AN IMPROVED METHOD OF WEAVING WOOLLEN CLOTHS AND CLOTHS MADE OF WOOL TOGETHER WITH OTHER MATERIALS
Year: 1839

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOSEPH
CLISILD DANIELL, of Limpley Stoke, in the Parish of Bradford, in the
County of Wilts, send greeting.
WHEREAS I did by Petition humbly represent unto Her present most
Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria that, after considerable application and
expense, I had invented "AN IMPROVED METHOD OF WEAVING WOOLLEN CLOTHS
AND CLOTHS MADE OF WOOL TOGETHER WITH OTHER MATERIALS;" and Her said
Majesty being willing to give encouragement to all arts and inventions which
may be for the public good, was graciously pleased by Her Royal Letters
Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Ninth day of January, One
thousand eight hundred and thirty-nine, in the second year of Her reign,
for Herself, Her heirs and successors, to give and grant unto me, the said
Joseph Clisild Daniell, my exors, adñiors, and assigns, Her especial licence,
full power, sole privilege and authority, that I or they, by myself or themselves,
or by my or their deputies, servants, or agents, or such others as I or they
should agree with (and no others), during the term of fourteen years from the
date of the said Letters Patent, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise,
and vend my said Invention within that part of Her said Majesty's Dominions
called England, Her Dominion of Wales, and Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed,
in such manner as to me, my exors, adiñors, and assigns, shall seem meet, and
as that I or they shall enjoy the whole profit and advantage arising by reason
of the said Invention during the said term of fourteen years, and for that end

page_text: Her said Majesty requires and strictly commands all Her subjects whatsoever,
within England, Wales, and Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed aforesaid, that they
shall not, neither directly or indirectly, make, use, or put in practise my said
Invention, or any part thereof, nor in anywise counterfeit, imitate, or resemble
the same, nor make any addition thereto or subtraction therefrom, whereby to
pretend himself or themselves to be the inventor or inventors thereof. And
whereas the said Letters Patent contain a proviso obliging me, the said
Joseph Clisild Daniell, particularly to describe and ascertain the nature of
my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, by an
instrument in writing under my hand and seal, and to cause the same to be
inrolled in Her Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar months
next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent, as in and by
the same (reference being thereunto had) will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Joseph Clisild Daniell, do hereby declare that my said Invention is described
and ascertained in manner following, and by the aid of the Drawing hereunto
annexed (that is to say):-
The object of my said Improved Method of Weaving Woollen Cloths and
Cloths made of Wool together with other Materials is to render such cloths
more suitable for warm garments than cloths exhibiting the same fineness of
texture and appearance would be if they were woven in the usual manner,
for cloths woven according to my said improved method have one side or
surface of the cloth covered with a covering composed of wool or of other
suitable material, or of any suitable mixture of wool with other material, and
which covering is produced by an additional weft thread or shoot composed of
wool or other suitable material, or of any suitable mixture of wool with other
material, that additional weft thread or shoot passing alternately backwards
and forwards across the width of the piece of cloth, without being drawn into
the thickness of what I call the texture of the cloth, during the operation of
weaving the same according to my said improved method. But the said
additional weft thread is applied wholly on one side or surface of that
texture in order to form a covering to that side or surface, which covering is
in a distinct plane from that of the texture of the cloth, and the said additional
weft thread is confined and kept in its intended place on the said surface by
being tied thereto, by causing some few of the warp threads of the cloth to cross
and pass round outside of the said additional weft thread, so as to bind, tye on,
or confine the same to the cloth; but the number (or proportionate number) of
warp threads which are so caused to cross or pass round outside of the said
additional weft thread is no more than is necessary for the purpose of binding,

page_text: tyeing on, and confining the said additional weft thread in its intended place on
the cloth in order to form a covering thereto, as herein-before mentioned, and
the texture of the cloth which is thus covered on one side is formed by the
mutual intercrossings of the ordinary weft thread or shoot with the several
warp threads, those two sorts of threads crossing over and under each other in
any such usual and regulated manner as will produce a firm cloth texture of
the desired quality, that texture being independant of and in a distinct plane
from the additional weft thread or shoot which is to form the covering to one
side of the cloth, for, as before explained, that additional weft thread does not
penetrate into the thickness of the texture of the cloth at all; and as to those
few of the warp threads which do cross and pass round outside of the said
additional weft thread, as before mentioned, for the purpose of tyeing on and
confining that thread in place on the cloth, although those few warp threads
must occasionally at intervals bend out of or quit their usual and proper
places in the plane of the thickness of the said texture of the cloth, in order
to so cross and pass' round outside of the said additional weft thread, never-
theless the said few warp threads do always return to their usual and proper
places in the texture of the cloth, after having so crossed and passed round
outside of the additional weft thread, and the said few warp threads being.
only a small proportion of the whole number of warp threads, the regularity
of the texture of the cloth is not materially deranged by the said occasional
bending of those said few warp threads out of their usual and proper places
in the said texture, at such intervals as it is required for them to do so in
order to tye on or confine the additional weft threads in place on one side of
the texture of the cloth, and form a covering to that side, as before mentioned,
wherefore the texture of the cloth is (as before mentioned) formed by the
mutual intercrossing or interweaving of the ordinary weft thread with the
several warp threads, excepting those few of the latter which are for the time
being bended out of their proper places in the plane of the thickness of the
said texture; but those same few warp threads, at all other times when they are
not in the act of being so bended out of their said proper places, do participate
with all the other warp threads in forming the texture of the cloth by
mutually intervening with the ordinary weft thread, according to any such
suitable and regulated manner of interweaving of warp and weft threads
together as will form a firm woven cloth texture of the desired quality. And
note, the adjacent shoots of the ordinary weft thread (which shoots perform
the said mutual interweaving with the warp threads to form the texture of the
cloth) ought to be disposed as much as possible at uniform distances apart,
shoot from shoot in that texture, in order that the texture may be regular and

page_text: uniform, but the aforesaid additional weft thread, which is to form the covering
to one side of cloth, ought to have as little influence as possible in keeping the
adjacent shoots of the ordinary weft thread apart, one from shoot the next or
in deranging the regularity of the distances between shoot and shoot
of the said ordinary weft thread. And as to the manner of performing my
said improved method of weaving, the same must be varied according to the
kind, quality, or variety of cloth that it is desired to produce, and by way of
example I shall explain the manner of weaving, according to my said improved
method, such varieties of cloth as will be most generally useful. For woollen
cloth which is to be milled or fulled, and then raised with a woolly pile, by
dressing with teasles (or substitutes for teasles), and then that pile to be cropped
or shorn even and smooth on the surface, I employ nearly the same kind or
quality of woollen warp yarn (or chain), and of woollen weft yarn (or shoot),
for forming, what I have herein-before called the texture of the cloth, as would
be used in the ordinary mode of weaving such a quality of woollen cloth as
would exhibit nearly the same fineness of appearance on its face or front
surface as the cloth woven according to my said improved method will exhibit
on its face or front surface, videlicet, on that side thereof which is not covered.
with the covering herein-before mentioned. And for the additional weft (or
shoot), which is to form that covering, I use woollen weft yarn (or shoot),
containing at least twice (and in some cases three times) the weight or
quantity of wool in any given length that is contained in a like length of the
ordinary weft or shoot which, as aforesaid, I use for what I have herein-before
termed the ordinary weft or shoot of the texture of the cloth. And in weaving
the same according to my said improved method, I throw one shoot of the
said large or coarse additional weft yarn for every two shoots of ordinary weft
yarn, and I cause one fifth part of the whole number of warp yarns to cross
and pass round outside of each shoot of the said large or coarse additional
weft yarn.
in order to tye on and confine the same in its intended place, so
that it may form a covering to one side or surface of the cloth, as herein-
before explained. And I form the texture of the cloth by any such mutual
interweaving and intercrossing of the ordinary weft yarn with the several warp
yarns as will produce nearly the same firmness and stability of texture as
would be produced in the usual mode of weaving woollen cloth which is
intended to exhibit the same degree of fineness of appearance on its face o
front surface as the cloth woven according to my said improved method is
intended to exhibit on its face; that is to say, in the usual mode of weaving
woollen cloths, the mutual intercrossing of the weft yarns over and under the
several warp yarns is so managed as that a greater proportion of the wef

page_text: yarn than of the warp yarn is thrown up or rendered visible on the front face
of the cloth, in order that when a woolly pile is raised on that surface the
fibres of wool in the weft yarn may so predominate in the said pile as to
conceal and cover the yarns of the warp. And in like manner and for the
same object in weaving such woollen cloth according to my said improved
method, a larger proportion of the weft yarn than of the warp yarn may be
brought up or rendered visible upon the front face of the cloth, which effect
may be attained by suitable management of the operation of the weaving, as is
well known to weavers of woollen cloth in the usual mode of weaving, and like
management may be used in weaving according to my said improved method.
Or the mutual intercrossings that the ordinary weft yarn is to make over and
under the several warp yarns may be so arranged that the ordinary weft yarn
will occasionally (but not always) pass over two adjacent yarns of warp, those
occasions being as frequent as is requisite in order to exhibit the intended pre-
dominance of the fibres of wool of the weft in the pile on the front face of the
cloth. But note, this mode of obtaining such predominance is not a new
practice in weaving woollen cloth, and is no part of my present Invention;
and the adjacent shoots of the ordinary weft will be disposed at regular
distances asunder, from shoot to shoot, in the texture of the cloth, without
sensible derangement of the regularity of those distances by the application
of the large or coarse additional weft, which is to form the covering for the
back surface of the cloth, and which additional weft is thrown across the said
surface at every third time of throwing the shuttle, so that there will be two
shoots of ordinary weft in the texture of the cloth for one shoot of the large
or coarse additional weft in the said covering; but nevertheless, owing to the
larger size of the said additional weft, the adjacent shoots thereof may be
made to fill up one to another on the back surface so as to form a complete
covering thereto. And when woollen cloth, woven as above described according
to my said improved method, has been milled or felted in a fulling mill, and its
surfaces afterwards raised into a woolly pile by operation of dressing with teasles
(or substitutes for teasles), and then that pile being shorn even and smooth,
according to the usual practice of milling, dressing, and finishing woollen
cloths, the face or front surface of the cloth may, by suitable management of
the said usual practice, have the same appearance given to it as might be
given to the face or front surface of woollen cloth woven in the ordinary mode
with warp and weft yarns spun of the same size and quality of wool and of
spinning as the warp and the ordinary weft which I use for the texture of the
cloth woven according to my improved method. But the back surface of the
latter cloth, being covered with a covering of the aforesaid large or coarse

page_text: additional weft, that covering may be raised to a long soft pile, which will
render the cloth very fit for making warm garments. And the said covering,
although (as herein-before mentioned) it is not drawn by the operation of
weaving (according to my improved method) into the thickness of the texture
of the cloth, so as to penetrate-that thickness, but is in a distinct plane-from
that of the said texture, nevertheless, by the operation of the fulling mill, the
fibres of the wool whereof the said large or coarse additional weft is composed
will become so far intermingled amongst and felted to the fibres of the wool,
whereof the warp and ordinary weft are composed, as to produce a strong
adhesion of the said covering to the texture of the cloth, in addition to the
adhesion produced in the weaving by the tying on of the additional large or
coarse weft which forms the said covering to the said texture, by causing
every fifth of the warp yarns to pass round across each shoot of the large or
coarse additional weft as herein-before stated. And also by the operation of
the fulling mill, the fibres of wool in the adjacent shoots of the additional
large or coarse weft may be so felted together as to produce a considerable
lateral adhesion of those adjacent shoots, each one to its neighbour, and thus
unite them more completely into a covering, which can be raised into a long
soft woolly pile; wherefore the said covering will give an addition of strength
to the texture of the cloth, as well as render it fit for warm clothing; but the
cloth, although its thickness is greatly augmented by the addition of the said
covering to one side of it, is much more supple or pliable and exhibits a finer
face or surface than cloth of equal thickness and warmth woven in the usual
mode, for then as the whole thickness would be in the texture of the cloth, and
the yarns of warp and weft whereof it is woven must be spun large, and the
texture so composed of large yarns will render the cloth far more stiff and
rigid and coarse on the surface than cloth of equal thickness woven according
to my improved method, which has a thin and firmly woven texture of
fine spun yarn for the warp and for the ordinary weft, with a covering
over one side to obtain thickness and warmth. The thickness thus
obtained does not render the cloth stiff and rigid or coarse in appearance
on the face or surface, but leaves it supple or pliable, and yet it is firm
in its texture, because it is composed of fine yarns closely interwoven
warp and weft together. And woollen cloth woven according to my
said improved method, although of a firm and thin texture, owing to
that texture being closely woven of fine spun yarns for the warp and for
the ordinary weft, and although it exhibits a fine face or surface, it may
nevertheless have the large or coarse additional weft for the covering for the
.back surface spun out of a coarser and cheaper kind of wool than is proper to

page_text: be used for spinning the finer yarns for the warp and for the ordinary weft
which form the texture of the cloth, but that circumstance of being enabled
to use coarser wool for forming the said covering is in no way essential to my
improved method of weaving, for the additional weft which I use to form the
said covering may be spun out of the same kind of wool as is used for spinning
the warp and ordinary weft, or out of fur, beaver, hair, silk, or other suitable
material, or out of any suitable mixture of such materials, all which circum-
stances may be according to the sort of pile which is desired to be given to the
covering of the cloth; and although it will in most cases be intended that the
said covering shall form the back face of the cloth, in which case the appear-
ance exhibited by that covering is of less importance, nevertheless that
circumstance is not essential to my improved method, for the said covering
may be the front or outside face of the cloth, in which case the material
chosen for that covering, and the pile into which it is raised, and the finish
given thereto, must be managed according to the appearance the cloth is
desired to present.
And note, although the additional weft yarn which is to
form the said covering to cloth woven according my said improved method,
has been herein-before stated to be a large and coarse weft, and in particular
cases containing twice or three times the quantity or weight of material in a
given length that is contained in a like length of the warp, or of the ordinary
weft which is to form the texture of the cloth, nevertheless, the circumstances
is not essential to my said improved method, for the said additional weft may
be of the same or nearly the same size as the ordinary weft. It is obvious
that the covering which is formed by using a fine spun or small size additional
weft will not form so thick a covering for the cloth as will be formed by using
a coarse spun or large size additional weft, but it may in some cases be
desirable to have a thin covering, and in other cases to have a thicker, and as
to the loom which is to be used for my improved method of weaving, the same
may be such as is commonly used for the usual mode of weaving, but it must
be provided with the means of using two shuttles in all cases when the
additional weft, which, according to my improved method, is to form the
covering to one side of the cloth, is to be of a larger size, or coarser, or of a
different material from the ordinary weft, which, by interweaving with the
warp, is to form the texture of the cloth, for then, one shuttle being filled
with the ordinary weft and the other with the additional weft, the loom must
be adapted to use both those shuttles so that either one of them may be thrown
across the web in its turn, as is required, in order to lay or throw the shoots of
each sort of weft at their intended intervals, and the loom must be provided
with a sufficient number of heddles for operating upon the yarns of the warp,

page_text: so as to open or divide the warp into a shed, which will admit a shuttle to
pass therein across the width of the warp, the treadles and gear or harness by
which those heddles are wrought being suitably arranged, so that at particular
and appointed times of dividing the warp and opening a shed therein, all the
warp yarns except one out of five of their whole number will be raised up, and
then it is that the shuttle with the additional weft is to be thrown across the
width of the warp in that shed which is so opened, whereby a shoot of that
additional weft will be laid beneath all the warp yarns, excepting those few of
them which have not been raised by the heddles, and which few are kept
down, in order that they may pass round and tye on the shoot of the additional
weft which has been just thrown, so as to retain the said shoot in its intended
place in part of the formation of a covering to the texture of the cloth, and
then after the throwing of the said shoot of the additional weft, and the beating
up of that shoot by the usual motion of the reed and of the lathe, then, at the
next succeeding time of opening the shed, the heddles must divide the yarns of
the warp in a suitable manner for producing the texture of the cloth, that is,
with a suitable number of the yarus of the warp raised up, and a suitable
number of them kept down, and then the shuttle with the ordinary weft is
to be thrown across the width of the warp in the shed which is so opened,
whereby a shoot of that ordinary weft will be suitably laid in between the
divided warp yarns to be in part of the formation of the woven texture of the
cloth, and the said shoot of ordinary weft being beaten up by motion of the
lathe, then the heddles divide the yarns of the warp anew, in a suitable manner
for continuing to form the texture of the cloth, and then the shuttle with the
ordinary weft is thrown again to lay another shoot of that weft in further
formation of the said texture, and after the said shoot of ordinary weft is
beaten up by motion of the lathe, then the heddles divide the warp in the
manner first mentioned, viz., by raising up all the warp yarns, except one
out of five of their whole number, and then the shuttle containing the additional
weft is to be thrown, in order to lay another shoot of that additional weft in
continuation of the formation of the covering to the texture of the cloth, and
after the said shoot is beaten up the heddles divide the warp suitably for
continuing the texture of the cloth, and then the shuttle containing the
ordinary weft is thrown again to lay another shoot thereof, and so on. And
note, those warp yarns which are kept down when the shoots of additional
weft are thrown, and which warp yarns are to perform the tying on of the
said shoots to the texture of the cloth, may be supplied by a distinct yarn
beam from the ordinary yarn beam, which supplies the other yarns of the
warp. By thus having two yarn beams, those yarns of the warp which

page_text: being for the
known), it is
perform the said tying on may (if the formation of the cloth requires) give
out a greater length than the other warp yarns give out in the formation of
a long piece of cloth.
And by way of further explanation I have hereunto
annexed a Drawing of a loom which I have used for weaving woollen cloth
according to my said improved method, and bave found to answer the intended
purpose very well; it is a power loom deriving its motion from the power of
steam or water, except the action of pecking or throwing the shuttle, which
is performed by the workman who attends the operation of the loom. The
names of the principal parts being written on the Drawing, and
most part the same as in other power looms (and therefore well
not necessary to enter into a full description of every part, but only of those
parts which are different from the corresponding parts of a similar loom,
when used for weaving woollen cloth in the usual mode; and I shall describe
the loom as being in the act of weaving one particular kind of woollen cloth,
according to my said improved method, which kind I select by way of example,
because I have made such cloth and found it to answer. The warp for
weaving the cloth is wound upon two warp rollers A and B, Figure II.,
whereof one roller A contains three fifths of the whole number of yarns in the
warp, and the other roller B contains the other two fifths of that number.
The yarns from those two rollers are conducted up over a fixed horizontal
rail C, and after passing across that rail are extended horizontally in the loom,
and pass through the heddles D, which are five in number, and then the
yarns pass through the reed or slay a of the lathe E, in the usual manner of
all looms. The warp so extended is woven by throwing shoots of weft across
its width, and as fast as cach such shoot is beaten up into its proper place by
the action of the reed a, the cloth is formed at b, which cloth passes over
the breast beam F, and is wound up around the cloth beam or roller G. That
roller G has a pulley g upon one end of its axle, around which a cord dis
wound, and the cord d being conducted by suitable pullies e, e, e, has a weight
f suspended to one end of it, in order to exert a constant tendency to turn
the roller G round and wind up the cloth as fast as it is formed. Note,
when the weight f has descended near to the floor, it is wound up anew by
turning the pulley g round backwards by hand, for that pulley is not fixed
fast on the axis of the cloth roller G, but is connected therewith by means of
a ratchet wheel h, which is fixed on the axis, and a click belonging to the
pulley takes into the teeth of that ratchet to turn the same, together with
the roller G, by the descent of the weight f, but the ratchet and click allows
the pulley g to be turned round the backward way for winding up the weight,
when required. The two warp rollers A and B have a sheave or pulley h, k,

page_text: fixed on each end of the roller, and around or over that sheave a strap is
applied, one end of the strap being made fast to the framing of the loom and
the other end being drawn down tight on the sheave by action of a loaded lever
1, 1. These straps detain the yarn rollers A, B, from turning round easily,
and therefore occasion tension on the yarns of the warp in the act of pulling
forward the yarn from off each roller, which is the usual manner of all
looms, but the weights on the several loaded levers 1, 1, must be duly regulated
so that all the yarns of the warp will be under a like tension, as well as those
yarns which come from the yarn roller A as those which come from the yarn
roller B, for the yarns proceeding from those two rollers A to B are inter-
mingled together to form the warp, which, in counting across its width,
consists of three neighbouring or adjacent yarns proceeding from the upper
yarn roller A, and then two adjacent arms proceeding from the lower yarn
roller B, then three from A, and then two from B, and so on across the whole
width of the warp. The warp so constituted is equally divided amongst the five
headles at D, that is to say, one of the yarns of the warp which proceeds from
upper yarn roller A being threaded into the backmost heddle 1, nearest to the
yarn rollers, then the next adjacent warp yarn, which proceeds from the lower
yarn roller B, is threaded into the next heddle 2, then the next yarn, which also
proceeds from the lower yarn roller B, is threaded into the next heddle 3,
then the next yarn which proceeds from the upper yarn roller A is threaded
into the next heddle 4, then the next yarn, which also proceeds from the
upper yarn roller A, is threaded into the next heddle 5, which is the farthest
from the yarn rollers, and so on; all the rest of the yarns of the warp are
threaded into the five heddles by repetition of the above order throughout the
whole width of the warp, and the said five heddles are actuated by six treadles
placed side by side beneath the heddles, being all six moveable about one
fixed centre pin m, and the front ends of the treadles H are connected by
cords with counters or levers M and N, Figure 1, in such manner that each
treadle, when pressed down, will pull up some heddles and draw down others,
as the progress of the weaving requires; that is to say, there are five counters
M side by side, and five counters N, side by side, answering to the five
beddles, being one counter M and one counter N belonging to each heddle.
Each of the six treadles H has five connecting cords proceeding upwards
from the front end of it, some of which five cords are tied to some of the five
counters M belonging to such of the five heddles as are to be pulled down by
action of the treadle, and the rest of the five cords are tied to those of the
counters N, which belong to the rest of the five heddles, being those heddles
which are to be pulled up, for each of the counters M is tied by a short cord

page_text: to the lower shaft of the heddle to which it belongs, so that whenever a
counter M is pulled down by a cord from any treadle, that action will cause
the heddle belonging to that counter M to be sunk or pulled down, but the five
counters N have five cords n proceeding up from them (between the yarns of
the warp and amongst the headles, but without interference with either) to
the inner ends of ten levers or jacks P, Q, which are suspended by their
centres p, q, from the ceiling of the loom, each of the five cords n having two
branches to connect it to two jacks P, Q, as seen in Figure 1. There are five
jacks P and five jacks Q side by side, being one jack P and one jack Q to
each of the five heddles, and from the outer ends of each jack P and Q a cord
r, r, descends to the upper shaft of the heddle to which the two jacks belong,
wherefore the two jacks P and Q belonging to each heddle cause that beddlo
to be raised or pulled up whenever the counter N belonging to the same
heddle is pulled down, because the cord n which goes up from that counter N
is tied to the inner ends of the two jacks P and Q, whilst the heddle is
suspended by the cords r, 1, from the outer ends of the same jacks whereof
the centres of motion are at P and Q. The above mode of connecting the
treadles with the heddles by means of counters and jacks, so as to enable cach
treadle to pull down some heddles, and at the same time to pull up all the
other heddles, is in common use, and. well known amongst weavers, and the
same effect may be produced in other ways of connecting the treadles and
heddles, which being understood, the arrangement of the several cords from
each of the treadles to the several counters for this particular instance of
weaving woollen cloth according to my improved method is as follows:-
Supposing the six treadles H to be numbered as in Figures I. III. and IV.,
the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, there marked on the several treadles, will
denote the order of succession in which the six treadles are to be pressed
down one after another at each succeeding time of opening the warp into a
shed. Treadle 1 is tied by three of its five cords to the pull-down counters M,
belonging to the 1st, 2d, and 5th heddles, and is also tied by the other two
of those five cords to the pull-up counters N, belonging to the 3rd and 4th
heddles. Treadle 2 is tied by three of its cords to the pull-down counters M,
belonging to the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th heddles, and by its other two cords to
the pull-up counters N, belonging to the 1st and 5th heddles. Treadle 3 is
tied with one of its cords to the pull-down counter N, belonging to the 2d
heddle, and is tied by its other four cords to the pull-up counters M, belonging
to the 1st, 3d, 4th, and 5th heddles. Treadle 4 is tied by three of its cords
to the pull-down counters M, belonging to the 1st, 3rd, and 5th heddles, and
by its other two cords to the pull-up counters N, belonging to the 2d and 4th

page_text: heddles. Treadle 5 is tied by three of its cords to the pull-down counters M,
belonging to the 2d, 3d, and 4th heddles, and by its other two cords to the
pull-up counters N, belonging to the 1st and 5th heddles. Treadle 6' is tied
by one of its cords to the pull-down counter M, belonging to the 3rd heddle,
and is tied by its other four cords to the pull-up counters N, belonging to the
1st, 2d, 4th, and 5th heddles. In the loom represented in the Drawing, the
six treadles H are pressed down one after another in succession by six tappets,
on four revolving tappet wheels R, R, R, R, which are fixed side by side on
a horizontal axis S. That axis is turned round by a spur cog wheel T on
one end of it, the teeth of which are engaged by the teeth of a pinion t, on
the end of the axis V of the two cranks v, v, of the loom, those cranks by
their rods w, w, actuate the lathe E, to move the same, together with the
reed or slay a, and the shuttle race W, alternately backwards and forwards,
in the usual manner of power looms, but the cog wheel T having six times
as many teeth as the pinion t, the wheel T and its axis S makes one turn
for six times of beating up the weft by the motion of the lathe, and there
being six tappets disposed around the four tappet wheels R, R, on the axis S,
one of those six tappets is brought into action on one of the treadles H,
as shewn in Figure II., in order to press the same down every time, when it
is required to open the warp into a shed, in preparation for throwing a shuttle
across the warp in that shed. The four tappet wheels R are disposed in the
intervals between the treadles 2, 4, 6, and 5, 3, 1. The two middlemost of
the four tappet wheels R have a tappet on each side of each wheel, for
pressing down the four treadles 4 and 6, and and 3. The two outermost
tappet wheels R have a tappet on only one side of each wheel, for pressing
down the two treadles 2 and 1. The several tappets are arranged on their
respective wheels R, so as to press down the treadles H one after another, in
the order of the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, which are marked upon them
in Figures I., III, and IV. The packing or throwing of the shuttle is, as
already mentioned, performed by the hand of the person who attends the
loom. He holds the handle X of the pecker string a in his hand, and by
snatching that handle one way or the other, at the precise moment when the
warp has been properly opened by the action of the heddles, he gives such
motion to the pecker as will throw the shuttle along the shuttle race W, which
mode is the same as usual in hand looms, and requires no further description;
but in this particular case of weaving woollen cloth according to my said
improved method, two shuttles must be used, one for throwing shoots of
ordinary weft for interweaving with the warp threads to form the texture of the
cloth, and the other for throwing shoots of the additional weft, to form the

page_text: covering to the under side of the cloth. For this purpose the shuttle boxes
20, 20, at each end of the shuttle race W, are made double, with a partition
in the middle of each box to divide it into two cells for the reception of two
shuttles side by side, each cell having its pecker sliding on a spindle fixed
over the middle of that cell. When the shuttle boxes 20 are in the positions
represented in Figure III., they are prepared for throwing shoots of ordinary
weft, because that shuttle which is charged with ordinary weft is lodged in the
frontmost cells of the shuttle boxes, and those cells are in the line of the
shuttle race W, at each end thereof. The pecking handle X and spring x
is used to throw the shuttle of the ordinary weft backwards and forwards
across the warp, and that shuttle is so thrown at every time that the treadles
1 and 2, 4 and 5, are pressed down, because at those times the warp is opened
in a proper manner for receiving shoots of the ordinary weft, so as to form
the texture of the cloth; but every time that treadle 3 and treadle 6 is
pressed down, then the other shuttle containing the additional weft requires
to be thrown. That additional shuttle is lodged in the backmost cells of the
two shuttle boxes 20, and is thrown by the peckers of those cells, when the
additional pecker string 21 of those peckers is snatched by the weaver, who
lets go the ordinary pecking handle X and takes hold of another ad-
ditional packing handle 22 for that purpose; but before the additional
shuttle can be thrown, both the shuttle boxes must be moved forwards
so much in respect to the lathe E as will bring the two backmost cells
of those shuttle boxes into the line of the shuttle race W, at each end
thereof, instead of the two frontmost cells. To admit of thus bringing forwards
the shuttle boxes 20, 20, they are each mounted on two straight spindles
23, 23, which are fixed horizontally across the end of the shuttle race W,
and the boxes 20, 20, are mounted crossways on those spindles, so as to slide
thereon. When the boxes are slided backward as far as they will go on
their spindles 23, 23, then their frontmost cells, with the ordinary shuttle, are
in the line of the shuttle race W, at each end thereof, as is shewn in Figure
III., but when the boxes 20, 20, are slided forwards on their spindles 23,
as far as they can come forwards, then the backmost cells, with the
additional shuttle, will be brought into the line of the shuttle race W, at each
end thereof, as is shown in Figure V. At all times when it is required to have
5 the shuttle boxes backwards, as in Figure III, they are put back by two
springs 24, 24, which are affixed to the breast beam F, and project
horizontally so far backwards therefrom that the frontmnost sides of the shuttle
boxes 20, 20, will be brought in contact with the ends of those springs 24, 24,
every time that the lathe E is brought forwards for beating up the weft, and
0 the elastic reaction of those springs will bear the boxes 20, 20, as far

page_text: backwards on their spindles 23, 23, as they can go. Small springs may be applied
beneath the boxes 20 to press laterally against their spindles 23, 23, so as to cause
friction, which will prevent those boxes moving too easily on their spindles,
wherefore the boxes will keep backwards thereon, as represented in Figure III.,
as long as they are required to do so; but when the boxes 20, 20, are required
to be slided forwards on their spindles 23, in the manner above described, then
two upright blades or stems. 25, 25, are-raised up-so-much that their upper ends
(which were previously below the level of the shuttle boxes 20, 20), will
intercept the shuttle boxes 20, 20, at their backmost sides. When the lathe E
is carried about half way backwards in preparation for a shuttle being thrown,
and in consequence of the shuttle boxes 20, 20, being so intercepted by the
upper ends of the blades 25, 25, the boxes will be detained from moving
backwards along with the lathe E, which is then moving backwards, whereby
the boxes will be moved on their spindles 23 as far as they can come forwards
thereon, so that each box 20 will assume the position shewn in Figure V.
in respect to the shuttle race W, but as that is performed before the lathe E
has ceased to move backwards, the blades 25, 25, will give way backwards,
in order to permit the further motion of the boxes 20, 20, with the lathe,
after those boxes have come forwards on their spindles 23, as shewn in
Figure V. The blades 25 may be rendered yielding by their own flexibility,
or they may be kept drawn forwards by small cords passing over pulleys
26, 26, Figure III., and having weights suspended to the ends of these cords,
wherefore when the upper ends of the blades 25 first intercept the shuttle
boxes 20, 20, as above stated, they will resist going backwards sufficiently to
detain the boxes, and cause them to assume the position Figure V., but when
they are in that position they can come no further forwards on their spindles
23, and then it is that the blades 25, 25, give way backwards, as before
mentioned; and in order to raise up the blades 25, 25, when required, their
lower ends are fitted into grooves in pieces 30, 30, standing up from the
floor, and those lower ends are connected by joint pins with the outermost
ends of two long levers 27, 27, which are poised on centres 29, 29, supported
from the floor, and their innermost ends, which approach end to end, are
united by a joint at 28, wherefore either lever 27 being pressed down at or
near to its end 28, the outer ends of both levers 27, 27, will act together
on the two blades 25, 25, to raise the same (as already mentioned), so much
up that the upper ends of those blades will intercept the two shuttle boxes
20, 20; but if the ends 28 of the two levers 27, 27, are left at liberty, then
the blades 25, 25, will sink down so much as to keep out of the way of the
boxes 20, 20, which will pass over the upper ends of the blades 25, 25. The
ends 28 of the two long levers 27, 27, come opposite to the ends of the six

page_text: treadles H, and treadles 3 and 6 are longer than the others, in order that
those two (but none of the other treadles) may reach forwards over the
ends 28 of the levers 27, 27, in such manner, that whenever treadle 3 (or
treadle 6) is pressed down, (at which times it is that the shuttle containing the
additional weft requires to be thrown), then the ends 28 of both levers 27, 27,
will be pressed down, and both blades 25, 25, will be raised up, so that by
intercepting the two shuttle boxes 20, 20, at their backmost sides, when they
are moving backwards with the lathe, those boxes will be brought forwards
on their spindles 23, 23, from their position Figure III., to their position
Figure V., when the backmost cells of the boxes 20, 20, which receive the
shuttle for the additional weft, are brought forwards into the line of the
shuttle race W, at each end thereof, which being done, then the weaver.
having taken hold of the additional pecking handle 22, gives a snatch thereto
in the proper direction, and at the proper moment for throwing the shuttle,
and thereby he throws the shuttle with the additional weft, in order to lay
a shoot thereof, and as soon as treadle 3 or treadle 6 (as the case may be), is
released, then the lever 27, 27, being also released, the two blades 25, 25,
sink down, as before mentioned, so as to be out of the way of the two shuttle
boxes 20, 20, and when the lathe E is moving forwards, in order to beat up
the shoot of additional weft, the two springs 24, 24, will intercept the front-
most sides of the two shuttle boxes 20, 20, when they are in their position
Figure V., and by detaining them from coming forwards, whilst the lathe
continues to come forwards, the two shuttle boxes 20, 20, will be restored to
their position Figure 111., ready for throwing the shuttle containing the
ordinary weft, and which position they will retain until two shoots of that
weft have been thrown, and then the end 28 of the two levers 27 is again
pressed down by treadle 6 or treadle 3 (as the case may be), in preparation
for throwing another shoot of additional weft. The loom is put in motion by
an endless strap and pulley Z, which is fitted on the end of the axis V of the
cranks, and the central part of the pulley Z is a clutch box with several teeth,
which, on sliding the pulley Z along the axis V, by means of a lever z, engage
with the teeth of a corresponding clutch box on the axis, in order to turn
that axis and work the loom; but when, by means of the lever, the pulley Z
is slided along its axis so far as to separate the teeth of one clutch box from
those of the other, then the loom will stop, the pulley Z slipping round on
the axis V without turning it. y is a rod or handle, extending from the front
end of the lever, along the front of the loom, to enable the weaver to start
it into motion or stop it at pleasure. The loom, being as above described, its
operation is as follows:-When treadle I is pressed down, it pulls down the

page_text: first, second, and fifth heddles, and raises up the third and fourth beddles,
whereby the yarns of the warp are opened into a shed in a suitable manner
for receiving a shoot of ordinary weft, in part of the formation of the texture of
the cloth, and accordingly the ordinary shuttle, as thrown by the weaver,
snatching the ordinary pecking handle X at the proper moment, the two shuttle
boxes 20, 20, being at the time in their position Figure III., and they after
that shoot has been beaten up into its place at 6, Figure II., as part of the
texture of the cloth, treadle 2 is pressed down, which pulls down the second,
third, and fourth heddles, and raised by the first and fifth heddles. That
manner of opening the warp is suitable for receiving another shoot of the
ordinary weft, in further part of the formation of the texture of the cloth,
and accordingly the ordinary shuttle is thrown again across the width of the
warp (but in a contrary direction to the last shoot), by another but contrary
snatch of the ordinary pecking handle X, and when that shoot has been
beaten up, then treadle 3 is pressed down, which pulls down only the second
heddle, but raises up the first, third, fourth, and fifth heddles. Note, the
second heddle contains every fifth yarn in the warp, and those yarns come
from the lower or additional warp roller B. This manner of opening the warp
is suitable for receiving a shoot of additional weft, in part of the formation
of the intended covering to the under side of the cloth, and accordingly the
shuttle containing that additional weft is thrown across the warp, by giving
a snatch to the additional pecking handle 22. Note, a moment before doing
that the two shuttle boxes 20, 20, had been removed from their previous
position Figure III. to their position Figure V., by action (in manner already
described) of the upper ends of the blades 25, 25, which ends were raised up
(so as to intercept the two boxes when the lathe was moving backwards), in
consequence of treadle 3 pressing down the end 28 of the two levers 27, 27,
and when by a motion of the reed a with the lathe E, the said shoot of
additional weft is beaten up, it drives forwards underneath the two preceding
shoots of ordinary weft, which have been thrown and beaten up, and which
shoots formed so much of the texture of the cloth, and a corresponding length
of cloth was taken up by the cloth roller G at the time of beating up those
shoots of ordinary weft, but the shoot of additional weft when beaten up
forms so much of the covering for the under side of the cloth, without adding
to the length of the texture of the cloth, and consequently no cloth is taken
up by the cloth roller G, in consequence of the beating up of the said shoot
of additional weft, and after that beating up, treadle fourth is pressed down,
which pulls down the first, third, and fifth heddles, and raises up the second
and fourth heddles, which is suitable for receiving another shoot of ordinary

page_text: weft in continuation of the texture of the cloth. (Note, the shuttle boxes
20, 20, were removed from their position Figure V., and restored to their
position Figure III., by meeting the two springs 24, 24, at the last time of
beating up, and the blades 25, 25, having dropped down again as soon as
treadle 3 was released, the boxes 20, 20, retain their position Figure III.)
The said shoot of ordinary weft being thrown by a snatch of the ordinary
pecking handle X, and that shoot being beaten up, then treadle 5 is pressed
down, which pulls down the second, third, and fourth treddles, and raises up
the first and fifth treddles, which is suitable for receiving another shoot of
the ordinary weft, and that is thrown by a contrary snatch of the ordinary
pecking handle X, and when that shoot is beaten up, then treadle 6 is pressed
down, which pulls down only the third heddle, but raises up the first, second,
fourth, and fifth heddles. (Note, the third heddle contains every fifth yarn
in the warp, and those yarns come from the lower warp roller B, all which is
suitable for receiving a shoot of additional weft. And note, treadle 6, by.
pressing down the ends 28 of the levers 27, 27, raised the blades 25, 25, so
that they will intercept the shuttle boxes 20, 20, as the latch is moving
backwards, and thereby change the boxes 20, 20, (in manner already
described) from their position Figure III. to their position Figure V., and
then the weaver, by a snatch of the additional pecking handle 22, throws the
shuttle containing the additional weft across the warp. The shoot of that
weft when beaten up drives forwards under the two preceding shoots of
ordinary weft, which are in the texture of the cloth, the shoot of additional
weft thereby forms so much of the covering for the under side of the cloth,
but no cloth is taken up by the cloth roller G in consequence of the beating
up of the said shoot of additional weft, and at that time of beating up the
springs 24, 24, meet the two shuttle boxes 20, 20, and put them back from
their position Figure V. to their position Figure III. And now all the six
treadles having been pressed down in succession, treadle 1 is pressed down
again, and the operation of weaving according to my said improved method
goes on in exact repetition of what has been explained. And note, the same
aforesaid explanation will serve for the manner of weaving according to my
said improved method by a hand loom. The weaver then pressing down the
treadles with his feet, and moving the lathe, and throwing the shuttles with his
hands, but performing all the operation in the order already described. The six
treadles for such a hand loom may be arranged as in the foregoing description,
in which case the weaver will press his feet upon the points or extremities of
those treadles. And note, the foregoing description is only given by way of

page_text: an example of my improved method of weaving woollen cloth. The texture
of the cloth that is composed of the interweavings of the ordinary weft yarn
over and under the warp yarns, in manner herein-before explained, is such that
the front or upper face or surface of the cloth will exhibit a larger proportion of
that ordinary weft yarn than of the warp yarns, for by the action of the five
heddles (which have the whole number of warp yarns divided equally amongst
them), three of the warp yarns out of every five will be pulled down and the.
other two of those five will be raised up at every time when the shed is opened
for throwing in a shoot of the ordinary weft, viz., when treadles 1 and 2 and
treadles 4 and 5 are pressed down; but this circumstance, and the manner
whereby the yarns of the warp are interwoven with those of the ordinary
weft for composing the texture of the cloth, forms no part of my Invention,
and may be varied to suit the kind or sort of cloth that is required. It is
the introduction of the shoots of additional weft, in such manner as to form
a covering to the under side of the cloth, that distinguishes my improved
method of weaving. For instance, in the foregoing description, whenever a
shoot of additional weft is about to be thrown, only one out of five of the
whole number of warp yarns is pulled down, but four out of the five are
raised up, and the shoot of additional weft is laid under those four, viz., when
treadle 3 and treadle 6 is pressed down, and the one out of every five of the
warp yarns which remain under cach shoot of additional weft, (and which are
supplied from the additional yarn roller B), although they are sufficient to
retain and tye on that shoot to the under side of the texture of the cloth,
they will not draw the said shoot up into the thickness of that texture, and
therefore, when the said shoot is beaten up or driven forwards, by action of
the reed, it passes under the thickness of the texture of the cloth, in manner
And
already explained, so as to form a covering to the under side thereof.
note, although in the foregoing description one out of five of the whole
number of yarns of the warp is pulled down when a shoot of additional weft
is to be thrown, nevertheless that proportion may be varied, preferring in
all cases to have as small a proportionate number of the yarn of the warp
pulled down as is consistent with the obtaining of an efficient tyeing on of
the shoot of additional weft yarn to the under side of the texture of the
cloth by those few warp yarns which do pass round under the said shoot
for that purpose, and the fewer of them the better. And note, although in
the foregoing description the covering formed by the shoots of additional
weft are at the under side of the cloth as it is woven in the loom, nevertheless
the side of the cloth on which the said covering is woven may be the upper

page_text: side when the cloth is in the loom, if the weaver prefers to have it so, and
if he disposes his heddles and their harness in a suitable manner for so doing."
And note, it has been before stated, that the additional weft, which is introduced
into cloth woven according to my said improved method, in order to form a
covering to one side thereof, may not in all cases require to be a large or
coarse additional weft, as is the case in the foregoing description; and if iu
any case the additional weft which is to form the covering to one side of the
cloth should be spun of the same size or fineness, and of the same material
as the ordinary weft which enters into the woven texture of the cloth, so that
there is no. difference in the yarn used for the ordinary weft, and for the
additional weft, then it may not be necessary in such cases to use two shuttles,
as herein-before described, but the same shuttle being thrown regularly
backwards and forwards across the warp, as in the usual mode of weaving,
may serve to supply the shoots of ordinary weft, which are to form the
texture of the cloth, and then in turn to supply the shoot of what has been
herein-before called the additional weft, which is to form the covering to one
side of that texture; that is to say, when the warp is opened into a shed,
which is suitable for receiving a shoot of weft, so as to combine the warp by
that shoot of weft into a firmly woven cloth texture, as, for instance, in the
foregoing description, when treadles 1 and 2, and 4 and 5 are pressed down,
the shoot of the weft thrown at such times will contribute to the formation
of so much length of that texture as belongs to one shoot of weft; but when
a large proportion, such as four out of five for instance, of the whole number
of
yarns in the warp are raised up, leaving only one out of five down, as
for instance when treadles 3 and 6 are pressed down, then the shoot of weft
that is thrown at such times when driven forwards by the lathe, will pass
under the texture of the cloth, so as to form the covering to the under side
thereof, as herein-before explained, and that effect of the additional weft
being driven under instead of into the texture of the cloth, so as to form a
covering instead of going into the texture, will take place when the additional
weft (or weft which is to form the covering) is of the same size as the ordinary
weft (or weft which is to enter into the texture), as well as when the said
additional weft is a larger and coarser spun yarn than the said ordinary weft.
And note, whereas the operation of the heddles in the foregoing description
is such as to pull down three out of every five yarns of the warp, and raise
up the remaining two of those five, whereby, as before stated, a larger
proportion of ordinary weft yarn than of the warp yarns will be exhibited
on the front or upper surface of the cloth, and although that surface may be
varied without departing from my Invention, nevertheless it should be

page_text: remarked, that in cases when the wool or other material which is used for
the additional weft, which according to my improved method is to form the
covering to one side of the cloth, is of a very different nature or colour, or
of a coarser and inferior quality to the wool which is used for the ordinary
weft which enters into the texture of the cloth, and which is to predomi-
nate in the pile on the front face thereof, then the aforesaid circumstance of
the operation of the heddles causing a larger proportion of the warp yarns
to be pulled down than are pulled up when the shoots of ordinary weft
are to be thrown for forming the texture of the cloth, becomes of importance
to be observed in my improved mode of weaving, because the shoots of
additional weft which form the covering, being laid in contact with a larger
proportion of the warp yarns than of the ordinary weft yarn, the fibres of
the coarse wool or other material which forms the covering will not by
operation of the fulling make their way through the texture of the cluth so
as be aparent on the front face thereof, or not in the same degree as they might
do if the shoots of additional weft which form the covering were not laid
in contact with a larger proportion of warp yarns than of the ordinary weft
yarn as aforesaid. And note, although in the foregoing description it has
been stated that the shoots of additional weft, which according to my said
improved method are to form the covering to one side of the texture of the
cloth, are disposed one such shoot to every two shoots of ordinary weft which
is to enter into that texture, nevertheless in case of the additional weft which
is to form the covering being spun of the same (or nearly the same) size as
the ordinary weft which is to enter into the texture of the cloth, then such
additional weft (or weft which is to form the covering) may be laid or thrown
across the warp, as frequently as the ordinary weft, or weft which is to enter
into the texture, is so thrown, that is to say, of the successive shoots, which
are made one after the other during the progress of weaving, they will
be first a shoot of ordinary weft and then a shoot of the additional weft, and
so on continually, and the said two wefts may be of different qualities, colours,
or materials; but the operation of the heddles must be so arranged as that
they will pull down a much larger proportion of the whole number of yarns
in the warp than they pull up whenever the warp yarns are opened by
the heddles into a shed in preparation for throwing a shoot of ordinary
weft; and likewise the heddles must pull up a much larger proportion
of the whole number of warp yarns than they pull down, whenever the warp
yarns are opened by the heddles into a shed in preparation for throwing a
shoot of the additional weft; and the operation of the heddles during a short
series of succeeding times of so opening the warp must be such as that all

page_text: the threads in the warp will in their turn (sooner or later) during such short
series, have taken their due share of action in being pulled up when a shoot of
ordinary weft is about to be thrown, or in being pulled down when a shoot
of additional weft is about to be thrown. And in every such case when the
said two wefts are different in size or quality or material, two shuttles must be
used for containing the two kinds of. weft, which shuttles may be applied in
manner herein-before described, except that they must be adapted to be
thrown alternately or by turns, first one and then the other. And in order
to enable the mechanism herein-before described, and marked 25 25, 27 27,
28, in the Drawing, to operate in that manner, half the whole number of
treadles H, which are used in the loom, must be so much longer than the
other treadles as to reach over the ends 28 of the levers 27, 27, in the same
manner and for the same purpose as has been herein-before described
respecting treadle 3 and treadle 6, Figures III. and IV., and the said long
treadles must be those treadles which when pressed down will cause the
heddles to open the warp into a suitable shed for receiving a shoot of the
additional weft. And note, woollen cloth woven in the manner last described,
with the shoots of additional weft as frequent and numerous as the shoots of
ordinary weft, will not admit of being woven into such a firmly woven texture
of cloth as woollen cloth, woven in the manner described by reference to the
Drawing (that is, with only one shoot of additional weft to every two shoots of
ordinary weft,) can be woven into. And my said improved method of weaving
as herein-before described applies not only to the weaving of what are com-
monly called woollen cloths, and which are composed wholly of wool, both for
warp and for weft, but also to the weaving of cloths made of wool together
with other materials which have been or may be used together with wool for
the making of cloth, such, for instance, as fur, hair, beaver, silk, or other
fibrous material which admits of being intermixed with wool during the
operation of carding, before the mixture of fibres is spun into yarn, and yarn
spun out of such intermixed fibres may be used either for the warp or for the
ordinary weft of cloth which is woven according to my said improved method;
or for what I have herein-before termed the additional weft, which is to form
a covering for one side of cloth woven according to my said improved method,
or yarns spun entirely out of wool or out of fibres of wool mixed with fibres of
other suitable material may be used for part of the yarns used in weaving cloth
according to my said improved method, whilst other yarns used in the same
cloth are spun (without admixture of wool) out of other materials not commonly
called wool, such as hair, down, beaver, silk or yarns of silk, worsted, cotton,

page_text: or flax, or other suitable material, not commonly called wool, may be used for
the warp or for the chain of cloth woven according to my said improved
method, together with yarns of wool for the ordinary weft which is to form or
enter into the texture thereof, and together with yarns spun of wool mixed
with fibres of other suitable material for the additional weft which is to form
a covering to one side of the cloth, or the said additional weft may be spun
out of any suitable material, not commonly called wool.
Having now described my said improved method of weaving woollen cloths,
and cloths made of wool together with other materials, I, the said Joseph
Clisild Daniell, do hereby declare that the new Invention, whereof the exclusive
use is granted to me by the said Letters Patent, consist in the method herein-
before described of introducing into woollen cloths, and cloths made of wool
together with other materials, an additional weft yarn or shoot which forms
a covering to one side or surface of the cloth, that covering being in a distinct
plane from the thickness of the texture of the cloth, by which I mean (as
herein-before explained) the texture that is formed by the interweaving of
the ordinary weft yarn with the warp yarns, the said covering being only
tied on or bound to the said texture by causing such a small proportion of the
whole number of warp yarns to pass round outside of each shoot of the said
additional weft as is requisite for effectually tying on the said covering.
And the said additional weft whereof the said covering is composed may (as
herein-before stated) be spun out of a different quality of wool (or out of a
different material) from the wool, (or the mixture of wool with other material)
whereof the warp and the ordinary weft for the texture of the cloth is spun,
and the said additional weft may (as herein-before explained) be spun into a
coarser or larger size yarn than the said ordinary weft (or the warp) is spun
into. Wherefore by such difference in fineness and coarseness of the material
for the said additional weft, and in the size to which that weft is spun, the
covering formed as aforesaid by that weft, according to my said improved
method, on one side of the cloth may (if desired) be of a coarse nature for
warmth, and may have a long soft pile, whilst the other side or face of the
same cloth exhibits a fine and closely woven texture, and may have a fine and
short pile.
In witness whereof, I, the said Joseph Clisild Daniell, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Ninth day of July, One thousand eight
J. C. (L.S.) DANIELL.

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Ninth day of July, in the year
of our Lord 1839, the aforesaid Joseph Clisild Daniell came before our said
Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged the Specification afore-
said, and all and every thing therein cont ed and specified, in form above
written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped according to the
tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.
Inrolled the Ninth day of July, in the year of our Lord One thousand
eight hundred and thirty-nine.