Improvements in Roofing or Sheathing Tiles.
Year: 1890

page_text: Date of Application, 17th June, 1890-Accepted, 26th July, 1890
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Roofing or Sheathing Tiles.
I, WALLACE FAIRWEATHER C.E. of C2 Saint Vincent Street, in the City of
Glasgow, Registered Patent Agent and Fellow of the Institute of Patent Agents do
hereby declare the nature of this Invention (a communication to me from abroad by
George Hermann Babcock of Plainfield in the County of Union and State of New
Jersey, United States of America, Engineer) and in what manner the same is to be
performed to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement:
My invention relates to tiles of clay or other material for exterior architectural use ;
and my said invention consists first, in surface tiles of rectangular character con-
structed whereby they interlock in different ways to form weather proof joints, second
in tiles employed to finish or form a continuous rectilinear terminus to surfaco tiles of
diamond shape or other character, and having certain features of novel construction
whereby to cover the edges of adjacent tiles at the junctions or termini of different
planes in which the roofing or sheathing is laid, and fit such parts as the ridge, the
hip, the valley, the gable, or the eave of the roof, or the corner of vertical sheathings;
and thirdly, my invention consists in tiles of novel structural character adapted to
promote ornamentation together with certain features of utility, such as will be
hereinafter described.
Referring now to the accompanying sheets of drawings forming a part of this
specification:

page_text: SHEET 11.
Figure 1, is a plan view of a gable tile having a double cone, a terminal gable tile
connected thereto, and adjoining tiles of the aforesaid character, also looking in a
direction perpendicular to the plane of the roof;
Figure 42, is an edge view of Figure 41, looking toward the roof from the
gable;
Figure 43, an elevation of the lower end of the gable tile Figure 41;
Figure 44, an elevation of the lower end of the terminal gable tile Figure 41..
and
Figure 49,
an enlarged sectional view (x-x Figure 50) of the form of tile in
SHEET 14.
of my
part
character
Figure 51, is an elevation of a corner tile, also included in the second
invention showing the adaptation thereof to sheathing tiles of "diamond
adjoining looking edgewise to the plane of one of the sides of a right angle
corner;
Figure 52, is an inverted plan view of the corner tile in Figure 51;
Figure 53, is a cross-section on the line -, Figure 51, looking downward.
SHEET 15.
Figure 54, is an elevation viewed as in Figure 51, of a similar corner tile having
interlocking flanges to fit sheathing tiles of a rectangular character;
Figure 55, is an inverted plan view of Figure 54, and
Figure 56 a cross-section on the line 7-7 of Figure 54, looking downward.

page_text: SHEET 19.
Figure 70, represents several of my improved tiles assembled together as they
would be when laid upon a roof; illustrating also the third part of my invention;
Figure 71, is an enlarged plan view of one of such tiles, showing the relative
positions of some of the adjacent interlocking tiles by broken lines; and
Figure 72, is a central longitudinal suction of the tile on the line of Figure 71,
being drawn in projection from said Figure; the line A, representing the roof or other
surface upon which the tiles are laid.
Referring first to Sheets 1, 2, and 3:
The tiles are of approximately rectangular form, and the novelty consists in
interlocking the tiles consecutively in vertical succession, composing series which lie
in lines perpendicular, or substantially so, to the cave, or the ridge of the roof, and
then "breaking" or alternating joints between the adjacent sories laterally, so that
the members of each overlap at or about the middle of those adjacent. This feature
of the invention also includes a certain novel construction of the interlocking flanges
used in carrying out the said arrangement, and forming tight joints for the exclusion
of rain, wind or dust; such tiles may also have surfaces composing half frustums of
cones which overlap in lateral alternation of above described.
In Figures 1 to 7, inclusive, I have illustrated tiles having a plane surface A.
B, is a downward flange on the lower side of the tile extending about one-half of
its perimeter below its axial line w-w, Figure 4.
C, is an upward flange on the upper side of the tile, extending about one-half of its
perimeter, above its axial line ww.
D, is a part of the flango upon one side or end of the tile deeper than those on
the remaining sides. The deepening of the flange may be applied at one or both
of opposite ends as indicated by dotted lines at E, both projections D, and E, being
substantially similar.
The extension in depth of the flange at D, compensates for the difference in
distance or separation between the planes of adjacent tiles of common series, and
adjacent tiles of different series, enabling them to interlock in vertical as well as
lateral succession. This is necessary also in order to close the horizontal joints.
The said joints may be the more securely closed by the employment of the upward
extended flange E, in conjunction with the downward extension D, as aforesaid.
The parts, b, b, c, c, of the flanges B, C, respectively, interlock as indicated at d,
Figures 7 and 12. The downward flange below the axial line is thereby adapted to
overlap and interlock three adjacent tiles and the upward flange above the axial line
to interlock three other overlapping tiles. The junctions of the corners with tlie
sides at f, Figuro 1, where the flanges B, C, reverse are sealed by means of the
curved edges e, of the extended flange D, which overlap and fit the rounded exteriors g,
Figure 6, of adjacent tiles...
In Figures 9 to 13.inclusive, the major portion of the surface A, corresponds to the
half frustum of a cone or conic segment; the convex curvature being graduated off
at the sides to join the normal surface s, s. The edges of the flanges at the ends
of the tile are curved correspondingly to the surface A, to fil the same as

page_text: represented at D, Figure 9; the construction being in other respects similar to the
previous illustrations.
i, i, in the several Figures, indicate fastening lugs by which the tiles may be secured
to the substructure.
A resulting feature of the present invention consists in heightening the ornamental
effect of the roofing by the high relief or "reveal" obtained; the separation of the
planes of vertically adjacent tiles being doubled by the interposition of the edges of
laterally adjacent tiles between their ends.
Referring now to Sheet 4 :
In this illustration of my improvement, the rectangular tiles abut at the sides in
continuous rows lengthwise of the roof, being laid so as to "break" joints, shingle
fashion, between consecutive rows.
The novelty consists in applying to this character of tile a downturned flange at its
lower edge or "reveal," giving a high relief to the same, and conforming the adjacent
portion of the underlying tile with an upward bend or wave near its middle which fits
the downturned flange of the overlying tile so as to bring every part of the adjacent
lapping surfaces closely together, and effect the sealing of the abutting joints. An
upturned flange is also provided to the uppermost edge of the tile, which flange
interlocks with and beneath the adjacent upward bend or wave of the overlying tiles
to prevent penetration of wind, rain or dust between the part of the abutting joints
that intersect said upward bend or wave of the overlying tiles.
The upper and lower portions B, and A, of the tile lie in distinct planes joined by
the offset or wave portion a. When the tiles are combined, a double thickness of the
material is formed throughout the roof, thereby closing the space beneath the abutting
joints between the plain edges b, at every part. c, c, represent the downward flanges
terminating the exposed surfaces of the tiles, and d, the upward flanges terminating
the underlying ends thereof.
The tiles may be lightened by cutting off portions of the upper half as shown in
dotted lines in Figure 16 without interfering with their tightness.
The tiles may be secured to the substructure by any suitable mode or device. I
have illustrated that of providing ears e, having perforations for the reception of
nails.
By the interlocking of the flanges at the ends with the wave in the centre, the tiles
are rendered mutually supporting, so that should the fastening of any one become
loosened it cannot fall and endanger persons below, as is the case with common shingle
tile and slate.
Referring now to Sheet 5:
The form of tiling here illustrated, is adapted to compose a sectional ridge of
uniform and ornamental character applicable to other adjacent roof tiles of any various
pattern.
The sections may be variably overlapped to suit any variation in length of roof, and
form tight joints in all positions. The cross section of the ridge tile is also configured
whereby it is adapted to fit any angle of roof; receiving support by a longitudinal
strip attached to the substructure, running through the sections.
A, Figures 17 and 18, represent roof tiles of the character known as diamond tiles,
having upward flanges a, and downward flanges b, that interlock. B, are supple-
mental tiles adjacent the ridge having downward flanges c, that engage with the lower
ends of the upward flanges a, of the first series of roof tiles A; the supplemental
tiles B, having abutting joints at d, and forming a continuous plane surface for the
downward flanges or wings i, of the ridge tiles D, E, spanning them to overlap and
rest on.
The ridge tiles E, underlapping the ridge tiles D, are the means of securing all the
sections in position. A longitudinal strip of wood F, is spiked to the ridge of the
substructure G, and the upper portion of the cross section of the tiles E, being of an
inverted Ushape, having parallel sides, fits this strip F, preventing sidewise displace-
ment of the sections E. The overlapping ridge sections D, fitting the sections E, are
held thereby, and interlocking therewith form a continuous weatherproof ridge.

page_text: The sections D, have downward and inwardly turned flanges f, and the sections E,
upward and outwardly turned flanges g, interlocking therewith, whereby the adjoining
sections may overlap to any extent forming tight joints at all positions.
The tiles D, and E, have wings h, at reversed angles to the vertical sides whereby
the breadth of the base is increased, and downward flanges i, which terminate the
wings at the edges.
By means of the downward flanges i, at the edges, one pattern of tiles D, and E, is
made to fit not only the roof having a pitch normal to the angles of the ridge tile, but
also other pitches less or greater. Figure 20 shows the manner in which one such
tile is adapted to different roofs, varying from an equilateral triangle Gothic roof to
the flattest angle at which it is safe to lay tiles.
K, is the terminal ridge tile which may be of any suitable length desired, and it is
provided with a flange j, for covering the ridge, and a flange g', interlocking the ridge
tile adjoining.
In regard to ornamentation, the terminal tile K, may be provided with a final or
hip knob J, and the tiles D, or E, or both, with a cresting such as H. Figures 17 and 18.
Different ornaments may be applied upon the alternate tiles D, and E, the ornamenta-
tion being capable of extensive variations, and the hip knob J, may be employed or
dispensed with according to the style of architecture.
In fitting a ridge alternate outer and inner tiles D, and E, of equal length may be used,
and they may be lapped more or less, to fit the lengths of the ridge symmetrically; or
they may be lapped until the alternate tiles D, touch, making a complete double ridge.
Or a series of inner tiles E, may be laid with short covering tiles D, only of length
sufficient to cover and protect the joint of the flanges g; or vice versa, the inner tiles
may be made short and the cover tiles D, made to touch. The latter is the preferable
modification when there is a continuous ornamental cresting to be used.
Referring to Sheets 6 and 7:
This form consists in a combination hip tile which by its structure is rendered
expansible or contractible to compensate for variations in the distances of the final
elges of the roof tiles proper from the hip, and the same is especially applicable to
adjacent tiles having a diamond shape.
My improved hip tile is composed of two side or supplemental tiles, and a central
tile or cover spanning them. Of these, the supplemental tiles are adapted to interlock
with and form a uniform border to roof tiles of varying contour; said border running
at an angle to the lay of the roof tiles substantially parallel with the hip.
The roofing tiles A A, Figure 21, represent one species of design to which the
invention is applicable; the outwardly curved contours a, of the supplemental tiles B,
however being equally adapted to fit roof tiles having inwardly curved or otherwise
varied contours at their upwardly flanged portions.
The supplemental tiles B, have a downwardly turned flange i, whereby they inter-
lock with the upwardly turned flange j, of the roof tiles A; also a downwardly
turned flange k, forming a continuation of the flange i; and an upwardly turned
flange, whereby they interlock with similar supplemental tiles above and below.
The downwardly turned flange k, is provided with an internal projection or return m,
which engages with the terminus n, of the flange 1, so as to prevent the supplemental
tile from falling away from its normal position; it being secured to the roof at the
part E, by nailing or otherwise. The part E, extends downward to form a foot
(see Figure 24) whereby one end of the supplemental tile rests on the roof at the
necessary height to overlap the other tiles. The other end and side of the supplemental
tile, bearing the continuous flange k, i, fits the surfaces of the tiles B, and A, lying
in a common plane, the surface whereof is made continuous by abutment of the edges
at o, Figure 21.
P, is an upwardly turned flange whereby the supplemental tile interlocks with the
cover tile C, and renders the joint weather proof. The flange p, stands at an angle to
the plane of the tile B, so as to form a substantially vertical terminal flange to the
roofing at each side of the hip, when the tiles are laid.
The cover tiles (), Figures 26, 27, and 28, are of a form corresponding to a half

page_text: Trustrum or a cone, being of greater circumference at their lower than at their
upper ends so as to overlap. An upward flange c, is provided at their smaller
end, and a downward flange d, at their larger end to interlock and form a continuous
tight covering over the variable space D, between the supplemental tiles. The com-
bined thickness of the flanges 1, k. c, and d, (Figure 24) necessitates a considerable
overlap of the tiles C, below the tiles B, as seen in Figure 21.
In order to properly
cover and fit the reveal of the supplemental tiles so overlapped, there are projections f,
provided at each terminus of the larger circumference of the tile C.
the
An internal flange g, is provided at the upper end of the cover tile to interlock with
upper ends of the terminal flanges p, of the supplemental tiles and hold the cover
tiles longitudinally in position. The edges g', of the internal flange g, converge as
seen in Figure 28, on lines parallel with the surfaces of the tiles B, having contact
therewith ath, Figure 29, allowing a movement of adjustment of the tiles B, toward
and from the hips.
As seen in Figure 25, the edges bearing the upturned flanges p, of the supplemental
tiles clear the cover tile C, and have a considerable range of adjustment therein.
Variations in the distances of the flanges j, of the roof tiles from the centre line of the
hip are thereby compensated for to a limited extent.
Furthermore variations in the angle or pitch of the roof as related to a given form
of tile are also compensated for ; such variation causing the diagonal line of flanges to
lie unparallel with the line of the hip.
For instance, referring to the diagram Figure 23, in which s, t, u. r, represents
a plan of a roof tile of the character considered, and v, w, the angle of the roof;
then, when the length (or a half thereof, t, v) of the tile bears the proportion to the
breadth (or a half thereof v, u.) corresponding to that of the hypothenuse v, w, (equal
to t, u, in the diagram) of a right angled triangle (u, r, w) to its base v, u, in which
the altitude u, w, is proportionel to the base . u, as the altitude u, w, of the roof r, w,
to its half breadth, u; the diagonals of the tile will be parallel to the hips and valley's
of the roof. In this caso the side tiles B, will be all of one pattern for a given propor-
tion of tile, but where a different proportion exists, they will require to be made in
series of sizes to fit the varying distances of the tiles A, from the hip. However the
adjustability of the visible portion of the side tilo B, as herein constructed greatly
reduces the variety of sizes required.
Referring now to Sheets 8 and 9:
This feature of iny invention is also applicable to tiles of approximately diamond
shape, laid in quincunx order, and it consists in a valley tile bent to fit the angle of
the valley and lying in overlapping series extending under the diagonal terminal edges
of such roof tiles.
A certain range of variation in the position of the adjacent roof tiles is provided for,
while weather proof joinis are maintained between the same and the valley tiles
irrespective of the amount of lap.
A, A, Figure 32, are the roof tiles, and B, the valley tiles underlapping them to the
extent a under normal conditions. It is to be seen in Figure 33, that the angle or
bend given to the tile B is more obtuse than the angle, (say the average) of the sub-
structure C, at the valley, the object being to insure against the valley tile bearing at
its centre and tilting in cases where the angle c, d, e, of the substructure is greater.
The outer portions of the valley tile are flat, as more distinctly represented in
Figure 37, so that the final diagonal course of the roof tiles A, may occupy positions
at greater or less distances from the centre of the valley tile without materially varying
the pitch of said final diagonal course.
The tile B, has an upwardly turned flange e at its upper end, and a downwardly
turned flange f, at its lower end whereby it interlocks with similar tiles above and
below. The tiles B, also have upwardly turned flanges, 9, 9, at its two remaining
sides forming continuations of the flange e, whereby it interlocks with the downwardly
turned flanges h, of the roof tiles.
The upwardly turned flanges g, and the downwardly turned flanges h, do not

page_text: necessarily engage adjacently with one another, but in all cases they form weather
tight joints irrespective of the relative positions of the tiles A, B.
In order to clear the upper portions of the flanges in all positions thereof,
and also to adapt the valley tile to other forms of roof tiles than those shown an
enlargement, of the tile B, is provided, bearing a part g of the flange g, at an
angle.
The lower end of the tiles B, bearing the flange, and therefore also the upper
end bearing the flange e, to fit it, is made in whole or in part approximately
parallel to the eaves of the roof; that is to say the lower end may have an
angular form, each line lying parallel with the respective eaves at the terminus
of the valley, and intersecting at the centre of the tile, or such lines may be
graduated together in a curve as illustrated, tangent to the angle of intersection
of the caves. An object of this feature is to render the underlapping portions of
the tile A, parallel at top and bottom with the direction of adjustment of the
tile A, as indicated by arrow in Figure 36, in order to permit the more or less
overlapping of the roof tiles, and still maintain tight joints by the interlocking of
the flanges thereof.
The feature of providing for a variable overlap of the tiles A, upon the tiles B,
enables the valley tiles to be employed in a common size, or a very limited sorios
of sizes, for different angles of roof; such different angles causing the diagonal
line of the roof tiles A, to lie parallel or unparallel in greater or less degree, as
the case may be, with the roof intersection.
For instance referring to the diagram Figure 34, in which, t,,, represents
a plan of a roof tile of the charactor considered, and v, w, the angle of the roof;
then when the length (or a half thereof t, v) of the tile bears the proportion to
the breadth (or a half thereof v, u,) corresponding to that of the hypothenuse v, w,
(equal to v, in the diagram) of a right angled triangle (u, v, w,) to its base v, u,
in which the altitude u, w, is proportioned to the base v, u, as tho altitude u, w, of the
roof, w, to its half breadth v, u; the diagonals of the tile A will be parallel to the
hips and valleys of the roof. Under other conditions, the angle of the diagonal
edges, will vary more or less according to departure from the above proportions,
and will therefore require to be compensated for in the manner described.
Referring now to Sheets 10 and 11:
This form of my invention consists of a gable or edge tile supplemental to such
roof tiles, forming a border interlocking with the diagonal edges thereof and
presenting a finishing edge parallel to the gable and having more or less ornamental
character, and also relates to roof tiles of diamond or other similar forin laid in
quincunx order.
In the several Figures A, A, represent the roof tiles, B, the gable or edge tiles,
and C, (Figures 41 and 44) a terminal gable tile.
The portion a, of the gable tile B, is flat, corresponding in contour to the half
portion of a roof tile A, as divided by a vertical axis. The portion a is inclined
vertically with relation to the under face of the remaining portion p, of the tiles B,
as seen in Figures 40, and 43, in order to lie in parallel planes of inclination with
the tiles A. The portion a, bears an upward flange e, on one diagonal of its side
whereby it interlocks with the corresponding flanges e, and, respectively of the
adjoining tiles A. As in the case of the tiles A, the tile B, may be nailed or other-
wise secured to the substructure at the point g.
The gable tile in the instances of Figures 38, 39, 40, has a downward flange i,
extending below the normal level of the tile whereby it may overlap the edge of
the roof and form a close joint therewith, preventing the entrance of rain, wind or
dust between the substructure and the tiles.
The portion 6, of the gable tile B, is raised, standing higher than the other roof
tiles, whereby it forms when laid an ornamental ridge or roll parallel with the vertical
axes of the tiles, extending from ridge to eave of the roof.
The circumference of the lower end of the raised part or roll b, of the tile B, is

page_text: greater than the circumference of the upper end thereof, whereby the same overlaps
each similar tile B, below. The roll b, may be furthermore provided, as illustrated,
with downward flanges j, at its lower end, and upward flanges k, at its upper end,
whereby it interlocks with the similar rolls or raised portions of the supplemental
tilos above and below.
I prefer to construct the ridge or roll b, in a form corresponding to a part frustum
of a cone as in Figures 38 and 39, or a series of such part frustums joined together
in an integral piece as in Figures 41 and 42. By employing the construction in
Figure 41, provide harmony of the length of the cones on the tiles B, with the
length of the cone on the terminal gable tile C.
The tile C, corresponds to the upper half portion of a supplemental tile B, having
a flat or plane surface a, and a roll &, and being provided with an upward flange c,
whereby it interlocks with the downward flange e, of the roof tile A, and an upward
flange whereby it interlocks with the flange j of the tile B. The terminus m, is
closed by a final downward lip or otherwise the terminal tile C, may have an over-
hanging edge upon its portion m, and n, to cover the eave of the roof and correspond
with other terminal tiles.
It is to be observed that the downward flange i, is omitted in Figures 41 to 44
inclusive, it not being an indispensable feature. In this case a flange p is provided
lying flat on the roof giving a straight line border, which flange p, has joints at o,
fitting closely to exclude the wind.
Referring now to Sheets 12 and 13:
The novelty here represented consists in providing a projection or projections on
the under surface of the terminal tiles bearing on the roof, whereby an inclination
is imparted corresponding to the inclination of the overlying series of tiles above.
A, Figures 45 to 50 inclusive, represents the flat portion of the terminal tile;
B, the downward or finishing flange; and C, the projection or projections which bear on
or near the edge of the roof or substructure D. The projection C, in Figures 45, 46
and 47, lies parallel with the edge of the roof at a suitable distance from the
flange B. In Figures 48, 49 and 50 the projections C, are employed in plurality
lying at right angles to the edge of the roof, being bevelled as seen in Figure 19 at
a suitable inclination.
In Figures 45, 46 and 47, E, represents the raised edge, and F, the recurved
portion corresponding with a half frustum of a cone, and with which the said raised
edge E, of adjacent tiles interlock. G, represents the ornamental projection terminating
the recurved portion F, which projection G, overhangs the eave of the roof. This
ornament may be employed on each consecutive terminal tile, or be interspersed at
suitable intervals in laying the row; the intervening scrolls F, being terminated
with any suitable plain finish if desired. The projection G, is not to be confined to
the specific design illustrated but consists essentially of any hemispherical or ovoid
shaped terminus or other form, giving an ornamental finish.
In Figures 48, 49 and 50, H, represents the upturned flanges of the flat terminal
tiles which interlock with suitable downturned flanges I, upon adjacent tiles J,
of the roof. The projections C, in the applications illustrated are made of variable
depths, according to the inclinations of the tiles imparted by various modes of inter-
locking.
Referring to Sheets 14 and 15:
This form of tile is adapted to sheathing corners of vertical surfaces or sides of a
roof or building; and consists in a corner tile adapted to interlock in vertical
succession with similar tiles above and below, and also to interlock with adjacent
sheathing tiles on the plane surfaces of the substructure, forming a continuous cover
with weather proof joints.
Referring to Figures 51 to 55 inclusive, the plane surfaces B, B, of the corner
tiles A; which surfaces may be disposed at a right or any other angle relatively to
each other; are joined preferably by a rounded corner C, and the tile A, is given a
pitch or outward incline from the top thereof toward the bottom, so that the sides B,
lie in planes parallel to the planes of the tiles D'or D' interlocking therewith. The
B

page_text: curvature of the corner C, is therefore of greater radius at the bottom than at the
top, giving a form thereto corresponding to a segment of a cone, to which the plane
surfaces B, are tangent. The corner C, may however be angular; the plane
surfaces B, extending to a line of intersection forming an edge.
a, a, are upward or outward flanges along the edges adjoining the apex of the
cone; and, b, downward or inward flanges along the edges adjoining the base of
the cone, whereby the corner tiles interlock, or are supported vertically with relation
to each other. In Figure 51, the support is indirect, being transmitted through the
interposed ends c' of the flanges c, of the adjacent tiles D, D'. In each instance the
flange b, is of sufficient depth to fill and overlap the space at the adjacent ends of
the corner tiles avoiding the use of cement filling to form a tight joint.
a', a', are upward or outward flanges, and,, downward or inward flanges which
interlock respectively with similar flanges d, and c, of the tiles D, or D'.
As examples of the adaptation of the corner tiles to sheathing tiles of different
character, have illustrated in Figure 51, the periphery of the corner tile having a
form whereby its plane surfaces or wings correspond to the one-half pattern as
divided by a vertical axis of a sheathing tilo D, of the character known as
[
diamond"
tile;
and I have illustrated in Figure 54 the periphery of the corner tile of a form
whereby its plane surfaces or wings correspond to the one-half pattern of a rectangular,
interlocking tile, such as hereinbefore described in reference to Figures 1 to 13
inclusive. It is obvious that the periphery of the corner tile is otherwise capable of
variation to correspond with various characters of sheathing tiles to be used, without
departing from the essential features of my invention.
Having reference now to Sheet 16:
This feature of my invention relates generally to tiles that interlock in quincunx
order, having an upward projecting flange along their edge above the centre line of
the tile, and a downward projecting flange below said line, and the said feature con-
sists in so constructing the tiles that the interlocking or covered parts shall be of
uniform and interchangeable character, and the exposed or ornamental parts of
varying character, without affecting the construction of said interlocking parts.
The alternation or other variation of horizontal tiers of tiles upon the roof, or
the interspersing of the same in radically different shapes or designs of their
exposed portions may be thereby obtained in a great variety of combinations to
promote ornamentation.
A, B, C, D, E, Figure 57, represent successive horizontal series or tiers of tiles
varying arbitrarily in external appearance. The upper series A present a scolloped
edge or "reveal the series B, an undulating curvature; the series (, a straight
edge; the series D, a Gothic character, &c.
The uniform part of the tile consists in the upper part or shank F, bearing the
upward flange b, which interlocks invariably with the upper terminals c, c, of the down-
ward flanges a, but does not necessarily touch the flanges a, at other points than at e, c,
where they abut.
The downward flange a, follows the periphery of the lower part of the tile forming
the "reveal," and in all cases the Hanges a, a, of adjacent tiles abut at some
point below the end of the overlapping alternate tile so as to form a tight joint
thereunder.
The shank portion F, of the tile is of sufficient width to fill the intervening space
and interlock between the peripheral flanges a, a, of tiles of minimum size, and said
shank is preferably bounded by inward curvature at its flanges b, b, to fit the flange a,
of a suitable design such as may be adopted for the small tile; that illustrated being
the Gothic series D.
The face of the upper part F, of the tile is composed of a plane surface of an area
sufficient to include and receive the overlapping margins or flanges a, within the limits
of variation given to the same.
In conjunction with the variation of periphery I may also employ relieved or
sunken figures such as s, on the exposed surfaces of the tiles to further vary the
ornamentation.

page_text: Referring to Sheet 17:
The novelty herein consists in providing the tile with a projecting horn on the
exposed portion of the same, which not only ornaments the roof, but serves to prevent
snow froin sliding off in avalanches, and also facilitates the walking upon the roof for
purposes of repairs.
The views, Figures 59 to 65 inclusive, also present a novel construction of the
part or parts of the tile that support the horn and also parts by which the tile
is secured, whereby the fastening may be effected either by nailing or wiring to the
substructure.
In the drawing, A, represents the flat or normal surface of the tile, and B, the
raised portion thereof, configured in the shape of a horn or spur; the abrupt or
concave profile C, of which is disposed upwardly to promote the purposes above
specified. a, a, are the upturned flanges and b, b, the downturned flanges of the tiles
whereby the adjacent edges thereof mutually interlock when placed together, and rest
upon the tile beneath.
The ears or projections D, D, whereby the tiles are secured to the roof E, are
applicable to the upper margins a, a, or to the upper extremity c, or to any other
portion suitable to tiles of various shapes; and the novel feature consists in con-
structing the ears or projections D, bearing the holes d, for nailing, with a groove e
surrounding or partly surrounding the same, and within which groove a suitable
fastening wire f, may be wound or looped and fastened through or upon the sub-
structure as indicated in Figure 65.
These tiles having the horns or spurs may be employed throughout the roof,
as illustrated by Figures 59 and 60 or they may be interspersed in various ways
among other tiles having a plain or normal surface, or they may be arranged upon
or near the eaves of the roof or adjacent its ridge and ends presenting an ornamental
character.
Referring to Sheet 18:
This consists in a tile of hexagonal form. Equal and symmetrical interlocking
sides are thereby presented that respectively interlock with an adjacent side of each of
six other similar tiles; so that the periphery of the tile corresponds in shape and sub-
stantially in size to its weather surface.
The novelty also consists in depressing the exposed surface of the tile, making
it concave or dished, whereby it is caused to rest upon an angular part of its depression
at or near its middle upon the roof boards, giving thereby a solid bearing surface to
cach tile.
The portion B of the tile above the diametric line a-a, Figure 67, composes
a portion of a hexagon of greater size than the portion below such diametric line,
so that a surplus of surface is provided for the purpose of underlapping the
margins of the three tiles C1, C2, C3, above. A perfect bexagon is thereby
presented to view by the exposed surface of the tile when combined with others,
as seen in Figure 66.
b, is an upturned flange extending about the three upper sides of the hexagon,
and c, the downturned flange extending about the three lower sides of the hexagon,
so as to mutually interlock in the manner indicated. The portion c¹, of the flange c,
along the bottom margin of the tile, is deeper than the other portions of said flange,
as seen in Figure 68, whereby to interlock with the portion 6, of the flange b, of the
tile beneath and fill the space between the diagonally adjoining tiles forming a weather
proof joint.
9. are the lugs upen each side of the tile at any suitable covered portion thereof,
by which it is secured by nails to the roof.
The exposed face B, C, of the tile may have a plane surface if desired, but [
prefer to construct the same in the dished shape illustrated; the concavity, having
intersecting plane surfaces i, j, k, l, m, n, slightly inclined toward one another. The
inclination should be such as to correspond with the line of the roof A, as illustrate I
in Figure 68 when the tiles are overlapped so that the plane i, provides under-
neath it a firm resting surface while a uniform thickness is maintained througho..t
the tile.

page_text: Referring to Sheet 19:
The object of the construction herein described is to form a continuous weather
proof covering which shall present a succession of alternating figures, the same
comprising a series of panels with alternating raised bosses or caps covering and
connecting the corners thereof.
The main portion or panel of the tile is of an approximately octagonal form, and
the raised extension which is connected at one edge of the panel is of a circular or of
any polygonal form; preferably of lesser size than the panel; giving the effect both
in appearance and mechanical function of joint caps at the junctions of the panels
when the tiles are assembled, and also serving a function of utility similar to that
hereinbefore described with reference to sheet 17.
The panel B, has a substantially plane surface, and is herein termed "octagonal'
with reference to its essential number of sides irrespective of the irregularity in shape
of those a, b, c, d, which are made to fit the cap or boss C. Should the boss C, be of
square design, the panel B, may be rendered thereby of perfect octagonal form, and
as a departure is made from such square, so the sides a, b, c, d, of the panel will vary
according to the curvature or polygonal shape given to the boss C.
The surface of the part C, stands above the surface of the panel, being raised, and
to promote appearance it is preferably of convex form.
The upper part of the panel B, is provided with an upturned flange e, at its
periphery, while the lower part is provided with a down-turned flange, which
extends (,) around the peripheral part of the cover C, continuous from the
periphery of the panel B.
The part of the flange f, projects still further downward between the adjacent
tile panels B2, B3 (Figure 7) so as to interlock with the portion e¹ of the upturned
flange of the tile B* below.
When the assembled tiles are interlocked in the manner indicated they form a
continuous structure, each tile being suspended by its upturned flanges from the
downturned flanges of the adjacent tiles above, forming both rain and wind tight.
joints throughout and the projections C, afford a foothold upon the roof when access
is required and also prevent snow slides.
:
It will be obvious that special effects may be produced by ornamenting the raised
parts C, or the faces of the panels B, or both in a variety of ways.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of the said Inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed as communicated to me
I declare that what I claim is:-
1. A tile of approximately rectangular form, having a downward flange extending
about one half its perimeter below its axial line, and an upward flange above its axial
line, extending the remainder of its perimeter, substantially as hereinbefore described
with reference to Figures 1 to 13 inclusive in the annexed drawings.
2. A tile of substantially the character described having a flange at its two sides,
above and below its axial line, deeper than those on the other two sides, substantially
as bereinbefore described with reference to Figures 1 to 13 inclusive in the annexeil
drawings.
3. A tile with downward flanges below its axial line, adapted to overlap and
interlock three adjacent tiles, and upward flanges above its axial line adapted to
interlock three other overlapping tiles, substantially as hereinbefore described with
reference to Figures 1 to 13 inclusive in the annexed drawings.
4. In roofing tiles two or more vertical series of overlapping conical segments, in
which each series overlap at about the middle of the lengths of the adjacent series,
substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to Figures 8 to 13 inclusive in
the annexed drawings.
5. In a tile, the combination of a downward flange across its lower end, and an
upward bend or wave extending across the tile, near its middle, as herein shown in
Figures 14, 15, and 16 of the annexed drawings.
6. In a tile, the combination of a downward flange across its lower end, an

page_text: upward bend or wave extending across the tile near its middle, and an upward Bange
at its upper end, substantially as herein shown in Figures 14, 15, and 16, of the
annexed drawings.
7. In a tile, the combination of an upward wave across the middle, and an upward
flange or bend across its upper end, substantially as hereinbefore described in reference
to Figures 14, 15, and 16, in the annexed drawings.
8. A ridge tile adapted to span the ridge of a roof, having wings at reversed angles
and downward flanges at the edges of such wings whereby it fits roofs of different
pitches or angles, and provided with means, as flanges, whereby it interlocks with
substantially similar tiles, and forms a rain and wind tight joint, substantially as
herein before specified in reference to Figures 17 to 20 inclusive in the annexed
drawings.
9. A ridge tile carrying an ornament or cresting, and provided with wings at
reversed angles, and downward flanges at the edges of such wings, whereby it is.
adapted to fit roofs of different pitch, substantially as hereinbefore specified in
reference to Figures 17 to 20, in the annexed drawings.
10. The herein described roof ridge consisting in a longitudinal strip or strips
spiked or otherwise fastened to the roof structure, covered in whole or in part with
tiles which embrace and are held in place by said strips and provided with wings for
overlapping the roof covering, the joints between said tiles being covered with other
tiles provided with means, as Hanges, for overlapping and interlocking therewith the
whole forming a continuous rain and wind tight ridge, substantially as hereinbefore
described in reference to Figures 17 to 20 in the annexed drawings.
11. In combination with roofing tiles having upward turned flanges on a part of
their contour, a supplemental tile having a downwardly turned flange whereby it
interlocks the upwardly turned flange of the roof tile, an upward turned flange at one
end and downwardly turned flange at the other end, whereby it interlocks similar
supplemental tiles above and below, forming a border at an angle to the lay of the
roof tiles, substantially as hereinbefore described in reference to Figures 21 to 31
inclusive in the annexed drawings.
12. In combination with roofing tiles having upward turned flanges on a part of
their contour, a supplemental tile having a downwardly turned flange whereby it
interlocks the upwardly turned Hange of the roof tile, an upward turned flange at one
end and downwardly turned flange at the other, and an upwardly turned flange on the
remaining side, whereby it interlocks with a cover tile spanning the hip, substantially
as hereinbefore specified in reference to Figures 21 to 31 inclusive. in the annexel
drawings.
13. In combination with roofing tiles having upward turned flanges on a part of
their contour, a supplemental tile having a downwardly turned flange whereby it
interlocks the upwardly turned flange of the roof tile, an upward turned flange at one
end and downwardly turned flange at the other, and a foot at one end, whereby it
rests upon the roof boards, and may be mailed thereto, substantially as hereinbefor
described in reference to Figures 21 to 31 inclusive in the annexed drawings.
14. In a supplemental tile subs'antially of the character described, a return of the
downward flange on its lower end in combination with the upward flange of the tile
next below, and the perforated foot at the upper end whereby the tile is held securely
in place, substantially as hereinbefore specified in reference to Figures 21 to 31
inclusive in the annexed drawings.
15. A cover tile for the hip of a roof of conical form, and with an upward flange
on the smaller end, and a downward flange at the larger end, whereby it overlaps
and interlocks the similar adjacent tiles, forming a continuous and tight covering the
whole length of the hip substantially as herein shown in Figures 21 to 31 inclusive in
the annexed drawings.
16. In combination with roofing tiles having upward flanges, a covering tile for the
hip, substantially of the character describe, having an internal flange, whereby it
interlocks with the upward flanges of the side tiles, and is held in place longitudinally

page_text: substantially as hereinbefore specified in reference to Figures 21 to 31 inclusive in the
annexed drawings.
17. A combined hip tile, composed of two side tiles with upward flanges on the
sides next the hip, and a covering tile with upward and downward flanges, substantially
as shown, whereby a tight covering and a symmetrical ridge is secured notwith-
standing limited variations in the position of the side tiles, substantially as herein before
set forth with reference to Figures 21 to 31 inclusive in the annexed drawings.
18. In roofing tiles, a tile bent to fit substantially the angle of the valley with its
curbs in whole or in part parallel to the line of the caves, and extending beneath the
tiles of the roof, having upturned edges whereby it interlocks with downwardly turned
flanges of the said roof tiles, substantially as herein shown in Figures 32 to 37
inclusive in the annexed drawings.
19. In roofing tiles a tile bent to fit approximately the angle of the valley, and
having the ends formed in whole or in part approximately parallel to the eaves,
substantially as herein shown in Figures 32 to 37 inclusive in the annexed
drawings.
20. In roofing tiles, a tile bent to fit approximately the angle of the valley, with
is ends in whole or in part approximately parallel to the line of the eaves, and with
upwardly turned flanges on its upper end and downwardly turned flanges on its lower
end, whereby it interlocks, when in place, the similar tiles above and below, sub-
stantially as hereinbefore specified in reference to Figures 32 to 37 inclusive in the
annexed drawings.
21. In combination with roofing tiles a valley tile with its ends in whole or in part
approximately parallel to the line of the eaves, and having a portion extending beneath
the adjacent roofing tiles and forming therewith rain and wind tight joints, sub-
stantially as herein before described in reference to Figures 32 to 37 inclusive in the
annexed drawings.
22. In combination with roofing tiles, a valley tile with its ends in whole or in part
approximately parallel to the line of the eaves, having portions thereof extending
beneath the said roofing tiles, and interlocking therewith, and upward flanges at one
end and downward flanges at the other end whereby the valley tile interlocks with
similar tiles above and below, and form rain and wind tight joints substantially as
hereinbefore described in reference to Figures 32 to 37 inclusive in the annexed
drawings.
23. In combination with interlocking roofing tiles a valley tile having its ends
formed at an angle or curve approximately parallel or tangent to the angle of inter-
section of the eaves, whereby the roofing tiles may be to a limited extent nearer to
or further from the intersecting line of the valley, and still form wind and rain tight
joints with the valley tiles substantially as hereinbefore specified in reference to
Figures 32 to 37 inclusive in the annexed drawings.
24. In roofing tiles, an edge tile having an elevated portion, forming when laid, an
ornamental ridge, substantially as described.
25. In interlocking tiles a supplemental tile of which one portion substantially
one half the regular roof tile with means, as flanges, whereby
interlocks with the
adjoining tiles, and its other part a raised portion standing higher than the other roof
tiles, whereby it forms, when laid, an ornamental edge to the roof, substantially as
herein before specified in reference to Figures 35 to 44 inclusive in the annexed
drawings.
26. In interlocking roofing tiles a supplemental tile of which one portion is sub-
stantially one half the regular roof tile with means, as flanges, whereby it interlocks
with the adjacent tile, or tiles, and its other part having a roll upon its other edge,
which when laid overlaps the roll on the similar tile below, to form a continuous
border roller along the edge of the tiling, substantially as herein before described in
reference to Figures 38 to 44 inclusive in the annexed drawings.
27. In interlocking roofing tiles, a supplemental tile of which one portion is sul-
stantially one half the regular roof tile with means, as flanges, whereby it interlocks

page_text: with the adjacent tiles, and its other part a roll or cone, with downward flanges on its
lower end, and upward flanges on its upper end, whereby it interlocks with similar
supplemental tiles above and below, substantially as hereinbefore specified in reference
to Figures 38 to 44 inclusive in the annexed drawings.
25. In interlocking roofing tiles a supplemenial tile of which one portion is sub-
stantially one half the regular roof tile with means as flanges, whereby it interlocks
with the adjacent tile or tiles, and its other part a downward flange along its side
projecting below the normal level of the tiles, whereby it covers the edge of the roofing
boards, and forms a storm tight joint therewith, substantially as herein shown in
Figures 38 to 40 inclusive in the annexed drawings.
29. In combination with tiles of a character similar to what is known as diamond
tiles, a supplemental tile having flanges upon two sides whereby it interlocks with the
adjacent tiles, and a roll or cone parallel with the vertical axis thereof, substantially as
hereinbefore specified with reference to Figures 35 to 40 inclusive in the annexed
drawings.
30. In combination with tiles of a character similar to what is known as diamond
tiles, a supplemental tile with flanges upon two sides whereby it interlocks with the
adjacent tiles, and a roll or cone parallel to the vertical axis of said tiles, extending
below the normal level or base line of said tiles, whereby it covers the edge of the
roof, substantially as herein before described in reference to Figures 38 to 40 inclusive
in the annexed drawings.
31. In combination with tiles of a character similar to what is known as diamond
tiles, a supplemental tile having flanges upon two sides whereby it interlocks with
said tiles, and a ridge or roll formed of two partial cones, with means, as flanges, for
interlocking with similar tiles above and below, substantially as herein shown in
Figures 41 to 44 inclusive in the annexed drawings.
32. In combination with interlocking tiles a terminal tile having a downward flange
at its lower edge and a projection upon its base adapted to support its lower edge.in
the same relation to the surface upon which they are laid as the corresponding edges
of the other tiles of the series, substantially as herein before described with reference to
Figures 45, 46, and 47 in the annexed drawings.
33. In combination with sheathing tiles, a corner tile of corresponding form, bent
at an angle, whereby it unites tiles on either side thereof and with means, as flanges,
whereby it interlocks with similar tiles above and below, and forms a storm and wind
tight covering for a corner, substantially as herein before described in reference to
Figures 51 to 56 inclusive in the annexed drawings.
34. In combination with sheathing tiles, a corner tile of corresponding form, bent
at an angle and with flanges whereby it interlocks with the tiles on either side thereof,
and with an upward flange at one end and a downward flange at the other whereby it
interlocks with tiles similar to itself above and below, and forms, with the sheathing
tiles a wind and storm tight corner, substantially as bereinbefore specified in reference
to Figures 51 to 56 inclusive in the annexed drawings.
35. A corner tile having two plain surfaces, tangent to a cone by a segment of
which they are united, substantially as herein before specified with reference to
Figures 51 to 56 inclusive in the annexed drawings.
36. A corner tile having the following elements: two substantially plane surfaces
at an angle to each other and united by an angle or bend outward flanges on a portion
of its periphery, and inward flanges on another portion of its periphery, substantially
as herein shown in Figures 51 to 56 inclusive of the annexed drawings.
37. A corner tile having the following elements: two plane surfaces tangent to a
cone, outward flanges along the edges adjoining the apex of the cone, and inward
flanges along the edges adjoining the base of the cone, substantially as hereinbefore
specified in reference to Figures 51 to 56 inclusive in the annexed drawings.
38. In combination with sheathing tiles, a corner tilo having two plane surfaces or
wings tangent to a cone by a segment of which they are united; said plane surfaces
or wings corresponding in form to the one half pattern of a sheathing tile as divided.

page_text: by a vertical axis, substantially as herein before specibed with reference to Figures 1
to 56 inclusive in the annexed drawings.
39. In roofing and sheathing tiles a series of tiles of different forms adapted to
mutually interlock in a variety of combinations in the manner herein before described
in reference to Figure 57 in the annexed drawings.
40. A series of tiles in which the upper portion of each member of the series is
substantially of the same shape, and the bottom part of different shapes, so related to
each other that when placed in quincunx order, in every possible combination of the
series, they shall alternately overlap and form tight joints, substantially as herein-
before described in reference to Figure 57, in the annexed drawings.
41. A series of tiles in which the upper part of each member of the series is
substantially of the same shape, with upwardly turned peripheral flanges, and the
lower part of each member is of different form with downwardly turned peripheral
flanges, the several members being so related to each other that when placed in
quincunx order they shall each overlap and interlock with those adjoining, in all
possible combinations of the series, substantially as hereinbefore described in reference
to Figure 57 in the annexed drawings.
42. In an interlocking roofing tile, the combination of a horn or spur raised above
the exposed normal surface, and a peripheral flange adapted to rest upon the tiles
beneath, whereby a full support is provided for the horn and a closed interlocked
structure is produced, substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to
Figures 59 to 65 inclusive in the annexed drawings.
43. In roofing and sheathing tiles, projecting ears perforated and grooved to
permit of either wiring or nailing the same to the substructure substantially as herein
shown in Figures 59 to 65 inclusive in the annexed drawings.
44. In roofing tiles, projections on the margins thereof, having grooves sur-
rounding or partly surrounding such projections for the purpose of wiring the tile
to the substructure, substantially as hereinbefore set forth with reference to
Figures 59 to 65 inclusive in the annexed drawings.
45. A roofing or sheathing tile of hexagonal form with means as flanges for inter-
locking with other tiles of the same form, substantially as hereinbefore set forth in
reference to Figures 66 to 69 inclusive in the annexed drawings.
46. A hexagonal tile with means as flanges, whereby it interlocks with six other
similar tiles, one upon each of its six sides, substantially as herein before described
with reference to Figures 66 to 69 inclusive in the annexed drawings.
47. A hexagonal tile with means as flanges whereby it overlaps and interlocks with
other three tiles upon three of its sides, and is overlapped by and interlocks with
three other tiles on its three remaining sides, substantially as hereinbefore described
with reference to Figures 66 to 69 inclusive in the annexed drawings.
48. A roofing or sheathing tile of hexagonal form, of which the upper part is a
portion of a larger hexagon than the lower part, substantially as herein before described
with reference to Figures 66 to 69 inclusive in the annexed drawings.
49. A roofing or sheathing tile of hexagonal form having an upward flange on
three sides, and a downward Hange on the other three sides, whereby it may interlock
with other tiles of similar form, substantially as hereinbefore described with reference
to Figures 66 to 69 inclusive in the annexed drawings.
50. A roofing or sheathing tile of hexagonal form having a deeper flange on
one side thereof, substantially as and for the purpose hereinbefore set forth with
reference to Figures 66 to 69 inclusive in the annexed drawings.
51. A roofing tile having its exposed part dished whereby it is caused to rest at
or near its middle upon the roof boards, substantially as herein before described with
reference to Figures 66 to 69 inclusive in the annexed drawings.
52. A roofing or sheathing tile consisting of a portion approximately octagonal,
and another portion of circular or polygonal form, whereby, when several are laid
together, they form a continuous covering presenting a succession of alternating
figures, substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to Figures 70, 71
and 72, in the annexed drawings.

page_text: 53. A roofing or sheathing tile consisting of a portion approximately octagonal and
another portion of circular or polygonal form, raised above the other portion, but
connected therewith at one of its sides, whereby when several are laid together they
form a continuous covering composed of a series of panels with alternating raised
bosses covering and connecting the corners thereof, substantially as herein before
described with reference to Figures 70, 71 and 72, in the annexed drawings.
54. A roofing or sheathing tile composed of two polygonal figures or one polygonal
and one circular figure jointed together, with means, as flanges, for interlocking when
several similar tiles are laid together as on a roof, substantially as hereinbefore
described with reference to Figures 70, 71 and 72, in the annexed drawings.
55. A roofing or sheathing tile having the following elements:-A portion
approximately octagonal, another portion of circular or polygonal form; upward
flanges on a portion of the periphery of the octagonal part, and downward flanges on
a portion of the same and on the circular or polygonal part, substantially as
hereinbefore described with reference to Figures 70, 71 and 72, in the annexed
drawings.
56. A roofing or sheathing tile having a portion thereof approximately octagonal
with upward flanges on a part of the periphery thereof, and another portion of circular
or polygonal form having downward flanges on a portion of the periphery thereof,
whereby when a number of similar tiles are placed together the downward flanges of
the circular or polygonal part interlock with the upward flanges on two or more
adjacent tiles, connecting them into a continuous covering both wind and rain tight,
substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to Figures 70, 71 and 72, in the
annexed drawings.
Dated this Sixteenth day of June 1890.
CRUIKSHANK & FAIRWEATHER,
62, Saint Vincent Street, Glasgow, Agents.