IMPROVEMENTS IN CHURNS
Year: 1880

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Herbert John Haddan, of the Firm of Herbert and
Company, Solicitors of Patents, of 67, Strand, in the City of Westminster,
Civil Engineer, for an Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN CHURNS." A com-
munication from abroad by James Brown Williams and Nathan Gallup
Williams, both of Bellows Falls, State of Vermont, United States of
America.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Herbert John Haddan at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 9th January 1880.
HERBERT JOHN HADDAN, of the Firm of Herbert and Company, Solicitors of
Satents, of 67, Strand, in the City of Westminster, Civil Engineer. "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN CHURNS." A communication from abroad by James Brown Williams
and Nathan Gallup Williams, both of Bellows Falls, State of Vermont, United
States of America.
This Invention relates to a churn in which no dashers or other similar means are
employed to agitate the cream, such agitation being produced by giving a recipro-
cating or oscillatory movement to the churn itself, the effect of which is to cause
the cream during the movement of the churn to pursue a regular and continuous
course, turning over entirely that portion which was at the bottom during the
movement of the churn in one direction, being brought on top when the motion is
reversed, the result and the effect upon the cream being that it is all churned alike,
and a better and more uniform butter is produced, as also a larger quantity from a
given amount of cream than can be produced by churns of the ordinary construc-
tion now in use. All floats, irons, or dashers within the churn are avoided, as well
as every thing which would tend to break the butter globules, there being no sharp
or other corners in the line of movement of the cream which could produce this
result.
The churn is preferably constructed of wood, with curved ends produced by
staves, or a bent sheet of wood fitted into grooves formed in the side pieces, which
are also made of wood, the parts when united forming an oblong box or chamber
with curved ends; and as thick cream is apt to lodge and stick in the corners of a
rectangular box, I obviate this difficulty by curving the ends into a semicircular
form, so that the cream will slide up the angle formed by the semicircular ends, and
be turned over and fall about midlength of the box or chamber.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said Herbert John Haddan in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 5th
July 1880.
HERBERT JOHN HADDAN, of the Firm of Herbert and Company, Solicitors of
Patents, of 67, Strand, in the City of Westminster, Civil Engineer.
" IMPROVE-
MENTS IN CHURNS." A communication from abroad by James Brown Williams
and Nathan Gallup Williams, both of Bellows Falls, State of Vermont, United
States of America.
This Invention relates to a churn in which no dashers or other similar means are
employed to agitate the cream, such agitation being produced by giving a recipro-
cating or oscillatory movement to the churn itself, the effect of which is to cause
the cream during the movement of the churn to pursue a regular and continuous
course, turning over entirely that portion which was at the bottom during the
movement of the churn in one direction, being brought on top when the motion is
reversed, the result and the effect upon the cream being that it is all churned alike,
and a better and more uniform butter is produced, as also a larger quantity from a
given amount of cream than can be produced by churns of the ordinary construc-
tion now in use. All floats, irons, or dashers within the churn are avoided, as well
as every thing which would tend to break the butter globules, there being no sharp
or other corners in the line of movement of the cream which could produce this
result.
Figure 1 of the Drawings is a side elevation of the churn in that form which is
preferred to construct it.
Figure 2 is a transverse vertical section of the same.
Figure 3 is a longitudinal section, showing the form of the interior; Figures 4
and 5 are detail views, showing the devices used for suspending the churn within
its frame; Figures 6, 7, and 8 show different methods of suspending and operating
the churn, also variations in method of construction. The churn is preferably
constructed of wood, with curved ends produced by staves, or a bent sheet of wood
fitted into grooves formed in the side pieces, which are made of wood, the parts
when united forming an oblong box or chamber with curved ends; and as thick
cream is apt to lodge and stick in the corners of a sectangular box, this difficulty is
obviated by curving the ends into a semicircular form, so that the cream will slide
up the angle formed by the semicircular ends, and be turned over and fall about
midlength of the box or chamber, as indicated by the arrows in Figure two. In
order to a better understanding of its construction I will describe the preferred
mode in detail. a is the churn or chamber, having its bottom b and rounded ends
b¹ made all in one piece, bent to the desired form, and its edges fitted into grooves
or crozings c formed in the sides d of the box. These sides and the bent pieces are
then firmly secured together by rods e, e, passing through the edges of the sides
outside the bent piece ₺, b', or by any other equivalent or suitable means. It will
be evident that many other methods of constructing and connecting the different
parts of the box which forms the body of the churn may be used, such as forming
the bottom and curved ends of metal, connected to the wooden sides by means of
the groove, and held in place by the rods e, as herein before stated, or both sides,
bottom, and ends may be of metal, the indispensable point being that it shall
have the form of an elongated box or chamber with rounded ends or ends approxi-
mating that form so nearly as to give to the fluid contents of the box a movement
nearly in the form of a figure eight, as has been heretofore described. The churn is
provided with a suitable cover m, which closes tightly the opening in its top,
through which the cream is introduced, and may also be provided with handles n, by
which it is moved from place to place, and for the purpose of inspecting the condition
of the contents of the churn without removing the cover a panel x of glass or other

page_text: transparent material may be inserted in one of the sides or in the top of the churn, as
shown in the Drawings. The mode of operating and means of suspending the churn so
that it shall swing freely are as follows:-A frame B capable of supporting itself
when resting upon the floor or ground is provided on the inner side of each of its
four legs g, near their tops, with hooks h made with a sharp or knife edge i, which
edges form antifriction bearings from which the bails o are suspended, and on which
pendant bails the churn is hung. These metal bails o are sufficiently rigid to
prevent lateral or sideways swinging or swaying of the churn when in operation,
and to which it would be liable were it hung upon cords, chains, or other flexible
suspending devices, but present no obstacle to its free longitudinal movements within
certain limits. Each bail has two points of suspension, and both are within the
supporting frame. The eyes k by which the bails are. connected to the knife
edges i are preferably made as shown in Figure 5 of the Drawings, being in the
form of a ring with an internally threaded extension k¹, which may be screwed on
to the ends of the metal rods which form the bails o. The churn is not suspended
from its top, but its bottom rests directly upon the horizontal portion of the bails,
as shown, and sharp or knife edges may be used at these lower as well as at the
upper bearings, and such edges may be either on the bails or on the bottom of the
churn, or on both, one great advantage in using such anti friction bearings being
that they never need oiling. It is however preferable to attach notched bearing
plates to the bottom of the churn, which rest upon knife edges formed at proper
points upon the horizontal portion of the bails. The notches in the bearing plates
span the bails and prevent the churn from being dislodged when in motion. In
operating the churn after the cream has been placed in it a swinging movement is
communicated to it by the hand of the operator applied directly to it, or it may
be imparted through mechanism such as is shown in Figures six and seven of the
Drawing, or any other that will give the proper impulse to produce the desired oscila-
tory motion. In Figure six the churn is shown suspended by parallel rods which
are attached to the frame above and to the sides of the churn, motion being commu-
nicated to the churn by a pitman attached to a crank which is revolved by means
of belt gearing, the larger wheel of which is provided with a handle by which it is
rotated. In Figure seven the churn is shown as hung upon bails that are nearer
together at their point of attachment to the churn than where they are attached to the
frame;
this causes the ends of the churn to slightly rise and fall at each oscillation. In
this Figure the movement of the churn is produced by a pitman or connecting rod
which receives motion from a crank shaft provided with a belt pulley to receive a
belt from any suitable motor, this method of operating being very useful in large
dairies, where the churn must necessarily be too large to be easily worked by manual
power. In Figure eight is shown a churn supported and rocking on a single pivot
placed centrally beneath it, the ends of the churn being retained in their proper
position by means of a spiral coil or other suitable springs attached thereto and to
the bed frame upon which the pivot is supported. Other arrangements of devices
might be used for supporting the churn without departing from the spirit of the
Invention, but these will be sufficient to show that it may operate perfectly when
supported in different ways, so long as its endways oscillations are unimpeded.

page_text: appliances to break or interrupt the currents, and having a flat bottom and curved
ends, said bottom being made continuous with such curved ends, the whole operating
to give the cream a continuous and overturning course or movement, as and for
the purpose set forth.
Fourth. The frame adapted for the reception between its opposite sides of a
swinging churn, and provided with knife edge hooks h serving as metallic anti-
friction bearings for bails o, o, each hung vertically and supporting one end of the
churn, as specified.
Fifth. In combination with a supporting frame, swinging bails hung thereto at
points distant from each other, and a removable unattached churn adapted to rest
at or near its opposite ends upon such bails, substantially as shown and described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Herbert John Haddan, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Ffth day of July, A.D. 1880.