IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF EARTHENWARE AND' OTHER PIPES AND IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS TO BE EMPLOYED IN THE SAID MANUFACTURE
Year: 1866

page_text: -LETTERS PATENT to Charles Forster Cotterill, of Cannock, in the County
7
of Stafford, Gentleman, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
MANUFACTURE OF EARTHENWARE AND' OTHER PIPES AND IN MACHINERY OR
APPARATUS TO BE EMPLOYED IN THE SAID MANUFACTURE."
Sealed the 28th December 1866, and dated the 10th August 1866.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Charles Forster Cotterill
at the Office, of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
ȧ. the 10th August 1866
I, CHARLES FORSTER. COTTERILL, of Cannock, in the County of Stafford,
5.Gentleman, do hereby., declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE, MANUFACTURE OF EARTHENWARE AND OTHER PIPES, AND IN
MACHINERY, OR APPARATUS TO BE EMPLOYED IN THE. BAID MANUFACTURE," to be as
follows:
: My improvements in the manufacture of earthenware and other pipes
relate principally to such pipes.as are made double and in segments, that is
pipes which consist of. two concentric pipes, one within the other, made by
being built up of: segmental pieces... The said pipes are usually made of
earthenware, and are principally used for conveying water and sewage.
My improvements in the manufacture of the said pipes consist in making
the segmental.pieces: much: thinner than usual, and filling up the space
between the inner and outer pipes with cement, so as to consolidate the whole
into one compact mass, instead of leaving the space between the two pipes
empty. On each of the segments. composing the inner pipe I make.two
[Price 8d.]

page_text: projecting transverse ribs, which when thesegments are puttogetherconstitute
two rings on the inner pipe,upon which the segments constituting the outer
pipe are supported at the required distances from the inner pipe. The outer
segments are so arranged with respect to the inner ones that they break
joint, that is, the junctions of the outer segments are not opposite the
junctions of the inner segments. In that segment of the outer pipe which is
uppermost one or more holes are made, through which the cement for filling
the space between the pipes is poured. The cement is prevented from
running out from between the pipes bymeans of the ringsdescribed. Although
two concentric pipes with cement between them are sufficiently strong for
general purposes, yet where extraordinary strength is required three or more
concentric pipes with cement between them may be employed. The building
up of single pipes may be effected by the use of the longitudinal and trans-
verse junctions described, and the joining of single pipes end to end may be
effected by the use of the cement described. In the joining ordinary or
single pipes by means of cement I make the ends of the pipes conical, that is,
I bevil or taper the internal edge of one end of each pipe, and I bevil or taper
the external edge of the other end. The conical end of one pipe is fitted into
the hollow conical end of the other, the said conical end being dipped into the
cement before it is inserted in the hollow conical end of the pipe it is to be
joined to; the cement I employ for thus joining single pipes is the cement
herein-after described for filling the space. between concentric pipes. The
cement is melted for use; the junction it forms between the ends of the pipes
is sufficient for gas and other purposes when great pressure is not employed.
I prefer to dip the segments and pipes after they are taken from the kiln in
which they are burned, and while they are still hot, in a composition made of
six parts by weight of pitch, two parts by weight of gas tar, one part by
weight of plaster of Paris, and three parts by weight of sand, the said com-
position being melted; the said dipping closes any fissures or cracks that may
be in the segments, and facilitates the adhesion of the filling cement thereto,
The cement with which I fill the space between the two concentric pipes is
composed of six parts by weight of pitch, one of gas tar, one of plaster of
Paris, and ten of sand. Instead of making transverse ribs on each inner
segment, the said segments may be made without ribs, and detached rings
may be placed on the inner pipe to support the outer segments and prevent
the running out of the cement. The dipping in cement for closing fissures
or cracks may be applied to pipes of the ordinary kind as well as to pipes
made in segments.
My improvements inthe manufacture of pipes, although especially applicable

page_text: to pipes made of earthenware, may also be applied to the manufacture of
pipes made of iron or other material.
My improvements in machinery or apparatus to be employed in the manu-
facture of earthenware and other pipes consist of a portable furnace and pan
for melting the composition in which the segments or pipes are dipped as they
are taken from the kiln; the said furnace is mounted on wheels so as to be
readily removed from place to place, and the pan is divided longitudinally
into two compartments; in one of the compartments the dipping of the
segments or pipes in the melted composition is being conducted while com-
position is being melted in the other ready for use when the melted composition
in the other compartment has been used.
i
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditious of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Charles Forster Cotterill in the Great Seal Patent Office on
the 8th February 1867.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, CHARLES
FORSTER COTTERILL, of Cannock, in the County of Stafford, Gentleman, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Tenth day of August, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and sixty-six, in the thirtieth year of Her reign, did,
for Herself; Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said Charles
Forster Cotterill; Her special licence that I, the said Charles Forster Cotterill,
my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Charles
Forster Cotterill,my 'executors, administrators, and assigns,should at any time
agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during
the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise,
and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, au Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
MANUFACTURE OF EARTHENWARE AND OTHER PIPES, AND IN MACHINERY OR APPA-
RATUS TO BE EMPLOYED IN THE SAID MANUFACTURE," upon the condition (amongst
others) that I, the said Charles Forster Cotterill, my executors or adminis-
trators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands
and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said
Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the
same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent, Office within six calendar months
next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Charles Forster Cotterill, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and bythe following
statement thereof, that is to say :-
My improvements in the manufacture of earthenware and other pipes
relate principally to such pipes as are made double and in segments, that is,
pipes which consist of two concentric pipes, one within the other, made by
being built up of segmental pieces; the said pipes are usually made of
earthenware, and are principally used for conveying water and sewage.
My improvements in the manufacture of the said pipes consist in making
the segmental pieces much thinner than usual, and filling up the space
between the inner and outer pipes with cement, so as to consolidate the whole
into one compact mass, instead of leaving the space between the two pipes
empty. On each of the segments composing the inner pipe I make two
projecting transverse ribs, which when the segments are put together con-
stitute two rings on the inner pipe, upon which the segments constituting the
outer pipe are supported at the required distances from the inner pipe. The
outer segments are so arranged with respect to the inner ones that they break
joint, that is, the junctions of the outersegments are not opposite the junctions
of the inner segments. In that segment of the outer pipe which is upper-
most one or more holes are made, through which the cement for filling
the space between the pipes is poured; the cement is prevented from
running out from between the pipes by means of the rings described.
Although two concentric pipes with cement between them are sufficiently
strong for general purposes, yet where extraordinary strength is required
three or more concentric pipes with cement between them may be employed.
The building up of single pipes may be effected by the use of segmental pieces
with the longitudinal and transverse junctions described; and the joining of
single pipes end to end may be effected by the use of the cement described.
In the joining of ordinary or single pipes by means of cement I make theends
of the pipes conical, that is, I bevil or taper the internal edge of one end of
each pipe, and I bevil or taper the external edge of the other end. The
conical end of one pipe is fitted into the hollow conical end of the other, the
said conical end being dipped into the cement before it is inserted in the
hollow conical end of the pipe it is to be joined to; the cement I employ for
thus joining single pipes is the cement herein-after described for filling the
space between concentric pipes. The cement is melted for use; the junction
it forms between the end of the pipes is sufficient for gas and other purposes
where great pressure is not employed. I prefer to dip the segments and

page_text: pipes after they are taken from the kiln in which they are burned, and while
they are still hot, in a composition made of three parts by weight of pitch,
and one part by weight of sand; the said composition being melted the said
dipping closes any fissures or cracks that may be in the segments, and
facilitates the adhesion of the filling cement thereto. The filling and joint-
ing cement may be made of one part by weight of pitch and one and a half
parts by weight of sand, the said materials being melted together. Instead
of making transverse ribs on each inner seginent, the said segments may
be made without ribs, and detached rings may be placed on the inner pipe
to support the outer segments and prevent the running out of the cement.
The dipping in cement for closing fissures or cracks may be applied to
pipes of the ordinary kind as well as to pipes made in segments.
My improvements in the manufacture of pipes, although especially
applicable to pipes made of earthenware, may also be applied to the
manufacture of pipes made of iron or other material.
My improvements in machinery or apparatus to be employed in the
manufacture of earthenware and other pipes consist of a portable furnace and
pan for melting the composition, in which the segments or pipes are dipped
as they are taken from the kiln, or otherwise; the said furnace is mounted
on wheels, so as to be readily removed from place to place, and the pan may
be divided longitudinally into two compartments; in one of the compart-
ments the dipping of the segments or pipes in the melted composition is
being conducted while composition is being melted in the other ready for
use when the inelted composition in the other compartment has been used.
Having explained the nature of my Invention, I will proceed to describe,
with reference to the accompanying Drawings, the manner in which the
same is to be performed.
Figure 1 represents in vertical section a double earthenware pipe manu-
factured according to my Invention, and Figure 2 illustrates also in
vertical section the manner in which the same is built up or put together.
a is the foot or base of earthenware, which is firmly embedded in the trench
in which the pipes are to be laid, the said foot or base being of a length equal
to that of the segmental pieces herein-after described; b, b, are the segmental
pieces of which the inner pipe is made, and c, Figure 1, are the segmental
pieces of which the outer pipe is made; d, d, is a ring of iron made in two
parts bolted or screwed together at the flanges e, the flauges e being at
different levels, so as to break joint with the segmental pieces c; the
segmental pieces b and c are also so arranged, as seen in Figure 1, as to
break joint with one another. In building up the double pipe two of the

page_text: lower half rings of iron d are employed, one of the said half rings being
placed upon one end of the foot a and the other half ring upon the other end
of the said foot, and upon these half rings the segmental pieces b, b, are built
or placed, as illustrated at Figure 2, the convex or male end of one of the
segmental pieces being made to engage in the concave or female end of the
next piece. Each of the inner segmental pieces is convex at one end and
concave at the other end. In putting together the segmental pieces they are
prepared or treated in the manner herein-after explained. When a half pipe
or nearly half pipe has been formed by the inner segmental pieces the
cylindrical framing f, similar to that used in building sewers and other arched
structures, is put in the partially formed pipe, as illustrated in Figure 2, and
the building of the other inner segmental pieces 6 upon the said framingfis
continued until the inner pipe is complete; the framing is then withdrawn,
or the said framing may be left until the outer pipe is built up. The upper
halves of the two rings d, d, are then placed upon the upper half of the inner
pipe, and are fixed by screw bolts and nuts to the lower halves of the said
rings d, as indicated in Figure 1. The outer pipec is next built upon the ringsd
in the mannerrepresented, that is, the lower segmental pieces c, having convex
ends, are made to engage in the concave recesses a² in the foot a, the said
lower segmental pieces being supported against the rings d by the filling in of
the trench to nearly the height of the said lower segmental pieces. The other
segmental pieces of the outer pipe are built up and made to engage with one
another in the manner represented in Figure 1. The space between the
segmental pieces of the outer pipe and those of the inner pipe is filled as
the building up of the outer pipe proceeds by means of the filling cement or
composition herein-after described, which is kept melted for use as the work
proceeds. All the outer segmental pieces c are convex at one end and
concave at the other, excepting the top one which is convex at both ends.
The outer segmental pieces which cover the flanges e of the rings d have
recesses in them for the reception of the said flanges, screw bolts, and
nuts; the pipe thus built up consists of two concentric pipes separated
from each other by an annular space equal in diameter to the rings d, the
said annular space being closed by the rings dat distances equal to the
length of the outer segmental pieces c, and filled, as herein-before described,
with filling composition. Each of the top outer segmental pieces has a hole
in it, through which the cement or composition is poured for filling the
space between the pipes, at or about the top.
Figures 3, 4, and 5 further illustrate on a smaller scale the manner of
building up the double pipe, Figures 1 and 2, Figure 3 being a side elevation

page_text: showing the junctions of the outer segmental pieces and the feet; Figure 4
being a vertical longitudinal section showing the manner in which the outer
and inner segmental pieces break joint, and also showing the arrangement
of the rings d with respect to the feet and inner and outer segmental pieces,
The holes at which the filling cement or composition at top is introduced are
marked g in Figure 4, and the cement between the pipes is marked in the
said Figure 4, Figure 5 represents in perspective a portion of a double pipe
in the course of construction. It will be seen by Figures 3, 4, and 5 that the
first foot or base a and the first outer segmental piece are only half the length
of the others for the purpose of making the arrangement for breaking joint.
In Figures 3, 4, and 5 the parts are marked with the same letters as
corresponding parts in Figures 1 and 2.
Instead of employing the detached iron rings & for the purpose of supporting
the concentric pipes apart, projecting transverse ribs may be madeon the ends
of each of the inner segmental pieces, which said ribs, when the segmental
pieces are put together in the manner already described, constitute rings on the
inner pipe, upon which the segmental pieces, constituting the outer pipe, are
supported at the required distance from the inner pipe; this arrangement may
be employed for small pipes, but for large pipes I prefer the use of iron rings,
as besides supporting the outer segmental pieces and closing the annular spaces
between the pipes the said rings give great strength to the pipe. I prepare the
segmental pieces of earthenware by dipping them after they are taken from
the kiln in which they are burned, and while they are still hot, or afterwards,
in a composition made of three parts by weight of pitch and one part by weight
of sand; the said segmental pieces are immersed in the said composition while
it is in a state of complete fusion, and are kept therein from ten to fifteen
minutes or until they are thoroughly impregnated with the said composi-
tion; all fissures or cracks are thereby closed, and great strength and com-
pactness given to the segmental pieces. In putting the segmental pieces
together their edges are dipped into a fused cement or composition made of
one part by weight of pitch and one and a half parts by weight of sand; the
tused cement taken up by this dipping joins the two edges of the segmental
pieces securely together when the edge of one segmental piece is made to
engage with the other in the manner herein-before described. The space
between the outer and inner pipes is filled with the last-named cement, the
rings d preventing the cement running out endwise. The cement poured in
between the pipes attaches itself to that with which the segmental pieces were
impregnated by dipping, and the two pipes thus become firmly consolidated
into one compact mass of great strength and durability.

page_text: Figure 6 represents partly in transverse vertical section and partly in end
elevation an earthenware pipe of large size made of three concentric pipes
according to my Invention, and having two iron rings; these rings, in con-
sequence of their large diameter, are made in four pieces and joined by screw
bolts and nuts. As the pipe, Figure 6, is built up in a way substantially
the same as that described with reference to a double pipe I do not consider
a further description of the said Figure 6 necessary. When additional
strength is required compound pipes composed of more than three con-
centric pipes may be built up by the methods described and illustrated.
Figures 7 and 8 represent transverse sections of an earthenware pipe made
according to my Invention of a single series of segmental pieces bound
together by iron and carthenware clips, and Figure 9 is a side elevation of
the same. The section, Figure 7, is taken through the line m, Figure 9,
and the section, Figure 8, is taken through the line n, Figure 9. The
earthenware clips of the pipe are marked i, and are carried by the bases
or feet o, and the iron clips of the pipe are marked ; the said carthenware
clips are made in several pieces bolted together by flanges, nuts, and screws
and the iron clips are made in two or more pieces bolted together by flanges,
nuts, and screws. The top portion of each clip has a hole , at which
the cement herein-before described is poured to fill up the space between
the hollow earthenware clips and the pipe, and to connect the said pipe
and clips together.
Figure 9 illustrates the manner in which the ends of the iron clips are
expanded and made into flanges so as to receive the nuts and screws;
this arrangement is adopted in every case where iron clips are employed. In
order to close the end of a pipe made according to my Invention I employ a
disc of iron with cross arms of the form represented in Figure 10, the ends of
the cross arms having holes p made in them. The end of the pipe, see
Figure 9, has an iron clip q furnished with snugs having holes in them;
screw pins s are passed through the holes in pand r, and screw nuts t being
put upon the said screw pins the closing plate is securely fixed against the
end of the pipe. A washer of leather or other material may be put between
the closing plate and the end of the pipe.
In order to fix service or branch pipes in main pipes made according to my
Invention I insert at the required places, if these can be pre-arranged during
the building up of the main pipe, segmental pieces having holes in them of a
size properto receive the service or branch pipes. When service or branch pipes
are required to be fixed where no provision has been made for them I drill
through the double pipe holes of the required size; in this case the hole in

page_text: the inner pipe of the main is made of the same diameter as the interior of
the service or branch pipe, and the hole in the outer pipe of the main is made
a little larger than the exterior of the said service or branch pipe. The end
of the service or branch pipe is made concave, so as to fit the convex surface
of the inner pipe. The surface or branch pipe is fixed to the main pipe
by the use of the cement or composition herein-before described, and for
the purpose of facilitating the holding of the cement the end of the service
pipe is grooved. When earthenware pipes made in the ordinary way are to
be joined I make one end concave and the other end convex, in the manner
described with reference to the ends of the segmental pieces, and I join the
concave end of one pipe to the convex end of the next pipe by means of the
cement described, and when great strength at the junction is required I
employ a collar or clip made to cover the said junction and connect it there-
with by the filling cement already described.
Although my Invention is especially applicable to the manufacture of pipes
of earthenware segmental pieces alone, yet some of the segmental pieces of
which the pipes are built up may be made of iron or other material, and
others of earthenware, or the whole of the segmental pieces may be made of
iron or other material; and although I have described the best cement or
composition with which I am acquainted for impregnating, jointing, and
filling in the earthenware pipes and other pipes, yet other compositions of a
pitchy or bituminous nature may be employed in place of the composition
described.
Pipes made according to my Invention may be employed as syphons,
or may be made of sufficient size and strength to be used as conduits
and tunnels and other tubular structures.
the
Figure 11 represents in elevation, and Figure 12 in plan, the machinery or
apparatus which I use for melting the composition employed in carrying my
Invention into effect; the said apparatus consists of a cistern or reservoir u,
mounted on wheels; underneath the said cistern is a flue vand-fire-place w
the fire and heated air from which fire-place pass-under the cistern and up
flue or chimney; the cistern or reservoir u may be divided by a partition'.y
into two compartments, in one of which the immersion of the segmental pieces
or tubes in the composition is going on while the composition is being melted
in the other. The apparatus may be readily moved from place to place to
follow the laying down of the pipes. When convenient I prefer melting the
composition by steam heat or by a water bath.
Having now described the nature of my Invention, and the manner in
which the same is to be performed, I wish it to be understood that I do not

page_text: limit myself to the precise details herein described and illustrated in the
Drawings, as the same may be varied without departing from the nature of
my Invention; but what I claim as my Invention is,―
Firstly, the improvements herein-before described and illustrated in Figures]
to 6, both inclusive, of the accompanying Drawings, in manufacturing earthen-
ware and other pipes which are made of two or more concentric pipes built
up of segmental pieces, that is to say, building up the said pipes of segmental
pieces, the edges of which engage together, the said pipes being separated by
rings, and filling up the space between the pipes by a pitchy or bituminous
cement or composition, so as to consolidate the whole into one mass, substan-
tially as described and illustrated.
"
.7.1
+4417
Secondly, the improvements in the manufacture of single earthenware and
other pipes herein-before described and illustrated in Figures 7, 8, and 9 of
the accompanying Drawings, that is to say, making the said pipes ofsegmental
pieces made to engage together at their edges, and bound by earthenware or
iron clips, or by both earthenware and iron clips, substantially as described
and illustrated...
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Thirdly, impregnating earthenware pipes or earthenware segmental pieces
to be made into pipes with a melted pitchy or bituminous composition by the
prolonged immersion of the said pipes or segmental pieces in the said melted
composition; also joining the ends of earthenware and other pipes and
segmental pieces to be built up into pipes by means of a melted pitchy or
bituminous coinposition, substantially as described.
J
Lastly, the machinery or apparatus herein-before described and illustrated
in Figures 11 and 12 of the accompanying Drawings, to be used in dipping or
impregnating earthenware pipes or earthenware segmental pieces to be made
into pipes with a melted pitchy or bituminous composition.
In, witness whereof, I, the said Charles Forster Cotterill, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this, Sixth day of February, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-sevenou
Witness,
GEORGE SHAW..
CHARLES FORSTER COTTERILL. (L.B.)"
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