Im- PROVEMENTS IN PREPARING COAL USED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FUEL." PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the
Year: 1861

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Ferdinand Charles Warlich, of 14, London Street,
Fenchurch Street, in the City of London, for the Invention of "Im-
PROVEMENTS IN PREPARING COAL USED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL
FUEL."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said. Ferdinand Charles Warlich
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
26th April 1861.
I, FERDINAND CHARLES WARLICH, of 14, London Street, Fenchurch Street,
in the City of London, do hereby declare the nature of the Invention for "IM-
PROVEMENTS IN PREPARING COAL USED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FUEL,"
to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in preparing coal used in the
manufacture of artificial fuel. In the manufacture of artificial fuel charred
coal is used, as described in the Specification of a Patent granted to me, dated
July 10th, 1860, (No. 1660,) and the present improvements consist in
employing the heat passing off from coal which is being coked as a means of
charring small coal to the desired extent to render it suitable for the manu-

page_text: facture of artificial fuel. The coke ovens used may be varied in their arrange-
ment, in order that the heat and products passing therefrom may be conducted
to and used in charring coal, by preference washed, small coal in proper trays
or vessels, placed in chambers or enclosed spaces contiguous to the coke ovens,
and such chambers may be formed above or at the sides or ends of the coke
ovens or enclosed chambers in which the coking process is carried on; or one
coke oven may communicate to two or more chambers where the charring is
carried on. It is preferred in all cases to employ trucks on wheels to contain
the coal which is to be coked, and other trucks on wheels to contain the small
coal to be charred, the trucks for the charring process being shallower than
those where the coking process is to be carried on. These trucks are run into
their respective ovens, chambers, or enclosed spaces, and the coking is to be
carried on, as is well understood, the heat and products passing away from from
the coking process rising to the trays or trucks above, or passing away at the
sides or ends to the chambers or enclosed spaces, where the trays or trucks
containing the coal to be charred are situated. When the proper charring has
been performed the trays or trucks are moved into a chamber or space per-
vaded by steam, or the coal may be cooled by water, and in like manner
may the coked coal be run into an atmosphere of steam, or be cooled by
water.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Ferdinand Charles Warlich in the Great Seal Patent Office on
the 26th October 1861.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, FERDINAND
CHARLES WARLICH, of 14, London Street, Fenchurch Street, in the City of
London, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-sixth day of April, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-one, in the twenty-fourth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said Ferdinand Charles Warlich, Her special licence that I, the said Ferdinand
Charles Warlich, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others
as I, the said Ferdinand Charles Warlich, my executors, administrators, and
assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and
at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully

page_text: might make, use, exercise, and -vend, within the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN PREPARING COAL USED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL
FUEL," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Ferdinand
Charles Warlich, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing.
under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe
and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same
was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent
Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the
said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Ferdinand Charles Warlich, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement thereof, that is to say :-
This Invention has for its object improvements in preparing coal used in
the manufacture of artificial, fuel. In the manufacture of artificial fuel charred
coal is used, as described in the Specification of a Patent granted to, me, dated
July 10th, 1860, (No. 1660,) and the present improvements consist in
employing the heat passing off from coal which is being coked as a means of
charring small coal to the desired extent, to render it suitable for the manu-
facture, of artificial fuel. The coke ovens used may be varied in their arrange-
ment, in order that the heat and products passing therefrom may be conducted
to, and used in charring coal, by preference washed small coal in proper trays
or vessels, placed in chambers or enclosed spaces contiguous to the coke ovens,
and such chambers may be formed above or at the sitles or ends of the coke
ovens or enclosed chambers in which the coking process is carried on; or one
coke oven may communicate to two or more chambers where the charring is
carried on.
It is preferred to employ trucks on wheels to contain the coal
which is to be coked, and other trucks on wheels to contain the small coal to
be charred, the trucks for the charring process being shallower than those
where the coking process is to be carried on. These trucks are run into their
respective ovens, chambers, or enclosed spaces, and the coking is to be carried
on, as is well understood, the heat and products passing away from the
coking process, rising to the trays or trucks above, or passing away at the sides
or ends to the chambers or enclosed spaces, where the trays or trucks
containing the coal to be charred are situated. When the proper charring
has been performed the trays or trucks are moved into a chamber or space
pervaded by steam, or the coal may be cooled by water, and in like manner

page_text: water.
And in order that my said Invention may be most fully understood and
realilly carried into effect, I will proceed to describe the Drawings hereunto
annexed.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS.
Figure 1 is a transverse section, and Figure 2 a portion of a longitudinal
section of a coke oven, with a charring chamber combined therewith, in the
manner I prefer. a is the coke oven, it is a chamber about forty feet long
and eight feet wide, lined with fire-brick; it is partially arched over at the
top, but openings are left through the brickwork as the Drawing shews, for
carrying off the vapors. Over the coking oven a second chamber 6 of about
the same length and width is formed. It is enclosed at the top by an arched
roof, and it is lined with sheet iron about of an inch thick, and has an iron
bottom e, so as to make it as tight as may be, and to shut off all com-
munication between it and the chamber a below. a¹, a', are passages or flues
leading from the chamber a to the stack or chimney; c, c, are trucks made
of iron, and lined with fire-brick, they are mounted on wheels or rollers
which run on rails at the bottom of the chamber; each of the trucks is about
nine feet long, so that the chamber will contain four trucks at one time. The
ends of the coke oven a are fitted with metal doors, lined with fire-brick, for
closing the oven during the coking process. The upper or charring chamber 6
receives other trucks d, similar to those already described, but shallower and
lighter, they run on rails in a similar manner. The chamber b is also closed
at the ends with metal doors.
At the commencement of the operation the trucks c filled with small coal of
a quality suitable for making artificial fuel are run into the coking oven, the
fuel is ignited, and the doors closed and made perfectly tight by means of clay.
The coking operation is then conducted in the usual manner. The upper
chamber b soon becomes heated to a temperature of about 600°, and then
trucks & containing the small coal to be charred are run into it, the coal
being laid on each truck in a layer about three inches deep. As soon as the
trucks have been run into the chamber bits doors are closed and luted with
clay is a passage from the chamber 6 to a condensor, of a form berein-after
described, or of other convenient form. The passages a¹ also lead through
condensors before entering the chimney. The heat of the charring chamber 6
should never rise above 900° or 1000°, and if the chamber is constructed in

page_text: the manner described, and the operation of coking properly conducted, it will
not do so. The operation of charring will usually take from one to two hours,
and is complete as soon as the coal swells up and cakes or agglomerates. The
charring being complete, the door at the end of the charring chamber is
opened and the trucks run out. They are then by preference pushed along
on a railway into a suitable chamber in which they are enclosed, and at once
cooled by admitting steam into the chamber; or the charred coal may be
cooled by throwing it into water. When one set of trucks with charred coal
is removed from the chamber b, another set loaded with raw coal is at once
run in, and in this manner one charge of the coking oven may be made to
When the coking of the coal
char five or six charges of the coking chamber.
in the coking oven a is complete, the trucks are at once run out without
waiting for the coke to cool, and they are by preference run with as little loss
of time as possible into a chamber in which they are enclosed, and the coke
is then quenched and cooled by turning steam into the chamber, or the trucks
may be run down an incline into a tank containing water. The charring
operation will be carried to a greater or less extent according to the description
of artificial coal it is desired to produce. If the coal be charred for three or
four hours at the full heat, the blocks of fuel made from it may even be
coked without losing their form, and generally the more the coal is charred
the less the fuel produced from it will give off smoke in burning, and swell
when heated in the furnace in which it is consumed.
Figure 3 is a transverse section of another arrangement of ovens which
may be employed when charring coal by means of the heat passing off from
coal which is being coked. a', a, a, are three ovens similar in form the
one to the other, or nearly so. In the two outer ovens, a' and a³, coal is
coked in trucks as already described, and the heat and products from these
ovens (or a part thereof) are led down to the bottom of the oven a³, and this
oven is filled with shallow trucks containing small coal to be charred, the
products from all the ovens pass by the flue & first to a condensor, and then
to the chimney. This arrangement however I do not consider so advan-
tageous as that first described, in which the products arising from the charring
are kept distinct from those produced in the coking process.
Other arrangements may be made for combining charring chambers with
coking ovens. The condensing apparatus I prefer to employ is that shown
by the vertical section at Figure 4. a is a casing into which the products
cither from the charring or coking process, or both, are conducted by the
passage b; c is an internal cylinder supplied with cold water by the pipe d,

page_text: and from which the water when it becomes heated escapes by the pipe c; by
means of cocks on these pipes, the quantity of water passing through the
cylinder can be regulated. f is a pipe by which the condensed liquids are
drawn off from the casing, and g is a pipe by which the permanent gases
escape from the casing usually into the chimney. I would bere remark that
where the draft of the chimney depends on the heat of the gases discharged
into it from these condensers, the gases must not be so far cooled as to render
the draft insufficient. When the products.arising from the charring are kept
separate from those produced in the coking ovens, they will be almost all
condensable, volatile, and oily matters of considerable commercial value.
The heat applied in the charring chamber will not be sufficient to produce
any illuminating gas.
Another arrangement of apparatus for subjecting coals to the process of
charring is shown at Figure 5, which is a longitudinal section thereof. A is
a flat-bottomed iron retort about forty feet long and eight feet wide; B, hopper
for supplying the retort with coal, the coal is thrown into the hopper, and
passing between the crushing rollers at the bottom thereof falls into the retort;
C, dip pipe, through which the charred coal is discharged; E, tank partially
filled with water; F, F, line of endless band or chain for delivering the
charred coal into waggons; G, G¹, wrought-iron frame constructed so as to
carry a series of scrapers for the purpose of advancing the coal supplied by
the feed hopper to the dip pipe C. These scrapers are each jointed to the
bar, and during the backward motion thereof assume a position similar to that
indicated by the red lines in the Drawing; H is a hydraulic apparatus for
moving the frame and scrapers G to and fro; I, box or ballasted bucket for
effecting the return or backward motion of the frame G and its scrapers;
K, K', flue in communication with one or more, coke ovens receiving the
waste heat, and thereby giving the necessary temperature to the bottom of
the retort A, A¹. The mode in which the hydraulic apparatus H operates is as
follows: Water under pressure passes through the pipe a into the cylinder b,
and exerts its power upon the piston c until this piston arrives at the termination
of the intended stroke, when the stop or stud d strikes the canti-lever e, which
opens the cock f,.when the water in the cylinder is discharged through the
pipe g, the piston and apparatus connected therewith being drawn back by the
descent of the ballasted box or bucket I. On the discharge, of the water
the stop his so arranged as to strike the canti-lever e, and throw it in an
opposite direction, thereby closing the cock, and again permitting the water
flowing through the small pipe a to exert its whole force on the piston.

page_text: The quantity of coal fed into the retort can be regulated by adjusting the
speed of the crushing rollers, and the time the coal remains in the retort can
be regulated by altering the speed at which the scrapers are worked.
Having thus described the nature of my Invention, and the manner of per-
forming the same, I would have it understood that I do not confine myself to
the exact details described, but what I claim is, the charring coal so as to
render it suitable for the manufacture of artificial fuel by means of heat
generated during the process of coking coal as herein described.
I also claim the charring and coking coals on trucks as herein described.
I also claim the quenching and cooling charred or coked coals in chambers
or vaults pervaded by steam as herein described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Ferdinand Charles Warlich, have here-
unto set my hand and seal, this Twenty-fifth day of October, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-one.
F. C. WARLICH. (L.S.)