IMPROVEMENTS IN HARROWS
Year: 1868

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Armstrong, of Clifton, in the County of
Westmorland, Agricultural Implement Maker, for the Invention of
"IMPROVEMENTS IN HARROWS."
Scaled the 2nd October 1868, and dated the 7th April 1868.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Armstrong at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
7th April 1868..
I, JOHN ARMSTRONG,. of Clifton, in the County of Westmorland,.
Agricultural Implement Maker, do hereby declare the nature of my said.
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN HARROWS," to be as follows, that is to
say:-
.
This Invention relates to an improved mode of arranging and
securing or holding together the various parts of harrows without. the:
aid of nuts and screws, and consists in connecting the main zig-zag
beams in pairs or sets of two or more by the aid of cross bars disposed.
at suitable intervals or where a tooth is required, such cross bars having:
an oblong eye or opening at each end and in intermediate parts of their
length if required, through which the beams to be connected together

page_text: are passed. An oblong slot or opening is also made vertically through
each of the said eyes in the cross bars, and through these oblong slots
or openings aro inserted the teeth or tines, the whole of the parts
namely, the beam, cross bar, and teeth being tightened up and held
firmly together by wedges or keys driven in alongside the teeth.
Any number of pairs or sets of two or more beams connected together
by cross bars as above described may be coupled so as to form, say
for example three four-beam harrows or six two-bcam harrows.
This coupling together of the several pairs or sets of connected beams
is effected by the aid of peculiar jointed connections consisting each
of two bars coupled together by a joint pin and cotter and sliding
hoop or ferrule. Each jointed coupling bar is connected to the con-
tiguous main beam at each end by means of rivets or by a separate
clip which is keyed on to the beam and receives one of the ends of
the coupling bar which are bent at an angle for that purpose.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said John Armstrong in the Great Seal Patent Office on
the 6th October 1868.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHN
ARMSTRONG, of Clifton, in the County of Westmoreland, Agricultural 2
Implement Maker, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by. Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Seventh day of April, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight, in the 31st
year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give 2
and grant unto me, the said John Armstrong, Her special license
that I, the said John Armstrong, executors, administrators, and
assigns, or such others as I, the said John Armstrong, my executors,
administrators, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no
others, from time to time and all times thereafter during the term
therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
HARROWS," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said John
Armstrong, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing.

page_text: under my hand and seal, should particularly describe and ascertain the
nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be
performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent
Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of
the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said John Armstrong, do hereby
declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same
is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement, reference being had to the accompanying
Drawings, and to the letters and figures marked thereon, that is to
say:-
My said Invention relates to an improved mode of arranging and
securing or holding together the various parts of harrows without the
aid of nuts and screws, and consists in connecting the main zig-zag
beams in pairs or sets of two or more by the aid of cross bars
disposed at suitable intervals or where a tooth is required, such cross
bars having an oblong eye or opening at each end and in intermediate
parts of their length if required, through which the beams to be
connected together are passed. An oblong slot or opening is also made
vertically through cach of the said eyes in the cross bars, and through
these oblong. slots or openings are inserted the teeth or tines, the
whole of the parts, namely, the beam, cross bar, and teeth being
tightened up and held firmly together by wedges or keys driven in
on the opposite side of the beams. Any number of pairs or sets of
two or more beams connected together by cross bars as above described
may be coupled so as to form, say for example, six two-beam harrows
or three four-beam harrows. This coupling together of the several
pairs or sets of connected beams is effected by the aid of peculiar
jointed connections consisting each of two bars coupled together by
a joint pin and cotter and sliding hoop or ferrule. Each jointed
coupling bar is connected to the contiguous main beams at each end
by means of rivets or by a separate clip which is keyed on to the beam
and receives one of the ends of the coupling bars which are bent at
an angle for that purpose.
And in order that my said Invention may be fully understood I shall
now proceed more particularly to describe the same, and for that purpose
shall refer to the several Figures on the annexed Sheet of Drawings,

page_text: .
constructed according to my said Invention.
Figure 2 represent detail views of one of the rigid cross bars or
stretchers.
Figure 3 is a tooth or tinc detached.
Figure 4 is the clip and key employed for connecting the cross
coupling bars shown in detail at Figures 5, 6, and 7, all which views
are herein-after more fully referred to.
A, A, are the zig-zag beams of the harrow, and B, B, are the teeth
or tines. These beams are connected together in pairs as shown in
Figure 1, or in sets of three or more by the cross bars C, C, (Figure 2);
at each end of these cross bars a slot or opening a is made for the
passage therethrough of the beams, and at right angles to this opening a
there are formed two oblong slots b, b, through which pass the tooth B
and the tightening key or wedge c (Figure 1) the tooth being placed
on one side of the beam and the key or wedge on the opposite side.
By driving in these keys or wedges it is obvious that the cross bars
and teeth will be firmly held together. Each pair of beams (as
shown in Figure 1) or each set of three, four, or more beams, as the
case may be, arc coupled together by the peculiar coupling shewn in
detail in Figures 5, 6, and 7, consisting of two bars D, D, coupled
together by the joint pin d and ferrule e, the ferrule being made to
slide on to the free end of one of the coupling bars D, in order to
render the coupling rigid as shown in Figures 1, 5, and 6, or it may
be slid off the end of the said bar as shown in Figure 7 whereby the
coupling becomes flexible or jointed; the pin d forming the fulcrum ġ
represents one of the clips (shown in detail in Figure 4) by which
the ends of the coupling bars D, D, are connected to the beams A,
the ends of the bars being bent at an angle corresponding to that of
the zig-zag of the beam and inserted between the beam and the clip;
is the key or wedge which tightens up these parts together. Thus
by suitably adjusting the sliding ferrules e six two-beam harrows or
three four-beam harrows may be readily produced as may be required,
f is a cotterell for holding the sliding ferrule e in its place, whether
on or off the free end of the coupling bar.
:

page_text: Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of my
said Invention, and the manner in which the same is or may be used or
carried into effect, I would observe in conclusion, that what I consider
to be novel and original, and therefore claim as the Invention secured
to me by the herein-before in part recited Letters Patent is, the
construction and arrangement of harrows substantially as and for the
purpose herein-before described and illustrated by my Drawings.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Armstrong, have to this my
Specification set my hand and seal, the Fifth day of October,
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-cight.
JOHN ARMSTRONG. (L.S.)