IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE. OR PRODUCTION OF BOOTS AND SHOES OR COVERINGS FOR THE FEET, AND IN THE MACHINERY OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED IN SUCH MANU. FACTURE
Year: 1857

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Julian Bernard, of the Albany, Piccadilly, in the
County of Middlesex, Gentleman, for the Invention of " IMPROVEMENTS IN
THE MANUFACTURE. OR PRODUCTION OF BOOTS AND SHOES OR COVERINGS FOR
THE FEET, AND IN THE MACHINERY OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED IN SUCH MANU.
FACTURE."
Sealed the 19th June 1857, and dated the 10th February 1857.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Julian Bernard at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
10th February 1857.
J, JULIAN BERNARD, of the Aloany, Piccadilly, in the County of Middlesex,
Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE.
MENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OR PRODUCTION OF BOOTS AND SHOES OR COVERINGS FOR
THE FEET, AND IN THE MACHINERY OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED IN SUCH MANU
FACTURE," to be as follows:-
My Invention consists, first, of a novel and improved mode of treating the
soles of boots and shoes, by which the edges are finished, and which I perform
by means of pressure-applied laterally or vertically, and which may be effected
by either of the following processes :-
. I place the sole or heel on a "block" or die, which may represent the
bottom of the last on which the shoe is to be made. This die or block
Price 811

page_text: is surrounded by a strong rim or band, so as to resist any lateral pressure,
and is made of sufficient depth to project above the die, which is placed
within it so as to form a recess for securing the sole to be operated upon.
Previous to its insertion in the recess I prefer to thicken the sole along the
edges, it being cut rather larger than the die, to allow for such thickening;
I then place it in the recess, and place it over a counterpart of the die
or block already within the rim, and then subject it to hydraulic or elastic
pressure. I sometimes make the counterpart or presser in two or more parts.
The parts coming in contact with the edges and bottom of the sole I
propose to ornament at the same time and by the same or similar means.
When the sole is removed, it will be found to be in a finished state, and may
be united to, the boot or shoe by any of the well-known means. When the
sole is finished by direct lateral pressure, I place it between two holding
surfaces, which are larger in surface than the sole and project beyond it; a
metal rim, in segments corresponding in shape to the edge of the sole, is by any
convenient means pressed towards the edge, and by which the desired result is
obtained; or a hand tool in the shape of a small roller may be used for that
purpose. And I sometimes employ two soles, forming a compound one, in the
manner above referred to. In some instances I make a channel or projection
along the edge of the presser or its counterpart, for the purpose of raising a
"feather" or rim, or making a channel in or on the sole, by which incans
a better and closer connection with the other parts is formed, and which may
be filled up with an elastic or waterproof material.
Secondly, my Invention relates to the use and application to boots and shoes
of an improved means or mode of fastening, which consists of a double pointed
fastening for uniting boots and shoes, or a fastening with a projection or
division formed between the two ends of such fastening, and which has the
effect of regulating the distance which such fastening penetrates through
the material. These fastenings are inserted into the boot or shoe after the
inner sole has becu placed upon the last and the uppers secured or drawn over
it, and may be employed to secure the uppers to the inner sole, and also
to secure the outer sole to the uppers and inner sole; or the uppers may
be secured to the inner sole first by any well-known means, and the fastening
first inserted into the outer sole, and made to penetrate entirely through
or partially so, as desired, and the sole with the fastenings in it pressed over to
the other parts in the following manner and by the following means :-
:-The
boot or shoe, consisting of the uppers and inner sole, is placed firmly upon
a stand with the sole bottom upwards; a rim or border, which may be
formed in two parts and supported on the stand on which the shoe is placed, is

page_text: made to surround the shoe, it being of the same form; and this rim serves as
a guide for the outer sole, and insures its proper position in relation to
the other parts. The sole being placed in this rim or guide, it is pressed on to
the shoe by any convenient pressure; the presser I make similar to that
already described for ornamenting and finishing the sole, and may be made in
two or more parts.
Another method which I sometimes employ for uniting the soles and other
parts is as follows:-I take two soles, one of which I perforate with holes, and
insert therein a row of "tacks." or nails along the edge, so as to project. on one
side the sole; I then place or fasten another sole on this one, either by
adhesive materials or tacks, some of which may be made to come entirely
through the sole or not, as desired, and press the two together; this compound
sole is then placed over or on the uppers and inner sole of a boot and shoe,
the same being placed upon a suitable stand and pressed on to the boot
or shoe in the manner and by the means already described; the intermediate
sole I propose to make of canvass, waterproof or otherways, and boots and shoes
made on this principle are made on the last with metal bottoms, so that the
fastenings referred to may be clenched or rivetted internally to an improved
mode of paring the soles, after such soles have been united together on to the
boot or shoe, and consist in employing a punch of the necessary shape for that
purpose, and the paring effected by pressure.
Another portion of my Invention relates to an improved and novel mode of
mounting or drawing and folding the uppers upon the last and inner sole,
which I effect by placing a piece of india-rubber between two plates, and con-
tracting the india-rubber so enclosed by an eccentric action conveyed through a
circularrim with inclines upon it, placed between the two plates and outside the
rubber, and four pieces or pressers which are made to act upon the rubber and
entirely enclose it, and which, by means of a joint introduced in such pressers,
are capable of contraction or expansion. I act upon the circular rim either by
a worm wheel or by a hydraulic pump. The center of the india-rubber has au
aperture formed in it to correspond with the boot or shoe, which is contained
in a stand or holder underneath the machine, and placed upon a slide or
centre, so that the shoe can be readily removed in this slide; a lever or
eccentric is employed for raising the shoe to the required height. Ialso shape
the plates holding the rubber to the exact contour of the boot or shoe; and
I also employ a lid or presser to press the rubber upon the boot or shoe,
and which I actuate by means of a lever or other convenient means.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Julian Bernard in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
10th August 1857.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JULIAN
BERNARD, of the Albany, Piccadilly, in the County of Middlesex, Gentleman,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Tenth day of February, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven, in the twentieth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said Julian Bernard, Her specia! license that I, the said Julian Bernard, my
executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Julian
Bernard, my executors, administrators, or assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during
the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise,
and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
MANUFACTURE OR PRODUCTION OF BOOTS AND SHOES OR COVERINGS FOR THE FEET,
AND IN THE MACHINERY OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED IN SUCH MANUFACTURE," upon
the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Julian Bernard, by an instru-
ment in writing under my hand and seal, should particularly describe and
ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same
was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent
Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the
said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Julian Bernard, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be per-
formed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement, reference being had to the accompanying Drawings, and to the
letters and figures marked thereon, that is to say:-
My said Invention consists, first, of a novel and improved mode of treating
the soles of boots and shoes by which the edges are finished, and which I per-
form by means of pressure applied laterally or vertically, and which may be
effected by either of the following processes: --
I place the sole on a "block" or die, which may represent the bottom of the
last (or its reverse) on which the shoe is to be made. This die or block is
surrounded by a strong rim or band, so as to resist any lateral pressure, and

page_text: is made of sufficient depth to project above the die which is placed within it,
so as to form a recess for securing the sole to be operated upon. Previous to
its insertion in the recess I prefer to thicken the sole along the edges, it being
cut rather larger than the die to allow of such thickening; I then place.it
in the recess and place it beneath a counterpart of the die or block already
within the rim, and then subject it to any convenient pressure. I sometimes
make the counterpart or presser in two or more parts, which come in con-
tact with the edges and bottom of the sole at the same time, and by the saine
or similar means. When the sole is removed, it will be found to be in.a
finished or comparatively finished state, and may be united to the boot or shoe
by any of the well-known methods. In finishing the sole by direct lateral
pressure, I place it between two holding surfaces which are larger in area than
the sole, and project beyond it; a metal rim, made in segments corresponding
in shape to the edge of the sole, is now by any convenient means pressed
towards the edge, by which the desired result is obtained, ora hand tool in the
shape of a small roller may be used for that purpose. And I sometimes employ
two soles, forming a compound one in the manner above referred to. In some
instances I make a channel or projection along the edge of the presser or its
counterpart, for the purpose of raising a projection or rib, or makingachannel
in or on the sole, by which means a better or closer connection with the other
part is formed.
Secondly, my Invention relates to an improved means or mode of fastening
the soles of boots or shoes, and I prefer for this purpose to use fastenings so
formed as to regulate the depth or penetrating distance which such fastening
enters the material. These fastenings are inserted into the boot or shoe after
the inner sole has been placed upon the last and the uppers secured or drawn
over it, and may be employed to secure the uppers to the inner sole, and also
to secure the outer sole to the upper and inner sole, or the uppers may be
secured to the inner sole first by any well-known means, and the fastening
first inserted into the outer sole and made to penetrate entirely through or
partially, as may be desired, and the sole with the fastenings in it pressed
on to the other parts in the following manner and by the following means:-
The boot or shoe, consisting of the uppers and the inner sole is placed firmly
upon a stand with the sole bottom upwards; a rim or border, which I prefer to
be formed in two parts and supported on the stand on which the shoe is placed,
is made to surround the shoe, it being of the same form, and this rim serves
as a guide for the outer sole and insures its proper position in relation to the
other parts. The sole being placed in this rim or guide, it is pressed on to the
shoe by a die or other convenient pressing medium. The presser I make

page_text: similar to that already described for ornamenting and finishing the sole, and
may be made in two or more parts.
Another method which I sometimes employ for uniting the soles and other
parts is as follows:-I take two soles, one of which I perforate with holes, and
insert therein a row of "tacks" or nails along the edge, so as to project on
one side of the sole; I then place or fasten another sole on this one, either by
adhesive materials, or by stitching, or by tacks, some of which tacks may be
made to come entirely through the sole or not, as desired, and I press the two
parts together. This compound sole is then placed over or on the uppers and
inner sole of a boot or shoe, the same being placed upon a suitable stand, and
pressed on to the boot or shoe, in the manner and by the means already
described; the intermediate sole I purpose to make of canvas, waterproofed
or otherwise. Boots and shoes made on this principle I prefer to have made
on the last with metal bottoms, but they may be made on wooden lasts, if
found desirable, the points being afterwards clenched in any convenient
manner, so that the fastenings referred to may be secured internally.
:
The third part of my Invention relates to an improved mode of paring the
soles after such soles have been united together on to the boot or shoe, and
consist in employing a punch of the necessary shape for that purpose, the
paring being effected by pressure. For this purpose, the original last is
replaced by another last sufficiently narrow to allow the cutting edge to pass
the side of the shoe.
My Invention relates, fourthly, to an improved machine for mounting or
drawing and folding the uppers upon the last and inner sole, which I effect by
placing a piece of india-rubber between two plates, and compressing or con-
tracting the india-rubber so enclosed by an eccentric action conveyed through
a circular rim with internal inclines upon it, such rim being placed between
the two plates and outside the rubber and pressers, which are made to act
upon the rubber and entirely enclose it, and which, by means of a joint intro-
duced in such pressers are capable of contraction or expansion. I act upon
the circular rim either by a worm wheel or by a hydraulic pump. The centre
of the india-rubber has an aperture formed in it to correspond with the boot
or shoe which is contained in a stand or holder underneath the machine, and
is placed upon a slide or centre, so that the shoe can be readily removed. In
this slide a lever or eccentric is employed for raising the shoe to the required
height. I shape the plates holding the rubber to the exact contour of the boot
or shoe, and I also employ a lid or presser to press the rubber upon the boot or
shoe, and which lid or presser I actuate by means of a lever or other convenient
means.

page_text: And in order that my said Invention may be fully understood, I shall now
proceed more particularly to describe the same, and for that purpose I shall
refer to the Figures on the Sheet of Drawings hereunto annexed. The same
letters of reference indicate corresponding parts throughout all the corre-
sponding Figures.
Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 9 of my Drawing represent the apparatus I employ
under the first head of my Invention for finishing or ornamenting the edges
of the soles of boots and shoes, which is performed before such sole is attached
to the upper or front part or parts (although in some instances I. finish such
edges after the sole is attached, as herein-after described).
Figure 1 is a top view of the apparatus, which consists of four parts; the
outer rim or band A, the inner band or rim B, which with the centre part C
form a counter or corresponding part of the moveable die D, which is formed
or shaped to the desired contour of the sole.
The operation of shaping, ornamenting, or finishing the edge of the sole is
as follows:-The sole having been cut to the required shape and size by any
convenientor well-known means,andsmothedor scraped along, as is well under-
stood, is in some instances thickened along its edge, as shewn at E, Figure 4,
which may be performed by tapping it with a hammer; or it may be placed
between two wooden surfaces shaped like a sole, and held in a vice while the
tool, shown at Figure S, is pressed or rubbed against it until thickened at the
edge, as shewn at Figure 4; it is then placed in the outer rin over the part D,
and the corresponding parts B and C are inserted into the rim A over the
sole.
The apparatus, consisting of the several parts referred to, is then subjected
to any convenient pressure. When pressed, the rim A is removed, when the
sole will be found to be formed and hardened along the edges to any desired
shape, or finish, or bevil, or any desired degree of hardness, and may now be
attached to the other parts of a boot or shoe by pegging or other suitable process.
E, Figure 5, is a section of a sole after the pressure has been applied;
Figures 6 and 7 show another arrangement, which forms the second part of
my Invention for effecting the same object; Figure 6 is a plan and Figure 7
is another view, partly in section, of the apparatus employed. Its operation
is as follows: The sole having been placed over G, the corresponding part H
is placed in proper position over it as shewn, and subjected to pressure by
being placed under any ordinary and convenient pressing machine, after which
the handles I, I, are turned in the direction of the arrow's flight, which will
have the effect, by means of the eccentrics J. J, of moving the parts K, K,

page_text: closer to each other, and consequently cause the edges 1, 1, of such parts to
press laterally against the sole shown in section. In some instances I only
employ the holding blocks or surfaces H and G, which may be held in a vice,
with the sole between, and the instruments shown at Figure 8, but which
forms no part of my Invention, or any other similar instrument pressed or
rubbed against the edge of the sole while held as described.
process,
I do
But although I have shown different methods of effecting this
not limit or confine myself to any special particular means for carrying this
part of my Invention into effect, which I consider to consist of pressing and
finishing the edges of the soles of boots and shoes in the manner and by the
same or similar means to that already.described.
In some instances I make the part or presser B (Figures 1 and 2) deeper
in proportion than the part C, which, so that when the parts are pressed the
edges of the sole will be pressed thinner than the other parts. It will appear
evident that the part B and the part C may be composed of two or more
pieces, so as to obtain an unequal pressure, or the parts B and C may be
composed of one piece, and the inequality of pressure, or the desired finish or
effect may be obtained by varying the thickness and design of the part D or
its corresponding part.
may
I here observe that I am aware that the soles of boots and shoes have
been partly pressed, shaped, or blocked and ornamented by pressure by means
of dics or pressing surfaces, but the result or effect obtained by this part of
my Invention could not be obtained by such means. I am also aware that the
heels of boots and shoes have been to a certain extent finished by means of
pressure, but the means employed for such purpose is not adapted to finishing
that portion of the sole which forms the heel or lift of women's or children's
boots and shoes, which are made without raised or projecting heels, nor for
that portion of the sole underneath the heel of men's ordinary boots and
shoes.
The second part of my Invention consists of and relates to novel and
improved modes of joining or attaching the outer soles and heels to the uppers
or fronts, and to the inner soles of boots and shoes, and of and to some of the
means I employ for that purpose.
.
Figure 10 represents a portion of a sole in section, and shows the applica-
tion of a novel and improved fastening, for which Letters Patent were granted
to me on or about the Third of February, One thousand eight hundred and
fifty-seven, which fastening I employ for uniting or attaching parts of boots
and shoes together, as I shall hereafter more fully describe.

page_text: Figure 11 shows a novel and improved mode or system of applying or using
card tacks, spriggs, or similar fastenings for uniting various parts of boots and
shoes together, as will be herein-after described.
And Figures 9, 12, 14, 15, and 16, shew 'means which I employ for carrying
my improvements into effect, and the means I employ for that purpose. ***
Figure 10 illustrates the application of the double pointer fastening, some
of which are shown with a projection in the middle to regulate the penetrating
distance through the material, and some with one end entirely passing through
the sole, while others are shown partially through. The same Figure alsɔ
illustrates the application of the compound sole in connection with these
fastenings.
Figure 11 illustrates the improved mode of uniting of attaching a coin-
pound sole by means of tacks or spriggs. At 1 of the said Figure is shown
the tack, and at 2 the common sprigs. The process of uniting the compound
sole shown at Figure 11 may be accomplished in the following manner:
The inner or intermediate sole having been pierced with holes in any .con-
venient manner, the sprigs or tacks. are inserted, and the sides of the sole,. on
which the heads of the tacks project or appear, having been laid upon the
other or outer sole, both or either surfaces having been previously prepared
by any suitable adhesive substance, such a solution of caoutchouc, the two
are pressed together upon the bottom of a last, suitable holes having been
made in the bottom of such lasts to correspond with the projecting ends of
the fastening and receive them while the parts, are undergoing pressure, the
holes in the last being rather larger than the fastenings, the sole can now
be readily removed. This done, the compound sole, shewn.at Figure 11, is
ready for being attached, as herein-after fully described; when the double
pointed fastenings are employed in connection with an intermediate sole, they
are first inserted into such sole, which is then laid over the bottom of the last
already referred to; the sole in this position is between the projections of the
fastening and the last, and in this position the outer sole may be pressed upon
the fastening, which may be of sufficient length to pass entirely through the
sole or not, as may be thought. necessary, when an adhesive substance.is
employed for increasing the firmness and waterproofing the bottom of the
shoe. I prefer not to insert all the fastenings through to the outer side or
surface of the sole when no compound sole is employed; the double.pointed
fastenings are first inserted into the hole in the bottom of the last, and the
outer sole pressed upon them, or the sole may be pierced or partially so, and
the fastenings driven into it the required distance by means of a hammer
and the instrument shewn.at Fig.. 12, which has a hole in its end-forthe

page_text: purpose of protecting the point of the fastening. The soles being thus
prepared are now ready for being attached to the uppers or fronts, and to the
inner sole, and for this purpose I employ a last A, Fig. 15, from preference
with an iron sole or bottom fixed upon it, the upper and inner sole being
lasted or mounted for receiving the outer sole or soles. The last is placed
upon two pins, not 'shown in the Drawing, in movable part B, which is free to
slide in the slots C in the plate D when in proper position. The movable parts
or guides E, E, more clearly shewn in section at Figure 9, are now traversed
upon the rails F, F, until they completely surround the last A, being
retained firmly in their proper position by means of the movable stop pieces
or strips G shown in the end view, Fig. 16. The sole being now inserted in
the recess formed by means of the moveable parts E, E, a presser, which may
be similar to the parts D, Fig. 3, in placed over the sole, and the operation
completed by means of the screw press, its "follower" Hand guides or rods
I, I; but which screw press with its "follower" and guide rods form no part
of my Invention. The general arrangement shewn on the bed plate D forming
the novel part of the means I employ for carrying this part of the invention
into effect, and it will be evident to any practical man that by placing the
several parts placed upon the plate D under any convenient pressure; and
placing a suitable presser over the sole, such sole can be attached
upon the
boot or shoe. The the projections 2,2, shewn upon the parts E, E, at Figure 9is
a modification of the mode of finishing the edge of the sole by pressure by the
means and in the manner already described.
In reference to the second head of my Invention I would remark that I ain
aware that tacks and sprigs have been employed by various operations in the
manufacture of boots and shoes, such, for example, as fastening the fronts or
uppers upon or to an inner sole, and also for securing said parts to an outer
sole, but I do not claim the use or application of any special tack or sprig;
but what I do claim is, their use and application in the particular manner
herein-before illustrated at Figure 11. I may also observe that I am
aware that nails are often pointed after being first driven. in the heel of
- a boot or shoe, after which a piece of leather, generally the last or outer part,
forming the heel, is hammered or pressed upon it, but by the application of a
previously double pointed nail, the labour of pointing these can be dispensed
with, and what I desire to claim in reference to the improved fastening in
this Specification, the manner of its application, as described and illustrated.
Figure 20 represents a section of an apparatus which I employ for cutting
or paring the edges of the sole after it has been attached to the uppers; and
Figure 21 is a view at right angles to Figure 20. The last upon which the

page_text: shoe was made is removed and is replaced by another and much thinner or
narrower last for the purpose of allowing the cutter A to descend and pare off
the edges of the sole without endangering the upper leathers. This cutter
may be worked by a screw press, as shewn in the Drawings, or by any other
convenient mechanical means. The shoe is placed upon a block B, which is
shaped to fit the sole. A handle C serves to slide the shce out of the way of
the cutter after a cut has been made.
Figure 17 of my Drawing represents:a vertical section of my improved form
of apparatus for mounting or drawing over the edges of the. uppers of boots
and shes on to the inner soles; and Figure 18, is a plan of the same. The
last A, with the upper and inner sole upon it, is placed bottom upwards in the
box B, which swings or turns on the fixed centre C, so as to be capable of
being brought in or out of the machine as required. D is the table of the
machine having a central opening made in it to receive the sole part of
the last, the last being raised therein by means of the eccentric E.
A piece
of india-rubber F, having an opening in it corresponding nearly so with the
side and shape of the sole, is laid on the table D, so as to entirely surround
the sole portion of the last. This india-rubber is confined between the table D
and the upper plate D'on toit. To this latter plate D¹ is hung a lid or frame
G, which is brought down so as to pressupon the edges of the india-rubber, as
herein-after described. II is a rim capable of turning to and fro circularly.
between the table D and plate D'. It may be actuated by being connected
by a cord Kram of a hydroctater cylinder, or it may be rotated by means of a
worm L and rack M, as shown in the modification, Figure 19. I do not
confine myself, however, to any particular mode of actuating this rim; the
internal portion of the rim has a number of inclines h, h, made upon it; and as
it revolves in a certain direction these inclines act upon the sliding presser
plates N, N, the inner edges of which bear upon the outer edges of the india-
rubber F, and as they advance towards the centre they compress the india-
rubber and force it over the edges of the last, the india-rubber being held
down thereon by the hinged plate or frame G. The heel and toe portions of
the india-rubber are contracted by being acted upon by the hinged arms N',N',
which are fitted into sockets in the slides O; O, so that as the slides O, advance
the arms N will also advance, and by being also pressed upon by the plates
N, N, they will tend to close upon the india-rubber and force it over the heel
and toe of the last. The slides O, O, and N, N, are guided by pins working
in slots or grooves in the plate D (not shewn) for guiding them in the right
direction. When the last is fitted in the machine, and the uppers nicely
adjusted, the rubber is made to advance a little, so as just to bear against the

page_text: uppers. I then apply glue or other strong cement to the edges of the inner
sole for the purpose of forming temporarily holding the edges of the uppers
.when pressed thereon, which I now effect by closing or shutting down the
hinged lid or frame G, and holding it firmly down by means of the catch lever
G1, or by other cement means. The rubber is now catised to advance to its
..full desired extent, and has, the effect of forcing the edges of the uppers down
on to and over the inner sole. The whole may remain undisturbed forca few
minutes.to allow 'the glue or cement to set, when the now mounted last is with-
drawn by first lowering it in the box; and then turning or swinging out the
box from under the table. D).
In reference to this part of my Invention, what. I claim is the general
mechanical arrangement and combination of the several parts, and the
simultaneous and universal action of the india-rubber, as described and illus-
trated by my Drawings.
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of my said.
.Invention, and the manner in which the same is or may be used or carried
into effect, I would observe, in conclusion, that I do not confine or restrict
myself to the precise details or arrangements which I have had occasion to
describe or refer to, as many variations may be made therefrom without
.deviating from the principles or main features of my said Invention.
In witness whereof, I, the said Julian Bernard, have hereunto set my
-hand and seal, the Tenth day of August, One thousand eight hundred
and fifty-seven.
JULIAN BERNARD. (L.S.)