IMPROVEMENTS IN SMOKE-PREVENTING APPARATUS
Year: 1855

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Constant Jouffroy Duméry, of Paris, in the Empire
of France, and of 32, Essex Street, Strand, London, for the Invention of
"IMPROVEMENTS IN SMOKE-PREVENTING APPARATUS."
Sealed the 25th May 1855, and dated the 18th January 1855.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Constant Jouffroy Duméry
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
18th January 1855.
I, CONSTANT JOUFFROY DUMÉRY, of Paris, in the Empire of France, and of
5 32, Essex Street, Strand, London, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN SMOKE-PREVENTING APPARATUS" to be as
follows, viz.:-
Instead of allowing first the smoke to be formed and then of seeking
by certain means to consume it, I prevent the formation of the smoke itself, by
0 burning the gases as they are produced, by regulating the devellopment of
and by conducting them in such manner as to insure their complete
such gases,
combustion.
My method of effecting this is simple; it consists of reversing the usual
mode of supplying the fire with fresh fuel; that is to say, instead of throwing
the fresh coal on the burning coal I place under the latter the fresh coal;
thus the fresh coal is not suddenly seized in its whole mass by the high tem-
perature of the burning fuel; no sudden distillation takes place; there is no

page_text: disproportion between the gases produced and the arrangement of the fire-
place for burning the fuel and such gases; thus, the temperature of the boiler
and furnace may be better sustained than when the fresh coal is heaped on
the fire, which necessarily has a cooling effect.
passage
Fig. 1, in the accompanying Drawings, is a portable grate. The fresh 5
coal is laid on the lower grate A, and is pushed forward, so as to lift the
burning coal in the upper grate B, and to be exactly under it in the
gases that are
of the oxygen; the contact of the heat distils it, and the
emitted from it, only being able to escape by passing though the upper layer
of coal ignite, and are changed into a pure flame. Fig. 2 is a similar grate
for fixed fire-place.
Fig. 3 is a grate suitable for the kitchen, &c. The coal, as before described,
is placed in the front part, and, as required, thrown into the grate B, at the
same time lifting up the burning coal.
Figs. 4 & 5 represent the fire box of an ordinary steam engine of large or
small dimension, with a false grate A, A, and a feeding box C, Fig. 5.
The false grate A is passed under the lighted coal, and then raised, &
while it is in this position the fresh coal is thrown under the false grate at
b, b, in the ordinary manner, or by a box C, filled beforehand. The false
grate A is withdrawn, and the box C is left in the fire-place until the dis-
tillation of the coal be partially effected; the box is then withdrawn and the
gases continue to pass through the burning coal.
Fig. 6 represents a fire box for stationary or locomotive engines. The coal is
thrown in the direction of the arrows by means of a screw or other suitable
contrivance into the grate B under the burning coal. The fire-place, Fig. 7, is
a stove with double grate, each part of which takes by turns the position of
the other; the fresh coal is placed on the lower part A', which is raised after
having taken away the ash box B, & when the fresh coal is under the grate
A, the bars of the latter are withdrawn, so as to place in contact the fresh and
the burning coal.
FICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Constant Jouffroy Duméry in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 18th July 1855.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, CONSTANT
JOUFFROY DUMERY, of Paris, in the Empire of France, and of 32, Essex Street,
Strand, London, send greeting. web pod ad bond

page_text: WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Eighteenth day of January, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-five, in the eighteenth year of
Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto
5 me, the said Constant Jouffroy Duméry, Her special licence that I, the said
Constant Jouffroy Duméry, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such
and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to
others as I, the said Constant Jouffroy Duméry, my executors, administrators,
time and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should
10 and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United King-
dom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN SMOKE-PREVENTING APPARATUS," upon the
condition (amongst others) that I, the said Constant Jouffroy Duméry, by
an instrument in writing under my hand and seal, should particularly describe
5 and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the
same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal
Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the date
of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Constant Jouffroy Duméry, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement:
The formation of smoke can only be prevented by producing a perfect com-
bustion, which requires, first, a combustible matter; second, a medium, having
the temperature at which combustion is carried on; and, third, a sufficient
volume of oxygen; and, above all, a good distribution and thorough mixing of
this gas with the unaltered combustible gas. The latter requirement has not
been fulfilled in the apparatus with ascending fuel, which would otherwise have
been preferable to all others, but which, on account of this deficiency, and the
difficulty met with in working them, have not produced any satisfactory result
in practical manufactures.
The present improvements are intended, first, to facilitate the working of
apparatus of said class with any kind of fuel, and in any kind of furnace
econd, to put the atmospheric air into contact with the combustible
t the moment and the point where they leave the fuel.
gases
It is well known that oxygen may be procured in any quantity, since it form
constituent part of the surrounding atmosphere, and is introduced above th
ame in those apparatus where it cannot be made to pass through the grat
ars. Hence the difficulty will be found not to consist in the want of oxyge

page_text: to be supplied, but in properly dividing, mixing, and uniformly distributing the
which have various constructions, according to the nature of the case to which
same; and for attaining these ends I have devised the following contrivances,
they are applied, viz. :-Certain charging boxes; also a grate which is moveable
in the vertical direction upon its whole surface; also a fixed grate having arti- 5
ficial or moulded fuel and a charging drawer; also troughs with vertical grates
for natural coal with a discharging drawer; also curved scuttles, horns, or
trumpets, that are stationary, and in which the coal alone is displaced.
As to the first of these apparatus, viz., charging boxes, they represent the
improved apparatus in its simplest form (see Figs. 1 and 2, Sheet 1). They 10
consist of boxes having the shape of desks, the top of which is pierced with
holes or slots, the bottom being sliding. In order to use the boxes, supposing
the fire box at work and filled with coal that is in a state of coke, I slide
between the grate and the coke a false grate or perforated shovel, and raising
this shovel, I form an angular space opening towards the door, and into which 1
the charging box is introduced after having previously been filled with coal.
The box having thus been placed, the false grate is taken out, so as to let the
incandescent coke lie upon the box, thus heating the coal; the bottom of the
box is also slided out, so as to give passage to the air; and finally the whole
box is taken out, so as to put the ignited coke into direct contact with the raw
coal. In this manner air is directly admitted to all the points where gas is
formed and whilst it is being formed. This method of working is very simple
and unexpensive to establish; however, as the doors have to be opened, as in
ordinary charging, and on account of the cooling resulting therefrom, I onl
apply it in those cases where coal is cheap and the furnace not too large.
As to the second form, viz., grates which are so constructed as to ris
with their whole surface equally, I make them with two trestles, one
which is in front, & the other at the back of the fire box, and upon whi
I place the grate bars and grate frame. Instead of legs, the trestles ha
racks (see Fig. 3, Sheet 1), that allow raising and lowering the cross b
of the same; each grate bar whilst rising meets under the upper plane
the grate a click, which holds and prevents it from descending when
trestles are lowered again. When the apparatus has just received a cha
and the trestles have re-descended, the grate bars and the four sides form
the frame are put into their places, and the grate is charged with c
the whole is then raised so as to put the cold coal into contact with
under side of the grate that has been raised previously. The bars are
taken out one by one from the upper grate, and the lower grate is
raised, so as to occupy the same place as the grate bars just taken out.

page_text: the grate last mentioned has got into its place and each grate bar is supported
by its click, the sides forming the grate frame are taken out through slots in
front and on the sides of the furnace, the cross or supporting bars are then
lowered again, and the apparatus is thus ready for receiving another charge.
The present arrangement will be found particularly suitable for such kind of
coal as requires frequent poking or leaves copious ashes, as the grate bars may
easily be cleaned after each charging operation.
As to the third form of my improved apparatus, viz., the stationary grate for
working with artificial or moulded fuel and charging drawer, the admixture of
air being the main point for producing a good combustion, as has been stated
above, and the passage of the air depending generally upon the accidental size,
dimensions, and relative positions of the coal, I form by the use of moulded
or artificial fuel such passages for the air as to obtain the result desired, not by
accident, but regularly. For this purpose, if the fuel is moulded round, each
piece is inserted in a tube of corresponding dimensions (see Figs. 5 & 6,
Sheet 1), and I form with a row of these tubes a line, having the whole length
of the fire box, placing as many of these lines on the same plane parallel with
each as will fill the furnace, and also leaving the necessary interstices for the
The rows of tubes thus arranged correspond in fact to
admission of air.
the surface of a grate, the bars of which are perforated with holes, and they
are firmly united together and fixed a little below where the level of an ordinary
grate would be. Each of the tubes that form this kind of table contains a
spring, pressing laterally upon the cylindrical fuel, so as to allow it to rise by
friction, but to prevent it from sliding down again. A table, which is exactly
similar to the one just described, is placed under the first, so as to be capable
of sliding; the tubes contain no springs inside, but they have at their lower
extremities pistons fitted into them, which may be moved up and down by
Before inserting the sliding table under
a rack or any other suitable means.
the fixed one, each of the tubes is filled with one or several pieces of artificial
fuel, and if the fire requires feeding the pistons are moved upwards. When
the pistons have reached the end of their stroke, i.e. when the coal cylinders
have been introduced into the tubes of the upper table, and are retained therein
by the pressure of the springs above mentioned, the pistons are lowered and
the drawer drawn out to be replenished again. If the coal is not liable to b
deformed by combustion, the apparatus only consists of the two tables described
one of which is stationary and the other moveable; but if the fuel is likely
swell, break, and be distorted during combustion, I add above the spring tub
a grate, having holes corresponding to those of the stationary and moveal
tables, through which the coal passes, so as to burn & distort above the gra

page_text: The fuel employed as above
may be supposed to have the cylindrical
or any
other suitable shape; it may, for instance, be moulded or sawed in the shape
of tablets, which may be put upright in lines, like the lines of cylinders
above stated, leaving the proper space between the different rows, and thus
giving to the furnace the appearance of a lamp with flat wicks arranged in 5
parallel lines.
As to the fourth form of my improved apparatus, viz., troughs with a vertical
grate for coal in its natural state, the fuel-carrying drawer, that has been
described as applicable to burning moulded fuel, constituting in this kind of
apparatus quite a novel arrangement for facilitating the charging of furnaces, 10
in which horizontal arrangements are to be preferred, I apply the same also
to charging ordinary coal in the following manner (see Figs. 7 & 8, Sheet 1):-
The conical scoops, horns, or trumpets, which I will herein-after describe, have
plane sides in this case instead of curved ones. The length of said sides is
the same as that of the furnace; they are limited in width, so as to facilitate
the entrance of air, and their number depends on the width of the furnace.
Corresponding with the longitudinal cones, I fix on the moveable table other
trumpets whose axes coincide with those of the upper ones, and whose sides
form an extension, as it were, of those of the upper cones. The bottom of
these lower cones is furnished like those for the moulded fuel, with moveable
pistons, that can be made to ascend. When the moveable piston has been
raised, so that it has entered the upper cones a little, one or more bars are
introduced into holes made at the lower parts of the panels or sides at the end
of the trumpets, and only when these bars are fully introduced, so as to prevent
the descent of the fuel, the pistons are lowered again, after which I withdraw
the drawer and charge it again. The lower sliding table may also be made in
parts, that is to say, it may only have one line of charging cylinders, which
would have to pass successively under all the upper lines and charge each of
them separately. The novel features of this arrangement are the obliqueness
of the sides, the lateral air passages, the mode of supporting the coal below
the plane of combustion, and the fuel-carrying drawer, to be used as a part o
as a whole.
As to the fifth form of my improved apparatus, viz., the curved and fixe
scoops, horns, or scuttles, in which the coal alone is moved:-In the tw
contrivances first described above, the pieces upon which the fuel rest
upon which combustion is effected, and through which the air is made t
pass, are moveable.
In the two next arrangements, the parts which raise the coal never get in
contact with combustion, but are placed perpendicularly, and might also n

page_text: suit every quality of coal.
In order, therefore, to be able
use any kind of
coal, and also to render my principles of admixture applicable to any furnaces,
and even to locomotive engines where vertical space is wanting and it would
be impossible to work from below, I have devised the curved horns, which
5 receive the coal on the side of the furnace, and by means of which the same
is made to rise in the interior of the furnace by mechanical agents that are
completely outside the place where combustion goes on.
In order to produce in these apparatus a proper draught, notwithstanding the
ascension of the fuel, I use an oblique mode of ascension upon inclined planes
0 or grates. In order to push or propel the fuel forwards, and prevent it sticking
to the sides, and also the propeller from coming into contact with the fire, I
use flues with an increasing cross section. Also, in this arrangement, for
the purpose of effecting the charge of the fuel, notwithstanding the finally
ascensional direction given to it, I use curves of a long radius.
This fifth form, being applicable in most cases, owing to its simplicity and small
dimensions in the vertical direction, I will now endeavour to shew, by some
examples, that by some very simple modifications to be made according to the
furnace or the locality, they may be employed for almost any purpose. Thus,
by applying the principle to domestic chimneys, they may have a very simple
construction by means of a double-shelved grate (see Figs. 9 & 10, Sheet 2).
The upper grate is for holding the ignited coal that is in a state of coke, and
the lower grate receives the new coal which it is required to burn. The fuel
before being shoved under the first grate is laid on the projecting part of the
lower grate. The fuel as it is pushed forwards follows a direction parallel to
the lower grate, and throws up the coal that has been deprived of most of its
smoke, and when it arrives on the upper grate allows it to drop the ashes
and clinkers. The bars of the upper grate may be horizontal, if required.
In this manner perfect combustion is attained with fixed grates, in which
the charge alone is moveable and intermittent, whilst the apparatus is fixed,
and all phenomena of combustion, viz., distillation, inflammation, exterior
adiation, and other phenomena relating thereto, are quite continuous and
egular.
hese
In order that the use of the present improved apparatus may not be restricted
o such chimneys as have their grates narrow enough for perfect penetration
by oxygen with open fire, we apply chimney or calorifere apparatus to them,
apparatus being closed totally or nearly so with opaque or transparent
ortions, so that in these apparatus, as in the manufacturing apparatus described
ereafter, the air may be forced to pass through all the layers of the fuel before
assing into the chimney (see Figs. 11, 12, and 13, Sheet 2).

page_text: supplies of air.
Fig. 14, which represents the improved kitchen fires, is intended to shew
that the introduction of fresh fuel may be varied at will, the main object of the
present Letters Patent being the possibility of regulating by means of the
In kitchen fires, where it is not required to see the fire,
the grate is only single, and the fresh fuel entering under the coke lifts it up, 5
and pushes forward that portion which has already been sufficiently purified;
it may then be stirred by poking the fire. In this case, the same as in
chimneys, the upper portion of the furnace need not be opened, and the culi-
nary operations interrupted for effecting the charge. The combustion is carried
on with perfect regularity, and the apparatus in which it takes place is quite
stationary, and thus these apparatus work in a manner analogous to that in
which I work my improved manufacturing furnaces. For the boilers of loco-
motives, marine engines, &, I employ trumpets of the same kind, taking
care to bend them a little more than in the previous applications, so as to
facilitate the introduction of fuel. However, to obtain the necessary power
for operating the sliding of the charge at a certain distance, I provide each
trumpet with a power apparatus that may be set in motion by one man, as
seen at Fig. 21, Sheet 3. With the arrangement shewn, of two converging
trumpets, the cinders or clinkers collect in the centre of the fire bed, from
whence they may be taken out either by the middle grate bars or by the
small doors in front of the fire box.
In the improved furnaces, constructed according to these principles, the
flame and the gases take their natural course; combustion may be effected in
a very thick layer, and the draught or blowing may be made as strong as may
be required by the nature of the work or of the fuel without diminishing the
calefactory power, since the mixing of air and the gases takes place at the
beginning of the operation. Hence, the apparatus may be advantageously
employed, both for producing the high temperature required for metallurgic
operations, and for burning hard and dry fuel, such as lignites, anthracites,
peat, &, which at present cannot be used in many circumstances. This
combustion may
be rendered still more perfect by a supplementary and con-
tinuous admission of air above the fire, which can be effected without any
inconvenience, since a continuous admission can produce good effects only with
a continuous operation. In the preceding example the mechanism is supposed
to be placed in the curved space inside the trumpet; but if this arrangement
cannot be employed for want of space, &c., the propelling mechanism may be
If for producing a great uniformity of
placed as shewn at Fig. 15, Sheet 2.
temperature it be required, any suitable continuous feed apparatus, such as a
o with sliding paddles, as shewn at Fig. 16, Sheet 2, may be resorted
wheel
pump

page_text: to.
tageous
In case the trumpets cannot be put back to back, and at the same time
the fire grate is long enough for the coal filling a long curve impeding the
draught, I use several trumpets placed in along the furnace, as shewn at
Fig. 17, Sheet 2. In the example given, the two trumpets are of an ordinary
5 size, and the fuel is charged and propelled by means of a portable box con-
taining the power gear (s. Fig. 18, Sheet 2). This box is secured to the end
of the trumpet, and the driver is pushed forward by means of the crank
actuating a propelling screw inside. This arrangement is particularly advan-
in case there is a number of furnaces to be worked one by the side of
another. One loading apparatus will do for the whole line of furnaces, but
when this line is very long, it is placed upon a carriage travelling before the
furnaces, and mounted upon the same in such manner that it can be raised
and lowered according to the height of each trumpet. For puddling, reverbe-
ratory, and other furnaces similar arrangements are used, only adding a blasting
apparatus when required. When simultaneous charging becomes a matter of
difficulty, on account of the thickness of the walls, I use either charging boxes
that are quite independent of the trumpets, or piston-carrying boxes, which are
lowered for pushing the charge forward (see Fig. 26, Sheet 3). For large and
small smiths' fires, I improve the results obtained by caps or reflectors of fire
clay, reflecting the action of the blowing apparatus, and throwing the heat back
upon the piece in the fire, as illustrated by Fig. 19, Sheet 2. For some
descriptions of coal, which readily emit their gases and yield a large quantity
of dry coal, I divide the fire-place into two parts, or rather, I add a comple-
mentary grate, upon which the purified coal falls, and is consumed at the same
rate as it is procured in the grated trumpets (see Fig. 20, Sheet 2).
It is to be fully understood that each of the apparatus above briefly described
are or may be made applicable to any use by selecting the form and dimensions
most suitable for the operation; also any fuel may be used in them provided
the dimensions be suited to the same.
The following is a full and particular description of the Sheets of Drawings
above alluded to.
Fig. 1 & 2 shew an ordinary furnace to be used in the manufactures,
with false grate and charging box. A, A, false grate, having the same width
as the furnace if possible; B, B, ordinary grate; C, C, charging box. d, d
Fig. 1, capacity into which the coal is put, either by means of a shovel or by
means of the charging box C, C, Fig. 2.
Fig. 3 represents a furnace with two grates, that take each other's plac
upon their whole surface. A, A, grate bars, having got into their ultimat
position.
A', A', grate bars loading; B, B, sliding ash box; C, C, rack

page_text: Fig. 15, section of trumpet, with external propelling mechanism. P, pro-
pelling piston; Q, Q, external rack; R, pinion gearing into the rack; S, fly
wheel on the pinion shaft.
Fig. 16, section of a continuous feeder with sliding paddles, similar to those
5 used in hydraulic apparatus. In this feeder, a lateral excentric causes the
paddles to slide from the centre to the circumference whilst the shaft receives
a rotary motion.
Fig. 17, furnace of a marine engine, with two trumpets or horns, one above
the other, for dividing the layers of fuel, and facilitating the admission of air.
T, trumpet, furnished with its charging box; U, charging box, secured to the
lower trumpet by means of a stud T.
Fig. 18, charging box, shewn in horizontal section, so as to bring the pro-
pelling screw and internal mechanism into sight. In larger pistons I use two
parallel screws that work together by spur gearing.
Fig. 19 is a section of a smith's fire. A, pieces of iron to be heated; B,
direction in which the air is blown by the blowing apparatus; C, introduction
trumpet for the coal; D, tuyer; E, opening, for raking the air passage that
leads into the coke; F, cap of fire clay for reflecting the heat; G, chimney
back.
Fig. 20 is a longitudinal section of a furnace, with trumpets and additional
grate. A, boiler; B, fire door; C, trumpet, with vertical grate; D, inter-
mediate fire bridge, which is placed a little lower than usual; E, bars of the
grate for the coke; F, fire bridge, having the usual height; G, ash box for
the coke fire. This ash box has doors that fit tight, for regulating and stopping
at will the working of the furnace
vertical and horizontal sections of the same, through the ines
and C, D, Fig. 21, respectively. In these four Figs. the same letters of reference
stand for like parts.
E, generator; F, fire box; G, trumpets for receiving the fuel; G', grates
of the trumpets or air passages; H, propelling piston for the fuel, shewn at
Fig. 21, 22, & 24, at the beginning and end of its stroke; H', segmental
worm wheel; H", screw working the same; H, crank for working the two
pistons together; I, door for taking out the clinkers that rise to the surface;
I', double doors, for forcing the fresh air to pass before the door I, take off its
temperature, and thus supplying hot air to the fuel; J, door of the ash box;
K, small openings for cleaning the middle bars. These openings vary in size,

page_text: according to the number of the bars to be introduced. L, holes for passing the
grate bars, by which the fresh coal is separated from the ignited fuel; said
bars are inserted when it is desired to put the fire out. M, door, which is for
taking out the fresh fuel, and also the fuel that is ignited when the bars intro-
duced through the holes L have been taken out; N, cast-iron plates or frame,
upon which the whole mechanism is secured.
Fig. 25 represents a section of a furnace for a locomotive engine. A,
trumpets for introducing the fuel; A', grate of the trumpets for the passage
of air; B, piston for propelling the coal; C, door for clearing out; C',
fastenings for said door; D, passage or channel for introducing the coal into
the trumpets.
Fig. 26 is a section of a reverberatory furnace. A, introduction trumpets;
A', grates of the trumpets; B, hinged box, containing the propelling pistons
and actuating screws; B', counterweight, for balancing the weight of the
boxes B; C, crank, acting upon by a central pinion upon the two wheels,
keyed upon the screws.
By the use of the apparatus described and represented as above I obtain
the following novel and characteristic results, viz., by the whole of the appa-
ratus described the air is made to pass through the fuel whilst the same is
moving. A most congenial direction of draught is obtained as it proceeds
upwards, the same as in ordinary furnaces. The air is sifted or filtered
through the whole fire bed. A complete and unfailing mixture is effected
between the atmospheric air and the combustible gases at the moment the
latter are generated. The lighter ashes are removed through the flues, and
the heavier ones drop through the grate by gravity. The following results are
gained by the four apparatus last described: ascension, incandescence, and
radiation of and upon the whole surface; continuity of the igneous action,
although the charge is intermittent; distillation in the whole section of the
furnace; uniform combustion of the same kind throughout the fire bed;
introduction of the fuel without interfering with combustion, nor is combus-
tion interfered with after each charge, as the coal rises altogether in one mass,
and the projecting pieces need not be struck off for levelling the fire bed.
Having thus described the nature of my Invention, and the manner in
which the same is or may be carried into effect, I wish it to be distinctly
understood that what I claim as novel, and therefore being secured to me by
the herein-before in part recited Letters Patent, is,-
In respect of the first form of my improved apparatus, viz., the charging
boxes, the false grate or shovel, the charging boxes, both separately and
conjointly, substantially as above described.

page_text: 5
In respect of the second form of my improved apparatus, the total mobility
of the grate; the general passage given to the air; the grate frame, consisting
of moveable bars or ledges; and also all these novel features, separately or
conjointly, as has been described.
In respect of the third form of my improved apparatus, viz., the fixed grate
for moulded fuel; the use of moulded fuel of any kind & shape; and for any
purposes, said fuel being made to rise; springs or clicks for retaining the coal
and preventing it from descending; definite, regular, and uniform air passages;
and a partial or total charging drawer or slide, all these novel features being
put into operation separately or conjointly.
In respect of the fourth form of my improved apparatus, the longitudinal
or transversal troughs with oblique or slanting sides; grates or grate portions
made in said sides for giving passage to the atmospheric air; the bars for
supporting the fuel below the line or plane of combustion; the fuel carrying
or charging drawers to be used for part or the whole of the grate, all these
novel features being applied separately or conjointly.
In respect of the fifth form of my improved apparatus above described, viz.,
the secops, scuttles, filling horns, or trumpets; the tapering or conical shape
from the furnace towards the entrance; the obliquity or inclined plane; the
curvature of the plane upon which the fuel slides into the furnace; the lateral
grates for the admission of air; the propellers for the fuel placed and acting
beyond the reach of the fire; the clinkers and ashes, all said novel features
being applied either separately or conjointly.
In witness whereof, I, the said Constant Jouffroy Duméry, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Fifteenth day of July, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-five.