IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS POR INDICATING HEAT
Year: 1872

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Henry Bailey, of the Albion Works,
Salford, in the County of Lancaster, Turret Clock Manufacturer
and Brass Founder, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS
POR INDICATING HEAT.”
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Henry Bailey'
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition,
on the 30th March 1872.
I, WILLIAM HENRY BAILEY, of the Albion Works, Salford, in the
5 County of Lancaster, Turret Clock Manufacturer and Brass Founder,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN APPARATUS FOR INDICATING HEAT," to be as follows:-
These improvements relate to those classes of pyrometers in which
tubes or rods of different material are employed to indicate high tem-
>peratures by the difference in the expansion of such materials, and also
to what are technically called blast prometers used to indicate the

page_text: temperature or blast furnaces or other heated gases in motion, and
consist,―
Firstly. In making a portion of the length of the stem or of the
rods or tubes employed non-pyrometrical, in order that when it becomes
necessary to pass the stem of the pyrometer through brickwork, as in
the case of a furnace, that portion of the stem which is actually in the
heat shall alone be utilised for pyrometrical purposes, whereby a more
accurate indication of the heat is obtained and the permanent expansion
of the materials is reduced to the minimum.
Secondly. These improvements consist in the application of a pinion
and ratchet to the index spindle, worked by a mill-headed knob or
handle situated at the back of the dial case, for the purpose of bringing|
the index finger by hand back to the temperature of the atmosphere,
when owing to permanent expansion such index finger fails to return
to the starting point, and the application of a major and a miner hand
to pyrometers, one hand being. arranged by suitable mechanism to make
a complete revolution for every degrec indicated by the other hand,
the dials in this case being divided into one hundred or one thousand
or other required number of parts, and thus at every revolution of the
minor hand the major hand will only move one degree, but in its whole
revolution will indicate the total heat. This arrangement affords facility
for ascertaining the progress and degree of regularity in any heating
process.
•
For high temperature I construct the stem of the pyrometer all in
one piece with a platinum rod or wire down the centre connected to
the indicating mechanism, and to indicate the temperature of pans
or vessels into which it would be inconvenient to introduce a pyrometer.
I utilise the expansion of such pans or vessels for pyrometrical purposes
by fixing a bracket on each side and mounting the indicating mechanism
between such brackets.
-
I construct my blast pyrometer as follows:-I take a portable or
fixed tube, which may be applied to the plug hole of a furnace, and
inside this tube I fix a pyrometer (of any suitable construction), and
allow the heated air or gases to enter such tube at the bottom, and to
escape at a side opening or at the end by an annular opening surrounding
the stem of the pyrometer. When this tube is a fixture I prefer to
employ a damper or cock or valve to shut off the blast, except at the
moment of ascertaining its temperature. In some cases I connect

page_text: the blast pyrometer to recording mechanism consisting of a drum caused
to revolve by clock mechanism, against which drum a pencil or pointer
actuated by the pyrometer will record the temperature from time to
time, for which purpose the damper or cock or valve may be opened
periodically by an attendant or automatically at stated periods by means
of the clock in conjunction with an electro-magnet or any suitable
arrangement of mechanism.
"
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said William Henry Bailey in the Great Seal Patent
Office on the 21st November 1872.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM
HENRY BAILEY, of the Albion Works, Salford, in the County of Lan
caster, Turret Clock Manufacturer and Brass Founder, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Twenty-first day of May, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-two, in the thirty-
fifth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give
and grant unto me, the said William Henry Bailey, Her special licence
that I, the said William Henry Bailey, my executors, administrators;
and assigns, or such others as I, the said William Henry Bailey, my
executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with,
and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the
term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise,
and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
APPARATUS FOR INDICATING HEAT," upon the condition (amongst others)
that I, the said William Henry Bailey, my executors or administrators,
by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands
and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the
said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed;
and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within
six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said
Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said William Henry Bailey, do hereby
declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the

page_text: same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained
in and by the following statement :-
These improvements relate to those classes of pyrometers in which
tubes or rods of different material are employed to indicate high
temperatures by the difference in the expansion of such materials, and
also to what are technically called blast pyrometers, used to indicate
the temperature of blast furnaces or other heated gases in motion, and
consists,-
-
Firstly. In making a portion of the length of the stem or of the
rods or tubes employed non-pyrometical, in order that when it becomes
necessary to pass the stem of the pyrometer through brickwork, as in
the case of a furnace, that portion of the stem which is actually in the
heat shall alone be utilized for pyrometrical purposes, whereby a more
accurate indication of the heat is obtained, and the permanent expansion
of the materials is reduced to the minimum.
Secondly. These improvements consist in the application of a pinion
and ratchet to the index spindle worked by a mill-headed knob or
handle situated at the back of the dial case, for the purpose of bringing
the index finger by hand back to the temperature of the atmosphere,
when owing to permanent expansion such index finger fails to return to
the starting point, and the application of a major and minor hand to
pyrometers, one hand being arranged by suitable mechanism to make
a complete revolution for every degree indicated by the other hand, the
dials in this case being divided into one hundred or one thousand, or
other required number of parts, and thus at every revolution of the
minor hand the major hand will only move one degree, but in its whole
revolution will indicate the total heat. This arrangement affords facility
for ascertaining the progress and degree of regularity in any heating
process.
•
For high temperatures I construct the stem of the pyrometer all in
one piece, with a platinum rod or wire down the centre connected to the
indicating mechanism, and to indicate the temperature of pans or vessels
into which it would be inconvenient to introduce a pyrometer. I utilize
the expansion of such pans or vessels for pyrometrical purposes by fixing
a bracket on cach side, and mounting the indicating mechanism between
the brackets.
I construct my blast pyrometer as follows:-I take a portable or fixed
tube, which may be applied to the plug hole of a furnace, and inside

page_text: this tube I fix a pyrometer (of any suitable construction), and allow the
heated air or gases to enter such tube at the bottom, and to escape at a
side opening at or near the end, or by an annular opening surrounding the
stem of the pyrometer. When this tube is a fixture I prefer to employ
a damper or cock or valve to shut off the blast, except at the moment
of ascertaining the temperature. In some cases I connect the blast
pyrometer to recording mechanism, consisting of a drum caused to
revolve by clock mechanism, against which drum a pencil or pointer
actuated by the pyrometer will record the temperature from time to
time, for which purpose the damper or cock or valve may be opened
periodically by an attendant, or automatically at stated period by means
of the clock in conjunction with an electro-magnet, or any suitable
arrangement of mechanism.
In order that this my said Invention may be more readily scen and
understood, I have hereunto annexed two Sheets of Drawings illustrative
of my said improvements.
Fig. 1 is a side view (partly in section) of a pyrometer suitable for
passing through brickwork, and which is so arranged that only that.
portion of the stem which is actually in the furnace, oven, or other
heating medium is utilized for pyrometrical purposes.
Fig. 2 is a front view, and Fig. 3 a side sectional view of a pyrometer
dial case shewing the application of a mill-headed knob or handle at
the back actuating a ratchet wheel, as herein-after described, for
bringing the index finger back to the starting point or zero, when
through permanent expansion it fails to return thither, and for adjus-
table purposes generally, and also shewing the application of a major
and minor hand indicating fractions of degrees or low temperatures,
thus indicating the progress and speed of any heating process more
sensitively.
Fig. 4 represents a pyrometer constructed with a platinum wire fixed
inside a metal, glass, or carthenware casing, the temperature being
indicated by the difference in expansion between the two materials
employed.
Figure 5 is a plan of a pan, boiler, cupola, or other receptacle of heated
liquids or fluids or other bodies into which it would be inconvenient to'
introduce the stem of a pyrometer, illustrating my method of utilising
the expansion of such vessel in itself for ascertaining the temperature of
its contents.

page_text: Figure 6 is a vertical section of a tube or casing connected to the
tuyere pipe of a blast furnace and containing a pyrometer to indicate the
temperature of the blast passing through such tuyere pipe.
Figure 7 represents an automatic recording pyrometer having a drum
connected to clockwork for ascertaining and recording periodically the
temperature of a hot blast or other fluids or liquids in motion.
Figure 8 is a vertical section (shewing the internal mechanism, and
Figure 9 an exterior view of my improved blast pyrometer arranged in a
portable form.
Figures 10 and 11 are vertical sections of two other modifications of
heat indicating mechanism, shown removed from their casing or sheath, as
herein-after described, ready to be utilised for other pyrometical purposes.
besides that of indicating the temperature of gases in motion.
In Figure 1A is a wrought-iron tube passing through the brickwork B
and having a brass or copper tube C screwed into it on the inner side of
the brickwork, as illustrated; D is a wrought-iron rod connected at one
end to a quadrant for actuating the index spindle, and which rod being
of the same material as the tube A it is evident that only that portion
of its length which extends beyond the mouth of such tube A into
the furnace or oven has any influence in indicating the temperature of
the furnace or oven by the difference in its expansion as compared.
with the brass or copper tube C, but any other materials which expand
unequally may be employed either in the form of rods or tubes, provided.
that the tube which passes through the brickwork is compensated for by
an inner tube or rod of the same material and length as the tube or
casing A.
In Figures 2 and 3 E is the index spindle carrying the index finger F,
disc wheel G, and mill-headed knob or handle H, all firmly secured upon
such spindle; I is a toothed pinion combined with a ratchet wheel J,
which is mounted loosely upon the spindle E, but is compelled to :
turn with it in one direction by the application of a spring pawl K
mounted upon the face of the disc wheel G and taking into the teeth of
such ratchet wheel J; the pinion I gears with the ordinary toothed
quadrant L, which is in contact with the internal tube or rod, upon the
expansion of which as compared with the external tube or rod the
indicating depends. This pinion acts upon the spindle E as if it was
fixed thereupon, but if, through permanent expansion of either of the

page_text: differently expanding materials employed in the construction of pyro-
meters the index finger F fails to return to the starting point, by turning.
the knob or handle H the spindle may be turned in the direction of the.
arrow without affecting the position of such pinion, as the spring.
pawl K permits the disc wheel G to turn independently in that. direction,
and thus the instrument may be adjusted to the greatest nicety.. When.
it is required to ascertain the degree of speed or regularity. in any.
heating process or the fractions of a degree of temperature I apply a
toothed wheel M to the spindle E gearing with a pinion N, which turns..
a pointer or finger O indicating upon a smaller dial, and thus a pyro-.
meter may be constructed with a minor hand O to turn completely
round for every degree or any given number of degrees indicated by the
other or major hand F.
In Figure 4 P is a platinum wire fixed at one end to the extremity of
the metallic, glass, or earthenware casing or stem Q, and connected at
the other end to the quadrant for actuating the index finger in the.
ordinary manner. This construction of pyrometer is useful for ascer-
taining the temperature of acids or liquids which would injuriously act
upon other combinations of materials.
In Figure 5, R is a pan or other vessel, to each side of which the
rigid metal brackets S, S¹, are affixed, to one of which brackets S the
indicator T is connected; between these brackets a connecting rod V,..
formed by preference of wood or other practically non-expansive material,
is placed, being attached to the bracket S¹ at one end, and to the
quadrant arm of the indicator T at the other end, so that as such pan
or vessel expands by the application of heat the degree of its expansion
is indicated by the index finger upon the dial plate of the indicator T,
and thus the heat of the contents of such pan or vessel may be ascer-
tained, when it would be impracticable to introduce the stem of an
ordinary pyrometer.
In Figure 6, V is the tuyere pipe of a blast furnace, and W a tube or
casing connected thereto, and designed to receive a pyrometer of any.
suitable construction. X is a damper which may be opened whenever.
it is required to ascertain the temperature of the blast, as it is not
considered expedient to have the blast constantly playing upon a
pyrometer.
13'
For recording the temperature of a hot blast or other fluids or liquids
in motion at stated. periods I employ. the arrangement represented?

page_text: by Figure 7, in which the damper or valve is opened periodically by.
means of the clock Y and electro-magnet Z, the electric contact
being established periodically by the use of a snail or cam, or upon the
spindle which carries the hour or minute hand of the clock, which snail
or cam depresses the spring rod at one portion of its revolution, so
acting upon the spring button or knob c, and connecting the two wires
d and e of the electro-magnet. Z together. This electro-magnet attracts.
the lever to which the damper X is connected, and so withdraws such
damper until the snail or cam a has revolved further round and released
the spring rod which withdraws the pressure from the spring button c,
and so instantly breaks the electric current, and allows the damper X to
spring back and close itself. The recording of the temperature is per-
formed by a toothed rack g mounted upon guide rollers, and gearing.
with a pinion fixed upon the index spindle of the pyrometer, and which
rack carries a pencil or marker at h, which records the temperature.upon
paper carried by the drum i which is caused to revolve by the clock
mechanism.
In Figures 8, 9, 10, and 11, the same letters of reference are used in all
the views to indicate similar parts. j is a tube or casing which may
be constructed of metal, earthenware, or other suitable material, by
preference of a tapered form, and contracted at the lower end, as
illustrated, in order that it may be introduced into the plug hole of a
tuyere pipe of a blast furnace, when it will rest upon the flange K, and
may be supported or held by the handle 7. In the upper end of this
tube or casing I form an. opening or openings m¹ for the escape of the
blast, and inside this tube I fix the stem of a pyrometer n, which is
screwed on to the shoulder O, so that the blast in passing through such
tube or casing j shall come in contact with the outside of the stem n of
such pyroneter, and so acting upon such stem will indicate the tem-
perature of the blast. For indicating the temperature of hot blasts I
prefer to use either a porcelain or earthenware rod p, as seen in
Figure 8, which is practically non-expansive inside a metallic tube or
stem n, which terminates in a spherical form, as illustrated, to resist the
action of the great heat which impinges upon it at that point. This
rod p is kept in contact with the lower end of the stem n by means of a
the spring 9 pressing upon the needle », resting upon the cylindrical
guide piece S which is in contact with the upper end of such rod, and
the top side of this spring is connected to the short arm of the toothed.

page_text: quadrant t, which gears with the pinion u upon the index spindle, so
that as the metallic stem n expands or lengthens the spring q causes the
needle to follow the guide piece S and rod p, pulling the short arm of
the quadrant after it, and thus moving the index finger upon
the dial
plate. Or I utilize the different expansion of metals by forming a spiral v
(as seen in Fig. 10) of two strips of such metal soldered together face
to face, and the upper end w of this spiral I attach to the side of the
stem or casing n, and its other end I connect to a rod x which extends
up to the index spindle, to which it is geared by a pair of bevilled
toothed wheels y so that as such spiral lengthens and uncoils under the
influence of heat its action shall be utilized for communicating a revolving
motion to the index finger, which thus indicates the temperature. Or
I employ a tube or stem n (as seen in Fig. 11) opening at the top into
a spherical or other suitable shaped chamber Z which communicates
with a Bourdon tube Z' and actuates the index spindle in the same
manner as when applied to a steam guage, and this stem or tube as well
as the chamber Z and Bourdon tube Z' I fill with air, oil, or mercury,
according to the purpose for which the pyrometer is intended to be
used, the expansion of which fluid or liquid causes a pressure which
actuates the Bourdon tube Z and so rotates the index finger. Although
these two modifications (Figs. 10 and 11) are shewn separately it will be
readily understood that in order to be used as a blast pyrometer they
require to be screwed into the sheath or casing j.
It will thus be seen that my portable blast pyrometer consists of a
casing or sheath j which is employed to, convey the blast in contact
with the outside of the stem n of a pyrometer complete in itself, and
fixed inside such casing or sheath at the upper end, and which pyro-
meter, although I prefer to use those described in reference to Figures 8,
9, 10, and 11, may be of any other suitable construction, and is capable
of removal from such casing or sheath to be employed for other pyro-
metrical purposes.
Having thus particularly described and ascertained the nature of this
my said Invention, together with the best methods with which I am
acquainted for carrying the same into practical effect, I desire it to be
understood that I do not confine myself to the precise details, relative
proportions or dimensions illustrated on the accompanying Drawing,
nor do I claim the use of any special materials or metals which expand

page_text: unequally, save and except as herein-after mentioned; but what I do
-claim,-
1st. Constructing pyrometers with a portion of the stem non-pyro-
metrical, as and for the purposes described and illustrated.
2nd. The combination of mechanism illustrated in Figs. 2 and 3 for
bringing the index finger back to the starting point, and the application
of a major and minor hand for the purpose described.
3rd. The combination of a platinum wire or rod with a metallic, glass,
'or earthenware casing for testing acids and other injurious liquids or
fluids, as described and illustrated.
4th. The method of utilizing the expansion of pans, crucibles, retorts,
and other vessels, into which it is inconvenient to introduce a pyrometer
of the ordinary construction, as illustrated and described.
5th. The use of a tube or casing affixed to the tuyere pipe of a blast
furnace or other pipe conveying gases or liquids in motion and commu- 1
nicating therewith by means of a damper or valve actuated by a block
simply or combined with an electro-magnet and recording mechanism,
as described and illustrated.
6th. The use of a portable tube or sheath for conveying the blast of a
furnace or other gases or fluids in motion in contact with the outside
of a pyrometer which is capable of removal from such tube or sheath,
as and for the purpose described and illustrated.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Henry Bailey, have here-
unto set my hand and seal, this Eighteenth day of November,
in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and 2
seventy-two.
Witness,
JOHN G. WILSON,
Patent Office,
71, Market St.,
Manchester.
W. H. BAILEY. (L.S.)