Improved Electric Lighting System for Railway Vehicles and other purposes, and Dynamo therefor.
Year: 1895

page_text: "
Date of Application, 11th July, 1895-Accepted, 24th Aug., 1895
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improved Electric Lighting System for Railway Vehicles and other
purposes, and Dynamo therefor.
We, MORRIS MOSKOWITZ, of 353 Bergen Street, Newark, County of Essex,
and State of New Jersey, Inventor and Electrician, LEON DANIEL ADLER, of
86 Park Place, Newark, County of Essex, and State of New Jersey, Gentleman,
ABRAHAM SANFORD ADLER, of 2414 North Broad Street, in the City and County
of Philadelphia, State of Pennsylvania, Gentleman, and THEODORE WALTER
MYERS, of 45 New Street, in the City, County and State of New York, Banker
and Broker, all in the United States of America, do hereby declare the nature of
this invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly
described and ascertained in and by the following statement :-
This invention has reference to that class of electrical apparatus in which the
electric energy for operating the lamps or other translating devices is obtained from
a dynamo-electric machine driven by a variable speed power; and the invention is
applicable to a dynamo driven from a rotating car-wheel axle, or any other class of
dynamo operated by a variable speed power, or to electro-magnetic motors in which
the resistance is varied directly or indirectly by the motor.
This invention is designed more especially for use with dynamos operated by the
railway car, with which the
variable speed obtained from a car-wheel axle of a
dynamo is connected in any suitable manner, but the invention is also designed for
use in stationary plants, in connection with dynamos or motors subject to variable
speed.
The object of the invention, therefore, is to provide a self-contained, self-
regulating dynamo-electric or other like machine which is not dependent on a battery
or other constant source of supply, for exciting the fields of the machine to maintain
a uniform electro-motive force irrespective of the speed of the armature rotation,
the invention resulting in a machine which is entirely self-exciting.
It is a well known fact, that a common shunt-wound machine, when self-excited,
will, with an increase of the arinature-speed, after a predetermined speed of rotation,
develop an abnormal amount of energy, not merely because the increase of speed
develops more current in the armature, but because the constantly rising voltage is
being forced through the shunt winding and thereby constantly produces increasing
strength in the magnetic field of the dynamo. This is one reason, why in previous
inventions pertaining to dynamos operated by varying speed power, a constant
source of current, as from a secondary battery, has been employed for the field
excitation.
In an arrangement of this kind all that one has to contend with is the extra
amount of energy developed in the armature on account of a higher or increased
speed, the field of the dynamo or other like machine, being constant; if, however,
this field is not constant, but is receiving an extra supply of current in the same
proportion of current over and above the proper amount, then the oppositely wound
field coil used in these constructions could not and would not cut down the current
sufficiently to make up for such extra supply, and therefore the machine is not a
self-regulating dynamo; and further, even when the supply of current through said
oppositely wound field is constant, as from a battery, there will be a time when the
series coil can no longer maintain the field constant to produce a constant voltage.
Hence, the range of such machines in which the field-exciting coil is fed from a
battery, which the field coil in the main circuit with the armature of the dynamo is

page_text: to oppose, is necessarily very limited. For ordinary purposes this arrangement
might answer, but, in order to render a dynamo subject to varying speed power, as
in train lighting, practical and successful, a large range, as from 150 to
1000 revolutions of the dynamo, is necessary; that is to say, that at 150 revolutions
of the dynamo it develops its normal output of electro-motive force, and this must
he maintained throughout the range of varying armature speed from said 150 to
1000 revolutions.
This has been accomplished by the present invention, the principle and operation
of which will be hereinafter fully described and finally embodied in the clauses of
the claim.
The invention is illustrated in the accompanying sheet of drawings, in which :—
Figure 1 is a diagrammatic view of this invention, illustrating an arrangement of
dynamo subject to varying armature speed, and the circuits connected therewith to
produce a self-regulating dynamo.
Figure 2 is a plan view of portions of a car truck and car-wheel axle, illustrating
an arrangement of the dynamo thereon; and
Figure 3 is a view of one of the pole-changers and certain circuits for operatively
connecting the same with the dynamo, to render it responsive to the reversal of
rotation of the dynamo-armature.
Similar letters of reference are employed in each of the above described views to
indicate like parts.
In said views, A. indicates the dynamo which is arranged in connection with the
car-wheel axle b, in any well known manner, as will be clearly understood from an
inspection of said Figure 2. The dynamo may be arranged in a suitable casing c,
which is pivotally connected with the car-wheel axle, the armature shaft of the
dynamo having a gear wheel c' thereon which meshes with a gear wheel 6' on the
car-wheel axle b, as illustrated in Figure 2; but it will be evident, that any other
well known forms of dynamo or other like electrical machines may be employed in
connection with the present invention.
As will be seen from an inspection of Figure 1, said dynamo A has its fields a in,
a simple shunt circuit 1-2-3-4-5, the same being self-excited in the usual
manner, and not dependent on any outside source, such as a battery, for a constant
supply of electricity for exciting the fields.
On the fields a, a, is wound, in an opposite direction to the shunt winding a', a
second winding a which is connected with the circuit wires 6-7 and makes contact
with the wires 2 and 4 of the original shunt circuit. Said second circuit which is a
differential high resistance shunt, has little effect on the fields of the dynamo until
such time when the voltage of the machine is high enough to force the current
through this high resistance shunt winding, but in an opposite direction to the
passage of the current through the original shunt circuit.
Thus it will be seen, that the work of the currents oppose each other and the
differential high resistance shunt current not only maintains a constant field of
the dynamo, but at certain times reduces the strength of said field.
Extending from the circuit wires 1 and 5 respectively, are the circuit
wires 7-8-9-10, which are wound in differential series coils a³ around the fields a
of the dynamo, as will be clearly seen from said Figure 1.
In said circuit 9-10 is placed a suitable switch d and lamps e, or any other
suitable electrical translating devices.
As has been stated, the main or external circuit is passed around the dynamo
fields in the well known manner of a compound differentially wound machine, and
it will be seen, that a novel form of self-contained self-excited dynamo has been
devised, having all the benefits of a compound differentially wound machine, at the
same time being independent of the use of a battery or other source for a constant
supply of electricity for the field excitation.
Furthermore, a means has been provided for producing a very great range of
armature speed in the dynamos of this class, especially those to be used in con-
nection with a car-wheel axle for train lighting, as the second shunt circuit, or the

page_text: differential high resistance shunt, may be cut down in proportion, and instead
of merely keeping the dynamo fields constant, it will also assist the series coil in
maintaining the voltage constant within such very wide range.
By this arrangement of the original shunt, the differential high resistance shunt
and the differential series windings on the field of the dynamo-electric machine, it
will be seen, that a constant difference of potential will be maintained at the
terminals of the dynamo-electric generator, irrespective of the speed of rotation of
the armature, and such difference of potential will always be maintained constant,
and that too, during a very wide range of the armature speed.
The direction of the currents through the several circuits, will be evident from
an inspection of Figure 1, the same passing from the terminal at of the dynamo
through the circuit wires 1-2 and the shunt coils a' around the dynamo fields a,
through the circuit wires 4-5, in the direction of the arrows, back to the other
terminal a of the dynamo, for the original shunt circuit which self-excites the
fields of the dynamo in the usual manner. By this means the field coils a provide
for the self-excitation, but the coils in the differential high resistance shunt, operate
to cut down the field magnetism thus developed, (the current in said high resistance
shunt circuit passing in an opposite direction from that in the original shunt
circuit, as indicated by the arrows,) when the armature speed rises and causes an
increased current to flow through the original shunt coils a¹.
The current generated from the dynamo also passes into the main or external
circuit from the terminal at into the circuit wires 7-9 through the coils a³ in the
direction of the arrow around the fields a, and then through the wires 10-8 and
circuit wire 5 back to the other terminal as of the dynamo. In this manner, when
a complete circuit is established through the switch d, a constant current will be
passing through the lights or other translating devices in said circuit, and through
said main or external circuit, as it passes around the dynamo fields in the same
direction, as the current passing through the differential high resistance coils, and
will thereby help the latter to oppose the current passing in an opposite direction
through the coils of the original shunt circuit surrounding the same fields of the
dynamo. A constant difference of potential at the terminals of the dynamo-electric
machine is thereby maintained.
When the invention is to be used in connection with systems for lighting railway
cars by electricity derived from a dynamo driven from the car-wheel axle, which is
subject to variation in armature speed and also to reversal of armature rotation, a
suitable pole-changer f' is arranged in the circuit wires 1-5 and 2-4, in order that:
when the armature rotation is reversed, the current passing through the original
shunt circuit and through the differential high resistance shunt circuit will continue
to pass through the field coils a¹ and a without any change of direction, as indicated
by the arrows in Figure 1.
It will also be necessary to arrange a pole-changer f¹ of any suitable construction
in the circuit wires 7-8-9-10, in order that the direction of the current through;
the coils a³ may remain the same, irrespective of the direction of the armature
rotation of the dynamo. Thus it will be seen, that when the armature rotation is
reversed and the current comes from the terminal a and passes through the wire 5
to the pole changer f, the arms f thereof now making contact with the electrical
contacts and 2, will pass into the wire 11 and into and through the coil a' in the .
direction of the arrow, out through the wire and wire 12, through the pole-
changer and thence by the other wire 1 to the other terminal a of the dynamo.
Hence it will be evident, that, although the direction of the current coming from
the dynamo has been changed, it still passes through the original shunt circuit in
the same direction, and in the same manner, the direction of the current through the
differential high resistance sbunt coils will remain unchanged.
To prevent the change of direction of the current in the main or external circuit
through the differential series coils a³, a pole-changer f¹ is arranged in the.
circuit 7-8-9-10, as has been previously stated, and when the arms ³ thereof
are respectively changed from the contacts at and to the contacts and 7, aud
3

page_text: the direction of armature rotation has been reversed, then the current coming from
the terminal as of the dynamo, through the wire 8, will pass through wire 13 into
wire 9 and through the coil a³, without any change of direction, back through
wires 10 and 14 and wire 7 to the other terminal a of the dynamo, without any
change of direction of the flow of the current through the field coils a³, or through
the lamps or other translating devices in said main or external circuit.
Said pole changers may be of any well known form of construction, and may act
automatically, either by some mechanical or electrical means, or they may be
operated by hand, as will be clearly evident.
"One means of operating the pole-changers automatically is illustrated in Figure 3.
'In said figure, the pole-changer f is shown connected in circuit with the dynamo
for automatically operating the contact arms of the pole-changer.
The two
contact arms fare connected by a suitable cross bar f³, and f are a pair of
springs which normally hold said_arms 2 disengaged from contact with the
contacts and a², or a and ³. Two electro-magnets h and h are employed to
attract said arms f2f2, to either side, as the case may be, and F is a suitable
permanent magnet. Pivoted at g' is a soft iron bar g, subject to being magnetized,
either to a north or a south pole, according to the direction of the flow of current
from the main dynamo A., through the coil 92 encircling said bar g and connected
in shunt with the dynamo by the wires g³-g³.
Owing to the change of polarity of the bar g, according to the direction of rotation
of the dynamo-armature, said bar makes contact at either one of certain contact
pieces and ¹, according to which end of the permanent magnet F attracts said bar.
The circuit through the electro-magnetsh and h¹ can be established, for the
magnet, through wire 2, battery j, wire h³, bar g, contact i, and wire to the
magnet; or, for the electro magnet h', through wires 1 and 2, battery j, wire h³,
arm g, contact i¹, and wire he to the magnet h', thereby establishing, automatically,
a complete circuit through either of said electro-magnets, according to the direction
of rotation of the dynamo-armature, and operating the contact arms ff
accordingly, as will be evident.
The other pole-changer f¹ can be similarly connected in circuit with the main
dynamo, to cause it to be responsive to the reversal of power.
By the manner of winding the fields of the dynamo, as herein shown and
described, it will be seen that we have devised a complete system for electric
lighting purposes, in which the dynamo will at all times deliver a constant electro-
motive force for variations of speed over and above a pre-determined speed.
j
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of our said inven-
tion, and in what manner the same is to be performed, we déclare that what we
claim is :-
1. The combination, with a working or main circuit containing lamps or other
translating devices, of a dynamo in said main circuit, and wound in a differential
series coil around the field of said dynamo, said dynamo having a self-excited field
coil in circuit with its armature, and an opposing high resistance field coil fed
from the dynamo, substantially as and for the purposes set forth.
2. The combination, with a working or main circuit containing lamps or other
translating devices, of a dynamo in said main circuit, and a reversible driving power
for operating the same, said main circuit being wound in a differential series coil
around the field of the dynamo, a pole-changer in said main circuit, a self-excited
field coil on said dynamo in circuit with its armature, an opposing high resistance
field coil in circuit with and fed from said dynamo, and a pole-changer in circuit
with the dynamo armature and said field coils, substantially as and for the purposes
set forth.
13. The combination, with a dynamo having its armature in circuit with a
differential high resistance coil which tends to cut down the field magnetism, of a
reversible driving power, and a pole-changer responsive to the reversal of said
power, and a main circuit connected with said dynamo and wound in a differential.

page_text: series coil around the field thereof, and co-acting with said differential high
resistance coil, substantially as and for the purposes set forth.
4. The combination, with a dynamo having its armature in circuit with a
differential high resistance coil which tends to cut down the field magnetism, of a
reversible driving power, and pole-changer responsive to the reversal of said
power, and a main circuit connected with said dynamo and wound in a differential
series coil around the field thereof, and co-acting with said differential high
resistance coil, and a pole-changer in said main circuit, substantially as and for the
purposes set forth.
5. The combination, of a dynamo mounted on a car truck and driven from the.
car-wheel axle, a field-exciting coil fed from said dynamo, an opposing differential
high resistance field coil also fed from said dynamo, a pole-changer in the connecting
circuits, and a main circuit connected with said dynamo wound in a differential
series coil around the field of said dynamo, and co-acting with said differential high
resistance coil to cut down the field magnetism, substantially as and for the purposes
set forth.
6. The combination, of a dynamo mounted on a car truck and driven from the
car-wheel axle, a field-exciting coil fed from said dynamo, an opposing differential
high resistance field coil also fed from said dynamo, a pole-changer in the connecting
circuits, and a main circuit connected with said dynamo wound in a differential
series coil around the field of said dynamo, and co-acting with said differential high
resistance coil to cut down the field magnetism, and a pole changer in said main
circuit, substantially as and for the purposes set forth.
a
7. A dynamo-electric machine, subject to variable armature speed, having
self-excited field coil in shunt with its armature, an opposing differential high
resistance field coil, also in shunt with the armature of said dynamo, and a differential
series field coil, in main circuit with the armature of the dynamo, co-acting with
said differential high resistance coil, to cut down the field magnetism of said dynamo,
substantially as and for the purposes set forth.
Dated this 24th day of June 1805
MORRIS MOSKOWITZ.
LEON DANIEL ADLER.
ABRAHAM SANFORD ADLER.
THEODORE WALTER MYERS.
Haseltine, Lake & Co.,
45 Southampton Buildings, London, W.C., Agents for the Applicants.