IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR HEATING WATER, AIR, AND OTHER FLUIDS, GENERATING AND SUPERHEATING STEAM, PREVENTING INCRUSTATION IN STEAM BOILERS, AND CONSUMING SMOKE
Year: 1860

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Thomas Sykes, Manufacturing Chemist and Oil
Merchant, and Benjamin Clifford. Sykes, M.D., both of Cleckheaton, in
the County of York, and James William Crossley, Dyer and Finisher,
of Brighouse, in the aforesaid County of York, for the Invention of
IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR HEATING WATER, AIR, AND OTHER FLUIDS,
GENERATING AND SUPERHEATING STEAM, PREVENTING INCRUSTATION IN STEAM
BOILERS, AND CONSUMING SMOKE,"
Sealed the 19th September 1860, and dated the 21st March 1860.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Thomas Sykes, Benjamin
Clifford Sykes, and James William Crossley at the Office of the Com-
missioners of Patents with their Petition, on the 21st March 1860.
We, THOMAS SYKES, Manufacturing Chemist and Oil Merchant, and BEN-
JAMIN CLIFFORD SYKES, M.D., both of Cleckheaton, in the County of York,
and JAMES WILLIAM CROSSLEY, Dyer and Finisher, of Brighouse, in the
aforesaid County of York, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR HEATING WATER, AIR, OR OTHER FLUIDS
GENERATING AND SUPERHEATING STEAM, PREVENTING INCRUSTATION IN STEAM
BOILERS, AND CONSUMING SMOKE," to be as follows:-
This Invention relates chiefly to boilers, and their furnaces or fire-boxes for
[Price 8d.]

page_text: generating and superheating steam, applicable as a motive power either for
stationery, marine, or locomotive engines, and applicable also for heating
purposes.
And our improvements consist firstly, in casting metal over and upon
wrought iron or other tubing, bent into a spiral or other form so as to obtain
hollow cylinders and plates either plain or curved, or of any other form, whereby
to produce double heating surfaces, having portions of tubing projecting out
of the cast metal for purposes of connection; also in constructing similar
vessels by forming a spiral groove between two concentric pipes or cylinders
either of wrought or cast-iron, or a combination of the two, one part being
cast, and the other wrought, the parts being connected together by any suit-
able means; also in connecting together by any suitable means double plates
of any size or form, so as to leave serpentine or zig-zag passages therein; such
cylinders and plates are applicable for the purpose of heating water, generating
and superheating steam, the tubes, grooves, or zig-zag passages forming water
or steam spaces, the inner and outer surfaces of the cylinders and the two
sides of the plates forming double heating surfaces upon which the fire is
brought to play. These cylinders are built or formed into furnaces, having
plates for sides, or the sides may be of masonry, and the fire is made to pass
through, over, and upon each successively, and the tubes, grooves, or zig-zag
passages are so connected that the water or steam may pass through each
successively, but in a contrary direction to the course of the fire, and so carried
into another vessel by a pipe which we bend into a spiral or other suitable
form, and which may be extended in any direction within the upper part of
this vessel, and surrounded by another pipe,which conveys the steam to the
steam engine or other destination; thus the steam becomes superheated. This
vessel into which the hot water and steam is carried from the steam generator is
dome-shaped or of any other suitable form at the top, and serves for the steam
chamber, whilst the lower part is in the form of an inverted cone, dome, or
pyramid, and serves for the water and dirt chamber, and is provided with a
tap or valve at the bottom to run out the water and dirt, thereby preventing
incrustation. A pipe is made to circulate in the lower part of this water and
dirt chamber, through which the feed water is caused to pass before entering
the boiler or steam generator, and thus becomes heated by the hot water and
dirt before their expulsion through the tap or valve at the bottom.
Secondly, in the use of such hollow cylinders herein-before described as
auxiliaries to Cornish or fire-box tubular boilers, by placing them in the flues
so as to expose both surfaces to the flames, and by connecting them at one

page_text: end with the water in the boiler and with the steam chamber, at the other end
a rapid circulation will take place through the cylinders into the steam
chamber. We also use straight pipes, and pipes wound or formed into spirals
or other suitable form, and plain hollow cylinders made by uniting two con-
centric pipes or cylinders at their ends so as to leave a water space between
them, and which we place and connect in the flues in the same manner as the
herein-before described cylinders; and we use these plain cylinders in all cases
the same as the cylinders having the spiral tubes and grooves (except for
superheating steam), but we prefer those that have the small spirals and
grooves within them; we also connect a dirt chamber as before described with
the circulating pipe within it, for heating the feed water, and preventing
incrustation in the boiler or steam generator. Plates as above constructed,
with water spaces and suitably formed, may be employed as water heaters for
domestic purposes by placing them at the back and sides of house fires, having
a proper arrangement for the supply and discharge of water; also such plates
may be arranged to constitute a hot water apparatus' for warming buildings,
and for other similar purposes.
Thirdly, in making horizontal cylindrical boilers, having the steam chamber
on the top side, and the dirt chamber with the circulating pipe within, and
for the same purpose as above described, and in separating a water chamber
about two feet wide from the boiler by a partition parallel with the end
thereof, but open at the top, so as to communicate with the steam chamber.
The other portion of the boiler we term the body of the boiler, within which
we place fire tubes or flues attached to the partition and the other end of the
boiler, and connected together at each alternate end so as to form one con-
tinuous fire flue through them. The highest, or one of the highest tubes, is
brought through the water chamber and receives the heated current from the
furnace, or the furnace may be constructed in this flue, or we may make two
furnaces in two of the highest flues in the same manner, but in this case both
furnace tubes must be connected to the next one, so as to make the united hot
currents from the furnaces pass through each of the rest of the tubes, always
making the hotter currents pass through the highest tubes first, and through
the lower last. Within these fire flues we place small pipes or tubes, either
straight or bent into a spiral or other convenient form. Or we place the
cylinders or plates as herein-before described within the fire flues, and so
connect. them with the feed water chamber and the steam chamber as to
produce a rapid circulation of the water, and an immense heating surface.
The body of the boiler is supplied with water from the water chamber (or

page_text: pipes, cylinders, or plates placed within the fire flues) in such manner that
it cannot return, but when drawn away must pass through the dirt chamber
underneath, the above description of boiler being well adapted for marine
purposes.
Fourthly, the improvements consist in constructing boilers or steam gene-
rators of concentric tubes, forming water spaces betwixt them, the said tubes
being so arranged that the heat from the furnace or fire-box may act on both
sides of such water spaces, and being also so arranged and connected as to
produce an extended circulation of the water, and of the flame or heated gases
by which we secure an extended heating surface, and consequently a quick
generation of steam, and by the application of the steam chamber and super-
heater with the deposit recepticle (as herein-before described) in combination
with such steam generator we constitute or obtain boilers or steam generators
particularly well adapted for locomotive engines, and may be applied to any
other kind of steam engine, or for heating purposes generally.
Fifthly, our improvements consist in constructing and arranging furnaces or
fire-boxes in such manner as to obtain heated air and introduce it in thin
successive streams to the flame and unburnt gases from the fuel, which we
effect by making such furnaces in two compartments or in having them divided
by a mid-feather or partition, but with a communication betwixt them in such
manner that one part may be employed for the supply of fuel to be coked, and
to produce or generate and evolve the flame and gases, and the other part as a
combustion chamber. The grate bars extend across both compartments of the
furnace and are made hollow and open to the atmosphere at their ends to the
fuel side of the furnace and closed at their other ends, but with slits or perfora-
tions on their sides or under surfaces to the extent of the combustion chamber.
The atmosphere will thus be drawn through the hollow bars under the burning
fuel and out through the slits and betwixt the bars to the combustion chamber,
and combine with the gases evolved from the fuel before they become reduced in
temperature by cooling surfaces, and will thus ignite them and consume or
prevent the escape of smoke.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Thomas Sykes, Benjamin Clifford Sykes, and James William
Crossley in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 21st September 1860.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, THOMAS
SYKES, Manufacturing Chemist and Oil Merchant, and BENJAMIN CLIFFORD

page_text: SYKES, M.D., both of Cleckheaton, in the County of York, and JAMES
WILLIAM CROSSLEY, Dyer and Finisher, of Brighouse, in the aforesaid County
of York, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters.
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-first day of March, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty, in the twenty-third year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto us, the
said Thomas Sykes, Benjamin Clifford Sykes, and James William Crossley,
Her special license that we, the said Thomas Sykes, Benjamin Clifford Sykes,
and James William Crossley, our executors, administrators, and assigns, or
such others as we, the said Thomas Sykes, Benjamin Clifford Sykes, and James
William Crossley, our executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any
time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times there-
after during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use,
exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,
the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for 'IMPROVEMENTS IN
APPARATUS FOR HEATING WATER, AIR, AND OTHER FLUIDS, GENERATING AND SUPER-
HEATING STEAM, PREVENTING INCRUSTATIONS IN STEAM BOILERS, AND CONSUMING
SMOKE," upon the condition (amongst others) that we, the said Thomas Sykes,
Benjamin Clifford Sykes, and James William Crossley, our executors or
administrators, by an instrument in writing under our, or their hands and
seals, or under the hand and seal of one of us or them, should particularly
describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner
the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great
Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the
date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said Thomas Sykes, Benjamin Clifford Sykes,
and James William Crossley, do hereby declare the nature of our said Inven-
tion, and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly
described and ascertained in and by the following statement (that is to say):-
The Invention relates chiefly to boilers and their furnaces or fire-boxes for
generating and superheating steam, applicable as a motive power either for
stationery, marine, or locomotive engines; and applicable also for heating
purposes; and our improvements consist,-
Firstly, in casting metal over and upon wrought iron or other tubing bent
into a spiral or other form, so as to obtain hollow cylinders and plates, either
plane or curved, or of any other form, whereby to produce double heating
surfaces, having portions of tubing projecting out of the cast metal, for pur-

page_text: poses of connection; also in constructing simmat vessels by forming a spira
groove between two concentric pipes or cylinders either of wrought or cast
iron, or a combination of the two, one part being cast and the other wrought,
the parts being connected together by any suitable means; also in connecting
together by any suitable means double plates of any size or form, so as to
leave serpentine or zig-zag passages therein; such cylinders and plates are
applicable for the purposes of heating water, and generating and superheating
steam. The tubes, grooves or zig-zag passages forming water or steam
spaces, the inner and outer surfaces of the cylinders and the sides of the plates
forming double-heating surfaces upon which the fire is brought to play. The
cylinders and plates may be built or formed into furnaces, or furnace flucs, by
masonry or otherwise, so as to constitute steam generators, and superheators,
and water and air heaters, the fire being made to pass through, over, and
upon each successively, and the tubes, grooves, or zig-zag passages so con-
nected that the water or steam may pass through them successively, but in a
contrary direction to the course of the fire, and so carried into another vessel
by a pipe, which we bend into a spiral or other suitable form, and which may
be extended in any direction within the upper part of this vessel, and sur-
rounded by another pipe, which conveys the steam to the steam engine or
other destination, thus the steam becomes superheated. This vessel, into
which the hot water and steam is carried from the steam generator, is dome-
shaped or of any other suitable form at the top, and serves for the steam
chamber, whilst the lower part may be in the form of an inverted cone, dome,
pyramid, or other proper form, and serves for the water and dirt chamber,
and is provided with a tap or valve at the bottom to run out the water and
dirt, thereby to prevent incrustation. A pipe is made to circulate in the lower
part of this water and dirt chamber, through which the feed water is caused to
pass before entering the boiler or steam generator, and thus becomes heated
by the hot water and dirt before their expulsion through the tap or valve at
the bottom.
Secondly, in the use of such hollow cylinders herein-before described as
auxiliaries to cornish, or fire-box, or tubular boilers, by placing them in the
flues, so as to expose both surfaces to the flames, and by connecting them at
one end with the water in the boiler, and with the steam chamber at the other
end a rapid circulation will take place through the cylinders into the steam
chamber. We also use straight pipes and pipes wound or formed into spirals,
or other suitable form, and plain hollow cylinders made by uniting two con-
centric pipes or cylinders at their ends, so as to leave a water space between

page_text: them, and which we place and connect in the flues in the same manner as the
herein-before described cylinders, and we use these plain cylinders in all cases
the same as the cylinders having the spiral tubes and grooves (except for
superheating steam). We also connect a dirt chamber, as before described,
with the circulating pipe within it for heating the feed water, and preventing
incrustation in the boiler or steam generator. Plates as above constructed
with water spaces, and suitably formed, may be employed as water heaters for
domestic purposes by placing them at the back and sides of house fires, having
a proper arrangement for the supply and discharge of water. Also such plates
may be arranged to constitute a hot water apparatus for warming buildings,
and for other similar purposes.
Thirdly, in making horizontal cylindrical boilers having the steam chamber
on the top side, and the dirt chamber with the circulating pipe within, and for
the same purpose as above described, and in separating a water chamber, say
about two feet wide, from the boiler by a partition parallel with the end
thereof, but open at the top, so as to communicate with the steam chamber.
The other portion of the boiler we term the body of the boiler, within which
we place fire tubes or flues attached to the partition and the other end of the
boiler, and connected together at each alternate end, so as to form one con-
tinuous fire flue through them. The highest or one of the highest tubes is
brought through the water chamber and receives the heated current from the
furnace, or the furnace may be constructed in this fluc, or we may make two
furnaces in two of the higher flues in the same manner, but in this case both
furnace tubes must be brought through the water chamber, and connected to
the next one, so as to make the united hot current from the furnaces pass
through each of the rest of the tubes, always making the hotter currents pass
through the higher tubes first, and through the lower last. Within these fire
flues we place small pipes or tubes, either straight or bent into a spiral or
other convenient form; or we place concentric cylinders or plates, as herein-
before described, within the fire-flues, and so connect them with the feed
water chamber, (or we may connect them with the body of the boiler through
the fire flues) and the steam chamber as to produce a rapid circulation of the
water, and an immense heating surface. The body of the boiler is supplied
with water from the water chamber (or from pipes, cylinders, or plates placed
within the fire flues) in such manner as that it cannot return, but when drawn
away must pass through the dirt chamber underneath.
Fourthly, the improvements consist in constructing boilers or steam gene-
rators of concentric tubes forming water spaces betwixt them; the said tubes

page_text: being so arranged that the heat from the furnace or fire-box may act on both
sides of such water spaces, and being also so arranged and connected as to
produce an extended circulation of the water and of the flame or heated gases,
by which we secure an extended heating surface, and consequently a quick
generation of steam. And by the application of the steam chamber and
superheater, with the deposit receptacle in combination with such steam gene-
rator, we constitute or obtain boilers or steam generators particularly weil
ádapted for locomotive engines, and may be applied to any other kind of
steam engine, or for heating purposes generally.
Fifthly, our improvements consist in constructing and arranging furnaces ar
fire-boxes in such manner as to obtain heated air, and introduce it in their
successive streams to the flame and unburnt gases from the fuel, which we
effect by making such furnaces in two compartments, or in having them
divided by a mid-féather or partition, but with a communication betwixt them
in such manner that one part may be employed for the supply of fuel to be
coked, and to produce or generate and evolve the flame and gases, and the
other part as a combustion chamber. The grate bars extend across both com-
partments of the furnace, and are made hollow and open to the atmosphere at
their ends to the fuel side of the furnace, and closed at their other ends, but
with slits or perforations on their sides, or under surfaces to the extent of the
combustion chamber. The air of the atmosphere will thus be drawn through
the hollow bars under the burning fuel, and out through the slits and betwixt
the bars to the combustion chamber, and combine with the gases evolved from
the fuel before they become reduced in temperature by cooling surfaces, and
will thus ignite them and consume or prevent the escape of smoke.
In order that the Invention may be clearly understood, we have given
reference to four Sheets of Drawings illustrative thereof.
Figure 1 (Sheet 1), is a longitudinal section of a cast-iron cylinder with a
spiral pipe therein; and Figure 2 is a cross section of such cylinder. The
pipe being first made to the form and size suitable is placed in the mould and
the metal run in, thus surrounding and imbedding it in the cast metal,
the pipe passing out at each end for the purpose of connection thereto. In
the process of casting such cylinders we prefer to pass hot water, air, or steam
through the pipe during the time of pouring in of the hot metal; Figure 3 is
a longitudinal section of a cylinder with spiral grooves therein instead of pipes,
which may be constructed by first casting the inner cylinder with a spiral rib
outside (as seen in the Drawing, partly in section and partly in elevation);
then the outside cylinder or casing may be made of wrought iron and expanded

page_text: by heat, and placed thereon, or it may be applied thereto in any other suitable
or convenient manner. Or by filling up the spaces betwixt the spiral rib with
sand, and placing it in the mould of the outside cylinder; the said outer
cylinder may be cast thereon. Or such concentric cylinders may be con-
structed with ribs running longitudinally therewith, and arranged in such
manner as to form a continuous passage. Or such concentric cylinders may
be constructed of wrought iron enclosing a spiral rib of wrought iron rivetted
or otherwise to both inner and outer cylinders, or by bending a spiral around
the inner one and placing the outer one upon it hot; Figure 4 shews a series
of six such cylinders arranged and set in brickwork with flues surrounding
them, being numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6; also a steam chamber and dirt recep-
tacle number 7, with an outlet pipe and tap at the bottom. The flues are
so arranged and connected that the fire or products of combustion may first
pass through the cylinder number 1, and return outside thereof; thence to the
outside of number 2 cylinder, and return through the same; thence to
number 3 in like manner, and so on with the series, whence they pass to the
chimney, or may pass both inside and outside at the same time. The feed
water passes through the pipe A, which is coiled in the lower part of the
steam chamber, thence out and to the cylinder number 6, passing through which
and thence to number 5, through which to number 4, and so on to number 1,
from which by the pipe B to the steam chamber in steam and water, the steam
passing out through the pipes C, (which is concentric with the former), to the
engine or other destination, the water and dirt falling to the lower part of the
vessel. It will be seen that the feed water in passing through the pipe A in
the lower part of the dirt chamber becomes heated by the condensed water
and dirt therein, and is gradually increased in temperature as it passes through
the spiral channeled cylinders, beginning with number 6, which receives the
least amount of heat from the furnace, retracing the course of the flues to
number 1, which receives the greatest amount of heat, thence in steam or
steam and water to the steam chamber, from whence along the outlet pipe C,
where it becomes superheated by the steam and water passing along the pipe
B. As water accumulates in the steam chamber it may be returned to the
cylinders or steam generators by opening the tap D, or if dirty may be run
out by opening the tap E.
The second part of our Invention we have not considered necessary to
illustrate the whole by Drawings, inasmuch as it consists in the use of
described
or application to cornish or flued boilers of the herein-before
cylinders, and which may be applied in a variety of ways. Figures 5 and 6

page_text: shew how plates may be cast with pipes therein for the passage of water.
A series of such plates may be so placed or arranged and set in brick, that
fire will play on all sides and through the perforations thereof, and water
circulate through them, and be taken off in steam or hot water to any vessel
or purpose required. Such plates may be constructed to form the back and
sides of domestic fire-places, and thus become boilers or water heaters for
useful purposes, by adopting a proper arrangement for the supply of water and
escape of steam generated thereby.
Figure 7 is a section of two wrought-iron plates, jointed together by pipes
of either cylindrical or square form, and the edges enclosed, so as to constitute
a water space around the said pipes. A series of these plates may be set in
brickwork, and the fire caused to play on all sides thereof.
The third part of this Invention is shewn on Sheet 2, where Figure 1 is a
longitudinal and vertical section of a boiler; Figure 2 is a cross section of the
same, taken through the line A, B; Figure 3 is a cross section taken through
the line C, D; and Figure 4 is a cross section through the line E, F. On the
upper part of the outter case is a steam chamber or dome G, and at the lower
a dirt chamber or receptacle H, with an outlet pipe and tap I, which dirt
chamber may be placed at the other end of the boiler. A partition J separates
a portion of the length to form a water space at the dome end. A series of
cylindrical metal flues are arranged and secured to this partition at one end
and to the other end of the boiler, and numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. These flues
are connected at the dome end behind the partition by branch metal flues,
number 2 to 3, number 4 to 5, and number 6 to 7. They are also connected
at the other ends by brickwork flues, or they may be of metal with water
spaces, connecting number 1 to 2, number 3 to 4, and number 5 to 6. A
series of metal pipes (or spiral or zig-zag cylinders may) pass through all the
flues except number 1, connected at the back end of the boiler with elbow
pipes, and open at the front end to the water space. Those pipes passing
through flues, numbers 3 and 4, are united by a metal partition separating a
small chamber or water space K from the main water space, and in like
manner those in number 5 and 6 are connected together from a chamber L.
A pipe M communicates with the chamber K and the steam chamber. The
fire may be in the flue number 1, or may be introduced thereto from a furnace
placed adjoining, and will pass along and thence to flue number 2, thence to
number 3, and so on to number 7, and out to the chimney. The feed water
enters and passes through the spiral pipe N in the dirt chamber, thence to a
small chamber or water space at the end of number 7 flue, thence through the

page_text: pipes in the said flue, and thence through those of number 6 to the chamber L,
thence through the pipes in number 5 and number 4 to chamber K, where the
steam that may be formed may pass up the pipe M to the steam chamber;
the water then passing along the pipes of flue number 3, and returning
through those of number 2, give off steam, which will pass to the steam
chamber. The water filling up the water space will run over the partition to
the body of the boiler, around the flues, and the sediment or dirt precipitate
itself to the bottom of the dirt chamber, from whence the dirty water may be
drawn off by the pipe or tap I. It will thus be seen that the feed water
becomes heated by the water in the dirt chamber in its passage through the
spiral pipe N, and will then pass through the series of pipes in the flues
gradually increasing in temperature, giving off steam in its passage through
them, and finally flowing over the partition into the body of the boiler, thence
into the dirt chamber, from which it may be drawn off through the pipe and
top I, as herein-before described.
The fourth part of our Invention is illustrated by Sheet 3 of Drawings, in
which Figure 1 is a cross section of a boiler or steam generator suitable for
locomotive purposes, taken through the line A, B, in Figure 2, which is a
longitudinal section of the same, taken through the zig-zag line C, D, in
Figure 3, which is a sectional plan, taken through the line E, F, in Figure 4,
which also is a cross section, through the line G, H, in Figure 2. Figure 5
is a cross section of the concentric tubes, drawn full size; and Figure 6 is a
longitudinal section of the same. I is the fire-box, partly surrounded by a
water space J. A series of fire tubes K extend longitudinally along the
boiler, which are open to the fire-box at one end, and to a chamber L at the
other. Another series of tubes M are placed concentrically around the
pipe K, leaving a space betwixt for water, and which are connected at each
end with water spaces N and O, P and Q. Another series of tubes R are
placed under the former series, separated by a partition *, opening at one end
to a chamber S, and at the other to the chimney T. Pipes or tubes U are
also placed concentrically around the tubes R, opening to the chambers V
and W. The space X around these tubes constitute the dirt chamber. The
products of combustion from the fire-box I pass through the tubes K into the
chamber L, thence through the opening a into and through the space
surrounding the tubes M, from which through the opening b to the chamber S,
thence through the tubes R to the chimney T. The feed water enters through
the pipe Z to the chamber W, thence along the tubes U to the chamber V, and
through a pipe c to the water space J, thence to the chamber N, and through

page_text: the tubes M' to the chamber O, from which through the passage d to the
chamber P, and thence through the tubes M to the chamber Q, from which
through a pipe e to the dirt chamber or space X surrounding the tubes U,
and is drawn off at the pipe and tap f. g is a partition for dividing the water
in the steam chamber, to cause a circulation above the tubes; h is a pipe,
placed under the water, as shewn, and serves to convey the steam from the
steam chamber to the cylinders or other destination, the steam becoming
superheated by the water surrounding the pipe, which pipe may be continued
in any direction, and pass out of the boiler at any convenient place. It will
be observed that by this arrangement of apparatus we obtain an extended
circulation of the products of combustion, and of the water; also, securing a
great amount of heating surface, the steam passing off to the steam chamber,
and the waste water to the dirt chambers, which may be drawn off by the
tap Z..
Sheet 4 of the accompanying Drawings illustrates the fifth part of this
Invention. Figure 1 is a sectional plan of a furnace, and Figure 2 is a cross
section of the same, taken through the line A, B, in Figure 1. C is the
fire bed, and D the flame chamber. Figure 3 is a section of a hollow grate
bar, drawn full size; Figure 4 is part of a side elevation of the same, shewing
a portion cut away to make a slit or opening at the under edge thereof, which
opening extends the width of the flame bed; and Figure 5 is a section with
perforations in the sides. E is a perforated fire-clay plate, which may be
placed over and at a small distance from the grate bars in the flame chamber,
to protect them from the action of the intense heat passing over them, and
more perfectly to divide the air into small jets or streams. The said grate
bars open to the atmosphere at their ends to the fire bed side of the furnace,
with a flap or door hinged thereto, which can be adjusted to admit more or
less air to pass into the hollow grates. The other ends are closed, so that the
air passes out through the slits or perforations, as the case may be, to the
flame bed, heated by passing through the grates under the fire. The fuel is
supplied at the fire door H to coke, and is pushed forward on the fire bed C,
the products of combustion passing off and through the opening I to the flame
chamber D, combining with the air from the gratings, which cause ignition of
the carbonations matters, and pass out through the opening J to any boiler or
vessel requiring heat. K is a door or opening for the purpose of cleansing
out the clinkers from the back of the fire bed. If desirable, another fire bed
may be placed on the other side of the flame chamber communicating there-
with, thus forming a double furnace, the products of combustion being taken

page_text: out of the flame chamber in a vertical direction. The sides of this furnace
are shewn as of brickwork, but they may be of cellular plates, as previously
described, supplied with water made to circulate through the boiler, or steam
generators, or other vessel.
In witness whereof, I, the said James William Crossley, on behalf of
myself and the said Thomas Sykes and Benjamin Clifford Sykes, have
hereunto set my hand and seal, this Eighteenth day of September, in
the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty.
JAMES WILLIAM CROSSLEY. (L.S.)
Signed, sealed, and delivered by the within-
named James William Crossley, in the
presence of
WM. TASKER,
Patent Agent, Halifax.