IMPROVEMENTS IN OBTAINING MOTIVE POWER WHEN HEATED AIR OR ARRIFORM FLUID IS EXPLOYED
Year: 1865

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Matthew Piers Watt Boulton, of Tew Park,
Oxfordshire, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN OBTAINING MOTIVE
POWER WHEN HEATED AIR OR ARRIFORM FLUID IS EXPLOYED."
Sealed the 16th January 1866, and dated the 22nd July 1865.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Matthew Piers Watt
Boulton at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition,
on the 22nd July 1865.
I, MATTHEW PIERS WATT BOULTON, of Tew Park, Oxfordshire, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN OBTAINING
MOTIVE POWER WHEN HEATED AIR OR AERIFORM FLUID IS EMPLOYED." to be as
follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in obtaining motive power
when heated air or aeriform fluid is employed. When valves are employed_
in passages through which heated liquid passes the rod of the valve may pass
through a chamber containing air or aeriform fluid, the upper part of this
chamber being cooled by water on the outside. Again, the aeriform fluid in
the chamber may be cooled by injection of water which is converted into

page_text: steam by the heat of the liquid or by injection of steam; in this way the
stuffing box through which the valve rod works and the part of the valve rod
working through it may be kept cool. Two valve rods may be employed
through which water or liquid may circulate, passing through the body
of the valve.
When it is desired to inject heated liquid 'into a vessel containing aeriform
fluid under pressure, instead of employing a piston for this purpose the
pressure of acriform fluid acting on the liquid may be employed. For this
purpose the liquid is introduced into a chamber or vessel, the passage through
which it has been introduced-being closed by a valve; communication is opened
by valves between the upper and lower part of the liquid, and the aeriform fluid
in the vessel and the liquid passes into this vessel by its weight; other valves
being then closed communication is opened between the aeriforni fluid which
has displaced the liquid in the chamber and a cylinder in which a piston works,
and the aeriform fluid having expanded to such a degree as is desired, per-
forming work on the piston is allowed to escape, so that the pressure in-the
-chamber is reduced to that of the atmosphere. This being the case the vessel
is again charged with heated liquid admitted into it by the opening of a valve,
and the operation is ready to be repeated. Aeriform fluid from some vessel
different from that into which the liquid is injected may be employed to act
upon it and drive it into the vessel.
When air or aeriform fluid is heated in a vessel, as in Stirling's air engine,
the following mode may be adopted: The lower part of the heating vessel
contains heated liquid; attached to the plunger is a vessel, which on the
descent of the plunger dips into the heated liquid, taking up a certain
.portion of it as the plunger ascends; this liquid falls through perforations in
the vessel, heating the air or aeriform fluid as it descends; it may also as it
descends come in contact with plates or bodies attached to the plunger, and
may fall through perforations in these or take a zig-zag course from one to
the other. Again, rods, plates, or bodies may be attached to the plunger
which as it descends dip into the heated liquid emerging from this as the
plunger ascends, and heating the air or gas in the vessel. The heated liquid
may be injected into the vessel in which the air is heated, or it may be kept
in a state of fusion by external heat; the part of the vessel containing it may
be surrounded externally by heated liquid through which gaseous products of
combustion are caused to pass.
For producing motive power by heated gases or aeriform fluid, the following
arrangement may be adopted: Air and inflammable gas or fluid in proper
proportions are forced at high pressure into the cylinder in which a piston

page_text: works; the piston having moved through a certain space the inflammable
mixture is ignited, and the expansive force thus produced acts on the piston;
in this case the induction valve or valves are kept cool without difficulty, no
heated gases passing through them. The eduction valve is also kept cool
without difficulty, provided the heated gases are so cooled by performance at
work during expansion as to be discharged at a low-temperature; this can
be done by increasing the pressure and the expansion. If the temperature of
the heated gases is so high that it cannot be reduced so low as is desired by
the pressure and expansion which are used, then a certain quantity of steam
may be admitted into the cylinder, reducing the temperature of the fluid used
to such a degree that it is reduced by performance of work to the degree
desired. To prevent action of the heated gases on the eduction valve before"
their temperature is reduced by performance of work, fluid is interposed
between them and the valve in a passage between the cylinder and the valve;
steam may be used for this purpose, or water may be used which may be
injected into the passage after the eduction valve is closed; the valves may
also be cooled externally by water. The cylinder and valves may be cooled
so far as is desired by water externally applied; the heat imparted to the
water may be used to generate steam, which steam may be used in the
cylinder.
When the pressure used is very high inconvenience may be caused by
shock to the machinery, and the rapid increase of pressure caused by the
ignition of the inflammable mixture tends to aggravate this. To obviate
shock to the machinery two pistons may be used, one on which the heated
gases act directly, the other connected with the machinery, air being between
the two, which is compressed by the pressure of the working fluid and serves
as a cushion. The following method may also be adopted :-The air com-
pressed between the two pistons is driven through a valve into a vessel con-
taining compressed air, from which it issues through a valve into the cylinder
at the proper time, being mixed therewith the inflammable gas and used for
combustion: thus the piston on which the heated gases act compresses the air
needed for combustion, and also drives the piston which works the machinery.
The air vessel into which the compressed air is forced may be at the back of
the piston on which the heated gases act, its sides nearly fitting the cylinder
but not touching them in this case it serves to keep cool the piston and the
part of the cylinder in which the piston works. The following mode may
also be adopted: -The cylinder of the pump used for compressing the air
which is needed for combustion is moveable and is connected with the
machinery; the piston on which the heated gases work drives the piston of

page_text: the compressing air pump, at the same time compressing the air and giving
motion to the cylinder of the pump from which motion is communicated to
the machinery. Again, the heated gases may be employed to compress air
in a vessel, the air so compressed being used to work the machinery; for the
compression of the air, either a solid piston or water used as a liquid piston
may be employed. The following method may also be adopted :-The
inflammable fluid mixture is admitted into a chamber at the atmospheric
pressure; it may be drawn into this by the action of the machine; this
chamber communicates with a vessel of considerable capacity containing
water. In the water in this chamber are numerous bodies capable of being
wetted by the water. Again, there may be numerous tubes or hollow
chambers in the water; these tubes or passages may be made of porous
material, or their sides may be pierced with numerous small holes; they may
be provided with valves at the bottom which allow the water to rise freely
into them, but prevent or obstruct its descent. Again, they may be connected
with a vessel containing water at a higher level, so that they are kept con-
stantly full when the water surrounding them in the chamber is withdrawn.
The vessel containing the water communicates with a cylinder in which a
piston works, the water being in contact with the piston. When a sufficient
quantity of air and inflammable fluid has been admitted into the chamber
designed to receive it the inflammable mixture is ignited; upon this the fluid
expands, causing the piston to move and depressing the water in the chamber;
the heated gases thus come in contact with the bodies previously immersed in
the water and wetted by it or with the tubes containing water, or with the
water issuing from the holes in the tubes, converting this or a portion of it
into steam, the steam thus generated sets on the piston in combination with
the gases.
Water is supplied to the chamber to restore the loss by evapo-
ration; this water may be introduced when there is no pressure in the
chamber resisting its introduction.
In order to prevent shock to the machinery, two pistons may be employed
with a cushion of air or a spring between them. Again the water, instead
of driving the piston connected with the machinery, may be employed
to compress air in a vessel, the air thus compressed being employed to
work an engine. The plan above described may be combined with that
previously described, that is to say, the air and inflammable gas in the method
last described may be forced into the chamber at high pressure, and the
arrangements previously described as applicable in that case may be adopted.
Heat passing off unutilized from a heat engine may be utilized by employing
it to set on a thermo-electric pile or battery, the electricity thus produced

page_text: being employed either to produce electro-motive power or to generate heat
used in the heat engine or to decompose water, the oxygen and hydrogen thus
produced being used in the heat engine.
i
In order to produce motive power by heated gases otherwise than by
working a piston in a cylinder the following method may be employed :-
Heated aeriform fluid which has been contained in a vessel under pressure is
caused to issue in a constant stream through an orifice into a passage com-
municating with the air through an opening or openings. The blast of fluid,
acting like the blast in the chimney of a locomotive engine, draws air or causes
air to be forced along with itself into the passage; by this admixture of air
the temperature of the fluid is reduced; the mixed fluid having this reduced
temperature passes onwards into a chamber in which it creates pressure.
By this means instead of a smaller quantity of fluid of higher pressure and
temperature a larger quantity is obtained of lower pressure and tempera-
ture; from this chamber the fluid passes to a cylinder or to cylinders, and is
employed to work a piston or pistons, its temperature being so reduced that
it can be employed in this manner without difficulty.
The movement imparted to the piston or pistons may be communicated to
machinery in the ordinary ways. Insteads of drawing air into a passage, the
blast of aeriform fluid may draw water into a passage, and thus set in motion
in the passage a current of water; the current of water thus produced may be
employed to work a turbine. For this purpose it is caused to pass into a
passage in which it loses a certain portion of vis viva, and acquires a certain
portion of energy in the form of pressure, viz., such an amount as is requisite
for working the turbine. Instead of working a turbine, it may work other
instruments suitable for being worked by a current of water; when it is
desired to inject fluid into a chamber in order to produce pressure in the
chamber the fluid may be made to pass through a gradually expanding
passage, as is done in Giffard's injector, for which Letters Patent were
granted dated the 23rd July 1858, No. 1665; or the following method may
be adopted: The fluid is injected through a cylindrical tube into a chamber
losing a certain portion of vis viva, and acquiring a certain degree of energy
in the form of pressure. From this chamber it passes through a cylindrical
tube of larger diameter into a second chamber, losing more vis viva and
acquiring a further degree of energy in the form of pressure, and the operation
may be repeated as often as is desired.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Matthew Piers Watt Boulton in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 18th January 1866.
TO. ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, MATTHEW
PIERS WATT BOULTON, of Tew Park, Oxfordshire, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her Most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-second day of July; in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-five; in the twenty-ninth year of Her
reign; did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me,
the said Matthew Piers Watt Boulton, Her special licence that I, the said
Matthew Piers Watt Boulton, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or
such others as I, the said Matthew Piers Watt Boulton, my executors, admi-
nistrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from
time to time and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of
Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN OBTAINING MOTIVE POWER WHEN
HEATED AIR OR AERIFORM FLUID IS EMPLOYED." upon the condition (amongst
others) that I, the said Matthew Piers Watt Boulton, my executors or
administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of
their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature
of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed,
and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
1
NOW KNOW YE, that 1, the said Matthew Piers Watt Boulton, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same
is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement thereof, that is to say :-
This Invention has for its object improvements in obtaining motive power
when heated air or aeriform fluid is employed. When valves are employed in
passages through which heated liquid passes, the rod of the valve may pass
through. a' chamber containing air, or aeriform fluid, the upper part of this
chamber being cooled by water on the outside. Thus in Figure 1, A, A, is a
passage through which heated liquid passes; B is a valve closing and opening
the communication through this passage; C, C, is a chamber in which is air or
aeriform fluid; D, D, is water outside this chamber keeping it cool; E is the
rod of the valve. The valve may be a valve of any description, such as a slide

page_text: valve, a double beat valve, or any other. Again, the aeriform 'fluid in 'the
chamber may be cooled by injection of water which is converted into steam 'by
the 'heat of the liquid. In this way the stuffing box through which the valve
rod works, and the part of the valve rod working through it may be kept cool.
Two valve rods may be employed through which water or liquid may circulate
passing through the body of the valve.
'When it is desired to inject heated liquid'into a vessel containing aeriform
fluid under pressure, instead of employing a piston for this purpose the pressure
of aeriform fluid acting on the liquid may be employed. For this purpose the
liquid is introduced into a chamber or vessel. The passage through which it
has been introduced being closed by a valve communication is opened by valves
between the upper and lower part of the liquid, and the aeriform fluid in the
vessel and the liquid passes into this vessel by its weight; other valves being
then closed communication is opened between the aeriform fluid which "has
displaced the liquid in the chamber and a cylinder in which a piston works,
and the aeriform fluid having expanded to such a degree as is desired, perform-
ing work on the piston is allowed to escape so that the pressure in the chamber
is reduced to that of the atmosphere. This being the case the vessel is again
charged with heated liquid admitted into it by 'the opening of a valve and the
operation is ready to be repeated.
In Figure 2, A, A, is a chamber or vessel; B, C, D, and E are passages
which are closed and opened by valves at b, c, d, and e. F, F, is a chamber
containing aeriform fluid under pressure, into which it is desired to introduce
heated liquid. The valves at c and e being closed, and those at b and d open,
the heated liquid flows in through B filling the chamber A, A; this chamber
being filled the valves at b and d are closed, and those at c and e are opened,
when the pressure of the aeriform 'fluid in F, F, acting on both surfaces of the
liquid in A, A, this liquid passes into the vessel F in virtue of its weight. The
liquid having passed into this vessel, the valves 'at e and c are closed, and the
valve at d is opened. The aeriform fluid in the chamber A, A, passes through
this valve to a cylinder, in which it performs work on a piston, or it may be
employed to perform work in any other manner that is desired. After having
expanded to the degree desired it is allowed to escape, and the pressure in the
chamber A, A, becomes that of the atmosphere. Upon this the valve at b
is again opened, allowing admission to the heated liquid, and the operation is
ready-to be repeated. Aeriform fluid from some vessel different from that into
which the liquid is injected may be employed to act upon it and drive it into
he vessel. When air or aeriform fluid is heated in a vessel, as in Stirling's air
engine, the following mode may be adopted. The lower part of the heating

page_text: vessel contains heated liquid. Attached to the plunger is a vessel which on
the descent of the plunger dips into the heated liquid, taking up a certain
portion of it as the plunger ascends. This liquid falls through perforations
in the vessel heating the air or aeriform fluid as it descends.
In Figure 3, A, A, A, A, represents a vessel in which air or aeriform fluid is
heated, such, for instance, as the heating vessel; in the engine known as Stirling's
air engine; P is a plunger working in this vessel; B, B, is heated liquid in the
bottom of the vessel. This may be a metal, salt, earth, or other body in a state
of fusion; C, C, is a vessel attached to the plunger. As the plunger P descends
this vessel dips into the heated liquid and becomes filled with it. When the
plunger Pascends this liquid falls through perforations d. d, d, d, in the vessel
C, C, and the streams of heated liquid falling through the air or aeriform fluid
which enters the vessel, A, A, A, A, through the passage E, impart heat to
this air or aeriform fluid. Also the liquid as it descends may come in contact
with plates or bodies attached to the plunger, and may fall through perforations
in these or take a zig-zag course from one to the other.
In Figure 4, A,-A, represents the vessel. attached to the plunger which takes
up a certain portion of heated liquid; B, B, B, B, arc plates attached. to this
vessel. The heated liquid falling on these plates takes a zig-zag course heating
them, and also falls through perforations in them. Again, rods, plates, or
bodies may be attached to the plunger, which as it descends dip into the heated
liquid emerging from this as the plunger ascends, and heating the air or gas
in the vessel.
The
In Figure 5, B, B, B, B, represents rods, plates, or pieces attached to the
plunger P. When the plunger descends these rods or pieces dip into the heated
liquid C and receive heat from it. When the plunger ascends they emerge
from the liquid, and impart heat to the air or aeriform fluid in the vessel.
The methods above described may be combined in various manners.
heated liquid may be injected into the vessel in which the air or gas is heated.
by means of a pump or forcing apparatus. In this case the exterior metal
confining the fluid under pressure may be kept cool so that its tenacity is not
impaired though the heat within the vessel is high; otherwise the liquid
may be kept in a state of fusion by external heat. The part of the vessel
containing it may be surrounded externally by heated liquid through which
gaseous products of combustion are caused to pass. The aeriform fluid heated
in the modes above described may be used as a motive agent. by working a
piston in a cylinder or in other ways.
For producing motive power by heated gases or aeriform fluid the following
arrangement may be adopted. Air and inflammable gas or fluid in proper

page_text: proportions are forced at high pressure into a cylinder in which a piston works.
The piston having moved through a certain space, the inflammable mixture
is ignited, and the expansive force thus produced acts on the piston. In this
case the induction valve or valves are kept cool without difficulty, no heated
gases passing through them. The eduction valve is also kept cool without
difficulty provided the heated gases are so cooled by performance of work
during expansion as to be discharged at a low temperature. This can be
done by increasing the pressure and the expansion. If the temperature of the
heated gases is so high, that it cannot be reduced so low as is desired by per-
formance of work under the degree of pressure and expansion which are used,
then a certain quantity of steam may be admitted into the cylinder reducing
the temperature of the fluid used to such an extent that it is reduced by per-
formance of work to the degree desired. The compression of the gases which
constitute the inflammable mixture may be produced by a pump or forcing
apparatus, or they may be generated under pressure. To prevent action of
the heated gases on the eduction valve before their temperature is reduced by
performance of work fluid is interposed between them and the valve in a
passage between the cylinder and the valve. Water may be used for this
purpose, which may be injected into the passage after the eduction valve is
closed, or may be introduced previously. The valves may also be cooled
externally by water. The cylinder rods and other parts may be cooled so far
as is desired by water externally applied. The heat imparted to the water
may be used to generate steam, which steam may be used in the cylinder.
In Figure 6, A, A, A, A, is a cylinder in which a piston B works. Inflam-
mable gas and air at high pressure enter the cylinder in suitable proportions
at the upper part C forcing the piston B to move through a certain space.
When the piston has moved through the space desired the mixture is ignited,
the pressure being thereby increased. The expansive force of the gases
drives the piston, and as the gases expand their temperature is reduced.
Their temperature being reduced by the expansion they pass through the
eduction valve at D in a cooler state. This valve may be kept cool by
water. The heated gases while driving the piston may be prevented from
coming in contact with the eduction valve by water or by fluid. In order to
reduce the temperature of the gases to such a degree as is desired a certain
portion of steam may be admitted into the cylinder either with the inflam-
mable mixture, or after that has been ignited. Such a quantity of steam is
admitted, and such a pressure is used that after expansion the temperature of
the gases is reduced to the degree desired. so that they can pass through the
valve without injuring it. When the pressure used is very high, inconvenience

page_text: may be caused by shock to the machinery, and the rapid increase of pres-
sure caused by the ignition of the inflammable mixture tends to aggravate
this. To obviate shock to the machinery two pistons may be used, one on
which the heated gases act directly, while the other is connected with the
machinery, air being interposed between the two, which is compressed by the
pressure of the working fluid, and serves as a cushion.
The following method may also be adopted :-The air compressed between
the two pistons is driven through a valve into a vessel containing compressed
air, from which it issues through a valve into the cylinder at the proper time,
being mixed there with the inflammable gas, and used for combustion. Thus
the piston on which the heated gases act compresses the air needed for com-
bustion, and also drives the piston which works the machinery. The air
vessel into which the compressed air is forced may be at the back of the piston
on which the heated gases act, its sides nearly fitting the cylinder, but not
touching them. In-this-case-it-serves-to--keep-cool the piston, and the part of
the cylinder in which the piston works.
In Figure 7, A, A, A, A; is a cylinder in which two pistons P, P, and P
work. Attached to the piston P, P, is a hollow vessel B nearly fitting the
cylinder, but not touching it. An inflammable mixture of gas or vapour and
air is admitted at high pressure into the upper part of the cylinder, causing
the piston P, P, with the vessel attached to move through a certain space.
When a sufficient quantity of the inflammable mixture is introduced it is
ignited. The piston P, P, is driven towards the piston P. compressing the
air in the space between them. The air so compressed is driven through a
valve at D into the hollow vessel B attached to the piston P. P.
The
piston P is driven partly by the air, and partly by the action of the piston P, P,
when it reaches it, and works the machinery by a rod attached to it. Springs
of various kinds may be employed between the pistons to prevent shock from
collision. On the return stroke the piston P° forces back the piston P, P, to
its place; otherwise the piston P³ may travel only a portion of the distance,
the piston P, P, performing the remainder of the stroke by the action of the
machinery, or by its weight, it being placed so as to descend during the return
stroke. When the piston P, P, has reached the place desired a valve is
opened, through which a portion of the compressed air is allowed to escape
into the space C, C. This may be done by means of a rod G worked by the
machinery opening a valve at H, or it may be done by a valve at I, which is
opened when the piston reaches the place desired. When the two pistons
separate on the return stroke air is admitted into the space between them
through a valve or valves in a passage, or in passages in the piston P² as

page_text: at F, F. Or otherwise air may be admitted through a valve in a passage
leading into the cylinder as at E, or through several such valves.
The following mode may also be adopted :-The cylinder of the pump
used for compressing the air which is needed for combustion is moveable and
is connected with the machinery. The piston on which the heated gases work
drives the piston of the compressing air pump, at the same time compressing
the air and giving motion to the cylinder of the pump, from which motion is
communicated to the machinery. Again, the heated gases may be employed
to compress air in a vessel, the air so compressed being used to work the
machinery. When petroleum or similar substances are used to generate
inflammable gas or vapour, this being used to produce combustion in a
chamber, a portion of the heat produced by this combustion may be employed
to heat the petroleum or liquid and generate the inflammable gas or vapour.
In Figure 8, A is a chamber in which the inflammable vapour or gas
generated from petroleum or some other substance is mixed with air and
burnt. B is a chamber containing a certain quantity of the petroleum or
other liquid; C, a portion of the heat generated by the combustion in the
chamber A. heats the liquid C. and generates vapour, which passing through
the pipe a into the chamber A is there mixed with air and burnt.
In order to produce motive power by heated gases. otherwise than by
working a piston in a cylinder, the following method may be employed:―
Heated aeriform fluid which has been contained in a vessel under pressure is
caused to issue in a constant stream through an orifice into a passage com-
municating with the air through an opening or openings. The blast of fluid
acting like the blast in the chimney of a locomotive engine draws air or causes
air to be forced along with itself into the passage. By this admixture of air
the temperature of the fluid is reduced. The mixed fluid having this reduced
temperature passes onwards into a chamber, in which it creates pressure.
By this means instead of a smaller quantity of fluid of higher pressure and
temperature a larger quantity is obtained of lower pressure and tempera-
ture, but whose energy equals that of the fluid in its former state, except
so far as that energy has been diminished by friction. From this chamber
the fluid passes to a cylinder or to cylinders, and is employed to work a piston
or pistons, its temperature being so reduced that it can be employed in this
manner without difficulty. The movement imparted to the piston or pistons
so worked may be communicated to machinery in the ordinary ways. The
inconveniences arising from the use of very high pressures and very high rates
of expansion in working a piston in a cylinder are also obviated by the method
above described. Instead of working a piston in a cylinder the fluid forced into *

page_text: the chamber, as above described, may be employed to perform work or move
machinery in other manners. If it is desired many blasts may be employed.
In Figure 9, A is a chamber containing heated aeriform fluid under pres-
sure. This fluid, passing through the tube B, issues at the orifice b in a blast
or constant stream and draws air or causes air to be forced along with itself
into the passage C, C, through which it passes to the chamber D. In passing
to this chamber its velocity is reduced, and while it loses vis viva it acquires
energy in the form of pressure. In this way elastic fluid is obtained in the
chamber D of such a temperature that it can work a piston in a cylinder
without difficulty. From the chamber D the fluid passes to a cylinder or
cylinders in which it works a piston or pistons; or it may be employed to
work any instrument or engine for working which pressure is requisite. In-
stead of drawing air into a passage the blast of aeriform fluid may draw
water into a passage, and thus set in motion in the passage a current of
water or a mixed current of water and aeriform-fluid: The current of water
or of fluid thus produced may be employed to work a wheel or any instrument
suitable for being worked by a current of water. When the instrument
employed is one for working which pressure is requisite, then the following
mode may be adopted: The current of water is caused to pass into a passage.
or passages, in which it loses a certain portion of vis viva and acquires
energy in the form of pressure, viz., such an amount as is requisite for work-
ing the instrument which it is desired to employ for this purpose the current
of water may be caused to pass into a gradually expanding passage similar
to that employed in a Gifford's injector, in which the velocity of the current
is gradually reduced.
In Figure 10, A, A, is a tube or passage through which a blast of steam or
aeriform fluid which has been contained in a vessel issue; W, W, is water
contained in a vessel, and supplied to it constantly. The aeriform fluid issuing
from A. A, at the orificé a sets in motion the water in the passage B, pro-
ducing in this a mixed current of water and aeriform fluid, or if the aeriform
fluid is condensed, a current of water alone. The current of water or of fluid
thus produced passes through B to a wheel or to any other instrument
suitable for being worked by a current of water.
Figure 11 represents a similar arrangement, in which two tubes or passages
B and C, D, are used, the diameter at D being narrower than at the mouth
of B.
Figure 12 represents a similar arrangement in which the tube C, D, after
being contracted at C, expands towards D. At C the energy of the liquid is
entirely in the form of vis viva or actual energy. As it passes into the wider

page_text: portion of the tube its velocity is reduced, and while it loses energy in the
form of vis viva it acquires energy in the form of pressure or potential energy.
Having acquired such an amount of energy in this form as is desired, it
passes into E, E, a chamber containing the guide blades of a turbine, and
thence into F, F, the wheel or moving part of the turbine. A turbine worked
in this manner may be employed to drive machinery or produce motion for
the various purposes for which rotary motion is used. Treated in a similar
manner. the liquid may be employed to work any instrument in working which
pressure is requisite; its velocity in each case being, reduced to the degree
desired.
Figure 13 represents another arrangement for effecting the same purpose.
The stream of liquid having its energy in the form of vis viva or actual energy
enters the cylindrical passage A¹. "Its velocity being reduced it loses energy
in the form of vis viva and acquires energy in the form of pressure or potential
energy, and thus creates a certain degree of pressure in the chamber B¹.
From this chamber it passes into the cylindrical passage As, whose diameter
is larger than that of A. In this its velocity is further reduced, and it
acquires a larger amount of energy in the form of pressure or potential energy
Accordingly it creates in the chamber B a pressure higher than that in the
chamber B'. The operation may be repeated as often as is desired. The
requisite degree of pressure being obtained the liquid is employed to work the
instrument for working which pressure is requisite. The same arrangement
may be employed when it is desired to force liquid into a vessel against
pressure, as for instance, when it is desired to inject water into a boiler.
Passages nearly cylindrical may be employed in a similar manner.
What I claim is,-
First, the nodes described of heating aeriform liquid under pressure
for the production of motive power, to which Figures 3, 4, and 5 have
reference.
Second, the injection of an inflammable aeriform mixture at high pressure,
or at a pressure exceeding that of the atmosphere, into a cylinder in which it
is ignited, the resulting products of combustion acting on a piston in the
cylinder and producing motive power.
Third, the particular methods described in reference to this mode of using
products of combustion, or products of combustion mixed with steam, for the
production of motive power, to some of which methods Figures 6 and 7 have
reference.
Fourth, the mode described of employing a stream of liquid set in motion
by a blast of steam or heated aeriform fluid to work a turbine or instrument,

page_text: in working which pressure in requisite, to which mode Figures 11 and 12
have reference.
Fifth, the mode described of treating a current of liquid when it is desired
to reduce its velocity for the purpose of changing its energy or a portion of
its energy from the form of vis viva into that of pressure or potential energy,
so as to cause it to enter a vessel against pressure, to which mode Figure 13
has reference.
In witness whereof, I, the said Matthew Piers Watt Boulton have
hereunto set my hand and seal, this Fifteenth day of January, in
the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-six.