NEW AND IMPROVED MEANS OR METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR OBTAINING AND APPLYING MOTIVE POWER
Year: 1879

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Charles Tellier, of No. 99, Route de Versailles, Paris, in
the Republic of France, Civil Engineer, for the Invention of "NEW AND
IMPROVED MEANS OR METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR OBTAINING AND APPLYING
MOTIVE POWER.”
Sealed the 12th August 1879, and dated the 17th February 1879.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION filed by the said Charles Tellier at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents on the 17th February 1879.
CHARLES TELLIER, of No. 99, Route de Versailles, Paris, in the Republic of
France, Civil Engineer. NEW AND IMPROVED MEANS OR METHOD AND APPARATUS
"
FOR OBTAINING AND APPLYING MOTIVE POWER."
The mode of producing motive power hereinafter described is based on the power
which caloric develops in liquids, and the following description is divided into two
parts.
The first part will be devoted to the generation of power by the action of the fire,
and the second part to the employment of the power created and its transformation
into motive power.
I will here remark that the elements hereinafter described may be combined in
many ways for obtaining the same result.
The generators as well as the motors differ in their effects according to their
employment, local circumstances, and also the size of the apparatus.
To illustrate the principle of my Invention I will describe it as applied to a
steam boat. From this description it will be easy to understand the arrangement
applicable to other purposes whether for land or water.
GENERATION OF POWER

page_text: being understood that one only may be employed) which are connected together by
a collector B.
One of these generators is shewn in side view at Figure 1ª, Sheet 1, which shews
the longitudinal body of the engine room of a steam boat.
I will first describe the arrangement of the generator properly so called by
reference to A, Figure 1, Sheet 1, by which it will be seen that this boiler is
mounted upright on a furnace, the mechanism of which will be hereinafter
described.
The exterior of this boiler is formed of a sheet iron cylinder a, a, b, b; the lower
part of this cylinder is fixed by a joint to the annular plate c, c, and on the upper
part which is closed by a plate e, e, which surmounts an apparatus hereinafter
described. Tie rods fffff, allow of connecting the upper plate to the bottom g, g,
in such a manner as to obtain the desired strength.
Under the plate g, g, will be seen hanging in the fire place a certain number of
"Field" boiler tubes h, h, h, h; it is to be understood that these tubes should be as
numerous as possible, and if only a small number of these tubes be shewn, it is to
avoid making the Drawing indistinct.
Above will also be seen a large number of vertical tubes i, i, i, i; these tubes are
open at both ends and they alternate regularly with the "Field" tubes. They
serve to conduct outside the burnt gases which escape from the fire.
This arrangement has the advantage of dispersing the flame around each "Field"
tube and consequently of dividing as much as possible the action of the caloric; the
tubes i, i, i, i, are not smooth like the ordinary tubes. They are traversed from
place to place by kinds of points as seen at a, a, a, a, Figure 2. These points draw
off the caloric from the burnt air for transmitting it to the liquid contained in the
generator A, which in this case is supposed to be water. These points are fixed in
position by means of a press when the pressure acts from the outside to the interior;
they are on the contrary screwed when the pressure acts in the opposite direction.
It will be easily understood that in operating in the manner described the
conditions of working are superior to those of the ordinary "Field" boilers, since
-not only is profit made of the heat of the fire, but also of a large part of the non-
absorbed heat which would escape with the burnt air. I have found by experience
that a similar arrangement allows of causing the burnt air to egress at the same
temperature as that of the water to be heated, whether this temperature be twenty
degrees or one hundred degrees or otherwise.
The points need only be placed up to the level of the liquid, say, for example, up
to the line a, b, a, b, but it is preferable to let the tubes be furnished with points
up to the upper plate a, a. With these conditions the steam chamber will be armed
with heated obstructions which will rend the steam and dry it. Now this result is
of great value when operating under circumstances which necessitate that the steam
should be as dry as possible.
The fitting of the "Field " tubes is easy, is well known, and according to certain
rules which need not be further referred to. The tubes with points are fitted in
the following simple manner :-All the tubes are turned slightly conical both at the top
and bottom and in a regular manner; each of these cones is capped with a light leaden
ring or cylinder, as seen in Figure 3. Each tube is placed in its opening which is
also formed conical to correspond with the cone of the tube. A washer (Figure 3)
is slid on the upper part of each tube, which washer is stopped on the first points
and is embedded between the tie rods f, f, f, f, f, and holds the tube in position.
The tubes being all placed in position the nuts of the tie rods and of the large
joint a, a, are tightened and the boiler is complete. It will be noticed that this
construction allows of all the parts of the boiler being examined by taking down
the parts.
By opening the joints b, b, a, a, the cover c, c, may be taken away, then the
cover a, b, b, a; in this condition it is only necessary to remove by hand the tubes
with points and the "Field" tubes; it will be seen that it is not possible to obtain
greater facilities for cleaning and examination..

page_text: The steam produced escapes by the abduction tubes and arrives in the separating
vessel B, the water running off by the vertical tube E, and re-enters each boiler, by
raising the ball F; the object of this ball is to prevent the escape of the hot liquid
from the boiler and which becoming vaporized in the tube E at the time of the
introduction into the cylinder would render the column of water formed by it frothy
and consequently less dense, and thus impede the return to the boiler of the water
projected into the vessel B, and which it is desired to withdraw therefrom.
When very frothy liquids are employed, such as glycerine, it is necessary to
employ a more complete separating vessel, such as that shewn in Figure 5, Sheet 1.
The size of this separator is the same as that hereinbefore described, but instead
of being made of rivetted plates, it is provided with a cover a, a, which may be
taken off at pleasure.
In the joint formed by the cover and the vessel B is inserted a funnel G; this
funnel is formed, firstly, of a piece of metallic tissue m, m, having a very fine mesh;
secondly, of a sheet iron cone n, n; thirdly, of a return tube o.
The steam arrives by the tube C, the froth rises round the funnel, is broken in
passing through the metallic cloth, the liquid falls in the funnel G, reaches the
lower part of the recipient in which is placed the discharge tube E, whilst the
steam escapes through the cock H, to be conveyed to the place where it is to be
employed.
I will now refer to the burned air at its exit from the tubes i, i, i, i. These
tubes have not yet given out all their heat; for example, supposing the work to be
carried on at five atmospheres, which would correspond to about one hundred and
fifty two degrees, the air is allowed to escape at this temperature, but it may still
be utilized.
For that purpose I employ it for making soft water in such a manner, that if at
sea, I thus provide the means of repairing the loss which takes place through the
whistles, feed engine, and the like. The following is one of the arrangements
which may be employed for this purpose.
A vessel J, Figure 1, Sheet 1, is placed on the body of each boiler. The section
on the left hand side shews that this vessel is furnished with vertical tubes with
points corresponding exactly in number with those contained in the boiler A, the
tubes of which extend slightly beyond the plate a, because their diameter is a little
less than that of the tubes of the vessel J, and consequently each of them can enter
the tubes of the vessel J, which are immediately above them; Figure 6 shews this
arrangement.
Under these conditions there will be on each boiler a second generator which will
receive the action of the burnt air, and will utilize it up to one hundred degrees if
working at the ordinary pressure, but below this if condensing in vacuum.
The two boilers are united by a tube K in such a manner as to make one body,
and further the steam passes away with the products of the extraction through the
same opening J. With this arrangement there is no occasion to trouble about the
level of the water.
A pump constantly at work and calculated for the quantity of water for the said
extraction, and the steam which should be furnished constantly, sends this water
through the orifice in the first evaporator J. This water passes into the second
evaporator through the tube K, at the same time that the steam arrives there by
the tube K. The part which is not vaporized then passes off with the steam
through j. This tube (see Figure 1º, Sheet 1), conducts the hole to the separator V.
It will thus be easily seen that the steam escapes by the conduit v, v, v, which
opens into the worm S, whilst the saturated water descends through the inverted
syphon w, w, w, to gain the interior. This syphon is required when condensing at
the ordinary pressure, because it determines a pressure useful in condensation. If
on the contrary it is desired to condense in vacuum in order to extract more heat
from the air burned, the syphon w, w, w, is replaced by an extraction pump, and a
second pump will extract the condensed water from the worm S.

page_text: "
Let it be admitted that collection takes place at atmospheric pressure. The steam
is condensed from the effect of the ordinary current of water which fills the cistern
of the worm S; from there it runs off by the tube 8, which conveys it to the valve
t, which allows of its introduction into the receiver T, which is in open communi-
cation.
The receiver T is a vessel in which all the water of condensation is caused to
arrive.
An overflow pipe 2, %, z, discharges the useless excess. This constant production
of soft water is thus a useful precaution. In all cases the overflow should be placed
so as to draw from the lower part of the receiver T, and thereby allow the oil and
fatty bodies to accumulate in the upper part of the said receiver. The cock 8
allows the drawing off of these fatty bodies while the excess of water passes
through the tube 2, 2, 2, into a receiver Z, which conveys it outside.
As already stated, the combustion, even on land, is often effected or influenced by
atmospheric conditions, and at sea these difficulties are increased, and often the
evaporation is only obtained at a great expense of energy.
Figure 1, Sheet 1, shews an arrangement which I employ for avoiding this
defect.
The boiler room, whether united or not with the engine room, is perfectly closed;
the doors or windows being left free, are all closed by means of counterweights or
springs corresponding with a strain which can be varied, but which for example
may be taken at sixty kilogrammes per square metre.
The communication by the doors should not be freely established with the
atmosphere, but it should enter in a kind of lobby or room furnished with another
door in such a manner, that in coming in or going out, direct communication with
the atmosphere shall be prevented by the kind of lobby or chamber thus formed.
Figure 3, Sheet 2, shews this arrangement at o, o, o, o. A door o, o, allows of
entering the first lobby a, b, where a second door c, c, is placed, giving access to a
small room k, l, which encloses the ladder s, t, by which the deck is reached.
This being done, the blower M, Figure 1ª, Sheet 1, and Figure 3, Sheet 2, is put
in operation; this blower is worked by a special engine which is put in operation
at the commencement from the small boiler with which all steam ships are pro-
vided.
It takes the air from the outside by means of the pipe q, q, q, Figure 1ª, Sheet 1,
which opens into a box Q. This box is arranged in such a manner as to allow the
easy escape from its lower part at q', q', of the water which might enter, whilst the
air freely enters through the open spaces in the lattice work, which forms the
lower walls of the box. The upper part of Q is quite closed in such a manner as
to protect the opening of the pipes q, q, 9, against the entrance of water.
With this arrangement the blower will constantly ensure a supply of air from
the exterior into the chamber, and as there is no other exit for this air than through
the grate of the furnace or furnaces, it follows from the internal pressure thus
established that an artificial draught is produced which allows of dispensing with
the chimney, or of giving it but little height in order to prevent the products of
combustion from injuring the crew.
I may also conduct the said products of combustion to the back part of the
vessel by longitudinal flues discharging it on each side of the helm, so as to com-
pletely relieve the deck from its effects. This arrangement is shewn in Figure 2ª,
Sheet 1. q, q, shews the flue opening into the case Q provided with open spaces
which allow of the escape of the products of combustion.
It will be easily seen that this arrangement may be varied, and entirely depends
on the conditions to be fulfilled.
No description is required of the combustion on a grate by the introduction of
air underneath, as this will take place under the ordinary conditions, if the air,
instead of being drawn in by the chimney, be drawn in by the blower.
I do not always employ this mode of combustion; I may also employ that of a

page_text: reversed draught, and which is certainly more rational than that commonly em-
ployed.
It is this mode which I propose to utilize in certain cases, and in the following
manner :-
The fire place is formed in a large cast iron basin R, shewn in transverse section
at Figure 1, Sheet 1, and in longitudinal section at Figure 1ª, Sheet 1, also in plan
at Figure 3, Sheet 2. This basin is provided with refractory brick. At its front
part r, r, Figure 1ª, Sheet 1, is the grate which, for example, is shewn rectangular
in form.
This grate is formed of small bars of refractory brick or porcelain, see Figure 3*,
Sheet 1; they are supported by small arches of the same material 8, 8, 8, 8, one of
which is shewn in section of Figure 4ª, Sheet 1, a surrounding wall t, t, allowing of
maintaining the fuel in its place, no matter how much the ship may roll. The
space comprised between the grate and the boiler is filled with refractory brick.
The valve placed there, allows of stopping or of moderating at will the entrance
of the air into the fire, and a small door y allows of cleaning out the ash pit.
From the preceding description it will be easy to understand that the work of
the furnace is very much simplified since the stoker by looking at the fire has only
to put on coals at those parts where the fuel has been consumed.
The cleaning is also more easy, because on one side the scorice runs off in a liquid
state, and on the other it will be broken up without ever covering very large
portions of the surface.
Instead of refractory earth hollow iron bars may be employed, in which the feed
water is caused to circulate. In this case the current of water must not be
delivered directly into the boiler, but by means of a retaining valve, If, in fact, a
tube should break or crack it would not be necessary to empty the boiler; two
joints with cocks would allow of easily replacing one grate by another in case of
accident.
Figure 3, Sheet 2, is a view in plan of the section of the chamber of the
generators; M, N, M, N, are the coal bunkers; A and A¹ the boilers with their
furnace; B, the steam purifier; V., the separator of the saturated water; T, the
soft water receiver; S, the steam engine driving the pumps and the blower M;
9, 9, 9, 9, the various pumps; o, o, o, o, the double rooms for reaching the deck.
With this explanation I will now proceed to describe the method of utilizing the
MANAN REadwood be the combustion

page_text: Figure 1, Sheet 3, is a longitudinal section of the engine room, in which A is the
generator, and B the motive engine of the screw.
I will first describe the generator A, which differs but slightly from that described
in the first part of this Specification.
It will be seen that I employ in this arrangement the "Field" tubes h, h, h, and
the tubes i, i, i, already described; the difference at first apparent will be the sup-
pression of the annular part which surrounded the "Field " tubes and forming the
fire place, and the replacing it by a cover of refractory bricks.
By this arrangement I lose by this mode of action a certain portion of the
heating surface, but on the other hand I gain, firstly, a more complete combustion,
as from the effect of the radiation produced by the heating of the brickwork
enclosure the temperature is more equally maintained, and consequently combustion
of the gases is more regularly effected.
Secondly, a complete security in the resistance of the apparatus for the interior
cover, which, in the first case, might through inattention become red hot, and
be put out of shape under the pressure does not exist, and I have now only the
external cylinder a, a, a, which being only subjected to the action of the burnt gas
is capable of offering considerable resistance.
As before described the plates b, b, b, are united together by the series of tic rods,
and it will be easily understood that the whole forms an assemblage of great
resistance and presenting this curious feature, namely, that in undoing the joints of
these plates, the whole arrangement becomes moveable, and that there is thus not
one single piece of the boiler that cannot be moved by hand and perfectly cleaned; I
would add that for expedition this method of construction presents very great
advantages, as all the parts can be taken to pieces and packed for transport in
cases,
•
.
. The boiler that I have thus shewn and described may appear very small for an
engine of six hundred horse power of seventy five kilogrammètres, which is that
which I have proposed to furnish, but as already described, as I use the steam twice
over, the boiler has only to furnish three hundred horse power of seventy five kilos.
I also do away with the pluce reserved for the steam chamber, because, as already
stated, my intention is to suppress the steam and to work with super heated water.
For this purpose the generator described will have to give a heating surface of
fifty metres, which will give thirty kilos. of steam for each square metre or the
equivalent heat. Now, with the "Field " tubes thus arranged, and with the tubes
with points, it is certain that I can count on producing at least fifty kilos. or its
equivalent.
The boiler is provided with all the usual safety valves, guages, valves, water
tubes, and other accessories which need not here be described, nor is it necessary to
describe the action of the blower or the grate, as these have been already sufficiently
described in the first part of this description.
I will refer to the fire place only in order to remark that with this arrangement
instead of one only I employ two, namely, one on each side, as will be seen at G, J,
Figure 4, Sheet 2. The liquid is fed at the middle of the boiler.
-
I employ the word liquid intentionally, because I do not intend to make use of
water exclusively, but according to circumstances of ordinary water or of water
containing matters in solution by which its boiling point is raised, and this latter
case being the most complex is that which I will proceed to describe.
As already stated my intention is to make the steam serve twice, but to do this
in an advantageous manner it is necessary that the combination should be such
that I shall be enabled to obtain sufficient temperature to obtain suitable pressures,
at the same time allowing of condensing at zero with three atmospheres.
For this purpose I can employ an expansion engine of the kind known as
compound, and further, I must provide the means for twice utilizing the heat.
As an example let it be supposed that the engine is working with a pressure of
ten atmospheres in the boiler A, and that the water employed contains sufficient

page_text: In this state I shall have with the water only a temperature
at ten atmospheres of 180°, 3 equal
By the addition of salt the temperature will have been
raised by
-
The liquid will thus exit at
If the liquid is condensed (and I will hereafter describe by
what means) I should have at zero with threo atmospheres
a temperature of
But increased by the 50° brought by the chloride in solution
equal
I shall thus obtain at the condensation even at zero with
three atmospheres a temperature of
180°-3
50° -
230° 3
69° 49
-
50°
- 119° 49
In this state instead of employing water of condensation I'utilize either trime-
thylamine or water charged with ammonia, I shall recover a new pressure of from
five to six atmospheres, which may be again utilized and giving to the ordinary
condensation a sufficient vacuum for working with a satisfactory expansion.
I will now prove the advantages of substituting the employment of super heated
liquid over steam.
On the one hand, as already stated, I do away with the steam chamber in the
boiler, by which I gain a relatively large space.
On the other hand I have only to fear that the boiler should be short of water
since the liquid is taken in much above the level of the bottom, and that if the
water should accidentally fall below that level the engine would stop, as the steam
supplied through the opening C would not be sufficient to work it.
Further, I get rid of the enormous number of pipes and valves required for
steam, a simple pipe of two or three centimeters diameter (according to the power)
being sufficient for conveying the motive liquid. In addition I avoid the condensation
which takes place on all these surfaces.
I will now refer to the cock C which allows the egress of the motive liquid from
the boiler.
By following this tube, which is shewn at c, c, it will be seen that it passes to the
motive cylinders, one of which is shewn in front view at B. There are two of these
cylinders, one of them is for working by means of the super-heated water, the other
by means of the secondary liquid.
Figure 1, Sheet 4, shews a section of these cylinders on the line B, D.
It will be seen by inspection of the Drawing how I prefer to place these cylinders.
This form is not absolute. For inarine purposes it is necessary to take into
consideration the part of the hold of the vessel which is to be made use of. This
arrangement has another advantage, namely, that of allowing the use of long
connecting rods which, as shewn at b, i, Figure 1, Sheet 3, and Figure 1, Sheet 4,
are placed at each side of the cylinders.
it
This arrangement allows of giving the connecting rods a length of six to eight
times the throw of the crank; further, it leaves all the parts easy of access;
also allows of more easily conforming to the shape of the vessel in such a manner
as to allow of placing the engines as far as possible at the back, thereby diminishing
to that extent the length of the screw shaft.
This advantage is useful in many cases, above all for the transportation of fresh
meat, where it is advantageous to place as far back as possible all the machinery in
order to leave the front part of the hold free.
Another advantage, equally valuable, derived from placing the cylinders together
s the power of being able to place the condensers under the engine.
These conditions also allow the machinery to form part of the frame work, thus

page_text: economizing dead weight and conducing to the stability of the vessel by the placing
in the lower part of the hold of relatively considerable weights..
If this arrangement should at first sight appear to take up a large space, it will be
easily seen by reference to Sheet 4 that this width is limited to the space occupied
by the cylinders, and that in the aggregate it is impossible to arrive at a much less
displacement than that which is now allowed to the engines of steam ships.
I will now describe the mechanism of the motive cylinders:-As shewn in Sheets 3
and 4 the pistons_pass out by the plate opposite to the screw shaft H; the head of
the piston m, n, of wrought iron receives by the axes h, h, the connecting rods, the
other ends of which at h¹ are attached to the cranks of the screw shaft H so that
the movement is thus transmitted to the shaft, and in order that this latter shall
not become too much complicated the connecting rods, as shewn at h¹, h², h', h²,
Sheet 3, are connected to it forkwise in such a manner that the driving shaft in
reality only carries two cranks; it can then be supported in the middle by a
bearing P-which thus gives it great strength. The rigidity of the piston rod is 1
maintained by means of the guides G, G, shewn in Sheet 4, Figure 1 being an
interior view, and Figure 2 a sectional outside view at g, g.
This latter Figure shews the cushions r, r, which are fixed at the head of the
piston and which can be easily renewed and may be composed of any suitable
material, such as steel or brass, at the same time they should have as large a surfaces
as. possible given to them.
Each guide is supported by an upright S, and which uniting it to the condensers'
gives a sufficient strength to the whole. The transmission of the movement having
been thus explained I will now describe how it is produced.
For this purpose it
will be necessary to refer to the motive cylinders M, N, and particularly to the
cylinder M which is shewn in section, Figure 1, Sheet 4, and where will be seen the
pipe c, c, which conveys the motive fluid. At first sight two things will be seen to
be produced.
.
The first is that the introduction takes place by means of simple receivers shewn
at F, F, instead of by means of slide valves:
The second is that the escape takes place at the lower part of the cylinder by
means of two plain slide valves shewn at I, I.
I will first explain the receivers F, F, the employment of which is based on this
fact.
-
-
If a cubic metre of steam be taken at 0 atmosphere 3, it will be seen that it will
weigh one hundred and ninety two grammes, which corresponds to thirty ninė
litres sixty six (39-66) of steam at ten atmospheres, which 39-66 litres have required
to form them,
126.92 units of heat
which have been drawn from the boiler, as in egressing from
the condenser the one hundred and ninety two grammes of
water at 0.3 atmospheres would only have a temperature of
69°-49, there would only be to bring back to the boiler
11.99 units of heat

page_text: Starting from this point I shall have the proportion in which water can be
employed, that is to say, if I have a cylinder of one cubic metre and if I expand
at /d in employing steam at 10 atmospheres it would only be necessary in order
to work with water to introduce one litre of water at 180°, also at ten atmospheres.
As a consequence it will be seen that in order to inject steam at ten atmospheres
at /d of the stroke of the piston it will be necessary to provide the means of
allowing 39-66 litres to pass, whilst if water be employed only one litre will be¨
required.
Each gauge receiver F, F, is thus the gauge of the maximum quantity of super-
heated water which should enter each cylinder. A cock placed on the supply pipe
and furnished with an index allows of regulating at will the introduction of the
water; a water gauge may also be placed at each opening to allow of inspecting the
action.
Figure 3, Sheet 4, shews an enlarged view of this chamber; it forms at its
lower part a three way cock. The plug S serves for receiving on one of its ends
the bevil wheel v, v, the opposite end of the seat forms a small tube which is closed,
by a plate n, n, which receives the tube c coming from the boiler. It will thus be
seen that the pressure which arrives there and acts on the plug S forces it to press
on the plate in such a manner that the more the plug turns the more it is ground,
so that the occlusion becomes more perfect.
The said plug is provided with an opening, which according to its position
obstructs or frees the passage or channel o, p. It has another opening r, which also
according to its position equally obstructs or frees the orifice ac.
Assuming that the plug S receives a rotary motion from its bevil wheel v, v,
gearing with the bevil wheel won the screw shaft (as shewn in Figure 1, Sheet 4),
it will be easily seen that during a part of the course the vessel will be filled
through the orifice a, and that during another part of the course it will be emptied.
through the canal or channel o, p, in proportion to the introduction.
This arrangement may be greatly varied; for example, the cock could be replaced.
by a small slide valve. It has however always one advantage, namely, that tooth for
tooth the movement may be regulated, and consequently the introduction may be
effected at the precise moment necessary. It will be further seen that whilst it.
would be difficult to effect the introduction at /rd of the stroke of the piston,.
which may be done in employing compound engines with two cylinders, I am able
to effect the introduction at 1/1000th, by which much more advantageous results may
be obtained.
I would here remark that further I do away with the friction of the slide valves,
which accounts for so large a portion of useless resistance and hurtful spaces, the
introduction being effected, so to say, instantaneously. Account should also be
taken of this instantaneous introduction by considering that the spaces left free
behind the piston at 0-3 atmospheres, whilst the pressure is at 10 atmospheres in
the distributor F. This difference will shew with what rapidity the small volume
of liquid from F (say about one litre) is projected into the cylinder.
The application of this method necessitates the discharge at the lower part of the
cylinder through the orifice m, m, where are placed the slide valves I, I, which work.
against the glasses o, o, o, o, covering or uncovering as required the orifices m³, m³,
leading to the condenser o, o¹.
This arrangement of the slide valves is advantageous from the fact that they are
stationary when the greatest pressure exists in the cylinder, which favours the
closing, while on the contrary they work when the pressure is weakest, thus
diminishing the resistance; this latter circumstance allows of working the slide
valves direct from the head of the piston.
For this purpose the rod Y which connects the slide valves passes through a
stuffing box, which is prolonged to Y'. It bears in its passage on supports z, z,
and carries the two tappets jj, which are long enough to be pushed back by the
head of the piston (which for this purpose is extended at its lower part J) at each
upward and downward stroke. I thus obtain the to and fro motion of the slide

page_text: valves with the means of regulating them, since by causing the tappets j, j, to slide
on the rod Y, Y', the slide valves are acted on in the same proportion. It may be
objected that the stuffing box a, b, through which passes the rod Y, Y¹, for con-
necting the slide valves, will wear out, and that steam would thus be allowed to
pass from one chamber of the cylinder to the other.
The joint will wear for a long time by interposing layers of asbestos and cotton
between the metal discs, as shewn in the plan, and the packing may be replaced
whenever the slide valves are regulated.
I form the rod Y, Y¹, into two rods before its entrance into the slide, and con-
sequently they may both be driven from the interior. The slides may also be
worked from below, in which case the rod would pass entirely into the pipe of the
condenser. Before leaving the description of the cylinder it should be remarked
that it is surrounded with a metal jacket, so as to allow of heating it.
For this purpose I do not employ steam, as this would necessitate a considerable
resistance in the jacket, which would not be compatible with a simple and secure
construction.
I employ a liquid which only boils above 250° C., which does away with all
question of resistance. In order not to complicate the heating I arrange a worm
P, q, r, s, in the interior of the generator A, which being subjected to the general
action of the heat allows the liquid which it contains to be raised to this tempera-
ture. A pump driven by a special engine allows the liquid to circulate even before
the engine is started, and thus to heat the periphery of the cylinder as well as its
hollow bottoms m, m, m, m, Figure 1, Sheet 4. The arrangement of pipes necessary
for this action is partially shewn at g, i, g, i, Figure 1, Sheet 4. It is arranged in
such a manner that the hot liquid bathes all the surfaces which are to be kept hot.
It will be evident that the ingress and egress arrangements may be greatly
varied.
I will now describe what is done with the mixture of water and steam which
has worked in the cylinder.
.
Under the effect of the stroke of the piston the two bodies, steam and water, or
rather the water (it is to be understood that water with chloride added is treated
as pure water) in two of its states is drawn towards the orifices m, m, which allow
of its escape.
Thence the slide valves cause it to immediately enter the large opening P, A,
which serves as a support to the motive cylinder and forms one body with the
condenser o, o¹.
This first condenser is shewn in transverse section in Figure 1, Sheet 4, and in
longitudinal section in Sheet 3 on the line m, o, m, o, of Sheet 4.
Its object is not for condensing water purely and. simply but a volatile liquid
such as water and ammonia or water and trimethylamine.
These two bodies possess in fact a particular property, which consists in allowing
of forming a vaporisable liquid at a determined degree also under a determined
pressure, and liquified at a minimum temperature always easy to ascertain.
In the preceding description it has been assumed that the condensing tempera-
ture would be 69°-49, or in round numbers
C 69°-50.
-
Increasing this figure by the difference produced by
the presence of salts in the water, say,
which will thus give a temperature of
or, say, 120° C.
-
50
-
C11950
At this temperature the secondary pressure that I shall employ will reach six
atmospheres.
Calculating according to this pressure, and taking into consideration the fact
that the form of the condensers must be capable of being modified according to the
curves of the holds to be utilized, means must be provided for producing this
pressure reserving at the same time the power of giving to the condensers such

page_text: For this purpose the exhausted steam and water which have no pressure aro
caused to pass into the condenser itself, whilst the liquid under pressure is caused
to circulate in the tubes, which may be made strong enough to resist any desired
pressure.
As a steam chamber is not required, since I introduce into this cylinder the
superheated liquid with the secondary liquid, I need only take into account the
heating surfaces.
I obtain these surfaces by arranging the heating tubes in a long conduct pipe
and injecting into this pipe the secondary liquid by means of a pump driven by the
engine driving the screw.
Sheets 3 and 4 shew in detail the movements of the fluids.
The mixture of water and steam is driven by the movement of the slide valve I, I,
into the opening P, A, thence into the relatively horizontal tubes p, a, p, a, Figure 1,
Sheet 4, and p, a, Figure 1, Sheet 3. As shewn in the last Figure this mixture is
thus conducted to the extremity of the condenser O, O, at Q, where is placed the
steam chamber q, q, which allows the mixture to descend to the lower part of the
condenser, where it meets the distributing tubes v, v.
One of these tubes is shewn in longitudinal section v, v. Figure 1, Sheet 3, and
the whole section is shewn at v, v, v, v, Figure 1, Sheet 4.
From the preceding description it will be easy to calculate that the united section
of all these tubes should be at least equal to that of the escape opening, in order
that there may be no contraction of the expansion.
The same precaution should be taken in the distribution of the numerous holes
which exist through all the tubes v, v, v, the object of such holes being to divide
the steam and allow of its distribution in the liquid which fills the condenser and
envelops the tubes x, x, x.
The effect of these conditions is that the liquid drawn along with the steam
escapes into the liquid mass through the extremity of the tube v, v, Sheet 3, which
remains free whilst the steam escapes through the numerous holes spread throughout
the tubes v, v, passing through this same liquid mass and being there condensed;
the feeding of the condenser is effected as just hereinbefore described by the rush
of the mixture of liquid and steam produced by the escape from the motive
cylinder. This feeding would quickly fill the apparatus if a pump moved by the
shaft did not constantly draw off the product of the condensation in order to con-
duct it to the boiler A.
The tubes 8, 1, on the condenser, and that v, s, on the generator, allow of this action.
by uniting them by means of the exhaust pump hereinbefore described. This pump
should be somewhat larger than is necessary for the work required of it in such a
manner that the level of the liquid in the condenser shall be maintained because
the rolling and pitching of the vessel will necessarily modify the level indicated. It
is also necessary to consider in the construction of the condenser O, O, the possible
return of air.
To guard against this inconvenience an air pump should be provided, and so placed
as to produce, according to requirements, a certain fixed vacuum in the apparatus.
This pump should not be driven by the engine, but like the heating pump, it
should be driven by an accessory engine in such a manner that when it is wished
to start the machinery the vacuum will be made and the cylinders of the engine
will be warm.
In order that the vacuum should be produced under good conditions it is neces-
sary it should operate on the surface of the condensing liquid, for which purpose a
tubular opening is made at each angle of the condenser in such a manner that what-
ever be the movements of the vessel air will always be drawn and thrown out. Two
of these tubular openings are shewn at Figure 1, Sheet 3, and Figure 1, Sheet 4,
mounted with their tube at j, o, j, o. This assemblage passes to the collector j, k, to
be conducted to the air pump so that this latter may always maintain the necessary.
relative vacuum in the apparatus.
When. steam only is employed the air thus collected is discharged.into the dis-

page_text: tilled water contained in the receiver T, Figure 1ª, Sheet I, by which I obtain
water containing air in solution, which facilitates its vaporisation. In the case, of
which I am now treating this precaution is not necessary, so that the air thus driven
out is simply discharged into the atmosphere.
Before completing the description of the condenser I will refer to the liquid which
circulates in the tubes x, x, x, and which produces the condensation by taking up
the caloric contained in the water and steam which have worked. For this purpose
a pump moved as hereinbefore described by the screw shaft constantly introduces
the liquid which should take up the heat of condensation through the tubes, a.
These tubes are so arranged as to be connected one with the other in such a manner
as to form only one long conduct pipe bent over on itself, by which arrangement
there is not one of its parts which will not be bathed by the liquid current which
allows of employing the whole action of the surfaces.
If by means of this circulation the heat of condensation is taken up it follows that
the heat thus taken away is given to the condensing liquid. It has been shewn
that by these means I obtain a pressure of from 5 to 6 atmospheres, and it is this
pressure which is to be utilized.
With this object a second motive cylinder is placed, as hereinbefore described,
at N, Figure 1, Sheet 4. The superheated liquid, whether a solution of ammonia, of
trimethylamine, or pure trimethylamine, egresses from the tubular generator x, x, xc,
through the tube a, b, Figure 1, Sheet 3. It is conveyed by a tube into a receiver R, S,
shewn at Sheet 4, the object of which is to allow of ascertaining by a water gauge 1, 8,
the quantity of liquid in the apparatus, at the same time it allows of preventing the
shocks which would result if the apparatus were too full. A valve may also he
placed at the top of the apparatus with a pipe carrying the steam into a solution
receiver. The liquid to be utilized arrives in R, S, through a, b, and egresses
through the cock K, which by means of the tube leads to the distributors ff.
It is not necessary to describe the distributors appertaining to the cylinder N.
They are in all points similar to those shewn at F, F, nor is it necessary to speak
of the cylinder N, which is heated by the current of hot liquid produced by the
worm p, q,r, 8, Sheet 3, and works under the same conditions as the cylinder M. I
will merely remark that the mixture of steam and the solution is condensed in a
condenser X, X, which is then fed with sea water by means of a rotary or other
pump. The vacuum is produced when necessary in this condenser by means of an
air pump driven by the special engine so that the vacuum may be produced if
necessary before the machinery is started.
As the air which it will draw out will be charged with vapours which are worth
collecting, it is not discharged directly into the atmosphere, but it is made to pass
through a collector placed in any suitable corner of the engine room.
This being
explained I will now return to the generator. I have described the hot gases pro-
duced by the combustion being at a high temperature in the generator, videlicet,
two hundred and thirty degrees at the least, since the motive liquid has to be heated
to this temperature. Now it is advisable to take back from these gases as much as
possible of their caloric, and this may be effected in two different ways. The first
method is to form a supplementary liquid heated to one hundred and eighty four
degrees, which will correspond with three atmospheres, and I employ this liquid in
one of the motive cylinders, as hereinbefore described. The second way is to produce
as hereinbefore described, from the distilled water, for renewing the loss and to
utilize the heat of the condensation to be formed for the cylinder N, an accessory
liquid which shall be secondarily utilized. If it be assumed that the heat bo thus
utilized up to one hundred degrees there will remain a margin of one hundred and
thirty degrees over the quantity of air burnt, which is important.
In fact the consumption of coal being 125 kilos. per hour there is in consequence
22 kilos. of air per kilo. of coke, or about eighty six thousand units of heat that I
save per hour, which deserves attention.
To produce the first supplementary calorification I place above the generator a

page_text: generator only heats the solution employed up to three atmospheres. By means of
this
a tube x, z, which starting from A' passes to the distributor L, Figure 1, Sheet 4;
liquid is supplementarily introduced into the cylinder at the moment when the
pressure therein is not more than three atmospheres. The seat of L is arranged as
to be able to send, partly to the right and partly to the left, this supplementary dis-
tribution, which is thus effected by a single apparatus, from the moment that the
expansion tends to exhaust the caloric, and the pressure under the piston it carries
off, a useful portion of heat and pressure. A special pump draws the necessary
liquid for feeding A³ from the condenser o, o³, in such a manner that no other special
apparatus is necessary for this purpose. The smoke in passing from A¹ is not
entirely cooled, as it has still a temperature of nearly one hundred and eighty four
degrees. I cause it to pass through the boiler A", Figure 1, Sheet 3, where it
completes the consumption of the hot gases from the combustion.
I can in this boiler produce directly the heating of the secondary solution or
produce water steam which would pass through a condensing worm surrounded
with this solution. This latter mode is preferable because it allows of collecting
soft water, which serves to replace, as hereinbefore described, the loss of water
steam. I will not here describe the condensing worm to be employed for pro-
ducing this effect as any suitable arrangement will answer.
A feed pump takes the cold solution into the condenser X, X, for feeding
the boiler A". It is not necessary to describe the accessories of the boiler nor
to shew them in the Drawings, such being well known, I will however describe
Sheet 1 shews the interior
the method of supplying the air to the furnaces.
and exterior arrangement of the fire places, which is preferable to that which
consists in drawing in the products of combustion. Under ordinary circum-
stances this drawing in of the products of combustion gives but indifferent
results. On the one hand the high temperature of the products to be drawn
in renders hard the friction of the blowers, consequently increasing the load
and the wear; on the other hand, the volume of gas being at least doubled renders
necessary the employment of more powerful apparatus, and the low density of the
hot air also helps to weaken the action of the blowers, but by my arrangement
these conditions are changed. I have air only at about one hundred degrees,
whereby the herein before described inconveniences are avoided, and thereby the
ventilation by means of suction is rendered possible, and in this case it is merely
necessary to turn over the chimney B, B, Figure 1, Sheet 3, in such a manner as to
make it bend down to the ventilator M, Figure 1*, Sheet 1, at q, and to raise up,
on the other hand the suction tuyere q' in such a manner as to drive out the pro-
ducts of combustion.
It is not always necessary to completely drive out the burnt gases. Taking
advantage, first, of the facility which carbonic acid gas has of being transformned
into oxide of carbon by being passed over incandescent conl; secondly, the facility
afforded by the revolving fire-place of always having one of the fire-places in a state
of perfect incandescence; it is thus possible to divert a part of the air burnt from
the discharge pipe, and to draw this air under the fire-place in greatest activity, so
5 as to transform the carbonic acid into oxide of carbon, which being then burnt in
the flame will effect a saving of fuel.
I will now refer to Sheet 5, which shows an arrangement of generators which
naturally follows from the preceding description.
Whether steam or super heated liquid be produced it is necessary that the body
0 employed egresses at a high temperature, whilst it enters the generator at a low
temperature.
With the ordinary means the gaseous products of combustion egress in contact
with surfaces at the highest temperature employed, therefore carrying away a
certain quantity of heat which is generally lost, but I propose by my improvements
5 to collect this heat.
If the ordinary state of things be reversed, and the gaseous products of combus-
tion be caused to egross in contact with the coldest surfaces, it will be evident that

page_text: these gases will be caused to give out all the heat they can, and the action will
thus have been utilized if the means of exchange be well combined.
It is the application of this idea which is shewn in Sheet 5, and which I will now
describe.
Figure 1 is a vertical section of the generator; Figure 2 is a plan on the line a,b;
Figure 3, a transverse section on the line
d.
A, B, Figure 1, represents the deck of the vessel. As will be seen this Figure
shews the generator D placed in the hold at any suitable place in the engine room
or otherwise, and its upper part is on a level with the deck.
This last point is not a necessity; it may be either above or below the deck,
according to arrangements. The generator Ď needs no description, as it may be
constructed as hereinbefore described.
-
In the present case I so construct it, namely, with tubes with points, which are
held with iron tie rods uniting the bottoms d, d, f, f, as already explained.
This generator D is surmounted by a combustion chamber F, which may be
replaced by a boiler containing water, see Figure 4, Sheet 5, but I prefer brick-
work, by which the temperature is more regularly kept up, and a better combus-
tion insured. The combustion of coal is not effected directly in the combustion
chamber, only the gases and flame arrive there, the combustion properly so called
being produced in special fire-places, the arrangement shewn in Sheet 5 comprising
two fire-places G, H, one of which, G, is seen externally, the other, H, being shewn
in longitudinal section, and is seen in transverse section at Figure 3, and both are
shewn in plan at Figure 2.
Each of these fire-places forms a moveable cylinder, and have a rotary movement
communicated to them by means of a circular rail c, c, and wheels e, e, a crank
facilitating this movement.
The sole plate of each of these fire-places is formed of two grates N, M, separated
by a lintel 8, 8, of refractory material. Three valves or dampers are placed at the
top of the furnace, one of which is caused at will to rest on the liutel 8, 8; the two
others also close at will each end of the furnace.
The movement is given by two small steam cylinders over eaclı valve, which may
be operated by simple levers.
Any suitable means may be employed provided it affords easy means of operating
the valves.
With this description it will be easy to understand the working of the fire-place
.or furnace.
Supposing the fire-place H to be at work two charges of fuel are placed, one on
the grate M, and the other on the grate N, Figure 1, but one in advance of the
⚫other.
The proportions of the grates have been calculated for the combustion to last one
hour on each of them. There are four grates, that is to say, one grate to be charged
every quarter of an hour. If now the charge M is to be renewed the stoker will
first lower the valve J, which will be brought to rest on the lintel 8, 8; he then
quickly gives a half turn to the fire-place H, which will bring the grate N close to
the mouth J, raising the valve K, and the combustion will be normal on the grate N
thus placed.
But as the valve j will be lowered the combustion will be stopped on M, which
has been drawn forward. The valve 7 being kept raised the stoker will be able at
his pleasure to clean the grate M from the impurities which it contains, and he will
then recharge the said grate. This being done he will raise the valve j, and lower
the one shewn at i, which will then occupy the position shewn at h, that is to say,
that the two grates M, M, will then be placed in combustion, and their product will
finally pass away into the combustion chamber F.
Fresh coal thrown on the front grate will necessarily produce smoke. This smoke
will pass over the products reduced to the state of incandescent coke on the back
grates; if gas escapes from the combustion they will be burnt in the combustion
chamber F. For this purpose the valves are not solid, but they are furnished with

page_text: holes, as shewn in the valves j, Figure 3. By this means air will become mixed
with the gases not burnt, and as the whole arrives in the combustion chamber,
which is kept very hot, the combustion will be finally effected there in as complote
a manner as possible.
The draught may be produced in two ways, namely, either by compression, as
hereinbefore described, or by suction, by placing the throat P in communication
with the blower. In either case the draught will be ensured, and consequently tho
combustion will take place under absolutely regular conditions.
Several precautions must be taken for ensuring the preservation of the
apparatus.
Firstly. The bottom f.f, must be preserved from being burnt, for which purpose
the tubes of the boiler extend somewhat beyond the plate f, f, the whole space left
free between them being filled in with refractory earth, from which it results that
the bottom and the screens which it supports are all preserved from contact with
the flame. Secondly. It is necessary to maintain the boiler constantly full of liquid,
and to bring all the safety apparatus under the eye of the inspector; this may be
effected in two different ways.
As shewn in the plan, an upper chamber may be provided, supporting all the
safety apparatus, and connected to the generator by the tubes shewn at q.
Or the combustion chamber can be placed in a sheet iron receiver with an interior
fire-place, as shewn in Figure 4.
Tubes q will always be employed to connect this receiver with the generator
placed beneath.
In either case the chamber Q will receive all the safety apparatus and guages, so
that they will always be under the eye of the stoker.
The super heated liquid will be taken in at the upper part of the generator D,
say at R, Figure 1, and the cold liquid will be taken in at the lower part r, and the
steam for the whistle and for moving the valves will be taken in on the dome q.
This quantity of steam will however be very small, and will not require a very large
steam chamber.
I need not describe the construction or material of the parts t, t, t, t, Figure 2;
they can be made of either wrought or cast iron as desired. In both cases the
strength must be calculated according to the power, the expansion, and the forms
of the parts. The modo of jointing these parts together must be consequently
arranged according to these conditions. The same remarks apply to the fireplaces
where the expansion should never be forgotten.
For this purpose it is advisable to construct the fireplace of the heater inde-
pendent of its jacket, so that, being fixed only in the middle, it can expand easily.
To guard against all jolting caused by the rolling of the vessel, I would here remark
that a circular angle iron is fixed to the ceiling of the stoke-hole, Figure 3, on
which rest on the least inclination four friction rollers, two of which are shown at
v, v, Figure 3, and one at v; Figure 1. This arrangement insures the equilibrium
and easy working at all times.
This arrangement is not of course required for land engines. It is not necessary
to describe the blower placed at the end of the mouth P, its arrangement varying
according to circumstances. I will merely remark that between it and the mouth P
is interposed a boiler, serving by means of the vacuum for collecting from the air
any heat which it may still draw along with it, and serving to produce in the
manner already described soft water for replacing what has been lost.
This being explained it only remains to describe several complementary parts.
If from any circumstances there should be an insufficiency of the salt mixed with
the first motive liquid, ordinary water may be employed, but with a diminution in
the working effect. A sufficient number of pumps must be employed for regulating
the whole movement. Some of these pumps are driven by the screw shaft. A
suitable gearing U allows of producing and distributing the necessary movements
at will. The remainder of the pumps are driven by a special engine, the construç
tion of which naturally varies, depending upon the form of the vessel,

page_text: •
It is necessary that these pumps should be fixed in such a manner as to give
absolute security. For this..purpose it is advisable, instead of employing the
ordinary pump valve, to make use of balls, not balls having a diameter propor-
tionate to that of the pipes conveying the liquid, as is usual, but a large number of
small balls in such a manner that the stoppage of one of them cannot prevent the
others from working. Further, it is necessary to superpose the balls in such a
manner that each opening shall in reality be furnished with two valves.
I will now describe the lubrication by reference to Sheet 3, by which it will be
seen that oil cups and tubes t, t, t, t, are placed throughout for the purpose of bringing
the oil on one hand and melted grease on the other, and to carry them constantly
back to an upper receiver so that the lubrication may be constant.
The tubes conveying the oil are of sufficient diameter to prevent their becoming
obstructed.
At their lower opening they are formed with an enlargement o, o, Figure 2,
Sheet 3, which will allow the impurities to accumulate, while the oil rising up
by the bell a, a, in order to reach the upper descending orifice ", will reach
the lower parts of the tube p, through which it will run off over the parts to be
lubricated.
A cock Fallows of cleaning out the apparatus.
It is merely necessary to close it and to turn the plug 1, l, in order that the
enlarged part o, o, may be emptied of all the impurities which may have accumu-
lated therein.
The point' S may be replaced by a conical screw which, according as it is screwed
or unscrewed, will regulate the running off, or by any other suitable means.
It is scarcely necessary to say that the chambers in which the oil is accumulated
in order to be pumped out should be sufficiently deep to allow of the oil depositing
the impurities which it may draw along with it. The receiver should be narrow
and prolonged in order to counteract the rolling and pitching motion of the vessel,
and thus facilitate the hereinbefore described action.
The pump which sucks in the oil should be arranged in such a manner as to force
out the oil under a pressure of several atmospheres, by which means it will be
distributed to a pressure receiver, which, by means of cocks, will conduct it
throughout the apparatus as required; and further, it will be injected under the
bearings in such a manner as to tend to raise the shafts and transform the metallic
friction into a liquid friction.
Instead of one oil pump, two pumps may be employed if circumstances re-
quire them, namely, one for the ordinary friction and one for the friction under
pressure. The tension of this latter will be terminated by the weight of the
shafts.
I would add that I propose to encase not only the generators but also the
framework, having double glass sight holes.
By this means the overlooking of the work, which is rendered as automatic as
possible, will be easy, and at the same time the heat will be preserved to the
economy of fuel and to the satisfaction of the overlookers.
I will now describe Figure 8, Sheet 6, which shews an arrangement of piston and
cylinder for avoiding the loss produced by the transmission of the force by the
differential gear forming the crank. If the mode of action of the connecting rod on
the crank be examined it will be seen that the angle between them varies at each
moment, and the loss thus produced may be estimated at a difference of twenty to
twenty five per cent.; it is not possible to avoid all this loss, but a saving of fifteen
to twenty per cent. thereof may be effected at first by employing connecting rods
of sufficient length, as already described, then by suppressing the excess of steam at
the commencement and termination of each stroke so as not to entirely fill the
extreme parts of the cylinder with the motive fluid, which in these extreme parts
produces such little useful effect that these ends may be considered as waste spaces.
By these arrangements, the truly motive course being so much reduced, it will be
necessary for the same volume of steam to increase the section of the cylindor

page_text: whereby the pressure acting on a larger surface for a given volume of steam,
greater power will thus be produced.
Experience has shewn that three eighths of the cylinder may be considered as
the amount of waste spaco, and consequently five eighths as the effective portion
which may be utilized.
"
But to obtain this practical result there is a difficulty to be overcome, that is to
say, it is necessary while allowing the steam to act only during a part of its course,
to allow full amplitude to the stroke of the piston.
A suitable arrangement for this purpose is shewn in Figure 8, Sheet 6. A, A, A, A,
shew the outlines of a steam cylinder, the ends of which are shewn at B, B,'B', B¹..
The motive piston C projects outside as usual by means of a rod c, c.
The intro-
duction and escape of the steam or liquid are effected either by known means or in
the manner herein before described. But the great difference consists in having two.
auxiliary pistons D, D, E, E. The object of these pistons is to travel at each end
of the cylinder the whole distance which may be considered as waste space, say
about three sixteenths at each end of the stroke, thereby leaving the motive piston C
to accomplish the travel assigned to it by the crank.
But this will give rise to several difficulties which I will proceed to successively
examine.
If these pistons were simply moveable they would be projected by the pressure,
on the covers of the cylinder, which will only give rise to a useless complication.
To obviate this inconvenience they are connected by two rods G, G. The:
auxiliary pistons thus form a whole, and thus a first result is obtained.
I would here remark that the rods G, G, ned not be placed in the cylinder.
Each auxiliary piston may be provided with two rods with stuffing boxes, which
would pass through the cylinder covers and be driven outside by the movement of
the engine, or by a special piston working in a cylinder for that purpose, and
regulating the movements of the auxiliary pistons as would be needed. I will now
describe the position occupied by these pistons, as shewn on Figure 8, Sheet 6.
Connected together by the rods G, G, they would form a whole, but in this
condition they would move backwards and forwards under the effect of the piston
without producing any useful effect, whilst it is necessary that they should simply
have a complementary course, that is to say, that the piston E, E, should fill up the
lost space formed by the line e, e, whilst the piston D, D, should fill up the space
indicated by the line d, d. For this purpose it is necessary that each of the pistons
should accompany the piston C in each extreme direction, namely, the piston D, D,
moves from m to m and returns to its first position, and the piston E, E, moves
from n to n, and also returns to its first position. With these conditions if the
motive fluid be introduced through the openings q, s, it will be easy to understand
that the steam will only work from g to s, that is to say, only during the five
eighths useful distance of its stroke.
To obtain these results several precautions must be observed. It is necessary at
first that there should be behind the pistons D, D, E, E, a pressure equal to the
maximum pressure produced by the steam introduced at 9 or 8. To obtain this
result the two chambers behind the pistons D, D, E, E, are united by a pipe of
sufficient diameter, such as the tube T. By this arrangement it will be understood
that the two pistons will be equilibrated, and to move them sufficient force only
will be required as is necessary to overcome the inertia caused by their weight and
the friction. This however is not all that is required; a complementary condition
is necessary, namely, that the resistance at the moment of introduction shall be
effected absolutely behind the corresponding auxiliary piston in such a manner as
to keep it fixed, and consequently to allow it to act solely on the moving motive
piston C. For this purpose two valves Y, W, are so arranged as to close at this.
precise moment. These valves may be arranged in several different ways. They
may be separated so as to render their movement independent; the two stuffing.
boxes a, a, may be dispensed with and the valves be driven by exterior rods; or
only one valve may be employed operating alternately the two spaces R., R.
"

page_text: The slide valves may also be operated in many different männers, such for
instance as by the revolution of the driving shaft, or by a small piston moving in a
cylinder and acting at a given moment for cutting off the steain. In fact all the
parts may be greatly varied, their various combinations depending upon circum-
stances.
What I have intended to describe here is the fact that it is possible to do away
with the action of the motive steami at the end of each stroke, and thus utilize
profitably the increase in the diameter of the cylinder, conseqüently of the power
obtained from the volume of steam which would have been uselessly eniployed in
the spaces, where it has but little power as indicated.
.
It should be observed that the equilibrating steam may be replaced by super-
heated water which would be forced by the auxiliary pistons into the upper
receivers.
In fact all fluids may be employed for obtaining the herein described results.
The employment of a solution in the generators furnishes the means already
described of employing slightly alkaline solutions, so as to saponify or dissolve
the oil from the fatty bodies in circulation. On one hand by thius operating
there would be a more oily steam, and on the other hand I collect the fatty
bodies employed into a state of soap, while on the third part I prevent the fatty
acids being left to injure or deteriorate the generators.
In extreme cases the solutions may be worked in such a manner as to allow of
their being freed at each journey of the excess of soap which might otherwise be
formed.
This might be effected according to circumstances, whether at sea or on land,
I can in a few hours exchange the liquid saturated by soap witli other fresh
liquid.
As
.
In the preceding description I have treated the boilers as receiving burnt air iñ
the tubes. This arrangement necessitates the employment of generators of largö
diameters, because it is necessary to provide sufficient space for the passage of the
burnt air.
This volume may be rediiced by causing the air to pass äround the tubes,
in which ense tubes of a diameter reduced as much as possible may be employed.
These tubes would open into an upper chamber serving as a steam receiver, and
into a lower chainber serving as a receiver for the liquid to be heated.
The burnt air having a larger volume at its starting point than after having
given off its caloric, the tubes may be pliced closer together towards their lower
part, so that the sheath which surrounds titem, whether inade of metal or refractory
brick, would have the form of an inverted truncated conë. As there is always in
this construction of boiler a risk that the tubes in tlie steam spaces will become red
hot, it is useful to unite the two upper and lower chambers by a wide abduction
tube placed outside the fire place in such a manner as to ensure circulation in the
tubes.
This arrangement, which is shewn in Figure 9, Sheet 6, would be specially
applicable in engines in which steam is employed.
A, B, are the upper and lower receivers of the liquids; C, D, the bundle of tubes;
a, a, return tube of the liquid to be heated; E, the entrance of the hot burnt gases
F, the discharge opening of the cooled gases which are exhausted by the blower;
y, y, 9, 9, the refractory brick jacket.
In order that a steamer provided with my improvements may take advantage of
the whole power of the engine, it is ne iry that the mast and rigging should not
impede it. On the other hand it is necessary to preserve the masts both for taking
advantage of favourable winds, and to provide against accidents which might
happen to the engine.
To provide against all these contingencies I replace each of the present masts by
two hinged masts placed on each side of the ressel. Each of these masts will carry
knee yards so that the yards may be folded together when not in use.
By these arrangements all necessary provision will be made for the surface of

page_text: sails required, the deck will be free, and when the ship is worked by the engines
there will be nothing to check its course.
Having thus described my said Invention and the best means I am acquainted
with for carrying the same into effect, I wish it to be understood that what I claim
is,-
Firstly. The employment of tubes for throwing off the burnt air at the middle of
the "Field " tubes.
Secondly. The employment of points on the tubes for the purpose of increasing
the conductability in the boiler as well as in the condensers.
Thirdly. The employment of a water receiver separating the oil.
Fourthly. The employinent in the furnace chambers of a higher atmospheric
pressure than that outside.
Fifthly. The direct employment of sup₁eated water in the cylinders.
Sixthly. The employment of soluble substances mixed with the water for
retarding its evolition.
Seventhly. The utilization of the caloric contained in the exhaust water steam
for generating other vapours which may be utilized as motive power, and which in
their turn may be used if required for generating other vapours in the same
manner.
Eighthly. The employment of currents of hot liquid for preventing condensation
in the cylinders and for super-heating the steam.
Ninthly. The employment of distributors in place of the ordinary slide valves.
Tenthly. The employment of double valves in the pumps, such valves being
formed of a large number of small balls.
Eleventhly. The employment in the condensers of tubes joined together in such
a manner as to form long internal tubes.
Twelfthly. The utilization of the burnt air in the manner bereinbefore described.
Thirteenthly. The employment of a rotary furnace having a double fireplace.
Fourteenthly. The employment of injectors for injecting water or oil under the
most important bearings, and in the stuffing boxes of the screw.
Fifteenthly. The employment of cylinders having compensating pistons.
Sixteenthly. The employment in steamers of lateral hinged masts in order not to
interfere with the action of the engine.
In witness whereof, I, the said Charles Tellier, have hereto set my hand
and seal, this Thirteenth day of February, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and seventy nine.
CH. TELLIER. (L.S.)