IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF TYPE
Year: 1852

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, HENRY
GARDINER GUION JUDE, of Lower Copenhagen Street, Barnsbury Road,
Islington, in the County of Middlesex, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Royal
Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at West-
minster, the Thirtieth day of September, in the sixteenth year of Her reign,
did give and grant unto ine, the said Henry Gardiner Guion Jude, my exors,
admňors, and assigns, Her especial license, full power, sole privilege and
authority, that I, the said Henry Gardiner Guion Jude, my exors, aduiors, and
assigns, and such others as I, the said Henry Gardiner Guion Jude, my exors,
admors, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from
time to time and at all times hereafter during the term of years therein
mentioned, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within
England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, the Invention of
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF TYPE (communicated to me by a
certain Foreigner residing abroad; in which said Letters Patent there is
contained a proviso that I, the said Henry Gardiner Guion Jude, shall cause
a particular description of the nature of my said Invention, and in what
manner the same is be performed, by an instrument in writing under my
band and seal, to be enrolled within Her said Majesty's High Court of
Chancery within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of
the said in part recited Letters Patent, reference being thereunto had, will more
fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that, in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Henry Gardiner Guion Jude, do hereby declare the nature of the Invention
communicated to me, and the manner in which it is to be performed, to be

page_text: duly ascertained and determined in and by the following description thereof,
reference being had to the Sheet of Drawings hereunto annexed, and to the
letters and figures marked thereon (that is to say) -
The Invention communicated to me relates in the first place to improve-
ments upon that manufacture of type set forth in the Specification of a Patent
granted to Phillipe Poirier de St. Charles, on or about the First day of July
One thousand eight hundred and forty-five, according to which Specification
the type or printing surfaces are formed by compression, the body of the type
being formed simultaneously therewith, for which the requisite quantity of
metal is cut from a rod or strip of the proper size. Now it is found that some
difficulty exists in the manufacture of type according to the Specification of
Phillipe Poirier de St. Charles' Invention, inasmuch that it is troublesome to
obtain the proper size of blank which shall ensure sufficient exactitude and
uniformity of size required in the finished type. For instance, supposing the
blank to contain a slight excess of metal, it is impossible to compress it to the
éxact same size as a smaller blank, although some portion of the metal escapes
at the matrix (the compression chamber being subject to the same influences
in each case). Thus types so formed are not of exact and uniform body. To
obviate this I form a longitudinal groove or indentation on one or both sides
of the wire or strip of metal from which the blank is cut, as represented
longitudinally at Fig. 14, and in cross section at Fig. 2, or it may be formed
in the blank subsequently. Blanks thus produced have a sufficient area in
cross section to fill the angles of the chamber in which they are compressed.
In event of the blanks containing too great an excess of metal (which must
always be the case in some degree), it is compressed into the space occupied
by the grooves or indentations in the sides of the type, which become thereby
reduced, but enables the metal to offer a uniform degree of resistance; thus
causing the different types to be formed by compression under an equal degree
of pressure, which ensures great accuracy and uniformity in the body of such
type:
The second part of this Invention has reference to the manufacture of type
formed partly by pressure and partly by casting, or other means, that is to say,
the letter or character forming the face of the type is produced by pressure in
a matrix, such face having the body of the type attached thereto at a subse-
quent operation. I may here state I am aware types have been before pro-
duced by attaching a face or character of metal to a body separately formed of
metal or other material, and also that type have received a coating or surface
of a different metal by means of electrical deposit; but in all such instances
the face or character of the type have been produced in the ordinary manner
of type founding. According to these improvements I produce the letter,

page_text: vignette, or ornament forming the type face by pressure, as will be hereafter
described; and I afterwards attach a body to such face by means of casting
and soldering, or otherwise. By this means I produce a better article, and at
the same time effect considerable saving by forming the letter or character of
copper or other metal best adapted for the purpose, while the body of the type
is of inferior metal. I am also enabled to render the metal of the face or
character much harder, there being only a small portion or thickness of metal
between the pressure surfaces, which increased hardness not only conduces to
the lasting properties of the type, but takes sharper and finer impressions.
The apparatus by which I manufacture the letter, vignette, or other device of
the type is represented in the annexed Sheet of Drawings, in the several
Figures of which the same letters of reference are used to denote the same parts
where they recur. Fig. 1 exhibits this apparatus in front elevation; and
Fig. 2, a transverse vertical section of the same; Fig. 3, a plan of the die or
matrix on an enlarged scale; and Fig. 4, a side view of the matrix and
pressing surface or "force," partly in section. By this apparatus the type
faces or letters are produced from a strip of metal of about one eighth of an
inch in thickness (more or less). This is fed into the machine, which cuts it
into pieces of the proper size, places it in position to be struck by the matrix,
and delivers tho type, vignette, or other printing surface, which is attached at
a subsequent process to the "body," as will be herein-after explained. A, A,
is the framing, which is similar to a double-armed press, the bed plate or base
of which receives the bed B, containing the matrix C, in which the metal is to
be struck to receive the impress of the character or letter. D is the "force"
or nose piece which acts upon the metal; it is supported by a cylinder E,
which slides vertically between two V-guides, maintaining the parallelism of
its motion. These guides are secured and adjusted to the framing by the
bolts and screws, as shewn. F is the main shaft fitted to bearings in the side
frames; it also has abutments f¹, f, near the middle to take the upward
pressure consequent on its action. G is a strip of copper or other metal of a
width suitable for the size of the letter or device to be struck. This is pre-
viously coiled on a drum H, and is conducted thence between a pair of feeding
rollers I, I, which communicate a certain determined amount of motion at
each revolution of the shaft. These rollers are actuated by means of a lever,
which oscillates on a shaft L mounted in bearings on the framing. The
lower end of this lever carries a paul a, which takes effect on a ratchet wheel
M. The position of the paul a is regulated by an adjusting screw b, which
takes effect on the paul carrier c, jointed to the lever K, the bolster d of b
being a fixture to that lever. By adjustment with the screw b, the position of
the paul can be regulated so as to take one or more teeth of the ratchet at

page_text: each forward movement, which will depend on the length of strip G to be
delivered at each operation. The lever K is acted on by the cam N, effecting
contact with the roller e fitted to that lever. The cam N also gives the
reciprocating motion to the sliding cylinder E by taking effect on the lever K
at f, which is interposed between it and the cylinder, on which it exerts a
downward pressure.
A bridal or shakel P connects the cylinder E with the
lever K, the upward motion given to which lever carries with it the cylinder.
The strip of metal G projected forwards by the feeding rollers advances towards
. a pair of cutting knives g, h, one of which g is fixed to the bed B, and is con-
sequently stationary, while the other his affixed to the lower end of the
cylinder E, and descends with it. In its descent this knife h severs a portion
of the metal strip G, which is subsequently operated upon in the matrix. The
position of the knives and their cutting action is best seen in Figure 6, which
shews those parts in side clevation. The piece of metal separated from the
strip G is now to be impressed with the letter, device, or vignette, for which
purpose it is traversed sideways by a guide apparatus, separately shewn in
section at Figure 5, and in the plan Figure 3. This apparatus consists of a
sliding frame U, which embraces the severed piece of metal. The frame U is
fitted with a moveable piece i, adjusted by means of two screws k, k, to the
size of the metal piece cut off. The strip G bears against. guide piece S,
and is held in position by a pin or other suitable stop inserted in one of the
holes, l, according to the width of the metal. The guide frame V has a
traverse motion imparted to it by the lever T, best seen in Figure 1. This
lever T is is pivoted at A, and acted on by a cam m fixed to the main shaft F
immediately after the rising of the cylinder E. The traverse motion of V
carries forward the piece of metal and places it over the letter or device into
which it is to be impressed, and is represented by the letter R in the matrix
C. In order to keep the severed piece of metal correctly in position a finger
piece W passes under the fixed blade g, and with the finger piece i embraces
and conducts the piece of metal to its proper position. The knives g and h,
finger i, and piece W are all adjustable, so as to be varied according to the
superficies of the piece of metal to be acted on. An adjusting screw X is also
fitted to the sliding frame U, in order to alter its traverse, which depends on
the breadth of strip G to be acted on. The motion of lever T is uniform, and
represented as acting throughout its full extent. In order to reduce the
motion communicated to U, the screw X is caused to recede from the tail of
lever T, and according to the position of the screw so will be the extent of
motion. The lever T taking effect on the screw head advances the slide frame
U, the withdrawal being effected by the return of lever T acting on the cross
bar p. The lever T is acted upon once at each revolution of the shaft F. by

page_text: cam m producing the advance motion, while a spring r causes it to recede
immediately it is released by cam m. Y is a vertical shaft supporting a
horizontal arm, which carries a small shovels; this receives the metal piece
after it is struck and deposits it in a suitable receptacle. The shaft Y has a
short arm acted on by a cam t fixed to the main shaft, which throws the
shovel s into the position shewn by dotted lines in Figure 3. The matrix C is
produced in steel by stamping with a suitable punch, according to the letter
or device required, which is formed of a depth about equal to the counter, in
the same kind of type, or in general terms to about half the depth of ordinary
characters. The matrix is rendered smooth on the surface, and hardened.
It is fixed securely in its position; as shewn in Figure 3. A is a ratchet
and paul to prevent the machine being driven in the wrong direction.
The action of the machine is as follows:-The strip of copper or other
metal having been wound on the drum H, and delivered between the feed
rollers I, I, is brought up to the stop, when the machine is set in motion in
the direction of the arrow. The cam N first brings down the cylinder E by
acting on the point f, as explained. The downward movement of E causes
the knife to cut off the length of metal, which falls on the face of the bed
between the fingers W and i. The continued motion of shaft F carries the
eylinder E upwards, the cam N lifting the lever k at e; on the rise com-
mencing, the cam begins to take effect on lever T, causing the advance of
slide U, which carries forward the piece of metal, and deposits it on the
matrix into which it is to be struck. The slide U is brought sharply back by
its spring i. The continued upward movement of lever K then advances the
metal strip as before explained in readiness for the succeeding stroke. The
nose or "force" D, on again descending, takes effect on the piece of metal
now interposed between it and the matrix, compressing it forcibly, at seen at
Figure 4, which causes it to assume and bear in relief the character or device
of the matrix. At the same time a second piece of metal is cut off for the
succeeding operation. The "force" D is made in two parts u, v, one u of
which is fixed firmly into the cylinder E. The other piece v is fitted loosely to
u, and sustained by two steady pins, seen dotted in Figures 4 and 6. A small
dovetailed opening wis left between u and v in the face, into which the
metal under pressure is forced, and thus causes the force D to take hold of
the stamped piece and to carry it up. In order to keep the loose piece v
close to u, a binding screw is fitted to a bar y fixed in the bed B, the
upper end of which bar fits into and slides in a suitable recess in the lower
part of the cylinder E. When the "force" or nose piece D is depressed, the
inclined surface comes in contact with the point of screw x, and forces

page_text: the piece v against u, as seen at Figure 4, and again when rising the incline z
relieves v, which starts back (as seen at Figure 6), and so releases the stamped
piece. This is discharged by the force of a helical spring 1, placed in a
circular cavity on the "force," and presses on a dovetail piece 2 for that
purpose. At this juncture, and during the rising of the cylinder E, the cam t
takes effect on the shovel apparatus, causing the shovel s to be thrown into
the position shewn in dotted lines, Figure 3, in time to receive the stamped
piece discharged from the "force" as described. A spring keeps the cam
arm of Y close up to the cam surface, and draws the shovel s back and over a
funnel opening s¹. The shovel s is tilted by a prong 3 at the next descent of
cylinder E, and so delivers the stamped piece into a drawer or other suitable
receptacle below. Thus the several actions of the machine proceed in succes-
sion, and at each revolution complete and discharge one impression of the
matrix. The stamped pieces or faces thus produced are afterwards trimmed to
shapes suitable for the body of the type to which they are to be attached. For
this purpose the faces are placed in the bottom of a mould, into which
molten type metal or other suitable metal is poured. To facilitate the attach-
ment of the metals, the back of type faces (that is, the stamped pieces) should
be tinned so that the two parts may become securely soldered together,
as represented at Figure 7. In order that the type face should assume its
exact position in the mould during the pouring of the metal, I cause it to fit
into a matrix of the same form placed in the bottom of the mould. To assi-
milate the bottom of this mould to the form and depth of the letter or device,
I find it advantageous to produce matrices or mould bottoms by means of the
electrotype process. For this purpose I take a stamped surface produced by
the matrix C and apparatus before described; I reduce the back part of the
stamped surface until the thickness of the whole is equal to the height required
for the raised surface of the type; the back of this letter or other device is then
trimmed and reduced in the edges to the exact form of the type, which is then
soldered on a plate of metal. This is now placed in the cell of the galvanic
battery, such as usually employed for depositing metals, as a mould for the
deposit of metal to form the matrix required. I continue the action of the
battery till such time as I get a sufficient substance of metallic deposit to form
a cast of the stamped impression. The concave thus produced will possess
the exact impression of the type face in relief from which it is taken. This
matrix, which may be of copper, I cut to the form of the casting mould of
which it is to form the bottom. The type faces are placed in this matrix
forming the mould bottom, and being from the same original matrix, they will
be an exact fit, and will retain the type faces in proper position during the

page_text: process of casting the body, as described. Instead of pouring melted metal
on the faces to form the bodies of the type, they may be attached in other
ways, such as soldering in a solid state, or by dovetailing or other means,
according to the purposes for which they are designed, and the size and
character of the type. Such type faces may also be attached to bodies of wood,
or other material adapted for the purpose.
Having described the nature of the Invention communicated to me, and
the manner in which it is to be performed, I would have it understood that
I do not confine myself to the precise method of carrying it out herein set
forth, but that what I claim under the before in part recited Letters Patent,
is,-
Firstly, the formation of grooves or indentations in the wire or blanks from
which types are made, by compression, as hercin-before described.
Secondly, the formation or manufacture of type faces, such as letters,
vignettes, and other devices in relief for printing, by compression in suitable
matrices, which faces are attached to bodies, and otherwise finished, as
described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Henry Gardiner Guion Jude, have
hereunto set my hand seal, this Twenty-third day of March, in
the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-three.
HENRY GARDINER (L.s.) GUION JUDE.
Taken and acknowledged by Henry
Gardiner Guion Jude (party hereto),
at Paris, this Twenty-third day of