Improvements in Breaking, Crushing, and Pulverizing Machines.
Year: 1897

page_text: Date of Application, 31st Aug., 1897-Accepted, 2nd Oct., 1897
Improvements in Breaking, Crushing, and Pulverizing Machines.
I, MILTON FRANKLIN WILLIAMS, of 721 Olive Street, in the City of St. Louis,
State of Missouri, United States of America, Machinist, do hereby declare the
nature of this invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be
particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement, and
illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein :-
Figure 1 is a side elevational view of my improved machine for breaking
crushing, and pulverizing material;
Figure 2 is a vertical, longitudinal, sectional view through the same;
Figure 3 is a vertical cross-sectional view through the same;
Figure 4 is a detailed view of one of the sections of the grinding surface;
Figure 5 is a detailed view of one of the hammer heads and one of its supporting
shanks;
Figure 6 illustrates, in longitudinal section, a slightly modified form of machine,
in which the breaker-plate is pivotally adjustable, instead of sliding, and wherein
a grinding surface in the form of a concentric cage is used instead of a grinding
surface of several sections;
Figure 7 illustrates, in longitudinal section, another modified form of machine,
in which the breaker-plate is stationary, a stationary, adjustable, inturned lip is
used, and the hammers are twisted and mounted in butterfly supports;
Figure 8 is a partial top plan view (the cover being removed) of the machine
illustrated in Figure 7;
Figures 9, 10, and 11 illustrate different forms of cage grinding surfaces to
be used in connection with the non-adjustable hammers shown in Figure 7, to
take up, and compensate for the wear of said hammers;
Figure 12 is a detailed view of a group of buiterfly hammer support shown in
the machine in Figure 7;
Figure 13 is a longitudinal sectional view of still another form of machine
in which fingers located between the breaker-plate and concave, are employed
to primarily crush the material, longitudinally dispo-ed bars taking the place
of a portion of the concentric cage, and vertical fingers, engaging the hammer
supports, being used to arrest the material, across which finger the material is
broken, the hammers passing between the fingers;
Figure 14 is a top plan view of the same machine, the cover being removed;
Figure 15 is a rear elevational view;
Figure 16 is a cross-sectional view;
Figure 1 is a form of adjustable breaker-plate to be used ar coanuction with
this machine;
Figure 18 is a cross-sectional view therethrough on line 18-18;
Figure 19 is a detailed view of one of the vertical arresting fingers;
Figure 20 is a detail view of a portion of one of the bar supports;
Figure 21 is a detail view of a cage which may be used in lieu of the
transversely disposed bars in the rear of the machine shown in Figure 13;

page_text: Figure 22 is a detail view of a portion of a blind for said. transversely disposed
bars; and
Figure 23 is a detail view of one of the longitudinally disposed bars used in
this machine.
This invention relates to new and useful improvements in machines for breaking,
crushing, and pulverizing materials, such as ores, shale, bones, etc., the object
being to construct machines of the character described, which are simple in con-
struction and operation, and which will effectually perform the results sought to
be accomplished, with a minimum expenditure of power.
The general principles of operation of the machines embodying my invention,
may be briefly stated as follows:
The material to be operated upon is introduced through a suitable hopper or
other supply medium, onto a breaker-plate. The hammers are pivotally mounted
on suitable revoluble supports strung on a shaft, and, when said shaft is rotated,
say at a speed of from eight to sixteen hundred revolutions per minute, said
hammers are caused to assume a radial position, being held out by centrifugal
force, each hammer being independently movable, and yielding sufficiently when
striking a resisting object not breaking under the blow of the hammer, so as to
prevent injury to the hammer. These hammers first operate on the material
on the breaker-plate to primarily break or crush the material introduced into
the machine. After this, the material is operated upon by the hammers and
the grinding surfaces, so as to reduce in size the material suflicient to enable
it to pass through the openings in the grinding surface and out from the machine.
I have shown several forms of machines in the drawings for operating upon
different materials to reduce said materials to different degrees of fineness; also,
several means are shown for adjusting the several parts relative to each other to
take up, or compensate for wear, thus enabling the machine to be used for a
much longer period of time than if the parts bore a fixed relation to each other.
Referring now particularly to the machine illustrated in Figures 1 to 6 of the
drawings, indicates a suitable frame in which is mounted a shaft 2. 3 indicates
the cover which is preferably hinged to the rear end of the frame 1; but it is
obvious that this cover can as well be bolted in position.
4 indicates the hammer supports in the form of disks, strung on shaft 2,
within the frame 1. The supports are each preferably provided with eccentric
series of openings, 6, 7, 8, and 9, through which through-bolts 10 may be passed
for pivotally supporting the hammer shanks in radially adjusted positions.
11 indicates the hammer shanks which are pivotally supported on through-
bolts 10, said hammer shanks carrying at their outer end, the hammer heads or
striking points 12. These shanks and heads are so arranged relative to each
other, that two shanks are employed to support a single head, the method of
mounting the heads on the shanks being preferably that shown in Figure 5, where
it will be seen, that recesses, grooves, or pockets, are formed in the side faces of
the heads to receive the outer ends of the shanks. This method of mounting
the heads on the shanks, practically supports the shank so that in mounting the
shanks on the through-holts, the shanks of every other hammer head straddles
the same disk the remaining shanks straddling adjacent disks. This staggers
the longitudinally disposed rows of hammer heads relative to each other, so that
in operation, the hammer heads will cover the entire area of the dead-plate and
grinding surface. I preferably arrange the supporting disks equidistantly apart,
the thickness of each disk being equal to the distance between two disks, so that
when the shanks are arranged between the disks, they will be supported against
lateral strain by the disks.
In first assembling the machine, the through-bolts 10, forming the pivotal
points of supports for the hammer shanks, are arranged in the opening 6, nearest
the shaft 2. When the heads 12 wear, the through-bolts are taken out of holes 6,
and moved to holes 7, locating the hammer heads a sufficient distance outwardly
to take up the wear thereof. The next adjustment of the through-bolts to: take

page_text: up wear of the hammer heads is to holes 8, then to holes 9, and to other holes if
any are provided, which increase in radial distance from the axis of rotation of
he disks 4.
13 indicates the dead-plate which is preferably so shaped that its lower or
inner portion is concentric, while its upper portion is tangentially disposed to
the path of the hammers. The dead-plate is mounted in a suitable carriage 14,
said carriage and dead-plate being adjustable relative to the striking points of
the hammers. This adjustment, as shown in Figures 1 and 2, is accomplished
through the medium of lugs on the carriage, through which lugs pass suitable
bolts, said bolts, also, passing through horizontally disposed slots in the side
framing of the machine. By loosening the nuts on the bolts, the carriage and
dead plate may be adjusted inwardly and outwardly, where it will be held in
its adjustable position by tightening the nuts on the bolts. Threaded rods 15
having hand wheels 16 at their outer ends may be employed for adjusting the
carriage and dead-plate. In Figure 6, I have shown the carriage as being pivoted
17 and a threaded rod 15ª may be employed to adjust the lower or free end
of the carriage and dead-plate relative to the path of the hammers. This bodily
adjustment of the dead-plate relative to the hammers, I consider an important
feature in my machine, in that wear of the dead-plate can be compensated for
without necessitating the renewal of the dead-plate. Again, by forming a dead-
plate with a curved portion and a tangentially disposed portion, the hammers
will first crush the inaterial or break it into fine particles, after which the
hammers will act upon the material on the dead-plate, effecting a grinding action
until the material is carried beyond the dead-plate onto the grinding surface,
which forms, practically, a continuation of the curved portion of the dead-plate.
18 indicates the grinding surface which may either be in the form of a con-
centric cage, as shown in Figure 6, or, said grinding surface may be composed of
perforated sections abutting against each other, as shown in Figure 2. The openings
or perforations in these sections are preferably diagonally arranged, as shown in
Figure 4. The ends of these sections are provided with eccentrically disposed
runners 19 which co-operate with corresponding supports on the framing of the
machine. By the above construction, it will be noted that, as the carriage and
dead-plate are adjusted inwardly to compensate for wear, the first section of the
grinding surface abutting against the dead-plate will be moved to the rear, as
will also all of the sections of the grinding surface, and this rear movement of
the sections will cause the eccentrically disposed runners to ride up on their
supports, or toward the axis of rotation of the hammers. The adjustment of the
dead-plate therefore, also accomplishes the radial adjustment of the grinding
surface to compensate for its wear, as well as the wear of the dead-plate. The
grinding surface, in order to be adjusted co-incidentally with the adjustment of
the dead-plate, must be held yieldingly against said dead-plate, and, in order to
effect this, I provide a spring, or springs 20, co-operating between a fixed abut-
ment at one end and against the grinding surface at its other end, the tension
of said spring being exerted in a direction toward the dead-plate. I preferably
arrange this spring to engage the last section of the grinding surface, so that
it will effect the sections in front of it. Other springs might be employed on the
other sections in the same manner as the springs on the last section if desired,
or the ends of the grinding sections might project through the side framing, and
the springs be located out of the path of the falling material.
A curtain 21 is preferably arranged between the spring 20 and the grinding
surface to shield the spring from flying particles passing through the openings
'n the grinding surface.
Practical experience has demonstrated that the side framing of the machine
s liable to wear or be ground out at a point close to the grinding surface, and,
in order to save the framing of the machine, I prefer to introduce linings 22, as
hown in Figures 2 and 3, to save the wearing of the framing of the machine.
have also found that any material carried beyond the grinding surface will

page_text: wear the cover, and, in order to save the cover, I prefer to arrange a wear-plate 23
therein, which forms, practically, a continuation of the grinding surface, but at a
greater radial distance from the hammers.
24 indicates a valve, preferably gravitating, arranged at the feed end of the
machine, so as to close the openings in said feed end, or so much thereof as
the material being fed to the machine, will permit. This valve, in addition to
performing the above function, which prevents the exit of dust
will also act
as a deflecting lip, as shown by dotted lines in Figure 2, to direct the air
circulating in the direction of the revolving hammers inwardly. This valve is
provided with an adjustable portion 25 which forms practically an extension of
the valve, and carries the deflecting lip inwardly a sufficient distance to com-
pensate for the wear of the hammers, thus locating the end of said deflecting lip
in close proximity to the path of the hammers.
The operation of the machine is obvious. By adjusting the radial position of
the striking points of the hammers, adjusting the position of the dead-plate,
adjusting the radial position of the grinding surface, and adjusting the length
of the valve and lip, enables the machine to be operated for a long period of
time before it is necessary to replace the parts by reason of wear.
22
In the machine illustrated in Figures 7 to 12, "the dead-plate" or breaker-
plate, 13 is stationary. The hammer supports 26, strung on the shaft in this
machine, and upon which the hammers are pivotally mounted, are of non-circular,
or butterfly in shape, forming, substantially, a triangle, the points of which
in alternate supports being staggered, or arranged at sixty Legrees relation to
one another. I have shown these hammer supports as triangularly shaped, but
it will be understood that they could, as well, have four or more corners, and
arranged in the same way to support the hammers, in which event, there would
be eight or more rows of hammers disposed around the support, or, if desired,
these supports could be arranged as crossed arms at an angle of ninety degrees
relation to each other, in which event, there would be four rows of hammers.
By the peculiar arrangement of the hammer supports, that is, by staggering their
points, I am enabled to mount the hammers 11 between the points or projections
of alternate supports, said hammers being in line with a support which spaces
the two before mentioned, such spacing support, also having mounted in its
projecting corners hammers which are in line with one of the supports before
mentioned.
From the above, it will be seen that the hammers of one row are staggered
with the relation to the hammers of the adjacent row, whereby the hammers of
each row have a striking area covering the entire length of the row which is
equal to the length of shaft occupied by the supports.
seen,
In order that the several rows of hammers will cover the entire striking area
by themselves, as above described, I twist the ends as shown, when, it will he
that the angle of the twisted end is suflicient to cause it to travel in a path
equal to or greater than twice the width of the hammer. In this manner, said
hammers cover the entire area, whereas, if they were straight, the combined width
would cover but one half the area. In this way, I may dispense with the hammer
heads 12, shown in Figures 1 to 6.
When the twisted ends of the hammers strike the loose material in the cage,
they will deflect it to one side, and, if the hammers were all turned in one
direction, one side of the machine would be, practically, clear, while the other side
would be banked up, and would, perhaps, choke. To obviate this, the alternate
rows of hammers are twisted in opposite directions, so that the material is caused
to travel in a zig-zag path along the cage. This not only prevents choking, but
increases the capacity of the machine, as the more the material is subjected to
friction, the quicker it will be reduced to a size to pass between the bars of the
cage, and, as each row of hammers covers, practically, a continuozza area across
the machine, the mass of material in the machine will be kept constantly in
motion.

page_text: 18" indicates the grinding surface in the form of a cage arranged within the
machine concentric to the path of the hammers. This cage is in such relation
to the hammers that the material is crushed between the outer ends of the hammers
and the cage, the small pieces of material passing between the spaces between
the bars of the cage to a suitable spout or receptacle beneath. The material
which resists crushing, or is of such size as to prevent its passing between the
bars, is carried by the hammers, centrifugal force keeping it against the cage until
it is either worn out or broken into pieces small enough to permit their passage
between the cage bars. Should the pieces be of such size as to pass between the
hammers, they will be thrown from side to side until they are reduced, which
will be accomplished quickly, for, as soon as a piece of material passes between
the hammers of one row, it will remain practically stationary against the bars,
and the next row of hammers being staggered reative to that between which
said piece of material passes, will strike said material full, and, by reason of the
twist, with its advance corner. Thus, it will be seen that material to be crushed
and pulverized, when introduced into the machine, regardless of its high refractory
properties, will be quickly reduced, the peculiar construction of the hammers,
and the manner in which they are mounted, all contributing to this end.
The cage 18 comprises two side pieces 18 in which the ends of the bars are
supported, said side pieces being supported by lugs extending from the frame of
the machine.
In using this machine, I prefer to first arrange therein the cage having the
grinding bars near its outer edge, as shown in Figure 9. When the outer ends or
striking points of the hammers are worn, I remove this cage and replace it by one
like that shown in Figure 10, wherein the grinding bars are arranged in a
curved line of smaller radius, thus placing said bars closer to the worn ends of
the hammers. Upon a further wearing of the hammers, this second cage is removed,
and one like that shown in Figure 11, is introduced whose grinding bars are
arranged in a curved line of still smaller radius to place the bars closer to the
worn ends of the hammers, More cages could be employed to accomplish a
finer and nicer, and, possibly, a more frequent radial adjustment of the grinding
bars relative to the wearing of the working ends of the hammers, but I have found
that the three adjustments shown are sufficient for ordinary usage.
24" indicates a lip formed or arranged in the front end of the cover and
extending inwardly: The object of this lip is to deflect the air and material
inwardly and cause a suction at the feed end of the machine to draw in the
material from the dead-plate, in substantially the same manner as the valve 24
and its adjustable extension 25, shown in Figure 2, only that this adjustable
lip 24 is not mounted on a pivot so as to swing and close the feed end of the
machine to prevent as much dust as possible from escaping.
In the machine and its details shown in Figures 13 to 23, I have incorporated
initial breaking fingers, vertically disposed breaking or arresting fingers, and
have substituted longitudinally disposed bars for a portion of the concentric
grinding surface.
The hammer supports 4" are circular, and circumferentially grooved as at 4b.
The hammers 11h are straight in this form of machine, but pivotally mounted
on through-bolts passing through their inner ends, and the supports 4 as here-
tofore.
The breaker-plate 13b is arranged at the front end of the machine and tangen-
tially disposed to the striking points of the hammers. The material is fed into
the machine on this breaker-plate and is primarily crushed by the hammers
striking the material hefore it leaves the lower end of said breaker-plate.
27 indicates fingers arranged at an angle to the path of the striking points of
the hammers. These fingers are so disposed relative to each other and to the
hammers, that the striking points of the hammers will pass between said fingers
in their revolutions. These fingers are preferably mounted in a block 28, made
sufficiently strong to sustain the fingers 27 rigidly in position. When the ends

page_text: of the fingers become worn, or, for any reason, it is desired to project the inner
ends farther into the machine, such adjustmont may be acconiplished by with-
drawing the through-bolt 29, and inserting it into a different opening in the rear
ends of the fingers 27. This through-bolt 29 holds the fingers in position against
longitudinal movement.
30 indicates an imperforate concave, concentrically arranged relative to the
path of the hammers, and located beneath the fingers 27, said concave being
formed by part of the supporting block 28, or having its upper end abutting
there against if the concave is made as a separate piece. If desired, the working
face of this concave may be transverselý serrateil, as shown by dotted lines in
Figure 13, to hold the material being operated upon, to the action of the hammers.
31 indicates a bar support secured to the side framing of the machine, there
being preferably two of these bar supports in the machine, one at the front end
and the other at the rear end. These bar supports, as shown more clearly in
Figure 20, comprise two end pieces or heads and cross-pieces connecting "said
heads said cross-pieces extending transversely the machine and being arranged
above and below the bars, when the bars are in position.
32 indicates bars mounted in the bar supports 3.1. These bars are so constructed
that their ends are reduced in thickness, as shown in Figure 23, while their
middle portions, as at 32, are increased in thickness, at the point where the
hammers most nearly approach said bars. The ends of these bars are spaced
by suitable washers 32b between the heads of the bar supports 31, said washers
and the ends of the bars being strung on through-bolts 32 which pass through
ears 31 of the heads of the bar supports 31. These through-bolts assist in
supporting the bars 32, but are not depended upon entirely for this purpose, as
the lower of the transversely connecting cross-pieces of the bar supports effectively
supports the ends of the bars.
33 indicates vertically disposed fingers arranged between the bars 32, and
engaging the hammer supports 4". These fingers are, also; arranged so that the
hammers pass between them, breaking any material which may have lodged
against said fingers. These fingers have tongues 33 on their upper ends which
fit into the peripheral grooves 4 on the hammer supports, so that the upper
ents of said fingers are separated and prevented from moving laterally, or
becoming displaced by reason of the great strain placed thereon, when the hammers
are breaking material lodged against said fingers. The lower ends of said fingers
are formed with openings or perforations through which pass through-bolts 4
and 35, the former, also, passing through the thickened portion of the bars 32,
and the latter passing through the fingers and suitable spacing washers placed
between the side framing.
The rear of the machine above the bars 32 is composed of transversely disposed
bars 36, concentrically arranged relative to the path of the hammers.. These
bars 36; start from a point immediately above the bars 32, and terminate short
of the cover 3 of the machine, which cover 3 may be hinged or bolted in position
as may be desired, and whose function is well understood.
In Figure 13, I have shown these bars 36 as being mounted directly in the
side framing of the machine but it is obvious that they may be arranged in cage
form as shown in Figure 21, which will enable their insertion and removal at
will, whereby bars placed at different distances apart may be used as desired. I
prefer to form a curved rib 1 on the inside framing of the machine to accommodate
this able cage when same is used.
It may, also, be desired to prevent the broken particles of some materials from
passing out the rear end of the machine, and, in order to close the rear end, I
may introduce a slide 37, shown in Figure 22, which slide will rest on the rib 1ª
and prevent any material escaping between the bars 36 from passing out.
From the above description, the operation of the machine is obvious. The
material being introduced on the breaker-plate will be primarily crushed by the
hammers on said breaker-plate, and; when passing over the fingers 27, will be
....
I...
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page_text: disintegrated and shredded or splintered, dependent upon the nature of the material
introduced into the machine. After the material leaves the fingers 27, it is pressed
or crushed against the imperforate cave 30, until delivered on to the bars 32.
After being delivered on the bars 3, any material attempting to get through
said bars leaving an end projecting to the machine, such piece of material will
be moved to the rear by the actia of the hammers until it is arrested by the
reduction of space between the bars due to the increased thickness of the same,
when the haminers will operate upen said projecting piece of material and break
the same.
The hammers operate in a vertical plane above the bars 32, and, for that
reason, the material operated upon by the hammers, when in the machine, is
supported by the bars, and more thoroughly disintegrated, shredded, or broken,
than it would be if the hammers operated above the space between the bars. Any
material not reduced to a sufficient degree of fineness to pass between the bars 32
after passing through the above operation, is liable to be arrested by the fingers 33,
and held to the action of the hammers. After being broken across the fingers 33,
if the material is still not of sufficient fineness to pass between the bars 32. or the
bars 36 if the slide 37 is not present, will be further acted upon by the hammers
on the bars 36; but any material remaining in the machine after passing beyond
the bars 36 will be carried around by the hammers and subjected to the same.
operation until it is reduced in size sufficient to permit its passage between the.
bars 32 or the bars 36.
In Figures 7 and 18, I have shown a modified form of breaker-plate which may
advantageously be used in some cases, if the material to be operated upon is moist.
This beaker-plate is bollow, and forms a steam-chest into which suitable pipes
may be lead to introduce steam, the water of condensation being carried off by.
suitable pipes. I prefer, also, to make this form of breaker-plate adjustable
toward or from the path of the striking points of the hammers, and, to accomplish
this, I provide two or more lugs which pass through the supporting-block, and
introduce wedges in front of said supporting-block to hold the Breaker-plate
firmly in position on the supporting-block. The adjustment of the breaker-plate
is accomplished by the introduction and removal of liners which may be inserted
or removed from between the breaker-plate and the supporting-block.
I am aware that many minor changes in the construction, arrangement, and
combination of the several parts of my machine can be made and substituted
for those herein shown and described without, in the least, departing from the.
nature and principle of my invention.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my invention,
and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I
claim is:
1. In a breaking, crushing, and pulverizing machine, the combination with
piveted, revolving hammers, of a radially adjustable grinding surface co-operating
with said hammers, and means for adjusting said grinding surface toward or from.
the axis of rotation of said hammers; substantially as described.
2. In a crushing, breaking, and pulverizing machine, the combination with
pivoted, revolving hammers, of a sectional grinding surface formed with eccen-
trically disposed runners on each section, said surface co-operating with said
hammers, and means for adjusting said sections relative to the striking: points
of said hammers; substantially as described.
3. In a breaking, crushing, and pulverizing machine, the combination with
pivoted, revolving hammers, of a grinding surface for co-operating with said
hammers, and a spring bearing against the rear under side of the grinding
surface for holding the grinding surface against the action of the hammers; sub-
stantially as described.
"
4. In a breaking, crushing, and pulverizing machine, the combination with
pivoted, revolving hammers, and the means for adjusting the striking points' of
"

page_text: said hammers, of a dead-plate upon which the material is primarily crushed by
the hammers, a concentrically disposed grinding surface forming a continuation
of said dead-plate, and means for adjusting said dead-plate to compensate for
wear; substantially as described.
5. In a breaking, crushing, and pulverizing machine, the combination with
pivoted, revolving hammers, with means for adjusting the radial position of the
striking points of said hammers, and an adjustable dead-plate co-operating with
said hammers; substantially as described.
6. In a breaking, crushing, and pulverizing machine, the combination with
pivoted revolving hammers, of a dead-plate arranged at the feed end of the
machine, and a valve pivoted above said dead-plate, said valve, when raised,
acting as a deflecting lip to direct the circulating current of air within the
machine, inwardly; substantially as described.
7. In a breaking, crushing, and pulverizing machine, the combination with
suitable hammer supports, of hammer shanks straddling said supports and pivotally
mounted thereon, and hammer heads carried between said shanks at their outer
ends substantially as described.
8. In a breaking, crushing, and pulverizing machine, the combination with
hammer supports in the form of disks, said disks being provided with eccen-
trically disposed series of openings, and hammers whose pivotal supports are
mounted in said openings, said pivotal supports being capable of being introduced
into any of said eccentrically disposed series of openings to adjust the striking
points of the hammers; substantially as described.
9. In a breaking, crushing, and pulverizing machine, the combination with
a shait, of hammer supports strung thereon, said supports being formed with
projections, the projections of one support being staggered relative to the next
adjacent support, so that the projections of every other support align, through-
bolts which pass through said projection, and hammers on said through-bolts
and between the projections, said hammers being in line with the body portion
of the support for the next adjacent hammer: substantially as described.
10. In a breaking, crushing, and pulverizing machine, the combination with
a frame, of a shaft journalled therein, hammers carried by said shaft, a con-
centric cage partially surrounding said hammers, a dead-plate arranged at the
feed end of the machine, a hopper above said dead-plate, and an inturned lip
arranged on the cover above the dead-plate for deflecting the air and circulating
material inwardly, whereby a suction is formed to draw in the material from
the dead-plate; substantially as described.
11. In a breaking, crushing, and pulverizing machine, the combination with
a suitable frame, of a hopper arranged thereon at its front end, a dead-plate
arranged beneath the hopper, a shaft journalled in the frame, rows of pivoted
hammers carried by the shaft which co-operate with the dead-plate to primarily
crush the refractory material as it enters the machine, a concentric cage mounted
beneath the hammers and having its front end abutting against the dead-plate,
and a cover against which the other end of the cage abuts; substantially as
described.
12. In a breaking, crushing, and pulverizing machine, the combination with
pivoted, revolving hammers, of an adjustable breaker-plate, and fingers arranged
below said breaker-late and projecting into between the hammers: substantially
as described.
13. In a breaking, crushing, and pulverizing machine, the combination with
pivoted, revolving hammers, of an adjustable breaker-plate, and adjustable fingers
projecting below said breaker-plate between the hammers; substantially as
described.
14. In a breaking, crushing, and pulverizing machine, the combination with
pivoted, revolving hammers, of bars co-operating with said hammers, said bars
being formed with thickened portions; substantially as described.
15. In a breaking, crushing, and pulverizing machine, the combination with

page_text: pivoted, revolving hammers, of bars or fingers projecting between the path of the
hammers and engaging the hammer supports; substantially as described.
16. In a breaking, crushing, and pulverizing machine, the combination with
pivoted, revolving hammers, of revolving supports therefor, said supports being
formed with peripheral grooves, and fingers which extend between said hammers,
said fingers being formed with tongues fitting into the grooves on the hammer
supports; substantially as described.
17. In a breaking, crushing, and pulverizing machine, the combination with
bars 36, of a slide 5 for stopping the passage of materials between said bars 36:
substantially as described.
18. In a breaking, crushing, and pulverizing machine, the combination with
pivoted, revolving hammers, of a breaker-plate, an imperforate concave arranged
below said breaker-plate, transversely disposed serrations on the working face of
said imperforate concave, and bars, all of said parts co-operating with the said
pivoted, revolving hammers; substantially as described.