Year: 1887

page_text: Date of Application, 7th May, 1887
Complete Left, 7th Feb., 1888
Complete Accepted, 9th Mar., 1888
аци во пррала
I, OWEN JONES, of 58, Great Russell Street, in the County of Middlesex, Engineer,
do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows:-
My invention relates to the production of sand and other moulds for casting, and
to apparatus therefor; and comprises an improved method of compressing the sand or
other material in the flask or moulding-box containing the pattern or patterns, by a
yielding pressure applied over the entire upper surface of the said material, so that
the latter will be uniformly distributed and compressed whatever may be the form or
configuration of the pattern or patterns in the said box or flask.
Attempts have heretofore been made with more or less success to obtain the
requisite compression by means of flexible pressers subjected to the action of air,
water, or other fluid or of plastic or semi-plastic substances under pressure. The
methods heretofore devised are, however, very costly. Attempts have, moreover,
been made to accomplish the desired result by the employment of an assemblage of
independently moving rammers or pressing bars actuated by flexible pressers sub-
jected to hydraulic, pneumatic, or other pressure.
An important feature of the present invention is the employment of a mass of shot,
pebbles, grains of sand or other solid bodies or particles which neither cohere nor
adhere to each other but are capable of relative movement, so that the mass, though
it always occupies substantially the same amount of space, is practically incapable of
resisting a change of shape. This mass is placed upon a flexible presser or diaphragm,
or is arranged in combination with an assemblage of rammers or pressers capable of
independent or relative movement, or is otherwise so arranged that, when the pressure
is applied, the surface of the said mass next to the flask will conform more or less to
the patterns in the said flask. By these means the sand will be compressed in a
regular or uniform manner, and the production of sound castings thus facilitated.

page_text: According to one modification of the said invention, I employ a plunger-casing,
cylinder, box, or other receptacle, formed of metal or other suitable material, and
preferably conforming in outline to the outline of a flask, which is placed upon an
unyielding bed-plate in alignment below it. This plunger-casing contains a plunger,
which accurately fits it and is adapted to have movement within it, being actuated to
such movement by hydraulic, pneumatic, steam, or other power, or by levers, screws,
or other mechanical devices. The plunger-casing is as to its entire lower opening
closed by a flexible diaphragm of india-rubber or other suitable material, yielding or
elastic in character and yet possessing the quality when expanded or extended of
resuming its normal form and dimensions.
Contained between the plunger and the flexible diaphragm is a mass of shot,
pebbles, sand, or other material the particles of which are capable of sliding past
one another when pressure is exerted by the plunger upon the mass as an entirety.
Leaden or other shot or balls are preferably used, but many materials may be
advantageously employed, as for instance, sawdust, or sawdust mixed with plumbago,
talc, soapstone, or other lubricant.
The flask containing the patterns, and preferably filled full of the moulding-sand,
is placed below the diaphragm of the plunger-casing, so as to be entirely covered
thereby. Force is then exerted to depress the plunger, with the result that the shot
are forced downward upon the diaphragm, thereby forcing the latter into the sand
regions of least resistance, which are those of greatest depth or those most remote
from the surfaces or thicker parts of the patterns, until the diaphragm has served to
quite evenly compress and distribute the sand about the patterns, compacting it to a
uniform solidity or hardness.
According to another modification of the said invention, the plunger-casing is as to
its entire lower opening closed by the upper extremities of an assemblage of rammers
or pressing bars, formed of any suitable material, for instance, metal or hard wood,
which bars are preferably of the same cross-section and general dimensions. These
rammers are preferably considerably longer than they are wide, and, when placed side
by side as an assemblage, as already stated, fill the plunger-casing and so completely
close it as to its under opening, forming in effect a flexible closed bottom to the said
casing. Each of these rammers is provided with a vertical upwardly-extended screw-
threaded rod which passes through a vertical opening formed in the plunger or platen,
and above the platen is provided with a thumb-nut, or similar contrivance which by
its set prevents the dropping of its rammer beyond a given level, and also serves to
adjust such level and to retain the rammer in any given elevated position.
The rammer-rods are conveniently of a length about equal to that of the rammers,
in order to admit of the set of the rammers away from the platen a considerable
distance.
Contained between the plunger or platen, the walls of the casing and the closely-
touching upper extremities or heads of the rammers forming the bottom of said casing,
is a mass of shot, pebbles, sand or other material the particles of which are capable of
sliding past one another when pressure is applied.
The flask containing the patterns, and preferably filled almost full of moulding-
sand, is placed below the lower extremities of the assembled rammers suspended
upon a common level from the platen. The rammers as a collected whole are adapted
to pass into the flask, so as to fill it from wall to wall. Force is then exerted to
depress the plunger and drive the assembled rammers, backed by the shot, into the
sand within the flask, with the result that such of the rammers as happen to come over
the sand regions of least resistance (which are those of greatest depth or those most
remote from the surfaces or thicker parts of the patterns) descend deeply into the
sand, while such of the rammers as happen to come over the sand regions of greatest
resistance (which are those of the least depth or those closest to the surfaces or
thicker parts of the patterns) being unable to descend as deeply as the rammers first
referred to, ascend relatively to the platen and displace a quantity of shot above them,
which distributes itself laterally and vertically downward above and upon those
raminers which have descended most deeply into the sand, until by the unequal

page_text: vertical distribution of the rammers, occasioned by the unequal resistance of the
sand, the mass above the rammers becomes ultimately distributed in a manner
substantially corresponding to that of the compacted sand beneath the rammers,
which, under the distributed pressure of said rammers, becomes evenly compressed and
compacted to a uniform solidity and hardness about the patterns.
The thumb-nuts upon the rammer-rods are useful to retain the outlying rammers
permanently up against the plunger or head of the casing, when it is desired to
decrease the pressing area of the rammers to fit them for employment with a smaller
flask.
In another machine constructed according to the said invention, the platen is fixed,
constituting a solid cover or top to the plunger-casing, which in such case would be
more properly termed a "rammer-casing" and the flask is mounted upon a vertically-
moving platform housed between the standards and conveniently raised and lowered
by a lifting-nut screwed upon a fixed stem erected from the bed-plate and passing
into an orifice in the platform. Instead of the lifting-nut and threaded stem, a toggle
or any other suitable lifting contrivance may be employed to raise and lower the
platform.
It is obvious that the form of the machine may be greatly varied, as it is manifestly
immaterial what form of plunger, plunger-casing, or platform is employed, or what
may be the character of the flask or patterns.
It will be seen from the foregoing description that, by employing a mass of solid
bodies or particles in the manner above sot forth, I am enabled to produce a result
like that obtained by fluid or air pressure acting upon a flexible diaphragm, without
the expense attending the application of such fluid or air pressure.
Dated this 7th day of May 1887.
HASELTINE, LAKE & Co.,
45, Southampton Buildings, London,
Agents for the Applicant.

page_text: Improvements relating to the Production of Sand and other Moulds
and to Apparatus therefor.
I, OWEN JONES, of 58 Great Russell Street, in the County of Middlesex, Engineer
do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the same is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement:-
My. invention relates to the production of sand and other moulds for casting and to
apparatus therefor, and comprises an improved method of compressing the sand or
other material in the flask or moulding-box containing the pattern or patterns by a
yielding pressure applied over the entire upper surface of the said material, so that
the latter will be uniformly distributed and compressed, whatever may be the form
or configuration of the pattern or patterns in the said box or flask.
Attempts have heretofore been made with more or less success to obtain the requisite
compression by means of flexible pressers subjected to the action of air, water or other
fluid or of plastic or semi-plastic substances under pressure. The methods heretofore
devised are, however, very costly. Attempts have, moreover, been made to accomplish
the desired result by the employment of an assemblage of independently moving
rammers or pressing bars actuated by springs or by flexible pressers subjected to
hydraulic, pneumatic or other pressure.
An important feature of the present invention is the employment of a mass of
shot, pebbles, grains of sand or other solid bodies or particles which neither cohere nor
adhere to each other but are capable of relative movement, so that the tnass, though
it always occupies substantially the same amount of space, is practically incapable of
resisting a change of shape. This mass is placed upon a flexible presser or diaphragm,
or is arranged in combination with an assemblage of rammers or pressers capable of
independent or relative movement, or is otherwise so arranged that, when the pressure
is applied, the surface of the said mass next to the flask will conform more or less to
the patterns in the said flask. By these means the sand will be compressed in a.
regular or uniform manner, and the production of sound castings thus facilitated.
In the accompanying drawings,
Figure 1 shows in vertical section one form of apparatus or machine constructed
according to the said invention, the parts being in the positions which they occupy
before pressure is brought to bear upon the sand.
Figure 2 is a vertical section showing the same form of apparatus with the parts
thereof in the positions which they occupy after pressure has been applied.
Figure 3 is a top plan view of another form or modification of the apparatus or
machine.

page_text: Figures and are vertical sections taken on the line a, x of Figure 3, one showing
the parts of the apparatus or machine in the positions which they occupy before
pressure is exerted upon the sand to be moulded, and the other the positions which
they occupy after the platen has been brought down and pressure exerted.
Figure 6 is a vertical section through a portion of the apparatus or machine
represented in Figures 3, 4 and 5, showing an adjusting device for an assemblage
of rammers.
Figures 7 and 8 are vertical sections of a further modification of the apparatus or
machine embodying the said invention, the former representing the parts in the
positions which they occupy before pressure is applied, and the latter the positions
which they occupy after the flask has been raised and pressure applied.
According to one form or modification of the said invention which is illustrated in
Figures 1 and 2, I support in standards A a plunger-casing, cylinder, box or other
suitable receptacle B formed of metal or other suitable material, and preferably
conforming in outline to the outline of a flask C which is placed upon an unyielding
bed-plate in alignment below it. This plunger-casing contains a plunger D, which
accurately fits it and is adapted to have movement within it, being actuated by
hydraulic, pneumatic, steam, or other power, or by levers, screws, or other mechanical
devices. The plunger-casing is as to its entire lower opening closed by a flexible
diaphragm E of india rubber or other suitable material, yielding or elastic in character
and yet possessing the quality when expanded or extended of resuming its normal
form and dimensions.
Contained between the plunger and the flexible diaphragm is a mass of shot, pebbles,
sand, or other material F, the particles of which are capable of sliding past one another
when pressure is exerted by the plunger upon the mass as an entirety. Although
leaden or other shot or balls are preferably used, many other materials besides those
already mentioned may be advantageously employed, such as, for instance, sawdust,
or sawdust mixed with plumbago, talc, soapstone, or other lubricant.
The patterns G having been inserted in the flask C the latter is filled with the
moulding sand and is placed below the diaphragm of the plunger-casing B so as to
be entirely covered thereby. Force is then exerted to depress the plunger, with the
result that the shot is forced downward upon the diaphragm, thereby pressing the
latter into the sand regions of least resistance, which are those of greatest depth or
those most remote from the surfaces or thicker parts of the patterns, until the
diaphragm has served to quite evenly compress and distribute the sand about the
patterns, compacting it to a uniform solidity or hardness.
According to another modification of the said invention the plunger-casing is as to
its entire lower opening closed by the upper extremities of an assemblage of rammers
or pressing-bars G formed of any suitable material, for instance metal or very hard
wood, each of which bars are preferably of the same cross-section and general
dimensions. These rammers G are preferably considerably longer than they are wide,
and when placed side by side as an assemblage, as already stated, fill the plunger-
casing B and so completely close it as to its under opening, forming in effect a flexible
closed bottom to the said casing B. Each of these rammers G is provided with a vertical
upwardly-extended screw-threaded rod 7 which passes through a vertical opening
formed in the plunger or platen E, and above the platen is provided with a thumb-
nut, g*, or similar contrivance, which by its set prevents the dropping of its rammer
beyond a given level, and also serves to adjust such level and to retain the rammer in
any given elevated position.
The rammer-rods 9 are conveniently of a length about equal to that of the rammers,
in order to admit of the set of the rammers away from the platen a considerable
distance.
Contained between the plunger or platen E, the walls of the casing B, and the
closely-touching upper extremities or heads of the rammers G forming the bottom of
said casing, is a mass of shot, pebbles, sand, or other material H, the particles of
which are capable of sliding past one another when pressure is applied.
Within the flask D are contained patterns I and moulding sand S:

page_text: The flask containing the patterns, and preferably filled almost full of moulding-
sand, is placed below the lower extremities of the assembled rammers suspended upon
a common level from the platen. The rammers as a collected whole are adapted to
pass into the flask, so as to fill it from wall to wall. Force is then exerted to depress
the plunger and drive the assembled rammers, backed by the shot, into the sand within
the flask, with the result that such of the rammers as happen to come over the sand
regions of least resistance (which are those of greatest depth or those most remote
from the surfaces or thicker parts of the patterns), descend deeply into the sand,
while such of the rammers as happen to come over the sand regions of greatest
resistance (which are those of the least depth or those closest to the surfaces or thicker
parts of the patterns), being unable to descend as deeply as the rammers first referred
to, ascend relatively to the platen E, and displace a quantity of shot above them,
which distributes itself laterally and vertically downward above and upon those
rammers which have descended most deeply into the sand, until by the unequal vertical
distribution of the rammers, occasioned by the unequal resistance of the sand, the
mass above the rammers becomes ultimately distributed substantially in correspondence
to that of the compacted sand beneath the rammers, which under the distributed
pressure of said rammers, becomes evenly compressed and compacted to a uniform
solidity and hardness about the patterns, substantially as represented in Figure 5.
The thumb-nuts upon the rammer-rods are useful, to retain the outlying rammers
permanently up against the plunger or head of the casing, when it is desired to
decrease the pressing area of the rammers to fit them for employment with a smaller
flask.
66
In another machine constructed according to the said invention and shown in
Figures 7 and 8, the platen is fixed, constituting a solid cover or top to the plunger-
casing, which in such case would be more properly termed a rammer-casing," and
the flask is mounted upon a vertically-moving platform J, housed between the standards
and conveniently raised and lowered by a lifting nut K, screwed upon a fixed stem L,
erected from the bed-plate and passing into an orifice in the platform. Instead of the
lifting nut and threaded stem, a toggle or any other suitable lifting contrivance may
be employed to raise and lower the platform.
It is obvious that the form of the machine may be greatly varied, as it is manifestly
immaterial what form of plunger, plunger-casing, or platform is employed, or what
may be the character of the flask or patterns.
It will be seen from the foregoing description that by employing a mass of solid
bodies or particles in the manner above set forth I am enabled to produce a result like
that obtained by fluid or air pressure acting upon a flexible diaphragm, without the
expense attending the application of such fluid or air pressure.
I sometimes form each rammer G with a narrow slot G¹ in it as in Figures 9 and 10;
through these narrow slots is passed a bar G³ which is made fast to the sides of the
box which holds the rammers. The top can in this case readily be taken off at any
time either to supply more shot or for any other purposes.
In these Figures I have simply shown the box with the rammers, and top without
any shot, frame or anything else. This method is advantageous when the mould is
pressed up against the rammers.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of the said invention
and in what manner the same is to be performed, as communicated to me by my
foreign Correspondent I wish it understood that I claim:
First. The compression of the sand or similar material, in the production of moulds
for casting, by pressure applied to the said material, while in the flask containing the
pattern or patterns, through the medium of shot, pebbles, grains of sand, or other solid
bodies or particles, substantially as hereinbefore described.
Second. The combination, with a flexible diaphragm or presser or with a series of
rammers, of a mass of shot, pebbles, grains of sand or other solid bodies or particles
and means for applying pressure uniformly to the said mass, substantially as, and for
the purpose,
set forth.

page_text: Third. The employment of a series of rammers suspended from a movable platen
in such a manner that they are capable of vertical movement relatively to each other
and to the said platen, substantially as, and for the purpose set forth.
Fourth. The combination, with the rammers, of means whereby one or more of
the same may be held out of action, substantially as, and for the purpose, specified.
Fifth. The improved device substantially as described with reference to Figures 9
and 10 whereby I provide for supporting the rammers whilst permitting vertical
movement thereof relatively to each other as and for the purposes above specified.
Sixth. The improved apparatus consisting of the parts constructed and combined
substantially as described with reference to either of the forms or modifications shown
in the accompanying drawings and operating as, and for the purpose specified.
בד
11
1
CT 1
1000
OWEN JONES.
Haseltine, Lake & Co.,
45, Southampton Buildings, London, W.C.,
Agents for the Applicant.