of the columns of type.
and partake of the screw pressure which bears upon the type to fasten it in
the galley.
Having now described the nature of my said Invention, I, the said Rowland
Hill, do hereby declare that the new Invention or improvements whereof the
exclusive use is granted to me by the said Letters Patent, consists,-
First, in the improvements, herein-before described, in certain methods of
letter press printing, by which moveable types are securely fastened, so that
their printing surfaces shall be in conformity with a true but supposed
cylindrical surface, forming, when so fastened, a revolving type cylinder.
Secondly, an improvement in the methods of letter-press printing for
supplying ink, in the manner herein-before described, to revolving cylindrical.
printing surfaces; the essential character of the improvement being to turn
the ductor roller at a slower speed than the other inking rollers, while at the
same time all the inking rollers (the ductor inclusive) are kept in contact, not
occasionally, but constantly. The object aimed at in this improvement is to
give a supply of ink to the types, which shall be at one and the same time
constant and under perfect regulation by the worker of the machine.
Thirdly, an improvement in the methods of letter-press printing, which
consists in feeding the type cylinders with a large scroll of paper, in the
manner herein-before described.
Fourthly, an improvement in the methods of letter-press printing, which
furnishes the means of cutting up the said scrolls, in a manner herein-before
described, into separate sheets or leaves after they are printed upon.
Fifthly, an improvement in the methods of letter-press printing, which

page_text: consists printing both sides of the paper, in the manner "erein-before
described, whilst the same is passing once only through the machinery.
Sixthly, an improvement in the methods of letter-press printing, by which
two impressions are respectively printed, in manner herein-before described,
upon two distinct papers at one and the same time from the same type
cylinder.
And here note generally, that the machinery to which the improvements
now recapitulated apply, is machinery for letter-press printing with moveable
types arranged round a cylinder, and conforming in whole or in part to a
supposed but true cylindrical surface revolving continuously, except where, by
reference to the detailed parts of the Specification, such limitation is repug-
nant to the sense. Note also, that it has been found convenient to speak of
platten cylinders as placed above or below type cylinders, through other relative
positions may be found practicable and possibly convenient.
In witness whereof, I, the said Rowland Hill, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Twelfth day of August, One thousand eight hundred
ROWLAND (La.) HILL
AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Twelfth day of August, in the
sixth year of the reign of His Majesty King William the Fourth, the said
Rowland Hill came before our said Lord the King in His Chancery, and
acknowledged the instrument aforesaid, and all and every thing therein con-
tained and specified, in form above written. And also the instrument aforesaid
was stamped according to the tenor of the Statute made in the fifty-fifth
year of the reign of His late Majesty King George the Third.
Inrolled the Twelfth day of August, One thousand eight hundred and