IMPROVEMENTS IN PREVENTING INCRUSTATION IN BOILERS
Year: 1852

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, FREDERIC
DAM, of Brussels, in the Kingdom of Belgium, Chemist, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Royal
Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Twenty-third day of August,
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-two. in the sixteenth year of Her reign,
lid, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said
Frederic Dam, my exors, adñiors, and assigns Her especial license, full power,
sole privilege and authority, that I, the said Frederic Dam, my exors, admors,
and assigns, or such others as I, the said Frederic Dam, my exors, adiiors, or
assigns, should at any time agree with and no others, from time to time and
at all times during the term of years therein expressed, should and lawfully
might make, use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and the Town
of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and in the Islands of Guernsey, Jersey, Alderney,
Sark, and Man, and also in all Her said Majesty's Colonies and Plantations
abroad, my Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN PREVENTING INCRUSTATION IN
BOILERS;" in which said Letters Patent is contained a proviso that I, the said
Frederic Dam, shall cause a particular description of the nature of my said.
Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, by an instrument
in writing under my hand and and seal, to be inrolled in Her Majesty's
High Court of Chancery within six calendar months next and immediately,
after the date of the said in part recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same,.
reference being thereunto had, will more fully and at large appear.

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Frederic Dam, do hereby declare that the nature of my said Invention, and
the manner in which the same is to be performed, are fully described and
ascertained in and by the following statement thereof, that is to say :-
My Invention consists of employing hydrate of potash or of soda as a means
of throwing down the impurities in the water which usually produce the effect
of incrusting the interior of a boiler, and I prefer that such material should
be from time to time introduced into the boiler in quantities proportioned to
the quantity of water evaporated by the boiler, in order that the hydrate may
at all times be in excess, by which not only will the incrusting of the boiler be
prevented, but in case the boiler has become incrusted by previous use, without
preventive herein mentioned, such incrustation will be removed.
I dissolve
the hydrate of potash or soda in water, and produce a saturated solution
thereof, which I introduce into the boiler from time to time, either by means of
a tube having two cocks thereon at a distance from each other, closing the cock
nearest the boiler when filling the tube, and closing the outer cock when
allowing the liquor to flow into the boiler by opening the cock nearest the
boiler, or I introduce such liquor by means of a force pump or other conve-
nient means. Or, in place of applying the liquor to the water when it is in
the boiler, the preventive liquor may be introduced into the water before it
goes into the boiler, and the water may or may not be allowed to stand any
length of time before it is introduced into the boiler after applying the pre-
ventive liquor. In all cases, however, the preventive liquor should be in
excess of that quantity which, on testing any water which is proposed to be
used in a boiler, may appear to be required to precipitate the impurities
contained in the water; and, in order to ascertain the quantity of the solution
to be employed for the water which is to be used in a boiler, I take a measured
quantity thereof, and drop in several drops of solution as long as it appears to
produce a cloudy or milky effect. I then filter the water, and again drop in
more of the solution; and if no further precipitation takes place, the quantity
previously used indicates the quantity which should be introduced into the
boiler from time to time, in proportion to the number of such measures of
water introduced into the boiler. The effect of using such liquor material in
a boiler is to throw down the impurities, but the same will not adhere to the
interior surfaces of the boiler, and thereof, in order to prevent accumulations,
the same should be blown out from time to time from the boiler, as is well
understood; and in addition thereto it is found that in some cases a scum rises
to the surface, and it is desirable occasionally to remove the same by blowing
it through a guage cock (at or about the water line of the boiler), large enough

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JULIUS
ROBERTS, of Portsmouth, Lieutenant in the Royal Artillery, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent, under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Twenty-third
day of August One thousand eight hundred and fifty-two, in the sixteenth
year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant
unto me, the said Julius Roberts, my exors, adññiors, and assigns, Her especial
license, full power, sole privilege and authority, that I, the said Julius
Roberts, my exors, adiñors, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Julius
Roberts, my exors, adñiors, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no
others, from time to time and at all times during the term of years therein
expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within
England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, my Invention of
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MARINER'S COMPASS;" in which said Letters Patent
is contained a proviso, that I, the said Julius Roberts, shall cause a parti-
cular description of the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner
the same is to be performed, by an instrument in writing under my hand
and seal, to be inrolled in Her Majesty's High Court of Chancery within
six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said in part
recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference being had thereto,
will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Julius Roberts, do hereby declare that the nature of my said Invention, and
the manner of performing the same, are fully described and ascertained in
and by the following statement thereof, reference being had to the Drawings

page_text: hereunto annexed, and to the figures and letters marked thereon, that is
to say:-
The Invention consists of balancing a magnet from either of its extremities,
by which the end most remote from the centre of suspension is either attracted
or repelled by the proximity of iron or other ferruginous matter, and applying
such suspended magnet to a compass needle, and obtaining adjustment by one
or more vertical magnets attached to the compass, as hereafter explained; and
in order that my Invention may be most fully understood and readily carried
into effect, I will proceed to describe the means pursued by me.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING,
which shews so much of a compass (partly in section) as will enable me to
describe the best means I am acquainted with for carrying out my Invention.
a is an ordinary compass card and needle N, S, supported at and turning on
b, as is well understood; at the south. end of the needle there is a standard
having a vertical magnet x thereon; such standard by sliding through a slit
and spring tube, or otherwise is made capable of being raised or depressed so
as to bring this magnet, and hold it securely nearer to or further from the
magnet n, s, which is suspended by one of its ends, and moves freely on an
axis fixed vertically over the axis of the compass needle; c' is an arm with a
weight c² thereon, to adjust the balance of the magnet, and it has a pointer C,
by which the deviation may be observed on the compass card. In the arrange-
ment shown, it will be seen that the magnet n, s, is suspended by its south
extremity, and its north extremity is over the south extremity of the
compass needle N, S, and it will further be seen that the vertical magnet a is
affixed by its south extremity to the south extremity of the compass needle
N, S, and that the north extremity of the vertical magnet a is brought near
the north extremity of the magnet n, s. In suspending the magnet n, s,
provision is made for its being raised from or brought towards the compass
needle, and this is accomplished by means of the upright rectangular bár e
which slides in a square socket fixed in the compass needle in which the bar' e
is to be made capable of being fixed securely (when adjusted) by a screw or
other convenient means.
In the above arrangement the magnet n, s, is suspended over the needle of
the compass, which is the mode preferred, but this may be reversed, and the
magnet n, s, be suspended below the compass needle N, S; and altho' I prefer
that the vertical magnet a should be fixed to the south extremity of the needle
of the compass, and the needle d suspended by its south extremity, these are
.not essential, and may be reversed, and the details of construction may be

page_text: otherwise varied, so long as the peculiar character of the Invention is retained;
and in order to prevent the effect of dip in the compass, I have found it
desirable to apply a magnet or a piece of soft iron through or on the centre of
the glass in such manner as to have a tendency to lift the centre of the
compass off its bearing point, as shewn at f.
In this arrangement soft iron is used, as it is near the magnet n, s, but
in case the magnet n, s, were below, then I should employ a magnet at f, and
carry up a standard on the card of the compass, with a piece of soft iron or
magnet thereon, which coming near to the magnet at f above, would be
attracted thereby, and tend to lift the compass off its bearing, and at the same
time resist the tendency of the needle N, S, of the compass to dip.
An instrument thus arranged or combined, prior to its being placed on board
ship is to be adjusted; for this purpose, the compass is to be placed in the
centre of a room or an open space, free from the presence of iron; a bar
magnet or plate or mass of iron is to be then placed, say about twelve feet
from the compass, and either east or west thereof, and in the same plane, the
effect of which will be to attract the compass needle N, S, and repel n, s, (or
conversely); the amount of these attractions or repulsions will be denoted on
the rim of the compass card by the point c, and by the north or south point of
the compass card making angles with the true magnetic meridian of the
room or place previously ascertained.
The requisite deviations of these needles is obtained by moving either n, s,
up or down by sliding its har, or by moving the vertical magnet a up or down.
The instrument thus adjusted may then be placed in its proper position on
board ship, and will similarly shew deviations of the needles, due to the
presence of iron about it. Supposing the resulting effect of the ship's
magnetism to be attractive of N and repulsive of S, so as to cause N, S, to
have an easterly deviation, the same attraction on n would tend to give n, s,
an easterly and the pointer c a westerly deviation; the deviation of the needle
N, S, will be checked and diminished considerably by the attraction of n on S,
modified by the repulsion of n*, and in like manner the deviation of n, s, will
be checked by the attraction of S on n, modified by n*, as before. This
state of things allows of a two-fold opportunity of obtaining a true meridian.
I can either so adjust n* so that the tendency of n, s, to deviate may be wholly
destroyed by the modified action of S, in which case the pointer C will give
the true north point; or I may so adjust that the deviation of the needle N, S,
and magnet n, s, shall be exactly oqual, so that the line bisecting the angle
between N and c shall be the true meridian.
Having thus described the nature of my Invention and the manner of