IMPROVEMENTS IN MANUFACTURING MATERIALS FOR BUILDING AND OTHER STRUCTURAL PURPOSES, AND OF THE MACHINERY APPLIED THERETO, WHICH LAST INVENTION IS APPLICABLE TO OTHER PURPOSES
Year: 1859

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Buckwell at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 22nd June
1859.
I, WILLIAM BUCKWELL, of the Phoenix Stone Works, East Greenwich, in
the County of Kent, Artificial Stone Manufacturer, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MANUFACTURING MATERIALS
FOR BUILDING AND OTHER STRUCTURAL PURPOSES, AND OF THE MACHINERY APPLIED
THERETO, WHICH LAST INVENTION IS APPLICABLE TO OTHER PURPOSES," to be as
follows:-
First, in subjecting matter in moulds to pressure of impact, by causing one
or more rollers to pass quickly over it to compress or consolidate, and to make.
or form the required surface, which may be plain, corrugated, surated, ridged;
curved, indented, or otherwise.
In the manufacturing of paving, landings, or other structures (when
desirable to have the material finer towards the surface), I place in the
moulds the components of which I purpose the manufactured articles to
consist to such height above the surface as will allow, by first hammering or
beating, and then roling, or roling only the compressing or consolidating half-
an inch or more below the intended surface or contour. Then, while in a.
semi-plastic state from the hammering or percussion, or action of rollers
applied, without being particularly even, the further portion of like com-
ponents in same proportions in a finer state of division is to be added of the
required character, to allow the compressing action of the rollers to thoroughly.
unite the last with the first, and compress or consolidate the whole to one
uniform homogeneous mass in this manner.

page_text: Paving, landings, ashlar, & similar fabrics with different surfaces may be
formed, and in like manner other structural forms may be made, as of steps,
sills, coping, invert blocks, linings, archings, columns, & pipes. The rolling,
should be continuous, or repeated or renewed according to the solidification
and surface required, and dry coloring, or coloring material of one or more
components in a plastic state, may be mixed with the like or other materials
used, and rolled on and into the surface.
The second part of my Invention consists of forming paving, flooring, weirs,
or other works, as a structure (or as a structure with a surface) more or less
continuous, by subjecting the components of which it is desirable the paving,
flooring, or other fabrics should be formed, to the compressing or consolidating
action of one or more rollers (with or without first hammering or beating.) to
próduce the surface desired in the position, place, or local fixing where the
same may be required, the rollers running on rails, or otherwise, the modus
operandi being similar to that set forth in the first part of my Invention.
The third part of my Invention consists of first forming moulds, so that any
amount of pressure or consolidation may be applied independent of the mere
weight of the rollers; and, secondly, the forming of railways-with adjusting
fixing pins, chairs, &c., for rollers to any required surface on the ground, or
in the place or position required; but I do not confine myself thereto, or to
any particular material, so long as the principle of my Invention be obtained,
of subjecting matter to repetition of impacts from rollers passing over same,
or matter being in any way subjected to the repetition of impacts from rollers
for some one or other of the purposes herein mentioned, and the rails are also
applicable to many other purposes to which railway bearings or surfaces are
required. The rollers used to consolidate on the ground, or in the place or
position required, I prefer to be cast hollow, and filled solid with lead to
obtain greater pressure.
In making paving, landings, and other structures, although I do not confine
myself to any particular materials, I prefer, for impermeable and hydraulic
work, pure hard carbonate of limestone in fragments, or clean sea beach, or
both; with the latter one-tenth more or less of pure hard carbonate of lime in
a pulverized state should be used, to be thoroughly with granitic breccia
cement of a weight of 112 lbs. or more to the bushel; or the cement known
as best Portland cement, which should not be less than 100 lbs. weight to the:
bushel. For fire-proof work of floors, linings, or buildings, brick, tile, or
pottery fragments, clinker, and any porous furnace scorria may be used in
lieu of the fragments preferred for impermeable or hydraulic work. The
cement should be used in the proportion of one to three of the other materials,

page_text: even to seven or eight, according to the strength required.. After the compo-
nents are well dry mixed, they are to be well beat, cheffled, or pugged together
either by manual power or machinery, in a slightly moist state, that is, with
much less water than is usually used for concrete; but other materials, with
lime, tar, resin, cement fluid or semi-fluid, or fluid by heat may be used, suiting
the locality as to economy and the work required. The granitic breccia
cement for landings & any other purpose requiring great strength should
bear, when mixed 6 to 1 of sand, a tensile strain of 600 lbs. on at -inch square
cross section at 7 days' age. The way I test cement is to have the test on the
section; and the same, or some portion thereof, is applicable to testing the
strength of other materials.
t
In the using of the moulds for making masses of any considerable weight;
the moulds are turned over so that the mass made may drop out on to a
bearing provided for the purpose, or the same may be lifted out by means of
travelling gear, which forms the third part of my, improvements in the
machinery applied to the first part of my Invention, and which is applicable to
other purposes. I construct a traveller with improved girders for spanning a
great space, and to prevent surge or jerks on the body lifted, raised, or
lowered, which is very essential to the first part of my Invention. I used a double
chain on a barrel indented to bed the chain in, the double chain always of
necessity bedding into the indentations on the drum, being kept from twisting
by a beam-hook connection at the ends; and to prevent accidents, and to
obtain a steadier and greater effect of motive power employed, I work the gear
with endless chains or ropes, multiplying to three or more powers, passing one
or more of such powers on to the main axle or drum shaft, avoiding the dead
points of using crank handles; and for facilitating the travelling or placing of
the lift over any body to be raised or lowered, I have pendant endless chains,
as well as overhead. And in using hammers for consolidating, compressing,
or making of stone of the materials before mentioned, in like or other moulds,
I attach the hammer frame of a steam hammer to the travelling carriage, so
as to cause the blows of the hammer, which which should be very quickly
repeated, to travel over any line or space required, and over any number of
moulds within the space spanned or travelled by the traveller. On the top of
the carriage on the traveller I place a vertical steam boiler attached to inverted
hammer frame, so that with a steam pipe working in a stuffing box, the blows
of the hammer may be applied at any required height in the space arranged
for that purpose; the traveller and hammer, or the former only, being appli-
cable to other purposes than to the first part of my
Invention.
I claim the compressing or consolidating materials for any purpose, as herein

page_text: described, by the application of percussion by hammering with the hammer
frame inverted and rolling, or rolling alone, with one or more rollers on
materials in moulds or on rails, or otherwise, as set forth by way of example;
but I do not confine myself to any particular method of applying the action of
the rollers, or to any particular hammer or mould, so long as the principle of
my Invention be retained, as herein described.
And I also claim the moulds and rails, as herein described, for the subjecting
matter to percussion of hammering, or rolling, or both.
And, lastly, I claim the making of travellers with improved girders and gear,
and the attaching thereto inverted hammer frames with boiler over, as herein
described; and also such improved traveller girders and gear, or girders only,
to other purposes to which the same may be applied.