Improvements in the Manufacture of Pipes or Tubes and other Hollow Bodies, and in Apparatus therefor.
Year: 1893

page_text: Date of Application, 1st Apr., 1893-Accepted, 17th June, 1893
VUMI LETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in the Manufacture of Pipes or Tubes and other
Hollow Bodies, and in Apparatus therefor.
I, GUSTAV ADOLF WAYSS, of 95 and 96, Alt Moabit, Berlin, in the Empire of
Germany, Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what
manner the same is to be performed to be particularly described and ascertained
in and by the following statement :-
My invention relates to the manufacture of pipes or tubes and other hollow
bodies from asphalt with a cement casing.
In laying the drains of towns it is usual to employ channels built in masonry or
rammed concrete, or pipes made of cement, whilst for those of smaller diameter
glazed earthenware pipes are made use of.
The construction of sewers of masonry occupies a very considerable time, and
is very costly, for which reason they are frequently built in concrete or of pipes
made from cement and placed together. It is however well known that these are
attacked by the acids contained in the sewage, and for this reason their employ-
ment, in spite of their other advantages, is very limited. Attempts have often
been made to make the inner surface acid proof by impregnating or coating it,
but without any considerable measure of success. Even special acid proof plaster
has not proved lasting, since it has not been possible to combine it permanently with
the pipe itself, and tubes composed entirely of acid proof material could only be
made of small diameter, owing to their want of strength.
According to my invention I manufacture pipes or tubes possessing an adequate
resistance to both chemical and mechanical influence by employing an inner pipe
made of asphalt, which is surrounded by and combined with an outer casing or
tube of cement.
Other materials may of course be added, either to the asphalt or to the cement,
such for example, as plaster of paris, or sand and either the asphalt pipe or the
cement casing-pipe may, for the purpose of increasing the strength, be provided
with embedded wires, or wire netting, or with perforated sheet metal. The
asphalt pipe may also have wire wound round it and embedded in it, and
the cement casing be subsequently applied. Such pipes are quite unaffected by the
attacks of the acids contained in the sewage of towns and, in consequence of the
cement casing-and.the wire coating which connects the two components, are possessed
of great resisting power.
In the accompanying drawings
Figures 1 to 3 are longitudinal sections illustrating the manufacture of pipes or
tubes according to my invention.
a is the inner tube of asphalt, 6 the wire coating, c the cement casing.
The manufacture of the asphalt pipes is effected as follows:-A drum is first
built up in sections as shewn in longitudinal and transverse sections at Figure 4, so
as to form a metallic or wooden cylinder or mould having a form corresponding to
that of the tube or article to be made. The drum composed of suitable material,
such as metal, wood, vulcanite or clay is provided with a spindle e passing through
its ends C. Upon the drum thus constructed I pour and evenly distribute a
layer of asphalt in a hot fluid state, alone, or mixed with coal tar, wood tar,
plaster of paris, powdered lime or cement in powder. The resulting strip will,
according to the diameter of the pipe and the skill of the workman, have a width
of from 10 to 20 cm. and be of the length of the pipe and will quickly set.
drum being then partially revolved a second strip is poured onto it, by the side
of the first, the two strips being, as is usual in working asphalt, united by means
of a hot iron and smoothed with the same. When more than half the pipe is
The

page_text: completed, it will be necessary to prevent the completed portion from falling off
the drum by means of a clamping cylinder or by tightly stretched cloths.
The pipe having been thus completed the cement casing is either applied directly
to it, or the pipe is first wound with wire or with annealed rod iron and the cement
coating afterwards applied.
The cement coating may be applied in the way already described for the asphalt,
and the same arrangement may be made use of, with the sole exception that the
core is no longer formed by the drum, but by the asphalt tube.
For the winding of the wire upon the asphalt, the arrangement shewn in longi-
tudinal elevation, plan and elevation respectively at Figures 5 to 7 may be
advantageously employed. The drum A provided with a crank handle upon its
spindle e is placed in bearings in the frame d. Upon the spindle e is a ratchet
wheel D which in conjunction with a pawl upon the frame d prevents the roller A
from being turned unintentionally. The rotation of the drum may be effected
either directly, as in the drawing, by means of the crank for by means of a worm
and wheel. In this case the ratchet and pawl may be dispensed with. A sliding
carriage i is caused to travel along a guide-bar g on the frame d by means of a
screw-threaded spindle h, operated from the spindle e through the intervention of
belts or toothed gearing so that the carriage travels a certain distance during the
rotation of the crank f. On the carriage is a reel k holding the wire to be applied
and a tension arrangement through which the wire is made to pass as it leaves
the reel. This tension mechanism may be of suitable kind and indeed the ordinary
roller tension mechanism may be made use of. Instead of using tension mechanism a
brake may be applied to the reel, or both arrangements may be used together, according
as the strength of the wire may require. As the drum rotates, the wire, as it is
led onto the drum A, will as the result of the rotation of the latter and the simul-
taneous shifting of the sliding carriage be wound on the drum in the form of a
spiral. As the wire is embedded to some extent in the asphalt (to assist which the
asphalt or the wire may be heated to some extent) but has still most of its
diameter above the surface, it allows of a very firn union between the asphalt and
the cement coating.
l
After the asphalt pipe has received one or several layers of wire, the coating of
cement is applied. If it be intended to strengthen the asphalt pipe and the
cement coating with layers of wire in their substance, a layer of asphalt is first
applied, then the wire is wound on, and subsequently another layer of asphalt is
applied. The cement coating is built up in the same way. The arrangement just
described for constructing the pipes may of course be replaced by any other which
may be suitable, this said arrangement being only given as an example. The
arrangement described may be employed in the manufacture of the cement coating
for pipes of small and medium diameters, and of a round section, and is very con-
venient for this purpose, whilst the product is very satisfactory. For tubes of
larger diameter it is more advantageous to apply the cement coating by ramming
it into moulds as the strength of the tubes is thereby much increased. In this case
the following is the method of procedure :-
The asphalt pipe a wound or not with wire is placed upon a bed-plate mas
shewn in vertical section and plan at Figure 8, and is so secured from the inside,
that it cannot shift on the plate. In order to apply the cement casing I employ
short tubes or rings each composed of two semi-cylindrical portions n n fastened
together by screws, or by eyebolts and wedges the inner diameter of such rings
corresponding to the outer diameter of the cement casing to be made. One of
these rings is placed so as to be exactly concentric with the asphalt pipe and is
secured in that position. The space between the asphalt pipe and the ring is
then filled with cement, which is rammed tight. The first ring being rammed
nearly full another is placed on the top of it, and filled with cement and rammed
tight and so on. In order that the successive rings n may be placed concentrically
one upon the other so as to avoid any joints, they can be made to overlap one
another, as shewn in section at Figure 9. Or as shewn in section at Figure 10, a

page_text: ring of hoop iron o may be placed around the line of junction. When the pipe is
finished the rings are separated and removed.
If, instead of the coiled wire, strengthening rings of wire or of bar iron are
used, a quantity of cement is rammed in first, the ring is then inserted, and more
cement is rammed in, and so on. The insertion of the rings in this method of
manufacture is much easier, and may be effected without special machinery, since
the rings are simply laid in by hand, whilst in the method first hereinbefore
described special means must be provided. Pipes of other than circular form may
of course be constructed in a similar way, it being simply necessary to have the
rings and the core pipe of a corresponding form such as oval for example. In
manufacturing socket pipes the core pipe a, and consequently the lowermost
rings n, are made of the required shape as shewn in section at Figure 11; other-
wise the process is carried out as above described.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I
claim is :-
1. The herein described method of manufacturing pipes, tubes or other hollow
bodies, capable of resisting chemical and mechanical action consisting in applying
a coating of cement over a core made of a pipe of asphalt, or asphalt with the
addition of coal tar, wood tar, gypsum, lime or cement in powder, substantially as
set forth.
2. In the process described in Claim 1, the employment of a strengthening series
of wire coils or wire rings upon the asphalt core-pipe, so as to connect the latter
intimately with the cement coating, substantially as set forth.
3. The mechanism herein described with reference to Figures 5, 6 and 7, con--
sisting of a spindle for the reception of the drum and asphalt core-pipe and a
sliding carriage actuated from the spindle through the medium of belts or wheels
and carrying a wire-reel and a tension mechanism, for the purpose of causing the.
wire to be wound in spiral coils around the drum as the latter rotates.
4. The arrangement for constructing a cement casing round a core-pipe by.
ramming, consisting of a bed-plate with a contrivance for holding the asphalt tube,
and rings designed to be placed one over the other, substantially as hereinbefore.
described and illustrated in Figures 8 to 11 of the accompanying drawings.
5. A pipe or tube consisting of an asphalt pipe (strengthened or not by means
of metal wires, bars, plates or the like) covered externally with a mixture of
cement and mortar, with or without the use of wire, wire gauze, or sheet metal for-
strengthening the same.
Dated the lot do of Annil 1802
-G.. F. REDFERN & Co.,
4, South Street, Finsbury, London, Agents for the Applicant..