PLAN OR MODE OF BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTING OVENS AND KILNS FOR THE FIRING AND BURNING OF CHINA, EARTHENWARE, BRICKS, TILES, AND OTHER EARTHS AND COMPOSITIONS, WHEREBY A VERY MATERIAL SAVING WILL BE MADE IN THE CONSUMPTION OF FUEL AND OTHER IMPORTANT BENEFITS WILL ARISE TO THE MANUFACTURERS, PARTICULARLY BY A MORE EQUAL DIFFUSION OF HEAT, AND BY A MORE REGULAR AND CERTAIN MANNER OF FIRING SUCH WARE AND ARTICLES OVER AND ABOVE THE KILNS AND OVENS THEN OR HITHERTO MADE USE OF,
Year: 1796

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, 1, JOHN
PEPPER, of Newcastle under Lyne, in the County of Stafford, Builder and
Architect, send greeting.
WHEREAS His most Excellent Majesty King George the Third, by His
Letters Patent, under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at
Westminster, the Third day of October, in the thirty-sixth year of His reign,
did give and grant unto me, the said John Pepper, my executors, adminis-
trators and assigns, Elis special licence, full power, sole privilege and authority,
that I, the said John Pepper, my executors administrators, and assigns, during the
term of years therein expressed, should, and lawfully might make, use, exercise,
and vend, within the Kingdom of England, the Dominion of Wales, and the
Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and also in all His Majesty's Colonies and
Plantations abroad, my new Invented "PLAN OR MODE OF BUILDING AND
CONSTRUCTING OVENS AND KILNS FOR THE FIRING AND BURNING OF CHINA,
EARTHENWARE, BRICKS, TILES, AND OTHER EARTHS AND COMPOSITIONS, WHEREBY
A VERY MATERIAL SAVING WILL BE MADE IN THE CONSUMPTION OF FUEL AND
OTHER IMPORTANT BENEFITS WILL ARISE TO THE MANUFACTURERS, PARTICULARLY
BY A MORE EQUAL DIFFUSION OF HEAT, AND BY A MORE REGULAR AND CERTAIN
MANNER OF FIRING SUCH WARE AND ARTICLES OVER AND ABOVE THE KILNS AND
OVENS THEN OR HITHERTO MADE USE OF;" in which said Letters Patent there is
contained a proviso obliging me, the said John Pepper, by an instrument in
writing under my hand and seal, particularly to describe and ascertain the nature
of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, and to

page_text: cause the same to be inrolled in His Majesty's High Court of Chancery within
one calendar month next and immediately after the date of the said recited
Letters Patent, as in and by the same, relation being thereunto had, may more
fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the proviso contained in the
said Letters Patent, I, the said John Pepper, do hereby declare that the
nature and method of my said Invention, and the means and manner by which
the same is to be performed and carried into effect, together with divers
purposes to which, among others, it is applicable, are fully described and set
forth in the several Plans, Sections or Drawings regularly numbered from
1 to 6 inclusive, hereunto annexed, and in the description or Specification
following, that is to say :-
1st. In the ovens and kilns now or hitherto in use, current of flame, or
matter in combustion from the fire, passes only once through the saine, and is
uncertain in its effects, varying according to the particular state of the oven or
kiln, being different in different parts of the same oven or kiln, and is materially
affected by the state of the external air, with regard to its density, humidity
and temperature, and also by other accidental circumstances; whereas my newly
improved oven or kiln is so constructed that said current of flame, or
matter in combustion from the fire, is made to pass three times through
such oven or kiln, by means of flues, funnels, chimneys or bags, disposed
at equal distances, by which new method the action of the fire is exhausted in
the actual process, without being suffered to escape with the same rapidity.
and not only a great waste of heat is thereby prevented, and a considerable
saving made in the quantity of fuel used, but the heat is equally diffused to
every part of the oven or kiln, and its operation rendered moro regular and
effective. 2dly. The flues or drafts are constructed with dampers or registers
so as to regulate the heat at will, whereby the workmen or firemen will be
enabled to fire the articles with greater certainty, and to any degree of hardness

page_text: flues C, passes through the oven, and rises in the centre at E as marked in the
Plan No. 2, where it spreads and runs down the outside of the crown or top of
the oven in the flues F, F, F, F, F, F, and enters into the oven again at
G, G, G, G, G, G, then passes down those flues and under the bottom of the
oven through flues II, H, H, H, H, I, which convey it into the flues or
chimneys I, I, I, I, I, I; these rise perpendicularly through the oven, as shewn
in the elevation No. 3 and the section No. 4 to the point I, and thus the
current of ignited or heated matter, the fire or heat, passes three times through
the oven instead of once; K, K, K, K, K, K, are air flues, which give fresh
air if requisite or necessary to the flues I, I, I, I, I, I, by means of a register
fixed on the outside of each, to admit more or less of the external air at
pleasure, or entirely to exclude the same. L, L, are registers (as shewn in
the section No. 4) to the six flues I, I, I, I, I, I, to regulate the heat and draft.
Elevation No. 3: M, M, M, M, represent the outside of the mouths of fire
places, which project outwards, as shewn in the ground plan No. 1; N shews
the spark hole under the fire grates; 0, 0, 0, the tops of the fire places where
the fuel is put in to feed the fire. P shews the register to the air flues;
Q, Q, are small spy holes to see how the fire works in the inside of the oven.
In some cases, instead of the current of ignited or heated matter from the fire
passing down the flues G to the bottom of the oven, it will be more convenient
to rise at G, and turn back by the side or over the flucs F to the centre E, and
so terminate in the chimney I. No. 5 is a ground plan of an oven or kiln
into which the flame and smoke does not enter at all, but is confined in the
flues, bags, or funnells, and works as shewn in the section No. 6; A, A, A, A, A, A,
upon the ground plan are the grates upon which the fire lies. B, B, B, B, B, B,
are the flues, bags, or funnels, where the current of heated matter from the fire rises
from the grates, or fire places, and goes up through the top of the oven or kiln, and
down the flues, bags, or funnels G, G, G, G, G, G, as shewn in the ground
plan and section, and then under the bottom of the oven in the flues
H, H, H, H, H, HI, to the centre flue, bag, or funnel I, where it rises again,
and passes through the oven or kiln, as represented in the section, letter I.
C, C, C, C, C, C, are other flues or funnels, which convey a small part of the
flame or heat under the bottom of the oven or kiln from the fire-places
A, A, A, A, A, A, to the centre flue, bag, or funnel I, where it rises with the
flame or heat from the flues or funnels H, H, H, H, II, II, as before
mentioned; these last-mentioned flues must be of small dimensions, in order
that their action may not impede the action or draft of the other parts of
the work, and they may, in many cases, be entirely omitted, as experience may
shew. R, R, in the section No. 6, shews where the flame or heat rises into

page_text: the oven or kiln, and into the flues, bags, or funnels B, B, B, B, B, B, froin
the fire places A, A, A, A, A, A, in like manner as is denoted in the other
section No. 4, by the letters R, R: S, S, S, S, S, are openings in the oven,
with arches turnel over, which are bricked up when the oven or kiln is filled,
and when the articles are sufficiently burnt or fired, are in some cases opened,
that the oven or kiln may cool as soon as possible; these openings, or others
of the like nature, may also be made and used in every other kiln or oven
constructed after this my said new Invention. The kilns for bricks and tiles,
and other earths and compositions, and also for the first processes of porcelain
and carthenware, are similarly constructed; and this newly invented plan or
method is also applicable to ovens or kilns for the fluxing on of enamels, and
all other matters which are fusible by means of fire, as well as to furnaces, for
the smelting of various ores and metals. The ovens, kilns, or furnaces may bo
built either round, square, oval, octagon, or in any other shape or form adapted
to the situation where they may be wished to be erected, and the size may be
varied at pleasure. The same flucs, funnels, chimneys, or bags are dis-
tinguished by the same letters in each plan, and may be built or formed
with bricks or other well-known materials proper for the purpose.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Pepper, have hereunto set iny hand
and seal, this Thirty-first day of October, in the year of our Lord One
thousand seven hundred and ninety-six.
1. HOLFORD.
JOHN (L.s.) PEPPER.
Signed, sealed, and delivered by the within-
named John Pepper, in the presence of
J. WILLINGTON,
Inner Temple, London.
F. B. WELLS,
Clerk to Mr. Willington.
AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the same Thirty-first day of
October, in the year above mentioned, the aforesaid John Pepper came before
our Lord the King in His Chancery, and acknowledged the Specification
aforesaid, and all and everything therein contained, in form above written.
And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped according to the tenor of the
Statute in that case made and provided.
Inrolled the first day of November, in the year above written.