IMPROVED MODE AND MEANS FOR AUTOMATICALLY ARRANGING OR CONSTRUCTING FORMS FOR PRINTING COM. MUNICATIONS OR OTHER KINDS OF PRINTED MATTER AT HAND OR AT A DISTANCE
Year: 1872

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Merritt Gally, of Rochester, New York, United
States of America, for the Invention of "IMPROVED MODE AND MEANS
FOR AUTOMATICALLY ARRANGING OR CONSTRUCTING FORMS FOR PRINTING COM.
MUNICATIONS OR OTHER KINDS OF PRINTED MATTER AT HAND OR AT A
DISTANCE."
Scaled the 5th November 1872, and dated the 21st August 1872.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Merritt Gally at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
21st August 1872.
I, MERRITT GALLY, of Rochester, New York, United States of
America, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "Im-
PROVED MODE AND MEANS FOR AUTOMATICALLY ARRANGING, OR CONSTRUCTING
FORMS FOR PRINTING COMMUNICATIONS OR OTHER KINDS OF PRINTED MATTER
AT HAND OR AT A DISTANCE," to be as follows:-
My Invention relates to a machine the object of which is, 1stly,
to obviate the necessity of the use of moveable types in forms for
letter-press printing, or from which stereotypes are prepared for press;
A

page_text: 19thly. In the use of a stereotype blank, a part or parts of the face
of which are removed, so that the compression in forming one part of
the stereotype will not displace other parts previously formed, or parts
of the face not compressed.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION.
The letters of the alphabet, figures, and punctuation points occupy
spaces differing in breadth, and for this reason common types vary in
thickness.
In constructing the machine above referred to I arrange a set or
sets of dies representing an alphabet, figures, and points, as many of
each of the several kinds as necessary for the work to be done, in such
a manner, that the variation of space occupied is graduated by nearly
a regular increase. These dies I attach either to flexible continuous
strips or to jointed strips or cords, allowing fluxion. I attach the dies
far enough removed from each other to allow the flexible strip or other
connection between the dies to bend freely, so that when the dies of
different sets or strips placed side by side are pressed together, the
dies will be easily set squarely in a line across the series of strips,
this being allowed by the flexion of the strips or connections, while
on account of the varying width of the dies of each strip, those dies
outside of the arranged line forming radial or fan-like lines in the
direction of the strips will not stand squarely with each other, unless
forced to do so by the flexion of the strips, as in case of the arranged
line.
My object in connecting the dies together with connections, or
attaching them to flexible strips, is, first, to have them so connected
together as to be able to move or control their movements by a positive
action; secondly, that they may have certain fixed positions on the strips
or connections allowing their position in respect to each other to govern
their position in relation to other parts of the machine without rigidly
fixing them to any part; and, thirdly, to allow deviation of the dies
when arranged in a line for making an impression from their position
and course, as compared with the dies outside the arranged line, without
in the least diminishing the positiveness of their movements when set
in motion, or the perfect control of their position. On common types
there is a slight shoulder to form a space between the characters set
side by side.

page_text: Instead of making a shoulder upon the dies I place other flexible
strips or connections between the sets of dies. These strips act as guides,
allowing the strips having dies to slide by each other without collision
of the dies.
I also bevel or curve the corners of the dies to prevent collision, and
at a moderate speed they can in this shape be used without the guiding
strips.
In using the female dies or matrices in connection with the inter-
mediate guiding strips, I either cut away the side of the dies to allow
space for the intermediate strip, or extend the portion of the strip which
lies in the line, equal to the height of the dies, so that the blank.face of
the entire line of dies may be unbroken. This prevents a fin being
formed between the letters of the stereotype.
For regulating the length of the lines formed by the dies I use
adjustable side guages. These guages may be set to accommodate a
column or page of matter of any desired width. I cut away a portion
of one or both of the guages, so that the die strips not used.in.com-
pleting the arranged lino may slide by the face of the guages, and not
obstruct the space to be occupied by the line of dies. That part of the
face of each guage which marks the length of the line, arranged is, at
right angles to such line, and as the dies have. parallel sides they will
stand squarely together when pressed between the guages.
I straighten the arranged line of dies by means of lining pawls, which
catch each die strip as soon as relieved from the power applied for its
forward movement. After an impression has been made upon the line
of dies the lining pawls are relieved, and the dio strips are drawn back
for another arrangement of the dies.
For spacing the arranged line of-dies I uso compound spaces; I form
these compound spaces by placing in order a number of spaces of

page_text: The spaces may be, if desired, attached to other than the die strips,
and have a distinct movement. When attached to the dic strips the
operation of spacing and "justifying" is as follows:-When a die strip
is brought forward, not far enough to bring a die to the lino being
arranged, one of the sections of the compound space will stand in the
line, and the die strip is not acted upon by its lining pawl, but is held
by a space retaining pawl.
:
It will be seen that by arranging the dies of the line-with-the-thinner-
sections of spaces between the words until another syllable cannot be
brought in if the line is not "justified," all that will be necessary will
be to relieve at the same instant all the spaces held by the several
retaining päwls, and a uniform advancement of the graduated spaces
will increase the several spaces between the words, and the line will be
perfectly justified.
As artistic justification requires in some cases a different increase of 1
space between different characters cach set of graduated spaces may be
made up of sub-sets of different graduations; and if the proper section
is set in the first arrangement of the line the final justification by the
simultaneous advancement of the spaces will be even more artistic and
accurate than the most careful hand spacing in type setting.
In order that the compound spaces may not stop with the beviled
intermediates between the dies of the line I make the face of either one
or both of the side guages so that it will allow a slight yield; and bÿ
applying a slight increase of power to the space, and that for only a
short movement, the next section of the space will be forced between
the dics, and square them in the line. The variation in the width of
the sections of the spaces I make so slight that the increased length of
the line by the extra movement of the spaces and yielding-of-the-guage..
will not be-apparent to the eye.
i
. For applying this system of justification to lines of moveable type I a
make the sections of spaces-movcable, and instead of attaching them to
fixed strips I place them in equivalent slides, which are furnished with
fixed beviled intermediates, or by passing the sections of spaces length-
wise between the words of the line the bevils may form part of the
space at the extremity.
's
=
.-
For giving motion to the die strips I employ cither a system of racks
and gear or a windlass. I construct a windlass for the purpose as

page_text: follows: Upon a stationary drum I place movable bands or hoops
to which are attached belts or cords, which to secure strength I con-
struct of thin flexible metal, although other material may be used. To
the belts I attach the die strips, and by winding and unwinding the
belts upon the windlass-motion is given to the die strips.
My object in using the light bands or hoops upon the drum instead of
constructing the windlass in the common manner with wheels turning
upon an axis, is to allow the movement of the die strips to be suddenly
checked while under rapid motion without the sudden jerk which would
be caused by suddenly stopping a common windlass. The hoops are so
light that they are easily started or stopped in their movement, and
acquire no appreciable momentum. In fact their friction upon the
surface of the drum fully overcomes all momentum. I give motion to
the hoops by means of a rocking arm or arms provided with a pawl
which engages with a tooth or catch on the hoop to be moved. The
rocking arm receives its impulse through a rack and gear, the rack
having such movement as is indicated by or through the means of the
operating keys of the machine. The rack is moveable in the carriage,
and remains at rest during the reciprocating movement of the carriage,
except at such times as it is made fixed to the carriage by its catch
bolt, which is supported in position by a trigger. The trigger as
well as the bolt are attached to the carriage, and accompany it in its
movements.
The reciprocating movement may be given to the carriage in any
common manner, but for the sake of exactness and to avoid wear or
friction I attach the carriage to a pivoted vibrating arm, which is moved
by means of a crank wheel or eccentric.
The rack will not partake of the forward movement of the carriage
only so long as it is held firmly by the catch bolt, so it will be seen that
its movement may be shortened more or less by tripping the bolt at
certain intervals during the movement of the carriage; this is accom-
plished by means of trippers, which are acted upon by the movement of
the operating keys, each key having its own tripper.
I make the connection of the operating keys and trippers by means of
connecting bars, and to secure an extended movement of the bars by
means of a slight movement of the keys I use crank connections.
When one of the keys is struck by the operator I cause the stroke to

page_text: render inoperative the remaining keys by means of a locking tumbler,
which is acted upon by the movement of the bar, and engages the re-
maining bars until the bar which has been moved forward is driven back
to placo by a shifter, which acts at the end of the forward movement of
the carriage, or whenever the movement of the die strip then in action is a
fully accomplished.
As the operating key has no means of being brought back to place
after being depressed except by a positive movement of the machine.
through the shifter, and all the remaining bars being locked while the
single key is depressed, it will be seen that the operator cannot be at
fault as to the proper time to depress the keys, nor can he prolong any 1
single depression for too long a time.
Articulating with the locking tumbler is an engaging cam, which,
when a key las indicated the length of any movement of the rack by
acting upon its tripper, engages the rack and carriage before the
beginning of the next forward movement of the carriage. Thus the 1
exact movement will be given to the engaged die strip that is indicated
by the key.
The different keys indicate different movements of the die strips, and
therefore bring to the line different characters or letters of the strip. The
hoop engaging pawl or pawls operate the several hoops, and therefore 2
the die strips, consecutively, bringing to place the proper letters in the
order indicated.
In arranging the line of dies certain keys bring forward to their proper
places in the line the thinner spaces appropriate for spacing the line, and
the strips to which these spaces are attached are held in position by their 2
retaining pawls. After the line is complete in its arrangement and
another syllable cannot be brought in, if the line is not "justified" the
retaining pawls are set free, and the compound spaces move simulta-
neously until the line fills the "measure."
The impression of the line is made in stereotype or mold as follows : 3
The material for mold or stereotype is placed upon a polygonal roller,
the sides of which correspond with the face of the line to be constructed,
and which after the line of dies is arranged presses tho material upon
the face of the line. When a rearrangement of the dies is made for
another line, the impression roller turns sufficiently to bring the next 3
succeeding face in contact with such line, which process is repeated for
any number of lines.

page_text: When soft or plastic material is used, the roller is furnished with
guards, separating the faces one from the other. As the material passes
on to the impression roller it is pressed upon it so as to fill the parts
between the guards, and as the material for each line is impressed the
guards come nearly in contact with counter guards which enclose the
line of dies, leaving only space enough between guards and counter
guards to contain a connecting portion of the soft material pressed to a
tough or solid form. This allows each line to be impressed separately,
without displacing the material of other lines.
If the material is of such nature as to require drying by heat, it passes
before a heated drier before leaving the impression roller. If the
stereotype is formed from more solid material, such material is prepared
before receiving the impressions, with a portion or portions of its face
removed, so that impressions may be made upon different parts of the
face without displacing other parts not impressed or parts previously
formed. In this manner either a perfect stereotype or stereotype mold
may be mechanically constructed and the common use of moveable types
obviated.
Not only the movements for arranging the dies, but all other move-
ments of the machine may be governed by the operating keys, e.g., a
key which allows a greater movement to the rack than is required to
bring forward the last die on a strip, is made to relieve the retaining
pawls, which is succeeded by the impression movement, and then by the
return movement of the dies to their first position for a rearrangement.
The device for this purpose may be varied in construction, depending
however upon the indication of the key with the extended' movement
of parts to a greater degree than sufficient for the movement of the dies.
For the purpose I use for convenience a spur upon a die strip or other
strip requiring greater movement than the last die on the strips,..which
extended movement causes the spur to trip an escapement and allow
any movement of the machine desired. Any number of such spurs may
be used, those succeeding each other being used for different move-
ments. Thus any required movement of the machine may be made
at a proper time and indicated by its proper key. The machine may
be driven by power applied in any common manner to the driving shaft.
It will be seen that all the operations of the several devices, except the
operating keys, depend upon the engagement and disengagement of the

page_text: rack and carriage at certain positions of movement. It will be seen
therefore that if the carriage is moved at an invariable velocity, the
several operations will correspond with certain measures of time. To a
machine that is running at an invariable speed, the indications for
engaging and disengaging the rack and carriage can therefore be given
at time intervals, and the machine be perfectly operated.
As no governor (such as steam or water governors) affecting only the
source of power can be relied on for exact invariable time in the move-
ments of machinery, and no dependence can be placed in the results of
friction governors as to accuracy, working under great disadvantages
also in the destruction or unnecessary consumption of power for their
operation, I construct a mechanism for converting variable into
invariable velocity whatever the power or whatever its source. In
constructing such mechanism I proceed as follows:-To an upright
shaft running at any variable speed I attach a revolving pendulum
or common governor balls; the rise of the balls at different velocities of
the shaft may be ascertained with exactness by the use of the following
mathematical formula:-Let S represent the point of suspension of
the rods of the balls; n, the maximum speed; n', the minimum
speed; SL the perpendicular distance from the point of suspension
to the plane in which the balls revolve at their maximum velocity;
and SL the perpendicular for the minimum velocity, and we have the
formula, n: n¹ : : ✔SL¹³: ✔SL. The velocity of the balls in any
one plane will depend upon the length of the rods of the balls; and the
speed being ascertained for any plane, the speeds for all other planes can
be ascertained by use of the formula above; or if a single plauc and
speed be known, any plane may be located by knowing its speed. We
divide the entire perpendicular of suspension of balls when at rest into
parts, one of which represents the perpendicular distance of plane of "
from point of suspension. Now let us suppose four such parts to equal
the perpendicular distance of plane ³. Now let the speed of a be one
hundred revolutions per minute, tho known speed. Then to find the
speed of we have the proportion.

page_text: We then have 100 : × : : ✔ ✔I or 100 : ×
:
:: 2 : 1, giving
100:50:2:1, and we have x=50, which is the speed of n'.
:
"
To find the position of the unknown plane L', the position of L
and the speeds of n and n' being given, we have the formula
n : n¹ : : × : ✓ī giving S L=1 and S L'=4.
To convert the variable velocity of the power shaft to which the rods of
the balls are pivoted into invariable velocity, I attach to the power shaft
a fixed wheel or pulley which shall be connected by belt or friction gear
with a wheel or pulley of a shaft to which I wish to secure an invariable
speed. The wheel on this second shaft I make to slide on a feather, and
give to the line of the face of this wheel or pulley such a curve as shall
make the several diameters of said pulley correspond with the several
speeds of the balls in their several corresponding planes between their
maximum and minimum velocities. Besides suspending the balls by
means of rods, I also pass another rod at right angles to the revolving
shaft, and made to slide thereon, and allow the balls to slide loosely on
this rod; I then attach to the rod by means of a swivel, a lever pivoted
to a stationary support at one extremity and to a sliding thimble sup-
porting the curved faced wheel or pulley at the other extremity. As the
balls rise or fall the curved pulley will rise or fall in like proportion,
and as the several diameters of the pulley are proportioned to the several
velocities of the balls by making the fixed pulley of the variable shaft
compare with the mean diameter of the curved pulley when the balls are
at their mean velocity the speed of the invariable shaft will always be
the mean speed of the variable shaft whatever the speed of the variable
shaft may be. The shape of the curved pulley will be found to be an
elongated curved faced conoidal wheel, with its greatest concavity nearest
its greatest diameter.
This mechanism may not only be used to give to the machine above
described an invariable speed, but may be used for converting variable
into invariable speed in connection with any class of machinery where
it may be desirable so to do.
To secure to my machine an invariable speed it is only necessary to
attach to the driving shaft the device-already-described; the machine
will then be in condition to be operated by timed impulses. As the
result of each movement of the machine depends upon the distance
through which the rack moves, it will only be necessary to engage tlie

page_text: rack, and then after a proper time interval trip the trigger. This may
be done at a distance by means of clectro-magnetic impulses, and the
machine be under full control of the operator, who may be many miles
from the machine. As the results depend upon only two movements,
which always follow each other in proper order, therefore no mistake
can be made by the operator, and only one connecting wire or electric
current will be necessary to give the timed impulses for indicating the
proper movements in the machine.
For giving the magnetic impulse to the cam which engages the rack
and then in turn to the tripper, I use a magnet and armature, such as is
common to telegraphic instruments, in connection with an electric current.
I attach the armature to a lever, to which is attached a 'cam for engaging
the rack and carriage, and also a succession of trippers, equalling in
number all the other. trippers of the machine and bearing a like relative
position. Now if the magnets of two machines are connected by a wire,
and both machines are driven at a like and invariable. volocity, the
operator operating one machine by means of the operating keys will
actually operate both machines alike at whatever distance they may be
separated. Or if it is desirable for the operator to operate a machine; or
a number of machines at a distance only, he may do so by using-simply
a timed key board, which he may easily carry with him to any locality
and make his connections with the wire of the distant machine. In this
manner a reporter at any point on a telegraphic line may, while reporting
a speech or item of news, prepare the matter for press in as many
localities as desirable without the aid of sub-telegraph operators, copyists,
message, copy, or type setters, and the people of a distant locality may read
in their newspaper the reported speech a few moments after it is uttered.
To construct an appropriate timed key board for such purpose I
proceed as follows: To a key board, made as small as practicable for
convenience. in carrying from place to place, I attach a common pen-
-dulum or chronometer watch movement, which-will-beat-vibrations-cither-
like or proportionate to the vibrations of the reciprocating carriage of
the distant machine. I then make such a connection of this " move-
ment" with the operating keys that a key depressed causes the clectric
current to be connected at a proper time during the vibration, and also
indicates a certain portion of the vibration to be spent when a second
connection will be made. The alternating impulses at these properly
indicated intervals will operate properly the distant machine. The
·

page_text: several keys indicating several intervals of different duration produce
the different and required results.
In operating a machine by means of its own operating keys, no key
having been struck to lock the remaining keys, I cause all the keys to
be inoperative during the forward movement of the carriage by means
of a clutch, which locks the shifter at the beginning of the forward
movement and unlocks it at the beginning of the backward movement.
This prevents giving the indication of the key on the wrong beat of the
vibration.
For telegraphic messages I attach to the machine a common inking
roller which inks the dies as they are brought forward, and use paper
for the material to be impressed. The result is a beautifully printed
letter with lines of proper length and artistically arranged and justified,
instead of the crude and uncomcly message of a common printing
telegraph, stamped one letter at a time, without regard to length of line
or style of composition, and often filled with errors.
To avoid errors in the composition produced by my machine, I place
enlarged plain printed characters upon the windlass or other convenient
attachment, which will follow a like arrangement as that of the arranged
line of dies. These large plain characters appear directly before the eye
of the operator, and before the impression of the line is made he may
examine it readily and thoroughly. If the line is incorrect the im-
pression is omitted, and the stroke of a single key returns the dies to
place for a rearrangement when the mistake is rectified. In this manner
the operator "reads his proof" as the work progresses, obviating the
necessity of an after-proof reading.
The advantages secured by my Invention are apparent from, the
description, I therefore make no further comment.

page_text: WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Twenty-first day of August, in the
year of our Lord One. thousand eight hundred and seventy-two, in the
thirty-fifth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors
give and grant unto me, the said Merritt Gally, Her special licence that
I, the said Merritt Gally, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or
such others as I, the said Merritt Gally, my exccutors, administrators, and
.
assigns, should-at-any-time-agree-with,-and-no-others,-from-time-to-time
and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should
and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and
Isle of Man, an Invention for "AUTOMATICALLY ARRANGING OR CONSTRUCTING
FORMS FOR PRINTING COMMUNICATIONS OR OTHER KINDS OF PRINTED - MATTER AT
HAND OR AT A DISTANCE," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the
said Merritt Gally, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in
writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should par-
ticularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in
what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be
filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next
and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Merritt Gally, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be-particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement, reference being had to the Drawings hereunto
annexed, that is to say:-
.
My Invention relates to a machine the object of which is, firstly, to
obviate the necessity of the use of moveable types in forms for letter-
-press-printing,-or-from-which-stereotypes-are-prepared-for-press;-and-
secondly, to enable an operator to prepare matter for press. in a. distant
locality, either in forms of moveable types, in stereotypes or stereotype
molds, as the case may require. —

page_text: Twelfthly. In a mechanism in connection with operating keys, which
allows a key struck to remain depressed during the movement of the
machinery for bringing to place the die indicated, the key then being
forced back to position by a positive movement of the machinery, to
secure certainty and accuracy in manipulation.
Thirteenthly. In the use of a locking device by means of which the
depression of one key will render the remaining keys inoperative until
the movement of the machine indicated by the depressed key is entirely
accomplished.
Fourteenthly. In the use of a windlass formed of a drum with light
friction bands, for allowing sudden stops when under great speed without
injury from momentum.
Fifteenthly. In the use of a pawl in combination with rocking arms,
which act in connection with and for the purpose of giving indicated
movements to the bands of the friction windlass.
Sixteenthly. In the use of a carriage having a reciprocating movement
combined with a moveable rack, the rack partaking only of such parts
of the movements of the carriage as are indicated by or through the
operation of operating keys, different keys indicating different movements
of the rack.
Seventeenthly. In the combination of a mechanism for automatically
arranging types, dies, or matrices, and an electric telegraph instrument,
for the purpose of securing at a distance the arrangement of a line or
lines before an impression is taken.
Eighteenthly. In the use of a mechanism for converting variable into
invariable velocity.
Nineteenthly. In the use of a stereotype blank, a part or parts of the
face of which are removed, so that the compression in forming one part
of the stereotype will not displace other parts previously formed, or parts
of the face not compressed.
FIGURES OF THE DRAWINGS.
Figure 1 is a side view of the machine with part of the framing cut
away to show the arrangement of the working parts.
Figure 2 is a plan showing the principle parts of the machine, with a
partial number of operating keys and windlass bands.

page_text: The letters of the alphabet, figures, and punctuation points occupy
spaces differing in breadth, and for this reason common types vary in
thickness.
In constructing the machine above referred to Ì arrange a set or sets
of dies T representing an alphabet, figures, and points; as many of each
or the several kinds as necessary for the work to be done in such a
manner as that the variation of space occupied is graduated by nearly
a regular increase. These dies I attach either to flexible continuous
strips, or to jointed strips.or cords allowing flexion.. I attach the dies
far enough removed from each other to allow the flexible strip or other
connection between the dies to bend freely, so that when the dies of
B

page_text: different sets or strips placed side by sido are pressed together the dies
will be easily set squarely in a line across the series of strips; this being
allowed by the flexion of the strips or connections, as shewn in Figure 4';
while on account of the varying width of the dies of each strip those
dies outside of the arranged line, forming radial or fan-like lines in the
direction of the strips, will not stand squarely with cach other unless
forced to do_so_by_the flexion_of_the_strips, as in case of the arranged
line.
My object in connecting the dies together with connections, or
attaching them to flexible strips, is, first, to have them so connected
together as to be able to move or control their movements by a positive
action; secondly, that they may have certain fixed positions in the strips
or connections, allowing their position in respect to each other to govern
their position in relation to other parts of the machine without-rigidly:
fixing them to any part; and thirdly, to allow deviation of the. dies
when arranged in a line for making an impression from their position
and course as compared with the dies outside the arranged line, without
in the least diminishing the positiveness of their movement when set in
motion or the perfect control of their position. On common types-there
is a slight shoulder to form a space between the characters set side-by
side.
Instead of making a shoulder upon the dies I place other flexible
strips or connections between the sets of dics T, Figure 3. These strips
act as guides, allowing the strips having dies to slide by each other
without collision of the dies.
I also bevel or curve the corners of the dies to prevent collision, as in
Figuro-7,-and-at-a-moderate-speed-they-can-in-this-shape--be-used-
without the guiding strips.
In using the female dics or matrices, Figure 8, in connection with the
intermediate guiding strips I either cut away the side of the dies to
allow space for the intermediate strip, or extend the portion of the strip
which lies in the line equal to the height of the dies, so that the blank
face of the entire line of dies may be unbroken. This prevents a “fin”
being formed between 'the letters of the stereotype.
For regulating the length of the lines formed by the dies I use
adjustable side gauges E. These gauges may be set to accommodate a
column or page of matter of any desired width. I cut away a portion
:

page_text: of one or both of the ganges, as E, Figure 5, so that the die strips not
used in completing the arranged line may slide by the face of the
gauges and not obstruct the space to be occupied by the line of dies.
That part of the face of each gauge which marks the length of the line,
arranged, is at right angles to such line, and as the dies have parallel
sides they will stand squarely together when pressed between the gauges.
I straighten the arranged line of dies by means of lining pawls a³,
which catch each die strip as soon as relieved from the power employed
for its forward movement. After an impression has been made upon the
line of dies the lining pawls are relieved, and the die strips are drawn
back for another arrangement of the dies.
For spacing the arranged line of dies I use compound spaces f. I
form these compound spaces by placing in order a number of spaces of
varying widths with beveled or wedge-like intermediates between them,
as in Figure 6.
The sections of the compound spaces may be rigidly connected.
together by means of the intermediates, or may be more or less.
separated, allowing flexion as in case of the dies. The sections of the,
compound spaces when used with the female dies act as blank dies.
The spaces may be, if desired, attached to other than the dic strips,
and have a distinct movement. When attached to the die strips the
operation of spacing and "justifying" is as follows:-When a dic strip
is brought forward, not far enough to bring a dio to the line being
arranged, one of the sections of the compound space will stand in the
linc, and the die strip is not acted upon by the lining pawl, but is held
by a space retaining pawl b
. 1.
It will be seen that by arranging the dies of the line with the thinner
sections of spaces between the words until another syllable cannot be
brought in if the line is not "justified," all that will be necessary will
be to relieve at the same instant all the spaces held by the several
retaining pawls, and a uniform advancement of the graduated spaces
will increase the several spaces between the words, and the line will be
perfectly justified:
.88
As artistic justification". requires in some cases a different increase
of space between different characters each set of graduated spaces may
be made up of sub-sets of different graduations, as in Figure 9; and if

page_text: the proper section is set in the first arrangement of tho line the final
justification by the, simultaneous advancement of the spaces will be
even more artistic and accurate than the most careful hand spacing in
type setting.
In order that the compound spaces may not stop with the beveled 5
intermediates between the dies of the line, I make the face of either one
or both of the side_gauges so that it will allow a slight yield as a³,
Figure 5; and by applying a slight increase of power to the space, and
that for only a short movement, the next section of the space will bo
forced between the dies, and square them in the line. The variation in 1
the width of the sections of the spaces I make so slight that the
increased length of the line by the extra movement of the spaces
yielding of the gauge will not be apparent to the eye.
:
and
In applying this system of justification to lines of moveable. types
I make the sections of spaces moveable, and instead of attaching them¸1
to fixed strips I place them in equivalent slides, which are furnished
with fixed beveled intermediates, or by passing the sections of spaces
lengthwise between the words of the line the bevels may forin part of
the space at its extremity.
For giving motion to the die strips I employ either a system of racks 2
and gear or a windlass R, S; I construct a windlass for the purpose as
follows: Upon a stationary drum R I place moveable bands or hoops S,
to which are attached belts or cords, which to secure strength I con-
struct of thin flexible metal, although other material may be used. To
the belts / I attach the die strips T, and by winding and unwinding the 2
belts upon the windlass motion is given to the die strips.
My object in using the light bands or hoops S upon-the-drum-R
- instead of constructing the windlass in the common manner with wheels
turning upon an axis, is to allow the movement of the die strips to bo
_suddenly checked while under rapid motion without the sudden jerk 3
which would be caused by suddenly stopping a common windlass. The
hoops are so light that they are easily started or stopped in their move-
ment, and acquire no appreciable momentum. In fact their friction upon
the surface of the drum fully overcomes all-momentum. I give motion to -
the hoops by means of a rocking arm or arms Z provided with a pawl g, 3
· which engages with a tooth or catchi j.on the hoop to be moved. The
rocking Z receives its impulse through a rack and gear U, U³, the,
.::.

page_text: rack having such movement as is indicated by or through the means of
the operating keys of the machine. The rack U is moveable on its
carriage V, and remains at rest during the reciprocating movement of the
carriage, except at such times as it is made fixed to the carriage by its
catch bolt K, which is supported in position by a trigger J. The
trigger, as well as the bolt, are attached to the carriage, and accom-
panying it in its movements.
The reciprocating movement may be given to the carriage V in any
common manner; but for the sake of exactness, and to avoid wear or
friction, I attach the carriage to a pivoted vibrating arm Y, which is
moved by means of a crank wheel or eccentric P.
The rack will not partake of the forward movement of the carriage
only so long as it is held firmly by the catch bolt K, so it will be seen
that its movement may be shortened more or less. by tripping the bolt
at certain intervals during the movement of the carriage. This is
accomplished by means of trippers 1, 2, 3, &c., which are acted upon
by the movement of the operating keys, each key having its own
tripper.
I make the connection of the operating keys L and trippers by means
of connecting bars O, and to secure an extended movement of the bars
by means of a slight movement of the keys I use crank connections F.
:
When one of the keys is struck by the operator I cause the stroke
to render inoperative the remaining keys by means of a locking
tumbler b, c, which is acted upon by the movement of the moving bar,
and engages the remaining bars until the bar which has been moved
forward is driven back to place by a shifter t, which acts at the end of
the forward movement of the carriage, or whenever the movement of
the' die strip then in action is fully accomplished. As the operating.
key has no means of being brought back to place after being depressed,
except by a positive movement of the machine through the shifter, and
all the remaining keys being locked while the single key is depressed, it
will be seen that the operator cannot be at fault as to the proper time to
depress the keys; nor can he prolong any single depression for too long a
time.
Articulating with the locking tumbler is an engaging cam, which
when a key has indicated the length of any movement of the rack by
acting upon its-tripper, engages the rack and carriage before the

page_text: beginning of the next forward movement of the carriage V. Thus the
exact movement will be given to the engaged dic strip that is indicated
by the key.
.
The different keys indicate different movements of the die strips, and
therefore bring to the line different characters or letters of the strip.
The hoop engaging pawl or pawls operate the several hoops, and there,
fore the die strips consecutively bringing to place the proper letters in
the order indicated.
In arranging the line of dies, certain keys bring forward to their proper
places in the line the thinner spaces appropriate for spacing the linc,
and the strips to which these spaces are attached are held in position by
their retaining pawls 6º., After the line is completo, in its arrangement,
and another syllable cannot be brought in, if the line is not.“justified,”
the retaining, pawls are set free, and the compound spaces moved simul-
taneously until the line fills the "measure.”
:
The impression of the line is made in stereotype or mold as follows:
-The material for mold or stereotype is place upon a polygonal roller L',
Figure 10, the sides of which correspond with the face of the line to be
constructed, and which after the line of dies is arranged presses the
material upon the face of the line.
When a rearrangement of the dies is made for another line the
impression roller turns sufficiently to bring the next succeeding face in
contact with such line, which process is repeated for any number of
lines.
When soft or plastic material is used, the roller is furnished with
guards k, k, and I, 1, separating the faces one from the other. As the
material passes on to the impression roller it is pressed upon it so as to
fill the parts between the guards, and as the material for each lino is
impressed the guards come nearly in contact with counter guards
which enclose the line of dics, leaving only space enough between guards
and counter guards to contain a connecting portion of the soft material
pressed to a tough or solid form. This allows each line to be impressed
separately without displacing the material of other lines.
If the material is of such nature as to require drying by heat, it
passes before a heated dryer before leaving the impression roller.....
If the stereotype is formed from more solid material, such material is
prepared before receiving the impressions with a portion or portions of

page_text: "
its face removed, so that impressions may be made upon different parts
of the face without displacing other parts not impressed or parts pre-
viously formed, as shewn by m², Figure 10. In this manner either a
perfect stereotype or stereotype mold may be mechanically constructed
and the common use of moveable types obviated.
Not only the movements for arranging the dies, but all other move-
ments of the machine may be governed by the operating keys, viz. :-A
key which allows a greater movement to the rack than is required to
bring forward the last die on a strip is made to relieve the retaining
pawls, which is succeeded by the impression movement, and then by the
return movement of the dies to their first position for a rearrangement.
The device for this purpose may be varied in construction, depending
however upon the indication of the key, with the extended movement of
parts to a greater degree than sufficient for the movement of the dics.
For the purpose I use for convenience a spur N' upon a die strip or
other strip requiring greater movement than the last die on the strips,
which extended movement causes the spur to trip an escapement h* and
allow any movement of the machine desired. Any number of such
spurs may be used, those succeeding each other being used for different
movements. Thus any required movement of the machine may be made
at a proper time and indicated by its proper key. The machine may be
driven by power applied in any common manner to the driving shaft.
"
-
It will be seen that all the operations of the several devices, except the
operating keys, depend upon the engagement and disengagement of the
rack and carriage at certain portions of movement. It will. be. seen
therefore, that if the carriage V is moved at an invariable velocity the
several operations will correspond with certain measures of time. To a
machine that is running at an invariable speed the indications for
engaging and disengaging the rack and carriage can therefore be given
at time intervals, and the machine be perfectly operated.
As no governor (such as steam or water governors) affecting only the
source of power can be relied on for exact invariable time in the move-
ments of machinery, and no dependenco can be placed in the results of
friction governors as to accuracy, working under great disadvantages
also in the destruction or unnecessary consumption of power for their
operation, I construct a mechanism for converting variable into in-
variable velocity whatever the power or whatever its source.
In con-

page_text: .
structing such mechanism I proceed as follows:-To an upright shaft H
running at any variable speed I attach a revolving pendulum or common
governor balls. The rise of the balls at different velocities of the shaft
may be ascertained with exactness by the use of the following mathe-
matical formula, Diagram 12:-Let S represent the point of suspension
of the rods of the balls; n, the maximum speed; 12, the minimum
speed'; SL the perpendicular distance from the point-of-suspension to
the plane in which the balls revolve at their maximum velocity; and
Sthe perpendicular for the minimum velocity, and we have the
formula, nn: : ✓SL: ✔S L. The velocity of the balls in any ]
one plane will depend upon the length of the rods of the balls, and the
speed being ascertained for any plane, the speeds for all other planes can
be ascertained by use of the formula above. Or if a single plane and
speed be known any plane may be located by knowing its speed. We
divide the entire perpendicular of suspension of balls when at rest into 1
parts, one of which represents the perpendicular distance of plane of n
from point of suspension. Now let us suppose four such parts to equal
the perpendicular distance of plane n. Now let the speed of 12 be one
hundred revolutions per minute, the known speed then to find the speed
of n' we have the proportion,—
6

page_text: pond with the several speeds of the balls in their several corresponding
planes-between their maximum and minimum velocities. Beside sus-
pending the balls by means of rods, I also pass. another. rod at right.
angles to the revolving shaft and made to slide thereon, and allow the
balls to, slide loosely on this rod; I then attach to the rod by means
of a swivel a lever A' pivoted to a stationary support at one extremity,
and to a sliding thimble supporting the curved faced wheel or pulley
at the other extremity. As the balls rise or fall the curved pulley will
rise or fall in like proportion, and as the several diameters of the pulley
are proportioned to the several velocitics of the balls by making the
fixed pulley e³ of the variable shaft compare with the mean diameter
of the curved pulley d³, when the balls are at their mean velocity the
speed of the invariable shaft will always be the mean speed of the
variable shaft, whatever the speed of the variable shaft may be. The
shape of the curved pulley & will be found to be an elongated curved
faced conoidal wheel with its greatest concavity nearest its greatest
diameter. This mechanism may not only be used to give to the.
machine above described an invariable speed, but may be used for
converting variable into invariable speed in connection with any class
of machinery, where it may be desirable so to do.'
To secure to my machine an invariable speed it is only necessary to
attach to the driving shaft the device already described. The machino
will then be in condition to be operated by timed impulses. As the
result of each movement of the machine depends upon the distance
through which the rack moves it will only be necessary to engage the
rack, and then after a proper time interval trip. the trigger. This may
be done at a distance by means of electro-magnetic impulses, and the
machine be under full control of the operator, who may be many miles
from the machine. As the results depend upon only two movements,
which always follow each other in proper order, therefore no mistake
can be made by the operator, and only one connecting wire or electric
current will be necessary to give the timed impulses for indicating
the proper movements in the machine.
For giving the magnetic impulse to the cam which engages the rack
and then in turn to the tripper I use a magnet and armature, Figure 13,
such as is common to telegraphic instruments in connection with an
electric current. I attach the armature-to a lever, to which is attached
a camin for engaging the rack and. carriage, and also a succession of

page_text: trippers 1', 21, 3', &c., equalling in number all the other trippers of the
machine and bearing a like relative position. Now, if the magnets of
two machines are connected by a wire, and both machines are driven at
a like and invariable velocity, the operator operating one machine by
means of the operating keys will actually operate both machines alike,
at whatever distance they may be separated. Or if it is desirable for
the operator to operate a machine or a number of machines at a distance
only, he may do so by using simply a timed key board, which he may
easily carry with him to any locality and make his connections with tho
wire of the distant machine. In this manner a reporter at any point on
a telegraphic line may while reporting a speech or item of news prepare
the matter for press in as many localities as desirable without the aid of
sub-telegraph operators, copyists, message, copy, or type setters, and the
people of a distant locality may read in their newspaper the reported
speech a few minutes after it is uttered.
66
To construct an appropriate timed key board for such purpose I
proceed as follows:-To a key board made as small as practicable for
convenience in carrying from place to place I attach a common
pendulum or chronometer watch movement, which will beat vibrations
either like or proportionate to the vibrations of the reciprocating carriage
of the distant machine, I then make such a connection of this
movement" with the operating keys, that a key depressed causes the
electric current to be connected at a proper time during the vibration,
and also indicate a certain portion of the vibration to be spent when a
second connection will be made. The alternating impulses at these
properly indicated intervals will operate properly the distant machine.
The several keys indicating several intervals of different durations
produce the different and required results.
In operating a machine by means of its own operating keys, no key
having been struck to lock the remaining keys, I cause all the keys
to be inoperative during the forward movement of the carriage by
means of a clutch m³, which locks the shifter at the beginning of tho
forward movement, and unlocks it at the beginning of the backward
movement. This provents giving the indication of the key on the wrong
beat of the vibration.
For telegraphic messages I attach to the machine a common inking
roller, which inks the dies as they are brought forward, and use naner

page_text: for the material to be impressed. The result' is a beautifully printed
letter, with lines of proper length and artistically arranged and
"justified," instead of the crude and uncomely message of a common
printing telegraph, stamped one letter at a time without regard to
length of line or style of composition, and often filled with errors.
To avoid errors in the composition produced by my machine I place
enlarged plain printed characters upon, the windlass or, other convenient
attachment, as shown in Figure 9, which will follow a like arrangement
as that of the arranged line of dies. These large plain characters appear
directly before the eye of the operator, and before the impression of the
line is made he may examine it readily and thoroughly.
If the line is incorrect the impression is omitted, and the stroke of
a single key returns the dies to place for a rearrangement, when the
mistake is rectified. In this manner the operator "reads his proof'
as the work progresses, obviating the necessity of an afterf-proof reading.
"
The electric connections for transferring the proper timed impulses
from one machine to another are made as follows:-When the latch
bolt K engages the rack U in one machine it connects for an instant the
wire, and the magnet of the distant machine engages the bolt and rack
at the same time. The second connection of the wire, is made by the
movement of the trigger J as it strikes one of the trippers, which
connection works the tripper of the distant machine.
'
The advantages secured by my Invention are apparent from the
I therefore make no further comment

page_text: forced back by a poSITIVO DIOVCARCAT UL ww
specified.
Fourteenthly. The locking device or equivalent, which by the de-
pression of a key renders inoporative the remaining keys until a proper
time for their action, substantially as set forth.
Fifteenthly. The windlass, constructed with drum and friction bands,
substantially as and for the purpose specified.
Sixteenthly. The rocking arm or arms Z in combination with the pawl
or pawls for giving consecutive movements to the die strips, sub-
stantially as specified.
.9
Seventeenthly. A carriage, having a reciprocating movement in com-
bination with an impelling rack or equivalent, which shall partake only
of such parts of the movement of the carriage as are indicated by or
through the operation of the impelling device, substantially as and for
the purpose set forth.
Eighteenthly. Controlling all the parts performing the sub-movements
of the machine by means of two alternating principal movements or
impulses, the distance of movement or time interval of the principals
indicating the character of the sub or minor movements, substantially
as and for the purpose specified.
Nineteenthly. The described mechanism or equivalent for converting
variable into invariable velocity.
Twentiethly. The combination of a mechanism for automatically
arranging types, dies, or matrices, and an electric telegraph instrument,
for the purpose of securing at a distance the arrangement of a line or
lines before an impression is taken.
Twenty-firstly. The clutch m³ for preventing the movement of the
operating keys during the forward movement of the carriage, substan-
tially as set forth.
Twenty-secondly. A stereotype blank, a part or parts of the face of
which are removed, so that the compression in forming one part of the
stereotype will not displace other parts previously formed, or parts of
the face not compressed, substantially as set forth.
Twenty-thirdly. The use of enlarged printed characters following a
like arrangement with the line of types, dies, or matrices, for the purpose

page_text: of aiding in corrections of mistakes in arrangement, substantially as
set forth.
In witness whereof, I, the said Merritt Gally, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, the Twentieth day of November, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-two.