Improvements in the Manufacture of Electric Circuits and Cables.
Year: 1892

page_text: COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
[Communicated from abroad by JOHN ARNOLD BARRETT, Electrical Engineer,
of Brooklyn, in the State of New York, United States of America.]
Improvements in the Manufacture of Electric Circuits and Cables.
I, ALFRED VINCENT NEWTON, of the Office for Patents, 6 Bream's Buildings
Chancery Lanc, in the County of London, Patent Agent, do hereby declare the
nature of this invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be
particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement :-
This invention relates to electric circuits and cables, and especially to the
construction of electric circuits composed of a pair of insulated conductors forming
the two branches of the circuit, and electric cables composed of a number of such
circuits. The general object of the invention is to provide an improved circuit,
whereby the retardation due to induction may be reduced, a greater number of
efficient circuits be enclosed within a given space, and an improved construction of
electric cables be obtained, and further, to provide a simple cheap, and efficient
construction, combining in a single strand a plurality of insulated conductors.
In the construction of cables of the class referred to, it has been the practice to
surround each conductor with a winding of paper, cotton, tape, or other suitable
insulating material, the winding, if of cotton, tape, or similar absorbent material,
generally being saturated with paraffine or other suitable insulator, the conductors
thus insulated being grouped together to form the cable. In some cases the
conductors forming a circuit have been connected so as to form a single strand, by.
wrapping the two previously insulated conductors with a single covering of paper
or similar material; and it has been proposed to wrap the two naked conductors in
such a manner as to form a single strand with insulation between and about
them.
It is well known that the inductive capacity of electric conductors is lowest when
they are insulated by dry air, and this dry air insulation has been provided in many
ways. It is found in practice, also, that it is convenient to form the circuits in
single strands containing one or more circuits, these strands being grouped together,
to form the cable, the circuits thus being conveniently handled as a single con-
struction, and it is important that the branch conductors be held in fixed positions
relatively to each other, so that the proper distribution of space in the cable, as
determined in making the circuits by the relative amounts of insulation between
and about the conductors, may be maintained.
It is well known also, that retardation by induction in the metallic circuits
forming a cable, is reduced, and the efficiency of the circuits increased, as the
distance and amount of insulation between the conductors is increased, and it is
desirable, therefore, to separate the conductors as widely as possible from each
other. In the limited cross area of a cable, therefore, but a comparatively small
number of circuits of high efficiency can be enclosed, and an increase in the number
of circuits has heretofore been attended by a corresponding loss of efficiency, on
account of the close proximity of the conductors forming the respective circuits.
It is well known, also, that the inductive capacity tending to produce retardation
is greater between the conductors forming a circuit than between conductors of
different circuits. It is evident, therefore, that the number of efficient circuits
within a given space may be increased, or a greater efficiency of the same number
of circuits may be secured, by subdividing the space within the cable, so as to
increase the distance between the conductors of each circuit, and decrease that
between conductors of different circuits, until the point of highest joint economy of
space and efficiency is reached.
In cables of the class referred to, consisting of a number of insulated circuits,

page_text: therefore, it is desirable that the conductors be insulated by dry air as far as
possible, and that the circuits be of such form that the greatest possible number
may be packed within a given space; that the insulation shall be distributed so as
to secure the greatest possible efficiency, the insulation between the conductors of
the same circuit being greater than that between conductors of adjacent circuits;
and that the insulation be of such a character, that the amount between, and out-
side, the conductors, may readily be adjusted as desired in making the circuits.
According to my correspondent, the desired result of dry insulation is best
attained by employing a core of insulating material having air spaces, and placing
the conductors of the circuit upon opposite sides of the same, so as to be separated
by the thickness of the core, the same being secured together so as to form a single
construction. The core may be of any desired form, and of any suitable construc-
tion, and the conductors may be secured to the same in any suitable manner,
preferably by insulation surrounding the core and conductors, and binding them
together.
It is evident, however, that circuits having an oblong or oval cross section will
pack with less of space than circuits of circular or other forms, but with the single
strand circuits above referred to, in which two insulated conductors, laid side by
side, are enclosed in a single covering, while an oblong circuit is produced, the
insulation between conductors of different circuits is always greater than between
conductors of the same circuit, on account of the covering, which results in a loss
of space, with no gain in efficiency. With circuits having a continuous outside
insulation, so that the distance between the conductors of adjacent circuits is double
the thickness of the insulation outside the conductors, it is necessary, therefore, for
the highest economy, that the conductors of the circuit should be separated a
distance more than double the thickness of the insulation about them, while with
certain forms of open insulation this is not necessary.
By this invention an improved circuit is provided consisting of a single strand,
the circuit being oblong, or of substantially flat form in cross section, so that a
larger number of circuits may be packed in a given space than with circuits of
other forms, and with the insulation between and about the conductors of the
circuit so adjusted that the insulation between the conductors of the same circuit is
always greater than that between conductors of adjacent circuits, when the circuits
are grouped to form the cable, the insulation being such that it may readily be
adjusted to secure the desired distribution in making the circuit; and the invention
includes such a circuit independently of the dry air insulation feature preferably
combined therewith as above described. By this invention, also, there is provided
a simple, cheap, and efficient construction combining in one cable a plurality of
insulated conductors, this construction being especially applicable in insulating and
covering the conductors of a circuit, so as to form an improved oblong single strand
circuit, but forming a part of the invention, whether the conductor form a circuit
or not.
While the improved oblong circuit may be used with advantage in all classes of
cables including filled cables, in which the spaces about the circuits are filled with a
sealing material, and this part of the invention is independent of the special class of
cable or character of the insulating material applied about the conductors in
forming the circuits, or about the circuits in forming the cable, the specific form of
insulation and method of covering conductors claimed in the present case are
especially applicable to circuits to be used in what are known as dry core cables, in
which the conductors are covered with paper or similar non-conducting material,
and then grouped together within a protecting sheath of lead or similar material to
form the cables, the spaces between the covered circuits and sheath being unfilled
and forming air spaces.
While the improved air-spaced oblong circuit may be formed with conductors of
any form and arrangement, it is preferred to use an improved construction an
arrangement, in which flat conductors are employed arranged edgewise with relation
to each other; the object being to provide improved circuit and cable constructions

page_text: by which the induction of the conductors, and retardation resulting therefrom, shall
be reduced, and such an anti-induction circuit and cable form part of the invention
ndependently of the form of the circuit, or character of the insulation, and whether
nsulated or uninsulated.
In conductors of that class in which vibratory or alternating currents are
employed, and especially in telephone work, the retardation caused by the induction
of the conductors is an important element, and constant effort has been made and
many arrangements and constructions devised, to reduce this retardation. It has
been observed that the inductive capacity tending to produce retardation is of
greater effect between the conductors forming a circuit than between conductors of
lifferent circuits, and that the retardation due to induction between conductors
varies with the surface exposure.
In order to provide an improved construction of a group of circuits, it is now
proposed to form the conductors with such a distribution of material, that the
surface exposure between conductors of the same circuit is decreased, although, for
the conduction of the required quantity of current, the surface exposure between
conductors of different circuits may be increased. The reduction of the induction
and retardation in electric circuits and groups of circuits of the.class referred to;
according to this invention, is attained by employing conductors consisting of flat
ribbons of metal, these conductors being arranged edgewise with relation to each
other, so that the surface exposure is reduced, while a sufficient cross area of the
conductor to carry the current is secured. The circuits may be insulated or
uninsulated, and used in lines of any character, and the conductors forming the
circuits may be held with their edges toward each other by any suitable means.
This flat conductor construction, however, is especially well adapted for use in the
insulated oblong circuit previously described.
In the accompanying drawings forming a part of this Specification:-
Fig. 1 shews the improved electric circuit in one of its preferred forms,
employing all the features above described.
Fig. 2 is a cross section of the same.
Figs. 3, 4, and 5 show modifications employing round conductors.
Fig. 6, shews the improved oblong circuit, omitting the dry air circulation
feature, the circuit being shown in one of its preferred forms during the process of
covering.
Figs. 7 and 8 are cross sections of the same, unstitched and stitched.
Figs. 9 to 15 show slightly modified forms of this circuit, hereinafter fully
described.
Figs. 16, 17, and 18 show an oblong woven circuit, with conductors of the
common round form.
Fig. 16 is a plan of the circuit partially woven.
Fig. 17 is a cross-section of the same.
Fig. 18 is a cross section of the same with an envelope.
Figs. 19 to 21 show modified forms of dry air insulation cores, forming circuits
circular in cross section, hereinafter described.
Fig. 22 is a cross section of my improved cable of the preferred construction.
Referring now particularly to Figs. 1 to 5, that part of the present invention
relating particularly to dry air insulation will be first described in connection with
circuits of oblong cross section, and with conductors of flat and round form.
In the construction shown in Figures 1 and 2, the core providing spaces for dry
air insulation consists of a piece of loosely woven or braided material placed
between the conductors a of the circuit, and of such a width as to separate the
conductors the required distance to secure the proper distribution of space in the
cable when the circuits are grouped. To secure the conductors and core together,
and hold the conductors in place, binding strips 2 are applied outside of the core,
preferably of such width as to extend approximately over the full breadth of the
conductors, and a covering of paper 3 is lapped around the core, conductors, and
binding strip. In this construction, the binding strips 2 are preferably gumined to

page_text: the core 1, and the wrapper 3 gummed to the binding strips, so that all the parts
are held together in a single construction, with the conductors firmly held as
positioned. Any other suitable means for securing the parts together may be
used.
The circuit thus formed is, as will be observed, of oblong form in cross-section,
and the conductors a of flat form, arranged edgewise with relation to each other.,
The construction of this figure, therefore, embodies the three features of the
invention. The dry air insulation feature, particularly described in connection
with these figures, is however, as will presently appear independent of any par-
ticular form of circuit, or of the conductors of the circuit, and the invention as to
this feature includes not only such a core as shown in Figs. 1 and 2, but also the
many modifications thereof, which will readily suggest themselves, some of which
are shown in the figures which will now be referred to.
In Fig. 3, the air space core differs from that of Figs. 1 and 2, in that, in this
case, it consists of a series of cords 4, arranged parallel with the conductors, and
separated so as to have air spaces between them, and between the binding strips 2.
of the construction of Figs. 1 and 2, which strips are gummed to the cords, the
wrapping 3 being applied as before.
In Fig. 4, the core is formed of a strip of corrugated paper 5, of suitable width
to hold the conductors the proper distance apart, the binding strips 2 being pre-
ferably used as shown, these strips and the wrapping 3 being applied as before.
In Fig. 5, the core consists of a series of perforated strips 6, which are laid on
each other to the required thickness, the binding strips 2 being omitted in this case,
but the wrapping 3 applied as before.
In Figs. 3, 4 and 5, the air space core is shown as employed in a circuit oblong
in cross section, and in conjunction with ordinary round conductors, as will be
observed, instead of the flat conductors of Figs. 1 and 2.
Referring now again to Figs. 1 to 5 just described, and also to Figs. 6 to 18, that
part of my invention relating to the form of the circuit will be more particularly
described. In all of these figures it will be noticed that the circuits are of oblong
form; that some of them have the preferred form of flat conductors, while others have
round conductors; and that some of them are provided with air space cores,, while
others are not; this oblong circuit feature of the present invention not being.
limited to any particular form of conductor, nor to a construction such as
Figs. 1 to 5 employing air space cores.
The oblong circuit may be formed in a variety of 'ways, either by separating
the two conductors, as in Figs. 1 to 5, by an air space core enclosed in a wrapping 35.
or without the use of the air space core, for example, as shown in Figs. 6 to 18,
which will now be particularly described.
Referring now especially to Figs. 6. to 8, which illustrate this feature of the
invention in its preferred form, independent of the dry-air .insulation feature of
Figs. 1 to 5, a a are the conductors, which are shown as of the preferred flat form;
3 is a wrapper of paper, or other suitable material, consisting, in the form shown in
these figures, of a single strip of sufficient width to wrap about both conductors:
when separated to the required distance, and to overlap, at the edges, preferably to
the full, or approximately the-full, distance, between the two conductors, as shown;
7, 7, are strips of paper or card-board lying upon opposite sides of the wrapper,
between the conductors, and preferably of a width approximating the distance
between the conductors, these strips being preferably of a thickness
excess of that
of the paper forming the wrapper about the conductors, so that when they and the
wrapper are pressed together, the thickness of the circuit between the conductors.
will be substantially the diameter of the covered conductors. The strips 7, 7 form.
binding strips by which the wrapper is secured, and serve to stiffen and strengthen
the circuit, at the same time filling the space between the conductors.
The binding strips 7, 7 and wrapper 3 are preferably secured together by sewing,
as shown in Figs. 6 and 8, a line of stitches, 8 being run through the three
layers of the wrapper and the strips between the, conductors, so that the whole.

page_text: CONSTRUCTION is thus my bound together to a single strand. Ine sewing is
shown as consisting of a single line of stitches, but it is evident that a line of
stitches may be run at each edge of the binding strips, if preferred. In place
of sewing, any suitable adhesive material may be applied to the binding. strips
and wrapper, and the parts thus gummed together, as in the case of the
Figs. 1 to 5, but sewing will generally be found preferable.
The circuit may be covered by hand or by machine and in one or more steps, and
the wrapper may be applied spirally or straight. It is preferred, however, to
employ the method illustrated, in which the wrapper 3 is laid parallel with the
conductors a, and wrapped about them straight, as shown, the binding strips 7, 7,
being applied as the overlapping edges of the wrapper are brought together,
and the entire construction completed at a single operation by the addition of the
stitches 8, or by gumming, as previously described. The covered circuit at the
same operation may be twisted into the usual spiral form to neutralize induction,
or this form may be given to it by an independent operation, when the circuits are
to be grouped to form the cable.
It will be seen that the circuit thus formed is oblong in cross-section, and
that a very large number of circuits may be packed within a given space, as
shown in Fig. 22, which shows a complete dry core cable with the circuits
enclosed within the usual sheath of lead or similar material. As shown in this
figure, also, the distance between the conductors of the same circuit is greater than
that between conductors of adjacent circuits, this relation with a continuous
insulation outside the conductors, being assured by separating the conductors of
each circuit, a distance more than double the thickness of the insulation outside
the conductors, as shown clearly in Fig. 8.
:
When the circuits forming the cable are straight; and the conductors of different
circuits lie parallel with each other, the relative distance between conductors of the
same circuit and of adjacent circuits, is the same throughout the cable, but the
circuits forming the cable are preferably twisted to spiral form, to neutralize
induction, in which case the difference between conductors of adjacent circuits
varies, and will be greater at some points than the distance between conductors' of
the same circuit. It will be understood, therefore, that throughout the Specifica-
tion and claims, in the statement of relative distance or amounts of insulation
between conductors of the same and adjacent circuits, it is not intended to limit the
invention to a constraction in which this relation is maintained throughout the cable,
but is intended to include all constructions in which the space within the cable is.
distributed, so that this relation exists at the points of nearest approach of adjacent
circuits.
1
.
It will be seen, also, that the invention provides a very simple and cheap
insulated single strand circuit in which the conductors are firmly held at the
distance, apart at which they are placed, and that this distance may readily
be varied, as it depends simply upon the position in which the conductors are
placed in wrapping, and the size of the wrapper and binding strips. The circuit,
also; while sufficiently flexible for convenience in handling, especially in the spiral
form, forms a rigid construction transversely to the conductors, by which folding of
the circuit between the conductors is prevented, so that the danger of breakage and
displacement of the conductors is avoided, and the conductors are rigidly held at the
proper distance apart.
. !
While the construction shown in Figures 6 to 8, and just described, with a
binding strip on each side of the circuit, is preferred, as a stronger circuit is thus
produced,,it is evident that other constructions may be employed.. Thus, one of the
strips may be omitted, a single strip only being employed, preferably on the side of
the circuit on which the ends of the wrapper are overlapped. Such a construction
is shown in Figure 9.
It is evident, also, especially if the wrapper be of considerable thickness and
rigidity, that a practical circuit may be formed as shown in Figure 10, the binding
strips being entirely. omitted, and the wrapper secured, simply by sewing the three

page_text: layers of the wrapper together between the conductors, preferably by a double row
of stitches, as shown, in order that the conductors may be held more closely in
the positions in which they are placed. A similar construction is shown in Fig. 11,
in which the three layers of the wrapper are secured by gumming, a construction
that will be found practical and satisfactory under some conditions.
:
It may be found preferable, in some cases, to apply more than one thickness of
wrapper material about the conductors, and the strip forming the wrapper may
consist of two or more superposed strips, as shown in Figure 12, which may be
gummed together, or stitched, as shown. Greater flexibility and the covering
of any slight imperfections in the material are thus secured.
The construction may be varied also in other respects, without departing from
the invention.
Thus, while it is preferred to form the wrapper from a single strip of one or
more thicknesses, and to apply it straight, as shown, this is not absolutely
necessary, but the wrapper may be formed from any number of strips desired,
and may be applied spirally or in any other suitable manner.
Thus, in Figure 13, a construction is shewn similar to that of Figures 6 to 8,
except that the wrapper 3 is formed of two strips, each enveloping a conductor, and
both ends of the two strips overlapping between the conductors, where they are
secured together by the binding strips 7, and stitching, as shown, or by gumming,
as previously described.
In Figure 14 is shewn another construction employing a two-part wrapper, in
which the wrapper consists of two strips, each of greater width than the distance
between the conductors, the conductors being laid longitudinally of, and between
the strips, with the binding strips 7 above and below the wrapper, as in the
construction shewn in Figures 6 to 8, the edges of the two parts of the wrapper
overlapping outside the conductors. The two parts of the wrapper are secured
together outside of the conductors, and the binding strips and wrapper between the
conductors, preferably by three rows of stitches, as shown, although gumming may
be substituted, as previously described.
In the constructions thus far described, the binding strips are shown as applied
outside the wrapper. If preferred, however, the circuit may be formed by placing
one or more strips between the conductors, as in the case of the air space core con-
struction of Figures 1 to 5; and then folding the wrapper about the conductors
and binding strip, the parts being secured together as previously described. Such
a construction is shown in Figure 15.
In Figures 1, 2, and 6 to 15, it will be noticed that the circuit is formed of flat
conductors, while in Figures 3, 4, and 5, it is formed of conductors of the common
round form, both of which constructions are equally within the invention as to this
feature.
While the methods of covering and insulating the conductors to form the oblong
circuit which have been described are simple and efficient, and are preferable in
certain classes of cables, the invention of an oblong circuit is of general application
in all classes of cables, as above stated, and may be formed with insulation of other
character, and applied by other methods.
In Figures 16, 17, and 18, a circuit is shown consisting of two conductors-woven
in a single mesh of cord to form the improved oblong circuit, the method of weaving
employed consisting in laying two strands 9 longitudinally of, and between the
conductors a, and weaving the conductors and strands together by a single-strand 10,
wound about the conductors and central strands, and crossing alternately above and
below the latter. By the use of two strands between the conductors, the con-
ductors are separated the required distance to secure the proper adjustment of
insulation between the conductors of the same circuit and of different circuits, when
the circuits are grouped to form the cable, and a circuit of substantially the same
form as already described in connection with the other constructions produced.
If circuits of the form shown in Figures 16 and 17, be grouped together without
envelopes, it is evident that the thickness of the insulation between the conductors

page_text: of a circuit, will be largely in excess of that between different circuits, on account
of the open form of the outside insulation, the circuits in the cable falling naturally
into such positions that the outside strands of the different circuits lie between each
other and the conductors of adjacent circuits are separated only the thickness of a
single outside strand.
If envelopes are used about each circuit to preserve dry air insulation about the
conductors in filled cables, or for other purposes, it is evident that the distance
between conductors of adjacent circuits will be at least double that of the thickness
of the insulation about the conductors together with that of the envelope.
In this case, therefore, the conductors will be woven by the adjustment of the
insulation, so that the conductors will be separated a distance more than double
thickness of the insulation outside them, as shewn in Figure 18, and as described in
connection with the other constructions, and the insulation of conductors of the
same circuit is always greater than that between conductors of adjacent circuits at
their points of nearest approach when the circuits are grouped in the cable,
independently of the manner in which the cable is formed.
While it is desirable that the conductors, when forming a circuit, should be
separated by a greater thickness of insulating material than that surrounding the
conductors, and that the circuit should be of oblong form, as above pointed out,
and the conductors are shown as thus covered, it is evident that the improved
construction of wrapped conductors is applicable in all cases in which a single
strand combining a plurality of insulated conductors is desired, whether the con-
ductors form a circuit or not, and whatever be the number of conductors, the
relative amounts of insulating material between and about the conductors, or the
form of the strand, and any such construction is within the invention.
While the preferred methods only of forming the improved oblong circuit are
shewn, it will be evident that it may be produced by many other methods and with
insulation of widely different form. The essential feature of that part of the
invention which relates to the form of the circuit consists broadly in the oblong
form of the circuit, with the insulation so adjusted that the amount of insulation
between the conductors of a circuit is in excess of that between the conductors of
adjacent circuits, when the circuits are grouped to form a cable, and this con-
struction it is intended to cover broadly, independently of the special class of
cable in which the circuits are used, or the character or form of insulation
employed.
Referring again to that feature of the present invention, relating particularly to
dry air insulation, it is to be understood that while the constructions shown and
described in which oblong or flat circuits are used, with the branch conductors
secured at opposite edges of the core, are preferred, as such circuits pack more
closely in the cable, and the conductors of the same circuit are separated a greater
distance with the same total amount of insulation than with other forms of cores,
this is not essential to the present invention, broadly considered, but the core and
circuit may be of any form desired.
Thus, in Figures 19 and 20, a construction is shewn in which a cylindrical core
is employed and a circuit of substantially cylindrical form produced, the core being
shown as consisting of a body of loosely woven or braided material 11, as in the
construction shown in Figures 1 and 2, and the paper wrapper 3 being applied
spirally to secure the core and conductors together.
While it will generally be found preferable, also, to use a separate core for each
circuit, two or more circuits may be mounted upon the same core to form a single
strand, if preferred. Thus, in Figure 21 a construction is shown similar to
Figures 19 and 20, except that two circuits a a¹ are secured upon the core in such
a manner that the conductors of the same circuit are diametrically opposite each
other.
With reference also to that feature of the present invention relating to the form.
of the conductor, it is to be understood that although. the. conductors of flat form. are..

page_text: shown herein as applied to oblong insulated circuits only, they are equally.applicable
to insulated circuits of other forms, for example to those of Figures 19 to 21, and
to un-insulated as well as insulated circuits.
In Figure 22, a number of the improved circuits are shown grouped to form a
cable, and enclosed within an ordinary sheath b, of lead. The circuits shewn thus
grouped are those of Figures 1 and 2, this cable thus embodying all the features of
the invention.
The cable is preferably filled with some sealing material, as usual, although it
may be used unfilled as a dry core cable.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I
claim is :-
1. The combination with electric conductors forming one or more circuits, of a
core upon which the conductors are secured at a distance from each other, said core.
consisting of a hollow structure constructed to provide fixed space for dry air
insulation between said conductors, substantially as described.
2. A single strand anti-induction electric circuit, consisting of a core and one or
more electric circuits thereon, each circuit consisting of a pair of conductors
arranged on opposite sides of said core, and a covering of insulating material
binding the core and conductors together, said core consisting of a hollow structure
constructed to provide fixed space for dry air insulation between the conductors,
substantially as described.
3. The combination with clectric conductors forming one or more circuits, of a
core consisting of a hollow structure of paper or similar insulating material, upon
which the conductors are secured at a distance from each other, substantially as
described.
4. The combination with flat electric conductors forming one or more circuits, of
a core of a hollow structure of paper or similar insulating material, upon which the
conductors are secured at a distance from each other, and held in position edgewise.
with relation to each other, substantially as described.
5. A single strand anti-induction electric circuit consisting of an oblong core of
insulating material, and electric conductors forming a circuit secured on the core at
the opposite edges of the same, said core being constructed to provide space for dry
air insulation between the conductors, substantially as described.
6. A single strand anti-induction eclectric circuit, consisting of an oblong core of
insulating material, and flat electric conductors forming a circuit secured on the
core at the opposite edges of the same, and held in position edgewise with relation
to each other, said core being constructed to provide space for dry air insulation
between the conductors, substantially as described.
7. In an electric cable, the combination with an enclosing sheath, of a plurality
of cores and electric conductors forming one or more circuits secured in position.
upon each core, said cores being constructed to provide space for dry air insulation.
between the conductors, substantially as described.
8. In an electric cable, the combination of a plurality of independent circuits,
each circuit consisting of a pair of conductors formed into a single oblong strand,
the distance between conductors of the same circuit being greater than that between
conductors of adjacent circuits, substantially as described.
9. In an electric cable, the combination of a plurality of independent circuits,
each circuit consisting of a pair of conductors formed into a single strand by a.
covering of paper or other insulating material applied about both conductors, and
secured to hold the conductors at a distance apart greater than the distance
between conductors of adjacent circuits in the cable, substantially as described.
10. In an electric cable, the combination of a plurality of independent circuits,
each circuit consisting of a pair of conductors formed into a single oblong strand by
a covering of paper or other insulating material applied about both conductors, and

page_text: secured to hold the conductors at a distance apart greater than the distance
between the conductors of adjacent circuits in the cable, substantially as
described.
11. An electric cable consisting of an enclosing sheath and a plurality of inde-
pendent circuits, each circuit consisting of a pair of conductors formed into a single
oblong strand, the distance between conductors of the same circuit being greater
than that between conductors of adjacent circuits, substantially as described.
12. A plurality of conductors having a covering consisting of a
strip formed of
one or more layers of paper or other insulating material wrapped about and
enclosing all the conductors, and having its opposite sides secured together between
the conductors, to hold them in place, substantially as described.
13. A. plurality of conductors having a covering of paper or other insulating
material applied about the conductors, and a binding strip or strips between the
conductors, the covering and binding strip or strips being secured together between
the conductors, to hold them in place, substantially as described.
14. A pair of conductors having a covering consisting of one or more strips of
paper or other insulating material applied straight, and wrapped about both
conductors, with the edges overlapping between the conductors, and having the
plies secured together between the conductors, to hold them in place, substantially
as described.
15. A pair of conductors having a covering consisting of one or more strips of
paper or other insulating material applied straight, and wrapped about both con-
ductors, with the edges overlapping between the conductors, and a binding strip or
strips between the conductors, the wrapping and strip or strips being secured
together between the conductors by sewing or gumming to hold them in place,
substantially as described.
16. An anti-induction circuit consisting of a pair of flat conductors arranged
edgewise with relation to each other, substantially as described.
17. A single strand anti-induction electric circuit, consisting of a pair of flat
conductors held in position edgewise with relation to each other by insulating
material between and about the conductors, substantially as described.
18. An electric cable consisting of a group of flat conductors forming a plurality
of anti-induction circuits, and arranged with the conductors of the same circuits
edgewise with relation to each other, substantially as described.
19. An electric cable, consisting of a plurality of single-strand, anti-induction
circuits, each circuit consisting of a pair of fat insulated conductors held in position
edgewise with relation to each other, substantially as described.
20. In an electric cable, the combination with an enclosing sheath of a plurality
of single-strand electric circuits, each circuit consisting of an oblong core of
insulating material, and electric conductors forming a circuit secured on the core at
the opposite edges of the same, said core being constructed to provide space for dry
air insulation between the conductors, substantially as described.
21. An electric cable, consisting of an enclosing sheath and a plurality of single-
strand electric circuits, each single-strand consisting of a core of insulating material,
and one or more circuits thereon, each circuit consisting of a pair of conductors
arranged in position upon opposite sides of said core, and a covering of insulating
material binding said conductors and core together, said cores being constructed to
provide space for dry air insulation between the conductors, substantially as
described.
NEWTON & SON,
Agents for the Applicant.