Improvements in Gearing for Transmitting Motive-power.
Year: 1885

page_text: Improvements in Gearing for Transmitting Motive-power.
I, JAMES ROBERTSON of 21 Gower Street, Paisley Road, Govan, Lanarkshire,
Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of my Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
GEARING FOR TRANSMITTING MOTIVE-POWER," to be as follows:-
My Invention has for its object the diminution of the noise and jar of toothed or
cog wheels formed or cast of metal usually experienced by the use of cog wheels
working at high speeds, this object being now so far attained by the use of inetal
cog wheels having fitted into their rims wooden teeth or cogs having tennons
formed on them and passed readily through the rims of the wheels in slot holes or
mortices and secured in same by wedges or pins. The less sonorous nature of the
wooden cogs as compared with those of metal greatly reduces the noise caused by
the necessarily sharp impact of the cogs of the wheels acting on each other in
transmitting power at high speeds. This well known contrivance is known as
mortice wheels and is extensively in use. This construction of wheel however is
clumsy and expensive, and from the difficulties of construction is scarcely available
for use in small sizes of wheels.
My Invention mainly consists in new or improved forms of construction and
modes of fixing, and in new and improved combinations of materials in the teeth or
cogs of metal wheels. The materials used of themselves or by the combinations
secured having small conductivity of sound so as to produce little noise in action,
yet to possess the necessary strength and durability and facilities for easy and
inexpensive construction in the cogs, and in the form of the wheels to receive the
cogs on this new and improved system of forming cog gear wheels. I form or cast
the rims of the metal wheels with side parallel or concentric flanges, joggles or caps
about half the length of the cog higher on the rim thau the rim itself, or somewhat
larger in diameter than over the points of the cogs themselves, and form or core out
openings in these side caps transversely or across the rim of the wheel of the form
of the end sections and size or nearly so of the cogs themselves and of the number
and distance or pitch apart required, and insert the cogs transversely to the rim of
the wheel through these openings in the side rim caps which are formed or cast of
be necessary strength for holding the cogs in their positions.
Where wood is used as the sound non-conducting medium by preference two
lips of it are used in each cog to form the acting sides of the cog, the reed or fibre
of the wood being lengthwise transversely to the wheel rim, and not radially as in.

page_text: ordinary mortice wheels, a metal wedge by preference of steel being inserted in
between the two slips of wood, the whole being in mass and form about the size
and shape of the cog required in spur or parallel wheels, the two slips of wood
being somewhat thinner at one end of the cog in the cog slots in the side rim caps,
and the metal central wedge piece which mainly constitutes the necessary lateral
strength of the cog having its thick end where the end section of the wood is
thinnest and in fixing in the cog the side wood slips are first inserted into the
openings of the side caps, and then the central metal wedge driven in tight between
them, thereby securing in a simple and effective way the cog in its position in the
rim of the wheel.
Instead of a simple flat sided central metal wedge, its surfaces may be serrated
lengthwise to take a greater hold of the wood, or to give greater lateral strength,
the wedge picce may be T shaped or of a double T or channel form with a some-
what larger flange at the bottom or root of the tooth than at the top of the tooth.
Instead also of two pieces of wood, one piece only may be used of the end section
of the cog or nearly so, and be secured by a wedge inserted below the cog which
may be of a channel form to grasp and support the wood laterally driven in under
the cog, the openings in the side caps of the rim of the wheel being made corre-
spondingly deeper to receive this bottom supporting metallic wedge. One of the
advantages of this new and improved mode of constructing noiseless or mortice cog
wheel arises from small pieces of wood being only required, a great many more
kinds of tough and hard wood being rendered available for this purpose which
cannot be obtained of sufficient mass or size for the cogs of ordinary mortice
wheels.
.
A still better non-conductor of sound and better material available for this
purpose, perhaps the best that can be used is india-rubber, vulcanized india-rubber,
and combination of india-rubber with other substances and similar substances, as
now used in the manufacture of hose pipe and other purposes, good vulcanized
indiarubber answering all the ends of an excellent non-conductor of sound, great
rebounding action and durability under quick repeating concussion, and of being
easily adapted and applied for this purpose. One good mode of applying it for this
purpose is to provide tubular or sleeve pieces of this substance and of the form of
the cog slightly or somewhat less in end section than the end section of the cog,
and of about the saine length as the distance between the side cog-containing caps
of the wheel rim, and provide metal core pieces shaped in end section also of the
contour of the cogs or nearly so to be passed in tightly through the correspondingly
shaped openings in the side caps of the wheel tightly in number and pitch to the
number of the cogs required, the indiarubber hose pipe or sleeve pieces being drawn
on tightly on this metal core piece and between the rim caps producing when
distended tightly on their core pieces the shape and size of the cogs required, the
central supporting core pieces besides being driven in tightly may be secured by
heads from going in too far and by pins at their forward ends from coming out of
their positions.
Canvas hose pipe or canvas cog sleeve pieces in combination with indiarubber,
guttapercha, or other gum. or glutinous substances, also suit excellently for this
purpose, and for mounting and fixings the cogs similarly. Also sleeve pieces of
woven hose pipe of itself such as is now in common use for the conveyance of water
and other fluids as also woven cloth of all tenacious fibrous substances and also
good tenacious leather. In using these for this purpose it will be the most suitable
mode of securing it on the transverse core pieces by sewing it into a sleeve piece
for the cog core, and either having it of the length of the space between the wheel
caps only, or the entire breadth of the rim, and driving in the central core pieces
tightly into the openings in the side caps with the fibrous or woven or leather hose
interposing between the metal core piece and the metal of the wheel, the elasticity
of the fibrous substances particularly forming an excellent tightening in and fixing
medium for the ends of the metal core pieces, as well as a good method of fixing the
sound deafening sleeve pieces,

page_text: Instead of solid metal core pieces for the cogs so used, they may be cast or formed
hollow, ordinary malleable metal tubing being easily manipulated to the required
shape, and with advantage may be slit up a short distance at the ends and centrally
filled up firmly with wood, and secured in their positions in the side wheel rim caps
by driving in short end wedges tightly into the central wood cores.
Instead of using cog sleeve pieces of substances possessing a very low conductivity
of sound as described for the acting surfaces of the teeth or cogs, thin metal sleeve
pieces inay be used, any good description of malleable metal tube of a suitable diameter
for the area of the cog required being easily manipulated into the form of a cog,
and which are or may be first inserted into the transverse cog mortices in the caps
of the wheel rim, and to deaden or destroy the high conductivity of sound of these
hollow metal cogs or sleeve pieces of same so formed. Wood or other non-sonorous
material is filled into the centre of these hollow cogs, good wood being the best
material for this purpose as with it firmly filled into the centre of the hollow metal
cogs, their lateral strength can be sufficiently increased, and to increase their lateral
strength still more two top or bottom or two side slips of wood may be used on the
sides of the cog to deafen the impact of the metal cog of its neighbour wheel acting
on it, and a central metal wedge piece inserted in between the side slips of wood as
herein before described in connection with wood sleeved wheel cogs. The sound
arising from cog sleeves of this sort of iron, steel, brass, copper or other metals can
be very much deafened in this way and particularly so with sleeves of brass and
copper, smooth surfaces being easily obtained. For fixing in the cogs into the caps,
the ends of the inetal sleeves within the wheel rim caps may be slit up so as to be
expanded by wedges to secure the cogs in them, and the whole in this way rendered
very effective for deafening the sound from the action of the cogs, as well as being
inexpensive and durable.
Instead of movable cogs passed in transversely or across the face or rims of the
wheels, and secured in side caps same as described, the central core pieces of the
cogs may be formed or cast in between the rim caps in one piece with the wheel,
and by inaking the cog of a thinness to allow of sleeve pieces being laid over and
cast somewhat longer than the usual length of cog, with cotter holes formed through
the caps between each cog and at the root of each cog, a sleeve covering of india-
rubber, leather or of a textile fabric to deafen the sound of the wheel in action, can
be used of one continuous piece or belt of the breadth of the cog within the side
caps of the rim of the metal wheels of a suitable thickness for deafening the noise
and for wear, and drawn over cach tooth and secured by cotters driven in tightly
over this continuous cog sleeve at the root of each cog as in succession it is laid
tightly over the cast in cog cores. A ring or endless band of indiarubber, leather,
or cloth may be used in this way, or the beginning and after ends fastened by one
of the transverse cotters at the root of the cog as described.
Cogs cast in between the caps as described can also be sleeved by winding or
plaiting on elastic cord or twine, the ends of same being fastened in holes in the
side rim caps.
For wheels of narrow breadths of cog only one side rim cap may be formed or
cast, and the cogs in these of an oval or other form may be cast in one piece with
the rim of the wheel, and separate short sleeve pieces of sound non-conducting sub-
stances or fabrics of same as described may be passed on tightly over them. The
cogs may also be of separate pieces of metal and with small heads on each to retain
on the sound non-conducting sleeves and provided with tenons for being passed
through the rim cap in slots or holes and fixed by screw nuts, pins, or keys. In
wheels of large pitch of cog, and in bevel wheels, the cog caps may be formed to
about the same height on the rims as the parts of the cogs, and varied in form to
suit the description of cog sleeve to be used. Various devices may also be used for
fixing in the movable cogs, and one good method of doing this particularly for
bevel wheels is to first turn the rim and side caps and bore round cog end seats in
the caps, the entering end of the cog to be as large as will allow the cog to pass
through and be secured. The opposite cap has a somewhat smaller round and

page_text: t
conical bored seat. The ends of the cogs are inserted in these seats and have bosses
on them corresponding to the holes in the caps, and in placing the cogs in their
Beats the sleeves are slipped on and the entering end boss on the cog screwed in
tightly. The cog may be held in an erect or radial position by lock pins or nuts.
The cogs sleeved by indiarubber or other hose formed sleeves, will generally be of
a more or less oval formn, and the sleeve can be turned round by hand when
necessary on its cog, so as to present a fresh part of the sleeve to the wearing
action of the metal cogs of its neighbour wheel. Cogs round throughout their
.length, with round sleeves slipped on them, will be suitable for wheels for some
purposes, and in these the action of the wheels gearing into each other will tend to
turn round the sleeve on its cog, so as to present in turn all the surface of the
sleeve to the pressure and rolling action of the cogs of the companion wheels.
Instead of round cogs being screwed in as described, the cog may consist of a plain
split pin driven in tightly into its seat and over its sleeve, and secured in its position
by simply overlapping its split end.
The cogs of cog wheel gear of most or all of the usual forms of spur or parallel
wheels and bevel wheel gear with external or internal teeth or cogs, as also racks,
may be formed and mounted in this way for the purposes set forth. For great
breadths of cog, central caps would be required to secure and strengthen the cog
laterally, and the cogs may be stepped as is done in ordinary large sized mortice
wheels to give greater smoothness and uniformity of driving action.
The bosses and arms of these wheels may be of any or all of the forms of ordinary
'mortice wheels, and the rims may be built of cast segments or put on in cast or
wrought iron or steel tyres. The acting surfaces of the metal cogs of their com-
panion wheels should be made as smooth as possible; and for indiarubber sleeved
cogs metallic or mineral lubricants that do not affect indiarubber injuriously should
be used, such as black lead, asbestos powder and the like without oil or grease.
D 1
11 1
C A 100-

page_text: I, JAMES ROBERTSON, of 21 Gower Street, Paisley Road, Govan, Lanarkshire,
Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner.
the same is to be performed to be particularly described and ascertained in and by>
the following statement :-
My invention has for its object the diminution of the noise and jar of toothed or
cog wheels formed, or cast of metal usually experienced by the use of cog wheels
working at high speeds, this object being now so far attained by the use of metal
cog wheels having fitted into their rims wooden teeth or cogs having tennons.
formed on them and passed radially through the rims of the wheels in slot holes or.
mortises and secured in the same by wedges or pins. The less sonorous nature of
the wooden cogs as compared with those of metal greatly reducing the noise caused.
by the necessarily sharp impact of the cogs of the wheels acting on each other in.
transmitting power at high speeds. This well known contrivance is known as
mortise wheels and is extensively in use. This construction of wheel however is,
clumsy and expensive, and from the difficulties of construction is scarcely available.
for use in small sizes of wheels.
My Invention mainly consists in new or improved forms of construction and.
modes of fixing, and in new and improved combinations of materials in the teeth or
cogs of metal wheels. The materials used of themselves or by the combinations.
secured, having small conductivity of sound so as to produce little noise in action,
yet to possess the necessary strength and durability and facilities for easy and
inexpensive construction in the cogs, and in the form of the wheels, to receive the.
cogs on this new and improved system of forming cog gear wheels. I form or cast;
the rims of the metal wheels with side parallel or concentric flanges joggles or caps.
about half the length of the cog higher on the rim than the rim itself, or somewhat.
larger in diameter than over the points of the cogs themselves, and form or core
out openings in these side caps transversely or across the rim of the wheel of the.
form of the end sections and size or nearly so of the cogs themselves, and of the
number and distance or pitch apart required, and insert in the cogs transversly to
the rim of the wheels through these openings in the side rim caps which are formed
or cast of the necessary strength for holding the cogs in their positions.
Where wood is used as the sound non-conducting media, by preference two slips.
of it are used in each cog, to form the acting sides of the cog the reed or fibre of
the wood being lengthwise transversly to the wheel rim, and not radially as in
ordinary mortise wheels, a metal wedge, by preference of steel being inserted in
between the two slips of wood, the whole being in mass and form about the size,
and shape of the cog required, the two slips of wood in parallel or spur wheels
being somewhat thinner at one end of the cog in the cog slots in the side rim caps,
and the metal central wedge piece which mainly constitutes the necessary lateral
strength of the cog having its thick end where the end section of the wood is,
thionest; and in.fixing in the cog the side wood slips are first inserted into the

page_text: openings of the side caps, and then the central metal weage driven in tight between
them, thereby securing in a simple and effective way the cog in its position in the
rim of the wheel.
Instead of a simple flat sided central metal wedge, its surfaces may be serrated
lengthwise to take a greater hold of the wood, or to give greater lateral strength,
the wedge piece may also be T shaped, or of a double T, or channel form with a
somewhat larger flange at the bottom or root of the tooth than at the top of the
tooth.
Instead of two pieces of wood, one piece only may be used of the end section of
the cog or nearly so and be secured by a wedge inserted below the cog which may
be of a channel form to grip and support the wood laterally driven in under the
cog, the openings in the side caps of the rim of the wheel being made corre-
spondingly deeper to receive this bottom supporting metallic wedge, one of the
advantages of this new and improved mode of constructing noiseless or mortise cog
wheel arises from small pieces of wood being only required; a great many more
kinds of tough and hard wood being rendered available for this purpose which
cannot be obtained of sufficient mass or size for the cogs of ordinary mortise
wheels.
A still better non-conductor of sound and better material available for this
purpose, perhaps, the best that can be used, is india-rubber, vulcanized india-
rubber, and combinations of india-rubber with other substances and similar
substances, as now used in the manufacture of hose pipes and other purposes, good
vulcanized india-rubber answering all the ends of an excellent non-conductor of
sound, great rebounding action and durability under quick repeating concussion,
and of being easly adapted and applied for this purpose. One good mode of
applying it for this purpose is to provide tubular or sleeve pieces of this substance
and of the form of the cog slightly somewhat less in end section than the end
section of the cog, and of about the same length as the distance between the side
cog containing caps of the wheel rim, and to provide metal core pieces shaped in
end section, also of the contour of the cogs or nearly so, to be passed in tightly
through the correspondingly shaped openings in the side caps of the wheel tightly
in number and pitch corresponding to the number of the cogs required, the india-
rubber hose pipe or sleeve pieces being drawn on tightly on this metal core piece
and between the rim caps, producing when distended tightly on their core pieces
the shape and size of the cogs required, the central supporting core pieces besides
being driven in tightly may be secured by heads from going in too far, and by
pins at their forward ends from coming out of their positions. Canvas hose pipe,
or canvas cog sleeve pieces in combination with india-rubber, guttapercha, or other
gum or glutinous substances, also suit excellently for this purpose, and for
mounting and fixing the cogs similarly. Also sleeve pieces of woven hose pipe of
itself such as is now in common use for the conveyance of water and other fluids,
as also woven cloth of all tenacious fibrous substances and also good tenacious
leather. In using these for this purpose it will be the most suitable mode of
securing it on the transverse core pieces by sewing it into a sleeve piece for the cog
core and either having it of the length of the space between the wheel caps only,
or the entire breadth of the rim, and driving in the central core piece tightly into
the openings in the side caps with the fibrous or woven or leather hose interposing
between the metal core piece and the metal of the wheel, the elasticity of the
fibrous substances particularly forming an excellent tightening in and fixing media
for the ends of the metal core pieces, as well as a good method of fixing the sound
deafening sleeve pieces.
Instead of solid metal core pieces for the cogs so used, they may be cast or
formed hollow, ordinary steel or wrought iron tubing being easly manipulated to
the required shape, and with advantage may be slit up a short distance at the. ends
and centrally-filled up firmly with wood and secured in their positions in the side
wheel rim caps by driving in short end wedges tightly into the central wood core..

page_text: Instead of using cog sleeve pieces of substances possessing a very low con-
ductivity of sound as described for the acting surfaces of the teeth cogs; thin metal
sleeve pieces may be used, any good description of malleable metal tube of a
suitable diameter for the area of the cog required being easly manipulated into
the form of a cog, and which are or may be first inserted into the transverse cog
mortises in the caps of the wheel rim, and to deaden or destroy the high sound
conductivity of these hollow metal cogs or sleeves pieces of same so formed, wood or
other non-sonourous material to be filled into the centre of these hollow cogs tightly,
good wood being the best material for this purpose as with it firmly filled into the
centre of the hollow metal cogs their lateral strength can be sufficiently increased,
and to increase thier lateral strength still more two slide slips of wood may be
used, on the sides of the cog to deafen the impact of the metal cog of its neighbour
wheel acting on it, and a central metal wedge piece inserted in between the side
slips of wood as hereinbefore described in connection with wood sleeved wheel cogs.
The sound arising from cog sleeves of this sort formed of iron, steel, brass, copper or
other metals can be very much deafened in this way, and particularly. so with sleeves
of brass and copper, smooth surface tubes of these materials being easily obtained,
For fixing in the cogs into the caps, the end of the metal sleeves within the wheel
rim caps may be slit up so as to be expanded by wedges to secure the cogs in them,
and the whole in this way rendered very effective for deafening the sound from the
action of the cogs as well as being inexpensive and durable. For wheels of narrow
breadths of cogs, only one side rim cup may be formed or cast, and the cogs cores in
these may be cast in one piece with the rim of the wheel and separate short sleeve
pieces of sound non-conducting substances or fabrics of same as described may be
passed on tightly over them. The cog cores may also be of separate pieces of metal,
and with small heads on each to retain on their sound non-conducting sleeves and
provided also with tenons for being passed and fixed in a succession of slots or
holes in the rim cap of the wheel suited to the number and pitch of cogs required,
and the tenons or fixing ends of same secured by pins, cotters, or screw nuts on the
end of each core cog piece.
The cogs of cog wheel gear of most or all of the usual forms of spur and bevel
gear wheels with external or internal teeth or cogs, as also straight and curved
racks and eccentric and scroll wheels, may be mounted in this way for the purposes
set forth to gear with smooth ordinary wheel gear cogs, and set in ordinary axes
bearings to gear with companion wheels with metal teeth or cogs.
For the purpose of explaining the manner in which I carry out into effect or
practice my invention I append one sheet of Drawings or diagrams illustrating the
improved forms of noiseless metal wheel gear teeth or cogs the improved com-
bination of materials for this purpose and the improved construction of metal cog
wheels for receiving same. In describing my invention by the aid of these
diagrams, I use throughout the following description the same letters or figures
or numerals of reference to indicate like parts in order as far as possible to avoid
needless repetition in describing the various modifications shown.
Referring to these Drawings or Diagrams, Figure 1, is a side or end elevation,
and Figure 2 a corresponding plan, both partly in section to show the improved
construction of the cogs of one modification of an improved spur or parallel cog
wheel A, of this kind; shown in gear with a smaller metal cog wheel or pinion B,
with teeth or cogs B¹, cast in one piece with the wheel in the ordinary form.
A portion of the front side flange joggle or cap A, in which the end of the cogs
exposed to view are fitted is shown broken off in the side elevation Figure 1, to
show the cogs C, C1, C2, in gear with its companion wheel B.
The rim A¹, of the wheel A and its side containing cog caps A², and A³, as also
half of its central web A', and axis boss A5, being shown in section, in which its
axis A, is shown in Figure, 2. The central boss A³, webs and arms A, in these
improved cog wheels A, as well as that of their companion wheels B, are all made
of the same forms as used in ordinary cog wheels, as size or proportion may require.

page_text: The ordinary web cog wheel form of central boss and web being here shown. The
cogs B, of the wheel B, are also of the common cog wheel form and proportions,
but should be generally cast somewhat thinner than the cogs of common cog wheels
and their surfaces made as smooth as are now used to gear with wooden cogs of.
ordinary mortice wheels. In this modification of improved cog wheel A, the caps A³,
and A³ have formed in them the series of holes a, shown of the number and distance
apart or pitch required in the wheel, and of the form and size of the main section
of the cogs C, C1, C2, The central steel wedge piece or cog core C, mainly giving
the necessary lateral strength to the whole cog C, C¹, C. The materials used
possessing the requisite low degree of sound conductivity for the covering of this
new and improved cog to net on the cogs of its companion wheel B, B¹, in this
example is wood, and this part of the cog C³, C, I shall throughout this description
term its covering, as indicating the outer and acting surface of the cog whatever
the materials used may be. The acting cog covering in this case is shown formed
of two pieces of wood C¹, and C, secured on their outer surfaces to the contour of
the cog formed somewhat thicker at the one end than at the other and of a
thickness throughout as just to leave tight space on the central wedge C, and in
filling in the cog in its mortises a, the two pieces of wood C¹, and C³, are first
inserted into the seats or mortises a, with their thick end at the opposite side from
the head of the central wedge shaped cog core C, which is driven in afterwards
tightly, and in this way secures all the three parts of the cog tightly together in
the cog seats or mortises a, in the caps A³, and A³, and to the form and size of the
complete cog C, C1, C2, required; the ends of the wedge shaped core C, and wood
covering C¹, and C, being afterwards dressed off flush with the outer surfaces of
the caps A and A³ of the wheel rim A¹ Figure 3 is a sectional elevation,
Figure 4 a corresponding plan partly in section, and Figure 5 an end sectional
elevation, all of a pair of bevel wheels A, B, the larger wheel A, having my
improved cogs C, C1, C2, with wood covering C1, C2, same as described in connection
with Figures 1, and 2, but tapering in the well known form required for bevel.
wheels as seen particularly in the sectional part of Figure 4. Figure 3 shows &
section of both A, and B wheels on the line 1 -1 in Figure 4; and Figure 4 shows
a section of the cogs C, C1, C2, and flanges A2, A3, of the wheel A, through the pitch
line 2--- 2 in Figure 3. In figure 5 is shown an end sectional elevation of the
cogs C with their coverings C, C, through the pitch line 3 - 3.in Figure 3, the
rim A¹, of the wheel A, being shown in section. For the purpose of holding
the cog C, securely in its position, a pin c is shown passed through holes in the
inner ends of the wedge shaped cog core C, the tapering form of the cogs of
bevel and mitre wheels requiring this provision. As explained in connection with
Figures 1 and 2, this wedge shaped cog core C is driven in tightly between the
two wood coverings C1, C2, which are mainly held in their position by this means
in its mortises a in the wheel caps A2, and A2, but the wood covering is shown
further secured in its position by heads c¹, formed on the wedge shaped cog cores C,
which overlap the outer ends of its wood covering. The same letters of reference
refer to like parts as in Figures 1, and 2 and need not be further described.
Figure 6 is an end or side elevation, and Figure 7, a section of the same taken on
- 1 in Figure 6, of a pair of spur internal wheels A, B, with central
plate web A¹ but having only one rim flange or cap A', in which are shown round
mortises a for inserting the end of the short cog cores, C, The ends of these cog
cores have their ends screwed and secured in their positions by the nuts c². The
sectional forms of these cog cores are shown in Figure 6, and to prevent them
turning round the wheel cap A2, is shown provided with a small ledge A', which
overlaps a short part of the inner end of the body of the cog core C; and into this
ledge A7, the thin part of each of the cog cores C, are inserted or feathered to
prevent them from turning round in their mortises. a, and to hold them in true
radial positions to the centre of the wheel. The cog covering C¹ shown used, is in
this example made of a short tube of india-rubber and canvas combined in the welb
the line 1
---
--->

page_text: known form of canvas and india-rubber hose pipe. It is prefered when this form
or kind of cog covering is used that the form of article of this sort should be that.
known in which the canvas is lapped in spiral ribbons or tape along with the
india-rubber (better shown in various forms by the enlarged diagrams Figures 16
and 17) the cogs cores C being shown provided with heads c¹, to hold the cog
coverings C¹, in their positions.
Figure 8 is an end or side elevation and Figure 9 a plan partly in section of a
pair of cog wheels A, B, in which the wheel A, with these improved cogs is shown
of smaller diameter as a pinion to the larger wheel B, the arms and eye of this
being shown as broken off.
In very small diameters of wheels or pinions having these improved cogs, the
cog cores C, with advantage should be formed round throughout, and one good
way of securing them in their positions is to screw the flange or cap A³ where the
part of the cog core C, is correspondingly screwed into its screwed mortise a, in
the cap A³, In this example the cog core covering C¹ shown here as used is
vulcanized india-rubber which for light work and high speed is particularly suitable
where very silent action is required, but this covering C¹ might also be made of
india-rubber and canvas as described with reference to Figures 6 and 7; but this.
india-rubber can only be used as a cog covering with lubricants such as black lead,
french chalk, or preparations of asbestos, as oil or grease destroy the india rubber
cog covering C¹, In forming these improved cog wheels, particularly for small
sizes the rims A' and flanges or caps A2, A3, should be truly turned, and have their
cog cores C or mortises a pitched off afterward. Where round cogs cores are used
as just described the mortises a should be bored; where the cog mortises are not of
a small form, a good mode of construction is to bore and shape out the mortises a
out of the solid caps by a double or slot drilling or shaping machine, in combination
with a dividing engine very similar to the machine used for pitching and dressing
the cogs of ordinary mortise wheels.
Figure 10, is a face or front elivation, and Figure 11, a corresponding end
elevation to a large scale of portion of a wheel rim A¹ with its caps A³, and A³, as
broken off, sufficient to show one construction of the improved tooth, and showing
a cog core C with a wood covering C¹, on the working side of the cog, only the
exterior or following side of the cog wedge shaped core C being shaped to the
contour of the wheel tooth or cog, its inner surface next to the wood coverings
being serrated longitudinally as seen at c³ Figure 11. The serrations c³ taking
thereby when wedged with its mortises, a better hold of the wood covering C₁,
than is obtained by a smooth surface cog core otherwise this form of cog is similar
to that described in connection with Figures 1 and 2, and the same letters and
numerals referring to like parts. Figure 12, is a face view, and Figure 13, a
transverse section taken on the line 1 1 in Figure 12, of a portion of a spur
wheel rim A¹, and caps A2, A3, with a metal cog core C, of a U shape inserted in
the bottom of the mortise a, and a single wood cog covering C¹, placed over the
top side of the metal cog core C. This cog core being wedge shaped and having
two projections c, c, on its top side, which when driven and wedged in below the
wooden cog covering C¹, grasps and strengthens this laterally.
Figure 14 is a front view, and Figure 15, an end elevation of portion of a spur
wheel rim A', and, side flanges A2, A3, broken off, having a cog wedge shaped
core C, of a double T, form shown in Figure 15, with its wood cog coverings C1, C2,
inserted in the channels on opposite sides of the core, otherwise it is similarly
shaped and fixed in its mortise a to that described in connection with Figures 1
and 2.
Figure 16, is a face view and Figure 17, a corresponding end section of portion
of a spur wheel rim A¹, and side flanges A², A³, and cog core C with a cog
covering C¹ showing by an enlarged drawing the kind of cog covering described

page_text: Figure 18 is a sectional elevation, Figure 19, a sectional plan, and Figure 20-
an external end elevation of portion of a spur wheel rim A¹ with a round cog
core C and a cog covering of soft leather C next to the cog core C, with cord C
wound over it, The cog core C having an enlarged round neck c³ with a hole c
in it shown in section in Figure 19, through which the end of the cord C¹ is passed
and fastened in it by the small wood or metal wedge c' As the body of the cog
core C is round throughout its length it can be turned round by its head c¹ in its
mortise a in the side flanges A2, A3 so as to wind the cord C¹ tightly on over the
soft leather lining C³ by turning round the cog core C, this being easily effected
by placing a spanner on its hexagonal head c¹. When the cord C¹ is wound on
throughout its length as shown, its after end is fixed by passing it through a
hole a³ in the cap A³ of the wheel rim A¹ shown in section in Figure 19, and may
be as shown secured or fastened in same as shown by the small metal or other
wedge c'. The cog core C in this example, is secured by the nut c² being screwed
up firmly. This form or construction of cord cog covering C¹ is easily tightened
when it may become worn or loose on its core C, by slacking the fixing nut c²
and turning round the core by its head c¹ until the cord C¹ becomes tightened up
afresh.
---
Figure 21 is a sectional side elevation Figure 22 a sectional plan and Figure 23
an end section through the line 1 - 1 in Figure 22 of a portion of a wheel rim A¹
and side flanges A³, A³ showing a cog core C of a usual shape or form of wheel
cog as shown particularly in Figure 23, but having an enlarged round neck c³
placed in a round mortise a in the flange or cap A2, and a smaller round neck
placed in the mortise of the cap A³; this smaller end being also screwed and
provided with the screw nut c² for tightening the cog core up in its position. The
head of this cog core C is formed square and a shallow annular channel
with ledges at a is turned out in the exterior surface to the diameter of the
head c¹ of the cog core C, which when the cog.core head c¹ is drawn in tightly by
the screw nut c³ holds the cog core C securely in its proper position radial to the
centre of the wheel. The cog covering C₁ shown fixed in this example is cord or
rope only, the starting end of which is inserted in a hole c in the body of the cog
core shown in Figure 21. The cord or rope C₁ is wound on as described in
connection with Figures 18 to 20, but on winding on the cord, the cog core C is
drawn back, the short distance of the depth of the channel or ledges of same at a
to allow the cog core to be turned round and the cord to be wound on, and when
wound on the after end is passed through a hole a³ in the rim A' of the wheel
shown in Figure 21. The cord is afterwards tightened up by further turning
round of the cord C, and then secured in its position by screwing up the nut c³
until the square head of the cog core is tightened in its seat a³. This form of cog
covering C¹ may be composed of thread, twine, cord, or rope twisted, woven, or
plaited to a size according to the proportion size of the cogs or wheels it is required
to be used for, and may be of any strong fibrous substance these are now made of.
The thread or cord may also with advantage be preserved from the deteriorating
or decaying effects of wet or other injurious influences by being coated or saturated
with pitch, gum, or tallow as ropes are at present; and the smaller cords or rope
for the smaller sizes of cog coverings of this kind may be soaked in melted paraffin
which from its power of preserving the elasticity of fibrous substances is suitable
for this purpose. Figure 24 is an end elevation and Figure 25 a corresponding
plan, both in section, of a cog wheel A of a form in which the cogs C are rivetted
in permanently in their dises or cap A2 and A³, or otherwise, they may be formed
or cast in one piece with the caps, but are here shown rivetted in and without any
central boss other than the axis on which the cap A and A³ are fixed as best
suitable for wheels of this kind of very small diameters, and may be formed of any
size or of any contour of cog in this way.
The cogs C are in this example shown covered with one continious length or
piece of twine or cord C¹ fastened at the starting end in a hole a¹ in the cap A*,

page_text: thereafter wound tightly on the cog nearest to the fixed end until it is all covered,
thence passing on directly to the next cog, or as shown passed through holes a³ in
the caps to the following cog winding on the cord tightly on each successive cog
until all the cogs C are covered, the end of the cord C₁ being fixed in a hole a¹¹ in
one of the discs by a wedge as also the starting end in the hole a¹ in the cap A³
or A³, as described in reference to Figures 18 to 20, the winding on course of tho
cord C¹ being as indicated by the arrows. Fibrous elastic cord made with great
contractile properties by an india-rubber core or other means is the most suitable
for covering fixed cogs of this kind particularly for light purposes, shown by this
modification of wheel as the cord by its inherent contracting capability tightens
itself up against the wearing or abrading action of its contact with the cogs of its
companion wheel.
Instead of fitting movable core cogs C passed in transversely or across the face
of the rims of the wheels, secured in the mortises a in the flanges or caps A³ A³ by
wedges, cotters, nuts, rivetting or otherwise, I also form or cast the cog cores C
between and in one with the caps or flanges A³, As, but individually or singly
separate from the web. A¹, and of a thinness to allow them to be covered spirally
with any of the core coverings C¹ of fibrous materials twisted or plaited into cords,
twine, braids or bands, or thongs of leather, rubber or narrow strips of cloth, or
each core with sheet covering pieces of rubber and canvas, or leather, paper, felt, or
cloth, of the width and circumference of the cog surface, overlapped and sewed on
the cogs, or having metallic cord, twine, or wire spirally wound over these to
secure them to the core piece.
Figure 26 is an end elevation and Figure 27 a front or side elevation of a solid
wheel A and companion ordinary wheel B, being a modification of the arrangement
last described in reference to Figures 24 and 25, but shown as having the cogs C
forined or cast in one piece with the flanges A² A³ of the wheel A, leaving clear
space between the rim A¹ and the cogs C for putting on the cog covering C₁ which
in this modification, whatever the sound non-conducting materials used may be to
suit best for being wound on spirally, and cord or rope is here shown applied, To
give the requisite lateral strength to the cog C it should be cast deep radially, and
it is here so shown. The cord or rope C¹ is here shown fastened at its begining end
in a hole a' in the cap A³, as described in connection with Figures 24 and 25 only
the cord is not here shown as taken through the flanges, between each cog, and is
wound on in one continuous piece from the oue cog to the other throughout the
whole wheel, the course being as indicated by the arrows and the finishing end
fixed in a hole as in the opposite flange a³ near the begining end. But separate
pieces of cord or other special coverings may be used for one or any portion of the
total number of the cogs in the wheel and each separate covering piece similarly or
otherwise fastened at the ends. One advantage in having the cogs C formed
radially long, consists in keeping the cord where passed from the one cog to the
other, which is due at the inner or root end of the cog as shown, clear of the points
of the cogs B¹ of its companion wheel B; the covering cord C as shown in putting
it on, being passed from the inner or root end of the one cog to the corresponding
root end of the next cog following, as indicated by the arrows. Increased latarel
strength may also be given to these cast in cogs by central caps A', as will be described
in connection with Figures 31 and 32; or these cast-in cogs C may be connected
at one or more points throughout their length, between the main caps A³ A³ to the
rim or eye A¹.
Figure 28 is an end elevation in section, Figure 29 a plan, and Figure 30 a
transverse section, of portion of a spur wheel rim A¹ and caps A2, A3, through
which a hollow metal core C is inserted through mortice a, this core being formed
out of a thin metal tube with a cog covering Č¹ of woven fibrous substance or cloth
wound in several coils and the coils being made to the requisite thickness, and
cemented together, or they may be sewed together, cementing the coils together is
however the most suitable, with a cement that will not be injured by the lubricants

page_text: used for the cogs, such as the well known compounds of sulphur and black lead.
India-rubber or other gum cog coverings may also be combined with several coils of
leather firmly laid and cemented together in this way. The ends of the hollow cog
core Care shown slit up of a length inwards equal to the breadth of the caps A2, A³,
and shown also filled up in their centres with wood C, and the metal hollow cog
cores C, are afterwards expanded out by the wedges 8 and thereby tightened up
and secured in their mortises a in the caps A² and A³.
Figure 31 is a side section and Figure 32 a corresponding tranverse section of
portion of the rim A¹ of a wheel A with three flanges on A² A³ and A¹¹, adopted
where the breadths of the wheels employed are large, and where more than two
caps are requisite in order to obtain the necessary lateral strain on the cogs. In
this example the cog core C is composed of wood C, and a metal cog covering C,
used, composed of a thin metal tube manipulated into the shape of the cog, The
wood cog core C' is inserted tightly into its netallic tube covering C and the
contact of the wood C deafens the noise that otherwise would be produced by
the metal covering surface of the cog with the metal cogs of its companion wheels,
Coverings of this construction can be made from iron, steel, copper, brass or other
inetal tubes for the purpose, and secured by wedges cs at their ends as described in
reference to Figures 28 to 30.
Figure 33 is a sectional elevation Figure 34 a sectional plan and Figure 35 an
end section all of a portion of a cog wheel rim A¹ The caps A2, A3 being shown
in section in Figures 33 and 34 and the rim A¹ in section in Figure 35 through the
line 1 -1 in Figure 34. The core C shown is the same in form as described in
reference to Figures 21 to 23, but the covering C₁ is composed of a narrow thong
or band of leather wound on spirally and tightened up and secured in its mortises
as described also in reference to Figures 21 to 23, spiraly wound on cog coverings C¹
of woven or plaited narrow thick ribbons of woven cloth or tape can also be wound
on in this way, and have the advantage over cog coverings of continuous lengths
in their being more easily tightened up.
Figure 36 is a face view and Figure 37 a corresponding transverse section of a
portion of a wheel rim A¹ and its side flanges A2, A3 with a solid metal cog core C
shown in its mortises a in the caps A² and A³ similar to that described in connection
with Figures 16 and 17, but the cog covering Cl is here formed of a piece of leather
shown, sewed together, the sewed seam being shown along the inner edge of the
core C in Figure 37. This forms an exellent cog covering as also any thick textile
woven fabric such as woven cotton belting secured in this manner; but these sewed
cog coverings when they become worn on the acting driving or driven side of the
cog cannot be turned round with the same facility or in a self acting way which is
one of the advantages of hollow cog coverings; this cog core C to be withdrawn to
allow it when worn out on the one side to be reversed or turned round to the
acting and wearing side.
Having now described and ascertained the nature of my said Invention and in
what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I claim is
First. The various methods of constructing cog wheels and their teeth or cogs or
in covering them with non-sonorous.substances for the silent transmission of motion
and power, all substantially as herein described and distinguished under the several
heads in reference to and as shown in Figures 1 to 5, Figures 10 to 15; and
Figures 6 to 9 and Figures 16 to 37, of the accompanying sheet of Drawings.
Second. The construction of cog wheels and the inserting and covering of the
cogs of same with wood or other non-sonorous substances, as described in reference
to and shown in Figures 1 to 5 and 10 to 15 of the accompanying Drawings.
Third. The construction of cog wheels and the inserting and covering of the cogs
of same singly or individually, with non-sonorous elastic or flexible substances, such
as leather, india-rubber, or combinations of the same with woven or plaited fibrous

page_text: substances as described in reference to and shown in Figures 6 to 9 and 16 to 20
and 28 to 30 and 33 to 37 of the accompanying Drawings.
Fourth. The construction of cog wheels and the covering of the cogs of same
(whether inserted in or cast in one with the wheel) with non-sonorous fibrous
substances, in the form of thread, twine, or woven or plaited cordage or rope or of
strips or thongs of leather or cloth and india rubber, substantially as described in
reference to and shown in Figures 18 to 27 and Figure 33 to 37 of the accompanying
Drawings.
Fifth. The construction of cog wheels and the forming and inserting of the cogs
and covering of saine with metallic tubes, or spiral wire, and rendering the same
non-sonorous or partially so, by inserting a cog core of wood or other equivolent
substance having a low conductivity of sound substantially as described in reference,
to and shown in Figures 28 to 32 of the accompanying Drawings.