CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR PREPARING, SPINNING, AND DOUBLING COTTON, WOOL, FLAX, SILK, AND SIMILAR FIBROUS MATERIALS
Year: 1849

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, ROBERT
SHAW, of Portlaw, in the County of Waterford and Kingdom of Ireland,
Cotton Spinner, and SAMUEL FLETCHER COTTAM, of Manchester, in the County
of Lancaster, Machinist, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Twenty-fifth day of January,
in the twelfth year of Her reign, and in the year of our Lord One thousand
eight hundred and forty-nine, did give and grant unto us, the said Robert
Shaw and Samuel Fletcher Cottam, our exors, admors, and assigns, Her
especial license, full power, sole privilege and authority, that we, the said
Robert Shaw and Samuel Fletcher Cottam, our exors, adñors, and assigns,
and such others as we, the said Robert Shaw and Samuel Fletcher Cottam,
our exors, admors, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others.
from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term of years
therein mentioned, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend,
within that part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland called
England, Her Dominion of Wales, and Town of. Berwick-upon-Tweed, our
Invention of "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR PREPARING, SPINNING,
AND DOUBLING COTTON, WOOL, FLAX, SILK, AND SIMILAR FIBROUS MATERIALS;" in
which said Letters Patent there is contained a proviso requiring that we, the
said Robert Shaw and Samuel Fletcher Cottam, shall particularly describe and
ascertain the nature of our said Invention, and in what manner the same is

page_text: to be performed, by an instrument in writing under our hands and seals, or
under the hand and seal of one of us, to be enrolled in Her said Majesty's
High Court of Chancery within six calendar months next and immediately
after the date of the said in part recited Letters Patent, as by reference being
thereunto bad, will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, we, the said
Robert Shaw and Samuel Fletcher Cottam, do hereby declare that the nature
of our said Invention, and the manner in which the same is to be performed
and carried into effect, are particularly described and ascertained in and by
these Presents, and the several Drawings hereto annexed, the figures on
which Drawings are delineated to the scale or proportionate size marked
thereon, and the same letters or figures of reference made use of to indicate
any particular part or parts of the machinery or apparatus represented in any
one Drawing or Figure are also used to indicate the same part or parts through-
out the several Figures in which different views of such machinery or appa-
ratus are shewn; and for the sake of greater distinctness, we have represented
the ordinary parts of such machinery or apparatus in outline only, while our
improvements and their application to such machines are shaded in colours,
that is to say:
Our Invention relates to Certain Improvements in Machinery for Pre-
paring, Spinning, and Doubling Cotton, Wool, Flax, Silk, and similar Fibrous
Materials. Our improvements consist,
Firstly, of an improved spindle warve, for throstles, other spinning machines,
and doubling frames, when tapes or flat driving bands are used.
Secondly, of an improved method of driving the spindles of throstles, other
spinning machines, and doubling frames, from two or more rollers or cylinders
(in lieu of one as heretofore) for the purpose of taking the driving portions
of the hands or tapes for the time being almost straight to the warves,
instead of at a sharp angle as ordinarily practised, thereby reducing the friction
and economising the power taken to drive such machines.
Thirdly, of an improved mechanical arrangement for guiding the copping
rail of the preparation machines, known as the roving 'frame, &c., and 'of
throstles, other spinning machines, and doubling frame, in its upward and
downward motions, consisting of a rod or slide moving in bearings placed
above and below the copping rail, and imparting thereto a steady and uniförn:
motion throughout its alternations, the apparatus used for raising the copping
rail being any of the ordinary arrangements in present use.
Our following improvements apply to self-acting mules, and consist.
fourthly, of a novel mechanical arrangement or apparatus for effecting at any

page_text: desired period in the outgoing stretch of the carriage a change from a fast
to a slow motion, in order that an increased quantity of twist may be put in
the
yarn, which apparatus, when the out-going stretch is completed, restores
the carriage to its original quick motion, and maintains it thereat during the
in-going portion of the stretch, and until the carriage has reached that point
in the out-going stretch where the apparatus before mentioned again comes
into action.
'
Our Invention consists, fifthly, of certain novel methods of stopping the
spindles from twisting in completing the out-going part of the stretch, and of
putting them into action so, soon as the in-going stretch is finished.
Our Invention consists, sixthly, of a novel apparatus for arresting the car-
riage when out, for the purpose of putting twist in the yarn, and when suffi-
cient twist has been put in, taking the "twist" off, and starting the carriage
for going in again, which apparatus, in conjunction with Smith's patent mangle
wheels (wherein there is an extended radius at one part of the wheel in order
to obtain a greater dwell), forms a more perfect twist mule than has hitherto.
been marle.
Our Invention consists, seventhly, of an improved arrangement of the
mechanism of the headstock (acting in conjunction with Smith's patent mangle
wheel, wherein the rack extends beyond the periphery, in order to obtain a
greater dwell), and by which improved arrangement we obtain additional
time for putting down the fallers; and which combination forms a more
perfect mule for spinning ordinary pin cops or weft, than has hitherto been
used.
Our Invention consists, eighthly, of a mode of arranging three pullies on 'the
driving shaft of the weft mule, working with a carriage consisting of a loose
pulley, upon the boss of which at the outside of the headstock the twist pulley
is placed, and of a fast pulley for driving the carriage and delivery rollers,
acting in conjunction with which we employ certain novel mechanism for
traversing the driving strap on to the fast and twist pulleys conjointly, for the
purpose of working the carriage out and putting in twist, also for moving the
strap on to the fast pulley alone, and working the carriage in without putting
in twist, and also for traversing by hand the driving strap 'upon the ordinary
loose pulley altogether, for the purpose of stopping the machine. This arrange-
ment, in conjunction with Smith's said patent mangle wheel, also forms an
improved mule for spinning ordinary pin cops or weft. A further novelty in
this part of our Invention consists in the circumstance, that with this arrange-
ment we make use of only one main or driving shaft in the headstock, upon
which are placed the fast and loose driving pullies, and that we do not require
.

page_text: the top of the room. The whole of which improvements, and their practical
application, are illustrated in the following―
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS.
Referring to Drawing No. 1, Figure 1 is an elevation of our improved
"warve" attached to the ordinary throstle spindle, the common double-flanged
and grooved warve or pulley, upon which is suspended with and substituted
by a swell or projection a, which constitutes our improved warve, and may be
either a solid portion of the stalk of the spindle, or attached thereto in any
convenient manner. The tape or flat band a runs upon the largest diameter
of the warve when driving the spindle, and is prevented slipping off by the
flanch a', when the spindle is required to be stopped to picce a thread or
"end ;" and when doffing the tape or flat band is easily slipped upwards by
the tapering of the warve by the operative in attendance upon the machine.
The advantages resulting from the use of this improved-spindle warve consist
in the facility which it affords for slipping the tapes or flat bands when doffing
the bobbins, as will be readily understood by all persons conversant with
cotton spinning, inasmuch as the band has not to be passed over the lip of
the common grooved warve, which causes it serious injury by stretching it
beyond its due tension..
and
Figures 2 and 3 are a transverse section and side elevation of a throstle,
to which other of our improvements are shewn to be applied. b and c are
two tin drums or cylinders, the axes of which are supported upon brackets d
and e. These drums, which extend longitudinally and horizontally within the
framing upon each side of the machine, impart rotation to the spindles f, f.
g, g, by means of the bands or tapes h and i respectively, their course or
direction being severally indicated by the arrows, of similar colours to the
respective bands, by which it will be perceived that the parts of the bands
or tapes which for the time being are driving, run nearly straight to the
swells or warves upon the spindles, and lessen the friction by reducing the
drag upon the warves of the spindles, which was heretofore occasioned by
the angle at which the driving took place. It will be seen that by tracing
the driving bands, that in each case the bands driven by the one drum or
cylinder are carried and guided by the other drum or cylinder, thus are the
respective bands, as they go into and come out of action on their respective
cylinders kept in nearly parrallel and horizontal positions. A modification of
this arrangement is shewn at Figure 4. j is a central drum or cylinder, from
which the spindles are driven by means of the bands or tapes & and 1, coloured

page_text: red and blue, which bands severally pass over the small side drums or
cylinders m and n, and thus their direct action upon the spindle o and p is
secured, the drums or cylinders m and n acting in this case as guiding sur-
faces to the bands. (Although in the Drawings the bands are shown as driving
only single spindles, they are equally applicable to driving two or more on
the same or opposite sides). Although this part of our Invention is only
shewn applied to a throstle frame, the same may be applied to other spinning
machines, and also to doubling frames. Our methods of steadying the
motions of the copping rail are also shewn in Figures 2 and 3, and in the
detached view Figure 5. 9, 9, are cylindrical rods moving in bearings, such
bearings being above and below the copping rails, thus ensuring uniformity of
action and steadiness of the rising and falling copping rail. rands are brackets
attached to the rods 9, 9, and carrying the copping rail t and u respectively.
These rods, which we employ for the purpose of maintaining the parrallelism
of the copping rail both in its upward and downward movements, may receive
motion by chain gearing as shewn, by racks and spur gearing, or by any other
equivalent mechanical arrangement; although shewn applied to the throstle,
are also applicable to the roving frame and other preparation machines, as
also to the doubling frame, &c.
In Drawings No. 2, Figures 6, 7, and 8, part of our improvements in self-
acting mules are shewn, and they consist of apparatus for changing the speed
of the carriage from a quick to a slow motion, and vice versa. A is a carrier
shaft, upon which are placed the spur wheels A', A³, gearing respectively into
the wheels B¹, B³, revolving loosely upon the driving shaft B, upon which
shaft are also placed the friction boxes C and D, which are cast upon or
attached to the wheels B', B. E is a boss with a key groove in it, sliding on a
key on the shaft B, which causes it to turn with that shaft, and this boss is
furnished with two friction cones F and G, which respectively act upon
the interior conical surfaces of the friction boxes C and D. H is a lever
vibrating upon a stud, projecting from a bracket extending across the head-
stock. The lower portion of this lever is acted upon alternately by points
or studs a, a, fixed on the springs b, b¹, by which the friction cones F
and G are brought in contact with the interior surfaces of the friction
boxes C and D, as the speed of the carriage requires to be changed from
a quick to a slow motion or the contrary. When it is required to put
the carriage at a slow motion for the purpose of putting in additional
twist, a tappet placed upon the mangle wheel shaft I, and so arranged
that by an adjusting screw it can be brought into action at any desired
period of the outgoing portion of the stretch, this tappet H', with every

page_text: revolution of the out-going portion of the stretch strikes the lever J, and
through the rod K, see Figures 6 and 7, depresses' the. longer arm of the
bell-crank lever h, and causes, the projection h¹ upon the. shorter arm of that
lever to move the spring 6 from acting upon the lever H, nearly simul-
taneously with which the point upon the projection h' acts upon the incline i
on the catch j, so as to lift that catch and liberate the bell-crank lever e, and
permits the spring c', through the intervention of the stud a', to act upon the
lever H, so as to cause it to move the friction cone G into contact with the
friction box D, as shewn in Figure 8, which, through the wheels B² and A¹,
convey the slow motion to the delivery rollers and carriage, thereby allowing
an extra quantity of twist to be put in, until the completion of the out-going
portion of the stretch, when the fast motion is again to be brought into
operation, and which is done as hereafter explained; but before describing
which, we think it desirable to mention that the speed at which the spindles
are driven is maintained at the same rate during the fast and slow motions
of the carriage. When the carriage has completed the out-going portion of
the stretch (and while the mangle wheel pinion is passing over the straight
portion of the traverse of the mangle wheel necessary for putting down the
fallers), the bowl upon the mangle wheel swing m, acts upon the incline n,
upon the short arm of the double lever o, which, being raised thereby, effects
a depression of the longer arm of that lever, the projection upon which acts
upon the long arm of the bell-crank lever c, the shorter arm of which lever
has a projection e, against which the spring b¹ rests, but which, when the
longer arm of the lever c is depressed as just mentioned, carries the spring b¹
from contact with the lever H, simultaneous with which the point upon the
projection e rests upon the incline f of the catch f, and lifts the catch out of
contact with the lever h; the projection h¹ upon which ceases to act upon the
spring 6, which spring, being thus liberated, acts upon the lever H, and
removing the friction cone G from contact with the friction box D, puts the
cone F into gear with the box C, and restoring the carriage into its fast
motion through the wheels B³, A², &c., maintains it thereat until the in-going
stretch is finished, and it has arrived at that portion of the out-going stretch
where the tappet H¹ upon the mangle wheel shaft I is arranged to act
upon the lever J and bring the carriage into the slow motion as before
described...
Figures 9, 10, 11, and 12, Drawing No. 2, exhibit our improved arrange-
ments for stopping the spindles from twisting on completing the out-going
part of the stretch and putting them into action when the in-going stretch is
finished. B is the driving shaft, furnished at the outside of the framing with
$

page_text: the friction box P fast upon the shaft B; Q is a friction cone, upon the boss
of which is the twist driving pulley Q', which revolves loose upon the shaft
B, when not made fast by friction surfaces, the putting on and off of the
twist being effected by means of the lever R putting the friction cone Q into
and out of contact with the friction box P. This is effected in the following
manner-S is a horizontal bell-crank lever, to the long arm of which is
attached a rod S, which rod runs parrallel with and nearly to the end of the
headstock. The other end of this rod is placed upon a stud S², projecting
from a lever S³ working upon a fulcrum upon the framing. The lever S³ is
acted upon by a stud or other mechanical equivalent attached to the carriage,
which, through the rod S', acts upon the horizontal bell-crank lever S, causes
the shorter arm of that lever to act upon the upright lever R, and traverse the
friction cone Q out of contact with the friction box P, which causes the twist
pulley Q to receive no motion from the shaft B, and thus suspends the
driving of the spindles and the further putting in of twist (excepting what is
put in by the momentum of the spindles); and in order to keep the twist
pulley ont of action till the return of the carriage to the beam (when the
twist pulley is again brought into action) we place a catch lever T upon a
stud affixed to the headstock, which catch falls and retains out of action the
bell-crank lever S and upright lever R in the position in which they were
placed by the action of the carriage upon the lever S³ and rod Q³, until the
return of the carriage to the beam, when an incline S, marked red, attached
to the carriage, acts upon the rod T' attached to the catch lever T, lifts the
catch out of action, and the bell-crank lever S being liberated from the
ratch T, causes the spring T2 to act upon the upright lever R, which latter
puts the friction cone Q into contact with the friction box P, and brings
the twist pulley again into operation, as before described.
Our apparatus for arresting the carriage when out for the purpose of
putting in twist, and when sufficient twist has been put in taking it off" and
starting the carriage for going in again, is represented at Figures 18, 14,
and 15, Drawing No. 3. A is the framing; B is the driving shaft upon
which are placed the loose pulley C, and the fast pulley D, upon the latter of
which is cast or affixed the friction box E; F is a friction cone, sliding upon,
and when not in contact with the friction box E revolves loose upon, the
shaft B. Upon the boss of the friction cone F is cast or affixed the pinion
G, which, through a system of spur carrier wheels, imparts motion to the
carriage in the ordinary manner, and by putting the friction cone F into or
out of action with the friction box E the carriage is respectively thrown into or
out of motion. In order to suspend the motions of the carriage for the purpose

page_text: of putting in additional twist after the out-going stretch is finished a stud H
or other mechanical equivalent upon the carriage, upon its completing the
outgoing stretch, forces the lever I forward, to which lever is affixed (by
means of a stud) the rod J, the further enil of which rod is attached to the
long arm of the horizontal bell-crank lever K, the shorter arm of which acting
upon the upright lever L withdraws the friction cone F from contact with
the friction box E, overcoming the resistance of the compound lever M and
weight M, which exerts a constant tendency to keep them in contact;
simultaneous with disengaging of friction cone the catch lever N falls and
secures the horizontal bell-crank lever K, in such a manner that the upright
lever L preserves the friction cone F from contact with the friction box E,
which arrests the movements of the carriage until the required quantity of
twist is put. P is an upright shaft, upon which is placed a worm wheel P¹,
driven by a worm B₁ upon the driving shaft B, and the worm wheel is calcu-
lated to make one revolution in each stretch. O is a tappet upon the shaft P,
which is set in such a position that when the required amount of twist has
been put in, it acts upon the horizontal bell-crank lever R, which through the
upright lever S disengages the friction cone T from contact with the friction
box T, and brings its back surface into contact with the pláte or disc U
coated with leather. The contact of the back diameter of the cone T with the
disc-Uacts as a friction break to retard or arrest the motion of the spindle so
soon as the required amount of twist has been put in. So soon as the spinilles
are stopped, the inclined tappet V upon the upright shaft P, which having
arrived at that portion of its revolution raises the catch lever N, and dis-
engaging the bell-crank K from it, brings the compound lever M, and
weight M again into action, which through the upright lever L puts
the friction cone F again into contact with the friction box E, which
imparts motion again to the carriage through the train of spur wheels
before mentioned. We would also here remark, that when the horizontal
bell-crank lever R has been acted upon by the tappet O, and brought the
friction cone into contact with the leather-coated discs U, a catch X attached to
the headstock secures the upright lever S in such a position that the friction
cone or plate T is held midway between, or without coming against the disc or
or friction box, until the winding on or return of the carriage to the beam is
completed, when an incline upon the carriage lifts the rod Z, which liberates
the catch X, causes the friction cone T to put the twist pulley again in action.
We would here remark, that this part of our Invention, although applicable
to ordinary self-acting mules, is especially applicable to self-acting mules
where Smith's patent mangle wheels are employed, so arranged that the dwell

page_text: may be obtained by the rack passing beyond the general circumference of the
mangle wheel, as before mentioned, and which combination will be found to
comprise a more perfect arrangement of a mule for spinning twist than has
hitherto been constructed.
Our improved mechanical arrangements of the headstock, which, acting
in conjunction with Smith's patent mangle wheel, which, as before mentioned,
affords additional time for putting down the fallers, and, in combination
with this part of our improvements, forms a more perfect weft mule, are
shewn in Figures 16, 17, and 18, Drawing No. 3. A is the framing;
B, the main driving shaft, upon which at the outside of the headstock, is
fixed the friction box C, which, when in contact with the friction box D,
imparts motion to the twist pulley E, the apparatus for, and the methods of
working which, are similar to those described in relation to Figures 10 and 11,
Drawing No. 2. The principal novelty in this arrangement consists in there
being only one main or driving shaft, upon which is placed the usual fast and
loose driving pullies F and G; the driving shaft B communicating motion to
the delivery rollers, the spindles, and the carriage, without the intervention
of carrier shafts or pullies, and dispensing with all other counter shafts,
whether attached to the machine or at the ceiling of the room.
Our improved arrangement of three pullies on the main or driving shaft of
the weft mule is shewn at Figures 19, 20, and 21, Drawing No 3. A is the
framing; B, the driving shaft, upon which the extra loose pulley C revolves,
and upon the boss of which pulley at the outside of the framing of the head-
stock is placed the twist pulley D; E is the fast pulley for driving the carriage
and delivery rollers, and F is the ordinary loose pulley upon which the driving
strap G is traversed by hand when the mule is required to be stopped. In
Figures 19, 20, and 21, the driving strap G is represented as being equally upon
the pullies C and E, by which motion is imparted to the twist pulley D, as
well as to the carriage, the spindles, and the delivery rollers. When the
out-going portion of the stretch is nearly completed, a stud, or other mechanical
equivalent attached to the carriage, acts upon a stud projecting from a lever
suspended from the carriage (but not shewn in the Drawings). This lever
suspended from the framing is connected by means of a rod I to the lever EI,
and when acted upon by the stud in the carriage before mentioned, pulls the
lower arm of the lever H forward, which causes the upper arm to overcome the
elastic action of the spiral spring Q upon the horizontal lever J, and to force that
lever so far backwards as to permit the gravitation of the weight L upon the
counter arm of the strap fork lever K, to move the upright arm of the stop fork
lever from the notch a to the notch 6, upon the horizontal lever J, which opera-

page_text: tion places the driving strap G wholly upon the fast pulley E, where it remains
until the in-going portion of the stretch is nearly completed, when an incline
upon the carriage raises the lower arm of the lever N, which, through the
connecting rod O, depresses the horizontal arm of the strap fork lever K, and
traverses the driving strap G again equally upon the pulleys E and C con-
jointly, which are thus prepared to commence the out-going portion of the
next stretch. In order to stop or start the mule by hand, we make use of
the apparatus represented in dotted lines at Figure 18. P is a lever upon a
rod R, sliding in bearings upon the headstock. The upper arm of the lever
P is a flat bar, and the lower arm is furnished with an incline, and when tho
rod is moved backwards the upper arm of the lever P carries the horizontal
lever J so far back as to allow the weight L to bring the upright arm of the
strap fork lever K into the notch c upon the horizontal. lever J, which causes
the driving strap G to be traversed entirely upon the loose pulley F, and so
stop the evolutions of the machine. When the rod R' is moved forwards, the
incline upon
the lower arm of the lever P depresses the horizontal arm of the
strap fork lever K so far as to place the driving strap upon the fast pulley
alone, or upon the fast and twist pulleys conjointly, as may be required.
Having therefore fully described the nature and particulars of our said
Invention, and having shewn various methods of carrying the same into
practical effect, we wish it to be understood that we do not confine ourselves
to-the-precise details of our mechanical arrangements, or any one of them, so
long as the characteristic features of our Invention, or any part thereof, be
retained. But what we claim as new and of our Invention, are,-
Firstly, we claim the use of two or more rollers or cylinders as described,
for the purpose of imparting motion by means of bands or tapes to the spindles
of throstle frames, other spinning machines, and doubling frames.
Secondly, we claim the improved warve'as described, for spindles of throstle
frames, other spinning machines, and doubling frames, which gives greater
facility in doffing, and also the parallel motion for guiding the copping rail in
its ascent and descent.
Thirdly, we claim the various modes and arrangements in self-acting mule
headstocks, as described and shewn, of driving the mangle wheel (which gives
motion to 'the carriage), the rollers and the spindles, and the having the fast
and loose pulleys upon the shaft which gives motion to the above, and which
shaft is "driven direct from mill shaft, without the intervention of'
counter 'shafts and pulleys, either upon the headstock, or fixed to the ceiling of
the room.
any
'other
Fourthly, we claim the various and general arrangements of a self-acting

page_text: mule headstock previously described and shewn, and the use therewith of
"Smith's Patent Mangle Wheel," which has an extended radius för obtaining
more time for stripping and putting down the fallers, and the unison of
the whole for the purpose of forming a more perfect twist or weft nule,
as the case may bc.
Fifthly, we claim the modes described of obtaining the change of motions of
a self-acting mule carriage, or any modifications thereof.
Sixthly, we claim the modes described of putting the twist pulley of self-
acting mules out of action, and engaging the friction disc thereof with the
break, for the purpose of stopping the spindles.
Seventhly, we claim the modes described of causing the carriages of self-
acting mules to stand at the head, for the purpose of putting in additional
twist.
Eighthly, we claim the peculiar adaptation as described of three pullics on
one shaft in the headstocks of weft mules.
The whole of which being, to the best of our knowledge and belief, new, and
never before practised within that part of Her said Majesty United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Ireland called England, Her Dominion of Wales, and
Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, we deliver this as our true and faithful
Specification of the same.
In witness whereof, we, the said Robert Shaw and Samuel Fletcher
Cottam, have hereunto severally set our hands and seals, the day and
year herein-below written.
Signed by the said Robert Shaw, at Chancery Lane, London, this
Twenty-fifth day of July, One thousand eight hundred and forty-nine.
Signed by the said Samuel Fletcher Cottam, at Manchester, in
the County of Lancaster, this Twenty-fourth day of July, One thou-
sand eight hundred and forty-nine.

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Twenty-fourth day of July, in
the year of our Lord 1849, the aforesaid Samuel Fletcher Cottam came
before our said Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged the Speci-
fication aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained and specified, in
form above written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped
according to the tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.
Enrolled the Twenty-fifth day of July, in the year of our Lord One
Enrolled the Twenty-fifth day of July, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and forty-nine.