Improvements in Electro-dynamic Machines.
Year: 1889

page_text: Date of Application. 22nd Oct., 1889
Complete Specification Left, 8th July, 1890-Accepted, 16th Aug., 1890
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Electro-dynamic Machines.
1, OTTO TITUS BLÁTHY, subject of the King of Hungary, and resident at II Haupt-
strasse 75m Budapest, Hungary Electrical Engineer do hereby declare the nature of
this invention to be as follows:-
This invention has for its object an electro dynamic machine or electro motor for
alternate currents which may be imagined as composed of a transformer part and a
motor part exchanging their functions periodically. This arrangement dispenses with
a commutator and brushes and does away with the inconveniences arising therefrom.
I shall describe examples of electro motors according to this invention referring to
the accompanying drawings.
The essential parts of this motor are: an armature with coils or windings closed
upon themselves, which may also be regarded as composed of two armatures T¹ and T³,
shown in figs. 1 and 2, the coils of which are severally closed upon each other (that is
each coil of one half of the armature is closed upon one coil of the second half), and
two field magnets M' and M² excited by two alternate currents, displaced in phase
from one another, the axes of polarity of these fields forming an angle, without
intersecting, however.
To explain the manner of operation of my motor, we may first assume that the
armature is at rest and consider only two coils at right angles, such as 1 and 2 in
Fig. 3.
If the current of M' and therefore its magnetisation is displaced with respect
to the current and magnetisation of M for a quarter of a wave in phase, as indicated
in Fig. 4 by the curves M' and M2, this displacement in phase will also exist between
the currents induced by M' in coil 2 and by Me in coil 1 respectively (see the dotted
lines in Fig. 4). Therefore when the current in coil 1 is at its maximum value, that
in 2 will just he zero and vice versa. Besides this, the phases of the currents in
1 and 2 being displaced for nearly one quarter of a wave with respect to the intensities of
magnetism in the inducing fields M² and M', the current induced in one of the coils
coincides in phase with the magnetism of the other field and thus a torque will act
upon the coil and therefore on the armature. The torques will also vary according to
curves like those of M' and M in Fig. 4, the torques on coil 1 and 2 being displaced
in phase between themselves by a quarter of a wave, so that the resulting torque will
be nearly constant.
I may term this machine a transformer motor to indicate that the two halves of
the electro motor, wiz., M' with T¹ and M² with T. form alternately a transformer and
a motor.
If the armature is revolving, the several coils are successively passing the neutral
planes, that is the planes in which there is maximum current in the coils and
inaximum torque (in Fig. 3 the two coils 1 and 2 are shown in the neutral planes).
Coils which are not in these planes are at the same time subjected to the induction
and torque of both the fields; with respect to these coils the apparatus is therefore a
transformer and a motor at the same time.
Evidently this motor differs essentially from those of Ferraris and Tesla, not only
by the arrangement of the fields relatively to the armature, but also by its principle
of operation. In the motors of Ferraris and Tesla it is the resultant field of two
groups of lines of force, displaced in phase; which takes along with itself the armature
by reason of the rotation in which it is maintained by the said displacement of phase
of the two component fields. In my motor, currents are induced alternately by one
of the fields in one part of the armature, which currents in passing through the second
part of the armature are subjected to the dynamical action of the second field, and
thus cause the armature to revolve. The motors of Ferraris and Tesla will work with
a suitably formed iron armature without any coils on it, while my transformer would
not work without armature coils.

page_text: My motor may be modified in a variety of ways, by altering the armature, or the
fields, or both.
If the space between T and T2 be filled up with subdivided iron, the result will be
a drum as shewn in Fig. 5. To diminish the magnetic resistance, the drum may be.
provided with channels or slots at its circumference to receive the wires. Instead of
a drum, a ring with closed coils may be used as shewn in Fig. 7. The iron core of
the drum or ring is subdivided and the windings are fixed in the known manner.
The armature coils may be actual windings, as customary in dynamos, or the sub-
divided iron core may be provided with a metallic shell with suitable slots to direct
the induced currents into the desired paths as shewn by Figs. 8 and 9.
The cores of the field magnets and also of the armature must be laminated or sub-
divided to guard against the generation of interfering, so called Foucault, currents in
the iron masses. The external form of the field magnets may be varied in many
ways, as nearly all the forms used in dynamo machines can be adapted to my motor.
The number of poles of each of the two magnet systems may be any even number.
Figs. 10 shews as an example a transformer motor with two magnets M¹ and M² (the
latter one in dotted lines) each with four polar projections and a drum armature T;
the several windings on the armature in this case enclose 90° of the circumference
only (in each half of the armature).
The field inagnets shewn in Figs. 1 to 10 have polar faces nearer to the armature
than any other part of the magnet cores.
In Figs. 11 and 12 a form without any projecting poles is shown. The field magnets
are formed in two rings wound like Granime rings so as to have the poles at the ends
of a diameter. Such an arrangement with channels for the windings on the armature
and magnets is shewn in Figs. 13 and 14. The rings, instead of two poles, inay each
have any even number of poles in this arrangement also.
The angle between the axes of polarity of the field magnets M' and M² may be 90°
or less.
In some cases it will be of advantage to make one of the fields moveable with
respect to the other one.
1
Instead of baving the axes of polarity of the field magnets forming an angle with
one another they may also be arranged parallel, in which case one half of each
armature coil is distorted through a corresponding angle from the other half as shewn
in Fig. 15. In Fig. 16 such an armature is shewn with a slotted copper shell. These
last described forms are especially apt to show the difference between my invention
and those of Ferraris and Tesla. With an armature having coils distorted in the
manner just set forth no useful effects could be accomplished in motors of the types
designed by the inventors referred to.
In the constructions of the armatures described above each coil was always closed
upon itself.
If it be desired to keep all the coils or a part of them closed only for
certain intervals of time, a commutator C Fig. 17, with sectors for each coil is used,
with brushes B connected together either directly or through resistances W.
The transformer motor, instead of a drum or ring armature, may have a disc
armature through which the lines of force pass in an axial direction. Figs. 18 and 19
shew such an arrangement. M1 and M2 are the magnetic fields displaced in phase
from each other, and S is a disc armature composed of superposed elements like E
Fig. 20, each of the elements having an angular displacement relatively to the
adjoining elements. These elements have such a form as to embrace at the same time
all, or part of, the magnetic fields of the one kind, say M', and to intersect all, or part
of, the fields of the second kind M²; these elements may have several diametrical con-
nections, Fig. 21. Figs. 22 and 23 shew the forms which the elements will have when
four pairs of magnetic fields are employed.
The external form of the field magnets, as well as the amount of the displacement
of the phases and the angle at which the field magnets are placed relatively to one
another, are not essential features in any of the different variations of my invention.
Dated this 22nd day of October 1889.
ABEL & IMRAY,
Agents for the Applicant.

page_text: COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Electro-dynamic Machines.
I, OTTO TITUS BLÁTHY, subject of the King of Hungary, and resident at
II Hauptstrasse 75m. Budapest, Hungary, Electrical Engineer, do hereby declare the
nature of this invention and in what manner the same is to be performed to be
particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement :—
This Invention has for its object an electro dynamic machine or electro motor for
alternate currents, which may be imagined as composed of a transformer part and a
motor part exchanging their functions periodically. This arrangement dispenses with
a commutator and brushes and does away with the inconveniences arising therefrom.
I shall describe examples of electro motors according to this invention referring to
the drawings accompanying my Provisional Specification.
The essential parts of this motor are: an armature with coils or windings closed
upon themselves, which may also be regarded as composed of two armatures T¹
and T, shewn in Figs. 1 and 2, the coils of which are severally closed upon each
other (that is each coil of one half of the armature is closed upon one coil of the
second half), and two field magnets M¹ and M2 excited by two alternate currents
displaced in phase from one another, the axes of polarity of these fields forming an
angle, without intersecting, however.
To explain the manner of operation of my motor, we may first assume that the
armature is at rest and consider only two coils at right angles, such as 1 and 2 in
Fig. 3.
If the current of M' and therefore its magnetisation is displaced with respect
to the current and magnetisation of M² for a quarter of a wave in phase, as indicated
in Fig. 4 by the curves M and M², this displacement in phase will also exist between
the currents induced by M in coil 2 and by M2 in coill respectively (see the dotted
lines in Fig. 4). Therefore when the current in coil is at its maximum value, that
in 2 will just be zero and vice versa. Besides this, the phases of the currents in I
and 2 being displaced for nearly one quarter of a wave with respect to the intensities
of magnetism in the inducing fields M² and M, the current induced in one of the coils
coincides in phase with the magnetism of the other field and thus a torque will act
upon the coil and therefore on the armature. The torques will also vary according to
curves like those of M and M² in Fig. 4, the torques on coil 1 and 2 being displaced
in phase between themselves by a quarter of a wave, so that the resulting torque will
be nearly constant.
I may term this machine a transformer-motor to indicate that the two halves of
the electro-motor, viz. M with T and M² with 12, form alternately a transformer
and a motor.
If the armature is revolving, the several coils are successively passing the neutral
planes, that is the planes in which there is maximum current in the coils and maximum
torque (in Fig. 3 the two coils 1 and 2 are shown in the neutral planes). Coils
which are not in these planes are at the same time subjected to the induction and
torque of both the fields; with respect to these coils the apparatus is therefore a
transformer and a notor at the same time.
Evidently this motor differs essentially from those of Ferraris and Tesla, not only
by the arrangement of the fields relatively to the armature, but also by its principle
of operation. In the motors of Ferraris and Tesla it is the resultant field of two
groups of lines of force, displaced in phase, which takes along with itself the armature
by reason of the rotation in which it is maintained by the said displacement of phase
of the two component fields. In my motor, currents are induced alternately by one
of the fields in one part of the armature, which currents in passing through the
second part of the armature are subjected to the dynamical action of the second field,
and thus cause the armature to revolve. The motors of Ferraris and Tesla will work
with a suitably formed iron armature without any coils on it, while my transformer
would not work without armature coils.
My motor may be modified in a variety of ways, by altering the armature or the
fields or both.

page_text: If the space between T' and T2 be filled up with subdivided iron, the result will be a
drum as shewn in Fig. 5. To diminish the magnetic resistance, the drum may
he provided with channels or slots at its circumference to receive the wires. Instead
of a drum, a ring with closed coils may be used as shewn in Fig. 7. The iron core of
the drum or ring is subdivided and the windings are fixed in the known manner.
The armature coils may be actual windings, as customary in dynamos, or the sub-
divided iron core may be provided with a metallic shell with suitable slots to direct
the induced currents into the desired paths as shewn by Figs. 8 and 9.
The cores of the field magnets and also of the armature must be laminated or sub-
divided to guard against the generation of interfering, so called Foucault, currents in
the iron masses. The external form of the field magnets may be varied in many ways,
as nearly all the forms used in dynamo machines can be adapted to my motor.
The number of poles of each of the two magnet systems may be any even number.
Fig. 10 shows as an example a transformer motor with two magnets M¹ and M² (the
latter one in dotted lines) each with four polar projections and a drum armature T;
the several windings on the armature in this case enclose 90° of the circumference
only (in each half of the armature).
The field magnets shewn in Figs. 1 to 10 have polar faces nearer to the armature
than any other part of the magnet cores.
In Figs. 11 and 12 a form without any projecting poles is shown. The field
magnets are formed in two rings wound like Gramme rings so as to have the poles
at the ends of a diameter. Such an arrangement with channels for the windings on
the armature and magnets is shewn in Fig. 13 and 14. The rings instead of two
poles, may each have any even number of poles in this arrangement also.
The angle between the axes of polarity of the field magnets M' and M² may be
90° or less. In some cases it will be of advantage to make one of the fields inoveable
with respect to the other one.
Instead of having the axes of polarity of the field magnets forming an angle with
one another they may also be arranged parallel, in which case one half of each
armature coil is distorted through a corresponding angle from the other half as shewn
in Fig. 15. In Fig. 16 such an armature is shown with a slotted copper shell.
These last described forms are especially apt to show the difference between my
invention and those of Ferraris and Tesla. With an armature having coils distorted
in the manner just set forth no useful effects could be accomplished in motors of the
types designed by the inventors referred to.
In the constructions of the armatures described above each coil was always closed
upon itself.
If it be desired to keep all the coils or a part of them closed only for
certain intervals of time, a commutator C Fig. 17, with sectors for each coil is used.
with brushes B connected together either directly or through resistances W.
The transformer motor, instead of a drum or ring armature, may have a disc
armature through which the lines of force pass in an axial direction. Figs. 18 and 19
shew such an arrangement. M1 and M2 are the magnetic fields displaced in phase
from each other, and S is a disc armature composed of superposed elements like E
Fig. 20, each of the elements having an angular displacement relatively to the adjoining
elements. These elements have such a form as to embrace at the same time all, or
part of the magnetic fields of the one kind, say M, and to intersect all, or part of,
the fields of the second kind M²; these elements may have several diametrical con-
nections, Fig. 21. Figs. 22 and 23 shew the. forms which the elements will have
when four pairs of magnetic fields are employed.
The external form of the field magnets, as well as the amount of the displacement
of the phases and the angle at which the field magnets are placed relatively to one
another, are not essential features in any of the different variations of my invention.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I
claim is
1. An electro dynamic machine consisting of a combined alternately acting trans.

page_text: former and motor having two alternate-current magnetic fields (or groups of these)
separate from and independent of one another, the phases of which are displaced from
one another, and of a revolving armature with coils closed upon themselves, acted
upon by the two magnetic fields or groups of fields, at different parts of its surface
and revolution, substantially as set forth.
2. An electro dynamic machine such as is referred to, in claim 1, having two field
magnets or groups of these placed at an angle to one another and an armature with
its coils straight, substantially as set forth.
3. An electro dynamic machine such as is referred to in claim 1 having two parallel
fields or groups of these and an armature with its coils made in two parts the one part
at an angle to the other, substantially as set forth.
T
1000
ABEL & IMRAY,
Agents for the Applicant.