Improvements in the Manufacture of Reversible Ingrain Carpets or like Fabrics.
Year: 1894

page_text: Date of Application, 4th June, 1894
Complete Specification Left, 1st Mar., 1895-Accepted, 6th Apr., 1895
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in the Manufacture of Reversible Ingrain Carpets or
like Fabrics.
We HENDERSON & COMPANY LIMITED, of the City of Durham, in the
County of Durham, Carpet Manufacturers, and ROBERT BRITTON of 3 Wanlass
Terrace in the same city, Power Loom Tuner do hereby declare the nature of
this invention to be as follows:-
The object of our invention is to manufacture a reversible two and three ply
carpet fabric in an ordinary two ply ingrain carpet loom.
In weaving an ordinary two ply ingrain carpet fabric four sets of warp threads
and four sets of weft threads are usually employed, two of each set to form the
figure and the remaining two of each set to form the ground.
In manufacturing a reversible two or three ply carpet fabric according to our
present invention we discard the ground lifter board; also the whole of the planes
or journals in producing a two ply, retaining two in producing a three ply. We
use the figure lifter board only, and form the figure or pattern by means of the
weft threads alone. We employ either two or three warp threads in each dent of
the reed or slay.
In producing a carpet--say, for instance a two ply carpet-according to our
invention and (say) employing two warp threads in each dent of the reed.
One of the warp threads in each dent acts as a catching or binding warp and is
operated upon either by the cards or by two heddles. Half of the above binding
warp threads, say those in the odd dents of the reed, will bind. the weft threads
which appear on the surface of the carpet, and the other half which are in the
even dents of the reed bind the weft threads which go on the underside of the
carpet
These threads change or cross after every two insertions of weft, that is
when the single threads in the odd dents of the reed are up the single threads
in the even dents will be down and vice versa.
The remaining half of the warp threads one in each dent of the reed will be
entirely operated upon by the cards and jacquard to produce the pattern. These
warp threads do not appear on either surface of the carpet intentionally, but
always lie between the ground and figure wefts.
In the example under description four weft threads compose one set and
constitute a complete weave.
In
Two of the
In the case of a three ply carpet it is worked on the same lines as the two ply
carpet described but in this case we employ three warp threads in each dent.
The warp threads take substantially the same course as in former instance.
this three ply carpet six weft threads constitute a complete weave.
three warp threads in every dent of the reed are entirely operated upon by the
cards. When neither of the two are raised the weft thread will appear on the face
of the carpet; when one of them is raised the weft will go into the middle, when
both are raised the weft thread will go on the underside of the carpet.
With the aforesaid manipulation of warp threads we produce a carpet fabric
which is solid and securely bound throughout.
By using a thicker material as weft we are able to produce a thicker and
heavier carpet fabric with wider and more elaborate design effects.
Dated the 4th day of June 1894.
4

page_text: COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in the Manufacture of Reversible Ingrain Carpets or
like Fabrics.
We HENDERSON & COMPANY LIMITED, of the City of Durham, in the County
of Durham, Carpet Manufacturers, and ROBERT BRITTON, of 3 Wanlass
Terrace in the same city, Power Loom Tuner do hereby declare the nature of
this invention and in what manuer the same is to be performed, to be particularly
described and ascertained in and by the following statement:-
The object of our invention is to manufacture. a, reversible two or three ply
carpet fabric in an ordinary two ply ingrain carpet loom.
In manufacturing an ordinary two ply ingrain carpet fabric, four warp threads
and four weft threads. are usually employed; two of the weft threads are to form
the figure, the remaining two to form the ground.
Each of the weft threads has a corresponding warp thread which covers it or
acts as a binder to it. There are in the ordinary two ply ingrain carpet loom two
lifter boards, one is termed the ground lifter board and the other the figure lifter
board; these boards lift alternately to each other, that is when the ground lifter
board is risen up the figure lifter board is down, and vice versa.
There are also four journal boards employed, each of these boards governs or
lifts one quarter of the warp threads for every pick of the loom; four warp
threads comprise one set and are usually coloured, white on the first journal, oak
on the second, red on the third and black on the fourth.
To operate on these warp threads perforated cards are employed; one card is
used for every two insertions of weft, one insertion being to form the ground and
the other to form the figure. When the card cylinder which carries the perforated
cards is drawn in to operate on the Jacquard needles, which said needles have each
two loops or eyes formed in them, the parts of the cards which are not perforated
press the Jacquard needles backward and so press the cords which are governed
by these needles out of the slot of the ground lifter board and the parts of the
cards which are perforated allow the needles to remain in their original position.
This operation takes place for the insertion of the weft threads to form the
ground.
The slots of the figure lifter board are cut in the reverse way to those in the
ground lifter board, and the needles which were pressed backward by the
unperforated parts of the card, press the cords which are governed by those
needles into the slots of the figure lifter board. This operation takes place for
the insertion of the weft threads which are to form the figure part of the pattern.
Figure 1 is a section of the weave and W, R', O¹, B' represent white, red, oak
and black warp threads.
In manufacturing a reversible two or three ply carpet fabric according to our
present invention we discard the ground lifter board; also the whole of the
planes, or journals in producing a two ply, retaining two in producing a three ply.
We use the figure lifter board only and form the figure or pattern by means of
the weft threads alone. We employ either two or three warp threads in each
dent of the reed or slay, using one card for each insertion of the weft.
In producing a carpet say for instance a two ply carpet according to our
invention we employ two warp threads in each dent of the reed one of which
warp threads acts as a catching or binding warp and is operated on either by the
cards or by two heddles. Half of the above binding warp threads say those
threads in the odd dents of the reed binds the weft threads which appear on the
surface of the carpet and the other half which is in the even dents of the reed
binds the weft threads which appear on the underside of the carpet. These
threads change or cross over after every two insertions of weft; that is when the

page_text: catching warp threads in the odd dents of the reed are up those in the even dents
will be down and vice versa. The remaining half of the warp threads that is the
other thread in each dent of the reed will be entirely operated on by the cards
and jacquard to produce the pattern. These warp threads do not appear on either
surface of the carpet intentionally but always lie between the ground and figure
wefts. Any one line or part of a line of either weft may be made to appear
either on the face or the underside of the carpet at will, that is to say any part of
the line of the ground weft may be sent on to the underside to make room for the
figure weft to appear on the face or vice versa.
In the example under description four weft threads compose one set and
constitute a complete weave. By using only two warp threads in each dent of the
reed and operating upon them, as described above we are able to press the
catching warp threads further into the weft threads on both sides of the carpet,
which means that they will not be so exposed to the friction that catching warps
are usually exposed to in wear, and by spreading the catching warp threads for
each place in alternate dents a greater length of loop is exposed of the weft.
For instance if the catching warp threads in the odd dents of the reed cover the
weft threads representing the first row of the design on the face of the fabric,
those in the even dents will bind the same wefts on the underside but not directly
under the warps in the odd dents: they will take up a position between the
threads on the face. When the threads of even dents are on the surface the
threads in odd dents will take up a position directly between them but on
the underside.
The course of the catching warp threads combined with the wefts as above
described forms a twilled effect on both sides of the carpet which will be easily
understood on reference to Figure 4. C, C, represent the weft threads and A D the
catching warp threads.
Figure 2. A shews the catching warp threads in odd dents of the reed. B shews
the warp which goes straight through the fabric and is entirely operated on by
the cards and jacquard. C, C, shew the lines of weft threads which may be
either ground or figure or both.
Figure 3, D represents the catching warp of even dents and E the through
warp.
Figure 4 is a plan or surface view of the carpet. A and B are catching warp
threads and C, C, are weft threads. In the case of a three ply carpet it is worked
on the same lines as the two ply carpet already described but in this case we
employ 3 warp threads in each dent. These warp threads take substantially the
same course as in the former instance. In this three ply carpet six weft threads
constitute a complete weave. Two of the three warp threads in every dent of
the reed are entirely operated on by the cards and jacquard when neither of
the two are raised the weft thread will appear on the surface of the carpet; when
one of them is raised the weft will go into the middle of the carpet; and when
both are raised the weft will go into the underside of the carpet.
In Figure 5 C, C, represent weft threads; F the catching warp thread as
shewn in Fig. 2; G, H are the through warp threads.
In Figure 6. C, C, are the weft threads and L the catching warp thread as
shewn in Figure 3. The two warp threads J and K change or cross at the same time
as the catching warp threads, but in this case surround the weft thread which lies
in the middle of the carpet, but they do not appear on either surface.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of our said inven-
tion, and in what manner the same is to be performed, we declare that what we
claim is :-
1. The improvements in the manufacture of a reversible two ply ingrain carpet
fabric wherein four warp threads are employed, two of the said warp threads
serving as binders and the remaining two serving to raise the weft threads into

page_text: position in the figure or pattern of the carpet, and capable of being so operated on
as to produce novel effects as herein described and shewn in Figs. 2, 3 and 4.
2. The improvements in the manufacture of a reversible three ply ingrain
carpet fabric wherein six warp threads are employed, two of the said warp threads
serving as binders and the remaining four serving to raise the weft threads into a
position in the figure or pattern of the carpet and capable of being so operated on
as to produce novel effects as herein described and shewn in Figs. 4, 5 and 6.
3. The improvements in the manufacture of a reversible ingrain carpet fabric
with the twilled effect formed on both sides of the carpet as set forth.
4. The method of manufacturing reversible ingrain carpets so as to secure the
production of the novel effects indicated herein, as set forth.
Dated the 1st day of March 1895.
WM. BROOKES & SON,
55 & 56, Chancery Lane, London, Agents for the Applicants.