IMPROVEMENTS IN MEANS FOR THE MORE EFFECTUAL, ECONOMICAL, AND CONVENIENT GENERATION
Year: 1874

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Scott Russell, of Sydenham, in the County of
Kent, Civil Engineer, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN MEANS
FOR THE MORE EFFECTUAL, ECONOMICAL, AND CONVENIENT GENERATION,
"
Sealed the 13th May 1875, and dated the 4th December 1874.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Scott Russell
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition,
on the 4th December 1874.
I, JOHN SCOTT RUSSELL, of Sydenham, in the County of Kent, Civil
Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "Im-
PROVEMENTS IN MEANS FOR THE MORE EFFECTUAL, ECONOMICAL, AND CONVENIENT
GENERATION, STORING, AND APPLICATION OF HEAT and MechanicAL POWER," to be
as follows:-
This Invention has for its object further improvements upon the
Invention comprised in Letters Patent granted to me, and bearing date
5th June 1874, No. 1962/74, and relate to,—
Firstly. Improvements in the generation, storing, and application of

page_text: gases for chemical purposes by means of partial combustion of solid and
liquid carbonaceous fuel under pressure in a suitable vessel surrounded
by a boiler, and which may also be stored in vessels hereafter mentioned.
Secondly. Improvements in vessels for sustaining pressure and storing
purposes. These improvements consist in forming portions of round
vessels under pressure of single plates of metal hammered or rolled into
a conical form, thereby obtaining strength with lightness.
Thirdly. Improvements in blowing machinery by means of con-
densation in separate successive stages by compound blowing engines or
difference engines, whereby the time of compression is extended without
diminution of the speed of blowing engines, and with less loss of power
than in ordinary methods.
Fourthly. Improvements in cleaning the furnace gases by causing
them to impinge at a high velocity on a dust, collector. This I do by
allowing them to escape from a higher pressure to a lower on to an
erection of solids, as bricks laid in checquer work, from which the gases
are led away in a direction as nearly as possible the reverse of their
direction before impinging on the checquer work.
ง
Fifthly. Improvements in the mechanism by which power is applied
to road and tramway carriages by combining with the improvements
described in the Specification of my said herein-before mentioned former
Patent certain links and rings uniting the engine frame with the carriage
axle, and by means of which free lateral motion is permitted without
interfering with the propelling power. This I do by placing on each of
the axles which drive the carriage a pair of rings on which the axles
revolve freely, and placing on each ring, a pair of opposite studs on
which two connecting links joining the axles can-also revolve freely,
and further by placing round the axle of the carriage a hollow axle, and
connecting these two by a universal joint. Where there are not two
axles, one belonging to the engine and one belonging to the carriage,
and the latter is driven direct from the engine; I attach one end of the
aforesaid links to the frame of the engine.
Sixthly. Improvements in the mode and apparatus for introducing
solid fuel into a furnace against pressure, namely, by introducing it in a
small or pulverised condition along with the compressed air. This I do

page_text: by means of a three-way cock continuously revolving and passing
successively the openings 1st, which admit the fuel; 2nd, which transmit
the fuel into a blast of compressed air; and 3rd, which communicato
with the atmosphere.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said John Scott Russell in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 3rd June 1875.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHN
SCOTT RUSSELL, of Sydenham, in the County of Kent, Civil Engineer,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Fourth day of December, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-four, in the 38th
year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give
and grant unto me, the said John Scott Russell, Her special licence
that I, the said John Scott Russell, my executors, administrators, and
assigns, or such others as I, the said John Scott Russell, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no
others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term
therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
MEANS FOR THE MORE EFFECTUAL, ECONOMICAL, AND CONVENIENT GENERATION,
STORING, AND APPLICATION OF Heat and MechaNICAL POWER,” upon the con-
dition (amongst others) that I, the said John Scott Russell, my executors
or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or
one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was
to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Scal Patent
Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the date
of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said John Scott Russell, do hereby
declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same

page_text: is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement :-
This Invention has for its object further improvements upon the
Invention comprised in Letters Patent granted to me, and bearing date
the fifth day of June One thousand eight hundred and seventy-four
(No. 1962/74), and relates to,―
Firstly. Improvements in the generation, storing, and application of
gases for chemical purposes by means of partial combustion of solid and
liquid carbonaceous fuel under pressure in a suitable vessel surrounded.
by a boiler, and which may also be stored in vessels hereafter mentioned.
Whereas my former Invention related to complete combustion, after
which the gases produced were not further chemically utilized but only
used for mechanical power, I now use similar apparatus and processes
for obtaining partial combustion of gases which I then transmit or
store so as to be equally available for further chemical use or mechanical
use, or both combined.
Secondly. Improvements in vessels for sustaining pressure and storing
purposes. These improvements consist in forming portions of round
vessels under pressure of single plates of metal hammered or rolled into
a conical form, thereby obtaining strength with lightness. In con-
structing vessels for sustaining pressure and storing power I use cones
and cylinders, I use the cones either whole or truncated, and I use the
cones in combination with each other and in combination with cylinders.
I also use the cones hammered all in one piece or rolled conically; I
also use them entire or truncated; I also use cylinders rolled all in a
piece, as shewn in Figures 1-12.
Thirdly. Improvements in blowing machinery by means of con-
densation in separate successive stages by compound blowing engines or
difference engines, whereby the time of compression is extended without
diminution of the speed of blowing engines, and with less loss of power.
than in ordinary methods. These compound blowing engines or
difference engines I use for condensing gases. This they do just as
compound steam engines utilize steam and economise its power, only
this process is the reverse. In the compound steam engine steam enters
the small cylinder first, the larger afterwards. In the compound blowing

page_text: engine the air or gases enter the large cylinder first, the smaller after-
wards; I also use two, three, or more cylinders successively smaller so
as to subdivide the process into several stages; I also use all the varieties
of engines, cylinders, valves, axles, cranks, wheels, levers, and other
mechanism similar to what is used in compound steam engines for the
compound air and gas, or blowing or condensing engines only inverted
or reversed. I use either steam engines or any other mechanical mover
to work these blowing engines. A simple form of blowing engine or com-
pressing engine of this kind is shewn in Figure 13. C is the larger, c is
the smaller cylinder; P is the larger piston, p is the smaller on one
piston rod; B and 6 are valve boxes for entrance and exit of air or gas.
Two large cylinders C and C2 may work with one small one, or they
may be used in pairs or any other convenient number.
Fourthly. Improvements in cleaning the furnace gases by causing
them to impinge at a high velocity on a dust collector. This I do by
allowing them to escape from a higher pressure to a lower on to an
erection of solids, as bricks laid in chequer work, from which the gases
are led away in a direction as nearly as possible the reverse of their
direction before impinging on the chequer work.
Fifthly. Improvements in the mechanism by which power is applied
to road and tramway carriages by combining with the improvements
described in the Specification of my said herein-before mentioned former
Patent certain links and rings uniting the engine frame with the
carriage axle, and by means of which free lateral motion is permitted
without interfering with the propelling power. This I do by placing on
each of the axles which drive the carriage a pair of rings in which the
axles revolve freely, and placing on each ring a pair of opposite studs on
which two connecting links joining the axles can also revolve freely;
and further by placing round the axle of the carriage a hollow axle, and
connecting these two by a universal point. Where there are not two
axles, one belonging to the engine and one belonging to the carriage,
and the latter is driven direct from the engine, I attach one end of the
aforesaid links to the frame of the engine. Figures 14 and 15 shew the
driving axle and the driven axle of a road or tramway carriage propelled by
mechanical power. D is a section across the axles; E is a plan in the
plane of the two axles; and are a pair of links binding the axles

page_text: o allow free motion in all directions.
Sixth. The special use of the three-way cock.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Scott Russell, have here-
unto set my hand and seal, this Third day of June, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-
five.