Improvements in the Manufacture of Metallic Shells, especially Applicable to Boilers and other Shells of Irregular Forms.
Year: 1884

page_text: Improvements in the Manufacture of Metallic Shells, especially
Applicable to Boilers and other Shells of Irregular Forms.
I, JOSEPH WHITLEY of Railway Works Leeds, in the County of York, Engineer
and Founder do hereby declare the nature of my invention for IMPROVEMENTS IN
THE MANUFACTURE OF METALLIC SHELLS to be as follows:-
Whereas hitherto shells have been worked out of sheets and riveted up my
improvements consist in forming a shell from liquid metal of the required diameter
length and form internally and externally and instead of rolling sheets for shell
purposes I hammer the cast shell internally and externally under the following
circumstances:-I hammer the whole of the external surface so as to consolidate
the finest molecules of metal with separate blows instead of rolling the same as
heretofore and thereby laminating the mass and destroying the general formation of
the total structure.
When I cast a steel shell I prefer to charge the interior with Mercury under
hydralic or other pressure to the required force and them hammer the outside
surface, this done I then treat the interior in like manner until the entire shell is
sufficiently dense the for purpose required.
When I form shells of other metals or the compounds of metals I then proceed on
the above lines except that I use oil water air or other simple liquids under high
pressure internally and externally as above until I have attained by hammering the
required density & strength.
By the above means I produce very superior results in all cases where great
strength with lightness is required. In some special cases of irregular lines on the
outer and inner surface, I form dies or matrices in two or more parts so as to fit the
outside lines and having secured the same in position I then hammer the interior
surface and by this means secure a still greater density strength and wearing
surface than has hitherto been accomplished.

page_text: Improvements in the Manufacture of Metallic Shells, especially
Applicable to Boiler and other Shells of Irregular Form..
I JOSEPH WHITLEY of the Railway Works Leeds in the County of York
Engineer and Founder do hereby declare the nature of my invention for IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF METALLIC SHELLS ESPECIALLY APPLICABLE TO
BOILER AND OTHER SHELLS OF IRREGULAR FORM, and in what manner the same
is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement:-
By the process as set forth in my Provisional Specification of Nov 15th 1884
I cast any required shape in steel or other metal or the compounds of metal and
when it is essential to anneal the same I do so in the ordinary way and then
proceed to bammer the same internally and externally so that the whole of the
surface shall come under a perfect planing process and when required I re anneal
and hammer until the required density is attained. This may be accomplished in
several ways. If the article be a plain cylindrical form then a simple mandrill put
inside will be sufficient for the purpose of haminering the outside and having dono
this then it is sufficient to place the cylinder in a matrix and then hammer the
interior so as to givo to the whole a greater density and strength. Should the
exterior lines be of an irregular form then I form an exterior matrix by preference
in several parts and place the casting in it and having thoroughly hammered the
interior I charge the same with mercury oil or other substanco I then continue the
hammering process externally until the perfection required is attained, keeping up
the internal prossure thereby giving a greater density and tensile strength as a
consequence to the entire mass that could bo attained by the ordinary rolling
process. When possible to roll such figures and in all other circumstances when
rolling is not possible such a strength and density as cannot possibly be attained in
casting or in building up by other means. When I construct cylindrical shells of
other metals or the compounds of metals I proceed as described but with this
difference I use oil water or other suitablo matorial instead of mercury and having
got up the required pressure I then proceed to hammer and to maintain the
pressure as before. When from the exterior lines it is not convenient to form dies
of varying figure for the purpose of fitting the required articles to I then form
plain dies and fill up the difference with suitable material under pressure and
proceed to hammer them internally as before. I prefer to do the whole of the
internal hammering by means of spring tappet hammers and whilst the shells are
in motion so as to strike the surface as it rotates and to use a traverse motion for
the hammering of them or if that be stationary to cause the shell to traverse.
Thus by this my patent process we can interlock in separate directious every
natural molecule of metal in its original cast state instead of laminating the same
by the rolling process and by reversing that to destroy the effect of the lamination
by the reverso action of the rolls.
By this means where great strength with lightness is required I can produce
higher resisting powers than has hitherto been attained for all practical purposes.

page_text: Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed I wish it to be.
perfectly understood that I do not bind myself to the precise mode or arrangement
herein described as these may be variously modified without departing from the
principle of my invention I declare that what I claim is
First. The hammering of the interior of shells or other forms of metals or the
compounds of metals for the purpose of laminating a smaller number of their
molecules at once and thereby giving greater density and strength substantially as
herein before described.
Second. The hammering of cylindrical and other forms of metal and the
compounds of metals in dies or matrices for the purpose of giving greater strength
and density substantially as herein before described.
Third. The charging of Iron or Steel cylindrical and other forms of metal with
mercury or other suitable material under high pressure for the purpose of resisting
the external hammering substantially as herein before described.
Fourth The surrounding of metallic cylinders and other forms with suitable
material in dies or matrices so as to enable them to resist internal haminering
substantially as herein before described.
Fifth. The conversion of annealed Iron or Steel cylindrical shells into plates
sheets or other articles of superior strength by hammering the same substantially
as herein before described.
Sixth. The hammering in of the surface of castings for the purpose of preserving
the base of the original crystalization and thereby giving greater strength sub-
stantially as herein before described.
Seventh. The reduction of the thickness and the increasing of the length and
diameter of castings and for the purpose of giving still greater strength by the
process of internal and external hammering substantially as herein before described.
Dated this 30th day of July 1885.