Improvements in the Manufacture and Application of what are known as Mantles in what is called Incandescent Gas Lighting and in Packing such Mantles.
Year: 1886

page_text: Date of Application, 2nd July, 1886.
Complete Left, 31st Mar., 1887.
Complete Accepted, 6th May, 1887.
Improvements in the Manufacture and Application of what are
known as Mantles in what is called Incandescent Gas Lighting
and in Packing such Mantles.
I, ARTHUR PAGET, of Loughborough in the county of Leicester, Engineer, do
hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows:-
In order to obtain an incandescent light with gas what are known as mantles have
been used these being made of a fabric saturated impregnated or coated with suitable
chemical substance; but with such mantles as heretofore usually made a serious
obstacle to the successful practical application of this system of lighting has been
experienced in consequence of the difficulties of securing and maintaining the mantles
in a suitable position over the gas flame in such a way as to enable them to resist the
strains to which they are exposed.
In the provisional specification of a former application for Patent dated 2nd June
1886 No. 7365 I have described or referred to means designed to obviate the
difficulties referred to and my present improvements have inter alia a like
object.
According to this invention the mantles are made of looped knitted fabrics woven
and fashioned or shaped in the weaving or knitting in such a way as to produce
a conical or conoidal shaped mantle such as can be suspended with its narrowest
end uppermost in such a manner that the flame for heating it shall be mainly
inside.
In some cases I make mantles of looped or knitted fabric woven fashioned or shaped
in the weaving or knitting so as to produce a conical or conoidal shaped mantle such
as can be suspended with its pointed end downwards so that the flame for heating shall
be directed upon it from the outside.
In the case of mantles open at both top and bottom I apply it may be either in ways
somewhat similar to those described with reference to the tops of mantles in my
hereinabove mentioned specification or in other peculiar ways a wire ring at the bottom
as well as at the top of the mantle so as to keep the mantle in its correct form during

page_text: the process of incineration etc: and also to protect the fabric when moved about or
packed for travelling.
In some cases I make mantles with one or more of the end rows of loops at the top
or the bottom or at both top and bottom, of stronger yarn or yarns or of doubled
yarns, and make each loop of the said row or rows of loops of a greater length, that
is making them as a "slack course". (a term which is well understood in the hosiery
trade), thus enabling the strains from the wire ring (when it is threaded through the
said row of loops) to be more equably transmitted from the wire to the fabric of
the mantle.
In some cases I hang or suspend a mantle by a wire at the top in such a manner as
to leave it free to oscillate on the point of suspension as a pendulum and so to
avoid the destructive flexional strains upon the mantle caused by its weight when held
with its axis out of the perpendicular and by torsion of the mantle and by draughts
and by carrying about.
In some cases I dry mantles on a glass or other mandril form or mould in order to
properly shape the mantles during their contraction and so cause them to have a better
shape when incandescent.
In some cases I incinerate mantles on a glass or other mandril form or mould in
order to ensure a correct and uniform shape after incineration.
In some cases I dry mantles thoroughly and then re-damp them by steaming in
order to produce a more regular and uniform dampness before incineration.
My invention has reference also to a method of packing mantles for storage or
moving about by suspending them before or after incineration in suitable bottles or
tubes in such a manner that only the lower edge of the mantle shall be. able to touch
the sides of the bottle or tube.
In certain cases I adopt a method of packing such that the mantles are maintained
during transit with their axes vertical or approximately so.
Th
T.... 1000
W. LLOYD WISE,
46, Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, W.C.,
Agent for the Applicant.

page_text: แ
I, ARTHUR PAGET, Engineer, of Radmoor, Loughborough, in the County of
Leicester do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the
same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement :-
This invention has for its object improvements in the Manufacture and Application
of what are known as Mantles in what is called incandescent Gas lighting and in
packing such Mantles.
The first part of my invention, which I will describe, relates to the method of making
looped or knitted fabrics, woven and fashioned or shaped in the weaving or knitting
in such a way as to produce a conical or conoidal shaped "Mantle," such as can be
suspended with its narrowest end uppermost in such a manner, that the flame for
heating it, shall be mainly inside.
"
"
Fig. 1, sheet 1, shows a "Mantle" made of looped or knitted fabric, fashioned or
shaped or made into a conical shape by narrowings on each side of the seam in a
manner somewhat similar to the usual fashioning in fashioned articles made upon
Knitting Machines, but in this case it is better not to use as large a number of
coverers or ticklers" or "covering-points" (as will be well understood by those
conversant with the hosiery Manufacture) as are ordinarily used, in fact a better result,
both for appearance and for strength will in some cases be obtained, if instead of using
a number of coverers, one only is used, and the narrowings are made by shifting of
the loops, or
shogging" only one needle at a time, instead of two Needles at a time
as is ordinarily the case. It will readily be seen that in Mantles so constructed, an
annular tube or hem or welt may be made at the larger end at the bottom and a ring
of wire run through it, as described in my former Patent No. 7365, dated June 2nd
1886. A wire ring can also be attached to the small end at the top of the Mantles in
a similar way or in any of the various ways hereinafter described; it will be readily
seen that in a
"Mantle" constructed in this way, when suspended with the large end
downwards, the flame of the burner for heating it, will if directed through the centre
of the conoidal shaped mantle, be closer to the Fabric for a greater height than if the
mantle was made cylindrical; and the shaping of this mantle into a conical or
conoidal form will be effected without making any part of the Fabric much thicker
or unequally elastic or leaving any clumsy or ragged edges, which would mar the
appearance of the "Mantle" and lessen its strength and the light given by it.
The second part of my invention, which I will describe, relates to the method of
making Mantles of looped or knitted Fabric, woven, fashioned or shaped in the weaving
or knitting so as to produce a conical or conoidal shaped Mantle, such as can be

page_text: suspended with its pointed end downwards, so that the flame for heating shall be
directed upon it from the outside.
Figure 2, sheet 1, shows a "Mantle" made with a "welt" and wire at the larger
end at the top and narrowed or shaped to a point (or nearly so) at the bottom, the
narrowing or shaping being effected in a similar manner to that described, in the first
part of my invention; it will be evident, that if such a mantle be suspended with the
point downwards over a suitable heating flame or flames, with the point in the centre
of the said heating flame or flames, the heating flame or flames will naturally follow
the form of the outside of the Mantle and it will thereby be rendered highly
incandescent and specially light-giving.
The third part of my invention, which I will describe, relates to the method of
making mantles, which are open at both, the top and bottom, to which are applied a
wire ring at the bottom as well as at the top of the "Mantle," so as to keep the mantle
in its correct form during the process of incineration etc., and also to protect the
Fabric, when moved about or packed for travelling. It is very important, that these
"mantles" should be maintained during and after incineration, in as true a shape as
possible, in order that the heat of the gas may impinge equably upon all parts of the
"mantle," which will not be the case, if the cylindrical, conical or conoidal shape is
irregular or distorted.
To assist in effecting this object, I find it in many cases desirable, that the mantles
should have, as woll as the ring of wire at the top of the Mantle (whereby the mantle
is suspended), a somewhat similar ring of wire at the bottom, to keep the bottom in
its true shape, and protect it from injury.
In Fig. 3, sheet 1, will be seen a method of effecting this, wherein there is a hem or
"welt" at both the top and the bottom of the mantle, and in the hem at the bottom of
the mantle, there is a wire inserted (as has been before described) similar to the top
of the mantle.
In Fig. 4, sheet 1, will be seen a mantle, in which is inserted a ring of wire, both
at the top and at the bottom, the said ring of wire being threaded through each loop
of the end row of loops at the top and the bottom; this method of putting the wire
at the bottom of the Mantle as well as at the top also, facilitates their being moved
about and packed for travelling, as will be more fully explained hereinafter. This
method of adding a bottom ring of wire, as well as a top ring of wire is also as useful
in the case of conical Mantles with the smaller end upwards, as it is in the case of
cylindrical Mantles.
The fourth part of my invention, which I will describe, relates to the method of
making Mantles with one or more of the end rows of loops at the top or the bottom
or at both top and bottom, of stronger yarn or yarns, or of doubled yarns, and with
each loop of the said row or rows of loops of a greater length, that is making them as
a "slack-course"-(a term which is well understood in the hosiery manufacture)
thus enabling the strains from the wire ring (when it is threaded through the said row
of loops) to be more equably transmitted from the wire to the Fabric of the Mantle.
In Figure 5, sheet 2, will be seen a "Mantle" in which one or more of the end
rows of loops at both, the top and bottom of the Mantle are made considerably longer
than the other loops in the Fabric, as is further explained in detail in the enlarged
drawing, Fig. 6, where A represents a part of the "slack-course," while B & B¹ repre-
sent a part of the "courses" of ordinary length, and this row A of longer loops
(which is well known to those conversant with the hosiery Manufacture as a slack-
course") can be made of a stronger yarn or of double yarns, so as to strengthen it
very materially, ready to receive a wire which has afterwards to be threaded through
each loop of this "slack-course," in order to support or strengthen the mantle at either
the top or the bottom or both as herein before described.
It is evident, that if desired 2 or more of these "slack-courses" can be made instead
of only one as shown in the drawings. It will be seen that this system of using a
strengthened "slack-course" must render the attachment between the rings of wire
and the Mantle itself much stronger and less liable to be broken, by distributing all
the strains from the wire to the "Mantle," and from the Mantle to the wire more

page_text: equably and with more elasticity. And it is further evident that by this arrangement
this strengthening of the top and the bottom of the Mantle is effected with less
thickening of the Fabric to absorb the impregnating Material, and a less clumsy
appearance, and also with a less loss of light given out by the Mantle when incan-
descent, than is the case with other systems previously in usc.
The fifth part of my invention, which I will describe, relates to the method of
hanging or suspending a "mantle" by a wire at the top in such a manner as to
leave it free to oscillate on the point of suspension as a pendulum and so to avoid the
destructive flexional strains upon the mantle caused by its weight when held with its
axis out of the perpendicular and by torsion of the Mantle and by draughts and by
carrying about.
In Fig. 7, sheet 2, will be seen a Mantle suspended in accordance with this plan;
it will be seen that attached to the top ring of wire at two opposite points A A is a
loop or handle of wire B B, which can be suspended from a support of wire or other
suitable material CC; the ends of the support of wire marked C₁can readily (if
desired) be bent over as shown in fig. 8, so that the handle B will not easily become
detached from the wire support C, at the same time it will be seen that the handle B,
with the Mantle attached to it is free to oscillate in every direction from the point of
suspension, so that the suspending ring of the Mantle will be freed from the injurious
flexional strains which would arise from many causes, if the mantle were suspended
from its support in a rigid manner, instead of being left free to oscillate.
The sixth part, which I will describe, relates to the method of drying mantles, on a
glass or other Mandril, form or mould in order to properly shape the mantles during
their contraction, and so cause them to have a better shapo when incinerated. This I
do more particularly with "conical" or slightly tapered mantles. The mandril, form
or mould I make the same or nearly the same shape, which it is desired the mantles
should be when dry. The mantles are placed upon this mandril, form or mould, when
they are wet or sometimes when slightly damp and are then dried on the mandril by
exposure to dry air, heated or otherwise, and they will then take the shape of the
Mandril, form or mould, from which they are easily removed when dry, and they will
thus be of a better shape, when incinerated and when incandescent.
"
The seventh part of my invention, which I will describe, relates to the method of
incinerating mantles on a glass, or other mandril, form or mould in order to ensure
a correct and uniform shape after incineration. To do this I prepare a hollow glass
or other mandril, form or mould of the desired shape, and place it vertically over a
" Bunsen or other suitable Burner or flame in such a manner, that the top of the
burner comes level with the top end or edge of the mandril, form or mould, which
surrounds it. Upon this mandril, form or mould I place the mantle to be incinerated,
so that its top edge is level with the top of the burner and mandril, and so just level
with the bottom edge of the flame, when the burner is lighted. When the mantle is
so placed the burner is lighted and the top edge of the mantle is incinerated in a
regular and uniform manner, and if the mantle be of a regular dampness the process
of incineration will proceed in a regular and uniform manner from top to bottom of
the mantle. In some cases I light the burner and let the mantle remain upon the
mould until the process of incineration is completed; in other cases I slowly lift the
mantle from the mould by means of a hook (or other suitable means) which
may be
guided as it is lifted (either by the hand of the operator or by suitable guides) as the
incineration advances, so that the incineration and incandescence shall progress
regularly, all round the circumference of the mantle, from the top to the bottom.
The eighth part of my invention, which I will describe relates to tlic method of
drying mantles thoroughly and then re-damping them by steaming in order to
produce a more regular and uniform dampness before incineration. The mantles
are placed upon a mandril, form or mould and after being thoroughly dried, are
held in an atmosphere saturated or partly so with steam until they are sufficiently
and equally damped, to insure that they shall bo in such a condition as to be
easily incinerated regularly and uniformly so as to keep their shape regular and
uniform after incineration and during incandescence.

page_text: The ninth part of my invention, which I will describe, relates to the method
of packing mantles for storage or moving about by suspending them, before or
after incineration in suitable bottles or tubes in such a manner that only the
lower edge of the mantles shall be able to touch the sides of the bottle or Tube.
Figs. 9 & 10 show this arrangement, where Fig. 9 is a section through the
cork or bung of such a bottle or tube, and Fig. 10 is a perspective view of a
bottle or tube complete with a mantle inside. A A is a bottle or tube having a
cork or bung B, through which passes a wire (C) having a ring or knob (C¹)
outside and a hook C inside, made & fashioned in such a manner that when the
knob or ring C is pulled upwards, the hook C will penetrate into the cork or
bung as shown in Fig. 9. Upon this hook the Mantle D, Fig. 10 is suspended
by the wire handie EE; the cork or bung is then put into the bottle as shown,
with the mantle suspended from it, so that the mantle is free to oscillate in all
directions, as far as the sides of the bottle will allow it, and the hook is pulled
up into the cork or bung as shown in Fig. 9 and thus effectually prevents the
mantle from becoming unhooked, and at the same time allowing it to move freely
about the point of suspension. In this manner the mantle is protected from the
many injurious strains, to which it would be subject when packed in other ways.
The tenth part of my invention, which I will describe relates to a method of
packing such that the mantles are maintained during transit with their axis
vertical or approximately so.
Figs. 11 & 12, Sheet 3, show this arrangement where Fig. 11 is a section
through a packing case made upon this principle, showing two bottles or tubes
in position and Fig. 12 is a plan of same showing the lid removed and shewing
cleven bottles in position. Inside the box or packing case AA, I arrange a
ring B B, suspended from and free or moderately free to turn upon the centres C C.
Within this ring I arrange a box or vessel D D, suspended from and free or
moderately free to turn upon the centres E E, so that the centre box or vessel D D is
hung or suspended upon the well known method of a ships compass. The vessel D D
has a balance weight at the bottom as shown, so as to keep it always upright ог
nearly so in whatever position the packing case A A A may be placed. Within the
box or vessel DD I arrange bottles or tubes F F F &c. such as herein before
described, containing the mantles. These bottles or tubes I fasten in suitable holes as
shown, by wedging them at the sides with wedges of cork or other suitable material
as shown at HHH &c. Thus it will be seen that eleven or any number of mantles
can be packed (as shown at Figs. 9 & 10 and arranged within the inner box or
vessel D D, so as to be carried without being inverted or turned wrong side upwards;
and in whatever position the packing case A A A may be placed the "mantles" will
always remain upright and suspended from the corks or bungs of the bottles or tubes
as herein before described, thus allowing "incinerated" mantles to be transmitted in
bottles or tubes by any ordinary means of conveyance without fear of the bottles
being inverted and the mantles thereby injured. It will be seen the box A A can
easily be packed inside another and larger box or packing case, with any of the well
known arrangements between the box A. A and the external packing case to prevent
sudden shocks or jars being easily communicated to the box A A and its contents, as
is frequently done in packing for transit, clocks, Watches, Chronometers, scientific
instruments and the like.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said invention,
and in what manner the same is to be performed, I desire it to be understood, that I
do not confine myself to the exact details herein set forth, as such may be varied, or
modified without departing from the principle thereof; but what I claim as my
improvement in the manufacture and application of what are known as Mantles in
what is called incandescent gas lighting, and in packing such mantles are:-
:-
First The method of making mantles of looped or knitted fabrics woven and
fashioned or shaped in the weaving or knitting in such a way as to produce a conical
or conoidal shaped mantle such as can be suspended with its narrowest end uppermost

page_text: in such a manner, that the flame for heating it shall be mainly inside; substantially
as herein before described, with reference to Fig. 1, sheet 1.
Second-The method of making mantles of looped or knitted fabric woven,
fashioned or shaped in the weaving or knitting so as to produce a conical or conoidal
shaped mantle such as can be suspended with its pointed end downwards so that the
flame for heating shall be directed upon it from the outside; substantially as herein
before described, with reference to Fig. 2, sheet 1.
Third-The method of making mantles which are open at both top and bottom, to
which are applied a wire ring at the bottom as well as at the top of the mantle, so as
to keep the mantle in its correct form during the process of incineration etc; and
also to protect the fabric when moved about or packed for travelling in the manners
and ways substantially as herein before described with reference to Figs. 3 & 4,
sheet 1.
66
22
Fourth-The method of making mantles with one or more of the end rows of loops
at the top or the bottom or at both top and bottom, of stronger yarn or yarns or of
doubled yarns and with each loop of the said row or rows of loops of a greater length,
that is, making them as a slack-course (a term which is well understood in the
hosiery trade) thus enabling the strains from the wire ring (when it is threaded
through the said row of loops) to be more equably transmitted from the wire to the
fabric of the mantle; substantially as herein before described, with reference to
Figs. 5 & 6, sheet 2.
Fifth-The method of hanging or suspending a mantle by a wire at the top in
such a manner as to leave it free to oscillate on the point of suspension as a pendulum,
and so to avoid the destructive flexional strains upon the mantle caused by its weight
when held with its axis out of the perpendicular and by torsion of the mantle and by
draughts and by carrying about, substantially as herein before described with reference
to Figs. 7 & 8, sheet 2.
Sixth-The method of drying mantles on a glass or other mandril, form or mould
in order to properly shape the mantles during their contraction and so cause them to
have a better shape when incandescent; substantially as herein before described.
Seventh The method of incinerating mantles on a glass or other mandril, form or
mould in order to ensure a correct and uniform shape after incineration, substantially
as herein before described.
:
Eighth The method of drying mantles thoroughly and then redamping them by
steaming in order to produce a more regular and uniform dampness before incineration;
substantially as herein before described.
Ninth The method of packing mantles for storage or moving about, by suspending
them before or after incineration in suitable bottles or tubes in such a manner that
only the lower edge of the mantle shall be able to touch the sides of the bottle or tube ;
substantially as herein before described, with reference to Figs. 9 & 10, sheet 3.
Tenth The method of packing such, that the mantles are maintained during
transit with their axis vertical or approximately so; substantially as herein before
described, with reference to Figs. 11 & 12, sheet 3.
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