IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PROCESSES OF EVAPORATION, CONDENSATION, AND REFRIGERATION IN THEIR PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATIONIR RELATIONS AND APPLICATIONS, AND IN THE APPARATUS THERE- FOR
Year: 1874

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to James Harrison, of 52, Mornington Road, in
the County of Middlesex, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN
THE PROCESSES OF EVAPORATION, CONDENSATION, AND REFRIGERATION IN THEIR
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said James Harrison at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
29th January 1874.
I, JAMES HARRISON, of 52, Mornington Road, in the County of
Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PROCESSES OF EVAPORATION, CONDENSATION, AND REFRI-
GERATION IN THEIR RELATIONS AND APPLICATIONS, AND IN THE APPARATUS THERE-
FOR," to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to improvements in the apparatus and processes
for the reduction of temperature by the evaporation of volatile liquids
and condensed gases, and in the application directly or by intermediate
A

page_text: carriers of the cold produced, to the making of ice, to the solidification
of paraffin and other substances, to the cooling of worts and other
liquids, and of air and other gases and vapors, as well as to improve-
ments in refrigeration, from whatever source the cold may be derived.
The Invention consists in part of improvements on the apparatus and 5
processes described in my Patents of 1856 and 1857, Nos. 747 and 2362
respectively.
My improvements in evaporation consist in the employment of new
forms of boiler, one of which is annular, made of two sheets of boiler
plate or of copper placed within a small fraction of an inch apart at
the lower edges, the distance between them gradually increasing to an
inch or more at their upper edges. The volatile liquid occupies the
narrow space below and the vapor collects in the wider space above.
A second form of boiler consists of two flat sheets of metal kept apart
by an internal sheet of woven wire, by studs on the sheets, or by two ]
sheets of wire and an intervening solid wedge-shaped or perforated
partition.
And a third form of boiler consists of a series of tubes, the liquid
entering at its lower and the vapor being withdrawn from its upper end,
the internal capacity of the pipes being small below and large above, the
difference being produced by a central core covered with woven, coiled,
or twisted wire or other equivalent.
These boilers may consist of one or more annulus, one or more series
of flat sheets, or one or more series of tubes, or of a combination of the
several forms.
The advantages of these boilers consist in the facility they afford for
the detection and repair of any leak, in the avoidance of the annoyance
'caused by the bursting of tubes from freezing, in the facility they
afford for utilizing the cold surfaces either by radiation, by conducting
streams of brine over their surfaces, or in the first two forms by the
direct formation of ice on their surfaces, in the economy of materials,
and in the small quantity of liquid required.
To the boiler of whatever form I affix a subsidiary vessel for the
purification of the volatile liquid, which in the course of its circuit is
apt to become contaminated with oil and other impurities.

page_text: work.
My improvements in condensation are adaptations of the new forms of
boiler, the vapor being forced through the annulus, the woven wire space,
or the series of tubes, while currents of water flow over the exterior,
which is covered with a network of textile material. The evaporation is
aided by the maintenance of currents of air over the surfaces, and this
is accomplished in addition to the modes already known by surrounding
the condenser with an envelope, leaving an interspace for the circulation
of air, and connecting that interspace with the chimney or waste steam
pipe, thereby establishing a draught. I also employ a condenser wherein
the condensation is produced by a jet of the same liquid as that from
which the vapor is formed, the liquid being cooled in a separate refri-
gerator before being thrown into the condenser. The advantage of these
condensers, especially of the woven wire and jet arrangements, consists
in bringing the vapor even when it is mixed with air in close and rapid
contact with the condensing surface or agent.
My improvements in the pump whereby the vapor is withdrawn from
the boiler and forced into the condenser consists in the adoption of slide
valves on the cylinder covers, in order to make room for which on the
end through which the piston rod passes the cover is made larger than
usual, so that the ports may extend beyond the inner periphery of the
cylinder. I also use when the pump is horizontal a combination of
valves, the induction being a slide valve and the eduction a ball valve
rolling up an incline or curved channel. In like manner in an upright
pump. the induction may be a slide and the eduction a drop valve of the
ordinary construction but of larger area proportionate to the enlarge-
ment of the cylinder cover. When both valves are slides I connect the
stuffing boxes through which their actuating rods work by a tube com-
municating at either end with a vacant interspace in the packing. In
machines of large size I place a steam engine in the centre with a vapor
pump at cach end, in which case the three cylinders may be all of the
same diameter. In very small machines I make the vapor pump single
acting, with one valve at each end and one in the piston.

page_text: My improvements in the arrangements for providing for the return of
the volatile liquid from the condenser to the evaporator consists in the
construction of a trap valve connected by a lever with a solid plunger,
the fulcrum being placed so that the plunger shall float in the liquid and
fall when the liquid falls, shutting the valve when the supply of liquid
fails. The valve is a long cone passing through a circular port, so that
the area of the port varies with the supply of the liquid.
I also employ a solid plunger of wood or cork, with metal counter-
poise in lieu of the ordinary hollow ball to actuate a cock as the height
of the liquid rises and falls. The vessels containing the trap valve and
the tubes connected therewith are kept at a low temperature by.
immersion in cold brine.
In order to get rid of the air which is apt to accumulate in the con-
densers of apparatus wherein the volatile fluid is evaporated under a
pressure less than that of the atmosphere, I carry a tube from the top
of the trap valve vessel to a vessel containing a substance having an
affinity for the vapor. The tube is furnished with a safety valve, and
when the pressure exceeds that at which the valve is set the mixed air
and vapor pass through the absorbing medium.
When ether is the liquid evaporated the valve opens at the ordinary
atmospheric pressure, and the absorbant for the vapor is hydrated
sulphuric acid (from which the ether is afterwards recovered by distil-
lation or decomposition), the air passing off into the atmosphere or into
the chimney. When it is desirable, as in temperate or cold weather, to
condense the liquid at a pressure less than that of the atmosphere I
employ a small vapor pump between the trap-valve vessel and the vessel
containing the absorbent, the pump to be worked only occasionally when
the pressure requires to be reduced. This pump may have a small
subsidiary refrigerator attached to it with or without a loaded safety
valve, so as to recover some of the liquid from the air before passing to
the absorbing vessel.
My improvements in the making of ice when brine or other liquid not
casily congealed is employed as a carrier of cold between the boiler and
moulds containing the water to be frozen consist in making the second
form of boiler described of several series of plates, the liquid being
evaporated in the interstices of one woven wire compartment while
the brine flows through an adjoining woven wire compartment, the

page_text: volatile liquid and the brine spaces alternating, whereby close contact
without loss of space is better secured than by any arrangement of tubes
which are usually employed. A similar arrangement may be made with
the first form of boiler.
When it is required to make the ice directly on the exterior surface of
the first or second form of boiler the pairs of plates containing the liquid
are placed at a sufficient distance apart to form between them the moulds
in which the ice is formed, the distance being regulated according to the
thickness required. These moulds have removable bottoms, so that
when the ice is formed it is allowed to drop into a cellar below, or it may
be lifted from above in the ordinary way. In either case the ice is
detached by an arrangement for permitting the hot vapor to pass from
the condenser into the boiler. Similar fixed moulds are also used with a
brine current apart from the boiler, in which caso the ice is detached by
warm water or steam.
I also combine the processes of direct ice making with the employ-
ment of a stream of cooled brine. For this combination I employ a
series of plates, so that on one exterior surface a stream of brine is
flowing, and on the other exterior surface a sheet of ice is formed. The
advantage of this arrangement is that the evaporation of the liquid is
more economically conducted at a higher temperature than if both sides
were covered with ice. The direct formation of the ice is slower, but the
total quantity from both processes is larger than if the whole of the ice
were formed in contact with the boiler.
In the making of ice in moulds with brine as the cold carrier I dispense
with the divisions in the trough containing the moulds. The moulds aro
placed in close contact alternately with the right and left sides of the
trough, being kept in their position merely by wires or bars of wood or
metal, which do not interfere with the flow of the brine stream, which
follows a zig-zag course from side to side of the trough, thus economising
space and allowing the trough to be set nearly on a level. The edges of
the trough have no slope, and the loss by cold air currents is thus
obviated.
When ice is to be made in moulds I subject the water intended to be
frozen to a process whereby it is deprived of the greater part of its air.
Attached to the cover of the tank containing the water is a tube con-
nected with a vessel from which the air is expelled by steam. Com-
munication with the space above the water in the tank being established

page_text: the air in the water passes off into the vacuum vessel. On water being
withdrawn from the tank an equal quantity is admitted from above
without admitting air into the tank.
My improvements further consist in a method of making ice by
radiation. The water to be frozen is caused to trickle in a thin film over
a surface which is opposed to another surface, whereon a stream of cold
brine flows in a similar way. In forming ice by this method it is not
necessary to deprive the water of its air. From first to last the ice is
formed with regularity, and it may be increased to any thickness without
retardation of the process. The ice is formed not only by radiation but
by convection of the air, a cold current passing down the brine surface
and rising on the ice surface, and by evaporation and condensation the
rising current on the ice surface becomes charged with vapor, which is
condensed on the brine surface.
The flow of pure water on the ice surface is kept up by a constant
drip from a Vandyked edge of metal or of textile material from a trough
above. When metal is employed the supply of water is regulated by the
approximation of the edges of a slot along the bottom of a trough or by
the height of water in the trough above a series of fine apertures in the
bottom, and when textile fabric is employed the water is drawn from the
trough by the fabric itself acting as a syphon. The cold brine is
supplied to the opposing surface either by a similar drip arrangement or
by the rotation of rollers, on which is carried an endless web of textile
fabric dipping into a trough containing the cold brine. I also employ
the exterior surfaces of the boilers already described with a stream of
brine flowing over them as the cold radiating surface, and continue the
process by allowing the brine to flow over an extension in metal, wood,
or textile fabric downward, and again raising the brine on endless webs
until all its cold is utilised.
My improvements in the making of ice further consist in the com-
bination of conduction, radiation, convection, and evaporation in the
production of each slab of ice. To accomplish this I form the ice
directly on one of the surfaces of the first or second form of boiler, and
opposite to this another surface of the boiler is traversed by a stream of
brine, and the operation is further carried on by currents of brine on
other surfaces, one current running down the back of a metallic sheet,
on which the ice is formed, and opposite to the face of the next sheet of

page_text: ice. I also make the ice on the compound principle entirely by streams
of brine apart from the boiler, the brine which is to produce ice by con-
duction being conveyed between two sheets of metal with a central
sheet of woven wire or network of textile material, the ice being formed
on the outer surface of both sheets of metal, and alternated with such
sheets are naked surfaces on which the brine is distributed. The ice is
thus formed by conduction on one side and on the other by radiation,
convection, and evaporation. To aid the convection and evaporation the
motion of the air is increased by rotary fans driving it in the direction
which it is predisposed to take, and to promote the condensation of the
vapor of the water and thus to increase the evaporation I use a concen-
trated brine of chloride of calcium or other deliquescent salt.
The cooling of worts or other liquid is effected by previously cooling
brine or water and using such brine or water by any of the ordinary and
well-known refrigerators, or the worts are passed in a thin stream over
the exterior of the boiler, for which the third form is the best adapted.
The worts are previously cooled in any ordinary cooler by water of the
natural temperature before being passed over the exterior of the boiler,
but this is not required when artificially cooled brine or water is
used.
To combine the advantages of both modes of cooling I encase the
tubes of the third form of boiler by the tubes for conveying the water in
an opposite stream to the worts. I also employ a wort refrigerator con-
structed on the principle of the second form of boiler, wherein a sheet or
sheets of woven wire are inserted between two plates of metal. The
water or brine is passed through the wire space and the worts flow
downward on the outside. This form of refrigerator is also made of a
series of plates with woven wire between, the water passing upward and
the worts downward, or the reverse in alternate divisions. The sheets of
metal are put together with strips of india-rubber round these edges, so
that they may be taken apart and the wires taken out and cleaned.
In applying my improved apparatus to the solidifaction of paraffin
and other substances from liquids which hold them in solution or sus.
pension I pass the stream of oil or other solvent over the exterior of the
first or second form of boiler with or without opposite radiating surfaces,
or the solidification is effected by radiation and convection alone, or by
conduction, radiation, and convection conjointly without contact with the

page_text: boiler, substantially as described for the making of ice, the solid paraffin
or other solid being removed by scrapers occasionally, or the cooled brine
may be conducted to revolving drums or other apparatus in ordinary.
use.
For the cooling of air or other gases I spread the cooled brine over a t
series of surfaces of perforated metal, some of the perforations having
the burr or rough edges downward and others the burr upward, the per-
forations alternating with each other. The air is passed upward while
the brine spreads over the metal sheets and drips through the alternate
perforations. When it is desired to condense gas or vapor without 1
contact with the brine the gas or vapor is forced through the woven
wire interspaces which alternate with the like interspaces of a boiler
containing the volatile liquid.
SPECIFICATION filed in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters
Patent and of an Order of the Lord Chancellor, by the said James 1
Harrison in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 29th August 1874.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JAMES
HARRISON, of 58, Gowrie Road, in the County of Surrey, formerly of
52, Mornington Road, in the County of Middlesex, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Twenty-ninth day of January, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-four, in the
thirty-seventh year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto me, the said James Harrison, Her special licence
that I, the said James Harrison, my executors, administrators, and
assigns, or such others as I, the said James Harrison, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with and no
others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term
therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
THE PROCESSES OF EVAPORATION, CONDENSATION, AND REFRIGERATION IN THEIR
RELATIONS AND APPLICATIONS, AND IN THE APPARATUS THEREFOR," upon the
condition (amongst others) that I, the said James Harrison, my

page_text: executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or
their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and
ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same
was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal
Patent Office within seven calendar months next and immediately after
the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said James Harrison, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement :-
This Invention relates to improvements in the apparatus and processes
for the reduction of temperature by the evaporation of volatile liquids
and condensed gases, and in their application directly or by intermediate
carriers of the cold produced, to the making of ice, to the solidification.
of paraffin and other substances, to the cooling of worts and other
liquids, and of air and other gases or vapours, as well as to refrigeration
from whatever source the cold may be derived.
The Invention consists in part of improvements on the apparatus and
processes described in my Patents of 1856 and 1857, Numbers 747 and
2362 respectively.
My improvements in evaporation consist in the employment of new
forms of boiler or evaporating vessels one of which is annular, made of
two sheets of boiler plate, of copper, or of other sheet metal placed
within less than an inch apart at their lower edges, the distance between
them gradually increasing to an inch or more at their upper edges. The
volatile liquid occupies the narrow space below and the vapor collects
in the wider space above. This form of boiler is shewn in Figure 1 which
is a section in plan, in Figure 2 which is a section in elevation, and in
Fig. 3 which is an elevation of that part of the boiler to which the
liquid and vapor pipes are connected. The boiler plates A¹, A³, are
rivetted to solid rings B¹, B³, by which they are kept apart. There
is also a solid division or partition at B³ on one side of which at t¹ the
return pipe conveying the volatile liquid from the condenser is con-
nected, and on the other side at the pipe for conveying the vapor to
the vapor pump is connected. The liquid and vapor thus traverse the.
whole circle of the boiler before the vapor is withdrawn. This boiler is
suspended by three or more lugs from its upper edge or may rest in a

page_text: trough on its lower edge. The lugs are merely continuations upward of
the boiler plate or of the upper solid ring, or the suspension is made
from bolts screwed into the upper ring or from bolts passed through
rivet holes.
The central space in Figure 1 is available for refrigerating operations, as
herein-after described. This form of boiler may consist of more than
one annulus of different sizes one within another, but having independent
liquid and vapor passages.
A second form of boiler shown in Figures 4 and 5 consists of two flat.
metallic sheets kept apart by an internal sheet of woven or twisted wire
by studs on the sheets, or by two sheets of wire and an intervening solid
wedge-shaped or perforated partition.
Figure 4 is a section in elevation of a series of plates with wired com-
partments; Figure 5 is an elevation of one of the plates. The plates are
rivetted, welded, bronzed, or soldered according to the metal employed
and the size of the boiler. The Drawing represents a series of plates of
copper. The sheets are placed a quarter of an inch apart and the woven
or twisted wire is of one-eighth gauge with inch meshes or intersections
of the wire an inch apart. The wire may be woven or twisted of any
pattern, its function being to support the plate and resist pressure at
the points where the wires cross each other, while the slight impediment
offered by the single wires to the flow of the liquid or vapor is of great
service in bringing it into repeated, rapid, and ever changing contact
with the boiler plates. When the boiler is made of iron the plates must
be placed as closely together as the riveting or welding will permit.
The volatile liquid enters at 3 and the vapor is withdrawn at t. The
impure liquid being drawn off at t. The plates are first joined in pairs
at where openings are left for the passage of the vapor, and at t
where there are passage ways for the volatile liquid. The openings are
alternately placed to right and left, as shown in Figure 5, where A³ has
the vapor passage to the left and the passage for the liquid to the right.
The position of these passages in the adjoining plates A* is shown by
dotted lines. Figure 4 is a section through the line x, x, in Figure 5.
Between the boiler and the vapor pump there is a vapor chest C suitably
supported at a level higher than the vapor pipe leading from the boiler,
and of a capacity equal to that of the pump cylinder. The brine to be
cooled enters the cistern in which the boiler is placed at t³, and it is
delivered cooled at to, it having pursued the course indicated by the

page_text: arrows.
The supports &¹ and partitions & serve to direct the brine in its
course. These partitions may be either of wood or metal. The brine
passages have sheets of woven or twisted wire similar to those in the
liquid and vapor passages.
Instead of an internal sheet of woven or twisted wire the plates in all
the passages may be kept apart by studs or buttons of metal of the
desired thickness soldered at short intervals on the face of one or both
plates.
A third form of boiler consists of a series of tubes the volatile liquid
entering at its lower and the vapor being withdrawn from its upper end,
the internal capacity of the tube being small below and large above,
the difference being produced by a central core covered with woven or
coiled wire.
Figure 6 is a longitudinal section in elevation, and Figure 7 a transverso
section of this form of boiler. The volatile liquid returns from the
condenser by the pipe to, the vapor passes to the vapor pump by the
pipe, and the impure liquid is drawn off by t¹. The cores care of
wood or of closed tubes, and have wire coiled spirally round them.
These cores and wires fit loosely, diminishing slightly in diameter
upward, although this is not shown in the Drawing, and the mixed
liquid and vapor passes upward to the upper tubes of the boiler which
have no core or wire, they being intended for the passage of vapor only.
The brine or other liquid is cooled by descending in a film on the
exterior of the tubes in the same way that liquids arc cooled in the form
of refrigerator known as Baudelot's.
To the boiler of whatever form I fix a subsidiary vessel for the
purification of the volatile liquid which in the course of its circuit is apt
to become contaminated with oil or other impurities.
The contents of the boiler are from time to time wholly or partially
run into the purifier from which the pure liquid is distilled. The
purifying process is carried on without stopping the main operations,
and the subsidiary vessel is employed to perform refrigerating work.
This separate evaporator is at a lower level than the boiler. Figure 8
is a sectional elevation. The pipe 18 conveys the impure liquid downward
from that portion of the lower part of the boiler which is farthest from
the inlet pipe t¹, t, or t, in Figures 1, 4, and 6. The pipe leads from

page_text: the top of the subsidiary vessel to the boiler, into which it is inserted at
the level at which it is desirable to maintain the volatile liquid, as at t¹³,
in Figures 1, 4, and 6, so that in case of there being any excess in the
boiler that excess will run into the subsidiary vessel. The impurities are
drawn off occasionally at t¹, the cocks k³ and k³ being shut. In the
Figure this vessel is represented as fitted with a self-acting supply
apparatus, whereby the purification is carried on continuously, but this
is not absolutely requisite, as it will suffice to run the contents of the
boiler wholly or partially into the purifying vessel at intervals, according
to discretion. W₁ is a plunger of glass, marble, or other analogous solid,
and W³ a counterpoise of lead. These are so adjusted that W₁ shall
have a preponderance in air or vapor, and W3 shall have the preponderance
when W' is immersed in the volatile liquid. Between them they actuate
the cock k¹, and keep the level of the impure liquid at 7. The purifying
vessel is placed in a tank through which flows a stream of water or
brine from t" to ", which is refrigerated by evaportion from the impure
liquid. The pure vapor passes over and mingles with the vapor from
the main boiler. The purifying chamber may be made of sufficient size
to serve as a reservoir for the volatile liquid employed. When the works
are stopped the whole of the liquid is run into this reservoir, whereby
the risk of leakage is minimised, and the operations are resumed with
absolutely pure material.
My improvements in condensation are adaptations of the new forms
of boiler, the vapor being forced through the anulus, the woven wire
space, or the series of tubes, while currents of water in films flow over
the exterior, which is covered with a network of textile material. The
evaporation from the exterior is aided by the maintenance of currents of
air over the surface, and this is accomplished in addition to the modes
already known by surrounding the condenser with an envelope, leaving
an interspace for the circulation of the air, and connecting that interspace
with the chimney flue or waste steam pipe, thereby establishing a
draught.
The third form or series of tubes is the most suitable for the condenser,
especially when the condensation is carried on at a pressure in excess
of that of the atmosphere. Figure 9 is a transverse section of such a
condenser. The upper tubes D¹ have no internal fittings to reduce their
capacity, which should be as great as that of the vapor pump from which
they receive the vapor by the pipe 1. The last tube of the series Dis

page_text: also clear of fittings. The intermediate tubes D° are fitted with cores c
and wires, as in the third form of boiler. E' is a covering of airproof
cloth or felt on a light framework communicating by E' with the
chimney or waste steam pipe, whereby the warm moist air surrounding
the pipes of the condenser is withdrawn, and its place continuously
supplied with dry cold air from below. F is a long narrow reservoir
supplied with water from a larger reservoir by the cock k. From this
reservoir the water passes syphonwise by overhanging strips of porous
cloth n¹, the depending portion at n² having its lower edge Vandyked or
serrated, so as to render the drip uniform.
Figure 10 is a longitudinal sectional elevation of the condenser, the
tubes of which have a slope to facilitate the draining downward of the
liquified vapor. The central cores in the middle tubes have two wires
coiled round them in opposite spirals, their intersection preventing con-
tinuous contact, and ensuring a free passage for the liquid which passes
off by the pipe to the liquid return vessel herein-after described.
Outside the tubes have coiled round them a network of twine or other
textile material to obstruct the flow of the water along the sloping tubes,
and thus to promote equal distribution of the water, and facilitate
evaporation, but this network is not shown in the Drawings. I also
employ a condenser wherein the condensation is produced by a jet of tho
same liquid as that from which the vapor is formed, the liquid being
cooled in a separate refrigerator before being thrown into the condenser.
This form of condenser is shown in Figure 11, where G is a spherical vessel
into which the jet is thrown, and which receives the vapor from the
vapor pump by the pipe ". The liquid from the sphere falls into the
tube, which conducts it to the top tube of the separate refrigerator D³.
The pump P withdraws the liquid from the last tube but one of the
refrigerator, and forces it through in a jet into G. The tubes of the
refrigerator are constructed with central cores and wire, as already
described in the third form of boiler and condenser, and the liquid is
cooled by streams of water flowing over the tubes. In connection with
this form of condenser it is requisite to use a feed apparatus on the
boiler similar to those in use for steam boilers. The supply for the boiler
is drawn from the lowermost tube of the refrigerator at (*.

page_text: the cylinder covers so as to make room for slide valves on the covers,
particularly on the exhaust side and on the end of the cylinder through
which the piston rod passes. The covers are enlarged so that the ports
extend beyond the inner periphery of the cylinder. In Figure 12, which
is a plan of the enlarged cover, the dotted circle d' represents the
diameter of the cylinder; d, the diameter of the enlarged cover; and
p, p, the ports of the slide valves extending beyond the diameter of the
cylinder. The slide valve on the vacuum side, or that which is connected
with the boiler, is worked by an eccentric so set that the ports shall be
open throughout the full length of the retreating or vacuum-producing
stroke, and closed during the full length of the returning stroke. The
slide valve on the compressing side, or that which is connected with the
condenser, is actuated by cams so that the ports are closed throughout
the whole length of the vacuum forming stroke, and do not open until
the vapor has attained a density equal to the average pressure in the
condenser. As the proper time for the opening of the valve depends upon
the temperature of vaporization as well as that of condensation the cams
must be regulated according to data obtained from actual observation of
the special conditions. Thus in a machine pumping ether vapor at 22°
Fahrenheit and condensing it at 90° it will be found that the outlet
valves should remain closed until the piston has performed six-sevenths
of its stroke; while in a machine pumping vapor at 45° and condensing
it at 90° the outlet ports should open after three-fourths of the stroke
has been performed. To obviate the necessity for so regulating the
opening of the outlet valve I employ a combination of valves, the
induction being in all cases a slide valve open throughout the full length
of the vacuum forming stroke, and the eduction valve when the pump
is horizontal consisting of a spherical ball rolling up an inclined or curved
channel and returning by gravity to its seat; and in the case of an
upright pump of an ordinary drop valve regulated by springs, as in
machines constructed according to my original Patents, but the valve is
of larger area proportionate to the enlargement of the cylinder cover
already described. These combinations are the arrangements which I
prefer.
Figure 13 is a section of the self-acting ball valve adapted to a horizontal
pump combined with a slide valve on the exhaust. V is a brass sphere
fitting the seats, 8, which is a ring of leather, kept in its place by a
metallic ring and the valve cover. When both valves are slides I connect

page_text: the stuffing boxes through which their actuating rods work by a tube,
communicating at either end with a vacant interspace in the packing.
In machines of the largest size I place a horizontal steam engine in the
centre with a vapor pump at cach end, in which case if the volatile
liquid be ether the three cylinders may be all of the same diameter.
In very small machines I make the vapor pump single acting, with
onc valve at each end and a valve in the piston.
My improvements in the arrangements for providing for the return of
the volatile liquid from the condenser to the boiler consist in the con-
struction of a trap valve connected by a lever to a solid plunger, so
balanced that the plunger shall float in the liquid, and fall when the
liquid falls, shutting the valve when the supply of liquid fails. The
valve is a long conc passing through a circular port, so that the area of
the port varies with the supply of the liquid.
I also employ a solid plunger with a metal counterpoise in licu of the
ordinary hollow ball to actuate a cock as the level of the liquid rises and
falls. The vessel containing the trap valve and the tubes connected
therewith are immersed in cold brine.
Figure 14 shows the improved arrangement for the return of the
volatile liquid, for the escape of air, and for the recovery of the liquid
that may be mixed in vapor with the escaping air. H' is a solid
plunger of glass, marble, or any other solid chemically inert in the
volatile liquid; H2 is a solid counterpoise of lead or other heavy metal;
I is a long conical valve passing through a circular seat, and the pipe
through which the liquid returns from the condenser. The lever,
fulcrum, weight, and plunger are so proportioned that the plunger shall
float when immersed in the liquid and fall when not so immersed. In
calculating weights and proportions the pressure on the valve I' must be
taken into account. Let the valve be half an inch in diameter, the lead
weight 16 pounds, and the glass plunger 17 pounds in air, the plunger
will have a preponderance of one pound and it will fall and let the valve
rest on its seat. If the pressure be 3 pounds the weight to be lifted by
the volatile liquid surrounding the plunger aided by the lead counter-
poise will be 20 pounds, but it is requisite that the lead weight should
have a preponderance of about one pound, so that the lifting power of
the volatile liquid must be 5 pounds, which added to the 16 pounds of

page_text: lead gives 21 pounds. The glass plunger must therefore be equal to
the bulk of 5 pounds of the liquid. Seventeen pounds of glass is about
equal to this quantity of ether, but as these articles vary in specific
gravity the plunger must be made of the proper size, to be ascertained
from the observed weights of the materials and the lead counterpoiso
made one pound lighter.
Figure 15 shows an adaptation of this improvement to the case of a
valve opening to the vacuum side of the apparatus. In this case the
pressure on the valve I' is acting with the lead weight H', and the
plunger when the supply of liquid is deficient has to lift the lead and
the valve against the pressure, so that if the glass plunger be 17 pounds
the lead need be only 124 pounds. The wire or chain to which the
valve and weight are suspended passes through a perforation in the
plunger or along a channel scooped out of its circumference.
The modification required when the solid plunger is employed to
actuate a cock instead of a valve is shewn in Figure 8. In this case there
is no pressure to be taken into consideration. Let the glass plunger bo
17 pounds in weight and the lifting power of the liquid 6 pounds, the
lead weight will have to be 14 pounds, so that when the plunger is
immersed in the liquid the lead weight will have a preponderance of
2 pounds, and when the plunger is not immersed the plunger will
have a like preponderance. The cock is so set that it shall be closed
when the plunger is down, and open when the counterpoise is pre-
ponderant. The pipe from the condenser enters the vessel at a level
higher than the top of the plunger.
In order to get rid of the air which is apt to accumulate in the
condensers of apparatus wherein the volatile liquid is evaporated under
a pressure less than that of the atmosphere, I carry the tube t*, in
Fig. 14, from the top of the trap valve vessel to the top of a bell jar L
immersed in a liquid having an affinity for the vapor. From this a
tube leads to the bottom of a vessel filled with the absorbent L' and
fitted with perforated shelves, the air passing off finally by the tube t*.
The absorbent is filled in at i, i, and drawn off at k, k. The tube (* is
furnished with a safety valve I' consisting of a metallic sphere, the
weight of which is proportioned to the arca of the opening and the
pressure required. When the pressure exceeds the weight of the ball
the mixed air and vapor pass to the absorbing medium.

page_text: When ether is the liquid evaporated the valve should open at the
ordinary atmospheric pressure or very little above it, and the absorbent
for the vapor is hydrated sulphuric acid (from which the ether can be
afterwards recovered by distillation or decomposition) the air passing off
into the atmosphere or into the chimney. When it is desirable, as in
temperate or cold weather, to condense the ether at a pressure less than
that of the atmosphere I employ a small vapor pump between the trap
valve vessel and the vessel containing the absorbent, the pump to be
worked only occasionally when the pressure requires to be reduced.
This pump may have a small subsidiary refrigerator attached to it with
or without a loaded safety valve so as to recover some of the liquid from
the air before passing to the absorbing vessel.
My improvements in the making of ice when brine or other liquid not
casily congealed is the carrier of cold between the boiler and moulds
containing the water to be frozen, consists in making the second form of
boiler, already described, of several pairs of plates as in Fig. 4, the liquid
being evaporated in the interstices of one woven wire compartment, while
the brine flows through an adjoining similar compartment, the volatile
liquid spaces and the brine spaces alternating as already described.
When it is required to make the ice directly on the exterior surface of
the plates in the second form of boiler the pairs of plates are placed at
a sufficient distance apart to form between them the moulds wherein the
ico is formed, this distance being regulated according to the thickness
required. These moulds have removable bottoms, so that when the ice
is formed it is allowed to drop into a cellar below, or it may be lifted
from above in the ordinary way. In cither case the ice is detached by
permitting the hot vapor to pass from the condenser into the boiler.
Similar fixed moulds aro also used with a brine current apart from the
boiler.
I also combine the processes of direct icemaking with the employ-
ment of a stream of cold brine. For this combination I employ a series
of plates, so that on one exterior surface of each pair of plates a stream
of brine is flowing, and on the other exterior surface a sheet of ice. is
formed. The advantage of this arrangement is that the evaporation of
the liquid is more economically conducted at a higher temperature than
if both sides were covered with ice. The direct formation of the ice is
slower, but the total quantity from both processes is larger than if the
whole of the ice had been formed in contact with the boiler.

page_text: The general arrangement of these pairs of plates is shewn in the
following scheme :-
for the direct formation of ice on the surface of its plates I prefer to
make ice in the fixed moulds described by means of brine currents
derived, but apart, from the boiler. This arrangement is shewn in
Figures 16 and 17. The pipes M are supplied with brine from the exterior
of the boiler or from an intermediate reservoir. These pipes traverse the
space between the plates from end to end, and are perforated along
their upper sides to secure the equal distribution of the brine. Tho
pipes N traverse the lower portions of the divisions in like manner, and
are perforated on their lower sides. The external prolongations of these
pipes which are not perforated lead the cooled brine to other divisions
or to perform other refrigerating work. The space between the upper
and lower pipes in each brine space is partly filled up with a square of
wood Q with sheets of woven wire next to the walls of the ice moulds.
The bottoms of the ice moulds are removable, they being at the com-
mencement of operations held up to their places by the rods R. A
small quantity of water is then thrown in, and the moulds are not filled
until the water in the bottom has become frozen round the edges so as
to make the bottom watertight.
When the requisite thickness of ice has been produced on each side
of the moulds, shewn in Figure 16, but not so as to meet in the middle,
the supply of the brine to the pipes M is cut off and a stream of hot
water or of steam under ordinary atmospheric pressure is let in. Tho
ice is thus separated and is lowered down into a cellar below the
apparatus, or it may be lifted into the room above.
When it is required that the whole of the water shall be converted
into one sheet or block of ice the apparatus must be constructed as in
Figure 17, wherein the tapering form of the mould facilitates the removal
of the ice. The blocks of wood in the brine compartment are made
wedge shaped so as to give the desired angle to the adjoining plates, the

page_text: taper of the mould space being either downward or upward according
to the requirement of lifting or lowering the ice.
In the making of ice in moulds over the exterior of which the cold
carrying brine is passed I dispense with the usual divisions in the
trough containing the moulds. The moulds are placed alternately in
close contact with the right and left sides, and with the bottom of the
trough being merely kept in their positions by wires or bars of wood
or metal which do not interfere with the flow of the brine stream
which follows a zig-zag course from side to side of the trough, thus
economising space, and allowing the trough to be set nearly on a
level. The edges of the trough have no slope, and the loss of cold
by air currents is thus obviated. This arrangement is shewn in Figure 18
which is a plan, and 19 which is a sectional elevation of the brine
trough containing the moulds, these being kept in their places by pro-
jections of wood, as at y¹, y², or by wires or bars across the trough at
top and bottom, as at z, z. The brine enters at R¹ and flows away
at R. This arrangement is useful and economical in utilizing the
brine which has done work in the other icc-making processes herein
described.
When ice is to be made in moulds I subject the water intended.
to be frozen to a process whereby it is deprived of the greater part
of its air. Attached to the cover of the tank containing the water
is a tube connected with a vessel from which the air is expelled by
steam. Communication with the space above the water in the tank.
having been established the air in the water passes into the vacuum
vessel. On water being drawn from the tank an equal quantity is
admitted from above without admitting air into the tank. The arrange-
ment for this purpose is shown in Figure 20, T' is a strong iron water
tank, and S is an iron vessel which is connected with a steam boiler
by the pipe. The tank having been filled with water steam is
admitted into the vessel S until it escapes at 30%; the cocks k³, k³,
are then closed, and the cocks k, k³, the latter of which is on
a pipe leading from the water tank T opened. The water from the
latter flows over the exterior of S and produces a vacuum therein by
the condensation of the steam. The air contained in the water of the
tank T then comes over into the vessel S. When water is to be
drawn from T¹ the cock is closed and the cock / opened. The
water is then drawn off from cock k10. The tank is open to the

page_text: air, and the water flows from it into T as fast as the disaerated water
flows from the latter. When the required quantity has been withdrawn
the cock 10 is first shut, then, and the cock is opened, when
the air is drawn from the water which has been introduced. The
process of making a vacuum is repeated from time to time according
to the indications of a vacuum gauge of any of the ordinary forms which
is attached to the vessel S.
My improvements further consist in a method of making ice by
radiation. The water to be frozen is caused to trickle in a thin film
over a surface which is opposed to another surface whereon a stream
of cold brine flows in a similar way. In forming ice by this method
it is not requisite to deprive the water of its air. From first to last
the ice is formed with regularity, and it may be increased to any
thickness without retardation of the process. The ice is formed not
only by radiation but by convection of the air, a cold current passing
down the brine surface and rising on the ice surface, and by evaporation
and condensation the rising current on the icc surface becoming charged
with vapor which is condensed on the brine surface.
The flow of pure water on the ice surface is kept up by a constant
drip from the Vandyked edge of metal or of textile material from a
trough above. When an absorbent fabric is employed the water is
drawn from the trough by the fabric itself acting as a syphon. The
cold brine is supplied to the opposing surface either by a similar drip
arrangement or by the rotation of rollers, on which is carried an endless
web of textile fabric dipping into a trough containing the cold brine.
In Figure 21 J, J, are the metallic surfaces on which the water
is frozen film by film as it flows downward; u¹ is a trough kept
regularly supplied with water from the tap and tank T. The
dips into the trough
textile fabric (flannel or other good absorbent)
and hangs over each side. The edges of the flannel are serrated or
Vandyked to prevent the drops of water from running along its lower
edge. The water which is not frozen in its descent falls into a tray X¹
which is fitted at its end with an overflow pipe an inch below its
top edge, and the surplus water flows into a reservoir whence it is
pumped into the tank T, or it is conveyed away into moulds to be
frozen by conduction. U2 is a form of feed pipe which has a narrow
slit along its upper edge with flannel dipping into or surrounding it;

page_text: W, W, is an endles web of absorbent cloth which passes over the
rollers R¹, R. These rollers revolve in suitable bearings, the upper
being driven by a band from a shaft, and the lower revolving freely
in its bearings which are nearly level with the brine in the tray X'.
This tray is also provided with an overflow pipe 2, by which the
brine passes to a trough containing moulds where its remaining cold
is utilized. Figure 22 is one of the plates on which the ice is formed.
At L, L, are two lugs by which the plate can be hoisted or steadied.
These plates are placed back to back, and when the ice has been.
formed on them they are separated by a wedge, and the ice detached
by fomenting each plate with warm water. I also employ the exterior
surfaces of the boilers already described with streams of brine flowing
over them as cold radiating surfaces. The sheets of metal on which
the ice is formed are placed opposite to the boiler surfaces in the first
form, or to single pairs of plates in the second form of boiler.
To increase the radiating surface the boilers may be slung or elevated
and the brine carried over depending sheets of metal, wood, or cloth,.
which serve as extensions of boiler surface. The brino is thereafter
raised on endless webs of cloth as already described, or conveyed away
to give up its remaining cold to moulds in a trough.
>
My improvements in the making of icc further consist in the com-
bination of conduction, radiation, convection, and evaporation in the
production of each block of icc. To accomplish this I form the ice
directly on one of the surfaces of the first or second form of boiler, and
opposite to this another boiler surface is traversed by a stream of brine.
The operation is further carried on by currents of brine on other sur->
faces, one current running down the back of a metallic sheet on which
the ice is formed, and another opposite to the next slab of ice. I also
make the ice on this principle entirely by streams of brine derived but
apart from the boiler, the brine which is to produce ice by conduction
being conveyed between two sheets of metal, with a central sheet of.
woven wire or network of textilo material, the ice being formed on the
outer surfaces of both sheets of metal, and alternated with such sheets.
are surfaces on which the brine is distributed. Figure 23 shews these
arrangements. A, A, is one of the pairs of plates with woven wire
interposed of the second form of boiler. The brine flows from the
trough Us over both surfaces, the supply being so regulated as to keep.
the whole of the surfaces wet. The same end is accomplished by
•

page_text: causing the cold brine to flow over the ends or sides of a vessel in which
the boiler plates or series thereof are placed; A³, A³, is another pair of
boiler plates on which ice is formed from water passing from U'; F, F,
are also plates on which the ice is formed. The brine is conveyed
between these plates by the perforated tube M, thence it passes through
woven wire spaces to the lower tube N, and thence by an external tube
Q, shewn in dotted lines, to M³, and so on, the brine being pumped away
from the last of these compartments, whereby the pressure between the
plates is not allowed to exceed the external pressure. Alternating with
these pairs of plates the brine is lifted by the endless web arrangement
already described. The apparatus may be formed entirely of the pairs
of boiler plates A, A, or of the brine circulation vessels F, F. For
economical working I prefer the latter.
Figure 24 is an elevation of one of the boiler plates, the liquid ether
entering at, and the vapor passing off at * to the vapor chest already
described. This configuration of plate is also the best for the direct
production of ice on its surface by conduction alone. To aid the con-
vection and evaporation, rotary fans (Fig. 23) are worked in the
direction of the arrows by bands from the shaft which communicates
motion to the upper rollers of the endless webs. These fans are useful
auxiliaries, but are not essential to the success of the process. To
further aid the evaporation the condensation of the vapor from the ice
surface is promoted by employing a strong brine made with a deliques-
cent salt, such as chloride of calcium.
The cooling of wort or other liquid is usually effected by previously
cooling brine or water and using such brine or water in any of the
ordinary and well-known refrigerators. To effect this previous cooling
the third form of boiler already described is the best adapted. Another
suitable arrangement is to cool the wort in the ordinary way by water of
the natural temperature and then pass the wort in a thin stream over the
exterior of the boiler.
To combine the advantages of both modes of cooling I encase the
tubes of the third form of boiler by the tubes for the conveyance of the
water in an opposite stream to the worts.
In Fig. 25 the water or brine (the latter by preference) passes in at
and is cooled while passing along the space surrounding the boiler
tubes. The volatile liquid enters at 8, and its vapour is drawn off at t.

page_text: The water or brine passes upwards to ", and through the remainder of
the refrigerator tubes. The last or last two of the boiler tubes are free
from fittings, and traversed by vapor only, which passes off at about the
same temperature as that to which the worts are required to be brought.
The water or brine cooled to this extent thence passes upward, while the
worts flow downward outside, as in an ordinary Baudelot refrigerator.
The water or brine passages surrounding the boiler tubes are loosely
fitted with wires coiled in opposite directions or woven, and the water or
brine tube continued upward above the boiler is fitted with a central
core c³ and wires throughout.
In Fig. 26 the volatile liquid enters at 18, and the vapour is withdrawn
at . The water is supplied at the ordinary temperature, passing in at
*** without being brought into contact with the boiler tubes. The wort,
after descending on the outside of the water tubes passes directly over
the boiler tubes, the temperature being regulated partly by the quantity
of worts passed in a given time.
In applying my improved apparatus to the solidification of paraffin
and other substances from liquids which hold them in solution or sus-
pension, I pass the stream of oil or other solvent over the exterior of
the first or second form of boiler, with or without opposite radiating
surfaces; or the solidification is effected by radiation and convection
alone, or by conduction, radiation, and convection conjointly, substan-
tially as described for the making of ice. The solid is removed by
scrapers occasionally, or the cooled brine may be conducted to revolving
drums or other apparatus in ordinary use.
For the cooling of air or other gases I spread the cooled brine over a
series of surfaces of perforated metal, forming shelves in a shaft, some
of the perforations having the burr downward, and the others the burr
upward, the perforations alternating with each other. The air is blown
or drawn upward, while the brine spreads over the metal sheets and drips
through the alternate perforations.
. I have necessarily in describing the several processes assumed that the
engineer or workman, superintending the application of the apparatus.
described to any particular case, has made himself acquainted with what
is already known of the nature of the volatile substances employed for
the production of cold; and as my Invention consists in improvements

page_text: in those processes described in my original Patents, I have not repeated
any of the facts and rules therein set forth.
With regard to the proportions which should be observed in the con-
struction of machines for cooling by evaporation of volatile liquids,
taking either as the standard type, the evaporating surface should be in
the proportion of one superficial foot for every square inch in the area of
the piston of the vapor pump.
The condensing surface should be two-
thirds of the evaporating surface. The ice making surface should be
double that of the evaporating surface.
The vapor pump and boiler which will cool brine from 32° to 20°
Fahrenheit will cool double the quantity of water or worts from 60° to
45°, but the condensing surface will have to be increased nearly in the
same proportion; there is a wide margin for variations from these pro-
portions. Thick ice requires a larger surface, and thin ice a less surface
than that stated, except when the production is accomplished by
radiation alone, the same surface being then required for all thicknesses.
The most economical and useful mode of carrying on ice making on
a large scale is to have one moiety of the apparatus adapted for making.
thick clear ice by combined conduction, radiation, convection, and
evaporation, and the other moiety for making thin rough ice by con-
duction alone, the brine when at its coldest being used for the former
purpose, and the same brine afterwards used for the latter.
For volatile liquids evaporating at a lower temperature than ether a
smaller vapor pump inversely proportionate to the greater tension of
the vapor will suffice, and in no case should a liquid be chosen whose
boiling point is lower than the degree of cold required to be produced.
For the more volatile liquids the first and third forms of boiler are
preferable.
The areas of the ports and passages are about the same as for steam,
the more dense vapors requiring them to be a little larger and the less
dense a little smaller; but it is better to have excess than deficiency of
space. The Drawings, with the exception of Figures 4, 14, 15, 22,
and 24 are on the scale of one inch to a foot.
Having thus described and ascertained the nature of my said herein-
described Invention, and the manner in which it is to be performed, and
having given a concise description of the principles on which the
•

page_text: features,-
1st. The first form of boiler herein described.
This bears a super-
2nd. The second form of boiler herein described.
ficial resemblance to a form of boiler described in my Patent of One
thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven, and I therefore do not claim the
flat plates of which it is constructed. The internal arrangement of
woven wire and of an intervening solid as well as the various con-
nexions, passages, and juxtapositions, herein described, are novel and
present groat advantages in simplicity, cheapness, and adaptability to
rofrigerating purposes.
3rd. The third form of boiler herein described.
4th. The subsidiary vessel with its various fittings for the purification
of the volatile liquid, substantially as described.
5th. The form of surface condenser herein described, but I do not
claim the application of cooling by external currents of water except in
connexion with the promotion of evaporation by the draught of the
chimney or waste steam pipe.
6th. The mode of condensation by a jet of the volatile liquid itself,.
the liquid having been previously cooled in a separate refrigerator by
water of the ordinary temperature.
7th. The enlarged cylinder cover of the vapor pump, which enlarge-
ment allows of greater space for the valves than has been heretofore
obtained.
8th. The combination of ordinary slide valves on the exhaust side of
the pump, and of ordinary self-acting valves on the condensing side. I
am aware that circular slide valves have been proposed; I do not
liowever claim any particular form of slide, but the combination claimed
is novel and effective.
9th. The special form of ball valve rolling up an inclined plane as
applicable to horizontal vapor pumps, as described.
10th. The improvements described for regulating the return of the
volatile liquid from the condenser to the boiler, consisting of a solid.
plunger with counterpoise, whether employed to lift a valve or actuate a
stop-cock.

page_text: 11th. The arrangements for getting rid of the air which is apt to
accumulate in the condenser, and for the recovery of the vapor mixed
therewith, substantially as described; but I do not claim the small
auxiliary vapor pump described as that was included in my original
Patents.
12th. The process of making ice by the radiation between a cold
surface and a warmer one over which the water to be frozen flows, the
surfaces being opposed to each other, substantially as described, whether.
the cold be derived directly from the boiler or by intermediate streams
of cooled brine.
13th. The ziz-zag arrangement of moulds containing water to be
frozen in a trough as described, free from the partitions between the
brine cells in former use.
14th. The making of ice by the combined processes of conduction,
radiation, convection, and evaporation, substantially as described.
15th. The making of ice by conduction alone in moulds which have
removable bottoms, substantially as described. The making of ice by
conduction on the surfaces of the boiler plates is a portion of my former
Inventions, and I now merely claim the special arrangements for the
removal of the ice.
16th. The cooling of wort in a refrigerator composed of tubes, the
lowermost of which are traversed by boiler tubes of the second form of
boiler, substantially as described.
17th. The cooling of wort in a combined refrigerator, the upper tubes
of which are traversed by water of the ordinary tomperature, and the
lower tubes of which constitute a boiler of the third form, over the
exterior of which the wort finally flows, substantially as described.
18th. The solidification of paraffin and other substances, sub-
stantially in the same way that ice is formed by radiation, and by
the combined means of conduction, radiation, and convection, herein
described.
19th. The cooling of air or other gases by passing them in an opposite
direction to a stream of cold brine through alternate perforations in
metallic sheets.
I also claim generally the application of the processes detailed in the

page_text: refrigeration than the evaporation and condensation of volatile liquids,
they being applicable to all cases wherein a non-congealable cold carrier
is employed.
In witness whereof, I, the said James Harrison, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Twenty-ninth day of August, in
the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-
four.
Witness,
T. MORGAN,
Secretary,
Inventors' Patent Right Ass"., Limited.
21, Cockspur Street, S.W.
JAMES HARRISON. (L.S.)