A Novel System of Burner for Mineral Oil.
Year: 1891

page_text: Date of Application (in United Kingdom), 15th Dec., 1891
Complete Specification Left, 15th Dec., 1891-Accepted, 11th June. 1392
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
A Novel System of Burner for Mineral Oil.
I, JACQUES AIME VAGNER of No. 42 Boulevard Magenta, Paris, in the Republic
of France, Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what
manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained
in and by the following statement :-
My invention relates to a novel system of flat wick burner for mineral oil which
may serve either for heating or lighting.
The apparatuses for heating by mineral oil hitherto constructed present numerous
defects rendering them practically of little use, being often abandoned either on
account of the smell and the smoke which they may disengage, or because of the
difficulty and care necessitated to keep them in order and from the instability of
the results which they give.
The first apparatuses made were with flat wicks, because of the simplicity of
construction and keeping in order inherent to this system, their vicious construction
results in their producing but a yellow flame which easily becomes smoky and
gives an unpleasant smell. This has been partially remedied by the construction
of round burners which give a better make, but which present, in use, a multitude
of defects inherent to their form especially when wicks of large diameter are used..
In the flat wick burners hitherto made, the currents of air placed on each side
of the wick are obtained by making use of sections or perforations made in caps,
metallic capsules, perforated plates etc., and the sections and channels of these
parts, are always of similar diinensions on both sides of the wick, the air therefore
arrives on each side of this wick at equal speed, and temperature and in equal
quantity; the result is that the gases emitted by the wick burn on its surface on
the one side as on the other giving a yellow flame which easily becomes sooty.
My invention consists in a novel system of burners with flat wick, in which,
contrary to that which has been hitherto done the regulation of the currents of
While the
air is made on each side of the wick under totally different conditions.
air passes at a great speed on one of the sides and against one of the surfaces of
the wick, to prevent any combustion taking place on its surface on this side, the
other current of air passes on the other side of this same wick in a less restricted
space at the level of this wick, or is to a great extent relegated to a certain distance
from the side of the wick, or again at a higher temperature or a speed which, at
the level of this wick is much less than in the first case; from whence it follows
that the temperature is there sensibly higher and that combustion may take place
upon this surface or on this side of the wick. I therefore obtain a wick having
one of its sides extinct the other alight, or rather having only one of its sides lit
and all the others extinct, which permits obtaining a much more perfect mixture
of air with the combustible gases and consequently a much better combustion.
My invention consists therefore in the application to heating of the above
principles and in the means which I have adopted to realise it.

page_text: ס"
drawings which represent as example :-
Figure 1, plan view of a simple flat wick store of my system;
Figure 2, sectional elevation of same. at X X, Figure 1, perpendicular to the
direction of the wick;
Figure 3, a second sectional elevation of same at Y Y, Figure 1, parallel with the
direction of the wick;
Figure 4, a modification of the mode of combustion of the wick represented at
Figure 1:
Figure 5, plan view of a duplex flat wick stove of my system;
Figure 6, sectional elevation of same at X'X' Figure 5 perpendicular to the
direction of the wick;
Figure 7, a second sectional elevation of same at Y¹ Y' Figure 5, parallel with
the direction of the wick.
The stove represented Figures 1, 2 and 3 comprises the several parts of all
stoves of this kind, chimney, wick holding cap etc., fitted in the usual manner, with
the exception of a few variations which will hereinafter describe, I therefore will
not delay to give here a description of these parts, contenting myself by dwelling
upon those which are particular to my invention and which relate solely to the
wick. These parts being arranged so as to produce the results above set forth.
In these Figures 1, 2 and 3, A being the wick fitted in the ordinary way in its
wick holder B, arrange above this wick, a diaphragm G, which, by choking
throttling or contracting the passage of the air on to the flame at a level above
the wick, keeps the side e of the surface of the wick projecting or issuing from
the burner during combustion at a sufficiently raised temperature, in order that the
gases disengaged by this side of the wick may kindle on this part of its surface
and ensure the heat necessary for the distillation of the gases. On the contrary
the side of the wick out of the burner during combustion is cooled by the
current of air which the diaphragm H contracts, restricts or throttles at the level
and on the surface thereof, so as to increase its speed. This side c is therefore
kept at such a degree of coolness that the gases which escape in thin threads
through the web of this part of the surface of the wick cannot burn at its surface.
When the stove burns at a moderate flame and only from 2 to 4 millimeters of
wick are turned up from the burner (Figure 4) the gases disengaged by the side c¹
of the wick do not burn at its surface, but the gases disengaged by its side e¹ and
by its upper horizontal surface d' kindle on these two parts of the surface, as
indicated by the flame drawn Figure 4. When the stove burns with a large flame
and that a height of from 6 to 7 millimeters of wick issues from the burner
(Figure 2) not only cannot the gases disengaged by the side of the wick burn on
its surface, but neither can those disengaged by its horizontal upper surface d light
thereupon. It is only the gases which escape by the side e of the wick which
remain in flame at the surface of this side, as shown by the flame drawn Figure 2.
The gases disengaged by the parts c and d of the surface of the wick are drawn
into the chimney by the current or currents of air and cannot enter into combustion
except at a much higher level inside the chimney and only at a height where the
temperature is sufficiently raised to permit the combustion which takes place at
the point where the flame produces a swelling. In their course, from the point
where they are emitted by the wick to rise in the chimney, up to the point where
their combustion takes place, these gases mix with a certain quantity of atmospheric
air which powerfully quickens the combustion and produces a blue flame followed
by very bright white points or jets.
From the flat shape of the burners it results that the currents of air produced
have an intensity which depends solely upon the dimension of the sections,
contractions throttlings or channels through which this air passes or from the
power of the moderators or obturators.
As a result of this relative equality in the vigour or force of the currents of air
upon the flame the gases not burnt at the surface of the wick and carried away by

page_text: downward on the side directing air obliquely against the side of the wick; these
various arrangements being susceptible in practice of modification in form and of,
at need, being replaced by analogous arrangements constructed according to the
requirements of manufacture and so as to preserve at the level of the wick issuing
from the burner a somewhat violent passage to prevent the kindling at the surface
of its side of the gases disengaging therefrom.
In Figure 14 the air necessary to combustion is divided into several superposed
currents XX; the upper current X reaches the flame after passing between the
diaphragm H and the perforated plate V shown turned over to the left. The lower
current passes through the perforations I of the plate V which give it an oblique
direction to afterwards lick the side of the wick.
In Figure 16, perforations Y are made in the conduit or channel C, as represented
on the left side of the drawing. The upper current X passes through these
perforations and licks and cools the upper part of the side of the wick. The
lower current X passes to the interior of the conduit or channel C and cools the
lower part of the wick which it runs along in its entire height.
In Figure 18 a space is left between the caps F and E, the upper current
of air passes through this space and cools the upper part of the side of the
wick, the lower current X¹ arrives by the cap E and cools the lower part of this
same wick.
In Figure 19, the upper current of air X also passes between the diaphragm H
and the cap C and the lower current of air X by the cap C both following the
direction indicated by the arrows.
In Figure 20, the upper current of air X passes between the diaphragm H and
the diaphragm C and goes upon the flame, the lower current of air X' passes under
the stamped part of the diaphragm C and cools the wick.
In Figure 22 the cap F is provided with perforations giving passage to the upper
current of air X which then circulates along the side of the cap H and goes upon
the flame, the lower current X is projected on to the surface of the wick to cool it
by the contraction or choking of the cap F.
In all these Figures 14, 16, 18, 19, 20 and 22 the upper currents of air X
are regulated and weakened not to annihilate the lower current X', but on the
contrary to leave it sufficient activity so that it may still have the force necessary
to sufficiently cool this side of the wick and prevent the kindling upon its surface
of the gases disengaging therefrom.
The number of these multiple currents of air may be increased according to
requirement, the draught of the chimneys used and the nature of the service for
which the burners are intended, and the parts or arrangements which produce them
will be equally susceptible of every variation, but they will always be combined
and regulated so as to preserve to the current of air situated facing the wick and
not distant therefrom more than 8 millimeters at the level of its issue from the
burner sufficient vigour or force to prevent the kindling on its surface of the gases
disengaging from its side.
2°. KINDLED OR LIGHTED SIDE OF THE WICK.
On this side it is necessary that the part of the wick issuing from the burner
should not be exposed to the action of any current of air capable of cooling
it sufficiently to prevent combustion of the gases on its surface.
This side of the wick may be in contact with the ambient air, as shown Figure 12,
or the current of air which rises on this side has at the level of the portion of the
wick issuing from the burner, only a very weakened force much less than that
which licks the opposite surface on the extinct side, in order that, on this side the
kindling of the gases may take place upon the surface of the wick.
I may obtain this result by the use of the following various means.
1°. By reserving at the level of the wick, and facing it on the side which is to be
lit, a larger air passage than on the other side.

page_text: In Figure 9 for example the surface of the cap G is at the upper or approxi-
matively upper level of the wick, further from this wick on the kindled side than the
other surface is from the other side. There is thus obtained a passage of air B
greater on the kindled 'side than the passage of air A. on the extinct side.
In Figure 15, the space provided between the two coupled wicks, on the inner
surface of which takes place the kindling of the gases escaping therefrom, is
greater and possesses a greater surface than the channels provided outside the wicks,
to compel it to lick their surface exteriorly. There is thus obtained a larger
passage of air B facing the wick than the air passages A. on the extinct side.
This current of air in rising on the kindled side in a passage B (Figures 9 and 15)
broader at the level of the wick naturally spreads over the entire breadth of this
passage, the result of which is less speed in the delivery of the quantity of air to
be provided. The circulation of air being less active in this passage B, the
temperature rises therein very sensibly higher than in the passage A, which permits
the kindling on the surface of the wick of the gases escaping therefrom.
20. By making (Figure 16) at the upper part of the conduit or channel C which
brings the air necessary to combustion, and on the side of the wick which is
to be kindled, perforations, sections, or solutions of continuity D permitting the
adinission of a large quantity of air in this channel, but at a higher level than that
of the portion of the wick issuing from the burner, in order that this portion may
be affected only at its base by the air arriving from the lower part of the channel
itself, air which will, in this case, be very reduced in quantity, a large part of the
air necessary to combustion arriving above the level of the wick by the
perforations D.
These perforations or sections D will in every case be in higher surfaces than
those which might be made with another object in the inverse side of the same
channel on the extinct side or above the level of the wick and they will also
have a surface sufficiently large to give passage to such a quantity of air that the
lower current of air coming by the channel C on the kindled side is weakened to
the extent that the circulation of air is sufficiently slackened in the air passage B
to permit combustion of the gases taking place on the surface of the wick.
30. In establishing (Figures 18 and 22) on the kindled side several air conduits
bringing to the flame the air necessary to combustion.
In Figure 18, for example, a capsule or irregular shaped cap E is fixed on the
burner of the lamp, under another capsule I surmounting the first; in Figure 22
the cap E is replaced by a metal plate E. On the kindled side the surface or side
of the cap F is fixed at a suitable distance from the cap or plate E so as to preserve
between these parts E and F a sufficient passage of air to permit a great part of
the air necessary to combustion to rise in this passage and be sent directly on to
the flame, by the contraction or choking of the cap or plate E at a higher level to
that of the portion of the wick issuing from the burner, in order that this portion
may not be affected at its base excepting by the air arriving between the wick tube
and the side of the piece E, air which will be in very reduced quantity in this
space, a large part of the air necessary to combustion arriving only above the level
of the portion of the wick issuing from the burner (or better at its exit from
the burner) by the space left between the sides of the cap F and the side of the
piece E.
This space will be broad enough to give passage to such a quantity of air that
the current of air passing between the piece E and the side or surface of the cap F
is so much weakened that the circulation of the air is sufficiently slackened in the
passage B, to permit the combustion of the gas on the surface of the wick.
4. By arranging on the flame a more pronounced strangulation or throttling
of air on the kindled side than on the extinct side in relation to the perpendicular
or plumb of the wick.
In Figures 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 12, 18, 20, 22 etc. the parts marked G, capsules,
diaphragmns etc., throttle the air on the flame, more powerfully on this side which is
the kindled side than do the parts marked H on the extinct side in relation to the

page_text: perpendicular of the wick, that is to say that there will remain horizontally between
the piece G at its end and the perpendicular of the wick, only a space smaller than
that on the other side, horizontally, between the perpendicular of the wick and the
extremity of the part H constituting the strangulation of air on the extinct side.
The part G may even increase these strangulations and encroach upon the
perpendicular of the wick (Figures 9 and 10).
B
The parts G of all these figures being thus nearer to the perpendicular of the
wick will heat much more than the parts H and consequently send into the air
passages B a great amount of radiating heat which will permit obtaining in this
air passage an elevation of temperature favorable to the kindling of the gases on the
surface of the wick. The strangulation or throttling produced by the passages
being greater than that produced by the parts H, the speed and the vigour of the
current of air which exists in the passage B are less at the level of the portion of
the wick issuing from the burner, on the kindled side than in the passage A at the
same level on the extinct side, because this passage A is not surmounted with as
powerful a throttling and therefore has a greater disengagement. The circulation
of air being moderated in the passage B, the kindling of the gases may take place
on the surface of the wick on this side.
50. By arranging screens weakening the circulation of the air, moderators pro-
ducing friction and also weakening the circulation, or obturators relegating the
currents of air to a distance from the wick.
.
Figures 2, 4, 6, 8, 14, 17 show the application of air screens or perforated sheet
iron plates L is a plate provided with perforations K, fixed either to the wick
tube or to the sides of the cap G (Figure 14), or to the lateral sides closing the
burners (Figures 2 and 8), Figure 8 represents a plan view of the same moderator,
it is placed immediately beneath the level of the wick, in an oblique direction so
that the air which passes by the perforations K, shown Figure 14, is partly directed
obliquely at a certain distance from the side of the wick, in the direction indicated
by the arrows, passing through this plate L, and that there exists at the birth of
the flame on the surface of the wick only a very weakened circulation of air
incapable of preventing the kindling of the gases on the surface of the wick.
Figure 21 shows two perforated plates K and I but it is important to observe
that combustion may take place indifferently with the two plates above indicated or
with only one of them without the aid of the other. The perforated plate Khaving
very fine perforations greatly divides the current of air retarding its circulation at
its level facing the wick and permits a great elevation of temperature in the air
passage B. The result is that the kindling of the gases may take place on the
surface of the wick. This perforated plate K should always be placed horizontally
or obliquely, but then in an analogous direction to that given to the perforated
plate K in Figure 14, in order that its perforations may not project air on the side
of the wick.
The perforated plate J (Figure 21) plays exactly the same part as the perforated
plate K, excepting that being placed at a lower level of the wick, it may be
horizontal or inclined in any direction. These two plates J, K, may be attached
to the channel or form part of it and be made in the same sheet of metal.
In Figure 23, a perforated plate K is placed between the two wick tubes of the
lamp. It plays the same part as the plates J, K, of Figure 21 and produces the
same results. These perforated plates may however be replaced by wire gauze.
Figure 10 shows a metal plate M acting as moderator by friction. This plate
with or without lateral sides is fixed at a very slight distance from the wick tube,
either by insulators or by its own sides. As it runs for a certain height along the
tube, the current of air which is established between this plate M and the side of
the wick tube only reaches the upper part of this space greatly weakened or
moderated by the friction which it has undergone. It is reduced almost to nothing
at the level of the base of the wick issuing from the burner and cannot in any way
prevent the kindling of the gases on the surface of the wick, on the contrarit
favors this kindling. The presence of this plate M at a certain distance from the

page_text: wick tube compels the surplus of air necessary to combustion to pass at a distance
from the wick at its level of issue from the burner, leaving subsisting at its base
but a very feeble circulation permitting the kindling of the gases.
In Figure 13, the two metal plates M which may be joined together by side
pieces play the same part as the single plate of Figure 10 and give the same
results.
Figure 11 shows a metal angle piece N acting as obturator and fixed at the end
or at a few millimeters beneath the upper end of the wick tube (kindled side).
This angle piece may be replaced by a bend placed horizontally or even further
over, made in the sheet iron serving for the construction of the burner. In
Figure 19 one of the burners is provided with an inclined metal plate O, the other
burner with a second side P situated some distance from the first and joining it at its
upper end. In Figure 20, the burners are simply provided at their upper part with
an irregularity or projection R obtained by stamping the metal or by attaching a
metal piece thereto.
The various parts N, O, P, R which I have just described serve to guard the
base of the wick at its exit from the burner against the violence of the ascending
current of air and by keeping part of this current of air away from the base of the
wick, there remains against the surface of this latter at this point only a very feeble
circulation of air which cannot prevent the kindling of the gases upon this side of
the wick.
LIGHTING.
Figure 17 represents an application of my system of burner to lighting. In this
case, the apparatus is regulated to act with a white flame of the same nature as
that represented Figure 4. The diaphragm G strangling or throttling air on the
flame at a level above that of the wick, the side e of the wick is kept at a tem-
perature sufficient for the kindling upon its surface of the gases disengaging
therefrom. At the upper surface d of the wick the kindling of the gases also takes
place. The side C of the wick is cooled by the current of air A. which licks this
side because of the contraction or strangulation H made in the cap at the level of
the wick. This side C is thus kept at such a degree of coolness that the gases
disengaging therefrom cannot kindle on its surface. This burner presents, like all
those above considered, the advantage of permitting the extinction of the wick or
wicks by simply entering it or them into the burners by the aid of the key, without
it being necessary to blow upon the flame or to use any extinguishing apparatus.
The parts may in practice receive any useful modifications for each side of the
wick upon the hereinbefore defined bases.
I have shown on the drawing my various burners for lamps and stoves simple or
duplex with completely flat wicks but it will be understood that all I have above
described might also be applied to slightly curved wicks which curve may never
however with advantage be very considerable.
CLOSING OF THE BURNERS.
To avoid the cooling which would result in duplex burners from a free passage
between the two burners at their upper end, passage by which the outer air might be
drawn by the depression, which might partly prevent the combustion of the gases
on the inner sides of the wick, I provide each burner thus composed in duplex with
a lateral side g (Figure 6) which may be continued at g' to the level of the disc or
diaphragm strangling or throttling the current of air or stop at the level of the
burners or even at a few millimeters beneath as in Figure 26. This side may be
perforated or not.

page_text: smoky flame at these points, I intercept at these points the communication of the
lateral currents of air to the wick at the point where the wick issues from the
burner.
For this purpose the burners may be provided (Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 7) with
metal cheeks passing beyond their level and coming against the selvedges of the
wicks. The fame which exists on the surface of the wick (ate Figure 2-e¹ Fig. 4)
has a tendency to spread to the selvedges, but meeting the cheek o' it can go no
further, this cheek forms therefore a very distinct and fixed limit to the part of the
surface of this wick which is to remain lit.
In Figures 26, 27, 28, 33, the metal cheek g' is not applied against the selvedge
of the wick, nevertheless it hinders communication of the currents of air on the
kindled side with those on the extinct side and does not permit the flame to spread
beyond the part of the surface of the wick. In these cases the check g' stops at
the corner of the wick at its ends and forms an obstacle to the extension of the
flame which remains confined to the surface e.
These cheeks may be replaced by the parts represented Figures 25, 26, 29, that
is to say by a downward bend g of the diaphragm, in Figure 30, it is the tube
itself which is provided with an extension Figure 38, it is a downward bend g
formed in the cap, Figures 34, 35 and 37 it is the sides of the cap or of the air
conduit which replace these checks Figure 36, is the diaphragm which is cut
out so as to provide two parts which form obstacle to the extension of the flame
which remains confined to the interior. :
1
This extinction of the ends of the wick may also be ensured by a very throttled
current of air going directly on to the selvedges of the wicks, but by reason of the
small surface presented by these selvedges, the current of air should be placed at
their level and very near to them. In no case should it be further than 8 millimeters.
In Figure 41 this current is represented by the arrow h. Figures 39 and 40
represent plan views showing the wicks submitted to the action of the current h
which may be provided in every arrangement of the caps, capsules, diaphragms etc.
these currents may be single or multiple.
I would have it understood that I reserve the right of modifying the shape,
dimensions, proportions, and accessories of the parts herein before described, which
are only given as examples of modifications and the forms of which may infinitely
vary, and I also reserve the right of using in their construction such materials as
may find most suitable.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what
claim is :-
1. A novel system of burner for mineral oil, having flat or slightly curved wick,
characterised by the combination of an arrangement of parts permitting the
regulation in a totally different manner of the currents of air acting on each of the
sides of the wick, so as to obtain a more perfect mixture of the air with the com-
bustible gases and consequently a much more active combustion, that is to say a
much more considerable number of units of heat by the calorimeter; substantially
as above described and represented by way of example on the accompanying
drawing.
2. A novel system of burner for mineral oil having flat or slightly curved wick,
characterised by the combination of parts permitting the passage of air at great
speed on one of the sides and against one of the surfaces of the wick, and parts
constraining the other current of air, licking the other side of this same wick to pass
in a space less strangled or throttled at the level of this wick, so as to have one of
the sides of the wick extinct while the other side remains kindled or lit; sub-
stantially as above described and represented by way of example on the
accompanying drawing.
3. A novel system of burner for mineral oil having a flat or slightly curved wick,
characterised by the combination of parts permitting the passage of air at great

page_text: speed on one of the sides and against one of the surfaces of the wick and parts
relegating the other current of air licking the other side of this same wick, to a
certain distance from the side of the wick, so as to have one of the sides of the
wick extinct while the other side remains kindled; substantially as above
described and represented by way of example on the accompanying drawing.
4. A novel system of burner for mineral oil having a flat or slightly curved wick,
characterised by the combination of parts permitting the passage of air at great
speed on one of the sides and against one of the surfaces of the wick and parts
arranged so as to raise the temperature of the other current of air passing on the
other side of this same wick or arranged so as to considerably lessen the speed of
the air passing on this same side of this same wick; so as to have one of the sides.
of the wick extinct while the other remains kindled or lit; substantially as above
described and represented by way of example on the accompanying drawing.
5. In burners for mineral oil having a flat or slightly curved wick, the com-
bination of the strangulation or throttling of the passage of air on one side of the
wick, facing and at the level of any point of this wick, by means of diaphragms,
caps, capsules and other analogous parts and the strangulation of the second air
passage forming the counterpart of the first, on the other side of the wick and
at a higher level thereto, by means of diaphragms, caps, capsules and other
analogous parts, so as to obtain the absence of combustion at the surface of one of
the sides of the wick and the lighting or kindling of the gases on the surface of the
other side; substantially as above described and represented by way of example on
the accompanying drawing.
6. In burners for mineral oil having a flat or slightly curved wick, the com-
bination on one of the sides of the wicks of the strangulation, the contraction or
the limitation of the passage of air at any level of the portion of the wick placed
outside the burner, or upon the whole of this portion, by means of diaphragms,
provided with sections, perforations or downward bendings of the caps with or
without downward bends or perforations, projections, perforated iron plates pro-
jecting air on to the flame or on to the wick. channels, conduits or analogous parts
of variable shape, these parts forming or not forming part of the bottom of the
chimney or being attached to this bottom, or fixed to the lamp or to the burner,
and being constructed so that their portion situated at the same level as the wick
is brought within from one to eight millimeters of this wick at this level or at any
point of its portion situated outside the burner.
With a, a more pronounced strangulation or throttling of the passage of the
air on the other side of the flame, in relation to the perpendicular of
the wick, obtained by means of diaphragms, capsules, caps or analogous
parts;
With b, a broader passage of air at the level of the wick on the other side of
this wick where the kindling takes place, obtained by means of the
suppression of any side or surface contracting the passage of the air on this
kindled side; or by the use of a cap, capsule, conduit etc., the surface of
which situated on this kindled side is more distant from the wick at its level
than its nearest part is distant therefrom at the same level on the extinct
side;
With c, multiple passages of air provided at the side of the wick and obtained
by the aid of caps, capsules, channels or analogous parts, permitting
moderating or weakening of the circulation of air on the side of the wicks
upon which they are placed;
With d, perforations, sections or solutions of continuity made in a channel or
analogous part arranged above the corresponding level to that of the upper
part of the wick also to weaken the circulation of air on this side of the
wick;
With
e, a perforated iron plate or wire gauze forming air screen placed at the
upper level of the burner or beneath horizontally or obliquely with the same
obiect as above.

page_text: With f, metal plates forming moderator, placed at a certain distance from the
wick tubes also to moderate the intensity of the currents of air at the surface
of the wick;
With g, a projection, angle iron or plate forming obturator made in the wick
tube, or analogous arrangements or parts placed against the wick tubes at
their upper part with the same object as above stated.
These various combinations permitting obtaining the absence of combustion on the
surface of one of the sides of the wick and the kindling of the gases on the surface
of the other side; the whole substantially as above described and represented by
way of example on the accompanying drawing.
7. In burners for mineral oil having a flat or slightly curved wick, the application
against the selvedges or extremities of the wicks, of metal sides, diaphragms or
analogous parts perforated or not, the ends of which nearly join the wicks at the
extremities at their sides, so as to exactly fix a limit of the kindled part from the
extinct part of the wick and prevent combustion extending to the selvedges of
the wicks; substantially as above described and represented by way of example on
the accompanying drawing.
8. In burners for mineral oil having a flat or slightly curved wick, the
strangulation, contraction, or limitation of the passage of the air at any level of
the wick and facing its selvedges obtained by means of diaphragms, plates, or metal
surfaces, the portion of which situated at the level of the selvedges of the wick is
brought as close thereto as from one to eight millimeters so as to prevent at these
points by the speed of the current of air the kindling of the gases on the surface of
the selvedges; substantially as above described and represented by way of example
on the accompanying drawing.
This Thriftoauth day of Danambian 1001