IMPROVEMENTS IN BAKING OVENS
Year: 1856

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Joseph Koronikolski at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 12th
September 1856.
I, JOSEPH KORONIKOLSKI, of 36, Lisle Street, Leicester Square, London,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
BAKING OVENS," to be as follows:-
My improvements in baking ovens are intended to effect, on the one hand,
an important saving in fuel, and, on the other, a greatly increased production
in comparison with the space occupied by the oven.
The oven consists of a cylinder, which is moveable on its horizontal axis, and
whose internal space is divided in the direction of its length into cells, which
are intended to receive the dough after it has been shaped into loaves and
placed in trays of iron. These trays are lined with cement containing a large
proportion of sand, which prevents adhesion, absorbs the moisture, and
preserves the bread from acquiring an unpleasant taste. The cells are just
large enough freely to admit the loaves, and they may be made either
altogether to fill up the internal portion of the cylinder, or that part about the'
axis may be reserved either for a drying stove for wood or for an additional
fire-place. The firing is effected by means of two furnaces placed in the lower
corners of a quadrangular casing which surrounds the cylinder, and the flues

page_text: are so contrived that the heat has to pass from the lower corner of the casing
to the upper and diagonally opposite corner, and therefore is in contact
with one half the surface of the cylinder. One of the furnaces may be arranged
for the burning of wood and the other for the consumption of coals; but with
suitable modifications the oven may also be heated with steam. When wood
or coals are used as fuel, in which case the firing takes place on one side
of the casing only, the front end of the cylinder, which is turned on its circum-
ference and supported in a corresponding bearing in the casing, is fitted with a
toothed wheel into which gears a pinion working on a stud and furnished with a
crank handle; and in order that each set of cells may be exposed in its turn to
the same degree of heat, and consequently the process of baking carried on
continuously and uniformly, the attendant from time to time turns the cylinder
to the requisite extent in the direction of the fire-place. In this manner, the
dough having been fashioned into loaves and placed in the trays, can be pushed
into the oven on one side of the casing, and the baked bread removed on the
other side. The front end of the cylinder is furnished with a convenient
number of doors, which remain closed whilst the process of baking is going on,
and the quadrangular casing is in its turn surrounded by a jacket, which
is intended to prevent the radiation of the heat, and therefore serves the double
purpose of economising fuel, and also of keeping the place where the oven
is used comparatively cool.
This improved baking oven is especially adapted for military purposes; in
which case it is placed in a vehicle fitted with springs, and can be drawn
by four horses, and which is so arranged that the attendants have the oven at
one end, and facing it all the materials, tools, and utensils which are requisite
for baking and for the preparation of their meals, so that they can go on
kneading and baking without intermission even whilst the vehicle is following
the march of the troops. The whole baking establishment is thus placed
under one roof, which may be made to open on hinges or to lift off, and on the
top of which the attendants sleeping berths may be placed.
It will be perceived that in this manner very large quantities of bread can be
baked at a trifling cost of labor and with little fuel, in a comparatively small
space, with every chance of the bread being uniform in quality, and without the
risk of injuring it by overheating, as in ordinary baking ovens. It is evident
that my improved baking oven is also applicable to the baking of biscuits.