IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CHURNS
Year: 1869

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Henry Clarke Ash, of No. 315º, Oxford Street,
in the County of Middlesex, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN
THE MANUFACTURE OF CHURNS."
Sealed the 17th May 1870, and dated the 1st December 1869.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Henry Clarke Ash at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 1st December 1869.
I, HENRY CLARKE ASH, of No. 315º, Oxford Street, in the County of
Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CHURNS," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in the manufacture of
churns. For this purpose I employ for containing the milk or cream to
be churned a cylinder or vessel having a fixed end or bottom and a
moveable end or cover, which latter is capable of being fixed liquid tight
in its place by means of clamping screws and suitable packing. In the
centre of the cover and of the bottom spindles are fixed, one in each, and
these when the churn is in action are supported on a frame; they serve

page_text: as axes, about which the cylinder or vessel is rotated in a horizontal
position. A crank handle is applied at the end of one of the spindles
for turning the churn, or the handle may be in one piece with the
spindle on the top or cover. Within the cylinder or vessel there is a
loose or false bottom, and upon it are fixed blades which pass from end
to end of the cylinder or vessel. The blades may be radial, and they
serve when the churn is turned to break the flow of the milk or cream
around it. The blades are perforated by preference each with an oval
hole or holes, the longer diameter of the hole standing diagonally across
the blade, and the holes are inclined alternately in opposite directions in
the successive blades. In using this churn the milk or cream having
been enclosed in the cylinder or vessel so as about half to fill it, the
churn is rotated until the butter is formed. Afterwards the vessel is
taken down from its stand and rested on its bottom, which is made with
a flange, so that it may stand steadily, the cover of the vessel is removed,
and the blades and false bottom are taken out together with the butter,
which will be formed in a lump or lumps resting upon the false bottom.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Henry Clarke Ash in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 1st June 1870.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, HENRY
CLARKE ASH, of No. 315, Oxford Street, in the County of Middlesex,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the First day of December, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-nine, in the thirty-third
year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and
grant unto me, the said Henry Clarke Ash, Her special licence that
I, the said Henry Clarke Ash, my executors, administrators, and assigns,
or such others as I, the said Henry Clarke Ash, my executors, adminis-
trators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others,
from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term therein
expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend,
within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel
Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANU-

page_text: FACTURE OF CHURNS," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said
Henry Clarke Ash, my exccutors or administrators, by an instrument in
writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should
particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and
in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to
be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months
next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Henry Clarke Asli, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by
the following statement thereof, that is to say:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in the manufacture of
churns. For this purpose I employ for containing the milk or cream to
be churned a cylinder or vessel having a fixed end or bottom and a
movcable end or cover, which latter is capable of being fixed liquid tight
in its place by means of clamping screws and suitable packing. In the
centre of the cover and of the bottom spindles are fixed, one in each, and
these when the churn is in action are supported on a frame; they serve
as axes, about which the cylinder or vessel is rotated in a horizontal
position. A crank handle is applied at the end of one of the spindles
for turning the churn, or the handle may be in one piece with the
spindle on the top or cover. Within the cylinder or vessel there is a
loose or false bottom, and upon it are fixed blades which pass from end
to end of the cylinder or vessel. The blades may be radial, and they
serve when the churn is turned to break the flow of the milk or cream
around it. The blades are perforated by preference each with an oval
hole or holes, the longer diameter of the hole standing diagonally across
the blade, and the holes are inclined alternately in opposite directions in
the successive blades. In using this churn the milk or cream having
been enclosed in the cylinder or vessel so as about half to fill it, the
churu is rotated until the butter is formed. Afterwards the vessel is
taken down from its stand and rested on its bottom, which is made with
a flange, so that it may stand steadily, the cover of the vessel is removed,
aud the blades and false bottom are taken out together with the butter,
which will be formed in a lump or lumps resting upon the false bottom.
And in order that my Invention may be fully understood and readily
carried into effect, I will proceed to describe the Drawings hereunto

page_text: Figure 1 shows an end view, and Figure 2 a front view of a chur
constructed in the manner above described; Figure 3 shows a vertical
section of the cylinder and internal dasher; and Figure 4 shows a plan
view of the cylinder and dasher with the cylinder cover removed.
a is the framing or stand of the churn; b, the cylinder or vessel for
containing the milk or cream to be churned; c, the moveable end or
cover fixed on the end of the cylinder 6 by thumb nuts c¹, as shown;
d, d, are spindles projecting respectively from the centre of the bottom
and the cover of the cylinder. These spindles are received in semi-
circular bearings in the two uprights or standards of the frame, as
shown, so that the cylinder may be lifted away from the stand. b' is
a flange passing around the bottom of the cylinder, to enable the
cylinder when placed on end to stand steadily and keep the cylinder
from resting on the spindle d; e is a crank handle on the spindle d,
which is carried by the cover of the cylinder; f is the loose or false
bottom, and the fixed radial blades upon it; f" are oval holes in the
radial blades; these holes stand diagonally across the blades, and the
holes in the successive blades are inclined alternately in opposite
directions, as is seen in the side view of the dasher, shown separately
at Figure 5. In the side of the cylinder is an opening closed with a
screw cap g; this opening admits of water being introduced into the
cylinder to wash the butter when made, and also of withdrawing the
water therefrom; h is a small tap in the side of the cylinder, for the
purpose of now and then letting off air from the interior of the cylinder
during the time the operation of churning is being carried ou; k is a
loose pan, which may be placed below the cylinder b. When the false
bottom and the blades carried by it are in their place in the cylinder
they are prevented from turning in cylinder by small projections on
the bottom of the cylinder entering corresponding recesses i, i, in the
false or loose bottom, and consequently when the cylinder is rotated any
milk or cream within it will be thoroughly agitated by reason of the
holes in the successive radial blades being inclined alternately in opposite
directions, as shown by the Drawing. When the butter is formed and
has been washed the cylinder is lifted out from its bearings and is placed
on end, the cover is then removed, and the butter is lifted out by
drawing up the false or loose bottom. In the case of large churns in

page_text: place of the cylinder being lifted away from the stand the upright or
standard which forms the support for the spindle on the end of the
cylinder may be jointed at a point intermediate of its length, so that in
place of lifting away the cylinder in order to place it on end the cylinder
may by being turned up on this hinge joint be set on end on to a table
or surface at the side of the standard. In large churns also in place of
the butter being lifted out from the cylinder by raising up the loose or
false bottom the cylinder may be separated from the end and lifted away,
leaving the butter resting on the bottom or end.
. Having thus described the nature of my Invention, and the manner
of performing the same, I would have it understood that what I claim
is, the construction of churns substantially as herein described.
I also claim the use in churns of the false bottom with the dashers
attached to it, by which the butter can be lifted out from the churn, as
herein described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Henry Clarke Ash, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this First day of June, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy.
HENRY CLARKE ASH. (L.S.)