IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF LEAD PIPE AND LEAD PIPE LINED OR CASED WITH TIN OR OTHER METAL, AND IN THE MACHINERY EMPLOYED IN SUCH MANUFACTURE
Year: 1868

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Hiram Haines, of the City and State of New York,
United States of America, now of No. 8, Southampton Buildings,
Chancery Lane, in the County of Middlesex, for the Invention of
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF LEAD PIPE AND LEAD PIPE LINED
OR CASED WITH TIN OR OTHER METAL, AND IN THE MACHINERY EMPLOYED IN
SUCH MANUFACTURE."-A communication from abroad by William
Anthony Shaw, of the City and State of New York, United States of
America.
5
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION filed by the said Hiram Haines at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition and
Declaration, on the 28th May 1868, pursuant to the 9th Section
of the Patent Law Amendment Act, 1852.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, HIRAM
HAINES, of the City and State of New York, United States of America,
now of No. 8, Southampton Buildings, Chancery Lane, in the County of
Middlesex, send greeting.

page_text: "
WHEREAS I am in possession of an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
THE MANUFACTURE OF LEAD PIPE AND LEAD PIPE LINED OF CASED WITH TIN OR
OTHER METAL, AND IN THE MACHINERY EMPLOYED IN SUCH MANUFACTURE,'
and have petitioned Her Majesty to grant unto me, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, Her Royal Letters Patent for the same,
and have made solemn Declaration that it has been communicated to
me from abroad by William Anthony Shaw, of the City and State of
New York, United States of America.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Hiram Haines, do hereby declare
that the following Complete Specification, under my hand and seal,
fully describes and ascertains the nature of the said Invention, and
in what manner the same is to be performed, in and by the following
statement, reference being had to the accompanying Drawings forming
a part of this Specification:-
The first part of my Invention relates to the manufacture of tin lined
lead pipe or lead encased tin pipe according to the method described in
the Specification of an Invention for which Letters Patent were granted
to William Anthony Shaw, bearing date the Twenty-fourth day of April,
A.D., 1863, No. 1025.
In manufacturing this kind of pipe some difficulty has hitherto been
experienced in obtaining a uniform thickness of lining in the pipe. The
lining will be thicker in one place than another, sometimes in one end
and sometimes on one side; and then again the lining will be nearly or
quite uniform in thickness through the entire length of the coil, thus
causing a want of certainty in the manufacture of the pipe. The prime
cause of this difficulty is undoubtedly owing to the fact that the two
metals are both placed in one retaining cylinder, whence they have to
be forced through one die. The difficulty thus resulting from placing
the two metals together in the same cylinder as described in the former
Specification above mentioned is due to the fact that in pressing an
ingot of soft metal out of a retaining cylinder through a die the centre
of the ingot is forced out with greater rapidity than the circumference,
and especially during the latter part of the stroke. Now in the manu-
facture of lead encased tin pipe, according to the method set forth in the
said former Specification, the tin ingot must be placed around the axis
of the mandrel and is consequently forced out through the die with the
greatest rapidity, making the lining in the end of the pipe first formed
too thick and disappearing nearly or wholly in the last end of the coil.

page_text: I have found that the top of the two ingots or charge moves down
without change of form for a certain distance or until it comes within
the influence of the escaping current at the die. The distance that the
charge or ingots will thus move down without change of form depends
upon the size of the die and the core and also upon the depth of the
cylinder and its diameter. In the preparation of the charge therefore
the two ingots must be so formed, proportioned, and adjusted in relation
to each other, the die, cylinder, and mandrel, that the lead ingot under
the operation of the applied power will not distort the tin ingot to such
an extent as to destroy its uniform discharge through the die and the
equal thickness of the tin lining or tube in the lead encasement. To
meet these conditions I make the tin ingot in the form of a single or
double frustrum of a cone, as represented respectively by Figures 1
and 2, Sheet 1, in the accompanying Drawings. In Figure 2 the upper
frustrum A contains a little more metal than the lower one A¹, and is
also a little shorter and more tapering than the latter, the lead ingot B
being placed around the tin in the manner shown. By these means
the tin will be forced out of uniform thickness, or nearly so, from one
end of the charge to the other, the shape of the top frustrum being
gradually transformed to that of the lower one as the charge works off.
These frustrums may be made separately, that is, parted on the transverse
dotted line Z in Figure 2, Sheet 1, or in casting they may be parted
longitudinally through the centre, or they may be cast in one piece or
ingot, as experience may seem to dictate. The same object, that is to
say, an uniform thickness of lead and tin through the whole length of a
pipe, may be approximately obtained even when a cylindrical central
ingot is used or one that is nearly cylindrical, by coring out the top of
the lead ingot to reduce the quantity of metal and the consequent
excessive density thereof towards the last part of the charge by which
the proper relative proportion of the tin and lead is destroyed, the lead
being in excess and the tin too thin, but by making the cavities D in
the top of the ingot the metal has an opportunity to spread
the tendency to force out the centre or middle of the ingot.
the best result from the preparation of the charge and to keep the lead
from alloying excessively with the tin, and to save the waste of time
incidental to the chilling of the central or tin ingot, as formerly practised,
I make two moulds of the form of a frustrum of a cone, as represented by
the two parts of the ingot B when separated on the line Z. I then
make two cores of the forms respectively of the top and bottom parts of
and relieve
But to get

page_text: the tin ingot A. I then put one of the last-mentioned cores in each of
the afore-mentioned moulds and cast the two parts of the ingot B, which
is divided on the line Z separately in their respective moulds. These
two parts of the ingot B I then put together in a metal receiver made
for that purpose. I then set the mandrel in the centre of the ingot B
thus formed, and cast the tin ingot around the. mandrel, and afterwards
cast the lead ingot C either in the cylinder of the press or in a separate
mould around the ingot B. The intermediate ingot may be of lead
or some suitable alloy, as lead and zinc, or lead and copper, or lead and
antimony, or it may be of any alloy which will melt at a somewhat
higher temperature than tin, or it may be discarded altogether, and the
lead can be cast in the cylinder of the press or elsewhere immediately
around the tin ingot without the interposition of the ingot B. The
proportion and form of the central and intermediate ingot in respect to
each other may be somewhat modified, and the ingot B may be made
much smaller, leaving room for the cavities D in the outside casing C;
but the intermediate ingot B should be of the form of a frustrum of a
cone, and the central ingot A should be of the form of a single or double
frustrum of a cone, or nearly so. This general form I think it will be
well to preserve without meaning to confine my claim to the exact form
or to any exact taper or proportion of the respective ingots or to the
above described order of making them.
The idea which the first part of my Invention is intended to reduce
to practise is to so form, proportion, and timber the two ingots or metals
in respect to each other in the cylinder, die, and mandrel that notwith-
standing the change which takes place in their relative shapes or forms
under the operation of the applied power, they will nevertheless dispose
themselves in their proper relative position and proportion when forced
out of the die in the form of pipe.
The second part of my Invention relates to machinery described in the
Specification of the aforesaid Letters Patent. In the said machinery
there is but one containing cylinder, one die, and one ram used,
both metals, the tin and lead, being forced out of the same cylinder,
through the same die, and over the same mandrel at one and the same
time by the motion of a single ram, the cylinder remaining stationary.
In using that machinery the respective ingots of metal have to be made
of a peculiar form and adjusted in respect to each other and the operative
parts of the machine as before stated to insure a lining of tin in the

page_text: pipe of uniform thickness. To avoid the necessity for the extreme
accuracy hitherto required in the preparation, formation, and adjustment
of the respective ingots is the first object of this part of my Invention.
In the manufacture of pipe after the manner substantially as stated
in the former Specification herein-before mentioned, and in the manu-
facture of lead pipe after the method hitherto practiced, the cylinder
of the press is first charged with the metal to be used, which is worked
off; the cylinder is then charged again, and so on, each succeeding
charge being put in the cylinder on the top of the preceeding one. Now
in working off the succeeding charges the place of junction between
the old and new charge is plainly visible, the pipe being defective at
that joint, a very little strain only being necessary to twist it off, and
but comparatively little expanding strain is necessary to burst it, so that
practically in the manufacture of lead pipe as well as tin lined lead pipe,
after the plan hitherto practiced substantially as stated in the said
former Specification, the pipe has to be cut in coils equal in length to
that produced by the respective charges. To overcome this difficulty
and produce a continuous coil, either of lead pipe or of tin lined lead pipe
without the said defect is the second object of this part of my Invention.
The Specification of the Patent above alluded to describes a mode or
method of pressing a tube of tin inside of a tube of lead, making the
two tubes simultaneously. Now it is often desirable to have a tube of
tin pressed over the outside of the lead pipe as well as the inside of it,
to accomplish which is the third object of this part of my Invention.
Hitherto the core or mandrel of the ordinary pipe press has for the
most part been rigidly connected or fixed in the end of the ram, so that
the latter when the charge is pressed out of the cylinder brings the
shank of the mandrel close down to the die which makes it necessary
for the ram to be fitted in the cylinder with great accuracy, and the
mandrel to be adjusted in the centre of the ram precisely over the centre
of the die. So long as this accuracy in construction and adjustment
is maintained the press will work well and will produce a good quality
of pipe; but in the course of a very short time it will be found that the
cylinder has stretched enough to make the ram fit it loosely, making
it impossible to keep with any certainty the axis of the mandrel over
the centre of the die, the mandrel under the operation of the applied
power will be forced nearer to one side of the die than the other, thus
making one side of the pipe thicker than the other, and frequently

page_text: breaking the mandrel in working off the last part of the charge. This
is owing to the axis of the mandrel being out of line with the centre of
the die, which however in the beginning of the stroke does not much
affect the working of the press, because the mandrel is then drawn nearly
its full length out of the die, and can spring or yield a little to com-
pensate for the inaccuracy of the press, but as the ram moves down
and brings the shank of the mandrel and point of connection near the
die, and the pressure grows stronger upon the condensed charge, the
lateral strain on the mandrel from this inaccuracy is very great, and is
augmented by the tendency of the issuing metal to press it directly in
the centre of the die. This tendency of the issuing metal to press the
mandrel in the centre of the die shows that the mandrel would adjust
itself in its proper position if left free to do so, and if left free to adjust
itself it would be relieved from the strain above alluded to, and its
liability to break would be avoided. To so construct the mandrel and
attach it to the ram that it may yield to the tendency of the metal and
take its place directly in the centre of the die, notwithstanding any little
inaccuracy in the construction or adjustment of the press, is the fourth
object of this part of my Invention. This object it has, however, been
hitherto attempted to accomplish, but never in the way proposed by me,
nor has it ever, so far as I am informed, been successfully accomplished
in practice in any way.
Having now described the nature and extent of the different objects or
parts of my Invention, I will proceed to describe the machine and its
various modifications which I have invented to carry the same into
practice. The two first of these several objects I accomplish by the
same means, that is, by the use of two retaining cylinders, two dies,
and two rams, constructed, combined, and operated in respect to
each other, substantially as follows, reference being had to the several
Figures in the Drawings, commencing with Figure 1, Shect 2, in
which A represents a stationary ram firmly secured to a fixed foundation
or bed plate; in the said ram a cylinder is made, into which the ram B
is accurately fitted to work with a reciprocating motion, and on the said
ram a cylinder H is accurately fitted to work also with a recipro-
cating motion; but before these cylinders and rams are put together
they are fitted with their respective dies and mandrel; the cylinder H
having a steel die I fitted in the bottom thereof, and the ram A
having a similar die J fitted in its upper end, both substantially as
shown in the Drawings, and in the ram B the mandrel or pipe core K

page_text: is fitted or secured, and is made long enough to reach through both
cylinders and dies.
These several parts having been made and arranged in respect to each
other substantially as described and shewn, they are operated by means
of hydraulic presses applied in substantially the same way as that press
is now applied to the ordinary lead pipe machine, that is to say, the
water ram of one press is attached to the ram B, and that part of another
similar press is attached to the connecting piece F of the cylinder H,
by which these parts of the machine are actuated and controlled.
My machine being thus made and connected, I commence the
operation of making pipe by filling the space above the ram B in the
ram A with tin C, and cylinder H with lead D, in substantially
the same manner that the cylinder of a common lead pipe machine
is now charged; but before I charge the cylinder H with lead I start
the ram B, and force a tube of tin through the die J up around the
mandrel as far as the die I. I then charge the cylinder H and start
it down on the ram A, at the same time starting the ram B, graduating
the motion of the cylinder and ram in respect to each other so that
they will force the respective metals through the respective dies with
equal velocities, though in unequal quantities, the die I being the
largest, so as to form a thick tube of lead around a thin one of tin,
the one being pressed outside of the other simultaneously with the
joint formation, and the completed pipe being delivered to the operator
through the opening G in the connecting piece F.
Figure 2, Sheet 2, illustrates a machine consisting of substantially
the same parts and combination of parts, though differently constructed
and arranged in respect to each other. In that Figure A, A', represent
the two cylinders, which are stationary, and are bolted together sub-
stantially in the manner shown; C, C', represent the two rams accurately
fitted to work in said cylinders with a reciprocating motion, substantially
as described with respect to Figure 1, Sheet 2, the mandrel k being
fitted in the ram C and made to reach up through both dies I and J,
substantially as in the former Figure. The die J being fitted in the
bottom of the tin cylinder D, and the die I in the end of the large or
lead ram, as shown. The rams in this case being worked by hydraulic
presses the same as in the case of Figure 1, Sheet 2, and the tin
ingots D and lead ingot B are introduced into their respective cylinders,
substantially as in that Figure, and the motion of the rams with respect

page_text: to each other is graduated substantially as in that case, the pipe also
being formed and delivered similar in every respect to that produced
by the machine illustrated by Figure 1.
Another modification of my Invention to accomplish the same object
is shown by Figure 3, Sheet 2. In that Figure A represents a stationary
cylinder, in the bottom of which a die I is fitted in a disc or ring
adjusted by set screws, as shown by the Drawing. In this cylinder
the ram B is fitted to work with a reciprocating motion, as in the case
of the other two Figures above described. In this ram B a cylinder
is formed, in which the ram C is fitted to work with a reciprocating
motion, leaving room for the tin D in the end of the cylinder so formed
in the ram B, the die J for the tin tube being fitted in the end of that
ram, substantially as shown. These cylinder rams and dies being
made combined and arranged in respect to each other substantially as
described, are charged with the respective metals in the same way,
substantially operated by the same means, and graduated in their
motion in relation to each other substantially the same as in the case
of the two other machines herein-before described.
Now these three machines possess substantially the same essential
features, that is to say, they all have two cylinders, two rams, two dies,
and one mandrel each. In each case the two metals are put into and
pressed out of separate cylinders through separate dies by separate
rams in one mandrel; they are modifications of the same Invention;
they all perform precisely the same functions in substantially the same
way; they all produce a tube of tin pressed inside of a tube of lead,
and these respective tubes must be of uniform thickness from end to
end without regard to the form of the ingots in the two cylinders,
making it unnecessary to observe any particular form in preparing the
respective ingots, as in the Specification of the said former Patent above
referred to. In preparing these cylinders they should not be made and
proportioned so that a charge of lead will just work off a charge of tin,
but they should be so made, or the machine should be so operated, that
one charge of lead will work off a charge and a half or quarter of tin,
or in case lead be used in both cylinders the charge in one should work
off one and a half or one and a quarter of the charge in the other, or
thereabouts, indifferently, or so that both charges will not be exhausted
or worked off at once, by which means the pipe will be of a continuous
length, and without the weak place which results from the imperfect

page_text: union of the new charge with the old one, as in the old or common
lead pipe machine. For in this case it will be seen the pipe is made
in layers or laminated, the end of one layer being constantly carried
past the end of the other in forming the pipe, making it continuous
and of equal strength in every part. Thus by constructing and operating
my Invention in either of the described forms, or in any form sub-
stantially the same as those herein described, the two first described
objects of my Invention are accomplished.
The third object of my Invention as herein-before described I ac-
complish by extending the same principle of operation described in the
three modifications of my Invention above set forth and illustrated,
or by extending the principle developed in the said former Specification.
The first method is illustrated in the Drawing by Figure 4, and the
latter by Figure 5, Sheet 2.
In Figure 4, A represents a stationary cylinder in one end of which
the ram F is accurately fitted to work with a reciprocating motion, and
in the other end of said cylinder the ram D is similarly fitted to work
with a similar motion. In the said last-mentioned ram there is also
a cylinder made in which the ram E is fitted to work with a recipro-
cating motion, the mandrel & being fitted in this last-mentioned ram and
made to reach up through the three dies h, i and J, in the ram D;
in the partition of the cylinder A, and in the end of the ram F.
Now the lead for making the body of the pipe is shown in the main
cylinder by B, the tin for covering or encasing the outside of the pipe
is shown in the main cylinder by C, and that for forming the inside tin
tube is shown in the ram D by P. The respective cylinders being
charged with the respective metals substantially in the same way as in
the common or old lead pipe machine, that is to say, by simply melting
and pouring it in the cylinders through suitable orifices, or in all cases
the different charges of metal may be made in separate moulds, allowed
to cool, and then introduced in their respective cylinders.
In operating
this machine the tin P is first introduced into the ram D, the ram E is
then started, and a tube of tin is pressed upon the mandrel. The ingot
or charge of lead B is then supplied and the ram D started, by which
a tube of lead is pressed up over the tube of tin, whereupon the tin
charge C is supplied, and the ram F put in motion, by which a tube of
tin is pressed around the tube or pipe of lead, the three rams then
moving on together forming the pipe continuously. The. rams are

page_text: worked by means of hydraulic presses and graduated in their motion
in respect to each other to press the different metals forward with equal
velocities to make the treble pipe the same as in the case of the double
pipe. In this machine it will be seen that the two metals are put in
three different cylinders and pressed through separate dies by means of
separate rams, but the tin for the inside tube or pipe might be put
in the same cylinder with the lead to form the intermediate tube as
in the case of the afore-mentioned Patent putting the tin for forming
the outside tube in a separate cylinder. Or all three of the metals
may be put in one cylinder as shown by Figure 5, Sheet 2, in
which A represents a stationary retaining cylinder; C, the ram, and
B the lead with the tin both inside and outside of it, and the die
below as shewn, the tin and lead ingots being properly proportioned
in respect to each other in form and density so as to yield the desired
result.
The fourth object of this part of my Invention, as stated herein, I
accomplish as follows, that is to say, by making a cavity in the lower
end of the forcing ram to which the mandrel is connected deep enough
to receive not only the shank of the mandrel by which it is connected
to the ram but deep enough to receive sufficient length of the body of
the mandrel to enable it to spring or yield in the said cavity of the
ram to which it is connected, so that when the end of the ram comes
down near the die, the mandrel will still have notwithstanding its
rigid connection to the ram sufficient length above in the cavity to yield
to the tendency of the metal to force it in the centre of the die and
thus produce a perfect pipe and avoid breaking the mandrel.
Figure 1, Sheet 2, illustrates this method of making the connection. In
that Figure the ram B is shown with a deep cavity made therein in which
a cup is fitted, the mandrel being connected in the bottom of the cup
in the manner. shown. This Figure also shews this cup made a little
less in diameter than the cavity in the ram, the cup being held in its
place by means of a cap g fitted and secured on the end of the ram by
means of screws or otherwise. By these means the cup itself is allowed
a little play laterally to allow the mandrel to adjust itself more readily;
but this cup may be fitted accurately in the ram, and be rigidly held
by means of set screws or keys as may be most convenient, or may be
dispensed with altogether and still leave the essential features of my
Invention. This fourth object of the second part of my Invention may

page_text: be accomplished however by making the said cavity in the ram and
fitting in the cup as aforesaid, and connecting the mandrel in the cup by
means of a flexible link, adopting either of the forms shown in the
Drawing, by Figures 6, 7, and 8, Sheet 2, either of which will be readily
understood by any one skilled in the arts to which my Invention
appertains, or to any mechanic of ordinary capacity.
In Figure 6, Sheet 2, a flange or collar is made on the upper end of
the mandrel, which when the machine is in operation is forced against a
collar or shoulder made in the cup, as shown, by which the metal is
excluded from the cup or from the cavity, when the cup is dispensed
with as it may be in this case also.
When either of the plans illustrated by Figures 7 and 8, Sheet 2, is
used, the purpose is to fill the cup or cavity with soft metal which
will yield sufficiently to allow the mandrel to adjust itself in the centre
of the die in obedience to the tendency of the metal to force it there.
In witness whereof, I, the said Hiram Haines, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Twenty-sixth day of May, in
the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-
eight.