IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PARTS OF RAILWAYS, AND IN BEARINGS OF MACHINERY, AND IN APPARATUS USED IN CONSTRUCTING RAILWAYS
Year: 1847

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM
BAINES, of Norwich, Inspector of Railways, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Twenty-ninth day of
July, One thousand eight hundred and forty-seven, in the eleventh year of
Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto
me, the said William Baines, my exors, admors, and assigns, Her especial
licence, full power, sole, privilege and authority, that I, the said William
Baines, my exors, admors, and assigns, and such others as I, the said
William Baines, my exors, adñiors, or assigns, should at any time agree with
and no others, from time to time, and at all times during the term of years
therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend,
within England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, my Invention
of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PARTS OF RAILWAYS, AND IN BEARINGS
OF MACHINERY, AND IN APPARATUS USED IN CONSTRUCTING RAILWAYS;" in which
said Letters Patent is contained a proviso that I, the said William Baines,
should cause a particular description of the nature of my said Invention,
and in what manner the same is to be performed, by an instrument in
writing under my hand and seal, to be inrolled in Her said Majesty's High
Court of Chancery, within six calendar months next and immediately after

page_text: First, to improvements in the construction of railway chairs.
Secondly, my Invention relates to the construction of parts of switches of
railways.
Thirdly, my Invention relates to an improved arrangement of switch box
and apparatus.
Fourthly, my Invention relates to an improvement in forming the ends of
the rails of a railway, so that they may come together and be secured more
advantageously than heretofore.
Fifthly, my Invention relates to combining or arranging machinery for
facilitating the laying down of railways.
And sixthly, my Invention relates to improvements in constructing waggons
or trucks for conveying earth along a line of railway to facilitate the con-
struction thereof.
And in order that my Invention may be fully understood and readily carried
into effect, I will proceed to describe the Drawings hereunto annexed, and the
Figures thereon.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS.
Figure 1 shows a plan, Figure 2 a side elevation, and Figure 3 an end
elevation of an intermediate chair for railways, made according to part of my
Invention. Figure 4 shews a plan, Figure 5 a side elevation, and Figure 6
an end elevation of a joint chair, made according to the same part of my
Invention as the intermediate chair above mentioned. The peculiarity of these
chairs is, that they are intended to hold the rail without wedges or keys, and
the improvement consists in placing the two jaws at a distance from, in place
of opposite to, each other in such manner that when they are fixed the rail
between the jaws will be supported on both sides, the opening in the chairs
between the jaws being so made as to be correctly filled by the rail. Hence,
it will be understood, that in placing a chair on to a rail the chair will require
to be inclined to the line of the rail, as is indicated by red lines in Figure 4, in
which position the rail may be readily passed through the opening in a chair

page_text: or a chair be passed on to a rail, but so soon as the chair is brought into
the position relatively with the rail, shewn by the blue lines in Figure 4, the
rail will be securely upheld and nipped between the two jaws of a chair.
And in order to give the chairs a tendency to nip and hold the sides of the rail,
each hole a, a, is at its upper counter sink inclined more on one side than the
other, and such additional inclination of the two holes a, a, of a chair are on
opposite sides, the effect of which will be, that in driving screws with conical
heads, such as are shewn at Figure 7, the chair will be caused to move
slightly at either end with a tendency to bring the two jaws of the chair truly
in contact with the sides of the rails, and such will be the case if holding-down
pins or spikes, Figure 8, with inclined heads, be employed in place of the screws.
And in order that the screw, Figure 7, may not be liable to move by the
vibration to them consequent on the passage of trains of carriages, I cause
grooves to be formed on one side of each hole a, so that when the screw
is driven.home the workman may by a cold blunt chisel spread the head of the
screw into the side groove, by which the same will be held securely from
turning, unless the part spread out be first removed by a chisel. And with a
view to obtaining more securely of the chair to the sleepers I prefer to make
two holes b, b, in the joint chair, as shewn at Figure 4, and one hole 6 in an
intermediate chair, as shewn at Figure 1, to allow of spikes being driven into
the sleeper through the holes b, by which not only will the chair be held more
securely to the sleeper, but as the spikes may stand above the upper surface of
the chair the rail will be retained by the spikes. The form of chairs shown
n the Drawing are those I prefer, but the shape may be varied, so long as
the peculiar character of the construction, that of the jaws being at a distance
from each other, but capable of supporting the rail used, therewith on either
side when set true with the rail, and the use of the inclined sides of the holes a,
be retained. I would remark, that in making chairs such as above described
for repairs, so as not to require the rail to be moved, I cause the two jaws of
each chair to be further apart, so that although when truly set with their rail
they will come in contact with it on either side, yet when obliquely placed in
respect to the under part of the rail it will allow of the under part of the rail
passing between the jaws of a chair so formed.
I will now describe another part of my Invention, also relating to the
construction of joint chairs for railways. Figure 9 shows a plan, Figure 10
a side elevation, Figure 11 an end view thereof, and Figure 12 shows a view
thereof with the parts of two rails fixed therein. This chair is formed with
two jaws c and d, one being much higher than the other, and it has a hole
through it to receive what I call a fixing pin e, the stem of which is formed
square, and the head of it forms, when fixed, the upper part of the jaw d. The

page_text: stem of the fixing pin e has a notch in it, and by which it is retained secure
when the pin f is driven, which pin f not only holds the pin e, but also acts as
one of the holding-down pins of the chair. The two ends of the rails are to
be notched out to admit of the passage of the stem of the pin e, by which
means the rails will be securely retained from rising above one another, which
I consider of great importance, as I believe that the inequality of the heights
of the ends of rails is the cause of constant prejudice to passing trains.
I will now describe another improvement in railway chairs to be used for
the switch rails, and this improvement has for its object the so forming the
upper parts of a chair that there shall be inclined planes for carrying off or for
the passage away of any dust or matters which may have heretofore been
liable to accumulate between the tongue rail and the main rail and chairs, by
which there is often found difficulty in moving a tongue of a switch into its
correct position.
g
Figure 13 shows a plan, Figure 14 a side elevation, and Figure 15
an end elevation of a chair constructed according to this part of my Inven-
tion, and suitable for having the tongue rail of a switch deeper than the
main rail, as hereafter described in respect to another part of my Invention.
is the raised truck on which the tongue rail is supported, and moves the
parts g, 92, 93, and 94, inclined from that surface g; hence the tongue rail, as
it is moved to and fro, drives any dust or matter off the surface g down some
of the inclines, according to the direction in which the switch tongue is moved;
and as the main rail is elevated above the surface g, the main rail resting on
the step h of the chair, the dust or matter driven towards the main rail by the
moving tongue will be driven under the main rail. The main rail is fixed to
the jaw of the chair by bolts passing through the rail and through the hole in
the jaw of the chair.
Figure 16 shews a plan, and Figure 17 a side elevation, for a switch chair
to be used where the tongue rail and the main rail are of the same depth,
9 shews the surface on which the tongue rail moves, and g¹, g², g³, g', the
inclines down which the dirt or matter moved by the tongue rail moves, and
as the bottom of the main rail does not in this case stand above the bottom of
the tongue rail, I cut a notch, as shewn by dotted lines at i, in the lower part
of the main rail, to allow of the passage away of any dirt or matter which may
be moved in that direction by the tongue rail.
Figure 18 shows a plan, and Figure 19 a side elevation, of a chair suitable
for the points of the tongue rail, in which one of the jaws is dispensed with,
and the supporting surface 9 is straight, having inclines g¹, 92, 93, for the
passage away of any dust or matter which may be moved by the moving
tongue rail.

page_text: I will now describe the second part of my Invention, which relates to the
construction of parts of switches.
Figure 20 shows a plan, and Figure 21 a transverse section of part of a
railway, showing a railway switch. j,j, are the two main rails, which are
similar at top and bottom, and the chairs are similar to those before described,
except the two chairs at the left hand, and which are of the ordinary construc-
tion, but suitable for receiving the deeper tongue rails k, k, which, it will be
seen, are deeper than the main rails, by which means the lower part of the
tongue rail will require no cutting, but will get a solid strong bearing, the
upper edge only requiring to be bevelled off; and I bevel the upper edge on.
each side in order that a tongue rail may serve to be fixed on either side of a
railway. And I prefer the main rail, where the point of the tongue rail comes.
against it, to be bent, as is well understood, in place of having it notched. It
will be seen that under the tongue rails, near their points, are friction rollers
to support and facilitate their movement, such rollers causing the tongue to be
slightly lifted.
I will now describe the third part of my Invention, which relates to
an arrangement of switch box and apparatus for moving the tongue rails
of switches of railways. Figure 22 shows a plan of part of a railway..
Figure 23 shows a side view, and Figure 24 shows a transverse section of a
railway, having this part of my Invention applied thereto; and these Figures
show the use of switch chairs, such as have been above described, where the
main rail is of the same depth as the moving tongue rail of the switch.
Figure 25 shows a plan with the cover removed, and two vertical sections
of the switch box separately. The object of this arrangement is to prevent
dust from getting into and accumulating in the switch box, and I have so
arranged the parts that a weighted chain band, on a pulley fixed on an axis
within the box, the axis passing through to the outside of the box to receive
the crank or arm m to which the connecting rod is attached, the handle n being
affixed at the other end of the axis l, as shewn. And I prefer that the surface
against which the chain of the weight rests should be furthest from the axis.
when the tongue rail of a switch is closed, for which reason I make the pulley
or surface eccentric to the axis, as shown.
I will now describe the fourth part of my Invention, which has for its
object a better means of forming and combining the ends of the rails of a
railway.
Figure 26 shows a plan of the ends of two railway bars, formed and con-
nected according to this part of my Invention; and Figure 27 shows two side
elevations thereof, one being separated and the other connected, and the

page_text: improvement consists of cutting the ends of each rail with three surfaces. The
first cut is made horizontal from (1) to (2), another cut is made vertical from
(S) to (2), and another cut is made vertical, but diagonally, from the under
side of the rail up to the horizontal cut. By this arrangement the ends of two
rails will come together as a butt joint at their upper parts, and rest on the
horizontal cuts, and they will overlap each other, as indicated by the diagonal
cut, which mode of forming and connecting of the parts will be found very
advantageous in the construction of railways.
I will now describe the fifth part of my Invention, which relates to com-
bining machinery in such manner as to guage the rails and hold them securely
during the boring the sleepers for the chairs, and whilst fixing the chairs, by
which the laying of rails and fixing chairs will not only be facilitated, but
the work more correctly done.
Figure 28 shows a plan, Figure 29 an end view, and Figures 30
and 31 show two side views of the carriage or machine, some of the parts
in Figures 30 and 31 being shewn in different positions. Figures 32,
33, and 34 show some of the parts of the machine separately in order
that their action may be more readily traced. This machinery is mounted
on wheels, as shewn, and the arrangement of the machinery is such that
the carriage, having completed its work at one sleeper, is moved to
the next, and it is by means of the bars a, a, caused to take hold of
the sleeper by the lower ends of those bars passing under the sleeper which
has its two chairs thereon, but not fixed, and this is done by lowering
the bars a, a, so that their lower ends will pass under the sleeper. The
bars a, a, are then raised by means of the handles 6 on the wheels c, on
the axes of which wheels are affixed pinions which take into racks formed on
the bars a, a, and when the sleeper is held tightly under the chairs by such
means the same is retained by means of the lever breaks d, acted on by the
screws e. The frames f, f, which carry the bars a (the nature of which
is clearly shown in the Drawing) move on pins or axes 9, 9, so as to assume
the position shewn by dotted lines in the plan view. The sockets h, through
which the bars a rise and fall, are made to move on necks or axes, as is shewn,
to give play to the bars; but this may be omitted, and there are friction
wheels i, i, in the sockets against which the bars a, a, move when being raised
or lowered by the pinions working into their toothed racks.
The next operation to be performed by the machine is that of guaging the
rails, and this is done by means of the guaging plates j, j, which are fixed on
the axis . The plates ; pass on either side of each of the two rails, and when
they are caused to assume a vertical position by the handle they accurately

page_text: guage the two rails, and therefore it will be seen that the sleeper and the two
rails are correctly and securely held during the boring of the holes in the
sleepers, and also during the time that the chairs are being fixed, whether the
same is done by screws or pins, and the drilling of the holes is performed in
the following manner :-m, m, are the sockets of the two boring tools n, n,
and they receive motion in the following manner:-o, o, are wheels having
handles, as shewn. On the axes of the wheels o are fixed bevelled toothed
wheels P, which take into and drive the bevelled toothed wheels q, fixed on the
stem of the sockets m, the bearings of the axes of the wheel o being carried by
the stems of the sockets m, and the levers which carry such stems, as clearly
shewn by the Drawings, particularly at Figure 34. The boring tools and
apparatus are carried by levers r, r, which turn on axes at r', r¹; and the
stem s of the bearings of the axes r¹ is capable of turning in their bearings s',
as is shewn; and on the upper part of the bearings s¹ forked levers t are
capable of moving by collars embracing the upper parts of the bearings s¹, and
in such manner that when the forked levers t are correctly placed they may be
securely fixed in position by the set screws v, v, so that the levers r resting in
the forks will be retained secure during the time of boring the holes. The
levers 7, and apparatus connected therewith, are balanced by weighted chains
on the quadrants u, the axes of which quadrants having arms attached by the
connecting links w to the levers r, r, as shewn, and by such weight the
apparatus can be held out of the way when not required to be in action. The
sockets or bearings of the axes s' are fixed to the open arms s², which at their
other ends move on axes ³, as shewn, so that the boring apparatus when
in action may assume the positions shewn by dotted lines in the plan view.
By this arrangement the holes can be bored in the sleepers correctly to the
chairs, and when the boring tools have been moved out of the way the holding
down pins or screws driven, after which the parts of the machine are to
be moved out of position, and the carriage moved to the next sleeper. I
would remark, in respect to this part of my Invention, the details of the
machinery are capable of alteration. I do not, therefore, confine myself
thereto, so long as the general character of the Invention be retained, as
herein described.
I will now describe the sixth part of my Invention, which relates to
improvements in the construction of railway waggons or trucks for conveying
earth on a line of railway.
Figure 35 shows a side elevation of a waggon or truck made according
to this part of my Invention. Figure 36 shows a plan thereof, with part of
the bottom removed. Figure 37 shows an end view. Figure 38, another end

page_text: view, with one of the side boards held up to facilitate the filling. Figure 39
shows a transverse section of a loaded waggon or truck. Figure 40 shows an
end view, partly opened, and Figure 41 shows an end view, the parts com-
pletely opened to discharge the load.
The peculiarity of this arrangement or construction is, that the bottom is so
formed that part of the load may be tilted outwards on either side of the
waggon or truck, whilst the other part of the load can be discharged in the
middle. The bottom is made of four moveable parts a, a and c, c. The parts
a and a move on axes e, e, by which their inner edges can be raised upwards,
so as to produce inclined planes outward in order to discharge the parts of the
load resting on those parts out on either side of the waggon or truck. The
parts a, a, have connecting links f, f, by which they are attached to arms 9, 9,
such arms being affixed to the axes h, h, of the parts c and c, such axes being
carried by the parts b, b. And the parts b, c, and b, c, have straps fixed to
them, those on the parts b, b, having eyes through which the axes h pass,
whilst the straps on the parts c, c, are fixed to the axes; hence when there is a
load in the waggon or truck, and the parts are not held by the means herein-
after explained, the falling of the load causes the parts to assume the positions
shewn in Figure 41, so as to discharge the load in the manner shewn by that
Figure. The two sides of the waggon or truck are also capable of being
raised, as shown.
Having thus described the nature of my Invention, I would have it under-
stood that I do not confine myself to the details shown and described, so
long as the peculiar character of either part of my Invention be retained; but
what I claim is,-
First, the mode of constructing railway chairs as described in respect to
Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6; and I also claim the mode of forming railway
chairs and parts connected therewith, described in respect to Figures 9, 10,
11, and 12. And I also claim the mode of constructing chairs for railways
suitable for switches, as herein described in respect to Figures 13, 14, 15, 16,
17, 18, and 19.
Secondly, I claim the mode of constructing a tongue rail of railway
switches, as described in respect to Figures 20 and 21. And I also claim the
placing of friction rollers under the tongue rails of switches, as described.
Thirdly, I claim the arrangement of switch box and apparatus described
in respect to Figures 22, 23, 24, and 25.
Fourthly, I claim the mode of forming and connecting the ends of railway
bars, described in respect to Figures 26 and 27.
Fifthly, I claim the mode of combining or arranging machinery for

page_text: facilitating the laying down of railways, as described in respect to Figures 28,
29, 30, 31, 32, 33, and 34.
Sixthly, I claim the mode of constructing railway waggons or trucks, as
described in respect to Figures 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, and 41.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Baines, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Twenty-eighth day of January, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight. hundred and forty-eight.

page_text: In the Matter of a Patent granted to WILLIAM BAINES, of Norwich,
Inspector of Railways, for his Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
MANUFACTURE OF PARTS OF RAILWAYS, AND IN BEARINGS OF MACHINERY,
AND IN APPARATUS USED IN CONSTRUCTING RAILWAYS," bearing date
at Westminster, the Twenty-ninth day of July, One thousand eight
hundred and forty-seven.
DISCLAIMER proposed to be entered by William Baines with the Clerk of
the Patents of England, pursuant to an Act passed in the fifth and sixth
years of the reign of His late Majesty King William the Fourth,
intituled "An Act to amend the Law touching Letters Patent for
Inventions."
I, the said William Baines, do declare that since I obtained the said
Letters Patent I have discovered that that part of the Invention which was
intended to have been described under that part of the Title which is contained
in the following words, "and in bearings of machinery, is not of such practical
utility as would make it desirable to retain it in the said Patent, for which
reason I am desirous to, and do hereby disclaim all that part of the title
which is contained in the following words, "and in bearings of machinery."
In witness whereof, I, the said William Baines, have hereunto set my
hand and seal this Twenty-eighth day of January One thousand eight
hundred and forty-eight.
WILLIAM BAINES. (L.S.)
This is to certify that William Baines, of Norwich, Inspector of Railways,
has applied to me for leave to enter with you the above written Disclaimer of
part of the Title of a certain Invention, for which Letters Patent were duly
granted to him under the Great Seal, dated the 29th day of July, 1847;
and having considered the said application, and no objection having been made
to the same, I have accordingly granted leave to the said William Baines to
file with you his said Disclaimer, pursuant to the Statute passed in the 5th and

page_text: 6th years of the reign of His late Majestly, entitled An Act to amend the
Law touching Letters Patent for Inventions.
AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Twenty-eighth day of January,
in the year of our Lord 1848, the aforesaid William Baines came before our
said Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged the Specification
and Disclaimer aforesaid, and all every thing therein contained and specified,
in form above written. And also the Specification and Disclaimer aforesaid
was stamped according to the tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.
Inrolled the Twenty-ninth day of January, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and forty-eight.