CERTAIN IMPROVED MACHINERY FOR PREPARING OR KNEADING: DOUGH
Year: 1829

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, MOSES
POOLE, of the Patent Office, Lincoln's Inn; Gentleman, send greeting.
WHEREAS His present most Excellent Majesty King George the Fourth,
by His Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date
at Westminster, the Nineteenth day of June, in the tenth year of His reign,
did,, for. Himself, His heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said Moses Poole, His special licence that I, the said Moses Poole, my
exors, admors, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Moses Poole,
my exors, admors, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others,
from time to time and at all times during the term of years therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within England,
Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, my Invention of "CERTAIN
IMPROVED MACHINERY FOR PREPARING OR KNEADING: DOUGH" (communicated to
me by a certain Foreigner. residing abroad); in which said Letters Patent is
contained a proviso obliging me, the said Moses Poole, by an instrument in
writing, under my hand and seal, particularly to describe and ascertain the
nature of my said. Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed,
and to cause the same to be inrolled in His said Majesty's High Court of
Chancery within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of
the said recited.Letters Patent; as in and by the same, reference being there-
unto had; will more fully and at large appear.
.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Moses, Poole, do hereby declare that the nature of the said Invention, com-
municated to me as aforesaid, and the manner of carrying the same into effect,

page_text: are particularly described and ascertained in manner following (that is to
say):-
The said Improved Machinery for Preparing or Kneading Dough may be
constructed in three several ways, which are represented in the three Sheets
of Drawings hereunto annexed.
.
Sheet 1 of the Drawings exhibits one mode of constructing the said
improved machinery, Figure 1 being a front view of the machinery; Figure 2,
a section; Figure 3, a view of one end of the machinery; and Figure 4, a
view of the opposite end thereof. A, A, in all the Figures, is the kneading
trough to contain the mixture of flour and water which is to be prepared or
kneaded into dough. The kneading trough A, A, is a long box wider at the top
than at the bottom. It is composed of thick planks of wood firmly bound
together by iron screw bolts, as shewn in the several Figures. The trough is
mounted on short wooden legs X, X, which raise it to a proper height above the
floor. The bottom of the kneading trough A, A, may be lined withinside with
hard wood, or with iron plate bent to a concave form, as shewn in the section,
Figure 2. The kneading trough can be covered over at top with a moveable
cover S,.which can be lifted off or put down at pleasure. B is a revolving
cylinder or kneading roller of hard wood or of iron, which extends horizontally
along the bottom of the treading trough A, A, all the length thereof, the ends
of the kneading roller B being quite close to the end boards of the kneading
trough A, as shewn by dotted lines in Figure 1. The kneading roller B has
a pivot b at each end of it, which pivots b, b, are received in suitable sockets
.at each end of the trough. One of the pivots passes through the end of the
.trough, and has a wheel fixed upon it to turn the roller round by. The roller B
is suspended at .such a height from the bottom of the kneading trough that
the mixture of flour and water which is put into the kneading trough in order
to be prepared or kneaded into dough will, by the revolving motion of the
.roller, be drawn between its circumference and the bottom of the kneading
trough with a sufficient pressure to incorporate or knead the said mixture
together. The roller B is adapted to be raised or lowered within the kneading
trough A, and can be retained at any height at which it is placed. For this
purpose the pivots b, b, at the ends of the roller B, are received in sockets
fornied in two vertical sliders of metal C, C, Figure 2 and 3, which are fitted
into corresponding grooves formed in the ends of the kneading trough A
withinside the same (see Figure 5, which is a plan of one end of the kneading
trough A, shewing one of the sliders C, C, fitted into its groove). The
sliders C, C, can be raised up or let down in their grooves by means of levers
L, I, at each end of the trough, which act upon studs or pins J fixed to the
sliders C; C, and projecting out therefrom through openings in. the ends.of

page_text: the kneading trough A, A, behind the sliders C, C, see Figures 3 and 4, and
the Plan, Figure 5 (note). The sockets formed in the sliders C, C, for the pivots
b, b, also project through the same openings, but the sliders C, C, are so
much broader and longer than those openings as to prevent any dough from
escaping out of the kneading trough through the openings. 6 are pieces of
iron which are screwed fast to the outside surface of the ends of the kneading
trough, across the openings which are cut out in those ends; their use is to
strengthen those ends. The ends of the pins J are received into openings
in the levers L, I, at the outside of the ends of the kneading trough (see
Figures 3 and 4), which levers are moveable about centre pins 3 fixed to the
ends of the kneading trough. The extremities L of the two levers L, I, pass
through iron guides M fixed to each end of the front board of the kneading
trough, and the guides M have holes through them at small intervals to admit
holding pins 4 in order to support the levers L, I, and thereby retain the roller B
at any height at which it may be placed by means of the handles L at the ends
of the levers L, I. The workman who attends the machine can at any time
alter the distance between the circumference of the kneading roller B and
the bottom of the kneading trough A, in order that the roller B, when it is
turned round, may act with more or less pressure and force upon the dough,
which it draws underneath it. D is a long plank of wood placed edgeways
over the kneading roller B, and extending all the length of the kneading
trough A from end to end, so that the kneading trough is divided by the
plank E and the roller B into two compartments, which have no communi-
cation except by the space left between the bottom of the trough and the
roller B, see the section, Figure 2; consequently the dough which is con-
tained in the lower part of the kneading trough, and which lies in contact
with the roller B, cannot pass from one side of the kneading trough to the
other except by passing under the roller B so as to be pressed and kneaded
thereby. The lower part of the plank D is bevelled to a sharp. edge, which
may be covered with iron plate, see the section, Figure 2, and which rests very
nearly in contact with the circumference of the roller B, so as to act as a scraper
and prevent any dough from accumulating and remaining thereon. The plank
D is attached to the same sliders C, C, which support the axis of the roller B;
consequently, when the roller B is raised up or lowered down by the levers L, I,
the plank D will accompany it, so that the scraping edge of the plank D will
preserve its proper distance from the circumference of the roller B. The dis-
tance of the scraping edge of the plank C from the circumference of the roller B
can be regulated by screws G, E, which are received into iron sockets 5 on the
top edge of the plank D, see Figures 1, 2, & 3. The ends of the plates 5

page_text: project out over the.openings that are cut in the ends of the kneading trough
A, see Figure 3. Each of the adjusting screws G, E, passes through the
plate 5, and the thread of the screw is screwed through a stud 7 which
projects out from each of the sliders C, C, into the opening in the end of the
kneading trough, see the Figures 3, 4, and 5. A nut:F is applied upon the
screw under the plate 5 to bear that plate, and consequently the plank D,
upwards. Also another nut 8 is screwed on the lower end of the screw G, E,
beneath the stud 7, to confine the screw. Therefore, by turning the adjusting
screws G, E, round one way or the other, the scraping edge of the plank D
may be adjusted as to its distance. from the circumference of the roller B. The
plank D is retained.in its place in the middle of the trough by two ribs which
project from the sliders: C, C. (see Figure 5), into the trough, and which
include the ends of the plank D between them, but the plank D can be
moved up and down between those ribs by means of its adjusting screws G, E.
The kneading roller B is turned round, in order to prepare or knead the
dough, by the strength of a man who turns a handle R. fixed into one of the
arms of the fly wheel Q. The fly wheel turns round on a fixed axle which
projects out from a bracket P 5, which is firmly fastened on the top edge of
the plank D, see Figure 1. The, fly wheel Q, Q, has a pinion O of 20 teeth
fixed to it to act in the teeth of a spur wheel N of 120 teeth, which is fixed
on the extreme end of the projecting pivot 6 of the roller B. The fly wheel
being supported by the plank D, it will accompany that plank, and also the
wheel N, whenever the same is raised or lowered by the levers L, I, as before
described. The machinery herein-before described, being constructed ac-
cording to the scale of the Drawing, will be of suitable dimensions to prepare
or knead about 600 lbs. of dough at one time. At the beginning of the
operation the roller B should be raised up to its greatest height from the
bottom of the kneading trough, and the proper quantities of flour and water
(with such other ingredients as may be used by bakers) being put into the
kneading trough, and slightly mixed together. by the workman with the fork
shewn in Figure 6,. Sheet 1, the lid S of the kneading trough may be shut
down, and the workman, by turning the fly wheel round by its handle R, may
give motion. to the roller B. The mixture of flour and water which is con-
tained in the lower part of the kneading trough, and which lies in contact
with the roller B, is, by the motion thereof, drawn underneath it, and passes
from one side of the kneading trough to the opposite side, being forcibly
squeezed between the roller and the bottom of the trough. During such
passage, when nearly all. the dough is so passed to one side, the workman
must turn the handle R round in a contrary direction in order to reverse

page_text: the motion of the roller B and work the dough back again under the
roller, and return it into that compartment of the kneading trough which has
been emptied, and thus he continues to turn the machine first one way
round and then the other, until all the dough contained in the kneading trough is
properly kneaded. As the operation advances the roller B should be lowered'
a little nearer to the bottom of the kneading trough, from time to time, by
withdrawing the pins 4 from the guides M of the levers L, I, and replacing
the pins each a hole lower down in the guides. By this means the pressure
on the dough may be increased as the mixture of the ingredients becomes
more intimate, and thus the operation is continued until the dough is suffi-
ciently prepared or kneaded to be fit to make into loaves. If the workman
turns the handle of the wheel round at the rate of 60 turns in a minute,
the kneading roller will make 10 turns in a minute, which will be a very
suitable speed.
Sheet 2 represents another mode of constructing the said improved
machinery for preparing or kneading dough. Figure 1 is a horizontal plan
of the machinery; Figure 2, and end section thereof; Figure 3, a front
elevation; Figure 4, an elevation of one end; and Figure 5, an elevation
of the wheelwork for turning the machinery by the strength of a man. C is
a revolving kneading trough, being an oblong square box of wood, suspended
on pivots T at each end, and which are supported by two standards B, B.
The pivots T are formed on iron plates, which are firmly bolted to the ends
of the kneading trough. A spur wheel R is fixed on the end of one of the
pivots T, in order to turn the kneading through C round by the power of a
man, who turns the handle M of a fly whell V, which is mounted on the
standards B, Figure 5 and 1. On the axis of the fly wheel is a pinion P
of 10 teeth to turn the spur wheel R, which has 120 teeth, therefore the
revolving kneading trough makes 5 turns per minute, when the fly wheel V
is turned round by a man at the rate of 60 turns per minute. The interior
of the kneading through C can, be divided into compartments by partitions D,
see the Plan, Figure 1, which fit closely to the inside of the kneading trough,
being retained in their places by studs or round ended pins 2, which are fixed
in the sides of the kneading trough, and project withinside so as to enter into
grooves formed in the edges of the partitions. The partitions can be removed
from the kneading trough if required to use all its length to prepare or knead
one parcel of dough. The object of thus dividing the kneading trough by
partitions into several compartments is to adapt it for preparing or kneading
several kinds of dough at the same time, or a less quantity than the whole
kneading trough is adapted to prepare or kneȧd at once. The kneading

page_text: trough C is strengthened by iron bands E, applied on the outside, and the
ends of those bands from the hinges by which the cover or lid 3 of the
kneading trough is hung. When that cover is shut down it is fastened by
hasps formed at the end of the several bands E, and secured by cross pins,
whereby the kneading trough is closed on all sides. When it is required to
prepare or knead dough within it, by turning it round by its wheelwork. S
are heavy iron balls or weights, which are enclosed within the kneading C
along with the dough, and are retained by chains fasted to the middle of. one
of the sides thereof, as shewn in the section, Figure 2, those chains being of
sufficient length to allow the balls S to reach into every part of the con-
partments in which each one respectively is contained. The balls S act by their
weight upon the mixture of flour and water which is enclosed within the
revolving kneading trough C, and prepare or knead the same into dough,
When the revolving kneading trough C is turned round by its wheelwork
the dough by its own weight tends to remain at the lower part of the
kneading trough, and is turned or rolled over and over within the kneading
trough by the revolving motion thereof. The balls S which lie bedded on the
dough when it is so turned over by the revolving motion of the kneading
trough, assist the kneading action by their weight, sometimes by rolling over
the mass of dough, depressing it on one part and raising other adjacent parts,
and at other times being carried up with the dough by the motion of the trough
and then falling suddenly down again with the dough to the bottom of the
trough, whereby the action of the balls S upon the dough produces a very
similar effect to that of the hands of a workman who kneads dough in the
ordinary manner, breaking up the mass and turning it over and over, and
continually pressing or striking it at every part and in every direction, until
the flour and water are thoroughly incorporated and properly prepared or
kneaded into dough.
Sheet 3 represents another mode of constructing the improved machinery
for preparing or kneading dough. Figure 1 is a side elevation thereof;
Figure 2 is a plan; Figure 3 is a separate elevation of the interior mechanism
which performs the kneading; and Figure 4 is an end elevation of the
machinery. The kneading trough P is a long box of a semi-cylindical form,
made of longitudinal staves fitted together and bound by iron bands on the
outside. It is fixed horizontally in a frame of of wood B, B, by which it is
supported, as shewn in the Figure. A hollow cover I is fitted over the
kneading trough P, to close it up, as is shewn in the side elevation, Figure 1
and the cover I is united to one edge of the trough by hinges, as shewn in
the end elevation, Figure 4, so that it can be turned over into the position

page_text: shewn in that Figure, in order to be quite clear behind the kneading trough.
The cover is supported in that position by iron brackets F. A horizontal
axis A is placed along the centre of the semi-cylindical kneading trough
extending all its length, the pivots at each end of the axis being supported
on the two ends of the trough. The mixture of flour and water is prepared
or kneaded into dough within the knedding trough P, by means of rings or
rims D, Figure 3, which are disposed when the cential axis A at equal
distances apart. But the rims D, instead of being placed at right angles to
the axis A, are placed with the planes of the rims obliquely to the axis, as is
shewn in Figure 3. Hence, when the axis A is turned round the rims D
in revolving therewith act upon the dough with an alternately advancing and
receding motion, in the direction of the length of the kneading trough, first
moving towards one end thereof during one half the turn, and then moving
back again towards the opposite end, and during the next half turn, so that
every part of the interior of the kneading trough will be occupied by some
part of one or other of the oblique rims in each revolution of the axis a.
The rims D are really of an elliptical form, as shewn in Figure 5; but, by the
oblique direction in which they are fixed on the axis a, their circumferences
conform to the interior of the semi-cylindical kneading trough. The rims D
are fixed to the axis a by perpendicular arms or stays rivetted to the rims D,
and screwed to the axis A; and small prongs or projecting cutters S are
fastened to the edges of the rims D, which, as the rims revolve, tend to scrape
off any dough which may adhere to the inside of the kneading trough. The
horizontal axis A of the revolving rims D is supported in sockets formed at
the upper ends of two curved iron bars C, C, one at each end of the kneading
trough, which bars are moveable in the directions of their curvature through
guides. Each of those bars C, C, has teeth formed on it in the manner
of a rack, Figure 4; and those teeth are acted upon by the teeth of pinions
E, affixed to a long horizontal axis, which is supported by the frame B, and
a handle or winch is applied on one end of the axis of the pinions E, to turn
them both round at once, in order to move the curved bars C, C, through
their guides, and carry them from the position drawn in Figure 4 into the
dotted position in the same Figure, and thereby lift up the axis A with all
the rims out of the trough P, so as to raise it clear up above the same out
of the way. When the flour and water are to be put into the trough, or
when the dough is to be removed therefrom, the axis A is turned round by
means of a train of wheelwork connected with the handle M, and mounted
in bearings affixed to the frame B, B, see Figure 1 and 2. On the axis of
handle M is a pinion 1 of 18 teeth, to turn a spur wheel 2 of 72 teeth; a

page_text: pinion 3 of 18 teeth is fixed on the axis of the wheel 2, and turns a wheel 4
of 72 teeth, which is fixed on the extremity of the axis A of the rims D.
When the handle M is turned at the rate of sixty turns per minute, the
rims D will be turned round at the rate of three and three quarters turns
per minute. Whilst the dough is very soft and requires only a slight force to
effect the kneading, the pinion 1 may be slided endways on its axis so as to
disengage its teeth from those of the wheel 2, and the handle M being
applied on the end of the axis of the wheel 2 and pinion 3, the kneading
rims D will be turned round fifteen turns per minute, when the handle
M makes sixty turns per minute. When the proper quantities of flour
and water are put into the kneading trough P, and the machinery is to
be put in operation to prepare or knead it into dough, the axis A with
the rims D is lowered down into the kneading trough P, until the axis
A is level with the top of the kneading trough, the lower half of the rings D
being received in the kneading trough; but the upper half of the rims D
projects out above the kneading trough, and is covered over by the hollow
lid I, which is shut down over the kneading trough. The rims D are adapted
to the interior of the trough so as to correspond therewith, but not to touch
the inside thereof. The preparing or kneading of the dough is performed
in a similar manner to that already described for the other constructions of
the improved machinery, the workman turning the axis A and rims D round
by means of the handle M, [and those rims in their rotation act upon the
mixture of flour and water until the same is properly prepared or kneaded
into dough. When that is done the lid I is turned back clear of the rims D
and then the pinions E must be turned round in order to raise up the bars
C, C, and thereby lift up the axis A and the rims D out of the kneading
trough P, so as to be out of the way when the dough is to be removed and
divided into loaves. Note, each of the machines represented in the Drawings,
and herein-before described, is of a proper size to prepare or knead about
five hundred to six hundred pounds of dough at one operation, and is adapted s
to be impelled by the strength of one man. The dimensions of the several
parts may be found by measuring the Drawings by their respective scales,
but those dimensions and the proportions and arrangement of the wheelwork
and the framing may be varied at the discretion of the workman, who is
to construct the same without altering the nature of the Invention. The 3
machinery may be impelled by millwork if it is constructed on a large scale,
and intended to prepare or knead large quantities of dough at a time.
What I claim as new Invention in the aforesaid improved machinery for
preparing or kneading dough is as follows:-

page_text: First, I claim an exclusive right to use a revolving roller or cylinder at the
bottom of a kneading trough, in the manner herein-before described, for the
purpose of drawing the dough beneath the said roller, in order to compress
and knead the same between the surface of the said revolving roller and the
bottom of the kneading trough; the said roller being also adapted to be
set at a greater or less distance from the bottom of the trough, according to
the discretion of the workman, in order to regulate the pressure that the roller
shall give to the dough.
Secondly, I also claim an exclusive right to use a revolving kneading
trough to contain the dough, which is to be prepared or kneaded with heavy
balls or weights enclosed within such revolving trough along with the dough,
in the manner herein-before described.
Thirdly, I also claim an exclusive right to use a semi-cylindrical kneading
trough, having a revolving axis in the centre thereof, with rims or wheels
fixed on and revolving with such axis, in the manner herein-before described,
in order to prepare or knead the dough contained in such trough. The
management of the process of preparing or kneading dough by the said
improved machinery, such as the length of time during which the dough
should be subjected to the operation of the machinery, and the rapidity with
which the machinery should be turned, must be regulated according to the
quantity and quality of dough which it is intended to prepare or knead, and
also according to the practice of bakers in different parts of the country.
In witness whereof, I, the said Moses Poole, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, the Nineteenth day of December, in the year of our