CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS OR MACHINERY FOR RAISING METALS
Year: 1859

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Benjamin Baugh, Manager of Salt's Patent Enamel
Works, Bradford Street, Birmingham, in the County of Warwick, for
the Invention of "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS OR MACHINERY
FOR RAISING METALS."
Sealed the 13th December 1859, and dated the 13th June 1859.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Benjamin Baugh at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 13th
June 1859.
I, BENJAMIN BAUGH, Manager of Salt's Patent Enamel Works, Bradford
Street, Birmingham, in the County of Warwick, do hereby declare the nature
of my said Invention for "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS OR MACHINERY
POR RAISING METALS," to be as follows (that is to say) :-
Heretofore it has been the common practice of employing, for the purposes
herein-before named, a large hammer, working between guide rods, having the
desired die fixed on the bed or base, and the reverse or matrix fixed on the
bottom side of the hammer, and the hammer elevated by manual strength, by
winding or pulling the rope or chain attached to the hammer over a pulley at
the top, and liberating it, when desired, or by working it in a similar way by
steam or other power; but the effect of a blow suddenly given to a flat sheet
of metal driving it into the die has a two-fold defect, first, of hardening the
metal, causing it to crack and make waste work, and the entire failure in com-
pleting the operation, as the momentum of the blow becomes exhausted at the
very time when it is most required, namely, the completely imbedding or com-

page_text: pression of the metal into the true and complete form of the die in which it
is struck.
To obviate these difficulties is the object of my Invention, in the carrying
out of which I change the character of the force used, namely, from a blow to
that of dead weight or pressure which exerts its force to the end of its opera-
tion, and also admits of being increased or decreased, as may be desired,
according to the depth or shallowness of the work required, and in connection
with my arrangement, I am enabled to hold down, on the outer edge or rim
of the die, the sheet of metal I propose forcing into it, which prevents all
puckering or unequal strain or pull on the metal while it is being expanded
and taken down in the die; this I effect in the following way:-Over a
suitable bed I fix two or more uprights, which uprights support a strong iron
cylinder, the centre of which I prefer to be immediately above the centre of
the bed, and working vertically in this cylinder is an inverted ram or plunger,
to the bottom end of which the matrix or counterpart of the die (beneath) is
intended to be fixed; to the top end of this plunger or ram a vertical rod is
fixed, which works through a packed hole in the top of the cylinder carrying
with it guide rods, on which projections are formed or secured, which act on
arms for bringing into operation a rim for holding down the metal on the face
of the dic, and to the top end of the rod, secured to the ram, a shackle is
attached for attaching a chain or rope, which working over suitable pulleys
is connected with a vessel for holding water or other liquid, or solid weighty
matter, for counterpoising the weight of the stamp ram or plunger; but I
prefer water for this purpose, which, for description, we may have supposed to
have preponderated, and to have elevated the ram into the cylinder above it,
and that the water in the vessel (producing this result) had now been allowed
to empty itself, or some other mechanical equivalent had been adopted, the
stamp ram being elevated, and the sheet of metal placed ready to be impressed.
I cause the stamp ram to descend by forcing water or other fluid into the
cylinder, which forces down the ram in proportion to the force employed in
forcing the water or other fluid into the cylinder; and this. may be effected
with simplicity and convenience either by using steam, heated air, or other
fluid by a lever or by a column of water, and suitably connected with a cock
for cutting off or admitting the water or other fluid, or by a weighted.ram
conveniently placed, which ram may be loaded as required, and elevated
by a force pump, or otherwise; and being connected with the cylinder
of the stamp ram by a pipe with cock for cutting off or admitting the
supply, the plunger may be made to descend; and if it should be desirable
that the pressure should be increased during the time the stamp ram is

page_text: descending, such an object can be simply effected by increasing the weight
placed on the ram, or pressure of steam or other fluid used; but which
increased weight, if water is used, may be readily obtained by admitting it into
the vessel, that holds the weight, from a cistern, and allowed to run out when
it has exercised its force to allow of the more ready elevation of the ram,
when it can be again weighted and the operation continued.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Benjamin Baugh in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
13th December 1859.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, BENJAMIN
BAUGH, Manager of Salt's Patent Enamel Works, Bradford Street, Bir:
mingham, in the County of Warwick, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Thirteenth day of June, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and fifty-nine, in the twenty-second year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me,
the said Benjamin Baugh, Her special license that I, the said Benjamin
Baugh, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the
said Benjamin Baugh, my executors, administrators, or assigns, should at
any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times there-
after during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make,
use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "CERTAIN
IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS OR MACHINERY FOR RAISING METALS," upon the
condition (amongst others) that I, the said Benjamin Baugh, by an instru;
ment in writing under my hand and seal, should particularly describe and
ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was
to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent
Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the
said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Benjamin Baugh, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the follow-
ing statement (that is to say):-
My improvements in the raising of articles from sheet metal consist in the
application of pressure obtained from hydraulic or other fluid force, by which

page_text: means I am enabled to raise articles from the flat to the finished depth at one
operation, and yet leave the metal so formed in a ductile state, so as not to
require annealing to prepare it for finishing or any subsequent process; but to
fully understand the importance and character of my improvements, it may be
necessary for me to explain the manner in which articles formed of sheet
metal have been hitherto treated, which consists in the use of two strong
vertical angular guide rods fitted to a heavy iron bed set or imbeded in strong
masonry with puppets and screws for adjusting and holding the die we wish to
work from, the two vertical rods being strongly united together at the top.
Between these rods a hammer is fitted, varying from twenty to five hundred
pounds weight, more or less, according to the extent or character of the work
required, or the area and thickness of the flat sheet of metal to be operated
on.
This hammer is generally wound up by means of a chain or rope working
over a pulley or wheel at the top, and hoisted by manuel labour, steam, or
other power. The under side of the hammer requires to be faced with a
strong piece or lump of ductile metal, such as copper, which is usually applied
in a hot state, and by repeated blows from the elevated hammer it is struck into
the die below until it forms a perfect counterpart or metrix, but still adhering to
the bottom side of the hammer. With this arrangement the sheet of metal
intended to be formed is laid in a soft or annealed. state over the die, and the
hammer elevated and freed, when it will descend and strike the metal down a
certain depth in the die, varying in proportion to the ductility of the metal,
the weight of the hammer, and depth of the die; this process in a usual way is
repeated from five to ten times before the sheet of metal will be completely
imbeded in the die for the obvious reason, the blow imparted to the metal
immediately alters its condition by hardening it, thereby destroying its ductile
state for receiving or assuming the true impress of the matrix and die, and
again at the time the momentum of the blow is exhausted is the moment
when its greatest force is required to facilitate the operation, and which
essential quality I obtain by my improvements in substituting force or pressure
for this purpose, whereby much time is saved, less waste made, and better and
truer work produced without cracking or dividing the fibre of the metal
operated on, and I effect this by an arrangement that may be put in motion
by steam, heated air, or water in the following way:-To a strong bed I apply
two or more standards for supporting a strong cylinder, in which the top end
of a strong cylindrical plunger or ram works, and at the bottom end of this
ram which is concentric with the bed of my stamp, the matrix of the die is
fixed, and at the top of the ram a small vertical rod is fixed which works con-
centrically through packing or a stuffing box at the top, and to this concentric

page_text: I
vertical rod a cross head is fixed, having also vertical rods fixed or secured at
each end, at the lower end of whch angular arms or set-offs are applied for a
purpose hereafter to be referred to. And in connection with the vertical rods
secured to the plunger, a counterpoise is applied working over suitable pulleys
for elevating the ram, ready to be forced down by the power used, whether
that be from a column of water, or water applied under the pressure of a force
pump, or from a weighted rain, or by the force of steam or heated air, so that
by laying the metal (intended to be operated on) over the die placed or fixed
on the base in the usual way, the plunger will descend and continue its force
according to the pressure used, which may be increased or decreased, as desired,
until it is perfectly imbeded in the die; but in connection with this arrangement.
I purpose applying a pressure plate or annular ring for holding the thin metal
to be operated on down firmly around the edge or rim of the die, from which
position it is pulled concentrically down in the die by the descent of the
plunger. This arrangement is very important, as it prevents all puckering,
and forms an important feature in my arrangement, not that its application is
new in the raising of metals, as it forms the subject of a Patent granted to
William Hetherington, on the Third day of August, One thousand eight
bundred and fifty-two, No. 14,251, now the property of Messrs. Salt & Co., of
whose works I am the manager, and this pressure plate I bring into operation
by a cross or angular piece with a concentric hole for the plunger to work
through, and which piece works over vertical guide rods connected with the
annular ring or pressure plate, that when the plunger or ram is fully elevated,
the
pressure plate shall be lifted off the die for another piece of metal to be
placed under it, but which at the return stroke is allowed to descend to hold
the metal between its lower surface and the upper rim of the die, where it is
retained by two eccentric arms formed over adjustable inclined planes, and in
this position it is ready for the ram to descend, to give it form as before
described. And although in the foregoing description I have made especial
reference to the use of pressure in preference to the concussive force of a blow
as imparted by the ordinary stamp hammer process, nevertheless, for some
purposes or positions, a mechanical arrangement whereby a graduated blow
may be given will be found of great service, and this may be afforded to the
greatest extent by the application of hydraulic power, as before described; but
as the general character of my Invention will be best understood (as well as
the various modifications and equivalents in which it is capable of being
realized) by referring to the Drawings hereunto annexed, I will proceed to
describe the same, reference being made to the figures and letters marked
thereon.

page_text: DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS.
Figure 1, Sheet 1, represents a side view of my Invention arranged and
fitted with the necessary appliances for the application of hydraulic power, and
for the more proper definement of the arrangement, I shall term it a press for
raising metals in counterdistinction to the raising of metals by the process of
stamping. A is a strong cylinder having suitable lugs formed at its bottom
part, as at B, B, for securing it to the bed C, C, by means of four standards or
uprights, two of which are seen in this view marked D, D; E, E, is a strong
bar of iron held between the middle flanges of these standards; F, F, is a
standard for carrying the axis of the eccentric arms G and H to be hereafter
referred to; I, I, is the pressure plate, and J, J, a triangular plate secured
near the bottom of the ram K, having holes for the uprights L, L, to work
through, and on which the plate J, J, vertically slides as the plunger K is
elevated and depressed, and these uprights are secured to the pressure plate I,
and works through loose bosses at the top marked M, M. The top part of
the uprights L, L, are tapped for the purpose of receiving the set nuts or
screws N, N, as, for instance, when the ram K is ascending in the cylinder A,
it does not affect the pressure plate until the plate J, J, rises in contact with
the nuts N, N, and any further elevating of the ram will also lift the pressure
plate I with it, thus allowing the sheet of metal intended to be operated on to
be placed in under the pressure plate to rest on the die O, O, ready to be
pressed into form. In the centre of the plunger A at the top, a vertical rod
is fixed marked P, working through a packed hole or stuffing box at the top
of the cylinder A, and to this rod a cross arm is securely keyed, working
through vertical guide rods screwed or fitted into lugs at the top of the cylinder,
one of which is here seen marked Q, with the guide rod partly broken off for
convenience of space marked R. And to the cross head S the vertical rod T
is secured, which works through loose holes at the bottom, extending below
the bed, as shewn in dotted lines marked with the same letters, thus showing
that they work up and down, taking the same range of action as the plunger
K. The use of the side rods T (one only of which can here be seen) are for
elevating or removing the eccentric arm H from off the pressure plate, to
allow the pressure plate to be elevated; this is done by securing an arm on the
rod T standing out at right angles, and which arm or pin is not seen in this
view, but when elevated by its secure connection with the rod T, which being
carried up by the rising of the ram, the pin or arm is brought in contact with
the lower side of the eccentric arm G, which being secured to the same axis as
the arm H, it is evident that this arm will be brought around, and thereby

page_text: removed from the pressure plate, allowing it to be elevated. And as this
operation is again reversed at the beginning of the return stroke of the piston,
time is afforded for the pressure plate to fall on the sheet of metal intended to
be operated on, and the eccentric arms G and I will fall by their own gravity,
thereby holding the pressure plate down; but in order to insure the action, I
apply levers on each side to the axis of the arms G and H, and which levers
are united together at their extreme ends by a strong bar, by which means
the plate may be simultaneously prest or held down on each side, but in this
view only one of the levers can be seen, marked U. V, V, are lugs formed
on the base of the press for receiving bolts, which are shown in dotted lines
keyed at the lower end, thus holding the press securely on the bed or sleepers,
as here shown marked W, W.
Having given a general description of the parts connected with the press, I
will now describe the means I purpose using for giving it effect.
A¹ is a three-way tap, connecting the vertical water tube B¹ with the tubes
Cand D', and E' is also a three-way tap connected with the waste pipe F¹,
and the continuous tube D' with the tube G',.G', which enters the cylinder A,
for water to be forced in for acting on the ram K, and H is a force pump,
drawing its water through the tube I¹ from a cistern at J¹. K', K', is a strong
cast-iron cylinder bolted and fixed down on a strong foundation. To this
cylinder the tube C¹ is connected as at the circular hole t". L' is a ram
working through a packed collar as at a", a", or other suitable stuffing
box. M', M', is a sectional view of a strong iron vessel or case with its bottom
resting on a shoulder of the ram as at 6", 6", and at the top of the ram a
vertical rod is fixed marked N', which works through a strong arm at the
top O, but which may be varied in shape or dispensed with altogether,
according to the situation in which the apparatus may be set up, as its
only use is to hold and maintain the vessel M', M³, perfectly concentric
and vertical over the ram L'; this vessel may be filled with any convenient
weighty matter, such as sand, gravel, flint stone, or slag, run in cakes or
seginents of the shape of the vessel from the smelting furnace, or, if preferred,
pigs of iron or other metal, or shot, may be used for this purpose when great
weight is required; and if a supply of water may be suitably had from a
convenient fall, it may be used with great advantage, as it could be
made self-acting, that when it had performed its work, or when the ram L' has
descended to the bottom of the cylinder K', and thereby forced the water it
contained through the tube C, D¹, and G', to the cylinder of the press A,
thereby depressing the plunger K as before described,) a valve may be opened
at the bottom of the vessel to allow the water to run out through a proper or

page_text: suitable channel to the reservoir or cistern J', or be otherwise carried away,
from which position the vessel may be again elevated by a counterpoise or by
a windlass, or any other convenient mechanical appliances, the upward course
of the ram sucking the water from the reservoir J' through the tube P', P',
and water way C", C", to the cylinder Q', the self-acting valve d" freely
admitting the water, but correcting its position. The moment the water in the
cylinder feels the weight of the ram and vessel, which may now be allowed to
fill with water for repeating its former operation, and in like manner to its
opening a valve to admit of the escape of the water by the descent of the
plunger and vessel, so in like manner it may be made to cut off and open a
sluice from which it may be rapidly filled; but suppose the vessel M¹, M', to
be filled with a dead weight, it will be necessary to elevate it gradually by the
action of the force pump, taking care that the communication with the vertical
pipe B' is cut off, as also all communication with the waste pipe F¹ and supply
pipe G, and to prevent the ram L' being lifted too high, a shackle and screwed
(regulating) hook, as at f", is applied to the bottom of the vessel M³, M'.
To this hook a chain is attached, which is again connected to the lever g",
which by means of the connection " operating on the lever ", and by this
arrangement and the power of the compound levers, the valve d" will be
forced in so as to allow the water to escape from the cylinder Qinto the
reservoir, thereby preventing the ram being over elevated. And in order to
economise the use of this weighted ram; the vertical tube B¹ is introduced,
which I purpose connecting with an elevated reservoir, so that by having the
communication open from B¹ to D' and from D¹ to G¹, the force of the weight
or column of water may be sufficient to do a large proportion of the work, and
then by cutting off the connection with B' and opening C", a small quantity of
water in the cylinder Q' would suffice to force the ram K and lower part
down in the die, carrying the metal (desired to be formed) with it, but
which, as before observed, if not found of sufficient force, it may be further
increased by means of the pump H', first cutting off the connection with the
tubes B and C¹. The work being now fully performed, the connection
between G¹ and F¹ may be opened, when the plunger K and parts will rise from
off the work, and ascend in the cylinder A by the counterpoise R', united to a
strong chain working over strong pulleys as at S¹, S', the other end of the
chain being connected to a shackle or ring eye marked ", at the top of the
vertical rod P, principally shewn in dotted lines connected concentrically to
the top of the plunger K, also partly shewn in dotted lines.
Instead of using
the counterpoise as at R', the chain may be brought down by a suitable lever,
or by being wound around a cylinder with a ratchet and pall, in like manner

page_text: as described, as a suitable means for elevating the weighted ram L', and as
the ram K is being elevated, the water will readily flow back through the
supply pipe G and waste pipe F¹ into the reservoir J'. To a practical
mechanical mind it will be readily seen that if from convenience it may be
preferred (in preference to the use of water and the weighted ram, as herein
described and exhibited), the tube G₁ may be converted into a steam pipe for
the purpose of using steam, and by a suitable waste cock the condensed water
arising from the same may be drawn off at or near that part of the cylinder A¹
most convenient for the purpose; and this same arrangement would do, if the
pressure of any other fluid may be preferred. And in the making or forming
of articles that require or where it may be preferred to strike them into the
die by a blow, the force of which being derived from hydraulic power as
herein-before described, I prefer that the water way or ways from the cylinder
Q' in connection with the ram L', or the column of water as at P¹, should be of
larger diameter, so that the water may be more rapidly forced or passed from
one to the other to give a force and momentum to the ram K. It will also
be readily seen that a connecting rod or rods may be attached to levers con-
nected with the taps A¹ and E', so as to open and close them as desired by the
ascending or descending action of the plunger K, and the force pump may
also be of a compound kind having two or more cylinders, the pistons of which
may be worked from cranks forged or formed from the same axis, and either
put in motion by a handle or handles on each side of suitable standards or
bearings for the cranked axis to work in, or a fast and loose pulley may be
applied to the same, deriving its. motion by a band from a driving wheel
worked by steam or otherwise, as convenient.
Figure 2 represents detached the arms H and G for holding down and
elevating the pressure plate obscurely shown in Figure 1, and the lever for
assisting the operation is here shown in dotted lines, the axis on which they
work being marked T, as in the other Figures; but this part is fully exhibited
in the same position at Figure 3, Sheet 2, with the standard for supporting
the axis of the arms G and H, exhibited in dotted lines. And in this view
the adjustable arm for elevating the arm G.is also exhibited, marked U¹.
The standard exhibited in dotted lines at Figure 3 is represented detached at
Figure 4, and the angular plate described at Figure 1, marked J, is here
also represented in a separate top view at Figure 5, as also the rods L, L, L;
and Figure 6 is a front vertical section of Figure 3, all the parts being marked
with the same letters as in the former Figures. In this view the sunken
form of the die O, O, is seen, as also the true form of the pressure plate I, I,
and the centre ring of the angle piece, shown detached at Figure 5, is here

page_text: seen marked V, V₁; and inasmuch as the articles required to be shaped vary
in size and depth, it is evident that the die pressure plate and lower end of the
ram or stamp hammer, marked W, will require changing, and for this purpose
a strong pin is formed on this part which fits up in a corresponding socket of
the ram K, which is here partly shown in section for that purpose; the
means of changing and holding this part, which, when placed as here repre-
sented, may be retained by the screw u¹¹; and as this view represents the
angle piece J, as taken through the dotted lines n", 2", of Figure 5, the two
front standards are entirely removed, and the back standard, which is obscured
by the plunger K, is only exhibited in dotted lines; and as the arms H, H,
are required to be nicely adjusted for affording the necessary amount of
pressure or contact with the pressure plate, inclined planes are introduced in
sunken cavities on each side of the top of the pressure plates, here shown in
transverse section, marked p, p, and by connecting these parts to set screws
as exhibited at X, Figure 3 and Figure 7, the inclined planes or wedges may
be set in or out as desired, thereby elevating or depressing the corresponding
-inverted inclined planes, also shown in the transverse section in this Figure,
marked, The levers described in Figure 1 are omitted in. this, but the
square on which they should be placed or keyed on is here exhibited, marked
with the same letters.
Figure 7 is a complete transverse section of Figure 1, 3, and 6, as if taken
through the dotted lines (in each Figure marked) y, y, showing a top view of
the pressure plate I, I, and a section of the plunger K, but the angle plate, as
at Figure 5, is represented in dotted lines, but showing the guide rods on
which it works in section marked L, L, L, as also the standards D, D, and
D, D, with a top view of the arms H, H, and G, G, and the standards F, F,
and F, F, with the top gland removed for the purpose of showing the axis on
which they work, marked T, T, also the strong cross pieces E, for resisting the
pressure of the contact of the lower surface of the arms H, H, and the adjusting
inclined planes of the pressure plate, as also the screws working through the
parts X, X, for adjusting them.
Having given a general description of my Invention, and the manner
in which the same may be carried into effect, I wish it understood that I do
not. purpose confining myself to any of the precise details or mode of construc-
tion for realizing the same, as the whole may be greatly diversified and extended
or contracted without departing from the spirit or object of my improvements;
but what I claim and wish protected by these my in part recited Letters
Patent, and believe to be new, are,
Firstly, the mode herein described for raising metals by fluid pressure in

page_text: counterdistinction to the concussive force of a blow, the said fluid force being
used for the raising or shaping of articles, whether plain or ornamental, in
connection with the pressure plate herein described.
Secondly, I claim the general arrangement as exhibited at Figures 3, 6,
and 7, and partly described in detail in Figure 1, for stamping or forming
metals with or without the pressure plate, the force or blow being imparted
by bydraulic power.
In witness whereof, I, the said Benjamin Baugh, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Twelfth day of December, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-nine.
Witness,
EDMUND HOTCHKISS,
Clerk to Mr. J. S. Cockings,
Patent Agent, Birmingham.
BENJAMIN BAUGH. (L.S.)