IMPROVEMENTS IN .GOVERNORS
Year: 1864

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Michael Henry, of S4, Fleet Street, in the City of
London, Patent Agent, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN
.GOVERNORS."-A communication from abroad by Léon Foucault, of 33,-.
Boulevart Saint Martin. Paris. France.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Michael Henry at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 21st
December, 1864.
I, MICHAEL HENRY, of 84, Fleet Street, in the City of London, Patent
Agent, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN, GOVERNORS." (communicated to me from abroad by Léon Foucault, of
33, Boulevart Saint Martin, Paris, France,) to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to centrifugal. governors on the principle of the
governor patented in the name of William Clark, on the 30th December
1862, and numbered 2479, as a communication from the said Léon Foucault,
and its object is,-
First, to set forth certain general conditions for imparting isochronism to a

page_text: governor, showing that, the same is dependent on a simple relation or ratio
between the work of the weights and the movement of the collar or ring.
Secondly, to explain certain arrangements whereby by means of levers and
counterweights the above conditions may be carried into practical effect.
Thirdly, to explain a governor in which weights and springs are combined,
and isochronism obtained with simplicity.
Fourthly, to describe an arrangement of governor in which the two balls
being balanced one by the other are brought together by springs, which act
instead of weights, and render the governor suitable for use on board ship.
Fifthly, to describe a governor in which the points of suspension are
separated, and the balls are in equilibrio, and work in perfect isochronism,
springs being directly attached by both ends to the arms.
Sixthly, to describe an improved inlet valve acted on by the governor.
Seventhly, to describe four modifications of governor for regulating speed,
which acts by absorption of motive power, and is especially applicable to
clockwork, or to horological, astronomical, chronographical, and synchronic
telegraphic apparatus.
The first of these is constructed on the principle of the spring governor
referred to under the fourth head, except that the balls are widened out like
wings, pallets, or vanes, and produce an expenditure of power by the resistance
presented to the vanes by the air.
The second acts as an isochronous counterbalance weight governor, whereof
the speed is increased by weighting the collar or ring, thereby producing
an expenditure of power by the extension of the connecting arms, which
are thus converted into vanes or wings and whose motion is resisted by
the air.
The third has no collar or ring, and is formed of two independent vanes or
wings caused to approximate to equilibrium by spiralsprings attached outside
the axis to appendages fastened to and revolving with it.
The fourth is on the spring governor principle, stated under the fourth
head, the absorbing work being mainly produced by friction pieces, whose
rubbing power is graduated by the tension of the springs.
Explanation of the conditions of isochronism required.-The main condition
of isochronism is, that the work of all the weights and counterbalance weights
shall be in proportion to the square of the travel of the ring or collar reckoned
from the point of suspension. To put this into practice the two arms are
suspended from the same point of the axis or spindle, and the ring or collar
also from a single point, and the connecting arms which support it form with
the arms a perfect parallelogram; a counterbalance weight is used to exert

page_text: on the ring a pressure increasing regularly with the height of the ring,
reckoned from any given point on the axis.
The "counterbalance weight isochronic "governors.-The governor arms
are inclined at an angle at 45°, Figure 1, and a point B, taken at the height
of the groove of the ring, is made the centre of motion of a lever bent at right
angles. The end C of one of its arms works in a groove in the ring M., and
the other arm carries a counterbalance weight, which as the governor
revolves leans to one or other side, and exerts on the ring a pressure which
varies regularly with the height reckoned from the level of B. When the
point B is brought into the plane of the axis, Figure 2, and a second fixed
point F taken, a jointed series is formed by the lever, and the rods A, F, A, C,
and B, O, which follow the ring in a straight line. But greater precision is
obtained by placing the counterbalance weight on the bent lever A, F,
Figure 3. B and F are two fixed points; the bar A, C, which follows the
ring in a straight line, will communicate to it in any position a variable
pressure suitable for isochronism.
Combined governor.-Instead of a counterbalance weight for which there
is not always room, springs may be used to compensate for variations. A, C, is
a bar, embracing by its forked end C, the ring, Figures 4 and 5, as it works
it follows the shaft's direction, and its other end A, consequently moves with-
out a gide in a perpendicular direction A, B. If spiral springs be extended
between A and B, the tension exerted on A will be transmitted vertically to C
at a rate of progression suitable for producing isochronism.
In this arrangement, in accordance with the preceding law, the total work
of the weights and springs is in proportion to the square of the travel of the
ring, reckoned from the point of suspension.
N.B. In all these governors in which theequilateral quadrilateral jointed
figure produced by the arms and rods. is an essential part, the usual segmental
guides are not used on account of the mode in which the arms are suspended,
such arms being widely bifurcated, as shown in Figure 6, and jointed
together on a cross axis in a piece with the spindle.
.
Spring governor.-Suppose that in a perpendicular governor,asin Figures7
and 8, the point of suspension S were in the position of the ring, and the
ring M in that of the point of suspension, the balls as they fly outward will be
kept in the plane of suspension B, S, B, and in a state of rest, the apparatus
will be in equilibrio, whatever the direction of the axis,and the divergence of
the balls. This being so, appendages T are fixed on the spindle, and turn
therewith, and to these appendages springs are attached, which act at their
other ends on the balls. When the governor works at a regular speed the

page_text: springs will be in equilibrio with the centrifugal force. If the springs are
so regulated that their elongation shall equal the divergence of the balls
the apparatus will be isochronous, for at the same rate of speed, and for
various radii of divergence, the elasticity of the springs and the centrifugal
action of the balls will vary in the same ratio.
In this arrangement isochronism will depend on the work of the springs
being proportionate to the square of the travel of the ring, reckoned from
the point of suspension. This governor is simple in construction and
accurately isochronous, and is not affected by variations of weight so as to
be well adapted for marine engines.
Spring and counterbalance weight governors.-When the suspended
balls B, Figure 9, are put into equilibrium by counterbalance weights P,
fixed on prolongations fitted to the arins, the points of suspension S and S¹
may be separated from the arms, and the ring and the action of the weight
replaced by spiral springs acting directly from one arm to another. If the
length of the springs when extended equals the distance between the points
of suspension the apparatus will be perfectly isochronous, and as the duration
of revolution depends on the ratio of the balls to the elasticity of the springs
it may be varied by altering the attachment of the springs without taking any
part of the governor or engine to pieces. If the axis be horizontal, as in
Figure 10, the balls will be placed in equilibrio by each other in any position,
and the counterbalance weights dispensed with. The connecting rods of the
ring are jointed with the balls, the governor is rendered symmetrical, and
isochronism maintained, if the attaching of the springs be changed, and if
they when fully extended be reduced to the desired length R, R¹.
Inlet valve arrangements.-These governors will act efficiently if combined
with an inlet valve constructed in such manner as not to present a dispro-
portionate resistance to the governor.
Figures 11 and 12 represent an arrangement of valve inwhich a rectangular
plug V works truly in an opening, and is worked by a spindle A, interrupted
at B, Figure 12, and connected with the plug V by connections C, D, by
which motion may be transmitted, though they do not require that the
parts which work in the direction of the axis shall be in a straight line.
Clockwork governors.-When a governor is applied to clockwork driven
by weights or springs the speed should be regulated by means of resistance
distinct from the works of the wheelwork. Hence a distinction must be made
between the effect of isochronism and that of such accessory and compli-
mentary means of resistance.
Vane and spring governor.-If in the governor above described and shown

page_text: in Figure 7, the surface of the balls be spread out, as in Figure 13, vanes or
wings will be formed which will act as arms and as inert weights, and the
apparatus when fitted with springs will acquire a speed which, supposing the
springs R of suitable length will be continuously equal and independent of
changes of position. But as the angle of separation of the vanes gradually
opens, it causes a variation in the effect produced on the air, determined
in amount by the speed of the apparatus and the ratio of the balls to the
elasticity of the springs.
Wing and counterbalance governor.-Without departing from the principle
of the isochronic counterbalance weight governor, resistance to the air may be
produced and increased without springs. The point of susponsion is at S,
Figure 14,the balls are dispensed with, and the connecting rods which support
the ring are made of the shape of vanes, varying in thickness and extension,
the ring is charged with an extra weight P, which determines the velocity.
The apparatus is rendered isochronous by connecting it with the set of levers
and counterbalance weights before described.
Spring and independent vane governors.-In the above apparatus the arms
or vanes are fastened by a ring, which unites corresponding parts. Where
simplicity of construction is more important than minute accuracy the
vanes are made independent, so that the ring may be dispensed with.
S, Figure 15, is the point of suspension common to both wings. Above this
point is a cross bar T, which turns with the spindle, and to which the
springs R are attached. To render the apparatus isochronous the length of
the extended springs should be about R, O, which would tend to cause the
wings to coincide on the spindle.
Friction governors.-Instead of endeavouring to obtain the required
resistance by the friction of the air for keeping up constant speed an apparatus
may be constructed in which friction is exerted between solid parts provided
there be no reaction on the governor. For this purpose a spring governor is
constructed, in which instead of connecting the springs with appendages
attached to the spindle, they are attached, as in Figure 16, to levers jointed
at L, and carrying friction pieces F, which exert pressure on the inner surface
of a cylindrical wheel fixed in the space outside the shaft, which is its
centre. These friction pieces are brought towards each other by springs R¹,
whose action only begins when the balls are at such distance apart as to
secure a preponderance of the springs R over the springs R¹.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Michael Henry in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
21st June 1865.
.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, 1, MICHAEL
HENRY, of 84, Fleet Street, in the City of London, Patent Agent, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-first day of December.in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-four,in the twenty-eighth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said Michael Henry, Her special licence that I, the said Michael Henry,
my executors, administrators,and assigns,or such others as I, the said Michael
Henry, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the
term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
.vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel
Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN GOVERNORS,"
communicated: from Léon Foucault, of 33, Boulevart Saint Martin, Paris
France, upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Michael Henry, my
executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their,
or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to
be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent
Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of
the said Letters Patent.
.
•
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Michael Henry, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed,
to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement thereof, as communicated to me, reference being had to the
Drawings, that is to say :-
This Invention, which mainly consists in improvements on a Patent obtained
by Mr. William Clark as a communication from the aforesaid Léon Foucault,
numbered 3479, and dated 30th December 1862, has for its object the con-
struction of governors for regulating or governing steam or other motive-power
engines. These improvements refer to the class of governors which work
centrifugally, and they consist in combining all necessary conditions for
obtaining a complete isochronic action.
The starting point of the various arrangements, to be herein-after described,

page_text: is the normal governor, Figure 1, in which the two arms are suspended from
a single point on the axis and jointed at the centre to a sliding ring by con-
necting rods of half the length of the arms. As the governor revolves the
arms incline at a varying angle a, hence the duration of revolution may be
expressed
by cosa, when whatever the value of a the time of revolution will be,
i=2T
l. M.
P
The requisite condition of isochronism being that instead of having a constant
force Pequal to the weight acting vertically on the mass of the balls M there.
shall be a varying force p=P cos a, or in other words, instead of a constant
weight of the balls a vertical force is required proportionate in intensity to the
vertical distance between the centreof the weights and the pointof suspension.
The balls of course do not vary in weight, but if the arms be connected by
rods with a ring free to move on the spindle (thus forming a jointed
parallellogram) then when the whole revolyes a variable pressure will be
exerted on the ring, such pressure will in its various positions compose, with
the weight of the balls, a resultant equal to P cos a, this force is equal to the
weight of the balls when the arms are at 90°, and it equals zero when lying
flat against the axis, and it is a function of the angle at which they fly out.
f=P (1-cosa).
Thus the variable force is such that when applicd vertically in an upward
direction on the ring the governor will be isochronous.
I first shew the theoretical principles of construction and the reasoning on
which the Inventor proceeds, and then the arrangements for carrying the same
into practical effect.
While the weight and inertia of the balls are alone considered the formulæ
1 and are equivalent, but when the jointed parts which bear on the arms
the ratio
Ꮲ
M
P
are considered, ceases to be equal to g, hence, to obtain the
Mc
duration of revolution the formula (2) must be had recourse to, in which

page_text: f=P (Ah-1);
1
But taking has the value of h when f=0 we first have ==h, and then

page_text: balance weight which has an accelerated velocity of descent uniformly
with the height of the mass in motion.
⚫ If instead of the force f the variable resultant p of the combined weights
and counterweights exerted on the ring be considered, then as p=A Ph,
we cet as the work of
which is the simplest expression of the general conditions of isochronism
of a governor, viz., the work of the resultant of all the weights and
counterweights is proportionate to the square of the height of the ring
reckoned from the point of suspension.
Various arrangements may be constructed on the principles above
described, but as in practice the simplest or least complicated forms are
preferable, in the following arrangement governors are described in which
only levers or jointed connecting rods are employed to transmit the action
of the compensating counterbalance weight.
1
Figure 2 shows the simplest form for the purpose. B is a fixed point
outside the spindle to which is jointed a right-angled bent lever, one of the
arms of which takes into the groove of the ring, and the other arm carries a
counterbalance weight of such power that the effect on the ring shall vary as
|f=P (A-1) P being the sum of the constant weights exerted on the balls,
including that of the ring, and A=. ;, being the value of when f=0.
This condition is ouly satisfied when the bent lever is at the limit of inclina-
tion, but practically this angle of inclination w may be extended to the pointat
sin³ w
which the following formula ceases to be perceptibly true,
which at such limit expresses the ratio of displacement at the height of the
counterbalance weight and of the ring.
2
= 1-cos a,
Figure 3 shows an arrangement in which the fixed point is placed at B, a
second fixed point is taken at F; there are two jointed rods A. F and AC,
but as the point C is caused to travel in a vertical straight line, the action of
the ring when the arms fly most outward is detrimental. But when the
jointed rods A F C B are used it is better to place the counterweight as in
Figure 4, on the bent lever AF, when a more accurate result will be
obtained. This modification only differs from the one described in the
Specification of the above Patent, No. 3479, in respect of the point B, which
instead of being at the lowest point of the course of the ring is raised to any
arbitrary point above the limit, so that the point C will travel equally above

page_text: which drives the governor axis by a train of bevil wheels fitted within the
column. If this governor be compared with the normal governor shewn in
Figure 1,it will be observed that the sides of the jointed parallelogram exceed
half the length of the arms, which does not interfere with the attainment of
isochronic action, while it allows the length and course of travel of the ring to
be increased. The ring has its ordinary proportions, but its having a greater
length of travel the levers which act on the valve have greater course or play,
so that the regulating power may be d stributed. more easily to suit the
requirements of the resistance of the throttle valve. To calculate this call the
2λ=N,
side of the parallelogram λ, and the length of the arm l, then Τ
coeteris paribus the counterbalance weight will become
Application of springs instead of counterbalance weights for rendering the
governor isochronous.-In the combination which has been above described
as the best for communicating isochronic action to the governor, the counter-
balance weight, Figure 4, acts by jointed levers which requires two fixed
points. Now by substituting for the action of the counterbalance weight the
elastic force of a set of springs as about to be described, the Inventor dispenses
with a bent lever, and retains only one fixed point which acts as a fulcrum to
the lever or arm, whereby motion is communicated to the throttle valve. The
variable power applied to the foot of the bar AG is supplied directly by
springs, and if this bár be considered as being guided by the ring and by the
jointed rod which connects it with the fixed point, its position will be
determined, except when it is depressed horizontally to the level of this point.
This peculiar position should be avoided, and the fixed point should be
depressed below the lower limit assigned to the travel of the ring, wherefore
no advantage can be taken of the change of sign of the variable force trans-
mitted to the balls, and the fixed point to which the springs are attached is
placed eccentrically at a short distance from the axis.
Figure 5 shows a governor constructed according to this principle, being
what I call a combined governor. A C is an oblique bar, one end A of
which is pulled by springs attached to D. and its opposite end C, which is
forked, is guided by the ring which it accompanies in its various motions.
Moreover it is jointed at O with a constant radius which forces its central
point to rotate round the centre B. Figure 6 is a horizontal perspective view
of the springs bar and moveable lever jointed to the fixed point. In theory
the resilience of the springs is controlled by this, that for a given length equal

page_text: to the length of the bar A C they both exert a tractive power equal to
PP being the weight of the balls; l, length of arms; the sides of the
jointed parallelogram being each equal to half 6.
I now proceed to describe Figures 12 and 13, which show what I call a
combined governor, and represent in what manner the above principles may
be carried into practical effect in the construction of governors.
A is an axis fitted in a columu or tubular pedestal; its top end S termi-
nates in a cross axis, and to it are suspended two arms which form with the
connecting rods of the ring a complete parallelogram; M is the ring, having
a collar o fitted in a groove, and held between the limbs of the bifurcated
piece Q, as in Figure 13, which piece Q is jointed centrally in such manner
that in following the ring this central point is held at a constant distance
from the axis, so that the end F can only move in the direction on FG; Gare
studs supported by a bracket attached to the column; with these studs are
connected springs R, R, which at their opposite ends exert a tractive action
on F. The length of the springs when not stretched is exactly equal to B,G,
their elongation equals F B, and the pressure transmitted at F on the ring is
always proportionate to B F in every position of the ring. P. is the driving
gear. When the governor revolves the balls fly out and rise, and are partially
supported so that they may rotate in an interval of time independent of the
angle which they make with the axis. The governor is connected with the
throttle valve by a lever or arm L which inclines at an angle varying with
the height of the ring. This governor will be isochronous when the work of
the springs is proportionate to the square of the travel of the ring computed
from the fixed point at which their action is neutralized.
Governor having two balls with transverse springs and a single point of
suspension. In considering theapplicability of the above-described governors
to circumstances in which sudden changes of motive power or of the resisting
work occur, Mr. Foucault has ascertained that the governor while still
retaining isochronism, properly.so called, becomes gradually slower in propor-
tion to its variation from the mean position, in which its arms are inclined at
an angle of 45°. This progressive inertia may be simply expressed by stating
that it is proportionate to the cosecant of the double of the angle a. But
as on the other hand the regulating power diminishes with the cosine of this
angle it is evident that there is a double reason for preventing the governor
from working at extensions approaching zero or 90°.
In the most ordinary cases in which the governor is used the two evils just

page_text: been pointed out hardly ever appear until considerably beyond the angle of
45°, but there are circumstances in which it becomes important to have a
governor which shall work effectively as promptly as possible. First, when
the matter put into motion by the engine to be regulated has a vis viva
relatively great in proportion to the actual work; secondly, when the work
varies suddenly, as happens, for example, in steam vessels when the screw is
lifted out of the water by the pitching of the vessel.
For these particular applications the greatest efforts should be made to
render the governor as prompt in action as possible without imparting to it
an exaggerated amount of sensitive action.
The principle cause which renders governors more or less slow in action
proceeds from this, that the weights subjected to centrifugal power, when
they yield to that power undergo at the same time a certain displacement in
a perpendicular direction. This last-named component of motion is utilized
for acting on the appliances for restraining the motive power. This, the
principal cause of the inertia of governors, should be removed by causing the
balls to work in the plane of the centrifugal power, and this being satisfied
the balls will necessarily cease to be drawn inward towards the centre of
motion by their weight; and in order to render the apparatus complete,
springs are introduced for the purpose of resisting centrifugal action.
Starting from this principle a governor may be constructed in which prompt
action is combined with the capability of resistance to variation in weight,
direction, and intensity.
Let us first consider the normal governor, Figure 1, and suppose that the
point of suspension and the moving top of the jointed parallelogram be inter-
changed, the point of suspension will then be brought to S, Figure 7, and
the top jointed with the ring will be brought to M. In this arrangement the
balls, when they fly out or towards the axis, will always remain in the same
plane as S, and consequently when the slightest rotary motion is imparted to
the arrangement the balls will be projected to the greatest possible extent of
their throw. But if the balls be drawn towards the centre by springs R,
Figures 7 and 8, the apparatus will work as à governor, and it will become
isochronic provided that the springs be not stretched (detendus) when their
moveable extremities are drawn towards the front of the axis.
To determine the duration of revolution the following formula is taken:-

page_text: centre of the arms which are forked at their upper ends, where they are
united to the ring, and thus complete the parallelogram. To the opposite
ends of the arms are fixed the weights, which, instead of being balls are
flattened discs; their form, as also the opening between the limbs of the
fork, leave room for the springs, which thus, when extended, come as near
the axis as possible. At the end of the springs are balls, one of which is
attached to the hook of the bracket and the other takes into the groove of
an eye o like a pulley on one end of the axis in the centre of each disc.
This governor is suitable for marine engines.
Sometimes the use of valves at the induction and eduction ports are re-
commended to secure counterpressure for neutralizing the expansion of the
last feed or cylinder full of steam.
2.
Governor with direct springs, revolving counterweights, and two points
of suspension.-In the preceding arrangements the uniting of the points of
suspensiononthe axis has been considered an essential condition of isochronic
action, but this condition is not always essential, as I am about to show in the
following arrangement referred to in Figures 17,18, and 19, in which springs
are used, but not supported on a bracket turning with the axis, but they are
attached direct from arm to arm. Suppose the two arms suspended from two
points S, S¹, Figure 9, placed equidistant at intervals T from the axis, and
extended above these points, and furnished with four balls in equilibrium (in
twos), and if the arms be jointed, so as to form a jointed hexagonal figure, the
arms will be forced to assume an inclined direction at an angle When
the governor is at work, the centrifugal force will be exerted on the weights,
which will act in pairs as follows:-For the lower balls the centrifugal power
will be M (T+ sin a), 7 being the distance to the point of suspension, and
w the angular velocity. For the upper balls the centrifugal force will be
Mw² (T- sin a), and hence the resultant exerted on each arm will be 2 Mw² 7
sina,
that is to say, the centrifugal force will act on the arms with a power
whereof the resultant will be proportionate to the horizontal distances of the
weights to the point of suspension. If the arms be connected by spiral
springs attached at one end to one arm, and at the opposite end to the other
arin, the length of such springs at zero being equal to the distance between
the points of suspension, a power will be obtained capable of bringing the
centrifugal action into equilibrium at every point of the arrangement at the
same velocity of revolution The ratio between the time t of revolution, the size
of the weights, and the force of the springs in pounds weight is represented by

page_text: T being the distance between axis and points of suspension; r, distance
between the axis and balls; 7, length of arms from point of connection; aud
7, length of arms between the points of suspension and the points of
connection of the springs.
From the above data a governor may be constructed as represented in
Figures 17, 18, and 19, which represent a governor constructed according
to the above principles, carried into practical effect as herein-after described.
A is an axis, to the top of which is fixed a cross piece T, broadly forked,
and attached at S and S to two arms which carry balls. Above the
points S, S1, the arms are prolonged, and carry counterbalance weights P, P1.
M is the ring, which is in a piece with another cross piece T¹ equal to T, and
suspended to two connecting rods b, 61; these rods, with parts B, B¹, of the
arms of equal length thereto, and the cross bars T, T', form a regular hexagon
equal and symmetrical on each side of the axis, and of the variable diameter
0,01. The governor when at rest will be in equilibrio in every position, and
when at work the resultant of the centrifugal power will increase with the
extent to which the balls fly out from a position in which the arrangement is
in instable equilibrium. When a light ring is used this position differs but
slightly from that in which the arms are parallel to the axis, but the points o,o¹,
will be at such distance as to be an exact measure of the length of the
springs when not extended. If the ring be light, this distance equals
that of the points S, S'. The springs R act on the arms, with which they
are connected by knobs fitting into eyes at the ends o, o¹, of the joint,
Figures 18 and 19.
Horizontal governor with two balls and springs attached directly to the
arms. When the governor having double points of suspension is placed hori-
zontally, an equilibrium arrangement is obtained, which is a modification of
the preceding arrangement, and is shewu in Figure 20 without necessitating
that the arins be extended in order to fix counterbalance weights thereto.
Moreover, the arrangement may be rendered isochronous by attaching springs
in such manner that their tension may amount to nothing when the arms are
in that position in which the balls may be supposed to be superimposed in
coincidence with the axis. To get the length of the springs when in this non-
extended position, arcs of circles are described as shewn in dotted lines
Figure 14; such arcs which cross each other on the axis have the length of
the arms as their radii, and are drawn round the points of suspension as their
centres. The lines S, D, and S', D, represent therefore the supposed positions
of the arms when the springs are supposed to be not extended; and these
springs have a length R, R¹, which depends upon the position selected for the

page_text: points of connection. If. therefore, the connecting rods of the ring or collar
be jointed to the centre of the balls, and the same length be given to them as
to the arms, they will furnish points of connection for other springs R¹¹, R¹¹,
and the governor being then in its simplest form, will at the same time present
the most complete symmetery.
An improved throttle valve.-An improved valve is shewn in Figure21, and
is thus constructed:-Across the steam pipe is a strong plate or partition A,
through the centre of which is a square opening, in which is tightly fitted a
plug, bevilled at its opposite edges, and so mounted as to turn on an axis C
On the plug is an
fitted in the plate, which acts as a sort of frame to it.
interrupted bracket E, Figure 2, which clips it, ad in the thickness of the
plate A is a passage, through which passes a spindle D, which is thus placed
in the extended portion of the valve spindle C, and carries a small bent lever,
which engages with the bracket, so that the valve and axis C work together.
The axis passes through a stuffing box, and is connected with the governor.
Governors of clockwork.-I next proceed to describe certain arrangements
of governors suitable for astronomical, chronographical, and telegraph instru-
ments worked by clockwork.
Governor with vanes and springs.-In Mr. W. Clark's Patent of 30th
December 1862, is described a combination of an isochronous governor having
counterbalance weights with a fan, which may be advantageously applied to
Since the date of this Patent Mr.
clockwork for obtaining regular action.
Foucault has ascertained that in circumstances in which extreme precision is
not required, the spring governor answers the purpose; this governor is
described in principal in a previous part of this Specification.
The spring governor above described is characterized by interchanging the
point of suspension with the place occupied by the ring, thus causing the balls
to move in the plane of the point of suspension, and obtaining, as a necessary
consequence, a state of equilibrium which cannot be disturbed when motion is
communicated to the apparatus, nor when the direction of motion of the axis
is reversed. The balls being thus withdrawn from the action of gravity are
drawn towards the axis by spiral springs, which have their fixed points in
brackets turning in a piece with the axis.
To render this apparatus a suitable governor for clockwork, all that is
required is to increase in some respects the velocity of rotation by rendering
the springs more rigid, and to extend the surface of the balls, so that these
shall present a resistance in the air, which will increase with the extension of
the arbitrary circle described by their centres of gravity. The parts are then
arranged in the following manner :--Two plates of metal cut into the shape of

page_text: wings or vanes, Figure 23, are jointed at their narrow ends to a ring, which
works freely up and down the axis. These plates serve at the same time as
balls or weights, as vanes, and as arms. As balls or weights, their centre of
gravity is at C. As arms, their length extends from C to M. To the middle
of their length are jointed suspending or connecting arms O, S. The joint S
is on a rod in a piece with the axis, and carries two brackets, which act as
connections for the springs.
Figures 24 and 25 shew this bar and these suspeuding rods, which latter
fit into each other, and are jointed in a line S, S, with the suspending rod, they
are then rounded and enter the plane of the plates on either side to leave room
for the springs; there are two springs, one on each side. To get the axis to
work steadily the length of the springs when not extended must be equal
to that of the revolving bracket.
The speed of revolution is dependent, as before stated, on the ratio of the
weights, balls, or their equivalents, to the square root of the elasticity of the
springs, so that to vary the velocity, the size of the springs or mass of
the vanes must be varied; the ring is connected with a bent lever L, one arm
of which is drawn inward by a spring R¹; to prevent this spring from
disturbing the action the lever arm is inclined, so that power transmitted to
the ring will vary proportionately to the diagonal of a jointed parallelogramı
parallel to the axis, which may be effected by giving a slight relative inclination
to the two arms of the lever, and thus keeping them at various positions of
the point of attachment.
Vane and counterbalance weight governor. - I proceed to describe a
governor in which are vanes and weights but no springs. On the governor
axisisa suspending piece S, to which are attached two connecting rods jointed
to forked vanes; their forked ends are connected with a weighted ring M.
The jointed parallelogram A B C, Fμ, is applied to this governor. The
velocity and expenditure of work in the air depend on the ratio between the
bulk of the vanes and the weight of the ring: Supposing them united in
their centres of gravity C, then if I be the distance to the joint on the ring,
and P the weight of the ring, the duration of revolution will be
De 5
LU revolutions per second.
Friction governor.-Instead of using the air as a variable resistance, for
obtaining equilibrium or neutralizingtheaction of excess of motive power,solid
3

page_text: surfaces may be used to exert such friction. In combinations hitherto employed
for the purpose such friction was subject to the disadvantage of exerting on
the governor a disturbing influence.
.
I proceed to describe a governor constructed on the principle of the spring
governor in which friction is used and graduated by the action of springs
which do not react detrimentally on the governor itself.
If the apparatus, Figure 27, 28, be considered as suspended from S, all the
data of the spring governor are afforded except that the springs instead of
having their fulcra on a rigid part turning and in a piece with the axis are
fixed on levers jointed to the ends of the cross piece T, and are extended
beyond the joint to receive friction pieces F, which are connected by springs
to the inner surface of a ring centered on the axis (shewn in section at A,
Figure 27). The springs thus attached act as if the levers were in a piece
with the cross piece, for the joints which work these levers only communicate
a static pressure which is graduated without requiring any especial motion.
The surface against which friction is exerted, may be held in place by
attaching it like a wheel on a sort of boss B fitted freely on the axis and it
is kept still and steady by a stud which abuts against a stop D. The friction
pieces are brought into action at certain positions of the arms by a spring R¹
attached between the friction pieces and kept more or less extended so that it
may retain a certain elasticity, and without resisting the other springs R.
Hence the friction pieces only act on the ring when the balls shall fly out to
a point corresponding with the equilibrium of the two sets of springs.
>pring and independent vane governor.-Sometimes the ring may be dis-
pensed with as shewn in the modification Figure 29, in which S is the point
of suspension common to the two vanes; above this point is a cross piece T,
which turns with the axis, to it are connected springs R, R¹, which when
not extended have a length R, O, equal to the distance between the points'
of attachment when the vanes are coincident with the axis.
Improved means of regulating the sensitiveness of the governor.-When
the principle of isochronism is applied, it becomes of great importance to place
the sensitiveness of the governor in a desired relation to the velocity of the
engine to be governed. And as the sensitiveness of an isochronic governor
depends especially on its own velocity, a general rule may be made to
give the same velocity of rotation is given to the engine and to the
governor. In cases of engines working at high velocities, this principle
leads to the application of small governors in which the smallness of the halls
is compensated for with advantage by the square of the velocity to be commu-
nicated to them, but on the other hand in respect to engines working at low

page_text: velocities, say from 25 to 30 revolutions per minute, the governor should
have such proportions as become more and more difficult to obtain.. The
Inventor has therefore sought means of allowing the governor to have in
all cases, and as a minimum a velocity of 60 revolutions, appliances being
used to moderate the sensitiveness of its action.
The method which had first occurred to the Inventor consisted in attaching
to the lever arm which took into the groove of the ring a padded clip or
nipper which embraced the governor axis and presented by its friction a resis-
tance capable of slackening the evolutions of the ring orring or collar without
preventing it from obeying every instant the actual resultant of the vertical
forces, in effect whatever the clipping pressure of this instrument, seeing that
the axis will turn between the two pads, these. latter will in course of time
obey the smallest power exerted in a direction parallel with the axis. The
principle therefore consists in introducing a retarding friction of an arbitrary
value, and in eliminating it in time by a relative movement of the rubbing
surfaces.
But in order to carry this principle into the best possible practical effect, it
is necessary to be enabled to dispose at pleasure of the relative velocity of the
rubbing surfaces, this will explain the utility of the arrangement about to be
described, which is applicable to large engines as well as to chronographical
instruments of great precision.
The axis A of the governor, Figures 30 and 31, is surrounded by a tube or
barrel, which rises to the level of the highest point attained by the ring or
collar M in its travel. The collar M is fitted on its inside with a split tube
forming a spring T, which presses and rubs against the surface of the barrel.
The barrel and axis are connected and caused to work together by a train of
wheelwork R, R', R¹¹, R¹¹¹, which imparts to one bearing on to the other a
relative motion as slow as may be desired, say, for example, th of the absolute
velocity of the governor. This being admitted, it is evident that during the
working of the governor there will be a relative motion of the ring or collar,
which will turn slowly on the barrel, and as this. motion takes place in a
perpendicular direction to the direction of the forces which urge the ring or
collar to move up and down, hence these forces, however small they be, will
be obeyed in course of time. Thus in introducing into governors between
the ring and the revolving tube the arrangements described, the sensitiveness
of the governor may be moderated at pleasure, and the effects of inertia which
frequently interfere prejudicially with its action may be neutralized. In clock-
work governors such a frictional action should not be introduced, but the
differential velocity of the revolving barrel may be used to destroy the

page_text: influence of the remaining adhesion exerted between the axis and the ring
or collar which might prevent the apparatus from working freely. This
arrangement may be used instead of friction rollers hitherto applied by the
Inventor to the ring of his governors when used with instruments of
precision, and it is remarkable to observe that the same contrivance which
may be utilized for regulating the governers of large engines may be also
used in delicate machinery for attaining a completely uniform action.
Having now described the nature of the said Invention, and in what
manner the same may be performed, I declare that I claim,-
First, the construction of a governor in which isochronic action is obtained
by constructing it in such manner as to secure the following relation between
the work of the weight of the arrangement and the motion of the ring or
collar, namely, that the work of the weights shall be proportionate to the
square of the travel of the ring considered from the point of suspension.
Second, the arrangement and combination of parts constituting the improved
governors, herein-before described, in which the relation stated in the previous
claim is obtained by means of counterbalance weights and jointed levers.
Third, the governor herein-before described, aud called "combined "
governor, in which springs are used instead of counterbalance weights to
exert on the ring or collar the variable pressure which controls the
In these two arrangements of
governor, and renders it isochronous.
governors claimed in the second and third claims, I especially claim as an
essential feature of this Invention the jointed equilateral parallelogram,
formed by the arms and connecting rods, combined with a mode of
suspension in which broad forked ends fitted into each other are used, and
control the plane of rotation of the balls, so that the curved guides hitherto
used may be dispensed with, as described.
Fourth, the improved governor herein-before described, in which are
two balls kept in equilibrium one by the other, and pulled by transverse
springs, the elasticity of which is used instead of the action of weight,
thereby rendering the governor especially suitable for marine engines.
Fifth, the improved governor in which are separate points of suspension,
and balls kept in equilibrium by revolving counterbalance weights, such
governor working in a completely isochronous manner, with springs attached
transversely and at both ends to the arms, substantially as described.
Sixth, the improved induction or throttle valve, herein-before described,
working on a rectangular opening, and with interrupted axis, whereby
when acted on by the governor the supply of steam is regulated.
Seventh, the three improved governors, herein-before described, for clock-

page_text: work and instruments of precision, in which velocity is regulated by
absorption of motive power, the first of these being a spring governor
having vanes working in the air, the second being rendered isochronous
by the combination of a counterbalance weight and a weighted ring, and
having vanes which work in the air, and the third being a spring governor,
in which the absorbing work is produced by rubbing pieces, the pressure
of which against the surface whereon friction is exerted being graduated
by springs, all in the manner herein-before described.
Eighth, the arrangement herein-before described for regulating the 'sen-
sitiveness of the governor, by means of friction exerted between the ring or
collar, and a tube or barrel concentric with the axis, and working at a
differential velocity.
In witness whercof, I, the said Michael Henry, have hereuuto set my
hand and seal, this Twenty-first day of June, in the year Oile
thousand eight hundred and sixty-five.
Witness,-
S. E. A. NEWSOME.
M. HENRY. (L.S.)