IMPROVEMENTS IN TOOLS OR MACHINES FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CERTAIN KINDS OF METALLIC TUBES
Year: 1860

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Edward Newton, of the Office for Patents,
66, Chancery Lane, in the County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, for the
Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN TOOLS OR MACHINES FOR THE MANUFACTURE
OF CERTAIN KINDS OF METALLIC TUBES."-A communication from abroad
by Felix Richard, of Paris, in the Empire of France.
Sealed the 5th March 1861, and dated the 15th October 1860.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Edward Newton
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
15th October 1860.
I, WILLIAM EDWARD NEWTON, of the Office for Patents, 66, Chancery Lane,
in the County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of
the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN TOOLS OR MACHINES FOR THE MANU-
FACTURE OF CERTAIN KINDS OF METALLIC TUBES," to be as follows:-
This Invention of improvements in tools or machines for the manufacture of:
certain kinds of metallic tubes relates more particularly to the manufacture of
the metal tubes employed in the construction of Bourdon's barometers, and
pressure or vacuum gauges.
The improved machinery may also be employed for making similar, or
analogous tubes to be employed for other purposes. The form of tube
employed in Bourdon's instruments may be described as a flattened tube bent
round into the required curve.. The cross section of these tubes presents the
appearance of two arcs of circles, brought together in such a manner that
their intersections cut at an acute angle. There is some difficulty in manu!:

page_text: facturing this tube in such a manner as to cause it to act properly in the
instrument, and the object of the present Invention is by the employment of
suitable tools, and machinery to produce the tubes with greater facility and
accuracy than heretofore.
In carrying out the Invention a straight thin cylindrical tube is drawn or
produced in the ordinary manner; then it is flattened by being pressed down,
and by that means it is widened; the next operation is to bend the flattened
tube into the required curved form, and after that to polish and burnish it.
The first operation consists in flattening a thin cylindrical tube; then to bend
it into the curved or semicircular form. To this end, I introduce into the still
straight and cylindrical tube a mandril, which is nothing more than a straight
flat metal blade, the edges of which are rounded, and its width is at least.
equal to the diameter of the tube. It may, in fact, be a little wider than the
diameter of the tube, which, in order to admit the blade, must then be slightly
flattened and brought into an oval form, which as the tube is made of thin
metal, may be easily accomplished. The mandril having been introduced into
the tube, the latter is placed between two straight pieces of wood, hollowed
out to the intended form of the tube; the whole is then placed under a press,
by means of which the tube may be crushed down, the internal mandril
preventing the two sides of the tube from being brought close together. The
mandril is then withdrawn, and two thin flexible blades placed one on the
ather are introduced in its place; the bending operation may then be proceeded
with, the thin flexible blades being sufficient to keep the thin sides of the tube
apart.
The instrument or tool for bending the tube consists simply of a roller
mounted on an axle actuated by a pair of wheels and a winch handle. The
circumference of this roller is hollowed out to receive the tube, and when the
latter has been secured to the roller a wooden bearing or block is placed
under the roller; and firpily pressed against the circumference of the latter by
a pressing screw. Upon causing the roller to rotate the tube which is fixed
to it will be obliged to take the semicircular form, and be wound round the
Foller. The next operation will be to rub and burnish, the tube, and thereby
give it the maximum amount of elasticity. This operation requires that the
tube should be placed on a rigid mandril possessing the flattened and circular
eurved form. An apparatus to facilitate the placing of the tube on this
mandril. consists of a wooden. disc mounted on an axle between two cheeks
secured to a framing. The circumference of the disc is hollowed to fit the
tube or rather the mandril upon which the tube is to be placed. A portion of
this disc is cut away to receive a pair of jaws, which are fixed in the cheeks
:

page_text: and act as pincers to hold the tube when under operation. The mandril is
then introduced into the tube, and is secured to the disc by .a screw or other-
wise. A lever arm is attached to the disc, for the purpose of working the
latter, and upon endeavouring to turn the disc it will be prevented by the
mandril bearing against the pincers, which hold the tube; the pincers, how-
ever, after some time will allow the mandril to enter a short distance, and
upon continuing the operation it will pass entirely through the tube.
It will, of course, be understood that when the subsequent operations have
been completed the mandril must be withdrawn from the tube. This is
effected by a similar arrangement of mechanism, but acting in an inverse
manner. When the tube has been placed on the mandril it must be passed
through a draw bench or laminating machine, for the purpose of making the
tube fit the mandril, and also to remove any creases or inequalities that may
appear on the surface.
This machine consists principally of two grooved 'rollers, between which
the tube with the mandril inside is passed. On the axles of one of the
rollers is a winch handle, whereby it may be rotated at any desired speed.
From the laminating machine the tube with the mandril inside is carried to the
polishing and burnishing machine, in which it is mounted on the circular plate
of a lathe, and a rotary, intermittent, or reciprocating motion is communicated
'to this plate. The tube is then submitted to the action of a rounded block,
which is pressed against its surface, and simultaneously burnishes and polishes
it, and also hardens the metal. As both sides of the curved tube must be
operated on, the main shaft of the machine is provided with two rotating
plates or chucks, on which the tube is to be secured in turn, so that when the
outer side of the tube has been operated upon the tube must be removed to
the other chuck, in order that the inner side may be operated upon in its turn.
It should, of course, be understood that as the tube when secured on the
circular plate will only occupy a portion of the circumference of the latter, it
will not be necessary to make the plate perform a perfect revolution; but rather
to reciprocate or oscillate on its axis. The burnishing or hardening tools consist
of two pieces of steel, secured by means of screws in a metallic box mounted
in a carriage, which is made to slide in a fixed support. The box which holds
'the burnishing tools is mounted in such a manner that it may oscillate from
side to side, or turn on a point, so that the burnishing edges of the tools may
be brought properly against every part of the surface of the tube. This move-
ment of the tools is governed by a hand lever or levers. In order to grind
and set the burnishing tools when they have become worn a little, apparatus is
provided. This consists of a rotating grinding surface and a holding tool,

page_text: whereby the steel burnishing pieces may be moved in the required direction
against the grinding surface, to give the desired bevil and curve to the tool.
This is effected by the combined.action; of two hand levers, which act upon
the holding box in which the tools are secured.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said William Edward Newton in the Great Seal Patent Office ou
the 15th April 1861.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM
EDWARD NEWTON, of the Office for Patents, 66, Chancery Lane, in the County
of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Fifteenth day of October, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty, in the twenty-fourth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs, and successors, give and grant unto me,
the said William Edward Newton, Her special license that I, the said William
Edward Newton, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others
as I, the said William Edward Newton, my executors, administrators, and
assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time
and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and
lawfully might make,, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom
of. Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN TOOLS OR MACHINES FOR THE MANUFACTURE
OF CERTAIN KINDS OF METALLIC TUBES," being a communication from abroad
by Felix. Richard, of Paris, upon the condition. (amongst others) that I,
the said William Edward Newton, by an instrument in writing under my
hand and seal, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said
Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the
same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months
next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said William Edward Newton, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to
be performed, to be particularly, described and ascertained in and by the fol-
lowing statement, reference being had to the Drawing hereunto annexed, and
to the letters and figures marked thereon (that is to say);
This Invention of improvements in tools or machines for the manufacture of
certain kinds of metallic tubes relates more particularly to the manufacture, of

page_text: the metal tubes employed in the construction of Bourdon's barometers, and
pressure or vacuum gauges.
The improved machinery may also be employed for making similar or
analogous tubes to be employed for other purposes. The form of tube
employed in Bourdon's instruments may be described. as a flattened tube, bent
round into the required curve. The cross section of these tubes presents the
appearance of two arcs of circles, brought together in such a inanner that their
intersections cut at an acute angle: The form of these tubes is fully described
in the Specification of Letters Patent, which I obtained on behalf of the present
Inventor, and bearing date May 14th, 1860. There is some difficulty in
manufacturing this tube in such a manner as to cause it to act properly in the
instrument, and the object of the present Invention is by the employment of
suitable tools and. machinery to produce the tubes with greater facility and
accuracy than heretofore.
The several Figures in the accompanying Drawings represent the various
tools which are employed by the Inventor for that part of the manufacture of
metallic tubes as above mentioned, which relates particularly to the operations
of flattening, bending, and burnishing, and which operations constitute the
difficulties in the manufacture, which it is the object of the present Invention
to overcome, and which are effected subsequently to the operation of drawing
a cylindrical tube on a mandril, this latter operation being performed in the
ordinary manner.
Figs. 1 and 2 (Sheet I.) represent in front view and transverse section the
barometer tube A finished, that is to say, in the state to which it is brought
by means of the tools hereafter described.
A short thick tube of brass is first produced by stamping, and is submitted
several times to the operations of drawing and annealing until a thin
cylindrical tube is obtained; which must be afterwards flattened, bent, or
curved, and submitted to a burnishing or rubbing operation, which shall
impart to it the utmost possible degree of elasticity. These operations will be
described in the following order, viz.,. 1st, flattening and bending of the tube;
2nil, setting on the mandril; 3rd, lamination of the tube in order to bring it
to the shape of the mandril; 4th, mounting the tube and mandril in the
lathe in which it is submitted to the operation of burnishing or rubbing; 5th,
taking the finished tube off the mandril; 6th, details connected with the
operations of mounting the tools employed for the barnishing operation.
1st.. Flattening and bending.-The first operation consists in taking &
cylindrical tube and flattening it, and afterwards giving it the curved semi-
circular form. For this purpose a metal. mandril is introduced into the

page_text: straight cylindrical tube, the said mandril consisting simply of a flat straight
plate, the edges of which are rounded, and the breadth of which is at least
equal to the diameter of the tube, but inay a little exceed the interior dianieter
of the tube, which is sufficiently thin to take a slight oval form on the intro-
duction of the mandril. The mandril having been introduced, the tube is
placed between two wooden formers, which are straight and of a slightly
concave form; the whole is then submitted to a screw press, by which the
tube is flattened or crushed down. During this operation the mandril has the
effect of preventing the two sides of the tube from being. pressed close together.
The metallic mandril is then. withdrawn, and two flexible blades of. metal
placed one over the other are introduced in its place, so as to allow the tube
to be bent to the required curve, and at the same time keep the sides of the
tube apart. The instrument or tool for effecting the first bending operation
is not represented in the Drawings; it consists simply of a roller mounted on
an axle. actuated by a pair of toothed wheels and a winch handle. This roller
is hollowed out at its circumference to the curve required to be imparted to
the tube. The tube having been thus furnished with the flexible blades inside
it, it is fixed at a point of the circumference of the roller by a screw. passing
through a hole made for the purpose in the. extremity of the blades. A
wooden block is then placed under the roller, against the circumference of
which it is caused to bear with great pressure. by means of an adjusting er
pressing screw. On now causing the roller to rotate, the tube fixed to its
circuniference will be carried between it and the block, and be caused to take
the circular curved form represented, at Figs. 1 and 2 (Sheet 1.) of the
Drawings. The tube is next submitted to a burnishing or rubbing process,
for the purpose of imparting to it the greatest possible degree of elasticity. In
order to effect this operation the tube must be mounted upon a rigid mandril
possessing the flattened and circular curved form. This operation of setting
the tube on this mandril is effected by means of an apparatus which I will
now proceed to describe..
2nd. Setting the Curved Tube on the Curved Mandril.-The apparatus
employed for effecting this operation is represented in Figs. 3 and 4, Sheet I.
Fig. 3 being an elevation, and Fig. 4 a plan view of the same; it consists of
a wooden disc C mounted upon an axle between two cheeks. secured to a
frame. The circumference of the disc is hollowed out, as above explained, to
correspond with the sectional form of the tube, or rather of the iron mandril,
upon which it is required to be set. A portion of this disc is cut away at C
opposite a pair of jaws mounted in the frame D, and which serve as pincers to
hold the tube during the operation which I am, now about to describe. The

page_text: extremity of the tube A is first introduced between the jaws E, and at the
I same time the extremity of the mandril B is inserted in that end of the tube
which is held between the jaws E. It will be observed that these jaws or
holders are each formed in two pieces, between which are held the turned up
edges of the tube, and which thus form a stop against the drag, which tends
to force the tube away from the jaws during the operation. The mandril B
is next mounted upon the disc C by means of a headed pin a, which is
.driven into one of the holes made in the mandril, and into another 6. of those
made to correspond in the circumference of the disc.
In order that the following explanations may be better understood, I have
shewn at Fig. 4, in elevation, and at Fig. 5, in partial horizontal section, and
: on an enlarged scale, the tube and mandril inserted in the holders. In this
position a lever arm F is mounted on an axle c, set in a support G, firmly
connected to the disc C, then between the extremity of the lever and the
5. mandril B, which is then applied against the disc, a wedge H is inserted.
Upon acting upon the lever H in the direction of the arrow the following
. effect will be produced:-The disc will have a tendency to turn on its axis,
but it appears. to be prevented from doing so, as the mandril B is attached
to its circumference by the pin a, and held in the fixed jaws E, together with
, the tube A. The disc will however turn, but then the mandril overcomes the
résistance offered by the jaws E, and enters the tube A, which is the effect
required to be produced. It is evident that this operation, the commencement.
of which has just been described, is completed by intermittent actions, that is
. to say, after having caused the disc to turn to an angle corresponding to its
5. part cut away at C', the pin a must be removed, and the disc brought back by
itself, and the pin inserted in the next hole, and the operation may then be
repeated until the mandril B projects beyond the tube at both ends. It is
almost unnecessary to remark that this operation will be facilitated by suitably
lubricating the mandril in order to render its introduction into the tube as free
from friction as possible.
:
The operation which has just been described. relates solely to the insertion
of the mandril; the reverse operation or removal of the mandril from the
tube will be hereafter described. It may, however, be here observed that
this latter operation is precisely the same as the former one, but in the
opposite direction. It is evidently sufficient to suppose the lever arm H
to be worked in the contrary. direction to that shewn by the arrow and
mounted, as well as the wedge: H, in a direction contrary to that shewn
in the Figure. A. stop ring must however be substituted for the holders
.for.the end of the tube to bear against while the mandril is being withdrawn:

page_text: 3rd. Lamination of the tube in order to bring it to the shape of the
mandril. The apparatus employed for this purpose is represented at Figs. 16
and 7; Sheet I., Fig. 6. being a front view, and Fig: 7 a side view. When
the tube has been thus, mounted upon, its mandril: previously to submitting. it
to the burnishing operation, it is. passed through a laminating apparatus for
the purpose of bringing the tube more perfectly to the shape of the mandril,
and taking out any creases in the tube, and causing it to fit to: its whole.
surface. This laminating apparatus does not differ essentially from apparatus
ordinarily employed for such purposes, only, it will be observed, that each
roller is provided with a separate winch handle I, in order that: the rollers:
may be driven separately by hand.. so as to permit of the operator controlling
the speed of the rollers, which may. thus at pleasure be driven at different
speeds. Fig. 7. shews the tube A mounted upon its mandril B between the
:rollers..
The Figs. 6 and 7 represent so clearly the construction of this apparatus,
that it is unnecessary to give any further description thereof.
4th. Burnishing and rubbing.-The apparatus employed for performing this
operation is represented in Sheet II. of the Drawings at Figs. 8 to 15. The
following is its principle of action:-The tube having been passed through
the laminating apparatus, as above explained, and remaining upon its mandril,
is mounted upon a lathe plate, which has an. intermittent rotary motion
imparted to it, and the tube is submitted to the action of a double bevil-shaped
or pointed. pressing piece, which shapes, polishes, and hardens the metal.by
pressing strongly against its surface. during.. the movement of the apparatus.
The process is divided into two operations, one for acting on the outer curve,"
and the other for acting on the inner curve of the tube considered in relation
to the general curve.
:
Having thus stated the principle of the operation, I will proceed to describe
the tool or apparatus employed for the purpose, first as regards its entirety,
and next as respects its parts in detail.
In order that the various parts about to be described may be more easily
understood, it may be observed that Figs. 8 and 9,.Sheet II., represent the
whole apparatus, Fig. 8 being a side view, and Fig. 9. an, end elevation taken
at the side corresponding to the plate employed for burnishing the interior
curve of the tubes; Fig. 10 is a partial section of the same plate, and the s
carriage and bracket applied thereto; Fig. 11 is a transverse section taken in
the line 1, 2, in front of the plate which receives the tubes for the outside
work; Figs: 12 to 15 represent detached views of the tools by which the
burnishing operation is effected. The apparatus consists of a cast-iron bench J,

page_text: upon which is mounted a chuck K, the shaft L of which carries at its two
extremities the two plates M'and N; upon which the tube to be operated upon
is fixed, according to whether it is desired. to operate upon the interior or
exterior of the tube. In either case the tube, being applied upon either one
or the other of the two plates only occupies a portion of 'the circumference,
and these plates and the shaft L which carries them have only a partial and
alternating rotary motion communicated to them. In order to communicate
"this peculiar movement to the shaft, it carries a pulley c, upon which are fixed
the extremities of a chain d, which passes round a larger pulley e, mounted
upon an intermediate shaft f. To this second pulley is fixed a lever arm:g,
which is connected by means of a link to a connecting rod h, attached to a
crank or excentric in communication with the main driving shaft...
It will be readily understood from the foregoing description that the move-
ment of the connecting rod will cause the pulley.e to oscillate and transmit
the same movement through the chain to the pulley d, but amplifying it by
reason of the difference of diameters, and thence to the shaft L and two
plates M and N. In front of each of these plates is a support upon: which
are the tools for acting directly upon the tube for the purpose of effecting the
burnishing operation. These tools, which are shewn detached at Figs.. 12
to.:15, consist (for each system applied respectively to the two plates M
and N) of two steel burnishers o and o', Fig. 11, set one over the other in
a metal box i¹, which is itself pendent from a small carriage j, capable of.
sliding in a fixed bracket Por P', according to which side of the machine is
in operation. These two burnishers are in connection with a screw Q, Figs. 12
and 13, which is of two different diameters and threads. By a combination,
which will be hereafter described, on turning this screw by hand the burnishers
will be displaced relatively to each other, so that their working parts will
extend over a greater or less surface, and embrace the whole width of the
tube A submitted to their action, as shown in blue in Fig. 13. It is, however,
very important to observe, that the box i, which serves as a mounting: ör
holder for the tools o and o¹, is itself retained between the carriage j and a
frame above by two gudgeons y, the office of which is to allow the box and
tools to oscillate so as to leave these latter free to act upon the surface to be
operated upon, and conform to its irregularities. This action, which has been
described as being in some sort frictional, necessarily takes place under the
influence of a pressure which causes the burnishing tools to bear upon the
tube whilst this latter is undergoing the alternating rotary motion above men-
tioned. For this purpose the carriage j, which carries the box i containing
the burnishers, is. in communication with a small lever, keyed on a gudgeon k²,

page_text: mounted on the bracket P. or. P₁, in..which. it is nevertheless.. capable of
turning. The extremity of this gudgeon, which is situated outside the bracket,
carries a second lever k', also. keyed, which constitutes with the other one n
bell-crank lever, each of the, arms of which, is provided with a bowle or
friction roller. The arm k enters a slot made in the carriage, and the other
is submitted to the action of a rocking lever R¹, the long arm of which is
counterweighted at:l. The gudgeon and levers, which constitute the bell-
crank levers, are indicated by the same letters of reference on both sides of
the machine. The mechanism is provided with an arrangement for putting
,on or taking off at pleasure the pressure from the carriage and tools.
On: referring to Fig. 9, which represents that part of the apparatus which is
adapted for burnishing the inside of the tube, it will be seen that the rocking
-lever R is represented as supported by a hand lever m, in which position' the
pressure is taken off, the bell-crank lever. k not being acted upon, and the:tool
carrier is perfectly free. To obtain this position the rocking lever is first
raised by means of the hand. lever m, when the bell-crank lever being.no
:longer acted upon, its outer arm k is pushed back by turning on its axis. ki,
upon which it is capable of moving laterally (see Fig. 10); and being thus
thrown out of contact with the rocking lever, the bell-crank lever is rendered
inoperative, as seen in Fig. 9. Fig. 11, which shews the second tool carrier,
represents the apparatus at the moment when the rocking lever R' has just
being raised, and when it is only necessary to move back the arm k¹ upon its
shaft, in order to allow it to fall and completely disengage the carriage j¹ from
the other arm k¹, which turns with the gudgeon k when the outer arm is
lowered. For a purely local reason, this disengaging apparatus differs slightly
from the preceding; it is in this instance, composed of the hand lever m',
.connected with a small connecting rod m³, which is attached to a lever
:arm m³, furnished at its extremity with a friction bowle.
t
I will now describe in a few words the operation of this apparatus, taking
for example the plate M, as applied to the purpose of acting upon the interior:
curve of the tube. After having fixed the tube which is mounted upon its
mandril B (Fig. 3, Sheet I,) upon the inside circumference of the plate. M
(by a means which will be hereafter described), the carriage i is submitted to
pressure, and the shaft L has, an oscillating, movement communicated to it;
the burnishers o and o¹ will then exert a rubbing action upon the tube, and will
thereby cause it to take the form of the mandril, and polish it and temper the
metal. By acting by hand upon the key Qon the head of the screw Q, the
position of the burnishers o and, o may be varied, either for the purpose. of
causing them to act upon the whole width of the tube or upon any desired

page_text: point. When the tube has been operated upon, the plate shaft is stopped
and the pressure is taken off, and a fresh tube is applied ready to be 'operated
upon.
:
I will now proceed to describe the construction of the plates Mi and N, and
the effect of the screws Q and Q¹.
"
The plate M is an annular cast-iron disc, 'turned inside, to correspond to the
shape of a tube A, and is fixed by tie pieces upon a chuck S, mounted directly
upon the shaft L. of the apparatus (see Figs. 8, 9, and 10). The peculiar
feature of novelty consists in the means which are employed for adjusting the
mandril B upon which the tube A is mounted. These consist of two projec-
tions o upon the crown of the plate M, and appertaining to two bolts upon
which are mounted on the outside two screw nuts n (Fig. 9), and which bear
upon shoulders on the crown of the plate. In order to adjust the mandril B
with its tube A, it is only necessary to apply it to the interior circumference of
the plate M, so that its extremities shall be lield by the projections.o, which
may be caused to approach or recede from each other by means of the screw
nuts n. The other plate N, it will be seen, is solid and mounted directly upon
the shaft L, its outer circumference being turned to correspond to the shape of
the tube A. This tube and its mandril B is held thereon by similar means to
those above described. One end of the mandril is held by means of a pin.p
passing through it and also through a clamp o fixed to the plate (see Figs. 8
and 11), the other extremity being attached in the same manner to a holder q
set against the plate N, and adjusted by means of a screw nut q'; consequently
the mandril B being held at one end at a fixed point belonging to the plate N
and at the other attached to a moveable piece, it is very easy to: bend it to
some extent and to fix it firmly, causing it at the same time to take the circular
form of the plate.
The operation of the burnishing tools will be understood by referring to
Figs. 12, 13, and 14, Sheet II. The screw Q, by means of which the bur-
nishing tools o and o¹ are worked, is constructed of two different parts of
different diameter, with threads of different pitch, but on the same stem. The
two burnishing tools are adjusted in the holder i, in such a manner that the
movements imparted to them take place in a segment of a circle, correspond-
ing to the shape of the tube upon which they are intended to act. They are
severally provided with a slot r, in which is inserted a pin fixed in each of
the blades s and 8', which are connected to the screw. in different manners.
The blade s corresponds to the tool o', and is fixed directly to the unthreaded
part of the screw; the other blade s.corresponds to the other tool ó, and is
connected with a screw nut t, mounted upon the largest. diameter. of the.screw.

page_text: .
The smallest diameter of the screw works in a screw nut u connected with the
itool holder : Suppose now the screw Q be turned in the direction which shall
cause it to enter further into the fixed nut w; on thus moving forward it will
carry with it the blade s', which forcing back the tool o' by means of the pin in
the slot r will move it out of its place as regards its circular adjustment; but by
this same movement of the screw the nut t, which is incapable of turning, will be
moved upon the screw in a direction contrary to its longitudinal movement, and
by means of the blade s,, by which it is connected with the tool o, it will cause
this latter to move like the other 'tool; but in a contrary direction, that. is to
say, the sanie movement of the screw will have communicated to the two tools
o and of a displacing movement in contrary directions. Thus, whether the
screw Qbe turned in one direction or the other, the same relative movement
will be imparted to the two tools, which will always be moved in contrary
directions exactly the same distance either on one side or the other according
to the direction of rotation imparted to the screw.
A small apparatus especially adapted to the purpose of polishing the bur
nishing tools o, is represented at Figs. 16, 17, and 18, Sheet I. of the Draw
ings. It is necessary to perform this operation, when requisite," in such a
manner that the tools shall preserve the exact curve required for their work.
This is effected by mounting the tool to be operated upon in this apparatus
and submitting it to the action of an emery wheel T mounted in a lathe or
grinding apparatus.
The apparatus for applying the tool to the emery wheel consists of a plate
or bed furnished with a handle U, capable of rocking upon a fulcrum or axle
v, situate near the emery or grinding wheel, and which plate carries also a
pair of jaws V mounted upon a segmental piece X, capable of being moved in
a segment of a circle on the bed plate by means of a handle x. In order to
set a burnishing tool by means of this apparatus, it is placed in the jaws V,
then taking hold of the handle U with one hand and the handle a of the seg-
ment X with the other, the tool is moved on its fulcrum vinto contact with
the grinding wheel, an oscillating movement being at the same time imparted
to it by means of the handle x'; the object of this latter movement being to
impart the bevilled form to the tool and at the same time to round its edge.
This apparatus, simple as it appears, is indispensable, in order to complete the
principal apparatus above described for the purpose of facilitating the keeping
the burnishing tool in working order, which it is requisite to do with great
precision, and without which a successful result could not be obtained.
Having now described this Invention of improvements in tools or machines
for the manufacture of certain kinds of' metallic tubes, and having .explained

page_text: the manner of carrying the same into effect, as communicated to me by my
foreign correspondent, I would observe that the tools or machines and opera-
tions or processes herein set forth may be employed for the manufacture of flat
metallic tubes, such as those above mentioned, which may be applied to various
purposes; I do not therefore mean to confine myself to the manufacture of
barometer tubes, but I claim as the Invention secured to me by Letters Patent
as aforesaid, the tools or machines herein set forth for the manufacture of
metallic tubes; and I claim the exclusive right to apply these tools or machines
to the manufacture of metallic tubes, such as those above referred to, for what-
ever purpose such tubes may be employed.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Edward Newton, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Fifteenth day of April, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-one.
5 Witness,
J. W. Moffatt,
66, Chancery Lane.
W. E. NEWTON. (L.S.)