CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY, TOOLS, OR APPARATUS FOR CUTTING, PLANEING, TURNING, DRILLING, AND ROLLING METAL AND OTHER SUBSTANCES
Year: 1839

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHN
GEORGE BODMER, of Manchester, in the County of Lancaster, Engineer, send
greeting.
WHEREAS by Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by
Her Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at
Westminster, the Twentieth day of May, in the second year of Her reign,
and in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and thirty-nine,
did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said John George Bodmer, Her especial license, full power, sole privilege
and authority, that I, the said John George Bodmer, my executors, adminis-
trators, and assigns, and such others as I, the said John George Bodmer, my
executors, administrators, and assigns, should agree with, and no other, from
time to time and at all times during the term of years therein expressed,
should and lawfully might use, exercise, and vend, within England and
Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, my Invention of "CERTAIN
IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY, TOOLS, OR APPARATUS FOR CUTTING, PLANEING,
TURNING, DRILLING, AND ROLLING METAL AND OTHER SUBSTANCES;" in which said
Letters Patent is contained a proviso that I, the said John George Bodmer,
shall cause a particular description of the nature of my said Invention, and
in what manner the same is to be performed, to be enrolled in Her Majesty's
High Court of Chancery within six calendar months next and immediately
after the date of the said in part recited Letters Patent, as in and by the..
same, reference being thereunto had, will more fully and at large appear.

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
John George Bodmer, do hereby declare that the nature of my said Invention,
and the manner in which the same is to be performed, is particularly described
and ascertained in and by the Drawings hereto annexed, and the following
explanation thereof, that is to say :-
My Improvements in Machinery, Tools, or Apparatus for Cutting, Planeing,
Turning, Drilling, and Rolling Metal and other Substances, consist in certain
novel arrangements and construction of the various mechanism for performing
such operations, and which are particularly illustrated by the seven sheets of
Drawings attached to these Presents, reference being made to the figures and
letters marked thereon, and also to the following corresponding description
In Sheet 1 Fig. 1 represents a longitudinal elevation of my improved
wheel-cutting engine. Fig. 2 a longitudinal elevation of the same, viewed
from the other side. Fig. 3 an end elevation, and Fig. 4 a ground plan of
the same.
Fig. 5 a side view of an apparatus for cutting internal wheels,
adapted to the same cutting engine. Fig. 6 a ground plan of the same.
Fig. 7 a side view of an apparatus for cutting worm wheels, also adapted to
the cutting engine. Fig. 8 a ground plan of the same. Fig. 9 a side view of
an apparatus for giving a perfect shape to the teeth of bevil wheels, as patterns
or for use. Fig. 10 a ground plan of the same. Figs. 11 and 12 front and
ond views of the same. Fig. 13 an end view of part of Fig. 3, connected
with the apparatus for cutting racks. Fig. 14 a side view of the same
apparatus. Fig. 15 a ground plan of part of the piece q, with my swivel
guide pulleys. Figs. 16, 17, 18, and 19, different views of my compound
steel cutters for cutting wheels, racks, &c. Figs. 20 and 21 elevation and
ground plan of my cutters for cutting the teeth of wooden wheel and rack
patterns. Fig. 22 section of the holder of the said cutters Figs. 1, 2, 3,
and 4. a, the bottom plate or pedestal of my cutting engine. b, a bracket
fixed to the pedestal a, and containing the step of the upright or driving
shaft c. bx, another bracket fixed to the upright 28. d, the band
pulley with two grooves which drives the cutter shaft. e, the band which
is taken round the guide and tightening pulley f, and from there twice
or three times round the pulley g, and again round the pulley d, and then
round the pulley h, from which it goes back to the pulley d. This is done
partly for the purpose of producing a greater friction on the pulley d, but
mainly for the purpose of reducing the space through which the carriage i

page_text: travels on the bracket or rail k to one half when the cutter slide is working.
The carriage i is drawn in the direction of the arrow by a weight and rope
fixed to the arm on the carriage i, and in this manner keeps the band e always
equally tight in whatever position the pulley g may be; m, the main bed of the
cutting engine; n, the main slide, cast of one piece with the bed o, on which tlio
cross slide p moves. This bed is exactly and invariably at right angles with the
slide n, and therefore with the main bed m. The slide n is moved on the bed m by.
means of a crank and screw a working in steps r fixed to the bed m, and in the
nuts, which is fixed to the slide n, the slide n itself being fixed by the bolt t. A
swivel step u, with an inside V groove x, similar to those explained in several
parts of this Specification, turns upon the projection p*, which forms part of
the slide p. In this swivel step a cylindrical projection v* of the bed v fits
(see Fig. 3*), on which projection the said bed can be set in the direction of
the arrow to any required angle. The pin w is fitted into the centre of the
said projection v*, and by means of the ring bolt æ, through which it passes,
the bed v is held in its place, and is moreover prevented from moving by the
set screws y, which pass through the slots y* in the angle bracket, and this
bracket is fixed to the swivel step u by bolts. The slide 1 moves on the bed
v by means of the crank and screw 2, which screw revolves in the bearings
3 and 8x on the slide 1, and has its nut fixed to the bed v. There is another
slide or bracket 4, which moves to and fro on the slide 1, and
the V bolt 5, the head of which is fitted into the V groove 6
the said slide. The toolholder 7 is held to the projection of the slide 4 by the
bolt 8, the head of which is sunk into the toolholder, where it is prevented
from turning by a key. This bolt 8 is not only held tight in the bracket 4 by
the screw nut 8*, but there is morcover a ring bolt x, seen in dotted lines, by
which it is fixed. The toolholder 7 is set to any required angle by means of
the tube set screw 9, which is tapped into the swivel nut 10 in the fork 11,
and resting upon the swivel nut 12 on the bracket 7x of the toolholder 7; a
screw 13 passes through the screw 9 into the swivel nut 12; and after the
toolholder has been set into its required position the screw 13 fixes the swivel
nut 12 to the bottom end of the screw 9, and keeps the toolholder 7. in its
place.
But for the purpose of preventing shaking or trembling the bolt 14,
whose head moves in the radial V groove 15, is screwed tight as soon as the
toolholder. 7 is set. A steel screw 16 fits into the arm 7* of the toolholder,
and forms the pivot of the cutter spindle 17. This spindle works in the steel
step 18, which serves at the same time as tightening bolt for the. bracket 19,
in which and in the swivel bracket 19* the shaft g*. of the pulley g revolves.
The pinion 20, at the top of the shaft g*, geers into the wheel 21 upon the
is fixed.on it by
(see Fig. 2) of.

page_text: spindle 17, and the bracket 19 slides in the plate 22, which, by loosening the
bolt 18, can be swivelled in any convenient direction, so that the driving wheels
can be changed and the toolholder 7 put into any required position without
interfering with the band e. To prevent the rope from getting out of the
groove of the pulley g whenever the toolholder is set in an angular position, the
groove is made wide enough and V-shaped. From the Drawing and description
of these several slides and of the toolholder 7, it is evident that the toolholder,
with the cutter 23, can be moved in any direction which may be required for
the purpose of cutting spur wheels, bevil wheels, ratchet wheels, or worm
wheels; but as the centre of the spindle 24, on which the dividing wheel 25
is fixed, must not for all purposes be on the same horizon with the transverse
line of the cutter 28, the spindle 24, which revolves in the bearings 27 and
27 on the slide 26, is moved up and down on the bed 28 by means of the
screw 29, the crank 30, and the nut 31 in the slide 26. Suppose the spur-
wheel 32 to be ready for cutting, fixed by means of the screw nut 35 on the
shaft 33, this shaft is placed into the spindle 24 with its conical shoulder (see
Fig. 4), and held tight by the screw nut 34; the cutter 23 revolving at a
suitable speed is then_ advanced with the slide 1 by means of the screw 2 in
the usual manner, cutting one space at once. The cutting of one space being
performed, the dividing wheel 25 is advanced by means of the click crank 38
on the arm 36, which falls into one or more of the notches in the division:
plate 87, which is fixed to the bracket 45*, and by means of the wheels 41,
42, and 48, the shaft 44, which revolves in the bearings 45 and 46, the mitre
wheels 47 and 48, the shaft 49, which revolves in the bearings 50 and 52, the
mitre wheels 51 and 53, and the worms 39 and 89*, in the bearing 54, the
mitre. wheel 58 revolves through the bush of which the shaft 40 slides, and is
fixed at the required height by a feather in the groove x. The upper part of
the shaft 40 revolves in the bearing 56 on the bracket 55, which is fixed to
the slide 26. The bracket 45*, to which the division plate 37 is fixed, is
fastened with bolts to the slide bed o, which is supported by the pillar 57,
this pillar moving along with the slide bed o in the groove 58 of the bottom
plate a. Figs. 5 and 6 represent the mechanism which I use for cutting
inside spur wheels, or even inside bevil wheels constructed to certain angles. a,
a face plate fitting the conical part of the spindle 24 (see Figs. 3 and 4); b, a
stud (Figs. 5 and 6), of which there are, say 4 or 6, fixed into slots in the face
plate a; c, a pincer or tongue which I call holder, by which the rim or flange
of an inside wheel is fixed to the studs 6, and therewith to the face plate a;
d, a toolholder similar to the toolholder 7, shewn in Figs. 2, 3, and 4, but
having two projections, e and e*, to which a frame or bracket f is fixed, and

page_text: which frame or bracket is fixed by means of bolts and the projections 9 and g*
to the toolholder. Two wrought-iron studs h and h* are fixed to the end of
the frame f, and in these studs the cutter shaft i revolves. The cutters or
cutter blades themselves will be explained hereafter with reference to Figs. 16,
17, 18, 19, 20, 21, and 22. The shaft k, which is similar to the cutter shaft 17,
(Figs. 2, 3, and 4,) has the pulley at its top, and by means of the strap m
gives motion to the cutter shaft i. It is easily understood that the toolholder
d is fixed to the slide or bracket 4, explained with reference to Figs. 1, 2, 3,
and 4, and therefore set and moved in a similar manner to the toolholder 7,
the only difference consisting in the cutter working in the inside of the wheel.
to be cut instead of at the outside, for which purpose the cutter shaft i is
extremely short and placed in a narrow frame, which is small enough to clear
the inside of a wheel of only 18 inches, or even less, diameter. It is unneces-
sary to explain the mechanism which would be wanted to cut inside wheels
made of iron, because the principle is exactly the same, the only difference
consisting in the cutter, and in the mode of driving the same, which would
be done by geering instead of a strap. For the purpose of cutting
worm wheels with the greatest accuracy, I apply the apparatus shewn
in Figs. 7 and 8 to the cutting engine. The toolholder a is precisely the
same as that described with reference to Figs. 2, 3, and 4, but instead of
placing a cutter in it similar to those represented in Figs. 16, 17, 18, and 19,
I place a worm on the cutter shaft 6, which is the same with the cutter shaft
17 in Figs. 2, &c. The worm cis made and fixed in the same manner as the
cutters shown in Figs. 16 and 17, which will be hereafter explained, but the
cutter shaft is connected with the shaft 44, and therefore with the dividing
wheel 25 (see Figs. 3 and 4), by means of the spur wheels d and e (see
Fig. 8), the mitre wheels f and g, the shaft h, the mitre wheel i, in the bush
of which the shaft / slides, the mitre wheel.k, the shaft / revolving in the bush
m, which is fixed to the bracket n on the end of the cross slide p at the place
marked (see Figs. 3, 4, and 8), the mitre wheel o on the top of the shaft 7,
and the mitre wheel p sliding on the shaft 44 (see Fig. 4), and which moves
with the slide p by the bearing 9 on the bracket n. It is evident that if the
shaft 44 (see Fig. 4) is caused to revolve by a pulley fixed to it the worm
cutter c must revolve simultaneously with the worm 39 on the shaft 40, and
therefore cut a worm wheel with exactly the same number of teeth as the
dividing wheel 25, if the pitch of the cutter c be proportioned to the diameter
of the wheel so to be cut. And it is further évident that thro' changes of the
proportions of the spur wheels d and e any required number of teeth may be
produced. Figs. 9 and 10, a, the conical end of the spindle 24 (see Fig. 4);

page_text: b, a wrought-iron spindle or shaft fixed into the spindle a. Upon this shaft a
wooden bevil wheel pattern c is fixed between two plates d, and screwed tight
by the screw nut e. The spindle has a prolongation on which the bush f
turns, and this bush is fixed by means of the two hoops g with set screws.
The bush is made of wrought iron; and upon the stud h, which is of one
piece with the bush f; the piece i swivels in the V groove of which the bar k
slides. This bar k, made either of cast or wrought iron, has the cranked
bracket on one end which admits a conical cutter m, and which conical cutter
revolves horizontally or nearly so on a centre at n, and in the step o fixed in the
bracket, and is driven at a speed of many hundred revolutions a minute by
means of the pulley p fixed to the cutter m, the guide pulleys 9 revolving on studs
fixed to brackets of the lower end of the piece r, which is fixed to the slide or
bracket 4 (see Figs. 2, 3, and 4,) instead of the piece 7 called toolholder. It is
to be observed that the fulcrum s of the bracket Z and bar ke is to be exactly in
that place in which the axis of the spindle 6 and the axis of the pinion
which is supposed to work in the bevil wheel c intersect one another, and that
the prolongation of the axis of the cutter m must meet at the same point..
The steel set screw t, with its tightening nuts, forms one pivot of the cutter m.
A stud u is fixed into the bracket exactly in the prolongation of the axis of
the cutter m, the end of which is ball-shaped, and its other part turned
cylindrically and somewhat larger in diameter than the ball itself, to serve
the following purposes. To the bed v (see Figs. 11 and 12) is fixed the
bracket or upright w, and to this bracket the shaper x is fixed by means of
the bolt y, and by this shaper the rollers, which revolves on the stud u,
is guided (see Fig. 11 in dotted lines). The slide 1 is moved on the
bed by the screw 2 (as already explained with referenco to Figs. 2,
3, and 4), and as the slide or bracket 4 is fixed to the slide 1, it is evident
that the cutter m must act in the following manner:-The steel roller =
on the stud 2, which must be exactly of the diameter which a prolonga-
tion of the cone of the cutter m would assume in the place occupied by
the said roller z, is now supposed to travel at the top of the shaper x the
moment the slide 1 is moved in the direction of the arrow, and as
the ball end of the stud only moves in the groove of the bracket 5 which
is fixed to the slide 4, and the fulcrum of the bar k acting as a universal joint
in all directions, it is evident that the cutter m must give to the tooth of the
wheel c the proportional shape of the shaper . To regulate the pressure of
the rollerz, which carries the whole weight of the bracket 1, &c., &c., the
lever 6, which moves on the stud 7 in the piece r, has a sliding weight 8 on
one end, by means of which the rollers may either be pressed upwards or down-
'

page_text: wards on the shaper x. Figs. 18, 14, and 15, a, the bed of the cutting
engine. b, the upright or bracket fixed to the same. c, the slide carrying the
spindled with the dividing wheel, which is not shewn here. e, part of a
bracket or slide bed fixed to the back of the upright b, under which bracket or
slide the cone pulleys and rope pulleys are placed as often as the cutting
engine is to be used for the cutting of racks or large wheel or segment
patterns. The bracket f is fixed upon the bracket e in manner of a slide. g,
another bracket fixed to the bed a. h, two brackets, of which the projecting
parts are. V-shaped; they are fixed to the brackets f and g, and their
position can be regulated by the slots and bolts i. On the V-edges × the
slide k moves, and is connected with the pulley 7 on the spindle d by means of
the steel blades or bands m and 12, which are fixed by bolts with one end
to the beam or slide k, and with the other to the pulley . The pulley 1 is
perfectly true, and rather exceeding half the diameter of the dividing wheel
above mentioned. The rack o, which is to be cut, is fixed to the beam or
slide k by bolts or holders. p is the same slide or bracket as that marked 4
in Figs. 1, 2, and 3, but instead of the toolholder 7 it has the piece 7 affixed
to it by means of the bolt r, and the regulating apparatus 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13,
see Figs. 1, 2, and 3. The cutters s are fixed into the holders t, hereafter
described with reference to Figs. 20 and 21; but the spindle u is placed in
a horizontal position between the steel pivot set screws v, which are fixed into
the fork of the piece q. The motion is given to the cutters from the same
driving pulleys as described with reference to Figs. 1, 2, 3, and 4, by the
band w; but as for cutting broad racks the travelling distance of the slide p is
very considerable. To prevent the band w from being forced out of the grooves
of the guide pulleys I have adopted my novel guide pulleys, which accom-
modate themselves to the direction of the band. Suppose a rack of a certain
pitch to be cut by the cutters s, the wheels 41, 42, and 43, see Figs. 1 and 2,
are so disposed that for every given number of turns of the crank click 36
the slide k is, by means of the pulley on the dividing wheel 25, and the
straps m and n, advanced precisely the distance of one tooth of the required
pitch. The slide c and the two brackets h may be set at any convenient
distance from the centre of the cutter shaft u, and there is no impediment in
the way of cutting a rack of any required pitch. The guide pulleys x are
placed in the swivels y, and revolve on pins or studs which are supported
therein; or the pulley may be fixed upon the shaft, and the shaft revolve in
bearings in the swivels y. A tube extends out of each swivel y above and
a brass 1 at the bottom, into which the pivot 2 is fixed. The tube z moves in
the top part of a bracket or bearing 3, which is cast to the tube 4, and the

page_text: pivot turns in the plate 5, which is fixed to the tube 4 and the piece q by the
bolt 6. It is evident that the rope, in passing through the tube z and over
the pulley x, will never lose its position, nor touch any part of the tube z,
because the centre of the groove of the pulley & coincides exactly with the
centre of the tube z and of the pivot 2; and in whatever position the pulley &
may be put the band w must always remain in the centre of the tube, and the
pulley at all times accommodate its position to that part of the rope w
which is marked x in Fig. 15. Fig. 16 is a section of the cutter shaft 17
with one of my improved cutters fitted to it. The shoulder a may be fitted on
the shaft, but I prefer having it forged of the same piece. The top end 6 of
the shaft is turned cylindrically to a certain diameter, and has a piece of steel
welded to it, which is formed into a screw and a step c for the pivot, on which
the shaft 17 revolves. The hoop or ring d has a groove turned in it similar
to that in the shoulder a, and this hoop fits tight on the end b, and by means
of the groove in the shoulder a, the hoop 'd, and the nut e, the segments of
which the cutter is composed (see Fig. 17) are held together, and in this
manner form one entire and very perfect cutter. The advantage of construct-
ing the cutters in this manner is very great, not only in the forging of the
cutters of cast steel, because much smaller pieces can be made use of than in
the ordinary way, but most particularly in the hardening of them, which can
be performed without the slightest risk of the cutter flying or twisting.
Figs. 18 and 19 represent the same cutters with a slight variation only in
their construction, which is clearly shewn in section Fig. 19. Fig. 20 shews
the mode in which I make my toolholders for cutting wooden wheel patterns.
a, the cutter shaft. b, the top end of the shaft.
c, the step.
d, the tool-
holders (see Figs. 21 and 22). e, the nut for screwing the toolholders d
tight upon the cutters. f, the cutters, fitting in dovetails of the pieces d. The
parts of a toolholder are shewn in section at Fig. 22. The position of the
cutters is of considerable advantage in cutting wood, and furnishes an easy
mode of taking them out and replacing them without changing their position
in the slightest degree.
In Sheet 2, Fig. 1 is a longitudinal elevation, Fig. 2 a side elevation, and
Fig. 3 a ground plan of a machine. for turning, cutting, and shaping cutters
for cutting teeth in wheels of metal and wood, which machine I call a
pentograph, because that part of it which forms its main feature is constructed
upon the principle of a pentograph. Fig. 4 represents an elevation, and
Fig. 5 a ground plan of a machine or apparatus for cutting spherical lenses
mathematically true. Fig. 6 shews the cutter for cutting concave lenses
applied to the same machine. Fig. 7 represents a spindle g*, drawn on a

page_text: larger scale, with a lens i fixed into it. Fig. 8 represents another cutter, to
which the spindles g* are applied, with the lens still fixed in them for the
purpose of preparing them for setting, and in so doing for keeping the
foci true. Fig. 9 represents an apparatus for equalizing the inside of
any metal tube or hoop, whether the same be hard or soft, in a very short
time, and in a most perfect manner. Fig. 10 shews a mode of cutting
perfectly true the surface of a short cylinder, particularly such as steam engine
pistons, &c. Fig. 11 is a ground plan, and Fig. 12 an elevation, of an an
apparatus (screwed to the slide of a slide lathe) for equalizing a cylindrical
bar, for instance, a piston rod. Fig. 13 is a longitudinal elevation, and
Fig. 14 a lateral view, of an apparatus for making a true plane of moderate
dimensions. Fig. 15 is a ground plan, and Fig. 16 a side elevation, of an
apparatus for making a perfectly level surface on any piece which has been
previously planed on a common planeing machine, as, for instance, on a slide
lathe bed. Fig. 17 represents a sliding headstock of a ten-inch lathe, in
consequence of the peculiar construction of which the slide rest of the lathe
can be set very close to the piece to be slided without the headstock interfering
with it. Figs. 18, 19, 20, and 21, represent in various views a drill or borer
for the finishing or equalizing of holes of all sizes, from one inch or even less
up to eight or ten inches, and even more. Figs. 22 and 23 longitudinal
elevation and ground plan of the cutter or boring blade for the said drills or
borers. Fig. 24 represents in a longitudinal view, and Fig. 25 in a front view,
my cylindrical expansion mandrills. Figs. 26 and 27 represent a longitudinal
and end view of my screw mandril for turning such wheels as are tapped
inside, but principally for facing screw nuts perfectly square with their
threads. Fig. 28 is a detached view of one of the four pieces composing the
barrel of the mandril. Figs. 29 & 30, section and end views of my expansion
rimer. Figs. 1, 2, & 3, a, the bottom plate of my pentograph, planed on the
base and surface, and on the two longer sides. 6 an angular slide bed, fixed
to the plate a by bolts c. The lathe headstock d, with the cone pullies and
geering, as commonly used, slides upon this bed, the geering receiving motion
from above from a cone pulley e. The screw fis lodged in a groove, and
between two bearings in the slide bed b, and by means of the crank g it works
the headstock d to and fro. The spindle i projects to an unusual extent for
the purpose of admitting at its extremity of various chucks, by which the
cutters to be turned, shaped, and cut are held; the end of the spindle i is
besides so constructed as to admit screws or studs of various descriptions.
The worm wheel k is fixed on the spindle i, and is acted upon by a worm l,
and this worm is turned round by the click crank m, which falls into the

page_text: notches of the index disk n after the required revolutions for producing any
given divisions have been performed by the worm l. Suppose now the steel
cutter o to have been fixed to the spindle i by the chuck p for the purpose of
being turned to its perfect shape, the worm 7 is removed from its place, so
that the cone pullies may be used for turning the spindle, as on a common
lathe. The plate a is supposed to be a perfect plane, upon which the pieces
9 and r slide, and to these two pieces the pieces s and t are linked by means
of the studs u and v. The stud w moves in the slot of the plate a, and is
fixed therein by a screw nut, and the upper part of the same serves as fulcrum
to the piece q, and therefore to the whole pentograph. A slide y of wrought
iron shifts, to any required place in the slot z of the bar q, and it is. by the
position of the slide y moving on the stud w, and that of the stud w and the
slide 1 (moving in a groove in the bar t), with the roller 2, that the
proportion between the shaper 3 and the cutter o is determined. Suppose
now the shaper 3, which is screwed on the shaper plate 4, to be seven times
the size of the tooth to which the cutter is to be shaped, then the slide y in the
slot, with the stud w, which moves in the slot a, and the slide 1 on the piece
t, are placed in such positions as to produce on the cutter o precisely the same
figure as that of the shaper 3, reduced to one seventh part. I deem it
unnecessary to give here any further explanation as to the change of position
of the various centres for producing the different proportions, the functions of
the pentograph being generally understood. The piece 5 is a bracket fixed to
the plate a by the bolt 6, and to this bracket the shaper plate 4 is fixed, which,
by means of the screw nut 7, may be placed under any convenient angle. If a
cutter were required to be turned to that shape which will give the teeth of a
small metal wheel of a certain diameter and pitch their mathematically true
shape, the shaper 3 would have to be drawn out upon brass, hard wood, or any
other suitable material, by a method which I have made use of for many years
past, and of such a size that no difficulty would attend the cutting of the same
exactly to the lines marked upon it. This shaper would then have to be
glued or screwed to the lower part of the shaper plate 4, and the slides 1 and
y and the stud w to be set as already mentioned, the roller 2 to bear the same
proportion to the round turning tool 8 (see Fig. 3*) as the shaper 3 to the
This turning tool must be at all times small enough to follow on the
required scale the shape of the shaper 3; it must be most accurately turned,
and after having been hardened, be equalized and sharpened by means
of an operation to which I shall hereafter refer, and which forms a part of my
present Patent. The turning tool 8 is placed into the conical hole of the
vertical spindle g, and made to revolve at a slow speed by means of the
cutter o.

page_text: pullies 11 and 12, the rope and counter pullies 13, and a fly wheel or pulley 14
(see Fig. 2 and 3, part dotted), which may be placed either under the plate a
or above. The tool is made to revolve slowly, for the purpose. of presenting to
the cutter as much as possible a perfect keen edge, and also for the purpose of
wearing it perfectly equal, and so that its true shape is never altered. The
screw 15 is intended to act upon the pentotgraph in the direction of the
arrows 16; and the lover 17 is intended to act upon the same by means of the
rod 18 in the direction of the two arrows 19. The man who attends to the
machine takes hold of the lever 17 with his right hand, and of the crank of
the screw 15 with his left, and in this manner moves the roller or pulley 2
along the shaper 3, and thereby causes the tool 8 to shape the cutter o exactly
into the same form as the shaper 3. After the cutter has been so turned that
by moving over the shaper 3 the tool 8 has ceased to act, the required shape
has been obtained, and the cutting edges remain to be formed. For this
purpose the tool 8 is exchanged for a toothed cutter of exactly.the same shape;
the worm wheel is put in geer with the worm wheel k, and the toothed
cutter is caused to run at any speed which suits the purpose, the shaper 3 on
its plate 4 having been turned on the dial 20 to give the proper bevil direction,
and the bracket 5 shifted to one side in such a manner as will cause. the
toothed cutter to cut to the depth desired, and no more, over any part of the
cutter acted upon.
The shaper and bracket are to be moved to the same
distance on the opposite side of the tooth. Thus, perfectly keen edges will be
given to the tooth of the cutter o on both sides, and of the required depth,
without the shape before given to it being altered in the slightest degree.
For the purpose of finishing the cutter o the cutter 8 is replaced by a cutter of
precisely the same shape, made. of wrought copper, which is applied in the
same manner to the cutter o as already described with reference to the steel
cutter, but with oil and emery, and running at a very great speed. The same
method is used for the purpose of sharpening cutters which may have become
blunted, without previously softening them, or rectifying such cutters as may have
warped a little in hardening. Fig. 4, a, a cast-iron frame, fixed to stone or a
bottom plate. b, a disk of cast iron, fixed to the spindle c, and provided with a
rim cutter of wrought copper d, which is fixed into the disk, and turned per-
fectly true inside. The disk e is cast of the same piece with. the tube f, which
revolves in the bearing g, fixed to the frame a. That part of the machine
which I am now describing is drawn in section, for the purpose of giving a
clearer idea of the arrangement. The spindles 9*, twenty-four in number, of
which only two are shewn in Fig. 4, and three in Fig. 5, are made of wrought
iron. They fit the hollow bevil pinions h, and these pinions with their bosses

page_text: are let into the disk e, in which they revolve. To the ends of the spindles 9*
disks are forged, and as those disks must fit the shape of the lens under
operation. when perfect, a set of such spindles is required for plain lenses,
another for concave, and one for convex lenses. The spindle g* has a longi-
tudinal groove in it, which fits a feather adjusted into the tube of the pinion h,
in consequence of which the spindle g* is compelled to revolve with the
pinion without being prevented from moving in a radial direction. The
piece of glass or crystal i, which is to be cut, is cemented to the disk
of the spindle g* in the usual manner, and the pinions h are caused to
revolve by the bevil wheel k, fixed on the shaft 7, which shaft is lodged
in the tube f, and is driven by the pulley m, which is in connection with
the spindle c by means of the strap n, the drum o, the shaft p (revolving
in the bearings 9 and 7), the bevil wheels, the bevil pinion t, the shaft 2
(revolving in the bearings v), the bevil wheel x, the bevil pinion y, the
shaft, the spur wheel 1, and the pinion 2, on the spindle c, which spindle
carries also the driving pulley 8, by which the whole machine is set in
motion. Suppose now the disk b to revolve at a speed of one thousand revo-
lutions per minute, more or less, the bush f with the disk e to be stationary
in the bearing or pedestal g, and the bevil whcel k to revolve by the train of
wheels, shafts, &c., already explained, at about sixty revolutions per minute, or
at any speed that may be deemed most proper for the purpose of cutting the
different lenses, and the spindles g* (with the lenses cemented to their ends)
about six hundred revolutions per minute, it is evident that by the pressure
of the spiral springs 11 against the spindles g* the lens is constantly held in
contact with the copper ring or cutter d. The cutter d is supplied with emery
and oil from the reservoir formed between the boss of the rim 4 of the
wheel; the mixture runs through small apertures upon the disk b,. and
through the centrifugal power is propelled towards the rim of the disc b, in
which it rises to the cutter. That portion of the oil and emery which is
thrown out by the motion of the spindles gx is received into the cavity of the
rim or guard 5, from which cavity it runs into a basin or reservoir, which may
be placed in any suitable position near the machine, and it is from this
reservoir that the reservoir in the wheel k is supplied from time to time through
a spout or funnel. For the purpose of preventing the cutter d from wearing
irregularly the worm 6 gives a vertical reciprocating motion to the shaft c.by
means of the worm wheel 7, the heart 8, the elbow lever 9, and the moveable
step 10. In Fig. 8* the spindle g* is represented with a lens upon it as acted
upon by the copper cutter in such a manner as to produce a perfect plane on
the lens. I decin it unnecessary to say anything more concerning Fig. 6, as

page_text: all the rest of the machine is explained with reference to Figs. 4 and 5.
Fig. 9, a, is supposed to be the spindle end of a lathe. b, a common cast-iron.
chuck, lined with lead or other material. c, a hardened steel or iron tube or
hook fitted into the chuck. d, the toolholder of a slide rest. e, a bearing
fitted into the toolbolder d, and carrying the spindle f, which is supposed to
revolve at the speed of three thousand or four thousand revolutions a minute,
more or less. 9, the pulley, which drives the spindle. h, a cutter of wrought
copper fixed to the end of the shaft f, and in diameter nearly equal to that
of the inside of the tube c. The oil and emery are poured into the tube c,
and the cutter is moved to and fro by means of one of the slides of the slide
rest. By means of the other slide of the slide rest the cutter h is held in
contact with the inside of the tube c, and as the spindle a revolves, also at the
speed of about two hundred revolutions per minute, more or less, it is evident,
that the inside of the tube e must be cut in a very short time mathematically
true and perfectly cylindrical. When the hole is conical the slide rest is set
at a proper angle, and the operation is performed with a similar cutter without
the slightest difficulty. Fig 9* shews a similar arrangement for cutting or
equalizing screws; the cutter in this case is connected with the guide screw of
the slide lathe, as it is done for cutting screws in the ordinary manner. Fig 10,
a, b, d, e, f, g, and h, are the same as in Fig. 9. c is a cylinder, which is
brought in contact with the inside of the cutter h in exactly the same manner
as explained in Fig. 9, but is thus cut true in the outside. Figs. 11 and 12,
a, part of a slide lathe bed. b, the slide. c, a frame fixed upon the slide. d,
bearings fixed to the frame c, and adjusted by means of set screws in such
a manner as to prevent the cylindrical rode from oscillating. The cast-iron
disks fare fitted upon the shaft 9, and to those disks the cutters 7, of wrought
copper, are screwed. I prefer wrought copper for cutters which are used with
emery, but I do not mean to say that I could not make use of other
suitable materials. The shaft g revolves in the bearings i of the brackets c,
and by means of the pulley k is caused to revolve at a speed of from
one thousand five hundred to three thousand revolutions per minute, moro
or less; and whilst the cutters h revolve in the direction of the arrow
upon the rod e, on which a supply of oil and emery drops from the vessel
or box (see Fig. 12), it revolves at a speed of several hundred revolutions
more or less in one or the other direction, whilst the slide 6 moves to and fro.
It is evident that in this manner the rod must become perfectly true..
Figs. 18 and 14 a part of a slide lathe bed. b, a slide. c, a cross slide to
which the uprights or bearings are cast or screwed. e, a spindle or shaft
revolving in the bearings d, and driven by the pulley f as fast as prudence will

page_text: allow the cutter disk g to be driven. h is a wrought-copper cutter fixed to
disc g, and is set as near the piece i, under operation on the face plate of
the lathe spindle 7, as may be required. At the same time the cutter 7
revolves at the greatest possible speed, the lathe spindle 7, with the piece i
revolves at a moderate speed, and presents successively each part of its surface
to the cutter h, and as the slide c, with the cutter h, constantly travels to and
fro, the cutter h must produce a perfect plane. Figs. 15 and 16, a, a strong
bottom plate of cast iron. b, a bracket fixed to a strong pillar of a building,
or to a wall. c, an upright hollow shaft, with V grooves like those of a
slide-lathe bed. d, a bracket similar to the beam of a crane. This bracket
forms a slide at e, and moves up and down in a vertical direction on the V's of
the upright c by means of the screw f, screw nut g, bevil wheels h, and
crank i. The upright c itself has a pivot k, which pivot turns in the step 1,
which is adjusted by the four set screws m, and at the upper end of the
upright c there is a pivot n, which turns in the bracket b and forms a stud in
its prolongation, on which the wheel o, on the same bush with the pulley p
revolves on the stud n; the loose pulley 9 turns also. The shaft r is driven
by the wheels o and s, and drives the cutter or facer v on the spindle w by
means of the pulley y, the strap z, and the pulley t, which is fixed to the
bush u, and, with the bracket d, slides up and down on the shaft r, with
which it is connected by a groove and feather. The spindle w revolves in the
bearings & and a*, fixed to the bracket d. 1, a cast-iron frame fixed upon
the plate.
In this frame and in the steps 2 the spindle 3 moves, at the top
of which there is a face plate or table 4, with radial V grooves 5. Upon this
face plate or table any pieces requiring to be planed may be fixed with the use
of convenient bolts and brackets. The bed of a slide lathe 6, which has been
planed, is fixed upon the table 4; upon the face of this bed the facer or
cutter v is lowered by means of the crank i, and by means of the pullies p and q
the facer v is set in motion and stopped. Suppose the facer or cutter v to
revolve at a speed of from twelve to fifteen hundred revolutions a minute, morc
or less, and the bracket d, with the spindle w and its appendages, to move in
the direction of the arrow (see Fig. 15), and in the contrary direction, either
by hand or by geering, longitudinally over the surface of the bed 6, it is
evident that if the shaft c is placed perfectly perpendicular, as well as the
spindle 3, the surface of the bed 6 must become perfectly level. The facer or
cutter v is supplied with oil and emery either through a hole in the spindle,
or now and then, when the machine is stopped, through a hole in the facer
or cutter v, as near its centre as possible (see Fig. 16×), by means of an iron
or brass disk vx, placed in the centre of the cutter t, from whence it is thrown

page_text: out by the centrifugal force towards the inside of the cutter or upon the
surface which is to be planed. The motion of the facer or cutter being
radial it is clear that the bed 6 would be out of the reach of the cutter or
facer von both ends were it not for the lever 7 on the shaft 3, the forked
lever 8 on the stud 9, and the stud 10 fixed into the bracket 11, by which
mechanism the table 4 receives a motion analogous to the lateral motion of
the bracket d, as shewn in red lines in Fig. 15; and it is evident that on
this machine a bed could be planed of more than three times the radius
described by the bracket d, Fig. 17. The screw nut 6 is let into and fixed to
the headstock a by means of the hook x and the screw c. The spindle d is
bored out or forged hollow in such a manner as to admit the screw e into it.
The screw e has a steel end at *, which works against the steel step f; the
hoop g, with its bush, fits the end of the spindle d, which is slotted all the
length from the steel step f to the hoop g, for the purpose of admitting
the flange 6 of the screw nut b, (by which flange it is fastened to the
headstock a), but as it thereby loses part of the solidity which it would
have as an entire tube, the bush 9, which serves as bearing to the screw. e,
is not only well fitted into the inside of the spindle d, but also fits with
its ring the outside of the spindle. A fly wheel h is fitted to the end of
the screw e for the purpose of turning the same. It is evident that spindles
of this peculiar construction are preferable to those generally in use, because
the spindle d is at all times supported by the whole length of the tube of the
headstock, and because the steel end of the screw works only against the stcel
step of the spindle, and causes the action of the screw to be remarkably easy
and steady, particularly when the lathe is used for boring. Figs. 18, 19, 20,
and 21, a, an inclined plane, along which the cutter or boring blade f slides.
The projection or bead b, into which the set screw c is tapped (see Figs. 22
and 23), is placed in the groove o (see Figure 18), and the head of the screw c
fits into the recess e. The drill itself is half a cylinder, or nearly so, as shewn
in Fig. 21, and the blade ƒ (see Figs. 19 and 20, is fixed to the drill or bar
by means of the tightening screw 9, which passes through the slot h (see
Fig. 23). Suppose now the edge X on the bladef to be ground for the
purpose of cutting, and by means of the set screw c to be so set as to project
a little beyond the semi-cylindrical part of the drill in a line parallel with the
axis of the same, see Fig. 20, it is evident that the edge of the blade f will
cut or equalize the hole and make it perfectly cylindrical, because the semi-
cylindrical part of the drill just spoken of rests upon and slides against that
part of the hole which has already been equalized by the blade f. In pro-
portion as the bladef is worn and ground off it requires only to be shifted

page_text: along the inclined plane a until its edge × comes again into the position in
which it was previously. It is to be remarked that the semi-cylindrical part
of the drill must be made of or lined with steel, and is to be very hard, so as
to prevent fine cuttings from ruffing its surface, and thereby the surface of the
hole which is being bored. Figs. 24 and 25, a, four segments, fitted together
in such a manner as to form a cylinder on the outside and a square hole
inside, by the hoops b and c, which are put on red hot. The segments a are
held together and so strongly united that that part of the mandril from the
hoop c to its extremity forms an entire cylinder, and admits of being turned.
Suppose a wheel or pulley requiring to be turned, it is put upon such a mandril
of the required guage; but instead of fitting so tight as to require a hammer
or press for forcing it in and out, the mandril will go into the hole very easily.
The wheel or pulley having been thus put on the segments a are expanded by
means of the conical part of the square bar d, which acts against the inclined
planes of the segments a when driven gently in by the blow of a copper
hammer. The key f, which goes through the keyhole e in the mandril, and
through a corresponding one in the bar d, keeps the bar d in its place; and
after the wheel or pulley has been turned the key fis taken out from thence,
and driven in at the extremity of the bar d, thus forcing it out and allowing
the segments a to reassume their previous position. The bar d is of steel, and
its conical end, which is hardened, forms the turning centre of the mandril.
The construction of my screw mandrils, see Figs. 26 and 27, is the same as
that of the above-mentioned mandrils, except that in the screw mandrils the
wedge or bar & passes through, being secured at one end by the screw nut h,
and has an indentation at each end forming the two centres of the mandril.
Figs. 29 and 30, a, is a flat bar, or a bar flattened at the end, to which the
plates 6 are rivetted. Between these two plates the nut c is fixed, in which
the screw & works, which presses against the cross bar e. The cutter blades f
are fitted between the plates b, and rest against the inclined planes × of the
bar a. They are, by means of the screw d and the cross bar e, advanced in
the direction of the arrow, and thus expanded increase the diameter of the
rimer. The pieces g of soft wood are screwed to the plates 6 by means of the
bolts h, and keep the rimer in the centre of the hole which is being equalized.
Instead of having the set screw d in front of the rimer it may be passed
through the bar a in such a manner as to enable the attendant to expand the
rimer without taking it out of the hole.
Another of my improvements consists in a mechanism by which a peculiar.
motion is given to various machines, and I shew here the application of it to
one of my planeing machines. I shall also describe the peculiar connection of

page_text: tho uprights with the bed, the shape of the table, the mechanism of the tool
slides, and the oiling apparatus.
In Sheet 3, Fig. 1 is a front elevation of the planeing machine. Fig. 2 is
a side elevation; Fig. 3, a ground plan. Fig. 4, a section of the differential
cone. Fig. 5, a front elevation of part of the cross slide. Fig. 6, a ground
plan of the same. Fig. 7, an end view of the same. Fig. 8, a section of the
same. Figs. 9 and 9*, the plates and nuts for moving the tool slides.
Fig. 10, the tool holder. Fig. 11, the screw bush or bearing. Fig. 12, the
contact motion. Fig. 13, a front view, and Fig. 14, a section of a contact
starting pulley. Fig. 15, a side elevation of another reversing motion.
Fig. 16, a ground plan of the same. Fig. 17, front view of another tool
motion. Fig. 18, section of the same. Fig. 19, front view of the contact
pullies of the starting motion. Fig. 20, another method of lifting the tool
out of its cut. Figs. 1, 2, and 3-a, the bed of the planeing machine, which
is supported by the blocks or frames and by the feet or columns c. To the
blocks 6 the frames & are fixed by means of the brackets e, and by the bolts &.
The cross slide bed is supported and moved up and down by the screws m
and the brass nuts f, which screws are connected by the bevil wheels n and the
shaft o, and by means of the cross 2 are turned simultaneously as usually done.
The bolts q are fitted into round holes of the nuts f, and go through the
slot in the frames d, to which frames the cross slide bed is fixed by means
of these bolts and nuts. The table t on the bed a is set in motion by means
of the rack a, the pinion v, the spur wheel w on the shaft x (which shaft
revolves in a step y and in a bearing above fixed to a bracket of the bed), the
pinion and the bevil wheel 1 on the shaft 2 (revolving in the step 8, and in a
bearing above similar to that already described), the bevel pinion 4 on the
shaft 5 (which is connected with the differential motion by means of the
contact starting pulley 6, Fig. 14), and revolves in the bearings 7 and 7*. I
will now describe the motions of the planeing machine and its peculiar con-
struction, before I enter into the details of the differential motion for driving
the machine. For planeing the piece A on the table t the tools 24 and 25 are
fixed in the tool holders 24* and 25*, by placing them in the mortice or hole
marked *, and are pressed down upon the slides 40 and 40* by set screws,
which cause the tools to rest upon the slides and the round shoulders x to
take hold of the corresponding shoulders in the slides 40 and 40*; a copper
washer is placed between each tool and slide to preserve the latter.
tools 24 and 25 are brought by means of the crank 22× on the screw 22,
in such a position as to cause the tool .24 to take the first cut whilst the
When this
table t is moving in the contrary direction to that of the arrow.
B
The

page_text: cut is completed the starting pulley 6 turns the shaft 5 in the direction of its
arrow by means of the bevil pinion 4, the bevil wheel 1, the spur pinion,
the spur wheel w, the rack pinion v, and the rack u, which is fixed to the
table, and by means of the contact pulley 8, the contact segment 9, and the
mechanism marked 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 16*, 16*, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21,
and 22, moves the slide 23 on the cross slide bed in the direction of the
arrow at Fig. 1, at the very moment the shaft 5 begins to move in the direc-
tion of the arrow on the contact starting pulley 6, then the tool 24 will
evidently be moved a little further on the piece which has to be planed for the
purpose of taking a fresh cut. But as the table t, with the piece A upon it,
also begins to move in the direction of its arrow, the tool 24, which has been
advanced by the screw 22, must now be moved out of its cut, and the tool 25,
which is intended to take a light or finishing cut only, when the table returns
must be moved into its cut, which is done in my improved planeing machine
by a peculiar mechanism. Before entering into the explanation of this
mechanism, I think it, however, necessary to say that in almost all the planeing
machines some mode or other has been adopted for the purpose of disengaging
the tool from the piece to be planed during the time the table returns, but
there have hitherto been no means of disengaging the tool under all circum-
stances, in whatever position of the tool the planeing may be performed. The
mechanism, however, which I am about to describe answers all these purposes,
and at the same time enables me to cause one of the tools to be engaged
while the other is disengaged, as the table moves backwards and forwards, and
by the disposition of the tools to cut with equal ease underneath any bead or
bracket on either side of the piece to be planed without reversing the piece
itself. The screw 26 is connected with the screw 22 by the spur wheels 27
and 28, of equal diameter, and the carrier 29, which may be disengaged from
the wheel by shifting it on its stud. It is evident that whatever revolutions the
screw 22 performs the screw 26 must do the same; and as the two screws are
of the same pitch, and very accurately made, no variation can take place with
regard to their respective performances. The screw 22 works in the nut 30,
see Fig. 8, which nut is fixed in the slide 23, and, therefore, any motion this
screw may perform the slide 23 must follow the same. The screw 26 is held
in geer by the bearing 26*, and works in the worm wheel 31, which is fixed
on the shaft 32; on this the lever or arm 33, see Figs. 5 and 8, is forged, and
the arm 33 works the slide plate 34 by engaging into the slot 35, see
Figs. 5 and 9. The V's, 36 and 36*, see Fig. 9, are fixed upon the slide plate
84 by strong rivets, and are nicely adjusted in the V-grooves 87 of the
nuts 88 and 38*, see Fig. 9*. The screws 39 and 39* are fixed into the

page_text: tool slides 40 and 40%, so as easily to revolve, but there is not the slightest play
left them in the longitudinal direction. The screws 22 and 26 revolve in the
bearings 41 and 41*, see Fig. 1, on one side of the slide bed I, and in the.
double screws 42 and 42*, on the other side of the slide bed, see Figs. 10
and 5, and these double screws work in the nuts 43 and 43*, which are fixed by
bolts to the slide bed v. The screws 22 and 26 are allowed to move in their
longitudinal direction in the bearings 41 and 41x, but are compelled to follow
the motion of the double screws 42 and 42 by the loops marked * on ono
side, and by double screw nuts 44 and 45 on the other side, of the said double
screws, as there is just play enough left them for revolving. I have described
the mechanism by means of which the slide 23 is shifted in the direction of
the arrow.
I have now to describe the mechanism by which the tool 24 is
taken out of its cut in a horizontal and vertical direction, at the same time that
the tool 25 is shifted into its cut, and the slide 23 advanced in the direction of
the arrow for a fresh cut. The link 46* which connects the arm 47* (on the
double screw 42*, and now covered by the arm 19) with the bush 17, on the
rod 16, causes the double screw 42* to turn one eighth of a revolution more or
less in the direction of the arrow, and the screw being a left-handed one will
draw the screw 22 with the slide 28 in the contrary direction to that of the
arrow on the said slide, and therewith disengage the tool 24 from its cut in a
horizontal direction; but the screw 26 being now stationary with respect to its
longitudinal motion, the worm wheel 31, geering into the screw 26, moves
along with the slide 23 (in which it revolves), and must turn a little, and
cause the crank 33 to move the slide plate 34 in the direction of the arrow
and by means of the inclined planes 36 and 36* lift up the tool 24 in a verti-
cal direction, causing the tool 25 to descend, and the tool 25 will therefore
be ready for the cut when the carriage t moves in the direction of the
arrow. For the purpose of planing a vertical surface of a certain depth, as,
for instance, the projecting part B of the piece A; I set the slide 23 in
the position required, turn the tool 24 on the slide 40 in the opposite
direction to that in which it now stands, disengage the link 18 from the
radial 19, and only make use of the link 46*, working the double screw 42*,
for the purpose of moving the slide 23 to and fro; and as the screw 26
is still stationary the same effect takes place with respect to the motion of
the worm wheel 31, as already explained, namely, that the tool 24 moves out
of its cut in a vertical and horizontal direction, at the same time the slide 40
tself is advanced by means of the crank on the screw 39, or the cross
marked *.
But should it be required to plane the bracket C underneath at
D and E, the tool must be disposed so as to cut when the table moves in the

page_text: direction of the arrow; the side E would be cut in the same manner as the
side B with the tool 24, but the slide 40 would be worked upwards instead of
downwards, and the tool would shaped as shewn in red lines. When the tool
has arrived in the corner marked x the slide 40 would no more be worked by
hand, but the slide 23 would then either be shifted on by means of the contact
wheel 21 and click 20, &c. or by hand, and in this manner the plancing of
the corner would be accomplished without the tool ever liaving touched any
part of the piece, whilst the table is going back for the purpose of giving
perfect steadiness to the slides 40 and 40*. During the time of the working of
the tool a wrought-iron nut 58*, see Fig. 8, is placed in the slides 40 and 40*,
and by means of the set scrow 59* the slides are adjusted in such a manner
as to be arrested at the end of their descent at a fixed point. I have explained
one method of giving the requisite motion to the slides 23, 40, and 40*, it is
therefore evident that by using either the tool 24 or the tool 25, or by cutting
in one direction or in the other, the mechanism before explained, in conjunction
with my tool holders 24* and 25* enables me to plane all such beads and
projections at the top and bottom, in the corners and on either side, with
the same advantage respecting the tool as plain surfaces. For the purpose
of plancing in an angular direction, I turn the swivel plate 23* upon its
fulcrum accordingly, and fix it by the bolts x in the circular V-groove d,
which is turned in the slide 28. Another method for lifting the tool out of
its cut is shewn in Figs. 15 and 16. Instead of the contact pulley 8, explained
with reference to Fig. 12, I put a bevil pinion 58 upon the shaft 5 (see
Fig. 16), which bevil pinion geers into the bevil wheel 59, on the shaft 60,
which revolves in the bearings 61. At the end of this shaft 60 I fix a notched
disc 63 by means of a strong friction clip 64*, for the purpose of preventing
accidents; and on the other side of the said disc there is a friction bush 62,
upon which a friction hoop 64 is placed, the arm 65 of which is connected
with the click lever 67 by means of the rod 66. Suppose the disc 63 revolving
in the direction of the arrow, the lever 68, which works on the stud 69 on
the block (see Fig. 2), resting its pin 79 upon the upper projection of the
click 67, being held in that position by the pressure of the friction hoop 64,
it is evident that the lever 68 will remain there as long as the disc 63 revolves
in the direction of the arrow, and hold down the rod 16 by means of the
slotted link 70. The moment, however, the disc 63 begins to move in the
opposite direction to that of the arrow, the friction loop 64 causes the click
67 to move from under tho pin 79 in the lever 68, and by means of the
spring 80 the lever 68 is pressed upwards, catches in one of the notches of
the disc 63, thus being pressed downwards, and received by the lower projec-

page_text: tion of the click 67, and held in its position in the way already described.
The slot in the link 70 is for the purpose of allowing the lever 68 to move
freely into one of the notches before it is compelled to press the bar 16.
upwards. This bar 16 has a bracket 71 which may be set into any convenient
place by means of set screws. A rod 72 connects the bracket 71 with the
slotted lever 74, and gives motion to a ratchet wheel 75 in the usual manner,
and the rod 73 is connected with the double lever 76, which is supposed to be
of one piece with the double screw represented Fig. 11, 12, with one arm:
instead of two. This double lever serves the purpose of reversing the motion
by merely connecting the rod 73 with one end of the lever or with the other.
The double screw 78 is connected with tho bracket 71 by means of the rod
77, by changing which from one to the other of the arms or levers the up and
down notion of the tool can be reversed. Figs. 17 and 18 represent a front
and side view of another mode of lifting the tool out of the cut, and which I,
mainly adopt for common planeing. This mechanism may be exchanged
without the slightest trouble for that already described, after having loosened'
the screw bolts x and the worm wheel 31, which allows the swivel plato 23*,
with all its appendages, to be removed. The worm wheel 31 (Fig. 18) is
fixed on the shaft 32, which, instead of having a single arm 33, as shewn in
Figs. 5 and 8, has in this instance two arms 33 and 33* (see Fig. 17 in dotted
lines), which move the slide plates 81 and 81* up and down. The slide beds
82, upon which the tool slides 40 and 40* move, are in this instance connected
with the plate 28* by means of the bearings 83 and the pin 84, upon which
the slide beds 82 play. Suppose the slide plate 81 to be up and the slide
plate 81 down, it is evident that the inclined plane 85 (shewn in dotted
lines, Fig. 18) must have moved the tool slide 40 into the place where it is
now seen, and the inclined plane 86, on the side plate 81*, must have!
allowed the tool side 40* to move back into the position wherein it is.
shewn, and caused the tool to be lifted out of its cut. A strong spiral spring
87 placed into the slide bed presses it constantly against the inclined plane 86.
For the purpose of not straining too much the pin 84 a bridle '88 is fixed to
the plate 23*, against which the tool slides 40 and 40* rest during the action
of cutting. Another arrangement for merely moving the plate 23* in the
direction of the arrow, and in the contrary direction, instead of causing the
slides to move up and down, can be produced by means of the screw 26
and the worm wheel 31, and a slight alteration in the mechanism already
described. As I consider the driving motion of my improved planeing machine
as a machine by itself, and connected with the planeing machine merely by
the contact pulley 6, I think it most proper to explain its different parts'

page_text: under a set of letters and figures independent of those I made use of when
explaining the planeing machine, and to call the different views Figs. 1*, 2*,
and 3*, as connected with Figs. 1, 2, and 3 of the planeing machine. By
means of this mechanism I am enabled to stop the tablet when the cut is
performed, within one fourth or one eighth of an inch of the place required,
and to run the table t very slowly in the beginning and at the end of the
cut, thus preventing any jerk upon the tool or upon the machinery itself,
and also without any prejudice to the starting or stopping to modify the
speed of my machine from two or three feet per minute up to about seventy
feet by merely changing the position of a sliding bush on the lever u (see
Fig 2); and, lastly, to dispose the driving motion in such a manner as to
cause the tablet to move at even the greatest speed in one direction, and at
the slowest in the other, and vice versa. And in order to produce the least
possible shaking in the working of the table t, I dispose the geering already
described in such a manner as to cause the shaft 5 to revolve about twelve
times whilst the pinion v, which geers into the rack of the table, revolves
once. The shaft a (see Fig. 3×) has two bevil wheels 6 fitted upon it by a
stationary groove key, on which the bevil wheels may be slided out of geer or
into geer alternately with the bevil wheel c, for giving motion to the machine
in one direction or in the other, as may be found convenient, to take the rough
cut in the direction of the arrow on the bed t, or in the contrary direction.
The shaft a is connected with the shaft 5 (see Fig. 3) by the starting pulley 6
on the bush 6*, by means of which bush, and the forked lever 48 on the
bracket 46 fixed to the block b, the rod 50 and the vertical lever 51 on the
stud 52 (see Figs. 2 and 8), the plancing machine may be disengaged from its
moving power, and started again without in the least interfering with the
motion of the mechanism at Fig. 3, and in whatever place on the bed a
the tablet may be. The links d of the starting pulley 6 (Figs 13 and 14)
are connected at one end with the shaft a (also shewn in Fig. 3×), and
at the other with wooden segments e, which are covered with leather, and
which fit accurately the inside of the pulley 6, which is cast of one piece
with the bush 6x, and is covered on the open end with the lid f so
as to prevent dirt and dust from getting into it, a small open space being
left only to allow the shaft a to revolve in the cover or diskf without touching
it. The shaft 5 of the planeing machine works with its end in the shaft a,
and is therefore kept perfectly concentrical with it. Suppose now the shaft a
to be in motion, and the pulley 6 in the place in which it is now drawn (see
Fig. 14), and the links & standing or rather moving in the pulley 6 under a
certain angle, and the segments e thereby drawn out of contact with the rim.

page_text: of the pulley 6. The moment the pulley 6 moved to the place marked by
dotted lines in Fig. 14 by means of the lever 48, &c., the links & will assume
a vertical position on the shaft a, and therefore press with great power the
segments e against the inside of the rim of the pulley 6, and cause the shaft 5
to revolve, because the bush of the pulley 6 is connected by means of a feather
in the shaft 5 with the shaft. 9 is a cast-iron bottom plate, to which the frames
hand h, are fixed. i is the driving cone driven by the pulley k at the speed
of seven hundred revolutions per minute, more or less. * is a loose pulley,
by shifting the strap upon which the motion is stopped altogether. The cone i
is connected with the differential cone by means of the strap m, which runs
over a drum n revolving in slotted bearings o (seen in dotted lines at Figs. 1×
and 2*), and which bearings may be raised or lowered by means of the
screws p (also seen in dotted lines in Fig. 2×), and over the pulley g, which is
hung to the swivel r. This swivel is moved to and fro with the carriages s
travelling on the rails t, to which it is hung; this carriage is connected with
the lever u on the shaft by means of a sliding bush y and the rod 2, which
may be set into any position by means of the swivel 1 in the sliding bush y
and a set screw; the sliding bush y has also a set screw, whereby it may be
fixed to any required place on the lever u, which lever is prevented from
moving beyond the dotted lines marked 15 and 16 (see Fig. 2) by the arms a
coming into contact with the bottom plate g. The guide rod 2 is connected
with the slide bush y in the same manner as the rod z, and moves on a stud
on its lower end, which stud is fixed into a slot of the bracket S, which bracket
is fixed to the frame h*. The frame 4 is fixed on the shaft 5, which revolves
in steps in the frames or brackets 6 and 7, and carries the contact pullies 8
and 9; it is moved in either direction by the bar 10, which slides in two
bearings 53 and 53* (see Fig. 2) on the bed a of the planeing machine, and
has two inclined planes 55 and 55*, by means of which and of the inclined
planes and X on the bar 10, the bar is alternately pushed forward and
backward according as the tappets 56 and 57, which may be set to any part of
the table t by bolts and V-grooves, touch the projections 56* or 57*; thereby
either the contact pulley 8 or the contact pulley 9 (see Fig. 3*) is brought
into contact with the contact pulley 11 on the shaft 12 at any place where the
The little time required for the pulley 11
tablet may be required to return.
to turn round must, however, be brought into calculation when setting
the tappets 56 and 57, and this may be easily accomplished by the use
of a scale made for the purpose. Supposing the tappet 56 arrived at
the projection 56*, having moved the inclined plane of the arm 57*
out of its place in the bar 10, the inclined plane 55× over the inclined

page_text: plane and the bar 10 in tho direction of the arrow, and thereby shifted
the contact pulley 8 in the frame 4 (see Fig. 19) out of the round
groove 8 in the pulley 11, and brought the contact pulley 9 into contact
with the pulley 11, thus driving it instantaneously in the contrary direction to
that of its arrow. It will continue to run in this direction until the round
groove 8 above mentioned arrives opposite the pulley 9, and brings it out of
contact with the pulley 11, stopping in that position (see Fig. 19) until the
tablet has again performed its course. The contact pulleys 8 and 9 are
connected by spur wheels fixed to them. The lever u is moved in either
direction by the segment wheel 13 on the other end of the shaft v, and by the
spur pinion 14 on the shaft 12, and the proportion of the segment wheel and
spur pinion are such that the lever will move from the position marked by
a dotted line 15 to that marked by another dotted line 16, Fig. 2*, while the
pulley 11 performs its revolution. It is evident that the lever u never varies
either in its speed or its compass. Its speed is determined by the connection
of the contact pulley 8 with the driving cone i by means of the shaft 17, the
bevil wheel 18, and the bevil pinion 19 on the shaft 20 of the conci; and
the distance the strap m has to travel on the cones i and is determined by
the placing of the bush y further from or nearer to the fulcrum of the lever u.
The speed of the table t may, however, as already explained, be required to be
much greater in one direction than in the other; and it will therefore be
necessary to move the strap m to a greater distance from the centre of the
cone on one side than on the other.
This is accomplished by the placing of tho
fulcrum of the rod 2 in the required position in the slot of the bracket 3, and
by fixing the bush y at the required distance of the rod 2 from the said
fulcrum, and allowing the same to slide on the lever u as the carriage is
moving along. It is evident that, for instance, by having the fulcrum of tho
rod 2 placed where it is shewn in the Drawing, and the carriage & being
caused to move in the direction of the arrow by the lever u, the sliding
bush y descends on the lever u as the carriage approaches the frame h, and
therefore in the same proportion shortens the distance the strap would other-
wise move on the cones, whereby the speed of the table t is determined. 'I am
now going to explain in what manner all these different speeds and the motions
in opposite directions are produced without changing the direction of the
motion of any of the pulleys or of the cones themselves. For the purpose of
making my explanation clearer, I call the motion produced on the differential
shaft 21, which carries the bevil pinion 22 (see Fig. 4) by the strap m moving.
on the larger diameter of the cone, "the positive or plus motion," and the
motion produced when the strap is on the smaller diameter of the said

page_text: cone,
"the negative or minus motion;" and I call the position in which the
strap m is shewn on the cones at Figs.. 2x and 3*, and in which the shaft 21
is at a perfect stand, "the point of rest.' The driving cone i is connectedl
with the shaft 23 by means of the pulley 25, the pulley 24, and the strap 26,
which runs over the pulleys 27 and 28, which revolve in the frame 29. This
frame is suspended by the screw 80 and the cross nut 31, by which the strap
is tightened from the beam 88, which connects the frames h and h*. A steel
bush 23 is fixed into the cone 7 (see Fig. 4), and this steel bush revolves on
the shaft 23*. The pulleys 24 and 25, and the cones i and 1, are so propor-
tioned as to cause the spur wheel 32, which is on the shaft 23, to revolve at
such a speed that the differential shaft 21 is perfectly motionless, when the
strap works in the middle of the cones, or nearly so. This is because the
relative speeds of the cone l, the wheel 32, the pinion 33, the wheel 34 on the
bush of the pinion 33 (which pinion revolves on the stud 25 in the disk 86 of
the cone, and the pinion 37 upon the differential shaft 21, are then such that
the wheel 34 whirls round-the pinion 37 without causing it to move at all;
but as the strap m advances towards the larger diameter of the cone 7 the
speed of the wheel 34 round its own axis increases in the same proportion as
the speed of the cone / decreases, and moves the shaft 21 in the direction of
the plus motion, because the speed of the shaft 28, and therefore that of the
wheel 32, remains at all times the same. But when the strap advances
towards the smaller end of the cone 7, so that the speed of the cone becomes
greater than the speed of the wheel 82, the shaft 21 is caused to move in the
opposite direction, and therefore in the direction of the minus or negative
motion. It is evident that if the speed of the shaft 23, and that if the cone
were perfectly the same, the speed of the shaft 21 would be equal to that of
the cone, because the train of wheel already described could not be con-
sidered as anything beyond a simple coupling between the shafts 23 and 21.
I have here explained one mode of producing a differential motion in two
directions, produced without changing the direction of the driver, either by
means of geering or cross straps; but after having established the application
of the principle, I do not mean to confine myself to the same construction of
the machinery, or even to cones, intending hereafter to produce the same effect
by a different mechanism, and by substituting expansion pullies for the cones,
particularly in cases where great power is required, because the expansion
pullies admit of the application of straps of any requisite breadth without
either impeding the regularity of the differential motion, or causing vibra-
tion in the differential geering. The V-grooves and table of my planeing
machine are furnished with a constant supply of oil from the reservoir

page_text: 89 (see Fig. 2), which has a filter 90.
The small tube 91 conducts the
oil from the reservoir 89 to, the back of the planeing machine, from whence
four tubes 92 proceed as far as the centre of the bed a, and there deliver
the oil into the recesses at the top of the V-grooves. From these recesses the
oil finds it way down into the V-grooves, and is constantly carried by the
motion of the table t to the ends of the planeing machine, where it is received
by the spouts 93, and from them conduced by small pipes into a vessel which
is placed under the planeing machine. The workman who attends the
planeing machine has nothing to do but to open and shut a cock in starting
and stopping, and once or twice a day to empty the receivers under the
plancing machine into a filter, and then into the reservoir 89, where it is
filtered a second time, Fig. 20. .The screw 26 is through the worm wheel 31,
the shaft 32 (see also Fig. 8), and the bevil wheel 34, which gears into the
bevil wheel 85, connected with the vertical shaft 33, whereby not only a reci-
procating motion is given to the vertical shaft 33, but also when the screw 26
is connected with a click motion (similar to that shewn in Fig. 7 on the
screw 22), the slide 37 is caused to move downwards while the tool is shifted
out of the cut by the arms 38, which is connected with the shaft 33 by means
of a friction bush. It is in this manner that a vertical surface can be planed,
with the advantage of the tool moving out of the cut in two directions, and
without working the screw by hand.
In Sheet 4, Fig. 1 represents an end elevation; Fig. 2, a longitudinal
elevation; Fig. 3, a front elevation; Fig. 4, a ground plan, and Figs. 5, 6,
7, and 8, detached views of the most important parts of the cross slide of
my improved plancing machine. Fig. 9 and 10, end a side elevation of a
so-called hand planeing machine. Figs. 13, 14, represent a reversing motion
for plancing machines, which I prefer to those in common use when I do not
make use of my differential motion, of which I show one application in
Sheet 3, Figs. 1*, 2*, and 3*. Figs. 11 and 12, end elevation and ground
plan of a planeing machine, which I call squaring or angle-planeing machine
in Figs. 1, 2, 3, and 4. For the purpose of being able to plane pieces of any
size and shape, and almost in every direction, the bed A of my plancing
machine is detached from the cross slide itself, and the table B is an angle
piece, and so constructed as to give the means of fixing articles to be planed
on its vertical side facing the cross slide, as well as on its top, as usually done.
The V-groove C is therefore placed much lower than the V-groove D; and to
prevent overhanging pieces requiring to be planed from overbalancing the.
table B; I have provided the table with an angle head E, and a slip × for the
purpose of holding it steadily in its place whatever may be the pressure on the

page_text: opposite side. Should, however, a lathe bed or any long.and heavy piece be
required to be planed on its ends, it may be supported by a carriage F placed
at its other extremity, or at any convenient distance from the bed A. The
carriage F moves upon the rails G, and is provided with the bed H and the
table I. The two tables B and I move simultaneously, being provided with
similar racks K and K*, which are acted upon by similar pinions L and L*.
The shaft M goes through a bush in the pinion L*, which is provided with
a feather sliding in a groove of the shaft M, connected with the shaft N by the
coupling box O. The shaft M may therefore be made of any convenient length
without in the least interfering with the simultaneous working of the tables B
and I, so that the tables can always act as one entire table at whatever
distance from each other they may be placed. Whether I give motion to my
tables by means of common pullies, or by means of a differential cone motion
(as explained in Sheet 3 of my Drawings, I prefer doing it from the back
end of the bed, because in that case the straps do not interfere with any part
of the planeing machines, or with the piece which is to be planed. A shaft P
gives motion to the table B by means of the bevil pinion Q, the bevil wheel R,
the upright shaft S, the bevil pinion T, and the bevil wheel U, which is on
the shaft N, and to the table I by the prolongation M of the shaft N. When
the detached carriage F is not wanted the coupling O is removed. The bed V
is fixed to the bed A means of the flanges A* and bolts, and the slide X
The
can be moved to and fro by means of the screw W and handle W*.
vertical bed Y is placed upon the slide X, in such a manner as to turn in the
centres 6 and 6*, and it can be fixed in any convenient position by means of
an inverted V-groove in the slide X, and by the four bolts Z. The slide X.
For the
itself is fixed upon the bed V by means of the four hook bolts a.
purpose of giving sufficient stability to the vertical beds Y, the centre 6x,
which is cast on the bed Y, turns in the bearing c (see Fig. 2), which is fixed
to a stay d projecting from the wall of the building, or from two pillars. It is
clear that, when by means of the screw W, the vertical bed Y is to be shifted
from one place to another, the bearing c at the top is required to be loosened and
allowed to shift along in the slot of the stay d with the vertical bed Y. The
slide e on the bed Y moves up and down in a perfectly vertical direction, and
at right angles with the table B, by means of two different arrangements; viz.,
first by means of the screw f (which works in the nut 9), the bevil wheels h
and i, the slotted lever k, the click 1, the ratchet wheel m (fixed on the shaft.
of the bevil wheel i), the rod n, the rod or round bar o, the bush p, the elbow
lever (which moves on a stud fixed to the slide e, and is connected with the
radial arm by the rod q*) and the bevil contact wheel t, on the upright
9

page_text: shaft u.
As this shaft is connected with the driving pullies by means of the
bevil wheel v, the bevil pinion w, the horizontal shaft, the bevil wheel y, and
the bevil wheel, on the driving shaft P, it is evident that the shaft u must
revolve simultaneously with the shaft P, in whatever direction the said shaft
may run; and as the radial arm is in contact with the bevil contact wheel t,
the rod c must move up and down as the radial arm r moves in one direction
or the other. By the action of the screw f, through the click , and ratchet
wheel m, and bevil wheels h and i, the slide e is moved up or down in precisely
the same manner as cross slides are generally moved upon common planing
machines. If a piece upon the table B were to be planed on that side which
runs parallel with the bed Y, the tool 3× would stand in the place shewn in
dotted lines, the table B would work as already explained, and the cross
slide 2 on the vertical slide e would remain stationary on its bed, but would
move downwards with the vertical slide e, and in this manner plane in a
longitudinal direction any piece placed vertically upon the table B. The tool 3
is fixed in the tool holder 4 (see Fig. 2), on the swivel slide 5, and is now
supposed to stand in the place shewn by dotted lines 3* (see Fig. 1), and the
moving out of the cut of the tool 3, when the table returns, is effected as
follows:-The screws 6 and 7 being connected to the spur wheels 8 and 9, by
turning the crank 10 they must turn in opposite directions simultaneously,
as the screw 6 is kept in its place by the bearings 11 and 12 on the cross
slide 2. The cross slide 2 must of course move on with the screw 6. The
lever (see Figs. 5 and 6) is forged of the same piece with the shaft s; the
radial arm r is fixed on the other end of this shaft by the means of a hoop
and set screw, so as allow its position to be altered when the cross slide 2
works under a different angle. In the lever, the nut 13 swivels on its
pivot, and the nut 14 also, but at such a distance from the fulcrum of the
lever rx, that it is moved through twice the space of the nut 13, when set in
motion by the action of the contact pinion t, upon the bevil part of the radial
arm r. The screw 7 is, by means of a swivel bush 16x, connected with the
radial arm 16, which is accurately fitted upon a round boss or shoulder 18*
of the shaft 17, and provided with a set screw 16*, which allows the arm 16
to be disengaged from the shaft 17, when the slide 5 is to be set to another
angle. The bush 17* (see Figs. 5 and 7), in which the shaft 17 revolves, is
cut in two for the purpose of admitting the shaft into it without interfering
with the double lever 18, or the boss or shoulder 18*. The bush 17* is
tightly fitted into the slide 2, and serves as pivot to the swivel plate 23. The
double lever 18 acts upon the nuts 19 and 19* by means of the slots X (sec.
Fig. 8), which are cut into the flat part of the nuts; therefore, as soon as the

page_text: screw 7 is moved in the direction of the arrow (see Fig. 6) by the contact
wheel t and nut 19 of the screw 20 is caused to descend, while the nut 19*
rises, and the screw 20 (which works the tool slide 5) is screwed in the
nut 19, and prevented from moving up and down in the screw slide 5 by the
It is evident that the slide 5 must follow
shoulder 21 and the plate 22.
tlie direction of the nut 19, and thereby raise the tool 3 out of its cut
Should the tool be
the moment the radial arm r changes its position.
required to be taken out of the cut in a contrary direction to that of
the arrow on the slide 5, the screw 20 is taken from its present station,
By loosening
and placed in the station 21*, and into the nut 19*.
the screw nuts 24 on the slide 2, Fig. 1, and also the set screw 16" on the
radial arm 16, the slide 5 may be set to any requisite angle, and when
fixed again, the same motion of the slide 5 and of the tool takes place as
already described. It will often be necessary to bring the cross slide bed 25 into
an angular position, which may deviate on either side from the horizontal line
as much as forty-five degrees or more. To accomplish this the nuts 26 (sec
Fig. 1) are loosened, the slide bed 25 turned to the inclination required, with
its brush 29 in the slide e, by means of the swivel plate 27 and the circular
V-grooves 28 (see Fig. 5), in which the heads of the bolts 26 are lodged; but
to allow the screws 6 and 7, and the radial arm *, to remain in their respec-
tive positions under whatever angle the slide 2 may be required to work, the
set screw is loosened, and the spindle s is allowed to revolve in the hoop 30
until the slide bed 25 has taken its position. The set screw is then
tightened again, and the radial armr prepared to give motion to the shaft s
by means of the ring 30, its slot 31, and a projection on the arm r, moving in
the notch or slot 31, and to the screws 6 and 7, by means of the radial arm r*
In order to enable the contact seg-
on the shafts, and the nuts 13 and 14.
ment 15 to come into full contact with the bevil contact pinion t before the
shaft s is to be moved, the slot 31 in the ring 30 is left somewhat larger than
0 the projection on the radial arm r, and therefore allows the arm 7" to be pushed
on by the pinion to a certain distance, before it acts upon the shaft s. Suppose
that the same piece has any flanges or grooves or projections requiring to be
planed in a vertical direction, the shape of the piece not admitting of its being
placed on the table in any other position than that in which it is now repre-
5 sented, the nut 9 on the slide e would have to be disengaged from the slide c
and would be placed as shewn in dotted lines at 9*. The bevil wheel 32,
which was out of geer, would be put in geer with the pinion 88 on the shaft u
The slidė e would then, by means of the pinion 34 and the rack-35 (which is
fixed to the slide e), and the geering already described, be worked in a vertical

page_text: direction, that is to say, up and down on the slide bed Y, to any required
distance, in precisely the same manner as the table B is worked to and fro in s
horizontal direction. The motion of the tools, cross slides, &c., would also be
precisely the same as already described. As the slide e with all its appen-
dages would be too heavy to move up and down without being counterpoised,
the weight 36 is suspended from two chains 37, which are connected with the
slide e, and pass over chain pullies 38, which are fixed to a shaft 39 working
in the bearings 40, fixed to the slide bed Y. To prevent the weight 36 from
swinging about the bars 41, which are fixed into the slide bed Y at the bottom
and to the brackets 42 at the top, serve as guides to the weight. It is evident
that as the slide e moves up and down, the table B must advance in the same
manner as the slide 2 advances for planeing horizontally, and for this purpose
a worm wheel 43 is cast on the same piece with the coupling o.
This worm
wheel is acted upon by the worm on the shaft 44, which is moved by a ratchet
wheel 45, a click 46, a radial arm 47, a contact segment 48, and a pulley 49,
exactly in the same manner as described with reference to the slide motion on
the upright slide bed .Y.. The radial arm 47, and the slotted lever 48*, on
the same piece as the contact segment 48, are connected by a link 50. This
motion may also be made as that described with reference to Fig. 15 and 16,
Sheet 3. I do not mean to confine myself to the mechanism above described
of a continued horizontal and vertical planeing machine, as the effect may be
produced by various modifications of the same. Figs. 18 & 14, a, a beam
which has a slot 6 the whole of its length to admit the pulleys c which carry
the weight d. In this weight are fixed the set screws e and e*, and it is con-
nected by means of the rod f with the planeing machine. To the arm 9 the a
strap guide k is fixed, by means of which the strap is moved from one driving
pulley to the other, as the beam a is made to incline one way or the other.
The moment, for instance, the set screw c has moved the click h from under
the projection i, the weight d, which has been pulled by the motion of the
plancing machine in the direction of the arrow, causes the beam a to drop in 8
that direction. The click h* then takes hold of the projection i*, and the
strap is held upon the same pulley by the guide k, until the carriage of
the planeing machine again comes in contact with the rod f, and moves
the weight d. in the contrary direction to that of the arrow, whereby the
click h* is shifted out of its place, and the beam a caused to drop in the s
opposite direction by the pressure of the weight d. In Figs. 9 and 10 I only
represent the main part of the framework, slide table, and geering of my hand
planeing machine, because the cross slide and its appendages are similar to
those explained with reference to Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8, on Sheet 3

page_text: of iny Drawings. a, the two uprights or cross slide frames; b, the bed; c, the
table; d, hollow beams, fixed with bolts to the brackets e of the frames a, to
which beam the bed is fixed. f is an iron contact pulley of about two feet
diameter, and fixed on a shaft g, which revolves in the bracket h on one end,
and in another bracket fixed to the bed b on the other end. The bracket his
bolted to the feet i of the frames a, and the bracket k to the side of one of
them; and in these brackets the shaft l, on which the swivel m is adjusted,
turns. The shafts n and o revolve in bearings fixed into the swivel m. Upon
the shaft n the driving pulley p, the contact pulley g, and the spur wheel » are
adjusted, the spur wheel r geering into the spur wheel t on the shaft o, which
holds also the contact pulley u. Suppose these contact pulleys, which are
covered with leather, to be set in motion by the strap on the pulley p, the
lever won the shaft 7 being in such a position that neither of the contact
pulleys touch the pulley f, and the inclined plane x on the lever y to be
pressed with its hollow part, which is lined with leather, upon the contact
pulley by means of the lever z, cast on the same piece with the swivel m.
It is evident that the pulley f will be perfectly fixed by the pressure of the
lever y; but the moment the lever w is moved in the contrary direction to
that of the arrow, the lever z moves over the inclined plane x of the break y,
disengages it from the pulley f, and the pulley u comes into contact with the
pulley f, and instantly turns it in the opposite direction. By this arrangement
the same end is obtained as if the planeing machine were worked by hand
with a crank or cross. The shortest parts of the smallest pieces can thus be
planed nearly up to any projecting part. Figs. 11 and 12: a, the foundation
blocks of my squaring planeing machine; 6, the uprights or side frames;
c, the bed; d, the table. They are similar to those of my planeing machine
described with reference to Sheet 3, Figs. 1, 2, 3, &c., and require no further
explanation. The same is the case with reference to the cross slide, which is
therefore omitted in this Drawing (see Sheet 3, Figs. 5 and 6). The main
feature of this machine consists in a swivel table or plate e, which turns on a
tube on the centre f, into which a spindle or stud may be introduced, for the
purpose, for instance, of fixing and centering a wheel whose arms or adjusting
parts may require to be planed, or a face plate to plane the radial grooves as
well as the joints of segments, &c. The V-heads of the tightening screws g
are fitted into the V-groove g* at the bottom of the table d, by which screws
the table is fixed. Suppose a piece requiring to be planed perfectly square,
six sided, or to any other angle, the cross slide would be set in its true position,
and after planeing one side the screws 9 would be loosened, and the table
turned either according to a division or according to a guage one fourth or

page_text: one sixth, or any required part of a revolution, and afterwards the screw g
tightened again, all without disturbing the piece to be planed. The geering
for moving the table is exactly the same as described with reference to
Sheet 3, Fig. 1, except that there are two racks instead of one, because the
table is of an unusual width.
In Sheet 5, Fig. 1 is an end view, and Fig. 2 a longitudinal elevation of
my nut-cutting engine. Fig. 3 an end elevation, and Fig. 4 a ground plan, of
the self-acting index of the same, drawn to a larger scale. Fig. 5 a longitu-
dinal, and Fig. 6 an end elevation and part section, and Fig. 7 a ground plan,
of my circular planeing machine. Fig. 8 is a section and side elevation, and
Fig. 9 a longitudinal elevation, of a spiral-grooved cylinder in two directions,
for the purpose of acting upon slides of various tools, such as for screwing,
planeing, &c.
Fig. 10 is a section and end elevation, Fig. 11 a longitudinal
elevation, Fig. 12 a ground plan, and Fig. 13 another end elevation, of my
differential slide lathe. Fig. 14 an end elevation, and Fig. 15 a longitudinal
elevation, of a peculiar construction and application of the guide screw nut to
the slide of the slide lathe, to prevent any play in the brackets or nut; and
Fig. 14 an end view of part of the nut d. Fig. 16 a side view, and Fig. 17
an end elevation of a novel arrangement of the tool slide, bringing the tool in
and out of action when applied for screw cutting, &c. Fig. 18, the cutter of
the nut-cutting machine drawn out to a large scale. Fig. 19, a ground plan of
an apparatus for cutting the threads of screw nuts upon the slide lathe. Fig. 20,
a section of the screwing cylinder e. Figs. 1 and 2: a, the bed of the nut-cutting
engine; b, the feet upon which the bed rests; c, the slide in which the V-grooves d
are planed, so as to allow the head or spindle stock e, and the following head
stock f, to be fixed in any required position by bolts. The spindle g is hollow, and
revolves with its conical end in the front bracket of the headstock e, and with
its cylindrical end in the back bracket. Suppose a set of nuts forged round
required to be cut six sided, their top and bottom surfaces having previously
been turned, they are put upon a screw mandril h, which fits the spindle g.
Upon this mandril they are taken to the slide lathe and turned to their
required diameters, after which it is fixed by means of a screw nut i into the
spindle g, and supported at its other end by the following headstock f. The
cutters and lex are made in segments and fitted into the plates and 1*, as
shewn in Fig. 18 on a larger scale. The spindle or screw m revolves with its
conical ends in the cylinders or steps n, and these cylinders exactly fit the
tubes or bosses cast to the uprights or brackets p, which are bolted to the
bed a, and by means of the screws. n* the spindle or screw m is set in its
proper place, and also taken out when required by drawing back the cylinder n.

page_text: 2
Y,
The bushes (sec Figure 18) exactly fit the screw m, and are prevented from
turning round upon it by a feather fixed into the bushes 7 and 2*, and
sliding in the groove × of the screw m, and they are set into their places by
means of the screw nuts r. The disks and * fit with their bushes the
bushes 7 and 9*, and are fixed by means of the nuts s; and as the cutters k
and * fit with their conical inside the shoulders of the bushes g and g*, it is
evident that as soon as the bush q* and the disk * (see Fig. 18) are screwed
together the segments of the cutter k* become perfectly fixed and form an
entire cutter. The wheel t (see Fig. 1) fixed on the spindle m by means of
the screw nuts u and a feather, as described with reference to the bushes q
and 2*, and the cutters are set in motion by means of the wheel t, the
pinion v, the spindle w, which revolves in the bush a, the bevil wheel the
bevil pinion, and the strap pulley 1 on the shaft 2. The worm 3 on the same
shaft gives a slow motion to the slide c by means of the worm wheel 4, the
shaft 5, which revolves on the bush 6, the pinion 7, the carrier wheel 8,
revolving on a stud which is fixed in the slut 9 on the lever 10, tho spur
wheel 11 on the shaft 12, the pinion 13 and the rack 14, which is screwed
to the slide c. The whole set of nuts 15 are cut on two sides at once by the
cutters k and k*, in proportion as the slide c advances; and the moment the
slide c arrives at the place in which it is now shewn in Fig. 2 the tapet 16,
which is fixed to the slide c by means of a bolt moving in a V groove, comes
in contact with the bracket 17 on the bar 18, disengages the click 19 from the
projection 20 on the lever 10, and in this manner causes the carrier wheel 8
to disengage from the pinion 7, and immediately stops the slide c. The strap
which drives the pulley 1 may very easily be connected with the lever 10, and
shifted thereby on the loose pulley 1* to stop the cutters at the same time the
slide c is stopped. The uprights pare connected at the top by plate 21, on
which the vessel 22 is placed, which supplies the cutters k and k* with oil
through the tubes 23 and 24; these tubes move in swivels for the
supplying the cutters in whatever position they may stand. The slide c is
returned to its previous position by means of the crank 25 on the shaft 12,
and by moving the elbow lever 26 (see Fig. 3) in the direction of the arrow
the radial arm 27 is moved in the same direction until it touches the stud 28,
which is fixed in the slot 29 of the bracket 30, by which time the hook 31
on the elbow lever 26 will be opposite to one of the notches 32 in the plate
33. By pressing the lever 26 in the opposite direction to that of the arrow
the hook 31 enters the notch 32*, and by means of the round projection 34
disengages the click 35 from the notch 32*, and moves the division plate 33
purpose
of

page_text: in the direction of its arrow until the click 85 drops into the notch 32*, after
having caused the mandril h to perform one sixth of a revolution. Square
nuts as well as hexagonal ones can be cut by placing the stud 28 in a proper
position. It is clearly shewn in Fig. 3 that the click 35 is held down by
the projection 84 only so long as to allow the notches 32 to move away from
the click; and as soon as the projection 34 has moved beyond the corner 34*
on the click 35 it is again at liberty to drop into any of the notches. The
lever 27 must not move quite easily upon the shoulder of the plate 33, as it
has to offer a certain. resistance to the elbow lever 26 when it moves in the
direction of the arrow, for the purpose of causing the clicks 31 to disengage
from the notches 32. The mechanism here described may very easily be
made entirely self acting. Figs. 5 and 6:-a, the bed of my circular planing
machine. b, the table or face plate of the same. This face plate or table
revolves in the V grooves c of the bed a, and at the same time on the spindle
or pivot d, which is fixed into the centre of the table b, and works in the
tube e, with its conical neck, and in a step fat the bottom of the tube. The
tube e is made to slide vertically in V's e* (Fig. 7) on the stay or beam g,
which is screwed to two of the uprights or pillars × of the bed a, so that in
case the face plate should be wanted to revolve at a greater speed, for instance,
for the purpose of drilling a hole in the centre of a piece placed upon it, or
for polishing, it can be lifted out of contact with the V grooves c by means of
the crank and screw nut h, which revolves in the bracket i, the screw and
rod k, and the inclined plane of the key acting upon the tube e. To the
face plate 6 an inside spur wheel m is cast or fixed, and a slow rotatory or
reciprocating motion is given to the face plate by means of the pinion n geering
in the inside spur wheel m, the spur wheel o, the pinion p, the bevil wheel g,
and the bevil wheel r (see Fig. 7 in dotted lines), the shafts, and the pulleys t, t*,
and u. Should, however, a quick speed be required, the pinion n is disengaged
from the wheel m, and caused to geer with the carrier wheel v, which geers
into the spur wheel w, fixed to the boss of the face plate b, for the purpose
of planing segments or parts of plates, wheels, &c., in which cases a rotatory
motion would not be convenient. The shaft s is worked by two straps, of which
one is crossed, and the circular planing machine is by these two straps worked
in two directions in the usual manner. To the bed a the bottom plate is cast,
to which the uprights y are fixed, and on these the cross slide bed z is fixed, and
moved up and down in the same manner as the cross slide bed explained with
reference to Drawings Sheet 3. The advantage of this circular planing
machine (for turning and planeing heavy wheels, &c.) over the ordinary lathe is

page_text: apparent, particularly so when it is taken into consideration that a pièce,
however heavy it may be, can be centred without the slightest trouble, and
that there can be no trembling or jarring when the face plate 6 works in the
V grooves c. The pieces to be planed are fastened upon the face plate 6 by
means of bolts introduced in the radial V grooves of the face plate. In
certain cases I also apply different parts of my tool motions, as described in
Fig. 16, and in Sheet 3, Fig. 5 and 10, because it is desirable to make
the planeing machine self-acting, both for the rotatory and reciprocatory
motion. I also intend to fix a drilling machine to the slide * upon
the slide bed, instead of the tool slide, for the purpose of drilling holes
at given distances in a circle, or at certain angles, which it would be
difficult to do after having removed the piece from the face plate. Figs.
8 and 9-a, a common slide lathe bed. b, the side in which the steel seg-
ment c swivels. d, a shaft revolving in the bearings in which the ordinary
screw for moving the slide revolves. c, a cylinder, in which a right and
a left thread is cut, and which is fixed upon the shaft d. At both ends
of the cylinder e the two threads are joined at their intersection, and
therefore cause the slide b to return when it arrives at either end. I make
use of this tool particularly for cutting the guide screws for my Patent Bobbin
Frames, and apply it for various other tools which require a reciprocating
motion. Figs. 10, 11, 12, and 13:-a, the bed of my differential slide lathe.
b, the foot upon which the bed a is placed. c and c*, the differential screws, in
both of which the worm wheel d geers. This worm wheel is fixed upon the.
spindle e, which has the mitre wheelf at its upper end, and revolves in the
bush g of the slide h. This mitre wheel ƒ geers into the mitre wheel i, the
bush of which forms a nut, which revolves in the bearing fixed into the
slide h, and acts upon the screw,/, and by means of the spur wheel m, which is
fixed upon the bush of the wheel i, and the pinion n (see Fig. 12) on the
bush o, works. the shaft p. The shaft p passes through the tube q, which is
one piece with the worm 7, and has a groove which extends from the worm r
to the bearing s, in which it revolves. In the tube q there is a set screw t, by
2
means of which the shaft p is brought in connexion with the worm 7. The
tube 9, as well as the screw 1, revolves in the bearing u, which is fixed to the.
slide v, and on the other side in the bearing w, which is also fixed to the slide v.
Suppose the slide required to be moved in the direction of its arrow, for
instance, for the purpose of facing the face plate a on the lathe spindle y, the
slide h has to be set near the face plate a by means of the fast pulley
shaft 1, and the spur wheel 2 fixed to the same shaft, and brought into
geer with the wheels 3 and 3* on the screws c-and c,. the two screws thereby.
z on the

page_text: moving simultaneously in the same direction, the worn wheel d does not revolve,
but being acted upon as a nut advances the slide h towards the face plates. This
done the wheel 2 is shifted out of geer again, and the tool, fixed in the toolholder
4, travels over the surface of the face plate a by means of the nut and pinion m
on the screw 7, which is driven by the mitre wheelf on the worm wheel d and
the mitre wheel i, the worm wheel d receiving its rotatory motion through the
screws cand c*, which now revolve in opposite directions at the same speel
through the spur wheels 13, 14, 15, 16, and 17, the screw Z being prevented
from revolving by the set screw 5. In case the toolholder 4 should be
required to have its position changed, the tube q, with the screw r, would be
turned round by means of the crank 6; and by means of the worm wheel 7,
which is fixed to the slide rest 8, the slide rest would revolve in its socket in
the slide v, in which it is held by the top plate 9. For turning a cone the
speed of the screws c and cx would be so proportioned as to advance the slide
at a certain speed, but at the same time to cause the worm wheel d to revolve
as much as would advance the slide v in the direction of the arrow a space
proportionate to the inclination the cone is to have; but for rounding the
surface of a strap pulley the tool is placed at a certain distance from the
centre line of the toolholder 4; and by means of the set screw t the worm r is
connected with the shaft p, which slides in the bush o of the pinion n, and is
caused to revolve with the pinion by a feather fixed in the bush, which takes
into a longitudinal groove of the shaft p, and in this manner the slide v is
advanced in the direction of the arrow, and the slide rest 8 turns a little in the
direction of its arrow, and produces the desired effect on the surface of the
pulley. For the purpose of turning a ball socket the centre of the slide rest 8
is placed exactly in the centre of the spindle y and the toolholder 4. The set
screw 5 is loosened; and the screw 7, the slide v having been placed as already
described, is fixed to the pinions and bush i and m by means of the nut 10,
seen through the slot 11), so that in revolving the screw would have no effect
upon the slide v, and the slide rest 8 would be caused to revolve upon
centre by means of the screws c and cx, and the mechanism already described.
In some cases the slide rest would be exchanged for a toolholder and slide rest
expressly made. For the purpose of turning a ball the toolholder 4 is
exchanged for another, by which the tool can be set behind the centre 12 of
the rest 8 exactly the distance of the radius of the ball to be turned. It
would be superfluous to explain the manner of chucking the ball, this being a
matter generally understood. As the relative speeds of the screws c and c*
can by means of changes in the train of wheels 13, 14, 15, 16, and 17, be
allowed to a very great extent, screws varying in their pitches to any
its

page_text: 100
fraction likely to be wanted in machinery can be put upon this differential
lathe. Suppose, for instance, that the pitch of the screws c and c* were half
inch, that the wheel 15 on the screw c had ninety-nine teeth, and the wheel 16
on the screw c* one hundred, and that the rest of the geering were so pro-
portioned as to produce a screw with a pitch of half an inch, if both the
wheels 15 and 16 had the same number of teeth, it is evident that while the
screw cx advances the slide v half an inch, the screw c advances it half an
inch, 100 of half an inch; but as the worm wheel & geers into both screws,
and moves the slide h by means of the shaft e, it is clear that the slide h
advances half an inch, 1/200 of half an inch, and therefore cuts a screw of a
pitch of 10 inch instead of half an inch. Figs. 14, 14, and 15:-a, part of
a slide lathe bed. b, the slide. c, part of the guide screw. d, the nut, with
the mitre wheel e cast upon it. This nut revolves between the brackets
fand fx, which are fixed to the slide 6 by the screw bolts h, through the eyes
of which the bolt g passes.
When the slide 6 is to be moved by the screw c,
the screw nut & is fixed to the bracket f* by the hoop i and the set screw k,
whose nut is fixed by means of a screw to the bracket f*, and thus the
slide is acted upon by the screw c, as if the screw nut & were a stationary
piece; but when the slide requires to be moved in one direction or the
other, the screw c being stopped, the set screw k is loosened, and the mitre
wheel m on the spindle n revolving in the bush o, and which geers into the
mitre wheel e, is moved by means of the crank p in either direction, and the
slide 6 moved to the place required. My improvement in this mechanism
consists in the mode of preventing any play in the screw c and nut d, by
having it in my power to tighten up the nut d (which is cut in two trans-
versely, its two parts being connected by two strong pins, as shewn in an end
view, Fig. 14). by the bolt g pressing upon the brackets f and fx. Figs. 16
and 17-a, the tool slide bed, similar to that marked 8 in Figs. 11 and 12, and
c, the tool. d, a section of a screw
fitting the same place. b, the tool slide.
to be cut. e, two steps, into which the cylindrical part of the tool c is placed,
and which are held together by the set screws f. The nut g is fixed into the
slide bed a, and the screw h moves the slide 6 to and fro in the usual manner;
but the screw h, instead of revolving in a common step, revolves in the inside.
of a double screw i, which turns in the nut k, fixed into the slide b. To the
screw i the handle or lever l is forged, by means of which the screw i is moved.
to a given distance in either direction, thus moving the slide 6 in the direction
of the arrow as well as in the contrary direction while the screw h remains
stationary. The screw his prevented from moving in its longitudinal direction
in the double screw i in the inside of the slide 6 and by the crank m bearing,

page_text: against the outside end of the screw h; it is therefore evident that if two
tappets or stops be so arranged as in one case to allow the handle to bring
the tool c into the proper position for making a cut, and in the other to draw
it out of the cut and the thread of the screw when that cut is completed,
the slide can be advanced with perfect safety the thickness of the next
shaving by means of the screw h and the crank m whilst the tool is again
brought back to the starting point. Figs. 19 and 20:-a, a bracket, fixed to
the cylindrical end of my following headstock, seen in Sheet 2, Fig. 17, by
means of the key b. A double screw c, with a crank, is lodged in the
bracket a, which forms its nuts, and is connected with the bush d, which
moves. on the screwing cylinder e by means of the screw f, which revolves
freely within the double screw c. The bush d is prevented from turning round
by a stud g, fixed into the bracket a; and by means of the screw f the bush d
is set to any required place in a longitudinal direction on the screwing
cylinder è. A circular groove x, shewn in dotted lines in the bush d, holds
the segment k, a projection of which is fixed in a notch of the flat bar h, thus
connecting the bar h with the bush d. The bar h is kept in its place by means
of the hoop 1, which is fitted tightly on the screwing cylinder c, but allows the.
bar to move freely in the direction of the arrow and the contrary direction.
The bar is cut out at m and n in such a manner as to form two inclined
planes, by means of which the cutter or tool o, which is lodged transversely in
the screwing cylinder e, and fits the inclined planes m and n, is moved in and
The screwing cylinder e is connected at p with the spindle of the lathe
in the usual manner. Suppose a nut required to be cut, it is fixed upon the
slide of the slide lathe, the screwing cylinder e is passed through it, and by
means of the screw f, &c. the tool o is made to project from the screwing
cylinder e the distance required to take the first cut. This cut having been
made, the double screw c is turned one revolution or nearly so, whereby the
tool o is, through the mechanism described, drawn out of its cut, and the
carriage of the slide lathe is caused to move in the opposite direction. The
moment the tool o has arrived at its beginning station the screw c is brought
back to its stop, the tool o is advanced by the screw f the, distance of another
shaving, and the saine operation repeated.
out.
In Sheet 6, Fig. 1 represents a side elevation of my improved drilling
machine; Fig. 2, à ground plan of the same; Fig. 3, a section of the diffe-
rential cone of it; and Fig. 4, a side elevation of the bottom plate, treadle, &c.
of the same. Fig. 4, elevation of a mechanism for working the drill shaft of
small drilling machines. Fig. 5, a side elevation of my improved slotting
engine. Fig. 6, a front elevation of the same. Fig. 7, ground plan of the

page_text: same. Fig. 8, a front view of part of the slide and moveable toolholder of the
same machine. Fig. 8*, part of the tool motion on a larger scale. Fig. 9, a
section of Fig. 8. Fig. 10, a side elevation of my tapping and screwing
machine. Fig. 11, a front elovation of the same. Fig. 12, ground plan of the
same. Figs. 13 and 14, detached pieces of the same. Figs. 15 and 16 shew a
novel method of securing cutters in their places in crank rods, piston rods, &c.
Figs. 1 and 2, a, a bottom plate of my drilling engine. b, a turned column,
fixed to the bottom plate by bolts. c, the boring table, which slides up
and down on the column b, and swivels round it. It is held in its position
as well as raised and lowered by the screw d, shewn in dotted lines. e, a
mut, which projects through a slot in the same pillar, and supports the
table c, see Fig. 4, at e. The screw d is worked by the bevil wheels
f and fx, and the crank g. The brackets h and h* are fixed to the
pillar 6 by means of the bolts i, and support the boring shaft k, which moves
up and down in the cone pulley in the usual manner; and the driving
cone pulleys m, the countershaft n, and its wheelwork, as well as the bearings
o and ox, require no further explanation, as this mechanism is generally
known and understood. p and p*, the driving and loose pulleys. q, the driving
The wheel s.
shaft, to the ends of which are fixed the bevil wheels r and s.
drives the vertical shaft. t, to the upper part of which is fixed the cone u, and
by means of the strap this cone drives the differential cone x. The bevil wheel
r drives the bevil wheel y, which is fixed on the hollow shaft z (see Fig. 3).
This shaft reaches through the tube 1 on the cone a, and revolves in tho
bushes 2 and 2* fixed into the ends of the tube. At the lower end of the
To
tube the wheel 3 is fixed, which geers into the pinion 4 on the shaft 5.
this shaft 5 the wheel 6 is fixed, which geers into the pinion 7 on the differen-
tial shaft 8. The shaft 5 revolves in the bushes 9 and 9*, fixed into the
disks of the cone, and the shaft 5*, with the piece 6*, merely serves as an
equilibrium to the wheels 4. and 6. The differential shaft 8 revolves in the
pivot 10, which is fixed into the cone x.
by giving the bevil wheels r and y, and
cone just now described, and to the cones
proportions, any required speed of the shaft 8
hundred revolutions per minute in one direction
(Fig. 1) up and down on the cones u and a.
spur wheel 12, which is fixed to the tube 18, the lower part of which forms a
screw nut. This tube revolves with its upper end on the pin 14, and with its
lower end in the bearing 15 fixed to the bracket 16, which is fixed to the
uprights 17, and these are fixed to the top bracket 18 and bracket h. The
From this description it is clear that
the wheelwork in the inside of the
and themselves, the proper
may be produced up to several
by merely shifting the strap v
The pinion 11 geers into the

page_text: strap is now supposed to be in that position on the cones u and a which I
call the point of rest, viz., no motion at all is produced on the differential
shaft 8, sec Fig. 3. Suppose a drill of a large size to be placed in the boring
bar, and therefore the descending motion required to be very slow, the
strap is moved a very little downwards by means of the treadle 19, see Figs.
2 and 4, the shaft 20, the lever 21, the bar 22, and the strap engine 23, and
in this manner the differential shaft 8 is made to move the wheel 12 in the
contrary direction to that of the arrow shewn in Fig. 2, thereby moving the
screw 24 and the boring shaft k very slowly downwards, and by bringing the
strap yet a little lower on the cones u and a, the downward speed of the shaft
is increased, and can be increased to any degree required for the purpose of
drilling. The moment the drill is required not to advance any more the
treadle 19 is allowed to be raised by the weight.25 (sce Fig. 1, 2, and 3), and
the strap vis shifted again by the bar 22, &c. into the place wherein it is now
shewn. To prevent the strap v from moving any further when the workman
withdraws his foot from the treadle 19, the projection 26 on the treadle 19
comes in contact with the stop 27, when the click 28 is moved backwards by
the foot; it allows the treadle 19 to rise up to the projection 29 when the
strap has arrived at the top of the cones u and x, and causes the boring shaft
ke to rise at its greatest speed. This shaft k is, however, prevented from
going too high by coming into contact with the forked lever 30, whereby the
shaft is brought down to the point of rest on the cones, causing the wheels
12 to stop instantly. In order to obviate the inconvenience of having the
shaft & every time raised to its greatest height, the radial arm 31 admits of
being set in any requisite position in the radial slot 32 of the lever 30, by
which means the strap v can be brought to the point of rest at such positions
of the shaft k as may be found most convenient. The advantage of giving
the boring shaft its vertical motion in the manner above describel is evident,
because whatever irregularities may be presented to the drill it can never
descend quicker than the position of the strap v drives it, and therefore it is
not liable to be suddenly broken, as is the case with other drilling machines
under such circumstances. Fig. 4* :-a, a large contact pulley. b, a rack which
is supposed to be connected with the top of the drill shaft 6*. c, a pinion
geering into the rack b, and one revolution of which moves the drill shaft to
its full extent in the top or down direction. The shaft rack, &c. are completely
counterbalanced by a weight, so that the drill shaft can be moved into any
position by hand. A treadle i is connected with the lever d, by means of
which the small and slowly-moving contact pulley e is brought in contact with
the pulley a, driving it in the direction of the arrow, and by means of the

page_text: 9,
pinion c and rack 6 forcing the drill shaft downwards; but the moment
the hole is drilled and the foot removed from the treadle i, the weight brings
the large and quick moving contact pulley g into contact with the pulley a, and
noves it in the contrary direction to that of the arrow, until the circular
groove arrives opposite the pulley g, causing the pulley a to stop. Figs. 5,
6, and 7-a, the bottom plate of my improved slotting machine. b, two
uprights fixed to a, with bolts and planed V-shaped from c to c. On these
V's the brackets d move up and down, and are fixed by means of the bolts e
and the V-grooves c* into which the heads of the bolts e are fitted. The
screws f, with the bevil wheels g at the top, move in the bearings h and h*,
which are fixed to the frames or uprights b, and these screws are worked by
means of the bevil wheels i on the shaft k, and by the crank . The brackets
d are planed V-shaped from X to X, and the slides m which support the bed n
are moved to and fro by means of the mitre wheels
the crank
the shaft
P,
2*, and the screws and o*, which turn in bearings, and are lodged in a
groove in the brackets d. The slider is acted upon by the screws, the nut 5*,
which is fixed to the slide r, and the crank t. Suppose a wheel required to bo
slotted, it is fixed to the face plate n in the usual manner, which, along with
the bed n. is then brought into the required position by means of the cranks
9x and t. The machine is set to work and stopped by means of the pulleys
vand v* on the shaft r, the pinion y, the carrier z, and the wheel 1 on the
shaft 2, which forms one piece with the grooved crank 3. The shaft 2 works in
the bush 4, which is fixed to the slide bed 5 by means of the bracket 6 and bolts.
The stud 7, on which the carrier pinion revolves, is fixed in this bracket. 6.
This arrangement allows the bed 5 to swivel on the angular beam 8, which is
fixed to the uprights b at both ends. The slide 9 is moved up and down in
the grooves of the bed 5 by means of the grooved crank 3 in the usual
but instead of connecting the crank with the slide 9, as it is gene-
rally done, the rod 10 works upon a ball-shaped crank pin 11, which forms
one piece with the tool holder 12 (see Figs. 8 and 9), and the tool holder 12,
with its conical pivot 13, moves in a cylindrical step 14, into which it is secured
by double nuts and a washer 15. From the rod 10 there is a projection 16,
which has a stud 17 fixed into it, and this stud being fixed in a slot is set in
its proper place by the set screws 18. The end of the stud 17 works in a
slot on the slide 19, on which the inclined planes X and (see Fig. 8*) are
wrought, which act against similar inclined planes wrought on the toolholder
12. The slide 19 works in a projection or angular bracket 19*, made of one
piece with the cylindrical step 14, and it is therefore evident that in whatever
position the step 14 is put no change can take place in the relative positions
manner;

page_text: of the tool holder 12 and the slide 19.
Suppose the rod 10 to be moving
downwards and by means of the arm or projection 16, the stud 17, the slide 19,
the inclined planes and x on the slide, and the tool holder 12, the tool 20
.to be held and fixed in the direction of the arrow, and therefore in the position
for cutting the inclined planes *not allowing it to move backwards, as soon
as the crank 3 passes the centre the rod 10 is moved in the direction of the
-arrow, the slide 19 by means of the stud 17 is moved upwards, the inclined
planes are receding from one another, and the inclined planes come into
contact and compel the tool 20 to move in the contrary direction to that of
the arrow, and out of its cut, thus preserving the keen edge of the tool. The
cylindrical step 14 serves the purpose of giving the tool a somewhat angular
position, so that in case a long slot or a slide of a piece has to be cut, the
tool in going up may not touch sideways. It is clearly seen from the Drawing
that the bed n always remains perfectly horizontal in whatever place it may
be required with regard to its elevation and lateral position. But as it is
generally necessary, as in cutting key grooves, that the tool should work
under a certain angle, the slide bed 5 moves on a centre 21, which forms the
bearing of the shaft x, and by means of the circular V groove 22 and the
bolts 23, the bed 5 may be set and fixed to any required angle. To prevent the
wheels 1 and y from deviating from their pitch line the carrier wheel revolves
on the stud 7, which is fixed to the bracket 6, and is therefore compelled to
keep its relative position to the wheels 1 and y. I do not mean to confine
myself to this identical mechanism, because I may vary its shape and arrange-
ment without deviating from the system here described, more particularly with
regard to the connexion of the lateral motion of the tool produced by inclined
planes, slides, levers, or set screws with the crank or rod. Figs. 10, 11, and
12a, the bottom plate of my vertical screwing and tapping machine. The
hollow pillar b is fixed to the bottom plate a by bolts, and to its top the plate c
is fixed, into which the uprights d and e are secured. A platef is fixed to the
shoulder d* on the pillar don one side, and to the top of the pillar e, to which
it is secured by the nut ex on the other side. Into this plate the step g is
fixed in which the shaft of the pinion h revolves. The shaft i of the pinion h
also revolves in the projection cx of the plate c, and the bottom step k, which
is fixed to the bottom plate a. Suppose the tap r to be placed in the chuck s
at the top of the vertical spindle t, and the nut which is to be tapped to be
fixed in the holder u by means of the dyes ux and the set screw v and the
vertical spindle t, which receives its motion through the pulley o, the cone
pulleys p and p*, the bevil pinion m on the shaft n, the bevil wheel Z on the
shaft i, the pinion h, and the spur wheel w on the shaft or spindle t, to revolve

page_text: along with the tap r, which it holds at the required speed, the wheel w being
in the place w* (marked in red), the spindle t is lifted up by means of the
weight on the shaft y, the fork on the same shaft, the rods 1 and 1*, and
the cross beam 2, which supports the spindle t by means of the shoulder 3, and
in this manner causes the tap r to enter into the nut, and to move on until it
has gone entirely through it. The tap is so made that the end whereby it is
fixed into the socket s is long enough to reach through the nut, and that the
corners of the square by which it is held do not project beyond its circum-
ference; the attendant can thereby lift the tap out of its socket, lower the
spindle t by means of the treadle xx, move the holder u sideways, and put the
following tap into the sockets. To prevent irregular tapping, the holder u,
with its stud 5, swivels in the bush 4, which is one piece with the bush 6,
swivelling on the upright d, on which it is held in its proper elevation by the
hoop 7 and set screw; and it is evident that by means of this mechanism
the tapping of the nuts must proceed very regularly, even in case the hole of
the. nut should not be parallel to its sides, without straining the tap in the
slightest degree. This is clearly shewn by the ground plan, Fig: 12, with
referenco to u, 4, and 6, which represent the elbow lover yielding to any
motion of the tap without losing its horizontal position. I make use of the
same machine for screwing by exchanging the spindle t for a hollow spindle
(see Fig. 14), to the top of which a frame is fixed, provided with dyes for
holding the piece which is to be screwed, and exchanging the dyes in the
picce u (see Fig. 12), for holding the nuts for screwing dyes; or the spindle
Fig. 14 may hold the screwing dyes, in which case the screw which has to be
formed is held by the dyes in the elbow lever u. The oil is supplied from a
can fixed to the top of the upright d, from which it drops either upon the tap or
upon the screw, and is collected either into the hollow part of the disk wheel w,
or into the hollow spindle (see Fig. 14) Figs. 15 and 16. The steps of the
connection rod 10 (see Figs. 5 and 6) can also be secured by a strap and keys.
or cotters in the following manner-a, the strap in section; 1, the cotter,
which is secured in its place by means of a short screw 2, lodged between the
cotter and the saddle 3, upon which it rests. The recess in the cotter 1 is.
bored to the diameter of the screw, while the recess in the saddle 3 is tapped,
and so forms the nut of the screw 2. When the cotter 1 is driven in, the.
screw 2 is advanced by means of a screw driver until it reaches the end of
the recess at X, and in this manner prevents the cotter 1 from receding.
In Sheet 7, Fig. 1 represents a side elevation of a rolling mill for rolling
parts of boilers and other tubes or cylinders, so as to give them at once their
true shape, and dispensing with the operation of rivetting or welding them.

page_text: after they have been rolled, although they may be cut asunder, so as to form
plates if desired. Fig. 2, a front elevation of the same. Fig. 3, a section of a
common engine boiler, shewing one mode of connecting its parts or rolled
tubes. Fig. 3*, a section of the manhole. Fig. 4, a locomotive engine
Figs. 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9, different modes of
boiler of a similar construction.
joining the boilers. Fig. 10, a ground plan, and Fig. 11, a section of an
apparatus for putting the boiler parts together. Fig. 12, a side elevation,
and Fig. 13 a front view, of a rolling mill, for rolling locomotive engine-wheel
tiers, or common wheel tiers, hoops, &c. of any convenient shape. Fig. 14, a
section of an engine-wheel tier prepared for being rolled. Fig. 15, a spherical
common carriage-wheel tier after having been rolled. Figure 16, the ends
of the rollers & and d*, shewing their shape for rolling locomotive engine-
wheel tiers. Figs. 1 and 2, a, the stone foundation of a rolling mill. b, the
bottom plate fixed to the foundation a by bolts. c, d, the right-hand frame,
fixed to the plate 6 by bolts. The top e of the frame d is made of wrought
iron, and is connected with it by a strong bolt or stud f, upon which it
hinges, and therefore may be thrown back into the position marked e*, shewn
in red lines. The wrought-iron bridle g, which hinges on the shaft h, can
be thrown back into the position marked 9*, shewn in red lines, when
the top e is to be thrown back into the position e*. i, the left-hand frame of
the machine, in which the driving end of the top roller k revolves. 7, a
brass step, fixed into the frame i. m, an iron bridle holding a brass step
n, see Fig. 2, by which and by the nuts m*, the roller k is held in its
place on the driving end. A semicylinder or trough o is fixed to. the
frame, with its flauge ox, and by the bolts p; and to the other end of this
semicylinder the brass step 9 is fixed by screws, whereby the roller k is
supported when the bottom roller is lowered. A wrought-iron ring r,
which is hung to the projection of the brass step g, supports the roller k. The
roller revolves in the steps s and s*, and these steps are raised and lowered
by the screws t, the screw nuts u, the spur wheel v, the broad pinion won
the shaft x, the bevil wheel y, and the bevil pinion z on the shaft 1, the bevil
wheel-2 and bevil pinion 3 on the shaft 4, which is worked by the cross 5,
and revolves in the column 6. The steps s and s* are connected by a beam 7;
to which the two bearings and segments 8 and 8* are fixed. Suppose a boiler
of a certain diameter, say, for instance, three feet, were to be made, and the
thickness of the boiler when finished to be quarter of an inch, an iron plate
of one inch or one inch and a quarter, or even more in thickness, just as may
be found most convenient for the purpose of welding, is welded in the same
manner as large wrought-iron pipes or heavy tubes are generally done, its

page_text: length being about eighteen inches or two feet, or any length which may be
found most convenient for the purpose of welding and rolling; this tube is
then put into a furnace, and heated to a welding heat. By means of the
cross 5 on the shaft 4, and the wheelwork 2, 3, 1, 2, y, &c., the roller k* is
sufficiently lowered to allow the thickness of the tube, now supposed to be in
the furnace, to enter between the rollers, for which purpose the top e is pulled
back by a chain and pulley into the place marked ex, shewn in red lines, and
the tube coming from the furnace is introduced between the two rollers k
and k*. The top e is then lowered into its position as drawn in black, pressed
upon the step q, and by means of the bridle g is connected with the frame d,
thus giving perfect steadiness to the roller /. The steps s and ** are then, by
means of the mechanism already described, raised, and thereby the rollers k
and are brought into contact with the tube. The very moment the
rollers begin to touch the tube the rolling mill is started and runs at a con-
siderable speed, such as may be found most convenient for the purpose of rolling
the tube, during which operation the men working the cross or lever 5 screw,
up the roller k* as quick as the power of the mill allows it, and continué:
doing so until the tube has attained its required diameter. For the purpose:
of forming the boiler the tubes 9 are united by recesses or small flanges or
grooves; and as these grooves and flanges must be formed during the process.
of rolling, a groove 10 (sec Fig. 2) is turned into the roller k* near the
shoulder 11, and a recess 12 into the roller k, into which the shoulder 11 fits,
and on the opposite side of the roller k the recesses 13 and 14 are turned in
such a manner as to fit the shoulder 15 of the roller k*. From this descrip-
tion it is evident that by giving the tube which is to be rolled its required
length, the outside and inside flanges 16 and 17, shewn on the tube 9, must
necessarily be formed during the process of rolling in the most perfect manner.
Any further explanation upon this subject would be superfluous, as the process
of rolling bar iron into any required shape is well known and understood.
The segments or brackets 8 and 8*, which are fixed to the bearings s and s*
by means of the beam 7, prevent the tube 9 from sinking to one side or the
other during the process of rolling, and also serve, to ascertain the diameter
of the tube 9 by means of a piece of hoop iron 18, which is suspended from a
beam by chains, and may be held by two men at its two ends to the
brackets 8 and 8*, partly encompassing the tube 9. Supposing the tube to have.
attained its required diameter, the mill is stopped, the roller / lowered by the
same means by which it has been raised, the top e thrown back, and with a
light crane or a lever hung to a block carriage the tube is removed from the
mill,

page_text: In Figs. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9, I show various descriptions of joints, to
which, however, I do not mean to confine myself, and I am now going to show
three different methods of putting the boilers together. Fig. 3 represents an
engine boiler composed of such tubes as are now shewn in Figs. 1 or 2,
marked 9, in the act of being rolled. a, the ends of a boiler, made either of one
entire piece or composed as usually done. b, a tube, such as just described, with
this exception only, that the shoulder or flange nearest the bottom a is broader
than the other, for the purpose of rivetting it to a.
After the two
pieces a and b have been joined they are placed upon a vertical cylinder or
pillar high enough for supporting at least one half of the boiler. Upon the
top of this pillar the end a and the tube b are fixed; the piece c is then
made red hot or nearly so for the purpose of producing the requisite expansion,
stripped over the piece b, which is cold, and if found necessary hammered
round with light hammers and set up as usually done in boiler making; and it
is evident that in that place in which the two flanges or shoulders meet the
joints can easily be made perfectly air-tight, particularly as the contraction of
the piece c-produces a close joint with the piece b. The pieces d, e, &c. are
then successively dealt with in the same manner until the two halves of the
boiler are completed, which halves are then connected by the piece f in the
following manner:-The piece f, instead of having an inside and an outside
flange, has both its flanges inside, and after having been rolled to its required
diameter a wrought iron or a very strong cast-iron manhole is fitted upon it
with rivets, for which rivets one half of the holes are drilled; the tube is then
cut in two at g (see Fig. 3), and after a good joint has been made the other
half of the rivet holes are drilled, and everything made ready for rivetting.
The two parts of the boiler are then disposed in such a manner as to be put
into the piece f by merely opening it the space required to introduce the
flanges. The piece f, having been made red hot, is held between the two boiler
parts, which are without loss of time introduced; the rivets put into their places
are fastened before it cools; the joints are afterwards set up. Fig. 4 shews
part of a locomotive engine boiler, the cylindrical part of which is composed in
the manner above described. Fig. 5 shows another mode, viz., all the parts
being rolled to the same diameter, and the recesses and flanges a rolled to
such a depth only as to admit of their being jointed merely by the expansion
of the pieces made red hot. Fig. 6 shews a similar joint drawn to a larger
scale, but the end of the tube being so disposed as to admit a few rivets in
addition. That part of the tube with the flange or shoulder is heated to such
a degree as to expand sufficiently to clear the part marked a, and to slip into
the recess marked 6, in which it fits perfectly when cold. It is to be observed:

page_text: that the shoulder and recess must be proportioned to the diameter of the
boiler, and never be deeper than the expansion of the iron when red hot will
admit. Figs. 7 and 3 are similar joints, with the exception that the hoop q is
rolled by itself, and the boiler is put together as will be explained with
reference to Figs. 10 and 11. Fig. 8 only shews a slight deviation from
Fig. 7, the hoop 9 being broader, and admitting a few rivets on one or both
sides. Fig. 9 shows a section of Figs. 7 and 8, and particularly illustrates
the wedge rivet, marked x, see also Fig. 10, with reference to which Figure it
is also sufficiently explained. Fig. 10 is a ground plan, and Fig. 11 a section,
of a part of a boiler and the apparatus for putting the parts together. In this
case the recesses or flanges of the boiler parts are all inside, as in Fig. 7.
a, three parts or tubes of a boiler, two of which are already jointed at b, and
another just in the act of being jointed at c. An iron column d, the top part of
which only is shewu, is placed either in a pit or in a building so as enable the
workman to get to the top of the same. The column, which is supposed to be
long enough to support a boiler of any convenient length, is turned at its top
a certain length for the purpose of allowing the disk e to slide upon it. This
disk is supported by the screw nut f moving in the slot g, and by means of
the screw h and the cross i the disk e is moved up and down the slides k*,
four, six, or more in number, and moved to and fro by means of the elbow
levers k, the bush 2, and the rod m. Suppose the slides k to be out beyond
the diameter of the boiler, and placed at such a distance from the top of the
pillar as to cause the end of the tube to be precisely opposite the centres of
the set screws n, which are tapped into the wrought-iron hoop o, fixed to the
top flanges of the pillar, the first tube is placed upon the slide k, and the
second is brought into contact with and above the first. A rolled iron hoop q, a
section of which on a larger scale is shewn in Fig. 7, is cut in two (see
Figs. 9 and 10), and is introduced between the tubes a, a, and by means of
the screws n screwed tight to the two tubes, so as to connect the flanges of the
tubes a, a, in such a manner as to form a perfect joint (see Fig. 7). Into the
joint of the hoop q a wedge rivet X is introduced, which (see Figs. 9 and
10) is screwed up by a strong screw r (see Figs. 10 and 11) tapped into the
ring o, tightly screwed up during the time the wedge rivet is rivetted outside.:
As soon as the rivet is made perfectly tight the screw r, as well as the
screw n, are screwed back a little; the boiler by means of blocks and pulleys is
lifted up a little; the slides kx by means of the rod m, and the elbow levers k,
are drawn back; the boiler is lowered, and when the joint 6 has passed the:
slides k*, and the rod m is lowered again, the slides k take their former
positions, and the hoop g of the joint c, just now finished, rests upon the
P

page_text: slides k*, and the next joint is made in the same manner as already described.
Fig. 12-a, the bottom plate, screwed to a stone foundation, similar to that
shewn in Figs. 1 and 2, the place for the geering excepted. b, the right-hand
frame, fixed by bolts to the plate a. c, a cast-iron bearing, into which a
brass step is fixed, in which the roller or shaft d revolves; the end e of this
shaft forms a roller which is turned in such a manner as to fit the outside
shape of a locomotive engine-wheel. tier. The end ex of the roller dx fits
the inside shape of the, tier (see Fig. 16). The roller d revolves in the
stationary steps c and c*, which are fixed in the frames 6 and f, and for
the purpose of giving steadiness, the shaft d of the roller e extends to
the frame f, and is there kept down into the step c* by a top bearing g
secured by the key h. The shaft d* is kept in its sliding bearing i by the
cap The bearing k is similar the bearing c, but the shaft dx is there kept
in its bearing by the cap l, which is secured by the bolts m to the collar n,
fitting a shoulder on the screw o. The cap ix is secured to the step i by the
bolts mand the collar n* on the screw o*. A cast-iron segment. p is
fixed to the frame 6 by means of the bosses and bolts g (shewn in dotted
lines in Fig. 12), and the segments r and rx move on a stud fixed to the
brackets, which is shewn in dotted lines in Fig. 12), and which may
either be cast or screwed to the frame b. The segments and * are so
disposed as to be opened and placed in the position shewn in red lines by
means of the levers t and t*. The rollers u, which turn on studs fixed to the
segments and rx, are shaped in such a manner as to fit the outside of a tier.
Now instead of rolling an iron bar into the shape of a locomotive engine-
wbeel tier I weld a common square or flat bar (see Fig. 14) of about half the
length of a tier bar, more or less, and of sufficient bulk in the ordinary manner;
I then heat the same in a furnace to a welding heat, and by means of the
cross v, the shaft and pinion w, the bevil wheel, the shaft and pinion y, the
bevil wheel z, the broad pinion 1, and the spur wheels 2, on the screws o
and ox, I lift the roller ex, which forms one picce of the shaft d*, away from
the roller e to such a distance as to admit the tier above explained between
the two rollers & and e*; and by means of the bar 3, which swivels on the
stud 4, I keep the tier in its vertical position and parallel with the rollers u on
the segments p, r, and rx. I then press the roller e* downwards until it reaches
the tier by means of the geering already explained, and the screws o and o*,
which work in brass nuts 5 and 6. The rolling mill is then started, and run
at a considerable speed, such as may be found most convenient for the purpose
of rolling tiers after it has attained its perfect shape, and its circumference
touches all the guide rollers u, and causes them to revolve. The gcering w, x,

page_text: y, z, &c. is stopped, the tier having obtained its required diameter. For the
purpose of removing the finished tier the lever 3 is thrown back, and the
segments r and rx opened. The common wheel tiers, such as represented in
Fig. 15, can be rolled, as well as tiers of any other desirable shape, by
exchanging the rollers e and ex for other suitable ones. It is unnecessary to
give any explanation as to the mode of driving the rollers, this being
sufficiently understood by persons conversant with rolling mills.
With reference to Sheet 1 of Drawings, I claim as follows:-In Figs. 1, 2,
3, and 4, the arrangement of the division geering in connection with the
shafts 44, 49, and 40, and mitre wheels 47, 48, 51, and 58, and the separated
worms 39 and 39*, the arrangement of the slides n, p, v, 1; the step u, the
hinge v*, bracket z, slide 4, toolholder 7, screw 9, nut 10, screw 13, and
nut 12, and the mode of giving motion to the cutter shaft 17, by means of
the pulleys d, h, f, and the carriage i, as well as the way in which the slide n
is supported and connected with the bed a by the sliding column 57. In'
Figs. 5 and 6, the whole mechanism for cutting worm wheels. In Figs. 9, 10,
11, and 12, the whole mechanism for giving to the teeth of bevil wheels their
true shape. In Figs. 13 and 14, the mechanism for cutting racks. In
Figs. 14 and 15, the radiating or swivel guide pulleys. In Figs. 16, 17, 18,
and 19, the mode of fixing cutter segments to a shaft, and thus forming a true
circular cutter. In Figs. 21 and 22, the mode of fixing cutters for wooden
wheel patterns to a shaft.
.V
With reference to Sheet 2 of Drawings, I claim as follows: -In Figs: 1, 2,
3, and 3*, the whole apparatus for turning and cutting cutters, for cutting
teeth in wheels, racks, &c., according to a shaper or model on a larger scale.
and for turning or shaping any wheels or segments when accuracy of form is
important, according to a model or a shaper on a larger scale. In Figs. 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, and 8x, the principle and mechanism for cutting perfectly spherical
concave or convex surfaces on metal or other suitable substances, as for steel
pivots, lenses for spectacles, telescopes, and other optical instruments. In
Figs. 9 and 9, the mechanism for cutting or equalizing the threads of screws'
and nuts, and the inside of cylinders or cones of any required size. In Fig.
10, the mechanism for cutting or equalizing the outside of cylinders or cones.
In Figs. 11 and 12, the mechanism for cutting or equalizing the outsides of
cylinders, such as piston rods, &c. In Figs. 18 and 14, the mechanism for
cutting or equalizing plane surfaces. In Figs. 15, 16, and 16*, the mode of cut-
ting perfectly true or equalizing the surfaces of square or oblong plates, or other
forms of glass, metal, or other suitable material, or of slides, lathe beds, &c.
In Figs. 17 and 17* the arrangement of the spindle d, with regard to the

page_text: screw e, step f, and nut b, and the peculiar shape of the following headstock a
In Figs. 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, & 23, the principle and construction of my
expansion borers or rimers. In Figs. 29 and 30, the principle and construction
of my expansion rimers; and in Figs. 24, 25, 26, 27, and 28, the principle and
construction of my expansion mandrills.
With reference to Sheet 3, I claim as follows:-In Figs. 1, 2, and 3, the
mode of moving the cross slide 23 and the tool slides 40 and 40*, with the
toolholders 24 and 25*, into and out of cut under any required angle, and
which is more clearly represented in Figs. 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 9, 11, 12, 15, and 16;
and as I consider the to and fro motion produced by the double screws 42 and
42*, as well as the up and down motion of the slides 40 and 40*, here pro-
duced by the worm wheel 31, the shaft 32, and the inclined planes 36 and 36*,
which are clearly shewn in Fig. 9), as well as the toolholder 24* and 25*
(shewn in Fig. 10), completely new, I do not mean to confine my claims to
this identical mechanism. I claim the mode of working the tool slides 40 and
40* under any convenient angle by means of the swivel plate 23 and the V
grooves d (see Fig. 8), without impeding the mechanism by which the slides
40 and 46 are moved in and out of cut; the angular sides of the table t,
whereto any brackets or plates to be planed can be fixed; the mechanism for
changing the motion of the machine marked 10 x and 55 and 55*, 56*,
and 57 *, shewn in Fig. 2; the mode of supplying the V groove a (Fig. 3)
with oil by means of the reservoir 89, the filter 90, the pipes 91, 92, &c., and
a conductor placed on each side of the V groove. In Figs. 1×, 2*, 3*,
and 4, the method of giving motion in one or the other direction to the
shaft 21 (see Fig. 4), and of varying its speed instantaneously, as may be
required, whether produced by the mechanism shewn in the above-mentioned
Figures, or by expansion pulleys; the method of modifying the motion of the
carriages by means of the levers and rods 2, u, z, and the bush y (see
Figs. 2 and 3×). In Figs. 17 and 18, the mode of moving the tools 24
and 25 out of cut by means of the worm, wheel 31, the shaft 32, the arms 33
and 33*, and the slides 81 and 81*, as described in the Specification. In
Fig. 20, the mechanism composed of the screw 26, worm wheel 31, shaft 32,
&c., and friction lever 38 (see Figs. 5 and 8) upon the shaft 38, which acts
upon the guide screws for the purpose of advancing the tool on the slide 37
vertically, and moving it at the same time out of cut; and for this purpose
also for the adaptation to this mechanism of my swivel plate 23* and the tool-
holder 25*.
With reference to Sheet 4, I claim as follows:-In Figs. 1, 2, 3, and 4, the
mode of planeing horizontally and vertically on the same machine, or at any

page_text: required angle, by working the angular table B and the slide e, at the same
time the angular table B and the mode of steadying its motion on the bed, the
moveable bed H on the carriage F (see Fig. 1), or on a slide; but I do not.
mean to confine myself to the mechanism here described, as it may be varied,
the principal features still remaining the same. In Figs. 9 and 10, I claim
the mode of working planeing machines by means of contact pulleys (here
marked f, q, and i,) and the break y. In Figs. 11 and 12, the double table,
composed of the tables d and f, the latter moving on a centre, by means of
which arrangement pieces can be planed to any required angle without removing
them from their fixings. In Figs. 18 and 14, the mechanism by which the
strap is caused to move instantaneously from one pulley to another.
With reference to Sheet 5, I claim as follows:-In Figs. 1, 2, 3, and 4, the
mode of fixing cutters in segments, as clearly shewn in section Fig. 18,
marked k, l, m, qx, s, r, r, the peculiar combination of my nut-cutting
engine, whereby I am enabled to cut a number of nuts at once in the manner
described in the Specification. In Figs. 5, 6, and 7, the rotatory planeing
machine, which I may use as a lathe or with a reciprocating motion for
planeing segments, radial grooves, &c., or in certain cases as a boring machine;
but as I consider this arrangement completely new I do not mean to confine
myself to the construction here described. In Figs. 8 and 9, the use of a
reversing screw applied to certain tools which require a reciprocating motion.
In Figs. 10, 11, 12, and 13, the application of differential guide screws c and
cx, acting conjointly upon a worm wheel d, for the purpose of adapting the
motion of the slide h so as to produce screws of a pitch bearing any required
fractional proportion to the pitch of the guide screws; the mechanism marked
d, e, f, i, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, w, 5 and 7, for the purpose of working by
means of the screws c and c*, the slide v, and the rest 9, as described in the
Specification. In Figs. 14, 14*, and 15, the mode of preventing any play
in the screw nut d and the brackets f, as described in the Specification. In
Figs. 16 and 17, the application of the double screw i, with the handle l
serving as bearing to the screw h, for the purpose described in the Specification,
and the toolholder e. In Figs. 19 and 20, the mechanism constituting my
screwing or nut-cutting bar, applicable to my lathe or to any other.
With reference to Sheet 6, I claim as follows:-In Figs. 1, 2, 3, and 4, my
differential motion and table c, as applied to drilling machines, and the
mechanism marked q, r, s, t, u, y, 11, 12, 18, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21,
22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, and 32, as described in the Specification.
This mechanism, however, I intend to simplify, without altering its main
features. In Fig. 4*, the mechanism which I adopt for small drilling

page_text: tion.
machines, and which is marked a, b, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, and i, in my Specifica-
In Figs. 5, 6, 7, 8, 8×, and 9, the general combination of my slotting
_machine, particularly the mode of moving the tool 20 out of its cut when
going back, which is marked 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 19*, x,
and ; and the mode of working the tool under any required angle by means
of the groove 22, the bolts 23, and the centre 21, without altering in the least
the position of the geering marked 1, z and y. In Figs. 10, 11, 12, 13,
and 14, I claim the general mechanism, but particularly the nut and die-
holding apparatus marked d, 4, 5, 6, 7, r, u, ux, the pieces 1, 2, 3, x, y, and z,
and the hollow spindle seen in section Fig. 14. In Figs. 15 and 16 the mode
of fastening cotters, applied to piston rods, crank rods, or otherwise in the
manner described in my Specification.
With reference to Sheet 7, Figs. 1 and 2, 12 and 13, I claim the principle
of forming parts of boilers, tiers of wheels, hoops, &c., by rolling and of putting
together the parts of boilers, as described in my Specification. I claim also
the application of like machinery for other useful and ornamental purposes;
but I do not mean to confine myself to the identical mechanism shewn in the
Drawings.
In witness whereof, I, the said John George Bodmer, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Eighteenth day of November, One thousand
eight hundred and thirty nine

page_text: in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and thirty-
nine, to John George Bodmer, of Manchester, in the County of
Lancaster, for "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY, TOOLS, OR
APPARATUS FOR CUTTING, PLANING, TURNING, DRILLING, AND ROLLING
METALS AND OTHER SUBSTANCES."
DISCLAIMER entered by THOMAS HORNBY BIRLEY, Assignee of the said
Letters Patent.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, THOMAS
HORNBY BIRLEY, of Manchester, in the County of Lancaster, Cotton Spinner,
send greeting.
:
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, for Herself, Her.
heirs and successors, did give and grant unto the said John George Bodmer,
his exors, adñiors, and assigns, Her Letters Patent under the Great Seal of
the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, bearing date at West-
minster, the Twentieth day of May, in the year of our Lord One thousand
eight hundred and thirty-nine, for an Invention of "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN
MACHINERY, TOOLS, OR APPARATUS FOR CUTTING, PLANING, TURNING, DRILLING, AND
ROLLING METALS AND OTHER SUBSTANCES:" And whereas the said John George
Bodmer, in pursuance of a proviso in the said Letters Patent contained, did
cause a particular description of the nature of the said Invention, and in
what manner the same is to be performed, by an instrument in writing under
his hand and seal, to be enrolled in Her said Majesty's High Court of Chancery
on the Twentieth day of November, in the year of our Lord One thousand
eight hundred and thirty-nine: And whereas the whole legal interest of and
in the said Letters Patent is now duly vested in the said Thomas Hornby
Birley: And whereas the said Thomas Hornby Birley did lately petition Her
Majesty in Council for a prolongation of the term of the sole using and vending
of the said Invention, and Her said Majesty was pleased to refer the con-
sideration of the said Petition to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council:
And whereas the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, upon hearing and
enquiring of the whole matter, have agreed to report to Her Majesty as their
opinion that, in case Her Majesty should think fit, a further extension for Five
Years of the term in the said Letters Patent obtained by the said John George

page_text: Bodmer as aforesaid for "Certain Improvements in Machinery, Tools, o
Apparatus for Cutting, Planing, Turning, Drilling, and Rolling Metals and
other Substances," should be granted to the said Thomas Hornby Birley, in
.whom the legal interest of the said original Letters Patent is now vested
upon the condition, amongst others, that a Disclaimer should be.duly made o
so much of the Title of the said Invention and of the said Specification as
relates to Machinery, Tools, and Apparatus for Cutting, Planing, Turning
and Drilling Metals and other Substances: And whereas I, the said
Thomas Hornby Birley, in pursuance of the said Report of the Lords of the
Privy Council, and in compliance with the condition therein contained, am
desirous to enter a Disclaimer of that part of the Title of the said Invention
which relates to the Cutting, Planing, Turning, and Drilling of Metals and other
Substances, and of the parts of the Specification which relate to the Cutting,
Planing, Turning, and Drilling Metals and other Substances: And whereas I
have obtained leave of Sir Alexander Edward Cockburn, Knight, Her
Majesty's Attorney General, certified by his fiat and signature, according to the
form of the Statute in such case made and provided:
NOW KNOW YE that I, the said Thomas Hornby Birley do hereby dis-
claim the following part of the Title of my said Invention, that is to say:-
I disclaim the words "cutting, planing, turning, drilling, and," and also the
words "and other substances," so that the said Title, as altered, will be as
follows Certain Improvements in Machinery, Tools, or Apparatus for
Rolling Metals." And I hereby disclaim, in the introductory portion of the
said Specification, the words "cutting, planing, turning, drilling, and," and the
words "and other substances" (which words occur twice in the introductory
part of the said Specification), and the words "Seven Sheets of," in the intro-
ductory portion of the said Specification. Also I disclaim the part of the said
Specification commencing with the words "in Sheet 1," and ending with the
words "from receding," being the part of the said Specification which describes
the Six Sheets of Drawings numbered 1 to 6 inclusive, and I also disclaim
the said Six Sheets of Drawings numbered 1 to 6, and annexed to the said
Specification, and the Drawings, letters, and figures contained therein. And at
the conclusion of the said Specification, in the claiming clauses, I disclaim the
part of the said Specification commencing with the words "with reference to
Sheet 1 of. Drawings," and ending with the words "described in my Speci-
fication," being the first six claims of the said Specification. And I, the said
Thomas Hornby Birley, further do hereby declare that my reason for making
the above Disclaimer is in order to comply with the Report of the Judicial
Committee of the Privy Council, and the condition therein contained as above

page_text: stated. And I, the said Thomas Horuby Birley, do hereby further declare
that the above Disclaimer is not such Disclaimer as will extend the exclusive
right granted by the said Letters Patent.
In witness whereof, I, the said Thomas Hornby Birley, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Twelfth day of May, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-three.
THOS H. (L.S.). BIRLEY.
Sigued, sealed, and delivered, by the
within-named Thomas Hornby Birley,
in the presence of
JOHN WARDROPER,
Solicitor, Manchestor.
GEO. CARTER.
DIA. Diater & Heens, Sol",
Manchester.
To the Clerk of the Patents of England.
This is to certify, that Thomas Hornby Birley, of Manchester, in the County
of Lancaster, Cotton Spinner, has applied to me for leave to enter with you
the above written Disclaimer and Memorandum of Alteration to the Title
and Specification of a certain Invention for which Letters Patent were
granted to John George Bodmer, of Manchester, in the County of Lancaster,
under the Great Seal, bearing date the 20th day of May 1889, and to which
the Specification was duly enrolled; and having considered the said appli-
cation, and no objection having been made to the same, I have accordingly
granted leave to the said Thomas Hornby Birley to file the said Disclaimer
and Memorandum of Alteration pursuant to the Statute passed in the 5th &
6th years of the reign of His late Majesty King William the 4th, entitled
"An Act to amend the Law touching Letters Patent for Invention.

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Twelfth day of May, in the
year of our Lord 1853, the aforesaid Thomas Hornby Birley came before our
said Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged the Disclaimer
aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained and specified, in form
above written. And also the Disclaimer aforesaid was stamped according to
the tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.
Enrolled the Sixteenth day of May, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and fifty-three.
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