IMPROVEMENTS IN OR APPLICABLE TO LOCOMOTIVE ENGINES AND CARRIAGES, ADAPTED MORE PARTICULARLY FOR USE ON RAILWAYS HAVING STEEP INCLINES, BUT WHICH MAY BE ALSO USED UPON RAILWAYS OF ORDINARY GRADIENTS
Year: 1866

page_text: . Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN OR APPLICABLE TO LOCOMOTIVE ENGINES AND
CARRIAGES, ADAPTED MORE PARTICULARLY FOR USE ON RAILWAYS HAVING STEEP
INCLINES, BUT WHICH MAY BE ALSO USED UPON RAILWAYS OF ORDINARY
GRADIENTS."
Sealed the 19th February 1867, and dated the 24th August 1866.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Barraclough Fell
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
24th August 1866.
I, JOHN BARRACLOUGH FELL, of Spark Bridge, near Newton-in-Cartmel,
in the County of Lancaster, Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the
said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN OR APPLICABLE TO LOCOMOTIVE ENGINES
AND CARRIAGES, ADAPTED MORE PARTICULARLY FOR USE ON RAILWAYS HAVING STEEP
INCLINES, BUT WHICH MAY BE ALSO USED UPON RAILWAYS OF ORDINARY GRADIENTS,"
to be as follows:-
The improvements to be herein-after described may be treated as an addition
to those for which Letters Patent were granted to me, numbered 227, and
dated the Twenty-sixth day of January, and numbered 3182, and dated the
Sixteenth day of December, both in the year of our Lord One thousand eight
hundred and sixty-three.
For perfect safety, especially in engines where both the carrying axles and
gripping wheel axles are driven by the same pair of cylinders, it has been

page_text: found necessary to couple the gripping wheel axles acting upon opposite sides
of the centre rail, so as to determine the direction in which they are to turn
and help each other over the "dead points" or centres" more particularly when
the gripping wheels are not acting upon the rail. This has been effected by
gearing the gripping wheel axles together by means of toothed whels, but
owing to "play" in the teeth and noise these are found objectionable.
The first part of my improvements relate to means for wholly or partly
removing the objections to the use of toothed wheels, or for dispensing with
them, and consists in the use of the gearing known as "frictional gearing"
alone, or a combination of frictional and toothed gearing, or compound frictional
and toothed gearing, that is, wheels the faces of which are partly toothed and
partly frictional; or toothed and frictional gear are dispensed with, and a
rocking shaft with slides and connecting rods is used, similar to that arrange-
ment described in the Specification of my aforesaid Patent, No. 3182, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, and illustrated
by Fig. 5 of the Drawings, except that the cranks to which the connecting
rods are attached are placed at an angle of 45° in relation to the cranks
through which the axles are driven. In place of a rocking shaft levers
working in a horizontal plane may be used.
Another method of accomplishing the object of this part of my Invention
is by an arrangement similar to that described in my aforesaid Specification and
illustration by Figs. 1 to 4, inclusive, the connecting rods being so arranged or
of such length as to form an angle between them of about 60 degrees when
the cranks are in the position shown in Fig. 4.
The second part of my Invention has for its object the dispensing with
crank pins and coupling rods under the gripping wheels; and this is accom-
plished together with the object of the first part of my Invention by one
arrangement of mechanism, and consists in employing two sets of diagonal
rods, as above described, one pair connecting the front, the other pair con-
necting the hind gripping wheel axles, the slide blocks of each set of diagonal
rods being connected by a rod, so that both sets of diagonal rods, slide blocks,
and their connecting rods will have synchronous movements, and consequently
all the axles will turn together, and the driver of one crank will be helped over
its "centres" by the driver of the other crank.
The third part of my Invention relates to a new arrangement of the rocking
shafts (bitherto placed in front of the cylinders), which leaves the cylinders
more accessible, and it consists in placing the rocking shafts above the level of
and behind the cylinders and under the boiler, the arms descending from the
rocking shafts and being connected to the slide blocks of the piston rods,

page_text: which transmit motion to the connecting rods driving the gripping wheel
axles.
The fourth part of my Invention consists in a new arrangement and com-
bination of the parts of the engine and boiler where the carrying axles are
moved backward (the hind axle being under or behind the fire-box if neces-
sary), so that the fire-box and the cylinders so far overhang the front carrying
axles as to give room to attach the connecting rods to the cranks upon the
front gripping wheel axles, the rocking shafts being placed under the framing
below the level of and behind the cylinders, the arms from the shaft ascending
to the slide blocks of the piston rods.
The gripping wheels are coupled and connected by arrangements similar to
those herein-before described under the second part of my Invention, or other
arrangements herein-before described, and each valve is worked by a "stationary
link," from which the movements are transmitted through a rod backwards
towards the excentrics, such rod being attached to a lever connected with
the valve spindle; or each valve is worked by a "shifting link" acting
directly upon the lever connected with the valve spindle. Guiding wheels
may also be applied to act upon the centre rail at the front and behind the
engine.
The fifth part of my Invention relates to an arrangement of wheels employed
to act upon the centre rail, to assist in guiding carriages and waggons along
curves, and in preventing the carrying wheels from getting off the rails, and
consists in mounting such wheels on a frame and in suspending this frame or
the guiding wheels themselves upon the axles of the carrying wheels or from
their axle boxes (and not to the carriage framing as hitherto, thereby removing
them from the action of the carriage springs, and rendering them more powerful
and certain in resisting any tendency of the carrying wheels to mount or get
off the rails.
The sixth part of my Invention consists in combining fixed axles for the
carrying axles (the carrying wheels turning upon the axles), with wheels for
guiding the frames or parts for carrying the wheels being attached to the fixed
axle; thereby simplifying the framing, and dispensing with journals requiring
to be lubricated when the parts or framing carrying the wheels have to be
suspended from rotating axles.
The seventh part of my Invention consists in mounting the brakes intended
to act directly upon the centre rail upon framing or parts suspended from the
carrying axles or axle boxes, or upon the same framing as that used for
carrying the guiding wheels according to the fifth and sixth parts of my Invention
herein-before described.

page_text: The eighth part of my Invention consists in combining brakes to act upon
the guiding wheels, the brakes and guiding wheel axles being reciprocally
connected, so that the pressure put upon one brake to force it against its wheel
will force the axle of the other wheel against the centre rail, each brake in
addition forcing its wheel against, the rail. This is accomplished by making each
axle the abutment or point of resistance for pressing the brake upon the
opposite wheel, so that the pressure acting to give adhesion to the wheels upon
the centre rail is greater than that of the brake blocks against each wheel.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said John Barraclough Fell in the Great Seal Patent-Office-on
the 21st February 1867.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHN
BARRACLOUGH FELL, of Spark Bridge, near Newton-in-Cartmel, in the County
of Lancaster, Engineer, send greeting.
* WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-fourth day of August, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-six, in the thirtieth year of Her reign,
did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said
John Barraclough Fell, Her special licence that I, the said John Barraclough
Fell, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the
said John Barraclough Fell, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should
at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times
thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make,
use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN OR APPLICABLE TO LOCOMOTIVE ENGINES AND CARRIAGES, ADAPTED MORE
PARTICULABLY FOR USE ON RAILWAYS HAVING STEEP INCLINES, BUT WHICH MAY BE
ALSO USED UPON RAILWAYS OF ORDINARY GRADIENTS," upon the condition
(amongst others) that I, the said John Barraclough Fell, by an instrument
in writing under my hand and seal, should particularly describe and ascertain
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be
performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said
Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said John Barraclough Fell, do hereby
declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is

page_text: to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement and accompanying Drawings (that is to say) :-
The improvements to be herein-after described may be treated as an addition
to these for which Letters Patent were granted to me numbered 227, and dated
the Twenty-sixth day of January, and numbered 3182, and dated the Sixteenth
December, both in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-
three, and I shall describe them by reference to the accompanying two Sheets
of Drawings. Sheet 1, representing two views of a locomotive according to
my Invention, and Sheet 2, a number of diagraniatic Figures which will be
more fully explained herein-after.
For perfect safety, especially in locomotive engines where both the carrying
axles and gripping wheel axles are driven by the same pair of cylinders, it has
been found necessary to couple the axles of the gripping wheels which work
upon opposite sides of the centre rail, so as to determine the direction in which
they are to turn and help each other over the "dead points" or "centres,"
more particularly when the gripping wheels are not acting upon the centre:
rail. This has been effected by gearing the gripping wheel axles together by
means of toothed wheels, but owing to "play" in the teeth and noise they are
found objectionable.
The first part of my improvements relates to means for wholly or partly
removing the objections to the use of toothed wheels, or for dispensing with
them, and consists in the use of gearing known as "frictional gearing" alone,
or a combination of frictional and toothed gearing, or compound frictional and
toothed gearing, that is, wheels the faces of which are partly toothed and partly
frictional, say the centre part is toothed all round, and the margin upon each
side is frictional, or one side is toothed and the other side is frictional.
The mode of applying the above-mentioned gearing is illustrated by Figs. 3
and 4, which are plan diagramatic views of engines similar in arrangement
to that illustrated by Fig. 10 of the Drawings accompanying the Specification
of my Patent, Number 3182, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight
hundred and sixty-three. a is the centre rail; b, the carrying wheels; c, the
framing; d, the cylinders; d', the pistons; d³, the piston rods; a¹, the axles
of the gripping wheels (a) acting upon the centre rail (a); d³, the connecting
rods from the piston rods to the cranks upon the gripping wheel axles (a¹);
as, the coupling rods between each pair of gripping wheel axles; d*, the
piston rods in front of the pistons, connected by links or otherwise to the
arm or arms of the rocking shafts (d), each of which by an arm transmits
the motion through links to a rod (d), in slides, to which rod the outside.
cranks of the carrying wheels are attached by a connecting rod (d); the two

page_text: carrying axles (61) being coupled by the rods (d³). The connecting, transmitting,
and coupling rods, rocking shafts, and other parts above referred to are
represented by thick centre lines, and as the same letters of reference will
be used throughout the Drawings upon the same and corresponding parts,
no further description will be required of those parts above named in the
Figures to be herein-after explained.
Fig. 3 shows an arrangement of wheels for coupling the gripping axles
similar to the arrangement of toothed wheels hitherto used, except that the
wheels (represented by pitch lines only) are either frictional, or partly frictional
and partly toothed, and that arrangements are provided for pressing the
frictional wheels in contact with sufficient force. This may be done by
mounting the two intermediate wheels (a) upon compound slides so that
the wheels can move towards each other and in the direction lengthway of
the engine so as to bring each intermediate wheel in contact with the wheel
with which it is to be geared upon the gripping wheel axle, elastic pressure
being used to keep the wheels pressed in contact; but in Fig. 3. the intermediate
wheels (a) are each supposed to be placed upon a stud fixed in a T plate (c²)
and each T plate is arranged so as to be capable of sliding a short space in
the direction lengthway of the engine, and also towards each other. If the
two T plates are forced towards each other by screws in the side framing to
press the two intermediate wheels in contact, there will be sufficient elacticity
in the framing without a special provision, though an elastic medium may be
introduced between the screws and the T plates if required. The intermediate
wheels (a) are pressed against the wheels on the gripping wheel axles by
one or more springs (a) which abut against the cross framing and act upon
a cross bar connected by a rod with a cross bar which rests against the turned
up ends of the two T plates; very little play is required in the T plates to
or from each other, but more play is required (though not much) in the
lengthway of the engine, because of the adjustments required by the gripping
wheels to and from the centre rail a.
Fig. 4 shows another arrangement of frictional gear or compound frictional
and toothed gear (represented by pitch lines only), where there is a wheel
upon each of the four gripping wheel axles (a¹) and an intermediate wheel (a*)
for each pair of gripping wheels, each intermediate wheel being placed upon
a stud or axle arranged in a slide, with a slight amount of play in a line across
the engine so that when the gripping wheels are pressed towards each other
the intermediate wheels will be pressed in contact with each other and forced
in contact with the wheels with which they gear upon the gripping wheel
axles. In this arrangement the. frictional gear are not intended to come in

page_text: contact while the gripping wheels are required upon the centre rail, but they
are to come in contact when the centre rail terminates, this rail beginning
and ending in a taper form, so that the gripping wheels will gradually approach
each other at the end of the centre rail, and thus bring the frictional gearing
in contact. In place of the arrangement of gearing illustrated by Fig. 4 a
frictional or compound frictional and toothed wheel, or plain wheels without
frictional grooves, may be placed upon the middle of each pair of gripping
wheel axles, the wheels being sufficiently large in diameter (when compound
toothed and frictional gear are used) to be about half the length of the teeth
in gear when the gripping wheels are acting upon the centre rail, these wheels
coming in full gear or in contact when the gripping wheels leave the centrail
rail. This arrangement is illustrated in Fig. 5 by the circles (a) in peculiar
dotted line. The arrangement of wheels last described may be used if desired
where the carrying wheels in engines give sufficient space and particularly
in engines arranged as shown in Figs. 11 and 12, by giving sufficient room
between the cross framing and in the cradles carrying the gripping wheel axles,
Fig. 3 is an edge view of a pair of compound toothed and frictional
gear in
which the middle part is toothed, and the outside parts have frictional grooves.
Another mode of accomplishing the object of this part of my Invention, and
by which frictional or toothed gear is dispensed with, is by employing &
rocking shaft with slides and connecting rods, similar to that arrangement
described in the Specification of my aforesaid Patent, Number 3182, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, and illustrated
by Fig. 5 of the Drawings thereunto annexed, except that the cranks to which
the connecting rods are attached are placed at an angle of 45° in relation to
the cranks through which the gripping wheel axles are driven. This arrange-
ment is illustrated by Fig. 5, a plan view corresponding to Fig. 3, excepting
the mechanism for coupling the gripping wheels e, the rocking shaft in suitable
bearings attached to the framing e, the two slides working in suitable slide
bars; these slides are each connected by two links to two arms from the
rocking shaft, and each slide is jointed with one end of a connecting rod e,
the other end being jointed with one of the cranks upon the gripping wheel
axles, which cranks are bent cranks from the pin of each driving crank, at an
angle thereto of forty-five degrees, as shewn. Instead of two slides and two sets
of slide bars, one slide extending from one side to the other may be used, this
long slide to be connected by two links to two arms upon the rocking shaft,
one at each end of it. In place of the rocking shaft levers may be sub-
stituted, and arrangements of these levers are shewn in Figs. 1 and 2, Sheet I,
and in Fig. 8 a diagramatic longitudinal elevation, and Fig. 10 a plan; also in

page_text: In
Figs. 11 and 12, views corresponding respectively to Figs. 8 and 10.
Figs. 8 and 10 two single levers, one above the other, are used, each lever
being jointed to the side frame upon a fulcrum at (e³), and to the free ends of
the levers connecting rods (63) are jointed, passing to the cranks upon the
gripping axles, as shewn. To each lever one end of a short link (e) is
jointed, and the other ends of the links are jointed upon the same pin (e³),
which passes through a slide (e) that moves with the levers in suitable guide-
bars (). It is by means of the links (e) and the slid (e) that the two
levers (e) are connected so as to move together. The levers (e) used in
Figs. 1 and 2 and Figs. 11 and 12, are arranged so that one (e*) is a single
lever and passes between the other, which is a double lever (e). In this case
the levers are connected by a pin (e) which passes through dies fitted to slide
in slots made in the lengthway of the levers. The pin (e) is guided so as to
move in the same straight line by slide bars (67), which act against slide blocks
upon the pin (e) in the space between the levers, the guide bars (e) passing
through the spaces on each side of the pin (*).
Another method of accomplishing the object of this part of my Invention is
by an arrangement similar to that described in the Specification of my
aforesaid Patent, No. 3182, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight
'hundred and sixty-three, and illustrated by Figs. 1 to 4, inclusive, of the
Drawings thereunto annexed, except that the connecting rods (e³) are arranged
and of such length as to form an angle between them of above 60 degrees
when the cranks are in the position shewn in Fig. 6, which illustrates this
method of coupling.
The second part of my Invention has for its object the dispensing with
crank pins and coupling rods under the gripping wheel axles; and this is
accomplished, together with the object of the first part of my Invention, by
one arrangement of mechanism, and consists in employing two sets of diagonal
rods, one pair connecting the front, the other the hind gripping wheel axles,
the slide blocks of each pair of diagonal rods being connected by a rod, so
that both sets of diagonal rods, slide blocks, and their connecting rod, will
have synchronous movements, and consequently all the axles will turn
together, and the driver of one crank will be helped over its centres by the
driver of the other crank. The arrangement is illustrated by Fig. 7, a plan
view; e, the diagonal rods jointed to their cranks at one end and to the slide
blocks, which move in suitable guide bars (7), the slide blocks being connected
by a rod (e). One of the driving cranks is a bent overhanging crank, as
shewn.
The third part of my Invention relates to a new arrangement of the rocking

page_text: shafts for connecting the gripping and carrying wheels (hitherto placed in
front of the cylinders), which leaves the cylinders more accessible, and it
consists in placing the rocking shafts above the level of, and behind the
cylinders, and under or partly under the boiler, the arms descending from the
rocking shafts being connected to the slide blocks of the piston rods, which
transmit motion to the connecting rods driving the gripping wheel axles.
This part of my Invention is illustrated by the diagramatic Figs. 8, 9, and 10
(Figure 8 is a side elevation, Fig. 9 an end elevation, and Fig. 10 a plan, and
also by Figs. 11 and 12. The rocking shafts (d') are shown best in Fig. 9.
They are mounted upon supports firmly secured to the framing; they are only
shown partly under the boiler, but may be made to pass under the boiler if
their arms are connected to projections from the slide block or cross head of
the piston rod (as shown in Fig. 9*), where the arm from the rocking shaft is
forked, so as to pass upon each side of the piston rod, to be connected to the
cross head below the piston rod by links, the connecting rod for the gripping
wheel cranks being connected to the cross head above the level of the piston*
rod, so that its forces upon each side of the cross head are nearly balanced.
In Figs. 8, 9, and 10 the arm from each rocking shaft is connected by two
links (one on each side) with the slide block of its piston rod (d³), and by a
forked or other link connection with the transmitting rod (d), to which the
connecting rod (d) is jointed that gives motion to the crank upon the carrying
axle. In Figs. 11 and 12 the piston rods (d) are lengthened and made to
work in a guide (d) without slide block. The connecting rods (d³) from the
piston rods to the gripping axle cranks are forked, as shewn, and the rocking
shafts bave double arms, and are each connected by two links with the piston
rods. The arrangements in other respects are the same as those herein-before
described.
The fourth part of my Invention consists in a new arrangement and com-
bination of parts of the engine and boiler where the carrying axles are moved
backward (the hind axle being under or behind the fire-box if necessary), so
that the smoke box and cylinders so far overhang the front carrying axle as
to give room to attach the connecting rods from the piston rods to the cranks
upon the front gripping wheel axles, the rocking shafts being placed under
the framing below the level of and behind the cylinders, the arms from the
shaft ascending to the side blocks of the piston rods. The gripping wheels
are coupled and connected by the arrangements herein-before described under
the second head of my Invention or by one of the other arrangements herein-
before described. The valves are worked by stationary links. If required,
guiding wheels on vertical axis are applied to work in front of or behind the

page_text: engine; or guiding and carrying wheels upon a horizontal axle may be used in
front or behind the engine, which wheels must have lateral play or movement
for sharp curves. The combination and arrangement of parts which I prefer
according to this part of my Invention is exhibited on Sheet 1 by Fig. 1, a
longitudinal section, and by Fig. 2, a plan, one half an outside, the other half
a plan, section. It will be seen that the gripping wheels (a) are brought as
near as possible to the fire-box of the boiler, and that the bind carrying axle
passes under the ash pan, and that the connecting rods from the piston rods
are attached to the cranks of the front gripping wheel axles. The piston
rod (d) is attached to a cross head which works in slide bars secured to the
cylinder at one end, and to brackets attached to a cross bearer at the other
end. The connecting rods (ds) are forked, as shown, at the piston rod end.
The crank upon each gripping wheel axle (a¹) has an overhanging crank from
it at an angle of forty-five degrees, as shown, and the two cranks for the gripping
wheels upon the same side of the centre rail are connected by coupling rods.
The gripping wheel axles on each side of the centre rail are connected by the
single and double lever arrangement herein-before described. The fulcrum of
the double lever (e) is at (e³), and that of the single lever (**) at the opposite
side of the framing. The single lever (e*) works between the two parts of
the double lever (e) and the rod (2) connecting the single lever, and the crank
works through the double lever. The connecting rod for the double lever is
forked, so that one side can be jointed to one side, and the other to the other
side, of the double lever, the forked part of the rod being long enough to allow
room for the single lever (ex) to work clear between its two prongs. The
levers are connected together by the pin (6) and dies, as herein-before
described; and e' are the guide bars, carried as shewn, for keeping the pin (e³)
in the central line. The gripping wheel axles (a¹) are mounted in sliding
cradles (a), and the pressure is put upon them by the right and left-handed
The rocking
screw (a) and the cross bar (a) and springs, as hitherto.
shafts (ds) are carried in a hollow beam passing across the framing, and work
in pedestals secured in the hollow of the beam. There is a double arm from
the rocking shaft to each piston rod, and these arms work through holes in
the top side of the hollow beam, and they are connected to the cross head by
two links, as shown. The outside arms of the rocking shafts are each
connected by a link to a slide which grasps and slides upon a bar (shown in
dotted line, Fig. 1), dovetailed in cross section, which bar is placed above the
slide, the dovetail slide bar being secured to the side frame of the engine. A
transmitting rod (de) is attached to the dovetail slide and to a slide block
working in suitable guides attached to the side frames; and to this slide

page_text: block the connecting rod (d') for the crank upon the carrying axle is jointed;
(d) are coupling rods between the carrying axles. The cecentrics (f) for the
link motion are placed upon the outside end of the front carrying axle, as
shewn. The excentric rods are cranked to clear the rocking shafts, and one
of them for each valve link passes through a slot or an extension of the fork
in the outside arm of the rocking shaft to the valve link, which is a stationary
box link, suspended as shewn. The radius rod from the link is connected
with an arm on the end of a shaft (¹), having bearings in the front buffer
plank, in this case made of metal, and motion is conveyed from this shaft (ƒ¹)
by an arm and link to the valve spindle. 9 is the reversing shaft for giving
motion to the radius rods of the valve link motion.
Figs. 11 and 12 show an arrangement of engine with only one pair of
gripping wheels; the rocking shafts in this case, as before explained, are above
the level of the cylinders. They may be arranged below, as shown in Figs. 1
and 2.1 When one pair of gripping wheels are only used the pressure to grip
the central rail is put upon them by the arrangement shewn in Fig. 12, where
two rods (h) pass from the spring bar (h¹) upon one side to a connecting
bar (h) upon the opposite side, and a short shaft (as) having a right and left-
handed screw thread is made to screw through the connecting bar (h²) and
the spring bar (¹) upon the same side, so that the springs will be simul-
taneously tightened or slackened by turning the screw shaft (a), which may
be rotated by a worm and worm wheel as hitherto. The springs upon one
side might be dispensed with, and the screw thread may be all in one direction;
but I prefer the two sets of springs and the screw as described.
The fifth part of my Invention relates to an arrangement of wheels employed
to act upon the centre rail, to assist in guiding carriages and waggons along
curves and in preventing the carrying wheels from getting off the rails, and
consists in mounting such wheels on a frame, and in suspending the frame or
the guiding wheels themselves upon the axles of the carrying wheels or from
their axle boxes (and not to the carriage framing, as hitherto); thereby
removing them from the action of the carriage springs, and rendering them
more powerful and certain in resisting any tendency of the carrying wheels to
mount or get off the rails. An important advantage of this arrangement is
that the guide wheels can be placed at a sufficient distance outside the carrying
axles (as shewn in Fig. 14 and 16) to exercise guiding power in passing
round curves before the flanges of the carrying wheels come in contact with
the carrying rails. This part of my Invention is illustrated by Figs. 13, 14,
15, and 15. Figure 13 is a longitudinal elevation; Fig. 14 is a end elevation;
and Fig. 15 is a plan. k represents the carriage framing; b, the carrying

page_text: wheels; 6, the carrying axles; m, a frame suspended upon the axles (6') in
pedestals, as shown; in this frame the studs are fixed for the guiding
wheels (m) to rotate upon,
which act against the centre rail (a). A similar
frame may be suspended from or secured to the axle boxes of the carrying
wheels, the studs for the guiding wheels being fixed in the cross beam between
the two ends of the framing.
The sixth part of my Invention consists in combining fixed axles for
the carrying axles (the carrying wheels turning upon the axles) with
wheels for guiding, the guiding wheels (m²) or parts (m) for carrying
the guiding wheels being attached to the fixed axle; thereby simpli-
fying the framing, and dispensing with journals requiring to be lubricated
when the parts or framing carrying the wheels have to be suspended from
rotating axles. This is illustrated by Fig. 16, an end view. 61 is a stationary
axle (which may either be straight or bent, as shewn); upon which axle the
carrying wheels rotate. The frame (m) Figs. 18, 14, and 15, may be secured
to such axles or the guide wheels themselves as shown.
.. The seventh part of my Invention consists in mounting the brakes intended
to act directly upon the centre rail upon framing or parts suspended from the
carrying axles or axle boxes, or upon the same framing as that used for the
guiding wheels, according to the fifth and sixth parts of my Invention herein-
before described. The brakes used and the modes of actuating them are
similar to those described in the Specification of my aforesaid Patent, Number
3182, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-three.
In Figs. 13 and 15ª (a plan) the mode of applying the right and left-handed
screw brake is illustrated. The frame m is placed wider apart to give room;
n, jaws in slides in the frame m; n³, right and left-handed screw, rotated by
a wheel (n) in any convenient manner.
The eighth part of my Invention consists in combining brakes to act upon
the guiding wheels, the brakes and guiding wheel axles being reciprocally
connected, so that the pressure put upon one brake to force it against its wheel
will react through the axles of the other wheel to force it against the centre
rail, each brake in addition forcing its wheel against the centre rail. This is
accomplished by making each axle the abutment or point of resistance for
pressing the brake upon the opposite wheel. Or the force used to press the
brakes against their wheels is transmitted through a lever having its fulcrum
upon the slide of the wheel axle, the lever being so proportioned that a portion
of the force transmitted acts to force the axle in the same direction as the
brake acting upon the wheel. By this means the pressure acting to give
adhesion to the wheels upon the centre rail is greater than that of the brake

page_text: blocks against each wheel. This part of my Invention is illustrated by Figs. 17;
18, 19, and 20; Fig. 17 a side sectional elevation, Fig. 18 an end elevation;
and Fig. 19 a plan view, and Fig. 20 a plan of the alternative arrangements.
represents. the framing; 6', stationary axles, the carrying wheels (6) rotating
thereon; m³, slides carrying the studs for the guiding wheels (m³) to rotate
upon; and m³ are slides carrying the brake blocks to act upon the guiding
wheels. All these slides are arranged to slide upon each carrying wheel axle,
as shewn. One end of a link (m) is jointed to the slide (m²) of one guide
wheel, and the other end is jointed with one end of a link (m³), the other end
of which is jointed with the brake slide (m³). The connected joint of the
two links m' and m³ is connected by a link (me) with the end of a screw (m²).
There is a like arrangement of links (m', m³, and mo) for the other wheel and
brake upon the same axle, and there is a like arrangement for both carrying
axles. The screws (m³) with which the links (m³) are connected screw into
a hollow shaft (m³) carried in suitable bearings from the frame of the carriage;
and this hollow shaft is rotated by wheels and shafts arranged in any con-
venient manner. The hollow shaft (m³) has a screw thread right and left-
handed, so that when it is rotated both screws (m) will be moved simul-
taneously towards or from each other. This will press the guiding wheels (m²)
upon the centre rail (a), and the brake blocks upon the guiding wheels at
the same time. The pressure upon the wheel in relation to that upon the
brake block may be modified by varying the proportion between the links
(m) and (m³). In the alternative method of putting the pressure upon the
wheels and breaks shewn by Fig. 20, m' is a link jointed with the screw
(m³); it is also jointed with the ends of two links (m), the other ends
of which are each jointed with a lever (m*) having its fulcrum upon the
guiding wheel slide (m³); the other end of this lever is connected with one
end of a link (m³), which at the other end is jointed with the brake slide (m³).
The proportion between the pressure imparted to the brake and to the wheel
slide will depend upon the position of the joint upon the lever (m*), for the
link (m) nearer this joint is to the fulcrum, and the greater will be the
proportion of the pressure upon the guiding wheel slide.
I have now particularly described the nature of my Invention and the
modes of carrying the same into effect, and claim as my Invention,―
Firstly, the use of frictional gearing, or compound or combined frictional
gearing and toothed gearing, and of rocking shafts and levers, in the manner
and for the purpose herein-before described under the first division of this
Specification, and illustrated by the accompanying Drawings.
Secondly, the use of diagonal coupling rods for the purpose and in the

page_text: manner herein-before described under the second division of this Specification,
and illustrated by. the accompanying Drawings.
Thirdly, the placing of the rocking shafts connected to the piston rods
behind the cylinders, their arms, descending from the shafts, in the manner
described under the third division of this Specification, and illustrated by the
accompanying Drawings.
Fourthly, the combination and arrangement of parts of a locomotive where
two, four, or more gripping wheels are used, substantially as herein-before
described under the fourth division of this Specification, and illustrated by the
accompanying Drawings.
Fifthly, the arrangement of the guiding wheels for carriages and waggons
in the manner and for the purpose described under the fifth division of this
Specification, and illustrated by the accompanying Drawings.
Sixthly, the combining of fixed axles (the carrying wheels rotating thereon).
with guiding wheels, as herein-before described under the sixth division of
this Specification, and illustrated by the accompanying Drawings.
... Seventhly, mounting brakes to act upon the centre rail, as herein-before
described under the seventh division of this Specification.
Eighthly, and lastly, the arrangement of brakes to act upon the guiding
wheels, and system or mode of putting pressure upon both brakes and wheels,
as herein-before described under the eighth division of this Specification, and
illustrated by the accompanying Drawings.
-In witness whereof, I, the said John Barraclough Fell, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Fifteenth day of February, in the year of our
. Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven.