IMPROVEMENTS IN THE ARRANGEMENT, CONSTRUCTION, AND FITTINGS OF MARQUEES AND TENTS FOR TEMPORARY HOSPITALS FOR MILITARY AND OTHER USES, AND FOR THE ENCAMPMENT OF TROOPS AND OTHER PURPOSES, AND IN CAMP EQUIPAGE USED THERE WITH FOR FIELD USE AND OTHER PURPOSES
Year: 1871

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to George Turner, of 72, Asylum Road, Peckham,
in the Parish of Camberwell, in the County of Surrey, for the
Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE ARRANGEMENT, CONSTRUCTION, AND
FITTINGS OF MARQUEES AND TENTS FOR TEMPORARY HOSPITALS FOR MILITARY
AND OTHER USES, AND FOR THE ENCAMPMENT OF TROOPS AND OTHER PURPOSES,
AND IN CAMP EQUIPAGE USED THERE WITH FOR FIELD USE AND OTHER
PURPOSES."
Sealed the 17th November 1871, and dated the 22nd May 1871.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said George Turner at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
22nd May 1871.
I, GEORGE TURNER, of 72, Asylum Road, Peckham, in the Parish of
Camberwell, in the County of Surrey, do hereby declare the nature of
the Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE ARRANGEMENT, CONSTRUCTION, AND
FITTINGS OF MARQUEES AND TENTS FOR TEMPORARY HOSPITALS FOR MILITARY AND
OTHER USES, AND FOR THE ENCAMPMENT OF TROOPS AND OTHER PURPOSES, AND IN
CAMP EQUIPAGE USED THERE WITH FOR FIELD USE AND OTHER PURPOSES," to be as
follows:-
.
According to my Invention I arrange the marquee, tent, or temporary
hospital by a combination of wire ropes and supports of metal or other
suitable material of a tubular or other form as framing in such a manner
A
"

page_text: as to admit of one or more marquees, tents, or other structures being
readily attached or joined to a central marquee or tent, so as to form one
structure, and the central marquee or tent by being the higher portion
and fitted with ventilating arrangements at the apex will act as a
ventilator to the whole combination, or a portion thereof, at the same
time that each marquee, tent, wing, or other attached portion may be
independently ventilated by apertures in the roof, to which ventilators.
are fitted, and the same arrangements may be used in a single marquee
or tent. The wire rope or framework for supporting the canvas or other
covering may be spliced or otherwise fitted to metal eyes, rings, flanges,
or collars arranged to fit loosely over the metal or other supports, and
the canvas or covering is attached to the wire framework in such a
manner that the whole may be readily applied to the poles or other
supports for erection without causing a strain to be thrown on the
canvas or other covering, and allowing free play for the contraction and
expansion of the same. The ends of the wire ropes or framework leading
to the screw pegs or other suitable ground fastenings consist of pennants
attached to the same by means of hooks or shackles or other convenient
mode of fastening, or set up or tightened with lanyards or set screws, so
as to admit of being readily adjusted as required.
To obviate the necessity of employing ridge poles as ordinarily used
in marquees, tents, and structures of this kind I use a wire rope, and to
enable the wire rope or framework forming the ridge of these marquees,
tents, or other structures to be maintained at the proper degree of
tension without the use of props, struts, or other supports between the
ends of the same or from pole to pole or other supports, set screws,
lanyards, or other convenient mode are employed to tighten it, or the
plan described herein for supporting the covering of the hammocks may
be employed for all parts requiring adjustment.
The ventilating arrangements may be those shewn in my former
Patent, No. 823, granted to me in the year One thousand eight hundred
and fifty-five, consisting of apertures formed round the poles or other
supports fitted with sliding caps or other suitable coverings, the necks or
tops of which are made to fit closely to the poles or other supports, and
be moved or adjusted thereon by means of cords and pullies or other
convenient arrangement. The covering of the ventilating apertures may
be made of metal or other convenient materials as a framework covered
with canvas or other suitable material, and constructed so as to be

page_text: collapsible or to fold into a smaller compass for convenience of trans-
port; or they may be made of a rigid metal or other framework glazed
with plain or coloured glass or other transparent or semi-transparent
material fixed therein in the ordinary manner; or the glass may be
bedded on india-rubber or other elastic material so as to avoid breakage
by expansion, contraction, or vibration.
Another arrangement of the ventilating apparatus consists of moveable
flaps, the frames being made of metal or other suitable material covered
with canvas or other convenient fabric, or glazed in the same manner as
herein-before described, and fitted with self-acting or other convenient
arrangement for opening, closing, or adjusting the same, these venti-
lators moving on a hinge or joint in a similar manner to the lid or cover
of a hinged box or writing desk. Glazed windows, to open or shut if
desired, formed of a metal or wooden frame, sash, or casement, and
arranged so that they attach to a wooden or metal frame screwed or
otherwise fastened to the wire framework, and also to the canvas, may
be employed, an opening being made in the canvas for the admission of
light.
In order that the metal poles or supports employed as chimnies may
be rendered more portable they may be arranged so that they consist of
two or more lengths supported on a tripod, each upper length being
smaller in diameter than the length below it, one end being fitted with
a solid ring or band to act as a bearing and prevent its entering too
deeply into its supporting length, and when taken down for transport
each length of smaller tube by being inverted stows into the larger one,
and the ring or band again acts as a stop to prevent its sliding in
altogether, thus reducing the total length to nearly one-half or one-third,
as the case may be. The tripods being removable stow in the inner
tube, thus enabling the lower length of tube to form a case or receptacle
for the whole, and by means of caps or covers fitting on the ends the
same becomes in a convenient condition for transport. The tripods or
legs which support the tube or chimney are arranged so as to be retained
in their proper position on the ground by means of points or projections
on their ends, which enter a hole in a plate or flattened ring placed
under the end of each tripod, each plate or flattened ring being con-
nected by a chain, bar, or other suitable attachment to a central ring, or
by a connection extending directly from one leg to another or from leg
to leg, whereby they are prevented from expanding or sinking into the
A 2

page_text: II
ground, and thus form a substantial base or support for the whole.
preferred, the ends of the tripod or legs may have sockets formed in
them, into which the projections, in this case formed on the plates or
flattened rings, would fit.
When wooden floorings are used in marquees, tents, or other similar
structures I arrange wooden poles made or fitted with points, spikes, or
projections at both ends, so as to support the eaves of the same by one
point, spike, or projection entering a metal eye or receptacle attached to
the canvas or other covering where the wire rope or framework passes
out through the same, the point, spike, or projection on the lower end of
the poles passing through an eyebolt, loop, staple, or other convenient
arrangement attached to the ends of the joists or edge of the flooring, or
the poles may be stepped on the flooring, as most convenient, the poles
serving to keep the wind from lifting the floor, and enabling the canvas
or other material forming the sides of such structures to be properly
supported and tightened, the same being attached or fastened to the floor
so as to render unnecessary the use of pegs as ordinarily employed to pin
it to the ground. The hood or bonnet which is placed over the stove or
brasier to conduct the smoke into the chimney is made of a triangular
or other convenient form fitted with a smoke-tight joint, and so as to be
readily taken to pieces for transport. The stove or brasier which is
placed under or in connection with the hood or bonnet and chimney is
made collapsible, so as to be easily folded in a similar manner to the
hood or bonnet herein-before described.
For cooking purposes I employ an oven formed of iron or other
suitable material consisting of two parts or portions of a round, square,
or other convenient form, one of which fits into the other so as to leave a
space between the two which forms a casing of hot air to the inner part,
the whole being covered with a lid arranged by means of two concentric
flanges, one fitting inside the inner portion and the other outside the
same to keep in the heat, the amount of which can be regulated by a
valve placed in the lid. These parts or portions may be used separately
if required for boiling or cooking in the ordinary manner.
brasier in connection with the oven but used separately therefrom is of
a circular, square, or other convenient form fitted in the bottom with a
grating, or bars, or perforations, or all or any combined, for admitting air
to the fuel and bars or perforations, or both combined, in the sides to
facilitate the passage of the heat and to aid the combustion of the fuel.
The stove or

page_text: The cooking vessels are adapted by their form to fit against the sides of
the stove or brasier so that when they are in their places they enclose
it on all sides and thereby cause the heat generated by the fuel to be
intercepted by them on its escape from the stove or brasier. A smaller
cooking vessel which stows into the stove or brasier for transport is so
arranged as to fit on the top of the same when used for cooking. The
stove or brasier is so proportioned and arranged as to fit with its cooking
vessels into the oven herein-before described so that it forms a case into
which they may be packed for transport.
The hammocks or sleeping arrangements fitted to these marquees,
tents, or other similar structures are so arranged as to be readily applied
as ambulances or litters for the removal of sick or wounded persons from
the field to the hospitals or ambulances or other desired position, or
transporting them from one place to another, without requiring any
exertion on their part, by which means two men can easily carry two
other sick or wounded persons at one and the same time.
The hammocks or cots may be fitted or suspended as described in my
former Patent, No. 823, granted to me in the year One thousand eight
hundred and fifty-five, and when used so as to be slung or suspended
from two short rods or staves of wood or other suitable material, and
stayed by means of cords, chains, or wire ropes placed at an angle
thereto, and extending from the ends thereof to the ground, it is
necessary in order to obtain satisfactory results that the said cords,
chains, or wire ropes should be attached to screw pegs driven into the
ground, as otherwise it is found that the hammock or cot will not keep
in the required position. By this arrangement the hammock or cot can
be set up outside the marquee or tent if desired or used as a convenient
bed or lounge where the employment of the tent is not necessary.
this case I arrange the supports of the hammock or cot in such a manner
as to admit of a covering to keep off the sun or rain from the occupant
being readily applied thereto, which covering I so form as to be easily
adapted to be used as a garment or as a ground sheet when required,
and I arrange the stays and supports which carry the coverings in such a
manner that the weight of the occupant of the hammock or cot causes
them to maintain their required position and tighten the ridge line on
which the covering is placed.
In
Where it is required that the canvas or other covering of the marquee,
similar structure or that placed over the hammock or cot

page_text: should be more waterproof than it is in its ordinary condition I employ
a mixture consisting of paint, soft soap, and boiling water, with which I
pay over the same.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said George Turner in the Great Seal Patent Office on
the 22nd November 1871.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, GEORGE
TURNER, of 72, Asylum Road, Peckham, in the County of Surrey,
Gentleman, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Twenty-second day of April, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-one, in the
thirty-fourth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and suc-
cessors, give and grant unto me, the said George Turner, Her special
licence that I, the said George Turner, my executors, administrators,
and assigns, or such others as I, the said George Turner, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no
others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term
therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for
" IMPROVEMENTS
IN THE ARRANGEMENT, CONSTRUCTION, AND FITTINGS OF MARQUEES AND TENTS FOR
TEMPORARY HOSPITALS FOR MILITARY AND OTHER USES, AND FOR THE ENCAMPMENT
OF TROOPS AND OTHER PURPOSES, AND IN CAMP EQUIPAGE FOR FIELD USE THERE-
WITH, AND OTHER PURPOSES," upon the condition (amongst others) that I,
the said George Turner, executors or administrators, by an instrument
in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should
particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention,
and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same
to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months
next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said George Turner, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the

page_text: IOLIOwing statement thereof and accompanying Sheets of Drawing (that
is to say) :-
According to my Invention I arrange the marquee, tent, or temporary
hospital by a combination of wire rope and supports of metal or other
suitable material of a tubular or other convenient form as framing in
such a manner as to admit one or more marquees, tents, or other
structures being readily attached or joined to a central marquee or tent
so as to form one structure, and the central marquee or tent being the
highest portion and fitted with ventilating arrangements at the apex
will act as a ventilator to the whole combination, or a portion thereof, at
the same time that each marquee, tent, wing, or other attached portion
may be independently ventilated by apertures in the roof to which
ventilators are fitted, and the same arrangements may be used in a
single marquee or tent. The wire rope or framework for supporting the
canvas or other covering may be spliced or otherwise fitted to metal
eyes, rings, flanges, or collars arranged to fit loosely over the metal or
other supports, and the canvas or covering is attached to the wire
framework in such a manner that the whole may be readily applied
to the poles or other supports for erection without causing a strain to
be thrown on the canvas or other covering and allowing free play for
the contraction and expansion of the same. The ends of the wire ropes
or framework leading to the screw pegs or other suitable ground
fastenings consist of pennants attached to the same by means of
hooks or shackles, or other convenient modes of fastening, or set up or
tightened with lanyards or set screws, so as to admit of being readily
adjusted as required.
To obviate the necessity of employing ridge poles as ordinarily used
in marquees, tents, and structures of this kind I use wire or other
rope, and to enable the wire rope or frame forming the ridge of these
marquees, tents, or other structures to be maintained at the proper degree
of tension without the use of props, struts, or other supports, set screws,
lanyards, or other convenient modes are employed to tighten it, or the
plan described herein for supporting the covering to the hammocks
may be employed for all parts requiring adjustment, or india-rubber
springs may be used for the same purpose. The flexibility given to the
structure by the use of wire or other ridge ropes, instead of the ridge
poles as ordinarily used, permits of the easy erection or striking of
marquees or other clongated structures in the most boisterious weather

page_text: by the parts or portions between each pole and from pole to pole being
erected or struck alternately, thereby avoiding the strain and difficulty
experienced in pitching or striking the old style of marquee with
wooden ridge poles which require the whole structure to be raised or
lowered at one and the same time.
The ventilating arrangements may be those shewn in my former
Patent, No. 823, granted to me in the year 1855, consisting of apertures
formed round the poles or other supports fitted with sliding caps or
other suitable coverings, the necks or tops of which are made to fit
closely to the poles or other supports, and be moved or adjusted thereon
by means of cords and pulleys or other convenient arrangement. The
covering of the ventilating apertures may be made of metal or other
convenient materials, as a framework covered with canvas or other
suitable materials and be constructed so as to be collapsible or to fold
into a smaller compass for convenience of transport, or they may be
made of a ridged metal or other framework glazed with plain or colored
glass or other transparent or semi-transparent material fitted therein in
the ordinary manner, or the glass may be bedded on india-rubber or
other elastic material so as to avoid breakage by expansion, contraction,
or vibration.
Another arrangement of the ventilating apparatus consists of move-
able flaps, the framework being made of metal or other suitable
material covered with canvas or other convenient fabric, or glazed in
the same manner as herein-before described, and fitted with self-acting
or other convenient arrangement for opening, closing, or adjusting the
same, these ventilators moving on a hinge or joint in a similar manner
to the lid or cover of a hinged box or writing desk, and the joint or
hinge may be formed of canvas, webbing, or other flexible material.
Glazed windows to open and shut if desired formed of a metal or
wooden framework, sash, or casement and arranged so that they attach
to a wooden or metal frame secured or otherwise fastened to the wire
framework, and also to the canvas may be employed, an opening being
made in the canvas roof of a marquee, tent, or other structure for the
admission of light, and when such windows are applied to the canvas
side they may be attached to wooden battens extending from the wire
framework of the roof to the ground, or wire rope may be applied in a
similar manner and fastened by screw pegs or other similar fastenings.
and the frame of the window attached thereto and the canvas also.

page_text: In order that the metal poles or supports employed as chimneys may
be rendered more portable they may be arranged so that they consist
of two or more lengths supported on a tripod, each upper length being
smaller in diameter than the length below it, one end being fitted with
a solid ring or band to act as a bearing and prevent its entering too
deeply into the supporting length; and when taken down for transport
each smaller length of tube by being inverted stows into the larger one,
and the ring or band again acts as a stop to prevent its sliding in
altogether, or the tubes may be arranged telescopically, so that one
length slides into its immediate lower length without inverting for
stowage, and can be extended to their full length and fastened by stud
bearings passing through a slot way in a collar or ring fitted inside
the top of its next lower length, and then by a half twist brought to
rest upon the collar or ring and securely fixed by entering another slot
or notch on the top or outward part of the same, or by a bolt or pin
passing through above the collar or ring, thus reducing the total length
to nearly one-half or one-third, as the case may be. The tripods being
removeable stow in the inner tube, thus enabling the lower length of
tube to form a case or receptacle for the whole, and by means of caps or
covers fitting on the ends of the same becomes in a convenient condition
for transport.
The tripod or legs which support the tube or chimney are arranged
so as to be retained in their proper position on the ground by means
of points or projections on their ends which enter a hole in a plate
or flattened ring placed under the end of each tripod, each plate or
flattened ring being connected by a chain, bar, or other suitable attach-
ment to a central ring, or by a connection extending directly from one
leg to another, or from leg to leg, whereby they are prevented from
expanding or sinking into the ground, and thus form a substantial
base or support for the whole. If preferred, the lower ends of the tripod
or legs may have sockets formed in them, into which the projections,
in this case formed on the plates or flattened rings, would fix. The
upper end of the tripod legs are fitted so as readily to enter solid bands
or rings fitted to the lower part or end of the lower length of the tube
5 or chimney, but it is not essential that three legs only be used to
support the tube or chimney, as four or any other number made be used
for the purpose.

page_text: The stoves may be fitted to the tubes, chimneys, or supports of
marquees, tents, or other structures, or any of them as mentioned in the
above referred to Patent of the 13th day of April 1855, No. 823, but
where portability is an object I employ, by preference, a folding or
jointed stove or brazier with a hood or bonnet which is to be placed
over the same to conduct the smoke into the chimney, which may be
made of a triangular or other convenient form fitted with a smoke-tight
joint, so as to be readily removed and taken to pieces for transport, and
with the stove pack completely into a case or valise.
For cooking purposes where a fire is not used in a tent or marquee,
or to supplement the same, I employ an oven formed of iron or other
suitable material consisting of two parts or portions of a round, square,
or other convenient form, one of which fits into the other so as to leave
a space between the two, which forms a casing of hot air to the inner
part, the whole being covered with a lid which may be arranged by
two concentric flanges one fitting inside the inner portion and the other
outside the same, or vice versa, to keep in the heat, the amount of which
can be regulated by a valve placed in the lid. The lid or cover may
have an opening in the centre or other part, into which another lid
may fit for the purpose of access to the inner cylinder without removing
the whole of the cover and thereby allowing the hot air to escape from
the chamber. These cylinders or other shaped vessel may be used
separately for boiling or cooking in the ordinary manner.
The stove or brazier in connection with the oven, but used separately
therefrom, is of a circular, square, or other convenient form, fitted in
the bottom with a grating or bars or perforations, or all or any com-
bined, for admitting air to the fuel, and bars or perforations or both
can be used in the sides to facilitate the passage of the heat and
to aid the combustion of the fuel. The cooking vessels are adapted
by their form to fit against the sides of the stove or brazier, so that
when they are in their places they enclose it on all sides and thereby
cause the heat generated by the fuel to be intercepted by them on its
escape from the stove or brazier a similar cooking vessel which stows
into the stove or brazier for transport is so arranged as to fit on the
top of the same when used for cooking. The stove or brazier is so
proportioned and arranged as to fit with its cooking vessels into the
oven herein-before described, so that it forms a case into which they
may be packed for transport.

page_text: The hammocks or sleeping arrangements fitted to these marquees,
tents, or other similar structures are so arranged as to be readily applied
as ambulances or litters for the removal of sick or wounded persons
from the field to the hospitals or ambulances or other desired position,
or transporting them from one place to another without requiring any
exertion on their part, by which means two men can easily carry or
remove one or more sick or wounded persons from the field or from
one place to another at one or the same time by means of belts, bands, .
or saddle-bearers fitted to their shoulders or otherwise, and wounded
men may thus be more easily collected or removed from hilly ground
or ravines than by the old system of hand barrow ambulance or bearers,
and when necessary from great distances from the hospital, ambulance,
or other suitable place for conveying them to a light hand carriage with
springs on two or more wheels may be used for carrying or affixing
the hammocks to, so that the sick or wounded men may be easily carried
or removed long distances after collection from the field or other place
by hand, such vehicle being of light construction adapted for broken
ground and made to take in pieces and pack in a case for convenience
of transport. The vehicle may also be provided with seats for such of
the sick or wounded as may be able after collection or removal or
otherwise to dispense with the hammock as a bearer or litter. The
vehicle employed by preference should be fitted with proper attachments
with springs for affixing the hammocks, and have an adjusting balance
weight under the axle that they may be always kept horizontal when
the seats are only partially occupied, and that a canvas or other
screen be easily affixed over the whole to keep off the heat of sun
or rain.
The hammocks or cots may be fitted or suspended as described in my
former Patent, No. 823, granted to me in the year 1855, but when used
with a rod and suspended between the wire stays and the poles or other
support the connection or bearers at the wire rope is or are spliced into
the same upwards and downwards and with a seizing at the lower part

page_text: or staves of wood or other suitable material and stayed by means of cords,
chains, or wire ropes placed at an angle thereto and extending from
the top end thereof to the ground, it is necessary in order to obtain
satisfactory results that the said cords, chains, or wire ropes should be
attached to screw pegs screwed into the ground, or where the ground
is too hard and rocky to iron driving pegs fitted with barbed points, or
otherwise it is found that the hammock or cot will not keep in the
required position. By this arrangement the hammock or cot can be set
up outside the marquee or tent, if desired, or used as a convenient bed or
lounge when the employment of a marquee or tent is not necessary.
In this case I arrange the supports of the hammock or cot in such a
manner as to admit of a covering to keep off the sun or rain from the
occupant being readily applied thereto, which covering I so form as
to be easily adapted to be used as a garment or as a ground sheet, and
when required I arrange the stays and support which carry the covering
in such a manner that the weight of the occupant of the hammock or
cot causes them to maintain their required position and tighten the
ridge line on which the covering is placed.
The screw pegs I use and prefer are of an improved construction to
that shewn in the Drawing of the Patent, No. 823, granted to me in
1855, having the worm or screw part of the iron flattened out or worked
to an edge, so as more readily to enter the ground and have a firmer
bearing therein, as it does not tear or loosen its hold. The shank is
strengthened also at the commencement of the screw where the greatest
strain has to be borne, and the pitch and form of the screw is a great
improvement on the one shewn in the aforesaid Drawing of the Patent
granted me in 1855. These screw pegs may also be used for picketing
or tethering horses or cattle in the field, and will be found a great
improvement on the ordinary picket posts and lines. A horse or beast
may be securely fastened by a halter or other convenient fastening to
one screw peg, or when a number of horses or cattle have to be secured
in the same field or spot the pegs may be screwed down in rows, and a
wire rope or other suitable cord, chain, or rod rove through the eyes,
and set up or tightened with set screws or other suitable means, and the
horses or cattle secured to such wire rope or other suitable rope, chain,
or rod, and by this means they may be ranged in tiers or rows, one row
behind each other, and fastened both by the head and hind leg to
prevent them coming in contact and injuring one another. The screw

page_text: peg as described will be found useful for securing boats, barges, or other
vessels temporarily to a quay or bank of a canal or river or dock when
it may not be convenient to use anchors, and bollards or posts are not
provided on such quay side or bank for the purpose. The screw peg as
described will enter any soil except rocky hard strata, and in light
friable soils where hold cannot be obtained on the surface they can be
screwed down easily until a firm grip is obtained.
eye
* For rocky or other hard soil where the screw will not enter I use an
improved driving peg to the one shewn in the Drawing of the Patent
granted me in 1855, having a steel barbed point with a solid worked
on the side of the upper end of the shank, and a loose ring or link
welded therein, by which means compression of the eye when driving
the peg down is avoided, and greater durability and convenience in use
obtained.
When wooden floorings are used in marquees, tents, or other similar
structures, I arrange wooden poles made or fitted with points, spikes, or
projections entering a metal eye or receptacle attached to the canvas
roof or other covering where the wire rope or stay of the framework
passes out through the same, the point, spike, or projection in the lower
end of the pole passing through an eye bolt, loop, or staple, or other con-
venient arrangement attached to the ends of the joints or edge of the
flooring; or the poles may be stepped in the flooring as most convenient,
the poles serving to keep the wind from lifting the floor, and enabling
the canvas or other material forming the sides of such structure to be
properly supported and tightened, the sides being attached or fastened
to the floor so as to render unnecessary the use of pegs as ordinarily
employed to pin it to the ground. When it is required that the canvas
or other covering of the marquee, tent, or other similar structure, or
that placed over the hammock or cot, or cloths for covering horses, or
for such purposes where a waterproof cover is required or the material
should be more waterproof than it is in the ordinary condition, I employ
a mixture consisting of paint, soft soap, and boiling water in proper
proportions with which to pay over the same, such as one pound of
soft soap, one gallon of boiling water, three pounds of mixed paint, and
when dry one or two coats of paint only may be given as desired.
Having thus stated the nature of my said Invention I will proceed to
describe more fully, by the aid of the accompanying Sheet of Drawings

page_text: and letters of reference, the manner in which the same is to or may be
performed or brought into practical use.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS.
Figure 1, Sheet 1, represents a large circular tent a with six diverging
wings or marquees b, b, b, b, b, b, fitted thereto; Figure 2 is a larger
view of one of the wings or marquees 6 of Figure 1 shewing more
clearly the connection with the circular tent a and also of other
structures of less height of walls and roof c for offices, lavatories,
connected by the covered way d; Figure 3 shews a diminished plan
of Figure 1, having only two wings or marquees b, b, with lavatories or
offices c, c, connected with each and having A pieces d fitted into the
central tent a removeable for the insertion of other wings or marquees
when desirable or necessary. In this manner the large central tent can
be used without any or with all or a less number of the wings in con-
nection therewith as may be required. It is not essential that the
central tent a be fitted with or 4 for six marquees or wings, as it may be
designed for a greater or lesser number, neither is it essential that a
central tent be used at all, as a number of marquees without a central
tent may by the system of framework be readily and securely connected
and diverge from a central point or at right angles with each other.
Figures 1, 2, and 3 are all shewn fitted with glazed ventilators e and
with windows, also glazed, f in the roof. The junctions of the wings or
marquees 6 with the central tent a is made by continuing the wire
ridge stays of the wings or marquees to the central pole or tube of the
tent, where they are set up to eyes or a collar fitted round the same,
and the canvass or other material of the roofing is joined by means of
latchets, lacings, or other suitable means with a flap or fly of canvas
or other material waterproofed fitted or fastened underneath to form a
gutter way to carry off any water or moisture that might penetrate.
Figure 4 is an internal view of the end of one of the wings or
marquees shewing a chimney a with stove b and a pole c as supports
to the roof and with windows d, d, d, d, also with entrance e.
Figures 5 and 6 is a side elevation and plan of metal framed ventilators
glazed; a, the metal bars; b, metal cap and neck; c, metal lower rim;
d, glass; Figure 7 is a section of bar of the same shewing the manner
of fitting the glass; a, metal top bar screwed down on to 6, india-rubber

page_text: setting which presses on c, the glass, and keeps the joints tight and
prevents the glass breaking through vibration.
Figure 8, metal framed window or sash with glass a.
Figure 9, wood frame placed under the canvas and the arms a, a, a, a,
of which are supported by and secured to the wire stays of the roof,
and to which the metal frame or sash, Figure 8, is screwed or fastened,
having a seating of india-rubber or other suitable material between them,
the canvas of the roof at the aperture or opening for the window being
pressed and secured between the india-rubber and the wood frame to
keep out wet.
Figure 10 is a section of metal sash. a, the under part or bar; b,
thickness piece of metal secured to same to form rebate for glass;
c, india-rubber seating on which the top bar d is secured by the screw e;
g, the glass fitting rebate with a thin slip of india-rubber or other
material underneath to prevent contact with the lower metal bar.
Figure 11 is a frame for collapsible ventilator to be covered with
canvas or other suitable material for marquees. a, lower rim and stays
folded flat; b, plan of top cap shewing neck hole to go over tube or pole
and slot ways for stays; c, side elevation of ventilator when put together;
a, the stays which with hook enter the slot ways in the cap 6 and the
covering c, the back frame jointed at d to the lower rim e, having a
stay with a hook point which passes through the back of cap to
expand the ridge.
Figure 12, the frame for a circular collapsible ventilator of similar
construction as Figure 11 but having no back piece or ridge.
Figure 13 is a side view of flap ventilator, the dotted lines shewing
ventilating opening in the roof a. Figure 14 is a transverse sectional
elevation of same shewing manner of fitting the lines and springs.
a, flap open; b, flap shut; c, c, lines working over pulleys through
knob d for raising the flaps; e, e, springs for closing same.
Figure 15 is a plan of ventilator shewing metal cap a to which the
ridge joint is secured.
Figure 16 is a frame of one flap for covering with canvas or to be
constructed and arranged like base of Figure 10 for glazing.
Figure 17 is a screw peg. a, shank with solid eye; b, worm or screw
with iron flattened out; c, plan of screw; d, section of iron at line e, f;
g, section of iron at line h, i, which may be varied in level or constructed

page_text: with the bevil the opposite way or bevilled both ways from centre of
rod or bar of worm.
Figures 18 and 19 are front and side views of steel barbed driving peg
shewing solid eye a, a, on side through which the ring b, b, is fitted.
Figure 1, Sheet 2, shews a hammock d supported by two struts a, a,
retained in their position by wire rope or other stays b, b, attached to
the screw pegs at c, c, and passing to the bottom ends of the strut a, a.
e represents the ridge line extending from strut to strut, and to the
screw pegs on which the covering c is placed. The ridge line e passes
over a sheave or pulley at the top of one or both ends of the strut a, a,
down to the screw peg and through another sheave or pulley attached
to the same, and returns up and is attached or fastened to the top ends
of the stands a, a. For the convenience of carriage and to keep the
strut a, a, within a convenient length the portions over which the ridge
rope passes may be made to slide up or down on or in the strut a, a, so
as to be easily adjusted to any required height, and retained in its desired
position by a set screw or other convenient means.
Figure 2 shews the covering as strained tight by means of a stave rod
or bar at each end, and attached to the heads of the struts a, a, in a
similar manner to a boat's awning.
Figure 3 shews the arrangement with a cot d, the cover c being
suspended on a ridge line e.
Figure 4 represents the ground sheet used also as a covering and as a
garment or overcoat, shewing the manner in which it is arranged to
admit of its being employed as the latter. A piece of suitable material
of the required dimensions has two cuts made on each side a, a, a, a,
which may be either parallel to each other, or may taper from the edge
to the centre, being wider at the latter, and extend a sufficient depth
from the edge towards the centre to enable them when the edges are
brought together to form sleeves or covers for the arms of such length as
may be required. 6 is an orifice or opening to from the neck and allow
the head to pass through, and to which a piece of material is attached or
sewn to form a collar; c is the opening like the front of a shirt, which
can be closed by buttons or otherwise when desired; d is the portion
coming in the front of the wearer, on which a fly or lap piece is sewn or
fitted; e is the back piece provided with a belt which draws both the
front and the back portions close to the body of the wearer when
fastened round him. Draw strings are provided on the inside next the

page_text: body of the wearer, as shewn by the dotted lines, to adjust the width
comfortably to the same; and when worn the front d forms a perfect
covering to the legs, and is fastened at the back, the laps of the back
piece e coming round over it and secured in front under the fly or lap
piece. f is the hood, which may form a portion of the collar, or be
arranged so as to attach to or be detached therefrom as desired; g, g, are
two pieces of material attached to the portions forming a cuff to the
sleeve. The two portions formed by the cuts a, a, a, a, and which act as
sleeves, may be fitted with flies, lap pieces, gussets, or other suitable
means for preventing the water or damp passing through the cuts
a, a, a, a, of the sleeves when they are opened out, so as to admit of the
whole being employed as a ground sheet or covering.
Figure 5 represents a side elevation, and Figure 6 a plan of a light
carriage used for supporting the hammocks when used for removing the
sick or wounded. a, a, are the seats for those not sufficiently ill or
injured to require transporting in the hammock; b, b, are the hammocks
suspended to two rods e, e, fitted to the axletree g, g; d, d, are the stays
for supporting and keeping the hammock steady; c, c, c, are the wheels;
and f is the support or standard for preventing the dropping of the
hinder end of the machine when the carriage is stationary.
Figure 7 shews the ground sheet in use as a garment or overcoat.
Figure 8 represents the hammock as used for removing the sick or
wounded, supported by the belts b, b, passing over the shoulders of the
men carrying the same.
Figure 9 represents a cot suspended by cross struts at one end, and
provided with a covering similar to that at Figure 2.
Figure 1, Sheet 3, is a side elevation of the hood or bonnet to the stove
or brazier, a being the neck or portion which enters the chimney.
Figure 2 represents a plan of the interior, the neck or chimney orifice
being inverted.
Figure 3 is an edge view of the bottom band of the hood, a being the
groove, and 6 the projecting portion fitting into a corresponding groove
on the other portions when the same is fitted together.
Figure 4 is a front elevation of the hood or bonnet, a being the neck
or portion which enters the chimney, and 6 the door for feeding the
stove or brazier.

page_text: Figure 5 represents the stove or brazier opened out ready to be put
together. a, being the front; b, the perforated bottom; c, c, the two
sides; d the back; e, e, e, e, the ring, hinges, or joints, on which the
different parts turn; f, the pin or bolt which passes through the loops or
eyes g, g, and keeps the whole together ready for use; h, h, h, are the
three legs fitting into the sockets j,j, j, and which serve to support the
brazier while in use.
Figure 6 shews the stove or brazier put together ready for use,
similar parts being indicated by similar letters of reference as in
Figure 5.
Figure 7 is a plan of Figure 6, similar parts being indicated by
similar letters.
Figure 8 is an enlarged view of the ring joint or hinge e, e, Figures 5
and 6.
Figure 9 is an elevation of the stove, brazier, and tubular support used
as a chimney as fitted in place, a being the brazier; b, the hood; c, c,
two of the legs of the tripod or support; d, d, d, the tubular support; e,
Figure 10, being a section through the line g, h, and Figure 11; f, being
a section through the line j, k, shewing the manner in which the legs
of the tripod or supports are fitted together.
Figure 12 shews the tubular support b, d, containing the legs of the
tripod or support packed therein with the end covers e, e, as packed
for transport.
Figure 13 is a vertical section through the centre line of the oven,
a being the exterior case thereof; 6, the interior; c, c, c, being a space
for the heated air between them, and d the valve for regulating the
heat. Figure 14 is a plan of the same with the cover removed.
Figure 15, a plan with the cover on shewing the valve d.
Figure 16, a sectional elevation through the centre line of the oven
and cooking apparatus packed for transport. Figure 17, a plan of the
same with the cover removed.
Figure 18 shews the circular stove or brazier a with the cooking
utensils b³, b², c, in use, the saucepan fitting on the front being removed
to shew the front of the stove or brazier. Figure 19 is a plan of the
same with the cooking vessel c removed.
Having thus described the nature of my said Invention, and the
manner in which the same is to or may be performed or carried into

page_text: practical use, I would remark in conclusion that I do not limit or
confine myself to the precise details of the parts herein described and
illustrated in the accompanying Sheets of Drawings, as the same may
be varied or modified without departing from the nature and object
of my Invention, nor do I claim as new the use of wire framework or
rope in the construction of marquees, tents, or similar structures, nor
the use of screw pegs for fastening the same, nor do I claim the use of
metal tubular supports or the use of stoves or braziers in connection
therewith, nor sliding ventilating caps to close the apertures, or pro-
viding the sleeping arrangements with hammocks or cots; but what I
do claim as new and as my Invention, and desire to have secured to me
by Letters Patent are,―
First. The mode of arranging marquees, tents, and other similar
structures so that they may be readily increased in size by the addition
of other marquees, tents, or portions connected thereto and as readily
removed so as to reduce the size, substantially as herein described and
specified.
Second. The use of glazed windows and glazed and folding ventilators,
also the ventilating flaps, glazed or otherwise, when applied to marquees,
tents, or other similar structures, and the mode of arranging and fitting
the same as herein described and illustrated and for the purposes
specified.
Third. The arrangement of the tubular poles or supports whereby
they are rendered more portable, the manner of fitting and arranging
the tripods or supports of the tubular poles or supports to fit thereon,
and the modes of arranging the lower ends of the same to secure steadi-
ness, also the employment of ridge ropes without struts or intermediate
supports, and the manner of arranging the same to admit of being
readily set up, and the use, form, and arrangement of the screw, peg, and
barbed hook as herein illustrated and described and for the purposes
specified.
Fourth. The arrangement and mode of fitting hammocks and cots
so as to admit of their being readily suspended or set up within marquees
or tents or without the same, and also with, being fitted with a covering
when used without a marquee or tent, and for the removal of sick
or wounded persons substantially as herein illustrated, described, and
specified.

page_text: Fifth. The arrangement and use of poles or other suitable supports
when wooden floorings are used in marquees or tents, substantially
as herein described and for the purposes described and specified.
Sixth. The arrangement of the cooking apparatus, stove, or brazier
and the various parts and apparatus connected therewith, substantially
as herein described and illustrated and for the purposes specified.
Seventh. The manner of arranging and forming any suitable material
so as to enable it to be used as a ground sheet or covering for any
suitable purpose and as a garment or overcoat either waterproofed or
otherwise, substantially as herein illustrated, described, and specified:
Eighth: The combination of all or any of the various parts herein
illustrated and described for the purposes described and specified.
In witness whereof, I, the said George Turner, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Twenty-second day of November, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-one.