A SYSTEM OF PERMANENT CIRCULATION OF CALORIC INTENDED TO PRODUCE AND QUERHEAT STEAM GAS AND LIQUIDS
Year: 1853

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Ferdinand Louis Gossart, of Paris, in the
Empire of France, 52, Rue Montmartre, and of 16, Castle
Street, Holborn (City), London, for the Invention of "A SYSTEM
OF PERMANENT CIRCULATION OF CALORIC INTENDED TO PRODUCE AND
QUERHEAT STEAM GAS AND LIQUIDS."
Sealed the 2nd December 1853, and dated the 3rd June 1853.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Ferdinand Louis
Cossart at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his
Petition, on the 3rd June 1853.
I, FERDINAND LOUIS GOSSART, of Paris, in the Empire of France,
52, Rue Montmartre, and of 16, Castle Street, Holborn, (City),
London, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "A
SYSTEM OF PERMANENT CIRCULATION OF CALORIC, INTENDED TO PRODUCE
AND OVERHEAT STEAM, GAS, AND LIQUIDS," to be as follows, viz. :-
The water to be converted into steam is injected by a maximum
pressure, and slightly superior to the normal pressure given by steam,
in the water pipe, which is provided by a cock, the opening of which
may be perfectly graduated. The process of injection varies. If air or

page_text: gas is to be warmed, an air pump, a ventilator, or a blower may be used
to drive it into the apparatus, arranged so as to give it a determinate
pressure. From the water pipe the water passes into the heating pipe,
through it, goes upwards, and in which it receives a high degree of
temperature by the aid of heat disengaged by the cooling and con-
densation of the steam produced the heat which is thus employed,
before throwing off the steam after it has been used. This heat is
communicated to it, according to circumstances, by two different pro-
cesses the heating pipe may serve as a case to the condensing pipe,
and, vice versa, envelope the pipe into which the steam is made to pass,
after being used, and before washing in a contrary direction, that is
to say, from the top to the bottom; or by coiling the heating pipe from
below upwards in a succession of vessels filled with saline solutions or
other liquids, whose boiling point, variable from one vessel to another,
is in each equal or above that the steam retains, and also the con-
densed liquids, after having traversed through the condensing pipe,
which, bent into each vessel, traverses them equally in succession, but
inversely and from above downwards.
The latter is particularly convenient when it is wished to distil a
liquid composed of several others which it is required to keep separate
after distillation; at the end of a certain time the temperature of each
vessel remains steady, the condensation pipe deposits a quantity of heat
equal (or nearly so) to that carried away by the heating pipe and lost
by radiation; by making the condensing serpentine pipe communicate
at the overflow of each vessel with a small chest provided with a cock,
the various condensed liquids can be drawn off at a certain temperature,
and different for each vessel. These systems of heating and condensing
pipe establish what I call the continuous circulation of caloric. They
can replace each other, or be worked simultaneously, according to
circumstances. The cold water entering the heating pipe is heated
from the part of this pipe by the heat communicated to it by the con-
densation, in which the water condensed flows and the cool but not yet
condensed steam. As a column of water rises it warms more and
more; in fact, i never meets a column of cold water; and the steam
circulating at the same level in the condensing pipe, and at a tempera-

page_text: ture as much higher as this level is raised, this condensing pipe com-
municates to it a greater quantity of caloric. The water rises, arrives
at the upper part of the heating pipe, already carried to a higher
It is
temperature, and in part (sometimes totally) converted to steam.
then carried by one or several injection pipes into the generating tube
or tubes, into which it is injected like fine rain through small holes, or
by any other suitable means. These small pipes are provided with small
graduated cocks, which regulate the flow of water into each generating
pipe or tube. The generating tubes are filled with graduated metal or
other substances which inultiply the heating surface.
When the gene-
rating tubes can be heated by an open fire, they are arranged so as to
ascend a portion of the chimney and to cover the roof and walls of the
furnace. When, on the contrary, it is inconvenient to exceed a certain
heat, and to heat by an open fire, they are arranged in the coiled manner
in baths containing saline solutions or other conducting liquids having
great heating powers, and whose boiling point is equal to the tempera-
ture at which it is desired to heat them. If the pressure in the tubes
rise above the fixed limits, that is to say, the pressure by which the
water is injected, the currents of water, and consequently the produc-
tion of steam, stops immediately, and only regains the intensity when
the pressure of the steam in the pipes returns to its normal state, which
proceeds with regularity and without danger of explosion.
The generating tube or tubes conduct the steam to the reservoir,
furnished at its lower part with a thermometer and a manometer, which
indicate the degree of heat, and have two tubes,-one at the lower part,
serving to reject into the condensing tube or outside the water which
does not always condense when the apparatus is put in motion, and
likewise that which passes through the tubes without being converted
into steam; the other at the upper part, conveying the steam either
immediately to the condensing pipe (if distilled water be required) or
into the machine, or wherever it may be required.
Instead of wasting steam after using it by this process it returns into
the condensing pipe, which transmits the heat which would be lost
to the heating pipe directly or indirectly, as has been explained. The
length of the condensing pipe, like that of the heating pipe, should

page_text: be regulated so as to use the greatest possible quantity of heat;
it can be diminished, as is frequently the case, by causing condensed
water, gas, or cool air to pass into the apparatus by means of a pump,
a ventilator, or a blower.
To avoid the entrance of cold air under the ash pit, a portion of the
walls of the chimney and draft hole is formed by nozzles, which bring
the air, already greatly heated, under the ash pit, and increase the
combustion.
This apparatus applies to all kinds of liquids, gas, air, &c., &c.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Ferdinand Louis Gossart in the Great Seal Patent
Office, on the 3rd December 1853.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I,
FERDINAND LOUIS GOSSART, of Paris, in the Empire of France, 52,
Rue Montmartre, and of 16, Castle Street, Holborn (City), London,
send greeting.
WHEREAS IIer most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Third day of June, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-three, in the sixteenth
year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Ier heirs and successors, give
and grant unto me, the said Ferdinand Louis Gossart, Ier special
license that I, the said Ferdinand Louis Gossart, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Ferdinand
Louis Gossart, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any
time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times
thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might
make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an In-
vention for "A SYSTEM OF PERMANENT CIRCULATION OF CALORIC INTENDED
TO PRODUCE AND OVERHEAT STEAM, GAS, AND LIQUID," upon the condition
(amongst others) that I, the said Ferdinand Louis Gossart, by an in-
strument in writing under my hand and seal, should particularly describe
and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner

page_text: the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the
Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and imme-
diately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Ferdinand Louis Gossart, do
hereby declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner
the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained
in and by the following statement, that is to say:
To simplify my description I will suppose that the apparatus is to be
used to produce and overheat steam of water; there would be no
important modifications to make if it were required to produce and
overheat any other vapour. The water to be reduced into steam is
injected at the maximum pressure into a water conduit furnished with
a cock. Several methods of injecting the fluid may be adopted, and with
equal success; for instance, a suction and forcing pump may be employed,
furnished with an air reservoir and with two valves, and of which the
piston must be loaded to give the injected fluid the pressure desired. The
water is introduced into this pump, either by raising the piston every
time it has reached the end of its course, or by means of another
ordinary pump, which serves to inject the water under the piston, loaded
with weights, and thus forces it to rise. From the water conduit the
water passes into a pipe, in which it ascends, and which I shall call the
heating pipe, because the water is there raised to a high degree of
temperature, and even reduced to steam by the aid of the heat that the
steam would carry off after its having been employed, if it were not
thus used. The heating pipe receives this heat through the medium of
a condensing pipe, into which the steam passes instead of being wasted.
For this purpose I use two simple processes, but which I particularly
mention, because they form an essential and important part of my
Invention. The heating pipe may serve as a cover to the condensing
pipe, or vice versa, or the two pipes (heating and condensing) may pass
in a series of vessels filled with saline solutions or other liquids, the
boiling point of which may be sufficiently high, which serves to
concentrate and convey the heat at the same time.
In certain cases
liquids of which the temperature might be raised to boiling point might
be employed as conducting liquids.

page_text: To lose as little caloric as possible, the heat carried off by the steam
of these liquids should be employed as herein described; in both cases
the currents have a contrary direction in the heating and condensing
pipes. These currents are directed upwards into the first of these pipes,
and downwards into the second; these two arrangements effect what I
have termed the "continuous circulation of the caloric." The second
case is especially serviceable when it is desired to separate liquids by
distillation. The apparatus being in operation, the temperature of each
vessel remains stationary, and if in each vessel the condensing pipe be
term nated by a reservoir furnished with a cock, from each of them
con:'ensed liquids may be obtained at different temperatures. In other
cases it may be advantageous to employ both systems simultaneously.
The water entering in a cold state, the heating pipe becomes more and
moro heated, so that it is raised to the highest degree of temperature,
and is sometimes entirely converted into steam. Thus, while a stream
of cold water does not meet it and cool it, it receives the heat that the
steam loses placed at the same level in the condensing pipe; and as this
level is raised the temperature of the steam is raised. The transmission
of the caloric from the condensing pipe to the heating pipe may be
better effected by filling the condensing pipe, and, if need be, the part
of the heating pipe where the water may arrive converted into steam,
with small metallic fragments, which may serve as conducting bodies;
this addition offers the advantage of giving the facility of diminishing the
length of the condensing and heating pipes; but, however, it presents
some objections, which I will point out. When, for instance, steam
overheated is used to char wood it is charged after its use with tar, and
thus the addition of metallic fragments would necessitate the too frequent
cleaning. The extent and the coils of the condensing and heating pipes
are increased so as to obtain the same results. From the upper part of
the heating pipe the water passes by one or several injecting tubes
(furnished with cocks) into the cylinder, the cauldron, & the tube or
tubes, which I call generators or heaters. The water falls in fine rain
through very small holes, or through one or several openings furnished
with valves. A graduated cock, with which cach injecting tube is
furnished, allows to regulate or to stop at will the current of water in

page_text: each generating tube. When the generating tubes can be heated by
fire, which is generally the case, they are arranged in such manner as
to go over a portion of the chimney and cover the vault and sides
of the furnace. When, on the contrary, they cannot be heated by fire
conveniently, they are arranged in baths formed of saline solutions, or
other conducting liquids, whose temperature may be easily maintained
without being increased or diminished. These generating tubes are
filled with metallic particles or fragments of conducting bodies which
multiply the heating surface; the steam is formed by passing through
them, when, the furnace being heated, they are raised to a suitable
temperature. This interior multiplication of the heating or condensing
surfaces by the aid of small conducting particles, which conduct the heat
from the sides of the tube to their centre, or from their centre to their
sides, is an arrangement simple but important for the proper construc-
tion of my apparatus. If the pressure in the tubes be at a maximum,
which is that at which the water is injected, the current of water is
immediately stopped till the pressure in the tubes has returned to its
normal state. Thus, operations may be continued without intermission,
and without having to fear that too great a pressure should cause the
explosion of a tube. Supposing even that a tube should burst, the
explosion could not be very great, as in a certain time there can
only be a corresponding quantity of steam generated, equal to the
quantity of water injected by the pump, and this mass of steam pro-
duced is not out of proportion with the quantity employed, which is
the great cause of all explosions of steam boilers.
The generating tube or tubes conduct the steam to a reservoir,
provided at its upper part with a thermometer and a manometer
(which serve as regulators to the stoker), and provided with two pipes
furnished with cocks, the one at its lower part, to throw out or to
conduct into the condensing tube the water that is condeused when the
apparatus is in operation, and that which might pass through the
apparatus without becoming steam; the other at the upper part,
carrying the steam either immediately to the entrance of the condensing
pipe, if it be wished only to distil the water converted into steam, either
in machines or as required, however various the uses may be. The

page_text: cock through which flows the condensed water at the beginning of the
operation may also afford an issue to the steam, and make it easier to
regulate its temperature.
In all cases, instead of wasting the steam after being used, it is made
to return into the condensing pipe, transmitting the heat which would
have been lost to the heating pipe, directly or indirectly, as explained
above. The length of the condensing and hoating tubes must be so
regulated as to use the greatest possible quantity of heat carried away
by the steam or condensed water. Itmay be diminished in all cases
where the condensed steam may return into the apparatus by means
of the feeding pump.
To avoid the introduction of cold air in the ash box, a portion of the
sides of the chimney and the flues may be closed.
The applications of this apparatus are numerous. Thus, generally,
to the evaporation, heating, and distillation of all liquids, and to the
production and overheating of all vapours, gases, and fluids, for the
manufacture of sugar, beer, soap, and various chemical products,
also for dyeing, washing, heating apartments and buildings, for
drying, baking, for calcining and reducing minerals, the distillation of
volatile metals, the manufacture of bone black, resinous substances,
essences, charcoal, and of all accessary manufactures. It may be
adapted to all steam and hot air engines. The number of pipes or
tubes, their slope and arrangement, as well as those of the furnaces,
may be varied. The apparatus is composed of three essential parts-a
heating pipe, receiving the waste heat by the condensing tube, through
which comes with a certain pressure the liquid that is to be converted into
steam, or the gas to be heated. Secondly, one or several pipes, cylinders,
boilers, or generating tubes, or heaters, receiving directly or indirectly
the action of the fire. Thirdly, a condensing tube, in which the steam
or gas is cooled by communicating its heat or caloric to the heating
pipe. The principles upon which this Invention are based are, first, to
multiply in the interior the heating or condensing surfaces by the use of
small conducting particles. Secondly, to establish a continuous circula-
tion of the caloric by using, either by double pipes or by conducting
liquids serving as intermediate agents, the heat that the steam or

page_text: gas retains when it arrives in the condensing pipe, for the heating of
the liquid, steam, or gas which passes through the heating pipe to
arrive into that part of the apparatus where it receives directly or
indirectly the action of the fire.
Sheet 1, of the Drawings represents an apparatus for the continuous
circulation of the caloric for the production and overheating of steam,
employed in the manufacture of charcoal, entering into the composition
of the powder. Figures 1, and 2, general plan and elevation. Figure 3,
elevation on the plan A', B', of the back of the apparatus. Figure 4,
section of the furnace, and of the tubes it contains, through the line C', D¹.
Figure 5, section of the same through the line E', F'. Figures 6, and 7,
vertical projection of the tubes coiled in the furnace in the direction of a
plan parallel to E, F, and a corresponding horizontal projection.
(The dotted lines indicate portions of the apparatus not seen in
projection.) The same letters indicate like parts in all the Figures.
The water produced from the pump A, flows into the pump B, and
raises the piston a, Figures 2, and 3, shown in two different positions,
supporting a box b, which is loaded with a weight proportionate to the
pressure that is to be given to the steam. From the body of the pump
B, the water passes into the air reservoir C, which is fitted to the said
pump, and which has a manometer d, indicating the pressure. The
pump B, regulates the pressure with which the water is injected.
When the piston a, has descended, it is raised by pumping with the
pump A, without the pressure with which the water is injected being
much varied. The water compressed in the air reservoir C, with a
pressure equal to the maximum pressure that is to be given to the
steam, rushes through the pipe c, into the pipe o. The air pipe c, has
a graduated cock e, by which means the body of water injected can be
varied. The heating pipe o, has near its extremities two cocks f, f. by
which it is easily emptied and cleaned. The water proceeding from
the lower part of the tube D, flows through its whole length, from the
bottom to the top, and in this course receives from the interior con-
densing pipe E, quantities of caloric, which increase as they rise, so
that the water in the upper portion of the apparatus is nearly all
converted into steam. Through the interior condensing pipe E, the
steam is made to pass downwards, and all the products of the distilla-

page_text: tion, which it carries away from the carbonating apparatus, instead of
letting it go to waste. When arrived at the upper part of the tube
D, the water flows into the four generating tubes G, by means of the
four small injecting pipes F, furnished with cocks g, to regulate the
current of steam in each generating tube. The generating tubes G,"
go through a portion of the chimney h, and are arranged in such a
manner as to cover the vault and sides of the furnace K; they are
shown in Figures 1, and 2, by dotted lines, that is to say, that portion
covering the chimney, but are not shown in the furnace. Their arrange-
ment in the furnace K, is shown in Figures 4, 5, 6, and 7. These
generating tubes G, are filled with metallic particles, which considerably
increase the heating surfaces. The water is converted into steam in
the upper portion, and the steam thus formed is overheated in the
remainder of their course. On issuing from the four generating tubes
by the pipes h, furnished with the cocks k, it is conducted into a
reservoir I, furnished with a manometer d, and a thermometer i,
whose indications guide the attendant. A pipe L, furnished with a
cock 1, conducts the steam from the reservoir I, into the carbonating
apparatus M, in which latter may be placed a quantity of wood to be
carbonated. It is composed of three concentric covers m, n, o, between
which the steam circulates before affecting the wood placed in the
cylinder p; two concentric cylinders of sheet iron q, and 2, between
which peat ash is placed, prevent the carbonating apparatus being
affected by surrounding atmosphere. Two thermometers i, i, one
placed at the entrance, and the other where the stream issues, enable
the attendant to conduct the operation with regularity. Two pipes
with a cocks, s, discharge the water which at the commencement of
the operation is condensed in the reservoir I, and the carbonating
apparatus M, and to regulate the temperature by giving an issue to the
steam. From the apparatus M, the pipe N, conducts the steam and
the products from the distillation of the wood, which it draws into a
cylinder o, having a double bottom, and in which the tar is deposited.
On the double bottom of the cylinder o, is placed a cylinder filled with
peat, which the steam dries by passing through it, and depositing on it
the tar with which it is impregnated. This tar makes the peat very
combustible. The cylinder o, has at its lower part the pipe t, closed

page_text: by a screw stopper, which facilitates the cleansing of the double bottom.
To work the carbonating apparatus M, and the cylinder o, a moveable
crane is used, by which the covers or cylinders containing the wood and
peat are raised. The pipe P, conducts the steam from the cylinder o,
into the condensing tube E, up which it passes, and condenses itself in
a great measure, while it gives its heat to the water in the heating pipe
D, and it is then thrown out with all the condensed products by the
junction pipe u. By screw fastenings v, the condensing pipe can be
easily cleansed.
An iron frame a, maintains the whole series of
condensing pipes E, and heating pipes D, so as to give to the furnace
all the necessary intensity, and to avoid the introduction of cold air
under the grate y.
Two flues Q, forming part of the sides of the
chimney, bring the air under the grate which is already greatly heated.
Sheet 2, represents an arrangement of the heating and condensing
pipes serving to dry powder artificially. The drying chamber being
placed at about twenty yards from the generating tubes, and at a
distance from the feeding pump, of which only the heating and
condensing tubes are shown. Figure 1, is a plan; Figure 2, is a section
through the line A, B. T, the heating pipe, serving as cover to the
condensing pipe, and enclosed by the pipe T", which serves as a conduit
to the current of air employed to dry the powder. T", condensing
tube. The pipe T", is perforated throughout its length, to allow the
air to escape under the sieve e, in which the powder is placed. C, frame
of the drying table. The steam passing up the tube T, heats the
water, which comes in a contrary direction through the tube T; the
latter communicates a portion of the heat it receives to the current of
air thrown up by a ventilator between the pipes T, T. The current of
air becomes heated in its course from the end of the tube T, (placed
near the generating tubes) to the drying chamber, escapes under the
sieve through the small holes in the tube T", penetrates through the
powder, and dries it rapidly. Figures 3, and 4, represent an arrange-
ment of heating and condensing pipes, serving to facilitate the separation
of different condensed products. Figure 3, plan; Figure 4, section
through the line A, B. G, generating tubes; v, vessels filled with liquids,
whose boiling point varies from each other, and is lower than that of

page_text: the liquid which is to be condensed in the vessel. T. heating pipe
coiled in the vessel v. C, boxes in which the condensing pipe enters
after having passed through each vessel, and into which it deposits
the liquids condensed. T', condensing pipe coiled and descending in
the vessel v.
I go back to the object of my demand for a Patent, so as to be more
definite, and to avoid all uncertainty, and thus to ensure in a more
secure manner, my Invention. Among the various ideas which serve as
the basis in the construction of my apparatus there are a great number
which belong to the public, domain; some others on the contrary,
very simple, are nevertheless I believe, entirely new, if not in idea, at
least as regards their application. However, I do not base my In-
vention upon any of these ideas in particular, but solely in the appa-
rati, or, in other words, upon the arrangement which results from the
union and connexion which I have established by my description, and
from which results the production and overheating of steam or any
other vapour, the heating of air or of any gas or vapour, with con-
siderable economy.
I claim, 1st, the employment of conducting fragments to multiply
interiorly the surfaces of heating and condensation. 2ndly, the two
processes by which the continuous circulation of the caloric is esta-
blished, that is to say, the employment of double pipes, and of liquid
conductors, for the purpose of intermedia. grally, the general arrange-
ment of apparatus, from which it results that the liquid, steam, or gas
is heated or cooled in small portions, and gradually in such a way that
there is never a combination of two portions of liquid, steam, or gas
unequally heated.
In witness whereof, I, the said Ferdinand Louis Gossart, have
hereunto set my hand and seal, this First day of December, in
the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-
three.