An Improved Method of and Apparatus for Welding by Electricity, and for other Operations in which Intense Local Heat is Required to be Produced.
Year: 1895

page_text: Date of Application, 16th Oct., 1895
Complete Specification Left, 16th July, 1896-Accepted, 22nd Aug., 1896
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
An Improved Method of and Apparatus for Welding by Electricity,
and for other Operations in which Intense Local Heat is Required
to be Produced.
1. ALBERT HIRSCH, of 23, Lüneburgerstrasse, Berlin, Germany, Engineer, do
bereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follow:—
My invention relates to apparatus more especially designed for electric welding
but applicable also for other operations involving the use of intense heat applied
locally.
The invention consists in an improvement in a system of welding such as is
described in the Specification of a Patent granted to Hugo Zerener, No. 18,523
of 1890, which may be distinguished from the Benardos, Thomson, and other
systems by the fact that the current does not pass through the articles to be
welded or operated on.
The essential object of my invention is to avoid the interference with the
formation of a flame whose temperature is graduated in the direction of its length
(similarly to that from a blow-pipe) which interference occurs, for example, when
a magnetic field is used for the purpose of deflecting the arc. The employment of
the magnetic field possesses the disadvantage referred to but its employment in the
case of oppositely arranged carbons is absolutely necessary while in the case of
obliquely convergent electrodes its employment has been hitherto deemed
indispensable. The employment of a magnetic field results, however, in such
a concentration of the incandescent gases surrounding the are as to prevent
the formation of zones of sensibly differing temperatures, any desired
variation in temperature requiring to be effected by means of correspon ling
variations in the intensity of the magnetic field. The use of a magnetic field,
morcover, necessitates the employment of electro-magnets involving a corre-
sponding waste of electric energy and an increase in the weight, handiness, and
cost of the apparatus.
Now I bave discovered that in apparatus in which the carbous or other electrodes
are placed in an obliquely convergent position relatively to one another, the
employment of a magnetic field is not ouly unnecessary as a means of rendering
the heat of the are available for welding or other purposes, but is positively
disadvantageous as preventing the formation of what may be called n " blow-
pipe flame having zones of sen-ibly differing temperatures, and it therefore
follows that the magnetic field may be advantageously dispensed with.
"
The special advantages resulting from dispensing with the magnetic field are
non condensation of the gases surrounding the arc and consequent utilisation of
the heat both of the arc and of the gases adjoining it; the production of a Haine
of the character required whose temperature varies with the distance from the
electrodes so that the article to be operated on may be subject to heat of varying
intensity, according to the requirements of the work, without adventitious aid;
and an economy of current.
My invention also consists in so mounting & operating the electrode that they
may be readily converged and separated and in providing means whereby the
electrodes may be so adjusted relatively to one another and conveniently
manipulated by one hand.
In one form the carbons are mounted in a pair of holders attached by means of
levers to a handle and normally held apart by the pressure of a spring and adapted

page_text: to be inclined or converged towards one another so as to reduce the distance
between their extremities by a thumb lever and link connection mounted on the
handle through which the leads extend to the terminals. This form of apparatus,
when used on a scale too large to be actually carried in the hand, may bo
suspended from above so as to be movable in any direction and instead of the
thumb piece being used for varying the inclination of the carbons, the link con-
nection may be actuated by a crank handle and toothed gear or other convenient
means.
In another form the carbon holders are supported so as to slide upon a rod and
are actuated by a pair of connecting rods whose ends are pivoted to the pins of
diametrically opposite cranks which are operated by a hand lever, provision being
made for balancing the weight of the tool which in use would be held under the
arm, a dise of coloured glass to protect the workman's eyes being adjustably
mounted on the framework of the tool.
Dated this 16th day of October 1895.
A. M. & WM. CLARK,
53, Chancery Lane, London, Chartered Patent Agents.
An Improved Method of and Apparatus for Welding by Electricity,
an for other Operations in which Intense Local Heat is Required
to be Produced.
1, ALBERT HIrsch of 23, Lüneburgerstrasse, Berlin, Germany, Engineer, do
hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the same is to be
performed to be particularly described and ascertain d in and by the following
statement: -
My invention relates to apparatus more, especially designed for electric welding
but applicable also for other operations involving the local application of intense
heat.
The invention consists in an improvement in a system of welding such as is
described in the Specification of a Patent granted in Hug Zerener No. 18,523
of 1890 which may be distinguished from other known systems by the fact that
the current does not pass through the articles to be welded or operated on and by
the employment of a magnetic field to deflect the voltaic are and apply the heat
where required.
The essential object of my invention is to avoid the interference with the
formation of a damn whose temperature is graduated in the direction of its
length (similarly to that from a blowpipe) which interference occurs when a
magnetic field is used for the purpose of deflecting the are. The employment
of the magnetic field possesses the disadvantage referred to but its employment
in the case of oppositely arranged carbons is absolutely necessary while in the case
of obliquely convergent electrodes its employment has also been deemed indis-
pen-able hitherto, The employment of a magnetic field results, however, in such
a concentration of the incandescent gases surrounding the are as to prevent the
formation of zones of sensibly differing temperatures, any desired variation in
temperature requiring to be effected by means of corresponding variations in the
intensity of the magnetic field. The use of a magnetic field, moreover, necessitates
the employment of electro-magnets involving a corresponding wasto of electric
energy and an increase in the weight, and cost, of the apparatus.
Now I have discovered that if the carbons or other electrodes be placed in an
obliquely convergent position relatively to one another, the employment of a
magnetic field is not only unnecessary as a means of rendering the heat of the

page_text: arc available for welding or other purposes, but is positively disadvant 1:cous as
preventing the formation of what may be called a "blow-pipe" flame having zones
of sensibly differing temperatures, and it therefore follows that the magnetic field
may be advantageously dispensed with.
The special advantages resulting from dispensing with the magnetic field are
non-condensation of the gases surrounding the arc and consequent utilization of the
heat both of the arc and of the gases adjoining it; the production of a flame of
the character required whose temperature varies with the distance from the
electrodes so that the article to be operated on may be subject to heat of varying
intensity, according to the requirements of the work, without adventitious aid;
and an economy of current.
My invention e msists therefore in dispensing with the magnetic field and also in
so mounting and operating the electrodes that they may be readily converged and
separated and in providing means whereby the electrodes may be so adjusted
relatively to one another and the tool supported so as to be conveniently
manipulated by one hand.
Various modifications of apparatus for carrying my invention into effect are
illustrated in the accompanying drawings forming part of this specification to
which reference must be had.
Figures and 2 shew two forms of instrument adapted to be manipulated as an
ordinary soldering iron.
Figures 35 and 6 show instruments adapted for shop use on large work.
Referring to Figures 1 to 4, A A' are the two convergent carbons mounted in a
pair of holders a a of which a is fixed adjustably by a slot and bolt connection to
the stem of the handle and a' is similarly fixed to the lever & pivoted to the end
of the shank. The holder a is connected by a link e with an elbow lever d
pivoted to the handle and acted on by a spring e which tends to separate the
carbon A from the carbon A, the movement in the opposite direction being
given by pressure on the thiol end of the lover which is placed close beside
the handle in position to permit of the operator readily regulating the
position of the one carbon with regard to the other by merely pressing on the
thumb lever.
The form of instrument shewn in Figure 2 allows of an uncommonly easy and
commodious working. In this case the carbon holders a a¹ are adjustably affixed
to levers pivoted to the end of the shank band projecting in opposite directions
therefrom, both of these levers being connected by links cc with lever arms, the
link being connected directly with an arm of the thumb lever d and the link c
being connected to a lever arm d' on a rock shaft mounted in the handle and to
which the lever d is fixed. A spring e acts on the lever d to separate the carbons
as before, both the carbon holders in this case receiving angular motion about the
pivots of levers and being moved simultaneously through the lever and link
connection, in the one direction by the spring e and in the other direction by the
pressure on the thumb lever d.
Figure 3 shews an apparatus of larger size in which the link and other gear for
adjusting the carbons is contained in a box suitably suspended in the workshop
with capability of being moved sideways and of being raised and flowered. The
carbon holders a a' are fixed, as in the last arrangement, to levers pivoted to,
and oppositely projecting trom, a pillar 9 at the upper part of which are mounted
two bevel wheels h face to face loose on a common axis and both in gear with a
bevel pinion on a shaft operated by a crank handle F. The levers b² are
respectively connected by links e c' each with a crank pin the one on the one
wheel and the other on the other so that by the revolution of the wheels h in
opposite directions the carbon holders will receive angular movement about the
pivotal centres of the levers for bringing the converging carbons together or
separating them.
Figure 4 also shows a suspended form of tool. In this case the two carbon
holders a a' are fitted to slide along a guile rol b fixed to a casing of flat form

page_text: and rounded off so that the operator can conveniently hold it under his left arm
while its weight is carried from above by a rope m ruming round a pulley carried
by the bracket which slides on a guide rod o so that the apparatus may be easily
sfid to and fro for the purpose of being balanced. The carbon holders in which
the enrbons are mounted in a constant angular position with regard to each other,
receive a sliding motion for separating and approximating the carbons by rods e el
which side in guides in the casing 7 and are connected by link
Pp to
diametrically opposite crank pins on a disc carried by a shaft, and
capable of being revolved by a hand lever d. r is a pivoted frame holding a
dise of colored glass to protect the workman's eyes froin the intense light. In
using this apparatus the operator has his right hand free for manipulating the
work.
Figures 5 and 6 illustrate a form of apparatus having the further advantage
that the plane of the carbous is normal to the main body of the apparatus so that
the operator has both carbons in view and can regulate with the greatest precision
the development of the are. In this example the two arms on which are
mounted the carbon holders a a' are attached to the end of the stem, the one
arm being fixed thereto and the other pivoted thereto at so as to be capable
of angular motion in the plane f the convergent carbons which plane is normal to
the stem. Alongside the stem ba shaft d' is mounted in arm and in a bracket s
the shaft terminating at one end in a cranked thumb piece of alongside the main
handle of the stem and at the other end in a crank arm which is connected by
a link with the hinged am so that by acting on the thumb piced with the
hand that hold, the handle the arm may be swung outwards, a shewn in
dotted lines, for the purpose of separating the points of the convergent carbons,
The weight of the appuiratus is carried by a Sling from an overlica point of
support.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of the said
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what
1 claum is :-
1. Apparatus for electric welding and other operations in which a flame of the
character described is produced without the use of a magnetic field to deflect the
are from convergent electrodes adjustable with regard to each other.
2. The respective apparatus constructed for operation substantially as herein
described with reference to the respective figures of the drawings, for producing a
flame of the character described by the employment of convergent electrodes
without the use of a magnetic field to deflect the are as described.
Dated this 16th day of July 1896.
A. M. & WM. CLARK,
53, Chancery Lane, Loudon, Chartered Patent Agents.