IMPROVE- MENTS IN CARRIAGES EMPLOYED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF BOBBIN NET OR TWIST LACE, AND IN THE METHOD OF MANUFACTURING SUCH CARRIAGES
Year: 1874

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Jardine, of Raleigh Street, in the Town and
County of the Town of Nottingham, for the Invention of "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN CARRIAGES EMPLOYED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF BOBBIN NET OR
TWIST LACE, AND IN THE METHOD OF MANUFACTURING SUCH CARRIAGES.”
"
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Jardino at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
12th March 1874.
I, JOHN JARDINE, of Raleigh Street, in the Town and County of the
Town of Nottingham, do hereby declare the nature of the said Inven-
tion for "IMPROVEMENTS IN CARRIAGES EMPLOYED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF BOBBIN
NET OR TWIST LACE, AND IN THE METHOD OF MANUFACTURING SUCH CARRIAGES,"
to be as follows :—
In the first place in order that I may more fully describe and explain
the nature of my Invention I will describe the duty of a carriage as
employed in a lace machine making the best lace, and I will next
explain the manner in which my improved carriage performs this duty:

page_text: WICH & description of ՆՆ ԱՆՆԱՍԱ Ս Ա
method of manufacture being new and possessing the following
advantages :-
That it substitutes machine work for hand labor and effects a con-
siderable saving in the material used as compared with the use of taper
iron.
$6
That by it a thick top can be made to the carriage without either
soldering pieces on or upsetting" the edge of the top in order to
thicken it.
That by one and the same process an incline or taper part is made
immediately under the head of the carriage forming the additional cover
for the bobbin obtained by the use of taper iron.
That at the same time a considerable improvement of the form of the
lower half of the carriage is made, calculated not only to increase the
production of a lace machine but to improve the quality of the lacc
made, especially in silk goods.
The duty of a carriage in a lace machine is to carry a bobbin con-
taining thread backwards and forward through the threads of the warp.
It is necessary that the carriage should cover the bobbin so as to prevent
its edges from coming in contact with and so breaking these threads.
But it is also important that the thickness of the carriage should not be
increased any more than is necessary to effect this object, or the space
between the carriages through which the warp threads have to pass is so
much reduced that the machine is clogged in working, its production is
much lessened, and the quality of the lace made lowered by the rubbing
and crushing of the warp threads between the carriages..
That a clear and good ground may be produced in the lace made the
carriage should be so formed that the top part or head of the carriage shall
open the warp threads through which it passes wide enough to enable each
point to pass with precision through the space so opened by the head of
the carriage, employing in each point bar the same number of points as
there are carriages in the machine, so that the conditions required are.
first a sufficient division of the warp threads by the head of the carriage.
An incline of the upper part of the carriage giving an additional cover
to the bobbin at the point where its edges meet the threads of the warp.
as it is passed through them.

page_text: A clearance for the threads from the point where the incline coases to
be useful as a cover to the bobbin up to the head of the carriage.
The head incline and clearance equal on each side of the carriage.
A better form for the lower part of the carriage where the greatest
surface has to be passed through the most inelastic part of the threads
because the nearest to the guide or steel bars where, they are confined in
the small holes through which they are drawn up by the action of the
machine.
Any thinning down of this lower part of the carriage to give more
room and freedom for its passage through the threads must not diminish
the thickness of that part of the carriage which covers the centre of the
lower half of the bobbin, or the threads which rise vertically across the
centre of the bobbin might be caught by its edges.
In short a carriage that in addition to securing a good and equal
division of the threads by its top shall also provide a good cover for the
bobbin from the threads it is passed through and the same threads as
they rise vertically across it, and shall be so shaped as to have a smooth
and casy passage through these threads, covering the bobbin completely
when filled, and do this with the smallest amount of material in the
carriage that will be effective for the purpose.
26
I will now describe for example a carriage such as I should make for
a Lever's lace machine of the gauge called 10 point. I shall suppose
that the bobbin is made ½ inch thick, and that to divide the threads
sufficiently to secure a good take up by the points the top of the carriage
must be inch thick. The carriage I should make for this purpose
would vary in gauge or thickness as follows:-The part marked A of the
carriage shown at Figure 1 of the accompanying Drawings which passes
through the combs is inch thick, and the part marked B is 3 incl.
The parts C and D taper from each extremity of the lower part of the
carriage up to B, commencing with a thickness of 3½ inch and increasing
gradually up to 36 inch in the centre, as indicated by the Figures marked
on the Drawing. The part of the carriage over which the thread lics
when the edge of the bobbin comes in contact with the first warp thread
on the spring side of the carriage is 2 inch, and the part over which
the thread lies on the opposite side, when the edge of the bobbin is in
contact with the first thread as it is lower down the carriage would be
only 1 inch thick.

page_text: It will be seen that although those parts of the carriage marked C
and D first entering the threads after the part marked A and having the
greatest surface to pass through them are very little thicker than the
bobbin yet where protection to the bobbin is most needed at the point
of contact with the warp threads in passing through them the bobbin
has in the spring side of the carriage a cover equal to that given by a
carriage made inch thick, and on the other side 2½ inch.
29
And it will be also seen that this increase of thickness is in a part of
the carriage where the surface passing through the threads is small, and
also that at this point the threads themselves are more clastic and
yielding than they are in any other part, being about half way between
the guide bars and the centre of the machine.
It will be observed that the parts C and D gradually become thicker
ncarer the centre of the carriage, and are thickest at the part B. Thus
the bobbin is as well protected and prevented from catching any knots 1
or burrs on the threads rising vertically as though the carriage was
made inch thick instead of being made that thickness for only
about of its length, and that in the very narrowest part of it.
The advantage obtained by this last improvement is the increased
room given by the tapering off of the carriage at the part where the
warp threads are rigid and unyielding.
In my improved carriage each entrance C and D is thinned down in
two ways, being taper in the direction of its height as well as its length,
and only rising to the thickness of an ordinary carriage just where that
thickness is needed, namely, immediately round the edge of the lower
half of the bobbin.
And in order that as much freedom may be given to the warp threads
as possible I make a clearance on the top of the carriage by cutting
away the metal at the part where it ceases to be of any use as a cover to
the edge of the bobbin, commencing to do so on the spring side of the
carriage at the point marked E, and cutting away all increase of the
thickness of the carriage up to the head marked F, which is thus left a
narrow strip or bead equal in projection on each side of the carriage, so
that immediately above where the threads are held by the guide bars
and the threads are in consequence rigid and unyielding the carriage is
thinned down on each side, giving room where it is of the greatest

page_text: on the
requires
service and preventing the breaking of threads so common
passage through of the parts C and D. Yet where the bobbin
cover from the threads rising vertically the thin part has gradually
become thicker, giving in the centre of the part marked B. a cover
3inch thick. This form of the lower part of the carriage may be used
with good results for gauges so coarse as not to require the inclino for
the protection of the edge of the bobbin in passing through the threads,
nor the thickened top for their better division, as for instance in
machines for the manufacture of curtains.
I produce the thickened part for the head of the carriage and the
taper part immediately under and leading up to it in the following
manner: By shaping the rolls through which the iron or other metal is
rolled cold as follows:-I turn down a strip about one inch wide at one
end of each roll to a diameter inch-less than that of the body of the
roll. I then turn or otherwise reduce the next inch of the same end
of each roll so as to form an incline between the large diameter and tho
lesser one.
I can by altering the guide for the edge of the iron in passing through
the rolls make the edge of the iron which is to form the head of the
carriage any thickness. I choose less than the difference between the
two diameters of the rolls.
By making the incline longer or shorter between the two diameters I
can make any alteration I choose in the inclined or taper part. .
I form the varying thickness of the broader or lower part of the
carriage by cutting up the iron into conical pieces, each piece being only
large enough to roll out into the size required to make one carriage.
The shape of these pieces is shown in Figure 2, and they are passed
through the rolls with the edge marked X at right angles to the rolls.
Now the consequence of cold rolling a piece of iron or other metal of
the shape shown is to taper off and thin down the parts offering the least
resistance to the pressure of the rolls so that the angular parts marked C
and D are thinnest where they enter and leave the rolls, and gradually
thicken in the direction of the head of the carriage and the centre of
the widest part of the bottom, and become of one uniform thickness only
in that part of the carriage immediately round the lower half of the
bobbin, because then the full width of the piece is under the rolls. Thus
the two, inclines on cach side of the carriage blend into one uniform

page_text: thickness in that part of the carriage where the "verge" is cut in which
the bobbin rides and is guided, and gives the exact shape needed for
the carriage in passing through the threads.
Figure 3 shows the shape of the piece after being rolled, showing by
the radial lines the direction of the tapering produced. This peculiar
form including the thickened head, and the incline under it is produced
by this means in the most simple manner, as the man in charge of the
rolls has only to set his guide so as to give the required thickness to
finish the head and then to roll each piece until the part marked B is
exactly of the gauge required (in this case 3 inch), and the action of
the rolls on the conical shaped pieces will do the rest of the shaping
required correctly without further trouble. Thus the form of the head
and incline is given by shaping the rolls, and the two inclines of the
lower part of the carriage are produced by shaping the pieces to be
rolled.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said John Jardine in the Great Seal Patent Office on
the 12th September 1874.
"
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHN
JARDINE, of Raleigh Street, in the Town and County of the Town of
Nottingham, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Twelfth day of March, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-four, in the thirty-
seventh year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto me, the said John Jardine, Her special license
that I, the said John Jardine, my executors, administrators, and
assigns, or such others as I, the said John Jardine, my executors, ad-
ministrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with and no others,
from time to time and at all times thereafter.during the term therein
expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend,
within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel
Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN CARRIAGES
EMPLOYED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF BOBBIN NET OR TWIST LACE, AND IN THE
METHOD OF MANUFACTURING SUCH CARRIAGES," upon the condition (amongst

page_text: others) that I, the said John Jardine, my exccutors or administrators,
by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands
and scals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the
said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and
cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said John Jardine, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement thereof, reference being had to the Drawings
hereunto annexed and to the figures and letters marked thereon, that is
to say :-
In the first place in order that I may more fully describe and explain
the nature of my Invention, I will describe the duty of a carriage as
employed in a lace machine. making the best lace, and. I.-will..next
explain the manner in which my improved carriage performs this duty,
with a full description of the method of manufacturing the same, such
method of manufacture being new and possessing the following advan
tages:-
That it substitutes machine work for hand labor, and effects a con-
siderable saving in the material used as compared with the use of taper
iron.
That by it a thick top. can be made to the carriage without either
soldering pieces on or "upsetting" the edge of the top in order to
thicken it.
That by one and the same process an incline or taper part is made
immediately under the head of the carriage forming the additional cover
for the bobbin obtained by the use of taper iron.
That at the same time a considerable improvement of the form of the
lower half of the carriage is made, calculated. not only to increase the
production of a lace machine, but to improve the quality of the lace
made, especially in silk goods.
The duty of a carriage in a lace machine is to carry a bobbin con-
taining thread backwards and forwards through the threads of the warp.
It is necessary that the carriage should cover the bobbin so as to prevent

page_text: its edges from coming in contact with and so breaking these threads;
but it is also important that the thickness of the carriage should not be
increased any more than is necessary to effect this object, or the space
between the carriages through which the warp threads have to pass is so
much reduced that the machine is clogged in working, its production is
much lessened, and the quality of the lace made lowered by the rubbing
and crushing of the warp threads between the carriages.
That a clear and good ground may be produced in the lace made the
carriage should be so formed that the top part or head of the carriage
shall open the warp threads through which it passes wide enough to
enable each point to pass with precision through the space so opened by
the head of the carriage, employing in each point bar the same number
of points as there are carriages in the machine; so that the conditions
required are first a sufficient division of the warp threads by the head of
the carriage.
An incline of the upper part of the carriage, giving an additional cover
to the bobbin at the point where its edges meet the threads of the warp
as it is passed through them.
A. clearance for the threads from the point where the incline ceased to
be useful as a cover to the bobbin up to the head of the carriage.
The head incline and clearance equal on cach side of the carriage.
A better form for the lower part of the carriage where the greatest
*surface has to be passed through the most inclastic part of the threads
because the nearest to the guidé or steel bars where they are confined in
the small holes through which they are drawn up by the action of the
machine.
Any thinning down of this lower part of the carriage to give more
room and freedom for its passage through the threads must not diminish
the thickness of that part of the carriage which covers the centre of the
lower half of the bobbin, or the threads which rise vertically across the
centre of the bobbin might be caught by its edges.
In short a carriage that in addition to securing a good and equal
division of the threads by its top shall also provide a good cover for the
bobbin from the threads it is passed through and the same threads as
they rise vertically across it, and shall be so shaped as to have a smooth

page_text: and easy passage through these threads, covering the bobbin completely
when filled, and do this with the smallest amount of material in the
carriage that will be effective for the purpose..
I will now describe for example a carriage such as I should make for
a Lever's lace machine of the gauge called 10 point:-I shall suppose
that the bobbin is made. 3 inch thick, and that to divide the threads
sufficiently to secure a good take up by the points the top of the carriage
must be inch thick. The carriage I should make for tliis purpose
would vary in gauge or thickness as follows:-The part marked A. of
the carriage, shown at Figure 1 of the accompanying Drawings, which
passes through the combs is 1 inch thick, and the part marked B is 30
inch. The parts C and D taper from each extremity of the lower part
of the carriage up to B, commencing with a thickness of inch and
increasing gradually up to inch in the centre, as indicated by the
figures marked on the Drawing. The part of the carriage over which
the thread lies when the edge of the bobbin comes in contact with the
first warp
thread on the spring side of the carriage is 2 inch; and the
part over which the thread lies on the opposite side when the edge of
the bobbin is in contact with the first thread as it is lower down tho
carriage would be only ½ inch thick.
It will be seen that although the parts of the carriage marked C and D
first entering the threads after the part marked A, and having the
greatest surface to pass through them, are very little thicker than the
bobbin. Yet where protection to the bobbin is most needed, at the point
of contact with the warp threads in passing through them, the bobbin
has on the spring side of the carriage a cover equal to that given by a
carriage made inch thick, and on the other side 2 ½ inch.
And it will be also seen that this increase of thickness is in a part of
the carriage where the surface passing through the threads is small, and
also that at this point the threads themselves are more clastic and
yielding than they are in any other part, being about half way between.
the guide bars and the centre of the machine.
It will be observed that the parts C and D gradually becomer thicker
nearer the centre of the carriage, and are thickest at the part B. Thus
the bobbin is as well protected and prevented from catching any knots
or burrs in the threads rising vertically as though the carriage was made

page_text: ¾ inch thick instead of being made that thickness for only about ¼ of
its length, and that in the very narrowest part of it.
The advantage obtained by this last improvement is the increased
room given by the tapering off of the carriage at the part where the warp
threads are rigid and unyielding.
In my improved carriage each entrance C and D is thinned down in
two ways, being taper in the direction of its height as well as its length,
and only rising to the thickness of an ordinary carriage just where that
thickness is needed, namely, immediately round the edge of the lower
half of the bobbin.
And in order that as much freedom may be given to the warp threads
as possible I make a clearance on the top of the carriage by cutting
away the metal at the part where it ceases to be of any use as a cover to
the edge of the bobbin, commencing to do so on the spring side of the
carriage at the point marked E, and cutting away all increase of the
thickness of the carriage up to the head marked F; which is thus left a
narrow strip or bead equal in projection on each side of the carriage; so
that immediately above where the threads are held by the guide bars,
and the threads are in consequence rigid and unyielding, the carriage is
thinned down on each side, giving room where it is of the greatest
service, and preventing the breaking of threads so common on the passage
through of the parts Cand D. Yet where the bobbin requires cover
from the threads rising vertically the thin part has gradually become
thicker, giving in the centre of the part marked B a cover 3-inch thick.
This form of the lower part of the carriage may be used with good
results for gauges so coarse as not to require the incline for the protection
of the edge of the bobbin in passing through the threads nor the
thickened top for their better division, as for instance, in machines for
the manufacture of curtains.
I produce the thickened part for the head of the carriage and the
taper part immediately under and leading up to it in the following
manner By shaping the rolls through which the iron or other metal
is rolled cold, as follows, I turn down a strip about one inch wide at onc
end of each roll to a diameter 4-inch less than that of the body of the
roll; I then turn or otherwise reduce the next inch of the same end of
cach roll so as to form in incline between the large diameter and the
lesser one..

page_text: I can by altering the guide for the edge of the iron in passing throug
the rolls make the edge of the iron which is to form the head of the
carriage any thickness I choose less than the difference between the two
diameters of the rolls.
By making the incline longer or shorter between the two diameters I
can make any alteration I choose in the inclined or taper part.
I form the varying thickness of the broader or lower part of the
carriage by cutting up the iron, as indicated at Figure 2, into conical
pieces, each piece being only large enough to roll out into the size
required to make one carriage. The shape of one of these picces is
shown separately in Figure 3, and they are passed through the rolls
with the edge marked X at right angles to the rolls. Now the
consequence of cold rolling a piece of iron or other metal of the shape
shown is to taper off and thin down the parts offering the Icast resistance
to the pressure of the rolls, so that the angular parts marked C and D
are thinnest where they enter and leave the rolls, and gradually thicken
in the direction of the head of the carriage and the centre of the widest
part of the bottom, and become of one uniform thickness only in that
part of the carriage immediately round the lower half of the bobbin,
because then the full width of the piece is under the rolls. Thus the
two inclines on each side of the carriage blend into one uniform thick-
ness in that part of the carriage where the "verge" is cut in which the
bobbin rides and is guided, and gives. the exact shape needed for the
carriage in passing through the threads.
Figure 4 shows the shape of the piece after being rolled, showing by
the radial lines the direction of the tapering produced. This peculiar
form, including the thickened head and the incline under it, is produced
by this means in the most simple manner, as the man in charge of the
rolls has only to set his guide so as to give the required thickness.to
finish the head and then to roll cach piece until the part marked B is
exactly of the gauge required (in this case 3-inch), and the action of
the rolls on the conical-shaped pieces will do the rest of the shaping
required correctly without further trouble. Thus the form of the head
and incline is given by shaping the rolls, and the two inclines of the
lower part of the carriage are produced by shaping the pieces to be rolled.
I would here remark that I do not claim as my. Invention the taper
upper part of the carriage, as this shape has been previously partially

page_text: produced by rolling the "carriage iron" with the "rolls" opened more
on one side than the other so as to make the iron rolled a regular taper,
thick on one edge and thin on the other, by which means a taper form
was given to the carriage, which had the effect of giving an additional
cover to the bobbin in passing through the threads, but had the defect
of leaving the lower half of the bobbin insufficiently protected, not being
of one uniform thickness round the lower half of the bobbin but
becoming gradually thinner to the bottom of the carriage, and thinnest
in the place where my improved carriage is the thickest, namely,
immediately under the centre of the lower half of the bobbin.
I would also remark that I do not claim as my Invention the forming
of carriages with thickened heads, as such are well known and extensively
used, but heretofore such thickened heads have been made either by
soldering or brazing pieces of metal on to the top of the carriage, or by
upsetting or hammering up the edge of the iron so as to form the
thickened head, or by rolling the iron taper, as last above described, by
opening the rolls more or one side than the other.
+
Having thus described the nature of my said Invention, and the mode
in which I carry the same into effect, I would have it understood that
what I claim as my Invention and desire to secure by Letters Patent
is,―
First. The improved form given to the carriages employed in the
manufacture of bobbin net or twist lace, substantially as and for the
purposes herein shown and described, such improved form consisting of
thinning down the parts of the carriage first entering the threads and
gradually increasing them in thickness as they approach the bobbin and
forming one uniform thickness round the lower half of the bobbin,
except in the centre where the thickness is greatest, thus giving to the
thickness of the carriage the wedge-like form most suited for the work
it has to do, such form of carriage being made either with or without the
taper upper part or the thickened head.
Secondly. I claim the mode of manufacturing such description of
carriages by rolling the iron or other metal in picces only large enough
to make one carriage of each piece, these pieces being so shaped that
when rolled they may have the variable thickness required, this variation
not being given by the shape of the rolls but being due solely to the

page_text: shape of the pieces rolled and to the direction in which they are rolled,
all in manner substantially as berein shown and described.
Thirdly. I claim the mode of giving clearance to the threads in such
description of carriages by taking away a portion of the taper upper part
of the carriage, beginning where the incline ceases to be useful as a pro-
tection to the bobbin, and ending so as to form the head of the carriage
into a narrow strip or bead, equal on each side of the carriage or pro-
jecting only on one side thereof, in manner substantially as herein shown
and described.
Fourthly. I claim the mode of producing the taper upper part of the
carriage for the better protection of the bobbin, and the thickened head
for the better division of the threads by shaping the rolls in manner
substantially as herein described.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Jardine, have hereunto set my
hand and scal, this Sixth day of September, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-four.
JOHN TARDINE