IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PRODUCTION OF CASTS, COPIES, OR IMPRESSIONS OF PATTERNS, DEVICES OR DESIGNS FOR ORNAMENTAL AND USEFUL PURPOSES."
Year: 1881

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Joseph Julius Sachs, of Sunbury, in the County of
Middlesex, for an Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PRODUCTION OF
CASTS, COPIES, OR IMPRESSIONS OF PATTERNS, DEVICES OR DESIGNS FOR
ORNAMENTAL AND USEFUL PURPOSES."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Joseph Julius Sachs at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 22nd August 1881.
JOSEPH JULIUS SACHS, of Sunbury, in the County of Middlesex.
"IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE PRODUCTION OF CASTS, COPIES, OR IMPRESSIONS OF PATTERNS,
DEVICES, OR DESIGNS FOR ORNAMENTAL AND USEFUL PURPOSES."
My Invention relates to improvements hereinafter described in the production of
casts, copies, or impressions of patterns, devices, or designs suitable for ornamental
and useful purposes.
In carrying out my Invention I proceed as follows:-
--
I prepare a layer of some substance which is acted on by light, such, for example,
as chromo gelatine, or any substance of a similar nature, as, for instance, gums,
albumen, dextrine, and the like, rendered sensitive to the action of light by some
chemical compound, such, for example, as chromates or bichromates of potash or
ammonia.
This layer is prepared either by itself or on some supporting material, as, for
example, on paper, or metal, cloth, or other suitable material.
I prefer to use it attached to and supported by a sheet of paper. The operation
is performed in a dark room or in a nonactinic light. The sensitive layer is then
painted over with some suitable varnish, as asphaltum dissolved in turpentine and
the like. This operation should also be performed in a non actinic light, and may
be done either before or after the layer has been exposed to light, but I prefer to
do it before.
The sensitive layer is then exposed to the light under the copy, design, negative
or positive photograph, transparency drawing, sketch, engraving, textile, or woven,
or printed fabric or material, lace, or whatever pattern is required to be repro-
duced, or the image of some object may be thrown upon the sensitive layer by a

page_text: lens or arrangement of lenses. As, for instance, if the layer is exposed in a
photographic camera.
After exposure for a sufficient time to the light, it is removed from the exposing
apparatus and placed in cold or tepid water, which may, by preference, contain
some substance calculated to swell the unaltered chrome geletine, or its equivalents,
as, for instance, ammonia, acetic acid, and the like.
When the parts of the sensitive layer not acted on by light have swollen by the
absorption of water or the mixture mentioned, I place it on a smooth slab of glass,
or wood, or other suitable smooth surface, and gently remove the varnish or
asphaltum, or its equivalent, from those parts by gently rubbing with a brush
or sponge. The varnish or asphaltum, or its equivalent, is removed readily
from these parts not acted on by the light, which being swollen stand out in relief
and is easily washed away, but to those parts in which the light has acted, and
which have been rendered insoluble, it adheres firmly, and thereby protects the
surfaces, edges, and fine lines during the subsequent process, and by this means
finer results can be obtained than in any other manner. The parts of the layer
acted on by light and rendered insoluble are thus in intaglio, while the parts
not acted on are swollen and in relief. The surface is then freed from superfluous
moisture.
I then take the material or composition known as Sachs' patent vulcan cement
(see Specifications No. 3650, of 1880, and No. 3012, of 1881,) or the so called
Spence's metal, or any similar compound or composition or mixture having similar
properties, and having multed at a low temperature cast in on the layer prepared in
the manner hereinbefore described.
In all cases the casting is done to advantage and with better results in vacuo,
which operation is carried out in the following manner, when fine and perfect work
is required:-I take a slab of some porous material, as lithographic or other porous
stone, or other porous or perforated material, or porous earthenware ground smooth;
I then place this slab so that it forms one of the sides of the vessel or apparatus
containing or forming the vacuum. A convenient shaped apparatus is shaped like
an ordinary funnel. The porous slab can be placed on the surface or wide mouth,
and the lower or narrow end may be connected with the air pump. The prepared
sensitive layer is then placed on this slab and the air exhausted from the vessel.
The paper is thus sucked down flat on the slab, and in this way a level surface is
obtained, and air bubbles and holes and indentations on the surface caused by the
expansion by the heat of small quantities of air under the layer are avoided; or
I may place the porous slab inside the vacuum. Or a slab which has a groove
on its surface just outside the edges of the pattern on the sensitive layer may
be used; and outside this groove I may place a heavy frame to keep the layer
down and the air from entering the groove except through the layer. The groove
is then connected with the air pump, and the air is thus sucked out from under
the sensitive layer, and a perfectly flat surface is obtained for casting on.
When the cement or composition has cooled and solidified, the paper is easily
removed, and a perfect reproduction in every detail is found upon the face of the
casting.
Instead of merely swelling the part of the sensitive layer not acted on by the
light, I may wash them entirely away, leaving only the portions which have been
acted on and are insoluble remaining, and I can then take a cast, copy, or impression
from this.
For some purposes, such for example as electrotyping purposes, I may use
electrotypers' moulding composition, or wax and black lead, or gutta percha
compositions, or other similar composition, and cast this melted upon the prepared
relief, but I prefer to use the Sachs' patent vulcan cement, as it is harder and
cheaper than other compositions and takes a better impression; and the cast taken
in this cement can be used as moulds, from which any number of impressions may
be taken in the electrotypers' or other suitable compositions mentioned above; or
the cement cast may be electrotyped upon direct.

page_text: From these castings in Sach's patent vulcan cement or the like, other casts may be
made by greasing the surface of the primary cast so as to prevent perfect adherance
and pouring on more melted cement, and in this manner intaglio and relief copies
of any design, copy, drawing, and the like can be obtained, as when perfectly cold
the two castings can be easily separated.
These castings can be used direct for reproducing works of art, or for ornamental
or useful purposes. The casting or castings taken from them, or impressions or
electrotypes taken from them in any suitable manner may also be used for
stamping, embossing, for ornamental slabs or bas reliefs, for the production of any
picture of any design, picture, photograph, portrait, in relief or intaglio, or jewellery,
plate goods, or for the production of portraits, landscapes, and the like in relief or
intaglio.
They may be used for advertisements, signs, door plates, for the production of
coins, medals, medallions, or for picture frames, time pieces, models, and an endless
variety of other useful and ornamental purposes.
In order to produce a model of any object, say for instance a house, I take
photographs of the different sides of the house or other object.
From each photograph I then obtain a cast, for example an electrotype, in any
of the ways mentioned, and I then join these casts or electrotypes together so that
I produce a shell model in which every prominent part in the object stands out in
bold relief.
In order to obtain a deeper relief I take a solution of chrome, gelatine, or its
equivalent, and cast it direct in the photograph, design, or negative enclosed
in a frame, or only separated from it by a thin transparent substance, such for
example as tracing paper. I next paint or cover over the other side to exclude the
light; I then expose this block of chrome gelatine or its equivalent to the light,
and allow it to remain until the light has penetrated and acted to the depth
required on the relief; I then treat it in the manner hereinbefore described, and
obtain a relief proportionate to the thickness of the gelatine and the time of
exposure to the light.
By bending the sensitive layer into a tube, or by taking a tube split down the
middle and preparing the inside of these two parts with the sensitive layer, as
hereinbefore described, and then joining together again, I obtain a mould in which
I can cast a roller which may be used for any of the purposes mentioned, or as a
pillar or support for ornamental purposes.
In my process the same cement or material may be used over and over again for
an indefinite period.
For some purposes, as for instance for original design, sketches, drawing, or for
copying any object, drawing, and the like, I take the layer of gelatine or its
equivalent, and by preference support it on a sheet of paper or other material; I
then trace with a brush, or pen, or other suitable instrument the drawing, sketch,
pattern, or whatever is desired to be reproduced, using as ink or color an ink or
color, or medium containing some chromium compound, as chromates or bichromates
of potash or ammonia; or I can use the solution of these salts in water or any
other chemical compound which will render the gelatine insoluble, which may be
thickened or not with gum, starch, and the like; as fast as the design is produced
the light begins to act, then the design is finished, the picture produced is exposed
to the light for a sufficient time, and is then treated as herein before described. Or
the ink, or color, or writing medium used may contain some chemical compound
which will render the gelatine insoluble without the action of light, as for instance
chrome alum, tannic acid, and the like.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed
by the said Joseph Julius Sachs in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
22nd February 1882.
JOSEPH JULIUS SACHS, of Sunbury, in the County of Middlesex. " IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE PRODUCTION OF CASTS, COPIES, OR IMPRESSIONS OF PATTERNS,
DEVICES, OR DESIGNS FOR ORNAMENTAL AND USEFUL PURPOSES."
My Invention relates to improvements hereinafter described in the production
of casts, copies, or impressions of patterns, devices, or designs suitable for orna-
mental and useful purposes.
In carrying out my Invention I proceed as follows:-I prepare a layer of some
substance which is acted on by light, such for example as chromo gelatine, or any
substance of a similar nature, as for instance, gums, albumen, dextrine, and the
like, rendered sensitive to the action of light by some chemical compound, such for
example as chromates or bichromates of potash or ammonia.
This layer is prepared either by itself or on some supporting material, as for
example, on paper, or metal, cloth, or other suitable material.
I prefer to use it attached to and supported by a sheet of paper. The operation
is performed in a dark room or in a nonactinic light. The sensitive layer then
painted over with some suitable varnish, as alphaltum dissolved in turpentine and
the like. This operation should also be performed in a nonactinic light, and may be
done either before or after the layer has been exposed to light, but I prefer to do
it before.
The sensitive layer is then exposed to the light under the copy, design, negative
or positive photograph, transparency drawing, sketch, engraving, textile or woven
or printed fabric or material, lace, or whatever patterns is required to be produced,
or the image of some object may be thrown upon the sensitive layer by a lens or
arrangement of lenses, as for instance, if the layer is exposed in a photographic
camera. After exposure, for a sufficient time to the light it is removed from the
exposing apparatus and placed in cold or tepid water, which may by preference
contain some substance calculated to swell the unaltered chrome gelatine or its
equivalents, as for instance, ammonia, acetic acid, and the like.
When the parts of the sensitive layer not acted on by light have swollen by the
absorption of water or the mixture mentioned, I place it on a smooth slab of
glass or wood, or other suitable smooth surface, and gently remove the varnish or
asphaltum or its equivalent from those parts by gently rubbing with a brush or
sponge. The varnish, or asphaltum, or its equivalent is removed readily from these
parts not acted on by the light, which being swollen stand out in relief, and is
easily washed away; but to those parts in which the light has acted, and which
have been rendered insoluble it adheres firmly, and thereby protects the surfaces,
edges, and fines lines during the subsequent process, and by this means finer results
can be obtained than in any other manner. The parts of the layer acted on by
light and rendered insoluble are thus in intaglio, while the parts not acted on are
swollen and in relief. The surface is then freed from superßuous moisture.
I then take the material or composition known as Sach's patent vulcan cement,
or the so called Spence's metal, or any similar compound or composition or mixture
having similar properties, and having melted it at a low temperature, cast it in on
the layer prepared in the manner hereinbefore described.
In all cases the casting is done to advantage and with better results in vacuo,
which operation is carried out in the following manner:-When fine and perfect
work is required, I take a slab of some porous material, as lithographic or other
porous stone, or other porous or perforated material, or porous earthenware ground

page_text: smooth; I then place this slab so that it forms one of the sides of the vessel or
apparatus containing or forming the vacuum. A convenient shaped apparatus is
shaped like an ordinary funnel. The porous slab can be placed on the surface or
wide mouth, and the lower or narrow end may be connected with the air pump.
The prepared sensitive layer is then placed on this slab, and the air exhausted from
the vessel. The paper is thus sucked down flat on the slab, and in this way a
level surface is obtained, and air bubbles and holes and indentations on the surface
caused by the expansion by the heat of small quantities of air under the layer are
avoided, or I may place the porous slab inside the vacuum. Or a slab which has
a groove in its surface just outside the edges of the pattern on the sensitive layer
may be used, and outside this groove I may place a heavy frame to keep the layer
down and the air from entering the groove except through the layer, the groove
is then connected with the air pump, and the air is thus sucked out from under
the sensitive layer, and a perfectly flat surface is obtained for casting on.
When the cement or composition has cooled and solidified, the paper is easily
removed and a perfect reproduction in every detail is found upon the face of the
casting.
Instead of merely swelling the part of the sensitive layer not acted on by the
light I may wash them entirely away, leaving only the portions which have been
acted on and are insoluble remaining, and I can then take a cast, copy, or impression
from this.
For some purposes, such for example as electrotyping purposes, I may use electro-
typers' moulding composition or wax and black load, or gutta percha compositions
or other similar composition, and cast this melted upon the prepared relief; but I
prefer to use the Sachs' patent vulcan cement, as it is harder and cheaper than
other compositions and takes a better impression, and the cast taken in this cement
can be used as moulds from which any number of impressions may be taken in
the electrotypers' or other suitable compositions mentioned above, or the cement
cast may be electrotyped upon direct.
From these castings in Sachs' patent vulcan cement or the like, other casts may
be made by greasing the surface of the primary cast so as to prevent perfect
adherence and pouring on more melted cement, and in this manner intaligo and
relief copies of any design, copy, drawing, and the like can be obtained, and when
perfectly cold the two castings can be easily separated.
These castings can be used direct for reproducing works of art or for ornamental
or useful purposes. The casting or castings taken from them, or impressions or
electrotypes taken from them in any suitable manner, may also be used for stamping,
embossing, for ornamental slabs or bas reliefs, for the production of any picture of
any design, picture, photograph, portrait in relief or intaglio, or jewellery, plate
goods, or for the production of portraits, landscapes, and the like in relief or
intaglio.
They may be used for advertisement, signs, door plates, for the production of
coins, medals, medallions, or for picture frames, time pieces, models, and an endless
variety of other useful and ornamental purposes.
In order to produce a model of any object, say, for instance, a house, I take
photographs of the different sides of the house or other objects.
From each photograph I then obtain a cast, for example, an electrotype, in any
of the ways mentioned, and I then join these casts or electrotypes together, so
that I produce a shell model in which every prominent part in the object stands
out in bold relief.
In order to obtain a deeper relief I take a solution of chromo gelatine or its
equivalent, and cast it direct on the photograph, design, or negative enclosed in a
frame, or only separated from it by a thin transparent substance, such for example,
as tracing paper; I next paint or cover over the other side to exclude the light; I
then expose this block of chromo gelatine or its equivalents to the light and allow
it to remain until the light has penetrated and acted to the depth required in the
relief; I then treat it in the manner hereinbefore described, and obtain a relief

page_text: proportionate to the thickness of the gelatine and the time of exposure to the
light.
By bending the sensitive layer into a tube, or by taking a tube split down the
middle and preparing the insides of these two parts with the sensitive layer as
hereinbefore described, and then joining together again, I obtain a mould in which
I can cast a roller which may be used for any of the purposes mentioned, or as a
pillar or support for ornamental purposes.
In my process the same cement or material may be used over and over again
for an indefinite period.
For some purposes, as for instance, for original designs, sketches, drawing, or for
copying any object, drawing, and the like, I take the layer of gelatine or its
equivalent, and by preference support it on a sheet of paper or other material;
I then trace with a brush, or pen, or other suitable instrument the drawing, sketch,
pattern, or whatever is desired to be reproduced, using as ink or colour a medium
containing some chromium compounds, as chromates or bichromates of potash
ammonia; or I can use the solution of these salts in water, or any other chemical
compound which will render the gelatine insoluble, which may be thickened or not
with gum, starch, and the like. As fast as the design is produced the light
begins to act; and when the design is finished the picture produced is exposed to
the light for a sufficient time and is then treated as hereinbefore described, or the
ink, or colour, or writing medium used may contain some chemical compound which
will render the gelatine insoluble without the action of light, as for instance,
chrome alum, tannic acid, and the like.
I propose to call the processes herein before described "Sachsotype" or "photo-
sculpture."
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of my said
Invention, and the manner in which the same is or may be used or carried into
effect, I would observe in conclusion that what I consider to be novel and original,
and therefore claim as the Invention secured to me by the hereinbefore in part
recited Letters Patent is,-
The improvements in the production of casts, copies, or impressions of patterns,
devices, or designs, for ornamental and useful purposes, substantially as and
according to the methods hereinbefore described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Joseph Julius Sachs, have to this my
Specification, set my hand and seal, this Twentieth day of February,
One thousand eight hundred and eighty two.
THE+12 21 ATTA