IMPROVEMENTS IN PAPER BARRELS AND ANALOGOUS BARRELS AND PACKAGES, AND IN THE MODE OF ND MACHINERY AND APPARATUS FOR MANUFACTURING THE SAME, PARTS OF AHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE APPLICABLE FOR OTHER PURPOSES."
Year: 1879

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Henry Darlington and Charles Edward Sedore, both
of Brooklyn, in the County of Kings and State of New York, one of the
United States of America, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN PAPER
BARRELS AND ANALOGOUS BARRELS AND PACKAGES, AND IN THE MODE OF
ND MACHINERY AND APPARATUS FOR MANUFACTURING THE SAME, PARTS OF
AHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE APPLICABLE FOR OTHER PURPOSES."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Henry Darlington and
Charles Edward Sedore at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the
12th August 1879.
JOHN HENRY DARLINGTON and CHARLES EDWARD SEDORE, both of Brooklyn,
in the County of Kings and State of New York, one of the United States of
America. "IMPROVEMENTS IN PAPER BARRELS AND ANALOGOUS BARRELS AND
PACKAGES, AND IN THE MODE OF AND MACHINERY AND APPARATUS FOR MANU-
FACTURING THE SAME, PARTS OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE APPLICABLE FOR
OTHER PURPOSES."
The first part of the Invention is intended more particularly for winding paper
or paper stock in a proper condition to accumulate several layers one upon another,
to be afterwards pressed together to form the main cylindrical portion of a paper
barrel or analogous package. But we believe it may be used with good effect in
many other branches of manufacture where winding is required.
We provide a more than usually perfect and continuous support for the interior
of the bound mass. We provide for collapsing it to a sufficient extent to allow
the ready removal of the wound material. We provide convenient means for
so operating the staves or sections that alternate staves are first drawn inward so
that their outer surfaces come within the circular line of the inner surfaces of the
adjoining staves, and then by the operation of a different part we contract or
collapse all the staves alike. The previous shifting of alternate staves inward
prevents the effect which would otherwise resist this movement. The staves offer
no resistance, thus conditioned, to being lapped or superposed one upon another to
the extent required to allow the ready removal of the completed article.
בל

page_text: We will describe the machine as used in the preparation of a paper barrel. We
will describe the material employed as previously manufactured paper of uniform
thickness and tough quality, which is supplied from a roll or other source and is
drawn through a tank of peculiar shape so as to be thoroughly wetted with paste
or cementing material. We provide for removing the surplus material in great part
by adjustable scrapers. The nearly cleaned material is next passed through between
a pair of smooth calender rollers which remove the remaining surplus, and is then
immediately wound upon and gently pressed upon the collapsible former above
referred to. We have provided peculiar means for adjusting the force of the
calendering process.
We provide a peculiarly convenient means of inducing the required resistance on
the roll of paper; it acts by gravity, and induces a resistance directly on the surface
of the paper with the advantage of course that its leverage varies in exact propor-
tion as the roll grows smaller. A peculiarity of the construction facilitates the
ready removal and replacing of this resisting brake. We provide means for
This is
operating it from the distant end, the winding end, of the machine.
frequently required in emergencies, as in the first starting, the winding, or in
repairing a place which has broken.
The second part of the Invention relates to an improved press which is adapted
for pressing hollow cylinders. It presses radially; it is intended more particularly
for treating partially matured paper stock for paper barrels and analogous packages;
but we believe it may be used with good effect in various other branches of manu-
facture. We will describe it is as applied in the manufacture of large cylindrical or
nearly cylindrical packages which may be used as substitutes for barrels, in other
words, paper-barrels.
We employ a heated die formed in two distinct parts with provisions for moving
them apart and together. These dies mould the exterior of the barrel, one end of
the barrel being inserted in each with the line of junction extending around at or
near the mid height of the barrel. We provide for acting with great force radially
on the inner face, pressing the material strongly outward by distending a soft bag
of india-rubber or analogous material. We stiffen the flexible bag without impairing
its qualities by filling a large portion of its interior with a rigid block of wood or
other solid material. We finish the joint on the inner surface where the dies come
together by an inserted strip having bevelled edges, and we lock the press in the
closed condition by strongly and easily operating means before throwing the pressure
into the flexible bag.
The third part of our Invention relates to improvements in machinery for crozing
or producing the groove in which to receive and confine the edge of the head.
After the head has been properly inserted in this croze the paper material is drawn
firmly together and confiued by a hoop.
It will be understood that the paper material for the body or shell of the barrel
has been previously shaped in a slightly swelled or bilged form, and that it remains
to groove or croze the interior near each end to introduce the head in the end, for
which purpose it must be sufficiently spread, and to draw the ends together, and to
hold them together to complete the barrel. Good paper material will allow the
requisite amount of straining. This general mode of operation has been long
practised with wood; we have devised means to make it eminently successful with
paper.
Modifications may be made in the details of some or all of the parts. Some of
the features of the several parts of the Invention may be used without the others,
but we prefer the whole used together as herein shown.
In carrying out the first part of the Invention we can vary the inclination of the
operating links, or can work them with almost no inclination. Their function is
simply to push or pull their respective staves end wise. This may be effected by
links which are generally parallel to the shaft. Theoretically such links would
perform the function better in some respects, but we prefer the exact proportion
and inclination represented.

page_text: We propose to employ adjustable stops to facilitate the arrest of the motion of
the staves inward and outward at the desired points. If through wear or other
cause the joints in the exterior of the winding drum become a little open so as to
make the surface of the winding drum or cylinder not smoothly continuous, but
objectionably open and loose, we can operate the hand wheel in the direction to
draw all the staves tightly together after we have operated the parts to throw the
staves out a little beyond the proper circular line.
Or we can, by sacrificing the advantages of close joints in the surface of the
drum, vary the size of the drum within considerable limits by setting the band
wheel a little more or a little less out after the several staves have been set in a
proper circular line relatively to each other.
In carrying out the second part of the Invention some of the benefits thereof may
be realized by making the outside die in two or more parts, dividing by a joint
longitudinally instead of transversely to the axis of the barrel.
In such case a
joint covering may similarly extend along the interior of each longitudinal joint.
We believe the Invention may be carried out with good effect by reconstructing
the machine and reversing the position of the bag and hot dies, putting the hot
rigid parts inside so as to receive the pressure of. the inner face instead of the outer
face of the barrel. In such modification the elastic bag should be made in the form
of a hollow ring applied around the entire interior of the barrel, and should be
allowed to act by expanding its inward face. Its outer surface should be confined by
a stout band of iron or other rigid material so that all the expansion when pressure
is introduced shall be inwards against the barrel.
When the exterior dies are divided vertically, or in a direction longitudinal to
the barrel, they may be hinged together to promote convenience in handling them.
We propose in some cases to make the dies in more than two pieces, and to have
them open in two places, that is to say, they will open longitudinally of the barrel
to a slight extent sufficient to relieve the barrel from contact, and then they will
open transversely of the barrel.
In carrying out the third part of the Invention the backing wheels which by
their firm tread on the steel lining of the case constitute the backing or abutment
to hold the crozing wheel forcibly outward as the chuck is revolved, may be placed
nearer together without disadvantage.
They may be keyed or otherwise secured in adjustible positions to allow of
adjustment outward or inward to any extent required.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said John Henry Darlington and Charles Edward Sedore in the Great Seal
Patent Office on the 2nd February 1880.
JOHN HENRY DARLINGTON and CHARLES EDWARD SEDORE, both of Brooklyn,
in the County of Kings, and State of New York, one of the United States of
America. "IMPROVEMENTS IN PAPER BARRELS AND ANALOGOUS BARRELS AND
PACKAGES, AND IN THE MODE OF AND MACHINERY AND APPARATUS FOR MANU-
FACTURING THE SAME; PARTS OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE APPLICABLE FOR
OTHER PURPOSES."
Our said Invention relates to the manufacture of barrels and analogous vessels,
cases, or packages of various sizes and thicknesses, and to methods, processes, modes
of operation and machinery and apparatus employed in the several stages of such
manufacture.
The Invention has reference,-
First, to the means for the production of a hollow cylinder, or a thin shell of the
proper length and diameter for the barrel required, formed by winding paper or
analogous material in a continuous roll of many thicknesses, properly pasted, sized,
or cemented, and compressed together; second, to a compressing of a shell formed
in this or other convenient manner in a proper condition with regard to moisture
and temperature, so as to condense, harden, strengthen, and shape the barrel or
other package; and, third, to the preparation for, and the forming, introduction
and securing of the heads.
In carrying out the first part of the Invention, we accumulate several layers of
paper previously coated with paste or size, winding them around a suitable drum,
and accumulating one layer upon another, until the proper quantity is thus placed
to be afterwards pressed together to form the main cylindrical portion of a paper
barrel or analogous package. We believe this machinery may be used with good
effect in other branches of manufacture where winding is not required. We provide
a more than usually perfect and continuous support for the interior of the winding
mass. We provide for collapsing it to a sufficient extent to allow the ready
removal of the wound and partially compacted material. We provide convenient
means for so operating the staves and sections that alternate staves or edges thereof
are first drawn inward, so that their outer surfaces come within the circular line of
the inner surface of the adjoining staves, or the edge of an adjoining stave, and
then by the operation of a different part of the mechanism we contract or collapse
all the staves alike. The previous adjustment of the staves, so that alternate staves
or certain edges lie within the line of other staves or edges avoids the arching effect
which would otherwise resist this movement. The staves thus adjusted offer no
resistance to contraction, becoming lapped or superposed one upon another as the
contraction of the whole proceeds to the extent required. Thus the drum is readily
collapsed to allow the easy removal of the wound shell, this being allowed by the
removal of one of the bearings in which the drum is sustained.
The following is a description of what we consider the best means of carrying
out this part of the Invention.
We will describe the machine as used in the preparation of a paper barrel. We
will describe the material employed as previously manufactured paper of uniform
thickness and tough quality. It is supplied from a roll, and is drawn through a
tank of peculiar shape so as to be thoroughly wetted with paste or cementing
material. We provide for removing surplus paste in great part by adjustable
scrapers. The nearly clean paper is next passed through a pair of calender rollers
which remove the remaining surplus. It is then immediately wound and com-
pressed upon the collapsible former or drum above described. We have provided
superior means for adjusting the calendering process.
We provide a peculiarly convenient means of inducing the required resistance on

page_text: the paper. It acts by gravity, and induces a resistance directly on the surface of
the paper, with the advantage of course, that its leverage changes in reverse pro-
portion as the roll grows smaller. A peculiarity of the construction facilitates the
ready removal and replacing of the brake for the removal of a core of a consumed
roll, and the introduction of another fresh one.
We provide means for operating the brake from the distant end of the machine.
This is frequently required in emergencies, as in the first starting, or in repairing a
place which has been broken.
The accompanying Drawings form a part of this Specification.
Figures 1 to 5 inclusive refer to this part of the Invention.
Figure 1 is a general side elevation.
Figure 2 is a horizontal section through the winding drum, showing the provisions
for collapsing the staves or sections.
Figure 3 is a section of a portion on a larger scale. This shows the way the
sections apply together, to constitute a smooth and unbroken surface on the
exterior when all are fixed outside, and to provide for the drawing inward of the
alternate sections. The dotted lines show the portion of one of the sections or
staves thus drawn inward, a little beyond the line of the adjoining staves, ready to
allow the staves to be lapped upon each other by the further collapsing, when the
whole are afterwards drawn inward simultaneously and equally.
Figure 4 is a plan view of a portion.
Figure 5 is a side elevation of some of the same parts.
Similar letters of reference indicate like parts in all the Figures. The Drawings
represent the novel parts, with so much of the ordinary parts as is necessary to
indicate their relations thereto.
We employ a fixed framework of cast iron or other suitable material. B' is the
shaft of the winding drum. It is provided with two or more hubs carrying bosses,
which form knuckle joints for links b. The outer ends of these links are knuckled
to bosses on the inner faces of separately movable staves which form the surface of
the winding drum. They are shown inclined relatively to the shaft B¹, but this
inclination may vary so as to allow the staves to move apart and together.
A further knuckle joint on the inner face of each stave is connected by a separate
and differently worked link to a device which tends to move the stave end wise.
Moving it endwise produces through the inclined links b an obvious effect in
collapsing or expanding the drum, according as the endwise movement of the stave
is in one direction or the other.
The staves are divided into two differently worked sets, B2, B3, alternating with
each other. The staves B³, of which one stave only is shown in Figure 3, may be
of equal width to the intermediate staves B³, but the edges are differently formed.
The edges are bevelled in opposite ways. The edges of the staves B² are bevelled
so that the outer faces are widest. The edges of the staves B³ are bevelled so that
the outer faces are narrowest.
C is a long nut or sleeve, threaded both on its exterior and interior surfaces. It
is turned by a hand wheel C, and its interior thread works on a corresponding
thread on the shaft B¹. A loose collar C is attached. A shorter sleeve or nut D
worked by the attached handwheel D¹ is threaded on the exterior of the sleeve C.
It carries a loose collar D
Inclined links c, d, alternate in position with each other. Each link c is
knuckled to a lug on a stave B. Each link d is knuckled to a stave B³. The sets
of links c connect at their inner ends to knuckles carried on the collar C³, controlled
by the threaded sleeve C. The set of links d on the contrary are knuckled upon
the collar D, controlled by the nut D. It follows that turning the nut D alone
operates one set of staves B². But turning the sleeve C operates both sets of
links c and d, and their connected sets of staves B2 and B³.
This device allows one set of staves B³ to be worked outward or inward, while
the main nut.or sleeve C and the other set of staves B³ remain at rest. We avail

page_text: of it to first draw inward the attached staves B³ by operating the nut D, and
afterwards to draw inward the whole by operating the sleeve C.
Supposing the winding drum to have been previously in its completely expanded
condition, and that it is desired to collapse it."
We operate the hand wheel D', and turning the nut D thrust the collar D
This communicates a thrust motion through the links d, to each set of staves B³.
This endwise motion results, by the angular position of the links b, in drawing
these staves inward. They leave their associates, the staves B2 easily effecting
their release by virtue of the outward bevel of their abutting edges. They move
inward until they assume the position shown in dotted lines in Figure 3.
When this preliminary contraction or movement inward of every alternate
stave, to the extent represented has been completed, we grasp the hand wheel C¹,
and turn it in the direction to move the sleeve C and all its attachments in the
same direction as the nut D alone had been previously moved. The collar D²
.mounted on and controlled by the nut D carries the links d, and as the nut D
moves with the sleeve C, it follows that in moving the sleeve C we communicate
motion through the links c to the staves B² and contract them, and as the nut D
simply sticks fast and rides along with the sleeve C, the result is a thrust on all
the links, both C and d. This results in a contraction of all the staves, both
B° and B³.
We will when necessary, designate the entire winding cylinder or drum with its
appurtenances by the single letter B.
This last described movement rapidly contracts this, and when that has been
effected to a sufficient extent we remove one of the end bearings A¹ of the winding
cylinder B, and take off the wound material m.
Although the links c, d, are of different lengths, they are so placed that the
movements while in the position for working simultaneously, produce about an
equal effect on their connected staves. As the sleeve C is worked bodily end wise
on the shaft B¹ all the staves B2, B3, are about equally contracted or expanded.
We employ a stop motion to arrest the action when a sufficient thickness of the
paper m has been wound on. A gear wheel B5 on the shaft B receives the motion
from a quicker driving shaft H, which receives motion through the pulley H¹,
which runs on a loose sleeve as will be understood. H2 is a clutch piece feathered
on the shaft H, and capable of being moved endwise by a hand lever H³. This
lever H³ is moved from the operator by the hand to engage the clutch H2 when
required to start the machine; and it may be thrown in the opposite direction to
stop it at will by hand.
But we have provided a stop motion for doing this automatically. Be is a worm
keyed on the shaft B, and engaging in a worm gear wheel which is connected by
variable gears, as indicated, to a wheel carrying one tapering projection or sharply
inclined cam H. On the lever H³ is a movable piece H*, turning on a centre hand
resting against a stop h❜. The motion of the machine to wind on the paper turns
the cam H in the direction of the arrow. When the wheel has made one complete
revolution the cam He, striking the piece *, moves the lever H³ in the direction to
stop the machine.
When the winding cylinder has been collapsed and the material m removed, and
all readjusted for work, the attendant shoves the lever H³ again from him. Now
the hinged condition of the piece H* becomes important, as the point of the piece
His likely to strike the cam H, and requires the piece H* to be deflected upward.
So soon as the cam He is by the operation of the machine turned out of the way,
the piece H assumes its place against the stop h², and all remains tranquil, the
paper winding steadily upon the winding cylinder B until the cam He again strikes
the piece H, and again stops the machine.
E is a V-shaped tank filled with paste, and e¹ is a frame carrying a roller e at its
lower end. The paper being led from the roll I under the tension induced by the.
resistance of the friction piece G, runs over a roller e* above the tank E, and thence

page_text: descends into the tank and passes under the roller e. After rising on the other side
It passes under the scrapers e³, e³, adjustable on the centres es, es, by thumb screws
e, e'. These scrapers remove the greater portion of the paste. The paper then
runs between the calender rollers, the uppermost of which F1 is heavy, but its
gravity is partly resisted by a spring F at each end. These springs are held at
their bases in adjustable nuts f, which rest on the boxes of the lower rolls. By
turning these nuts T, the tension of the springs O may be adjusted so as to support
more or less of the weight of F¹.
After getting properly squeezed and cleared of any surplus remaining paste or
sizing, the paper is wound upon the drum B. A roller W guided by two arms w
presses on the wet paper immediately after it is brought in contact with the mass m,
and unites it firmly thereto.
When it is desired to remove the wound barrel m and commence to make another,
the roller W is drawn up out of the way by the cord w'.
When it is required to substitute a new roll of paper I, the brake or tension
piece I is thrown upward until the motion is arrested by the contact of the bent
end of an arm I, which extends beyond the centre or axis. This arm strikes the
supporting bracket A³, and remains held in that position until it is again thrown
down by hand or otherwise after a new roll of paper has been introduced.
When it is desired to lift or partially lift the brake I' by operating from the other
end of the machine, the attendant pulls on a chain I either directly or through a
suitable lever or windlass, not represented. This chain runs on a segment 15, which
is rigidly connected to the shaft Is, and raises the brake.
In carrying out the second part of the Invention we have devised a press peculiarly
adapted for pressing barrels or analogous hollow shells of cylindrical or bilged forms.
It presses radially from the centre outward, and is adapted more particularly for
treating partially matured paper stock for paper barrels and analogous packages,
but we believe it may be used with good effect in several other branches of
manufacture.
The following is a description of what we consider the best means of carrying
out this portion of the Invention; we will describe it as applied in the manufacture
of large nearly cylindrical packages, which may be used as substitutes for barrels,
in other words paper barrels.
The shell of this portion of the Invention may be produced by the means des-
cribed above, or by other suitable means. We believe they may be successfully
made by any ordinary or suitable plan for forming articles directly from paper
pulp.
We employ a heated die formed in two distinct parts with provisions for moving
them apart and together. These dies mould the exterior of the barrel or of the
shell therefor which we sometimes designate as the barrel. One end of the shell
is inserted in each die with the line of junction extending around at or near the
mid-height of the barrel. We provide for acting with great force radially on the
inner face, pressing the material strongly outward by distending a soft bag of
india-rubber or analogous material. The bag should be elastic or capable of
expanding in all directions under a sufficient force from within. We stiffen the
elastic bag without impairing its qualities by filling a large portion of its interior
with a rigid block of metal or other solid inaterial. We finish the joint on the
inner face where the dies meet by an inserted ring or strip having bevelled edges,
and we lock the press in the closed condition by strongly and easily operated
means before throwing the pressure into the elastic bag.
Figures 6 to 9 inclusive relate to this portion of the Invention.
Figure 6 is a side elevation.
Figure 6ª is a portion of a vertical section on a larger scale.
:
Figure 7 is a plan view of a portion seen from below.
Figure 8 is a vertical section of a small part on a larger scale, and
Figure 9 is a view of a portion at right angles to the view in Figure 6.

page_text: We effect the pressing of a previously formed shell as follows: -
We employ a stout framing in which a head A is connected by three posts As
with a base A5. We fix under the head A* a hollow die of cast iron or other suit-
able material marked J', chambered and properly connected by pipes j', to allow
its being uniformly heated by steam received from a boiler not represented. The
water of condensation is trapped out by any ordinary or suitable device.
J is a movable lower die. It is the counterpart of the nipper die J¹, and
traverses up and down on the smooth posts A³ controlled by a plunger j, operated
by hydraulic power, controlled by a valve. It is heated by steam admitted
through a pipe formed with hinged joints to allow of the rising and sinking
.movement.
K is a cylindrical bag of vulcanized india rubber. It is tightly secured by a
broad flange at its top to the fixed head A, and is connected by a a pipe k con-
trolled by a valve k³ of any ordinary or suitable character, to apply pressure on the
'interior of the bag by means of water or other suitable fluid received from an
accumulator or other source under pressure.
We fill the greater portion of the interior of the bag K with a solid block K¹
rigidly secured to the head A*
The meeting faces of the dies J, J, are bevelled and guided so that as they come
"together, they exactly match. A chambered rebate is produced around the interior
of each die J and J along the line of junction. When the dies are brought
together these rebates form a peculiarly shaped groove in which we insert a cut
ring J³ of spring-brass or other suitable material, having a section corresponding to
the groove. By this means we succeed in making a continuous nearly smooth
surface on the exterior from one end of the barrel to the other.
We give the interiors of the dies a slightly tapering shape, so that the barrel has
about half an inch greater diameter at its mid height than at either end. This
slight degree of swell or bilge facilitates the removal from the dies and increases
the value of the barrel. It is sufficient to materially facilitate the guiding of the
barrel in rolling it. It can be produced by the press without special preparation of
the stock.
Designating the material by the same letter m, whether in the form of an
impressed blank or of a completely pressed shell for a barrel, it will be understood
that after removing a pressed shell m, the chamfered ring J³ must be replaced in
its proper position in the rebate in the lower die J³ ready to assume its proper
place across the joint as the dies are again brought together for the next operation.
The shell having been previously produced in the form of a plain hollow cylinder
of tolerable firmness, is dried to an approximately right condition, and then allowed
to remain for a while in a warm atmosphere in which steam is admitted to saturate
the air. This may be allowed to continue according to the exigencies of the
business. It does not much dry or dampen the fibrous mass, but it induces a uniform
condition in all the parts thereof.
The machine being opened by the lowering of the die J2, and the previously
pressed shell m being removed, a fresh and just sufficiently damp shell m is inserted
in the lower die and forced gently down to its place. Then by turning the valve,³,
and admitting water under pressure to the under side of the plunger j, the die J²
with its contents is rapidly raised. As the upper edge of the shell m receives the
lower end of the bag K, a little guidance should be bestowed by the hands or any
suitable device, but so soon as those parts are fairly engaged the work will proceed
smoothly until the dies are together.
The dies are next strongly locked together by means which will be detailed below,
and on turning the valve water from the accumulator or other source not repre-
sented is admitted into the interior of the bag K at a high pressure. This distends
the bag in all directions, and presses the material m forcibly outward against the
dies J, J³.
The steam heat in the dies is rapidly imparted to the paper material m, and in

page_text: connection with strong pressure imparts a density and strength which we believe has
never before been attained in this important branch of manufacture. Practice must
determine what amount of pressure and what length of time should be employed
for various qualities and thicknesses of the shells m.
We have in our experiments given a pressure of nine hundred pounds per square
But we have succeeded well
inch, and held the pressure on about four minutes.
with more pressure and also with less pressure, and with much less time.
The locking device is in the form of a slightly tapering key moved radially
The keys
outward through a suitable slot a produced in each of the posts A³.
are marked L. A rack L is attached to each, and is engaged by a gear wheel L'
mounted loosely on the plunger j, and operated by a hand lever L. The keys L³
and their operating means are supported by suitable guides mounted on the under
When the lever L is
side of the die J, so that they rise and sink therewith.
turned in one direction and the keys L³ are drawn inward they are clear of the
posts A³, and allow the die J and its connections to sink controlled by the hydraulic
pressure under the plunger j. At the next operation, after the hydraulic pressure
has lifted the die J2 into firm contact with the die J¹; the hand lever L is forcibly
turned to the other extreme of its motion, thereby forcing out the several keys L³
and locking the die very rigidly up to its place.
In carrying out the third part of this Invention we have devised an improved
method and machinery for crozing or producing the groove in which to receive and
confine the head. We give a peculiar form to the head, which may be of wood or
any other suitable material. After the head has been properly inserted in the
crozed end of the shell or body, the latter receives a hoop of metal or other material
applying on the inner face of the projecting end, and is then drawn firmly together
and permanently confined in a strongly locked relation to the head by means of
another hoop preferably of metal, and of slightly conical interior, forced upon and
confined on the exterior.
The following is a description of what we consider the best means of carrying
out this part of the Invention.
It will be understood that the paper material for the body or shell of the barrel
has been previously shaped in a slightly swelled or bilged form, either by the means
before described or by other suitable means, and that it remains simply to groove
or croze the interior and to introduce and secure the heads.
For this purpose we spread the ends of the shell and induce the required croze
by rolling forcibly around on the interior with a properly shaped roller, while the
exterior of the shell is properly supported. The head being formed with a shoulder
or offset exterior to the edge which bears in the shell, is forced down into its place,
and the hoops are then successively applied.
In the accompanying Drawings Figures 10 to 13 inclusive illustrate this portion
of the Invention.
Figure 10 is a central vertical section, and
Figure 11 a plan view of the entire crozing machine.
The sections shown in Figures 12 and 13 represent a small portion of the barrel
in two conditions.
Figure 12 shows the barrel simply crozed.
Figure 13 shows the same portion of the barrel after the head has been inserted,
and also certain hoops firmly placed.
We effect the crozing of previously formed shells as follows:-
On a rigid frame adapted to properly support the mechanism we mount a circular
casing A, the interior of which at the top is faced with steel aº. The upper edge
is widely flanged outward. Upon this flange we bolt a circular casing A7 of larger
diameter. The interior is a little flared outward at the top, and is formed with a
slight internal offset at the bottom as indicated. In preparing to croze the end of
a barrel the shell is inserted into this ring or circular casing A, as indicated by m
in Figure 10.
In the interior of the casing Awe mount a stout chuck or horizontal wheel M,

page_text: which is extended downward in the centre through a long bearing in the fixed
frame-work. On the lower end is keyed a stout bevelled wheel M'; this receives
motion from an upright gear wheel M³ mounted on a horizontal shaft, and supported
in fixed bearings, and which receives a strong rotary motion from a steam engine
or other suitable power.
It will be understood that clutches or other ordinary or suitable devices may be
employed to start and stop the rotary motion as often as may be required.
On the wheel M are supported two horizontal wheels N, N, which are adjusted
to tread fairly against the inner surface of the steel facing aº. This provides a
strong and reliable abutment for the considerable force required to effect the crozing,
which latter is performed by a horizontal wheel N³, which is mounted in a yoke n,
which is capable of being moved radially between strong guides carried on the
wheel M. The periphery of the wheel N is carefully shaped to produce the desired
impression in the interior of the barrel m, when it is rapidly revolved and forced.
outward.
P', P³, are links pivoted together, forming what is sometimes termed a toggle.
It revolves with M, and acts between a strong part of M and the yoke n to move
the latter outward and inward. The straightening of this toggle by forcibly
elevating its centre affords a means for strongly forcing out the yoke n, and its
contained crozing wheel N¹.
O' is a link connecting the centre of the toggle P1, P2, with a shaft O, which
extends up and down through the centre of the shaft N. The lower end is stepped
in a lever Q, the forked end of which turns on a fixed axis, as indicated.
R is a treadle or foot lever turning on a centre r, and carrying an anti-friction
wheel R¹, which acts on the under face of the lever Q. A spring R2 exerts a
constant force to lift the outer end of the lever R, and consequently to depress the
roller R', and allow the shaft O and its connections to sink. Whenever the
operator wishes to straighten the toggle P1, P2, and force out the crozing wheel N¹
he has simply to press down with his foot on the treadle R.
The operation of the machine will be readily understood. The wheel M may
revolve continuously; on liberating the treadle R the shaft O sinks, and by
deflecting the links P1, P2, draws inward the yoke n and its contained crozing
wheel N. This brings it out of contact with the barrel or shell m, which may be
lifted out, and a new one, or the other end of the same barrel, may be inserted for
the same treatment. So soon as the material m is down in its place on the shoulder,
provided the foot of the attendant acting on the treadle R forces the crozing wheel N¹
out into forcible contact with the inner face of the barrel, and its form executes in
the interior of the barrel at the proper distance from the end a smooth and
accurately finished croze or circular groove, it also flares outward the inner face
between the croze and the end.
The material immediately adjacent to the croze is carefully preserved with its
full thickness so as to form a strong locking for the head. We further secure the head
by a hoop of wood or metal m³ on the inner face, which may be forced in by hand
or machinery, and made to assume the position shewn in Figure 13. The forcing
of the head down into its place being dexterously performed, as is understood by
coopers, we next draw the end of the shell m properly together by a cooper's clamp,
or by a simple conical ring, not represented, and then force on by hand or by
machinery a reliable hoop T. This protects the end of the paper material m
against bruising or abrasion, and effectually defends it against being spread by any
force so as to release the head.
We have in our experiments made the heads of wood, but other material may be
employed if desired. The barrels may be rapidly and uniformly produced, possessing
great strength, and we believe with all the qualities for durability.
For dry
purposes the paper material m may be thin and unsized; for lager beer, and
analogous liquids liable to exert considerable pressure the material m should be 5
thick, well sized, and deeply crozed.
t
We attach importance to the form of the head, as seen in cross-section. The

page_text: '
other features of the Invention may be made available with some success without
this form, but this form materially promotes the usefulness of the whole. The head
is slightly swelled or bevelled on the inner face m³, rounded to the proper form and
thickness at the edge, where it is received in the croze, and made to present a con-
siderable shoulder m³ just without the croze, as indicated. This bears against the
inner hoop m', and forms a strong and reliable finish.
We provide for a wide range of adjustment as to the diameters of the barrels
which we may treat. It is simply necessary to change the ring or case A sub-
stituting the diameter desired, and to either shift the position of the centre or
pivot of the crozing wheel N' outward or inward relatively to the axis of the
wheel N and to the toggle for operating it, or to keep the centre of the crozing
wheel in its previous position relative to those parts, and simply change the crozing
wheel, substituting a larger or smaller one as required to adapt the machinery to a
larger or smaller size of barrel. We can adopt both these changes if desired in any
case, that is to say, we can substitute a smaller wheel N¹, and also can adjust the
centre delicately outward or inward. This may be necessary in some cases to
obtain the best results.
R³ is a set screw. It is important in order to realize the fullest effect of the
toggle joint P1, P2, that it be forced up nearly or quite to a straight line and then
stopped. We attain this by adjusting the extent to which the treadle R can be
depressed. This is done by the set screw R³, which being adjusted downward or
upward as required strikes the floor or a fixed piece provided for the purpose, and
arrests the motion at the required point.
Modifications may be made in the details of some or all of the parts. Some of
the features of the several parts of the Invention may be used without the others,
but we prefer the whole used together as here described.
In carrying out the first part of the Invention, we can vary the inclination of
the operating links c and d, or can work them with almost no inclination. Their
function is simply to push or pull their respective staves endwise. This may be
effected by links which are generally parallel to the shaft. Theoretically such
links would perform the function better in some respects, but we prefer the exact
proportion and inclination represented.
We propose to employ adjustable stops to facilitate the arrest of the motion of
the staves inward and outward at the desired points. If through wear or other
cause the joints in the exterior of the winding drum become a little open so as to
make the surface of the winding drum or cylinder not smoothly continuous, but
objectionably open and loose, we can operate the hand wheel in the direction to
draw all the staves tightly together after we have operated the parts to throw the
staves out a little beyond the proper circular lines.
Or we can by sacrificing the advantages of close joints in the surface of the
drum, vary the size of the drum within considerable limits by setting the wheel C'
a little more or a little less out after the several staves have been set in a proper
circular line relative to each other.
In carrying out the second part of the Invention some of the benefits may be
realized by making the outside die in two or more parts, dividing by a joint
longitudinally instead of transversely to the axis of the barrel. In such case a
joint covering may similarly extend along the interior of each longitudinal joint.
We believe the Invention may be carried out with good effect by reconstructing
the machine and reversing the position of the bag K and hot die or dies J', J²,
putting the hot rigid parts inside so as to receive the pressure of the inner face
instead of the outer face of the barrel. In such modification the elastic bag should
be made in the form of a hollow ring applied around the entire exterior of the
barrel, and should be allowed to act by expanding its inward face. Its outer
surface should be confined by a stout band of iron or other rigid material, so
that all the expansion when pressure is introduced shall be inward against the
barrel.
When the exterior dies are divided vertically or in a direction longitudinal to the

page_text: barrel they may be hinged together to promote convenience in handling them. We
propose in some cases to make the dies in more than two pieces, and to have them
open in two places, that is to say, they will bend longitudinally to the barrel to a
slight extent sufficient to relieve the barrel from contact, and they will open
transversely of the barrel, as shown in the Drawings.
In carrying out the third part of the Invention the wheels N which by their
firm tread on the steel lining of the case constitute the backing or abutment to hold
the crozing wheel N' forcibly outward as the chuck M is revolved may be placed
nearer together without disadvantage.
They may be keyed or otherwise secured in adjustable positions to allow of
adjustment outward or inward to any extent required.
Having thus described, our Invention, we would have it understood that we do
not confine ourselves to the exact details shown and described, as the same
may be varied without departing from the peculiar character of the Invention, but
what we do claim and desire to secure by Letters Patent is,―
1st. The collapsible drum B, composed of staves capable of being moved inde.
pendently, with provisions for first contracting certain portions so as to bring their
edges out of line with each other and afterwards contracting the whole, substantially
as and for the purposes herein set forth.
2nd. The inclined links b connecting the shaft B' and several staves, the latter
divided in two sets B³, B³, arranged alternately with provisions for contracting one
set without the other, and also provisions for contracting the whole simultaneously,
as herein specified.
3rd. In a collapsible drum for winding machines and analogous purposes, the
specific construction of the sleeve C, C', with its hollow Cnut D, D', and collar D²,
in combination with the links c, d, staves B2, B3, and inclined links b, arranged for
joint operation, as herein specified.
4th. In a winding machine the hinged or turned down bearing A¹ in com-
bination with the collapsible drum B, and means for operating it as herein
specified.
5th. In a winding machine the callender rollers F, F, in combination with means
for moving the freshly pasted paper between and with supporting springs and
adjustable nuts f, arranged to serve as herein specified.
6th. In a winding machine the brake piece I' with its arms I², shaft I³, and stop I*,
arranged to serve relatively to the paper roll I and bracket A2, as and for the
purposes herein described.
7th. The segment I* and chain or cord Iº in combination with the parts I¹, I³,
Is, I, as herein specified.
8th. In a winding machine the stop motion described having the hinged piece h, H,
and stop h¹, in combination with the cam wheel H³, Ho, lever H³, clutch H2,
pulley H', driving shaft H and winding drum B, arranged for joint operation as
herein specified.
9th. The within described method of pressing paper barrels by forcing paper
under pressure into an elastic bag covering one face and thereby forcing it radially
against a heated die or dies of the proper form, as herein specified.
10th. A chambered rigid die with steam connections thereto, an elastic or
expansible bag and water or, other liquid connections thereto, adapted to treat a
shell m of paper stock and to form a densely pressed, stiff, strong, and symmetrically
shaped barrel as herein specified.
11th. The covering K¹ of less frictional material in combination with the
impervious bag of rubber or analogous material K, and adapted to allow the smooth
movement of the shell m up and down thereon with close rubbing contact as herein
specified.
12th. The solid filling piece K¹ in combination with the flexible bag K, fluid con-
nection k, valve, and heated die or dies J¹, J, as herein specified.
13th. A paper barrel press having rigid dies J¹, J%, for the exterior of the barrel,
divided at or near the central line as shown, in combination with an impervious
:

page_text: elastic bag K and its connections adapted to act on the inner or opposite face, as
herein described.
14th. The joint covering ring J³ in combination with the dies J¹, J³, and bag K,
and its connections as herein specified.
15th. The hand lever L and gear wheel L' in combination with the racks L' and
key L, and with the dies J, J2, and bag K arranged for joint operation as herein
specified.
16th. The paper material m crozed as shown, the internal hoop m', external
hoop T, and barrel head m², m³, combined and arranged as and for the purposes
herein specified.
17th. The within described process or method of manufacturing barrels and
analogous packages, consisting in crozing the interior of a densely pressed paper
shell m, applying a head m², m³, and internal hoop m³, contracting the ends of the
shell m, and applying the external hoop T, all as herein specified.
18th. In a barrel crozing machine or case A7 adapted to receive and confine the
shell m, in combination with the crozing wheel N₁, and mechanism for traversing
it around and forcing it outward and drawing it inward, substantially as herein
specified and set forth.
19th. The revolving chuck M, backing wheels N, and crozing wheel N', in com-
bination with each other, and with the enclosing case A6, A³, adapted for joint
operation, as herein specified.
20th. The toggle P1, P2, and means for straightening it in combination with the
chuck M, yoke n, crozing wheel N','and suitable means for supporting the mechanism
and the barrel and for forcibly operating the toggle as herein specified.
21st. The toggle links P1, P2, operating link O', shaft O, step Q, treadle R, and
spring R², in combination with each other, and with the chuck M and its operating
means, backing wheels N, yoke n, crozing roller N¹, and fixed framing A6, A7, as
herein specified.
In witness whereof, we, the said John Henry Darlington and Charles Edward
Sedore, have hereunto set our hands and seal, this Thirtiet day of
December, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and
seventy nine.
Witness to the signature of
John Henry Darlington,
WILLIAM CLARK DEY.
JOHN HENRY DARLINGTON. (L.S.)
CHARLES EDWARD SEDORE. (L.S.)
Witness to the above signature,
P. GUIGNON.