IMPROVEMENTS IN LOOMS FOR WEAVING
Year: 1862

page_text: its usual time, or more, and still gain speed by driving the crank quicker in
that part of its revolution, which will not interfere with the shuttle; it is thus
we gain increased speed, and as the crank is the first driver it is evident that
the whole loom will partake of the same varying speed. We also drive one
or more parts of the loom by eccentric surfaces in combination with weights
or springs, which is merely another mode of obtaining a differential speed of
the lay. We stop the loom, when the weft thread breaks or is absent, by
causing the shuttle to stop at the right side and arresting the slay at or about
the best position.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said James Bullough and John Bullough in the Great Seal Patent
Office on the 9th October 1862.
TO. ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, JAMES
BULLOUGH, Manufacturer, and JOHN BULLOUGH, Machinist, beth of Baxenden,
near Accrington, in the County of Lancaster, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Ninth day of April, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and sixty-two, in the twenty-fifth year of Her reign,
did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto us, the said
James Bullough and John Bullough, Her special licence that we, the said
James Bullough and John Bullough, our executors, administrators, and
assigns, or such others as we, the said James Bullough and John Bullough,
our executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and
no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term
therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend,
within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands,
and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN LOOMS FOR WEAVING,"
upon the condition (amongst others) that we, the said James Bullough and
John Bullough, our executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing
under our, or their, or one of their hands and scals, should particularly
describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner
the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great
Scal Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the
date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said James Bullough and John Bullough,
do hereby declare the nature of our said Invention, and in what manner

page_text: caster, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN LOOMS FOR WEAVING."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said James Bullough and
John Bullough at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their
Petition, on the 9th April 1862.
We. JAMES BULLOUGH, Manufacturer, and JouN BULLOUGH, Machinist, both
of Baxenden, near Accrington, in the County of Lancaster, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN LOOMS FOR WEAVING,"
to be as follows:-
Instead of the usual mode of driving the loom we drive it by eccentric
wheels, by which we attain increased speed with steadiness of the loom at the
same time. In the usual mode of the crank which gives the lay its to-and-fro
motion is driven at one uniform speed, but by our eccentric wheels we are
enabled to drive the crank a greater speed during one part of its revolution
than the other, and therefore the entire revolution of the crank is made in less
time than has hitherto been accomplished. It will be evident to any practical
person that it would not do to drive the crank at this increased speed through-
out its entire revolution, because the shuttle would then not have time to pass
along the race, but by varying the speed of the crank we can give the shuttle
[Price Sd.]

page_text: the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in
and by the following statement (that is to say):-
Instead of the usual mode of causing the crank which gives the lay its
to-and-fro motion to be driven at one uniform speed. we give it less speed
during one part of its revolution than the other part, for the purpose of
allowing the shuttle time to pass along the race. and thereby enable the loom.
to be worked at an encreased speed. We attain this object by means of
eccentric toothed wheels and chain by intermittent surfaces, and also by
eccentric surfaces in combination with weights or springs. Another part of
our Invention consists in an improved arrangement for stopping the loom when
the weft thread breaks or is absent, and also for causing the shuttle to stop at
the setting-on side and arresting the lay at or about the best position.
These improvements will be clearly understood by referring to the figures
and letters on the accompanying Sheet of Drawings, in which Fig. 1 is a front.
and Figs. 2 and 3 transverse views, of an ordinary loom for large fabrics
having some of our improvements attached; Figs. 4. 5. 6, 7. 8. 9, and 10 are
views of detached parts of the same: and Figs. 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18,
and 19 are end and front views of various arrangements for giving a
differential speed to the crank of a loom during its revolution, Fig. 13 being
a detached view of part of the same.
In Figs. 1, 2, and 3, a are the end frames of the loom; b, the crank shaft:
c, the tappet shaft; d, the connecting rods; e, the sword arms; f, the lay or
lathe and g, the fast and loose pulleys. To the crank shaft b we fix an
eccentric toothed wheel h, and employ in any convenient position another
eccentric toothed wheel i, and gear the two wheels together by means of the
toothed chain j; the said wheels are so placed in relation to the crank as to
give it a quicker speed when passing forward from the top to the bottom
centre than it has for the remaining portion of its revolution. The eccentric
wheel i may be fixed to a shaft having upon it a fast and loose pulley, or it
may be fixed to or form part of one of two loose pulleys working loose upon a
stud fixed to the framework, the strap in either case being acted upon by the
motion of the setting-on rod; or the eccentric wheels h may work loose upon
the crank shaft and any ordinary clutch employed for keeping it fast to
the shaft, one part of the clutch being worked by a rod or lever from the
setting-on rod.
In Figs. 11 and 12 we represent an improved mode of giving differential
speed to the crank and lay by means of two discs or plain wheels of different
diameters acting upon portions of the peripheries of two other discs or surfaces.
To the. crank shaft b. are fixed the two irregular shaped discs k, l, one of which

page_text: is shewn detached in Fig. 13; these discs are of different sizes, and each has
about half its circumference of a less radius than the other half, the larger
radius being formed of a segmental plate held upon a strong band m of india-
rubber connected to the block or body n, which is fixed to the crank shaft b.
To the countershaft o are fixed two circular discs or surfaces p. q. of such
diameters that the larger shall come in contact with and press against the
projecting segment of the irregular shaped disc . and the smaller shall come
in contact with and press against the projecting segment of the irregular
shaped disc 1. These two projecting segments are placed opposite each other
in such relation to the crank that the larger disc acting on the smaller segment
causes the crank to turn faster from the top to the bottom centre than when
the smaller disc is in contact with the larger segment and turning the crank
from the bottom to the top centre, or during the interval that the shuttle
travels on the race from one box to the other. The circular discs p, q, are
always in contact with one or other of the projecting segments, and the india-
rubber bands enable them to work steadily and efficiently. The said circular
discs are fixed to a driving shaft having a fast and loose pulley, or fixed to one
of two pulleys working loose upon a stud, the stopping and starting being
effected from the setting-on rod in the usual manner.
In Figs. 14 and 15 we shew an improved mode of giving differential speed
to the crank and lay by causing a pulley to act by friction upon another pulley
having a portion of its rim or circumference removed. To the crank shaft b
is fixed the intermittent pulley r. To the countershafts is fixed the circular
driving pulley t, which, as it revolves, comes in contact with the intermittent
pulley and causes it and the crank to revolve the distance of contact ai the
same speed as the driving pulley, and enables the working parts of the loom
to acquire sufficient momentum to complete the revolution, although at a
retarded speed; thus the intermittent space of the intermittent pulley causes
a dwell, and the momentum carries on the pulley until it is again in contact
with the driving pulley. The aforesaid intermittent pulley may be more or
less than half a circle, according to the length of the throw and extent of
retardation required; and we make it of two parts, held upon the shaft by set
screws so that they may be shifted to form an entire circle or a segment of it.
Under the rim of the intermittent pulley there is a strong band of india-rubber
to obtain sufficient friction and enable the pulleys to work easily together.
In Figs. 16 and 17 we represent a mode of giving differential speed to the
crank and lay by means of a concentric and eccentric pulley working in
connection with a moveable roller for slackening and tightening the strap. To
the crank shaft is fixed the eccentric pulley u, and at any convenient part of

page_text: the loom, as at e, there is a driving shaft carrying a concentric pulley . The
two pulleys are connected by the strap, which is kept in proper tension by
the roller on the lever z, the roller being always maintained in contact with
the strap either by means of the weight a' or by a spring. The concentric
pulley always turns at the same speed and demands the same length of strap.
but the eccentric pulley is continually altering its demand for the strap, and
consequently gives, according to its eccentricity, a varying speed to the crank
and lay, and as the position of the pulley on the shaft is so adjusted as to give
the quick speed when the crank passes from the top to the bottom centre, or
a quarter stroke before and after the beat-up, it is evident that the remaining.
portion of the stroke revolves slower, and thereby affords sufficient time for
the shuttle to pass along the race although the number of entire revolutions
may be greatly encreased. At the side of the concentric driving pulley,
there is a loose pulley for the strap to pass on when the loom has to be stopped,
or the eccentric may be acted upon by a clutch for the same purpose.
In Figs. 18 and 19 we represent a mode of giving differential motion to the
crank and lay by means of two concentric pulleys, and causing one pulley to
be driven at a constantly varying speed by varying the supply and speed of the
strap. To the crank shaft b is fixed the pulley b', having close to it the loose
pulley c¹, and on a stud or shaft, in any convenient position, is the pulley d',
communicating with the pulley b' by the strap el. Near the pulley b' are two
pairs of rollers / g', working on stationary studs, one pair being inside and
the other pair outside the strap. To the crank shaft is fixed the eccentric ',
the periphery of which is always in contact with the horizontal arms of the
two levers, 1. The vertical arm of the lever ' carries a roller m² in contact
with the outside of the strap, and the vertical arm of the lever l' carries a
roller n' in contact with the inside of the strap. As the eccentric ' revolves
the horizontal arms are moved up and down and the vertical arms to and fro
sideways, and cause the rollers to give a zig-zag motion to the strap on each
side alternately, and thereby enable it to have a giving-and-taking effect upon
the pulley and make it revolve at a varying speed. The pulley b and loose
pulley care of the same diameter, and the strap is shifted from one to the
other for stopping the loom in the usual manner, and the eccentric is so
placed as to give the slower speed to the pulley b' and also the crank and lay
when the shuttle passes along the race.
Our improved weft motion and arrangement for causing the shuttle to stop
at the setting-on side and arresting the lay in the best position are shewn in
Figs. 1 and 2 and in the detached Figures 4, 5, 6. 7, 8, 9, and 10. The weft
fork o' is hinged to the rod p¹ fixed at the required position in the stopping

page_text: arm or lever g', working upon a stud or pin connected to the framework and
communicating with the setting-on rod in any desired manner. Attached to
the fork there is a rod or bar r', also shewn enlarged in Fig. 4, and to the lay
cap is fixed the projection s', which is adjusted to such a position that when
the fork is not acted upon by the weft or other cause it shall come in contact,
as the slay comes forward, with the rod or bar r¹ and act upon the stopping
lever q', which is connected with the setting-on rod, and stop the .loom. When
not broken or absent the weft acts upon the fork and depresses the rod or
har so that it cannot come in contact with the projection s¹, and therefore
no stoppage takes place. When the shuttle has been thrown from the box
near the weft fork there is of necessity an absence of weft on that side, and
therefore, unless the rod r was by some contrivance depressed, the loom would
be stopped when not required. To obtain this depression and prevent the
stoppage we employ at the back of the weft grid a finger u at one end of
the lever 1, Figs. 1, 2, and 7, which rises and falls at every other pick. When
it is raised the fork presses against it and depresses the rod r' so that it shall
not come in contact with the projection s¹, and therefore no stoppage. of the
loom takes place unless the weft is broken or absent. In order to cause the
finger to rise and fall at every other pick we connect the lever 1, at the
opposite end to the finger, to a wire or cord ', attached to the lever z', working
on a pin held to the support y¹, and acted upon at the required time by a
tappet z', fixed to the tappet shaft.
We also employ an improved arrangement of vertical and horizontal weft-
fork grid for preventing damage to the shuttle wheels and prevent the weft
from dropping down. In Figs. 8, 9, and 10, the vertical grid is shewn at a³
and the horizontal grid at b2; the bottom. of the vertical grid and the end of
the horizontal grid are slightly cut away, so that the horizontal grid extends
to the back of the vertical grid, and thereby allows no space at the bottom in
which the weft can be entangled. For wide looms it is desirable that the
horizontal grid should be shod with leather or other suitable. material, so that
when shuttle wheels are used they shall not be injured.
Our improved mode of stopping the loom when the shuttle is at the
setting-on side and arresting the lay at or about the best position is shewn in
Figs. 1, 2, 5, and 6. On a pin or stud c fixed to the breast beam or end
frame there is a lever with two arms d, e, and to the arm e2 is jointed the
rod, bent so that it may be in contact with the stopping lever q. On a
stud there is another lever with two arms h, k, the arm h³ being behind
the arm d², and the arm below the finger or catch, which is jointed to. a
sliding bar m having slots, so that it can slide to and fro on pins fixed to the

page_text: loom side. the end of the bar being connected to a strong spring n held fast
at one end to the framework of the loom. To the lay in line with the finger P
is fixed the frog or stop piece o², so placed that when the finger is raised they
shall come in contact with each other, but when the finger is depressed or in
its lowest position no action takes place. When the weft breaks or is absent
the stopping lever q' is pressed against the bent. rod and raises the finger 12
to such a position, as shewn in Fig. 5, that it may come in contact with the
stop piece o on the Jay, which brings forward the bar m² and stretches the
spring, the effect of which is to prevent another revolution of the crank, and
thereby place the lay in the best position for taking out or placing in the
shuttles, or for any other usual operation.
Having now described the nature and particulars of our said Invention, we
desire it to be understood that we do not claim the use of eccentric toothed
wheels alone, as they have been before used, but what we claim in looms for
weaving is,
First, the various improved modes of giving differential motion to the crank
and lay of a loom for the purpose of allowing time for the shuttle to pass along
the race when the loom travels at an encreased speed.
And. secondly, the improved weft motion, weft grid, and mode of arresting
the lay at its best position, as all such improvements are herein described and
illustrated in the accompanying Sheet of Drawings.
In witness whereof, we, the said James Bullough and John Bullough,
have hereunto set our hands and seals. this Eighth day of October, in
the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-two.