Improvements in the Means of Producing and Applying Stean.
Year: 1895

page_text: Date of Application. 17th Sept., 1895
Complete Specification Left, 17th June, 1896-Accepted, 17th Sept., 1896
5
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in the Means of Producing and Applying Stean.
I, DOMINIQUE ANTOINE CASALONGA, of 15, Rue des Halles, Paris, France,
Civil Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows:-
The object of my improvements is to increase the production of steam in steam
poilers or generators, and to employ the steam produced in a more advantageous
manner than heretofore usual.
1 increase the evaporation in boilers by causing especially over their most direct
beating-surfaces, a mechanical circulation of the water in the. boiler, which
circulation may be added to that due to the heating and the disengagement of
bubbles of steam. This circulation may take place along or parallel with the
surface and in close contact therewith or may be arranged to impinge upon the
said surface at an angle thereto; but I direct it, preferably and
possible, at right-angles to the beating-surfaces. I thus increase the evaporating
power of the steam-generator.
as much as
In order to increase the useful work done by the heat in the steam produced,
I cause this steam to pass into a superheater preferably combined with the boiler
itself as regards heating rather than being simply arranged entirely in succession
to it. The steam produced, before entering the superheater, is, when intended to
actuate an engine, expanded and employed to draw in and force back, by induction,
a portion of the exhaust-steam of the engine. It is the mixture of the two steams,
brought to an intermediate pressure, that enters the pipe which distributes it to the
various groups or elements of the superheater. The tubes that form each of the
groups of the superheater are of a slightly increasing section, so that the steam can,
in being superheated, expand freely without increase in its pressure.
The steain thus formed is conducted to the receiving-device or machine intended
to utilize its power, and by preference, after having been sufficiently expanded to
a device capable of free and continuous rotation such as what are known under
the name of " turbo-moteurs," or steam-turbines, and which can receive and
utilize steam more highly superheated than can ordinary engines that work with
friction.
I produce the circulation of the water in the boilers, either by means of steam
directly, or by means of a circulating pump, or by the aid of both these means in
addition to the action produced naturally by the bubbles of steam in ascending.
The steam employed directly for the circulation ought to be at a pressure &
little greater than that of the steam in the upper reservoir; it ought therefore to
be formed in a part of the boiler, separate from or connected in such a manner to
the main portion of the boiler, that the pressure of the steam can receive the
increase desired. In boilers with lower heating tubes there can be formed, by
sufficiently prolonging the walls of the necks or communication-tubes, a lower
steam-reservoir which occupies the upper part of the heating vessel or tube or
heating vessels or tubes and in which the steam is at a pressure a little greater
than that which obtains in the upper reservoir. The prolongation of the walls of
one of the necks or communication-tubes stops at the height of the level that it is
desired to establish in the heating vessel or tube or heating vessels or tubes, whilst
the prolongation of the walls of the other neck or necks dips more.
The steam thus obtained can be employed to cause the water to circulate by
injection at the centre of suitably arranged nozzles or, more efficaciously, by acting

page_text: on the piston of a water-pump, so as to escape after its action into the upper
reservoir. The circulating pump may, of course, be actuated either by the steam
of the upper reservoir or by the engine.
The circulation can be effected, if desired, in the mass of the water of the boiler,
by drawing-in the water at one point and driving it back at another point or other
points; it can be done also, especially by means of the pump, by drawing-in the
water at one point of the boiler and driving it back into a closed box or vessel
which communicates with the boiler only by jets that act normally to the heated
surfaces, or by channels having appropriate sections and directions, in order to
scour the heating surfaces as energetically as possible, to attack the thin layer
of water that seems to be retained by the molecular attraction of the heated
surface, and to maintain the latter in a good state of cleanliness and relative
coolness.
The circulation thus produced may be applied to all kinds of boilers with heating
tubes or water vessels, whether they have internal or external furnaces, or they be
of multitabular type, or of the serpentine type, or of the Field type, with vertical
or inclined tubes, and others.
In the multitubular types in which the heated tubes are fed by an internal tube,
as in boilers of the Field or Perkins type, this tube can be closed at its lower end,
then pierced with little holes at its periphery in such a manner that the water that
is driven back into its interior escapes in thin but full threads normally to the
heated circular wall of the tube. A slight opening may be left at the extremity of
the internal delivery-tube and the water driven back pass out upon a blunt point
corresponding to a concave part in such a manner as to deflect the fluid veins and
to cause them to return along the walls of the heated tube, as is done in the case
of certain valves with free deviation. It will be seen that if the internal tube,
instead of being in free communication with the water of the boiler, by its upper
opening, communicate with a closed vessel, the pressure in its interior will be
greater, and it is the force of projection of the jet, or jets, of water of circulation
that especially increases the efficacy of the heating surfaces. To the greater
volume passed upon these surfaces in a given time there is added the pressure
according to which the liquid has touched the said surfaces and has passed over
them.
In certain boilers of the serpentine kind, such, for example, as the Belleville
boilers, the circulation can be established by driving back, by nozzle placed in the
axis of the opening of each of the lower tubes, the water drawn in at a suitable
point of the boiler. In order to ensure a continuous regular circulation, in these
boilers where the level of the water is below the upper reservoir, it is advantageous
to establish at the height of this level a weir in a reservoir for collecting water and
steam, which would communicate with the upper reservoir, in consequence of the
serpentine and also without inconvenience, by a direct communication. The water
of this intermediate reservoir would re-descend naturally for feeding each of the
lower tubes, lending itself to a carrying forward effected by the jets or nozzles
placed in the axis of their opening and traversed by the water driven back. But
the evaporating power of these tubes would be considerably increased if the
feeding-boxes, being separated from the boilers, were to open on an internal tube
placed at the centre of the heated tube and perforated at its periphery as has
already heen indicated in order that, at least as regards the lower tube, or tubes, of
each row, the circular sides of the heated tube may be struck by thin and full jets;
which reach them vertically or in a practically vertical manner. By such means
the power of evaporation would be increased and at the same time the disengage-
ment of the steam and its easy communication from the intermediate reservoir to
the upper reservoir would be facilitated. The circulation could be effected by
using the feeding-pump itself, if it is sufficiently powerful, but it is much preferable
not to make the circulation depend on the feeding, and vice versa, so much the more
as the increase of the evaporating power of the boiler exacts a greater amount of
work from the feeding-pump. It is best, therefore, to employ for circulation

page_text: fected by means of a distinct pump arranged, nevertheless, to effect the feeding
case the feeding-pump, if it be alone and not assisted by an injector,
hould fail.
The recovery of a portion of the exhaust-steam enables, with the assistance of
he superheating, the useful work done by the heat employed to be increased and
lso the relative importance of the feeding to be diminished, although the latter
may be increased by the increase of the evaporative power of the generator. In
order to obviate, not only incrustations, which can hardly be produced on surfaces
igorously scoured, but muddy deposits in quiet places of the boiler, the exhaust
team that is not recovered may be condensed to suffice for the feeding with a
light addition of non-incrusting water.
Thanks to the means that have just been indicated, the steam production of the
various generators can be considerably increased and their co-efficient of obstruc-
tion reduced as much; at the same time the useful werk done by the heat is no
less considerably augmented, both in consequence of the recovery of a portion of
the exhaust-steam and in consequence of the superheating, to a high degree, of the
motive steam, the useful work done by the heat employed to produce superheated
steam being almost three times as great as the useful work done by the heat
employed to produce saturated steam.
It will be understood from the foregoing that my invention comprises:
-
1. Mechanical circulation of the water of the boiler, in association or com-
bination with the physical or natural circulation resulting from the difference of
density of columns of water unequally heated and from the disengagement of
bubbles of steam;
2. Recovering a portion of the steam escaping from the engine, by means of a
jet of steam of the boiler;
3. Superheating of the mixture of steam resulting from the motive steam and
the recovered steam, in a superheater placed in succession to the boiler itself and
as it were incorporated with this boiler, so that the part of the superheater at
The
which the superheated steam issues may be as near as possible to the fire.
superheating, although high, ought not to increase the pressure of the mixture of
steam, which is naturally lower than the pressure in the boiler.
All boilers, all engines, are capable of being subjected to the process: there are
however those that lend themselves to it more or less:-
As to boilers, it is the multitubular ones which lend themselves to it the best ;
and, amongst these, those of which the water-tubes have an internal tube as in the
Field arrangement of tubes, because this internal feeding tube, if it is pierced with
holes at its periphery allows injection normally to the heating surfaces, which
injection is more effectual than that which takes place along the axis of a tube.
As to engines, it is those with free rotation ("turbo-moteurs," steam-turbines,
of Laval, Parsons, etc.) that lend themselves the best to the employment of the
steam produced.
The mechanical circulation, by means of a pump, or of steam, ought not to
impede, in any way, the natural circulation, in case the said mechanical circulation
5 should be accidentally suspended-i.e., the channel or passage for the return of the
water from the boiler will be closed by a partition, or a cap, or in any other
suitable manner, to permit the pump to draw in the water from one side and to
force it back from the other; but the partition or cap will be provided with a
closed opening which will be opened, by hand or automatically, if the mechanical
O circulation be interrupted. The exhaust-steam of the engine, although expanded
to its lower limit, preserves a large part of its heat of superheating, which heat can
be utilised for re-heating water, or the air that goes to the grate, the steam
remaining capable of being condensed by contact to produce feeding-water; for it
is important that feeding-waters be as little incrusting as possible and that every
35 incrustation-matter be eliminated at the outset as much as possible, by preliminary
or immediate heating, and by decanting in a place or reservoir of relative repose,
chosen or arranged in the boiler.
•

page_text: A boiler according to this invention comprises a lower body, and upper body or
reservoir of water and steam, a series of tubes of L-shape forming a communication,
above the fire, between the two said bodies, communications, behind the fire, between
the same, through which the water of the boiler comes back naturally (these
communications can be intercepted to effect the mechanical circulation and during
this circulation, which is effected by a pump, this pump drawing in water from one
side of the obturating part and forcing it back on the other side) a steam-
reservoir, a pipe in which is injected the steam of this reservoir and in which arise,
all around an injection-pipe, by another pipe and an orifice, the drawn-in exhaust-
steam, and a scarf for each of the serpentines or groups which together form the
superheater on the said pipe in which the steam is injected. In combination is a
Laval turbine, by the distributors of which the expansion of the superheated steam
is effected; and a lower reservoir of the boiler, where the decanting of the dirt is
effected. The injection, for the mechanical circulation, can take place at the front
side, at the place of the elbows, or at the back.
Dated this 16th day of September 1895.
харготощению не means of rroducing аnd applying Steaщ.
I, DOMINIQUE ANTOINE CASALONGA, of 15 Rue des Halles, Paris, France,
Civil Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what
manner the same is to be performed to be particularly described and ascertained
in and by the following statement :-
This invention of improvements in means of producing and applying steam power
has for object to increase the efficiency of steam boilers and steam engines, whilst
reducing their weight and dimensions."
The improvements consist in supplying an engine with superheated steam
obtained by causing a jet of saturated live steam of high pressure to draw into a
vessel situated between the superheater and the boiler, a portion of the exhaust
steam of the engine; the engine being preferably of the kind whose receiving
element consists of a turbine wheel adapted to revolve freely in its casing, such as
for instance, steam turbines, or a steam turbine on Laval's system where the
receiving element does not rub against the walls (of the casing); in producing and
maintaining by means of a pump, preferably of the centrifugal type, a continuous
mechanical circulation of the water in the boiler, which circulation aids that
produced by the heat of the furnace, with the object of rendering the temperature
uniform of scouring energetically the heating surfaces; and of increasing the
steaming power and the safety of the steam boiler.
These improvements are applicable to all types of steam engines and steam
boilers, but more particularly to practically frictionless rotary engines and, to
tubulous boilers.
The superheater is arranged behind the boiler so as not to be exposed to a too
powerful action of the fire; it is connected to the boiler by means of the
intermediate conduit which contains and distributes the mixture at a mean pressure.
The sectional area of the passage way of the superheater increases towards the
outlet, which latter should be exposed to the hottest gases, and for this reason
should be capable of withstanding a high temperature and of being easily removed
and replaced. The conditions of outflow of the superheated steam may be

page_text: 5
egulated by means of known devices for regulating the pressure anu
emperature:
the
A portion of the exhaust of an engine is drawn off by a jet of live dry saturated.
team of high pressure supplied by the boiler. The jet exerts its inducing action.
by means of an injector that may be of known type having one or more inducing-
cones, and the mixture of live and exhaust steam passes into the intermediate-
reservoir or conduit whence it is admitted to the superheater and caused to travel,
as much as possible in the opposite direction to that of the hot gases, to the engine..
The superheater may be composed of a number of separate removable and.
replaceable sections, each being provided with a removable end portion that is
designed to be subjected to the most intense action of the hot gases of combustion.
As the steam travels towards the engine, it expands and is superheated more and more.
The continuous mechanical circulation for the purpose of accelerating and
intensifying the circulation in the boiler is not necessarily combined with the
return of a portion of the exhaust steam by means of live steam of high pressure,.
but it promotes the absorption of the heat of the furnace and of the hot gases by
the circulating water; it maintains the surfaces clean by scouring them or causing-
the said water to impinge upon them, it increases the generation of steam, and the-
safety of the apparatus, and it localises in a quiet and not much heated part of
the boiler, the impurities held in suspension in the circulating current.
Fig. 1 of the accompanying drawings shows in vertical section a general
diagrammatic view of the general arrangement of the various parts of the
apparatus.
Fig. 2 shows on a larger scale, a detail view of one of the heating and circulating
tubes,
Fig. 3 is a separate view to a larger scale than Fig. 1 of an injector which may
have several inducing cones.
The operation of the apparatus is as follows:-
Of the high pressure saturated steam supplied to the drum A of the boiler, a.
portion is allowed to pass direct to the engine B, through the superheater C at
After the engine has thus been
starting, as indicated by the arrows in full lines.
started, a jet of high pressure steam passing into an injector T, draws in through.
an opening O a part of the exhaust steam of the engine, this steam passing through
the return pipe D. The mixture of the live and exhaust steam enters at a mean
but rather low pressure into an intermediate conduit E whence it is admitted to the-
coils or passages of the superheater F and thence into the superheated collector E.
The steam, which is preferably caused to travel as much as possible in the
contrary direction to the hot gases, becomes superheated and expands during its
course; and leaves the hottest part E' in order to be distributed, under the best
conditions, to the receiver of the engine B. The peculiar cycle of the steam which
I call a motive cycle, having been established in this way, continues, and the boiler
is supplied with a quantity of water corresponding to the exhaust steam which is
lost, but whose heat can be utilised to heat either the air passing under the grate,
or the feed water, or both.
Whilst this motive cycle is taking place in a continuous manner, there may, as
already stated, also be established a circulation of the water in the boiler by means
of a centrifugal pump P which draws water from a quiet chamber a of the boiler,
and delivers it into another chamber a¹ which feeds the circulating and heating
tubes t t. Although these two chambers are quite separate and distinct, they
however communicate freely through the central and always open passage through the
pump. The arrangement is such that if the mechanical circulation should become
interrupted, the physical or natural circulation would not be affected thereby.
When it is possible to insert a supplementary tube t¹ for circulating purpose
t, t, (as shown in Fig. 2) it is
centrally within each of the heating tubes
preferable to close or to contract the extreme outlet end of the said supplementary
tube, and to pierce the thin wall thereof with numerous small holes as shown
through which jets of water can escape at right angles to the heating surface o
$

page_text: the enclosing heating tube t, the said jets serving to take up heat to a considerable
degree from the outer tube.
The cycle constituted by the saturated live steam the exhaust steam, and the
superheated mixture of live and exhaust steam is indicated by arrows drawn in full
lines and furnished with single and with double barbs. The cycle formed in the
interior of the boiler and passing through the circulating pump P is indicated by
dotted arrows having single barbs.
The pump P may be operated directly by steam taken from the boiler, or from
the superheater, or even from the exhaust of the engine B, or it may be by means
of gearing from the said engine. The taking up of a portion of the exhaust steam
might also be effected by means of expanded saturated steam instead of by live
high pressure steam, but the efficiency would be less, because the efficiency of the
heat stored in superheated steam is about three times greater than that of the heat
stored in saturated steam.
The circulation of the water can be effected as shown in the modification
illustrated in Fig. 4, by a jet of steam formed in a lower chamber A' communicating
with the upper chamber or drum A of the boiler through an upright pipe A³
through which the steam and water pass and whose wall is prolonged downward
at A in such a manner as to dip a little into the water of the lower chamber A'
and to there produce a lower water level m n. The steam formed in the lower
chamber A' has a pressure higher than that of the steam generated in or admitted
to the drum A by an amount corresponding to the head H of the water that bears
upon the water in the lower chamber A'.
The circulation, by means of a pump or jet of steam can be also effected in water
tube boilers of the Belleville type.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of the said
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what
I claim is:
1. In apparatus for producing and applying motive power, the combination of a
steam engine, preferably of the turbine type, a high pressure boiler, preferably of
tubulous type and a superheater that is of increasing cross sectional area towards
the outlet end and is separated from the boiler by a conduit or passage-way into
which there is returned at a mean pressure, by means of a jet of live steam supplied
by the boiler and acting in an injector, a portion of the exhaust steam, of the
engine, this portion of exhaust steam forming with the jet of live steam a motive
cycle substantially as described.
2. In combination with an engine, a high pressure boiler, a superheater, an
intermediate reservoir, and an injector as specified in the preceding claim,
a centrifugal pump which acts to continuously draw water from a chamber
of the boiler and force it into another and distinct chamber communicating
with the heating surfaces or tubes which may be provided internally with
perforated supplementary tubes that allow of jets of water being projected at right
angles to the heating surfaces of the outer tubes, the said two boiler chambers
being arranged to communicate freely through the pump substantially as herein
described for the purpose specified.
3. Apparatus for producing and applying steam, constructed arranged and
operating substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to and shown in
the accompanying drawings.