IMPROVE- MENTS IN OBTAINING AND APPLYING MOTIVE POWER FROM RAREFIED AIR
Year: 1862

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Andrea Crestadoro, of Genoa, in Italy, Professor
of Natural Philosophy, but now residing at 19, Great Ormond Street,
Queen Square, in the County of Middlesex, for the Invention of "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN OBTAINING AND APPLYING MOTIVE POWER FROM RAREFIED AIR AND
Sealed the 2nd December 1862, and dated the 17th June 1862.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Andrea Crestadoro at
the Office, of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
17th June 1862.
I, ANDREA CRESTADORO, of Genoa; in Italy, Professor. of Natural Philo-
sophy, but now resident at 19, Great Ormond Street, Queen Square, in the
County of Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature, of the said, Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN OBTAINING AND APPLYING MOTIVE POWER FROM RAREFIED AIR
AND FROM AERIFORM FLUIDS," to be as follows:
.I propose to obtain motive power from rarefied and from aeriform fluids by
taking advantage of the two vital functions which are essential to the existence
of combustion, the inhaling function and the exhaling function. As to the
first, my improvement is based upon the chemical, fact that the supply, of
a certain quantity of atmospheric air is necessary to effect and to carry on
combustion, I therefore utilize the atmospheric pressure consequent on the
partial vacuum, which is formed by what, may be called the air-sucking pro
perty of fire, by applying such pressure to the purpose of driving machinery, or
of performing such other work as may be performed by the motive power thus
obtained. I carry my object into practice in the following manner: I provide
a furnace or inclosure, in which I make and keep up a fire in such a manner

page_text: that no air is admitted to feed the combustion, except into the ash-pit, through
a pipe or pipes connected with a rotary piston or pistons, consisting of a paddle
or fan wheel, which is made and arranged as follows:-At a suitable distance
from the ash-pit the appointed pipe before it ends expands into a compartment,
forming a hollow vessel or barrel which, in fact, is a portion of the pipe. This
barrel contains a fan wheel, the vanes of which are made of metallic or other
suitable material, and which is connected to a suitable shaft, which shaft pro-
jects through corresponding holes in the barrel, for the object of being applied
to driving machinery or to performing other work. Also the barrel is such
that the external air cannot enter it, nor act upon the vanes of the contained
wheel, except through the open end or orifice of the pipe. Thus the pipe from
the ash-pit intersects as it were the barrel at two points or spots; one, which
may be called the inlet, allows the interior of the barrel to communicate with
the external air, the other, which may be called the outlet, allows the interior
of the barrel to communicate with the interior of the ash-pit. The relative
position of these two orifices in regard to the wheel as enclosed inside the
barrel is such that they are placed respectively at the extremities of a cord
less than the diameter of the wheel. So long as the conditions just pointed
out as to the communication between the interior of the barrel, the external
air, and the ash-pit are observed, the other details as to the form of the rotary
piston or fan wheel, and of its barrel or encasement, may be modified as may
be found advisable. I prefer a rotary piston in the form of a revolving drum,
furnished on its periphery with flat boards or vanes, and encased air-tight in a
corresponding barrel. The operation of this engine is this:-Partial vacuum
being formed in the barrel by the air-sucking action of fire exerted through
the orifice, which I have called the outlet, the equilibrium of the enclosed fan
wheel is destroyed in proportion as the atmospheric pressure exerted on the
vanes through the other orifice, the inlet exceeds the resistance offered by the
wheel. The relative position of the inlet and of the outlet determines the
direction in which the wheel will revolve. In order to reverse the motion I
provide arrangements to reverse the destination of the two orifices. As to the
surface of the vanes and the area of the orifices, they are determined by the
proportions of the engine. As to the number of vanes, it is such that whatever
position the wheel is in when revolving, one vane at least always interscepts
the internal passage from one orifice to the other. I do not confine myself to
use rotary pistons, but I employ, when I deem it convenient, the appointed
pipe or pipes from the ash-pit to exhaust alternately the working sides of an
ordinary reciprocating piston or pistons, which is or are. then applied in the
usual or other manner to perform any required work to which the' apparatus

page_text: is applicable. Such is the description and such is the operation of my engine,
as intended to utilize the air-sucking faculty of fire; but as the proper action
of fire chiefly depends on the manner of treating combustion I will proceed
to explain my mode of proceeding with regard to this point.
In my manner of treating fire I propose to myself to satisfy two conditions,
of which one relates to feeding the combustion with fuel, and the other to feeding
it with air. As to the first, I so arrange the fire-box that it adjoins two
lateral chambers, say, one on the right-hand and the other on the left-hand side
intended as receptacles for fuel. The fuel is thereinto introduced through a
suitable opening at the top of each receptacle, which opening is provided with
a properly shutting cover or lid. The bottom of each receptacle is level with
the upper surface of the grate bottom and contains a second bottom which is
movable and which has the shape of an inverted drawer, capable of sliding
forward on to the fire and backward from it. When in its forward position,
it in fact forms the bottom of the receptacle, and shuts, with regard to the
fire-box, a corresponding opening in its side: When the fire is to be fed, the
movable bottom is drawn backward more or less according to the quantity of
fuel which it is desired to introduce, whereby the fuel in the receptacle descends
by its own gravity and fills the space so left vacant. The drawer is now pushed
on to its usual forward position, and thereby a corresponding supply of fuel is
delivered into the fire-box upon the surface of the grate bottom, after its tem-
perature has been gradually raised whilst in the receptacle. The same process
takes place in the opposite receptacle.
As to feeding the combustion with air, my mode of proceeding is this:-First,
the fire is enclosed on all sides, so that it can have no communication with the
atmosphere, except through the chimney to exhale the aeriform products of com-
bustion, and through the appointed pipe or pipes in the ash-pit to inhale the
required quantity of atmospheric air. Secondly, there are three gratings in the
fire-box, one horizontal, being the grate bottom, and two vertical, being two of
the sides of the fire-box, the other sides being the sides by which the fire-box
adjoins the receptacles for fuel. A suitable space for the passage. .of.air
ascending from the ash-pit to the burning fuel, is left between each of the two
vertical gratings and the corresponding side of the furnace. I make furnaces
of any degree of power by increasing in proportion the length of the fire-place,
so as to admit of its being composed of a series of fire-boxes or gratings, each
having similar adjoining receptacles for fuel, and similar air passages along the
vertical gratings, but all having one common chimney or exhaling organ,
one common ash-pit or inhaling chamber.
and
As to the other vital function of fire, the exhaling action which is exerted

page_text: through the chimney, I utilize it by transferring to the chimney shaft the appa-
ratus and arrangement which I have before described as applied to the pipe
which leads to the ash-pit. For this purpose I allow the external air to have
a free admission into the ash-pit, but to have no other access to the fire, and I
take advantage of the exhaling property of fire by so arranging the chimney
shaft, that at a suitable height from the fire it has the form of a pipe, which
expands into a compartment or hollow vessel containing a working rotary
piston or fan wheel arranged as explained before; the only difference.being
that in the former case the external orifice is the inlet, and, the rotary piston
or fan wheel is acted upon by the atmospheric pressure consequent on the
air-sucking property of fire, and in the latter case the external orifice is the
outlet, and motion is imparted by the expansive force of the aeriform products
of combustion, namely, the exhalation of the furnace.
I now proceed to explain how. I. propose to utilize jointly. the action
of both the vital functions of fire. I intend to apply these properties com-
bined as a means of navigating the atmosphere, and my mode of proceeding
in this respect is as follows: I make an aerial machine, consisting of a
furnace, in which combustion is carried on and treated in the manner I have
pointed out. Here the chimney expands and terminates in a hollow vessel of
suitable capacity, and of any suitable form. I prefer the form of a column,
terminating at the upper end in a dome or cupola. This hollow vessel, which
in fact, answers to the purpose of what is ordinarily called a balloon, is made
of metallic or other incombustible sheeting, and has two holes or orifices in it.
One is intended as a means of communication between the interior of the
hollow vessel and the interior of the furnace, and it opens at the centre
of the base of the column, being in fact, the junction of the chimney with
the column. The other orifice is intended as a means of communication
between the interior of the hollow vessel and the external air, and it opens
in the periphery of the column near the base in the rear of the line of
direction of the aerial machine, or it opens at any other suitable place.
Both the orifices are provided with suitable dampers as a means to regulate
the passage of the aeriform fluids, which dampers are worked through suitable
apparatus at the will of the aeronaut. As to the furnace, it rests upon a
suitable platform of equal or different size to the base of the column, which
platform is rigidly connected with the base itself of the column, and in such
manner that. it in fact answers the purpose of what is ordinarily called
the car of a balloon. The machine is rigged with a propelling apparatus,
consisting of a revolving drum or drums, furnished with flat boards or vanes,
made of any suitable material, and capable of acting upon the external air in

page_text: a manner somewhat analogous to that in which the paddle wheels of an
ordinary steam ship act upon the water, or consisting of any other suitable
propeller, which propelling apparatus. is worked by the air-sucking faculty of
fire, in the manner before explained. The operation of this aerial machine' is
this: By the exhaling function of fire, which is exerted through the chimney,
a partial vacuum is formed in the hollow. column, the common air being
thereout expelled and replaced by the gaseous and other aeriform products of
combustion, which form a medium more or less imponderable and expansive
in proportion to the vitality of the fire in the furnace, whereby a proportionate
ascensional power, adaptable. to raising, lowering, and buoying the aerostat is
obtained. By the other organic function, the air-sucking action which the
fire exerts through the appointed pipe in the ash-pit, motion is imparted to
the propelling apparatus, and thereby the aerial machine is urged to such
horizontal motion as is directed by the aeronaut who controls the engine. The
whole of the weight of the platform, and of its contents and riggings, namely,
the car, being at the base and considerably heavier than the hollow column,
the law of gravity continually maintains the aerostat when in the air, in the
position for which it is intended..
Having described the nature of my: Invention, and the mode of putting
it into practice, I claim 1st, the specified mode of obtaining motive power
from rarefied air, and from aeriform fluids; 2ly, the specified modes of apply-
ing the motive power obtained as specified; 3ly, the: specified mode of
navigating the air; 4ly, the specified, mode of treating combustion, and its
application, whether total or partial, to furnaces and other fire-places; 5ly, the
specified arrangement of a rotary piston or fan wheel, and its application to
transmit the force of steam or of other fluid in motion.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Andrea Crestadoro in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
8th December '1862.
"
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, ANDREA
CRESTADORO, of Genoa, in Italy, Professor of Natural Philosophy, but now
resident at 19, Great Ormond Street, Queen Square, in the County of
Middlesex, send greeting.
.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Seventeenth day of June, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-two, in the twenty-fifth year of Her

page_text: reign, did, for. Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me,
the said Andrea Crestadoro, Her special licence, that I, the said Andrea
Crestadoro, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the
said Andrea Crestadoro, my executors, administrators and assigns, should at
any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times
thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make;
use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVE
MENTS IN OBTAINING AND APPLYING MOTIVE POWER FROM RARIFIED AIR AND FROM
AERIFORM FLUIDS," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Andrea
Crestadoro, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under
my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and
ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same
was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent
Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the
said Letters Patent..
• NOW KNOW. YE, that I, the said Andrea Crestadoro, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be per-
formed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement, that is to say:
I obtain motive power from rarified air and from aeriform fluids by taking
advantage of the two vital functions which are essential to the existence of
combustion, the inhaling function and the exhaling function. As to the first;
my improvement is based upon the chemical fact that the supply of a certain
quantity of atmospheric air is necessary to effect and to carry on combustion,
I therefore utilize the atmospheric pressure consequent on the partial vacuum
which is formed by what may be called the air-sucking property of fire by
applying such pressure to the purpose of driving machinery or of performing
such other work as may be performed by the motive power thus obtained.
I carry my object into practice in the following manner :-I provide a furnace
or inclosure in which I make and keep up a fire in such a manner that no air
is admitted to feed the combustion except into and through the ash-pit through
a pipe, or pipes connected with a rotary piston or pistons consisting of a paddle
or fan wheel which is made and arranged as follows:-At a suitable distance
from the ash-pit the appointed pipe, before it ends, expands into a compartment
forming a hollow vessel or barrel, which in fact is a portion of the pipe. This
barrel contains a fan wheel, the vanes of which are made of metallic or other
suitable material, and which is connected to a suitable shaft, which shaft
projects through corresponding holes in the barrel for the object of being

page_text: applied to drive machinery or to perform other work. Also, the barrel is such
that the external air cannot enter it nor act upon the vanes of the contained
wheel except through the open end or orifice of the pipe. Thus the pipe
from the ash-pit intersects as it were the barrel at two points or 'spots, one
which may be called the inlet, allows the interior of the barrel to communicate
with the external air, the other which may be called the outlet, allows the
interior of the barrel to communicate with the interior of the ash-pit. The
relative positions of these two orifices in regard to the wheel, as enclosed inside.
the barrel is such that they are placed respectively at the extremities of a.
cord less than the diameter of the wheel. So long as the conditions just
pointed out as to the communication between the interior of the barrel, the
external air, and the ash-pit are observed, the other details as to the form of:
the rotary piston or fan wheel, and of its barrel or encasement.may be:
modified as may be found advisable. I prefer a rotary piston in the form of a
revolving drum, furnished on its periphery with flat boards or vanes, and.
encased air-tight in a corresponding barrel. When applied to propel the.
driving wheels of a locomotive or other motive carriage, I make the rotary.
piston so that it resembles a bucket wheel revolving air-tight in a circum-
ferential encasement, which encasement is furnished with orifices as. before.
described. The operation of this engine is this, partial vacuum being formed
in the barrel by the air-sucking action of fire exerted through the orifice,
which I have called the outlet, the equilibrium of the enclosed fan wheel is:
destroyed in proportion as the atmospheric pressure exerted on the vanes
through the other orifice, the inlet, exceeds the resistance offered by the wheel.
The relative position of the inlet and of the outlet determines the direction in:
which the wheel will revolve. In order to reverse the motion. I provide
arrangements to reverse the destination of the two orifices. As to the surface.
of the vanes and the area of the orifices they are determined by the proportions:
of the engine. As to the number of vanes it is such that whatever position>
the wheel is in when revolving, one vane at least always intercepts the internal.
passage from one orifice to the other. I do not confine myself to use rotary.
pistons, but I employ, when I deem it convenient, the appointed pipe or
pipes from the ash-pit to exhaust alternately the working sides of an ordinary
reciprocating piston or pistons, which is or. are then applied in the usual or
other manner to perform any required work to which the apparatus is applicable.
Such is the description, and such is the operation of my engine, as intended to.
utilize the air-sucking faculty of fire: But as the proper action of fire chiefly
depends on the manner of treating, combustion I will proceed to explain my
mode of proceeding with regard to this point...

page_text: In my manner of treating fire-I propose to myself to satisfy two conditions,
of which one relates to feeding the combustion with fuel, and the other to
feeding it with air. As to the first, I so arrange. the fire-box that it adjoins
two lateral chambers, say, one on the right-hand and the other on the left-
hand side intended as receptacles for fuel... The fuel is thereinto introduced
through a suitable opening at the top of each receptacle, which opening is
provided with a properly shutting cover or lid. The bottom of each receptacle
isilevel with the upper surface of the grate bottom, and contains a second
bottom which is moveable,' and which has the shape of an inverted :drawer
capable of sliding forward on to the fire and backward from it. When in its
forward position, it in fact, forms the bottom of the receptacle, and shuts with
regard to the fire-box a corresponding opening in its side.. When the fire is
to be fed, the movable, bottom is: drawn backward more or less according to
the quantity of fuel which it is desired to introduce, whereby the fuel in the
receptacle descends by its own gravity and fills the, space so left vacent. . The
drawer is now pushed on to its usual forward position, and thereby a corres-
ponding supply of fuel after its temperature has been gradually raised whilst
in the receptacle, is delivered.into the fire-box upon the surface of the grate
bottom. The same process takes place in the opposite.receptacle.
As to feeding the combustion with air my mode of proceeding is this:-First,
the fire is enclosed on all sides so that it can have no communication with the
atmosphere except through the chimney to exhale the æriform products of
combustion, and through the appointed pipe or pipes in the ash-pit to inhale
the required quantity of atmospheric air. Secondly, there are three gratings
in the fire-box, one horizontal, being the grate bottom, and two vertical, being.
two of the sides of the fire-box, the other sides. being the sides which the
fire-box adjoins the receptacles for fuel. A suitable space. for the passage of
air ascending from the ash-pit to the burning fuel is left between each of the
two vertical gratings, and the corresponding side of the furnace. I make
furnaces of any degree of power by increasing in proportion the length of. the
fire-place, so as to admit of its being composed of a series of such fire-boxes,
each having similar adjoining receptacles for fuel and similar air passages
along the vertical gratings, but all having one common chimney or exhaling
organ, and, one common ash-pit or inhaling chamber.
As to the other vital: function of, fire, the exhaling action which is exerted
through the chimney, I utilize it by transferring to the chimney shaft. the
apparatus and arrangement which I have before described as applied to the
pipe which leads to the ash-pit. For this, purpose. I allow the external air to
have free admission into the ash-pit, but to have no other access to the fire;

page_text: and I take advantage of the exhaling property of fire by so arranging the
chimney shaft that at a suitable height from the fire it has the form of a pipe,
which expands into a compartment or hollow vessel containing a working rotary
piston or fan wheel, arranged as explained before, the only difference being
that in the former case the external orifice.is the inlet and the rotary piston or
fan wheel is acted upon by the atmospheric pressure consequent on the air-
sucking property of fire; and in the latter case the external orifice is the
outlet, and motion is imparted by the expansive force of the aeriform products
of combustion, namely, the exhalation of the furnace.
I now proceed to explain how I propose to utilize jointly the action of both
the vital functions of fire. I intend to apply the properties combined as a
means of navigating the atmosphere, and my mode of proceeding in this
respect is as follows:-I make an aerial machine consisting of a furnace in
which combustion is carried on and treated in the manner I have pointed out.
Here the chimney expands and terminates in a hollow vessel of suitable capa-
city and of any suitable form. I prefer the form of a column dome-shaped at
the upper end. This hollow vessel, which, in fact, answers the purpose of
what is ordinarily called a balloon, is made of metallic or other incombustible
sheeting, and has two holes or orifices in it.; one is intended as a means of
communication between the interior of the hollow vessel and the interior of
the furnace, and-it opens at the centre of the base of the column, being, in
fact, the junction of the chimney with the column. The other orifice is
intended as a means of "communication between the interior of the hollow
vessel and the external air, and it opens in the periphery of the.column near
the base, in the rear of the line of direction of the aerial machine, or it opens
at any other suitable place. Both the orifices are provided with. suitable
dampers as a means to regulate the passage of the aeriform fluids, which
dampers are worked through suitable apparatus at the will of the aeronaut.
The furnace itself rests upon a suitable platform of equal or different size to
the base of the column, which platform is rigidly connected with the base
itself of the column, and in such manner that it in fact answers the purpose
of what is ordinarily called the car of.a balloon. The machine is rigged with
a propelling apparatus, consisting of a revolving drum or drums, furnished
with flat boards or vanes made of any suitable material, and capable of acting
upon the external air in a manner somewhat analogous to that in which the
paddle wheels of an ordinary steam ship act upon the water; or consisting of
any other suitable propeller, which propelling apparatus is worked by the air-
sucking faculty of fire, in the manner before explained.
:
The operation of this aerial machine is this:- By the exhaling function of

page_text: fire which is exerted through the chimney, a partial vacuum is formed in the
hollow column, the common air being thereout expelled and replaced by the
gaseous and other aeriform products of combustion, which form a medium
more or less imponderable and expansive in proportion to the vitality of the
fire in the furnace, whereby a proportionate ascensional power adaptable to
raising, lowering, and buoying the the aerostat is obtained. By the other
organic function the air-sucking action which the fire exerts through the
appointed pipe in the ash-pit, motion is imparted to the propelling apparatus, and
thereby the aerial machine is urged to such horizontal motion as is directed
by the aeronaut who controls the engine.
The whole of the weight of the platform and of its contents and rigging;
namely, the car, being at the base and considerably heavier than the hollow
column, the law of gravity continually maintains the aerostat when in the air,
in the position for which it is intended..
Having described the nature of my Invention, and the mode of carrying it
into practice, I wish to point out some other purposes besides those which I
have described to which it is applicable, and to which it is my intention to
apply it. In the first place, I propose to utilize furnaces constructed upon the
principles I have before specified as a ventilating apparatus, for the purpose of
renewing the air in the lower deck of ships, also in pits and other subterranean
places, and I proceed as follows;-I establish my furnace outside the deck or
pit, as the case may be, so that it is placed in the open air; here the pipe
intended to feed the fire with air is made as long as will enter the place
which it is proposed to ventilate, and will extend as far as close to its bottom
or inmost recess. The operation is this:-As the fire goes on in the furnace it
sucks up the air through the pipe, thereby producing a partial vacuum or rare-
faction of air in the inmost recess of the pit or other place to be ventilated,
which vacuum is instantly refilled with new air from the atmosphere, which
has admission at the mouth or entrance of the pit or other place, and which
is compelled to descend the pit till it reaches the external orifice of the
pipe, through which alone it can find its way up to the fire, thus preventing
the stagnation of air in the pit, or other place. A similar process is adaptable
to ventilate what are now called "cupola ships" or vessels entirely covered. I
propose also to have ships constructed so as to navigate under water entirely
submerged, except in so far that two pipes project from the submerged ship
out of the water into the atmosphere, so as to be in constant communication
with the external air, one as exhaling and the other as the inhaling organ
or orifice of the interior of the submerged ship. Here I arrange matters as
follows:

page_text: The interior of the ship presents two orifices. One is, in fact, the mouth
of the ash-pit of the furnace, of which the chimney is one of the two pipes just
mentioned as projecting from the submerged ship out into the atmosphere for
exhaling purposes. The other orifice is placed at the opposite and further end
of the ship, or at any other suitable distance from the furnace, and is in fact
the inner orifice of the second pipe, videlicit, that which projects into the
atmosphere for air-inhaling purposes, the operation is the same as beforé
described, that is, as the fire goes on in the furnace, it draws the air which
is continually replaced by the atmosphere through the inhaling pipe, whereby
the air in the interior of the submerged ship is constantly renewed.
Next, I propose to utilize my furnace as a refrigerating apparatus, for pro-
ducing cold and for making ice, and I proceed as follows: It is well known
that liquid or other substances may be cooled, refrigerated, and even frozen
by being exposed under proper arrangements to a fixed current of air or
continuous draught. Acting upon this principle, I so construct the air-feed
pipe of my furnace, that at a suitable distance from the fire it expands, so as
to admit in its interior a vessel containing the liquid or other substance which
it is proposed to have cooled, refrigerated, or frozen, and which is so placed
therein as to have no other communication with the external air. The opera-
tion is this: As the fire in the furnace goes on, a continuous current of air
rushes up to it through the feed pipe, which air, as it passes, abstracts the
caloric from the liquid or other substance exposed to it in the interior of the
pipe. When necessary, the operation is assisted by a gentle stirring motion
being communicated through any suitable moving apparatus to the substance
under refrigerating process, thus compelling all its particles to give out their
heat.
Lastly, I intend to utilize my furnace for the purpose of treating ores,
metals, or other substances by fire. My object is threefold, to dispense with
the blast, to obtain a better circulation of air in the interior of the furnace,
and to be able to increase the size or power of a furnace for the said purposes
to any desirable extent. I proceed for this object as follows:-I so construct
the furnace that it consists of a series of fire boxes, made and arranged as
before described, with this difference, that in this case the fire-boxes are made
of fire-clay, or other refractory material, with suitable air spaces in them,
answering the purpose of the air spaces of the iron bars in the ordinary fire-
grates. The ore or other substance which it is proposed to treat by fire is
contained in suitable vessels or crucibles, each of which is so placed that it is
entirely inside the furnace, and stands between two fire-boxes, and over a
third one, all with suitable air spaces between the fire-boxes and crucible.

page_text: When required, the crucibles, are so made, that one communicates with the
other, and all can be discharged or emptied of their liquid contents through
a common tap hole. Also the furnace is so contrived that its whole structure
is built upon a suitable foundation frame, which frame, rests upon a suitable
beam capable of turning upon suitable pivots, so that by the aid of a suitable
moving apparatus, a certain inclination or see-saw movement as it were, may
be communicated to the furnace, when, all the crucibles are emptied of their
liquid contents through a suitable common issue by the effect of gravity..
Having now completed the description of my Invention, and of its several
applications, I claim,-.
Firstly, the specified mode of obtaining motive power from rarefied air and
from aeriform fluids..
Secondly, the specified modes of applying the motive power obtained as
specified.
Thirdly, the specified mode of navigating the air.
Fourthly, the specified mode of treating combustion and its application,
whether total or partial, to furnaces and other fire-places, and the application
of such furnaces to the specified purposes.
Fifthly, the specified arrangement of a rotary piston or fan wheel, and its
application, to transmit the force of steam or of other fluid in motion.
In witness whereof, I, the said Andrea Crestadoro, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Fourth day of December, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-two.
ANDREA CRESTADORO. (L.S.)
Witness,
WILLIAM KEMP,
of 45, Radnor Street,
Hulme,
Manchester.