IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF UNFERMENTED BREAD, WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE ALSO APPLICABLE TO OTHER PURPOSES AS A SUBSTI- TUTE FOR YEAST
Year: 1853

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to George Turner, of Bradley Terrace, Wands-
worth Road,. and Robert Holloway, of Saint James' Street,
Hatcham New Town, Old Kent Road, for the Invention of
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF UNFERMENTED BREAD, WHICH
IMPROVEMENTS ARE ALSO APPLICABLE TO OTHER PURPOSES AS A SUBSTI-
TUTE FOR YEAST."
Sealed the 21st June 1858, and dated the 27th April 1853.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said George Turner
and Robert Holloway at the Office of the Commissioners of
Patents, with their Petition, on the 27th April 1853.
We, GEORGE TURNER and ROBERT HOLLOWAY, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE
OF UNFERMENTED BREAD, WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE ALSO APPLICABLE TO
OTHER PURPOSES AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR YEAST," to be as follows:-
This Invention consists, first, in the use and application of bi-carbonate
of potash, in combination with salt, tartaric acid, sugar, and a small
portion of flour, as a substitute for yeast, in the manufacture of bread,
biscuits, puddings, and other purposes to which yeast is applied; and
an important feature in this Invention consists in the use of bi-carbonate

page_text: of soda, in lieu of carbonate of soda, as hitherto used in the manufac-
ture of bread; the soda having been found to possess an earthy taste,
has been by many persons an objection to its adoption; and the inten-
tion of this Invention is to employ a chemical ingredient which answers
all the purposes of soda, with the advantage of being perfectly tasteless,
and free from nausea. And in preparing this mixture for the purposes
of manufacture, we employ the following proportions: To two and
a half pounds of salt, add of bi-carbonate of potash two pounds, of
tartaric acid one pound and a quarter, of sugar one pound; to these
add a small portion of flour, to mix with the acid. These ingredients,
when crushed or pounded into a fine powder, are then ready for use,
and will be found an excellent substitute for yeast, especially in the
manufacture of unfermented bread.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said George Turner and Robert Holloway in the
Great Seal Patent Office, on the 27th October 1853.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we,
GEORGE TURNER, of Bradley Terrace, Wandsworth Road, in the County
of Surrey, and ROBERT HOLLOWAY, of Saint James's Street, Hatcham
New Town, Old Kent Road, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date.the Twenty-seventh day of March, in
the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-three, in
the sixteenth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and succes-
sors, give and grant unto us, the said George Turner and Robert
Holloway, Her special licence that we, the said George Turner and
Robert Holloway, our executors, administrators, and assigns, or such
others as we, the said George Turner and Robert Holloway, our
executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with,
and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during
the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use,
exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of. Great Britain
and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for

page_text: "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF UNFERMENTED BREAD, WHICH
IMPROVEMENTS ARE ALSO APPLICABLE TO OTHER PURPOSES AS A SUBSTITUTE
FOR YEAST," upon the condition (amongst others) that we, the said George
Turner and Robert Holloway, by an instrument in writing under our
hands and seals, or under the hand and seal of one of us, should par-
ticularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in
what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to
be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months
next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said George Turner, one of the
parties hereto, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention,
and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly
described and ascertained in and by, the following statement thereof,
that is to say:
Our. Invention relates to the use and application of certain vegetable
matters or ingredients, and the combining and mixing together of the
same, so as to form a preparation or mixture, which we propose using
as a substitute for the yeast of commerce, such as is commonly used in
and for the manufacture of bread, biscuits, puddings, and a variety of
other purposes to which yeast is applicable.
:
And in order to explain our said'Invention as completely as possible,
we now proceed to describe, firstly, the matters or ingredients which
we employ in the manufacture of the above-mentioned přeparation or
mixture; secondly, the proportions thereof which we have found well
adapted for the purposes of our 'said Invention; and, thirdly, the order
and manner of mixing or incorporating such said matters or ingredients
together, so as to obtain the most beneficial results therefrom.
We now proceed to describe the ingredients and proportions thereof
which we employ in the manufacture of the aforesaid preparation or
mixture, according to our said Invention.
We take of the tartaric acid of commerce, 120 lbs. weight.
Bicarbonate of potash
:
Loaf sugar, pounded
-
144 lbs. "
30 lbs.
"
Finest Patna rice, ground fine, 116 lbs.
East India arrow-root. -
-
30 lbs.
"

page_text: Or, should arrow-root not be easily obtainable, we then employ, in lieu
thereof, about sixty lbs. weight of the best Carolina rice, ground fine;
and we mix and incorporate these matters or ingredients intimately
'together in a suitable vessel, in the following order and manner, that is
to say: We first mix the tartaric acid with the Patna rice, and
then pass these ingredients through a fine sieve (of about guage
No. 60), or through a machine such as is commonly used for dressing
four through; and having done this, we let this mixture stand for
twenty-eight days in a dry situation, to allow the acid to be well
coated by the rice, previous to mixing with the following ingredients.
We next mix the East India arrow-root, or Carolina rice (ground fine),
with the bicarbonate of potash and pounded sugar, and let this mixture
also stand for twenty-eight days in a dry situation, for the purpose
above mentioned. After which time we mix and incorporate the whole
of the above-named matters or ingredients well together, by passing them
through a fine sieve or machine, as before stated. And having done this,
the preparation or mixture is then ready for use, and may be employed
in and for the manufacture of unfermented bread, and for other purposes,
in the following manner. To make unfermented bread, we proceed as
follows-To every pound weight of wheaten flour we add one tea-
spoonfull of the preparation or mixture lastly above described; and
having mixed it thoroughly with the flour in a suitable vessel, we then
sift the whole through a fine sieve, after which we add a small quantity
of salt, according to taste, and make up the entire mixture with about
half a pint of cold water, and bake it in a quick oven. To make cake
which shall resemble pound cake, the same may be effected without
the use of eggs, by preparing one pound of flour in the manner above
stated, adding thereto about half the quantity of butter commonly used,
and of currants and sugar, according to taste, and mix the whole
together with half a pint of cold water, and bake it an
oven in the
usual way. And we would here remark that in mixing the above ingre-
dients together, great care should be taken to have the water perfectly
cold; and in applying the above mixture to the manufacture of biscuits,
and for every other similar purpose, excepting pastry, we use precisely
the same proportions of the mixture to the flour as above stated.
But

page_text: for pastry. it will only be necessary to use half the quantity of the
mixture to the same quantity of flour.
Having now described the nature of our said Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be and may be performed, we desire it to be
distinctly understood that we do not intend to limit or confine ourselves
to the precise proportions of the matters or ingredients herein-before
set forth and described, but reserve to ourselves the right of making
such immaterial variations thereof as experience may suggest, so long
as the principle of our said Invention be retained; which we hereby
declare to consist in, and we claim as of our said Invention, the use
and application of the matters or ingredients herein stated, and the
combining and mixing thereof in the manner herein-before particularly
described and set forth, as constituting "Improvements in the manufac-
ture of unfermented bread, which improvements are also applicable to
other purposes as a substitute for yeast."
In witness whereof, I, the said George Turner, one of the parties
hereto, have hereunto set my hand and scal, this Twenty-
seventh day of October, in the year of our Lord One thousand
eight hundred and fifty-three.
GEORGE TURNER. (L.S.)
Witness, ALEX. PRINCE,
Patent Agent,
4, Trafalgar Square, London.