matthewleechen/300YearsOfBritishPatents huggingface dataset:
IMPROVE- MENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF SUGAR, AND IN THE APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN, ALSO IN THE APPARATUS EMPLOYED IN RE-BURNING ANIMAL CHARCOAL.
Year: 1861

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to James Duncan, of Greenock, in the County of
Renfrew, North Britain, Sugar Refiner, for the Invention of "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF SUGAR, AND IN THE APPARATUS EMPLOYED
THEREIN, ALSO IN THE APPARATUS EMPLOYED IN RE-BURNING ANIMAL
CHARCOAL.
19
Sealed the 25th February 1862, and dated the 28th August 1861.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said James Duncan at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
28th August 1861.
I, JAMES DUNCAN, of Greenock, in the County of Renfrew, North Britain,
Sugar Refiner, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IM-
PROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF SUGAR, AND IN THE APPARATUS EMPLOYED
THEREIN, ALSO IN THE APPARATUS EMPLOYED IN RE-BURNING ANIMAL CHARCOAL,"
to be as follows, that is to say:
This Invention relates to the arrangement and construction of the apparatus,
and to the processes employed in the manufacture of refining sugar.
Under one modification the vacuum pan is arranged and constructed with a
series of discs, either solid or hollow tubes, or other generally similar surfaces.
These discs or equivalent surfaces are arranged within the vacuum pan in such

page_text: a manner as to admit of rotatory or other motion being communicated thereto;
the object of fitting these rotatory or moveable surfaces within the pan being
that of the keeping down the temperature during the boiling operation.
Another of the present improvements consists in counteracting the alkalinity
of the sugar solution by means of sulphurous acid, which is added in suffi-
cient quantity to neutralize the amount of alkali contained in the saccharine
solution.
This Invention also comprehends an improved mode of re-burning animal
charcoal which has been used in the refining of sugar.
Under one modification the retort or vessel in which the charcoal is con-
tained is fitted with a central longitudinal rod or bar having a series of
scrapers or vertical discs fitted to it. Motion is communicated to this rod by
means of suitable gearing, so as to cause it to move to and fro, as well as rise
and fall. In this way the rod with its scrapers is caused to move both
longitudinally and vertically, and so cause the charcoal to be pressed forward
by the action of the scrapers, and thus render the process of burning con-
tinuous. As the rod with its scrapers moves to and fro in its elliptical path, it
continually brings forward and exposes a fresh supply of the animal charcoal
to the heated surface of the retort, thus effecting a considerable saving of time
as compared with the ordinary mode.
IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR ADMINISTERING MEDICATED AND VOLTAIC BATHS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Henry Johnson at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 5th March
1861. A communication from abroad by Edmond Hiffelsheim, Gustave
Hagen, and Paul Baudet, all of Paris, in the Empire of France.
I, JOHN HENRY JOHNSON, of 47, Lincoln's Inn Fields, in the County of
Middlesex, and of 166, Buchanan Street, in the City of Glasgow, North
Britain, Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR ADMINISTERING MEDICATED AND VOLTAIC
BATHS," a communication from abroad by Edmond Hiffelsheim, Gustave
Hagen, and Paul Baudet, all of Paris, in the Empire of France, to be as
follows:-
This Invention relates to the administering of medicated and voltaic baths,.
and consists in the employment of a bath provided with a lining of gutta
percha or other non-conductor of electricity, the shape of the bath being, by
preference, made to conform to that of the human figure to a certain extent.
In order to admit of the greater portion of the head of the patient being sub-
merged, it is proposed to fix inside the head of the bath an adjustable support
or holder for the back of the head, such support, being made of non-conducting
material, and being capable of adjustment, either by the patient himself or by
an attendant, so as to regulate the amount of immersion of the head. One
pole of the battery is connected by a submerged plate with the water of the
bath, whilst a wire connected with the other pole, and provided with a suitable

page_text: knob or handle held in the hand of the patient, completes the circuit.
Suitable arm rests or supports are fitted inside the bath for supporting the
arm or arms of the patient, and the usual well-known instruments may be
employed for measuring or indicating the direction, intensity, and quantity
of the electric current.
IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR SPINNING AND DOUBLING COTTON AND OTHER FIBROUS MATERIALS
Year: 1861

page_text: :
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Asa Bradbury at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 15th April
1861.
I, ASA BRADBURY, of Oldham, in the County of Lancaster, (Manager,)
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
MACHINERY FOR SPINNING AND DOUBLING COTTON AND OTHER FIBROUS MATERIALS,"
to be as follows:-
This Invention applies to that class of spinning and doubling machinery
called "self-acting mules," "twining jennies," and other similar machines, and
consists in self-acting contrivances for regulating or governing the winding on
of the threads or yarns in such machines. This is accomplished by the use of
a grooved pulley, in the rim of which steel pins or pegs are inserted (or notches
cut), working on a fixed stud. This pulley is attached to the square of the
carriage, and moves backwards and forwards with the same. A small grooved
pulley (working loose upon its stud) is fixed in the back part of the frame of
the headstock, so as to be in a line with the notched pulley. In the boss of the
small bevil wheel or mitre which works the "quadrant screw" a groove is cut
(or a small whorl may be attached), so as to admit of a band to drive the
same. An endless band passes round the groove of the pegged pulley, also
the fixed pulley at the back of headstock, and the bevil wheel which works
the "quadrant screw." A lever or rod working on a pivot attached to the
square of the carriage is suspended over the pegged or notched pulley, and has

page_text: a projection or catch, which, when the lever falls, comes in contact with the
pegs or notches of the said pulley, thereby arresting its revolution, thus
causing the band to act upon the small bevil wheel, which being so acted on
turns the "quadrant screw," and slackens the winding-on chain, as required.
This lever is raised and lowered by the motions of the fallers in the following
manner :-To the end of this lever a small pulley is attached (by a moveable
fixing), round which a chain or band is passed, the ends of which are fastened
to brackets fixed to the top and counterfaller rods respectively. This chain
or band is attached to the top faller in a peculiar manner, that is, instead of
passing in a direct line from the bracket to the pulley of the lever, it is made
to assume a curved form by being thrown or carried over a stud or studs pro-
jecting from the said bracket. This curve may be enlarged or diminished as
required by moving the said stud or studs.
The object and use of suspending the lever in this method is, that the catch
may be more speedily put in and out of gear with the pegs or notches of the
pulley by the rise and fall of the top faller. In this manner the "quadrant
screw" is more acted on when the form of the cop requires it, thus regulating
and accommodating its action to the chase of the
cop.
AN IMPROVED INSTRUMENT TO BE FIXED ON THE BAYONET OR MUZZLE OF A RIFLE FOR ESTIMATING DISTANCES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Edgar Corke at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 13th April
1861.
I, EDGAR CORKE, of Southborough, Tonbridge Wells, in the County of
Kent, Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"AN IMPROVED INSTRUMENT TO BE FIXED ON THE BAYONET OR MUZZLE OF A
RIFLE FOR ESTIMATING DISTANCES," to be as follows:-
My improved instrument is intended for fixing on the bayonet or muzzle of
a rifle, the object being to place it as far from the eye as possible, so that the
object to be aimed at shall entirely fill the aperture of the instrument or
guage to the exclusion of all surrounding objects. It consists of a guage
with a central aperture, the sides of which are divided with scales of
distances ranging from fifty yards upwards. The lower end of the said
guage terminates with a clip suitable for attaching the instrument temporarily
to the bayonet muzzle or other part of a rifle. The back of the guage is
furnished with a vertical slide, by elevating or lowering of which the object
aimed at may be brought exactly to fill the vertical heighth of the aperture
in the guage. The scale on one side of the guage is arranged for six feet,
and on the other side for eight feet objects, being about the respective heights
for infantry and cavalry.
IMPROVEMENTS IN PHOTOGRAPHY
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Michael Henry at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 27th February
1861. A communication from abroad by Gaspard Félix Tournachon,
called Nadar, Photographer, of Paris, France, (33, Boulevard Saint
Martin.)
I, MICHAEL HENRY, of 84, Fleet Street, in the City of London, Patent
Agent, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN PHOTOGRAPHY," communicated to me from abroad by Gaspard Félix
Tournachon, called Nadar, Photographer, of Paris, France, (33, Boulevard
Saint Martin,) to be as follows:-
According to this Invention I combine the employment of electric light or
of gaslight with Moitessier's mode of obtaining positives or positive photo-
graphs, photographic proofs, or impressions. By these means the artist can
photograph without being dependant on solar light, and the artificial light
employed in this Invention can be controlled, so that proofs may be obtained
of various effects and faulty negatives corrected; effects can be rendered more
distinct by throwing an excess of light on parts where it may be necessary,
and darks can be toned down by shutting off or intercepting the luminous rays
The artificial light can be applied instead of solar light on the
magnifying object glass, or lens in taking natural size images; moreover by
these means the operator dispenses with a separate room for preparing and
developing his plate as he can direct the circumscribed rays of the reflector on

page_text: the objectivity (objectivité), for the use of this artificial light permits the per-
formance of various operations that have hitherto been performed away from
the room exposed to the full daylight. I propose to modify, as follows,
Moitessier's method to adapt it for purposes of taking positives by artificial
light. Hitherto in known processes frames only have been employed, whereas
I propose to use two dark chambers, in one of which are placed the negative
plates, or stereotype plates, or clichés, and in the other chamber are placed
the glasses treated with collodion intended for the reproduction of the positive
stereotype or cliché. The two dark chambers are placed opposite one another,
and the space between them is kept dark by a covering; the chambers can be
brought mutually nearer or farther according to the sizes to be produced; the
light is placed in front of the first dark chamber and concentrated by a
reflector on the negative plate, stereotype plate, or cliché.
IMPROVEMENTS IN UNBRELLA AND PARASOL FURNITURE, AND IN THE MEANS OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED IN TREATING UMBRELLA AND PARASOL FURNITURE, PARTS OF WHICH ARE ALSO APPLICABLE IN HEATING STEEL WIRE RIBS, RODS, OR TUBES FOR OTHER PURPOSES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by George Holme Spencer and
Richard George Cook at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents,
with their Petition, on the 2nd February 1861.
We, GEORGE HOLME SPENCER and RICHARD GEORGE COOK, of Hathersage,
in the County of Derby, Manufacturers, do hereby declare the nature of the
said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN UNBRELLA AND PARASOL FURNITURE, AND
IN THE MEANS OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED IN TREATING UMBRELLA AND PARASOL
FURNITURE, PARTS OF WHICH ARE ALSO APPLICABLE IN HEATING STEEL WIRE RIBS,
RODS, OR TUBES FOR OTHER PURPOSES," to be as follows:-
One part of the improvements consists in giving to the ends of the ribs a
neater appearance and additional strength by the formation of a groove with
the hole or eye in the centre thereof by which increased strength is obtained.
The tips or ends of the umbrella and parasol ribs heretofore have been
flattened to admit of the hole or eye, by which process the wire loses much of
its original strength, and is liable to break.
In the Drawing, Figures 1, 2, and 3 show different views of the hubb or
first tool; Figures 4 and 5 show the side and face of the die or bed, and
Figures 6 and 7 the front and end views of a rib complete. Also, the im-
provements relate to means for heating steel wire and tubes, also ribs and
stretchers of umbrellas and parasols for the purpose of hardening the same.
For this purpose the parts are placed in cylinders or tubes of iron, or other
suitable material which are in their transverse sectional figure divided into
two, three, or more parts, forming chambers or compartments, and are by

page_text: these means held whilst traversed and repeatedly turned in the furnace, by
which the heat will have a more regular effect upon the parts held therein.
We are thereby enabled to heat a much greater quantity in the same amount
of time, and effect a saving of fuel over the use of the ordinary tubes or
cylinders used for the purpose, and with much more regularity. In like 5
manner may steel wire ribs, rods, or tubes for other purposes be trented.
IMPROVE- NENTS IN THE PREPARATION AND CLARIFICATION OF THE SACCHARINE MATTERS OBTAINED FROM BEETROOT, SUGAR CANE, INDIAN MILLET, AND OTHER SACCHARIFEROUS VEGETABLES OR PLANTS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Edward Gedge at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 24th
July 1861. A communication from abroad by Louis Constant Bernard,
of Wasserling, Haut Rhin, France, Chemist.
I, WILLIAM EDWARD GEDGE, of the Firm of John Gedge and Son, of
No. 11, Wellington Street, Strand, in the County of Middlesex, Patent
Agent, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
NENTS IN THE PREPARATION AND CLARIFICATION OF THE SACCHARINE MATTERS
OBTAINED FROM BEETROOT, SUGAR CANE, INDIAN MILLET, AND OTHER SACCHARIFEROUS
VEGETABLES OR PLANTS," (communicated to me from abroad by Louis Constant
Bernard, of Wasserling, Haut Rhin, France, Chemist,) to be as follows:-
The object of this Invention consists in the extraction of sugar without the
use of bone black or animal charcoal, and the process is based upon the use
of two products, the one alumina in jelly or viscous state, the other subacetate
of lead; the first from its affinity for the coloring matter, the second to pre-
cipitate the gummy matters. The process is as follows:-Take, say, 2 lbs.
weight of beetroot juice; prepare a jelly of alumina by precipitating about
24 ounces of alum by ammonia, washing the precipitate and pressing it, in
the proportion of one of alum to three of alumina in jelly, or of one to two.
Certain very aluminous clays may be used in some cases as an economical
substitute for the alumina. The juice is then poured cold and by degrees into
the jelly of alumina, and well stirred, then passed through a hair sieve, so as
to thoroughly divide the alumina and mix it intimately with the juice; it is

page_text: then boiled by steam for one or two minutes, and thrown on to a cotton filter,
the liquid passing rapidly through. The blackish deposit which remains on
the filter may very well be pressed, and the juice which flows from the press
may be mixed with the filtered juice; it is then precipitated, without heating,
by subacetate of lead, prepared as follows:-Litharge 100 parts, acetate of
lead 300 parts, boiling water 900 parts, leaving it at the temperature of the
bath until the litharge is completely dissolved; small leaden shot are then
thrown in, and left in contact until the subacetate produced contains no more
copper, then filter. By these means a white juice is obtained, clear as the
most limpid water, but as traces of acetate of lead still remain in the liquor,
add forty or fifty grains of carbonate of ammonia, filter and evaporate, the
syrup remains white. Either of the two preparations, alumina and sub-acetate,
may act alone on the raw juice (the sub-acetate cold), but their combined
action leaves nothing to desire.
AN IMPROVED ODONTALGIC ELIXIR
Year: 1861

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Marc Antoine François Mennons, of the British and
Foreign Patent Offices, 39, Rue de l'Echiquier, Paris, in the Empire of
France, for the Invention of "AN IMPROVED ODONTALGIC ELIXIR."-A com-
munication from Jean Pierre Tajan, residing No. 61, Rue Hauteville,
Paris, in the Empire of France.
Sealed the 8th November 1861, and dated the 6th August 1861.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION filed by the said Marc Antoine François
Mennons at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition
and Declaration, on the 6th August 1861, pursuant to the 9th Section of
the Patent Law Amendment Act, 1852.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, MARC
ANTOINE FRANÇOIS MENNONS, of the British and Foreign Patent Offices, 39,
Rue de l'Echiquier, Paris, in the Empire of France, send greeting.
WHEREAS I am in possession of an Invention for "AN IMPROVED ODONTALGIC
ELIXIB," (communicated to me by Jean Pierre Tajan, a person resident at
No. 41, Rue Hauteville, Paris, in the Empire of France,) and have petitioned
Her Majesty to grant unto me, my executors, administrators, and assigns, Her
Royal Letters Patent for the sanie, and have made solemn declaration that it
is a communication:
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Marc Antoine François Mennons, do
hereby declare that the following Complete Specification under my hand and

page_text: seal fully describes and ascertains the nature of the Invention, and the manner
in which the same is to be performed, that is to say :-
The Invention communicated to me consists in the preparation of a medi-
cinal extract applicable to the treatment of caries and other diseases of the
teeth.
This extract is obtained as follows:-To about ten imperial quarts of good
Cognac brandy, or an equivalent of any other alcoholic spirit, are added,―
Cochlearia, two and a quarter pounds (avoirdupois);
Milfoil, thirteen and a half ounces;
Pulverised cloves, one ounce ;
Pulverised.cinnamon, one ounce ;_
Pulverised cochineal, two ounces.
The mass is left to infuse for fifteen days, after which it is filtered and com-
pleted by the addition of;--
Tincture of quinquina, ten ounces;
Concentrated essence of aniseed, one and two-thirds ounces;
-Concentrated essence-of-mint, -two-thirds of an ounce.
The extract prepared as above applied to the diseased tooth gives in most
cases almost instantaneous relief from pain, and by continued use completely
checks the progress of the caries and the neuralgic affections to which it often
gives rise.
Having now described the nature of the said Invention, and the manner of
carrying it into effect, I declare that I claim the preparation substantially as
above laid down, of a medicinal extract or elixir applicable to the treatment of
caries and other diseases of the teeth.
In witness whereof, I, the said Marc Antoine François Mennons, have
hereto set my hand and seal, this Third of August, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-one.
M
MENNONS
Μ. Γ.
F. MENNONS. (L.S.)
AN IMPROVEMENT IN SHIRTS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Richard Archibald Brooman at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
-
16th September 1861. A communication from abroad by André
François Emile Robert, of Paris, France.
I, RICHARD ARCHIBALD BROOMAN, of 166, Fleet Street, in the City of
London, Patent Agent, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "AN IMPROVEMENT IN SHIRTS," (communicated to me from abroad by André
François Emile Robert, of Paris, France), to be as follows:-
This Invention consists in making shirts with plain fronts which are not to
be starched, and in furnishing the sides and bottom of the plain front with
tabs or with other parts of fastenings, and in making false fronts with buckles
or other parts of fastenings to correspond with those on the shirt. Thus the
shirts and false fronts will each be provided with parts of fastenings, which on
being brought together will make the attachment of one to the other complete.
The fronts are made with gussets to fit over the shoulder, and are made to
open in front like an ordinary shirt front, or the band may be made to open at
the back or side of the neck.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF UMBRELLAS AND PARASOLS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Richard Cook and George Holme
Spencer at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their.
Petition, on the 29th November 1861.
We, RICHARD Cooк and GEORGE HOLME SPENCER, of Hathersage, in the
County of Derby, Manufacturers, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF UMBRELLAS AND PARASOLS,"
to be as follows:-
The improvements relate, first, to the parts where metal ribs are connected
to the stretchers. These parts according to general practice are formed by
the application to each rib of an additional piece called a "middle bit,"
requiring the employment of various tools and separate processes in order to
its proper shape and the perforation of the pin hole in it, and then it is
objectionable on account of the increase in bulk produced to the umbrella or
parasol when finished and closed. According to this part of our improvements
the "middle bit" as a separate piece of metal is done away with, and the
hole for a pin as a connection for the stretchers is obtained by operating upon
the rib at that part, so as to produce a slit or opening, and we make a similar
hole at the end of each rib. Figure 1 shows parts of a rib thus produced,
and Figures 2, 3, and 4 show tools such as we employ for the purpose of
splitting the wire.
The improvements also relate to applying a shield extending over the_cir-
cular groove or notch around the runners, and adapted to receive and enclose

page_text: the ends of the ribs, the stretchers of which are formed longer for the
purpose; by this means the covering of the umbrella or parasol will be
protected from wear at such part. And we apply a spring catch to hold the
,runner and shield in position.
Our improvements also relate to the application of india-rubber as a shield
over the circular notch of the runner, and extending over parts of the
stretchers, as also on the barrel of the runner, in order that when the
umbrella or parasol is shut the ribs may lie on the india-rubber, and thereby
prevent the ribs from entering between the stretchers, by these means the
opening of the umbrella or parasol is facilitated.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MODE OF AND APPARATUS FOR MANUFACTURING LUCIFER MATCHES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Schnell at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 15th March
1861.
I, WILLIAM SCHNELL, of Fitzroy Square, County of Middlesex, Upholsterer,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
THE MODE OF AND APPARATUS FOR MANUFACTURING LUCIFER MATCHES," to be as
follows, that is to say :-
My Invention consists in a machine for forming lucifer matches more
speedily, accurately, and economically than can at present be accomplished.
The machine is mounted on a stand or table bolted to the flooring, and
consists of a series of blades or knives fixed vertically in a frame, with their sharp
edges uppermost. At each end of this frame, and at right angles to the edges
of the before-mentioned knives, I mount a knife or blade with their edges turned
inwards toward one another, their sides being parallel to the surface of the
frame. Above these knives is an apparatus moving backwards and forwards
in slots or guides, and actuated by steam or any other power. In this frame a
block of wood is fixed, and the machine being put in motion the wood is
pressed down on the vertical knives, and meets in its passage with the hori-
zontal ones (the blocks of wood being cut off the right length before beginning),
in returning the same action is repeated.
Another frame, which bears a plate having its surface perforated in parallel
or regular rows, is suspended at each end of the machine; at each stroke of
the machine the matches cut off by that stroke are urged forward and pushed

page_text: through the row of perforations opposite their ends; the next stroke of the
machine brings another row level with the new layer of matches, which are in
like manner pushed into the perforations in the plate, and so on. When the
plate is filled it is removed, and another substituted; they are then ready for '
-dipping. After being dipped and dried they are forced out of the plate again,
and put into the boxes.
The next part of my Invention relates to the manufacture of the com-
position into which the matches are dipped to enable them to. fire when struck.
Hitherto all matches that I know of have phosphorous as the the chief
ingredient in the light-producing composition; I propose to omit this as it 1
is both pernicious to those engaged in the manufacture and dangerous after
they are made.
I make my mixture of the following ingredients, viz. :-
2 parts of hyperoxide of lead.
1
وو
"
,, antimony.
1
"
"
sulphuret of iron.
3
39
"
byposulphate of lead (nearly).
.2
1
"
"
chlorate of potass.
دو
"
ground glass.
1
The whole is mixed with a solution of gum arabic to reduce it to a con- 2
sistency. The matches are dipped in the usual way.
IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR PREPARING COTTON AND OTHER FIBROUS MATERIALS TO BE SPUN
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by George Bridge at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 14th November
1861.
I, GEORGE BRIDGE, of Bollington, near Macclesfield, in the County of
Chester, Cotton Spinner, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR PREPARING COTTON AND
OTHER FIBROUS MATERIALS TO BE SPUN," to be as follows:-
I cause a current of air to come in contact with the cotton or fibrous
material just at the point where the feed rollers nip the material as it proceeds
into the blowing machine or beater. This current of air coming in contact
with the material at this position, carries off the dirt or refuse that is not held
between the rollers without any blowing away or waste of the fibres. Thus
the material enters the machine in a partially cleaned condition, and thereby
enables the beaters to act so efficiently as to cause the material to leave the
machine much more open and clean than has hitherto been obtained in any
other blowing machine.
AN IMPROVED STADIUM OR TELEMETRE
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Alfred Carter at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 19th February
1861.
I, ALFRED. CARTER, of Langley Place, East India Road, Poplar, in the
County of Middlesex, Ship Builder, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "AN IMPROVED STADIUM OR TELEMETRE," to be as follows:-
My Invention consists of a method and apparatus, to be used for the pur-
pose of measuring the distance from one point to another, designed for the
use of surveyors of land, and for artillery, rifle, or musketry practice, or any
other purpose to which it may be found to be applicable, and consists of, -
Firstly, four staves, with or without plummets: if plummets are used, they are
to be placed either externally, with adjusting brackets, or internally as
described afterwards: if the plummets are external they are to be hung from
brackets, to shift and plumb any spot in their radius; if the plummets are
placed internally the staves are to be made hollow, and the plumb line
fastened in the centre of the upper end, so that when the staff is perpendicular
the point of plummet will shew in the centre of an opening lower down.
Secondly, of a scale marked as may be required, according to its size, and
fixtures for the same.
Thirdly, of a tape or tapes to form a square, or oblong, with diagonel tapes
to prove square.
My Invention is to be used in the following manner:-Suppose the distance

page_text: of any object is required from a particular point, two of the staves are to be
placed in the ground, so as to stand perpendicular and in a straight line from
the object, distant from each other as many feet or yards as one side of the
square, which is to be afterwards formed, measures; the tapes are then to be
stretched out so as to form a square, one side of which is determined by the posi-
tion of the two staves already in place, and the other two staves are placed at the
other two corners indicated by the tapes, so that there is a staff at each corner
of the square, and one side of square is in a right line with the object; the
scale or index is then fixed to the staff which is the farthest from the object
of the last two placed. The observer places himself a short distance from the
staff with the scale attached, so as to have the two last placed staves between
him and the object, and it will be found that a straight line passed through the
staves will pass on one side of the object; he must then carry his eye so as to
bring the staff farthest from him, and the object in a straight line, and mark
where it intersects on the scale, which will indicate the distance of object as
required.
The plumb lines to be used for the purpose of sighting the obiect if neces-
IMPROVEMENTS IN GRANARIES AND THE APPARATUS CONNECTED THEREWITH
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Joseph Martin at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 29th October
1861.
I, JOSEPH MARTIN, of Liverpool, in the County of Lancaster, Corn and Rice
Miller, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN GRANARIES AND THE APPARATUS CONNECTED THEREWITH," to be as follows (that
is to say):-
This Invention consists in constructing together and in combination with
each other, a number of tall, square, or other suitably shaped chambers or
bins for the reception and storage of grain, which vertical chambers may be
built of brick, stone, wood, metal, or other suitable material or combination of
material, and are supported upon arches of brick or stone, or elevated metal
girders.
The grain to be stored is carried above the top of the chambers or bins by
means of elevators, as is well understood; from the buckets of the elevator the
grain falls into a suitable hopper, which is provided with a swivelling discharge
pipe, from which the grain falls into the chamber or bin over which it is
placed; or the grain falling into a spout or channel fitted with a longitudinal
archimedian screw of a coarse thread, by the rotation of which screw the
grain is carried forward to and discharged at the part required, or if preferred,
the screw can be a fixture, and the external casing made to rotate.
The-grain is discharged from the vertical chambers or bins through suitable

page_text: openings in the bottom of the chambers, and the arch or floor upon which
they are supported, where it can be received in bags or other suitable
receptacles.
Where it is required to turn or agitate the grain for the purpose of im-
proving or keeping it in condition, it is proposed to allow the grain to discharge
itself from the bottom of the chambers and fall into a spout or channel fitted
with a longitudinal screw, as before described, which conveying the grain to
the elevators is raised to the hopper on the top of the chamber from where it
is reconveyed to the same chamber from which it was withdrawn, or to any
other chamber in the stack.
And it is further proposed to apply an exhaust or fan blast of heated or cold
air into the elevator casing, to act on the grain during its passage upwards.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE SPINDLES AND FLYERS OF MACHINERY EMPLOYED FOR SPINNING AND TWISTING FLAX, HEMP, JUTE, COTTON, SILK, WOOL, AND OTHER FIBROUS SUBSTANCES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Samuel Young at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 23rd October
1861.
I, SAMUEL YOUNG, of Belfast, in the County of Antrim, Mill Manager
and Machinist, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE SPINDLES AND FLYERS OF MACHINERY EMPLOYED FOR
SPINNING AND TWISTING FLAX, HEMP, JUTE, COTTON, SILK, WOOL, AND OTHER
FIBROUS SUBSTANCES," to be as follows:-
This Invention consists of a new and improved mode of constructing the
spindles of spinning and twisting machines, and of combining the flyers there-
with, and connecting the bobbins thereto, whereby the twisting spindle and
flyer can be driven at any desired speed without vibration, and further in
making the bobbin spindle revolve with but only at the same speed as the
bobbin, and its blade not to project above the bobbin, whereby I am enabled to
make this part of the spindle very small in diameter, and consequently also the
barrel of the bobbin. The bobbin does not require to be bushed, as heretofore
practised, and by not revolving on the spindle is much more durable. Another
important feature in this Invention consists in inverting the flyer, whereby the
full bobbins can be doffed and replaced with empty ones without removing the
flyer or stopping the frame, as heretofore practised. As regards the con-
struction of the spindles above mentioned, it consists in passing a solid spindle
through a tubular spindle, and constitutes, in fact, a compound spindle. The
outer or tube spindle carries the inverted flyer at top with the driving wharve

page_text: below, and the bottom thereof is formed with a shoulder, which rests in a
hollow seat or bush let into the framework of the machine. The upper part
of the said tube spindle works in a bush let into the upper part of the frame-
work, above which it has no projecting blade, as heretofore. The solid spindle
aforesaid works in a step fixed in the copping rail employed to distribute the
spun or twisted material upon the bobbin, and slides in the tubular spindle.
Or the solid spindle may remain stationary, and the tube spindle only revolve
as may be required.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MEANS OF FIRING OR IGNITING EXPLOSIVE PROJECTILES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Sir William George Armstrong
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
13th November 1861.
I, Sir WILLIAM GEORGE ARMSTRONG, of the Town and County of the Town
of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Knight, do hereby declare the nature of the said!
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MEANS OF FIRING OR IGNITING EXPLOSIVE
PROJECTILES," to be as follows:-
The improvements consist of a modification of the method of causing a
shell to burst upon striking an object, as described in the Specification of Patent
granted to Sir William George Armstrong, under date the Tenth day of April
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-eight, No. 779, and bearing the same
title as above.
In that Specification the method in question is described as consisting of
a weight or striker contained in a cylindrical case placed within the shell,
and in which the striker was fixed by a pin which passed through it, and
which was cut or broken by the shock received by the projectile at the instant
of being fired from the gun. The striker being thus liberated by the act of
firing the gun would recede to the bottom of the case and there remain until
the velocity of the shell was checked by striking an object. The striker
would then advance in the case and cause a patch of detonating composition
to be carried against a point by which it was ignited.
In the modification now to be specified the pin for holding the striker is

page_text: dispensed with, and the striker is secured by a metal hoop resting at the
lower end on projections from the striker, and abutting at the upper end
against the cover of the case. In this position the striker is held down, and
prevented from moving forward by the hoop, but when the gun is fired the
vis inertiæ of the hoop causes it to shear off the projections on the striker,
which then becomes at liberty to run forward in the case when the shell strikes
an object, and in so doing it ignites a patch of detonating composition by
impact against the cover of the case or a point projecting therefrom.
AN IMPROVED METHOD OF PROPELLING AND. STEERING STEAM VESSELS, AND FOR A CASING ABOUT THE APPARATUS, CONSTITUTING THEREWITH A STEAM CONDENSER
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by George Fowler Jones and James
Jones at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their Petition,
on the 11th May 1861.
We, GEORGE FOWLER JONES, Architect, York, and JAMES JONES, Archi-
tectural Carver, York, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"AN IMPROVED METHOD OF PROPELLING AND. STEERING STEAM VESSELS, AND FOR
A CASING ABOUT THE APPARATUS, CONSTITUTING THEREWITH A STEAM CONDENSER,"
to be as follows:-
The employing flat surfaces of iron or wood in the form of discs separate
blades or paddles, plain, tubular, corrugated, or grooved, acting on the water
in recesses, in whole or in part submerged, made in the bottom, sides, or ends
of the vessel, or in a hollow way or ways made through the same, and open
at both ends, and having straight or cranked shafts placed vertically, hori-
zontally, or obliquely; any recess, such as referred to, in which the apparatus
works in one or other of the forms specified, is to be lined with a hollow
casing, having its interior in communication with the steam pipes of the
engine, and the parts of such casing being united by a multiplicity of pipes;
this combination exposed to the external water, which is constantly changed
by the action of the propeller, becomes the condenser to the engine.
When the apparatus is to be used for propulsion only, and not for con-
densing, air may be forced into the recess by the engine to exclude the water
in great measure therefrom, so as to give increased freedom of action to the

page_text: propeller; but when it is to be used for the purpose of condensation as well as
propulsion the water is then to. be allowed to freely occupy the recess, or to
have less air forced in upon it for its exclusion. This method of propulsion
might be used as an auxiliary power in conjunction with the present screw or
paddle propellers.
When the propelling apparatus in the disc form is in an external position
it is to be on a vertical axis, and accompanied by a shield having a motion
around the same, and being furnished with plates or flanges projecting
interiorily between the discs, by which means, these revolving rapidly, main-
tain, by centrifugal force, a partial vacuum between them and the shield, the
external pressure against which increases the propulsion. When steering is
to be effected with the apparatus as here described, it is to be by the moving
of this shield about its vertical axis to any required angle in relation to the
ship's course; and for this purpose a position at the bows, at the sides, or at
the stern will apply.
When the apparatus is used in the paddle or screw-blade form for steering
it is to be on an axis parallel with the keel; and its revolutions being then
transverse to the ship's course the reversing of it either way will alter the
course accordingly.
MACHINERY FOR REDUCING WOOD INTO CHIPS OR SHAVINGS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Armand Louis André Herbelot
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
23rd February 1861.
I, ARMAND LOUIS ANDRÉ HERBELOT, of Paris, in the French Empire,
Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"MACHINERY FOR REDUCING WOOD INTO CHIPS OR SHAVINGS," to be as
follows:-
The object of my Invention is to reduce wood to small chips or shavings,
to render it suitable for the manufacture of paper and for other purposes.
The wood to be reduced is held between chucks or centres, and rotary motion
is imparted to it from a pulley on one of the shafts carrying one of the
centres. The same shaft carries a collar and cam, which latter takes into and
drives a toothed wheel keyed on a vertical screw-threaded shaft working
through a correspondingly threaded hinged nut. The vertical shaft carries at
its lower end a bevelled toothed wheel in gear with a similar wheel on a
horizontal shaft, which at its other end communicates through bevelled toothed
wheels rotary motion to a second threaded shaft working through a hinged
nut similar to the first. The threaded nuts through which the vertical shafts
work are connected to a frame carrying a saw and knife or plane. On commu-
nicating rotary motion to the driving shaft the wood revolves, and the rotation
imparted to the vertical screw shafts causes the hinged nuts to rise, and thus
bring the saw and knife in contact with the wood; the teeth of the saw

page_text: enter the wood, and the knife slices off chips or thin shavings. The rotation
of the wood is continuous while the motion of the saw and knife is inter-
mittent. As soon as the hinged nuts with the saw and knife bar have
reached the top of the frame, the wood will have been reduced to its smallest
diameter, a projection or cam on the frame comes in contact with a lever or
levers, throws the cam out of gear with the toothed wheel on the vertical
shaft, and stops the motion; the hinged nuts are opened, and with the saw
and knife bar are lowered to the bottom of the screw shafts; the nuts are
then closed, and upon a fresh block of wood being fixed between the chucks,
and rotary motion being imparted to the machine, the action proceeds as
before.
AN IMPROVEMENT APPLICABLE TO SHUTTLES FOR THE SAVING OF COP WASTE
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Silas Covell Salisbury and Josiah
Turner at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their Petition,
on the 12th April 1861.
We, SILAS COVELL SALISBURY, of Essex Street, Strand, in the City of West-
minster, Gentleman, and JOSIAH TURNER, of Dalston, in the County of
Middlesex, Mechanician, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "AN IMPROVEMENT APPLICABLE TO SHUTTLES FOR THE SAVING OF COP WASTE," to
be as follows:-
In carrying on the operation of weaving a large per-centage of waste,
commonly called cop waste, occurs in the weft or shuttle thread. This waste
is due to the weft thread while the weaving is proceeding lapping around the
skewer of the shuttle (so soon as the diameter of the cop is reduced to a
certain amount) and thus putting a tension on the thread greater than it is
able to bear. The cop so soon as the threads breaks from this cause has to
be removed from the shuttle and replaced by a fresh cop, and it is then in
general sold as cop waste. In order that the manufacturer may avoid the
greater portion, if not the whole of this waste, and thus effect an important
economy in weaving, we propose to remove the tendency which the weft
thread has to coil around the skewer while being drawn out of the shuttle'
when the diameter of the cop is reduced to about the extent of that of cop
waste. A simple and efficient method of effecting this object is to slip on to
the shuttle skewer a collar or ring in advance of the nose of the cop, which
collar or ring will act as a guide to keep the thread off the skewer while

page_text: passing to the eye of the shuttle. In some instances more than one ring or
collar may be applied to the skewer, or other contrivances might be adopted
for effecting the same object, the principle of our Invention being to present
to the passing weft thread a fixed guide, which shall enlarge the circle of its
rotation, and thus offer an effectual obstruction to the lapping of the thread
around the skewer or central support for the cop.
IMPROVEMENTS IN CHIMNEY TOPS, FOR THE PREVENTION OF DOWN DRAUGHTS IN CHIMNIES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by George Thomas Bladon at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 7th
December 1861.
I, GEORGE THOMAS BLADON, of Grove Lane, Camberwell, in the County of
Surrey, Warehouseman, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN CHIMNEY TOPS, FOR THE PREVENTION OF DOWN DRAUGHTS
IN CHIMNIES," to be as follows:-
I construct my chimney tops of a rectangular form by preference, and
cover in the upper part. In each side I form a long opening, of, say, half the
breadth of the sides, and extending throughout the greater part of the height.
On these openings I apply external flaps, which are hinged at top, and hang
so as entirely to close the openings if pressed close to the sides. I connect
the opposite flaps in pairs by a connecting rod, the length of which is such,
that each flap is pressed outwards, & held at bottom about three inches from
the side of the chimney top if uninfluenced by any pressure, but if any pressure
of wind takes place on the one flap it is pressed close, at same time thrusting
the opposite flap further off, and making a larger egress for the smoke thereat,
very slight pressure of the wind closes the one entirely. In this way the wind
pressing against one or two sides of the chimney top closes them, and prevents
ingress of air, or escape of smoke at those sides, but providing for its free
escape at the opposite side or sides, where the wind has no tendency to enter,
& therefore providing for the free escape of the smoke, & preventing down
draughts. In order to guard against the entrance of wind sideways at the

page_text: flaps, I place fixed guards at each side of the flaps some little distance there-
from, & extending outwards beyond the limits of motion possible in the
flaps. This also provides for the free escape of smoke at the sides of
the flaps. These chimney tops may be square, six-sided, or of other forms
most desirable.
A NEW MANUFACTURE OF PENS OR WRITING INSTRUMENTS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Evaus and Edward
Concanen at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their
Petition, on the 23rd August 1861.
We, WILLIAM EVANS, of Willow Walk, Bermondsey, Tanner, and EDWARD
CONCANEN, of Cheshunt Terrace, Grange Road, Bermondsey, Civil Engineer,
both in the County of Surrey, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "A NEW MANUFACTURE OF PENS OR WRITING INSTRUMENTS," to be
as follows:-
Our new manufacture of pens relates to the manufacture of such writing
instruments of horn, which is first prepared in sheets of a suitable thickness, in
which it retains its natural formation or structure; or it may be dissolved and
formed into horn sheet suitable for the purpose, as well understood in pre-
paring sheet horn. In either case I stamp or otherwise cut blanks from such
sheet horn of a form and size suitable for pens in manner similar to that in
which steel pens are cut; the blanks so cut are then softened by steam, or
other suitable process, and moulded to the forms required, and are suitably
furnished with splits, which may or may not terminate in holes punched in
the blanks; after moulding these pens are allowed to resume the natural state
of the horn or sheet from which they were manufactured. In their appearance
and effect they are somewhat similar to quill pens, but being only nibs are
inserted in holders for writing, as is the case in steel pens. These pens

page_text: possess great durability, and a softness and facility for caligraphy of all kinds.
They are of course manufactured of different kinds to suit the different kinds
of writing required; they may further be mended and nibbed somewhat in the
manner of a quill.