CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF GLASS AND OTHER VITRIFIED SUBSTANCES, AND IN ORNAMENTING AND ANNEALING THE SAME
Year: 1852

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to James Lochhead, of Kennington, in the
County of Surrey, Manufacturer, and Robert Passenger, of Union
Street, Southwark, in the same County, Merchant, for the Inven-
tion of CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF GLASS AND
OTHER VITRIFIED SUBSTANCES, AND IN ORNAMENTING AND ANNEALING
THE SAME."
Sealed the 13th April 1853, and dated the 15th October 1852.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said James Lochhead
and Robert Passenger at the Office of the Commissioners of
Patents, with their Petition, on the 15th October 1852.
We, JAMES LOCHIEAD and ROBERT PASSENGER, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention for CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
MANUFACTURE OF GLASS AND OTHER VITRIFIED SUBSTANCES, AND IN ORNA-
MENTING AND ANNEALING THE SAME," to be as follows:-
This Invention consists in so treating vitrified substances that they
may be used for ventilation and other useful and ornamental purposes,
such mode or modes of treatment, and the purposes to which the
substances so treated are applied. being new. The usual substances

page_text: which produce glass, plain or colored, are melted in the ordinary
manner, afterwards casting the metal on a table, flattening it by means
of a roller, which roller is followed by another roller having teeth or
projections affixed therein at required distances; these press holes on
the plates or sheets of glass, which are afterwards in the ordinary
manner ground and polished, or ground only, and used principally for
ventilation; or the melted metal may be ladled into a pan, and a
mould pressed thereon by any mode of pressure, so as to perforate the
metal (glass) in any form required. We anneal or reheat glass and
other vitrified substances, and mark, ornament, or print it while in the
semi fluid state, and for this purpose we make a carriage of cast iron
or other material with wheels; such carriage is placed upon rails, and
is placed in a furnace, and runs from one department to the other by
lifting a condenser. We use also a table, made of stone or other
suitable fire proof material, which is fixed upon the aforesaid carriage;
the sheet, or square, or cylinder of glass, in the state it is manufac-
tured (as, for example, old glass taken from windows, &c. may be
used), is placed thereon, and caloric of sufficient temperature being
generated in the furnace the glass loses its consistency and becomes
semi fluid. When it has arrived at this stage apply a press having
certain projections or teeth on its face or surface, or a cylinder so
armed may be used, and thus the perforation of the semi fluid is
effected. The press or cylinder (whichever is used) being removed,
the carriage, having on it the table as aforesaid, and also the glass
indented or perforated, is passed into another furnace; the glass is
removed on to another table (stone), flattened, and thence passed into
the annealing kiln upon metal trays moving on wheels, and are by
degrees moved along the kiln until the glass is cool enough to be
removed therefrom; or recesses or indentations may be made in the
receiving table, and teeth made to fit into these recesses; these perforate
the glass while in a fluid or semi-fluid state, and are withdrawn when a
plain cylinder passes thereover. The furnace used is an arched brick
one, divided into sections by condensors, and is immediately connected
with the annealing kiln, into which latter the glass is run as described.
Or we use gas (the common illuminating gas) for reheating gas and

page_text: rendering it semi-fluid, and for annealing the same, the gas being
conveyed into the annealing kilns by a series of pipes. We also intend
to print patterns or designs on glass while in a fluid or semi-fluid state,
such designs being worked on the rollers or presses by casting, cutting,
or punching the same, also upon the plate or table on which the glass
is placed during the operation when desired. We also intend to run
the melted metal from the pots into or on to the tables or other
surfaces, withdrawing or not withdrawing the said pots from the
furnace, as desirable. We take the metal, when desirable, direct from
the pot in the furnace on to the table or other surfaces, while said
table is inside the furnace.
We consider we have given sufficient particulars to enable the Royal
Commissioners to understand our Invention. Full particulars and
mode of process, with illustrations thereof, will be given in our full
Specification.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said James Lochhead and Robert Passenger in the
Great Seal Patent Office, on the 15th April 1853.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we,
JAMES LOCHHEAD, of Kennington, in the County of Surrey, Manu-
facturer, and ROBERT PASSENGER, of Union Street, Southwark, in the
same County, Merchant, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, dated the Fifteenth day of October, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-two, in the sixteenth
year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors; give and
grant unto us, the said James Lochhead and Robert Passenger, Her
especial license that we, the said James Lochhead and Robert Passen-
ger, our executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as we, the
said James Lochhead and Robert Passenger, our executors, adminis-
trators, and assigns, and no others, from time to time and at all times
thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might

page_text: make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, our Inven-
tion for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF GLASS AND OTHER VITRI-
FIED SUBSTANCES, AND IN ORNAMENTING AND ANNEALING THE SAME," upon
condition (amongst others) that we, the said James Lochhead and
Robert Passenger, by an instrument in writing under our hands and
seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the
said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed,
and cause the same to be filed in the Office of the Commissioners for
Patents within six calendar months next and immediately after the date
of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said James Lochhead and Robert
Passenger, do hereby declare the nature of our said Invention,
and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly
described and ascertained in and by the following statement, that is
to say:
This Invention consists in improved means of so treating vitrified
substances as to ensure increased celerity in the working, combined
with increased certainty of execution and manipulation in the various
processes and operations necessary for properly annealing the same;
the increased celerity in the working being obtained by more compact
arrangement of the different compartments or localities required for the
several processes, and more simple and immediate means of operation
generally, while an increased certainty of operation is secured by more
effective means of regulating the various temperatures of the several
divisions of the spaces in which the work is performed, and the
ventilation generally. These improved general arrangements are shewn
in the two Sheets of Drawings hereunto annexed. Figure 1, Sheet 1,
is a general plan, partly in horizontal section, of the central portion of
the building, giving a little more than one half of its entire length taken
at the centre. Sheet 2, represents a transverse section of the building,
shewing vertical sections of the annealing kilns and the furnace in
elevation. Figure 3, (Sheet 1,) is an elevation of a portion of one of
the annealing kilns. In both Sheets similar letters represent similar
parts respectively.

page_text: A, B, and C, D, are the outer longitudinal walls of the building,
shewn in Sheet 1, in horizontal section, with the roof removed; they
are left out in Sheet 2, for want of space. e, f, g, h, the furnace,
having its centre at the point of junction of the transverse and
longitudinal axis of the entire building;,, and, &, the rolling
kilns; and j, j and, the annealing kilns, built parallel to each
other and to the longitudinal axis of the building. These kilns are
divided into compartments by means of slides of iron plate 1, 1, 1, 1,
protected over the soffit of the arch of the kiln by means of vertical
transverse walls k, k, k; they are worked vertically by means of centre
lift rods working in collars along the sides of the annealing kiln;
there are longitudinal openings and slides shewn at m, m, and n, n.
Within both series of kilns longitudinal rails 0, 0, 0, 0, are laid in
the ordinary way, on which travel the carriages used for the rolling p,
in the kilns, and for the transmission of the plates, such as the one
shewn at q. when rolled along the several divisions of the annealing
kilns. On the carriage 1, a table is fixed, made of metal or other
suitable material, on which the metal is rolled; immediately above
the level of this table a metal roller 2, is placed transversely, with
its axis working in vertical bearings, built in the walls of the fur-
nace or otherwise, with such a vertical play as may be found necessary.
Practically, each of the furnace tables may be put in motion by the
expansive force of steam or other motive power, backwards or forwards,
longitudinally or obliquely, generated within a longitudinal cylinder of a
suitable diameter, furnished with a piston and piston rod for the pur-
pose, or in any other convenient manner. The upper surface of the
table is furnished on each of its longitudinal sides with racks, in which
work the teeth of the wheels S, of the cylinder, the weight being
supported by the raised circular bands t, t, or with metal sidings of the
required thickness, and also with such proper guides as may be deemed
advisable, under particular circumstances, to secure the different thick-
nesses of metal and parallel edges to the rolled metal. A series of pipes
are laid along the entire lengths of the rolling furnaces, as well as the
annealing kilns and gas, (the common illuminating gas, or heated air)
laid on, by which means a connexion with the ventilator V, shewn in

page_text: Figure 3, and the vertical issues placed at equal distances, and shewn
in the plans at u, u, u, the greatest nicety in the adjustment of the
relative temperatures of the several compartments is realized. The
vertical issues u, u, u, have regulation caps, which are worked by levers,
as shewn at w. We also use gas or hot air, for the purpose of reheating
glass and rendering it semi-fluid. The metal is taken direct from the
pot in the furnace, and introduced into the fire proof inclined conduit a
or small tubing, from the basis of the pots, whose horizontal openings
are placed from 6 to 8 inches over the surface of the rolling plate.
The slide is let down close to the opening during the operation, in order
to prevent an undue escape of heat; and steam being generated in the
table under the cylinder, and acting on the piston, moves it along, and
communicates motion to the roller by means of the rack and cogs.
The metal is thus passed between the moving table and the stationery
cylinder, and thus becomes rolled; or the roller may be moveable.
The carriage proceeds along the rails to such convenient distance as
may be necessary for the removal of the plates to the annealing
kiln on to the carriage q, upright or laid flat, which is furnished with
longitudinal grooves for the purpose, and a series of sidings on each
of its transverse sides for the admission of longitudinal iron rods to
protect the plates when transferred. The transverse slides are then
called into operation, and the process of annealing completed. The
cylinder and table are kept of an even temperature by means of water,
steam, or air introduced by tubing or perforations communicating with
the axis of the roller, or with the sides or ends of the table, which are
made hollow for the purpose. For the purposes of ventilation or
ornamental work generally, the surface of the cylinders and table may
be formed with raised projections, or depressions, or indentations, giving
the necessary perforations or pattern. The metal is first flattened on
a table by a roller, as already described; and a second roller, with teeth
or projections affixed thereto at required distances, may be employed to
press holes on or indentations in the plates or sheets of glass, which are
afterwards ground and polished, or ground only, in the ordinary manner,
or cleaned by a series of wheels fixed on a spindle, and used for pur-
poses of ventilation or otherwise; or only a single cylinder need be

page_text: used with teeth and raised projections, by which means the glass is
rolled, and perforated, printed, or ornamented, at the same time; or
the metal may be poured into a mould or receiver, and a pattern pressed
thereon by any mechanical means of effecting the necessary pressure,
so as to perforate or stamp the metal into any required form. By
means of the carriages and arrangements already described glass and
other vitrified substances can be reheated, and perforated, stamped,
marked, ornamented, or printed, while in the semi-fluid state. Designs
are worked on the presses or cylinders, tables, plates, or moulds, by
casting, cutting, punching, or other convenient mode of operation under.
the circumstances of the case.
Having now described the nature of our Invention, and the mode
or modes or means of carrying the same into practical effect, we wish
it to be understood that although we have described the arrangement
of parts suitable to or for the purposes of our Invention, and have
illustrated the same in and by the Drawings hereunto annexed, it is not
our intention, nor do we strictly confine ourselves to the precise details
described and shewn, as such may be varied without in anywise de-
parting from the principle of our Invention, as circumstances may
require; nor do we claim any of the parts or portions used or named
taken separately, but only as in combination and for the purposes of
our Invention, which we declare to be, and we claim,-
Firstly, we claim the entire arrangement of parts in the relative
positions, by which combination the travelling distances are shortened
to a minimum, thus giving the maximum useful effect to be obtained
in the manufacture of vitrified substances for the purposes of our
Invention, as herein-before described and illustrated in the Drawings.
Secondly, we claim the introduction of the casting table and roller
into or under cover of the furnace roof, thereby retaining the molten
glass or other vitrified substance at a regulated temperature while the
casting and rolling operations are performed.
Thirdly, we claim the adaptation of the table as described, filled with
water, air, or steam of the necessary degree of temperature, to prevent
the breakage of glass or other vitrified substances from the too sudden
cooling thereof.

page_text: Fourthly, we claim the arrangement hercin described of supplying
glass or other vitrified substances from pots within the furnace on to
the table, situate as herein-before described and illustrated by the
Drawings.
Fifthly, we claim the introduction of gas or hot air through pipes, in
combination with the ventilators and vertical issues, for regulating the
various temperatures required in the several divisions of the annealing
kilns.
Sixthly, we claim the process of reheating squares, plates, sheets,
cylinders, or other form of glass, or other vitrified substances, the mode
of perforating, printing, or ornamenting the same while in a semi-fluid
state, either by mechanical or atmospheric pressure, assisted by gas or
hot air, as herein-before described.
Lastly, we claim the printing of designs, the cutting out of letters
or figuring or ornamenting objects in colours or otherwise while the
glass is undergoing the different processes, as herein-before described.
In witness whereof, we, the said Jamies Lochhead and Robert
Passenger, have hereunto set our hands and seals, this Thirteenth
day of April, One thousand eight hundred and fifty-three.
Witness,
JOHN GEDGE,
Patent Agent,
JAMES LOCHHEAD. (L.S.)
ROT. PASSENGER.
(L.S.)
4, Wellington Street, Strand,
London.