IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF MATERIALS SUITABLE FOR BEING USED IN THE PROCESS OF MORDANTING OR SIZING "
Year: 1883

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LETTERS PATENT to Charles Frederick Cross and Edward John Bevan both
of 41 Thistle Grove, South Kensington in the County of Middlesex Chemists
for an Invention of IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF MATERIALS
SUITABLE FOR BEING USED IN THE PROCESS OF MORDANTING OR SIZING
"
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Charles Frederick Cross and
Edward John Bevan at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the
27th March 1883.
CHARLES FREDERICK CROSS and EDWARD JOHN BEVAN both of 41 Thistle
Grove South Kensington in the County of Middlesex Chemists " IMPROVEMENTS
IN THE MANUFACTURE OF MATERIALS SUITABLE FOR BEING USED IN THE PROCESS
OF MORDANTING OR SIZING FABRICS OR PAPER AND OTHER LIKE PURPOSES
"
When wood, and many other fibrous vegetable substances are boiled under
pressure in a solution containing sulphurous acid and a base, for instance when a
white fir wood is boiled under the conditions described by Ekman in his Specifi-
cation of the 13th July 1881 N° 3062) a liquid is obtained holding in solution a
large amount of organic matter besides the inorganic substances used in boiling
and their derivatives We have discovered that by treating the above mentioned
liquid first with sulphurous acid, or an acid or salt capable of decomposing a
sulphite, and then with gelatine, a peculiar substance (which we term Lignosine) is
precipitated together with the gelatine
Or, if gelatine be first added to the original liquid and it be then treated with
the acid or salt a like precipitate is obtained.
The compound with gelatine above described as precipitated may be readily
dissolved in solutions of many of the sulphides, alkalino salts and alkalies-From
these solutions the gelatinous compound may be again precipitated by the addition
D

page_text: of an acid or certain salts according to the nature of the solvent used. It is also
soluble in an excess of hydro-chloric and some other acids from which solution it
may be precipitated on dilution or by removal of the excess of acid by any suitable
means.
We term this soluble compound of Lignosine with gelatine Gela-lignosine and
it is suitable for use for the sizing of paper during the process of inanufacture,
and as a substitute for glue and other adhesive substances and for similar
purposes
The compound of lignosine with albumin is similar to that with gelatine and we
term it Albu-lignosine-Gela lignosine and Albu-lignosine are suitable for use as
size as mordants, and as vehicles for colors and pigments and for similar purposes

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed
by the said Charles Frederick Cross and Edward John Bevan in the Great
Seal Patent Office on the 27th September 1883.
CHARLES FREDERICK CROSS and EDWARD JOHN BEVAN both of 41 Thistle
Grove South Kensington in the County of Middlesex Chemists "IMPROVEMENTS
IN. THE MANUFACTURE OF MATERIALS SUITABLE FOR BEING USED IN THE PROCESS
OF MORDANTING OR SIZING FABRICS OR PAPER AND OTHER LIKE PURPOSES
"
When wood and many other fibrous vegetable substances are boiled under
pressure in a solution containing sulphurous acid and a base, (for instance when
white fir wood is boiled under conditions such as are described by Ekman in his
Specification of the thirteenth July One thousand eight hundred and eighty_one)
No 3602 or under like conditions a liquid is obtained holding in solution a large
amount of organic matter, besides the inorganic substances used in boiling and
their derivatives. We have discovered that by treating the above mentioned
liquid first with sulphurous acid or an acid or salt capable of decomposing a
sulphite and then with gelatin a peculiar substance (which we term Lignosine) is
precipitated together with the gelatin.
Or if gelatin be first added to the original liquid, and it be then treated with
the acid or salt, a like precipitate is obtained.
The compound with gelatin above described as precipitated may be readily
dissolved in solutions of many of the sulphites alkaline salts and alkalies as herein-
after more particularly described. From these solutions the gelatinous compound
may be again precipitated by the addition of an acid or certain salts such as alum
sulphate of alumina or bisulphate of potash according to the nature of the solvent
used. It is also soluble in an excess of hydrochloric and some other acids from
which solution it may be precipitated on dilution or by removal of the excess of
acid by any suitable means.
We term this soluble compound of lignosine with gelatin Gela-lignosine, and
it is suitable for use for the sizing of paper during the process of manufacture and
as a substitute for glue and other adhesive substances and for many other
purposes.
Albumen may be added to the solution in place of gelatin and produce a
compound with lignosine similar to that resulting from the addition of gelatin this
compound of Lignosine with albumen we term albu-lignosine.
Gela-lignosine and albu-lignosine are suitable for use as size as mordants and as
vehicles for colors and pigments and for other purposes where a compound of the
character in question may be usefully employed.
Having thus stated the nature of the said Invention we proceed to indicate
a convenient mode of preparing gela-lignosine. The liquid in which wood has
been treated in the manner described by Ekman in his Specification above referred
to or in an equivalent manner) is diluted with about four times its volume of
water and to it is added a quantity of hydrochloric or other acid sufficient to
saturate about one half of the base present. In some cases it is more advantageous
to employ alum instead of acid. A solution of gelatin is then mixed with the
acidified liquid the relative proportions of wood liquor and of gelatin being
regulated so as to ensure as complete a precipitation of the gelatin as possible.
We have found suitable proportions to be about ten pounds of dry gelatin to
twelve gallons of wood liquor (undiluted sp: gr about 110). On mixing the
solutions at the ordinary temperature of the atmosphere, a copious precipitate of
gela-lignosine takes place in a form generally convenient for subsequent washing.

page_text: If the operation be carried out without previous dilution of the wood liquor or
if it be heated before mixing with the gelatin, the precipitated gela-lignosine tends
to form compact masses very difficult to wash and manipulate
The acid or alum instead of being added to the wood liquor as directed, may be
added after the mixing of the wood liquor with the gelatin solution.
Although hydrochloric, sulphuric and many other acids may be used with
advantage we in some cases obtain even superior results as regards the color and
physical character of the precipitate by using alum or sulphate of alumina.
The precipitated gela-lignosine should be well washed to free it as far as possible
from foreign substances, and is then ready for re-solution and subsequent use:
RE-SOLUTION.
The nature of the solvent to be used to cause re-solution depends on the purpose
for which the dissolved gela-lignosine. is intended to be used. We have found the
normal sulphites of soda and potash to be generally preferable. The quantity of
these necessary to cause re-solution is about seven per cent of the weight of dry
gela lignosine. The re-solution above referred to does not alter the character of
the gela-lignosine but produces it in a purified condition suitable for being used
for the various purposes for which it is applicable.
We have obtained the bests results by soaking the gela-lignosine for some hours
in a cold solution of the solvent, on then gently heating solution readily takes
place This solution is suitable for most of the purposes for which ordinary gelatin
is employed. Supposing it were desired to use it for sizing paper during the
process of manufacture, a convenient method is as follows.
A quantity of the solution of gela-lignosine (varying according to the degree to
which it may be desired to size the paper) is added to the pulp in the beating
engine as in the ordinary process of sizing with rosin. After having been' well
mixed with the pulp a solution of alum is added, and a precipitate of gela-lignosine
is formed in the interstices of the fibres. On drying, the paper is found to be well
sized, and to possess many of the characteristics of a tub-sized paper.
Having thus described the nature of the said Invention and in what manner
the same is to be performed we hereby declare that what we claim as of our
Invention is.
First: The manufacture of a soluble compound of a peculiar substance (to
which we have given the name of lignosine) by treating solutions in which wood
and other vegetable, substances have been boiled with gelatin or albumen sub-
stantially as described.
And Secondly. The use of soluble compounds (to which we have given the
names of gela-lignosine and albu lignosine) for mordanting or sizing fabrics or for
the manufacture of paper and for other like purposes substantially as described
In witness whereof we the said Charles Frederick Cross and Edward John
Bevan have hereunto set our hands and seals the twenty sixth day of September
in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and eighty three.
Witness to both signatures
WM H. SPENCE
8 Quality Court
Chancery Lane.
EDWARD J. BEVAN
(L.S.)