Illuminating, Heating, and Metallurgical Purposes.
Year: 1885

page_text: Illuminating, Heating, and Metallurgical Purposes.
I THOMAS STEVEN LINDSAY of 31 Poultry in the City of London, Chartered
Accountant do hereby declare the nature of said invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN THE MEANS OF GENERATING FIXED GASES FOR ILLUMINATING HEATING AND
METALLURGICAL PURPOSES to be as follows:-
The invention relates to the manufacture of a fixed gas or gases from steam,
hydro-carbon fluids, or equivalent substances and atmospheric air, for metallurgical
heating and illuminating purposes, and consists of the particular method by which
these elements are decomposed, as well as the particular manner in which their
constituent parts are afterwards intermixed and homogenously blended in the
process of manufacture which is intended to be continuous.
The object of inventors has hitherto been to manufacture a vapour for heating
purposes but of little value as an illuminant, by means of superheated steam and
fluid hydrocarbons, and the process has been to subject the liquid hydrocarbon to
the volatilizing action of steam superheated to less than 1000 degrees Fahrenheit,
which resulted in mere distillation, producing condensative vapour, returning to
oil and water as soon as the temperature of the mass was lowered sufficiently.
The disadvantages attending the use of such a vapour are obvious. It must be
manufactured immediately where needed for use, and cannot be conveyed any
considerable distance in pipes (practically not to exceed 100 feet) unless some way
is provided to keep up the temperature of the vapour during its passage. Should
the temperature be much reduced, although just above condensation, coke is formed,
materially affecting the operations, if not entirely obstructing them.
In gases for heating purposes, and more especially in metallurgical operations,
the benefits arising from absolute ability to control and change the character of the
heat instantly, are known to be of paramount importance-that is to say-to
reduce or enlarge the volume of heat, and to change it at will from a reducing heat
to a carbonizing or oxidizing flame. These changes may be effected instantly in
this process by an intelligent operator by means of simple valves, controlling the
supply of steam hydrocarbon, and air respectively.
By this process, an economical fuel or illuminant is manufactured which is
equally applicable to domestic and manufacturing uses, and wherever a cheap, pure

page_text: and intense heat or a safe and brilliant light is desired. It gives off neither smoke
nor sparks, sulphur ammonia, nor marsh gas, and deposits no residuum of dust, ash
or cinder. It is equally available for generating steam in boilers and locomotives,
for supplying heat to blast furnaces, and for warming and lighting dwellings and
public buildings. Being a fixed gas, or mixture of gases, homogenously blended,
it may be conveyed in pipes from the place of production to wherever required
for combustion.
The intensity of the flame is under the absolute control of the operator, and will
give flameless combustion under proper conditions, accomplishing on a large scale
all that can be done on a small scale with the compound oxy-hydrogen blow pipe.
It is essentially purifying, annihilating sulphur, phosphorus, and most other
deleterious substances in ores or metals, thus rendering it peculiarly valuable for
the reduction of refractory ores without the trouble and expense attending the
roasting process. The object of the invention is also to simplify the construction
of the apparatus employed, as well as to increase its efficiency. Experience has
demonstrated that the retort system is by far the most, desirable one for manu-
facturing heating and illuminating gas from steam, hydrocarbons &c; but it
nevertheless has its drawbacks in that the gases are inclined to pass through the
retorts in a body or column the inner core being largely unaffected by the heated
sides of the retort, resulting in vapourous products lacking uniformity as fixed
gases. To overcome these objections, the retorts have often been filled with broken
bricks, bits of iron, coke, bagasse of various kinds, and many other devices, some of
which though simple and inexpensive in themselves, are nevertheless costly,
inasmuch as they reduce the capacity of the retorts, and facilitate the formation
of fixed carbon with consequent loss of fuel, while others are complicated in
character, and very difficult to maintain and keep in operative condition.
To obtain the best results, there are three points to be attended to in the
construction of the devices employed. First to cause the gases, or admixture of
steam and hydrocarbons, to pass in a thin sheet next to the walls or most
intensely heated parts of the retort. This is accomplished by employing deflectors
of a conical form. Secondly, to break up this sheet, from time to time, into fine
jets so as to cause the intimate intermingling of the steam and hydro carbon
vapors, while maintained at a high heat. This is accomplished by arranging
perforated diaphragms between the conical deflectors. And thirdly, to obstruct the
retort as little as possible so as to allow for the expansion of gases, and avoid
undue pressure in the retorts. This is accomplished by making the deflecting cones
hollow, and of such form that they may be nested, and by increasing the diameter
of the retorts from the first to the third of the series, so that the last retort may be
nearly or quite double the diameter of the first. Cylindrical retorts are usually
employed, having hollow cones and perforated flanges, arranged at intervals
throughout their length, so that the apex of one cone shall enter the base of the
preceding cone. And as the objects to be attained in steam superheaters and hot
blasts, are, in a great measure, those above recited, it is evident that the
construction is adapted to superheating steam and air, and the invention may be,
therefore used for such purpose.
:
There are other and minor points in the invention which will hereinafter more
fully appear, and I will now proceed to describe the apparatus more in, detail. If
an ordinary fire is to be employed for heating the retorts, there will be the usual
fire chamber with its grates connected by flues with a second flue above the retorts
and leading to the stack. An independent, steam generator may be used, but for
the sake of economy it will sometimes be found desirable to set a tubular boiler in
the upper flue which leads to the stack. Any suitable number of retorts may be
employed, and they may be of any convenient shape, though the cylindrical is
preferred. The retorts may be cast, or otherwise formed, with one head attached
or integral with the body but it is preferred to make them with a detachable head
provided with an induction or eduction pipe, as the case may be. The hollow,
deflecting cones in the interior of the retort have their bases slightly less than such

page_text: interior, and are provided with flanges of approximately the interior diameter or
the retort, so as to form a diaphragm between the base of the cone and the side of
the retort which diaphragm or flange is perforated to permit the passage of the gas
in fine streams only. These cones may be cast or formed of suitable material, and
fastened to a rod or section of gas-pipe, running through their centre, so that the
apex of each cone shall just reach the base of the preceding cone of the series.
One or any number of these retorts may be used. By experiment I judge that the
best results will be obtained by using two retorts, filled with deflecting cones and
placed in the furnace where they would be subjected to a moderate heat, to super-
heat the steam to be afterwards used in generating the gases. That is, the
receiving head of the first retort being provided with a steam induction pipe which
opens opposite the apex of the first cone, the steam is led through that retort and
returned by the next retort, also provided with deflecting cones, and thence enters
the third retort, superheated, where it meets the delivery from an oil pipe com-
municating with a suitable reservoir or source of supply. This third retort of the
series is not provided with the deflecting cone, but all succeeding retorts are so
provided, and so alternated that the receiving head of one retort is adjacent to the
delivery head of the next, the two retorts being then coupled by a connecting pipe.
The devices thus far described are effective for the manufacture of either heating
or illuminating gas, the character of the gas being dependent on the amount of
hydro-carbon introduced through the oil pipe. But it is preferred to use them only
for the manufacture of heating gas, the illuminating gas being obtained by adding
to the heating gas, while intensely hot, an additional per-centum of hydro-carbon,
after the gas leaves the final retort, and for this purpose the following arrangement
is employed
Adjacent to the final retort of the series is placed a combining or carburetting
chamber from which a pipe leads to the gas holder or storage tank. This
combining or carburetting chamber may be a pipe of large diameter or a series
of sections divided by perforated diaphragms and closed by a head into which
the discharge or eduction pipe of the last retort delivers. Arranged in this head
is a short tube or oil injector also provided with perforated diaphragms, and
terminating in a perforated rose nozzle. This oil injector is connected with the oil
supply by a suitable pipe, and also with a retort by a small pipe so that a jet of gas
may be used to inject the oil into the carburetting chamber. When adapting this
system to domestic use, the retorts are arranged in the fire place of a range or
stove. At the back of the stove, and over the retorts is placed a boiler provided
with a safety valve, and from said boiler the steam pipe leads down into a super-
heater (preferably a coil) and thence to the head of the first retort, a branch pipe
leading off to a steam heater if desired. The oil reservoir delivers into the steam
pipe leading to the first retort. The discharge or eduction pipe from the last
retort, delivering into the carburetting chamber, a pipe conducting the illuminating
gas to a storage chamber or gas holder. In order to start the fire, a supply pipe
from the gas holder leads to a burner arranged in the fire chamber of the stove or
range, but as for heating purposes, the gas is equally efficient if not better, before
being carburetted, a branch pipe conducts the burner with a pipe which takes the
supply for the burner direct from the retort when the apparatus is in operation.
The following describes the operation of the device
Fire having been started in the fire chamber of the furnace or stove, so as to
perfectly heat the retorts, and generate steam, the steam is admitted to the retorts
through a pipe and passed through the two superheating retorts, when it is
charged with oil as it enters the third or open retort to the entrance of the fourth
retort, where the admixture of oil, vapour and steam, strikes the apex of the first
cone, and is spread out in a thin annular or hollow column which hugs the walls of
the retort where the heat is the greatest, until it strikes the diaphragm of the cone,
which divides it into fine streams, greatly facilitating the uniform admixture of
steam and oil vapors,

page_text: The fine streams re-unite or coalesce again in the space between the diaphragms;
and the sheets continue to hug the walls of the retort, any back pressure being
accomodated by the hollow cone, until the succeeding diaphragm is reached,
when the sheet is again divided into fine jets, and so on through all the diaphragms
of all the retorts of the series. It will be noticed that not only is the gas, when in
thin sheets forced to hug the walls of the retorts, but also when it is divided into
fine streams and as a consequence, an uniform gas is obtained as every particle of
the gas is subjected to an equal heat. The gas from the last retort passes to the
carburetting chamber, a small jet of it sent through a pipe to the injector inducing
the flow of oil, which mingles therewith and atomizes it as it passes through the
perforated diaphragms of the injector, the oil thus atomized meeting the body of
gas which enters the carburetting chamber through the pipe from the retort, the
whole being intimately blended by passing through the perforated diaphragms
before reaching the gas holder or point of utilization.

page_text: 1333
Illuminating, Heating, and Metallurgical Purposes.
I THOMAS STEVEN LINDSAY of 31 Poultry in the City of London Chartered
Accountant do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner
the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement:-
--
The invention relates to the manufacture of a fixed gas or gases, from steam,
hydro-carbon fluids or equivalent substances, and with or without atmospheric air,
for metallurgical, heating, and illuminating purposes, and consists of the particular
method by which these elements are decomposed, as well as the particular manner
in which their constituent parts. are. afterwards intermixed, and homogeneously
blended in the process of manufacture, which is intended to be continuous.
To clearly explain the invention reference is made to the annexed drawings in
which
Fig. 1 is a perspective view of an apparatus as adapted to the production of large
volumes of gaseous or vaporous gas for heating or illuminating purposes, the oil
reservoir, and steam generator employed therewith being omitted.
Fig. 2 is a longitudinal section of a furnace showing the position of the retorts
with the addition of a steam generator located in the same furnace over the retorts.
Fig. 3 is a horizontal section, showing the interior of the retorts, their arrange-
ment, construction, and connections.
Fig. 4 is a view of the base flange of one of the deflecting cones which are
arranged in the retorts.
Fig. 5 is a sectional view, showing the retorts arranged in a system for domestic
lighting and heating.
Fig. 6 represents a front elevation of an apparatus adapted for the production on
a larger scale of heating or illuminating gases.
Fig. 7 is a plan thereof on the line A, A, showing the fire grate.
Fig. 8 is a sectional elevation on the line F, F, showing one retort in section of
each series, the superheater and upper flues.
Fig. 9 represents a rear end elevation of Fig. 6 and also shows the oil reservoir.
Fig. 10 represents a plan through the super heaters on the line B, B in Fig. 8.
Fig. 11 represents a plan through the upper flues on the line C, C, in Fig. 8.
Fig. 12 represents a sectional elevation on the line D, D, in Fig. 7.
Fig. 13. represents a plan on the line E, E, in Fig. 6.
Fig. 14 represents a sectional view of the injector for the intermingling of the oil
and steam.
Fig. 15 represents a plan of the stamped disc for holding the conical deflectors.
Fig. 16 is a side elevation on the line G, G, thereof and
Fig. 17 represents a plate cut to form the cone to be used in conjunction with
the said disc.
Like letters of reference refer to like parts throughout.
The object of inventors has hitherto been to manufacture a vapor for heating
purposes, but of little, value as an illuminant, by means of superheated steam, and
fluid hydro-carbons and the process has been to subject the liquid hydro-carbon
to the volatizing action of steam superheated to less than 1000 degrees Fahren-
heit which resulted in mere distillation, producing condensative vapour, returnable
to oil and water as soon as the temperature of the mass was lowered sufficiently.
3

page_text: The disadvantages attending the use of such a vapour are obvious. It must be
manufactured immediately where needed for use, and cannot be conveyed any
considerable distance in pipes (practically not to exceed 100 feet) unless some way
is provided to keep up the temperature of the vapour during its passage.
Should the temperature be much reduced although just above condensation coke
is formed, materially affecting the operations if not entirely obstructing them. In
gases for heating purposes and more especially in metallurgical operations. the
benefits arising from absolute ability to control, and change the character of the
heat instantly, are known to be of paramount importance that is to say, to reduce
or enlarge the volume of heat and to change it at will from a reducing heat to a
carbonizing or oxydizing flame..
The changes may be effected instantly in this process by an intelligent operator
by means of simple valves controlling the supply of steam, hydro-carbon, and air
respectively. By this process an economical fuel or illuminant is manufactured
which is equally applicable to domestic and manufacturing uses, and wherever a
cheap, pure and intense heat or a safe and brilliant light is desired.
The gas generated gives off neither smoke nor sparks, sulphur, ammonia, nor
marsh gas and deposits no residuum of dust, ash or cinder. It is equally available
for generating steam in boilers and locomotives; for supplying heat to blast furnaces
and for warming and lighting dwellings and public buildings.
Being a fixed gas, or mixture of gases homogeneously blended it may be conveyed
in pipes from the place of production to wherever required for combustion. The
intensity of the flame is under the absolute control of the operator and will give
flameless combustion under proper conditions accomplishing on a large scale all
that can be done on a small scale, with the compound oxy-hydrogen blow-pipe. It
is essentially purifying having a tendency to annihilate sulphur, phosphorus and
most other deleterious substances in ores or metals, thus rendering it peculiarly
valuable for the reduction of refractory ores without the trouble and expense
attending the roasting process.
The object of the invention is also to simplify the construction of the apparatus
employed as well as to increase its efficiency.
Experience has demonstrated that the retort system is by far the most desirable
one for manufacturing, heating, and illuminating gas from steam, hydro-carbons &°
but it nevertheless has its drawbacks in that the gases are inclined to pass through
the retorts in a body or column, the inner core being largely unaffected by the
heated sides of the retort, resulting in vaporous products lacking uniformity as
fixed gases.
To overcome these objections, the retorts have often been filled with broken
bricks, bits of iron, coke, substances of various kinds, and many other devices,
some of which though simple and inexpensive in themselves, are nevertheless costly
inasmuch as they reduce the capacity of the retorts and facilitate the formation of
fixed carbon with the consequent loss of fuel, while others are complicated in
character and very difficult to maintain and keep in operative condition.
To obtain the best results, there are three points to be attended to in the con-
struction of the devices employed. First, to cause the gases or admixture of steam
and hydro-carbons to pass in a thin sheet next to the walls or most intensely
heated parts of the retort. This is accomplished by employing deflectors of a
conical form.
Secondly, to break up this sheet from time to time, into fine jets, so as to cause
the intimate intermingling of the steam and hydro-carbon vapors while maintained
at a high heat. This is accomplished by arranging perforated diaphragms between,
or attached to the conical deflectors or by forming the deflectors with slotted
edges and
Thirdly, to obstruct the retort as little as possible so as to allow for the expansion
of gases, and avoid undue pressure in the retorts. This is accomplished by making
the deflecting cones hollow, and of such form that they may be nested when desired
and in some cases by increasing the diameter of the retorts from the first to the

page_text: third or to the last of the series so that the last retort may be nearly or quitę
double the diameter of the first. Cylindrical retorts are usually employed, having
hollow cones, and perforated flanges or edges arranged at intervals throughout their
length, so that when nested the apex of onc.cone shall enter or be directed towards
the base of the preceding cone. And as the objects to be attained in steam super-
heaters and hot blasts, are in a great measure, those above recited, it is evident
that the construction is adapted to superheating steam and air, and the invention
may be therefore used for such purpose. There are other and minor points in
the invention which will hereinafter more fully appear and I will now proceed to
describe the apparatus more in detail.
In the drawings, A indicates the walls of the furnace in which the retorts may
be set for manufacturing purposes, and if an ordinary fire is to employed for
heating the retorts there will be the usual fire chamber a, with its grates con-
nected by flues b, with a second flue B above the retorts and leading to the stack.
An independent steam generator may be used but for the sake of economy it will
sometimes be found desirable to set a tubular boiler C in the flue B which leads to
the stack as shown in Fig. 2 of the drawings.
D indicates the retorts, any number of which may be employed, and they may bé
of any convenient shape though cylindrical retorts are preferred. The retorts may
be cast or otherwise formed with one head attached or integral with the body, but
it is preferred to make them as shown, and secure in each end a detachable head d,
provided with an induction or eduction pipe, as the case may be. These retorts
I prefer to make of cast or wrought iron-but they may be constructed of fire clay
or any other suitable material,
E indicates a hollow deflecting cone whose base as shown in Figs. 2, 3 and 4 is
slightly less than the interior of the retort, and provided with a flange of approxi-
mately the interior diameter of the retort, so as to form a diaphragm between the
base of the cone and the side of the retort which diaphragm or flange is perforated
as at e Fig. 4, to permit the passage of the gas in fine streams only. These cones
may be cast or formed of suitable material, and fastened to a rod or section of gas
pipe running through their centre as shown in Figs. 8, 10 and 12 so that the
apex of each cone shall be at some distance from the base of the cone next in order
as shown in said Figure or shall reach and enter the base of the next cone of the
series. In some cases the flange may be notched or serrated in lieu of being
perforated, or instead of formning the cone and diaphragm of two pieces they may
be cut in one piece from a sheet of iron or other material as shown in Fig. 17. In
this case the edges are cut or slotted and alternate pieces or tongues are shortened
or turned up so as to form a kind of notched flange. This arrangement causes the
gases to be split up instead of allowing them to pass straight through the openings.
To facilitate the arrangement and the securing of these cones in their position in the.
retorts a stamped and perforated disc o (Figs. 15 and 16) is inserted near the base
of the cone. One or any number of the retorts may be used. By experiment
I judge that when an independent superheater is not employed the best results
will be obtained by using two or more retorts or series of retorts filled with
deflecting cones and placed in the furnace where they will be subjected to a very
high temperature to superheat the steam to be afterwards used in generating the
gases. That is, the receiving head d. of the first retort being provided with a
steam induction pipe f, which opens opposite the apex of the first cone, the steain
is led through that retort and returned by the next retort also provided with
deflecting cones and thence enters the third retort superheated, where it meets the
delivery from an oil pipe g. communicating with a suitable reservoir or source of
supply. This arrangement is shown in Fig. 1 in which the first two retorts are
simply used as superheaters for the steam which meets the oil in the third retort
after which the mixture is atomized in its passage through the remaining retorts as
shown in Fig. 3. This third retort of the series is not necessarily provided with
the deflecting cones but I prefer that all succeeding retorts should be so provided,
and so alternated that the receiving head d of one retort is adjacent to the
.

page_text: delivery head d of the next, the two retorts being then coupled by the connecting
pipe h. The devices thus far described are effective for the manufacture of either
beating or illuminating gas; the character of the gas being dependent on the
amount of hydro-carbon introduced through pipe g. But I sometimes use them
only for the manufacture of heating gas, the illuminating gas being obtained by
adding to the heating gas while intensely hot, an additional per-centum of hydro-
carbon, after the gas leaves the final retort, and for this purpose the following arrange-
ment is employed. Adjacent to the final retort of the series is placed a combining
or carburetting chamber H, Figs. 3 and 5 from which, pipe I leads to the gasometer
or storage-tank K. This combining or carburetting chamber H may be a pipe of
large diameter, or a series of sections L divided by perforated diaphragms i and
closed by a head L3 into which the discharge or eduction pipe k of the last retort
delivers. Arranged in this head L³ is a short tube or oil injector l, also provided
with perforated diaphragms m, and terminating in a perforated rose nozzle. This
oil injector is connected with the oil supply by a suitable pipe, and also with a
retort by a small pipe n, so that a jet of gas may be used to inject the oil into the
carburetting chamber.
Before describing the operation of these devices I will show how they may be
adapted to domestic use and for that purpose refer to Fig. 5 in which A indicates
the walls of a range or stove, in the fire chamber a, of which, the retorts D (con-
structed as before described) are arranged. At the back of the stove and over
the retorts is placed a boiler C provided with a safety valve s and from said boiler
the steam pipe f, leads down into a superheater T (preferably a coil) and thence
to the head of the first retort D, a branch pipe f¹ leading off to a steam heater m'
if desired. N is the oil reservoir, the oil pipe g of which delivers into the steam
pipe f, leading to the retort D. The discharge or eduction pipe k from the last
retort delivering into the carburetting chamber H, and the pipe I conducts the
illuminating gas to the storage chamber or gasholder K. In order to start the fire
a supply pipe P from the gasholder Ķ leads to a burner L¹ arranged in the fire-
chamber α, of the stove or range; but as for heating purposes the gas is equally
efficient if not better before being carburetted, a branch pipe p connects the burner
with the pipe k so as to take the supply for the burner direct from the retort, when
the apparatus is in operation. In order to insure the delivery of or entrance into
the retort of a proper and regulated quantity of hydro-carbon with the steam I find
it advantageous to employ an injector, and a useful form is represented in Fig. 14
in which are shown a series of annular openings for the ingress of steam from the
pipe f, while the oil or hydro-carbon enters by pipe g the amount being governed
by the position of the adjustable taper screw plug q. I find by experiment that
the gas is sometimes generated with such great rapidity that a back pressure is
produced in the retorts. One effect of this back pressure is to interfere with the
action of the oil feed. To prevent this from interfering to any considerable extent
with the action of the injector I make the oil vessel N closed or airtight and place
the upper portion of said vessel in free communication by means of a pipe r with
the outlet pipe k from the retorts. By this arrangement the back pressure is as
it were turned into the oil vessel and a perfectly uniform feed of oil is ensured.
I will now describe the operation of the devices.
Fire having been started in the fire-chamber of the furnace or stove, so as to
perfectly heat the retorts, and generate steam, the steam is admitted to the retorts
through the pipe f, and passed through the two superheating retorts when it is
charged with oil admitted through pipe g, and passed through the third or open
retort, to the entrance of the fourth retort as indicated in Fig. 1, where the
admixture of oil, vapour and steam strikes the apex of the first cone, and is spread
out in a thin annular or hollow column which hugs the walls of the retort where
the heat is the greatest, until it strikes the perforated diaphragm e, which divides
it into fine streams greatly facilitating the uniform admixture of steam and oil
vapors. The fine streams re-unite or coalesce again in the space between the
diaphragms, and the sheets of gas continue to hug the walls of the retort D, any

page_text: .
back pressure being accommodated by the hollow cone E until the succeeding
diaphragm is reached, when the sheet is again divided into fine jets, and so on
through all the diaphragms of all the retorts of the series. It will be noticed that
not only is the gas, when in this sheets forced to hug the walls of the retorts but
also when it is divided into fine streams and as a consequence, an uniformn gas is
obtained as every particle of the gas is subjected to an equal heat. The gas from
the last retort passes to the gas-holder or to the carburetting chamber H. If being
passed through the latter a small jet of it is first sent through a pipe n, to the
injector inducing the flow of oil which mingles therewith and atomizes it as it
passes through the perforated diaphragms m. of the injector l. and then the oil
thus atomised, meets the body of gas which enters the carburetting chamber
through the pipe k and the whole is intimately blended by passing through the
perforated diaphragms before reaching the gas-holder or point of utilization.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what
I claim is
1st In the process of manufacturing a fixed gas for heating and illuminating
purposes, the combination of a fixed gas manufactured from hydro-carbon
substances by the application of heat with a fixed gas manufactured from water
decomposed by sufficient heat thoroughly broken up, intermixed and homo-
geneously blended preparatory to ignition; substantially as and for the purpose
specified.
2nd In apparatus for manufacturing gas; superheating steam, air, and like
purposes, the combination with a retort of a series of cones, arranged with their
apices in the same direction and interposed perforated diaphragms substantially as
and for the purpose specified.
3rd The combination of two or more retorts, each provided with a series of
conical deflectors, and interposed perforated or serrated diaphragms, said retorts
reversely arranged, and coupled by a connecting pipe substantially as and for the
purpose specified.
4th In apparatus for the manufacture of gas, the combination with the retorts
of the carburetting chamber having perforated diaphragms, and the oil injector,
also provided with perforated diaphragms, substantially as and for the purpose
specified.
5th In apparatus for the manufacture of of gas, the combination with a retort,
of a carburetting chamber having perforated diaphragms, and connected with the
retort so as to receive the body of gas directly therefrom, and the oil injecting
nozzle also provided with perforated diaphragms and connected with the retort by
a jet pipe, substantially as and for the purpose specified.
6th The deflector for superheaters, gas retorts, and all like purposes, consisting
of a hollow cone having a perforated or serrated base flange, substantially as and
for the purpose specified.
7th In apparatus for superheating steam and air, the manufacture of gas and
other like purposes, a combination of retorts of increasing diameter or of a series
of retorts fitted with cones for breaking up and driving the vapours or gases
against the heated sides of the retorts in thin sheets substantially as and for the
purpose specified.
PHILIP M. JUSTICE,
Agent for Applicant.