NEW ALLOYS
Year: 1863

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Charles Tiot Judkins, of No. 22, Ludgate Street,
in the City of London, Sewing Machine Manufacturer, for the Invention
of "NEW ALLOYS."-A communication from abroad by Moses Gerrish,
Farmer, of Salem, Massachusetts, United States of America.
Sealed the 30th June 1863, and dated the 6th January 1863.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Charles Tiot Judkins at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
6th January 1863.
I, CHARLES TIOT JUDKINS, of No. 22, Ludgate Street, in the City of London
Sewing Machine Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "NEW ALLOYS," a conimunication from Moses Gerrish, Farmer,
of Salem, Massachusetts, United States of America, Chemist, to be as
follows:-
The nature of my Invention consists in combining copper and aluminum
with one or more light colored metals within certain specified proportions,
the copper and light colored metals bearing to each other proportions varying
from 80 per cent. of copper to 20 per cent. of light colored metals to 98 per
cent. of the first and to 2 per cent. of the latter, while the proportions which
the aluminum bears to the whole of the light colored metal may vary from
10 to 95 per cent. By light colored metals I mean silver, zinc, tin, nickel,
platinum, iron, or other light colored metals, having substantially similar
properties with those enumerated, or any desired mixture or alloy of any of
them.

page_text: The object of my Invention is the production of alloys suited to be variously
and advantageously used in the arts, some of which may be used for machine
metal or "composition," others are valuable for gun metal, others, by reason
of their odor, texture, and lustre may be used in lieu of gold, while others
are variously applicable, as in springs, wire, sheet metal, and sheathing. ;
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Charles Tiot Judkins in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
6th July 1863.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, CHARLES
TIOT JUDKINS, of No. 22, Ludgate Street, in the City of London, Sewing
Machine Manufacturer, send groeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Sixth day of January, in the year of our Lord Oue
thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, in the twenty-sixth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me,
the said Charles Tiot Judkins, Her special licence that I, the said Charles
'Tiot Judkins, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I,
the said Charles Tiot Judkins, my executors, administrators, and assigns,
should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all
times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might
make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "NEW
ALLOYS," a communication to me from abroad by Moses Gerrish, Farmer, of
Salem, Massachusetts, United States of America, upon the condition (amongst
others) that I, the said Charles Tiot Judkins, my executors or admi-
nistrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of
their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the
nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be
performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office
within six calendar months cext and immediately after the date of the said
Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that J, the said Charles Tiot Judkius, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be per-
formed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement, that is to say:-
The object of my Invention is the production of alloys which may be

page_text: variously and advantageously used in the arts, some of which are of use in the
place of "composition," or the alloy commonly used for "bearings" in
machinery, others of which are particularly valuable for gun metal, otliers,
from their color, texture, and lustre, are peculiarly well adapted for use as
substitutes for gold in the manufacture of watch-cases, chains, and ornamental
jewelry, while others are applicable for various uses, as in springs, sheet metal,
wire, sheathing, &c.
My Invention consists in combining copper and aluminum, or an alloy of
these metals, with one or more light colored metals within the limits of the
proportions herein specified, the variations within said limits being made for
the purpose of producing certain desirable qualities in the alloys resulting
from said combination, so as best to adapt them for specific purposes.
In the practice of my Invention I combine the copper and the aluminum,
and the other light colored metal or metals in the manner usually practised by
metallurgists in mixing metals in any proportions between 80 per cent. of
copper to 20 per cent. of the light colored metals, and 98 per cent. of copper
to 3 per cent. of the light colored metals, the proportion of aluminum to the
whole quantity of light colored metals used varying from 10 to 95 per cent.
The copper being the first element of my combination, and the aluminum
being the second, I propose to use for the third, or the other "light colored
metal or metals," silver or zinc, tin, nickel, platinum, or iron, or other light
colored metals, having substantially similar properties withthoseenumerated,
or any desired mixture or alloy of the metals embraced in the third element
of my combination within the proportion which they bear to the second
element, as before specified.
.
As metals combine best in certain definite or equivalent proportions, I
propose to state in tabular form some of the combinations embraced within
my Invention, together with some of the properties of said combinations or
variations within the proportions given for my alloys, it being understood that
the examples given are illustrations only, and do not embrace all the changes
which are comprehended within my. Invention.
It is to be noted that in this Specification one equivalent of each metal, as
compared with hydrogen (equal 1), is as follows:-
ZAV 1379

page_text: being well adapted for use in the manufacture of watch cases, chains, and
ornamental jewelry.
==
Cu
9180 + 0616+ 0203
Aq 124 (Al 1 +
Aq 1+ 24 (Al 1 +
Cu 6
Cu 7) = 9241 +
057 + 0188
1
Aq 1+ 24 (Al 1 +
Cu 8)
93300504 +0166 =
The alloy.
Aq 124 (Al 1 + Cu 9)
94000450 + ⚫015
The three following formulæ produce alloys which may be used as substi-
tutes for "composition," that is the alloy now used in machinery.
Zn 12 (Al 1 + Cu
Zn 12 (Al 1 + Cu
6)
=
Cu
AI
Z11
86430622 + .0734
=
=
9) = 9053 +0435 + *0512 The alloy.
Zn 12 (Al 1 + Cu 12) 9273 +0333 +0394 =J
These alloys are hard and tenacious, but are characterized by considerable
shrinkage in cooling from a molten state, the last-mentioned alloy having
considerably more shrinkage than either of the others preceding it. The said
alloys have, when drawn into wires of about one-thirtieth of an inch in 1
diameter, a tensile strength to the square inch of section in the preceding
order, of about 90,000, 103,000, and 84,000 pounds.
The following alloys are remarkably well adapted for gun metal, being
hard, tenacious, laminable, and ductile.
Cu
ΑΙ
Fe
Fe 1 + Al 1 + Cu 15 92030267 + .0530
Fe 16 (Al 1+ Cu 9) = 9399 + 0446 + 0149 =
Cu
AL
Zu
=
The alloy.
Fe.
The alloy.
Fe 1 Zn 1 + Al 1+ Cu 12-8386+0302+0712+-0600=
Fe 1+Zn1 Al 1+ Cu 15-8666+ 0249+0588+0496=>
The tensile strength of the above alloys when reduced to wire as above
referred to, is for the square inch of section about 82,000 pounds for the first 2
of the last series of formulæ, 84,500 pounds for the second, and 107,700
pounds for the last.
When zinc or tin, or both, enter into the alloys in the place of silver, the
color of the resultant alloys is somewhat affected and the lustre is diminished.
In the following alloys nickel forms the third element of the composition
of the first formula, and platinum the third element of the combination of
the second formula.
Cu
Al
NI
N1 +6 (Al 1 + Cu 6) =9129+0634 + 0237 = The alloy.
PI 1+ 21 (Al 1 + Cu 6)
Cu
ΔΙ
1"}
91170656 + .0325 = The alloy.
Those alloys into which I introduce platinum are less affected byacids than
are those in which silver takes the place of platinum. Either the platinum

page_text: or the silver gives a high lustre to the alloy, platinum producing this result in
a greater degree than silver.
In those alloys into which I introduce iron or platinum, or other light
colored metals which are difficult of fusion, I prefer to bring the easily fused
metals into a molten state, and then to mix those less fusible with them in
the form of shreds, particles, fine wire, or thin plates.
The metals used should be those which are most nearly pure as found in
the market, it not being necessary to have them absolutely or chemically
pure.
The copper which constitutes the largest ingredient of my alloys, I prefer
to have the best Lake Superior copper, or else the copper deposited by the
electrotype process, which frees it from many impurities.
My alloys are well adapted for the alloying of gold, particularly those alloys
designated herein under the name of chrysoid.
I claim the alloys within described as compounded substantially of the
metals, and in the proportions set forth.
In witness whereof, I, the said Charles Tiot Judkins, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Fourth day of July, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-three.
Witnesses,
ROWLAND GREEN,
GEORGE HASLETINE,
CHARLES TIOT JUDKINS. (L.S.)
12, Southampton Buildings,
Chancery Lane,
London, W.C.