Improvements in the Manufacture of Ingrain Carpets and other Multiple Ply Fabrics.
Year: 1892

page_text: Date of Application, 14th Sept., 1892
Complete Specification Left, 14th June, 1893-Accepted, 22nd July, 1893
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in the Manufacture of Ingrain Carpets and other
Multiple Ply Fabrics.
We, JOHN STEWART SMITH and SAMUEL SMITH both of Nursery Mills,
South York Street in the City of Glasgow, Manufacturers, do hereby declare the
nature of this invention to be as follows:-
This invention is mainly a development of the improvements in the manufacture
of ingrain carpets and other multiple ply fabrics described in the Specifications of
Patents granted to us Nos. 4908 of 1881 and 2964 of 1888.
In the ordinary two and three ply carpets the fabric is only bound together at
the parts where the colors change from back to front, or centre to back or front.
At the plain parts it is loose and unbound, and in the class of fabrics referred to in
the Specifications of Patents above recited, the carpet or fabric is only bound
together at the points at which the warps and wefts intersect or cross each other as
the pattern changes from ground to figure, or from one color or combination of
colors to another, at which points in a two ply carpet the warps and wefts pass from
back to front of the fabric, or the warps only may change from back to front or the
weft only may pass from back to front. In a two and a half ply or three ply carpet
at these points the warps and wefts pass from back to front ply (or vice versa) or
the warps only may change from back to front, or the wefts only may pass from
back to front, or the weft may change from centre to either the front or back ply,
and if four plies of weft are used the two centre wefts may both change from centre
to back and front or one of the centre wefts may pass froin centre to back or front
ply. In the plain parts of the design or pattern of the carpet or fabric, where the
same warps and wefts continue to work together the carpet is woven into distinct
plies of cloth, both back and front, and at these parts is separable and is what is
termed loose or unbound. This is considered an objection and detracts from the
wear or durability of the carpet.
To obviate this and bind the fabric together into one consistent or inseparable
cloth, we introduce an extra shot, of a small thread, of any suitable material,
sufficiently fine and strong for the purpose; and interweave it with the warps, as
also the warps and wefts together, as hereinafter described for carpets with two
plies of warp and varying quantities of weft, i.e. having a warp for each outer
surface of the carpet, and with either two, two and a half, three or four plies of
weft.
For a carpet with two plies of warp and three wefts going continuously (or three
plies of weft) for the three wefts, say, black, drab and red, the small binder thread
may be used after every third weft shot, or after every sixth or ninth weft shot, or
When the
as often as may be considered necessary to sufficiently bind the fabric.
shot or binder thread is to be thrown we raise the upper or inside warp threads of
the under ply, along with the upper warp threads of the upper ply, and at the same
time lower (or cause to remain down) the under warp threads of the upper ply,
along with the under warp threads of the under ply, thus forming the shed for the
binder thread or shot, and binding or tying the cloth or carpet together, by inter-
secting along the inner warp threads of the two plies passing over the under warp
threads of the upper ply, and under the upper warp threads of the under ply thus
binding or tieing the fabric together without mixing the plies of cloth or marring
the appearance of the outer surfaces of the fabric however open the design or
pattern may be.
For a carpet with two plies of warp, and two and a half plies of weft, three weft
shots on one cord or line of the design, and two weft shots on the other (five weft

page_text: shots for every two cords of the design, averaging two and a half wefts) in this case
one fifth of the weft always being in the centre, the carpet may be bound or tied
together, by the warp threads intersecting with or passing around these centre weft
threads in the manner already described for the small binder shot or thread. The
small binder shot or thread may be used after every fifth shot, or at whatever
suitable repeat of the shuttles may be desired to bind or tie the fabric and in the
manner already described. This is best done either before or after throwing the
two shuttles or weft shots that work together, on the alternate cords of the design
or pattern. The small binder shot or thread may be used in conjunction with
the binding by the centre weft threads, but this will generally be considered
unnecessary as either way alone is quite sufficient for the purpose and by attempting
both methods of binding the perfect surface appearance of our improved patent
fabrics cannot be preserved, as is done by using the small binder thread or
shot alone.
For a carpet with two plies of weft only and two plies of warp the small binder
shot or thread may be used after every second weft shot, one binder for every line
or cord of the design or pattern, or every fourth, sixth or other number as may be
considered necessary to bind or tie the fabric. In this way the carpet or fabric is
bound together firmly and the distinct plies of carpet both back and front still
maintained, whilst the wearing quality of the carpet is very greatly enhanced, all
parts being equally well bound or tied whether two, two and a half, three or four
plies of weft are used and whatever combinations of warp and weft are made or
whatever the order or succession of warps and wefts may be, and whatever style of
design or pattern, whether open or close in the ground or figure.
Dated this Thirteenth day of September 1892.
CRUIKSHANK & FAIRWEATHER,
62, St. Vincent Street, Glasgow, Agents.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in the Manufacture of Ingrain Carpets and other
Multiple Ply Fabrics.
We, JOHN STEWART SMITH and SAMUEL SMITH both of Nursery Mills, South
York Street in the City of Glasgow, Manufacturers, do hereby declare the nature
of this invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly
described and ascertained in and by the following statement :-
This invention is mainly a development of the improvements in the manufacture
of ingrain carpets and other multiple ply fabrics described in the Specifications of
Patents granted to us Nos. 4908 of 1881 and 2964 of 1888.
In the ordinary two and three ply carpets the fabric is only bound together at
the parts where the colors change from back to front or centre to back or front.
At the plain parts it is loose and unbound and in the class of fabrics referred to
in the Specifications of Patents above recited, the carpet or fabric is only bound
together at the points at which the warps and wefts intersect or cross each other as
the pattern changes from ground to figure or from one color or combination of
colors to another at which points in a two ply carpet the warps and wefts pass
from back to front of the fabric, or the warps only may change from back to front
or the weft only may pass from back to front. In a two and a half ply or three ply
carpet at these points the warps and wefts pass from back to front ply (or vice versa)
or the warps ouly may change from back to front or the wefts only may pass from
back to front or the weft may change from centre to either the front or back ply;
and if four plies of weft are used the two centre wefts may both change from centre
to back and front or one of the centre wefts may pass from centre to back or front
ply. In the plain parts of the design or pattern of the carpet or fabric where the
same warps and wefts continue to work together the carpet is woven into distinct
plies of cloth both back and front and at these parts is separable and is what is

page_text: termed loose or unbound. This is considered an objection and detracts from the
wear or durability of the carpet.
To obviate this and bind the fabric together into one consistent or inseparable
cloth, we introduce an extra shot of a small thread of any suitable material
sufficiently fine and strong for the purpose and interweave it with the warps as also
the warps and wefts together as hereinafter described for carpets with two plies of
warp and varying quantities of weft i.e. having a warp for each outer surface of
the carpet and with either two, two and a half, three or four plies of weft.
For a carpet with two plies of warp and three wefts going continuously (or three
plies of weft) for the three wefts, say, black, drab and red, the small binder thread
may be used after every third weft shot or after every sixth or ninth weft shot or
When the
as often as may be considered necessary to sufficiently bind the fabric.
shot or binder thread is to be thrown we raise the upper or inside warp threads of
the under ply along with the upper warp threads of the upper ply and at the same
time lower (or cause to remain down) the under warp threads of the upper ply
along with the under warp threads of the under ply thus forming the shed for the
binder thread or shot, and binding or tying the cloth or carpet together, by inter-
secting along the inner warp threads of the two plies passing over the under warp
threads of the upper ply, and under the upper warp threads of the under ply thus
binding or tying the fabric together without mixing the plies of cloth or marring
the appearance of the outer surfaces of the fabric however open the design or
pattern may be.
For a carpet with two plies of warp and two and a half plies of weft three weft
shots on one cord or line of the design and two weft shots on the other (five
weft shots for every two cords of the design, averaging two and a half wefts) in
this case one fifth of the weft always being in the centre the carpet may be bound
or tied together by the warp threads intersecting with or passing around these
centre weft threads in the manner already described for the small binder shot or
tbread. The small binder shot or thread may be used after every fifth shot or at
whatever suitable repeat of the shuttles may be desired to bind or tie the fabric
and in the manner already described. This is best done either before or after
throwing the two shuttles or weft shots that work together on the alternate cords of
the design or pattern.
The small binder shot or thread may be used in conjunction with the binding by
the centre weft threads, but this will generally be considered unnecessary as either
way alone is quite sufficient for the purpose and by attempting both methods of
binding the perfect surface appearance of our improved patent fabrics cannot be
preserved as is done by using the small binder thread or shot alone.
For a carpet with two plies of weft only and two plies of warp the small binder
shot or thread may be used after every second weft shot one binder for every line
or cord of the design or pattern or every fourth sixth or other number as may be
considered necessary to bind or tie the fabric. In this way the carpet or fabric is
bound together firmly and the distinct plies of carpet both back and front still
maintained whilst the wearing quality of the carpet is very greatly enhanced all
parts being equally well bound or tied whether two, two and a half, three or four
plies of weft are used and whatever combinations of warp and weft are made or
whatever the order or succession of warps and wefts may be and whatever style of
design or pattern whether open or close in the ground or figure.
In the accompanying drawings Figure I is a diagram of a carpet in section with
two plies of warp, black and yellow; the black or heavy lines marked b and the
yellow or light lines y and y' and the three wefts black, drab and red are
marked B, D and R and numbered in the order of shuttling for wefts 1 to 72.
The part 1 to 36 has a fine binder shot or thread after every third weft shot, the
binder being indicated by a small dot and shown intersected with the warp threads,
the part Nos. 37 to 54 has a binder shot after every sixth weft shot and the
part Nos. 55 to 72 has a binder shot after every ninth weft shot, the colors being
only named for the sake of illustration.

page_text: If four weft shots are used or four plies of different coloured wefts then there
would always be two in centre between the upper and under plies, and the two
outer plies bound in the same manner as in Figure I but it is not absolutely
necessary to intersect the binder thread with all the inner warp threads and in this
case not advisable as it would give a corded or ridged appearance to the cloth.
Figure II is a section of a carpet with two plies of warp say for illustration
olive, white, red and black and are marked o, w, r and s and with two and a half
plies of weft having five different colored weft threads say olive, red, green white and
black which are marked O, R, G, W and B, and numbered in the order of shuttling
for wefts 1 to 100 the fine binder shot being indicated by a small dot. The part
Nos. 1 to 50 is bound by the centre weft thread which is in the centre every
alternate cord when two and a half plies are used and shown intersected with the
inner warp threads, and also with a binder thread after every fifth weft shot shown
intersected with the warp threads. The part Nos. 51 to 100 is bound by the binder
shot only after every fifth weft shot.
Figure III is a section of a carpet with two plies of warp and two plies of weft
only and numbered in the order of shuttling for the wefts 1 to 48 with the binder
shot indicated by a small dot. The part Nos. 1 to 24 is bound by a binder shot
after every second weft shot, and the part Nos. 25 to 48 is bound with a binder
shot after every fourth weft shot. The warps in this diagram are the same as in
Figure II and the wefts also the same only omitting the green.
The size (or number) or kind of yarn used for the binder thread is a matter of
choice and only mentioned as a small thread a fine thread being more easily hidden
in the fabric or carpet, and the colors selected for the warps and wefts are only
chosen for the purpose of illustration.
We are aware that hidden or binder threads have been used in woven fabrics
before but they have invariably formed a necessary part of the fabric but not in
the same manner as described by us nor in connection with our improved system
or method of weaving.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of our said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed we declare that what we
claim is :-
1. The manufacture of ingrain carpets and other multiple ply fabrics substantially
in the improved manner herein before described.
2. In the manufacture of ingrain carpets and other multiple ply fabrics the
method of binding or tying together the plies of warp and weft by binder shots or
threads intersecting the inner warp threads of the upper and under plies of fabric
substantially as described.
3. In the manufacture of ingrain carpets and other multiple ply fabrics binding
or tying together the two outer plies of the fabric or carpet by intersecting the
centre weft threads on alternate cords with the inner warp threads of the upper and
under plies of cloth or in conjunction with binder threads or shots substantially as
bereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying diagrams.
Dated this Thirteenth day of June 1893.
CRUIKSHANK & FAIRWEATHER,
62, St. Vincent Street, Glasgow, Agents.