Improvements in and appertaining to the Manufacture of the Rotating Half or Part of the Cutting Apparatus of such Machines as have Twisted or Spiral Cutters attached to a Revolving Cylinder for Shearing, Cropping, Smoothing, or Cutting Purposes.
Year: 1890

page_text: Date of Application, 1st Mar., 1890
Complete Specification Left, 1st Dec., 1890-Accepted, 1st Apr., 1891
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in and appertaining to the Manufacture of the Rotating
Half or Part of the Cutting Apparatus of such Machines as have
Twisted or Spiral Cutters attached to a Revolving Cylinder for
Shearing, Cropping, Smoothing, or Cutting Purposes.
I, HENRY MELTON MARSDEN, of Wortley Villas, Meersbrook Bank, Chester-
field Road, Heeley, near Sheffield, in the County of York, Ledger Blade Maker, do
hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows:-
For improvements in and appertaining to the manufacture of the rotating half or
part of the cutting apparatus of such machines as have twisted or spiral cutters
attached to a revolving cylinder for shearing cropping smoothing or cutting
purposes. The cutting apparatus of these machines is divided into two parts or
halves like a pair of ordinary scissors and like scissors work in pairs, one of the pairs
being stationary the other rotatory. This rotating part consists of a cylinder made
capable of revolving on its own axis, having a set of spiral cutters attached to its
periphery as its direct cutting agents. It is to this rotating part that this invention
relates and it consists in making these twisted knives of improved forms in cross
section. I incline the web to the cutting side, in what are termed bayonet spiral
cutters out of the perpendicular to any suitable degree of acuteness either directly
from the base line or such angle or inclination may commence at any suitable point
between junction of web with base and the cutting edge but preferably at a point
below the line at wbich if reached in the course of wear the spiral cutter would be
considered to be worn out or I make them of an irregularly curved section or of a
section compounded of angle and curve. This irregular curve is either flattened at
its two outer edges or at one of its outer edges or at its commencement quick and
sharp and gradually becoming flatter as it nears the cutting edge.
The double flange variety of these twisted knives I make with the two webs angu-
lared or irregularly curved or of a cross section compounded of curve and angle leaning
in the same or in parallel directions and out of material with steel for cutting edge
in the centre instead of iron as is at present the practice. To economise labour and
time in the manufacture I make the bayonet variety of spiral cutter in the initial
stages in double widths and out of what is known as double headed rail section or
double tee or double sections or out of flat sections and out of material with steel
in the centre or on one side only of the part intended to form the web in the finished
spiral cutter. When I make them out of strips of flat sections I have one side of
strips slit or both sides slit accordingly as they are for single or double widths or to
make twisted knives with double angular or curved edges on one single stem.
The slit portions when opened out and suitably turned to form the base or base
and double edged web. To strengthen the web of the bayonet variety and make them
less liable to vibration when working I rib or crimp that portion of the web which
adjoins the base or back. The base of the double flange variety I extend out on
each side of the two flanges or webs and the base of the bayonet spiral cutter I
make broader on the side opposite to or at the back of cutting edge.
To meet the
needs of some of these rotating parts which are reversible I make a flat twisted
knife or a bayonet spiral cutter or a flat twisted cutter with double cutting edges on
one and the same edge of stem or web. In twisting the spiral cutters I do them
either hot or cold and section them at the same time or before or after twisting.
The machines to which this invention refers, are such as are used in the finishing of
woven fabrics, on the cutting of the hair wool or fur on the skins or hides of animals
and growing grass and certain machines for planing wood.
HENRY MELTON MARSDEN.

page_text: COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in and appertaining to the Manufacture of the Rotating
Half or Part of the Cutting Apparatus of such Machines as have
Twisted or Spiral Cutters attached to a Revolving Cylinder for
Shearing, Cropping, Smoothing, or Cutting Purposes.
I, HENRY MELTON MARSDEN, 106, Vincent Road, Sparrow, Sheffield, in the
County of York, Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention, and
in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and
ascertained in and by the following statement :-
This invention consists in making these twisted or spiral knives or cutters of such
improved shapes in cross section that they shall be adapted to retain the same or
nearly the same angle or keenness of cut throughout the whole of their working life,
therefore this invention consists in inclining the web forward on the cutting side to
any suitable degree of acuteness, accordingly as the purpose or material to be cut
may require from any suitable point between back and cutting edge but preferably
at a point below the line which if reached in the course of wear the spiral knife or
cutter would be considered to be worn out. In addition to this angular form in cross
section this invention also consists in making these twisted knives or spiral cutters
with webs having the cutting edge bent forward in the form of an irregular curve
in cross section or of a cross section compounded of angle and curve, see Figures 1,
2, 3, 4, for illustrations of the improved forms in the cross section of the webs of
twisted knives or spiral cutters.
In the
This invention further consists in making the bayonet variety of spiral cutter in
the initial stages in double widths and also in using for this purpose double headed
rail doubled tee or double L sections with the steel for the cutting side & edge in
the centre or on one side only. I may make them as they are now made with the web
formed altogether of steel but prefer to make them with the steel for the cutting
edge and side in the centre or on one side only when forming a rough blank.
A. B shew what is meant by double headed rail section, C shews the double T
and D the double L section referred to above. A. shews the steel for the cutting
side, face or edge so placed on each side that when two bayonet spiral cutters are
formed out of a suitable rolled length each will have the fine steel for the cutting
side and edge on one of its sides only. B shews the fine hard steel for the cutting
side and edge in the centre between two covering layers of iron or mild steel so that
when the spiral cutter blanks formed from it have one of the layers ground or
corroded away the fine steel for the cutting edge and face is laid bare.
present method of manufacturing bayonet spiral cutters the practice is to make them
in single widths. In doing this the section of the material in the initial stage is a
square or rectangular one of sufficient area to produce the required section in the
bayonet spiral cutter. A piece of iron and steel is taken of this rectangular square
section and by repeated heatings and rollings it is made sufficiently thin in the part
from which the web is to be formed. In this stage of the manufacture the rolled
blank resembles the letter T with a very thick top and a very thin upright or stem.
These proceedings entail or require much difficult work and the fine steel of the thin
cutting edge is liable to be seriously damaged by the frequent heatings or over-
heatings but by working them double in width in the early stages much of this
difficulty in the work and danger to the fine qualities of the steel for the cutting
edge is avoided and when the fine steel for the cutting side and edge is covered and
protected by a layer of mild steel or iron on each of its sides this danger to the
material from frequent heatings and possibly from over heatings is nearly
altogether removed. In making them in double widths in the initial stages I either
roll them out of a parallelogram of sufficient sectional area to make two bayonet
spiral cutters or I use the sections marked in the drawings A. C. B. which is much
preferable. In doing this I reduce the central part of a length intended to form the
webs of two bayonet spiral cutters down to the required thickness by rolling and

page_text: then slitting or dividing this rolled strip or rod up the centre as shewn at a Figures C
& B. Then I further reduce them in the rolls or if sufficiently thin when divided
I proceed to form the base or back to the section required. In making bayonet
spiral cutters out of the D section I first form the base out of the bent part and
forcing a portion of it onto the other side of the section till it projects about equally
on each side. I then proceed to form the web portion and to divide or slit up the
centre as hereinbefore described. Having formed the bases and webs of bayonet
spiral cutters in the way set forth from these A C & D sections I then anneal them
and section either before or whilst being twisted and then harden tab and set them in
the way practised by those skilled in the trade. Another feature of this invention is
making the double flange variety of spiral cutter out of materials so compounded that
the steel for the cutting edge is in the centre instead of on the two outsides of the
rough blank so that when in the finishing stages of the manufacture the covering
layer has been removed from the cutting side. A spiral cutter can be produced
having the fine quality of the steel which forms its cutting side uninjured by the
heatings through which it has passed and is also supported by a backing of mild
steel or iron. As now made a lump of iron and steel is first formed the steel
forming the two outer flat sides with a layer of iron between them. This by my
improved method I reverse. I make the two outsides of iron or mild steel with a
central layer of fine steel for the cutting sides and edges. The lump thus formed is
then rolled into strips or sheets and the manufacture proceeded with in the ordinary
way.
By the use of flat strips with one edge only slit from end to end as just described
(see Fig. 6) above I produce a bayonet spiral cutter or a flat twisted cutter with
double webs (see Figs. 1 & 11 & 12) and by the use of double widths with both
edges slit from end to end I make either two bayonet spiral cutters or a single spiral
cutter with double webs springing from or attached to one and the same stem and
base (see Figs. 8 & 10). In doing this I first open out the slit portion or portions
and shape the sides so that they will form the bases of two separate spiral cutters
when the strip is slit or divided up the centre line of the width or by bending out
the sides of one edge to form the cutting edges and then bending the sides of the
other slit edge to form the base a bayonet spiral cutter having double cutting edges
connected with one base and web is produced see Figs. 8 & 10. These single or
double strips I make thinner in the part intended to form the cutting edge in the
finished spiral cutters-see Fig. 6.
In forming the webs of these twisted knives or spiral cutters into the cross sections
hereinbefore specified I press the webs either in a hot or cold state between top and
bottom dies formed with working faces corresponding to the cross section of web
required or I twist the spiral cutter and form the cross section in the web at the
same time by one or more operations by the aid of machinery commonly used in the
manufacture of these twisted knives or spiral cutters.
In the drawings appended to this Specification-
Figs. 1 & 2 represent the angular cross section.
Fig. 3 represents the irregularly curved cross section.
Fig. 4 represents the cross section compounded of angle and curve.
Fig. 5 represents a cross section of a flat strip with steel in the centre suitable for
making a double flange spiral cutter.
Fig. 6 represents a cross section of a flat strip with one edge slit from end to end.
Fig. 7 represents a cross section of a flat strip with both edges slit from end to end.
Figs. 8 & 10 represent cross sections of spiral cutters having a base like a bayonet
spiral cutter but with double cutting egdes.
Fig. 9 represents a cross section of a double flange spiral cutter with the base
extended on both sides of webs outwardly.
Figs. 11 & 12 represent flat twisted knives or spiral cutters with double cutting
edges or webs.
Fig. 13 represents a double flange spiral cutter in the course of manufacture from
a flat strip with both edges slit as shewn in Fig. 7 to be left when finished either as

page_text: the webs now lean in opposite directions or to be further manipulated so as to make
the webs lean in parallel directions (see Fig. 9).
Having now fully described the drawings I will now specify some of the applica-
tions of these improved forms to the purposes indicated in the title of this invention.
Spiral cutters or twisted knives having these improved forms in the cross sections
of their webs as shewn in Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9, 10 and 13 are adapted for, and are
designed to act as the direct cutting agents on the rotating half or part of the
cutting apparatus of such machines as are employed in shearing cropping or finishing
cloth or other woven fabrics.
Spiral cutters or twisted knives without bases having these improved forms in the
cross sections of their webs as shewn in Figs. 2, 11, 12 are designed to act as the
direct cutting agents on the rotating half or part of the cutting apparatus of such
machines as are used to cut grass on lawns the hair on the skins or hides of animals
or in smoothing or planing wood. Figs. 8, 10, 11, 12 are designed to be reversible
in cutting directions.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said inven-
tion, and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I
claim is :-
1. A twisted knife or spiral cutter having a web that is angular in cross section.
2. A twisted knife or spiral cutter that is irregularly curved in the cross section
of its web.
3. A twisted knife or spiral cutter having the cross section of its web com-
pounded of angle and curve.
4. The use of double headed rail double-T or double-L sections in the initial
stages of the manufacture of these twisted knives or spiral cutters.
5. The use of double widths in the early stages of the manufacture of these
twisted knives or spiral cutters.
6. The use of flat sections to make a twisted knife or spiral cutter similar to the
bayonet variety.
7. The use of flat sections with a slit edge or slit eages in making the bayonet
variety of spiral cutter.
8. A double flange spiral cutter with the base extended beyond both outer sides
of webs.
9. A twisted knife or spiral cutter with or without a base having double webs or
cutting edges on one or the same stem or base.
10. Making bayonet or double flange spiral cutters out of material with the steel
for the cutting edge in the centre or on one side only.
11. A. bayonet spiral cutter inclined at an angle from the junction of web with
base.
Dated the 29th day of November 1890.
HENKY MELTON MARSDEN.