Improvements in the Manufacture of Pulp Drums, and in the Apparatus used therein.
Year: 1893

page_text: Date of Application, 10th Feb., 1893
Complete Specification Left, 10th Nov., 1893-Accepted, 30th Dec., 1893
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in the Manufacture of Pulp Drums, and in the
Apparatus used therein.
We JAMES RAPER THAME of Two Waters Mill, Boxmoor, in the County of
Hereford, Mechanical Engineer and HERBERT SANGUINETTI, of 16 Old Bond
Street, in the County of Middlesex, Gentleman do hereby declare the nature of
this invention to be as follows:-
This invention relates to the manufacture of drums, tubes, or barrels from paper
or other vegetable fibre, and consists of a series of operations for the production
of such drums, tubes or barrels in a more perfect condition than heretofore, and of
the apparatus especially devised for the carrying out of the said manufacture.
To carry our improved manufacture into effect, the pulp after being prepared in
the usual way common to the preparation of pulp from waste-paper, wood
pulp &c. &c. as carried on in all paper or millboard mills is passed from the
"stuff" chest to the drum chest of an ordinary millboard making machine or on to
the wire of an ordinary paper machine "wet end."
In either case the usual press rolls are replaced by the following arrangement
of collapsing jacket rolls, which are a more perfect arrangement of the roll devices
shown in J. K. Thame's Specification No. 346, January 9th 1888.
This roll consists of a wrought iron or steel shaft, on which is keyed a pair of
skeleton cast iron rolls, so arranged as to have a space of 10" or 12" between them
in the centre, and one part of the cylindrical periphery is flattened; or in place of
such skeleton rolls we may use 3 or more pulley castings which like the skeleton
cast iron rolls have a portion of their periphery formed into a flat face.
On the said flat face we bolt a segment of cast iron, forming the completion of
the circumference of such roll; this cast iron strip has planed along its face from
end to end two half dovetail taper grooves, and centrally between them, a strip of
metal from 1 to 2" wide. On said centre strip is permanently fixed a strip of
brass or other suitable metal about thick, which forms the completion of the
collapsible cylinder as mentioned hereafter.
The collapsing jacket, to slide over the above skeleton rolls or pulleys is built
as follows:
A sheet of brass is rolled into a tube of the required diameter, less a longi-
tudinal strip corresponding in width to the said brass strip fixed on the skeleton
roll, which it has been stated may be from 1" to 2" wide. On the inner side of
the edges of such tube are fixed taper strips of metal to fit into the half dovetail
grooves on the cast iron segment referred to above.
By this arrangement, when the split jacket is slid on to the skeleton roll, the
taper strips of metal slide into the taper grooves on roll, and tend to grip the
jacket in place.
The middle brass strip of metal on roll completes the circumference of jacket
and by this means forms a true cylindrical surface, on which the pulped fibres are
formed into seamless tubes.
On the outer end of the skeleton roll and working on the centre shaft is fixed
by means of collars a helix or screw of a very coarse pitch, such screw being
made to engage in projecting lugs rivetted to the under side of the brass jacket.
Such screws are turned by means of a swivel tool or tommy, the action of such
screws engaging in the lugs being to partially draw or push the split brass jacket
on to the skeleton roll, or to withdraw the same.
Such complete roll, consisting of its shaft, skeleton roll, and brass jacket, is
held in position over or on the felt or wire of the machine, by means of a centre

page_text: arm bearing, the back end of such bearing being carried by a back cross shaft,
held in frames bolted to the sides of the machine.
On one end of said cross shaft is fixed a lever or arm which is actuated by a
small hydraulic ram also fixed to the frame of the machine.
The tubes of pulp are thus built up to any desired thickness upon this roll and
the amount of pulp to be built on to the roll is determined by setting to a pre-
arranged extent, an electric bell contract, the ringing of the bell is the indication
to the machine man, that the roll has its proper amount of pulp. The attendants
then draw off the brass jackets and convey same with its envelope of pulp to the
drying room by an automatic chain carrier or other suitable device.
The split jacket is contracted to a smaller diameter either before the pulp tube is
delivered to the carrier or in the drying room and this is effected by means of a
tool consisting of two strips of metal rivetted to two or more cross spacing bars,
with handle affixed, by means of which the attendant forces the contractor tool
under the undercuts sides of strips, fixed on inner edges of the split jacket, thereby
drawing such edges together, reducing the diameter of the split jacket, and leaving
the seamless pulp tube free and loose on same, to be drawn off and placed in a
room to be dried, pressed, or otherwise treated, as may be recessary.
The tubes so made while being dried are supported by metal rings at the bottom
to ensure such ends keeping true and round, a light ring of wood or other
material being placed in the top end of such tubes for the same purpose.
After being dried, the tubes so made are placed in a revolving cradle and cut
by means of a double band saw, or we may use a travelling cradle arrangement.
We may also in certain cases use a double band saw in which one of the saws 18
so arranged as to be able to be set at different distances from the other. This
class of saw is more particularly applicable to works, in which one double saw is
used to cut a number of tubes of different lengths. We may also use, in place of
the said band saws, a duplex circular saw or cutter, consisting of plain steel
discs, one of which may be on a fixed driving shaft, the other, or top one, being made
to work up and down, to enable the pulp tube to be placed between the two said
cutters. Such top cutter may be actuated in its up and down movements by means
of a screw to set by hand or by an hydraulic arrangement, as is used in hydraulic
rivetters.
The pulp shells after leaving the band saw, cutters, or circular saws, are cleaned
up at each end, where left rough by the cutting; to effect this efficiently and
rapidly we use a machine consisting of a revolving shaft supported on frames and
plummer blocks.
On each end of such shaft is arranged an expanding and contracting mandril or
pulley, which may be taper, or we may use a parallel expanding mandril or pulley
at the end of the shaft farthest from bearing, and nearest to said bearing we may
fix a conical pulley or casting. By this arrangement the pulp tube would be slid
over the outer or expanding mandril and jammed on to (at one end of tube) the
taper or conical pulley, which may, if necessary, be covered with rubber, felt, or
other suitable material.
Tubes so made are now ready for waterproofing; this may be effected by simple
dipping in a steam jacketted tank, filled with a mixture of rosin and rosin oil,
paraffin wax, linseed oil, and rosin or other suitable waterproofing indurating
composition, the time of immersion depending on the amount of (a) indurating
required (b) strength required and (c) the ultimate use to which the tubes are to be
put i.e. whether as drums for carrying dry goods, oil, chemicals, or such for articles
as umbrella stands, sliver cans, life buoys etc.
In the manufacture of such tubes into oil drums or for other purposes, where
both ends of the drum are permanently fixed, the contents being put through a
bung hole we may cut or press a groove around the periphery of the tube at or
near each end, such groove may be internal when cut or internal or external when
pressed.
- To cut such a groove inside the tube we may use a machine consisting generally

page_text: of a lathe head or similar means, on the nose or end of which is fixed an expanding
mandril or chuck and slowly caused to revolve.
At the same time a suitably shaped cutter revolving at a high speed is brought
to bear against the inner side of the tube and gradually cuts the desired groove.
In the case of the groove being pressed we may use a pair of steel rolls of the
desired shape, such rolls being caused to revolve and at the same time caused to be
pressed into the material of the tube. The tube is held in position by means of a
balanced cradle or other suitable means.
Tubes prepared as above for oil drums, must in the first case have euds the edges
of which are Vd'or champfered. These ends may be pressed into the grooves in
the shells or tubes by hydraulic, screw, or other suitable means.
In the case of tubes that have grooves pressed in them, the stamped discs
forming the ends may be pressed in as above, but in any case it is necessary that
the end of the tube overlapping the end or disc forming the bottom should be
heated by means of a taper ring. Such ring may be kept at the desired temperature
by means of a steam jacket or other suitable device or we may use two such rings
simultaneously at the two ends of the drums. The rings are forced on to the tube
by screw or other pressure; by this means the overlapping ends of the tubes are
drawn in at an angle corresponding to the taper of the heated rings.
The bottom or end of the drum is prevented from going inwards by reason of its
inner edge resting on or in the groove cut or rolled in the shell, and cannot draw
out of the shell by reason of the tapering inwards of the ends of the shell by
means of the heated rings. To ensure the taper ends of the drum retaining
permanently its shape, taper iron hoops are driven or forced tightly over the taper
ends of the shell.
To further strengthen the ends of these and other drums we may,
instead of using
flat stamped out discs as hitherto used, make such discs "dished "by pressing in a
suitable mould, after the flat discs have been waterproofed, but while still hot.
In drums intended to carry dry goods which usually require one end or "head"
of the drum to be so made as to be easily taken out, we proceed as follows, viz. :-
The bottom is forced in on to a lining hoop, nailed round the inside of the shell,
or on to a ring or projection in shell. It is held or kept from falling or being
knocked out by a second lining hoop also nailed to the inside of drum.
The loose head or disc of pulp board forming the head is stamped out to the right
size to fit easily into the shell, and is held from going in too deep by a projecting
lining hoop or groove in the shell or by other suitable means.
To ensure the head not coming out when the drum is packed we cut a number of
slits or nicks round the top end of the tube, such slits, cuts, or nicks, being cut
from the top of said shell down to about a line corresponding to just below the top
surface of the head.
To make such cuts we prefer to use a duplex circular saw, such saw being fixed
to a lever or other suitable means of holding same which can be swung or moved
to and from the edge of the end of the tube to be cut. The tube is held in a
revolving cradle, so arranged as to be moved or caused to turn round between each
cut sufficiently to bring the saws to a pre-arranged point. After cutting the end
of the tube in the manner here described, the head of the drum is put in place, and
to tighten the same up we drive over the cut end of the tube a suitably taper or
splayed hoop.
An iron handle or cross bar may be fixed to the head to enable the same to be
readily withdrawn, after the taper hoop has been knocked off.
The drums so made whether for dry or liquid articles should receive a coat of
varnish or paint; this may be done either by hand or by putting the drum on a
revolving expanding mandril or pulley, the outside of said drum being brought into
contact with suitably arranged brushes or rolls on to which the varnish or paint is fed.
Dated this 10th day of February 1893.
FELL & WILDING,
Agents for the Applicants.

page_text: COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in the Manufacture of Pulp Drums, and in the
Apparatus used therein.
We, JAMES RAPER THAME of Two Waters Mill, Boxmoor, in the County of
Hertford, Mechanical Engineer and HERBERT SANGUINETTI, of 16 Old Bond
Street, in the County of Middlesex, Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of
this invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly
described and ascertained in and by the following statement :-
This invention relates to the manufacture of drums, tubes, or barrels from paper
or other vegetable fibre, and consists of a series of operations for the production
of such drums, tubes or barrels in a more perfect condition than heretofore, and
of the apparatus especially devised for the carrying out of the said manufacture.
And in order that our invention may be the better understood, we now proceed
to describe the same, reference being had to the letters and figures marked
thereon.
To carry our improved manufacture into effect, the pulp after being prepared
in the usual way common to the preparation of pulp from waste paper, wood
pulp, &c., &c., as carried on in all paper or millboard mills is passed from the
"stuff" chest to the drum chest, of an ordinary millboard making machine, or on
to the wire of an ordinary paper machine "wet end."
In either case the usual press rolls are replaced by the following arrangement
of collapsing jacket rolls, which are a more perfect arrangement of the roll
devices shown in J. R. Thame's Specification No. 346 January 9th 1888.
This roll consists of a wrought iron or steel shaft 1 on which is keyed a pair of
-skeleton cast iron rolls 2 so arranged as to have a space of 10" or 12" between
them in the centre, and one part of the cylindrical periphery 3 is flattened,
Figs. 1 & 2, or in place of such skeleton rolls we may use 3 or more pulley
castings 2, Figs. 3 & 4, which like the skeleton cast iron rolls have a portion of
their periphery formed into a flat face 3*.
On the said flat face we bolt a segment of cast iron 4 forming the completion
of the circumference of such roll; this cast iron strip has planed along its face
from end to end two half dovetail taper grooves 5, 5', and centrally between them
a strip of metal from 1" to 2" wide. On said centre strip is permanently fixed a
strip of brass or other suitable metal 6 about thick which form the completion
of the collapsible cylinder as mentioned hereafter.
The collapsing jacket to slide over the above skeleton rolls or pulleys is built
as follows:
A sheet of brass is rolled into a tube of the required diameter 7, Fig. 5, less a
longitudinal strip 8 corresponding in width to the said brass strip fixed on the
skeleton roll which it has been stated may be from 1" to 2" wide. On the inner
side of the edges of such tube are fixed taper strips of metal 9, 91 to fit into the
half dovetail grooves on the cast iron segment referred to above.
By this arrangement, when the split jacket is slid on to the skeleton roll, the
taper strips of metal slile into the taper grooves on roll and tend to grip the
jacket in place.
The middle brass strip of metal on roll completes the circumference of jacket;
and by this means forms a true cylindrical surface, on which the pulped fibres are
formed into seamless tubes.
On the outer end of the skeleton roll and working on the centre shaft is fixed
by means of collars a belix or screw 10, Fig. 6, of a very coarse pitch, such screw
being made to engage in projecting lugs 11 rivetted to the under side of the brass
jacket 7. Such screws are turned by means of a swivel tool or tommy, the action
of such screw engaging in the lugs being to partially draw or push the split brass
jacket on to the skeleton roll or to withdraw the same.

page_text: Such complete roll consisting of its shaft, skeleton roll and brass jacket, is held
in position over or on the felt or wire 12, Fig. 8, of the machine, by means of
a centre arm bearing 13, the back end of such bearing being carried by a back
cross shaft 14, held in frames 15, bolted to the sides of the machine 16.
On one end of said cross shaft is fixed a lever or arm 17 which is actuated by a
small hydraulic ram 18 also fixed to the frame of the machine 16.
The tubes of pulp are thus built up to any desired thickness upon this roll and
the amount of pulp to be built on to the roll is determined by setting to a pre-
arranged extent an electric bell contact; the ringing of the bell is the indication
to the machine man, that the roll has its proper amount of pulp. The attendants
then draw off the brass jackets and convey same with its envelope of pulp to the
drying room by an automatic chain carrier or other suitable device.
The split jacket is contracted to a smaller diameter either before the pulp tube
is delivered to the carrier or in the drying room and this is effected by means of
a tool consisting of two strips of metal 19, 191, Fig. 7, rivetted to two or more cross
spacing bars 20, with handle 21 affixed, by means of which the attendant forces the
contractor tool under the undercut sides of strips, fixed on inner edges of the split
jacket, thereby drawing such edges together reducing the diameter of the split
jacket, and leaving the seamless pulp tube free and loose on same to be drawn off
and placed in a room to be dried, pressed or otherwise treated as may be necessary.
The tubes so made while being dried are supported by metal rings at the bottom,
to ensure such ends keeping true and round, a light ring of wood or other material
being placed in the top end of such tubes for the same purpose.
After being dried, the tubes, so made, are placed in a revolving cradle 22,
Figures 9 and 10, and cut by means of a double band saw, or we may use a
travelling cradle arrangement.
We may also in certain cases use a double band saw in which one of the saws is
so arranged as to be able to be set at different distances from the other. This class
of saw is more particularly applicable to works in which one double saw is used to
cut a number of tubes of different lengths. We may also use, in place of the said
band saws, a duplex circular saw or cutter consisting of plain steel discs, one of
which may be on a fixed driving shaft, the other, or top one, being made to work
up and down, to enable the pulp tube to be placed between the two said cutters.
Such top cutter may be actuated in its up and down movements by means of a
screw to set by hand or by an hydraulic arrangement, as is used in hydraulic
rivetters..
The pulp shells after leaving the band saw, cutters, or circular saws, are cleaned
up at each end, where left rough by the cutting; to effect this efficiently and
rapidly, we use a machine consisting of a revolving shaft 23, Figures 11 and 12,
supported on frames and plummer blocks.
On each end of such shaft is arranged an expanding and contracting mandril or
pulley 24, which may be taper, or we may use a parallel expanding mandril or
pulley 24 at the end of the shaft farthest from bearing, and nearest to the said
bearing we may fix a conical pulley or casting. By this arrangement the pulp tube
would be slid over the outer or expanding mandril and jammed on to (at one end of
tube) the taper or conical pulley, which may if necessary, be covered with rubber,
felt, or other suitable material.
Tubes so made are now ready for waterproofing; this may be effected by simple
dipping in a steam jacketted tank, filled with a mixture of rosin, and rosin oil,
paraffin wax, linseed oil, and rosin or other suitable waterproofing indurating
composition, the time of immersion depending on the amount of (a) indurating
required, (b) strength required and (c) the ultimate use to which the tubes are to be
put, i.e. whether as drums for carrying dry goods, oil, chemicals, or for such articles
as umbrella stands, sliver cans, life buoys etc.
In the manufacture of such tubes into oil drums or for other purposes, where
both ends of the drum are permanently fixed, the contents being put through a
bung hole we may cut or press a groove around the periphery of the tube at or

page_text: near each end, such groove may be internal when cut, 25, Figure 13, or external
when pressed 26, Figure 13.
To cut such a groove, inside the tube, we may use a machine consisting generally
of a lathe head, or similar means, on the nose or end of which is fixed an expanding
mandril or chuck, and slowly caused to revolve.
At the same time a suitably shaped cutter revolving at a high speed is brought
to bear against the inner side of the tube, and gradually cuts the desired groove.
In the case of the groove being pressed, we may use a pair of steel rolls of the
desired shape, such rolls being caused to revolve and at the same time caused to be
pressed into the material of the tube. The tube is held in position by means of a
balanced cradle or other suitable means.
Tubes prepared as above for oil drums, must in the first case have ends, the
edges of which are Vd or chamfered. These ends may be pressed into the grooves
in the shells or tubes by hydraulic, screw, or other suitable means.
In the case of tubes that have grooves pressed in them, the stamped discs forming
the ends may be pressed in as above, but in any case it is necessary that the end of
the tube overlapping the end or disc forming the bottom, should be heated by
means of a taper ring 27, Figure 14. Such ring may be kept at the desired
temperature by means of a steam jacket 28 or other suitable device, or we may use
two such rings simultaneously at the two ends of the drum. The rings are forced
on to the tube by screw or other pressure: by this means the overlapping ends of
the tubes are drawn in at an angle corresponding to the taper of the heated rings.
The bottom or end of the drum is prevented from going inwards by reason of its
inner edge resting on or in the groove cut or rolled in the shell and cannot draw
out of the shell, by reason of the tapering inwards of the ends of the shell by
meaus of the heated rings. To ensure the taper ends of the drum retaining
permanently its shape, taper iron hoops are driven or forced tightly over the taper
ends of the shell.
To further strengthen the ends of these and other drums we may, instead of
using flat stamped out discs as hitherto used, make such discs dished, 29, Figure 15,
by pressing in a suitable mould, after the flat discs have been waterproofed but
while still hot.
In drums intended to carry dry goods, and which usually require one end or
"head"
of the drum to be so made as to be easily taken out, we proceed as
follows, viz.
The bottom is forced in on to a lining hoop nailed round the inside of the shell,
or on to a ring or projection in the shell. It is held or kept from falling or being
knocked out, by a second lining hoop also nailed to the inside of the drum.
The loose head or disc of pulp board forming the head is stamped out to the
right size to fit easily into the shell and is held from going in too deep by a
projecting lining hoop or groove in the shell or by other suitable means.
To ensure the head not coming out when the drum is packed, we cut a number of
slits or nicks round the top end of the tube, such slits, cuts, or nicks, being cut from
the top of said shell down to about a line corresponding to just below the top surface
of the head.
To make such cuts, we prefer to use a duplex circular saw, such saw being fixed
to a lever or other suitable means of holding same, which can be swung or moved
to and from the edge of the end of the tube to be cut. The tube is held in a
revolving cradle, so arranged as to be moved or caused to turn round between each
cut sufficiently to bring the saws to a pre-arranged point. After cutting the end
of the tube in the manner here described, the head of the drum is put in place, and
to tighten the same up, we drive over the cut end of the tube a suitably taper or
splayed hoop.
An iron handle or cross bar may be fixed to the head to enable the same to be.
readily withdrawn after the taper hoop has been knocked off.
The drums so made whether for dry or liquid articles, should receive a coat of
varnish or paint; this may be done either by hand, or by putting the drum on a

page_text: revolving expanding mandril or pulley, the outside of said drum being brought
into contact with suitably arranged brushes or rolls on to which the varnish or
paint is fed.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of our invention
and in what manner the same is to be performed, we declare that what we
claim is:-
1st. A process for the manufacture of pulp drums, consisting of moulding the
pulp upon a collapsible mandril, lifting the forming mandril to determine thickness,
removing tube from mandril and drying same, cutting the ends and smoothing same,
waterproofing the material and forming an internally cut or externally pressed
groove or flange to adapt the same for receiving heads to make drums or barrels,
substantially as described.
2nd. In a process for the manufacture of pulp drums, the heating of the ends of
the pulp drums above grooves made therein for the head, and applying thereto a
heated taper ring to draw in the ends to secure the said heads, substantially as
described.
3rd. In a process for the manufacture of pulp drums, the slitting of the edges of
the drums down to a groove or hoop receiving the head and drawing in the same by
a taper hoop to secure the head substantially as described.
4th. In a process for the manufacture of pulp drums, apparatus consisting of
collapsible jacket rolls, consisting of rolls, plain or skeleton with segments and
grooves in combination with a split collapsible jacket to permit the easy removal of
the drum from its mandril, substantially as described in relation to Figures 1, 2, 3, 4
and 5.
5th. In a process for the manufacture of pulp drums, apparatus or tools for
removing and collapsing the collapsible jacket, substantially as described in relation
to Figures 6 and 7.
6th. In a process for the manufacture of pulp drums, a revolving cradle for
carrying the drum for saw cutting, substantially as described in relation to Figures 9
and 10.
7th. In a process for the manufacture of pulp drums, an expanding or taper
mandril or pulley for receiving the ends of the drum whilst being smoothed,
substantially as described in relation to Figures 11 and 12.
8th. In a process for the manufacture of pulp drums, a taper steam jacketted
ring for drawing together the ends of the barrel over the head, substantially as
described in relation to Figure 14.
D this soul 1
SN
LOOD
FELL & WILDING,
1, Queen Victoria Street, London, E.C., Agents for the Applicants.