IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING LIGHT BY ELECTRICITY AND OTHER MEANS
Year: 1879

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Herbert John Haddan, of the Firm of Herbert and
Company, Solicitors of Patents, of 67, Strand, in the City of Westminster,
Civil Engineer, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR
PRODUCING LIGHT BY ELECTRICITY AND OTHER MEANS." A communication
from abroad by Eusebius Molera and John Celrian, both of San Francisco,
United States of America.
Sealed the 15th July 1879, and dated the 24th January 1879.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Herbert John Haddan at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 24th January 1879.
HERBERT JOHN HADDAN, of the Firm of Herbert and Company, Solicitors of
Patents, of 67, Strand, in the City of Westminster, Civil Engineer. "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING LIGHT BY ELECTRICITY AND OTHER
MEANS." A communication from abroad by Eusebius Molera and John Celrian,
both of San Francisco, United States of America.
The first part of the Invention relates to an apparatus for lighting whereby
electric light, calcium light, or any other suitable light may be used.
The second part of the Invention relates to the means of running magneto-
electric machines at a constant speed.
The third part relates to apparatus for regulating electric candles.
In carrying out the first part of the Invention the light source is surrounded by
a number of lenses, which collect the light and convert it into a number of beams
or pencils, each consisting of parallel or nearly parallel rays, which may be sent out
in any desired direction. Each or any of the said beams of parallel light may be
intercepted by a prism or prisms, which deflect tho whole or part of the beam
towards the place where it is required, and finally it may be dispersed by a lense
or concentrated upon a point or used in any other convenient way. By regulating
the position of the prisms the distribution of the light to the various rooms or
places may be altered, and certain rooms may be entirely deprived of light.
prisms may also be used for altering the quality of the light, for example, by filling
them with a solution of alum or sulphate of quinine, or liquid of any required
colour, or by any other known means which change the physical or chemical
The

page_text: qualities of light. Streets may be illuminated from the walls of buildings or by
sending the beams through hollow lantern posts. Instead of prisms reflectors may
also be used.
The second part of the Invention, applying only to lighting by electricity,
provides a constant speed of the magneto-electric machine by making the motive
power constant. The machine is driven by a hydraulic motor fed from a water
reservoir, in which the variations of level are sufficiently small to keep the motor
at a constant speed. This may be effected in feeding the reservoir by a pump taking
the water from the well into which the hydraulic motor is discharging.
The third part of the Invention consists in attaching a float to each of the electric
candles immersed in a liquid from which it rises in proportion as the carbon or
electrode is consumed. The liquid which is enclosed in a vessel or stand may carry
only one candle, as in the Jablochkoff system, or two or more according to the
system adopted, and each float is provided with suitable guides, which carry the
float in a straight line. The specific gravity of the liquid and the shape of the floats
are such that the length of carbon consumed and the rise of the float during the
same time are exactly equal; and in order to provide against irregularities in the
composition of the liquid the weight of the float is adjustable by making a part of
it hollow or by other suitable means; the length of the float may also be regulated.
If the positive and negative electrodes are placed one above the other instead of
being side by side, they may be connected with the same float, but so that one of
the electrodes is raised while the other is lowered, which can be effected by ineans
of a rope and pulley, or rack and pinion, or other suitable devices. In order to
provide against small irregularities in the level of the liquid, and to facilitate the
starting of the light, the electrodes, instead of being guided parallel to each other,
may be placed at an angle, so that the more they are raised the nearer they approach
and may even touch one another. For this purpose the liquid in the vessel com-
municates with a small elastic chamber, having at its top or at any other part a
soft iron plate, and opposite this is an electro-magnet actuated by the same current
which forms the electric arc. The expansion of the constantly filled elastic chamber
under the influence of the electro-maguet and its contraction by a spring causes a
respective fall and riso of the liquid in the main vessel, and consequently a greater
or smaller distance of the carbon points. By this arrangement the electrodes touch
one another when there is no current, and are the further apart the stronger the
current is. Instead of using a special elastic chamber a part of the main vessel may
be made clastic and brought under the influence of an electro-magnet and of a
spring in order to cause a rise and fall of the level. Instead of being placed at an
angle the two electrodes may also be placed directly opposite each other, moving in
a horizontal line, and the floats may be replaced by horizontal pistons actuated by
the expansion and contraction of the vessel. For keeping the carbon points or
electrodes at a fixed place a thermal regulator of the following construction may
also be used. The vessel which contains the liquid with float and electrodes is
placed upon one end of a double armed horizontal lever, carrying at its opposite
end a counterweight. Two vertical tubes filled with liquid, preferably mercury,
and each closed at its lower end by a piston, are so placed that the focus of a lense
collecting light from the electric arc falls midway between the bulbs at the upper
ends of the tubes. A displacement of the electric arc, and therefore of the focus,
causes an expansion of the mercury in one of the tubes, and a consequent motion
of its piston. The piston acts upon the horizontal lever, and thereby replaces the
lamp in its former position. Instead of tubes with liquid some expanding metal or
other equivalent device may be applied, and for the double armed horizontal lever
any already known and equivalent mechanism may be substituted.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by the
the said Herbert John Haddan in the Great Seal Patent Office on 24th July 1879.
HERBERT JOHN HADDAN, of the Firm of Herbert and Company, Solicitors of
Patents, of 67, Strand, in the City of Westminster, Civil Engineer. " IMPROVE
MENTS IN APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING LIGHT BY ELECTRICITY AND OTHER
MEANS." A communication from abroad by Eusebius Molera and John Celrian,
both of San Francisco, United States of America.
The
The first part of the Invention relates to an apparatus for lighting, whether
the light producing agent be electricity or other suitable agent or means.
second part of the Invention relates to apparatus for operating a magneto
electricity machine at an unvarying rate of speed. The third part of the Invention
relates to apparatus for maintaining the burning point of an electric candle at a
constant point or position. Referring now exclusively to the first part of the
Invention the same is designed to provide an improved process and apparatus
whereby illumination is obtained by transmitting beams of light from a suitable
source in respectively different lines of direction to the several points at which the
light is desired for use. This system of lighting is adapted for any kind or source
of light, and is especially intended for strong artificial light, such as the electrio,
calcium, and zirconia lights. Heretofore the electric light although intrinsically
much cheaper than gas light has not obtained general use for several reasons,
prominent among which is its characteristic of intense brilliancy which is oppressive
to the human eye. It is found however in attempting to reduce this insufferable
brilliancy that the proportionate cost of the electric light is largely increased
which results from three reasons:-First, the less the intensity of the light the
greater is the proportion of the motor required in developing the electric current ;
second, the moro an electric current is subdivided the larger is the perecentage of
its waste; third, the regulator, required by all electric lights, costs more in pro-
portion as the intensity of the light is reduced. Also when the electric and other
strong lights are applied for scenic effect in theatrical performances and analagous
cases, where different and various shades and degrees of illumination are required,
a difficulty has been experienced by reason of the insufficiency of the means
employed to accomplish the purpose in view. Some of the objections above noted
as to the use of the electric light do not apply to the calcium, zirconia, and other
strong lights, which however in addition to such defects as they may have in
common with the electric light are subject to others peculiar to themselves. This
first part of the Invention is intended to obviate these objections to any of the
above named lights, and to provide a system of lighting whereby a more or less
extensive illumination may be most advantageously obtained. In the Drawings
Figure 1 is a view representing this first part of the Invention as applied to a building
having two stories, an attic, and a cellar; Figure 2 is a plan view of the attic;
Fig. 3 is a detail vertical sectional view through line x, y, of Fig. 2; Figure 4 is a
similar view representing in a larger scale the disposition of the light at A in Figure 1,
and also one form of floating regulator for the electric candles in the instance of electric
light; Figures 5 and represent modifications of the prismatic devices; Figures 7
and 8 are detail views representing one inanner of employing the lenses, which finally
apply the light for use; Figure 9 illustrates apparatus for connecting beams of light
through enclosed passages to the several places at which the same may be desired for
use.
It is supposed in these Figures that an electric light is used and placed in the
attic at A; the light is enclosed by five Fresnel lenses, which will concentrate the
light in five beams of parallel or nearly parallel rays of light m, n, o, p, q, which in
the Drawings are at right angles. The beams of light m, n, Fig. 1, are intersected
at different heights by the rectangular prisms B, C, D, E, F, which bend said
beams downwards into several vertical partial beams b, c, d, e, f. The beam b for
instance will pierce through an opening in the ceiling of room K and illuminate it.
The beam e will go through an opening in the partition wall G down to the ceiling

page_text: of room S, and will illuminate it. The beam c will be partially intersected by
prism H, and will be bent horizontally into the beam i going along the space of the
floorbeams in the ceiling of room T; a prism at K will bend i again downwards,
and it will illuminate the room T. The other portion of beam c will go downwards
and illuminate the cellar U. If the prism H had been placed lower down the
beam would have been bent towards the room T, entering it through an
opening in the wall instead of an opening in the ceiling. If the prisms
mentioned are suitable adjusted one can collect in a room the light of
two or more rooms, or one can diminish the intensity of said light or leave
any of the rooms in the dark. For instance, if prism C is raised by means of
a cord a and pulleys a' or by any other means, it will reflect a larger portion of
the beam m of the whole of it. Then the light of R will decrease or disappear and
the light of T and U will increase. If said prism C is lowered the reverse will
happen, the light at Tand U will decrease and that of R will increase, and when C
is put down altogether T and U will be left in the dark. In the same way by
moving the prism H sideways one can send part of the light T to U, and vice
verad, or one can leave one of them in the dark. A corresponding motion of the
other prisms will produce similar effects in other rooms. Fig. 2 shows how the
two beams of light o, p, are intersected by the standing prisms P, Q, M, N, and
divided into four beams 8, r, t, n, parallel to m, n, and will be handled in a way
similar to the latter ones. Figure 3 is a vertical section through the beam t, n, of
Figure 2. At m', nl, pl, there are three prisms, so disposed that the beam u is divided
into tho vertical downward beam z, and the vertical upward beam which is bent
again horizontally into the beam w, which may be sent outside the house to light the
street for instance. The vertical upward beam q of Figure 1 may be treated similar to
the vertical upward beam v of Figure 3, as shown in Figure 1, or might be used at any
place higher up than the attic. After having shown how the light may be distributed to
complete the system it remains to see how the last beams of light may be handled.
They come into the places to be lighted in beams of rays practically parallel, then
they are intersected by convenient lenses, which may be called secondary lenses,
according to the shape, curvature, and inclination of these lenses, the beams will be
concentrated into any desired plan, and even into a point as in room R, Fig. 1, or
it will be diffused into a diverging cone as shown in the other rooms in the same
Figure, and it may be sent to the floor above, or to a wall, or up to the ceiling, or
up to a certain height alone, to a working table, for instance, to a sewing machine,
&c. In combination with the lenses or prisms some substances are used calculated
to modify the light in any of its chemical and physical properties; for instance, if
together with a lense or prism a substance is used that allows the rays of light to
pass and absorbs all the heat, as a solution of alum for instance, then one may
exclude the heat of the light from one or more rooms or places. If one uses instead
a fluorescent substance for the extra violet rays of light, as a solution of sulphate of
quinine for instance, the brilliancy of light will be increased. If one uses a sub-
stance that allows the rays of heat to pass, and not the luminous rays as a solution
of iodine in carbon, bi-sulphide for instance, a certain amount of heat can be
obtained in the room. If one wants the light of a certain color, as sometimes is
needed in certain opthalmic diseases, and for some operations of industry it is easily
obtained by using a proper substance instead. All these substances mentioned here,
and any other for similar purposes may be placed at any point of the course of the
beams of light, although it seems that the most convenient and proper place is in
connection with the secondary lenses, and even with the prisms. In Figures 1, 2, 3,
is illustrated how a source of light A may be divided, subdivided, and distributed
into any variable number of small beams of light, going upwards, and downwards,
and sideways, all parallel or at right angles to each other. But by changing the
inclination of the primary lenses, and of any or all the prisms, or by changing the
apertures of the prisms one can bend the beams of light in all possible directions,
and send them into any inclination whatever. The light can be in the attic, or
cellar, or in a middle floor, or it may be also placed outside the building as the

page_text: beams of light may be sent underground through convenient pipes, tubes, or boxes,
or may be sent above ground in a similar way, or through the free space to the
building or place to be lighted. The streets, for instance, may be lighted either by
beams coming out of the buildings or by underground pipes of light. Hollow
lamp posts, for instance, will carry partial beams of light upwards, and by some of
the ways herein explained these partial beams of light will be fashioned or handled
to any purpose required. In Figure 9 of the Drawing is represented an apparatus
capable of accomplishing the above result; for instance, in a mine the light may be
placed on the surface or underground, and by a judicious combination of the elements
in the system herein described one may send beams and cones of light into any
gallery, well, incline, etc. Again, if in Figure 1 is supposed a certain shade combined
with one of the prisms or lenses the light in the corresponding room or rooms will
therefore be modified accordingly, and not in the other rooms; convenient movable
shades are combined with the lenses or prisms which light the audience and the
stage, all kinds of variable scenic effects can be produced at will. It will be
observed that by keeping the source of light away from the place to be lighted
all the inconveniences and dangers are avoided arising from its proximity, such as
smoke, smell, noise, heat, the foul gases of combustion, liability to catch fire, &c.,
and therefore this system may be applied to all dangerous processes of industry, as
powder making and others, and consequently the system is not only applicable to
the few instances of lighting herein named as illustrations, but to any and all pur-
poses of lighting. It will be observed that by handling the beams of light by the
ways herein described nearly all losses by diffusion may be avoided even without
the use of deflectors. In Figure 1 the light is represented as being produced by
electricity, and also the magneto electric machine used in the production of the
same as being controlled against irregularities in its operation, as is herein after
set forth in the second part of the Invention; but said features do not constitute
any elements in the present first part of the Invention, and any or all of the same
may be omitted entirely or substituted by others as desired. Thus the hydraulic
motor represented may be substituted by any other kind of motive power, or
any combinations of motor. Also the magneto electric machine may be sub-
stituted by any other mechanism for producing an electric light; so, too, the
electric light itself may be substituted by any other kind of light, as calcium,
zirconia, or any other; and in all cases the previously explained desposition or
system of illumination may be adopted. Even the solar light may be handled
manner similar to that just previously described for accomplishing the
purpose in view.
The solar light has to be concentrated in a focus or beam by
incans of proper reflectors, or lenses, or both, or any other way, and the beam or
focus of light thus obtained is operated upon as is herein explained. Figure 4 shows
in a larger scale the disposition of the light at A, of Figure I, and also a regulator for
the electric candles; but it is understood that in this system of lighting any other
kind of electric regulator may be used instead of said floating one.
In the same.
Figure (4) is the electric arc; c', d, e, are the sections of the primary lenses. Their
curvature and the number of their steps will vary according to the size of light
or their own; each of them may be made solid or hollow, or filled with
liquid, of one piece or pieces, or else they may be substituted by any kind
of lenses or combination of lenses that will collect the light in beams of parallel (or
nearly parallel) rays of light. There may be five lenses as represented, or any other
number, and at any inclination whatever according to the requirements of each
case. At the bottom r, r, a reflector is used to collect all the rays of light inside of
a cone r, l, r, which are sent up to the lens e to be used afterwards; said reflector
may be substituted by several reflectors sending the rays to any lens; said
reflectors may be used at the bottom or in some other point, or said reflector or
reflectors may be dispensed with because the cone r, l, r, is made very small or for
any other cause. The space inclosed by the primary lenses and reflectors r is called
the chamber of light, and said chamber may have one or more openings. At
C, D, E, are shown three shapes or kinds of prisms; C is solid, made of glass or
in a

page_text: any other convenient or proper substance; D is a hollow box of similar materials
or filled with any convenient liquid, in which case one may easily use any of the
substances of the kinds herein before mentioned in order to modify the light. E is
made of a series of smaller prisms having a common face, or put and kept together
in any wise in a shape similar to the Drawings. The common face may be sub-
stituted by a series of smaller ones placed all parallel to each other, they may be
each solid or hollow. All the prisms used in this system may be made of any angle
or aperture, although the rectangular shape is the most convenient on account of
the small percentage of light lost by refraction, and the purity of the color of the
light. All these prisms may also be substituted by properly inclined mirrors of
any convenient size, material, or construction. They also may be substituted by
conical lenses formed by the revolution of the section of such prisms, or by a lens
whose transverse section is the section of any such prisms, as is shown ortho-
graphically projected in Figures 5 and 6. And said prisms may also be substituted
by any combination of optical prisins, or by any geometrical bodies generated by
the sections of such prisms or by any combination of both. All said prisuns are
movable and their motions produced by any means whatever; Figures 7 and 8 show
one way of using the secondary lenses to finally apply the beams of light to
practice; B' and C¹aro two cylindrical boxes kept in a frame of any form what-
ever, their bottoms are of glass, one concave, the other convex, and they are filled
with some liquid. The Figures show the case applied to the lighting of a room
from its ceiling. If the box C¹ is in line with the opening On and the beam of
light O', then this beam of light will be diffused in the diverging cone, whose
aperture may be made wider or narrower according to the curvature of the glass
at C. If the box B¹ is placed in the line ', Oa, then the light will be con-
centrated into a converging cone. The boxes B, C, may be filled with any
material for the purpose of modifying the light, as herein before explained. In
these Figures the boxes B', C', are supposed to be placed between the spaces of the
ceiling or in pipe or box for the purpose, but they may be placed in any other way
by means of cords 7, 71, by pulleys and rollers, or by any other means. They may
slide sideways so as to be able to have in the same room two or more alternato
shapes of light if required. The secondary lenses may be made of any convenient
material and of any curvature varying with the purposes required, and the sub-
stances that modify the properties or circumstances of light, whether solid or
liquid, may be made of any shape and size whatever, and stationary or movable.
II. Referring now exclusively to the second part of the Invention, the same relates
to electric light apparatus designed to produce a light which shall be maintained
constant and unvarying in the degree of its brilliancy. Heretofore, one of the
disadvantages attendant upon illumination by magneto electric machines has been
the irregularity in the intensity of the same, which result from changes in the
amount of force of the driving power of said machines. The motors employed
to actuate the latter are necessarily subject to variations in their operation. At
one time working with greater speed and power than at other times, and inas-
much as said motors have mechanical connection with the magneto electric
machine; it is evident that whatever irregularity may occur in their working
would be directly communicated to and evidenced in the operation of said machines.
This second part of the Invention is designed to obviate such disadvantages, and
consists in the combination with a magneto electric machine and an hydraulic
motor for actuating the same of a reservoir located above the motor, and connected
therewith by a pipe and a pumping engine adapted to elevate the water that passes
through the motor to the reservoir, whereby said motor is supplied with a constant
fall of water to actuate the magneto electric machine at unvarying rate of speed,
and maintain the electric light at any predetermined candle power. In Figure 1 of
tho Drawings is represented this second part of the Invention, though it will be
understood that such application is arbitrary and merely by way of illustration,
inasmuch, as this second part of the Invention is independent of any special
apparatus for applying the electric light, and the same is applicable to all manner

page_text: of suitable use. A magneto electric machine Z has wire connections W which coin-
municate the electric energy developed thereby to the point of use, as shown at A.
It is directly driven by an hydraulic motor V, and the belt W', a feed pipe y provides
communication between the water reservoir Y, and said motor which latter is
preferably a wheel of any desired character. After the water performs its function
of operating said hydraulic motor it falls into a well V', from which latter it
is again elevated into the reservoir by means of a pumping engine Z' and pipe con-
nection X. There is not represented in the Drawings or described herein more
specifically the nature of the apparatus, inasmuch as the latter may be variously
modified without departing from the spirit of the Invention. Thus the magneto
electric machine, the hydraulic motor, and the well, together with their connections,
may all be of any suitable construction. The operation of the same consists in
supplying the hydraulic motor with a constant fall of water, which causes its
actuating power to be unvarying, and hence the magneto electric machine is driven
with the same force at all times, and as a result, the electric energy which is
developed insures an illumination unvarying in its brilliancy. The necessary irregu-
larities in the working of the pumping engine, as the primary motor, are not
sufficient to make a material difference in the quantity of water which is elevated
into the reservoir, so as to practically change the level of the latter. And benco by
freeing the magneto electric machine from all mechanical connection with the
primary actuating power and providing this intermediate apparatus for producing
constant water power, the desired result is obtained. In addition to this, an advan-
tage consists in that if the reservoir be left full when the light is extinguished by
simply turning a suitable water cock conveniently located, the hydraulic motor may
be started in motion instantly, and hence the lights may be relit at a moment's
notice, without waiting for a primary motor to generate driving power. III. Re-
ferring more exclusively to the third part of the Invention, the same relates to
electric light regulators, and is designed to provide improved means whereby electric
candles may be automatically adjusted so as to maintain their burning points con-
stantly in the same position. In the Drawings Figure 10 is a vertical sectional view
representing one form of the Invention ; Figure 11 is a similar view representing the
electric candles inclined instead of straight; Figure 12 is a view of a modified
form of guide for the carbons. Figure 13 is a vertical sectional view representing a
float regulator in combination with a magnet regulator, which latter varies the level of
the liquid in the float chamber; Figure 14 is a view of a modification of the principle
illustrated in Figure 13; Figure 15 represents an optical regulator in combination
with a float regulator; Figures 16, 17, and 18 severally represent modified forms of
float regulator, in which a single float supports both electrodes of each lamp. These
several devices shown respectively in the above Figures will be separately described
as regards their construction and operation. In Figure 10 a hollow stand A* is suitably
filled with a liquid B*, in which the two independent floats C* are immersed to a
greater or less extent. These floats respectively support the two candles D', which
may be secured thereto in any desired manner and which may be carbons or any.
other substances proper to be used in electric light. These floats are formed of
suitable materials and have weight and size such that any certain portion of their
lengths will displace a volume of liquid whose weight is the same as is the weight
of an equal length of the carbons or candles. The floats pass respectively through
guides C³, in which they have free movement upwards and downwards, said guides
being properly secured to or formed in same piece with a diaphragm C³, which latter
is fitted in the hollow stand at any suitable point. The carbons or candles pass
respectively through guides E¹ and have free upward and downward movement
therein, so that without limiting said movement in either direction the guides yet
maintain the carbons in proper position. This position may be either vertical, as in
Figure 10, or inclined, as shown in Figure 11, in which latter case the guides must
be properly inclined and adjusted. Simultaneously with the consumption of carbon
or candle points, the floats will raise the carbons a distance equal to the lengths of
same respectively consumed, and the carbon or candle points will be maintained con-

page_text: stantly in the same horizontal plane. In this manner the carbons or candles are
maintained in position with an unvarying pressure, and there is no tendency on
their part when a full length to pass beyond the proper burning point. They are
unrestricted in their upward and downward movement and yet accurately adjust
the carbon points in position. This follows of necessity from the fact that the
difference between the volumes of liquid displaced by a float respectively before and
after the consumption of any certain length of its carbon or candle is of a weight
the same as is the weight of the length of carbon or candle which was consumed.
The carbons or candles used in the regulator may be a single one, as a Jablochkoff
for instance, or they may be two or more placed side by side, vertically and parallel,
or inclined, or finally they may also be arranged in any other suitable inanner,
having the principle of the Invention incorporated therein. The candle and
float guides may be of any description whatever provided only that they
properly guide the substances to be burned; they may be connected to the
stand in any wise, and by their relative arrangement and shape the electric carbons
or candles may obtain any inclination. In all cases the positive and negative
wires from the electric machine may be connected to the carbons or candles
either at their guides, as in Figure 10 for instance, or one at one of said guides
and the other at any point of the stand or liquid, as in Figure 11 for instance.
If the wires are connected at said guides the collars wherein the carbons or
candles slide must be good electric conductors and isolated in any proper way; the
floats also must be non conductors or must be coated with non conducting material
so as not to establish an electric communication through said floats and liquid. In
case that one of the wires be connected to the stand itself, as in Figure 11, then one
of the floats, the stand, and the liquid must all be good conductors of electricity;
and the other float must be a non conductor. If the stand be a non conductor, the
wires must be connected to the liquid itself. In the cases that the liquid must be
a good conductor of electricity, any substance dissolved in it may be used that will
increase its conductibility. As to the way to make the connections of the wires,
any form of buttons, keys, etc., usually employed may be used, or any other proper
way of fastening. In case of using a single candle as a Jablochkoff, for instance,
one may use as a guide a perfectly isolated collar, on the interior of which the two
points abut or terminate so that ench wire is in constant contact with each one of
the carbons embedded in the candle, or else use as a guide a collar like that of
Figure 12, in which the shaded parts represent good conducting material, and the rest
is made of non conducting material, the wires being connected to good conducting
portions of it. It remains only to say how to avoid the inconvenience arising from
the varying densities of the liquid which may be used, and of the carbons or candles
used. The inconvenience is, that with different densities and using always the
same floats, the points of the carbons or candles will be at different heights. In
order to be able to keep them always at the same height, the floats are forined with
openings or tubular formations a³, and provided with screw caps 63 at their lower
extremities, whereby said tubular floats may be filled to any extent with weighted
matter. Instead of these detachable caps, any other suitable mechanism or device
may be employed for accomplishing the same purpose. Thus said hollow floats
may be filled with solid or liquid materials, more or less, so as to regulate always
at the start the height of the points to be burned. These floats may also be made
(solid or hollow) in two or more lengths that may be put together and taken apart,
so as to vary also their lengths and weights according to the different densities or
weights of the candles or carbons, and the liquids which are used. Turning to the
combined device of float and magnet regulator shown in Figure 13, if every thing is
supposed to be arranged as therein shown, and the level of A' be constant, it is
evident that whenever a portion of B or B is burned or cut away, the systems C',
B, or C, B³, becoming lighter will be pushed upwards until the weight of the
liquid displaced by the distance raised equals the weight lost by B or B³. It is
proposed to make the floats C, C, such that the weight of the liquid A displaced
by any length of said floats be equal to the weight of an identical length of their

page_text: corresponding electrodes; and consequently the upward motion of C, C³, will be
exactly equal to the lengths lost by B, B, thus keeping their upper ends constantly
at the same height. Therefore if once the electric arc is started having the upper
ends of B, B5, at the proper distance apart, the burning electrodes will be set
in a continuous upward motion, keeping constantly their burning ends at the same
height and consequently at the same distance apart, even if they burn unequally
and unevenly. The only cause tending to disturb such state of things is the
variation of the level of A*; this is kept controlled and properly regulated by the
electric current passing through the electro-magnet D', which also serves the
purpose of starting the light and regulating the flow of said current as will be
explained. The electro magnet D' is made stationary, one end of its wire communi-
cating with the source of electricity, and the other one with one of the electrodes.
Under D is placed the closed elastic chamber E in communication with F', and
fill with same liquid A'; the top of E is of soft iron, and its sides or walls are
totally or partially elastic, allowing said top to go up and down, therefore allowing
the volume of E to vary. G is a stationary adjusting screw that will set the
magnet D nearer to or farther from E', in order to adjust their distances if
necessary. His a spring or set of springs attached to the top of E and the
adjusting screw J, which is set in a stationary piece K, so that the spring H*
pulls the top of E' away from D', and by means of the adjusting screw J' one may
regulate the size or volume of E, and therefore the height of the level of A* in
vessel F. The screw J' is set in such a way that when the lamp is not burning
the level of A is high enough to allow the upper ends of B and B³ to come in
contact. Thus when the lamp is properly connected to the source of electricity the
current will pass through B' and B5, and through D', which will set the magnet in
activity, then it will attract the top of E, and as D' can partially overcoine the
opposite pulling strength of H*, E* will expand, the level of A will get lower, the
points of B and B will be put apart, and the electric arc will spring between them,
after which the lamp will keep burning as said before. The attractive strength of
D will vary with the intensity of the electric current, and we see that the
stronger said attraction, the lower gets the level of A', and the wider the distance
between the points B and B³, it is evident that the stronger the electric current
is, the wider apart the burning ends B and B will be, and vice versa. There-
fore if the position of G+, the power of D*, the position of J*, and the strength
of H are properly adjusted, it is clear that whenever the intensity of the
current varies, the electrodes will assume by reason of said current a different
position, so as to check said variation of intensity; and reversely, whenever
the positions of the electrodes vary, the electric current passing through D* will
check said variation of position by action of the level of A+. One of the connecting
wires from the source of electricity to the lamp must go to an electrode B', for
instance, the other one to the magnet, thence to the other electrode B, and will be
attached thereto in any of the ordinary ways already used. Thus we have an
electric light regulator which answers perfectly well all the purposes of such without
fail, and avoiding the use of any complicated and delicate machinery. But the
inventors wish to be clearly understood that the Invention is not limited to the
particular shape or disposition of the parts shown in Fig. 13.
The vessel F* may
be of any appropriate shape and material, as long as it affords the necessary room
for the floats and their electrodes. The liquid A' may be any suitable liquid or
mixture of liquids. The electrodes B and B³ may be carbon pencils, wires, or of
any other kind; they may be of any size or shape, cylindrical, prismoidal, a stick,
a plate, etc., etc.; they may be placed more or less inclined, presenting to each other
their narrower or broader sides, as deemed convenient. The floats C³, C³, may also
be of any convenient material, size, and shape, as long as their volume is in
accordance with the rule above written, relative to the densities of A* and of the
electrodes. They may be solid, or totally or partially hollow, and such that they
may open and shut by means of screws or otherwise, in order that one may vary
their length or fill them with some weight, so as to have at the start a certain

page_text: height if desired. The connections of the electrodes with their floats may be of
any of the well known means of fastening. The guides L, L³, 1, 15, may also be
of any appropriate size, shape, material, and inclination, as long as they allow a
free upward and downward motion of the electrodes and their floats, and afford
them the necessary steadiness; they may be connected to each other or not. In
Fig. 13 they are shown of two kinds as instances; one is a collar, the other is com-
posed of two little rollers. In Fig. 14, as one will be seen, they are the tubes M*, Mo.
The additional elastic chamber E may be of any shape and convenient size, placed
to or separate from F, as long as it is below the lowest level of A. Communication
of F with E' may be had through any tube or channel whatever. The top of E
or any other part of its surface must be of soft iron, or of any material attracted
by a magnet; the rest of the surface of E' must be wholly or partially elastic.
The electro magnet D* may be of any construction. It must be so disposed as to
act upon the top or upon any portion of E' so as to increase its volume. It must
be wholly stationary in relation to F, or must have only a very small play con-
trolled by an adjusting screw G4, which must be fast to F or made stationary any
other way.
The spring or springs H* may be of any description whatever; they
may go through E or outside of it, as long as their pulling strength be in the
opposite direction to the attraction of D. The piece K* supporting the adjusting
screw must be stationary. In fine, the set of pieces G, D, E, H³, K', f', consti-
tuting the electric regulator may be taken far away from F, as was said relative
to E. Wo may even dispense with E', and incorporate it within F. For that
purpose one must have a portion of the surface of F elastic, so as to allow its
bottom or any other part of the surface of F' to have reciprocating motion, which
will cause the level of A' to go up and down. Then one has only to place in
connection with said movable portion an electro magnet, an opposing spring, and
their adjusting screws, substantially equal to and working like the above said
picces D, H,, Gʻ, of Fig. 13. In order to better understand this explanation,
Fig. 14 shows another of the many ways to dispose the different parts of this
device within the scope of the Invention. N' is the vessel containing the liquid;
m* is an elastic ring connecting the upper part of N* to the plate P', which is made
partly or wholly of soft iron; R' is a handle to carry or hold the whole apparatus;
S is the electro magnet to attract the plate P; T are a set of springs pushing P+
away from S. The magnet and the springs are provided with proper adjusting
screws, similar to F, G, of Fig. 13, but not represented in Fig. 14 to avoid compli-
cation. U, U³, are the two electrodes attached to the floats V, V, and all guided
by the tubes M, M. If the plate P' is supposed horizontal, or nearly so, and the
tubes M*, M³, inclined, this apparatus will operate exactly like that of Fig. 13, but
this Fig. 14 shows besides how to dispose everything when the electrodes must be
used horizontally, which is not so readily understood by Fig. 13. C, C, of Fig. 13,
must only be enlarged enough to be the two pistons V, V, fitting easily within M*,
M only preventing the liquid from escaping. S' and T are mado so as to allow
the points of U*, U%, to be in contact when the lamp is not burning. When the
electric current passes through the lamp the magnet S* attracts P, the volume
of N increases, the distance between U and U³ also increases, the electric arc is
formed, S* continues attracting P, the distance between U and U³ increases still
more, until the current is broken, at which time the light is extinguished, the
magnet loses its activity, the springs T* push P* away from S*, the points U, U³,
come in contact again, and therefore the current is reestablished, and the same
oporation recommences. Thus one obtains a series of flashes, which if they come
oftener than twenty five times in a second they will constitute a perfect light.
W shows a reflector of any suitable kind that may be attached to N if desired.
It is clearly seen that this lamp, Fig. 14, will work in any position as long as the
electrodes U, U³, are horizontal, or nearly so, whether R is above, on a side,
or below U, U; therefore it is well adapted to be hung from the ceiling or
from the wall when in use. It will be observed that the device of Fig. 14
is not different in essential principle from that of Fig. 13, although their.

page_text: operation may seem somewhat different. The regulator shown in Fig. 13
consists of two main parts, the floating regulator and the magnet regulator.
The first one keeps the electrodes at proper distances within certain limita,
the second one controls these limits by controlling the level of A*, and also serves
to start the light at the beginning and whenever it goes out; so that Fig. 13,
without the part D, E, H*, would not be complete. The disposition of the parts
in Fig. 14 when M, M³, are not horizontal, is equal to Fig. 13, but in the particular
case of U, Us, being horizontal, Fig. 14 is composed of the same parts with tho
only difference that the float pistons in this case are not constructed according to
the rule laid down for the Boats of Fig. 13; as for the difference in their operations,
it will be seen that in Fig. 13 the magnet starts the light, after which it burns
some appreciable time; whereas, in Fig. 14, as soon as the magnet starts the light,
it becomes extinguished, so that the magnet has to start again and again continually.
One night even say that this particular device shown in Fig. 14 is the same
apparatus as the essential parts shown in Fig. 13, deprived only of the buoying
force of A It will be further observed that in instance of the guides 1, 18,
L, L, being so disposed that the electrodes are always kept in a parallel position,
then the magnet regulator D, E, H*, of Fig. 13 will have no practical use, and
a means of starting the light will be required, which may be accomplished by a
very thin piece of electrode placed on top of B*, B³, so as to bring their onds nearer,
this piece will be quickly burnt away. Or else there may be used electric lighters,
such as are employed in gas burners. If in that case a portion of vessel F* is elastic,
or F is connected to an additional chamber, one may press the elastic part by a set
screw or other means, and therefore one will raise or lower the focus of the light
at pleasure. This method of supporting the electrode may also be applied to tho
case of having a single candle, a Jablochkoff's for instance, whether it is held ver-
tical or inclined. These candles in fact do not need a regulator only when tho
burning focus must be constantly kept at the same height, which latter result this
Invention will well accomplish. The different parts of the regulator may all be
made of good conductors or bad conductors of electricity, but care should be taken
to have the two electrodes properly isolated from each other, so that the current
cannot pass except between their free ends. For instance, in Fig. 13, the current
enters through the guides 1, 15, which are supposed to be perfectly isolated, the liquid
being a bad conductor, in Fig. 14, supposing in M' and M³, and the pistons V+, V,
to be good conductors, and the tubes themselves bad conductors; then two bad
conductors are inserted at 0, 0, and current admitted at t, t. However, any
skilful electrician will readily understand how to isolate said electrodes. Turning
to the optical regulator, shown in Fig. 15 of the Drawings, the construction and
operation of the same is as follows:-The vessel Aº, which contains the liquid Bº, in
which the single float C³ is buoyed, is supported upon one arm of a horizontally
pivoted lever D, the other arm of which latter is provided with a counter balancing
weight E adjustable thereon. Suitable tubes F6, F7, are filled with some liquid,
which is readily expanded by heat, mercury being preferable. The lower extremities
thereof having pistons working therein, the piston rods G, G³, of which are
adapted to have end bearings respectively against the upper and under sides of
the counter balanced arms of the lover, and thereby actuate the latter in its
movement. The upper extremities f, f, of said tubes are formed bulbed or
awelled, and are located at equal distances, one above and the other below the
horizontal line, f, which latter passes through the focus of the light of the
lamp. Any suitable stand or frame work H may support the several parts of
the device. It will be observed that when the center f³ of the electric arc is in
the line fo, f, the focus K° of the stationary lens or other equivalent device L°
does not touch the swelled heads f, f, of the respective tubes; but should the
light be lowered, for instance, in its point of position, the focus K will rise and
strike fo, the liquid in the tube F will expand, piston rod Go will bear down upon
the lever, and the lamp, together with its electric arc, will be raised an equal and
corresponding distanco so as to cause the electric arc to resume its previous point

page_text: of location. On the other hand, should the electric arc be moved upwards so as to
rise above the fo, f, the focus K will strike f', and then G' would bear against
the under side of the lever, and the lamp, together with its electric arc, will
correspondingly be moved downwards a distance equal to the previous upward
movement of the center of the electric arc. In substitution for the tubes filled
with liquid as shown, one may use suitable metallic pieces, such as rods or their
strips of metal, but the action of the same would not be as quick as if a proper
liquid were employed in tubes. The pistons or piston rods may be substituted by
elastic bodies, or they may be provided with elastic coverings. It will be observed
that this optical regulator device is adapted to be used in connection with nearly
all kinds of other regulating devices. The several forms of regulator illustrated in
Figs. 16, 17, and 18 of the Drawings, are intended respectively as modification of
the float regulator in Fig. 15, with which said optical regulator is then shown
merely by way of example. Referring now exclusively to the principle involved in
all four forms of float regulators represented in Figs. 15, 16, 17, and 18 of the
Drawings, the construction and operation of the latter are as follows:-In both
Figures 15 and 16, A° represents the vessel containing the liquid Bº in which the
single float C is buoyed; the electrodes or electrode stems have full sliding move-
ment in guides N°, N7; the cord or other connection Po passes over the pulley Ro
and fastens the float, while the other electrode is supported by rigid connection
with the same float. In Fig. 15 an arm So rigidly connects M17 to Co, while rod
To insures & constant guide through N as M is rising. In describing the operation
of the regulator, it should be remembered that the positive electrode is consumed
twice as fast as the negative one; for the sake of illustration, the inventors presume
that the electrodes in this instance are of equal length, but of such relative trans-
verse sectional dimensions, that they both will burn equal lengths of their respective
dimensions in the same time. In Fig. 16, it will be observed that the weight of
the negative electrode M7, which latter is on the right side of Ro, must counter-
balance the weight on the left side of the same, said latter consisting of the weight
of Mo plus the weight of C, minus the weight of the liquid displaced by said float.
As the electrodes burn, the right side of the pulley loses a certain weight, while
the left side loses twice that weight, therefore the equilibrium will be lost, and the
system M, Co, Po, M7, will be set in motion in favor of M7, which is becoming the
heavier side; by that motion the float will begin to rise, and the electrodes to get
relatively nearer as the float rises; the buoyancy will decrease, and said right sido
will get heavier, until the equilibrium is reestablished. This will happen when the
left side has gained a weight equal to the difference of the weights lost by M° and
M7, this difference being equal to the weight lost by M. Now if the float is such
that the weight of the liquid displaced by any length of it be equal to the
weight of an equal length of the negative electrode, it is evident that said
left side will have gained said difference of weight as soon as the float has risen
a distance equal to the length lost, and as M° loses an equal length in the same
time, and rises together with C, the consequence is, that while the lamp burns
and the electrodes are in motion, their burning points will remain constantly at
the same height and at the same distance apart. Fig. 15 shows a different disposi-
tion. In Fig. 16 the negative electrode is suspended from the pulley, and in Fig.
15 the negative electrode is solidly attached to the float, and the positive electrode
is suspended from the pulley. In this case the positive electrode M° on the right
side of pulley Re must balance the weights of the negative electrode M² and the
float, less its buoyancy, which are on the left side of R°. As soon as the burning
away begins, the right side loses twice the weight lost by the left side, the right
Bide becomes lighter than the other, and the motion will begin in favour of C, which
will cause the float to sink down and the electrodes to get nearer together; this
motion will cause the right side to get lighter, and it will continue until the float
displaces an additional volume of liquid, the weight of which equals the difference
of weights lost by M and M7. Therefore if the float in this case is made as in Fig.
15, the float will always be sinking distances equal to the lengths burnt away by

page_text: M or M², and therefore the burning points of M and M' will be constantly kept at
the same heights and at the same distance apart, as in Fig. 15. If in both Figures
15 and 16 one takes into account the small friction of Re, the volume of C has to
be slightly modified so as to enable the buoyancy to overcome said friction also. If
the electrodes are not made so as to burn equal lengths in the same time, neither
the conditions of equilibrium nor the directions of the motions of Mo, Co, M7, in
Figs. 15 and 16 will change; but in order to make the regulator operative it will
be necessary that the two electrodes travel at two different speeds, whose relation
will be known. This will be easily obtained by substituting two proper blocks of
pulleys for pulley Ro, the construction of which blocks will be determined by the
above mentioned relation. In Figs. 17 and 18 are represented instances wherein
the positive electrode is on top and the negative below, whereas in Figs. 15 and 16
the reverse holds true. In Fig. 17 A is the vessel containing the liquid Be; Ve
is the negative electrode supported by the float C, which carries an upright rack
We; this rack acts upon the toothed wheel u, which is supported by X or other-
wise as long as its axis is stationary; said wheel transmits its motion to the rack
W, parallel and rigidly connected to electrode V7. Thus when the rack W rises a
certain distance, the rack W7 will fall an equal distance. V or its stem must run
in a groove, collar, or guide of any kind with a friction, such that it will not fall
down, and that a very small strain on wheel we will move W7, V. Proper guides
and supports may of course be inserted so as to steady effectively the apparatus.
Let us also suppose, as premised in Figs. 15 and 16, that the electrodes are such that
they will burn away equal lengths in the same time. When the electrodes begin to
burn, Co will be subjected to an upward force equal to the weight lost at Ve, but at
the same time, as it has to perform some work in moving u, it will be also sub-
jected to a downward pressure represented by said work, and which can easily be
estimated and represented by a second weight; therefore the float will be sub-
jected to an upward force represented by the difference of said two weights. Then
if the float is such that the weight of the liquid displaced by a certain length of it
be equal to the difference of the weight of an equal length of V and the corre
sponding second weight above mentioned, it is evident that every time Ve burns
away a certain length, the float will riso that same distance, and consequently
burning ends of V and V7 will be kept constantly at the same distance apart, the
same as in Fig. 15 and 16. One may substitute for the wheel uº of Fig. 17 a lever
baving its fulcrum where the axis of u is, as shown in Fig. 18, in which the rack
We of Fig. 17 is substituted by a simple rod represented by letter Zo, which lifts the
left arm of the lever Z7, the right arm of which will be pushing rod Z8 downwards.
The operativeness and results of the devices shown in Fig. 18 will be like that of
Fig. 17. In both said Figures one may also reverse the positions of the electrodes,
which cannot be done in Figs. 15 and 16. The upper ends of Zº and Z³ in Fig. 18
may be of any convenient shape; they are represented as having little rollers, so as
to make the operation free from friction. If in Fig. 17 be inserted two or more
wheels with or without pinions between W and W7, or if in Fig. 18 be changed the
relative distances of Z° and Z8 to the fulcrum of 27, one will obtain different speeds
for V and V, and in any proportion required. This will be necessary when the
electrodes are such that they do not burn equal lengths at the same time.
The different parts of the regulators may all be made of good conductors or bad
conductors of electricity, but care should be taken to have the two electrodes pro-
perly isolated from each other, so that the current cannot pass except between their
free ends.
CLAIMS.
1st. In a system of lighting, a method of forming and transmitting luminous
beams respectively composed of parallel rays from a suitable source, and inde-
pendently varying the size of said beans so as to cause the same to be applied for
use in greater or less volume of light at any one point, substantially as set forth.
1

page_text: a suitable source, conducting the same in beams respectively composed of parallel
rays through different paths, changing or adjusting said paths as desired, and
finally passing the light out for use in pencils of converging or diverging rays,
substantially as set forth.
3rd. In illuminating apparatus, the combination with suitable devices for sub-
dividing the main body of light into any desirable number of beams, each composed
of parallel rays of suitable means arranged to intersect the several beams of light
and direct them to any desired points, substantially as set forth.
4th. In a system of lighting, the combination with apparatus which form and
transmit a luminous bean, having parallel rays, of an adjustable prism or its equi-
valent adapted to refract said beam so that its path may be changed in part or in
whole, as desired, substantially as set forth.
5th. In a system of lighting, the combination with apparatus which form and
transmit a luminous beam, having parallel rays, of adjustablo convex and concave
lenses adapted to pass said beam out for use in either a convergent or divergent
luminous pencil, substantially as set forth.
6th. A system of lighting, consisting of a series of lenses and prisms, or their
equivalent, which form and transmit luminous beams respectively composed of
parallel rays from a suitable source, in combination with a series of convex and
concave lenses, which latter are adapted to be moved or interchanged at will so as
to cause the several beams to pass out for use through either the convex or the
concave lenses, substantially as set forth.
7th. In a system of lighting a chamber formed of lenses and reflectors, which
enclose a suitable source of light and pass the latter out in beams respectively
composed of parallel rays, in combination with adjustable prisms or their equi-
valent, adapted to intercept in part or in whole, as desired, the several beams of
light which emerge from said chamber, substantially as set forth.
8th. In a system of lighting a series of lenses and adjustable prisms or their
equivalent, which form and transmit luminous beams respectively composed of
parallel rays in different lines of direction from a suitable source, in combination
with a series of interchangable convex and concave lenses and media or substances
adapted to intercept said beams or a part thereof and thereby color or modify the
same, substantially as set forth.
9th. In a system of lighting, the combination with apparatus which form and
transmit a luminous beam, having parallel rays together with adjustable means to
change the path of said beam, of movable substances or media adapted to intercept
said beam in whole or in part and color or modify the light of the same, sub-
stantially as set forth.
10th. In a system of lighting, the combination with an angular passage, capable
of transmitting light from a suitable source to any given point or points, of an
adjustable device located at or suitable near to the angle of said passage, and
adapted to direct the light in whole or in part into the branch or branches of the
saine, substantially as set forth.
11th. In a system of lighting, a combination with a series of tubes capable of
transmitting light from a suitable source in a prescribed line or lines of adjustable
devices adapted to change the direction of the light in whole or in part within said
tubes, substantially as set forth.
12th. In electric light apparatus the combination with a magneto electric machino
and an hydraulic motor for actuating the same of a reservoir located above the
motor, and connected therewith by a pipe and a pumping engine adapted to elevate
the water that passes through the motor to the reservoir, whereby said motor is
supplied with a constant fall of water to actuate the magneto-electric machine in
an unvarying rate of speed, and maintain the electric light at any predetermined
candle power, substantially as set forth.
13th. In an electric light regulator the combination with an electric candle of a
float stem secured directly to the lower end thereof, and formed as a tube having &
closed top and an open bottom provided with a detachable cap, the same. being

page_text: adapted to permit either liquid or solid matter to be introduced within said stem,
substantially as set forth.
14th. In an electric light regulator the combination with a fixed plate formed
with two vertical or vertically inclined guides, and located within a hollow stand
suitable filled with liquid of floats having free longitudinal movement respectively
within said guides, and whose upper extremities are secured to the electric candles,
together with guides formed in the top of the stand, and made vertical or vertically
inclined correspondingly with the plate guides, and top guides being adapted to
permit the burning extremities of the electric candles to have unrestrained endwise
movement therein, substantially as set forth.
15th. In an electric light regulator the combination with a horizontal plate fixed
transversely in a hollow stand, and immersed within the liquid, with which the
latter is suitably filled, said plate being formed with vertical or vertically inclined
guides, within which the candle floats, have free endwise movement of the guides
formed in the top of the stand, and made correspondingly vertical or vertically
inclined, whereby the burning extremities of the electric candles, whose opposite
ends are secured respectively to said floats, may have unrestrained longitudinal
movement within the same, substantially as set forth.
16th. In an electric light regulator consisting essentially in the combination
with a chamber suitably filled with liquid, in which the electrodes are supported,
of an electro magnet actuated by the electric current of the lamp, the same being
adapted to vary the level of said liquid, whereby the electrodes are adjusted relative
to each other, corresponding with the intensity of the electric current and the
reverse, substantially as set forth.
17th. In an electric light regulator the combination with a float regulator
adapted to maintain the electrodes in burning position within certain limits, of a
magnet regulator adapted to control said limits by varying the level of the liquid
coincident with the variance in strength of the electric current of the lamp, sub-
stantially as set forth.
18th. In an electric light regulator the combination with electrodes of a chamber
or chambers suitable filled with liquid, in which the saine are supported, said
chamber being capable in connection with devices adapted for the purpose to vary
the volume of liquid contained therein, according as the electric current of the
lamp varies in strength, substantially as set forth.
19th. In an electric light regulator the combination with a chamber or chambers
suitably filled with liquid, and in which the electrodes are supported in burning
position, of a supplementary chamber communicating therewith, and adapted in
connection with an electro magnet actuated by the electric current of the lamp to
draw a portion of the liquid from out of said electrode chamber or chambers, and
to recharge the latter with the same, corresponding to the strength of said electric
current, substantially as set forth.
20th. In an electric light regulator the combination with a chamber or chambers
suitable filled with liquid, and in which the electrodes are supported in burning
position, of a communicating chamber made wholly or partially elastic, and adapted
in connection with an electro magnet, through which the electric current of the
lamp passes to vary in capacity as the strength of said current varies, substantially
as set forth.
21st. In an electric light regulator the combination with a chamber or chambers
suitable filled with liquid, and in which the electrodes are supported, of an elastic
chamber communicating therewith, and located with its top below the lowest level
of liquid in said electrode chamber or chambers, a part of said elastic chamber being
formed of a magnetic substance, and adapted in connection with an electro magnet,
through which the lamp current passes to expand and contract corresponding to the
variation in the strength of said electric current, substantially as set forth.
22nd. In an electric light regulator constructed according to the principle herein
described, the combination with the elastic chamber of a spring device adapted to

page_text: vary the tension with which the same resists expansion when subjected to the
attraction of the electro magnet, substantially as set forth.
23rd. In an electric light regulator constructed according to the principle herein
described the combination with the elastic chamber of an electro magnet, and an
adjusting device adapted to move the latter to and from said chamber, substantially
as set forth.
24th. The combination with a float regulator, which maintains the electrodes in
burning position, of a magnet regulator, which automatically lights the lamp in the
first instance, and relights it when afterwards it may be put out, the same being
adapted to vary the level of the liquid in said float regulator, coincident with the
variation in strength of the electric current, whereby the electrodes are relatively
adjusted, corresponding with the intensity of the electric current, and also whereby
the intensity of said current is varied, corresponding with the relative adjustment
of the electrodes, substantially as set forth.
25th. An electric light regulator consisting in the combination with a chamber
or chamber suitably filled with liquid, and in which the electrodes are held in
burning position, of an expansible chamber communicating therewith, and provided
with an elastic tension device, together with an electro magnet, through which the
lamp current passes, that portion of the expansible chamber nearest said magnet
being formed of soft iron or other magnetic substance, the whole being adapted to
cause the electrodes to separate as the electric current increases, and to approach
each other as said current decreases in strength, substantially as set forth.
26th. The combination with a flout regulator, which adjusts the electrodes in
burning position, of an optical regulator adapted to move the electric lamp in
compensation for any change in position of its electric arc, substantially as set
forth.
27th. The combination with a float regulator capable, by means of a single float,
to adjust the electrodes in burning position, of an optical regulator adapted to
move bodily the electric lamp, so as to compensate for any change in location of
the center of its electric arc, substantially as set forth.
28th. In an electric light regulator the combination with two electrodes located
one above the other of a single float buoyed in liquid, and adapted to maintain said
electrodes in burning position, substantially as set forth.
29th. An optical electric light regulator consisting essentially in the com-
bination with mechanism capable of adjusting the lamp by means of the expansion
of suitable substances when subjected to heat of a lens or its equivalent, which
concentrates light upon said mechanism as the center of the electric are may vary
in its position, the same being adapted to maintain said are center at a practically
constant point, substantially as set forth.
30th. In an optical electric light regulator the combination with a lever adapted
to adjust the lamp and lens actuating mechanisın, which operates by means of the
expansion of suitable substance when subjected to heat, of a lens or its equivalent,
which converges light upon said mechanism as the center of the electric arc may
change its position, thereby causing the lamp to move in compensation for any such
arc-movement, substantially as set forth.
31st. In an optical electric light regulator the combination with a lever which
supports an electric lamp on one arm, and mechanism adapted by means of the
expansion of suitable substance when subjected to heat to actuate the other arm of
the lever, of a lens or its equivalent, which directs the light of the varying arc
center upon said lever actuating mechanism, and thereby adjusts the lamp in
compensation for the change in position of its electric arc, substantially ns set
forth.
32nd. In an optical electric light regulator the combination with a lever, which
supports an electric lamp on one arm, and adjusting devices, which by means of the
expansion of suitable substances when subjected to heat actuate the other arm of

page_text: the lever respectively in opposite directions, of a lens or its equivalent, which
directs the light of the varying center of the electric arc respectively upon said
adjusting devices, the same being adapted to move the lamp in direction opposite
but in degree equal to the movement of said electric arc, substantially as set
forth.
33rd. The combination with a horizontally pivoted lever which supports an
electric lanp on one arm, while the other arm is suitably counterbalanced, together
with upper and lower pistons and piston rods, which move the latter arm in opposite
directions, of independent tubes filled with liquid, which expands when subjected
to heat, and in the lower extremities of which said pistons and piston rods have
actuating movement, the same being in connection with a stationary lens or its
equivalent adapted to focus light from the center of the electric arc, as the latter
may vary in position respectively on the upper or opposite extremities of said tubes,
substantially as set forth.
In witness whereof, I, the said Herbert John Haddan, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Twenty third day of July, A.D. 1879.