Improvements in Meters for Electricity.
Year: 1889

page_text: COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Meters for Electricity.
I, JULES CAUDERAY, of No. 1 Avenue Laumière, Paris, in the Republic of France,
Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the
same is to be performed to be particularly described and ascertained in and by
the following statement :-
The present invention has as its object modifications in the meters described in my
previous patents Nos. 175683, 75148, 1370485, 636986 & 1233288.
'
The present apparatus consists of the same principal constituent parts as my former
meters, viz. (1) an Ampère meter or Watt meter-(2) an electric or other clock-
work mechanism-(3) an appliance effecting the integration of the intensity by time-
(4) an ordinary register.
The accompanying drawings show a meter constructed in accordance with these
modifications, applicable to continuous as well as to alternating currents.
In these drawings, Figure 1 is a front view of the meter, Figure 2 a side elevation
and Figure 3 a plan.
These three figures are on the scale of half the actual size.
Figure 4 is a partial elevation, showing the system which effects the integration.
Figure 5 is a plan of part of this system.
Figure 6 is a front view of the triangle which governs the needle of the Ampère
meter.
Figure 7 is a part plan showing the moveable graduated frame.
Figure 8 is a front view of the registering apparatus, showing the ratchet gear.
Figure 9 is a side view of the register.
Figures 10 to 13 represent the regulator or automatic interruptor of the current,
applied to the clock-work mechanism.
Figures 14 to 17 show the modifications, which I reserve it to myself to introduce
into certain parts of the apparatus. These figures are drawn full size.
Figure 18 is an outline tracing, showing clearly the course of the current in the
apparatus.
In these figures, A is the wooden base of the apparatus, upon which it is fitted.
B is the frame-work supporting the clock-work mechanism. B' is the frame in which
the Ampère meter is fitted. 132 is an intermediate-frame-work, held by the frames B
and B', in which are fitted the parts connecting the clock-work with the integrator.
CC are the fixed bobbins of the Ampère meter or Watt meter, formed by a thick
conductor coiled up on itself, into which passes the whole of the current to he
measured. In the interior of these bobbins CC there is a bobbin Cx coiled up of
very fine wire, mounted on the moveable vertical spindle C, carrying the indicator
needle C. This 'spindle C is mounted in the frame C³ suspended to the spiral
spring C
D₁ D' and D2 D2 are the electro-magnet bobbins, giving impulsion by means of
armatures d d to the axis Da of the clock-work mechanism. Upon this axis, towards
the bottom, is fitted the fly wheel D', beneath which is placed the regulating spiral
spring D. E is the regulating automatic interruptor of the current, which is
described and represented hereinafter in the detail views Figures 10 to 13.
The apparatus works in the following manner :
Uuder the influence of the current, the course of which is hereinafter described,
the axis D receives a to-and-fro movement; upon this axis D³, towards the top, is
placed an adjustable ring F, provided with a notch. This ring transinits its to-and-fro
motion, as shown in Figure 2, to a blade of tempered steel F1, mounted on the
end of the lever F2, which oscillates freely about the axis F3 held by the intermediate

page_text: frame-work B. The said lever F* carries a ratchet F, acting on the ratchet-
wheel F, which is mounted on the axis F³, to which it imparts its motion. The
ratchet Facts always in the same direction on the wheel F³, being prevented from
going backwards by the catch F. The lever 12 tends constantly to resume its
normal position perpendicular to the axis D³, under the influence of the two opposite
and symetrical springs ff. At the top of the axis F³ is fitted a cam G, in which a
groove is cut, half of which forms a screw-thread to the right and the other half a
screw thread to the left. In this groove runs a roller G¹ (Figure 5) which transforms
the rotary motion into a to-and-fro motion. This roller is fitted at the end of a little
arm G², fixed perpendicularly upon the lever G³, which makes the axis G', on which
it is attached, oscillate. Upon this axis is rigidly fitted a moveable frame G
balanced by the counterpoises gg, which participates in the motion of the axis; on
the front of this frame, a right angled triangle G (Figures 5 and 6) is fixed in an
adjustable manner, the hypotenuse of which determines the vertical motion of the
flexible needle 0 and, consequently, that of the moveable graduated frame H
(Figure 7).
3.
This moveable frame H oscillates upon an axis H¹. It is held in equilibrium by
the counterpoises hhhh. Its arins are connected in front by a fixed rod H2, which
carries an adjustable fork H³. The register is acted upon by the toothed sector I
(Figures 7 and 8). This sector is provided with a fixed rod 12 (Figure 8), governed
by the fork H³. It is kept in equilibrium by the counterpoise i. This toothed
sector I governs a pinion 13; that pinion carries an arin I', at the end of which is
fixed a ratchet 15, which drives the ratchet wheel K in the direction of the arrow,
Figure 8. Instead of this arrangement; I can also employ a toothless wheel and a
friction ratchet. As to the rest, the register is similar to those which I have described
in my previous patents, the construction of which is well known.
Course of the current. The course of the current is clearly shown in the outline
Figure 18.
In this particular case, I have introduced into the apparatus a Watt meter instead
of an Ampère meter. CC are the fixed outer bobbins of the Watt meter, coiled
from a conductor of large section, into which the whole of the current to be measured
passes, and C is the moveable inner bobbin coiled of fine wire 'into which passes a
derivation proportionate to the electro motive force of the current to be measured.
The current enters the apparatus through the post 1, follows the conductor W,
traverses the bobbins and leaves them through the conductor W³, which ends in
the post 2, whence it proceeds to its destination (lamps, etc.) It returns into the
..apparatus through the post 3, follows the conductor W³ and leaves through the post 4.
Figure 18 enables one to see how the order of attachment of the wires might be
inverted, according to requirement.
The bobbin of fine wire Cx is traversed by a derivation Y from the current,
branching into the conductor W₁. The current comes out through the wire Y¹,
branching from the conductor W³.
.
Another derivation of the current sets in operation the clock-work mechanism. It
is taken at Z from the conductor W2, traverses the bobbins D' 'D', the interruptor E,
and the bobbins D2 D2, and comes out through the wire Z into the conductor W³.
The automatic interruptor is shown in Figures 10 to 13.
Upon the axis D³ are fitted two rings E E. The ring E¹ has beneath it a
little tongue e, which at each oscillation in each direction pushes back a lever E³,
the centre of which is on the axis E (Fig. 11). This lever is provided at the
back with a bar E, attached at the end to two opposite springs E Es, which at
each oscillation bring back the lever to its normal position.
The ring E is provided with two notches e el, arranged in such a way that
according to the fullness of oscillation of the axis D³, they divert or do not divert the
lever E. These levers E³ and E' carry blades of steel, insulated from the levers, E³
and E, but connected by supple wires with the electro magnets, and these blades are
provided with contacts.
! . .

page_text: .. According to the arrangement of these parts and the fullness of the oscillations, the
contacts are produced or not, so as to maintain a regular movement of the balance..
The two levers E³ and E' are identical in construction. The springs E10 are intended
to permit the levers E³ and E' to return backwards, sliding in the support, when the
lever, and the tongue e happen to be in the same line.
The blade E is double in the form of a fork; its ends are each provided with a
contact, the counterpart of which is on the blade E. The object of this arrangement
is to have always one of the contacts clean, the spark being always produced at the
same spot
;
When there is a stoppage of the apparatus in consequence of the cessation of the
current, it is a matter of course that the contacts touch each other, so that as soon as
the current passes through the apparatus afresh, the latter is set in motion.
Registration of the current. The fly wheel D' under the influence of the electro
magnets D¹ D1 and D2 D2, as also of the spiral regulator D³, makes. exactly one double
oscillation per second. Consequently the lever F by means of the ratchet F' causes
the ratchet wheel F5 to advance one tooth per second. This wheel, having 60 teeth,
therefore makes one revolution per minute, as also the cam G. In consequence of the
arrangement of the groove of the cam, the moveable frame G³ and the triangle G
makes a double oscillation per minute. The needle C moves, under the influence
of the current to be measured, along the dial plate H* with divisions from 0 to 100.
The hypotenuse of the triangle G meets in its to-and-fro movement the needle C³,
which is raised to an extent proportionate to its deviation. This needle raises the
moveable frame H, and consequently, by means of the fork H³, the toothed sector I.
This sector, acting upon the pinion I³, makes the wheel K advance to an extent
proportionate to the deviation of the needle C³, that is to say, proportionate to the
intensity or the energy of the current, according as an Ampère meter or a Watt meter
is used.
Figures 14, 15, 16 and 17 represent some of the modifications which I can make in
certain parts of the apparatus.
The triangle Gʻ, Figures 4, 5 and 6, moves parallel to itself, being fixed rigidly
to the ends of the arms Go. I can also adopt the disposition shown in Figures 14
and 15, which consists in jointing, at one end, at G7, the piece G onto the arm b
fixed rigidly to the frame B, while the other end G8 is governed by the oscillating
arm G. The effect produced on the needle is the same, whichever of these
two arrangements is adopted, but with the latter the action upon the needle is
continuous, while with the arrangement shown in Figures 4, 5 and 6, the push
upon the needle C varies in duration according to the position of that needle,
which occasions abrupt movements in the register.
Figures 16 and 17 represent an arrangement simplifying the construction of the
register.
suppress the toothed sector I, Figures 7 and 8, as also the fork H³, and I replace
them by a rack L, fitted upon the arm H of the moveable frame. This rack acts
directly upon the pinion 1³.
Figures 2 and 3 represent an improvement introduced into the construction of
the Watt meter, in order to render the deviation of the needle exactly proportionate
to the electrical energy passing through the apparatus. I fit upon the axis of the
needle two radial arts C and C³, which may be placed in any suitable position.
To these arms are attached, in an adjustable manner, two spiral springs (C,
fixed at the other end to the framework of the apparatus.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said invention
and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that I do not intend to
limit myself strictly to all the details of construction described in the present patent,
which may vary without affecting the principle of the apparatus, but what I claim is :-
1. In an electric ineter, the combination of an Ampère meter or Watt meter
apparatus for measuring, with any clock-work mechanism, an integrator and a register.

page_text: 2. In an electric meter, the triangle G working the needle and consequently the
register, as I have described and shown in Figures 4, 5 and 6.
3. The modifications in that part, such as I have described and shown in Figures 14
and 15.
J.
.
4. The automatic regulator interruptor of the current, as I have described and
represented it in Figures 10, 11, 12 and 13.
5. The combination in a Watt meter of the antagonistic springs ( and with the
adjustable arms C and C³, in order to obtain a deviation proportionate to the energy.
6. The electric meter above described and shown in the accompanying drawings.
Dated this 16th day of March 1889.
CARPMAEL & Co.,
Agents.