IMPROVED APPARATUS OR MECHANISM FOR REGULATING THE SPEED OR POWER OF MACHINERY
Year: 1868

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Edward Newton, of the Office for Patents
66, Chancery Lane, in the County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, for
the Invention of "IMPROVED APPARATUS OR MECHANISM FOR REGULATING
THE SPEED OR POWER OF MACHINERY."-A communication from abroad
by Marie Joseph Denis Farcot, Jean Joseph Leon Farcot, Michel
Basile Abel Farcot, and Joseph Etienne Eloi Chateau, Members
of the Firm of Farcot and Sons, of St. Ouen, in the Empire of
Finance
Sealed the 12th January 1869, and dated the 7th August 1868.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Edward Newton
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 7th August 1868.
I, WILLIAM EDWARD NEWTON, of the Office of Patents, 66, Chancery
Lane, in the County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVED APPARATUS OR MECHANISM. FOR
REGULATING THE SPEED OR POWER OF MACHINERY," to be as follows:-
The improved apparatus or mechanism which forms the subject of
the present Invention has for its object to automatically regulate and

page_text: govern the speed of engines and machinery when-placed between the
machine to be actuated and the motive agent. The particular arrange-
ment of parts whereby this object may be effected will vary according
to the nature of the machinery and the motive agent to which it may
be applied, but the principle upon which the Invention is based will
remain the same in all cases. As an example, however, I will explain
the Invention as applied for regulating the cut off of steam in a steam
engine. The piston rod is connected by a link or connecting rod to
one end of a vibrating lever mounted on what the Inventors term
the shaft of resistance. At a point above the point of connection of
the piston rod with the vibrating lever and on the side of this lever
is mounted a small bell-crank-lever which is capable of rocking on its
centre of motion within certain limits, that is, between two fixed studs
which circumscribe the action of one of the arms of the bell-crank lever.
This arm is connected by acrod to the mechanism to be actuated or
to the motive engine to be regulated, while its second arm is connected
by a rod or link to the arm of another bell-crank lever whose centre
of motion is fixed, while that of the first bell-crank lever is moveable;
being situated on the vibrating, lever. The upper arm of the second
bell-crank lever is connected by a rod to the cut-off valve of the engine
which is worked thereby. It will now be understood that in the event
of any irregularity of motion in the mechanism and which it may be
desired to correct or compensate, then the rod which works the first
bell crank will move it more or less accordingly, and will through the
second bell-crank lever and gear above mentioned regulate the cut off of
the steam.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
filed by the said William Edward Newton in the Great Seal Patent
Office on the 6th February 1869.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM
EDWARD NEWTON, of the Office for Patents, 66, Chancery Lane; in the
County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, send greeting. !
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Seventh day of August, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight, in the thirty-

page_text: second year, of. Her reign,. did, for. Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto me, the said William Edward Newton, Her special
licence, that I, 'the said William Edward Newton, my executors, admi-
nistrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said William Edward
Newton, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time
agree with, and.no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter
during the term.therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use,
exercise, and vend, within. the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ircland, the Channel Islands, and. Isle of Man, an Invention for
"IMPROVED APPARATUS OR MECHANISM FOR REGULATING THE SPRED OR POWER OF
MACHINERY," being a communication to me froin abroad by Marie Joseph
Denis Farcot, Jean Joseph Leon Farcot, Michel Basile Abel Farcot, and
Joseph Etienne Eloi Chateau, Members of the Firm of Farcot and Sons,
of. St. Ouen, in. the Empire of France, upon the condition (amongst
others) that I,..the said William Edward Newton, my exècutors or
administrátors, by. an instrument in. writing my, or their, or one of their
hands and seals, should particularly describe and. ascertain the nature of
the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed,
and cause the same to be filed in the Great, Seal Patent Office within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
...
4.
'c'
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said William Edward Newton, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same
is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement, reference being had to the Drawing here-
unto annexed, and to the letters and figures marked thereon (that is
to say):―
1
The improved.apparatus or mechanism which forms the subject of
the present Invention has principally for its object to automatically
regulate and govern the speed of engines and machinery when placed
between the machine to be actuated and the motive agent. The par-
ticular arrangement of parts whereby this object-may be effected will
vary according to the nature of the machinery and the motive agent
to which it may be applied, but the principle upon which the Invention
s based will remain the same in all cases! As an example, however,
I will explain the Invention as applied for regulating the cut off of
team in a steam engine. The piston rod is connected by a- link or
connecting rod to one end of a vibrating lever mounted on what the

page_text: Inventors term the shaft of resistance. At a point above the point of
connection of the piston rod with the vibrating lever and on the side
of this lever is mounted a small bell-crank lever which is capable of
rocking on its centre of motion within certain limits, that is, between
two fixed studs which circumscribe the action of one of the arms of the
bell-crank lever. This arm is connected by a rod to the mechanism to
be actuated or to the motive engine to be regulated, while its second
arm is connected by a rod or link to the arm of another bell-crank lever
whose centre of motion is fixed, while that of the first bell-crank lever
is moveable, being situated on the vibrating lever. The upper arm of
the second bell-crank lever is connected by a rod to the cut-off valve
of the engine which is worked thereby. It will now be understood
that in the event of any irregularity of motion in the mechanism and
which it may be desired to correct or compensate then the rod which
works the first bell crank will move it more or less accordingly, and will
through the second bell-crank lever and gear above mentioned regulate
the cut off of the steam.
In Sheet I. of the accompanying Drawings Figures 1, 2, and 3 shew
an arrangement of apparatus complete; Fig. 1 being a longitudinal
vertical section; Fig. 2, a transverse section taken through the cylinder;
and Fig. 3, a side elevation of the acting parts.
a is a motive cylinder working under the pressure of any suitable fluid,
such as steam, gas, air, or water, acting either by pressure or depression
or a relative vacuum. The piston 6 receiving motion by the induction
or escape of the fluid, steam for example, according to the arrangement
of slide valve adopted will act upon the connecting rod v, which by
means of the lever d will transmit an oscillating motion to the shaft /
upon which the resistance is produced and which it is required to actuate.
The conductor of the apparatus instead of actuating the slide valve c
directly follows the motion of the rod m, which movement is produced
by the piston pushing or drawing lightly upon the finger s, which it
causes at first to describe the short angular course which is allowed to it
by its connection with the system of jointed levers p, q, r, t, which
governs the slide valve c in its reduced course, this latter being limited
in its case or box to the two extremities of its course itself limits the
possible angular oscillation of the fingers in relation to the lever d, and
by this means the supply of steam is regulated. The course of the
fingers may also be directly limited by means of the two studs s', s,

page_text: (shewn in dotted lines in Fig. 1) fixed in the lever d; in any case it is
only after the fingers has arrived at the end of the angular course that the
connecting rod m exerts upon the lever d the small auxiliary force
which is transmitted to it by the conductor. The piston 6 being then
acted on by the steam pushes or draws the lever d as long as the con-
ductor follows its movement upon the rod m, and the fingers only
producing for this purpose upon the lever d, and in the direction of its
side movement, a very small auxiliary effort equal to the resistance of the
slide valve and its jointed levers s, p, q, r, t, but if the conductor stops or
slackens the movement of the rod m, the piston will stop of itself or
slacken its stroke, for immediately that it tends to work more quickly
relatively to the conductor it draws upon the finger s upon the rod m in
an inverse direction to that of the movement and closes the slide valve,
the lever d always carrying with it the fingers, the centre of which is at o.
In fact the situation of the slide valve c upon its bed being constantly
subordinate to the relative angular position of the finger s in relation to
the lever d, it is evident that the piston in being unduly accelerated
will produce the same effect as if the conductor drew upon the rod m
and the fingers in a direction the reverse of that of the movement,
and that the action of the conductor is thus constantly independent
of and governing that of the piston 6 which it governs without being
carried away or influenced by it. As the piston itself closes its slide
valve immediately that it has a tendency to work at a greater speed
than the conductor or in a reverse direction to it, it consequently can
only operate according to the indications given and to the extent
permitted by the rod m, which holds it in check in the same manner
that the hand of a horsemen holds his horse. It is evident that in
order to alter the working of the piston it will only be requisite to
change the direction of the working of the rod m and of its action
upon the finger s.
It will be readily understood that in the arrangement of jointed
levers s, p, q, r, t, the fingers works the bell-crank lever p, and
consequently the connecting rod q and the bell-crank lever r, t, which
turns upon its fixed axis and works the slide valve through the
upper connecting rod u.
It is to be be observed that the extremity
of the bell-crank lever r, t, upon which the connecting rod q acts is
kept at the same geometric centre as the axis of rotation of the shaft /
to be driven, so that any movement of the lever d may be produced

page_text: without acting upon the slide valve, which is only governed by the
relative movement of the fingers in relation to the lever d and under
the impulse or by the stoppage of the rod m which serves as reins to the
conductor; this is an essential and constitutive peculiarity of the
Invention. The axis of the lever d may be horizontal, vertical, or
inclined according to requirements and circumstances; it may be the
shaft transmitting the work, or may remain loose and be provided with
concentric sleeve shafts receiving the motive action through any suitable
gearing. The rod m upon which the conductor acts may be advan-
tageously replaced under many circumstances by a lever or any other
organ turning concentrically with the shaft and the lever d, and
representing thus more exactly the movement and the work to be pro-
duced by the regulator by the conductor acting upon the finger s. The
slide valve c of the cylinder may be of any suitable construction, but as it
must be governed by the conductor of the apparatus it must necessarily
offer the least possible resistance. Fig. 2 represents an arrangement
which effects this important condition.
It will be seen that this arrangement consists of an ordinary slide
valve c, the action and dimensions of which are reduced as much as
possible, and which may vary in form according to the circumstances
and conditions of the working, but which is governed an arm f
turning on the axis k, the resistance and friction of the packing being
thus reduced to the minimum. The arm f carries with it the slide valve
by taking at its extremity into two teeth i, i, at the side of the slide
valve; a spring g placed in the arm f constantly pushes the finger n
against the slide valve. The point of this finger acts at the geometric
centre of oscillation taken with relation to the arm of the slide valve,
which it keeps thus applied against the surface of the cylinder without
producing a perceptible resisting effort. This movement of the slide valve
is also represented at Fig. 1. The slide valve may also be made shorter
than the extreme distance of the orifices (see Fig. 4, Sheet I.) so as to
supply steam equally at both sides of the piston when it arrives at its
middle position; it will thus more easily stop the piston and cause it.
to move by advancing itself beyond one side or the other, and causing
the steam to escape at the side towards which the piston is required to a
move. Internal covering may be provided or not according to circum-
stances, and the slide valve may be of any form and construction
dictated by experience which will enable the best forms, arrangements,

page_text: .
and proportions to be adopted according to the degree of resistance to be
overcome.
The cylinder a may also be constructed either with or without a steam
jacket, and of various proportions, rectilinear or curvilinear, fixed or
oscillating, horizontal, vertical, or inclined, according to circumstances.
I would observe that as represented at Fig. 1 it will be advantageous
to arrange the induction and eduction passages so that they shall both
end at the bottom of the supposed horizontal cylinder in order that the
discharge of the condensed water may thus be spontaneously and con-
stantly effected without any special apparatus..
It is evident that this system of automatic. feed may be modified in
detail in many ways, for instance the relative positions and distances of
the rods m and may be varied as regards positions and distances in
relation to the centre of the shaft by causing the piston to act nearer to
this centre than the rod m. Other modifications may be effected with-
out departing from the principle of the Invention.
When an oscillating or curvilinear cylinder is employed, as in certain
known engines, the working of the slide valve must naturally be modified
according to the special arrangements employed. It will be sufficient,
for example, for an oscillating cylinder to carry the point g of the slide
valve lever to the centre or geometrical axis of oscillation of the cylinder,
the influence of the oscillation upon the automatic jointed break
s, p, q, r, t, will thus be done away with; a similar arrangement is adopted
for rotary engines.
In Figures 5 and 6, Sheet I., a modification is shewn which may be
adopted by preference under many circumstances. In these Figures
the rod m and fingers are placed at a greater distance from the centre
of the shaft than the piston rod. The fingers is provided with a
handle s", and its course is limited by a single stud s", and it will be
readily understood that the conductor will more readily perform the
work by either operating upon the handle s"" or the rod m, and that this
course will shew more clearly the work to be performed by the motive
engine. Moreover the precision of action will be greater as the play or
time lost, by virtue of which the fingers further from the centre
operates the slide valve will have less angular value in relation to the
piston...The rod u which governs the slide valve must be provided with
the necessary stops, so that the action of the piston and that of the con-
ductor shall always be in the same direction as the lever l

page_text: When the angular movement to be effected by the lever d is con-
siderable it will be useful or necessary to modify the relative position of
the parts of the jointed break s, p, q, r, t, and to employ by preference
the modification represented at Figures 7 and 8, Sheet II., in which it
will be seen that the small arc described for the motion of the slide valve
by the end w of the bell-crank lever t is effected upon the line λ, n,
which represents the middle position of the lever d in order to divide
equally upon the two halves of the stroke of the piston the minimum
influence of this small arc upon the movement of the slide valve, which
influence is absolutely nothing when the centre of the extremity w of
the bell-crank lever t is exactly opposite the centre or the axis of rota-
tion of the shaft and when the slide valve is at the middle of its
course. In this modification, on the contrary, the movement of the
point upon which the conductor acts is not divided as regards the
line, n, as in the preceding arrangements, Figures 1, 3, 5, and 6,
Sheet I. The most advantageous modification will of course be chosen
according to circumstances.
In Figures 9 and 10, Sheet II., an arrangement is represented which
may be adopted for rotary machinery, such as mining engines, marine
propellers, &c. The light fly wheel n upon the crank d and kept loose
upon the washer z will allow the conductor after having set the machine
at the stopping point to act in any position upon the finger s, and con-
sequently upon the slide valve, which is governed by the jointed
automatic break s, p, q, r, t, and which will either be on the additional
slide valve or the cut off of the engine modified in consequence and freed
from its ordinary excentrics. The engineer may by this means, and
after having nearly stopped his engine, bring it with absolute precision
to the exact position which he desires, and which he will determine
beforehand by means of the fly wheel n. As soon as he lets go this
latter the engine will stop and go on again without any other modifica-
tion by reason of the ordinary cut off or excentrics, the automatic break
and its fly wheel then turning without inconvenience round the centre
of the shaft and the extremity B of the bell-crank lever which is con-
cèntric to that shaft without acting perceptibly upon the slide valve,
the jointed break s, p, q, r, t, being constituted according to the
arrangement shewn in Fig. 7 above described, and according to the
same principles and the possible angular movement of the finger s,
being also as in Fig. 5, Sheet I., limited by the inner stop, which con-
sequently limits at the same time the angular movement of the fly wheel

page_text: with relation to the crank. It is not necessary that the rod which
works the lever & should be acted upon directly by the piston as it
might be actuated by any other accessory gearing for instance. In this
case the motive cylinder and its movement may effect several courses or
revolutions, whilst the rod only traverses one chord of the arc described
by the lever d, this chord only being a representation of the course of
work and not the course itself. This important result might be readily
obtained by transforming (for example) the rod v into a rack operated
by a pinion of very small diameter mounted upon one of the shafts of
the mechanism to be operated.
Figures 11 and 12, Sheet II., represent another modification which
may be employed for engines having a complete or intermittent rotary
notion. It is only necessary to transfer the driving connecting rod o
to a different plane form that of the automatic break and its fly wheel n,
at the same time that the connecting rod 9 of the jointed levers is set
in a different plane from that of the two bell-crank levers p, r. It will be
readily understood that this is only an extension or modification of the
arrangement shewn at Figures 9 and 10, Sheet II. (in which similar
letters indicate corresponding parts), and that it furnishes the means of
completely turning the fly wheel n, upon which the conductor acts at
the same time as the driving crank d, all the parts passing the one
before the other in different planes by reason of the displacement of the
driving crank and of the substitution of the elbow shaft l, d, e, for
the crank d. It will be readily understood that in this arrangement,
as in that shewn at Figures 9 and 10, Sheet II., the arrangement of the
jointed break s, p, q, r, t, is that of Fig. 7, and that consequently the
dead points of the movement of the slide valve which take place when
the crank q is in line with the bell-crank lever r, t, will coincide with
those of the principal crank d and of its connecting rod o, and that the
movement of the slide valve will coincide exactly as is necessary with
that of the movement of the piston. Those dead points will be passed
as in ordinary engines by means of the vis inertia of the fly wheel or of
the other rotating parts. In order the more readily to pass these dead
points in many cases several motors may be employed coupled together
or united upon one shaft having a continuous or intermittent motion,
and all subject to the guiding hand of one conductor. Any other
expedient may also be employed for the same purpose, such as an
arrangement of counterweights having a variable movement, springs, &c.

page_text: In'apparatus having great power the resistance of the slide valve or
the organ which governs the motor may become too great to be overcome
directly by a man. The conductor in this case may act through any
auxiliary apparatus, levers, gearing, &c., but a better result will be
obtained by employing in analogous cases simultaneously several of these
regulators acting upon one another and united upon one lever or set of
jointed levers. By this means rudders of vessels may be acted upon and
other great resistance controlled. In such cases it might be necessary
to act upon the rudder, &c. at some distance from it, which may be
effected by means of gearing levers or any other suitable agency. The
rod m may also be provided with a bridle or check to meet the resis-
tance of waves or any other sudden force. I will conclude this head of
the Specification with a few observations relative to some special appli-
cations of this apparatus.
Firstly. It will be advatageous in the case of complete rotation for
the more ready passage of the dead points to give to the joint of the
connecting rod 6, Figures 9, 10, 11, 12, Sheet II., with the arm ra
certain longitudinal play in the direction of the length of r. It will con-
sequently be advantageous under many circumstances to place between
two springs with a limited action the stud of this joint, which may thus
play longitudinally in the eye which receives it in the lever r. This
stud may for this purpose be covered with a rectangular bearing, upon
which the springs may bear and be carried with it. It will also be
useful to facilitate the rapidity of the movement to cause two other
springs having a limited action to bear upon the lever r, or any other
point of the general jointed system which shall constantly and sponta-
neously bring back the lever or rather its extremity opposite the centre
of rotation, that is to say, in the position corresponding to the middle of
the course of the slide valve as soon as the connecting rod q shall cease
to assign to it another angular position.
Secondly. For continuous rotation the movement of the pistons of two
cylinders placed at ninety degrees on the same shaft may be advan-
tageously combined, as is often done for certain applications. In this
case the levers s, p, q, r, will be common to the two cylinders; a bell-
crank lever r, t, and a connecting rod u will, however, be required for
each slide valve. The joint of the connecting rod q with each of the
levers will be readily modified in consequence of this coupling.
Thirdly. The conductor for complete rotation must, as above stated,

page_text: turn the fly wheel n, Figures 9, 10, 11, 12, to keep up the movement of
the regulator, but in many special cases, such as for turning the turrets
of armour-plated vessels for example, he will only have to bear upon
this fly wheel or upon the rotating plate which represents it and pro-
duce upon the fingers between the fixed point of the bell-crank lever
s, p, and the arm of the fly wheel n which governs s the relative
angular movement in one direction or the other which determines (by
the displacement of the jointed levers s, p, q, r, t,) the rotation accord-
ing to the will of the conductor. The turning plate representing the fly
wheel n upon which the conductor must in this case be placed will
be the turret itself, as the movement of the shaft is modified and
transmitted by a train of gearing to act upon this turret. It will,
however, be necessary that the angular displacement of the fingers,
which is indispensable for the working of the apparatus, should be
transmitted from the turret to the fly wheel n, or to the wheel which
replaces it upon the crank shaft by an inverse series of light wheels
having the same relative final speed as that which drives the turret.
All these light wheels by which the conductor governs the fingers and
consequently the regulator will be loose upon their axles in the limit
each of a small angular respective movement corresponding to that of
the lever or finger, s.
Fourthly. When the apparatus is required, as in its application to a
rudder, to be maintained in a determined and fixed position, and never-
theless to be capable of yielding accidentally within certain limts to
external forces, as shocks of the sea for instance, the intermittent
operation of the valve arrangement in order to maintain this equi-
librium might become inconvenient, owing to the waste of the motive
fluid. In this and analogous cases a break apparatus of any kind might
be usefully applied, either on the hydraulic system, or a closed cylinder
analogous to the governors of our regulators but filled with a liquid, or
a steam or friction break of any suitable arrangement. This break
may be operated by the same movement as the slide valve of the motive
cylinder, so that the resistance which is besides regulated at pleasure by
the escape of fluid or otherwise shall reach the maximum when the slide
valve is at the stop point or middle of its course, and is reduced to nil in
other positions, either by the hand or foot of the conductor or in any
other manner. The degree of stability and flexibility required for each
position of the motive piston and the apparatus to be operated upon (a

page_text: rudder for example) provided always that the rod m (Fig. 1, Sheet I.)
which is held by the conductor to operate the regulator allows of the
desired oscillation or flexibility, either by back lash, with or without
springs, as above mentioned for working rudders, or in any other
manner; or in order to obtain the requisite flexibility the pin in the
head of the connecting rod may be held between two strong springs.
Bolts or stops of any kind may also be employed in order also to obtain
fixity without expenditure of steam in working any apparatus. The
"conductor" may either be a living being or any mechanical arrange-
ment forming part of a manufacturing apparatus, or a regulator or
governor. By means of this apparatus the rudders of large vessels may
be worked by a simple bar with as much facility as those of small boats,
and large guns and turrets of armour-plated vessels may be quickly
worked by hand, and cranes or other hoisting apparatus may be operated
in which the load may be brought to and maintained at the exact
position required whatever may be the variations of the power and
resistance, also the large slide valves of powerful engines and flood-
gates, &c. may be operated. Small and portable apparatus may also
be constructed for use in workshops.
It is useless further to enumerate the various possible applications of
It
this apparatus, as they will manifest themselves when required.
may, in fact, be remarked that this apparatus effects by means of a
simple steam cylinder, for instance, what has often been required to be
effected by means of accumulators, hydraulic presses, and other analogous
apparatus, that is to say, a force as great as required may be produced
instantaneously at a given point and suppressed as instantaneously and
with the greatest precision, and moreover it allows of fixing in advance
and in an absolute manner by means of the conducting finger s the
precise position into which the motor is required to bring the apparatus
it actuates, such as rudders, guns, &c., this regulating apparatus being
obliged to effect this object immediately or after some slight oscillations.
It was at first proposed to employ an auxiliary steam cylinder, the
small slide valve of which should be governed by the regulator, but it
was found that the piston of this cylinder being as in all engines left to
itself during its course, and remaining independent of the regulator,
which only governs its slide valve, becomes quite unsteady in its move-
ment, and passes instantaneously without any reason from one extremity
to the other of its course. The different arrangements which have been

page_text: combined to remedy this defect and render the movement of the piston
of the auxiliary cylinder dependent upon the movement of the regulator
have led to the general arrangement described at the commencement of
this Specification, and which presents with that about to be described
numerous points of similarity. It seems suitable to give a short
description of these, on the one hand, because they will show the appli-
cation of what has been above stated, that as the conductor may be
either an anmiated being or a portion of a machine or governor or
regulator of an engine, &c., and, on the other hand, because it is desired
to protect all modifications of the principle.
In Sheet III., Fig. 13 represents an arrangement in which the stability
of the piston or the precision of its movement is obtained by means
of a break of any kind fixed upon the valve gear shaft. This break is
regulated carefully and will constitute a permanent and intermittent
resistance more or less considerable so that the piston cannot easily
run away in certain positions of the valves, and by the addition of this
constant action to the resistance of the valves by means of the angular
variation of the levers a constant and perceptible resistance may be
readily obtained. It will be desirable that the efficiency of this break
should be independent of the variations of pressure of the steam. a is
an elastic chamber made of metal or other suitable material, and receives
through the pipe 6 steam at the same pressure as the auxiliary cylinder.
The pipe c is a discharge pipe, and acts also for steam supply if desired.
It will be understood that this chamber, which is analogous to that
which constitutes the essential organ of certain manometers and aneroid
barometers bears upon a plate d mounted upon the end of the shaft
which it is desired to operate with precision, and that this pressure con-
stitutes a powerful break. A screw f allows of taking off a portion of
this pressure, and thus regulating the relative power of the break. The
steam which drives the piston being the same as that which acts on the
break, it will be understood that the variations of its pressure will not
change perceptibly the relative action of the break previously regulated
for the pressure by means of the screw f, which would not be the case
with an ordinary break either with springs or weights; a permanent or
intermittent break of any kind may however be employed for this pur-
pose. The second rod g, represented at Figures 14 and 15, upon the
piston of the small cylinder has for its object to allow of the employment
of the springs h, h', which by their resistance will contribute to the

page_text: stability of the apparatus and to the precision of the movement of the
piston, which they will prevent so readily from passing its proper point,
the steam being compressed with an increasing tension as the piston
advances in one direction or the other from the middle of its course
towards one of the extremities of the cylinder.
Figures 16, 17, 18, 19, Sheet III., represent an arrangement in which
the working of the piston is rendered dependent upon that of the
regulator. In this arrangement, which differs but little from that
first described, the regulator instead of only actuating the slide valve of
the auxiliary cylinder, and causing it to resume constantly its middle
position when the speed has again become normal, is made to follow
the movement of the small piston, and carry its connecting rod with its
own to actuate the valve to cause it to start, and stop it instantaneously
with itself, thus causing this piston to perform the work by itself. For
this purpose it is evidently necessary that the regulator should be
isochronous, having all its course to go through without materially
altering the normal speed. It will govern the rod a and drive or draw
upon the lever b of the valve according to the direction of the variation
of speed. It compresses one of the two springs c, c, placed on each side
of that lever, and furnished with sockets l, l', to limit the compression,
at the same time that it bears upon the finger d and brings it nearer
to or further from the lever b. This movement of the finger d is trans-
mitted by the connecting rod e to the bell-crank lever f, turning upon
a fixed point j, and consequently to the rod g of the small slide valve.
It will be observed that the extremity of the bell-crank lever f upon
which the connecting rod e acts is maintaned at about the same
geometric centre as the valve axle a, so that any angular movement of
the lever b may be produced without acting upon the slide valve, which
is only worked by the relative movement of the finger with respect to
the lever and under the impulse and by the effect of the stop of the
rod a which the regulator conducts, which is an essential feature. The
piston rod thus receiving motion by the admission or escape of steam
according to the kind of slide valve employed will move the lever in the
same direction as the regulator, which however only exerts a small force,
and confines itself to the indication, so to speak, of the work to be per-
formed. As soon as the speed has again become normal, the regulator
again stopping will hold back its connecting rod a, and the piston having
a tendency to continue its course will bring back instantaneously to their

page_text: middle and normal position the two springs c, c, the finger d, the bell-
crank lever E, and the slide valve; it will consequently stop immediately
or with a slight oscillation, and the valve will remain fixed at the
position suitable for the time according to the indications of the
regulator. This arrangement may be modified according to circum-
stances, its principle of construction and action remaining the same.
For instance, two fingers d instead of one may be employed, thus
doubling the bell-crank levers and connecting rods e, f. The relative
positions of these various parts may be varied at pleasure.
Figures 18 and 19 represent one of the numerous modifications in
which the rod d of the regulator acts nearer the centre or in a course
less than the auxiliary piston, which may be readily effected with the
arrangements shewn at Figures 14 and 15, and the connecting rod e is
parallel to the lever b, its upper extremity, which governs the bell-
crank lever f, remaining at about the same centre or geometric axis as
the shaft K. The same letters in these Figures indicate the same parts
as in Figures 16 and 17.
Figures 20 and 21, Sheet III., shew the application to regulators of
the arrangement described at the commencement of this Specification,
in which the springs c, c', and sockets 1, l', of the preceding Figures are
not employed. I would merely observe with regard to this arrangement
that the action of the regulator is exerted directly and freely upon the
end of the finger d without any other limit for the course of this finger
than that which it is desirable to have upon the slide valve seat at each
extremity of its course, and which will consist, for example, of two stops
placed at the extremities of the course of the slide valve. It will be
readily understood that in this case the regulator, after having caused
the finger d to describe its small angular course which is allowed to it
by its connection with the jointed levers e, f, g, which govern the slide
yalve, will push or pull upon this finger and consequently upon its centre
of oscillation o upon the lever b, thus acting upon this lever b, the shaft
k of which works the valve; also that under any circumstances the action
of the regulator will be independent of that of the auxiliary piston which
it governs without being influenced by it, and that for all the arrange-
ments described the regulator will itself close its slide valve when it
is required to work at a greater speed than the regulator, and can con-
sequently only work according to the indications given and allowed by
the regulator, which thus holds it in check as a rider does his horse.

page_text: Having now described the Invention of "An Improved Apparatus or
Mechanism for Regulating the Speed or Power of Machinery," as com-
municated to me by my correspondent, and having explained the manner
of carrying the same into effect, I claim as the Invention secured to me
by Letters Patent as aforesaid, the adaptation to any motive-power
engine of a governor or regulator connected either directly or by inter-
mediate gearing with the machine or apparatus to be acted on by the
motive-power engine, so that both may work, stop, and back together,
and that the motive engine may accurately follow the indicated motions
of the conductor, as herein set forth.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Edward Newton, have here-
unto set my hand and seal, this Sixth day of February, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-nine.
W. E. NEWTON. (L.S.)