Improvements in Hydrocarbon Motors.
Year: 1896

page_text: COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Hydrocarbon Motors.
1, FREDERICK WILLIAM GOLBY, of 36 Chancery Lane, in the County of
Middlesex, Patent Agent, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in
what manner the same is to be performed, as communicated to me by Martin
Henri Rumpf, Engineer of Brussels, Belgium, to be particularly described and
ascertained in and by the following statement:-
The object of this invention is to utilise in a complete manner the work
resulting from the combustion of the gaseous mixture introduced into the cylinder
of a hydrocarbon motor, by means of special arrangements which aim at the
following objects. To effect a complete expansion of the combustible gases; to
avoid a strong back pressure on the return of the piston, to regulate the working
of the motor, to ensure the expulsion of the products of combustion, and to be able
to establish a partial vacuum in the cylinder behind the piston, to utilise the action
of the atmospheric pressure during the returu of the piston. The means employed
are as follows:-
1. The employment of a piston formed of two independent concentric pieces;
that is the interior piston B Figs. 1 and 1 surrounded by a cup A, Figs. 1 and 14,
in which the piston B slides without direct connection between them, in such a
manner that the cup A can remain at the bottom of the cylinder whilst the piston B
continues its movements.
2. Various arrangements for transmitting the desired movements to the two
parts of the piston, and for regulating the motion of the machine, whilst leaving
the cup A at the bottom of the cylinder, thus shutting off the admission of further
gases to the cylinder.
3. Arrangements allowing the interposition at the right moment of a cushion of
air between the two parts of the piston, with a view of preventing shocks at their
meeting during the times of the stage of compression of the mixture in the
cylinder.
4. The employment of a pump working under the action of the cup or outer
piston, with the object of ensuring the complete exhaustion of the burnt gases and
to obtain a partial vacuum behind the piston.
The improvements will be described with reference to the accompanying
drawings which are furnished by way of example to illustrate the construction
which can be employed in carrying the invention into practical effect.
Fig. 1 is a longitudinal section shewing the piston in two independent parts
lodged in the cylinder of the machine, also the arrangements for connecting these
two parts of the piston with the crank shaft which latter bas two unequal elbows b¹.
and c'.
Figs. 14, 1, 10 are detached views of the independent cup A, the inner piston B,
and the crank shaft with two unequal elbows & and c', Fig. 2 is a view similar to
Fig. 1 but on a larger scale.
Figs. 3, 4, 5, and as well as Figs. 13, 14, 15, 16 are diagrammatic sketches
shewing the respective positions of the inner piston, and the cup or outer piston A
during a cycle corresponding with two revolutions of the crank shaft.
Figs. 7 and 8 illustrate a means of regulating the machine by the use of a ball
governor.
Fig. 9 is a longitudinal section shewing the pump for the exhaustion of the
consumed gases.

page_text: Fig. 10 is a detailed view of the head of the spindle of the valve opening
communication between the motor cylinder and the pump.
Fig. 11 is a section of the cylinder and the piston shewing another arrangement
for transmitting the desired movements to the two parts of the piston, aud for
regulating the speed of the motor.
Fig. 11 is a section of a modification of the cup A furnished with an interior
driving snug o.
Fig. 12 is a section of the inner piston B shewing the adaptation of its
connecting rod and the engaging lever U of the cup A.
In the arrangement illustrated by Figs. 1 and 6 the movements of the parts of
the piston are effected through the medium of the connecting rods b and c coupled
to the crank shaft which is double bent as shewn in Figs. 1 and 2. The
connecting rod e is attached to the larger elbow o' and fastened to the inner part B
of the piston of the motor cylinder, and the connecting rod b fixed to the smaller-
elbow acts on the cup A by means of the snag a fixed to this cup A and passing
through a slot made in the cylinder and projecting beyond the exterior thereof.
The snug a can slide in the slot in the connecting rod b.the length and position
of which are calculated in such a manner that at the dead centre the bottom of this
slot comes behind the snug a during the stage of admission of the gaseous
mixture into the cylinder, whilst at all other times the cup A is entirely independent
of the movements of the connecting rod b.
Figs. 1, 3, 4 and 5 of the drawings shew the relative positions of the two parts
of the piston during the four operations which are repeated periodically as
follows;-
1. On the entry of the explosive mixture the two parts A and B of the piston
touch each other and are at the end of the return stroke, and their respective
connecting rods b and c are in the positions shewn in Figs. 1 and 3 which exercises
a tensile strain on these two parts.
The inner part B of the piston, connected by its rod c to the larger elbow c¹ of
the crank shaft advances rapidly, and the cup A connected with the smaller
elbow by the rod b the rear of which (at the dead centre) comes behind the
stop or snug a advances more slowly under the pull of this connecting rod b;
consequently when the crank shaft has made half a revolution the inner part B of
the piston is in advance of the cup A in proportion to the difference of radius
between the two elbows on the crank shaft, and the gaseous mixture has only
entered into the space afforded by the movement of the cup A that is, according to
Fig. 4, in a space corresponding to one half of the stroke effected by the inner
part B of the piston during a half revolution of the fly wheel.
2. During the time of return and compression the cup A, the snug a of which is
free and slides in the slot in the connecting rod 6 Fig. 1, remains stationary
until the inner part B in returning, catches it up and pushes it backwards from
the position Fig. 5 to the position Fig. 3 thus causing the compression of the
mixture.
3. During the third stage corresponding, to the explosion of the mixture and to
its expansion the cup A which is still free to move forward, pushes forward the
inner part B of the piston by pressing against it during the whole of the working
stroke (Fig. 6). Towards the end of this stroke, when the pressure of the
exploded gas has fallen to atmospheric pressure, and when the exhaust valve for
the escapement of the burnt gases opens, the bottom of the cup A passes beyond the
opening d made in the cylinder wall, see Fig. 1, and a current of fresh air then
enters the cylinder.
4. Finally during the fourth stage of the cycle the piston returning backwards
drives out the burnt gases (Fig. 3) and the same operations as above described are
repeated indefinitely.
In thus causing a complete expansion of the gases as hereinbefore described
their discharge into the atmosphere takes place without back pressure that is
without loss of work, consequently all employable heat is utilised.

page_text: This form of "onstructing a piston in tw parts has moreover the advantage that
the expansion of the mixture can be completed before the end of the forward
stroke, so that the pressure behind the piston will fall below the atmospherio
pressure. To attain this result it is sufficient to make the two elbows of the crank
shaft proportionate to the desired strokes. In this case the smaller elbow of the
crank shaft will have a smaller radian than that shown in the drawings, and
accordingly during the stage of admission the cup A will advance less than shown
in the accompanying drawings.
of the
As a matter of fact if proportions were given to the elbows e and
crank shaft which would permit the expansion to be so prolonged that before the
end of the stroke of the piston the pressure of the mixture fell below the resistance,
then the piston would only continue to advance under the action of the energy of
motion stored up in it; but in that case the atmospheric pressure, having become
greater than the pressure behind the piston; would cause on the return stroke a
pressure on the latter and provide a motive power until the moment when the
pressure of the burnt gases compressed behind the piston became equal to that of
the atmosphere, and from that moment the consu'ned gases would be expelled by
the returning piston. It will be understood that in this way the explosive force
of the mixture could be utilised during the advance of the piston and the
atmospheric pressure during its return.
The arrangement illustrated in Fig. 11 for giving the desired movements to the
two parts of the piston will now be described.
In this arrangement, to allow for the admission of the gaseous mixture, the cup
is pushed forward by the bent lever U which is pivotted on the trunnion of the
connecting rod cof the piston, and which at this moment strikes with the
shoulder Q against the snug of the said cup A, so that when the pin of the crank
causes the rod c to advance, the cup A, pushed by the shoulder Q on the lever U
advances at the same time as the part 'B and that just at the moment when the
rail R on the side of the lever U meets the connecting rod c. This meeting is
brought about by the inclination which the connecting rod takes daring its
movements, and it will be seen in Fig. 14 that this meeting takes place when the
pin of the crank reaches the point marked 34 in Figs. 11 and 14. When the head
of the connecting rod reaches the point marked 4, see Fig. 15, it has raised the
lever U several millimetres and the latter is thus disengaged from the snug o so
that the cup A being no longer moved remains then in the position that it
occupied at that moment, whilst the lever U, on the contrary, continues to follow
the movements of the connecting rod c. Finally when this rod c reaches the
point 64 (Fig. 11) it passes away from under the rail R of the lever U the lower
side of which then rests on the edge of the snug o of the cup A, on which it slides
first forward and then backward, until the moment when the inner part B of the
piston, again meeting the bottom of the cup A, the shouider Q on the lever U
returns behind the snug o and the two parts A and B of the piston finish their
return struke together corresponding with the compression of the mixture.
During the stage of explosion the two parts of the piston are still connected
with each other by the contact of the shoulder Q with the snug o but it is no
longer the lever U which pushes the cup A forward but the pressure of the
explosive mixture and side cup A acts on the part B of the piston thus supplying
the motive power. To ensure that, before the end of the forward struke, the
pressure behind the piston shall fall below the atmospheric pressure, the volume
of the mixture introduced into the cylinder must be reduced. For this purpose it
is only necessary to lower the rail R of the lever U so that it meets the connecting
rod e when the fatter is at the point marked 3 in Fig. 11 or even before that point,
so that the driving lever U leaves the cup A sooner and in consequence reduces
its forward stroke, and determines the volume of the mixture admitted to the
cylinder. Finally it is important that the cup A after being abandoned by
the lever U, cannot fall back of its own accord even for example under
the action of the vacuum produced behind it; the parts should therefore be so

page_text: arranged that the shoulder Q of this lever U can, after having released the snag of
during the stage of explosion, replace itself quickly enough behind the said snug of
so that the two parts of the piston are connected together when they finish their
forward stroke as well as their backward stroke.
In order that the inner part of the piston B shall not meet the cup A abruptly
during the stage of compression of the mixture, this piston B is so arranged that
during its return stroke and before it touches the cup the air contained between
the two parts is compressed and forms a cushion or spring to prevent them striking.
For this purpose the opening p arranged at the bottom of the piston B and serving
for the entrance and exit of the air between the two parts A and B as shown in
Fig. 11, is furnished with a spring valve fixed at the extremity of a rod the
other bent extremity of which is subject to the action of a flange or projection g
fixed at the end of the connecting rod o. In this way during the forward stroke
the flange or projection g of the connecting rod c on account of the inclination
taken by the latter, during the forward struke, causes a pressure against the rod
of the valve and opens the latter thus allowing the air to enter freely, between
the parts A and B, but during the back stroke, the connecting rod taking an
opposite inclination-the flange or projection g does not act on the rod h of the valve
and the-latter closes under the action of ita spring. The air contained between the
two parts of the piston is compressed to a degree determined by the force given to
the spring of this valve. This air serves as a cushion or spring between the two
parts A and B until the resistance of the mixture which is behind the cup A
becomes sufficiently strong to overcome the action of the spring of the valve, and
forces it to open and to allow an escape for the air, thus allowing the inner part of
the piston to meet the cup without shock. These two parts of the piston should
finish their backward stroke together thus determining the compression of the
mixture.
Figs. 7; 8 and 11 of the accompanying drawings show the means of regulating
the speed adopted for this form of piston.
In the arrangement illustrated in Figs. 7 and 8 the connecting rod b described
above is replaced by a connecting rod which consists of a railj jointed on the small
crank band of a piece k-in the form of a pawl and oscillating on the axis I of the
railj. The axis Islides in a guide on the framework of the machine, and the pawl k
rests on the friction roller m carried by the bell crank lover a which is pivotted on
the framework of the motor.
As long as the number of revolutions of the crank shaft is less than or equal to
that for which the motor is regulated, then the pawl è of the connecting rod comes
behind the ridge a at the dead centre point at the commencement of the forward
stroke and forces the cup A to follow the forward movement transmitted by the
small crank to the connecting rod j. When the speed exceeds the normal rate,
the arm of the regulator presses against the bell crank lever n and forces up-the
pawl sufficiently to clear the ridge a, so that the crank &is disconnected from
the cup A which latter then remains at the bottom of the cylinder so that the
gaseous mixture is no longer admitted. As soon as the speed resumes its normal
rate, the pawl' being no longen lifted by the regulator returns at the dead centre
behind the ridge a and again pulls the cup A thus producing a vacuum which sucks
in a fresh charge of the mixture. To keep the pawlk in the proper position a
bracket m is fixed to the friction roller n which prevents the pawl from leaving
the roller m.
In the arrangement illustrated in Fig. 11 the regulation of the speed is brought
abont as follows ;-
At the upper part of the lever U is a rail T placed longitudinally to the cylinder,
and which in onder to give it a sufficient resistance under a light weight is made by
preference of a metallie tube. Under this tube is a friction roller-S connected to
the regulator, in such a maumer that when the speed exceeds the normal, the
tube T and in consequence the lever U is raised to a sufficient height to avoid
meeting the soug during its movement, so that the cup A being no longer under

page_text: the action of the lever U remains stationary at the bottom of the cylinder without
allowing the admission of the mixture, until the moment when the motor having
regained its normal speed the regulator allows the lever U to be lowered and its
shoulder to come behind the snug o to again bring about the forward movement
of the cup A and the sucking in of a fresh charge of the mixture.
To cleanse the cylinder of all impurity arising from the consumed gases, and to
increase the vacuum in the cylinder after the complete expansion of the gases
generated by the explosion, a small pump is employed, the working of which will
be explained by referring for the sake of clearness to Figs. 9 and 10 of the
accompanying drawings.
It will be seen in Fig. 9 that the rod 8 of the piston 9 of the pump is attached
to the stop a' of the cup A so that the pump works under the action of the
movements of said cup.
The position of the parts in Fig. 9 corresponds to the end of the stage of
explosion, consequently the cup A is represented at the end of its forward stroke.
On the return of this cup the plate 5 attached to the rear of the piston of the pump
presses on the head 4 of the spring valve 3 which latter is thus opened and the
consumed gases are drawn in by the pump which communicates with the bottom of
the cylinder by means of the tube 13 and the valve 3. This drawing in is continued
until the moment when the head 4 of the valve comes in the groove 6 of the plate 5
when the valve automatically closes under the action of its spring and, as will be
seen by the drawing, at the same moment the piston 9 passes the opening 7 in the
body 10 of the pump, which said opening puts the consumed gases in communication
with the outside air during the remainder of the back stroke. During the following
forward stroke the gases contained in the pump are expelled first through the
opening 7 and subsequently through the spring valve 11 arranged in the cover of
the pump.
From the foregoing description it follows that during the stages of admission and
compression and the first half of the explosive stroke, the head 4 of the valve
continues to slide in the groove 6 of the plate 5 and the valve remains closed, but
during the second half of the explosive stroke it would open again under the action
of the projecting plate 5 whilst it should on the contrary remain closed. In order
to avoid this inconvenience the head 4 of the valve is arranged to pivot on the
spindle 2 of the valve and is only maintained in its normal position by means of the
spring plate 15 and a stop 14 as seen in Fig. 10. On the other hand the plate 5
is furnished with a ledge 6' which when it catches the head 4 causes it to turn on
the spindle 2 of the valve, and brings it into a position where its projecting part is
no longer pressed by the plate 5; the valve is therefore closed during the second
part of the explosive stroke, whilst at the end of this period, the head 4 is free,
when the spring 15 returns it to its normal position so that the plate 5 can open the
valve, from the commencement of the stage of the exhaustion.
It will be understood that when use is made of a pump to obtain a partial vacuum
in the motor cylinder, the opening d, for the entrance of air, made in the wall of the
cylinder, and of which mention bas been made above with reference to Fig. 1 in
the annexed drawings, must be suppressed.
It is moreover to be understood that the invention is not limited to the particular
forms and arrangements which have been described and illustrated in the drawings,
as these may be considerably modified to adapt them in any desirable manner, to
carry out the practical realisation of the various principles above described and on
which the invention is based.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said inven-
tion, and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I
claim is-
1. A hydrocarbon motor in which the piston consists of two parts arranged
so that one part slides in the interior of the other part which is formed in the shape
of a cup, no direct connection existing between these two parts, in order to allow the

page_text: cup shaped part to remain at a given moment at the bottom of the cylinder; thus
preventing the admission of the explosive mixture, whilst the inner part continues
to follow the movement of the working shaft substantially as described.
2. In a hydrocarbon motor having a two-part piston of the kind indicated in the
preceding claim, the arrangements to give the desired movements to the two parts
of the piston which have been herein before described with reference to Figs. 1, 2,
3, 4, 5 and 6 and in which the cup A worked by the connecting rod 6 fixed to the
smaller crank & of the crank shaft, can only traverse during the period of admission
of the mixture, a part of the cylinder, whilst the inner part B coupled to the
connecting rode of the larger crank c¹ traverses the entire length of the cylinder
during a half revolution of the fly wheel substantially as set forth and for the
purposes stated.
3. In a hydrocarbon motor having a two part piston of the kind indicated in
Claim 1 hereof, the arrangements described with reference to Figs. 11, 13, 14, 15,
16, 17 and 18 whereby the cup part A pushed by the lever U follows the forward
movement of the part B joined by its connecting rod o to the crank shaft until the
cross piece R on said lever U meets the connecting rod which on its upward
course raises the said lever U and throws it out of gear of the snug o on the
cup A, which then remains stationary during a certain time; whilst this lever U
comes again behind the snug o during the return stroke, so as to connect the two
parts of the piston, which during the stage of explosion finish their forward
and backward strokes together substantially as and for the purpose hereinbefore
set forth.
4. In hydrocarbon motors having a two part piston of the kind indicated in
Claim 1 hereof, the arrangement described with reference to Figs. 1 and 11 by
means of which the air which is between the bottoms of the two parts A and B
after the stage of admission forms an elastic buffer to prevent concussion between
the parts at the moment when they come together during the stage of compression,
consisting of a spring valve operated by a projection or flange g fixed to the
connecting rode allowing the air to enter between the two parts and opening
subsequently to allow the interposed air to pass out, at the moment when the
pressure of said air exceeds the power of the spring of the valve; so that the two
parts come in contact without concussion and run together to the end of the return
stroke of the piston, then again set off forward during the stage of explosion, the
cup A pushing the part B, and traversing together the length of the cylinder in order
to allow the explosive gases to be completely expanded substantially as herein-
before set forth.
5. In hydrocarbon motors having a two part piston of the kind indicated in
Claim 1 hereof, the arrangements to regulate the speed of the working which have
been described with reference to Figs. 7 and 8 and which consist of a connecting
rod formed of two pieces ; and k joined together by an articulation, the part k
forming a pawl and anting during the normal speed on the exterior stop a of the
cups A to transmit to same its forward movement during the stage of admission,
said pawl being subject through the bell crank lever n to the action of the
regulator which throws it off the stop a as soon as the speed increases, so that the
cup remains then at the bottom of the cylinder, and prevents the admission of a
further charge of the mixture until the machine has resumed its normal speed
substantially as hereinbefore set forth.
6. In hydrocarbon motors having a two part piston of the kind indicated in
Claim 1 hereof, the modified arrangement for regulating the speed described with
reference to the Fig. 11 in which the regulator acts on a bar T fixed to the lever U
which determines the movements of the cup A so as to prevent this lever from
engaging with the snug o on the cup, as soon as the speed increases and to prevent
all fresh admission of the mixture as long as the speed of the motor exceeds the
normal substantially as herein before set forth.
7. In hydrocarbon motors having a two part piston of the kind indicated in
Claim 1 hereof, the employment of a pump to cleanse and refresh the cylinder, and

page_text: to produce in this cylinder a partial vacuum behind the cup A, the piston 9 of this
pump being worked by the said cup A so that during its return after the stage of
explosion the plate 5 forming the prolongation of the rod 8 of the piston 9 presses
against the head 4 of the valve 3 and opens this valve to allow the pump to draw in
the remainder of the consumed mixture through the tube 13 until the moment when
the piston 9 passes the opening 7 made in the body of the pump to allow the exit of
these gases, whilst during all the other stages the valve 3 remains closed owing to
the arrangement of the head 4 of the valve, which on the one hand engages in the
groove 6 of the plate 5 and on the other hand is prevented from acting on the valve
when it is met by the projection 6' of the said plate 5 at the moment when this
plate advances during the stage of explosion substantially as hereinbefore set
forth.
8. The combination of the various parts forming the improved hydrocarbon
motor having a two part piston, arranged to operate substantially in the manner
and for the purpose herein before described and illustrated in the accompanying
drawings.
Dated this 17th dor of Angust 1896
F. W. GOLBY,
36 Chancery Lane, London, W.C.