IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR. MIXING AND KNEEDING DOUGH AND OTHER INGREDIENTS, AND FOR WORKING THE SAME INTO BREAD, BISCUITS, AND OTHER PASTRY, AND ALSO APPLICABLE TO OTHER PURPOSES."
Year: 1870

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Stephen Norris, of 15, Gough Street, London,
W.C., and Thomas Griffiths, Lombard Exchange, London, for the
Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR. MIXING
AND KNEEDING DOUGH AND OTHER INGREDIENTS, AND FOR WORKING THE
SAME INTO BREAD, BISCUITS, AND OTHER PASTRY, AND ALSO APPLICABLE TO
OTHER PURPOSES."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Stephen Norris and
Thomas Griffiths at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents,
with their Petition, on the 25th June 1870.
We, STEPHEN NORRIS, of 15, Gough Street, London, W.C., and
THOMAS GRIFFITHS, Lombard Exchange, London, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY. OR APPARATUS.
FOR MIXING AND KNEEDING DOUGH AND OTHER INGREDIENTS, AND FOR WORKING
THE SAME INTO BREAD, BISCUITS, AND OTHER PASTRY, AND ALSO. APPLICABLE TO
OTHER PURPOSES," to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to the construction of an improved machine or
apparatus or combination of certain parts of machinery having for purpose.

page_text: and object the kneeding or mixing dough and pastry or other ingredients
of which bread, biscuits, pastry and other similar edible articles are usually
made and also applicable for mixing cocoa and washing potatoes]. To do
this in the most effectual manner that we are at present acquainted with
we proceed as follows:- -We use a trough or vessel of any shape and
size most suitable, which trough or vessel we surround by an outer case
or covering containing hot or cold water or other liquid suitable for the
purpose, or steam, or by other means, such as flannel or felt, most
suitable for the purpose of increasing or retarding or regulating fer-
mentation in its action or influence upon the contents of the trough
or vessel aforesaid. As it will be necessary in some descriptions of the
machine or apparatus where great weight is necessarily involved, we
propose to mount the said trough or vessel upon wheels of a shape and
size, and of such a number, and so arranged beneath it or in connection
therewith, either directly or indirectly, as to greatly facilitate its removal
from place to place; or the same can be effected by metal framework,
rails, levers, or other such like mechanical appliances, such as a frame
mounted on a truck or wheelwork, standards, or other uprights and
supports mounted either entirely or in part on wheels or in connection
with wheels or slides and horizontal bars or beams, or springs, of a
description most suitable to meet the requirements and exigencies of
any particular machine. We also erect portable or fixed framework or
supports consisting of standards or solid uprights made of cast metal
or other material or a combination of various classes of materials
formed strong enough and suitable for the purpose, the whole to be
bound together and made firm and strong enough to meet the strain and
bear the weight of and suitable to the size of the machine to which
it or them are applied by means of bands, either cross, horizontally,
vertically, or obliquely placed, of any suitable shape and size, or beams
or ornamental castings can be used therefor. In connection with the
larger description of machines we erect a vessel known as a hopper so
constructed as to be capable of being either fixed permanently to
or of being suspended or mounted on, wheels or by other convenient
mcans, or on the uppermost or any other convenient part of the
framework, or standards, or other parts in connection therewith, and in
some cases the hopper is made to run or slip backwards and forwards
or to and fro on wheels, slides, rails, rods, or bars, or other moveable or
oscilatorary frame or fixed work, or of being suspended to suitable parts
thereof, for the purpose of being moved into any position desired. We.

page_text: .
also construct and use another vessel called a tank or receptical to
contain water to be used for mixing with the contents of the trough
when required, or rubbish, stones; or other such like things can be used
when water is not prefered, this vessel, tank, or other receptical being
capable of being moved about in the same manner and by the same
or similar means as those described in connection with the hopper
as above, the purpose and intention of which is that the one or other,
either the hopper, tank, or other receptical when charged, the one
with flour or other ingredients, the second with water or other liquid,
or the third with rubbish, stones, or other articles aforesaid shall in
effect act as a counterbalance, counterweight, or poise, by means of
which the trough can be elevated or raised to a convenient position by
means herein after mentioned in respect thereto, from which it can be
cmptied of its contents; this is casily done when the trough is thus
clevated or raised, for the simple reason that the bearings and fulcrums
on which it is supported and turns is so placed on some of the said troughs
in such a position below its central lines both being drawn and taken
longitudinally and transversely thereto, whilst in others the said bearings
or fulcrums are so fixed as to ensure the upsetting or capsizing of the
said trough, thus allowing its contents to fall therefrom by releasing
certain pins, bolts, ketches, or other description of fastenings which are
in connection with the trough and the other parts or appliances in
connection with it. The trough can also be raised or clevated by other
means than the above, such as springs, bars, weights, pullies, and by
hydraulic or pneumatic power, and such trough, tank, or other the vessel
or counterbalance can be used as a motive power by the weight of its or
their contents or the action of the said counterbalances with which to
work the arms or blades herein-after mentioned.
To give an example of how the larger description of machine is used
we proceed as follows:-We place the trough under that part of the
machine called the hopper, and which contains the flour or other
ingredients of which the articles of food are to be made; the bottom part
of this hopper is so constructed as to open downwards and be fitted to it.
by means of pivots, hinges, or other suitable means, such bottom can be
constructed also with and of longitudinal, transverse, or other openings.
either with laths or strips so arranged either longitudinally or transversely
to the hopper and capable of such adjustment as that when it is desired.
nothing shall pass through it from the hopper into the trough or other--
wisc. It can be actuated by means of wheelwork, lever, sliding or other

page_text: mechanical means suitable for the purpose, and thereby made to shut
similarly to a Venetian blind when it is closed, or it can be constructed
of a series of rollers of various shapes, sectionally taken, the surfaces of
which are excentric to their centres, and so arranged longitudinally or
transversely to the said hopper or otherwise as may at any time be
determined upon, and so made to open, thereby allowing a free passage
for its contents, either in regulated quantities or otherwise as may be
desired; it can be closed again by some one or other of the means
adopted and above explained in respect to the laths or strips being
reversed in its or their action, and thereby have their surfaces brought
in contact with each other, or the same can be so arranged as to travel
in a continucous length over the trough on rollers or otherwise and so
discharge itself while so travelling..
There are other means of carrying this part of the Invention into
practical effect, such as allowing the hopper to be discharged of its
contents into a cylinder or other receiver, the same to be made to open
on its underneath side, or capsize, and so empty itself into the trough,
or otherwise, as may be desired for it to do; or such cylinder may be
considered as being a second hopper or recepticle and made to revolve
and travel over a tray or other receiver of its contents, and so become a
duster to the contents of the trough, or any other suitable means can be
adopted for the same purpose. The hopper may also be made with
shoots or openings in its sides or other parts, or it may be made to
throw open and so discharge itself. To prevent the contents of the
hopper pressing by force of its weight upon the arrangement of parts
refferred to as constituting the bottom part of the said hopper and
thereby retarding the passage of the contents of the trough stops, breaks,
shelves, or partitions or other means are adopted, and so arranged
interiorily as to suit the size, weight, and other exigencies of the
machine to which it is applied; and further to prevent the said contents
going into the mixing or kneeding machine in a lumpy or disadvan-
tagiously coarse condition for the purpose for which it is intended to be
used the bottom is supplied with a scries of revolving knife or other
shaped blades, or an Archimedian screw made (so to speak) in skeleton,
that is, in framework, or a series of knives so arranged as to appear in
general appearance like the parts of such screw, and running the entire
length of the hopper, or such screw can be made in parts, such parts
being made to revolve either in one or other or in alternate directions;
so also can the above knife-shaped blades be made and used, or the same

page_text: object may be carried out by placing a bar or framework underneath
and longitudinally to the hopper, on which is fixed or placed arms or
blades of any convenient and suitable shape and size, and being made to
move backwards and forwards or too and fro up through the bottom of
the hopper and in amongst its contents near the ports of egress, the
contents thereby being kept free from lumps; this is done by means of
rollers, levers, wheels, cranks, or a combination thereof, or by any other
mechanical or other means that will answer the purpose effectually; and
further such bar or framework can be constructed in connection with or
made adjustable to another bar or framework on which is cast, fixed, or
fitted another series of arms or stirrers of various shapes and sizes, but
larger than those above mentioned, so as to make them more effectual
in their operation, which is as follows:-They are made to dip down
into the contents of the trough for the purpose of kneeding or mixing
the same. These stirrers or arms are so fitted up, fixed, or adjusted upon
antifriction rollers or fulcrums in combination with frames, levers, or
wheels, or any of these combined that are found most convenient and
suitable for any particular machine to which they are applied, being
previously fitted to or in connection with either the trough itself or the
framework of the machine, or both combined, in such a manner as to
allow the stirrers or arms being made to oscilate or otherwise move
about in the contents of the trough, and that too as cither the whole all
togather can be so made to move or in part only, either in one direction
or in alternate and contrary directions, or in any other direction found in
practice most desireable for the kneeding or mixing the contents of the
trough, after which they are to be withdrawn therefrom, and by means
of pullies, ropes, guides, rails, wheelwork, levers, counterpoises, or
rackwork, or other arrangement connected therewith, placed in such a
position that they will be out of the way of the means and arrangements
adopted for removing the trough with its contents from the rest of the
machine or apparatus. In using the trough we proceed in the following
manner: We place it in such a position and fix it so under the hopper
as to receive its contents or so much thereof as is necessary for the then
And when we desiro
purpose of the quantity of goods to be made up.
to use the water from the tank above mentioned for the purpose above
set forth we do so by means of a supply pipe, tubes, shoots, or other
convenient means; we then bring the stirrers or arms into such a
position as that they can be made to dip into the contents thereof, and
we then begin agitating or working them therein by means of levers,
—

page_text: bars, rails, or other convenient means, and when such contents is duly
and sufficiently kneeded or mixed we withdraw the said trough by the
· means above mentioned, and in smaller sized machines by any other
convenient means, such as carrying the same, or by light mechanism
adapted to suit the size and weight of the contents of the trough; and
when we wish to finish the contents of the trough we return and fix it
with its contents in its former position under the hopper, and add the
remaining sufficient quantity of ingredients and water to finish the
operation of making up the quantity of goods required. The stirrers
aforesaid as used for mixing the contents of the trough is then brought
into the position mentioned previously, and made to again dip into this
second and the first part of its contents combined; they are again
agitated as before till the contents of the trough is ready for the next
operation. We then elevate or raise the said trough to such a position
as to render it easy of being capsized or placed in such other position as
to readily discharge itself of its contents; this is done by means of
arms, levers, pullies, or other mechanical means of attaching the said
trough to the framework or other ports of the machine, the hopper, tank,
or other receptical before mentioned, either separately or together, with
their contents answering the purpose of counterweights, counterbalances,
or poises, and by being made to move along or shift its or their position
on or in connection with parts of the framework or other parts of the
machine aforesaid to such a position and in such manner as shall by its
or their superior weight over the trough and its contents have the effect
of elevating it, this operation being rendered the more practical and easy.
by reason of the framework or other parts of the machine being fitted to
or on antifriction rollers, fulcrum frame, levers, or wheels, as mentioned
in respect to the said arms or stirrers, such antifriction rollers or other
the ports mentioned in connection therewith being fitted or otherwise
adjusted to the framework, supports, standards, solid uprights, or other
strong parts of the machine, and thereby rendered firm and strong
enough to bear against any strain consequent upon the action of the
parts and weight thereof. The trough when emptied of its contents is
lowered by reversing the means previously adopted for elevating it or by
other mechanical appliances suitable for the purpose; it is then either
used again as at first or removed from the machine, the same operation
as above described in respect thereto being carried out similarly with
every trough used. The trough at present in use by bakers can have
the stirrers or arms above mentioned adapted to them either by being

page_text: fitted or affixed thereto, or on the same, or to or on certain framework,
or both combined.
Another important feature in connection with this Invention is the
construction of machines of different shapes, either in connection with
a hopper, water tank, or other receptical, or otherwise, or the counter-
poises and weights, springs, or levers aforesaid, by which to elevate the
trough, the said machine being made to revolve by means of wheelwork
and crank handle or other convenient means, while some of them can be
made to pass their contents through a machine or on to a frame or board
such as herein-after mentioned in respect to the larger descriptions of
machine; there is also in connection therewith a plan for obviating the
necessity of the use of the ordinary rolling pin by one or more rollers,
either corrugated or plain on their surface being so arranged in the
trough on a board or other surface by means of wheelwork, levers, or
other suitable mechanical contrivance. The revolving machines afore-
said can have a scries of blades so adjusted to the inside thereof as that
when the dough or other contents shall fall about on them whilst the
same is revolving, and so be effectually kneeded or mixed; or this can
be done by means of arms or stirrers being placed, fixed, or cast on to a
frame or other work, and made to dip into the machine, and then being
agitated too and fro, either by hand or by the aid of wheelwork or other
suitable means.
Another most important part of this Invention is that the trough
of the larger kinds of machine can be emptied into another machine or
receiver or in or on to a frame or board, and therein or thereon its
contents be devided or moulded up ready for the oven by means of
suitable mechanism or other arrangement of parts.
It is to be clearly understood that steam and any other adaptible
motive power can be used to work the larger descriptions of machine or
machinery without us describing any particular class further than that
where it is possible to connect them with such motive power either by
bands, straps, or otherwise. Thus it will be seen that such articles
of food as are herein mentioned can be made either entirely or in great
part without the ingredients of which they consist being handled and
pulled about by human hands, as at present is of necessity the case,
and which is, to say the very least of it, a dreadfully disgusting
practice. It is therefore intended by this Invention to dispenso
with this filthy operation, which can be easily donc both in the manu-

page_text: facture of large or small quantities of such goods desired to be made
at any time.
As this Invention is applicable to a variety of different sized machines
having for object the meeting of the requirements of and resulting from
a variety of dissimilar circumstances, and therefore necessarily of a
variable character, it is therefore variably constructed to meet the
exigencies consequent thereupon.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Stephen Norris and Thomas Griffiths in the Great
Scal Patent Office on the 24th December 1870.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, STEPHEN
NORRIS, of 15, Gough Street, London, W.C., and THOMAS Griffitus,
Lombard Exchange, London, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Twenty-fifth day of June, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy, in the thirty-
fourth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give
and grant unto us, the said Stephen Norris and Thomas Griffiths, Her
special licence that we, the said Stephen Norris and Thomas Griffiths, our
executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as we, the said
Stephen Norris and Thomas Griffiths, our executors, administrators, and
assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to
time and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make, use, excrcise, and vend, within the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands,
and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR
APPARATUS FOR MIXING AND KNEADING DOUGH AND OTHER INGREDIENTS, AND FOR
WORKING THE SAME INTO BREAD, BUSCUITS, AND OTHER PASTRY, AND ALSO
APPLICABLE TO OTHER PURPOSES," upon the condition (amongst others)
that we, the said Stephen Norris and Thomas Griffiths, our executors
or administrators, by an instrument in writing under our, or their,
or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and
ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the
same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great
Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately
after the date of the said Letters Patent.

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Stephen Norris, on behalf of the
said Thomas Griffiths, do hereby declare the nature of our said Invention,
and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly
described and ascertained in and by the following statement:-
This Invention relates to the construction of improved machinery
or apparatus, having for its purposes and object the kneading and
mixing dough and pastry or other ingredients of which bread, biscuits,
pastry, and other similar edible articles are usually made, being also
applicable for mixing cocoa and washing potatoes. To do this in the
most effectual manner that we are at present acquainted with wo
proceed as follows:-We use a trough or vessel of any shape and size
found most suitable for containing the quantity of ingredients to be
kneaded or mixed therein, which trough or vessel we surround by an
outer case or covering containing hot or cold water or other liquid
suitable for the purpose, or steam, or by other means found most
suitable, such as flannel or felt, for the purpose of increasing, retarding,
or regulating fermentation in its action or influence upon the contents
of the trough or vessel aforesaid. As it will be necessary in some
descriptions of the machine or apparatus where great weight is neces-
sarily involved, we propose to mount the said trough or vessel upon
wheels and running upon rails if necessary of a shape and size and to
render it portable, of such a number and so arranged beneath it or in
connection therewith, either directly or indirectly, as to greatly facilitate
its removal from place to place; or the same can be effected by metal
framework, rails, levers, or other such like mechanical appliances, such
as a frame mounted on a truck moved on wheelwork or laid at rest on
standards or other uprights and supports mounted either entirely or in
part on wheels, or fixed in position or in connection with wheels or
slides and horizontal bars or beams, or springs of a description found
in practice to be most suitable to meet the requirements and exigencies
of any particular machine. In the larger description of machines we
fit a hopper on the upper part of the framework or standards, or the other
parts in connection therewith, and in some cases the hopper is made to
run or slip backwards and forwards to and fro on wheels which run on
rails, or may be suspended to suitable parts of such framework for the
We also fit and use
purpose of being moved into any position desired.
another vessel called a tank, or other receptacle to contain water to be
used for mixing with the contents of the trough when required, or
rubbish, stones, or other such like materials can be used when water

page_text: is not preferred; this vessel, tank, or other receptacle being capable of
being moved about in the same manner as described with regard to the
hopper, the purpose and intention of which is either that the hopper,
tank, or other receptacle when charged, the one with flour or other
ingredients, the second with water, the other with rubbish, stones, or
other articles, shall in effect act as a counterbalance, by means of which
the trough can be elevated or raised to a convenient position by means
herein-after mentioned, from which position it can be emptied of its
contents; this is easily done when the trough is thus elevated or raised,
for the simple reason that the bearings and fulcrums on which it is
supported and tips over are placed in such a position as to ensure the
upsetting or capsizing of the said trough, thus allowing its contents to
fall therefrom by releasing pins, bolts, catches, or other convenient
description of fastenings which are in connection with the trough and
the other parts or appliances in connection with it. The trough can
also be raised or elevated by other means than the above, such as
springs, levers, weights, pullies, or by hydraulic or pneumatic power, and
the trough, tank, or other vessel, or counterbalance can be used as a
motive power by the weight of its or their contents, or the action of
such counterbalances with which to work the arms or blades herein-after
mentioned, used in connection with the trough, as also those in connee-
tion with the hopper together or separately as may be required.
To give an example of how the larger description of machine is used
we proceed as follows:-We place the trough under that part of the
machine called the hopper, and which contains the flour or other
ingredients of which the articles of food are to be made, the bottom
part of the hopper being so constructed as to open downwards, and be
fitted to it by means of pivots, hinges, or other suitable means, such
bottom can also be constructed with longitudinal, transverse, or other
openings, either with laths or strips so arranged either longitudinally
or transversely to the hopper, and capable of such adjustment as that
when it is desired nothing shall pass through it from the hopper into
the trough, or otherwise it can be actuated by means of wheelwork,
levers, sliding or other mechanical means, and thereby made to shut
similarly to a Venetian blind when it is closed, or it can be constructed
of a series of rollers of various shapes, sectionally taken, the surfaces of
which are eccentric to their centres, and so arranged longitudinally or
transversely to the said hopper or otherwise as may at any time be
determined upon, and so made to open as to allow a free passage for its

page_text: contents, either in regulated quantities or otherwise as may be desired;
it can be closed again by some one or other of the means adopted and
above explained in respect to the laths or strips being reversed in it or
their action, and thereby have their surfaces brought into contact with
cach other, or the same can be so arranged as to travel in a continuous
length over the trough or rollers or otherwise, and so discharge itself
while so travelling.
There are other means of carrying this part of the Invention into
practical effect, such as allowing the hopper to be discharged of its
contents into a cylinder or other receiver, the same to be made to open
on its under side or capsize and so empty itself into the trough or
otherwise as may be desired for it to do; or such cylinder may be con-
sidered as being a second hopper or receptacle, and made to revolve and
travel over a tray or other receiver of its contents, and so become a
duster to the contents of the trough, or any other means can be adopted
for the same purpose. The hopper may also be made with shutes or
openings in its sides or other convenient parts, as it may be made to
throw open and so dischargo itself. To prevent the contents of the
hopper pressing (by force of its weight) upon the parts referred to as
constituting the bottom part of the said hopper, and thereby retard the
passage of its contents, stops, breaks, shelves, partitions, or other means
are adopted, and so arranged inwardly as to suit the size, weight, or other
exigencies of the machine and its contents to which any of them is
applied. And further to prevent the contents passing into the mixing
or kneeding machine in a lumpy or coarse condition, the bottom of the
hopper is supplied with a series of revolving or oscillating knife or other
shaped blades interiorly arranged as to appear in general appearance
like the outline of an Archimedcan screw, and running the entire length
of the hopper; or such screw arrangement of knives or blades can be
made in parts, such parts being made to revolve either in one or other
or in alternate directions. Or the same object may be carried out by
placing a bar or framework exteriorally underneath and longitudinally to
the hopper, on which framework is fixed or placed arms or blades of
any
convenient and suitable shape and size, and being made to move
backwards and forwards, or to and fro up through the bottom of the
hopper, and in amongst its contents near the parts of egress, the
contents thereby being moved about and kept free from lumps. This
is capable of being done by means of rollers, bevels, wheels, cranks, or a

page_text: combination thereof. And further, such bar or framework can be in
connection with or made adjustable to another bar or framework, on
which is cast, fixed, or fitted another series of arms or stirrers of various
shapes and sizes, but larger than those above mentioned, so as to make
them more effectual in their operation, which is as follows:-They are
made to dip down into the contents of the trough for the purpose of
kneading or mixing the same. These stirrers or arms are so fitted up,
fixed, or adjusted upon antifriction roller or fulcrum frames, levers, or
wheels, or of any of these combined that are found most convenient and
suitable for any particular machine to which they or any of them are
to be applied, and being previously fitted to or in connection with either
the trough itself or the framework of the machine, or to bothe com-
bined, in such a manner as to allow the stirrers or arms being made to
oscillate or otherwise move about in the contents of the trough, and that
too as either the whole all together can be made so to move, or in part
or parts only either in one direction, or in alternate or in contrary
directions, or in any direction found most desirable for the efficient
kneading or mixing the contents of the trough, after which they are to
be withdrawn therefrom, and by means of pullies, ropes, girders, rails,
wheelwork, levers, counterpoises, or other arrangement connected there-
with, placed in such a position that they will be out of the way of the
means and arrangements adopted for removing the trough with its
contents from the rest of the machinery or apparatus.
-We place
In using the trough we proceed in the following manner :-
it in such a position and fix it in such a position under the hopper as to
receive its contents, or so much thereof as is necessary for the then
purpose of the quantity of goods to be made up; and when we desire to
use the water from the tank above mentioned for the purpose above set
forth we do so by means of a supply pipe, tubes, shoots, or other con-
venient means; we then bring the stirrers or arms into such a position
as that they can be made to dip into the contents thereof; we then
begin agitating or working them by means of handles, levers, bars, sails, or
other convenient means, and when such contents are duly and sufficiently
kneaded or mixed we withdraw the said trough by the means above
mentioned, and in the smaller size machines by any other convenient
means, such as carrying the same, or by light mechanism adopted to
suit the size and weight of the contents of the trough; and when we
wish to finish the contents of the trough we return and fix it with its

page_text: contents in its former position under the hopper, when a hopper is used,
and add the remaining sufficient quantity of ingredients and water
thereto to finish the operation of making up the quantity of goods
required. The stirrers aforesaid as used for mixing the contents of the
trough are then brought into the position mentioned previously, and
they are made again to dip into the second and first parts of its contents
combined; they are again agitated as before till the contents of the
trough are ready for the next operation. We then elevate or raise
the said trough to such a position as to render it easy of being capsized
or placed in such other position as to readily discharge itself of its
contents. This is done by means of arms, levers, pullies, or other
mechanical means of attaching the said trough to the framework or
other parts of the machine, hopper, tank, or other receptacle before
mentioned, either separately or together with their contents, answering
the purpose of counterweights, counterbalances, or poises, and by being
made to move along or shift its or their position on or in connection
with parts of the framework or other parts of the machine aforesaid to
such and in such position as it or they shall by its or their superior
weight over the trough and its contents have the effect of elevating it,
this operation being rendered more practical and easy by reason of the
framework or other parts of the machine being fitted to, cast in, or
adjusted to an antifriction roller, fulcrum frame, levers, or wheels, as
mentioned in respect to the said arms or stirrers, being sometimes in
combination therewith, such antifriction roller or other the parts men-
tioned therewith being fitted or otherwise adjusted to the framework,
supports, standards, solid uprights, or other strong parts of the machine,
and thereby rendered firm and strong enough to bear against any strain
consequent upon the action of the parts and weight thereof. The trough
has fulcrums which are placed thereto below its centre lines taken
longitudinally and transversely, and so adjusted by openings or other
suitable means in or to arms, levers, pullies, or other mechanical means
adapted, that when the trough is elevated sufficiently by releasing certain
catches for securing the trough to the same levers or other mechanical
means it shall by its weight capsize or take such a position for the
purpose of emptying itself into a vessel or upon other kind of receiver,
and from which it passes in the case of bread, biscuits, and such like
articles to frames, moulds, or other suitable appliances adapted for the
purpose of making or moulding the same into the shape or form required,
The trough when thus emptied of its contents is lowered by mechanical

page_text: appliances suitable for the purpose; it is then either used again as at
first or removed from the machine, this description being applicable to
every trough used. The trough at present in use by bakers can have
the stirrers or arms above mentioned adopted to them either by being
fitted or affixed thereto or on the same, or to or on certain framework, or
both combined, and other parts of this Invention are capable of being
adapted to such troughs.
Another important feature in connection with this Invention is the
construction of machines of different shapes and sizes either in con-
nection with the hopper, water tank, or other receptacle herein referred
to, or the counterpoise and weights, springs, or levers aforesaid by. which
the trough is elevated, while some of them can be made to pass their
contents through a machine, or on to a frame or board such as hercin
mentioned in respect to the larger descriptions of machine. There is
also in connection therewith a plan for obviating the necessity of the
use of the ordinary rolling pin by one or more rollers, either corrugated
or plain on their surfaces, being so arranged in a trough on a board or
other surface, and actuated by means of wheelwork, levers, or other
suitable mechanical contrivance. The machines aforesaid can have a
series of blades so adjusted to the inside thereof as that when the dough
or other contents thereof shall fall about on them whilst the same are in
motion, and so be effectually kneaded or mixed; or this can be done by
means of arms or stirrers being placed, fixed, or cast into a frame or
other work, and made to dip into the machine, and then being agitated
to and fro either by hand or by the aid of wheelwork or other suitable
means.
Another important part of this Invention is that the trough of the
larger kinds of the machine can be emptied into another machine or
receiver, or in or on to a frame or board, and therein or thereon its
contents can be divided or moulded up ready for the oven by means of
suitable mechanism.
As this Invention is applicable to a variety of different sized machines
having for object the meeting of the requirements of various circumi-
stances, the construction necessarily varies in regard to the description
and dimensions of machines.
Having now described our Invention for "Improvements in Machinery
or Apparatus for Mixing aud Kncading Dough and other Ingredients,
and for Working the same into Bread, Biscuits, and other Pastry, and

page_text: also applicable to other Purposes," and explained the manner of carrying
the same into effect, we wish it to be understood that we do not confine
ourselves to the mechanical arrangements above described without
departing from the nature and object of our Invention; but what we
claim is,-
1st. The general arrangements, construction, and combination of parts,
together or separately as described, in accordance with the particular
objects to be obtained either in large or small machines for mixing and
kneading dough and other ingredients to be worked into bread, biscuits,
and other pastry, but more especially I claim such arrangements, con-
struction, and combination of parts in reference to tilting, tipping, or
upsetting the contents of the trough when kneaded.
2ndly. In reference to the arrangement of the hopper and tank or
counterbalance capable of moving along rails or of being otherwise
moved from or to the fulcrum of the hopper, so as to exercise its due
leverage.
And, 3rdly. In reference to the oscillating or dipping stirrers, kneaders,
or blades, and their elevation or depression from or into the trough, thus
obviating rotary or revolving motion and the necessity of toothed wheel
gearing, all substantially to all intents and purposes as herein specified.
In witness whereof, I, the said Stephen Norris, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Twenty-fourth day of December, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy.