AN IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR TORRIFYING, BAKING, AND ROASTING VEGETABLE SUBSTANCES, WHICH, WITH CERTAIN MODIFICATIONS AND ADDITIONS, IS ALSO APPLICABLE TO THE EVAPORATION AND CONCENTRATION OF SACCHA- RINE JUICES AND OTHER LIQUIDS
Year: 1836

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, MILES
BERRY, of the Office for Patents, Chancery Lanc, in the County of Middlesex,
Civil Engineer and Mechanical Draftsman, send greeting.
WHEREAS His present most Excellent Majesty King William the Fourth,
by His Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing
date at Westminster, the Thirteenth day of June, in the sixth year of His
reign, and in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and thirty-
six, did, for Himself, His heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said Miles Berry, His especial license, full power, sole privilege and authority,
that 1, the said Miles Berry, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or
such others as I, the said Miles Berry, my exccutors, administrators, or
assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and
at all times during the term of years therein mentioned, should and lawfully
might make, use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and the Town
of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and also in all His Majesty's Colonies and Planta-
tions abroad, an Invention of " AN IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR TORRIFYING, BAKING,
AND ROASTING VEGETABLE SUBSTANCES, WHICH, WITH CERTAIN MODIFICATIONS AND
ADDITIONS, IS ALSO APPLICABLE TO THE EVAPORATION AND CONCENTRATION OF SACCHA-
RINE JUICES AND OTHER LIQUIDS," being a communication from a foreigner
residing abroad; in which said Letters Patent is contained a proviso, obliging
me, the said Miles Berry, by an instrument in writing under my hand and
Price Rd 3

page_text: seal, particularly to describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention,
and in what manner the same is to be performed, and to cause the same
to be inrolled in His Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said in part recited Letters.
Patent, as in and by the same, reference being thereunto had, will more fully
and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Miles Berry, do hereby declare that the nature of the said Invention, and tho
manner in which the same is to be performed, are particularly described and
ascertained in and by the following description thereof, reference being had to
the Drawings hereunto annexed, and to the letters and figures marked thercon
(that is to say)—
This Invention of improved apparatus for torrefying, baking, and roasting
vegetable substances, which; with certain modifications and additions is also
applicable to the evaporation and concentration of saccharine juices and other
liquids, is, in the first instance, more particularly applicable to the process of
torrefying, baking, or roasting mealy or floury vegetable substances, such as
wheat or potato starch, flour; or fecula, and is particularly applicable to the
process of making or manufacturing an article of commerce commonly called
"British gum," which is a mucilaginous matter used by calico printers as a
substitute for foreign gums, for the purpose of thickening their colours, or as
a vehicle for mixing and carrying them, and is formed of potato or wheat.
starch, or fecula, torrefied or roasted to the proper degree according to the
purpose for which it is required; and which improved apparatus is also
applicable-to-the-torrefying, baking, or washing grain or seeds, whole or
unground. And further, this improved'apparatus, by means of certain modi-
fications and additions, is also applicable to the evaporation and concentration
of syrups, juices, or salinė solutions. Ishall, therefore, proceed first to describe
the application of this improved apparatus to the process or operation of
torrefying, baking, or roasting vegetable substances, such as starch, meal,
flour, or fecula, for the purpose of making "British gun," and then describe
the modifications and additions necessary for its application to the process of
evaporating syrups or saline solutions.
The several Figures in Sheet 1 are representations of the apparatus in the
first part of this application. Fig. 1 is a front elevation of the apparatus;
Fig. 2 is a plan or horizontal view; Fig. 3 is an end view; and Fig. 4 is a
vertical section, taken in the direction of the dotted lines A, B, and C, D, in
Figures 2 and 3. The same letters of reference being marked
upon
similar
parts in all these Figures.

page_text: A, A, is the brickwork of the fire-place, which has two cylindrical retorts
or torrefying chambers F, F, of similar construction placed therein; B is the
door of the furnace; C, inside of the furnace or the fire-place; D, fire bars
or grate; E, the ash-pit; 9, 9, registers or dampers, placed edgeways in the
brickwork and flues, and moving horizontally to direct at pleasure the heat
from the fire under the one or the other of the torrefying chambers; H,H,H,
are the flues formed in the side and in the back of the furnace, the former
conducting the heat under the ovens or torrefying vessels; i (Fig. 2) is a
damper or register, moving vertically to open or close at pleasure the aper-
ture H in the back of the furnace (see Fig. 3); k, l, are other registers, also
noving vertically to open or shut the passage of the smoke to the chimney;
m is the main or direct flue, constructed of iron or brickwork, and forming
the chimney through which the smoke of the furnace escapes. This chimney
is divided into two parts by a vertical partition n, Fig. 2, in order to divide
the smoke, which rises on the opening of the register k, from the smoke
ascending into the chimney through the register or damper l. v, o, Fig. 4,
are apertures or doors formed in the brickwork on each side of the furnace,
and are closed air-tight, except when it is necessary to open them to inspect
the interior of the furnace or the under part of the torrefying chambers.
DESCRIPTION OF THE CYLINDRICAL OVENS OR TORREFYING CHAMBERS.
The two chambers or ovens being of the same construction, it will be
sufficient to describe one of them. The torrefying chamber is made of copper
or other suitable metal, and is represented in detached views, Figs. 5 and 6, the
first of which is a vertical section taken longitudinally, and the other a traus-
verse vertical section of the same. The chamber is about four feet long, made
in two parts placed over one another; the upper part p is the cover, which
may vary in size from one-fourth to one-eighth of the circumference of the
chamber; the lower part is formed of two sheets of metal, the internal one q
and the external one r, there being an intermediate space or capacity s of
about one inch and a half between them to receive oil, thereby forming a hot
or fluid bath for the chamber. The cover and the body part of the chamber
are united together at by means of flanges projecting from the cover, and
screw bolts, to make the joints tight by unscrewing the bolts; the cover p
may be removed and the interior of the chamber exposed. V,V,V, are short
rectangular metal tubes, fastened to the cover p, and into these tubes are
placed the hoppers X. The ends of the torrefying chamber are closed tight

page_text: by bolts, rivet, or solder, so as not to allow the oil contained in the space s
getting into the interior. On the front end of the chamber is secured by
screw bolts a thick copper plate Y (Fig. 1), which closes the aperture or
doorway by which the substances are removed when torrefied. At the side of
the plate Y is placed a proof-cock, which is to be opened to ascertain the
state of the substance under operation. a', Fig. 1, is a metal plate fixed on
the end of the boiler to strengthen it and receive the axis of the agitator,
which will be described hereafter. The plate Yis furnished with two wooden
handles b1, 61, by which it can be removed when the screws are unfastened.
Or, instead of constructing the doorway and the front end of the chamber in
the manner just described, it may be thought preferable to suppress the plates
a¹ and Y and the proof-cock z, and construct the parts in the manner repre-
sented in detached front view Fig. 7, and in section at Fig. 8, which I shall
now describe. q, r, are the two plates of metal forming the double bottom
boiler, with the space c¹ between them, into which space is introduced at the
part where the door of the boiler is formed two plates of metal D¹, E', of the
same form as a third or external plate F¹. The one plate of metal D¹ is
rivetted and brazed to the internal face of the plate q, and the plate E1 is
rivetted and brazed to the internal face of the plate r, the junction between
the parts being made perfect by lead placed between them, and the whole
screwed together, as will be described. The third external plate F¹ is pierced
with fire holes q¹, into which screw bolts are passed firmly attached to the
plate. The stuffing box or bearing is shewn in detached front and side views,
Figs. 9 and 10. This stuffing box has a central hole or bearing ¹ corre-
sponding to the hole g in the plate F', through which is passed the axis of
an internal agitator, hereafter described. The cap forming the door of the
chamber is secured by four screw bolts m³, passed into holes formed in
the lower part of the plate F¹, the cap being shewn detached in a side
and front view at Figures 11 and 12. The door or cap has a groove n to
receive the bolts 2 when applied against the plate F; the proof cock of in
this instance is placed in the centre of the door, which is also provided with
woodden handles. I shall now return to the description of the former
Figures.,, Figures 1 and 2, are strong iron bars, the ends of which rest
on the brickwork of the furnace, their centre parts carrying bearings or
plummer boxes a³, a³, to receive the ends of the axis of the agitator; m' are
thermometers, placed in the oil contained in the space or capacity & to
indicate its temperature, and n¹ isa pipe also communicating with the space s
o' is a funnel placed on the top of this pipe, and p¹ is a curved pipe con
ducting oil from an adjoining room for filling the capacity s when required

page_text: Qis a cock placed on the pipe p¹, to open or close the passage of the oil.
When it is desired to supply the bath of the torrefying chamber placed on
the left side, another pipe long enough to reach the funnel o³ is used to
conduct the oil thereto. 1 is a pipe communicating with the oil bath s,
to allow the escape of the gas formed by the heated oil; and s¹ is a pipe also
communicating with the baths, and serves to regulate the height of the oil
therein, and to let off any excess which may be introduced. A pipe t'
connects the lower part of the baths with a recipient situated in an adjoining
room; this pipe is provided with a cock u', through which the baths is
emptied of its contents. V₁ represents the wall which separates the room
where the apparatus is placed; from the adjoining one X' is an iron tube or
flue, leading from the flue y' under the chambers to the chimney m.
This is a most essential part of the apparatus, and is represented in longi-
tudinal and end views in the detached Figures 13 and 14, and when placed
inside the torrefying chamber and put in a continuous rotary motion, its
purport is to rake up and continually agitate the starch, fecula, or othe
floury or mealy. substances introduced in the oven to be torrefied. This
agitator is composed of the following parts :-a³ is an iron shaft or axle
passing through the centre of the chamber, as before stated, and revolving in
proper bearings placed on the bars l', see Figures 1 and 2. Upon this shaft
is mounted the metal arms 62, 62; to the extremity of these arms are fixed
by screws or otherwise, four blades c2, c², with bevel edges, as seen best in
Fig. 14, and they are notched or indented like the teeth of a saw their whole
length, see Fig. 13. The indented edges of these blades should be placed
very nearly, if not quite in contact with the sides and bottoms of the chamber
or retort against which the starch or other substance is torrefied; but when
the blades successively arrive at the top part of the chamber opposite the
cover p, the oval form of the cover leaves a small distance between it and
the blades of the agitator. The blades, instead of being notched or indented,
may be flat, or of any other shape more appropriate to the substance operated
upon, and if necessary, the agitator may have a lateral as well as rotary
motion, or the points of one blade may be placed opposite the spaces of the
next. The agitator is put in motion by a band passed from any first mover
to the pulley or rigger d², mounted on the end of its shaft; the agitator
should revolve at the rate of about forty to fifty-five revolutions a minute.

page_text: ACTION AND OPERATIONS OF THE APPARATUS.
On commencement, supposing the torrefying chamber situate on the right-
hand side of the apparatus to be put in operation, the cock Q1 (Fig. 2) should
first be opened to admit oil into the funnel o', which passes from thence
through the pipe n¹ into the capacity or space s, when the space of the bath
is filled and the oil arrives to the pipe s¹, the cock Q¹ is to be closed; the
fire being previously lighted, the right-hand damper 9 is to be opened by
drawing it outwards, the smoke and heated vapour will now pass by the
flue H and spread throughout the fluo y¹, formed between the outside of
the chamber and the brickwork, and heats the oil in the bath s. During the
time the oil is being heated, the torrefying chamber should be charged with
about one hundred and thirty pounds of starch or other mealy or floury
substance to be operated upon, which is introduced by the middle hopper X.
The agitator is set in motion and when the heat has reached from about 250
to 266 degrees Fahrenheit, which will be indicated by the thermometer m',
the greater part of the moisture contained in the substance introduced in the
chamber will be evaporated, which is much assisted by the action of the
agitator. Another one hundred and thirty pounds of the same substance is to
be introduced, care being taken to introduce the latter quantity little by little
during the space of about half an hour; when the two hundred and sixty
pounds of substance has been thus introduced in the chamber, the hoppers
must be closed with a wirework lid or any other perforated covering, and the
thermometer should be allowed to attain from 455 to about 473 degrees
Fahrenheit. A short time, say, about five or ten minutes, before the torre-
faction is completed, the right-hand damper g must be shut, and as soon as
the torrefaction is completed (which the attendant will determine by repeatedly
opening the proof cock, in order to ascertain the state of the substance under
operation), the cock u' must then be opened, and as soon as the heated oil
has been drawn out of the space or bath s, it should be filled again with cold
oil, the agitator still continuing to revolve until the thermometer be lowered
to about 302 to 329 degrees Fahrenheit, then the end door x is to be
removed, after the nuts which fasten it to the chamber have been unscrewed;
the torrefied substance can then be taken out of the chamber through the
opening. The torrefied substance when extracted from the chamber is to be
placed in large wooden troughs, and there spread on the bottoms, which are
formed of sheet copper or other metal, and after the substance is cooled it is
cooled it is to be sifted and stored away in barrels, marked with the degree
and number of the torrefied substance.

page_text: First, each operation lasts from about two hours and a half to three hours
and a half, according to the dryness or dampness of the substances operated
upon. Secondly, in case it should be wished to obtain a product deeply
colored, then the torrefying chamber is to be placed on the naked fire without
the application of the oil bath. In this case care must then be taken to
empty the chamber immediately the torrefaction is completed, and spread the
substance in thin layers to preserve the required tinge. Thirdly, instead of
employing oil for the bath in the chamber s, any other material may be used
which can be raised without danger to a degree of heat varying from 455 to
473 degrees Fahrenheit. Fourthly, the torrefying chamber shewn in the
Drawings is about four feet in length, but its dimensions may be varied
without inconvenience; when this is done the quantity of substance to be
introduced therein should vary in the same proportions. Fifthly, as it will be
be requisite from time to time to remove the torrefying chamber, in order
to clean it outside from the dirt which the oil and heat may have caused to
adhere thereto, it should be so constructed that its outer diameter may be
able to pass through the opening of the external casing or bath.
The principle and novel features of this apparatus as applied to the
torrefying, roasting, or baking vegetable substances, and which are therefore
claimed under the above in part recited Letters Patent, are,-
Firstly, the application to the torrification of vegetable substance, either
ground or ingrain, of a torrefying chamber with a double bottom or outer casing
or bath, set in connection with a furnace or fire-place, and its flues constructed
so as to admit of intercepting the heat at will, by means of registers cr
dampers. The internal chamber contains the substance to be torrefied, it
being provided with an agitator put in constant motion, while the outer casing
or bath contains oil, oily substance, or other suitable compound or mixture, or
air capable of taking up the heat proceeding from the furnace and trans-
ferring it to the chamber or oven. It will of course be understood that the
dimensions and proportions of the chamber and agitator may be varied
according to the quantity and the nature of the substance to be operated
upon.
Secondly, in the means taken to regulate the heat to which the substance
is submitted, and to cool it and the chambers, by letting off the heated oil or
other medium from the bath while the agitator continues to stir up the
torrefied substances.
Thirdly, in the method described of obtaining nearly the same product by

page_text: stuffing boxes at both extremities of the boiler, through which the shaft of
the agitator is passed; K, iron bar fixed in the brickwork, carrying proper
bearings to receive the axis of the agitator, which has pullies L on its end
(see Fig. 7) for giving it motion; M, is the front of the furnace; N, door; O,
ash-pit; Fig. 7 is a plan of the boiler. The top part E is fixed to the lower
part at p, p, p, p, when it is desired to direct the steam or other vapours
produced in the boiler towards a ventilating box, shewn detached at Figs. 81
and 91, in order to draw them off by the ventilator contained therein; thetop
of the part E of the boiler must be closed by a plate bolted on the joint,
shewn at Q, Fig. 1. From this plate extends a pipe R, communicating with
the box T (Fig. 81), to which it is connected by a joint s3; Fig. 8¹ is a front
view of the ventilating box; and Fig. 9 is a plan of the same. T is the box
or case inclined towards the exit pipe s for liquid, and also to the top of the
recipient 83.
u is the ventilator in the box, the cover of this box can be
removed when required by unscrewing the joints at x; s, is a pipe attached by
joint s', and communicating with a recipient similar to the one represented
at S, T, S, T, Fig. 31. The recipient should be provided with a graduated
tube, to shew the height of liquid in it. 1, Fig. 81, is a tube fixed into the top
of the box, having a worm on its upper end. The situation of this pipe should
be about thirty-five feet above the evaporating boiler. The worm of this pipe
s passes through a refrigerating vessel T₁, filled with water, supplied by the
pipe 1, the superabundant water escaping by the pipe u2. Rare the fans or
wings of the ventilator; Y, Y, bearings of its shaft; z, pulley mounted
thereon, to give it motion; Fig. 10' is a side elevation of the furnace and the
boiler. T is a cock for emptying the latter; A small cock placed on the pipe
branching from the pipe of the cock T; B, cup to be screwed on the end of
the branch pipe.
OPERATION OF THIS APPARATUS WITHOUT THE ADDITION OF THE VENTILATOR.
The bath or space c is first filled with oil up to the orifice of the escape
piped. The fire is then to be lighted. The proper quantity of liquid or solution
to be operated upon is then poured into the boiler; when this liquid has
reached about one hundred and twelve degrees Fahrenheit, which is easily
seen by the thermometer i of the oil, the agitator must be made to revolve
at the rate of about forty to fifty revolutions a minute, and continue so to
work until the liquid is sufficiently concentrated, the passage of the heat to the
boiler must then be shut off by closing the register or damper h2, Fig. 11, and
the revolutions of the agitator should be stopped at the same time. In order
to ascertain from time to time the degree of concentration of the liquid under

page_text: operation the small cock A³, Fig. 10' is to be opened, and the liquid will flow
into the cup B2; the cock is then shut and the cup removed, and the density
of the liquid tried by means of an hydrometer. When the operation is
completed the heat is shut off from the boiler, the agitator stopt, and the cock
T is opened, to draw off the concentrated liquid into appropiate vessels.
OPERATION OF THE SAME APPARATUS WITH THE VENTILATOR.
The only difference is in the conical aperture E, Fig. 11, which is
closed by a cover fastened by a joint Q, Q, from which rises the pipe
s², connecting the ventilating box T to the boiler; after the fire is lighted,
and when the temperature has reached about one hundred and twenty-
four degrees Fahrenheit, the agitator and ventilator are both set in motion,
and as the steam or vapour rises from the boiler up the pipe s, the
ventilator draws them with rapidity into the worm pipe s¹, Fig. S1, where
they become condensed by the cold water in the tank T. The condensed
water passes from the box T into the recipient connected to the lower end
of the pipes, which recipient is provided with a glass tube, graduated to
enable the operator to ascertain the quantity of condensed liquid which has
been collected, and this quantity should correspond to that which it was
desired to extract from the solution under operation. The state of operation
may also be ascertained by means of the cup B (Fig. 10¹), which enables the
workman to ascertain the density of the liquid by means of an hydrometer.
The operation being completed the damper or register he is closed, and the
agitator and ventilator are both stopt. When the ventilator is used the
agitator may be dispensed with. If this apparatus is intended to be used for
distilling sea water or evaporating brine all the parts of the apparatus should
be made of tinned copper.
CONCENTRATION AND EVAPORATION IN VACUO OF SYRUPS AND OTHER LIQUID
SOLUTIONS.
The apparatus is shewn in elevation at Fig. 31, Sheet 2. The concen-
tration and the boiling of syrups, &c. in vacuo is effected by means of the boiler
and apparatus, Fig. 3. The boiler has an outer casing or double-bottom
or bath, and may be made with or without flutings or corrugations, and
set in connection with a furnace similar to the one used for the torrefying
apparatus. The vacuum is produced by the condensation of steam passed
from a generator / by a pipe F, with a proper stop-cock; this pipe is con-
nected with the top of the evaporating vessel, and leads to the centre of a
condensing apparatus or refrigerator divided in two parts, the upper part is

page_text: formed of several closed chambers L, L, fluted internally to increase the
surface, and the lower part is formed of several thin closed chambers K, K,
not fluted. These chambers are placed over one another in a worm or
zig-zag shape, and communicate with one another, and by their position form
a series of condensing chambers or kind of worm for condensing the steam.
An outer casing surrounds this worm or condenser, within which cold air
is introduced by means of a ventilator.
I shall now proceed to state the manner of producing the vacuum. The
steam or vapour from the evaporating vessel first rises into the upper part ofthe
serpent or condenser, and travelling along all the fluted chambers arrives at the
left-hand one of two condensing vessels N, which is provided with two cocks,
the oue for the introduction of steam, and the other to allow the exit of the'"
air driven out by the steam. The condensing vessel is air-tight, and has no
opening except at the bottom, and is plunged in a tub or tank filled with water,
and when the vessel N is full of steam, the air pipe is closed, and the cock of
another pipe placed in the lower part of the condenser is opened; and a stream
of water from a reservoir placed above the condensing vessels being injected into
the vessel filled with steam, a condensation takes place, and the condensed
steam descends from the upper part of the refrigerator into the lower part, and '
falls through a pipe into a recipient together with all the air it may have
carried with it; thus a vacuum is produced in the apparatus; on this being
done the cock placed in the lower part of the recipient must be shut, as also
tlie pipe which conducts the steam into the boiler. The apparatus being
in this state and so prepared, the register of the furnace is opened to give
the heat access to the boiler; after the pipe connecting the boiler with the
tank containing the liquid to be operated upon has been opened, and as soon
as the vapour or steam begins to rise, a current of air is introduced into the
case of the condenser or refrigerator from the bottom, and this air acts on the
external surface of the refrigerating chambers, within which the steain from
the boiler is rising, and continually cooling them while the evaporation or
boiling of the sugar takes place; the saine effect may be produced by water
or a suitable liquid running on the flat chambers, or both water or air may be
employed in the condensor or refrigerator if desirable; if saccharine or other
solutions be used for cooling the condensor in conjunction with the ventilator,
the upper surface of the chambers of the condenser should form shallow
gutters or troughs, tae syrups or solutions must arrive by two separate pipes,
one leading to the surface of the eighth or upper fluid chamber I, and the other
on the third or upper flat chamber K, reckoning from the bottom of the
apparatus ;'all these gutters are to be surrounded by woollen or cotton cloth,

page_text: and the syrups or solutions will be transmitted from gutter to gutter, and on
all their surfaces, and become cooled by their exposure to the air introduced
by the ventilator, and thus will be produced a considerable concentration of
these juices which must be collected as they pass from the condenser in suit-
able vessels. In order to preserve the vacuum in the apparatus while a certain
quantity of air and vapour is collecting in the upper or left-hand condensing
vessel N which is in connection with the condensor or refrigerator, the
vacuum will be created in the right-hand upper condensing vessel N, by
means of a pipe with a cock leading the steam to the top of this right-hand
vessel, and out by another air pipe placed at the bottom of the same; the two
condensing vessels are each plunged in a tank filled with cold water used for
*condensing the steam. As soon as the action of the vacuum is lessened in the
whole apparatus, the connecting the condenser with the left-hand vessel is
shut, and immediately after the small cock o' must be opened, and a few
seconds afterwards the large cock o, which establishes a communication
from the condenser or refrigerator to the right-hand condensing vessel, wherein
the vacuum has been previously created; the small cock o' must be closed
as scon as the large one o² is opened; this operation is repeated by using
alternately the right or left hand condensing vessel, as often as is necessary to
maintain in the apparatus the vacuum down to the proper degree. The
required degree of concentration of the liquids operated upon will be ascer-
tained, firstly, by means of the graduated tube fixed to the left-hand recipient
placed under the condenser, which indicate exactly the quantity of water to be
extracted from a given quantity of liquid; secondly, by the time employed in
the operation, which time is invariable, if precautions have been taken to
maintain the oil bath at a constant temperature, and the vacuum at the same
degree, which is indicated by the vacuum guage; thirdly, until the workman
is well accustomed to this apparatus, he may ascertain the progress of the
operation, by extracting from time to time some of the liquid by a cane or
hollow tube passed into the boiler in the ordinary way; fourthly,
screwed on the end of a small pipe with a stop-cock attached to the pipe
which is used to empty the boiler, will admit of a small quantity of liquid
being extracted, the density of which may he tried by an hydrometer; when
the operation is terminated, the air must be admitted into the boiler through
a small cock placed in the top of the boiler, the cock for emptying the boiler
must then be opened, and the concentrated fluid allowed to run off into
appropriate vessels. If it is wished to operate upon weak juice, or to con-
tinue the evaporation for a length of time, the capacity of the left-hand
recipient placed under the condenser may not be sufficient, then the vacuum
a cup

page_text: Sputting the Cock of
the pipe connecting the left-hand recipient with the condenser, then the cock
of the pipe leading from the right-hand recipient to the condenser must be
opened.
OBSERVATIONS.
The condensing vessels described as placed above the condenser or refri-
gerator, may be placed below it, or in any other situation, and their capacity may
be varied. In case the evaporating boiler should be made larger, the capacity
of all the other parts should be increased in the same proportions, and the
chambers of the condenser or refrigerator must be multiplied, either by
placing them above the others, or in two rows; in this case the pipe leading
from the boiler should brauch into two openings, so as to conduct the vapours
to the two rows of chambers.
DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES REPRESENTING THE APPARATUS FOR BOILING
AND EVAPORATING IN VACUO, CONSTRUCTED AS ABOVE STATED, Fig. 31.
General Elevation of the Apparatus.
A, A, is the furnace similar to the one used for the torrefying apparatus ; B
is the boiler, with a fluted or corrugated bottom; C, casing or double-bottom
forming the bath d, containing oil up to the escape pipe d³; eis a steam gene-
rator in connection with another furnace; F is a pipe with a stop-cock a¹,
conducting the steam from the generator into the boiler; g is the pipe con-
ducting the steam to the middle part of the condenser or refrigerator I, K, a
vertical section of which is shewn at Fig. 41; H is a globe on the pipe g, but
it may be dispensed with if a greater diameter be given to this pipe. The
upper chambers I of the condenser or refrigerator are constructed as is
seen in Fig. 41, which also represents a section of the lower ones K; N, N,
are the two upper condensing vessels, receiving the steam after it has
passed through the upper chambers of the condenser or refrigerator; p¹, p',
cocks placed at the bottom part of the vessels, N, N, and which must be
opened alternately to allow the air to escape whenever it is requisite to
create the vacuum in these vessels; O',O' small pipes connecting the vessels
N,N, with the condenser below the pipes O2, O2, which latter pipes are
furnished with cocks, through which the condensed steam and the air pass
downwards through the chambers I, K, of the condenser in their way to the
recipient, when the cocks p', p', of the condensing vessels have been shut, and
the cocks Q1, Q1, of the recipients S, S, should be opened. The recipients S, S,
are capable of containing a quantity of water greater than that which is to be

page_text: extracted from the syrup during the operation. These recipients receive the
air and steam conducted by the pipe Q, and the air at the same time escapes
through the cock Q', which must be shut when the vacuum is produced in the
apparatus. p is a joint uniting the recipients T, T, to the condenser or
refrigerator; V, V, graduated tubes indicating the quantity of water extracted
from a quantity of: syrup. In the interior of these tubes a thermometer is
introduced to indicate the temperature of the condensed water, Fig. 4. 23,23,
steam pipes proceeding from the generator; they are provided.with cocks that
the vacuum may be alternately created in each recipient S, T, S, T, which
may be plunged into vessels supplied with a stream of cold water to condense
the steam which is used to create a vacuum therein; x (Fig. 31) is a pipe with
a stop-cock which conducts into the boiler the liquid to be concentrated
or evaporated; yis the recipient for the said liquid or solution, into which the
pipe x opens near the bottom. The workman is enabled to reckon the exact
quantity taken into the boiler at each operation by means of the graduated
tube V placed at its lower part. Z is a ventilator, which is brought into action
as soon as the liquor is introduced into the boiler, the cocks Q', A¹, and g¹
having been previously shut. This ventilator forces air into the lower part of
thecase of the condenser or refrigerator, in quantity sufficiently to cool rapidly
the liquid passing through it; the air thus forced up passes in the direction of
the arrows, and escapes at the top part. The liquid solution which is directed
from the reservoir N¹ on to the troughs of the outer surface of the chambers,
runs through pipes p 3, p 4, provided with the cocks near the vessel N¹, which
is filled with the juice or solution to be evaporated; one of the pipes p 4
brings the juice on to the surface of the upper chamber I; the other pipe 3
conducts the juice on the surface of the upper chamber K. The chambers
being surrounded with woollen or cotton cloth, as shewn by a red line in
Fig. 41, the liquor is then transmitted slowly on to the surfaces of the
chambers successively, and cools them conjointly with the air driven through
by the ventilator, by which means a rapid condensation takes place, and at the
same time the density of the liquid employed as a cooling medium is increased
without expense of fuel. The liquid or solution distributed on the upper
chamber I drops down to the 4th chamber, where it runs out thro' the cock
(Fig. 4). The liquid directed on the upper chamber K is delivered by the
pipe 25(Fig. 4). Small pipe q, q, connected with the gutter of each chamber
allows the liquid contained in these gutters to be drawn off at the end of each
day's work. C, C, Fig. 3', is the box or case of the condenser or refrigerator,
a sufficient space for the free circulation of the air being left around it; C³, C³,
are the tanks containing the condensing vessels and the water to cool them

page_text: supplied by the pipes C³, provided with cocks and communicating with the
reservoir N. There are two pipes T¹, T', to allow the excess of water to
escape. h is a thermometer indicating the temperature of the oil or any
other substance contained in the bath of the boiler; i¹ is a cock to introduce
the air in the boiler when the liquor is to be drawn off. Fig. 5¹ is a detached
view of a small funnel or vessel, to be placed on the top of the boiler, and is
furnished with two cocks, between which there is a globe containing butter or
other such like oleaginous substance, which is introduced into the globe by
shutting the lower cock and opening the upper one. When the globe is filled
the upper cock is shut to prevent the admission of air, the lower cock is
opened to introduce into the boiler a proper quantity of butter. K', in Fig. 3',
is a glass tube, indicating the quantity or the thickness of the layer of butter
introduced into the boiler to check the rising or ebullition of the liquor.
Fig 6' shews the cupola or upper part of the boiler, in which are introduced
glasses L, L, through which the interior of the boiler may be inspected while
the operation is going on. O¹, Fig. 31, are the pipes for introducing steam
in the vessels N, N, to create a vacuum therein, the pipes and cocks p1, p1,
allowing the air to escape. On the top of these vessels are fixed two small
pipes, communicating with the two vacuum guages V V2, shewn detached at
Fig. 111. Fig. 101 is a side elevation of the boiler and furnace. A³ is tho
trying cock, placed on the large cock T for emptying the internal boiler; X'is
a pipe, communicating with the reservoir B³, and is provided with a cock to
introduce liquor already warmed into the boiler, which liquor is warmed by
the heat which escapes from under the evaporating boiler. Fig. 121 is a
detached view of the communication of the boiler to the condenser or refri-
gerator, and from them to the lower recipient. Fig. 131 is a detached plan of
one of the fluted chambers I, of the condenser with its cocks. Fig. 14', section
of one of the upper condensing vessels N, with its tanks C2. Fig. 15', section
of the recipient containing the liquid about to be introduced
into the boiler.

page_text: thirty-five feet above the boiler, and provided with a rotatory fan or ventilator,
for drawing up the vapours either separately or jointly, may be applied to the
various evaporating apparatus established on other systems.
Having now particularly described the application of this improved appara-
ratus to the purposes of evaporating syrups or liquid solutions, and the modi-
fications and additions necessary for carrying the same into effect, I wish it to
be understood that I do not mean or intend to claim as novelties in this part
of the application of an oil or other bath to the boiler, nor the corrugated or
fluted bottom of the boiler or evaporating vessel, nor the evaporating of the
aqueous parts of the solutions or syrups by passing them over the surface of
shallow trays, from one to another, as they are all old contrivances and have
been before carried into effect. But what I consider novel under this appli-
cation of the apparatus is, the manner of effecting the vacuum by the two
upper condensing vessels in connection with the refrigerator or condenser and
its ventilators or rotary fans, and also the general arrangement and construction
of the apparatus in the various modifications above particularly described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Miles Berry, have hereunto set my hand
and seal, this Thirteenth day of December, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and thirty-six.
MILES (L.s.) BERRY.
AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Thirteenth day of December,
in the seventh year of the reign of His Majesty King William the Fourth,
the aforesaid Miles Berry, came before our said Lord the King in. His
Chancery, and acknowledged the instrument aforesaid, and all and every
thing therein contained and specified, in form above written. And also the
instrument aforesaid was stamped according to the tenor of the Statute made
сп
Main King Canze the