Improvements in Caloric Engines.
Year: 1894

page_text: COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Caloric Engines.
I, WADIM ARSCHAULOFF, of 47 Katherinenhofer Prospect, Saint Petersburg,
in the Empire of Russia, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in
what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and
ascertained in and by the following statement:—
My invention has relation to caloric engines and in such connection it relates in
that class of hot air engines, more particularly to the construction and arrangement
of such an engine for various purposes.
Hitherto caloric engines have not been generally employed, because in order to
secure the required motive power therefrom much complicated mechanism has been
connected therewith, which has rendered the same cumbersome and wasteful.
Moreover, the speed of such engines has not been controllable with any degree of
certainty, due to the fact that the air has been supplied to the cylinders direct,
which interfered with the working of the engine, because the air could not be
uniformly heated and maintained in such condition as to insure in practice
continuous working thereof and the heat was inefficient to permit of increase in
the speed of the engine ad libitum to meet requirements upon the same. Further,
the packings of such engines, as well as the sliding surfaces coming in direct
contact with the heated air and extraneous matter such as grit or the like from the
heater thereof induced wearing friction on the parts to such an extent as that
lubrication of those parts has proven ineffectual in practice to ensure continuous
working of such an engine or of the driving of the same to a maximum capacity
without much expense attending constant repairs that became necessary to make
thereto.
The principal objects of my invention are first, to construct a caloric engine in
which the parts thereof are so arranged as to overcome the obstacles heretofore
presented in the use of such engines by employing mechanism in connection
tberewith of comparatively simple and durable construction and efficient in action
for insuring required motive power therefrom with the least amount of friction on
the working parts thereof; second, to provide a caloric engine with greater
cylinder capacity and of required horse power and with the mechanism of
the engine simplified for insuring smooth running with the space occupied by such
engine reduced in proportion to the capacity thereof; third, to provide a caloric
engine having mechanism so arranged that grit or extraneous matter does not
come in contact with the working parts of the cylinders of the engine, so that
undue wear of the parts is obviated; fourth, to provide a caloric engine with
means adapted for containing an inflammable liquid or gas for imparting heat to
impelling air separate from the cylinders of the engine and the said heated air
communicated to the cylinders for actuating the working parts of the engine
therefrom; fifth, to provide a caloric engine with means to control the supply
of inflammable liquid or gas for effecting the working of the engine; and sixth,
to provide a caloric engine having the parts thereof greatly simplified for effective
action with friction reduced to a minimum on the sliding members thereof and
with extraneous matter prevented from interfering with the lubricated working
parts of the engine, thus avoiding any retarding influences upon the same in the
operation thereof and increasing the motive power derived therefrom with an
economical expenditure of the said impelling medium adapted to impart motion to
the working parts of the engine

page_text: My invention consists of a caloric engine having two cylinders provided with
inlet and outlet ports and recesses or grooves, pistons consisting of certain parts
insulated from each other and having annular recesses or grooves for the reception
of fluids adapted to permit of the lubrication and cooling thereof and communication
of heat to certain portions of the pistons in sliding engagement with said cylinders.
My invention further consists of a caloric engine having two cylinders, a
separate air heater provided with an atomizer for spraying an inflammable fluid or
gas into the presence of air and electrical means adapted to inflame the same and
resultant heated air lead to the respective cylinders by means of suitable pipe
connections from said heater.
My invention further consists of a caloric engine having two cylinders, pistons
connected by means of pivotal rods with a walking beam, the latter being connected
by a rod to the crank arm of a driving shaft which is adapted by means of a crank
and connecting rod to actuate the piston of an air compressor or pump for
automatically supplying air to a heater and suitably connected with said cylinders.
My invention further consists of a caloric engine having a pump automatically
operated by a walking beam and controlled by means of a governor for regulating
the supply of inflammable liquid or gas to the automizer of a heater.
My
invention further consists of a caloric engine provided with a pump for
supplying toil to the burner of a heater having a spring controlled piston rod and a
projecting finger adapted to be engaged by the projections of a shoe operated by
means of a walking beam and controlled by a governor.
My invention further consists of a caloric engine having inlet valves for hot air
having stuffing boxes provided with chambers through which cold air is conducted
for reducing the temperature of the boxes of said valves; and
My invention further consists of the improvements in caloric engines hereinafter
described and claimed.
The nature and scope of my invention will be more fully understood from the
following description taken in connection with the accompanying drawings forming
part hereof; and in which
Figure 1, is a view partly in side elevation and partly in section of a caloric
engine embodying the features of my invention.
Fig. 2, is a top or plan view thereof.
Fig. 3, is a vertical section of a heater for supplying the cylinders of the engine
with hot air; and
Figs.
and 5, are vertical sections of a pump adapted to supply the heater of
Fig. 3, with inflammable fluid or gas for heating the impelling air of the engine.
Referring to the drawings, 1, is a standard of the engine, to which is secured in
a vertical position the working cylinders 2. 3, are the connecting rods one of the
ends of which are attached to the pistons 4, of the cylinders 2, and the other ends
are connected with the walking beam 5, which is held in position by carrier
supports 6. These carrier supports have a transverse shaft 7, in engagement
therewith and on which is mounted the rocking beam 5, having a range of
reciprocating movement in connection with said shaft. 8 is a connecting rod, one
end of which is attached to the beam 5, and the other end to a crank 9, of the main
driving shaft 10, which is pivotally mounted on the carrier supports 11, of the
standard 1. The main driving shaft 10, has mounted at one end thereof a fly
wheel 12, and a pulley 13. The main driving shaft 10, is provided with a crank 14,
to which is attached one end of a connecting rod 15, the other end being attached
to a cross-head 18, in pivotal connection with a piston rod 17, of a compressor or
air pump 16. The cross-head 18, has a range of sliding movement on a slide or
way 19.
On the standard 1, between the cylinders 2, are located a heater 20
which by means of a pipe 21, is supplied from the compressor 16, with air to be
heated and which by means of a pipe 22, is connected with valves 56, located
beneath the pistons 4; of the cylinders 2. This heater 20, is fully illustrated in
Fig. 3, in vertical section. The air issuing from the compressor 16, is led by
means of the pipe 21, into the chamber 23, of the heater 20, and from which the

page_text: same enters the inner compartment 24, of the heater, and passing the grate 25,
leaves the heater in the direction indicated by the arrows in Fig. 3, from whence
In the
the same by means of the pipe 22, is led into the respective cylinders 2.
inner compartment 24, of the heater, is located the nozzle of an atomizer 26, which
from the pump 28, by means of the pipe 27, is supplied with inflammable liquid or
gas. This liquid or gas the moment it enters the compartment 24 of the heater, is
lighted by means of the wires 29, due to the fact that an electric current is
permitted to pass therethrough, whereby the said compressed air, in the com-
The grate 25, which
partment 24, will be heated and expand sufficiently for use.
is located in the top of the heater 20 is adapted to permit in the passage of the air
therethrough from the compartment 24, of the heater 20, to impart a considerable.
amount of its heat to the same, as will be readily understood from Fig. 3, of the
drawings. In the bottom of the heater 20, are located insulators 30, of porcelain
or other suitable material for the reception of the con luctors 29, from a battery 31,.
or other suitable source of electric energy.
It may be here remarked that instead of employing the lighting device such as.
explained, it will be obvious that other lighting devices may be employed with
most excellent results in the practice of my invention.
In the regulation of the speed of the engine by the turning of a valve of the
pipe 27, by means of which the heater will be supplied with a certain quantity of.
inflammable liquid or gas, the quantity of heat produced thereby and communicated
to the air, and forced into the heater, will be increased or decreased according to
the extent of the manipulation of the valve of the pipe 27. If a certain speed of
the engine as hereinbefore described has been obtained, such can be maintained
automatically by the following mechanism. The piston rod 33, of the pump 29, as
illustrated in Figs. 4 and 5, is provided with a cross-arm 34, which has a range of
sliding movement on the rod 37, which is carried by a forked arm 36. This arm is
secured to the housing 35 of the pump. The upper end of the rod 37 is provided
with a thread 38, in order to be screwed up and down in the forked arm 36,
and which can be clamped in position by means of a nut 39. The, spring 40,
which is located on the rod 37, rests at its lower end against a shoulder 41,
which is secured to said rod, and the upper end thereof is pressed against the
cross arm 34, of the piston rod 33, which is adapted to hold said rod of the,
pump at the highest point of the stroke thereof. The upper end of the piston
rod 33, is provided with a vertical projecting finger 42, preferably formed integral
therewith and the free upper end of which finger engages a shoe 43, which is
provided with integral projections or lugs 44, 45, and 46. This shoe, by means
of a bolt, is pivotally connected with the rod 47, the upper end of which is.
attached to a lever arm 48, rigidly secured on the shaft 7, of the walking beam. 5.
It may be here remarked that the movement of the walking beam 5, by means,
of the pistons 4, of the cylinders 2, will be communicated to the lever arm 48, the
rod 47, and the shoe 43, and in the downward movement of the shoe 43 one of the
projections or lugs 44, 45, or 46, thereof will be brought into engagement with
the projecting finger 42, of the piston rod 33, which lugs or projections press the
said piston rod 33 in a downward direction in the cylinder of the pump against the
pressure of the spring 40, whereby a greater or less quantity of inflammable liquid
or gas will be forced into the heater 20, as requirements demand, for heating up,
the impelling air therein and prior to the discharge thereof into the respective
cylinders 2, of the engine, having the pistons 4, intermittently operating back and
forth therein. When the shoe 43, is in a vertical alignment with the piston rod 33,
it will be understood from the drawings with special reference to Fig. 5, that the
lower projection or lug 44, of the shoe 43, will be brought into engagement with.
the finger 42, and the said piston rod will receive its full stroke.
shoe 43, is moved towards the left in Fig. 5, the projections or lugs 45 and 46, of
5 the same will be brought into engagement with the finger 42, and the piston rod 33,..
will be shifted by said projections or lugs to a greater or less extent in the cylinder
of the pump 28, according to the position of said rod therein. When the shoe 43,
When the

page_text: is moved so far towards the left in Fig. 5 that none of the projections or lugs will
engage the finger 42 the piston rod 33, will remain at rest. Consequently,
according to the different positions of the piston rods 33, in the cylinders 2, it will
be understood that a greater or less quantity of the inflammable liquid or gas will
be forced by the same into the heater 20; or, if the piston rod 33, be not actuated
by the shoe 43, none of the inflammable liquid or gases can be forced into the same.
The shoe 43 is provided with a downwardly projecting arm 52, suitably secured
thereto and at the free end of which is connected a rod 51, attached at the upper
end to a right-angular lever 50. The lower arm 49, of said lever 50, is in engage-
ment with a governor 32, of any suitable construction, for example, of the type
illustrated in Fig. 1. The governor 32, in the rotation thereof will actuate the
shoe 43, in a well understood manner and in a direction to the left in Fig. 5,
whereby a regulation of the quantity of inflammable liquid or gas forced into the
heater 20, will be obtained and maintained for effective action in the operation of
the engine.
The mechanism for preventing destructive effects of hot air on the sliding
surfaces of the pistons and the interior of the cylinders will now be described.
Each of the pistons, 4, consists of several parts a, b, c, which are separated from
each other by layers of insulating material d, so that the lower part c, of each
piston, exposed to hot air, cannot communicate the heat thereof to the upper
portion a, of the same. The upper part a, of each pistop, is provided with packing
rings e, which are in frictional contact with each of the cylinders 2, in order to
render the same air tight, while the lower parts b, and c, of each of the pistons 4,
are out of frictional contact with the cylinders 2, as clearly illustrated in Fig. 1.
The upper part a, of each piston is provided with an annular recess or groove f,
while each cylinder 2, is provided with a similar recess or groove 9, which is
supplied with cold water from the pump 53, by means of a pipe 54, one end of
which is connected with said recess 9, of the cylinder 2, while the other end is
connected with the pump 53. The piston of each pump 53, is connected with
rods 63 and 64, the upper ends of which are pivotally connected with the lever
arm 48, of the shaft 7, carrying the walking beam 5, as illustrated in Fig. 1. It
will thus be readily understood that the shaft 7 and lever arm 48, will actuate said
pistons of the pump 53, which will feed the annular recesses g, of the cylinders 2,
with cold water from a suitable source, in order to cool off the upper parts a, of
the respective pistons, while the lower parts exposed to the influence of hot air
will not be cooled. This, as will be observed, prevents lowering of the temperature
of the acting force of the air in connection with the pistons in the cylinders 2.
In the position of the pistons as illustrated in Fig. 1, the recesses or grooves g, are
not in communication with the recesses or grooves, of the respective cylinders 2,
located at suitable distances beneath the recesses or grooves g. While the pistons
are moving upwards towards the recesses or grooves g, of the respective cylinders 2,
both recesses
or grooves will brought into communication with each other and
the water of these recesses or grooves g, will be transferred to the recesses f,
which, by a downward movement of the pistons will release said water and by the
influence of the hot air be transformed into steam. This steam will fill up the
spaces between the lower parts b and c, of the pistons 4, and the cylinders 2, as well
as the compartment h, under the pistons and thus prevent entry of hot air to the
upper parts a, of the respective cylinders 2, provided with packing rings e. In
order to protect the packings j, of the inlet valves 55, against the hot air, a
stuffing box 75, is provided within a chamber 56, through which the cold air coming
iron the compressor 16, must pass before the same reaches the heater 20. The
stuffing boxes 75, of the respective valves 55, will thereby be kept cool. 57 are
outlet valves through which the hot air, alter acting on the pistous of the respective
cylinders 2, is led into the atmosphere. 58, is a shaft located in front of the
standard 1, which shaft, by means of the nitre-gears 73 and 66, shaft 65, and
mitre-gears 67 and 68, is set in rotation from the main driving shaft 10 as clearly
illustrated in Figs. 1 and 2. On the shaft 58, are secured eccentrics 59 and 60,

page_text: y means of which the inlet valves 55, and outlet valves 57, are actuated and
ontrolled. 61, are pumps located on the standard 1, which, by means of pipes 62,
onnected therewith supply the compressor 16, with the necessary quantity of cold
ater to cool off the same.
The type of engine hereinbefore explained is that of a double cylindered working
eam engine, but it will be manifestly obvious from the foregoing description, that
greater number of working cylinders may be employed with good results. It
ill also be manifestly obvious from the foregoing description of my invention
hat modifications may be made as to details thereof without departing from the
pirit of the same; and hence I do not wish to be understood as limiting myself to
he precise construction and arrangement of the parts of the engine as hereinbefore
xplained and illustrated in the drawings.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said inven-
ion and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I
consider novel and desire to claim is :-
1. A caloric engine provided with two cylinders having grooves or recesses and
air inlet and outlet ports, sectional pistons insulated from each other and provided
with recesses or grooves adapted to permit of a cooling fluid being admitted thereto
and to prevent heat being imparted to certain parts of said pistons in sliding
engagement with said cylinders, a heater, pipe connections and a compressor or
pump, substantially as and for the purposes set forth.
2. A caloric engine provided with two piston cylinders having inlet and outlet
ports for hot air and with recesses or grooves formed in the upper part thereof,
pistons consisting of certain parts and having complemental recesses or grooves
formed therein for the reception of fluids to permit of the cooling thereof and so as
to prevent communication of heat to certain of the parts of the pistons in sliding
engagement with said cylinders, a heater provided with an atomizer, a compressor
or pump and means for inflaming a fluid or gas in said heater, substantially as and
for the purposes set forth.
3. A caloric engine having two piston cylinders, a separate air heater provided
with an atomizer for imparting heat to air by means of inflammable fluids or gases,
electrical means adapted to inflame said fluids or gases and pipe connections for
conducting the heated air to the respective cylinders from said heater, substantially
as and for the purposes set forth.
4. A caloric engine provided with piston cylinders, a separate air heater, means
for presenting an inflammable fluid or gas to said heater, and means for igniting
the same, substantially as and for the purposes set forth.
5. A caloric engine having piston cylinders, a separate air heater provided with
an atomizer, means for forcing an inflammable fluid or gas into the presence of said
air and igniting the same so as to impart its heat thereto, and pipe connections from
said piston cylinders to said heater, substantially as and for the purposes set forth.
6. A caloric engine provided with two cylinders, pistons connected by pivotal
rods with a walking beam, the latter connected by a rod to the crank arm of a
driving shaft which is adapted by means of a crank and connecting rod to actuate
5 the piston of an air compressor or pump for automatically supplying air to a heater,
an atomizer connected with said heater and pipe connections between said heater
and cylinders, substantially as and for the purposes set forth.
7. A caloric engine having two piston cylinders, a separate heater, a piston air
compressor connected with said heater, means for forcing an inflammable fluid or
O gas and igniting the same in the presence of air in said heater, and pipe con-
uections between said cylinders and heater, substantially as and for the purposes
set forth.
8. In a caloric engine having two piston cylinders and a separate air heater, ar
automatically operated pump controlled by means of a governor for regulating the
55 supply of inflammable liquid or gas to said heater, substantially as and for the
»urnoses set forth.

page_text: 9. A. caloric engine having a pump or compressor automatically. operated and
controlled by means of a governor for regulating the supply of an inflammable
liquid or gas to an atomizer of a heater, substantially as and for the purposes set
forth.
10. A caloric engine provided with a pump for supplying oil to the burner of a
heater having a spring controlled piston rod and a projecting finger engaged by the
projections of a shoe and controlled by a governor, and means for actuating said
shoe, substantially as and for the purposes set forth.
-
11. A caloric engine provided with two piston cylinders, a separate heater, a
pump for supplying oil to the burner of said heater having a spring controlled
piston rod and a projecting finger adapted to, be engaged, by the projections of a
shoe and controlled by a governor, and means for actuating said shoe, substantially
as and for the purposes set forth...
12. A caloric engine provided with inlet valves for hot air, the stuffing boxes of
which valves are provided with chambers through which cold air is conducted: for
cooling the boxes of said valves, substantially as and for the purposes set forth.
13. A caloric engine having piston cylinders, a separate heater provided with an
atomizer for heating the air by inflammable fluids or gases, electrical means for
inflaming the same, pipe connections between said heater and cylinders, inlet
valves for said air having stuffing boxes provided with chambers through which
cold air is conducted for cooling the same, and a compressor or pump for auto-
matically supplying air to said heater, substantially as and for the purposes set
forth.
14. A caloric engine having piston cylinders provided with inlet and outlet ports
for hot air, recesses or grooves in said cylinders and adapted for the reception of
fluids to permit of the cooling thereof, pistons consisting of certain parts having
complemental recesses or grooves adapted for containing a fluid to permit of the
cooling thereof and so as not to communicate heat to certain parts of the pistons in
sliding engagement with said cylinders, a separate air heater provided with an
atomizer for heating air by inflammable fluids or gases conveyed thereto by means
of a compressor or pump, suitable connections between said cylinders and heater,
and means for inflaming said fluids or gases, substantially as and for the purposes
set forth.
15. A caloric engine provided with piston cylinders means for actuating said
pistons, a separate air heater provided with an atomizer, a compressor or pump for
automatically supplying air to said heater, and pipe connections between said
heater and cylinders, substantially as aud for the purposes set forth.
16. A caloric engine provided with piston cylinders, a separate air heater
provided with an atomizer for spraying an inflammable fluid or gas into the
presence of air and electrical means adapted to inflame the same and said air
conducted to said cylinders by means of pipe connections, substantially as and for
the purposes set forth.
17. A caloric engine provided with a heater having an internal compartment
with inlet ports in the bottom thereof and outlet ports in the top, grate bars in the
upper portion thereof, means for forcing air into said compartment and permitting
of the ignition of an inflammable fluid or gas in the presence thereof and super-
heating said air in its passage through and about said grate bars and preparatory to
the delivery thereof to the cylinders of the engine, substantially as and for the
purposes set forth.
18. A caloric engine provided with two piston cylinders, means for actuating the
pistons thereof, a separate heater provided with an outer casing, an inner casing
having internal outlets and downwardly projecting channels or chambers with
grate bars formed in the upper part of said casing constituting the compartment of
the heater and inlets in the bottom of said casing for the admission of air into the
interior of said compartment heated by an inflammable fluid or gas, substantially as
and for the purposes set forth.
19. In a caloric engine, a piston-pump having a piston rod provided with 'a

page_text: cross-arm engaging a rod provided with a spring and the upper portion or sau
threaded for the reception of a nut and a carrier connected with the casing of said
pump and engaging with said rod, whereby the upward stroke of the piston of
said pump is controlled, substantially as and for the purposes set forth.
20. A caloric engine provided with two piston cylinders having inlet and outlet
ports therein for hot air, the pistons of said cylinders consisting of three parts, a
separate air heater provided with an atomizer, means for forcing an inflammable
fluid or gas into the presence of said air, electrical means adapted to inflame said
fluid or gas, said air led to the respective cylinders by means of suitable pipe
connections between said heater and cylinders, substantially as and for the purposes
set forth.
100
H. D. FITZPATRICK,
70, Wellington Street, Glasgow, Agent.