IMPROVEMENTS IN THE METHOD OF TREATING AND SEPARATING WAXY, FATTY, AND OLEAGINOUS SUBSTANCES OF ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE ORIGIN
Year: 1880

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Henri Lissagaray, of 27, Oakley Crescent, Manor Street,
Chelsea, Chemist, for an Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE METHOD OF
TREATING AND SEPARATING WAXY, FATTY, AND OLEAGINOUS SUBSTANCES
OF ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE ORIGIN."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Henri Lissagaray at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 21st January 1880.
HENRI LISSAGARAY, of 27, Oakley Crescent, Manor Street, Chelsea, Chemist.
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE METHOD OF TREATING AND SEPARATING WAXY, FATTY,
AND OLEAGINOUS SUBSTANCES OF ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE ORIGIN."
This Invention of improvements in the method of treating and separating waxy,
fatty, and oleaginous substances of animal or vegetable origin relates to the
treatment of these substances for separating, extracting, and purifying them from
the matters usually associated with them, and is a further extension of the principle
discovered by me and for which I applied for a Patent for treating fish and fish
residues under date of the 27th December 1879, and numbered 5286. It consists
in boiling the substances to be treated in liquids having high boiling points, such
as fats, oils, glycerine, and solutions of salts. The temperature can thus be carried
to as high as 150° centigrade, or above.
When the substances named are boiled at these high temperatures in such mediums,
and subsequently heated with water, the whole of the oil nearly may be extracted,
and the residues remain in such a pulverulent condition as to be highly valuable
articles for manure.
Amongst the substances to be treated may be named meat, fresh or unfit for
human food, and parts of animal, such as bones, hoofs, etc., fats, tallow, palm oil,
oleaginous seeds, bees wax, vegetable wax.
And the liquids to be used, any of the oils to be extracted, solutions of glycerine,
pure or mixed with water or other liquids, chloride of calcium and other salts in
solutions, as also glucose and substances of that nature.
Where the material requires disinfecting any of the well known disinfectants may
be employed before the process proper to extract the fatty and other matters
commences

page_text: '
The treatment of the substances is as follows, the case of tallow being a type of
the rest-
The tallow, say, refuse fat or meat, is treated with a solution of chlorhydric acid
or sulphuric acid, in the proportion of at least per cent. of anhydrous acid, for the
purpose of fixing ammonia and preventing it being suddenly and violently discharged
at any time of the operation. Afterwards the substances are treated in a suitable
vessel by a solution of glycerine anhydrous, or at various points of concentration,
and brought to a high temperature, say, 150° centigrade, for from half an hour to
two hours. The liberated oil or fat is then poured off, and the residues washed
several times with hot water and filtered. Pressure is then applied, and the fatty
matters are then almost completely extracted.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said Henri Lissagaray in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 21st July
1880.
HENRI LISSAGARAY, of 27, Oakley Crescent, Manor Street, Chelsea, Chemist.
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE METHOD OF TREATING AND SEPARATING WAXY, FATTY,
AND OLEAGINOUS SUBSTANCES OF ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE ORIGIN."
This Invention of improvements in the method of treating and separating waxy,
fatty, and oleaginous substances of animal or vegetable origin relates to the
treatment of these substances for separating, extracting, and purifying them from
the matters usually associated with them, and is a further extension of the principle
discovered by me and for which I applied for a Patent for treating fish and fish
residues, under date of the 27th December 1879, and numbered 5286. It consists
in boiling the substances to be treated in liquids having high boiling points, such
as fats, oils, glycerine, and solutions of salts. The temperature can thus be carried
to as high as 150° centrigrade, or above.
When the substances named are boiled at these high temperatures in such mediums,
and subsequently heated with water, nearly the whole of the oil may be extracted,
and the residues remain in such a pulverulent condition as to be highly valuable
articles for manure.
Amongst the substances to be treated may be named meat, fresh or unfit for
human food, and parts of animal, such as bones, hoofs, etc., fats, tallow, palm oil,
oleaginous seeds, bees wax, vegetable wax; and the liquids to be used, any of the
oils to be extracted, solutions of glycerine, pure or mixed with water or other liquids,
chloride of calcium and other salts in solutions, and substances of that nature.
Where the material requires disinfecting any of the well known disinfectants may
be employed before the process proper to extract the fatty and other matters
commences.

page_text: The treatment of the substances is as follows, the case of tallow being a type of
the rest:---
The tallow, say, refuse fat or meat, is treated with a solution of chlorhydric acid
or sulphuric acid, in the proportion of at least 2 per cent. of anhydrous acid, for the
purpose of fixing ammonia and preventing it being suddenly and violently discharged
at any time during the operation. Afterwards the substances are treated in a
suitable vessel by a solution of anhydrous glycerine, or glycerine at various points
of concentration, and brought to a high temperature, say, 140° centigrade, for from
half an hour to two hours, the liberated oil or fat is then poured off, and the residue
washed several times with hot water and filtered. Pressure is then applied, and the
fatty matters are then almost completely extracted.
I have particularly described the use of glycerine, and it may be employed,
firstly, for the direct extraction of the substances, oils, fats, and waxy products,
which can thus be separated direct from azotised or nitrogenous matters with which
they are naturally mixed; or, secondly, for the purification of fats and oils found
in commerce when they have only been imperfectly or not sufficiently separated
from the nitrogenous matters. .
The extraction of the substances named depends on the spontaneous separation
of the nitrogenous matters and fatty bodies, and results from a chemical change in
the constitution of the nitrogenous matters, which lose their oxygen and hydrogen in
presence of water, maintained liquid and without pressure at a temperature above
100° centigrade.
The change leads to a molecular modification of the nitrogenous matters, by which
they separate spontaneously from the fatty bodies. This modification occurs
between 100° and 110° centigrade; it may be effected in closed vessels, and is
characterised by the following phenomena in the case of extracting tallow :-
Under the influence of the heat the liquid fat floats to the upper part of the
vessel, the glycerine resting below, and the graves are precipitated.
The glycerine may be anhydrous, which proves that the water contained in the
nitrogenous matter, which always accompanys tallow in its natural state, suffices
for the accomplishment of the chemical change which accompanys the molecular
modification.
In place of anhydrous glycerine it is preferable in practice to employ a solution
showing about 25° Beaumé, then as the solution becomes concentrated the tem-
perature of the mixture will rise till the hoiling point will be 130 to 140°
centigrade.
The tallow at this moment is drawn off and washed with three times it weight
of hot water, in which it is strongly agitated to remove all trace of the glycerine.
After this washing it is raised in a steam bath or glycerine bath to a temperature
of 105° to 110° centigrade.
To drive off the remaining portion of water it is vaporized in a close vessel or
vacuum pan.
After these operations, which are preceded and followed by filtration hot through
felt or other suitable material, the tallow is run into moulds in in the ordinary
way.
In practice the glycerine should be employed in the proportions following:-
Per 100 parts of tallow in slices 100 parts of glycerine 20 to 25 Beaumé.
This glycerine, according to circumstances, may be added to by the following
liquids-First. A dilute solution of sulphuric acid in proportion, so that the
anhydrous acid it holds represents 1 to 2 per cent. of the tallow treated.
Second. A dilute solution of carbonate of soda, so that the weight of the salt
crystals represents from 3 to 5 per cent. of the weight of tallow treated.
In the case of treating tallow by the acidulated glycerine the operation is
accelerated, and the tallow thus melted has the hardness and quality of tallow
melted without acid.
The employment of the acidulated glycerine is also rigorously indicated when in

page_text: place of the natural fat the scrap meat, which may contain ammonia which is fixed
by the acid, is treated.
The treatment of the scrap is otherwise exactly similar to that described for the
fat, for it may be considered as tallow in which the proportion of pure tallow
descends to the minimum and the quantity of nitrogenous matter is at the
maximum.
The extraction of cod liver oil is the same as for the tallow, only the acid must
not be used, and the temperature of the glycerine should not pass 110° centigrade,
to avoid discoloration of the oil.
.
In purifying the ordinary tallow of commerce with the acidulated glycerine and
strong agitation the temperature may be carried to 150° centigrade for about an
hour, and, if needed, for longer; the tallow then washed, and the water evaporated,
becomes whiter and harder and its quality much higher.
It is to be remarked that the tallow in presence of the glycerine may be heated
to high temperatures without loss of color, as is ordinarily the case.
The treatment of the waxy or oleaginous substances follows the same course as
above described for the tallow, with or without the acid, as the condition of the
extraction or purification of these substances may require; but I would have it
understood that I do not claim the use of oil or tallow with high boiling points for
extracting tallow, I only use these substances for extracting oleaginous or waxy
matters in the manner indicated.
Having now described and particularly set forth the nature of the said Invention,
and the manner of carrying the same into effect, I would have it understood that
what I claim is,―
First. The separation of waxy, fatty, or oleaginous substances of either animal
or vegetable origin by the employment of glycerine, either pure or diluted, and
carried to high temperatures, in the manner and for the purpose substantially as
described.
Second. The employment of solutions of salts with high boiling points for the
purpose of treating fatty, waxy, or oleaginous substances, in the manner substantially
as described.
Third. The employment of oils with high boiling points for treating waxy or
oleaginous substances, in the manner substantially as described for the purpose set
forth.
In witness whereof, I, the said Henri Lissagaray, have hereunto set my hand
and seal, this Twenty first day of July, in the year of our Lord One thousand
HENRI LISSAGARAY. (LS.)