CERTAIN IM-. PROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF, AND MACHINERY FOR LOCOMOTIVE PLOUGHS, HARROWS, AND OTHER MACHINES AND CARRIAGES
Year: 1830

page_text: CLIVE'S SPECIFICATION.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHN
HENRY CLIVE, of Chell House, in the County of Stafford, Esquire, send
greeting.
WHEREAS His present Majesty King William the Fourth, did, by His
Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at West-
minster, the First day of July, One thousand eight hundred and thirty, in the
first year of His reign, give and grant unto the said John Henry Clive
His especial licence that I, the said John Henry Clive, my exors, admors,
and assigns, and such others as I, the said John Henry Clive, my exors,
admors, assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time
to time and at all times during the term of fourteen years therein mentioned,
should and. lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within England,
Wales, and Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, my Invention of "CERTAIN IM-.
PROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF, AND MACHINERY FOR LOCOMOTIVE PLOUGHS,
HARROWS, AND OTHER MACHINES AND CARRIAGES;" in which said Letters Patent
is contained a proviso that I, the said John Henry Clive, shall cause a par-
ticular description of the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner
the same is to be performed, to be inrolled in His Majesty's High Court of
Chancery within six calendar months and immediately after the date of the
said in part recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference being
thereunto had, will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
John Henry Clive, do hereby describe the manner in which my said
Invention is to be performed by the following description thereof (that is
to say):

page_text: My improvements are applicable to that kind of machinery which is com-
monly called locomotive (that is to say) machinery whereof every part is
mounted upon wheels (or shapes having in action the effect of wheels), which
run upon the ground or a road or railway, and wherein two or more of such
wheels (being those wheels which sustain the whole or the principle part of the
weight of the-locomotive-machinery.). are forcibly. turned-round-by the power
of an engine or engines (say a steam engine or steam engines) or other forcible
power carried by such locomotive machinery, in order that by so forcibly turn-
ing round the said wheels the locomotive machinery may be advanced or moved
forwards along the ground, or a road or railway, whereon it is supported, for
the purpose of moving and drawing after such locomotive machinery, ploughs,
harrows, and other machines and carriages which have heretofore generally been
drawn along by horses or animal labor: Such locomotive machinery propelled
by the force of steam being now in common use for drawing carriages along
railroads, and the construction and machinery thereof being well known to.
competent mechanicians and engineers, need not be described, nor does the
application thereof to the purposes of drawing ploughs, 'harrows, or other
machines (although the same is not yet in common use) require any particular
instructions; being no part of my Invention, and being performed by ropes,.
chains, or other traces, in the same manner as carriages are now drawn after
such locomotive machinery, which is, in short, a substitute for draft horses
or other draft cattle. And my said improvement in the construction of; and
in locomotive machinery of the aforesaid description, consists in using larger
wheels than those wheels which are now commonly used in such machinery
to run upon a road or railway, and bear the whole or the principal part of the
weight of the locomotive; machinery; and to which wheels the power of the
engine or engines carried by such locomotive machinery is applied, so as to
turn the said wheels round for the purpose of advancing the said machinery
along the ground or a road or railway, and thereby drawing or dragging after
it, by ropes, chains, or other traces, ploughs, harrows, and other machines and
carriages, and also in applying the forcible action of the engine or engines to my.
said larger wheels, at a greater distance from the centres or axes thereof, than
the distance therefrom-at which such forcible action is commonly applied, and
also in some cases of locomotive machinery which required to be guided or
steered
action discretion along a curved course; in applying th
forcible
the engine or engines to turn only one of my enlarged wheels (by
acting according to my improvement at an increased distance from the
thereof); that wheel bearing the principle part of the weight of the locomotive
machinery, and being situated in the middle of the breadth of the machinery,
so-as to run along the middle of the breadth of that part or portions of the

page_text: roadway over which the locomotive machinery passed, instead of applying the
said forcible action, as is usually done, to turn two or more wheels, situated
one or more at each side of the breadth of the said machinery; and the objects
of my said improvements, and the advantages to be attained thereby, are, to
obtain an increased length of that leverage whereby my enlarged wheels act
upon the road or railway to advance the machinery along the same, and of that
leverage whereby the active force of the engine for engines is caused to turn
the said wheels round, in order to produce such advance, my improvements
giving an increase beyond the length of leverage, wherewith the. locomotive
machinery now in use does act; and also in the case of locomotive machinery
which is required to be conducted along a curved course, according to the
discretionary guidance of the person who is to manage the same, by my
improvement of applying the forcible action as aforesaid to one of my en-
larged wheels in the middle of the locomotive machinery, the direction (of
the advancing) motion thereof can be more readily changed, in order to guide
and steer the same along an irregularly curved course, than in the loco-
motive machinery now in use, wherein the forcible action is applied to two
or more wheels situated at the outsides of the breadth of the locomotive
machinery.
Having now declared the nature of, and the objects to be attained by my
said improvements, I have only to explain the manner of performing the same;
and it will be obvious to competent mechanicians and engineers who are
conversant with the locomotive machinery now in use, that the particular
manner of performing my said improvements must depend entirely upon the
particular structure of the locomotive machinery to which my improvements
are intended to be applied, as the following instances will explain. If. it is
intended to apply my improvements to one of those locomotive engines which
are commonly used on railways for drawing coal waggons along the same,
which engines have each two steam cylinders, each cylinder being fitted with
its moveable piston adapted to turn two of the four wheels on which the
engine is supported, by means of a tee cross head at the top of the piston rod
and side connecting rods extending from the two ends of that tee cross head
to two crank pins, which project out from two of the wheels on which the
locomotive engine is mounted, viz., a wheel on each end of the same hori-
zontal cross axis being turned round by the force of the same piston, and the
two pistons giving motion to four wheels at the opposite ends. of two such
cross axes parallel to each other, and across the breadth of the locomotive
machinery one before the other. To apply my improvements to such an
engine, I remove the four wheels and substitute for others of larger diameter
than any such wheels heretofore used in such engines, (the largest I have

page_text: been informed of being about five feet in diameter,) and also, I affix the:crank
pins into the arms of my said enlarged wheels, at a greater radius or. distance
from the centre thereof. than the. greatest. radius of any of the crank pins
heretofore used in such machines (the greatest radius I have heard of being
about fifteen inches), and because my increased radius thus given.to the crank
pins will require the pistons to make a greater. length; of stroke; longer
cylinders must be used for the pistons, to move. in; but the diameters of such
cylinders and pistons may be so much lessened, that the areas thereof will be
reduced proportionably to the increased length:of: stroke; and in case: the
two-parallel:cross axes_of_the_wheels are not at a sufficient distance apart to
admit of the introduction of my said enlarged wheels, the said cross.axes.must
be placed further apart beneath the length of the engine, and the.steam
cylinders may either be placed further. apart to correspond.with the increased
distance between those cross-axes, or the cylinders may be fixed in an inclined
position, with their lower ends further apart. than their upper ends; so as that
the centre lines of the two cylinders will point to the centre. lines of the two
cross axes respectively. And, for another instance, I may take the more
modern locomotive engines used on the new Liverpool and: Manchester
Railway, in which only two of their four wheels are turned round-by-the
power-of-the-steam.acting in two. cylinders, viz., one..wheel at each end.of.
the same horizontal cross axis, the other two wheels which assist in bearing the
weight of the engine not being turned by the engine, but: only turning
round of themselves, as the engine is advanced along the railway by. the
power applied to the two wheels. first mentioned by the piston, rods of the
two-steam cylinders. To apply my improvements to those engines,, I use
larger. wheels than any such wheels, heretofore used in. such engines.. And I
fix the crank pins thereto at greater distances from their centres than hereto-
fore: used; making the steam cylinders as much longer. and as much smaller
as the increased length of stroke requires them to be made. And whereas..in
some locomotive engines: the wheels on which the locomotive machinery-is
supported: have been turned round by means of toothed wheels worked.by
corresponding toothed wheels fixed on the axis whereon the cranks were fixed;
instead of the fixing the crank pins into the said wheels or forming the cranks
on the axes of the same. To apply, my improvements in such cases;. I employ
larger wheels than any heretofore used, and affix thereto or to the axes thereof
larger cog-wheels, than any such cog wheels heretofore used in order to com-
municate: motion to my.enlarged wheels from other cogwheels which:-are
fixed as usual in those engines, on the axis on which the cranks are, and in
the same manner if pulley-wheels, turned round by endless chains are used, as is
doné in many locomotive. engines, to turn the wheels thereof which support the

page_text: weight. I make such pulley wheels of larger diameters than any such pulley
wheels heretofore in use in such engines, and I fix the same to my enlarged
wheels, or to the axis thereof, in order to turn the same round by means of
the endless chain or chains, which will therefore act at an increased distance
from the centres of my enlarged wheels and pulley wheels, or of their axes.
And the same may be said of the application of my said improvements to the steam
coaches which have been made in order to travel along common turnpike roads.
I apply thereto larger wheels than any such wheels which have been heretofore
used in such steam coaches (the largest, I believe, being five and one half feet
diameter); and I apply the forcible motion of the pistons of the steam
cylinders to crank pins or to cranks of a larger radius than any such radius
heretofore used in such steam coaches; if such crank pins are fixed into the
wheels, or if the cranks are formed on the axes of the wheels, making the
steam cylinders of a suitable length and size, according to the increased length
of the stroke of their pistons, or if the said forcible motion is transmitted. to
the said wheels on which the locomotive machinery is supported, by means of
cog, wheels or of pulley wheels for endless chains fixed to the wheels or to the
axis thereof, then I make such cog wheels or pulley wheels of larger diameter
than any such cog wheels or pulley wheels heretofore used in such steam
coaches. And as to the size of my enlarged wheels which are turned forcibly
round by the engine, and on which the weight or the principal part of the
weight of the locomotive machinery is supported as aforesaid, the same must
be adapted to the nature of the ground over which the locomotive machinery
is required to travel, such size or diameter varying from upwards of ten feet
down to nearly the largest diameters at present in use (which I believe to be
about five, or five and one half feet). If the locomotive machinery were
required to travel along a road on which there were obstacles rising, suddenly
to a height of four inches above the usual surface, I should recommend the
wheels to be twelve feet diameter. The smoother the road is the less may be
the diameter of my enlarged wheels; on an ordinary turnpike road, wheels of
eight feet diameter may be used. And as to the length of the. radius of my
enlarged cranks, or the radius of my enlarged cog wheels or pulley wheels for
endless chains, by which the motive power is applied as aforesaid to turn round
my enlarged wheels on which the locomotive machinery is supported, by acting
with an increased length of leverage as aforesaid, in order to produce such
turning round, the said radius or distance from the centre of motion of my
enlarged wheels, or of their axis, may vary from upwards of four feet down to
nearly the largest radius or length of leverage heretofore used in locomotive
machinery, the said radius being proportioned according to the diameter of my
enlarged wheels wherewith the same is to be used, and according to the speed

page_text: "
with which the locomotive machinery, is required. to, travel, and that must
necessarily be governed by the smoothness and evenness of the road over:which
it is required to travel.. My improvements are applicable.to alter the locomotive
machinery-now-in use, and still more applicable for new locomotive machinery;
but my improvements are not intended to apply or relate to the wheels of that
kind of locomotive. machinery which have teeth, around the wheels to act in
the teeth of, racks fixed to the sides of the railways on which the bearing
wheels of the locomotive machinery are supported, but my enlarged wheels
..and enlarged cranks, or cog wheels, or pulley wheels, are only intended..to be
used in such locomotive machinery as, is advanced by the adhesion of the
circumferences, of the, wheels. to the ground, or road, or railway, when those
wheels are turned round by the forcible action of an engine, or engines as
aforesaid. And as to the manner of performing my other -improvements: of
applying the forcible motion of an engine or engines to only one of my enlarged
wheels, situated in the middle of the width of such locomotive machinery as
is required to travel on a curved course, according to the discretionary guidance
of the person who directs its motion. The said locomotive machinery should
have four other wheels, each of about three feet diameter, all turning freely, on
their respective axles, and the axletree of the two fore: wheels being moveable
about.an.upright.perch, bolt in the middle of the length of that axletree, in
;the same manner as in any common four-wheeled carriage, and such motion
of the axletree;being steered or governed, by... the person who guides. the
machinery by..a lever or handle, it will enable him to steer or cause, the
carriage to turn sideway from, a direct course. The axletree of the other two
.or.hinder,wheels being attached, to the machinery by coach springs (of that a
kind. which are called under-springs in coaches), so as to admit of the
machinery moving up and down in respect to the axletrees of, the said wheels,
and only a small portion of the weight of the locomotive machinery being thrown
upon those springs which only act to steady the locomotive machinery, and keep
the same upright, but the, principal part of the weight. thereof is borne by my
central, enlarged wheel, which is situated in the middle of the breadth of the
locomotive machinery, the circular edge thereof being of a suitable breadth to
apply to the surface of the road with so much adhesion thereto as will cause
the locomotive machinery to advance with certainty when the said enlarged
wheel is forcibly-turned round by the power of the engine or engines, the.
forcible action thereof being applied according to my aforesaid improvement-at
an increased-radius-or distance from the centre of my enlarged wheel, or from
the centre of the axis thereof. The action by which the locomotive machinery
is advanced along the road being thus applied in the middle of the breadth
thereo, the machinery, will be found to turn more readily aside, and to be:

page_text: more completely under the command of the person who guides or steers the
same than it would be if made according to the usual plan of my applying the
power to turn round two wheels situated on the same axis, and at the outsides
of the breadth of the machinery; and hence this improvement will render
locomotive machinery more manageable on common roads.
Having now described my said improvements, I do hereby declare that what
I claim as my Invention is,―
First, my aforesaid improvement of applying wheels (or shapes having in
action the effect of wheels) of larger diameter than those heretofore used for
all locomotive machinery for moving, propelling, or drawing ploughs or
harrows, or other machines and carriages as herein-before set forth.
Secondly, in my aforesaid improvement in so applying the forcible motion
by which the wheels of all locomotive machinery are to be turned round in
order to advance such locomotive machinery along the ground, or a road or
railway, as to cause the said forcible motion to act at a greater radius or
distance than heretofore used from the centre of motion of the said wheels,
or of their axles, either by means of my enlarged cranks, or by my enlarged
cog wheels, or by my enlarged pulley wheels for endless chains, as herein-before
set forth.
Thirdly, in my aforesaid improvement of applying the forcible motion by
which such locomotive machinery is to be impelled, so as to turn one broad
wheel situated in the middle of the breadth of the locomotive machinery, and
bearing the principal part of the weight thereof, as herein-before set forth.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Henry Clive, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Thirtieth day of December, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and thirty.