IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR HEATING AND COOLING LIQUIDS
Year: 1883

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Lawrence and George Lawrence, both of Saint
Mary Axe in the County of Middlesex for an Invention of IMPROVEMENTS
IN APPARATUS FOR HEATING AND COOLING LIQUIDS
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Lawrence and
George Lawrence at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the
15th October 1883.
WILLIAM LAWRENCE and GEORGE LAWRENCE, both of Saint Mary Axe in the
County of Middlesex, "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR HEATING AND COOLING
LIQUIDS"
"
The invention refers generally to the construction out of tubes or corrugated
surfaces of refrigerators, or heating or cooling apparatus.
Such apparatus to be worked generally vertically but sometimes placed at any
conveniently incline angle or sometimes horizontal.
As regards vertical refrigerators or heating and cooling machines, such are
already made of tubes and also as shewn in some of the former patents of
William and George Lawrence for corrugated metal refrigerators. The present
invention is intended to remedy certain defects in the construction of tubular and
corrugated refrigerators, by providing more efficient means for the flow of liquid
both externally and internally; by building up refrigerators in parts so as to make
them easily renewable, in case of accident or damage to any portion; by giving
increased facility for internal and external cleaning; and by generally adding to
the efficiency of the refrigerators, or heating or cooling apparatus and constructing
them to resist great pressures when necessary by certain systems of staying
internally or externally, by certain systems of staying internally or externally, and
by building them up of a combination of both the corrugated and tubular forms.
Also in constructing vertical refrigerators of twisted rifled grooved pipes such pipes
being circular oval or flat in cross section. We have found that as regards
refrigerators made to work more especially on the thin film principle or where the
liquid to be cooled flows down externally as in the "Baudelot" or the "Lawrence"
system the power of the refrigerator is increased as regards its duty per superficial

page_text: area of the cooling surface when the tubes or corrugations are diminished in size, but
the reducing of the bore in the case of tubes is attended with the great difficulty of
the smallness of their area preventing sufficient quantity of water from flowing
through the pipes, or internally. To obviate this difficulty, means have already
been resorted to by connecting several tiers of tubes together, but this is also very
objectionable.
To remedy the difficulty we cause sometimes a by-slip of water to flow at the
ends or covers of the refrigerator also at certain parts of the tubes in such a
manner that the deficiency of water flow is made up by the by-slip from tier to
tier of tubes. The by-slip arrangement may further be made adjustable to let by
more or less water, as may be required, by any conveniently arranged covers or
closing or opening valves or apertures; or chambers, through which the tubes may
be made to pass, may be provided, and adjustable perforations may be made, in
such chambers connecting with the tubes. The tubes may be fixed in the tube
frames singly or in two or more sets of tubes and a plate of metal or diaphragm
may be made to connect the tubes in sets. The tubes being in the general way
oval may be made up of two D shaped tubes placed back to back and having a
plate of metal between them and which plate may connect them in tiers in sets or
twos or threes.
The tube plates or gun metal or other frames into which the tubes are soldered
or fixed, either singly, or in pairs, or in sets of threes, or any convenient number,
.must be made to hold, either an equal number of tubes, or any convenient number
that the sets will divide into. Such tube plates are intended to be stacked one
upon the other so as to increase or decrease the number of tubes at pleasure, and
to alter the power of the refrigerator to suit any requirements. The sections of
tubular or corrugated refrigerators may be bolted and fixed one upon another by
convenient lugs or suitable arrangements cast on to the tube frames. Corrugated
tubes may be also made of corrugated metal containing two or three or more
corrugations in which the corrugations may be placed opposite each other so as to
form oval tube-like corrugated tubes. The corrugations may be secured and
strengthened by internal stays or plates which may hold the corrugations in
position, facing each other, and either touching each other, or blocked asunder by
the staying arrangements, or the internal plate may be so punched as to leave
metal lips or projections, which will serve to hold the corrugations in position, and
which when soldered will strengthen and resist the bursting tendency of the
internal pressure of water. When the corrugations are blocked apart by the
internal staying the increased area given to the corrugated formed tubes will be
so large that recourse to the by-slip arrangement will be unnecessary, sufficient
water will flow through such corrugated tubes without any additional aid. In the
construction as before generally described the flow of water is intended to be
across the direction of the flow of the liquid to be cooled or flowing over the
refrigerator generally vertically. But inasmuch as the "Lawrence" corrugated
refrigerator will cool to very low temperatures, the invention has reference also to
building up compound refrigerators in which for the lower part, where the
difficulty to cool is the greatest, a corrugated form of refrigerator is used, built up
of any convenient number of parts. In the upper part the tubular or the
corrugated tubular form may be used. Thus the cooling to low temperatures can
be arrived at, and also at the top of the refrigerator where the heat in some cases
is apt to induce internal corrosion with certain waters, the tubes will give any
advantage that a tube may possess in cleaning out the water way.
There is a difference of opinion as to which form is less liable to corrode, the
tubular or the corrugated; and thus to meet every requirement the combined
system of building up refrigerators will give the option to alter as may be thought
desirable.
The built up refrigerators are intended to be generally partly held in position by
the removable covers at their ends being in one continuous cover; but in some
cases the covers may be in separate parts.

page_text: One kind of refrigerators may be made with internal staying, made as before
described by or out of an internal flat or ribbed plate so perforated that the
perforations are not punched out entirely but so made as to leave lips or pieces
projecting which will serve to distance and hold in position the corrugations and
when the soldering is done to strengthen and give great resistance to pressure.
Also in this kind of refrigerator the water way may be diverted and made to flow
backwards and forwards across the direction of the flow of the liquid to be cooled
externally. The holes made in the staying will cause the by-slip; or the whole of
the water may be made to pass through the holes, formed in the stays and in
which case the ends would be fitted with only blank caps; but in such case the
position of the corrugations would not be facing each other; but those on the one
side of the plate, intermediate between those on the other, and so the water flow
would be through the apertures in the stay plate into the corrugations of the
opposite side, along which the water would flow and find its way back into the
next corrugations above, and so on backwards and forwards as well as laterally.
Thus the stay plate which would divide the two corrugated plates of the
refrigerator forming their corrugations into separate chambers would also connect
them by means of the holes perforated in forming the staying.
In the flat form of refrigerator where the principal point is to provide a cooling
instrument that will work with very little fall the refrigerator is constructed
sometimes as follows:
The term flat refrigerator is intended to mean any kind but the absolutely
vertical or thin film refrigerator-practically no refrigerator or cooler is placed
quite flat, a fall is always given to some-part-but the refrigerator here described
and embraced under the term flat, in contradistinction to the vertical, is intended
to be worked in a slanting position at say an angle of 35 degrees or any
convenient angle.
This refrigerator is made as follows:-The bed or principal part of the
refrigerator, is composed of corrugated plates, by preference, and the water flow is
the same as in the ordinary "Lawrence" corrugated refrigerator. The principal
difference between this and the ordinary "Lawrence" vertical refrigerator being
in providing special means of taking off the air which may become locked in; and
special means of draining and cleansing.
This refrigerator being in the slanting position is used as regards its cooling
surface only on the upper side. In combination with this an arrangement of tubes
in frames is provided.
The tube lying upon the corrugated surface and forming baffles to prevent any
waving action that might set up in the liquid flowing over if baffles were not
used. The grid or frame containing the tubes will also supply and direct the
water backwards and forwards through the tubes. As an alternative arrangement
baffle plates may be used in the place of tubes to stop or prevent the wave action.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed
by the said William Lawrence and George Lawrence in the Patent Office on
the 15th April 1884.
WILLIAM LAWRENCE and GEORGE LAWRENCE, both of Saint Mary Axe in the
County of Middlesex, "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR HEATING AND COOLING
LIQUIDS,"
The Invention refers generally to the construction out of tubes or corrugated
surfaces of Refrigerators or heating or cooling apparatus. Such apparatus to be
worked generally vertically but sometimes placed at any conveniently inclined
angle or sometimes horizontal.
As regards vertical refrigerators or heating and cooling machines, such are
already made of tubes and also as shown in some of the former patents of
William and George Lawrence for corrugated metal refrigerators. The present
invention is intended to remedy certain defects in the construction of tubular and
corrugated refrigerators, by providing more efficient means for the flow of liquid
both externally and internally, by building up refrigerators in parts so as to make
them easily renewable, in case of accident or damage to any portion; by giving
increased facility for internal and external cleaning, and by generally adding to
the efficiency of the Refrigerators, or heating or cooling apparatus and constructing
them to resist great pressures when necessary, by certain systems of staying
internally or externally, and by building them up of a combination of both the
corrugated and tubular forms. Also in constructing vertical refrigerators of
twisted rifled grooved pipes. We have found that as regards refrigerators made to
work more especially on the thin film principle or where the liquid to be cooled
flows down externally as in the "Baudelot" or the "Lawrence" system the power
of the Refrigerator is increased as regards its duty per superficial area of the
cooling surface when the tubes or corrugations are diminished in size, but the
reducing of the bore in the case of tubes is attended with the great difficulty of
the smallness of the area preventing a sufficient quantity of water to flow through
the pipes or internally. To obviate this difficulty means have already been
resorted to by connecting several tiers of tubes together but this is also very
objectionable.
To remedy the difficulty we cause sometimes a by-slip of water to flow at the
ends or covers of the refrigerator also at certain parts of the tubes in such a
manner that the deficiency of water flow is made up by the by-slip from tier to
.tier of tubes. The by-slip arrangement may further be made adjustable to let by
more or less water, as may be required, by any conveniently arranged covers or closing
or opening valves or apertures; or chambers, through which the tubes may be made
to pass, may be provided, and adjustable perforations may be made, in such chambers
connecting with the tubes. The tubes may be fixed in the tube frames singly or
in two or more sets of tubes and a plate of metal or web may be made to connect
the tubes in sets: The tubes being in the general way oval may be made up of
two d shaped tubes placed back to back and having a plate of metal between
them and which plate may connect them in tiers in sets of twos or threes. The
tube plates or gun metal or other frames-into which the tubes are soldered or
fixed, either singly, or in pairs, or in sets of threes or any convenient number,
must be made to hold, either, an equal number of tubes or any convenient number
that the sets will divide into. Such tube plates are intended to be stacked one
upon the other so as to increase or decrease the number of tubes at pleasure, and
to alter the power of the refrigerator to suit any requirements. The sections of

page_text: .
tubular or corrugated refrigerators may be bolted and fixed one upon another by
convenient lugs or suitable arrangements cast on to the tube frames-Corrugated
tubes may be also made of corrugated metal containing two or three or more
corrugations in which the corrugations may be placed opposite each other so as to
form oval tube-like corrugated tubes. The corrugations may be secured and
strengthened by internal stays or plates which may hold the corrugations in
position, facing each other, and either touching each other, or blocked asunder by
the staying arrangements, or the internal plate may be so punched as to leave
metal lips or projections, which will serve to hold the corrugations in position, and
which when soldered will strengthen and resist the bursting tendency of the
internal pressure of water. When the corrugations are blocked apart by the
internal staying the increased area given to the corrugated formed tubes will be
so large that recourse to the by-slip arrangement will be unnecessary, sufficient
water will flow through such corrugated tubes without any additional aid. In
the construction as before generally described the flow of water is intended to be
across the direction of the flow of the liquid to be cooled or that flowing over the
Refrigerator generally vertically. But inasmuch as the "Lawrence" corrugated
Refrigerator will cool to much lower temperatures, than any kind of tubular
refrigerator, the invention has reference also to building up compound refrigerators
in which the lower part, where the difficulty to cool is the greatest, a corrugated
form of refrigeratior is used, built up of any convenient number of parts. In the
upper part the tubular or the corrugated tubular form is used. Thus the cooling
to low temperatures can be arrived at, and also at the top of the Refrigerator
where the heat in some cases is apt to induce internal corrosion with certain waters,
the tubes will give any advantage that a tube may possess in cleaning out the
water way.
There is a difference of opinion as to which form is less liable to corrode, the
tubular or the corrugated; and thus to meet every requirement the combined
system of building up Refrigerators will give the option to alter as may be thought
desirable.
The built up Refrigerators are intended to be generally partly held in position
by the removable covers at their end being in one continuous cover; but in some
cases the covers may be in separate parts.
One kind of Refrigerators may be made with internal staying, made as before
described by or out of an internal flat or ribbed plate so perforated that the
perforations are not punched out entirely but so made as to leave lips or pieces
projecting which will serve to distance and hold in position the corrugations and
when the soldering is done to strengthen and give great resistance to pressure.
Also in this kind of Refrigerator the water way may be directed and made to flow
backwards and forwards across the direction of the flow of the liquid to be cooled
externally. The apertures left by the staying to cause the by-slip; or the whole
of the water may be made to pass through the apertures left by the stays and in
which case the ends would be fitted with only blank caps.
But in such case the position of the corrugations would not be facing each other;
but those on the one side of the plate, intermediate between those on the other
and so the water flow would be through the apertures in the stay plate into the
corrugations of the opposite side, along which the water would flow and find its
way back into the next corrugations above, and so on backwards and forwards, as
well as laterally.
Thus the stay plate which would divide the two corrugated plates of the
refrigerator forming their corrugations into separate Chambers would also connect
them by means of the holes perforated in forming the staying.
In the flat form of Refrigerator where the principal point is to provide a cooling
instrument that will work with very little fall the refrigerator is constructed
sometimes as follows:-
The term flat refrigerator is intended to mean any kind but the absolutely
vertical (refrigerator-Practically no refrigerator or cooler is placed quite flat, á fall

page_text: is always given to one point-but the refrigerator here described and embraced
under the term flat in contradistinction to the vertical is intended to be worked
in a slanting position at say an angle of 35 degrees or any convenient angle. The
refrigerator is made as follows. The bed or principal part of the refrigerator is
composed of corrugated plates, by preference, and the water flow is the same as
in the ordinary "Lawrence" corrugated Refrigerator. The principal difference
between this and the ordinary "Lawrence "vertical refrigerator being in providing
special means of taking off the air which may become locked in, and special means
of draining and cleansing.
.
This Refrigerator being in the slanting position is used as regards its cooling
surface only on the upper side. In combination with this an arrangement of tubes
in frames is provided. The tubes lying upon the corrugated surface and forming
baffles to prevent any waving action that might set up in the liquid flowing over
if baffles were not used-The grid or frame containing the tubes will also supply
and direct the water backwards and forwards through the tubes. As an alternative
arrangement baffle plates may be used in the place of tubes to stop or prevent
the wave action.-The baffles may also in such case fit in or fall between the
corrugations and so check and regulate the wort flow.
In describing the plans of the various refrigerators it should be borne in mind
that the arrangement for adding to or refreshing the water or allowing it to slip by
and called hereafter "By-Slip "arrangement is shewn in Fige 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 21.
Also the system of building up refrigerators in parts which are interchangeable
except as regards the top and bottom sections and called hereafter the "Built up
arrangement as shewn in the case of tubes in Fig 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 19 and 20
and in the case of corrugated tubes in Fig. 1, 2, 3, 17 and 18. Also the flat or
inclined forms of refrigerators are shewn in Fig 11, 12, 13, 14, 14ª and 15.
"
One
The building up of a refrigerator in parts may be done by placing one section
upon another section or parts of refrigerator of tubular or corrugated construction.
Fig 1, 2 and 3 show end elevation, front elevation and sectional plan views
respectively of such a section or part of refrigerator and the means of placing or
fixing another such part upon it. d, d, are the gun metal frames, b, b, being the lugs
cast on the same for bolting the frames together; d, d, are the lugs to bolt on the
covers to direct and divert the water. e, e, represent the rubber or other packing.
ff, the continuous cover connecting and directing the water and connecting the
section or parts of refrigerator into a whole as regards the flow of water.
cover at each end of the built up refrigerator making the whole complete. The
internal stays of the corrugated tubes J, J, are ring shaped as g, g, and are
indicated. The vertical stays are flat pieces of metal k, k, and placed intermediate
between the ring stays. These flat pieces of metal are secured to or seamed in
with the seamed joint at top and bottom of the corrugated tubes. In this
arrangement of corrugated tube refrigerator the corrugations are placed opposite
each other, but they do not touch the space left between, which increases the area
of the water space and renders the "By-Slip" arrangement less necessary; at the
same time the water may be made to slip by at the end covers, the india rubber
packing being elastic thereby providing more or less slip of water from pipe
to pipe when needed. The space m between the pipes is wider than that
between the corrugations. This larger space has a tendency to check the rippling
action of the liquid flowing over the pipes, but it is also intended to use when-
ever necessary, an occasional larger tube or corrugation at intervals in cases
where it becomes important to further stop the rippling action; in all figures,
n, is the inlet for the water. Fig 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 show the tubular
form of сс
Built up" refrigerator and the letters thereon correspond to those
on the last described refrigerator. The difference being that the one kind is
a corrugated tube refrigerator and the other a tube refrigerator made up of
single tubes and in consequence in order to allow of a sufficiency of water to
pass by or through the refrigerator, a by-slip is provided more especially-This
by-slip is shown at the ends and cover, also by the same letter in the by-slip

page_text: chamber ff, and f¹ is the pipe working or moving in such chamber, r represents
one of the holes in such pipe-By turning the pipe f¹, the holes or perforations
can be wholly or partially closed. The by-slip arrangement as shown in Fig 4
has no adjustable arrangement but is merely a hole formed to connect one chamber
in the end covers to the next and so to let slip a constant quantity of water;
the packing e, being elastic will permit at the same time of the slip of water
being varied. The by-slip arrangement in the by-slip chamber f is shown as a
hole p without any means of varying the amount of water slipped from one
row of pipes to the next above it but whenever necessary such chamber may
be provided with a tube arrangement perforated and made to move or by any
other suitable arrangement-The flow of the water being as shown by the arrows-
The water entering at n enters the bottom chambers in the end cover and passes
partly or chiefly through the pipes to the other end of the refrigerator-but some
of it passes or slips into the by-slip pipe f¹ in the by-slip chamber f in the cover-
Also some of the water passing through the bottom pipe escapes through the
by-slip chamber f into the next above it and so on, but the principal part flows
through to the opposite cover. The bottom pipe is made of greater area than the
other pipes or sufficiently large to carry the water to supply the opposite end as
well as to supply the by-slip chamber. Fig 9, 10 and 19 show sections of tubes
fixed with a diaphragm or plate of metal t between them which plate is intended
to connect them either in pairs or in sets of threes or fours if necessary-the result
is to keep them steady and firmly held in position to resist sudden expansion and
contraction and to hold them in position when being cleaned. The diaphragm or
plate need not run the entire length but may be stopped a little short of the end
frames; g are the pipes and t represent the plates or diaphragm to which the pipes
are fixed-Figs 19 and 20 represent a small nosed tube which when soldered
together with other similar tubes present the appearance of fine corrugations, at
the same time the increased area of the water passage will allow of a sufficient
quantity of water passing without having recourse either to attaching several rows
of pipes to make up one tube or for the water to flow through all at once and also
without any necessity of recourse to a by-slip arrangement, a diaphragm or a
specially shaped pipe will serve to give any necessary strength for the outside or
top and bottom pipes-Fig 21 shows a refrigerator for use where only a wall space
available and where the liquid to be cooled is intended to flow down upon one
side only and vertically; the back of the refrigerator is provided with a by slip
chamber L having perforations in it communicating with each tube or corrugation;
in other respects it is similar to the by-slip refrigerator already described and like
them it may either be built up in parts as one entire refrigerator the only difference
being that it is a one sided refrigerator and not having two working sides as in
the other cases Figa 17 and 18 shew a system of distancing and staying corrugated
plates by means of a plate or diaphragm and the holes in which plate are so made.
that the metal is not punched out but stabbed so as to form convenient lips or
stays to hold and stay the corrugations, the soldering being internal as already
described. This form of coating surface may be used to make the "built up"
Refrigerator or otherwise. Fig 18 shews cooling surface for making heating or
cooling apparatus either on the built up system or otherwise as herein before stated
in which the corrugations are placed not opposite each other but intermediate, the
diaphragm or plate serving to hold them in position and strengthen or stay them
to resist pressure-In addition to this the plate or diaphragm serves to separate
Chambers formed by the corrugation of the one plate from those of the opposite or
intermediate plates and also the holes punched or stabbed in this plate are made to
serve as connecting apertures connecting the chambers of the one corrugated plate
to those of the others and in doing so to give the water flowing through these
chambers the direction desired-This is done by the position in which these holes
or perforations are made in the plate-These holes are punched in rows alternately,
each hole being distant from the next as regards length or the direction of the
chambers about 9 inches or one foot and as regards the corrugation or chamber next

page_text: above exactly intermediate. The action of the water flow will be as follows-The
water in the lower chamber x will pass through the perforation in the diaphragm
or plate into the chamber y, but inasmuch as the perforation leading to the next
chamber is intermediate the liquid has to flow along the corrugation c² until it
comes to this perforation a distance of about 4" / to 6 inches, more or less-It then
passes into the next chamber and so on throughout-In this manner a small pipe
or corrugation will convey any desired quantity of water which would not be the
case if the water had to travel from end to end-This arrangement may be fitted
with blank covers at the ends of the refrigerator, or the covers may be made to
give a backward and forward flow in addition to the current set up by the position
of the perforations-Fig 16 is a specimen of twisted pipe out of which Refrigerators
may be constructed, the plates or indentations in it may be made right and left
handed alternately so as to direct the flow of the liquid partially backwards and
forwards externally and prevent the rippling action, flattened or oval pipes may be
used twisted previously and they may be formed into Refrigerators on the built up
principle or otherwise
The flat or inclined form of Refrigerator is shewn by Figa 11. 12. 13. 14. 14°
and 15-Fig 11 shews a side elevation of same on trunnions so as to allow of its
being set at any desired level-About an angle of 30 degrees is generally a
convenient angle, but this may be varied according to circumstances-Fig 12 is a
plan view of the same in Section-This Refrigerator is a corrugated refrigerator by
preference and of the ordinary Lawrence type; the arrangements in Fig 15 for
taking off the air provide a small chamber v in the side casting communicating
with each corrugation g by a small aperture just sufficient to let away the air as
shown at Figª 13, 14 and 14ª shew tubes or grids formed of tubes to be placed
upon the refrigerator proper as shewn in Figs. 11 and 12. The grids or tube
arrangements are made to take or lift away for cleaning-The action of this grid
or tube refrigerator placed upon and working in conjunction with the inclined
refrigerator is that the wort or liquid to be cooled is held back and prevented from
flowing too rapidly over the bottom refrigerator and the waving action which would
otherwise be induced to happen would be prevented-Also the extra cooling
surface given by the small pipes forming the top cooling surface very materially
increases the cooling power of the refrigerator-Fig 14 is a plan view of Grid
refrigerator Fig 14 is an end view in section the perforations shewing where the
tubes are soldered or fixed into the side castings of the grid-Fig 13 is a tube
arrangement made of bent continuous tubes attached to a suitable frame to keep
them secure and to allow of their being lifted out or raised up for cleansing the
ends out, the zigzag tubes are of course intended to direct the flow of the water
backwards and forwards
The alternative arrangement is to use baffle bars to fit either upon or between the
corrugations made of any convenient shape to direct and regulate the flow of wort.
These baffles are made movable on hinges or otherwise.
In witness whereof I the said George Lawrence have hereunto set my hand
and seal this 15th day of April A.D. 1884.