Process of Enriching Milk and Producing Cream and Butter.
Year: 1892

page_text: Date of Application, 2nd Dec., 1892
Complete Specification Left, 2nd Oct., 1893-Accepted, 2nd Dec., 1893
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
A. Process of Enriching Milk and Producing Cream and Butter.
We, MATHIEU JULIEN Ainé, Manufacturer, and ARTHUR BRIN, Engineer,
both of Effingham House, Arundel Street, Strand, in the County of Middlesex, do
hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows:-
This invention has for its object the enrichment of milk and of skim milk and
the production therefrom of a rich cream suitable for various alimentary purposes
and for conversion into butter, and the invention consists in a method whereby
fatty matters obtainable from various sources may be mixed and combined with the
milk in so intimate and absolute a manner as to produce an emulsion of so stable or
permanent a character that its constituent elements, notwithstanding their different
natures, do not tend to separate or become dissociated even under the influence of
moderate heat.
The method whereby this intimate union is effected consists essentially in
subjecting the various matters to be combined simultaneously and conjointly to the
effect of impact or shock of a sufficiently powerful nature to split them up and
reduce them so to speak to a state of atomic division, at the same time that the
molecules of the various matters are brought into such intimate contact that their
union or combination is brought about by what may be termed a catalytic action
resulting from the conditions under which they are brought into presence of each
other.
1
For the purpose of producing this effect the fatty matters if of a solid character
are liquefied by heat and the various liquids to be combined are subjected, either
separately or when mixed together, to exceedingly high pressure and under the
effect thereof are projected, in the form of very fine jets and at a high velocity,
either against each other or against a resisting surface at a common point of impact
so as, by the effects attendant on the sudden conversion of their kinetic
energy,
cause the jets to be broken up and brought to the ultimate state of mechanical
division at the same time that the molecules are brought into the most intimate
contact possible, this operation being conducted within a closed chamber.
Dated this and day of December 1800
to
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
A Process of Enriching Milk and Producing Cream and Butter.
We, MATHIEU JULIEN Ainé, Manufacturer, and ARTHUR BRIN, Engineer,
both of Effingham House, Strand in the County of Middlesex do hereby declare
the nature of this invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be
particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement :-
This invention relates to a process of enriching skimmed milk or milk in its
natural condition and producing therefrom rich cream or butter as the case may be,
and the invention consists in a method whereby fatty or oily matters are intimately
mixed with milk so as to form therewith a sort of emulsion, this intimate union of
difficultly-miscible matters being brought about by subjecting them conjointly or in
presence of each other to violent impact or shock in such manner as to bring the
said matters into a condition of intimate molecular admixture.
This effect is

page_text: produced by the projection of the matters to be combined in the form of fine jets,
either composed of the separate constituents or of a mixture thereof, under very
high pressure and therefore at a very high velocity, either against each other or
against a common point of impact, the jets being either directly opposed to each
other or meeting at an angle or striking a point of impact or being otherwise so
directed that the matters of which they are composed are simultaneously pulverized
or split up by the violence of the shock to which they are subjected and brought
into intimate molecular contact with each other.
The invention will be described as applied to the manufacture of butter, or a
.compound closely resembling butter, from milk and margarine, but it will be
understood that it is not limited to these two ingredients as olive or other suitable
oil may be used in addition to the margarine, and the latter may be replaced by
other fatty matters, the ingredients employed and the proportions in which they
are used depending on the particular nature and. quality of the product required.
The pressures and areas of the jets which have been found to answer in practice
will be hereinafter indicated but these may be varied by further experience without
departing from the invention. The apparatus by which the emission of the jets at
the proper working pressure is controlled, and various arrangements of jet-nozzles,
will also be described but these form the subject of another application for Letters
Patent dated the 2nd day of August 1893, No. 14840.
Referring to the drawings accompanying this Specification and forming a part
thereof,
Figure 1 is a plan view shewing the general arrangement of the pumps for
supplying the constituents of the product to the pulverizer and mixer.
Figure 2 shews a detail of the pump-driving eccentric.
Figure 3 is an elevation of a regulator whereby the emission of the jets is so
controlled as to be dependent on the attainment and maintenance of the proper
working pressure, while Figure 4 is a vertical section of the lower part of Figure 3,
and Figure 5 a similar section drawn to a larger scale than Figure 3 and shewing
one form of jet emission and mixing device.
Figures 6 to 8 represent, on an enlarged scale, sectional views of various other
forms of jet nozzles and illustrate some of the various ways in which 'the jets may
be directed against each other or against an impact surface.
In Figure 1 there are three sets of force pumps driven from a common shaft and
working alternately so as to render the supply to the pulverizer as continuous and
as constant in pressure as possible, but any other number of sets of pumps may be used.
Each set comprises as many pumps as there are liquids of different densities to be
mixed, the pumps of each set being simultaneous in their action so as to supply the
respective ingredients concurrently in predetermined proportions to the pulverizer.
In each set of pumps, A is the pump supplying milk and B the pump supplying
margarine which is liquefied by heat in order that it may be pumped. The rams
of the two pumps of each set differ in diameter in such proportion that the sectional
area of the ram of pump A will be half of that of the ram of pump B and both
are worked from a shaft C by eccentrics D, E, whereof the one D is fixed as to its
throw, the other or others E being adjustable so as to enable the stroke of the
corresponding ram or rams to be varied for the purpose of varying the proportion
of the ingredient supplied thereby. This adjustment is provided for by radially
slotting the eccentric E as shewn at e in Figure 2 and attaching it to a disc F fast
on the shaft, by bolts f passing through slots f' in the disc, so that, whilst the
coincidence of the two eccentrics in their periodic revolution remains unaltered, the
throw of the one may be varied for the purpose above mentioned.
In each set, a is the suction and a' the delivery valve box of the pump A, and
6 6 are the corresponding valve boxes of the pump B. The delivery valve
boxes a¹ 6¹ of each set are connected, through pipes a² branch pipes 9 and check
valve g', with a pipe G common to all the sets of pumps, and to which is connected
ath the regulator permitting the supply, only at a given pressure, of the roughly-
mixed matters to the jet-nozzles. This regulator is shewn separately in

page_text: Figures 3, 4, 5, and consists essentially of a piston I acting as a regulating valve
and traversing a cylinder H connected with the pipe G, the piston being formed of.
a rod whose parts i are of different diameters and pass through cup leathers and
glands at the opposite ends of the cylinder so as to leave the piston exposed to
liquid pressure in one direction. This pressure is balanced by the stress of a
spring K acting on the piston in the opposite direction, means being provided of
regulating the stress according to the pressure at which it is required to work.
For this purpose the part of the piston carries a movable crosshead L fitted to
slide on tie-rods 1 connecting a fixed crosshead L' to the cylinder H. Between the
movable and fixed crossheads L L¹ the spring K is confined, the spring being
coiled about a guide k carried by the movable crosshead L and passing freely
through the fixed crosshead L. By tightening up the nuts the stress of the
spring is increased by the crosshead L', which forms the abutment for the spring,
being brought nearer to the crosshead L whose motion in the direction of the
spring pressure is limited by collars on the tie-rods. The part of the piston
rod which is of smaller diameter is tubular and has two or more minute radial
emission orifices m leading from its circumference into its bore n. When the
pressure of liquid in the cylinder H acting on the effective area of the part of the
piston is sufficient to overcome the stress of the spring, the piston is moved so as to
bring the emission orifices m into communication with the interior of the cylinder,
as shewn in Figure 5, so as to give passage to minute jets of the liquid mixture
contained in the cylinder. These jets meet and strike against each other with
great force within the bore n and by the violent concussion thus produced the
molecules become so intimately mixed as to form a kind of emulsion of which the
constituent liquids are no longer separable. The length of the cylinder H is
sufficient to admit of the necessary play of the piston I under the limited
variations of pressure due to the pulsating action of the pumps. Should the
pressure however fall below the predetermined limit, the piston I will be moved by
the spring so as to cut off the connection of the orifices m with the cylinder
and so arrest the mixing action until the necessary pressure has again been
reached.
The orifices m may be mere needle-holes about 32nd of an inch in diameter, the
diameter of these orifices being necessarily limited in view of the high pressure
acting on the cupped leather past which the orifices work and the large delivery of
small orifices under high pressures. We have found that a pressure in the cylinder
of about 250 atmospheres gives jets of the necessary velocity to produce a shock
of the violence required to bring about a sufficiently intimate admixture for the
manufacture of butter.
The product of the mixing action passes away through a pipe coupled to the
open end of the tubular part of the piston and may be cooled and solidified in
various ways. For example it may be discharged through a finely-perforated
distributor or rose immersed in a receptacle containing refrigerated milk or water
through which the cooled and solidified product rises and from the surface of which
it is collected. Or it may be deposited upon the surface of a refrigerated drum.
It is finally kneaded or worked up to form a solid mass, by any suitable means such
as usually employed in butter making.
In making butter from skim milk and margarine it has been found that the best
proportions for these two ingredients are as 1 to 4 but these proportions admit of
considerable variation according to the quality of the milk used, the nature and
quality of the product required, and the season of the year at which it is made.
The invention is therefore in no way limited in this respect but extends to all
proportions in which the ingredients can be combined for the purpose of enriching
the milk or producing cream or butter.
The mixture of the liquids may also be effected by causing them to be emitted
at a high velocity in the form of minute jets from jet nozzles variously arranged,
as shewn in Figures 6 to 8 for example, and which may be provided with
independent means of adjustment for varying the positions and regulating the

page_text: relative volumes of the jets. In Figure 6 there are three nozzles, two o o being
oppositely directed and co-axial so that their jets are directly opposed to each
other whilst the third o' is at right angles to the other two. The jets meet within
an enclosing casing, the resulting product being conveyed into a tank of iced milk
or water as above described. One of these nozzles might be dispensed with,
except when three separately introduced materials are to be mixed. In Figure 7
three nozzles are arranged at different distances from a common centre at which
the jets projected at different pressures meet as in Figure 6. In Figure 8 the two
nozzles are concentric and coincident in direction, the orifice of the one being
annular and surrounding the other, the two jets being projected against a common
point of impact p which may be of conical, flat, or other form. Instead of the jets
being co-axial, they may be directed at an angle to each other so as to meet
against a common point of impact.
The jet nozzles may each receive a mixture such as supplied by the pumps or
each nozzle may be separately supplied with one of the liquids to be mixed. The
relative proportions of the liquids may be regulated by proportioning the number
or dimensions of the nozzles supplying the one liquid to those supplying the other.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of the said
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, we declare that what we
claim is-
The herein described process of intimately mixing, combining, or emulsifying
milk and fatty matters, which consists in subjecting the milk and other matters in
the form of fine jets and under very high pressure conjointly to violent impact or
shock either by projecting the jets against one another or against a common point
of impact or otherwise so as to bring the matters into a state of intimate molecular
admixture, substantially in the manner and for the purpose specified.
Date : and 1
h 1000
M. JULIEN,
By A. M. & Wm. Clark,
A. BRIN,
53, Chancery Lane, London, Chartered Patent Agents.