IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF IRON
Year: 1846

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JAMES
PALMER BUDD, of Yslalyfera Iron Works, Swansea, Merchant, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at
Westminster, the Eleventh day of February, in the ninth year of ller reign,
did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said James Palmer Budd, my exors, admors, and assigns, Her especial licence,
full power, sole privilege and authority, that I, the said James Palmer Budd,
my exors, admors, and assigns, or such others as I, the said James Palmer
Budd, my exors, admors, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and
no others, from time to time and at all times during the term of years therein
expressed, should and lawfully might make; use, exercise, and vend, within
England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, my Invention of
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF IRON;" in which said Letters Patent
is contained a proviso that I, the said James Palmer Budd, shall cause a
particular description of the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner
the same is to be performed, to be inrolled in Her said Majesty's High Court
of Chancery within six calendar months next and immediately after the date
of the said in part recited Letters Patent; as in and by the same, reference
being thereunto had, will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
James Palmer Budd, do hereby declare that the nature of my said Inven-

page_text: tion, and the manner in which the same is to be performed, are fully described
and ascertained in and by the following statement thereof, that is to say :—
It is well known that in burning coal clinkers are produced which have
heretofore been treated and considered as refuse products, and not only are
very large quantities of clinkers made when applying the heat of coals in
furnaces, but very large quantities result from burning waste small coals at the
mines in order to reduce the bulks of the heaps of such waste coal, and very
large quantities also result from the burning of the waste heaps of ashes made
of various manufactures. Now my Invention consists in applying clinkers
in the manufacture of iron. And in order that my Invention may be most
fully understood and readily carried into effect, I will proceed to describe
the best means I am acquainted with for performing my Invention. Clinkers
for carrying out my Invention may be obtained from works where large
quantities of coal are burned in furnaces or smiths' fires. They may also be
obtained from the waste heaps of small coal which have been burned down
at various coal mines, and likewise from the refuse ash heaps of many works
which have fired and burned down, when a substratum of clinkers will be
found to have formed near the bottom of the heaps. Clinkers being of a
light porous nature will be found peculiarly suitable for use in the blast furnace,
being of small specific gravity, and containing a large proportion of earthy
matters with the rich oxides of iron, whether the cinders obtained in the
various branches of the manufacture of malleable iron, or the class of rich
iron ores known as
which are of great specific gravity, and contain
only a small proportion of earthy matters. The clinkers being mixed with
such rich oxides of iron in the blast furnace will lessen the density of the
whole, and allow a freer passage for the blast, and will also supply the pro-
portion of earthy matter which is requisite for the perfect separation of the
iron.
In charging a blast furnace I generally combine the clinkers with rich iron-
stone, iron cinder, or ore. And it should be stated, that as clinkers obtained
from different coals vary in the quantity of iron they contain, exact directions
cannot be given for the use of every quality of clinker; but a furnace manager
will be enabled fully to understand the use of clinkers in the manufacture of
iron, when I state that I observe as a rule that where the clinkers are rich in
iron then I employ a less quantity thereof than when they are comparatively
poor, and I combine the use of ironstone, iron cinders, or mine with clinkers
in such manner as to retain the per-centage of the iron in the charge fed into
a blast furnace below fifty per cent. of iron. I usually combine the ore, cinder,
and clinkers so as to produce a per-centage of from forty to forty-five per cent.

page_text: of iron; and I prefer in all cases where the clinkers have less than forty-five
per cent. of iron, which will mostly be the case, that a richer material, such as
cinder of malleable iron works, or rich iron ore, should be used therewith. To
bring up the iron of the general charge to about that per-centage I employ
and charge into the furnace fuel and fluxes, with the charge of ore and
clinker, in the same manner as if I were charging a furnace with iron ores
of a like per-centage, and the furnace manager will judge of the working of
his furnace in the ordinary manner; for I have not found that the working
with the use of clinkers alters the working of the blast furnace. When the
clinkers contain from forty to fifty per cent. of iron a mixture of richer
materials is not necessary, and clinkers may be also used alone when it is not
convenient to mix other materials with them.
Having thus described the nature of my Invention, and the best means I
am acquainted with for performing the same, I would have it understood
that I do not confine myself to the details. so long as the peculiar character
of my Invention be retained; but what I claim is the application of clinkers
arising from the combustion of coal in the manufacture of iron.
In witness whereof, I, the said James Palmer Budd, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Sixth day of August, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and forty-six.
JAMES PALMER (L.s.) BUDD.
AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Sixth day of August, in
the year of our Lord 1846, the aforesaid James Palmer Budd came before
our said Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged the Speci-
fication aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained and specified,
in form above written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped
according to the tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.
Enrolled the Eleventh day of August, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and forty-six.