CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR CUTTING AND SEPARATING VEGETABLE SUBSTANCES, ALSO IM- PROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF MACHINES FOR DIBBLING AND SOWING SEED AND DISTRIBUTING VEGETABLE SUBSTANCES AND MANURE OVER LAND, PART OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS IS APPLICABLE TO WHEEL CARRIAGES IN GENERAL
Year: 1847

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, HENRY
SMITH, of the firm of H. Smith and Co., of Stamford, in the County of
Lincoln, Agricultural Implement Makers, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at
Westminster, the Twenty-third day of March, in the tenth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me,
the said Henry Smith, Her especial licence, full power, sole privilege and
authority, that I, the said Henry Smith, my executors, administrators, and
assigns, and such others as I, the said Henry Smith, my executors, admi-
nistrators, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time
to time and at all times during the term of years therein mentioned, should
and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and
the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, my Invention of "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS
IN MACHINERY FOR CUTTING AND SEPARATING VEGETABLE SUBSTANCES, ALSO IM-
PROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF MACHINES FOR DIBBLING AND SOWING SEED
AND DISTRIBUTING VEGETABLE SUBSTANCES AND MANURE OVER LAND, PART OF WHICH
IMPROVEMENTS IS APPLICABLE TO WHEEL CARRIAGES IN GENERAL;" in which said
Letters Patent is contained a proviso obliging me, the said Henry Smith, by
an instrument in writing under my hand and seal, particularly to describe and
ascertain the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to
be performed, and to cause the same to be enrolled in Her Majesty's High
Court of Chancery within six calendar months next and immediately after the

page_text: date of the said in part recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same, refe-
rence being thereunto had, will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Henry Smith, do hereby declare that the nature of my said Invention, and
the manner in which the same is to be performed, is particularly described and
ascertained in and by the following description thereof, reference being had to
the Drawings hereunto annexed, and to the letters and figures marked thereon
date of the said in part recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same, rere-
rence being thereunto had, will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Henry Smith, do hereby declare that the nature of my said Invention, and
the manner in which the same is to be performed, is particularly described and
ascertained in and by the following description thereof, reference being had to
the Drawings hereunto annexed, and to the letters and figures marked thereon
(that is to say)
My Improvements consist,-
Firstly, in a novel construction of machine for cutting straw, hay, and other
vegetable matters into chaff or small pieces.
Secondly, in an improved machine for drilling or depositing in the ground
corn or other seeds.
Thirdly, in a machine for dibbling and sowing seeds.
Fourthly, in a machine for delivering manure or compost in rows, or
spreading such materials over the land.
Fifthly, in a machine for opening and spreading grass in making hay; and,
Sixthly, in peculiar constructions of running wheels, applicable to agricul-
tural machines and other carriages.
In the accompanying Drawings Figure 1, Sheet I., represents a side eleva-
tion of my improved chaff-cutting machine. Figure 2 is a front or end
elevation of the same. Figure 3 is a horizontal or top view of this machine;
and Figure 4 is a vertical section taken longitudinally through the pressing
and feeding parts of the machine, shewing its internal construction more
perfectly than can be seen in the preceding Figures, similar letters of reference
pointing out the same parts. In these Figures a, a, is the box or trough
in which the material to be cut is laid in and spread upon its bed uniformly.
This box is fixed upon strong standards, 6, 6, which constitute the framing of
the machine. c is an iron roller, ribbed or formed into longitudinal teeth
round its periphery. This roller lies in an opening the bottom of the box,
and turns in fixed bearings at the under part of the box. d is the pressing
roller of iron, made smooth upon its surface, but studded with pin's or points
standing radially. The ends of the axle of this roller à hang in two sliding
pieces e, e, which are enabled to slide vertically on the sides of the box, and
are connected together at top by a transverse bar f, the bottoms of the
sliding pieces being attached by links and joints to a weighted lever ġ below,
by means of which the roller d is pressed 'down upon the straw or other
material spread in the bottom of the box. From the front part of the bar fa
curved plate h of cast iron extends, and to the lower edge of this plate

page_text: an elastio steel presser i is affixed, which presser is intended to bear upon the
straw or other material in the box. This presser is formed of a bent or
double plate of steel, and by its attachment to the sliders e, e, consequently
rises and falls simultaneously with the roller d. In introducing the straw or
other material to be cut, and spreading it over the bottom of the box a, it is
necessary to raise the weighted lever g for the purpose of lifting the roller d
and presser i. The material may then be pushed forward over the ribbed
roller c and the guide roller j. The lever g is then let fall, and the weight of
the roller d and the presser i will bear upon the material and hold it firmly in
the box during the operation of cutting. A fly wheel k is fixed upon a lateral
shaft l, mounted in brackets on the side of the box, and to this fly wheel the
curved knife or knives m, m, are made fast. Rotary motion is given to
'this fly wheel, and its knives, by a winch n affixed to the end of the shaft I, or
the shaft may be driven by any other convenient means; and the knives, passing
round against the front of the box, will cut or crop the projecting ends of the
straw or other material as it advances. Upon the shaft a bevil wheel p slides,
which is made fast in its proper position by a key, and this wheel takes into
a corresponding bevil wheel q, turning upon a stud set into the side of
the box; and affixed to the back of this bevel wheel is a spur wheel, taking
into a corresponding wheel on the shaft of the guide roller j, as shewn by
dots in Figure 1. A pinion r, keyed upon the shaft of the roller j, takes into
a toothed wheels, and the axle of this toothed wheel carries a pinion t, which
is in gear with a wheel u on the axle of the bed roller c. The same pinion t
is also in gear with a coupling wheel o, which takes into a similar wheel v
fixed on the axle of the pressing roller d. Hence it will be perceived that by
turning the winch n the rotary knives will be put in motion, and that the
several wheels will be driven, by which the rollers c, d, and j, will be made to
revolve and to carry the straw or other material forward towards the edges of
the rotary knives, by which the material is cut into short lengths as chaff. I
may here observe, that in order to apply additional driving power to the
machine, I sometimes attach a second winch handle, as at w, to the end of the
shaft of the roller j, which handle, acting in concert with the other winch n,
will greatly facilitate the operation. The front part of the box is guarded by
a steel mouth-piece or frame a, a, which is fitted into a recess in the cast-iron
frame forming the front of the box. This steel mouth-piece is affixed by
counter-sunk screws, and is so adjusted in its position that the cutting edges
of the knives may rub against its face and thereby be continually sharpened.
In order to regulate the pressure of the knives against the steel face, the shaft
is drawn up by adjustable nuts at the coupling y. For the purpose of

page_text: stopping suddenly in case of necessity the rotation of the pressing roller d
I employ a lateral lever z, against which the attendant workman may, if need
be, press his body, when by so doing he will draw the coupling wheel o out
of gear with the wheel v of the pressing roller, and thereby stop its rotation.
If it is required to stop the rotation of the fly wheel, that may be done by the
foot of the workman pressing upon the treadle break-lever shewn in the under
part of the machine in Figures 1 and 2.
My improved machine for drilling for depositing in the ground corn
: or other seeds is represented in the Figures 1, 2, and 3, in Sheet II.,
similar letters of reference pointing out the same parts of this machine in all
these three Figures. Figure 1 is a side elevation of the improved drill;
Figure 2 is a front view of the same; and Figure 3 is a section taken trans-
versely through the machine in the direction of Figure 1. A, A, are the
running wheels upon which the machine is carried. B, B, is the horizontal
frame that supports the machine, and to which the drawing shafts are attached.
.C, C, are two curved brackets fixed to and standing vertically upon the
frame B. In the upper part of these brackets the shaft a is mounted, upon
which the trough or drill box D is suspended and allowed to swing freely, so
as to preserve its erect position at all times. The wheel A is but imperfectly
shewn in Figure 1, but it is to be understood that the wheels turn upon axles
formed by studs b, b, affixed to the sides of the horizontal frame B. The
toothed wheel C is made fast upon the nave of one of the running wheels, as
shewn in Figure 2; and consequently, as the machine travels onward the
wheel c is made to drive the toothed wheel d, and this, taking into the toothed
wheele above, gives rotary motion to that wheel. The wheel e is made fast
upon the end of a short cylindrical tube f, which turns on the shaft a; and to
.the reverse end of this tube f, a larger wheel g is also made fast, which takes
into and turns a lower wheel h, fixed upon a spindle or shaft i, that passes
through the drill box and drives the rotary cup wheels k; hence it will be
perceived that the progress of the running wheel gives rotary motion to the
cups that feed the spouts with seed. The rotary speed of the cups k will
depend upon the diameters of the wheels forming the driving train. If, there-
fore, I wish to alter the speed I place a wheel of a different diameter at d; and
in order to do so, I cause the axle of that wheel to turn in an adjustable
socket sliding in the slot of a curved arm l, attached to the side of the bracket
C; or I could effect the alteration by varying the diameters of both the wheels
d and e, but this is well understood as a principle in mechanics. The internal
construction of the trough or seed box D is seen in the section Figure 3.
The seeds being put into this box will slide down the inclined plane.m, and

page_text: pass through an opening n into the lower part of the box, where the revolution
of the cup wheels k will cause each cup in succession to take up its quantity
of seed and deposit that seed in the delivering spout p, from thence the seed will
be conducted by the funnel 9 into the coulter tube r. These coulter tubes (of
which there are to be a series ranged across the machine, corresponding in.
number with the series of cup wheels) are mounted upon a shaft s, s, shewn in
Figure 2, which shaft is supported by the brackets t, t, attached to the under
part of the frame B. The peculiar construction of the coulter tube consists in
its being formed in two parts connected together by a joint at u, by which the
lower part of the coulter tube is enabled to rise and fall according to the
inequalities of the ground over which it is drawn; consequently, as the seeds
descend through the tube they are accurately delivered into the groove or
channel cut in the ground by the coulter at bottom. A weight w is placed
upon the arm of the coulter, for the purpose of keeping the coulter down to
its work; and a small windlass with a shaft or barrel y is attached to the hinder
part of the frame B, for the purpose of coiling a rope or chain, whereby the
coulter may be drawn up when the machine is not in operation.
My improved dibble is shewn in several views in Sheet III. Figure 1 is a
side elevation of the machine complete; Figure 2 is a partial plan view;
Figure 3 is an end view partly in section; and Figure 4 is a partial longi-
tudinal section, shewing the mode of working the dibble and its connection
with the seed box. A, A, are the carrying wheels mounted on studs which
project from the sides of a strong rectangular framing B, B. To the underside
of this framing, near the front end, two brackets are provided which form the
bearings for a horizontal shaft C, extending the whole width of the machine.
By referring to the plan or end view, it will be seen that two pair of dibbles
only are shewn, but it will be readily understood that any number may be
employed, either by increasing the width of the machine or by arranging the
various parts closer together. In addition to the bearings at either end, the
shaft C is further supported by arms a, which are bolted to the front bar of
the framing, and have each a tube welded on their inner end, through
which the shaft is passed, and in which it is capable of revolving. These
arms a are, however, intended principally to carry the frames b, b, which are
formed in the manner shewn in the plan view, and are capable of rocking in
their bearings, their ends being provided with lugs which embrace the ends of
the tubes, which are attached as before stated to the fixed arms a. The
object of thus securing the frames 6 by hinge joints will be explained hereafter.
Attached to the under side of the frames 6, or in one piece therewith, are the
V brackets c, c, which serve as bearings for a short shaft d, and also at their

page_text: lower extremities carry sockets for the dibbles to work in. On this shaft d,
a running wheel D is fixed, which supports the back end of the frame b, and
bolted to the arms of this wheel is a cog wheel E. The upper side of each
of the frames b is provided with brackets e, e, which carry a horizontal shaft
f, parallel with but a little on one side of the shaft d; g is a pinion mounted
on the shaft f and in gear with the cog wheel E, and upon the same shaft a
pair of bevel wheels h are keyed; these wheels take into similar wheels i, the
bosses of which are prolonged, and are embraced and supported by bearings k,
connected to the inner side of the brackets e, e. The hollow of each of these
bosses forms a guide for the upper end of the respective dibbles F, and they
are grooved on 'their inner face to receive a feather edge with which the dibble
stems are provided. 7 is a square shaft supported by the frame b, and capable of
rocking in its bearings. This shaft carries at about the middle of its length a
bell-crank lever m, the ends of which are provided with bowls or rollers, and
embrace a double cam wheel n (see Figure 4) which is mounted on and turns
with the horizontal shaft C. On either side of the crank lever m, and attached
to the same shaft, is a spring lever o, one for every dibble. These levers, at
their other end clasp the dibbles between two collars or enlargements on the
stem; when, therefore, an upward or downward motion is communicated to
the levers, they will force down or draw up the dibbles, as the case may be, a
sufficient space being left in the boss of the wheels i, i, to allow of this vertical
movement. G, 'G, are the seed boxes supported by a light framing, which
rises from the frames 6, 6; pendant from each of these boxes is the seed-
conducting pipe p, which terminates at the lower socket of the dibble (as
shewn at Figure 4). The supply of seed from each box is regulated by a slide
which is worked by levers connected to and receiving their motion from the
lever o, and the lower end of the seed pipe p is closed when the dibble is at
its lowest position. Motion is communicated to the various moving parts by
the forward motion of the machine, a pair of large cog wheels H, H, being
secured to the arms of the carrying wheels A, A, and gearing into a pair of
pinions I, I, mounted on the ends of the shaft C for the purpose of actuating
the parts connected with that shaft, and the other parts of the machine being
driven from the rotation of the wheel D.
I will now describe the operation of the machine, first premising that the
dibbles work in pairs simultaneously, together with all the parts which have
relation to their movements. When the machine is drawn over the field
to be sown in dibbled rows, the rotation of the wheel D, which rolls over
the ground, causes the cog wheel E to drive round the pinion g on the
shaft and thereby give motion to the bevel wheels h, h, on the same

page_text: It
shaft. These wheels h, h, taking into the wheels i, i, will give a continuous
rotary motion to the pair of dibbles F, by reason of the feather edge taking
into the grooves of the bosses of these wheels i, i, as before explained. The
same forward motion of the machine will, through the carrying wheels a,
and the gearing H and I, drive the shaft C, and with it the cam wheels
n. It was before stated that each double cam wheel was embraced by the
ends of the bell-crank lever m; this is for the purpose of communicating
to the lever a rocking motion, which is effected by means of two sets of
tappets arranged on the periphery of the wheel, so that when a projection
is elevating the bowl of the upper end of the lever m, a corresponding hollow
is presented to receive the bowl of the lower end, and thus allow of the
rocking of the lever. A similar motion is given to the spring lever o, by
reason of its being attached to the shaft l, which carries the lever m.
now being understood how the vibration of the lever o is effected, it will
be readily seen (by referring to Figure 4) that when the upper end of the
bell-crank lever is raised the dibble will be pressed into the ground, and as
soon as the tappet has passed the bowl of the upper end a tappet will be
presented to the lower bowl, and depress it, by which motion the dibble will
be raised instantly out of the ground. The lever o is made elastic, in order
to give way when any hard substance, which the dibble cannot pierce,
is presented to the dibble point. The same vibrating motion of the lever o
will open and close the slides of the seed box; and when the dibble is raised,
after having made a clean hole in the ground, its smaller diameter or conical
end being drawn up into the socket, the opening from the seed pipe p to the
socket will no longer be covered; consequently, the seed contained in that
pipe will fall into the dibbled hole. The adjoining pair of dibbles is sq
timed as to come into operation when the machine has moved forward just
half the distance between two dibbled holes on the same line; but as the
action of these dibbles is a repetition of what has been already explained,
When the machine has per
any further description will be unnecessary.
formed its work, the wheels D are to be lifted off the ground by means of a
roller and chains, as shewn in the Drawing, and the wheels H will then.
support the whole weight of the machine. The pinions I are thrown out.
of gear with the wheels II, and thus the machine will stop action while it is
being removed. My machine for delivering manure or compost in rows, or
spreading such material over the land, is shewn in the Drawings in Sheet IV.
Figure 1 is a side elevation of the machine or cart containing the manure;
Figure 2 is a back view of the same; Figure 3. is a horizontal top view;
and Figure 4 a longitudinal section taken through the middle of the machine,

page_text: shewing the internal operative parts more perfectly than they could be
seen in the preceding Figures. A, A, is the body. of the cart; B, B, the
running wheels upon an ordinary axletree; C, a trough; D, is intended to
hold the manure or other material to be distributed over the land as the
machine moves round. This trough is capable of being raised on its joints
or pivots a, for the purpose of discharging the material; and this may be
done, or it may be placed at any angle of inclination, by a bent lever b, seen
on the outside of the cart (Figure 1), which, by its depression, causes the
horn c to lift up the under part of the trough, and thereby to shoot the
material toward the discharging rollers. To the spokes of one of the running
wheels a circular ring of teeth d, d, d, is affixed, and to the other running
wheel a lesser ring of teeth e, e, is also affixed. The latter of these is for
the purpose of giving rotary motion to the discharging roller, and the former
to the spreading or distributing barrel, as the machine travels over the
land. A roller f, having several series of teeth or angular studs or small
knives set round its periphery, is mounted in the bottom of the cart, the
roller extending from side to side. On the end of the axle of this roller a
toothed wheel g is affixed, which, by taking into the teeth of the wheel e
as the cart moves onward, causes the studded roller f to revolve, by which
means the manure, or other material delivered from the trough D, is con-
ducted, eut, and forced out through an aperture in the bottom of the cart
at h.
For the purpose of more effectually breaking and discharging the
manure from the roller f, another roller i, having a series of bent arms
extending from its periphery, is so placed in the vicinity of the roller f that
in revolving its bent arms may pass between the studs or knives of the
roller f, and thereby effectually clear it from any adhering matter. This
roller is driven in an opposite direction to f by means of a toothed wheel
k, on the end of its axis, taking into the wheel g. The bent arms of the
wheel are cleared by a series of fixed scrapers attached to the back of the
cart; and these scrapers serve also to prevent the manure from being thrown
out at the back by the rotation of the wheel i. A flap or shutter / within
the cart is let down occasionally to cover the arms of the roller i when the
manure consists of pulverised or dry material, but when the manure is moist
coagulated matter, requiring separation, then the flap must be raised to
allow the full operation of both rollers. The manure, on passing through
the opening h, in the bottom of the cart, falls upon a barrel m, which has
several series of studs or bent arms set round it. This barrel is made to
revolve by a pinion upon the end of its axle, which takes into the teeth of
the large ring d fixed on the running wheel of the cart, and, by its rotation,

page_text: spreads or distributes the manure in a broad sheet over the ground; but when
the machine is required to deliver the manure in rows as into furrows, then I
dispense with the distributing barrel m, and instead of it I place a series of
spouts or conductors in the same situation as the barrel under the opening h
in the bottom of the cart, by means of which spouts the manure is conducted
into the required channels. A section of a contrivance suited to this purpose
is shewn at Figure 5, consisting of a slight box made of thin deal, equal
in length to the width of the cart. The partitions stand at considerable
inclinations, so as to form hoppers or shutes into which the manure is let
fall from the discharging aperture 7 of the cart. These shutes must of
course be so made as to suit the distances apart at which the rows of manure
are to be deposited on the land. When dry or pulverised compost is to be
deposited by this machine, I prefer to throw the wheel g sideways out of
gear by means of the lever p, and to bring down a coupling pinion q on the
lever into gear with both the wheel e and with a pinions on the axle of
the roller f, behind the wheel g. By these means the roller f will be made
to revolve in an opposite direction to that before described, and instead
of cutting the manure will scrape it clean out of the curved conductor, and
drive it through the aperture h into the distributing or conducting apparatus
below.
In Sheet V. of the accompanying Drawings I have shewn certain improve-
ments in the hay-making machine which I have been in the habit of making,
and which in its general construction is therefore well known. The first
improvement refers to a new arrangement for supporting the bars which carry
the tines or teeth. The second improvement refers to the apparatus for raising
the tine wheels from the ground. Figure 1 is a side elevation, partly in section,
of the hay maker; and Figure 2 is a partial plan view of the same. Instead
of supporting the tine bars at the centre of their length as usual, I provide two
bosses a, a, with radial arms, the outer ends of each pair of which carry a bar b.
These bars are attached by angle irons to the radial armis, and are capable of
swinging on the pins which pass through the angle irons and the ends of these
arms, and form a kind of hinge joint. At each end of the bars b is a forked
piece c, with prongs or legs of different lengths; and these forks rest upon the
end of springs d, which are provided for that purpose, and are rivetted to the
radial arms, as shewn at Figure 1. The use of these springs d is by pressing
on the forked pieces to keep the bars 6 in such a position that the tines shall be
radial or nearly so, and yet allow them to give way to any obstruction which
they may meet on the ground whilst rotating. In the Drawing I have shewn
the gearing for reversing the rotation of the tine wheels; but as that forms

page_text: no part of my present Invention, it will be unnecessary to say more than that
the driving wheels on the axles of the running wheels are enclosed in a
cylindrical case e, placed at each side of the machine; and that these cases
form the bearings for the axlef of the tine wheels, and also for the pinions for
reversing the motion; and that they also carry the axles for the running
wheels of the machine. Upon the side of the cylindrical case e, a lug is
provided to receive a pin, which connects an arm or lever g to that case. Th
other end of the arm g is jointed to a half-worm wheel h, which is keyed on a
horizontal. shaft, supported in bearings by the framing of the machine. Into
this worm wheel a worm i, mounted in bearings attached to the framing, gears;
and the spindle of this worm is furnished with a handle for giving it rotary
motion.
It will now be understood that in order to bring down the tines of the
harrows to the ground, the worm i is made to revolve, whereby the worm
wheel h is moved round, the arm or lever g following it in its movements. This
will allow the cylindrical cases on either side of the machine to slide round;
and bring down the tine wheels to their proper level, which position will be
preserved by the worm and worm wheel, which are made sufficiently strong to
bear the indirect weight of the tine wheels. A modification of this part of the
Invention for lifting the tine wheels is shewn at Figure 3. An arm g on each
side of the machine is connected to a sliding rack k, having suitable bearings
on the sides of the framing, and in the teeth of each rack a small pinion I gears:
These pinions are keyed on a horizontal cross shaft, which has its bearings on
the framing, and they are turned by means of a winch handle m. The action
of this arrangement is precisely similar to that above described; but a catch.or
pin must be provided to retain the handle in a given position when the tine
wheel has been raised from the ground. My improved constructions of
running wheels, applicable to agricultural machines and other carriages, are
shewn in Sheet II. of the Drawings. These wheels are composed partly of
wrought iron and partly of cast iron, and, if required, with wooden felloes. In
all of the Figures referring to these wheels, similar letters of reference point out
the same parts. Figure 4 represents one of the improved wheels complete.
Figure 5 is a vertical section taken transversely through the nave, felloe, and
tire. I make the spokes a of these wheels of wrought iron, and hollow, in the
forms of elliptical tubes, as shewn in section in an auxiliary Figure at a*. At
that end of the spoke which is to fit into the nave, I cause the tube to be
slightly spread out, as at 6, and at the other end I insert a plug c, shewn in
the auxiliary Figure c. This plug is to be welded into the tube. Having
provided a series of these tubular spokes as described, I then prepare a hoop of

page_text: iron of a semi-elliptical sectional form, or it might be slightly varied, or be made
angular. This hoop, shewn at d, d, being bent or turned into a circle of the
proper diameter, is rivetted to the outer ends of the several spokes, which are
arranged so as to converge to a centre. The skeleton of a wheel, that is, the
spokes and rim thus prepared, is then to be laid flat upon a circular plate, as
at Figure 6, and solid blocks of metal e, e, e, are to be placed between the spokes,
so as to confine them. An outer plate, Figure 7, is then put upon them and
screwed down tight, the combination of which is represented as seen edgewise
at Figure 8. By these means a mould is formed with a central recess, in
which the nave of the wheel is to be cast. Suitable cores are then to be
placed in this recess for the purpose of forming the box or socket for the axle,
and also for lightening the nave by making parts of its hollow, as represented
in the section Figure 5. By pouring fluid metal into this central mould, the
nave of the wheel is then cast, and the central extremities of the spokes are all
confined and firmly secured. The inner ends of the metal blocks e, e, e, cause
the outer surfaces of the nave to be chilled in casting, and thereby rendered
hard. After removing this wheel from the mould, I then attach the wooden
felloe fff, to the rim or hoop d, d, d; and when that is done, apply a
wrought-iron tire by shrinking it on in the usual way, which completes the
wheel.
:
Another mode of constructing a wheel is shewn at Figure 9, and in the
transverse section at Figure 10. In manufacturing this modification of my
improved carriage wheels, I take straight bars of wrought iron, as seen at
Figure 11, forming a tenon a at one end of each, a fork or split b at the other
end, and a mortice hole c through the part shewn. I then bend these bars at the
part crossed by the dotted line, and curve their upper portions each into a
segment of the intended wheel, as represented at Figure 12. I then bend or
turn a circular hoop of iron d, and attach by rivets a series of these bent bars
together, in the way seen at Figure 9, causing the tenon a, at the end of each
bent bar, to fit into the mortice hole c, at the angle of the next har. Having
by these means formed the skeleton of a wheel, I place it upon a flat plate,
Figure 6, with blocks between the spokes, and confine them by an outer plate,
as in the former instance; and thus cast the nave of the wheel upon the
spokes in the way before described. To this wheel I can attach a wooden
felloe and outer tire if required; but for light wheels these additions may be
dispensed with.
Having thus described the nature of my Invention, and the manner of
carrying the same into effect, I wish it to be understood, that under the above
in part recited Letters Patent I claim, as respects the chaff-cutting machine,

page_text: .
the general arrangement of the machine, as shewn in Sheet I. of the Drawings;
and particularly I claim,-
First, mounting the fly wheel (which carries the knives) so that, as the
knives are worn away, the fly wheel may be brought nearer the mouth-piece.
Second, the arrangement of the gearing, and the parts connected therewith,
whereby the action of the feed rollers may be stopped without the rotation of
the fly wheel being stopped.
Third, the peculiar arrangement of the gearing, whereby I am enabled tó
employ an extra winch handle for driving the machine.
Fourth, the application of a break to the fly wheel of chaff-cutting machines,
such break being intended to be applied when the chaff cutters are driven by
steam or horse power.
Fifth, the application of the elastic presser to chaff-cutting machines.
And sixth, I claim the use of the guide roller j, as shewn at Figure 4, in
Sheet I., for conducting the material to be cut to the mouth-piece when such
guide roller is employed in machines having their cutting knives at right
angles to the progress of the material to be cut.
Under the second head of the Invention, I claim first, conducting the seed
down a rigid vibrating tube into the ground, whether such tube be applied to
the side of the coulter or form part with the coulter, as shewn in the Drawing,
Sheet II.; and second, I claim the mode of suspending the seed boxes as
above described.
:
Under the third head of my Invention, I claim the general arrangement of
dibbling machine, as above described and shewn in Sheet III. of the Drawings.
And particularly I claim first, giving a continuous rotary motion to the dibbles,
whereby they will be enabled to produce clean dibbled holes, whatever be the
relative speed communicated into the cams, which cause the descent of the
dibbles into the ground; second, the peculiar arrangement of the seed pipe,
whereby the fall of the grain into the earth is regulated by the vertical move-
ments of the dibble; third, the application of spring levers for pressing the
dibbles into the ground, when operated as above described; fourth, the
arrangement of the dibbles in pairs between a running wheel, having its
bearings in a hanging frame, as above described..
Under the fourth head of the Invention I claim the novel construction of
manure depositor, as described with reference to Sheet IV.; and particularly I
claim the application of the revolving barrel or cylinder to the tail of a cart or
other similar receptacle, such cylinder or barrel being intended to distribute or
scatter manure over the ground; also the mode of tipping the cart or other
manure receptacle to throw the manure on to the revolving rollers. And I