IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRIC TELEGRAPHS, PART 4-1115 DEAR PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION
Year: 1871

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Theophilus Varley, of 12, Barclay Road, Leyton-
stone, Essex, Telegraphic Engineer, and Frederick Henry Varley, of
Mildmay Park Works, Mildmay Avenue, Stoke Newington, Middle-
sex, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRIC TELEGRAPHS, PART
4-1115 DEAR
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Theophilus Varley and
Frederick Henry Varley at the Office of the Commissioners of
Patents, with their Petition, on the 2nd October 1871.
We, THEOPHILUS VARLEY, of 12, Barclay Road, Leytonstone, Essex,
Telegraphic Engineer, and FREDERICK HENRY VARLEY, of Mildmay
Park Works, Mildmay Avenue, Stoke Newington, Middlesex, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRIC
A

page_text: TELEGRAPHS, PART OF THE INVENTION BEING APPLICABLE TO OTHER PURPOSES, LO
be as follows :—
For the sake of distinction we divide the description of this Invention
into parts.
"
The first part of the Invention relates to the better construction of ||
that part of the telegraph instrument called "the key or "sending
apparatus," for utilizing double and single currents, and which improve-
ments are as follows:-
Contacts may be said to have two, distinct characters. The "knock"
contact, which is made by bringing two pieces of metal together,
generally armed with non-oxydizable metals, and the "rub" contact,
which is made by causing the piece of metal for making contact to rub
against a piece of metal attached to a spring; this latter always wears
itself bright by friction, and is generally preferred where it can be used.
When the "rub" contact is used for the key contacts it generally
necessitates a greater motion of the key lever than is desirable. The
object of this improvement is to combine the advantages of the "rub
contact with those of the "knock" contact, admitting of small motion
of the lever combined with simplicity of parts.
.
"
The "double current key" we construct as follows:-A lever having
an upright plate is fastened to another lever having a similar upright
plate insulated from each other electrically by a piece of ebonite or
other non-conducting material. These two levers form two separate
contacts and, work on pivots. The right hand lever is made longer than
the left, so as to carry the handle of the key. The two upright pieces
which are attached to the levers have a hole cut through them at the
top, a spring carrying a block which fits the holes in the plate is
attached to the upright plates on the inner side, the blocks protrude
through the holes in the upright plates, and are shaped so as to present
an angle of about 45 degrees to the plate in an horizontal direction, the
surfaces being parallel with tho plates in a vertical direction. Four
pillars bearing adjustable contact screws are placed two on each side of
the contact plates, with the ends of the contact screws square to the
surfaces of the contact block on spring, so that when the key lever is
raised the two back contact screws are in contact with the angular
blocks (connected to the levers by the springs), and when the key is
depressed these levers are connected with the two front contact screws

page_text: in a like manner.
The pillars which carry the contact screws have a
foot or base of a form to admit of two double- contacts, the one pair of
contacts for either connecting or disconnecting the earth with battery
connected with key, and the other pair of contacts for connecting or
disconnecting the line connections with the sending apparatus or key,
or to the receiving apparatus of the various forms of the Morse or ink-
writing instruments. These two double contacts are actuated by a
lever capable of being moved towards the right or left hand of the
operator.
One of the distinctive features of this part of our Invention is the
arrangement of vertical contacts combined with an horizontal knock and.
rubbing action. The springs with contact blocks are made of such a
form as to be interchangeable, so that, in the event of contacts being
worn out by continual use, they can be casily replaced.
The key combines fewness of parts and effects the combination of
contacts in a simple manner, retaining all the value of the vertical
contacts. The keys are so constructed as to be in direct metallic
contact with their respective terminal serews, thereby reducing the
liability of imperfect contacts to a minimum, the moveable contacts
required for signalling being the only detached parts.
The "single current key" we construct as follows:-The board of
key has an upright back which carries the terminals and contact pieces.
Vertical springs fixed to rectangular pieces are attached to the lever of
the key; we sometimes insulate these pieces from lever of key when
additional contacts are required. The motion of the key lever is limited
by an elastic stop or cushion, india-rubber being preferred. The
arrangement of contacts are similarly disposed as in the double current
key, by which we get the knock and rub action.
The second has reference to improvements in that part of telegraph
apparatus called "the relay."
This part of the Invention has for its object the regulation of the

page_text: armatures are attracted according to the amount of electricity flowing
round the electro-magnet. The armature which we shall call A. I use
for transcribing the telegraph signals. The armature which we shall
call B we employ for regulating the amount of electricity flowing round
the electro-magnets. These armatures are held back against stops by
means of two springs attached to a double lever actuated by screws.
The armature A or "transcriber" is regulated by the adjustment spring
to move with a feeble magnetic force developed in the electro-magnets.
The armature B or "regulator" is regulated by its adjustment spring to
move, but by a force greater than is required to move armature A.
The instrument so regulated on an electric current passing round the
electro-magnets of greater than the regulated amount attracts arma-
ture B, and closes a contact which opens a second passage (of small
resistance) between the two extremities of the wrappings of the electro-
magnets, and shunts from passing through the electro-magnets the
greater portion of the electricity, while the magnetism in the electro-
magnet remains greater than the regulated amount, which reduces the
magnetism in the electro-magnet, and the adjustment spring pulls
armature B back when again the full electric force flows around the
electro-magnets, and the magnetism is again augmented, attracts
armature B, which again re-opens the second passage and reduces the
magnetism in the electro-magnets. Thus armature B is constantly
being attracted and pulled back, opening or closing the second way for
the electricity, accordingly as the magnetism developed in the electro-
magnets is greater or less than the regulated amount whenever an
unnecessarily strong electric current is passing through the electro-

page_text: magnet. When the magnetism in the electro-magnet becomes greater
than the regulated amount the armature B is attracted, and the passage
of no resistance from the armature to stop is interrupted, only leaving
the passage of great resistance open for the electric current. For
regulating the magnetism in electro-magnets, acted upon by greatly
varying electrical currents, we prefer combining the two former modes
for reducing the electrical current passing through the electro-magnets.
The regulator is equally applicable to relays with permanent or induced
magnetic armatures, which are actuated by only one polarity. In this
case, although the transcribing armature is actuated by only one
polarity, we prefer making the armature B' to be acted upon by both
polarities, as it is as necessary to regulate, the N magnetism as it is the
S magnetism. The regulator acts as described in any of the three fore-
going arrangements.
:―
In some cases we overcome the difficulties of residual magnetism left
in the iron by dispensing with the iron cores altogether and using the
force generated by the helix only, by which means we get uniform
signals with a varying electrical current. It is effected as follows :-
Two hollow coils placed facing each other, their axis being in a line
with a space between their faces of sufficient width to allow of an
induced magnetic or magnetic armature to move between them. On the
outer side of the helices, in a line with the axis of the helices, I place two
poles of permanent magnets of like name. Sometimes the armature is
of the same polarity as the two aforesaid poles of the permanent mag-
nets, in which case the armature is equally repelled by the said poles;
and sometimes the armature is of opposite polarity, in which case the
armature is equally attracted by both poles of the permanent magnets.
When a current is made to flow through the helices it disturbs the
equilibrium, and the armature moves accordingly and closes the
contact.
:
To ensure a good and uniform adjustment for the armatures of our
relays and instruments we adopt the following arrangements :-We
mount on pivots single or double levers as the instrument may require.
These levers are firmly pressed against the adjusting screw by a spring
or springs. For the adjustment of the "regulator relay" I use a
double lever, as previously described. At the top of each of these levers
I fix spiral springs ; one end of one spring is attached to transcribing
armature, and the other to the regulating armature, the former spring

page_text: being set with less tension than the latter. The two levers, which move
together at the same rate by turning the adjustment screw, keeps the
relative difference of tension between the two springs the same. Thus
the armatures A and B are always properly adjusted as regards each
other, whenever it may be necessary to overcome the bad effects of a
leakage from one telegraph conductor to another. The object of having
the lever or levers pressed against the adjusting screw with a strong
spring, is to overcome the irregular adjustment caused by shake in the
adjustment screw by taking up the lost time.
The third part of our Invention refers to that part of the telegraph
apparatus called "the register" or "receiving instrument."
This part of the Invention has for its object the recording of signals
on paper by means of a pencil, instead of the usual methods. The
arrangement is as follows:-The paper slip is made to pass along in the
various usual manners by means of rollers drawing it over guides.
Above or under the slip of paper, as may be required, we place a cylinder
of plumbago or other suitable material such as solid inks, &c., &c., in a
tubular holder with a spring or weight pressing the cylinder against a
stop placed at a suitable anglo to the paper. We prefer an angle of 90°
degrees. The pencil being at an equi-angle between the paper and the stop.
The tube and pencil are made to revolvo by the clockwork driving train
or any suitable means. The pencil is always kept pointed by the wear
in marking the paper combined with its rotary motion. The stop main-
tains the point of the pencil at one constant distance from the paper.
Should the point of the pencil be broken it immediately resets itself at
the required distance by pressing against the stop. The marking of the
paper is effected by the end of a lever which is attached to the armature
of the electro-magnet so arranged that when the armature is attracted
by the electro-magnet the end of the lever raises the moving paper
band and presses it against the point of the pencil and marks it.
An improvement is effected in the driving train. We replace the fly
usually employed by new forms of regulators, one which we call a
"gyroscopic governor." It consists of a disc attached to the regulator
axle by an universal joint. This disc, when the axle is rotated, arranges
itself by centrifugal action in the plane of rotation. By causing this
plate to deviate from this plane by means of a roller or stud pressing
against the disc the speed is regulated according to the angle which the

page_text: disc is forced to take. The greater the angle to the plane of rotation the
slower the speed, and vice versa.
In some cases we prefer to fix this disc permanently on the axle, and
by means of a roller pressing against the disc the axle is made to move
longitudinally backwards and forwards whilst rotating. On the end of
the axle we put a disc, which disc moves up and down a cylinder like a
piston. An adjustable opening is made at either end of the cylinder.
As the piston moves backwards and forwards it forces air in and out of
either ends of the cylinder. It is evident then that by the opening or
closing the apertures in the cylinder, the rate of rotation is regulated by
the retardation of the air against the disc piston.
In some cases we use fluids instead of air. We sometimes uso an
eccentric to actuate this piston instead of the aforesaid modo. We also
fix an arm to the axle which carries at its extremity a stud or roller.
"
A disc mounted on an universal joint but not capable of rotation is
pressed against the stud or roller on the rotary arm. When this arm
rotates it depresses alternately every portion of the disc. The amount
of depression being regulated by bringing the disc nearer to or farther
from the stud. By this means a reciprocatory motion is communicated
to every portion of the disc; the retardation to the rotation being pro-
portionate to the extent in which the disc oscillates.
:
We also employ a simpler form of regulator than those above
described. We fix a screw fan similar to an ordinary screw propeller, .
the blades of which work in an air or water-tight box. Inlets and
outlets are made in the two ends of the box.. The fan on rotating draws
the air or fluid through these apertures. By adjusting these apertures
more or less air or fluid is admitted, and the retardation against the
rotary fan augmented or diminished. We sometimes put a valve in.
front of the inlet or outlet, as most convenient; which valve is kept open
by means of a spring or weight which, if the fan rotates fastly, tho
pressure of the air against the valve closes the aperture and the
retardation is augmented; the fan slackens in speed, the external
pressure is reduced, the valve opens and allows the fan to rotate at a
regular speed. By altering the weight or force of spring which keeps the .
valve open the valve can be made to close with more or less pressure,
and places the rate of rotation under easy control.

page_text: These forms of regulators are also applicable to controlling engines of
various descriptions. As the valve is actuated by the pressure of the air
it may be employed to record barometric changes.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Theophilus Varley and Frederick Henry Varley in
the Great Seal Patent Office on the 2nd April 1872.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, wе, THEOPHILUS
VARLEY, of 12, Barclay Road, Leytonstone, Essex, Telegraphic Engineer,
and FREDERICK HENRY VARLEY, of Mildmay Park Works, Mildmay
Avenue, Stoke Newington, Middlesex, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Second day of October, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-one, in the thirty-
fifth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto us, the said Theophilus Varley and Frederick
Henry Varley, Her special licence that we, the said Theophilus Varley
and Frederick Henry Varley, our executors, administrators, and
assigns, or such others as we, the said Theophilus Varley and
Frederick Henry Varley, our executors, administrators, and assigns,
should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and
at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and
lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle
of Man, an Invention for “IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRIC TELEGRAPHS, PART
OF THE INVENTION BEING APPLICABLE TO OTHER PURPOSES,"
upon the
condition (amongst others) that we, the said Theophilus Varley and
Frederick Henry Varley, our executors or administrators, by an instru-
ment in writing under our, or their, or one of their hands and seals,
should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said
Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and
cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said Theophilus Varley and
Frederick Henry Varley, do hereby declare the nature of our said
Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be
particularly described and ascertained in and by the following state-
nent:-
NOW KNUW IE, toat we, the said TheopДuus varley and
Frederick Henry Varley, do hereby declare the nature of our said
Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be
particularly described and ascertained in and by the following state-
ment:-
For the sake of distinction we divide the description of this Invention
into parts.
The first part of the Invention relates to the better construction of
that part of the telegraph instrument called "the key", or "sending
apparatus" for utilizing double and single currents, and which im-
provements are as follows:
:-
Contacts may be said to have two distinct characters. The "knock"
contact which is made by bringing two pieces of metal together,
generally armed with non-oxidizable metals, and the "rub" contact
which is made by causing the piece of metal for making contact to rub
against a piece of metal attached to a spring; this latter always wears
itself bright by friction and is generally preferred where it can be
used. When the "rub" contact is used for the key contacts, it generally
necessitates a greater motion of the key lever than is desirable. The
object of this improvement is to combine the advantages of the
"rub" contact with those of the "knock" contact, admitting of small
motion of the lever combined with simplicity of parts.
-
The "double current key" Figs. 1, 2, 3, we construct as follows :—
A lever +, Figs. 1 and 2, having an upright plate +" is fastened
to another lever -' having a similar upright plate -" insulated from
each other electrically by a piece of ebonite or other non-conducting
material D. These two levers form two separate contacts and work
on pivots + ". The right hand lever is made longer than the
left so as to carry the handle of the key H. The two upright picces
which are attached to the levers have a hole cut through them at the
top C, C, springs carrying blocks 1 and 2 which fit casily into the
holes in the plates +" and " and are attached to the upright plates
on the inner side. The blocks 1 and 2, Fig. 2, protrude through the
holes in the upright plates, and are shaped so as to present an angle
of about 45 degrees to the plate in an horizontal direction, the surfaces
being parallel with the plates in a vertical direction, shewn in Fig. 2.
Four pillars bearing adjustable contact screws e³, a, e, l, are placed
two on each side of the contact plates with the ends of the contact
-

page_text: screws square to the surfaces of the contact blocks on the springs 1
and 2, Fig. 2, so that when the key lever is raised the two back contact
screws l'and e are in contact with the angular blocks 1 and 2 (connected
to the levers +¹and -¹, Fig. 2, by the springs), and when the key is
depressed these levers are connected with the two front contact screws
e' and 4, Fig. 2, in a like manner. The pillars which carry the contact
screws have a foot or base and e, Figs 2 and 3, of a form to admit of
two double contacts connected to terminals L and E, Fig. 3, the one
pair of contacts for either connecting or disconnecting the carth with
battery connected with key, and the other pair of contacts for connecting
or disconnecting the line connections with the sending apparatus or key
or to the receiving apparatus of the various forms of the Morse or ink-
writing instruments. These two double contacts are actuated by a
lever M capable of being moved towards the right for sending, or left
hand for receiving, or vice versa.
'
One of the distinctive features of this part of our Invention is the
arrangement of the vertical contacts 1 and 2, Fig. 2, combined with an
horizontal knock and rubbing action. The springs with contact blocks
are made of such a form as to be interchangeable, so that in the event
of contacts being worn out by continual use they can be easily replaced.
The key combines fewness of parts and effects the combination of con-
tacts in a simple manner, retaining all the value of the vertical contacts.
The keys are so constructed as to be in direct metallic contact with
their respective terminal screws, thereby reducing the liability of
improper contacts to a minimum. The moveable contacts 1 and 2,
Fig. 2, required for signalling being the only detached parts.
The "single current key," Figs. 4 and 5, we construct as follows :-
The board 1 of key B, Figs. 4 and 5, has an upright back, B¹, Figs. 4 and 5,
which carries the terminals and contact pieces. Vertical springs S and
S', Figs. 4 and 5, fixed to rectangular picces are attached to the lever
of the key L. We sometimes insulate these pieces from lover of key
when additional contacts are required, and shewn in Figs. 4 and 5.
The motion of the key lever is limited by an clastic stop or cushion K,
india-rubber being preferred. The arrangement of contacts are similarly
disposed as in the double current key by which we get the knock and
rub action.

page_text: EE
This part of the Invention has for its object the regulation of the
magnetism developed in the iron cores of electro-magnets. We effect
this by the several following arrangements:-A double electro-magnet
having two armatures placed in close proximity to the poles at either
end of the magnet, which are adjustable so that one or both of the
armatures are attracted according to the amount of electricity flowing
round the clectro-magnets. The armature which we shall call A,
Fig. 6, we use for transcribing the telegraph signals. The armature
which we shall call B, Fig. 7, we employ for regulating the amount
of electricity flowing round the electro-magnets. Those armatures
are held back against stops by means of two springs, attached to a
double lever, shewn in Figs. 6 and 14, actuated by screws, Figs. 6,
7, 14, and 15. The armature A or transcriber," is regulated by the
adjustment spring, in same way as armature B, but to move with a
feeble magnetic force, developed in the electro-magnets E, E, Figs. 6
and 7. The armature B or, "regulator," Fig. 7; is regulated by its
adjustment spring D, Fig. 7, to move but by a force greater than is
required to move armature A. The instrument so regulated on an
electric current, passing round the electro-magnets E, of greater than
the regulated amount attracts armaturo B, and closes a contact F,
Fig. 7, which opens a second passage (of small resistance) G, Fig. 7,
between the two extremitics of the wrappings of the electro-magnets,
and shunts from passing through the clectro-magnets E, Fig. 7,
the greater portion of the electricity. So long as the magnetism in
the electro-magnet remains greater than the regulated amount, and
reduces the magnetism in the electro-magnet, when the adjustment
spring pulls armature B back, then again the full clectric force flows
around the electro-magnets, and the magnetism is again augmented,
attracts armature B, Figs. 6 and 7, which again reopens the second
passage, and reduces the magnetism in the electro-magnets. Thus
armature B is constantly being attracted and pulled back, opening or
closing the second way G, Fig. 7, for the electricity, accordingly as the
magnetism developed in the electro-magnets is greater or less than the
regulated amount, whenever an unnecessarily strong electric current is
passing through the electro-magnets.
Another arrangement for regulating the magnetism is as follows:-
Whenever it is desirable to economize battery power, such as in the so-
called local electro-magnets of telegraph apparatus, we prefer making
armature B "the regulator," Fig. 8, introduce a resistance R, instead of

page_text: opening a second way, thereby reducing the force of the electric current
passing through the electro-magnet E. We effect this by making
armature B rest against a contact stop H, Fig 8, instead of an insulated
stop, as in the Fig. 7, and by having two passages for the electric current
from the battery to one end of the helix of the electro-magnets. The
onc passage through the contact stop H, Fig. 8, to the electro-magnet
(of practically no resistance); and the other through the contact screw
and resistance coils R, Fig. 8, to the electro-magnet. When the
magnetism in the electro-magnet becomes greater than the regulated
amount, the armature B is attracted and the passage of no resistance
from the armature to stop is interrupted, only leaving the passage of
great resistance R, Fig. 8, open for the electric current. For regulating
the magnetism in electro-magnets acted upon by greatly varying
electrical currents, we prefer combining the two former modes for
reducing the electrical current passing through the electro-magnets,
shewn in Fig. 9. G, the second passage of small resistance, and R,
the long passage for the electric current, being a combination of the
two modes explained in Figs. 6, 7, 8. When the armature B is
attracted, contact R' is broken, and the potential of the electro-
magnetism is reduced by the introduction of R; should this not
reduce the potential sufficiently, the contact O' is made, and a second
passage G, of small resistance opened, which still further reduces the
potential of the current passing round the electro-magnet sufficiently
to control the greatest variation ever practically required. The
regulator is equally applicable to relays with permanent or induced
magnetic armatures, which are actuated by only one polarity, Figs.
10, 11, and 12. But we prefer making the armature B to be acted
upon by both polarities, as it is as necessary to regulate the N
magnetism as it is the S magnetism. The regulator acts as described
in any of the three foregoing arrangements, Figs. 6, 7, 8, and 9.
In some cases where the electric force to be recorded is too feeble to
actuate the regulator before described, such as signals received through
long circuits or cables, we obtain uniform signals with a varying electric
current by dispensing with the iron cores altogether, using the force
generated by the helix only, by which means we get uniform signals with a
a varying electrical current, Fig. 13. It is effected as follows:-Two
hollow coils N and N', placed facing each other, their axis being in a line
with a space between their faces of sufficient width to allow of an
induced magnetic or magnetic armature I", Fig. 13, to move between

page_text: them. On the outer side of the helices and in a line with the axis of
the helices we place two adjustable poles of permanent magnets of like
name, N and N'. Sometimes the armature is of the same polarity as
the two aforesaid poles N and N' of the permanent magnets, in which
case the armature is equally repelled by the said poles, and sometimes
the armature is of opposite polarity, in which case the armature is
equally attracted by both poles of the permanent magnets. When a
current is made to flow through the helices it disturbs the equilibrium
and the armature moves accordingly and closes the contact.
To ensure a good and uniform adjustment for the armatures of our
relays and instruments we adopt the following arrangements, Figs. 14,
15, and 16:-We mount on pivots single or double levers as the
instrument may require. These levers are firmly pressed against
the adjusting screw by a spring or springs S, Figs. 15 and 16.
For the adjustment of the " regulator relay" we use a double lever as
previously described, Fig. 14; at the top of each of these levers we fix
two spiral springs S', Figs. 15 and 16; one end of one spring is attached
to transcribing armature and the other to the regulating armature A and
B, as shewn in Figs. 6, 7, 15, and 16. The former spring being set with
less tension than the latter. The two levers which move together at the
same rate by turning the adjustment screw C keeping the relative
difference of tension between the two springs S and S' the same.
Thus the armatures A and B are always properly adjusted as regards
each other whenever it may be necessary to overcome the bad effects of
'a leakage from one telegraph conductor to another. The object of
having the lever or levers pressed against the adjusting screw with a
strong spring is to overcome the irregular, adjustment caused by shaking
in the adjustment screws by taking up the lost time.
Fig. 17 shews another means by which the regulator can be adapted
to magnets. Fig. 18 shews a mode of connection by which the armature
may be made its own regulator. Figs. 19, 20, 21, and 22, an enlarge
view of contact holder for holding renewable contact pieces for relay
regulator.
The third part of our Invention refers to that part of the telegraph
apparatus called "the register" or "receiving instrument."
m
Tation has for its chiant the recording of signals

page_text: arrangement is as follows:-The paper slip is made to pass along in the
various usual manners by means of rollers R and R', Figs. 23 and 24,
drawing it over guides G, Fig. 23. Above or under the slip of paper, as
may be required, we place a cylinder of plumbago or other suitable
material such as solid inks, &c., &c., in a tubular holder T with a spring
or weight S pressing the cylinder against a stop A placed at a suitable
angle to the paper P. We prefer an angle of 90 degrees. The pencil
being equi-angle between the paper and the stop, the tube and
pencil are made to revolve by the clockwork driving train or any suitable
means. The pencil is always kept pointed by the wear in marking the
paper combined with its rotary motion. The stop maintains the point of
the pencil at one constant distance from the paper. Should the point of
the pencil be broken it immediately re-sets itself at the required distance
by pressing against the stop A, Figs. 23 and 24. The marking of the
paper is effected by the end of a lever L, which is attached to the
armature of the clectro-magnet, so arranged that when the armature
is moved by the electro-magnct, the end of the lever L raises the
moving paper band and presses it against the point of the pencil and
marks it.
Fig. 23 shows elevation of recorder; Fig. 24, bird's-eye view; Fig.
25 shews a sectional view of the revolving pencil holder O; Fig. 25,
pencil withdrawn ready for placing in revolving pencil holder. In some
cases it is advantageous to place the pencil holder on a moveable arm.
Fig. 26 shows one arrangement by which this is effected. A spring $
keeps the pencil pressed against the stop A, and the wheel W on pencil
holder gives it the required rotation, so that on the armature being moved
by the magnet the pencil is brought against the paper for marking signals.
Figs. 23 and 24 shew the mode of marking the paper with the lever
actuated by an ordinary electro-magnet, but the pencil or lever for
marking may be actuated by any of the well-known methods for
recording with feeble electric force.
An improvement is effected in the driving train. We replace the
fly usually employed by new forms of regulators, one which we call a
“ gyroscopic governor" shewn in Fig. 21. It consists of a disc M,
attached to the regulator axle by an universal joint U. This disc, when ;
the axle is rotated arranges itself by centrifugal action in the plane
of rotation. By causing this plate to deviate from this plane by means

page_text: of rollers R, R, Fig. 24, or stud pressing against the disc, the speed is
regulated according to the angle which the disc is forced to take. The
greater the angle to the plane of rotation the slower the speed, and
vice versa.
In some cases we prefer to fix this disc permanently on the axle, and
by means of a roller pressing against the disc the axle is made to move
longitudinally backwards and forwards 'whilst rotating. On the end of
the axle we put a disc, which disc moves up and down a cylinder like a
piston. An adjustable opening is made at either end of the cylinder.
As the piston moves backwards and forwards it forces air in and out of
either ends of the cylinder. It is evident then that by the opening or
closing the apertures in the cylinder the rate of rotation is regulated
by the retardation of the air against the disc piston.
In some cases we use fluids instead of air, this arrangement is not
shewn in Drawing. We sometimes use an eccentric to actuate this
piston instead of the aforesaid mode, Fig. 27. We also fix an arm to
the axle which carries at its extremity a stud or roller.
A disc M, Fig. 28, mounted on an universal joint U, but not capable
of rotation is pressed against the stud or roller S, Fig. 28, on the
rotary arm. When this arm rotates it depresses alternately every
portion of the disc. The amount of depression being regulated by
bringing the disc near to or farther from the stud. By this means a
reciprocatory motion is communicated to every portion of the disc.
The retardation to the rotation being proportionate to the extent in
which the disc oscillates.
We also employ a simpler form of regulator than those above
described. We fix a screw fan, similar to an ordinary screw propeller,
Fig. 29, the blades of which, b, b, work in an air or fluid-tight box;
inlets i and outlets o are made in the two ends of the box. The fan on
O rotating draws the air or fluid through the apertures i. By adjusting
these apertures ; and o more or less air or fluid is admitted, and the
retardation against the rotary fan augmented or diminished. We some-
times put a valve in front of the inlet or outlet as most convenient,
which valve V is kept open by means of a spring or weight, which, if
5 the fan rotates fastly the pressure of the air against the valve closes the
aperture and the retardation is augmented, the fan slackens in speed,
the external pressure is reduced, the valve opens and allows the fan to
rotate at a regular speed. By altering the weight or force of spring

page_text: which keeps the valve open, the valve can be made to close with more
or less pressure and places the rate of rotation under casy control.
These forms of regulators are also applicable to engines of various
descriptions for controlling their speed.
The object of this Invention is to obtain unvarying signals, which is
one of the greatest difficultics of the present telegraph systems. In
furtherance of this object we prefer using the battery shown in Fig. 30,
by which we obtain more uniform electric currents. T, Fig. 30, is a
through made of wood or other suitable material; S, a partition made of
copper or any good conducting material; F is felt or other spongy or
fibrous fabric folded over both sides of partition S, which has for its
object the neutralization of the polarity of the surfaces of the conducting
partition. A copper plate C is placed on one side of the partition, and a
zinc plate Z is placed on the other side of partition, with a salt or acid
conducting fluid. When carbon or other elements are employed in place
of copper, we use suitable excitements.
Fig. 31 shows plans of connections of two complete instruments joined
together for signalling between distant places. K, K, sending apparatus
or key; R, R, recorder for recording the signals; T, T, relay; C, C, the
relay regulator; and A, A, the translating armature. L, i, L, i, battery
for sending electrical currents to distant station; L, o, L, o, batteries
which actuate the recording armature of the recorder.
First. We claim the mode of sending currents of uniform potential
through telegraph circuits, which we effect by improved contacts of that
portion of the Invention termed the transmitter or key; that is to say,
we claim the general construction of keys as shown in Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4,
and 5; and, as described, we claim the mode of connecting and discon-
necting the key from line, whereby we are able to use fewer parts to
effect the required combination for inserting the sending or receiving
instrument.
Second. We claim that portion of the Invention which we term tho
relay regulator, which give uniform magnetic force with currents of
varying potential, and the mode of controlling the magnetism developed
in electro-magnets and polarized relays, as described and shewn in
Figs. 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, and 17.
Third. We claim the mode of obtaining uniform signals with varying

page_text: magnetic potential, developed in coils by the form of relay described
and shewn, Fig. 13, which has no iron cores, thereby removing the
irregularities due to residual magnetism.
Fourth. We claim the mode of registering signals on paper, as
described, for enabling the use of a marking cylinder or pencil either of
black lead or marking material, such as solid inks, &c., &c., shewn by
Fig. 23, 24, 25, and 26; the mode of keeping the pencil sharpened by
revolving it against the surface of paper upon which the signals or
marking are registered; and also keeping the point, at an uniform
distance from the end of the pencil holder by means of a stop placed
generally at right angles to the paper; but we do not confine ourselves
to the position of the pencil or angle with reference to paper or stop,
which may be varied to suit altered requirements.
Fifth. We claim the gyroscopic governor for controlling moving trains
of wheelwork, as shewn in Fig. 24; also the forms of speed regulators
shewn in Figs. 27, 28, and 29.
. Sixth. We claim the depolarized conducting partition for double fluid
batteries, as described and shewn, Fig. 30.
In witness whereof, we, the said Theophilus Varley and Frederick
Henry Varley, have hereunto set our hands and scals, this Second
day of April, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred-
and seventy-two.