Manufacture of Boots and Shoes.
Year: 1885

page_text: Manufacture of Boots and Shoes.
I CHARLES FREDERIC GARDNER, of N° 1 Worship Street, Finsbury in the
County of Middlesex, Merchant, do hereby declare the nature of my invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN NAILS CHIEFLY DESIGNED FOR USE IN THE MANUFACTURE
OF BOOTS AND SHOES to be as follows:-
"
This invention relates to nails chiefly designed for uniting the soles and vamps
of boots and shoes.
My improved nails have taper shanks, round heads, or heads of the form of the
frustum of a cone, and serrations upon the body of the taper shank, from the head
down to, or nearly to, the point; a nail having these combined features, possesses
greater holding-power ease of entrance, capability of clinching at its point, and
finish at its head, than shoe-nails hitherto made.
My improved nails are advantageously made as follows, that is to say, the blanks
are cut from a plate, the said plate being vibrated or turned, (or the cutter
vibrated) or two cutters set at different angles, being used, in order to cut the nails
alternately, heads and points. After each blank is thus cut to the desired form,
the shank is grasped between a pair of grooved jaws, having at one end of each of
the grooves a countersunk recess; a header then advances and upsets the metal at
the large end of the blank, forming the head in the conical recess made by the
countersink at the end of the two grooves, the head being thereby made round and
in the shape of the frustum of a cone.
Throughout each groove of the jaws are small teeth, which, when the jaws grasp
the shank, indent the body of the said shank.
The nail-shank has a uniform thickness throughout, due to the thickness of the
plate from which it is cut, but in width it tapers from the head to the point, the
point being cut very thin, so that it will readily clinch when driven against an
iron-bottomed last, that is to say, its end will curl up and thus very securely
fasten the nail in the leather.
The serrations and the heads of these nails both secure the outer sole from being
drawn off; the clinched points prevent the nails from being drawn or working out,
and the round heads impart a finish to the surfaces of the soles, into and flush with
which, the heads are sunk by driving,

page_text: I sometimes make the nail with an elongation of the head above the frusto-
conical part above described.
In making a nail of this kind, the blank is cut from a plate to a tapering form
with a clinching point, the head is upset and the edges are indented or serrated, as
above described, excepting that the header has a countersunk recess to modify the
shape of the head-that is to say, instead of the shank being grasped as above
described between a pair of grooved jaws (after each blank is cut to a tapering
form), at one end of each of which grooves is a countersunk recess, the two forming,
when closed together, a countersink, in which the head is formed by the blow of
the header; the frusto-conical part is formed in the countersink in the jaws, while
the elongation of the head is formed in the countersink in the header.
The recess
in the header, is preferably made in the form of the frustum of a cone and causes
the elongated part of the head to assume a frusto-conical shape. This frusto-conical
shape for the elongated part of the head is preferred because the nail is less liable
to cling to the header than when the header and elongated part of the head are
cylindrical; but the elongated part of the nail may, if desired, be cylindrical, the
object of the invention being to have and to preserve a large amount of metal at
the wearing surface of the sole, while no more metal is taken for forming the
shank than is necessary to form a sufficiently strong connection between the head
and the clinching point of the nail.
HASELTINE, LAKE & Co.,
For the Applicant.

page_text: Manufacture of Boots and Shoes.
I, CHARLES FREDERIC GARDNER, of 1, Worship Street, Finsbury, in the
County of Middlesex, Merchant, do hereby declare the nature of my invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN NAILS CHIEFLY DESIGNED FOR USE IN THE MANUFACTURE OF
BOOTS AND SHOES" and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be
particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement:-
This invention relates to nails, chiefly designed for uniting the soles and vamps
of boots and shoes.
Heretofore it has been customary to employ, for this purpose sprigs, or sections
of wire, which are headed or pointed, or both headed and pointed, or which are
uniform throughout their length, and the shanks of which are either jagged,
serrated, or corrugated at their sides, or are provided with screw-threads to increase
their holding-power and ensure their retention in the leather.
My improved nails have taper shanks, round heads, or heads formed like the
frustum of a conė, and serrations upon the body of the taper shank from the head
down to, or nearly to, the point; a nail having these combined features, possesses
greater holding-power and capability of being clinched at its point, is more easily
driven, and imparts a more finished appearance to a boot or shoe than the nails
heretofore used for a similar purpose.
I sometimes make my improved nail with an elongated head, that is to say, the
head has a lower portion formed like the frustum of a cone, and an upper portion
which is either cylindrical or is formed like the frustum of a cone the base of which
is next the said lower portion of the head.
In the accompanying drawing
Figure 1 is a side view, and
Figure 2 an edge view of one of my improved nails.
Figure 3 is a side view of one of my nails made with an elongated head.
In these figures the nails are drawn about twice as large as they are made when
required for use in the manufacture of boots and shoes.
a is the shank of the nail, 6 the head, and c the point; d, d are the serrations.
Nails such as that shewn in Figures 1 and 2 are advantageously made as
follows: that is to say, the blanks are first cut from a plate, in a well known
manner; each blank is then grasped between a pair of grooved jaws, which are
countersunk at one end of each of their grooves to form a recess or cavity having
the shape of a frustum of a cone; a header then advances and up-sets the metal at
the large end of the blank to form the head in the said conical recess, the head
being thereby made in the shape of the frustum of a cone.
Throughout or nearly throughout each groove of the said jaws are small teeth,
which, when the jaws grasp the shank, indent the body thereof and thus form
serrations thereon.
The nail-shank has a uniform thickness throughout, equal to the thickness of the
plate from which it has been cut, but in width it tapers from the head to the point,

page_text: being cut very thin at the point, as shewn, so that it will be readily clinched when
driven against an iron-bottomed last, that is to say, its end will readily curl up and
thus very securely fasten the nail in the leather.
The serrations and the heads of these nails both prevent the drawing off of the
outer sole; the clinched points prevent the working out of the nails; and the
round heads impart a finish to the surfaces of the soles, into, and flush with, which
the heads are sunk by driving.
In the manufacture of nails such as that shown in Figure 3, a taper blank is cut
from a plate, with a clinching point, the head is up-set, and the edges are indented
or serrated, as above described; but the header is made with a countersink or a
recess or cavity to modify the shape of the head, that is to say, the part b¹ of the
head is formed in the countersink or conical recess or cavity in the jaws, while the
elongation or extension 6* of the head is formed in the countersink or recess or
cavity in the header. This recess or cavity is made either cylindrical, or approxi-
mately so, or in the form of the frustum of a cone, so that it causes the elongated
part or extension 62 of the head to assume the shape of the frustum of a cone, the
reverse, or nearly so, of the part b¹. This frusto-conical shape for the elongated
part of the head is preferred because the nail is less liable to cling to the header
than when the header and elongated part of the head are cylindrical; but the
elongated part or extension 6 of the nail may, if desired, be of other suitable
shape, the object of the elongation being to provide a large amount of metal at the
wearing surface of the sole, while no more metal is used for the shank than is
necessary to form a sufficiently strong connection between the head and the
clinching point of the nail.
The frusto-conical shape of the portion b¹ permits the nail to be driven into the
sole until its head is flush therewith. In this respect, as well as in having serrated
corners or edges, my improved nail differs from hob-nails and other nails which
have hitherto been made with elongated heads, but with no bevel at the junction
of the shank and head, corresponding to the part b¹ of my nail. Such hob and
other nails cannot be driven into the soles so that their heads are flush therewith,
without cutting the leather.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said.
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what
I claim is
First. The improved cut shoe-nail having a head shaped like the frustum of a
cone, a taper shank, and serrated corners or edges, substantially as, and for the
purposes, set forth.
Second. The modification of my invention which consists in providing the head
of the said nail with a cylindrical or other extension, substantially as, and for the
purpose, set forth.
;
HASELTINE, LAKE & Co.,
For the Applicant.