Year: 1887

page_text: Date of Application, 8th Nov., 1887
Complete Specification Left, 30th July, 1888
Complete Specification Accepted, 31st Aug., 1888
A communication from abroad by MELVIN BATCHLOR CHURCH, of Grand Rapids, in
the State of Michigan, United States of America, Manufacturer.
I, PHILIP MIDDLETON JUSTICE of 55 and 56 Chancery Lane in the County of
Middlesex Fellow of the Institute of Patent Agents do hereby declare the nature
of this invention to be as follows:-
The invention set forth in the following specification is an improvement in the
covering or painting of surfaces and is a substitute for any of the ordinary paint and
varnish finishing now employed. The objects sought to be accomplished are to
secure a better and more durable covering and finish, to lesson the time required
ordinarily in putting on the various coats, and also to reduce the cost. This improved
covering is adapted to surfaces exposed to the weather, such as those of carriages,
cars, and other vehicles, to houses, and as a matter of course, to furniture or any indoor
surfaces.
The essential part, though not the whole of the present invention consists in
applying directly to the surface of the wood or other material which is to be covered,
a coating consisting of a mixture of finely ground calcined gypsum and of glue in the
proportion of from 3 to 6 pounds of glue to 100 pounds of finely pulverized calcined
gypsum the whole suspended in water, reduced to a proper condition and applied
with a brush, and in putting directly upon this sub coat when dry, an outer coating
of oil or varnish.
My correspondent states that he has covered surfaces with a coating of finely
ground and pulverized calcined gypsum mixed with a per centage of glue and dissolved
and diluted in water, and upon the surface so prepared has placed an outer coating of
paint. This he has found in practice to be a useful and economical mode of covering
surfaces. The coating of the mixture of gypsum and glue adheres tenaciously to the
surface to which it is applied and forms a strong covering which though in itself not

page_text: adapted to resist atmospheric influence is capable of absorbing oil.
But when the
coat of paint was directly applied to it, its capacity to absorb the oil deprived the paint
of a part of its oil, and when the oil was thus applied in the paint it was impossible to
ascertain to what extent the oil united with the under coat at every point. The
application of oil alone unmixed with paint directly to the calcined gypsumn and glue
obviates this difficulty, and at the same time it forms a coating in itself to protect the
surface which it covers and to hear exposure to the weather better than any oil surface
where the pigment is mixed with oil as the particles adhere to each other, and the
shrinking of the oil would not affect the coat by cracking it. It further forms
an economical basis for a coating of paint of any similar or ordinary covering.
The first coating may be white or colored according to the nature of the work
desired and after it is dry and sot, which requires a very brief time, the coating of
oil is applied directly upon it. The sub coat has an affinity for the oil or readily
absorbs it, and when the oil is directly applied and in an unmixed state, it is absorbed
by the sub-coat in all parts of the surface, or if any part fails to receive the proper
amount, this failure can be perceived and more oil applied to the part which may
be lacking it which is not possible when the oil is applied in mixture with paint.
For some kind of work a coating of oil and sub-coat of calcined gypsum and glue
are sufficient. They are sufficient for example on wood work where it is desirable to
preserve the appearance of the grain. For this kind of work the uncolored coat of
calcined gypsum and glue is first applied and then covered with oil which strikes
into the sub-coat and leaves it transparent with an oil finish.
When the coating of the calcined gypsum and glue requires polishing or smoothing
it may be done by means of sand paper or pumice stone in the same manner in which
ordinary sub-coats are smoothed and polished, but the nature of the material of which
the sub-coat in this case is composed is such that the ordinary mode of dry
smoothing and polishing produces a fine dust which is detrimental to other work in
the shop, and to avoid this disadvantage my correspondent has devised a modo of
applying the oil simultaneously with the application of the sand paper. or the lump
pumice stone to smooth the surface. It consists in rubbing the surface with oil or
pumice stone or sand paper until it is reduced to a proper condition of smoothness
and finish and this leaves a very finely finished surface without dust.
As beforo intimated this process alone forms a desirable and durable covering but
it also forms an excellent basis to receive an outer cont of paint or any similar
covering, and for surfaces requiring such a covering, (that is to say for carriages,
coaches, and the like) au outer coating of paint or any other desired outside finishing
coat may be applied.
It has been found that a combined coat above described is better and more durablo
than a coat entirely of paint, the sub-coat of gypsum and glue is advantageous as a
first coat in the two particulars that it adheres strongly to the surface on which it is
placed and will not under any circumstances crack or peel, but remains hard and firm
and clings strongly to the wood or other articles, at the same time it receives and
holds as strongly the oil, or the oil and paint applied to it.
The well known rapidity with which the material of which this sub-coat is com-
posed sets and dries, greatly facilitates the work of painting and by the use of this
material coaches or carriages may be painted completely in a few days while the old
mode requires weeks or months with all the attendant inconveniences of storage and
loss of use of the vehicles. The under coat may be applied and prepared for the
finishing coat in one day.

page_text: COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improved Process of Coating or Painting Applicable to Carriage
Bodies and other Surfaces.
}
A communication from abroad by MELVIN BATCHLOR CHURCH, of Grand Rapids, in
tho State of Michigan, United States of America, Manufacturer.
1, PHIL MIDDLETON JUSTICE of 55 and 56 Chancery Lane, in the County of
Middlesex, Fellow of the Institute of Patent Agents, do hereby declare the nature
of this invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly
described and ascertained in and by the following statement :-
:
The invention set forth in the following specification is an improvement in the
covering or painting of surfaces, and is a substitute for any of the ordinary paint
and varnish finishing now employed. The objects sought to be accomplished are to
secure a better and more durable covering and finish, to lessen the time required
ordinarily in putting on the various coats, and also to reduce the cost. This improved
covering is adapted to surfaces exposed to the weather, such as those of carriages,
cars and other vehicles, to houses, and as a matter of course, to furniture or any
indoor surfaces.
The essential part though not the whole of the present invention consists in
applying directly to the surface of the wood or other material which is to be covered,
a coating consisting of a mixture of finely ground calcined gypsum and of glue in
the proportion of from 3 to 6 pounds of glue to 100 pounds of finely pulverized
calcined gypsum, the whole suspended in water, reduced to a proper condition and
applied with a brush, and in putting directly upon the sub coat when dry an outer
coating of oil or varnish.
My correspondent states that he has covered surfaces with a coating of finely
ground and pulverized calcined gypsum mixed with a percentage of glue and
dissolved and diluted in water, and upon the surface so prepared has placed an outer
coating of paint. This he found in practice to be a useful and economical mode of
covering surfaces.
The coating of the mixture of gypsum and glue adheres
tenaciously to the surface to which it is applied and forms a strong covering, which
though in itself not adapted to resist atmospheric influence is capable of absorbing
oil. But when the coat of paint was directly applied to it, its capacity to absorb the
oil deprived the paint of a part of its oil, and when the oil was thus applied in the
paint it was impossible to ascertain to what extent, the oil united with the under cont
at every point. The application of oil alone unmixed with paint directly to the
calcined gypsum and glue obviates this difficulty, and at the same time it forms a
coating in itself to protect, the surface which it covers and to bear exposure to the

page_text: weather better than any oil surface where the pigment is mixed with oil, as the
particles adhere to each other and the shrinking of the oil would not affect the coat
by cracking it. It further forms an economical basis for a coating of paint of any
similar or ordinary covering.
The first coating may be white or colored according to the nature of the work
desired, and after it is dry and has sot, which requires a very brief time, the coating
of oil is applied directly upon it. The sub coat has an affinity for tho oil, or readily
absorbs it, and when the oil is directly applied and in an unmixed state, it is absorbed
by the sub coat in all parts of the surface, or if any part fails to receive the proper
amount, this failure can be perceived and more oil applied to the part which may be
lacking it, which is not possible when the oil is applied in mixture with paint.
For some kind of work a coating of oil and sub coat of calcined gypsum and glue
are sufficient. They are sufficient, for example, on wood work where it is desirable to
preserve the appearance of the grain. For this kind of work the uncolored coat of
calcined gypsum and glue is first applied and then covered with oil which strikes
into the subcoat and leaves it transparent with an oil finish.
When the coating of the calcined gypsum and glue requires polishing or smoothing,
it may be done by means of sand paper or pumice stone in the same manner in which
ordinary sub coats are smoothed and polished, but the nature of the material of which
the sub coat in this case is composed is such that the ordinary mode of dry smoothing
and polishing produces a fine dust which is detrimental to other work in the shop,
and to avoid this disadvantage my correspondent has devised a mode of applying the
oil simultaneously with the application of the sand paper or the lump pumico to
smooth the surface. It consists in rubbing the surface with oil or pumice stone or
sand paper until it is reduced to a proper condition of smoothness and finish, and this
leaves a very finely finished surface without dust.
As before intimated this process alono forms a desirable and durable covering, but
it also forms an excellent basis to receive an outer coat of paint, or any similar
covering, and for surfaces requiring such a covering, (that is to say, for carriages,
coaches, and the like,) an outer coating of paint or any other desired outside finishing
coat may be applied.
It has been found that a combined coat as above described is better and more
durable than a coat entirely of paint, the sub coat of gypsum and glue is advantageous
as a first coat in the two particulars, that it adheres strongly to the surface on which
it is placed and will not under any circumstances crack or peel, but remains hard and
firm and clings strongly to the wood or other articles. At the same time it receives
and holds as strongly the oil, or the oil and paint applied to it.
The well known rapidity with which the material of which the sub cont is composed
sets and dries, greatly facilitates the work of painting, and by the use of this
material coachos or carriages may bo paintod completely in a few days, while the
old mode requires weeks or months with all the attendant inconveniences of storage
and loss of use of the vehicles. The undercoat may be applied and prepared for the
finishing coat in one day.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of the said inven-
tion, and in what manner the same is to be performed, as communicated to me by
my foreign correspondent, I declare that what I claim is :-
1. The improved process of covering surfaces, consisting in first applying a
mixture of pulverized calcined gypsum and glue suspended in water, and when this
is dry in applying thereto a coat of oil or varnish substantially as described.
a
2. The improved process of covering surfaces, consisting in first applying
mixture of pulverized calcined gypsumn and glue suspended in water, and when this is
dry, in rubbing the same smooth in oil or varnish.
3. The improved process of covering surfaces, consisting in first applying a
mixture of pulverized calcined gypsum and glue suspended in water, and when this

page_text: is dry in applying thereto a coat of oil or varnish, and finally applying a coat of paint
over the oil or varnish.
4. The improved finish or covering for exposed surfaces consisting of a sub coat of
calcined gypsum and glue and a superficial coat of oil or varnish placed thereon
substantially as described.
5. The improved covering or finish for exposed surfaces consisting of a sub cont of
calcined gypsum and glue, a coat of oil laid next thereon, and a superficial coat
of paint substantially as described..