Improvements in or applicable to Churns.
Year: 1890

page_text: Date of Application, 28th Feb., 1890
Complete Specification Left, 11th Nov., 1890-Accepted, 13th Dec., 1890
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in or applicable to Churns.
I, THOMAS BRADFORD, of High Holborn, in the County of London, Dairy Engineer,
do hereby declare the nature of my said invention to be as follows:-
An object of this invention is to construct churns in such a manner, whether the
material be of wood, porcelain or metal, as shall economize the cost of manufacture
as compared with that of such churns as are now in use, and at the same time to add
to the churning efficiency thereof; and this I accomplish by constructing the churns
with four or more side parts or planes inclining from the centre of the churn where
they are widest apart to the ends of the churn where they are nearest together, and
which disposition of such sides in an end-over-end rotating churn will give the
greatest accumulation of concussive force to the milk which is so essential for
economical churning. By this mode of construction I am able to make a vessel of
greater strength and of boards (when made of wood) of narrower width, and also to
overcome the difficulties arising from expansion of the timber, this mode of construction
also enables me to leave one or both ends of the churn perfectly free of any obstruction
or projection that would be likely to interfere with the perfect cleansing of the churn
before placing in the milk or cream.
I secure the top and bottom ends of the churn by a removable water tight cover or
covers using a single cover at the top and a fixed end at the bottom for the smaller
sized churns and a cover at both top and bottom for the larger sized churns. When
both covers are removed the body of the churn presents singular facilities for being
scrubbed and cleansed and for being dried and purified.
I find it of special advantage to use in this construction of churn, a diaphragm of
the nature described in the Specification of Letters Patent No. 11242 of 1885 granted
to me, and which is secured by adapting it with end pins and lowering the same into
corresponding recesses in the bottom end of the churn and securing the diaphragm
by fastening the cover. I am thus enabled to dispense with side cheeks or grooves as
hitherto used, and the diaphragm can be withdrawn without obstruction of any
kind.
A further improvement consists in the mode of ventilating the churn or relieving
expansion when commencing churning, and for which the constructive design of the
cburn is contributory as it enables me to fix a spring lever vent in such a manner
that it can be automatically opened during each rotation of the churn.
A further improvement consists in making the draw-off plug with a perforated cone
screen so adapted as to allow of a free flow of butter milk or rinsing or salting water
but to retain the granules or particles of butter.
A further improvement more especially applicable to such churns when made of
glass or porcelain, and when such diaphragm is not used, consists in constructing one
of the lids or covers with pendant fingers attached thereto so that when churning the
fingers will assist in giving increased agitation to the milk or cream, and when the
lid is removed from the churn the fingers will serve as points upon which the lid may
be stood upon a plate or dish which will conduce to its being kept perfectly clean.
Dated this 28th day of February 1890
DAY, DAVIES & HUNT,
321, High Holborn, London, W.C., Agents for the Applicant.

page_text: COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in or applicable to Churns.
I, THOMAS BRADFORD, of High Holborn, in the County of London, Dairy Engineer,
do hereby declare the nature of the said invention and in what manner the same is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement:
This invention is applicable to end-over-end or other equivalently rotating churns
(whether made of wood, metal, glass, porcelain or other material,) its object being to
render such churns more efficient for their intended purpose and to economise the cost
of the manufacture.
To this end the invention consists essentially in constructing churns of the novel
and peculiar formation hereinafter described with reference to the accompanying
drawings on which
Fig. 1, represents an end elevation of a churn constructed in accordance with one
modification of the present improvements.
and
Fig. 2, represents a front elevation thereof partly in section.
Fig. 3, represents a transverse sectional elevation of the churning vessel.
Fig 4, represents a plan view of the diaphragm hereinafter referred to.
Fig. 5, represents an end elevation of a modification.
Fig. 6, represents a front elevation thereof.
Fig. 7, represents an enlarged elevation, partly in section, of the churning vessel,
Fig. 8, represents an underplan view of the agitating lid hereinafter referred to.
In accordance with the present improvements, the churning vessel 9, is constructed
with side or end or side and end parts or planes 10, properly framed together, inclining
from the centre of the churn, where they are widest apart, to the top and bottom
thereof, where they are nearest together; which disposition of such sides or ends or
sides and ends in such churns imparts to the milk an accumulation of concussive force
so essential for economical churning. An example of such improved formation of the
churning vessel is represented on the accompanying drawings in Figs. 1 to 3.
The churn may be made with a closed bottom, as at 11, and with an open top, as
at 12, or when made of a large size its top and bottom may both be open. 13, represents
a removable water-tight cover by which the open top or bottom may be closed, such
cover being fitted with a surrounding elastic washer 14, and held in place by a cross
bar 15, and thumb-screws 16, working in staple 17, secured to the churn body in a
usual manner; or, as in the modification hereinafter referred to with reference to
Figs. 5 to 8, the lid 13, may be secured by a screw 18, working through a cross-
bar 19, forming part of the framing 20, supporting the churning vessels 9.
The lid may he formed with ventilating apertures 20, and fitted with a button 21,
adapted to normally close the same, such button being depressed by a thumb-nut 22,
working on a screw 23, projecting up from the lid, a stamped metal cup 24, bearing
on an india-rubber ring 25, surrounding the screw 23, being interposed between the
thumb-nut and the lid to keep the button down with a gentle pressure and to permit
of the button being turned without turning the wing-nut.
When the churn is made open throughout and both top and bottom covers are
removed, the improved formation of the churn presents singular facilities for its being
scrubbed and cleansed and for its being dried and purified.
26, represents a diaphragm of the nature described in the Specification of Letters
Patent No. 11242 of 1885 granted to me, which can be used with special advantage
in the improved construction of churns, it being fitted with end pins which are
lowered into corresponding. recesses made in the bottom of the churn, or with side
grooves 27, engaging with cheeks 28, projecting from the inner sides of the churn and
secured between the bottom of the churn and the lid or cover 13.
A further improvement consists in adapting the draw-off plug 38, with a perforated
cone screen 39, and with a removable plug 40 the screen being so adapted as to

page_text: allow (on the withdrawal of the plug 40) of a free flow of butter-milk or rinsing or
salting water but to retain the granules or particles of butter.
A further improvement more especially applicable to such churns when made of
glass or porcelain, vide the modification represented in Figs. 5 to 8, in which the
churn is made of a curvilinear formation widest at the middle and narrowest at the
top and bottom, and when such diaphragm hereinbefore referred to is not used,
consists in constructing the lid or cover 13, or one of them if the vessel is fitted
with a cover at each end, with pendant fingers 29, attached thereto, so that, when
churning, such fingers will assist in giving increased agitation to the milk or cream,
and when the lid is removed from the churn such fingers will serve as points upon
which the lid may be stood resting upon a plate or the like which will conduce to
its being kept clean.
When made of glass the vessel 9, is preferably graduated to indicate its cubic
capacity as represented in Fig. 7.
30, represents removable ventilating plugs. 31 an eyepiece permitting of the
condition of the contents of the vessel 9, being inspected. 32, a suitable supporting
framing provided with bearings 33, carrying the axles 34, of the churning vessel, such
axles having keyed thereon handles 35, by which the churn can be rotated about the
axles 34, as a centre of motion. 36, are stopping blocks into which stopping pins 37,
can be entered to arrest the churn in correct positions for charging and emptying it.
And 42, are swinging handles by which the apparatus can be easily shifted.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said inven-
tion, and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I
claim is :-
1. The construction of end-over-end or other equivalently rotating churns of the
novel and peculiar formation herein before described with reference to the accompanying
drawings, that is to say, with side or end, or side and end planes or parts, inclining
or curving from the centre of the churn where they are widest apart to the top and
bottom thereof where they are nearest together.
2. The herein before described strainer-plug.
3. The improved arrangement of churn hereinbefore described with reference to
Figs. 5 to 8, of the accompanying drawings.
4. The formation of the lid or cover of such churns with depending fingers
substantially as and for the purpose hereinbefore described.
Dated this 11th day of November 1890.
DAY, DAVIES & HUNT,
321, High Holborn, London, W.C., Agents for the Applicant.