IMPROVEMENTS IN ROLLING AND SHAPING METALS
Year: 1855

page_text: such bolt or pin having been previously heated, they transform the circular
portion into a square section, the length of such square section portion cor-
responding to the length of the V grooves, the bolt will thus have one part of
its length round and the other square, and may be passed through successive
grooves to reduce it to the required size. Although these swaging rolls have
been described merely for manufacturing railway pins, yet they are obviously
applicable to the swaging of other articles by modifying the forms and lengths
of the grooves on the folls:
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, GEORGE.
HOPPER, of Houghton-le-Spring Iron Works, in the County of Durham,
Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Sixth day tof June, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-five, in the eighteenth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me,
the said George Hopper, Her special license that I, the said George Hopper,
my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said George
Hopper; my executors, administrators, or assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during
the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make use, exercise,
and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, "the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN ROLLING
AND SHAPING METALS," upon the condition (amongst others), that I, the said
George Hopper, by an instrument in writing under my hand and séal, should
particularly describe; and ascertain the nature of the said-Invention, and in
what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed.
in the Great Seal. Patent Office within, six calendar months next and imme-
diately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said George Hopper, do hereby declare the
nature of my said Invention; and in what manner the same is to be per-
formed, to be particularly described and ascertained in, and by the following
statement, reference being had to the accompanying Drawings, and to the letters:
and figures marked thereon, that is to say:

page_text: My said Invention relates to a peculiar construction and arrangement of
swaging rolls for rolling and shaping metals, such rolls being more particularly
applicable to the manufacture of railway pins, for which I obtained Letter's
Patent for Great Britain on for about the 13th day March 1854.
The Invention consists in the employment of a peculiar form of rolls for
forming the square and round portions of such railway pins, which is effected
by making one portion of the grooves semicircular and another, portion of the
same grooves V-shaped, so that when the semicircular portion, of the grooves
work together, the round bolt or pin may be held therein by a pair of tongs
during the revolution of the rolls; but when the V-shaped portion of the grooves
come round, they of course form a square aperture, and, by nipping the round
bolt or pin-between them such bolt or pin having been previously heated, they
transform the circular portion into a square section, the length of such square
sectioned portion corresponding to the length of the V grooves; the bolt" will
thus have one part of its length round and the other square, and may be passed
through successive grooves to reduce it to the required size. "Although these
swaging rolls have been described merely for manufacturing railway pins, yet
they are obviously applicable to the swaging of other articles by modifying the
forms and lengths of the grooves on the rolls...
And in order that the said. Invention may be 'fully understood, I shall, now
proceed particularly to describe the same, and for that purpose I shall refer to
the several Figures on the Sheet of Drawings hereunto annexed, the same
letters of reference indicating corresponding parts throughout all the Figures...
Figure 1 of the Drawings represents a complete' side elevation of a rolling
mill with the swaging rolls constructed according to my present Invention;
Figure 2 is a corresponding end elevation of the same; and Figure 3 repre-
sents a transverse section of a pair of Swaging rolls, shewing the mode of using
the same. The rest of the Figures are details and 'modifications, which I shall
herein after fully-describe...
A; A, are the standards of the rolling mill, which are supported in any suit-
able bed plate or foundation, and are fitted with bearings for carrying the
driving shaft -B, which works the two sets of rolls C, C, by means of suitable
toothed gearing, in the ordinary manner. Each roll consists of three parts,
namely, a malleable iron spindle C, shewn in detail at Figure 4; and two'
malleable iron collars D, D, shewn in detail at Figures 5, 6, and '7, which
collars are keyed on to the spindles C. Each collar is furnished with a dove-
tailed-recess E, into which is accurately fitted the chilled rolling piece F, with
V grooves, represented at Figures 8 and 9. These pieces are secured in their
places in the peripheries of the collars D by the dovetailed form of the recess,

page_text: and by the curved or arched iron plate G, which is screwed on to the side of
the collar to prevent the rolling piece' moving endwise, as will be clearly under:
stood on referring to Figures 5 and-6; or; if found desirable, the recess may-
be formed entirely across the collar, and an arched plate-fitted on to each side
or end of the same.
It is obvious that when a variety of forms, or sizes of articles are to be
swaged, the keyed iron collars D'may be removed from their spindles, and
others of the required size and form substituted; or the arched plates G-may-be
unscrewed, and the moveable rolling piece changed with facility-for-another-
having grooves of a sufficient size or form. The grooves in each collar may be
graduated, that is, each succeeding groove made slightly smaller than the
preceeding one, by which means the bolt, pin, or other article-to be swaged
may, by being operated upon-by-the-successive grooves, be gradually-reduced
in size:
Figure 10 represents a detail of a simpler form of roll,-suited for the
standards A, A, but scarcely so well adapted for swaging various sizes."
The
body of this roll C is composed of cast iron, suitable recesses being left-for
the chilled rolling-pieces and plates G, which are screwed to the body of
the roll, and serve to hold the rolling pieces F in their seats. One of these
rolling pieces is represented detached at Figure 11, which Figure-shews also
the holding piece G.It will be seen, on referring to Figure 1-1, that- the
two ends of the rolling piece are dovetailed, so as to enable it to be held secure-
in its seat, whilst the two sides are tapered inwards slightly, as shewn by the
transverse section at Figure 12, for the purpose of facilitating the removal
thereof when the holding piece G-is unscrewed. In swaging, my improved-
railway chair pins by these rolls, a round, bolt or pin is-heated to a moderate:
heat, and held in the semicircular grooves by a pair of tongs, as shewn at.
Figure 3, during the revolution of the rolls, such semicircular grooves-being:
sufficiently large to pass over the article to be swaged, without nipping it.
But when the V-shaped portions of the grooves come round, which; portion
extends from a to 6 in Figure 3, they of-course form a square aperture, and,
by nipping the round bolt or pin between them, they transform a part of the
circular portion into a square section, the length of such square section,
corresponding to the length of the V grooves, whatever that may be.
The bolt will thus have one portion of its length round and the other square,
and may be passed through successive grooves to reduce it to the required-size.
Although these swaging rolls have been described merely for making railway
pins or for swaging a round bolt square, they are obviously applicable to the
swaging of other articles, by suitably modifying the forms, and lengths of the

page_text: grooves upon the rolls. The bolt or pin or other article submitted to the action
of the swaging rolls is forced back out of the rolls towards the person holding
it when the V grooves come into operation, in place of being carried com-
pletely through the rolls, as is usually the case. Each pair of rolls is furnished
also with guides, not shewn in the Drawings, against which guides the ends of
the tongs are brought, in order thereby to prevent the article to be swaged
from projecting too far into the semicircular grooves of the rolls, thus regulating
the length to which the article has to be swaged.
Although I have described the rolls as being formed in three parts and fitted
with moveable rolling pieces, yet I do not confine or restrict myself to such
an arrangement, as it will be obvious to the practical man that the rolls might
be made in one piece, the V grooves being formed in the body of the rolls in
place of being fitted therein; but I prefer the arrangement I have herein-
before described, and illustrated in my Drawings.
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of my said
Invention, and the manner in which the same is or may be used or carried
into effect, I would observe, in conclusion, that I do not confine or restrict
myself to the precise details or arrangements which I have had occasion to
describe or refer to, as many variations may be made therefrom without
deviating from the principles or main features of my said Invention; but what
I consider to be novel and original, and therefore claim as the Invention secured
to me by the herein-before in part recited Letters Patent, is,
First, the system or mode of rolling or swaging metals by means of rolls
having grooves of two different sections in their circumference, one section
of the groove only acting on the article to be swaged, as herein-before
described.
Second, the general construction and arrangement of machinery or apparatus
for rolling metals, as herein-before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said George Hopper, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, the Fourth day of December, One thousand eight
hundred and fifty-five.