CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE AND REFINING OF SUGAR
Year: 1853

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to James Mayelston, of Elloughton, in the County
of York, Gentleman, for the Invention of "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS
IN THE MANUFACTURE AND REFINING OF SUGAR."
Sealed the 19th August 1853, and dated the 3rd June 1853.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said James Mayelston
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition,
on the 3rd June 1858.
I, JAMES MAYELSTON, of Elloughton, in the County of York,
Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE AND REFINING OF SUGAR"
to be as follows:-
After any saccharine fluid or solution from which sugar is to be produced
has been clarified, concentrated by evaporation, and crystallized, I take
the semifluid compound of crystals and mother syrup newly produced
by the concentration and crystallization thereof, and while such compound
is in the usual or a fit state for being poured into moulds or into curing
or draining casks I pour or admit it into any convenient vessel, furnished
with a false bottom or strainer which will allow the syrup, but not the
crystals, to pass through, and by means of a partial vacuum produced

page_text: in any convenient manner underneath the said false bottom or strainer,
or, in other words, by means of pneumatic pressure, 1 cause the mother
syrup to be withdrawn from the crystals, which operation I continue till
the said syrup is sufficiently drained off, and, if desirable, complete by
furthermore pouring upon the mass of crystals, according to the usual
practice of purifying sugar when in moulds, any suitable fluid for the
purpose of washing away the remainder of such mother syrup from the
surfaces of such crystals; and for the purpose of regulating the said
draining and washing I usually connect with the exhausted space below
the false bottom or strainer a barometer, vacuum valve, or other
apparatus for ascertaining or regulating the atmospheric pressure therein;
and in order to heat or to maintain the heat of the vessel with a false bottom
or strainer, when thought desirable, during the process of draining off the
mother syrup as aforesaid, I usually furnish the said vessel with a steam
case, air case, or other convenient means for that purpose; and in order
to facilitate the extraction or removal of the crystallized sugar from the
said vessel after the separation of the mother syrup, or of any adhering
portions thereof, from such crystallized sugar, I suspend the said vessel
by or upon centres, gudgeons, or pivots fixed nearly opposite to the
centre of gravity, or in any convenient manner, so as to admit of the
inore ready inversion and discharge of such vessel; and the crystals
of sugar having been sufficiently drained, or drained and washed, as the
case may be, I proceed to invert the vessel and remove its contents in
any convenient manner. When the crystals in the semifluid compound
herein-before described, are large and firm, I usually commence the
withdrawal of the syrup before the said crystals become consolidated
into a mass by the cooling of the said semifluid compound, and in that
case I usually employ the means herein-before mentioned for heating
or maintaining the heat of the vessel aforesaid; but when the crystals
in the said semifluid compound are not thought to be sufficiently large and
firm for the purpose, I do not begin to withdraw the syrup by the means
herein-before mentioned until the crystals become consolidated into a
mass by the cooling of the said semifluid compound, and in this last case
I do not usually employ the means of heating or maintaining the heat
of the vessel as aforesaid.

page_text: The process or processes herein-before described are applicable to
the preparation of sugar which is intended to be sold in the state
of loose or separate crystals, but when it is intended to produce
sugar for sale in moulded shapes I use the said process or pro-
cesses in the following manner, that is to say: before the semifluid
compound of crystals and mother syrup herein-before described is
poured into the vessel I arrange or place within the said vessel, upon
or a short distance above the false bottom or strainer, the requisite
number of moulds or shapes, which may be entirely open at bottom
as well as top, and may be of any convenient form, such as that of the
frustum of a cone inverted; but that which I prefer for the economy of
space is a form nearly approaching to that of a six-sided prism, a little
tapered towards the bottom, that is to say, slightly pyramidal, and
entirely open or nearly so at both ends; and I likewise prefer to unite
a number of such moulds into one piece, by casting or otherwise, so as
to form a series of hexagonal cells like those of a honeycomb, and the
said moulds being so arranged or placed I pour or admit the semifluid
compound of crystals and mother syrup herein-before mentioned into
the said vessel so as to fill all the moulds or cells, and to rise a little
way above their tops, which being done, I proceed, as herein-before
described, to withdraw the mother syrup, and, if so desired, to wash the
remainder thereof from the crystals, treating the materials as if they
formed one undivided mass. When the crystals of the said semifluid
compound are large and firm I usually begin to withdraw the syrup as
aforesaid before the said crystals become consolidated into a mass
within the moulds or cells by the cooling of the said semifluid compound,
and in that case I usually employ the means hercin-before mentioned
for heating or maintaining the heat of the vessel in which such moulds
or cells are contained; but when the crystals of the said semifluid
compound are not thought sufficiently large and firm for the purpose I
do not begin to withdraw the syrup by the said means until the crystals
become consolidated into a mass by the cooling of such semifluid
compound, and in this last case I do not usually employ the means of
heating or maintaining the heat of the vessel as aforesaid. And the

page_text: crystals or masses of crystallized sugar within the said moulds having
been sufficiently drained, or drained and washed, as the case may be, 1
pare down and remove the superfluous sugar that is above the tops
of the moulds or cells, and allow a current of air to pass through the
crystals into the vacuum or partial vacuum until the moulded masses
are sufficiently dry and firm for removal, after which I proceed to invert
the vessel, employing any suitable precautions to prevent its contents
from falling out till they can be securely removed into or upon
any convenient receptacle placed underneath for the purpose, upon a
truck or otherwise. The hexagonal moulds or cells, instead of being
employed in one common vessel, as above described, may be enclosed
within or bordered by one common boundary or rim so as to admit,
in like manner, of being filled in common, or of the sugar within
them being drained in common, or washed by one common mani-
pulation, and such draining, or such draining and washing, may
be effected in such hexagonal moulds or cells by simple gravitation
or by other forces, as well as by pneumatic pressure. If the centrifugal
force be that employed, the said moulds or cells more or less tapered or
pyramidal may be so placed that their length shall be in the direction
of the radial lines, and one of their extremities, by preference the wider
one, presented towards the circumference (which in the centrifugal
sugar machine forms a kind of strainer for the syrup to pass out), and
for such purpose the centrifugal machine ought to be materially
enlarged in diameter.
In the manufacture of sugar as above described the injury caused
by fermentation is greatly diminished by reason of the shortening of
the processes. The same object of diminishing fermentation in any
saccharine fluid or solution during the operations of manufacturing and
refining sugar, whether before or after any of the processes herein-
before described, or the like processes, may be further effected
by the use of apparatus acting on the well-known principle of
the expansion and contraction, or the unequal expansion and con-
traction, of materials, by change of temperature applied so as to
open, shut, or regulate any valve, cock, or damper, whereby heat is

page_text: admitted to or excluded from such saccharine fluid or solution, or to or
from any vessel containing the same, with a view to maintain the ten-
perature of such fluid or solution above the limits of temperature at
which fermentation is liable to take place; for which purpose I prefer
to maintain the temperature between 120° and 150° of Fahrenheit's
thermometer. In applying this part of my processes to the preserva-
tion (among other saccharine fluids) of those solutions of sugar which
are intended to be used for the washing, blanching, or liquoring of
crystallized sugar commonly called the "nagma liquors," and which
require to be used at a temperature considerably below 120° Fahren-
heit, I cool them, as they are wanted, to the required temperature by
passing them in contact with surfaces kept cool by a current of cold
water or other fluid.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said James Mayelston in the Great Seal Patent
Office, on the 2nd December 1853.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I,
JAMES MAYELSTON, of Elloughton, in the County of York, Gentleman,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Third day of June, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-three, in the six-
teenth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto me, the said James Mayelston, Her special licence
that I, the said James Mayelston, my executors, administrators, and
assigns, or such others as I, the said James Mayelston, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no
others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term
therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "CERTAIN IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE AND REFINING OF SUGAR," upon the condition
(amongst others) that T, the said James Mayelston, by an instrument

page_text: in writing under my hand and seal, should particularly describe and
ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the
same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great
Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately
after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said James Mayelston, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the
same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained
in and by the following statement thereof (that is to say):
After any saccharine fluid or solution from which sugar is to be pro-
duced has been duly evaporated and chrystallized I take the semifluid
compound of crystals and mother syrups newly produced by the con-
centration and crystallization thereof, and while such compound is in
the usual or a fit state for being poured into moulds or other curing
vessels I pour or admit it into a large open vessel (to be herein-after
called the "draining vessel ") having at a few inches above the bottom
thereof a perforated false bottoni or strainer, covered with wire gauze,
horse hair, cloth, or other material, such as shall allow the syrup, but
not the crystals, to pass through; but previously to admitting the said
compound into the vessel I provide that the shallow space below the
strainer be completely filled with syrup or other fluid, in order to resist
the premature draining off of the mother syrup. The draining vessel
may be two feet deep, more or less, above the strainer, and whatever
the material of which it is constructed, it should be very rigid in every
part; it should be a few inches wider at top than bottom, and the
smoother the interior the better. The bottom of the vessel should
have a slight descent towards the outlet provided for the escape of the
syrup, but the top edges and the false bottom should be set quite level.
The false bottom may be conveniently made of narrow battens, with
intervals of a quarter of an inch between, and be cross battened un-
derneath. The upper battens may be perforated with countersunk
holes of three eighths of an inch diameter, more or less, and an inch,
more or less, distant from each other. The end way of the wood
should, by preference, be placed towards the longer sides of the vessel,
if such there be, and the whole should be held down by screws or

page_text: otherwise to a ledge round the bottom of the vessel, and likewise
supported at proper intervals below. And I generally suspend the
pneumatic drainer upon gudgeons placed at its ends, nearly opposite
to the centre of gravity, with a wheel and pinion for the purpose
of inverting and discharging it. And I usually provide it with
a steam case underneath the bottom, into which steam may be
admitted, if requisite, for the purpose of maintaining the fluidity of the
mother syrup during its passage out; also, with the means of injecting
steam into the space below the false bottoin, for the purpose of clearing
the strainer occasionally. The space below the false bottom. herein-
after called the syrup chamber," is connected by means of a cock or
valve with a pipe, herein-after called the "exhaust pipe," which leads
to au air pump or other exhausting apparatus, and also to a close vessel,
herein-after called the "receiver," placed lower than the bottom of the
"draining vessel" for the purpose of intercepting the syrup as it flows
towards the air pump, which receiver" I usually provide with the
means of heating, in order to maintain the fluidity of the mother syrup
when withdrawn, as herein-after mentioned, in a hot state.
The hot semifluid compound having been admitted into the pneu-
matic drainer, as before mentioned, is left at rest awhile therein for
the crystals to arrange themselves, or so long as the operator may think
suitable to the quality of the sugar, and the purpose for which it is
designed; but before it becomes fixed or consolidated into a mass by
cooling, the communication with the exhausting apparatus is opened,
and by means of atmospheric pressure the mother syrup is gradually
withdrawn from the crystals, which operation is continued till the syrup
is sufficiently drained off. I generally have a barometer connected with
the exhausted spaces, and regulate the exhaustion by a vacuum valve
loaded so as to produce the pressure from time to time required, of
which in practice the experienced operator will readily judge.
draining being finished, 1 draw air copiously through the mass of
crystals, for which purpose it is desirable to employ a separate air
pump of large capacity, and I continue this operation till I judge the
mass to be sufficiently cooled, whether for removal or for further opera-
tions, as the case may be. I then stop the exhaustion, and withdraw
The

page_text: <
the mother syrup from the receiver, to be boiled down or otherwise
disposed of. If the drained crystals are intended to be sold without
further purification, I disconnect the "draining vessel" from its steam
and exhaust pipes, though this may be avoided if the connection be
made through the gudgeons upon which the vessel turns, or through
pipes made of flexible materials strengthened internally with a coil or
rings of metal. I then loosen the sugar from the sides and bottoni,
invert the vessel, and discharge its contents into a truck placed under-
neath. But if the crystals are to be further purified I leave the mass in
the vessel without being loosened, and proceed (as in the usual method of
treating sugar when in moulds) to level the surface, and to cover it as
equally as may be with the ordinary magma of sugar and water; which
done, I again produce a regulated exhaustion (beginning gently until
the fluid portion of the magma is drawn into the mass), and continue it
according to the judgment of the operator, and follow it up during the
further processes of washing and blanching the crystals by the usual
application of liquors," or any substitute for the same. To assist in
judging whether the blanching is complete I connect with the exhaust
pipe a glass tube furnished with a stop cock at either end, into which a
sample of the syrup may be admitted from time to time as it flows, and
its color ascertained. The crystals being sufficiently blanched, I again
increase the exhaustion to its utmost limits, and continue to draw a
copious stream of air through the mass till it is sufficiently drained and
dried, when I stop the exhaustion, and proceed as before mentioned to
discharge the contents of the vessel. The syrup may be withdrawn from
the receiver at any stage of the process, and separated into different
qualities to suit the purpose of the operator. As the mass of crystals in
parting with the mother syrup in a warm state is liable to become too
porous, especially for the subsequent operation of liquoring, I sometimes
vary the above process or processes in the following manner, that is to
say soon after the crystals begin to be left bare at top by the draining
off of the mother syrup, and while the mass is still warm enough to be
compressible, I place upon its surface a stout wooden cover nearly large
enough to touch the sides of the vessel, and over that cover I lay an air-
proof cloth made of or bordered with india-rubber sheeting, some

page_text: inches larger than the area of the vessel, so that the edges of the sheet
shall turn up an inch or two against the sides. I then place four stiff
wooden bars upon the sheet (one along each edge), and press them
against its turned up edges by means of clamps or otherwise so as to
compress the india-rubber against the sides of the vessel in order to
make an air-tight junction all round, assisting, if needful, with packing
or a luting made by mixing pulverized sugar into a stiff mass with
syrup. I then increase the exhaustion so as by the weight of the
atmosphere upon the wooden cover to compress the mass of crystals, the
stretching of the india-rubber allowing the compression to be followed
up in proportion as the syrup is squeezed out below, and I continue
this operation till I judge the consolidation to be sufficient, or till no
further compression takes place. I then remove the covering and with-
draw the rest of the mother syrup by atmospheric pressure admitted
between the crystals as before. Sometimes also I
vary the
processes
by allowing the semifluid compound of crystals and mother syrup to
cool and consolidate before I commence the removal of the syrup, and
this is sometimes necessary when the sugar is weak and liable to paste
from compression.
The processes as above described are applicable to the manufacture
of sugar intended to be sold in loose or separate crystals. When lump
sugar is to be made, to wit, sugar in moulded shapes, I modify the
process as follows, that is to say: I arrange or place within the
pneumatic draining vessel upon or supported a short distance above
the false bottom or strainer the requisite number of moulds or shapes,
which may be entirely open at bottom as well at top, and of any
convenient form, such as that of the frustum of a cone inverted; but
the form which I prefer for the economizing of space is that of a
hollow pyramid of six sides inserted, cut off at the lower or smaller
end, and entirely open both at top and bottom. I likewise prefer
to unite a number of such six-sided moulds into one picce, by casting
or otherwise, so as to form a series of hexagonal cells like those of a
honeycomb, the whole number required to fill the vessel being, if need-
ful, divided into convenient sections. And I make the moulds or cells
just as long as the lumps of sugar are intended to be when finished;
and in order to economize space 1 prefer to give them as little draft,

page_text: strip, or taper as may be consistent with the ready extraction of the
sugar moulded therein, which will depend upon the material of which
they are made, and the greater or less smoothness of their inner sur-
faces. And the moulds or cells being arranged, and the chamber below
the false bottom filled with syrup, as before mentioned, I admit the hot
and semifluid compound, herein-before described, into the vessel till it
entirely fills and buries the moulds or cells, and rises three or four
inches more or less above their tops, so that when the inass of crystals
shall have been shrunk to the full extent by the draining of the mother
syrup and the subsequent washing there shall still be an inch, more or
less, of sugar above the tops of the moulds or cells. The proper
allowance to be made for this last purpose will depend upon the length
of the moulds and the quality of the sugar, and will be readily deter-
mined in practice by the experienced operator. After waiting a longer
or shorter time for the crystals to arrange themselves, or so long as the
operator may think suitable to the quality of the sugar, I proceed. as
herein-before described, to withdraw the mother syrup, and to wash
away from the crystals the adhering portions thereof by magmas and
liquors applied over the whole surface of the sugar, proceeding as if it
formed one undivided mass. In operating with moulds I commonly
begin to withdraw the mother syrup before the crystals become .com-
solidated into a mass by cooling, and in that case I usually employ the
means herein-before described of compacting the mass of crystals by
atmospheric pressure, while still warm and soft enough to he com-
pressible. But I sometimes vary the process by allowing the said
semifluid compound to cool and consolidate before commencing the
removal of the mother syrup, especially when the sugar is weak and
liable to paste, as herein-before mentioned. The masses of crystalized
sugar having been sufficiently drained and washed, I pare down and
remove the superfluous sugar above the tops of the moulds or cells. I
then increase the exhaustion as far as may be, and draw air through
the interstices of the crystals for the purpose of partially drying them.
I next proceed to remove the sugar from the vessel by any convenient
method; that which I usually adopt being as follows: I place upon
the tops of the moulds (now laid bare by the removal of the surface
sugar) a stout wooden cover (in separate pieces, if desired), large

page_text: enough nearly to meet the sides of the "draining vessel," the end of
the wood being, by preference, placed towards the two longer sides
thereof, if such there be. Against each of these two sides, and extend-
ing the whole length of them, I place a holding down plate of iron
edgeways up, resting in a groove running along the ends of the planks
that form the cover, the said holding down plate being broad enough to
reach from the cover up to the edge of the vessel or thereabouts.
Some clamps which are attached by strong chains to the exterior of the
vessel are next brought up and placed over the upright edges of the
holding down plates and of the vessels so as to secure them together,
and so that on the inversion of the vessel they and the chains
attached to them may be capable of sustaining the entire weight of its
content, which, on the sugar parting from the vessel, will rest upon
them. I then invert the vessel; immediately under its mouth, and on
a level with the floor below, is a moveable floor or lift provided with
machinery below for raising it when required, and with rails upon its
surface for receiving and guiding the wheels of a truck.
Upon this
lift I now run a truck carrying a stout wooden top, which, to distinguish
it from the wooden cover" before mentioned, I will call the "table,"
and which is of such dimensions that on the rising of the lift it shall
enter within the inverted vessel, rise between the holding down plates
before mentioned, and be thereby guided into its ultimate position, when
it will press up against the "inverted cover;" this "cover" is pierced
with holes so arranged as to coincide with the angles of the moulds or
with portions of their edges, and the "table" is covered with blunt
spikes standing upright and corresponding in number and position with
the holes in the "cover," which blunt spikes are long enough to reach
through these holes and about half an inch beyond the thickness of the
"cover" but by the interposition of some loose wedge pieces about
half an inch thick between the "table" and the "cover" (which are
placed upon the "table" before it is lifted) the blunt spikes are, in
the first instance, prevented from passing beyond the thickness of the
"cover," and only permitted to come in contact with and press against
the angles or edges of the inverted moulds. The lift having been
raised till the spikes press against the moulds and the wedge pieces

page_text: against the inverted " cover," it is to be fixed securely in that position.
The clamps being next set free, together with the holding down plates,
the "cover" now rests solely upon the half inch wedge pieces, while
the moulds are still supported upon the blunt ends of the spikes. The
lift being next lowered, the whole mass of sugar and moulds, together
with the "cover," become detached from the suspended vessel (which
is made with sloping sides to facilitate the separation), and descend
along with the "table" and truck. Should there have been, as herein-
before recommended, a small space between the false bottom and the
moulds, a stratum of sugar equal thereto will now cover the ends of
the inverted moulds this stratum is to be cut away, and the lumps
or loaves of sugar trimmed neatly level with the edges of their
respective moulds. This done, and the loose sugar removed, together
with any sugar which is exterior to the mass of moulds, the thin wedge
pieces (which alone support the "cover" as before mentioned) are
withdrawn, and the "cover" drops upon the "table," leaving a vacancy
of half an inch, more or less, below the lumps or loaves of sugar. The
loaves of sugar having no longer any support, except that which is
derived from their adhesion to the moulds, are now at liberty to detach
themselves and to drop down upon the "table" through the vacancy
of half inch, but it is generally necessary to letach them by the blows
of a mallet or other means applied to their extremities. When they are
all detached the lift is to be raised with its whole load till the moulds
again reach their place within the inverted vessel, where they must be
temporarily secured by screws through the sides of the vessel, by clamps
over its edges, or by other means, till the vessel can be turned back to
its proper position. The lift is now lowered again. The empty moulds
remain suspended in the vessel, but the truck descends, bearing upon it
the table," the "cover," and the naked lumps of sugar, which are
then wheeled away to be ready for papering. The "draining vessel "
being then reverted is ready to receive another charge. If separate
moulds are used, they may be stripped from the loaves before the
lifting of the truck, and placed in the vessel after it is reverted.
In all the operations herein-before described it is important that the
sugar in the draining vessel be of equal depth in every part, which, on

page_text: first filling the vessel, is secured by the level position of the false
bottom. In the subsequent manipulations the edges of the vessel
(which are likewise level) may be used in the principle of the "straight
edge" as the means of preserving this equality of depth, by restricting
to a uniform depth the edge of any cutting instrument employed in
preparing the surface of the sugar for the magmas and liquors, and of
any instrument employed for stirring and equalizing the magmas and
mixing the liquors with the loose sugar ploughed up by the cutting
instrument. For this purpose the instruments may rest upon a slide
laid athwart the vessel, and have liberty to traverse from side to side
upon it, and to move from end to end with it. If during the operations
air be drawn through any particular part of the sugar in an undue
degree, that part should be carefully compressed, and, if necessary,
obstructed by means of the luting of sugar before mentioned, or in any
convenient manner.
For the withdrawing of syrup from sugar by means of the "draining
vessel "it is not at all times necessary to employ an air pump or other
exhausting machine, inasmuch as the same effect practically may be
produced by the descent or sucking action of a column of syrup in a
pipe connected with the syrup chamber, the lower extremity extremity
of the pipe being re-curved or plunged into a vessel full of syrup by way
of "waterjoint." And provided that the pipe and the syrup chamber
be in the first instance completely filled with syrup up to the level of
the straining cloth, the sucking action will continue till the syrup be
drained away from the crystals, and the process may be conveniently
regulated by means of a stop cock inserted in the said pipe.
In the draining and purifying of sugar, as herein-before described,
the injury caused by fermentation is greatly diminished by reason of the
shortening of the processes. For a like object I employ the following
method or methods of regulating the temperature of saccharine fluids re-
served for use in the manufacture and refining of sugar, in order to avoid
those temperatures which most conduce to fermentation; that is to say:
I attach to the vessels containing such fluids any apparatus which, acting
on the well-known principle of the expansion and contraction of mate-
rials, or their unequal expansion and contraction, by change of tempe-

page_text: rature, may by the contact of such materials with such saccharine
Huids, and the expansion or contraction produced thereby, impart
motion to, and open, shut, or regulate, any valve or other apparatus
whereby heat is admitted to or excluded from such vessel or such fluid,
so as thereby to raise or maintain the temperature of such fluids above
the limits at which fermentation is most liable to take place without
exceeding another given limit. For this purpose I prefer to maintain
the temperature of any such fluid between 120° and 140° of Fahrenheit.
And such apparatus may be constructed in various ways, such, for
example, as the following: A flat band of iron or galvanized iron, and
another of brass, of equal length and width, are soldered or rivetted in
numerous places together, and then formed into a coil, the outer extre-
mity of which is to be fixed to and within a metallic hoop surrounding
the coil, while the central extremity is soldered or rivetted to a pivot
placed at right angles to the plane of the coil, and in or near its centre.
Two metallic bands are attached to the hoop across its diameter, one
under and the other over the coil, but not touching it, with a socket in
the middle of the lower one for the pivot to rest in, and a hole in the
middle of the other through which the pivot passes upwards. The
hoop is firmly secured within the vessel containing the fluid whose
temperature is to be regulated, and near the bottom thereof. The
pivot may be long enough to rise to the top of the vessel, where a stay
is to be fixed, in which it may freely revolve. A toothed wheel, a
pulley, or other contrivance is affixed to its upper extremity for the
purpose of multiplying any motion which it may have upon its axis, so
as thereby to work a light throttle valve by which steam or other hot
fluid is admitted to the vessel for the purpose of heating its contents.
The action of the apparatus is as follows: since brass expands and
contracts more than iron with equal variations of temperature, if the
coil be formed with the brass outward any rise of the temperature in
the surrounding fluid will tend to coil it closer, or, if the iron be out-
wards, the contrary. But its outer extremity being, as before men-
tioned, a fixture, the motion imparted to the coil is all thrown towards
the central extremity, and thus made to act upon the pivot, to which it
imparts more or less motion upon its axis. In constructing the appa-

page_text: ratus the multiplying motion should be so adjusted by trials that the
last wheel or motion of the series shall make a quarter of a revolution
in either direction, as the case may be, when the temperature of a
fluid in which the coil is immersed rises from 120° to 140°, or falls
from 140° to 120°. This last wheel or motion being fixed upon
the axis of the throttle valve will thus close the valve when the fluid
reaches 140°, and entirely open it when the fluid sinks to 120°, and
thus regulate the temperature between those points so long as there is
any supply from the source of heat. Or the same object may be
attained by means of a series of compound metallic bends formed into
bows of slight curvature, having one metal on all the convex sides of
the bows, and the other on all their concave sides. The bows being
arranged in pairs with the concave sides facing each other, the
extremities are to be rivetted together at the points of meeting,
and then each of such pairs is to be rivetted at the middle to the
middle of the next pair, the convex side of one to the convex side of
the next, so that when finished and in their place they will form a
series of such double bows lying in the same plane, the concave sides
face to face rivetted together at the extremities, the convex sides back
to back and rivetted together at the middles; the outside of all the
bows made of the one metal, their insides of the other, and the whole
series is to be laid horizontally upon a frame within the vessel in con-
tact with any fluid contained therein. The last bow at one extremity
of the series is to be fixed by the middle to one end of the frame.
The remainder of the bows being at liberty to slide to and fro upon
the frame, the last bow at the other extremity will receive the united
motion of the whole scries as they expand or contract. To the middle
of this last bow may be attached a horizontal rod passing through a
guide or collar fixed upon the other end of the frame, and from this
rod the motion may be conveyed in any convenient manner to the
spindle of the throttle valve. Or the same object may be attained by
the expansion and contraction of a fluid enclosed in pipes which have
only one outlet, through which outlet the fluid, as it expands or con-
tracts, shall give motion to a piston or other contrivance by which the
required motion may be conveyed to the throttle valve. The same

page_text: principle may be applied in various other ways, the materials employed,
and their arrangement, being indifferent, provided their expansion and
contraction effect by spontaneous action the admission or exclusion of
heat to or from the saccharine fluid. And I apply this contrivance to
the better preservation of liquors, syrups, sweet or wash waters, and
other saccharine fluids, used or reserved for use in my herein-before
described processes, or in any processes of the manufacture and refining
of sugar, more especially when such saccharine fluids are unavoidably
kept from day to day; and, lastly, it being requisite to use the said
liquors at a much lower temperature than 120°, I cool them as and
when they are wanted for immediate use by means of any convenient
refrigerator, which is cooled by a current of cold fluid; and I sometimes
run the liquors direct from the filter or its receiving cistern through
such refrigerator.
Having thus described the nature of my said Invention, I would
state, that I am aware that atmospheric pressure induced by exhaustion
or suction, has before been used for cleansing Raw, Muscovado, and
other sugars, which have been previously drained of their mother
syrups by other means and in other vessels or apparatus; I do not,
therefore, claim the use of apparatus for such a process.
claim is,
But what I
First, the employing of atmospheric pressure induced by exhaustion or
suction in vessels with false bottoms or in moulding apparatus combined
or used therewith, as herein-before explained, for the purpose of facili-
tating the draining of the mother syrup from crystals of sugar, which
along with their mother syrup have been admitted into such vessels or
such moulds when in or about the state in which sugar is usually
moulded, that is to say, in a state of sufficient fluidity whilst hot to
admit of being poured into vessels, and of sufficient consistency to
become fixed on cooling, and also for the purpose, when desired, of
subsequently washing or liquoring the said crystals in such vessels or
moulding apparatus.
Secondly, I claim the suspending of pneumatic draining and cleansing
apparatus in such manner as to admit of being readily inverted to
facilitate the discharging or unloading the same.

page_text: Thirdly, I claim the means herein described of retaining saccharine
fluids between given degrees of temperature, and thus preventing
fermentation in such fluids.
Fourthly, I claim the moulding, draining, and cleansing of sugar by
the aid of pneumatic pressure in hexagonal moulds, so united or placed
together in one common vessel or within one common boundary as to
admit of the sugar in them being drained or washed in common.
In witness whereof, I, the said James Mayelston, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Second day of December, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-three.
JAS. MAYELSTON. (L.B.)
Witness,
Iss. Hopwood,
Solicitor, 47, Chancery Lane.