S DISCLAIMER AND MEMORANDUM OF ALTERATION
Year: 1881

page_text: GASKELL, CAREY, GASKELL JR., DEACON, GASKELL, GAMBLE, AND
HALL'S DISCLAIMER AND MEMORANDUM OF ALTERATION.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME WE HOLBROOK
GASKELL, EUSTACE CAREY, HOLBROOK GASKELL the younger HENRY WADE
DEACON and JAMES BELLHOUSE GASKELL all of Widnes in the County of
Lancaster Alkali Manufacturers and DAVID GAMBLE and SAMUEL HALL the
Executors of Henry Deacon deceased carrying on business as Chemical Manu-
facturers at Widnes aforesaid under the firm or style of Gaskell Deacon & C°
Send Greeting WHEREAS Her Most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria by her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain and Ireland bearing
date at Westminster the Sixteenth day of November In the Year of Our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and eighty one in the forty fourth year of Her
reign did for Herself her heirs and successors give and grant unto the said
Eustace Carey Holbrook Gaskell the Younger and to Ferdinand Hurter their
executors administrators and assigns Her special license full power sole privilege
and authority that the said Eustace Carey Holbrook Gaskell the younger and
Ferdinand Hurter their executors administrators or assigns or such others as we
the said Eustace Carey Holbrook Gaskell the Younger and Ferdinand Hurter
should at any time agree with and no others from time to time and at all times
hereafter during the term therein expressed should and lawfully might make use
exercise and vend within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland the
Channel Islands and Isle of Man an Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
MANUFACTURE OF BICARBONATE OF SODA" for and during the term of fourteen
years thence next ensuing upon the condition (amongst others) that the said
Eustace Carey Holbrook Gaskell the Younger and Ferdinand Hurter their
executors or administrators by an instrument in writing under their hands and
seals or under the hand and seal of one them should particularly describe and
ascertain the nature of the said Invention and in what manner the same was to
be performed and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office
within Six Calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said
Letters Patent And whereas the said Eustace Carey Holbrook Gaskell the
younger and Ferdinand Hurter did on the fifteenth day of May In the year of

page_text: made
Our Lord One thousand eight hundred and eighty two cause a Specification in
writing under the hand and seal of the said Eustace Carey purporting to particularly
describe the nature of the said Invention and in what manner the same was to be
performed to be duly filed in the Great Seal Patent Office And whereas by an
Indenture bearing date the twenty fourth day of June One thousand eight
hundred and eighty two between the said Eustace Carey Holbrook Gaskell
the Younger and Ferdinand Hurter of the one part and the said Gaskell Deacon
and Company of the other part the said Letters Patent were duly assigned to the
said Gaskell Deacon and Company And whereas since the said Assignment We
the said Gaskell Deacon and Company have been advised that the claiming clause
as it at present stands in the said Specification might be held to be too wide as
claiming that whereof a description had been published in the United Kingdom
before the date of the said Letters Patent and we the said Gaskell Deacon and
Company are therefore desirous of amending the said Specification by altering the
said claim as hereafter now fully appearing.
NOW KNOW YE that We the said Gaskell Deacon and Company by and
with the leave of Her Majesty's Solicitor General and for the reasons aforesaid
do alter and amend the said Specification as follows that is to say:-
We insert between the words "treatment" and "of" in line 38 of page 4 of the
Queens Printers Copy of the said Specification the words "as herein before
"described " and we insert between the words "gas” and “ substantially” in line
40 of the same page the words "the salts being mechanically agitated and the
superabundant heat being removed, the moisture generated being drawn off
"when in excess, and moisture being supplied when required, all "
65
And in order that the effect of the said Disclaimer may be clearly understood
we annex hereunto a Copy of the said Specification as it will appear when so
amended the preamble and testing clause being omitted.
Our improvements consist in the employment of "salts" or of that form of
crystallized carbonate of soda hereinafter called "salts" which is obtained in and
during the "salting down" or in other words the evaporation by heat of solutions
of carbonate of Soda and more especially of those solutions of carbonate of soda
which have been submitted to any of the processes described in the Specifications
of the Letters Patent granted to us on the 18th day of July 1879 No 2939, the
11th day of January 1881 N° 608 and the 17th day of March 1881 N° 1161 the
said alkaline solutions having been first prepared by any of the processes described
in any of the above named Specifications.
The salts obtained and resulting as before mentioned may be said to be essentially
a crystallized monohydrated carbonate of soda; they generally however contain
a small and slightly variable amount of water in addition to the water of crystal-
lization.
Many kinds of apparatus may be used for the conversion of these salts into
carbonate of soda. In carrying out our Invention we find it advantageous to
employ an apparatus such as is illustrated in side elevation, end view, and plan
respectively in Figures 1, 2 and 3 of the accompanying Drawings. The iron
cylinder A of convenient size is capable of being rotated upon a horizontal axis.
We find it convenient to make the cylinder A of about eight feet in length by
five and a half feet in diameter. A cylinder of that size will hold a charge of about
thirty hundred weights of salts and produces therefrom about forty hundred weights
of bicarbonate.
of the cylinder admitting carbonic acid gas and that at the other end is used for
A
The cylinder A is provided with hollow trunnions or axes supported by and
capable of turning in bearings a carried by a suitable framework. The hollow.
axis at one end, is used for permitting the exit when desirable of any superfluous
moisture. The hollow axis at one end of the cylinder is used for admitting
carbonic acid gas and that at the other end is used for permitting the exit when
desirable of any superfluous moisture. The hollow axles are continued into the

page_text: interior of the cylinder and deflected upwards as shewn at b in Figure 1 for the
purpose of avoiding the lodgment therein of solid material and the consequent
stoppage of the free passage of the gas into or from the cylinder. We find it
advisable to have apertures at e e in the cylinder A, and exit pipe C respectively,
which can be closed air tight in any convenient manner and through which when
necessary the part of the exit pipe C which is inside the cylinder A may be cleaned
easily and freed from dust which is sometimes deposited there.
Outside the cylinder A the exit pipe C is carried upwards at c² to a suitable
height and is then returned downwards and connected by the branch c³ with
the pipe c by which the carbonic acid enters at the other end of the cylinder A.
We find that when the pipe C is carried upwards at about thirty feet, that
the difference of temperature and consequently the specific gravity between the
gas in the upcast and that in the downcast of the pipe C is such that a circulation
of gas can be commenced and maintained when desired through the pipe C whereby
the moisture which escapes from the salts during the process is conveyed away
from the cylinder A and is condensed in the pipes and may be collected and run
off through a lute x the surplus carbonic acid gas returning to the cylinder by the
branch c³. Figure 4 shews a lute x drawn to a larger scale. If at any time this
circulation does not commence when desired we open for a few moments a tap
provided for the purpose at the bottom of the downcast pipe above the lute. By
doing this circulation is at once set up in the pipe C and when commenced
continues as long as it is required. The cylinder A is provided with openings for
inserting and withdrawing the matter to be or having been treated therein close
covers being provided to fit over these openings.
Having described one form of apparatus by which our Invention may be
performed we now proceed to describe the method of working which we find to
give the best results.
The
>
The charge of salt introduced into the cylinder A is closed and made to
revolve slowly through the intervention of a pulley and spur gearing G
driven by any suitable motor. We find from two to six revolutions per minute'
are sufficient. Carbonic acid gases turned on or admitted into the interior
of the cylinder A by the pipe y the temperature of the salts or carbonate
of soda rises and the carbonic acid gas is rapidly absorbed by the charge.
progress of the operation may be ascertained by withdrawing and testing a sample
from time to time. We find however that with a regular and sufficient supply of
pure or almost pure carbonic acid the operation is so uniform that after a short
experience sampling and testing is unnecessary the state of the carbonating
material constituting the charge being inferred with sufficient accuracy by noting
the temperature of the cylinder or even only the length of time that the operation
has been in progress.
When absorption decreases the temperature falls and we
find in practice that about five or six hours is sufficient to complete the operation
and that at the end of two or three hours or at the expiration of about one third
of the time necessary to complete the operation it is advisable to commence
drawing off the superabundant moisture the operation will then proceed satisfactorily
and the resulting bicarbonate will in due time be completely finished and will be found
dry and of great purity and ready when cold for immediate grinding and dressing.
The details of the foregoing operation will vary with circumstances and will
depend upon the character of the salts and the amount of moisture they contain.
If and when the "salts" are too dry or become so during the operation it is
necessary to add water, this we prefer to do by adding steam to the carbonic acid.
We pass the carbonic acid before it reaches the inlet pipe ý to the cylinder A,
through a small tower D contiguous to the cylinder and filled with coke or other
suitable material into which the requisite quantity of steam is passed this causes
the carbonic acid to enter the cylinder A saturated or sufficiently saturated with
moisture for the purpose. We find a very small tower sufficient. A cylinder 3 feet
diameter and four or five feet high is sufficient for the purpose. Water may also
be added to the salts by injecting a fine spray of water into the cylinder A. If

page_text: and when dilute carbonic acid is employed such as that resulting from the com-
bustion of anthracite or coke where an inert gas or gases are present it is advisable
to have two or more cylinders A connected together and so arranged that the
inert gas or gases may be permitted to escape without undue loss of carbonic acid.
We effect this by having a series of two or more cylinders of convenient size
and passing the exit gas from one cylinder into the next and so onto the last, the
inert gas or gases being allowed to escape freely from the last cylinder of the
series. Between each of the cylinders a gas drying apparatus and a gas moistening
apparatus may be placed and the exit gas or gases from the one cylinder dried or
moistened as required on its or their way to the next cylinder the gas pipes can
be so arranged as is well understood that any one cylinder of the series can be
isolated for filling or emptying or other purpose.
Figure 5 representa in plan an arrangement of apparatus for this purpose.
According to this arrangement three cylinders A¹ A' A³ are employed which are
essentially of the same construction as represented by Figures 1, 2 and 3, each of
them is capable of revolving independently of the others suitable gearing G being
provided for such purpose. The plan shews one method of connecting three
cylinders so that any one of them may be isolated and this method can easily be
adapted to any number of such cylinders. The carbonic acid gas from any source
enters the distributing apparatus H by the central pipe y. This distributing
apparatus consists of a cylindrical vessel through the bottom of which pass water
tight the central inlet pipe y and three pairs of pipes arranged in a circle round
this inlet pipe each pair being connected with the inlet and outlet of one of the
cylinders A¹, A', A³ respectively. The cylindrical vessel H contains a sufficient
depth of water to resist the pressure or suction, if any, of the gas. The open ends
of the pipes reach above the level of the water a distance at least equal to the
depth of the water in the vessel. Moveable bent pipes are provided to slip over
and connect any one of these pipes with any other. The Drawing represents the
whole of the three cylinders A³, A2, A³, connected in the following manner :-The
central inlet pipe is connected to the pipe y' by a moveable arm c so that
the carbonic acid may pass to the moistening apparatus D1 and enter into
the cylinder A¹. The gas passing out of the pipe c' (which is of sufficient
length to cool the gas and condense excess of moisture or if not of sufficient
length may be carried upwards and downwards a suitable distance for the
purpose) returns to the distributing apparatus H where the pipe c³ is connected
to the pipe y' by the moveable arm c. The gas thus is caused to pass to the
moistening apparatus D' from these to the cylinder A2 and returns by the pipe c³
to the distributor where the pipe c³ is connected to the pipe y³ by another moveable
arm c. The gas finally passes through the moistening apparatus D³ and cylinder A³,
to the distributor H by the pipe and thence it may be allowed to escape by the
and returns again to the ring pipe z and outlet 2. If any water condense in any of the
pipes it is allowed to escape through a lute similar to that represented in Figure 4.
If any of the moistening apparatus is not required for moistening purposes the
steam is not turned on thereto; Figure 6 shews a section of the distributing
apparatus. The Drawing shews pipe c connected by a moveable arm c* to the
pipe z forming a ring round the distributing apparatus H. This ring-shaped pipe
has four branches z¹³. Three of these branches z¹ are placed opposite the termini
of the pipes c¹ c³ ³ respectively and serve to connect by means of the arm c* any
one of these pipes to this ring z. The fourth branch of the ring z is connected
either to a chimney or an exhauster which removes the inert gases. All these
branches of the pipe not in actual use are covered by a lid as at 23. All
connections are luted with water as is well understood.
Having now described the nature of our Invention and the means whereby we
carry it into effect we desire to point out that we do not confine ourselves to the
above described or to any particular form of apparatus but that what we claim as
novel is :-
The manufacture of bicarbonate of Soda by the employment and treatment as

page_text: hereinbefore described of what have been hereinbefore referred to as "salts" and
bereinbefore defined by subjecting the said "salts" to the action of carbonic acid
gas the salts being mechanically agitated and the superabundant heat being
removed, the moisture generated being drawn off when in excess, and moisture
being supplied when required all substantially as herein before described.
In witness whereof We the said Holbrook Gaskell, Eustace Carey, Holbrook
Gaskell the Younger Henry Wade Deacon and James Bellhouse Gaskell
David Gamble and Samuel Hall
have hereunto set our hands and seals the First day of January One
thousand eight hundred and eighty three
Notice of the application for leave to file this Disclaimer and Memorandum of
Alteration having been advertized in accordance with my direction
I hereby grant my Fiat giving leave to the abov-named Holbrook Gaskell,
Eustace Carey, Holbrook Gaskell the Younger, Henry Wade Deacon, James
Bellhouse Gaskell, David Gamble, and Samuel Hall, carrying on business under
the firm or style of Gaskell Deacon and C° (the Assignees and now legal and
equitable Owners of the herein before mentioned Letters Patent) to file in the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents with the Specification to which the same
relates, the above written Disclaimer and Memorandum of Alteration.
Dated this twenty ninth day of January One thousand eight hundred and
eighty three.

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Eustace Carey, Holbrook Gaskell, the younger, and
Ferdinand Hurter, Ph.D., all of Widnes, in the County of Lancaster, Alkali
Manufacturers, for an Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE
OF BICARBONATE OF SODA."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Eustace Carey, Holbrook
Gaskell, and Ferdinand Hurter at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents
on the 16th November 1881.
EUSTACE CAREY, HOLBROOK GASKELL, the younger, and FERDINAND HUrter,
Ph.D., all of Widnes, in the County of Lancaster, Alkali Manufacturers. "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF BICARBONATE OF SODA."
Bicarbonate of soda is usually made by the addition of carbonic acid to the
crystallized form of carbonate of soda commonly known as soda crystals.
Our improvements consist in employing "salts" or that form of crystallized
carbonate of soda which we obtain by the "salting down," or in other words, the
evaporation by heat of the solution of soda named in the Specifications of the
Letters Patent granted to us on the 18th day of July 1879, No. 2939, the 11th day
of February 1881, No. 608, and the 17th day of March 1881, No. 1161, the said
alkaline solutions being first purified by the processes named in the Specifications
of the said Letters Patent.
To the "salts" thus obtained we add if and when necessary a small quantity of
water, and expose them in suitable vessels to carbonic acid until converted into bi-
carbonate of soda.
"salts" obtained during the
Although we prefer to use the crystallized soda or
evaporation by heat of the solution of soda above referred to, "salts" or crystallized
soda obtained during the evaporation of other solutions of soda, if suitable for the
purpose, may be employed.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said Eustace Carey, Holbrook Gaskell, and Ferdinand Hurter in the Great
Seal Patent Office on the 16th May 1882.
EUSTACE CAREY, HOLBROOK GASKELL, the younger, and FERDINAND Hurter,
Ph.D., all of Widnes, in the County of Lancaster, Alkali Manufacturers. "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF BICARBONATE OF SODA."
Our improvements consist in the employment of "salts," or of that form of
crystallized carbonate of soda, hereinafter called "salts," which is obtained in and
during the "salting down," or in other words, the evaporation by heat of solutions
of carbonate of soda, and more especially of those solutions of carbonate of soda
which have been submitted to any of the processes described in the Specifications
of the Letters Patent granted to us on the Eighteenth day of July 1879, No. 2939,
the 11th day of January 1881, No. 608, and the 17th day of March 1881, No. 1161,
the said alkaline solutions having been first prepared by any of the processes
described in any of the above named Specifications.
The salts obtained and resulting as before mentioned may be said to be
essentially a crystallized monohydrated carbonate of soda; they generally however
contain a small and slightly variable amount of water in addition to the water of
crystallization.
"
Many kinds of apparatus may be used for the conversion of these salts into
carbonate of soda. In carrying out our Invention we find it advantageous to
employ an apparatus such as is illustrated in side elevation, end view, and plan
respectively in Figures 1, 2, and 3, of the accompanying Drawings. The iron
cylinder A of convenient size is capable of being rotated upon a horizontal axis.
We find it convenient to make the cylinder A of about eight feet in length by
five and a half feet in diameter. A cylinder of that size will hold a charge of
about thirty hundred weights of salts, and produces therefrom about forty hundred
weights of bicarbonate.
The cylinder A is provided with hollow trunnions or axes, supported by and
capable of turning in bearings a carried by a suitable framework. The hollow
axis at one end of the cylinder is used for admitting carbonic acid gas, and that at
the other end is used for permitting the exit when desirable of any superfluous
moisture. The hollow axles are continued into the interior of the cylinder and
deflected upwards, as shewn at 6 in Fig. 1, for the purpose of avoiding the lodgment
therein of solid material, and the consequent stoppage of the free passage of the gas
into or from the cylinder. We find it advisable to have apertures at e, e, in the
cylinder A, and exit pipe C respectively, which can be closed air tight in any
convenient manner, and through which when necessary the part of the exit pipe C
which is inside the cylinder A may be cleaned easily and freed from dust, which is
sometimes deposited there.
Outside the cylinder A the exit pipe C is carried upwards at c¹ to a suitable
height, and is then returned downwards and connected by the branch with the
pipe c, by which the carbonic acid enters at the other end of the cylinder A.
We find that when the pipe C is carried upwards at C about thirty feet, that
the difference of temperature and consequently the specific gravity between the gas
in the upcast and that in the downcast of the pipe C is such that a circulation of
gas can be commenced and maintained when desired through the pipe C, whereby
the moisture which escapes from the salts during the process is conveyed away
from the cylinder A and is condensed in the pipes and may be collected and run off
through a lute 00, the surplus carbonic acid gas returning to the cylinder by the
branch. Figure 4 shews a lute x drawn to a larger scale. If at any time this
circulation does not commence when desired, we open for a few moments a tap

page_text: provided for the purpose at the bottom of the downcast pipe above the lute. By
loing this, circulation is at once set up in the pipe C, and when commenced
continues as long as it is required. The cylinder A is provided with openings for
nserting and withdrawing the matter to be or having been treated therein, close
covers being provided to fit over these openings.
Having described one form of apparatus by which our Invention may be
performed, we now proceed to describe the method of working which we find to
give the best results.
The charge of salt introduced into the cylinder A is closed and made to revolve
slowly through the intervention of a pulley and spur gearing G, driven by any
suitable motor. We find from two to six revolutions per minute are sufficient.
Carbonic acid gases turned on or admitted into the interior of the cylinder A by
the pipe y, the temperature of the salts or carbonate of soda rises, and the carbonic
acid gas is rapidly absorbed by the charge. The progress of the operation may be
ascertained by withdrawing and testing a sample from time to time. We find
however that with a regular and sufficient supply of pure or almost pure carbonic
acid, the operation is so uniform that after a short experience sampling and testing
is unnecessary, the state of the carbonating material constituting the charge being
inferred with sufficient accuracy by noting the temperature of the cylinder, or even
When absorption
only the length of time that the operation has been in progress.
decreases the temperature falls, and we find in practice that about five or six hours
is sufficient to complete the operation, and that at the end of two or three hours, or
at the expiration of about one third of the time necessary to complete the operation,
it is advisable to commence drawing off the superabundant moisture, the operation
will then proceed satisfactorily and the resulting bicarbonate will in due time be
completely finished, and will be found dry and of great purity, and ready when
cold for immediate grinding and dressing.
The details of the foregoing operation will vary with circumstances, and will
depend upon the character of the salts and the amount of moisture they contain.
If, and when the "salts" are too dry, or become so during the operation, it is
necessary to add water, this we prefer to do by adding steam to the carbonic acid.
We pass the carbonic acid before it reaches the inlet pipe y to the cylinder A
through a small tower D contiguous to the cylinder and filled with coke or other
suitable material, into which the requisite quantity of steam is passed, this causes
the carbonic acid to enter the cylinder A saturated or sufficiently saturated with
moisture for the purpose. We find a very small tower sufficient. A cylinder
3 feet diameter and four or five feet high is sufficient for the purpose. Water may
also be added to the salts by injecting a fine spray of water into the cylinder A.
If and when dilute carbonic acid is employed, such as that resulting from] the
combustion of anthracite or coke, where an inert gas or gases are present it is
advisable to have two or more cylinders A connected together, and so arranged
that the inert gas or gases may be permitted to escape without undue loss of
carbonic acid. We effect this by having a series of two or more cylinders of con-
venient size, and passing the exit gas from one cylinder into the next, and so on to
the last, the inert gas or gases being allowed to escape freely from the last cylinder
of the series. Between each of the cylinders a gas drying apparatus and a gas
moistening apparatus may be placed, and the exit gas or gases from the one
cylinder dried or moistened as required on its or their way to the next cylinder ;
the gas pipes can be so arranged, as is well understood, that any one cylinder of
the series can be isolated for filling or emptying, or other purpose.
Figure 5 represents in plan an arrangement of apparatus for this purpose.
According to this arrangement, three cylinders A1, A2, A³, are employed, which are
essentially of the same construction as represented by Figures 1, 2, and 3; each of
them is capable of revolving independently of the others, suitable gearing G being
5 provided for such purpose. The plan shews one method of connecting three
cylinders, so that any one of them may be isolated, and this method can easily be
adapted to any number of such cylinders. The carbonic acid gas from any source

page_text: enters the distributing apparatus H by the central pipe y. This distributing
apparatus consists of a cylindrical vessel, through the bottom of which pass water-
tight the central inlet pipe y and three pairs of pipes arranged in a circle round
this inlet pipe, each pair being connected with the inlet and outlet of one of the
cylinders A, A, A³, respectively. The cylindrical vessel H contains a sufficient
depth of water to resist the pressure or suction, if any, of the gas. The open ends
of the pipes reach above the level of the water, a distance at least equal to the
depth of the water in the vessel. Moveable bent pipes are provided to slip over
and connect any one of these pipes with any other. The Drawing represents the
whole of the three cylinders A¹, A2, A3, connected in the following manner :-The
central inlet pipe y is connected to the pipe y' by a moveable arm c*, so that the
carbonic acid may pass to the moistening apparatus D' and enter into the
cylinder A'. The gas passing out by the pipe c¹ (which is of sufficient length to
cool the gas and condense excess of moisture, or if not of sufficient length may be
carried upwards and downwards a suitable distance for the purpose) returns to the
distributing apparatus H where the pipe c¹ is connected to the pipe y' by the
moveable arm c. The gas thus is caused to pass to the moistening apparatus D
from these to the cylinder A³, and returns by the pipe c² to the distributor, where
the pipe is connected to the pipe by another moveable arm c.
The gas
finally passes through the moistening apparatus D³ and cylinder A³, and
returns again to the distributor H by the pipe c³, and thence it may be allowed to
escape by the ring pipe z and outlet c'. If any water condense in any of the
pipes it is allowed to escape through a lute similar to that represented in Figure 4.
If any of the moistening apparatus is not required for moistening purposes, the
steam is not turned on thereto; Figure 6 shews a section of the distributing
apparatus. The Drawing shews pipe c³ connected by a moveable arm to the pipe z
forming a ring round the distributing apparatus H. This ring-shaped pipe has
four branches z¹, 2. Three of these branches z¹ are placed opposite the termini of
the pipes c¹, c, c³, respectively, and serve to connect by means of the arm c* any
one of these pipes to this ring z. The fourth branch 2 of the ring z is connected
either to a chimney or an exhauster which removes the inert gases. All these
branches of the pipe z not in actual use are covered by a lid as at 23. All
connections are luted with water as is well understood.
Having now described the nature of our Invention and the means whereby we
carry it into effect, we desire to point out that we do not confine ourselves to the
above described or to any particular form of apparatus, but that what we claim as
novel is,
"
The manufacture of bicarbonate of soda by the employment and treatment of
what have been herein before referred to as salts," and hereinbefore defined by
subjecting the said "salts" to the action of carbonic acid gas, substantially as herein-
before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Eustace Carey, for myself and the said
Holbrook Gaskell, the younger, and Ferdinant Hurter, have to this our
Specification set my hand and seal, this Fifteenth day of May, One
thousand eight hundred and eighty two.
EUSTACE CAREY. (L.S.)