IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF TUBULAR AND HOLLOW ARTICLES."
Year: 1864

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to George Coles, of Gresham Street West, in the
City of London, Merchant, James Archibald Jaques, of Tottenham, in
the County of Middlesex, Chemist, and John Americus Fanshawe, of the
same Place, Engineer, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
MANUFACTURE OF TUBULAR AND HOLLOW ARTICLES."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said George Coles, James
Archibald Jaques, and John Americus Fanshawe at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents, with their Petition, on the 17th August
1864.
We, GEORGE COLES, of Gresham Street West, in the City of London,
Merchant, JAMES ARCHIBALD JAQUES, of Tottenham, in the County of Middle-
sex, Chemist, and JonN AMERICUS FANSHAWE, of the same Place, Engineer,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
MANUFACTURE OF TUBULAR AND HOLLOW ARTICLES," to be as follows:-
Our Invention of "Improvements in the Manufacture of Tubular and Hollow
Articles" relates principally to those kinds of articles which are required to be
flexible, such, for instance, as tubes or pipes for various purposes, garden or
fire engine hose, cups or vessels for containing liquids. The Invention is also
applicable to the manufacture of rigid or nearly rigid articles of the same class,
and also for making sword scabbards, gun cases, and other hollow articles.
Paine S1

page_text: In carrying out our Invention, we first make a core on which to form the
article, and which (if a flexible tube of considerable length is required) must
be made flexible. For vessels of capacity, however, from which the core may
easily be withdrawn, it is not essential that the core should be elastic or
flexible.
Supposing it be desired to produce a length of tube or hose, a flexible core
is first prepared by covering a rope of suitable size with sheet rubber, gutta
percha, or other analogous or suitable gum, so as to produce a smooth surface,
which must be well lubricated by being covered with French chalk or other
substance, which will facilitate the withdrawal of the core after the tube is
nade. This core is then to be surrounded throughout its length with a thin
strip or strips of sheet rubber or other suitable gum. The covered core is
then placed in a gimping or plaiting machine, and a covering of cotton, con-
sisting either of a number of single threads laid in a helical direction round
the core, but parallel and contiguous to each other, or a tape or narrow fabric,
either woven or knitted, and of suitable width, according to the diameter of
the tube to be made, is laid helically round the core; or, if preferred, the core
may be placed in a circular kuitting machine, and a cotton covering knitted
round it in the form of a tubular covering. This cotton covering, in whatever
way it may be produced, is coated with a solution of caoutchouc or other
suitable gum, and the core is again surrounded with a second covering,
consisting of a series of cotton threads or tapes, which however must be laid
in the opposite direction to the former threads or tapes; or a second knitted
covering may be employed. A band of sheet rubber or other suitable gum is
then laid on, and properly secured at the edges. Two other coverings of
cotton threads or tapes are then laid on or plaited on in opposite directions,
as before, or a covering of knitted cotton fabric is applied, and this is followed
by a coating of solution of caoutchouc or gutta percha, and an outer covering
of sheet rubber or other suitable gum; and, if desired, a third and a fourth
ply of threads or tapes with the outer coating of rubber or other suitable;
gum
may be added to give additional strength. When the required number of
plies have been completed, the flexible or other core may be withdrawn, and
the tubular or hollow article may then be subjected to the well-known
vulcanizing process, which will finish the article.
As a modification of the above the core may be enveloped in a piece of
knitted fabric, the selvages of which may be secured by sewing or looping
with a chain-stitch sewing machine.
Some articles may be formed on an iron core, and when this is the case
they may be vulcanized with the core in them, so as to prevent them from

page_text: getting out of shape. Rigid or nearly rigid articles are produced in the same
way by the superposition of alternate layers or coverings of sheet rubber or
other suitable gum and cotton threads or woven or knitted fabric, secured by a
solution of caoutchouc or gutta percha, and then submitting the article to the
vulcanizing process for the proper length of time, according to the nature and
intended use of the article to be produced.
It should be observed that under the words caoutchouc, gutta percha, and
other analogous or suitable gums are included all the compounds of rubber or
gutta percha which may be found suitable for the purposes of our Invention.
) SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters l'atent, filed
by the said George Coles, James Archibald Jaques, and John Americus
Fanshawe in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 17th February
1865.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, GEORGE
COLES, of Gresham Street West, in the City of London, Merchant, JAMES
ARCHIBALD JAQUES, of Tottenham, in the County of Middlesex, Chemist, and
JOHN AMERICUS FANSHAWE, of the same place, Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Seventeenth day of August, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-four, in the twenty-eighth year
of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto
us, the said George Coles, James Archibald Jaques, and John Americus
Fanshawe, Her special license that we, the said George Coles, James
Archibald Jaques, and Jolin Americus Fanshawe, our executors, adminis-
trators, and assigns, or such others as we, the said George Coles, James
Archibald Jaques, and John Americus Fanshawe, our executors, adminis-
trators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time
to time and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should
and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF TUBULAR AND HOLLOW
ARTICLES," upon the condition (amongst others) that we, the said George Coles,
James Archibald Jaques, and John Americus Fanshawe, by an instrument in
writing under our hands and scals, or under the hand and seal of one of
us, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Inven-
tion, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same

page_text: to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next
and immediately after the date of the said letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said George Coles and James Archibald
Jaques, on behalf of ourselves and of the said John Americus Fanshawe, do
hereby declare the nature of our said Invention, and in what manner the samo
is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement, reference being had to the Drawing hereunto annexed,
and to the letters and figures marked thereon (that is to say:-
Our Invention of "Improvements in the Manufacture of Tubular and Hollow
Articles" relates principally to those kinds of articles which are required to be
flexible, such, for instance, as tubes or pipes for various purposes, garden or
fire-engine hose, cups or vessels for containing liquids. The Invention is also
applicable to the manufacture of rigid or nearly rigid articles of the same class,
and also for making sword scabbards, gun cases, and other hollow articles.
In carrying out our Invention, we first make a core on which to form the
article, and which (if a flexible tube of considerable length is required) must
be made flexible. For vessels of capacity, however, from which the core may
easily be withdrawn, it is not essential that the core should be clastic or
flexible, and such core may therefore be made of iron or other metal.
Supposing it be desired to produce a length of tube or hose according to our
Invention, a flexible core is first prepared by covering a rope of suitable size
with sheet rubber, gutta percha, or other analogous or suitable gum, so as to
produce a smooth surface, which must be well lubricated by being covered
with French chalk or other substance, which will facilitate the withdrawal of
the core after the tube lins been made thereon.
In the accompanying Drawing, Fig. 1 represents a tube being made on one
of these flexible cores, which is seen at a, al being the india-rubber covering
of the same. The core having been formed in this manner is then to be
surrounded throughout its length with a thin strip or strips of sheet rubber or
other suitable gum, as seen at ; and this rubber may either be laid helically
round the core, in the form of narrow sheets or tapes, or it may be formed of
one piece with a seam running longitudinally along and parallel with the
core. The covered cord a is then placed in a gimping or plaiting machine,
and a covering of cotton or other fibre, consisting either of a number of single
threads laid in a helical direction round the core, but parallel and contiguous
to cach other, as at c, or a tape or narrow fabric, either woven or knitted,
and of suitable width, according to the diameter of the tube to be made, is laid
helically round the core. For some purposes, however, it will be preferable
to place the core in a circular knitting machine, and then knit a cotton or

page_text: other covering round it in the form of a tubular covering. This cotton or
other covering, in whatever way it may be produced, is coated with a solution
of caoutchouc or other suitable gum, and the core is again surrounded with a
second covering consisting of a series of cotton or other threads or tapes, which
however must be laid in the opposite direction to the former threads or tapes,
as seen at d; or a second knitted covering may be employed. We some-
times propose to make the tubular covering of textile fabric in a machine
without the core, and afterwards place it on the core a by turning it outside
in on to the core, taking care first to cover the knitted tube with a solution of
india-rubber. This latter mode of putting on the covering of textile fabric or
fibre is shewn in Fig. 2, in which is the flexible core; b, the sheet of rubber
which forms the inside of the tube or hose; e is the knitted or other seamless
tube, which, after being solutioned on the outside is drawn on over the core, as
shewn in the Drawing. A band of sheet rubber e or other suitable gum is
then laid on, and properly secured at the edges. Two other coverings of
cotton or other threads or tapes are then laid on or plaited on in opposite
directions, as before, or a covering of knitted cotton, braided or plaited fabric
is applied, and this is followed by a coating of solution of caoutchouc or gutta
percha, and an outer covering of sheet rubber or other suitable gum. If
desired, a third and a fourth ply of threads or tapes, with the outer coating of
rubber or other suitable gum, may be added to give additional strength.
When the required number of plies have been completed, the flexible or other
core may be withdrawn, and the tubular or hollow article may then be
subjected to the well-known vulcanizing process, which will finish the article.
As a modification of the above, the core may be enveloped in a piece of
knitted fabric, the selvages of which may be secured by sewing or looping
with a chain-stitch sewing machine.
The flexible core may be formed either of a common hempen rope covered,
as already explained, with a sheet of india-rubber, or it may be formed of a
suitable breadth of woven fabric rolled up in the manner shewn in the
sectional view, Fig. 3, and covered with sheet rubber, so as to present a
smooth surface.
We would here observe that by constructing flexible tubes or hose in the
manner above set forth a considerable amount of flexibility is obtained without
the risk of breaking the non-elastic strands, as is sometimes the case when the
non-elastic strands run longitudinally from end to end of the tube, as when
woven fabrics are employed.
Some articles may be formed on an iron core, and when this is the case
they may be vulcanized with the core in them, so as to prevent them from

page_text: getting out of shape. Rigid or nearly rigid articles are produced in the same
way by the superposition of alternate layers or coverings of sheet rubber or
other suitable gum and cotton or other threads or woven or knitted fabric,
secured by a solution of caoutchouc or gutta percha, and then submitting the
article to the vulcanizing process for the proper length of time, according to
the nature and intended use of the article to be produced.
It should be observed that under the words "caoutchouc, gutta percha, and
other analogous or suitable gums" are included all the compounds of rubber
or gutta percha which may be found suitable for the purposes of our Inven-
tion, as well as other gums, such as valata, possessing the requisite properties
of flexibility and elasticity.
Having now explained our Invention of "Improvements in the Manufacture
of Tubular and Hollow Articles," and having described the manner of carrying
the same into effect, we claim as our Invention the mode or modes herein set
forth of manufacturing tubular or hollow articles by alternate layers of textile
materials and sheet rubber or other suitable gum.
In witness whereof, we, the said George Coles and James Archibald
Jaques, have hereunto set our hands and seals, the Sixteenth day of
February, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and
sixty-five.
GEO. COLES.
(L.B.)
JAS. A. JAQUES. (L.S.)