A METHOD OF METHODS OF OBTAINING, PRODUCING. USING, AND CULTIVATING A MOVING POWER OR FORCE, AND OF COMMUNICATING MOTION TO ENGINES. PUMPS, AND MACHINERY, AND TO MECHANICAL OPERATIONS IN GENERAL: AND OF FORMING AND USING A ROTARY OR CIRCULAR MOTION, OF A MOTION TO AND FRO, AD LIBITUM; AND A METHOD OR METHODS OF WORKING AND APPLYING THE SAKE TO MILLS, MACHINERY, PLOUGHS TOOLS, AND EQUIPAGE IN GENERAL, AND ALMOST TO AN ENDLEES VARIETY OF VALUABLE PURPOSES, AND. IN PAR- TICULAR TO CARRIAGES: AND ALSO A METHOD OR METHODS OF MAKING LESS DISASTROUS AND LESS FREQUENT THE OVERTURNING OF CARRIAGES, AND OF IMPROVING THEIR STRUC TURE, AND OF GUIDING AND GOVERNING THE SAME, WHICH CARRIAGES OR MECHANISM, WHEN EMBRACING HIS APPENDAGES, AND CONDEITS
Year: 1808

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHN
DUMBELL, of Mersey Mills, in the Parish of Warrington, and County Palatino
of Lancaster, Miller, send greeting.
WHEREAS His most Excellent Majesty King George the Third did, by
His Letters Pateut under the Great Seal of His United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster,the Fourth day of February,
in the forty-eighth year of His reign, give and grant unto me, the said
John Dumbell,my executors,administrators, and assigns, His especial licence,
full power, sole privilege and authority, that I, the said John Dumbell, my
executors, admors, and assigns, during the term of years therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within England,
Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and also in all His Majesty's
Colonies and Plantations abroad, may Invention of " A METHOD OF METHODS OF
OBTAINING, PRODUCING. USING, AND CULTIVATING A MOVING POWER OR FORCE, AND
OF COMMUNICATING MOTION TO ENGINES. PUMPS, AND MACHINERY, AND TO MECHANICAL
OPERATIONS IN GENERAL: AND OF FORMING AND USING A ROTARY OR CIRCULAR MOTION,
OF A MOTION TO AND FRO, AD LIBITUM; AND A METHOD OR METHODS OF WORKING AND
APPLYING THE SAKE TO MILLS, MACHINERY, PLOUGHS, TOOLS, AND EQUIPAGE IN
GENERAL, AND ALMOST TO AN ENDLEES VARIETY OF VALUABLE PURPOSES, AND. IN PAR-
TICULAR TO CARRIAGES: AND ALSO A METHOD OR METHODS OF MAKING LESS DISASTROUS
AND LESS FREQUENT THE OVERTURNING OF CARRIAGES, AND OF IMPROVING THEIR STRUC
TURE, AND OF GUIDING AND GOVERNING THE SAME, WHICH CARRIAGES OR MECHANISM,
WHEN EMBRACING HIS APPENDAGES, AND CONDEITS, HE DISTINGUISHES BY THE NAME OF
44..

page_text: Ess OR GEORGE'S WAIN," in which said Letters Patent there is contained a proviso
that I, the said John Dumbell,by an instrument in writing under my hand and
seal, should cause to be inrolled in His Majesty's High Court of Chancery,
within six calendar months after the date of the said Letters Patenta particular
description of the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same
is to be perforined,and in and by the same Letters Patent (relation being there-
unto had) will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said John Dumbell, in compliance with the
said proviso, do hereby declare that my said Invention is described in the
figures, letters, and words, or in the remarks, references, descriptions, plans,
observations, and elucidations hereunto or hereafter made, set forth, or
annexed-
The leading features of this Invention may be best understood by the
following quotation from the Reverend Mr.Mitchell's Treatise on Earthquakes:
"There are many effects produced by the vapour of water when intensely
"heated which make it probable that the force of gunpowder is not near
"equal to it. The effects of an exceeding small quantity of water, upon which
"melted metals are accidently poured, are such, I think, as could no ways
"be expected from the like quantity of gunpowder. Founders, if they are not
"careful, often experience those effects to their cost. An accident of this
"kind happened many years ago at the casting of two brass cannon at Wind-
"mill Hill, Moorfields. The heat of the metal of the first gun drove so much
damp into the mould of the second, which was near it, that as soon as the
"metal was let into it it blew up with the greatest violence, tearing up the
ground some feet deep, breaking down the furnace, untiling the house,
"killing many spectators on the spot with the steam of the melted metal,and
"scalding many others in a most miserable manner."
"
"
1st, Figure A is a section of one kind of apparatus. No. 1 is a vessel open
at top and cylindrical from No. 2 to No. 3 (the shape of its other parts, ad
libitum), in which is the interior cylinder, No. 4, closed, or partially closed,
both at top and bottom; the outer side or circumference of this interior
cylinder has any required number of flyers (made of metal when so required,
and either spirally or horizontally) affixed to it according to its length. In the
Figure A eleven of these flyers are attached, which are made to resemble
the sails of a windmill or the flyers of a smoke jack; and where more than one
is used they are placed stratum super stratum (in some cases cones or vessels
of other shapes may be used); this interior cylinder No.4 turns round by means
of the spindle No. 5, and ou the step No. 6, which step is supported from the
sides of the cylinder or otherwise, and is from time to time kept cool by means of

page_text: asupply of grease,&c., introduced through a tube resemblinga gun barrel No.7.
The interior cylinder No. 4 may be used as an empty cylinder, or may be filled
full, or partially full, of water or other fluid, body, or thing, through an orifice
at the top, as at the funnel No. 8, in which latter cases the weight of such
fluid or thing may act as a fly or regulator; and such water might counteract
colliquefaction, or any injurious effect of the fire beneath. No. 9 is the man-
hole, made to open as a door, and fitted up with hinges and latches; or it may
be fastened down as is usual in a steam engine boiler, and used for similar
purposes as at a steam engine, as well as for occasionallycharging, discharging,
supplying, and cleaning the receptacle. No. 10 is the fire-feeding hole on the
manhole lid,with hinges and latches, or otherwise, as above mentioned. No.11
is the bellows hole, at which place a tewel for a bellows pipe, air 'pump, or
conductor may be affixed, and through which may be sent in, by compression
or otherwise,suitable air for ignition, or inflammable gas, or such other ingre-
dientcr body as may be most fit to fan a flame or to encourage flammability;
the use of bellows for this purpose may be perhaps best understood by those
who have witnessed the effect of a watchmaker's blowpipe; and until the fire
is sufficiently ignited to work the bellows by the action and power of the
machinery; one or more of them (which may be of a cylindrical form or other
wise) may be worked by manual labour during such insufficiency, the said
bellows being worked as they usually are in mills, blast furnaces, smithies, or
otherwise; which bellows, air pump, or conductor, when a steep ascent is to
be surmounted, and at such other times and places it can be afforded, instead
of furnishing a supply of atmospheric air, may send in from receptacles or
balloons containing the respective spirits or materials oxygen gas, hydrogen
gas, carbonated hydrogen gas, phosphorated hydrogen gas, or oxygenated
muriatic acid gas, to be used together or separately, or in such way and propor-
tion as inclination, custom, or utility may from time to time dictate. May
not the pernicious damps found in mines, for instance, thus become serviceable
to mankind? This natural production will at least have cheapness on its side,
and may they not thus become valuable in draining the mines, whereby a
double end will be obtained, the expulsion of a pernicious fluid,and the conver-
tion of it to a useful purpose? Sir James Lowther collected bladders full of
this damp, and brought them from Westmorland to London, which, when let
out by the orifice of a piece of tobacco pipe, took fire at the flame of a candle.
And where dispatch is the primary desideratum, and so far the leading object
us to rank before frugality, balloons or reservoirs, thus inflated or filled, have
to offer food for fire, and consequently an effective force, without the drawback
of adding any considerable weight to the other parts of the machinery, and at

page_text: the same time becoming less ponderous substitutes in the general mechanism.
The air from the balloons might, when required, pass through water in a
machine now well known by the name of a stink trap or a refrigeratory,
in order to cutt off the communication between the fire and the balloon, and
to hinder the contents of the balloon from catching fire. Aud in cases where
it might be inconvenient to generate the required gas whilst passing along, if I
may be allowed the expression, a relay or succession of balloons, properly
filled, might be planted cn the road, similar to a relay of horses: or, instead of
bellows, a machine having the properties of an air gun might be used, and,
instead of balloons, reservoirs of compressed air or gas, particularly in such
cases where bulk is to be avoided; from which reservoirs, as from the copper
ball of Martin's air gun, streams or jets of such gas as may be respectively
required may be made to issue, due precaution being taken that the
required heat is kept at such a distance from the reservoirs of gas so com-
pressed that its dilatation may not cause a dilaceration. No. 12 are a
variety of holes, scattered round the fire, which may, when necessary,
have valves therein, to permit a current of air to pass to and feed the
fire with air, but which valves, as well as the valve at the tewel, are to resist
the return of any current of air through the said holes, the only vent for the
rarefied air, smoke, &c. being upwards through the flyers. No. 13 is the fire-
place. No. 14 is the bottom part of the cylinder surrounding the fireplace
and the other apparatus; between the grate and the cylinder isa receptacle for
air, cinders, &c. marked .... No. 15 is an outside cylinder or water
pipe, thro' which pipes are to pass to admit the air at No. 12, in order that
the space between Nos. 14 aud 15 may be filled, when required, with water or
some other intervening body. No. 16 is a pan or boiler, receiving its heat
from the fire in the grate No. 13. No. 17 is an interior pan or boiler
(No. 18 forming a kind of balncum for No. 17); the spaco No. 18 between
the two pans being filled with sand, water, or other matter as a retainer
and conveyor of heat, and also to counteract the colliquefaction of the
said pans.
It has already been mentioned that the interior cylinder
No. 4 may contain water or other fluids; it may, for instance, contain water
in its natural state, or water more or less saturated or combined with phos-
pheric or igneous qualities, or it may contain such ingredient or body as will
produce fermentation, effervescence, or explosion, and the said cylinder may
be divided (when required for these or any other purposes) into different parti-
tions by internal divisions forming a magazine for each respective ingredient,
which, by proper pipes and valves, may be discharged in given quantities into
the pan No. 17, one of which pipes may, for instance, furnish No. 17 with

page_text: an acid, and another with an alkali; contending and jarring ingredients may
here meet to produce the required power, and which being hindered from
having any vent by the pipes of supply or through any other passage, except
the flyers or sails, the said interior cylinder No. 4 would be set in motion;
or, instead of a cylinder thus partitioned,a bundle of tubes similar to a bundle
of gun barrels (as a double or treble barrelled gun) may be substituted.
I do not limit the Invention to any specific ingredient or ingredients with
which the reservoir, magazines, cylinders, or the fire is to be furnished or
supplied; Iwould apply whatever produces steam,smoke,rarefied air, or spirit,
or which produces an inflammable vapour,either in a combined or singlestate,
or which may be drawn by distillation, or which possess an explosive or com-
bustible power or effect; and such as will give the required power at the least
expence, and with the fewest drawbacks, it is obvious will, in use, naturally
claim a preference, amongst which may be classed that of water. To put this
machine into motion, as oneinstanceamongst many, let us put into the pan No.17
a quantity of lead (or other metal); cause this lead to be melted and heated
by the fire below to that degree when it will not admit of cold water being
thrown upon it without flying or exploding, whereby the circumambient air
will be put in motion, and this air, excluded from every other vent, will
obtain a direction into the required channel along the flyers or sails, and give
motion to the shaft or wheel Z, or the metal may be thrown upon water
something resembling the way of making shot. Here, then, we havca cheapin-
gredient, as at the same operation the metal may be made more saleable, or in
other instances the residuum, calx, and scoria of the metal inay thus become
more merchantable and valuable; and in order to reduce the expence of
working this machinery due attention ought to be paid in selecting such
ingredients as will not only yield the required power, but also yield a profit
as an article of merchandize; for instance, where lead is thus used it naturally
occurs that the residuum will fetch a greater price than the first cast of the
lead; that red lead is a preparation of lead by calcination and a long exposure
to a strong or intense heat, and white lead is formed of its calx. All the
oxides of lead are very easily couverted into glass. The dropping of sulphur
at intervals on melted lead forms the sulphuret of lead, and by dropping
phosphorous into melted lead the phosphuret of lead may be formed.
Mercury amalgamates with lead by pouring it on melted lead, and the
process in making plumbers' solder is when the lead is in a state of fusion.
The moving power may also be rendered less expensive by making the fuel
used at the same time subservient not only to its primary effect, but in
preparing lime, or in the operations of roasting, fusion, calcination, reduction,

page_text: vitrification, cuppellation, cementation, stratifaction,detonation,decrepitation,
fulmination, sublimation, evaporation, distillation, rectification, concentration,
digestion, infusion, decoction, or lixiviation. The steam arising from water
is not the mere object. I have in view; the superabundant heat which passes
through the flues of a wych house in boiling salt water or brine I would
cultivate, and in dropping salt water or brine into the pan No. 17 (No. 17
in this case being empty and hoi) the residuum would be salt, and the
évaporating steam would move the sails; lead or other metal may (if desired)
be the intervening medium between the two boilers, or in these cases only
one boiler may be used; but where the residuum becomes a less object
of cultivation gunpowder,or the component parts of gunpowder, may be used;
wax and oleaginous bodies also present themselves; the locality of the
situation where the power may be required may make one material more
desirable than another. The lacus asphaltites might, for instance, furnish
materials in one place; the bowels of Mount Etna in another.
It may not be improper also to set forth that sometimes gas, bodies, or ingre-
dients of different powers and qualities may be used alternately, and that hydro-
tics may have a value, but to describe each article or ingredient might embrace
alarge portion of the Pharmacopeia. Thecomposition which was antientlycalled
maltha, which is described by Pliny as a combustible mass, and which, when
once set on fire, water makes it burn more fiercely; unslacked lime, wine, fat
and oil, liquid brimstone, wildfire, the materials of which rocketts aro made,
and those with which gunsand bombs are loaded, those things, and all the mate-
rials which are included in the pyrotechny art, present themselves ad libitum,
as well as those which the servants of Nebuchadnezzar resorted to when in
his fury he commanded that they should heat the furnace seven times hotter
than it was wont to be heated, who "ceased not to make the oven hot with
resin, pitch, tow, and small wood." Phosphorus, mixed or unmixed with
sulphur, the oxymuriate of potass, the powder of fusion, three parts of nitre,
two parts of potass, and one part of sulphur, commonly called fulminating
powder, exposed to a heat equal to the flame of a candle, fulminating silver
which will detonate without the contact of fire, fulminating mercury, the
fuming acid of nitre, which when mixed with oil of turpentine instantly
.catches fire and bursts forth into a dreadful flame, the strong acid of uitre,
invite an application. When the residuum or caput mortuum is not a
desired object, and in such particular cases where it is wished to be avoided,
the precious metals offer an intervening body which will neither evaporate
nor change into an earthy or glassy form; and as it is held that pig iron melts
at 17977° F., fine gold at 5237, fine silver at 4717, Swedish copper at 4587,

page_text: and lead at 540, is it not obvious that the power required may be obtained
according to the medium employed?
A brief description of two simple ingredients I trust, after the foregoing
explanations, will very clearly illustrate this head. Let the interior cylinder
Fig. A, No. 4, be filled with water: No. 19 being a valve and box through
which the water may be let out in given quantities; No. 20 being a rod or wire
passing through the water in the cylinder to the lever No.21,so that whenever
the cylinder No. 4 makes a revolution, the lever No.21 may be pressed down
(and which may be repeated more than once in each revolution if so required),
by which pressure the valve No. 19 will open, and which will let any desired
quantity of water pass through the pipe No.22, and so that such water inay fall
from the pipe No. 22 into the pan No. 17. Let the pan No. 17 be filled with
some of the before-mentioned metals, with lead, for instance, up to the dotted
line No. 23, (which lead being kept in a state of fusion by the fire beneath)
and the water falling thereon, the required effect will be produced.
Figure B is the section of another apparatus for producing the same effect,
No. 1 is a brazier containing heated charcoal or other combustible. No. 2, a
semi-globe or vessel to contain the melted lead or other substance, made to
join the cylinder No. 3 at the flanges No. 4. No. 5, a cistern with a pipe
from thence into the semi-globe at No. 6, a valve to open and shut by the
lever No. 14. Z is the wheel for communicating motion to other machinery.
Nos. 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12, five sails or flyes, the number of which may be
increased or diminished ad libitum,and the form and direction varied accord-
ing to the discretion of the mechanist. Now, let lead be melted up to
the line 13 by means of the brazier, and the cistern No. 5 filled with water;
let one or more drops of the said water fall upon the lead in succession,
stillatim aut ut profluunt lachrymæ ab occulis, or gush out in a stream. In
cases where the power is adequate to the purpose without both or either of
the pans in Fig. A, 16 and 17, it or they may be omitted, and the fire, with
the combustibles used therewith, may operate on the sails or flyers as the air
operates on a ventilater,or as the draught in a kitchen chimney on a smokejack.
When required the sails or flyers may extend from one side of the flue to the
other (without any intervening cylinder) as the fly of a smokejack filling the
chimney. And to suit other cases the sails or flyers may be wholly omitted.
The power created in the space No. 1, Fig. C, as before particularized,may
pass through No. 2 into a receiver, for instance, like unto the ball in Martin's
air gun, or immediately pass into Fig. D, at No. 3. The iinpelling power
being admitted through the pipe 3, it passes through the aperture in the
valve 4 into the space 5 and acts against No. 6, which is fastened to and moves

page_text: wheel 7, and when No. 6 arrives at the valve 4 in passing it shuts the valve,
which valve, as well as the axis, when required, may be made tight by stufling
boxes. No.8 is a self-acting valve to admit the impelling power into the ball.
9 and 10 is a valve opened by a trigger (or otherwise) to admit the impelling
power into the pipe as required. Through the funnel No. 11 a few drops of
the oil or tar may be applied, which would raise up in a vapour (the
vessel No. 1 being heated for that purpose), and a lighted torch being applied
at the touch-hole No. 12 an explosion would take place, which would send
water or condensed air into the ball No. 9, and which water or air
may, when
desired, act on the wheel 7. The means used to cause or kindle fire, or as
fuel for the same, may be by coal, charcoal, corkwood, peat, or turf, or with
any of those things which are possessed of bitumen or inflammability (the
receptacle by perforations, grates, or bars may have a sufficient number
of apertures to admit that supply of air which will feed fire, or such supply
of air may be obtained by means of one pair of bellows, or more), and which
said coal, or the heated air generated by the ignition of the fuel, requiring
a vent, and the inlet or means of ingress not being permitted to become
an outlet, or as the way of egress or regress, a circular motion will be obtained
at the outlet; and when an increase of power may be required, either, for
instance, in ascending a hill, or in bad roads, or otherwise, the gun barrels,
the valves, cylinders, holes, apertures, bellows, or other inlets may be of use
in order to mingle with such fire, bitumen, inflammable bodies, or inflammable
gas, or in the permixtion or pouring on such fire or medium oxygen oil, oil
of tar, fats, pitch, tallow, wax, wood, pitcoal, alcohol, ether, camphor, gums,
resin or brimstone, or balls, or particles prepared as much like gunpowder
as the nature of the case requires. A pistol or gun, or any other species of
ordnance, might be discharged into the receptacle, or such methods as are
used to make gunpowder take fire with an explosion may be resorted to, as
well as such liquids or ingredients as may furnish aid, or increase ignitible
or ignivomous powers; and, where necessary, the peat or other kind of fuel
intended to be used may be saturated or soaked with such ingredients as may
be efficacious in causing, aiding, or keeping up the required fire, heat, or
circulation; where the draught is required to be encreased by lengthening
the chimney (beyond the convenience of a straight line) the smoke may be
made to pass througha Hue in a spiral form like unto the shape of a rope when
it is coiled on board a ship, and when such flue is in risque of injury from the
heat which will pass through it its outside may be immersed in a box of water.
Figure G represents No. 1 as a water wheel immersed in water, to be
acted upon by the receptacle No. 2, and which may discharge its moving

page_text: power from the said receptacle at No. 3; or, instead of being so discharged,
another, water, wheel like No. 1 may he staked on the same shaft, as
at No. 4, and on which wheel No. 4 the said current is afterwards. to act,
from whence it may proceed to No. 5, and from. No.5,to No.6, and
from No. 6 to No. 7, and in like manner to any other required number
of wheels, which water wheel shaft, if I may so express myself, may be
in either an horizontal position or perpendicular, or at No. 1 there may
be a valve turning on an hinge to prevent the current going out of its
required track, and which valve will. move ou the hinge to permit the
passage of the float boards. The bellows heretofore mentioned may be used
not only in respect to inflammable gas, atmospheric air, &c., but also as a
musical instrument or horn to give notice of the approach of the ess at a
distance, by screwing a French horn or bugle to the nozle, or by constructing
the same like unto an organ pipe. All ardent hot distilled liquors, and the
vapours arising therefrom, the distilled oils, which, when mixed with acids,
start into an actual flame, thus become moving powers, as well as common air
which expands by heat, oil of cloves, or oil of guiacum mixed with aqua fortis
or spirit of nitre, is a strong effective power. Prince Rupert's drops, wheu
broke, rush in a mass with great force, and rebound with an elasticity exhibit-
ing the effect of an explosion. Spirit of nitre, mixed with the oil of carraway
seeds in proportion of two of the former to one of the latter,explodes with great
violence. The ethereal spirit of vitriol, and the oil of turpentine, must not be
omitted, particularly the latter, which, when rising in vapour, will take fire at
the flame of a candle; equal quantities of sulphur and iron filings, kneaded
with common water, and to accelerate ignition, the composition may be thrown
into melted lead (or other metal), or into a fire, or on a heated plate.
Figure H is a method of applying the power so as to produce a motion to
and fro ad libitum. No. 1 is a bevel wheel, which receives its motion from
the moving power, and may be affixed to the shaft No. 5, or work with the
wheel Z, Fig. A; or otherwise this bevel wheel No. 1 acts in the two other
bevel wheels No.2 and No. 3. These three bevel wheels uniformly remain in
contact, and move in unity with each other (or, if required, they may be made
occasionally to slip in and out of gear). No: 4 is the axletree on which No. 2
and No. 3 move round. No. 5 is a bayonet or bolt sliding upon the last-
mentioned axletree. The bayonet is so affixed to the axletree that it cannot
pass round without taking the bayonet with it. When the middle of the
axletree is made round it may be fixed by a groove or slot; when square, or as
a triangle, or polygon, it is obvious the bayonet may be made to slip to the
right or left, and at the same time obey the circular motion of the axletree

page_text: without a groove; or angular linings may be fixed to a circular axletree to
obtain this end, viz,,that the axletree shall not turn round without the bayonet
goingalong with it. The wheels No.2 and 3 will move round withoutcarrying
theaxletree with them, except when connected by means of the bayonet. This
lever No. 6 forms this connection, and by its present position has caused
the bayonet No. 5 to be in contact with the wheel No. 2, and so that the
axletree No. 4 must now obey the motion of the wheel No. 2. When this
motion is to be discontinued the lever No. 6 is moved, so that the point of the
bayonet will cease being in contact with No. 2; and when a retrograde motion
is required the other end of the bayonet, by means of the said lever No. 6, is
made to pass into contact with the wheel No. 3, whereby the motion of the axle.
tree will be then made to obeythe wheel No. 3; and when it may be requiredto
stop that part of the machinery which depends on the axletree No. 4, the lever
No. 6 is to stand in the middle of its prescribed path, whereby both of the
said wheels No.2 and 3 will be disengaged from the bayonet, and consequently
from the axletree. Hereby a propelling motion may at pleasure be exchanged
for a retrograde motion, or vice versa aut vicissim ; and this diversity and easy
change may in particular be useful in going up or down hills (as well as in
stopping a carriage at any required spot), by overcoming the vis inertia in as
great or in as small a degree as may be from time to time required, and also
in counteracting the impulse or impetuosity of descending bodies, it being
understood that when the said bevel wheels are disengaged from the bayonet
theyare at full liberty to turn round their own axis without moving or carrying
with them, or with either of them, the said axletree; but when either the
one wheel or the other is connected to the said axletree, (by means of the said
bayonet, or otherwise,) then thesaid axletree participates in the circular motion
of the wheel in which the bayonet is in contact. When it is required to
move a carriage by this means the carriage's wheels may be fixed to the said
axletree No. 4 (but when a greater or less motion is required another axletree
may be had); they may be fixed fast by an angular or square hole, and not as
the wheels No. 2 and 3, or as carriage wheels in general are, for they may be
made to turn round with the axletree, the axletree moving as well as the
wheels; yet, when required, they may be either fast or loose, (by bayonets or
otherwise, ad libitum,)and in hilly countries in particular this maybedesirable,
for then any one of the wheels may be fast by the bayonet, or locked fast to
the carriage, and the other at liberty; advantages would also arise in turning
round a corner by this arrangement. A guider may be adopted resembling
that in what is called a Bath chair, used by the invalids-there in the streets,
where the servant is the moving power and the invalid steers; or for this

page_text: purpose a wheel may be erected, something like the wheel used in steering a
man-of-war, as at Figure I. No. 1. A cord is fixed to the pole at No. 2, which
coils round the roller No. 3, by means of which it is obvious that the pole will
obey the wheel No. 1, and a man taking hold of the knobs at No. 4 may steer
the carriage according to his own desire.
In this Drawing No. 5 shews the bevel gears (No.2 in Figure H); No. 6, the
fireplace; No. 7, the bellows; No. 8, the lever to work the bellows by hand;
and No. 9, to work the bellows, when so required, by. means of a cam or snub,
or by projections on the axletree. No. 10 is the chamber where the vapour or
moving power is to be raised or collected, or the reservoir (called the ball in
Martin's air gun). No. 11 is the cylinder, as described in Figure A. No. 12
is the rope which communicates with the bayonet lever. When desired, the
impelling force may be made to act on all the carriage wheels by connecting
the one with the other by means of Dr. Hooke's universal joint, and where
more than four carriage wheels are used the impelling power may be then
compared to a millepes.
After this description it is presumed that it is almost needless to add that
this portable power may be substituted for horses in respect to ploughs, imple.
ments of agriculture, coaches, waggons, sledges, drays, carriages, barges, or
vessels which are now in use, and connected therewith, either before the same
(as horses now are) or behind, and consequently that it will be afforded at a
less expence to those persons who, being already in possession of such imple-
ments or things, may prefer having the moving power added thereto, or to
have the moving power by itself detached from its inore complete and combined
An ess may advantageously occupy the chimney of a ship's stove,
whereby the draught will be more efficient, and less likely to smoky annoy-
ance; and when a blower or cover is made to close the fireplace, except at the
bars or bottom of the grate, so that a supply of air may be there admitted
from the said ess, a considerable power might be gained to work the pumps,
and for a variety of other useful purposes; and the ship's stove might be kept
cool by mops, &c., so as in such case not to require the outside cylinder or
water pipe, as at Figure A. A new epoch may from hence arise in tactics.
state.
I now come to that part of my Invention which relates to the overturning
of carriages, and which I wish to be understood refers to all kind of carriages,
whether they are actuated or moved by the foregoing means, or by horses.orany
other means-an object, surely, ofno little importance when the daily accidents
arising from gigs, &c. are estimated; and to accomplish this desideratum,
instead of carriage wheels made in the usual way, I substitute Gothic or other
kind of arches, globes, semi-globes or segments-globes, for instance sm what

page_text: resembling the apple of the eye, or universal joint, but arranged so as to move
alike in all directions; from whence it follows. that their superstructure
could not overturn, and they would sink a less depth ou inferior roads and bad
bottoms.
Figure K represents the plan of the shafts, axletree, or wheels of a gigg,
with two semi-globes attached to the wheels, which it is manifest cannot
upset.
Figure 1. represents four globes instead of wheols, at-1, 2, 3, 4. Nos. 5, 6,
7, S, are the sides of a frame, which, with cross bars, surround the globes at or
about their center, and which frame, with its cross bars, prevents one globe
from touching another; and, in order to save. friction, each of the globes,
instead of touching the frame, might be in contact with friction rollers, which
may be adjusted to any required distance by screws, to be set near or further
apart, according to the quality of the road to be passed over, and whereby the
globes may have more or less play. On the frame may be placed merchan-
dize, or any conveniency for travellers. The size of the globes may be made
ad libitum; but where horses are used the size of the framework should come
low enough down to form that lino of draught which a purchaser may best
like his horses to draw in. Any number of globes may be used ad libitum.
Figure M shews how three globes may be disposed of; Fig. Naud O, two;
Fig. Q, one. The ess may be applied to carriages of the foregoing structure
instead of horses, and hooked on or off with the same facility. The globes
may also themselves be made vehicles for merchandize and other portable
things. A waggon, for instance, may be constructed as one large globe,
and divided into five or more compartments, in order to hold different
kinds of merchandize, as per Fig. W, and which it is evident may be
moved and kept in motion with greater facility and less risque on heavy or
bad roads than what a similar weight would require on such wheels as are
now in common use. The ess may be applied to a variety of valuable
domestic and useful purposes, to the churn and to the poly (so called from
polio, to make smooth or even, to set off, sed vulgo dicto, a mangle); it may
be also used in the making of snuff or powder, or in pulverizing drugs or
materials for dying, and for other things. By specifying the following I
presume enough will be seen relative to a general application, and I wish
in particular to set forth, that the sudden and periodical return from a pro-
pelling power to a retrograde motion will be attended with material advan-
tages. In working a churn it is no trifling matter that the common old-
fashioned churn may be used, an instrument more easily kept clean and
sweet than the modern churns are: No. 1, Fig. H, for this purpose is to lie

page_text: horizontal, and the churn staff to be fastened to the axletree No. 4; when the
bayonet 5 is in contact with No. 2 the churn staff will have a circular motion
as from east to west, and when in contact with No. 3 the reverse; which
bayonet may be made to pass from wheel to wheel, at each revolution, in
regular or irregular vicissitudes, and it may not be amiss to add, ibat the
kitchen fire (ora fire in any other chimney, may by this means become useful,
in raising water, churning, cleaning knives, &c., as per Figure X, for, when
such fires are not otherwise engaged, by having an ess in the chimney instead
of a common smokejack, many convenient advantages will arise, as set forth
on shipboard; the communication from the ess to the said churn, poly, &c.
being like unto that in use from the smokejuck to the spit, the spits being in
these cases turned in like manner by the ess.
In snuff mills, gunpowder
inills, and mills in general, the to-and-fro motion will be very valuable; put,
for instance, the tobacco, or any other body which is to be pulverized, in the
vessel No. 1, Fig. Y, and which vessel may also contain one loose ball (or
more). The horizontal shaft No. 6 is moved by a water wheel, or otherwise,
on which shaft the wheels 7 and 8 are suffered to run fast and loose at
pleasure; and whenever the wheel 7 is attached to the shaft 6, the vessel
No. 1 will obey its motion by means of the wheel 9; and whenever No. 7 is
disengaged from the shaft, and the wheel No. 8 is attached to it, then the
vessel will obey No. 8. This alternate motion from wheel to wheel may be
made to succeed one another at each revolution of No. 9, or whenever required,
in a way similar to the working of the hand gears in a steam engine, or as
the opening of its valves; and as the loose ball or balls will have a motion
distinct from the globe, the alternate motion will have advantages of which
the pestle of Pilumnus cannot boast. Where nitre, or any body liable to
take fire, is to be pulverized, the vessels, instead of being made of metal, may
be made of wood or of leather (resembling a bucket used in extinguishing
tires), or the metal balls might be cased, or they might be covered as cricket
balls are, whereby the required weight may be preserved, and the accidents
arising from collision avoided. In thus pulverizing or granulating in small
quantities such bodies as are liable to take fire, much advantage would arise,'
particularly as in those and all other cases when additional heat might be
required, or where the beat arising from the motion of the internal ball might
be required to be modified or abated, the vessel, or a part of it, might be
immersed in a medium corresponding in the former case in a stream of
steam or hot water, in the latter case in a stream of cold water, or in quick-
silver; which is admitted to be the coldest of metals. In working the poly
it is obvious that the returning motion may be made as quick or as slow as

page_text: ;
required, as before mentioned. In respect to the hawling or towing vessels,
this may be done as a substitute for horses in the usual way, by placing an
ess to the end of the towing line instead of horses; or the power may be
placed on shore, or in one or more boats, to work across rivers, or other
waters, and particularly across such waters where ferries now are or may
hereafter be established. In Fig. 7, let No. 1 and 2 represent the shores of
a river, and No. 3, 4, and 5, so many lighters or barges, each of them sufficient
to holdaness (when so required) or a regulating wheel or double pulley. Let
a single roller or pulley be erected on shore at No.1 and 2 and a double pulley
at No. 3, 4, and 5; let an endless chain or rope pass from No. 1 to 3, ancther
from 3 to another from 4 to 5, and another from 5 to 2; which ropes or
chains are kept in regular inotion (the barges or lighters being moored and
stationary); and in such part of navigable rivers or other waters where this
apparatus may be usefully worked, and where vessels pass and repass, the
cudless chains or ropes may be heavy enough to sink in the water to a suffi-
cient depth to be out of the way of such vessels which may have to pass over
them but in such places, where this distinction is not necessary, the chain
rope, catenaria or catadromus may float on the surface of the water, the links
of which may be made sufficiently open to receive the boathooks, grapples
chains, or ropes of the passage or ferry boats, when it is obvious the boats
going from the shore, when they arrive at No. 3, the grapples or ligaments
must be removed to the chain at No. 4, and so on till such ferry boat or other
vessel has arrived at the place of its destination. In narrow rivers the lighters
are unnecessary, the ess on one shore and a pulley on the other shore, as in
railways, may alone be sufficient, or, instead of hooks, something to pinch or
einbrace (but not to cut) the chain or rope may be used, similar to the
machine with which wire is drawn, and which lays hold of and continues in
contact, and lets go its hold when, and only when, required. Might not life-
boats be thus worked to carry the, mails at least all weathers? The ess is
also valuable, not only in bringing water engines to the place of action in
order to extinguish fires, but in working those engines, or in using a powerful
extinguisher in causing azotic gas to be carried up a hose or other tube,
and ejected or spurned on the devouring element. Where fires are often
made in furnaces, kilns, or ovens, in glass houses, copper works, in breweries,
dyers, or soapmakers, paus in potteries, and other places, by placing an ess in
the flue or chimney (from top to bottom of the chimney, or any partial longth)
water may be pumped up into a reservoir. to turu a mill, or for any other
purpose; and as such fires are generally kept up. night and day, and an
accumulated power is often required at certain intervals, such accumulation

page_text: may thus be obtained, or, when the fire below is refining or making salt, the
ess may be advantageously at work in pumping up the brine or sea water.
In some cases the aeolipile may be used advantageously in feeding the fire
with air, or in causing a current to the ess. Steam engines are now so well
and so generally known, and the application of a power like what has been
described in the way that steam is applied consequently becomes too obvious
to demand a particular elucidation, and as this would be lengthening a Spe-
cification,already I fear too long, I may be excused saying more on this head,
but it inay be very material to assert, that it is not merely the heat at which
iron melts that 1 build upon, but the heat at which iron and the other metals
would boil at. It is not the cultivation of the steam of water alone that I
depend upon, but the steam of other bodies, and on the sudden rarefaction of
water, spirits, bodies, or things plunged, for instance, into iron (or any other
metal or thing) when required, at the most intense heat such metal is capable
of retaining or affording, or of being worked.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Dumbell,have hereunto set my hand
and seal, this Fourth day of August, in the year of our Lord One thou-
sand eight hundred and eight.