AN IMPROVED MODE OF MAKING, FORMING, OR SHAPING CANDLES
Year: 1847

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, FENNELL
ALLMAN, of 18, Charles Street, St. James's Square, in the County of Middlesex,
Consulting Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at
Westminster, the Fourth day of May, in the tenth year of Her reign, did,
for Herself, Her heirs and successors, did give and grant unto me, the said
Fennell Allman, Her especial licence, full power, sole privilege and authority,
that I, the said Fennell Allman, my exors, admors, and assigns, and such
others as I, the said Fennell Allman, my exors, admors, or assigns, should
at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times
during the term of years therein expressed, should and lawfully might make,
use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick-
upon-Tweed, my Invention of "AN IMPROVED MODE OF MAKING, FORMING,
OR SHAPING CANDLES;" in which said Letters Patent is contained a proviso
that I, the said Fennell Allman, shall cause a particular description of the
nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed,
to be inrolled in Her said Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said in part recited
Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference being thereunto had, will
more fully and at large appear.

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Fennell Allman, do hereby declare that the nature of my said Invention, and
in what manner the same is to be performed, are particularly described
and ascertained in and by the following statement thereof, reference being
had to the Drawings hereunto annexed, and to the figures and letters marked
thereon (that is to say):
-
My Invention, intituled "Certain Improvements in Making, Forming, and
Shaping Candles," may be generally described as consisting of principally
certain means or methods of giving form or shape to candles or parts of
candles without softening or melting the material out of which the said
candles are formed, and also in other processes, and an improvement in the
manufacture of dip candles. The materials adapted for being worked in a
cold state, as in machine Figure 1, are wax, sperm, stearine, or stearic aci.
It is necessary that there should be no elain or olein, commonly so called,
in any of the materials used in the process I employ without heat, or the cold
process herein described, as it prevents firmness in the mass when pressed.
The Drawings annexed exhibit the apparatus employed on a scale of six
inches to the foot, or half full size. Similar letters refer to the same parts in
the several views of the same apparatus.
Figure 1 is a horizontal section through the centre of the machine em-
ployed to give longitudinal shape to candles. a, a, is a cylinder of cast iron
bored and polished on the inner surface, and having a lid b, the interior
of which is of an eliptic shape highly polished. In this cylinder a the
material out of which the candles are to be made is placed, and is driven by
the hydraulic ram d, d, against or into the eliptic lid 6, and finally out through
the tube c, c, the inner diameter of which determines the diameter of the
candles. I find a lid or cap of an eliptic shape to answer best. The hydraulic
ram d and its casing e, e, e, and also the cylinder a, are broken to exhibit
the connection better; four feet in length of each being taken out, or the
ends being four feet nearer one to the other. The ram d has a steel cap
ring fff, fixed on its end by the ring 9, 9, 9, being shrunk on, the
pressure of the hard material against which ring spreads it against the sides of
the cylinder a, keeping the ram & tight. The ram d is driven out of the casing e
by the injecting water through the passage h after the usual manner of
hydraulic rams, and is brought back and out of the cylinder a by emitting the
water through the passage i, i, i, which must be furnished with a valve, as
usually employed to emit water from hydraulic casings, the balance weight 1, 1,
pulling the rod j,j, and ram d through the gland k. The balance weight is
suspended over the fixed pulley m, m.

page_text: Figure 2 exhibits a transverse section at 11, Figure 1, shewing a pair of
lugs or ears n, n, n, cast on the mouth end of the cylinder a, and which are
let down vertically into the groves or mortices in the hydraulic casing e to
keep the cylinder against the thrust of the ram d, and at the same time
to allow the cylinder a to be lifted for the purpose of being refilled when the
same is withdrawn. The wick o. is conducted from a reel p through the
bridge q, q, q, to the centre of the inner end r of the tube c, where it is
laid hold of by the closing material a in its passage out, and drawn by and
with it in the centre of the candles, 8, 8, 5, s, thereby formed.
Figure 3 is a section of the boiler q at the dotted lines 2, 2, Figure 1.
The candles thus driven out continuously are cut into the requisite lengths by
a warm knife or cutter, and the conical end is formed by the apparatus in
Figure 4. The candle 6 is pushed through the guide hole, shewn in section
at a, a, a, against two curved cutters c, c, fixed to a chuck caused to revolve in
the direction of the arrow by the mandril d'in the stock head e as an ordinary
lathe head.
Figure 5 exhibits an eliptic head which may be fixed on the cylinder a,
Figure 1, for the purpose of forming shells or skins for candles. A cylinder a
nearly filling the tube c, c, c, (and in the centre of which it is placed) is fixed
to the bridge e, e, e. Now the material b, being driven out between d and the
tube c, assumes the shape of the shell or hollow cylinder f.
Figure 6 is a cross section of f, Figure 5.
The wick passes
over the top
Figure 7 exhibits a section of apparatus employed in filling the skins with a
softer material. The shell is placed one end in the "tin" bottom e, e,
which forms the cone, the other end resting on the top a.
from the spool & through a tight hole h, through the arm piece
which keeps it concentric, and is fastened by the hole and peg d. The
liquid material is now poured in at a, at the same time the casing i surround-
ing the shell is filled with cold water e, e, e. When cold the candle is
removed by the wick o, o, o.
Figure 8 exhibits a method of disposing the wicks for dipped candles.
a, a, a, a, are wires passed through the cast-iron frame d and fixed by the
binding screws c, c, c, c. Now the wick 9 is passed around the screws c, c, c,
etcetera, and through a notch in the bottom of wire over the said screw, and so
on to next. When the wick is in position it may be twisted by turning the wire a
by the button f, as shewn in one wire; the wire is removed by the ring e, e, e, e,
when the candle is finished. The wire a may be made taper so as to draw.
The wick can be cut midway between the screw-c, c, c, c, where an indent is
made in the plate a. The plate hangs vertically on the pin n in a frame

page_text: of the same nature of those now used, and is dipped in the same manner as
usual. It is necessary to remark that the material is much better prepared
for use in the machine, Figure 1, by being previously crushed and pressed and
allowed to dry a day or two before final use, as it unites better.
I do not claim an endless wick, as that is old and well known; I do not !
claim the form or forms of apparatus herein shewn, as it may be infinitely
varied to produce the same results; I do not generally claim the making,
forming, and shaping candles from wax or any mixtures containing more than
ten per cent. of wax, when the said material is in a cold or solid state, as
various plans have been tried for this purpose. But,-
Firstly, I do claim the making, forming, or shaping candles or parts of
candles from wax and all mixtures containing more than ten per cent. of wax,
by forcing the said material in a cold or solid state through suitable tubes or
apertures, as in Figure 1. And,
Secondly, I claim any arrangement of apparatus in which this material 1
escapes in a cold or solid state from mechanical pressure or force through
apertures or tubes, giving the longitudinal shape to candles or parts of candles.
Thirdly, with respect to the other material specified, videlicet, sperm,
stearine of tallow, lard, etcetera, and their mixtures, and when combined with
ten per cent. or under of wax, etcetera, I claim generally the application of
mechanical force or pressure to these said materals when in a cold or solid
state for the purpose of forming or shaping these said materials into candles
or parts of candles.
Fourthly, I claim the application of mechanical force or pressure to the
materials specified in claim third for the purpose of driving them from close
vessels through tubes or apertures, for the purpose of making, forming, or
shaping candles.
Fifthly, I claim as my Invention shells or skins, as described, of a good
material, videlicet, such materials as I describe suitable for my cold process,
and the casting therein or filling the same with a material inferior in quality
or price.
Sixthly, I claim the employment of wires for dipped candles around which
the candle is formed.
my
This I believe and declare to be a full description and Specification of this
Invention.
In witness whereof, I, the said Fennell Allman, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Fourth day of November, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and forty-seven.
Я
FENNELL
(L.S.) ALLMAN.

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Fourth day of November,
in the year of our Lord 1847, the aforesaid Fennell Allman came before
our said Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged the Specifi-
cation aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained and specified, in
form above written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped
according to the tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.
Enrolled the Fourth day of November, in the year of our Lord One