Improvements in Apparatus for Determining the Quantities of Steam Passing through a Steam Pipe or the like.
Year: 1896

page_text: Improvements in Apparatus for Determining the Quantities of
Steam Passing through a Steam Pipe or the like.
I, MAX GEHRE of 265 Bismarckstrasse Rath, near Dusseldorf in the Empire of
Germany, Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as
follows:-
The apparatus hereinafter described is intended to serve for determining the
quantity of steam passing through a steam pipe or the like.
Formulæ are given whereby the quantity of steam flowing from one vessel into
another may be precisely calculated. A fundamental condition of same is the
knowledge of the steam pressure in both vessels.
The well known fornnla
may here be taken as an example, in which G is the weight of steam escaping per
second, the volume in cubic centimetres per kilogramine, F the superficies of the
outflow opening in square metres, P the greater absolute pressure, p the pressure of
the medium surrounding the outflow opening.
By the present invention in order to produce a difference of pressure, a resistance
or constriction is arranged in the pipe and the spaces (or parts) before and behind
this constriction are placed in communication with an expansion body, such for
instance as a cylinder with piston, in such a way that the movable expansion piston
or steamspring indicates the differences of pressure in the respective chambers or
spaces before and behind the said constriction.
A channelled piece having an aperture sinaller than the passage of the pipe is
inserted in the pipe and thus presents a narrowed passage to the steam flowing
therethrough. Above the passage or aperture, the channels or passages formed in
said inserted piece open into the pipe on opposite sides of the insertion, and are
continued upwards and open into a cylinder at opposite sides of its piston. The
piston is subjected in the usual manner to the action of two springs which act on
opposite sides of it and lend to maintain it in a middle position. The piston rod
engages and moves a lever mounted on a spindle which carries a second lever, the
two levers being thus connected by the spindle. The second lever engages and
moves a rol endwise to and fro corresponding to the travel of the piston. A curved
or cam surface is arranged on this latter rod, the curve of which surface is determined
as follows:-
The before named formula is divided into two factors, one of which mainly

page_text: expresses the difference of pressure, the other the working pressure of the steam
(boiler pressure). Thus for instance
If further a given outflow opening in the constriction of the pipe be taken as a
basis, the corresponding outflow value as well as the constant value-420 may be
brought into the curve without further consideration, and there is then obtained in
the curve the value of
The curve or cam surface slides on one end of an equal armed lever, whose pivot is
adjustable in a slot of the lever. The movement made by the one arm of this lever
in following the curve or cam surface, is conveyed to the other arm and to a writing
or marking point carried by the latter and so long as the pivot is in the centre, snid
marking point will indicate the curve movements, that is to say, the value of the
formula
1
on a revolving drun in the same way as indicators and the like.
As regards the curve relating to this drum, the following inust however be noted.
The values PP differ for the pressure P from 1-10 atmospheres about 0.3%
P
for differences of pressure (P-p) of 001-01. This difference amounts to about
15% and on account of its small amount may be disregarded in practice as
immaterial.
The pencil or marking point thus indicates only the value
10
must be multiplied by
or divided by 7 v. If the first be again taken, a
curve is obtained also for this factor for the different pressures P.
If the pivot, which is adjustable sideways on a carriage, be approached to the
cam or curve surface, the displacement or movement of the writing pencil will be
larger. A multiplication therefore takes place. This is then placed under the action
so that the latter shifts with its cam or curve surface the
pivot of the lever. For this the ordinates must of course be calculated according to
of the second curve
1

page_text: the length of arm of the lever so that on the adjustment of the pivot, the units
coincide. If for instance the value =1-2, the total length of the lever
=(4+4)=8 centimetres, the pivot must be displaced about 363 centimetres
towards the first curve surface and the respective ordinate must be 363 centimetres
in length.
The displacement or adjustment of this second cam or curve surface is effected by
means of the rod of the piston of a second cylinder, on the piston of which, as in the
case of indicators, the pressure P acls, so that with a rising pressure the cam or curve
surface is pushed further forward, and the pivot is thus moved nearer to the first cam
curve sur'ace. The lever accordingly alters its stroke, and the writing or marking
point following this movement indicates the actual value of the main formula on the
strip of paper on the drum.
Instead of multiplication, division may also be employed, the curve determined
ccording to and vice versa being caused to act on the pivot of the lever.
This arrangement may be employed for several formulæ in a similar inanner.
The drum is set in rotation in the ordinary manner by means of a clockwork and the
strips of paper are so divided or arranged that without further trouble, the quantity
of steam which has passed through may be read off at any time. The respective
ordinates on the paper always give how many kilogrammes of steam in the second
pass through the pipe. By determining the superficial contents, as in the case of
indicators, the quantity of steam desired for a given time may be precisely obtained.
Dated this 12th day of December 1896.
WM. P. THOMPSON & Co.,
Of 6, Lord Street, Liverpool, Agents for the Applicant.
Improvements in Apparatus for Determining the Quantities of Steam
Passing through a Steam Pipe or the like.
I, MAX GEHRE, of 265, Bismarckstrasse, Rath near Düsseldorf in the Empire of
Gerinany, Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what
O manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained
in and by the following statement :-
The apparatus hereinafter described is intended to serve for determining the
quantity of steam passing through a steam pipe or the like.
Formulæ are given whereby the quantity of steam flowing from one vessel into
5 another may be precisely calculated. A fundamental condition of same is the
knowledge of the steam pressure in both vessels.
The well known formula
may here be taken as an example, in which G is the weight of steam escaping per
40 second, the volume in cubic centimetres per kilogramme, F the superficies of the
outflow opening in square metres, P the greater absolute pressure, p the pressure of
the medium surrounding the outflow opening.
By the present invention in order to produce a difference of pressure, a resistance
or constriction is arranged in the pipe and the spaces (or parts) before and behind

page_text: this constriction are placed in communication with an expansion body, such for
instance as a cylinder with piston, in such a way that the movable expansion piston
or steam spring indicates the differences of pressure in the respective chambers or
spaces before and behind the said constriction.
In the accompanying drawings
Figure 1 is a vertical section of the arrangement;
Figure 2 an end view of same and
Figure 3 a plan view.
A channelled piece V, Figure 1 having an aperture smaller than the passage of the
pipe is inserted in the pipe L and thus presents a narrowed passage to the steam
Howing therethrough in the direction of the arrow. Above the passage or aperture,
the channels or passages t t formed in said inserted piece open into the pipe on
opposite sides of the insertion V, and are continued upwards and open into a
cylinder C at opposite sides of its piston k. The piston is subjected in the usual
manner to the action of two springs which act on opposite sides of it and tend to
maintain it in a middle position. The piston rod engages and moves a lever a
mounted on a spindle c which carries a second lever b, the two levers being thus
connected by the spindle. The second lever b engages and moves a rod d endwise
to and fro corresponding to the travel of the piston. A curved or cam surface f is
arranged on this latter rod d the curve of which surface is determined as follows:-
The before named formula is divided into two factors, one of which mainly
expresses the difference of pressure, the other the working pressure of the steam
(boiler pressure). Thus for instance
If the first form be chosen, there is obtained for instance for a difference of 2
pressure of 01-1 atmospheres a curve, the abscissas of which indicate differences
of pressure and the ordinates of which indicate the respective values of
The curve or cam surface slides on one end of an equal armed lever g whose
pivot h, Figure 2, is adjustable in a slot of the lever g. The movement made
by the one arm of this lever g in following the curve or cam surface, is conveyed to
the other arm and to a writing or marking point i carried by the latter, and so long
as the pivot h is in the centre said marking point will indicate the curve movements,
that is to say, the value of the formula

page_text: As regards the carve relating to this drum, the following must however be noted
The values (P-P)P differ for the pressure P from 1-10 atmospheres about 0-3%
P
for differences of pressure (P-p) of 001-001. This difference amounts to
about 15% and on account of its small amount may be disregarded in practice as
immaterial.
The pencil or marking point i thus indicates only the value
must be multiplied by
or divided by
บ
If the first be again taken, a
curve is obtained also for this factor for the different pressures P.
If the pivot which is adjustable sideways on a carriage & be approached to the
cam or curve surface f the displacement or movement of the writing pencil will be
larger. A multiplication therefore takes place. This is then placed under the
action of the second curve
so that the latter shifts with its cam or curve
surface r the pivot h of the lever g. For this the ordinates must of course be
calculated according to the length of the arm of the lever g so that on the
adjustment of the pivot h, the units coincide. If for instance the value
✓
= 1-2, the total length of the lever g = (4 + 4) = 8 centimetres, the
pivot must be displaced about 363 centimetres towards the first curve surface ƒ and
the respective ordinate must be 363 centimetres in length.
The displacement or adjustment of this second cam or curve surface + is effected
by means of the rod o' of the piston of a second cylinder O, on the piston of which,
a in the case of indicators, the pressure P acts, so that with a rising pressure the
ca:n or curve surface r is pushed further forward, and the pivot his thus moved
nearer to the first cam curve surface f. The lever g accordingly alters its stroke, and the
writing or narking point i following this movement indicates the actual value of the
main formaln on the strip of paper on the drum T.
Instead of multiplication, division may also be employed, the curve determined
according to v and vice vera, being caused to act on the pivot of the lever. This
arrangement may be employed for several formulæ in a similar manner.
The drum T is set in rotation in the ordinary manner by means of a clockwork and
the strips of paper are so divided or arranged that without further trouble, the
quantity of steam which has passed through may be read off at any time. The
respective ordinates on the paper always give how many kilogrammes of steam in
the second pass through the pipe. By determining the superficial contents, as in
the case of indicators, the quantity of steam desired for a given time may be
precisely obtained.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that
what I claim is :-
1. In apparatus for determining the quantities of steam passing through a steam
pipe or the like for industrial purposes, the insertion of a constriction in such
pipe in order to produce a diminution of pressure substantially as hereinbefore set
forth.
2. In apparatus for determining the quantities of steam passing through a steam
pipe or the like, the arrangement of one or more vessels with expansible walls (such
for instance as cylinders with or without pistons, steam springs or the like) which

page_text: vessels are adapted by the expansion of the movable walls to convey the difference of
pressure between P and p to a curved or cain surface which causes a pencil or
marking point to record a portion of the necessary factors for calculating the quantity
of steam passing through, substantially as described.
3. In apparatus for determining the quantities of steam passing through a steam
pipe or the like the application and use of an indicating cylinder or the like device,
the piston of which by means of different pressures is adapted to set in motion a cam
or curved surface which transfers to the recording mechanism the influence of these
pressures upon the desired values of calculation substantially as described.
4. The general construction and combination of parts taken as a whole forming 1
the improved apparatus for determining the quantities of steam passing through a
steam pipe or the like substantially as herein before described and illustrated.
Dated this 20th day of August 1897
WM. P. THOMPSON & Co.,
Of 6 Lord Street, Liverpool, Agents for the Applicant.