IMPROVEMENTS IN GOVERNORS FOR MARINE ENGINES
Year: 1867

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Edward Newton, of the Office for Patents,
66, Chancery Lane, in the County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, for the
Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN GOVERNORS FOR MARINE ENGINES."-A
communication from abroad by Farcot et ses Fils, of Boulevard Beau-
marchais, Paris, in the Empire of France.
Sealed the 17th December 1867, and dated the 24th June 1867.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Edward Newton
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition,
on the 24th June 1867.
I, WILLIAM EDWARD NEWTON, of the Office for Patents, 66, Chancery Lane,
in the County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of
the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN GOVERNORS FOR MARINE ENGINES,"
to be as follows:-
The subject of this Invention is a novel self-adjusting governor to be
attached to marine engines, and which will not be affected by the movements
of the vessel. It is composed of two pendulums hung in opposite directions
and coupled together by rods which connect them to a sliding collar. At the
extremities of these pendulums are four balls, the upper ones being heavier
than the lower ones, so as to act as a counterpoise to the weight of the
attachments. This system of coupled pendulums possesses by their rotation a
considerable centrifugal force independent of their weight, and is rendered
isochronous by the tension of a spiral spring directly attached to the arms,
a'

page_text: and as a consequence of this remarkable property its movement is con-
stantly proportional to that of the centrifugal force exerted. The above-
mentioned sliding collar is fitted with two cams, one immediately under the
other. The upper cam in order to cut off the steam actuates a tappet
attached to a spindle which communicates motion to the valve gear by
means of a frame (which encloses the cams) and a flexible cord. The throttle
valve is worked by the lower cam which also actuates a tappet attached to the
same spindle as the top tappet. The amount of opening of the throttle valve
depends upon the diameter of the lower cam which acts upon the lower
tappet. Under the lower cam is adapted an air cylinder for the purpose of
preventing the too rapid revolution of the balls. A set screw inserted into a
passage and bearing against the pistón serves to regulate the discharge of the
air from one side to the other of the piston, and by this means the
the air cylinder, and consequently the positions of the balls, will be regulated.
space
in
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said William Edward Newton in the Great Seal. Patent Office on
the 24th December 1867.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM
EDWARD NEWTON, of the Office for Patents, 66, Chancery Lane, in the
County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most' Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-fourth day of June, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven, in the thirty-first year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said William Edward Newton, Her special licence that I, the said William
Edward Newton, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others
as I, the said William Edward Newton, my executors, administrators, and
assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time
and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and
lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN GOVERNORS FOR MARINE ENGINES," being a
communication to me from abroad by Farcot et ses Fils, of Boulevart Beau-
marchais, Paris, in the Empire of France, upon the condition (amongst others)
that I, the said William Edward Newton, my executors or administrators, by
an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals,

page_text: should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention,
and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to
be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and
immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said William Edward Newton, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement, reference being had to the Drawing hereunto annexed,
and to the letters and figures marked thereon (that is to say):-
:
All governors for marine engines in order to be efficacious and to produce
the required result should be arranged in such a manner that their regulating
properties, and their constant equilibrium should be independent of weight so
that the movements of the vessel shall not affect them. Moreover, for marine
engines as well as for land engines, it is indispensable that the governor should
be isochronous and capable of acting upon the cut-off instead of acting simply
on a butterfly or other valve.
The governor which forms the subject of the present Invention fulfils all
the various conditions above named. It consists of two weighted rods sus-
pended in opposite directions and coupled together by cross rods, which are by
connecting rods coupled to the sleeve or sliding collar which regulates the
opening of the throttle valve. These two weighted rods thus coupled together
balance each other as far as their weight is concerned consequently together
they are completely independent of exterior force. order to attain this end
with greater facility the top balls are made heavier than the lower ones so as
to balance the accessory weights which move parallel with the axis of rotation.
This arrangement of coupled weighted rods possessing, therefore, by rotary
motion a considerable centrifugal force becomes isochronized by the tension
of a transverse spring attached directly to the arms, and consequently possessing
this remarkable quality that its movement is constantly proportionate to that
of the centrifugal force. These two weighted rods, according to this Invention,
have crossed arms, because the isochronism caused by the transverse spring
can neither be real nor in fact exist when the resistance of the organ which
acts upon the steam is produced on the hollow shaft or sliding collar, unless
the movement of this resistance remains in every position of the balls.in
constant relation to that of the centrifugal force, and of, the tension of the
springs. In fact if a geometrical or mathematical analysis be made of the.
relation that exists between the centrifugal force of the balls q and a resistance
Q, which should be applied to the central sleeve or collar, following the axis of
rotation (Figures 1 and 2, Sheet I.), it will be seen that the relation between

page_text: the momentum of 9 and the components of Q which causes each ball to revolve.
round it axis of suspension remains constant, or in order that the resistance Q
shall be always in constant relation to the centrifugal force q of the balls,
which is the active force of the governor, it is necessary that Q shall cross as
the cosine of the angle a which the arms and connecting rods form with the
axis. Isochronism is obtained by means of a spring 2, the tension of which
counterbalances in all positions of the balls the augmentation of centrifugal
force, provided that before placing it in its initial position care be taken to
calculate and proportion it in such a manner that its tension necessary for the
initial equilibrium shall be obtained by a prolongation or compression pro-
portional to that which it undergoes on passing from the initial position to the
following positions under the action of the centrifugal force crossing the
radius r. Continuing the analysis it will be seen that in order that the
resistance shall be independent of the cosines a the length h, or length of
the arms carrying the balls must be constant, which leads to the employment
of crossed arms; it is then necessary that the spring z which counterbalances
the centrifugal force of the balls should be first lengthened or compressed
for the initial position a length equal to m, n, in order that its ulterior.
extension or compression should be proportional to the centrifugal force
which augments as the radius r, m, n, being always proportional to 'r in all
positions.
Having thus set forth the principles upon which the improved isochronous
governor is constructed I will now proceed to give a detailed description
thereof.
The isochronous governor represented at Figures 3, 4, 5, Sheet I. may
be caused to regulate the supply of steam either by acting upon the cut off,
for which purpose (attached to the collar or hollow shaft f) are two graduated
cones, one, g; of peculiar form (having a cut off cam) guides the frame h by
intermittent motions, causing the induction to vary from zero up to the
greatest extent allowed in the ordinary supply of steam to steam engines,
the other cone i, which revolves, and which serves to regulate the pressure
guides this same frame in a continuous manner, the one or the other of
these cones actuates the frame according to whether a moveable rotating
tappet shaft carried by the framing his in contact by one or the other of
its projections or tappets with one, or, the other of the two cones.. The various
parts are so arranged that on, working the engine the simple alteration of
the direction of the rotary motion causes the tappet t to bear, upon the cone
which regulates the pressure, and disengages contact from the cut off cone,
so that the backward motion always takes place without variable cut off, and

page_text: consequently without any alteration in the supply of steam consequent upon
the change of motion, the cut off being re-established upon the direction of
rotation being again reversed. The tappet shaft ; may also be fixed by
tightening up the screw 9 so as always to work with the cone i... This
method is not however considered advisable, as if the variable cut off motion
has not hitherto given satisfactory results in marine engines, this would seem
to be attributable principally to the difficulty attendant upon governing the
engine in bad weather and whilst manoeuvring the vessels. The object of the
arrangements forming the subject of this Invention are to obviate this
difficulty, for which purpose it is thought both rational and advantageous to
allow the governor to regulate the engine by the cut off, in order to effect
the greatest economy of steam, at the same time that the motive power shall
be as great and as regular as possible, and the most capable of governing the
most considerable variations in the resistance of the vessel. In order to
obtain these results it is indispensable that the governor should possess: not
only great sensitiveness, but also most especially, the greatest precision in its
action so that it shall never be unsteady notwithstanding any purturbations:
This was a great difficulty in the working, of most engines, and is. obviated in
engines where the work is most varied by various means, the principal one-of
which is the employment of a governor consisting of, a cylinder 7 full of air
fixed upon the axis of rotation of the ball levers, and enclosing a moveable
piston. connected with the collar f, as well as the cones g, i; a lateral
passage p, the section of which is regulated at pleasure by a conical screw-n
allows the 'air to pass from one side to the other of a piston in a greater or
less space of time,. according to the extent of opening of the passage, so that
the oscillating movement of the weighted arm may be effected with the least
possible. power, and yet not be too quick in its action, which is regulated at
pleasure by the conical screw. This improved governor may be operated
either with a moveable or a fixed piston, it is very sensitive, and therefore
very precise in its action, without in the least diminishing its sensitiveness;
as would be the case if breaks or other accessories having friction or
résistance were employed:
Various arrangements of the improved governor are represented in Figures 4
to 21, Sheet I. of the Drawings. Figures 14,.15, and 16, shew upon an
enlarged scale the moveable piston for a governor with four balls. Figures 17,
18, and 19, shew the arrangement of fixed piston either for the same regulator
or for other arrangements about to be described. Figures 20 and 21 represent
the moveable piston governor for a two ball governor hereafter mentioned.
Fig. 6; Sheet I., represents, another arrangement of the improved governor,

page_text: in which the different parts composing it are less confined than in the preceding
arrangements, and which may, if necessary, be applicable in cases where space
is not an object. In this arrangement the transverse springs fixed to the
governor arms are replaced by a spring Q fixed in the direction of the axis.
This arrangement acts identically with and produces the same effects as that
above described. As in fact there is no weight, the spring Q constitutes by its
tension a central force directed according to the axis of rotation, which by virtue
of the property of the weighted arms and crossed connecting rods is always in
constant relation to the force (parallel to the axis) which it produces, acting
upon the centre of the balls, and which thus replaces the weight done away
with by compensation whatever may be the inclination of the axis and the
position of the apparatus. The spring Q should be made of sufficient length
to give a tension sensibly constant although considerable. The sliding collar f
is made either by means of an ordinary lever or direct to actuate the cut-off
cam, or valve, or any other organs which act upon the motive fluid. Rotary
motion is communicated to the apparatus by means of the pulley p, or this
may be effected by any other well known means.
Figures 7, 8, and 9, Sheet I., represent various modifications. of an arrange-
ment of governor which has the same properties as those above mentioned, and
which is composed simply of two weighted rods coupled together by a straight
connecting rod b (Fig. 7) similar to those indicated by the same letter of
reference in the arrangement represented at Fig. 3, and transmitting together
their common action by means of a crossed connecting rod d to a lever a
which is used instead of the collar or sleeve shaft of the governors above
described, and is also connected by a rod c to the collar f upon which the
spring 9 acts.
Fig. 8 represents a governor similar to that shewn at Fig. 7, and only differs
therefrom by its relative position and the form of lever a.
Fig. 9 represents a governor analogous to the preceding ones in which instead
of the cross connecting rod d a straight connecting rod 9 is employed. This
modification has for its object to reduce the space occupied by the apparatus..
In the various governors represented at Figures 7, 8, and 9, the equilibrium.
will not perhaps be so precise as in the previously described arrangements,
but they will practically be as perfectly isochronous. A runner or counterweight.
h fixed to its rod by means of an adjusting screw, and the radius of rotation
of which will be thus, variable at pleasure, will allow of an approximative
equilibrium being. more easily obtained.
Figures 10, 11, 12, and 13, Sheet I., represent another arrangement of this
governor for marine engines based upon the same principles, and which possesses

page_text: the same properties, that is to say, that it is independent of the weight what-
ever might be the position of its axis, whether vertical, horizontal, or inclined
by reason of the position of the centre of gravity of the whole. In this
arrangement the counterweight shewn at mis simply employed instead of the
two balls in the governor shewn at Fig. 3, Sheet I. The analysis of the
equilibrium of this system shews that the centre of gravity of the whole does
not vary for the various positions of the bails and remains constantly upon the
line which unites the centres of suspension. The whole arrangement is there- .
fore independent of the weight and the inclination of its axis in the same
manner as the preceding arrangements with four or two balls.
.
For the purpose of varying at pleasure the normal speed of the engine it
has been thought advisable for the governors with transverse springs to. vary/
the tension of the twin springs e, Figures 22 to 27, Sheet I., by means of
clamps u, the arms of which enter between the coils so as to increase the
tension produced by. a given length by reducing the number of coils in
tion. The clamps u may be operated by any means either by instantly stopping >
the governor or even while it is at work.
::
opera-
Figures 22 and 23 represent an arrangement by which it may be regulated
while at work.. v is a star wheel with arms which actuates the clamps by means '
of the pinions. and wheel y. The arms of the star wheel are arrested by the..
stationary fingers or stops z, z¹, and on the other hand they are operated by one'
of them as long as the normal speed is not attained. The fingers z, z¹³, fixed
upon the rods a, a, vary in position according to the way in which the
handle mounted upon the screw shaft which regulates the course of the
fingers or stops, the needle x shews upon an index n, the speed which is normal :
at the moment of observation. The fingers or stops and their accessories may
be mounted upon any fixed support. In order perfectly to understand the
working of this arrangement, it will be necessary to vary with the tension of
the springs the distance of the fingers for each coil added to or taken away' a
quantity equal to the distance of the spring at a pressure of zero.
The fingers.
are moved along this spring to the required extent by means of the arrange-
ments shewn at Figures 24 to 27, Sheet I. The clamp u, Figures 24 and 25,
is moveable longitudinally upon the central rod t, a female screw a is fixed by
any suitable means to the cross rod b, and it contains the screwed: socket of
the clamp u, which by that means moves and rotates upon its shaft so as to
advance a sufficient distance to. confine one coil of the spring. .
Figures 26 and 27, Sheet I., represent a more perfect variation of this
arrangement. This constitutes a kind of spring dynamometer in which a spring
d acts by traction like that of Fig. 25, the clamp u (which is bent for econo-
t
'

page_text: mising space) regulates the speed by the number of coils compressed as above
described. It advances as in the preceding arrangement upon a central rod t
only the female screw à is attached to the socket of the clamp u, and the
rod t is tapped, a key e causes the socket and clamp u to rotate. The spring d
instead of bearing upon a fixed point.carries with it a plate x which compresses
a second internal spring y acting by compression and transmitting the tension
to the fixed or to the cross arm 6 by means of a socket z which carries two
grooves for the reception of buttons or studs which prevent the rotation of the
female screw a.
The spring y is so constituted as to support the same tension
as the spring d and the whole thus constitutes a short dynamometer giving
the same results as an apparatus with a very long single spring, and it is
consequently more easily placed in the governor.
Another inconvenience which it is the object of this Invention to remove is
the great distance apart of the various moveable parts in order to act upon the
cut off or other apparatus. For this purpose instead of the connecting rods
and levers ordinarily employed in similar cases motion is transmitted by means
of cables, chains, or metallic or other cords, receiving at one point the action.
of the sleeve shaft or collar, and transmitting it to all required points of its
course; or instead of. transmitting the motion by bands, cords, or chains, this
may be effected by any fluid or gaseous agent by means of suitably disposed
channels.
Under certain circumstances, and more particularly for marine engines, it
is required to vary considerably at pleasure during the working of the engine
the ordinary speed of the governor and of the engine which it regulates. A
satisfactory method of effecting this object has long been required, which
will be found in some of the arrangements represented in the accompanying
Drawings, and herein-after described.
It will be seen that the governors above described having cross arms and
a longitudinal spring are isochronous when the spring is sufficiently. long,
for then it takes the place of the weight of the balls, exerting upon the hollow
shaft or collar a constant longitudinal force. In case it should not be possible
to have a sufficiently long longitudinal spring. the application of transverse
springs to the governors has been above shewn and described; but in Figures
28 and 29, Sheet II., an arrangement is shown which allows of making the
longitudinal spring as long and as strong as may be desirable without being
placed on the axis of the governor.. A very great improvement is thus: effected,
and further the very essential quality of being.able to vary the usual speed.as
much as required during the action of the engine is by this means more
readily effected.

page_text: It will be easily seen on referring to Figures 28 and 29, Sheet II., that
the result is attained by the addition on any point of the lever a, operated by
the sleeve shaft of the governor, of any kind of dynamometer 6, the tension of
which is regulated by the screw c or any other known method. The longi-
tudinal spring attached in this way to any fixed point may either be simple or
compound. Fig. 29 shews it double at 6 and 6' and acting by traction'; it.
may also be made to act by compression.
:
In Fig. 28 it will be seen that the governor d is one of those above
described. ff, shew the transmission rods forming a portion of the funicular
circuit. Novel arrangements to be hereafter described may be applied to
either of the above described arrangements of governors with longitudinal
springs and either two or four balls; they may also be applied to any other
known methods, the principle remaining the same in the spring; or the com-
pensating force may, instead of a spring, consist of elastic fluids. The point
of attachment e of the dynamometer may vary according to circumstances; this
arrangement may act on a valve or any kind of variable cut off.
i
It
The governors represented at Figures 30, 31, and 32, Sheet II., represent
arrangements by means of which the practical inclination of the governor
while in operation is obtained (that is to say) that for the same variation of
the mean speed these governors produce on the parts to be actuated an action
in constant proportion to the resistance that it offers, no matter what is the
position of the balls, and notwithstanding the variation of the sum of the
lengths h and ¹ of the weight measured on the axis of rotation.
The Diagrams, Figures 30 and 31, have been made supposing a constant
resistance to be on the parts to be operated by the governor.
In the arrangement shewn in Fig. 30 the governor is made to act at the
extremity of a toothed sector lever f, the length of whose arm varies according
to the toothed segment 6 fixed to the socket, to which the connecting rods of
the regulator are attached. The curve of the segmental lever is determined
in such a manner as to have in all positions of the weighted arm p, x=Q, a;
p being the effort resulting from the variation of speed given to the position, Q
the resistance to be overcome in this same position. In ascertaining the
value of x for a position it will be easy to deduce it from all the others, so ás
to determine the curve to be given to the sector. If Q instead of being
constant varies by reason of variation of the work performed by the engine
the Diagram will explain this modification without altering the principle:
The arrangement, Fig. 31, attains very nearly the same result by displacing
the axis e which varies the relation of the arms of the lever; this axis is
mounted on antifriction rollers that run in. a groove made in two-fixed

page_text: supports t, t, placed on the right and left of the lever z and moving with that
lever in the groove, connecting rods k being fixed to this axis and on; the
sleeve y which is tied to the collar r.. In this case, as in the preceding, for Q=
constant, the length of the supplementary connecting rods k is determined in
such a manner as to have very nearly for the three principal positions Q, a,=
p, x.. The two fixed supports may be replaced by two connecting rods u
oscillating upon an axis a placed in front; but this second arrangement does
not appear as simple as the first.
Fig. 82 shews another variation. A socket d moves longitudinally on the
axis of rotation carrying two guides e, e', in which move two rollers fattached
to the arms of the weighted levers which are slotted at this part to receive
them, as well as the guides e, e¹; the socket deither acts by means of the lever
or direct upon the parts to be actuated. It will be easily understood that the
arms in oscillating cause the socket d to move vertically in the longitudinal
direction of the axis, and that according to the velocity of the guides e, e¹, the
movement of the socket d may be varied at will, and consequently the effort
which acts on the sleeve. In this arrangement the weighted rods may all be
made to move together by uniting them by two connecting rods to a moveable
sleeve on the axis of rotation, as seen in the arrangements, hereafter described;
Figures 33, 38, and 39, Sheet II. In Fig. 32 the centrifugal force of the
weights may be counterbalanced by a longitudinal spring placed on the axis of
rotation of the weighted lever and acting on the socket d without it being
necessary for the regulator to have its arms and connecting rods crossed, for
the curve of the guide slides e, e¹, may be easily determined in each case by a
simple diagram of the decomposition of forces to ascertain the variation of the
springs, and its action upon the balls, and to counterbalance them.
Figures 33, 34, and 35, Sheet II., show many applications of, our iso-
chronous and counterbalanced governors, in which the centrifugal force is directly
neutralised by the transverse spring q attached directly to the arms according
to the principle already explained. The action of the balls is transmitted
either directly or by means of a connecting sleeve V to wings which, following
the position of the weighted levers, are inclined more or less, and offer thus
by their rotation in the air or any other fluid a counter resistance which
increases as the arms expand. The direction of the connecting rods has been
determined by the Diagrams, Figures 33 and 34, by the probable variation of
the effort to overcome the friction of the axes S and cause the wings 6 to
move; these connecting rods may be made of various lengths, so as to thoroughly
regulate the apparatus in proportion to the accessory and variable resistances.
The same arrangements may be applied to the different kinds of governors

page_text: described, especially that shewn at Fig. 35, Sheet II., the counterweights ¿:
counterbalancing the balls j, j.
Fig. 36, Sheet II. shews a parabolic governor with a portion of the arms
being capable of developement, the portion m, n, of. each arm is sufficiently.
flexible to take the form on which it rests, and which has the necessary
form to make the balls describe à parabola, the length. of the weighted lever
measured on the axis should remain the same according to the principles above.
set forth.
:
j
Fig. 37, Sheet. II. shews a parabolic governor with guide curves p, p', acting
like the preceding, one on its arms, by means of arms or connecting rods of
different lengths, but in which the balls 9, 9', are free and without arms or
sector radius arms. The fixed arms k, k¹, Figures 33, 34, and 36 are those
that clock makers. ordinarily employ, they may either be made use of. or not.
according to circumstances.
Figures 38 and 39, Sheet: II. shew some very simple new arrangements of:
governors in which the centrifugal force of the moveable balls q, q', is counter-
balanced directly by springs O acting by traction (Fig. 38) or by compression:
(Fig. 39). In these arrangements. the angular. variation of the surface+
presented to the air by the arms b, b', is obtained by a helical groove made in
the guides h, and in which. between. a tongue fixed on the balls q, q', are i
wing carriers which accomplish on their axes or guides h an angle of about.
ninety degrees; these weights q, q, may be united together by means of two:
angular connecting rods 9, 9', which unite them to a moveable sleeve on the
axis of rotation; the guides.h may with advantage be formed with screw rods,
the section of which may be square or polygonal. The angular variation of
the plan of the wings being obtained by the effect of their movement on the
inclined plane which constitutes the thread or groove of the guides h. It may
be seen that in the arrangements shewn at Figures 38 and 39, the tension of.
the springs constantly counterbalances the centrifugal. force, since it increases
in the same manner as the force proportionally to the radius of rotation, from
which cause the springs are either compressed or drawn out...
In Figures 40 and 41; Sheet II., we have shewn another arrangement
consisting of a watchmaker's barrel containing a spiral spring with which.
the tension is regulated by means of a hand lever a and ratchet wheel b,
the box of the barrel is united by the lever.c to the shank d which acts on the
governor.
In Fig. 42, Sheet II., another method is shown of varying the tension of the
spring, supposing the form to be rectilinear and made by one or more straight.
blades f; the blade f is joined by the framing to an axis of rotation e carrying

page_text: a worm g or any other.arrangement by turning the axis e; the blade f is bent
more and more, and consequently it bears heavier and heavier on the governor
by means of the lever h and the connecting rod i.
In Figures 43 and 44, Sheet II., the tension of the blade f is varied by the
displacement of a roller j, which augments or diminishes the bearing of
the blade on the point k, and consequently its tension for the same degree of
bending the roller.j is displaced by the rotation of a screw
the nut m.
which carries
In Fig. 45, Sheet II., the blade of the spring fis fixed and set at t and at
a constant tension, the runner n being made to follow the curve of the lever p
which is that of the natural successive. flexions of the blade f for a constantly
given charge applied on the runner.n and, being removed further and further.
from the point of setting; the bar p being itself a lever arm acting on the
governor by oscillating round the point o, and by means of the connecting rod i
it may be seen that the tension of the spring f remaining the same, and the
lever arm varying the momentum of this force varies and produces on the
governor a variable action which determines a normal speed as much greater
as the runner n is farther from the centre o.
a
Fig. 46, Sheet II. shews an arrangement analogous to the preceding one
in which the lever p has become a curved screw with a longitudinal groove
receiving travelling nut n that is turned by a hand wheel or any other
means, the spring f is helical or of any other form acting by compression
or traction, it is attached to a collar fixed to the nut n and is moved without
taking part in the rotation of this nut, being placed in the groove of the
screw p. It is understood. that the action of the spring varies according to
the regulator on which it acts by means of the connecting rod i, and without
its tension..varying sensibly the flexion only augments with the arm of the
acting lever according as the nut n is removed from the centre o.
Figures 47, 48, and 49, Sheet II. show an arrangement in which the
variation of the action of the spring is obtained by the removal of its centre
of oscillation; f is a spring acting by compression or traction, i the connecting
rod which transmits the action of the spring to the regulator o, o, the axis of
oscillation of the lever.p; q, a small connecting rod uniting the lever p to a
fixed point r in the frames; by turning the screw the axis of oscillation is
moved, so that the tension of the spring f remaining constant all the possible
variations of effort are obtained on the connecting rod i; the lever o, o', of this
connecting rod being able to become as small as required in proportion to the
arm of the lever o, fi, of the spring:
Figures. 50, 51, and 52, Sheet I. show a variation more simple and

page_text: complete than the preceding one; f is the spring; i, a connecting rod acting
on the regulator; o the axis of oscillation; 7, the traversing screw, the rotation
of which acts on the running nut n, and with it the axis o, o; in the frame s
is a groove in which is the runner n; the connecting rod q unites the lever p
to the fixed point r in the frames, as shewn in Figures 48 and 49; the mean
tension of the spring f remaining the same the effort exerted by the connecting
rod i on the governor varies according to the position of the axis o, and it is
as well to remark that the inevitable variation in the length or the flexion
that is produced on the spring by the course of the regulating weighted
lever increases proportionally to the greatness of the effort transmitted to the
governor by the connecting rod i in such a way that the inevitable variation in
tension caused by the course of the weighted lever remains sensibly proportionate
to the mean effort exerted on the governor, and which determines its speed.
An important improvement has therefore been effected by all the arrangements
shewn at Figures 45 to 52, Sheet II.
In Figures 50, 51, and 52, Sheet II., the groove of the frames in which the
running bolt a slides may be replaced by a simple round shank passing through
this nut.
In Fig. 45, Sheet II., the straight blade f may be put in place of the
lever p, and be itself the lever commanding the connecting rod the curved
guide being, then attached to a fixed bar and curve situated in place of ƒ and
set in t on which the runner n still would slide.
Having now described the Invention that has been communicated to me as
aforesaid, and having explained the manner of carrying the same into
effect, I claim as the Invention secured to me by Letters Patent, as
aforesaid, the mode or modes herein set forth of constructing engine governors,
whereby these instruments are rendered applicable to marine engines in con-
sequence of their capability of acting and controlling the speed of the engine
whatever may be the inclination of the shaft or changing position of the
governor in a vessel at sea.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Edward Newton, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, the Twenty-fourth day of December, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven.
W. E. NEWTON. (L.s.)