Improvements in or relating to Justifying Apparatus for Type Setting Machines.
Year: 1899

page_text: Date of Application, 30th Aug., 1899
Complete Specification Left, 30th May, 1900-Accepted, 29th Sept., 1900
Improvements in or relating to Justifying Apparatus for Type
Setting Machines.
We, FRANK CHARLES FREDERICK KNAAK, a citizen of the United States of
America, now residing at 24, Hogarth Road, London, S. W., Engineer, and JOIN
SMALLEY CAMPBELL, of 11, Pall Mall, London, Dentist, do hereby declare the
nature of this invention to be as follows:
This invention relates to an improved justifying apparatus for use with type
setting machines and comprises devices for first calculating and registering on
an index the thickness of the various space type or bars required to be used in a
given line of printed matter to justify that line and then bringing the designated
space bars into proper position in the line as the line of type is formed.
In carrying out the invention I preferably employ type, whether character or
space, of five different thicknesses, although the apparatus may be adapted if
desired for a larger number of variations in thickness.
I provide a frame or plate, adapted to be secured by screws or in other con-
venient manner in a suitable position on the stand or framework of the type
setting machine. In this frame I form parallel slots one for each thickness of
space type, in this case five in number, and in each slot slides a rack with teeth
on its underside, each rack being operated by a lever, hereafter called the space
type lever, and geared in such a manner that one depression of the lever moves
its rack forward a distance corresponding to the thickness of one of the five sizes
of space type, a pawl or clutch holding it in position against the tension of a
spring. Alternating with the rack slots are five other slots hereinafter called the
epace slots. On the upper face of each rack and on, the surface between each rack
slot and its adjacent space slot is marked a scale representing the thickness of
the space type corresponding to the teeth on the rack sliding scales may also be
provided indicating to the operator the width occupied by the space type. "Carried
in the metal between the two slots are arranged spring-controlled pins which are
projected into and held in the space slots by the advancing rack overcoming the
tension of the spring.
Parallel with the above-mentioned slots and in the same plane is an index plate,
its length being equal to the greatest width of printed matter the apparatus
would be required to set up. A scale divided say in one-sixteenths of an inch
being provided above or on the top of the plate, and scales representing the thick-
nesses of the five sizes of type are also provided on the plate. Preferably this
index plate is removably secured on the frame so as to be readily changed accord-
ing to the kind of type which is to be set up.
Carried on an endless screw placed between the index plate and the space slots
is an index having two arms, extending across and at right angles to the space
slots and the index plate respectively.
The endless screw is operated by five ratchet wheels, the teeth of which corre-
spond in pitch with the thicknesses of the five sizes of space type respectively.
The ratchet wheels are engaged by spring pawls carried at one end of a lever,
.

page_text: hereafter called the justifying lever, which is moved through a greater or less
distance, so as to engage a ratchet wheel with teeth of greater or less pitch, accord-
to which type the index is required to indicate: The endless screw is also opera-
Tively connected with the mechanism of the type setting machine so that as each
type is brought into place in the line the index will be moved over the scale plate.
An arm, fixed on the underside of the index arm, passes down through each of
the space slots. These arms are arranged so that they will pass the pins even
when protruded into the space slots. Pivotted in the lower end of each arm is
a lever, the upper end of which is formed to engage a space slot pin when pro-
truded; its lower end is connected in any convenient manner with one arm of a
lever, one end of which carries a toothed sector. The sector engages a toothed
rack which operates a slide which operates the space type carrier. This carrier
is placed at the end of the channel in which the type are collected to form a line,
and is divided into five compartments one for each size of space type. The levers
pivotted on the index arms are connected at different positions on the arm of the
fever carrying the toothed sector, so that the slide is moved a varying distance
depending on the space slot in which the lever engages with the pin, bringing that
compartment of the space carrier corresponding to the said space slot opposite the
type channel, into which a pusher then discharges a space type from the carrier.
The operation of the apparatus may be best described by supposing it to form
part of a type setting machine operated by keys, a key representing each character
type and one key being provided for spaces.
With his copy before him, the inch and type scales on the index plate enable
the operator to calculate the number of words that will go in a line. the total
length required to be occupied by space type and the number of these type and
consequently the particular size of space type to be used. The index is placed
at the left of the index plate. The operator then manipulates the justifying lever
so as to advance the index bar for each character type, and at the end of a word
the lever operating the rack corresponding to the size of space bar required, con-
tinuing till the inch scale shows that the line is full. He then operates the keys
of the type setting machine, assembling the type in the line channel and through
the connection of the endless screw with the mechanism of the type setter, re-
furning the index scale towards the left. When a space is reached the lever on
the index arm engaging with the protruded pin operates the space carrier to
bring one of its compartments into fine with the type channel, and a space type
is inserted in the line. The rack is then released, either by the operator or
automatically, and the pin withdrawn from the space slot. When the line is com-
pleted the operator sets the justifier for the next line.
It is evident that many modifications may be made in details of construction
and arrangement to adapt the justifier to different forms of type setting machines
without departing from the spirit of this invention.
Dated this 30th day of August 1899.
Improvements in or relating to Justifying Apparatus for Type
Setting Machines.
We, FRANK CHARLES FREDERICK KNAяк, Engineer, a citizen of the United States 5
of America, now residing at 24, Hogarth Road, London, S.W., and JOHN SMALLEY
CAMPBELL, Dentist, of 11, Pall Mall, London, S.W., do hereby declare the nature.
=

page_text: of this invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particu-
larly described and ascertained in and by the following statement:-
This invention relates to an improved justifying apparatus for use with type
setting machines and comprises devices for first calculating and registering on
an index the thickness of the various space type or bars required to be used in a
given line of printed matter to justify that line and then bringing the designated
space bars in proper position in the line as the line of type is formed
In carrying out the invention we preferably employ type, whether character or
space, of five different thicknesses although the apparatus may be adapted; it
desired for a larger number of variations in thickness.
"
The accompanying drawings illustrate a convenient construction for carrying out
our invention as applied to a Volt-o-type" type-forming and setting machine
such as is described in a prior application for Letters Patent made by F. C F
Knaak on the 12th June 1899 No. 12217, in which the character types aro as-
sembled, one by one as formed, in an assembling groove
Figuro 1 is a plan,
Figure 2 is a vertical section on the line 2-2 of Figure 1, on an enlarged scale,
Figures 3 and 4 are details.
The apparatus is carried on a plaie A, provided with legs or distance pieces A"
and long screws or studs A by which it is secured on to the base plate. A of
tho type setting machine.
The plate A is provided with a longitudinal slot A", which acts as a guide for
the body of an index pointer hereinafter more particularly described. The
slot is of a length equal to the greatest width of printed matter the apparatus
would be required to set up, and an inch scale divided preferably into sixteenths,
is marked in the plate A above and below the slot.
A scale plate 3 is removably attached to the plate A below the slot A, said
scale plate being marked with five lines of scales 131 132 133 134 135 representing the
thicknesses respectively of each of the five sizes of type bodies employed. This
scale plate is made removable so as to be readily changed according to the kind
of type to be set up.
Above the slot A and parallel to the same are five slots A¹ A³ A³ A4 A³ whịch
we call space slots, one for each thickness of type body, and alternating with and
parallel with these space slots are five other slots A A7 A8 Aº A which servo as
guides for five reciprocating rack bars C, provided with teeth on their underside.
The rack bars are reciprocated in their guides by five levers CCCCC² each
operating a ratchet wheel C by means of a pawl, the ratchet wheel acting through
bevel gear C and cog wheel C on the rack teeth, the gear being so arranged that
rach rack is moved forward from left to right a distance corresponding respectively
to one of the five sizes of space bodies on the depression of its lever.
The racks are returned from right to left as by means of the index pointer as
hereinafter described.
On the upper surface of cach rack bar, and on the surface of the plate A between
the rack bar and space slots a scale is marked representing the thickness of the
space body to which that bar and slot corresponds.
Carried in recesses formed in the metal of the plate A between each space slot
and its corresponding rack slot are arranged a number of pins E. These may,
vary in number, preferably one is provided for each mark on the scale for the
slot corresponding to the type body of the greatest thickness, one for each two
marks for the next size, one for each three marks for the next and so on.
The pins E are held by springs E with one end normally extending into the
rack slots, but so that on the advance of the rack the other end is protruded into
and held in the space slot. The arrangement of these pins is best seen in Figure 2.
Occupying the whole length of the slot A" is a screw threaded rod M, held so
as to be capable of rotation but not of endwise movement, which carries the
threaded body D of the index pointer before referred to as carried in the slot..
Fixed on or formed with the body D above the plate A in any convenient manner

page_text: 3
are two index fingers D1 D2 extending across the scales on the plate B and the
space slots respectively. Fixed on the under side of the body ; and extending
beneath the plate A across the space slots and racks, is a broad bar or arm D³,
preferably provided with a vertical bar D, furnished with a projection D³ to
engage a guiding sl. t formed in the side of the plate A, as shown in Figure 2.
The bar is provided with five slots corresponding to the space slots in the
plate A, and pivotted on a pin D in each slot is a lever F, one end of which
passes up into the corresponding space slot and is provided with a hooked end
so as to engage the pins E when protruded into the slot. The other end of each
lever is provided with a roller F which engages with a lever G extending beneath
the whole length of each space slot. Each fever is pivotted on a lug G carried
on the under side of the plate A and is provided at one end with a forked head G¹
having a cam groove G³ in which engages a roller G7 on a link G6, guided so as to
be capable of horizontal movement.
The position of each lever F is normally oblique as shown in Figure 3, but on
meeting with a protruded pin E, as it is carried along its space slot, it is brought
to a vertical position, and depresses the arm of its corresponding-lever G, thus
reciprocating the link Go by the action of the cam grooves on the lever head.
In order that the amount of movement given to the link may be the same inde-
pendent, of the distance from the pivotal point of the lever G at which the
lever Facts, the portion of the lever G which is acted on by the roller of the
lever F is provided with a series of graduated cam surfaces G increasing in size
to correspond with the distance from the pivotal point or fulcrum.
The index arm 1 is provided with projections or lugs D, arranged to engage
one with the head of each rack bar C."
Each link G is pivotted at G8 to an arm H¹ of a toothed sector II. These sectors
are arranged one over each other and are carried on a common pin H as shown
in Figure 4. The teeth of each sector engage with a toothed rack formed on an
arm J of the space carrier J. The space carrier is placed over the assembling
groove L of the type setting machine.
It is evident that the arrangement of this assembling groove will vary according
to the type of setting machine to which our justifying apparatus is applied. In
the present case it is carried on a slide and arranged to be moved forward every
time. a character type is delivered into it, the type being delivered from a spout
placed directly over the groove.
The space carrier is divided into five compartments J1 J2 J3 J4 J³ one for each
size of space, and is normally held to the left of the assembling groove by a spring.
In this case the thickest spaces are placed in the left hand compartment, the sizes
following regularly towards the right. It will be evident from the above de-
scription that on the depression of anyone of the five levers G by its corresponding
lever the type carrier will be moved to the right through the action of a
sector H operated by a link G6 and cam G.
The cams G³ are varied in pitch so as to give a different amount of travel to
each sector, so that the depression of the lever G under the space slot A¹, corre-
sponding to the thinnest form of space type will give the smallest amount of
travel to the carrier, and place the compartment Jin line with the assembling
groove. The depression of the lever G under the space slot A5 corresponding to
the thickest form of space type will give the greatest travel to the carrier and
place, the compartment J in line with the assembling groove. The cams on the
other levers G being pitched so as to bring the corresponding compartment in line.
It is plain that the arrangement of the sizes of type in the carrier compartments
may be varied as desired, the cams on the levers being varied to correspond.
If desired the lever G and its corresponding sector and connections operating
the right hand compartment may be dispensed with, the carrier being arranged
to have, that compartment normally in line with the assembling groove.
A pusher is placed at the back of the carrier to eject the space type from the
carrier. The pusher is carried on one end of a lever K³ pivotted at K², the other

page_text: end of the lever being engaged by one end of a rod K³ the other end of which
is provided with a bevelled cam surface K. The rod is operated by depressing a
key K having a roller K to engage the cam surface K. The pusher is held
normally free of the carrier by a spring. The endless screw M is operated to give
movement to the index D) from 1-ft to right by means of a lever O provided with
five prongs, each carrying a pawl 010000 engaging respectively five ratchet
wheels N N N N N fixed on a prolongation of the screw beyond the slot A".
These ratchet wheels are provided with teeth of different pitch, corresponding to
the different thicknesses of type so that on slightly depressing the lever, the pawl
engages the teeth with the smallest pitch and revolves the screw so as to move the
index fingers D 13 across the scale plate and space slots a space equal to the
thickness of the thinnest of the five sizes of type; a further depression of the
lever operates the ratchet wheel with teeth corresponding to the next size of type
and so on.
The screw M is also provided with any convenient gear for rotating it so
to move the index D) from right to left operated by the keys of the type setting
machine; this is not shown in the drawings as it must vary according to the type
of setting machine with which the justifier is used.
The operation of the apparatus is as follows:-
The apparatus is set with the index fingers D' D2 at the extreme left of the scale
marked on the plate B.
With his copy before him the operator depresses the lever 0, so as to move the
index fingers towards the right a distance.corresponding to the number of character
type sufficient to make a line, less the space necessary for the requisite number
of space type. The inch scale and the type scales enable him to calculate what
size of space type must be employed to exactly complete his line and by means
of the appropriate lever CCCC or C he moves the corresponding rack bar to
the right protruding the pins into the corresponding space slot. The rack is
moved until its end engages with the corresponding lug D of the index arm.
He now commences setting his type, and the index fingers 1 12 & rack move
towards the left, the levers Fengaging the protruded pins and placing the required
compartment of the space carrier in line with the assembling groove. Usually
one of the pins will operate a lever F to position the space carrier synchronously
with the need for a space in the line of composition. Should however this not be
the case the operator can readily shift the rack and pointer body by their opera-
tive levers C, C etc. & so as to position the space carrier at the right moment.
The operator then depresses the key K and operates the pusher to expel a space
type from the carrier into the line of types.
The bar 3 of the index, as it moves towards the left, returns the rack by means
of the projections D³.
It is evident that many modifications may be made in details of construction and
arrangement to adapt the justifier to different forms of type setting machines
without departing from the spirit of the invention.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of our said in-
vention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, we declare that what
we claim is:-
1. In a type-setting machine the combination with an assembling groove or
channel for the type of a space carrier having a plurality of compartments to hold
the space bodies, means to reciprocate the carrier to bring a desired compartment
in line with the assembling groove and means such as a pusher to eject a space
body from the carrier substantially as described.
2. In a justifier for a type setting machine and in combination, a series of scales,
one for each thickness of type, a series of slots one corresponding to each scale,
series of pins capable of projection into said slots and means such as reciprocating
racks for projecting and holding the pins within the slots, an index and means
such as an endless screw to reciprocate the index over the scales and slots, vertical

page_text: levers carried by the index which engage with the pins protruded in the slots to
reciprocate by connecting levers and cams a series of toothed sectors and a space
carrier having a rack or racks the teeth of which engage the toothed sectors to
reciprocate the carrier substantially as described.
3. In a justifier for a type setting machine and in combination a plate having
a series of slots one for each thickness of type a series of racks capable of recipro-
cation in guide ways one parallel with each slot, a series of pins carried in recesses
in the plate and capable of projection into the slots by means of the racks, gear to
reciprocate the racks in one direction operated by key levers, a series of scales
one corresponding to each slot, and index carried on an endless screw, with
fingers extending across the scales and slots, means such as pawls and ratchet
wheels operated by a key lever to move the index in one direction over the scales
and slots, and means operated from the type setting machine to move the index
in the reverse direction an arm carried on the index below the plate extending
across the slots and carrying a series of levers extending one into each slot so as
to engage the pins therein and means operated by these levers to reciprocate a
space carrier substantially as described.
4. The justifying apparatus substantially as described or illustrated in the
accompanying drawing.
TO 1000
FRANK CHARLES FREDERICK KNAAK,
JOHN SMALLEY CAMPBELL.
Boult, Wade & Kilburn,
Agents for the Applicants.