IMPROVEMENTS IN TREATING LIQUIDS OR MATTERS DISSOLVED OR SUSPENDED IN LIQUIDS, AND IN EFFECTING THE INTERACTION THEREWITH OF GASES OR VAPORS FOR THE PURPOSES OF DEODORIZING, DISINFECTING, OR SWEETENING, OF ABSORBING OR SEPARATING NOXIOUS OR OTHER CONSTITUENTS IN EXHALATIONS, VAPORS, OR GASES, of COLLECTING LAMPBLACK OR SIMILAR POWDERS OR FUMES, OF PROMOTING CHEMICAL REACTIONS, OF EVAPORATING AND DISTILLING, AND OF MATURING OR MELLOWING SPIRITS, AND FOR OTHER ANALOGOUS PURPOSES, ALSO IN APPARATUS THEREFOR." PRO
Year: 1880

page_text: ETTERS PATENT to John Storer, of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark, North
Britain, for an Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN TREATING LIQUIDS OR
MATTERS DISSOLVED OR SUSPENDED IN LIQUIDS, AND IN EFFECTING THE
INTERACTION THEREWITH OF GASES OR VAPORS FOR THE PURPOSES OF
DEODORIZING, DISINFECTING, OR SWEETENING, OF ABSORBING OR SEPARATING
NOXIOUS OR OTHER CONSTITUENTS IN EXHALATIONS, VAPORS, OR GASES, of
COLLECTING LAMPBLACK OR SIMILAR POWDERS OR FUMES, OF PROMOTING
CHEMICAL REACTIONS, OF EVAPORATING AND DISTILLING, AND OF MATURING
OR MELLOWING SPIRITS, AND FOR OTHER ANALOGOUS PURPOSES, ALSO IN
APPARATUS THEREFOR."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Storer at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents on the 1st September 1880.
"
JOHN STORER, of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark, North Britain. IMPROVE-
MENTS IN TREATING LIQUIDS OR MATTERS DISSOLVED OR SUSPENDED IN LIQUIDS,
AND IN EFFECTING THE INTERACTION THEREWITH OF GASES OR VAPORS FOR THE
PURPOSES OF DEODORIZING, DISINFECTING, OR SWEETENING, OF ABSORBING OR
SEPARATING NOXIOUS OR OTHER CONSTITUENTS IN EXHALATIONS, VAPORS, OR
GASES, OF COLLECTING LAMPBLACK OR SIMILAR POWDERS OR FUMES, OF PRO-
MOTING CHEMICAL REACTIONS, OF EVAPORATING AND DISTILLING, AND OF
MATURING OR MELLOWING SPIRITS, AND FOR OTHER ANALOGOUS PURPOSES, ALSO
IN APPARATUS THEREFOR."
This Invention comprises improvements on, and further developments and
adaptations or applications of, the processes and apparatus described in a Pro-
visional Specification lodged by the present applicant on the 9th day of June
1880 (No. 2323).
In carrying out the Invention a liquid, which may have matters dissolved or
suspended in it, is subjected to the action of one or more rotating propellers or
pulverisers driven at a considerable velocity, the apparatus being in most of the
applications arranged so that gases or vapors are brought by the propeller or

page_text: propellers into a minutely subdivided condition, and forcibly and systematically
mixed and agitated with the liquids, whereby the processes are rendered more
efficacious and expeditious than as hitherto practised, and improved results are
obtained in an economical manner.
Different forms of propeller or pulveriser may be used, such as oblique-bladed
propellers, or centrifugal fans, or centrifugal pumps. There may be a single
propeller or pulveriser in each vessel or compartment of the apparatus, or two or
more propellers or pulverisers may be combined on the same or on separate shafts,
and rotating in the same or in opposite directions. Thus, for example, the
propelling or pulverising apparatus may be constructed like Carr's disintegrator
or similar apparatus. The general body of the liquid is made to circulate so that
every part of it may be uniformly and systematically operated upon, and this
general circulation may be produced by the same propeller or instrument which
exerts the beating or pulverising action as when an oblique-bladed propeller is
employed, or it may be produced by a separate instrument or apparatus. The
propelling or pulverising instrument or instruments may be placed in various
positions, but must in all cases be driven at a sufficient velocity to pulverise and
beat the air, or gas, or vapor and matters associated therewith into the liquid.
A speed of 1500 or 1600 revolutions per minute has in several applications been
found sufficient for the purpose in view, but will probably require to be modified in
different cases and with different sizes of apparatus.
The propelling or pulverising apparatus works in connection with one or more
shells or partitions by which the circulating flow of the general body of liquid is
directed or controlled; and in some cases deflecting plates are fitted to prevent the
liquid outside of the internal cylinder from acquiring too much whirling motion;
and also in some cases a passage or passages through which the liquid has to flow
on its return to the propelling or pulverising apparatus is more or less contracted
so as to retard the general circulation, and cause the liquid to offer more resistance
to the pulverising action.
In one modification of the apparatus suitable for effecting the absorption by
water of certain gaseous matters, or matters in a state of very minute division, and
suspended in air or gas, which matters are extremely difficult to get completely
absorbed, several propellers are fixed on a shaft placed horizontally in a horizontal
cylindrical shell in a trough of water, and between each propeller and the next, or
at other intervals, diaphragms having contracted central openings are fixed in the
shell; or instead of plain diaphragms there may be sets of blades fixed so as to
counteract any tendency to an excessive forward or whirling motion. In this
apparatus the gaseous matters are drawn or sucked in at one end of the cylindrical
shell, and are repeatedly subjected to the heating or pulverising action on their
way to the other end, whereby the complete absorption or condensation of
suspended or soluble matters is insured.
In many applications in which air or gas is made to act on a liquid, as, for
example, in deodorising, disinfecting, or sweetening sewage or other liquids, or in
distilling or evaporating by means of heated air or gas, provision is made for
collecting and leading away from the apparatus the used air, gas, or vapor, which
separates from the liquid returning towards the propelling or pulverising apparatus.
Thus in the modification of apparatus in which a propellor on a vertical shaft works
in a vertical cylindrical shell having an annular space round it through which the
liquid returns upwards, an annular cover or inverted channel is used with its inner
edge dipping below the surface of the liquid, such cover or inverted channel
communicating with a pipe or pipes to lead the vapors or gaseous matters to a
condenser, or to a furnace, or to a discharge outlet. With this arrangement, which
must be modified to suit different forms of apparatus, a greater proportion of the
air or gas which is being continually drawn and beaten into the liquid will always
be fresh or unused.
When sewage or waste waters or sludges containing noxious or infectious
matters, or nitrogenous or other matters liable to decomposition are treated with

page_text: air according to this Invention, they are deodorised and disinfected, and their
liability to decompose or become offensive very much diminished. Ill-smelling cils
and other liquids and fats, and other matters liquefiable by heat are sweetened by
similar treatment.
Noxious or offensive exhalations or fumes from manure works and the like,
waste gases from various chemical and other works may all be rendered innocuous
by being treated with water according to this Invention, such water having
dissolved or suspended in it when desirable substances capable of promoting the
desired actions.
In the manufacture of lampblack and in some other manufactures, the product is
obtained in the form of a light and fine powder or fume, which has hitherto been
collected or condensed with great difficulty and only by means of large flues or
chambers; but by the present Invention such powder or fume is at once condensed
and combined with water in the pulverising apparatus, and is collected in the form
of a paste or mud, from which the water can be easily separated afterwards.
By the present Invention many chemical combinations or reactions are effected
in a better, more complete, and more expeditious manner than heretofore; for
example, white lead may be advantageously produced by beating carbonic acid gas
into solutions of suitable lead salts. Carbonates and bicarbonates of alkalies or
earths may be formed in a similar way.
In evaporating and distilling operations the Invention may be applied in various
ways. According to one plan the liquid to be evaporated or distilled is heated
according to any of the modes in use, and a rotating propeller is applied to assist
and expedite the process by breaking up and agitating the liquid, and by beating
its own vapor into it with the view of effecting the evaporation or distillation at
the lowest possible temperature with greatly increased speed, and of preventing
one part of the liquid from becoming even temporarily more heated than another.
According to a second modification air or a suitable gas or vapor is led by a pipe or
pipes to the neighbourhood of the propelling or pulverising apparatus, the liquid
being heated in an ordinary manner. According to a third modification heated air,
or gas, or vapor, or in some cases superheated steam is led into the liquid, which is
also otherwise heated. According to a fourth modification heated air, or gas, or
vapor, or steam is employed, and the liquid is not otherwise heated. The improved
process and apparatus are of considerable advantage in fractional distillation,
and are applicable when distillation is conducted under either an increased or
diminished pressure.
For the purpose of maturing or mellowing spirits air is worked into the spirits
according to this Invention, such air being at the ordinary temperature or more or
less heated if found desirable; and the air after leaving the spirits is passed
through condensing apparatus to recover alcohol or other valuable volatile matters
which it may carry off with it.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed
by the said John Storer in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 28th
February 1881.
JOHN STORER, of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark, North Britain. " IMPROVE-
MENTS IN TREATING LIQUIDS OR MATTERS DISSOLVED OR SUSPENDED IN LIQUIDS,
AND IN EFFECTING THE INTERACTION THEREWITH OF GASES OR VAPORS FOR THE
PURPOSES OF DEODERISING, DISINFECTING, OR SWEETENING, OF ABSORBING OR
SEPARATING NOXIOUS OR OTHER CONSTITUENTS IN EXHALATIONS, VAPORS, OR
GASES, OF COLLECTING LAMPBLACK OR SIMILAR POWDERS OR FUMES, OF PRO-
MOTING CHEMICAL REACTIONS, OF EVAPORATING AND DISTILLING, AND OF
MATURING OR MELLOWING SPIRITS, AND FOR OTHER ANALOGOUS PURPOSES, ALSO
IN APPARATUS THEREFOR."
My said Invention comprises improvements on, and further developments and
adaptations or applications of, the processes and apparatus described in the
Specification of Letters Patent granted to me and dated 9 June, 1880
(No. 2323).
In carrying out my present Invention a liquid, which may have matters dissolved
or suspended in it, is subjected to the action of one or more rotating propellers or
pulverisers driven at a considerable velocity, the apparatus being in most of the
applications arranged so that gases or vapors are brought by the propeller or pro-
pellers into a minutely subdivided condition, and forcibly and systematically inixed
and agitated with the liquids, whereby the processes are rendered more efficacious
and expeditious than as hitherto practised, and improved results are obtained in an
economical manner.
Different forms of propeller or pulveriser may be used, such as oblique-bladed
propellers, or centrifugal fans, or centrifugal pumps. There may be a single pro-
peller or pulveriser in each vessel or compartment of the apparatus, or two or more
propellers or pulverisers may be combined on the same or on separate shafts and
rotating in the same or in opposite directions. Thus, for example, the propelling
or pulverising apparatus may be constructed like Carr's disintegrator or similar
apparatus. The general body of the liquid is in most cases made to circulate, so
that every part of it may be uniformly and systematically operated upon, and this
general circulation may be produced by the same propeller or instrument which
exerts the beating or pulverising action, as when an oblique-bladed propeller is
employed, or it may be produced by a separate instrument or apparatus. The
propelling or pulverising instrument or instruments may be placed in various
positions, but must in all cases be driven at a sufficient velocity to pulveriso and
beat the air, or gas, or vapor, and matters associated therewith into the liquid.
A speed of 1500 or 1600 revolutions per minute has in several applications been
found sufficient for the purpose in view, but will probably require to be modified
in different cases and with different sizes of apparatus.
The propelling or pulverising apparatus works in most cases in connection with
one or more shells or partitions by which the circulating flow of the general body
of liquid is directed or controlled, and in some cases deflecting plates are fitted to
prevent the liquid outside of the internal cylinder from acquiring too much
whirling motion; and also in some cases a passage or passages through which the
liquid has to flow on its return to the propelling or pulverising apparatus is more
or less contracted, so as to retard the general circulation and cause the liquid to
offer more resistance to the pulverising action.
There may be propellers or sets of propellers or pulverisers in two or more

page_text: separate compartments or vessels, through which the liquid passes in succession,
and different gases or vapors may be made to interact with the liquid in the
different compartments or vessels, and the same portions of liquid may circulate
or pass over and over again through the series of compartments or vessels; or it
may in some cases be found that one passage of each portion of the liquid may be
sufficient. In some cases also it may be found sufficient to pass the liquid once
through the part, wherein it is acted on by the propellers or pulverisers even when
there is only a single compartment or vessel. And in cases in which the circulation
or repeated action by the same propellers or pulverisers is not required, it will
obviously be unnecessary to provide passages or spaces for. the return of the liquid
to the part where it is first acted on. On the other hand, in cases in which the
liquid requires several repetitions of the action of a set of propellers or pulverisers,
with or without fresh additions of air or gases, the effect can be obtained not only
by arrangements such as are hereinbefore described or referred to, in which the
liquid is made to circulate or pass repeatedly through the same parts, but also by
employing a sufficient number of compartments or vessels, each provided with
propellers or pulverisers, and through each of which the liquid passes in succession.
A series of successive compartments or vessels thus arranged may be found con-
venient when large quantities of liquid have to be dealt with, and will admit
of the liquid operated on being in a continuous stream instead of in separate
charges.
In many applications in which air or gas is made to act on a liquid, as, for
example, in deodorising, disinfecting, or sweetening sewage or or other liquids, or in
distilling or evaporating by means of heated air or gas, provision is made for
collecting and leading away from the apparatus the used air, gas, or vapor, which
separates from the liquid, returning towards the propelling or pulverising apparatus.
Thus, in the modification of apparatus in which a propeller on a vertical shaft
works in a vertical cylindrical shell having an annular space round it through
which the liquid returns upwards, an annular cover or inverted channel is used
with its inner edge dipping below the surface of the liquid, such cover or inverted
channel communicating with a pipe or pipes to lead the vapors or gaseous matters
to a condenser, or to a furnace, or to a discharge outlet. With this arrangement,
which must be modified to suit different forms of apparatus, a greater proportion
of the air or gas which is being continually drawn and beaten into the liquid will
always be fresh or unused.
A few of the various forms or modifications of apparatus which may be used in
practising my Invention are shown on a Sheet of explanatory Drawings which is
hereunto appended, and in these Drawings the same reference numerals are used to
mark the same or like parts wherever they are repeated.
Figures 1 and 2 are a sectional plan and a vertical section of a modification of.
apparatus suitable for many applications of the Invention. In this modification
there is a single vessel 9 of a vertical cylindrical form, and made of iron or other
suitable metal or material, the bottom 10 being partly flat, and at the outer parts
rounded into the sides. The top is open, but is bridged by a frame piece 11 formed
with a bearing for the upper end of a central vertical shaft 12, which has a footstep
bearing on the bottom 10, and which has on its upper end a pulley 13 for a driving
belt. The shaft 12 has fast on it a number of screw or oblique propelling or
pulverising blades 14, which may conveniently consist of a number of separate
castings strung and fixed on the shaft. These propellers or sets of blades may be
fixed close together, and so as to combine to form practically continuous threads or
blades as shown, or they may be fixed with intervals between them, or again, they
may be placed so as not to form continuous threads. Encompassing the propellers 14,
but at a little distance from their outer edges, there is fixed a vertical cylindrical
shell or partition 15, which does not extend to either the top or the bottom of the
vessel, but in this modification occupies a somewhat greater length than the
propellers 14. The shell 15 is conveniently held by radiating vertical plates 16,

page_text: extending from it to the sides of the vessel 9, and fixed thereto by means of angle
irons. The liquid to be operated on is filled in up to about the level of the top of
the shell.15, and the propellers 14 are driven by preference in the direction for
forcing the liquid downwards through the central space. The liquid returns
upwards between the shell 15 and the sides of the vessel, and the radial partitions 16
prevent it from acquiring a whirling motion.
As hereinbefore explained, the rotatory velocity of the shaft must be about 1500
or 1600 revolutions per minute, or otherwise sufficient to suck air, gas, or vapor
down with the liquid, and pulverise and beat it into the liquid whilst passing
downwards. Instead of the air, gas, or vapor being drawn in from the top, more
or less of it may be led by one or more pipes, such as either of those 17 indicated
by dotted lines in Figure 2, to the neighborhood of the propellers 14, at a greater
or less distance below the top of the shell 15; and the air, gas, or vapor may either
be forced in by such pipe or pipes, or it may be drawn in through them by the
action of the propellers. In some cases air, gas, or vapor which separates from the
liquid, rising up the spaces between the shell 15 and the sides of the vessel 9, may
with advantage be prevented from mixing with fresh air, gas, or vapor entering
down into the central space by introducing a cylindrical shell 18, indicated by
dotted lines in Figure 2, dipping down below the top of the shell 15, but leaving a
narrow annular space between it and that shell through which the liquid can rise
and pass over into the central space. Propelling blades may be fixed on the shaft 12,
as indicated by dotted lines in Figure 2, above the liquid to assist the movement
of the air, gas, or vapor downwards towards the liquid. The annular space between
the dipping shell 18 and the sides of the vessel 9 may be closed over, and a pipe
may be connected to it to lead the separated air, gas, or vapor away to a condenser
or to any desired point. The diameter of the propellers 14 relatively to the
shell 15, as shown in Figures 1 and 2, is suitable for some applications, such as the
treatment of alkali waste for example, but may be larger in cases in which a very
rapid oxidising action can do no harm.
It will in some cases be advantageous to retard the circulation of the liquid, that
is, its movement down inside the shell 15 and up again outside of it, or vice versa;
and for this purpose either the top of the shell 15 may be covered, as shown in
Figure 3, or the bottom, as in Figure 4, holes being provided, as shown, to allow
the liquid to flow in or out at a restricted rate. Figure 5 represents a modification
of the shell 15 formed with horizontal corrugations for retarding the progress or
flow of the liquid the long way of the shell, and thereby enhancing the beating or
pulverising action of the propellers 14; Figure 6 is a horizontal section of a
modification in which there is substituted for the shell 15, or for a part of it, a
series of vertical tangential plates or partitions 19 which have openings between
them into the central space. These plates 19 are set reversely as regards the
direction of rotation of the propellers 14, so that the whirling action tends rather
to draw liquid inwards than to force it outwards through them; Figure 7 is a
sectional elevation of another modification of the shell 15 and propellers 14, the
latter being, in it, placed at short intervals on their shafts 12, and there being fixed
a series of conical or partly conical shells 20 inside of the shell 15, the object being 4
to induce a series of annular vortices or eddies in the liquid, and thereby more
completely mix or incorporate the air, gas, or vapor into it.
Figure 8 is a longitudinal vertical section of a modification of the apparatus
suitable for effecting the absorption by water of certain gaseous matters or inatters
in a state of very minute division and suspended in air or gas, which matters are
extremely difficult to get completely absorbed. Several propellers 14 are fixed on
a shaft 12 placed horizontally in a horizontal cylindrical shell 15 in a trough 21 of
water, and between each propeller and the next or at other intervals diaphragms 22
having contracted central openings are fixed in the shell; or instead of plain
diaphragms there may be sets of blades fixed so as to counteract any tendency to 5
an excessive forward or whirling motion. In this apparatus the gaseous matters

page_text: are forced or drawn in at one end 23 of the cylindrical shell 15,.and are repeatedly
subjected to the beating or pulverising action on their way to the other end 24,
whereby the complete absorption or condensation of suspended or soluble matters is
insured. In some cases the cylindrical shell 15 may, with advantage, be made of
the modified form shown in transverse vertical section in Figure 9. In this
modification the upper part of the shell is made oval, and a longitudinal plate 25 is
fixed in the upper part to assist in resisting the tendency to whirling motion.
When sewage or waste waters, or sludges, containing noxious or infectious
matters, or nitrogenous or other matters liable to decomposition are treated with
air according to this Invention they are deodorised and disinfected, and their
liability to decompose or become offensive very much diminished. Ill-smelling oils
and other liquids, and fats, and other matters liquefiable by heat are sweetened by
similar treatment.
Noxious or offensive exhalations of fumes from manure works and the like, also
waste gases from various chemical and other works may all be rendered innocuous
by being treated with water according to this Invention, such water having
dissolved or suspended in it, when desirable, substances capable of promoting the
desired actions.
In the manufacture of lamp black, and in some other manufactures, the product
is obtained in the form of a light and fine powder, or fume, which has hitherto been
collected or condensed with great difficulty, and only by means of large flues or
chambers; but by the present Invention such powder or fume is at once condensed
and combined with water in the pulverising apparatus and is collected in the form
of a paste or mud, from which the water can be easily separated afterwards.
By the present Invention many chemical combinations or reactions are effected
in a better, more complete, and more expeditious manner than heretofore. For
example, white lead may be advantageously produced by beating carbonic acid gas
into solutions of suitable lead salts. Carbonates and bicarbonates of alkalies or
earths may be formed in a similar way.
In evaporating and distilling operations the Invention may be applied in various
ways. According to one plan the liquid to be evaporated or distilled is heated
according to any of the modes in use, and a rotating propeller is applied to assist
and expedite the process by breaking up and agitating the liquid, and by beating
its own vapor into it, with the view of effecting the evaporation or distillation at
the lowest possible temperature with greatly increased speed, and of preventing
one part of the liquid from becoming even temporarily more heated than another.
According to a second modification, air, or a suitable gas or vapor, is led by a pipe
or pipes to the neighborhood of the propelling or pulverising apparatus, the liquid
being heated in an ordinary manner. According to a third modification, heated
air, or gas or vapor, or in some cases superheated steam, is led into the liquid,
which is also otherwise heated. According to a fourth modification, heated air or
gas, or vapor or steam, is employed, and the liquid is not otherwise heated. The
improved process and apparatus are of considerable advantage in fractional distil-
lation, and are applicable when distillation is conducted under either an increased
or a diminished pressure.
For the purpose of maturing or mellowing spirits air is worked into the spirits,
according to this Invention, such air being at the ordinary temperature, or more or
less heated if found desirable, and the air after leaving the spirits is passed through
condensing apparatus to recover alcohol or other valuable volatile matters, which it
may carry off with it.
In some applications of the present Invention in which an oxidising action is
desired it is advantageous to have binoxide of manganese present in the liquid,
because it expedites the action by (it is believed) acting as a carrier or transmitter
of the oxygen of the air. The manganese may be introduced in the form of
precipitated binoxide, such as "Weldon mud," or as monoxide obtained by precipi-
tation of chloride of manganese with lime in slight excess, the monoxide of

page_text: manganese soon becoming oxidised to higher oxides. In treating yellow liquor
from alkali waste for the recovery of sulphur, the liquor, if of a strength of about
8 degrees Twaddell, should be diluted with about ten times its volume of water,
and have the binoxide of manganese added to it in the proportion of about 330
grains to each pint of the original yellow liquor. A charge made up in these
proportions is to be worked by giving sufficiently rapid rotation to the propellers
until no trace of sulphides is shown on testing the clear solution got by filtration
with acetate of lead solution. The speed of rotation may be increased or diminished
accordingly as there is more or less available sulphur in the liquor. Undiluted
yellow liquor may then be continuously added at the rate per minute of one twelfth
of the original quantity in the charge, until the deposited sulphur renders the
liquid two thick to be properly worked. Whilst thus continuously adding fresh
liquor into the central space the same level is maintained by drawing off an equal
quantity of the converted solution through a filter and pipe connected at a suitable
point, and so arranged as to prevent the abstraction of the solid matters originally
added or forined during the process. The remainder of the charge, along with the
precipitated matters, is finally drawn off into settling tanks, and after running off
the clear liquor the sulphur sludge is drained, dried, and is used either for burning
into sulphurous acid, or the sulphur is sublimed off. Both modes leave the
manganese suitable for being used over again.
In addition to the particular applications of my Invention which have been
already herein referred to, I may state that my improved apparatus may be
advantageously used for the following processes, namely
Converting raw linseed oil into drying oil or varnish, a superior result being
obtained by the process in a much more expeditious and satisfactory manner than
by the ordinary boiling process.
Obtaining iron oxides from iron proto-salts obtained as bye products by
galvanisers, tin-platers, and metallurgists.
Reoxidising manganese liquors for obtaining chlorine.
Treating oils and other liquids for decolorising and purifying purposes.
Oxidising turpentines and other hydrocarbons for sanitary and other purposes.
Aërating, purifying, or sweetening drinking water.
Making vinegar from diluted alcohol.
Treating indigo in the process of its formation.
Effecting the absorption of hydrochloric acid or ammonia, or other gaseous
matters.
Washing coal gas; also washing other gases, or smoke or gases charged with
metal fumes.
Oxidising sulphurous acid.
Oxidising color-producing substances obtained from coal tar.
Having thus particularly described my said Invention, and the manuer of
performing the same, I have to state that I do not restrict myself to the precise
details herein described or delineated, but that what I believe to be novel and
original, and claim as the Invention secured to me by and in terms of the herein-
before in part recited Letters Patent is,―
1. The treating of liquids or matters dissolved or suspended in liquids, and
effecting the interaction therewith of gases or vapors for the purposes of deodo-
rising, disinfecting, or sweetening, or of absorbing noxious or other constituents in
exhalations, vapors, or gases, or of collecting lampblack or similar powders or
fumes, or of promoting chemical reactions, or of evaporating or distilling, or of
maturing or inellowing spirits, or for other analogous purposes, the operation being
effected in any of the cases indicated in a manner and by means of apparatus
suited thereto, and substantially such as are hereinbefore described.
2. The application and use of the improved modifications of apparatus herein-
before described for treating liquids or matters dissolved or suspended in liquids,

page_text: and for effecting the interaction therewith of gases or vapors for the purpose of
promoting or controlling chemical and other operations.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Storer, have hereunto set my hand
and seal, this Twenty-sixth day of February, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and eighty one.
Witness,
EDMUND HUNT,
Patent Agent,
Glasgow.
JOHN SIUREN. (L.S.)