MENTS IN SAWS
Year: 1880

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Robert Wyburn at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 19th March 1880.
ROBERT WYBURN, of Finsbury Square, in the County of Middlesex.
MENTS IN SAWS."
" IMPROVE-
My Invention relates more especially to saws used for cutting wood into veneers
and thin boards of which it is usual to cut one thickness only at a time, but it is
also applicable for cutting ivory, stone, metals, or other materials into thin pieces,
also for surfacing and reducing to a uniform thickness wood, stone, and other
substances;
I may be applied to saws either circular, straight, or curved in form
upon the cutting edge, whether composed of one piece of iron, steel, or other
substance, or of iron and steel or other material combined, also to segments of steel
fitted to an iron dise in the way in which circular veneer saws are now ordinarily
constructed.
It consists of a novel method of forming the teeth in the first instance, and of
maintaining the form of such teeth when necessary until the saw is worn to too
small a size to be of further service, thereby dispensing, in some cases, wholly with
the use of the file or other means for sharpening and preserving the form of the
teeth, and in other cases leaving only the sharpening of the cutting point of the
teeth to be effected by the file or other means as now employed, the form of
the teeth, their depth, and relative distance from each other being maintained by
my Invention as hereinafter described.
Assuming my Invention to be applied to a circular or straight saw of any-size,
whether made of one piece or consisting of segments fixed to a disc, or straight
pieces attached to a strong backing, and whether of one metal or of different metals
combined, of any other suitable material, such saw to be used for cutting veneer or
other thin sheets from the surface of a log or plank of wood, or from a block of
stone or metal or other substance, or for the purpose of reducing the said plank or
block to a uniform thickness or to remove irregularities and leave a true and even
surface on the said plank or block of stone, metal, or other substance, and therefore
requiring to be provided on the edge with suitable teeth for the purpose, I make
[Price 6d2

page_text: that surface of the saw which comes next to or adjoins the plank or block flat or
slightly inclining at the edge towards the block or plank to be acted upon, whilst
the other side curves or tapers out to sufficient thickness from the edge to the
centre, if circular, or the opposite edge of a straight saw.
In order to form on the edge of the saw teeth of any desired shape, size, and 5
distance apart for the various kinds of work to be performed, I form upon the flat
or slightly inclined face of the saw a series of grooves or depressions more or less
radial, the distance between the centres of which is equal to the distance between
two adjoining teeth, and the shape or contour of which in cross section is dependent
upon the shape which it is desired to impart to the teeth, the depth of the said 1
grooves or depressions being also regulated by the desired length or projection of
the teeth from the body of the saw. I then remove, preferably by grinding, a
sufficient amount of metal from the other side of the plate tapering or curving
outward from the edge to the centre, so that when the operation is sufficiently
performed teeth of the desired shape and regularity remain finished, that is to say,
the contour of the groove in cross section is such that when a surface flat or suitably
curved cuts it at an angle equal to that which the flat side of the edge of the saw
makes with its opposite inclined side, a figure is formed coinciding sufficiently
nearly with the shape of the space between two adjoining teeth.
I prefer to remove the inclined surface of the plate by means of a revolving a
grinding wheel of emery or other abrasive material, the axis of which is adjusted
at right angles or nearly so to the saw centre, the diameter, position, and sectional
form of such grinding wheel being preferably such that its central axis is somewhat
within the outer edge of the saw teeth, so that the thickness of the latter is greater
at their points than at a position slightly within those points.
It will be seen that by varying the contour, proportions, dimensions, and positions
of the grooves described and the angle at which they are ground the form and
character of the teeth may be infinitely varied to suit varying circumstances.
In order to allow clearance for the teeth in passing through the wood a sufficient
number of them at regular intervals may, if necessary, be set or bent outward either
by hammering in the usual way, or by a roller or wheel fixed in a suitable position
and having projections formed upon or fixed to it at intervals so that when the
saw is made to revolve slowly the roller also revolves, and operates at intervals
upon a tooth which is bent over preferably against an opposite roller or support
fixed in the proper position.
I prefer in some cases to leave a narrow longitudinal rib between each of the
grooves, which rib after the process of grinding, as above described, has been
completed forms the point of the tooth, such point being filed sharp by hand in
order to complete the saw. When it is required to sharpen a saw constructed
according to my Invention it is only necessary to repeat the process of grinding
away the tapering surface at the side in the way already described, and this process
may be repeated as often as necessary until the saw has become of too small
diameter to be serviceable.
The grooves or recesses in the side of the plate may not only be sunk into the
face of the latter, but one or both of their edges may be undercut so that one side
of the edge of a tooth may be somewhat in advance of the other side, and by using
teeth so formed I prevent to some extent the tendency of the blade to diverge from
the true plane in which it is cutting.
Saws formed according to my Invention may be used for facing stone or for
other materials, the form of the grooves or recesses and of the resulting teeth
being suitably designed, and in some cases they may be formed in thin blades by
punching or pressing them, the depressions upon one side having corresponding
elevations upon the other side. Where straight saws are to be formed by my
Invention the grooves or recesses are parallel and are formed at a suitable angle to
the edge of the blade on which the teeth are to be formed.
In cases where it is found necessary to give set to some of the teeth but only
upon one side of the saw, I propose to correct any tendency of the saw to run or

page_text: diverge from the plane in which it is cutting by giving a proportionate angle to the
cutting face of the remaining teeth sufficient to counteract this tendency, this angle
being determined by the shape in section of some of the grooves or depressions
above named.
By my Invention in cutting veneers or other thin plates of wood, ivory, metal,
or other.material, waste of material is prevented by reducing the thickness of the
cut; by using a thinner saw clearance is provided for the dust in the grooves or
indentations formed in the saw, and a smoother surface is left on the material cut so
as to require less labour and after waste in working.
In every case to which my Invention is applicable a large amount of time is
saved in sharpening and setting the teeth of the saw.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said Robert Wyburn in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 18th
September 1880.
ROBERT WYBURN, of Finsbury Square, in the County of Middlesex.
MENTS IN SAWS."
"IMPROVE-
My Invention relates to improved methods of making the teeth of saws, and of
forming the parts of such saws where the teeth are to be made, and it has for its
objects the reduction of the waste produced in sawing wood, ivory, stone, metals,
or other materials, improvement in the quality of the work done, the surface of the
material sawn being left smoother and finer, and an increase in the rapidity with
which the work is done. By its use also time and labour are saved in forming and
sharpening the teeth of the saws. My improved methods as hereinafter described
are applicable to saws used for the purpose of sawing thin sheets or veneers of
wood or other material, as well as to saws used for other purposes, and for surfacing
and reducing to a uniform thickness stone and other substances.
My Invention may be applied to saws of all kinds, either circular, straight, or
curved upon the cutting edge, and whether formed of one piece of iron, steel, or
other material, or of iron, steel, or other materials combined. It is also applicable
to segments of steel fitted and attached to an iron or other disc in the way in which
circular veneer saws are ordinarily-constructed.
-
It consists essentially of a novel method of forming the teeth of the saws in the
first instance, and of maintaining the form of such teeth when necessary as they
become worn, until the saw has become reduced to too small a size to be of further
service, in such manner as to dispense in some cases wholly with the use of the file
or other means as ordinarily used for finishing, sharpening, and preserving the
form of the teeth, and in other cases it leaves only the sharpening of the cutting
point of the teeth to be effected by the file or other such means, the form of the
teeth, their depth, and relative distance apart being maintained in the manner
hereinafter described. By my Invention, moreover, ample space is provided within

page_text: το
which the dust or material removed by the action of the teeth has room
accumulate, little or no set to the teeth is required, and the speed and facility with
which the saw works are thus increased, and economy is effected in the waste of
the wood or other material operated upon.
Assuming, first, that my Invention is to be applied to a circular or straight saw 5
of any diameter or size, whether made of one piece or consisting of segments fixed
to a disc as above described, or straight pieces attached to a sufficiently strong
backing, and whether of one metal or of different metals combined, or of other
suitable material, such saw to be used for cutting veneer or sheets from the surface
of a log or plank of wood, or from a block of stone, metal, or other substance, or 1
for the purpose of reducing such logs, planks, or blocks, to a uniform thickness, or
for removing irregularities, and leaving a true and even surface upon them, I make
the inner surface of the saw, or that which comes next to or adjoins the body of
the log or block, flat or slightly inclining at its edge toward the log or block,
whilst its other or outer surface curves or tapers out to a sufficient thickness from
the edge toward the centre if a circular saw, or toward the opposite or back if a
straight saw. In order to form upon the edge of the saw just described teeth of
any desired shape, size, and distance apart, for the various kinds of work to be
performed, and also to provide space within which the dust from the material sawn
can collect, I form upon the inner flat or slightly inclined or overhanging surface
described, a series of grooves or depressions more or less radial in their position,
the distance between their centres being equal to the distance between any two
adjoining teeth, and their shape or contour in cross section being dependent upon
the shape which it is desired that the teeth should have. The depth of the said
grooves or depressions below the surface of the saw is regulated by and made
proportioned to the desired height of the teeth or their projection beyond the body
of the saw. In order to form the teeth by means of the grooves or depressions so
formed, I remove, preferably by grinding, a sufficient amount of the substance of
the saw from its outer side, the part so removed tapering or curving gradually
outward from the edge, or the points of the teeth toward the centre, so that when
the operation has been sufficiently performed, teeth of the desired shape and
regularity remain finished upon the edge of the blade.
In the accompanying Drawing which is in illustration of my Invention Figures 1,
2, 3, 4, and 5 shew the principle by which the teeth are formed in the manner just
described; Figure 1 is a front view of a blade having grooves a, a, a, a, forined
upon its inner surface, these grooves having in cross section the shape shewn in
Figure 2; Figure 3 is a section of the blade through the point of the tooth, the
part b shewn in dotted lines being that which is ground or removed, and Figure 4
is a corresponding section through the space between two teeth. It will be readily
understood that as the part b is removed it leaves standing a series of teeth, as
shewn in Figure 5, of a shape determined by the shape and depth of the grooves
or recesses a, that is to say, the contour of the groove in cross section must be such
that when a surface, flat or curved, such as c, d, Figures 3 and 4, cuts it at an
angle similar to that which the flat inner side of the blade e makes with its inclined
outer side, a figure is formed by the intersection coinciding sufficiently nearly
with the shape of the space between two adjoining teeth. I prefer to remove the
inclined outer surface of the plate by means of a revolving grinding wheel of emery
or other abrasive material, the axis of which is adjusted at right angles or nearly so
to the centre of the saw, the diameter, position, and sectional form of such grinding
wheel being suitably proportioned and arranged to remove a section of the outer
circumference of the blade of the proper form and dimensions, the saw being made
slowly to revolve or travel in front of the grinding apparatus whilst the latter is
in operation. It will be seen that by varying the contour, proportions, dimensions,
and position of the grooves described, and the angle at which they are ground, the
form of the teeth which are left standing and of the spaces between them which
are ground away may be infinitely varied to suit varying circumstances. Some
varieties of such forms are shewn in the Drawing. Figure 6 represents part of

page_text: a saw having inclined teeth; Figure 7 being a transverse section through the grooves
a, a, a; Figure 8, a section through the point of a tooth; and Figure 9, a section
through the space between two teeth; Figures 10, 11, 12, 13, shew in the same
way a saw having teeth of a different shape formed upon its edge. In order to
allow sufficient clearance for the teeth in passing through the wood or other
material which is being sawn, a sufficient number of them at regular intervals may
if necessary be set or bent outward, either by hammering in the usual way, or by
means of a roller or wheel adjusted and firmly fixed in a suitable position, and having
projections formed upon or fixed to it at intervals so that when the saw is made to
revolve slowly, the roller also revolves and operates at intervals upon a tooth
which is bent over preferably against a corresponding opposite roller or support fixed
in a proper position for the purpose. In Figures 6, 7, 10, and 11, a narrow longi-
tudinal rib is shewn between the grooves a, a, a, a, which ribs form the points of
the teeth after the process of grinding, as above described, has been completed.
Such points may if necessary be filed sharp by hand in order to complete
the teeth. When it is required to sharpen the teeth of a saw constructed as
hereinbefore described according to my Invention, it is only necessary to repeat
the process of grinding away the inclined or tapering outer surface of the edge of
the saw in the way already described, and this process may be repeated as often
as necessary until the saw has become of too small diameter or size to be
serviceable.
The grooves or recesses in the side of the plate which determine the shape of the
teeth, as above described, are not only serviceable for that purpose, but are also of
great importance as providing space within which the dust cut by the teeth can
accumulate during the passage of the latter through the wood or other material.
They may not only be sunk or recessed into the face of the plate, as already
described, but their edge may be undercut, so that the cutting edge of a tooth
upon one side of the plate may be somewhat in advance of the same cutting edge
upon the other side. This form of tooth is shewn on an enlarged scale in Figures
14, 15, 16, and 17, and by its use I am enabled to prevent to some extent the
tendency of the saw blade to diverge from the true plane in which it is cutting.
Saws made according to my Invention may be used for sawing or facing stone
or other materials, the form of the grooves or recesses and of the resulting teeth
being suitably designed, and in some cases they may be formed in thin blades by
punching or pressing them, the depressions so formed upon one side having corre-
sponding elevations upon the other side of the blade. Where straight saws are to
be formed by my Invention the grooves or recesses are parallel to each other, and
are formed at a suitable angle to the edge of the blade upon which the teeth
are to be formed. In cases where it is found desirable to give set to some of the
teeth, but only upon one side of the saw, in order to correct any tendency of the saw
to run or diverge from the plane in which it is cutting, I sometimes give, in the
way already described, a proportionate angle to the cutting face of the remainder
of the teeth, such angle being sufficient to counteract such tendency, and being
determined by the shape in section of the corresponding grooves or depressions.
The grooves or recesses in saws made according to my Invention may be either
radial or at right angles to the edge of the saw, or they may be more or less
inclined, or tangential, or curved, as illustrated in Figures 18 and 19.
Where saws are to be used of uniform thickness or only slightly reduced at
their circumference or cutting edges, grooves or recesses, already described, serving
as dust chambers may be formed alternately upon both sides of the saw blade. In
saws made according to my Invention, teeth may be used finer and of smaller
dimensions than in saws as ordinarily made, the grooves or recesses described
providing space for the dust which is carried in them out of the cut, and discharged
as they leave the wood or other material.
By my Invention, as above described and illustrated, waste of the material being
cut, such as wood, ivory, metal, or other substance is prevented by reducing the
thickness of the cut from the use of a thinner saw, whilst less set is required,

page_text: additional clearance being provided for the dust in the grooves or indentations
formed in the saw, and a smoother surface left upon the material cut so as to
require less subsequent labour and waste in working. Great saving of time is
effected in sharpening and setting the teeth of saws made according to my
Invention.
Having now described my Invention and the manner in which it is to be
performed I claim, the method of forming the teeth of saws by means of grooves
or recesses formed in one face of such saws, the opposite face being subsequently
ground or removed at a proportionate angle, substantially as described and shewn
in the Drawings.
In combination with such method of forming the teeth of saws, the grooves, or
recesses for the purpose of receiving the dust produced in the process of sawing,
substantially as described and shewn in the Drawings.
In witness whereof, I, the said Robert Wyburn, have hereunto set my hand
and seal, this 17th day of September, in the year of our Lord, 1880.
ROBERT WYBURN. (L.S.)