IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MAKING MOULDS OR DIES USED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPIER MÂCHÉ AND OTHER MATTERS, AND IN MOULDING OR FORMING ARTICLES FROM CERTAIN PLASTIC MATERIALS
Year: 1846

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, CHARLES
FREDERICK BIELEFELD, of Wellington Street, Strand, Papier Mâché Manu-
facturer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majosty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Gicat Seal of the United Kingdom of Gicat
Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Fourteenth day of July,
One thousand eight hundred and forty-six, in the tenth year of Her leign,
did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and giant unto me, the said
Charles Frederick Bielefeld, my exois, adñois, and assigns, IIer especial
license, and full power, sole privilege and authority, that I, the said Charles
Frederick Bielefeld, my exois, adñiors, and assigns, or such others as I, the
said Charles Frederick Bielefeld, my oxors, adiñiors, or assigns, should at any
time agice with, and no others, from time to time and at all times during
the term of years theicin expressed, should and lawfully might make, usc,
exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-
Tweed, my Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MAKING MOULDS OR DIES USED
IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPIER MÂCHÉ AND OTHER MATTERS, AND IN MOULDING
OR FORMING ARTICLES FROM CERTAIN PLASTIC MATERIALS;" in which said Letters
Patent is contained a proviso that I, the said Charles Frederick Bielefeld,
shall cause a particular description of the nature of my said Invention, and
in what manner the same is to be performed, by an instrument in writing

page_text: under my hand and seal, to be enrolled in Her said Majesty's Iligh Court of
Chancery within six calendar months next and immediately after the date
of the said in part recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference
being thereunto had, will more fully and at large appear
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Charles Frederick Bielefeld, do hereby declare that the nature of my said
Invention, and the manner in which the same is to be performed, are fully
described and ascertained in and by the following statement thereof (that is
to say)-
My Invention relates, first, to improvements in making moulds or dies used
in the manufacture of papier maché and other matters, and also to improve
ments in moulding or forming articles from certain plastic materials.
And, secondly, my Invention iclates to improvements in moulding or forming
mouldings from certain plastic materials on wood. And in order that my
Invention may be more fully understood and readily carried into effect, I will
proceed to describe the means pursued by me :-
The first part of my Invention consists of the application of certain matters,
hereafter mentioned, in combination for making moulds or dies used in the
manufacture of pâpier maché and other matters, and such combinations are
also to be used in the making of articles by moulding or forming them there-
fiom. The materials to be thus combined are as follows.-Tanno-gelatine,
sulphur-balsam, gum-thus, and gutta percha, with a suitable solvent of gutta
percha, prefening Venice turpentine for such purposes. Gum-thus and gutta
percha are matters imported into this country, and are well known. Tanno-
gelatine is prepared by mixing a solution containing tannin with a solution of
gluc o animal jelly, and which usually consists of about thuty-six parts of
tannin and sixty-four parts of gelatine, such preparation not being now, and
formmg separately no part of my Invention. Sulphur-balsam is a preparation
of a solution of sulphur in fixed oils, usually prepared with sulphur and linsced
oil. Sulphur-balsam usually consists of two ounces flour of sulphur, and eight
ounces of linseed oil (though other fixed oils may be used) mixed, heated, and
stiried till the sulphur dissolves, such preparation not being new, and sepa-
rately forms no part of my Invention. And such materials, when being com-
bined, may also have other matters mixed therewith to produce particular
effects, as hereafter explained In making moulds or dies of combinations of
the matters above mentioned, or some of them, I mix, dissolve, or combine
tauno-gelatine in Venice turpentine; to this solution I add chips or cuttings of
gutta percha, and melt them by means of heat, prefening to use a pug-mill

page_text: heated by an external steam bath for such purpose. These materials so com-
bined may consist of various proportions of the various ingredients, depending
on the manner the combinations are to be used in making moulds or dies. I
prefer, however, to prepare a combination of such materials into a plastic
compound, by combining the above-mentioned materials in the following pio-
portions:-Nine parts by weight of tanno-gelatine dissolved in eighteen paits
by weight of Venice tnrpentine, adding four to five parts of gutta percha.
This produces a plastic mixture which, whilst it still remains waim, may
readily be fashioned by placing it on the form from which it is desired to
make a mould or die; or it may be pressed into hollow figure to take an
impression therefrom, or made into pieco moulds, and when the combined
matters have been allowed to remain till they have become cold, the com-
bination of materials will have become hard, and may be used for various
purposes, for dies or moulds for making articles of papici mâché and other
materials. And I have found that by adding a small quantity of glycerine,
especially where I employ little or no sulphur-balsam in making combinations
of the above materials, that they will be retained longer from becoming hand,
and therefore I use such additional nattor when I desire to obtain that
property to the combinations. When I wish to obtain very hard moulds or dies.
capable of sustaining considerable pressure, I mix with such combinations fine
iron filings, using as much as possible so long as the combinations will retain,
a plastic state, and allow of being readily used by being pressed into moulds
or shapes, or on to figuies or models. White and red lead and oxides of some
metals, such, for instance, as oxide of iron in the state of powder, may be
used for giving hardness to the compounds, taking care that they are not
added to such an extent as to destroy the plastic materials of the com-
binations. Gum-thus and sulphu-balsam may be combined with gutta
percha (without using the tanno-gelatine) by means of heat, and the effect
of combining these two ingredients is to produce a very plastic compound
suitable for forming moulds or dics (by pressing them on or into suitablo
dies, surfaces, or models) for various purposes, and the same will be hardened
and modified by using other ingredients, as before explained; and sulphur-
balsam may also be combined with gutta percha by heat, and will produce
a plastic compound, more or less fluid when hot, according to the quantity
of the sulphur-balsam used; and the same may be employed in taking
impressions from models or surfaces (by pressing the same on or into suitable
surfaces), and such impressions will be applicable as moulds for making articles
from other plastic materials pressed therein, and such combinations of sulphur

page_text: balsam and gutta peicha may be combined with the other materials above
mentioned for hardening them And I would state that when mixing the
above mentioned materials, aided by heat, it will be necessary to beat or
giind then by suitable machmery, to make them blend intimately together in
like manner to what is now practised when grinding or combining other
materials of a like nature to those herein described. I prefer a pug-mill
externally heated by steam. And this first part of my Invention also consists
in employing the above mentioned combinations of materials, as plastic
preparations to be moulded or formed, in order to produce articles therefiom
in any suitable moulds or dies for architectural and other ornaments and other
uses, and owing to the peculiar properties of such plastic preparations they will
be found highly useful for they will take and retain very sharp impressions,
which when set and dry will not be readily injured, and moisture will not
have so prejudicial an effect on articles moulded from such compositions as on
many other plastic picparations moulded into articles for like purposes, and
such combinations, particularly where it is desned to give tenacity thereto,
will be benefitted by having paper makers' rag dust, or other fibious material
ground or mixed therewith, and where pliability is desned to be given to the
combinations above mentioned gluo may be mixed in quantities according to
the degree of pliabilty desned to be obtained for the particular purpose to
which the combination is to be applied.
I will now describe the second part of my Invention, which consists of
forming mouldings for architectural and other purposes by spreading what is
called gilders' preparation (glue or size and whitening) by means of guages on
to wood, and then subjecting the same to the pressure of dies to emboss
them. In making mouldings for picture frames, borders of 100ms, and
architectural and such like purposes, it has been usual to prepare the wood
mouldings to the figure or contour desired, and then at intervals of time to
lay on a succession of coatings of the gilders' preparation, and then by
rubbing the surfaces thus prepared the same are rendered smooth. In place
of thus process I cause the gilders' pieparation to be used somewhat thicker
than heretofore, so that it will be suitable for making a substantive coating at
onco; and then I cause the same to be laid on to the wood moulding (which
will not be requued to be formed so exactly to the shape as heretofoic, as the
moulding will depend more on the surface of the preparation) by means of a
gauge in place of pursuing the practice heretofore resorted to In performing
this process, I cause a sheet metal guage to be fixed on a bed in such manner
that a prepared wood moulding may pass under it leaving a space between

page_text: the guage and the wood moulding according as it is intended to have the
preparation spread more or less thickly, and I apply on one side of such
guage a hopper containing the plastic picparation usually employed by gilders;
but I prefer to have a smaller quantity of printers' composition (glue and
treacle) mixed therewith to give clasticity or slight pliability to the surface,
because I find that it embosses better than when only the gilders' preparation
is employed, particularly if the same is laid on thickly, and I cause wood
mouldings to pass under the hopper, which is heated by steam externally to
keep the plastic material in a working state, the wood moulding being caused
to slide on a suitable long bed, having guide surfaces on either side of the
mouldings as they are slided to cause them to move correctly through the
guage fixed on the bed, by which the mouldings will become covered with the
preparation, and the guage will render the same to the thickness desired. Or,
two guages may be used in succession, the first bringing the surface nearly
to the desired figure, and the second completing it. The wood mouldings
being thus coated are when dry to be subjected to the pressure of dies to
emboss the surfaces thereof, and I prefer for this purpose the use of the roller
dies described in my former Patent; but other dies may be employed in
canying out this part of my Invention,
And I would state that in carrying out the first part of my Invention, the
plastic materials there mentioned may be rolled out into sheets or strips, and
then embossed and moulded into suitable forms for mouldings; or such plastic
materials, after having been fist spread on wood mouldings in the manner just
descubed in respect to gilders' picparation, may be subjected to dies in like
manner to be embossed.
Having thus described the nature of my Invention, and the manner in
which the same is to be performed, I would have it understood that I do not
confine myself to the details herein described so long as the peculiar characte
of either part of my Invention be retained; and I would have it understood
that I do not claim the use of any of the materials herein mentioned separately,
but what I claim is -
First, the combining tanno-gelatine with gutta percha and a suitable solvent
with or without other materials for the purposes of making dies or moulds,
and for being moulded or formed into articles for architectural and other
purposes; I also claim the combining sulphur-balsam or gum-thus, or both
with gutta percha or with tanno-gelatine, or with both, with or without other
materials, for the purposes of making dies or moulds, and for being moulded
or formed into articles for architectural and other purposes.

page_text: And secondly, I claim the mode of moulding, or forming moulding, for
architectural and other purposes by spreading gilders' or other plastic prepa-
ration on to, wood mouldings, and then embossing the same, as herein
described.
In witness whereof, 1, the said Charles Frederick Bielefeld, have here-
unto set my hand and seal, this Fourteenth day of January, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and forty-seven.
CHARLES FREDERICK (L.s.) BIELEFELD.
AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Fourteenth day of January,
in the year of our Loid 1847, the aforesaid Charles Frederick Bielefeld 1
came before our said Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged
the Specification aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained and
specified, in form above written. And also the Specification aforesaid was
stamped according to the tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.
Enrolled the Fourteenth day of January, in the year of our Lord One 1
thousand eight hundred and forty-seven.