IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINES FOR BREAKING-UP AND CULTIVATING LAND."
Year: 1861

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Bernhard Samuelson, of Banbury, in the County of
Oxford, Engineer, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINES FOR
BREAKING-UP AND CULTIVATING LAND."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Bernhard Samuelson at the,
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
15th March 1861.
I, BERNHARD SAMUELSON, of Banbury, in the County of Oxford, Engineer,
do bereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
MACHINES FOR BREAKING-UP AND CULTIVATING LAND," to be as follows:-
My Invention relates to machines for breaking up and cultivating land by:
means of prongs or cutters fixed around and standing out from the circum-,
ference of hollow cylinders or rings, the prongs or cutters penetrating the
ground and causing the cylinders or rings to revolve when the machines are
drawn along the surface by any suitable power, and it consists,―
Firstly, in mounting such cylinder machines (having prongs or cutters fixed,
in sockets) upon carrying wheels or rollers.
: i
Secondly, in making such sockets, whether of such cylinder or of ring,
machines, of greater depth than the average thickness of such cylinders'or:
rings.
Thirdly, in such cylinder machines mounted on wheels or rollers in attach-
ing the wheels or rollers (or else the opposite ends of the axes running through
such cylinders) to the framing, in such a manner as to be capable of being;
raised or depressed independently of each other..
i
Fourthly, in so placing one or more of the carrying wheels or rollers of such.

page_text: cylinder or ring machines that they may be used as fulcra for raising the
prongs or cutters out of the ground by means of direct leverage which I attach
to the framing.
Fifthly, where such cylinder or ring machines have opposite side wheels
mounted in bearings in connecting the lower extremities of the opposite ver-
tical guides for such bearings by means of a bolt or stay, and when the position
of the wheels admits of it I prefer to employ the axes of the cylinders or
rings as such bolt or stay.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Bernhard Samuelson in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
14th September 1861.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, BERNHARD
SAMUELSON, of Banbury, in the County of Oxford, Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Fifteenth day of March, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-one, in the twenty-fourth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me,
the said Bernhard Samuelson, Her special licence that I, the said Bernhard
Samuelson, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the
said Bernhard Samuelson, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at
any time. agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times there-
after during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make,
use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN MACHINES FOR BREAKING-UP AND CULTIVATING LAND," upon the
condition (amongst others) that I, the said Bernhard Samuelson, my executors
or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of
their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature
of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed,
and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within
six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
NOW KNOW. YE, that I, the said Bernhard Samuelson, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement, that is to say:

page_text: .
My Invention relates to machines for breaking up and cultivating land by
means of prongs or cutters fixed around and standing out from the circum-
ference of hollow cylinders or rings, the prongs or cutters penetrating the
ground, and causing the cylinders or rings to revolve when the machines are
drawn along the surface by any suitable power; and it consists,―
First, in mounting such cylinder machines (having prongs or cutters fixed
in sockets) upon carrying wheels or rollers.
Secondly, in making such sockets, whether of such cylinder or of ring
machines, of greater depth than the average thickness of such cylinders or
rings.
Thirdly, in such cylinder machines mounted on wheels or rollers; in
attaching the wheels or rollers (or else the opposite ends of the axes running
through such cylinders) to the framing, in such a manner as to be capable of
being raised or depressed independently of each other.
Fourthly, in so placing one or more of the carrying wheels or rollers of
such cylinder or ring machines that they may be used as fulcra for raising the
prongs or cutters out of the ground by means of direct leverage, which I
attach to the framing.
Fifthly, where such cylinder or ring machines have opposite side wheels
mounted in bearings, in connecting the lower extremities of the opposite
vertical guides for such bearings by means of a bolt or stay, and when the
position of the wheels admits of it, I prefer to employ the axes of the
cylinders or rings as such bolt or stay.
And in order that my said Invention may be the more readily understood,
I annex Drawings, showing a mode of carrying out the same.
Figures 1, 2, and 3 refer to my Invention under all the heads except the
fourth. Figure 4 refers to the fourth head.
F, in Figures 1, 2, and 3, is a frame, having guides G in Figures 2 and 3.
These guides are placed at opposite sides of the framing, and are connected by
A, Figures 1, 2, and 3, an axle or bolt, which also carries C, Figures 1, 2,
and 3, the cylinder. This cylinder has S, Figures 1, 2, and 3, sockets of
greater depth than the average thickness of the cylinder. I prefer that this
cylinder be in two or more lengths, revolving independently of each other on
the axle A, for the convenience of turning. There may be any desirable
number of sockets, but I prefer that they should be arranged spirally around
the cylinders, and at a distance of from seven to eleven inches from each
other. In each of these sockets P, Figures 3 and 2, a prong is secured by
well known means. W, Figures 1, 2, and 3, are side carrying wheels, and
W, Figure 2, is a swivel or steerage wheel; the former of. these are con-

page_text: nected with the frame by means of B, Figure 2, blocks, which slide up and
down in the guides G, and may be raised or lowered by means of R, the
raising tackle, consisting of a hand wheel and screw. N, Figure 2, is the
or point of the implement to which the traction power is applied.
X, Figure 2, is a scraper, of which there is the requisite number, as usual in
inachines of this class.
In the Drawings the wheels are shown touching the ground, and the face
of the cylinder is also in contact with the earth, in which the lower prongs
are imbedded. By means of the raising tackle these may be set so as to
penetrate more or less deeply on one side, or on both, or to be entirely clear
of the ground when travelling.
Figure 4 shows an arrangement for effecting the raising and lowering by
direct leverage. The letters C, W, W, P, F, indicate parts corresponding to
those in the preceding Figures, but the cylinder in its frame is suspended
behind the wheels upon an axis connecting these latter, and the frame has a
lever L, which being pulled downwards, either by the draught rope or by any
other means, the cylinder will be lifted, when it can be held at any desired
height by means of a bolt through holes H, H', in the quadrant Q, or by any
other convenient means. The quadrant is rigidly connected with the axle of
the main travelling wheels. And with respect to such socketed cylinders, I
sometimes find it convenient to dispense with any raising gear, but to affix
wheels to them when travelling only, as is the practice with clod crushers.
Having now described my Invention, and a mode of carrying out the same!
I would let it be understood that I do not confine myself to such mode, but
that I claim the various arrangements of machinery for breaking up and
cultivating land as particularized under the five several heads aforesaid.
In witness whereof, I, the said Bernhard Samuelson, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Thirteenth day of September, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-one.
Witness,
JOHN SHAW;
Banbury!
BERNHARD SAMUELSON. (L.s.)