IMPROVEMENTS IN MAGNETIC ENGINES, AND IN PRODUCING MOTIVE POWER, & IN THE APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING SUCH MOTIVE POWER
Year: 1874

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Edward Henry Cradock Monckton, of Fineshade,
Northamptonshire, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN MAGNETIC
ENGINES, AND IN PRODUCING MOTIVE POWER, & IN THE APPARATUS FOR
PRODUCING SUCH MOTIVE POWER."
Scaled the 28th April 1874, and dated the 21st January 1874.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Edward Henry Cradock
Monckton at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his
Petition, on the 21st January 1874.
I, EDWARD HENRY CRADOCK MONOKTON, of Fineshade, Northampton-
shire, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN MAGNETIC ENGINES, AND IN PRODUCING MOTIVE POWER, & IN THE APPARATUS
FOR PRODUCING SUCH MOTIVE POWER," to be as follows:-
My improvements consist partly in novel combinations of well known
chemical agents and methods in order to generate and mechanically
apply electricity so as to effect the construction of cheap and powerful
electro-magnetic engines, and partly in applying new methods for
arranging batteries, and other means for producing the electric current,
A

page_text: Before entering into the detail of my improvements it is essentially
necessary to give an explanation of some of the principles upon which it
has been my aim to act.
It has long been known to electricians that by using power to turn a
rotatory electro-magnet placed between the poles of a larger stationary
one, as in Wylde's magneto-electric machines, a strong current of
electricity can be produced. This fact proves that by reversing the
process and applying a powerful battery or other generator of electricity
to cause the current to pass through a large fixed electro-magnet, a
rotating magnet similarly constructed placed within its polar circuit
may be caused to revolve by mercly breaking and re-making electrical
contact at suitable points of its revolution. As by this principle it is
further proved that a fresh electric current is produced at each rotation
through making and breaking contact at each change of the poles it
follows that the same developement of electric power can also be effected
by making and breaking contact and changing the poles by means of a
commutator without mechanically rotating one of the magnets by the
substitution of a powerful battery or other generator of magnetic power,
in place of an engine causing rotation; so that it matters not what the
shape or construction of the magnets, electro-magnetic engine, or battery,
or other means of generating the electric current may be if this system is
adopted, as by it so long as each magnet is operated on by a battery
through other magnets brought successively into the circuit and then
thrown out fresh currents of electricity must be generated and more
highly intensified, provided the whole apparatus is properly insulated,
that the conductors and commutators are of sufficient capacity to convey
the current, and that the condensers are of a sufficient size to retain it

page_text: armatures at their ends corresponding in length with the faces of the
magnets; these armatures are by preference in the case of iron and steel
wheels made to project outwards at their centres so as to enter between
and occupy the space between the poles of the magnets to a certain
depth, while the remainder of the armature is made to fit the outside of
the magnets and abut almost in contact against the faces of their poles;
this wheel is arranged so as to carry small metallic plates or conductors,
made by preference of silver or its alloys with copper, which form part
of the commutators which are placed apart on a metallic ring secured to
an insulating material attached to one or by a similar arrangement to
both sides of its periphery, and with it in communication with the
battery, the commutators making and breaking the circuit between the
battery and one side of the magnet, the other side having by preference
a condenser common to all the magnets employed joined on to it. By
this arrangement each flow or wave of the current from the battery will
carry along with it to the next magnet all the electricity stored up in
the condenser intensified by flowing back from the coils of the magnet
just cut off at each make and break-of circuit. This wheel or a rotating
magnet, or a lever or bar worked by magnets when insulated will, the
stationary magnets giving the impulse being also insulated, become
more or less magnetised; any current therefore generated in excess of
that required for the engine derived from this or other sources, such as
the current from the battery and the induced currents from the magnets
and condensers, may be utilised either by saving battery power, by using
smaller batteries placed in reserve, in giving power to other magnets,
and employing them in like manner in the deposition of metals, or in
any other convenient or desired manner.
More condensers than one may be employed, their positions as to the
magnets and battery may be varied, and the electric circuit be cut off,
and its direction altered at any desired points.
The
spaces between the armatures on the wheel must necessarily vary
in length according to the size and construction of the engine, but as an
example a fair working space between them in a wheel having a diameter
of three feet will be found to be about four inches. The armatures
should have faces of about one inch and-an-half broad, and be rather
tapered on cach side inwards from their outward extremities in order to
avoid as much as possible a back pull on the magnets; on leaving them
cach such wheel is in this instance actuated by two magnets secured to
A 2

page_text: but insulated from the engine frame, having their pole ends strongly
fastened by gun metal or other non-conducting material so as not to
shake or vibrate; these are placed facing each other nearly on a level
opposite to the periphery of the wheel at its central diameter, and in
close proximity to the armatures on it. The magnets themselves are by
preference made in three pieces, two side pieces with a piece at the back
to which they are bolted, this affords a great facility for sliding on coils
previously ready prepared, and by preference several coils detached from
cach other are used on each magnet in lieu of two; these can be united
at pleasure in different lengths & in various ways. These magnets are
also curved if preferred so as to admit of their occupying a small space
and yet being of a considerable length.
The position of the wheel and its armatures is so arranged that whilo
the first magnet is full on to its armature the second magnet will have
its poles removed from the armature about to approach it one inch, a
third magnet actuating a second wheel secured to the same axle and
frame, as above described, will be arranged so as to have its poles two
inches from an armature on that whoel, while a fourth magnot will be
placed with its poles three inches from another armature. The poles of
these magnets will be tapered down to a width of one inch and a half,
and will be slightly curved in wards so as to correspond exactly with the
curve of the armatures corresponding with the circle in which they fall.
As the electric current will be successively turned on to each of these
magnets, and place it in its turn in circuit with the battery, cach will
commence to attract its armature at the distance of an inch, and continue
to attract it till the next magnet is within a similar pulling distance, when
the first one will be thrown out of circuit by the commutator and the next
brought into it, and so on with all the magnets, when the same circuit
will recommence. It will be seen however that each magnet as it enters
the circuit will receive in addition to the current from the battery all
the electric current residing in the condenser (which is still in connection
with the magnet last thrown out of circuit) exalted intention by its
passage to and from that magnet, the current of electricity thus going
on increasing both in quantity and intensity as the wheel revolves. Two
results must evidently follow from this, a saving of battery power to be
otherwise utilised, and a greater facility for demagnetising rapidly the
magnets as they are thrown out of circuit, as the current in them will
flow rapidly towards the best conductor which is the condenser attached,

page_text: and thus avoid in a great measure the back pull on the armatures on
their passing them.
It is obvious that the size of the wheel constitutes the only limit to
the number of magnets that may be similarly applied round it; and
further, that these principles of action can be applied whatever may be
the shape, arrangement, or mode of action of an engine, or whether it
be impelled by simple attraction or repulsion or by a combination of
both attraction and repulsion.
Firstly. I use also novel systems of condensers, which are variously
constructed of thin sheet copper, of thin sheet iron, of tinned or zinced
or galvanised sheet iron, of sheet zinc, of copper, of metals electroplated
in various ways, of metallic preparations applied as a paint or coating to
a nonconducting material, and then burnished in lieu of tinfoil.
Secondly. I find it advantageous occasionally to taper or bevel the
poles of my clectric magnets in various ways and to curve them so as to
fit the circle of the revolving armatures, and I also curve the armatures
at their outer ends to fit the same circle, and the pole ends of the
magnots actuating them.
Thirdly. I make a novel condenser by filling iron tubes of large
diameters with iron turnings covered with thick insulated copper wire,
and these I occasionally apply joined on to the magnet and also to an
ordinary condenser.
Fourthly. I subjoin examples of a few forms, some novel, of engines
to which these principles may be applied:
1. An engine driven by an iron rod, with or without a coil on it,
having a reciprocating motion within a coil made to attract it.
2. An engine driven by a rotatory metallic ring supported on friction
wheels toothed outside divided into magnetic and non-magnetic sections
rotating within hollow coils made to attract it, as in No. 1.
3. An engine on whose vertical or horizontal shaft spokes or levers
formed of bars of iron are mounted, which are acted on by magnets
fixed to a stationery frame.
4. An engine driven by a lever of iron moving on an hinge fixed at
one end, attracted on cach side by magnets or moved by a magnet fixed
on it, made to attract and repel one or more magucts fixed outside.

page_text: Monckton & Improvements in Magnetic Engines.
5. An engine driven by a rotating wheel, to which magnets are
attached, which may either attract bars of iron or attract and repcl
magnets placed on a frame outside.
6. An engine formed by causing a circular electric magnet of con-
siderable diameter to rotate between the poles of another large electro-
magnet fixed solidly to a frame. The poles of the fixed magnets are
made large and curved to fit the periphery of the rotating magnet and
nearly touch it, and the spaces between its poles are filled in with brass
or other non-conducting metal in order to prevent any vibration.
7. An engine with iron bars or magnets placed round a wheel attached
to the end of a shaft and moved by magnets placed in a frame at its
side at that end.
The electricity employed may be derived from batteries of many
constructions, from rotating magnets and electrical machines driven by
wind, tidal influence, streams, and rivers, by steam and other engines,
and in any other desirable manner, as from hydro-clectric and thermo-
electric machines, and from a battery formed by the sea water acting on
a ships' bottom prepared in a proper form.
Fifthly. I construct a novel form of battery by compressing into a
solid block chloride of silver. This chloride may be prepared in the dry
way by subjecting silver porous or in thin plates to a read heat in a
reverberatory or gas furnace lined with glazed tiles or bricks, and then
well closed to the action of chlorine. The fused chloride is withdrawn
from time to time as formed by a tap at the bottom of the furnace, and
any small quantity of it that may sublime is removed when there is a
sufficiency of it from the roof of the furnace. As this chloride solidifies
rapidly below red heat it cannot rise very far where fused chloride is
used. In the same way, as above described, for the compressed blocks
care must be taken to fuse it without contact with air so as to avoid the
absorption of oxygen. I make the chloride of silver also by the ordinary
moist method by solution in nitric acid and water and heating to make
the nitrate. To this I add as usual the hydrochloric acid or chlorine,
and I remove any of the nitric acid from the precipitated chloride of
silver by compression, and thus save it to be used again together of
silver previously well washed and dried, and having a piece of steep
silver imbedded in it to act as a conductor and to attach the wire to.
This block is then folded up in either porous paper or in cloth moistened

page_text: with say 1 per cent. of chloride of zinc in solution, and is placed in
contact with zinc plates. Where desired several pairs of chloride of
zinc and zinc plates may be used. This battery has the advantage of
lasting a long time, is cquable in its action till the last gives out no
smell, is not affected by locomotion, is subject to little or no loss as
the whole of the silver is reduced in situ, and is cheap, because after the
first purchase of the silver its conversion into chloride is not costly,
while the chloride of zinc resulting is a commercial article.
Another method of using this chloride is by compressing it into
porous cells or into wicker or other substitutes for these cells, which are
then immersed into a solution of common salt, having a zinc electrodo
immersed in it. The chloride may be prepared in the dry way by
subjecting silver in thin plates heated to a red heat in a reverberatory or
gas furnace lined with glazed tiles or bricks, and then closed to the
action of chlorine. The fused chloride is withdrawn from time to time
as formed by a tap at the bottom of the furnace, and any small quantity
that may sublime is removed when there is a sufficient quantity of it
from the roof of the furnace. As this chloride solidifics rapidly below
red heat it cannot rise very far. Where fused chloride is used in the
same way as above described for the compressed blocks care must be
taken to fuse it without contact with air so as to avoid oxygen. I make
the chloride of silver also by the moist method, adding notric acid with
water and heating. To make the nitrate to this I add as usual the
hydrocloric acid from the precipitated chloride of silver by compression,
and thus save it to be used again together with the washings made to
purify it.
Where space is no object, as in fixed engines, other batterics of cheap
construction may be used, and in this case their comparative weakness
may be compensated for by increased size and arrangement. An example
of such a battery is the one composed of peroxide of manganese packed
in a porous cell or substitute for it, having a carbon electrode inserted in
it, acted on by a solution of chloride of sodium having a zinc electrode
immersed in it.
Sixthly. I form my engine frames of T iron, or of hollow tubes, or
of steel, or of brass, or gun metal, or of any other material that will
unite solidity with strength and lightness.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Edward Henry Cradock Monckton in the Great
Seal Patent Office on the 18th July 1874.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, EDWARD
HENRY CRADOCK MONCKTON, of Fineshade, Northamptonshire, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Twenty-first day of January, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-four, in the
thirty-seventh year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and suc-
cessors, give and grant unto me, the said Edward Henry Cradock
Monckton, Her special licence that I, the said Edward Henry Cradock
Monckton, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others
as I, the said Edward Henry Cradock Monckton, my executors, admini-
strators, and assigns, should at any time agree with and no others, from
time to time, and at all times thereafter during the term therein
expressed, should and lawfully might make, usc, exercise, and vend,
within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel
Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MAGNETIC
ENGINES, AND IN PRODUCING MOTIVE POWER, AND IN THE APPARATUS FOR
PRODUCING SUCH MOTIVE POWER," upon the condition (amongst others) that
I, the said Edward Henry Cradock Monckton, my executors or admini-
strators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of their
hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of
the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed,
and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within
six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said
Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Edward Henry Cradock Monckton,
do hereby declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner
the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained
in and by the following statement:-
―
I now proceed to describe, firstly, my improvements in making
magnetic and steam engines for obtaining motive power (which last are
applicable for general purposes as well as specially in generating the
electric current for actuating electro-magnetic engines); and, secondly,

page_text: to detail the novel apparatus necessary for producing such improvements
and motive power. These include my new methods for making batteries,
induction, and other coils, electro and other magnets, and non-conducting
materials, and my processes for recovering, removating, and utilising
spent battery elements, so as to obtain cheap battery power; and, thirdly
to show the methods of applying these Inventions generally to useful
purposes.
In order however that all misapprehension may be avoided I now
explain that I use the words "motive power" in their general sense,
and apply them not only with reference to the motive power produced
by mechanism as applied to steam, wind, and water, but also to that
resulting from batteries, chemicals, and other electrical elements, which
while in action are excitants of electrical currents and cause motive
power, but which when spent cease to act.
My first aim is to conserve the electric current by thoroughly insulating
my armature wheels and other parts of my clectro-magnetic engine and
other apparatus by placing insulating material, such as iron, wood, and
cbonite covered or impregnated with my insulating compounds beneath
the engine and its supports, as well as beneath the bearings of the shafts
and axletrees, and also between the axletree or shaft and the armature
whicel, and I oil the bearings by preference with cod liver oil and
oleaginous sulphur solutions, with which I also mix plumbago. I uso
single or double parallel wheels of wood or other non-conducting
material placed apart on the same axle or shaft, round the peripheries
of which I fix my armatures, or else I use a metal or iron wheel to
support the ring carrying the armatures, and introduce non-conducting
material between its periphery and this ring.
In some cases I use friction wheels to support the axle or shaft, so as
to avoid friction and take pressure off the bearings.
In some cases I form the armatures of my wheel broader than tho
poles of the magnets, causing them to rise gradually on cach side of their
centres, by which means I obtain a longer pull.
I make use of the following cheap preparations in order to insure a
good insulation:-I either use sulphur fused or in powder, or a mixture
containing 95 per cent. of sulphur, and 5 per cent. more or less of
powdered yellow orpiment, fused together, but I do not confine myself

page_text: to these proportions; or I add common white arsenic in powder to the
sulphur in the same way and fuse them together. This I combine when
in a state of fusion variously with shreds of wool or woollen cloth, or of
any fibrous material, in order to give it more consistency and solidity.
I further combine sulphur with resins and gums, such as india-rubber
to a large extent, and use it either alone or in such combinations, in
order to make solutions of it by heat in oils, both fixed and volatile, such
as cod liver oil, linseed oil, animal oil, oil of turpentine, benzine, and
others of a similar nature, and I further make these solutions either
thick and pasty, or thin and fluid, and I impregnate silk, woollen, and
other cloth, and fibrous and textile materials, ropes, strands, and paper
pulp with these solutions. I also apply these solutions with or without
the addition of silk, cotton, gutta percha, india-rubber, and other non-
conductors for insulating wires and surfaces of metal, and protecting
the bottoms of ships, and I further use for insulating purposes solutions
of silk made in metallic ammoniacal solutions, such as those of copper
and nickel. I also use solutions of shell-lac combined with wool shreds,
cloth, or other fibrous matter for similar purposes. I build up induction
coils by introducing any of the above materials in suitable thicknesses
between the coils, and I make the coil frames of the above insulating
materials in any suitable manner. One cheap form is to commence with
a wood or paper core, made single or double, covered with sulphur or its
preparations. The wire of the coil is then wound on simply coated with
the sulphur compound at pleasure, with or without further covering.
Another similar coil is then wound over it, woollen cloth saturated with
the sulphur being interposed between each successive coil; its thickness
is increased with the increased induction. I prefer to use wire, such as
copper, sulphured for example, by simply dipping it into a volatile
solution of sulphur, as that made in spirits or oil of turpentine, or in a
solution made in water of the sulphurets of either soda or potash washed
and dried in a moderate gas or other heat. A thin coating of arsenic
may also be given by heating the wire with arseniate of potash, which
also acts as a non-conductor, a thick coating of sulphur such as would
cause a cracking and peeling off of the sulphuret formed on the wire by
the addition of too much sulphur, and the application of a greater heat
is to be carefully avoided. I also wind insulated wire in coils on
magnets and otherwise where the coil will not be again disturbed in a
moist condition, and sprinkle or not at pleasure powdered sulphur over
them, and then heat them so as to form a coating of sulphuret, which

page_text: as the wire once coiled on will not again be disturbed the sulphuret will
also adhere permanently. These coils of induction may be further
coated with fused sulphur poured over them by the application outside
of cylindrical moulds made in pieces and joined, and the sulphur be
given further protected from chipping by a cloth or other suitable
covering fastened over it.
I further make induction coils by winding by preference oxidised wire
or wire similarly sulphured over by coiling it on wooden frames, leaving
spaces of air between the coils, which are then by preference incased in
a vapor-tight case, from which the air is expelled by the admission of
vapour of oil of turpentine or other vapours or gases, after which the
openings are closed, and wherever it is possible I enclose my electro-
magnetic engines in cases filled with gas.
Sulphur and its solutions form cheap insulators for land and sca
telegraphic wires, and by placing the wires in the ground the cost of
posts and of thick wire for straining is avoided. In this case, in order
to preserve them still further from any possible ravages from insects,
animal oil may be added as one of the solvents, as well as outside.
Sulphur being absolutely indestructable by water or weather, wires
protected and insulted by it if not disturbed would endure for centuries.
As I have already stated there is no limit to the length of magnets.
Telegraphic wires may be made similarly, having a central wire of iron or
steel coated with sulphur ointment with insulated copper or other wire
of suitable thickness wound round them in either close or open helix, or
with the coil so widely spread out and separated as to be almost parallel
with the iron wire, or the two wires may be laid quite parallel along
cach other and be bound together. A cable so prepared must be sur-
rounded with my sulphur preparations applied first by preference to a
woolen cloth or to woollen strands, which is then wound round it, and
be further protected by hempen strands or ropes similarly insulted, with
the addition of iron wires twisted if necessary into the cable so as to give
it greater strength, where required, as for example, at the shore ends.
In this case it is obvious that the inner core or iron wire of the cable
must form a magnet of enormous length, and also of considerable power.
Should the current produced prove too strong it may be modified by the
subdivision of the ends of the central iron wire, and be further weakened
by its application at a distance. It is clear that the two wires consti-
tuting the cable being both better conductors than water there can be

page_text: no tendency of the electricity to escape, even if it were not insulted
outside; but on the contrary the current would become more and more
intensified by its increased length, and thus not only would less battery
power be required at either end, but the path for the return current
being through the wire, instead of through the earth or ocean, there
must be a proportionately greater acceleration of speed owing to its direct
line of action, and also to its far greater conductivity. As regards
electro-magnets, assuming the coils on them to be proportioned to the
weight of the magnet, in a very long magnet the copper wire need not
be coiled over the iron core in numerous folds heaped up one over the
other, so that the fear of high induction causing damage to the coil is at
once avoided. In telegraph wires the copper wire must be proportioned
in size and length to the iron one, according to the amount of induction
required. Long magnets being comparatively speaking thin must
necessarily have thin poles; these must therefor be secured to large
and solid pieces of soft iron, which will form their poles or termini, and
these also again must be solidly secured and fastened to a frame so as to
effectually prevent vibration when used to produce motive power. Very
long magnets, in order to save room, may be insulted and buried, or be
wound round a room, ship, &c., in any suitable manner, being of course
properly insulted from the walls. One of the readiest ways of avoiding
the spark on commutating the electric current is to open out for it a
path for its escape from the magnet into a receiver or condenser, and
thus save and accumulate it prior to turning it into the next magnet.
In cases of high electrical tension, in order to insulate the coils on
electro-magnets more effectually, I further apply to them the system
which has been already successfully used in the construction of induction
coils, viz., of winding the wires in separate lengths in opposite directions
commencing each helix by coiling it from its bottom next the magnet
upwards, and leaving either a clear air space, or placing by preference
my insulating materials, as above described, between each coil. The top
ends of each pair of coils are then united together by themselves, and
their bottom ends are also united by themselves. I also coil my wire in
the same direction by bringing it back to the starting point along the
top of the coil, and then commence again.
By one method I place a thin coil at each end or pole of my electro-
magnets attached to the thicker coil, which is placed in the middle in
order to cause higher induction

page_text: In order more easily and cheaply to obtain magneto-electric currents
I use two rings or cylinders made of steel or malleable iron insulated.
One is fixed, the other is made to fit and revolve within it, but without
contact, the iron being by preference case hardened. These rings or
cylinders are then magnetised in the usual way; their peripheries are
rendered polar by drawing the poles of the magnet employed in
magnetising them radially across them. These rings or cylinders are
then insulated, and have copper rings insulated from them attached to
both their sides, and are both cither made to rotate either in contrary
directions, or else the inner one only is made to rotate, the outer one
being fixed. The electricity generated by their rapid revolutions is
conveyed away by wires attached to springs, or rollers fixed to them
made to press on and slide or roll over these insulated copper ring con-
ductors. It will bo observed that by this arrangement many polar
changes must occur at each revolution, and an electric induced current
be caused in like proportion. By the rotation of two insulated steel or
malleable iron discs placed nearly in contact, similarly prepared and
properly magnetised, the same effect will be produced. Here the
electricity is drawn from the periphery by means of an insulated copper
type or ring on the one hand, and from the centre of the disc by means
of insulated copper on the other. Magnetised rings, cylinders, and discs
need not necessarily have their peripheries subdivided into consecutive
poles, but the latter method is preferred. Cones and hemispheres may
also be made to revolve and rotate one within the other in a similar
manner. By such arrangements the use of wire coils is avoided, and
thus very cheap magneto-electrical current inducers or apparatus may bo
constructed.
I obtain induced electric currents by rotating between the poles of a
magnet armature magnets made like a wheel with spokes; these are
magnetised in the usual manner, and form a series of magnets crossing
each other at the centre of the wheel. Round these magnets are would

page_text: 1
many polar changes which may be still further increased by causing
the wheel to rotate between the poles of two fixed magnets placed at
right angles to each other, so that the poles of both the fixed magnets
shall embrace the poles of the magnetic wheel. In all cases of induction
of this nature the magnet causing the current should be placed in
connection with the earth by means of a conductor.
I proceed to give an example of a method by which my new magnetic
telegraphic wire or cable system may be made available to a great public
benefit. There are many situations in the various oceans not subject to
much disturbance from weather, and not much affected by currents such
as along and near the tropics.
I propose that telegraph ships or stations shall be arranged so as to
communicate by cable with the principal commercial shipping ports and
thence with commercial centres, so that ships on their voyages may
touch and telegraph any desired intelligence to the owners and others.
These stations would eventually become large centres of commerce, and
resort and possibly become converted if the scheme proved successful
into floating islands, depots, and coaling stations, where nows from all
parts could thus be easily obtained, and merchants would take advantage
of them to have officers there.
Cheap cables, such as above described, form the only possible means
by which an universal system of telegraphic communication on such a
gigantic scale could be rendered a financial success, because to attempt
to lay down the enormously costly cables of the present day for such a
purpose in a paying sence is utterly impracticable. As we know that
wire cables are now made so strong as to be able to bear the strain of
fishing up the Atlantic telegraph cable from the vast depths of the ocean
without breaking there would be no difficulty in anchoring these
stationary vessels in the calm regions and mild currents of the tropical
regions by such means, besides which the numerous telegraph cables
attached would themselves cause these ships to remain stationary.
I also use glass well lined with sulphur, and its compounds as a base
or support for making my tension coils, and I use it also in the same
way for making divisions and separations between parts of the same coil.
In constructing the iron cylinder for the condenser described in my
Provisional. Specification, I prefer to use a cylinder slit open from end
to end. I use by preference armatures having a simple uninsulated iron

page_text: wire coiled on them near their ends, and I place one or more coils of
insulated copper wire on the arms or spokes of my armature bearing
wheels, and on arms or levers which I put in connection with insulated
rings or pieces of brass or copper attached to them, and by this means
I draw off either continuously or from time to time by means of insulated
wires, breaks, and commutators the superfluous electricity that becomes
generated within it to be further usefully employed in actuating other
electro-magnets or otherwise, or to be let escape at pleasure. In all
cases a free path for the magnetism to escape by from the magnets at
work to a condenser or receiver must be made by preference whatever
their number and position as regards cach other may
bc.
In some cases I prefer to use copper wire previously slightly coated
with zinc, which from its low conducting power acts somewhat as a
non-conductor, and which also serves as a medium for attaching outer
coatings of non-conducting materials.
Owing to my magnetic telegraphic cables being small and light, in
order to insure their speedy immersion where necessary I attach along
them at suitable distances pieces of metal; by one method I clamp on
slit rings or tubes, such as of iron, lead, or zinc, previously varnished or
sulphurised with my compounds. This system of weighting I apply to
all very light telegraphic cables of whatever construction.
I apply thermo-electricity in order to actuate my magnets, and for
other purposes, using by preference my novel metallic alloy consisting
of 95 parts antimony, 5 parts bismuth, and 1 part more or less of metallic
arsenic fused together. The junction of these or similar clements I heat
(as see Hughes' Patent, No. 3060, October 7th 1868, and also Baker's
Patent, No. 1314, May 4th 1867), by preference with the waste heat
from fires conducted along suitable channels prior to entering the
chimney, or in the chimney itself, or in any other convenient way, as
by the application of Bunsen's burners, which last method is already
used on a small scale in laboratories. I prefer to use such waste heat
for two reasons, one is on account of its economy, this heat being thus
converted into a source of power, and also because the oxygen of the air
having been previously consumed by the coal or wood little of it will be
left in combination with the nitrogen to oxydise the junction of the
heated thermo-electric metal. I apply this system not only for con-
verting waste heat into power, but also for the further conversion of

page_text: waste products into useful chemical compounds, to all furnaces and fires
and to their contents, but more especially to those alluded to in my
previous Patents, No. 1870, June 19th 1869, for "Improvements in the
Manufacture of Iron and Steel." No. 264, January 31st 1862, for
"Improvements in the Application of Electricity for Obtaining Ammonia
and other Useful Products during the Combustion of Coal and Fuel,
and in the Apparatus employed therein," which last Patent though
published, has never been used, and which I now claim to re-embody in
this Patent in a more perfect form, together with my recent improve-
ments and discoveries, and No. 1460, May 14th 1872, for "Improve-
ments in the Construction of Furnaces suited for Smelting and Fusing
every Description of Ores and Metals, and Glass for Heating Gas and
other Retorts and for other Useful Purposes, and in the Means and
Appliances necessary thereto."
I apply the electric current as obtained generally from all sources,
inclusive of the thermo-electricity generated by waste heat, in various
ways, one is to electrify the whole contents of smelting furnaces, both
fuel, ore, and metal, and not merely the metal itself by the application
of suitable graphite, plumbago, iron, and other conductors to each
extremity.
I use thermo and other electricity not only as an agent for producing
power, but also for obtaining induced electricity by means of induction
coils which is applicable to the same purpose, and also to produce other
useful results of which the following is an example :—
I construct improved electrified channels somewhat on Beanes's and
Siemens' system; these are made of sheet or cylindrical glass or other
suitable non-conducting material having their surfaces coated as herein-
after described; these in the former case are placed parallel one to
the other, open at their ends, and secured and closed in only at their
tops and bottoms by means of non-conducting material.
The cylinders are made in succession each smaller than the last,
and are arranged and supported in position one within another at
their ends so as to be parallel and concentric; between each such
pair a space is left for the passage of cold water in order to keep
the apparatus cool. Channels of other shapes may also be used in
a similar manner. As a rule the nearer these electrified plates of
glass or cylinders approach each other the better and more powerful

page_text: will be their action on the matter passed through them, the distances
which they should be placed apart depends in the uses to which they
are to be applied, and the force of the induced electric current employed.
The glass, porceline, ebonite, or other suitable non-conducting material
of which they are constructed is, previously to being packed and
arranged as above described, coated in the manner of a Leyden jar
with metallic foils, as tin, copper, gold, silver, platinum, and other
metals and alloys and their deposits, and also plumbago attached to
them by means of varnish in lieu of gum or paste in some cases, and
in others by chemical and electric deposition.
Where other means are either not available or inapplicable I secure
the foils in position by means of supports placed across the channels;
these supports are made of wood, gutta percha, cbonite, india-rubber,
or any other suitable non-conductor. A sufficient clear space of insulated
surface must be left all round cach portion of foil or deposit where
plates are used, or round their ends in the case of cylinders; these
plates or cylinders being united in pairs by means of conducting wires
to a battery of any sort, or to an electric or thermo-electric pile, or
to any other source capable of producing electricity by the interposition
between the battery and channel of an induction coil when fixed in a
suitable position are, according to their construction, in a condition
to ozonise and clectrify water, vapour, chemicals, air, gas, or fluids
passing through them, and cause fresh combinations.
It is impossible to enumerate the varied applications that this novel
system admits of. Where tin and copper would soon be destroyed by
chemical agents in such cases silver, gold, platinum, and other metals
must in such cases be used. I use also points and coils of metal in
these channels as conductors in lieu of a more extended metallic
covering.
In connecting the pairs cither of the tubes or channels a space is
left for the passage of cold water where such is necessary, as where
gases have to pass through these channels, but where fluids are made
to pass through them in lieu of gases cold water will not be required,
as the fluids will themselves, in most cases, keep the channels cool.
The water will be conducted to and from the apparatus by means
of tubes attached to the orifices of the water channels, and the fluids
or gases will also be conveyed to and from their respective channels
B

page_text: in a similar manner. Tisley and Spiller's apparatus would, if the hollow
brass box within the glass tube were electro-plated with platinum, gold,
or silver according to my system, prove a simple form for passing the
electric fluid through gases and fluids.
It must be understood that my system of channels are not intended
as mere ozone generators, but to enable the electric current to be passed
into and through gases and fluids generally, and for this purpose it is
not always essential that the fluid be made to flow through the channels,
but when applied on a large scale the sides of a vessel containing a fluid
may be prepared as above, and the electric current be made to pervade
the entire mass of fluid intervening between the sides of the electrified
chamber or vessel.
The following are a few examples of the application of these channels
to useful purposes:-Water, wine, beer, alc, soda, potash, seltzer, and
other waters and drinks, effervescing or otherwise, may be prepared
in this way and bottled for use; potatoes may be advantageously
ozonised prior to planting; vinegar so made will be improvod; wheat
and other mildewed seeds may be purified; hydrocarbons, essential
oils, scents, alcohol, and spirits of all sorts will also be improved;
ozonised water is good for steeping seeds in and for irrigation, and
especially for young plants to enable them to resist the ravages of
flies and insects; the passing through these channels of sulphur and
other vapours will facilitate the formation of the sulphuric, nitric,
and other acids, disinfectants, and ozonised scents, combined with air
and compressed into bottles with stop-cocks attached to them can be
let out at pleasure with force, and thus act at a distance and perfume
rooms; fluids which it is intended to crystallize will deposit crystals
more rapidly under this influence.
The following is another example of a different sort of profitable
application of thermo and other electricity to such improved channels
when placed in connection with my patent horizontal furnace; we will
suppose for instance that the furnace is employed in smelting iron ore,
the hot nitrogen of the blast having been for the most part separated
from its oxygen, passes along the upper part of the furnace without
mingling with the material below which is being smelted and thus
robbing it of a great deal of the heat which is now lost in consequence
in blast furnaces as ordinarily constructed, and which prevents its rapid

page_text: fusion, this nitrogen having little oxydising power cannot seriously
injure the metallic junctions of a thermo-electric apparatus which it is
here employed to heat in one or more channels pre-arranged for the
purpose, the electricity so obtained is employed not only to electrify the
entire contents of the furnace, but also the channels through which the
gases and vapours from the furnace have to pass by means of graphite or
other conductors, as the fire is actuated in this furnace by means of a
steam jet causing an air blast nascent hydrogen from the steam, and
also other combinations of hydrogen will result in combination with
nitrogen from the air and the oxygen produced from the air, and vapour
will for the nost part be taken up by the coal in the act of combustion,
leaving the nascent hydrogen and nitrogen to combine under electrical
influence and form ammonia; any carbonic acid gas formed uniting with
the ammonia will yield carbonate of ammonia, and the sulphuric acid
generated from the impurities of the coal will form sulphates, all useful
and very valuable compounds; by continuing such channels and adding
other chemicals and gases other compounds can be produced, the
smelted iron being the cheapest product of the furnace. These furnaces
acting on the principle of accumulation and concentration of heat are at
the same time the most economical and best suited for application to
these channels as above described, though any other furnaces and fire-
places may be employed in a similar manner, arrangements being made
to electrify the whole of their contents. Should the heat of the gases
issuing from the smelting furnace be found too hot for heating the
thermo-electric junctions it may be moderated either by application at a
distance or in a smaller quantity or by causing an influx of air or steam
or both into the channel prior to their being used; ozonising channels
will be found most effective in purifying foul air, sewage, and the water
supply of towns; vats containing solutions such as that of indigo may
also be ozonised in various ways as by being made to flow through
ozonising channels, and much time and labor saved in its manufacture;
wax and oils may be more or less bleached by being made to flow
through ozoning channels, paper pulp, fibres, cloth, and other articles
may be similarly acted on and the bleaching process hastened, ozoned
water and air forced into sewage will greatly aid in its purification in
unhealthy localities subject to cholera, typhus fever, and other con-
tagious diseases; the purification of the air, water, and sewage, as well as
the unhealthy atmosphere of hospital wards, sick rooms, will be a great
boon; by means of a pair of bellows or a blower air may be forced

page_text: through an ozoning channel under beds and into closets and other places
not easily ventilated. It will thus be seen that heat and much
electricity now wasted may be economised in a great many ways by the
above and similar applications of such channels, to say nothing of the
intermediate use to which the electric currents may be applied in
charging magnets prior to being passed into them; they may be arranged
upright or horizontally or sloping so as to suit the purpose for which
they are required.
The following is an illustration of their useful application in recovering
the spent elements of one of my batteries :-Chloride of zinc in solution
in a tank is caused to flow along a channel till it unites with another
stream consisting of water holding in suspension bi-carbonate of lime or
chalk (from which all the heavy impurities have been separated per
descensum and rough filtration); at the point of junction of the two
streams they flow united through one or more electrified channels and
form carbonate of zinc on the one hand and highly ozonised chloride of
lime on the other, which last is separated by washing from the zinc
carbonate; both these are commercial articles and their sale will go far
to cover the original cost of the expended battery element zinc, should
the recovery of the zinc in a very pure form be desired; it is as a
carbonate in the best condition for fluxing or distilling by the addition
of fresh carbonaceous matter; chloride of zinc may also be cemented
with chalk, the latter in small quantities, and the chloride of lime be
washed out; this process may be repeated as often as is necessary, and
the residue be distilled after admixture with charcoal.
The following is another process for converting chloride of zinc into a
good commercial carbonate by the reaction on it of carbonate of
ammonia, which also produces hydrochloride of ammonia. Chloride of
zinc is composed of zinc 47 lbs. and chlorine 53 lbs.; carbonate of zinc
of zinc, 65 lbs. and carbonic acid 35 lbs.; hydrochlorite of ammonia of
ammonia, 31 lbs. and hydrochloric acid 69 lbs.; and carbonato of
ammonia of ammonia, 43.5 lbs. and carbonic acid 56.5 lbs., thus by
combining these in proper proportions the above reactions would take
place. The very high price at the present time of carbonate of ammonia
renders this process too expensive to be carried out, but I have
mentioned it in order that should the price of this article fall hereafter,
as it may do, the knowledge of the means to effect it shall not be
wanting.

page_text: The zinc in both the sulphate and chloride of zinc may be recovered
also by electro-deposition, as in conjunction with a copper solution, so
as to form brass, and this would prove an economical method where it
was desired to electro-brass many objects with this view, see De la
Salzedc's Patent, No. 11,878, September 30th 1847; Parkes' Patent,
No. 10,366, October 29th 1844; Roberts' Patent, No. 14,198, July 6th
1852, and other well known processes.
Manganese which has parted with a certain portion of its oxygen
will reabsorb it more readily by being moistened and packed into an
ozoning channel, through which a current of air or steam or a mixture
of them is driven, and the elements of ammonia, viz., hydrogen and
nitrogen, will be formed simultaneously.
In the portable battery, in which one element consists of chloride of
silver, made by my new process above described the silver is restored so
cheaply to a state of chloride with but a trifling loss per cent. that tho
entire battery may be renewed, both in chloride of silver and zinc, at a
cost which will enable a magnetic engine worked by it to compete
successfully with horses, and in many situations with steam, especially
where the very simple and cheap magnetic engine free from the
objectionable and indispensable adjuncts of a fire-place, steam boiler,
coals, cylinders, pistons, pumps, fly wheel, and fireman is far more
desirable, the more so when the cost of the wear and tear of the steam
engine, its short life and liability to accidents is considered, in com-
parison with the simplicity and long endurance of the electro-magnetic
one which works by itself as long as its battery lasts, and can be guided
by a child. The loss of power by friction in steam engines as well as
loss of heat is another serious element that has to be weighed in
considering the advantages and disadvantages of each system. The loss
of space in ships occasioned by coal and its dirty nature makes a
substitute even at a dearer rate most desirable, and when the wages of
extra engineers, stokers, and fire-men are calculated, in addition to the
loss of space for valuable freight paying cargo, and the risks of fire and
explosion, the balance in favor of the magnetic engine with its com-
paratively cheap battery power, and the rendering the ship's officers in
bad weather independent of others working between decks will be found
to be in favor of the latter. Other sources of electricity such as that
induced by the friction and action of the sea water against the ship's
sides, which can be conjoined with that derived from the battery on

page_text: board, and which will lessen the cost of working considerably, will be
pointed out further on when the advantages of the magnetic over the
steam engine will be still more apparent. As it is thought by many
that steam engines are a cheap method of obtaining clectricity in the
first instance (leaving out of the calculation for the moment my novel
and cheaply renewable batteries, I subjoin my improvements in making
and applying them to electrical and other purposes. These consist
chiefly in a new method of condensing steam passing from the cylinders
into very thin tubular condensers by means of air; this is effected by
incasing them in a tube or in a chimney or channel; this tube is open
at both ends so as to admit of a current of air passing through, which is
produced by the steam issuing out from the ends of the condenser tubes,
causing a draught up the case. The cold resulting will condense much
of the steam in the tubes, and by causing this draught to play either
directly into the fire or up the chimney the heat can be raised. The
advantages gained are that a certain quantity of the steam is condensed
at the boiling point of water, which falling into a well beneath is again
used in the engine boiler, every lb. of water so recovered in a locomotive
for example is a lb. weight less to carry, the water being at the boiling
point saves both the carriage and the expenditure of so much coal in
heating it up to that degree; the extra vacium caused by the con-
densation makes it approach more to the condition of a low pressure
engine with its consequent gain, and a sufficient quantity of waste
steam passes of in conjunction with the current of air from the con-
denser tubes to cause a considerable draught when thrown into the
engine chimney, and thus raise the heat of the fire to any desired degree.
By means of valves the draught from the condenser may be further
turned and caused to pass into the air or fire and not into the engine
chimney.
In engines of this construction the spent heat of the chimney may be
further utilised in heating a thermo-electric, apparatus, and in thus
generating electricity for exciting electro-magnets when there are
impurities in water, the more of it that is recovered by condensation
causes the greater the gain by saving the boiler from incrustation.
I further induce the electric current by injecting air or finely divided
streams of water, or both combined, alternately metal placed at each end
of a common steam engine cylinder and heated in any suitable manner,
and thus give motion to the piston in lieu of generating steam in the

page_text: ordinary way, and thus turn a magneto-electric apparatus. The metal I
use by preference for this purpose is platinum, arranged in any con-
venient form. This may be heated by being placed in the circuit of the
electric current by means of a common fire, by an ordinary gas flame, a
Bunsen's burner, or by a blow-pipe flame.
Gas engines may also in some cases be conveniently used in lieu of
steam engines. Gas also may be used in combination with air and
water, and be injected into the cylinder as above described for actuating
the piston.
I further produce electricity by using steam generated by injecting
water as above described successively on one or more hot pieces of metal
placed in one or more strong iron cylindrical vessels, and passing it
thence directly through an hydro-electric apparatus.
The following forms a good battery :-Powdered nitrate of silver
damped with nitric acid as one clement with a carbon electrode pressed
within the porous cell or substitute for it, and hydrated lime or chalk
powdered and damped as tho other clement outside it with another
carbon; the lime will thus be converted into a nitrate valuable as a
manure while the silver will remain within the cell to be reconverted
into fresh nitrate. The same may be effected with soda or potash
substituted for the lime, the silver being reduced while the nitrates of
soda or potash are formed, which are both commercial articles.
I make another battery as follows:-I use by preference a metallised
plumbago or graphite electrode which I insert in a mixture composed
of granulated common plumbago or graphite (though I use by preference
that which has been metallised), two parts by measure of cannel or
other good coal charred, or charcoal, using that made from compressed
peat by preference, one part, and granulated peroxide of manganese
three parts, all prior to mixture to be damped with dilute sulphuric acid;
to this I add till the porous cell or substitute for it is nearly filled one
part by measure of sulphuric acid mixed with two parts water and
cooled. Outside the porous cell or substitute for it I use a saturated
solution of common salt, or by preference of sea salt such as Tidman's,
or rock salt, to which I add a few spoonfuls of solution of salammoniac
or of hydrochloric acid, giving the proference to the former as an
excitant, and I use either a zinc or soft iron electrode immersed in it,
or else I use an iron or zinc cell which forms the electrode. The

page_text: electrodes are made cylindrical where the porous cell is cylindrical and
made to fit nearly close. I do not confine myself to these proportions
so long as the above materials are used. In the case of a zinc electrode
I use amalgamating mecurial salt composed of a mixture of the
sulphate, nitrate, and bichloride of mercury. I vary this battery by
using a concentrated solution of salt, sea salt by preference, made by
the addition to it of dilute hydrochloric acid till it becomes a thick pasty
fluid outside the porous cell together with either a zinc or iron electrode.
Or in lieu of this arrangement I use together with a zinc or iron electrode
a concentrated solution of nitrate of soda made by the addition to it of
dilute nitric acid with the addition of powdered nitrate of soda till it
becomes a thick paste or creamy fluid. I further use metals as electrodes
such as iron and zinc, in pieces or lumps, such as nails, turnings, scraps,
or in a granular form, in contact one with the creamy paste or other
excitants poured over them; these are kept in position and supported
near or against the porous cells by means of any suitable arrangement,
na wiekonwank

page_text: sewers much of the metals in solution can be deposited on copper or iron
plates with carbons attached and recovered. A series of such self-
acting batteries could be similarly placed along the sowers, so that the
deposition that the first one was not powerful enough to cause would on
its further passage be effected by the others. Ozonized water or air
channels can also be prepared by using my apparatus, through which
the ozonised air or water can be forced into the sewers and be made to
combine with the sewage.
For defecating sewage and ozonising the air and water supplics of
towns windmills may also be used as a power to generate electricity
which would act every time the wind blows night and day and thus cost
nothing but the expense of erection.
I construct porous cells with sand agglutinated together by heat as is
now done in constructing water filters.
For curative purposes I construct very large circular magnets of thin
steel and malleablo iron, which can be worn on the arms, legs, or body.
These are made either solid and annular or thin and clastic, or with a
hinge at the centres in order to admit of their being opened and closed.
I use also magnetised steel wire, which can be wound round the dis-
ordered part and the two poles be brought to act either over or at each
side of the diseased place. I also coil very fine wire insulated over a
thicker steel wire core, as in a pianoforte string, and wind this round the
part affected, the perspiration acting as an actuator of the current; and
I occasionally cover these magnets with cotton or other cloth at pleasure
to prevent actual contact except at their ends with the body.
For curative and other purposes I use the electric light with reflectors
in order to enable medical men to light up and inspect diseased parts of
the human body. The part to be examined is inclosed in a case which
admits of the light shining only on one side, while the other is in dark-
ness; the physician can thus see from the dark side the altered condition
of the body, differing from what it ought to be in its healthy or normal
state. A few trials of it on healthy as well as disordered persons will
soon show him the difference and thus open out a new era in medical
diagnosis.
The excessive lightness of the chloride of silver and zinc battery, as
well as its strength, portability, and compactness, will enable it to be
used for äcrial navigation.

page_text: The following is my method of constructing and applying it to an
aerial machine:-I construct a long and light cylindrical vessel with
conical ends of fine T drawn or rolled steel or iron strained wire and
other light strong material, such as whalebone, cane, light and strong
woods, silk, and paper. Along the centre is fixed a central hollow
wooden or metal tubular core, which forms a base both to fasten the
frame of the cylinder to, and from which to suspend and attach a long
car beneath; this car is strongly secured to the large cylinder above it,
so that they form one piece. The cylinder above is covered with gas-
proof silk, and other suitable materials, and is left loose so as to belly
out, by preference longitudinally, as in the pigs of an orange, or contract
in certain places, while it is secured to the frame tightly in others;
above it is placed a safety valve to be used in case of necessity. The
car contains a powerful but very lightly constructed electro-magnetic
engine with its portable chloride of silver and zinc battery stowed
away beneath the seats. The machine is propelled by either one screw
propeller placed either behind or before; or by two, one before
and one behind, in preference to wings, which may also be used.
The rudder is constructed double, i.e., two rudders are made to fit into
and cross one another at right angles, and are secured into a double
swivel or universal joint, by which means the tiller may be moved up
and down, or from side to side, accordingly as it is desired to change the
course of the machine upwards or downwards, or to the right or left.
In the car are fixed one or more strong globular copper cases with a
force pump attached; these cases are placed in connection with the
cylinder above by means of tubes furnished with stop-cocks, and gas is
pumped by this means from the cylinder, and condensed into them, so
that weight is added to the car by this means, while the silk of the
cylinder previously expanded by the gas is caused to contract by its
withdrawal. By opening the stop-cocks attached to these globes the
gas returns to the cylinder, and the silk covering becomes again inflated.
Thus it will be seen that the äerial machine, having been arranged
previously with its cylindrical gas vessel constructed of a size sufficient
to float in the air nearly at an equilibrium, the condensation of the gas
on the one hand or the allowing it to return dilated on the other will
cause the aerial machine to rise or fall, it is evident that the same gas
will here serve a long time.
My methods for applying electro-magnetic propulsion to ships is as
follows :—In addition to the regular battery in the ship, which itself is

page_text: of sufficient power to actuate the engine magnets, and which is quite
independent as a motive power, I use in order to add to, and also to
economise the clements of this battery, the electric current derivable
from every other possible source of electricity. The wind, even when
contrary, is thus almost always available to turn magneto-electric
machines of various sorts, and may also be so applied when the wind is
favorable in positions not interfering with the sails. The electricity
caused by the friction of the vessel's prow and sides passing through the
water, and of the propellers, both screw and paddle, is very great, and
by suitable arrangements can also be made available. Electric piles
packed away in places not required for cargo is another available source
of it.
In order to effect this object I use the following improved form
of a propeller, which is also useful where not combined with electrical
arrangements:-The screw, mado say of iron, is either cast in one piece
with a cylinder outside it, or is secured at its blades' ends to an iron
cylinder, so that the water is forced by the screw into it only from its
front, and is ejected only in a direct stream behind. The frictional
electricity from it is obtained by casing the screw and cylinder in this
instance with zinc insulated. With my insulating materials, the zinc
being fastened on to pegs of wood driven beforehand into holes made in
the screw and its cylinder, the current is conveyed from the iron and
zinc by means of insulated covered wire either along slots cut outside tho
screw shaft where it is made solid or within, it where the shaft is cast
hollow, to a common condenser within, placed in connection with the
magnets; these screw propellers may also be placed single or double in
any other position; where iron paddles are used the same arrangements
are made with insulated zinc and insulated conductors, and the same
where the hull of the vessel is built of iron. Hero the zinc insulated is
secured to the hull both by means of peg holes punched or bored in it
plugged with wood well secured by wedging, and also by rolling the
strips of iron to which the ends of the plates are rivetted with central
grooves corresponding with the ends of the sheets, which are rivetted
on so far apart as to leave this groove between them open, into which
latter wood or insulating material is also driven, and to which the zinc
shects properly insulated from the ship's hull with my insulating
materials is nailed, the depth of the wood and pegs causing a strong
hold, and thus it is the groove with its insulating material that supports

page_text: the rails, and not the plate ends, which are quite independant. Where it
is convenient to bore holes in the hull these holes may either be pressed
by rolling into the plate by means of bosses on one roller with hollows
on the other, causing indents in the sheets in suitable places when the
plates are being made without going through, or rimmed cups of
-stamped-up sheet iron insulated by a piece of vulcanised india-rubber
tube may be driven into the holes, and be soldered to the iron plate after
the cup has been driven in prior to driving in the wooden plugs, and
thus any chance of leakage from this source will be effectually prevented.
As the sea water is a good conductor it is necessary to employ more
than one insulated metallic conductor to the hull and zinc sheathing,
and also to the propellers, so as to take off the electric current simul-
taneously in many places at the instant of formation, otherwise much of
it will be lost. This I effect by passing the conducting wire from the
zinc to the interior of the hull by means of insulated tubes passing
through it. It is impossible to say what amount of electricity may bo
secured by these means; but one thing is obvious, that while the ship's
bottom will be kept clean the electricity gained will be something very
great if properly secured, when by using a common condenser or
reservoir it will be equalised in its intensity.
In wooden ships I use a covering of very thin rolled sheet iron by
preference, or copper with zinc insulated from it outside, and secure
them to the wooden hull, holes being punched through the zinc and iron
large enough to prevent the nail from coming in contact with either
metal, its head being insulated by being driven through a small circular
piece of thin vulcanised india-rubber. In this condition it is equally
suitable to form a battery.
! By means of my ozoning channels the bilge water and foul air in the
interior of ships can be purified, and fish and fresh meat be preserved a
long time if placed in water constantly kept pure by being ozoned, but
more especially in ozonised peat water. Special frictional electric
apparatus can also be fixed to the cutwaters and prows of ships indepen-
dently of their outer covering.
In order to facilitate the construction of my long magnets I make
them by preference in separate lengths, and unite them by means of
screw joints, so that the helices of insulated wire may be prepared
separately, and then slipped on to the rods constituting the magnet.

page_text: For my commutators I employ by preference either silver or electro-
plated copper rollers, which are followed by a surface cleaner made by
preference of velvet. I construct very large and cheap electric piles by
using by preference varnished paper, on to which while moist I spinkle
plumbago, and when the varnish is dry this is rubbed bright. I use zine
in foil or very thin sheet as the other element and the zinc and plumbago
are then packed in pairs and stowed away in pits and elsewhere after
being thoroughly insulated outside by means of my insulating materials.
The electric currents so generated are conveyed to a common condenser,
where their tension is equalised. As these condensers must necessarily
be large, small supplies are drawn from them according to the purpose
for which they are required by the addition of one or more small supple-
mental condensers or receivers, which are from time to time charged by
means of connecting wires, and are then cut off from the large condensers
by means of commutators.
In order to regulate the vast speed produced by electro-magnetism I
introduce geared wheels of varied diameter and endless screws, by which
means greater power with slower speed is obtained, and I also use for
this purpose double cones placed with their sides parallel to each other,
so that the strap connecting the engine with the machinery may be
moved along it, and the speed regulated accordingly. As in all batteries
or other sources of electricity the electrical power differs both in quantity
and intensity, the same electro-magnet will not act equally with all. It
is evident that the size of the coil on the magnet must be regulated
accordingly either for quantity or intensity, and also for a weak as well
as for a strong current, the intensified current passing, for example,
through an induction coil requiring a finer wire on thic magnets corres-
ponding in size to that on the coil.
Electricity now wasted I propose to utilise in a variety of ways, as in
producing pigments (see Slater's Patent, No. 595, November 1, 1852,
and Harrison's Patent, No. 1714, August 4th, 1854) in the deposition of
metals in crystallisation, as in the preparation of sugar, and in producing
motive power.
In mining and other countries, where there is little wood or coal,
electro-magnetic power, even though costly, could be very advantageously
used, as clectro-magnetic engines are compact and small, while the
batteries and chemicals can easily bo transported, and where water power

page_text: is available for turning magneto-electro materials the current so gene-
rated can be used at the top of a hill or at a distance by means of good
conductors to produce motive power. Waste water pumped from mines
situated high up can be similarly utilised in its descent. I make use of
armatures of soft iron having projections in their centres behind; in
this projection a round hole is bored or a slot is cut at right angles to the
face of the armature opposite its centre, and rounded at each end. The
object of these holes and slots is to enable the armature to move freely
either round or both round and up and down the pin by which they are
secured on to a wheel, lever, or arm, so that the moment the magnet
acts on it the armature flies to face it direct, so that a direct and constant
instead of a side or diagonal pull is at once obtained. Where these slotted
armatures are applied in succession along an oscillating or other bar,
with magnets fixed opposite to them on a frame, the slot admits of their
sliding back each in succession, should such a movement be necessary,
as the next magnet is brought into action by its receiving the change of
current from the magnet preceding it.
I adopt the following novel method for preventing glass from cracking
when used to surround the electric light in order to keep flies and insects
at night from collecting on the carbon poles:-I either construct the
glass in pieces, and unite them in a frame, or else I prepare a globe or
tube as follows:- Each end of this tube is made opague glass, while
its centre is made of white glass united to it. The opague glass is
formed by the addition of a considerable quantity of a metallic oxide,
which prevents its excessive contraction and expansion on exposure to
heat and cold. These ends are again secured in position by means of
cement, and are further protected by a lute such as is formed by mixing
together well baked and pulverised bricks, quicklime, and sifted ashes
equal parts, well mixed and tempered with olive oil; this lute is also
applied by means of a cloth smeared over with it, and wrapped round
the glass. Several successive pieces of such glass are united together
by heat, each containing less and less oxide till the central piece of white
glass is reached, so that the expansion will thus be very gradual from
the heated centre to the ends of the globular tube. This tube is further
made of a sufficient diameter not to be much affected by heat. When
made in pieces they are cemented to circular joints made of pottery.
The entire circle need not of necessity be covered with glass, but only-
the sides or parts destined to give out the light,

page_text: Burnet's woven hose is a good substitute for a porous cell in some
batteries, see Jackson's Patent No. 14,330, October 21st, 1852. Highton's
Patent battery, now much used for telegraphic purposes, is a good one,
and so is Slater's, see his Patent, No. 2597, September 3rd, 1869, as also
his simple and solid form of oscillating engine having wide poles and
compound armatures; a good and well known form for a rotary
engine consists of a magnet caused to rotate inside a fixed iron ring
having armatures inside curved longitudinally; by this arrangement
a continuous gradually increasing pull is caused for some distance before
arriving at the centre of attraction.
My improvements in constructing this ring engine consist in forming
the rings in pieces, so as to admit of the casy coiling of strong iron wire
round the ring in the vacant spaces between the armatures as they now
exist and also in making the armatures with double curves rising to a
centre so that the motion of the revolving magnet can be reversed with
equal power in this case, which cannot be done as the armatures on the
ring are now made. I prefer to drive on outside the armature ring
another flat or round ring of soft iron covered with an iron coil and in
the place of having one revolving magnet I use my electro-magnetic
wheel consisting of several separate magnets crossing each other at a
common centre; these magnets are covered in the usual way with
insulated coils; these are further so arranged that some are attracting
their armatures on the ring with full force while others are both
approaching and receding from them. I also extend the surface of the
ring and make it into a cylinder carrying armatures of a similar form.
In engines formed by one electro-magnet made to revolve within
the poles of another electro-magnet as described under No. 6 of my
Provisional Specification I construct the rotating magnet in pieces so as
to admit of their being screwed together and thus to give facility for
inserting a prepared coil without the loss of time attendant on winding
it on in an awkward position.
The following is my improwed method of obtaining a continually
direct or nearly direct magnetic pull :-Two wheels are placed each on
a separate axle or shaft arranged to run in bearings on a frame with a
crank attached to each axle, these cranks being at right angles to cach
other and united in this position by a connecting bar which on being
drawn backwards and forwards will cause both the wheels to rotate
much in the same way that the bars coupling the driving wheels of

page_text: locomotives are the means of giving them their impulse, the only
difference being that in the latter case the bars are placed horizontally,
and rise and fall in that position, while my bar rises and falls diagonally
and changes its position at each revolution; along this bar at pulling
distances I attach to strong pivots my slotted armatures; along a stout
frame corresponding with the diagonal motion of this bar I apply two
sets of fixed electro-magnets at distances apart that will enable them
each to have a pull on the armatures in succession accordingly as the
current is transferred from one to the other, either upwards and forwards
or downwards and backwards, thus every pull will be nearly direct; in
this case I prefer to use magnets with their poles flattened and extended,
and in some instances I construct my electro-magnets with movable
poles, the ends being hinged on to the magnet or attached by means of
an universal joint; the force can be increased by using longer bars with
more magnets on them. Several modifications can be made of this
system; thus by attaching magnets to bars always rising and falling.
parallel to the rails, the rail itself becomes a continuous armature on
each side of the engine. A strong pull is obtained by coupling together
several pairs of wheels with their cranks in various positions so that each
bar shall as they revolve approach nearer to the rail; in this way by
uniting by pairs the wheels of several carriages or trucks the distances
will be subdivided and thus will cause very strong pulls, the same
battery or several may be used for actuating the magnets simultaneously.
With this another system proposed but never carried out, viz., that of
having wheels with magnet spokes in order to impel carriages by their
attraction on the rails can be adopted on account of this attraction,
preventing the train from running off the line; otherwise the pull on the
rail is made at so great a disadvantage on account of the small length of
the leverage of its attraction in comparison with the long lever or arm
forming the spoke of the wheel running extending to the axletree, which
is the point of impact, that wheels of this nature could never alone
advantageously be made to draw heavy weights; the spokes of these
magnetic wheels can thus be applied with great advantage to constitute
a most simple and powerful form of break by merely reversing the
current. I improve the rails by arranging them differently, I cut their
ends diagonally instead of square, thus causing them to fit together
longitudinally instead of on a square with the rail, by this means the
innumerable succession of small jolts or concussions now felt on most
railways, a cause also of much wear and tear, is avoided, and the pull

page_text: tile armature.
alter the condition of the fibres of the iron which is one of the chief
causes of the breakage of axletrees and thus the danger would also be
much diminished if not altogether avoided by rendering the motion on
the rails smooth.
I further unite the ends of rails in a more simple and equally strong
manner than is effected by the present system of fish joints, and at the
same time I am enabled to open and close the joints more rapidly, and
thus save much valuable time, which in a railway is of the utmost
consequence.
I make a slot of about two inches, more or less long, in the flat part of
the middle of cach rail end, which terminates in a round or square hole
somewhat larger in diameter than the slot. The rails being placed
abutting end to end are secured together with a key made to fit into the
two slots and their two holes simultaneously. This key is made slightly
wedged shape at the round parts so as to draw the ends of the rails
tightly together. One end of this wedge is tapered so as to facilitate its
easy entrance into the slot, while the other is furnished with a head,
which embraces and covers effectually both the slots and the holes in
the two rails. The part of this key which protrudes beyond the join
within the rail when driven home has a slot cut across it so as to lie
along the rails at their junction; into this an iron wedge is driven, which
secures in position a piece of thick iron plate with a slot cut in it placed
over and made to fit the end of the key, and binds the whole together.
Thus it will be seen that instead of having to open four nuts for each
join a few taps of a hammer will suffice to either open or close the join,
and when it is borne in mind how many screw rivets and their nuts
have to be renewed annually owing to rust and to their continually
baving to be broken off as they will not turn, from this cause it will be
seen that there will by my system be not only a saving of time but so
long as the iron constituting the key with its head on one side and an
iron plato on the other is made double the thickness of the two fish
plates there is at least equal strength while the double head affords a
solid security against displacement more than equal to nut heads of little
diameter, which apparently strong when new become rusty and weak
after exposure to weather.

page_text: I construct the keys and their wedges and the slots all exactly of the
same pattern, and interchangeable one with another, which is in itself
another great advantage.
I further construct railways with insulated rods, by preference of
copper, secured between the rails, along and against which either a
single insulated metallic grooved wheel runs, or else these rods are
clipped by pairs of similar wheels, which embrace their sides as the
engine moves onwards. The electricity generated from any source along
the railway can thus be conveyed to the magnets actuating the engine.
For this purpose large fixed steam engines, wind and water power, may
be employed, and the electric currents so generated be conveyed to and
along these rods, which are protected above from the rain by covers
secured to supports soldered to them.
It is of course understood that every engine carries with it a battery
of sufficient size and power to make it independent of such aids, which 1
are intended to economise battery power when available, and not to
entirely supersede the necessity for having any battery.
In underground railways this system would be very valuable, as by it
smoke, carbonic acid gas, foul air, and noise would be avoided; and
ozone might be occasionally generated to purify the atmosphere where
its impurities most required it. At crossings the road would be carried
under ground as far as necessary, when they would again be brought to
the surface and be again embraced as before by the clip wheels, the
impetus of the train carrying them over the broken interval.
Where many trains run in a day, and this system is mainly relied on a
as a motive power, stations and apparatus for generating the electric
current should be multiplied in proportion, thus cach train having
passed over a certain distance or division of these conducting rods and
having reached a second division of them the first division will be again
ready for conveying the electric current to the next train. By means of
this novel block system no second train can possibly run along the same
line till the first has passed to the next division.
I utilise by one method the electricity, which is temporarily latent, in
two electro-magnets after they have been charged by firstly causing
them to attract each other up to a given point, almost approaching
contact, and then simultaneously cutting them both off from the battery

page_text: and reversing their poles, when for a short interval they will, owing to
their latent electricity, repel each other. The battery power is put on
at the time when this latent power is nearly exhausted, and the magnets
assume their full repelling power.
I similarly cut off a magnet from the battery just before it has
completed its pull that it may exert its latent magnetism; the same
process is continuously repeated. I however prefer to turn off the
current from the magnet last in use to a condenser, and to convey
thence with the battery current to the next magnet as above described.
it
The following is a description of my magnetic engine "paradox"
worked by permanent magnets. Two very large horse-shoe magnets of
equal strength are strongly secured to a metal frame such as brass,
exactly opposite to each other at such a distance apart that they can
exert a powerful but equal attraction on an armature attached to a bar
or lever oscillating on an hinge, suspended exactly midway between
them [the strength of these two magnets is equalised by a small thin
iron armature placed at right angles across the stronger magnet near its
curved end, and attached by its centre to a fine brass screw working in a
hole made in a small brass frame secured to the curved end of the
magnet, by means of which screw the armature is moved up or down
along the magnets till a perfect equilibrium is established between
them] while in this position it is obvious that if an independent
armature of sufficient size is applied to the poles of either of theso
magnets, its circuit will be closed and the suspended armature will
immediately be attracted by the other magnet and fly to it; if now a
second independent armature is applied so as to close the circuit of the
second magnet, it also will cease to attract; by raising the independent
armature on the first magnet its circuit will be again opened, and the
suspended armature being no longer retained in position by the second
magnet will again fly back to the first, and thus so long as the inde-
pendent armatures are alternately raised and depressed, so long will the
suspended armaturo continue to vibrate between the two permanent
magnets by their alternate attraction; but as to raise the two inde-
pendent armatures would require a force fully equal to, indeed greater,
than the power exerted by the magnets themselves on account of the
additional weight of the armatures themselves, which have to be raised
and the friction of the oscillating lever, it is necessary to overcome this
seeming impossibility; this however is easily accomplished by placing.

page_text: each independent armature in exact equilibrium at all points with its
magnet by means of a counterpoise, so that the least touch simul-
taneously applied to both shall destroy that equilibrium and cause one
independent armature to rise and the other to fall; this is accomplished
by securing the short arms of two separate balances ono to each inde-
pendent armature, while along the long arms balls of brass are made to
screw till they effect by their weight when raised an exact counterpoise
to the attraction of the magnets on the armatures attached to their short
ends; as the weight is lowered the length of leverage of its arm is
shortened till descending into a perpendicular position it ceases to be a
lever; thus in every position as the armature rises it is an exact counter-
poise to the attraction exerted on it by its magnet, because the earth's
attraction is always magnetic, and gravity is the action in this case of
one magnet pulling against another.
By another arrangement a succession of weights or bars are placed
along a frame in lieu of the ball screwed along the long arm of the
balance, and these weights when all are raised by this arm being forced
up by the attraction of the magnet on its armature, fixed to the other
arm, are made to exactly counterpoise and balance the magnets' full
attractive force, and the weights in succession being raised or dropped by
the motion of the long arm of the balance are in exact equipoise with
the magnets' attractive power in all positions, and thus a very small
impact will either send the armature on cither balance up or down.
The two magnets being thus placed in equilibrium with their inde-
pendent armatures by means of either a succession of weights or
wieighted levers always acting as a counterpoise to them, one armature
is raised so as to open the circuit of its magnet, and the other depressed
so as to close the circuit of its magnet, the suspended vibrating armature
being attracted on one side only flies instantly with increasing velocity
to the attracting magnet, when two small projections fixed on it impinge
simultaneously on two corresponding projections on the independent
armatures in opposite directions, thus sending one armature up from the
magnet it has just left, and the other down to the magnet it has just
reached; the vibrating armature being now no longer retained by the
magnet it has just reached is immediately drawn back to the other again,
and there the projections performing similar office on the arms of the
two balances and their armatures an alternate self-acting vibrating
motion is caused which will continue as long as the working parts or

page_text: supports of the engine will stand wear, and then they can can be renewed
at a mere trifling cost as there is no limit to the power of a permanent
magnet except its size; we will suppose as an example that each of the
two magnets of this engine are capable of sustaining a ton weight, that
an exaggerated force equal to 1 lb. is sufficient to destroy the counter-
poise of each balance, and that an exaggerated force of two pounds more
to overcome the friction of the point of suspension of the vibrating
armature, a force equal to 3 lbs. will thus have to be exerted at each
vibration; but as this weight forms a very trifling part of 2240 lbs., or
the measure of the power of each magnet, there can be no question
of its excess under this arrangement after moving the independent
armatures up and down to produce motive power. By a different
arrangement motive power can be obtained from the two poles of a
single bar magnet. Instead of a lever arm a counterpoise plate such as
is employed for weighing letters may be used.
My improvements consist further in introducing, in order to produce
rotary motion, whether mechanical or locomotive, the well known system
of leverage at present applied by the Messieurs E. Mabile, frères, of
Amboise, Indre et Loire, France, to what they term their universal press.
The lever consists of a long arm and two short ones placed one on each
side beyond the pivot on which the lever works. To each short arm is
attached an iron or steel bar, one longer than the other, which alternately
actuate two steel or metal ratchet pieces or keys bevelled at the lower
ends, which rise out of and fall into slots alternately one after the other.
These slots are cut in the rotating motor wheel, which is thus caused to
revolve by the alternate motion of the lever either from side to side or
up and down. As both short arms with their bars and ratchet pieces
attached act on the same side of the wheel the motion produced by the
lever is continuous. Where desirable I apply springs to the ratchet pieces
in order to cause them to descend into the slots. The lever may be
actuated by magneto-electric, steam, or other power.
In order to facilitate the use of the enormous speed attained by
magneto-electric engines I apply to them an endless screw in certain
cases by which a continuous rotary motion of great power at ordinary
speeds can easily be obtained. Thus it will be seen that among the
general principles to be acted on and observed, are firstly to obtain
insulation as complete as possible in every part in order that none of the
electric current shall be lost. Having once obtained and insulated this

page_text: current the next object is to keep it and use it again through condensers
in a different or modified form. Thus in the case of magnets, after
passing through one series of them, an intensified current may be led
into condensers, and thence into others constructed with finer coils
suited to the altered condition of the current, or else the current may be
led into large condensers or reservoirs, and be there modified in intensity
and be used in a variety of ways. The third object is to obtain tho
electric current from cheap and varied sources, and to combine and
utilise it and products of the batterics either to recover their original
components or to make new batteries and produce fresh results. The
fourth is to simplify the construction of magnetic engines and place
them on a practical and useful basis as rivals to horse and steam and
other power.
The fifth is to shew various ways in which through
batteries, electrified channels, and otherwise useful products can be
obtained; how weak electric currents derived from various sources can
be united and intensified, and how waste heat and the electricity pro-
duced by it shall be economised and rendered serviceable.
It is
unnecessary to recapitulate more. Whatever is novel and useful in the
above Patent is obvious.
There is much that has no pretensions to novelty beyond the novel
application, which is often quite as important as the original well known
facts and old principles, which if universally applied in the numerous
novel ways indicated no living being can predict what the ultimate

page_text: armature A¹; A, A, is the armature; I, I, the iron coil; S, S, the spoke
of the wheel; C, C, C, C, the coil attached to but insulated from the
spoke S, S; R, R, the nave of the wheel; and O the insulated shaft.
I, I, show that the armature at that part is bevelled inwards and not
straight up and down.
Figure 3, Sheet 1, a, b, c, a, b, c, are two wheels having cranks set at
right angles the one to the other, and joined by the bar C", 0³, having
the armatures F, G, H, J, K, attached to it, which armatures have the
magnets A, B, C, D, E, placed above them but on one side, so as to enable
the armatures on the bar to rise and pass them. The motion of the cranks
and bar will be here from C¹ to C", and the magnets will exercise in suc-
cession an upwards and forwards pull nearly at right angles to the crank
all round. A descending arrangement is made in a similar manner
which is not drawn, and other magnets are introduced at points where
they are required.
Figure 4, Sheet 1. R, R, R, R, is a strong iron ring; tt, tt, tt, tt, are
four armatures made on it rising in equal gentle curves from the inner
circle of the ring at the points t, t, t, t, to central points equidistant
from each other so as to touch a smaller imaginary circle o o, o 0,0 0,0 0,
drawn concentric with the ring R, R, R, R. Within the ring four or more
electro-magnets M, M, M, M, revolve on their axle or shaft C, and their
poles ascend the curves tt, tt, tt, tt, till they reach the parts that are
the highest. The magnets are arranged in any convenient position so as
to alternately attract and be cut off from the armatures. A, B, C, D, is
a flat or round iron ring with an iron wire coil on it driven on to the
ring R, R, R, R, the object being to increase its magnetic attraction.
In lieu of an iron coil a copper insulated one may be used, and the
superfluous electricity be drawn off in an intensified form by means of
conductors. The ring R, R, R, R, is a fixture, the magnets only revolve.
The same principles apply to a cylinder.
Figure 5, Sheet 1, represents the top of a rail R, R, which at A, A, is
shaped diagonally so that the two ends shall abut. These ends are
secured together by means of the key K, K, K, with its heat at K, K,
and a tie plate T, P, secured in its place by the wedge at W.
Figure 6, Sheet 1, represents the side view of the rail R, R, with its
ends slotted as shewn at SO, SO; i, i, show the point of junction.

page_text: Figure 7, Sheet 1, shows the key K, with its heat at M, M; t, t, a
slot to receive the wedge W; and N, N, the enlarged and rounded ends
of the key made to fit into the slots and holes SO, SO, and bind the
rails together. W is an end view of the wedge, and W¹ a side view of it.
Figure 8, Sheet 1. T, P, represents the tie plate with its slot OS, SO,
corresponding with the slots in the rail to receive the end of the key K;
E is the end of T, P, showing its strength. The key K being inserted
in the slots of the rails and driven home, the tie plate T, P, is put
on the end of the key, and the whole is secured together by the
wedge W.
Figure 9, Sheet 2, shows another modification of the system shewn in
Figures 5, 6, 7, and 8, the object here being to avoid any apparent
weakening of the rail by the omission of the slot S, S; A, A, shews the
rails placed in juxtaposition; O shows two slots, one cut into the end
of each rail of a wedge shape, so that by inserting a double wedged-
shape key O the ends of the rail are bound together and held in
position by the wedge; t, t, t, t, show the head of the double wedge;
B, T, represents a plate to be secured on to the further end of the
double wedge O corresponding to the head on the double wedge;
C shows a side view of the double wedge O with its head and the
plate B, T; S, S, shows the screw at the end of O on to which the
nut D, D, is screwed, this screw piece is very thick with a large and
deep cut screw; D, D, shows the nut in position securing the plate B, T,
by the screw C.
Figure 10, Sheet 2, is an end view of rail on to which an outer iron
case b, b, b, b, corresponding exactly with the rail fits and slides along,
being slided on from its end so that when the ends of the two rails are
placed together this case can be slid back so as to embrace the ends of
the two rails; C is a pin which passes through this outer case and also
through a hole made by slotting out of each of the two rails a small
part corresponding to the hole in the outer case b, b, b, b; the pin O
secures the whole together by means of a large screw cut at its further
end and a nut.
Figure 11, Sheet 2, is a side view of the rail described in Figure 10;
b, b, b, b, shewing the case which rises up the sides of the rail till it touches

page_text: of steel.
Figure 12, Sheet 1. A is the cylinder which encloses the small steam
tubes, not shown; B, the steam chamber beneath; C, C, the supports
which sustain the cylinder A; d, d, d, are the holes left open between
the supports C, C, and between A and B for the admission of air; the
small steam tubes which rises from the steam chamber B and enter the
cylinder A are not drawn, but they are made to rise within it to about
the height of the dotted line a, ს. The tube a and the small steam
pipes within need not necessarily be made straight, but may be curved
to suit circumstances and situations, and also more orifices if required
may be made in the cylinder A. to admit cold air at various points.
The case A may be made flat as well as cylindrical; D represents a
funnel-shaped top to the cylinder A which may also be applied to con-
centrate the force of the issuing steam and cause a more powerful
draught, by means of which communication may also be made with
either the chimney or fire-place as may be desired.
Figure 13, Sheet 1, represents electrified channels. EO, EC, EC, are
three electrified channels; WW, W W, arc, two water channels with
their tubes a, a, for the entrance, and b, b, for the exit of the water;
p, p, p, are wires connecting one side of each of the three channels with
the positive pole P of the battery; and n, n, n, are three more wires
connecting the opposite sides of the same three channels with the
negative pole N of the battery. The gas, air, or fluid to be subjected to
the electric current are made to pass through the electrified channels
EC, EC, EC, by any suitable arrangement, this is not shewn in the
Drawing; the channels EO, EC, EC, are lined with conducting
material suitable to the matter to be acted on and with which the
respective wires p, p, p, and n, n, n, are placed in connection.
Figure 14, Sheet 1, represents an armature wheel in which are placed
armatures A, A, all round; M, M', is an electro-magnet with its
insulated coil C, C; M¹ represents the pole end of the magnet which is
curved at right angles to the magnet, and thus gives a direct instead of
a side pull until the electric current is cut off on passing the armature;
M' also shews that the magnet is tapered, to make up for which its
surface is extended, so that the magnetism is distributed along the
tapered edges instead of being concentrated in thick poles.

page_text: While I disclaim to use the Inventions of others knowingly, I claim
my improvements in constructing magnetic engines, and in producing
motive power, and in the apparatus for producing such magnetic power
in the manner herein-before substantially set forth and declared; but I
do not bind myself to adhere to any particular form of construction or
arrangement so long as the principles involved by my Inventions are
more or less adhered to.
In witness whereof, I, the said Edward Henry Cradock Monckton,
have hereunto set my hand and seal, this Sixteenth day of July,
in the year of our Lord Ono thousand eight hundred and seventy-
four.