IMPROVEMENTS IN GALVANIC BATTERIES IN ELECTRIC TELEGRAPHS AND IN ELECTRO-MAGNETIC AND MAGNETO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
Year: 1849

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME I ISAAC
LEWIS PULVERMACHER of Vienna (now residing in London) Engineer send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland bearing date at Westminster the Fifteenth day of
December One thousand eight hundred and forty-nine in the thirteenth year
of Her reign did for Herself Her heirs and successors give and grant unto
me the said Isaac Lewis Pulvermacher my exors admors and assigns Her
especial licence full power sole privilege and authority that I the said
Isaac Lewis Pulvermacher my exors admiors and assigns and such others
as I the said Isaac Lewis Pulvermacher my exors admors or assigns
should at any time agree with and no others from time to time and at all
times during the term of years therein expressed should and lawfully might
make use exercise and vend within England Wales and the Town of
Berwick-upon-Tweed my Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN GALVANIC BATTERIES
IN ELECTRIC TELEGRAPHS AND IN ELECTRO-MAGNETIC AND MAGNETO-ELECTRIC
MACHINES" in which said Letters Patent is contained a proviso that I
the said Isaac Lewis Pulvermacher should cause a particular description of
the nature of my said Invention and in what manner the same is to be per-
formed by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal to be inrolled
in Her said Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar months
next and immediately after the date of the said in part recited Letters
29626-1.

page_text: Patent as in and by the same reference being thereunto had will more
fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE that in compliance with the said proviso I the said
Isaac Lewis Pulvermacher do hereby declare that the nature of my said
Invention and in what manner the same is to be performed are fully
described and ascertained in and by the present Specification thereof reference
being had to the Drawings hereunto annexed that is to say.-
Firstly my Invention consists of the improvements in galvanic batteries
represented in Figure 1 to Figure 25 Figures 18 to 24 Figures 26 to
86, Figures 1° to 15° and Figures 1 to 86d all inclusive of the said Draw-
ings and next herein-after described.
Figure 1 is an elevation chiefly in section Figure 2 a plan with the lid
removed and Figure 8 an end elevation of a revolving galvanic battery con-
structed for the purpose of obtaining quantity, that is to say in which all the
plates of the negative metal are connected together to form one element and
all the positive plates are connected together to form the other element.
B, B is the trough or case of the battery which may be made of wood glass
porcelain or other substance; A, A is a semicircular cover which is hinged
to the case B, B and is capable of being made fluid-tight at the joining all
round by means of a band of vulcanized india rubber interposed between the
edges of the case and lid which are then fixed together by screws S, S. t, t
are a series of circular vessels which act as diaphragms. Figure 4 is a side
elevation of one of these vessels. Figure 5 an edge view and Figure 6 a
vertical section of three such vessels as they appear when connected together.
h, h (Figure 5) is a slot formed in the edge or periphery all round the lower
half of the vessel which slot serves to hold a thin semicircular disc of
platinum or other metal destined to form the negative pole of the battery.
After this metal disc is inserted into the slot it is fixed therein either by a
glazing compound fused by means of heat or by some other cement which
while it fixes the plate renders the slot fluid-tight. The fixing of the platinum
plates in this way is attended with this important advantage that a very thin
plate may be employed without being exposed to the risk of fracture by the
pouring in of the acid. The lower half g of each of the vessels t, t is left in an
unglazed and therefore porous state while the other and upper portion b is
glazed in the usual way that earthenware is glazed. Each of the vessels tis
furnished with a short hollow axis so that when a number of these vessels are
combined together, they have one hollow axis 7.7 common to the whole which
has its bearings in the ends of the trough and through which the nitric acid
or other exciting fluid employed may be introduced and removed. T' is a pipe

page_text: which is connected to one end of this hollow axis for the convenience of
introducing and running out the fluid and is fitted with a glass or earthenware
stopper accurately ground into it. z. z. are the zino or positive plates which
are also semicircular discs like the platinum ones and are attached to the
axis r, by means of binding screws so that when the vessels tt are turned
upon their axes they carry the zinc plates along with them. In charging the
battery the trough is filled with dilute sulphuric acid to about the height of the
lower side of the axis r, r and the vessels t, are filled inside to about the
same level with nitric acid which is introduced through the mouth-piece T as
before explained. When the battery has been thus prepared if the axis be now
turned till the zinc plates or semicircular discs are immersed in the dilute
sulphuric acid and seeing that these plates are immediately opposite to and
correspond with the platinum plates and the porous or unglazed parts of the
diaphragm vessels t, t, it follows that the elements of the battery will be placed
in such a position as is most favorable for their action upon each other to
generate the galvanic current. If however it should be desirable to stop the
action of the battery the shaft r. r is made to turn one half revolution by
which the porous portions of the vessels tt are raised out of the dilute
sulphuric acid and the platinum and the zinc plates also lifted out of the acids
whereby the action of the battery is made entirely to cease and as the glazed
portions of the vessels are, when in this position, interposed between the
nitric acid and the dilute sulphuric acid no injurious effect can arise from
any admixture of the fluids. By this arrangement the operator has it in his
power to immerse the metal plates more or less into the fluids and thereby
increase or lessen the quantity of the galvanic current at pleasure. To facili-
tate this discretional use of the apparatus it is provided with weights B². B*.
which form a counter-balance upon the opposite side of the spindler to the
zinc and platinum plates so that they may be easily turned into and held in
any particular position. The metallic connection between the platinum plate
of the one element and the zinc plate of the other is effected by means of
hoops of copper 1. Z which are passed round the peripheries of the vessels t. t
and connected by soldering with the edges of the platinum plates which are
left protruding through the slots in the peripheries of the vessels t, t which
hoops are again connected to the zinc plates by wires d, d as shewn in
Figure 7 or instead of the copper ring a galvano-plastic precipitate may be
applied round the whole periphery of the vessels in which case no soldering
will be required. The terminal wires at each end of the battery are put in
connection with the metal plates or bearings L L at C₁ and C' which thus
form the two poles of the battery. When an entire displacement of the

page_text: fluid (nitric acid) from the interior of the vessels t. t is necessary, it is easily
effected by taking out the stopper from the mouth-pipe T and turning the
vessels round in the direction indicated by the arrows. In the interior of each
of these vessels there is formed a partition 8 (see Figure 4) running radially
from the centre to the periphery which causes the fluid to be raised up along
with the vessel and as the surface of the fluid rises above the level of the
opening T it readily flows out therefrom but the nitric acid may be retained
and kept in these diaphragmatic vessels for a considerable length of time
without injury that is when the glazed portions of the vessels are undermost
at which time the nitric acid will be held therein. The gases evolved during
the action of the battery ascend into the upper part of the vessels t. t and
escape by the hollow axle rr into the pipe G¹ with which it is connected by
a small opening inside by which pipe they are conveyed into the gas
receiver Z Z" which may be made of glass or wood and in which they are
collected and prevented from entering into the apartment where the battery is
used. The nitric acid fumes which are thus collected may also be employed
again in the formation of nitric acid, having been previously regenerated by
means of sulphuric acid and water. G is a pipe by which the spent nitric
acid is discharged from the machine as it runs out of the hollow axle. To
facilitate this part of the part of the operation the trough is supported upon
an axle Z' so that the battery may be inclined towards one end or other
according as it may be desired to allow the acid to run out by the pipe G
or the mouth-piece T.-The current generated by the battery is maintained at
nearly one uniform strength by means of the following arrangements. H is a
h. ¹ are
crown wheel which is affixed on the metallic end C of the spindle r.
two levers fixed upon another spindle supported by the bracket W¹ the
lever carries a bar of soft iron a which forms a keeper to- two electro-
magnets E and e.
The ends of the wires coiled around the smaller electro-
magnet as also the ends of the wire coiled round the larger electro-magnet are
connected to the poles of the battery. If the battery is working at its normal
power the current will flow only through the wires of the small electro-
magnet e and therefore if the current gets weaker the magnetic power of
the small electro-magnet gets weaker also, and the helical spring draws
down the lever overcoming the magnetic power of the electro-magnets
and in so doing liberates one of the teeth of the crown wheel H from
a detent upon the lever ¹ and allows the axle of the battery to turn and
the plates to dip deeper into the acids by which the current is encreased.
The same action causes the arm ³ to dip into a mercury cup and complete the
circuit for the flow of the galvanic current through the larger magnet E by

page_text: which the bar of soft iron is attached to the magnets overcomes the power of
the spring k, and brings out the detent ¹ to again lay hold of the crown wheel
so that during the common action of the battery the current flows entirely
through the one circuit in which the smaller electro-magnet is enclosed while
during the interval that the lever is in its depressed condition the detent &
prevents the wheel from moving more than the distance of one tooth. Should
the current be still too weak another set of similar movements takes place
and the plates get further immersed in the fluids and this action goes on
until the current attains its proper state for performing the work to which
it is applied and which work (as gilding or decomposing of compound
substances) must be included in the same circuit with the smaller electro-
magnet e. The spring is capable of being made to exert a greater or
lesser drawing effect upon the lever ¹ so that the strength of the current
may be regulated thereby to any degree within the compass of the power of
the battery. Sometimes I connect with galvanic batteries an apparatus N
such as is represented in connection with the battery Figure 3 for the purpose
of regulating the flow of the electric current by encreasing or lessening the
resistance to be overcome by the current in its passage. N is a coil of silver
wire which is wound in a spiral direction upon a hollow spindle of wood or
other non-conducting substance within which there is fitted a hollow metal
tube connected to one of the poles of the battery by the common conducting
wire. The other conducting wire from the opposite pole of the battery is
connected to the lower end of the silver wire. N' is a metal pulley which is
metallically connected with the hollow tube inside the spindle of non-con-
ducting material by the rods N N one of which slides within the hollow
tube. When the pulley N* is at the bottom of the coil the current has but
for a very short distance to travel through the silver wire and therefore meets
with but little resistance but if the pulley be drawn up to the top of the
coil then the current has to travel through a greater length of the silver wire (as
each coil is kept separate from the other) and thereby meets with a greater
resistance to its flow. N is a spring which keeps the pulley up against the
silver wire. Figure 8 is a longitudinal section Figure 9 a plan and Figure 10
an end elevation of another revolving galvanic battery arranged for the
purpose of giving "intensity" that is with the positive part of one "element"
connected to the negative of the next "element." BB is the trough and
A A the cover as before. W W are partitions by which the battery is
divided into cells. t. t are the vessels or porous diaphragms and k. k. k the
negative electro-motors which are composed of graphite (rendered plastic as
herein-after directed) in the shape of long slender cones. Figure 11 is a
plan of one of these diaphragms or vessels t. t partly in section Figure 12

page_text: and edge view and Figure 18 a cross section. The lower half of each of
these vessels is left in a porous state, as before described while the other half
is glazed, the unglazed part being contiguous to the electro-motors k. k.
which are inserted into holes bored in the periphery of the diaphragms. The
graphite electro-motors may be either so accurately fitted into the holes as to be
fluid-tight or they may be fixed in by the aid of a cement formed of a
mixture of white wax or stearine with pulverized glass. Sometimes the
graphite electro-motors instead of being made in a conical form are made in
semicircular discs and inserted into slots formed in the peripheries of the
diaphragms similar to the manner already explained (and exemplified in Figure
6) with respect to the platinum electro-motors. The graphite discs instead of being
left quite smooth and plain on their surfaces may be corrugated or roughened
so as to present a more extensive surface and yet occupy the same space.
An exemplification of such an arrangement is given in Figures 14 and 15
in which k. k are the graphite plates and 2. z. the zinc plates. It is
necessary that the graphite semicircular discs should be cemented into the
slots and provided with a hoop of platinized copper or some other metal
for conducting the current as before explained and for retaining them in
their places. The other parts of this battery are the same as those of
the battery first herein-before described with the exception of the regu-
lator which is composed of the following parts; g a ratchet wheel which
is Affixed to the metal portion C of the spindle of the battery, g¹ a
pulley made of wood, bone, or other non-conductor of the galvanic current,
which is also placed on the spindle but is free to turn upon it and carries
an arm or lever h furnished with a paul which gears into the teeth of
the ratchet wheel making that wheel when moved by it to advance in
that direction and thereby causing the positive and negative electro-motors
to dip into the fluids but when the ratchet wheel turns in the opposite
direction it slips over the ratchet teeth without effecting any movement of
either the wheel the axle or the electro-motors. S S is a cord which is
wound upon and affixed to the pulley g¹ carrying at one end a scale ³ for
holding weights and at the other a bent soft iron rod E the ends of which
dip into the centre of two fixed coils of covered copper wire p. p.-If the
current of electricity generated in the machine by the partial dipping of the
plates (which current is made to pass through the coils of wire) should cause
the coils to attract the soft iron E with such force as to overcome the resistance
of the weights in 9 then the electro-motors will be left at that degree of
immersion in the acids but if the current be too weak to support the weight
then the weight will descend and by means of the paul carry the ratchet
wheel the spindle and the electro-motors with it causing the latter to dip

page_text: deeper into the fluid and thereby increasing the current. This constant dipping
of the plates into the fluid and maintaining of the current at a uniform amount
(which is determined by the weights in the scale g³) will continue so long as
any portion of the electro-motors remains out of the exciting fluids.―The
porcelain or earthenware diaphragm vessels may be made either in one piece
or separately each vessel having a short piece of the axle formed upon it as
represented in the sectional elevation of a set of these diaphragms Figure 16.
The short axles and are joined together by means of short pipes or tubes.
which are well packed with cement so that they may form a solid and
fluid-tight structure. Sometimes I make the porous diaphragms entirely of
graphite (made plastic as herein-after directed). Figure 17 is an end view
of such a diaphragm. G is the graphite cylinder the axis and ga
semicircular vessel of glass in the form a half diaphragm which envelopes
one half of the graphite vessel and serves the same purpose as the glazed
halves of the porcelain diaphragms namely to stop the action of the machine.
1. is a metal hoop which binds the glass vessel to the graphite and serves as
before explained for conducting the current and forming the connection with
the zinc plate or positive element of the battery. The interstice between the
graphite and glass vessel is well packed with varnish or cement to prevent
its retaining any of the exciting fluid used outside of the diaphragms..
Figures 18, 19, 20, 21 and 22 shew a method of forming the diaphragm
vessels in two parts one of glass or porcelain and the other of graphite (made
plastic as herein-after directed). G (Figures 18 and 21) is the glass vessel
and G¹ the graphite portion both are of similar segmental forms (only that:
G is a little larger than G¹) and they are connected at their bases or chord
lines w. w by short tubes r, r, which project from the glass vessel and take
into corresponding apertures oo in the graphite one, through which tubes.
the fluid passes from the one vessel into the other. The two vessels are joined:
together edgewise by means of a metal hoop L and well cemented at their
points of junction. Figure 23 is a section and Figures 24 and 25 are external
elevations of a set of these compound diaphragms combined together. so as to
form a battery.
Figure 18 is a longitudinal section and Figure 19* a cross section-
of a revolving two-fluid battery which differs from those already described:
in the chambers for the electro-motors being more lengthened and the
plates being laid in the reverse direction. C C is the porcelain cylinder.
one half glazed and one half porous as before. is the zinc plate which is
immersed in the dilute sulphuric acid.k, k, k, the graphite plates which are-
inserted through..slots formed in the side of the cylinder and the space-

page_text: occupied by the nitric acid. Figure 20* is an external side view Figure 21* an
end elevation Figure 22* a longitudinal section and Figure 23* a cross section
of another revolving battery for three fluids. It is constructed on the same
principle as that last described but has an additional earthenware cylinder
which is surrounded by wires which serve both to bind the parts of the
cylinder together and to convey the current from one element to the other.
Figure 24* is a side elevation of another revolving battery for a single fluid. zz
are the zinc plates which are bent over the outer surface of the earthenware cylin-
der C, C. p p are the negative plates which are also bent over the cylinder O.
dd are rings or wires by which the elements are connected together. Sometimes
instead of making the cylinders one half glazed and the other half porous
the zinc and platinum or graphite plates may be formed in rings going entirely
round the cylinder instead of going only half round it as in the Figure last
described. Figure 26 is a longitudinal section of a battery in which these
fluids are employed for the purpose of producing the galvano-electric currents.
The three fluids are nitric acid, sulphuric acid and dilute sulphuric acid.
The nitrio and dilute sulphuric acids are employed for exciting the positive
and negative electro-motors of the battery and the concentrated sulphuric
acid which is always interposed between the two others acts as a conserving
medium to prevent the dilute sulphuric acid from passing into the nitric or
the nitric from passing into the dilute sulphuric acid. Solutions of acid salts
may be employed instead of the dilute sulphuric acid.
Figure 26 is a longitudinal section of four cells of a three-fluid revolving
galvanic battery. rr is the hollow spindle through the central channel c¹ c¹
of which the nitric acid is conveyed from the mouth-piece T into the interior
of the half glazed half porous surfaced diaphragms n¹ n¹ where it comes in
contact with the plates of platinum p, and for which plates of platinum either the
semicircular discs of graphite may be substituted as before explained or the cones
of graphite as shewn in Figures 27 and 28. w w is another channel
which is formed in the axis r outside of the channel c¹ and through which the
concentrated sulphuric acid is conveyed from the mouth-piece T into the spaces
between the inner diaphragms t, t and the outer ones, within which
it is allowed to circulate (when the battery is made to revolve) by the holes
v, v indicated in dotted lines in Figure 29 which is a side elevation of a single
diaphragm of this construction, %. % are the zinc plates which are immersed
in the dilute sulphuric acid contained in the trough of the battery. The
metallic connection for the conduction of the current is formed by means of the
metal rings 7,7 all as before explained. The intervention of the concentrated
sulphuric acid between the nitric acid and the dilute sulphuric acid prevents

page_text: in a great degree their admixture and the nitrous acid gas disengaged from
the surfaces of the electro-motors is by the influence of the sulphuric acid partly
converted again into nitric acid. Figures 30, 31, 32, 33, 34 and 35 are
modifications of this three-fluid battery. In Figure 30 the inner diaphragms
are formed of graphite and the outer ones of earthenware with the
surface half glazed like those in Figure 1. In Figures 31, 32, 33 and
34 the one half of the diaphragms are formed of graphite and the
other half of glazed earthenware similar to Figures 18 and 19, before
described. In Figure 35 the diaphragms (both the outer and inner) are
formed entirely of graphite the upper portions a, a, a being covered with a
glass or earthenware case as shewn and described in reference to Figure 17.
Figure 36 shows a method of fixing the positive electro-motors 2. & to the
diaphragms instead of fixing them upon the spindle r. b, b are bolts passed
through holes in the diaphragms and holding the zinc plates by means of
nuts screwed upon them. The zinc plates have washers of some non-
conducting substance interposed between them and the diaphragms and the
holes where the bolts pass through those diaphragms are encased with glass
tubes fixed in with cement so that there may be no passage for the fluids to
mix together. Should the central spindle of any of these batteries be of
inconvenient length it must be provided with a support somewhere inter-
mediate between the end bearings. Figure 27 shews a very convenient
arrangement for this purpose. A drum R is fixed upon the spindler by means
of screws 8.8 and rests upon the top of a friction pulley R¹ which has its
bearings in the trough and gives support to the revolving portion of the
battery. The drum R can be accurately adjusted by means of the screws 8, 8
so that it may coincide exactly with the axial line of the spindle.
Figure 1 is a plan, Figure 2° a longitudinal section Figure 3° elevation
of one end and Figure 4° an elevation of the other end of what I call." a self-
supplying battery" because it is so constructed that the replenishing both of the
metal (zinc) and the exciting fluids is effected by mechanical means the action of
which is dependant upon and takes place by the reduction of the power of the
galvanic current generated by the battery. ZZ is cylindrical vessel which
is mounted upon a hollow axis C¹ C¹ and is composed of a number of hollow
cylindrical graphite vessels represented in the longitudinal sections Figure 5°
and Figure 6 and the cross section Figure 7º. CC c are three sets of
radial and conical chambers which have at their inner ends channels v, vand
by which they communicate with the hollow axis C C. The chambers
CC are connected to the channel of the hollow shaft by the channel 8, 8
and the chambers c, c with the channel and the channels v, v.
The two
8

page_text: channels and are again connected with two earthenware cylinders Z' Z¹
having radial chambers p, p' formed in them as shewn in Figure 8°. The number
of chambers p, p corresponds with those of the radial chambers in the graphite
cylinder Z Z but they are made larger and capable of containing as much
fluid as the whole of the conical chambers C C or c, c situated in the same
line with them. R' R' are two reservoirs which contain the fluids (nitric
and dilute sulphuric acid) employed to excite the galvanic current. The
manner in which these fluids are supplied to the battery as those in use become
exhausted is as follows. F, F is an electro-magnet through which the
current of the battery is made to flow. F is a keeper of soft iron which
is attached to the top of a bent lever which has two detents upon it which
take into the teeth of the wheel H. W is a weight which causes the cylin-
drical portion Z Z of the battery to revolve through the intervention of the
wheel gearing W¹ W¹. If the current which flows through the conducting
wires and the electro-magnet F is of sufficient power it attracts the keeper
F and causes the detents . %. to retain the wheel gearing W¹ W¹ from
turning, but when the current gets too weak to retain the keeper the detents
become disengaged and allow the wheel gearing to revolve which turns the
battery and allows a fresh supply of fluid to enter. When this takes place
the current gets strengthened and draws down the keeper F and stops the
cylinder from any further rotation. When the cylinder Z. Z' revolves the
fresh nitric acid flows from the reservoir R¹ by the channels (Fig. 8b) into
the chambers p. p and the dilute sulphuric acid by the channels into the
chambers p'. p the channels r¹ and being so placed that the fluids enter
the chambers successively as they come to their lowest position-The same
rotative action causes the fluid to run out of such of the chambers p. p¹ as
come above the level of the axial line of the cylinders by the channels 7³ 74
into the channels, of the hollow axis and into all those of the chambers
CC and c. c which are in their lowest position but the spent liquid runs out
from such of the chambers C. C. c c as have come above the axial line; the
spent liquids flowing from the further end of the hollow axle by holes at t. t.
A constant supply of fresh acids to the battery is thus maintained and it will be
observed that the freshest acids are always contained in the lowest row of
chambers and that they become gradually more deterriorated in the other rows
of chambers until they come up to the level of the axis where they are dis-
charged, at which time they are supposed to be in a spent condition. The
rotative action by which the fluids are supplied also causes the fresh supply of
zinc. are cylinders of zinc which are inserted into the central chambers
C. C being made fluid-tight at the parts ** by means of stuffing boxes

page_text: filled with an amalgam of mercury and silver or mercury and copper. These
zinc cylinders are in the first instance made with their inner ends of a taper-
ing form to fit into the chambers but without touching the sides, G is a roller
which has its bearings in the upper ends of two bent levers G' G' the lower
ends of which are weighted which causes the roller G to press against the
outer ends of the pieces of zinc and keep them always feeding into the
chambers C. C. as they become dissolved. ff are pieces of bone or glass
or other non-conducting substance to keep the positive and negative electro-
motors insulated. If the battery is intended for intensity the graphite vessels
composing the cylinder Z. Z are insulated from each other for which
purpose I
prefer using a layer of silk or gutta percha. Figure 9° is a sectional elevation
and Figure 10° an end elevation of another self-supplying battery in which
the fresh supplies of fluid are obtained by an oscillating motion given to the
vessel G. When that vessel is in its lowest position indicated by the dotted
lines the fluid flows from the reservoir R. into it by the channel ¹ but when it
is in its highest position as shewn by the full lines in the Figures then it is
shut to the reservoir R and open to the chambers of the cylinder Z. Z. Figure
11° is a vertical section and Figure 12° a plan of a third self-supplying
battery in which a very large surface of action is contained within a small
space and the positive and negative electro-motors are at the same time brought
very close together. A is a graphite annular-shaped vessel in which there are
a number of conical holes b. b for holding the zinc bars z. &. C. C. c, c are
radial chambers which are formed between the rows of holes b. b and serve to
hold the acids employed for exciting the battery. The central chambers C. C.
contain the concentrated nitric acid, the chambers c. c. the concentrated sul-
phuric acid; and 6. 6 the dilute sulphuric acid. The graphite vessel is
enclosed within a glass cylinder into which it is embedded by wax, or other
cement. G is a conical plug which is ground fluid-tight into the glass
cylinder which covers the inner surface of the graphite vessel A. The
vessel A. and glass vessels into which it is embedded are made to turn round
upon the plug G in a manner somewhat similar to turning the barrel of a
tap upon its plug. This battery is shewn as arranged for three fluids, and
would be supplied by these fluids from three reservoirs placed somewhere
above its level, and connected to the channels.. by which these fluids
are conveyed into the chambers C, C. c. c. b. b. p¹ p³ p³ are other three
ways or channels in the plug G by which the spent acids are run out of the
chambers. The openings of the channels ¹. 7.³ and p². p³. p³. are not
placed in the same vertical line. so that the fluid cannot be flowing into and
out of any one chamber at the same time but every one of the chambers has

page_text: openings on the same level with the channels by which they receive and
discharge the fluids. N is a toothed ring or wheel affixed to the bottom of
the cylinder which is put in motion by means of a weight and regulator simi-
lar to that shewn in Figures 1°, and 4° and already described. The zinc bars
are dipped into the acid as they become dissolved by means of a weight placed
upon the disc M or by weights separately placed upon each and they are
also insulated from the graphite at bottom by means of some insulating sub-
stance interposed between them. Figure 13° is a plan and Figure 14° an
elevation partly in section showing how a series of such self-supplying
batteries may be combined together. The two cylinders represented in section
Figure 18° are disposed for a two-fluid battery the zinc electro-motors of the
first one being of the rod or bar form before described and the zinc in the
second being formed into triangular-shaped plates. The fumes generated in
these batteries may be collected from the central pipe m and conveyed into a
gas receiver as before explained. Figure 15° is a plan of a graphite cylinder
for a one-fluid battery.
My next improvements have relation to a class of galvanic batteries which
I call "hydro-voltaic chain batteries" and are chiefly suitable for physiological
and medical purposes. Figure 1d is a longitudinal elevation of a series of
revolving batteries of a small size similar to those shewn in Figure 20* com-
bined into a chain. Each cylinder is composed of earthenware half glazed
and half porous with a graphite plate inside and a zinc one on the outside, the
graphite of the one battery being connected to the zinc of the next battery.
Figure 2 is a chain of revolving batteries in which the cylinders instead of
revolving on their axes revolve longitudinally or at right angles with their axes.
In this case one half the length of each cylinder is glazed the other porous
and the electro-motors are made of two wires wound in a spiral direction
round the porous part each wire being laid in a spiral groove which keeps the
wires insulated, the acid is put inside of the cylinders. By this arrange-
ment when the porous ends of the cylinders are downward the acid issuing
through the pores excites the electro-motors but when turned up in the other
direction the action from the acid ceases. These small cylinders may also be
made of wood instead of earthenware, the glazing being replaced by a coating
of varnish and instead of employing cylinders oval or flat-shaped vessels
be used. Figures 3d and 4d are longitudinal sections and Figures 5d
and 6ª cross sections of wood cylinders or cores suitable for forming batteries
of this sort. Figure 7d is an external elevation of the wood ready for the
reception of the wire and Figure 8d shews a single battery with the wire
wound upon it previous to the fixing of the ends. The wire is first bent
may

page_text: round at each extreme point and formed into an eye; the eye of the positive
wire of the one battery is then inserted into the eye of the negative wire as in
Figure 10. Figures 11. 12. 13. 14d 15d 16d exhibit different varieties of
these batteries. Figures 17d. 18d and 19d are other chains of batteries suitable
for applying a great power to a small space, and by the links being con-
nected at both ends they will be closer to the part to which they are applied.
Figure 20 is an elevation of a chain partly in section shewing another
method of connecting a chain of batteries. The connections are formed by
means of plates or links p shewn separately in Figure 21ª. The pins k k
are inserted into small metal tubes which are in metallic connection with the
spiral wire. By this means the chain may be very easily bent into any curve
while the knobs upon the ends of the pins k. k will prevent the chains from
being easily disjointed. Figure 22ª is a side view and Figure 23d an edge
view of a chain of batteries encased in a thin covering of gutta percha or
caoutchouc which serves to retain the acid or exciting fluid. Previous to
putting the chains into the waterproof casing they may have a thin covering
of sponge wrapped about them, which will retain a greater quantity of the
exciting fluid. Figure 24d shews an arrangement for producing intensity of
current. The wires are wound upon a flexible basis and divided into a number
of batteries by the positive wire being joined to the negative at certain inter-
vals. Figure 25d shows a method of connecting a number of these batteries
into either single chains or compound chains. C C¹ are two plates forming
the poles of the entire system which are pierced with holes 1. 1. . . The
hooked terminations may be put into the end holes when the chains are to be
single, but if a number of chains are to be put side by side then the hooks
are inserted into the holes in the sides of the plates. Figure 27d is a plan
and Figure 28 a vertical section of a compound or chain battery in which
there are a great many cells r. 71 made in a case of gutta percha, each cell
contains a battery made of wire in the same manner as the chain batteries
before described. The entire system of batteries thus combined may be joined
either for the purpose of "quantity" or "intensity." The negative conductors
cc connect the whole system together, each compartment of the battery
being composed of two of the parts shewn separately in Figure 29d. The
lowermost of these parts contains the system of batteries the upper part is
left empty so that when it is desired to put the battery out of action it is
turned upside down by which the acid runs into the empty cells ¹¹ and
leaves the batteries or wires in a dry state. The peculiar characteristic of all my
improved hydro-voltaic chain batteries is that every link constitutes of itself a
distinct battery having a positive and negative electro-motor and although I

page_text: have described them as being formed of round wires they may be made of fla
wires or even of plates or the one metal may be in the form of wire and the
other in the form of a plate and they may be also made in various ornamental
forms. Figures 30d and 81d are representations of a chain formed of coiled
wires like the links of Figure 10 but each link has a covering of thin metal
plate h. h just over it. It is necessary that the plate h should be insulated
from one of the wires but if connected by soldering to the other wire it will add
to the quantity of the current produced. Figures 32d 38d and 34ª shew a
method of forming a chain by winding the wires into a helical coil. The blue
color represents the positive and the yellow the negative metal in this and the
following Figures from Figure 1d to Figure 86 both inclusive. Figures 85
86 87, 38 and 394 are representations of a chain formed of helical coils
with a covering made of thin metal tube. Figures 37, 38, 39, 40 and
41 shew a method of forming the links of double coils the one coil being
placed inside the other. Figures 42 and 48d shew a helical coil for pro-
ducing "intensity" of current and Figure 44d shews a similar arrangement
for "quantity." Figures 45 and 46 shew the links connected longitudinally.
Figures 47ª and 48d represent a pair of ear rings formed of coiled wire and
Figures 49 and 50d are rings such as may be worn upon the finger. Figures
51. 52. 58 and 54ª show a method of making links of small tubes of
metal the positive tube being insulated from the negative one by sponge,
cloth or thread. Figures 55 and 56d represent a chain each link of which
is made of two plates the one enveloping the other with a thin covering of
sponge interposed between them the positive and negative plates are alter-
nately put outermost and innermost. Figures 57 58 and 59ª represent
another modification of the arrangement last described but the chamber / for
containing the sponge is larger and would therefore contain a greater supply
of acid. Figures 60 61 62 68d 64 65 and 66d are all chains con-
structed of plates or discs combined so that each link forms a battery of itself.
The plates may be fixed together by screws as exemplified in Figure 65d in
which is the screw which is inserted into a piece of wood driven into the
upper plate or disc. Figures 67d 68ª 69ª and 70ª shew a chain formed of
round discs riveted together by means of pins of horn, the two metals being
kept separate by a layer of cloth. Figure 71d shews a set of balls and hemi-
spheres connected also by rivets of horn. Figures 72 and 73d is a chain
each link of which is formed of a series of zinc copper and cloth cliscs alter-
nately combined and being held together by means of a horn rivet. These
chains are capable of being applied to any part of the body and when to be
used they are either dipped in a very dilute acid or in vinegar. In some

page_text: cases even the moisture exuding from the skin may be found quite sufficient
to produce the necessary "quantity" and "intensity" of current. Figure 74d
is a representation of a moderator of the current which is employed for break-
ing the metallic circuit in a chain into various lengths, e is a glass tube and
o. o. the conducting wires. When these are hooked together at the ends the
metallic circuit is complete but when unhooked the circuit is then broken
and the current must then flow through the body to which it is applied.
Figures 75, 76, 77 78 and 794 are other varieties of moderators.
Figure 80 is an inductor which is introduced in some part of the chain and
serves to make and break the metallic circuit so as to give a rapid succession
of shocks. K Ku are two of the links of the chain. ZZ is a glass tube
into one end of which there is fixed a helical spring P which carries a metal
ball K. O is a metal cup fixed into the other end of the glass tube and
connected to the link K When the chain is very slightly moved the
helical spring vibrates and makes and breaks the current by making the ball
successively strike against the sides of the cup 0. Figures 81ª and 82ª are
instruments for effecting the same purpose by being pulled out lengthwise.
The coils of the helical spring touch against a metal spring as they succes-
sively pass it. In Figures 88d, 84d and 85d the same results are effected by
a toothed pinion made to revolve by means of a spiral spring. Figure 86d is
a compound electrode for the decomposition of water which is formed of two
coils of platinum wire wound about the periphery of some insulating substance
the wires from one end not touching those from the other end. By
this arrangement a very great many points are produced from which the
gases are disengaged. Figures 86*. 87* 88* 89* shew a machine for
coiling the wires upon the cores of these chain batteries.
The mode of constructing the graphite diaphragins and electro-motors, the
method of using which have been before described, is as follows. I take about
ten parts of carbonaceous graphite which has been previously well cleansed by
washing and after subjecting it to a gentle heat sufficient to volatilize the
sulphurous ingredients which it contains I reduce it to a pulverized state
by rollers or other means. It is then well mixed with two parts of pitch or
of coal tar pitch or of asphaltum (the latter by preference) or other bi-
tuminous substance and one part of coal tar in a fluid state. The mixture
is then brought to the temperature of boiling oil when it forms a tough and
plastic compound capable of being moulded into any desired form and when
cold it becomes quite hard. The articles when moulded (whether discs cones
diaphragms or hollow vessels) are placed in a strong metal box or case pro-
vided with a steam-tight cover and subjected to the action of high-pressure

page_text: steam say at a pressure of about two atmospheres. The steam previous to
being introduced into the chamber containing the moulded articles is passed
through a series of red-hot iron pipes wherein it is raised to a very high
degree of temperature. A portion of carbonated hydrogen is thus volatilized
and the graphite left intermixed with a good deal of carbon in which state it
possesses not only great hardness but very high conducting powers.
The moulded diaphragms when subjected to the process which has just
been described will be found to be sufficiently porous for the purposes of
porous diaphragms but should a greater degree of porosity be desirable then
a quantity of sal-ammoniac (more or less according to the degree of porosity
required) is added to the materials in a pulverized state while they are being
mixed. The heat to which the moulded substance is subsequently subjected
causes the sal-ammoniac to be driven off which leaves the articles corre-
spondingly more or less porous. When however the graphite-moulded
masses are to be employed as the negative electro-motors of a galvanic arrange-
ment it is desirable that they should be of a structure as little porous as
possible so that they may possess higher conducting properties and in this
case I take the moulded articles when yet still in a heated state and immerse
them in coal tar pitch so that they may become thoroughly saturated with it.
Any superfluous portion of the pitch which may adhere to the surfaces is then
brushed off and the articles again- subjected to the steam-heating process by
which they become very hard and suitable for electro-motors. The carbon-
roughened surface left upon them by the coal tar renders them also easy to
be platinized by which their intense and constant effect may be very much
increased. The oftener this dipping into the coal tar pitch and reheating is
performed the more perfect conductors do the graphite plates and discs become.
When platinum plates are to be combined with any of these graphite electro-
motors or diaphragms the plates are inserted while the graphite is still in a
soft and plastic state so that the junction between them may be more readily
effected and when two or more vessels or parts of these vessels are to be
joined together the surfaces at the points of junction are well saturated
by coal tar pitch by which with the aid of a low degree of heat the union
is easily effected. Instead of subjecting the moulded articles of graphite
to the action of steam they may be heated in a metal box taking care
not to allow the temperature to get beyond a dull red heat. Should it
be desirable to render the graphite more carbonaceous than it generally is
in its natural state then a quantity of the coke deposit which is commonly
found accumulated upon the interior surface of gas retorts may be mixed
with it,

page_text: Secondly my Invention consists of an improved electro-magnetic arrange-
ment whereby greater power may be obtained from the combination of a
single galvanic battery with a series of electro-magnets and at a smaller
expenditure for materials than heretofore. Figure 1 is a front elevation of
this arrangement and Figure 2 is an elevation of the electro-magnets as
combined together upon the inner cylinder and Figure 3* an elevation of the
principal parts chiefly in section. The electro-magnets are formed of a double
series of toothed or notched rings A A and B B formed of thin plates of
soft iron one set or series being placed inside of the other. Figure 4* is a
plan of two of these rings shewing the position which they occupy in relation
to each other and Figure 5* is a plan of one of the inner set. The outer
rings A are toothed upon their inside edges and the inner rings B B toothed
upon their outer edges. The number and positions of both sets of teeth or
projections correspond to each other as shewn in Figure 4*. S S are pillars
by which the fixed parts of the machine are bound together and to the bed
plate or foundation Z. W W is the main shaft of the machine which has
its bearings in bosses L' L' formed in crosses or frames K K which are
affixed to the pillars S S. These pillars S S carry two strong plates of metal
OO between which the whole set of outer rings A A are firmly held
together. Every ring is separated from or has interposed between it and the
next ring, a ring of exactly the same form but made of brass, gutta percha
or some other non-magnetic material. The inner rings B B are combined in
a similar manner and held together by means of two strong discs of metal
O¹ O and the bolts S₁ S¹. Both sets of rings A A and B B in their
combined state are made as nearly truly cylindrical as possible by being
turned after they are fixed in their positions the outer rings being turned
on their inner edges the inner ones on their outer edges so that when the
one cylinder is placed within the other they may just run
teeth or projections of the one touching those of the other.
cross frames K K are provided with screws S S
pinching nuts M M by which the inner cylinder composed of the rings
B B may be adjusted lengthwise so that the iron rings upon it may fall
exactly opposite to the iron rings of the outer cylinder in which position they
are shewn in Figure 3. Insulated copper wires d. d. are coiled around the
teeth or projections A A and B B of both sets of rings care being taken to
coil the wires in such a direction that when a galvanic current is sent through
them it shall be compelled to follow the course indicated by the arrows in
Figure 2 that is so that the current flowing down the two sets of wires in
any one of the grooves or furrows formed by the teeth shall be in the same
clear without the
The bosses of the
(Figure 6º) and

page_text: direction whereby the currents will be prevented from producing any in-
jurious effect upon each other. To effect this the wires are crossed from the
bottom of one tooth to the top of the other as shewn at Figure 4" and to
this crossing of the wires particular attention must be paid as the course of
the current must be so disposed that while it produces a north polarity in all
the teeth of one row of teeth it shall produce a south polarity in the next row.
The whole of the rows of teeth or projections both on the outside of the inner
cylinder and the inside of the outer cylinder are in fact transformed into so
many rows of electro-magnets (that is when a galvanic current is sent
through the coils of wires by which they are surrounded) and each row has a
different polarity from that immediately next to it. The polarity thus pro-
duced in the electro-magnets of the inner or moveable cylinder always remains
the same but the polarity of those upon the outer or fixed cylinder is changed
progressively by the rotation of the machine. (The means employed for
changing the poles will be afterwards explained.) Sometimes I form the
rings of tinned iron or have them tinned after they are cut out and when
they are accurately placed together they are subjected to a temperature
sufficient to melt the tin by which they are formed into one solid mass but
each ring will still form a distinct series of electro-magnets when subjected
to the electric current.
Figures 7 8 9 and 10 represent another electro-motive arrangement in
which there are four sets of electro-magnets employed two of which are fixed
and two are moveable. Figure 7 is a side elevation. Figure 8 an elevation
partly in section. Figure 9 a longitudinal section and Figure 10" an end
elevation. The chief points in which this machine differs from that previously
described are that instead of there being only two cylinders covered with
electro-magnets there are three such cylinders A A' and B and that
instead of the electric currents being sent through coils of wires to excite
the magnets they are made to pass through a series of insulated rods d, d
which are affixed to the end plates v, v of the cylinders by means of screws
and nuts m, m (the rods d, d as well as the plates 6, 6 being insulated
from the end plates o, o) so that the electric current flows only through
the rods d, d and the whole of the rows of teeth or projections upon the
cylinders A A and B are rendered magnetic the rows having alternately
a north and south polarity; the two cylinders A and A¹ are fixed and im-
moveable but the cylinder B which occupies the annular space between
them is moveable being affixed to the two hollow spindles C¹ C'. When the
magnetic influence is induced in the machine and the changing of the poles
effected (by means of the pole changer afterwards to be explained) motion

page_text: is communicated to the moveable cylinder and from it by the wheel gearing
R R, r to any other machinery or machines to which it is desirable to
impart motion. Figure 11* is a cross section of part of this machine
shewing the relative positions of the poles from which it will be seen that the
electro-magnets of the inner system are so situated that they are exerting
their least electro-motive force while those of the outer system are exerting their
greatest. Figures 12" 18 and 14" are plans of the rings detached Figure
15 is a plan of one of the end plates O. Figure 16" is a cross section and
Figure 17 a plan of the boss of the cross frame K K shewing the manner
of adjusting and fixing the moveable cylinder upon the shaft. s', s¹ are
screws by which the moveable cylinder is set concentrically with the fixed
cylinders and, are screws by which the internal shaft C is affixed to
the boss and to the framework and placed in a concentric position in relation
to the cylinder B. Figure 18 is an elevation of the insulated bars. As the
more effective action of these machines depends upon the accuracy with which
the moveable cylinder rotates in reference to the fixed cylinder so that the electro-
magnets upon the one may just glide over those on the other without touching,
there are added to each end of the cylinders bell-cranked levers FFFF
by which the true concentricity of the moveable with the fixed cylinder can be
seen at any time even when the machine is in motion. One free end of the
bell-crank levers FF (184) bears against the spindle of the rotating cylinder
and the other free end when it just touches the edge of the groove -¹ formed
in the side of the plate O indicates that the cylinders are truly concentric.
When any divergency is perceptible the moveable cylinder must be adjusted
by the screws &¹, & until the end of the lever is brought to touch the edgo
of the groove. The same arrangement of bell-cranked levers is added to this
three-cylinder system as is used in the two-cylinder machine before described.
In order that the changes in the poles of the electro-magnets may be gradual and
be thus effected without sparks and that the secondary currents accompanying
such changes may subserve instead of counteracting the production of power by
the machine. And further in order to the avoidance altogether of secondary
currents from the movements of the electro-magnets I make use of a pole-
changing apparatus of which Figure 1 is a plan and Figure 25 an elevation.
A and B are two galvanic troughs C and D two sets of zinc plates (2, 2) and
copper plates (c, c) which are affixed to cross pieces E E and by links F F
to the two beams G, G¹ which beams have their fulcra on the standards S, S,
but are insulated the one from the other so that any galvanic current pro-
duced by the batteries must flow through the wires H H. If the set of
plates C be lowered amongst the acid in the trough a primary current will
.
0

page_text: flow from the positive end of the battery through the beam G and thence
through the wires H H into the other beam G¹ and back to the negative
end of the battery. If however the set of plates D be now dipped in the
acid the current will flow in the reverse direction through the wires H H
every oscillation of the beams producing a change in the course of the electric
current and that change producing also a change in the polarity of the
system of electro-magnets which were excited thereby. Figure 385 is an
elevation and Figure 45 a plan of another arrangement for changing the poles
by changing the direction of the electric or galvanic current. B B is a case
containing two revolving batteries constructed as before explained under the
first head of this Specification. Z Z Z are the zinc and k, k, k the
copper plates these plates are of a half-disc form and attached to the spindles
CC the plates on the one spindle being so placed that they are immersed in
the exciting fluid while the plates on the other spindle are above the surface
of the fluid. r, r are wheels which are affixed to the ends of the spindles
and geared into by the wheel R. If the wheel R be put in motion the two
sets of plates constituting the batteries are successively immersed and raised
out of the fluid and the change of poles thereby effected. Figure 5* is a plan
and Figure 65 an elevation of a pole changer suitable for working an electro-
motive machine with two pairs of electro-magnets as exemplified in Figure 7*.
ZZ is a disc of wood in which are embedded two lunette-shaped plates p¹ p³
made either of silver covered with platinum or of graphite mingled with some
substance which is a bad conductor of the galvanic current. These plates
produce a resistance to the flow of the current which will be encreased in
proportion to the length or distance which the current has to flow through
them. The wires from the galvanic battery are connected to the silver or
graphite plates p² p³ by the wires ³, and the wires of two sets of electro-
magnets (the poles of which are to be changed), are also connected to the
machine by the screws 8, 8, 8, 8. W is a steel arbor which is divided into
two parts, which are respectively insulated so that the electric current cannot
pass through from one to the other. The conducting wires connected to the
screws ¹¹are in metallic contact with the upper and lower ends of the
arbor W and are the terminal wires of the coil by which one set of the
electro-magnets are excited.
electro-magnets. 7,
8. & are the terminal wires from the second set of
are four metal rollers connected to the arbor,
two to the lower end and two to the upper end of it which are made to
revolve by the electro-motive machine by means of a wheel gearing into the
wheel. The galvanic current generated in the battery entering by the
wires flows through the graphite plates p¹ p³, into the rollers

page_text: gggg. The current meets with very little resistance in passing through
the graphite from the wires k¹ kas long as either pair of the rollers
3 or is immediately over the connection of the wire to the graphite
but as the rollers get further removed from that point a greater resistance is
opposed to the flow of the current and therefore a less quantity can pass
through the conducting wires into the systems of electro-magnets. By this
means a gradually increasing and a gradually diminishing strength of the
currents is supplied to the electro-magnets while the passing of the rollers
,,, from the one graphite plate to the other causes the change to be
effected in the direction of the galvanic current. The manner in which this
is effected will be understood by tracing the course of the current through the
machine. The current entering by flows through the graphite plate p' the
roller and the spring arm f' into the lower end of the arbor from which it
passes by the wire S¹ through one system of the electro-magnets of the electro-
magnetic machine after which it enters by the wire 8" the upper end of the
arbor and by the arm spring f¹ the roller p' and the conducting wire /* into
the galvanic battery. The moment that the roller leaves the graphite plate p¹
upon which it rested during the time the actions just described were in
progress
and comes over the graphite plate p¹ the current begins to flow through it
but in the reverse direction whereby the polarities of the electro-magnets are
changed. As the rollers and pass from the points in which they are
represented which is that wherein they produce their maximum effect upon
the system of electro-magnets with which they are connected the other two
rollers and being at their minimum points come into action and take up
a portion of the current which is conveyed to the system of electro-magnets
with which they are connected in manner following-From k¹ the current
passes through the graphite plate p¹ the roller³ and the spring arm f³ up
to the tube whence it is conducted by the spring arm F and wire S¹
through the second system of electro-magnets from which again it is carried
by the conducting wire Ss the spring arm F and the tube, the spring arm
f the graphite plate p³ and the conducting wire back to the battery.
When the roller occupies a central position upon the graphite plate and
near to the connection of the graphite plate with the conducting wire / of the
battery then the current flows at the maximum of the power of the battery
through that roller. As the roller however in its revolution recedes from
that point the current meets with a greater resistance and a constantly
decreasing amount of the fluid is transmitted through it to the electro-magnets
with which it is connected. While the amount of the current is by this
means decreasing in entering into the roller it is gradually encreasing in

page_text: the other roller which conducts the current to the other system of the
electro-magnets. The ratio which the currents (received by these two rollers)
bear to one another always depends upon their respective distances from the
point of junction of the conducting wire with the graphite and thus the division
of the current into two parts by means of the rollers connected by the cross
arms ff gives an additional effect to the resistance produced by the graphite
in so far that whatever current is flowing through any one of these has
always to be decreased by that flowing through the roller coming next in
order. The gradually increasing and diminishing of the current by means
of the graphite plates has the advantage of producing the maximum effect
upon the electro-magnets while in their most efficient position for attracting
each other and communicating motion to the electro-motive machine and
further of producing the minimum effect just at that instant when the at-
tractive action of the electro-magnets terminate.
Figure 7s is a plan of another machine for changing the poles of electro-
magnetic machines. RR is a plate of porcelain or some other suitable
insulating material in which a groove p. p is cut which gradually deepens
from the points o. o towards the bottom k. k and is filled with spongy pla-
tinum of a corresponding shape. f.f.f.f, are spring arms carrying rollers
r. r. r. r, which run upon the surface of the spongy platinum and k. k are
the points of connection with the poles of the battery. The other parts of this
pole changer in so far as respects the mechanism for changing the poles are
the same as in Figures 55 and 6*.
Figure 85 is a I plan of another pole changer applicable for an electro-
magnetic machine where one set of electro-magnets are to be changed in their
polarities. P¹ P and Ps are three rings of spongy platinum which are
inserted into an earthenware or porcelain disc. The outer ring is divided
into two parts insulated from each other at the points o. o. The other two
rings are continuous through the whole circle, but are much deeper at the
points k. ke than at o. o gradually decreasing in depth between those points.
The outer ring serves the purpose of changing the direction of the cur
rent while the other two rings conduct the current from a set of rollers
connected to the spring arms ff by which the pole-changing rollers are
carried (as in the pole-changing machine Figures 5 and 6) to the electro-
magnets, but in this case the spring arms ff are insulated so that the
current must pass directly by the rollers from the one ring to the electro-
magnets and by a conductor back to the other ring without being transmitted
through the arbor.
Figure 98 is a plan and Figure 10% a cross section of a similar arrangement

page_text: to the preceding for the purpose of changing the poles of a double system
electro-motive machine that is where there are two sets of electro-magnets
whose polarities are required to be successively changed. Z is a basement
which supports five ring-shaped vessels which have grooves in their upper edges
in which are inserted five rings of spongy platinum p. p¹. p". p. pl. f¹.ƒ³.
ff are spring arms which carry rollers r. r. r. These rollers are so dis-
posed upon the platinum circles that the rollers r. r. of the spring f¹ƒ³ run
upon the ring p. the roller ¹ of the spring f¹ upon the ring p¹ the roller
of the spring f upon the ring p" the roller ¹ of the spring f³ upon the
ring p and the roller r¹ of the spring f* upon the ring p. The outer ring
of platinum is divided into two halves at the points O. O which halves are
insulated from each other. The other four rings are entire.-The ring p is
connected to one pole of the battery at k¹ and to the other pole at ³. The
rings p' and p are connected to the two ends of one system of the electro-
magnets, the rings pl and p to the two ends of the other system of electro-
magnets. The effects produced by this instrument in changing the poles of
the magnets are similar to those produced by the machine shewn in Figure 55 and
Figure 65. Figure 11 and Figure 125 are representations of the principal parts
of another pole changer in which mercury is substituted for the spongy platinum.
Instead of rollers being employed in this case for conducting the. current
bent metal springs are used the ends of which dip into the mercury.-Figure
13* is an elevation and Figure 145 a plan of another pole changer. R³ R³
R* are three wooden rings round each of which is wound two half coils of
wire of German silver (kupfernickel) the division in the coils being at the
opposite points of the circle. These rings are placed concentrical to a spindle
W which has its bearings in the cross pieces K. K which are supported by
the pillars S, S. The spindle is put in motion by the wheel gearing R and M
and causes the spring arms and rollers to traverse over the coils. The
upper ring has two such rollers the other two rings have only one each.
These rollers effect the same changes upon the poles by means of the German
silver wire as are effected by the graphite rings and the connections of the
wire coils with the electro-magnets are made in exactly the same manner as
the graphite rings.-Figure 15, is an elevation and Figure 165 a plan of
another pole changer in which mercury is employed instead of the German
silver to conduct and produce a gradually increasing resistance to the flow of.
the galvanic current. r. r are a set of tubes which contain the mercury.
In each pair of tubes the mercury is metallically connected at top by means
of the German silver pins s. s and wires w¹, w¹. This mercury coil is formed
in two halves like the wire coils, the rollers R. R. R of the pole changer.

page_text: revolve over the surface of the pins 8. 8 and according as the roller is further
from the point of connection of the conducting wire of the battery with the
mercury in the tubes, the current meets with the greater resistance in passing
from the battery to the roller. The connections with the electro-magnets are
made in the same manner as in the graphite ring pole changers and the currents
are made to pass into and out of the mercury coil by the same means as shewn
in the Drawings Figures 45 and 5%.
Thirdly my Invention consists of a governor. for regulating the current in
electro-magnetic machines either by causing the plates of the galvanic battery
to dip deeper into the exciting fluids if the electro-magnetic machine is going
too slowly or to cause a greater resistance to be opposed to the flow of the
current through the conducting wires when the electro-motive machine is
going too fast. Figure 17s is a front elevation Figure 18 a side elevation
and Figure 7 a plan of this governor shewing its connection with' the other
parts of the machinery. B. B. is revolving battery such as described
under the first head of this Specification. H is a crown wheel which is fixed
upon the spindles of the battery. W W is a spindle which is put in motion
by the electro-magnetic machine and gives motion by the bevel wheels k, k
to the governor balls K, K. e is an excentric keyed upon the end of the
shaft W. If the speed of the electro-magnetic machine should be too slow
then the governor balls descend and cause the rods also to descend and
thereby to become interposed between the excentric and the end of an oscil-
lating lever which causes that lever to liberate one of the teeth of the crown
wheel from the hold of the detent z, &' and the plates of the galvanic battery
to dip further into the exciting fluids whereby the power of the electro-
magnets will be encreased and also the speed of the machine. If the machine
is brought up to the proper rate of speed the bars is raised up and the lever
his brought back to its former position by means of a spring, upon which the
detent &¹ will take hold of the teeth of the crown wheel and prevent any
further immersion of the plates of the battery. The eccentric comes at each
revolution in contact with the lever and keeps it in action only so long as
the bars is in its depressed condition and the requisite dipping or immersion
of the plates effected. Should the plates of the battery be too much immersed
in the fluids and the current too strong then the governor balls will fly out
and raise the rods through which the galvanic current is flowing forming
part of the conducting wire. The rod & is forked at the lower end and the
two prongs of the fork are inserted in deep cups 6, 6 of mercury. The
galvanic current enters the bottom of these cups and flows through the
mercury and rod 8. The higher the governor balls raise the rod at, the

page_text: greater will be the distance which the current has to flow through the
mercury (in which the current meets with a greater resistance than in the
rod) and by these means the power and speed of the electro-motive machine
are reduced.
Fourthly my Invention consists of an electro-magnetic power engine
combining most of the improvements herein-before described (in so far as
the same are applicable thereto) namely the revolving battery, the regulator,
the system, of electro-magnets, the pole changer and the governor whereby a
very great moving power may be obtained at the expence of the decomposition.
of a very small quantity of zinc or other materials. The machine represented
in Figures 7. 8. 9. and 10%. and before described in some of its details may
be taken as an exemplification of this electro-motive power engine. B is the
revolving battery, K the governor, R. the pole changer, R' the wheel gearing
communicating motion from the electro-magnets to the pole changer and,
governor, AA the electro-magnetic cylinder or system and R¹¹ R¹ the
wheel gearing by which the power generated in the machine is applied to
machinery to be moved. The interposition of the pole changer R. between the
electro-magnets and the battery performs a very important office beyond that
of changing the poles of the magnets; for it serves also to render the secondary
electric currents available in communicating motion or power to the machine..
But to effect this latter object the pole changer must have some lead in advance
of the electro-magnets which will be understood by comparing Figure 7* with.
Figure 11. The former Figure represents the pole changer in the posi-
tion in which it stands when the electro-magnets are in the position repre-.
sented in Figure 11. The effect produced by the lead given to the pole.
changer is that the secondary current which is produced by the primary current.
following augments the power of the preceding current and acts in unison
with instead of adversely to it which it would certainly do, if there were no.
lead given to the pole changer. The propelling power of this electro-magnetic
power engine being produced by two sets or systems of electro-magnets one.
of which is in its minimum point of effect while the other is at its maximum
the result is a continuous and not an intermittent impulse and from the
manner in which the current is made to flow through the conducting wires.
and the positions in which these wires are placed in respect to the electro-
magnets the current flowing around these wires gives also an additional.
impelling force to the machine. The most economical effect is to be obtained.
from this electro-motive machine when a battery of "quantity" is employed
with a large system of electro-magnets through which the galvanic current is.
conveyed by a very thick wire. As there is however a limit to the size of

page_text: such machines beyond which it would not be advisable to go any number of
them may be combined together in the manner shewn in Figures 17 and 18.
The course followed by the galvanic current through the machine is as follows:-
From one pole of the battery it goes into the mercury cup 6, 6 of the governor,
then by the wire k into the graphite plate of the pole changer through the
rollers r. where it divides into two branches in order to excite both the
systems of magnets in which the change of poles is to be effected next through
the other rollers of the pole changer into the conducting wire and through
the spring f into the spring f' from which it is changed and then through
the coil of the electro-magnets in which the poles are not to be changed
returning by the other spring f* to the apparatus for changing the current and
finally through the other sping f¹ back to the battery. The same course is
followed by the current of the second wire which runs through the system of
electro-magnets the poles of which are not changed.
Fifthly my Invention consists in the application of the improvements before
described all or some of them to the construction of a magneto-electric
machine for the production of electric currents. The modifications necessary
for this purpose will be readily understood by referring back to Figures
1, 2, 3 and 4. The inner cylinder B B has the place of the electro-
magnets supplied by permanent magnets made of steel rings and the wheel
gearing represented in the Drawings is removed. If under these circum-
stances the inner cylinder of permanent magnets be made to revolve a strong
electric current is generated in the coil of conducting wire around the electro-
magnets upon the outer cylinder but these currents are developed from the
different rows of electro-magnets in opposite directions and therefore to be
available they require to be reduced to one continuous current which is done
by means of a pole changer. C¹ C¹ C* C* Figure 9 are two indented rings
shewn in the part plan 9 which are affixed upon the end of the electro-
magnet cylinder A the conducting wires have all their poles of one polarity
connected to the ring C¹ C¹ and those of the other polarity connected to C³ C³.
To each side of the machine there is affixed one of a pair of rollers (R"
Fig. 9B) by the columns S S to which they are attached by springs v, v and
they are so disposed that while the one roller is upon C¹ the other roller is
upon C. These rollers form part of the circuit and by the successive
electric impulses which they receive in passing over the rings produce one
continuous current in one direction. The conducting wires for conveying off
the electric current thus generated in the machine are connected to the
spring V by the binding screw . Figure 195 is a plan and Figure 20% a
part cross section of a flat magnetic electric. machine which is constructed of

page_text: thin plates upon the same principle as the cylindrical system of magnets.
8. 8. n. n are the poles of the magnets g. 9 the grooves in which the coils
of wires are placed. This flat magnet electric apparatus is suitable for being
applied to various parts of the body for therapeutical purposes. Fig: 215
shews a method of cutting the plates of the electro-magnets one out of
another.
Sixthly my Invention consists of certain improvements in electric tele-
graphs which are represented in Figures 1' to 8' of the accompanying
Drawings both Figures inclusive. Figure 1 is a front elevation and
Figure 2 a side elevation of a printing electro-telegraphic apparatus.
A. B. C. D. E and F are a set of eighteen electro-magnets which are
affixed to a stationary framework G a. b. c. d. e and f are a series of levers
which are jointed at g. 9 to the framework and carry at their outer ends, the
soft iron keepers h. h. h. The conducting wire i conveys the current from a
galvanic battery placed at some distant station, and is connected to the electro-
magnet A and from thence through the whole system of electro-magnets
to F whence it is made to pass through the horse-shoe electro-magnet H
and thence into the earth. I is a secondary battery one of the conducting
wires of which is connected to a pole of the electro-magnet & after circulating
around which it is conveyed into the axle L and the lever arm M. The
other conducting wire of the secondary battery is connected to the axis of the
lever f. and passes through the whole of the axes of the levers e. d. c. 6 &c.
till it arrives at a where it terminates. The keepers g. 9. on the levers
a. b. c. d &c. are kept back from the electro-magnets A. B. C. D &c by
means of springs of gradually increasing strength that of a being weakest.
The current conveyed from the primary battery is moderated in the same
manner by means of the apparatus represented in Figures 8' and 4' and
afterwards described by which a current of power just sufficient to raise any
of the levers a b c &c. can be sent through the system at the will of the
attendant and this action is made available to print the letter desired to be
indicated by the following means.
NN are two sets of rollers which carry
a strip of paper to be printed and which are kept revolving by clockwork
except when stopped by the action of the secondary current which comes
into action when the lever R is raised and liberates an escapement connected
with the clockwork. O is a type roller to which the letters or figures are
affixed or on which they are marked and L the spindle of the roller which
is kept in constant motion by means of clockwork unless when stopped by
means of the free ends of the levers a b c &c. coming in contact with the end of
the lever arm M. Supposing the attendant sends a current through the system

page_text: sufficient to lift the lever c the levers a and b must also rise being held by
weaker springs. The lever arm moves round by the clockwork until it comes
in contact with the lever d. The type wheel is supposed to be in the position
at this instant for printing the letter d and the circle of the secondary current
being completed the horse-shoe electro-magnet K becomes excited and draws
up its keeper. Os and causes the strip of paper to be pressed up against the
type roller and to receive the impression of the type. As this has just
been accomplished the circuit of a second secondary battery is brought
into action upon the levers a, b. c. d. e &c. and causes the whole series
of keepers from a to f to be attracted to the electro-magnets and allows
the lever arm M to come round till it is stopped by the lever f* in which
position the machine is ready for another repetition of the same actions
and so on for any number of letters words or figures. The type wheel has
two rows of letters or figures upon its surface, and it is, moveable upon its
spindle so that it may slide either of the rows of type over the pressing
surface. The changes of its position are effected by means of the lever R
which is acted upon by the springs on the one side and the horse-shoe
magnet H on the other. When the current is sent through the electro-
magnet H in one direction the type wheel is drawn out by the magnetic
attraction of the magnet upon the keeper but when the current is made to
flow through the electro-magnet in the opposite direction the spring draws the
type wheel into the other line. The machine Figures 3 and 4' has one end
of the conducting wire attached to the graphite plate p at æ, the other end of
the conducting wire is connected to y between which and the graphite plate
the metallic connection is completed by means of the keys A. B. C. D &c.
and accordingly the nearer the key which is pressed down to the point
the stronger will be the current that will flow through to the printing machine.
The connection of the conducting wire a with the graphite plate p may be more
or less removed from the first of the keys A. to compensate for the different
electric states of the atmosphere. Instead of the electro-magnets of the
telegraph apparatus being of the horse-shoe shape as represented in the
Drawing they may be of the flat shape represented in Figures 19% and 20%
and before described. And instead also of employing the graphite plate
apparatus represented in Figures 3 and 4' for producing the different inten-
sities, the keys of that machine may be connected to a galvanic battery of any
of the improved revolving forms before described, the connections between
the battery and keys being so arranged that every key further up from the
connection of the conducting wire shall bring an additional pair of plates
into the circuit. Thus if the electro-magnet by which A is brought to its

page_text: printing position is effected by one element of the battery then B would
be brought to its printing position by two elements and C by three
elements and so on for any number of letters figures or other indications.
Again instead of producing an increased battery power as has just been
described, a powerful battery may be employed and different degrees of
resistance may be opposed to the flow of the current which definite and
different resistances may be produced by any of the means employed in the
different pole changers herein-before described. But it will be observed that
at first beginning to communicate a message by means of the telegraph the
intensity necessary to effect the production of some one letter (as a standard)
must be obtained by means of the greater or lesser immersion of the plates of
the battery. Such an arrangement as this is necessary in order to compensate
for the different electric states of the atmosphere and the different lengths of
the stations or conducting wires through which the message is to be conveyed.
Figures 5, and 6' shew another arrangement of a printing electric telegraph,
in which the letters figures or other marks are raised in a type form in
several rows or circles upon the roller A being so disposed that the letters or
figures of most frequent use are put upon the first circle and those next
frequently in use upon the next circle and so on throughout the other circles.
The type roller of this machine is also put in motion by clockwork excepting
when stopped by means of the double sided detent B which is capable of
being moved by means of the electro-magnet C so that the detent shall take
into the teeth of either of the crown or stop wheels D and E. The wheel D
allows the type wheel to move over a distance equal to only one space or letter
at a time while the wheel E allows the type cylinder to move over two spaces
and is employed for the purpose of allowing the type roller greater facility of
turning to the proper position for printing. The action of the detent B upon
the teeth of the wheel D is effected by sending the primary or transmitting
current through it in one direction but when the current is sent in the opposite
direction it acts upon the wheel E. The type cylinder A is loose upon its
spindle and free to move longitudinally but is carried round along with it
when it revolves: by this means any one of the circles of letters can at
pleasure be brought over the printing bed upon which the paper slip for
receiving the impressions is placed. The longitudinal movements are effected
by the action of a primary current which is sent through a second conducting
wire and is made to act upon another pair of crown or stop wheels arranged
exactly in the same way as the wheels D and E. For the purpose of ren-
dering a weak galvanic current available in electric telegraphs in both
directions I adopt the following arrangement A' A³ A³ A* Figures 7' and

page_text: "
8' are four electro-magnets each of which has wound upon it two coils of
insulated wire, the coils of both systems being carried round the whole four
magnets. One of the coils forms part of the conducting wire of the primary or
transmitting line of wire, the other coil forms the circuit between the terminal
poles of the secondary battery. By this arrangement if the current passing
through the primary conducting wire is in the same direction as that of the
secondary current then their united efforts are exerted upon the electro-
magnets but if they flow in opposite directions the effect produced by the one
will be reduced or entirely neutralized by the other. The secondary battery
and coil may be dispensed with and two permanent magnets B B substituted
in their stead. C, C, C are two sets of springs which act upon the soft iron
keepers D D which are attracted towards the electro-magnets when they
are excited by the electric current. But as the attractive power of the magnet
acts inversely as the squares of the distances between the poles of the magnet
and the keeper, the springs C C C are so disposed that their tractive action
upon the keeper shall also decrease in the same ratio and this I effect by
making the springs successively fall out of action as the keeper recedes from
the electro-magnets.
And having now described the nature of my said Invention in the several
parts thereof and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that
the improvements which I claim are as follows.―
First I claim the making of galvanic batteries to revolve as exemplified in
Figures 1 to 25 inclusive and herein-before described.
Second I claim in respect of revolving galvanic batteries, the use of half
porous and half glazed diaphragms the rotative action by which the plates or
electro-motors are dipped into or lifted out of the acids (more or less) at
pleasure; the mode of entirely emptying the apparatus of the nitric acid when
requisite; the hollow axis or axes, pipe and reservoir by which the nitrous
acid fumes are carried off and collected, and the electro-magnets and parts in
immediate connection therewith whereby the electric current is maintained at
nearly one uniform strength; as also the apparatus N for increasing or
diminishing the resistance to be overcome by such revolving batteries.
Third I claim the modifications of the revolving galvanic battery repre-
sented in Figures 8. 9 and 10, in Figure 18 and 19* and in Figure 24* and
respectively before described.
.
Fourth I claim the revolving battery represented in Figure 26 in so far as
regards the employment of three fluids of which one (the concentrated
sulphuric acid) is used to prevent the two others (the nitric acid and the dilute
sulphuric acid) from mixing and the arrangements by which such separation

page_text: is effected; and also the modifications of the said three-fluid battery respectively
represented in Figures 20. 21. 22. 23. 30. 31. 32. 38. 84 and 85 and
before described.
Fifth I claim the self-supplying revolving battery represented in Figures
1°. 2. and 3°. and before described and the modificatious thereof from
Figures 4°. to 14. both inclusive in so far as regards the mechanical arrange-
ments by which the exhaustion or reduction of the strength of the current
generated by the battery is made to be itself the means of obtaining a fresh
supply of the necessary elements.
}
Sixth I claim the employment in galvanic batteries of diaphragms and
cones composed of graphite made plastic by pulverization and mixture with
bituminous substances as before described, as also the peculiar form of
graphite diaphragm represented in Figure 17 aud before described, and the
diaphragms partly composed of plastic graphite and partly of glass or porcelain
represented in Figures 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 31 32. 38. 34 and 11° and
before described.
Seventh I claim the hydro-voltaic chain batteries represented in Figures 1ª
to 86d both inclusive and before described in so far as respects the arrange-
ments by which every link is made to constitute of itself a separate and
distinct battery having a positive and negative electro-motor and also the
combination therewith of the moderators and inductors before described.
Eighth I claim the three several modes of changing the direction of
electric currents exemplified in Figure 1b to Figure 16 both inclusive and
before described, that is to say firstly the regulation of the changes of the
poles in such manner that between each change and that which follows next,
the power of the current shall gradually encrease from a minimum to a
maximum and then in the gradual manner decline from a maximum to
a minimum at which last point (alone) the change takes place: Secondly the
producing of the changes in two or more pairs of magnetic conductors by
means of a single apparatus; and in such manner that whilst the current in one
conductor is gradually encreasing in power, that in the other is gradually
diminishing and the change of direction is produced at the moment when the
diminishing current attains to its minimum; and thirdly the mode of
producing the change of power by either gradually encreasing the surfaces of
the electro-motors (in the case of moveable batteries) or by the successive
introduction (in the case of stationary batteries) into the electric current of
resisting bodies.
Ninth I claim the electro-magnetic arrangement for the production of
mechanical nower represented in Figures 1* 2* and 3* and before described

page_text: that is to say so far as regards the combination of the single galvanic battery
with two cylinders covered with electro-magnets and the enveloping or con-
necting these magnets the whole or part of them by coils of conducting wires
and the other parts in immediate and necessary connection therewith and
also the modification of the said arrangement represented in Figures 7ª
to 18 both inclusive wherein three or more cylinders covered with electro-
magnets as aforesaid are used instead of two.
Tenth I claim the governor for regulating the degree of immersion of the
electro-motors into the exciting fluids represented in Figures 17° and 18° and
before described.
Eleventh I claim the electro-magnetic motive engine herein-before
described in the general arrangement and construction of parts of which the
same consists and more especially in respect of the method by which a con-
ținuous and unintermittent action, is produced from two sets of electro-magnets
and the necessity for a fly wheel thus dispensed with.
Twelfth I claim the magneto-electric rotary engine before described and
also the modification thereof represented in Figures 19 & 20" wherein thin
flat plates are employed as the magnets.
Thirteenth I claim the improvements in electric telegraphs represented in
Figures 1' to 8' both inclusive and before described that is to say in so far
as regards firstly the method of varying the intensity of the current either by
encreasing or diminishing the number of elements employed or by interposing
more or less powerful resistants to the currents. Secondly the imprinting the
letters or signs by one completion of the current, Thirdly the substitution of a
letter cylinder for the letter wheel ordinarily employed and the method of
arranging the letters and signs on such cylinder, Fifthly the application of
double escapements each capable of assuming four directions and each
producing effects different from those produced by the other. Sixthly, the
employment of four electro-magnets to act on two soft iron bars and thereby
render a weak galvanic current available in two directions and productive of
two separate and distinct effects and Seventhly the method of gradually
detaching the keeper from the electro-magnet by causing the springs which
act to open the keeper to come only successively into operation. And
Fourteenth I claim the flat arrangement of electro-magnets represented in
Figures 19 and 20³.
In witness whereof I the said Isaac Lewis Pulvermacher have hereunto
set my hand and seal this Fifteenth day of June in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty.
ISAAC LEWIS (L.s.) PULVERMACHER.

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED that on the Fifteenth day of June in the
year of our Lord 1850 the aforesaid Isaac Lewis Pulvermacher came before
our said Lady the Queen in Her Chancery and acknowledged the Speci-
fication aforesaid and all and every thing therein contained and specified in
form above written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped
according to the tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.
Enrolled the Fifteenth day of June in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and fifty.

page_text: FIG. 72d
FIG. 730