IMPROVEMENTS IN CALENDERING AND MANGLING CLOTH."
Year: 1857

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Peter Carmichael, of Dens Works, Dundee, for the
Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN CALENDERING AND MANGLING CLOTH."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Peter Carmichael at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
17th August 1857.
I, PETER CARMICHAEL, of Dens Works, Dundee, do hereby declare the
nature of the Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN CALENDERING AND MANGLING
CLOTH," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in calendering and mangling
cloth. For this purpose, in place of using the ordinary levers and weights to
produce the required pressure to the rollers of roller calendering and mangling
machines, cylinders with rams or pistons are used, which are pressed on by
water, steam, or other fluid, preferring water for the purpose.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Peter Carmichael in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
22nd January 1858.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, PETER
CARMICHAEL, of Dens Works, Dundee, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Seventeenth day of August, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven, in the twenty-first year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said Peter Carmichael, Her special licence that I, the said Peter Carmichael,
my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Peter
Carmichael, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time
agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during
the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise,
and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
CALENDERING AND MANGLING CLOTH," upon the condition (amongst others) that
I, the said Peter Carmichael, my executors or administrators, by an instru-
ment in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should
particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and
in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to
be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and
immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Peter Carmichael, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement thereof, that is to say:-
My said Invention has for its object improvements in machines for
calendering or mangling cloth, so as to do away with all weights, levers,
wheels, and racks for giving the necessary pressure to the cloth while under the
operation of the calender or mangle. The means by which I accomplish this
is, by placing on the top of each side of the framing an inverted cylinder or
bydraulic ram, the pistons or rams of which are connected with the bushes of
the upper roller, and having pipes connected with the said inverted cylinder or
hydraulic ram supplied by a pump or head of water to give the pressure
required.
In order that my said Invention may be more fully understood, I shall
now proceed to describe the Drawing hereunto annexed.

page_text: Figure I. is an end elevation of a calender mangle constructed according to
one modification of my Invention; Figure II. is a front elevation of the same,
the same letters referring to the same parts in each; Figure III. is a pump,
which is used for giving the pressure. A is the driving shaft or prime mover,
which is driven by two straps on friction clutches, one strap crossed and the
other open, for giving the forward or backward motion in the usual manner;
it connects by spur wheels with the shaft B, the pinion on which drives the
wheel and roller C; the rollers D and E are driven by contact with each
other and the driven roller C; F, F, are the hydraulic cylinders; G, the
pistons or rams connected to the bushes H of the upper roller E; I, I, is a
link motion for lifting the rollers D and E when the cloth is to be stripped
off; K is a wheel and axle motion, by which the rollers are lifted for stripping;
it is attached to the upper bush H by a short rack; L, L, are the pipes for
putting on and letting off the water; M, a pressure guage for showing the
amount of pressure, which can be regulated as required by shifting the weight
on the safety valve. In Figure III. N is the water cistern which supplies the
pumps, and which requires only a small supply of water to make up for leakage,
the water used for the pressure being returned again to the cistern; O is the
pump; P, the regulating or safety valve, with its lever and weight; R, the
uprising or supply pipe from the pump; and S, the return pipe for the water. In
using it as a calender, where the cloth is rolled on the top roller under pressure,
when the piece of cloth is commenced, the necessary pressure is put on and
then shut off; as the cloth rolls on and the roller increases in diameter, it rises
up, pushing the ram upwards, and the weight being adjusted to the required
pressure on the safety valve attached to the supply pipes, the water is squeezed
through the valve, keeping the pressure uniform throughout the operation;
when the piece of cloth is all run on, the valve is lifted to take off the pressure,
the top roller is raised clear of the under roller, and the cloth stripped off in
the usual way, when the roller is again lowered to begin the next piece, the
ram descending sucks in the water through the supply pipes, and fills the
cylinders ready for again commencing. In using it as a mangle, the piece of
cloth to be mangled is first rolled on the middle roller or second from the top,
with a light pressure, the necessary pressure is then put on by the pump or
head of water, and the pressure kept up while the cloth is rolled between the
rollers, reversing the motion at every one or more revolutions of the roller with
the cloth on it, until the operation is completed, when the rollers are lifted
clear and the finished piece stripped off.
Having now described the nature of my said Invention and the manner of
performing the same, I wish it to be understood that I do not confine myself

page_text: to the mechanical details or arrangements which I have had occasion to
describe or refer to, as many deviations may be made therefrom without
departing from the principles of my Invention; and although I have here
described a calender mangle with three bowls or rollers, the same principle
may be applied to one with four, five, or six bowls, as well as to the one here
described; but what I claim as my Invention is, the calendering and mangling
cloth by means of machines with bowls or rollers, in which the necessary
pressure is obtained
is obtained by the use of water or other fluid, as herein described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Peter Carmichael, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Ninth day of January, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-eight.
Witness,
JOHN BEHRENS.
PETER MURRAY.
PETER CARMICHAEL. (L.S.)