IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINES FOR PRINTING PAPER. AND OTHER FABRICS
Year: 1846

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, AUGUSTUS.
APPLEGATH, of Dartford, in the County of Kent, Calico Printer, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her.
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the. Twenty-first day of
December, in the tenth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and.
successors, give and grant unto me, the said Augustus Applegath, my exors,
admiors, and assigns, Her especial licence, full power, sole privilege and
authority, that I, the said Augustus Applegath, my exors, adñiors, and assigns,
or such others as I, the said Augustus Applegath, my exors, .adiñors, or
assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and
at all times during the term of years therein expressed, should and lawfully.
might make, use, exercise, and vend,, within England, Wales, and the Town
of Berwick-upon-Tweed, my Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINES FOR
PRINTING PAPER. AND OTHER FABRICS;" in which said Letters Patent .is.con-
tained a proviso. that I, the said Augustus Applegatḥ, shall cause a particular
description of the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same
is to be performed, by-an instrument in writing under my hand and seal, to be

page_text: inrolled in Her said Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said in part recited
Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference being thereunto had, will
more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Augustus Applegath, do hereby declare that the nature of my said Invention,
and the manner in which the same is to be performed, are fully described
and ascertained in and by the following Statement thereof, reference being had
to the Drawings hereunto annexed, and to the figures and letters marked
thereon, that is to say:-
Sheet A, Figure 1, is a plan of a machine having cight cylinders.
Figure 2 is a side elevation of part of the same. Figure 3 is an end eleva-
tion of part of the same.
Sheet B, Figure 4, is a plan of the chase or type holder. Figure 5 is an
end view of the type holder. The same letters of reference apply to the
Figures on each Sheet. A, A, are the cast-iron frames, which are connected
by eight stray bolts X 1, and supported by eight carriages Z 1, resting upon
and fastened to the floor or foundation; one only of which is shewn in
Figure 2. Each frame has a central bearing, which cannot be seen in the
Drawings, in which the upright shaft C revolves. Three cast-iron rings
E, E, E, are securely keyed on the shaft C, and upon these rings the chases
or type holders F are securely fastened by screws or other suitable means, by
which they may easily be taken on and off. The two outer rings are fur-
nished with circular pieces of wood called bearers, B, which are made the
same shape as the form of type, and which assist to produce an even
impression. H are circular pieces of wood, also fastened on the two outer
rings, called lifts, which act against small metal wheels on the inking rollers;
the lifts are made fuller, and project at 4, in order to force some of the
inking rollers into contact with the ink boxes in the manner of cam wheels.
I, I, are inking rollers of the ordinary construction. K is the distributing
surface, which may be either of wood or metal; it is a segment of a circle,
and the ink is distributed upon its surface by the inking rollers I, I; it
receives an up and down motion by the following means:-On the upper side
of the bottom frame A an undulating railway a is fixed, upon which the
conical pulley L runs, turning freely upon a pin at the lower end of the
vertical bar b, which is joined to the horizontal bars c, the ends of which are
also jointed to the upright shaft C, while the other ends are jointed to the
back of the distributing surface K, and thus as it revolves an up and down
motion is given to the distributing surface itself, instead of the end motion

page_text: The hinge or
which is usual to give to the inking rollers. M, Figures 1 and 2, is one of
the ink boxes, of which there may be three; its construction may be better
scen in Figure 10, where it appears turned down horizontally as not in use,
a plug 21 being inserted to prevent the ink from flowing out. The box M is
made of cast iron, and the edges which act against the iron roller d are planed
perfectly straight. The roller is connected with the box by the brass
bearings e, e, and its distance from the box is regulated by the various set
screws ff. When in use the roller receives a slow motion by means of the
mitre wheels g and the bevil wheels h and i, and is secured in its upright
I position by a bearing projecting from the upper frame A.
joint permits it to be turned down, as shewn in Figures 10. 22, 22, are thick
pieces of sole leather, to make the junction of the bearings and box tight.
N, N, are the eight printing cylinders, made of cast iron, and turned true;
each has a toothed wheel O, one of which may be seen in Figure 2 in geor
with the large toothed wheel P, fixed in the lower part of the upright shaft
C. The circumference of the wheel P is two hundred inches, while the
circumference of the wheel O is forty inches, which is an aliquot part of the
large wheel, sufficient to print a large newspaper, and also to give space for
securing the printing cloths, of which there may be two, the upper one to
be removed when soiled, and the under one to remain fixed, it being underlaid
with strips of paper or card pasted on it to make the impression even.
Each printing cylinder is furnished with an apparatus or machine for feeding
or supplying the sheets of paper, one only being shewn to save space in the
Drawings. The lower end of the spindles of the printing cylinders revolve in
oil cups in the cast-iron supports X³. F is the chase or type holder, shewn
in Figures 4 and 5. The shape of its surface and also the diameter of the
rings E, E, to which it is to be fixed, must depend upon the pages or columns
to be printed. It is here shewn as for the "Times" newspaper, and the
surface of the type holder F is a series of tangential planes, as shewn in
Figure 5, Sheet B, so nearly approaching a circle that by underlaying the
lower printing cloth in the centre of the columns equal to the depression of
the tangent from a true circle, and gradually diminishing the underlay as it
approaches the column rules, an impression will be obtained not discernible
from that given by flat type, or the printing cylinder itself may be shaped into
the proper form. The end and side bars of the type holder which contain the
various screws may be made of iron or steel, and are affixed to the type
holder by screws, as shewn in Figures 4 and 5, Sheet B. The upper end 7 is
made with gaps m, m, to receive the ends of the column rules n, which have
small steel pins fitting in the grooves at m, m; at the lower end the column

page_text: rules are connected by small pins o with the screw holders p; the screw holders
Ppass through holes in the lower end of the type holder, and are furnished
with nuts, the intention being to convert the column rules, whose angular
section may be seen in Figure 5, into tension bars; for by turning the nuts
of the screw holder p the column rules can be brought to such a degree of
tension as to become abutments and keys for the columns of type when
pressed laterally against them by the action of the set screws in the side
bars s, while the end set screws t, acting against the pieces of iron furniture v,
press, the type in a longitudinal direction, and also supply the necessary
resistance to the tension rules, and thus by these combined forces the columns
or pages are firmly retained, notwithstanding their near approach to a circular
form. In locking up a form by these powerful means each part must be
tightened gradually, as in the careful locking a flat form with the ordinary
wedges; and in all cases where possible the central column rule should be a
fixture, which may be done as indicated in Figure 5, making the type-
holder in two parts, and inserting a deep rule between them, which may then
be united into one by screws passing through each. A column rule thus
fixed becomes a solid abutment, so that the line of pressure is within the body
of the type, as shewn in Figure 5. The type holders, each containing one
page of type, are then to be fixed on the rings E either by screws, as
indicated in Figure 5, or any other suitable manner. The. inking rollérs I, I,
Sheet A, are kept in their places sideways by notched bearings R, 'ánd
they are caused to press against the form and distributing surface by coiled
springs 5, 5, at each end, which are fixed to the frame A, and have small
rings 6, 6, which slip over the spindles of the inking rollers, as shewn
in Figure 1. The spindles of the inking rollers have small grooves or
recesses turned in them to receive the rings 6, 6, which thus prevent the
rollers from rising out of their places. The coiled spring should be adjusted so
as to give the same pressure as the weight of the inking rollers would be when
'used horizontally, as in the ordinary printing machines. The lower ends of the
inking rollers rest in oil caps made in the iron bearing rods 7, which are
hinged to the floor, by which the inking rollers can move with the slightest
possible friction both round "their axes and also when they diverge from the
distributing surface to the form and ink, box, and vice versa. The action of
those parts of the machine already described is as follows:-Motion being
communicated to the central shaft and iron rings through the bevil wheel
and pinion shewn at the bottom of the machine, or in any other convenient
manner, the upper bevil wheels. h cause the ink-box rollers'd to revolve
the distributing surface, and lifts. move the inking rollers, and also 'force söme

page_text: of them against the rollers of the ink boxes; the large wheel P causes the
impressing cylinders to revolve, and as the form moves round its centre it
comes in contact with the inking rollers and receives the ink, and passing en
successively to each impressing cylinder it prints on one side the sheets of
paper which have been supplied in the following manner :-The feed board T
is furnished with two rollers, which are connected by the toothed wheels V¹
and sets of endless descending tapes V, and a vibrating roller G, in the usual
manner, the intention of retaining these old parts being that the layer-on may
have no new difficulty to encounter in working at this machine. A sheet of
paper being laid on the feed board is carried downwards by the endless tapes V,
by means of the entering pulleys G, in the usual manner. When it has arrived
at the proper place for stopping, the frame W, which supports four vertical
rollers X, covered with woollen cloth, which revolve quite freely in their
bearings, is suddenly forced by the springs 9 against the four vertical rollers X',
which revolve freely in bearings in the fixed frame We, by which the sheet is
instantaneously stopped; at the same time the bottom rollers 10 of the two
sets of endless tapes V are caused to open, as shewn in Figure 3, so that the
endless tapes may continue in motion without touching the sheet of paper,
which remains suspended between the vertical rollers ready for its lateral
passage to the impressing cylinders; and this is effected by the pair of vertical
drawing rollers Z and Z*, and the sets of horizontal tapes 100 around them,
which carry the sheet towards the impressing cylinders, when the usual frisket
or marginal tapes continue its motion around the impressing cylinder, where it
becomes printed. A printed sheet issuing from the machine is indicated in
Figue 1 by a long arrow, which is received by the taker-off and hung over the
rail Y. Motion is given to these various parts in the following manner :-
A bevil wheel A¹ is fixed upon the upper part of the shaft C, having eight
small bevil wheels B', one seventh of its circumference, working into it. One
of these bevil wheels is shewn, whose spindle is continued towards the feed
drum, and serves as its spindle. Also upon this spindle C¹ is fixed a small
pinion 1, of three inches diameter, which works into the toothed wheel D',
which is twenty-one inches in diameter, and which therefore makes one revo-
lution while the type cylinder makes one also. On the spindle of D¹ is the
usual shape or cam wheel for raising the arm, fixed to the spindle of the
entering or vibrating pulleys C, which, being in ordinary use, need not be
further described. Upon the spindle of D¹ is also a pair of cams L, against
which the arms 8 of the frame W act. When the notched part of the cams
arrives at the point shewn in the Drawing it permits the arms 8, which are
pressed by the spring 9, (which are only shewn in Figure 3 to avoid confusion,

page_text: and the frame W, to fall inwards for the purpose of arresting the progress of
the sheet of paper, as before described; and as the cams L' revolve their full
parts open the frame W and its vertical rollers X when the sheet has passed
on sideways. Another cam F is also fixed upon the spindle of D', which acts
upon the lever G', which rises into the notched part of the cam, thereby
lifting the connecting rod H', which is pinned to the lever I', and which opens
the two bottom rollers 10 of the endless tapes by means of the light toothed
wheels 11 upon the spindles, to which the arms which carry the rollers are
keyed, as seen in Figure 3. The strong coiled spring K¹ forces the rod H¹
upwards, and as the cam F¹ continues to revolve its full part depresses the
lever G' and the levers I', and thus closes the two bottom rollers and the
endless tapes in order to convey down the next sheet. The sheet of paper
having thus been brought down and stopped, its horizontal progress to the
printing cylinder is performed in the following manner :-Motion is communi-
cated to the vertical drum M', Figure 1, by a band wheel and strap, as shewn
in Figure 2, or in any other suitable manner. The drums M1 and M2 are
connected by toothed wheels 12. The drum M' is only partly seen in Figure 2:
The horizontal tapes receive motion by passing round the drums in shallow
grooves, and are retained in their proper places by small pins 13, projecting
from a rod of metal or wood 14, two of which are seen in Figures 1 and 2.
Each system of tapos 100 is divided into two sets by the drums. Some pass
towards the printing cylinder, which are returned by the upright iron rollers O¹,
one of which is not shewn in Figure 2, and other tapes pass towards the
entering or drawings rollers Z and Z*, thus forming two continuous lines of
horizontal tapes, between which the sheet of paper is carried to the printing
cylinder. The frisket or marginal tapes, which are colored red, retain the
sheet of paper in contact with the printing cylinder while printing, and detach
it after printing in the usual manner. The opening and closing of the vertical
drawing rollers Z and Z*, which are not shewn in Figure 3 to avoid confusion,
is performed in the following manner: The rollers are supported by moveable
arms N', keyed on the vertical spindles P', which are connected by the light
toothed segments 15. On the upper end of one of these spindles is an arm R¹,
which has on its end a small revolving pulley 16, which acts against a shape
wheel S¹ fixed upon the same spindle as the wheel D. This shape wheel has
in it a notch or sudden depression, into which the small revolving pulley 16
falls in the manner of the canis before described, by the action of the strong
coiled springs T', which draw the moveablo arms N¹ towards each other, and
cause the drawing rollers Z and Z* to collapse suddenly, and the drawing
rollers and the horizontal tapes being in rapid motion, the sheet is thereby

page_text: conveyed to the printing cylinders, as before described. As the shape wheel
S¹ continues its motion its full part acts against the small pulley 16 and opens
the arms N of the drawing rollers. Both the upper and lower pair of arms
are furnished with connecting coil springs T. The marginal tapes next to the
printing cylinders returns immediately to the drum M³, and the course of the
outer marginal tapes returning to M2 is indicated by red and dotted lines
shewn in Figure 1. Y' is one of the stages upon which the taker-off stands;
the stages for the feed boards are not shewn, being dependent upon the room
in which the machine is to be placed. The various cams or shape wheels
herein described are all furnished with set screws, by which they can be
adjusted upon their spindles so as to act at the precise times required. In
the machine contrived for the Times by me in One thousand eight hundred
and twenty-seven, the form of type, its iron supporting bed, the rack, and
other necessary appendages, weigh more than ten hundredweight, and when
working at its quickest speed, in order to print six thousand sheets per hour,
this heavy mass travels seventy-six inches backwards and forwards three
thousand times, at the rate of two hundred and fifty-five thousand inches per
hour, and the concussions attendant upon such rapid changes of motion are
very considerable. In the vertical system the path of the form, &c. being
circular, these concussions are entirely avoided; I therefore estimate that the
rate of motion may be advanced from two hundred and fifty-five thousand to
three hundred thousand inches per hour, in which case the machine herein-
before described with eight cylinders, and having a circular type path of two
hundred inches, will make one thousand five hundred revolutions per hour,
and as it prints a sheet of each of the eight cylinders as it passes them the
quantity of sheets printed will be twelve thousand per hour. This machine
with tangential planes has been expressly contrived to meet the exigencies of
a printing office for a journal of very large circulation, where the columns of
matter must be composed so as to be capable of printing either at flat
machines or on the vertical system; but a still greater production can be
obtained in cases where the vertical machine is employed exclusively, for by
imaking the leads, the transverse metal rules which divide the various subjects
treated of, and the engraved arms and heads, of a slightly curved shape, the
ordinary letter or type which is cast with parallel sides can be imposed upon
a type holder such as before shewn, but having a true circular face, and can
be retained therein by the angular or wedge-shape column rules made to act as
tension bars in the manner before described, the type forming itself by almost
imperceptible gradations into a circular surface, although cast in the ordinary
manner, so as to yield a good even impression.

page_text: The advantage of this extremely near approach to a true circular surface is,
that much smaller printing cylinders may be employed to give the impression
than can be used with tangential planes, and by having only two inking
róllers for each impression the printing cylinders may be put at fifteen inches
distance from each other; measuring from centre to centro, or even less; and
thus a type cylinder or rings having a circuit of two hundred inches may
have twelve printing cylinders around it, leaving a space of thirty-five inches
for putting on the type holders. Such a machine, moving at the rate of three
hundred thousand inches per hour, will make one thousand five hundred
revolutions, and print a sheet of each cylinder, or eighteen thousand per hour,
without sacrificing good inking or any practical convenience in working the
machine. All the parts of this machine being similar to those before described in
Figue 1, 2, and 3, the Diagram Figure 6, Sheet C, will be sufficiently explain
this branch of my Invention. The printing cylinders must be entirely covered
with woollen cloth in the usual manner.
Figure 7, Sheet C, shews the path of the type and a printing cylinder and
inking rollers full size. If type should hereafter be made with slightly
conical sides and a true circular face, the sides of the tension bars or rules
must be the same radiation as the type itself.
'It is possible that a still greater production and more economy in working
may be obtained by the machine shewn in Figures 8, 9, and 10, Sheet D, in
which the paper is supplied from rolls containing five hundred or more slects
in one length, in which case the paper must have an interrupted motion; and
I describe this machine only as a possible variety of my Invention in case a
suitable ink shall be made, and in case an apparatus by which damp paper
may be rapidly cut shall be produced, and provided Her Majesty's Honorable
Commissioners of Stamps shall think fit to grant the necessary concession as
to the stamping.
In Figures 8 and 9, Sheet D, A, A, is the frame, the upright spindle with
its rings, type holders, distributing table, and inking rollers, as before
described. B; B, are the printing cylinders, which may be twelve or thirteen
in number, covered all over with woollen cloth in the usual manner. The
type holder is made with a circular face, as in the last machine described,
having the transverse leads and metal rules, &c. made of a curved form to
suit the surface of the type holder, and ordinary type may be used. The acts
of distributing and applying the ink are similar to what has been already
described. The printing of the sheet of paper, so as to leave the proper
margins or space between each impression, by interrupting its motion, is
performed in the following manner :-C is the roll of paper to be printed;

page_text: D, D, are vertical guide rollers made of iron, which are set a short distance
from the path of the type or line of pressure, which may be better seen in
Figure 10, which is the full size. The bearings of the printing cylinders,
which cannot be seen in the Drawing, are made so as to slide, in order to
draw the cylinders back a quarter of an inch from the line of printing or
pressure, the teeth of the connecting wheels being made long to prevent their
coming out of geer. The bearers on the outer rings are the same height as
the type at the printing part, but they project a quarter of an inch above the
line of printing in all that part of the circle of bearers not occupied by the
type F, F, that they may force the printing cylinders back. when not printing,
so as not to press upon the paper or the tapes K, which are colored red, when
the pressure quadrant G has left the the friction pulleys H; H. During the
printing the quadrant G presses the friction pulley, which revolve freely. upon
the spindle of the printing cylinder, which is thereby forced into the line of
pressure and contact with the forms and bearers, the tapes K being between
the bearers and ends of the cylinder, as is the paper between the form and
the cylinder; the paper therefore, moves on as it receives the impression, and
the tapes being forced to move also, give motion to the drum L, around which
they pass, which is connected by crossing bands to the drum M, against
which (so as to move by friction) the rolls of paper C and N are pressed by
the coiled springs 90, and thus during the printing the paper and drums and
tapes move. When the impression is made the quadrant passes on from the
friction rollers, and thus the cylinder is permitted to be forced back by the
full part of the bearers in the manner of cam wheels, and the paper and
drums stop and wait for the next impression. It is desirable that the
drums and spindles upon which the paper is rolled should be light, to avoid
impetus, which may be checked by applying friction in any of the usual
modes.
Paper in rolls may be conveniently wetted by the ordinary padding machine
in use in calico printing, and the stamping may be quickly and economically
performed by an apparatus, of which Figure 16, Sheet B, is a side elevation, and
Figure 12 an end elevation. A is the roll of white paper on a spindle; B is a
roller, having a wheel loose upon its spindle; C is a drum or cylinder covered
with woollen cloth the exact circumference of one sheet of newspaper; D is the
roll of stamped paper; E is a drum upon which it rests, and which rolls the paper
up by friction, as common in padding and drying machines. F is the iron frame
of the paper part of the machine. G is the frame of the stamping part. His a
wheel and spindle having an arm upon it, which carries the wetting pad a, which
is damped by coming in contact with the roller X, which acts against a roller b

page_text: revolving in the water trough Z. The degree of dampness can be regulated
by the pressure of 6 against the roller X, which is given by the lever and
weight c. I is the stamping cylinder round which the red ink is distributed
by the inking rollers; it is also furnished with a vibrating roller and ink
trough in the usual manner. K is a wheel and spindle carrying an arm
which has the setting off or blotting pad D upon it, and which occasionally
presses and moves the endless roll of calico e, which may be of any required
length, against the stamped part of the paper for the purpose of absorbing any
superfluous ink before the paper rolls up on D. M are open bearings which
permit the spindle of the roll of stamped paper to rise as the roll increases in
thickness.
The action of the machine is as follows:-Motion being communicated, the
paper moves in the direction of the arrows over the roller B to the printing
cylinder C, at the under part of which the paper receives a damp impression
from the wetting pad a, which is made rather larger than the stamp; it then
comes in contact with the stamp fixed on the cylinder I, which stamps it; and
lastly the paper comes in contact with the blotting pad and calico on K,
and then rolls up upon the spindle and roll D by the friction of its surface on
the drum E. By enlarging the wetting trough and substituting a roller or
cylinder for the pad, the damping of the paper for printing may be performed
as well as for the stamping.
In Sheet F, Figure 13 is a plan, and Figure 14 is a side view of my
vertical arrangement applied to a machine for bookwork, which prints both
sides of the sheet, commonly called "perfecting." A, A, is the framing, which is
only partly shewn. C is the upright shaft, as described in the Figures 1 and 2,
and furnished with three iron rings to support the type holder and distributing
surface, ink boxes, and rollers, connecting wheel, and other necessary appur-
tenances, similar to those already shewn, but different in dimensions. At the
further part of the framing is a duplicate of C, &c. D, D, are the two
impressing or printing cylinders, which are made of cast iron and turned true;
they have toothed wheels in gear with the wheels on C, C, and are furnished
with impression blankets or cloths in the usual manner.
The sheets of paper
are supplied from the usual feeding board by the means already described in
Figures 1 and 2, except that the vertical drums M¹ and Ms are here fixed
closer to the printing cylinders, and have around them only those sets of
endless horizontal tapes which go to and from the drawing rollers Z and Z*.
The toothed wheel on M³ is in gear with the wheel of D, and M¹ is in
gear with M, and the bevil wheel A¹ being here fixed upon the spindle of
one of the printing cylinders, instead of being on the type spindle C as in

page_text: Figures 1 and 2, is placed above the small bevil wheel B' instead of under,
by which arrangement motion is conveyed to the rollers and endless tapes of
the feed board in the proper direction.
In Figures 1 and 2 the upper part of the shaft C has a bevil wheel n, in
order to give motion to the ink boxes; but in Figures 13 and 14 the single
ink box M can be driven by a catgut band passing over the band wheels w, w.
The inking rollers act against the lifts in the usual manner of bookwork, and
are not furnished with small metal wheels as in Figures 1 and 3. The course
of the paper around the printing cylinders D, D, can be traced by the red
color of the marginal tapes which accompany it in the usual manner, and the
sheet issues from the machine at the long arrow. The return of the marginal
tapes to the vertical drums M1 and M2, is seen in Figure 13, X, X, X, being
guide rollers. This machine if fitted with well fitting wheels, and the printing
and type surfaces properly adjusted to each other, will keep very accurate
register, and is well adapted for printing small type, and small, even if not cast
with a true circular face, but of the ordinary description, with flat faces
and parallel sides; but as the diameter of the type path is only about twenty-
five inches, it will not answer so well for flat type of the larger kinds, which
require larger diameters, in order that no unevenness of impression may
result from the gradations by which common type assumes or approaches a
circular form when imposed upon a curved type holder.
Figure 15, Sheet G, is a plan and end view of a type holder for octavo,
which I prefer as here shewn in two divisions, which may be attached to the
iron rings in the manner indicated in Figure 5, Sheet B.
Figure 16 is another way of imposing eight pages of octavo, the printing
cylinder and types, apparatus, &c. being made longer to suit it. In this case
the type holder may be dispensed with, and an open chase made of a curved
shape used, while the locking up may be obtained by the ordinary wedges or
quoins.
Figure 17 is a plan and end view of a double octavo form in type holders.
Figure 18 is a diagram plan of a perfecting machine, with printing cylinders
of thirty inches diameter, and printing two double forms, such as Figure 17,
at each revolution. The paper is supplied from two sets of feeding apparatus
similar to those already described in Figures 13 and 14 and Figures 1 and 2,
and there are two sets of marginal tapes by which the sheets of each form
are kept distinct from the other. Such machine, having a type path of about
ninety-four inches, may make one thousand revolutions per hour, and perfect
in good register two thousand sheets of double, or four thousand sheet of single,

page_text: ઢ
demy or royal per hour. It should be observed, that in all cases where ordi-
nary type is used, the leads or transverse metal rules or wood cuts must be
made of the proper curve, and the type must be imposed so that the lines of
letters may be in the line of the curve, the heads and feet of the pages being
in the opposite or vertical direction; and it should be further observed, that
in all cases where flat type with parallel sides is employed, the side and tension
bars, whether serving as column rules, or whether fixed to or part of the chase
or type holder, or made moveable, must have angular sides, according to the
diameter of the type holder or machine, in which case the "furniture" may
have parallel sides as well as the type, or the "furniture" may also have
angular sides. And in cases where true circular type with radiating sides is
employed, the tension column rules, side and tension bars, must be formed with
the same angle as the sides of the type. And in cases where the ordinary flat
type is imposed upon a type holder having a flat surface, in order to print book-
work, I prefer to use cylinders of large diameters, and also to impose the type
so as to form a few tangential planes as possible, and as the printing or im-
pressing cylinders must have projections at their printing places to correspond
with the, depression or deviation from a circle in the tangential plane formed
by the type, which may be effected either by underlaying or by shaping
the printing cylinder itself, as before described. And the printing cylinders
in perfecting machines must be set a little apart from each other, so that the
projecting printing places may not impinge upou each other and "set off,"
when they meet to transfer the sheet of paper from one to the other. It
should be observed that although this machinery is chiefly suitable for printing
paper it may be used to print other fabrics which are made as substitutes for
paper. In constructing machines on my vertical principle I do not limit
myself to the particular forms herein shewn, as they are capable of great variety
of modification, according to the uses for which they are intended.
And whereas in the foregoing descriptions some parts are new and others
are only newly arranged, I claim for the latter the new arrangement only;
that is to say,
I claim the vertical position of the type (whether its surface is composed
of tangential planes or circular), the vertical position of the distributing table,
ink boxes, inking rollers, and impressing cylinders.
And I claim the combination of rollers and tapes which give the lateral
motion to the sheets of paper.
And I claim the feeding by vertical rolls of paper or other fabrics.
I also claim the chase or type holder, having tension rules or bars, whether

page_text: they serve for column rules, as herein shewn, or whether such tension rules or
bars are lower than the surface of type, and act only as abutments or keys
for it.
And inasmuch as the powerful means contained in the type holder for
locking up the type will in some cases permit it to be used in a horizontal
position, I claim the type holder, whether used vertically as here shewn, or
whether attached to a type cylinder placed horizontally.
I further claim the combination of apparatus for damping and stamping
rolls of paper.
In witness whereof, I, the said Augustus Applegath, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Nineteenth day of June, in the year of our
Low One thousand sicht
AUGUSTUS (L.s.) APPLEGATH.
AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Nineteenth day of June, in
the year of our Lord 1847, the aforesaid Augustus Applegath came before
our said Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged the Specifica-
tion aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained and specified, in form
above written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped according
to the tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.
Enrolled the Nineteenth day of June, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and forty-seven.