An Improved Process and Apparatus for obtaining Common Salt, and other like Salts, from their Solutions.
Year: 1896

page_text: Reprinted in accordance with the decision of the Comptroller-General, dated
the 26th day of February 1898.
Date of Application, 10th Dec., 1896
Complete Specification Left, 10th Sept., 1897-Accepted, 4th Dec., 1897
An Improved Process and Apparatus for obtaining Common Salt,
and other like Salts, from their Solutions.
I EDGAR ALFRED GODDIN, of 138 Brooke Road, Stoke Newington. N. Engineer, and
RALPH LEES,-of-Constitutional-Club, Northumberland-Avenue, London, W.C.,-Con-
sulting Finnneier; do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows:--
This invention relates to an improved process and apparatus for obtaining common
salt and other like salts from their solutions, and consists of subjecting the said
solutions to heat and cold alternately in an order and as many times as the strength
of the solution being treated requires.
When treating solutions of common salt (brine) containing about 27% of chloride
of sodium, I we first lower the temperature until crystals, of the formula Na Cl 2H₂O,
are formed, after which the remaining weaker solution is passed through suitable heat
exchanging apparatus into the boiler which supplies the steam for working the
refrigerator and other parts of the apparatus.
In the boiler 'the weak solution has enough of its water evaporated to leave a
saturated solution, which, at high teinperature (i.e. above the boiling point) is richer
in chloride of sodium than at normal.
The saturated solution is then conducted, by other channels, through suitable heat
exchangers back to the refrigerator, where it is again cooled and a second quantity
of crystals of the same formula (Na Cl, 2H,0) are formed, after which the process
is repeated.
In treating weak solutions containing only about 25% of chloride of sodium, heat is
first applied and the steam produced by evaporation in obtaining a saturated solution
is utilized in operating those parts of the apparatus requiring it or its heat, such as
for working the refrigerator and heating the cold solution on its way to the boiler,
and for heating any auxiliary evaporators that may be used.
In treating still weaker solutions they are first cooled to the point when crystals of
the formula Na Cl 10H₂O are formed, after which the said crystals are separated
from the bulk and liquified by being passed through heat exchangers on their way
to the boiler or evaporator where a part of their water is evaporated to produce a
saturated solution and supply steam for working other parts of the apparatus, while
the exhausted remainder of the solution, from which the crystals were formed, is, after
cooling the condenser (and absorber, where one is used,) allowed to run away.
For evaporating we propose to use a suitable boiler such as is used for marine
purposes, and having facilities for discharging any salt that may be deposited, and 1 we
may so modify its construction as to enable it to be fed continuously with weak
solution and at the same time to discharge a concentrated solution.
For refrigeration / we prefer to use the ammonia absorption system but I we do not
restrict myself ourselves to its use.
As the primary object of refrigeration in this process is the obtainment of a
physical effect due to a low temperature, viz:-the formation of the crystals-/ wa
use the products of refrigeration, (i.e. the said crystals and the impoverished solution)

page_text: separately, to cool the conlenser in which the refrigerating medium, such as
ammoniacal, or other'like' gas, is liquified.
By this means less pressure.is.required to produce the said liquefaction than if a
warmer cooling agent be used, while the lower pressure again lowers the temperature
necessary for the separation of the gas from the aqua ammonia in the generator of
an ammonia absorption plant and so producing a more anhydrous gas, or, if a com-
pression plant be used the said low temperature of the cooling agent reduces the
amount of compression necessary to produce liquefaction thereby reducing the load
on the compressor engine with a consequent economy of fuel in both cases.
The cooling agent after leaving the condenser may, where an absorption plant is
used, he utilized to cool the absorber. Thus the cooling agent-the crystals and the
impoverished solution-absorbs the heat (which would otherwise be wasted) whereby the
crystals are melted and more or less dried, and the empoverished solution receives a
preliminary heating before being returned to the boiler.
In carrying out my our invention I we may arranged the apparatus as follows:-
Adjacent to the boiler are one or more tanks pans or their equivalents, arranged
so that the heated gases and products of combustion, after leaving the boiler, may be
utilized to heat them.
The impoverished solution after cooling the condenser and absorbed (where one is
used) is conducted to the tank or pan furthest from the boiler from which it passes
through the other tanks, into the boiler into which it is fed by means of a pump,
injector or other suitable means.
As the evaporation in the boiler proceeds, the boiling saturated solution is drawn
off and passes in pipes, through the tanks or pans, commencing at the one nearest to
the boiler, and finally is delivered at the refrigerator.
The steam from the boiler may be conducted through a pipe to a coil or equivalent
arrangement of pipes in the generator (of an ammonia absorption refrigerator) or to
the cylinder (if a compression system is used), after which it may be lead through or
around one or more pans to complete the drying of the salt, if it is not already dry,
whereafter it may be utilized to further heat the impoverished solution on its way
to the boiler or auxiliary evaporator.
Or we may use a part of the steam for operating the refrigerator and convey
the remainder, or any portion of it, to other parts of the apparatus direct.
The fresh solution will be supplied in any suitable manner to the heating or
refrigerating apparatus according to its strength as already described.
In describing my our process in connection with a refrigerator constructed on the
ammonia absorption system, I we wish it to be understood that 7 we do not limit its
application to that class of refrigerator for / we may apply the products of refrigeration,
or any part of them, to the condensers of other refrigerators and utilize the steam of
evaporation for operating them.
We may also modify the arrangement of the apparatus described without
departing from the spirit of my our invention.
Dated this 10th day of December 1896.
EDGAR A. GODDIN.
RALPH LEES.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION (AMENDED.)
An Improved Process and Apparatus for obtaining Common Salt,
and other like Salts, from their Solutions.
We, EDGAR ALFRED GODDIN, of 138, Brooke Road, Stoke Newington. N. Engineer,
B-RALPH-LEES--of-Constitutional Club,-Northumberland-Avenue, London, W

page_text: Consulting Financier do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what
manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained
in and by the following statement :-
This invention relates to an improved process and apparatus for the manufacture
of common salt and other like salts from their solutions, and consists in subjecting
such solutions to heat and cold alternately in an order and as many times as the
strength of the solution being treated requires.
It is well known that such a solution will hold (in solution) more of its salt at
the ordinary or a higher temperature than it will at certain lower temperatures, and
the fact is made use of in the following way:
A solution, containing sufficient salt to be saturated at the ordinary temperature,
is cooled in a refrigerator, with the result that some of its salt is deposited, owing
to the inability of the solution to hold so much at the temperature to which it is
lowered; while the solution is itself weakened to a degree corresponding with a
saturated solution at the said lower temperature.
This weakened solution is then transferred, through a heat interchanging
apparatus, hereinafter to be described, to one or more suitable boilers or
evaporators wherein sufficient of its water is boiled out, firstly, to produce
a concentrated solution, and, secondly, to provide steam to operate the plant; thus,
the fuel burnt, not only enriches the solution by extracting some of its diluting
water, but it extracts it under conditions and in a form (steam) in which it is
capable of doing more work, such as operate the refrigerator, and through it, extract
heat from the enriched solution thereby causing it to deposit some of its salt,
while its (the stenm's) heat, or such of it as is available, is used to dry or help dry
such deposit.
After the solution has been concentrated by boiling, it is enused to pass through
the heat interchanger, hereinbefore referred to, wherein it is made to give up as much
of its heat as possible to the cold weakened solution flowing in the opposite direction.
From this apparatus the now cooler concentrated solution flows into the "cooler"
of a refrigerator where its tempeinture is further lowered to the desired extent and a
further quantity of its salt deposited, whilst the now warmer weak solution is intro-
duced into the one or more evaporators or boilers to be concentrated and to
supply steam to operate the plant.
The salt deposited, which may be in the form of crystals containing two
equivalents of water, or otherwise, is withdrawn from the bottom of the cooler and
transferred to a vessel through which the condensing water for use in the refrigerating
plant may be passed in suitable coils, whereby it is cooled so as to enable refrigera-
tion to be effected more economically by lowering the condensing pressure of the
refrigerant.
I am We-are however, aware that it is not broadly new to deposit salt from its
solutions by refrigeration, which means have been employed before, but always with the
results that the weakeried solution-which contains much more salt than was
deposited from it, had either to be wasted or resaturated before any more of its.
contained salt could be profitably deposited by refrigeration, or, in other words,-
salt had to be added before further quantities could be deposited, whilst the only
advantage gained by the process was that the added salt was purified.
According to my er invention-by which practically all the salt in the solution is
extracted and the water evaporated,-refrigeration is employed in a manner that
enables me us to use the heat produced by the combustion of the fuel to greater
advantage than heretofore, as we will endeavour to show.
1
The fuel consumed concentrates the solution, but at the
quantity of steam under pressure that is more than
refrigerator portion of the plant.
same time generates a
sufficient to drive the
The refrigerator cools concentrated solution and so causes it to deposit some of its
salt, whiel, when taken from the cooler still contains a small quantity of water.
This water. is. then partly or in some cases, completely evaporated out by the
balance of the steam resulting from the concentrating part of the process, whereafter

page_text: the resulting steam (ie. the second effect) may be further utilized for drying or for
other purposes of the plant to which it may be put.
The heat interchanging apparatus, herein before referred to, consists of one or more
vessels provided with suitable compartments, each of the said compartments being
provided with a coil or other suitable equivalent arrangement of pipes, the whole
being so arranged that fluid entering the compartment at one end will overflow
into the next and so on through the series, while the coils are so connected that
fluid may pass from one coil into the coil contained by the next compartment.
The hot and cold solutions will enter this apparatus from opposite ends, preferably
the hot solution entering the coils at the boiler end which part of the apparatus may
be set in the flue, so that the weak solution in the compartiments surrounding the
coils will, besides being heated from the inside by the hot concentrated solution be
also heated from the outside by the products of combustion after leaving the boiler;
whereas the refrigerator end of the apparatus is enclosed in a suitable non-conducting
casing, so that the weak solution, while it is coolest, may be prevented as much as
possible from absorbing heat from anywhere but the concentrated solution.
After passing through the heat interchanger the concentrated solution is allowed
to flow into the cooler of the refrigerator hereinafter to be described, while the weak
solution is introduced into the boiler either by a pump or by other suitable means.
The boiler or evaporator, one or more of which may be used, may be adapted to
heat the solution from the top to prevent convection and circulation, so that the
solution, as it becomes concentrated will find its place according to its specific
gravity, from which point it would be drawn off continuously.
In treating solutions of sodium chloride the concentrated solution may be drawn
from the top owing to the fact that the heat of boiling lowers its specific gravity
more than concentration raises it.
The weak solution, in such a case may enter the boiler at or near the bottom and
rise to take the place of the concentrated solution as it is drawn off.
1 We do not however wish to restrict myself ourselves to the specific construction
indicated.
The cooler consists of a vessel preferably rectangular in plan, the bottom of which
is or may be inclined so that the salt as it is deposited may accumulate over suitable
openings which co-operate with a rotating pocketted drum, the salt gaining admission
to the pockets of sane when they are opposite the said opening or openings,
whereafter it is discharged from them by the rotation of the drum.
The cooler is provided with a longitudinal zig-zag partition, the arms or
branches of which extend transversely but do not reach the sides, except at the
ends, from which (aides) deflecting plates extend between the said arms or
branches, so that the fluids on both sides of the partition, in passing through the
cooler, will be constrained to come into intimate contact with it throughout the
whole length of the said partition.
The non-congealable circulating medium from the refrigerator enters the cooler
at one end and on one side of the partition and after passing through a sinuous
course in contact with the zigzag partition is conducted into jackets which enclose
one end and one of the sides of the cooler, from which it passes through suitable
pipes back to the refrigerator to be again cooled.
The concentrated solution, from the heat interchanger, enters the cooler from
the opposite end and on the other side of the zig-zag partition and after passing
through the cooler in contact with the said portition where it is cooled and
caused to part with some of its salt it overflows into a jacket which encloses the
opposite end and side respectively, of the cooler, from which it flows back into the
heat interchanger, and after passing through same is fed into the boiler to be
concentrated and supply steam to work plant.
The cold deposit, which is withdrawn from the bottom of the cooler, is emptied
into a vessel that contains a coil or other suitable equivalent arrangement of pipes
through which the condensing water passes on its way to the refrigerating plant.
From this vessel the salt is conveyed to steam drying pans and finally into a

page_text: shallow pan or pans set in the boiler flue and heated by the products of combustion;
this order, however, may be varied, but, when it is desired to make blocks, the drying
may be completed in boxes, or other suitable moulds.
We may, in some cases, use centrifugal dryers, in which case the liquor would be
returned to the apparatus for further treatment with the weak solution.
The fresh solution may be fed into the apparatus at the boiler, the cooler or the
heat interchanger, preferably the latter, into which it may be introduced at a point
where the temperature is about equal to its own.
If the solution is saturated, or, thereabouts, it may be directed so as to enter the
cooler first, or it may be allowed to mingle with and strengthen the weak solution on
its way to the evaporator; but, if it is weak it may be so directed as to first enter the
evaporator to be concentrated, or the solution passing from the evaporator towards
the cooler may be made rich enough to bear the dilution.
When the solution to be treated is so weak that the concentrating process yields
more steam than is required to operate the refrigerator, dry the deposit, &c.; the
balance of the steam may be used to help concentrate the fresh solution in an
auxiliary evaporator before it is fed into the apparatus.
In cases where the fresh solution is very weak we may first enrich it by freezing
out some of the fresh water and thereafter concentrate as hereinbefore explained.
In other cases, the fresh solution after being fed into the heat interchanger may
be fed, with the weak solution, into an evaporator wherein only sufficient steam is
generated to operate the refrigerator and supply the coils of a second evaporator
wherein the concentration is completed at a lower pressure, the resulting steam being
used to dry or help dry the deposit.
We will now proceed to more particularly describe my our invention with the aid of:
the accompanying drawings, in which like reference letters indicate like parts :-
Fig. 1 is an elevation, partly in section of our improved apparatus arranged on two
floors.
Fig. 2 is a sectional plan taken on the line x-x in Fig. 1.
Fig. 3 is a plan of the upper part of the apparatus shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 4 is a sectional elevation taken on the line y-y in Fig. 2.
Fig. 5 is a partial sectional elevation on the line y-y in Fig. 2 showing the
drying pans.
Fig. 6 is a longitudinal section through the cooler on line - in Fig. 3.
Fig. 7 is a transverse section through the cooler on the line - in Fig. 6 and
Fig. 8 is a modified form of evaporator.
The boiler or evaporator, A, (Figs. 1, 2 and 4) in which the heating surface is
located near the surface of the solution for the purpose herein before explained, is
provided with a suitable grate, a, combustion chamber a¹, and return tubes, a²
through which the heated products of combustion pass to boxes a", which return on
each side of the boiler to the flue A¹.
A steam collector, at a steam pipe as having a controlling valve, ax a feed pipe a
suitably perforated, and a blow off or discharge pipe, a through which the
concentrated solution is discharged, are also provided.
The concentrated solution, the discharge of which is regulated by a suitably
located valve, a³, traverses the coils b, and 61 of the heat interchangers, B and B¹, in
which it is made to part with as inuch of its heat as possible to the cold weaker
solution flowing in the opposite direction, which surrounds these coils, as will
hereinafter be further described.
From the coils and the now cooled concentrated solution is forced up the
pipe, 6, (see Figs. 1, 2 and 3) into the cooler, C, hereinafter to be further described,
which it enters at c.
In the cooler C, the solution is further cooled and caused to deposit some of its
salt, whereafter the cold weakened solution overflows at e (see Fig. 6) into a jacket, c²,
from which it passes through the hole, e, into another jacket c'.
From this jacket it again overflows through the pipe 63, which conducts it back

page_text: to the last compartment 6, of the heat-interchanger B', in which it surrounds
the coils...
The heat interchangers B & B1 (Figs: 1, 2 & 4) which are substantially similar in
construction, are divided into compartments, 64 & 65, by transverse partitions, 6 & b²;
these compartiments being again provided with deflecting plates, 6s & 6 which reach
nearly to the bottom of the said compartments, so that the solution surrounding the
coils, b&b is caused to descend on one side of the said partitions and rise on the
other and thereafter overflow into the next compartment.
In this way the cold weak solution flows back towards the boiler in intimate contact
with the coils b & but in the opposite direction to the hot concentrated solution
within them thereby effecting a gradual but almost complete interchange of
temperature.
The weak solution overflows from the heat interchanger B, which is enclosed in a
suitable non-conducting casing, through the pipe 610 into the last compartment, 65,
of the heat interchanger, B which is set in the flue.
The fresh solution may enter the apparatus at this point through the supply
pipe, b, which is provided with a suitable valve (not shown) with which to regulate
the supply.
The weak solution is fed into the boiler or evaporator A, through the pipe b12 and
feed pipe a, by a suitable pump G, which draws its supply from the first compartment
of the heat interchanger, B, through another pipe, 613
The steam generated in the boiler or evaporator A, passes through the steam
collector, +, and valve ax to the steam pipe a', where it is divided, some of it being
conveyed by the pipe gx, to the compressor engine cylinder, d, from which the exhaust
steam is led by the pipe g¹, to the coil, e, of one of the drying pans E; another
portion of the steam passes along the pipe, g to the cylinder, g, of the feed pump, G,
while still another portion is led by the pipe g³, to the jacket f, of another drying
pan, F.
The refrigerator, (see Figs: 1 & 3) which is of the ammonia compression type, but
may be of any well known or suitable construction is situated upon the upper floor,
and consists of the following principal parts:-a compressor D from which the
compressed ammonia is led by pipe d' through the oil separator, D1, to the coil d² of
the condenser D wherein the ammonia gas is liquified, it then passes into the receiver D³,
from which it passes through the pipe 3, into the manifold D and thereafter
through the expansion valves into the refrigerator coils d, of the brine tank, D5
in which the ammonia again assumes its gaseous state, extracting its latent heat
from the non-congealable fluid in which the coils d' are immersed.
The ammonia gas then passes into the manifold, D, from which it is led to the
suction of the compressor by the pipe d to be again compressed, whereafter the
herein before referred to operations, as is well-known, are repeated.
The cooler, C, (Figs. 1, 3, 6 & 7) which is rectangular in plan, and has a cross-
section clearly shown in Fig. 7 has a jacket ct & ex on each side, and is divided into
two parts by a longitudinal zig-zag partition C¹ the arms or branches of which have
deflecting plates C2 extending into them from opposite sides of the cooler alternately,
so that the fluids passing from one end of the cooler to the other on both sides of the
said zig-zag partition, C¹, may be brought into close contact with it.
The cold brine or other non-congeable circulating medium is drawn from the
bottom of the brine tank, Do, by the pipe C3, by which it is conveyed to the cooler C,
which it enters at or near the opposite end to where the solution to be treated enters,
and on the opposite side of the zig-zag partition C¹.
This cold circulating inedium, flowing through the cooler in a thin sheet, as it.
were, in the opposite direction and on the opposite side of the zig-zag partition, C,
to that on which the solution to be cooled flows also in a thin sheet, extracts a
considerable amount of heat from it, thereby causing it to deposit some of its salt,
which accumulates over openings c, at the bottom of the cooler C.
After flowing through the cooler, the circulating medium
jacket cx, and thereafter through the hole cx into the jacket
passes into "the
from which it

page_text: overflows through the pipe C to the pump H, by which it is pumped hack through
the pipe h into the brine tank, D5 to be again cooled.
and j,
The pamp H is driven from the shaft, J, by the belt A', and the pulleys
while the shaft receives power from the compressor engine, through the belt j, and
pulleys and..
On the shaft J, is also mounted a grooved wheel, provided with a suitable
band, , which is guided over the loose pulleys jo, and drives the shaft k, which
actuates the pocketted- drum, K, of the cooler through the worm 4, and worm
wheel
The drum, K, which is slightly coned fits a suitably coned sleeve, K', into which
it is ground like the plug of a tap.
This drum K, is provided with a series of pockets 1, into which the salt falls,
through suitable openings, from the bottom of the cooler, C, the salt is then
transferred to the vessel, L, by the rotation of the drum K, which discharges it
through the lower openings .
This vessel L., is provided with a coil or other equivalent arrangement of pipes
through which the water flows on its way to the condenser D; to which it is conveyed
by the pipe .
The condensing water enters the condenser D at or near the bottom and overflows
at the top through the pipe, 12, whereafter it may be passed through the jacket of the
oil separator and thereafter through the pipe to the jacket of the compressor
cylinder.
The wet salt after cooling the water in the pipes l, is caused to pass under and
over the partitions and respectively, into the chute M, by which it is led to the
drying pan E, wherein some of its water is evaporated out, whereafter it is again
caused to pass under a partition, e¹, into a second chute M¹, by which it is led into a
second pan F, wherein more of its water is evaporated out.
The salt, which is fairly dry by now, may be similarly led into a shallow pan, N,
set in the flue A', (see Figs. 1, 2 and 5) to be thoroughly dried.
These pans may be provided with any well known or suitable means (not shown) to
facilitate the transfer of their contents.
In cases where the steam generated in concentrating the weak solution is not
sufficient to completely dry the salt, additional drying pans of any well known or
suitable construction, or other means, equivalent in effect, may be used; additional
steam, when necessary being supplied from any convenient source.
Instead of using a boiler of the kind hereinbefore described, I we may use one or
more evaporators, A, having heating coils a, such as is illustrated in Fig. 8 of the
drawings in which case the steam for this purpose would be generated in an ordinary
boiler conveniently set so that the hot products of combustion may be used in the
manner substantially as herein before described.
The evaporator or evaporators, A, would be located near the heat interchangers so
that the solutions passing between them would be prevented, as much as possible,
from loss by radiation.
The evaporators would have a suitable number of coils (one or more) which may be
arranged side by side and have a common inlet, such as at 8, and a common outlet, s¹,
in other respects the details would be substantially the same as have already been
described, the same reference letters being used for clearness.
When more than one evaporator is used, the steain for the coils of the second
evaporator may be supplied by the first, and the steam generated in the second may
be used to dry or help dry the salt, or for other purposes of the plant.
In such a case the first steam generator may also supply the steam for operating
the refrigerator.
When stean is generated in the heat interchanger, the covers of which are
shown in plan, in Fig. 2, but are removed, in Fig. 1, it may be led through suitable
pipes (not shown) to other parts of the apparatus and used for drying or other
purposes of the plant; in such a case any well-known or suitable means may be

page_text: employed to effect the passage of the solution through the apparatus against the
pressure of such steam.
I We may provide the cooler with suitable scrapers to remove from the conducting
surfaces any crystals that may adhere to them.
Suitable non-conducting material will be employed where practicable to protect the
exposed parts, as much as possible from loss by the absorption or radiation of heat.
The foregoing describes means of carrying out my our invention, embracing several
alternative methods, but I we wish it to be understood that I we do not limit myself
ourselves to any specific construction described, as the form of the various parts may
obviously be modified without going outside the scope of my our invention.
I we would further add, with reference to the drawings, that far details, not forming
part of the present invention, have been omitted for the sake of clearness.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my our said inven-
tion, and in what manner the same is to be performed / we declare that what I we
claim is :-
1. A continuous process for the manufacture of common salt and other like
salts from their solutions, according to which comparatively weak solutions are
concentrated by evaporation and the resulting steam used to effect the refrigeration
of the concentrated solution and thereafter to dry the salt deposited as a result
of the said refrigeration, substantially as described and for the purposes set forth in
the specification.
2. A continuous process for the manufacture of common salt and other like salts
from their solutions according to which comparatively weak solutions are concentrated
by evaporation and the resulting steam used to effect the drying of the salt.
deposited from such concentrated solution by refrigeration, substantially as described
and for the purposes set forth in the specification.
3. A continuous process for the manufacture of common salt and other like
salts from their solutions by the alternate application of heat and cold in the
manner set forth in the preceding claims, according to which one portion of the
solution after treatment by heat is caused to transfer some of its heat to another
portion of the solution about to be similarly treated, whereby its own temperature
is reduced preparatory to further treatment by cold substantially as described and for
the purposes set forth in the specification.
4. A process for the manufacture of common salt and other like salts from their
solutions using refrigeration, wherein the cold products (of refrigeration) or any part
of them are used to effect the lowering of the condensing pressure of the refrigerant
in a manner substantially as described and for the purposes set forth in the
specification.
5. An apparatus for carrying out the process referred to in the preceding claims,
consisting of one or more boilers, evaporators or concentrators, a refrigerator or
cooler; temperature interchangers, drying pans and the necessary adjuncts and
connections all combined, and arranged substantially as described and for the
purposes set forth in the specification.
6. In apparatus of the kind referred to in the preceding claim, the use of one or
more concentrators having their heating surfaces located near the surface of the
solution to be concentrated, and each deriving its heat either (directly, by the
combustion of fuel) from a suitable furnace, or (indirectly) from one or more coils
supplied with steam generated in other concentrators, evaporators, boilers or their
equivalents, substantially as described in the specification.
7. In apparatus of the kind referred to in claim 5, the use of a cooler, C, constructed
and arranged substantially as described in the specification, and illustrated by the
drawings.
8. The combination and arrangement of parts constituting an apparatus for the
manufacture of common salt and other like salts from their solutions by the

page_text: process herein before set forth and claimed, substantially as described and for
the purposes set forth in the specification.
Dated this 10th day of September 1897.
EDGAR A. GODDIN,
Applicant.