IMPROVEMENTS IN HEATING KILNS MUFFLES OVENS AND OTHER SIMILAR " to be as ERECTIONS AND IN BRICKS SLABS OR BLOCKS TO BE USED THEREIN follows
Year: 1884

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
I JAMES WOOD of Cherrywood Lane Saltley near Birmingham in the County
of Warwick Gas Fitting Manager do hereby declare the nature of said invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN HEATING KILNS MUFFLES OVENS AND OTHER SIMILAR
" to be as
ERECTIONS AND IN BRICKS SLABS OR BLOCKS TO BE USED THEREIN
follows:-
My invention consists of the improvements hereinafter described in heating kilns
muffles ovens and other erections for heating burning annealing warming and for
drying purposes by employing or using perforated bricks slabs or blocks composed
of fireclay through which heated air and products of combustion generated from
gas burners or from any other source of heat is employed.
I will describe my invention in connection with an oven for baking purposes.
The slabs or bricks which are to form the bottom or floor of the oven have one,
two or more parallel continuous holes or passages running through each slab or
brick in the direction of its length and at the outer ends of the said passages
sunken or annular recesses are formed, in which annular rings or short tubes are
placed, for effecting a sound joint between the abutting-heads or ends of the
adjacent slabs or bricks forming the bottom or floor of the oven, that is, the slabs
or bricks forming the flooring have continuous holes running parallel with cach
other, so that the passage in one brick is a continuation of the passage in the two
end adjacent bricks and so on, a sound joint being effected by affixing separate
annular rings or short tubes described in the adjacent recesses formed in the
respective ends or heads of the slabs or bricks-The said rings or short tubes being
affixed by fireclay so that when these holes or passages are placed end to end with
the intervening rings or tubes of fireclay crossing the butt joints of the bricks
continuous passages are thereby formed and the escape of heated air and products
of combustion through the joints is thereby prevented.
The holes or perforations in the bricks are preferably mado near the outer
surface of the slab presented to the oven.
In the raising of vertical or side walls, I prefer only to use one perforation or
-passage-in-each-brick-which-runs in the direction of the length of the brick when
used as a stretcher, and across the brick when used as a header, when the courses
are laid alternately the passages run near the surface of the brick presented to the
oven to be heated.

page_text: When the passages are required to change their course from a horizontal to
a vertical one or vice versa, angular openings are made passing from the faco or
edge to the other angle of the brick.
The direction of the perforation through tho slabs or bricks entirely depends
upon the kind of bond that is to be used in the erection-The breaking of bond or
joint of the bricks being in every caso offected by the interposing annular ring
lying within the two adjacent recesses in the end or edges of the respective slabs
or bricks as before described-Arches as well as walls and floors may bo so
constructed.
When the oven is heated by gas, tho gas jets aro placed in the open ends of tho
respective passages in the front part of the oven, and by the heat generated and
passing along the circuitous passages in the bricks, tho said bricks or slabs become
heated to the desired temperature, while the products of combustion pass off to a
stack situated at the back of the oven.
The heating of erections other than ovens to which my invention is applicable 1
are muffles kilns for enamelling, glazing, and firing pottery annealing furnaces, hot
air chambers, drying stoves, Greenhouse heating apparatus and other erections for
heating, warming and drying purposes.
Dated this ninth day of April one thousand eight hundred and eighty four.

page_text: I, JAMES WOOD of Cherrywood Lane Saltley near Birmingham, in the County
of Warwick, Gas Fitting Manager do hereby declare the nature of said invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN HEATING KILNS, MUFFLES, OVENS AND OTHER SIMILAR
ERECTIONS AND IN BRICKS, SLABS OR BLOCKS TO BE USED THEREIN " and in what
manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained
in and by the following statement :—
My invention consists of the improvements hereinafter described in heating kilns,
muffles, ovens and other erections for heating, burning, annealing, warming and for
drying purposes by employing, or using perforated bricks, slabs or blocks composed
of fire-clay through which heated air and products of combustion generated from
gas burners, or from any other source of heat, is employed.
I will describe my invention in connection with an oven for baking purposes.
The slabs or bricks which are to form the bottom or floor of the oven have one,
two or more parallel continuous holes or passages running through each slab or
brick in the direction of its length and at the outer ends of the said passages,
sunken or annular recesses are formed, in which annular rings or short tubes are
placed, for effecting a sound joint between the abutting heads or ends of the
adjacent slabs or bricks forming the bottom or floor of the oven; that is, the slabs
or bricks forming the flooring have continuous holes running parallel with each
other, so that the passage in one brick is a continuation of the passage in the two
and adjacent bricks and so on. A sound joint being effected by affixing separate
annular rings or short tubes, described in the adjacent recesses formed in the
respectivo ends or heads of the slabs or bricks-The said rings or short tubes being
affixed by fire clay so that when these holes or passages are placed end to end with
the intervening rings or tubes of fireclay crossing the butt joints of the bricks,
continuous passages are thereby formed, and the escape of heated air and products
of combustion through the joints is thereby prevented.
The holes or perforations in the bricks are preferably made near the outer surface
of the slab presented to the oven.
In the raising of vertical or sido walls I prefer only to use one perforation or
passage in each brick, which runs in the direction of the length of the brick when
used as a stretcher, and across the brick when used as a header, when the courses
are laid alternately, the passages run near the surface of the brick presented to the
oven to be heated.
When the passages are required to change their course from a horizontal to a
vertical ono or vice-versa; angular openings are made passing from the face or edge
to the other angle of the brick.
d
The direction of the perforation through the slabs or bricks entirely depends
upon the kind of bond that is to be used in the erection-The breaking of bond or
joint of the bricks, being in every case effected by the interposing annular ring,
lying within the two adjacent recesses in the ends or edges of the respective slabs
or bricks as before described-Arches as well as walls and floors may be so
constructed.
When the oven is heated by gas, the gas jets are placed in the open ends of the
respective passages in the front part of the oven, and by the heat generated and
passing through the circuitous passages in the bricks-tho-said-bricks or slabs become
-heated to the desired temperature, while the products of combustion pass off to a
stack situated at the back of the oven.
The beating of erections other than ovens to which my invention is applicable
are muffles, kilns for enamelling, glazing and firing pottery, annealing furnaces, hot

page_text: air chambers, drying stoves, Greenhouse heating apparatus and other crections for
heating, warming, and drying purposes.
I will now proceed to describe with reference to the accompanying Drawings the
manner in which my invention is to be performed.
Figure 1 represents a front elovation of an oven or mufile built or made up of
perforated bricks having annular rings or tubes placed across the adjacent joints,
so as to prevent the escape of the heated air and products of combustion into the
oven or mufile or through the joints of the bricks or slabs-Figure 2 is a horizontal
section of the same, the said view shows in dotted lines the continuous passages
through the solids of the bricks which are employed in the construction of the
oven or kiln-Figure 3 is a transverse section of figure 1 taken on the dotted
lines A. B figure 2-The passages through the solids of the bricks are shown near
the inner surface so as to give a great amount of heat into the oven or muffle-
When employed for a baker's oven, the perforations or passage are passed through
the centre of the slabs instead of at the sides-Figure 4 is a longitudinal vertical
section showing first the horizontal flue or passage running parallel and near to
the floor, and also the upward and outward passages-Figuro 5 is a part longi-
tudinal section of a bottom brick used in the construction of ovens or muffles as
described Figure 6 shows the adjacent two slabs the ends of which are in juxta
position, it also shows the annular ring or short tube covering the joint-Figure 7
is a view showing the slabs before their adjacent ends are placed together, the ring
being shown separate-Figure 8 is an end clevation of figure 5, and figure 9 is an
end and edge view of nu annular ring or short tube for effecting a sound joint
between the adjacent ends of the bricks or slabs-Figure 10 is a side arch or roof
brick Figure 11 is a back or side flue brick on a smaller scale-Figure 12 is a
cross section of the same on the dotted lines-Figure 13 is a bottom angle brick
for changing the course of the flue from a horizontal to a vertical direction―
Figure 14 is a transverse section through one of the passages-Figures 15 and 15ª
show a modification in which the joint ring is mado solid with the brick or slab,
the ring like part fits into a cavity or socket at the commencement of the passage;
so that the sockets may be made at the two ends of the passage of one brick, and
the joint collars at the ends of the passages of another brick; or a brick may have
a socket at one end and a ring joint at the other-Figure 16 shows how the bricks
are arranged in the building up of a floor or back of a mufile or oven-)
-Figure 17
is a transverse section through one of the passages of figure 16-Figure 18 shows
how the hollow bricks are arranged in the back or vertical wall for changing the
direction of the flues-The same letters of reference indicate the same parts in tho
several figures of the Drawings.
I will first describe the bricks or slabs employed in the construction of the ovens
or muffles as herein-before described.
a is a floor brick and ba hole or passage running longitudinally from end to end,
preferably in the direction of its length; and at the outer ends of the said passago
sunken or annular recesses 62 63 are formed; and into these annular or sunken
recesses, rings or short tubes of fire clay c c are placed, for effecting a sound joint
between the abutting heads or ends of the adjacent slabs or bricks forming the
bottom of the floor of the oven.
Instead of having only one passage through the brick two or more passages may
bo employed with like effect.
In building or constructing a muffle or oven figures 1, 2, 3 and 4, the perforated
floor bricks or slabs a a composed of fire clay are laid in parallel or break joint
courses as represented in figures 2 and 3 with the passages, b b in continuous
communication, so as to constitute flues or passages through which the flame, heated
air and products of combustion pass and circulate for the heating of the oven or
mufile.
A sound joint between the abutting heads or ends of tho adjacent slabs or bricks
forming the bottoin or floor of the oven, is formed by the ring or short cylinder c
which when placed in the recesses 62 62 prevent the escape of gascous products

page_text: passing through the perforated bricks-In placing the rings within the recesses,
fire clay is preferably employed which fixes them in position and prevents any
possibility of gas escaping; so that when the perforations or passages in the bricks
are placed end to end with the intervening rings or tubes of fire-clay crossing the
butt joints of the bricks, continuous passages are thereby formed and the escape of
heated air and products of combustion through the joints is thereby prevented.
The holes or perforations 6 6 are made near the outer surface of the slab when an
intense heat is required, but when a less heat is to be radiated, the passages are
removed more or less.from the surface presented to the oven or muffle.
In the raising of vertical or side walls, bricks d d are employed having angular
passages which pass from a horizontal to a vertical plane. These angular
passages have like sockets and break joint fire clay rings as already described.
The fire clay for fixing the rings within the sockets of the adjacent bricks is
marked c³.
The raising of a vertical or side wall, starts with the brick & so as to change the
direction of the perforation or passage as best seen in figures 16, 17 and 18; and
then upon the brick & comes the brick e, and so on until the wall is complete, the
stretchers crossing the joints of the adjacent bricks until it reaches the arch bricks
which are constructed as in figure 10, the said figure 10 is also used as a side wall
brick.
Instead of employing a separate break joint fire clay ring as described, the said
ring may be made solid with the brick itself; that is, a standing out ring is made
at the termination of the passage of one end of a brick which takes into an adjacent
socket on the adjacent end of the next brick and so on, producing a continuous
passage see figures 15 and 154. g is the brick, g³ the passage running through it
longitudinally or crosswise, and g³ is the recess at one end, and g' is the annular or
ring like neck at the other end; so that in putting the bricks together to form a
continuous passage g is placed in the socket g³ of an adjacent brick, the joint being
fixed by fire clay.
To heat a muffle it is only necessary to light the gas jets h h at the entrances of
the passages leading through the bricks when the heat and products of combustion
from the lighted gas pass or circulate through the openings, and the oven or muffle
become thereby heated; as the perforated bricks through which the heated
products of combustion pass, become raised to a white heat, which is conducted
and radiated into the interior thereof,
Although I have only described the use of gas for heating the ovens or kilns, yet
I wish it to be understood that I do not limit myself to this particular form of
heating, as heat generated from other sources may be used with like effect.
The perforations of the front or door bricks, may be made to incline upwards
preferably from the middle, so that the heat where it is most intense shall be more
equally distributed without unduly heating the first course.
"In the application of my invention to baker's ovens, the heat can be regulated to
the varying requirements; thus, a top heat is radiated, while the bottom heat is
cut off or nearly so, and so on, thereby allowing the heat to be applied from
whatever side is requirod, either collectively or separately.
My improvements are applicable to the heating of other erections such as kilns
for enamelling, glazing and firing pottery and bricks, annealing furnaces, hot air
chambers, drying stoves, greenhouse heating apparatus and other erections for
heating warming and drying purposes.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what
I claim is
First Improvements in perforated or hollow bricks or slabs with interposing
break joint rings or keys, which lie within adjacent sunken recesses at the outer
ends of aanh MARRANA
L

page_text: Secondly Constructing bricks or slabs to form erections for heating, drying and
warming purposes, with one, two or more continuous holes or fluo passages running
through each brick or slab, the outer ends being provided with sun ken recesses for
the purpose as described and set forth.
Thirdly-The break joint rings or keys for effecting a sound joint between the
adjacent hollow bricks or slabs forming the sides of an erection for heating, drying
and warming purposes as described and set forth.
Fourthly Constructing bricks or slabs to be used in erections for heating,
warning and drying purposes as described and set forth in figures 15 and 16 of the
accompanying Drawings
Fifthly The general arrangement or combination of the parts of erections for
heating, warming and drying purposes as described and set fourth in figures 1, 2, 3
and 4 of the accompanying Drawings.
Sixthly Employing hollow or perforated bricks to form combined bricks and
flues in crections, for heating, warming and drying purposes as described and set
forth in figures 1, 2, 3, and 4 of the accompanying Drawings.

page_text: B