IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRIC-LIGHTING APPARATUS FOR RAILWAY TRAINS AND OTHER MOVING VEHICLES OR VESSELS."
Year: 1882

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Sydney Pitt, of Sutton, in the County of Surrey, for
an Invention of IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRIC-LIGHTING APPARATUS FOR
RAILWAY TRAINS AND OTHER MOVING VEHICLES OR VESSELS." A communi-
cation from abroad by Eli T. Starr, of the City and County of Philadelphia,
in the State of Pennsylvania, one of the United States of America,
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION filed by the said Sydney Pitt at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents on the 20th February 1882.
"IMPROVEMENTS IN
SYDNEY PITT, of Sutton, in the County of Surrey.
ELECTRIC LIGHTING APPARATUS FOR RAILWAY TRAINS AND OTHER MOVING
VEHICLES OR VESSELS." A communication from abroad by Eli T. Starr, of the
City and County of Philadelphia, in the State of Pennsylvania, one of the United
States of America.
In an application filed by me in the British Patent Office on or about the
21st day of December 1881, I have shown and described a practical method of and
an organization of mechanism or devices for producing lights useful upon railway
trains and for other analogous purposes. In my said application I have shown a
dynamo-electric machine or mechanical generator of electricity connected by a
driving connection with a revolving axle of one of the vehicles, so as to be driven
by the motion of the train or vehicle to generate electric currents by which to
charge a storage or secondary battery, whereby through suitable circuit connections
under the control of the engineer the electric current is conducted to an electric
lamp at the front of the engine to produce an electric head light for the locomotive,
and to an electric lamp at the rear of the train to produce an electric light
especially useful as a signal light.
By means of the secondary battery the light is kept up during the stoppages of
the train. An automatic circuit-breaker forms part of the circuit between the rear
or signal light and the secondary battery, so that during the motion of the train
said signal light will be a flash light, or in other words will be an intermittent
light, consisting of a continuous series of luminous electric flashes. By means of this

page_text: signal light at the rear of the train organized to flash while the train is in motion,
the engineer of an approaching train is enabled to tell whether the train bearing
the signal is standing still or is in motion, and if in motion at what rate of speed
it is moving.
The object of the present Invention more especially is to improve the system of
electric lighting for railway trains or other moving carriages or vessels set forth in
my said British application.
The subject matter herein claimed is particularly pointed out at the close of the
Specification.
In the accompanying Drawings I have shown so much of an apparatus embodying
or illustrating the present improvements as is necessary to an understanding of the
Invention, I wish it understood however that some of my improvements, organi-
zations, or combinations may be used without the others and in ways differing
somewhat from that shown. In said Drawings,—
Figure 1 is a view in elevation of a locomotive, its tender, and the front end of
a car coupled with said tender, having my improvements applied; Figure 2 is a
view more especially of mechanism by which the generator is thrown into operation
to generate electric currents, a theoretical diagram of circuit connections with the
storage battery being shown, whereby said battery is charged or put into condition
for giving out electric currents; Figure 3 is a plan or top view of a car truck fitted
with parts of my improved apparatus; Figure 4 is a sectional view therethrough
on the line 4, 4, of Figure 3; Figure 5 is a plan view of the circuit-breakers of a
system of flash or intermittent train lights, and of an automatic switch arrange-
ment for throwing one or another of the lights into action; Figure 6 is a theoretical
diagram showing how the circuit connections may be run between the storage
battery, circuit-breakers, switch, and lamps; Figure 7 is a theoretical diagram of
a modified form of automatic circuit-breaking arrangement, which may be substi-
tuted for the organization shown in Figures 3, 4, 5, and 6; Figure 8 illustrates a
storage or secondary battery as suspended by yielding connections so as not to be
injuriously disturbed by the motion of the vehicle, train, or vessel.
Referring to Figure 1, A represents a locomotive of the ordinary construction;
B, its tender consisting of a separate vehicle coupled to the locomotive upon which
the necessary supplies of fuel and water therefor are carried. A car C, either alone
or in connection with a number of other cars or like vehicles, is attached to the
locomotive and tender to constitute a train. An adjustable bracket, beam, or
support D is connected with the front truck of the tender B, and carries or supports
a dynamo-electric machine or mechanical generator of electricity E of any suitable
construction, preferably directly over and a short distance from the forward axle F
of said truck, as clearly shown in Figures 2 and 3. The armature or shaft e of
said dynamo machine E has a friction driving wheel G firmly fastened thereon,
and a rapid revolution is imparted to said wheel, and consequently to the dynamo
machine or its armature by means of the motion of the axle F, a friction wheel H
being interposed between the wheel G of the dynamo machine and the rotating
axle so as to form a gear connection between said axle and said dynamo machine.
Said friction wheel H is journalled in a suitable frame H¹, and said wheel frame H¹
is jointed to the rear end of the rod I by means of a horizontal hinge or pivot h, so
as to permit the wheel H to rock vertically in order to accomodate itself to the
axle F and friction wheel G.
Suitable springs h', h', control the rocking movement of the wheel frame H, and
keep it in the right position for the wheel to engage the axle and the wheel G to
complete the gear connection between the axle and the dynamo-electric machine,
as before described. The forward or front end of the rod I is fitted in a tubular
piston rod J, which is firmly connected at its front end with a piston head K fitted
to reciprocate in a cylinder L supported by the truck frame.
The front end of said cylinder is connected by a suitable pipe connection M with
a pipe N of the well known air or steam brake in common use upon railway trains,
whereby when the compressed air or steam is being forced through said pipe N to

page_text: operate the brakes which are to stop the motion of the train, a column of
compressed air or steam is also forced through the pipe connection M and acts
against the piston K, driving it backwards in the cylinder until the piston abuts
against the annular internal shoulder in said cylinder.
This operation of the piston K thrusts the friction wheel H in contact with
axle F of the truck and the driving wheel G of the dynamo machine, and said
machine will then be driven as long as the axle revolves and the brake pressure is
kept up, or in other words until the brakes are off. As soon as the pressure upon
the piston ceases said piston is thrust forward by means of a spring & coiled about
the piston rod J, and compressed between the rear face of the piston and the rear
wall of the piston cylinder, as clearly shown in Figure 2. This forward or return
movement of the piston carries the friction wheel Hout of gear with the axle F
and wheel G, and the dynamo machine is consequently disconnected from the
driving power and remains at rest until the brakes are again applied.
I have deemed it unnecessary to show or describe the brake mechanism in detail,
as the particular form of such mechanisin constitutes no part of the Iuvention. I
have shown so much of the air or steam pipes and of the mechanism operated by
them as is necessary to an understanding of the Invention.
In order to regulate the amount of pressure by the friction wheel H upon the
axle F and wheel G when in gear whatever may be the pressure upon the piston,
said piston, as before stated, is limited in its backward movement by a shoulder l,
while in the bore of the tubular piston rod J I insert a spring i compressed
between the forward end of the rod I and the rear face or wall of the piston. Said
spring i thrusts the rod I backward while enabling it to move forward relatively
to the piston rod J, when the wheel H is forced against the axle F and wheel G.
By this means an effective pressure is obtained to drive the dynaino machine
from the axle, while the danger of pressure to such an extent as to act as a brake
and prevent the revolution of the driving wheel G of the dynamo machine, which
might otherwise occur, is avoided. The end wise movement of the rod I is limited
by a through-pin which works in a longitudinal slot j in said rod J, this pin also
prevents the rod I from turning axially in the rod J, while the piston rod J may
be prevented from turning in the cylinder L by any suitable means; if desired a
suitable stop cock or valve arrangement M' in the pipe connection M is preferably
employed, in order to cut out the dynamo machine when desired, so that the
operation of the brakes will have no effect upon said machine.
I have thus described one way of mechanically connecting a dynamo machine
or mechanical generator of electricity with the axle or moving part of a vehicle
or vessel which is to drive it, and of mechanically disconnecting it from said axle
or moving part, whereby I am enabled to connect the dynamo machine at will, and
at the time it is desired to stop or check the momentum of the car or train, as, for
instance, in approaching a station or running on a down grade or decline in the
road. The dynamo machine will thus act as a brake to aid in checking the
momentum of the train, and the retarding force instead of being converted into
heat and wasted, as in the application of the ordinary friction brakes, will be
converted into electricity, to be used in this example for the charging of the
secondary battery and the production of electric lights upon the train.
I do not limit myself to the peculiar mechanism described for connecting a
dynamo machine with and disconnecting it from the driving power at will, as
other means may be employed to accomplish this result, such as a compressed air
connection other than the pipe for the air brakes, or an electro magnet may be
used; or the dynamo machine may in certain instances be fastened to the friction
plate or shoe of an ordinary brake that clamps the wheel, so that when said shoe
or plate is brought against its wheel, the driving wheel of the dynamo machine will
also be brought against said wheel or the axle thereof to be driven.
The electricity generated by the dynamo machine or mechanical generator E is
conducted by circuit connections O, Figures 1 and 2, to a secondary or storage
battery P, which may be of any approved construction to charge said battery.

page_text: From said storage battery a portion of the electric current is conducted to an
electric lamp Q at the front of the locomotive by circuit connections q, Figure 1,
in order to produce the head light, while circuit connections q' also lead from said
storage battery to a series of lamps at the rear of the train to conduct the current
that is to produce the rear, tail, or signal lights of the train. The storage battery
or series of batteries P may be mounted upon the locomotive under the engineer's
cab, as shown in Figure 1, which is the position preferred, and the circuit con-
nections of the train lamps may be run from car to car by suitable couplings in a
way well understood by skillful electricians.
In order that the circuit from the generator to the storage battery or batteries
may be completed when the generator is in motion, and broken when said generator
is not in motion or is not being driven, so as to prevent the battery_current
returning to the generator to injure it or produce inconveniences well understood
by skillful electricians, I preferably introduce or make part of the circuit O, two
springs R, R¹, mounted upon the truck, the ends of which are separated, as clearly
shown in Figure 2. Rising or extending upward from the reciprocating rod I is
an insulated conducting contact piece S, in this instance, which when the rod I is
thrust backward to make the gear connection between the axle F and wheel G,
makes contact with the said springs R, R¹, so as to close the circuit between the
generator and storage battery, while when said rod I is retracted or thrown
forward, so as to permit the generator to come to rest or cease to give out current,
the said contact piece S will not bridge the space between the two springs R, R¹,
as clearly shown in Figure 2, whereby the circuit will be broken which prevents
all danger of the current from the battery flowing or returning to the generator.
It will thus be seen that the circuit including the generator and battery is
automatically completed when the generator is being driven, and automatically
broken when the driving mechanism is thrown out of gear. Suitable switches, as
shown in Figure 1 and as fully described in my aforesaid British application, are
arranged in convenient reach of the engineer, whereby he may control the flow of
current to the head light and to the train lights, and whereby also he may make
and break the circuit from the generator to the battery at pleasure, so that even
when the brakes are applied or the dynamo machine is in motion no current can
pass to the storage battery.
The series of lamps at the rear of the train may be two in number, and may be
shielded with glass of different colours, for instance, by green and red respectively,
so that each lamp will show a light different from the other. The object of this
series of lamps is to show at night, for instance, to the engineer of an approaching
train whether the train bearing the lights is moving forward or moving backward,
and this is indicated by the exhibition of one kind of light or signal when the
train is advancing and of another kind of light or signal when the train is
backing.
Figure 6 shows a diagram of a circuit arrangement leading from the storage
battery to the signal lights at the rear of the train. Circuit-breakers compose part
of the circuits leading from the storage battery to the signal lamps, and an
organization which may be employed I will now describe in detail:-
An arm or support P is jointed preferably to the rear cross beam a of the front
truck of the tender B for example, and carries friction rollers or wheels Q², R², upon
the rotating shafts of which rollers are keyed or fixed circuit breaking wheels
933, having contact nibs or points 9³, ³, respectively. One of said friction
rollers Q is stationary relatively to the arm P2, and merely turns to rotate its
shaft in its bearings to revolve the circuit breaking wheel 92, while the other R² of
said friction rollers, which is in frictional engagement or contact with the rear
axle F' of the truck, is capable not only of rotating with its shaft when driven by
said axle to turn the circuit breaking wheel, but may move around said axle for
a limited distance, inasmuch as the shaft of the said roller R2 is fitted to revolve
in bearings formed by curved slots in the arm P3, as clearly shewn in Figures 4, 5,
and 7, said slots being concentric with the axis of rotation of the axle F. A

page_text: spring presses against the top of the arm P2 and forces it downwards, so as to
keep the wheel R in frictional contact with the axle, in order to be driven when
the axle is in motion.
The electric current passes from the storage battery P to the lamp S³ which gives
the red light at the rear of the train, by way of the wire 1, contact spring 8,
contact nib or point ³, circuit breaking wheel, contact spring 81, and wire 2, and
returns by way of wire 3 to the battery. The current passes from the storage
battery P to the lamp T which gives the green light at the rear of the train, by
way of the wire 4, contact spring t, nip or contact point 9, circuit breaking
wheel 22, contact spring t and wire 5, and returns by way of the wire 3 to the
battery. The contact springs a, s¹, are preferably secured to the arm P³, and in the
manner shewn in Figures 3, 4, and 5. The contact spring a bears upon the con-
ducting periphery of the circuit breaking wheel, while the contact spring s is
not in contact with said periphery, but makes contact with the nib or contact
point of of said wheel once for each complete rotation of said wheel, whereby
the circuit is alternately made and broken by the circuit breaker, and the result is
that as long as the axle F¹ of the truck revolves in a forward direction, as indicated
by the arrows in Figures 3 and 4, an intermittent light is produced at the red
lamp S, consisting of a continuous series of luminous electric flashes, which are
very effective as a signal light. The more rapid the rotation of the axle F' and
operation of the circuit breaker, the inore rapid will be the electric flashes from the
lamp, and consequently the rapidity of the flashes will be an index as to the speed
of the train.
The contact springs t, t, are also preferably secured to the arm P³, and in the
manner shown in Figures 3, 4, and 6. The contact spring t¹ bears upon the con-
ducting periphery of the circuit breaking wheel q², while the contact spring t is
not in contact with said periphery, but makes contact with the nib or contact
point of said wheel once for each rotation of said wheel.
It will be obvious that while the train is moving forward only the red light will
be exhibited, inasmuch as the rotation of the axle F¹ in a forward direction will
carry the friction wheel R upward and outward to the extreme limit of the
concentric slots in which the shaft of said wheel has its bearings, and will rotate
the circuit breaker of the red light only, whereby the friction wheel R* will be
disengaged or out of gear with the friction wheel Q2, and said wheel Q³ and its
circuit breaker will consequently be at rest and the circuit including the green
light broken, so that no current can flow to the lamp T. When however the train
is moving backwards the red light will be automatically switched out and the
green light will be exhibited, and this will be due to the fact that by the backward
rotation of the axle F, the friction wheel R2 will be carried backwards and
downwards to make a gear connection between the axle F' and the friction
wheel Q to rotate said wheel Q, and operate its circuit breaker to alternately
make and break the circuit, and thus produce at the green lamp an intermittent
light consisting of a continous series of luminous electric flashes, while at the same
time the circuit breaking wheel R' will be drawn away from the contact
springs 8, 8', which will open the circuit in which the red lamp is situated, and
thereby prevent the flow of current to said lamp. As in the case of the red lamp
with respect to speed so it is with the green light, and the rapidity of the electric
flashes from the green lamp will indicate the speed at which the train is moving
backwards.
I contemplate when the train is at rest that neither of the before described lights
shall be exhibited, but that a pure or white electric light shall be shown; I have
deemed it unnecessary in Figure 6 to show a circuit connection leading from the
battery to the white light W, as such will readily be suggested to skillful
electricians, and moreover is shown in Figure 7. If desired the white light may
be a constant light exhibited at the same time with the light indicating forward
motion of the train, and with the light indicating backward motion of the train, or

page_text: it may be exhibited alone when the train is stationary by the switching or cutting
out the said lights which indicate the motions of the train. Instead however of
the white light being an electric light it may be the light of an ordinary lamp,
such as those in common use hung at the rear of the train. An electric light
however is preferable.
It is possible for one or both of the circuit breaking wheels ³, r², of the
organization shown in Figures 3, 4, 5, and 6 to come to rest in circuit, so as to
exhibit constant or uninterrupted lights at the signal lamps S, T, when the train
or vehicle is not in motion; but the light or lights even in that event would not bo
flash lights.
In order to provide an organization in which the signal lights which show the
motion of the vehicle or train cannot even by chance be exhibited when the train
or vehicle is at rest or not in motion, the circuit breaking arrangement shewn in
Fig. 7 has been devised, a description of which is as follows:-
In place of the circuit breaking wheel and springs 8, 8¹, the shaft of the
frictional roller R2 which rotates in the curved slot when driven by the axle F¹
may carry a wheel U having a lug or projection u, which when the axle is rotating
in a forward direction will operate once for each rotation of the wheel U. A
pendulum or pivoted lever V acted upon by a spring v, so that when said lever is
carried out of the perpendicular, as shown in dotted lines, and released, it will
swing back beyond the perpendicular, as also shown in dotted lines, and make
contact by its contact point v¹ with the contact piece V¹, and thus close the circuit
to give out a flash at the red lamp S. After the contact is made, which is prolonged
by the aid of the spring v² encircling the end wise movable contact piece V₁, the
circuit of the red lainp S2 is broken by the lever V assuming the perpendicular
position due to gravity aided by the action of the spring v on the lever. The
circuit from the storage battery P passes to the lamp S2 by way of wire 1, spring v,
lever V, contact point v', contact piece V₁, and wire 2, and returns to the battery
by way of wire 3.
In place of the circuit breaking wheel 72 and springs t, t¹, the shaft of the friction
roller Qin Fig. 7 carries a wheel X having a lug x on its periphery, which when
the train or vehicle is moving backwards, and a gear connection is formed between
the roller Q2 and the axle F by the roller R2, operates the circuit breaking lever Y
to make and break the electric circuit of the green lamp T in the same way as
the make and break is effected in the circuit of the lamp S2 by the lever V. The
current from the storage battery P passes to the lamp T by way of wire 4, spring y,
lever Y, contact point y¹, yielding contact piece Y', and wire 5, and returns to the
battery by way of wire 3.
The current passes from the battery P to the white light W in Fig. 7 by way of
wire 6, and returns to the battery by way of wire 3.
It will be understood from what has been said that by the automatic cutting out
of the lamps S, T, which exhibit the signals indicating motion of the vehicle or
train, only the lamp W which exhibits the white light will give out its light,
whereby it will be made evident by a distinctive signal that the vehicle or train is
at rest.
Forms of circuit breakers other than those described for use in the circuit of the
signal lamps will suggest themselves to skilful electricians and mechanicians for
carrying out this Invention.
In Figure 8 I have shown the storage battery as suspended and supported by
yielding connections, consisting in this instance of spiral springs w, which give the
battery a yielding capacity to overcome injurious action, which might otherwise be
occasioned by the jars and motions of the locomotive train or vessel which
carries it.
I claim,―

page_text: of vehicles, a mechanical generator of electricity mounted on said vehicle or train,.
an axle or rotating part of said vehicle or train, a driving mechanism to connect
said generator and said axle, and means for operating said driving connection to
throw the generation into or out of action.
2. The combination, substantially as hereinbefore set forth, of a vehicle or train
of vehicles, an axle or moving part of said vehicle or train, a mechanical generator
of electricity mounted on said vehicle or train, a driving connection between said
axle and said generator, and mechanism to automatically operate said driving
connection to throw the generator into or out of action.
3. The combination, substantially as hereinbefore set forth, of a vehicle or train
of vehicles, a brake mechanism to stop or impede the motion of said vehicle or train,
a mechanical generator of electricity carried by said vehicle or train, driving
mechanism to connect said generator with an axle or moving part of the vehicle
or train, and a connection between said brake and said driving mechanism, whereby
when the brake mechanism is operated to retard the motion of a vehicle or train
the generator will be operated.
4. The combination, substantially as hereinbefore set forth, of a vehicle or train
of vehicles, a brake mechanism therefor, a mechanical generator of electricity, and
devices to throw said generator into action by the operation of the brake mechanism
so as to be driven by a moving part of the vehicle or train, and mechanism to cut
out the generator, so that the brakes may be applied without throwing said.
generator into action.
5. The combination, substantially as hereinbefore set forth, of a vehicle or train
of vehicles, a brake mechanism therefor, a mechanical generator of electricity,
driving mechanism between said generator, and an axle or moving part of said
vehicle or train thrown into action by said brake mechanism, and mechanism, sub-
stantially as described, to regulate the action of said brake mechanism relatively
to the driving mechanism so as to insure a proper driving connection between said
generator and said axle.
6. The combination, substantially as hereinbefore set forth, of the vehicle, an
axle or moving part of said vehicle, the mechanical generator of electricity carried
by the vehicle, the driving wheel of said generator, the friction of gear wheel to
establish a driving connection between said generator and said axle, and a moveable
arm carrying said friction or gear wheel so as to establish or interrupt the driving.
connection by its movement.
7. The combination, substantially as herein before set forth, of the vehicle, an
axle or moving part of said vehicle, the mechanical generator of electricity, the
driving wheel of said generator, the friction or gear wheel to establish a driving
connection between said generator and said axle, a moveable arm carrying said
friction or gear wheel to establish or interrupt the driving connection, and a piston
to move said moveable arm.
8. The combination, substantially as herein before set forth, of a vehicle, an axle
of said vehicle, a mechanical generator of electricity, a friction or gear wheel to
establish the driving connection between said generator and said axle, a piston
governing the movements of said friction or gear wheel, a cylinder in which said
piston moves, a pipe connection by which pressure is brought to bear upon said
piston to move it and the friction or gear wheel in the direction to establish the
driving connection, and a spring to move said piston and wheel in the direction to
interrupt or sever the driving connection.
9. The combination, substantially as hereinbefore set forth, of the mechanical
generator of electricity, the driving wheel of said generator, the rotating axle, the
friction or gear wheel to establish a driving connection between said generator and
axle, and the yielding medium between said friction or gear wheel, and its operating
mechanism to regulate the pressure of said wheel upon the axle and upon the
driving wheel of said generator.
10. The combination, substantially as hereinbefore set forth, of the vehicle, its

page_text: axle, the mechanical generator of electricity, the driving wheel of said generator,
and a rocking or yielding friction or gear wheel to establish a driving connection
between said axle and said generator.
11. The combination, substantially as herein before set forth, of the vehicle or
train of vehicles, a mechanical generator of electricity, carried by said vehicle or
train, mechanism for connecting said generator with and disconnecting it from a
moving part of said vehicle or train, so that said generator may be driven at
desired intervals, and a storage or secondary battery to be charged by said
generator.
12. The combination, substantially as herein before set forth, of an axle or
rotating part, a mechanical generator of electricity, a driving connection between
said axle and generator, means for operating said driving connection so as to throw
the generator into or out of action, a secondary battery connected with said
generator by circuit connections, and a device whereby the circuit is completed to
the battery when the generator is being driven, and is broken when said generator
is not driven by said connection.
13. The combination, substantially as hereinbefore set forth, of the generator,
the driving connection thereof, the secondary battery, the circuit connections
between said generator and said battery, and the device whereby the circuit
between the generator and battery is completed when the generator is being driven,
and broken when the said generator is at rest.
14. The combination, substantially as herein before set forth, of a vehicle or train
of vehicles, a rotating axle or moving part of said vehicle or train, an electric
circuit including a source of electricity, an electric lamp, and mechanism operated
by said axle or moving part, whereby said axle when turning in one direction
throws said lamp into circuit to give out light, while when turning in the opposite
direction said lamp is thrown out of circuit.
15. The combination, substantially as hereinbefore set forth, of a vehicle or train
of vehicles, an axle or moving part of said vehicle or train, a source of electric
supply, electric lamps, circuit connections between said electric source and said
lamps, and mechanism operated by the movement of said axle or moving part of
the vehicle or train, so as to throw one of said lamps into action during the rotation
of said axle in one direction, and another of said lamps into action during the
rotation of the axle in the opposite direction.
16. The combination, substantially as herein before set forth, of a vehicle or train
of vehicles, a source of electricity, two circuits including said source, and a switch
automatically operated by the movement of said vehicle or train, to close one of
said circuits when the vehicle or train is advancing, and to close the other of said
circuits when said vehicle or train is backing.
17. The combination, substantially as hereinbefore set forth, of a vehicle or train
of vehicles, an axle or rotating part of said vehicle or train, electric lamps to
indicate the direction of travel of said vehicle or train, circuit connections including
said lamps, and a source of electricity, mechanism operated by the movement of
said axle, so as to throw one of said lamps into action during the rotation of said
axle in one direction, and another of said lamps into action during the rotation of
the axle in the opposite direction, and a third lamp to indicate when the vehicle is
at rest.
18. The combination, substantially as hereinbefore set forth, of an axle or
rotating part of a vehicle, an arm or support carrying friction wheels, or their
equivalents, journaled therein so as to be driven by the revolution of said axle,
circuit connections including electric lamps, and a source of electricity, and circuit
breaking devices operated by said friction wheels to make and break said circuit
connections.
19. The combination, substantially as herein before set forth, of an axle or rotating
part, a hanging arm, a roller journaled in said arm so as to operate, a circuit breaker to
make and break an electric circuit, a second roller journaled in said arm so as to be

page_text: driven by said axle and capable of being moved into and out of contact with said
first mentioned roller, and a circuit breaker operated by said second roller to make
and break an electric circuit.
In witness whereof, I, the said Sydney Pitt, have hereunto set my hand
and seal, this Twentieth day of February, in the year of Our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and eighty two.
SIDNEY FITI. (L.S.)