IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR CHURNING AND KNEADING
Year: 1861

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Johnson, of Little Malvern, in the County
of Worcester, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR
CHURNING AND KNEADING."
Sealed the 31st October 1861, and dated the 6th May 1861.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Johnson at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 6th
May 1861.
I, WILLIAM JOHNSON, of Little Malvern, in the County of Worcester, do
hereby declare the nature of the Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS
FOR CHURNING AND KNEADING," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in apparatus for churning
and kneading. For these purposes a cylindrical vessel is used, which by
preference is made in two parts, one being fixed, and the other capable of
being moved or opened on hinges or otherwise, within which vessel a screw
shaft works, having thereon by preference a single thread or screw, and either
perforated or unperforated. The radius of the screw is nearly the same as that
of the interior of the vessel within which it works. It is preferred that the
vessel and screw shaft should be horizontal. The screw is (when churning or
kneading) caused to alternate, so that the materials under process are moved
alternately to and from the two ends of the vessel, but when the process is
completed the product may be forced out through an opening at one end of
the vessel by rotating the screw shaft in one direction. It is preferred that
the screw shaft should be caused to rotate by means of a screw nut and suit-
able handles acting on a screw formed on the shaft external of the vessel, so
that by moving the screw nut to and fro on the screw which is formed on the
shaft external of the vessel, the screw shaft, and consequently the screw in

page_text: the vessel will first rotate in one direction, and then in the other. Other
means, however, of giving an alternating rotatory motion to the screw shaft
may, if desired, be resorted to. It is preferred to introduce the cream or
bread stuff (according as the arrangement is made for churning or kneading)
in at an opening at the upper part of the vessel.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said William Johnson in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
6th November 1861.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM
JOHNSON, of Little Malvern, in the County of Worcester, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Sixth day of May, in the year of our Lord One thou-
sand eight hundred and sixty-one, in the twenty-fourth year of Her reign, did,
for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said
William Johnson, Her special licence that I, the said William Johnson, my
executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said William
Johnson, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the
term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel
Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR
CHURNING AND KNEADING," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said
William Johnson, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing
under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe
and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same
was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent
Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the
said Letters Patent..
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said William Johnson, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be per-
formed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement thereof, that is to say :—
This Invention has for its object improvements in apparatus for churning
and kneading. For these purposes a cylindrical vessel is used, which by
preference is made in two parts, one being fixed, and the other capable of
being moved or opened on hinges or otherwise, within which vessel a screw

page_text: shaft works, having thereon by preference a single thread or screw, and either
perforated or unperforated. The radius of the screw is nearly the same as
that of the interior of the vessel within which it works. It is preferred that
the vessel and screw shaft should be horizontal. The screw is (when churning
or kneading) caused to alternate, so that the materials under process are
moved alternately to and from the two ends of the vessel, but when the pro-
cess is completed, the product may be forced out through an opening at one
end of the vessel by rotating the screw shaft in one direction. It is preferred
that the screw shaft should be caused to rotate by means of a screw nut and
suitable handles acting on a screw formed on the shaft external of the vessel,
so that by moving the screw nut to and fro on the screw which is formed on
the shaft external of the vessel, the screw shaft, and consequently the screw in
the vessel, will first rotate in one direction, and then in the other. Other
means, however, of giving an alternating rotatory motion to the screw shaft
may, if desired, be resorted to. It is preferred to introduce the cream or bread
stuff (according as the arrangement is made for churning or kneading) in at
an opening at the upper part of the vessel.
Having thus stated the nature of my said Invention, I will proceed more
fully to describe the manner of performing the same.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS.
Figure 1 shews a longitudinal elevation, partly in section, of apparatus
arranged according to my Invention; Figure 2 is a plan thereof; and
Figure 3 is a transverse section thereof. The Drawings shew the parts when
in position for churning, when used for kneading flour or other materials,
the apparatus or case is placed in the position shewn by red lines in Figure 3.
In each of these Figures the same letters of reference are used to indicate the
same parts. a, a, is the stand or framing which is to be fixed on a table or
bench, or other suitable support; b, b, is the vessel in which the churning or
kneading is performed. The lower part of this vessel is cylindrical. The
upper part of the vessel is open, and by preference of the form shewn, though
the forms may be varied; parts b', ', of this upper portion of the vessel are
moveable, and act as a hopper when flour or other materials are being fed into
the vessel to be kneaded; c is a screw, which is shewn to have only one con-
tinuous thread, but this screw may have more than one thread, and in place of
the thread or threads being continuous, they may be in sections. It is preferred
that the thread or threads of the screw should be perforated, or have openings
or passages through them. The axis of this screw is arranged in such manner
as to be readily removed with the screw when it is desired to do so, in order

page_text: the better to cleanse the parts of the apparatus; one end of the axis of the
screw c is received into a socket at the end of the shaft d, which turns in
suitable bearings e, e. On the shaft d is formed a screw, on which there is a
screw nut with handles f¹, f, so that when the screw nut is moved along
the screw of the shaft d, that shaft and the screw c in the vessel b will be
caused to rotate first in one direction and then in the other; and supposing
the apparatus to be in the position shewn in the various Figures of the Draw-
ings, and the vessel 6 supplied with cream, the same will be quickly churned
into butter by the agitation and the movement of the cream to and fro in
the vessel b, caused by the alternate direction of the rotation of the screw c.
When the apparatus is to be used for kneading flour or other materials, such
flour or materials, with the requisite quantity of water or proper fluid, will be
supplied through the hopper or moveable portion of the vessel which is oper
at bottom, and the to-and-fro as well as the rotatory action of the screw
will incorporate and knead the flour or other materials which may be delivered
on to the flap of the vessel, or if desired a hole may be made at the bottom
of the vessel, but kept closed during the kneading process. I would state
that although the apparatus is shewn as being constructed for churning and
for kneading, it will be evident that apparatus according to my Invention,
when desired, may be constructed for performing only one of those processes.
In some cases I use a scraper to cleanse the thread of the screw, such scraper
being notched to fit over the thread of the screw, and I mount such scraper
on a shaft or bar in such manner that the scraper may slide to and fro thereon,
the scraper being shorter than the screw, and made to move to and fro by the
thread of the screw. It will be evident that the screw c may be caused to
rotate first in one direction and then in the other by other means than by
the screw and nut.
Having thus described the nature of my Invention, and the manner of
performing the same, I would have it understood that I make no claim to any
of the mechanical parts separately; but what I claim is, the mode of combining
the parts herein described.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Johnson, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Sixth day of November, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-one.
WILLIAM JOHNSON.
(L.S.)