IMPROVEMENTS IN TREATING AND APPLYING MANGANESE COMPOUNDS, AND IN APPLYING APPARATUS THEREFOR."
Year: 1871

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Thomas Rowan, of Glasgow, in the County of
Lanark, North Britain, Chemist, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS
IN TREATING AND APPLYING MANGANESE COMPOUNDS, AND IN APPLYING
APPARATUS THEREFOR."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Thomas Rowan at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
22nd April 1871.
I, THOMAS ROWAN, of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark, North
Britain, Chemist, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN TREATING AND APPLYING MANGANESE COMPOUNDS, AND IN
APPLYING APPARATUS THEREFOR," to be as follows, that is to say:—
This Invention relates to the treatment of manganese sulphide and
manganese carbonate, and to the application of the compounds thereby
obtained, and of the manganese carbonate as pigments and otherwise.
The sulphide is, by preference, obtained as a precipitate by passing
sulphuretted hydrogen into manganese chloride a bye product of the

page_text: manufacture of chlorine, such chloride being first rendered alkaline by
adding lime. The sulphuretted hydrogen is, by preference, obtained by
adding hydrochloric acid to what is known as "alkali waste." Tho
manganese carbonate is obtainable by precipitation by a carbonate from
the manganese chloride. The sulphide is heated in a vessel which is
open or admits access of air, and is thereby converted into a black oxide
suitable for re-use in the manufacture of chlorine or otherwise, and also
applicable as a black pigment, or it may be obtained as a brown pigment
of a shade capable of modification by regulating the temperature, the
hcat being gradually increased until the desired shade is obtained.
In carrying out this part of the Invention it is of advantage to cause
the material to pass down an inclined plate, or what is better, down an
inclined metal cylinder which is strongly heated, and this improvement
is even more advantageous when dealing with manganese carbonate.
A uniform action is obtained by making the cylinder revolve continuously
whilst the action of the heat is regulated by adjusting the inclination of
the cylinder or plate so that the materials may pass more or less rapidly
over the heated parts. When making black oxide for re-use in the
chlorine manufacture the apparatus is arranged so that the materials
pass from the cylinder in which they are heated into a vessel of water
provided with an agitator, whereby a homogeneous mud is formed, and
the material thus rendered more suitable for re-use.
The manganese
sulphide is heated and cooled without access of air, whereby a beautiful
green pigment is formed. Brown and red pigments of various shades
are also obtained by heating the sulphide or the carbonate in a closed
yessel and then exposing it to the action of air whilst hot, or by admitting
air occasionally and agitating whilst the heating proceeds. By heating
the sulphide or the carbonate in a more or less compressed state and
without access of air, and also cooling it in a more or less compressed
state pigments of purplish shades are obtainable, the shade being finer
with the greater compression. White or stone colored pigments are
obtained by taking manganese carbonate formed, by preference, by.pre-
cipitation, by treating the manganese chloride with lime carbonate under
pressure. The manganese carbonate after being dried with or without
access of air is to be immediately mixed with boiled linseed oil or other
naint medium.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Thomas Rowan in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 20th October 1871.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, THOMAS
ROWAN, of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark, North Britain, Chemist,
send greeting.
•
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Twenty-second day of April, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-one, in the
thirty-fourth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and suc-
cessors, give and grant unto me, the said Thomas Rowan, Her special
licence that I, the said Thomas Rowan, my executors, administrators,
and assigns, or such others as I, the said Thomas Rowan, my
executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with,
and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during
the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use,
exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN TREATING AND APPLYING MANGANESE COMPOUNDS, AND IN
Applying ApparatTUS THEREFOR," upon the condition (amongst others) that
I, the said Thomas Rowan, my executors or administrators, by an
instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and
seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said
Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and
cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Thomas Rowan, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is
to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement in writing, that is to say :—
My said Invention relates to the treatment of manganese chloride,
manganese sulphide, and manganese carbonate, and to the application
of the compounds thereby obtained, and of the manganese carbonate as
pigments and otherwise.
I prefer to obtain the sulphide as a precipitate by passing sulphuretted
hydrogen into manganese chloride a bye product of the manufacture of

page_text: chlorine, such chloride being first rendered alkaline by adding lime, I
prefer to obtain the sulphuretted hydrogen by adding hydrochloric acid
to what is known as "alkali waste." The manganese carbonate is
obtainable by precipitation by a carbonate from the manganese chloride.
I heat the sulphide in a vessel which is open or admits access of air,
and it is thereby converted into a black oxide suitable for re-use in the
manufacture of chlorine or otherwise, and also applicable as a black
pigment, or it may be obtained as a brown pigment of a shade capable
of modification by regulating the temperature, the heat being gradually
increased until the desired shade is obtained. Or this process may be
simplified by omitting the conversion of the chloride into sulphide, and
by evaporating the chloride to dryness and then heating it to the degree
necessary to produce the desired shade of oxide. The chlorine is driven
off as hydrochloric acid, to facilitate which action a sufficiency of
moisture must be maintained by the application of steam or otherwise.
In practising this part of my Invention it is advantageous to cause
the material, that is, the sulphide or the dried chloride to pass down an
inclined. plate, or what is better, down an inclined metal cylinder which
is strongly heated, and this improvement is even more advantageous
when dealing with manganese carbonate as described in the Specifi-
cation of Letters Patent granted to me and dated 8th February 1871,
(No. 324.) A uniform action is obtained by making the cylinder revolve
continuously whilst the action of the heat is regulated by adjusting the
inclination of the cylinder or plate, so that the materials may pass more
or less rapidly over the heated parts. When making black oxide for
re-use in the chlorine manufacture the apparatus is arranged so that the
materials pass from the cylinder in which they are heated into a vessel
of water provided with an agitator, whereby a homogeneous mud is
formed, and the material thus rendered more suitable for re-use. I obtain
a green pigment by heating and cooling the manganese sulphide without
access of air. I also obtain yellow, brown, and red pigments of various
shades by heating the sulphide or the carbonate in a closed vessel, and
then exposing it to the action of air whilst hot, or by admitting air
occasionally and agitating whilst the heating proceeds. By heating the
sulphide or the carbonate in a more or less compressed state, and
without access of air, and also cooling it in a more or less compressed
state, pigments of purplish shades are obtainable, the shade being the
finer with the greater compression. White or stone colored pigments

page_text: are obtained by taking manganese carbonate formed, by preference, by
precipitation, by treating the manganese chloride with lime carbonate
under pressure. The manganese carbonate after being dried with or
without access of air is to be mixed with boiled linseed oil or other
suitable paint medium, this being done immediately after drying when a
pure white is wanted. It is an important and advantageous charac-
teristic of my manganese pigments that they mix well with themselves
and with other colors. They also combine easily with boiled linseed
oil, or other usual paint mediums, and impart drying qualities so as to
dispense with other driers. The carbonate is peculiarly well suited for
mixing with other pigments to produce lighter shades as it acts without
producing chalkiness. All the manganese pigments possess great
covering power owing to their finely divided condition.
Having thus particulary described my said Invention and the manner
in which the same is to be performed, I have to state that I do not
restrict myself to the precise details herein described or delineated, but
that what I believe to be novel and original and claim as the Invention
secured to me by the herein-before in part recited Letters Patent is,
the treating and applying of manganese compounds in the improved
modes and by means of the apparatus herein-before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Thomas Rowan, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Nineteenth day of October, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-one.
5 Witness,
EDMUND HUNT,
Patent Agent,
Glasgow.
THOMAS ROWAN. (L.S.)