A Check-action Self-held Preumatic Tubed or Tubeless Tyre, with Fixture Adjuncts, adaptable also as a Cushion or Solid-rubber Tyre for all kinds of Cycles, Auto-Motors, Road Carriages, and other like Rolling Bodies.
Year: 1898

page_text: Date of Application, 14th Jan., 1898
Complete Specification Left. 11th Oct., 1898-Accepted, 31st Dec., 1898
Date of Application, 14th Jan., 1898
Complete Specification Left. 11th Oct., 1898-Accepted, 31st Dec., 1898
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
A Check-action Self-held Preumatic Tubed or Tubeless Tyre, with
Fixture Adjuncts, adaptable also as a Cushion or Solid-rubber
Tyre for all kinds of Cycles, Auto-Motors, Road Carriages, and
other like Rolling Bodies.
JOHN BALLANTYNE SMALL, Pneumatic Wheel-Builder, residing at 7, Great
George Street, Hillhead, and JAMES WEDDERBURN OGILVY WALKER, Manager of
Glasgow Rubber Works, Maryhill, residing at 11, Huntly Terrace, North Kelvin-
side, both in the City and County of Glasgow, do hereby declare the nature of
this invention to be as follows:-
The said invention relates to a pneumatic tyre cover and adjuncts of specific
construction which with, and by means of, said necessary adjuncts is fixed to the
wheel rim or iron tyre by means of triangular shaped flaps webbed with canvas or
other suitable material. The said cover with adjuncts can, with modification, be
rendered adaptable to a tubed or tubeless tyre and is, whilst under inflation, self-
held by reason of the check actions of the triangular flaps caused by the centrepital
and centrifugal actions of the pneumatic force all to be, herein, specifically de-
scribed. With the addition of metallic nipples or other fixtures through holes or
slots in the rim the said cover can also be rendered adaptable for encasing a
cushon tyre or solid rubber tyre of the very softest yielding spongey rubber, in
which case the pneumatic pressure is either altogether dispensed with or is merely
used as an auxilliary force. More than one of these cushon or solid tyres can be
used in the one cover. The said cushon or solid tyres may be variously shaped
but are preferably made of round rubber and in the event of one cover containing
two or more of said tyres, the latter are either solutioned together or fixed to each
other in concentric order by means of string or other suitable fixture.
The rim used for our cover is likewise of specific design and shape, its being
perfectly flat, or, with slight modification can be curved, with curvatures either
down or up.
For cycle tyres, in order to give rapid manipulation, the wheel rim
is preferably made flat and in the event of sudden deflation no danger can, there-
fore, befall the cover through chafing; and, in the event of the cover encasing
solid rubber or cushon tubes all as already specifically described, full vibration
absorption value is, obtained therefrom as no parts of the rubber lies enchanneled
in the rim as is invariably the case with cycle tyres now in use.
In order that our said invention and the manner of performing or carrying same
into practice may be understood, we have, hereunto, appended one sheet of draw-
ings in which the same letters and numerals are used to designate the respective
parts in all the figures where shewn.
Figure 1 is a plan view of the flat rim looking down through the inflated tyre
shewing the near side and outer side laps of the tyre with overlap at or near the
centre. The lap on the outer side is the broader of the two as shewn in drawing
but this can be modified to suit exigencies.

page_text: Figure 2 is likewise a plan view of the said flat rim shewing the interceptional
placement or arrangement of the near side and outer side triangles which are
self-held under pneumatic force and fitted with auxilliary metallic or other fixtures
as a safeguard against sudden deflation.
Figure 3 is a plan view of the outer side triangle with its lap or flap.
Figure 4 is in like manner a plan view of the near side triangle with its lap or
flap.
Figure 5 is a cross-cut section of single-plate rim with double-plate rim-key.
Figure 6 is, in like manner, a cross-cut section of double-plate rim with single-
plate rim-key.
Referring to Figure 1, the outer lap A and the near lap C are shewn with the
overlap L. As the lap C which is the narrower of the two is folded first, prior
to the fixing on the rim, the lap A is consequently downmost, it being afterwards
fixed, in order of time, after which it is, with inflation process, blown by pneumatic
force against the rim while the lap C in like manner presses against lap A and are
thus rendered immovable by reason of the overlap L and the check actions of the
triangular arms as will be more fully explained in Figure 2. O is the outer side
and N the near side.
Figure 2 shews the arrangement of the near side and outer side triangles lying
flat on the rim. O is the outer side and N the near side of the rim.
D is the rim of the wheel which is preferably made of metal and may be soldered
and otherwise jointed and may also be made of many strips of metal all formed
into one co-hesive endless strip. R is the rib on the near side triangle; R¹ is the
rib of the outer side triangle. These ribs are metallic and may be either of single
or double leaves of metal. For carriage tyres, the said ribs are made with greater
breadth of rim or iron tyre. T is the right arm and T¹ the left arm of the near
side triangle having B for its basis. T is the right arm and T3 the left arm of
the outer side triangle having B¹ for its basis. These right and left arms of the
triangle on either side are made of metal and may be hollowed out as in Foxe's
umbrilla metallic frame with cord fixed in the hollow, or, they may be tubular
with cord conveniently fixed for strengthening purposes. These cords or equivalent
stiffenings run from the base to the apex and are variously intertexed throughout
the cover for strength-giving purposes. B is the basis of the triangle on the
near side and B₁ the basis of the triangle on the outer side. When inflation is
given to the air-chamber the rubber tube of same is checked in its action at equidis-
tances in the line of axle from ribs R to R¹ and so on throughout the circumference
of the wheel, while, again, the zig-zag arrangement of the triangular arms from T3
to T and from T to T2 and so on from 13 to T as shewn in Fig. 2 and thus
throughout the circumference of the wheel that reciprocal check is continuously
given while the air-chamber is under inflation. As a preventative against the
shifting of the cover with sudden deflation the means of precaution used are nipples
or studs fixed in ribs R and R' and slipped into holes bored in the centre or side
of the rim at convenient distances. Grooves in the line of axle are made in the
rim for the inception of the ribs R and R¹.
Figure shews the outer side triangle, taken seperately. A is the outer flap
or lap; O is the outer side; D is the rim of the wheel; R₁ the rib of outer side
triangle; B the base of same triangle; Ta the right arm and T³ the left arm of
said triangle.
Figure 4 shews the near side triangle, taken seperately. C is the near lap or
flap N is the near side; D is the rim of wheel; R is the rib of the near side
triangle; B the base of same triangle; T the right arm and T the left arm of
said triangle. Figures 3 and 4 taken unitedly give the triangular arrangement as
seen in Figure 2 while the respective laps A and C give the formation with over-
lap as seen in Figure 1.
Figure 5 shews a cross-cut section of rim with the rim-key arrangement for the
purpose of levering on the tyre prior to inflation. D is the rim of the wheel here
shewn as a single flat plate. D₁ is the rim-key made with a double plate to catch

page_text: on the outer side of the rim O. D³ is the flap of D¹ here shewn on the upper por-
tion but this by way of modification is also made with a slot and inverted, that is
to say, it is fitted to the rim with D³ down instead of up which is preferable when
used at the right and left quadratures of the rim. The position shewn in Fig. 5
is suitable for the top quadrature of the rim.
Another modification is to have the point 13 extended along to Da and slotted
where necessary.
Such modifications are preferably used fixed to the right and
left quadratures of the rim. D² is its end projection preventing the tyre from
slipping off during the process of levering on the deflated cover which rests on the
near side N.
The first portion to be fixed is the valve and with two of these rim-keys there
are of course, given three equidistant fixed points for the cover to rest on while
the work of slipping on the outer side 0 at the near side N and gradually by means
of the ribs is the outer side of the cover pressed across the rim until it rests on
its own side when the nipples or studs of the ribs protrude through the apertures
made for them.
For easy manipulation, three keys are preferably used which, with the valve,
gives equal quadratures.
The valve is placed through a broadened rib purposely made for its inception.
Figure 6 is a modification of Fig. 5. D is the rim, in this case made hollow and
with flattened surfaces; D¹ is the rim-key of single plate thrust through the
rim and protruding through to outer side 0 with projecting point D2
on the near side N whereon rests the tyre cover all as already specifically described
in Fig. 5. When the cover has been placed on the rim through means of these
leverage rim-keys, the latter are at once removed and inflation given in the usual
manner of a pneumatic tyre.
For tubeless tyres, the cover, on inflation, resolves itself into a tube, and to
render this possible, the flaps A and C of our cover are made with their down-
lying portions covered with a rubber of specific manufacture, and, as a safeguard
against puncture, the rubber we use, over about two-thirds of the tyre cover, inside,
is manufactured in exact accordance with the specific process of contractile tyre
as contained in Small, MacLellan & Walker's Patent No. 6206 of 20th March
1896.
With removal of the valve, a special key is used permitting the valve to rest in
the centre, or, as an equivalent for this, two rim-keys are used, one on either side.
The nipples for permanent fixture of cover to rim are made with keys, screws or
nuts to hold on the tyre cover in the event of deflation.
Dated at Glasgow, this 13th day of January 1898.
JOHN BALLANTYNE SMALL.
JAMES WEDDERBURN OGILVY WALKER.
A Check-action Self-held Pneumatic Tubed or Tubeless Tyre, with
Fixture Adjuncts, adaptable also as a Cushion or Solid-rubber
Tyre for all kinds of Cycles, Auto-Motors, Road Carriages, and
other like Rolling Bodies.
We, JOHN BALLAntyne Small, Pneumatic-Wheel-Builder, residing at 7, Great
George Street, Hillhead, and JAMES WEDDERBURN OGILVY WALKER, Manager of
Glasgow Rubber Works, Maryhill, Glasgow, residing at 11, Huntly Terrace,
North Kelvinside, both in the City and County of Glasgow, North Britain, do

page_text: hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the same is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement:—
The said invention relates to a pneumatic tyre-cover and the necessary adjuncts
pertaining thereto, the said cover, of specific construction which with and by means
of said necessary adjuncts, is fixed in the channel of wheel-rim or irou-tyre by
means of triangular shaped flaps webbed with canvas or other suitable material.
The said cover, with adjuncts, can, with modification, be rendered adaptable for a
tubed or tubeless tyre, and is, whilst under inflation, self-held by reason of the
check-actions of the canvas-webbed triangular flaps caused by the centrepital
and centrifugal actions, under pneumatic pressure, all to be, herein, specifically
described. With the addition of metallic nipples and other fixtures through holes
or slots in the rim, the said cover can also be rendered adaptable for encasing a
cushion tyre or solid-rubber tyre or tyres composed of rubber of a specific make or
manufacture, whereby, from its exceedingly soft nature and the great amount of
its circumferential and cross-cut surface exposed, thereby, enables it to give a
greater circumferential yielding power, in which case the pneumatic pressure is
either altogether dispensed with or is merely used as an auxilliary force or sub-
sidiary aid.
More than one of these cushion or solid-rubber tyres can be used, in
the one cover, in which case it is made with patch-rubber covering the whole of B2
surface, and, by means of a rubber of a similar nature a self-sealing air-tight
joint, under air-pressure, is effected between the near and the off or outer laps as
seen in Fig. 5, hereof, or in other words the said self-sealing air-tight joints are
placed, the one on 14 of the near side and the other on B2 of the outer side, as
will be seen in Fig. 3, hereof, the upper sealing band of rubber being placed between
N4 and No, on T4 of the near side, while the lower sealing band of rubber is, in
like manner, placed between 0 and 05, on B2 of the outer side, as seen in said
Fig. 3, and, to be more fully described, further on.
In brief recapitulation, the figures are as follows:-
Fig. 1 shews a broken-off portion of the basis fabric spread out with the top
portion up and the bottom portion down, and, with some spaces of the metallic
zig-zag structure built-in, as shewn in Fig. 3.
Fig. 2 is an end view of Fig. 1, but without the metallic structure built-in and
sealed-down, as shewn in Fig. 3.
Fig. 3 is the same as Fig. 2 with the metallic-structure built-in and the same
rendered immovably fixed by means of sealing-tape girths.
Fig. 4 is a plan view of the check-action arms, T and T', as shewn in Fig. 1,
built-in, on the top side.
Fig. 5 shews the tyre with the in-turned flaps.
Fig. 6 is the same as Fig. 5 but enlarged to a carriage-size tyre and shewing
the various parts in the actual relative positions which they occupy when the tyre
is on the wheel rim.
Referring to Fig. 1, this figure shews a broken-off portion of the basis fabric
spread out, with the top portion up and the bottom portion down, and, with some
spaces of the metallic zig-zag structure built-in, as shewn in Fig. 3. To build
the metallic structure, it is, of course, turned with the top portion down and the
bottom portion up which latter is next built, though, of course, either side could
be built first. In order to make our specification sufficiently clear, for making a
tyre to go into a rim of 80 inches circunference, the measurements, here given, will
at once, enable a pneumatic-tyre-maker to construct, from this specification, one
of our tyres for what is known in the trade as a twenty-eight-inch wheel. The
basis cloth or fabric is cut on the diagonal with a two-inch lap (more or less)
which, when jointed, will give a circumferential measurement of about eighty
inches, as already stated, and, after which, it is girthed as seen in Fig. 2, and,
this done, the metallic-structure, as seen in Fig. 5, is built-in, on the near side,
and, the same done, the circle is turned outside in, in which case the bottom side
will be up and, of course, the top side down when the work or operation of build-

page_text: ing-in the metallic-structure, as shewn in the dotted lines of Fig. 1, will be gone
on with in the same manner as was, on the near side metallic-structure, on the
top side of the basis fabric. Fig. 2 shews the manner of placing the tape-girths
before building-in the metallic-structure, and, Fig 3 the placement of the sealing
tape-girths after the metallic-structure has been built-in.
With the zig-zag metallic-structure built-in and tape-girths sealed, the said
structure or check-action clench arrangement is all covered over with what is
technically known in the trade as jaconet a very fine thin covering of the finest
texture cloth, and solutioned on one side only, or, as a substitute for jaconette,
the very thinnest of patch-rubber can be used, all as will more particularly be
described, further on. The circumference of 80" is divided into spaces and these
may be 8 spaces of 10 inches per space or of 10 spaces at 8 inches per space, but
are preferably made of 12 or 14 spaces, and, in the case of making the circum-
ference with 20 spaces of 4 inches per space, the metallic-structure is, of course,
correspondingly lightened, as compared with the metal used in a ten-space circum-
ference. One space is occupied by one complete metallic-structure, as shewn in
Fig. 4, the composition of which will be fully explained, further on. These
metallic-structures are placed with the V, in every case, opposite the centre of the
base of the opposing structure, and, by which means is our principle of check-
action pull obtained, the check-actioning influence going-on on either side through-
out the entire circle.
To fit into an ordinary, or what is considered by the trade a popular, channel
of say 15ths", we firstly fix on our tape-girths, as shewn in Fig. 2, placing the
outer edges, thereof, about 1" apart while the inner edges are placed about "/"
apart and inside, or within, this space is the metallic-structure built-in, and,
after which operation, the sealing girths, as shewn in Fig. 3, are built-in. For
wheels of a larger diameter, such as carriage wheels, the identical parts enlarged
and embodying the same check-action principle, as herein shewn, are absolutely
maintained, no matter what size the wheel may be, but, of course, the metallic-
structure, in size and weight, is altered commensurately. In descriptive synopsis,
the following are the parts or members of our tyre-cover:-N is the near side
metallic-structure, fitted on to the near side of the rim.
O is the outer side metallic-structure, fitted on to the outer side of the rim; T
is the right arm of the near side triangle having B for its basis. T is the left
arm of the near side triangle having B for its basis. T2 is the right arm of the
outer side triangle having B1 for its basis. T³ is the left arm of the outer side
triangle having B' for its basis. These right and left arms of the triangle on
either side are made of metal and may be hollowed out, as in Fox's umbrilla
metallic frame, with cord fixed in the hollow or they may be tubular with cord.
conveniently fixed for strengthening purposes. These cords, or equivalent stiffen-
ings, run from the base to the apex and are variously intertexed throughout the
cover for strength-giving purposes. B is the basis of the triangle on the near
side. B is the basis of the triangle on the outer side. In determining the base
of the triangle on the outer side, it is advisable to turn the sheet of drawings
upside down when it will be seen that T is on the right hand side and T³ on the
left hand side.
When these two check-action flaps are folded in, as seen in Fig. 1, and inflation
is given to the air-chamber, the rubber tube of same is checked, in its action, at
the quadratures or spaces and so on throughout the circumference of the wheel,
while again the zig-zag arrangement of the triangular arms throughout the cir-
cumference of the wheel reciprocal check is continuously given while the air-
chamber is under inflation. A is the outer flap or lap and which of course, is
on the outer side. C is the near lap or flap and which, of course, is on the near
side.
The cords, or equivalent stiffenings, already adverted to, run from the base of
the triangle to the apex and are variously intertexed throughout the cover for
strength-giving purposes. Our pneumatic tyre-cover, with these aforesaid ad-

page_text: juncts, consisting of cords or equivalent stiffenings of specific construction which,
with and by means of said necessary adjuncts, is fixed to the wheel rim by means
of triangular-shaped flaps with apex broadened consistently with size of spaces
whether it be of four inches or of eight inches all as already stated, the said
metallic-flap structure being webbed with canvas or other suitable material. These
cords or equivalent stiffenings are of two kinds respectively, affording circum-
ferential and diagonal clench power and will all be specifically detailed in Figs. 2,
3 and 5, their location being only given in this figure. They are as follows:-
N is the circumferential tape-girth on the top side at the base of the triangle;
N is the circumferential tape-girth, on the top side at the base of the iriangle,
sealing the base of the metallic structure N³ is the circumferential tape-girth, on
the top side at the apex of the triangle, sealing the apex of the metallic structure;
M is the apex of the metallic-structure resting on the solutioned fabric and sealed
thereto by tape-girth N5; M is the base of the metallic-structure rest-
ing between the basis tape-girth N³ and the sealing tape-girth N; 01
is the circumferential tape-girth on the outer top side, at the apex of the triangle ;
02, the circumferential tape-girth, on the outer top side, at the base of the triangle;
Tis the top side of the canvas fabric, broken away, and solutioned on both sides.
It will be understood from the foregoing that the circumferential girths N' N³,
03, 04, 05 as likewise. the parts M2 and M³ are in this figure not shewn, they all
being on the bottom or B2 side, and, of course, all visible in Fig. 3, wherein they will
be specifically described. E is the envelope enclosing the metallic-structure, all
to be specifically described in Fig. 4.
Fig. 2 is an end.view. of Fig. 1 but without the metallic structure built-in and
sealed down as shewn in Fig 3. T is the top side of the canvas fabric, solutioned
on both sides. 12 is the bottom side of the canvas fabric, solutioned on bottom
and top sides, as already stated.
N is the near side and is the outer side. N¹ is the circumferential tape-girth,
on the near bottom side, at the triangle apex. N2 is the circumferential tape-girth,
on the near bottom side, at the triangle base; N3 is the circumferential tape-girth
on the top side, at the triangle base; 0¹ is the circumferential tape-girth, on the
outer top side, at the triangle apex; 02 is the circumferential tape-girth, on
the outer top side, at the triangle base; 0 is the circumferential tape-girth, on
the outer bottom side, at the triangle base. Having cut the canvas fabric to the
desired breadth and length with the two sides lap-jointed making, as already
stated, a circular band of eighty inches, or thereabout, the first thing done is to
fix on the aforesaid tape-girths, and, after which operation, it is ready for the
metallic-structure to be built-in, as seen in Fig. 2, after which the sealing tape-
girths, all as seen in Fig. 3, are fixed on and after which the jeconette can be
put on all as will be, further on, explained.
Fig. 3 is the same as Fig. 2, but with the metallic-structure built-in, and the
same rendered immovably fixed by means of sealing tape-girths. N is the near
side and the outer side T, the top side of canvas fabric; B³, bottom
side of same. N' is the circumferential tape-girth, on the near bottom side, at the
triangle apex. These tape-girths which give circumferential check-action are all
made in the same manner and whatever difference there may be between the basis
girths as seen in Fig. and the sealing girths, N, N5, 04, and 05, as given in
this figure can only be a difference in breadth or in length or in the triplication or
quadruplication of the tapes or of whatsoever fold may be given them, in specific
make or manufacture.
These girths are prepared in the following manner:-
We obtain, for said purpose, the strongest linen tape and cut it to 90", thereby,
giving a 10-inch lap, after which it is once coated with rubber solution of the
thickest consistency and then the linen tape is triplicated, or otherwise folded. and
firmly pressed with roller, which again after having received a second coat of
solution is, when dry, put-on, in the following order (1) with the top side up, N³,
02 and 0¹, after which it is turned, having the bottom side up, when 03, № and N¹

page_text: are put on; after this, with the top side or bottom side up, it now being of no
importance which side is up, the metallic-structure, as seen in Fig. 4, is built-in,
in the same manner as, therein, shewn. Assuming that the top side is first built,
the metallic-structure would be built-in with M' resting upon N3 and the apex on
the base fabric, herein, on the C lap or flap, after which it would be turned with B2
up when M³, resting upon 03, would have the apex resting at M. The metallic-
structure all built-in with check-action arrangement, as shewn in Fig. 1, with the
arms forming a V on the one side check-actioning the apex on the other side and
so on throughout the whole circumference maintaining this check-action arrange-
ments, the sealing tapes 04, 05, N4 and N5 are then put on. Having put on these
sealing tapes, further strength-giving power can be obtained by single-ply tapes of
about a quarter-inch in breadth being solutioned on covering up all the jointures
at the laps and, after this, the jeconette, solutioned on one side only, is put on, or,
as a substitute for jeconette, specially prepared patch-rubber can be used. N2
is the circumferential tape-girth, on the near bottom side, at the triangle base;
No is the same, on the top side, at the triangle base; 01 is the same, on the outer
top side, at the triangle apex; 02 is the same, on the outer top side, at the triangle
base; 03 is the same, on the outer bottom side, at the triangle base. All the
foregoing, as shewn in Fig. 2, are the basis tape-girths, while the following are the
sealing girths. N is the circumferential tape-girth, on the top side, at the triangle
base, sealing tlie metallic-structure base; N³ is the same, on the top side, at the
triangle apex, sealing the metallic-structure apex; 0+ is the same, on the outer
bottom side, at the triangle base, sealing the metallic-structure base; 05 is the
same, on the outer bottom side, at the triangle apex, sealing the metallic-structure*
apex; M is the apex of the metallic-structure, resting on the solutioned fabric, and,
sealed thereto by means of sealing tape-girth, No; M is the base of the metallic
structure, resting between the basis tape-girth N³ and the sealing tape-girth, N4;
M³ is the apex of the metallic-structure, resting on the solutioned fabric and sealed
thereto by means of sealing tape-girth, 05; M is the base of the metallic-structure,
resting between the basis tape-girth, 03, and sealed thereto by means of the sealing
tape-girth, 04.
"
22
Fig 4 is a plan view of the check-action arms, T and T', as shewn in Fig. 1,
built-in on the top side. The rib, R, shewn in this figure, can either be used or
dispensed with. In the case of its being used, the metallic arms and other parts
are correspondingly lessened, in weight. The arms, T and T, with the broadened
apex, along with NO and N', enclosed in the envelope, E, form what is known,
herein, in its entirety as a space or a "metallic-structure." By increasing the
number of these spaces the breadth of each is, in consequence, commensurately
lessened, at the apex. This space, or metallic-structure, is on the near or N side
with the arms, T and T¹; the metallic-structure on the off, or O, side with the
arms, T2 and T3, is an exact counterpart and, of course, does not require to be,
herein, shewn, the one being merely a repetition or counterpart of the other. 133
is the upper sealing band of rubber placed between the circumferential tape-girths,
N and N, on the T, near side. B is the lower sealing band of rubber placed
between the circumferential tape-girths, 0 and 05, on the B2, outer side. These
two under-air-pressure self-sealing bands of india-rubber are built into the chan-
nels on the T and 132 sides respectively, as herein shewn, but, of course, are only
used in our tubeless tyres in which case the side, B2, as a substitute for air-chamber
tube is covered with a specific rubber rendered contractile, in rotundity, as shewn
in Fig. 9, in Small, MacLellan & Walker's Patent No. 6202 of 20th March 1896.
When our cover is used with an air-chamber tube these two circumferential air-
tight joints, 133 and B* respectively, are, of course, dispensed with. In making up
our cover for tubeless tyres, the circumferential bands, N, N³, 04 and 05, are corres-
pondingly lessened for the sake of lightness, and, the interspaces between the
rubber bands, B and B, are covered with single-ply linen tape, which again lessen
the quantity of sealing rubber used. B³ and B can be made respectively convex

page_text: and concave or they can be also respectively pyramidal on the one side with its
corresponding recess on the opposite side.
C is the near lap or flap whereon the metallic-structure is built and on to which
it is girth-sealed and canvas-webbed. T is the right arm of the near side iriangle
having B for its base. T¹ is the left arm of the said triangle with, of course, B
for its base. 13 is the near side triangle base.
These right and left arms of the triangle, T and T, on either side are made of
metal and may be hollowed out as the steel ribs in Fox's umbrilla metallic frame
with cord fixed in the hollow or they may be tubular with cord conveniently fixed
for strength-giving purposes. These cords, or equivalent stiffenings, run from the
base to the apex and are variously intertexed and intertwined throughout for
strength-giving purposes. Assuming the arms T and T" to be hollow metal as in
Fox's umbrilla frame, we use a stiffening composed of linen tape of about a quarter-
inch, in breadth, and of about 14 or 16 inches, in length, prepared in the same
manner as are our circumferential tape-girths and duplicated, and, for further
strength-giving purposes, we use the finest and strongest species of whip-cord to
the same length solutioned and embedded, therein, this said brace of say 14", in
length, is run through the metallic arms T and T¹ and is necessarily exposed at N 6,
N7 and N 8 whereat it is embedded and sealed, the apex N 6 occupying the
point M in Fig. 3 and N 7 and NS respectively embedded at the point M¹ and
sealed between N3 and N4, in Fig. 3. When the tyre takes pneumatic action the
check-action, on the right diagonal clench, T, and the left diagonal
clench T, is counter-balanced, in action, by the circumferential clench,
N6, on the line of circumference, M, which again is counter-
balanced, in action, by the circumferential clenches, N 7, and N 8, on the line of
circumference, M¹.
These being only the check-actions of one space, the said spaces being all set
in check-action placement, with the V opposite the check-actioning apex on the
other side, as seen in Fig. 1, check-action throughout the whole circumference of
the tyre. Ne is the circumferential apex clench-brace; N8 is the right hand cir-
cumferential base clench-brace; N is the left hand circumferential base clench-
brace.
These three last-named circumferential clenches, one at the apex and two at
the base are all formed of one piece of solutioned tape and, if need be, cord-
strengthened, also form with the metallic arms, T and T, one continuous piece,
when finished, after which they are enveloped, in the envelope, E, and afterwards
built-in, on the near lap, C, and, in such a manner is every metallic-structure
built-in, on either side. E is the envelope composed of the finest and very strongest
linen tape of one inch, in breadth, (more or less) and which totally envelopes T
N6 and T 1, leaving N 8 and N 7 exposed, which are embedded, in their solutioned
state, and sealed all as already specifically described. R is a rib check-actioning,
in line of axle, and therefore giving axial check-action. These ribs may be com-
posed of metallic plates or of Fox's hollowed metallic umbrilla ribs and webbed, in
canvas.
Again, they may be either used or dispensed with, all as already specifically
described. Should they be used, it will be seen that one space would then give
three kinds of check-action (1) the diagonal (2) the circumferential
and (3) the axial check-action throughout the entire circumference
of the wheel. M is the apex of the metallic structure, resting on
the solutioned fabric; M¹ is the base of said structure resting between
the basis tape-girth, N³; N is the near side; N 3 is the circumferential tape-girth,
on the top-side, at the triangle base; N is the same, on the top side, at the triangle
base; N is the same, on the top side, at the triangle apex; T is the top side of
the canvas fabric, broken away.
Fig. 5 shews the tyre with the in-turned flaps.
For the sake of descriptional simplicity, all the details, as shewn in Fig. 3, are,
herein, omitted being superfluous for the descriptional purposes of this figure, the

page_text: following being only shewn, they being only necessary to shew the manner in
which the flaps would rest on being folded, ready for placement, on the rim.
N is the first in-folded and in which case the point, N', is up-turned; afterwards O is
in-folded and, in which case, the point, O¹, is down-turned, all the other girths, as
seen in Fig. 3, with the check-action arrangements, as shewn in Figs. 1 and 4,
all being in their respective places as therein shewn. N is the near side and O,
the outer side. N¹ is the circumferential tape-girth, on the near bottom side, at
the triangle apex; O' is the same, on the outer top side, at the triangle apex; T•
is the top side of the canvas fabric and B2 the bottom side of same.
Fig. 6 is the same as Fig. 5 but enlarged to a carriage-size tyre and shewing
the various parts in the actual relative positions which they occupy when the tyre
is on the wheel rim.
In the specification of terms, herein, given the top side is, for descriptional
purposes, first given, and, secondly the bottom side. T4 is the top side of the
canvas fabric; N, the near side; N 5, the circumferential tape-girth, on the top-
side, at the triangle apex; M, the apex of the metallic-structure resting on the
solutioned fabric and sealed, thereto, by tape-girth, N5; B3, the upper sealing
band of rubber placed between the circumferential tape-girths N4, N³ and T4,
near side; O, outer side; O¹, circumferential tape-girth, on the outer top side,
at the triangle apex. The above its will be seen are all on the top side, and, the
following are all on the bottom side. B is the bottom side of canvas fabric; 0,
outer side; M³, base of metallic-structure resting between basis tape-girth, 08,
and sealed, thereto, by means of sealing tape-girth, O; B, lower sealing band
of rubber placed between the circumferential tape-girths, 0 and 0 on the B2
side; 0, the circumferential tape-girth on the outer bottom side at the triangle
apex sealing the metallic-structure to apex; M2, the apex of the metallic-
structure resting on the solutioned fabric and sealed, thereto, by means of sealing
tape girth, 05 N, near side; N', circumferential tape-girth, on the near side, on
bottom side, at the triangle apex; N 2, the circumferential tape-girth, on the near
bottom side, at the triangle base.
The cross-cut dotted lines shew the vertical line and the horizontal, and, thus
it will be seen that, on closing the tyre, N5 would rest on M 3, and, of course.
simultaneously M1 would rest on 05. With these points at said resting places
is here given the actual relative positions they would occupy on being placed into
the rim, after which, inflation would be given, and, the tyre, under air pressure,
would check-action all as aforestated, and, thereby, hold itself on the rim.
Our tyre, according to the foregoing details, has a single flap on either side
such being sufficient for its holding-on powers, and, which single-flap grip, on either
side, is all we claim for our check-action self-held tyre, but, as a modification, by
lightening the structure, an extra flap can be put-on, on the near side, thus giving
three flaps, or an extra flap, on either side, thus giving four flaps, these two outer
flaps being held together by the auxiliary aid of buttons or studs--preferably a
"Dent" stud, as used by Messrs. Dent, Allcroft and Company for their gloves.
This "Dent" stud or button, we may here state, is merely used as a subsidiary
or auxiliary fastening and merely for the purpose of facilitating manipulation of
the tyre, in the on-put and in the off-take. The ordinary non-clench rim. is used
for our tyre. We, however, do not specify any particular rim, and, knowing that
a British Patent presently exists for a tyre claiming a specific rim, said rim having
dove-tail lateral grips or crcumferential dove-tail clenches, in the sides of the rim
for the purpose of holding on the tyre, we, hereat, desire it to be known that such
a rim is, from its structural nature, totally unsuited for holding on our tyre-cover.
The clench action of our tyre is in the tyre itself and not in the rim and instead of
having centrifugal action as would be the case in the afore-stated rim, with cir-
cumferential lateral dove-tail clenches, our tyre, under pneumatic force, has an
entirely opposite action, that is to say, the flaps thereof give a blow-on action, as
will be seen on turning to Fig. 5 which, under actual test, with air force, would
blow the near point N₁ to the outer side O, and, in like manner, the outer point o

page_text: to the near side N, thus giving, under air-force, centrepital or blow-on flap-action.
Our cover, when brought to the stage, as seen in Fig. 5, is inflated, on the rim, and
afterwards taken off when the tread consisting of a similar fabric is solutioned on
the top T, after which it is again put on the rim, inflated, and the rubber cover
afterwards put on.
The said cover with adjuncts can, with modification, be rendered adaptable to
a tubed or tubeless tyre and is, whilst under inflation, self-held by reason of the
check-actions of the triangular flaps caused by the centrepital and centrifugal
actions, under pneumatic force. The centrifugal and centrepital actions
are caused by the clench braces, No, N8 and N', in their circumferential
check-actions against the diagonal arms, T and T₁, the centrepital action, being
the more powerful of the two, causes the centrepital or blow-on flap-action, all as
already specifically described. With the addition of metallic nipples or other
fixtures through holes or slots in the rim the said cover can also be rendered
adaptable for encasing a cushion tyre or solid-rubber tyre or tyres composed of the
very softest yielding rubber of a spongy nature, in which case, the pneumatic
pressure is either altogether dispensed with or is merely used as an auxiliary force.
More than one of these cushion or solid-tyres can be used, in the one cover.
The said cushion or solid-tyres are preferably made of round rubber, and, in the
event of one cover containing two or more of said tyres, the latter are either
solutioned together or fixed to each other, in concentric order, by means of string
or other suitable fixture. The rim used for our cover, with these cushion or solid-
tyres enclosed, is consistent with the shape given by two or more solid tyres en-
closed therein, likewise of specific design and shape, it being either flat
with suitable edges of a nature permitting the on-put and off-take of the tyre, or
slightly curved with down curvature giving sufficient rest for the tyre. In the
foregoing, making reference to our cover used as an envelope for a solid tyre or
tyres, nipples and other suitable fixtures are used as subsidiary aids, in fixing.
Our tyre, thus used with a very shallow rim, affords the maximum of exposure
of rubber, for vibration absorption by reason of the amount of rubber exposed, and,
the self-holding power of the cover by reason of our zig-zag clench arrange-
ment, all as already specifically described.
The arms T, T1, T2 and T3, may be composed of three different kinds of metal :-
(1) of semi-tubular, as in Fox's umbrilla metallic frame (2) of tubular metal and
(3) of steel wire, or of metal wire which; for a bicycle tyre, is preferably made of
the size of 16-wire-guage, and, in which case the check-action brace is, of course,
indissolubly united thereto with solutioned tapes by having same worked-on on the
outside or out-wrought, thereon, whereas, in the two former cases; it is in-wrought,
that is to say, it is worked-in through the tube or semi-tubular metallic frame,
whichever may be used, as will be seen in the sixth, seventh and eighth claims,
hereof.
The envelope, E, may either partly envelope or totally envelope the aforesaid.
structure, all as already specifically described.
In order to have the girth-brace consolidated into one piece, it is run through
the hollow recess, in the case of semi-tubular diagonal-clench arms, and after-
wards flattened, thus rendering it incapable of shift, and, in the case of running
it through the tube, it is, in like manner, flattened for similar reasons.
It will be seen that the left arm of one metallic-structure and the right arm
of another metallic-structure form, in inverted order, the letter V, or, at least,
an approximate to said letter, in shape, and, with the circumferential girth
running along its base, said letter, or its approximate, forms a triangle or a
figure approximating, as near as possible, the form of a triangle; however, in
order to avoid ambiguity, in this specification, it is here to be understood that
the triangles, herein, referred to are not formed, as already stated, with the left
arm of one space or metallic-structure and with the right arm of another space
or metallic-structure but with the right and left arms of one and indivisible
metallic-structure, all as already specifically described. Formed, as in the last-

page_text: named manner, with the right and left arms of one and indivisible metallic-
structure it necessarily happens that the triangle may have a broad or a narrow
apex which is necessarily commensurate with the number of spaces or metallic-
structures marked off, in the circumference of the tvre.
With a broad apex,
the term quasi-triangular-shaped flap, space, lap or metallic-structure is, herein,
used for purely descriptional purposes, in the designation of said triangles that
are necessarily with broadened apices.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of our said
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, we declare that what
we claim is:-
First: The method of manufacturing or constructing a check-action, self-held,
pneumatic tubed or tubeless tyre, adaptable also as a cushion-tyre or solid-rubber
tyre, for all kinds of cycles, auto-motors, road-carriages and other like rolling
bodies, substantially as, herein, described in reference to and shewn in the accom-
panying drawings.
Second: The triangular-shaped or quasi-triangular-shaped webbed-flap or
metallic-structure composed of the metallic members, T, T¹, check-actioned by
N7 and No, with broad or narrow apex, No, enveloped, or partly enveloped,
in the envelope, E, thus forming, in combination, one indissoluble piece for check-
actioning purposes, built-in, on the basis flaps, A or C, all as specifically described
in Fig. 4 and substantially as, herein, described in reference to and shewn in the
accompanying drawings.
Third: The triangular-shaped or quasi-triangular-shaped webbed-flap or
metallic-structure all as specifically described in claim second, hereof, in combi-
nation with the rib, R, or its equivalent, all as specifically described in Fig. 4,
and substantially as, herein, described in reference to and shewn in the accom-
panying drawings.
Fourth: The in-built placement of the metallic-structures, as shewn in Fig. 3,
resting upon the tape-girths and basement fabric, as shewn in Fig. 2, and again
sealed by means of the sealing tape-girths, as shewn in Fig. 3, with, or without,
the sealing bands of rubber, B3 and B', substantially as, herein, described in
reference to and shewn in the accompanying drawings.
:
Fifth The in-built check-action placement of the enveloped, or partly enve-
loped, metallic structures with the diagonal-clenches, T and T, on the one side,
check-actioning the broadened or narrowed apex with the counter-diagonal-
clenches, T and T, on the opposite side, as shewn in Fig. 1, all, in circum-
ferential combination, reciprocally check-actioning, the one with the other, sub-
stantially as, herein, described in reference to and shewn in the accompanying
drawings.
Sixth: The specific, or particular use of Fox's metallic semi-tubular frame.
all as specifically described, in the construction of the diagonal-clench arms, T,
T, and the counter-diagonal-clench arms of same, T2, T3, with, in each case,
their in-wrought, check-action brace, composed of the continuous girth, exposed
at the points, N7, №6 and N8 all, when finished, forming one indivisible mem-
ber enveloped, or partly enveloped, in the envelope, E, substantially as, herein,
described in reference to and shewn in the accompanying drawings.
Seventh The specific or particular use of steel or metallic tubing or of mina-
ture tubes of metal in the construction of the aforesaid diagonal-clench arms, T,
T, and the counter-diagonal-clench arms T2, T3, with, in each case, their in-
wrought, check-action brace, composed of the continuous girth, exposed at the
points, N, N and N8, all, when finished, forming one continuous and indi-
visible member and enveloped, or partly enveloped. in the envelope, E, sub-
stantially as, herein, described in reference to and shewn in the accompanying
drawings.
:
Eighth The specific or particular use of steel wire or of metallic wire in the
construction of the aforesaid diagonal-clench arms, T, T', with the counter-

page_text: diagonal-clench arms, Tª, T³, with, in each case, their out-wrought, check-action
brace, composed of the continuous girth, exposed at the points, N7, No and N8,
all, when finished, forming one continuous and indivisible member and enveloped,
or partly enveloped, in the envelope, E, substantially as, herein, described in
reference to and shewn in the accompanying drawings.
Ninth The in-built check-action placement of the enveloped or partly enve-
loped metallic-structures with the diagonal-cleuch arms, T and T, and their
counter-diagonal-clench arms, T and T³, composed of members of specific type
and manufacture, as per claims sixth, seventh and eighth, hereof, and placed
in check-action arrangement, as per claim fifth, hereof, all, in circumferential
combination, reciprocally check-actioning, the one with the other, substantially
as, herein, described in reference to and shewn in the accompanying drawings.