IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF Candles,
Year: 1870

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Edward Cowles, of Hounslow, in the County
of Middlesex, and Peter Brash, of Leith, Edinburgh, Scotland,
for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF Candles,
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Edward Cowles and
Peter Brash at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with
their Petition, on the 23rd July 1870.
We, EDWARD COWLES, of Hounslow, in the County of Middlesex,
and PETER BRASH, of Leith, Edinburgh, Scotland, do hereby declare
the nature of our said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF
CANDLES, AND IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS TO BE EMPLOYED FOR THAT PURPOSE,"
to be as follows :---
Our Invention has principally for its object to manufacture. candles
with an inner core of a softer material than that, of which the outer
surface of the candle is composed.

page_text: For this purpose according to one part of our Invention we first
make an inner "core" or a candle of smaller diameter than that of the
finished candle by casting the same in a mould of a correspondingly small
diameter, and having grooves at the upper and lower ends so as to
produce projecting ribs on the core at those parts of a size corresponding
with the diameter of the finished candle, by which means the thickness
of the subsequent coating can be adjusted to the exact degree required.
which has never been practically attained before. Such core we then
insert into a mould of a diameter corresponding to that of the finished
candle, the ribs on the core serving to hold it centrally in the mould
and slightly raised out of the mould for the tip. We then pour into
the annular space thus left in the mould the paraffin or other material
of a harder nature than that of the core, thus producing the required
coated candle.
In manufacturing candles according to this method candle frames
may be employed such as described in the Specification to Pitman's
Patent, No. 2556, of 1857, and we either arrange two frames side by
side, one having the smaller moulds for the cores, while the other
has the moulds for the finished candles, or we arrange both kinds of
moulds in one and the same frame in two or more separate rows, the
water chamber for heating and cooling being divided by a partition so
as to form a separate chamber for each description of moulds, with
separate inlets and outlets for the hot and cold water.
According to another part of our Invention we so modify the before.
mentioned candle frames, as now constructed according to Pitman's
Patent, that when the hard material has been run into the moulds, and
has become partially solidified round the sides thereof, the the machine
can be turned or tipped over so as to allow the still liquid portion of the
material in the centre of the moulds to run out, thus leaving a hollow
candle in the mould which we then fill in with soft material.
The machines may be constructed in two different ways to perform
this operation.
In the one arrangement adapted for making paraffine candles the water
chamber is formed with hollow trunnions on each side at the middle of
its length, which are supported in bearings on a suitable framing.
Through the centre of these trunnions pass the supply water pipes, which
are connected outside by means of branches with cocks to both the hot

page_text: and cold water supply, while inside the chamber they are connected to a
series of perforated pipes arranged similarly to those in the machines at
present in use. Immediately below the bed or trough carrying the
moulds holes are formed in the sides of the water chamber communi-
cating with the external overflow troughs similar to those of the machines
now in use, but from which the water is made to flow through passages
formed externally against the sides of the chamber, and communicating
with the annular spaces in the trunnions surrounding the supply pipes,
so that the overflow water escapes through the trunnion and into pipes..
in communication therewith. The metal bed or trough of the machine
is formed entirely closed instead of with a longitudinal opening tem-
porarily closed with a board, as heretofore, and at the ends the bed is.
formed into projecting spouts through which the liquid paraffine flows
off when the machine is tilted over.
The plates forming the ends of the water chamber are continued
downwards so as to form a framing for carrying the fixed platform for
the wick bobbins, and the rising platform with the hollow rods and
moveable tips, which, as also the gearing thereto, are constructed and
manipulated as in the aforesaid machines now in use.
The wicks may be held in the required central position in the moulds
either by similar contrivances to those employed in the aforesaid machines
now in use, or by a series of holding instruments hinged to and pro-
jecting over from the sides of the trough, which may be arranged to be
lowered down to the surface of the trough or nearly so, in order to avoid
the loss of wick occasioned by the present mode of holding the same.
In another arrangement of the machine suitable for making stearine
candles the water chamber is also supported by and made to turn upon
hollow trunnions, as in the just described machine, but in place of the
arrangement of internal perforated supply pipes and the overflow
troughs, the hot and cold water passes from a branched pipe through
the one trunnion only, and is made to communicate with a sunken
channel in the bottom of the chamber through which the hot or cold
water enters, while the overflow water escapes through an aperture at
the top of the opposite side of the chamber into an external passage
communicating with the second hollow trunnion, through which the
water consequently flows off.

page_text: The top or bed of the machine is entirely enclosed as before, thus
onabling a pressure of water to be maintained in the chamber. At the
one end or at both ends of the chamber an aperture is formed closed
by a cover through which access may be gained to the external surfaces
of the moulds in order to cleanse them from any deposit, as in the
previously described machine, the bobbin and tube platforms are
carried by a framing fixed to and turning with the water chamber.
By closing in the top or trough of the machine entirely, as before
described, the great disadvantage of the falling over of a certain portion
of the paraffine or stearine into the interior of the water chamber, as
now occurs in machines with open tops, is entirely obviated, and we
consequently according to another part of our Invention apply this
construction of entirely closed metal tops or troughs to all candle
machines other than those above described in which the moulds are
contained in a water chamber,
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
.
filed by the said Edward Cowles and Peter Brash in the Great
Seal Patent Office on the 21st January 1871.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, EDWARD
COWLES, of Hounslow, in the County of Middlesex, and PETER BRASH,
of Leith, Edinburgh, Scotland, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Twenty-third day of July, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy, in the thirty-fourth
year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and
grant unto us, the said Edward Cowles and Peter Brash, Her special
licence that we the said Edward Cowles and Peter Brash, our executors,
administrators, and assigns, or such others as we, the said Edward
Cowles and Peter Brash, our executors, administrators, and assigns,
should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at
all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and law-
fully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man,
an Invention for IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CANDLES, AND IN
68

page_text: MACHINERY OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED FOR THAT PURPOSE," upon the condition
(amongst others) that we, the said Edward Cowles and Peter Brash,
our executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under
our or their hands and seals, or under the hand and seal of one of us
or them, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the.
said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and
cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Edward Cowles, on behalf of
myself, and the said Peter Brash, do hereby declare the nature of the
said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, to
be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following state-
ment thereof, reference being had to the accompanying Sheet of
Drawings, and to the figures and letters marked thereon, that is to
Bay :-
Our Invention has principally for its object to manufacture candles-
with an inner core of a softer material than that of which the outer
surface of the candle is composed.
For this purpose according to one part of our Invention we first
make an inner "core" or a candle of smaller diameter than that of the
finished candle by casting the same in a mould of a correspondingly
small diameter, and having grooves at the upper and lower ends so as to
produce projecting ribs on the core at those parts of a size corresponding
with the diameter of the finished candle, by which means the thickness
of the subsequent coating can be adjusted to the exact degree required,
which has never been practically attained before. Such core we then
insert into a mould of a diameter corresponding with that of the finished
candle, the ribs on the core serving to hold it centrally in the mould,
and slightly raised out of the mould for the tip; we then into the
annular space thus left in the mould the paraffin or other material of a
harder nature than that of the core, thus producing the required coated
candle.
pour
In manufacturing candles according to this method, candle frames
may be employed, such as described in the Specification to Pitman's
Patent, No. 2556, of 1857, and we either 'arrange two frames side by
side, one having the smaller moulds for the cores while the other has

page_text: the moulds for the finished candles; or we arrange both kinds of moulds
in one and the same frame in two or more separate rows, the water
chamber for heating and cooling being divided by a partition so as to
form a separate chamber for each description of moulds with separate
inlets and outlets for the hot and cold water.
According to another part of our Invention, we so modify the before-
mentioned candle frames as now constructed according to Pitman's
Patent, that when the hard material has been run into the moulds and
has become partially solidified round the sides thereof, the machine can
be turned or tipped over so as to allow the still liquid portion of the
material in the centre of the moulds to run out, thus leaving a hollow
candle in the mould, which we then fill in with soft material.
The machines may be constructed in two different ways. To perform
this operation in the one arrangement adapted for making paraffin
candles, the water chamber is formed with hollow trunnions on each side
at the middle of its length, which are supported in bearings on a suitable
framing. Through the centre of these trunnions pass the supply water
pipes, which are connected outside by means of branches with cocks to
both the hot and cold water supply, while inside the chamber they are
connected to a series of perforated pipes arranged similarly to those in
the machines at present in use. Immediately below the bed or trough
carrying the moulds holes are formed in the sides of the water chamber
communicating with the external overflow troughs similar to those of
the machines now in use, but from which the water is made to flow
through passages formed externally against the sides of the chamber,
and communicating with the annular spaces in the trunnions sur-
rounding the supply pipes, so that the overflow water escapes through
the trunnions and into pipes in communication therewith. The metal
bed or trough of the machine is formed entirely closed instead of with a
longitudinal opening temporarily closed with a board as heretofore, and
at the ends the bed is formed into projecting spouts through which the
liquid paraffin flows off when the machine is tilted over.
The plates forming the ends of the water chamber are continued
downwards so as to form a framing for carrying the fixed platform for
the wick bobbins and the rising platform with the hollow rods and 3
moveable tips, which as also the gearing thereto are constructed and
manipulated as in the aforesaid machines now in use.

page_text: The wicks may be held in the required central position in the moulds,
either by similar contrivances to those employed in the aforesaid,
machines now in use, or by a series of holding instruments hinged to.
and projecting over from the sides of the trough, which may be arranged
to be lowered down to the surface of the trough, or nearly so, in order to
avoid the loss of wick occasioned by the present mode of holding the
same.
In another arrangement of the machine suitable for making stearine
candles, the water chamber is also supported by and made to turn upon
hollow trunnions, as in the just described machine, but in place of the
arrangement of internal perforated supply pipes and the overflow
troughs, the hot and cold water passes from a branched pipe through
the one trunnion only, and is made to communicate with a sunken
channel in the bottom of the chamber through which the hot or cold
water enters while the overflow water escapes through an aperture at
the top of the opposite side of the chamber into an external passage
communicating with the second hollow trunnion, through which the.
water consequently flows off.
The top or bed of the machine is entirely enclosed as before, thus
enabling a pressure of water to be maintained in the chamber. At
the one end or at both ends of the chamber an aperture is formed,
closed by a cover, through which access may be gained to the external
surfaces of the moulds in order to cleanse them from any deposit.
As in the previously described machine the bobbin and tube platforms
are carried by a framing fixed to and turning with the water chamber.
By closing in the top or trough of the machine entirely, as before
described, the great disadvantage of the falling over of a certain portion
of the paraffin or stearine into the interior of the water chamber, as
now occurs in machines with open tops is entirely obviated, and we
consequently, according to another part of our Invention, apply this
construction of entirely closed metal tops or troughs to all candle
machines other than those above described, in which the moulds are
contained in a water chamber.
Having thus set forth the nature of our Invention, I will now proceed
5 more particularly to describe the manner of performing the same, for
which purpose I shall refer to the accompanying Sheet of Drawings.

page_text: "
"
""
Figures 1, 2, and 3 shew the construction of candle moulds for
carrying out the first part of our Invention. Figure 1 shews a longi-
tudinal section, and Figure 2 shews a plan of the mould A for forming
the "inner core
B, as before described, and Figure 3 shews a longi-
tudinal section of the mould C for forming the outer coating upon the
core B. The mould A has at its upper end small notches or recesses
a, a, so as to form corresponding small projections b, b, on the " core" B,
Figure 3, and also other small recesses a¹, a¹, in the moveable mould A'
for the tip, so as to form corresponding projections 6', 6', on the tip of
the core.
By this means when the core B is inserted into the mould C,
as in Figure 3, the projections b, b, will hold the core centrally in the
mould, so as to leave an annular space c, c, all round the core while
the projections b', 6', will hold the tip of the core slightly raised out of
the mould C¹ for the tip so as to leave a similar space all round the tip.
The material for forming the outer coating of the candle is then run
into these spaces so as to produce a candle with a hard outer coating, as
before described. The moulds A and C may as before mentioned, both
be arranged in rows side by side in one and the same machine, with
separate water chambers for each description of mould, or they may be
arranged in separate machines.
Figures 4 to 8 shew the arrangement of candle machines constructed
as first herein-before described for carrying out the second method of
making candles with an inner core of a material different from that
forming the outer surface, this machine being adapted for making
paraffin candles. Figure 4 shews a side elevation of the machine; a
Figure 5 shews a transverse section of the same on line 5-5, Figure 4;
Figure 6 shews an end elevation of the machine; Figure 7 shews a
part plan and part sectional plan of the same; and Figure 8 shews an
enlarged vertical section of the clamps for holding the candles.
letters of reference indicate similar parts in each of the Figures.
Similar
3
The general construction and action of the machine as regards the
water chamber D with the moulds E, perforated water pipes F, hollow
rods G to the moveable moulds for the tips, and the rising platform H
carrying the rods G is similar to that of machines now in general use,
and as described in the Specification to Pitman's Patent before mentioned. 3
The water chamber D, however, instead of being fixed to the floor with
its framing I, as heretofore, is provided in the middle of its length with

page_text: hollow trunnions J, J, carried in bearings on the standards K, K, so
that the chamber D together with the framing I, platform H, and wick
bobbins L is free to turn in such bearings, so as to assume the position
shewn in red lines, Figure 4. The hollow trunnions J communicate
with passages M leading down from the overflow troughs N, into
which the hot or cold water rising in chamber D from the perforated
pipes F escapes through a series of holes O, O, in the sides of the water.
chamber. The trunnions J are connected by stuffing boxes to pipes P, P,
for leading off the waste water that flows through the trunnions, and the
perforated pipes Fare connected at the one side to the hot water or steam
supply pipe Q, and at the other side to the cold water supply pipe Q',
both of which pipes pass through the hollow trunnions and the waste
pipes P, (which are provided with suitable stuffing boxes for this purpose,
as shewn,) and are furnished with cocks for regulating the supply of hot
or cold water in a manner well understood. The water chamber D is
entirely covered in with a troughed-shaped metal top R, in which the
moulds E are fixed, and the flanges of the top or cover R are made to
extend over and enclose the overflow troughs. At the ends the top is
provided with lips or spouts R¹, R', through which the fluid candle.
material flows from the moulds into troughs or other suitable rccep-
tacle S below, when the machine is tipped into the inclined position.
At each end of the cover R are fitted bridge pieces T, which serve to
hold the clamps U, U, for retaining the finished candles that have been
pushed out of the moulds, and which thus serve to hold the wicks.
centrally in the moulds E in a similar manner to Pitman's machines.
now in use. For this purpose the bridge pieces are provided with
projecting yokes or fingers V, V, which fit between the two halves of
each set of clamps, so that when these are drawn together for securing.
the candles in them they nip the yokes or fingers V, and are thus held
securely on the machine while this is being tipped. The clamps are
drawn together in a manner similar to the arrangement now in use,
namely, by a flat bar W passing between each pair of clamps, which bar
on being turned into a position at right angles to that shewn pushes tlie.
two inner halves of the two clamps outwards, while the two outer halves
being connected respectively to the inner half of the other clamp by.
means of staples X are drawn inwards by the motion of the inner halves.
On turning up the bar W small spiral springs Z inserted between the
two halves of each clamp press these outwards, so as to cause them to.

page_text: .
release their hold on the candles. Each pair of clamps is connected
together at the top by a thin metal plate a bent in the middle, so as to
have a spring action. The water chamber D being entirely enclosed at
top, as described, access is gained to the interior thereof for clearing the
outer surfaces of the mould from any deposit that may have been formed
thereon, by forming openings in the ends of the chamber, which are
closed by means of plates b, b, secured by screws or otherwise. The
platform H is raised and lowered by rotating the pinions c, c, on
spindles d, d, carried by the platform, which pinions are in gear with
racks e, e, formed or fixed on the end frames I fixed to the water
chamber.
The mode of operating with this machine is as follows:-The wicks
having been drawn from the bobbins L through the moulds E by the
raising up of the candles just completed into the clamps, and the candles
being held in such clamps the melted hard paraffin for forming the
outer coating of the candles is run into the moulds, so as to fill the
same entirely after the requisite thickness of paraffin has solidified
against the surface of the moulds by the passing of cold water through
the chamber D, the machine is tipped into the inclined position at
Figure 4, (the candles being still held in the clamps, as indicated,)
whereupon the inner still liquid portion of paraffin in each mould will
run out into the trough below, thus leaving a hollow candle in each
mould. The machine is then moved back into the vertical position, and
the softer paraffin for forming the inner core of the candle is then run
in, so as to fill out the hollow spaces of the candles, and after this has
solidified and the upper candles have been removed from the clamps
the lower candles are pushed up out of the moulds into the clamps by
pushing up the hollow tubes and moveable moulds for the tips by means
of the rising platform, in a manner well understood.
Figures 9 to 11 shew the modified construction of the above described
machine for making candles of other materials than paraffin. Figure 9
shews a side elevation; Figure 10 shews a transverse section on line
10-10, Figure 9; and Figure 11 shews a plan of the machine. The
general arrangement and mode of operation of this machine is similar to
that just described, and the several parts being indicated by the same
letters of reference as the corresponding parts in Figures 4 to 8, they
need not be again referred to. The only difference in this machine

page_text: consists in the modified arrangement for supplying and drawing off the
hot and cold water. For this purpose the bottom of the water chamber D
has a sunken channel g formed along it, into which leads a pipe h below
the chamber communicating with the one hollow trunnion J. Into the
outer end of this trunnion is fitted by means of a stuffing box the pipe Q,
arranged to communicate by means of the two-way cock i with either
the hot water or steam service pipe Q', or with the cold water service
pipe Q thus hot or cold water is made to pass into the channel g,
whence it rises up in the chamber D and flows off through an opening k
into the vertical passage formed on the side of the chamber D opposite
to the hot and cold water inlets, which passage communicates with the
other hollow trunnion J¹, through which and through the waste pipe m
connected thereto the hot or cold water flows off.
The third herein-before described part of our Invention, namely, the
entire closing in of all ordinary candle machines with water chambers
by means of metal tops being readily understood from the foregoing
description of the second part of our Invention, it is not necessary to
further explain the same by the aid of Drawings.
Having thus described the nature of our Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, we wish it to be understood that
we do not limit ourselves to the precise details of the arrangements for
carrying the same into effect, as herein-before described with reference
to the accompanying Drawings, as such details may be variously modified
without departing from the essential features of our Invention; nor do
we claim all the details shown and described when taken separate and
apart from the combination thereof as being of our Invention. Also we
wish it to be understood that we are aware that candles having an outer
coating of a material different from the inner portion of the candle have
been formed by filling candle moulds first with the material for forming
the outer coating, and after a certain portion thereof has solidified,
emptying out the inner still liquid portion and replacing it with candle
material of a different nature, and we do therefore not claim this
generally; but what we claim as of our Invention is,―
First. Making candles with an outer coating of a different material
from that forming the inner portion, by first making a candle or inner
core in a mould of a less diameter than the finished candle, and then

page_text: inserting such core into a mould of larger size, and filling up the
annular space
between the core and the mould with the candle material
for forming the outer coating, substantially as herein-before described.
Second. Constructing the mould for the inner core of candles made as
described in the first claim with notches or recesses at the upper and
lower ends, or at the upper end only, so as to form projections on the
inner core, whereby it is held centrally in the larger mould, substantially
as herein-before described with reference to Figures 1 to 3 of the
accompanying Drawings.
Third. Combining one or more rows of moulds A with one or more
rows of moulds C in one and the same candle machine, each description
of moulds being provided with a separate water chamber with hot and
cold water inlets and outlets, substantially as herein-before described.
Fourth. Constructing machines for making candles with an outer
coating of a different material from that forming the inner portion,
wherein the water chamber with the candle moulds is mounted upon
hollow trunnions, and is entirely closed in at top, so as to enable the
machine to be tilted over for running out the central portion of candle
material from the moulds, the hot water or steam and cold water being
supplied to and caused to flow off from the water chamber through the
aforesaid hollow trunnion, substantially as herein-before described.
Fifth. The employment in machines constructed as described in the
third claim, of clamps or equivalent devices for holding the finished
candles or the wicks themselves while the machine is being tipped,
arranged and operating substantially as herein-before described.
Sixth. Arranging the hot and cold water pipes in machines con-
structed as described in the third claim, to pass through the hollow
trunnions into the water chamber, while the waste water is caused to
flow off through the hollow trunnions, substantially as herein-before
described with reference to Figures 4 to 7.
Seventh. We claim in combination the general arrangement of
machines for making candles, herein-before described with reference
to Figures 4 to 7 of the accompanying Drawings.
Eighth. Constructing the machines for making candles, as described
in the third claim, with a channel or recess in the bottom of the water
chamber, into which hot water or steam, or cold water is introduced

page_text: through the one hollow trunnion, while the hot or cold water is caused
to flow off through a side passage or side, passages, and through the
other hollow trunnion, substantially as herein-before described with
reference to Figures 9 to 11 of the Drawings.
' Ninth. Constructing candle machines having water chambers with
entirely closed metal tops, substantially as and for the purposes herein-
before described.
Tenth. Constructing the closed water chambers of candle machines
with apertures in the ends or sides closed with covers, substantially as
and for the purposes herein-before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Edward Cowles, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Twenty-first day of January, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-one.