Improvements in Electrio Telegraphs, and Mechanism used in connection therewith.
Year: 1893

page_text: Date of Application, 2nd Oct., 1893
Complete Specification Left, 2nd July, 1894-Accepted, 2nd Jan., 1895
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Electrio Telegraphs, and Mechanism used in
connection therewith.
We, GEORGE DRAPER, Secretary of The Eastern Telegraph Company Limited,
and ANGUS FRASER, Electrician, both of 11 Old Broad Street in the City of
London, do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows:-
Our improvements are devised mainly with a view to establish a type printing
system on submarine cables. We employ type printing telegraphs in which the
character to be printed is determined by the time of arrival of single impulses-this
time having a relation to the uniform notion of the receiving instrument. The
receiving instrument may be any type printing instrument in which the letter is
caused to be printed by a single movement as for example the Hughes or the
Phelps but we prefer to use receiving mechanism arranged as herein after described.
These movements we cause to be given by the signalling impulses transmitted
through the line. The line cable is to be used with condensers in the ordinary way
the condensers being applied at both ends.
A cable in this condition will not admit of a continuous current being passed
through it the signals only charge the cable and must be discharged at the sending
end by making earth connection or applying a charge of an opposite name after the
signal, this discharge makes itself manifest at the receiving end by a current in the
opposite direction to that of the signal and as it takes some time for the cable to
return to the neutral state the next signal.following is in the ordinary methods of
signalling superposed upon the effects due to its predecessor resulting in a most
complex state of the received signals quite unsuitable for giving a single impulse
for operating a type printing telegraph.
Our method is to precede the charge intended to operate the receiving instrument
by a charge of an opposite nature and to follow it by another also opposite, and the
sum of these two "curb" charges measured by duration of application to be equal
to the operating charge-the object being to leave the cable as far as possible in a
neutral condition after the passage of the signal in order that the succeeding signals
may reach the receiving end in identical conditions with regard to duration and
strength of current.
A signal so formed will let the cable resume its normal condition in a minimum
of time, it must be understood that the current caused by the preceding or
preliminary charge will not affect the receiving apparatus as it will be in the
opposite direction to the current operating the receiver which last will be caused
by the second charge. These various charges are of course applied to the cable
by making contacts between the cable and source of charge usually a voltaic battery.
When the signal impulse acts at the receiving end it would by itself be much
too feeble to give the required single movement for setting into action the type
printing instrument.
To obviate this difficulty we employ these feeble currents to control a local
current of air and use the current of air as the source of power for giving the
requisite movement. We cause the stream of air to pass through two restricting
orifices into two pipes terminating in two outlet nozzles which are set facing one
another with a short space between them. Across this space is placed a blade or
vane carried by the oscillating portion of any suitable electro magnetic receiving
instrument.
Normally the blade will remain centrally between the nozzles and the air pressure
in the two pipes leading to the two nozzles remain uniform but if a signal impulse

page_text: '
however feeble arrives the blade is deflected towards one nozzle or the other so
impeding the flow from one nozzle and giving a freer escape from the other. In
this way the air pressure in the pipe leading to one nozzle is increased and is
decreased in the pipe leading to the other.
There are several ways by which this difference of pressure in the pipes leading
to the two nozzles can be made to produce a mechanical movement the basis of
them being to admit the air from the two tubes into expansible chambers. For
example the air from the two tubes may be admitted into two chambers separated
from one another by a flexible diaphragm and the movement be obtained by the
movement of the diaphragm. The arm can be attached to a solenoid moving
angularly between the poles of a strong magnet similar to the method employed in
the siphon recorder.
Instead of a continuous current of air being used for relay purposes an alternating
current may be used, that is air rapidly moving to and fro. This condition may
be produced by vibratory movement of the flexible walls of an air chamber.
When the blade on the signal coil moves the air orifices are either freed or
blocked producing varying conditions of the air in the tubes connected to the
orifices resulting in the making and breaking of suitable contacts.
Another method by which a local circuit can be closed and broken by the feeble
currents passing in a submarine cable is as follows:-A light solenoid or coil of
thin wire is attached to the end of a light lever arm suspended at its opposite end
by a light spring.
This solenoid is placed in a magnetic field one pole of which surrounds the
outside of the solenoid and the other pole occupies the interior.
When a current is made to pass through the solenoid it tends to move bodily
causing the lever to move round its point of flexure, now if the lever carries a
metallic point made to touch another metallic point fixed to the body of the
instrument it can be made to close or open a local circuit. .
The advantage of this arrangement is that the contact points can be placed near
the point of flexure in order that the movement of the solenoid or coil may exert a
leverage on them thus ensuring firmness of touch.
The requisite contacts for supplying the proper electrical impulses to the cable for
giving the desired signals may be made through the medium of holes punched at varying
distances apart in a uniformly travelling strip of paper or in other suitable ways.
The particular letter to be printed is determined by the time elapsing between
its signal and the signal causing the previous letter, each letter being denoted by a
certain definite interval of time peculiar to itself. By employing this method a
saving in time of dispatch is effected as the letters in most frequent use may, be
denoted by the shortest intervals.
The most suitable means to time the sending of the signal is to use a strip of
paper usually termed "slip" and having holes punched in it in a single line and the
distances between them varying according to the letters they are intended to
denote, this strip of paper is fed between rollers which pass it under the point of a
lever trailing on the surface of the strip, as soon as a hole on the paper comes
opposite the turned down point of the lever, this point drops momentarily through
a small distance, in this way a movement is given to the lever.
This lever is connected to a detent whose function is to set in operation the cycle
of movements which transmit the signal to the line.
The detent by its movement can be made to release or arrest a wheel which tends
to rotate by its being clutched to a uniformly rotating shaft.
When the detent. arrests the wheel, inclines on the faces of the clutch may cause
the wheel to be thrust end wise along the shaft until it is caught by another fixed
detent and unclutched from the shaft leaving the shaft free to continue its rotation
until, when the shaft has made a complete revolution, the wheel is pressed in the
opposite direction along the shaft by a spring and thereby again clutched to the
shaft and released from the fixed detent; it then revolves with the shaft, having
been detained while the shaft made one revolution.

page_text: ,
The movement of the wheel end wise of the shaft may by the use of two inclines
or cam surfaces be caused to take place in two steps-the first freeing the wheel
from the shaft and the second taking place after the shaft has completed a portion
of a revolution whilst the wheel remains at rest.
These two moveinents of the wheel along the shaft may give corresponding
movements to one arm of a lever held up to it by a spring.
The movements of the lever can be arranged to make the contacts necessary for
the group of charges required for each signal.
The first movement makes a contact which connects. one pole of the battery to
the line the other being connected to earth-the second movement reverses the
contacts connecting the pole of the battery which before went to earth to the line
and the one that was coupled to the line to earth. The return movement of the
lever is similarly made in two steps-the first backward movement again reverses
the battery connections and the second cuts the battery off altogether from the line.
We will now describe the way in which the signals transmitted can be made to
print the characters they are intended to denote.
The types are formed on the rim of a light wheel and are kept inked by an inking
roller bearing upon them.
The letters of the alphabet are arranged on the type wheel in the order of the
greatest frequency of use.
This type wheel is mounted on a shaft to which a rotary motion can be given in
a uniform manner so that the receiver may be kept in unison with the transmitter.
The power may be communicated to the type wheel shaft by two toothed wheels,
both wheels running on but not fixed to the type wheel shaft and driven at different
speeds, one slow and the other much faster, either of these two wheels can be made
to carry the type wheel round by making it friction tight on the shaft the other
wheel running loose.
In this way the motion of either wheel can be communicated to the type wheel
fast or slow by any suitable means of setting up friction at one or the other power
delivering wheels.
The use of the slower speed is to present the types on their wheel in succession
opposite a strip of paper in order that when the right one arrives its impression may
be taken; and the use of the faster one is to bring the type wheel rapidly to the
starting point in as short a space of time as possible after the impression is taken.
When the signal notifying a letter arrives from the telegraph line it is made to
move a detent as already described and this movement is made to liberate a train
of mechanism resulting in a letter being printed.
The type wheel is subjected to the following movements on the arrival of the signal.
Its motion is arrested when the intended letter or character comes opposite the
paper, this motion having previously been started by the preceding signal, then the
impression is taken, after this the type wheel and shaft quickly brought to
the starting point and waits there until the effects due to the signal in the cable are
cleared lastly after a definite interval from the arrival of the signal, the type
wheel is allowed to revolve at its slowest motion which continues until arrested by
the next signal and the cycle is then repeated.
In this way the particular letter to be printed depends upon the interval of time
between each signal; a definite interval for each character.
The various movements may be brought about in the following manner.
The detent on being moved by the signal allows an axis called the printing axis
which is ordinarily at rest to make one revolution or an aliquot part of a revolution,
this axis carries cams which move levers and effect the necessary changes.
On this axis a wheel is ordinarily running loose, its motion being given to it by
the source of power working the machine.
When the detent by which the axis is held at rest is withdrawn the axis and the
motion wheel become locked until the detent again retains the axis.
To effect this the wheel may be made to revolve between two bosses each held
by light friction up to the wheel. One of these bosses is fixed to the axis and the

page_text: other admits of a slight movement round it. An arm projecting from the latter
boss engages with the detent above mentioned, the boss itself has a sloping
projection on its side which fits into a corresponding recess in a boss which is fast
on the axis.
When the detent is pulled away by the signal the boss from which the arm
projects is carried along with the moving wheel by friction and the sloping
projection above mentioned takes the axis along with it the slope causing a jamming
action which locks the wheel and the bosses on the axis securely together.
The axis carries a number of cams the first of which to come into operation is
one which arrests the type wheel by means of an escape wheel on the type wheel
shaft having teeth corresponding to the types on their wheel. The cam alluded to
operates a detent which engages in the teeth of the escape wheel and by this means
the type wheel is detained while an impression is being taken, the type wheel being
moved by slight friction is readily detained.
wheel
The next cam to act is one that pushes the paper against the arrested
type
to take an impression, after this the detent which detained the type wheel is with-
drawn and then a cam on the axis acts upon a lever and causes the rapidly revolving
wheel to be coupled to the type wheel shaft in order to bring this shaft sharply to
the starting point where it is held by a tooth on the escape wheel which is longer
than the others and which is caught by the detent which operates the escape wheel.
The type wheel being brought to the starting point, the fast wheel is set loose
from the type wheel shaft and the slow wheel is coupled to it by friction but slips
until another cam on the printing axis pushes the detent from the long tooth of the
escape wheel and the type wheel then rotates at its slow speed until arrested by
the next signal when the same cycle is repeated.
It is to be observed that the printing, quick motion to starting point and starting
operations take place within a certain definite interval depending on the time of a
revolution or aliquot part of a revolution of the printing axis, at the end of this
interval the telegraph line has been cleared and ready for the next signal and at
this moment the type wheel is allowed to rotate at its slow rate presenting each
character to the paper one by one in the order of their assumed greatest frequency
of use.
It is obvious that parts of this invention are applicable to repeating from one
cable to another.
Dated this 2nd day of October 1893.
GEORGE DRAPER.
ANGUS FRASER.
Improvements in Electric Telegraphs, and Mechanism used in
connection therewith.
We, GEORGE DRAPER, Secretary of The Eastern Telegraph Company Limited
and ANGUS FRASER, Electrician, both of 11 Old Broad Street, in the City of
London, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the
same is to be performed to be particularly described and ascertained in and by
the following statement:-
Our improvements are devised mainly with a view to establish a type printing
system on submarine cables.
In the first place we will describe improved relay instruments whereby feeble
electric impulses such as can be received through a long submarine cable can be
made to produce corresponding impulses but of much greater strength and such as
are adapted to work a circuit closer in connection with a type printing instrument.
Figure of the annexed drawing shews in a diagrammatic way such a relay.
:

page_text: instrument. A is a small fan driven by an electro motor or otherwise. B B are two
nozzles through which jets of air propelled by the fan are delivered. C is a pallet
standing between the two nozzles; it is moveable about the centre C¹. This pallet
is connected say with a suspended coil such as used in a Thomson recorder so that
when the coil is moved by an impulse received from the cable, the pallet also
noves towards one or other of the nozzles. D D are strictures in the branch pipes
leading to the nozzles B B; they are for the purpose of so limiting the passage of
air along the branch pipes that the movement of the tongue C towards one of the
nozzles B may increase the pressure in the pipe leading to this nozzle, whilst on
the other side the departure of the tongue from the nozzle diminishes the
pressure. E E are connections by which the branched air pipes are placed in
communication with a chamber F. The chamber F is divided into two parts by a
diaphragm G with which is connected a stem G'. The pallet C when it is moved
by the impulse transmitted through the telegraph line checks the escape of air by
one of the nozzles and gives greater freedom for its escape by the other. Thus a
difference of pressure on the two sides of the diaphragm G is brought about and
the diaphragm being of considerable area a comparatively powerful movement
results. The movements of the stem G¹ are utilised to open and close the circuit
of a local battery. The movements of the stem G¹ may if desired be reinforced by
duplicating the apparatus that is to say by causing the stem to control the issue of
air from a pair of nozzles in the same way as the tongue C operates.
Figure 2 is a front elevation and Figure 3 is a side elevation of another cable
relay made in accordance with our invention. H is a coil of fine insulated wire
which receives electric impulses from the cable. I and J are the two poles of a
strong magnet, one pole is within the coil and the other surrounds it. It results
from this arrangement that an electric impulse passing in the coil produces a
movement of the coil parallel to the axis of the pole piece I. The coil H is
carried by a light but rigid rod K which at its upper end is suspended from a fixed
support by a steel spring L. At the upper end of the rod K there is a current
closing pin K and opposite to it and adjusted to close proximity is a corresponding
contact M. The contact points being near the points of flexure of the suspended
parts and the coil at some distance away the coil is enabled to act with a leverage
sufficient to ensure firmness of touch.
Our invention also relates to a new method of telegraphing by which we are
able to work type printing instruments with conciderable rapidity through cable
lines. For each letter or sign which we desire to print at the further end of the
line we send three electric impulses into the cable. The first and the last of these
are of the same sign and the middle impulse is of opposite sign to either of the
others and of a duration equal to their sum. It is this middle impulse which
determines the action of the type printing receiving instrument and the other
impulses serve to prepare and to clear the line, so that the operative impulse may
be received with the sharpness which is desirable. The way in which we prefer to
carry into practice this method of operating we will presently more fully describe
by reference to the drawings.
Another feature of our invention illustrated by the figures of the drawings which
we will presently describe is that we provide synchronously running motors in both
the transmitting apparatus and the receiving apparatus and each letter or sign is
denoted by a certain definite interval of time peculiar to itself. By employing this
method a saving in time of dispatch is effected as the letters in most frequent use
may be denoted by the shortest intervals.
The most suitable means to time the sending of the signal is to use a strip, of
paper usually termed "slip" and having holes punched in it in a single line and
the distances between them varying according to the letters they are intended to
denote, this strip of paper is fed between rollers which pass it under a pin trailing
on the surface of the strip, as soon as a hole on the paper comes opposite the pin
it drops momentarily through a small distance, in this way a movement is given to
the lever.

page_text: This lever is connected to a detent whose function is to set in operation the cycle
of movements which transmit the signal to the line.
The detent by its movement arrests a wheel which is rotated by being clutched
to a uniformly rotating shaft.
When the detent arrests the wheel, inclines on the faces of the clutch cause the
wheel to be thrust end wise along the shaft until it is caught by another fixed detent
and unclutched from the shaft. When the inclines permit a spring causes the
wheel to move in the opposite direction along the shaft and when the shaft has
made a complete revolution the wheel is again clutched with the shaft and released
from the fixed detent.
The movements of the wheel endwise along the shaft are by the use of two
inclines caused to take place in two steps in each direction. In the first step the
battery circuit is closed; at the second step the contacts are reversed; and changes
in the reverse order take place as the wheel returns.
The type printing receiver also constitutes an important part of this invention.
A type wheel prints the letters and signs and it receives its motion from a motor
which runs synchronously with the motor contained in the transmitter at the other
end of the cable. The arrival by cable of an electric impulse gives rise to the
following sequence of events:-The type wheel is stopped and the printing takes
place; the type wheel is then started again and rapidly brought to a zero point;
here for an instant the type wheel is stopped; next the type wheel is started again
at a definite instaut and then it runs on until another properly timed electric
impulse arriving by cable stops it in the position required for printing another
letter or sign. This routine continues throughout the period of working.
We prefer to arrange the mechanism in the following manner:-The types are
formed on the rim of a light wheel and are kept inked by an inking roller bearing
upon them.
The letters of the alphabet are arranged on the type wheel in the order of the
greatest frequency of use.
This type wheel is mounted on a shaft to which a rotary motion can be given in
a uniform manner so that the receiver may be kept in unison with the transmitter.
The power is communicated to the type wheel shaft by two toothed wheels, both
wheels running on but not fixed to the type wheel shaft and driven at different
speeds, one slow and the other much faster, either of these two wheels can be made
to carry the type wheel round by making it friction tight on the shaft the other
wheel running loose.
In this way the motion of either wheel can be communicated to the type wheel
fast or slow by setting up friction at one or the other power delivering wheels.
The slower speed presents the types in succession opposite a strip of paper in
order that when the right one arrives its impression may be taken. The faster
speed brings the type wheel rapidly to the starting point in as short a space of
time as possible after the impression has been taken.
When the signal notifying a letter arrives from the telegraph line it is made to
move a detent which liberates a train of mechanism resulting in a letter, being
printed and the sequence of events as stated above.
The detent on being moved by the signal allows an axis called the printing axis
which is ordinarily at rest to make one revolution or an aliquot part of a revolution,
this axis carries cams which move levers and effect the necessary changes.
Figure 4 is a front elevation (with the casing removed) of a transmitting and
receiving instrument constructed in accordance with our invention.
Figures 5 and 6 are end elevations, the former as seen from the left and the
latter as seen from the right of Figure 4.
Figure 7 is a plan of the instrument.
Figures 8 to 20 show details separately.
The central space in the instrument is occupied by a motor, on the right is the
transmitter and on the left is the receiver.

page_text: THE MOTOR.
The motor shown in the drawings is an electric motor; it is provided with
a governor which keeps the speed constant so long as the adjustment remains
unchanged but admits of easy regulation by the operator. This motor receives
current to drive it from any suitable source. We would here remark that it is
not essential that the motor should be driven electrically other motors which
are equally under control may be substituted but approximate synchronism between
the motors in use together one at each end of the telegraph cable is necessary.
In the motor shown a is a cylindrical armature mounted on a vertical axis a¹
and bare the pole pieces of a field magnet wound in series with the armature.
is a wheel governor mounted on the armature axis. The periphery of the wheel
is not all of a piece but a portion c¹ is connected by a flexible strip of metal cand
is moveable around this joint by the action of centrifugal force which however is
opposed by springs c³ and c¹. A contact spring or brush c³ is fixed to the part c
and in the drawings is seen resting on an insulated collar d (see Figure 8) which
surrounds the axis a¹ and in which the axis is free to revolve. When the centri-
fugal force overpowers the springs the brush e lifts out of contact with the collar d.
The spring is adjustable in the manner indicated in Figure 9; its end being
attached to one arm of a bell crank whilst the other arm is pressed upon by a pin a
contained within the axis a' and abutting at its upper end upon an adjusting screw e.
The current which drives the motor passes by the spring, the collar d and
contact spring ; it thus reaches the uninsulated parts of the instrument, the
circuit is completed through the coils of the armature, field magnet coils and the
brushes of the motor which are seen at g g.
The motor axis a' by means of a bevelled wheel upon it drives two trains of
wheels, one belonging to the transmitter and the other to the receiver.
THE TRANSMITTER.
In the transmitter there is a train of wheels consisting of a bevelled wheel
and pinion on a horizontal axis and then follow wheels h h h h h On the
axis there is a grooved roller over which a narrow strip or tape of strong
paper is led. This tape is marked a portion of it is shown by Figure 10. In
the paper tape as will be seen a single row of holes is punched; the distance
between hole and hole signifies a letter or sign to be indicated at the other end of
the cable line. The tape is led over the guide rollers and i' and then around the
grooved paper roller . The roller in revolving advances the tape which is
pressed against its face by the upper roller k. The roller k is mounted upon a stud
fixed upon a lever arm k¹ carried by an axis contained in the socket ³ ³ is a
spring attached as seen in Figure 11 to a stud forming part of the lever arm k¹;
this spring serves to apply a light but sufficient pressure to the tape. The guide
roller it will be seen is mounted upon the lever arm k¹ and consequently any
strain upon the tape in rear of the guide roller serves to increase the nip of the
roller upon the tape. is a pin and when a hole in the paper tape i passes
beneath this pin, it drops in and for an instant stops the forward motion of the
tape until the pin is lifted again. The pin is carried by an arm on the axis
seen in Figure 11; a spring attached to the arm causes the pin to sink into the
boles in the tape and the axis partially to rotate. The axis has another
arm and when the pin drops in, the end of this arm comes within range of the
rowel wheel m and stops its rotation. The wheel m up to this time had been kept
in movement by connection with its axis on which however it is free both to turn
and to move endwise. The axis is fast with the wheels * and * and consequently
rotates continuously at a regular speed. The connection between the axis and the
wheel m is by means of inclined clutching parts, a V projection m¹ fast with the
sleeve or hollow axis of the wheel is lodged in a corresponding recess m² fast with
the continuously rotating axis. When the wheel m is stopped from rotating the

page_text: inclines m¹ and m³ cause it to slide along the axis from right to left as seen in
Figure 6; at a short interval after the first movement the continuously revolving
incline m³ oparates to slide the wheel m a further distance towards the left. The
way in which these movements are utilised will be presently described. The
wheel m is now detained by the stationary pin or detent m' projecting between its
teeth. The hollow axis or sleeve of the wheel m it will be seen in Figure 6 and 11
abuts upon an arm n' which is fixed upon a vertical axis n and the axis is provided
with a second arm n which abuts in turn upon the arm on the axis / and at this
contact an adjusting screw is provided as the drawing shows. This connection
causes the arm to be lifted away from the wheel m whilst the wheel is securely
retained from revolving by the detent m'. The pin is thus lifted out of the hole
in the tape and the tape then travels on. As the rotation of the axis continues
the inclines m' and m³ pass each other and the wheel m returns from left to right
in two steps the counterparts of those which it made when moving in the reverse
direction. On the completion of a rotation of the axis the parts have regained the
position indicated by the drawing and the wheel m will start again and will continue
to rotate until another hole in the tape causes another stoppage.
The sleeve on which is the wheel'm carries at its end the insulated button m
which works as a pusher to operate the circuit closing keys which we will now
describe. o is an ebonite block upon which are a series of contact makers o¹ 03 03 0¹.
When o is lifted from o' which is its normal position the circuit of the sending
battery is open, and under these circumstances no current can pass whatever be
the position of the other contact closing keys. o³ and o are. battery terminals of
opposite sign. o and o* are the cable connections or rather it will usually be the
connections with the sending condensers of the cable line. When o¹ to o are all
in contact the sending battery is on. o and o are also battery terminals of opposite
sign and of course insulated electrically the one from the other although
mechanically connected. The fingers o' and o* both project from an axis o' made
as shown in Figure 12 in two metallic parts separated by vulcanite and pinned
together with an ivory pin. Springs 010 seen in Figures 13 and 14 press upon the
fingers o' and o tending to lift them away from contact with o" and 0°. On the
axis o' there is also an arm o" and the upper end of this arm stands immediately
in front of the button m. The button m being moved in the manner already
described presses on the arm o" and so moves the fingers o' and 08. The fingers
first descend a short distance but not so far as to close with o* and of and here they
pause. The effect is to allow the spring contact closer o³ to descend on to o¹ which
previously it had been prevented from doing by a pin o" which is able to slide up
and down through a guide and which abuts both on o* and o. The battery current
now passes by o³, o and of, 06. After the proper interval the fingers make their
second downward movement and in so doing separate the contacts o³, o and of, o
whilst at the same time closing contacts of o³ and o³ 0. In this way the battery
connections are reversed. After a further interval the fingers rise, first one step,
again changing the battery connections and then a second step opening the battery
circuit. All this it will be understood happens during one revolution of the
wheel h, and the whole goes to produce a single action at the receiving end of the
cable. The events in the working of the transmitter may be summarised as
follows: The pin l falls into a hole in the tape i and stops the wheel m and also
stops the onward movement of the tape. At short but definite intervals after this
the tape is started again, the requisite electric contacts are made and the wheel m
is released to run until another perforation in the tape causes another stoppage
of the tape and wheel. No extreme precision in the distances between the holes
in the tape is required for any deviation short of that which would cause one
tooth of the wheel m to be caught instead of another has no influence on the time
intervals between the electrical impulses transmitted to the cable.
THE RECEIVER.
and

page_text: r
itself into single effective impulse reaching the receiving end of the cable,
and here it is caused to act on the relay which closes a local circuit. The
local circuit includes an electro magnet p (see Figure 15) which in attracting its
armature withdraws a detent p¹ and releases a three armed piece p which is in
frictional contact with a continuously revolving disc
is fast with
The disc
g.
two toothed wheels q¹ and 72 and all turn freely upon a cam shaft r. The wheel q¹
receives its movement through intermediate wheels q³ q* from the pinion which
drives the wheel in the receiver. is a boss fast upon the axis and at this
boss and the piece p² are provided with inclines so arranged that as the piece p
commences to move, it jams itself fast with the boss r¹ and axis and both continue
to revolve until the detent p again catches upon the piece p²; that is to say they
make one complete revolution. The wheels 71 and 42 engage with and drive two
other wheels s and 2 which turn freely upon the axis s, and this axis carries a type
wheel which is fast upon the axis. is a friction clutch sliding on the axis s
and making fast with it when required, one or the other of the wheels s' or s
The friction clutch is moved by a pin or short arm & on the vertical axis 8°.
There is another arm s on this axis and this by a link is connected with the
arm of the horizontal axis 10 and on this latter axis there is a controlling
lever 811
(see Figure 16) the movements of which are governed by cams and an
auxiliary lever as is hereinafter more fully described.
Upon the type wheel axis s there is a wheel t (see Figure 17) having ratchet
teeth; without this wheel the axis cannot turn but the wheel can slide along the
axis a short distance. ' is a catch lever which when allowed to drop in, stops the
wheel t and with it the type wheel; for it may be here stated that the normal
state of affairs at the time when the electro magnet p receives an impulse is for the
wheel to be in motion and for the catch lever t¹ to be held off by the cam as is
shown by the Figure 17. Immediately the cam commences to move it allows
the lever t' to stop the wheel t and also the type wheel and then the printing takes
place. At w is shown the paper tape which is to receive the impression, it passes
over a roller u' carried by a lever which at the proper time is raised so as to
The
bring the paper into contact with the type wheel by a cam 3 on the axis r.
paper tape is also held between two rollers u³ and u. On the axis of the lower
roller there is a star wheel u° (see Figure 18) and after the printing, a tooth
on the cam shaft turns the wheel u one step and this is sufficient to move the
paper tape on the distance requisite to space the letters.
applying ink to the type on the wheel s³.
u is an ink roller for
When sufficient time has been allowed for the printing to take place, the cam r²
moves the lever t¹ and allows the wheel t to move on.
The clutch is at this time holding the wheel & fast with the axis which
consequently is driven at high speed and the type wheel is rapidly brought to its
zero point where it is stopped by one of the long teeth t2 t2 on the wheel t coming
against the head of the lever t'. It should be mentioned here that although two
teeth are provided only one of them is in use at a time, they are in different
planes, one operates when printing letters and the other when printing numerals.
As the wheel t comes to rest the cam t' which is fast with it trips a latch s¹ on
the head of the lever s¹¹ and allows it to be drawn back by its spring 15; in this way
the clutch is shifted and the wheel then drives the axis s at slow speed. The
next event is that the cam moves the lever t¹ clear of the long tooth t and allows
the wheel t and type wheel s to start and they continue to travel until stopped in
The liberation of the
consequence of another action of the electro magnet p.
tooth is the last act performed in the revolution of the shaft r, immediately
afterwards the detent p¹ engages the piece p' and the shaft ceases to revolve.
The cam has two projections but they are in different planes; and one or other
operates according as one or other of the teeth t is for the time being serving as
the zero point.
On the type wheel there are two blanks or spaces without type and to change
from letters to figures the type wheel stopped at one of these spaces. On the

page_text: boss or sleeve of the wheel t there are as is seen in Figure 19 inclined projections t*t*
which when a change is to be made stand opposite to the head of a lever 10 (see
Figure 20) which then is thrown forward by a cam on the cam shaft and it
strikes one or other of the projections t and shifts the wheel t one way or other
along the axis as is required, according to the position in which the stoppage has
taken place. A spring catch retains the wheel in the position on the shaft in
which the lever wo places it.
During the pause which is allowed for printing, the cam 78 on the cam shaft
operates upon the lever and thrusts it back against the resistance of its spring.
The catch on the head of the lever s" then engages the head of the lever¹ and
when the cam³ permits, the lever s draws the lever s" forward, the spring of the
former overpowering that of the latter. This movement of the lever " makes q
and the driving wheels and the movement of the wheel is consequently rapid
when the cam 2 starts it again after printing.
:-
The routine working of the receiver may be summed up as follows:-
Whilst the type wheel is travelling at the slower rate and as the letter to be
printed arrives at the printing position, the electro magnet p receives an impulse
and the type wheel is in consequence stopped. After printing the type wheel is
started again and is rapidly brought to the zero point and stopped. Finally at the
end a certain definite interval from the arrival of the electric impulse the type
wheel is started again at slow speed. It continues to travel until another electric
impulse causes it to stop or failing this until all the letters have passed and the
zero point is again reached.
It will be seen that which letter or sign is printed depends on the length of the
time between the arrival of two electric impulses at the receiving end of the cable
and this depends only on the distance between the holes in the tape used at the
transmitting end, if we assume that the two motors run synchronously. A slight
imperfection in the synchronism is unimportant and does not interfere in any way
with the perfect action of the mechanism and this is the case so long as the
deviation is not so large as to cause a wrong tooth of the wheel t to be taken; the
margin is considerable as the error is not cumulative.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of our said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed we declare that what we
claim is :-
1. A telegraph relay substantially as described in which a pallet is moved by
impulses transmitted through a telegraph line between two nozzles from which jets
of air issue and in which the resulting differences of air pressure in the passages
leading to the nozzles is utilised to obtain a powerful movement of parts of the
telegraph receiving apparatus.
2. A telegraph relay operated by means of an air blast substantially in the
manner described in respect to Figure 1 of the annexed drawings.
3. A telegraph relay substantially as described in which an annular coil is moved
bodily in a magnetic field by impulses transmitted through a telegraph line; such
coil being carried at one end of a rod which is free to move about a centre at the
other end and near which centre circuit closing contacts are provided.
4. A telegraph relay substantially as shown by the Figures 2 and 3 of the
annexed drawings.
5. A type printing telegraph in which for each printing a group of three electric
impulses is sent substantially as described into a cable line; the middle impulse
being that which determines the action of the receiving instrument whilst the
other impulses, which are of opposite sign and in their sum of the same duration
as the middle impulse, serve to prepare and to clear the line.
6. A type printing telegraph transmitter so arranged substantially as described
that each hole in a perforated tape causes three electric impulses to be transmitted,
the second impulse being different in sign and of longer duration than either of
the others.

page_text: 7. A type printing telegraph transmitter so arranged substantially as described.
that the movement of a lever caused by the aid of a perforated tape or by like
means stops the rotation of a wheel carried upon a shaft driven by a motor and
thereby cause inclines connected with the wheel and shaft to move the wheel
end wise and to operate circuit closing parts in a manner to send into the cable the
group of impulses required to determine the printing of a letter or sign.
8. A type printing telegraph transmitter substantially as described and illustrated.
by the Figures 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14.
9. A type printing telegraph receiver so arranged substantially as described that
a type wheel is started from a zero point at a definite interval after an electric
impulse has been received through the line and is arrested and caused to print at
another short interval after the arrival of another impulse, so that the interval of
time between the transmitted impulses determines the letter or sign which is.
printed.
10. A type printing telegraph receiver substantially as described in which there
is a synchronous motor and a cam shaft and appliances which on the arrival of an.
electric impulse cause the cam shaft to be turned by the motor whilst the cams.
effect the stoppage of the type wheel the printing, the restarting of the type
wheel, its stoppage at a zero point and its final release and either with or without
appliances for propelling the type wheel at different speeds.
11. A type printing telegraph receiver substantially as described and illustrated.
by Figures 4, 5, 6, 7, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 and 20 of the annexed drawings.
12. A type printing telegraph substantially as described in which by means of a
synchronous motor and a perforated tape or other suitable appliance electric
impulses are sent through the line to a type printing receiving instrument in which
also is a synchronous motor and a train of mechanism driving a type wheel and
appliances which on the arrival of an electric impulse cause the sequence of events.
consisting of the stoppage of the type wheel, the printing, the return of the type:
wheel to a zero point and in due time the restarting of the type wheel.
Dated this 29th day of June 1894.
GEORGE DRAPER.
ANGUS FRASER.