IMPROVEMENTS IN KILNS OR OVENS, AND IN APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREWITH, CHIEFLY DESIGNED FORRYING AND BURNING BKSMIC
Year: 1870

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Augustus Morand, of Leeds, in the County of
York, Gentleman, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN KILNS OR
OVENS, AND IN APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREWITH, CHIEFLY DESIGNED FOR
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Sealed the 14th June 1870, and dated the 23rd April 1870.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Augustus Morand at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 23rd April 1870.
I, AUGUSTUS MORAND, of Leeds, in the County of York, Gentleman,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
KILNS OR OVENS, AND IN APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREWITH, CHIEFLY DESIGNED
FOR DRYING AND BURNING BRICKS, TILES, AND CERAMIC WARE," to be as
follows:-
My Invention relates to improvements in the construction of kilns.
and ovens for drying and burning bricks, tiles, and other articles:
These kilns or ovens are constructed with a series or number (say three
or more) of drying and burning chambers with fire-places, and connected

page_text: by horizontal flues provided with dampers, and arranged in such a
manner that as the burning in one chamber is finished the heat may be
conducted therefrom to any other chamber of the series.
It also relates to the employment in combination with the said kilns
or ovens of means for producing and controlling or regulating an
artificial current of air through one or more of the aforesaid chambers.
The said improvements consist, first, in constructing the kiln with an
air chamber or reservoir which by means of suitably arranged flues,
passages, and dampers may communicate with all or any of the chambers
of the kiln.
Secondly. In the peculiar construction of the kiln and arrangement
of the passages and flues whereby I increase its strength, durability, and
convenience, while at the same time its cost is greatly diminished.
Thirdly. In a novel arrangement in combination with the drying
and burning chambers of means whereby I can force a current of air
from a fan or other blowing apparatus through the series of chambers_
or any number of them.
The air chamber is arranged at the end of the kiln, and has apertures
communicating with the various flues herein-after described.
flues
Flues which extend along the upper corners of the kiln are in com-
bination with other flues extending horizontally along the bottom of the
kiln at or near the centre of the same for the purpose of conveying the
heat to or from any of the series of drying or burning chambers, or to
the reservoir or air chamber, and thereby more thoroughly consume the
smoke and gases before they pass into the chimney. The
upper
are partly designed to carry off the steam, moisture, or vapor from the
bricks or other articles being dried, the communication of the said flues
with the chamber being controlled by dampers arranged for that purpose.
It is always preferable to conduct the steam from the bricks or other
articles as it rises, thereby avoiding the retention of moisture or steam
for an injurious length of time at the bottom of the kiln or chamber.
The said upper horizontal flues which, as before stated, extend to each
end of the kiln. or series of chambers are. connected with one or two
chimneys. The dampers are so. arranged that the chntents of the
aforesaid air reservoir or chamber may be drawn off through either end
of the said horizontal flues, or may be conducted into any one or number
of the series of chambers.

page_text: I may also connect the fan or other blowing apparatus for introducing
air into the reservoir or chamber with flues extending from end to end
of the series of chambers at the sides of the bottom of the kiln, and thus
introduce the air at pleasure from these flues through side openings into
the chambers.
By the novel arrangement of the air passages or flues and dampers
which form the communication between the burning chambers I can
effect the burning of the bricks or other articles or materials more
advantageously than heretofore, and can more perfectly economize the
heat employed for such burning.
The fan or blower is arranged in combination with a main pipe
extending the entire length of the kilns, and provided with branches
opening into the air chamber and burning chambers. These branch
pipes are provided with valves or dampers so arranged that a current of
air of any desired force may be sent through the series of chambers or
any number of them.
In some cases I have in communication with the air chamber or
reservoir one or more flues or pipes extended from a steam boiler or
other furnace in close proximity to the kiln, and thus utilize the waste
caloric or hot air (which would otherwise escape through the chimney of
such furnace) by conducting it into the reservoir or air chamber, or I
may pass the hot air into the said chamber by any of the means in use
for economizing heat from boiler furnaces through pipes or other
passages to be again propelled either with or without the cold air intro-
duced by the fan or blower into the chambers containing green or drying
bricks, thus economizing a large amount of fuel. I may also by means
of the dampers and the horizontal flues which extend along the upper
corners of the kiln conduct the air into a flue or chimney, and I may
have a current of either hot or cold air or both from the said air chamber
or reservoir driven by the fan or blower through the aforesaid outside
longitudinal flues.
I prefer to construct my flues or air passages with a gradually in-
creasing transverse area from the front end throughout their entire
length, as I find that such a construction greatly improves the draught
through the same.
I provide each burning chamber with an aperture on each side, and I
make one aperture larger than the other to admit a cart, so that I can

page_text: load the bricks or other articles directly into the cart, and thus economize
the labor of their removal.
I construct the reservoir or air chamber with a fire-place on each side,
which I may use to heat the chamber either with or without the means
for obtaining heat from a separate furnace.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Augustus Morand in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 22nd October 1870.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, AUGUSTUS
MORAND, of Leeds, in the County of York, Gentleman, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Twenty-third day of April, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy, in the thirty-
third year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give
and grant unto me, the said Augustus Morand, Her special licence
that I, the said Augustus Morand, my executors, administrators, and
assigns, or such others as I, the said Augustus Morand, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no
others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the
term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise,
and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,
the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN KILNS OR OVENS, AND IN APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREWITH, CHIEFLY DESIGNED
FOR DRYING AND BURNING BRICKS, TILES, AND CERAMIC WARE," upon the
condition (amongst others) that I, the said Augustus Morand, my
executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or
their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and
ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the
same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great
Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately
after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Augustus Morand, do hereby
declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same
is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and

page_text: by the following statement, reference being had to the accompanying
Drawing forming a part of this Specification :-
My Invention relates to improvements in the construction of kilns or
ovens for drying and burning bricks, tiles, and other articles. These
kilns or ovens are constructed with a series of drying and burning
chambers which have fire-places and are connected by horizontal flues
provided with dampers, the said flues and dampers being arranged in
such a manner that when the burning in one chamber is finished the
heat may be conducted therefrom to any other chamber of the series.
It also relates to the employment in combination with the said kilns or
ovens of means for producing and controlling or regulating an artificial
current of air which may be conducted through one or more of the
aforesaid chambers.
The said improvements consist,―
First. In providing the kiln with an air chamber or reservoir which
by a suitable arrangement of the flues or passages and dampers as herein-
after described may be made to communicate with all or any of the
chambers of the kiln.
Secondly. In the construction of the kiln with the aforesaid flues or
passages so arranged that the kiln has great strength and durability
and is very convenient, while at the same time its cost is greatly
diminished.
Thirdly. In the combination with the said drying and burning
chambers of means whereby I can supply them with a current of air
produced by a fan or other blowing apparatus, and thereby expeditiously
effect the drying of the green bricks or other articles in the chambers in
which they are to be burnt, and their subsequent cooling in the same
chambers.
The air chamber is preferably arranged at the end of the kiln, and has
apertures communicating with the various flues, as herein-after described.
Two flues, which extend along the upper corners of the kiln, are
employed in connection with other flues extending horizontally along
the bottom of the kiln at or near the centre of the same, for the purpose
of conveying the heat to or from any of the series of chambers, thereby
affording the means for more thoroughly consuming the smoke and
gases before they pass into the chimney. The upper flues are partly
designed to carry off the steam, moisture, or vapour from the bricks or

page_text: other articles being dried, and the communication of the said flues with
the chambers is controlled by dampers properly arranged for that purpose.
It is always desirable to conduct the steam or vapor away from the
bricks or other articles as it rises, and these flues allow it to pass off
quickly, thereby preventing the retention of moisture or steam for an
injurious length of time at the bottom of the kiln or chamber. The said
upper horizontal flues, which, as before stated, extend to each end of the
kiln or series of chambers, may be connected with either one or two
chimneys, but in practice I prefer to have only one. The dampers are
so arranged that the heated air contained in the air reservoir or chamber
may be drawn off through either end of the said horizontal flues or may
be conducted into any one or number of the series of chambers.
I may connect the fan or blowing apparatus for introducing air into
the air reservoir or chamber with flues extending from end to end of
the series of chambers at the sides of the bottom of the kiln, and thus
introduce the air at pleasure from these flues through side openings into
the chambers.
The said fan or blower is also arranged in combination with a main
pipe extending the entire length of the kiln and provided with branches
opening into the air chamber and burning chambers. These branch
pipes are provided with valves or dampers so arranged that a current
of air of any desired force may be sent through the series of chambers,
or any number of them.
In cases where the kiln is erected in proximity to a steam boiler or
other furnace I may connect the same with the air chamber or reservoir
by one or more flues or pipes, and thus utilize the waste caloric or hot
air (which would otherwise escape through the chimney of such furnace)
by conducting it into the reservoir or air chamber. I may also by the
proper adjustment of the dampers direct the air through the horizontal
flues which extend along the upper corners of the kiln, and I may have
a current of cither hot or cold air or both drawn or forced from the air
chamber or reservoir through these upper flues or through the aforesaid
longitudinal flues at the sides of the kiln.
I provide each burning chamber with an aperture on each side, and I
make one aperture larger than the other to admit a cart, so that I can
load the bricks or other articles directly into the cart, and thus economize
the labor of their removal.

page_text: Figure 2 is a vertical longitudinal section on the line x, x, Figure 1,
shewing one side of the said kiln.
Figure 3 is a vertical longitudinal section on the line y, y, Figure 1,
shewing the same side of the kiln, the position of the openings I in the
opposite side being indicated by dotted lines.
Figure 4 is a transverse vertical section on the line, z, Figure 2.
Figure 5 is a transverse vertical section through the air chamber.
Figure 6 is an end view of the said kiln.
Figures 7 and 7ª are transverse sections shewing a kiln constructed
with flues at the sides of the bottom of the kiln instead of at or near
the centre of the same. Like letters indicate corresponding parts in the
several Figures.
A, A1, A2, A3, A', A³, are the drying and burning chambers separated
by the walls a with apertures a¹; B the air chamber separated from
chamber A by the wall b with apertures '; C the fire-places; D, the
stoke holes; F, F, are horizontal flues or passages, and e short passages
connecting these flues with the chambers; e¹ are dampers which control
the communication through these short passages; G, the steam or
smoke flues connecting the other flues and the chambers with the
chimneys, and y passages from the chambers to the flues G, which flues
and passages are closed or opened, as desired, by dampers f, f¹, f³. These
flues G being in communication with the chimney or chimneys form
in connection with the bottom flues a continuous passage or channel
throughout the kiln, by which the draught or current is established
between the air chamber through any one or number of the burning
chambers, and the said chimney or chimneys, the direction of the draught
or current being determined by the adjustment of the dampers; H is a
tube for supplying air to the chambers with branches h, h¹, h², and
cocks or valves ³, *, h. The branch ¹ is so arranged that by blowing
air through it, the dampers 6' in the apertures 6¹ of the air chamber are
kept from being injured by the intense heat of the adjacent burning
chamber. On one side of the burning chambers are the apertures I
and on the opposite side thereof are the apertures J; K is a frame
for strengthening the kiln consisting of braces, rods, bolts k², and

page_text: binding plates k³. The chambers are separated by the permanent
division walls a and b, but communication may be made between any
two adjacent burning chambers by means of the apertures a¹. The
air chamber B may communicate with the adjacent burning chamber A
by means of similar apertures b', which are opened and closed by the
above-mentioned dampers 6º. The apertures a¹ are temporarily closed
before commencing to dry the bricks or other articles with brick or
clay, and are readily opened by the removal of the same to allow the
surplus heat to pass from one chamber to the next chamber in the
series. They also serve as a passage for the artificial current of air
when the same is to be sent from the air chamber directly through the
first and one or more of the succeeding burning chambers. Man-holes
may be provided in the division walls for convenience in setting or
removing bricks or other articles, which man-holes are also closed with
bricks during the drying and burning processes. I construct fire-
places C on both sides of the kiln, and the heating of the chambers is
commenced by making fires in these fire-places, the process being
assisted and continued by fuel fed through the stoking holes D. The
number of stoking holes which I prefer to make is about thirty in
each chamber. The said holes may be provided with covers of any
suitable construction. The flues at the bottom of the kiln allow the
heat or heated air to be conducted from any chamber to any other
chamber of the series, that is to say, I may by the adjustment of the
dampers direct the heat from any one of the chambers to the chamber
adjacent to it on either side, or I may pass it under one, two, or more
of the chambers in either direction into any other of the said chambers.
Moreover through these flues a current of air of any desired degree
of temperature may be passed from the air chamber or blowing
apparatus into and through any one or all of the burning chambers for
the purpose of increasing the combustion of the fuel, drying the green
.bricks or other articles or cooling the finished contents of the chambers.
As above stated I may have the bottom flues arranged at or near the
centre of the kiln or at the sides, and it is obviously of very little
importance whether these fluès communicate directly or indirectly with
the chimney or chimneys. In the Drawing I have shewn them in
connection with the chimney indirectly through the chambers and
upper flues, and I prefer this arrangement as I thereby establish the
required communication between the chambers and the chimney without
having to provide dampers at the ends of the bottom flues. In some

page_text: cases however I may und it convenient to provide these bottom flues
with end dampers.
Figures 7 and 7* show bottom flues E at the sides of the kiln which
may be substituted for the flues F. The flues E or F communicate with
the chambers by means of the passages e, and as herein-before stated
may be connected with the exhausting or blowing apparatus if desirable.
The flues G which as above specified serve as an outlet for the vapour
steam, or smoke from the chambers may open into a chimney at one or
both ends of the kiln, or I may have a chimney at one end and an
exhausting fan at the other end. I prefer, however, to have but one
chimney with which either the upper or lower flues communicate
through the flue f*. The connection of the horizontal flues with the
burning chambers A and air chamber B, by means of the branch
passages will be readily understood by referring to the Drawing, which
also fully explains the arrangement and operation of the dampers and
valves for regulating and controlling the passage of the heated or cool
air through the flues or pipes from, into, or between the chambers. The
apertures I and J are the temporary openings for the purpose of setting
or removing the bricks or other articles, which openings are closed
during the drying and burning process as herein-before described. I
prefer to construct the kiln with grooves or ways i extending from the
temporary opening I in the floor of the kiln to allow a cart to be backed
into the kiln. The framework K composed of the braces k, rods k¹,.
binding plates ³, and fastenings k, for strengthening the chambers A
may be made in any suitable manner for the purpose. The bricks or
other articles or substances being placed in two or more of the chambers
(usually those adjacent to air chamber B), the apertures I, J, in these
chambers are closed and the fires lighted in the fire-places C of the
chamber A. One or more of the dampers which govern the com-
munication of this chamber with the flues G are then opened and the
damper nearest the air chamber is closed, the other dampers f* being
open to allow the moisture and steam to pass off through the flues G
into the chimney either by the natural draught or current produced by
the aforesaid arrangement of the flues in connection with the chimney
or by means of the exhaust fan or blower, which may be placed in
communication with the chimney or with some other suitable outlet
arranged in connection with the flues and dampers. When the bricks
in the chamber A are dried the dampers f, f', of the chamber are

page_text: closed and the stöking from the top commenced, the fuel thus supplied
becoming ignited by the fires in the fire-places C is kept in a state of
combustion until the burning of the bricks or other articles is finished.
The fire is now lighted in the fire-places in chamber A', and the
dampers f¹ of this chamber are opened to allow the steam and vapor to
escape into the flues G as before the second dampers f³ being closed.
The remaining burning chambers are successively filled and the process
employed in the chamber A is repeated in the other chambers.
When
the bricks or other articles or substances in chamber A are sufficiently
burned, instead of leaving them to cool in the ordinary manner I assist.
and control the reduction of the temperature by introducing upon the
cooling bricks or other articles, by means of the fan or blower, a current
of tempered air from the air chamber B through the pipe H, or through
the flues and passages, and I may drive the heat from the chamber A to
the chamber A' through the aperture a¹ or send it into any other of the
chambers through the flues For E. When the cooling process has been
continued for a sufficient length of time the apertures I, J, are opened,
the finished bricks or other articles removed, a fresh charge placed in the
chamber, and the said apertures again closed. Then by a proper adjust-
ment of the dampers, which will be readily understood from the above
description, the waste or surplus heat of any of the other chambers may
be brought through the said fines to assist in the drying and burning of
the contents of the refilled chamber, the fuel being again fed into the
fire-places and then through the stoke holes in the same.
The drying,
burning, and cooling of the bricks or other articles in each successive
chamber of the. kiln by this system of flues and passages may be con-
ducted continuously and regularly, and thereby great economy and
expedition in the drying, burning, and cooling of the articles is secured,
but in case it is found necessary to discontinue the operation in any one
or more of the burning chambers of the series, the connection with such
chambers may be closed and the operations in the other chambers be
carried on without interruption. If desired the air chamber or reservoir,
instead of being built in connection with the burning chambers and the
flues may be a separate structure having communication with them
through tubes or otherwise.
Having thus fully described my said Invention I claim,-
First. An air chamber or reservoir arranged in communication with
the drying and burning chambers for the purposes and substantially in
the manner herein set forth.

page_text: Second. A kiln consisting of a series of drying and burning chambers,
when said chambers are connected by flues or passages, whereby heat or
a current of air may pass or be forced or drawn from one chamber to any
other chamber of the series as herein-before described for the purposes
specified.
Third. The arrangement of the flues, passages, dampers, and valves,
whereby an artificial current of air of any suitable degree of force and
temperature, however produced, may be carried either from the air
chamber B or elsewhere to any one or more of the burning chambers for
the
purposes and substantially in the manner described.
Fourth. The arrangement in combination with the air chamber and
the series of drying and burning chambers of the pipes or tubes
(provided with valves) for conducting the air from a blowing apparatus
to or from any one or number of the chambers for the purpose and
substantially as set forth.
In witness whereof, I, the said Augustus Morand, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Twenty-second day of October, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy.
Witness,
GEORGE HASELTINE,
8, Southampton Buildings,
London.
AUGUSTUS MORAND. (L.S.)