IMPROVEMENTS IN MAKING TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATIONS AND IN INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN AND CON- NECTED THEREWITH
Year: 1852

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, EDWARD
BRAILSFORD BRIGHT, of Liverpool, in the County of Lancaster, Secretary to
the English and Irish Magnetic Telegraph Company, and CHARLES TILSTON
BRIGHT, of Manchester. in the same County, Telegraphic Engineer, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria. by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland. bearing date ai Westminster. the Twenty-first day of
October, in the sixteenth year of Her reign. did. for Herselt. Her heirs and suc-
cessors; give and grant unto us, the said Edward Brailsford Bright and Charles
Tilston Bright, our exors, admors, and assigns. Her especial licence. full power.
sole privilege and authority. thai we. the said Edward Brailsford Bright and
Charles Tilston Bright, our exors, admors. and assigns, or such others as we.
the said Edward Brailsford Bright and Charles Tilston Bright, our exors.
admors, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others. from time
to time and at all times thereafter. during the term of years therein expressed.
should and lawfully might make. use. exercise. and vend. within England,
Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed. in the Islands of Jersey.
Guernsey. Alderney. Sark. and Man, and also in all Her Majesty's Colonies and
Plantations abroad, our Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN MAKING TELEGRAPHIC
COMMUNICATIONS AND IN INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN AND CON-
NECTED THEREWITH;" in which said Letters Patent there is contained a proviso
Prien S

page_text: requiring that wc. the said Edward Brailsford Bright and Charles Tilston Bright,
should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of our said Invention, and
in what manner the same is to be performed, by an instrument in writing
under our hands and seals, or under the hand and seal of one of us, and cause
the same to be enrolled in Her said Majesty's High Court of Chancery
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said
in part recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference being there-
unto had, will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, we, the said
Edward Brailsford Bright and Charles Tilston Bright, do hereby declare that.
the nature of our Invention is described and ascertained in and by this
present Instrument in writing, and is as follows, that is to say:-
Our Invention consists.-
First. in a dead beat right and left motion needle telegraph.
Second, in the combination of marine glue with wood, bone, or other
suitable material for above-ground insulation at or about the points of support.
and the use of a sharp edge for the purposes of insulation. In suspending
the telegraphic wires, where more than two are used, in such manner that no
wire shall hang at any point. perpendicularly above another. Also in suspend-
ing the wires so that their curves shall all converge and diverge at every
alternate post or point of support. And also for improved means of shackling
the wires in causing a break where required.
Third. in certain underground arrangements. consisting in laying a wire
or wires. either bare or bound with silk or thread, between two pieces of wood
suitably prepared and united, both longitudinally and laterally, by marine glue
or other suitable cement. and in the employment of a washer, when wires are
suitably protected and insulated by a band or ribbon of iron or other suitable
metal wound round them spirally, so that each turn shall overlap the preceding
turn to some extent, such washer to be interposed between the overlap
and the preceding turn of the metal band, in order that it may give flexibility.
Fourth, in constructing a submarine cable with a washer, similarly to that
last mentioned for subterranean protection.
Fifth, in certain means whereby relays of currents may be sent through the
same wire in both directions, which we call an automaton transmitting
instrument. This instrument receives currents, and forwards on fresh currents
in a new circuit. or circuits.
Sixth, in certain arrangements for bringing telegraphic apparatus into
circuit at an intermediate point or points from a distant station.
Seventh. in certain instruments called detectors for ascertaining the exact.

page_text: point of any fault or faults in the telegraphic transmitting wires from any
other point in the same time of communication without. proceeding to the
faulty spót:
Eighth, in a standard galvanometer or electrometer for ascertaining the
exact amount of force of currents, which will give an invariable result.
Ninth, in certain instruments for preventing lightning acting injuriously
upon telegraphic wires or apparatus.
Tenth, in certain arrangements connected with the use of magnetic
telegraphs.
Eleventh, in improvements in type-printing telegraphs by causing the types
to be set in a stationary frame.
Twelfth, in obtaining a better communication or completion of currents by
means of mercury. This we effect by enclosing the mercury in a vessel, and
forcing in air or other medium which would cause the mercury to make a
better contact with any point or points within the vessel.
Thirteenth, in an improved alarum which we call the centrifugal alarum and
other alarums. And,
Fourteenth, in improved means or method of winding wires in coils for
telegraphic purposes.
Having thus described the nature of our improvements, we will proceed to
describe the manner in which the same respectively may best be carried into
effect, reference being had to the accompanying Sheets of Drawings, and to
the figures and letters thereon which mark similar parts.
The manner in which our first improvement may be best carried into
effect is as follows:-
Figure 1 and Figure 2 are a side view and end view of a dead lock tele-
graph or apparatus. A is an electro-magnetic coil, with the iron in its centre,
indicated by the parallel dotted lines. B. B', are two magnets with the same
pole uppermost upon axes C, C; small arms b, b', project from these magnets
or their axes, so as to embrace the centre piece d fixed to the axis on which
the signal pointer or indicator is attached, so that when the apparatus is at rest.
the centre piece, with pointer attached. is held in a dead lock by the iwo arms
b, b', but on either of the magnets B, B'. (say B.) being driven away by a
current being passed through the electro-magnetic coil, its arm quits the body
of the centre piece and moves the shoulder above it, and consequently the
centre piece, in the direction required. On the cessation of the current the
magnet B is attracted back to the soft iron in the coil A, and its arm b descend-
ing again locks the centre piece. On the current being reversed the other
magnet moves the centre piece and its pointer in a like manner, but in the

page_text: opposite direction. The coil E is used as an auxiliary, and may or may
not be used, as thought preferable; it is not necessary that this auxiliary
coil should have iron in its centre, and being placed there merely for the
purpose of aiding by its attraction the power exerted by the coil A in
moving the magnets B. is perhaps better without iron. In Plan the repulsion'
current only of the upper electro-magnetic coil was used. This telegraph may
be used either with voltaic or magnetic electricity.
Figure gives a view of another arrangement. A. A, horseshoe electro-
magnetic coil, the projecting iron cores split at a, a, to allow of the entrance of
pole of their respective magnets B. B. C. auxiliary coil. D. centre piece.
The galvanic sending apparatus that we prefer to use consisis in the following
improved plan, Figure 3. A, metallic handle or cylinder connected to one pole
of the voltaic pile. B. piece of ivory or other fit non-conducting substance pro-
jecting from A. C. C. two springs, one connected to the conducting wire, and
the other to earth. E, E. two metallic stops to which the two terminal arms of
the coil or coils of the indicating apparatus are connected respectively. G. a
double fixed metallic stop connected to the other pole of the battery or
batteries. On the handle connected to the cylinder A being moved, say, to
the left, the non-conducting point B presses C from E against G. and at the
same time the eccentric cheek of A removes C' from E', though not enough
to press C also against G, and thus one pole is applied direct to the con-
ducting wire, and the other to the earth, without passing through the coil or
coils of the sending instrument, and hence the resistence is greatly, lessened by
the coils of the sending instrument being shut out of circuit at the moment of
sending. It is evident that this may be applied to finger keys and used with
slight modification, whether it is the magnetic or voltaic electricity that is
used. To shew therefore the variations is needless.
The manner in which our second improvement may be best carried into
effect is as follows: As to the first part, in Figure 4. A shews an arm of
wood or other material covered either wholly or partially with marine glue,
and fastened to the post. B is a clench for holding the wire at the point of
support. I like manner the post itself may be coated with marine glue, and
the wires fastened thereto, or the wire may be insulated with gutta percha.
and fixed to the arm coated with marine glue by means of a clamp coated
with gutta percha, as shewn in Figure 4. A, post. B, end of arm projecting
from post covered with marine glue. C. clamp covered with gutta percha.
D. gutta percha insulator. E, wire covered with gutta percha for some
distance on each side of arm. It is, in our opinion, preferable in using this
means of fastening to have a filling piece of the upholding basis glued in, as

page_text: shewn in end view, Figure 5. A, filling piece, into which clench is screwed. let
into arm, and fastened with marine glue. By this means interior insulation is
ensured, should the arm or post be internally porous or damp. As water
cannot rest on marine glue when spread as a coating. good insulation is
insured, while at the same time the gluo is imperishable or nearly so. It is
desirable that when gutta percha is used in combination, as mentioned, that it
should be painted and varnished, and we recommend, that when not covered
with marine glue the timber be painted with a mixture of tar and rosin. about
a gallon of former to a pound of latter. As to the second part, in Figure 6,
A is the wire and fastener. B, the sharp edge. C, the post. Earthenware
may be used. It matters not what material is used.
As to the third part, in Figure 7. A and B are two plans by which this may
be accomplished. Figure 8, vertical view. li being well known that hitherto
the wires having been suspended either in the same vertical plan or other-
wise. so that at some point or another between the posts one wire hangs above
another when a series are suspended, when one falls in it nearly every case
puts the wire or wires below it on which it falls out of order.
As to the fourth part, in Figure 9 is shewn the manner in which we
suspend the wires, so that their curves shall all converge and diverge at every
alternate point of support, in order by the increased bend to lessen the chance
of the wire running out any great distance when broken.
As to the fifth part, in Figure 10, A and B are two rings of earthenware
each having a couple of insulating channels one above another below their
respective hooks a and b, to which the ends of the cut wire are attached
C connecting frame of any suitable material. By this means a more perfect
break is made. and the electricity is obliged to pass into the station from the
conducting wire without any portion being able to escape over the intervening
space between the one end of the wire and the other.
The manner in which our third improvement may best be carried into effect.
is as follows:-In Figure 11 are shewn a series of views in which the wire
are insulated in wood; a, a, being the wires, and b the wood formed in several
parts for convenience of laying down. In Figure 12 A is the metallic riband
protecting the wires and overlapping at a', a', a'. bis the washer, interposed
between the overlap and the turn preceding it, which washer constitutes our
improvement. By the addition of such washer a cable as described may be
used for effecting submarine communications. This, however. needs no
additional description.
The manner in which our fourth improvement may best be carried into
effect is as follows:-The wires should be better protected by a greater

page_text: amount of insulating medium between them, and the interposition of a flexible
washer will allow à cable covered with a spiral overlapping metallic band, as
previously described, to be made use of for submarine protection.
The manner in which our fifth improvement may best be carried into effect
is as follows:-The instrument which we call the re-transmitting instrument
receives signals from either direction, and forwards on similar signals derived
from a local voltaic series, or other source of electricity, towards their desti-
nation, in their turn, perhaps, to be received by another similar apparatus more
distant from the sending point than the first, and re-forwarded with new power.
The instrument when placed at the requisite spot works itself without
assistance or attendance, and is instantaneous in its action, thus obviating the
expences, errors, and delays which are known to attend the present system of
re-transmitting by means of duplicate telegraph instruments, and persons
employed at the transmitting points to receive, write down, and re-forward.
In addition to the foregoing it is well known that by dividing the total power
employed, whether voltaic or magnetic electricity, into relays, much more
effective signals can be produced on a long line, the divided intensity not
having such a tendency to make a short circuit by escaping to the earth
before arriving at its destination. The following description of Figure 13 will
shew the manner in which such an instrument may be constructed-A and B
are two electro-magnetic coils, their soft iron cores being indicated by the
dotted lines. C, D, E, F, are four magnets on axes. 9 g, h, i, k k³, are
four pairs of conducting points connected respectively to the negative and
positive poles of four voltaic series or other sources of power. C is connected,
say at the axle, to earth, D in like manner to the conducting wire L leading
in one direction,. E to the conducting wire M leading in the other direction.
and F to the earth. The four magnets, when at rest, are attracted strongly
by the iron in the coils, and so kept pressing firmly against pins g, h, ', k',
and these points, in addition to being connected to the local batteries or other
power, as mentioned, are also connected to the wire terminations of the coils
A and B as follows:-g to the one terminating wire of B, and ' to the other
terminating wire of the same coil, and in like manner to the end of coil
A, shewn. When worked, say a positive current enters from M, passes to
E, and thence by point into coil A, through the coil, and out via k' and F
to earth. In so passing through A, magnet C is repelled against point h,
hence from D being still in contact with '. battery h, h, is brought into
action, the same signal that entered at M being forwarded via L. On the
opposite current entering from M. it passes through coil A to earth in like
manner, and deflects D against point g, bringing poles g and g¹ into use, the

page_text: polarity of being the reverse to that of h', previously sent by the instrument
along L. In like manner a current preceding from L passes through coil B.
and thence to earth via g', and C deflecting either E or F, according as it is a
positive or negative current, and sending a like current along M from i or .
according as it is E or F that is repelled. Other plans have been proposed for
transmitting a current in one direction, but it will be seen that our Invention
does not consist in the forwarding of relays in one direction. but in either
direction, on one or more wires, both positive and negative currents being
consecutively (or in whatever order may be necessary) employed. We do
not confine ourselves to the exact method specified. as it easily admits of modi-
fication, in many ways, but have described this plan, considering it. the most
preferable. As an instance of modification, connections may be introduced.
in order to work the apparatus, using only one voltaic series or other service of
power, as follows:-In Figure 14 the red line show the connections added.
h, b, b, b, arc pairs of small mercury cups insulated from each other, and
connected to the battery and to the other cups, as shewn in the Plan. a, a, a, a,
are four double metallic pointers fixed to the magnets or their axes, and moved
by the magnets, but insulated from the magnets by ivory or other non-
conducting matter interposed. On one or other of the magnets being moved.
their respective pairs of pointers dip in the two lesser cups beneath them, in
order to form contact hetween such pair of cups, and thus the required current
is passed along the one or other line wire. as described in the previous plan.
Figure 13. Figures 15 and 16 shew the manner in which these relay
instruments may be interposed on a line of telegraph with a diagram of
circuits when the instruments are at rest.
The manner in which our sixth improvement may best. he carried into
effect is as follows:-Figure 17 represents the apparatus as fitted to the
instrument to be operated upon. A and B are two magnets of an ordinary.
indicating instrument, with metal dippers a' and b' at their axes: E. E. two
mercury cups or contact points connected together; 2, an auxiliary battery:
lek, a double coil, connected by two springs (by means of the ordinary
decircuitor arrangement), when the working coils are out of circuit, to the
conducting wires. c. c. two metal stops, connected together, against which the
magnets rest when the currents repelling both magnets are passed through the
double coil k, h. e. ordinary decircuit apparatus coil acting upon a detent.
which releases clockwork acting upon a make and break wheel. The four
lower magnets are, metallically connected together, two and two. as shown.
The connections of the battery are shewn. The peculiar combination of
currents that in passing through the working coils repel A and B when passing

page_text: through the double coil k., repel those magnets in connection with it; hence,
in either case, the decircuiior is brought into play, either to shut out, or turn
the apparatus into gear. This plan is peculiarly applicable to working
switches from a distance. If necessary, by a modification, two or three
separate telegraph instruments working on separaic sets of wires may, by a
certain combination of signals throughout, say, the six or eight needles pointing
parallel all at once, put themselves or others or one of them out of circuit, a
combination of signals never likely to occur, except intentionally.
The manner in which our seventh improvement may best be carried into
effect. is as follows: It is well known that in the ordinary mode of testing for
a fault, those testing have gradually to examine down to the very spot. before
ascertaining the point of defect, which is found very tedious and slow, and in
underground wires very expensive and at the same time dangerous to the
wires: this we propose to obviate by the use of apparatus, so contrived as to
indicate, when applied at a distant station (even if a hundred miles or more
removed), the position of such fault, shewing the number of miles it is distant
from the station at which examination is made. Figure 18 is a plan of
such a detector. A is a detector, with degrees and pointer for indicating the
same. B, a series of coils for resistance, with terminals for connection b,b.b,b,b.
so that the coils may be brought successively into action when required. As
it well known that electricity selects the shortest route. should there be an
earth or other contact on the line. by connecting one pole of a galvanic
battery to A, and B to earth, and also placing an ordinary galvanometer in
connection with the line wire and to the same pole of the battery, the other
pole of the battery being placed to earth, then, by interposing such a number
of the resistance coils B as will make the two indicating needles or pointers
coincide in their variation from zero, the distance of the fault can be deter-
mined from the amount of wire in coil for resistance thus interposed, the
amounts being marked at the terminals. Figure 19" shews diagrams of the
connections for testing. C. ordinary galvanometer; A, B, detector with
resistance coils; D, battery; E, line wire in faulty state. Also Figure 19.
A. B. detector, as before; D, battery; E. line wire. In this latter instance
the ordinary galvanometer is not used.
The manner in which our eighth improvement may best. be carried into
effect is as follows:-It is well known that the ordinary needle galvanometer
gives no exact test from the magnetism of the needles constantly varying.
This we propose to obviate by making a coil to react upon a coil, one coil
being fixed and the other moving from it on a current, passing through both.
the moving one to be suspended on an axis, and to have a pointer attached. to

page_text: mark the degrees of deflection. Figure 20 will explain the arrangement.
A, the fixed coil, composed of a certain given length and size, of covered wire.
B. coil fixed upon a centre, with pointer attached; contact made by means of
two equal helices of thin wire. By using, in connection with this apparatus,
a fixed size of battery plate, equal in distance, and by having the acidulated
medium employed of a given strength, an invariable test will be afforded, and
a standard arrived at. By this means the degrees of the ordinary galvano-
meter can be determined in value.
The inanner in which our ninth improvement may best be carried into effect
is as follows: Figure 21 shews an improved plan for drawing off any excessive
charge of electricity. A is a small case of non-conducting material, say glass
air-tight. B. B. are two metallic terminals connected together by wire
connection e. C is a metal piece with screw terminal and projecting points
c', c', in interior of box, and opposite to points b. b. C is in connection with
the earth. D is a screw vent by which the box can be rendered air-tight after
being exhausted. By exhausting the glass box until the intensity of a given
voltaic series will pass electricity to earth, in proceeding from line between
B and B, whilst a less series will not, the effect and action of this protector
may be exactly regulated. Of course the amount of electricity that is necessary
to be applied in order to force way through to earth should be greater than
any amount requisite or likely to be used for working the telegraph apparatus
on the line which this contrivance protects. By letting in more air by means
of the screw vent. D greater resistance can be obtained as required. The
communicating parts of this conductor cannot be obstructed by dust, &c., and
the arrangement is easily regulated, and by being hermetically closed, when
properly adjusted as to the amount of air, cannot get out of order.
Another lightning conductor is shown in Figure 22, and is based upon what
is termed the principle of condensation" of intense electricity, such as
lightning. is a metallic disc with small metallic points projecting from its
lower face to accelerate the discharge. c is another similar disc with points
placed beneath a, and fixed in its position. is a screw regulator, by which a
can be raised or lowered. d. d, two terminals connected with the line wire
and to the disc a at points 1, l. is a terminal connected to the earth and to
the lower disc c. By the proximity of the discs, and the large amount of
metallic surface they present to one another, any atmospheric electricity is
accumulated and easily dissipated. While the storm is passing the profector
can be adjusted so as to bring the two plates in metallic contact together, and
when over they may again be slightly separated.

page_text: Another lightning protector is shown in Figure 23. The thin wires A, A¹,
are the conductors connected, with the line wires, and covered with silk or
other insulating substance, and knotted at certain intervals. Metallic points
b, b. b. are placed opposite the knots. On a charge of lightning passing into
the wire it is immediately fused at the knots, and all the electricity passes off
to carth. The apparatus merely requires the substitution of a fresh piece
of knotted wire when the storm has passed over. B. B', are two metal.
brushes interposed, between the knotted conducting wires in order to facilitate
discharge.
The manner in which our tenth improvement may best be carried into
effect is as follows:-The Invention consists in renilering both the positive and
negative currents of magneto-electricity practically applicable separately at
will upon one conducting wire. Figures 24 represent a side view, and an
end view of a mode of carrying this improvement into operation. A, A, arc
the sending magnets from which the power is derived. B. B. are two electro-
magnetic coils placed in propinquity to the poles of the magnets on an axle C
in connection with the handle D. E. E, are two spring catches. which, when
pressed by the movement of the handle either to the right or to the left, slip
over a cog of their respective ratchet wheels F. F. 1. 1. are a series
of conductors forming part of the cogs, and thence in connection with the
ratchet wheel axles. The portion of the surface of each cog hetween and/
is of non-conducting material, say ivory. The connections for working the
apparatus may be made by joining the conducting wires and one end of the
sending coil apparatus to the conductors f. f. f. of F, at the axle of the ratchet.
wheel, and by connecting the earth wire and the other end of the sending
coils to the conducting portions f, 1% of F¹ then, E and E being per-
manently connected, say by a wire. between the spring boxes, when the
apparatus is at rest the sending coils will be on short circuit, via F, E, E', F',
and thus also the line wire is in like manner connected to earth. On the
handle being moved to the right or left the communication between F and F
will be broken by one or other of the metal catches E. E', passing over the
non-conducting part of the ratchet wheels, and thus the required currents will
pass to earth and line, and at the end of the stroke the catch moved will slip
over the next cog, and put the sending apparatus on short circuit during the
return of the handle and sending coils to their position at zero. This
arrangement may be varied by having the handle permanently connected to
earth, and to one end of the sending coils, and a spring connected with the
line wire resting against the handle with a piece of non-conducting material

page_text: let into the handle on each side of the point of contact with the spring, when
at rest; the other end of the sending coil being connected permanently
to the metallic spring catches, and those portions of the cogs of the ratchet
wheels which were in the previous mode of connecting conductors must now
be non-conductors, the positions of the conducting and non-conducting portions.
being reversed. The bodies of the ratchet wheels being connected together
permanently, and to the spring connected to the line wire, the arrangement.
will be complete, and when the apparatus is at rest. the line (that is, the
conducting) wire is in connection with the earth through the spring and
handle, and at the same time as both of the spring catches are resting on
non-conducting portions of the ratchet wheels, there is no circuit of committ-
nication between the sending coils. On the handle being moved either to the
right or to the left the connection between the line and earth is broken at the
spring by one or other of the non-conducting plates, on the axle of the handle
being interposed between it and the handle, and one or other of the spring
catches moving over one of the conducting portions of its respective ratchet
wheel, the one sending coil is connected with the line wire, and the other coil
to earth through the permanent connection to the handle. At the end of the
stroke the catch slips over the next cog of the ratchet wheel and shuts off-
the sending coil from the line wire.
Figure 25 represents the adaptation of the principle to the keys. A double
key arrangement is given, L being a side view, and M a top view. A A¹.
B B, are the two sets of induction coils, a set to each key. C. C', the two
finger keys. D, D', two ratchet wheels, the non-conducting spaces between
those portions of the cogs against which the spring catches rest when the
apparatus is not at work. The body of the ratchet wheel D is connected to
the earth, and D' to the line wire. E, E, are two connecting springs per-
manently connected to their respective finger keys, and thence to one termi-
nating wire of each of the sending .coils. These springs are also connected
respectively to line and earth, so that the spring on the side of the ratchet
wheel to earth shall be to line, and the one whose ratchet wheel is to line
to earth. F is a metal rest extending between the springs E. E. and upon
which, when apparatus is not being worked, they rest. G, G, the magnets.
e, c', metal catches (in connection with the other ends of sending coils). On
one or other of these keys being pressed down the coils hitherto disconnected
are brought into play. by the catch pressing upon the conducting part of the
cog of the ratchet wheel. On the return of the key the coils are shut off, the
catch pressing upon the non-conducting part of the cog, and the line is left

page_text: section of the
B. dial face
A'. in such
solid circular
in connection with the earth through the metal rest. F. The cores of the
coils are indicated by dotted lines at I and K. In the foregoing plans the
required break has been made when requisite by means of a catch and ratchet
wheel, but we do not confine ourselves to this peculiar method, as there are
other ways of effecting the same by means of springs, &c.; but we have men-
tioned this plan considering it as the best for practical working. It will thus
be seen that by the use of the handle, key, or lever alone, currents of mag-
netism can be made use of separately to communicate at will' either positive
or negative signals along a single wire, and thus the double motions of a
pointer to the right and to the left can be made use of, and the two currents
of electricity derived from magnets can be applied to telegraphs generally.
The manner in which our eleventh improvement may best' be carried into
effect is as follows:-As to the first part, Figure 26 is a
improved plan. A, a bearing supporting the cylinder C at A'.
supporting at boss B', the other end of cylinder holding it like
a manner as to allow it to revolve freely. The type is set in a
frame E fixed to the dial plate. The wheel D is fixed to the cylinder and
communicates motion to it derived from the movement of a magnet, in the
manter hereafter described. or by other fit methods of giving motion by
electricity. The paper roller is fitted to the cylinder and turns with it.
having an independent motion when paper is drawn from it by the action of
the ratchet wheel and the catch a (attached to the rod F passing through
centre of cylinder). The rod F. after being pressed down by apparatus acted
upon by the electric current, is brought back to its position by a spring, having
in its movement made the required impression, and drawn on the printed
paper the required distance. The adaptation of magneto-electricity may be
made in various ways, but we prefer the use of the previously described magnetic
sending apparatus, either simply or with the addition of any of the well known
multiplying apparatus (which it is innecessary to describe), to increase the
motions of such handle, lever, key (or their equivalents), beyond the number
attainable by the hand of the operator when working such handle, lever, &c.
by itself. We prefer to use the motion obtained by the repulsion of a magnet
or magnets from an electro-magnetic coil, or the movement of magnets when
acted upon by such coils, for actuating type or other printing apparatus where
necessary, as mentioned in description of our dead beat telegraph. Secondary
batteries may be brought into play to directly actuate printing apparatus,
magneto-electricity being the primary initiative force.
Our twelfth improvement consists in the compression of mercury in a closed

page_text: vessel by means of air, water, or other medium, which will cause the mercury
to effect a better metallic contact with any point or points within the vessel in
proportion to the pressure exerted upon its surface by the medium forced in
or the matter applied thereto. It is unnecessary to describe this improvement.
by plan.
The manner in which our thirteenth improvement may best be carried into
effect is as follows:-It consists in making the arms or weights of the
governor or regulator of a clockwork train perform the part of clappers, a
hell or bells being so placed that upon the clockwork apparatus being in
motion the weights of the governor acted upon by centrifugal force through
the extension of the arms from the centre rod are brought into striking
distance. Figure 27 gives a sketch of the striking apparatus when at rest.
and in motion, with the arms extended. This bell will allow of signals being
sent whilst the apparatus is in circuit. without sounding the alarum, as that.
can only take place when a continued current is passed through the actuating
coils.
The manner in which our fourteenth improvement may best he carried
into effect is as follows:-It is well known that the ordinary mode of winding
the wire is to wind it backwards and forwards upon the core. Our improved
plan is to divide the core lengthways into compartments by means of separat-
ing pieces, as shewn in Figure 28, where a', d. a', are pieces of ivory or other
suitable substance fastened to the body of the coil before winding and
dividing the core into compartments. In winding the wire one end com-
partment is filled, and then the next, and so on until the other end is also
filled. By this mode of winding a greater determination of polarity is
gained.
Having thus described the nature of our Invention. and the manner in
which our improvements may respectively best be carried into effect, we
claim, in reference to our first improvement.-
Firstly, the application of a third axle and a T piece or other mechanical
locking apparatus, in order to obtain the dead beat right and left. motion of an
indicating needle or pointer in conjunction with a single conducting wire.
Secondly, the application of a magnet or magnets to an electro-magnetic
coil or coils, using the force of repulsion derived from a current of electricity
polarizing such coil, to move the magnet away, and the attractive force exer-
cised by the soft iron of the coil on the magnet, when the electricity is
withdrawn to bring such magnet back to its original position, and this may
he combined with an auxiliary coil or coils exercising attraction upon the

page_text: other pole of such magnet, which auxiliary coil or coils may by arrangement
of power either have cores of iron or not, as may be most desirable from the
nature of the circnit in which the apparatus is being used.
With reference to our second improvement, we claim,
Firstly, the use of marine glue in combination with wood or other suitable
basis, and of metal clamps or fastenings coated with gutta percha for above-
ground insulation, at or about the points of support.
Secondly, the use of a sharp edge or ridge upon which moisture will not
remain, such edge being interposed between the wire and the post or ground.
the wire not resting upon such edge.
Thirdly, the suspending above-ground wires where a series are used in such
manner that no wire shall hang at any point perpendicularly above another.
Fourthly, the various means described of suspending. fastening, and shackling
above-ground telegraph wires.
With reference to our third and fourth improvements, we claim.―
Firstly, the insulating subterranean wires, by placing wires between boards.
as described.
'
Secondly, the interposition of a flexible washer when under-ground or sub-
marine wires are protected by a riband of metal wound, so that each 'turn of
the metal band overlaps the preceding turn placed between the overlap and
preceding turn.
With reference to our fifth improvement, we claim the transmission of
electrical currents of either kind in either direction through the same wire.
serving as a conductor in broken lengths of relays of electricity; as described,
between two or more telegraph instruments. Note. we are aware that.
instruments have been constructed whereby relays of electricity can be passed
in one direction and of one kind, but our Invention consists in apparatus
whereby both positive and negative currents can be passed consecutively at
will both ways on one wire.
With reference to our sixth improvement, we claim the peculiar method
described of turning instruments into or out of circuit, to be used in connec-
tion with any, decircuitor apparatus, and especially the mode of turning a
telegraph instrument or instruments out of circuit or into circuit, from a
distant station, by the employment of a certain series of simultaneous signals
upon more than one telegraph instrument. '
With reference to our seventh improvement, we claim the means of ascer-
taining the point of any fault in the conducting wire or wires from a distant
station without the necessity of proceeding to or near to the faulty spot.

page_text: W reference to out eignen and mich improvements, we claim the standard
galvanometer, and various lightning protectors, described.
With reference to our teath improvement, we claim,-
Firstly, the use of apparatus whereby, for every movement of the handle
lever, key, or other arrangement, including return to original position, only one
current of magneto-electricity is passed from the induction coils of magnetic-
sending apparatus to the conducting wire, so as to allow of either the positive
or negative current being made use of separately at will on one conducting
wire, enabling thereby signals to be forwarded on a single wire equivalent to
those attainable by the pole changer of a voltaic series, such result being
gained either by putting the induction coils upon short circuit, or by breaking
the connection between them or between either of them, and the. conducting
wire or the earth, during a portion of the movement of such handle, lever.
key. &c., in order to prevent one of the two currents created by the backward
and forward movement of such handle. &c., from passing to the receiving
apparatus, thereby obtaining, in needle telegraphs, a right and left motion of
a pointer upon a single wire; and the same is applicable to various descriptions
of telegraphs.
Secondly, the non-reciprocating circuit completer. whereby the current of
clectricity used in communicating signals to a distant station is not passed
through the coils of the indicating portion of the sending apparatus.
Thirdly, the application of magnetic currents to printing telegraphs.
With reference to our cleventh improvement, we claim the use of fixed type
in a stationary frame, whether circular or otherwise, in combination with
letter-printing telegraphs.
With reference to our twelfth improvement, we claim the putting a pressure
on surface of mercury, in order to produce a better metallic contact, as
described, than hitherto obtained when mercury has been used, in completing
circuits for telegraphic purposes.
With reference to our thirteenth improvement, we claim the centrifugal
alarum apparatus, as described.
And with reference to our fourteenth improvement, we claim the winding of
wire on a coil, in the manner described.
In witness whereof, we, the said Edward Brailsford Bright and Charles
Tilston Bright, have hereunto set our hands and scals, this Eighteenth
day of April, One thousand eight hundred and fifty-three.
EDWARD B. (S.) BRIGHT

page_text: DERKY.
HILL. Extra.
AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Eighteenth day of April, in the
year of our Lord 1853, the aforesaid Edward Brailsford Bright came before
our said Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged the Speci-
fication aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained and specified,
in form above written.
AND ALSO BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Twentieth day of April,
in the year of our Lord 1853, the aforesaid Charles Tilston Bright came
before our said Lady the Queen in Her Chancery; and acknowledged the
Specification aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained and specified,
in form above written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped
according to the tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.
Enrolled the Twenty-first day of April, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and fifth tha

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME. we, EDWARD
BRAILSFORD BRIGHT, of Liverpool, in the County of Lancaster, Secretary to
the English and Irish Magnetic Telegraph Company, and CHARLES TILSTON
BRIGHT, of Manchester, in the same County, Telegraphic Engineer, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Twenty-first day of
October, in the sixteenth year of Her reign,did, for Herself, Her heirs and suc-
cessors, give and grant unto us, the said Edward Brailsford Bright and Charles
Tilston Bright, our exors,adñiors, and assigns, Her especial licence, full power,
sole privilege and authority, that we, the said Edward Brailsford Bright and
Charles Tilston Bright, our exors, adiñors, and assigns, or such others as we,
the said Edward Brailsford Bright and Charles Tilston Bright, our exors,
adiñors, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time
to time and at all times thereafter, during the term of years therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within England,
Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, in the Islands of Jersey,
Guernsey, Alderney, Sark, and Man,and also in all Her Majesty's Colonies and
Plantations abroad, our Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN MAKING TELEGRAPHIC
COMMUNICATIONS, AND IN INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN AND CON-
NECTED THEREWITH;" in which said Letters Patent there is contained a proviso

page_text: requiring that we, thesaid Edward Brailsford Bright and Charles Tilston Bright,
should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of our said Invention, and
in what manner the same is to be performed, by an instrument in writing
under our hands and seals, or under the hand and seal of one of us, and cause
the same to be enrolled in Her said Majesty's High Court of Chancery E
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said
in part recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference being there-
unto had, will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, we, the said
Edward Brailsford Bright and Charles 'Tilston Bright, do hereby declare that 1
the nature of our Invention is described and ascertained in and by this
present Instrument in writing, and is as follows, that is to say :-
Our Invention consists,-
First, in a dead beat right and left motion needle telegraph.
Second, in the combination of marine glue with wood, bone, or other 1
suitable material for above-ground insulation ator about the points of support,
and the use of a sharp edge for the purposes of insulation. In suspending
the telegraphic wires, where more than two are used, in such manner that no
wire shall hang at any point perpendicularly above another. Also in suspend-
ing the wires so that their curves shall all converge and diverge at every 2
alternate post or point of support. And also for improved means of shackling
the wires in causing a break where required.
Third, in certain underground arrangements, consisting in laying a wire
or wires, either bare or bound with silk or thread, between two pieces of wood
suitably prepared and united, both longitudinally and laterally, by marine glue 2
or other suitable cement, and in the employment of a washer, when wires are
suitably protected and insulated by a band or ribbon of iron or other suitable
metal wound round them spirally, so that each turn shall overlap the preceding
turn to some extent, such washer to be interposed between the overlap
and the preceding turn of the metal band, in order that it may give flexibility.
Fourth, in constructing a submarine cable with a washer, similarly to that
last mentioned for subterranean protection.
Fifth, in certain means whereby relays of currents may be sent through the
same wire in both directions, which we call an automaton transmitting
instrument. This instrument receives currents, and forwards on fresh currents
in a new circuit or circuits.
Sixth, in certain arrangements for bringing telegraphic apparatus into
circuit at an intermediate point or points from a distant station.
Seventh, in certain instruments called detectors for ascertaining the exact

page_text: point of
any fault or faults in the telegraphic transmitting wires from any
other point in the same time of communication without proceeding to the
faulty spot.
Eighth, in a standard galvanometer or electrometer for ascertaining the
exact amount of force of currents, which will give an invariable result.
Ninth, in certain instruments for preventing lightning acting injuriously
upon telegraphic wires or apparatus.
Tenth, in certain arrangements connected with the use of magnetic
telegraphs.
Eleventh, in improvements in type-printing telegraphsby causing the types
to be set in a stationary frame.
Twelfth, in obtaining a better communication or completion of currents by
means of mercury. This we effect by enclosing the mercury in a vessel, and
forcing in air or other medium which would cause the mercury to make a
better contact with any point or points within the vessel.
Thirteenth, in an improved alarum which we call the centrifugal alarumand
other alarumns. And,
Fourteenth, in improved means or method of winding wires in coils for
telegraphic purposes.
Having thus described the nature of our improvements, we will proceed to
describe the manner in which the same respectively may best be carried into
effect, reference being had to the accompanying Sheets of Drawings, and to
the figures and letters thereon which mark similar parts.
The manner in which, our first improvement may be best carried into
effect is as follows:-
Figure 1 and Figure 2 are a side view and end view of a dead lock tele-
graph or apparatus. A is an electro-magnetic coil, with the iron in its centre,
indicated by the parallel dotted lines. B, B', are two magnets with the same
pole uppermost upon axes C,C; small arms b,b', project from these magnets
or their axes, so as to embrace the centre piece d fixed to the axis on which
the signal pointer or indicator is attached, so that when the apparatus is at rest,
the centre piece, with pointer attached, is held in a dead lock by the two arms
b, b, but on either of the magnets B, B1, (say B,) being driven away by a
current being passed through the electro-magnetic coil,its arm quits the body
of the centre piece and moves the shoulder above it, and consequently the
centre piece, in the direction required. On the cessation of the current the
magnet B is attracted back to the soft iron in the coil A, and its armb descend-
ing again locks the centre piece. On the current being reversed the other
magnet moves the centre piece and its pointer in a like manner, but in the
:
'

page_text: opposite direction. The coil E is used as an auxiliary, and may or may
not be used, as thought preferable; it is not necessary that this auxiliary
coil should have iron in its centre, and being placed there merely for the
purpose of aiding by its attraction the power exerted by the coil A in
moving the magnets B, is perhaps better without iron. In Plan 1 the repulsion
current only of the upper electro-magnetic coil was used. This telegraph may
be used either with voltaic or magnetic electricity.
Figure m gives a view of another arrangement. A, A, horseshoe electro-
magnetic coil, the projecting iron cores split at a, a, to allow of the entrance of
pole of their respective magnets B, B. C, auxiliary coil. D, centre piece.
Thegalvanic sending apparatus that we prefer to use consists in the following
improved plan, Figure 3. A, metallic handle or cylinder connected to one pole
of the voltaic pile. B, piece of ivory or other fit non-conducting substance pro-
jecting from A. C, C1, two springs, one connected to the conducting wire, and
the other to earth. E, E!, two metallic stops to which the two terminal arms of
the coil or coils of the indicating apparatus are connected respectively. G, a
double fixed metallic stop connected to the other pole of the battery or
batteries. On the handle connected to the cylinder A being moved, say, to
the left, the non-conducting point B presses C from E against G, and at the
same time the eccentric cheek of A removes C'from E, though not enough
to press C¹ also against G, and thus one pole is applied direct to the con-
ducting wire, and the other to the earth, without passing through the coil or
coils of the sendinginstrument, and hence the resistence is greatly lessened by
the coils of the sending instrument being shut out of circuit at the moment of
sending. It is evident that this may be applied to finger keys and used with
slight modification, whether it is the magnetic or voltaic electricity that is
used. To shew therefore the variations is needless.
The manner in which our second improvement may be best carried into
effect is as follows:-As to the first part, in Figure 4, A shews an arm of
wood or other material covered either wholly or partially with marine glue,
and fastened to the post. B is a clench for holding the wire at the point of
support. In like manner the post itself may be coated with marine glue, and
the wires fastened thereto, or the wire may be insulated with gutta percha,
and fixed to the arm coated with marine glue by means of a clamp coated
with gutta percha, as shewn in Figure 4. A, post. B, end of arm projecting
from post covered with marine glue. C, clamp covered with gutta percha.
D, gutta percha insulator. E, wire covered with gutta percha for some
distance on each side of arm. It is, in our opinion, preferable in using this
means of fastening to have a filling piece of the upholding basis glued in, as

page_text: shewn in end view, Figure 5. A, filling piece, into which clench is screwed, let
into arm, and fastened with marine glue. By this means interior insulation is
ensured, should the arm or post be internally porous or damp.
As water
cannot rest on marine glue when spread as a coating, good insulation is
insured, while at the same time the glue is imperishable or nearly so. It is
desirable that when gutta percha is used in combination, as mentioned, that it
should be painted and varnished, and we recommend, that when not covered
with marine glue the timber be painted with a mixture of tar and rosin, about
a gallon of former to a pound of latter. As to the second part, in Figure 6.
A is the wire and fastener. B, the sharp edge. C, the post. Earthenware
may be used. It matters not what material is used.
As to the third part, in Figure 7, A and B are two plans by which this may
be accomplished. Figure 8, vertical view. It being well known that hitherto
the wires having been suspended either in the same vertical plan or other-
wise, so that at some point or another between the posts one wire hangs above
another when a series are suspended, when one falls in it nearly every case
puts the wire or wires below it on which it falls out of order.
As to the fourth part, in Figure 9 is shewn the manner in which we
suspend the wires, so that their curves shall all converge and diverge at every
alternate point of support, in order by the increased bend to lessen the chance
of the wire running out any great distance when broken.
As to the fifth part, in Figure 10, A and B are two rings of earthen ware
each having a couple of insulating channels one above another below their
respective hook's a and b, to which the ends of the cut wire are attached
C connecting frame of any suitable material. By this means a more perfect.
break is made, and the electricity is obliged to pass into the station from the
conducting wire without any portion being able to escape over the intervening
space between the one end of the wire and the other.
The manner in which our third improvement may best be carried into effect
is as follows:-In Figure 11 are shewn a series of views in which the wire
are insulated in wood; a,a,being the wires, and b the wood formed in several
parts for convenience of laying down. In Figure 12 A is the metallic riband
protecting the wires and overlapping at a¹, a', a'. b is the washer; interposed
between the overlap and the turn preceding it, which washer constitutes our
improvement. By the addition of such washer a cable as described may be
used for effecting submarine communications. This, however, needs no
additional description.
The manner in which our fourth improvement inay best be carried into "
effect is as follows:-The wires should be better protected by a greater

page_text: amount of insulating medium between them, and the interposition of a flexible
washer will allow a cable covered with a spiral overlapping metallic band, as
previously described, to be made use of for submarine protection.
The manner in which our fifth improvement may best be carried into effect
is as follows:-The instrument which we call the re-transmitting instrument
receives signals from either direction, and forwards on similar signals derived
from a local voltaic series, or other source of electricity, towards their desti-
natiou, in their turn, perhaps, to be received by another similar apparatus more
distant from the sending point than the first, and re-forwarded with new power.
The instrument when placed at the requisite spot works itself without
assistance or attendance, and is instantaneous in its action, thus obviating the
expences, errors, and delays which are known to attend the present system of
re-transmitting by means of duplicate telegraph instruments, and persons
employed at the transmitting points to receive, write down, and re-forward.
In addition to the foregoing it is well known that by dividing the total power
employed, whether voltaic or magnetic electricity, into relays, much more
effective signals can be produced on a long line, the divided intensity not
having such a tendency to make a short circuit by escaping to the earth
before arriving at its destination. The following description of Figure 13 will
shew the manner in which such an instrument may be constructed-A and B
are two electro-magnetic coils, their soft iron cores being indicated by the
dotted lines. C, D, E, F, are four magnets on axes. gg, hh', ii, kk', are
four pairs of conducting points connected respectively to the negative and
positive poles of four voltaic series or other sources of power. C is connected,
say at the axle, to carth, D in like manner to the conducting wire L leading
in one direction, E to the conducting wire M leading in the other direction
and F to the earth. The four magnets, when at rest, are attracted strongly
by the iron in the coils, and so kept pressing firmly against pins g, h, k,
and these points, in addition to being connected to the local batteries or other
power, as mentioned, are also connected to the wire terminations of the coils
A and B as follows:-g' to the one terminating wire of B, and h¹ to the other
terminating wire of the same coil, and in like manner to the end of coil
A, shewn. When worked, say a positive current enters from M, passes to
E, and thence by point it into coil A, through the coil, and out viâ k¹ and F
to earth. In so passing through A, magnet C is repelled against point h
hence from D being still in contact with h¹, battery h, h¹, is brought into
action, the same signal that entered at M being forwarded viâ L. On the
opposite current entering from M, it passes through coil A to earth in like
manner, and deflects D against point g, bringing poles g and g' into use, the

page_text: polarity of g being the reverse to that of 'h', previously sent by the instrument
along L. In like manner a current preceding from L passes through coil B,
and thence to earth viâ gl, and C deflecting either E or F, according as it is a
positive or negative current, and sending a like current along M from i ork¹,
according as it is E or F that is repelled. Other plans have been proposed for
transmitting a current in one direction, but it will be seen that our Invention
does not consist in the forwarding of relays in one direction, but in either
direction, on one or more wires, both positive and negative currents being
consecutively (or in whatever order may be necessary) employed. We do
not confine ourselves to the exact method specified, as it easily adinits of modi-
fication in many ways, but have described this plan, considering it the most
preferable. As an instance of modification, connections may be introduced,
in order to work the apparatus, using only one voltaic series or other service of
power, as follows:-In Figure 14 the red line show the connections added.
b, b, b, b, are pairs of small mercury cups insulated from each other, and
connected to the battery and to the other cups, as shewn in the Plan. a,a,a,a,
are four double metallic pointers fixed to the magnets or their axes, and moved
by the magnets, but insulated from the magnets by ivory or other non-
conducting matter interposed. On one or other of the magnets being moved,
their respective pairs of pointers dip in the two lesser cups beneath them, in
order to form contact between such pair of cups, and thus the required current
is passed along the one or other line wire, as described in the previous plan,
Figure 13. Figures 15 and 16 shew the manner in which these relay
intruments may be interposed on a line of telegraph with a diagram of
circuits when the instruments are at rest.
The manner in which our sixth improvement may best be carried into
effect is as follows:-Figure 17 represents the apparatus as fitted to the
instrument to be operated upon. A and B are two magnets of an ordinary
indicating instrument, with metal dippers a¹ and b at their axes; E, E, two
mercury cups or contact points connected together; x, an auxiliary battery;
le, le, a double coil, connected by two springs (by means of the ordinary
decircuitor arrangement), when the working coils are out of circuit, to the
conducting wires. c,c,two metal stops, connected together, against which the
magnets restwhen the currents repelling both magnets are passed through the
double coil, c. e, ordinary decircuit apparatus coil acting upon a detent,
which releases clockwork acting upon a make and break wheel. The four
lower magnets are metallically connected together, two and two, as shewn.
The connections of the battery are shewn. The peculiar combination of
currents that in passing through the working coils repel A and B when passing

page_text: through the double coil,c,repel those magnets in connection with it; hence,
in either case, the decircuitor is brought into play, either to shut out or turn
the apparatus into gear. This plan is peculiarly applicable to working
'switches from a distance. If necessary, by a modification, two or three
separate telegraph instruments working on separate sets of wires may, by a
certain combination of signals throughout, say, the six or eight needles pointing
parallel all at once, put themselves or others or one of them out of circuit, a
combination of signals never likely to occur, except intentionally.
The manner in which our seventh improvement may best be carried into
eflect is as follows:--It is well known that in the ordinary mode of testing for
a fault, those testing have gradually to examine down to the very spot before
ascertaining the point of defect, which is found very tedious and slow, and in
underground wires very expensive and at the same time dangerous to the
wires; this we propose to obviate by the use of apparatus, so contrived as to
indicate; when applied at a distant station (even if a hundred miles or more
removed), the position of such fault, shewing the number of miles it is distant
from the station at which examination is made. Figure 18 is a plan of
such a detector. A is a detector, with degrees and pointer for indicating the
same. B,a series of coils for resistance, with terminals for connection b,b,b,b,b,
so that the coils may be brought successively into action when required. As
it well known that electricity selects the shortest route, should there be an
earth or other contact on the line, by connecting one pole of a galvanic
battery to A, and B to earth, and also placing an ordinary galvanometer in
connection with the line wire and to the same pole of the battery, the other
pole of the battery being placed to earth, then, by interposing such a number
of the resistance coils B as will make the two indicating needles or pointers
coincide in their variation from zero, the distance of the fault can be deter-
mined from the amount of wire in coil for resistance thus interposed, the
'amounts being marked at the terminals. Figure 19" shews diagrams of the
connections for testing. C, ordinary galvanometer; A, B, detector with
resistance coils; D, battery; E, line wire in faulty state. Also Figure 19",
A, B, detector, as before; D, battery; E, line wire. In this latter instance
the ordinary, galvanometer is not used.
The manner in which our eighth improvement may best be carried into
effect is as follows-It is well known that the ordinary needle galvanometer
gives no exact test from the magnetism of the needles constantly varying.
This we propose to obviate by making a coil to react upon a coil, one coil
being fixed and the other moving from it on a current passing through both,
the moving one to be suspended on an axis, and to have a pointer attached, to

page_text: mark the degrees of deflection. Figure 20 will explain the arrangement.
A, the fixed coil, composed of a certain given length and size, of covered wire.
B, coil fixed upon a centre, with pointer attached; contact made by means of
two equal helices of thin wire. By using, in connection with this apparatus,
a fixed size of battery plate, equal indistance, and by having the acidulated
medium employed of a given strength, an invariable test will be afforded, and
a standard arrived at. By this means the degrees of the ordinary galvano-
meter can be determined in value.
The manner in which our ninth improvement may best be carried into effect
isas follows:-Figure 21 shews an improved plan for drawing off any excessive
charge of electricity. A is a small case of non-conducting material, say glass
air-tight. B, B, are two metallic terminals connected together by wire
connection c. C is a metal piece with screw terminal and projecting points,
el, cl, in interior of box, and opposite to points b', 6'. C is in connection with
the earth 1) is a screw vent by which the box can be rendered air-tight after
being exhausted. By exhausting the glass box until the intensity of a given
voltaic series will pass electricity to earth, in proceeding from line between
B and B, whilst a less series will not, the effect and action of this protector
may be exactly regulated. Of course the amount of electricity that is necessary
to be applied in order to force way through to earth should be greater than
any amount requisite or likely to be used for working the telegraph apparatus
on the line which this contrivance protects. By letting in more air by means
of the screw vent 1 greater resistance can be obtained as required. The
communicating parts of this conductor cannot be obstructed by dust, &c., and
the arrangement is easily regulated, and by being hermetically closed, when
properly adjusted as to the amount of air, cannot get out of order.
Another lightning conductor is shewn in Figure 22, and is based upon what
is termed the principle of "condensation" of intense electricity, such as
lightning. a is a metallic disc with small metallic points projecting from its
lower face to accelerate the discharge. cis another similar disc with points
placed beneath a, and fixed in its position. b is a screw regulator, by whichra
can be raised or lowered. d, d, two terminals connected with the line wire
and to the disc a at points 1, 1. c is a terminal connected to the earth and to
the lower disc c. By the proximity of the discs, and the large amount of
metallic surface they present to one another, any atmospheric electricity is
accumulated and easily dissipated. While the storm is passing the protector
can be adjusted so as to bring the two plates in metallic contact together, and
when over they may again be slightly separated.

page_text: Another lightning protector is shewn in Figure 23. The thin wires A, A',
are the conductors connected with the line wires, and covered with silk or
other insulating substance, and knotted at certain intervals. Metallic points
b, b, b, are placed opposite the knots. On a charge of lightning passing into
the wire it is immediately fused at the knots, and all the electricity passes off
to earth. The apparatus merely requires the substitution of a fresh piece
of knotted wire when the storm has passed over. B, B¹, are two metal
brushes interposed between the knotted conducting wires in order to facilitate
discharge.
The manner in which our tenth improvement may best be carried into
effect is as follows:-The Invention consists in rendering both the positiveand
negative currents of magneto-electricity practically applicable separately at
will upon one conducting wire. Figures 24 represent a side view, and an
end view of a mode of carrying this improvement into operation. A, A, are
the sending magnets from which the power is derived. B, B, are two electro-
magnetic coils placed in propinquity to the poles of the magnets on an axle C
in connection with the handle D. E, E, are two spring catches, which, when
pressed by the movement of the handle either to the right or to the left, slip
over a cog of their respective ratchet wheels F, F. ff, f, f, are a series
of conductors forming part of the cogs, and thence in connection with the
ratchet wheel axles. The portion of the surface of each cog between fand f
is of non-conducting material, say ivory. The connections for working the
apparatus may be made by joining the conducting wires and one end of the
sending coil apparatus to the conductors fff, of F, at the axle of the ratchet
wheel, and by connecting the earth wire and the other end of the sending
coils to the conducting portions fff, of F1; then, E and E¹ being per-
manently connected, say by a wire, between the. spring boxes, when the
apparatus is at rest the sending coils will be on short circuit, vid F, E, E¹, F',
and thus also the line wire is in like manner connected to earth. On the
handle being moved to the right or left the communication between Fand F¹
will be broken by one or other of the metal catches E, E', passing over the
non-conducting part of the ratchet wheels, and thus the required currents will
pass to earth and line, and at the end of the stroke the catch moved will slip
over the next cog, and put the sending apparatus on short circuit during the
return of the handle and sending coils to their position at zero. This
arrangement may be varied by having the handle permanently connected to
earth, and to one end of the sending coils, and a spring connected with the
line wire resting against the handle with a piece of non-conducting material

page_text: let into the handle on each side of the point of contact with the spring, 'when
at rest; the other end of the sending coil being connected permanently
to the metallic spring catches, and those portions of the cogs of the ratchet
wheels which were in the previous mode of connecting conductors must now
benon-conductors, the positions of the conducting and non-conducting portions
being reversed. The bodies of the ratchet wheels being connected together
permanently, and to the spring connected to the line wire, the arrangement
will be complete, and when the apparatus is at rest the line (that is, the
conducting) wire is in connection with the earth through the spring and
handle, and at the same time as both of the spring catches are resting on
non-conducting portions of the ratchet wheels, there is no circuit of commu-
nication between the sending coils. On the handle being moved either to the
right or to the left the connection between the line and earth is broken at the
spring by one or other of the.non-conducting plates, on the axle of the handle
being interposed between it and the handle, and one or other of the spring
catches moving over one of the conducting portions of its respective ratchet
wheel, the one sending coil is connected with the line wire, and the other coil
to earth through the permanent connection to the handle. At the end of the
stroke the catch slips over the next cog of the ratchet wheel and shuts off
the sending coil from the line wire.
Figure 25 represents the adaptation of the principle to the keys. A double
key arrangement is given, L being a side view, and M a top view. A A',
B B', are the two sets of induction coils, à set to each.key. C, C¹, the two
finger keys. D, DI, two ratchet wheels, the non-conducting spaces between
those portions of the cogs against which the spring catches rest when the
apparatus is not at work. The body of the ratchet wheel 1) is connected to
the carth, and D' to the line wire. E, E', are two connecting springs per-
manently connected to their respective finger keys, and thence to one termi-
nating wire of each of the sending coils. These springs are also connected
respectively to line and earth, so that the spring on the side of the ratchet
wheel to earth shall be to line, and the one whose ratchet wheel is to line
to earth. F is a metal rest extending between the springs E, E', and upon
which, when apparatus is not being worked, they rest. G, G, the magnets.
c, el, metal catches (in connection with the other ends of sending coils). On
one or other of these keys being pressed down the coils hitherto disconnected
are brought into play by the catch pressing upon the conducting part of the
cog of the ratchet wheel. On the return of the key the coils are shut off; the
catch pressing upon the non-conducting part of the cog, and the line is left.

page_text: in connection with the earth through the metal rest F. The cores of the
coils are indicated by dotted lines at I and K. In the foregoing plans the
required break has been made when requisite by means of a catch and ratchet
wheel, but we do not confine ourselves to this peculiar method, as there are
other ways of effecting the same by means of springs, &c. ; but we have men-
tioned this plan considering it as the best for practical working. It will thus
be seen that by the use of the handle, key, or lever alone, currents of mag-
netism can be made use of separately to communicate at will either positive
or negative signals along a single wire, and thus the double motions of a
pointer to the right and to the left can be made use of, and the two currents
of electricity derived from magnets can be applied to telegraphs generally.
The manner in which our eleventh improvement may best be carried into
effect is as follows:-As to the first part, Figure 26 is a section of the
improved plan. A, a bearing supporting the cylinder C at A. B, dial face
supporting at boss B¹, the other end of cylinder holding it like A', in such
a manner as to allow it to revolve freely. The type is set.in a solid circular
frame E fixed to the dial plate. The wheel D is fixed to the cylinder and
communicates motion to it derived from the movement of a magnet, in the
manner hereafter described, or by other fit methods of giving motion by
electricity. The paper roller is fitted to the cylinder and turns with it,
having an independent motion when paper is. drawn from it by the action of
the ratchet wheel and the catch n (attached to the rod F passing through
centre of cylinder). The rod F, after being pressed down by apparatus acted
upon by the electric current, is brought back to its position by a spring, having
in its movement made the required impression, and drawn on the printed
paper the required distance. The adaptation of magneto-electricity may be
made in various ways, but we prefer the use of the previouslydescribed magnetic
sending apparatus, either simply or with the addition ofany of the well known
multiplying apparatus (which it is unnecessary to describe), to increase the
motions of such handle, lever, key (or their equivalents), beyond the number
attainable by the hand of the operator when working such handle, lever, &c.
by itself. We prefer to use the motion obtained by the repulsion of a magnet
or magnets from an electro-magnetic coil, or the movement of magnets when
acted upon by such coils, for actuating type or other printing apparatus where
necessary, as mentioned in description of our dead beat telegraph. Secondary
batteries may be brought into play to directly actuate printing apparatus,
magneto-electricity being the primary initiative force.
Our twelfth improvement consists in the compression of mercury in a closed

page_text: vessel by means of air, water, or other medium, which will cause the mercury
to effect a better metallic contact with any point or points within the vessel in
proportion to the pressure exerted upon its surface by the medium forced in
or the matter applied thereto. It is unnecessary to describe this improvement
by plan.
The manner in which our thirteenth improvement may best be carried into
effect is as follows:-It consists in making the arms or weights of the
governor or regulator of a clockwork train perform the part of clappers, a
bell or bells being so placed that upon the clockwork apparatus being in
motion the weights of the governor acted upon by centrifugal force through
the extension of the arms from the centre rod are brought into striking
distance. Figure 27 gives a sketch of the striking apparatus when at rest
and in motion, with the arms extended. This bell will allow of signals being
sent whilst the apparatus is in circuit without sounding the alarum, as that
can only take place when a continued current is passed through the actuating
coils
The manner in which our fourteenth improvement may best be carried
into effect is as follows:-It is well known that the ordinary mode of winding
the wire is to wind it backwards and forwards upon the core. Our improved
plan is to divide the core lengthways into compartments by means of separat.
ing pieces, as shown in Figure 28, where a¹, a', a', are pieces of ivory or other
suitable substance fastened to the body of the coil before winding and
dividing the core into compartments. In winding the wire one end com-
partment is filled, and then the next, and so on until the other end is also
filled. By this mode of winding a greater determination of polarity is
gained.
Having thus described the nature of our Invention, and the manner in
which our improvements may respectively best be carried into effect, we
claim, in reference to our first improvement,-
Firstly, the application of a third axle and a T piece or other mechanical
locking apparatus, in order to obtain the dead beat right and lett motion of an
indicating needle or pointer in conjunction with a single conducting wire.
Secondly, the application of a magnet or magnets to an electro-magnetic
coil or coils, using the force of repulsion derived from a current of electricity
polarizing such coil, to move the magnet away, and the attractive force exer-
cised by the soft iron of the coil on the magnet, when the electricity is
withdrawn to bring such magnet back to its original position, and this may
be combined with an auxiliary coil or coils exercising attraction upon the

page_text: other pole of such magnet, which auxiliary coil or coils may by arrangement
of power either have cores of iron or not, as may be most desirable from the
nature of the circuit in which the apparatus is being used.
With reference to our second improvement, we claim,-
Firstly, the use of marine glue in combination with wood or other suitable
basis, and of metal clamps or fastenings coated with gutta percha for above-
ground insulation, at or about the points of support.
Secondly, the use of a sharp edge or ridge upon which moisture will not
remain, such edge being interposed between the wire and the post or ground,
the wire not resting upon such edge.
Thirdly, the suspending above-ground wires where a series are used in such
manner that no wire, shall hang at any point perpendicularly above-another.
Fourthly, the various means described of suspending, fastening, and shackling
above-ground telegraph wires.
With reference to our third and fourth improvements, we claim,-
Firstly, the insulating subterranean wires, by placing wires between boards,
as described.
:
Secondly, the interposition of a flexible washer when under-ground or sub-
marine wires are protected by a riband of metal wound, so that each turn of
the metal band overlaps the preceding turn placed between the overlap and
preceding turn.
:
With reference to our fifth improvement, we claim the transmission of
electrical currents of either kind in either direction through the saine wire,
serving as a conductor in broken lengths of relays of electricity, as described,
between two or more telegraph instruments. Note, we are aware that
instruments have been constructed whereby relays of electricity can be passed
in one direction and of one kind, but our Invention consists in apparatus
whereby both positive and negative currents can be passed consecutively at
will both ways on one wire.
With reference to our sixth improvement, we claim the peculiar method
described of turning instruments into or out of circuit, to be used in connec-
tion with any decircuitor apparatus, and especially the mode of turning a
telegraph instrument or instruments out of circuit or into circuit; from a
distant station, by the employment of a certain series of simultaneous signals
upon more than one telegraph instrument.
With reference to our seventh improvement, we claim the means of ascer-
taining the point of any fault in the conducting wire or wires from a distant
station without the necessity of proceeding to or near to the faulty spot.

page_text: With reference to our eighth and ninth improvements, we claim the standard
galvanometer, and various lightning protectors, described.
With reference to our tenth improvement, we claim,-
Firstly, the use of apparatus whereby, for every movement of the handle
lever,key, or other arrangement, including return to original position, only one
current of magneto-electricity is passed from the induction coils of magnetic-
sending apparatus to the conducting wire, so as to allow of either the positive
or negative current being made use of separately at will on one conducting
wire, enabling thereby signals to be forwarded on a single wire equivalent to
those attainable by the pole changer of a voltaic series, such result being
gained either by putting the induction coils upon short circuit, or by breaking
the connection between them or between either of them, and the conducting
wire or the earth, during a portion of the movement of such handle, lever,
key, &c., in order to prevent one of the two currents created by the backward
and forward movement of such handle, &c., from passing to the receiving
apparatus, thereby obtaining, in needle telegraphs, a right and left motion of
a pointer upon a single wire; and the same is applicable to various descriptions
of telegraphs.
Secondly, the non-reciprocating circuit completer, whereby the current of
electricity used in communicating signals to a distant station is not passed
through the coils of the indicating portion of the sending appparatus.
Thirdly, the application of magnetic currents to printing telegraphs.
With reference to our eleventh improvement, we claim the use of fixed type
in a stationary frame, whether circular or otherwise, in combination with
letter-printing telegraphs.
With reference to our twelfth improvement, we claim the putting a pressure
on surface of mercury, in order to produce a better metallic contact, as
described, than hitherto obtained when mercury has been used, in completing
circuits for telegraphic purposes.
With reference to our thirteenth improvement, we claim the centrifugal
alarum apparatus, as described.
And with reference to our fourteenth improvement, we claim the winding of
wire on a coil, in the manner described.
In witness whereof, we, the said Edward Brailsford Bright and Charles
Tilston Bright, have hereunto set our hands and seals, this Eighteenth
day of April, One thousand eight hundred and fifty-three.
EDWARD B (LS) BRIGHT
CHARLES T. (L.S.) BRIGHT.

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBREED, that on the Eighteenth day of April, in the
year of our Lord 1853, the aforesaid Edward Brailsford Bright came before
our said Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged the Speci-
fication aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained and specified,
in form above written.
⚫ AND ALSO BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Twentieth day of April,
in the year of our Lord 1853, the aforesaid Charles Tilston Bright came
before our said Lady the Queen in Her Chancery,, and acknowledged the
Specification aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained and specified,
in form above written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped
according to the tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.
Enrolled the Twenty-first day of April, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and fifty-three.