Improvements in Apparatus for Freezing Cream and other Substances.
Year: 1893

page_text: Date of Application, 16th Sept., 1893
Complete Specification Left, 9th Apr., 1894-Accepted 12th May,
1894
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Apparatus for Freezing Cream and other
Substances.
I, JOHN FEAVER, of Long Walk, Bermondsey Square, in the County of Surrey,
Iron and Tinware Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention to
be as follows:-
My invention relates to improved means for rapidly freezing cream and other
substances, and is chiefly designed to provide a highly efficient apparatus for that
purpose which is, moreover, of very simple construction, and can be manufactured
at a much lower cost than those hitherto generally employed.
In carrying my said invention into practice, I combine, with a receptacle for the
cream or other substance to be frozen, a receiver or chamber in which the said
receptacle is placed and which is designed to contain ice or a mixture of ice and
salt or other suitable freezing mixture to act upon the outer surface of the cream
or other substance to be frozen, and also a receiver for containing ice or a mixture
of ice and salt or other suitable freezing mixture and adapted to be placed in the
middle of the cream or other substance to be frozen, so that the body of liquid is
frozen both from within and from without; the cream or other liquid to be frozen
thus forms as it were an annular wall of any desired thickness between two circular
walls of ice.
I find it advantageous to construct my improved apparatus as follows, that is to
sayI provide a cylindrical receptacle for containing the cream or other liquid to
be frozen, in which receptacle I place a removable inner cylindrical vessel for
containing the ice or other refrigerant, suitable means, such as a handle, being
provided, if desired, for rotating the said inner vessel, and the said inner vessel
being provided at the bottom with a conical or other recess or cavity which fits and
works upon a corresponding projection at the bottom of the said receptacle. I also
provide the said receptacle with an annular lid or cover which serves to retain the
cold therein and also to keep the inner vessel concentric therewith.
The outside cylindrical vessel in which the receptacle for the cream or the like
is placed, is provided with a concentric cylinder of perforated metal of somewhat
smaller diameter, which serves to retain the pieces of ice in position and admits of
the cream-receiver being taken out if necessary, and then replaced for another
operation without disturbing the ice, and effects this result without interfering with
the transfer of heat between the cream or the like and the freezing mixture.
The outer cylinder is also provided with an annular lid. The several lids can be
very readily removed to permit the inspection or removal of the frozen liquid
or of the freezing mixtures, and can also be very readily replaced. Moreover the
whole of the parts can be very easily cleaned.
In order to prevent the loss of cold, I provide the outer cylinder, if necessary,
with an outer covering of wood, felt, paper or other non-conducting material so as
to keep in the cold.
Suitable blades or scrapers are sometimes provided on the outside of the inner
cylinder, which serve two purposes, firstly, to keep the liquid properly mixed, and
secondly, to scrape the frozen cream or the like from the sides of the cream-
receptacle.
The ice-cream produced by the apparatus above mentioned, is very uniform in
quality, since it is frozen both from the outside to the centre and from the inside to
the centre of the body of cream, thus producing an equally frozen mass.

page_text: By making my cylinders of different dimensions, I can provide for freezing any
desired quantities of cream or other substances. And by increasing the length or
height of the apparatus, I adapt the same. for freezing large quantities of the liquid
as quickly as small quantities thereof.
The receptacle for the liquid to be frozen is first partially filled and is placed in
the outer ice-cylinder, and the inner ice-cylinder is then placed within the said
receptacle, which causes the said liquid to rise in the receptacle and thus exposes
large surfaces thereof to the action of the two walls of ice. The inner cylinder is
then gently revolved by means of the handle provided on the top thereof and the
rotation continued until the cream or other liquid is frozen.
The liquid in the space beneath the bottom of the inner ice-vessel being cooled
only by one surface, will not cool so rapidly as that between the two walls of ice,
consequently the inner vessel is not liable to be frozen into the cream-receptacle.
Moreover there is no liability of the cream or the like coming into contact with the
'freezing mixture.
I sometimes secure the handle to the lid of the inner ice-vessel so that it will
The
serve for rotating the said vessel and also for opening and closing the same.
said handle may be fixed upon a lever extending beyond the inner vessel and also,
if desired, beyond the outer vessel, to facilitate the rotation of the said vessel.
This lever may, if desired, be made adjustable so that the leverage can be varied.
as required.
I
I sometimes dispense with the outer ice-vessel, as I find that the inner cylinder
and the receptacle for the cream or the like, may be advantageously employed
without the outer vessel, when the maximum rate of freezing not desired; this
arrangement forms a convenient freezer which may be produced at a lower cost
than the apparatus hereinbefore mentioned.
By my invention I obviate the necessity for using wheels or other machinery
which is liable to get out of order.
My improved apparatus is very compact and can be advantageously made
'entirely of tin, pewter or other suitable metal.
Dated the 16th day of September 1893.
D. YOUNG & Co.,
11 & 12, Southampton Buildings, London, W.C.,
Agents for the Applicant.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Apparatus for Freezing Cream and other
Substances.
I, JOHN FEAVER, of Long Walk, Bermondsey Square, in the County of Surrey,
Iron and Tinware Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and
in what manner the same is to be performed to be particularly described and
ascertained in and by the following statement :-
My invention relates to improved means for rapidly freezing cream and other
substances, and is chiefly designed to provide a highly efficient and convenient
apparatus for that purpose, and one which is, at the same time, of very simple
construction, and can be manufactured at a much lower cost than those hitherto
generally employed.
My improved freezing apparatus comprises a receptacle for the cream or other
substance to be frozen, in which receptacle is placed a vessel or receiver for
containing ice or a mixture of ice and salt or other suitable freezing mixture; this
receiver, when placed in the said receptacle, displaces some of the cream or other
substance to be frozen, so that the same rises into the space between the said
receiver and the wall of the said receptacle. The said receiver is provided on its

page_text: exterior with projecting blades for stirring the cream or other substance and for
scraping off the frozen substance from the side of the cream-receptacle; it is also
made so that it may be rotated by hand or other power.
The receptacle for the cream or other substance to be frozen, is preferably
placed in another vessel or receiver which is designed to contain ice or a mixture
of ice and salt or other suitable freezing mixture to act upon the outer surface of
the cream or other substance to be frozen, so that the body of liquid is frozen both
from within and from without; the cream or other liquid to be frozen thus forms
as it were an annular wall of any desired thickness between two circular walls
which are kept cold by means of the ice or other freezing agent. The said outer
vessel is, or may be, surrounded by a suitable non-conducting jacket or casing. In
cases where the said outer vessel is dispensed with as hereinafter mentioned, the
receptacle for the cream or other substance to be frozen, is preferably provided
with an outer jacket or casing of felt, flannel or other substance which is a non-
conductor of heat.
In the accompanying drawing I have shown how my said invention may be
conveniently and advantageously carried into practice.
Figure is a vertical central section showing one form of my improved freezing
apparatus.
Figure 2 is a horizontal section on the line x, x, Figure 1.
Figure 3 is a vertical central section showing another form or modification of my
said invention, and
Figure 4 is a side elevation of the inner vessel or receiver, illustrating a further
modification of my said invention.
Like letters indicate corresponding parts throughout the drawing.
A is a cylindrical receptacle for containing the cream or other liquid to be
frozen, in which receptacle is placed a removable rotary cylindrical vessel B for
containing the ice or other refrigerant. The inner vessel B is provided with a
suitable lid or cover B to which is preferably attached a handle a, or other suitable
device for facilitating the rotation of the said vessel. The said vessel B may be
supported in the receptacle A in any suitable manner so that it can be easily
rotated therein. In the arrangement shown, the said vessel B is provided at the
bottom with a stud & having a hole in the centre so that it will fit and work upon
the upper part of a pin or rivet c secured in the bottom of the receptacle A; a
small stud d is soldered to the bottom of the receptacle A and is formed with
a central bole through which extends the said pin or rivet, thus increasing the
rigidity of the latter. The stud b rests upon the stud d, so that there is but slight
friction to be overcome in rotating the vessel B. The receptacle A is provided
with an annular lid or cover A' which serves to retain the cold therein and also to
keep the inner vessel B concentric therewith.
e, e are blades or scrapers secured to the exterior of the inuer cylinder B, which
blades or scrapers serve two purposes, first to keep the cream or other substance
properly mixed, and secondly, to scrape the frozen cream or the like from the sides
of the cream-receptacle A. The blades or scrapers e may be either straight or curved
and either upright or inclined. In Figure 1 the said blades or scrapers are shown
straight and upright and extending from the top to the bottom of the vessel B. In
Figure 3, they are shown curved and inclined. The said blades or scrapers may,
if desired, be of considerably less height than the vessel B and be arranged
alternately near the top and near the bottom of the said vessel, as shown in
Figure 4.
In Figures 1 and 2, C is an outer cylindrical ice-vessel, in which the receptacle A
for the cream or the like is placed; this vessel A is provided with an inner
concentric cylinder D of perforated metal, which serves to retain the pieces of ice
in position in the vessel A and admits of the cream-receptacle A being taken out
if necessary, and then replaced for another operation without disturbing the ice;
this result is, moreover, attained without interfering with the transfer of heat
between the cream or the like and the freezing mixture in the vessel C.

page_text: The outer cylinder C is also provided with an annular lid C. The several lids
can be very readily removed to permit the inspection or removal of the frozen liquid
or of the freezing mixtures, and can also be very readily replaced. Moreover the
whole of the parts can be very easily cleaned.
I sometimes provide the cylinder or vessel C with an outer covering or jacket
of wood, felt, paper, or other non-conducting material so as to prevent the transfer
of heat to the said vessel from the surrounding atmosphere, and thus keep in the
cold.
In using the apparatus shown in Figures 1 and 2, the receptacle A is first
partially filled with the liquid to be frozen and is placed in the outer ice-
cylinder C, the latter being filled with ice or with a suitable freezing mixture.
The inner ice-cylinder B is then charged with ice or with a suitable freezing
mixture and placed within the receptacle A, thus causing the liquid therein to rise
into the annular space between the said receptacle and the cylinder B, so that
large surfaces of the liquid will be subjected to the refrigerating action of the two
walls kept cold by the ice. The inner cylinder B is then revolved by means of the
handle a on the top thereof, and the rotation is continued until the cream or other
liquid is frozen.
The liquid in the space beneath the bottom of the inner ice-vessel B, being cooled
only by one surface of ice, will not be cooled so rapidly as that between the two
walls of ice, consequently the inner vessel is not liable to be quickly frozen into the
cream-receptacle. Moreover a great advantage obtained in this mode of freezing
is, that there is no liability of the cream or the like coming into contact with the
freezing mixture.
I sometimes dispense with the outer ice-vessel C, as I find that the inner
cylinder B and the receptacle A for the cream or the like, may be advantageously
employed without the said outer vessel C, when the maximum rate of freezing is
not desired. In this case I find it advantageous to provide the receptacle A with
an outer covering or jacket of wood, felt, paper or other suitable non-conductor
of heat, or with an outer casing E filled with a non-conductor, as shown, for
example, in Figure 3, to keep in the cold. This arrangement forms a convenient
freezer which may be produced at a lower cost than the apparatus herein before
described.
The handle a may be secured directly to the lid of the inner ice-vessel B, aз
shown in Figure 1, so that it will serve for rotating the said vessel and also to
facilitate the opening and closing of the same. In some cases, however, I find
it advantageous to fix the said handle a upon a lever f, Figure 3, extending beyond
the periphery of the inner vessel B, and also, if desired, beyond the outer jacket E,
to facilitate the rotation of the said vessel B. Or, in an arrangement such as is
shown in Figures 1 and 2, the said lever may extend beyond the outer ice-vessel C.
This lever may be formed with a slot ¹ through which extends a pin g secured
to the lid or cover B₁ and provided with a wing-nut g', so that the lever can be
adjusted to vary the leverage as may be required, a pin or stud / being fixed in the
cover near the edge thereof on each side of the lever to keep the said lever rigid
when extended.
The ice-cream produced by the apparatus above described is very uniform
in quality, since it is frozen both from the outside to the centre and from the
inside to the centre of the body of cream, thus producing an equally or uniformly
frozen mass.
By making my cylinders of different dimensions, I can provide for freezing any
desired quantities of cream or other substances. And by increasing the height of
the apparatus, I can adapt the same for freezing large quantities of the liquid as
quickly as small quantities thereof, the area of the refrigerating surfaces in
proportion to the mass to be cooled being thus increased.
By my invention I obviate the necessity for using gear-wheels or other
machinery for small freezers. With large freezers, however, it may be necessary
to provide for driving the same by steam or other power instead of by hand.

page_text: My improved apparatus is very compact and can be advantageously made-
entirely of strong tins, or of steel plate, pewter or other suitable material.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what I
claim is :-
:-
First. A freezing apparatus in which a rotary vessel for containing ice or a
suitable freezing mixture, is arranged in combination with a receptacle for the
substance to be frozen, substantially in the manner and for the purpose hereinbefore-
described.
Second. The improved freezing apparatus constructed substantially as described.
with reference to either of the forms or modifications illustrated in the accompanying:
drawing and operating as above specified.
Dated the 9th day of April 1894.
JOHN FEAVER.
D. Young & Co.,
11 & 12, Southampton Buildings, London, W.C.,.
Agents for the Applicant.