matthewleechen/300YearsOfBritishPatents huggingface dataset:
IMPROVE- MENTS IN WATERCLOSETS AND SINKS
Year: 1871

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by James Gunn at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 1st December
1871.
I, JAMES GUNN, of Edinburgh, in the County of Mid Lothian, North
Britain, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for “IMPROVE-
MENTS IN WATERCLOSETS AND SINKS," to be as follows:-
The Invention consists in applying or adapting to the bottom of
watercloset trunks and sinks what I term " trapped cesspools" or
water receptacles to prevent the escape of effluvium.
In performing the Invention the apparatus is to be made of cast
iron or any material convenient for the purpose. The portion that
forms the cesspool to be coated with tin or galvanized if desired.
In the appended Drawing Figure 1 is the section of a watercloset trunk
shewing the cesspool in the bottom. The trunk is so constructed that
a portion of the one side dips into the water which lies in the bottom
and forms the back trap, the outlet pipe rising a convenient height
to allow a sufficient quantity of water to lie and cover that portion
of the trunk which forms the back trap and makes the cesspool.

page_text: Figure 2 is the section of a sink, also shewing the cesspool; the one
side of the outlet pipe of the sink forms the back trap by dipping in
the water, the end forming the overflow going down and passing under
the back trap, then up to leave a sufficient quantity of water to remain
and cover the back trap, and then turning down to form the outlet of
+he
Figure 2 is the section of a sink, also shewing the cesspool; the one
side of the outlet pipe of the sink forms the back trap by dipping in
the water, the end forming the overflow going down and passing under
the back trap, then up to leave a sufficient quantity of water to remain
and cover the back trap, and then turning down to form the outlet of
the cesspool.
The grating of the sink is intended to be removeable so as to allow
the casen
without
AN IMPROVED METHOD OF FIXING OR ATTACHING KNOES OR HANDLES TO THE SPINDLES OF LOCKS AND OTHER SIMILAR DOOR FURNITURE
Year: 1871

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Edwin Verity and Joshua
Marland Verity at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with
their Petition, on the 5th September 1871.
We, EDWIN VERITY and JOSHUA MARLAND VERITY, both of Leeds, in
the County of York, Wholesale Ironmongers, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVED METHOD OF FIXING OR
ATTACHING KNOES OR HANDLES TO THE SPINDLES OF LOCKS AND OTHER SIMILAR
DOOR FURNITURE," to be as follows, that is to say:—
This Invention consists in improved means of fixing or attaching
knobs or handles to the spindles of locks and other similar door
furniture requiring adjustment, whereby the knobs may be fixed and
secured on or removed from their spindles in a more simple and
expeditious manner than has been hitherto effected, and whereby the
knobs may be adjusted to any ordinary thickness of door.
To carry out our Invention we cast or otherwise fix one of the knobs
on one end of the spindle, we then cut the spindle down the middle
from its free end, forming the sides of the slit at a certain angle or bevil

page_text: to one another. The knob to be fixed is formed with a square hole for
the spindle, the sides of the hole being inclined, so that the size of the
hole is smallest at its commencement and widens the further it passes
into the knob. The knob is also formed with the usual screw hole.
We make the screw for fixing the knob with a conical end so that it will
fit into the aforesaid slit. By this means if the split end of the spindle
is passed into the square hole of the knob and the screw turned the
conical end of the latter will pass into the slit of the spindle and force
the sides of the spindle against the inclined sides of the square hole,
thereby fixing or dovetailing the knob and spindle together. Instead of
casting or fixing one of the knobs on the spindle both knobs may be
fixed by our improved method. If deemed necessary two sides of the
spindle at the end may be formed with notches or corrugations
corresponding with similar notches or corrugations to be formed in the
sides of the square hole in the knob.
IMPROVEMENTS IN PIPES FOR SMOKING TOBACCO
Year: 1871

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Joseph Thomas Hayes and
William Deakin at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents,
with their Petition, on the 23rd August 1871.
We, JOSEPH THOMAS HAYES, of the City of Manchester, in the County
of Lancaster, Engineer, and WILLIAM DEAKIN, of the same City,
Tobacconist, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN PIPES FOR SMOKING TOBACCO," to be as follows:-
The object of our Invention is such an arrangement and construction
of the pipe as will keep back or reserve the nicotine arising from the
combustion of the tobacco in the bowl of the pipe, and prevent it from
passing up the stem of the pipe to the mouth of the smoker, and also
from coming in contact with and saturating the exterior material of
the pipe, such arrangement also allowing the nicotine to be readily
removed from the reservoir when required, and our Invention consists in
forming the bowl for the tobacco of any suitable material, something
like a thimble, with small holes at the bottom to fit another thimble or
casing of larger diameter which has a few holes round its upper sides,
one thimble being inserted in the other, and then secured in the
exterior bowl connected with the stem so as to leave a space all round.

page_text: The second thimble or shell forms the reservoir or trap for the nicotine,
the smoke passing from the bottom of the inner thimble or bowl, then
up the space between the two thimbles or bowls, then down the space
between the outside of the casing bowl or thimble and the exterior
bowl to the stem of the pipe.
IMPROVEMENTS IN SKATES
Year: 1871

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Benjamin Charles Badham at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
17th February 1871.
I, BENJAMIN CHARLES BADHAM, of No. 4, Tentercroft Street, in the
City of Lincoln, Mechanical Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of
the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN SKATES," to be as follows:-
This Invention consists of a new method of fastening skates to the
boot without the aid of straps or screws entering the heeling of the boot.
The advantages are quickness in fastening, strength when fastened,
durability, cheapness, and adaptability to any known form of skate,
whether wood mounted, spring, or skeleton.
The means employed is a peculiar form of cramp, shown in accom-
panying Drawings, marked A, B, C, D, Figures 1 and 2, four of which
are required for each skate, and either 2 or more require to work on
pivots P, P. These pivots, consisting of wood screws or rivets, passing
through a hole in the cramps A, B, C, D, and are either screwed into
the wood of a wood mounted skate, or riveted into the foot plate of a
skeleton or spring skate, as the case may be.

page_text: The mechanism employed in causing these cramps to move on their
pivots is, in Figure 1, a T-headed screw F, with a thumb nut G of
suitable and convenient form at the side and under the hollow of the
foot working on it.
In Figure 2 it consists of a thumb nut E of similar form as in No. 1, 5
with a screw having the form of a double wedge W, W, in its length,
causing the cramps A, B, C, D, to move on their pivots in the same
manner as in No. 1. In this case also 4 cramps are required for each
skate, 2 or more of which require to move on their respective pivots,
the others can be fixed to the wood of the skate by wood screws or ]
riveted to the foot plate of a skeleton or other skate.
To give greater strength 2 or more thin pieces of steel E, E, Figure 1,
and G, G, Figure 2, are employed as tie rods to keep the pivots at an
equal distance from each other when the pressure of the T-screw F or
wedge W, W, is brought to bear upon the cramps through the application 1
of the thumb nuts E and G.
IMPROVE- MENTS IN STEAM BOILERS
Year: 1871

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by George Chrystal at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 27th July
1871.
I, GEORGE CHRYSTAL, of the City and County of Perth, North
Britain, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention of "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN STEAM BOILERS," to be as follows, that is to say:-
This Invention, which relates to certain improvements in the con-
struction of steam boilers, is specially applicable to that class of boilers
having circular fire-boxes, Cornish or other boilers, but may also be
applied to boilers having other forms of fire-box; and consists in
employing a series of tubes connecting the sides of the fire-box or large
tube or flue with the tube plate or end plate of the boiler at the smoke
box end, whereby a greatly increased heating surface is obtained for the
boiler. The said tubes are attached to the fire-box or large tube or flue
of the boiler by means of a knee or short bend or angle piece, or by
other suitable joint, whilst at their opposite ends they are secured to
the tube plate or end plate of the boiler by means of expanding and
rivetting them, or by screwed joints.
IMPROVEMENTS IN PORTABLE OR HAND VICE, APPLICABLE ALSO TO SCREW WRENCHES, SPANNERS, NIPPERS, AND OTHER SIMILAR ARTICLES
Year: 1871

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Daniel Fryer and Robert
Steers at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their
Petition, on the 15th September 1871.
We, DANIEL FRYER, of 18, Carlton Square, Old Kent Road, and
ROBERT STEERS, of 42, Camberwell Park, both in the County of Surrey,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN PORTABLE OR HAND VICE, APPLICABLE ALSO TO SCREW WRENCHES, SPANNERS,
NIPPERS, AND OTHER SIMILAR ARTICLES," to be as follows:-
Our improvements consist in forming the jaws of portable or hand
vice, screw wrenches, spanners, nippers, and other similar articles, so
as to act as levers, and mounting them upon and at the end of a central
stem, or spindle. Springs or other contrivances are disposed
between the jaws, having a tendency to. keep them apart. We then
place a tubular wedge or cone upon the stem, followed by a screw or
screw,

page_text: handle; and the latter being screwed up the stem until the cone is
driven between the lever or reverse end of the jaws, the instrument is
made to close or open at pleasure in a manner that will be readily
understood.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF SHUTTLES
Year: 1871

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Henry Ashworth, of Rochdale, in the County of
Lancaster, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION
OF SHUTTLES."
Sealed the 3rd April 1872, and dated the 20th December 1871.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Henry Ashworth at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition,
on the 20th December 1871.
I, HENRY ASHWORTH, of Rochdale, in the County of Lancaster, do
5 hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
THE CONSTRUCTION OF SHUTTLES," to be as follows:-
It is well known to weavers and others conversant with weaving
machinery that the shuttles used in looms for weaving are liable to split
at or near the ends in consequence of the fang of the metal tip of the

page_text: shuttle being driven into the wood, and that when a shuttle has become
so split it must be thrown aside as useless, as it would otherwise catch
in the warp, and occasion mischief to the work and perhaps to the
weaver.
My Invention is intended to obviate this splitting of the shuttle at or
near the ends, and consists in enclosing or protecting the end of the
shuttle by a cap, socket, or ferrule of metal of a conical form, such cap,
socket, or ferrule being driven on to the wood, and extending from the
ordinary tip to a suitable distance towards the shoulder of the shuttle,
and being rivetted by a pin or rivet passing through the wood of the
shuttle.
The top may be made as usual, and driven in as ordinarily practised,
or it may be cast or formed in one piece with the ferrule, so that the
whole forms a pointed conical cap to the end of the shuttle, in which
case the latter has not to be bored at the end at all. This ferrule or cap
will be found to entirely prevent the splitting of the shuttles, and may
also even be applied to shuttles that have been split, so as to enable them
to be used for a considerable time with advantage.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF FURNACES FOR CONSUMING SMOKE
Year: 1871

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Joseph Buckley, George
Buckley, and Robert Buckley at the Office of the Commissioners
of Patents, with their Petition, on the 23rd October 1871.
We, JOSEPH BUCKLEY, GEORGE BUCKLEY, and ROBERT BUCKLEY,
all of Mossley, in the County of Lancaster, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF
FURNACES FOR CONSUMING SMOKE," to be as follows:-
Our Invention is applicable chiefly to the furnaces of steam boilers
having longitudinal flues wherein the said furnaces are situated, but
with slight modification it might also be applied with advantage to other
descriptions of furnace, and consists in placing within the flue at a con-
venient distance behind the bridge wall a cluster of longitudinal tubes
of fire-brick.
The heat from the furnace keeps these fire-brick tubes at a white
heat, and the smoke and gases from the fuel in passing through the said
tubes being thereby subdivided, and at the same time being submitted
to the action of the intense heat, become thereby entirely consumed, and
not only is the emission of smoke from the chimney completely pre-

page_text: vented, but the flues are kept much cleaner, and a very much greater
amount of heating power is obtained from a given quantity of fuel than
beretofore, and hence a very considerable economy in the amount of fuel
required to evaporate a given quantity of water is effected.
We do not desire to confine ourselves to any particular length,
diameter, or thickness of the fire-brick tubes, nor to the exact position of
the same, but for the sake of example we would state that for ordinary
purposes we find that tubes of about two feet in length and four inches
internal diameter and about one inch in thickness will answer all the
purposes required, and we prefer to place them at about one foot behind
the bridge wall, supporting them on a low arch or bridge made of fire-
brick having an aperture at about the centre, through which the flue dust
can be removed from behind the bridge wall from time to time (as may
be found requisite) by means of a rake.
AN IMPROVEMENT IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF RIFLED BREECH-LOADING FIRE-ARMS
Year: 1871

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by James Purdey at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 3rd
November 1871.
I, JAMES PURDEY, of Oxford Street, in the County of Middlesex, Gun
Maker, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN
IMPROVEMENT IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF RIFLED BREECH-LOADING FIRE-ARMS," to
be as follows:-
:-
The object of this Invention is to obtain greater speed for the bullet, less
fouling of the barrel and less stripping than is at present experienced in
breech-loading rifles. These advantages I propose to attain by limiting
the extent of the rifling of breech-loaders to the muzzle end of the
barrel.
In carrying out my Invention I make use of a smooth-bored barrel, and
at the muzzle end thereof I enlarge the diameter of the bore sufficiently
to allow of the introduction of a rifled tube of iron or steel, which will
form the continuation of the bore. The length of this tube may vary,
but in general it will not exceed six inches in length. The bore of this

page_text: tube will be somewhat less than that of the barrel, and it should be
tapered at its inner end to prevent an undue interruption to the flight of
the bullet, and to facilitate its entering the grooves.
The tube I secure to the barrel by screw threads. This arrangement
allows of the bullet attaining a high velocity before it reaches the
grooves, and the effect of the rifling on the bullet, which is determined
by the speed of its flight, will consequently be greatly enhanced.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE METHOD OF FERMENTING WORTE FOR DISTILLATION OR VINEGAR MAKING
Year: 1871

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to James William Smith, of Number 2, Warrington
Crescent, Paddington, in the County of Middlesex, Gentleman, for
the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE METHOD OF FERMENTING WORTE
FOR DISTILLATION OR VINEGAR MAKING."
Sealed the 21st July 1871, and dated the 24th May 1871.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION filed by the said James William Smith at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition and
Declaration, on the 24th May 1871, pursuant to the 9th Section
of the Patent Law Amendment Act, 1852.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JAMES
WILLIAM SMITH, of No. 2, Warrington Crescent, Paddington, in the
County of Middlesex, Gentleman, send greeting.
WHEREAS I am in possession of an Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS
IN THE METHOD OF FERMENTING WORTS FOR DISTILLATION OR VINEGAR MAKING,"
and have petitioned Her Majesty to grant unto me, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, Her Royal Letters Patent for the same, and

page_text: have made solemn Declaration that I am the first and true Inventor
thereof.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said James William Smith, do hereby
declare that the following Complete Specification, under my hand and
seal, fully describes and ascertains the nature of the said Invention,
and in what manner the same is to be performed, in and by the following
statement :-
The nature of this Invention is an improved method of fermenting
worts so as to produce thereby and therefrom a greater quantity and
better quality of yeast than has hitherto been obtained, and at the same
time not to diminish the yield of spirit from such worts in the process
of distillation or of vinegar by subsequent acetic fermentation. I first
place the worts with sufficient yeast in a vessel, the area of which is
large enough to contain the quantity to be treated, at a depth of about
two feet, and I allow the worts to ferment in the said vessel from 10
to 20 hours (according to the weather, gravity of the worts, &c.) until
the yeast separates itself, part rising to the top, part falling to the bottom
of the liquor. I then draw off the partly fermented liquor into another
vessel leaving the yeast formed by this first fermentation behind, which
yeast though excellent for other purposes is incapable of continuing an
active fermentation in the liquor just drawn from it. To the liquor so
drawn off I add sufficient fresh yeast to continue the fermentation and
effect the attenuation requisite to prepare the liquor for distillation or
for conversion into vinegar.
In witness whereof, I, the said James William Smith, have here-
unto set my hand and seal, this Twenty-third day of May, in
the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-
one.
JAMES WILLIAM SMITH. (L.S.)
THE MANUFACTURE OF RIBBONS, FRINGES, AND TRIMMINGS OP ALL KINDS UPON THE DOUBLE PRINCIPLE
Year: 1871

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Richard Nicholls at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 16th
August 1871.
I, RICHARD NICHOLLS, of Wood Lane, Highgate, and at 46, Alder-
manbury, City, Silk Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of the
said Invention for "THE MANUFACTURE OF RIBBONS, FRINGES, AND TRIMMINGS
OP ALL KINDS UPON THE DOUBLE PRINCIPLE," to be as follows:-
That it consists of a cord or wire placed opposite to the heading of
the fringe, ribbon, or trimming, and also a cord or strong cotton placed
on the outside of the heading of the fringe, ribbon, or trimming; or
if horsehair or cotton is used to make a pearling to the heading, then
the cotton first mentioned must be placed outside that.
A NEW OR IMPROVED RAILWAY CHAIR
Year: 1871

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Richard Douglas Morgan and
Joseph Pomfret Vander Meulen at the Office of the Commissioners
of Patents, with their Petition, on the 5th October 1871.
WC, RICHARD DOUGLAS MORGAN & JOSEPH POMFRET VANDER
MEULEN, Civil Engineers, of Percy Chambers, Northumberland St.,
Strand, London, in the County of Middlesex, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "A NEW OR IMPROVED RAILWAY CHAIR,"
to be as follows :—
1st. In making the railway chair in three distinct parts. 2nd. In the
manner in which these parts are applied.. '3rd. In so arranging the
whole of the parts which when combined form the chair.
This railway chair consists, 1st, of the bed plate, which is simply a flat
plate, with a jaw or projection at each end, against which projections the
two nippers or parts which grasp the rail rest, and from which they
receive their support when the rail is loaded. The plate has four holes
in it to allow for being fastened to the sleeper. 2nd, the two 'nippers
or parts which grasp the rail are made in such shape that when the
rail is in its place there is a clear space under the bottom of the rail

page_text: which allows of a slight spring, which will greatly reduce the con-
cussion between the wheel tyre and the rail, thereby necessarily
reducing the vibration of the carriages. The jaws or nippers are
connected by means of two small bolts passing through the web of the
rail, and fastened by nuts.
The manner in which the chair is applied to the rail is first to lay the
bed plate upon the sleeper, and then slide the nippers sideways on each
side of the rail until they rest upon the bed plate, & are parallel to one
another, after which the pin, bolt, or wood screw is applied in the usual
manner. By this arrangement it will be seen that the bottom of the
rail having a clear space under it, it must be as it were suspended, in
which case it is evident that the greater the weight to be supported the
tighter the nippers or chair must grasp the rail; thus entirely dis-
pensing with keying, and also so protecting the bottom of the rail that
it can be reversed and used again.
This chair can be applied to any description of sleeper, and will not
interfere with the usual arrangements of the permanent way. It is
cheaper than the present chairs in use.
IMPROVE- MENTS IN TRUCKS FOR CONVEYANCE OF CATTLE BY RAILWAY
Year: 1871

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Charles Wilson at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 14th April
1871.
:-
I, CHARLES WILSON, of No. 298, Lawnmarket, Edinburgh, Scotland,
Butcher, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN TRUCKS FOR CONVEYANCE OF CATTLE BY RAILWAY," to be as follows:-
The object of my Invention is to afford to horses, cattle, sheep, and
other animals in course of transit a continuous supply of fresh water.
Hitherto all attempts for this purpose have failed in consequence of
the supply not being continuous, the supply being given at intervals, and
requiring to be consumed at once to prevent waste.
By my Invention a continuous supply is given by means of a cistern
or cisterns affixed to the carriage, and having regulating ball cocks,
one or more, by which means the troughs are kept constantly supplied
with water. The cistern can be made of such size as is best suited to
the length of journey or between the watering stations on the railway.
The trucks may be supplied with “
"hecks"
or hay racks, and may
have divisions for the separation of the animals removeable or fixed at
pleasure.
IMPROVEMENTS IN WHEELS FOR CARRIAGES, WAGONS, CARTS, AND OTHER VEHICLES
Year: 1871

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Laurence Stewart at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 14th
January 1871.
I, LAURENCE STEWART, of Edinburgh, in the County of Mid Lothian,
North Britain, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN WHEELS FOR CARRIAGES, WAGONS, CARTS, AND OTHER
VEHICLES," to be as follows, that is to say :-
This Invention, which relates to the construction of wheels on which
are supported the bodies of carriages, carts, wagons, omnibuses, or other
similar vehicles which are or may be employed for conveyance upon
tramways or common roads, is a further development of the Invention
for which Letters Patent were granted to the said Laurence Stewart,
No. 1095, A.D. 1870, and the main feature of which Invention is the
employment of vulcanite or vulcanised caoutchouc as the material of
which the said wheels are constructed.
And the present Invention consists in employing one or more strands
of wire, either plaited, twisted, or untwisted, passing longitudinally
through the spokes or arnis of the wheel, being fastened at or near to

page_text: the nave or boss of the wheel, and at the outer end of each of the said
spokes or arms the strand or strands of wire proceeding from each
such spoke or arm is or are divided, and each half of the body of one or
more such strands of wire is bent over to a circular are corresponding to
that of the felly of the wheel, and in which the wire is enclosed when
the caoutchouc either unmixed or admixed and combined with other
materials is solidified or vulcanised over it. The strands of wire are
by preference made long enough to allow of a portion beyond that
which passes through the felly to be carried down some distance into
the outer end of each adjacent spoke or arm, and by this method of
construction a wheel chiefly composed of vulcanite is firmly bound
together and less liable to crack or fracture.
In place of putting the wire into the different parts of the wheel in
the manner herein-before described it may be used in separate lengths
and passed through the spokes or arms and felly, or other parts besides
those at or near to the centre of such parts.
IMPROVEMENTS IN SPRINGS
Year: 1871

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Frederick Arthur Paget at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
10th May 1871.-Partly a communication from abroad by Louis
Lemoine, Engineer, of Bordeaux, France.
I, FREDERICK ARTHUR PAGET, of 1, Seymour Chambers, Adelphi,
W. C., in the County of Middlesex, Engineer, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN SPRINGS," to be as
follows:-
These improvements in springs relate more particularly to such
annular or segmental springs as are used for the wheels of road:
locomotives, gun and other carriages, and to the annular springs used
for the buffer and draw springs of railway carriages and other similar-
purposes. They consist in combining prepared cork with india-rubber,.
preferably vulcanised, and with or without additional springs of steel.
We take common cork in shreds or discs or segments, or in other.
suitable pieces or forms, and prepare it by first soaking it, preferably
in a solution of molasses and water, or in a concentrated solution of
any deliquescent salt, such as chloride of calcium or of magnesium.
We then compress such cork, preferably by hydraulic pressure, so that it
takes up about half the volume of that of its uncompressed state. It

page_text: is then worked up in either regular or irregular forms with india-rubber
vulcanised or not, such india-rubber being heated for the purpose in
the usual way adopted in the said manufacture. Or a sort of net of
india-rubber may be formed into which the pieces of cork may be
inserted so as to be in the line of the working thrust of the spring,
or at right or other angles thereto. The solid rings or segments thus
produced may then be used in the same way as the segments or rings
or pads of solid india-rubber are ordinarily used for springs. Or, as in the
case of a spring for a tyre, the pieces of cork may be arranged round
the circumference of the rim of the wheel in narrow segments of the
circle or otherwise, and connected together at their planes of contact
by means of so-called india-rubber "pickling." Or two or more
rings of steel shaped conically in cross section may be employed in
combination with cork treated as described. The springs thus formed
are in the case of a wheel such as described protected by means of
a thin ring of steel on the outside, and further by a scries of loose
separate shoes extending all round the circumference, and hooking
on each side into a rim attached to the wheel, so as to allow them
the required movements as the spring yields.
IMPROVEMENTS APPLICABLE TO SAFETY LAMPS
Year: 1871

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by James Allison Hogg at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
4th July 1871.
I, JAMES ALLISON HOGG, of Chancery Lane, in the County of Mid-
dlesex, Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS APPLICABLE TO SAFETY LAMPS," to be as follows:―
The object of this Invention is to prevent miners' and other safety
lamps from being opened surreptitiously by the miners or workmen
using them. This is usually effected in safety lamps by means of a
lock adapted to the bottom part of the lamp, and which can only be
opened by a master key kept by the superintendent or other superior
official connected with the works. It has been found however that the
workmen contrive occasionally to open these lamps by introducing
some instrument into the key hole, and by so doing the naked flame
of the lamp becomes exposed and great risk of accident from the
ignition of explosive gases will be the result.
To prevent this tampering with the lamp I adapt to the outside of
it a spring bolt which will lock the lamp and the upper frame together.

page_text: as to
This spring bolt is covered up by a copper or brass ring so
prevent access being had to the bolt by any key, pick lock, or other
analogous instrument. When it is required to open the lamp for
trimming or otherwise the spring bolt, which is made of steel or iron,
can be drawn back by means of a strong magnet and then the bottom
of the lamp can be unscrewed. Sometimes it will be found convenient
to detach this spring bolt from the lump and adapt it to a padlock,
which by being passed through a hasp connected with the lamp will
secure the parts as in the former instance. In both plans there is no
key hole, and in all cases the only way of drawing back and unlocking
the spring bolt is by the application of a strong magnet.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PRESERVATION OF MILK AND IN THE PREPARATION OF A COMPOUND OF MEAT EXTRACT AND PRESERVED MILK
Year: 1871

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Henderson William Brand at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition,
on the 5th January 1871.
I, HENDERSON WILLIAM BRAND, of 4*, Villa Road, Brixton Road,
in the County of Surrey, Preserver of Fresh Provisions, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
PRESERVATION OF MILK AND IN THE PREPARATION OF A COMPOUND OF MEAT
EXTRACT AND PRESERVED MILK," to be as follows :-"
.
This Invention consists in the combination of concentrated meat
essence and extracts of meat or poultry, and condensed milk and cream,
for the purpose of producing a highly nutritious and easily assimilated
food and an article of general application in the nursery, the sick room
and hospital, the kitchen, and for army and navy purposes.
The
condensed milk is preserved for lengthened' periods by the addition to
it of the concentrated meat juice without the use of sugar or other
preservatives so commonly resorted to. The proportions may vary, but

page_text: those we prefer can be stated generally as one part of the meat extract
of commerce to twenty of condensed milk and cream.
In combination with the meat extract and milk and cream we add,
if desired, flavoring materials and foods, such as chocolate, cocoa, and
coffee.
IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR TURNING OVER SHEETS OR LEAVES OF Music
Year: 1871

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Eugene O'Brien at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 12th
July 1871.
I, EUGENE O'BRIEN, of Liverpool, in the County of Lancaster, Baker,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN APPARATUS FOR TURNING OVER SHEETS OR LEAVES OF Music," to be as
follows:-
-
The object of my Invention is to provide apparatus which shall
automatically turn over a sheet or leaf of music immediately after
sufficient movement has been given by foot or hand to withdraw a
detaining bolt.
For this purpose thin light frames of wood, metal, or other material
are placed between the sheets or leaves. The frames are each fitted with
a coiled or other spring. A detaining bolt or its equivalent holds all
the frames and forces the springs attached thereto into compression or
tension according as they are arranged. A pedal and levers or a tap

page_text: piece and connections are arranged to act on the detaining bolt. The
said bolt is withdrawn a step by moving the pedal or tap piece, and the
spring thereby allowed to turn over the light frame to which it is fitted
and the sheet or leaf of music resting thereon.
IMPROVEMENTS IN WHEELS APPLICABLE ESPECIALLY TO TRACTION ENGINES
Year: 1871

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Sir John Bethune at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 28th
June 1871.
I, Sir JOHN BETHUNE, of 13, Chesham Place, Belgrave Square, and
of Kilconquhar, in the County of Fife, do hereby declare the nature
of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN WHEELS APPLICABLE ESPECIALLY
TO TRACTION ENGINES," to be as follows:-
.
This Invention has for its object improvements in wheels applicable
especially to traction engines.
In order to prevent the driving wheels of traction engines from
slipping and injuring the surface of the roadway it is common to
apply to them stout tyres of vulcanized india-rubber, such tyres are
very expensive, and are not durable.
According to my Invention I apply metal springs in the manner
herein-after described, and dispense with the india-rubber tyres.
The wheel consists of two side plates or discs rigidly fixed together.
To these discs, or to the parts which connect them, I attach the
springs, and the springs each pass across the face of the wheel from
one disc to the other. The whole circumference or bearing surface of

page_text: the wheel is thus formed by the springs which are arranged at short
distances apart. The springs may pass across the wheel in a direction
parallel to the axle or they may be inclined to it, they may be inclined
in both directions and cross each other. The springs may be connected
at their ends to the parts which connect the discs and a tyre may be
applied over the springs and fixed to them, such tyre being flexible, so
as not to prevent the play of the springs.
Double springs like elliptical carriage springs may be employed,
such springs being arranged either circumferentially, or across the
wheel. These springs may form the bearing surface of the wheel, or a
tyre may be applied over them as already described.
IMPROVEMENTS IN METALLIC PENS
Year: 1871

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Alexander Bewicke Blackburn
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition,
on the 22nd February 1871.
I, ALEXANDER BEWICKE BLACKBURN, of York Buildings, Adelphi,
in the City of Westminster, Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature
of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN METALLIC PENS," to be as
follows:-
According to my improvements the piece of metal which forms the
pen is divided longitudinally at one extremity into three sections. The
central one is the longest, and is split to form the nibs of the pen.
The two outer parts or sections are bent round, so that a projection on
the inner side of each is made to lap over the central nibs, whilst the
extremities of these parts may, if desired, be made to lap under the
central nibs. By this arrangement the nibs are placed between two
jaws, which allow them only a small range of action, and as they are
thus prevented from being unduly strained at their base they may be
made of such thinness or tenuity as to be extremely flexible, and yet be
as little liable to injury as in ordinary forms of metal peus.

page_text: As a modification, and to effect the same object, the nibs may be
passed through an eye in a separate piece of metal, which may either
form part of the holder or be detached therefrom. In order to moderate
the quantity of ink flowing from the pen the nibs are made slightly
convex on the under side, by this means little or no ink can reach the 5
paper except through the split nibs, there being no channel on the under
side to convey it.
AN IMPROVED COOLING OR REFRIGERATING MIXTURE ADAPTED FOR ICE SAFES AND SUCH LIKE VESSELS EMPLOYED TO PRESERVE AND KEEP COOL EDIBLES AND BEVERAGES, APPLICABLE ALSO TO KEEPING COOL THE AIR IN Rooms
Year: 1871

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Frederick Coles at the Office.
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 2nd
September 1871.
I, FREDERICK COLES, of Tower Street, in the City of London, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVED COOLING
OR REFRIGERATING MIXTURE ADAPTED FOR ICE SAFES AND SUCH LIKE VESSELS
EMPLOYED TO PRESERVE AND KEEP COOL EDIBLES AND BEVERAGES, APPLICABLE ALSO
TO KEEPING COOL THE AIR IN Rooms," to be as follows:―
This Invention relates to an improved cooling or freezing mixture
adapted for ice safes, tanks or vessels for the transport of edibles, also
for cooling beverages and rooms; and the features of novelty of this
Invention consist, first, in employing a mixture of brine and rough ice
as the cooling or freezing mixture or medium; and, secondly, in placing
the said cooling or freezing mixture in a chamber surrounding the
vessel in which the articles to be cooled are placed instead of placing
the ice amongst the said articles, as is now commonly practised with
ice safes and vessels or tanks containing meat, and in which said vessels
or tanks the meat and ice are arranged in alternate layers. In practice

page_text: this method of preserving meat has been found objectionable and
frequently ineffectual in preserving the mass, and the object of this
Invention is to remedy this objection by keeping the meat separate
from the cooling mixture, as above stated.
By the above improved method I induce a circulation of cold air in 5
the chamber containing the article or substance to be cooled or pre-
served, and if the substance be meat the cold air permeates the entire
mass, and thereby effectually preserves it.
The freezing mixture requires renewing from time to time, but for
the space of 16 hours I am able to maintain a temperature below 1
freezing point, and can thus if desired make ice..
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF STEAM PUMPs
Year: 1871

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Walker at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 22nd May
1871.
I, WILLIAM WALKER, of Manchester, in the County of Lancaster, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
THE CONSTRUCTION OF STEAM PUMPs," to be as follows :-
These improvements are designed with a view of simplifying as much
as possible the construction of such pumps, and dispensing entirely with
the use of any striking mechanism for working the valves.
I employ a steam cylinder having ordinary steam and eduction ports,
and fitted with a hollow piston made a little longer than the stroke.
The valve chest is made cylindrical and fitted with two small pistons
between which is a slide valve for opening and closing communication
between the exhaust passage and the ends of the steam cylinder. At
or near each end of the valve chest is a drilled supply passage leading
from the steam chest to the back of the small pistons respectively..
There are also two supplementary exhaust ports leading from the spaces
behind the small pistons to the central exhaust passage, but there is a

page_text: break or interruption of continuity in these passages at or near the centre
of the cylinder, past which point the communication is only opened at a
certain point of the stroke by means of one or the other of two pockets
formed in the outside of the steam piston one at or near each end.
The action of the pump is as follows:-Supposing the steam cylinder
to be in the horizontal position, the steam piston being at the right-
hand end of the cylinder, and the slide valve and auxiliary pistons
towards the left. Steam being admitted the main piston will move
from right to left, the main exhaust being open at the left-hand end.
On the arrival of the piston near the end of the stroke the right-hand
pocket will open communication between the exhaust and the space at
the back of the right-hand auxiliary piston in the valve chest, and the
steam from this space escapes into the main exhaust pipe. The pressure
of the steam upon the back of the left-hand auxiliary piston imme-
diately forces the pistons and slide valves from left to right reversing
the motion of the main piston, and a repetition of the same operation
then takes place at the reverse end of the steam cylinder, and so on
alternately.
It will be observed that when either of the supplementary pistons
closes its own exhaust port, it at the same time permits steam to pass
along one of the supply passages above named, thus forming a steam
cushion at the back of the piston and rendering the action of the same
perfectly noiseless.
AN APPARATUS FOR LOWERING AND RAISING WINDOW SASHES
Year: 1871

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Tavener at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on. the 10th
June 1871.
I, WILLIAM TAVENER, of Hinton, in the County of Hants, Surveyor,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN APPARATUS
FOR LOWERING AND RAISING WINDOW SASHES," to be as follows:-
The object of the Invention is to enable window sashes balanced by
weights in the ordinary way to be lowered or raised with greater facility
than by the direct application of the hand as generally practised; and
consists, for the purpose of lowering, in employing two cords connected
with the balance weights of the sash; one of these cords is placed on
each side of the window and passes round guide pullies, which I prefer
to sink into each side of the upper part of the window frame, one end
of each cord is attached to the corresponding balance weight; the other
ends of the cords hang down inside the room and are terminated in any
suitable or convenient manner. On pulling the two cords the two
balance weights of the sash are raised up, and the sash being no longer
balanced thereby slides down to an equal extent. This arrangement is
especially applicable to the purpose of lowering or opening the top sash,

page_text: but may be also applied to the lowering or closing the bottom sash. In
order to raise the top or bottom sash I sometimes employ a pair of cords
for each; one end of each of which cords is fixed, by preference, in the
sash line grooves of the styles, and the other end being carried over
suitable guide pullies (also sunk in the window frame) hangs down |
freely inside the room. On pulling either of these pairs of cords the
corresponding sash may be raised to any required extent.
IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS OR MEANS FOR LAYING' ORDNANCE
Year: 1871

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Davenport Shakespear at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
13th April 1871.
I, JOHN DAVENPORT SHAKESPEAR, of Augusta Road, Ramsgate, in the
County of Kent, Lieutenant-Colonel Half-pay, Royal Artillery, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS
OR MEANS FOR LAYING' ORDNANCE," to be as follows:-
My Invention relates to means for "laying" ordnance, which is
especially suitable for long ranges and for examining an enemy's
position. And my Invention consists in adapting and applying to the
ordinary tangent scale employed for the purpose of "laying" the gun
a telescope such as is used for surveying purposes, and fitted with a
rack and pinion adjustment.
In order to apply the said telescope as required the top of the tangent
scale has fixed to it a socket to receive a short jointed rod or plug at
the under side of the telescope, such socket being provided with a
clamping screw for the purpose of fixing the telescope firmly in "the
line of metal." There is also a clamping screw fitted to the joint for

page_text: the purpose of fixing or retaining the telescope at any particular angle
of inclination that may be required to command a view of the muzzle
or front sight, and also distant objects.
By the said adaptation and application to the tangent scale of a
telescope possessing a short and long focus greater accuracy of "laying"
the gun can be obtained than by the unassisted cye.
IMPROVEMENTS IN LAMPS OR LANTERNS, CHIEFLY DESIGNED FOR OUT-OF-DOOR SITUATIONS
Year: 1871

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Robert Lake at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
29th May 1871. -A communication from abroad by Joseph
Weatherby Bartlett, of the City and State of New York, United
States of America.
-
I, WILLIAM ROBERT LAKE, of the Firm of Haseltine, Lake, & Co.,
Patent Agents, Southampton Buildings, London, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN LAMPS OR LANTERNS,
CHIEFLY DESIGNED FOR OUT-OF-DOOR SITUATIONS," a communication, to be as
follows:-
The said Invention relates to lamps which are chiefly designed for
streets and other public thoroughfares and out-of-door situations.
According to this Invention I make the glass which surrounds and
protects the light or flame in one single piece. The said glass is pear-
shaped or oval and is open at the top and bottom, the top being provided
with a suitable chimney. The lower part of the glass encircles the
burner, and the upper part forms a dome above the same, but, as above
stated, the whole is in one piece, and as it is formed of crystal glass
without any portions of metal or other opaque material, there is nothing

page_text: to absorb or obstruct the light, and moreover the lamp presents a very
elegant appearance. At the part where the dome or upper part merges
into the lower part of the said glass the same has a flange or rim formed
around it, that is to say, the said flange is formed of the substance of
the glass or in one piece with the same. By means of this flange the
glass is suspended or supported within any suitably constructed frame.
I provide my improved lamps with reflectors, which may be either
concave or convex. I place one of the concave reflectors in the form of
a ring around the glass at or near the aforesaid flange or rim, and
another around the chimney at the top of the globe. Or I may use the
lower concave reflector alone, or may have the said lower reflector and
a convex reflector around the chimney at the top of the said globe. The
surface of these reflectors is formed by enamelling them with porcelain
or nickel, or with paint and varnish kiln dried.
Any suitable frame may be used for supporting my improved lamp,
but one well adapted for the purpose consists of four upright thin bars
attached to the post or column, and terminating at the top in a ring
or hoop wherein the lamp is supported by the aforesaid flange or rim.
Ar IMPROVED MATERIAL APPLICABLE TO THE MANUFACTURE OF VALVES FOR PUMPS AND OTHER PURPOSES
Year: 1871

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Niels Jochumsen at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 22nd
August 1871.
I, NIELS JOOHUMSEN, of Leith, in the County of Mid Lothian, North
Britain, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention of “Ar
IMPROVED MATERIAL APPLICABLE TO THE MANUFACTURE OF VALVES FOR PUMPS AND
OTHER PURPOSES,” to be as follows, that is to say:—
This Invention, which relates to improvements in valves applicable to
air pumps, circulating pumps, feed pumps, and other similar purposes,
consists in the construction of the said valves from a flexible material
which is composed of india-rubber and brass, copper, or other practically
incorrodible wire cloth or gauze, which when so combined constitutes a
more durable material than the sheet india-rubber, leather, or other
substances heretofore employed for such valves.
The Invention is carried into effect by placing sheets of the said wire
cloth or gauze between layers of the india-rubber whilst the latter is
in a plastic state, and which when subsequently vulcanised, rolled, or

page_text: exposed to a pressure in the usual way becomes solidified through the
meshes of the wire cloth, which acting as a fibre to the india-rubber
renders it less liable to crack through repeated flexion whilst in action
or be cut by the grating or seat of the valve upon which it is placed.