IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CONSOLIDATED COAL
Year: 1875

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Frederick Charles Danvers, of 21, Argyle Road,
Castle Hill, Ealing, and John Henry Landon, of Turner Square,
Hoxton, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE
OF CONSOLIDATED COAL."
Sealed the 13th May 1875, and dated the 11th March 1875.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Frederick Charles
Danvers and John Henry Landon at the Office of the Com-
missioners of Patents, with their Petition, on the 11th March
1875.
We, FREDERICK CHARLES DANVERS, of 21, Argyle Road, Castle Hill,
Ealing, and JoHN HENRY LANDON, of Turner Square, Hoxton, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CONSOLIDATED COAL," to bo as follows:-
:―
This Invention arises out of the experience gained in the working of
the said Frederick Charles Danvers's Patent, No. 2617, of the 3rd of
September 1872, wherein is described an improved process for the

page_text: manufacture of artificial fuel, when made with farina or starch, as one
of the agglutinizing agonts used to stick small coal together so as to
form it into solid blocks, and by the adoption of which process such fuel
may be successfully made without the necessity of drying or baking
after being moulded into blocks. Now we have found that a better
result may be obtained without the use of water with the starch to form
a mucilage, but instead thereof we boil the powdered farina or starch in
tar or other mineral or vegetable oil, and the tar or oil, as the case may
be, which thus becomes thickened, is then mixed with small coal, culm,
or breeze; and this mixture, to which we sometimes add pitch or lime,
or both, according to circumstances, is then subjected to heat and after-
wards moulded into blocks. Fuel manufactured by this process we call
"consolidated coal."
In some cases we dissolve the pitch as well as the farina or starch in
the tar, and then mix them together with the coal; in other cases
powdered pitch may first be mixed with the coal, and the tar or oil
starch, as the case may be, is then added. Where it is necessary to
produce a very hard fuel we add a little lime or chalk to the mixture.
This may be either boiled in the tar or oil with the farina, in which case,
if lime is used, it should be first slaked or added to the coal in a dry
state; or the farina may be boiled in one tank of tar or oil and the lime
or chalk in another tank of tar or oil; or oil may be used in one tank and
tar in the other tank. The two mixtures may then be added to one
another before being mixed with the coal, or they may be added
separately to the coal. When the pitch is not mixed separately with
the coal it may, when chalk or lime is used and boiled separately from the
farina or starch, be dissolved either with the farina or with the lime, or
a portion of the pitch may be boiled with the farina and a portion with
the chalk or lime.
When chalk or lime are not used, the pitch, when not mixed separately
with the coal, may be boiled in tar with the farina, or it may be boiled in
får senarately from the farina before being mixed with the coal.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Frederick Charles Danvers and John Henry
Landon in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 8th September
1875.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, wc, FREDERICK
CHARLES DANVERS, of 21, Argyll Road, Castle Hill, Ealing, and JoHN
HENRY LANDON, of Turner Square, Hoxton, both in the County of
Middlesex, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Eleventh day of March, in the
year of our Lord One thousand cight hundred and seventy-five, in
the thirty-ninth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and
successors, give and grant unto us, the said Frederick Oharles Danvers
and John Henry Landon, Her special licence that we, the said Frederick
Charles Danvers and John Henry Landon, our exccutors, admini-
strators, and assigns, or such others as we, the said Frederick Charles
Danvers and John Henry Landon, our executors, administrators, and
assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to
time and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands,
and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE Manufacture
OF CONSOLIDATED COAL," upon the condition (amongst others) that wc,
the said Frederick Charles Danvers and John Henry Landon, our
executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under our,
or their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and
ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the
same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the
Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and imme.
diately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said Frederick Charles Danvers
and John Henry Landon, do hereby declare the nature. of our said
Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be
particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement
thereof, that is to say :-
This Invention has for its object improvements in the manufacture of
consolidated anal

page_text: T
This Invention arises out of the experience gained in the working
of the said Frederick Charles Danvers's Patent, No. 2617, of the 3rd
September 1872, wherein is described an improved process for the
manufacture of artificial fuel when made with farina or starch, as one
of the agglutinizing agents used to stick small coal together so as to
form it into solid blocks, and by the adoption of which process such
fuel may be successfully made without the necessity of drying or baking
after being moulded into blocks. Now we have found that a better
result may be obtained without the use of water with the starch to form
a mucilage, but instead thereof wo boil the powdered farina or starch in
tar or other mineral or vegetable oil, and the tar or oil, as the case may
be, which thus becomes thickened, is then mixed with small coal, culme;
or breeze, and this mixture, to which we sometimes add pitch or lime, or
both, according to circumstances, is then subjected to heat and after-
wards moulded into blocks. Fucl manufactured by this process we call
consolidated coal.
I'
In some cases we dissolve the pitch as well as the farina or starch in
the tar, and then mix them together with the coal; in other cases
powdered pitch may first be mixed with the coal, and the tar or oil
starch, as the case may be, is then added. Where it is necessary to
produce a very hard fucl we add a little lime or chalk to the mixture.
This may be either boiled in the tar or oil with the farina, in which case,
if lime is used, it should be first slaked or added to the coal in a dry
state; or the farina may be boiled in one tank of tar or oil, and the lime
or chalk in another tank of tar or oil; or oil may be used in one tank
and tar in another tank. The two, mixtures may then be added to one
another before being mixed with the coal, or they may be added
separately to the coal. When the pitch is not mixed separately with
the coal, it may, when chalk or lime is used and boiled separately from
the farina or starch, be dissolved- either with the farina or with the lime,
or a portion of the pitch may be boiled with the farina and a portion
with the chalk or limc.
.
When chalk or lime are not used, the pitch, when not mixed separately
with the coal, may be boiled in tar with the farina, or it may be boiled
in tar separately from the farina before being mixed with the coal.
In order that our said Invention may be more fully understood and
readily carried into effect we will proceed to describe the method in
which we prefer to conduct the process.
3

page_text: We melt 90 lbs. of pitch in 3 gallons of tar, and when the whole
mass has become fluid, we, when lime is used, throw in 5 lbs. of lime
(we prefer to use slaked quicklime or sulphate of lime) and allow the
whole to boil for a few minutes. We then add 5 lbs. of dry farina or
starch of any kind in powder, and as soon as the mixture has become
thoroughly incorporated it is run off into a pan, where it is kept hot, but
not allowed to boil again. When lime is not used the same quantities
of the other ingredients given above are mixed together in the manner
described, only omitting the lime...
The above mixture is then added to one ton of small coal, culme, or
breeze, in the manner following: The small coal, culme, or breeze,
having been first reduced to an uniform size by grinding in a disintegrator
or other kind of mill adapted for the purpose, or by sifting, it is raised
by an elevator or Jacob's ladder, having certain sized buckets, into a
hopper; to this a proper proportion of the bituminous mucilage is added
by means of an elevator or of a pump, or in any other suitable manner.
From this hopper the mixture falls into a mixing machine (which by
preference we make horizontal) which is heated either by a steam jacket
or by a flue. From the mixing machine the mixture falls into a hopper,
which conducts it to any suitable kind of press, by which it is compressed
into blocks in the usual manner.
When the pitch is added dry to the coal separately from the tar the
lime and farina (or the farina alone when lime is not used) are boiled in
the tar and added to the coal (with which pitch has first been mixed) in
the same quantities and in the manner as above.
When tar only is used and not pitch we mix six gallons of tar with
20 lbs. each of lime and farina, to be used in the manner above
described with one ton of small coal, culme, or breeze.
We do not confine ourselves to the above proportions, as we find that
they require to be varied slightly with different kinds of coal.
We find, however, that the above quantities and proportions answer
well with an average quality of coal.
What we claim is the use of farina or starch in the manufacture of
artificial fuel or consolidated coal without water, but instead thereof the
starch or farina being boiled in tar or other mineral or vegetable oil;
also we claim the melting of the pitch, when that material also is used,

page_text: in tar or oil before being mixed with the small of coal, culme, or
breeze.
In witness whereof, we, the said Frederick Charles Danvers and
John Henry Landon, have hereunto set our hands and seals, this
Seventh day of September, in the year of our Lord One thousand
eight hundred and seventy-five.