Improvements in Meters for Water and other Liquids.
Year: 1887

page_text: Date of Application, 2nd Mar., 1887.
Specification Accepted, 5th Apr., 1887.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Meters for Water and other Liquids.
1, JOHN THOMSON of 143 Nassau Street in the City, County and State of New
York, United States of America, Mechanical Engineer, do hereby declare the nature
of this invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly
described and ascertained in and by the following statement :-
My invention comprises a finid meter of that class in which the displacement is
effected positively by means of a reciprocating piston and a valve system.
The objects of this invention will be severally pointed out in the description herein-
after to follow, reference being made to the accompanying drawings in which—
Fig. 1 is a front elevation of the meter.
Fig. 2 is a top plan view of the lower part of the shell or case and of the valve
casing and valve connections.
Fig. 3 is a vertical transverse section on line D, Fig. 2 looking in the direction of
the arrow 1, exposing the controlling valves, in vertical elevation.
Fig. 4, the same as Fig. 3, the parts in a different position.
Figs. 5 and 6 are vertical transverse sections on line E, Fig. 2, looking in the
direction of arrow 2, and showing the parts in different positions.
Fig. 7 is a sectional plan on line P. P, Fig. 6.
Fig. 8 is a vertical section on the line C, Fig. 2...
Fig. 9 is a section on the line I, 1 Fig. 2..
Figs. 10, 11, 12 are sectional plans respectively on the lines T T, SS, RR, Fig. 8.
Fig. 12 is a vertical section on line V V, Fig. 12.
Fig. 13 is a perspective view in section of the valve operating piston.
Fig. 14 is a vertical section of said piston.
Fig. 15 is a detached detailed view of controlling valves, coupling lever, links and
ports.
Fig. 16 is a detached detail of main valve, valve-piston and ports, and coupling lever
and links.
Fig. 17 is a top plan of valve-piston, and
Fig. 18 is a detail view of piston rod and register operating apparatus.
Fig. 19 is a front plan view of register dial, and
Fig. 20 a like detail view of register train, the dial being removed.

page_text: The improved meter consists in its main features of an outer case or box, an interna
valve casing, containing channels and ports and provided with valves, one of which i
operated by water pressure acting upon a piston, and a reciprocating piston o
diaphragm controlling other valves, and connected to operate a registering apparatus
The operation of these parts consists in the inflowing water upon one side of th
diaphragm, moving it away from said side, so as to expel the water from the opposit
side through an outlet, until the diaphragm reaches the limit of said movement, after
which the inflowing water acts upon the opposite side of the diaphragm to move it in
the opposite direction and thereby expel the water through the opposite side to the
outlet, and as the diaphragm reaches the limit of its movement in either direction it
shifts its connected valves, and the shifting of said valves reverses the pressure upon
the valve actuating piston to move the latter and shift the valve connected therewith
so as to vary the flow of the water in the channels and direct it first to one side and
then to the other side of the diaphragm.
Before describing the parts in detail I will set forth the general construction of the
outer case K Fig. 1 and the valve casing L, Fig. 8.
The outer case consists of two hoods or bowls 1, 2, and an intermediate ring 3 which
the outer wall of the valve casing L, and which is clamped between the edges of the
hoods 1, 2, the latter having annular channels 4, Fig. 3, wider than the edge of the
ring to receive gaskets 5, so that when the parts are bolted together, the gaskets in
consequence of the limited bearing surface, are pinched tightly and prevented from
changing their positions. This permits the gaskets to he made of ordinary rubber
bands with but little loss of material.
The valve casing consists of a base plate 6, Fig. 3, with hollow necks 7", Sª, at
opposite edges constituting the inlet and outlet connections and projecting beyond the
outer wall 3, and of superposed flanged plates 7, 8, 9, the latter being the cap plate,
the vertical flanges of the plate dividing the space between them into chambers or
channels referred to hereinafter, and the edge of each flange resting in a groove in the
plate below, and being there soldered in position.
The plates are provided with bosses 10, 10, arranged in line and bored through for
the passage of the operating spindle or piston rod D, which is connected at the lower
end with a piston or diaphragm M, reciprocating within a cylinder 11, and constituting
the bottom of the latter, while the plate 6 constitutes the top. I shall hereinafter term
the part M the diaphragm," although a piston sliding in the cylinder 11, might be
substituted therefor.
In connection with this diaphragm I employ certain valves, passages, and operating
means, by which water entering at either neck of the apparatus is caused to flow first
to one side of the diaphragm and press it upward or downward to force the water on
the opposite side outward through the outlet, and is then thrown to the opposite side
to force the diaphragm in the opposite direction, and discharge the water from the
other side into the same outlet, each reciprocation of the diaphragm discharging a
known quantity of water, so that the reciprocations being registered, or their extent
measured by suitable mechanism described hereinafter, the volume of water passing
through the meter is accurately measured and registered.
In order to effect this result it is necessary to employ valve devices to change the 4
direction of the flow of the water, and to employ means for automatically operating
the valves, and it is essential that these mechanisms shall operate with but a nominal
friction, and these results are secured by the contrivances which I will now describe.
There are two connected valves E. F, Fig. 4 which I term controlling-valves and
which are actuated by contact with some part of the sliding piston rod D, and there 50
is a valve G, Fig. 6, which I term the "main valve" which is controlled by a sliding
piston H. The piston and all the valves slide in cylinders a, b, c, d, Figs. 4 and 5
each valve cylinder consisting of separated rings supported by the various plates 6, 7, 8
nd 9, the spaces between the rings constituting ports. Thus the separated rings of
he cylinder a, of the valve E, Fig. 4, have between them the ports 12, 13 and 14, the 55
ylinder b, of the valve F, has ports 15, 16 and 17, and the cylinder c, of the main
alve G, Fig. 5, has ports 18, 19 and 20.

page_text: The cylinder of the piston H, is provided with heads 21, 22, and with four
ports 23, 24, 25, 26, radially arranged as best shown in Figs. 6, 7 and 11.
The two valves E and F, are connected by means of a vibrating lever 28, pivoted
to a stud 29, and connected by links 30, to the stems 62, of the valves, each of which
has three pistons or discs 61, 63 and 64, and the lower end of the spindle of the
valve F, is connected by a link 31, with a lever 32, pivoted to a bracket 34, and
extending at the outer end to a position to be struck by two stops 35, 36, Fig. 8,
carried by the slotted piston rod D, the stop 36, consisting of an adjustable screw pin.
The stem of the valve G, and the piston rod of the piston H, are connected by
links 42, to a lever 40, pivoted to a standard 41. The valve G. consists of two
discs 77, 77, and the piston H, consists of an open ended cylinder or ring 50,
(Figs. 13, 14, 16, 17) having at the opposite side two ports 51, 51, which may be
brought to coincide with the port 23, 24, of the cylinder d, and the piston las
intermediate ports 52, 52, which may be brought to coincide with the ports 25, 26, of
the cylinder d, and is also divided by a diaphragm 55, Fig. 13, so that the ports 5.1,
thereof below said diaphragm cannot communicate with the ports 52, above said
diaphragm.
The arrangement of the chambers in the valve casing between the plates 6 and 7, is
illustrated in Fig. 12, which represents a chamber e, communicating with the neck 8",
and with the cylinder e, of the valve G, through the annular port 20. There is another
chamber, communicating with the neck 7", another chamber g, communicating
through the ports 14 and 17, with the cylinders a, b, of the valves E, F. There is
another chamber h, communicating through an opening 56, with the chamber X, below
the diaphragm M, Fig. 9, and there is another opening 57, forming a communication
between the chamber Z, above the valve casing, and a chamber Y, within the
cylinder 11, above the diaphragm M.
Figs. 7 and 11 illustrate the chambers between the plates 7 and 8, there being a
chamber, communicating with the chamber e, below through an opening 58, and with
the cylinder b, of the valve F, through the port 16. There is a chamber_k,
communicating with the port of the main valve G, and also with an opening 59,
leading to the chamber h, below. Another chamber m, communicates with the port 13,
of the valve cylinder of the valve E, and with an opening 60, leading to the chamber f
below, see Fig. 8.
The ports 23, 24, 25, 26, of the cylinder d, of the piston H, are all between the
plates 7 and 8, Figs. 7 and 11, the ports 25, 26, communicating through
openings 80, 80, with the chamber 7, below, the port 24, communicating with a
chamber n, and the port 23, with a chamber p. The arrangement of chambers between
the plate S, and cap plate 9, is shown in Fig. 10. There is a chamber 4, communicating
through an opening 81, with the chamber p, below and through the port 12, with the
cylinder a, of the valve E, and through the port 15, with the cylinder b, of the valve F,
and through an opening 82, with the chamber n, below. There is another chamber »,
communicating through the port 18, with the cylinder c, of the main valve G, and
through a port 83, with the chamber m2, below.
The operations of the devices above described are as follows:-
Supposing the parts to be in the position shown in Figs. 4 and 6, that is the valve F
down, the valves E and G up, and the piston H, down.
Water flows inward through the neck S", Fig. 4, to the chamber e, Figs. 4 and 12,
and through the port 20, into the chamber Y, Fig. 6, pressing on the top of the
diaphragm M, and moving it downward.
Water below the diaphragm M, in the chamber X, flows up through the opening 56,
Fig. 9, into the chamber 4, Figs. 9 and 12, up through the opening 59, Figs. 9 and 1.1
into the chamber k, through the port 19, of the cylinder c, to the chamber r, Figs. 6; 9
and 10, and down through the opening 83, chamber m, Fig. 3, opening 60, and
chamber, to the neck 7".
The pressure upon the diaphragm m, continues until it reaches the limit of its lowest
motion, just previous to which the stop 35, Fig. 3, strikes the lever 32, and shifts the
valves E, F, to the position shown in Fig. 3.

page_text: When said valves E. F, are in the position shown in Fig. 3, the water from the
chamber e flows through the opening 58, Figs. 3 and 11, into the chamber j, to the
port 16, of the valve F, downward below the disc 61, to the port 17, and surrounding
chamber g, Figs. 3 and 12, thence upward through the openings 80, Figs. 7 and 11,
to the ports 25, 26, of the cylinder d, of the piston H, through small notches e, in the
piston H, Figs. 6 and 14, and ports 51, of said cylinder, below the diaphragm 55, so
as to press upon the under side of the piston and shift the latter and the valve G, to
the position shown in Fig. 5, thus closing by the lower disc 77 of the valve G, the
communication between port 20 of the cylinder c, and the chamber Y, opening
communication between the ports 20 and 19, and the communication between the port 18,
and the chamber Z, above the valve casing.
When the cylinder c, below the port 20, is closed, water from the chamber e, flows
upward through ports 20 and 19, to the chamber k, Figs. 5 and 11, down through the
opening 59, to the chamber 1, Fig. 12, and thence through the opening 56,
Figs. 9 and 12, to the chamber X, below the diaphragm, acting upon the under side of
the latter to start it on its upward motion.
The water from above the rising diaphragm in the chamber Y, now flows upward
through the opening 57, Figs. 12 and 12 into the top chamber Z, and then flows down-
ward through the open upper end of the cylinder e Fig. 5, and port 18, to the chamber 7,
and thence, Fig. 10, to the opening 83, thence to the chamber m, Figs. 7 and 11,
downward through the opening 60, Fig. 4, to the chamber f, and thence to the
discharge neck 7"
When the diaphragm reaches the top position shown in Fig. 4, the stop 36, will
strike the lever 32, lift the outer end of the latter and the valves E, F, will be shifted
to the position shown in Fig. 4. The entering water at 8", now passes to the chamber e,
through the opening 58, to the chamber 1, Figs. 4 and 11, through the port 16, and
port 15, to the chamber 7, Fig. 10, thence down through the openings 81 and 82, to
the ports 23, 24, Figs. 7 and 11, and through the notches Fig. 14, and ports 52, on
to the top of the diaphragm 55, of the piston FI, thus depressing the latter and again
shifting the position of the valve G.
In the above description I have assumed that the current flows from right to left,
but the same result would ensue if the current flowed from left to right.
It will be seen that the valves are of the piston type and that the different chambers
within the outer casing are so connected that there is always an equal pressure upon
the opposite faces or ends, thus maintaining the valves at equilibrium at all times.
The diaphragm consists of the continuous flexible disc 94, the plates 95, 96, Fig. 8,
secured by a nut 97, to the piston rod D.
The outer edge of the diaphragm is clamped to the face of the internal cylinder 11,
by the clamping ring 90, secured by bolts or studs 93.
A light gasket may be interposed between the upper face of the internal cylinder 11,
and the bottom of the annular recess 92, in the face of the plate 6, and the bolts 93,
secure the internal cylinder, the clamping ring and the diaphragm in position and
also seal tightly the joints between the connections. But it is not essential that a
gasket be thus used, as the joint may be made by means of common paint, asphaltum,
or hydraulic cements, or the cylinder 11, may be part of the plate 6, or soldered
thereto.
I will now describe the details relating to the general mode of suspending and
fitting the valves and the construction of the valve-piston and main valve, whereby to
cushion the same, and to avoid water-shock and pulsation due to the reciprocating
action of the several parts and reversal of the fluid within the meter.
After the valve piston has been operated, no current passes the controlling-valves E, F,
until they are again roversed, securing the important advantage that the controlling
valves during the greater portion of their action are thus moved through "dead water."
When the controlling-valves are exactly at the centre of motion, the arrangement is
such, that in mid position both valves lap the ports, Fig. 15, so that there is an absolute.
closure before the conditions of the chambers are reversed. The main valve G, also
laps its ports when the valve-piston H, is at the centre of its stroke, Fig. 16, and

page_text: during the time of this lap the main piston and main volume of water is completely
stopped. It therefore follows that the entire volume of water constituting the capacity
of the meter, must pass at this instant by way of the valve piston and its ports, and as
it is desirable in order to reduce the cost of construction and material, that the
valve-piston and main valve be of the smallest practicable dimensions, this means a very
high velocity of action in these parts, which heretofore has resulted in a disagreeable
thumping due to a too abrupt stoppage of the acting parts, or in pulsation in the
mains, or in water shock, or all combined. At rapid flows the excess of pressure
between the inlet and outlet chambers is always sufficient to drive the valve-piston
with great rapidity and force, and this is more particularly noticeable and difficult to
overcome when the action of the valves is practically frictionless at all rates and
conditions of flow. In usual practice detrusive pressure upon the valves is in direct
ratio to the flow, hence simulating a brake, but at the cost of accuracy and durability
in the acting parts.
In the present instance mechanical impact is avoided by causing the valve-piston to
nearly close both its inlet and its outlet ports as it reaches the termination of its
stroke. This is effected in the following manner-
By referring to Fig. 6 it will be seen that the ports in the valve-piston have passed
beyond the ports in the valve-piston bearing or cylinder, thus cutting off both the
inlet and outlet passages. Therefore the valve-piston and parts directly connected
therewith, are cumulatively brought to rest by the gradual cutting off of the conditions
necessary to operation.
But the valve piston ports are not entirely cut out of circuit, in consequence of the
notches 2, e, which extend beyond the edges of the ports in the cylinders, Figs. 6, 13
and 14. One of the objects of this is that the valve-piston may be properly open to
the inlet and outlet passage upon the reversal of the controlling-valves. The additional
object and important contingent advantage thereby attained is, that the valve-piston at
fast flows can only start and stop at a velocity equal to the area of the narrow sections
of the notches, and hence insures that the main piston properly completes its stroke
and opens the controlling-valves to full capacity at all rates of flow.
By referring to Figs. 13, 14 and 17, it will be seen that the piston ports are
connected in pairs, one set being separated from the other by the partition or
diaphragm 55.
Pulsation in the mains is obviated by so proportioning the relative areas of ports
and valve openings that the least area thereof, during the afore described lap of the
main valve shall be equal to that of the inlet pipe. Water shock, or "hammer,"
when the interference with and relief of the flow are practically simultaneous, does
not usually produce pulsating or remitting flow nor is it usually destructive or
dangerous. In such cases it is simply disagreeable and annoying.
Such effects are due in meters and analagous instances, when produced as specified,
to the too speedy reversal of the volume within the meter. In this invention, the
main or current reversing valve G, is formed with very obtuse V notches or
undulations 120, around its edges, the effect being to cumulatively stop and to
cumulatively start the volume of Huid acted upon by the current which passes the
port. But this result can only be realized to its fullest extent by causing the
valve-piston to reduce the area of its inlet and outlet ports the instant the main valve
passes its lap and begins to open its ports.
To effect this, the ports in the cylinder are formed to just equal or nearly so, the
area of inlet pipe, but the ports in the valve-piston are as much wider than the former
as the lap of the main valve. Hence during the time of passing the said lap the ports;
of valve piston do not interfere with the current. But as the main valve begins to
open its ports, the continued action of the valve-piston begins to close or throttle the
ports in the walls of the cylinder. The consequence of this is that additional pressure
is transmitted to the ports controlled by the main valve, and the volume of water
within the meter is thereby forcibly put into action at a rate of speed or time equal
to the areas of port openings produced by the action of the main valve. The current
is thus reversed within the meter without shock or vibration...

page_text: The advantages contingent upon this method of cushioning the valve-piston and
reversing the current by the main valve are that these parts may be reduced to the
minimum size, just sufficient io pass the proper volume, and the valves are thereby
subjected to swift currents at the ports, preventing accumulation of sediment upon or
around the valves. In like manner the port openings communicating with the
compartment Y, direct swift currents into or out of the said compartment, preventing
accumulation of foreign matter upon the main piston and diaphragm.
The advantage of coupling the controlling-valves and valve piston and main valve,
is that they are thus in equilibrium for either or both movements, but the arrangement
of the bearings of the levers 28, 40, is such that they are purposely out of balance
except when the valves are on dead centre, each lapping its ports. This is accomplished
by placing the centre of vibration as the bearing pin 122, Fig. 16, below the centre
line 123, of link connections. The consequence of this is to throw the valves out of
balance, thus tending to hold the valves to either extreme position and also to cause
them to gravitate to their position after passing the centre of their laps. The practical
application of this is of value only in measuring very low rates of flow when the
excess of pressure between the working compartments of the meter is very slight.
Any suitable registering mechanism may be used. I will now describe what has
proved effective.
The ratchet wheel 126, Fig. 3, carries a spindle 127, Fig. 18, in the upper and outer
extension of which is cut a pinion 128, Fig. 8, adapted to engage the train-work of
register.
As shown in Fig. 18, the ratchet wheel is actuated by the weighted pawl 129, which
is carried on the crank-pin 130, mounted in the lever 131, having a bearing 132, in the
fixed standard 183. In the main extension of the lever is formed a fork 134, adapted
to engage a friction roller 135, mounted in the part 46, of the piston rod. It will thus
be seen that the lever is caused to partake of the entire motion of the piston, and that
the arrangement of the crank pin is such that each alternate stroke will drive the
ratchet wheel the space of one tooth. The advantage of this arrangement is that the
motion is perfectly uniform and continuous and also imposes very little strain upon
the main piston and diaphragm.
In the register Fig. 19, the units are counted by the hand 136, the sum of whose
reading is one hundred. This sum is recorded by hand 137, successively up to ten
thousand.
Hands 138, 139 and 140, successively take up the record in multiples of ten. But
the particular feature of this lies in the fact that all the said hands move in the same
direction, "with the sun" and that the movements of all are made during the same
time.
The object of this is to reduce the chances of reading in error and also that the
relative location of the hands shall be an assistance to correct reading.
The construction whereby these results are effected is shown in Fig. 20, in
which 141 indicates a plate carrying the dial and upon which the gearing is also
mounted.
The pinion 128 is guided to properly mesh with intermediate gear 142, by the
bearing 143, formed in the plate.
The main gear 144, carries the unit hand and therefore the relation of the inter-
mediate gear should be such that the unit of measurement shall carry the main gear
the one-hundredth part of one revolution. Projecting from the main gear is a single
tooth or pin 145, arranged to engage the intermediate counting gear 146, having ten
teeth. Therefore each rotation of main gear turns gear 146 one-tenth of a turn,
which is equally transmitted to gear 147, which carries hand 137.
Projecting from gear 146, is a pin 148, adapted to engage only gear 149, which
latter carries hand 138. Therefore ten revolutions of main gear will rotate gear 149
one-tenth of a revolution. And so on through the balance of the train gear 150
carrying band 139, and being driven by the pin 151, of gear 152, and gear 153,
carrying hand 140, driven by pin 154, of gear 155.
The register as a whole is secured to the cylinder of meter by screws through the

page_text: Pite as shown in Fig. 1. By this construction it will be seen that the parts are of the
simplest character, very easy to assemble and cheap to manufacture.
The valve casing may be constructed in different ways but I prefer that which is
shown and which I will now describe.
The three series of chambers within casing are formed by four distinct plates 6, 7, 8, 9
as before set forth. Wherever it is desirable to have a chamber the upper surface of
the plate has a groove or channel 124, 124, Fig. 6, and the lower surface of the plate
to be superimposed has a flange 125, 125, of the desired depth of the chamber and
corresponding in outline to the channel. All of the channels on any one plate are
connected to form a continuous system, and the flanges are also connected in like
manner. The plates are then simply placed together in proper order, heated up as
one part and soldered together, the channels forming a reservoir for the melted metal,
thus ensuring a perfect joint and closure of each and all of the chambers. Were it
attempted to solder the parts without this arrangement of flanges and channels the
faces of the flanges and the plates would have to be finished flat, and even then there
would be no certainty as to the perfection of the chamber, as the melted solder would
be free to flow and spread over the surface of the plate.
The advantages of this mode of building up the valve chamber are that the castings
may be formed without cores, may be cast very light, of uniform quality, and at low
cost.
After the plates are joined to form the valve-casing the only remaining operation of
consequence is to bore the cylinders or bearings for the valves, valve-piston and piston
rod, and herein lies another contingent advantage due to passing the bearings entirely
through the casing, viz., the facility with which a bearing of this character may be
formed. It will be observed that the rings of the cylinders do not require to be in
alignment each with the other nor at an exact distance apart, the links and side thrust
of the spindle bearings, previously herein described, allowing for any moderate
inaccuracy in the particulars named, it is simply required that the bearings be
cylindrical.
The meter thus constructed as a whole, is light, compact, convenient to handle, is
susceptible of being manufactured at a low cost, may be readily adapted to any and
all classes of duty, and in consequence of its very low co-efficient of friction, offers the
minimum obstruction to flow while being both accurate in measurement and durable
and reliable in service.
As already herein intimated it is not essential that the main piston be combined with
a diaphragm, as whenever desirable or necessary the light internal cylinder 11, may
be made heavier, or cast as a part of plate 6, and bored cylindrical to receive a solid
piston adapted to "water pack" like the valves, and which may be buoyant by forming
it with hollow water tight chambers, or it may be packed with leather, spring rings,
or plastic material. In any of such instances, however, in consequence of the increased
friction the piston is liable to be variable in its extent of stroke between high and low
flows. I therefore prefer to adapt the register to indicate the total travel of the piston
and not the number of its displacements.
This arrangement is practically provided for by the connection of the lever 131 to
the piston rod, which may readily be arranged to this end by using a ratchet wheel of
finer pitch, or a number of pawls, or both, whereby the said ratchet wheel is caused
to partake of the entire motion of either one or both strokes of the main piston.
While I have thus specifically described my invention, it is evident that it is not
limited to the precise construction of devices shown in the accompanying drawings, as
many and various modifications will readily suggest themselves to those skilled in the
art, but are embraced in the broad principles of my invention.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said invention,
and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I claim is :-
1. The valve-casing, having a complete system of piston-valves, the ports forming
the bearings for the valves and passing entirely through the casing, and an opening

page_text: through the casing whereby both ends of said valves are exposed to a like or neutral
pressure, for the purpose described.
2. The combination with the valve-casing and main piston of the duplicate
controlling-valves, having end sections, as 63, 64, and coupled to a vibrating lever,
one of said valves controlling the inlet and the other of said valves controlling the
outlet currents to and from the valve piston only, for the purpose described.
3. The combination with the valve-casing of the duplicate controlling-valves having
the end sections 63, 64, and coupled to a vibrating lever, the said end sections acting
to neutralize the effect of pressure upon the valves and also to complete the chambers
within the valve-casing, substantially as described.
4. The valve piston and main valve coupled to act as one part in combination with
the valve casing, the main valve having a bearing entirely through the casing and the
valve-piston acting to form plus and negative pressure-chambers within the casing,
substantially as described.
5. The valve-piston and main valve, coupled to act as one, and the duplicate
controlling-valves, in combination with the valve-casing, arranged substantially as
described, one of said controlling-valves acting to alternately deflect the inlet current
to one side or the other, of the valve-piston and the other of said controlling-valves
acting to permit the valve-piston to displace into the outlet chamber.
6. The valve-piston having openings in its side, in combination with the ports in the
valve-piston bearing, whereby the velocity of the action is gradually absorbed without
shock or vibration, substantially as described.
7. The valve-piston having openings in its side, in combination with the ports in the
valve piston bearing, the said valve-piston openings being deeper than the ports in the
cylinder, whereby the face of the valve-piston is properly exposed to the inlet and
outlet chambers, substantially as described.
8. The valve-piston having openings in its side, in combination with the ports in
the cylinder, said valve piston openings being deeper than the said ports in the
cylinder, whereby the valve-piston acquires and gives up its velocity cumulatively in
a ratio equal to the area exposed by said openings, substantially as described.
9. The combination with the valve casing of the cylinder heads 21, 22, forming a
closed pressure chamber within the casing and having inlet and outlet passages
connecting said pressure chamber with the inlet and outlet pipes, the valve piston
working in said pressure chamber and having its spindle bearing in either or both
of the cylinder heads, substantially as described.
10. The controlling-valves, main valve and valve-piston, coupled to act in pairs
separately, in combination with the casing, the arrangement and construction being
such that the controlling-valves are in "dead water" except during the operation of
the valve-piston, substantially as described.
11. The controlling-valves, main valve and valve-piston, coupled to act in pairs
separately, in combination with the casing, the arrangement of the valves in relation
to the ports being such that the controlling-valves are first caused to act and completely
close all chambers before deflecting the currents to and from the valve-piston,
substantially as described.
12. The controlling-valves, main valve and valve-piston, coupled to act in pairs
separately, in combination with the casing, the arrangement and construction being
such that with the valve piston in the centre of its motion the main valve will have
completely lapped its port at which time also the minimum area of any one of the
chambers or ports in the circuit is equal to the are of the inlet pipe, substantially as
described.
13. The controlling-valves, main valve and valve-piston, coupled to act in pairs
and to counterbalance each other, said valves and valve-piston being maintained.in a
vertical position in the valve casing, substantially as described.
14. The controlling-valves, main valve and valve-piston coupled to act in pairs, and
to counterbalance each other only in the centre of their action.
15. The valve casing having three series of horizontal chambers with vertical valve-

page_text: bearings formed in the walls of the casing and passing through the casing constituting
cylinders at a right angle to the chambers, substantially as described.
16. The valve casing having three series of horizontal chambers, said chambers being
formed by four distinct plates, having flanges of the required contour and depth of the
chambers, the said plates and flanges being thereafter joined to form the unitary
casing, substantially as described.
17. The valve casing having three series of horizontal chambers with vertical valve
bearings formed in the walls of the casing, and passing through the casing at a right
angle thereto, and having openings formed in the internal plates to connect the
chambers of different series in common circuit, substantially as described.
18. The valve casing having three series of horizontal chambers, said chambers being
formed by four distinct plates, having flanges and channels of the required contour
and depth of the chambers, the said flanges being adapted to register in the said
channels, whereby the plates may be joined to form the casing proper by soldering the
flanges within the channels, for the purpose described.
19. The manner of connecting the chambers of different series in common circuit,
which consists in forming openings through the plates from one chamber to another,
substantially as described.
20. In combination with the valve-chamber and the ratchet wheel, as 126, connecting
with the registering mechanism, the lever having an extension acting as a crank upon
which is mounted a pawl, as 129, arranged to engage the ratchet wheel, and another
extension arranged to engage the piston rod during its entire action, for the purpose
described.
21. The register arranged and constructed in the manner described.
PHILIP M. JUSTICE,
55 and 56, Chancery Lane, London,
Applicant's Agent.