Apparatus Used therefor.
Year: 1888

page_text: Date of Application, 10th July, 1888
Specification Accepted, 7th Sept., 1888
Apparatus Used therefor.
1, FRANK BENONA HOWARD of 44 Courville Street in the City of Montreal, Quebec,
Canada, Manufacturer do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what
manner the same is to be performed to be particularly described and ascertained in
and by the following statement:—
This invention has reference to improvements in the apparatus by which pulp is
pressed into shape to form hollow articles or hollow ware, and consists in the employ-
ment of an inflatable elastic body or bag within a mould provided with perforations and
a filter lining. The elastic bag in a normal or collapsed condition is introduced into
the mould after it has been filled with pulp and water in a fluid or semi-fluid
condition. After this the mould is closed and the bag inflated by means of a pipe
passing into the mould and to the end of which the neck of the rubber bag is attached.
The inflation of the bag causes the pulp to be compressed upon the surface of the filter
lining thereby expelling the water and forming an article of hollow ware the shape
the mould and filter lining are constructed to impart; the bag is then again caused
to collapse and removed, the mould is opened and the article formed of pulp removed
from it. I also provide a means by which the atmospheric pressure on the exterior
of the article forined, will not cause any damage to it, at the time when the bag is
caused to collapse; and other improvements which will be hereinafter set forth and
claimed. My invention further enables enclosed articles of hollow ware to be formed
all in one piece. By "enclosed articles" will be understood, articles having top,
bottom, and side or sides, such as kegs, barrels, bottles, cases, and cubical configurations
of hollow articles, which are all of them enclosed with the exception of a hole or
opening, such as a bung hole either in the top, bottom or side. As such enclosed
articles" have not heretofore been formed integral in pulp hollow ware my invention
includes such articles as a new manufacture.
"
.
In the drawings hereunto annexed similar letters of reference indicate like parts
and :-
Fig. 1 is an elevation of an apparatus for making enclosed articles of hollow ware

page_text: from pulp, such as kegs &c. Fig. 2 is a plan of the apparatus shewn in Fig. 1.
Fig. 3 is a plan of the body of the mould shewing the manner of attaching it to the
bed. Fig. 4 is a vertical central section of the mould taken on line a, Fig. 2, Fig. 5 is a
detail of construction, Fig. 6 is a plan of a modification of the apparatus, for making
tubes or pipes. The apparatus being shewn open ready to begin work. Fig. 7 is a 5
side elevation (left side) of the apparatus shewn in Fig. 6, having the cylindrical part
of the mould closed, Fig. 8 is an end elevation of the apparatus as shewn in Fig. 6.
Fig. 9 is a central longitudinal section of the mould shewn in Fig. 6 completely closed
but with the filter lining omitted, Fig. 10 is a vertical section on line x Fig. 9. Figs. 11
and 12, are details of construction.
The body of the mould as shewn in Figs. 1, 2, 3 and 4 is made in three parts; as
shewn the body of the mould is made cylindrical, but my invention is also applicable
to the formation of vessels that are not cylindrical but that have any number of flat or
other shaped sides. I have however in this part of the drawings only shewn a mould
suitable for forming enclosed cylindrical vessels, from which any person of ordinary
skill can readily understand how other shaped enclosed vessels are to be formed; for
speaking practically, it would be an almost endless task to show all the forms of moulds
that could be used for forming enclosed articles or vessels.
The body of the mould may be made in any desired number of parts from two
upwards; these are hinged together by any suitable hinges B, the walls of this mould
are perforated throughout by small perforations C. One of the portions A is provided
with a T projection D received in a bracket E attached to or made in one with a
vertical frame F, G is the upper head and H the lower head of the mould. As shewn
the head G, is made integral with a bracket I, bolted to the frame F, but if desired the
head G may be made separate from the bracket and attached thereto if desired.
an
K is a bracket bolted to the bed F, this is provided with an eye threaded to receive
a screw L provided with a collar M, above the collar is placed on the screw
ammlet N, and upon the end of the screw projecting above the ammnlet is a nut O, this
is so arranged that the screw L, may be revolved freely by the wheel P, while the
ammlet N, does not revolve. The ammlet N is attached to the head H, by pillars a so
that by the screw L, being operated the head H may be raised and lowered.
By properly situating the height of the bracket E, it will allow the mould to descend
until the lower end 1 of the T projection E, will reach the level at 2, where it is stopped,
this will disengage the upper end of the mould from the head G which is recessed a
sufficient amount to receive it. After the mould has descended the distance from 1 to 2,
the screw L, being further operated it causes a further descent of the head H, and
withdraws it from engagement with the lower end of the mould, thus enabling the
mould to be opened on the hinges B.
When it is desired to close the mould the front parts A, are closed together as
shewn in Fig. 3 the screw is run up to bring the parts to the positions shewn in
Fig. 1, where the recesses in the heads G and H firmly lock the parts A together.
In the head G an opening surrounded by a neck b, is provided thus forming a socket
to receive a nipple c, forming a tight joint with the socket.
The nipple c, is provided with projections d, arranged to engage and wedge under
inclined lugs e, attached on the head G, by this means the nipple c, is firmly held in
the neck or socket b. In the lower end of the nipple c, is secured a thimble f, made
integral (or not as desired) with a perforated pipe g, over this is placed an elastic bag h
the neck i, of which is secured on the thimble f. k, is a small neck projecting on the
under side of the head G (and preferably made integral therewith) a sufficient amount
to be somewhat longer than the thickness of the head of the keg or other vessel being
made, which will be formed about the neck k.
It will be observed that the elastic bag h, is centrally situated in the mould, that i
to say, there is about the same amount of space in the mould above below and around
about it.
In the wall of the nipple a small passage l, is formed to which is connected
pipe m. n, is a pipe screwed into the upper end of the nipple c, this is provided with
projection o, having a passage and stop valve or cock p, with this the pipe m, connects

page_text: so that by opening the valve a communication may be formed between the inside of
the pipe n, and the inside of the mould.
The mould shewn in Figs. 1 to 4, inclusively, in addition to being perforated in
its ends and cylindrical part, is also covered on all its inner surfaces with
the filter lining material which will be hereinafter described in connection with
Fig. 10.
When it is desired to form a keg or barrel, the bag h, is caused to collapse by
exhausting the air by the pipe n, the nipple c is removed from the neck b; the
thimble, is unscrewed and removed from the nipple c and with it the bag h, and
pipe g; the nipple c, is again secured in the neck band semi fluid pulp forced into
the mould through the pipe n, until a sufficient amount of pulp is therein contained
to form the vessel required, when this has been done the nipple c, is again removed
from the neck b, the thimble f, pipe g, and bag h, are again attached to the nipple c
and the bag h, having been collapsed, the nipple c, is again put in place bringing the bag
to the position shewn in Fig. 4, whereupon it is expanded as desired to press the pulp
upon the inner surface of the mould.
We will suppose that the bag h, may be expanded as indicated by the dotted lines
in Fig. 4. If it is desired to save the trouble of removing the thimble f, from the end
of the nipple c, and to save the loss of time that will arise from having to pass
alternately semi fluid pulp and air or other expanding mediums through the same
pipe and nipple, a second nipple c, and pipe n, not having the thimble f, pipe g, bag h
and passage i, may be provided and introduced into the neck b, for the purpose of
charging the mould with semi fluid pulp under pressure.
When the pulp vessel has been sufficiently formed by the pressure caused by
expanding the bag h, the heavy pressure in the pipe n, is taken off the bag but not to
such an amount that the bag will return from its extended state; as soon as the said
heavy pressure is off the bag, the valve p is opened allowing the air to pass down the
passage 1, from the inside of the bag, preventing a vacuum being formed in the keg &c.,
in the mould, for if a vacuum is formed, the vessel of pulp is in danger of being
injured thereby. This is an important improvement in the apparatus. The bag h, is
now caused to collapse close upon the pipe 9. and the nipple c, is removed drawing the
bag out through the neck b. The neck k, protects the opening in the head of the
vessel from being injured by the bag h, when it is being withdrawn as above stated;
after this the mould is opened and the pulp vessel is removed therefrom.
If it is desired to form a pattern or mark, figure or letter &c., upon the hollow article
of pulp made in moulds as above and hereinafter described, it is only necessary to emboss
the wire cloth filter c, by impressing the pattern, mark, letter or letters &c., upon or
into it, or adding extra thicknesses of wire cloth upon its surface, to cause projections a²
of the configuration required to give the desired pattern, letter or mark &c., upon the
pulp hollow article, or this may be done by attaching to the surface of the filter lining
any desired letters forms or patterns, this is considered an important improvement as it
saves much labor in putting words, and trade marks &c. upon the hollow ware.
In the modification of my invention shewn by Figs. 6 to 12 inclusively, an apparatus
for forming pipes or cylindrical articles without ends is deliniated, here the cylindrical
part of the mould proper is represented as made in halves A, these are carried and
supported in an outer cylinder 62 62 made in halves A A of the mould, they are
attached respectively in position by tap screws or bolts c², passing through openings
formed in the half cylinders 62 and screwed into correspondingly screw threaded holes
in the halves A. The halves of the outer cylinder 62 62 are provided with projections d
which leave water ways e² for the escape of the water expelled from the pulp in the
formation or pressing of the article.
To the ends of the lower half of the cylinder 2 are attached or made integral
therewith, guide bars 2, these are each of them provided at their extremities with
eyes g²; in the two eyes at each end is carried the shaft ² ².
It is to be understood that the mould A A, will be made in length and diameter to
agree with what is required for the pulp pipe to be formed, and the outer cylinder 62,.
is arranged to agree with the same, the whole is situated or supported on any suitable

page_text: bed or bench which may be situated in any desired position, so that the central
axis of the mould may be either horizontal, vertical or inclined as desired.
The mould is provided with heads k2 and 12 which when pressed and held against
the ends enclose it; these are made with ordinary projections m² arranged to slide
upon the guide bars 12. The heads are moved from the positions shewn in Figs. 6
and 7, to that shewn in Fig. 9, by skeleton or double faced cams n²; pivotted on the
shafts h²; eyes or staples p² being formed on the backs of the heads through which
the cams n² pass so that by partly revolving the cams the heads are moved up to and
back from the ends of the mould.
The shafts 22, are constructed with an eccentric portion a³, and provided with
levers b³, see Fig. 11, so that after the heads have been brought to bear upon the
ends of the mould a very powerful means is provided for pressing and securing them
thereon.
The halves of the mould A, are shut and secured together by means of hooks c³,
pivotted or hinged to one half of the outer cylinder 62, these engage with a shaft d³,
carried in projections es, formed on the other half of the outer cylinder 62. The
shaft d³ is operated by a lever 63 and is provided with an eccentric portion a³, as
shewn in Figs. 7 and 11, so that after, the hooks 3 have been engaged with the
shaft d they may be further tightened together by turning the shaft d³ by the
lever 63. The two parts of the outer cylinder 2 are hinged together at f³.
is
The head. is provided with a projection g³, which is hollow and has a branch ³,
to which is attached a pipe 3. At 3 a valve seat is formed in which a valve 1³,
placed, this is provided with a tubular spindle m³ passing through a stuffing box n³
and on its extremity is secured a nut or collar o³.
p³ is a spiral spring situated on the spindle m³, between the nut o³ and stuffing
box n³, arranged to keep the valve 13 upon its seat.
Through the tubular spindle m³ is passed a spindle 93 provided with a head 1ª on
which is secured the end of a rubber or other clastic tube s³.
Into the head 2, is screwed a thimble 3 projecting a sufficient distance on the
inside to attach upon it the other extremity of the elastic tube 3. The body of the
mould is provided with perforations all over it situated radial and about at right
angles to its axis. The inner cylindrical surface of the mould is provided with a
covering or lining c of felt, or wire cloth, or such like material; this is omitted in
Fig. 9, but is shewn in Fig. 10; I prefer to use for this purpose, three plies of wire
cloth of different meshes, the finest one being on the inside and being of brass wire
of form one hundred to one hundred and forty mesh to the inch, according to the
pressure used, which will be from about 100 lbs. to 150 lbs. on the square inch; the
greater the pressure the finer must be the mesh. The next inner ply of wire cloth
will be about 50 mesh and the outer one about 25 mesh to the inch.
64 is a perforated pipe secured in the thimble t3 and extending nearly the whole
length of the elastic pipe 3. u is an extension of the thimble t³ to which is
attached a pipe a³.
In forming pipes of pulp, I shut the mould the parts being arranged in position
as shewn in Fig. 9, and then by any ordinary and desired means such as a force
pump, I charge the mould with pulp and water, in a fluid or semi-fluid state by
forcing the charge through the pipe, projection g³, past the valve 13; this is done
under pressure, so that a large amount of the water entering the mould with the
pulp, passes off by filtration during the operation of filling the mould. As soon as
the desired amount of pulp has been forced into the mould to give the desired
thickness to the pulp pipe, to be formed, the action of forcing the pulp into the
mould is stopped, when the valve 13, closes the orifice through which it entered.
I now by means of a pump or other ordinary contrivance force air, water, or
other similar mediums, up the pipe a³, into the perforated pipe 4, through which
it passes and acting on the inner surface of the elastic pipe expands it thereby
causing it to press equally upon the pulp in the mould and distribute it equally
upon the cylindrical surface, at the same time further expelling the water, and com-
pressing the pulp into a state of very considerable solidity.

page_text: In Fig. 10, the dotted circle d' represents the elastic tube s³ expanded; of course
it may be expanded to a greater or less degree as desired to more or less solidify the
pulp as desired. Thus pipes of various thicknesses may be formed in the same mould,
and by having a variety of different lengths and different diameters of moulds any
variety of longth or diameter of pipe may be formed.
It will be observed in this case that the pipe 3, extends the full length of the
mould, this is, peculiar to the formation of pipes from pulp, because the pipes to be
formed are open at both ends. It will also be observed that the heads and 12, are
without perforations or filter lining, so that no water will pass through them therefore
the pulp does not form upon their inner surfaces.
The pipe having been formed as above described, the heads 2 and 12 are drawn
back to the positions shewn in Figs. 6 and 7, the hooks c³ are disengaged and the
mould opened to the position shewn in Figs. 6 and 8.
It will be observed that by drawing back the heads the spindle 93, is caused to
withdraw from the tubular spindle m³ this allows the pulp pipe to be moved from its
position in the mould by passing it over the end of the spindle q³.
When the pipe has been formed in the mould A, and the elastic tube s³, is about
to be allowed to return to its unexpanded state, the valve 13 is forced open by
pressing on the outer end of the spindle q³, thus allowing the air to enter from the
pipe and prevent a vacuum being formed in the pulp tube as the tube s³ contracts,
or returns from its expanded state.
I now wish to make some general remarks upon the construction and arrange-
ment of elastic bags particularly the bag hereinabove described. By making the
bagh, shorter and of larger relative diameter, thicker ends and a thinner side (or
sides) will be obtained.
If the bag h, is not set in the middle, but nearer to one end or head of the mould
than the other, it will cause the end of the vessel formed of pulp to be thinner at the
head to which the bag is set nearest; so that by the particular shape and setting
in position of the bag within the mould various modifications of relative thickness
may be obtained within certain limits.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of this inven
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what
I claim is
1. In an apparatus for the manufacture of articles of hollow ware from pulp, the
combination with a mould provided with filtrations as described, of an elastic body
adapted to be expanded within the said mould, a pipe for conveying the fluid
within the elastic body, for expanding the same and means for bringing the said
elastic body to the required position within the mould substantially as and for the
purposes set forth.
2. In an apparatus for the manufacture of articles of hollow ware from pulp, the
combination of the mould A A; head ², valve 13, spindle m³, projection 93, pipe 23³,
stuffing box n³, nut or collar o³, spring p³, head 12, thimble t³, elastic tube 3, head r³,
having spindle q³, pipe a, elbow u the whole constructed and arranged substantially
as described.
3. In an apparatus for the manufacture of articles from pulp, the combination with
a mould provided with filtrations as described, of an elastic body adapted to be
expanded within the mould, a pipe for conveying fluid within the elastic body for
expanding the same, and nipple for closing the mould and bringing the elastic body
to the required position within the mould, the said pipe and nipple being further
provided with projection o, valve p, pipe m, and passage the whole constructed and
arranged substantially as described.
4. In an apparatus for the manufacture of articles from pulp, the combination with
a mould provided with filtrations, of an elastic bag within said mould and a pipe for
conveying fluid to the inside of said bag for expanding the same, substantially as
and for the purposes set forth.
5. In an apparatus for the manufacture of articles from pulp, the combination with

page_text: a mould having all its surfaces provided with filtrations, of an elastic bag within said
mould, said elastic bag being situated as described within the mould so that upon
being inflated it will carry the pulp contained within the mould to, and compress it
upon the whole of the inner surface or surfaces of the mould, and a pipe for conveying
fluid to the interior of said bag for expanding the same substantially as and for the
purposes set forth.
6. As an improved article of manufacture, an enclosed hollow article formed of
pulp, having the pulp that forms the enclosed hollow article, vessel or casing, integral
throughout substantially as described.
ABEL & IMRAY,
Agents for the Applicant.