IMPROVEMENTS IN LINED VACUUM KIERS, PANS, OR VESSELS
Year: 1871

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Sam Mason, junior, of Manchester, in the County
of Lancaster, Engineer, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN LINED
VACUUM KIERS, PANS, OR VESSELS."
Scaled the 29th December 1871, and dated the 3rd July 1871.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Sam Mason at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
3rd July 1871.
'
I, SAM MASON, junior, of Manchester, in the County of Lancaster,
Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IM-
PROVEMENTS IN LINED VACUUM KIERS, PANS, OR VESSELS," to be as follows:-
:―
My Invention relates more particularly to the vacuum kiers employed
in certain processes of bleaching, and especially to such kicrs as are
lined with lead, but may also be applicable, in some cases, to vacuum
kiers otherwise lined, or to vacuum kiers, pans, or vessels lined with
lead or other material and otherwise employed than as aforesaid.
The
said kiers employed in the processes of bleaching are ordinarily formed
of iron and are lined with lead for the reason that certain of tho

page_text: materials employed in the said processes would have an injurious action
upon the iron if allowed to come into contact therewith.
When lining the said kiers with lead it has hitherto been customary
to form holes in the said lining near the upper part thereof in order
that any air which may occupy the space or spaces between the said
lining and the body of the kier may not, by its expansion, bulge the
said lining or force it away from the body of the kier. It has been
found in practise that the liquids employed in the aforesaid processes,
such as dilute acid, have occasionally flowed through the aforesaid holes
in the lining and have accumulated between the said lining and the kier,
and by their action have injured the said lining or have rent or burst the
same, thereby causing great loss and inconvenience.
The object of my said Invention is to remedy the said defects, and
for this purpose I dispense with the aforesaid holes in the lining, and I
fit the said lining within the kier in an air and water tight manner so
that liquids cannot get between the said lining and the body of the
kier although the said kier may be completely filled, and I establish a
communication between the space or spaces between the lining and
the body of the kior and the suction pipe which is in connection with
the air pump by means of a tube or pipe which is connected at one end
with the said suction pipe and at the other end with the said space or
spaces. A vacuum is thus formed in the said space or spaces when a
vacuum is formed within the kier without the use of the aforesaid holes
in the lining. Grooves for the passage of air may be formed between
the lining and the body of the kier, the said grooves leading to the
entrance into the said pipe or tube.

page_text: our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-one, in the thirty-
fourth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give
and grant unto me, the said Sam Mason, junior, Her special licence
that I, the said Sam Mason, junior, my executors, administrators,
and assigns, or such others as I, the said Sam Mason, junior, my
executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with,
and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during
the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use,
exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "Im-
PROVEMENTS IN LINED VACUUM KIERS, PANS, OR VESSELS," upon the condition
(amongst others) that I, the said Sam Mason, junior, by an instrument
in writing under my hand and seal, should particularly describe and
ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the
same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great
Scal Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately
after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Sam Mason, junior, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same
is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement and accompanying Drawings, that is to
say :-
My Invention relates more particularly to the vacuum kiers employed
in certain processes of bleaching, and especially to such kiers as are
lined with lead, but may also be applicable in some cases to vacuum
kiers otherwise lined, or to vacuum kiers, pans, or vessels lined with
Icad or other material, and otherwise employed than as aforesaid. The
said kiers employed in the process of bleaching arc ordinarily formed of
iron and are lined with lead, for the reason that certain of the materials
employed in the said processes would have an injurious action upon the
iron if allowed to come into contact therewith.
When lining the said kiers with lead it has hitherto been customary
to form holes in the said lining near the upper part thereof, in order that
any air which may occupy the space or spaces between the said lining
and the body of the kier may not by its expansion bulge the said lining
or force it away from the body of the kier. It has been found in practice
that the liquids employed in the aforesaid processes, such as dilute acid,

page_text: have occasionally flowed through the aforesaid holes in the lining and
have accumulated between the said lining and the kier, and by their
action have injured the said lining or have rent or burst the same,
thereby causing great loss and inconvenience.
The object of my said Invention is to remedy the said defects, and for
this purpose I dispense with the aforesaid holes in the lining, and I fit
the said lining within the kicr in an air and water tight manner, so
that liquids cannot get between the said lining and the body of the
kier, although the said kier may be completely filled, and I establish
a communication between the space or spaces between the lining and
the body of the kier and the suction pipe which is in connection with
the air pump by means of a tube or pipe, which is connected at one end
with the said suction pipe, and at the other end with the said space or
spaces. A vacuum is thus formed in the said space or spaces, when a
vacuum is formed within the kier without the use of the aforesaid holes
in the lining.
In order that my Invention may be fully understood I will in this
place refer to the accompanying Sheet of Drawings illustrative of the
manner in which I carry the said Invention into effect.
Fig. 1 represents a vertical section through a vacuum kier, such as is
or may be employed in the process of bleaching.
In this example a is the body of the kier; b is the lead lining; c is
the pipe leading to the air pump; and d is the tube or pipe which I
employ to establish a communication between the interior of the kier
and the space between the body of the kier and the lead lining. The
tube d is attached to the pipe c, and is represented in the Drawing as
being extended above the said pipe, the object of this arrangement being
to prevent the flow of liquid from the said pipe into the said tube. The
lower end of the said tube is connected with a short length of tube
which is screwed in an orifice e formed in the body of the kier, as
represented about the full size at Fig. 2. The said orifice passes through
the side of the kier, and in order that the lead lining may not be pressed
into or too closely against the opening of the said orifice a metal shield f
is interposed between the said opening and the said lining, the arrange-
ment being such as that any air which may be between the said lining
and the body of the kier may have access to the said opening. In the
example illustrated a small valve g, arranged to open outwardly, is fitted

page_text: to the lower end of the tube d, the said valve furnishing a means for
the escape of any steam or liquid which may enter the said tube, or
which may arise from the condensation of vapours within the said tube,
but the said valve may be dispensed with in some cases or when not
considered to be necessary. The lead lining is so fitted within the kier
as that any liquid which may be within the kier cannot obtain access
to the back of the said lining, that is to say, the said liquid cannot get
betwen the said lining and the body of the kier, and also there is no
communication for the passage of air from behind the said lining to
the interior of the kier or to the air pump excepting through the tube d,
the holes usually formed in the said lining at the upper part thereof not
being required when a kier is fitted with my said Invention. Although
only one orifice e is represented in the Drawing more than one orifice
may be formed in the body of the kier, if considered to be necessary,
each orifice being connected by tubing with the tube d or being con-
nected by a separate tube with the pipe c, or grooves or air channels
communicating with the orifice e, or with each orifice may be formed
on the interior surface of the body of the kier, or be otherwise formed
between the lining and the said body, the said grooves or channels
conveying air to and from the said orifice or orifices.
Fig. 3 is a plan and Fig. 4 a cross sectional clevation of a cylindrical
revolving vacuum kier of comparatively large size.
In this example orifices are formed at h, h, h, and the said orifices are
connected by means of short tubes or nipples with the side tubes i, i,
which side tubes are united by the cross tube . The said tube k is
connected by means of a short tube / with the gland m, through which
air is withdrawn from the interior of the kier by the air pump or pumps.
The said tubes establish a communication between the said air pump or
pumps and the space or spaces between the lining and the body of the
kier for the purpose herein-before set forth. A safety or relief valve
is or may be placed at n or at any other suitable point on the said tubes,
the said valve being similar to and adapted for the same purpose as the
valve in Fig. 2.
Having now fully described and illustrated the nature of my In-
vention, and the manner in which I carry the same into practical
effect, I would in conclusion have it to be distinctly understood that I
claim, as secured to me by the herein-before mentioned Letters Patent,

page_text: the employment of the means for preventing the bulging or collapsing
of the lead or metal linings of vacuum kiers, substantially as described,
indicated, and illustrated herein and by the accompanying Drawings.
In witness whereof, I, the said Sam Mason, junior, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Thirtieth day of December, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-one.