AN IMPROVEMENT OR IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURING OP PAPER, AND IN MARKING WRITING AND OTHER PAPERS, OR IN THE MACHINERY EMPLOYED FOR THOSE PURPOSES
Year: 1844

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, CHRISTOPHER
PHIPPS, of River, near Dover, in the County of Kent, Paper Manufacturer,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters Patent
under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,
bearing date at Westminster, the Twenty-first day of June now last past, did
give and grant unto me, the said Christopher Phipps, Her especial licence,
full power, sole privilege and authority, that I, the said Christopher Phipps,
my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said
Christopher Phipps, my executors, administrators, or assigns, should at any
time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter
during the term of years therein expressed, should and lawfully might make,
use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick-
upon-Tweed, an Invention, partly communicated to me by a foreigner residing
abroad, and partly my own Invention, of "AN IMPROVEMENT OR IMPROVEMENTS IN
THE MANUFACTURING OP PAPER, AND IN MARKING WRITING AND OTHER PAPERS, OR
IN THE MACHINERY EMPLOYED FOR THOSE PURPOSES;" in which said Letters Patent
there is contained a proviso, obliging me, the said Christopher Phipps, by an
instrument in writing under my hand and seal, particularly to describe and
ascertain the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same
is to be performed, and to cause the same to be inrolled in Her said Majesty's
High Court of Chancery within six calendar months next and immediately

page_text: after the date of the said Letters l'atent, as in and by the same, reference
being thereunto had, will more fully appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Christopher Phipps, do hereby declare that the nature of the said Invention,
and the manner in which the same is to be performed and carried into effect,
are fully described and ascertained by the following descriptions thereof, refer-
ence at the same time being had to the annexed Drawing, in which similar
letters or figures are employed to denote or refer to similar parts and things
on each of the said Figures.
In the first place, that which immediately follows is a description of that
part of the said Invention invented by myself, being an improvement or im-
provements in the manner of sizing writing and other papers by machinery,
such part of the said Invention being applicable to the sizing of paper when
made in long sheets by machines such as or similar to those commonly known
by the name of Fourdrinier's patent paper-making machines.
It is well known to paper makers that it is at present the usual practice in
paper mills to employ à drying machine in conjunction with the machine by
which paper is made or formed into sheets of indefinite length, so that the two
operations, videlicit, that of making and that of drying paper, may be said to
be carried on simultaneously, and the paper thus made is completely dried by
such drying machines. The number of heated cylinders used in such drying
machines varies from two to five, according as the said cylinders are large or
small, or for other reasons, at the discretion of the paper maker; but in sizing
paper by my improved method, I prefer doing so when the paper is in a
partially dried and heated state. I therefore cause the paper as it comes from
the machine, by which it has been made or formed into a sheet, to pass over
one heated cylinder only, of from two to three feet in diameter, according to
the thickness of the paper to be sized. This cylinder is heated by steam in
the usual way to a degree of heat little less than that of boiling water.
After the paper has been thus partially dried and heated, then whilst yet in
a hot state, size made in the usual way and heated to the ordinary tempera-
ture is applied by means of an elastic roller (such as herein-after described),
first to the outer surface of the previously heated sheet of paper; as the said
paper is wound upon a cylindrical reel, and consequently as the reel revolves
and the paper is wound round it, the sized surface of the paper imparts a
portion of the size upon it to the unsized surface, which is brought in contact
with it, and by allowing the thus sized paper to remain upon the reel, it
becomes perfectly and uniformly sized on both sides throughout, after which
it may be unwound and passed forward to the drying machine.

page_text: In order that the size thus applied may be uniformly absorbed without the
necessity of removing the paper from the machine, two or more reels may be
mounted to receive the sized paper successively, and I prefer using four in the
manner herein-after described. As the time required for making and sizing
one reel full of paper will be quite sufficient for passing the same quantity
(after it has been sized) through the drying machine, the sized paper will thus
be allowed to remain upon each of the loaded reels somewhat more than
double the time spent in filling a reel with paper.
This and other particulars relating to my improved method of sizing writing
and other papers, will be more fully understood by the following explanation
to the accompanying Drawings; in which, Figure 1 is a side elevation of the
machine, and Figure 2 a plan of the same.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING.
As the construction and action of the paper machine and drying machine
are so well understood, I consider it unnecessary to shew Drawings of the
afore-named machines in connection with my improved sizing machine. I have
therefore in Figures 1 and 2 shewn a sizing machine, in which (A, A.) are the
principal side frames, connected and bound firmly together by the two cast-iron
stretchers (B, B.) and the two wrought-iron tie bolts (C, C); to this frame
the greater number of the parts herein-after described are fixed. Let the blue
lines in Figure 1 represent the paper passing off in a suitable direction from
the paper machine [as indicated by the arrows (1)]; it is then led under the
copper guide roller (D) on to the drying cylinder E, and between it and
the press roll (F), afterwards under the copper guide roller (G), and is then
wound upon (H), one of the four cylindrical reels (H, I, J, K). These
reels (H, I, J, K,) may be made of any suitable material. On each end of
each of these reels is fixed a wood grooved pulley, in one or both of which
pulleys the cord (L) may be placed, the cord having one end fastened to the
fixed hook (M) and the opposite end to the weight (N), as shewn at the end
of the reel marked (K). The cord and weight are to be applied whilst
the sized paper is unwinding from a reel in the position shewn at (K), when
paper is passing from thence to the drying machine, as shewn by the arrow
(2). The reels (H, I, J, K,) are supported in four arms (0, 0, 0, 0); these
arms are fixed upon the spindle (P), which is fitted up to revolve upon the
carriages (Q. Q). Upon the spindle (P) there is fixed a spur wheel (R), to
which motion is given through the spur pinion (S) on the spindle (T) by
turning the handle (U). The arms (0, 0, 0, 0,) may be held in a proper
position by catches, such as (V, V), or otherwise. Circular motion may be
the

page_text: communicated to the spindle (w) from the rigger (W) on the end of the
drying cylinder (E), or from any revolving shaft near to the sizing machine.
The said spindle (w) is prepared at the inner end with a hollow square
socket made to fit on to or receive the square end of the axle of each of the
said reels, so as to give motion to any one of them at a time. It will be
evident that as the paper is wound upon the reel (H) the diameter thereof
will be progressively increased, and consequently it becomes necessary to
apply a slipping motion to the said reel, in order that the paper may not
be broken as it approaches the reel. The rigger (X), as shewn in the
Drawing, Figure 2, is bored so as to turn upon the spindle (w), and this
rigger (X) is placed between two brass collars (Y and Z); these collars are
carried round by the spindle (w), and the outer collar (2) may be pressed
with any suitable degree of tightness against the outer face of the boss of
the rigger (X) by means of the handle (a), which acts as a nut upon a part
of the spindle (w), which is screwed to receive it; thus the rigger X is
merely held between the two brass collars (Y and Z), acting so that the
friction thereby occasioned be such as to keep the sheet of paper in a
proper degree of tension without breaking it; also to prevent the reel from
pulling asunder the undried paper, the press roll (F) is placed so as to press
against the paper upon the descending side of the drying cylinder (E), thereby
removing much of the strain from the wet paper. To regulate the pressure
of the roll (F), the guide carriages (b, b,) are made to move nearer to or further
from the cylinder, so that the roll may be made to act with more or less
pressure upon the paper. The drying cylinder (E) receives motion by the
wheel (c), fixed on one end of it, from the spur pinion (d) on the spindle (e),
which may be driven from any revolving shaft near to the sizing machine. (f)
is a trough for containing the liquid size, which trough may be formed of wood
or metal; I prefer a wooden trough lined with copper. To the inner part of
each of the ends is fixed a small carriage, to receive the pivots of the elastic
sizing roller (9), herein-after described. The sizing roller g is formed of a
cylinder of wood, or any other fit material, about five inches in diameter, and is
fitted with a wrought-iron spindle. The sizing roller is somewhat longer than
the width of the paper to be sized. Around this roller is first wrapped six or
eight plies of woollen felt; secondly, to the outer edge of the said felt is sewn
a piece of waterproof macintosh cloth, of which there are two or three plies
wrapped tightly over the felt. The ends of the waterproof cloth are then secured
to the ends of the roller, and the same cloth is glued down near its outer edge
with a solution of caoutchouc, so as to form a waterproof covering to the inner
plies of felt; this covering will prevent any size from penetrating to or being
spur

page_text: absorbed by the inner felt or elastic covering. There is then sown to the outer
edge of the waterproof covering a piece of fine flannel, usually called serge, of
which two plies are wrapped round, and the outer edge of the said serge is left
loose. A portion of the under surface of the sizing roller (g) is immersed in
the size contained in the trough f, and the covering of flannel or serge is placed
on the roller, for the purpose of carrying a portion of the size up to the surface
of the paper as it is wound upon the reel H, or such of the other reels as may
be in the position shewn at H, Figure 1. The size is conveyed by a pipe from
an appropriate cistern near to the sizing machine into the trough f. To the
trough must be attached an overflow pipe; this pipe should be fixed at the
opposite end of the trough to that at which the size is supplied, so as to keep
a constant supply of hot liquid size flowing through the trough fat an equable
height; the size which overflows is received into a vessel, and is, as occasion
requires, returned to the supply cistern. To each of the outer ends of the size
trough (f) there is attached a guide (h), which guides are fitted so as to move
freely up and down on the guide rods (i, i); to each of the guides is secured
one end of a strap (), which passes over a pulley (k); to the other end of each
of these straps is appended a weight (1). To each of these weights there is
secured one end of another strap (m), the other end of which is fixed to the
pulley (n); the pulley (n) is connected to the spindle (o), on one end of which
is fixed the handle (p). To each of outer ends of the trough (f) is fixed a
carriage (9); these carriages support the rod or spindle (r), on which are fixed
the two arms or levers (8, s). In these arms or levers the small rollers (t, t,)
of about two inches in width are placed, so as to revolve freely when brought
in contact with the surface of the sizing roller (9). The rollers (t, t,) are
employed in the position shewn, for the purpose of preventing the elastic
roller (g) from communicating too much size to the borders or edges of the
paper.
From the preceding description of the principal parts of my improved
sizing machine, it will be perceived that by leading the paper from the paper
machine under the guide roller (D), over the cylinder (E), and between it and
the press roller (F), and under the guide roller (G), and thence around the
reel (H), and by allowing the weights (1, 1) to bring the elastic sizing roller
(g) in contact with the paper on the under side of the reel (H) when the
said reel H is made to revolve in conjunction with the drying cylinder (E),
it will cause the said elastic sizing roller (9) to revolve amongst the heated
size, and bring with it a supply of the size, which it will apply to the outer
surface of the paper. After the paper has received the size on one surface, as
the reel continues to revolve, the sized surface of the paper comes in contact

page_text: at (3) with the other or unsized surface of the paper; hence it will be clearly
seen, from the motions herein described, that one surface of the sheet of paper
receives the size direct from the elastic sizing roller (g), and that the other
surface of the paper receives a portion of the size from the sized surface,
when they are brought into contact, by the paper being wound round one of
the reels, as before described, and by winding any convenient quantity of
paper upon one of the reels, the whole mass will be placed in a favorable
position for allowing the size to be uniformly imbibed by the paper during the
time it is afterwards allowed to remain at rest. When there is a sufficient
quantity of paper wound around the reel (H), the catches (V, V,) are drawn
outwards, and the lever (u) is turned aside to allow the spindle (w) to be dis-
engaged from the square end of the reel (H), then by turning the handle (p)
so as to elevate the weights (1, 1), the sizing trough (f), and all that it con-
tains and is attached to it, will descend into the position shewn by the dotted
lines at (4) in Figure 1. This lowering of the sizing trough (f) is requisite,
in order to leave a clear space for the reel (K) to be turned up by means of
the handle U, so as to occupy the position previously filled by the reel (H);
when this is done, the arms (0, 0, 0, 0,) must be securely fixed by the catches
V, V, and the spindle (W) be pressed forward, so as to engage with the
driving end of the reel K, then turn up the lever (u) to prevent the spindle
(P) disengaging itself from the reel (K). The next step is to tear the unsized
paper asunder from the sized paper on the reel (H) and to lead it around
the reel (K), then allow the elastic sizing roller (9) to come in contact with
the unsized paper, and the machine will again be arranged so as to work
until the reel (K) is sufficiently loaded with paper. Whilst the reels (K) and
(J) are filling with sized paper, the size previously applied to the paper upon
the reel (H) will be wholly absorbed, and when the reel (I) in its turn is
brought into the situation first occupied by the reel (H), as shewn in Figure 1,
the reel (H) will be found in the situation of the reel (K), as shewn in the
same Figure 1. The paper is then in a fit state to be passed to the drying
machine, as shewn by the blue line at the arrow 2.
From the previous description of the parts of my improved sizing machine,
it will be understood that I recommend the aforesaid machine to be placed
between the paper machine and drying machine; and as some papers made
by the paper machines may not require to be sized, in that case it is merely
requisite to lead the paper over the cylinder E, and after passing it under
the guide roller (G) to lead it upwards and over the roller (v), and thence to
the drying machine, as indicated by the arrow (5).
I would here observe, that by those who understand the construction and use

page_text: of machines for making paper, and of machines for drying the paper so made,
it will be known, that whenever the drying machine is so united to the machine
for making paper as to render the making and drying of the paper one
continuous process, it becomes necessary that every roller or cylinder and pair
of rollers or cylinders (whether the same be solid or hollow) over which or
between any pair of which the paper so made has to pass either in its wet or
partially dried state, should be made as nearly as practicable to lie with their
axes parallel to each other. And it is equally necessary in the construction
and application of the sizing machine herein-before described, that the axes of
the reels on which the paper is to be wound, of the elastic and other rollers.
and of the drying cylinder, should be all parallel to each other, as well as with
the pressing rollers or cylinders, in the machine by which the paper is made.
I would further remark, that although I have herein-before described, and
shewn in the Drawing hereto annexed, that the axis of the said elastic sizing
roller lies immediately below that of the cylindrical reel upon which the paper
is to be wound, and that being so placed the size from the said elastic roller is
applied to the outer side of the sheet of paper wound upon the reel, yet the
size may be applied to or spread upon the inner or other surface of the paper
by one or more revolving roller or rollers immediately before the successive
parts of the said sheet of paper are closed or shut down upon the said reel, and
the last-mentioned sizing roller or rollers may be used either in conjunction
with or without the previously described elastic sizing roller; but I prefer
using only the said elastic sizing roller, and placing the axis of that in the
same vertical plane, or nearly so, as the axis of the said reel.
And I hereby declare that I do not claim as part of my said Invention any
of the various parts of the machinery herein-before described or shewn in the
Drawings except the elastic sizing roller, such parts of machinery, except
as aforesaid, being only described for the purpose of rendering the description
of the first part of the said Invention clear and intelligible, and to shew the
use and application of the same part of the said Invention.
And I also declare that the said first part of the said Invention consists in
the application of size to writing and other papers by an elastic or other roller
or rollers whilst such paper is being wound round a cylindrical reel, in the
manner herein-before mentioned or described, and for the purpose of sizing
such papers, in manner aforesaid.
I will now proceed to describe the second part of the said Invention, being
an improvement or improvements in making sheets of writing or other papers,
and which has been communicated to me by a foreigner residing abroad. The
water mark in sheets of paper made by hand is so well understood by paper

page_text: makers that I need not herein describe the method of producing such marks.
The nature of this part of the said Invention is such as to make it a substitute
for the water mark where the water mark cannot conveniently be used, and it
is to be performed by impressing letters, figures, or other devices upon sheets
of paper so as to render the impressions of such letters, figures, or other
devices much more translucent than the other parts of the sheet of paper upon
which they may be impressed, so as to resemble the ordinary water mark, and
thereby the said letters, figures or other devices are rendered visible when any
sheet of paper so impressed or marked is held against the light, in the usual
manner of examining a water mark.
The manner in which the said Invention is to be carried into effect is as
follows, that is to say:-Forms of the letters, figures, or other devices to
be impressed upon paper should be cut out from paper, thin sheets of
metal, or other suitable material of an appropriate thickness, but I believe
that paper is the best material for making such forms. In order that such
letters, figures, or other devices may, as much as is practicable, produce
impressions upon paper similar to or in imitation of the water mark, they
ought to be formed in the following manner; for instance, if it be required
that the word "Patent" should be impressed upon sheets of paper in such
letters so as to resemble the water mark generally used, the letters of
that word must be formed thus, PATENT, the black lines forming these
letters representing the forms of the letters which are to be cut out or
made of paper, metal, or other suitable material as aforesaid, for the purpose
of impressing the word "Patent" upon sheets of paper in the manner herein-
after described. Forms of letters so made should be glued or otherwise
fastened upon a sheet of paper or other suitable material of about the size of
the sheets of paper intended to be marked, and they ought to be placed in a
proper situation upon the face of the sheet, according to the plan in which it
may be wished to mark the sheets of paper. A second sheet of paper, or
other suitable material similar to that upon which the letters have been glued
or fastened, is then to be laid over the letters, so that the forms of letters,
figures, or devices may be contained between the two sheets. The sheets are
then to be glued or fastened together at the edges so as to adhere together.
These two sheets, with such forms between them, when so prepared, is, for the
sake of convenience, herein-after denominated the stamp, as it is that by
which the marks or impressions are to be made or given to the sheets of paper,
as herein-after described. The process by which the sheets of paper are
impressed with any device is performed in the following manner; that is to
say, upon two or three sheets of copper, brass, or other suitable metal, such

page_text: are are commonly used in paper mills for glazing or producing a smooth
surface upon paper, and which are well known to paper makers, there should
be placed one or more sheets of the paper to be marked (according to the
thickness of the paper), and upon these said sheets of paper should be placed
the stamp, containing the intended letters, figures, or devices, prepared in the
manner herein-before described, and again upon the stamp one or more sheets
of the paper to be marked (according to the thickness of the paper); and,
lastly, upon these must be placed other two or three sheets of metal similar to
those before mentioned; the pack thus formed, consisting of the said plates of
metal, the stamp, and the sheets of paper to be marked, must then be passed
between the rolls of a press, similar to the rolling presses in common use for
glazing paper. The degree of pressure to be given by the rolling press, in
order to produce the requisite impression upon the paper to be marked, can
only be ascertained by a few trials, care being taken that the pressure be not
too great, so as to cut the paper or injure the stamp. No invariable rule can
be laid down as to the thickness of the material from which the letters,
figures, or other devices are to be formed, nor of the sheets between which
such letters, figures, or other devices are to be placed, so as to form the stamp,
because these thicknesses will in some degree depend upon the thicknesses of
the sheets of paper to be marked. But it will be found that in general fine
cartridge paper of a firm texture may be used, both for the purpose of forming
the letters, figures, or devices, and for inclosing them so as to form the stamp.
In order to facilitate the formation of the letters, figures, or other devices,
hardened steel punches may be used, by which steel punches the letters,
figures, or other devices are cut out of the sheet of paper, metal, or other
suitable material by one or more blows of a hammer, the afore-mentioned
sheet being laid upon a flat and smooth block of tin or of type metal. It
will be clearly understood that the faces of these steel punches should be
formed with sharp edges so as to cut the paper, metal, or other suitable
material round the margin of every part of the device, and care must be
taken to make the sunken parts of the face of the steel punches somewhat
deeper than the thickness of the material used in forming the devices.
Having herein-before explained the method of preparing the stamp, and
and the mode of marking sheets of paper therewith, so as to imitate the ordi-
nary water marks which are so generally made upon hand-made paper, and
also occasionally upon machine-made paper, I hereby declare that the second
part of the said Invention, being such improvement or improvements in
marking sheets of writing and other papers as aforesaid, consists in the stamp
formed by placing letters, figures, or other devices between two sheets, as

page_text: herein-before described, and the use or application thereof, in manner and for
the purposes herein-before mentioned.
In witness whercof, I have hereunto set my hand and seal, the
Twentieth day of December, in the year of our Lord One thousand
-eight hundred and forty-four.
AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the same Twentieth day of Decem-
ber, in the year above mentioned, the aforesaid Christopher Phipps came
before our Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged the Specifi-
cation aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained in form above
written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped according to the
tenor of the Statute in that case made and provided.
Inrolled the Twenty-first day of December, in the year above written.