IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR CUTTING, SHAPING, PUNCHING, AND COMPRESSING METALS
Year: 1862

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Galloway and John Galloway, both of Man-
chester, in the County of Lancaster, Engineers, for the Invention of
"IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR CUTTING, SHAPING,
PUNCHING, AND COMPRESSING METALS."
Sealed the 5th May 1863, and dated the 12th November 1862.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Galloway and
John Galloway at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their
Petition, on the 12th November 1862.
We, WILLIAM GALLOWAY and JOHN GALLOWAY, both of Manchester, in the
County of Lancaster, Engineers, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR CUTTING,
SHAPING, PUNCHING, AND COMPRESSING METALS," to be as follows:-
Our improvements refer more particularly to an Invention for "Improve-
ments in Machinery or Apparatus for Cutting, Shaping, Punching, and
Compressing Metals," for which Letters Patent have been granted to James
Howden, of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark, North Britain, Engineer, and.
bearing date the Twenty-eighth day of February 1859 (No. 526).
In the Specification to the said Letters Patent there was described an
improved machine or apparatus for making bolts, rivets, and similar articles,
in which the dies were carried by two circular tables turning upon vertical
spindles and upon circular stools or beds. These tables were placed at each

page_text: end of the machine, and there was situated between them a T-shaped lever
fast on a shaft oscillating in bearings formed on the tops of two side frame
pieces, between which the die table stools were bolted. The T lever was
made to vibrate by means of a crank shaft working within the lower forked
end of the lever, to which crank shaft rotary motion was imparted from the
driving shaft. To the horizontal arms of the T lever were attached vertical
heading rams acting upon the metal to be operated on situated on the die tables.
The die tables received rotary motion by ratchet movements for bringing
successively different dies underneath the heading rams, ratchet wheels being
for this purpose fixed to the spindles of the die tables underneath the latter,
which ratchet wheels were actuated by paul levers connected to the T lever
by means of other levers and links, and receiving a reciprocating motion
therefrom. The T lever was also made to actuate bell-crank levers, which, at
proper periods, pushed the bolts, rivets, or other articles out of the dies, after
being formed, by means of vertical spindles passing through the bottoms of
the dies. An arrangement of cutters for outting off the lengths of metal was
provided, in which levers having cutting edges at one end were attached at
the other end by links to eccentrics upon the driving shaft, from which they
received an oscillating motion.
Now one part of our present Invention consists in fixing a beam upon the
same shaft with the T lever parallel with the horizontal arms of the same,
which beam consequently receives a rocking motion simultaneously with the
lever. To the ends of this beam are attached vertical preparatory rams
working in fixed slides, the dies upon which rams do not approach the die
tables so near as the heading rams, and serve to force the metal to be acted
upon down into the die of the die table to the requisite depth before it passes
underneath the heading ram, as it has been found that without this arrange-
ment the metal to be acted upon is liable to stick in the dies and not be in
proper position when it arrives under the heading die, thus causing an imperfect
bolt, rivet, or other similar article to be formed. The die of the preparatory
ram is by preference so formed that it will readily catch the end of the piece
of metal should it have been placed somewhat slanting in the hole of the die
in the die table. In some cases we employ this preparatory ram not only to
push the metal down into the hole in the die table but also to prepare the
head on the same roughly, so that the heading ram only finishes the same, by
which a more perfect formation of the head may be insured.
Another part of our present Invention consists in forming a vertical rim
round the circumference of the die table outside the dies and in filling the
receptacle so formed, as also the space situated in the centre between the dies,
'

page_text: with water, so that the dies shall each be surrounded with water, and thus
kept cool.
Another part of our present Invention consists in placing a steel bed plate
upon the top, surface of the die table, upon which steel plate the shoulders
of the dies rest, by which arrangement the surface of the die table is preserved
from the injurious pressure. of the steel dies upon it when under the action of
the heading ram.
Another part of our present Invention consists in fixing down the dies on to
the die tables by small plates fitting between each two dies on to the shoulders
formed on the dies, which plates are held down by bolbs tapped into the die
tables, by which the dies are more firmly held down than in the former
arrangement, where a small locking pin was inserted through a hole formed
in the die table and fitted in a notch formed in the side of the dies.
Another part of our present Invention consists in an improved arrangement
for effecting the step by step rotary motion of the die tables. For this
purpose, instead of attaching a ratchet wheel to the lower ends of the vertical
spindles of the tables, we fix or form a number of studs round the circum-
ference of the die tables themselves. immediately over their seat on the die
table stools, and we act upon these by means of pauls receiving a reciprocating
motion in the following manner:-Upon the crank shaft which actuates
the T lever we form a second crank or eccentric that works in a. slotted
vertical lever mounted on a fixed stud at the lower end, and which thus
receives a reciprocating motion at the upper end. The upper end works in a
fixed guide and has attached to it, by means of hinged joints, the ends of rods,
at the other ends of which are formed the pauls before mentioned. As the rods
with the pauls receive their forward motion they slide past the studs on the
die tables and are caused to catch in behind them by means of springs pressing
the rods against these studs, and on making their backward motion they drag
the die table round with them to the extent of their motion, so as bring the
next die under the heading ram.
Another part of our present Invention consists in arranging friction pieces
to press against the sides of the die tables, the amount of friction being
capable of regulation by means of set screws, by which the die tables are
prevented from moving beyond the required distance for bringing the
dies in exact position, which the acquired impetus would cause them to do if
they moved freely and at a quick speed. Or in some cases we effect this by
means of spring locking pieces which are caused to catch in between two of
the before mentioned ratchet studs on the die tables at the end of the requisite
notion of the latter. .

page_text: Another part of our present Invention consists in an improved mode of
actuating the cutters for cutting off the lengths of metal to be formed into
bolts or other articles. Instead of actuating the levers carrying the cutters by
means of eccentrics upon the driving shaft we form cams or tappets upon the
crank shaft actuating the T lever, which cams act upon the ends of the cutter
levers in a more powerful and efficacious manner than the before-mentioned
eccentrics. And by preference we form such cams or tappets in such a manner
as to cause the cutters to cut off several lengths of metal during one revolution
of the crank shaft, so as to gain more time for reheating the rod of metal from
which the blanks are cut.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said William Galloway and John Galloway in the Great Seal
Patent Office on the 11th May 1863.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, WILLIAM
GALLOWAY and JOHN GALLOWAY, both of Manchester, in the County of Lan-
caster, Engineers, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twelfth day of November, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-two, in the twenty-sixth year
of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto
us, the said William Galloway and John Galloway, Her special licence, that
we, the said William Galloway and John Galloway, our executors, admini-
strators, and assigns, or such others as we, the said William Galloway and John
Galloway, our executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the
term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel
Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR
APPARATUS FOR CUTTING, SHAPING, PUNCHING, AND COMPRESSING METALS," upon
the condition (amongst others) that we, the said William Galloway and John
Galloway, our executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under
our or their hands and seals, or under the hand and seal of one of us or
them, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said
Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the
same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months
next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.

page_text: ⚫ NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said William Galloway and John Galloway,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the
same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement thereof, reference being had to the accompanying
Drawing, and to the figures and letters marked thereon (that is to say):-
.
Our improvements refer more particularly to an Invention for "Improve-
ments in Machinery or Apparatus for Cutting, Shaping, Punching, and
Compressing Metals," for which Letters Patent have been granted to James
Howden, of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark, North Britain, Engineer, and
bearing date the Twenty-eighth day of February 1859 (No. 526).
In the Specification to the said Letters Patent there was described an
improved machine or apparatus for making bolts, rivets, and similar articles,
in which the dies where carried by two circular tables turning upon vertical
spindles and upon circular stools or beds. These tables were placed at each
end of the machine, and there was situated between them a T-shaped lever
fast on a shaft oscillating in bearings formed on the tops of two side frame
pieces between which the die table stools were bolted. The T lever was
made to vibrate by means of a crank shaft working within the lower forked
end of the lever, to which crank shaft rotary motion was imparted from the
driving shaft. To the horizontal arms of the T lever were attached vertical
beading rams acting upon the metal to be operated on situated on the
die tables. The die tables received rotary motion by. ratchet movements, for
bringing successively different dies underneath the heading rams, ratchet
wheels being for this. purpose fixed to the spindles of the die tables, under-
neath the latter, which ratchet wheels were actuated by pawl levers connected
to the T lever by means of other levers and links, and receiving a recipro-
cating motion therefrom. The T lever was also made to actuate bell crank
levers, which, at proper periods, pushed the bolts, rivets, or other articles out
of the dies after being formed, by means of vertical spindles passing through
the bottoms of the dies. An arrangement of cutters for cutting off the
lengths of metal was provided, in which levers having cutting edges at one
end, were attached at the other end. by links to excentrics upon the driving
shaft, from which they received an oscillating motion.
Now one part of our present Invention consists in fixing a beam upon the
same shaft with the T lever parallel with the horizontal arms of the same,
which beam consequently receives a rocking motion simultaneously with
the lever. To the ends of this beam are attached vertical preparatory rams
working in fixed slides, the dies upon which rams do not approach the die
tables so near as the heading rams, and serve to force the metal to be acted

page_text: upon down into the die of the die table to the requisite depth before it passes
underneath the heading ram, as it has been found that without this arrange-
ment the metal to be acted upon is liable to stick in the dies, and not
be in proper position when it arrives under the heading die, thus causing
an imperfect bolt, rivet, or other similar article to be formed. The die
of the preparatory ram is by preference so formed that it will readily catch
the end of the piece of metal should it have been placed somewhat, slanting
in the hole of the die in the die table. In some cases we employ this
preparatory ram not only to push the metal down into the hole in the die
table, but also to prepare the head on the same roughly, so that the
heading, ram only finishes the same, by which a more perfect formation of
the had may be insured.
Another part of our present Invention consists in forming a vertical rim
round the circumference of the die table outside the dies and in filling the
receptable so formed, as also the space situated in the centre, between the
dies, with water, so that the dies shall each be surrounded. with water, and
thus kept cool.
Another part of our present Invention consists in placing a steel bed plate
upon the top surface of the die table, upon which steel plate the shoulders
of the dies rest, by which arrangement, the surface of the die table is pre-
served from the injurious pressure of the steel dies upon it, when under the
action of the heading ram.
Another part of our present Invention consists in fixing down the dies on
to the die tables by small plates fitting between each two dies on to the
shoulders formed on the dies, which plates are held down by bolts. tapped
into the die tables, by which means the dies are more firmly held down than
in the former arrangement, where a small locking pin was inserted through
a hole formed in the die table and fitted in a notch formed in the side of the
dies.
Another part of our present Invention consists in an improved arrangement
for effecting the step-by-step rotary motion of the die tables. For this
purpose instead of attaching a ratchet wheel. to the lower ends of the vertical
spindles of the tables we fix or form. a number of studs round. the circumference
of the die tables themselves, immediately over their seat on the die table
stools, and we act upon these by means of pawls receiving a reciprocating
motion in the following manner:-Upon the crank shaft which actuates
the T lever we form a second crank or excentric that works in a slotted
vertical lever mounted on a fixed stud at the lower end, and which thus
receives a reciprocating motion at the upper end. The upper end works in

page_text: a fixed guide, and has attached to it by means of hinged joints, the ends of
rods, at the other end of which are formed the pawls before mentioned.
As the rods with the pawls receive the forward motion they slide
past the studs on the die tables, and are caused to catch in behind them
by means of springs pressing the rods against these studs, and on
making their backward motion they drag the die table round with them to
the extent of their motion, so as to bring the next die under the heading
ram.
Another part of our present Invention consists in arranging friction pieces
to press against the sides of the die tables, the amount of friction being capable
of regulation by means of "set screws," by which means the die tables are
prevented from moving beyond the required distance for bringing the dies in
exact position, which the acquired impetus would cause them to do if they
moved freely and at a quick speed. Or in some cases we effect this by
means of spring locking pieces, which are caused to catch in between two of
the before mentioned ratchet studs on the die tables at the end of the requisite
motion of the latter.
Another part of our present Invention consists in an improved mode of
actuating the cutters for cutting off the lengths of metal to be formed into
bolts or other articles. Instead of actuating the levers carrying the cutters
by means of excentrics upon the driving shaft, we form cams or tappets upon
the crank shaft actuating the T lever, which cams act upon, the ends of the
cutter levers in a more powerful and efficacious manner than the before-men-
tioned excentrics. And by preference we form such cams or tappets in such
a manner as to cause the cutters to cut off several lengths of metal during
one revolution of the crank shaft, so as to gain more time for re-heating the
rod of metal from which the blanks are cut.
On the accompanying Drawing is shewn: the construction of our improved
apparatus for cutting, shaping, punching, and compressing metals.
Figure 1 shews a side elevation of the apparatus; Figure 2 shows a plan of
the same, partly in section, in order to make the arrangement more clearly
understood; Figure 3 shows a front elevation, partly in section, and Figure 4
shews a longitudinal section. The same letters of reference indicate the same
parts in all the Figures.
:
A, A, are two strong side frames, which receive at a, a, the sliding
blocks b, b, carrying the ends of the shaft B. This shaft is tied down to the
side frames in a firm but slightly elastic manner by the eye bolts X, X, strung
upon the same, and secured to wooden beams Y, Y, held by the brackets Z, Z;
formed on the fraining. Upon the shaft B are fixed, firstly, the T lever C, and

page_text: secondly, the beam D. To the horizontal arms of the T lever C are con-
nected by means of links e, e, the vertical heading rams E, E, which work up
and down in guides formed in the cross framing A¹, A'. To the beam D are
connected by means of links h, h, the preparatory rams H, H, also working
up and down in guides formed in the cross framing A¹, A¹. The lower end of
the vertical arm of the T lever. C is formed forked, as shown, and receives
the sliding brasses in which the crank F¹ of the crank shaft F works. The
crank shaft F receives rotary motion from the driving shaft G (which is pro-
vided with fast-and-loose pulleys g¹, g', and a fly wheel 92) through the spur
gearing G¹, G, and thus the crank F imparts an oscillating or rocking
motion to the T lever C, and consequently also to the beam D, by which
means the up-and-down motion of the heading rams E, E, and preparatory
rams H, H, is effected. Between the side frames A, A, and beneath the
rams E, E, and H, H, are placed the rotating die tables I, I, carrying the
dies J, J, J, in which the metal to be acted upon, after having been cut to
proper lengths by the cutting-off motion, as described hereafter, is placed. These
die tables have circular V grooves formed in their under surface, and rest, upon
corresponding circular Vrails formed on the top of the die-table stools K, K,
which are fixed to the side frames A, A. A rim i, i, is formed round the top
of the die tables I, I, surrounding the dies J, J, and the receptacle thus
formed is filled with water to keep the dies cool. A steel bed plate I¹, I', is
placed on the top surface of the tables, upon which plate the shoulders of the
dies J, J, rest, by which arrangement the great pressure exerted upon the dies
is prevented from injuring the die tables. In order to keep the dies J, J, firmly
down upon the die tables, and yet to be able to remove them with facility
when required, they have shoulders formed upon them, on which rest the small
plates c, c, placed between each two dies, which plates are held down by
bolts d, d, passing through them and screwed into the die tables. The die
tables I, I, receive a step-by-step rotary motion in the following manner :-
Upon the crank shaft F is formed a second crank F, which works in a slot
formed in the lever L, shewn in red lines in Figure 1, the lower end of which
is mounted on a stud fixed to the framing A, as shewn; whilst the upper end
receives a reciprocating motion from the action of the crank F2. The upper
end of this lever works in a sliding piece l, and causes it to move backwards
and forwards between guides 11 attached to the framing A. To either side of
the sliding piece is attached by a hinged joint one end of rods M, M, upon
the other ends of which rods are formed pawls, as shewn, which, in the
reciprocating motion which they receive from the lever L, are caused to act
upon ratchet studs m, m, m, formed or fixed upon the circular die tables I, I,

page_text: immediately above their seat on the stools K, K, and thus effect the step-by-
step rotary motion of the latter in the direction of the arrows, so as to bring
successively fresh lengths of metal placed in the dies J, J, beneath the pre-
paratory and heading rams H, H, and E, E. As the pawls M, M, in their
forward motion pass the studs m, m, they are pressed outwards by the same,
and after having passed the studs they are pressed back so as to hook in
behind them by the springs m³, m¹. As the die tables would, when working
freely at a quick speed, be liable to acquire such an impetus as to carry them
beyond the distance to which they are moved by the pawls M, M, (the extent
of which motion should be exactly that requisite to bring the dies in proper
position beneath the ram) friction pieces P, P, are caused to press against the
circumference of the die tables by means of "set screws" p, p, so as to prevent
their moving beyond the proper distance. Or, instead of this arrangement, we
sometimes employ a spring locking piece, as shewn at Q, which, at the end of
every successive motion, is caused to spring in between two of the studs m, m,
of the die tables, and prevents the further motion of the same. Or, in some
cases, we employ both arrangements combined. In order to remove from the
dies J, J, the bolts, rivets, or other articles after having been acted upon by
the heading rams, spindles N, N, resting by means of collars n, n, on the
lower surface of the die tables, are made to pass up into the bottom of the
dies J, J, and down beneath the die tables, and are successively, when arrived
in proper position, pushed up from below by the ends of oscillating bell-crank
levers O, O, (shewn in blue lines in Figure 1) mounted on studs fixed to the
side frames A, A, and receiving their rocking motion from the T lever C by
means of the links O', O¹, attached to the T lever. On being thus succes-
sively raised out of their dies, the bolts, rivets, or other articles are removed
from the die tables into receptacles, not shewn on the Drawing, by means of a
striking lever R fixed to a vertical spindle r, and receiving a vibrating motion
from the bell-crank lever O, which striking lever throws the bolts, rivets, or
other articles into the spout S, shewn in Figure 2.
For cutting off the lengths of metal to be acted upon by the heading rams,
fixed cutting edges T, T, are mounted on standards U, U, upon which are
also mounted the vibrating levers V, V, provided at one end with other
cutting edges v, v, which work against the fixed cutting edges. Two
different arrangements of the cutters are shewn upon the Drawing, but they
may be both of the same arrangement. Moveable stops u, u, are attached to
the standards U, U, to regulate the lengths of metal to be cut, off. The
vibrating motion of the levers V, V, is effected by means of cams W, W, W;
fixed on the crank shaft F, which, by their rotation, raise the free ends of the

page_text: "
levers, and thereby effeet the cutting off of the metal between the cutters.
The levers V, V, are so formed, that as the cams W, W, W, drop the greater
leverage of the free end causes the same to fall, and thus to raise the cut-
ters v, v. It will be observed, that the cams W, W, W, are so formed as
each to effect the cutting off of three lengths of metal during one revolution
of the crank shaft. The object of this is to afford a greater length of time
for re-heating the metal without being obliged to stop the machine for that
purpose. The end of the crank shaft is carried in a plummer block on the
standard W¹.
Action of the machine.-The rods of metal to be formed into bolts, rivets,
or other similar articles are beated to the requisite degree, and a certain
number of pieces are cut off by the cutters T, T, and v, v. These lengths or
"blanks" are placed by the attendant those dies J, J, that are about to
pass underneath the rams H, H. As the dies are brought beneath these
rams by the motion of the die tables, the pieces of metal are by them pushed
down into the dies to the required depth, the rams H, H, being for this
purpose made to work at a greater distance from the die tables than the
heading rams E, E, as shewn. The dies with the pieces of metal then pass
underneath the heading rams, which, by their powerful pressure, depress the
projecting portions of the pieces of metal, so as to form them into heads.; the
dies at the ends of these rams being suitably formed for this purpose.
In some cases we employ the preparatory rams H, H, not only to push the
lengths of metal down into the dies J, J, but also to depress the metal, so as
to form the heads roughly, which are then only finished by the rams E, E, by
.which a more perfect formation of the heads may be attained. On passing
from under the rams E, E, the die spindles N, N, are raised by the bell-
crank levers O, O, by which the finished bolt, rivet, or other article is pushed
out of the die. It is then thrown off the table into a receptacle by the
striking lever R.
Although we have described this improved apparatus as applied to the for-
mation of heads on lengths of metal rods for forming rivets and similar
articles, yet we do not limit ourselves to this application only, as it is evident
that by fixing differently formed dies upon the die tables, and to the vertical
rams, the apparatus may be employed for cutting, shaping, punching, or com-
pressing any other metal articles.
Having now described the nature of our Invention, and in what manner
it is to be performed, what we claim in connection with the machinery or
apparatus for cutting, shaping, punching, or compressing metals, herein-before
set forth is,-

page_text: Firstly, the application of preparatory rams for pushing the metal down
into the dies, and, in some cases, for partially performing the operation upon
them which is to be completed by the finishing rams, substantially as herein-
before described.
Secondly, surrounding the dies upon the die tables with water for the
purpose of keeping them cool.
Thirdly, the employment of a steel bed plate on the top of the die tables
upon which the dies rest, so as to prevent injury to the die tables.
Fourthly, fixing down the dies on to the die tables in the manuer herein-
before described.
Fifthly, the mechanism, herein-before described for actuating the step-by-
step rotary motion of the die tables.
Sixthly, the arrangement herein-before described for regulating the exact
extent of motion of the die tables.
Seventhly, the arrangement herein-before described for actuating the
cutting levers for cutting off the lengths of metal.
Eighthly, the combination of any one or more of the various improve-
ments herein-before described as constituting our present Invention, with.
the machinery or apparatus for cutting, shaping, punching, and compressing
metals, as described in the Specification, to the herein-before mentioned'
Letters Patent granted to James Howden.
In witness whereof, we, the said William Galloway and John Galloway,
have hereunto set our hands and seals, this Seventh day of May,
in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-three.
WILLIAM GALLOWAY. (L.S.)
JOHN GALLOWAY.
(L.S.)
WILLIAM GALLOWAY. (L.S.)
JOHN GALLOWAY.
(L.S.)