IMPROVEMENTS IN BRUSHES AND IN THE ART OR METHOD OF MAKING THE SAME
Year: 1885

page_text: I FREDERICK JOHN PICKERING CHEESBROUGH, of 15, Water Street, Liverpool in
the County of Lancaster, Consulting Engineer and Patent Agent do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention for IMPROVEMENTS IN BRUSHES AND IN THE
ART OR METHOD OF MAKING THE SAME and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement:
The following is a full, clear, concise and exact description of the said invention,
such as will enable any one skilled in the art to which it appertains, or with which
it is most nearly connected, to make and use the same, reference being had to the
accompanying drawings making part of this, specification, and to the figures and
letters of reference marked thereon.
Figure 1 of said drawing represents a series of forming rings or ferrules, a, b, c, d,
and e, showing the shape in cross-section, of the brush to be made.
Figure 2 shows a series of handles f g h, made of the desired size and shape.
Figure 3 shows a top view k, and a longitudinal section 7, of a series of moulds
in which the union between the brush and handle is perfected.
Figure 4 is a side view of a completed brush.
Figure 5, a longitudinal section on the line X. X.
Figure 6 a view of the brush as it appears after formation in the bands a, b, c, d
and e., and also a view of a containing pan into which the ends of the brush fibres
are glued or cemented together.
Figure 7 is a side view of a brush contained in a half section of one of the
moulds above referred to.
This invention consists of two parts.
First. Of an improved brush.
Second. Of a novel method of making brushes, the points of novelty being
designated and specifically claimed in the concluding paragraphs of this specification.
The improved method of making brushes as follows:-
There are first made the forming rings or ferrules illustrated by Figure 1. Into
these forms there are stacked the brush fibres, hair bristles or other material used

page_text: in the manufacture of brushes, as full, tight and hard as the brush is desired to
be, leaving the ends of the fibres to project a short distance through the forming
band or ring. The brush fibres are then bunched together in the shape the brush
is required to be made. The next step is to cement together the ends of the fibres
forming the brush. This is done by means of a cement composed of India rubber
prepared in any of the well known methods suitable for the purpose, and to solidify
at the ordinary temperature of atmosphere and adapted for vulcanization. This
cement is put into a suitable containing pan, and with it the ends of the fibres,
projecting beyond the forming ring a are saturated, so as to thoroughly cement
them together, the ends of the fibres being dipped or set into the cement contained
in the pan as shown by Figure 6, which being done, the brush is taken out of the
pan and the cement allowed to harden. The brush having been thus formed and
cemented, the next step is to unite it to the handle. This is done by first making
the handle of any desired form corresponding to the shape of the brush, sub-
stantially as shown by the several forms of Figure 2, varying the form of the
handle head to suit the contour of the brush, and making a dove-tailed groove at
the end adjoining the brush, as shown by o. The handle being thus prepared, a
mould is made having the exact contour of the handle-head and finished brush, as
shown by Figure 3: the mould being made in sections, dividing longitudinally, as
shown. The handle thus prepared is then taken and after its grooved end has
been dipped into the aforesaid cement it is stuck to the cemented end of the brush,
the two being thus cemented together. A strip of unvulcanized India-rubber of
the desired length, width and thickness, having been first duly prepared for the
purpose, is then taken and wrapped around the adjoining ends of the brush and
handle; the band of rubber being unvulcanized so as to soften under the influence
of heat, and thick enough to fill the mould, into which the handle, with the brush
attached and duly wrapped- with the rubber band, is then laid, as at Figure 7.
The two parts of the mould are then put together and subjected to heat-steam.
heat preferably and as soon as the band of unvulcanized rubber is sufficiently
softened by the heat, the two parts of the mould are pressed hard together,
moulding and forcing the rubber close and hard upon and around the butts of the
brush fibres, and also into the dove-tailed grooves and around the head of the
handle, the ferrule a being shoved up on the brush out of the way of the mould.
By these means the brush is firmly united to its handle, by a moulded head, or
section, of India-rubber. The moulds may be heated and the two parts pressed
together by any suitable means having sufficient force to press the rubber close
around the butt of the brush and the head of the handle, so as to impart a neat
finish to the rubber forming the socket around the butt of the brush and upon the
head of the handle. The rubber section, or head, uniting the handle and brush,
is now vulcanized, either by heat or by any of the well known means of vulcanizing
rubber.
The interior of the mould may, of course, be made plain or ornamental, making
the exterior of the moulded head, or connecting section, of corresponding form.
In all cases where the back of the brush, or rubber head uniting the brush and
handle, is to be hard and inflexible, the preparation of rubber used should, upon
vulcanization, form hard rubber or vulcanite, or some suitable substitute therefor;
but in cases requiring or permitting a flexible back to the brush, or moulded head,
between the bandle and brush, the preparation of rubber used should, upon
vulcanization, be the soft or flexible vulcanized rubber, or some suitable substitute
therefor.
A band of unvulcanized India-rubber has been above described as best adapted:
to unite the brush to the handle, as described, but in the place of India-rubber,
any suitable cement may be substituted. The point of the invention being to
unite the brush to the handle by means of a cement head, connecting piece or
section, the cement being adapted for application and use substantially as described,
be it made of India-rubber or any other composition or material adapted for the

page_text: purpose; but it is preferred to use an India-rubber band, adapting it to form hard
or soft rubber upon vulcanization, as the case may require.
The forming rings or ferrules are made of metal, or of any material having the
necessary firmness and strength.
The handle of the brush may be made of wood, or any other suitable material,
and this invention includes not only the joining of the brush to the handle by.
means of an India-rubber or cement section applied while in a plastic state, but
also in making the back or handle of the brush wholly of such cement or India-
rubber, applied to the brush substantially as described.
After the ends of the bunched fibres have been dipped into the dissolved rubber,
or cement, the operation of manufacturing may be hastened by subjecting them to
heat, for the purpose of driving off the solvent; but this is done merely for the
sake of expedition, and is not necessary, as the solvent will evaporate after a little
time without the aid of artificial heat. Before wrapping the adjacent ends of the
brush and handle with the band of unvulcanized rubber, it is a good plan to take
a strip of thin, strong woven fabric, and saturate it with the rubber cement and
wind it, before drying, around the adjacent ends of the brush and handle, and upon
such fabric wrap the band of unvulcanized rubber. By these means the union
between the brush and handle is considerably strengthened.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of the said
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed as communicated to
me by my Foreign Correspondent I declare that what I claim is
First. A brush united to its handle by a section of India-rubber, or India cement,
applied in a plastic state, and made to embrace the end of the handle and the butt
end of the brush, and being susceptible of vulcanization.
Second. A brush consisting of the following elements in combination, namely,
a bunch of brush fibres, a handle and a uniting section or head of cement, consisting
of hard or soft vulcanized India-rubber, or any suitable substitute therefor.
Third. A brush in which the brush fibres and handle are united to each other by
means of a moulded head or section, consisting of hard rubber or vulcanite, or of
any other cement capable of hardening and of resisting the destructive action of
oils, varnishes, paints and the like, substantially as described.
Fourth. The method substantially berein described of making brushes, which
method consists of first stacking together the brush fibres into the desired form, of
then cementing together the ends of such bunched fibres, and of then forming into
a suitable mould the back or handle of the brush, uniting the bunched fibres into
or upon the head, back, or handle during the operation of moulding it, said head,
back, or handle being made of any suitable cement or plastic material.
Fifth. The process herein before described of making brushes, which process
consists in connecting the bristles together at one end by a rubber solution and
then applying them to the brush handle, substantially as set forth.
Sixth. The process of making brushes herein before described consisting in
(1) immersing the lower ends of the bristles in a rubber solution (2) applying
the bristles to the brush handle (3) wrapping the lower ends of the bristles and the
upper end of the handle with a strip of rubber, and (4) subjecting the whole to
pressure in heated dies substantially as set forth.
Seventh. A brush having its bristles se.ured together at their lower end by a
rubber solution, substantially as set forth.
Eighth. In a brush, the handle carrying at its upper end a rubber base, in
combination with the proper quantity of bristles having their lower ends secured
together by a rubber solution, the rubber coated ends of said bristles being secured
by said base substantially as set forth.
Ninth. In a brush, the handle carrying at its upper end a rubber base and a
projection extending therefrom in combination with the bristles having their lower
ends secured by a rubber solution and with an exterior layer of rubber covering
said base and the lower ends of said bristles substantially as set forth,

page_text: Tenth. In a brush, the bristles having their lower ends connected by a rubber
solution and secured to the brush handle by heat and pressure substantially as
set forth.
Eleventh. In a brush, the bristles having their lower ends secured by rubber
solution and applied to the brush handle and enclosed by an exterior strip of
rubber the whole being subjected to heat and pressure.
A
1005