A New or Improved Printing Telegraphic Apparatus.
Year: 1889

page_text: Date of Application, 23rd Dec., 1889
Complete Specification Left, 23rd Sept., 1890-Accepted, 22nd Nov., 1830
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
A New or Improved Printing Telegraphic Apparatus.
I, GILBERT ALFRED CASSAGNES, of Paris, in the Republic of France, Engineer, do
hereby declare the nature of the said invention to be as follows:-
The object of the apparatus herein described is to receive the electrical signals
transmitted from a distance and to translate them into typographic characters printed
upon a paper tape, as fast as the transmission proceeds.
This apparatus differs from printing telegraphs generally in use in so far that it
only necessitates the emission, from the transmitting station, of a small number of
elementary signals to print on the tape of the receiving, station as many different
letters or groups of letters as may be desired.
The principle of the method consists in placing at the receiving station a number
of electro-magnets equal to the number of keys which are to be combined together at
the transmitting station, and in arranging these electro-magnets in such a manner
that the attraction of their armatures will produce by means of proper mechanism,
such angular displacements of a type wheel as are determined by the number of
electro-magnets in action; so that the depression of any key, or that of any combina-
tion of keys, will bring immediately, under the printing pad, the division of the type
wheel which bears the letter or the group of letters, to be printed on the tape.
This result is arrived at in the following way :-
Each signal individually represents one distinct letter, according to a predetermined
code, each combination of signals also represents another distinct letter, or group of
letters, according to the same code.
The number of elementary signals employed for transmission is therefore determined
by the number of combinations which are necessary to represent all the letters, or all
the groups of letters, to be reproduced on the paper tape, according to the code made
use of.
Figure 1 of the drawings hereto annexed shows the principle of the working of the
apparatus.
Supposing, for instance, that the transmitting organs of the signals, at the sending
station, consist of three keys, allowing of the emission on the line of three distinct
currents, then the receiving apparatus will consist of three electro-magnets E₁, E., E,
(Figure 1) each worked by one of the keys of the transmitting station.
These electro-magnets, when they receive the currents, attract the armatures A, A, A,
which are fixed on the ends of the pivoted levers L, L, L. In the arrangement shown
in Figure 1, at the ends of the levers L, and I, opposite to those at which the
armatures are attached are placed small pulleys P2 and P, round which passes a belt,
strap, cord, chain, or steel ribbon for example. One end of this belt is attached to
the lever L, and the other end is fixed to a pivoted sector S provided with teeth on
its circumference. These teeth gear with a pinion J, keyed on a spindle C, on which
is also keyed a type wheel R.
It is evident, from the examination of the figure, that any motion imparted to
sector S, through the attraction of one or more of the armatures A, A, A, of the
electro-magnets E, E, E, will cause the type wheel R to rotate through an angle
proportional to the stroke of one of the armatures A, A, A, if one only is attracted, or
through an angle proportional to the sum of the strokes of the armatures A, A₂ A₂
which are attracted, if several of them are attracted.
After this motion of sector S, and when the currents have been interrupted in the
coils of the electro-magnets, the sector is brought back to its position of rest by
means of the counteracting spring H. Above the type wheel R is placed a paper
tape MN which passes round rollers G G and Fat a short distance from the type wheel.
LD 77

page_text: to the letter by means of the printing roller F; the letter is thus printed on the tape
which is then lifted up again and moved forward for another operation.
When the currents have ceased to flow through the electro-magnets E, E, E, the
counteracting spring H pulls back the sector S and this motion is communicated to
the wheel R through the teeth of the sector, and the pinion J. The wheel R is thus
carried back to bring its blank division upwards as in the figure. For a new letter,
or a new group of letters, to be printed, the same cycle of operations is again goue
through.
For the sake of simplicity of description, Figure 1 only shows three receiving
electro-magnets, which can only give seven combinations, and the printing of only
seven different letters or groups of letters. But it will be readily understood that it
is only necessary to increase the number of transmitting keys and of the receiving
electro-magnets correspondingly in order to obtain, by the same method, as many
combinations as may be desired, and, therefore, to print by the type wheel R (the
number of divisions of which has also been correspondingly increased) the letters, or
groups of letters, corresponding to the combinations which can be furnished by the
number of keys made use of at the transmitting station.
Thus four keys and four electro-magnets will furnish 15 combinations and fifteen
letters, or groups of letters, engraved on a type wheel of sixteen divisions (fifteen
divisions being employed for the letters, plus one blank); five keys and five electro-
magnets will give 31 combinations, and 31 letters or groups of letters engraved on a
type wheel of 32 divisions (31 divisions for the letters, plus 1 blank) and so forth.
The strokes of the armatures for a greater number of electro-magnets will equally
have to be adjusted in such a way that each of them shall pull the belt through
lengths proportional to: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 &c. The sums of these numbers entering in
each combination will give all the whole numbers from 1 to that of the total number
of combinations.
It will be easily understood that this method can lend itself to a still greater
extension in view of increasing the working capacity of the apparatus.
For, all that has just been said for one type wheel can be extended to the use of
several type wheels placed parallel in any number on the same spindle, and each
worked by a special sector mounted on the same axis as sector S.
Each of these sectors will be worked by a system of electro-magnets equal in
number to that of the keys wanted for the number of combinations to be obtained,
and to the number of letters, or groups of letters, that each type wheel is to carry.
The working of each sector is independent of the working of neighbouring sectors
and is effected by means of a set of pulleys round which pass the belts as shown in
Figure 1, and placed side by side. This is a mere question of manipulation at the
sending station which need not be entered into here:
In this way, there would no longer be printed on the paper tape a single letter, or a
single group of letters, brought under the printing roller by single type wheel,
but a series of letters, or a series of groups of letters printed at the same time and
side by side, by each of the type wheels in use. A whole telegraphic line, or row of
letters, is thus prepared before the printing takes place.
Supposing for instance, that five type wheels are used, then if, through the opera-
tions of the keys at the transmitting station, things are arranged in such a way that
between two consecutive strokes of the printing roller, the first type wheel presents
the letter P to be printed, the second type wheel the letter A, the third letter R, the
fourth the letter I, and the fifth the letter S, then the word PARIS will be printed
on the tape by one stroke of the printing roller.
Or, if things are so disposed that, through the method of operating the keys
between two consecutive strokes of the printing roller, letter P is presented by the
first wheel, letter E by the second, letter N by the third, the group of letters S I by
the fourth, and the group of letters ON by the fifth, then the word PENSION will
be printed by a single stroke of the printing roller.
After this diagrammatic description of the principle of working of this telegraphic

page_text: printing apparatus, the following will show, more in detail, one of the mechanical
arrangements which have been devised to carry out practically the object in view.
The same result as that just described, can be arrived at, by a modification of the
mechanism of Figure 1.
In the arrangement shown in Figures 2 and 3, the belts or straps and the pulleys
of Figure 1, are dispensed with, and replaced by levers pivoted at their lower ends,
and held at their upper ends by catches or pawls, which maintain them respectively
one against the other, in such a way that the release of one or more of the holding
catches allows of the movement of the toothed sector S, (which works the type
wheel R) by means of the rod B connecting the last lever T to S, through the proper
angle to bring under the printing roller the letter, or the group of letters, corre-
sponding to the catches which have been released, and, consequently, to the com-
bination received by the electro-magnets.
This result is obtained as follows:
Each of the levers T₁, T₂, T..
, pivotted at its lower end a₁, a₁, ag
is held at its top end by one of the catches C₁, C2, C3
through the rods t₁, t₂, tg.
•
which are worked,
'
the upper
which they
by the receiving electro-magnets E₁ E₂ E3:
the armatures of which are fixed on the ends of the rods t₁, to, t
ends of ₁, to, t . . . . being attached to the catches C₁, C₁, C,
are to work.
•
•
Thus, lever T, is pivotted at its lower end a₁, and its upper end is held, when no
current is passing, by the catch C₁. The other end of C, carries the rod t, which is
fixed at its lower end to the armature of the electro-magnet E₁, and similarly for the
other levers.
Under these conditions, if a current is sent through the electro-magnet E₁, its
armature is attracted and pulls the rod t₁ which releases the catch C₁; and the
spring H pulls the sector S, the connecting rod B, and the lever T₁. The sector S
therefore describes an angle which can be adjusted beforehand by means of the
regulating screw V₁, which abuts, when the catches are released, on the little stop
placed on the lever immediately behind. To this motion of sector S corresponds
therefore the presentation, under the printing roller F, of the letter, or group of
letters, determined by the current received in the electro-magnet E₁.
The paper is then pressed down on the type wheel, the printing is effected, the
paper lifted up again and moved forward through the interval of two successive
letters.
A cam K is keyed on a special spindle Q which is part of a motor, such as clock-
work, etcetera. This motor is not shown on the drawing. Once the operations of
releasing the catches C₁, C2, C3..... of pulling forward the levers T₁. T2, T3...
and of bringing the proper letters, or group of letters, under the printing rollers,
have been effected, a special electro-magnet, (not shown on the figure), releases the
motor, which was, till then, at rest. The spindle Q makes one revolution, the
roller F prints the presented letters on the paper tape M N, this tape moves forward
through the distance of the interval between two rows of letters, and then the cam K
pushes the pivotted arms which drive back the sectors S, S₁, S2, S3. This backward
motion is communicated to the levers T₁. T₂, T. . . . through the connecting
rods B, B₁, B, B. The levers which had been released are forced back under their
respective catches and remain held there, in their position of rest, ready to go again
through a similar cycle of operations for the preparation and the printing of the
next line.
The type wheel is thus brought back to blank, and is also ready for another
operation.
If, instead of having only one electro-magnet E₁, acted upon, several electro-
magnets, E, and E, for instance, had been worked, the corresponding armatures
would have been attracted and would have released the catches C, and C. The
levers T, and T, would have fallen forward through their respective angles, and the
sum of their two displacements, communicated to sector S through the connecting

page_text: rod B, would cause this sector, and therefore the type wheel R, to describe the
necessary angle to bring under the printing roller F the letter, or group of letters,
resulting from the simultaneous depressions of keys 1 and 2, and the simultaneous
attraction of the armatures of the electro-magnets E₁ and Ez.
During this angular displacement of the levers T, and T, the intermediate lever T,
is carried forward with T3 but without adding anything to the sum of the angular
displacements of T₁ and T₁, since its catch C, has not been released.
3"
The printing of any other letter corresponding to any combination of the electro-
magnets E, E, E, E
is effected in a perfectly analogous way.
The type wheel is brought back to blank as before, and a new operation can be
effected:
The adjustment of each letter can be effected accurately by means of the
screws V1 V2 V3
which, after the release of the catches, abut against
"
the stops carried by the levers situated immediately behind.
The screw X serves to adjust the whole block of levers T₁, T., T,
As to the number of combinations which can thus be represented, it depends, as was
remarked in the course of the description of Figure 1, on the number of receiving
electro-magnets. The type wheels carry a number of divisions equal to that of the
combinations which are possible with the number of electro-magnets employed, plus
one blank.
It follows from this, that, with a single type wheel any number of combinations
can be printed: 7 for three electro-magnets, 15 for four electro-magnets; 31 for five
electro-magnets, etc.
; it is only a matter of previous adjustment of the
supposing, of course, the type wheel to have been
screws V1, V2, V3
properly divided.
•
'
The description of Figure 1 renders more complete explanations unnecessary.
What has been said about the use of several type-wheels also applies entirely
to this case.
The drawing annexed to the present description represents the case of a keyboard
of '20 keys at the transmitting station, divided into four groups: a first group of
6 keys, a second group of 4 keys a third group of 4 keys, and a fourth and last group
of 6 keys, making a total of 20 keys. The receiving stations will therefore have
twenty electro-magnets also divided into four groups: (1st group E₁ to Ei
2nd group E to E10; 3rd group, E to E₁; 4th group Es to E20), twenty levers
(1st group T, to Te; 2nd group, T, to T10; 3rd group, Tu to T14; 4th group T₁s to
To), four connecting rods B, B₁, B₁, B₂, four sectors S, S₁, S₁, S₁, and four type
wheels R, R1, R2, R3.
Т
A further description of this apparatus being superfluous, the following will indicate
the parts shown by the different letters, their action being easily deduced from the
above description.
"
'
3
E₁, E, E
electro-magnets; t₁, to, t. . . . releasing rods; C, C₂ C³. .
holding catches or pawls T₁, T₂, T
levers; V1, V2, V3....
adjusting
and abutting screws of levers; X adjusting screw of the block of levers; B, B₁, B., B
connecting rods; S, S₁, S, Sa
sectors J, J₁, J2, J3, pinions; R, R₁. R2, R3,
type wheels; H springs; K, cam; F printing roller; U inking roller; MN, paper
tape; D, d, feeding rollers; G, G, stretching rollers.
1'
This arrangement can also be modified in an important manner.
The type
wheels R, R₁, R2, R3, and their pinions can be dispensed with, and the letters
engraved directly on the circumference of the sectors S in view of increasing the
precision and the rapidity of the apparatus.
The apparatus thus described can be worked: 1°. From a short distance, by means
of a keyboard of n keys, (the keyboard of a stenographic machine for instance), and
a cable of n wires connected respectively to n receiving electro-magnets, so as to
effect the direct translation of mechanical stenography into typographic characters.
2°. From long distances, by means of a system of synchroneously rotating distributors
and receivers at the transmitting and receiving stations respectively, according to the
principles of multiplex telegraphy..
.j

page_text: {
Figures 4 and 5 show, in elevation and plan another improved form of printing
telegraphic apparatus.
In this arrangement, the levers T1, T2, T3
apparatus are arranged as horizontal bars and
. connected, by means of rods t₁, ty t
C3
the electro-magnets E₁, E., E3.
bars T1, T2, T3
V
2.
regulating screws V₁ V3
. . . . of the previously described
are provided with catches C₁, C₂,
with the armatures of
The adjustment of the strokes of the
is effected, as in the previous example, by means of
" "
but by
and the
In this modification, the mechanical combinations of signals are no longer effected
by the adding up of the angular displacements of levers T₁, T2, T3
the addition of the linear displacements of the bars T1, T2, T3.
printing of the letters, or groups of letters, resulting from the combinations of signals,
can thus be made more rapidly.
Another characteristic feature of this arrangement consists in the new device made
use of to bring, under the printing roller F, the letter, or group of letters, arising
from the various displacements of the catch B, or catches B₁, B2, B3, placed in the
prolongation of the lower bar of each group.
When the catch B, for instance, sliding upon the roller r, has travelled through the
distance corresponding to the sum of the catches C1, C2, C3 . . . . which have been
released, a special electro-magnet, not shown on the figures, causes the type wheel R,
and the toothed cam C, which is attached to it, to make one revolution. So that the
tooth of cam C which is at a distance from the centre of the wheel equal to that to
which the extremity of B has arrived after its stroke, will be caught by B. If,
through previous adjustment, the letter, or the group of letters, corresponding to the
combination of signals received, is then situated immediately under the printing:
rolier F, this roller will only have to be worked as in the preceding apparatus to
effect the printing of such letter or group of letters. All that has just been said
evidently applies to catch B₁, type wheel R, and cam C₁; to catch B₂ type wheel R,
and cani C₂; to catch B,, type wheel R, and cam C3.
If the motion of the wheels R, R₁, R₂, and R, only takes place when the
catches B, BB2, B₁, have arrived at the end of their respective strokes, determined,
for each, by the proper combinations of signals, then each catch B, B₁, B2, B3, will
stop, respectively, the particular tooth of the cams C, C₁, C2, C, corresponding to the
letter, or group of letters to be printed. A whole line of the telegraphic tape is thus
prepared by the stopping of the teeth of the cains under the printing roller, and a
stroke of this roller will produce the printing.
The tape will afterwards be moved forward through the interval of two successive
lines, by means of the feed rollers d, D.
The inking of the letters is effected by means of roller A.
The paper tape M N is stretched and guided by the rollers G G.
The motion of the stops B, B1, B2, B3, after the release of one or more of the
catches C₁, C2, C,
is imparted by the pull of the springs H, H₁, H₂, H3, and
the levers S, as in the preceding form of the apparatus.
When the printing has been done the bars T₁, T, T₁. . . . . are forced back to
their position of rest by the cam K, placed on the spindle carrying the type wheels
and each of the wheels R, R₁, R, P₁, is brought back to blank by the action of spiral
springs. These springs are not shown in the drawing, so as to avoid complication.
One end of each spring is attached to its corresponding wheel R, R₁, R2, R3,
respectively, and the other end of each spring to the spindle, the wheels being
otherwise loose on their support. As soon as the stops B, B₁, B., B3, have been pushed i
back, each spring forces the type wheel to which it belongs to finish its revolution.
✗ represents the printing cam; P and U respectively the ratchet and pawl of the
feeding rollers; L the spring which pulls back the pivoted arm serving to replace the
bars T1, T2, T3
in their position of rest.
Instead of making use of wheels provided with spiral springs, as just described, the 5
wheels may be mounted on a spindle rotating with a uniform continuous speed, each
wheel being free to stop whilst the spindle is turning, and ready to follow its motion

page_text: by means of a friction arrangement. Another parallel spindle carries the cams,
necessary for the different operations just described, this second spindle only making
one revolution for the printing of each row of letters, by means of a special clutch
worked by an electro-magnet at the proper moment.
The same arrangement of stepped cams and horizontal sliding, bars is used to stop
the required letters under the printing roller, as in the form of the apparatus that has
just been described before..
Figure 6 gives an idea of an arrangement which will now be briefly described with
due reference to what has been said before. In this figure the same letters stand for
similar parts to those already described.
Instead of the catches used to hold the bars T₁, T. T¸ .
3
which
one against the other,
these bars are here held directly by the ends of the small rods t₁, t₂, ty.
go through them respectively, in such a manner that if, for instance, rod t, is pulled
down by the attraction of the armature of the electro-naguet E₁, the bar T, is released
and advances a certain distance, regulated by means of the screw V₁, by reason of the
pull of the spring H on the lever S. If the two rods t₁, and 3, or the three
rods t₁, ta, and t, were pulled down simultaneously, the bars T, and T, in the first case,
and the bars T₁, T, and T5 in the second case would be released and the top bar B
would advance through a distance corresponding either to the sum of the lengths that
V, and V can travel, or to the sum of the lengths that V₁ V3 and V5 can travel.
After each of these totalised displacements, B would stop the tooth of the stepped
cam C which is at the same distance from the centre of the spindle B¹ of the type
wheels as that to which B has arrived. Immediately after the displacement of bar B,
by reason of the motions of the various bars T₁, T2, T3
which form the
mechanical combinator either through the currents sent directly from the keyboard,
or on the line, an escapement placed on the spindle A¹, which carries the cams, acts
by means of a special electro-magnet. The stepped cams C and the type wheels R,
which are held at their blank position by abutting rests, are allowed to follow the
motion of their continuously rotating spindle B₁, on which they are mounted with a
certain amount of friction, and the type wheel is again stopped, through the stepped
cam C and the bar B in such a position that the letter, or the group of letters,
corresponding to the distance travelled by bar B, is under the printing pad F.
Immediately after the printing has been effected by cam X, bar B is pushed back to
its position of rest by cam K, the type wheel and the stepped cam corresponding to it
follow the motion of their spindle B₁; they thus finish their revolution and are stopped
by their abutting rest, ready to go again through the same motions for another
printing. The paper then moves forward as has been previously described.
In order to ensure the working of the apparatus, the speeds of spindle B¹, carrying
the type wheels and the stepped cams, and of spindle A', carrying the various other
cams must have a ratio greater than one to one. The exact ratio can be determined
experimentally. In the apparatus constructed according to the present Specification,
the ratio is that of 2 to 1.
This same principle of adding up the strokes of the armatures of electro-magnets, the
said strokes being previously adjusted so as to be proportional to 1, 2, 8, 16 etcetera,
can also be applied to the construction of an electric combinator. This com-
binator may consist of a needle, hand, or pointer moving on a circular or
rectilinear scale or dial, made up of insulated contact pieces or segments, in such a
way that the working of any electro-magnet, or of any combination of electro-magnets,
may bring the needle or pointer on a special segment or contact piece, corresponding
.to the electro-magnet, or combination of electro-magnets at work. The needle, or
pointer, once brought to its position may then he used to establish an electric current
through the segment on which it has stopped, the said current being employed
to work an apparatus at the proper inoment.
Dated this 23rd day of December 1889.

page_text: A New or Improved Printing Telegraphic Apparatus.
I, GILBERT ALFRED CASSAGNES, of Paris, in the Republic of France, Engineer, do
hereby declare the nature of the said invention and in what manner the same is to
be performed to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement, reference being had to the drawings annexed to my Provisional Speci
fication, that is to say:
The object of the apparatus herein described is to receive the electrical signals
transmitted from a distance and to translate them into typographic characters printed
upon a paper tape, as fast as the transmission proceeds.
This apparatus differs from printing telegraphs generally in use in so far that it
only necessitates the emission, from the transmitting station, a small number of
elementary signals to print on the tape of the receiving station as many different
letters or groups of letters as may be desired.
The principle of the method consists in placing at the receiving station a number
of electro-magnets equal to the number of keys which are to be combined together at
the transmitting station, and in arranging these electro-magnets in such a manner
that the attraction of their armatures will produce, by means of proper mechanism,
such angular displacements of a type wheel as are determined by the number of
electro-magnets in action; so that the depression of any key, or that of any com-
bination of keys, will bring immediately, under the printing pad, the division of the
type wheel which bears the letter, or the group of letters, to be printed on the tape.
This result is arrived at in the following way:-
Each signal individually represents one distinct letter, according to a predetermined
code, each combination of siguals also represents another distinct letter, or group of
letters, according to the same code.
The number of elementary signals employed for transmission is therefore determined
by the number of combinations which are necessary to represent all the letters, or all
the groups of letters, to be reproduced on the paper tape, according to the code made
use of.
Figure 1 of the aforesaid drawings shows the principle of the working of the
apparatus.
Supposing, for instance, that the transmitting organs of the signals, at the sending
station, consist of three keys, allowing of the emission on the line of three distinct
currents, then the receiving apparatus will consist of three electro-magnets E, E, E,
(Figure 1) each worked by one of the keys of the transmitting station.
These electro-magnets, when they receive the currents, attract the arma-
tures A, A, A, which are fixed on the ends of the pivoted levers L, L, L. In the
arrangement shown in Figure 1 at the ends of the levers L, and L, opposite to those
at which the armatures are attached, are placed small pulleys P2 and P3 round which
passes a belt, strap, cord, chain, or steel ribbon for example as shown at x y z. One
end of this belt is attached to the lever L, and the other end is fixed to a pivoted
sector S provided with teeth on its circumference. These teeth gear with a pinion J,
keyed ou a spindle C, on which is also keyed a type wheel R.
It is evident from the examination of the figure, that any motion imparted to
sector S, through the attraction of one or more of the armatures A, A, A, of the
electro-magnets E, E, E, will cause the type wheel R to rotate through an angle
proportional to the stroke of one of the armatures A, A, A, if one only is attracted,
or through an angle proportional to the sum of the strokes of the armatures A, A, A,
which are attracted, if several of them are attracted.
After this motion of sector S, and when the currents have been interrupted in the
coils of the electro-magnets, the sector is brought back to its position of rest by means
of the counteracting spring H. Above the type wheel R is placed a paper tape M N
which passes round rollers G G and F at a short distance from the type wheel. A
pecial mechanism, such as an electro-magnet, or clock-work, can be used to press

page_text: down the lower roller F, round which the tape passes, so as to bring it into contact
with the type wheel and to lift it up afterwards. An inking roller U is placed
tangentially to the type wheel R and inks the letters engraved on the circumference
of this wheel.
The transmitting keys of the sending station, of which there are three in this
example, are each in electrical connection with one of the electro-inagnets E, E, E
This connection can be established either by a cable of three wires, with a special
return wire, or an earth connection, or by means of a single line wire, on condition
that this wire is successively connected to each of the three keys by means of a system
of synchronously rotating distributors and receivers at the transmitting and receiving
stations. Under these conditions the signals transmitted and received are represented,
either by the individual working of the keys and of the corresponding electro-
magnets, or by their combinations taken two at a time or three at a time. Thus, by
means of the depression of the three keys of the transmitting station, the three electro-
magnets can receive the following signals :—
making a total number of seven different signals transmitted by means of three keys
worked either alone, or two at a time, or three at a time.
The device, by means of which these signals are differentiated at the reception, so
as to allow the printing of seven distinct letters or groups of letters, each represented
by one of the keys or combination of keys depressed at the transmitting station, is of
the following character:-
The stroke of armature A, is adjusted in such a way that the belt or strap is pulled;
in the direction of the arrows, through a length equal to one unit when this armature
is attracted.
The stroke of A is adjusted to pull the belt through a length equal to two units,
and the stroke of A3 to pull it through a length equal to four units.
When two or more armatures are attracted simultaneously, the belt will evidently
be pulled through a length equal to the sum of the strokes of the armatures attracted
Therefore:
Each attraction, or combination of attractions, will therefore pull the belt through
a different length, varying by one unit from 1 to 7. The sector S will follow the
motion of the belt, and will assume seven different angular positions.
The type wheel R is divided, on its circumference, into eight equal parts, of
which one is left blank and the seven others each bear a distinct letter or group of
letters.
.
In the position of rest, that is to say when no armature is attracted, the blank
division of the type wheel is at the end of the vertical diameter of the wheel R,
immediately under the paper tape M. N. When the sector S assumes one or other
of the seven positions which it can occupy, through the attraction of the armatures, it
will cause the type wheel R to rotate through the corresponding angular distance.
For each of those positions, a different letter, or group of letters, will therefore be

page_text: brought under the paper tape M. N. At this moment the paper is pressed down on
to the letter by means of the printing roller F; the letter is thus printed on the
tape which is then lifted up again and moved forwards for another operation.
When the currents have ceased to flow through the electro-magnets E₁ E, E, the
counteracting spring H pulls back the sector S and this motion is communicated to
the wheel R through the teeth of the sector and the pinion J. The wheel R is thus
carried back to bring its blank division upwards as in the figure. For a new letter,
or a new group of letters, to be printed, the same cycle of operations is again gone
through.
For the sake of simplicity of description, Figure 1 only shows three receiving
electro-magnets, which can only give seven combinations, and the printing of only
seven different letters or groups of letters. But it will be readily understood that it
is only necessary to increase the number of transmitting keys and of the receiving
electro-magnets correspondingly in order to obtain, by the same method, as many
combinations as may be desired, and, therefore to print by the type wheel R (the
number of divisions of which has also been correspondingly increased, the letters, or
groups of letters, corresponding to the combinations which can be furnished by the
number of keys made use of at the transmitting station.
Thus, four keys and four electro-magnets will furnish 15 combinations and fifteen
letters, or groups of letters, engraved on a type wheel of 16 divisions (fifteen divisions
being employed for the letters, plus one blank) five keys and five electro-magnets
will give 31 combinations, and 31 letters or groups of letters engraved on a type
wheel of 32 divisions (31 divisions for the letters, plus 1 blank) and so forth.
.The strokes of the armatures for a greater number of electro-magnets will equally
have to be adjusted in such a way that each of them shall pull the belt through
lengths proportional to: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 etcetera. The sums of these numbers entering
in each combination will give all the whole numbers from I to that of the total
number of combinations.
It will be easily understood that this method can lend itself to a still greater
extension in view of increasing the working capacity of the apparatus.
For, all that has just been said for one type wheel can be extended to the use of
several type wheels placed parallel in any number on the same spindle, and each
worked by a special sector mounted on the same axis as sector S.
Each of these sectors will be worked by a system of electro-magnets equal in
number to that of the keys wanted for the number of combinations to be obtained,
and to the number of letters, or groups of letters, that each type wheel is to carry.
The working of each sector is independent of the working of neighbouring sectors
and is effected by means of a set of pullies round which pass the belts as shown in
Figure 1, and placed side by side. This is a mere question of manipulation at the
sending station which need not be entered into here.
In this way, there would no longer be printed on the paper tape a single letter, or
a single group of letters, brought under the printing roller by a single type wheel,
but a series of letters, or a series of groups of letters printed at the same time and side
by side, by each of the type wheels in use. A whole telegraphic line, or row of
letters, is thus prepared before the printing takes place.
Supposing, for instance, that five type wheels are used, then if, through the
operations of the keys at the transmitting station, things are arranged in such a way
that between two consecutive strokes of the printing roller, the first type wheel
presents the letter P to be printed, the second type wheel the letter A, the third the
letter R, the fourth the letter I, and the fifth the letter S, then the word PARIS will
be printed on the tape by one stroke of the printing roller.
Or, if things are so disposed that, through the methot of operating the keys between
two consecutive strokes of the printing roller, letter P is presented by the first wheel,
letter E by the second, letter N by the third, the group of letters S I by the fourth,
and the group of letters ON by the fifth, then the word PENSION will be printed
by a single stroke of the printing roller.
After this diagrammatic description of the principle of working of this telegraphic

page_text: printing apparatus, the following will show, more in detail, one of the mechanical
arrangements which have been devised to carry out practically the object
in view.
The same result as that just described can be arrived at by a modification of
the mechanism of Figure 1.
In the arrangement shown in Figures 2 and 3, the belts or straps and the pullies
of Figure 1 are dispensed with and replaced by levers pivoted at their lower ends
and held at their upper ends by catches or pawls which maintain them respectively
one against the other, in such a way that the release of one or more of the holding
catches allows of the movement of the toothed sector S (which works the type wheel R)
by means of the rod B connecting the last lever T, to S, through the proper angle to
bring under the printing roller the letter, or the group of letters, corresponding to the
catches which have been released, and, consequently, to the combination received by
the electro-magnets.
This result is obtained as follows:-
Each of the levers T₁ T₂ T
2
'
pivoted at its lower end a₁ a a
, 'is
held at its top end by one of the catches C₁ C₂ C₁₂ .
which are worked,
through the rods f₁ to t
by the receiving electro-magnets E₁ E2 E3.
the armatures of which are fixed on the ends of the rods t₁ to tz
ends of t₁ to t... being attached to the catches C₁ C₂ C
to work.
the upper
which they are
Thus, lever T₁ is pivoted at its lower end a₁, and its upper end is held, when no
current is passing, hy the catch C₁. The other end of C, carries the rod t, which is
fixed at its lower end to the armature of the electro-magnet E, and similarly for the
other levers.
Under these conditions, if a current is sent through the electro-magnet E₁, its
armature is attracted and pulls the rod t which releases the catch C₁, and the spring H
pulls the sector S, the connecting rod B, and the lever T₁. The sector S therefore
describes an angle which can be adjusted beforeband by means of the regulating
screw V₁, which abuts, when the catches are released, on the little stop placed on the
lever immediately behind. To this motion of sector S corresponds therefore the
presentation, under the printing roller F, of the letter, or group of letters, determined
by the current received in the electro-magnet E₁.
The paper is then pressed down on the type wheel, the printing is effected, the
paper.lifted up again and moved forward through the interval of two successive
letters.
A cam K is keyed on a special spindle Q which is part of a motor, such as clock-
work etcetera. This motor is not shown on the drawing. Once the operations of
releasing the catches C₁ C₂ C₁.... of pulling forward the levers T₁ T2 T3.
and of bringing the proper letters, or groups of letters, under the printing rollers, have
been effected, a special electro-magnet (not shown on the figure) releases the motor,
which was, till then, at rest. The spindle Q makes one revolution, the roller F prints
the presented letters on the paper tape M. N, this tape moves forward through the
distance of the interval between two rows of letters, and then the cain K pushes the
pivoted arms which drive back the sectors S S₁ S₁ S. This backward motion is com-
inunicated to the levers T₁ T, T
through the connecting rods B B₁ В₂ В¸.
The levers which had been released are forced back under their respective catches and
remain held there, in their position of rest, ready to go again through a similar cycle
of operations for the preparation and the printing of the next line.
The type wheel is thus brought back to blank, and is also ready for another
operation.
If, instead of having only one electro-magnet E, acted upon, several electro-
magnets, E, and E, for instance, had been worked, the corresponding armatures would
have been attracted and would have released the catches C₁ and C. The levers T₁
and T, would have fallen forward through their respective angles, and the sum of their
two displacements, communicated to sector S through the connecting rod B, would'

page_text: cause this sector, and therefore the type wheel R, to describe the necessary angle to
bring under the printing roller F the letter, or group of letters, resulting from the
simultaneous depression of keys 1 and 2, and the simultaneous attraction of the arinatures
of the electro-magnets E, and E3.
During this angular displacement of the levers T, and Tz, the intermediate lever T,
is carried forward with T3, but without adding anything to the sum of the angular
displacements of T₁ and Tz, since its catch C₂ has not been released.
The printing of any other letter corresponding to any combination of the electro-
magnets E, E₂ E, E4.
is effected in a perfectly analogous way.
The type wheel is brought back to blank as before and a new operation can be
effected.
The adjustment of each letter can be effected accurately by means of the screws V₁
V2 V3
which, after the release of the catches, abut against the stops
carried by the levers situated immediately behind.
The screw X serves to adjust the whole block of levers T₁ T2 T3.
As to the number of combinations which can thus be represented, it depends, as
was remarked in the course of the description of Figure 1, on the number of receiving
electro-magnets. The type wheels carry a number of divisions equal to that of the
combinations which are possible with the number of electro-magnets employed, plus
one blank.
It follows from this that with a single type wheel, any number of combinations
can be printed, 7 for three electro-magnets, 15 for four electro-magnets; 31 for
five electro-magnets. etcetera
; it is only a matter of previous adjustment
supposing, of course, the type wheel to have
of the screws V₁ V2 V3
1
been properly divided.
'
The description of Figure 1 renders more complete explanations unnecessary,
What has been said about the use of several type wheels also applies entirely to
this case.
The drawing represents the case of a keyboard of 20 keys at the transmitting station,
divided into four groups a first group of 6 keys, a second group of 4 keys, a third
group of 4 keys and a fourth and last group of 6 keys, making a total of 20 keys.
The receiving station will therefore have twenty electro-magnets also divided into
four groups: (1st group, E, to E 2nd group, E, to E₁0; 3rd group, E₁ to E143
4th group, Es to E20), twenty levers (1st group, T₁ to T.; 2nd group, T, to T10;
3rd group, T to T₁4
11 14 4th group, T15 to T20), four connecting rods B B₁ B₂ B, four
sectors S S, S, S3, and four type wheels RK, R₁ R3.
2
7
A further description of this apparatus being superfluous, the following will
indicate the parts shown by the different letters, their action being easily deduced
from the above description.
releasing rods; C₁ C₂
levers; V1 V2 V3
E₁ E₂
. . ., electro-magnets; t₁ t₁ tz
C3 . .., Lolding catches or pawls; T, T, T
adjusting and abutting screws of levers; X, adjusting screw of the block of levers;
B B, B, B, connecting rods; SS, S, S, . . . sectors; J J₁ J2 J3, pinions; R R₁ R, R3
type wheels; H springs; K, cam; F printing roller; U inking roller; M N paper
tape; D, d, feeding rollers; G, G, stretching rollers.
This arrangement can also be modified in an important manner.
The type
wheels R, R, R, R, and their pinions can be dispensed with, and the letters engraved
directly on the circumference of the sectors S in view of increasing the precision and
the rapidity of the apparatus.
The apparatus thus described can be worked: 1°. From a short distance, by means
of a keyboard of n keys, (the keyboard of a stenographic machine, for instance), and
a cable of n wires connected respectively to n receiving electro-magnets, so as to effect
the direct translation of mechanical stenography into typographic characters. 2°. From
long distances, by means of a system of synchronously rotating distributors and receivers
at the transmitting and receiving stations respectively, according to the principles of
multiplex telegraphy.

page_text: ..
Figures 4 and 5 show, in elevation and plan, another improved form of printing
telegraphic apparatus.
In this arrangement, the levers T₁ T2 T3
of the previously described
apparatus are arranged on horizontal bars and are provided with catches C, C₂
connected, by means of rods t₁ tą tɩ . . . with the armatures of the
electro-magnets E, E₂ E, .
The adjustment of the strokes of the
bars T T T ·
Cs
regulating screws V₁ V2 V3
is effected, as in the previous example, by means of
but by
and the
In this modification, the mechanical combinations of signals are no longer effected
by the adding up of the angular displacements of levers T₁ T, T
the addition of the linear displacements of the bars T₁ T, T3.
printing of the letters, or groups of letters, resulting from the combinations of signals,
can thus be made more rapidly.
Another characteristic feature of this arrangement consists in the new device made
use of to bring, under the printing roller F, the letter, or group of letters, arising
from the various displacements of the catch B, or catches B B, B, B, placed in the.
prolongation of the lower bar of each group.
When the catch B, for instance, sliding upon the roller r, has travelled through.
the distance corresponding to the sum of the catches C₁ C, C . . which have.
been released, a special electro-magnet, not shown on the figures, causes the type.
wheel R, and the toothed cam C, which is attached to it, to make one revolution, so
that the tooth of cam C which is at a distance from the centre of the wheel equal to
that to which the extremity of B has arrived after its stroke, will be caught by B. If,
through previous adjustment, the letter, or the group of letters, corresponding to the.
combination of signals received, is then situated immediately under the printing.
roller F, this roller will only have to be worked as in the preceding apparatus to effect:
the printing of such letter or group of letters. All that has just been said evidently.
applies to catch B₁, type wheel R, and cam C₁; to catch B., type wheel R, and cam C₂;
to catch B3, type wheel R, and cain C.
If the motion of the wheels R R R2 and R, only takes place when the catches B B₁
B, B, have arrived at the end of their respective strokes, determined, for each, by the
proper combinations of signals, then each catch B B₁ B, B, will stop, respectively, the,
particular tooth of the cams CC, C, C3, corresponding to the letter, or group of letters,
to be printed. A whole line of the telegraphic tape is thus prepared by the stopping
of the teeth of the cams under the printing roller, and a stroke of this roller will produce
the printing.
The tape will afterwards be moved forward through the interval of two successive.
lines, by means of the feed rollers d, D.
The inking of the letters is effected by means of roller A.
The paper tape M N is stretched and guided by the rollers G, G.
The motion of the stops B B, B, B3, after the release of one or more of the
catches C, C, C
is imparted by the pull of the springs. H. H, H₂ H
T3
and the levers S, as in the preceding form of the apparatus.
When the printing has been done, the bars T, T
are forced back to
their position of rest by the cam K, placed on the spindle carrying the type wheels
and each of the wheels RR, R, R, is brought back to blank by the 'action of spiral
springs. These springs are not shown in the drawing, so as to avoid complication.
One end of each spring is attached to its corresponding wheel R R, R, R, respectively,
and the other end of each spring to the spindle, the wheels being otherwise loose
on their support. As soon as the stops B B, B, B, have been pushed back, each
spring forces the type wheel to which it belongs to finish its revolution.
X represents the printing cam; P and U respectively the ratchet and pawl of the
feeding rollers; L the spring which pulls back the pivoted arm serving to replace the
bars T T₂ T . . in their position of rest.
Instead of making use of wheels provided with spiral springs, as last described,
the wheels may be mounted on a spindle rotating with a uniform continuous speed,

page_text: each wheel being free to stop whilst the spindle is turning, and ready to follow its
motion by means of a friction arrangement. Another parallel spindle carries the
cams necessary for the different operations just described, this second spindle only
making one revolution for the printing of each row of letters, by means of a special
clutch worked by an electro-magnet at the proper moment.
The same arrangement of stepped cams and horizontal sliding bars is used to stop
the required letters under the printing roller as in the form of the apparatus that has
just been described before.
Figure 6 shows an arrangement which will now be briefly described with due
reference to what has been said before. In this figure, the same letters stand for
similar parts to those already described.
+
Instead of the catches used to hold the bars T, T₂ T
, one against the
other, these bars are here held directly by the ends of the small rods t₁ t₂ t.
which go through them respectively, in such a manner that if, for instance,
rod t, is pulled down by the attraction of the armature of the electro-magnet E₁, the
bar 1, is released and advances a certain distance, regulated by means of the screw V₁
by reason of the pull of the spring H on the lever S. If the two rods t₁ and tz, or
the three rods t₁ t, and t, were pulled down simultaneously, the bars T₁ and T', in
the first case, and the bars T, T, and T, in the second case would be released and the
top bar B would advance through a distance corresponding either to the sum of the
lengths that V, and V3 can travel, or to the sum of the lengths that V, V, and V, can
travel. After each of these totalised displacements, B would stop the tooth of the
stepped cain C which is at the same distance from the centre of the spindle B' of
the type wheels as that to which B has arrived. Immediately after the displacement
of bar B, by reason of the motions of the various bars T, T, T . . . which form
the mechanical combinator either through the currents sent directly from the key-
board, or on the line, an escapement placed on the spindle A¹, which carries the
cams, acts by means of a special electro-magnet. The stepped cams C and the
type wheels R, which are held at their blank position by abutting rests, are allowed
to follow the motion of their continuously rotating spindle B₁, on which they are
mounted with a certain amount of friction, and the type wheel is again stopped,
through the stepped cam C and the bar B in such a position that the letter, or the
group of letters, corresponding to the distance travelled by bar B, is under the printing
pad F. Immediately after the printing has been effected by cam X, bar B is pushed
back to its position of rest by cam K, the type wheel and the stepped cam corre-
sponding to it follow the motion of their spindle B¹; they thus finish their revolution
and are stopped by their abutting rest ready to go again through the same motions
for another printing. The paper then moves forward as has been previously described.
In order to ensure the working of the apparatus the speeds of spindle B1, carrying
the type wheels and the stepped cams, and of spindle A¹, carrying the various other
cms, must have a ratio greater than one to one. The exact ratio can be determined
experimentally. In the apparatus constructed according to the present Specification,
the ratio is that of two to one.
This same principle of adding up the strokes of the armatures of electro-magnets,
the said strokes being previously adjusted so as to be proportional to 1, 2, 8, 16 etcetera,
can also be applied to the construction of an electric combinator. This combinator
may consist of a needle, hand, or pointer, moving on a circular or rectilinear scale
or dial, made up of insulated contact pieces or segments, in such a way that the
working of any electro-magnet, or of any combination of electro-magnets, may bring
the needle or pointer on a special segment or contact piece, corresponding to the
electro-magnet, or combination of electro-magnets, at work. The needle, or pointer,
once brought to its position, may then be used to establish an electric current through
the segment on which it has stopped, the said current being employed to work an
apparatus at the proper moment.
The combination just described can also be employed in connection with any
machine worked by means of keys, such as type.setting machines, for instance, so as

page_text: to actuate such an instrument from a distant station, by means of a single line wire
and the necessary local circuits, batteries, and electro-magnets.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I
claim is
First In printing telegraphic apparatus the employment of separated and combined
signals, each representing either a distinct letter, or a distinct group of letters, by
causing the line currents to act, either directly, with several line wires, or with a
single line wire by means of relays, according to the principles of multiplex telegraphy,
on electro-magnets E, E, E, the attraction of the armatures of which on a sector S
produces through the motions of the pivotted levers L₁₂ the pulleys P₂ and P
and the pull of the strap xyz, the angular displacement necessary to bring the letter,
or group of letters to be printed on the paper tape, under the printing roller, sub-
stantially as hereinbefore described and illustrated in Figure 1 of the drawings and
for the purpose specified.
Second In printing telegraphic apparatus, the employment of separate or combined
signals, each representing eithera distinct letter, or a distinct group of letters, by causing
the line currents to act, either directly with several line wires, or with a single line
wire by means of relays, according to the processes of multiplex telegraphy, on
elector-magnets E, E, E, .
the attraction of the armatures of which pull
the rods t₁ to to
lift the catches C₁ C₂ C₁₂ .
and release the
which are pulled by the connecting rod B and cause the sector S
to travel through the angle necessary to bring the letter, or group of letters, engraved
on the division of the type-wheel corresponding to the separate signal, or combination
of signals, under the printing roller substantially as hereinbefore described, and
illustrated in Figures 2 and 3 of the drawings, and for the purpose specified.
levers T, T₂ T
2
"
Third In printing telegraphic apparatus of the kind herein before described, the
use of a letter-bearing sector S as a printing device instead of the type-wheel
substantially as herein before described, and illustrated in the drawing.
Fourth In printing telegraphic apparatus forming the subject of the first and
second claiming clauses hereof, the application and use of several type wheels, or of
several type sectors, the number of which is dependent upon the code employed,
substantially as bereinbefore described, and illustrated in the drawings.
Fifth In stenographic operations and for the purpose of effecting the direct and
immediate transcription of stenography into typographic characters, the application
and use of the apparatuses formning the subjects of the first, second, third and fourth
claiming clauses hereof, worked by means of a cable of as many wires as there are
keys on the transmitting key-board, and as there are electro-magnets in the receiving
printing apparatus as hereinbefore described.
Sixth The application and use of horizontal bars T₁ T₂ T
. . shown in
Figures 4 and 5 instead of the vertical levers T, T. T¸ . . . shown in Figures 2 and 3
of the drawings.
Seventh-The application and use of type wheels attached to toothed cams; the
rotation of the spindle of the type wheels bringing the letters or groups of letters,
which compose a line of the telegraphic tape under the printing roller.
A spiral spring
attached to each type wheel, bringing it back to blank as soon as the bars T, T,T,
have begun their backward motion towards their position of rest, under the action of
a special excentric K, mounted on the spindle of the type wheels substantially as
hereinbefore described, and illustrated in the drawings.
Eighth The application and use of type wheels attached to toothed cams and mounted
on a continuously rotating spindle; any or all of such wheels being capable of being
stopped in the required position under the printing roller by the action of the herein-
before.described bars T, T, T, ... etcetera, and when not so stopped, of being carried
away by the rotating spindle by means of a friction arrangement between said wheels
and spindle, another special spindle carrying the cams, necessary for the various
operations described, being provided in a position parallel to that of the continuously

page_text: rotating spindle and making only one revolution, by means of a clutch, each time a
line of letters, or groups of letters, is to be printed on the tape, substantially as herein-
before described, and illustrated in the drawings.
G. A: CASSAGNES.
Per W. H. Beck,
115, Cannon Street, London, E.C., Agent.