An Improved system of heating by Electricity.
Year: 1885

page_text: An Improved system of heating by Electricity.
I, NESTOR FRERE, of 22, Southampton Buildings, in the County of Middlesex,
Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of my said invention for "AN IMPROVED
SYSTEM OF HEATING BY ELECTRICITY," as the same has been communicated to me,
to be as follows:-
The object of this invention is the introduction of an improved method of
converting the electric energy of a current into heat, by varying, in the direction
of reduction, the sectional areas of the circuit, as well as interposing therein
different metals selected for their heat conducting power.
I do not confine myself to any particular metals, or shape thereof, inasmuch as
these may be varied according to the special requirements of the case, provided
that the principle of my invention, as explained above, be not departed from.
This invention is not confined to any particular circumstances in its application,
as it is easily adapted to any case where artificial heat is required, the heater being
supplied with electricity in any convenient way.
1
נות
+
100k
PHILLIPS & LEIGH,
Agents for the Applicant.

page_text: I, NESTOR FRÈRE, of 22 Southampton Buildings, in the County of Middlesex,
Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner
the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement:-
My invention relates to improvements in the art of converting electric energy
into heat.
:
It is a well-known fact that if the sectional area of an electric circuit be
diminished, the extra resistance offered by said reduction to the passage of the
current along it will result in the transformation of a certain proportion of the
electric into thermic energy.
In carrying my invention into practical operation, the wire forming that part of
the circuit with which this invention is more particularly concerned may be
tapered downwards in the direction of the circuit for as great a length as the size
of the heater may require. When the wire is tapered in this way, a more even
temperature is maintained throughout its length than if the wire were of the same
diameter throughout.
I do not confine myself to any particular metal for the heating wires of my
invention, but am guided in the selection by the well-known fact that a metal wire
heats when an electrical current is sent through it, according to the resistance which
it naturally offers to the passage of the current.
I place balls or masses of lead at intervals along the heater wire, the function of
each ball or mass being to absorb its quota of heat generated in the length of wire
along which the current is travelling to it.
I regulate the mass as well as the areas of contact and of radiation so that the
generation of heat in the preceeding length of wire, its absorption by the lead and
its radiation into the surrounding air may be properly balanced.
I may here remark that I have instanced lead as the material for the radiating
centres because of its considerable power of conducting heat, although my invention
is not confined to the use of lead for this purpose, which may be replaced by any
other substance capable of readily absorbing and radiating beat.
I do not confine myself to any particular shape of radiator. Figs. 1 to 9 illustrate
a variety of shapes, any one of which, as well as any other preferable on the score
of either appearance or utility, may be adopted according to the requirements of
any particular case.
In order that my invention and the means by which it is to be carried into
successful operation, may be thoroughly understood, I will now describe the same
in detail, referring in so doing to the accompanying figures which are to be taken
as part of this specification and read therewith. Like parts are marked throughout
the figures in which they occur with the same reference letter.
In Figs. 1 to 9, a a are the conducting wires, and b b the radiators.
Fig. 6 illustrates a rectangular shape of radiator. This shape is adopted for the
sake of securing an equality of temperature among the radiators.

page_text: Fig. 7 illustrates the use of double flanged rectangular radiators, the shape of
which induces a ready circulation of the adjoining atmosphere or liquid.
Fig. 5 illustrates a construction of my invention according to which the solid
radiators of the previous figures are replaced by tubes d. These tubes may be
numerous, or only one may be used, and used for the heating of air, gases, or liquids,
flowing through them.
Fig. 10 is an elevation of an independent vertical heater, designed to stand in a
room or hall.
The electrical energy is supplied by batteries o arranged in the enclosed lower
half of the heater case.
It is quite clear that my invention may be embodied as a cooking as well as a
heating stove, the energy being supplied in any convenient way-and from any
suitable source, or in addition to provision being made according to my invention
for heating the ovens and boilers of a cooking range, the invention may be furthor
adapted to the purposes of the cuisine by fitting it to grills and similar detachablo
pieces of cooking apparatus.
I do not propose to enumerate here the various forms in which my invention
may be made. These may always be modified in respect of shape or dimension or
power to suit any particular case.
The batteries of Fig. 10 may be replaced by a dynamo-electric machine, or the
electric energy may be taken from any convenient source.
Fig. 10 illustrates the application of my invention to the production of a
stationary heater. I will now show how I. propose to apply my invention to the
heating of vehicles, e.g. a railway carriage.
When a dynamo is used as the source of the electric energy I may mount it upon
the axle of the carriage where it will be revolved by the motion of the train, as
shewn in Fig. 11.
The wires from the dynamo or other source of electricity to the heater may be
taken in any convenient way. I do not confine myself to connecting them in the
way shewn in Fig. 11.
The heater itself may be of any suitable size and placed at any convenient part
of the carriage or compartment.
Instead of a dynamo I may make use of any convenient type of battery or
accumulator.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what
I claim is:
1. An electric heater consisting of a metal wire having radiators of lead or other
suitable material fixed thereon substantially-as above described and illustrated in
the accompanying figures 1 to 10.
2. An electric liquid or air heater consisting of a metal wire or wires connecting
with various points in the lengths of a tube or series of tubes substantially as above
described with reference to the accompanying figures.
3. The construction of portable heaters for carriages, either road or railway, and
their actuation, substantially as described with reference to the accompanying
drawings.