In- PROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE AND PREPARATION OF DRY TINCTORIAL COMPOUNDS CAPABLE OF EASY SOLUTION IN WATER
Year: 1867

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Arnold James Cooley, of 35, Southampton Buildings,
Chancery Lane, in the County of Middlesex, for the Invention of "In-
PROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE AND PREPARATION OF DRY TINCTORIAL
COMPOUNDS CAPABLE OF EASY SOLUTION IN WATER."
Sealed the 21st June 1867, and dated the 15th January 1867.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Arnold James Cooley at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
15th January 1867.
I, ARNOLD JAMES COOLEY, of 35, Southampton Buildings, Chancery Lane,
in the County of Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE AND PREPARATION OF DRY
TINCTORIAL COMPOUNDS CAPABLE OF EASY SOLUTION IN WATER," to be as follows:-
The Invention has for its object improvements in the manufacture and
preparation of dry tiuctorial compounds capable of easy solution inwater, and
thus readily convertible into black and colored liquids applicable for use as
stains and atramentary fluids by means of a brush or pen.
Hitherto solid or dry compounds and powders sold for the preparation of
extemporaneous strains, marking liquids, and writing fluids have essentially

page_text: consisted of bulky dye stuffs or astringent substances, or of both reduced to
coarse powder and mixed with copperas and gum and other bulky substances
also in the state of powder, such mixtures requiring digestion and agitation in
water for several hours, or even for a day or longer before a strongly colored
solution of the ingredients can be obtained, and then owing to the large
quantity of insoluble inert vegetable fibre forming the chief mass of the com-
pound a very bulkyand inconvenient sediment occupies a considerable portion
of the bottle or vessel in which it is held. Now my Invention consists in
taking carefully prepared extracts of the leading dye stuffs,and the astringent
vegetable substances commonly used by dyers or their tinctorial principles, or
other substances, formed, eliminated, derived, or obtained from them of a
tinctorial nature in a separate form, pure or impure, by chemical process,
action, or change, and making them up into compounds or mixtures with
metallic oxides or their salts, alkalies, and acids, or one of them, in such
a manner that the said ingredients shall not react on each other in the dry
state, and the compounds or mixtures, as a whole, shall be freely soluble by
simple agitation in water of the ordinary temperature, and almost instantly
soluble on agitation with hot water, producing in both cases a tinctorial
solution capable of being immediately employed, but which rapidly increases
in depth of color, and soon acquires its full tone.
I will now more fully describe my Invention, and the manner of employing
the same, and the materials which I use in making the dry compounds and
powders already mentioned, but before doing so I may state that their pre-
paration may be greatly varied, and the exact proportions of the ingredients
must in many instances depend on their purity or quality, and in all cases
must be regulated by the particular shade of color which it is desired to
produce. The free solubility of the dry compounds in water also greatly
depends on the purity or quality of the ingredients employed to make them.
The extracts above named maybe prepared byanyof the ordinary processes
adopted for the preparation of good extracts in the pharmaceutical and
chemical laboratory,the whole operation, and particularly the latter portion of
the evaporation and the final desiccation, being conducted at a reduced heat.
But the method I prefer for preparing these extracts is as follows:-I take
thedye stuffs, astringentsubstance, orothertinctorialmatter previously reduced
to the state of coarse powder or into fiue shavings, and having placed it in a
clean and bright copper pan furnished with a steam jacket I turn on the
steam, so as to heat the said copper pan to 212° Fahrenheit; I then turn off
the supply of steam,and pour into the pan on thesaid dyestuff or other matter
from about ten to twelve times its weight of boiling soft water, or preferably

page_text: boiling distilled water, and having stirred the whole well together I allow the
materials to macerate with occasional stirring, and closely covered up for a
period varying from 6 or 8 hours to 24 hours; I then decant or strain off the
tinctorial infusion employing pressure to obtain the last portions, if necessary;
I then boil it dowa to about one-half; after this concentrated infusion has
reposed for about an hour I again decant it from any sediment or dregs which
it may have deposited, and having passed it through clean flannel or twilled
calico I evaporate it until it acquires a nearly solid consistence when cold;
I then turn off the source of heat from the pan or very greatly reduce it, and
continue the desiccation until the extract becomes sufficiently dry to be brittle
and capable of being pulverized when cold; it is now ready for use as a
tinctorial base for the purposes hereafter named, but is better if it be broken
up small and exposed spread out in a dry warm room for a week or ten days;
in either case before use it has to be reduced to fine powder. In some cases
for the purpose of increasing the solubility of the extract I add to it an equal
weight or twice its weight of pure loaf sugar whilst the extract is in the liquid
state, and then evaporate the mixture to dryness in the manner already
stated.
In preparing extract of logwood I prefer the wood either rasped or in very
fine shavings, and I prefer the temperature of the water in which it is digested
not to exceed 180° Fahrenheit, and I generally prolong the maceration for
from 18 to 24 hours.
I will now give formulæ for some of the new compounds which are of very
general application and may be employed in producing others with no essential
difference than in the choice of the tinctorial substance or base operated upon.
I produce various shades of purple and blue up to purple black, black, and
brown, chiefly by mixtures of extract of logwood and the neutral or yellow.
chromate of potash in the following manner :-I reduce the extract of logr
wood to an extremely fine powder; I also reduce the chromate of potash
previously well dried to fine powder; I then mix the two together in different
proportions, but the proportions which I prefer are from 15 to 18 grains of
the chromate to each troy ounce of the extract when free from sugar, and if
it be mixed with sugar then in similar proportion to the exact richness of the
mixture in extract; Ithen pass the whole through a sieve of moderate fineness
to ensure perfect admixture, when it is ready for use for the production of
stains and atramentary fluids; but I prefer to use the chromate in exact
proportion to the original weight of the logwood from which the extract has
been obtained, which point may be ascertained by weighing the product; I
then prefer the proportion of 80 to 84 grains of the chromate of potash to

page_text: the quantity of good extract obtained from 1 lb. avoirdupois of logwood;
100 grains of the above compound, when the extract is of good quality and
free from sugar, and a proportionate quantity when it contains sugar is
:sufficient to produce by mere agitation with 5 fluid ounces or pint of water
a purple liquid of great depth of color which after being mixed a short time is
sufficiently intense to appear black or purple black on white paper or linen.
¡By dilution with water it may be reduced in color down to pale shades of
:purple, lilac, and other tints. By adding a little more chromate of potash
'(say up to doubling the proportions) the shade produced by the powder turns
'on the brown black until it finally assumes a deep brown color; but the same
object may be more expeditiously effected by the addition of 8 to 12 grains
or rather more of bichromate or the red chromate of potash to the powdered
extract than by the yellow chromate, and by employing a still larger quantity
of the bichromate, and in different proportions, various shades of brown may
.be produced.
When I desire to produce a compound that shall give a rich deep blue or
blue black, appearing black when concentrated, I employ the proportions of
extract and the yellow chromate first named above, but further add of good
'carbonate of soda a weight equal to from about one-half to twice that of the
chromate of potash also employed.
With a mixture of from diam to 1 dramof finely powdered alum to 1 ounce
troyofextract of logwood I produce drycompounds that give tinctorial solutions
which according to their state of dilution vary in color from lilac or violet up to
dark purple. By substituting carbonate of soda for the alum last named and in
about the same proportions I produce dry compounds capable of giving blue
solutionsof various degrees of intensity according to their state of concentration.
Instead of employing extract of logwood, and in order to produce a still more
highly tinctorial compound in a very condensed form, I use hæmatoxyline, or
the peculiar tinctorial principle of logwood, pure or impure, which I mix with
chromate of potash or the other salts named above, preserving the same pro-
portions of these salts in reference to the quantity of logwood from which the
hæmatoxyline has been obtained, as already mentioned.
Reds, crimsons, and other analogous tints I produce in like manner to the
preceding from extract of Brazil wood, or from its active tinctorial principle
commonly called braziline or sapanine, by compounding them with a salt of tin
alum, tartar, or an alkali, or a mixture of two of them, according to the shade I
intend the compound to produce, with water; sometimes also to produce adeep
crimson ladda little extract of logwood or hæmatoxyline tothe Brazil extractor
braziline. I produce other red compounds of a similar character from madder

page_text: and from garancine with an ammoniacal or alkaline salt, and from cochineal
and cochinelline (carminic acid), also with the like salts.
In all the above dry compounds for producing reds I usually mix a certain
quantity of powdered loaf sugar and gum to prevent their unduly sinking into
the paper or other material to which they may be applied.
Yellows and orange I produce in a similar way to the preceding from the
dry extract of French berries mixed with powdered alum, tartar, or a salt of
tin, or from old fustic, or from quercitron bark, with like salts to strike the
color; I also use powdered gamboge and several other substances to produce
different shades of yellow.
Black, grey, and blue black I produce chiefly from gall nuts, or from
pyrogallic acid, or a mixture of them. I first obtain a good powdered extract
of the galls in the manner already described; I then take a weight of powdered
protosulphate of iron, or of proto-acetate of iron, equal to one-third that of the
galls which were employed to make the extract, and I add to it about an equal
weight of powdered lump sugar and about half its weight of powdered gum
arabic with a few drops of water, and having put them in a suitable vessel
I gently heat the whole until the sugar fuscs, care being taken to stir the
mass during the whole time; as soon as the union is complete I remove the
vessel from the heat and continue the stirring until cold; I then powder the
mass and mix it with the powdered extract, or the pyrogallic acid, or with a
mixture of the two, as before. Sometimes I very slightly roast one-third to
one-half the powdered gallic extract before mixing it with the other powdered
ingredients. In this way the fluid produced by the solution of the compound
in water has at once a more or less blue black color and dries still darker,
the roasting also rendering it better adapted as powder for copying ink,
whereas unless a portion of the gallic extract has been roasted the aqueous
solution or stain, when recently made, is apt to be pale when first applied.
The following is a list of some of the principal dye stuffs, astringent and
tinctorial substances, which I employ; I do not, however, confine myself
thereto: Aniline, salts of; annotta; brazil wood; catechu; cochineal; French
berries; fustic, or old fustic; gall nuts; gamboge; indigo; logwood; madder;
quercitron, and their extracts.
Also, Gallic acid; tannic acid; tanno-gallic acid; pyrogallic acid; hæmato-
xyline (from logwood); alizarine and garancine (or madder, red); purpurine
(or madder, purple); cochinelline, cochineal, red, or carminic acid; braziline
or sapanine (from Brazil wood).
Most of the preceding dry tinctorial compoundsormixturesarefreely soluble
in water, hot or cold, but a few of them are much less soluble than the others;

page_text: those containing ammonia or one of its carbonates should be used only with
cold water. I prefer the form of powder for the preceding compounds or
mixtures as being the one most readily soluble; but I do not confine myself
to it. Sometimes I also prepare them under the form of a granular powder,
or small grains, or small pastilles, or cakes; for this purpose I beat up the
pulverulent compound with any convenient volatile liquid, not of an oily
nature, in which its leading ingredients, or at least the mordant that strikes
the color, is insoluble. When I give the compounds this form I usually
combine them with from about one-half their weight to about an equal weight
of pure loaf sugar. I would state that the proportions above given in the
formulæ may be varied or other materials used without departing from my
Invention.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Arnold James Cooley in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
15th July 1867.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, ARNOLD
JAMES COOLEY, of 35, Southampton Buildings, Chancery Lane, in the County
of Middlesex, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Fifteenth day of January, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven, in the thirtieth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto
me, the said Arnold James Cooley, Her special licence that I, the said Arnold
James Cooley, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others
as I, the said Arnold James Cooley, my executors, administrators, and
assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time
and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and
lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE AND PREPARATION OF DRY
TINCTORIAL COMPOUNDS CAPABLE OF EASY SOLUTION IN WATER," upon the condition
(amongst others) that 1, the said Arnold James Cooley, my executors or
administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of
their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature
of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed,
and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six

page_text: calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Arnold James Cooley, do hereby
declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is
to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement thereof, that is to say :-
The Invention has for its object improvements in the manufacture and
preparation of dry tinctorial compounds capable of easy solution in water, and
thus readily convertible into black and colored liquids applicable for use as
stains, washers, and atramentary fluids, by means of 'a brush, pen, or other
instrument, or in any other suitable or convenient manner.
Hitherto solid or dry compounds and powders sold for the preparation of
extemporaneous stains, marking liquids, and writing fluids have essentially
consisted of bulky dye stuffs or astringent substances, or of both reduced to
coarse powder and mixed with copperas and gum and other bulky substances,
also in the state of powder, such mixtures requiring digestion and agitation in
water for several hours, or even for a day or longer before strongly coloured
solution of the ingredients can be obtained; and then owing to the large
quantity of insoluble inert vegetable fibre forming the chief mass of the
compound a very bulky and inconvenient sediment occupies a considerable
portion of the bottle or vessel in which the liquid is held. Now my Invention
consists in taking carefully prepared extracts of the leading dye stuffs and
astringent vegetable substances commonly used by dyers or their tinctorial
principles, or other substances formed, eliminated, derived, or obtained from
them of a tinctorial nature in a separate form, pure or impure, by chemical
process, action, or change, and making them up into compounds or mixtures
with metallic oxides or their salts, alkalies, or their salts and acids, or one or
more of them, in such a manner that the said ingredients shall not react on
each other in the dry state, and the compounds or mixtures as a whole shall
be more or less freely soluble by simple agitation in water of the ordinary
temperature, and in most cases almost instantly soluble on agitation with hot
water, producing a tinctorial solution capable of being immediately or almost
immediately employed, but which in most cases rapidly increases in depth of
colour, and soon acquires a fuller tone by standing and occasional agitation.
I will now more fully describe my Invention and the manner of employing
the same, and the materials which I use in making the dry compounds and
powders already mentioned, but before doing so I may state that their
preparation may be greatly varied, and the exact proportions of the ingredients
must in many indeed in nearly all instances depend on their purity or quality

page_text: and in all cases must be regulated by the particular shade of colour which it
is desired to produce. The free solubility of the dry compounds in water also
greatly depends on the purity or quality of the ingredients employed to make
them, and also on these ingredients having been obtained or prepared in a
proper manner.
The extracts above named may be prepared by any of the ordinary
processes adopted for the preparation of good extracts of the kind in the
pharmaceutical and chemical laboratory, the whole operation and particularly
the latter portion of the evaporation and the final desiccation being conducted
at a reduced heat: But the method I prefer for preparing most of these
extracts is as follows:-I take the dye stuff,,astringent substance, or other
tinctorial matter previously reduced to the state of coarse powder or into
raspings or fine shavings, and having:placed it in a clean and bright copper,
tin, tinned copper, or enamelled pan furnished with a steam jacket I turn on
the steam so as to heat the said copper or other pan to 21°Fahrenheit; I then
turn off the supply of steam, and pour into the pan on the said dye stuff or
other matter from about ten to twelve or fifteen times its weight of boiling soft
water, or preferably boiling distilled water, and having stirred the whole well
together I allow the materials to macerate with occasional stirring, and closely
covered up for a period varying from six or eight hours to 24 hours, the exact
length of time depending on the readiness with which the substance acted on
gives up its tinctorial principle to water; I next decant or strain off the
tinctorial infusion, employing pressure to obtain the last portions if necessary;
I then gently but as quickly as possible boil it down to about one-half its
volume: After this concentrated infusion has reposed for about an hour or
two, according to the case, I again decant it from any sediment or dregs
which it may have deposited, and having passed it through clean flannel or
twilled calico I evaporate it until it acquires a nearly solid consistence when
cold; I then turn off the source of heat from the pan, or very greatly, reduce
it, and continue the desiccation until the extract becomes sufficiently dry to be.
brittle and capable of being pulverized when cold. It is now ready for use as
a tinctorial base for the purposes herein-after named, but is better if it be
broken up small and exposed, spread out in a dry warm room for a week or
.ten:days, or even longer. In either cases before use; it has to be reduced to
fine powder. In some case for the purpose of increasing, the solubility of the
dry extract Ladd to it from half to an equal weight, and in some cases even
twice its weight, of pure loaf sugar whilst the extract is in the concentrated
liquid state, and then evaporate the mixture to dryness in the manner already
stated.,

page_text: In preparing extract of logwood I prefer the wood either rasped or in very
fine shavings,and I prefer the temperature of the water in which it is digested
not to exceed 165° Fahrenheit, and I generally prolong the maceration for
from 18 to 24 hours. Extracts of other substances that give out much bulky
and useless starchy or extractive matter to hot water or boiling water I
operate on at a similar or even a lower temperature. In some cases as with
madder, when I wish to extract only its yellow principle I employ cold or
tepid water, and in some few cases, as with madder when I wish to extract
its red principle I use boiling water and continue the ebullition for a short
time. But though I prefer and when possible always use extracts prepared
by one or other of the methods just given, the ordinary extracts of commerce
maybe employed,though not so successfully to carry out my Invention. Their
adoption in some cases is,however, a matter of necessity, owing to the higher
price or expensiveness of the pure extracts. When I employ the extracts of
commerce I generally break them up and redissolve them in tepid water or
hot water, as the case may require, and purify them by treating the solution
or infusion as if I was operating on the corresponding dye stuffs in the manner
described above.
I will now give formulæ for some of the new compounds which are of very
general application, and maybe employed in producing others with no essential
difference than in the choice of the tinctorial substance or base operated on,
and the substance necessary to be employed as a mordant to strike or modify
the colour or to increase the solubility of the extract, base, or compound.
I produce various shades of purple, violet, and blue, up to purple black,
black, brown black, and brown, chiefly by mixtures of extract of logwood and
the neutral or yellow chromate of potash, and the other salts named below in
the following manner :-I reduce the extract of logwood to extremely fine
powder; I also reduce the chromate of potash previously well dried to fine
powder; I then mix the two together in different proportions, but the propor-
tions which I prefer are from 15 to 28 grains of the chromate (according
to the intended shade) to each troy ounce of the extract when free from sugar,
and if it be mixed with sugar then in similar proportion to the exact richness of
the mixture in extract; I then pass the whole through a sieve of moderate
fineness to ensure perfect admixture when the compound is ready for use for
the production of stains and atramentary fluids by solution in water; but I
prefer to use the chromate in exact proportion to the original weight of the
logwood from which the extract has been obtained, which point may be ascer-
tained by weighing the product obtained from any given weight of the wood;
I then prefer the proportions of 40 to 80 grains of chromate of potash to the

page_text: quantity of good extract obtained from one pound avoirdupois of good Cam-
peachy logwood; 100 grains or even less of the above compound when the
extract is of good quality and free from sugar, and a proportionate quantity
when it contains sugar is sufficient to produce by mere agitation with 5 fluid
ounces or one quarter of a pint of water a violet or purple liquid of great
depth of colour, which after being mixed a short time is sufficiently intense to
appear black or
purple black on white paper or linen, the darkest shadesbeing
produced by the mixtures containing the most chromate. 100 grains dissolved
in about half a pint of water (or, say one grain of powder to 35 or 40 grains of
water) are in like manner capable of producing a stain or atramentary finid
deep enough for all or most ordinary purposes. By diluting this liquid with
water it may be reduced in colour down to paler shades of purple, lilac, and
other allied tints. The above liquids possess a high degree of fluidity, and
are unaffected by contact with clean iron or steel, and many other metals;
their colour is very durable, and when thoroughly dry and hard resists the
action of destructive agents better than the ordinary stains and writing
fluids. Dilute acids, alkalies, and solution of chloride of lime, washing with
soap and water, or immersion in water for 24 hours, or even for days, will pot
then remove them from paper. By increasing the proportion of chromate of
potash (say, up to doubling it or more) the shade produced by the powder
turns on the brown black until it finally assumes a brown color more or less
deep; but the same object may be more expeditiously effected by substituting
a few grains of bichromate or red chromate of potash for the chromate mixed
with the powdered extract. By employing a still larger quantity of the chro-
mate or bichromate, and in different proportions, various shades of brown may
be produced.
When I desire to produce a compound that shall immediately or almost
immediately give a rich deep blue, purple, or blue black, appearing black
when concentrated, I employ the suitable proportions of extract and the
yellow chromate already named, but further add of good carbonate of soda a
weight equal to from about one-quarter to one-half (more or less) of that of
the chromate of potash also employed; I also sometimes effect the same
object by adding to the dry mixture a little basic ferro-cyanide of iron (basic
soluble Prussian blue), or a little double ferro-cyanide of potassium and iron
(another variety of soluble Prussian blue).
With mixtures of30grains upto300grains of finely powdered alum tolounce
troyofextractof logwood I producedrycompounds that give tinctorial solutions,
which according to the proportions and their state of dilution vary in colour
from lilac or violet up to dark purple and purple black. By substituting acetate

page_text: of copper (crystallised verdigris) or sulphate of copper for the alum in the last
mixture I produce dry compounds capable of giving rich blue solutions, turning
on the purple of various degrees of intensity according to their state of concen-
tration, the common proportions ranging from one part of the cupreous salt to
from 4 to 8 of the extract. Stains and marks executed with either of the two
'last tinctorial powders, and particularly the last one possess great power of
resisting the action of air and light; those of the last one when quite dry and
hard are capable of resisting the action of weak alkalies, soap and water, and
immersion in water for a lengthened period. By substituting sulphate of iron
for alum in the last formula but one I produce a mixture which furnishes
a rich blue black or black solution. For this mixture I usually prepare the
sulphate in the manner noticed further on. By a combination of the three
last mixtures, or any two of them, in different proportions I further diversify
the tint produced by them. By substituting crystallised protochloride of tin,
chrome alum, or sulphate of manganese for the chromate of potash in the
first of the formulæ given above I produce mixtures that give solutions turning
on the mauve, peach, or plum colour, and other shades approaching purple.
Instead of employing extract of logwood, and in order to produce a still
more highly tinctorial compound in a very condensed form, I sometimes use
hæmatoxyline, or the peculiar tinctorial principle of logwood, pure or impure,
which I mix with chromate of potash or the other salts named above, preserving
the same proportions of these salts in reference to the quantity of logwood
from which the hæmatoxyline has been obtained as already mentioned.
Various beautiful shades of false blue, violet, and purple I produce in like
manner with powdered pure extract of litmus or archil combined with a little
carbonated alkali, with or without the addition of a metallic salt.
Reds, crimsons, and other analogous tints I produce in like manner to the
preceding from extract of Brazil wood, or from its active tinctorial principle,
commonly called braziline or sapanine, by compounding them with a salt of tin,
alum,tartar, an alkali or an acid, or a mixture of two or more of them according
to the shade I intend the compound to produce with water, vinegar, or acetic
acid, or some other dilute acid being sometimes added to the water to brighten
-the tint, or turn it more on the scarlet. Sometimes also to produce a deeper
crimson or other tint turning on the purple I add a little extract of logwood
or hæmatoxyline to the Brazil extract or braziline, and to produce a brighter
red or scarlet, and also one turning more on the orange, I sometimes, add a
'little of one or other of the yellow or orange extracts herein-after noticed.: I
produce other compounds of a similar character from extract of madder and
from alizarine or garancine its red principle with an, ammoniacal or alkaline

page_text: salt or alum, or from extract of cochineal and from cochinelline (carminic
acid) with the like salts or inordants to those employed with Brazil and brazi-
line from lac dye and lac lake with a salt of tin or alumina, or with tartar or
a mixture of them, and from carmine and soluble carmine with or without a
pure ammoniacal carbonate free from bicarbonate, or with pure ammonia in
the way hereafter mentioned. In using lac dye or lac lake I commonly add
a little extract of sumach, or some other appropriate yellow or orange, when
I wish to produce a brighter tint of scarlet, a plan I also follow with some of
the other tinctorial substances, as already mentioned.
The "soluble carmine" above-named I obtain or prepare as follows:-
Ordinary carmine even of the purest quality is insoluble in water, alcohol,
dilute acids, and most other menstrua not alkaline or ammoniacal. Now by
dissolving carmine in a slight excess of liquor of ammonia and evaporating the
filtered solution as rapidly as possible at a very gentle heat over a water bath,
and as much as possible out of contact with the air (to avoid the carbonation
of the ammonia) until it is sufficiently dry to re-assume the form of powder
or admit of being powdered, I obtain a dry compound of carmine with
ammonia equally rich in colour to the carmine from which it was prepared,
and which powder is freely soluble in pure water, and still more freely soluble
if previously triturated with a very little pure carbonate of ammonia; these
solutions possess all the characteristic richness of the original ammoniacal solu-
tion of carmine. By substituting for the ammonia a solution of cyrstallised
carbonate of soda, to which a few drops of liquor of soda have or have not
been added, Iobtain another like preparation but of a different or deeper tint.
I also use the extract of washed safflower or dyers' saffron (made with a weak
alkalised solution), safflower, rouge, and carthamine, or carthamic acid with a
mordant or solvent consisting of a weak carbonated alkali, preferably crystal-
ised carbonate of soda. In this way, either alone or combined with one or
other of the preceding, the most lively tints of cherry, flame, flesh, orange, red,
рорру, crimson, and rose may be obtained. By means of pure extract of
litmus or archil quite free from lime or chalk combined with a little citric,
tartaric, or oxalic acid. or alum, or tartar, or a salt of tin, or a combination of
them, I obtain various shades of false crimson, pink, pop py, rose, and other
tints of red, most of which possess great beauty but less permanence than those
preceding. With a mixture of extract of logwood and a cystallised acid,as the
citric, tartaric, or oxalic, I produce various cheap false reds,orange reds,reddish
browns, and browns which admit of being modified by additions or admixture.
In all the above dry compounds for producing reds when intended for surface
stains on linen, paper, &c. I usually mix a certain quantity of powdered loaf

page_text: sugar
and
I gum, or one of them, to prevent their unduly sinking into the paper
or other material to which they may be applied; this I also do to many of the
other compounds already or herein-after mentioned and with the same inten-
tion. By one or other of the above formulæ or by mixtures of their ingredients
or products (when not chemically incompatible) may be produced a great
variety of reds, scarlets, crimsons, and other shades in which red is modified
by the admixture of a shade or dash of blue, purple, orange, or yellow.
Yellows and orange I produce in a similar way to the preceding from thedry
extract of French berries mixed with powered alum, tartar, or a salt of tiu,
or from old fustic, sumach, turmeric, or quercitron bark with like salts, or
others commonly used by dyers to strike the colour. I also use powdered
gamboge, pure annotta (with an alkali), extract of madder (made with cold
or tepid water), and several other substances to produce different. shades of
yellow, orange, and allied tints.
Black, grey,
and blue black I produce chiefly from gall nuts or from
pyrogallic acid or a mixture of them; I first obtain a good powdered extract
of the galls in the manner already described; I then take a weight of
powdered protosulphate of iron or of proto-acetate of iron equal to about
one-third that of the galls which were employed to make the extract, and
I add to it about an equal weight of powdered lump sugar and about half
its weight of powdered gum arabic, with a few drops of water, and having put
them in a suitable vessel I gently heat the whole by means of a water bath
or steam until the sugar and gum fuse or dissolve, care being taken to stir the
mass during the whole time. As soon as the union is complete and a proper
consistence reached I remove the vessel from the heat, and continue the
stirring until the whole becomes stiff from cooling, when I closely cover up
the vessel to prevent access of air or damp. The whole having become quite
cold I collect and powder the mass and mix it with the powdered extract or
the pyrogallic acid, or with a mixture of the two, as before. Sometimes I
slightly and carefully roast one-third to one-half the powered gallic extract
before mixing it with the other powdered ingredients; in this way the fluid
produced by the solution of the compound in water has at once a more or less
blue black colour and dries still darker; to effect the same object I often add
a little pyrogallic acid instead of roasting a part of the extract. The roasting
or the last-mentioned addition also renders the compound better adapted as
powder for copying ink, whereas unless a portion of the gallic extract has
been roasted (by which a portion of pyrogallic acid is formed), or unless a
little pyrogallic acid is added the aqueous solution or stain when recently
made is apt to be pale when first applied. Other blacks I produce from extract

page_text: of logwood, in the manner explained in a previous part of this Specification,
all of which appear black when dry, if used in the state of a moderately con-
centrated solution.
Dry compounds producing blue solutions of various shades and tones I
produce from either of the soluble Prussian blues (ferrocyanides) already
noticed from cæruleo-sulphate of ammonia, soda, or potash, or blue, carmine,
or soluble indige, and from various vegetable extracts by combining them
with appropriate mordants, solvents, or substances to promote or preserve
their solubility; in the choice of which I follow the principles adopted in the
'preceding formulæ, including those generally employed by dyers to strike, fix,
or manipulate their colours; one formed with extract of logwood and a
cupreous salt I have already noticed.
Dry compounds producing green solutions I prepare from sap green or its
extract, with or without the addition of alum, from the oxides and salts of
copper, chromium, and aniline, and from appropriate mixtures of several of
the blue and yellow compounds, already noticed.
Dry compounds producing brown solutions of various shades I prepare
from several of the preceding formule by admixture, or varying the mordants
or their proportions, and from the extracts of other dye stuffs by treating
'them on similar principles. From extract of logwood with bitartrate,
chromate, or bichromate of potash, or a metallic salt or acid, a variety of
browns may be produced. By means of the salts of aniline I also produce dry
compounds of most of the shades already noticed, either with or without the
addition of mordants, solvents, or substances to modify their colour or promote
their solubility.
The following is a list of some of the principal dye stuffs and astringent
and tinctorial substances which I employ. I do not, however, confine myself
thereto, but employ many others used by dyers or capable of application in
a similar way: Annotta; brazil wood; catechu; cochineal; French berries;
fustic or old fustic; gall nuts; gamboge; indigo; litinus; archil and cudbear;
'logwood; madder; quercitron; safflower or dyers, saffron; sumach, and their
extracts.
'Also, Aniline, salts of; gallic acid; tannic acid; tanno-gallic acid; pyro-
gallic acid; hæmatoxyline (from logwood); alizarine and garancine (or madder
red); purpurine (or madder purple); carmine; cochinelline, cochineal, red,
or carminic acid; braziline or sapanine (from Brazil wood); bixine or orelline
(from annotta); lac-dye and lac lake; safflowerrouge; carthamine or carthamic
acid.
Most of the preceding dry tinctorial compounds or mixtures are more or

page_text: less freely soluble in water, hot or cold, but a few of them are much less
soluble than the others. Those containing ammonia or one of its carbonates
should be used only with cold water and they should be kept in closed vessels.
Those containing much alum are better used with warm or hot water, and
that containing both garancine and alum requires boiling water and to be
used hot.
I prefer the form of powder for the preceding compounds or mixtures as
being the one most convenient and readily soluble, but I do not confine myself
to it. Sometimes I also prepare them under the form of a granular powder
or small globules, or as small pastilles or cakes. For this purpose I beat up
the pulverulent compound with any convenient volatile liquid, not of an oily
nature, in which its leading ingredients, or at least the mordant that strikes the
colour or promotes solution is insoluble. When I give the compounds this
form I usually combine them with from about one-half their weight to about
an equal weight of pure loaf sugar, and sometimes I add a little powdered
gum arabic, but to a few of them, such as those containing logwood and
chromate of potash, either in the above form or that of powder, these
additions, and particularly that of the gum, are prejudicial. To those com-
pounds whose solutions are intended to be kept for a long period, or whose
colour when applied should resist destructive agents or treatment, I avoid as
much as possible making the last-named additions.
To promote the easy flow of the solutions of some of the above tinctorial
compounds from the brush or pen and their ready adherence to the surfaces
to which they are applied without apparent "greasiness," I commonly add a
little purified extract of oxgall highly desiccated by water or steam heat, and
in the state of impalpable powder, the proportions being from one to three
per cent. of the dry mixture, more or less, as may be required to effect the
o bjet in view.
Most of the solutions of the above compounds keep well, several when
unmixed with gum or sugar may be kept without the slightest change for an
indefinite period, and the rest under ordinary conditions will retain their pro-
perties sufficiently long to meet the cases in which they will be usually required;
but to obviate the tendency to ferment or to suffer decomposition, more or less
common to all solutions of organic manner, particularly in warm weather and
hot climates, I add to many of them whilst preparing them in the dry state a
little pure oil of cloves, or a still smaller quantity of pure crystallized carbolic
acid or creosote, or some other powerful antifermentor antiseptic; I also often
add to them odoriferous substances or perfumes which have a tendency both
to preserve them and render them more agreeable in use,

page_text: I would again state that the proportions given in the above formulæ may be
varied, and other tinctorial materials and mordants than those named above
may be used without departing from my Invention.
Having thus described the nature of my Invention, and the mode in which
I carry the same into effect, I would have it understood that I do not confine
myself to the precise details herein described; but what I do claim is, the
manufacture and preparation of dry tinctorial compounds capable of more or
less
easy solution in water, substantially in the manner herein described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Arnold James Cooley, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Thirteenth day of July, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven.
ARNOLD J. COOLEY. (L.S.)
Witness,
B. J. B. MILLS,
Patent Agent,
35, Southampton Buildings,
Chancery Lane,
London.