Improvements in Telegraphy.
Year: 1899

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Telegraphy.
I, JACQUES JASINSKI, of 28, Dluga, Warsaw, Kingdom of Poland, Russia,
Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows.-
This invention of improvements in telegraphy has for object to telegraph
signals by means of the Wheatstone automatic transmitter over lines that are
served by Morse apparatus or sounders whereby there can be obtained amongst
other advantages greater rapidity in the working of the Morse receivers; more
regular work which is easier to read by reason of the uniformity of the dots,
dashes and spaces, and capability of transmitting telegrams in several directions
by means of the same perforated tape; such arrangement being particularly
adapted for the rapid and correct transmission of circular telegrams from one
central station to several other stations.
For this purpose signals are telegraphed as will now be described by the aid
of the accompanying drawings, wherein Fig. 1 shows diagrammatically the con-
nections of a Wheatstone apparatus; the transmitter, double current key and
receiver being located respectively at 1, 2 and 3. the switch levers and appur-
tenant parts of the transmitter with their connections to the terminals 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,
4 and 5 being omitted as they are of ordinary construction and arrangement
and will be well understood, as also will be the connections between the double
current key and the terminals 4b, 5b, 6, 8 and 9.
In order to adapt the Wheatstone apparatus for use with one or more lines
served by Morse apparatus, the leads from the terminals 7 and 8 of the trans-
mitter are interrupted respectively at the points 7, 7b, and 8*, 8b, and connected
up with a double commutator 10 shown in Figure 2, which represents diagram-
matically three sets of Morse apparatus with relays and connections. In the
position of the commutator shown in the drawings, the point 7* is connected
to 7 and the point 8* to 8b as in the ordinary working of the Wheatstone appa-
ratus with the transmitter 1 used on a Wheatstone line; whilst a simple dis-
lacement of the commutator to its alternative position connects the points 7*
and 8 to the contacts 10 and 10 respectively whereby the Wheatstone trans-
mitter can be employed on one or several Morse lines In this latter case how-
ever the transmitter must be worked at a speed considerably less than that at
which it is capable of running For example instead of transmitting about
2000 words per hour it is found that when employing Morse receivers the speed
should be reduced say to about 700 words per hour, but even this latter speed
greatly exceeds that attained by the use of the ordinary Morse key which is only
about 400 or 500 words per hour.
For the purpose of converting the positive and negative or alternate direction
currents from the transmitter into currents having one direction only suitable

page_text: for use with Morse receivers with ordinary electro-magnets, the relays employed
are of the polarized type, those indicated on the drawings being the circular
pattern of Messrs. Siemens and Halske.
The commutator 10 and the relays, the number of which latter correspon is
to the number of Morse lines to be served, are or may be advantageously placed
upon a special table adapted to enable a single telegraphist to regulate and to
follow the effect of the polarized current.
155
These relays 11, 12 and 13, are connected in series and receive current from
the Wheatstone transmitter. It will be obvious that any desired number of
relays may be employed, arranged one after another, Fig 2 showing three relays
in order to illustrate various connections of the Morse apparatus 14, 15 and 16,
the first of which is worked with a working current; and the last two with a
continuous current either with a simple lever or with a double lever. In the
Morse apparatus shown, 14 is the battery, 14b the communicating key, 14° the
receiver, 14d a galvanoscope and 14ª a lightning, conductor
Each relay is provided with a-s shunt 17 and a switch 18, which allows of
connecting it to the circuit, or, on disconnecting it, to insert in its place
a resist-
ance 18 thereby obviating the necessity of regulating the relays each time they
are connected up.. The relays must be so regulated that there shall be a suffi-
cient distance between the terminals 19, 20, to allow the relay armature to vibrate
and yet will always remain attracted to the pole at which it was last located on
the interruption of the current. The Wheatstone transmitter operates by means
of a local battery, from which currents of considerable strength may be passed
through the coils of, the relays as such current does not have to pass through
any Morse line Thus each of the Morse apparatus 14, 15 and 16 are independent
one of another. No alteration is necessary for the ordinary manipulation by
means of a key. The Morse receiver is always sensitive to the line current,
even during the automatic transmission, the Morse receiver at the transmitting
station being, always susceptible to interruptions signalled from the station
receiving the dispatch, in case of misunderstanding for example. Further, also
in the case of several Morse lines which are to be served by means of several
Wheatstone transmitters, the same lines may be introduced to several tables
consecutively, each table belonging to a separate transmitter For example in
transmitting circular, telegrams on two combinations of Morse lines simul-
taneously, say in the case of eight lines, over lines 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, 6, 7, 8;
or over 1, 2, 5, 6 and 3, 4, 7, 8, the lines would be engaged each on two
tables, eight relays being provided for each table.
1
Fig. 3 illustrates the application of the automatic transmission to a line served
by a duplex Morse apparatus the relay 21 being substituted for the kind shown
in Fig. 2, the said relay 21 differing from those previously referred to in that
the armature 22 18 provided with an insulated spring 22, retained in place by
the angle-piece 22b When a positive current passes, the spring comes in contact
with the terminal 20 and on the armature moving still closer to the pole of the
electro-magnet the spring is pressed away from the angle piece 22 and the
communication between the lines and the earth is interrupted.
The spring 22 has for object to obviate an intermediate position being assumed
by the armature 22. As the regulation or adjustment of such a relay presents
some difficulties in providing that the attraction of the electro-magnet shall be
able to oppose the elasticity of the spring, this arrangement may be dispensed
with in shorter lines by employing an ordinary relay with a connection as for
the working current. In Fig. 3, 14 is the auxiliary key 14° a resistance, and
14h a resistance with condenser 14.
If it be desired to serve a single Morse line by means of the Wheatstone appa-
ratus, the relay may even be dispensed with by employing in its place the Wheat-
stone receiver 3, the terminals 3ª and 3 of the bell 23 then taking the place
of the terminals 11, 11b of a relay and a special terminal 3° connected to the
contact 3d replaces the terminal 11° of the relay. The Wheatstone apparatus

page_text: should then always be connected by means of the commutator 24 (Fig. 1) so that
the current of the transmitter is caused to pass through the Wheatstone receiver
as for, the purpose of verifying the apparatus.
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I, JACQUES JASINSKI, of 28, Dluga, Warsaw, Kingdom of Poland, Russia,
Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner
the same is to be performed to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement:-
This invention of improvements in telegraphy has for object to telegraph
signals by means of Wheatstone automatic transmitters over lines that are
provided at the receiving ends with only Morse apparatus or sounders, whereby
there can be obtained greater rapidity in the working of the Morse receivers than
could be obtained by ordinary manual transmission; greater uniformity of the
dots, dashes, and spaces (or their sound equivalents) so that it will be easier
to read the messages; and capability of transmitting telegrams in several direc-
tions by means of the same perforated tape, so that apparatus according to this
invention will be particularly adapted for the rapid and correct transmission
of circular telegrams from one central station to several other stations provided
with Morse but not with Wheatstone receivers.
For this purpose signals are telegraphed as will now be described by the aid
of the accompanying drawings, wherein Fig 1 is a diagram of a Wheatstone
transmitter and accessories; the transmitter, double-current key, and receiver
being indicated respectively at 1, 2, and 3; the switch levers and appurtenant
parts of the transmitter with their connections to the terminals 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,
4, and 5 are not shown as they are of ordinary construction and arrangement
and will be well understood, as also will be the connections of the double-current
key terminals 4b, 5b, 6*. 8, and 9. Fig 1 shows the transmitter connected as
for transmitting to a Wheatstone receiver, which is assumed to be its ordinary
use. In order to enable the transmitter to be used, when required,, for trans-
mitting over one or more lines to Morse receiving apparatus provided thereon,
the leads from the terminals 7 and 8 of the Wheatstone, transmitter are inter-
rupted respectively at the points 7ª, 7b, and 8*, Sb, and connected to a double
switch 10 shown in Fig. 2, which represents diagrammatically three relays and
the connections for working three lines provided with Morse receivers at their
distant stations. Morse receivers and connections for use at the transmitting
station being also indicated. When the switch is in the position shown, the
point is connected. to 7b and the point 8* to Sb for sending messages from the
transmitter 1 to a Wheatstone line-ie, a line having, at the receiving station,
a Wheatstone receiver; whilst, with the apparatus hereinafter described, after
a simple displacement of the switch arms to their alternative position such as
to connect the points 7 and 8 to the contact pieces 10 and 10 respectively
the Wheatstone transmitter can be emploved for sending messages along one
or several lines provided with Morse receivers only. In the latter case, however,

page_text: the transmitter must be worked at a speed considerably less than that at which
it is capable of running. For example, instead of transmitting about 2000 or
more words per hour, it is found that when employing Morse receivers the speed
should be reduced to say about 700 words per hour, but even the latter speed
greatly exceeds that attained by the use of the ordinary Morse key, which is
only about 400 or 500 words per hour.
For the purpose of converting the alternately positive and negative
currents from the Wheatstone transmitter into currents having one direction
only suitable for use with Morse receivers with ordinary electromagnets, polarized
relays are employed, those indicated at 11, 12, and 13 in Fig. 2 being Siemens
relays. In lieu of Siemens relays, Post Office standard relays may be used with
advantage The switch 10 and the relays, the number of which is equal to that
of the Morse lines to be served, may advantageously be placed along with corre-
sponding Morse receiving and transmitting apparatus, upon a single table so as
to enable a single telegraphist to regulate and to follow the effect of the outgoing
currents These relays 11, 12, and 13 are connected in series. It will be obvious
that any desired number of such relays may be employed, arranged one after
another, Fig. 2 showing three relays in order to illustrate various connections of
Morse receiving apparatus worked on different plans. The apparatus 14 is
arranged on the open-circuit system (2.e., for current to pass during working
only) whilst the apparatus 15 and 16 are arranged for closed-circuit working
(ie, for current to pass continuously when the key is not operated). In the
Morse apparatus shown, 14 is the battery, 14b the key, 14° the receiver, 14d a
galvanoscope and 14° a lightning protector The key 14 of the apparatus 15
is provided with a spring 15° which normally engages a projection on the lever
of the key so as to keep the circuit closed as shown, but which, when it is
desired to transmit by means of the apparatus, is disengaged from the aforesaid
projection and made to engage with a projection 15b on the other side of the
fulcrum of the lever, so that the apparatus can then be worked as on the open-
circuit system; in lieu of an adjustable spring arrangement, as is usual in
Russia, the spring may be fixed at 15b and a switch arrangement of ordinary
kind be provided as indicated by dotted lines, to be operated by hand to close
the circuit when the operator has finished manipulating the key. The appa-
ratus 16 is provided with a spring fixed to the lever between its fulcrum and the
contact piece, the transmitter being intended to signal by interruptions of the
current instead of by emissions of current. The Morse apparatus at the various
stations to which the Wheatstone apparatus transmits are not shown, but those
corresponding thereto at the transmitting station must, of course be on the same
system (open-circuit or closed-circuit); no polarized relays corresponding to the
relavs 11, 12 and 13 are, of course, required at the receiving stations.
"
Each relay is provided with a shunt 17 and also with a switch 18, which
enables it to be put into the circuit, or cut out, a resistance 182 to compensate
for the relay being inserted in the circuit by the switch on cutting out the
relay. The relays are such that whilst there is a sufficient distance between the
stops or contacts 19 and 20 to allow the tongue or armature of the
relay sufficient play, the tongue or armature will, on the interrup-
tion of the current, remain in contact with the stop to which it will have been
last attracted When the Wheatstone transmitter sends a positive or "marking
current the tongue of each connected relay is attracted to its stop 20: a nega-
tive or
"spacing" current brings the tongue to the stop 19 As the Wheatstone
transmitter operated by means of a local battery, currents of considerable strength
may be passed through the coils of the relays since such current do not pass
through any Morse line. The Morse apparatus on each line are consequently
independent of those on each of the other lines. No alteration is necessary for
the ordinary manipulation of the Morse apparatus by means of their kevs. All
the Morse receivers at the Wheatstone station are always sensitive to the line
current, even during the automatic transmission, and the Morse receivers at the

page_text: Wheatstone station are always available for receiving signals from the receiving
stations in case of misunderstanding, for example. Connections and a switch 11d,
12d, or 13d may be provided for each relay as indicated by dotted lines in Fig. 2,
for the purpose of connecting the corresponding apparatus 14, 15 or 16 with
its line wire directly, instead of through the tongue of its relay, when it is
desired to operate by the key 14b.
When several Morse lines are to be served by means of several Wheatstone
transmitters, the same lines may be introduced to several tables consecutively,
each table belonging to a separate transmitter; for example, for simultaneously
transmitting circular telegrams from two Wheatstone transmitters to eight
Morse lines simultaneously each of the lines would be connected to a
relav on each of two tables, eight relays being provided on each table, so that the
messages sent by the two transmitters might be distributed amongst the lines as
required for instance, one transmitter might be connected to lines 1, 2, 3,
and 4, and the other to lines 5, 6, 7 and 8; or one transmitter to lines 1, 2, 5
and 6, and the other to lines 3, 4, 7 and 8.
Fig. 3 represents a duplex Morse apparatus which is furnished with a key
(such as is known in Russia as a Stirnes key) comprising a main lever 14 and
an auxiliary lever 14 and intended to prevent, as much as possible, the line
current from passing through both windings of the receiver 14° during the
operation of the lever 14b, and which apparatus, for the purpose of automatic
Wheatstone transmission, is provided with a relay 21 that differs from those
shown in Fig. 2 by having its tongue or armature 22 furnished with a spring 22ª
which is insulated from the tongue by means of a block 223, normally bears
against an angle piece 22b, and is permanently connected to the receiver 14°
at the transmitting station through a terminal 22° When a positive current
passes, the spring 22 comes against an L-shaped projection 20° on the contact 20;
and when the tongue moves still closer to the contact 20, the spring is, by the
projection 20, pressed away from the angle piece 22b and the communication
between the line and the earth is interrupted, whilst simultaneously, the line is
put into communication with the local battery 14 through the terminal 22°,
the spring 22, and the projection 20 of the contact 20 (the contact 20 does
not come against the angle piece 22b), so that the effect of the spring 22 is to
obviate intermediate positions of the tongue 22 such as would allow the line
current to pass through both windings of the receiver 14° during the operation
of the tongue 22; the dotted line 23 in Fig. 3 indicates a connexion such as is
usual with duplex Morse apparatus but which is omitted in the case of the. use
of a relay such as shown in Fig. 3 In Fig. 3 14 represents a resistance, and
14h a resistance with a condenser 14' As it is somewhat difficult to regulate
or adjust such a relay so as to insure that the attraction of the electro-magnet
will be able to overcome the elasticity of the spring 22, this arrangement may
be dispensed with in shorter lines by employing an ordinary polarized relay
with connexions as for open-circuit working Fig. 3 shows duplex Morse
apparatus suitable for working by means of an ordinary Siemens polarized
relay 25; Fig. 3b illustrates the Morse receiving apparatus at the Wheatstone
station and its connexion to an ordinary Siemens polarized relay 25 for trans-
mitting according to this invention to duplex Morse receiving apparatus worked
through an ordinary polarized relay at the receiving station, to which corresponds
a similar polarized relay 24 at the Wheatstone station: parts corresponding to
parts shown in Fig. 3 are indicated in Figs. 3 and 3b in a corresponding manner,
whilst 24 in Fig. 3b indicates an ordinary polarized relay corresponding to that
used at the receiving station, and 26 indicates a sounder or inker: the apparatus
at the corresponding receiving stations are similar respectively to those shown
in Figs. 3 and 3 except that they are not, of course, provided with any relays
corresponding to the relays 25.
If it is desired to serve a single Morse line by means of the Wheatstone appa-
ratus, a special relay may even be dispensed with by employing in its place

page_text: $
the Wheatstone receiver 3 (Fig. 1), the terminals 3* and 3 of the bell 23 then
taking the places of the terminals 11 and 11 of the special relay, and a special
terminal 3 connected to the contact piece 3d taking the place of the terminal 11°
of the special relay. The Wheatstone transmitter will then always be connected
to the Wheatstone receiver just mentioned, by means of the commutator 27
(Fig. 1) so that the current of the former will pass through the latter, as in
the case of verifying the apparatus.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of the said
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what
1 claim is:
"
1. The combination at the transmitting station of a line having at a receiving
station a Morse receiving apparatus or sounder with an ordinary electro-magnet,
of apparatus comprising a Wheatstone automatic transmitter and a polarized
elay adapted to convert the alternately positive and negative currents from the
Wheatstone transmitter into curents having one direction only suitable for
use with the Morse receiving apparatus, substantially as set forth.
2. Telegraphic apparatus according to the preceding claim for duplex working,"
in which the tongue of the polarized relay is provided with a spring contact
which is insulated from the tongue at one part but is normally in electrical
connexion therewith at another part and during the operation of the tongue
strikes against a contact of the relay, which brings it out of electrical connexion
with the tongue and thereby interrupts the communication between the line and
the earth, substantially as and for the purpose set forth.
3 Telegraphic apparatus for rendering signals sent by a Wheatstone auto-
matic transmitter suitable for reception on Morse receiving apparatus or sounders,
constructed, connected, and operating substantially as herein before described with
reference to and shown diagrammatically in Fig. 1, in Fig. 2, in Fig. 3,
in Fig. 3, and in Fig. 3b respectively of the accompanying drawings.
Dated 18 th day of December 1899.
For the Applicant,
W LLOYD WISE,
46, Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, W.C.,
Chartered Patent Agent..