IMPROVEMENTS IN GENERATING APPLYING HEAT
Year: 1851

page_text: BOOTH'S SPECIFICATION.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, GEORGE
ROBINS BOOTH, of Portland Place, Wandsworth Road, in the County of Surrey,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Пer present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Tenth day of March, One
thousand eight hundred and fifty-one, in the fourteenth year of Her reign, did,
for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said George
Robins Booth, my exors, adñiors, and assigns, Her especial licence, full power,
sole privilege and authority, that J, the said George Robins Booth, my exors,
adñiors, and assigns, or such others as I, the said George Robins Booth, my
exors, adñiors, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from
time to time and at all times during the term of years therein expressed, should
and lawfully might make. use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales,
and the Town of Berwick upon Tweed, and in the Islands of Guernsey, Jersey,
Alderney, Sark, and Man, and also in all Her said Majesty's Colonies and
Plantations abroad, my Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN GENERATING
APPLYING HEAT;" in which said Letters Patent is contained a proviso that I,
the said George Robins Booth, shall cause a particular description of the
nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed,
by an instrument in writing, under my hand and seal, to be enrolled in Her
said Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar months next and
immediately after the date of the said in part recited Letters Patent, as in and
by the same. reference being thereunto had, will more fully and at large appear.

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
George Robins Booth, do hereby declare that the nature of my said Invention,
and the manner in which the same is to be performed, are fully described and
ascertained in and by the following statement thereof, reference being had to
the Drawings hereunto annexed, and to the figures and letters marked thereon,
that is to say
I shall take my plan for explaining this patent improvement for generating
heat from the course usually adopted by scientific publications when treating
upon the subject of heat, in order that my Specification may shew the proper
apparatus that must fall under the varied behaviour of heat in its legitimate
modifications, viz', radiation, ignition, and vaporization; for, according to the
mode in which heat is generated, and the more correct the principles of that
mode are, so the mode of application must follow. The rules, therefore, for
treating heat under these modifications, and the plans to suit them, are set forth
in the above order, and to the best of my ability and experience. If heat be
generated as here proposed, without smoke, and in a. convenient, safe, and
effectual manner, which has been up to this time a great desideratum, not
only is a great public nuisance done away with by consuming smoke, but
advantages are gained by such a mode of combustion whereby many methods
of applying heat will be promoted with safety and on a large scale, which could
not be performed except with difficulty and by a great cost, that is, unless
done by this patent mode. The plan, therefore, will be made suitable to such
cases, where without such consumption of smoke, the danger of explosion would
ensue from the combustible nature of the gases. Thus by the plan proposed,
heat may be safely conducted into extensive chambers, kilns, ovens, &c. without
fear of explosion, although coal is used, since the heat will be combined only
with carbonic acid gas, nitrogen, &c., and not with carbonic oxide, &c.; such
safety cannot be procured when a partial combustion only takes place, as in
ordinary furnaces, hearths, kilns, or ovens; nor could such places described in
this Patent, connected with the ordinary mode of using coal and other smoke-
making substances be applicable for useful purposes, like those we have here
set forth in the examples and clucidations given. It is, therefore, requisite to
enter into such particular plans for the formation of a proper apparatus pecu-
liarly adapted to various and such purposes, which shew that by a perfect
combustion inflammable gases cannot be made, and, therefore, how the ignition
of the gases and explosion is avoided, and the consequent destruction of life
and property rendered impossible. It will ultimately be seen that upon the
merits of this perfect combustion peculiar applications will be brought forward,
each resting upon some one basis belonging to the behaviour of heat, whether

page_text: that basis be radiation, ignition, or vaporization, in all of which processes.the
advantages will be apparent. Nevertheless, other applications may be numerous,
for the commonest modes and processes where heat is used will not be excluded
from the application of this improvement; both ordinary and extraordinary pro-
cesses and plans will merge into it, as it must insure general application when heat
is the subject required. In proceeding with these plans, &c., the claims and
statements of the apparatus, &c. will be made and exhibited as cause and effect.
In the first place, the modes, plans, and apparatus, which refer to the application
of heat by radiation will be given; in the second place, the modes of applying
heat by ignition; and, lastly; the manner of applying heat in its behaviour in
vaporization.
By radiation is meant. the method of using heat when generated and passing
off from heated surfaces. This part is applicable to all processes of drying and
dessicating materials, and is generally applied to stoves..
By ignition is meant those operations which make the subjects red hot, or
incandescent; such processes relate to what is commonly called burning or
firing manufactured goods, &c. in ovens, kilns, or furnaces, such as potters
ovens, brick, tile, and coarse ware kilns of all kinds, also reverberatory furnaces,
and the such like.
By vaporization is meant the property which heat has of changing bodies
into vapour; this applies generally to the generating of steam in all kinds of
boilers, and to boiling apparatus in common. The whole of such applications,
modes, plans, and apparatus for employing the behaviour of heat, under its legiti-
mate modifications, are a chain of natural consequences, arising from the novel
plan of consuming smoke by a destructive distillation of the combustibles, and
the perfect destruction of the inflammable gases. The following Drawings and
descriptions contain and shew the apparatus and processes designed, as before
inentioned. They are comprehended and exhibited under the order of the
heads above named, and develope the various parts, matters, and things for
which I hereby make a general claim. But whenever heat is required, my
Invention or improvement may be generally appropriately and advantageously
used. Therefore, I make this general claim for all novelty or improvement in
the apparatus where my Invention may be applied, be the proposed purposes
whatsoever they may, whether if described, inferred, or applicable thereto, the
same being advantages gained by my discovery in the improvement of gene-
rating heat without smoke, and its applications. Thus, I claim, in the first
instance, the novel mode of combustion and the inflammation of the gases;
and, secondly, for its application to any matter or process wherein or whereby it
can be applied; and as the improvement might remain considerably less useful

page_text: unless the modes and their advantages were fully developed, I have given the
best modes of applying the improvement in a number of cases and purposes of
peculiar construction, but still such as naturally follow from the improvement
made in the mode of combustion, &c., and as a scientific and practical applica-
tion of the same.
Part 1: The mode of generating heat and consuming the gases forms the
first part of this improvement. Since the advantages of the application and
employment of my smokeless furnace depend upon and arise out of the con-
struction and upon the manner of governing it, as well as from its peculiar
and novel mode of action, I proceed to describe it. The following furnaces
arc wrought with still air, or by an atinospheric pressure only. But there may
be many forms for an apparatus or furnace comprehending the plan of this
improved mode of generating heat which I claim, so long as this plan or mode
of improvement is carried out by them. I shall, therefore, only confine myself
to some of the best plans and modes, and what I believe to be some of the most
practical forms. The apparatus or furnace is divided into various compartments,
which may be appropriately termed chambers, &c. I shall name them par-
ticularly after the manner and nature of their uses. The first part is
denominated a retort, the second the neck, the third the receiver, the fourth
the mixing chamber and the tubes, the fifth the expansion chamber, or the
gas burning chamber. These are thus explained:-The first part or compartment
is the retort, or hearth, which may be made with or without bars; into this-is
placed the coal, &c. to be consumed. The second compartment is the passage
for the gases from the retort to the receiver; this is called the neck of the retort.
The third part is the receiver of the generated gases, and the receiver of a
certain quantity of atmospheric air; this may also be termed a flame chamber.
The fourth consists of a tube or tubes, and is called a mixing and gas igniting
apparatus, or chamber. The fifth is an expansion chamber, where the heat
and flame having undergone thorough combustion and expansion, is therefrom
ready to be applied to any of the purposes common to the behaviour of heat.
The general feature and plan proposed by the adoption of these particular parts
does thus classify and shew my improved mode of generating heat by a
destructive distillation and in a perfect combustion, whereby the fuel is ignited
or burned, and whereby the general products of combustion are chemically and
appropriately apportioned with oxygen and consumed. Thus, the mixture
being duly ignited, does give out all the heat contained in the combustibles,
and thus drawn from them, so that the same may be forthwith applied to the
purposes and objects requiring heat whatsoever they may be. Such parts and
such arrangements and distribution of the parts are essential to produce the

page_text: prevention of smoke, and the full generation of the heating qualities of fuel,
which being thus arranged form my novel mode. But some parts of the
apparatus may be made suitable to some constructions, forming a part of their
applications, as may be instanced in a boiler with a tube through it; in this
case the tube itself may with due attention be made to answer the purpose of
the designed expansion chamber, otherwise each part named in this Specifica-
tion has a distinct operation to perform, which it will accomplish in the most
perfect manner under any modifications of shape, form, or position of the said
parts, however varied they may be, provided attention be paid to the construc-
tion, rules, and regulations for the same as laid down and shewn in the various
Drawings bereto annexed.
I claim, therefore, as a general feature of my furnace, all and any modifica-
tions of the above-named parts.
HL
The retort for the fuel occupies the principle place in the apparatus, and is a
covered chamber, with or without bars; it may occasionally be divided into two
parts, see Figure 3, A, A, the fire and combustibles being placed on both sides
of the neck B of the retort, or even all round it, if a round furnace be used.
It may be supplied with fuel at the top or sides, in any manner according to
circumstances, see Figure 2, C, C, for feeding holes. The supply of air for tho
combustion in the retort may be given by soufflets, marked D, D, which may
be fixed in any suitable place in the retort, or the air may be supplied at the
top, or beating holes C, C, with or without the use of bars under the fuel.
The retort is separated from the receiver by grating E, E, at the bottom
of which, in this instance, the neck B is placed, otherwise the neck or grating
might be fixed at the end of the retort or hearth, or in the middle of it, at the
top or sides of it, or in any position that may best suit the receiver. The
grates of this neck may be formed vertically, diagonally, horizontally, or in
the form of tubes, or of or in one or more apertures; and when used in loco-
motive or other boilers, they may be constructed so as to form a part of the
boiler, the interior of these tubes being parts through which the water in the
boiler has free motion and action; nevertheless neck or passage, similar
to B, must in all cases be made from the retort into the receiver, as exhibited
in the Drawings, whether with or without the grates alluded to. The uses of
these grates in the retort are to mingle together, the heat and gases as they
pass away from the retort, and partly (as the case may be) to prevent the
slack coal or fuel from falling into the neck of the receiver when placed below
the fuel or at the sides of the retort. Therefore this neck of the receiver,
whether formed with grates or without, is that part of the furnace which lies
between or behind the grates, and at the end, sides, or middle, or top of the

page_text: hearth, or above it, and which having received the heat, flame, smoke, and
gases, forms a way to convey the same into the receiver. In size it must be
sufficient to take the products of combustion fully and freely from the retort
as fast as they are generated, and direct them to the receiver. The bottoin of
this aperture answers best when it is as long and wide as the neck leading to it.
It be formed of one continuous opening across the retort, or it may be
shaped into various openings. When the receiver is made above or at the
sides of the retort, this aperture will enter it direct from the retort, or it may
- be directed in any other manner leading to the receiver.
may
The receiver F, or flame chamber, is separated from the retort by the afore-
mentioned aperture and neck, and made partly by the floor or by the top or
sides of the retort, as the case may be be, and forms a distinct and separate
apartment by itself; it is placed below at the top sides, or at the end of the
retórt, as convenience or utility will direct. This receiver must be of such
dimensions as shall admit all the heat and flame, and for the gases to obtain
their full and free action, expansion, and their proper combustion with air.
A number of air holes G, G, Figure 1, or tubes or openings must be made
in the front or sides, or at any convenient part of the receiver, to supply it
with air. I prefer placing them in the front of the receiver when the same
can be conveniently done, and under that end nearest the ash-pit, since the
air is considerably heated thereby before it passes into the receiver. This aids
the combustion, and economises a portion of the waste heat; nevertheless this
plan or any similar contrivance will be effective. The size of such tubes or
apertures, or the number of such tubes or apertures, must be varied to suit
the size of the apparatus used; if they are numerous enough or large enough,
they may be regulated in size by closing them by dampers, valves, or slides,
which may be done at any time according as the fuel in the retort is consumed
more or less rapidly. These tubes may be continued and brought near the
feeding holes of the retort, or they may be placed at any distance from the
receiver, so that they have a free communication with it; thus the stoker will
have the opportunity of adjusting them without moving from his place; the
only point to be observed is to have them sufficiently free for a passage of a
proper quantity of atmospheric air, by the admission of which the smoke is
utterly consumed.
The floor, roof, and sides of the receiver II, II, should be made of fire-proof.
clay or bricks, or with isolated pieces of iron, whichever can be conveniently
done or used, in order that these parts may retain a constant heat sufficient
for the ignition of the gases as they are admitted into this receiver. The sides
of this receiver will form a part or parts of the boiler in locomotives and in

page_text: some other boilers, and may be lined with iron as stated; nevertheless, when
the apparatus is formed with bricks entirely, as in common furnaces, the walls
themselves will answer all purposes without being lined.
The tubular apparatus I, I, or mixing chamber, is placed at some part of
the receiver, generally at the end of it, thus forming a part of the walls of
the above receiver, as may be seen in the Drawings; this may be termed the
gas burner, whether the same be placed above or below; or on one side of the
chamber, being required for the thorough claboration, thorough mixing and
ignition of, the gases, and for rendering the heat uniform and equal when and
as it passes into the expansion chamber. The form of these tubes will permit
of a variety of shapes in their construction, that is, they may be square, round,
or polygonal, or in one single tube, or in,many, or few. If one tube is used,
it will be found preferable to make it narrow, tortuous, and sufficiently long
to obtain the purposes desired. The depth, height, or length of these tubes.
must be such as to promote the object of ignition, &c., and according to the
length, contents, or shortness of the receiver, so will the length or shortness of
these tubes be required, that is, in ratio one with another. The tubes must be
made of some incombustible material; for they, like the lining of, the receiver,
must be kept at a heat proper for the ignition of gases; they must be lined
with fire bricks, fire clay, iron tubes, or they may be made by perforating a
block of fire clay or iron with a number of holes, apertures, or slits.; in loco-
motives they may be so disposed. as to make the parts between the holes to
be water spaces, but lined with fire-proof clay material, &c., always taking
care in every case that the area of the tube or tubes shall -permit the free
egress of the matter proceeding from the receiver, and not more. :
It
The expansion chamber J, J, is contiguous to and follows the tubes.
is the receiver of the perfect and fully finished and perfectly eliminated
flame and heat, and its office is also to direct the heat into a proper course of
distribution to whatever point or purpose the same may be required; the walls
of it will be calculated as so much heating surface. The dimensions of this
chamber must be such as to afford a duc ingress and egress to or of the heat,
and sufficient for the whole expanded volume thereof, and must be commen-
surable with the increased volume of the perfect gases after combustion.. The
liberty here given for this expansion gives value to the powers of heat, yet
there will be cases where it will not be needful to have a formal expansion
chamber; certain forms of ovens are of themselves good and proper expan-
sion chambers; this will be evident in ovens for firing bricks, tiles,. pottery, and
coarse ware of all sorts, &c.; here the oven itself forms a tolerable good
expansion chamber, but in a tubular boiler an expansion chamber is indis-

page_text: pensible in order to distribute the heat as exhibited in the Drawings that
follow. Again, when the heat is to be distributed to the flues in or around
the common boiler, then the expansion chamber is supplied by it or con-
structed by or connected with the said flues.
The size of the expansion chamber may sometimes be required of small
dimensions if a concentrated heat or powerful draft is demanded, such as for
smelting cast iron; then in this case the cubic dimensions of the chamber
should never be reduced below the cube of a square, equal to the area of the
tubes leading from the receiver, but in such cases a great waste of heat is
made.
The tubes in a tubular boiler, as said before, if placed at the end of the
receiver, and of a sufficient length and width so as to admit of earthenware
or iron pipes to be placed within them for some distance, would perform the
purposes of the tubes, &c., above spoken of.
It will be seen that the walls of the furnace and the whole apparatus may
be constructed with brick or fire clay, or as an iron boiler, of any convenient
form and size. But when such a furnace be applied to a boiler of a loco-
motive or of other boilers, then the sides, top, and bottom of the receiver and
the tubes, and a portion of the expansion chamber, must be lined with bricks,
fire-proof clay, fire tiles, or with an iron casing in one or more pieces, the
former being the most preferable material, as being more lasting and retentive
of heat, thus insuring the most continuous mode of destroying smoke. This
furnace and apparatus, by the departmental construction here laid down, will
produce the entire, utter, and complete consumption of smoke, and will perinit
the use of slack, dross, or coal at a low price, in lieu of valuable and costly
coke. The exceeding value of my improved Invention may therefore be
plainly and partly seen, the discovery of which has not been before made,
nor has the nature and quality of heat and its action been so fully, practically,
or clearly set forth before in any preceding plan, or Patent, or publication,
whereby the public could be so benefitted.
I therefore claim for all parts named and described in the foregoing general
explanations which are applicable to my improved mode of generating heat, as
therein set forth.
Secondly, I am enabled therefore, to apply my improvement to common and
various purposes where heat from common coal could not hitherto be applied.
1 therefore proceed to shew the best mode of the application of my plan, that
the mode of generating and applying heat so made may be carried fully
cut as a cause and effect. In locomotives the condition of the draft of the
furnace depends upon the eduction or blast pipe in the chimney, and on the

page_text: speed of the engine; therefore the proportion or sizes of the parts of my
furnace will be pointed out under the Drawings for locomotives.
Figure 1: A, the retort; B, the neck of the retort; C, the feeding holes;
D, the soufflets; E, the gratings; F, the flame chamber; G, the air-holes;
II, the walls of the receiver; I, the tubular or gas burning apparatus; J, the
expansion chamber; K, the spy hole; L, the way to chimney; M, the brick-
work or water space, of any convenient and proper dimensions suited to the
purposes demanded.
The same letters in each Drawing refer to the same parts in all.
The following are the Drawings alluded to in the foregoing description. The
mode of using those furnaces and the applications is partly apparent from the
Drawings and descriptions. In using the apparatus the retorts A are filled
with coal or slack, to the top, when the covers C are put on closely. The
whole mass will soon ignite, and the holes or tubes G are opened or shut more
or less, to let in sufficient atmospheric air to cause all the smoke and gases in
the chamber F to become ignited. But at the commencement of this opera-
tion care must be taken to make the chamber F nearly red hot by using a
small quantity of fuel in the retort to get up that heat.
APPLICATION OF HEAT BY RADIATION.
In consequence of smoke and carbonic oxide generated from coal being con-
sumed by a perfect combustion, large volumes of heat may be permitted to
remain in extensive chambers without fear of an explosion, and thus give power
for the duc action of heat in its behaviour in radiation. The following form of
a stove or chamber is given, a mode to do which could not be otherwise put in
practice except by this Patent plan; that is, unless smokeless fuel was used,
but which nevertheless would then require much skill and care, because of the
carbonic oxide, and is riskful at best. Therefore a plan of a stove for drying
tissues and textile fabrics and other materials, bricks, clay, &c., applicable also
to drying purposes in washing establishments, and which will also be found to
afford the best means of heating apartments, churches, chapels, and public
rooms, is here given as follows, all of which I claim in joint connexion
with my furnaces.
Figure 6, A, A, are pillars of brick-work. B, B, are plates of iron or
Tt of an inch thick or thereabouts; these are placed between the pillars
A, A, and fit in, and are built into each of them about six inches deep. D, D,
are the plates at the ends of the stoves, similar to the others B, B. E, E, is
brick-work upon the ground floor stretching from pillar to pillar, into which the
plates B, B, also fit. The top of the stove is made in like manner, supporting

page_text: the brickwork with bars, as will be hereafter seen. It is evident that this
stove may be enlarged or extended in any direction at the ends, sides, or middle,
by continuing the pillars and plates in such a direction. If then any one of the
Patent furnaces already described be applied and fixed at either end of or side
or in connection with this stove, say, at F or G, this chamber or stove will be
filled with hot air, the operation of which we shall see more fully in what
follows. The plates of iron used may be of any convenient size and form.
Figure 7, A, A, part of the pillars, as in Figure 6;-H, H, bars of iron to
support the brick-work above it, is as before alluded to; I, I, two rows of
brick-work resting upon the bars and pillars A, A, which cover the upright ends
of the plates B, B, and which also make a basis for the cover of the sheet iron
to rest upon; these stretch across the stoves from pillar to pillar, and may
stretch also crosswise of the stoves from pillar to pillar to any extent by
placing bars, &c. at II, II, for the same purpose. J, J, is the covering of
sheet iron or boiler plates, the ends and sides of which are imbedded in the
brick-work I, I, and like the sides. K is the furnace, placed in a position to
supply this large stove with heat. L, L, is the ground or floor of the stove. It
will be seen in this case that the furnaces are placed below the level of the
stove, and the heat is admitted through the floor, as shewn hereafter, but it may
be admitted by other ways.. M, the dotted lines, shew how far the plates of iron
proceed into the brick-work. N is the way leading to the chimney.
Figure 8 is a plan of a house and the appurtenances to which the stove may
be applied, in which goods, any tissues, brine, clay, hay, corn, straw, &c. are
placed, to be dried or evaporated. A is an air-tight room, in-which the stove is
erected in the lower part of the house; E, a perforated floor over the stove and
leading into H, the drying room, air-tight also. E is the cover over the drying
room; this is made air-tight, except at J, J, which are apertures or openings in
this cover to let out the steam; these must be only of such area and not larger as
shall keep the steam or heat among the goods at one uniform temperature
throughout the whole of the drying room, and are consequently very small;
L, L, the roof above the cover J, J.
I claim for this construction of room so far as is expressed under the letters
I, I, and J, J.
I claim also for the whole room or chamber or drying house being made air-
tight, the only opening being the apertures J, J, when the house is in operation;
thus the steam is forced out by its own expansion, which is novel, and may be
called my plan of drying or evaporating by expansion.
I claim this mode of drying by the aid of my furnace, be the purpose what-
ever it may to which the said furnace and drying chamber may be applied;

page_text: the said chamber, &c. being inferential dependences in the application of
heat in its quality of radiation, and the best and most novel mode in which I
know how to apply the same from the pure heat generated by my furnaces.
Figure 9, another plan for a drying stove for the economization of heat. In
this plan, walls round the building are made hollow in certain parts by plates
of iron; the plates are placed some distance from the walls A, A, and separated
from each other so as to make an internal space between them; the heat
passes into the stove through the aperture in the centre of the stove C, and
after filling it, the heat then passes downwards through the apertures B, B,
from whence it passes on in a flue D to the compartment to the centre of the
end of the room E, up which it ascends, and from the top of which it passes
in two directions right and left into F and G, by a flue joined to the top of this
first compartment and leading into the two second compartments, down which
it now descends, and then passes into the two side flues H and I made in the
side walls by a flue at the bottom of the aforesaid second compartment, and so
on, it ascends to the third compartment J and K, by a fluc at the top of the
third compartment, and from thence into the chimney at L, L.
Thus the heat goes both
ways to the two chimnies and exhausts itself, giving
out its whole power into the room; thus no heat is lost after it has left the
stove in the centre of the room, the whole being conducted with perfect safety,
because all inflammable gases are consumed by the furnace, and no smoke
being made to stuff up these various ramified passages so conducive to the full
developement of heat by radiation.
I claim therefore for this mode of making these stoves, and of using them
for any purpose.
I claim the mode of using iron plates set in walls in the manner here
described for the purposes herein laid down.
APPLICATION OF HEAT IN ITS CAPACITY OF IGNITION.
The mode of firing or burning differs from drying or eveporating. In the latter
cases the articles submitted to heat are shielded from its naked action upon
them, and require less heat, whilst in the former the articles are exposed to the
flame or heat in a direct manner. It is clear, nevertheless, that the same
furnace may be applied to both or all these cases. My furnace therefore may
be attached to any ovens, kilns, or igniting apparatus, whether used for brick,
tiles, pottery, iron, or for any other thing, whatever it may be. The floor of the
oven or kiln may frequently be made to serve the purpose of a tubular chamber
or grate, being perforated with holes or apertures; or the pipes in the centre of
a pottery oven, or the bags at the sides therein used, may be made to answer
this purpose, and the oven itself will form the expansion chambers, and so on.

page_text: A, the retort or nearth, nitted up with Dars or otherwise; 70, a dead plate
made into a water space; N° 77, back soufflet, answering to D in the Figures;
E, the grating; B, the neck; H, the brick lining; N° 100, back dead plate
of clay or brickwork, &c.; N° 98, dead plate at the bars, covered with clay,
brick-work, &c.; F, part of flame chamber or receiver; G, air holes belonging
to the receiver; No 116, a portion of the boiler below the ash-pit; F, flame
chamber or receiver; I, tube chamber. The length of this boiler is 19 feet, the
height to the top of the hearth 5 feet 3 inches; the other dimensions in pro-
portion to this scale. N° 122, door to the ash-pit or dust-hole; C, the door
of the retort or feeding hole; J, the expansion chamber; M, water space.
N.B. The parts for the steam and exit of the heated air to the chimney are
fully exhibited in the other Drawings for boilers. The heat having entered the
chamber J, may pass to the chimney by any of the known methods or flues
commonly in use, whether by one or more tubes or spaces passing through the
water space, situated in this case over the hearths, or otherwise. I claim this
mode of carrying out my Patent furnace, and all modifications of that furnace.
as here applied to a boiler for generating steam, and as exhibited in the Draw-
ings and explanations. I call this a plan for a still air boiler, being in contra-
distinction to the blast draft of the locomotive; and I have given the best
practical rules or form in this Drawing that the experiments made will permit.
SECONDLY, PLAN FOR MARINE ENGINE BOILERS.--DRAWING N° 13.
The letters marked on this plan are explained by the same letters in the last
Drawing. A, the retort, &c. B, the neck. C, the feeding holes; these are
sometimes made diagonally. D, D, the soufflets, with or without a damper.
E, E, E, the gratings, one or more, as the case may be. F, F, F, flame
chamber. F, F, F, are apertures or openings left in the bricks or iron plates,
so as to permit the heat to act in a direct manner upon a certain portion of the
boiler. G, the air holes; these are placed in a new position in this example
H, walls of the receiver; these vary a little from N° 3 Drawing. I, the tubular
or gas burning apparatus; theso are placed in a different direction to the first

page_text: plan; J, expansion chamber fully shewn; L, L, way to the chimney through the
tubes L, L; M, M, water space; N° 182, steam space, of any appropriate dimen--
sions; N° 184, the chimney. The other parts of this plan are given in the
Drawing No 8.
THIRDLY, A PLAN FOR THE APPLICATION OF THE PATENT FURNACE TO THE
PURPOSES OF A LOCOMOTIVE,-DRAWING N° 16.
Being the same height but less in length by 7 feet than some of the engines
used on the rails. The same letters.and numbers apply to this as to the last
Drawing; the man-holes, smoke-box, chimney bars, and ash-pit, are shown in
their proper position and size. In these three designs the Drawings exhibit
various plans for land engines, boilers, marine, and locomotive boilers, each
having peculiar features suitable to their adaptation. The land engine boiler
has a long flue-like flame chamber; the marine boiler has a short flame
chamber, but a deep one, whilst the locomotive is neither long nor high,
because of the blast used in the chimney. These conditions are counter-
balanced and met by dividing the flame chamber into two, and making two
flues instead of one, as in the two former cases.
I claim the whole adaptation of my furnace as heretofore described to these
applications, and the mode of applying the same as here laid down.
In witness whereof, I, the said George Robins Booth, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Ninth day of September, One thousand eight
hundred and fifty-one