IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER
Year: 1839

page_text: ZANDER'S SPECIFICATION...
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, HENRIK
ZANDER, of North Street, Sloane Street, in the County of Middlesex, Gentle-
man, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at West-
minster, the Second day of July, in the second year of Her reign, did, for
Herself, Her heirs and, successors, give and grant unto me, the said Henrik
Zander, Her especial license, full power, sole privilege and authority, that I,
the said Henrik Zander, my exors, admors, and assigns, or such others as I,
the said Henrik Zander, my exors, admors, or assigns, should at any time
agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times during the
term of years therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise,
and vend, within England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, my
Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER;" in which said
Letters Patent is contained a proviso that I, the said Henrik Zander, shall
cause a particular description of the nature of my said Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, to be inrolled in Her said Majesty's High
Court of Chancery within six calendar months next and immediately after the
date of the said in part recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference
being thereunto had, will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Henrik Zander, do hereby declare the nature of my said Invention, and the
manner in which the same is to be performed, are fully described and ascer-
tained in and by the following statement thereof..
The nature of. my Invention is horse manure mixed with straw, which is

page_text: usually taken from the stables. The straw must be parted from the dung and
cut very small, after which it is put in water, to be freed from the adherent
smell of dung. This water is changed two or three times, after which it is
laid on brass gratings that the water may run off. The dung which has been
parted from the straw is put into reservoirs of water and well stirred, so that
As soon as the mass is
it appears to be completely mixed with the water.
settled at the bottom, one of the cocks must be opened at the side of the
reservoir or tank for the purpose of allowing that water to escape which is
above the dung. These before-mentioned cocks must be placed at different
heights on the side of the tank, to be used according to judgement. After the
cock has been turned fresh water is to be let in and again stirred up, which
again is let off after the mass has settled. This operation of washing is
continued until the water runs off clean and clear. Since the dung cannot be
freed from the adherent smell by cold water only, therefore the dung is required
to be boiled in clean water a few hours after the last washing has taken place,
and for the sake of economy steam can be introduced in the reservoir after the
dung has been mixed with the water. This mass will soon reach a tempera-
ture of 196° of Fahrenheit, and must be kept so for about four or six hours,
after which the mass is spread on a brass wire grating to allow the water to
run off. These two different clean-washed masses of straw and dung, must,
before it can be made into paper pulp, be dissolved and the fibres parted from the
adherent glutinous matter, which is done by the usual method with alkaline or
acids; but I have found by experience that the easiest and cheapest is caustic
soda solution, which is made in the following manner:-One part of soda is
dissolved in ten parts of clean water, and is heated in an iron vessel to a boiling
state, during which time two and a half parts of quick lime is mixed in small
portions and well stirred. After one hour's boiling the mixture is passed through
a linen cloth in a stone. or iron vessel, and is left to get clear. Line is very
often mentioned in several Specifications for paper as an ingredient to dissolve
vegetable matter for paper; but, according to my experience, it causes the pulp
to be tender, and ought not to be used excepting as an ingredient to causticato
soda. This before-mentioned caustic soda solution is now ready to dissolve
the masses of straw and dung; but since the dung has already undergone a
partial solution in passing thro' the animal, it is best to keep it in separate
vessels from the cut straw, but each mixed with water, to which so much lie
is added that the specific gravity of the water is from 1.13 to 1.10. This
vessel is now heated nearly to the boiling state, and is kept at such heat from
six to twelve hours, after which it is left to cool, passes thro' a sieve, and mus
be freed from the soda lie by washing in clean water. This operation us

page_text: be continued, and the re-boiling done, until the fibres are parted from the
glutinous matter, which is proved by taking out a sample and squeezing it in
a press;
then it is ready to pass thro' a sieve, after which it can pass thro' the
usual paper rollers to be made into pulp for coarser or finer paper. For the
purpose of acting with the utmost economy, it is necessary first, to cause all
warming or boiling to be made with steam; secondly, when a lie has been used
for one mass, then it ought to be used for another until the alkali appears
saturated with the glutinous matter, but always take care that the last solution
is made with real lie. In this manner very little soda is used, particularly if
you work on a method to clean the lie after it has been in use and has ceased
to act upon the mass; but the gluten may be separated from the soda by
mixing it with quick lime, pipe clay, and bullock's blood, after which it is
boiled and skimmed, and can then be used for the first solution. By manu-
facturers it ought always to be managed in the following manner, excepting
what has already been described. The soda can be recovered by boiling the lie
which is very saturated in an iron vessel, and conduct the steam therefrom to
the reservoir or tank, for the purpose of dissolving the mass. When the lie is
in this manner concentrated nearly to a state of christallization, it must be
filled in another vessel and boiled until it is ready for use, the soda which is
then equally useful as at first. If it is required to manufacture white paper
from the pulp which has been well beaten between the rollers, then the pulp
ought to have another boiling in weak lie, after which the mass is to be well
rinced in clean water and mixed with chlorine water, to stand for twenty-four
hours; then pour in caustic soda dissolved in water until it has a specific
gravity of 1.18, and let it remain quiet for twelve hours. The mass is then
cleared from the chlorine by means of clean water. By mixing the soda with
the mass another bleaching is effected, because as the remaining chlorine,
which is too weak, but united with the soda it becomes chlorine soda, which
gives it a better capacity for bleaching. I consider it, from experience, not
useful, as others have hinted, to mix immediately the soda with the chlorine, but
allow the chlorine to bleach as much as it can first, and afterwards assist its
quality with the soda, which then becomes chlorine soda. This method is
repeated until the pulp has received the corresponding whiteness to that sort
of paper which I want to manufacture. After the last chlorine, the mass must
be well rinced. It is necessary in a manufactory to make your own chlorine,
since the bleaching method otherwise will be too expensive. For coarser
paper the unbleached pulp may or may not be mixed with linen rags or
other pulp; but in making white paper, an equal quantity of linen rag pulp
must be added to make the paper sufficiently strong.
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