pounds of Chloride of Sulphur with Fatty Bodies.
Year: 1888

page_text: pounds of Chloride of Sulphur with Fatty Bodies.
I, ADOLPH SOMMER of the Town of Berkeley, in the County of Alameda, in the
State of California, in the United States of North America, Chemist, do hereby
declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement:
The subsequent description of my invention comprises:
A classification of the fatty bodies according to the physical properties of their
sulphochlorinated compounds.
A statement of the conditions under which the animal and vegetable oils, fats, waxes
and fatty acids combine with chloride of sulphur.
Working processes for manufacturing the sulphochlorinated fatty bodies and for
neutralizing the same.
And the following special applications of said compounds:
For making adhesive tissues.
For extinguishing mercury.
For fulling, preserving and water-proofing leather and hide.
For making lubricants and paint-oils.
That chloride of sulphur has the property of thickening and ultimately solidifying
vegetable oils has been observed long ago; and the earliest experimenters who described
some of these compounds also pointed out the great similarity in physical properties
existing between the thus solidified oils and vulcanized india-rubber, and therefore
termed these solidified oils appropriately "vulcanized oils."
Like vulcanized india-rubber these vulcanized oils possess a certain degree of
elasticity, and like it, too, they are insoluble in those solvents which readily dissolve
the original substance. The number of oils, however, which has been combined with
chloride of sulphur and the application of the compounds thus produced has so far
been a very limited one.

page_text: The only oils which the chemical literature records as having been treated with
this reagent are: linseed oil, cotton-seed oil, rape-seed oil and olive oil; and the
principal purpose to which their compounds are applied in the arts is to serve as
adulterants of and substitutes for india-rubber.
Of compounds of chloride of sulphur with animal oils as well as with solid
vegetable and animal fats and waxes, no mention is made in the chemical literature;
and it is therefore safe to draw the conclusion that they have never been made
heretofore.
The mode of preparing these sulphochlorinated oils has been simply to mix by
active stirring the chloride of sulphur and the oil in small quantities at the ordinary
temperature (generally above 17° C.).
In order to avoid the formation of lumps, which are very prone to form, when
undiluted chloride of sulphur remains in contact even for a short time with some
of these oils, especially castor oil, the chloride of sulphur is sometimes diluted
with about twice its weight of bisulphide of carbon or some other highly volatile
diluent, which has also the effect of lowering, by its evaporation, the temperature
during the reaction.
The acids (principally chlorhydric) which are generated by the action of chloride
of sulphur upon fatty bodies have heretofore been either left in the preparation or
they have sometimes been removed by granulating the solid vulcanized compounds,
washing them first in slightly alkaline and then in pure water and finally draining,
pressing and drying the granulated mass.
Neutrality being for most purposes to which these compounds may be applied
absolutely necessary, I shall in the subsequent description of the processes
followed by me in making the compounds include those operations by which
I remove the objectionable acidity; it being understood that the mere omission of
these operations, without any other change in the processes, furnishes the acid
compounds.
In expation of some of those operations by which I obtain neutral compounds,
I will here remark that, notwithstanding the great energy with which chloride of
sulphur attacks most of the organic and inorganic substances, I have succeeded in
finding some substances that are attacked even by weak acids, but which, when dry,
resist the action of chloride of sulphur and lend themselves admirably well for the
purpose of removing any acid that is generated in the reaction between chloride of
sulphur and the fatty bodies. Some of these substances, though, contain water of
hydration and are, on this account, when mixed pure with chloride of sulphur, slightly
acted upon by this agent.
Of inorganic substances of this kind I will mention the oxide, hydroxide, sulphide
and borate of calcium; the oxide and basic carbonate of magnesium; the oxides,
carbonate and borate of manganese; and of organic substances: the amides, the
amido-acids and the salts of the latter, especially carbamide, acetamide, oxamide,
amido-acetic acid. But for economic considerations I employ the inorganic substances
almost exclusively, and of these again principally the calcium-hydroxide in the form
of very fine sifted or bolted air-slaked lime, and manganese dioxide in the form of
finely ground pyrolusite.
In order to avoid waste of material every particle of water or moisture must be
removed from the fatty bodies, since chloride of sulphur is decomposed by water (as
is well known) into sulphur and sulphurous- and chlorhydric-acids.
The change which oils suffer upon the addition of chloride of sulphur was
heretofore supposed to be the same in all cases and to consist, with the employment
of less chloride than 10 per cent. of the oil, in a mere thickening, and with larger
proportions of the chloride, in a solidification of the oil. But upon closer investigation
I find that this vague statement is not reliable, that different oils show a marked
difference in their behaviour towards chloride of sulphur, and that the fatty acids
and the majority of the solid fats and waxes differ again in this respect from the
majority of the liquid oils.

page_text: From the manufacturer's standpoint, having in view the different processes
followed in the preparation of the compounds, the fatty bodies may be divided,
according to the energy with which they are acted upon by chloride of sulphur, into
three main groups:
1. Those which, upon being mixed cold with undiluted chloride of sulphur, combine
with it almost instantaneously, liberating much heat and yielding hard, friable masses.
Type castor oil.
2. Those which, upon being mixed cold with chloride of sulphur, require at least
five minutes to complete the combination, liberating considerable heat and yielding,
according to the proportion of the chloride, a viscid liquid, a gelatinous semi-solid or
a hurd and friable solid. Type lard-oil.
3. Those which, upon being mixed cold with chloride of sulphur, combine with it
very slowly and imperfectly; but which combine fairly well, when mixed hot or
digested therewith at an elevated temperature, yielding compounds which have nearly
the consistency of the original fatty body. Type coco-nut oil.
There are, however, many fatty bodies which stand intermediate between these
groups and form a so gradual transition from one group into the other that a strict
classification is impossible.
The first class, of fatty bodies, namely: Those which combine with chloride
pure
of sulphur almost instantaneously, can only be mixed with this agent, when the latter
is diluted with at least twice its weight of some solvent. Only highly volatile diluents
have so far been employed for this purpose, namely: bisulphide of carbon, naphtha,
benzole, all of which are partly evaporated by the heat generated during the reaction.
The volatilization is so violent that the mass increases by many times its volume and
invariably overflows the containing vessel, unless the latter is very large. Another
disadvantage of these highly volatile diluents is that they make it impossible to
produce perfectly vulcanized compact masses, since, owing to the ebullution of the
diluent, the whole mass is distended and rendered spongy and retains this spongy
structure, when the reaction is over.
The product also retains for a long time the smell of the solvent, and its cost is
increased without a corresponding gain in weight.
These disadvantages I avoid by using in place of such highly volatile liquids other
diluents which do not volatilize at the temperature of the reaction, such as paraffin-
oil, paraffin, coco-nut oil, stearine or other hydrocarbons, fats or waxes, which are
either not at all or but slightly acted upon by chloride of sulphur, and incorporating
this mixture with the oil after the latter has been cooled to about 0° C.
Castor oil, when thus mixed with about 15 per cent. of its weight of chloride of
sulphur which has been diluted with twice its own weight of a non-volatile diluent,
yields a tough compact solid; but, when mixed with about 25 per cent. of its own
weight of the chloride diluted with twice its weight of bisulphide of carbon, it is
converted into a white, sponge-like, elastic mass.
The operations by which the products of this class are rendered neutral are the
same as with the products of the second class, where a full description of these
operations is given.
The second class of fatty bodies, namely, those which, if mixed cold with chloride
of sulphur, require at least five minutes to completely combine therewith, comprises
the majority of the industrially important oils. A small proportion of chloride of
sulphur (that is anything less than will gelatinize the oils), coverts then into more or
less viscid liquid compounds; a larger proportion of the chloride, from 15 to 30
per cent. produces a seini-solid or solid mass; while a still larger proportion tends to
produce again semi-liquid or liquid compounds which in their physical properties,
however, differ widely from those liquid compounds which are produced by a small
proportion of the chloride.
The amount of chloride of sulphur, however, which is necessary to produce a certain
degree of consistency varies very much with the different oils and depends also, to a
sinall extent, upon the conditions under which the combination is made. Thus I have

page_text: "
"
almond oil
16
"2
">
ground-nut oil
17
22
black mustard-seed oil
17
"
linseed oil
19
Ware OIT
lard oil
Alaskan herring oil
salmon oil
menhaden oil
FC
22
"
16+
"
""
17
2).
22
201
ג
"
21
"2
"
32
>>
cotton-seed oil
"
201
""
22
Japanese sardine oil
cod-liver oil
22
>>
"
22
"
"
33
27-
30
"
"
poppy-seed oil
sesame oil
Whether a small or large proportion of chloride of sulphur is to be combined with
an oil, depends, of course, upon the purpose for which the finished compound is to be
employed.
The two processes previously mentioned, by which a few of the vegetable oils
belonging to this group have been treated with chloride of sulphur, I find to be deficient
in several respects.
The deficiencies of one of these processes, in which the chloride of sulphur is
employed only after having been diluted with a highly volatile solvent, have already
been pointed out under the first group of fatty bodies.
The deficiencies of the other process consisting in simply mixing the two substances
undiluted at the ordinary temperature are: firstly, that with large quantities it is
practically impossible to obtain a homogeneous mixture of the chloride of sulphur and
oil sufficiently rapidly to insure a uniform reaction through the entire mass and
secondly, that the temperature during the reaction rises so high (a rise from 17° to
180° C. has been repeatedly observed), that the compound is injured, it acquiring a
dark color and a short texture.
In place of these processes I employ the following several processes the choice of
which depends upon the nature of the fatty body to be operated upon as well as on
the purpose to which the compound is to be applied.
When in the final application of the compound the presence of a large proportion
(not less than one-half the weight of the fatty body) of substances, such as benzine,
coal oil, vaseline, paraffin or of solid fats or waxes is required in conjunction with the
compound for the purpose of either diluting the latter or to modify its properties, I
add such substance, provided it be one that is not all or but little acted upon by
chloride of sulphur, generally to the oil, seldom to the chloride of sulphur. To the
mixture of oil and other substance, or to either of these before they are mixed, I add,
for the purpose of neutralizing the acids that are formed during the reaction between
the fatty body and the chloride of sulphur, the oxide, hydroxide, sulphide or borate of
calcium the oxide or basic carbonate of magnesium; or an oxide, carbonate or
borate of manganese. A manganese compound I employ only, when I desire to impart
strong drying properties to the finished preparation and for most other purposes I
resort to calcium-hydroxide in the form of finely sifted or bolted air-slaked lime. In
place of these substances other compounds of these same metals with weak acids, as
for instance their soaps, may be employed, but for ordinary use I consider the above
mentioned compounds preferable.
After the neutralizing agent has been well disseminated, the chloride of sulphur
or the mixture containing it is poured in and incorporated by active stirring. When
the reaction is over, that is, when the smell after chloride of sulphur has grown faint,
the preparation, if it be liquid, is left standing undisturbed for several days to clarify
by deposition of the suspended matter, after which the compound is separated from
the sediment and is then ready for use.
The operation may also be reversed, that is, the oil or its mixture may be added to
the chloride of sulphur or its mixture, without altering in any way the other parts of
the process or the final result.

page_text: These operations may all be carried on at the ordinary temperature (between 17° and
20° C.) but, when it is convenient to reduce the temperature of the ingredients
by several degrees, I generally do so, because the product is thereby somewhat improved.
When the compound of chloride of sulphur and oil is required pure or nearly so,
or if it is to be mixed with substances which are readily acted upon by chloride of
sulphur, I-resort to one or the other of the following processes which are based on
the observation made by me that a low temperature has the effect of greatly retarding
the reaction between chloride of sulphur and a fatty body.
Whether the temperature has to be reduced to a point but slightly below the
ordinary temperature (to between 10° or 15° C.), or to some degree near the freezing
point of water (to below or a little above 0° C.), depends upon the energy with which
the chloride of sulphur reacts upon the fatty body to be operated on. Thus for lard
oil a reduction to 10° C. is quite sufficient, while for cod oil the temperature should
be about 0° C.
At these temperatures a great many of the liquid oils become solid; but the addition
of the chloride of sulphur soon liquefies them again. To the oil, either before or
after the cooling, I add one of the inorganic neutralizing agents mentioned in the
preceding process, preferably calcium-hydroxide, which, for the sake of better dis-
tribution, I generally mix first with a small portion of the oil. When the oil or its
mixture has acquired the proper temperature, the chloride of sulphur which may have
been cooled also, is added all at one time and well incorporated by strong stirring.
The stirring is continued until combination has taken place, which stage is recognized
by the absence of the pungent odor of the chloride of sulphur. The compound is
then allowed to stand for several hours at the ordinary temperature, so that traces of
the chloride of sulphur, which may have been left uncombined, may yet react with the oil.
If, however, it is inconvenient to cool the oil to so low a temperature as stated above,
I reach the same object by cooling the oil or its mixture with calcium-hydroxide to as
much below 15° C. as is practicable by surrounding it with cold water or otherwise..
To the cold mixture I add only a portion, of the chloride of sulphur, preferably one-
half, and incorporate the same by stirring. When the combination has taken place, I
let the mixture stand, until it has again cooled off to about the previous temperature,
and then add the remaining portion of the chloride of sulphur, stirring the, mixture
as before; after which the compound is treated in the same manner as in the preceding
process.
The quantity of calcium-hydroxide or of any of its substitutes, which is requisite
to secure neutrality of the preparation, depends upon several factors, namely: 1. The
nature of the fatty body to be operated on. 2. The strength of the neutralizing agent.
3. The proportion of chloride of sulphur.
Some fatty bodies, as for instance tallow oil, generate much more acid than others,
for instance cotton-seed oil. With a good quality of air-slaked lime I use on an
average about one part of lime to every six parts of chloride of sulphur, but of an
inferior quality much more is required.
Although the neutralizing of these oily preparations is most economically and very
easily effected in the manner just described by means of calcium- or magnesium-
conipounds, the employment of these substances as neutralizing agents is not
permissible in certain cases. Reserving the enunciation of some of these cases to
other parts of this description, I will here mention only that the preparations of some
oils, as for instance cod oil, when left standing in the presence of these neutralizing
agents become gelatinous and insoluble, while in the absence of these agents they
remain liquid and soluble. By simply displacing the calcium-hydroxide by any of
those organic substances enumerated in the introduction to this description, which
share with the former the property of not being acted upon by chloride of sulphur but
of readily combining with any free acids, this difficulty is obviated, without any other
change on the process. As the cheapest and most readily available of these organic
compounds I consider carbaniide in the form of more or less purified inspissated and
dried urine.
Like their inorganic congeners these organic compounds have to be added in a

page_text: finely powdered state to the oils which are then treated in precisely the same manner
as has already been described.
While the foregoing processes for obtaining neutral sulphochlorinated oils are the
only way by which the solid compounds of this class of fatty bodies can be obtained
neutral, for the liquid preparations the following methods, besides those already
enumerated, are also available.
With the sole difference of omitting the addition of neutralizing agents previous to
the admixture of the chloride of sulphur, the combination of chloride of sulphur with
the oil or with a mixture composed of the oil and of substances which are not readily
acted upon by chloride of sulphur is made under the same conditions and in the same
manner as has been described in the several processes in which calcium-hydroxide was
mixed with the oil previous to the addition of the chloride of sulphur.
The acid preparation thus obtained can be neutralized by either removing the acids
mechanically or by combining the same chemically with bases or with certain
unsaturated compounds.
A means of removing the acid mechanically consists in agitating the acid prepar-
ation in the open air or in passing a current of air through the same, until the desired
result is obtained. But this is an extremely tedious process requiring a very long
time, and it also has the disadvantage of thickening some of the oily compounds
through oxidation or evaporation of the substance which may have been employed as
solvent.
A more rapid method of removing the acid is afforded by a combination of the
mechanical and chemical processes and consists in passing through the acid mixture
air which has been charged with the vapor of ammonia, trimethylamine or other
unsaturated compounds.
Instead of air other gases may be employed, especially those obtained by the
destructive distillation of coal, wood, fats or animal matter. These latter gases, owing
to their being rich in some of the higher olefines such as propylene, butylene, as well
as other unsaturated, organic compounds, I find to be capable of neutralizing the acid
preparations in a comparatively short time, even without the addition of volatile
nitrogenous bases.
The most rapid way of neutralizing these acid preparations, however, consists in
adding to them either an inorganic neutralizing agent in a concentrated form or a
liquid unsaturated organic compound which is capable of combining with the acid and
of producing therewith a neutral compound.
Of the inorganic substances which I have successfully employed for this purpose I
will mention :
The oxides of calcium, magnesium and manganese in the form of very fine
powders.
The hydroxide of calcium in the form of a fine powder and those of sodium and
potassium in the form of a concentrated aqueous solution containing about sixty
per cent. of dry hydroxide.
The decahydrated carbonate of sodium in a coarse powder, and the carbonates of
potassium and of sodium in the form of a concentrated aqueous solution.
The soaps of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, aluminum in
powder and in an oily solution; and a solution of the soaps of calcium, magnesium,
manganese, aluminum in hydrocarbons.
Besides the substances here inumerated there are many others, such as the carbonates
and borates of calcium, of magnesium and of manganese; ammonium carbonate;
strong ammonia water; the amides and amido-acids previously mentioned, and
numerous other compounds which for the purpose of removing the free acids may be
used in place of the foregoing substances; but for various reasons, as for instances
the greater efficiency in the case of some and the greater cheapness in the case of
others, I prefer the compounds enumerated first to all others, and of the former, again,
I use most frequently for ordinary purposes the crystallized carbonate of sodium or
the concentrated solution of hydroxide of sodium; and for preparations which shall
have strong drying properties the oxides or soaps of manganese.

page_text: With the exception of the crystallized carbonate of sodium I add any one or a
mixture of these substances to the acid preparation at the ordinary temperature,
incorporate the same thoroughly and allow the mixture to stand undisturbed at the
ordinary or a slightly elevated temperature (not exceeding 60° C.) to deposit the
heavier solid particles.
When the crystallized carbonate of sodium is chosen for this purpose, I add it in
the state of a coarse powder or of a granulated salt to the acid preparation and heat
the mixture with constant agitation preferably in an oil bath to about 115° C., after
which the mixture is allowed to deposit under the same conditions as with the other
neutralizing agents.
The quantity of these substances which is necessary for the neutralization of the
chlorhydric acid is with most of them a trifle more than the theoretical saturating
proportion of the chlorhydric acid present. But since the quantity of the acid
depends both upon the proportion of the chloride of sulphur and upon the nature of
the fatty body, it necessarily follows that the quantity of neutralizing agent required
for different preparations varies with these conditions. Thus, for instance, a liquid
preparation made from 100 parts of cotton-seed oil and 14 parts of chloride of sulphur,
contains a little less than one-fourth of one per cent. of hydrogen chloride and requires
therefore about two per cent of the decahydrated carbonate of sodium or three-tenths
of one per cent. of the hydroxide of sodium. A much larger amount, however, from
three to six times the theoretical saturating quantity of the chlorhydric acid, is
required of the compounds of calcium, magnesium and manganese which are used in
the form of powders.
The determination of the exact quantities of acid present in the preparation and the
calculation of the corresponding amount of neutralizing agent required are problems
very easily solved by competent chemists.
That it is possible to neutralize these preparations without injury through the
addition of such powerful alkaline substances by which nearly all known fatty bodies
are saponified or thickened, is due to a property discovered by me, which is common
to most of the compounds of chloride of sulphur with fatty bodies, of not being acted
upon at the ordinary temperature by the strongest alkalies and alkaline earths nor by
their aqueous solutions.
Equally as well as by the inorganic neutralizing agents can, I find, the neutralization
of these preparations be accomplished by the addition of certain liquid unsaturated
organic compounds.
The number of such compounds which are known to be capable of combining
directly with hydrogen-chloride (the predominating acid in the preparations) is very
large, but for economic considerations only the cheaper ones come here into
consideration.
As typical representatives of these I will mention the higher olefines, such as
Bamylene, Bhexylene and several of their insomeres and homologues; the amines,
such as aniline, pyridine, quinoline and their homologues; and the terpenes.
'
While it is well known that these compounds are capable of combining with
hydrogen-chloride, when this acid is presented in the pure state or at least in a highly
concentrated solution, it has been equally generally supposed that they are incapable
of combining with this acid, when presented in a very dilute form, and that in this
respect their neutralizing power is far inferior to that of the inorganic alkalis which
are commonly employed for removing every trace of acid from even the weakest
solutions. But while it is true that they are inferior to the alkalis in the power of
neutralizing aqueous and probably most other solutions of hydrogen-chloride, I find
that this rule does not apply to the oily and fatty preparations herein described, which,
although they contain never more than a fraction of one per cent of acid, can he
completely neutralized by these liquid unsaturated compounds and also by the
previously mentioned gases containing the highly volatile members of the unsaturated
hydrocarbons, to which these remarks equally apply.
Barring few exceptional cases, it is generally not necessary that these unsaturated

page_text: compounds be used in the pure state. Any liquid containing an appreciable quantity
of these compounds, provided it he soluble in the oily mixture and not otherwise
objectionable in the use of the finished products, may be employed.
Thus, instead of using a purc olefine, I take the volatile tar oils such as naphtha and
photogen produced through the destructive distillation of bituminous shale, lignite,
peat and other carbonaceous substances; instead of using the expensive puro amines,
L'employ rectified bone-oil or other pyrodistillates containing one or a mixture of
amines; while for a terpene the commercial oil of turpentine is generally the most
convenient source.
The quantity of these liquids which is necessary for the removal of the free acid
depends principally upon their richness in unsaturated compounds and can, when this
last factor is known for any given liquid, be readily calculated by any competent
chemist. Generally, however, I find it best to add an excess of these liquids to the
oily or fatty preparation, especially of the terpenes and olefines, because these, when
diluted to such an extent as they are by the preparations, combine rather slowly with
the free acid.
If properly made, the preparations are either of the same color or at least only a
trifle darker than the oils from which they were obtained. If they be liquid, they
are always more viscid than the original oils; if they be solid, they are generally
more or less elastic.
When these solid preparations are heated, they do not materially soften until they
reach a temperature at which they melt, which varies with the different preparations,
but is generally above 125° C.
The liquefaction is accompanied with frothing and darkening in color, and once
liquefied they do not return again to their original solid state, but form brown or black
liquids having a disagreeable odor.
Sperm oil and its congeners which, although technically classified among the fatty
oils, belong chemically considered to the waxes (because they are composed principally
of compounds of organic acids with alcohols other than glycerine), show their
difference in constitution also by their conduct towards chloride of sulphur.
Unlike the other liquid fatty oils they do not form solid compounds with chloride of
sulphur, when the mixture is allowed to remain acid; but when a sufficient quantity
of a neutralizing agent, such as calcium-hydroxide, is first mixed with the oil and then
an amount of chloride of sulphur equal to 26 per cent. of the weight of the oil added, a
solid mass is produced which resembles closely the solid compounds produced from
other fatty oils.
As occupying an intermediate position between the fatty bodies of the second group
and those of the third group may be regarded the greater number of the industrially
important solid fats.
While they exhibit among themselves strong variations as to their affinity for
chloride of sulphur, they appear to have this in common that they do not form with
any proportion of chloride of sulphur such hard, friable masses as are obtained from
the oils of the second class by the addition of one-fifth of their weight or more of
chloride of sulphur; yet there are some fats, namely those which contain a large
proportion of vulcanizable liquid oils, as for instance lard, that yield with large
proportions of the chloride compounds which resemble more or less the solid prepara-
tions obtained from their respective oils.
Of the properties which distinguish these compounds from the natural fats from
which they were prepared I will here mention: their greater viscosity when liquid;
their greater homogeneity, when solid; and their greater stability at the ordinary
temperature. While most natural solid fats, because of their being composed of
mixtures of solid and liquid fats, very readily part with a portion of their liquid
constituents even at the ordinary temperature, such fats, when combined with
chloride of sulphur, are devoid of this tendency, their constituents being so altered
and blended that they form a perfectly uniform compound.
Most fats are, too, in their natural state very prone to partially decompose and to

page_text: turn rancid, but after the treatment with chloride of sulphur they may, at least at the
ordinary temperature, be kept exposed to the air for an infinite length of time without
undergoing any perceptible change.
The proportion of chloride of sulphur which I combine with the solid fats depends,
as it does with the oils already described, both upon the nature of the fat as well as
upon the purpose for which the product is intended.
Next akin to the liquid oils as to their reaction and products formed with chloride
of sulphur are those solid fats which contain vulcanizable liquid oils. Of these I will
mention lard, horse fat, chicken fat, goose grease, laurel oil. Like the liquid oils they
combine readily and completely with chloride of sulphur, when mixed at the ordinary
temperature, and yield with small proportions of chloride of sulphur compounds which
form viscid liquids while warm, and with large proportions (not exceeding 30 per cent)
tough solid masses which do not liquefy at 100° C.
The lowest proportion of chloride of sulphur which yields these last mentioned
vulcanized products varies with these fats as it does with the liquid oils, being for
instance for every 100 parts of the fat with lard, chicken fat and goose grease, about
16 parts, with horse fat about 18, with pressed laurel oil about 22 parts.
By the ordinary solvents of the natural fats these completely vulcanized fats are as
little affected as the completely vulcanized oils. Compounds, prepared with smaller
proportions of chloride of sulphur than will vulcanize the fats, form at the ordinary
temperature sticky, soft solids which melt at about the same temperatures and behave
towards solvents in almost the same way as the original fats.
To combine this class of fats with chloride of sulphur, I proceed in the same manner
as I do with the oils, save that the mixing of them with the chloride is performed at
the ordinary temperature or, what is preferable, between 10° and 15° C.
Neutrality of the compounds is secured by the addition of calcium-hydroxide or of
any of its substitutes to either the fat or to the chloride of sulphur, previous to their
being mixed, or by treating the acid sulphochlorinated fats with those neutralizing
agents and in the same manner that I employ with the liquid sulphochlorinated oils.
That the fatty compounds must be kept fluid during the operations last referred to, is
self-evident.
Equally as energetic as upon the last named fats reacts chloride of sulphur upon
other fats such as fallow oil and palm oil; but instead of yielding, as did the former,
tough vulcanized masses, their products, even those obtained with large proportions of
chloride of sulphur, are liquefiable at or near the melting point of the original fats.
When properly made and neutralized their compounds form pale yellow solids,
in consistency slightly firmer than and in solvents nearly as soluble as the original fats.
The mixtures of chloride of sulphur with these fats are made, as were those of the
preceding fats, at the ordinary temperature or preferably between 10° and 15° C; and
the same general processes which were employed there are, with a slight modification
in the neutralization, also applicable here.
A deviation from the already described method most commonly employed by me in
making neutral compounds, namely, by the addition of the hydroxide of calcium
previous to the admixture of the chloride of sulphur, is necessitated on account of the
difficulty of forming a homogeneous mixture of the lime with the two last named fats.
When the hydroxide or oxide of calcium or the oxide of magnesium are mixed with
these fats in the usual manner, hard lumps are quickly formed which it is practically
impossible to disintegrate with sufficient ease and rapidity so as to form readily a
homogeneous mixture.
When, however, the calcium-sulphide is chosen for this purpose, this difficulty does
not arise, a homogeneous mixture being formed readily which after the incorporation
of the chloride of sulphur yields a neutral compound. But, unless the preparation
must be free from foreign substances, I prefer to proceed in the following manner :
I mix the requisite amount of calcium-hydroxide with about twice its weight of
some comparatively inert substance such as wax, coco-nut oil, paraffin, ozokerite,
vaseline, coal oil, benzine; I then add thereto the liquefied fat and allow this mixture
to cool to between 10° and 15° C. Upon the cold mass, which in the case of palm oil
R

page_text: is first broken up into small pieces, is poured the chloride of sulphur and the whole
well stirred for some time. The mass soon becomes liquid and warm, and when the
smell of the chloride of sulphur has disappeared, the operation is finished.
Good results are also obtained by mixing the neutralizing agent (the oxide,
hydroxide or sulphide of calcium or their substitutes) with the chloride of sulphur
either in the presence or in the absence of one of the previously mentioned inert
diluents and then adding this mixture to the cool fat.
Most of the harder fats, however, such as the different kinds of animal tallow, suet,
stearine from various fats and oils, and others which will be mentioned in the third
group show much less affinity for this reagent than any of the previously mentioned
fatty bodies.
While these latter when mixed with chloride of sulphur at the ordinary temperature
grow hot, and, if solid, rapidly liquefy (completely taking up this substance generally
in half an hour, so that its smell is no longer perceptible), the last named solid fats
scarcely grow warm, when mixed with this reagent under the same conditions, and
combine so imperfectly with it, if left standing at the ordinary temperature, that the
smell of chloride of sulphur is still very strong after several days.
With this class of solid fats I find it absolutely necessary to employ a certain degree
of heat in order to bring about perfect combination. Nor is it sufficient to merely
melt the fat, mix it with the chloride sulphur and to allow the mixture to become
cold, before the reaction is completed. The combination in this case remains almost
as imperfect as in the former. But the mixture of chloride of sulphur and fat has to
be kept warm, until the reaction is over. When large quantities are operated upon
there is, after the reaction has been started at an elevated temperature which varies
somewhat with the different fats, sufficient heat generated by the reaction to keep the
mixture warm for a sufficiently long time; but with small quantities, where the loss of
heat by radiation is very great, artificial warming must be resorted to.
To prepare the compounds of this class of fats with chloride of sulphur, I proceed
in the following manner, using mutton tallow as an illustration: After the tallow has
been purified in the usual manner from water and other impurities which are frequently
found associated with it, it is melted and mixed with about 2 per cent by weight of
finely powdered calcium-hydroxide or some of its substitutes.
The mixture is allowed to cool somewhat and at the same time occasionally stirred
in order to keep the consistence nearly uniform. When the temperature has reached
41° C or thereabouts (at which temperature mutton tallow forms a pasty semi-solid
mass), the chloride of sulphur, generally to the amount of 13 parts to 100 of the
fat, is added all at once and well incorporated by active stirring. The stirring is
continued until the combination is complete, that is, until the smell of chloride of
sulphur is no longer perceptible. If, however, as sometimes happens, when the initial
temperature of the fat was too low or when sinall quantities are taken into operation,
the smell of the chloride of sulphur is still perceptible an hour after its addition, the
mixture is warmed preferably in a water or oil bath and kept warm until the combination
is complete.
Instead of adding the chloride of sulphur to the fat, the operation may also be
reversed by adding the warm fat to the chloride of sulphur; or with the chloride of
sulphur may be first mixed a portion of the fat that is fluid and hot, and then the
remainder of the fat added which has been kept cold and has been broken up into very
small pieces; but, on the whole, I do not find the last two modifications as convenient
as the former process.
If in the final application of these preparations of solid fats the presence of sub-
stances is desirable such as wax, paraffin, ozokerite, vaseline, coal oil, which are either
not at all or but slightly acted upon by chloride of sulphur, I frequently add them, as I
do in the case of the oils and fats already described, either to the fat or to the chloride
of sulphur, before the two are mixed. A solid substance I invariably melt together
with the fat, while a liquid substance may be mixed with either the fat or the chloride
of sulphur.
As in the case of the oils of the second group the mixing of the chloride of sulphur

page_text: with these fats may also be performed in the absence of neutralizing agents, in which
case the resulting compound contains a small and variable amount of free acids. These
acids can be removed by any of the several processes which have been described under
the second group of fatty bodies; but such operations must naturally be carried on at
a temperature which keeps the fatty preparations in a liquid state, the most desirable
temperature being always one which is but little above the melting point of the pre-
paration. It is, however, only in exceptional cases (as for instance, when for some
reason or other an insufficiency of the former neutralizing agents has been employed),
that I resort to the last mentioned methods, since I find that the sulphochlorinated
solid fats, as a class, suffer even more from the presence of the acid than the sulpho-
chlorinated oils do, most of the fats yielding, when treated with chloride of sulphur in
the absence of a suitable neutralizing agent, preparations of a dark unsightly color and
of a short texture.
When properly made the preparations form hard, waxlike solids of a pale yellow
color which melt at or near the inelting point of the fat from which they were made
and return, if not heated beyond 170° C, on cooling to their original solid state; they
dissolve in most of the usual solvents of fats and are miscible in all proportions with
fats, waxes, resins, hydrocarbons and most other substances which form solutions with
the natural fats.
The third class of fatty bodies, that is those which, upon being mixed cold with
chloride of sulphur, combine with it very slowly and imperfectly, but which combine
fairly well when mixed hot, or digested therewith at an elevated temperature, com-
prisés such fats as coco-nut oil, cow butter, cacao butter, japan wax, vegetable tallow
and those solid substances which in their chemical and physical properties are very
closely related to the solid fats proper, namely, the waxes, as for instance beeswax,
spermacetuni, carnauba wax.
The first one of these, viz. coco-nut oil, I have mixed with various proportions of
chloride of sulphur at the ordinary temperature and kept at that temperature for two
months, only to find at the end of that time a portion of the chloride of sulphur still
uncombined. Nor can with this fat an energetic reaction and quick combination be
brought about by making the mixture at an elevated temperature various temperatures
up to 160° C. I have tried without success. But by digesting the mixture of coco-nut
oil and chloride of sulphur between 65° and 100° Q, combination takes place slowly
and is generally completed in less than a day. The product, however, which is
obtained in this way, is always of a dark color, generally brown, and also softer than
the original coco-nut oil.
To secure an energetic reaction and a light-colored product I proceed in the follow-
ing manner: The coco-nut oil is melted and in the liquid state mixed with from 5 to 8
per cent of its weight of calcium-oxide, hydroxide or sulphide. When the temperature
of the mixture has reached 65° to 70° C, the chloride of sulphur is added and well
incorporated by stirring. An energetic reaction soon sets in, the temperature rising
rapidly and a product is obtained whose consistency is about the same as that of the
original coco-nut oil.
While for coco-nut oil and most of the other true fats belonging to this group
the presence of a suitable neutralizing agent in the mixture appears to be necessary in
order to induce a proper reaction and secure a satisfactory product, the true waxes
combine very well with the chloride of sulphur, provided the initial temperature is
high enough. These I therefore melt, heat to about 100° C, mix at this temperature
directly with chloride of sulphur and digest the mixture between 75° and 100° C), until
the combination is complete, which is generally the case in an hour or two. The com-
pounds are neutralized by any one of those methods which have been described under
the oils of the second group.
The preparations of the third group of fatty bodies differ but little in their
physical properties from the fat or wax of which they were prepared. They have
nearly the same consistency, melt at about the same temperature, and dissolve
for the most part in the same solvents as the original bodies.

page_text: That the true solid fats yield producis which differ so widely in their physical
properties from those obtained by the same means from the liquid oils is evidently
due to their consisting principally of glycerides other than olein, of which stearin,
palmetin, myristin and laurin are the most important and predominating and all of
which, as now appears certain, do not form with any proportion of chloride of sulphur
such hard and friable masses as can be obtained from, for instance, olive-oil-olein.
Another inference to be drawn from the different behavior of such fats as lard
versus tallow oil, horse fat versus butter, which are of nearly the same consistency
and contain approximately the same amount of olein, is that the olein contained
in tallow and butter is an entirely different substance from the olein contained in
lard and horse fat.
The organic acids which, in combination with glycerine, mainly compose the oils and
fats and which are commonly termed "fatty acids" I also find capable of combining
with chloride of sulphur.
Like the other fatty bodies they yield compounds which are more viscid than the
original substances; but they do not yield such insoluble, hard, vulcanized masses as are
obtainable from the fatty bodies of the first and second group. The fatty acids, even
if combined with a large proportion of chloride of sulphur, which with linoleic acid
may reach 45 per cent of the weight of the acid, remain soluble in alcohol and most
of their other solvents.
The liquid fatty acids: oleic, linoleic, ricinoleic acid, and especially the last two,
generate like their glycerides, upon being mixed with chloride of sulphur, a large
amount of heat, and they, therefore, have to be either diluted themselves or mixed
with diluted chloride of sulphur, when the combination is to be made at the ordinary
temperature or they have to be cooled previous to the incorporation of the chloride,
and otherwise treated under the same conditions which have been described under the
first and second groups of fatty bodies.
The solid fatty acids, as for instance, lauric, palmitic, stearic, arachidic acid, require
the aid of heat, in order to effect their combination with chloride of sulphur, and they
are, therefore, manipulated in the same manner as the third class of fatty bodies.
The removal of the chlorhydric-acid is effected by adding a suitable neutralizing
agent either before & after the incorporation of the chloride of sulphur; but when the
calcium-oxide or hydroxide, or magnesium-oxide or carbonate are to be employed for
this purpose, they must, as in the case of tallow oil and palm oil, be first mixed with
some inert substance, before they are added to the fatty acids.
For sulphochlorinated oils and fats prepared according to any one of the foregoing
processes I have found the following new applications:
The very sticky semi-solid or solid preparations from some of the non-drying fats
and oils, such as lard, horse grease, neatsfoot oil, lard oil, I employ in the manufacture
of fly-sticking paper, by spreading the same on sized paper.
A slightly tougher preparation from the same fats and oils I use in making adhesive
bandages suitable for the surgeon and fruit-grower, by spreading the same on muslin
or some other textile fabric; and I also mix such preparations with aromatic, irritant
or other medicinal substances to produce adhesive medicated plasters.
All of the sulphochlorinated oils and fats which are liquid or liquefiable without
decomposition I find to be possessed of an extraordinary power of aiding the extinction
of metallic mercury.
While the extinction of mercury by trituration with any of the
natural fatty bodies is an extremely tedious operation lasting generally many hours,
the same operation, if performed with the sulphochlorinated oils and fats, scarcely lasts
as many minutes as the former takes hours.
Unlike the sulphuretted oils (as for instance sulphuretted linseed oil or sulphuretted
oil of turpentine, which also have to a smaller degree the power of extinguishing
mercury and which have been recommended and are occasionally employed for this
purpose), the sulphochlorinated oils do not cause a blackening of the mercury or of
the preparations inade therefrom, nor do they possess the disagreeable fetid odor which
characterizes tlie sulphuretted oils.

page_text: When the mercury is to be worked up at once into pharmaceutical or other
preparations, I usually employ a liquid sulphochlorinated oil, as for instance, that
prepared from cotton-seed oil.
But when the object is to manufacture a highly concentrated preparation of
extinguished mercury which shall be stable and not deposit any globules on standing,
I employ a mixture composed of about equal parts of sulphoclilorinated cotton-seed
oil and sulphochlorinated tallow.
One part of this mixture is more than sufficient to extinguish and hold permanently
in suspension nine parts of metallic mercury.
The operation is performed in the customary manner in a mortar or in a triturating
machine; but these implements should, in order to facilitate the labor, be kept warm
during the trituration, since heat greatly reduces the viscosity of the sulphochlorinated
bodies.
I have also found that the sulphochlorinated oils and fats possess a remarkably strong
power of repelling water and that this property is not only inherent in the completely
vulcanized oils which, from their general semblance to india-rubber, would naturally
be supposed to resemble that substance also in this respect, but that it is common to
all sulphochlorinated fatty bodies, to the liquid as well as to the solid.
Some of the sulphochlorinated vegetable oils, namely, those prepared from the oils
of castor bean, linseed, cotton seed, have already heretofore been mixed with either
india-rubber or with dissolved collodion-cotton and in this state externally applied to
textile fabrics, in order to produce a waterproof coating which would resemble and
take the place of a coating of pure india-rubber.
But none of these vegetable oils and still less the sulphochlorinated animal oils or
solid fats have ever been employed for waterproofing or preserving leather nor in
converting hide or skin into leather. For this purpose, however, I find these
compounds particularly suitable, since, owing to their viscosity, they adhere so
tenaceously to the particles which make up the body of the hide or leather, that cold
water, which, especially if aided by motion, readily displaces and removes the natural
fats from leather, is unable to displace and expel these compounds.
This explains why leather which has been uniformly impregnated with these
compounds never becomes hard and brittle after an exposure to wet, even if it
contain of such compounds only as little as 15 per cent of its weight while,
when the percentage reaches 40 per cent and over, it becomes practically impermeable
to water.
The sulphochlorinated compounds which I usually employ for this purpose are the
liquid preparations made from vegetable or animal oils and the easily liquefiable
preparations made from solid fats and waxes; and since the water-repelling property
of these compounds is, within certain limits, the greater, the more chloride of sulphur
has been employed in their preparation, I usually employ compounds in which more
than ten, and most commonly such in which about fourteen parts of the chloride have
been used to one hundred parts of the fatty body. These compounds may be used in
the pure state or in combination with other substances, such as the natural oils or fats,
rosin or other resinous bodies, rosin oil, tar, paraffin, ozokerite, vaseline, coal oil,
benzine. When employed in the pure state, those preparations or mixtures of
preparations are chosen which at the temperature at which the operation is performed
remain fairly fluid; while, when the compounds are to be diluted with other substances,
the more viscid preparations are preferred, because by dilution their viscosity is greatly
decreased.
The mode of applying these preparations depends mainly upon the nature of the
article which is to be treated with them.
Finished leather (whether made by vegetable, mineral or alum-tannage, or by
tawing, as well as articles made therefrom, such as boots, shoes, harness, belting.) may
be treated by any of the following methods:
The leather or manufactured article is thoroughly dried and then the liquid or
liquefied preparation applied to the flesh-side, sometimes to both flesh and grain-side
of the leather, or to the outer surface of boots, shoes and similar manufactured articles.

page_text: :
After that the leather or article is hung up in a warm place, where the temperature
does not exceed 65° C, and left there, until the compound has been entirely absorbed.
These operations are repeated until a sufficient quantity of the compound has been
introduced.
When the leather or manufactured article is to be completely saturated with the
compounds, I prefer to immerse the same into a warm bath of the preparations. The
leather is left in the bath until nearly or completely saturated. If only partly
saturated, it is hung up in a warm place to allow that portion of the compound which
adheres to the surface to yet enter the leather, after which, and also in the case of
complete saturation in the bath, the surface is cleaned by scraping and finally by
wiping it with cloths that have been dipped into coal oil or some other solvent.
More rapidly than by either of the two preceding methods can the object be
accomplished by employing a solution of the compound in a volatile solvent, in
place of the undiluted preparations, which latter, on account of their great
viscosity, always require a long time to penetrate the leather. Such solutions I
prepare by mixing one part of the sulphochlorinated compound or mixture of
compounds with from one-half to one and one-half parts of naphtha, benzine,
photogen, coal oil or similar volatile liquids; and I either apply this solution to the
leather or immerse the leather therein, as the conditions and nature of the article
may indicate.
For leather in which only a very small percentage of fatty matter is permissible,
as for instance in glove leather, I employ very weak solutions containing about 25 per
cent. of the sulphochlorinated compounds, and I frequently, after an immersion of the
leather in the solution, remove a portion of the solution again by forcing the leather
between rollers, or by subjecting it to pressure in a press, or by whirling it in a
centrifugal machine.
When the leather is to acquire to the highest degree those desirable properties which
are imparted to it by the sulphochlorinated compounds, I extract from it all fatty
matter which finished leather usually contains, before submitting it to any of the
previously described treatments.
The extraction of the fatty matter I accomplish in the usual manner by means of
bisulphide of carbon, naphtha, benzine, or any other volatile solvent for fats, and
usually I do not deprive the leather (particularly not if it be tawed leather) of the
solvent it has imbibed, but submit it at once to the treatment with the sulphochlorinated
compounds or their solutions. Oil or fat-tawed stock I prefer to submit to this last
-described treatment immediately after it has been cured and dried, but before any
superfluous portion of the fatty substance has been removed. After this treatment it
is finished in the usual manner.
Rough leather (whether made by vegetable or mineral tannage) may be treated in
the following manner :
When the number of sides or pieces to be treated is so 'small that their stuffing
cannot be successfully performed in a tumbler or fulling wheel, I slightly dampen the
Jeather and loosen the fibres by boarding. If it is desirable to preserve a light color
on the grain-side, I apply one or two thin coatings of glucose and then allow the
leather to dry. When perfectly dry, it is submitted to any of those treatments with
the sulphochlorinated compounds or with their solutions which have been described
under finished leather. After this treatment and, when solutions have been employed,
after the evaporation of the solvent, the leather is softened by immersion in warm or
cold water and finished in the usual manner.
Rough leather in large quantities is best stuffed with these compounds in a fulling
wheel in a similar manner as is now practiced with other stuffing material.
Merely heating the wheel up once with live steam, as is customary in stuffing
with natural fats and oils, is only applicable with thin leather. For stuffing
heavy leather the wheel must be so arranged that it can be kept warm for a
long time without introducing live steam. Of the many ways in which this can
be accomplished I consider most advantageous to either drive hot air into the
.wheel through one end of its tubular axis and allowing the air from the wheel

page_text: to escape through the other end of the axis, or to pass steam through the tubular
axis into one or two coils of pipe attached to the inner side of one or both lateral
walls of the wheel.
The leather, which sometime before has been moderately dampened with water and
thoroughly saimmed, is thrown into the wheel, after the air within has been heated to
about 65° C, and, when all of the leather has been introduced, the wheel is made to-
revolve. Through one end of the tubular axis the liquid or liquefied sulphochlorinated
compounds or their mixtures with other substances are poured into the wheel, and the
supply of hot air or steam is so regulated that the interior temperature remains
between 45° and 60° C. The wheel is kept rotating, until the compound or mixture
has been entirely absorbed by the leather, which, according to the viscosity of the
compound and the quantity to be introduced, may take from one to three hours.
When this point has been reached, the leather is taken out and hung up, or, if it is
desired to clean the surface at once, it is thrown into cold water, and, when well chilled
returned to the wheel which by this time has been allowed to become cold too, and
there rotated in the presence of a large amount of cold water.
If a supply of some clean coarse material, such as sawdust or spent tan is at
hand, I add a considerable quantity of it to the contents of the wheel, since such
material by the friction it exerts upon the leather greatly hastens the removal of the
particles of fatty matter adhering to the surface of the leather. After this cleansing
process the leather is rinsed in cold water to remove the sawdust or tanbark and hung
up to dry.
The other manipulations to which the leather is subjected in finishing are the same
as are in use with ordinary leather, save that previous to dying I remove all particles
of the compound from the surface by rubbing it off with a cloth that is saturated with
coal oil or some other solvent of the compounds.
The application of the sulphochlorinated compounds in the conversion of hides or
skins into leather by the operation of tawing or fulling is performed in about the
same manner as is customary with the natural fatty bodies. After the hides or skins
have undergone the usual preparatory treatments, they are, together with a suitable
sulphochlorinated compound or its solution in volatile solvents, submitted to the action of
any one of the various machines which in one way or another force the fulling substance
into the interior of the hide or skin. By keeping the machines moderately warın or
forcing a current of warm air over the hides or skins during the fulling, the
operation is very much shortened. After the complete curing I frequently remove
an excess of the compounds from the leather by throwing the same into a bath of
some solvent, such as benzine, coal oil, turpentine, and leaving it therein until sufficiently
permeated by the solvent. When taken out of the bath, the leather is passed between
rollers, or subjected to pressure in a press, or whirled in a centrifugal machine, in
order to force out a part of the solution, and then hung up to dry. After this it is
finished in the usual manner.
It being well known to professional curriers that the introduction of a solid
fat into leather or hide renders it firm, while that of a liquid oil gives it
softness, the selection of the compound or mixture of compounds which is most
suitable for any given quality of leather is a matter well understood by any com-
petent currier.
In the description of the processes for preparing the sulphochlorinated fatty bodies:
it has been repeatedly mentioned that those compounds which are liquid or liquefiable
below 100° C are possessed of a high degree of viscosity.
But, while the compounds from any given fatty body are the more viscid, the more
chloride of sulphur has been employed in their preparation, the compounds of the
different oils and fats, even if prepared with the same proportion of the chloride, show
great diversities in their fluidity.
The degree to which an oil or fat is rendered viscid by a given amount of chloride
seems to be the greater, the less chloride of sulphur is required for its complete
vulcanization.
These highly viscid liquid or easily liquefiable sulphochlorinated compounds are,

page_text: as has been mentioned in the description of their preparation, soluble in most of the
solvents of the original fatty bodies, namely: in the essential and fatty oils, animal
and vegetable fats, liquid and solid hydrocarbons, and may, therefore, advantageously.
be employed to impart a considerable degree of viscosity or body to any of these
latter substances, if for some purpose or other this quality is desired.
In order to impart the greatest degree of viscosity to any of the above mentioned
substances with the smallest amount of sulphochlorinated compounds, I preferably
employ those compounds which contain a rather high percentage of chloride of sulphur,
and most frequently such as have been prepared with from 14 to 20 parts of the
chloride to 100 parts of the fatty body.
If both the compound and the substance to be thickened are liquid, I simply mix
them at the ordinary temperature; but, if either one of them or both are solid, I heat
the substance which is to be thickened and add to it, when hot and fluid, the sulpho-
chlorinated compound.
When the mixture is one that will solidify at the ordinary temperature, I hasten the
solidification by rapid cooling in order to thereby prevent the crystallisation or
granulation of any of the solid constituents.
When hydrocarbons, such as paraffin oil, petroleum jelly, ozokerite, which are not
at all or but slightly acted upon by chloride of sulphur, are to be thickened, I fre-
quently mix them with a suitable fatty body, before the latter has been combined
with chloride of sulphur, and add to the mixture such an amount of chloride of sulphur
as would have been required to convert the fatty body itself into a highly viscid
compound. The conditions under which this is done and the precautions to be observed
in neutralizing the compound, have been fully described under the several processes
for preparing the sulphochlorinated compounds.
The selection of the sulphochlorinated compound and the quantity to be added
depend both upon the purpose to which the finished preparation is to be applied and
upon the degree of viscosity desired.
Thus for thickening an oil which is to be used for painting purposes, as for instance,
linseed oil or a fish oil, I use a drying sulphochlorinated compound, such as those
prepared from linseed oil or from fish oils, of which I generally add from 25 to 50 per
cent of the weight of the natural oil.
For thickening an oil, fat, or hydrocarbon, which is to be used for lubricating
purposes, I use preferably the non-drying sulphochlorinated compounds, as for
instance those of tallow, palm oil, tallow oil, of which I add from 50 to 100 per cent
of the weight of the substance to be thickened.
To give body to liquid lubricants, as for instance sperm oil, lard oil, paraffin oil,
rosin oil, I mostly employ sulphochlorinated tallow oil; while for semi-solid or solid
lubricants, such as (rosin oil grease; petroleum jelly mixtures of oils or fats with
soft paraffin or mineral wax; natural solid fats, such as tallow, palm oil, and
mixtures of these with other oils and fats), I employ generally sulphochlorinated palm
oil or tallow.
Any of the more viscid sulphochlorinated compounds prepared from the vulcanizable
oils or fats may also be used for this latter purpose, and are, in fact, on account of
their greater viscosity more economical than the compounds of the nonvulcanizable
fatty bodies; but, on account of their tendency to gum, I do not deem them as
suitable for lubricants, as the compounds of the non-vulcanizable fatty bodies.
I have further observed that upon all vulcanizable fatty bodies chloride of sulphur
exerts an influence which is analogous to that which oxygen at a high temperature
has upon linseed oil. As linseed oil by the operation of boiling or blowing acquires
the property of drying and hardening rapidly on exposure to the air, so do other
vegetable and animal oils and fats acquire the same property by being mixed with
chloride of sulphur ; and as with linseed oil this property is increased by the addition
of so-called driers, so are these sulphochlorinated fatty bodies made to dry faster
and harder by the addition of certain metallic compounds.
3
While the different oils, after having been combined with chloride of sulphur, vary
very much both in the rapidity of drying as well as in the hardness of the coating

page_text: after drying, with any given oil the drying property is the greater, the more chloride
of sulphur has been combined with it. Those vulcanizable oils, as for instance olive
oil, lard oil, sperm oil, which in their natural state are perfectly non-drying, acquire
by the treatment with chloride of sulphur the property of drying only to a small
extent while oils which naturally have a tendency to harden in the air, as for instance
poppy seed oil, cotion seed oil, cod oil, menhaden oil, are by this treatment rendered
so strongly drying that they can be used as paint oils.
But, since oils which are to be used for painting purposes must be comparatively
cheap, and as the oils from marine animals are generally more abundant and less
expensive than vegetable oils, I use the-former class of oils in preference to other oils
in preparing the sulphochlorinated paint oils.
Some of the marine animal oils possess in their natural state already to a slight
extent the property of drying on exposure to the air; but they dry so slowly and
so imperfectly that, by themselves, they are unfit for painting purposes and that,
when fraudulently added, as is frequently done, to boiled linseed oil they lessen the
drying property of this oil in such a degree that a coating of such a mixture
remains tacky for weeks and even months. By treating these oils, however, with
from 16 to 26 per cent of chloride of sulphur and, if need be, with a manganese or
other metallic compound, their drying properties are so much increased, that they
become almost equal to unadulterated boiled linseed oil.
But when used in such proportions chloride of sulphur converts, as has been shown
before, these oils, like most other fatty oils, into semi-solid or solid miasses, in which
condition the application of these oils for painting purposes would be entirely out of
question.
Oils thus solidified were heretofore supposed to be entirely insoluble in the usual
solvents for the natural oils; but I find that this rule, while it holds good for a
great many animal as well as vegetable oils, does not apply to those derived from
marine animals. These latter, if in their preparation the proportion of chloride of
sulphur has been kept within certain limits, are still fairly soluble in many of the
solvents for the original oils. The limit in the proportion of chloride of sulphur,
beyond which these oils, too, become practically insoluble, has a very wide range varying
even for the same oil with the process and the solvent employed. When hydro-
carbons of the paraffin series are employed as solvents and are mixed with an
equal amount of the oils previous to the addition of the chloride of sulphur, the
proportion of the chloride which should not be exceeded is for every hundred parts of
oil, for instance :
With seal oil about 17 parts, with whale oil about 19 parts, with Alaskan herring
oil about 20 parts, with cod oil and menhaden oil about 25 parts, with salmon oil and
Japanese sardine oil about 26 parts.
For a mixture of oils the limit is not always the mean of the limits of the com-
ponent parts, but is frequently modified by the presence of an oil for which the chloride
of sulphur has a greater affinity and with which it therefore combines in preference to
the other oils.
On account of this uncertainty it becomes necessary, whenever it is desired to
combine the largest possible proportion of chloride of sulphur with an oil of doubtful
purity, to determine the limit by a few experiments on a small scale. The limit for
any particular oil or mixture of oils having been ascertained, care must always be
taken to keep the proportion of chloride of sulphur below this point, when the product
is to serve the purpose specified.
The number of solvents which may be employed for diluting these thickened or
solidified oils is very great; but for economic and sanitary considerations only those
hydrocarbons come into consideration which are commonly employed for thinning
paints, namely, the terpenes and the moderately volatile tar and petroleum oils. The
volatile petroleum oils and the tar oils, especially benzine, kerosene and photogen, I
use mostly, because they are generally cheaper and more abundant than other
solvents.

page_text: Two principal methods are available for preparing these solutions; and their choice
depends as much on local conditions as upon the chemical nature of the component
parts employed. The first one consists in first making the sulphochlorinated oils and
then dissolving the same in any suitable solvent; the other in adding the solvent to
either the oil or to the chloride of sulphur before the two are mixed.
The first method I always employ, whenever a solvent is to be used which is itself
energetically acted upon by chloride of sulphur, as for instance the terpenes, or when
the solution is wanted in a locality where the price of the solvent is very low, while
that of the oil is much higher than in some other locality. Under these conditions I
make the compound of chloride of sulphur and oil in that locality which is most
favorable for this purpose by any of the processes described under the second group
of fatty bodies and digest the same at any convenient time or place with from three-
fourths to one and one-half times its weight of a suitable solvent, until the mixture
forms a uniform oily liquid. In this case it is not necessary that the sulphochlorinated
oil be neutral, since either by the use of appropriate unsaturated organic compounds
as solvents or by any other of those methods previously described a neutral solution
can be produced if desired. By keeping the mixture of sulphochlorinated oil and
solvent moderately warm and agitating it at the same time, the operation is con-
siderably hastened.
But unless for such special reasons as stated above the adoption of this method or
some modification of it is rendered imperative, I prefer to make the solution by the
second method; that is by adding the solvent either to the oil or to the chloride of
sulphur before they are mixed. When operating in this manner I am restricted to
those solvents which are not at all or but slightly acted upon by chloride of sulphur,
of which the volatile petroleum oils, and especially benzine and kerosene, are the
cheapest and therefore preferable. The proportions of solvent I employ for every 100
parts of natural oil range from 75 to 150 parts, but sometimes, when a very thick oil
is wanted, I use even less than 75 parts of solvent.
Whenever it is desirable to increase the drying property of these preparations
beyond that degree which chloride of sulphur alone imparts to them, I always
incorporate with them, either before or after the addition of the chloride, a com-
pound of manganese or lead. When it appears most convenient to make the
addition of a drier to the oil previous to the treatment with the chloride, I use
an oxide, carbonate or borate of manganese, which need not be pure but may be
mixed with calcium-hydroxide or any other harmless compound of this or other
metals; and I usually employ a sufficient quantity of such compounds or mixture
of compounds to remove at the same time the objectionable acidity of the prepara-
tions. But when it is preferable to add the drier to the finished compound of
chloride of sulphur with the oil, I use either any of the already mentioned manganese
compounds, or a soap of this metal, or an oxide of lead. The manganese compounds,
and especially its soaps made from resins or drying oils, I usually prefer for this
purpose and the latter I employ either in the form of a powder or dissolved in
oils or volatile hydrocarbons. Those of the above mentioned compounds which are
in the pulverulent state I digest with the sulphochlorinated preparation for several
hours at a somewhat elevated temperature which should not exceed 65° C., stirring
the mixture frequently; while a solution of the soaps.1 simply incorporate at the
ordinary temperature.
The quantity of manganese compounds which a sulphochlorinated oil has to
dissolve in order to become rapidly drying varies somewhat with the different oils,
but is on an average equivalent to about one part of mangano-manganic oxide
(Mn, 0) to 800 parts of undiluted sulphochlorinated oil.
A larger proportion of manganese is advantageous, so far as the drying properties
are concerned, but is for some purposes objectionable on account of causing a
coating of the preparation to darken slightly after drying.
I am aware that mention is made in the chemical literature of a solution of the com-
pound formed from linseed oil and chloride of sulphur in bisulphide of carbon, which

page_text: solution is prepared by adding 25 parts of chloride of sulphur to a mixture of 100 parts
of linseed oil and 3000 parts of bisulphide of carbon, and that this solution has been
recommended as a varnish.
However, this combination does not anticipate my invention because:
Firstly I do not employ bisulphide of carbon as a solvent, this substance being
poisonous when breathed, and also being unfit for painting and lubricating purposes
on account of its excessive volatility; but I use solvents which are comparatively
harmless and which evaporate either not at all or rather slowly.
Secondly linseed oil does not form a solution, when fatty bodies or hydrocarbons
are substituied in the same proportions for the bisulphide of carbon in the composition
previously mentioned while many other sulphochlorinated compounds do form
solutions with oils, fats or hydrocarbons, when treated in the manner described
by me.
:
Thirdly the keeping quality of the solution of sulphochlorinated linseed oil in
bisulphide of carbon is bad, it becoming turbid upon standing for some weeks and
depositing a voluminous flocculent sediment; while the described solutions of
sulphochlorinated compounds in oils, fats, or hydrocarbons remain unaltered apparently
forever.
I am also aware that Alexander Parkes claims to have formed solid, elastic articles
by mixing 100 parts of either linseed oil, cotton seed oil, or castor oil with from ten
to fifteen parts of chloride of sulphur and 20 to 30 parts of either bisulphide of carbon,
benzol, or mineral naphtha, and then pouring this mixture upon a glass plate or into a
mold, where, as he says, the mixture would set or harden. Instead of being poured
upon a glass plate, the mixture may also, he says, be spread upon cloth or worked
up with fibrous or other material. Yet his mixtures do not anticipate my solutions,
because:
Firstly The purpose and function of his extremely volatile diluents, namely:
bisulphide of carbon, mineral naphtha, benzol, in so small quantities as from 20 to
30 per cent of the weight of the oil, is not to dilute or dissolve an otherwise semi-
solid or solid compound, but merely to moderate through their evaporation the
reaction between the oil and the chloride of sulphur; while the purpose and functiou
of my non-volatile or but slowly volatile diluents, namely: oils, fats, and slowly
volatile hydrocarbons, in so large proportions as from 75 to 400 per cent of the weight
of the sulphochlorinated compound is to dilute or dissolve compounds which would
otherwise form semifluid or solid masses.
Secondly: His aim was to form mixtures which, when poured, before the ingredients
had completely combined, upon glass or into a mold, or spread in this condition upon
cloth, or worked up with fibrous or other material, would set or harden and form
variously shaped solid, elastic articles; while I use every means to prevent a spon-
taneous gelatinization or hardening, my object being to form liquid or easily liquefiable
compositions which shall undergo no change under those conditions under which
lubricants and paint oils are ordinarily kept.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I
claim is
.
1. The improvement in combining fatty bodies with chloride of sulphur, consisting
in diluting the chloride of sulphur with twice its weight or more of a comparatively
inert substance which is not volatilized at the temperature of the reaction.
2. The improvement in combining fatty bodies with chloride of sulphur, consisting
in diluting the fatty body with half its weight or more of a comparatively inert
substance which is not volatilized at the temperature of the reaction.
3. The improvement in combining fatty bodies with chloride of sulphur, consisting
in cooling the fatty body previous to the admixture of the chloride of sulphur.
4. The process of combining fatty bodies with chloride of sulphur, consisting in
adding the chloride of sulphur to the fat while warm or hot.

page_text: 5. The compounds of chloride of sulphur with the solid vegetable and animal fats
and waxes.
6. The compounds of chloride of sulphur with the fatty acids.
7. The process of making neutral sulphochlorinated fatty bodies, consisting in
adding to the fatty body or to the chloride of sulphur, previous to their being
combined, either an oxide, hydroxide, sulphide, borate or carbonate of manganese,
magnesium or calcium; or an amide, or an amido-acid.
S. The improvement in neutralizing sulphochlorinated fatty bodies consisting in
adding to them any one or a mixture of the following neutralizing agents:
(a) Liquid unsaturated organic compounds.
(7) Substances in solution: a concentrated solution of a hydroxide or carbonate
of the alkalis in water; a solution of the soaps of potassium, sodium, calciuni,
magnesium, manganese, or aluminum in oils; or a solution of the soaps of
calcium, magnesium, manganese, or aluminum in hydrocarbons.
(e) Substances in powder: an oxide, hydroxide, carbonate, sulphide, borate, or
soap of calcium, magnesium, manganese, or sodium.
9. The improvement in neutralizing sulphochlorinated fatty bodies, consisting in
blowing a gas through them which is charged with a volatile unsaturated compound.
10. Sulphochlorinated fatty bodies holding in suspension or solution a neutralizing
agent, or an unsaturated organic compound, or the chlorhydric-acid-derivatives of
either of these, or a mixture of the latter with the former.
11. The production of adhesive surfaces by means of sulphochlorinated fatty bodies.
12. Tissue rendered adhesive by a coating of sulphochlorinated fatty bodies.
13. The extinction of mercury by means of sulphochlorinated fatty bodies.
14. Mercury extinguished and suspended by means of sulphochlorinated fatty
bodies.
15. The preserving and waterproofing of leather and hide by means of sulpho-
chlorinated fatty bodies or of their solutions.
16. The conversion of hide into leather by means of sulphochlorinated fatty bodies
or of their solutions.
17. Leather and hide impregnated with sulphochlorinated fatty bodies or with
their solutions in oils, fats, or hydrocarbons.
18. The thickening of oils, fats and hydrocarbons by means of sulphochlorinated
fatty bodies.
19. The process for converting vulcanizable fatty bodies into readily drying
compounds, consisting in combining them with chloride of sulphur and a preparation
of manganese.
20. Lubricants and paint oils consisting of solutions of the sulphochlorinated fatty
bodies in ethereal or empyreumatic oils, in fluid or solid fatty bodies, in light or heavy
hydrocarbons, or in mixtures of such substances.
Dated this 4th day of September 1888.
W. P. THOMPSON & BOULT
Agents.