IMPROVEMENTS IN ΤΗΣ MANUFACTURE OF PAINTS, PIGMENTS, CEMENTS, AND OTHER PLASTIC COMPOSITIONS, AND IN THE MACHINERY OR APPARATUS TO BE USED IN SUCH MANUFACTURE, PARTS OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE ALSO APPLI- CABLE TO THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL STONE AND MARBLE
Year: 1845

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, EDWARD
PATRICK EMERSON, of the City of Dublin, Doctor of Medicine, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at
Westminster, the Ninth day of October, in the ninth year of Her reign, did,
for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said
Edward Patrick Emerson, my exors, admors, and assigns, Her especial
licence, full power, sole privilege and authority, that I, the said Edward
Patrick Emerson, my exors, admors, and assigns, or such others as I, the
said Edward Patrick Emerson, my exors, admors, or assigns, should at any
time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times during
the term of years therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use,
exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-
Tweed, and in the Islands of Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney, Sark, and Man,
and also in all Her said Majesty's Colonies and Plantations abroad, my
Invention of “IMPROVEMENTS IN ΤΗΣ MANUFACTURE OF PAINTS, PIGMENTS,
CEMENTS, AND OTHER PLASTIC COMPOSITIONS, AND IN THE MACHINERY OR APPARATUS
TO BE USED IN SUCH MANUFACTURE, PARTS OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE ALSO APPLI-
CABLE TO THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL STONE AND MARBLE;" in which said
Letters Patent is contained a proviso that I, the said Edward Patrick
Emerson, shall cause a particular description of the nature of my said Inven
tion, and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be inrolled in
Her said Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar months next
and immediately after the date of the said in part recited Letters Patent,

page_text: as in and by the same, reference. being thereunto had, will more fully and at
large appear..
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Edward Patrick Emerson, do hereby declare the nature of my said Invention,
and the manner in which the same is to be performed and carried into
practical effect, to be as the same are described and ascertained in and by
the following statement thereof, reference being had to the illustrative
Drawing hereunto annexed, and to the figures and letters marked thereon
respectively; that is to say :-
My Invention of Improvements in the Manufacture of Paints, Pigments,
Cements, and other Plastic.Compositions, and in the Machinery or Apparatus
to be used in such Manufacture, Parts of which Improvements are also appli
cable to the Manufacture of Artificial Stone and Marble, consists in the
application of magnetism, with or without galvanic aid, for imparting certain
properties to lime when: moistened with water, or lime in combination with
other metallic substances, such as iron, antimony, alum, sulphur, and man-
ganese, by arranging and disposing permanent magnets, and causing friction
of them within and against a vessel containing the 'lime to be operated upon,
whereby the lime is made to absorb certain principles arising out of magnetio
influence assisted by friction; which causes the lime to become very hard and
durable, and imparts to it an appearance similar to stone or marble; and limé
thus treated becomes very adhesive, and forms an excellent cement or paint
which is impervious to the action of air and water, and is therefore well cal-
culated for covering.surfaces of brick, stone, or other like, porous substances.
Another mode of treating lime, whether in a simple state or combined-withi
other metallic substances, as before mentioned, is by passing a current of
electricity amongst it, and during the time of the lime being in motion; such
electric fluid being produced or generated by a Grove's, Smee's, or other suit-
able battery arranged or disposed in the manner herein-after set forth..
..")
Another part of my said improvements consists in subjecting lime when
moistened with water, and not mixed with sand, to active friction, whereby
the quality of the lime is considerably improved, and forms a very good
cement and an excellent. wash for walls. And I would here: remark, that I
am aware that the circumstance of subjecting lime-when moistened with water
to active friction is commonly practised; but the lime: thus treated has hitherto
been mixed with sand, whereby the effect which would, otherwise have been.
produced by the friction of the particles of the lime against each other has
been destroyed. I desire it therefore to be understood, that as regards this
part of my Invention; the improvement consists simply in imparting friction to
lime when moistened with water, and uncombined with sand.

page_text: Another part of my said improvements consists in forming an hydraulic
cement by mixing together lime and clay in the proportions of two thirds of
lime to one third part of clay, and calcining them, and subsequently grinding
or pulverizing the entire mass; and in cases where extreme hardness is
required, I add about one fifth part of iron or manganese thereto, and the
cement thus formed may be applied or used in a similar manner to that of
cements generally and in known use.
And in order to explain my said Invention as completely as possible, I will
proceed to describe the chemical action produced by the mechanical combi-
nations and arrangement of parts constituting machinery or apparatus to be
used in the manufacture of plastic compositions which I consider best calculated
for carrying my said Invention into practical effect.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING.
The Figure 1 exhibits a top plan view of one form of machine or apparatus
for imparting to lime the before-mentioned properties. Figure 2 is a trans-
verse and vertical section of the machine taken through the line A, B, at the
Figure 1. Figure 3 exhibits a top plan view, and Figure 4 a transverse and
vertical section taken through the line C, D, at the Figure 3, of another
arrangement of parts constituting a machine or apparatus to be used in the
manufacture of plastic compositions. Figure 5 exhibits a tool hereafter
referred to. Similar letters of reference are placed upon and denote corre-
sponding parts, in so far as such parts appear, as can be seen at each of the
Figures respectively.
At the Figures 1 and 2, A, A, marks a vessel composed of iron or marble,
into which is to be placed the substance or substances to be operated upon;
B, B, marks a shaft, one end of which revolves freely in a bearing situate at
the bottom of the vessel A, as shewn, and upon the upper extremity of this
shaft, there is fixed a pulley C, over which passes a band or strap D for
imparting motion to the said shaft by any suitable prime mover; E, E, marks
radial arms fixed to and about the shaft B, and to each of these arms I
affix by their upper ends a series of permanent magnets F, F; and I form the
lower ends of these magnets curved, so as to cause friction thereof against the
bottom of the vessel A, with which they should be in close contact. The
operations of this machine or apparatus are as follows:-Motion being
imparted to the shaft B in the direction denoted by the arrow at Figure 1,
will cause abrasion of the lower ends of the magnets against the bottom of the
vessel A, in which is placed the lime. Thus it will appear evident, that as
these magnets pass through the mass to be operated upon, they will have the

page_text: effect of transmitting their magnetic properties thereto, the amount of which
will necessarily depend upon the number, and strength; of the magnets
employed, and the velocity, with which they moves and the quantity of lime
to be operated upon; but I have found in practice that for a vessel of about, six,
feet diameter by about two feet deep, that eight sets, of magnets, in all about,
thirty, and the shaft to which they are connected having a velocity of about.
forty revolutions per minute, is sufficient to impregnate or convert into cement,
the entire mass in about from twenty to thirty minutes of time. And I would
remark, that in operating upon lime impregnated,with, iron, the effect of con
version is much sooner produced. It should also, be observed, that in using
this cement in the formation of busts or casts which require the mass to set,
quickly; I add-thereto about one, fifth part of the entire mass of plaster-of
Paris or coal ashes.
Another mode of manufacturing paints, pigments, cements; and other
plastic compositions. consists, in the application of electro-magnetism; to, lime
moistened with water, or-lime- combined with other metallic (substances; as
before mentioned, for which purpose I employ a machine or, apparatus arranged
and combined as represented at Figures 3 and 4 of the annexed Drawing,
where it will be seen that the difference between this machine.or apparatus
and that shewn at. Figures 1 and 2 consists in forming the mixers-F-of, soft,
iron, and connecting each of such.mixers with a galvanic battery a by means of
copper wires b, or, other of the known means for effecting the electric circuit
throughout each set of mixers; and this arrangement of apparatus I prefer
as being more powerful than that before mentioned, and represented at
Figures 1 and 2. And I prefer, making the lower ends, of the mixers or
magnets of the form of a horse-shoe, whether such magnets be permanent or
otherwise. I would further remark, that as the cement thus produced will
receive in mixture the various ochres and other mineral or earthy. coloring
matters, it may be tinted so as to resemble different kinds of stone or marble,
and from its extreme hardness is capable of being highly polished In-using
this cement as a paint I render it more liquid by the addition of water, and. I
add thereto about one tenth part of the entire mass of white lead, which forms
an excellent covering or paint for brick or stone, and I apply the paint thus
formed to the surface to be covered with a wire brush, such wires: being-pre-
viously magnetised, and subsequently inserted into a handle formed, of any
non-conductor-of-electricity; and where-a-harok-and-trowel are required; I
construct such implements in the following manner: At the Figure 5, AA
marks a piece of wood, iron, brass, or copper, into-the-upper surface of which
there are inserted or embedded pieces of wire or magnets B; B, the inner

page_text: ends of which are in contact with a button C+ of glass or other non-
conducting substance; D+ marks the handle. And I form a trowel of one or
more pieces of steel or magnets inserted into a handle which is a non-conducting
substance.
Having now described the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner
the same is to be performed and carried into practical effect, I desire it to be
distinctly understood, that I do not claim the exclusive use of any of the
separate parts above mentioned and referred to, except in so far as the same
may be employed in combination and for the purposes of my said Invention,
which I hereby declare to consist in, and I claim as improvements in the
manufacture of paints, pigments, cements, and other plastic compositions,-
Firstly, the application of magnetic or electro-magnetic influence to lime in
a moistened state, or lime in combination with other metallic substances.
Secondly, I claim as an improvement in the machinery or apparatus to be
used in such manufacture the mechanical combinations and arrangements of
parts above described and referred to in respect of the several Figures 1, 2, 3,
4, 5, of the illustrative Drawing hereunto annexed, and for the purposes there
set forth.
Thirdly, I claim as an improvement in the manufacture of artificial stone
and marble the peculiar process described and set forth for that purpose.
And I also claim as an improvement in the manufacture of cement the
combining of lime and clay together in the proportions and manner herein
set forth.
In witness whereof, I, the said Edward Patrick Emerson, have hereunto
nd cool thie
day of April One thousand eight