IMPROVEMENTS IN CANDLES
Year: 1870

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to. John Kingsford Field, of the Firm of John,
Charles, and John Field, of Upper Marsh, Lambeth, in the County
of Surrey, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN CANDLES.”**
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION. left by the said John Kingsford. Eield
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition,.
on the 19th September 1870.
I, JOHN KINGSFORD FIELD, of the Firm of John, Charles, and John
Field, of Upper Marsh, Lambeth, in the County of Surrey, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN CANDLES,"
to be as follows:
-
My Invention has reference to single or double wick candles having
one or more hollow longitudinal passages formed in them, such as those
described in the Specifications to William Palmer's Patent, No. 2339,
of 1864, and Urbain's Patent, No. 1698, of 1869.
My improvements consist in forming lateral apertures at or near the
lower ends of such candles communicating from the outside thereof

page_text: with the said internal longitudinal passages so as to admit air into them
whereby upward currents of air will be produced in such passages, which
in issuing in close proximity to the flame will produce a more perfect
combustion and thus increase the luminosity of the candle. The lateral
apertures may be formed either by the aid of drilling instruments or by
any other suitable means, and when the candles have enlarged, ribbed, or
grooved lower ends the apertures may conveniently be made in the
grooves thereof. The longitudinal passages may extend either nearly up
to the tip of the candle, as described in Palmer's Specification aforesaid,
or they may pass right through the candle as described in Urbain's
before-mentioned Specification, and as in the case in the description of
candle known as the "police candle."
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said John Kingsford Field in the Great Seal Patent
Office on the 18th March 1871.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHN
KINGSFORD FIELD, of the Firm of John, Charles, and John Field, of
Upper Marsh, Lambeth, in the County of Surrey, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Nineteenth day of September, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy, in the
thirty-fourth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and suc-
cessors, give and grant unto me, the said John Kingsford Field, Her
special licence that I, the said John Kingsford Field, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said John Kingsford
Field, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time
agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter
during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make,
use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN CANDLES," upon the condition (amongst others) that
I, the said John Kingsford Field, my executors or administrators, by
an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and
seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said
Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and

page_text: cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said John Kingsford Field, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same
is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement thereof, reference being had to the accom-
panying Sheet of Drawings, and to the figures and letters marked
thereon, that is to say :-
My Invention has reference to single or double wick candles having
one or more hollow longitudinal passages formed in them, such as those
described in the Specification to William Palmer's Patent, No. 2339,
of 1864, and Urbain's Patent, No. 1698, of 1869.
My improvements consist in forming lateral apertures near the lower
ends of such candles communicating from the outside thereof with the
said internal longitudinal passages so as to admit air into them, whereby
upward currents of air will be produced in such passages, which in
issuing in close proximity to the flame will produce a more perfect
combustion and thus increase the luminosity of the candle. The lateral
apertures may be formed either by the aid of drilling instruments or by
any other suitable means, and when the candles have enlarged ribbed
or grooved lower ends the apertures may conveniently be made in the
grooves thereof. The longitudinal passages may extend either nearly
up to the tip of the candle, as described in Palmer's Specification afore-
said, or they may pass right through the candle as described in Urbain's
before-mentioned Specification, and as would be the case in the description
of candle known as the "police candle," if the central passage formed
in the first instance by the introduction of the wire or core for the double
wicks were left unfilled. .
On the accompanying Drawing are shewn various forms of candles
having internal longitudinal passages with my Invention applied
thereto.
Figure 1 shews a longitudinal section and Figure 2 shews a transverse
section of a candle A with three longitudinal passages B, B, B, formed
therein in a similar manner to that described in Urbain's Specification
before mentioned, near the lower end of such candle lateral apertures
C, C, C, are formed so as to establish a communication between the

page_text: external atmosphere and the said internal passages. By this means an
upward current of air will be induced in each of such passages during
the burning of the candle, which currents of air in issuing in close
proximity to the flame will cause a more perfect combustion to. take
place as before stated.
Figures 3 and 4 shew respectively an elevevation and a transverse
section of a candle A with passages B similar to the foregoing, but
having an enlarged tapering lower end A¹ in the flutings or recesses
between the ribs of which the before-mentioned lateral apertures C are
formed.
Figures 5 and 6 shew respectively a longitudinal section and a trans-
verse section of a double-wicked candle A with longitudinal passages B
formed in a similar manner to that described in Palmer's Specification
before mentioned, and having lateral apertures C, C, formed therein,
according to my Invention. In this case the passages B do not extend
through the tip of the candle, and consequently the air holes C will
not come into operation until after the tip of the candle is consumed.
Although I prefer to form the lateral apertures near the lower end of
the candle, as described, yet it will be evident that my Invention may
also be carried out by forming the apertures higher up in the candle
and also by forming two or more apertures, one above the other,
into cach longitudinal passage of the candle as indicated in dotted lines
at C¹, C¹, in Figure 3.
Having thus described the nature of my Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, what I claim as the Invention
secured to me under the herein-before in part recited Letters Patent is,
the manufacture of candles having longitudinal passages, such as hercin-
before described, with lateral apertures communicating with the said
passages for the purpose. herein-before set forth.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Kingsford Field, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Seventeenth day of March, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-one.