IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR MASHING AND FOR COOLING WORTS AND OTHER LIQUIDS
Year: 1864

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Lawrence, of No. 9, Cornwall Villas,
Paddington, in the County of Middlesex, Brewers' Engineer, for the
Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR MASHING AND FOR COOLING
WORTS AND OTHER LIQUIDS,"
Sealed the 14th March 1865, and dated the 20th September 1864.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Lawrence at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
20th September 1861.
I, WILLIAM LAWRENCE, of No. 9, Cornwall Villas, Paddington, in the
County of Middlesex, Brewers' Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR MASHING AND FOR COOLING
WORTS AND OTHER LIQUIDS," to be as follows:-
The Invention has reference to improvements in mashing machines or
apparatus,and specifically to that already the subject of Letters Patent granted
to James Lawrence (No. 14,282, in the year of our Lord 1852), and consists
in substituting for the driving gear at the top,as described in the Specification
filed in pursuance of the same, the driving from the bottom, so as to permit
the revolving mashing rakes or beaters to be more easily removed, and further
the driving partly from the top and partly the bottom,so as to afford increased
means of varying the relative speeds of the moving parts. And in reference
to the said former Invention, and also generally, the present Inventio:
837

page_text: comprises the mounting the sparge or sparging apparatus apon or at the top
of a hollow shaft or tube for feeding, and the constructing it with a hollow
chamber or boss feeding the arms, and resting and turning upon the hollow
shaft, so that the water may be delivered under pressure to the sparge, and
cause it, as hieroto, to revolve in a self-acting manner, but more certainly and
satisfactorily. The Invention also has reference to improvements in refrige-
retors, in which the wort or other liquid to be cooled and the water or cooling
fluid are passed one of them through pipes or passages surrounded by a
flowing current of the other, and consists in constructing such refrigerators
with layers of passages or of sets of pipes or passages disposed in series
horizontally or nearly horizontally one layer over another, and with fixed or
removeable partitions or trays between the several layers, or between some of
then, to isolate or divide the surrounding liquid or fluid into separated
currents, and in constructing such refrigerators or skeleton refrigerators,that
is to say, so that the layers of passages or of sets of pipes or passages may,
when the partitions or trays are removed,stand in a frameor frames supporting
or holding the layers together,admitting of their being readily cleansed without
further separation of the parts. And in constructing refrigerators with sets of
compound dished trays nested or disposed to lic one over and within another,
but blocked or supported at short distances apart, the compound character
consisting in their being constructed of an upper plate orsurface andan under
plate or surface, united at their edges, and an intermediate partition to make
two chambers, and currents flow through them,one against the upper and the
other against the lower surfaces of the fluid contained in the several trays,and
so surround the said fluid as it is caused to pass in succession from one iray
to another in any convenient manner, the said surrounding currents being also
caused to flow from chamber to chambor in succession in any convenient
manner, and in constructing refrigerators by disposing pipes or passages of a
deep and narrow and flat-sided shape in transverse section,or pipes or passages
of any suitable form in chambers side by side of or against each other, and
establishing communications between adjacent chambers, and at or near to
their ends, as required, for the currents by means of openings into pipes or
passages beneath lying crossways to the length of the chambers,and provided
with removeable stops or plugs, so that when removed such last-mentioned
pipes or passages, as well as the other parts, may also admit of being readily
cleansed. And in so constructing or disposing the chambers side by side of
or against each other, and with a non-conducting partition between them, as
to form two current spaces between the sides of adjacent chambers, the
current spaces being connected as required with the pipes or passages passing

page_text: through the chambers. Aud in reference to cases where pipes are arranged
horizontally (or nearly so) and disposed in sets vertically (or nearly so) over
each other and inchambers for surrounding currents, the Invention comprised
the establishing a communication between the ends of the pipes by capping
pieces or connections so constructed as to prevent the fluid passing directly in
a horizontal current from one upper pipe to the other next upper pipe, and
from next to next, and so on, and instead thereof, and by means of vertical
partitions therein, to send a current from the top of one set towards the
bottom of the other, and from the bottom of one towards the top of the other.
And further, in reference to cases of the description lastly above mentioned,
the establishing a communication between the ends of the pipos by capping
pieces or communications constructed with horizontal partitions therein, to
divide off or isolate the top few layers of the pipes from the next few layers
beneath them, and these from the next beneath, and so on, so as to divide the
currents through the pipes into two, three, or more systems, the rate of flow
through which may be regulated by separate cocks or valves.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said William Lawrence in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
20th March 1865.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM
LAWRENCE, of No. 9, Cornwall Villas, Paddington, in the County of Middle-
sex, Brewers' Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twentieth day of September, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-four,in the twenty-eighth year of Her
reiga, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said William Lawrence, Her special licence that I,the said William Lawrence,
my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said
William Lawrence, my executors, adininistrators, and assigns should at any
time agree with, and no others, from time to time and all times thereafter
during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make use, exer-
cise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,
the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
APPARATUS FOR MASHING AND FOR COOLING WORTS AND OTHER LIQUIDS," upon the
condition (amongst others) that I, the said William Lawrence, my executors
or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of

page_text: their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature
of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed,
and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within
six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that 1, the said William Lawrence, do hereby declare
the nature of tho said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the fol-
lowing statement thereof,reference being had to the two accompanying illus-
trative Sheets of Drawings hereunto belonging and forming part hereof :-
My Invention has reference, firstly, to improvements in mashing machines
or apparatus, and specifically to that description of machine already the
subject of Letters Patent granted to James Lawrence in the year of our Lord
1852 (No. 14,282), in which the mash tuns or vessels are constructed with
perforated false bottoms and with perforated pipes between the real and false
bottoms for distributing steam or liquid to the contents of the mash tun or
vessel, and in which mashing rakes or beaters are made to revolve upon arins
or axes, themselves projecting from a vertical central shaft or axis,and turning
round therewith. And this part of my Invention consists in substituting for
the driving gear at the top, as described in the Specification filed in pur-
suance of the said Letters Patent, the driving from the bottom so as to permit
the revolving mashing rakes or boaters to be more easily removed; and
further it consists in mounting the sparge or sparging apparatus upon or at
the top of a hollow shaft or tube for feeding it, and the constructing it with a
hollow chamber or boss feeding the arins, and resting and turning upon the
hollow shaft, and so that the water may be delivered under pressure to the
sparge, and cause it to revolve in a self-acting manner more certainly and
satisfactorily than heretofore.
These improvements are represented in Figures 1 and 2 of Drawing No. 1,
the latter Figure showing the sparge (which is removeable) detached from
the shaft.
a is a cast-iron mashing vessel; b and c its bottom and perforated false
bottom respectively; d, d, its steam pipes; e, fixed hollow pillar, and f,
stationary bevil wheel on same, these parts, except in combination with the
following, not constituting the novelties or features of the improvement;
g, h, i, k, driving wheel, horizontal shaft, and bevil wheels, and 4, vertical
central hollow shaft turned by them, and passing through the pillar e to the
top of the machine; m, key or feather cu the shaft ; n, sliding or remove-
able collar or shaft fitting over shaft land feather m, and turning with same,

page_text: carrying with it the elbow or boss o and spindle or axis p in one with or fixed
to the said collar; is a bevil pinion on tubular axis ", carried by the
spindle p, which pinion being carried round by the motion of the shaft and
intermediate parts,and engaging with the teeth of the fixed wheel f, causes
the tubular axis to revolve on the spindle, and thus gives motion to the
mashing rakes s fixed to and carried by the said axis. The end rakest being
fixed to the spindle p, are carried round the central shaft, but do not revolve
on the said spindle. The parts p., r, s, and t apart from combination with
other parts are not novelties or features of the Invention. is a recess in
shaft l, and a pall or catch shewn as lying in the recess. The pall is carried
by a lever v hinged to the elbow or boss o, and held in place by a ring w
passed over top of shaft l. When in the position represented, the catch
prevents the collarn from rising, and keeps the pinion 7 properly in gear
with wheelf; but when tho ring is thrown back, the mashing rakes and
whole of the apparatus fixed to or carried by the collar n may be removed."
The sparge or sparging apparatus (Figure 2) may then be placed on the top
of the hollow shaft l, which is fastened to receive the hollow chamber or
bossa of the sparge, and to feed the same with water through holes in the
said shaft, as shewn. The boss is closed at top, but delivers from the sides
or periphery into the perforated pipes orarms y., which are similar to those
of sparges already in use. The water being supplied under pressure through
the pipe at the bottom of the apparatus, will pass through the hollow shaft l,
and cause the sparge to revolve of its own accord.
I would remark that I do not now intend to drive the mashing rakes
"partly from the top and partly from the bottom," as suggested in my Pro-
visionalSpecification, nor do I now consider that the formerly patented mashing
machine (above referred to) can conveniently have my improved sparge
applied thereto.
My present Invention has reference also to improvements in refrigerators
in which the wort or other liquid to be cooled, and the water or other liquid
to be cooled, and the water or cooling fluid are passed, one of them, through
pipes or passages surrounded by a flowing current of the other, and consists
in constructing such refrigerators with layers of passages or of sets of pipes or
passages disposed in series horizontally or nearly horizontally one layer over
another,and with fixed or removable partitions or trays between the several
layers,or between some of them, to isolate or divide the surrounding liquid or
fluid into separate currents, and in constructing such refrigerators as skeleton
refrigerators,that is to say,so that the layers of passages or of sets of pipes
or passages inay, when the partitions or trays are removed, stand in a frame

page_text: or frames supporting or holding the layers together,admitting of their being
readily cleansed without further separation of the parts.
"The Figures 3 to 7 in Drawing No. 2 illustrate this part of my Invention.
Figure 3 being a side elevation (partly a section) of an improved skeleton
refrigerator drawn to a scale of about one inch and a half to the foot;
Figure 4, that part of Figure 3 which is enclosed by dotted lines drawn to a
larger scale; Figures 5 and 6,plan an 1 end views respectively, and Figure 7,
transverse section across trays and pipes without the framing.
In refrigerators of this class the relative positions of the wort and the water
may be changed one for the other, but the intention and object is to send the
wort through the pipes and passages in connection, and the water outside of
and around the pipes and in nud along the trays.
", a, are cast-iron end framos, and b, b, similar frames, each supporting a
brass plate or pipe-holder c; d, d, are very thin tinned copper tubes or pipes
placed horizontally in layers,and fixed into and delivering through the plates
c, each of which is furnished with a recessed capping plate e, closely fitting
against it, and held by clips ff, the strips g,g,of indian-rubber or other packing
serving to prevent leakage; h,h, are removeable wooden trays supported on
inclined or V surfaces by the end plates c, and passing between the pipes d.
In order to admit of the insertion and removal of the pipes, the sides of the
trays are hinged to the bottom, as shown in Figure 7, so that they may be
laid down flat with the bottom, and be slided in and out. They may be kept
up when in place by removeable wooden posts *,*, at the middle of the
apparatus. When the trays are removed the pipes stand as a skeleton in the
framing, and their outside surfaces may be readily cleansed by a brush, and
when the capping plates e are removed, the interior of the pipes may also be
cleansed by a brush er probo on a long stick or handle. The word "water,"
the reference letter W, and the arrows marked W denote the intended pas-
sages and current of the water or cooling fluid, and the word "wort," the
reference letter w,and arrows marked m denote the intended passages and
current of the wort or liquid to be cooled. From these it will be seen that
the water enters at the top near one end of the top tray, then passes along
such tray to opposite end, then drops to second tray and passes to the other
end,then drops to next tray and so on, and out at the bottom, the communi-
cations between the trays being effected by holes in the bottom of each. It
will also be seen that the wort passes in a precisely opposite direction,
entering at the bottom, passing through and along the layers of pipes succes-
sively and out at the top,the recesses in the capping plates serving to join up
The two
the layors, so as to direct the current from one layer to another.

page_text: bottom trays are shewn as having two layers of pipes, which will be found a
convenient arrangement.
The following Figures of Drawing No. 1 illustrate certain modifications.
Figure 8 shews the bottom of the trays somewhat inclined, with fixed instead
of hinged piece on one side only, and the layers of pipes following the
inclination of the trays. The fixed side piece of the trays may be deep for all
of them, instead of as represented by the two uppermost trays, or shallow as
represented by the others; but, if shallow, they should fit up against each
other with an indian-rubber or other packing or cushion to prevent leakage,
in accordance with one or other of the two arrangements represented. Any
convenient combination may be adopted. Figure 9 is intended to shew
vertical side picce m common to the several trays, which are inclined, as
before, and slide up to and fit against such vertical piece, with india-rubber or
other cushions in this case also. The arrangement shown in Figures 8 and 9
may also be further varied by disposing the bottoms of the trays horizontally
instead of at an angle. Figures'10 and 11 shew trays with curved bottoms.
In all these soveral modifications the trays are intended to be removeable from
the refrigerator sideways, as in the Figures 3 to 7, and to be constructed of
wood or other suitable material, and to slide in grooves or on surfaces on end
plates C or framing, or on the pipes themselves, the curved trays being
sufficiently thin to admit of bending for this purpose, or being curved
beforehand as required.
Figure 12 shows a further modification, the layers of pipes and the trays
being enclosed in a box or casing of cast or wrought iron or othor suitable
material, the water being intended to be delivered under pressure (cntering at
the bottom) or forced upwards, and to pass away at the top to a back or vessel
above the wort, meanwhile descending through the pipes. One or more of
the sides of the box can be removed for the purpose of cleansing.
My Invention embraces further the constructing refrigerators by disposing
pipes or passages of a deep and narrow and flat-sided shape in transverse
section, or pipes or passages of any suitable form in chambers side by side of
or against each other, and establishing communications between adjacent
chambers, and at or near to their ends, as required, for the currents by means
of openings into pipes or passages beneath, lying crossways to the length of
the chambers, and provided with removeable stops or plugs, so that when
removed such last-mentioned pipes or passages, as well as the other parts, inay
also admit of being readily cleansed; and in so constructing or disposing the
chambers side by side of or against each other, and with a non-conducting
partition between them, as to form two current spaces between the sides of

page_text: adjacent chambers, the current spaces being connected as required with the
pipes or passages passing through the chambers.
These improvements are represented by the following Figures:-In Draw-
ings Nos. 1 and 2, Figure 13 is plan view of a refrigerator constructed
accordingly, drawn to a scale of about one inch and a half to the foot; and
Figures 14, 15, and 16, sections at A*, A*, at B*, B*, at C*, C*, respectivoly
in Figure 13. In this refrigerator also the positions of water and wort
rospectively may be changed, but it is intended to use it as denoted by the
use of the words "water" and "wort," and the arrows and letters W and w
respectively, as before explained.
A is a wooden box or frame; B, B, sleepers or supports for the cross pipes
or passages C, C; D is a bottom, and E, E, sides of tinned copper box, nearly
filling the box A, but leaving spaces F, F, at the sides, that is to say, at the
ends of the deep, narrow, and flat-sided pipes or passages G, G, which pass
from one side E to the other side E of the box D, E; H, H, are the non-
conducting partitions, likewise extending from E to E, and dividing the box
D, E, into wort chambers, each such partition being a compound arrangement
consisting of two current or water spaces or passages W formed by the tinned
copper sides of the chambers, and embracing between them or lying against
an intermediate thin wood or metal plate varnished, painted, or payed over
with some adhesive material for holding cloth, dust, or powdered paper or char-
coal, or other suitable nou-conducting material. The several pipes G and the
water spaces of the partitions H open and deliver through the sides E, E,
into the spaces F, F, which are divided off by short cross partitions I, I, see
Figure 13. These partitions separate each space into a series of short lengths,
each of which communicates with the pipes G, G, passing through, and the
current spaces at the sides and bottom of two adjoining wort chambers. The
bottom of each chamber communicates at each of its ends with one of the
cross pipes C, C, by an opening S through the bottom of the chamber, as
shewn in Figure 16, and the little pistons or stops shewn within the pipes
serve to regulate the flow. The several pistons of each pipe are together
moved by one rod attached to a handle K. When placed as shown in
Figure 14 and by the full lines in Figure 16, the course of the wort, after
entering by a supply pipe L at one end of first chamber, will be to the
opposite end, then down into one of the pipes C, then up out of the samo into
second chamber, then along same, then down into the other of the pipes C,
and so on till it leaves the refrigerator by the exit pipe M. Meanwhile the
water supplied by the pipe N will pass in an opposite direction through the
pipes G, G, and current or water spaces of the partitions H, H, to the exit

page_text: pipe O, the lengthened traverse being caused by the partitions I, I, in the
spaces F, F, at the ends of the box D, E, and which partitions also are con-
tinued underneath the said box to its opposite side. When it is desired to
empty the wort quickly, the pistons in the pipes C should be placed as
shewn by the dotted lines in Figure 16, or they may be removed by the rods.
When so removed, the interior of the said pipes may be readily cleansed,
and the construction of the apparatus generally also permits the other parts
to be readily cleansed. I would remark that the pipes G, G, and sides of
the wort chamber may be waved or corrugated instead of plain, as repre-
sented. I would also remark that a modification of the apparatus as
described and represented may be made by substituting short intermediate
pipes between the wort chambers and at the bottom of the partitions H,
instead of the pipes C, C, beneath the box D, E, the pistons working in or
through such short intermediate pipes.
And I would further remark that I do not now consider the three further
features or particulars of Invention mentioned in my Provisional Specifica-
tion to be of importance, and therefore do not claim to myself any exclusive
right or privilege in respect of the same.
One of these is the constructing "refrigerators with sets of compound
"dished trays nested or disposed to lie one over and within another, but
"blocked or supported at short distances apart, the compound character
“consisting in their being constructed of an upper plate or surface and an
"under plate or surface, united at their edges, and an intermediate partition
"to make two chambers, and currents flow through them, one against the
upper and the other against the lower surfaces of the fluid contained in
"the several trays, and so surround the said fluid as it is caused to pass in
"succession from one tray to another in any convenient manner, the said
"surrounding currents being also caused to flow from chamber to chamber
"in succession in any convenient manner."
"
The second of the said further features or particulars of Invention hereby
disclaimed refers to refrigerators in which "pipes are arranged horizontally
"(or nearly so) and disposed in sets vertically (or nearly so) over each other
"and in chambers for surrounding currents, the Invention comprising the
"establishing a communication between the ends of the pipes by capping
pieces or connections so constructed as to prevent the fluid passing directly
"in a horizontal current from one upper pipe to the next upper pipe, and
from next to next, and so on, and instead thereof, and by means of vertical
"partitions therein, to send the current from the top of one set towards the

page_text: "bottom of the other, and from the bottom of one towards the top of the
"other."
"And the last of the said further features or particulars of Invention
"hereby disclaimed refers to refrigerators of the "description lastly above
"mentioned, the Invention comprising the establishing a communication
"between the ends of the pipes by capping pieces or communications
"constructed with horizontal partitions therein to divide ofl' or isolate the
top few layers of the pipes from the next few layers beneath them, and
"these from the next benenth, and so on. so as to divide the currents
"through the pipes into two, three, or more systems, the rate of flow
"through which may be regulated by separate cocks or valves."
In witness whereof, 1, the said William Lawrence, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Eighteenth day of March, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-five.
W*. LAWRENCE. (L.s.)

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