IMPROVEMENTS IN COMBINATIONS OF METALS, APPLICABLE TO THE MAKING OF TUBES OR PIPES, AND TO OTHER PURPOSES, AND IN THE METHOD OF MAKING TUBES OR PIPES THEREFROM, WHICH IMPROVED METHOD IS APPLICABLE TO THE MAKING OF TUBES OR PIPES FROM CERTAIN OTHER METALS AND COMBINATIONS OF METALS
Year: 1838

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOB
CUTLER, of Lady Pool Lane, Spark brook, in the Parish of Aston, in the
Borough of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick, Gentleman, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at Westminster,
the Seventeenth day of December, in the second year of Her reign, did,
for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said
Job Cutler, Her especial license that I, the said Job Cutler, my exors,
admors, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Job Cutler, my exors,
admiors, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from
time to time and at all times during the term of years therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within England,
Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, my Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS
IN COMBINATIONS OF METALS, APPLICABLE TO THE MAKING OF TUBES OR PIPES, AND
TO OTHER PURPOSES, AND IN THE METHOD OF MAKING TUBES OR PIPES THEREFROM,
WHICH IMPROVED METHOD IS APPLICABLE TO THE MAKING OF TUBES OR PIPES FROM
CERTAIN OTHER METALS AND COMBINATIONS OF METALS;" in which said Letters
Patent there is contained a proviso obliging me, the said Job Cutler, by an
instrument in writing under my hand and seal, particularly to describe and
ascertain the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to
be performed, and to cause the same to be enrolled in Her Majesty's High
Court of Chancery within six calendar months next and immediately after
the date of the said recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference
being thereunto had, will more fully and at large appear.

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Job Cutler, do hereby declare the nature of my said Invention, and the manner
in which the same is to be performed, are fully described and ascertained in
and by the following statement thereof, reference being had to the Drawing
hereunto anexed, and to the figures and letters marked thereon, that is to say:―
My Invention relates,―
First, to the production of new combinations of metals, or new compound
metals.
And, secondly, my Invention relates to improvements in the method of
making tubes or pipes, by performing that part of the process of tube or pipe
making, which consists in forming the edges or sides of the plates with bevels or
inclined surfaces suitable for overlapping, and being soldered by improved
machinery. & I will proceed, first, to describe the mode of performing my
Invention, so far as relates to the compound metals, and, secondly, I will
describe the nature of the improved machinery for tube or pipe making, to
which the Drawing hereto annexed is applicable.
The first part of the Invention consists in combinations of copper, iron, and
nickel, forming new compound metals, and, further, in combinations of such
compound metals with zinc or with tin separately, or with zine and tin com-
bined, and such combinations of metals, or compound metals, may be respec-
tively combined or formed in manner herein-after mentioned, and are valuable
for the purpose of making tubes or pipes, and for other purposes. In making
the new combinations of metal or compound metals, the descriptions of copper
employed are either the "best selected," or "tough cake," or "common tile
copper," but I prefer "tough cake." Any description of iron may be used, but
scrap sheet iron, such as is commonly used in making spoons, is preferable,
inasmuch as it requires less heat to melt it than bar iron, or iron in thick
pieces. The zinc best adapted for the purpose is that description known
under the denomination "foreign zinc," and proportionately so as it approaches
to that quality. The proportions of the metals in the combinatious are to be
adapted to the object for which the compound metal is required. A greater
proportion of iron will produce a harder compound. The iron and copper
may be combined in any proportions, but the nickel should bear a proportion
at the least of one pound to every ten pounds of iron in the compound, but may
be increased to any quantity. A proper combination for tubes for steam
engine boilers, where all such are used, is, copper twenty-two pounds, iron ten
pounds, and nickel ten ounces; and another combination for the same purpose
is copper sixteen pounds, iron three pounds, nickel eight ounces, zinc five
pounds. For gass tubes, copper fifteen pounds, iron three and a half pounds,

page_text: neikel eight ounces, and zinc six and a half pounds; and for making small
bells a proper combination will be of copper twelve pounds, of iron three
pounds, of nickel ten ounces, of zinc two pounds, of tin four pounds, but
these proportions may be varied, my Invention not consisting in the particular
proportions of the metals, but in the mixture, the peculiarity of which is the
combination of iron and copper in substantial proportions in the same com-
pound metal.
The compound metals thus produced are applicable to many other purposes,
those above mentioned being referred to as examples. It may be used for
almost every purpose to which both iron and copper may be separately
applied. The mode in which I prefer to combine the metal is as follows:-
I take a casting pot of the ordinary description, except that it is made a little
stronger, as great heat is required to reduce the metals to a flux state). The
pot is placed in an ordinary casting furnace in the usual way. I allow the
casting pot to become red hot. I put into it the nickel, then the copper, and
let them remain until they are reduced to a state of fusion; I then put in the
quantity of iron intended, which may be all at one time, but in that case it
will require a greater heat and more time than if iron is put into the pot in
small quantities, allowing that put in to melt before more is added, which
I consider the preferable way. If the iron is all put in together, when it
has become near the point of fusion I put in a small quantity of sal enixum
and borax as a flux, but if the iron is put in in small quantities I put in the
above fluxes when the last quantity of iron put in has become near the point
of fusion. The quantity of flux to be used depends very much upon circum-
stances, such as the strength of the fire and the purity of the metals, therefore
these quantities cannot be accurately stated, but the following proportions will
be found correct, as nearly as the same can be given. A very little practico
will suffice to enable the workmen readily to effect the compounding of the
metal: For each thirty pounds of the mixture, one and a half to two ounces of
sal enixum, and one ounce of borax, put in together. When the metal is all
fused, and at a white heat, I add one quarter to a half ounce of crude tartar,
or one quarter to half an ounce of argol, and about a teaspoonfull of turp's
mineral pounded fine. I then cover the metal in the pot with pounded
charcoal or coke, and let it remain in the furnace about twenty minutes, still
keeping it at a white heat. I then take the pot out of the furnace, and clean
or skim the dirt from the top of the metal, and put in a small quantity of
borax, weighing about an ounce, at the same time well stirring up the
mixture, and keep doing so until it is poured into an ingot or pig. If it be
intended to use the metal thus made, without either zinc or tin, after it bas

page_text: got cold break it up, and again melt it. The only flux put in this time is the
borax and crude tartar, which is put in after the metal is melted. This
second time of melting it does not require to be made so hot as on the first
melting, and may when it gets to the ordinary heat be cast into ingots, as
may be desired. If it is intended to introduce zinc or tin, or both, into this
mixture, these articles are to be put in when the metal is in a flux state, on
the second time of melting, and are added in the way in which they are now
added to copper, and is well known. Tho' the metal combined of copper, iron,
and nickel may be formed by being at the first time melted together, the
perfect combination is effected with greater facility by melting the iron and
nickel together first, and afterwards adding the copper. When the iron and
nickel are first melted together in this way, I put in a small portion of
argol with three times its quantity of sal enixum. When the metal is in a
flux state, this is then cast into a sow, and left to get cold, when it is broken
up, and put into the pot already containing the copper in a flux state. They
are then kept in the pot till they come to the ordinary heat, and then, if
necessary, the zinc or tin, as before described, may be added, and upon the
point of pouring add a small lump of borax, as, before described. It is
desirable, while pouring the metal, to exclude as much as possible all atmo-
spheric air. If it is desired to combine large quantities together at one time,
it may be done by means of an air furnace with greater facility than by pots.
The compound metal will roll cold, annealing the same from time to time.
I would remark that although I bave been particular in giving directions as
to the means pursued by me for combining the iron, nickel, and copper, I
would have it understood that I do not confine myself to that exact method, as
the same may be varied without departing from my Invention. It does not
prevent their proper combination that some other metals may be added while
the process is going on, or be melted and mixed with the compound metal
after it is once formed.
I will now proceed to describe the second part of my Invention. Fig. 1
represents a front view of a pair of rollers, constructed according to the
second part of my Invention. Fig. 2 is a section of Fig. 1. In these
Figures the same letters indicate similar parts; a, a, being two axes having
screws formed thereon, as is shewn, and there are four grooves b formed
thereon to receive keys affixed in the collars or working surfaces c¹, c¹, and
prevent their turning upon the axes a, a. c, c, c, c, are four collars, with
female screws formed therein. These collars screw on to the screws b, and are
firmly screwed up to the collars C³, C. The collars or surfaces C¹, C¹, are
those which produce the bevel or inclined edges to the plates, suitable for

page_text: folding over each other in order to be soldered. d, d, are filling pieces, which
fit on the axes a between the collars c¹, and these filling pieces are of a width
depending on the width of the plates to be bevelled off at the edges. 9, 9,
are toothed wheels, gearing into each other, to drive the axes at the same
speed, as is well understood by millwrights. h shews a plate of metal under-
going the operation of having the edges bevelled. It will be evident that this
improved method of making the tubes of the compound metals above mentioned
will also be suitable for making tubes of copper, brass, and such other metals
used for that purpose as require to be soldered in making the joint. It
should be stated that the remainder of the process of making tubes or pipes
is to be performed according to any of the means at present pursued for the
like, purposes
Having thus described the nature of my Invention, and the manner of
performing the same, I would have it understood that what I claim as the
improvements secured by the present Letters Patent, are,-
First, the combinations or compound metals of copper, iron, and nickel, as
herein-before described, whether the same be combined with other metal or
metals, as herein-before mentioned, or not. And,
Secondly, I claim the improved method of making tubes or pipes, as above
described, whether the improved combinations of metals are used or such
other metals as above mentioned.
In witness whereof, I, the said Job Cutler, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, the Seventeenth day of June, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and thirty-nine