Year: 1887

page_text: Date of Application, 23rd Sept., 1887
Complete Left, 22nd June. 1888
Complete Accepted, 27th July, 1888
I, ANDREW WRIGHT of 67 East Nelson Street Glasgow in the county of Lanark
North Britain Paper Maker do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be
as follows:-
My invention relates to the manufacture of Paper pulp, and has for its objects, the
production of a paper pulp from vitiated straw or other similar vegetable substances
after they have been used for quadrupeds litter or bedding with or without the
admixture of such animals dung, (and which pulp is capable of constituting the
"whole stuff" of the paper to be made from it) also for Bleaching the said pulp so as
to adapt it for the manufacture of papers of superior whiteness and texture.
In carrying out my process I employ mechanical and other agents for the extraction
of the sand and other gritty substances, as well as the coloring matter contained in
the materials operated upon.
The materials which I use in this process, are vitiated vegetable substances con-
sisting of the bedding and litter of quadrupeds (chiefly straw and hay but including
heather and grass) and my process has for its objects the redemption and conversion
of such befouled and refuse litter into a valuable commodity from which to make
printing and writing papers of superior whiteness and texture.
The process comprises four principal stages, more or less common to the manu-
facture of paper, namely, Milling, Boiling and Washing, Bleaching and Washing, and
Pressing.
The Milling consists in crushing the vitiated straw and other similar bedding
materials with rollers, for the purpose, first, of expressing, or extracting, the liquid
ammoniacal contents, and, second, of bruising the knots, joints and other hard parts
in the straw and other said materials.
After thus milling and bruising the material, it is put in an ordinary paper pulp
boiler with water and (not more than) fourteen per cent. of Caustic Soda, about
70 degrees "twaddle," and boiled under a steam pressure of from forty to fifty
pounds to the square inch. It is allowed to boil thus for several hours and then the
liquor is drained off and the boiler refilled with cold water, again heated to boiling
point and then blown off in order to exhaust and expel all ammoniacal or other

page_text: volatile matters from the pulp making material. The pulp is then removed from the
boiler and put into an ordinary pulp washing engine and washed in the usual manner
until the water runs clear.
The material being Milled, Boiled and Washed, is next bleached in a mixture
consisting of fifty (paper makers) pails of ordinary bleaching liquor (from five to
six degrees "twaddle") to every three hundred weight of pulp material, in which
mixture the pulp is agitated for about half an hour, after which one pound weight of
carbonate of soda is added for every hundred weight of pulp and the whole is then
allowed to remain within the chest for six or seven hours; it is thereafter removed to
the washing engine and washed again until it is perfectly clear of the bleaching
liquor.
After the pulp has been washed the second time it is passed through the "beaters "
and afterwards placed within the "chest" prior to being strained and made up into
paper by the process (herein) called "pressing."
<
It is important at this stage to extract all grit and such like foreign elements from
the pulp and for this purpose
sand-traps are commonly interposed between the
"chest" and the "strainers," into, and through, which traps the whole of the pulp is
compelled to pass. These traps are usually about three inches deep and my improve-
ment herein consists in making the sand traps for use in this process, four inches
deeper than those used for other paper pulps, namely seven inches deep. I am
induced to make my sand trap (or traps) this extreme depth in order to afford extra
provision for the deposition and extraction of the large amount of sand and gritty
substances which are always present in such befouled and vitiated materials (as
quadrupeds bedding and dung) and I find that by using such extra deep
"sand
traps "I am enabled to remove completely all such hurtful, foreign substances and
produce from such base materials a pulp which is suitable for making the finest
printing and writing papers without the admixture of any other material to give it
a body.
The proportions of caustic soda, Bleaching liquor, Carbonate of soda and vegetable
pulp before named have reference only to pulp made from foul litter comprised of
straw or hay; the proportions for bleaching heather litter being somewhat different.
I am well aware that clean Straw, Hay and Heather, also quadrupeds dung, have
been used for paper making as a "Half stuff" in combination with other materials for
imparting "body thereto but my invention consists in making fine white papers
wholly from straw & Hay after they have been used as bedding and litter for
quadrupeds by the use of means which preserve all the celulose thereof..whilst
extracting the colour dirt ammonia and other deleterious matters contained in these
refuse materials.
"
Dated this 22nd day of September 1887.

page_text: COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in the Manufacture of Paper Pulp.
I, ANDREW WRIGHT of 67 East Nelson Street Glasgow in the County of Lanark
North Britain Paper Maker, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in
what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained
in and by the following statement:-
My invention relates to the manufacture of Paper Pulp, and has for its objects first
the production of a paper pulp from vitiated straw or other similar vegetable sub-
stances after they have been used for quadrupeds litter or bedding irrespective of the
admixture therewith of such animals dung and second for Bleaching the said pulp so
as to adapt it for the manufacture of papers of superior whiteness and texture.
In carrying out my invention I employ mechanical and other agents for the extraction
of the sand and other gritty substances as well as the coloring matter contained in the
materials operated upon.
The substances which I use in this process and from which I make my paper pulp
and vitiated vegetable substances consisting of the bedding & litter of quadrupeds
(chiefly straw & hay but including heather & grass) and my process has for its objects
the redemption and conversion of such befouled and refuse litter into a valuable com-
modity from which to make printing and writing papers of superior whiteness and
texture as well as those of an inferior quality. The material is also designed for use
in the manufacture of cardboards & other goods for, which paper pulps are frequently
used.
The process comprises several principal stages more or less common to the
manufacture of paper & paper pulp namely, Milling, Boiling, Washing, Bleaching
and Pressing.
The milling consists in crushing the vitiated straw and other similar bedding
materials with rollers or such like agents for the purpose first of expressing or
extracting the liquid ammoniacal contents thereof and second of bruising the knots,
joints and other hard parts in the straw and other said materials.
After thus milling and bruising the material it is put in an ordinary paper pulp
boiler with water and (not more than) fourteen per cent. of Caustic Soda, about
70 degrees "twaddle" and boiled under a steam pressure of from forty to fifty
pounds to the square inch. It is allowed to boil thus for several hours and then
the liquor is drained off and the boiler refilled with cold water is again heated to
boiling point and then "blown off" in order to exhaust and expell all ammoniacal
or other volatile matters from the pulp making material. The pulp is then removed
from the boiler and put into an ordinary pulp washing engine and washed in the
usual manner until the water runs clear.
At this stage the manufactured material is eminently suitable for being made up
into coarse paper, "
straw boards" and other articles of manufacture to which this,
so called, "paper pulp" is frequently applied and it is intended for such uses as well
as for the treatment and finer uses hereafter named.

page_text: :
Befould Straw, Hay and other such vegetable substances as those herein described
as paper making substances under this invention may be used in this process although
they may not have been befouled by use as quadrupeds litter they are eligible for use
as an admixture with the other materials herein described, (viz. quadrupeds bedding or
litter) but I do not claim the use of Hay straw or such other soiled vegetable sub-
stances in paper pulp manufacture as comprising any part of my invention unless they
have been befouled by animals in the manner herein defined, or similarly thereto.
The material being Milled, Boiled and Washed, is next bleached (in order to render
it suitable for making white paper pulp) in a mixture consisting of fifty pails (paper
maker's) of ordinary bleaching liquor (from five to six degrees" twaddle") to every
three hundred weight of pulp material, in which mixture the pulp is agitated (by any
ordinary means) for about half an hour after which one pound weight of Carbonate of
Soda is added for every hundred weight of pulp and the whole is then allowed to
remain within the chest for six or seven hours; it is thereafter removed to the washing
engine and washed again until it is perfectly clear of the bleaching liquor.
After the pulp has been washed as last described it is passed through the "beaters"
and afterwards placed within the "chest" prior to being strained and made up into
paper by the process (herein) called "pressing."
It is important at this stage to extract all grit and such like foreign matters from
the pulp and for this purpose "sand traps" (as they are called) are commonly inter-
posed between the "chest" and the "strainers," into and through which traps the
whole of the pulp is compelled to pass. These traps are long gutters usually about
three inches deep and my improvement herein consists in making the sand traps for
use in my process deeper than those used for other paper pulps namely seven inches
at least in depth and any ordinary or extraordinary length. I am induced to make
my sand trap (or traps) this extreme depth in order to afford extra provision for the
deposition and extraction of the large amount of sand and gritty substances which are
always present in such befouled and vitiated materials (such as quadrupeds bedding) as
I find that by using such extra deep "sand traps" I am enabled to remove completely
all such hurtful, foreign substances and produce from such base materials a pulp which
is suitable for making printing and writing papers without the admixture of any other
material to give it a body.
The proportions of caustic soda, Bleaching liquor, Carbonate of soda and vegetable
pulp before named have referenco only to pulp made from foul litter composed of
straw or hay; the proportions for bleaching Heather litter being somewhat different.
I am well aware that clean straw, Hay, Esparto Grass and Heather, also quadrupeds
dung have been used for paper making but my invention consists first and chiefly in
making fine white, grey, and other paper pulp" wholly from straw, Hay & the
substances before named after such substances or materials have been used as bedding
and litter for quadrupeds, by the process and means above described which preserve
all the celulose contained in these vegetable products whilst extracting the colour, dirt,
ammonia and other deleterious ingredients contained in such refuse materials.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what I
claim is
1st. The manufacture of pulp for paper making from Straw which has been used
previously thereto for quadrupeds or animals' bedding and litter all substantially as
herein described.
2nd. The manufacture of pulp for paper making from Hay which has been used
previously thereto for quadrupeds or animals' bedding and litter all substantially as
herein described.
3rd. The manufacture of pulp for paper making from Heather which has been used
previously thereto for quadrupeds or animals' bedding and litter all substantially as
herein described.
"
4th. The manufacture of, so called, "paper pulp from Straw, Hay, Heather or
Grass which has been used previously thereto for quadrupeds or animals' bedding and

page_text: litter, whether such pulp be actually used for making paper, card boards or other
purposes, all substantially as herein described.
5th. The manufacture of pulp for paper making from Grass which has been used
previously thereto for quadrupeds or animals bedding and litter all substantially as
herein described.
"
6th. In the manufacture of vegetable
herein described the combination with the
seven inches deep below the overflow outlet
and for the purpose specified.
paper pulp" from vitiated materials such as
process of a "sand trap" which is at least
thereof all substantially as herein described
7th. In the manufacture of vegetable "paper pulp" from vitiated Straw and Hay
as herein described the combination therewith of the proportions of Caustic Soda,
Bleaching Liquor" and Carbonate of Soda to vegetable pulp, all substantially as
herein described and for the purpose specified.
<
JOSEPH LOCKWOOD,
Langside, Glasgow,
Agent for the Inventor.