IMPROVEMENTS PREVENTING THE FRACTURE OF METALS FROM CRYSTALLIZATION
Year: 1861

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Marshall, of Liverpool Road, in the County
of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS
PREVENTING THE FRACTURE OF METALS FROM CRYSTALLIZATION."
IN
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Marshall at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
26th April 1861.
I, JOHN MARSHALL, of Liverpool Road, in the County of Middlesex, Civil
Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN PREVENTING THE FRACTURE OF METALS FROM CRYSTALLIZATION," to be
as follows:-
My Invention consists in coating, covering, or surrounding all metals,
whether simple or compound, which, when in use, are in a state of motion,
accompanied by vibration from percussion or any other cause, with a coat or
covering of a simple or compound metal, or other material of a softer nature
than that of the metal to bo protected from crystallization, and in again
coating, covering, or surrounding the core, protected, as described, with any
metal that may be thought fit that is hard enough to form the frictional or
outer surface. My improvements may be applied throughout the whole length
[Price 8d.]

page_text: of the metal to be protected, or only at those parts that form the bearings.
The main strength of the metal is in the core or central part, the protecting
soft metal or other coating protects or insulates the core from vibration, while
the outer hard metal can be made of any hardness to resist frictional wear.
The vibration of percussion communicated to the outer casing is prevented
from passing to the principal metal or core by the soft metal or other insulator
between them.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said John Marshall in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
26th October 1861.
ΤΟ
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHN
MARSHALL, of Liverpool Road, in the County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-sixth day of April, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-one, in the twenty-fourth year of
Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me,
the said John Marshall, Her special licence that I, the said John Marshall,
my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said John
Marshall, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agrec
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the
term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel
Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN FREVENTING
THE FRACTURE OF METALS FROM CRYSTALLIZATION," upon the condition (amongst
others) that I, the said John Marshall, my executors or administrators, by
an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals,
should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention,
and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to
be filed in the Great Scal Patent Office within six calendar months next
and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said John Marshall, do hereby declare the
nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be per-
formed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement thereof, reference being had to the Drawings hereunto annexed,
that is to say:-
:

page_text: My Invention consists in coating, covering, or surrounding all metals,
whether simple or compound, which, when in use, are in a state of motion,
accompanied by vibration from percussion or any other cause, with a coat or
covering of a simple or compound metal, or other material of a softer nature
than that of the metal to be protected from crystallization, and in again
coating, covering, or surrounding the core, protected, as described, with any
metal that may be thought fit that is hard enough to form the frictional or
outer surface. My improvements may be applied throughout the whole length
of the metal to be protected, or only at those parts which form the bearings.
The main strength of the metal is in the core or central part, the protecting
soft metal or other coating protects or insulates the core from vibration, while
the outer hard metal can be made of any hardness to resist frictional wear.
The vibration of percussion communicated to the outer casing is prevented
from passing to the principal metal or core by the soft metal or other insulator
between them.
In order that my Invention may be fully understood, I proceed to describe
the manner in which the same is carried into effect. The Drawings shew my
Invention applied to a railway carriage axle, to the bearings of shafts, and to
the butts and straps of connecting rods.
Figure 1 is a longitudinal section of an axle constructed according to my
Invention Figure 2 is a cross section on the line A, B; Figure 3 is a cross.
section on line C, D; and Figure 4 is an end view of an axle shewing nut
and washer.
b is a tube, having its ends coned out; c is a rod of wrought iron or steel,
of a diameter less than the inside diameter of the tube b, with screw threads
cut upon its ends; d is a conical nut, and e a conical washer of copper; a is
a coat of soft metal surrounding the core c, and run in between it and the
tube b, both tube and core being raised to a temperature equal to that of the
melted soft metal. The nuts d are kept screwed up during the cooling, and
the contraction of the tube b sets and binds all tight. The tube b is strong
enough to keep the. wheels in their proper places, and forms a frictional
surface for the axle boxes; the inner core c, which is the main strength of the
axle, is protected from vibration and crystallization by the interposition of the
soft metal a, which absorbs or checks the vibration.
Figure 5 is a longitudinal section, and Figure 6 is a cross section through
the line L, M, shewing my Invention applied to shafts at the bearings only.
d is a shaft reduced in diameter at the bearing in the ordinary way; e, c, are
projections upon the bearing, but not extending the whole length of the
reduced part; one of the collars b, after having been turned, is shrunk on hot.

page_text: These collars are under cut or rebated to admit the outer hard metal tube or
bearing surface c within it; this bearing surface has also a number of pro-
jections e¹, e¹, on the inside, which come midway between the projections on
the shaft. Having put the tube c in its place in the rebate of the collar
already fixed, the soft metal a is run in between c and d, and the remaining
collar is then shrunk on hot. I do not bind myself to use the projections e,
as the shaft and inside of the tube c may be made polygonal, or of any other
form that will prevent the tube c turning round upon the shaft.
Figures 7, 8, and 9 shew my Invention applied to a shaft at the bearing,
where, from the form of the shaft, the collars cannot be shrunk on in one picce.
The method of construction is the same as that before described with reference
to Figures 5 and 6, with this exception, that the collars b are divided into two
or more parts bolted together, and the hard metal tube or bearing surface c is
also divided into two or more parts, held in their places by the rebate in
the collars; the letters of reference in these Figures correspond to those in
Figures 5 and 6.
Figures 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 may be taken as examples of the mode of pro-
tecting the bearings of shafts, crank pins, studs, and such like parts of
machinery, except that where by construction there are collars upon them, or
parts that will have the same effect, then no extra collars will be required.
Figures 10 and 11 shew my Invention applied to connecting rods at the
straps and butts. c is the butt; d, the strap; b, b, the brasses. Soft metal a
is placed between the brasses and butt and the brasses and strap, as shewn in
the Figures.
In all parts of machinery and metals subject to vibration or concussion, I
apply the soft metal insulation by the interposition of a thin layer of soft metal
between the striking or the outer surfaces and the main body of the metal, or
betweeir the metal to be protected and that point where it may be attached to
any other part, and where the vibration becomes concentrated.
For small work in iron I prefer. that the soft metal should be lead, or a
composition of lead and antimony; but the hardness of the metal must be
increased or diminished according to the size and weight of the parts to which
it is to be applied, and the resistance, and the nature of the concussion and
strain it may have to bear.
For metals softer than iron a softer metal or material must be used. I do
not bind myself to use a metal where, from the circumstances under which it
may be required, I find that other material, as long as it is softer than the
metal to be protected, will better effect the purpose of deadening the trans-
mission of the vibration.

page_text: And having now described the nature of my said Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, I declare that I claim as my improve-
ments in preventing the fracture of metals from crystallization, inserting or
interposing between such metals as aforesaid and an outer frictional or wearing
surface a soft metal or material, substantially in manner and for the purposes
herein-before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Marshall, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Twenty-sixth day of October, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-one.
JOHN MARSHALL. (L.S.)