A NEW AND IMPROVED METHOD OF APPLYING HEAT FOR THE PURPOSE OP MELTING AND MANUFACTURING ANIMAL FAT AND A VARIETY OF OTHER SOLID SUBSTANCES, WHEREBY THE QUALITY THEREOF IS MATERIALLY PRESERVED AND IMPROVED; BY WHICH INVENTION THESE SUBSTANCES CAN BE MANU- FACTURED AND PREPARED WITH MUCH LESS WASTE AND MANUAL LABOUR, AND WITH A SMALLER QUANTITY OF FUEL, THAN BY ANY METHOD NOW IN USE, WITH A LESS OFFENSIVE EFFLUVIA AND WITHOUT THE DANGER WHICH ALWAYS ATTENDS THE COMMON METHOD OF MELTING AND MANUFACTURING SOLID INPLAMMABLE SUBSTANCES
Year: 1800

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, THOMAS
BINNS, of Great Barlow Street, in the Parish of Saint Marylebone, in
the County of Middlesex, Water-closet Maker, send greeting.
WHEREAS the King's most Excellent Majesty, by His Letters Patent
under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at Westminster, the
Twenty-seventh day of October, in the forty-first year of His reign, did give
and grant unto me, the said Thomas Binns, my executors, administrators, and
assigns, His especial licence, that I, the said Thomas Binns, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, might make, use, exercise, and vend, my
Invention of "A NEW AND IMPROVED METHOD OF APPLYING HEAT FOR THE
PURPOSE OP MELTING AND MANUFACTURING ANIMAL FAT AND A VARIETY OF
OTHER SOLID SUBSTANCES, WHEREBY THE QUALITY THEREOF IS MATERIALLY
PRESERVED AND IMPROVED; BY WHICH INVENTION THESE SUBSTANCES CAN BE MANU-
FACTURED AND PREPARED WITH MUCH LESS WASTE AND MANUAL LABOUR, AND
WITH A SMALLER QUANTITY OF FUEL, THAN BY ANY METHOD NOW IN USE, WITH
A LESS OFFENSIVE EFFLUVIA AND WITHOUT THE DANGER WHICH ALWAYS ATTENDS
THE COMMON METHOD OF MELTING AND MANUFACTURING SOLID INPLAMMABLE
SUBSTANCES," within that part of His Majesty's Kingdom of Great Britain
called England, the Dominion of Wales, and Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed,

page_text: for and during the term of years therein mentioned; in which said Letters
Patent is contained a proviso, that if I, the said Thomas Binns, did not
particularly describe and ascertain the nature of my said Invention, and in
what manner the same is to be performed, by an instrument under my
hand and seal, and cause the same to be inrolled in His Majesty's High
Court of Chancery within one calendar month next and immediately after
the date of the said Letters Patent, all liberties and advantages whatsoever
thereby granted should utterly cease, determine, and become void, anything
therein-before contained to the contrary thereof in anywise notwithstanding,
as in and by the said Letters Patent, relation being thereunto had, may more
fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Thomas Binns, in compliance with the
said proviso, do hereby describe and ascertain the nature of my said Invention,
and in what manner the same is to be performed, in manner following (that is.
to say):
The apparatus by which I mean to perform and carry into effect my said
Invention may be seen by the plan drawn in the margin of these Presents, to
which I refer, and which is more fully explained in the subsequent part of
this Specification. The principal object of my Invention is to destroy the
bad effects which the naked fire has in melting down and manufacturing all
inflamable and other substances, that is to say, animal fat, whale blubber,
wax, spermaceti, vegetable oil, soap, resins, sugar, chemical and pharmaceu-
tical preparations, colours, varnishes, and japans, by employing steam to
produce a sufficient degree of heat to melt, render down, or manufacture
the aforesaid solid inflammable and other substances, and thereby prevent the
naked fire from discolouring, wasting, or otherwise injuring the bodies or sub-
stances to be melted, rendered down, or manufactured; manual labour will
also be saved by this Invention in the following ways:-First, by rendering
the constant attendance of a man or men at the boiler unnecessary, since the
heat produced by steam is if that particular nature that substances, which,
when melting in the common way, must inevitably burn to the boiler unless
continually stirred, will, in this improved manner of producing the quantity
of heat required, never stick or burn to the .boiler in the smallest degree.
Secondly, by the aid of pumps kept warm by the means of steam, constructed
aş in the plan, a considerable saving of manual labour will take place, which in
the common way of manufacturing solid inflamable substances, is used for the
purposes of taking substances, when in a liquid state from one vessel to
another, which is attended with much, waste and trouble. Another advantage
is also obtained by means of this pump, as thereby the liquid may be easily

page_text: raised to any given height, from whence it may fall by natural gravity from
vessel to vessel, until the whole process is completed, this cannot be done
with a common pump without the aid of steam. The great consumption of
fuel in the melting or manufacturing of various solid substances by the com-
mon method of applying fire only for such purposes will be considerably
lessened by this Invention, as when the water boiler described in the plan is
once in a state of ebullition, a very small quantity of fire will keep it in that
state; and also by the particular method of winding the flue round the steam
boiler, the rarefaction of the steam is considerably increased and assisted; like-
wise, as in the common way the heat is only partially and imperfectly applied
to the boiler, by this Invention it is on the contrary applied generally and
completely.
This Invention will in a great measure do away the offensive effluvia
that usually arises from the manufacture of various substances by the action
of the naked fire, and thereby render such manufactories less obnoxious in
populous places. This advantage is obtained in the following ways:-First,
that as in the violent ebullition produced by the naked fire in the common
way the effluvia is consequently considerable, in the improved method of
applying the heat of steam no such appearances are visible, and no disagree-
able effects of that kind follow. Secondly, when from the carelessness of
servants any particular burning of the substances takes place in the boiler,
according to the usual way the unpleasant effluvia is very great, whereas in
the improved method it is totally impossible that any neglect should produce
such an effect, since, as before mentioned, the heat of steam is of a very
different nature from the heat of the naked fire, and produces very different
effects.
The danger from fire, which is always to be apprehended in the com-
mon method of manufacturing solid inflammable substances is obviated by
this Invention in the following ways:-First, that as the ebullition is not so.
suddenly great and never so violent it may be managed more easily. Secondly,
that this Invention enables the boiler to be covered with a steam-tight or other
cover. And, thirdly, that the height of the boiler is so great (as described
in the plan) that, of necessity, the lower boiler is on one floor and the upper
one on another, thereby producing a complete separation between the inflam-
mable substances and the fire in the furnace.
The health of the manufacturers will be preserved by this Invention in the
following way (that is to say): -As in the manufacture of candles and other
substances by the common method charcoal is generally used to keep the
substances in a liquid state, by this Invention steam is employed to keep these.

page_text: substances of a proper heat, thereby doing away the necessity of using charcoal,.
the pernicious qualities of which are well known. This Invention may also be
successfully employed in distillery.
An explanation of the apparatus described in the Plan drawn in the margin,
by which apparatus my said Invention may be carried into effect.-F. I., is
a water boiler for raising steam for the purpose of supplying a steam boiler
through an opening at the top, where the steam boiler and the water boiler
are screwed together, which opening or space is marked with the letter a.
F. II. is a section of the steam boiler and the melting copper, into which
melting copper the animal fat or other substance is put to be melted, rendered
down, or manufactured. The steam rushes up and fills the vacant space between
the steam boiler and the melting copper, marked b, b. (The proportion that
tlie steam boiler should bear to the melting copper is to be according to the
following dimensions:- when the diameter of the melting copper is one foot
the steam boiler must be one foot and two inches, and so in proportion by
any greater or snialler sizes.). The furnace or fire place which is to heat the
water boiler and supply the steam, is built or made in the common way,
and may be seen in F. I. marked with the letter c. d, d, d, d, in F. I.
and II. shew the section of the flue and point out the circular course it
takes round the water boiler and steam boiler, making two revolutions or
more round the water boiler F. I. and the steam boiler F. II. to keep up
the strength and heat of the steam, and which, by so doing, renders a con-
siderable saving of fuel; e, e, e, e, in F. I. and II. are the sections of the
iron plates or other materials which form the fluc; f, f, in F. I., represent
the front bearings on which the water boiler rests; it is necessary to have
three or more of these bearings to support the water boiler, but the hind
ones cannot be shewn in a section; 9, 9, at the bottom of F. II. are also
bearings to support the melting copper in the same way as tho water boiler
is supported at f, f; h, h, are the flanches that connect the water boiler with
the steam boiler, which are fastened together and made air-tight by the means
of screw bolts, as described at i, i. j, j, j, j, in F. I. and II. shew the method
of fastening the water boiler and steam boiler to the flanches, which is done by
rivetting. The steam boiler and melting copper are fastened at the top, and also
made air-tight by means of screw bolts, as described at k, k, in F. II. It is
necessary to have an escape valve as a regulator to the steam, which is pointed
out in F. II. the letter 1. F. III. is a section of the pump for raising the
fat or other melted substances when in a liquid state into the settling vat, F. IV.
This pump is made with two hollow pipes or cylinders, one within the other;
the internal one, is for the purpose of raising the liquid out of the melting

page_text: copper, and the external one is to hold steam round the internal one, thereby
keeping it warm, and the liquid always in a fluid state whilst passing through
the internal pipe or cylinder of the pump. F. IV. is settling vat, into which
the melted substances are pumped from the melting copper; these melted
substances, when in a settled state in this vat, are let off by the cock, in F. IV.,
marked m, into the reservoir, F. V., which reservoir supplies a dipping mould,
F. VI. By means of a pipe, kept warm by steam, and a copper air ball marked n
in F. VI., this air ball regulates a valve, marked o in F. VI., and so keeps up
any given height of liquid in the mould, as occasion may require, by means
of a thumb screw at n. This dipping mould is no ways essential to the
melting process, and only to be added to the apparatus for the purpose of
making candles. F. VII. is a small water boiler for charging the vessels
F. III, IV., V., and VI. with steam to keep the melted substances when
in those vessels sufficiently heated and in a proper liquid state, which steam
passes through the tubes marked p, p, p, by which means the heat is supplied
to those vessels by the aid of steam, on the same principle as described in
F. II. The steam in the small water boiler, F. VII., is regulated by a steam
valve marked q. F. VIII, IX., X., XI., and XII. show the ground plan,
of the above-described apparatus, exhibiting the manner in which the melted
substances are conveyed from the one vessel to the other, and also the
method of conveying the steam to the different vessels and keeping them
sufficiently heated during the time they are in use; is the suction part of
the pump,
F. IX.; s, s, are the two barrels or cylinders of the pump which
are described in the section of this pump, F. III.; t is the handle or lever of
the pump, for raising the liquid through the internal cylinder of the pump
out of the melting copper into the settling vat, F. X. The liquid then
passes off at the cock marked U in F. XI., into the reservoir F. XI., which
reservoir supplies the dipping mould F. XII. by means of the double tube or
cylinder v, v, which is admitted in through a valve at w, in F. XII., as described
by the internal circle (this valve is more fully described at o, in F. VI.); the
external circle in wat F. XII. shews the air ball, which is also described in the
section at n, in F. VI.; a is a cock upon the cross steam main to regulate the
heat in the dipping mould and reservoir, and their communications; y is a
grated opening at the bottom of the melting copper for filtering the liquid
through a tube into a settling vat, F. XIII. at z.
In witness whereof, I, the said Thomas Binns, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, the Twenty-sixth day of November, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred.
THOS (L.S.) BINNS.

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Twenty-sixth day of November,
in the forty-first year of the reign of His Majesty King George the Third, the
said Thomas Binns came before our said Lord the King in His Chancery,
and acknowledged the instrument aforesaid, and all and every thing therein
contained and specified, in form above written. And also the instrument
aforesaid was stamped according to the tenor of the several Statutes made in
the sixth year of the reign of the late King and Queen William and Mary of
England, and so forth, and in the seventeenth, twenty-third, and thirty-seventh
years of the reign of His present Majesty King George the Third.
Inrolled the Twenty-sixth day of November, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred.