IMPROVEMENTS IN TILES, SLATING, AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF WATER-TIGHT JOINTS, AND IN THE COVERING AND CASING OF BUILDINGS AND OTHER ERECTIONS
Year: 1842

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, JAMES REED,
of Bishops Stortford, in the County of Hertford, Statuary and Mason, sends
greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at West-.
minster, the Second day of June, in the fifth year of Her reign, did, for
Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant- unto me, the said James
Reed, Her especial licence that I, the said James Reed, my executors,
administrators, or assigns, or such others as I, the said James Reed, my
executors, administrators, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no
others, from time to time and at all times during the term of years therein
expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within
England and Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, my Invention of
"IMPROVEMENTS IN TILES, SLATING, AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF WATER-TIGHT
JOINTS, AND IN THE COVERING AND CASING OF BUILDINGS AND OTHER ERECTIONS;"
in which said Letters Patent is contained a proviso, obliging me, the said
James Reed, by an instrument in writing under my hand, to particularly
describe and ascertain the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner
the same is to be performed, and to cause the same to be inrolled in Her
said Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar months next and
immediately after the date of the said in part recited Letters Patent, as in
and by the same, reference being thereunto had, will more fully and at large
appear.

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
James Reed, do hereby declare the nature of my said Invention to consist,
first, in an improved form of and improved method of manufacturing by
pressure roofing, facing, paving, and other tiles, and facing and other bricks
and slabs, and likewise in certain modes of enriching and ornamenting the
same; secondly, in an improved compressed composition of materials for the
manufacture of tiles, ornamental and other bricks, facings and mouldings for
covering, casing, and facing buildings, which improved composition, when
manufactured according to my aforesaid improved method, is fit for use without
subsequent burning; thirdly, in the peculiar method of slating, covering, and
casing of buildings with slates, stone, and other slabs and materials, as regards
the arrangement. of the rafters or battens, as the case may be, and in certain
improvements in the method of laying, arranging, fastening, and securing such
slates, stone, or other slabs and materials, and rendering the joints tight
against the admission of water. And, in further compliance with the said
proviso, I, the said James Reed, do hereby describe the manner in which my
said Invention is to be performed by the following statement thereof, reference
being had to the Drawings annexed, and to the figures and letters marked

page_text: the top face and not on the raised fillet of the lower tile, and that sufficient
space or overlapping is allowed between the corresponding fillets to prevent
their touching laterally, so as to occasion or increase capillary attraction, and.
likewise that a sufficient breadth be allowed in the cup y to permit of a
sideway adjustment, between the tiles in each course, in order to stretch out or
fit up each row to the ends of the roof, which in the alternate lines is
occasionally required to be accomplished by means of a half tile e, as shewn
in Figure 6. I provide the back of each tile with a stud or button d, as
shewn in Figure 5, of sufficient substance to suspend such tile on the battern
or lathing of the roof, like ordinary pantiles.
Figure 5 represents a longitudinal section of the tile, described in Figure ),.
shewing the button d, before referred to, and the upper and under edge fillets,
before referred to, by dotted lines.
Figure 6 represents the arrangement of the tiles in several courses, c, c, e, e,
ff, and g, g.
e represents a side half tile at one end of a course to fit up the.
barging. g in this Figure represents the bottom half of a tile to fit up to.
the ridge board with a raised fillet (i) along the top, which tile I fit up to the
ridge board by nailing or otherwise.
Figure 7 represents a section of the coupling joint, formed by the two-
fillets of the tiles where they overlap on the curved or oblique line.
Figure 8 represents a perspective view of a valley tile made to fit to the
angle or intersection of the roofs, on the principle above described, in order to
form a channel for the water of both roofs, and having the fillets formed
thereon, one round the greater part of the top and the other partly round the:
bottom edges of the tile, as described in the Drawings, but having its shape.
so far altered as is required for the purpose of its fitting in its particular,
situation, not only the intersection of the roofs but also the adjoining tiles,
and having two buttons d, d, at the back to suspend it on the lathing, which
carries the other tiles one on each side of the valley rafter.
Figure 9 represents a bird's-eye view of a valley tile in its place in reference
to the adjoining tiles.
Figures 10 represents, the one a cross section and the other a perspective
view, of a barging tile with the side k turned down to form an ornamental
side covering of the joint or overlapping of the tiles at the barge end of the
roof, to supersede the present mode of fitting and finishing the barging with
lath, plaster, cement, or mortar.
Figure 11 represents a longitudinal section of an eaves tile made upon the
above principle, but having a hole (m) through it, with a lip or collar at the
back or bottom of such hole, forming a throat, and furnished on the top faco

page_text: of such tile with a raised fillet (n) to check and throw back the flow of water,
and the face of the tile being also depressed towards the aperture, tending to
collect and conduct the water through the throat of the tile into an obscured
gutter or eaves trough underneath. For the convenience of reference I make
use of similar letters in each of the foregoing Figures to denote similar parts.
The tiles being constructed on the above principles, I suspend them in their
places by their buttons on horizontal and parallel battens or laths, side by side,
in rows or courses, taking care that the roof be of such an inclination, that
when the top end of a tile is placed on the batten and the bottom end on the
tiles in the course below, the inclination will be sufficient to cause a ready
draught of water to the lower point z of the tile, although it will be evident
that by reason of the cup formed upon the top part of the tile by the raised
edge fillet that inclination need not be so great for effectually keeping out
water as the inclination required in ordinary tiling. I then lay the first tier
or eaves course c, c, c, side by side, as shewn in Figure 6, and I then proceed
to lay the next course e, e, upon them, also side by side, but so laid that the
point of each tile be placed over the join where the tiles in the lower course
meet together, taking care to place the heels a, x, of the tiles e, e, in the cup
y of the tiles of the under course, and to proceed with the successive courses
up to the ridge of the building, where I fit up to the ridge board with the
lower parts or portions of tiles, as shewn by g in Figure 6, and I fit up to the
large board or gable ends in the same manner with half tiles, as shewn in
Figure 6, or with barging tiles, as shewn in Figure 10, which are made right
and left for that purpose. It will be apparent, from this arrangement of tiles
of the above description, that they will have the effect of a succession of cups,
each emptying itself into another below, and that the water delivered from
each tile by its under edge fillet will flow on to the tile below within the cup
formed by the raised fillets, and will in like manner be continued downward
from cup to cup until it passes through the eaves tile or escapes from the roof
The overlapping of the tiles and inverted fillets, when arranged as above
described, will be found to produce the secure coupling joint, described in
sectional Figure 7, which, it is hardly necessary to add, affords great protection
against driving rain, snow, wind, and weather, particularly when the tiles are
set with a little cement or thin mortar, for which they form a most convenien
receptacle, by the key or tooth which they present, thereby securely holding
the cement or mortar from dropping out and crumbling away under the action
of the sun and weather, as in the pointing of ordinary tiles. I apply the
principle of this double or reversed fillet joint to the covering of buildings
with overlapping stone, slate, or other slabs of that description, which I ther

page_text: cause to be manipulated or wrought in order to form such fillets, similar to
those described in Figures 4 and 20; or I fix fillets upon them and render the
joint effective by means of the caoutchouc insertion, herein-after mentioned,
or otherwise; and when the slabs are thus prepared with reversed fillets I place
them upon buildings on battens, rafters, or timbers, laid either horizontally or
obliquely (as I have herein-after described in reference to slating), and as
shewn in Fig. 20, and which I fasten on and secure in a similar manner.
I now proceed to describe my improvements in tiles for facing the exterior
and interior of buildings.
Figure 12 is a front view of one of my exterior facing tiles, which is a tile
of burnt earth, consisting of three several parrallel steps, the upper of which
steps (a) forms the exterior plane or face of the tile when placed on a building;
and in the tile I am about to describe the form is hexagon, or a six-sided
plane surface; the second of which steps (b) is another plane, furnished with
two raised fillets d, d, along the exterior edges, and is set back (as shewn in
the sectional Figure 13) so far as will allow of the plane a of the next super-
added tile forming one continuous even face or surface. The third step c of
each tile is further set back to make room for the knee or shoulders formed
by the second step of the same and another tile when they are arranged or
fixed in their places, as shewn in the Drawing, Figure 14, when they will all
fit together, the outer planes a 1, a 2, a 3 forming one continuous even face or
surface. It will then be evident that the joints e, e, e, of the three planes
will have the second step of the first tile to cover them in their rear, and check
the passage of air or driving water through them, and that the third step will
form a cup (c) at the back of the tiles a 2 and a 3 to catch or collect water
(if any) found running down the interior of the tiling from above, whether
arising from internal condensation or getting in at any of the joints, and such
cups and the fillets on the second step or plane b will operate to direct the
water down to the shoulders of the plane a, where it will be checked in its
downward course, and either wholly or partially find its way out at those joints
or sholders, which I bevil off both downwards and outwards, as shewn by g, g,
in the sectional Figure 13, for more effectually accomplishing this object.
The principal features in these improved facing tiles are, first, the particular
method of fitting the exterior facings together in oblique, diagonal, and curved
lines, having the various joints covered at the back with less weights and
material, and more security of bringing the water outwards than in ordinary
facing tiles, and which I accomplish in a variety of different patterns (not
being rectangular planes, more ornamental than facing tiles heretofore in
use; and, secondly, the cup fillets and outwardly bevilled fitting joints, for

page_text: collecting, confining, and bringing out water from the back or interior of
the tiling. It need scarcely be stated, that these fillets, at the same time they
confine and direct the course of water outwards, also provide a ready means
(by being rendered easy of chipping or being rubbed down) for fitting
and adjusting the external surfaces of the tiles to one uniform plane surface,
and that they likewise provide what is called a key or tooth to hold cement
or mortar most effectually, when it is proposed by such means to form a close
joint and set the tiles therein, and which it is desirable to do at the points
ff, f, with a small portion, in order to form a check to the water running
from the shoulders down the perpendicular joint. In constructing these tiles
I make the back of the cup or third step serve for a button by which to
suspend the main weight of the tile on a batten or lath, which (the tiles being
made uniform in their construction) will afford a ready method of adjusting
the tiles in right lines with regularity when the workmen is placing them on
the building, and I perforate the second step or plane with one or more holes
for the purpose of screwing or otherwise fixing it to the lath or building. I
need hardly add, that in covering a building the alternate courses will require
at the one end or other to be fitted up with a half or other portions of tiles,
or that the corners of the building may be perfected by tiles of a similar de-
scription, but made to fit to the angle required. The interior facing tiles I
construct in a similar manner; but inasmuch as there is the less occasion to
to provide against the entry of water from the exterior, I substitute the close
fitting edges of the exterior plane partly by a groove or ornamental moulding &
shewn by the sectional Figure 15.
Having explained the peculiar construction of my improved roofing and
facing tiles, I now proceed to state my improvements in the method of con-
structing them, and likewise paving and other tiles, and facing and other
bricks, which I accomplish by simultaneously stamping and punching, or
cutting, pressing, and enriching, in the following manner :-
After preparing the clay or material, of which I propose to construct the
tiles, in the ordinary way, and grinding it in a pug mill or otherwise, as is
usually done, but which I prefer to do with the application of as little water as
possible in order to occasion the less shrinkage, I form it into plain slices in
moulds in the usual manner, and of nearly an equal thickness, somewhat larger
in size than the surface of the tile I purpose to construct in order to allow
for the ordinary shrinkage in drying; I then set those slices to dry, and
thus mainly accomplish the shrinkage, which more or less takes place in
drying wet clay; I then lay the slice (before it becomes too dry to undergo
the operation conveniently) upon a die, which I prefer to be of cast-iron,

page_text: so constructed as to give one side of the proposed material for the tile
the shape and impression required for that side, and when placed on that
die I submit it to another die of the same description, but so constructed as
to give to the opposite side of the material the impression intended for that
side of the tile, care being taken that such two dies are so constructed that as
nearly an equal quantity of the material may be depressed by the male portion
of either die as is required to supply the cavity in the female portion of the
other die. The exterior form of these dies should be similar, in order that
both may be admitted into and move, up and down in a cylindrical or hollow
frame, the inside of which is of corresponding shape to the outside of the dies,
and such cylindrical or hollow frame having one end provided with a cutting
edge I employ to cut off so much of the clay or material as is not required
to form the tile. One of the dies in the press I use is fitted within the cylin-
drical or hollow frame with a strong spring or elastic material at its back,
giving a powerful resistance to the pressure of the moving die within the fixed
hollow frame; or I load the die with weights to accomplish the same purpose,
to give the impression on one side of the intended tile, though still yielding to
any extraordinary or undue pressure, in order to avoid damage to the press.
The other die, with the slice of clay or material to be made into a tile upon
it, is then exhibited to the cylinder end and interior die, and, by a powerful
and mechanical compression applied, it is forced into the cylinder or hollow
frame, taking the impression from both dies, is freed from the extraneous clay
or material; and when the dies are released from the compression, the spring,
elastic material, or weight restores the interior die to its former position, and
ejects the tile thus formed, which is then taken away upon an ordinary pallet
to dry. This pallet on which the tile is set to dry should be made rather less
than that surface of the tile within the fillets, in order to prevent the fillets
from being broken off or injured by any contraction of the material against the
pallet edge. The tile thus male is then placed to dry in a closed house or
shed, as free from drafts of air as possible, that splitting or cracking may be
avoided, and when sufficiently dry (if the material is such as to require burn-
ing) it is burnt in a kiln in the ordinary way, packed edgeways, and arched
over with bricks or saggers to avoid their being crushed or bent. I annex a
Drawing of my machine for constructing the tiles above described, as it may
serve more clearly to elucidate the method by which at the same time the tiles
are simultaneously cut and pressed, and the shape, fillets, and ornamental enrich-
ment perfected. I decorate these articles at the same time in a very simple
manner, with coronets, crests, and other ornaments or devices, by causing such

page_text: ornamental designs to be sunk in one or other of the dies, which is also the
subject of my claim to exclusive privilege, as herein-after mentioned.
I con-
struct and decorate facing and other bricks in a similar manner, but less care
is requisite in the manufacture of them than of tiles, being less liable to warp
and damage in drying and burning. In addition to the above method of orna-
menting and enriching tiles and facings I adopt the following, which I consider
an improvement upon encaustic tiles, inasmuch as they will be much more
durable--I take such ornamental letters, figures, or other devices as I wish
to insert or embody in the tiles made of porcelain or other like material, and I
insert or embody them into the clay or other material of which I purpose to
make the tiles or facings; I then submit the materials of which the tile is to
be formed to the operation of the press, for cutting and powerfully compressing
it, in manner herein-before described, and (if made of a material intended to
be burnt) I proceed to burn the same in the ordinary manner after the same
shall have become perfectly dry and ready for burning; but care should be taken
in the cutting and pressing of these tiles that they be properly placed in the
machine, so that the proposed ornaments or devices be not injured, or any
want of uniformity occasioned in separating the tile from the extraneous matter
in the operation of cutting or punching, and that in the burning the tempera-
ture be very gradully got up, to prevent too sudden a contraction or expansion
of either part.
I now proceed to explain the nature of my improvements in regard to the
formation of the composition of which I construct tiles, ornamental and other
facings, bricks, and mouldings for covering, casing, and facing buildings ex-
ternally and internally, in order to produce a sound article without subsequent
burning, which improvement consists in the use of an equal portion, or about
fifty per cent. in quantity, of finely powdered, ground, or pulverized bricks,
tiles, or other already burnt earth, with the like proportion of newly slaked
lime, or of any ordinary cement, well mixed or ground together, with a sufficient
quantity of water first applied to the lime or the cement in order to reduce it
to a creamy consistency; and when, by sufficient mixing or grinding together
of the lime or cement, and the pulverized material, the composition is
brought into a strong doughy or ductile state sufficiently stiff to be conveniently
handled or manipulated, I introduce it into moulds or dies in the manner above
mentioned, and submit it to powerful compression by mechanical means, for
effecting at the same time a strong adhesion of the parts, and securing the
insertion of any proposed decoration into the material, and cutting, converting,
and fashioning that material into the article required in the same manner

page_text: which I have herein-before described in reference to constructing the tiles
herein-before mentioned, and which when effected I take out of the press and
dry and harden until fit for use.
And here I will describe the press which I use for the purpose aforesaid,
reference being had to the Drawing annexed. The machine is in form of a
pedestal with open sides. Inside the pedestal is a cast-iron frame, the upper
portion of which, A is cylindrical, and works up and down in a circular aperture
in the top of the pedestal. This frame, which carries the lower die B on its
top, is raised and depressed by the revolution of a cranck C, driven by a wheel
and pinion, by which the alternate operation of pressure and release is effected,
the die being withdrawn and recharged with a slice of clay during the time
when the rising frame is below the surface of the pedestal. The top of the
rising frame is in form of a truncated cone, corresponding with a cavity D
in the under side of the die, by which the accuracy of its position relative with
the upper die E is at all times secured. The rails F, F, are angular and
planed true, and as the die slides on them up to a fixed stop, this, in conjunc-
tion with the truncated cone, ensures perfect steadiness in every direction, and
drives the upper die up the cylindrical or hollow frame G, G, which, being
provided with the cutting edges H, H, severs the extraneous clay from the
intended article.
I now proceed to explain my improvements in slating, covering, and casing
of buildings with slate, stone, or other slabs. In the first place, the particular
form of the slate I employ in this my improved method of slating, covering,
and casing buildings is hexagon, and will be more conveniently described by
my terming them diamond squares or other parellelograms, having their lateral
corners a, a, removed, as shewn in Figure 16, for the purpose of closing them
together, and producing (when arranged in their courses as after mentioned) a
lapping upon the under course of the slates in oblique and diagonal lines. The
extent of that part of the slate to be removed at the lateral corners will be
governed by the extent of lapping required, and the space it is intended to
leave between each slate when placed together laterally, for the purpose of
driving the nails or pins between them, by which I fix on the slates. I first
arrange and fix the battens, where battens are used, or rafters of the roof for
carrying the slates, where battens are not used, obliquely on the building, as
describe:l in Figure 17; the angle or oblique inclination from the wall plate
or horizontal line which I prefer to adopt being 45°, and the distance at which
I fix the rafters or battens apart will depend upon the length or breadth of
the slates and the lap required, and I so arrange the rafters that each slate may

page_text: have a bearing at both of its opposite or parallel sides upon the successive
rafters or battens, as shewn in Figure 17. The slates being first prepared for
fixing, by having their two lateral corners cut off, and by being drilled at the
top corner for nailing on, I proceed to lay them in the following manner:-
First, I lay the eaves course a, a, a, side by side on the horizontal line, nailing
the top corners to the battens or rafters, but not driving the nail head home
until the next course is put on, and the lateral corners of the two adjoining
slates are introduced under it, so that by one nail (having a large head or
shoulder) I fix them all; I then lay such next course b, b, b, overlapping the
lower course as much as is required, covering the lateral joints of the course
below with the lower corners of the said course of slates b, b, b, and at the
same time introducing them under the heads of the two side nails, as above
mentioned; I then nail the top corners to the battens or rafters, as above
described (but not driving the nails home until the next course is laid); I
then fix the lateral corners by driving home the nails to secure them; and I
so proceed with the subsequent upper courses, until I finish up to the ridge
board on the last course with parts or portions of similar slates. Care must
be taken that the slates be as nearly of equal size as may be, and that the
rafters or battens be equidistant and parallel, and the slates cut and drilled to
a guage, when it will be evident, that by the arrangement of the battens or
rafters, and the arranging and placing on of the slates, in manner above described,
it will be found, among many other advantages, that the slates will not be so
liable to break at the corners as when placed diagonally on horizontal battens.
In order to protect the slates from rattling, or being lifted up at the lower
corners by high winds, to render the overlapping joint more effectual against
weather, and the admission of snow or water to impede the capillary attrac-
tion incident to ordinary slating, and to render more watertight those parts of
the roof where the slates are nailed to the battens or rafters, I make use of a
particular description of pin, which I call a "tye pin," shewn in Figure 18
annexed, and a collar or sheet of caoutchouc or other elastic and waterproof
material, to prevent water finding its way down it into the timber; and I like-
wise introduce bands of the same or other material between the slates, which
I compress by means of such pin, as herein-after described, in order to secure
the joints. This pin is about two inches long (when used only for ordinary
slating), having a collar or shoulder (a), about one inch and a quarter from the
point, the shank being flat, or triangular, to prevent its readily turning round in
its place whilst the nut (6) with which it is furnished is being screwed up to
its bearing on the slates which it is intended to fasten down thereby; but I do

page_text: not always resort to the screw power, for I sometimes find soldering or bending
over the top shank when in its place after pressing down the slate with the
band will be sufficient to effect the purpose intended.
I now therefore proceed to explain more particularly the other means by
which I effect these objects. Instead of the ordinary nails I use this tye pin,
and I drill the slates at both corners, top and bottom, at the proper distance
apart, which should be carefully guaged. After fastening the eaves course
with the pins between the lateral corners, I take a small circular piece of sheet
caoutchouc or india- rubber about the size of a shilling, and passing the pin
through its centre, I nail the top corner of that course of slates to the battens
or rafters, taking care to drive the shoulder and collar well home to the top of
the slate, in order to render the hole watertight by means of the india-rubber;
and I sometimes place under the corner of the slate before I fix it a piece of
cork, about the size of a shilling, and about a quarter of an inch thick, to
support the corner of the slate, and assist in securing the hole, through
which I drive the tye pin, as above described; I then take a band or strip of
caoutchouc, tarred yarn, or other material fit for the purpose, and fasten it at
one end to the tye pin (X), securing the end slate of the eaves course, and wind
it alternately over the top corner (y) of each slate and round the upper shank
of the tye pin, which secures the side corner of the same course (as shewn by
the colored line in Figure 17, to the end of that course; I then lay on the
next course of slates, placing the lower corner of each slate, (which is previously
drilled for the purpose, as above mentioned, over the upstanding shank of the
tye pin, which seeres the top corner of the lower course of slates; I then
screw down the bottom corner of the slates I am now putting on by means
of the nut, and I nail the top corners with the tye pin and collar, driving
the pin home to compress the collar tight; and having fixed that course,
I proceed, in manner above stated, to wind another band along that course
in a similar way, and so proceed with the successive courses to the top of
the roof, by which means each course of slates is separated from the other
by the bands, so as to prevent their rattling, and being compressed by the
nuts and screws on the elastic materials, they are thereby rendered com-
paratively water-tight, but will notwithstanding allow water internally con-
densed upon the roof to come out between the slates at that place where
the lateral corners are removed and to run down the outer surface of the under
slate. Among other advantages of this mode of slating and covering buildings,
will readily be discerned the comparative ease and simplicity with which
a broken or damaged slate may be replaced. To effect this, after having
removed the broken slate, I take another of the same dimensions, and having

page_text: made a saw cut b at the top corner (as shewn in Figure 16, to admit the
pin which fastens down the slates in the courses above, I introduce the new
slate into the place of the broken one, and drop the lower corner (already
drilled at that corner for that purpose) over the upstanding shank of my
improved tye pin, which secures the two lateral corners of the slates below
(having first removed the nut), which I then replace and screw down on the
new slate. This new slate will then be supported at the lower corner by the
tye pin, instead of being suspended at the upper corner, as originally put on.
In covering and casing buildings with rectangular stone slabs or slab slates
to forni an even or flush face or surface without lapping over, I arrange the
rafters or timbers both horizontally and perpendicularly at such distances
apart as to correspond with the length or breadth of the slabs, and I require
the rafters or timbers to be of such dimensions in width or substance as will
be sufficient to carry the ends of both slates and also enable me to screw or
bolt both the slabs on to them sideways, as shewn in Figure 19. The rafters
or timbers, as well perpendicular as horizontal, having all been first brought
to an even face, and the slabs being of equal thickness, I lay on the timbers
a strip of sheet caoutchouc or india-rubber a, a, and I place the slabs upon
the caoutchouc, fitting up the ends to a fair even joint; I then compress the
slabs against the caoutchouc or india-rubber by bolts or screws driven through
the slabs and india-rubber into the timbers, by which, or other means, I
powerfully compress the caoutchouc. The stiffness of the slabs will produce
a sufficiently even pressure all along the india-rubber, which being of itself
elastic, will yield to the pressure, and so effectually introduce itself into the
cavities of the slabs and compressing material as to effect a completely water-
tight joint. I then fill in any cavity left between the ends or sides of the
slabs with putty or other substance, to prevent the stagnation of water and
make the work good; and I in this simple manner accomplish other most
effectual water-tight joints, not only in the roofing, covering, and casing of
buildings but in joining the parts of many mechanical erections connected
therewith, such as tanks, gutters, eaves, troughs, cisterns, baths, floorings, and
other such like things, in which the principle has not hitherto been adopted.
Now, whereas, I claim as my Invention the following improvements:-
First, the peculiar form of roofing tiles, herein-before and in the Figures and
Drawings hereunto annexed, described, or referred to, whereby I obtain the
overlapping coupling joint herein-before mentioned in diagonal, oblique, and
curved lines by the operation of the reversed fillets, herein-before described.
Secondly, the peculiar form of valley caves and barging tiles hercin-before
and in the Figures and Drawings annexed, described or referred to.

page_text: Thirdly, the forming of stone, slate, or other slabs for roofing or covering
buildings with reverse fillets, as herein-before described, and as shewn at
Figure 20.
Fourthly, the peculiar form of facing tiles with receding steps, fillets,
bevilled and ornamental edges and shoulders, as herein-before and in the
Drawings annexed, described or referred to, the outward edges of their
surfaces fitting into or corresponding with the outward edges of other similar
tiles in oblique and curved lines, as herein-before also described.
Fifthly, the method herein-before described of manufacturing tiles, mouldings,
and facing or other bricks and slabs in a press as aforesaid, by simultaneously
punching and stamping or cutting out and pressing the same out of plane
surfaces or slices of clay or other material, and in raising on or depressing
therein, by the means aforesaid or otherwise, fillets, crests, arms, or other such
like devices, as herein-before or in the Drawings annexed are described or
referred to.
Sixthly, the use and application of pulverized brick, tile, or other the like
burnt clay or material, mixed with lime or other cement as aforesaid, in
the manufacture of tiles, facing, and other bricks and slabs, and ornamental
and other mouldings and facings for buildings, compressed by mechanical
means, as herein-before or in the Drawing annexed is described or referred
to, instead of being subjected to the fire in the ordinary way.
Seventhly, laying the rafters of buildings obliquely for supporting and
affixing thereto slates, slating, and stone and other slabs in diagonal or oblique
lines without the use of battens, and where battens are used, the fixing the
said battens in an oblique direction and slating upon them in a diagonal
direction with square slates, as herein-before or in the Drawings annexed is
described, mentioned, or referred to. And also I claim fastening several slates
or slabs by means of one and the same pin, as herein-before described, and
likewise fastening down the lower corners of slates or slabs, as before described,
and effecting necessary repairs by introducing and securing slates or slabs in
place of such as are damaged, in manner herein-before described.
And, lastly, I claim the use and application of collars, bands, and strips of
caoutchouc or india-rubber in an elastic state, in manner herein-before men-
tioned, for rendering the joints or parts to which it is applied in roofing,
covering, and casing buildings, and other erections, as herein-before described,
water-tight, and less liable to capillary attraction.
And such my Invention being to the best of my knowledge and belief
entirely new, and never before used within that part of Her said Majesty's
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland called England, Her said Domi-

page_text: nion of Wales, and Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, I do hereby declare this to
be my Specification of the same, and that I do verily believe this my Specifi-.
doth comply in all respects fully and without reserve or disguise with the
proviso in the said herein-before in part recited Letters Patent contained,
whereupon I hereby claim to maintain exclusive right and privilege to my said
Invention.
In witness whereof, I, the said James Reed, have hereunto set my hand
and seal, this Second day of December, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and forty-two.
A. H. LYNCH.
James Reed, in the presence of
JOHN GEO. HUGHES.
AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the same Second day of December,
in the year above mentioned, the aforesaid James Reed came before our Lady
the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged the Specification aforesaid,
and all and every thing therein contained, in form above written. And also
the Specification aforesaid was stamped according to the tenor of the Statute
in that case made and provided.