IMPROVEMENTS IN CHURNS
Year: 1879

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Frederic Grosvenor, of the Bridgeton Pottery, Glasgow, in
the County of Lanark, North Britain, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN
CHURNS."
Sealed the 28th November 1879, and dated the 11th June 1879.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Frederic Grosvenor at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 11th June 1879.
FREDERIC GROSVENOR, of the Bridgeton Pottery, Glasgow, in the County of
Lanark, North Britain. "IMPROVEMENTS IN CHURNS."
This Invention has for its object the manufacture of most efficient and more
cleanly churns, with less liability to giving deleterious effects and tastes to the
butter churned in them than those heretofore in use.
And the nature and novelty of the Invention consists in making the outer
revolving case, barrel, or drum of earthenware, stoneware, porcelain, or of vitreous or
clay ware, preferably round, or it might be elliptical or polygonal, of a cylindrical or
barrel shape, revolving on concentric, or it might be eccentric, axes at its ends, or
anti-friction rollers or other journal bearings, supported at the upper part of end
frames secured transversely together by stays, all preferably as a portable churn,
either driven by a winch handle by hand at the one side, or it might be by a driving
pulley (or pulleys) on one axis, and a belt passed over this from a pulley on any
adjacent prime moving shaft. This earthenware, stoneware, or porcelain cylinder
would be constructed with any desired number of radial, recessed, or perforated
vanes (as from 3 to 8, for agitating or churning the milk placed in it), all formed in
one with and of the same material as, and projecting at different angles from the
opposite inner ends and circumference of the case or drum, reaching towards each
other near the centre longitudinally, but only a third or so of the diameter radially
from the circumference, where they would occupy alternate positions with each
other, that is, the one set of vanes would be placed in the middle of the spaces or
angles of those projecting from the other end, and they might partially overlap each
other longitudinally, and thus cause the milk to flow off one set of vanes towards
the other as the barrel is turned, the milk being thrown or agitated from one end
of the drum to the other while being churned or broken up by the radial and
circumferential action of the vanes in turning also to and from the centre. The

page_text: actuating axis is preferably formed of two end axles secured to the outer ends of
the earthenware or stoneware cylindrical case by cross arms made long enough to
extend out to the outer circumference of the barrel, with long screws passed through
these, with screw nuts on them, griping the barrel securely between the cross arms
and within the long bolts, passing longitudinally across its circumference. Or
otherwise, instead of these long cross arms, short arms or flanges might be
secured in corresponding dove-tailed or angled recesses at their edge, filled in with
cement or this fixing material, or it might be by screw pins passing through these
arms or flanges into coarse screws formed in the earthenware or stoneware, or thick
end part of the barrel. Or otherwise a hollow tubular centre might be formed right
through, and of the same earthenware or stoneware material as the case or drum is
made of, for the insertion of a metal spindle or axis right through it, secured by
cement or other equivalent fixing material. A large hole would be formed, prefer-
ably in the centre of the circumference of the case or drum, for filling in the milk
and removing the butter, closed preferably by an earthenware or stoneware lid or
stopper, with india rubber washer or other equivalent, and secured by a screw and
cross strap or other equivalent convenient mode of closing the same, and a small
screw plug hole might be formed for drawing-off the milk or putting in water for
cleansing the case or drum internally when desired, and with a small plug for letting
off the gases. A notch or other equivalent might be formed in the cross arms or
other end part of the barrel for a retaining catch entering, swivelled on the top of
the one end frame, so as to hold the barrel in a proper position, with the small plug
hole downwards for drawing off the milk, and the large side upwards, slightly to
one side, for extracting the butter and refilling the churn with milk again, or
putting in warm water for washing it out.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent nied by
the said Frederic Grosvenor in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 6th
December 1879.
FREDERIC GROSVENOR, of the Bridgeton Pottery, Glasgow, in the County of
Lanark, North Britain. "IMPROVEMENTS IN CHURNS."
My said Invention has for its object the manufacture of most efficient and more
cleanly churns (with less liability to giving deleterious effect and taste to the butter
churned in them) than those heretofore in use.
And in order that the nature, novelty, and mode of performing my said Invention
may be properly understood, I shall now proceed to describe the several Figures on
the Sheet of Drawings which I have hereunto appended for that purpose, the same
reference letters indicating the same or like parts in all the Figures where shown.
Figures 1 and 2 are an end elevation and partial plan, and Figures 3 and 4
corresponding transverse and longitudinal sections, all respectively of one modifica-
tion or combination of the parts of a churn constructed in accordance with and
illustrative of my Invention or improvements, and in which the churn barrel
revolves. Figures 5 and 6 show a transverse and a longitudinal section respectively
of a modification or combination of the parts of the new or improved churn, in
which the internal parts only revolve, and the case or body is stationary and
portable, and may sit on any table or flat support, and requires no separate or
special carrying frame of its own.
Referring to the modification or improved construction of churn shown in Figures
1 to 4, in accordance with this my Invention, the outer case, barrel, or drum A into
which the milk and cream is placed is made of earthenware, stoneware, porcelain, or
of vitreous or clay ware, made to revolve, and preferably of a cylindrical shape (but
it might be barrel shaped, or elliptical, or polygonal), and made to revolve on
concentric axes or spindles B, B1, (but they might be eccentric to opposite sides of
the true axis at the different ends) in either case, screwed and rivetted or otherwise
secured into cross arms C, C, at the opposite ends of the churn case A by kneed
flanges C and long screw bolts c, c, passed through end snugs C", thus securely
gripping the barrel A between the cross arms C, C, within the snugs C" and long
bolts c, passing longitudinally across its outer circumference. These spindles B, B,
are carried and revolve on anti-friction pulleys b¹ in retaining and guiding slotted
bearing pillar blocks b secured to the upper side rails E' of a strong supporting
portable wood frame E, E', carrying the whole as a portable churn. The cylindrical
case A is driven by a winch handle B" secured on the outer end of one of the
spindles B actuated by hand; or otherwise it might be, for large sizes, by a driving
pulley on one axes, instead of the winch handle B', and a belt or band passed over
this from a pulley on any adjacent prime moving shaft. The earthenware, stone-
ware, or porcelain cylinder A, so made, fitted, and actuated, would by one arrange-
ment be constructed with four radial recessed or perforated vanes a, a, a¹, a', (or it
might be other numbers, as from 3 to 8) for agitating or churning the milk placed
in it, and all formed in one with, and of the same material as, and projecting at
different angles from the opposite inner ends and circumference of the case or drum
A, reaching towards or passing each other near the centre longitudinally as seen in
Figure 4, but only a third or so of the diameter radially from the circumference,
where they would occupy alternate positions with each other, that is, the one set
u, a, of vanes would be placed in the middle of the spaces or angles of those a', a¹,
projecting from the opposite or reverse ends of the case, as seen dotted in in Figure 3,
and they would preferably overlap each other longitudinally, and be angled and
tapered away towards their free ends, as seen in Figure 4, and thus cause the milk
to flow off on set of vanes a or a¹ towards the other a¹ or a as the barrel is turned.
The milk would thus be thrown or agitated from one end of the drum A. to the other
while being churned or broken up laterally or to and from the centre by the radial

page_text: and circumferential revolving action of the vanes a, a', and its case A. The vanes a, a²,
are shown with oblong transverse holes or perforations all through them for the better
breaking up and agitating of the milk and cream, but they might be made with any
other form of interseses; and these vanes might be made to run longitudinally from
end to end of the case A when desired. A large Banged or recessed month A' is
formed, preferably round, through the centre of the outer circumference of the case
or drum & for filling in the milk and cream by, and for removing the butter and
cleaning the vessel, and which is closed, preferably by an earthenware or stoneware
lid or stopper A, with india rubber washer or other equivalent A³ below, secured
by a screw and the cross arms All or strap, having its ends passed by notches into
a holding groove A, or other equivalent, or ordinary convenient node of closing this
door A2 may be used. A porcelain screw plug d with india-rubber washer is fitted
through one side of the case A, preferably with tapered hole with wood spigot d¹
fitted in it, for the quick and easy drawing off of the skim milk or water when
washing the interior of the vessel and letting off the gasos.
When desired, other equivalent means might be employed for securing the barrel
A to its driving ends C, C, or spindles B, B', as by short arms or a polygonal flange
(instead of the long arms and bolts C, c,) sunk or secured in corresponding dovetailed
or angled rocesses at their edges, filled in with melted sulphur or other cement or
fixing material, or it might be secured by screw pins passing through these arins or
flanges into coarse screws formed for the purpose in the ends of the earthenware or
stoneware barrel A. Or otherwise a hollow tubular centre might be formed longi-
tudinally right through the case or cylinder A, of the same earthenware or stoneware
material it is made of, for the insertion of a single long metal spindle or axes right
through it, secured by cement or other equivalent fixing material within the said
long hollow eye. A notched or other equivalent perforated segment C³ is formed on
the cross arms c at one end of the barrel A for a retaining slip, catch, or bolt Cin
entering and secured to slide or swivel on the top of the end frame E, as seen in
Figure 1, so as to hold the barrel in proper position for the convenient removing of
the butter, and for cleaning out or refilling the churn with milk and cream.
Referring to the modification or improved general arrangement shown in Figures
5 and 6, the case or churning vessel A is made of porcelain or other clay ware, as
in the former case, but plain and cylindrical inside, without fixed vanes, and with a
projecting rim base A* for the whole resting on, as its own frame, or by which it
might be secured to the top of a portable frame. In this case, in which the case
A, A*, is fixed and does not revolve, a long spindle D is fitted to work in through
a stuffing box D¹ in one end of the case A, and the other end in an inside bearing at
D in the other end of the case. The vanes a², a², in this arrangement are preferably
made of porcelain or other strong earthenware, or it might be of wood, in the form
of double armed perforated cross blades formed with eyes a³, by which they are
"shipped" tight on to the spindle D and crossed or at different angles to each other,
secured thereon between a collar d² and end fixing thumb or other screw d³, as seen
particularly in Figure 6. The vessel in this case is formed with an oblong door A'
with india-rubber tightening washer A³ secured down by a simple swivelling
tightening cross bar All gripping in slots formed in projecting snugs formed on the
case A at each side of the door A', which thus allow the vanes a³, a², to be secured
on or removed from the spindle D in the inside of the case. The spindle D is shown
as fitted with a winch handle Ds outside, by which the churning vanes a³, a³, inside
the churn case A are turned, so as to form the butter, much as in some other construc-
tions of ordinary wooden churns in which the vanes revolve. The novelty in these
arrangements is the construction of churns with porcelain or earthenware cylinders,
cases, or barrels A, either revolving as shown in Figures 1 to 4, or stationary as in
Figures 5 and 6, with their fittings, substantially as described and shown in these
Figures respectively.
Having thus described the nature of my said Invention, and the manner of
performing the same, I have to state that I do not confine myself to the precise
details herein described or delineated, but what I consider to be novel and original,

page_text: and therefore claim as the Invention secured to me by the hereinbefore in part
recited Letters Patent, is,-
1. The general construction or combination of the parts of churns with porcelain
or earthenware cylinders, cases, or barrels, and special fittings for their use and
advantages, all substantially as herein described, in reference to and shown in
Figures 1 to 4 or 5 and 6 respectively of the accompanying Drawings.
2. The construction and use of churns with porcelain or earthenware revolving
cylinders, cases, or barrels, and their churning internal vanes and their fittings to
driving spindles for actuating the same, substantially as herein described in reference
to and shown in Figures 1 to 4 of the accompanying Drawings.
3. The construction and use of churns with porcelain or earthenware stationary
cases, and their fittings connected with driving spindle and vanes, substantially as
herein described in reference to and shown in Figures 5 and 6 of the accompanying
Drawings.
In witness whereof, I, the said Frederic Grosvenor, have hereunto set my hand
and seal, this Fifth day of December, in the year of our Lord One thousand
eight hundred and seventy nine
Witness,
W. R. M. TпомSON,
Patent Agent,
Glasgow.
FREDERIC GROSVENOR. (L.S.)