IMPROVEMENTS IN LOOMS FOR WELVING
Year: 1882

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Pierre Isaac Garin-Moroy, of la Vallée aux Bleds,
France, Iron Founder, for an Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN LOOMS FOR
WELVING"
"
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION filed by the said Pierre Isaac Garin-Moroy at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 29th November 1882.
PIERRE ISAAC GARIN-MOROY, of la Vallée aux Bleds, France, Iron Founder,
"IMPROVEMENTS IN LOOMS FOR WEAVING"
My invention relates to improvements in looms for weaving cloth, cotton, silk
and other textile fabrics, and comprises improvements in the warp-beam or carrier
for the chain or warp threads and the beam or carrier for the threads forming the
surface of the fabric, the crank shaft for operating the lathe, the stops for the lathe,
the brake or device for stopping and turning back the loom, the securing of the
different rotary parts upon their axles without keys or feathers, and the automatic
regulation or adjustment of the tension upon the warp-threads.
The principal distinctive characteristics of each of these improvements are as
follow, viz
In the warp beams, firstly, the employment in their construction of a tube of
copper or brass formed by means of a draw-plate; secondly, the formation, in the
drawing operation, of a longitudinal groove for securing the chain or the original
threads of the fabric to the beam; thirdly, the employment of wrought iron shafts
or axles formed with a rebate and brazed into the said tube; fourthly, the
employment, in place of these wrought iron axles, of hollow or solid axles of cast
iron, secured simply by means of heat in the copper tube; fifthly, the perforation
of the body of the warp-beam with two rows of long holes or apertures, arranged
as hereinafter described, and the employment of two plates or rods having blades
fitting into these holes or apertures for fixing the ends of the threads of the warp
or fabric; sixthly, as a modification of the preceding arrangement, the employment
of a band of paper, cloth, leather or other suitable material gummed or rendered
adhesive for fixing to the ends of the said threads.
With respect to the crank shaft, first, its manufacture in cast iron; second, the
employment of cast steel in place of cast iron in cases where it is necessary; third,

page_text: the equilibration by counterweights of the cranks alone or of the cranks with their
connecting rods, which equilibration is produced by weights either cast on the
shaft or attached thereto; fourth, the application of the said equilibration to
existing shafts; fifth, dispensing with any grooves, holes, or flattened parts upon
the shafts for keys to secure the rotary parts of the loom thereon.
In the stops for the lathe, first, the employment of elastic stops with a limited
stroke; second, the construction of elastic stops, either by means of a folded spring,
or by means of a vertical arm of cast iron, steel or wrought iron, rendered elastic
by giving it a suitable form or length, and fixed solidly at its base to the frame of
the loom.
In the brake, first, the application against the fly-wheel on the crank shaft, at
the desired moment, of a device designed to store the impulse of the disconnected
loom and to restore it afterwards in such a manner as to bring the loom into the
position it occupied when the disconnection or throwing out of gear took place;
second, the control of the brake, by the disconnecting lever, for the broken weft;
third, the release of the brake by a movement of levers, connected or not
connected to the disconnecting lever of the machine.
In the fixing of the devices of the loon without keying, first, the application of
slits enabling the elasticity of the metal to aid in the securing of the said devices
on their shafts or axles by means of one or more bolts; second, the application of
this mode of fixing to the warp-beams.
In the automatic tension regulator for the warp threads, first, the oscillation,
effected by the warp-threads, of the lifting and tightening roller, to produce a
sensibly regular tension, this oscillation being limited either by springs or by
counterweights; second, the construction of the said roller by means of a metallic
tube in order to reduce its weight; third, the employment, in some cases, as an
axis of oscillation of the tightener, of a tube surrounding a cross-bar of the frame,
arranged for this purpose; fourth, the employment, for carrying the tightening
roller, of supports movable in any direction, fixed upon the tube of the axis by the
means above described with reference to the rotary devices or parts of the loom.
In order that my said invention may be better understood in all its parts, I
have represented in the accompanying drawings different combinations, devices and
details of construction comprised in the said invention,
Figures 1 to 14 represent the several parts of the warp beam with some
modifications thereof.
Figures 15 to 19 represent the crank shaft in its various forms, and the
equilibrating weights.
Figures 20 to 25 illustrate two arrangements of the elastic stops, designed to
diminish the shock to the lathe.
Figures 26 to 30 illustrate the part of the loom relating to its control and to the
brake apparatus.
Figure 31 represents the arrangement for regulating the tension of the warp
threads.
Figure 50 illustrates the mode of constructing and fixing the supports of the
tightener.
Figures 33 to 37. represent in detail the mounting of the parts of the picker
motion.
Figures 38 to 49 represent different applications of the improved mode of fixing
the gear-wheels, pulleys, cams and other rotary devices upon their shafts or axles.
The warp beam D (Figures 1, 2 and 3), which is of drawn copper, has the
advantage of being light, strong not liable to oxidation and of uniform diameter
without being turned, its axles or journals E of wrought iron (Figures 11 and 12)
are provided with a rebate as shown in Figure 11, and are brazed to the tubular
portion of the warp beam D and finished upon a turning lathe.
In order to avoid the operation of brazing, axles or journals of cast iron can be
employed, constructed as shown in plan and elevation in Figures 13 and 14, the
length of the part fitted into the body of the warp beam fixes the journal therein

page_text: with sufficient firmness, in some cases, but if necessary the journals can be secured
by means of rivets or screws, or they can be made with external screw-threads to
fit into corresponding internal screw threads formed in the ends of the warp
beam D.
To fix the thread upon the warp beam, the ordinary groove or slot is employed,
which, in this case, will be formed in the tube D, by the drawing operation and
will be semi-circular in transverse section as shown in Figure 9, or of other suitable
form. In some cases however, I substitute for this groove various arrangements
hereinafter described for example I employ for fixing the ends of the warp threads
upon the warp beam, a thin band or strip of paper, cloth, leather or other suitable
material strongly gummed, this strip is represented in Figure 10 and is about six
centimetres wide; the half of this width is applied and secured to the surface of
the warp beam and the other half is secured upon the threads, as will be understood
by referring to Figure 10.
Another mode of attaching the threads to the warp beam is as follows, that is to
say, the warp beam is perforated with two rows of long apertures A, those of one
row being out of line with those of the other row as shown in Figure 1, and two
thin plates or rods C are employed having blades B, which, when the warp threads
are well spread out with a brush upon the warp beam, are placed in such a manner
that the said blades force the threads into the holes A. and secure them therein;
the slight thickness of these plates or rods (about one third of a millimetre) does
not cause an injurious projection upon the circumference of the warp-beam, the
width of the said plates or rods C, which exceeds by about four millimetres that
of the blades B, assists these blades (which taper slightly), in ensuring the attach-
ment of the threads upon the warp beam.
The plate or rod C and the blades B can be made of brass, steel or other suitable
material, the length and width of the holes A can be varied according to the size of
the blades B.
In order to avoid any projection upon the warp beam, a shallow groove is
sometimes made in which the plate C is completely sunk.
These different arrangements can be employed either for the warp beam or for
that upon which the threads forming the surface of the fabric are wound.
The crank shaft for operating the lathe and which also serves as the driving
shaft of the loom, when made of wrought iron presents inconveniences which the
cast iron shafts avoid or diminish; the latter (Figures 15, 16, and 17) are more
economical, less liable to bend, wear less rapidly and can be made with greater
facility than the wrought iron shafts, they can, moreover, be equilibrated by means
of pieces H cast on the shaft, and of the same weight as the cranks G or as the
cranks and their connecting rods, in order to obtain an equilibrium of the parts
during their motion. This feature is important for rendering easy and regular the
action of the brake apparatus.
The equilibrating weights H which are shown opposite the cranks (Figure 16),
in order to facilitate turning the crank pins may be separated and still form part
of the shaft, or they can be made removable and secured on the shaft by bolts or
otherwise.
This shaft does not require any groove aperture, or the like for set-screws, nor
any flattening for keys, as all the devices carried by the shaft are fixed by clamping
by means of one or more bolts, naves, sleeves or rings rendered contractile as above
stated.
These devices can be tightened or slackened with ease and rapidity in any of
their positions on the shaft, either in a transverse direction or in a longitudinal
direction without injury to the shaft
The dimensions of the shafts may be the same as those usually employed with
wrought iron shafts, or these dimensions may be varied, if necessary.
The equilibration, being of great importance in this class of machines, I sometimes
apply it to the crank shafts, of existing looms especially with a view to the employ-
ment of the improved brake apparatus upon old looms, I effect this application by the

page_text: employment of removable weights. As shown in Figures 18 and 19, these weights
are formed of two parts with projections t, which parts are fixed upon the shaft by
a single bolt, without the necessity for removing the shaft from the loom.
The stops ordinarily employed for the lathe cause a shock so violent that all the
parts of the loom suffer. The elastic stops which I employ diminish the violence
of this shock, without allowing the lathe to pass the necessary limit of its stroke
which is strictly limited by the fixed stops P on the frame M, shown in Figures 20
and 23, after the shock has been almost entirely prevented by the elastic stops.
The latter consist either of a piece N of sufficient length represented in Figures 20
and 21 and the arrangement of which is extremely simple, or of a spring K,
represented in Figures, 23, 24, and 25, The lathe should be brought to a stop in a
very limited space (say in about from five to eight millimetres) 1 therefore
employ means or devices having great elasticity but with a short stroke, such as
those produced on the one hand by the spring K, which is enclosed within grooves
formed in the head J of the fixed stop, and on the other hand by the piece N
forming the stop, the length and power of which must be properly arranged
according to the weight and speed of the lathe, and also according to the amount
of elasticity which it is desired to give to these pieces. The employment of cast
iron for forming elastic pieces to be used as stops renders their application easy and
economical
If cast or wrought steel, or malleable cast iron is to be substituted for the cast
iron, the pieces N can be made, as shown in Figures 20, 21 and 22, in two parts,
one of which will form the flexible and elastic body of the piece and the other the
head or wearing part O.
Referring to the arrangement represented in Figures 23, 24, and 25, the spring K
is of steel of square or rectangular transverse section; by reason of the manner of
mounting this spring, the shock is not produced directly upon it, but upon a block L
forming a sliding piece and engaging for a part of its thickness in the guides or
grooves containing the spring, this block is held in position by the plate Q fixed by
means of screws or rivets.
The brake apparatus represented in Figures 26, 27, and 28, is designed to store
the force of inertia, preserved by the loom after its disconnection by reason of the
breakage of the weft, in order to drive back the loom to the extent it has travelled
since the moment when the brake was applied, and thus bring it back to the point
where the weft is broken,
This arrangement constitutes an important improvement, as regards the daily
production, as well as being particularly adapted for the service of the broken weft,
it effects great saving of time by the promptness of the stoppage and by returning
the loom immediately to the position for the weft to be repaired. These advantages
are very considerable when the weft is of inferior quality.
Figure 26 illustrates the means which I prefer to employ for constructing this
brake apparatus but I may easily substitute for the volute spring R, a spiral spring,
or a weight attached to a cord wound upon a part of the roller X arranged for this
purpose in the form of a windlass, without modifying or altering the principle or
character of the improved brake apparatus.
The brake apparatus as shown is constructed as follows, that is to say, a strong
volute spring R is arranged within the roller or drum X, one of the extremities of
this spring is fitted into the axle B' which is secured firmly in the arms of a forked
piece U forming a lever, the said axle terminates in a six sided head, which permits
of tightening up the spring R when desired; the other extremity of the volute
spring is fitted into the wall of the drum, the periphery of which is provided
with a packing Y of india-rubber or leather fitted into a recess therein. The
drum is furnished with a projecting stop pin Z short enough to permit it to
make nearly a complete revolution between the arms of the lever U, one of which
arms is fitted with a stop or abutment.
If desired, this standard may be provided with an elastic stop formed by a strong
curved spring r² (Figure 51). This elastic stop permits the drum to make more

page_text: than one turn if necessary, it, moreover, restores part of the force which would
otherwise be .consumed by the shock, and thus facilitates the return of the drum;
and of the loom.
The roller or drum X is mounted upon the lever U which oscillates upon the
pivot A¹, upon this lever is fixed a horizontal lever C' provided with a weight T¹
and terminated by a suitable handle.
This brake operates as follows, that is to say:-Assuming the loom to be in
motion and in the position represented in Figure 26 as soon as the weft is broken,
the horizontal lever I', Figures 29 and 30, oscillating at p¹ upon the support J¹, will
be set in motion (as in the ordinary looms) and will act at the same time upon the
lever F¹ at S', the lower end of the lever F will release at R¹ the spring catch G¹,
the latter will allow the lever C₁ to fall by reason of the weight T₁; the function
of this lever C' is to effect the contact of the brake roller X with the fly-wheel V,
one or both being provided with packing Y, fitted into it or not, in order to produce
sufficient friction between them. The contact having been effected, the inertia of
the loom causes the roller X to move and tightens the volute spring which absorbs
and thereby stores the force of impulsion of the loom and stops the latter more or
less rapidly according to the extent to which the spring has previously been
tightened upon its stop pin Z.
After being thus tightened by the contact of the fly wheel and at the same
time that the stoppage is effected, the spring R causes the roller to turn in the
.contrary direction and consequently turns the fly-wheel V in the opposite
direction, this movement continues until the stop Z resumes its normal position,
coming against the fixed stop Z', the fly wheel thus returns to the position where
it was arrested by the roller of the brake, because the spring R is tightened upon
its axis by the bolt Z sufficiently to enable it to return to its point of arrest,
notwithstanding the resistance opposed to it by the loom. The loom is finally
arrested, by the contact of the india-rubber upon the fly-wheel V and the roller ✗
At this moment the lever C¹ (Figure 26) is lifted as far as the stop U' and is
engaged by the spring G' ready for the next operation when required. In this
manner the loom is disconnected and can be moved by the operator as desired.
To simplify this operation and avoid loss of time I sometimes connect the brake
lever with the shifting mechanism of the driving belt by the arrangement shown
in Figures 26 and 29. For this purpose I fit upon the belt-shifting lever a jointed
handle e an excentric aperture in which is connected by a wire f to the lever C¹
of the brake apparatus; this wire passes through the lever C¹ and is secured by a
screw-bolt or nut which permits of adjusting the length of the wire, or it may
have a weight attached to it for bringing the handle e' to its normal position. In
order to lift and engage the lever C₁ the handle e¹ is inclined, which produces a
tension upon the wire f until the catch of the spring Q₁ has engaged with the
lever C at this moment a tooth arranged upon the handle e¹ meets the belt-
shifting lever e and firmly connects the two pieces, the movement of the handle
continuing the belt passes from one to the other of the pulleys O¹ and W
(Figure 28). A treadle lever may be employed for this purpose in place of the
handle e. The lifting of the brake lever
by means of the handle at its extremit~
the handle e¹ is returned to its normal
can also be effected directly by hand,
At the moment of release of the lever C',
sion by the wire funless it has already
been so moved by the weight above inscribed.
The fixing of the rotary parts upon their axles by means of keys and grooves,
pins or set-screws does not permit of easy and accurate adjustment of the position
of the said parts and presents difficulties and inconveniences; but by fixing these
parts by the simple pressure of contractible naves or hubs having slits, their
adjustment and fixture at any point can be effected rapidly without difficulty and
with great solidity, and the result is that the dismounting and re-mounting are
extremely easy. The elasticity of cast iron permits of obtaining in all the devices
represented in the drawings a sufficient contraction to ensure a proper fixing. In
order that the slits shall not offer any obstruction to the boring of the said parts,

page_text: the slits are not made in the casting to extend as far as the hole to be bored, and
they are afterwards completely cut by a saw or other tool or machine..
The mode of fixing the said parts is sufficiently represented in the accompanying
drawings.
Figure 32, represents part of the warp beam.
Figures 33 to 37 show the mounting of the handle or haft N¹ of the picker staff
Figures 38, 39, and 40 represent gear-wheels
Figure 41, shows a gear-wheel for controlling the cams, having four arms and
with the slit in the direction of two of the arms.
Figure 42 shows the fixed pulley O'. Figure 43, the fly-wheel V, Figure 44 the
ring L' fixed upon the crank shaft K' and designed to retain the loose pulley W
in position.
Figure 45 shows the cam for operating the picker-staffs. -
Figures 46, and 47 represent cams.
Figures 48 and 49 represent respectively the guide plate of the cams and the
driving plate of the movable cams joined by an endless chain.
Figure 50 shows one of the supports & for the tightening roller.
?"
is
In these Figures F indicates the slit, S the lug which receives the bolt T.
The tension regulator is represented in Figures 31 and 50, and is designed to
give to the warp or chain threads a constant tension, The lifting roller
inovable around the axis or cross-bar a and the tightening is effected by acting
upon the roller r, in a direction opposed to the travel of the chain or warp, by.
means of a spiral spring or a counterweight p acting by means of a cord and
pulley upon the tightening lever .. The roller is constructed in a similar manner
to the warp-beam D of a copper tube provided with axles or journals of cast or
wrought iron. The two ends or axles are mounted in supports 8 (Figure 50) fixed
by the method above described upon a tube t¹ fitted loosely on the cross-bar a of
the frame. The tightening roller will yield under a strong tension upon the chain
or warp but will be drawn back by the spring or the counterweight p as soon as
the tension decreases to a certain extent; this backward movement will tighten the
chain or warp to the degree desired and determined by the adjustment of the
spring or counterweight.
The axles or journals of the tightening roller are, in some cases mounted in sliding
pieces fitted into fixed supports and the backward movement is effected by springs
placed within the said supports.
Having thus fully described my said Invention and the manner of performing the
same I wish it understood that I Claim.
The above described improvements in the construction of looms for weaving
textile fabrics which improvements are essentially characterized by the following
fentures; that is to say:-
First. In the improvements relating to the warp-beam, constructing the same of
a tube of drawn copper mounted upon axles or journals of wrought or cast iron,
also securing the warp threads to the said warp beam either by means of gummed
paper, or of grooves formed in the drawing operation, or by apertures with blades
fitting therein as herein before set forth.
Second. In the improvements relating to the crank shaft constructing the same of
cast or wrought iron or cast steel, also equilibrating the cranks and other parts by
means of weights cast or otherwise fixed upon the shaft or effecting the equilibra-
tion in the case of existing shafts by means of removable weights secured
thereto.
Third. In the improvements relating to the stops for the lathe, reducing or
diminishing the shock produced by the stoppage of the lathe by the interposition of
elastic stops or buffers made of cast iron or steel as above described.
Fourth. In the improvements relating to the brake apparatus arranging the same
as above described and represented in Figure 26, for the purpose of arresting the
motion of the loom in case of breakage of the weft, storing the force of inertia of the
loom, by means of a spring or of cords and counterweights, and utilizing such force

page_text: for bringing back the fly-wheel and other parts of the loom to the position which
they occupied when the breakage took place.
Fifth. Fixing the rotary or oscillating parts of the loom upon their axles or
pivots without keys by means of split naves or hubs, rendered contractible and
secured by one or more bolts.
Sixth. The combination of an oscillating tightening roller with a spring or
counterweight for maintaining constant the tension of the warp or chain threads,
arranged as above described and represented in the accompanying drawings, that is
to say, the oscillating axis deviating to one side or the other from the vertical so as
to be more or less sensitive and to produce an effect more or less marked.
In witness whereof I the said Pierre Isaac Garin-Moroy have hereunto set my
hand and seal this twenty eighth day of November in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and eighty two.
PIERRE ISAAC GARIN-MOROY (LS.)