IMPROVEMENTS IN BUILDINGS, BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS, AND BUILDING MATERIALS, AND IN THE USE AND APPLICATION OF CERTAIN DEVICES AND ORNAMENTS THERETO APPLICABLE TO OTHER STRUCTURES." PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION
Year: 1876

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Thaddeus Hyatt, of 66, Gloucester Gardens, Hyde Park,
London, in the County of Middlesex, Manufacturer of Patent Lights, for the
Invention of "
IMPROVEMENTS IN BUILDINGS, BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS, AND
BUILDING MATERIALS, AND IN THE USE AND APPLICATION OF CERTAIN DEVICES
AND ORNAMENTS THERETO APPLICABLE TO OTHER STRUCTURES."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Thaddeus Hyatt at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents on the 27th March 1876.
THADDEUS HYATT, of 66, Gloucester Gardens, Hyde Park, London, in the County
of Middlesex, Manufacturer of Patent Lights. IMPROVEMENTS IN BUILDINGS,
BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS, AND BUILDING MATERIALS, AND IN THE USE AND APPLI-
CATION OF CERTAIN DEVICES AND ORNAMENTS THERETO APPLICABLE TO OTHER
STRUCTURES."
My Invention relates to the use and application of ornamented inlaid and over-
laid gratings as an architectural member in building constructions, viz., to the
making of front and rear walls of buildings, to wall facings, to wall panels, to
partitions, to floors, roofs, including dormers, doors, door panels, windows &
window frames, columns, piers, posts, cornices, soffits, balconies, platforms, stoops,
steps, sills, treads, risers, guards, stairways, including landings, rails, newels, ban-
nisters, balustrades, pavements and walking surfaces, chimney tops, ridge crestings,
and to various other parts of buildings; wood, soft metal, stone, slate, fibre, glass
colored tiles, tesserae, and other materials being employed for ornamenting, making
safe waiking surfaces, illuminating & fire-proofing the same; the gratings being
made chiefly of metal, but sometimes of wood, and also of brick.
A part of the Invention consisting in making brick gratings of brick bars
cemented together; such gratings when formed to make roofs or walking surfaces
being shaped as parts of an arch. Seats for closures of glass or other material being
made by means of rebates made in the edges of the bars on one or both sides there-
of. A part of the Invention consisting in the use and application of ornamenting
inlays between the closures that block the apertures of the gratings.
My Invention relates furthermore to improvements in wall, roof, and walking
surface constructions, and the materials therefor, with reference to ornamentation,
fire-proofing, strengthening, making safe walking surfaces, and illumination, and
Price 10d.1

page_text: includes improvements in roofing tiles, floor tiles, and wall tiles. My Invention
relates also to chimnies and chimney tops, and to the roofs and floors of buildings,
with reference to their employment as skating rinks.
BUILDINGS AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS.
Grating Walls and Partitions.-According to one part of my Invention my im-
provement consists in substituting gratings with closed apertures for the heavy and
thick walls usually employed to close the fronts and rears of buildings. These
grating walls being formed with window and door openings, as in ordinary archi-
tecture. The apertures of such grating walls being blocked with glass the beauty
of the architecture need not be sacrificed to obtain light through windows of
ungainly size. These walls and partitions are made to hold a stratum of dead air
by blocking the apertures of the inner faces of the gratings, as well as the outer.
Fire-proof Floors, Pavements, and Roofs.-According to another part of my In-
vention my improvement consists in the use and application of gratings of metal
or brick in the construction of cement or concrete roofs and walking surfaces, the
gratings being placed between the metal joists or beams and resting directly upon
the lower flanges of the same, or as struts between fire-proofing skew backs of
brick moulded to fit the beams and protect their lower flanges, the concrete com-
pletely enclosing the gratings.
A part of the Invention consists in the use and application of gratings in the
form of an arch; and a farther part of the Invention consists in the use and appli-
cation of cast-iron arch gratings in these constructions. Where the construction
is one of girders and intermediate or cross-joists, a part of the Invention consists in
shaping the gratings to underlap the girders to support a fire-proofing layer there.
Where brick gratings made up of brick-bars are employed, the bars are made seg-
ments of arches.
Where the concrete floors are to be illuminating, I set moulds upon the center board
upon which the concrete is cast, which produces apertures or light holes in the
concrete when it is set; these openings also make the floors of less weight. Where
light is not the object, the apertures may be closed with tiles, colored or plain, in
place of glass.
With a view to economy, I sometimes use loose metal bars or struts at from four
to nine inches apart, instead of gratings, and extending from joist to joist. From
the bottom flanges of these bars I sometimes arch or spring the concrete from bar
to bar in a series of arches groined or otherwise, which thus makes a honey-comb
or hollow, but light and strong concrete floor. A part of my Invention consisting
in the use and application of vegetable or animal fibre in such constructions, and a
part of my Invention consisting in forming a flat ceiling underneath this, and other
forms of honey-combed concrete floors where the joists are overlaid by brick skew-
backs, by forming the bars or struts with a pendant reaching to, or nearly to, the level
of the under side of the joists, which pendants are formed to carry furring strips;
by another plan I form the skew backs at their lower edges to carry the furring
strips.
According to another part of my Invention my improvement consists in making
concrete floors upon metal arch gratings or bars, or upon perforated metal sheets
or plates overlaid by carthen or other moulded pots placed mouth downwards,
the concrete, beton, or cement being filled in between the pots, and so binding all
into one mass.
According to another part of my Invention my improvement consists in making
beton, cement, or concrete roofs, floors, & walking surfaces, preferably with veget-
able fibre, upon an arched basis, of perforated sheets or plates of metal, or upon
arched metal laths or strips rendered strong by one or more corrugations, the joists
or beams being preferably protected by skew-back bricks, and the floors being either
honey-combed or solid.
According to another part of my Invention my improvement consists in making

page_text: floors, roofs, and walking surfaces (illuminating or not) of hollow or pot bricks
shaped & fashioned as parts of an arch, and combining the same with perforated
metal sheets or plates, in arch form, through the openings of which a portion of the
lower parts of the bricks protrude.
According to another part of my Invention my improvement consists in the use
and application of circular shaped hollow bricks or pipes (these like drain pipes
and flower-pots being the cheapest forms of pottery) to form illuminating and other
roofs and walking surfaces, the same being combined with perforated sheets or
plates of metal by entering such pipes, rings, or tubes through the openings of the
metal, the larger portion of the pipe being above, and the smaller portion below
the metal, cement or beton is then worked in around the pipes on both surfaces of
the metal, which sets in a solid mass; and the construction is strong in proportion
to the length of the pipes. For illuminating purposes, the upper orifices of the
tubes are closed with glass; but where no light is wanted, they may be otherwise
closed.
According to another part of my Invention my improvement consists in the use
and application of oblong or square pipes to form constructions like the last above
described, the gain being in light space.
According to another part of iny Invention my improvement consists in the use
and application to the construction of roofs and walking surfaces of one hole illu-
minating bricks, made deep enough to form a solid, strong, and permanent water-
tight surface, when simply abutted and cemented together upon a grating or open-
work foundation.
According to another part of my Invention my improvement consists in making
brick and tile surfaces, illuminating or otherwise, by means of tiles or bricks,
colored or plain, which are set in the apertures of the grating, but are deep enough
to rise sufficiently above the tops of the bars to form channels, which are then inlaid
with slips to conceal the iron. A part of the Invention consisting in making the
foundation for the bricks or tiles in quarry form, with an external band to hold
the tiles securely.
A farther part of the Invention consists in combining any number of such quarries
upon a grating bed-plate or foundation, or upon one made up of bars, to form
surfaces of large size.
A farther part of the Invention consists in making colored or encaustic tiles for
such purposes of unusual depth, or of unusual depth at the edges.
A farther part of the Invention consists in the use and application of wood or soft
metal knobs or inlays to make safe walking surfaces.
According to another part of my Invention my improvement consists in the use
and application to the construction of roofs and walking surfaces (illuminating or
otherwise) of rims or rings and of rimmed or banded quarries or tiles inade with
rebates at the upper edges of the same to form water-proofing channels for cement at
the junction edges when a number of them are united to form self-supporting surfaces;
the union of rimmed tiles forming surfaces, and the union of rims or rings forming
open gratings to be closed with glass or other material, a part of the Invention
consisting in making such rims and rimmed tiles in ornamental shape to imitate
ornamental overlapping tiles, and a part of the Invention consisting in making the
closures thereof to imitate overlapping tiles though not overlapping, a part of the
Invention also consisting in shaping and combining such rims and rimmed tiles to
form curved surfaces, a further part of the Invention consisting in making the
supporting lattice work for roofing tiles in portable sections to be united into larger
ones in making roof constructions, a part of the Invention also consisting in the use
and application of rebated or guttered ribbons or strips of sheet or plate metal
placed edgewise in such constructions.
According to another part of my Invention my improvement consists in making
metal guttered grating roofs with apertures and tiles to match, made to resemble
the fancy shapes of ordinary zinc tiling, colored and plain and glass tiles being
employed as closures.

page_text: According to another part of my Invention my improvement consists in making
non-condensing metal overlapping roofing tiles underlined with felt or other material
faced or not with metal or otherwise, a part of the Invention consisting in the use
and application of eyelets or rings for fastening the layers together, a farther part of
the Invention consisting in making illuminating overlapping tiles, and a farther part
of the Invention consisting in making inlaid and ornamented overlapping and other
roofing tiles, a farther part of the Invention consisting in forming zinc overlapping
and other roofing tiles with ornamental raised or bulging centers, the edges or a
margin of the tile being flat.
According to another part of my Invention my improvement consists in making
the separate exterior members such as cornices, soffits, and other ornamental parts
of buildings, and the various internal parts such as stairways, including balustrades,
of gratings with closed apertures and inlaid, also guards with inlaid bars, also stoops
and steps, including sills, risers, and treads, a part of the Invention including brass
nosings for treads with design perforations inlaid with lead.
According to another part of my Invention my improvement consists in making
tesselated and mosaic pavements upon a grating in place of the ordinary concrete
foundation, a part of the improvement consisting in the use and application of
colored pavement tiles made with an under glazed surface to serve as a ceiling in
combination with the openwork foundation in which they are set, a part of the
Invention also consisting in combining ornamenting slips with the tiles between the
joints to conceal the iron of the grating.
Fire-proof Structures.-According to another part of my Invention my improve-
ment consists in making floors and other surfaces of cement, beton, or concrete,
preferably mixed with vegetable fibre, laid between joists or beams protected by
moulded skew-back bricks in combination with struts, tubular or otherwise shaped,
a part of the Invention consisting in the use and application of drain pipes or other
clay tubes for such purpose.
Ornamental Wall Facings.—According to another part of my Invention my
improvement consists in overlaying brick or other surfaces with veneers or plates of
marble or other stone or colored tiles, glass, or other ornamenting and protecting
material by means of inserted slips to form recesses which hold the inlays.
Chimnies and Chimney Tops.-According to one part of my Invention my
improvement consists in preventing the down draft of chimnies by enlarging the
mouth of the chimney at top by corbelling or otherwise.
According to another part of my Invention my improvement consists in dividing
the mouth at top into several distinct outlets by means of a cluster of pipes or
otherwise.
According to another part of my Invention my improvement consists in forming
the chimney above the roof into a series of concentric rings successively enlarging
upwards with air spaces between each pair of rings, or these rings may be made of
metal and used as a chimney top.
Skating Roofs and Floors. According to another part of my Invention my
improvement consists in modifying the roofs of buildings with respect to the position
of the chimmies so as to produce useful skating rinks when the roofs of a number of
houses are combined into one, a part of the Invention consisting in making skating
floors of metal.
Drains. According to another part of my Invention my improvement consists in
preventing houses from becoming infected with sewage poison by means of a
ventilated trench in which the drain pipe is laid and made to communicate with
the external air.
BUILDING MATERIALS.
Colored or Encaustic Tiles. Glass.-According to one part of my Invention my
improvement consists in making imitation mosaic pavements of encaustic or colored
tiles or of glass tiles or of both combined, the saine being formed with creases or
indenting lings which when filled with coment cives in the unfore the

page_text: as if made up of tesserac, a part of the Invention consisting in the use and appli-
cation of the sand blast for such purpose, a part of the Invention also consisting in
the making of letters, names, and numbers, according to this method having the
same appearance as though made of tesserae.
According to another part of my Invention my improvement consists in forming
colored and encaustic and other tiles for surface work with a rim, so that the back
of the tile is hollow like a saucer, which gives it holding power, a part of the
Invention consisting in other cases in making such tiles with a stem or shank on
the back to give holding power, a part of the Invention also consisting in making
colored & encaustic tiles with beveled edges, and a further part of the Invention
consisting in making colored slips with overlapping edges, and applying the same in
making tile facings to cover the joints of two adjacent tiles.
Glass. According to one part of my Invention my improvement consists in
making lens glasses in quarry form for lead glazing, also in making cluster-lens
glass in quarry form for lead glazing. Another part of my Invention consisting in
making cluster dome and cluster lobster-eye glasses in sheets, plates, and in quarries
for lead glazing, a part of the Invention consisting in perforating the sides of such
domes or lobster eyes for ventilating purposes.
According to another part of my Invention my improvement consists in making
tiles of glass in geometrical shapes suited for combination with the geometrical
colored and encaustic tiles used in the making of tesselated pavements, and in the
use and application of such glass tiles in such combinations for the purpose of
making illuminating work in the form of tesselated pavements or otherwise, a
further part of my Invention consisting in making roofing tiles of glass formed with
a cluster of lenses, domes, or lobster eyes, the same being formed in some cases with
edges to overlap like overlapping tiles, and in others to be cemented in seats.
According to another part of my Invention my improvement consists in casting
lead around the sides of glasses intended for foot lights at the time the glasses are
made and while they are still hot from the moulds, the lead and glass then uniting
in a weld, the lead also tending to anneal the glass.
According to another part of my Invention my improvement consists in setting
the glasses of illuminating gratings in gratings without cross-bars, the glasses being
formed to make water-tight joints, being increly abutted, and the parallel bars
being cut away on the tops except at points for the corners of the glasses to rest.
According to another part of my Invention my improvement consists in making
glass roofs of diagonally ribbed glass plates by abutting the plates at the diagonal
lines and cementing the joints so as to shew or scarcely shew the lines of union.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said Thaddeus Hyatt in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 27th
September 1876.
THADDEUS HYATT, of 66, Gloucester Gardens, Hyde Park, London, in the County
of Middlesex, Manufacturer of Patent Lights. "IMPROVEMENTS IN BUILDINGS,
BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS, AND BUILDING MATERIALS, AND IN THE USE AND
APPLICATION OF CERTAIN DEVICES AND ORNAMENTS THERETO APPLICABLE TO OTHER
STRUCTURES."
"
My Invention relates to the use and application of ornamental inlaid and over-
laid gratings as an architectural inember in building constructions, vizt, to the
making of front and rear walls of buildings, to wall facings, to wall panels, to
partitions, to floors, roofs, including dormers, doors, door panels, windows and
window, frames, columns, piers, posts, cornices, soffits, balconies, platforms, stoops,
steps, sills, treads, risers, guards, stain ways, including landings, rails, newels,
bannisters, bulustrades, pavements and walking surfaces, chimney tops, ridge
crestings, and to various other parts of buildings; stone, slate, fibre, glues, coloured

page_text: My Invention relates also to chimnies and chimney tops.
BUILDINGS AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS.
Grating Walls and Partitions. According to one part of my Invention my im-
provement consists in forming the front and rear walls of buildings of wood, inetal
or brick gratings, or of materials equivalent to brick; the same as a whole being
treated architecturally as to windows and door openings, and the gratings being
made, cast, moulded, and designed with reference to such openings, a feature or
point in the Invention being the greater freedom afforded by illuminating over
non-illuminating walls with respect to window construction as a decorative feature
of the walls. Where the wall is of one thickness of grating only, I make it thick
enough for the insertion of glass at the rear as well as front side, so as to confine a
stratum of dead air between the layers of glass to prevent condensation of moisture.
Fire-proof Floors, Pavements and Roofs. According to another part of my
Invention my improvement consists in the use and application of gratings of metal
or brick in the construction of cement or concrete roofs, and walking surfaces;
such gratings serving when buried up in the concrete as a strengthening core or
skeleton; and brick gratings, especially when made of fire resisting clays, being
better than metal. By the use of such fire-proof cores, strong and dureable fire-
proof structures may be made of even inferior concretes. For convenience I some-
times use flat metal gratings where the span is short, but usually prefer them in
arch form.
According to one part of my Invention my improvement consists in making
gratings of brick bars moulded and shaped for the purpose, as I find this method of
forming hollow brickwork cheaper and better than moulded hollow bricks; by
means of solid bricks in the form of bars, I am able to make open-work or gratings
of brick of any span, às cach piece may be easily shaped and proportioned for the
work to be done.
Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, Sheet one, illustrate this part of my Invention. A, Fig 1,
representing a stringer nine inches long, four.inches deep, and one inch thick.
Figure 2 is an end view of the same, the sides being tapered as shown at a, a.
B, Fig. 3., represents a header with tapered ends b, b, to match the tapered sides of
the stringer, as shown by the Drawing, Figure 4, where A, A, are the stringers
and B, B, the headers; D, D, being iron joists or beams, protected by the skew-
back bricks C, C; c, c, being the bottom flanges of the beams. The dotted lines
represent the thickness of the concrete when filled in, and also shew the ceiling as
flat, but it may follow the curve of the arch if desired. In this construction the
beams D, D, are supposed to rest in the main walls of the building; but Figure 5
shews a construction where the girders E, E, are employed at wide distances apart;
the ends of these girders rest in the main walls, and the joists or beams D, D, take
their bearings upon the girders. A necessity now arises for protecting the bottom
flanges of the girders, to do this I make use of a metal grating F, F, or perforated
metal plate, which rests at Fl upon the bottom flange c of the joist D, and is bent

page_text: at F sufficiently to bring the main portion F, F, about an inch lower than the
bottom flange of the girder E, this flat part of the grating extends under the girder
flange, as seen at F, and becomes thus a support for the required filling of
fire-brick material to protect the girder at this point. Figures 6 and 7 illus-
trate the manner of employing the herein-before described brick-bars in making
illuminating surfaces; the same being shaped to form lat walking surfaces
as shewn. Figure 6 is an all glass surface, the glasses G, G, being abutting
"button-head" glasses, and those of Figure 7, being glasses with straight sides, to
rest in seats formed in the brick-bars, which are made with rebates for the purpose,
as shewn; these glasses are also made sufficiently thick at the sides to stand a
half-inch or so above the face of the bricks; the spaces or channels d, d, being
filled with ornamental or other inlays between the glasses. The brick-bars may be
made of baked clay, or from other clay of equivalent fire resisting material by
moulding, or by moulding and pressure, or otherwise; and the method of producing
inlaying channels between the glasses by means of straight sided glasses made
sufficiently thick to rise above the level of the grating as shewn, I also apply to
illuminating gratings made of metal, wood, or other material. And the illumi-
nating constructions, Figures 6 and 7, instead of being made of brick, I mould in
some cases from fire-proof cement or concrete, upon a strengthening interior core as
aforesaid, but of course at some loss of light space; in some instances employing
cast metal bars or strips of flat sheet metal, having one or more corrugations there-
upon in place of metal gratings; these bars are placed parellel to each other at
from two to six inches apart, according to the size of the light openings to be formed
between them in the moulded cement or concrete.
According to another part of my Invention my improvement consists in making
roofs and walking surfaces of a strong but light character by means of drain pipes
or tubes, that is to say of long and narrow tubes, these pipes are perpendicular to
the surfaces formed by then, and a floor made of them would be about as thick as
the pipes are deep. The point of this part of my Invention consists in lessening
the weight of concrete and cement roofs and walking surfaces, not by merely
making them cellular, but making them cellular in a way which gives a maximum
of strength with a maximum of least weight and material. Figures 8 and 9 illus-
trate this improvement, e, c, e, being the concrete, and I, H, the hollow tubes. In
Figure 9, ff, represents a perforated sheet of metal near the bottom of the tubes,
through which they project sufficiently to form, with the cement or plaster ceiling,
and concrete inter-filling, a fire-proof protection to the metal, which acts there in the
capacity of a tie. Where the construction is formed of pure Portland cement, or of
equivalent fine and strong fire-proof material, the drain pipes may be omitted, the
cement under such circumstances practically forming the pipes, being cast upon
suitable cores that are afterwards withdrawn.
One method of constructing a roof or floor of the aforesaid pipes is to use pipes
with closed ends. Another is to use open pipes; a temporary floor or centre studded
with wood cores is first established, and the pipes slipped upon the cores; the
concrete is thus prevented from getting into the pipes. After the concrete is set and
the centre reinoved, a ceiling coat is put on the under side, the openings in the
bottom of the tubes aiding to key it.
Another method is to use a centre without cores, a coat or layer of cement or
concrete being first spread upon the floor, and the tubes imposed upon it; a filling of
saw dust which may remain in the tubes shuts out the concrete which may now be
thrown on and tamped into the spaces between the pipes.
According to another part of my Invention my improvement consists in making
illuminating roofs and walking surfaces of one-hole bricks set with glass and made
with sides sufficiently deep to hold the required cement for making the joints water-
tight. Figures 10, 11, and 12 represent bricks of this description suitable for the
pavements of courts, vestibules, floors, and roofs; but for the footways of streets I
propose to make them more in the shape of cubes for strength and durability. The
wear of public footways being very great, and safety being an essential, I find a

page_text: small one-hole cubical brick to be the best to meet the requirements; the breaking
out of such a brick, leaving but a small hole, the repair of which is easily made;
but such bricks could not readily be broken out, their surfaces could only become
crushed to a certain depth.
According to one mode of laying them I lay them upon iron gratings as the
foundation, the bricks for this purpose having flat bottoms, or I cement them
together upon T bars or small joists, as represented in Figures 10 and 11, or I mould
the bricks to form flat arches similar to Figures 6 and 7, channels and inlays
being made and used in the construction, substantially in manner as already described.
Figure 11 represents such channels between the bricks. Figure 12 represents non-
illuminating bricks moulded to form inlaying channels; these bricks may be made
of asphalt or of common clays, or of such as are used for making encaustic, glazed,
and colored tiles, or of glass or other material suitable for making ornamental
pavements and wall surfaces or roofs, the object being to obtain blended colors
and harmonious designs of geometrical or other character in such constructions,
and by a simple and cheap process. In this way I propose to form attractive
pavements of common bricks or artificial stone moulded and cemented together
with inlaid joints.
A part of my Invention consisting in making indented asphalt pavements or
footways, and then inlaying such indents with colored and ornamenting inlays as
aforesaid.
A part of my Invention connected with inlaid illuminating and non-illuminating
surfaces consists in making them upon the quarry grating principle, that is to say,
I make use of small gratings or perforated plates from six to twenty-six inches
diameter, more or less, which I employ as holders or "mounts," for a given number
of pieces, the bricks, tiles, slips, dots, glasses, and design materials being cemented
these
thereto with reference to the ultimate surface to be formed therefrom;
primary gratings are afterwards made use of to form the layer and final surfaces.
Another part of my Invention having reference to self-supporting surfaces,
relates to the junction edges of the quarries which go to make up such surfaces,
and consists in a mode of forming the edges of the same so as to readily secure
water-tight joints. Each quarry, whether open in the form of a ring K, K,
Figure 13, Sheet two, or in the shape of a banded tile L, L, Figure 14 is formed
with a rebate i, i, at the junction edges, so that when two or more (Figures 13 and
14) are joined by rivets (h, k) gutters or channels (d, d,) are thereby formed, which
being filled with any suitable water-proofing, cement, or other material or inlays
the joints are thereby made tight. The rings K, K, when united form open gratings,
and the quarries L, L, which may or may not be perforated, when united form
closed or perforated surfaces. In the Drawing these quarries are represented
square, but they may be of other shapes, and a part of iny Invention consists in
making them of ornamental forms, so that when put together for roofing purposes
they may produce the effect of overlapping ornamental tiles, such as are usually
made of slate or zinc.
Another part of my Invention consists in making cast-iron grating roofs from
gratings the apertures of which are formed in fancy shapes to give the effect of
slate and zinc ornamental tiles, the design being to close the apertures of the
grating with glass when for illuminating purposes, and with cucaustic or coloured,
or other tiles to make ornamental weather-proofing surfaces, inlaying channels
between the closures being made to receive inlays in the iron between the apertures,
or formed by the closures themselves, substantially in the manner already herein
set forth with respect to bricks. M, Figure 15, is a front elevation of a portion of a
grating, some of the apertures being closed with the coloured tiles N, N; Figure 16
represents the same in section, shewing the overlapping appearance of the tiles or
closures N.
Another part of my Invention consists in making felted or non-condensing metal
roofing tiles. These tiles are preferably made of zinc as the common tiles are made,
a layer or sheet of felt being glued or otherwise fastened to the under face of the

page_text: zinc to render it non-conducting. For a finish I sometimes face the felt with
enameled millboard, or preferably with thin metal, the whole being riveted or other-
wise united together. For illuminating purposes these tiles are perforated and set
with glasses in the same manner as my non-condensing illuminating roofs are made.
Figure 17 represents a piece of such a tile shewing one glass, O being the tile, P the
felt, and Q the metal facing on the under side. The three layers are held together
by the ring or cyclet g, g, made of thin metal and formed with a screw thread to
hold the threaded glass R, the edges of the eyelet are turned over both above and
below, the joint at top being soldered to make it water-tight.
Another part of my Invention consists in making ornamental zinc or metal
roofing tiles by indenting the same with design channels, and then filling the
indents with coloured inlays upon the general principles of inlaying already set
forth with respect to bricks and tiles.
Another part of my Invention consists in making ornamental or inlaid gratings
or surfaces on the general principles and methods of inlaying by means of indents
and coloured tile inlays herein set forth, and applying such gratings or surfaces
suitably modified and shaped as ridge cresting, cornices, the soffits of beams and
arches, wall facings, window guards, and in curved forms to the making of newels,
balusters, and other parts of buildings; the coloured slips, dots, and tiles being
made of curved and other forms to suit such varied applications to house decoration
and architecture.
Another part of my Invention consists in making ornamental safety nosings
for steps by inlays of lead or equivalent foot holding material inlaid in figures,
so as to form ornamental designs, the lead where used being more securely held by
a back draft or under cut in the metal. Figure 18 represents an isometric view of
such a nosing S, made of brass and attached to the iron step T, h, k, being the
ornamental lead inlays.
Another part of my Invention consists in making tesselated pavements or
walking surfaces upon a metal grating as a foundation, the common method of
laying such work being upon a solid or concrete foundation. By my method the
under face of the coloured tiles may be seen, a part of my Invention consisting in
making such pavements of tiles made with glazed under faces, so that being seen a
beautiful ceiling may be formed by the under face of the same tiles which formn the
ornamental walking surface. Figures 19 and 20 represent a portion of a grating in
plan and section respectively. U is the metal grating; V, the tiles; and v, v, orna-
menting slips made to conceal the metal on the under surface, a channel u being
formed in the metal grating to receive a web or rib formed upon the back of the
slip to enter it as shewn. Figure 21 shews another mode of doing the same thing
by the use of ordinary slips, the tiles V, V, being formed with a drooping edge U,
which extends below the metal grating U sufficiently to form holding channels n, n,
which may then be inlaid with ordinary or other slips. This method of inlaying
slips being applicable also to closures of glass.
Another part of my Invention consists of a means of guaranteeing the concrete of
fire-proof floor constructions by incorporating horizontal braces or struts of baked
clay or other fire-proof material in tubular form, as shewn at W, in Figure 22. These
tubes may be laid upon the flanges c of the beams D, as shewn, or between moulded
skew-back bricks when employed.
Another part of my Invention consists in securing ornamental tiles to ceilings
and walls by the aid of slips inserted edgewise into the plastic backing, the same
being preferably formed with scores or indents or undercuts, where they enter the
plastic. Figure 23 represents this part of my Invention; X being the slips; Y, the
plastic backing; and Z, the tiles.
Mosaic-faced Materials. Another part of my Invention consists in the manu-
facture, use, and application of coloured and glass tiles, bricks, and slabs for walking
and other surfaces made by means of thin and deep lines arranged with reference to
each other, so as to make the tile, brick, or slab appear as if made up of numerous

page_text: small pieces, as in Roman pavements; the lines of the tiles, bricks, or slabs being
formed in the same at the time of their being moulded or otherwise made, or
subsequently cut into the face of the same by means of the sand blast, and then
filled in to imitate the cement joints of mosaïc pavements. This part of my Inven-
tion needs no Drawing to illustrate it. A part of this Invention consists in forming
by this method a cheap and ready way of making letters, words, and figures in
apparent mosaïc work exactly resembling the expensive work now made up of
separate small pieces of tesserac.
Another part of my Invention consists in making rimmed encaustic and coloured
tiles to give them greater holding power at the back. Figure 24 represents a cross
section of a tile as commonly made, and resting upon the surface of a cement
foundation. Figure 25 represents one of my improved tiles formed with a rim o at
the back to enter the cement, and have thus a double hold.
Another part of my Invention consists in the manufacture, use, and application of
lens glasses made in quarry form and suitable for lead glazing, as shewn by Figure 26,
wherein is the lens; , a step or raised square on which it is formed; and s, the
edges formed to go into lead fillets t. Figure 27 shews the same made with a deep
edge 2, or band, so that this description of glass may be used in ordinary sashes v
of wood or metal. I make the same also in diamond and other geometrical forms.
Figure 28 represents a cluster of lenses instead of the single one. Figure 29 repre-
sents a quarry dome lens glass, and Figure 30 a quarry cluster dome lens glass.
Figure 31 represents the dome formed with a cylindrical base where it starts from
the quarry; this shape I call "lobster eye." Figure 32 shews the same formed with
an aperture won the under side for ventilation.
Another part of my Invention consists in making geometrical shaped glasses for
combination with geometrical coloured and encaustic tiles, and in the use and
application of the same in combination with such tiles for making illuminating
tesselated pavements or otherwise.
Another part of my Invention consists in making roofing tiles of glass formed
with a cluster of lenses, domes, or lobster eyes upon the exterior surface thereof, the
same being formed in some cases with edges to overlap like overlapping tiles, and
in others to be cemented in seats.
Another part of my Invention consists in casting lead around the sides of glasses
intended for footlights at the time the glasses are made and while they are still hot
from the moulds, the lead and glass then uniting in a weld, the lead also tending to
anneal the glass. For this purpose the glasses are to be kept covered and shifted
immediately into another mould of larger diameter, thus leaving an annular space
around the glass for the molten lead which is quickly poured into the same; or
the original mould in which the glass is pressed may be arranged for the purpose.
Another part of my Invention consists of an improved mode of setting the
glasses of illuminating gratings for roofs and walking surfaces, so as to increase the
light by lessening the amount of dead material between the glasses, no crossbars
being employed, the glasses being simply abutted, and the cracks filled in with
cement. Figure 33, Sheet 3, represents in plan a grating of parallel bars x, x, set
with glass y upon this plan. Figure 34 is a cross section shewing how the glasses
mect, being the thin film of cement between them. Figure 35 represents a
similar grating, but with each alternate bar removed or left out, the glasses y in
this case being cemented both lengthwise and crosswise, and by preference made
to break joints, as shewn. Figure 36 represents a frame glazed in a similar manner
but with no bars at all, the glasses forming the entire filling in of the frame. This
method of construction is designed for situations where light is the chief object
By making the glasses of different colours and shapes, stained glass windows may
be formed of them with but little dead material, and such an application of the
principle or mode of connecting glasses upon the abutting system I propose as a
part of my Invention. By the same mode I make glass roofs of any curve, shape
and span by uniting any number of sections or pieces of diagonally ribbed plate o

page_text: sheet glass cut on the diagonal lines, as shewn in Figure 37, and abutted and
cemented as aforesaid, the appearance of the same, when connected to form a large
surface, being that of one entire sheet of glass unbroken by a single joint.
Another part of my Invention consists in making safe walking ornamental
illuminating surfaces, by the use and application of coloured or other woods in
ornamental shape, or of lead or other soft metal in ornamental shape after the
manner of using encaustic and coloured tiles in combination with the glasses of
illuminating gratings upon the general method of making illuminating tesselated
pavements, as already herein illustrated and described, such coloured woods or soft
inctal being sometimes employed in the form of knobs or protuberances for pro-
tecting the glasses.
Another part of my Invention consists of a mode of preventing the down draft
and increasing the direct draft of chimnies by an enlargement of the same at top
made by corbelling out the chimney above or near the roof, as shown at 1 in
Figure 38, preferably in combination with a number of flues or pipes 2, 2, 2,
built up with the chimney, or located therein or formed by means of a chimney
cap 3, as shewn.
Another part of my Invention consists in forming the chimney above the roof
whether made of metal or otherwise into a series of concentric belts, bands, tubes,
or rings (as shown in Figure 39), of constantly enlarged diameters put together like
a telescope, one tube within another, each tube projecting so far within the body of
the other as to create a draft or suction power. One or more caps 5, 5, may be
employed to deflect down draughts. Where I employ several I make the interior
ones with an outlet at the apex for an exit to the smoke.
Drains. Another part of my Invention, illustrated by Figure 40, consists in
laying the drain pipes G of houses within a ventilated trench 7 communicating with
the external air near the street level through a grating 8, and also with a chimney
flue of the building.
THADDEUS HYATT. (L.S.)