IMPROVEMENTS IN OPENING, CLOSING, AND SECURING WINDOWS, DOORS, AND SHUTTERS, AND IN THE MACHINERY OB APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREFOR
Year: 1866

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to James Carter, of Dunfermline, in the County of Fife,
North Britain, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN OPENING, CLOSING,
AND SECURING WINDOWS, DOORS, AND SHUTTERS, AND IN THE MACHINERY OB
APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREFOR."
Sealed the 11th December 1866, and dated the 14th June 1866.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said James Carter at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 14th
June 1866.
I, JAMES CARTER, of Dunfermline, in the County of Fife, North Britain,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN
OPENING, CLOSING, AND SECURING WINDOWS, DOORS, AND SHUTTERS, AND IN THE
MACHINERY OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREFOR," to be as follows, that is to
say:
This Invention consists as follows:-A screw or screws are arranged on
either side of the sash, shutter, or door, as the case may be, and the shaft or
shafts of the screw or screws are provided at one end with a bevil pinion
gearing into corresponding wheels or pinions upon a horizontal shaft. Nuts
are secured to the side or sides of the window, door, or shutter, into or through
which the screws pass. When it is desired to lift or close the sash, door, or
shutter, an attendant imparts motion to the horizontal shaft by means of a
crank, handle, or otherwise; or in the case of very large windows, shutters,
or doors, motive power may be employed for effecting the lifting or lowering.
If desired, the window, shutter, or door may be arranged that one of the
nuts should be made capable of being detached from the side, so that the

page_text: window, shutter, or door can be turned round on the opposite screw ns a
hinge or centre. By means of this Invention the part to which it is applied
can be rendered fixed and permanent in a position so that the necessity for
any kind of lock as now employed is avoided.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said James Carter in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
12th December 1866.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JAMES
CARTER, of Dunfermline, in the County of Fife, North Britain, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Fourteenth day of June, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-six, in the twenty-ninth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto
me, the said James Carter, Her special license that I, the said James
Carter, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I,
the said James Carter, my executors, administrators, or assigns, should
at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times
thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might
make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IM-
PROVEMENTS IN OPENING, CLOSING, AND SECURING WINDOWS, DOORS, AND SHUTTERS,
AND IN THE MACHINERY OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREFOR," upon the condition
(amongst others) that I, the said James Carter, my executors or adminis-
trators, by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal, should par-
ticularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what
manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the
Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately
after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said James Carter, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement, reference being had to the accompanying Drawings, and to the
letters and figures marked thereon, that is to say :-
My said Invention consists as follows:-A screw or screws are arranged on
either side of the sash, shutter, or door, as the case may be, and the shaft or
shafts of the screw or screws are provided at one end with a bevil pinion
gearing into corresponding wheels or pinions upon a horizontal shaft. Nuts

page_text: are secured to the side or sides of the window, door, or shutter, into or through
which the screws pass. When it is desired to lift or close the sash, door, or
shutter an attendant imparts motion to the horizontal shaft by means of a
crank, bandle, or otherwise, or in the case of very large windows, shutters, or
doors motive power may be employed for effecting the lifting or lowering.
If desired the window, shutter, or door may be arranged that one of the
nuts should be made capable of being detached from the side, so that the
window, shutter, or door can be turned round on the opposite screw as a
hinge or centre. By means of this Invention the part to which it is applied
can be rendered fixed and permanent in a position, so that the necessity for
any kind of lock as now employed is avoided.
And in order that my said Invention may be properly understood I shall
now proceed more particularly to describe the system, mode, or manner in or
under which the same is or may be used or practically carried into effect,
reference being had, for the sake of more complete elucidation, to the several
Figures upon the explanatory Sheet of Drawings which I have hereunto
appended, and in which similar parts are indicated by corresponding letters of
reference, that is to say :-
Figure 1 on Sheet 1 is an inside elevation of a window having my improve-
ments attached thereto; Figure 2 is a perspective view of the same with the
two sashes thrown open on one side as a door. In these Figures the window
sashes A and A' are shown of the ordinary construction; at their upper and
lower ends at one side or edge bracket pieces B are fixed, which carry the
nuts C through which the screws D and D' pass, the screw D being for the
outer sash, and D' for the inner sash. The screws D and D' are carried in
bearings at their upper and lower ends, which bearings may be made of iron
or other suitable material, and these are fixed or fastened into the ordinary
window framework.
The arrangement of the lower ends of the screws, and the gear for actuating
the same, is more particularly shown in the enlarged Figures, Sheet 2,
Figure 1 of which is a transverse section showing the driving gear and
handle E for actuating the same; Figure 2 being a corresponding front
elevation of Figure 1, showing the driving gear in dotted lines behind the
facing boards F. The screws D and D' pass through holes in the upper side
of the framework marked a in Figure 1, Sheet 2, which forms a species of
wall box, in which the driving gear is situated, the parts of the screw shafts
or spindles situated between the upper and lower horizontal portions of this
wall box a have the bevil pinions G and H respectively fixed on them, and
the bevil wheels I and K for actuating these are likewise carried in bearings

page_text: in the vertical part of the wall box a, as shown, the outer ends of the spindles
of the driving wheels being made square for the adaptation thereto of the
handle E, which is constructed to fit both spindles.
Having now set forth the details of my said Invention, I shall proceed to
describe the mode of operating with the same to be as follows, that is to
say:
:
When it is desired to lift the under sash and lower the upper one, an
attendant applies the handle E to the driving spindles, and turns them in
either way corresponding to the movement required. To open the sashes as
a door, as shown at Figure 2, Sheet 1, this is effected by slightly lowering the
top sash so as to clear the upper cross bead, and raising the upper sash
sufficiently to clear the bottom cross bead, then taking off the inner guiding
beads, throwing open the lower sash back against the shutter as shown, then
taking out the parting beads (if parting beads are used), after which the
upper sash is thrown open against the shutters in a manner similar to the
lower sash. It is to be understood that windows may be constructed under
this Invention without using parting beads, although in the case of old
windows altered for the sashes to be actuated by screws the parting bead will
be situated on the side opposite to that at which the screws are placed.
New windows, however, will not require parting beads at all, and are con-
structed in the following manner:-The under sash opening stile is made a
little broader (in the case of an ordinary house window about
than the upper sash stile to allow for the cheek on the case stile.
sash has a groove throughout its entire length (of a quarter of an
or thereabouts) on that portion situated against the inner side of the outside
facing of the frame, and a rod or guide of wood or metal to fill into the groove
is fixed to the inner side of the outside facing to fill the groove when the sash
is closed for the purpose of keeping the window air-tight.
of an inch)
The upper
inch deep
In addition to the groove and bar or strip above mentioned it is preferred
to form a projecting bead (of 20 inches long or thereabouts) in the upper end
of the case stile (a fixture), and a groove to correspond therewith is made in
the upper end of the sash stile, so that the window can be lowered 20 inches
or thereabouts without coming out of position, and as the window requires to
be lowered as far as possible in the event of opening it to clean the outer
side of the glass, the sash can by this last arrangement be lowered sufficiently
to clear the fixed bead or guide.
This Invention also enables the use of sash weights to be dispensed with,
as well as the pockets for them to slide in, together with other adjuncts now
employed in connexion therewith.

page_text: From the construction it will be evident that the windows which are opened
and shut by means of screws according to the present Invention become
locked in any position of upward or downward movement, when the handle E
is put away or concealed by the attendant.
In applying this Invention to very heavy windows or doors the lifting and
lowering screws may be placed at the centre instead of one side of the sash,
or a double set of screws may be used, a separate set at each side of the sash,
caused to work simultaneously by means of cross shafts fitted with bevil wheels
to act upon the bevil pinions at the ends of the lifting and lowering screws.
Having now described the nature of my said Invention, and the manner in
which the same is or may be used or practically carried into effect, I would
observe in conclusion that what I consider novel and original, and therefore
claim as the Invention secured to mo by the herein-before in part recited
Letters Patent, is,―
First, the general arrangement and construction of mechanism for actuating
the sashes of windows, doors, and shutters, as herein-before described, or any
mere modification thereof,
Second, the application of screws actuated by bevil gearing to the opening
and closing of windows, doors, and shutters, as herein-before described, or any
mero modification thereof.
Third, the locking of windows, sashes, doors, or shutters at any point by
means of the mechanism or apparatus used for opening and closing the same,
as berein-before described, or any mere modification thereof.
Fourth, the dispensing of weights and their connections as applied to
ordinary sashes hitherto used, as herein-before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said James Carter, have hereunto set my hand
and seal, this Tenth day of December, One thousand eight hundred
and sixte si
Witness,
ST. JOHN VINCENT DAY, C.E.,
Patent Office,
166, Buchanan St.,
Glasgow.
JAMES CARTER. (L.S.)