IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING OF DISTILLING AND SUBLIMATION APPARATUS, SUCH AS, FOR INSTANCE, COKE FURNACES AND GENERATORS
Year: 1882

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to George Edward Vaughan, of 67, Chancery Lane, in the
County of Middlesex, Patent Agent, for an Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS
IN THE CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING OF DISTILLING AND SUBLIMATION
APPARATUS, SUCH AS, FOR INSTANCE, COKE FURNACES AND GENERATORS."
A communication from abroad by Fritz Lürmann, of Osnabrück, in the
Empire of Germany.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION filed by the said George Edward Vaughan at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 14th January 1882.
GEORGE EDWARD VAUGHAN of 67 Chancery Lane in the County of Middlesex
Patent Agent. "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING of
DISTILLING AND SUBLIMATION APPARATUS, SUCH AS, FOR INSTANCE, COKE
FURNACES AND GENERATORS." A communication from abroad by Fritz Lürmann,
of Osnabrück, in the Empire of Germany.
1. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE GAS EXPELLING CHAMBERS AND EMPLOYMENT
OF THE SAME.
The gas expelling chamber with continuous working is a chamber which is
charged with the materials to be expelled from the charging side by a mechanical
arrangement, by the employment of pressure, and in the neighbourhood of which
products of combustion circulate; the warmth of the latter work upon the
materials to be expelled through the wallings of the gas expelling chamber, and
these have their exit, when expelled, on the discharging side of the gas expelling
chamber,
The gas expelling chambers with continuous working can be employed;
1) As apparatus for the distillation of solid, as well as mixtures of sclid and fluid
materials Sheet VII. of the accompanying Drawings Figure 114.
2) As apparatus for sublimation Sheet VII. Figure 114.
3) As coke-furnaces with (Sheet VI. Figure 104. J Figure 1) or without

page_text: .
(Sheet VI. Figure 103) the production of bye-products such as oil, tar,
ammonia etc.
4.) As generators, Sheet II. Figure 46 and Sheet VII. Figure 116.
In order to explain the above let it be supposed that coals for instance are to be
expelled.
If the gases are drawn out of the gas expelling chambers A. Sheet VII. Figure 114,
and a part of the cokes attained or some other firing material, is burnt in the
neighbourhood of the gas expelling chambers, an apparatus for distillation for
instance for the manufacture of gas is attained.
If the cokes are drawn off from the gas expelling chambers A. Sheet VI.
Figure 104, if the gases are first condensed and then led back to the neighbourhood
of the gas expelling chambers for combustion we have a coke-furnace with the
production of the minor products.
If the cokes are drawn off from the gas expelling chambers A. Sheet VI.
Figure 103, and if the gases are led direct to the neighbourhood of the gas
expelling chambers and there burnt, we have coke-furnaces without the production
of the minor products.
If the cokes coming from the gas-expelling chambers A Sheet II. Figure 46 are
led into the gas compelling chambers B. and converted into carbonic oxide under
the admission of air, and if it is mixed with the carburetted hydrogen gas coming
from the gas expelling chambers, if therefore the whole of the firing material is
turned into gas, we have a generator with separate gas expelling and gas
compelling.
2. GENERAL ARRANGEMENT OF GAS EXPELLING CHAMBERS IN RESPECT TO
ONE ANOTHER.
The expelling chambers for the different applications, may be arranged together
at discretion that is to say in a plane side by side Sheet I. Figure 2-4, in a plane
one above the other, Sheet IV. Figure 85, or in different planes side by side
Sheet VII. Figure 114, or one above the other Sheet VII. Figure 114; or opposite
to each other Sheet VII. Figure 115 a and b.
In these arrangements the axis of the expelling chambers may be in a straight
plane as shown in Sheets II. Figure 25, or in a curved plane Sheet II.
Figure 26.
The expelling chambers may then be so arranged together that the axis of the
separate chambers are parallel to another as in Sheet I. Figure 20-22 Sheet II
Figure 31 or that, in order to economize materials, they diverge, that is to say,
they may form a circle (Sheet II. Figure 32) or part of a circle (Sheet II.
Figure 33).
By friction resistance is given to charging of the materials in the gas expelling
chambers, which is rendered greater with materials by their charging their form
whilst being expelled.
The resistance which may not be so great as to give rise to mechanical diffi-
culties, is, however, necessary for some materials in order to attain as great a contact
of the different parts as possible.
The resistance is dependent besides on the kind of material, on the form of the
gas expelling chambers, and on the manner in which they are worked.
With some materials, for instance coals, the resistance is lessened by an enlarge-
ment of the cross-section of the expelling chambers from the charging. to the
discharging side-With other materials for instance brown-coals, the enlargement
can be omitted and with peat a reduction of the cross section is not excluded-
This enlargement of the cross section may be attained by the divergence of the
side walls, the depression of the floor, or the incline of the vault, and indeed one

page_text: of these expedients may be employed alone, or in connexion with one of the
others, as will be described hereafter.
A divergence of the side walls on their whole length is shown on Sheets 1,
Figure 6, VI. Figures 102, 108; a partial divergence and going off in a curve on
Sheet 1 Figures 20-22 and Sheet II. Figures 27 and 28, Sheet 1V. Figures 80-84-
A decline of the floor on its whole length is seen on Sheet VI. Figures 103-110
a partial decline and taking the form of a curve Sheet II. Figure 26.-An incline
of the vaulting on its whole length see Sheet VII. Figure 115 a and b, a decline
parallel to the floor Sheet I. Figure 19. Combinations of these kinds of arrange-
ments are to be seen on Sheet II. Figure 46, VII. Figure 116.
Horizontal vaultings and bottoms are seen on Sheet II Figure 25.
It can be said that for every material and for every mixture of materials a
suitable shape of gas expelling chambers constructed in accordance with this
Invention may be found, and that vice versa for every shape of the gas expelling
chambers a suitable material or a suitable mixture of the materials to be coked
may be found, so that in case the resistance lent to the charging may be
overcome.
4. THE CONSTRUCTION OF GAS EXPELLING CHAMBERS AND OF THE
NEIGHBOURING PARTS, AND THE THICKNESS OF THE WALLS OF SAME.
The construction, the thickness of the walls of the expelling chambers and the
kind of material to be used for building them are various, according to the purposes
for which the expelling chambers are to be used and the manner of heating to be
employed.
The expelling chambers can be constructed of one or several parts.
The separating walls of the expelling chambers and parts surrounding them must
be as thin as possible, so that the heat circulating in the latter has as short a way
to travel through as possible that is to say so that as small a loss of heat as possible
takes place, and so that it comes in contact with as great a surface of the walling.
as possible.
The simplest constructions are those of bricks of the common shape Sheet V.
Figures 88 93, Sheet VI. Figures 100-113 shows constructions of the smallest
dimension (thickness) of the brick employed and Sheet II Figure 45 shows the
arrangement of the bricks for this construction. Sheet V. Figures 94-99 show the
arrangement of the bricks when the second dimension (breadth) is employed.
In the arrangements shown in Figure 20 Sheet I. the breadth of the flues of
the neighbouring parts of the expelling chambers is equal to the second dimension
(breadth) and the distance from the middle of one pillar to that of another (these
from the flues) equal to the length of a brick.
In Figure 21 the breadth of the flues is equal to 1 and the distance of middle
to middle of pillar equal to two lengths of the bricks.
.
In Figure 22 the breadth of the flues is equal to one and the distance between
the middles of the pillars equal 1 lengths of the bricks.
All these arrangements admit of the construction of the floor of bricks of the
common size and allow a good framing of all parts in every respect.
Figure 24 Sheet I. shows how by trussing the pillars of the floor, bricks of a
common shape can yet be used as floor-stones for all constructions in which the
distance between the pillars from middle to middle is larger than the length of the
brick used.
The side walls of these expelling chambers as well as neighbouring parts can also
be made of special bricks. Some other arrangements are drawn on Figures 139-147
Sheet IX. of which the following is a description.
The sides of the walls turned towards the gas-expelling chambers are designated
with the letter A, the flues formed by the walling and pillars can be either the
descending shafts (d) or the ascending shafts (f), which are all designated in the
same way in all the Drawings and descriptions.
The expelling chambers drawn on Figure 140 are constructed in such a way that

page_text: walling and supporting pillars are of bricks put edgeways, that have no framing
with each other.
The total surface capable of being heated in this arrangement is equal to 0,72 qm.
for 1 qm. of walling.
If the expelling chambers become very large, the framing shown in Figure 139
can be employed.
The total surface capable of being heated is in this case 0,80 qm. for 1 qm.
walling.
A construction for preventing the bricks of the wallings being pressed out is
shown in Figure 143. This construction gives a total surface capable of being
heated of 0,80 qm. for 1 qm. of wallings. It requires, however, contrary to the
constructions described in the above, that were only of bricks of the usual size,
bricks of a special shape, that is to say, at least with sloping corners.
The constructions drawn in Figures 141 and 142 give more security, have pillars
of halves of bricks the bricks have rounded edges, so that the wallings can be
made of bricks put of the usual size edgeways.
The construction on Figure 141 gives a total surface capable of being heated of
0,67 qm. for 1 qin. walling, that of Figure 142 of 0,84 qm,
The construction in Figure 144 Sheet IX. has walls and pillars of half stones,
gives greater stability but also great resistance to the heat travelling to the
materials to be expelled. The total surface capable of being heated is for this
construction equal to 0,63 qm. for 1 qm.
The construction Figure 145 gives a larger surface capable of being heated, viz.
0,79 qm. because the pillars are formed of edge way bricks; the resistance against
the heat is, however as great as in the last construction.
In order to render the thickness of the walls smaller, the resistance against the
penetration of the heat therefore likewise smaller, and yet to attain a secure con-
struction, hook-brieks can be employed, as drawn in Figure 146 that can either
be especially made or procured by clinching bricks of the usual shape to the
thickness of a brick. These hook-bricks can be made as in Figure 146 a 1/4 and
as in Figure 146 b', of a brick high.
The different layers of the framing are in both cases as drawn in Figure 146 as
ground plan only the side view is different, as hinted.
The total surface capable of being heated is for both constructions for 1 qm.
wall 0,63 qm.
5. POSITION, ARRANGEMENT AND APPLICATION OF THE HEATING OR COM-
BUSTION CHAMBERS C. FOR GAS EXPELLING CHAMBERS AND THE HEATING
OF THE SAME.
In order to produce the heat required for expelling or distilling or sublimating
the materials in hand we can make use of:
a) The gaseous products of distillation if combustible, if more value be placed upon
obtaining the fluid and solid products of distillation, such for instance as: ammonia
tar coke and charcoal,
b) The fluid productions of distillation, if combustible, if greater value be placed
upon obtaining the gaseous and solid products of distillation, sucb, for instance, as:
gas for lighting, coke and charcoal,-
c) The solid products of distillation, if combustible, if more value be placed upon
obtaining the gaseous and liquid products of distillation, for instance: gas for
lighting, solar oil, and tar.
d) Any kind of gaseous, fluid or solid fuel produced or burnt in some fireplace or
generator.
e) Combinations of a) b) c) or d)
f) Steam, steam overheated, or hot air.
If gaseous fuel is employed for heating the expelling chambers, this enters the

page_text: If gaseous products of combustion, for instance waste heat is to be used for
heating the expelling chambers and neighbouring parts, these likewise enter the
combustion chamber C. Sheet II Figure 46.
If the combustible gases or the products of combustion that are to be used for
heating are derived from the gas expelling chamber, they issue from the opening a
or the openings a into the chamber C, into which air heated for combustion enters
through the opening b or the openings b Sheet IV Figures 80 and 84.
The amount of fuel that enters the combustion or heating chamber C. or the air
required for the combustion as well as the products of combustion leaving it or the
used fuel is ascertained by several arrangements for regulating, provided or not
provided with water cooling Sheet Í Figures 1 to 11.
The burning of the gases by the well heated air goes on continuously in the fire
chamber C, see Sheet I Figures 1-4 and produces therefore a high temperature,
which is not diminished by any interruption.
The very hot combustible gases, of which always the same quantity arrives, are
carried downward by the flues & Figure 4 pass through the flues e under the
bottom of the expelling chamber, and rise through the flues to the collecting
room D, giving off during their passage a part of their heat to the thin walls of
the expelling chamber, causing thereby continuous and more rapid distillation or
coking without interruption than was possible hitherto with the thick walls of the
distilling or coke furnaces.
Where the cold and often wet materials are pressed into the expelling chamber,
regularly and in the same quantities by the charging apparatus B. Figure 1 where
therefore a cooling takes place most of all, the burnt gases, as they must fall from
the collecting chamber D through the Hue or flues g, heat the walls and the
bottom of the expelling chamber most particularly Sheet I Figures 1. 6. 7. 8.
The combustion chamber C. may be formed in a very different manner, for
instance Sheet I Figures 2. 4 VI Figures 107-109 by spanning a second vault over
each expelling chamber from pillar to pillar p, on Sheet IV. Figures 80-84 by
forming a roof of bricks; Sheet VI Figures 111 and 113 by allowing the roof over C.
to abut on the roof of the expelling chamber A itself; Sheet VI Figure 105 by
allowing the vaulting to abut firstly on the vaulting of the expelling chamber and
then on the pillars p.
Combinations of these manners of roofing are not excluded.
The efficient coking of certain materials requires the total prevention in the
neighbourhood of the expelling chambers cooling.
With other materials which evolve much gas such a great quantity of heat is
applied to the parts surrounding the expelling chambers, that particularly the
vaults of the combustion chamber C, even if built of the best tire-proof materials,
do not last long, even if they are cooled by superposed air-circulation flues.
In this case the vaults are not walled over nor are air flues constructed over
them, but for the purposes of cooling and preservation, the roofing or covering of C
is left in direct communication with the atmospheric air, as is shown in
Figures 106-111 Sheet VI
In the construction Sheet 6 Figures 106-109 the wall s placed in the first part
of the expelling chamber in order to separate C and D and to resist the pressure
may be arranged as in Sheet II Figures 29 and 30.
The gas vent (a) occupies the whole width of the expelling chamber, the wall s
which divides the chamber C. from the chamber D first runs longitudinally along
the opening a and then as nearly as possible part the first openings of the shafts d
in order to compel the products of combustion to pass down in the first flues d.
Where the pressure of the materials to be coked against the roof is still very
great, this wall of separations again runs from the side of the opening of the
shafts d to the middle of the roofing of the expelling chamber and thus supports it
against the upper building.
The air-vents b are in Figure 30 Sheet II on the right side of the expelling
chamber seen from the discharging end.

page_text: On the other hand the air vents b are in Figure 29 Sheet II arranged on the
left side of the expelling chamber, so therefore, that the air may pass out freely and
not as in the arrangement Figure 30 be cut off by the gas.
In this case the first of the shafts d, the corresponding shafts d of which are
occupied by the air shafts e, have, under the floor of the expelling chamber,
openings in the side-walls of the flue e which allow of the connexion with the
following flues e or f respectively.
In the arrangement Figures 25 and 26 Sheet II the gases enter at the
discharging end of the expelling chamber A into the combustion chamber C. of the
expelling chamber, and the combustion chamber is situated above the expelling
chamber. This course of circulation or direction of the draught may however
be altered. In Figure 38 Sheet II for instance, the gases pass out of, a', direct
into the chamber C, the combustion therefore takes place from the charging
end of the expelling chamber to the discharging end. Likewise two combustion
chambers C as well as another arrangement of the flues d, e and f can be chosen.
According to this arrangement the gases enter through the two openings a into the
combustion chamber C. and circulate in the flues d¹ to dn around the expelling
chamber, or coke furnace, from the flues d to do the burnt gases enter through the
openings e, which are arranged in the pillars under the furnace, into the flue g and
from here through the sliding register à into the flue i, which is situated beneath
the gas expelling chambers Sheet I Figure 1.
If the principal flue i for the withdrawal of the burnt gases is to be placed above
the expelling chambers or coke furnaces in lieu of being placed beneath the
expelling chambers this arrangement can be made easily by slightly altering the
order in which the flues are put, or by otherwise altering them, as will be shown in
the following description.
The gas combustion chamber C can be situated above the expelling chamber; it
may however as will be described below, also be situated beneath or beside the
expelling chamber with continuous working according to purpose or application
intended for which it is intended.
The arrangements of the combustion chamber C for instance to the right
beneath the expelling chamber with continuous working, are shown in Figures
11-18 Sheet I. The gases enter through the vent a³ Figures 12. 16. 17 into the
combustion chamber C. into which the air heated for combustion in c³, c, enter
through b. Air heated in the chambers c c above the expelling chamber A
enters through the shaft b' Figures 13 and 14 into C at a second place.
The combustion takes place in the arrangements Sheet I. Figure 12, from the
charging to the discharging end.
As is shown Figures 16 and 17 Sheet I the opposite arrangement of the direction
of the draught is just as simple. The products of combustion rise, through the
shafts, circulate through the flues e above the expelling chambers, descend
through the shafts d into the reservoir D and pass through the waste heat shafts g
into the common flue i which is not shown here.
If the gases are only drawn off from the gas expelling chambers A by one
opening, for instance a Figure 95 Sheet V, burnt in C with the air coming through b
Figure 95, a very high temperature arises at the place of combustion, which cannot
here wholly be made use of, because the material is here already nearly completely
expelled and very much heated, in consequence of which the warmth is not
absorbed but works destructively on the walls of the gas expelling chambers.
If the gases are let into the combustion chamber C at other places of the
expelling chamber A, for instance a, a¹ in Figures 106-113 Sheet VI and air enters
at these places through slits c, a second place of combustion is herewith attained
for the greater part of the gases, where in consequence of a greater cooling of the
cold material to be expelled, more heat is required and can therefore no longer work
destructively.
The amount of gas which is to enter C through a or sections of a or a¹, by
taking away or putting in bricks through the openings arranged above a or a¹ in

page_text: the vaulting. As the working is continuous, a change of the cross section is not
necessary, if the most suitable cross section is once found for the openings a. If
the gases are purified from the bye-products for instance, tar, ammonia, before
being burnt these can on their being led back to the combustion chamber C.
likewise enter the latter at different places and what is the same thing be
burnt at different places. Vents n can be arranged on the length of the gas
expelling chamber.
The last of the gas vents an Figure 101 Sheet VI described above may, in very
long expelling chambers which are provided with doors, be conveniently arranged
at some distance from the door, in order when the coked materials are discharged
that the cold air which enters may be prevented from passing directly into the gas
vents an and cooling the parts surrounding the expelling chambers, but may have
time to combine with the gases present so that hot products of combustion
only, may enter through the vent an into the parts surrounding the expelling
chambers.
Sheets I, II, III, VI Figures 106-109 show arrangements for circulation for
gas expelling chambers, separated by walls p.
Figures 110-113 show arrangements for circulation for gas expelling chambers
with continuous work without separating-walls p, whereby the trace of the
longitudinal movement of the products of combustion is put beneath the bottom
of the expelling chamber.
As in the foregoing c and c¹ represent air shafts & descending and fascending
shafts for the products of combustion.
Sheet II Figures 34-38 Sheet III Figures 47-54 and Sheet IV Figures'
80-84 show arrangements of the circulation of the gases and their products of
combustion for the expelling chamber A, in which not all the flues situated on the
one side of these chambers are intended for the upward and downward movement of
the draughts, as is the case in the arrangement drawn on Sheet I but in which the
upward and downward movement of the draught may be situated on one and the
same side of the chambers and at the same time a circulation take place round the
chambers.
The circulation of the products of combustion may in this arrangement be
various.
In Figures 34 Sheet II the direction of draught is supposed to be only from
the discharging to the charging end, and the waste heat flue at this end
upwards.
In Figure 35 Sheet II the draught direction of the gases is from the discharging
to the charging end, at which latter the combustion takes place; of the products
of combustion from the charging to the discharging end, and the waste heat flue
arranged at the latter upwards.
In Figure 36 Sheet II. the draught direction of the gases is arranged from the
discharging to the charging end, of the products of combustion from the charging to
the discharging end, and for the waste heat from the discharging to the charging
end, and at this end the waste heat flue downwards.
The Figures 37 and 38 Sheet II show the arrangements for such expelling
chambers A with continuous working, to which their own gaseous products already
freed from tar and ammonia, or such from other processes are conducted for burning
or for heating purposes.
In the constructions of the expelling chamber A as yet described, the flues d, e,
and f, are perdendicular to the axis of length of the expelling chamber A, if these
flues are arranged horizontally that is parallel to the axis of length of the
expelling chamber A, the following combinations of the expelling chambers, flues
and waste beat flues may be made use of.
A, Gas combustion chambers above the expelling chambers.
T
11

page_text: 2, Waste heat flues above the expelling chambers Figures 34 and 35
Sheet II.
b, horizontal flues for the products of combustion.
1, Waste heat flues beneath the expelling chambers Figures 40-42
Sheet II.
2, Waste heat flues above the expelling chambers Figures 43 and 44
Sheet II.
If the arrangements of the combustion chambers shown on Sheet I. Figures 11-
and Sheet I Figures 9 and 10 are made use of, the following combinations
combustion chambers, flues and waste heat flues are to be used.
B, Gas combustion chambers beneath the expelling chambers.
a, Perpendicular flues for the products of combustion.
1, Waste heat flues beneath the expelling chambers Figures 47. 49. 51
and 53 Sheet III.
2, Waste heat flues above the expelling chambers Figures 48, 50, 52, 54
Sheet III.
b, Horizontal flues for the products of combustion.
1, Waste heat flues beneath the expelling chambers Figures 58 and 59
Sheet III.
2, waste heat flues above the expelling chambers Figures 55-57
Sheet III.
If it is preferred to place the combustion chambers neither above nor beneath the
pelling chambers, but to the right or left that is sidewards from the latter the
lowing combinations must be made use of.
C. Gas combustion chamber to the right or left, that is, sidewards from the
pelling chambers.
ä, Vertical arrangement of the combustion chambers.
a, Vertical flues for the products of combustion.
1, Wäste heat flues beneath the expelling chambers Figures 60-62
Sheet III.
2, Waste heat flues above the expelling chambers Figures 63 and 64
Sheet III.
B, Horizontal flues for the products of combustion.
1, Waste heat flues beneath the expelling chambers Figures 65, 66
and 69 Sheet III.
'
2, Waste heat flues above the expelling chambers Figures 64 and 68
,Sheet III.
b, Horizontal arrangement of the combustion chambers.
a,
Vertical flues for the products of combustion.
1, Waste heat flues beneath the expelling chambers Figures 73 and 74
Sheet IV.
.
2, Waste heat flues above the expelling chambers Figures 70-72
Sheet IV.
B, Horizontal flues for the products of combustion.
1, Waste heat flues beneath the expelling chambers Figures 75-77
Sheet IV.
2, Waste heat flues above the expelling chambers Figures 78 and 79
Sheet IV.
Care is to be taken hereby that the entrance of gases into the combustion-
amber C may be able to take place as well at the charging as at the discharging
d of the expelling chambers, or between these two.
6. DEPENDENCY OR INDEPENDENCY OF GAS EXPELLING-CHAMBERS AND
NEIGHBOURING ON AND OF EACH OTHER.
The
gas expelling-chambers can be arranged in respect to one another in such a
higanelling
.

page_text: chamber etc., that a certain dependency of neighbouring expelling chambers on
each other exists, and that there is a combination of several for instance expelling.
chambers.
In the constructions Sheet I Figures 20-21 and Sheet IV Figures 81-84 each
expelling chamber is just so situated from his neighbouring one by the wall P that
the work of each expelling chamber is independent from the other.
In the constructions on Sheet V Figures 88-90 and Sheet V Figures 94-96
the expelling chambers have certain neighbouring parts in common, and in the.
constructions Sheet V Figures 91-93 and Sheet V Figures 97-99 the single
expelling chambers are combined together.
On Sheet V Figures 88-90 and Sheet V Figures 97-99 each expelling chamber
has its own waste heat flue i, on Sheets V Figures 91-93 and Sheet V
Figures 97 99 several expelling chambers have a common waste heat flue i.
The products of combustion of an expelling chamber A, fall in the constructions,
on the Sheet V Figures 88-90 and Sheet V Figures 94-96 through the flues d
and heat the side wall of the said expelling chamber and of the neighbouring
expelling chamber and in e the floors of the expeiling chambers.
The flues e on Sheet V Figure 88 and Figure 94 are isolated in each chamber
and brought into communication with a waste heat flue i which discharges by the
vent into the principal flue Figures 89 and 95.
In this manner each expelling chamber of the construction Sheet V
Figures 88-90 and Figures 91-96 is as regards its flue independent of its
neighbouring expelling chamber.
In the constructions Sheet V Figures 91-93 and Figures 97-99 the products
of combustion descend through the shafts d and heat the sidewalls and floors as in
Sheet V Figures 88-90 and Sheet V Figures 94-96 however the flues e are
common to a number n of expelling chambers, that is only by every nth expelling
chamber is a waste heat flue i arranged leading into a principal flue & Figures 92
and 98.
The construction as shown on Sheet VI. shews a joint arrangement of the flues
which is carried out still further.
In this construction the expelling chamber A¹ Figure 100 has a combustion
chamber C¹, the products of combustion descend through d' go through e¹, rise in
f¹ to reach a chamber D¹ and C2 which unites the purposes of the combustion
chamber C² and the collecting chamber D¹, since at the same time the gases enter.
from the second expelling chamber A2 through a³ and burn here with the super-
fluous air contained in the products of combustion of the expelling chamber A¹,
or with the heated air rising through the flues c¹ Figure 102 or with cold air
introduced from without; so that the products of combustion from A¹ and A² descend
in the shafts d², circulate through e, and rise in f2, in order to absorb in C³ and D³:
the gases from A³, and so on.
Any required number of expelling chambers may be arranged side by side and
combined for common flues.
In the Drawing the line y Figure 100 separates the A2 and n-1 chamber.
By the nth expelling chamber A, a waste heat flue in is arranged in which
regulated vents are arranged so that the products of combustion may be divided off
in the same quantities through the flues (d, e, f,-da, en, f) to circulate as well at
the charging as at the discharging end.
This combination of several expelling chambers previously described, so that the
heat of each circulates round one or more of the neighbouring expelling chambers,
may as has already been stated, by aid of the employment of waste heat valves that
can be cooled by water at any time be suspended again by bringing through these
valves to any necessary degree the expelling chambers into connection with the
principal waste heat flue in.
In order to produce as far as possible an equal heating of all the expelling
chambers of a combination we may also make use of the reversion of draughts.
;
:

page_text: The employment of the reversion of draughts in these combinations of expelling
chambers with continuous working takes place as seen on Sheet VI. Figure 105.
A number of expelling chambers are combined with each other by arranging
at A a particular chamber C¹ and at An a particular chamber Dr Sheet VI.
Figure 105 and in these slide valves cooled by water in the flue or flues to the
waste heat flues.
In the separation walls p of the expelling chamber A¹-A" are arranged
connexion vents at the top between C2 and D' to Ca and D-1.
The slide valve at A' being shut and the one at A open, the direction of draught
is from A to An
The slide valve at A¤ being shut but that at A¹ open the direction of draught is
the opposite that is to say from A to A¹.
This arrangement therefore requires two slide valves cooled by water for n
expelling chambers.
The combinations of expelling chambers with continuous working and reversion
of draughts thus described, have, if, in them, only the arrangements of Sheet VI
Figure 100 are employed, the disadvantage that when the draught takes place in
the direction from A to A', the gases of the expelling chambers A" which escape
into the combustion chamber C do not heat the flues fr, en, and dª, for the
time of the direction of draught from An to A¹
If it is desired to avoid this irregularity, the separation wall of C-1 and Dn
or the supports of their vaults in the expelling chamber An in Figure 100 Sheet VI.
must be lengthened as far as the front wall of these chambers C₁-¹ and Dr and in
this manner two gas-vents a obtained for this expelling chamber.
Both are provided with vent-slides, if necessary cooled by water, and the one of
these which leads at An into the chamber D is opened when the draught passes in
the direction from A to A¹.
The gas from An then burns in D and heats in this manner the flues fa, en, da,
fand e¹, Figure 100 Sheet VI.
This arrangement therefore requires two to four vent slides cooled by water for n
expelling chambers.
In all constructions of expelling chambers with continuous working in which the
chambers are mutually independent, the draught of each independent expelling
chamber may be reversed by the arrangement of two gas vents and two waste heat
vents each provided with vent slides cooled by water.
If the expelling chambers are by means of reversion of draughts, to be equally
heated by combustible gases or by the waste heat from their own or other fuel for
any purposes of distillation or sublimation, or for generators, this may be done in
the most simple manner firstly by allowing the gases, products of combustion or
waste heat to enter once into Da and to circulate in the direction from A to A'
and secondly by allowing them to enter into C' by A¹ and to circulate in the
direction from A¹ to An.
For such cases the construction Sheet VI Figure 105 is to be used, if in it, as
above remarked, connexion vents are arranged in the separation walls between
C2 and D' etc.
This arrangement requires four vent-slides h that can be cooled by water;
Sheet VI. Figures 103 and 104 show how these are constructed.
"

page_text: On the other hand there are combinations of coals with a large proportion of
poor coals, which give too little gas for the sufficient heating of the parts
surrounding the expelling chambers with continuous working.
In order to be able to coke even these sorts or mixtures of coals, that is to
convert them into cokes fit for all purposes, heat may be applied to them during
the process of coking and in a particular manner as follows.
1, By combining many such expelling chambers in such a manner, that each
following expelling chamber is heated by the waste heat of the preceding one
Sheet VI Figures 100-105.
2, By applying to the heating of the expelling chambers particular quantities
of gas produced by other independent firing arrangements (generators).
Air may also be introduced under or through the coke-discharging door of the
expelling chamber and in this manner produce the heat necessary for the trans-
formation of non-coking coals into coke and at the same time prevent cooling
by the emission of heat from the discharging door, which disturbs the process of
coking.
An arrangement by which the intended purpose is perfectly attained is shown on
Sheet VI. Figure 103.
To the expelling chamber with continuous working there shown an ante-
chamber E. is immediately adjoined. In this a grate is fixed consisting of metal
or fire proof materials on which every time the cokes are drawn or pressed out
the smaller, less valuable pieces remain lying, burn, and produce a very high
temperature in this ante-chamber or grate projection.-From this grate projection
the heat produced in it acts on the coals to be coked in the first place by
radiation. From this discharging side therefore the expelling chamber and the
coals contained in it are no longer cooled as yet by the radiation of the discharging
door but on the contrary heated, just as highly as from the other sides of the
surrounding parts.
in
The avoidance of the least cooling of coals difficult to be coked is very important
for the quality of the product.
The height of the grate in respect to the floor of the expelling chambers with
continuous working depends on the quality of the cokes to be produced.
The purposes described can be attained just as perfect by with the “slit-
projection" drawn on Sheet VI. Figures 106 and 110 and described as follows.
At some distance from the discharging door F of the expelling chamber A, we
see a slit S in the floor of the former, formed by the rolling layers r, that rests on
the trusses u of the flue k.
The flue can be shut hermetically at the front.
.
Should the slit S be stopped up by slags or pieces of coke, it can be cleaned
out with a strong hoe, without the adjoining parts being destroyed, and regulated
quantities of air can be let in from the front through the slit; these can only enter
the expelling chamber A straight through the materials to be expelled and cannot
pass them at the side.
The slit S further serves, as likewise the grate described in the above, for
producing heat in the expelling chamber A by the combustion of some kind of fuel,
in case the former has decreased from some reason or other.
The grate or sl.t-projections, therefore, serve as regulators for the expelling-
process, as even the letting in of air of half an hour's duration through the
grate or slit S into the fuel in or on it, allows of a considerable increase of
temperature.
. The waste heat also of these expelling chambers with continuous working,
can be used for other purposes requiring heat, for instance for the production of
steam.
The heat therefore produced by the combustion of the inferior cokes in the
grate-projection of the expelling chambers can be made use of and rendered

page_text: a, For the coking of kinds of coals difficult to be coked or combinations of such
coals with coking coals.
b, For the production of steam or for any other process requiring heat.
It depends on circumstances whether this combination of the expelling chambers
with the grate-projection is made use of principally as a producer of cokes, or
principally as an apparatus for producing heat.
By these improvements in expelling chambers with continuous working it is
rendered possible to transform mixtures of 75 per cent. of poor coals and 25 per
cent. of coking coal into good cokes:
The form and size of the expelling chambers conform as repeatedly remarked
not only to the materials to be coked but also to the purpose for which they are
coked. The form and size of the charging apparatus must conform to that of the
expelling chambers.
In Figures 135 and 136 Sheet VIII. a charging apparatus with a circular piston
a and in Figures 137 and 138 Sheet VIII. one with an oblong piston a are shown-
The piston a works in the cylinder b which projects at one end c into the expelling
chamber The cylinder b Figure 135 is screwed by the screw d on the bracket e
and on the external plate f of the expelling chamber. On the backward movement
of the piston a the materials to be coked fall through the funnel g into the
expelling chamber by the forward movement of the piston a-The power working
in the direction of the arrow t is transferred by the hand wheel i Sheet VIII
Figure 135 or the pulley Sheet VIII Figure 137 by means of the pivot k and the
two toothed wheels and to the bent pivot m.
The bipartite carriage surrounding the crank-pin of the bent pivot slides in the
revolving slot n round the firmly embedded pivot o, and causes in this manner the
oscillating forward and backward movement of this slot.
By the revolving bolt r and the two fish plates p which are firmly screwed to the
shoulder g of the piston a, the forward and backward movement of the slot n is
transformed to the piston a.
I
The revolving motion of the crank pivot m takes place in the direction of the
arrow t so that in the forward motion of the piston a the crank pin moves in the
upper half of the slot and in the backward motion in the lower half. By this
means it is occasioned that the power in the forward movement of the piston, that
is during the charging of the materials and therefore during the greatest resistance,
acts on the slot at a longer arm of the lever and in the backward movement of the
piston, that is during the lesser resistance, at a shorter arm. Hereby we obtain
the great advantage of employing an equal power in subduing unequal resistances.
As many such charging apparatus as required may, by means of the coupling u
Sheet VIII Figure 138 be worked in common by any motor, and in this case, in
order to spare power and to be able to construct the transmission as lightly as
possible, the cranks m of the separate apparatus are so constructed that the
'different pistons a are situated in different positions in the forward or backward
movements.
In 4 coupled apparatus, for instance, the position of the cranks of the bent pivots
would be transposed by 90° each.
Many such charging apparatus arranged beside or above one another, are
worked by a transmission, cither singly or several combined. The filling of the
.funnel with the material to be eoked can take place intermittently by carts or
continuously by a worm and similar contrivances.
The charging of several expelling chambers with continuous working arranged
side by side, may be very easily effected by means of a moveable charging apparatus
Sheet VIII Figures 132-134. To this end the charging apparatus with the cylinder
in which the piston moves and which bears the coaling funnel is arranged on a

page_text: frame with wheels. The whole runs on rails in front of the expelling chambers
and can be connected with the charging apparatus of each of them.-It is there-
fore not necessary to have for each expelling chamber a charging apparatus with
the cylinder and filling funnel belonging to it but these are common to a number
of expelling chambers.
Since the expelling chambers with continuous working may, have very large
dimensions and may, for instance as coking furnaces be 1, 5 metre high and 0, 5
metre wide at the charging end, considerable expense is saved by making use of a
charging apparatus which is moveable and applicable to a number of such expelling
chambers. The working of such moveable charging apparatus takes place as
follows-After the apparatus has arived at the expelling chamber to be charged,
a waggon containing the materials for instance coals is placed above the filling
funnel at a sufficient height on special rails.-The wagon, which is provided with
vents or traps opening beneath discharges its contents wholly or partly into
the funnel.-In the latter case the wagon serves as complement to the funnel.
The charging apparatus is now put in motion by hand-power, by a steam
engine fastened on the frame, by pulleys or by any motive power and in any
manner.
If the charging apparatus is also to serve as discharging apparatus the
discharging door is opened.
With a quick-working engine and by the aid of this charging apparatus, the coked
materials may be pressed out and the materials to be coked pressed in, in a very
short time. After the charging apparatus has been removed from the charged
expelling chamber the latter does not require to be shut at the charging end if the
charged materials were fine and damp.-In this case the materials are so firmly
pressed in by the charging apparatus that their whole surface stands free and forms
a natural closure.
9. CLOSURE OF THE DISCHARGING SIDE OF THE GAS EXPELLING CHAMBERS.
Doors for drawing out or for closing in the coked materials have as yet been
arranged in the expelling chamber (for instance coke ovens) with intermittent
working in such wise, that they were stopped with clay or leam in order to prevent
air getting into the expelling chambers.-The doors are arranged either so as to be
drawn up or be turned.-The last mentioned arrangement is seen on Sheet VII.
Figure 118-The separation lines 1-2 and 3-4 are drawn here as in the following
figures, as the heights of the doors and the expelling chambers can be different.
For the employment of the gas expelling chambers with continuous work
without a large antechamber for collecting the coked products, for which the coked
materials (for instance coke) must be drawn out at shorter intervals than is
necessary for expelling chambers for intermittent work the stopping of the doors
unless the air tight closures of the gas retorts are used with clay or leam would
cause much labour and require a considerable amount of an expensive material.
As before remarked in the above, much depends on avoiding any cooling for the
coking of certain materials, and it is very important to render the admission of
cold air after every time of discharging the coked materials impossible, both
quickly and perfectly. At the same time a material should be chosen for stopping,
that is always at hand on the discharging side of the expelling chambers and
which absorbes the oxygen of air that may there be passing through, so that it
cannot obtain admission to the expelling chamber and oxygenise the coked
materials or gases-As such the coked material is taken for stopping the dis-
charging closure or the door before it, that is not suitable in consequence of its
small size to the purpose originally intended for it-This material is for instance
for the coking of coals, the small coke that remains back after the production of
the good cokes and the so called dust. This material, that would otherwise have
to be removed, is at hand, stops well, is combustible, is warmed by the heat of the

page_text: expelling chamber to inflammation, easily absorbs in this state the oxygen of the
air passing, and thus heats the discharging end of the expelling chambers.
This method of closing the discharging end with coked materials can be
employed for expelling chambers with continuous working and with intermittent
working.
In order to be able to use these materials for closing, the closures of the dis-
charging openings of the expelling chambers with continuous or intermittent
working must be specially constructed.
Some of these constructions are shown on Sheet VIII Figures 127-129 and
Sheet. VII Figures 118-122 Sheet IX Figures 148-153 and described as follows.
If the closure of the discharging end of the expelling chambers is to be rendered
by a cast iron door, the arrangements drawn on Sheet IX Figures 151-153 and
Sheet VII Figures 120-122 are to be closed.
O designates in all the Figures drawn the discharging opening, T the door, R the
door frames, the rib on the latter beneath the door,f the space for stopping that is
filled with the expelled stopping materials.
The stopping chamber fis formed on Sheet VII Figures 120-122 on the sides of
the door T by the devolving flaps K. If these are shut Figure 122 left and
fastened on to the door, the stopping space f can be filled with the stopping
material The space f Figure 121 beneath the door between the rib r of the
frame R and the door is likewise filled with stopping material-These flaps K are
necessary if the door T as drawn on Figure 122 is lined with fireproof bricks-
The flaps K are not absolutely necessary if the door T is not lined with bricks, as
drawn in Figure 121, in this case the whole space behind the door T inside the
opening O is filled with the stopping material.
On Sheet IX Figure 150 the stopping space f at the side of and above it, are
formed by the walling of the discharging opening O of the expelling chambers with
continuous or intermittent work rejecting.
Beneath the door f is formed by the rib r on the frame R. If the door is lined
with bricks Figure 153 two stopping chambers fare formed at the sides; if the
door T is not lined with bricks (Figure 152) the whole space behind T inside O is
filled with the stopping material.
The method of stopping the discharging openings O of the expelling chambers
with continuous or intermittent working with coked waste material allows
however of other arrangements beside the above described cast iron doors or such
of wrought iron framed with bricks.
The discharging opening O can as drawn on Sheet VIII Figures 127-129 and
Sheet IX Figures 148 and 149 much more easily be closed by a light metal
funnel that is in this case completely filled with the described stopping material.
This funnel T is arranged to be turned in Figures 148-151 and in Figures 127-129
arranged so as to be used alternatively. In the latter case the funnels T are taken
hold of by the handles h and the picks are lifted out of the openings in the
frame R. When the funnel T has been removed from the opening O either in the
manner described or by revolving in the arrangement of Figures 148-151, the
stopping material falls out and the discharging can commence. When the
discharging has taken place, the funnel is closed or pushed forward and filled with
the stopping material lying at hand.
The constructions of closures for the discharging openings of expelling chambers
with other besides coked materials is not excluded.
10. EMPLOYMENT OF THE GAS EXPELLING CHAMBERS AS DISTILLING OR
SUBLIMATING APPARATUS.
With all the arrangements hitherto made, in which solid materials, such as, for
instance, zinc-ores sulphurous minerals, combinations of carbonic acid, coals, brown
coal, peat, slate, wood or mixtures of these materials with others, are subjected to
heat, for the purpose of effecting the distillation or sublimation of solid, liquid and

page_text: gaseous products, for instance for the production of chloride of zinc, zinc, sulphur,
carbonic acid, gases for lighting or heating, wood spirit, ammonia, wood vinegar,
creosote, solar oil, tar, parrafine, charcoal, coke, caustic oxides of earth and of metal
etc. the charging takes place at greater or smaller intervals, however always in an
intermittent manner, and without the application of mechanical ineans.
With all the arrangements made hitherto, there exists only a single space
namely the pipe, the muffle, the retort, the furnace etc, in which the distillation is.
done, and in which the solid products of the distillation also remain until they
must be removed; in order that these, after being distilled, may make room for new
materials, the working has to be every time completely interrupted.
When this is done, the solid products distilled have generally to be removed by
hand from the distilling room, and new materials can be placed into it only after it
has been completely cleared out. In order to do away with these interruptions to
the working, which entail great loss of time and material, the gas expelling
chamber with continuous work is employed.
The new apparatus in its most general form for the continuous distillation or
sublimation of solid materials is drawn on Sheet VII Figures 114-115 a and b
and is arranged as follows.
The distilling chambers A are charged mechanically, by means of the charging
apparatus and by any power, with the materials, which are to be subjected to
distillation or sublimation such as zinc-ores, sulphurous minerals, combinations of
carbonic acid, coals, brown-coal peat slate, wood etc. or with mixtures of the same
with other materials. The material to be subjected to distillation or sublimation, is
gradually moved forward, warmed, distilled or sublimated in the expelling
chamber A through the charging apparatus after which all the products of the
distillation or sublimation enter into the discharging chamber E. According to the
Drawing shown by Figure 114 Sheet VII the arrangement is provided with
sixteen distilling chambers A, which are situated at various levels.
Everything mentioned in the preceding chapters about arrangement, construction,
combination, direction of the draught, heating, etc. of the expelling chambers
remains the same, for these as distillation or sublimation chambers, and this wo
particularly remark. Of these some or more, and even all may be arranged on
one level, consequently side by side.
The volatile productions of the distillation, such as lighting or heating gas
spirits of wood, ammonia, vinegar of wood, creosote, solaroil, tar parafine, chloride
of zinc, zinc, sulphur, carbonic acid etc. pass as already mentioned from the distilling
or sublimating chambers A into the discharging rooms E and whence by the pipe G
through the top of the vaulting or through the sides of the discharging rooms E
into the ordinary apparatus for cooling purifying etc.-In order to remove these
solid products such as coke, coal, slate, refuse, oxides of metal, caustic earthis,
charcoal etc, without interrupting the process of distillation, the pipe G or the
pipes G. destined to carry off the volatile products, are closed by any known.
arrangement (which if necessary is cooled by water) so as to produce a certain
pressure of gas in the entire apparatus, consequently also in the discharging
chambers E. There upon the doors F that close air tight may be opened one after
the, other and the solid products of distillation may be removed, without any
atmospheric air being able to enter the distilling room E. in question or the general
one, whilst the, sublimation or distillation need not be interrupted.
Other apparatus serving the purpose of distillation or sublimation apparatus
are hereinafter described in Section 12.
.:
11. EMPLOYMENT OF THE GAS EXPELLING CHAMBERS AS COKE FURNACES.
The coke furnace with continuous working is drawn on Sheet IV Figures 83
and 84 in perpendicular section and in Figures 81 and 82 in horizontal sections..
A view of the coke furnace from the charging side, the moveable parts of the
charging apparatus being left out. Figure 80 shows a longitudinal section and

page_text: Figure 83 a view of the furnace from the discharging end Figure 45 Sheet II
shows the manner of making the walls of the coke furnaces of bricks of the usual
Bize.
Other drawings of coke furnaces are to be seen on Sheet VI Figure 103 and
Sheet VI Figures 106-113.
The Drawings only serve to explain the following description and are drawn
theoretically and so as to spare room, not, however, in the proportions in which the
coke furnaces are really built. Everything said in the preceding chapters about
arrangement, combination, heating etc. of the gas expelling chambers remains the
same for these as coke furnaces, and we refer to this particularly.
The manner in which the coals arrive is not indicated in the Drawings because
it is not essential; it is best done by waggons which run on rails, and discharge
into the funnels n or by screws etc. The mechanical charging is done by means of
a piston, screw or similar charging apparatus B. moved by hand or by machinery
at regular intervals or continuously, and has to overcome the rather important
resistance which the coals and coke in the coking chamber offers to the forward
movement by rubbing and adhering to the side walls.
In consequence of this considerable resistance, the coals on being put in and moved
forward, are very strongly pressed together, and the coking takes place under very
considerable pressure, which according to the arrangement drawn amounts to 3750 kg.
to the charging surface as minimum and which becomes greater or smaller according
to the kind of coals, and the size and arrangement of the coke furnaces. This
strong pressure permits of the making of very dense and firm coke, even from
mixtures of rich with much poor coal or from coals which coke with difficulty.
The heating of the coals commences in the forepart of the coke furnace A;. whilst
the coals advance gradually and regularly, the coking or distillation of the same
commences and continues without any intermission. The distillation or coking is
not interrupted in this distilling chamber as for instance in coke furnaces and
therefore the registers or dampers for inlet of air and for the gases may easily be
regulated and fixed in their most favorable positions for each coal through the
sliding water cooled registers h Sheet I Figures 1 and 11 Sheet II. Figures 25, 26,
38, 40 and Sheet III Figure 60 as well as Sheet IV Figure 74 and can then be
continued as long as the same coal or the same mixture of coals is being transformed
into coke.
Only the application of a sliding register, cooled by water, h makes it possible
to work these in a durable manner, and thus to regulate the draught of each
separate distilling or coke furnace.
After the completion of the distillation or coking, the coke enters into the last
part of the apparatus, the cooling chamber, in which it is cooled by cold air
circulating around the chamber in the flues c and c³ previous to being used for the
combustion of the gas.
In the arrangement shown in Figures 80-84 Sheet IV this cooling chamber for
coke has a minimum size it being supposed that the coke, when ready, and having
advanced as far as the door a must be drawn by means of hooks into a waggon
which stands in the front below the furnace which waggon not being essential is
not shown. The furnace always remains charged with unfinished coke, and with
coals, so that the furnace never becomes empty, nor is the process of coking ever
interrupted, neither does any cooling of the furnace take place.
The length of the distilling chamber or of the coke furnace, which can be 25 feet
and more, depends upon the coking capacity of the coal to be used and upon the
quantity of coals to be converted into coke within a certain time in each furnace.
The latter that can amount to 2, 5 to 3, 5 tons is dependent on the kind of coals
and the quality of the cokes to be produced.
The gases burnt in the combustion chamber C. of the coke furnace with continuous
working enter finally through the flue i into the principal flue Figure 103 which
a group of distilling chambers or coke furnaces have in common, and which leads
to steam boilers or chimneys. This principal flue is drawn in Figures 103 and 104

page_text: Sheet VI and it is indicated in various shapes in the Sheet VI Figures 106 and 110.
The working can be watched through the openings k, Figures 106 and 110. if with
new coals or with a mixture of coals an altered position of the slide-valve
becomes necessary.
Figures 115 a and b Sheet VII show an arrangement of the distilling chamber
or coke furnace with an enlarged chamber for cooling the coke E into which the
completed coke drops, in proportion to the coals charged, in order to be drawn from
time to time through the doors F, which close hermetically into waggons placed at
some depth before them.
Each distilling chamber or coke furnace A has either a separate chamber E for
discharging coke as indicated in the Drawing or several distilling chambers or coke
furnaces A are connected with a common chamber for discharging the coke see
Sheet VII Figure 115 a and b.
The heating of the air for combustion takes place as on Figure 1 Sheet I by
passing through the flues c¹ to c³ by means of the cooling coke.
The Drawing on Sheet IV Figure 80-84 shows a combination of the distilling
chamber or coke furnace with a special apparatus, for heating the air for the
combustion by waste heat only. The air which can be regulated by means of a
sliding register, enters through the flue c into the flues cc, rises through the
shafts co and is carried through the flues e into the flues c³, in order to arrive in
the same manner as described above at the place where the gases are burnt. The
surfaces drawn, which serve for heating the air, show for each distilling chamber or
coke furnace the dimension of several qm. The waste heat as described above, and
regulated through the sliding register h, enters through the flue f* into the flues for
waste heat i'.
The waste heat flues i' are common to all the distilling chambers or coke furnaces
which adjoin each other side by side, in the size drawn they have already a
diameter of 0,75 qm. and they suffice therefore, as experience has shown for at least
30 distilling chambers or coke furnaces.
The coke furnaces with continuous working do not require an especially high
temperature of the air for combustion, it can on the contrary be cold (as other-
wise no cooling of the furnace takes place) without the combustion of the gases
thereby becoming less thorough.-The waste heat may then be used, as hitherto
for other purposes as for instance, for producing steam.
From the circumstance that with the new coke furnace the quantity of the coals
pressed into it and consequently the quantity of the gases developed and also the
quantity of the air necessary for combustion and the power of draught, remain
constantly the same and as the working does not run through several periods and
as the position of the draught and air register does not require change, but remains
continuously the same and the most favorable for the complete combustion of the
gases, and as the working is consequently continuous and from the circumstance
that the air admitted for the purpose of burning the gases is only heated by the
waste heat, there arises in the chambers C, in the flues d, e f as well as in the
chamber D. and in the flue g, a very high temperature, which is always the same,
and which is not diminished by the influence of different periods of working, or by
completely discharging, that is to say, by cooling the whole furnace.
The transfer of this great quantity of regularly produced heat to the coals to be
coked, is essentially facilitated by the thinuess of the bottom, side walls and also
by the pillars of the trellis-brick work being of the smallest dimensions of the
firebricks, thus presenting a large surface for conveying the heat.
The outer surface of the distilling chambers or of the coke furnaces, which comes
nto contact with the fire, amounts to 80 per cent. of the general surface.
The coals thus being continuously under the influence of this high temperature
will coke much more rapidly than in the coke furnace with intermittent working
and yield on account of being always under the high charging pressure coke of
much greater density, or firmness, than was attainable hitherto.
It thus became possible by these new coke furnaces to convert coking coal into

page_text: useful mixture of coking and non-coking coal that is utilising coal which mitherto
could not be coked at all.
In the new coke furnaces good cokes are even attained from 50 per cent or more
anthracite-coal with good coking coal.
12. EMPLOYMENT OF THE GAS EXPELLING CHAMBERS AS COKE FURNACES WITH
THE PRODUCTION OF BYE-PRODUCTS, SUCH AS TAR, AMMONIA, SULPHUR ETC.
Expelling chambers employed as coke-furnaces with the production of bye-
products are drawn on Sheet I Figure 1 Sheet II Figure 38 Sheet VI Figure 104.
Everything mentioned in the preceding chapters about arrangement, form, combi-
nation, direction, of the draught, heating etc. of the expelling chambers remains
the same for these as coke furnaces with the production of bye-products. We
therefore refer to the above.
From each expelling chamber or its discharging chamber E. Sheet I. Figure 1 a
pipe a conducts the gas into the main gas pipe G-which is common to a group of
expelling chambers, and each chamber may be separated from this, by any one of
the usual arrangements, as valve, slide, etc., since each chamber may have its
particular discharging chamber E.
The solid products are cooled in E by lapse of time by water, steam or gas.
Each expelling chamber can have its special discharging chamber E, several
expelling chambers adjoining however or situated on different sides of the dis-
charging chamber can as drawn on Sheet VII Figure 115 a and b be in communi-
cation with the latter.
In the main gas pipe G a large quantity of volatile products as tar and ammonia-
water separate from the mass and can be let out of this pipe into the corresponding
reservoirs, through the vents which are arranged in G in the height of the intended
fluid-level.
As shewn in the Drawing on Sheet I Figure 1 the condensed products shut off
the pipe G towards the exterior, while the denser tars which so often solidify in
the so called hydraulic of gas works, can be removed through the open part of the
pipe G.
Every other known construction of arrangement for the escape of gas may be
made use of.
If in the production of ammonia in continuous coking, value is not laid on the
particular purity of the gas from sulphuretted hydrogen and carbonic acid, as is the
case in gas works, but on gaining as large a quantity of ammonia as possible,
diluted acid is added to the fluid in order to lose no ammonia, and to get at this
stage as much as possible absorbed out of the gas, or the acids are blown by steam
or by another blowing power into the gas at some place of the arrangement for
condensing.
By the employment of acids the sulphuretted hydrogen or sulphurreted ammonia
is dissolved; the ammonia unites with the acid and the sulphur is separated as milk
of sulphur-If necessary the pipe G is constructed of a material offering resistance
to acids as for instance asphalte, earthenware, lead etc.
The main gas pipe leads to condensation apparatus of known construction in
which also, for reasons explained above diluted acids may be used for the better
absorption of the ammonia.
The gas pipe G¹ also common to a group of expelling chambers with continuous
working combined with the production of tar, ammonia etc., conducts the gases freed
from tar, ammonia etc. back to the expelling chambers through the pipe a¹ Figure 1
which is also provided with a shutting-off arrangement of some kind such as slide,
valve, etc. into the chamber a² Sheet I Figures 2-5 or C Sheet VI Figure 104
from whence the gas enters through the vent a³ Sheet I Figures 4 and 5 and
Sheet I Figures 12, 15-17 into the gas combustion chamber C, into which, through
the vent 6 Sheet I Figures 2 and 7 Sheet I Figures 12 and 15-17 Sheet I
Figures 10 and 23 in c—cº heated air enters for combustion.

page_text: In this expelling chamber with continuous working combined with the production
of tar, ammonia etc., it is superfluous to relight the gases by any application of
fire (Carve's) since by the continual combustion of the gases in the combustion
chamber C and the avoidance of cooling by the uninterrupted working, all parts
surrounding the combustion chamber Care so hot that a perfect combustion is
secured. Even when the chamber E is opened for discharging and therefore the.
flow of gas to the pipe G. must be suspended, and during the time of discharging,
it is only from the single separated chamber A that no gas is delivered, but during
this time gas continues to flow from the pipe G¹ into the combustion chamber C,
so that the heating and therefore the coking in these expelling chambers with
continuous working with the production of tar, ammonia etc. is entirely un-
interrupted.
In the coking or distillation of coals, brown coals, peat, slate etc., those gases which
contain most of the bye products principally to be gained as oils, tar, ammonia etc.
are evolved in the first part of the expelling chamber which is situated nearest to
the charging end.
.
In the degree in which the process of coking proceeds, gases are gradually
evolved which contain less of these bye-products and at last nothing at all. In all
previous coking or distillation apparatus the evolution of these gases of different
yields of the bye products to be produced was indeed separated by time but not
by space.
In consequence of this the production of the different gases was intermittent,
that is it took place in every part of the expelling chamber, but in a succession of
different periods of time.
In all intermittent processes however the utility of these is dependent on the
attention of the workmen who determine the intervals, which, as is well known,
gives rise to inconveniences.
In the expelling chambers with continuous working there is no separation by
periods of time, but by space, that is, by parts of the expelling, chamber, in the
evolution of gases of different yields of the different products of the gases which
are to be obtained, that is to say, the evolution of gases of different composition
takes place at the same time, but in different parts of the expelling chamber.
This separation of the different processes of distillation by space renders a con-
tinuous partial production of the several gases with different yields of the different
bye-products possible.
For this purpose, as is shown in Figure 104 Sheet VI a gas-vent (a) is arranged
for instance in the first part of the expelling chambers, for those gases which are to
be conducted to condensing apparatus for the production of oils, tar ammonia etc.
and farther on a second gas-vent a¹ which conducts the less valuable gases which
are further evolved direct into the parts situated round the expelling chambers for
heating purposes in case it should be intended to make use of these gases for such
purposes.
If these gases, freed by condensation of oils, tar, ammonia, etc. are to be used
entirely or partially for heating the parts surrounding the expelling chambers they
are conducted back through the pipe G'. The use of these gases for the purposes of
heating or illumination is discretionary, as will be seen in the following.-
Since the expelling chambers with continuous working may be eight or more
metres in length, the use of more than one of the vents a for the partial production
of different gases rich in one or the other bye-product is not excluded.
By the arrangement of several gas-vents a, a¹ etc. in the expelling chambers with
continuous working, a continuous partial production of gases of different com-
position of the distillation or coking process is therefore rendered possible.-It is
therefore possible to attain a division of the condensation apparatus for the
production of the differeut bye-products.
It is no longer necessary to conduct all the gases through all the separate parts
of the production apparatus and in consequence these apparatus may be constructed
on a much smaller and therefore a much cheaper scale, without losses of the

page_text: valuable bye-products to be produced being suffered.-On the contrary since the
small quantities of valuable bye-products to be produced are no longer distributed
in such large quantities of gases the production becomes more certain, that is to
say, the quantity obtained is larger. There is no longer so much space, air or
water used in cooling the condensing apparatus.
The products of distillation can be let off for each material to be coked in the
most suitable temperature, that is to say at the most suitable distance from the
commencement of the charging side of the expelling chambers, if as drawn in
Figures 130 and 131 Sheet VIII pipes R are placed on this side through the
piston of the charging apparatus, which are united in the collecting pipe R The
pipes R can be let into the expelling chamber at the same distance from the com-
mencement of the same or a part of these pipes less deep, unite these in a collecting
pipe R' and thereby chiefly lead off the first evolved bye-products of distillation
(water and tar) to the condensating apparatus-At the same time other pipes R2
can be let further into the expelling chambers and the bye products of distillation
produced later on (oils, ammonia) can be led through these by help of another
collecting pipe R³ into it to an especial condensing apparatus. For these gas
escapes also therefore a whole or partial production of the different bye-products of
distillation is possible for gas expelling chambers with continuous working.-For
the described arrangements of gas escapes for gas expelling chambers with
continuous working a single piston is supposed to exist for the charging apparatus,
through which the pipes R pass.
In the arrangement drawn on Sheet VII in the Figures 124 and 125, several
pistons are arranged in the charging apparatus through which the pipes pass and
lead off the bye-products of distillation at the side. The pipes R can be separated
into two parts by a separating wall & Figure 124 of which one part, which goes
into the pipe R2 Figures 123 and 124 projects further into the expelling chamber
so that in this manner also a partial production of the products of distillation is
rendered possible.
The pipes R¹ and R2 of the different adjoining expelling chambers end in the
chief collecting pipe G or G' that lead, as described in the above to the condensing
apparatus.
Besides this condensing apparatus may be arranged beneath the pipes with
overflow pipes.
All the pipes R' and R² can be shut off from the chief collecting pipe G and G¹
by ventils, slides etc, in order to shut off each expelling chamber singly-These
gas escapes can be provided with all the existing arrangements that are necessary
for the security of their working-This arrangement likewise admits a whole
or partial production of the bye-products of distillation.
On Sheet IV Figures 86 and 87 Sheet VII in Figure 117 and' Sheet VIII
Figure 126 a gas escape is drawn in which the vertical pipes R, R', R² receive the
bye-products of distillation from the expelling chambers through the shafts S, S¹, S³
and lead them to the main pipe G Figure 86 or to the main-pipes G, G¹ G*
Figures 117 and 126.-From here the bye products of distillation flow into
condensing apparatus used in common Figure 86 or in different condensing
apparatus Figures 117 and 126-By this arrangement therefore a whole or partial
production of the bye-products of distillation is rendered possible.
13 EMPLOYMENT OF THE GAS EXPELLING CHAMBERS AS GENERATORS.
If as described under (1) and drawn on Sheet II Figure 46 Sheet VII Figure 146
gas is not drawn off from the expelling chambers A, the solid products of the
expelling process are brought to a chamber B, in which they are converted into
carburetted gas under the admission of air, which is brought to combustion mixed
with the gases of the expelling process in a warm air chamber we have a
generator These are generators as for instance in the Patent No 4252 dated from
14th November 1877.

page_text: Everything in the preceding chapters about arrangement, form combinations
heating etc. of the expelling chambers remains the same for these as generators-
We therefore refer to the preceding
14. USE OF THE SURPLUS OF GAS OR WASTE HEAT OF THE GAS EXPELLING
CHAMBER WITH CONTINUOUS, WORK.
In consequence of the continuous working of the expelling chambers of the
perfect combustion of the gases in of the combustion chamber C, of the slight
cooling of the expelling chambers, and of the consequential warmer working of
these chambers with continuous working as distillation apparatus or as coke
furnaces with or without the production of tar and ammonia, a considerable
sparing of the gases produced per expelling chamber for self henting is attained if
the materials used are very rich in gas.
Certain materials for instance mixtures of rich and poor coals may be coked to
great advantage in expelling chambers with continuous working, but since, under
certain circumstances, they contain only 50 per cent of the quantity of gas found
in gas coals, the expelling chambers with continuous working with or without the
production of tar, ammonia etc. are fed with the surplus of the gases or the waste
heat of the chambers worked with materials rich in gas.
The surplus of gas from the expelling chambers with continuous working with or
without the production of tar, ammonia etc. is collected for instance in gasometers.―
From these the gases are conducted by pipes to the purposes for which they are to
be used.
To these is to be reckoned, besides the use as above described for the heating of
expelling chambers which are charged with materials less rich in gas or of chambers
with intermittent working, the purpose of illumination etc.
In order to be able to make use of the gas collected in gasometers from expelling
chambers with continuous working, for the illumination of the coking works, the
foundry, the administration, coking, mine or foundry offices, the mine-drefts,
shafts etc. of streets and houses of the neighbouring estates, villages, hamlets or
towns, pipes are laid down for conducting the gas to its destination.
Here the usual stands, arms, hanging-lamps, chandeliers etc., with burners more
or less perfect, are placed, and the gases lighted and employed according to necessity
for the purposes of illumination.'
The gases of the expelling chambers with continuous working are used for
beating purposes either by being conducted directly from the expelling chamber
through brick flues or brick conductors, or indirectly from the gasometer through
pipes of metal, asphalte etc., to the places where they are to be used.
The surplus gases of the expelling chambers with continuous working as well as
their waste heat, are used in coke works, mines or foundries for heating steam
boilers, thus together with the waste heat under these boilers or alone under a
particular boiler.
The surplus gases of the expelling chambers are further used in foundries for the
heating of hot wind apparatus, for welding, puddling, heating furnaces etc.

page_text: It has been proved that in the expelling chambers with continuous working,
even out of coals hitherto non-coking, since they are coked under pressure, not
only coke for household use, but also furnace coke, under the influence of high
temperatures, may quickly be produced.
In general, it has been shown by experiments that furnace cokes may in the 5
expelling chambers with continuous working with or without the production of
tar, ammonia etc., be produced from coals which cannot be looked upon as coking
coals, by proceeding as below.
1, by freeing. the coals from slate,
2, by reducing them to powder.
3, by making the divergence of the sidewalls of the expelling chambers,
equal to zero, that is by increasing the pressure under which the coking
takes place.
4, by rendering the process of coking slower.
a, by not working the expelling chambers so hot.
b, by not charging so often.
5, by increasing the size of the expelling chambers.
It has also been shown by experiments in the expelling chambers with con-
tinuous working with or without the production of tar, ammonia, etc., that we may
produce cokes for household use from the same coals from which furnace cokes are
made by proceeding as follows.
1, by not reducing them to powder but by leaving them as far as possible
in the form in which they leave the pit.
2, by reducing the pressure under which the coking takes place. .
3, by rendering the working of the expelling chambers as hot as possible
and thus accelerating the coking as far as possible.
Having thus described and ascertained the nature of the said Invention and
the manner in which it is to be performed I would observe in conclusion that
what I consider novel and original and therefore claim as constituting this
Invention are:-
I. The employment of the gas expelling chambers with continuous working, as
described and shown in the Drawings.
a, for apparatus for the distillation of solid materials, as well as
mixtures of solid and fluid materials.
b, for sublimation apparatus.
c, for coke furnaces.
a, with the production of tar ammonia etc.
B, without producing tar, ammonia, etc.
d, for generators (A.D. No. 4252 dated on 14th November 1877).
II. Arrangement of the gas expelling chambers with continuous work in the
same or in different planes, that is to say side by side, one over the other, or side
by side and one over the other, whereby the axle of the chambers can be in a
straight or curved plane or
1, so as to form a ring.
2, so as to form part of a ring.
3, so as to form a parallelogram, the chambers being`side by side.
a, the ends for charging on one side.
B, the ends for charging and discharging opposite each other.
Y, the ends for charging opposite each other.
III. Arrangement of the gas expelling chambers with continuous work with the
converging, parallel or diverging planes so that a pressure can be put on the
materials from the side for charging whereby
1
11:
JLI:
hh mister of the

page_text: and a' for leading combustible gas for heating the employment of one or several
openings b for the admission of air, for leading off the gas for combustion from the
heating chamber one or several crit openings d or f
IX. For heating the air for combustion that is required in the heating chamber C
of the gas expelling chambers the employment of flues or especial air heating
apparatus.
IX. For heating the air for combustion that is required in the heating chamber C
the gas expelling chambers the employment of flues or especial air heating 5
paratus.
i, above.
2, beneath.
3, beside.
4, above, beneath and beside the gas expelling chambers with continuous 1
work.
Xa, When the heating chambers C are situated above the gas expelling
ambers with continuous work.
1, the exit flues d, e, and f perpendicular to the axle of the gas expelling
chamber A. and the flues for waste heat i either.
a, beneath.
or B, above the gas expelling chambers A.
2, the flues for exit d, e and f horizontal to the axle of the gas expelling
chamber A and the flues for waste heat i either
a, beneath.
or ẞ, above the gas expelling chambers A.
b, when C is situated under A the flues for exit d. e and f perpendicular to the
xle of the chamber A and the flues for waste heat i either.
a, beneath,
1
2
or B, above the gas expelling chambers A, the flues for exit d. e and ƒ 2
horizontal to the axle of the gas expelling chambers A and the flues
for waste heat ¿ either.
a, beneath.
or B, above the gas expelling chambers A.
c, when C is situated beside A, perpendicular to A.
1. the flues for exit d. e and f perpendicular to the axle of the gas expelling
chambers A. and the flues for waste heat i either.
a, beneath.
or ẞ, above the gas expelling chambers A.
3
2, the flues for exit d, e and ƒ horizontal to the axle of the gas expelling 3
chamber A and the flues for waste heat i either.
a, beneath.
or B, above the gas expelling chambers A.
d, when C is beside A in a horizontal position to A.
1. the flues for exit d. e and f perpendicular to the axle of the gas expelling 4
chamber A and the flues for waste heat i either.
a, beneath,
or ẞ, above the gas expelling chambers A.
2. the flues for exit d. e and ƒ horizontal to the axle of the gas expelling
chamber A and the flues for waste heat i either
a. beneath.
or ẞ above the gas expelling chambers A.
XI. The employment of one or several methods for regulating the heating
aterials the air and the waste heat (sliding valves ventils, etc.) cooled by water
not cooled by water for the gas expelling chambers with continuous work.
XII. Construction of the gas expelling chambers with continuous work and the
at walls of them in such a way, that the sides, pillars, bottom and vaulting of each
s expelling chamber A can be taken out separately and likewise singly be put in
gain, without causing any delay in the working of the neighbouring parts the
llars and vaulting of the furnaces are therefore not at all damaged thereby.
5
5.

page_text: XIII. Construction and arrangement of the ceiling of the gas combustion chambers
or of the gas expelling chambers for continuous work.
1, by vaults that rest abut,
a, on the pillars p alone.
b, on the middle of the vaultings of the gas expelling chambers A.
c, on one side on the middle of the vaultings of the gas expelling
chambers A and on the other side on the pillars p.
2, by layers of bricks.
XIV. For the gas expelling chambers with continuous work.
a, the arrangement of chambers C and D of flues d. e and f and canals c etc.
in such a way that.
1, each gas expelling chamber A is separated from the neighbouring
gas expelling chamber.
2, n gas expelling chambers are combined.
b, the arrangement of the direction of the draught for,
1, the heating materials.
2, the air for combustion..
3, the waste heat.
a, from the side of charging to the side for discharging with one or
several turnings.
B-from the side for discharging to the side for charging with one or
several turnings.
7, perpendicular to the axle of the gas expelling chamber A.
c, arranging the last flue for waste heat g.
a, on the side for discharging.
B, on the side for charging.
d. in all these cases the draught can go in one direction or it can be reversed
from time to time.
XV. The employing and making a combination of the gas expelling chamber
ith continuous work with a grate or sliding projection for the purpose of
a, producing only cokes.
b, producing only gases or products for combustion for some process
requiring heat.
c, producing coke and at the same time gases or products for combustion for
some process requiring heat.
XVI. The employment and arrangement of a discharging chamber E. or of several
scharging chambers E. with one or more of the gas expelling chambers with con-
nuous work for the purpose of receiving the gas fluid or hard products of the
ocess from A, and of being discharged by them, either without being coaled or
ter being cooled in a natural or continuous manuer, for instance by water, steam
ses etc.
XVII. For charging apparatus for the gas expelling chamber the combination of
e cylinder b with the piston a and the connection of both by the shoulder g of
e latter, the stiff connection of the fish plates p, the revolving bolt r directly with
e slot n, indirectly with the bent pivot m. the other wheels and the pivot k
e hand wheel i or the pulley whereby a continuous revolving movement in
e same direction into a movement to and fro.
XVIII. For charging apparatus for the gas expelling chambers the arrangement
the moving parts in such a manner, that when the piston a is moving forwards,
e axle m is making the movement most suitable for the employment of the power,
e power working on the top half of the slot and the length of the arm of the
ver being in consequence a most desirable one.
360°
XIX. For charging aparatus for the gas expelling chambers the arrangement of
e cranks m under an angle of degrees, so that for a coupled apparatus the
eatest pressure of the charging need not be surmounted by all the apparatus
the same time, but at certain intervals, corresponding to the number of the
oparatus.

page_text: P“ ס'
chambers with continuous work either as charging apparatus only, or also as
gas expening
apparatus for discharging.
XXI. The method of closing or rendering the discharging openings airtight of
the gas expelling chambers with continuous working by aid of coked materials.
Construction of the stopping or filling chamber ƒ for the stopping materials.
a, by flaps. K.
b, by indentures f in the walling.
c, by flaps K or indentures f and doors not lined with bricks.
Construction of the stopping or filling chamber for these stopping materials by
doors, constructed as funnels T and that.
a. can be turned.
b. can be moved forwards.
XXII. The employment of a collecting pipe G in the gas expelling chambers with
continuous work for collecting the gas and fluid products of the process and the
solid products dissolved from the former.
XXIII. The employment of acids for the gas expelling chambers with continuous
work in the chamber E in the parts between E and G. in the pipe G. or the fol-
lowing chambers for disolving acids and bases, ammonia, sulphur etc. from the gas
fluid and solid products attained.
XXIV. The employment of the gas expelling chambers to coke furnaces with
continuous work with or without the extraction of tar ammónia, sulphur etc.
XXV. The continuous whole or partial production of products of distillation that
is combined with the gas expelling chambers with continuous working rendered
possible by gas escapes which
a, are let in from the front through the charging apparatus.
b, from above through the vault.
XXVI. The direct or indirect employment of the different distilling gases which
are connected with the gas expelling chamber for continuous work for heating the
neighbouring parts of the gas expelling chambers A, themselves or for heating or
lighting other chambers.
XXVII. The employment of the combustible products not used of the gas expelling
chambers with continuous work as well as of the waste heat for other heating
purposes.
XXVIII. The employment of the gas products of the gas expelling chambers
with continuous work for lighting purposes.
XXIX. The manner and method of rendering the hard products harder or less
hard for the use of the gas expelling chambers with continuous work for furnaces
for making coke with or without producing tar, ammonia etc. for instance coke out
of coals, brown coals, turf by.
. 1, making the pressure under which the process takes place greater or
smaller.
2, working the gas expelling chambers A less hot or botter.
3, lengthening the lessening or duration of the process.
4, enlarging or lessening the magnitude of the gas expelling chambers A.
5, employing two or several methods together mentioned under 1 to 4.
In witness whereof I the said George Edward Vaughan have hereunto set
my hand and seal this Fourteenth day of January in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and eighty two.