An Improved Process of Treating Bran and other Cereal Sub- stances for Obtaining Sugar, Starch, Food for Animals, Gum, and Paper.
Year: 1889

page_text: Date of Application, 15th Aug., 1889
Complete Specification Left, 15th May, 1890-Accepted, 5th July, 1890
IKUVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
An Improved Process of Treating Bran and other Cereal Sub-
stances for Obtaining Sugar, Starch, Food for Animals, Gum,
and Paper.
We, Dr. EDUARD STEIGER, of Unterstrass-Zurich, Lecturer, Dr. ERNST SCHULZE,
of Hottingen-Zurich, Professor, and CONRAD AUER-SCHOLLENBERGER, of Unterstrass-
Zurich Merchant, all in the Republic of Switzerland, do hereby declare the nature of
this invention to be as follows:-
This invention relates to the treatment of bran and similar material obtained in the
grinding, husking and mashing of cereals, with the object of utilizing the same for
the various purposes hereinafter described.
the
The process which constitutes the subject of this invention is based upon
discovery that in the bran and similar material obtained in the treatment of cereals
exists a carbo-hydrate which we term metaraban and which presents the following
characteristic features.
It is not soluble in water, in cold, highly diluted mineral acids, in cold diluted
alkali-lye, in diluted hot ammonia, in ammoniac copper, in a solution of diastase, or
in digestive liquids. When heated together with phloroglucine and hydrochloric
acid it gives a cherry-red liquor. When heated together with diluted mineral acids,
and with alkalies or alkaline earths, it is dissolved but undergoes a transformation.
The solution produced by the action of alkalies or alkaline earths, on adding hydro-
chloric acid and alcohol, gives a copious precipitation. The precipitated product,
purified by repeated dissolution in water and precipitation through the medium of
spirit of wine, and then dried above sulphuric acid, forms a white friable substance
which swells in water and will then gradually be dissolved. The solution will be
slightly laevogyrate in a polarizing instrument. On being heated together with
diluted mineral acids the metaraban is converted into sugar. The saccharine liquor
on being evaporated after it has been freed again from the acid, produces a plentiful
crystallization the product of which consists principally of arabinose.
From the metaraban, which is not identical with any of the carbo-hydrates hereto-
fore known, can be produced either a crystallized sugar, or a gelatinous substance
resembling gum arabic.
Now the present invention comprises a process by means of which this carbo-
hydrate, without necessitating its previous separation from the cellular membrane, is
obtained in the form of sugar or of a glutinous substance, and by means of which the
fibre from which it has been extracted is at the same time rendered suitable for
the manufacture of paper.
In carrying the said process into effect it is expedient, and in certain cases even
indispensable, to first free the bran or similar material from the alimentary substances,
more especially from the protein substances which are contained therein. This is
effected in the following manner.
The bran is boiled with a solution of about one per cent. of ammonia or culinary
salt for about three hours, the liquor obtained is expressed from the solid residue, it is
then evaporated in a vacuum, and the plates formed from the tenaceous material are
next dried to such an extent that they can be ground.
In lieu of the ammonia or the culinary salt, use can be made of a soda lye of about
half a per cent, with which the bran is digested for about twelve hours either in the
cold or with gentle heat.
The solution obtained. after having been expressed from the solid residue, is
neutralized by phosphoric acid, evaporated, dried and ground, Other acid may also

page_text: be used, but phosphoric acid is preferable, because the fodder meal obtained by it
becomes rich in phosphates which is very important for the nutrition.
Prior to the extraction of the fodder meal the bran and similar material is washed
in order to free the same from the starch adhering to it. This starch can afterwards
be mixed with the fodder meal obtained, or can be otherwise employed.
The bran freed in this or any other suitable manner from its alimentary substances
is now boiled with a dilute acid, preferably with sulphuric acid of at least one or
two per cent., for the purpose of separating the carbo-hydrate and for preparing the
cellular membrane for the manufacture of paper. By this means the carbo-hydrate
bound to the cellular membrane is converted into sugar which is dissolved in the
liquor present. The solution is neutralized by the introduction of carbonate of lime,
decolorized by means of bone-charcoal, and then evaporated.
From the concentrated solution then crystallizes the sugar which mainly consists of
arabinose which is incapable of attenuation.
The cellular membrane remaining after expressing the solution of sugar is adapted
for producing a very inferior fragile paper. In order to render it suitable for the
manufacture of a comparatively strong paper it is boiled with a diluted alkaline lye,
and is then treated like any other half-stuff used in the manufacture of paper.
If instead of the diluted sulphuric acid of one or two per cent. a much more diluted
(to per cent.) sulphuric acid is employed no sugar is obtained but a glutinous
substance which is soluble in water and resembles gum arabic, and which dissolves in
the liquor present. Similar glutinous substance is also produced if the cellular
substance bound to the carbo-hydrate is boiled with an alkaline lye in lieu of a highly
diluted acid. The solution obtained by one or the other means is expressed from the
cellular substance, neutralized in an appropriate manner, decolorized if desired with
hydrated oxide of lead or any other suitable agent, and then evaporated. A solid
substance is then obtained which has the properties of gum arabic and, like the latter
substance, is very adhesive.
The remaining cellular substance is worked directly with an alkali into paper in the
well known manner. In lieu of alkali use can also be made of lime or other alkaline
earth.
This glutinous substance may be regarded as an intermediate product in the manu-
facture of the sugar. If it is boiled with sulphuric acid of about two per cent., the
above mentioned saccharine solution is produced which is treated in the described
manner to form solid sugar.
Dated this 15th day of August 1980
HASELTINE. LAKE & Co.,
45, Southampton Buildings, London, Agents for the Applicants.
COMPLETE
SPECIFICATION.
An Improved Process of Treating Bran and other Cereal Sub-
stances for Obtaining Sugar, Starch, Food for Animals, Gum,
and Paper.
We, Dr. EDUARD STEIGER, of Unterstrass-Zurich, Lecturer, Dr. ERNST SCHULZE,
of Hottingen Zurich, Professor, and CONRAD AUER-SCHOLLENBERGER, of Unterstrass-
Zurich, Merchant, all in the Republic of Switzerland, do hereby declare the nature of
this invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly
described and ascertained in and by the following statement:-
This invention relates to the treatment of bran and similar material obtained in the
grinding husking and mashing of cereals, with the object of utilizing the same for the
various purposes hereinafter described.
The process which constitutes the subject of this invention is based upon the
discovery that in the bran and similar material obtained in the treatment of cereals
exists a carbo-hydrate which we term metaraban and which presents the following
characteristic features.

page_text: It is not soluble in water, in cold, highly diluted mineral acids, in cold diluted
alkali-lye, in diluted hot ammonia, in ammoniac copper, in a solution of diastase, or
in digestive liquids. When heated together with phloroglucine and hydrochloric acid
it gives a cherry-red liquor. When heated together with diluted mineral acids and
with alkalies or alkaline earths, it is dissolved but undergoes a transformation. The
solution produced by the action of alkalies or alkaline earths on adding hydrochloric
acid and alcohol, gives a copious precipitation.
The precipitated product, purified by repeated dissolution in water and precipitation
through the medium of spirit of wine, and then dried above sulphuric acid, forms a
white friable substance which swells in water and will then gradually be dissolved..
The solution will be slightly laevogyrate in a polarizing instrument. On being heated
together with diluted mineral acids the metaraban is converted into sugar.
saccharine liquor on being evaporated after it has been freed again from the acid
produces a plentiful crystallization the product of which consists principally of
arabinose.
The
From the metaraban, which is not identical with any of the carbo-hydrates
heretofore known, can be produced either a crystallized sugar, or a glutinous substance
resembling gum arabic.
Now the present invention comprises a process by means of which this carbo-
hydrate, without necessitating its previous separation from the cellular membrane, is
obtained in the form of sugar or of a glutinous substance and by means of which the
fibre from which it has been extracted is at the same time rendered suitable for the
manufacture of paper.
In carrying the said process into effect it is expedient and in certain cases even
indispensable, to first free the bran or similar material from the alimentary sub-
stances, more especially from the protein substances, which are contained therein.
This is effected in the following manner.
The bran is boiled with a solution of about one per cent. of ammonia or culinary
salt for about three hours, the liquor obtained is expressed from the solid residue, it is
then evaporated in a vacuum, and the plates formed from the tenaceous material are
next dried to such an extent that they can be ground.
In lieu of the ammonia or the culinary salt, use can be made of a diluted soda lye
of about half a per cent., with which the bran is digested for about twelve hours eitlier
in the cold or with gentle heat.
The solution obtained, after having been expressed from the solid residue, is
neutralized by phosphoric acid, evaporated, dried and ground. Other acid may also
be used, but phosphoric acid is preferable, because the fodder meal obtained by it
becomes rich in phosphates which is very important for the nutrition.
Prior to the extraction of the fodder meal the bran and similar material is washed
in order to free the same from the starch adhering to it. This starch can afterwards
be mixed with the fodder meal obtained, or can be otherwise employed.
The bran freed in this or any other suitable manner from its alimentary substances
is now boiled with a dilute acid, preferably with sulphuric acid of at least one or
two per cent.. for the purpose of separating the carbo-hydrate and for preparing the
cellular membrane for the manufacture of paper. By this means the carbo-hydrate
bound to the cellular membrane is converted into sugar which is dissolved in the
liquor present. The solution is neutralized by the introduction of carbonate of lime,
decolorized by means of bone-charcoal, and then evaporated.
From the concentrated solution then crystallizes the sugar which mainly consists of
arabinose which is incapable of attenuation.
The cellular membrane remaining after expressing the solution of sugar is adapted
for producing only a very inferior fragile paper. In order to render it suitable for
the manufacture of a comparatively strong paper it is boiled with a diluted alkaline
ye, and is then treated like any other half-stuff used in the manufacture of
paper.
10
If instead of diluted sulphuric acid of one or two per cent. a much more diluted
to per cent.) sulphuric acid is employed no sugar is obtained but a glutinona

page_text: substance which is soluble in water and resembles gum arabic, and which dissolves in
the liquor present. Similar glutinous substance is also produced if the cellular
substance bound to the carbo-hydrate is boiled with an alkaline lye in lieu of a highly
diluted acid. The solution obtained by one or the other means is expressed from the
cellular substance, neutralized in an appropriate manner, decolorized if desired with
hydrated oxide of lead or any other suitable agent, and then evaporated. A solid
substance is then obtained which has the properties of gum arabic and, like the latter
substance, is very adhesive. For the production of this glutinous substance the
previous separation of the proteine substances from the bran is not an indispensable
condition. Accordingly the bran can also be treated directly after the separation of the
substances containing starch in order to obtain the glutinous substance. The remain-
ing cellular substance is worked directly with an alkali into paper in the well-known
manner. In lieu of alkali use can also be made of lime or other alkaline earth.
This glutinous substance may be regarded as an intermediate product in the
manufacture of the sugar. If it is boiled with sulphuric acid of about two per cent.
the above mentioned saccharine solution is produced which is treated in the described
manner to form solid sugar.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of our said inven-
tion, and in what manner the same is to be performed, we declare that what we
claim is
"
First. A process for the better utilization of the bran and other waste resulting
from the treatment of cereals, which consists in treating the material, which is
previously freed from the starch and protein it contains, with diluted acid of at least
one to two per cent. expressing the resulting saccharine solution from the solid residue,
neutralizing and evaporating it and allowing it to stand for the purpose of crystallizing
the sugar; the expressed solid substance being however treated with alkaline lye in
order to render it suitable for the manufacture of paper.
Second. A modification of the above-mentioned process, which consists in treating
the material with or without the proteine or starchy substances contained in it from
the commencement with an alkaline or earthy-alkaline lye or a highly diluted acid of
at most 02 per cent. thereby producing on the one hand the solution of a glutinous
substance resembling gum-arabic, and on the other hand a fibrous substance adapted
to be used directly for the manufacture of paper.
Third. The transformation of the glutinous substance prepared as described in the
second claiming clause into sugar by boiling the same with acid of at least
two per cent.
Fourth. In the process characterized in the first and second claiming clauses the
removal from the waste of cereals to be worked on the one hand to obtain sugar or
glutinous substance respectively and on the other hand to obtain paper stuff, of the
proteine substances which it contains in such a manner that after washing out the
starch it is either boiled with a solution of ammonia or culinary salt or digested with
a weak alkaline lye in the cold or with gentle heat, the previously neutralized
solution being then expressed from the solid residue, evaporated, dried and pulverized
to form fodder meal.
HASELTINE, LAKE & Co.,
45, Southampton Buildings, London, Agents for the Applicant.