IMPROVEMENTS IN CANDLES, AND IN MOULDS FOR MOULDING THE SAME
Year: 1867

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Lyon Field, of Kensington, in the County of
Middlesex, Gentleman, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN CANDLES,
AND IN MOULDS FOR MOULDING THE SAME."
Sealed the 6th March 1868, and dated the 1st October 1867.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Lyon Field at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 1st October 1867.
I, JOHN LYON FIELD, of Kensington, in the County of Middlesex,
Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN CANDLES, AND IN MOULDS FOR MOULDING THE SAME," to be as
follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in candles, and in moulds
for moulding the same, and has reference to the making of candles in such
manner as to render them capable of fitting various sizes of candlesticks and
sockets of candlesticks without either using paper for packing, or cutting or
reducing the candle after manufacture, before inserting the end thereof into
the candlestick or socket.
My said improvements consist,-
Firstly. In forming candles with a single rib or projection of any convenient
form at their lower ends, such rib or projection running parallel or nearly so
with the axial line of the candle, thereby enabling such candles to readily
adapt themselves to candlesticks and sockets of various sizes, into which they

page_text: may be inserted and leaving less material to be removed from the ends of the
candles by the candlesticks or sockets into which they may be inserted for
use, and consequently avoiding much of the waste that ordinarily occurs
with candles such as have been hitherto proposed for fulfilling the object in
view.
Secondly. In forming the lower ends of candles with one or two ribs or
projections, the sides of such projections being made in the form of arcs of
circles, each having for its radius the radius of the shaft or lower end of the
candle itself, so that a number of such candles may be packed closely together,
their ribs or projections only occupying a short length of the interstices
necessarily left between the shafts or lower ends of the candles and not
causing them (the candles) to occupy any more space than would be the case
if they were entirely without ribs or projections. Candles formed with ribs
or projections as described will be found very convenient for the purposes of
packing and transport.
Thirdly. In forming the lower ends of candles with ribs or projections
having grooves or channels runuing throughout their lengths in such manner
as to render them suitable by presenting two lines of contact more or less
separated from each other for holding the candle more firmly in the socket
or recess of the candlestick.
Fourthly. In making the bottoms of cylindrical candles triangular, square,
or polygonal in horizontal section, such triangles or other forms not exceeding
in size that which may in each case be necessary to inscribe or contain the
circle constituting the shaft of the candle.
Fitthly. In forming the lower ends of plain cylindrical candles with pro-
jections running in the direction of the axial line of the candle, such projections
forming segments of circles in their horizontal sections, and each projection
occupying from one-fourth to one-third of the circumference of the candle
itself.
Sixthly. In a modification of the Invention for which I obtained Letters
Patent No. 8032, dated the 3rd day of December 1861, such modification
'consisting in forming candles with ribs or projections at their lower ends,
such ribs or projections running parallel or nearly so with the axial line of
the candle and decreasing iu sectional area as they approach nearer to the
lower end of the shaft or body of the candle.
Seventhly. In constructing moulds for moulding the self-adjusting candles
herein-before described; the forming of such moulds with grooves or recesses
corresponding to the ribs or projections to be formed upon the lower ends of
such candles as aforesaid. For moulding candles with ribs or projections

page_text: decreasing in sectional area as they approach nearer to the lower end of the
shaft or body of the candle, I prefer that the part of the mould in which such
ribbed lower end is produced should be made capable of being readily
separated from the upper part of the mould when the candle is withdrawa
from the mould, as described in my aforesaid Specification.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said John Lyon Field in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
31st March 1868.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHN
LYON FIELD, of Kensington, in the County of Middlesex, Gentleman,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the First day of October, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven, in the thirty-first year of
Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto
me, the said John Lyon Field, Her special license that I, the said John
Lyon Field, my executors, adininistrators, and assigns, or such others as
I, the said John Lyon Field, my executors, administrators, and assigns,
should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at
all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully
might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN CANDLES, AND IN MOULDS FOR MOULDING THE SAME," upon the
condition (amongst others) that I, the said John Lyon Field, my executors or
administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of
their bands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature
of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed,
and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said John Lyon Field, do hereby declare the
nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be per-
formed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement reference being had to the accompanying Sheet of Drawings, and
the letters inarked thereon :-
This Invention has for its object improvements in candles and in moulds for

page_text: mounding the same, and was reas
manner as to render them capable of fitting various sizes of candlesticks
and sockets of candlesticks without either using paper for packing, of cutting
or. reducing the candle after manufacture, before inserting the end thereof into
the candlestick or socket.
.
My said improvements consist,-
Firstly. In forming candles with a single rib or projection (a) of any
convenient form at their lower ends, as shewn in Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, such
rib or projection running parallel or nearly so with the axial line of the candle,
thereby enabling such candles to readily adapt themselves to candlesticks and
sockets of various sizes, into which they may be inserted, and leaving less
material to be removed from the ends of the candles by the candlesticks or
sockets into which they may be inserted for use, and consequently avoiding
much of the waste that ordinarily occurs with candles such as have been
hitherto proposed for fulfilling the object in view.
Secondly. In forming the lower ends of candles with one or two ribs or
projections a, as shewn in Figs. 6 and 7, the sides of such projections being
made in the form of arcs of circles, each having for its radius the radius of the
shaft or lower end of the candle itself, so that a number of such candles may
be packed closely together, as shewn in Fig. 8, their ribs or projections only
occupying a short length of the interstices necessarily left between the shafts
or lower ends of the candles, and not causing them (the candles) to occupy
any more space than would be the case if they were entirely without ribs or
projections. Candles formed with ribs or projections as described will be
found very convenient for the purposes of packing and transport.
Thirdly. In forming the lower ends of candles as shewn in Figs. 9 and 10
with ribs or projections (a) having grooves or channels running throughout
their lengths in such manner as to render them suitable by presenting two
lines of contact more or less separated from each other for holding the candle
more firmly in the socket or recess of the candlestick.
Fourthly. In making the bottoms of cylindrical candles triangular, square,
or polygonal in horizontal section, as shewn in Figs. 11, 12 and 18, such
triangles or other forms not exceeding in size that which may in each case be
necessary to inscribe or contain the circle constituting the shaft of the candle.
Fifthly. In forming the lower ends of plain cylindrical candles, as shewn
in Figs 14 and 15, with projections (a) running in the direction of the axial
line of the candle, such projections forming segments of circles in their hori-
zontal sections, and each projection occupying from one-fourth to one-third of
the circumference of the candle itself.

page_text: Sixthly. In a modification of the Invention for which I obtained Letters
Patent, No. 3032, dated the 3rd day of December 1861, such modification
consisting in forming candles with ribs or projections a at their lower ends, as
shewn in Figs. 16 and 17, such ribs or projections running parallel or nearly
so with the axial line of the candle, and decreasing in sectional area as they
approach nearer to the lower end of the shaft or body of the candle. I am
aware that it has previously been proposed to form such ribs according to my
aforesaid Patent by first moulding the ribs of a parallel form and afterwards
giving them the desired amount of taper by cutting, therefore I lay no claim
under my present Patent to that peculiar method of producing such rib3.
Seventhly. In constructing moulds for moulding the self-adjusting candles
herein-before described, the forming of such moulds with grooves or recesses
corresponding to the ribs or projections to be formed upon the lower ends of
such candles, as aforesaid. For moulding candles with ribs or projections
decreasing in sectional area as they approach nearer to the lower end of the
shaft or body of the candle, I prefer that the part of the mould in which such
ribbed lower end is produced should be made capable of being readily separated
from the upper part of the mould when the candle is withdrawn from the
mould, as described in my aforesaid Specification.
Candles of the forms herein referred to can be moulded with great facility,
and will be found more convenient for use than candles of the ordinary forms
that require paper for packing them in the candlestick or socket. I am fully
aware that candles have been previously made with ribs of various forms,
therefore I lay no claim whatsoever to the forming of ribs on the lower ends
of candles irrespective of the peculiar arrangements herein set forth.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Lyon Field, have hereunto set my
band and seal, this Nineteenth day of March, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight.
JOHN LYON FIELD. (L.9.)