Year: 1885

page_text: I, WILLIAM LLOYD WISE, of N° 46 Lincoln's Inn Fields in the County of
Middlesex, Consulting Engineer, and Patent Agent, do hereby declare the nature
of this invention (a communication to me from abroad by Jackson Rae and
James Cradock Simpson, both of the City of Montreal, in the District of Montreal
and Province of Quebec, Dominion of Canada,) to be as follows:-
I give the description of the nature of this invention as communicated by my
correspondents as follows:-
"The law of electricity which has been discovered and the practical application
of which constitutes this invention is:-That all metals, or metal conductors, or
ways for electrical currents must be supersaturated by such currents before induction
can take place.
"From this the natural deduction is:-
"That the employment, as at present, of currents so large in volume as to
supersaturate the conductor is the cause of all troubles from induction.
"
It is therefore, proposed to use in all cases currents of such small volume as
cannot by any possibility supersaturate the conductor, these currents being at the
same time of high potential.
"These working currents may be produced by such apparatus as the secondary
coil of an inductorium or induction coil or their equivalent, suitably actuated, the
volume of the current being determined by the sectional area of the wire, the
potential by the strength of the exciting current used in connection with the primary
coil and the duration of the flow by the size of the bar magnet.
"The apparatus will consist of a bar magnet round which is wound the primary
coil, put in circuit with the battery, and a secondary coil, line, and record device
consisting usually of a stylus and prepared paper.

page_text: "The magnetization and de-magnetization of the bar will give alternating
currents, and any movement of the circuit breaker, (which may be a prepared
message,) affecting the line current will be reproduced by the record device.
"
'A polarized relay may be used when it is desired to receive messages by
sound.
"The battery may be cut off from the bar magnet and the magnetism still
remaining in it utilized with a circuit breaker to operate the record device.
"The prepared message may be a metal roller upon which any characters are
inscribed in insulating ink by one or two pens, these being worked by alternate
currents of opposite polarity produced by one or more batteries.
"Whilst the polarity is being changed both styluses when two are used rest
upon metal thus preventing the spark."

page_text: A Mode of Preventing Induction in Telegraphy, Telephony, and
the like, and Apparatus therefor.
I, WILLIAM LLOYD WISE, of N° 46 Lincoln's Inn Fields, in the County of
Middlesex, Consulting Engineer, and Patent Agent, do hereby declare the nature
of this invention (a communication to me from abroad by Jackson Rae and
James Cradock Simpson, both of the City of Montreal, in the District of Montreal
and Province of Quebec, Dominion of Canada,) and in what manner the same is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement:-
The object of this invention is to obviate to a large extent the troubles arising
from what is termed induction and the waste of electrical energy in all arts or
industries in which electricity plays a part.
A discovery has been made and communicated to me which will hereinafter be
referred to as "my discovery." It is that the quantity or volume of an electric
current (dependent upon the magnitude of its source) governs its power of producing
what is commonly called "induction," upon contiguous lines and that when such
induction is produced a loss or a retardation is suffered by the inducing current
which loss or which retardation will be greater or less as the source is larger or
smaller relatively to the line; and if the current be so small in volume as to find
all the conductivity it requires in the wire of the line it will not affect or trouble
contiguous lines unless through contact direct or indirect, that is to say, there will
be no induction troubles experienced in such contiguous lines.
By the word "magnitude" I mean the superficial area of the plates of batteries
or condensers or the surface measurement of the cross section of the ribbon or wire
of a dynamo-machine or of an induction or a Ruhmkorff coil.
In order to arrive at a clear understanding of this point I will refer to the
diagram, Figure 1, where the source from which the current is derived is of the
measurement of A and the conductor or line is of the relative magnitude of B. It
is then obvious that a current originating in A can find an easy road through a
circuit or line of the magnitude of B and that it will not seek its way to earth
through the air or through any insulator that may surround B, while such a way'
as B presents is open to it, nor will it quit the wire B to seek its way to earth
through the contiguous wires C D shown in diagram, Figure 2.
Again assuming the order to be reversed and that B represents the magnitude
of the source of the current A being the cross section of the line or conductor then
it is again obvions that the current derived from B will not find all the conduit it
requires in the line A and that it will seek and obtain such further accommodation
as its magnitude entitles it to in the atmosphere surrounding A and as air is a
poorer conductor than metal it will perforce have to seek the extra accommodation
it requires in a comparatively large extent of air as indicated by the dotted line E
in diagram Fig. 3. Should a contiguous line F fall within the space E that portion
of the current reaching F would naturally be diverted from its intended course

page_text: through A and pass to earth through Fand such instruments or apparatus as might
at the moment be in circuit therewith causing disturbances, such as are usually
attributed to induction, and loss of current from the line A.
Now when it is considered that a battery current from standard, or other cells
can produce disturbance upon lines contiguous to its own through several feet of
air it is certain that confusion must reign throughout a system of wires strung upon
the same poles, each having the power of disturbing in a greater or less degree all
the others. In the diagram Fig. 4 I show such a system and in diagram Fig. 5 the
action of a similar current passing through an insulated wire or cable.
Suppose A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H be telegraph line wires suspended from the
poles P and that they be in operation by means of quantity currents from ordinary
battery cells, that is by means of currents too large in quantity for the carrying
capacity of each wire. The line A will affect in the manner before described all
the wires within reach of its current as shown by its dotted circle and the other
wires B, C, D, &c, at the same time act upon such other lines as fall within the
reach of each, the natural result being in this instance that the confusion arising
from the induction from a single line is much aggravated.
My discovery will account for those interferences when the true nature of the
current in use is taken into consideration.
Again suppose A in Figure 5 to be one of the wires of a cable of insulated wires
as shown, or simply an insulated wire as in Figure 5a and further suppose the
insulation to be so perfect as to exclude the possibility of leakage then the action
of the current flowing through it may be considered in either of two ways. First
it may be supposed to be retarded in the manner attributed to the well known
Leyden Jar or condenser action, or again it may be understood by likening its
passage through the line to the flow of an elastic material such as air through a
rigid or nearly rigid tube. This explanation will apply to the arrangement of wires
shown in Figure 4 if the air surrounding the conducting wire be regarded as an
elastic tube that will open out to permit of the passage of a current too great in
volume for the conductivity of the line.
The phenomena commonly recognized as induction in telegraphy, &c, may be
considered simply as a leakage of current through air or other poor insulator
(or conductor) and when the insulation is perfect no such loss does or can occur,
the phenomena being then attributable to retardation by reason of the too great
quantity of the current as considered in connection with the conductivity or
carrying capacity of the line, this giving rise to what is known as "drag" or
tailinge."
66
This is however in any case a very serious defect and by the present invention
I show how useful work may be done at a distance by utilizing suitable currents,
so as to avoid induction troubles and the consequent loss of current. In describing
how the invention may be conveniently carried into practical effect I shall explain
the use for such purpose of known appliances to which and to the mode of working
herein shown I lay no claim save as hereinafter stated.
In Figure 6, 1, 1, are the induction coils, the secondary coils of which have one
end taken to the ground and the other taken to the line. 2, 2, are the keys;
3, 3, receivers included with primary coil in circuits of local batteries 4,4; 5, 5, being
the rheotomes.
It will now be clearly understood that in order to avoid loss of current and
induction, (the word being used in its very widest sense) all that is needed is to so
proportion the quantity of the current employed (its electro motive force being as
small or as great as the work to be done shall render desirable) to the conductive
capacity of the line that it may not reach or interfere with any neighbouring
conductor or with the earth.
By a consideration of Figure 7, in which A shows the magnitude of the source
of current, B that of the conductor or line and C that of the wire wound upon the
magnetic bar of a receiving instrument it will be readily understood how a current
of the magnitude of A may pass through the comparatively heavy wire B without

page_text: causing any disturbance in the contiguous wires D or E and yet produce magnetic
effects in its passage through the comparatively small wire C.
Suitable currents may be had from various sources, among which I will name
dynamo-electrical machines, Ruhmkorff and induction coils and their flow may
be steady or intermittent in either direction, or may be alternating or undu-
latory &c, &c, the kind of current and the direction it may be made to take
depending upon the nature of the work to be done.
The fact that the superficies of active surface of a standard battery will be
Usually 10 (ten) inches or more and that the sectional area of a source (where
induced currents are employed) suitable for telegraph work need never exceed
1/50th (one fiftieth) part of an inch will in itself show the difference of ordinary
telegraph work from that covered by my system.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of this inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what
I claim is :-
The mode or method of avoiding or lessening the results of induction by the
utilization of currents of volume less than the conductive capacity of. the wire or
conductor proper as fully herein set forth.