CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF SUGAR, AND IN THE MACHINERY AND APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN
Year: 1846

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, HENRY
CROSLEY, of Emerson Street, Southwark, Millwright and Engineer, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her.
Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Third day of April, in the ninth
year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and assigns, give and grant unto
me, the said Henry Crosley, my exors, admors, and assigns, Her especial.
licence, full power, sole privilege, and authority, that I, the said Henry Crosley,
my, exors, admors, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Henry Crosley,
my exors, admors, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others..
from time to time and at all times during the term of years therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within England,
Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, in the Islands of Jersey,
Guernsey, Alderney, Sark, and Man, and also in all. Her said, Majesty's
Colonies and Plantations abroad, my Invention of "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN
THE MANUFACTURE OF SUGAR, AND IN THE MACHINERY AND APPARATUS EMPLOYED
THEREIN;" in which said Letters Patent is contained a proviso, that I, the
said Henry Crosley, shall cause a particular description of the nature of my
said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be inrolled.
in Her said Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar months
next and immediately after the date of the said in part recited Letters Patent,
1

page_text: as in and by the same, rererence being hereunto mad, win more rany and av
large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Henry Crosley, hereby declare that the nature of the said Invention, and
in what manner the same is to be performed, are fully described and ascer-
tained in and by the present Specification thereof, reference being had to the
Drawings hereunto annexed (that is to say):-
My Invention consists, firstly, of certain improvements in the mills now
These mills consist
usually employed for crushing and grinding 'sugar canes.
commonly of three rollers, which are of equal diameters and rotate at equal
velocities, so that all the pressure to which the canes are subjected is that
which they encounter when passing between the points of contact of the rollers.
Now, in order that the canes may be a longer time detained in their passage
between the rollers, and exposed not only to a larger amount of crushing and
grinding surface, but to a more insistent degree of pressure, I
propose that
the rollers (whether three orfany greater or lesser number are employed) shall
either be of different diameters and velocities or of the same diameters and
different velocities. Figure 1 of the 'Drawings annexed represents the case of
a mill with two rollers of different diameters and revolving at different velo-
cities of their peripheries. I effect this adjustment of the velocities by affixing
to the spindles or axes of the two rollers (at one end) two "pinions of an equal
number of teeth or cogs, which, taking into "one another, regulate of 'necessity
the speed of the rollers to the spindles of which they are respectively 'affixed.
Figure 2 represents a mill of two rollers of equal diameters' worked at different
velocities of their periplieries by means of two pinions, one of which has a
greater number of teeth or cogs than the other. Figure 3.represents a mill
of three rollers all of the same diameter, which are made to rotate at different
velocities of their peripheries by affixing to one end of the spindle of the top
or driving roller a pinion having a less number of teeth than the two under
pinions with which it is in gearing; and 'Figure 4 represents farmill in which
three rollers are employed, two of which are of the same diameter, and the
third of a different diameter, but which are all made to rotate' at different
velocities of their peripheries by making the pinions "respectively affixed to
them of the same number of teeth.
Secondly, my Invention consist, in the employment of mills for "crushing
and grinding sugar canes, of 'rollers (two, three, or more) with rounded teeth
working into each other, as exemplified in Figure 5. By the use of rollers' of
this description the like beneficial effects will be obtained as from the system
of different periphrál velocities' first' herein-before described.

page_text: Thirdly, my Invention consists of a machine for pressing or crushing canes,
which I call a circular press. Figure 6 represents a sectional elevation of this
machine; and Figure 7, a front view, with the part A (afterwards mentioned)
removed. A is a pressing roller suspended in suitable bearings (B, B;) which
is formed on its circumference with steps, after the manner of the snail wheel
of a watch; C is a curved bed with an undulating surface, which is fixed at
one side of the pressing roller, and in such a position as regards it, that the
space between them shall diminish gradually from the bottom at a to near the
top at b; D is a small grooved roller mounted opposite to the lower end of
the curved bed C, and under the pressing roller A, to which it runs parallel;
F is a feed table by which the sugar canes are first delivered between the two
rollers A and D, whence they pass on to the curved bed C up which they are
carried by the action of the pressing roller A to the discharge. point b; the
bed C is intended to be kept warm by steam introduced into the interior
thereof in the manner shewn in the Drawing (Figure 6). S is a pipe
connected with a steam boiler, by which steam is introduced into a series
of chambers or passages in the inside of the bed C; S', a discharge pipe, by
which the water of condensation is from time to time drawn off. The rollers
A and D may also, if thought desirable, be heated in the manner represented
in Figure 8. The juice, as it is expressed from the canes, either finds its
way through the space c between the lower end of the bed C and pressing
roller D into a general receiver R underneath, or escapes through apertures
d, d, d, d, made in the bed C. T is a guide for conducting the crushed canes
over-the top of the bed C to any convenient receptacle; V is a screw at
the back of the-bed-C, by which its distance from the pressing wheel A can be
varied at pleasure, according to the size or quality of the canes intended to be
pressed.
Fourthly, my Invention consists of a machine for crushing and grinding
éanes, in which a combination of rotary and reciprocating movements is cm-
ployed for the purpose, as represented in Figure 9. A is a horizontal table,
perforated with numerous holes, which is moved to and fro on rollers B, B, B,
by means of the crank and rod C, D, (or any other suitable reciprocating
movement). R1, R2, R3, are three rollers, mounted in loose bearings ค little
way-above the table A. The centre roller R' is about twice the diameter of
the two side rollers R2, R3, which are of equal diameters, and fixed at such a
height that their peripheries come much closer to the face of the table A than
the periphery of R. "M, M³, are two inclined planes, by which the canes are
introduced from both sides between the rollers; and N1, N2, guards to cause the
canes to descend evenly, without heaping one upon another. At their lower

page_text: ends these inclined planes are hinged at the points h, h, to allow of these
under ends being dropped or raised to the extent shewn in the Drawing, so
that when a feed of canes is entering at one side of the main roller R', the
feed from the other side may be stopped till the first has been cleared. Y¹, Y,
are two hinged flaps, placed in the rear of the small rollers R, R³, which,
after the canes have been passed under these rollers, and the table A is making
its return movement, intercept the residual masses, and prevent them returning
with the table under the rollers; L, L, L, L, are a series of levers, by which the
hinged pieces N³, N, Y', Y, are connected together; W, W, are tappets
raised on the ends of the table A; Z is a pin which projects from the end of
the main roller R', by the catching of the tappets W, W, against which the
pieces N³, Y, and N, Y, are alternately acted upon; V is a vessel for the
reception of the juice as it falls through from the orifices of the table A. The
action of the machine is as follows:-The table A is moved forward till by the
action of one of the tappets W the hinged pieces N³, Y', are dropped to a level
with the face of the table, and the opposite pieces N, Y, are raised into con-
tact with the rollers R', R. The inclined plane M' is then filled to the top
with canes, as shewn in the Drawing, and the table pushed forward in the
direction of the arrow to the full extent of its range. As it passes from under
the hinged piece N* it comes in contact with the descending stream of canes,
and carries the same along with it under the main roller R', pressing the canes
against the roller at its lowest and greatest point of pressure, and from that
roller it carries the mass forward in a crushed and much flattened state under
the small roller R². The inclined plane M is now filled with canes, and a
reverse motion given to the table, whereupon the hinged pieces N³, Y', are
lowered, and N, Y2, raised, the piece Y¹ catches against the residual mass of
the first charge, and sweeps it from off the table, while the second charge de-
scending down the inclined plane M² is subjected to the same round of opera-
tions as the first, and also shewn in Fig. 9+, and so on for any length of time
that the machine may be required to be in work. A machine of this descrip-
tion will be found particularly applicable to the crushing of canes in a direction
at right angles with their length, by which mode of operation it is believed
that juice of a much clearer quality may be obtained than by any other.
Fifthly, my Invention consists of an improved mode of treating those
residual masses which come from the crushing and grinding mills and pass
commonly under the name of megass or begass, in order to extract from them
the considerable quantities of saccharine matter which they still usually retain.
I place them for this purpose in close vessels of any suitable form, and subject
them to the action of steam. Figure 10 is a front elevation, and Figure 11 a

page_text: plan, of a vessel of this description. A is a pipe for the admission of steam,
from a boiler or other source of supply, into a series of horizontal and parallel
pipes B, B, which are supported on suitable bearings near to the bottom of
the vessel, and perforated with numerous holes on their upper surfaces; D, D,
are doors for introducing and removing the megass; E is a pipe for carrying
off the juice which falls from between the pipes B, B, as the megass is acted
on by the steam. The steam pipes, instead of being arranged as shewn in
Figures 10 and 11, may be arranged in any other convenient way. For
example they may be made to radiate from and communicate with a central
vertical pipe as shewn in the plan Figure 13, where P represents the central
vertical pipe, and p, p, p, the smaller radiating pipes; or the pipes may be
wholly dispensed with, and the steam allowed to flow directly into the vessel
from the pipe A. Instead also of the vessel being a fixture, as represented in
Figures 10 and 11, it may be in part moveable, as shewn in Figure 13ª
(an elevation) and 13b (a plan.) Here A is a pan with a double rim d, which
supports a framework of perforated steam pipes a, a, a, a, upon and around
which the megass is heaped; B is a cover which is suspended by a weighted
cord from a beam overhead, and dropped down over the heap of megass till it
rests in the double rim d, which is kept filled with water or other fluid in order
that when the cover dips into it the whole may form a perfectly steam-tight
vessel; C is the steam supply pipe; and D, the juice discharge pipe. When
the steam has done its office, and no more juice is observed to flow from the
pan, the cover is raised and a fresh charge introduced. I also propose occa-
sionally, instead of conveying the steam by pipes to the megass, to convey the
megass to the steam boilers, to be there directly supplied with the steam
required. In this case I place the megass in vessels provided with steam-tight
lids or covers, and mounted on wheeled trucks, and move these trucks (on rails
or other ways) to the boiler. Each vessel has an open nozzle at bottom,
which, on its arrival at the boiler, is fitted to a steam cock attached to a pipe
leading from the boiler, and the steam let on. The juice as it escapes is drawn
off by a discharge cock at the bottom of the vessel, and when the flow ceases
the exhausted megass is wheeled off to the megass house to be dried for fuel.
Sixthly, my Invention consists of a mode of treating sugar canes by which
the juice or the greater portion thereof may be at once extracted from them
without the employment either of the ordinary grinding and crushing mills or
of any of the improved mills and processes before described. I take the canes
as they come from the field, and cut or slice them into small pieces, as directed
in the Specification of former Letters Patent, granted to me on the Eleventh
November, One thousand eight hundred and thirty-seven, and this by means

page_text: of a machine such as is commonly used for cutting straw, turnips, beet-root, &c.
I also use with them a small quantity of milk of lime, as further directed in
the said last-mentioned Specification, and in the proportions there specified;
or instead of the milk of lime, a small quantity of lime water;. I then macerate
or digest the canes in this cut-up state, and afterwards inject cold water
upon and through them, employing for these purposes one or other of the modes
In that
or arrangements represented in Figures 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18.
represented in Figure 14, the heat is applied through the medium of steam;
A is a digester, of cylindrical shape, with hemispherical ends, which is en-
closed, to the height shewn, in an outer case or steam jacket A²; B is a
perforated plate or diaphragm, which rests on a ledge near to the bottom of
the vessel, and serves to support the mass of canes; Ċ is a door at the top
(similar to the man-hole of an ordinary steam boiler, through which the canes
are introduced; D is a pipe which supplies steam to the jacket A²; E, a pipe
and cock for the escape of the condensed steam; F, a valve for the
escape of
the aqueous vapour arising from the heated mass, and which may be weighted
to any desired extent. The same vapour or steam may be carried off by a
pipe and cock F2, and applied to any useful purpose, such as heating other
digesters, steaming megass, &c. G is a valve by which the juice which falls
from the digested or macerated canes through the holes in the plate B into
the bottom of the vessel is withdrawn, and H a cold water supply pipe. In
the arrangement shewn in Figure 15 steaming is also employed, and a vessel
used similar to that shewn in Figure 14, but without any steam jacket, the
steam being in this case circulated by means of a coil of pipes carried round
the inside of vessel, so as to envelope the mass of canes. Figure 16 shows an
arrangement in which the direct action of fire is applied to the bottom of the
vessel, of a similar shape to those employed in Figures 14 and 15. The heat
is in each of these cases kept up till the juice or syrup no longer flows freely
from the discharge cock G; the steam is then shut off, or in the case of
Figure 16, the fire drawn; and the cold-water cock opened; the cold water
which then flows in upon the canes forces downwards any saccharine matter
which they may still retain, after which the exhausted canes are removed from
the vessel and a fresh charge introduced, and the entire mass should at all
times be kept at a temperature of at least 166° Fabrenheit, because at all
temperatures below that degree, down at least to 50°; which in countries where
the sugar cane is grown, is unattainable, the mass would have a tendency to
fermentation. Figure 17 exhibits an arrangement in which the canes are
infused in a series of open steam-heated vessels; and without any subsequent
suffusion with cold water. The series of vessels may consist of eight, ten,

page_text: twelve,, or any other convenient number,, arranged either in parallel rows
as shewn in Figure 17, or in a circle, as shewn in Figure 17, or in any
other convenient order, and, all placed on the same, level. In Figure 17, ten
vessels (A, A,). are supposed to. be. employed, arranged in two parallel rows.
Each vessel has a perforated false bottom B, and communicates with that
next to it by a pipe C, which is: carried from the space between the false and
true bottoms of the one vessel to near the top of the other, and provided with
a cock by which the communication may be cut off or opened at pleasure; D
is a steam pipe, which is carried under the false bottoms of the whole series of
vessels, and formed into a coil. under each, in order that, the heat may be so
mucli the longer retained in each vessel, and the masses of canes be kept at a
proper temperature, as before mentioned; E is a hot-water supply pipe, which.
is placed immediately above. the series of vessels, and has as many discharge
cocks. c, c, as there are vessels. The whole, of the vessels being filled to about
the height of the lines a, a, with canes cut up into pieces, as before described,
and a little milk of lime mixed with them, as also. before recommended, the
process of infusion is proceeded with as follows:-Hot water. is let in upon the
mass of canes in the vessel No. 1 of the series, till they are covered with the
water, and the cocks of the whole of the communicating pipes C are, in the
meanwhile closed. When it is found, by drawing off a sample of the expressed
juice from the bottom of the vessel No. 1 by means of the test cock T, that it
has attained a specific gravity of not less than two degrees of Beaume's saccha-
rometer, the cock of the communicating pipe (C) of the vessel No. 2 is opened,
and the liquor allowed to flow from the vessel No. 1 into No. 2. A fresh
supply of hot water is then poured upon the canes in the vessel No. 1, and
after the lapse of a few minutes, the communicating cock of the vessel No. 3 is
opened, and the liquor allowed to flow throughout the vessels No. 1, No. 2,
and No. 3; and the like operation is repeated' (the number of vessels in com-
munication being increased by one with every fresh suffusion of water) till by
testing the liquor which flows from No. 1, its specific gravity is found to have
sunk to the zero of Beaume's saccharometer. The vessel No. 1 is then
emptied of the exhausted canes and filled with a fresh supply. The same
round of operation's which has been thus gone through with the vessel No. 1.
for its bases is repeated with No. 2, which now becomes the first in order, while
that which was originally No. 1 becomes No. 10. And so the process is con-
tinued in a circulating series, till the product of each vessel has passed through
all the other nine vessels, and become encreased in strength by accessions from
each to from eighteen degrees to twenty degrees of Beaume's saccharometer,
when it is drawn off by a discharge cock a, to be afterwards clarified, cleansed,

page_text: and concentrated. Instead of the vessels being placed on the same level, as
before described, they may be mounted on a revolving circular frame or wheel
of any suitable diameter, one over the other, as represented in Figure 18, and
worked in a circulating series by the revolution of that frame or wheel. Each
vessel (A) is suspended from a point of bearing above its centre of gravity when
filled, and the vessels communicate with one another by means of pipes and
cocks, similar to those employed in the apparatus last herein-before mentioned,
only that flexible pipes are used, in order that they may accommodate them-
selves to the revolutions of the wheel. Steam for heating the vessels is con-
veyed from the source of supply through a channel C made for the purpose in
the axis of the wheel, whence it is distributed to the different vessels by similar
channels d, d, (made in the spokes), and connected at the extremities with
metallic tubes that lead to and are coiled under the false bottoms of the
vessels. Should it be found that a series of eight vessels does not admit of a
sufficient exhaustion of the canes, each of these vessels may be divided into two
compartments, communicating with one another in the same way as in the
case of the undivided vessels, so as to produce in effect a series of sixteen
vessels.
Seventhly, my Invention consists of an improved mode of drying the residual
megass, and so preparing it for fuel, whether the canes have been crushed or
ground by the ordinary mills or by any of the improved machines or processes
herein-before described. I employ for this purpose a drying house, of which
Figure 19 is a transverse sectional elevation; Figure 20, a sectional elevation
lengthwise, and Figure 21, a plan. F is a furnace, and f, f, two flues leading
therefrom under the floor of the drying house (one on each side), which are
formed in the bottom and sides of fire brick, and covered in at top with per-
forated iron plates; g, g, are two other flues, which are formed around, and
enclose the flues f. f, as shewn in Figure 19, and more clearly on an enlarged
scale in Figure 19, and these flues, like the lesser ones f, f, are formed in the
bottom and sides of fire brick, and covered in at top with perforated iron plates
g+, g. The megass to be dried is placed on the top of the perforated plates
gt, g*, of the flues g, g, so as to be beyond the reach of any flame or sparks
from the under flue F', which is in immediate connection with the furnace; C
is the chimney in which the flues f, f, terminate; K, K, are openings in the
roof of the house, for the escape of the vapours arising from the megass during
the process of drying; and L, L, L, L, openings at the four corners of the
basement, for the admission of cold air to supply the place of the air which
may be consumed or dissipated; R1, R2, R3, represent lines of rails, by which
megass is to be moved into and from the drying house. It is proposed that
the

page_text: these rails shall (as usual) be of malleable iron, and wedged in cast-iron chairs
resting on cross sleepers placed at distances of two feet and a half apart. The
two branch lines R2, R3, which diverge from the trunk line R', may, after
leaving the point of divergance (A), be carried in any direction considered
most convenient. The switches B and C are hinged to one of the sleepers;
when the switch is thrown hard up against the rail, and the switch C drawn
back, as represented in the Drawing, Figure 21, the line is open to the branch
on the right-hand side, and when the positions of the switches are reversed the
branch line on the other side is opened. The drying house may have one,
two, or more doors, but when a quantity of meguss sufficient for one drying
has been deposited on the top of the perforated plates g*, g*, the door or doors
must be closely shut, so that the process of desiccation, as determined and
regulated by the heating flues F, f, and g, g, the openings K, K, and the cold
air apertures L, L, L, L, may go on uninterruptedly. Instead of employing a
furnace and flues, the heating may be effected by means of steam pipes, and
when this method can be economically and conveniently adopted, it is to be
preferred, as being free from all risk of fire.
Eighthly, my Invention consists in filtering the cane juice in its raw state,
after it comes from the ordinary crushing and grinding mills, or from any
of the improved expressing machines before described, in order to separate
the grosser impurities therefrom, and after also it has been partially
evaporated, but not yet passed to the concentrating teache, in order to
free it from any feculencies that it may in that stage of the manufacture still
exhibit. In these filtering processes I do not aim at all at the discoloration of
the extract, which is best effected by animal charcoal, as is ordinarily prac-
tised. Figure 22 is a sectional elevation, and Figure 23 a top plan, of the
description of filter I employ. A is a cylindrical vessel, open at top, but
with a broad flange or rim all round. S, S, S, are three snugs affixed to the
flange, for the reception of the outer ends of the arms of a triple cross head B.
To the end of one of these arms a handle C is attached, by which the arms are
forced under or out of the snugs, as required. D is a screw rod, worked by a
wrench E, which passes down through a female screw in the centre of the
cross head B, and is attached at its lower end to a perforated diaphragm F,
which fits exactly the area of the cylinder A; F¹ is a perforated false bottom;
H, a mass of sponge which is inserted between the diaphragm F and false
bottom, and may be compressed by turning the wrench E to any extent
desired. The juice filters by its own gravity through the mass of sponge, and
with more or less rapidity, according as the sponge is more or less compressed,
and after filtration it is drawn off by the cock I, which may be connected to a

page_text: pump for raising the liquour to the pans for clarification and evaporation.
From time to time the sponge is removed to be washed and cleansed.
Ninthly, my Invention consists of a mode of evaporating and concentrating
the cane juice (after filtering, clarifying, and cleansing), by means of a series
of open pans of, a peculiar construction, heated by, a furnace and flues., Figure
24 is a front elevation; 25, a sectional elevation; and, Figure 26, a plan of an
apparatus of this description (being a portion of what is commonly denomi
nated a battery). A is the furnace; B, B, B, are, three evaporating, and
cleansing pans, placed on the same level; and B, the concentrating pan or
teach, which is on a lower level, and immediately adjoining the furnace;
F, F, F, are flues which carry the flame and heated vapours from the furnace
all along under the pans. Each pan is made of corrugated iron (cast or
wrought), or copper, or other suitable metal, so that it may present a very large
surface to the action of the heat, and of such a shape that a cross section of it
exhibits nearly the form of the letter V. The two ends are straight or flat.
At the one of the flat sides, near to the bottom of each of the three pans B,
there is a pipe and cock C for drawing off the juice, as it is cleansed and par-
tially evaporated, into a common receiving pipe or gutter K, which carries it
forward and delivers it into the concentrating teache B². The ordinary and
laborious process of ladling is thus completely superseded, and as the liquor is
all drawn off at once it is not deteriorated by the burning of the small portions
unavoidably left in the pans by the ladling process. M is a wheel for aerating
and cooling the syrup, which is mounted immediately over the teache B, and
caused to revolve slowly by a band and pulley connected with a steam engine
or other moving power. It carries four (or may be made to carry any greater
number of perforated buckets, swung loosely from its periphery, so that they
shall always preserve a vertical position during the revolution of the wheel.
As the wheel revolves the buckets descend consecutively into the syrup, and
emerge from it filled with the liquor, and during the upper half of each revo
lution the liquor flows back in the numerous streams (produced by the orifices
in the buckets,) into the teache, coming into close and intimate contact during
its progress with the atmospheric air, and being thereby cooled down. to a
degree exceedingly favorable to ultimate crystallization. For solid perforated
buckets open wire baskets or plain or perforated floats or scoops may be sub-
stituted. An aerating wheel of this description may be also applied with
advantage to facilitate the subsequent crystallization of the syrup after it has
passed from the concentrating teache.
Tenthly, my Invention consists in constructing the steam pans which are
ordinarily employed in evaporating and cleansing the clarified cane juice, and

page_text: also for concentrating the cleansed liquor or syrup, in such a manner as to
expose. a much greater amount of heating surface to the liquor than hereto-
fore. Figure 27 is a sectional elevation, and Figure 28 a plan, of a steam pan
constructed on this improved plan. A is the pan, which is formed of a top and
bottom part firmly bolted together, as shewn; B is a second bottom, which is
cast in the same piece with the top part of the plan, and supports a series of
flat vertical steam chambers C, C, which are open at the bottom, and carried
to such a length as to terminate below the top of the liquor in the pan.; D is
the steam induction pipe; E, a pipe for carrying off the water of condensa-
tion; F, vent pipes, which lead from the top of the steam chambers C, C, to
the blow-off cock, and carry off any air which may collect in the upper portions
of the chambers. Should it be deemed expedient the steam heating may be
still farther increased by laying a series of pipes longitudinally on the second
bottom of the pan, between the vertical chambers C, C, as shewn by the parts
colored blue in the plan, Figure 28. And in order that these pipes may be:
raised occasionally for the purpose of being cleansed, or of allowing access to
the chambers C, C, for the like purpose, the ends which pass through the
sides of the pan are connected by spherical joints to the induction and eduction
branch pipes, so as to allow of the steam pipes being turned up.
Eleventhly, and lastly, my Invention consists of an improved mode of apply-
ing animal charcoal to the decoloration of the syrup obtained from the sugar
cane. Instead of passing the syrup through one great bed of charcoal only, as is
usual, I pass it through a series of ordinary sized vessels filled with the charcoal,
(say six, eight, or ten), and communicating with each other by pipes and cocks,
in the same way as the circulating vessels described under the sixth head of
this Specification, and worked also like them in a circulating series. In this
case, on beginning to work the cocks all the communicating pipes are opened,
and the syrup allowed to flow through the whole series of vessels. As soon as
the liquor flowing from the vessel No. 1 of the series is observed to grow too
dark in colour for the purpose to which the syrup is to be applied, that is
taken as a sure sign that the charcoal in the vessel has become surcharged
with impurities, and the supply of fresh syrup is therefore at once shut off.
The vessel No. 1 is then emptied, and filled with fresh charcoal, and the syrup
poured into the vessel No. 2, which now takes the place of No. 1, while the.
original No. 1 becomes the last of the series, and so the operation goes on
throughout the entire series, each vessel being emptied and refilled as soon as
the liquor flowing from it begins to be of too dark a color.
The syrup may be
either drawn off from the last vessel of the series, and if not then sufficiently

page_text: decolored it may be passed a second time through one, two, or more of the
vessels.
And having now described the nature of my said Invention in the different
parts of which the same consists, and the manner in which the same is per-
formed, I declare that what I claim is as follows:-
I claim, first, the employment, in sugar crushing and grinding mills, of
rollers of equal or different diameters, worked at different peripheral velocities,
as before described.
Second, the employment, in sugar crushing and grinding mills, of toothed
rollers, as before described.
Third, the circular press, before described, in the general combination and
arrangement of parts of which the same consists.
Fourth, the combined rotary and reciprocating crushing machine, before de-
scribed, in the general combination and arrangement of parts, and peculiar
system of action of which the same consists.
Fifth, the application of steam to the extraction of the saccharine matter in
megass or begass by all and every of the methods before described.
Sixth, the several methods of extracting the juice from sugar canes without
crushing or grinding, and by the agency of steam and water or steam alone, or
fire alone, as before described.
Seventh, the plan of drying the megass for fuel, before described, in the
general combination and peculiar application of parts of which the same
consists.
с
Eighth, the sponge filter, before described, as adapted and applied to the
filtration of sugar cane juice.
Ninth, the employment of corrugated pans for the evaporation of sugar cane
juice, as before described, and the application of ærating and cooling wheels
of the peculiar construction, also before described, to the processes of con-
centration and crystillization.
Tenth, the employment of pans for evaporating and cleansing the clarified
cane juice, and concentrating the cleansed liquor or syrup, of the peculiar con-
struction before described.
And, eleventh, the improved mode of applying animal charcoal to the deco-
loration of the juice of the sugar cane, as before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Henry Crosley, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Third day of October, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and forty-six.
H. CROSLEY. (L.S.)

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Third day of October, in the
year of our Lord 1846, the aforesaid Henry Crosley came before our said
Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged the Specification
aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained and specified, in form
above written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped according to
the tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.
Enrolled the Third day of October in the year of our Lord One
Enrolled the Third day of October in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and forty-six.