IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRIC TELEGRAPHS.
Year: 1861

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Edward Tyer, of 15, Old Jewry Chambers, in the
City of London, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRIC
TELEGRAPHS.".
Sealed the 25th April 1862, and dated the 29th November 1861.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Edward Tyer at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
29th November 1861.
I, EDWARD TYER, of 15, Old Jewry Chambers, in the City of London,
do hereby declare the nature of the Invention for IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRIC
TELEGRAPHS," to be. as follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in electric telegraphs,
and relates to an improved arrangement of magnetic armature and
electro magnet, which arrangement is applicable to numerous useful
purposes in electro-telegraphy. Hitherto it has usually been the
practice, in order to obtain the oscillatory movement required in some
forms of telegraph instruments, to employ small permanent magnets
mounted on axles and placed in such positions to the poles of electro
or temporary magnets as to be attracted or repelled according to the
induced polarity excited in the electro magnets during the passage of
the electric current traversing the coils thereof. But it has been found
that if the poles of the permanent magnets are placed too near the iron
cores of the electro magnets then 'the "residual magnetism" exerts an

page_text: influence unfavorable to the efficient working of the instrument, and
additional precautions have to be resorted to in order to avoid this annoy-
ance. In order to obviate this difficulty it is the custon to limit the
extent of the oscillating movement of the magnets by placing fixed stops
or banking pins in such position as to allow the magnets simply to be
attracted towards the poles of the electro magnets without coming so
close as to be permanently influenced by the residual magnetism; and
in some cases it is usual to make the iron cores slide within their coils
in order to adjust the distance still further. It is evident that in these
arrangements the full effective attractive force of the permanent and
electro magnets is not obtained and much power sacrificed which, under
proper arrangements, may be rendered available to give increased effect
to the working parts of the telegraph instrument employed.
Now in my improved arrangement the permanent magnet or magnets
are stationary, and consequently may be made much larger and more
powerful than when moveable on an axis. An iron ring is mounted on
an axle and placed in close proximity to the permanent magnet, so as
to become magnetic 'by induction. Two openings or notches are made
opposite each other on the periphery of the iron ring about half way
through and two very fine saw cuts through the remaining metal, thereby
separating the ring into two distinct portions, but with the extremities
almost in contact, the full effect of the induced magnetism is thereby
concentrated at these openings, it being well known that the
closer the poles of a permanent magnet are brought together
the greater will be the attractive force exerted. The "horns"
or projections usually fixed to the electro magnets are made
in such form as to fit between the openings Ol' notches
made in the soft iron ring, in fact almost filling them up again, the dis-
tance or space left being regulated by the amount of oscillation required
to work the particular instrument to which this arrangement is to be
applied. Thus the full and combined effect of the permanent magnet
and the electro magnet is obtained, a very feeble current being suffi-
cient to produce the oscillatory or vibratory motion required.
<<
I apply the before-described arrangement to the indexes or pointers of
needle telegraphs in order to give angular motion thereto and produce
the "dead beat," without the vibration usually accompanying needle
telegraphs. I also apply the arrangement to ordinary relays" or
"peckers." In this case an arm is fixed to the axle of the ring and
mounted between banking pins in connection with the local circuit and
battery, in the usual manner. I also apply the arrangement for the
purpose of sounding alarums by direct action, to release detents and
otherwise to liberate the trains of wound-up mechanism. I also apply

page_text: the arrangement in order to impart reciprocating motion to the levers of
printing telegraphs. In this case a lever is mounted on the axle, carry-
ing at one end a small inking roller, which serves to imprint marks or
signs on a long strip of ribbon of paper passing at a uniform rate (by
means of wound-up mechanism) immediately beneath it, or the end of
the lever may be mounted under the ribbon, and press it against any
source of inking supply fixed above the paper, or may be applied to
indent the paper with dots and lines, according to the duration of con-
tact, as well understood. I also apply this arrangement for the purpose
of working the pallets of "step-by-step" or dial telegraphs, sympathetic
clocks, or other wheelwork.
Another part of my Invention relates to certain arrangements of
wheelwork whereby the oscillatory movement of electro-magnetic
apparatus imparts a rotatory movement to a wheel the axle of which,
carrying an index or hand, points in succession to the letters of the
alphabet or other signs engraved on a fixed dial plate, the object con-
templated being greater rapidity in the working this class of instrument
without tripping or overrunning. For this purpose there is mounted
on the axle carrying the index of a "step-by-step" or dial telegraph two
discs pierced near their peripheries with a number of small holes
arranged in a circle, an arm carrying two inclined or conical-
shaped pallets oscillates between the two discs, the apex of one cone
entering one of the holes, say, in the right-hand wheel, whilst the
opposite cone leaves the hole of the left-hand wheel; by the repetition
of this movement of the pallet the two wheels are caused to revolve on
their own axle, and the pallets and holes are so proportioned that for
each movement of the electro-magnetic apparatus the index or pointer
makes a step forward of a certain fixed length. Or in place of this
arrangement I mount two short cylinders on the axle in lieu of the
two discs heretofore described. The cylinders are of equal diameter,
and their adjacent ends are a small distance apart and have inclined
teeth cut in them in such manner that the teeth of one shall come midway
between the teeth of the other, leaving a small space between the two;
a pin receiving the oscillating motion of the electro-magnetic apparatus
presses alternately against the teeth of the cylinders and thus propels
them forward, thereby giving motion to the index hand in front of the
dial plate. In this arrangement the pin always impinges midway on the
opposite tooth instead of at the extreme point, as heretofore, the chances
of tripping or overrunning are thereby reduced to a minimum and very
great certainty obtained in working dial telegraphs.
A modification of this arrangement consists in mounting on the axle
carrying the index hand an ordinary "ratchet" wheel or disc, and

page_text: placing a toothed ring immediately surrounding this in the same plane,
and concentric therewith; this is also secured to the axis of the index or
pointer, and its teeth are placed in the same relative position as the
teeth of the cylinders before described. A pin actuated by the electro-
magnetic apparatus passes between the two, and alternately pressing
against them, propels them forward in a rotatory direction. In each
of the foregoing arrangements a small ratchet wheel is attached to the
axle, and suitable springs to the framework, in order to retain the
wheels in position during the passage of the pallets from one tooth to
another.
In each of the foregoing arrangements one disc or wheel instead of
two may be mounted on the axle, the two pallets in this case both
working on the same wheel; but as the adjustment and arrangement of
the pallets will thereby be rendered more complicated, I prefer using
two discs or wheels.
Another part of my Invention relates to improved arrangements of
commutators for step-by-step, or dial, or other telegraphs. For this
purpose; in constructing a battery commutator, I arrange the alternate
contact surfaces in a circle. in the following manner: Two rings of
metal are employed, one placed above the other, and insulated there.
from. One pole of the battery is connected with the upper ring, the
other with the lower; the upper ring is pierced with half as many holes
as there are signs to be indicated on the dial plate (if the instrument is to
be used with a step-by-step or dial telegraph), and within these holes,
but not touching their edges, are placed metal studs screwed into the
lower ring, and so formed that their upper ends come flush with the
surface of the upper ring. A series of alternate contact surfaces will
'thus be presented, the studs representing one pole of the battery, and
the intervening metal spaces the other pole. An upright shaft is fixed
in the centre of the rings, and two insulated springs are caused to revolve
round this centre over the upper ring, and to press on the alternate
contact surfaces below during the revolution of the springs.
current from the battery is constantly being inverted, and passing along
the springs, enters the telegraphic circuit and instrument in connection
therewith.
The
Another improvement in the commutators of step-by-step dial telc-
graphs relates to the arrangement of the stops or finger keys which,
when acted on, arrest at the proper time the flow of the electric currents
into the telegraphic circuit, and consists in arranging them in two sets,
one at each end of the commutator, and in parallel rows across the face
thereof instead of in a circle, or in one longitudinal row, as heretofore.
By this arrangement, both hands can be employed with greater facility,

page_text: and the letters or signs engraved on or near to the finger keys found
with great accuracy by the manipulator. I prefer to arrange these
keys in a similar manner as the "touches" of the "concertina," one half
on the right side, and the remaining half on the left side. Immediately
beneath each key, and radiating from one common centre, a spring lever
is fixed, carrying a short pin at one extremity; upon depressing either
of the keys, the lever corresponding thereto is raised, and the pin coming
into contact with a revolving arm attached to one of the springs, of the
commutator, before described, arrests the same in its revolution. The
springs of the commutator are to be kept in motion by means of wound-
up-mechanism or other motive power; upon releasing the finger key the
arm is liberated, and again commences its revolution. Other forms
of commutators driven by motive power, or other sources of obtaining
inverted currents, may be applied to this arrangement of key board.
Another improvement consists in a modification of the commutator,
described by me in the Specification of a former Patent, dated 21st
December 1855 (No. 2895). The commutator therein described is so
arranged, that the outgoing current is directed through one instrument
or indicator, and the incoming current through another instrument or
indicator; the whole arrangement is there shown mounted on a base
board, forming one complete instrument. Now, in my present improved
commutator, whilst the principle before described is retained, the con-
structive details are much altered, and additional advantages secured.
The improvement consists in mounting these commutators in two
separate portions, the arrangement for the incoming current together
with the battery connections forming one portion, and the pistons and
connecting plates for the outgoing current the other portion. I prefer
mounting the former on the back of the instrument case, and the latter
on the door of the case, in such manner that whenever the door is opened
for the purpose of examining the instrument, the line circuit for the
incoming current remains undisturbed, and signals can be received on
the instrument or indicator, and upon closing the door of the instru-
ment case the pistons and connecting plates attached, forming the second
portion of the commutator, come into position in order to transmit the
outgoing current.
Another part of my Invention relates to improved arrangements of
magneto machines especially applicable to dial telegraphs. For this
purpose I mount two nearly semicircular permanent magnets upon a
framework so as to form a wheel of which the magnets are the periphery;
in this periphery, however, two breaks or spaces occur, the two magnets
not being allowed to come in contact the one with the other. This
magnetic wheel is capable of turning freely round a fixed shaft as a

page_text: centre, and it has four horns of soft iron fixed to the poles of the magnets
so as to project radially from the wheel; these horns, as the wheel
revolves, pass over the ends of the iron cores of a series of electric coils
arranged in a circle, and mounted on an iron ring which couples them
all together. As the horns pass in succession over the poles of the
electric coils, induced currents, alternately positive and negative, are
thereby generated, and flow into the telegraphic current, and instru-
ments, short springs, and contact pieces are employed in order to shut
out of circuit those coils not in use at any given time during the revolu-
tion of the magnets.
Another improvement in arranging magneto machines consists in
constructing them with a stationary permanent magnet, by preference,
of a horseshoe form, and placing three electric coils in a row near to
its poles, one of them being put between the two poles. A plate or
disc of iron with radiating spokes is mounted on an axis, so that when
it revolves the spokes pass over and in close proximity with the poles
of the permanent magnet and electric coils without absolutely touch-
ing them. The action is as follows:-As the plate or disc revolves,
two of its spokes move up, so as to come in close proximity each with
one of the poles of the magnet and one of the electric coils, say the first
and second coils in the row are thus coupled with the magnet, the third
being then out of action. While these spokes are coming into this
position they cause an electric current to flow through the coils after-
wards as the plate or disc moves on. The spokes again travel away
from the magnet and coils with which they were before in proximity,
and in so doing cause another but opposite current to pass through the
coils; then the same spokes as the plate or disc still moves on similarly
couple the poles of the magnet with the second and third coils. After-
wards other spokes come into action again, coupling the first and second
I coils with the magnet, the third coil again going out of use, and thus
alternately inverted currents are induced in the coils suitable to work
dial and other telegraphs.
Another improvement consists in mounting a notched iron ring
(similar to that described at the early part of this Specification) in per-
manent contact with the magnets, and electric coils are placed between
the openings cut in this ring; all these parts are stationary whilst the
apparatus is in action. Two strips of soft iron are so mounted on an
axle, and are by a hand lever or otherwise caused to move, so as to
bring each of the coils into magnetic connection first with one pole and
then with the other adjacent pole induced in the said soft iron ring.
Another part of my Invention relates to improved arrangements for
supplying ink to printing telegraphs. For this purpose I employ a strip

page_text: of metal having a channel with undercut grooved sides along its entire
length; this is mounted on a pivot in a slightly inclined position near
the periphery of the ink roller, which serves as the marker of the print-
ing instrument. Within the grooves is inserted a piece of cloth, saturated
with ink, one end hanging over and resting on the ink roller, the other
end likewise hangs over and serves as a reserve, so that when the first
end becomes dry and clogged by simply sliding the cloth along the groove
and cutting off the clogged end, a new surface is presented to the roller.
Another improvement consists in forming the inking cisterns or
fountains of printing telegraphs in two distinct reservoirs, with a narrow
passage connecting the two, so that the arrangement somewhat
resembles an hour glass. When the apparatus is in action, one reservoir
is placed immediately over the other, and the small tube or passage con-
necting the two (the length of which is much greater than in an hour
glass) is led from the lower end of the upper reservoir, and at right angles
thereto so as to come over the paper, which travels gradually forward
beneath it; the tube is then brought back again and enters the upper
end of the lower reservoir (the whole arrangement is mounted on centres,
so as to turn freely round); fine holes are drilled in the tube at each end
of the bend, and a piece of worsted or cotton is threaded through these
holes, so as to pass along within the tube from end to end of the bend,
which is thus partially choked by the worsted or cotton, and the flow
through the tube is thus prevented from being too rapid. The worsted
or cotton is cut close off on each side. The action of the apparatus is
as follows: When it is required for use the upper reservoir is filled
with ink, which gradually flows along the 'tubes through and around the
worsted or cotton into the lower reservoir; the paper, when a mark is
to be produced, is brought in. contact by the electro-magnetic apparatus
with the worsted or cotton, and receives impressions either in lines or
dots, according to the duration of the contact, the arrangement ensur-
ing the worsted or cotton being at all times saturated with fluid ink.
The whole arrangement is mounted on centres, so as to turn freely
round, hence upon the whole of the ink becoming exhausted in the upper
reservoir, it is only requisite to turn the apparatus upside down, when
the ink will commence flowing back again. When the instrument is
not in use the reservoirs are to be turned in an horizontal position, and
no flow of ink will then take place.
Another part of my Invention relates to improvements in galvanic
batteries, and consists in placing a flat saucer-shaped vessel at the bottom
of each of the cells of a battery, a gutta percha covered or otherwise
insulated wire is fixed to the saucer, and the point of it from which the
insulating material is removed is caused to project about 1/4 of an inch

page_text: into the interior of the saucer; the wire is bent. up, taken out over the
top of the cell, and connected to the negative metal of the next. cell,
passing through a bar of wood, to which the negative metal is attached
by a dovetailed wedge. A plate of zinc is laid at the bottom of the
saucer, and a small quantity of mercury poured in so that the zinc floats
on the surface of the mercury; at the same time the mercury preserves
perfect contact between the zinc and the wire connected with the nega-
tive metal; all binding screws, terminals, and clamps are dispensed
with, and local action prevented. In arranging this battery, in order
to accommodate a porous cell or jar, I form the saucer in the shape of
an annular trough or gutter surrounding the bottom of the porous cell,
the connections remaining the same as before described, but in place of
a plate of zinc a cylinder of zinc is employed; it is placed in a vertical
position, resting in the trough, which is partially filled with mercury.

page_text: formed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement thereof, that is to say:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in electric telegraphs,
and relates to an improved arrangement of magnetic armature and
electro magnets, which arrangement is applicable to numerous useful
purposes in electro-telegraphy. Hitherto it has usually been the
practice, in order to obtain the oscillatory movement required in some
forms of telegraph instruments, to employ small permanent magnets
mounted on axles, and placed in such positions to the poles of electro or
temporary magnets, as to be attracted or repelled according to the
induced polarity excited in the electro magnets during the passage of
the electric current traversing the coils thereof. But it has been found
that if the poles of the permanent magnets are placed too near the iron
cores of the electro magnets, then the "residual magnetism" exerts an
influence unfavorable to the efficient working of the instrument, and
additional precautions have to be resorted to in order to avoid this
annoyance. In order to obviate this difficulty, it is the custom to limit
the extent of the oscillatory movement of the magnets by placing fixed
stops or banking pins in such position as to allow the magnets simply
to be attracted towards the poles of the electro magnets, without coming
so close as to be permanently influenced by the residual magnetism,
and in some cases it is usual to make the iron cores slide within their
coils, in order to adjust the distance still further. It is evident that
in these arrangements the full effective attractive force of the per-
manent and electro magnets is not obtained, and much power sacrificed
which, under proper arrangements, may be rendered available to give
increased effect to the working parts of the telegraph instruments
employed.
Now in my improved arrangement the permanent magnet or magnets
are stationary, and consequently, may be made much larger and more
powerful than when moveable on an axis. An iron ring is mounted on
an axle, and placed in close proximity to the permanent magnet, so as
to become magnetic by induction. Two openings or notches are made
opposite each other on the periphery of the iron ring, about half way
through, and two very fine saw cuts through the remaining metal, there-
by separating the ring into two distinct portions, but with the extremi-
ties almost in contact; the full effect of the induced magnetism is thereby
concentrated at these openings, it being well known that the closer
the poles of a permanent magnet are brought together, the greater will
be the attractive force exerted. The "horns" or projections usually
fixed to the electro magnets are made in such form as to fit between
the openings or notches made in the soft iron ring, in fact, almost

page_text: filling them up again, the distance or space left being regulated by the
amount of oscillation required to work the particular instrument to
which this arrangement is to be applied. Thus the full and combined
effect of the permanent magnet and the electro magnet is obtained, a
very feeble current being sufficient to produce the oscillatory or vibra-
tory motion required.
Figure 1, Sheet 1, represents this arrangement; let N, S, be the
poles of a permanent magnet, by preference, of a horse-shoe form,
placed in close proximity to the ring of soft iron A, A, mounted on an
axle B; C, C, are two openings or notches cut in the ring about half
way through, and opposite to each other; D, D, are two saw cuts through
the remaining metal, thereby separating the ring into two distinct
portions; now, upon placing the soft iron ring A, A, near to or over
the poles of the permanent magnet N, S, induced magnetism will be
excited in the ring, and each portion thereof will have imparted to it
the same polarity as the pole of the magnet N, S, over which it is
placed; thus the pole N will excite two poles n, n, in the upper half,
and the pole S will excite two poles s, s, in the lower half; the attrac-
tive force of the permanent magnet N, S, will be concentrated at n, s,
n, s, and being of opposite polarity to each other, they will mutually
attract each other; E, E, are two "norns" or keepers of the electro
magnet F, F, made to fit into the openings cut in the iron ring, almost
filling them up again, and adding to the magnetic inductive effect
obtained from the permanent magnet N, S. Upon transmitting
currents of electricity (from any source) through the coils of the electro
magnet F, F, the "horns" E, E, will thereby become temporarily
magnetic, and exert both an attractive and repulsive influence upon
iron ring, causing it to oscillate to the right or left according to the
polarity excited in the "horns" E, E, by the direction given to the
current traversing the coils of the electro-magnet F, F.
the
I apply the before described arrangement to the indices or pointers
of needle telegraphs, in order to give angular motion thereto, and pro-
duce the "dead beat" without the vibration usually accompanying
needle telegraphs.
Figure 2, Sheet 1, represents this application of the before-described
arrangement, the parts are the same in both Figures. The axle B here
carries an index or pointer A, which is made to oscillate between the
stops C, D, in order to facilitate the counting of the number of beats of
the index, as well understood.
I also apply the arrangement to ordinary "relays" or "peckers;" in
this case an arm is fixed to the axle of the ring, and mounted between

page_text: banking pins in connexion with the local circuit and battery in the usual
manner.
Figure 3, Sheet 1, represents this application to ordinary "relays "
or "peckers;" the arm A is fixed to the axle B, one end of which arm
is "tipped," and plays between two banking pins C, D; the axle and
arm A, B, is in communication with the battery, and the pin D with
the local circuit.
I also apply the arrangement for the purpose of sounding alarums by
direct action to release detents, and otherwise to liberate the trains of
wound-up mechanism.
Figures 4, 5, Sheet 1, represent this application. In Figure 4, a
light spring A is mounted to the axle B, carrying at its lower ends a
small bob C; two bells D, D, are fixed to a suitable base; the oscillation
of the iron ring from left to right, and vice versa, causes the bob C to
strike alternately against the bells. In Figure 5, in lieu of the bob C,
a small brake A is attached, which presses against a roller or disc B
fixed to the axle of the last wheel or pinion of a train of wound-up
mechanism. Instead of a brake and roller or disc, I sometimes employ
a detent of the ordinary construction. Upon transmitting a current
of electricity through the coils of the electro magnet M, M, the brake
is withdrawn and the wound-up mechanism liberated; upon sending a
current in the opposite direction through the electro magnet the ring
and brake will move in the contrary direction, and pressing against the
roller B arrest the train of wheelwork.
I also apply the arrangement in order to impart reciprocating motion
to the levers of printing telegraphs. In this case a lever is mounted
on the axle, carrying at one end a small inking roller, which serves to
imprint marks or signs on a long strip or ribbon of paper passing at a
uniform rate (by means of wound-up mechanism) immediately beneath
it; or the end of the lever may be mounted under the ribbon and press
it against any source of inking supply fixed above the paper, or may
be applied to indent the paper with dots and lines according to the
duration of contact, as well understood.
Figure 6, Sheet 1, illustrates this application of the before-described
arrangement to the levers of printing telegraphs in order to register the
marks or signs transmitted. A is a short lever carrying at one end
the small roller B, placed immediately above the paper C, D, which is
caused to pass at a uniform rate by means of the drums E, F, in gear
with wound-up mechanism as well understood. The inking roller B
is constantly fed with a supply of ink by an apparatus hereafter to be
described. Upon transmitting currents of electricity through the coils
of the electro magnet M, M, the soft iron ring will oscillate, carrying

page_text: .with it the lever and roller, which upon touching the paper passing
beneath it impresses a mark or sign upon it either in long or short lines
or dots, according to the time of contact. Figure 6 A represents a plan
of this arrangement, the same letters referring to the same parts in
both Figures.
I also apply this arrangement for the purpose of working the pallets
of "step-by-step" or dial telegraphs, sympathetic clocks, or other wheel-
work for counting and indicating the number of oscillations of the
instrument.
Figures 7, 8, 9, Shee't 1, represent the application of this arrange
ment for working the pallets of "step-by-step" or dial telegraphs,
sympathetic clocks, &c.
In all the foregoing illustrations of the application of this arrange-
ment the axles, permanent magnets, supports, and framework have
been omitted for the sake of greater perspicuity.
Another part of my Invention relates to certain arrangements of
wheelwork, whereby the oscillatory movement of electro-magneti
apparatus imparts a rotatory movement to a wheel, the axle of which
carrying an index or hand points in succession to the letters of the
alphabet or other signs engraved on a fixed dial plate, the object con-
templated being greater rapidity in the working this class of instru-
ment without tripping or overrunning. For this purpose there is
mounted on the axle carrying the index of a "step-by-step" or dial
telegraph, two discs pierced near their peripheries with a number of
small holes arranged in a circle, an arm carrying two inclined or conical
shaped pallets oscillates between the two discs, the apex of one cone
entering one of the holes, say, in the right hand wheel whilst the
opposite cone leaves 'the hole of the left hand wheel; by the repetition
of this movement of the pallet the two wheels are caused to revolve on
'their own axle and the pallets and holes are so proportioned that for
each movement of the electro-magnetic apparatus the index or pointer
makes a step forward of a certain fixed length.
Figure 7, Sheet 1, represents this improvement. A', A2, are two
discs mounted on an axle B, B, carrying a hand or pointer C, in front
of a fixed dial plate D, upon which are engraved the letters of the alpha-
bet or other signs. The two discs A1, A2, are pierced with a suitable
number of holes near their peripheries, as shewn in the lower Figure 7.
The arm E is represented attached to the magnetic arrangement before
described, and carrying at one end two conical shaped pallets F; these
oscillate between the two discs A', A³, the apex of one cone entering one
hole, say A', say, in the upper or right hand wheel, whilst the opposite
cone leaves the hole of the left hand wheel or disc A2, and by the alter-
"

page_text: nate repetition of this movement of the pallets F, the two discs or wheels
are propelled forward and revolve on their axle carrying the hand or
pointer C. A small ratchet wheel G is fixed on the axle, and a light
spring or pall H allowed to press on the teeth in order to lessen the
chance of recoil.
Or in place of this arrangement I mount two short cylinders on the
axle in lieu of the two discs heretofore described. The cylinders are of
equal diameter, and their adjacent ends are a small distance apart and
have inclined teeth cut in them in such manner that the teeth of one
shall come midway between the teeth of the other leaving a small space
between the two. A pin receiving the oscillating motion of the electro-
magnetic apparatus presses alternately against the teeth of the cylinders
and thus propels them forward, thereby giving motion to the index
hand in front of the dial plate. In this arrangement the pin always
impinges midway on the opposite tooth instead of at the extreme point
as heretofore. The chances of tripping or overrunning are thereby
reduced to a minimum and very great certainty obtained in working dial
telegraphs.
Figure 8, Sheet 1, represents this modification and improvement.
A', A, are the two cylinders of equal diameter, with their adjacent
ends a small distance apart, having inclined teeth cut in them; they are
mounted on the axle B, B, carrying the hand or pointer C, in front of
the fixed dial plate D. A pin E is fixed to the axle of the electro-
magnetic apparatus, and oscillates between the two wheels or cylinders
A', A, pressing alternately against the teeth thereof, thus propelling
them round, and causing the hand or pointer to indicate in succession
the signs engraved on the dial plate; G, represents the ratchet wheel,
and H the light spring pressing thereon, as in the former arrangement.
A modification of this arrangement consists in mounting on the axle
carrying the index hand an ordinary "ratchet wheel or disc, and
placing a toothed ring immediately surrounding this in the same 'plane
and concentric therewith; this is also secured to the axis of the index or
pointer, and its teeth are placed in the same relative position as the
teeth of the cylinder before described. A pin, actuated by the electro-
magnetic apparatus, passes between the two and alternately pressing
against them propels them forward in a rotatory direction.
23
Figures 9 and 9°, Sheet 1, represent this modification. A is the
ratchet wheel, and B the toothed ring immediately surrounding it on
the same plane and concentric therewith; both are fixed to the axis C,
carrying a hand or pointer; the pin D, fixed to the axle of the electro-
magnetic arrangement, oscillates between the teeth of the ratchet wheel
and annular ring propelling them forward in a rotatory direction: ""In

page_text: each of the foregoing arrangements a small ratchet wheel is attached
to the axle, and suitable springs to the framework in order to retain
the wheels in position during the passage of the pallets from one tooth
to another, as shewn in the Drawings. In each of the foregoing arrange-
ments one disc or wheel instead of two may be mounted on the axle,
the two pallets in this case both working on the same wheel; but as the
adjustment and arrangement of the pallets will thereby be rendered
more complicated, I prefer using two discs or wheels.
Another part of my Invention relates to improved arrangements of
commutators or communicators for step-by-step, or dial, or other tele-
graphs. For this purpose, in constructing a battery commutator, I
arrange the alternate contact surfaces in a circle in the following
manner: Two rings of metal are employed, one placed above the other
and insulated therefrom, one pole of the battery is connected with the
upper ring, the other with the lower. The upper ring is pierced with
half as many holes as there are signs to be indicated on the dial plate
(if the instrument is to be used with a step-by-step or dial telegraph),
and within these holes, but not touching their edges, are placed metal
studs screwed into the lower ring, and so formed that their upper ends
come flush with the surface of the upper ring. A series of alternate
contact surfaces will thus be presented; the studs representing one
pole of the battery, and the intervening metal spaces the other pole.
An upright shaft is fixed in the centre of the rings, and two insulated
springs are caused to revolve round this centre over the upper ring, and
to press on the alternate contact surfaces below; during the revolution
of the springs the current from the battery is constantly being inverted,
and passing along the springs enters the telegraphic circuit and instru-
ménts in connection therewith.
Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, Sheet 2, represent this arrangement of battery
commutator, the letters refer to corresponding parts in all Figures.
A, A; A, B, B, B, are two rings of metal placed one above the other,
and insulated by the material C, C; one pole of a battery (say the copper
pole) is connected with the upper ring, whilst the zinc pole is connected
with the lower ring. The upper ring A is pierced with half as many
holes as there are signs to be indicated upon the receiving instrument
as shewn in Figure 2, where D¹, D, D³, D', &c., represent these per-
forations, and within 'them but not touching their edges, are placed the
metal studs E, E, E³, E, &c., as shewn in Figure 1. These are all
screwed into the lower ring B, and turned up flush with the upper ring
AA series of alternate contact surfaces with the battery will thus be
presented, all the spaces in the upper ring being positive, and all the
studs in the lower ring being negative. F is an upright shaft, the

page_text: lower end fixed in the centre of a suitable bed plate Z, the upper end
serves to support the dial plate G, on the surface of which are engraved
the letters of the alphabet or other signs. H, H, are two springs fixed
to the arms I, I, attached to the cylinder K, but insulated from each
other, this cylinder K revolves round the centre shaft F by means of
the crank and handle L, M; one of the springs and arms is connected
with the line wire and receiving instrument by the spring N, the other
arm is connected to "earth." O, P, represent a pair of toothed wheels
having a corresponding and equal number of teeth; the wheel O is fixed
to the cylinder K and revolves with it; the wheel P is attached to an
independent spindle Q, Q, passing through the fixed shaft F, and
imparting motion to the hand or pointer R; the wheels O and P are
geared together by means of the pinion S, S; by this arrangement the
pointer R revolves between the dial plate G and the glass T, the crank
L being underneath the dial plate. Upon causing the cylinder K to
revolve, carrying the arms and springs H, H, I, I, alternately inverted
currents will pass from the contact surfaces D, E, in communication
with the battery to the line wire and receiving instrument by the upper
springs I and N, and complete the circuit through the lower spring I
in communication with "earth." In Figure 3 the arms I, I, and springs
H, H, are omitted.
Another improvement in the commutators or communicators of step-
by-step dial telegraphs relates to the arrangement of the stops or finger
keys, which, when acted on arrest at the proper time the flow of the
electric currents into the telegraphic circuit, and consists in arranging
them in two sets one at each end of the commutator, and in parallel
rows across the face thereof, instead of in a circle, or in one
longitudinal row as heretofore; by this arrangement both hands
can be employed with greater facility and the letters or signs
engraved on or near the finger keys found with great accuracy
by the manipulator. I prefer to arrange these keys in a
similar manner as the "touches" of the "concertina,"
one half
on the right side, the remaining half on the left side; immediately
beneath each key, and radiating from one common centre a spring lever
is fixed, carrying a short pin at one extremity; upon depressing either
of the keys, the lever corresponding thereto is raised, and the pin
coming into contact with a revolving arm attached to one of the springs
of the commutator before described, arrests the same in its revolution;
the springs of the commutator are to be kept in motion by means of
wound-up mechanism or other motive power; upon releasing the finger
key the arm is liberated, and again commences its revolution. Other
forms of commutators driven by motive power or other sources of

page_text: obtaining inverted currents may be applied to this arrangement of key
board.
Figures 1, 2, Sheet 3, and Fig. 3, Sheet 3ª, represent this arrangement
of stops or finger keys placed across the face of the instrument in two
sets of parallel rows, one half on the right-hand side, the other half on
the left-hand side. A, A, A, A, &c., are the stops, each having a
spiral spring B, B, B, B, coiled around it, and mounted in suitable
frames C, C; each stop receives the tail piece of a series of levers
D, D, D, D, radiating from a centre, one stop to each lever, which
work on the bearings shewn at E, E, E, E; F, F, F, F, &c., are
short pins fixed one to each lever; upon depressing either of the keys or
stops A, the lever corresponding thereto is raised, and upon removing
the finger from the key, the same is restored to its normal position by
the spiral spring; G, G, are the two metal rings of the commutator
before described; H, H, the insulating material placed between them;
I, the cylinder carrying the arms and springs J, J, K, K. This cylinder
is attached by a friction spring to the shaft L, which is geared to a
train of wound-up mechanism, as shewn in the lower part of the Figure;
to the end of one of the insulated springs or arms attached thereto, a
projecting pin M is fixed; this pin revolving with the cylinder I, passes
in succession over the series of pins fixed to the end of the levers; upon
depressing either of the stops or finger keys, the corresponding lever
is raised and the revolving pin M coming into contact therewith arrests
the further revolution of the cylinder I carrying the arms and springs
J, J, K, K; upon releasing the finger key, the pin is withdrawn, and
the cylinder commences again to revolve, and is arrested each time a
key is depressed by the pin M coming into contact with either of the
pins of the levers; N is the spring connected with the receiving instru-
ment and line wire; to the end of the shaft L, L, is fixed the pointer P;
QQ, is a cap and glass covering the dial plate R, having the letters
of the alphabet engraved thereon. In lieu of the commutator thus
described I sometimes adapt magneto-electric machines to this arrange-
ment of key board as being another source of obtaining inverted
currents; some of these magneto-electric machines will shortly be
described.
Another improvement consists in a modification of the commutator
described by me in the Specification of a former Patent, dated 21st
December 1855 (No. 2895). The commutator therein described is so
arranged that the out-going current is directed through one instrument
or indicator, and the incoming current through another instrument or
indicator, the whole arrangement is there shewn mounted on a base
board forming one complete instrument,

page_text: Now in my present improved commutator, whilst the principle before
described is retained, the constructive details are much altered and
additional advantages secured; the improvement consists in mounting
these commutators in two separate portions, the arrangement for the
incoming current together with the battery connections forming one
portion, and the pistons and connecting plates for the outgoing current
the other portion; I prefer mounting the former on the back of the
instrument case, and the latter on the door of the case, in such manner
that whenever the door is opened for the purpose of examining the instru-
ment, the line circuit for the incoming current remains undisturbed,
and signals can be received on the instrument or indicator, and upon
closing the door of the instrument case the pistons and connecting
plates attached, forming the second portion of the commutator, come
into position in order to transmit the outgoing current.
Figure 1, Sheet 4, represents this modification connected up with
four sets of the before-described electro-magnetic arrangements, which
are employed in this case for the purpose of signalling or indicating the
passage of trains from one station to another.
Figure 2 of the same Sheet is a plan of the commutator, only the
same letters refer to corresponding parts in both Figures.
A, A, A, A, are four piston rods working by means of helical springs
in the cylinders B, B, B, B, mounted on frames C, C, C, C; at one
end of the piston rods, finger buttons D, D, D, D, are screwed; and at
the other end four blocks of insulating material E, E, E, E, are fixed;
cach of these has two plates of metal attached F', F, &c., one end
being turned slightly up, as shewn at H; the entire arrangement is
screwed on the door of the instrument case I, I, and consequently is
removed away from the remaining portions (shortly to be described)
fixed at the back of the case each time the door of the instrument is
opened for examination or repair, without disturbing the arrangement
for the incoming currents: K, K, are two springs having terminal
screws L, L, at their bosses; these springs press forward against the
stops and bridge pieces M, M; the terminals L, L, are connected to the
line wires, and the bridge pieces M, M, to the electro-magnetic
indicating arrangement coupled up for the incoming currents; N, N,
are two strips of metal, each having four springs 0, 0, 0, 0, screwed
on as represented, the upper strip is connected by the terminal screw
to one pole of a battery, the lower strip to the other pole. Two shorter
strips of metal P, P, each having two springs Q, Q, are placed over
the bridge pieces M, M, in the position shewn; these are connected
with the electro-magnetic indicating arrangement, coupled up for the

page_text: outgoing currents. The ends of all the springs are "tipped" and "set
up," so as to be in a line, as represented.
It will at once be manifest, on inspection of the Figure, that so long
as the door 1 remains open, the incoming currents from the distant
station can pass undisturbed by the springs K, K, to the electro-magnets
attached for the indication of such incoming currents or signals; and
when it is desired to transmit an outgoing current or signal as a reply
to the signal thus received, by simply closing the door the piston rods,
blocks, connecting plates, &c., immediately come into position to send
such outgoing current. The action is as follows:-Upon depressing
either of the piston rods according to the signal required to be sent, the
projecting end H of the connecting plate F first touches the line wire
spring K then pushes it away from the stop and bridge piece M, thus
cutting out of circuit the electro-magnetic arrangement for the incoming
current, and a moment afterwards couples up the battery by two of the
springs O, O, one pole to the line wire spring K, the other pole to the
spring Q, sending a current through the home coils of the electro-
magnetic arrangement and also through the incoming electro-magnetic
arrangement at the distant station, the terminal ends of each wire of
the indicating arrangements being attached to "earth" in the usual
manner, thus completing the circuit; upon releasing the piston. the
helical spring restores the insulating block E to its former position, and
in so doing disconnects the battery springs from the contact surfaces
of the plates F', F, and the spring Q attached to the indicating electro-
magnetic arrangements for the outgoing current, throwing that out of
circuit, and the spring K then again pressing forward against the stop
and bridge piece M., re-establishes the circuit for the incoming current
or signal. As I apply this form of commutator to my "train signalling
telegraphs," I find it very covenient to be enabled to open the door of
the instruments without breaking the line circuit, as it is important
that in signalling trains by telegraph, no interruption to the incoming
signals should take place, and by the before described arrangement
specially adapted for this purpose, the whole of the parts can be
inspected, and upon a train being signalled from a distant station, the
door can be immediately closed, and the reply signal sent.
The pistons, plates, and springs are arranged so as to reverse the
direction of the outgoing current at the will of the operator, sending
alternately "copper" or zinc" currents, as required.
<
Another part of my Invention relates to improved arrangements of
magneto-machines especially applicable to dial telegraphs. For this
purpose I mount two nearly semicircular permanent magnets upon a
framework, so as to form a wheel, of which the magnets are the

page_text: periphery; in this periphery, however, two breaks or spaces occur, the
two magnets not being allowed to come in contact the one with the
other. This magnetic wheel is capable of turning freely round a fixed
shaft as a centre, and it has four horns of soft iron fixed to the poles of
the magnets, so as to project radially from the wheel; these horns, as
the wheel revolves, pass over the ends of the iron cores of a series of
electric coils arranged in a circle and mounted on an iron ring, which
couples them all together; as the horns pass in succession over the poles
of the clectric coils, induced currents, alternately positive and negative,
are thereby generated, and flow into the telegraphic circuit, and instru-
ments, short springs, and contact pieces are employed in order to shut
out of circuit those coils not in use at any given time during the
revolution of the magnets:
Figures 1 and 2, Sheet 5. represent this improved arrangement of
magneto-electric machine; A, A, A, A, are two nearly semicircular
permanent compound magnets mounted upon the framework B, turning
freely round the fixed shaft C (secured to a suitable bed plate) by
means of the crank and handle D. E. Four horns or projections
F, F, F, F, are screwed to the poles of the permanent magnets A.
so as to project therefrom, and pass in succession over the ends of a
series of electro-magnetic coils, constructed in the usual manner and
arranged in a circle as shown at G, G, G, G, &c. the lower end of each
coil is fixed to an iron ring H, H, H, which serves to connect them all
together; short springs and contact pieces are employed to shut out of
current those coils not in use at any given time as well understood.
Upon causing the permanent magnets A, A, A, A, to revolve alter-
nately, inverted curents will be induced in the coils which I employ to
work step-by-step or dial telegraph.
Another improvement in arranging magneto machines consists in
constructing them with a stationary permanent magnet, by preference
of a horseshoe form, and placing three electric coils in a row near to its
poles, one of them being put between the two poles; a plate or disc of
iron with radiating spokes is mounted on an axis so that when it revolves
the spokes pass over and in close proximity with the poles of the per-
manent magnet and electric coils without absolutely touching them.
The action is as follows:-As the plate or disc revolves, two of its spokes
move up so as to come in close proximity, each with one of the poles of
the magnet and one of the electric coils, say the first and second coils
in the row, are thus coupled with the magnet, the third being out of
action. While these spokes are coming into this position they cause
an electric current to flow through the coils, afterwards as the plate or
disc moves on the spokes again travel away from the magnet and coils

page_text: with which they were before in proximity, and in so doing cause another
but opposite current to pass through the coils, then the same spokes as
the plate or disc still moves on, similarly couple the poles of the magnet
with the second and third coils afterwards other spokes come into action
again coupling 'the first and second coils with the magnet, the third
coil again going out of use and thus alternately inverted currents are
induced in the coils suitable to work dial and other telegraphs.
Figures 1 and 2, Sheet 6, represent this improved arrangement. A, A,
is the permanent magnet, having two projecting "horns" N, S, screwed
on to the poles; between these "horns" or poles three electro-magnetic
coils are fixed, all coupled together; B, C, D, one of them on the right-
hand side, one on the left-hand side, and the third between the poles of
the magnet, as represented in the Drawing; near to these electro-
magnets a disc of iron, having radiating spokes or armatures E, E, E, E,
all in one piece and in one plane, is mounted with crank and handle
G, H, so as to turn freely round a fixed shaft F as a centre.
This arrangement above described of employing a series of spokes or
armatures radiating from one common centre and all in one plane will
be found applicable to magneto-electric machines where additional
power is required, for instead of having to employ several sets of arma-
tures all geared together and caused to revolve in unison by suitable
wheelwork, as has been proposed before, by having the radiating spokes
all in one piece, as in my improved arrangement, several sets of coils
and magnets may be arranged round the centre shaft, one disc with
radiating spokes being common to the entire series; thus, simplicity of
construction is secured, and a large amount of magneto-electric force
induced in the coils, which is available to work step-by-step telegraphs
through long resistances, or to work two or more circuits at the same
time, sending the same message simultaneously to several receiving
instruments on separate circuits with only one transmitting magneto
machine and one manipulation. The noise, friction, and momentum
usually accompanying the working of magneto-electric machines hitherto
constructed with several armatures geared together is obviated, and
there is much less strain on the working parts by this improved arrange-
ment..
Figures 1 and 2, Sheet 7, represent a modification of the arrangement
shown on Sheet 6. A, A, is the disc of iron with radiating spokes or
armatures B, B, B, B, &c., all in one piece and in one plane; the disc A
revolves, by means of the crank and handle D, E, round a fixed shaft C
in the centre. Two permanent magnets F, G, are shewn, although 4
more can be used, as required, upon the upper face of their poles N, S;
two electro-magnetic coils H, H, I, I, are fixed, as is now usually done;

page_text: the terminations of the wire from the coils are coupled together so as
to form one or more circuits K, K, K, as required, and then connected
to the receiving instruments and line wire or wires. In Figure 2 only
one set of magnets and coils is shewn for greater clearness on the Draw-
ing. In either of the before-described arrangements of magneto-electric
machines the dial plate may be mounted above the crank and axle on
the upper end of the fixed shaft, in the centre with the two wheels and
pinion, giving motion to the hand or pointer, as explained previously.
Another improvement consists in mounting a notched iron ring
(similar to that described at the early part of this Specification) in per-
manent contact with the magnets, and electric coils are placed between
the openings cut in this ring. All these parts are stationary whilst the
apparatus is in action. Two strips of soft iron are so mounted on an
axle, and are by a hand lever or otherwise caused to move so as to bring
each of the coils into magnetic connection first with one pole and then
with the other adjacent pole induced in the said soft iron ring.
Figures 3, 4, and 5, Sheet 5, represent this arrangement for induc-
ing single currents in alternately inverted directions. A, A, A, A,
is a ring of soft iron, similar to that described in the first part of this
Specification, only instead of being mounted on an axle and brought
into close proximity to the poles of a permanent magnet, in this case the
iron ring is screwed to the face of the magnet N. S. An electro-magnet
B, B, of the usual construction is placed between the poles of the per-
manent magnet A. A. in such manner that the soft iron cores or
"horns" attached, C. C', nearly fill up the notches or openings cut in
the iron ring: a hand lever D with spring E is mounted on suitable
centres, and a cross piece F is fixed at one end; two pieces of soft iron
G, G, are screwed to the end faces of the cross pieces, so as to come in
very close proximity to the poles of the permanent magnetic ring and
the cores of the electro-magnet. Upon depressing the hand lever, the
soft iron pieces shift their position with regard to the poles of the per-
manent and electro-magnets, and alternately inverted currents will be
induced in the coils B, B, each time the lever is depressed or raised.
Another part of my Invention relates to improved arrangements for
supplying ink to printing telegraphs. For this purpose I employ a strip
of metal having a channel with undercut grooved sides along its entire
length; this is mounted on a pivot in a slightly inclined position near
the periphery of the ink roller, which serves as the marker of the print-
ing instrument. Within the grooves is inserted a piece of cloth saturated
with ink, one end hanging over and resting on the ink roller, the other
end likewise hangs over and serves as a reserve, so that when the first
end becomes dry and clogged, by simply sliding the cloth along the

page_text: groove and cutting off the clogged end, a new surface is presented to
the roller.
Figures 1, Sheet 8, represent this improved arrangement.
A is a
strip of metal, having a channel with grooved sides B, B, cut along its
entire length; this is mounted on a pivot C in a slightly inclined position
near the periphery of a small inking roller D attached to an ordinary
printing instrument; a piece of cloth F is inserted within the grooves,
and slides along as may be required; this is saturated with the usual
oleaginous ink, the end H is allowed to hang over and rest upon the
roller, keeping it permanently supplied with ink; the other end I serves
as a supply, so that when the first end becomes dry or clogged, it can
be cut off, and a newly wet surface brought into contact with the ink-
ing roller.
Another improvement consists in forming 'the inking cistern or foun-
tains of printing telegraphs in two distinct reservoirs, with a narrow
passage connecting the two, so that the arrangement somewhat resembles
an hour glass. When the apparatus is in action, one reservoir is placed
immediately over the other, and the small tube or passage connecting
the two (the length of which is much greater than in an hour glass) is
led from the lower end of the upper reservoir, and at right angles thereto,
so as to come over the paper which travels gradually forward beneath it.
The tube is then brought back again; and enters the upper end of the
lower reservoir (the whole arrangement is mounted on centres so as to
turn freely round); fine holes are drilled in the tube at each end of the
bend, and a piece of worsted or cotton is threaded through these holes
so as to pass along within the tube from end to end of the bend, which
is thus partially choked by the worsted or cotton, and the flow through
the tube is thus prevented from being too rapid; the worsted or cotton
is cut close off on each side. The action of the apparatus is as follows:--
When it is required for use, the upper reservoir is filled with ink, which
gradually flows along the tubes through and around the worsted or
cotton into the lower reservoir; the paper, when a mark is to be
produced, is brought in contact by the electro-magnetic apparatus with
the worsted or cotton, and receives impressions either in lines or dots
according to the duration of the contact, the arrangement ensuring the
worsted or cotton being at all times saturated with fluid ink. The whole
arrangement is mounted on centres, so as to turn freely round; hence
upon the whole of the ink becoming exhausted in the upper reservoir,
it is only requisite to turn the apparatus upside down, when the ink
will commence flowing back again. When the instrument is not in use,
the reservoirs are to be turned in a horizontal position, and no flow of
ink will then take place.

page_text: Figures 2 and 3, Sheet 8, represent the improved arrangement of
inking cistern or fountain. A', A, are two reservoirs, one placed
immediately over the other; B a tube entering the upper reservoir near
the bottom thereof, and led at right angles to the point C, where it
enters a small chamber D, having two nozzies E, E, screwed on opposite
sides to each other. A second tube F is led from the lower end of this
chamber to the upper part of the lower reservoir A². A key G is ground
into the boss of metal H, and serves as one of the centres around which
the whole apparatus revolves; the other centre is shewn at I. The key G
has a small tube J fixed to its upper edge, as represented, communicating
by the passages L, L, through the centre of the key into the lower
reservoir only; this tube allows the air in the reservoir A to escape as
may be required. Two milled headed screws K, K, are for recharging
either of the reservoirs with ink, and for the purpose of admitting air
into whichever reservoir happens to be uppermost. Through the nozzles
E, E, two fine holes are drilled in a line with each other, and com-
municating with the chamber D; through these two holes a piece of
worsted or cotton is threaded, the end of which are either to be cut off
short or tied across. Upon filling the upper reservoir with ink the same
will gradually flow along the upper tube into the chamber D, thence
along the lower tube into the lower reservoir. During its passage it
will keep the worsted or cotton thoroughly saturated, and if the paper
which is to receive the impression be allowed to press against the lower
nozzle by any electro-magnetic apparatus, it will receive a mark either
long or short, according to the duration of the current passing through
the said electro-magnetic apparatus.
Another part of my Invention relates to improvements in galvanic
batteries, and consists in placing a flat saucer-shaped vessel at the
bottom of each of the cells of a battery. A gutta percha covered or
otherwise insulated wire is fixed to the saucer, and the point of it from
which the insulating material is removed is caused to project about 1/16
of an inch into the interior of the saucer. The wire is bent up, taken out
over the top of the cell, and connected to the negative metal of the next
cell passing through a bar of wood, to which the negative metal is
attached by a dovetailed wedge. A plate of zinc is laid at the bottom
of the saucer, and a small quantity of mercury poured in, so that the
zinc floats on the surface of the mercury; at the same time the mercury
preserves perfect contact between the zinc and the wire connected with
the negative metal. All binding screws, terminals, and clamps are dis-
pensed with and local action prevented.
Figure 4, Sheet 8, represents this improved arrangement in construct-
ing galvanic batteries. A is a saucer-shaped vessel; placed at the

page_text: bottom of each cell in the series; B, a gutta percha covered or otherwise
insulated wire or strip of metal, fixed to the edge of the saucer; the point
or end C allowed to project 1 of an inch into the interior, the other end
of the wire is bent over and secured to the negative element N, which
is kept in position in the following cell by means of the bar of wood D),
and the dovetailed wedge E. In arranging this battery, in order to
accommodate a porous cell or jar, I form the saucer in the shape of an
annular trough or gutter surrounding the bottom of the porous cell, the
connections remaining the same as before described, but in place of a
plate of zinc a cylinder of zinc is employed; it is placed in a vertical
position resting in the trough which is partially filled with mercury.
Figures 5 and 6 shew the arrangement to accommodate a porous cell
or jar. A, A, is a gutter or annular trough; B, a strip of copper, con-
nected at one end to the negative element in the following cell; D, a
porous pot, passing through the trough A; E, E, a cylinder of zinc, the
lower end resting in the annular trough; F, the outer jar, into which
the whole arrangement is placed; any new zinc cylinders required 'to
replace those worn out can be supplied by this construction without
having to take the battery to pieces, as there are no rivets, clamps, or
binding screws. Figures 7, 8, 9, and 10 shew the arrangement of the
beam of wood D with its dovetailed wedge E.
Having thus described the nature of my said Invention, and the
manner of performing the same, I would have it understood 'that I do
not confine myself to the exact details described; but I claim,-
Firstly, the obtaining the oscillatory movement required in some forms
of telegraphic instruments by the arrangement described in respect to or
in connection with Figure 1, Sheet 1, where each pole of a permanent
magnet is caused to induce in a soft iron ring two magnetic poles of the
same name, which are attracted and repelled by an electro-magnet, as,
described; I also claim the combination of the above-described apparatus
with other parts as is described in respect to or in connection with
Figures 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 6, 7, 8, and 9, and 9, Sheet 1, so as to produce
improved needle telegraphs, relay instruments, alarums, printing
telegraphs, and step-by-step or dial telegraphs, and wheelwork for
counting and indicating the number of oscillations of the apparatus.
Secondly, I claim the arrangements described in respect to or con-
nection with Figures 7, 7, 8, 9, and 9", Sheet 1, whereby the oscillatory
movement of electro-magnetic apparatus imparts a rotatory motion to
the axis of an index or hand pointing to letters or signs on a dial plate,
such arrangements consisting in pallet wheels combined with pallets,
in the manner shewn and described.
Thirdly, I claim the arranging the alternate contact surfaces of a

page_text: battery commutator or communicator, in the manner described in
respect to or in connection with Figures 1 and 2, Sheet 2.
Fourthly, I claim the arrangements of the stops or finger keys of the
commutators or communicators of step-by-step dial telegraphs in two
sets, one at each end of the instrument, and in parallel rows across the
face thereof, as described in respect to or connection with Figures 1
and 2, Sheet 3, and Figure 3, Sheet 3*.
Fifthly, I claim the improvement on the commutator of my former
Patent No. 2895 (1855), which is described in respect to or connection
with Figures 1 and 2, Sheet 4.
Sixthly, I claim the arranging the magneto machine of an electric
telegraph, in the manner described in respect to or connection with
Figures 1 and 2, Sheet 5.
Seventhly, I claim the arranging the magneto machine of an electric
telegraph, in the manner described in respect to or connection with
Figures 1 and 2, Sheet 6; 1 also claim the employing in the magneto
machine of an electric telegraph a disc of soft iron with radiating spokes
passing in succession over the extremities of magnetic coils, and coupling
them with the poles of a permanent magnet or magnets.
Eighthly, I claim the arranging the magneto machine of an electric
telegraph, in the manner described in respect to or connection with
Figures 3, 4, and 5, Sheet 5, where each pole of a permanent magnet
is caused to induce in a soft iron ring fixed thereto two magnetic poles
of the same name, which are alternately coupled with a magneto-electric
coil, as described.
Ninthly, I claim the arrangements for supplying ink to printing tele-
graphs, which are described in respect to or connection with Figures 1
and Figures 2 and 3, Sheet S.
Tenthly, I claim the arranging the galvanic batteries of electric tele-
graphs with saucer-shaped vessels or annular troughs receiving zinc and
mercury, as described and connected to the negative element of the next
cell by means of an insulated conducting wire secured at one end to
the saucer, and in metallic connection with the mercury therein, and
at the other end to the said negative element by a bar of wood and dove-
tailed wedge, as represented in Figures 4 to 10, Sheet 8.
In witness whereof, I, the said Edward Tyer, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Twenty-ninth day of May, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-two.
EDW. TYER. (L.S.)