CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR TREATING FATTY OR OLEAGINOUS MATTERS, AND IN MANUFACTURE OF CANDLES AND OTHER USEFUL ARTICLES
Year: 1851

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM
ARMAND MOREAU GILBEE, of 4, South Street, Finsbury, London, Gentleman,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by
Her Royal Letters Patent, under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Twenty-second
day of November, One thousand eight hundred and fifty-one, in the fifteenth
year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant
unto me, the said William Armand Moreau Gilbee, my exors, adiñors, and
assigns, Her especial licence, full power, sole privilege and authority, that 1,
the said William Arinand Moreau Gilbee, my exors, admors, and assigns, or
such others as I, the said William Armand Moreau Gilbee, iny exors,
admors, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to
time and at all times during the term of years therein expressed, should
and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales,
and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and in the Islands of Guernsey,
Jersey, Alderney, Sark, and Man, and in all Her Majesty's Colonies and
Plantations abroad, the Invention of CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PROCESS
AND APPARATUS FOR TREATING FATTY OR OLEAGINOUS MATTERS, AND IN
MANUFACTURE OF CANDLES AND OTHER USEFUL ARTICLES," communicated to me from
foreigner residing abroad, in which said Letters Patent is contained a pro-
viso, that I, the said William Armand Moreau Gilbee, shall cause a
particular description of the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner
::
A

page_text: the same is to be performed, by an instrument in writing under my hand and
seal, to be inrolled in Her Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said in part
recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference being thereunto had,
will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
William Armand Moreau Gilbee, do hereby declare the nature of the
Invention communicated to me, and the manner in which the same is to be
performed, are fully described and ascertained in and by the following state-
ment thereof, reference being had to the Drawings hereunto annexed, and to
the figures and letters marked thereon, in which the same letters of reference
indicate parts which are similar, that is to say:
The improvements communicated to me consist, firstly, in the processes
and apparatus for discoloring, disinfecting, and refining certain fatty bodies,
and fixed essential and other mineral, vegetable, or animal oils, in a concrete
or liquid state, and also their residues; secondly, in the treatment of cocoa-
nut, castor, and ricinous oils; thirdly, in the acidification of fatty bodies;
fourthly, in the extraction and purification of paraffine; fifthly, in the processes
and apparatus for moulding candles.
Firstly, process of discoloring, disinfecting, and refining certain fatty bodies,
and fixed, essential, and other mineral, vegetable, and animal oils, either in
a concrete or liquid state, and also their residues. In several cases I make
use of the four apparatuses herein-after described, Nos. 1 to 4; they are so
simple in their construction that a mere description will suffice, and I will
explain the means of using them for each operation together or separately.
The first, No. 1, is in the shape of a prover, with a simple or double case, and
is made of enamelled iron or wood, in which is poured the oil to be operated
upon, and in which I introduce a current of damp vapour; another current is
introduced in the sides of the recipient to prevent the condensation of the
vapour which penetrates into the oil. The apparatus No. 2 is made of iron,
and enamelled or not, of a round form, and is provided with an agitator,
which forms from five hundred to a thousand revolutions per minute; it is
heated by any of the known means, and raises the temperature from 130° to
200° centigrade, more or less, according as it is required. The third apparatus
acts without heat, and also contains an agitator of a speed nearly equal to
No. 2. The apparatus No. 4 is a boiler or close vessel, provided at its upper
part and at one of its sides with an opening to admit the heated air by means
of a conduct tube which penetrates into the vase, and another opening at the
opposite side, to which is fixed a suction pipe, with a valve to regulate the

page_text: current of hot air. In that vessel an agitator is placed with pallets, the axis
of which passes through the centre. The chemical agents which I prefer
using are mentioned at each operation hereafter described, but I make use
also of those now enumerated: the azotates, chlorides, the sulfites and
hypochlorides of soda and potash, the chlorites of soda and potash, chromate
and bichromate of potash, sulphuric, hydrochloric, oxalic, hydro sulphuric,
azotic, azotous, and hypoazotous acids, the metallic acetate or oxides,
chlorine, alum, storas, calamite, aluminous, siliceous and argillacious earths of
all sorts, fuller's earth and others of the same nature belonging to the same
classification, and the combination of those agents, with or without the aid of
my apparatus or by new processes, constitutes my Invention.
Cotton seed oil.
VEGETABLE OILS.
First process. When the oil is extracted by the usual
process I submit it to the action of the apparatus No. 1, during two hours
more or less, and per every two ewt. of oil I use 1 cwt. of salt water, that
solution being composed of 11 lbs. of salt with twenty-five gallons of water. I
afterwards pour one and two-thirds pints of hypochloride of soda or potash and
leave it exposed to the action of steam during half an hour, at the same time
pouring from two and a quarter to four and a half lbs. of hydrochloric acid.
When taken off the recipient, it is filtered and poured in the apparatus No. 3.
I add to it twenty-five gallons of warm or cold water with one gallon of lee or
half a gallon of hypochloride of soda or potash, which I stir up very strongly
until the oil turns completely white. I then filter and decant it.
Second process. I put into the recipient No 3. two cwt. of oil, from four
and a half to six and three-quarters lbs. of caustic soda dissolved in five
gallons of water, or from four and a half to six and three-quarter lbs. of
crystallized carbonate of soda with 2 lbs. of quicklime prepared as a
concentrated lee into 1 gallons of water, or some very strongly concentrated
liquid caustic soda. The oil is stirred up during half an hour more or less
water is then added in double the quantity, and it is again violently agitated
during some minutes; I let the whole settle and filter or decant it.
Third process. I can also treat in the same apparatus, No. 3, the same
quantity of oil with eleven pounds of quicklime, which must be agitated
during about one hour. I decant and again agitate the oil with three-quarters
of a gallon of lee or hypochloride of soda and potash until it has become com-
pletely white, and then I filter.
Fourth process. I put the oil in a wooden or earthenware recipient; I add
;

page_text: to it from ten to twenty per cent. of solution of caustic soda or potash ; I stir
it up strongly during about one hour, either by steam or by the agitator;
after filtering, the operation is completed. That solution is made with two
and a quarter pounds of caustic, soda, or potash for eleven pounds of water.
I prefer more especially the use of a solution of caustic, potash, or cautery
stone, in the same proportions and with the same manipulations as above.
I operate on the oils of linseed, sesame, arachid, colza, aillet, and all other
oleaginous seed oils, either with the apparatus No. 1 or with the apparatus
No. 3, and indiscriminately by the acids or by the hypochlorides.
First process. With regard to the acids, I give preference to hypochloric
acid, by putting four pounds and a half to six pounds and three quarters, more
or less, to every two hundred weight of one of these oils. When I employ
the hypochloride of soda or potash, I put one and three quarter pints of the
first and half that quantity of the second.
Second process. I also employ with success half, three quarters, or one
gallon of lee on two hundredweight of oil, and also caustic soda (two pounds
and one quarter dissolved in one hundredweight of water, more or less), as
well as the liquid caustic soda diluted with an addition of five gallons of water
for every one pint and three quarters.
Third process. Those oils can be operated upon by the cold process, with
the above-mentioned agents, and in the same proportions, by stirring them up
strongly during a proper length of time. Although all these means are perfectly
efficient, charcoal or animal charcoal can also be used, but then the waste is
considerable, and the operation attended with difficulties.
Palm oil. First process.-I. submit palm oil to the apparatus No. 1, and
for
every two hundredweight of oil I add from two and a quarter to four and a
half pounds either of hypochloride of soda or potash or of lixivium, and 1 leave
it exposed to the action of steam during about one hour at the utmost. When
the operation is ended, I add from two and a quarter to four and a half
pounds of hydrochloric acid.
Second process. I also treat that oil by submitting it to the action of the
apparatus No. 2, by pouring on it successively three quarters of a gallon of
ordinary lee, or two pounds and a quarter of hypochloride of potash or of soda.
Those agents, and a constant heat of one hundred and twenty degrees to one
hundred and thirty degrees centigrade, are sufficient to give the agitator a
motion of from two hundred and fifty to five hundred revolutions per minute,
and in less than half an hour the oil is white.
Third process. The same result would be obtained without reference to the

page_text: form of the boiler by causing the oil to fall on an iron plate or cylinder
made of iron or of any other metal, heated from two hundred degrees to
three hundred degrees centigrade.
Fourth process. The same result can also be obtained by means of the
apparatus No. 4, by causing a current of heated air to penetrate through this
mass, the said current of air being heated from one hundred and fifty degrees
to two hundred degrees centigrade at the utmost.
Olive oils. I operate on fine or common olive oils without heat by using
either hypochloride of soda or potash or lixivium, or a solution of caustic soda,
or the liquid caustic soda in a state of lixivium of carbonate of soda, and of
quicklime, by reducing all these alkalies to an extremely light degree, and
stirring the oil during one or two hours. And if some of these oils have
a bad smell, as the oils from the Levant and from Tunis in general have,
they must then he put in and submitted to the action of the apparatus No. 1,
and for every two hundredweight of oil I add four pounds and a half
of hydrochloric acid. In the space of two or three hours the bad smell
excepted) are previously operated upon cold (as has been herein-before stated
for seed oils), with the same agents, and in the same proportions, more or less.
They are afterwards submitted to the action of steam in the apparatus No. 1.
to neutralize the bad smell; for this purpose hydrochloric acid in the already
mentioned proportions is quite effectual, the operation being terminated by
washing.
Whale oil. I submit it to the apparatus No. 1, under the action of steam,
and pour in it at different intervals, first, two pounds and a quarter solution of
azotic acid (2 pounds of acid for two hundredweight of water) per two
hundredweight of that oil; half an hour afterwards I add 2 pounds of
solution of oxalic acid (2 pounds of that salt for two hundredweight of
water), and one hour later, at two or three intervals, 2, 4, and 6 pounds
of hydrochloric acid; care must be taken at the end of the operation to wash,
and if necessary to filter the oil.
Sardine oil treat that oil with two gallons and a half of lee and twelve
gallons of water stirred up, and in preference with the hypochloride of soda
and of potash mentioned in the operation on seed oils; I submit it after-
wards in the apparatus No. 1 to the action of steam, until the bad smell is
removed.

page_text: order to facilitate the operation; however, this is not strictly necessary. By
another process I operate on certain fatty bodies and oleaginous matters, either
concrete or liquid and on their residues, which process depends entirely on
the discovery, and the manufacturing application of the property, which
aluminous, siliceous, or argilacions earths have of discoloring and. purifying
every fatty matter, though they do not disinfect them; these earths are included
in the list of chemical agents used by me, but with this radical difference, that
to my knowledge they have never been applied to such purposes.
Process for the preparation of the earths.-I heat one or many of these
earths; when well dried I take one of them and pulverize it very fine; I sift
and heat it again until there is not the least moisture left. Fatty bodies are
prepared as follows:-If the fatty body is more or less concrete, I heat it
until it is perfectly liquid; it is then ready to be acted upon by the earth. In
a wooden recipient provided with an agitator, I pour, for example, 2 cwt. of the
fatty body, heated to about 120° centigrade, and I add to it when still hot the
pulverized earth in the proportion of about 16 to 18 lbs. I stir it up during
about 2 hours or more, until the discolouration and epuration are sufficiently
obtained; I let it settle and decant or filter by the usual process; if the
residuum is not formed quickly enough, I submit the residue to a strong
pressure, in order to extract from it the parts of fatty matters contained in it,
which is also discolored and epurated; oleic acid so treated is then fit to be
burnt in lamps with inconsumable wicks. The operation lasts more or less
according to the nature of the fatty bodies, the quality and the quantity of the
earths employed, which experience will point out shortly to competent persons,
I having confined myself here to lay down infallible and proved general
principles. Such of the oils or fatty bodies which preserve a bad smell can
be submitted to the action of steam in the apparatus No. 1, as is also done for
fish oils, and they will be disinfected.
These oils when treated in the manner herein-after described, produce three
new products, 1st, sebacic acid, entering into fusion at 127° centig., fit for mixing

page_text: with soft wax and tallow candles; 2nd, a peculiar alcohol; 3rd, a fatty acid,
fusible at about 18° cent. These oils are saponified by means of soda or potash,
and the soap resulting from the operation is put into a still, with a solution of
highly concentrated caustic soda or potash, weighing about three times as much
as the oils employed. It is heated to a temperature high enough to produce new
reactions, and form alcoholic vapours, which condense in the refrigerator of the
still; when these vapours have ceased to be produced the matters are taken out
of the retort, and are dissolved in water, to which is added a sufficient quantity
of acid to saturate the alkali used. It is sometimes useful to employ nitric
Cacid, which produces nitrates, which fetch a rather high price; but if it is
considered better to have the alkali employed in a caustic state rather than as
a salt, then the solution must be treated with lime saturated with water; the
calcareous soap so obtained must be collected and decomposed by means of an
acid, as is done when manufacturing stearic acid. Let it settle and then
collect the fatty body rising up to the surface. The water contains in solution
the sebacic acid, which is precipitated by the cooling; it is purified by one or
many dissolutions and crystallizations in pure water; it is then collected,
filtered; and dried. The caustic alkalies are obtained by the evaporation of
the water in which they are contained. The barites lime (or la chaux sodée
in French) can be used economically instead of potash or soda:
THIRDLY, ACIDIFICATION OF FATTY BODIES.
I acidify neutral fatty bodies by submitting them during 2 or 3 days to a
current of sulphurous acid produced by one of the known processes by means
of a forcing pump, that gas is injected in the middle of the matter maintained
in a liquid state, and thence the gas, which has not been absorbed, proceeds
into a sort of gasometer, from which it is drawn to be used over again. When
the acidification is completed, the matter is poured into enamelled vessels
(mouleaux), then it is pressed by the usual means. When the fatty acids
are prepared by alkaline saponification, it is advantageous to mix with the soap
produced two or three hundredth parts of a sulfite, that of lime for example,
before decomposing the soap by the sulphuric acid, such as it comes from the
chambers, in which state it contains a certain quantity of nitratic or hyponitrous
acid. The use of the sulfite is superseded by injecting with a forcing pump
or otherwise a certain quantity of sulphurous acid into the middle of the
matters, while they combine with the lime by the usual means. The cal-
careous soap is afterwards decomposed by a powerful acid, as is usually
'done.
The distilling apparatus for my fatty acids are heated by two different means

page_text: The bars of the
first, by the known system of the circulation of water modified as herein after
explained. That water is either pure or contains a saline or alkaline matter;
instead of that water a suitable liquid is employed, heated to a temperature of
300° to 325° centigrade, that liquid circulates through a series of iron tubes,
one-third of an inch thick, the opening of which being half an inch at
nost. These endless tubes are connected by a casing (manchon) with
screws, they are placed on a furnace where they form several stages. The
upper one communicates at the top with a double worm placed at the
lowest part of the still, and has a three or four times less range than the
one exposed to the fire. These tubes convey into the still the heat acquired
by the liquid in the hearth, where that liquid returns after its cooling by
another tube abutting the bottom stage of the furnace.
In the upper
part of those closed tubes outside the furnace there is adapted a recess,
deep and spacious enough to contain the liquid dilated by the heat. That
recess can be opened at will at the top to allow the air to escape when the
tubes are filled with water, and when they begin to heat.
furnace can be made hollow, and be also used for the circulation of the liquid:
secondly, they are heated by water or steam at a temperature of more than
800° centigrade, and circulate in a casing surrounding the bottom of the stills.
At the beginning of the operation the condensed water runs off through
the lower part of the double bottom; and when the matter to be heated has
reached about 150° centigrade, the steam which has heated the exterior of the
still is made to enter in bubbling, and effects the distillation by well-known
processes. I overheat the steam by making it traverse tubes immersed in a
metallic bath used in heating fatty bodies, or by making it bubble in a metal
in a state of fusion, and contained in a vessel with no other opening than the
one for the ingress and egress of the steam. The pyrometers I make use of
are formed of an assemblage of bars of a metal little dilatable, or of earthy
natters, and, of a metal which dilates a great deal, such as zinc (see the
Drawing hereunto annexed). A is a piece with a dial supporting the zinc
bar B; C, piece lifted up by the bar B, and supporting the zine bar D, the
other pieces act in the same way; E, zinc bar, to the dilatation of which is
added the dilatation of each of the other bars. It is provided with a cog wheel,
which sets in motion a pinion and hand indicating the degrees; F, bell,
ndicating that the proper temperature is exceeded.

page_text: heated besides by a furnace. The paraffine chrystallizes in the essential oils
and pitchy or tarry matters from which it is obtained. It is washed with a
little essential oil, is drained off, and then pressed. It is afterwards dissolved
in at least its own weight of oleic acid; that mixture is chrystallized and pressed
in the cold and hot state, and if it were not fine enough it is redissolved in
oleic acid, then chrystallized and pressed anew, as has been said. Lastly.
it is treated in the hot state with a fifth of its weight of lixivium, or lee of
caustic potash or soda, at about 10°; it is then ready to be moulded into wa::
candles. It becomes more transparent when lissolved in two or three
times its volume of pure alcohol, being chrystallized afterwards and cold
pressed.
FIFTHLY, PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR MOULDING CANDLES.
The moulds at present employed are generally made of tin only, and the
mould frame is composed of a certain number of moulds fixed together by
screws or otherwise to a thick plate surmounted by a sort of long pan or
basin, which is common to all. That plate which supports the top of each
mould has openings, in which are placed the round moveable plates or discs,
pierced in the middle to keep the wicks in a central position. With such
mould frames the discs are liable to be very frequently displaced, which causes
the wicks of the candles to lose their central position, besides which it
becomes requisite to set on the upper part of the moulds a very deep pan, in
order to contain a very considerable mass of matters, for the purpose not only
of filling the empty space formed by the contraction of the materials when
they solidify, but more especially to admit and enable moveable hands to be
fixed on both sides of the pan at each of the moulding operations, to take out
the mould frame with the candles when the mass is sufficiently solidified,
which operation requires a great deal of time, that mass being sometimes
equal in weight to that of the candles fixed to it. This mode of operating
necessitates after each operation the remelting of that mass of matters, which
thus becomes deteriorated and coloured; besides, it gives rise to delay in
remoulding the candles, and renders it imperious to employ a treble or
quadruple number of moulds and mould frames. The processes and apparatus
relating to that part of the Invention obviates all these defects.
Figure 2 shows the moulds made of tin, glass, or porcelain, &c., similar in
form to those in the apparatus generally used; they are fixed at their upper
parts to a plate provided with openings to receive them, and upon this plate is
placed the tin pan or basin usually employed, and which receives the liquid
matter; it is provided with two fixed handles b, b, (Figure 1); the bottom is

page_text: pierced with thirty holes, on which are soldered or fixed the discs a, a, a, a, a, a,
&c., which corresponds each of them to the top of a mould; this upper part is
adapted by means of grooves, pegs, pins, or otherwise to the other plate shewn
in Figure 2, at c, c, c, c, c, and supports the moulds; the holes of the said
plate correspond exactly with the holes of the basin. When those two pieces
are so adjusted, the wicks are put in, and their upper ends are kept fixed to
the bottom of the pan in d, d, d, &c., Figure 1, and by a knot g, g, Figure 2,
and at the bottom of the mould by a wooden peg A', or by a small metallic
pincer B, as represented in Figure 4; Figure 2 represents the depth of the
pan or basin, Figure 1, and at 9, g, and h, h, the place where the pincers B
or peg A¹ is to be placed.
When the two parts which compose the new mould frame are adjusted,
and before the moulding takes place, the moulds are heated beforehand by
any suitable means, but the following mode is preferable -The mould frames
being composed of many rows of moulds, they cannot be uniformly heated
when placed in the stove ordinarily used; that inconvenience is avoided by
forming the stove with pipes equal in number to the candle moulds, which are
to be heated at the same time. Each of these moulds is introduced insulated
into the said tubes, closed at bottom, and immersed in warm water or steam.
It will be understood, that to allow these moulds to be so heated, they should
not be connected at their lower parts, but must be united very strongly at
their top by means of a thick plate.
•
The mould frame, Figures 1, 2, and 3, being so arranged, and the whole of
it being enclosed in a metallic case, or in a wooden case lined with metal,
and the moulds heated as herein-before described, the moulding takes place
by letting the liquid matter flow into the pan or basin until the moulds are
filled, and thus a layer of about one-third of an inch in thickness covers the
top of the moulds at the bottom of the basin, Figure 1, and after an interval
of half an hour or three quarters of an hour at the utmost, according to the
nature of the substances and the temperature of the atmosphere, the candles
can be taken out of the moulds without the aid of a ventilator, it being
merely requisite to remove the pegs or other pieces which unite the two parts
of the apparatus to cause the lower parts, Figure 3, on which the moulds are
fixed, to separate from the upper part, which is very frequently effected by
their own weight, and it falls on a sliding board placed inside the box at a
distance of about one inch from the top of the candles, which remain attached
by their wicks, see Figure 2, to the discs of the plate of the pan, from which
they are afterwards separated. The third of an inch of matters which covers
the bottom of the basin is taken off separately. By combining any number

page_text: of sets of mould frames supplied with the required amount of liquid matters,
an immense quantity of candles may be produced at once. When the mould-
ing is impeded by the adherence of the matters to the moulds, which mostly
happens with tallow candles, then the whole of the apparatus is put into a
wooden box, having its bottom pierced with holes for the egress of water, and
on the edge of which the ridge of the apparatus rests, and closes it nearly air-
tight. Warm air, steam, water, or sheets of water (the latter being more
suited) are then injected by means of a pump or other suitable apparatus into
that box, and on the moulds, but that bath must not go higher than one inch
under the plate which holds the moulds together, as seen at Figure 2, in c, c, c, c,
&c. The water or steam should be at a lower temperature than the fusing
point of the matters in the moulds, and after a few seconds the candles come
off perfect.
And having now described the Invention communicated to me, and the
manner of carrying the same into effect, I wish it to be understood, that I do
not confine myself to the precise details of proportions or modus operandi laid
down or herein-before described, so long as the general features be retained for
carrying out the said improvements; but what I do claim as the Invention
communicated to me, and intended to be protected by the said Letters
Patent, is,
Firstly, the application of sulphurous acid to the direct acidification of
neutral fatty bodies, as herein-before described.
Secondly, the mixture of a sulfite or a calcareous soap before its decompo-
sition, by means of a sulphuric acid, especially when the latter contains
azotous acids, as herein-before described.
Thirdly, the application of sulphurous gas during the production of calca-
reous soap, as herein-before described.
Fourthly, the heating of distilling apparatus, firstly, by means of the cir-
culation of a liquid carried to a high temperature in tubes; secondly, by
means of over-heated water circulating in an envelope surrounding the bottom
of the still, and then injected within the distilling fatty bodies, as herein-before
described.
Fifthly, the two processes for overheating steam in metallic baths, as herein-
before described.
Sixthly, the application of a newly-constructed pyromer to the apparatus,
for distilling fatty bodies, as herein-before described, reference being had to
Figure 5 of the Drawing.
Seventhly, the extracting and purification of paraffine, as herein-before
described.

page_text: Eighthly, the epurating and application of the liquid extracted from cocoa-
nut oil, as herein-before described.
Ninthly, the mode of treating castor and ricinous oils, and their transfor-
mation, first, into sebacic acid to be mixed with candles; second, into a new
alcohol; third, a new fatty acid, as herein-before described.
Tenthly, the mode of heating the moulds of luminaries, as herein-before
described.
Eleventhly, the construction of candle mould frames as herein-before
described, reference being had to Figures 1, 2, and 3, of the Drawing.
Twelfthly, the apparatus for unmoulding the candles, as herein referred to
in Figs. 1, 2, & 3, of the Drawing.
13thly, the four apparatuses and processes, either combined or not, for
treating fatty and oleaginous matters, and the new combination of chemical
agents, as herein described.
14thly, the application of argilaceous and other similar earths, as herein
described.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Armand Moreau Gilbee, have
hereunto set my hand and seal, this Twentieth day of May, One thou-
sand eight hundred and fifty-two

page_text: 4, South Street, Finsbury, London, Gentleman, whereby it is stated that the
Specification was acknowledged by him, the said William Armand Moreau
Gilbee, before Thomas Pickford aforesaid, on the said Twentieth day of May,
at Paris aforesaid, is of the proper handwriting of the said Thomas Pickford.