A New or Improved Method of and Apparatus for Obviating "Pin- holes or Sponginess in Cast Brass or Gun-metal Shells for Covering, Calendering, Pressing, and other similarly Covered Rollers,
Year: 1888

page_text: Date of Application, 8th Sept., 1888
Complete Specification Left, 11th June, 1889-Accepted, 27th July, 1889
"
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
A New or Improved Method of and Apparatus for Obviating "Pin-
holes or Sponginess in Cast Brass or Gun-metal Shells for
Covering, Calendering, Pressing, and other similarly Covered
Rollers,
We, CHARLES FRANCIS COCKSHOTT, and James Edward JOWETT, of the Firm of
Cockshott and Jowett, Thornton Road Bradford, in the County of York, Brass
Founders, do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows:-
.f
This invention relates to a new or improved method of and apparatus for obviating
or removing pin-holes" and sponginess in cast brass or gun-metal shells 'for
covering pressing, calendering and other similarly covered rollers, and its object is
to finish the said shells with a hard and perfectly solid surface.
The said shells are commonly cast on end, consequently the upper end of the
casting is very liable to be spongy or full of "pin-holes" especially in the case of
long shells, and this deffect is in many cases not discernible until after the shell has
been turned or roughed out. This spongy surface if not too extensive may however
be made comparatively solid by hammering such parts, but this, besides being a
laborious process owing to the care required to prevent distorting the shell, leaves the
surface liable to corrode or wear irregularly and expose the deffective parts.
The said improvements consist in applying a rolling or rubbing pressure, preferably
whilst in the lathe, upon the deffective parts or the whole surface of the shell by
means of a small narrow roller or rollers, thereby pressing or kneading up the holes in
the spongy parts and generally compressing and hardening the surface thus acted
upon by such roller or rollers. The said improvements further consist in the
arrangement of apparatus hereinafter described for applying such pressure.
To carry out our improve process in a simple manner when the shell is mounted
in the lathe we employ a small narrow roller or disc, with the edges rounded off,
mounted in or on a suitable holder carried by the saddle or slide rest. The said
roller is so arranged that it may be pressed against the shell with a pressure sufficient
to more or less penitrate the surface and on rotating the lathe and traversing the
saddle the said pressure is successively applied to the whole surface of the shell or any
portion of such surface, thus rolling and kneading up the spongy parts and generally
compressing the periphery. One or more steady rests" or stays adjustable radially
in respect to the lathe centres are preferably employed and provided with antifriction
rollers arranged an equal distance apart and from the said pressure roller so as to
bear against or exercise an approximately equal pressure upon the shell at equidistant
points and prevent the rolling action distorting its cylindrical form.
"
As however the pressure required to thoroughly make the spongy parts solid to a
sufficient depth is liable to put an excessive strain upon the lathe saddle, the pressure
roller or rollers and back stay or stays are preferably mounted in or on an independent
apparatus connected to the saddle for the purpose of traversing it.
The said independent apparatus consists preferably of a triangular frame modified
in form so as to allow the sides to be adjusted in respect to each other and allow shells
of various diameters to revolve between them.
The sides of the said triangular frame are each provided with either a pressure
roller or an antifriction roller and one or more of such rollers is capable of being
adjusted away from or towards the centre of said frame. The said apparatus is merely
connected to the lathe saddle for the purpose of traversing it longitudinally upon the
shell and maintain the said pressure and antifriction rollers approximately in a plain
at right angles to the axis of such shell leaving it otherwise free to adjust itself and

page_text: equalise the pressure of said rollers upon the shell besides keeping them equidistant
from its centre and allowing the pressure they exercise to be collectively regulated by
adjusting one of the rollers. It will be seen by this arrangement the the whole of the
strain is removed from the lathe with the exception of the power required to traverso
the apparatus.
In the case of large shells I may employ two or more triangular frames each
provided with three pressure or antifriction rollers and preferably so constructed that
such rollers are approximately in the same plain and equidistant from each roller. In
this case each frame is arranged to independently adjust itself and maintain the rollers
mounted thereon the same distance from the centre of the shell.
It is obvious that frames provided with two, four or more pressure or antifriction
rollers may be employed but we preferably employ three or a multiple of three on
account of the comparative facility they afford for maintaining an equal pressure.
If two or four rollers are employed they are preferably mounted upon a slide pieces
fitted in a rectangular frame traversed by the lathe saddle and each pair of slides is
adjusted in respect to the lathe centre by right and left handed screws.
Instead of rotating the shell we may keep it fixed and rotate a modified form of
frame as it is traversed along it.
Sinall bails mounted upon antifriction rollers may be used instead of the said
pressure rollers or such balls may be confined in an annular groove formed between
two adjustable discs.
Rubbers of steel or other hard material having a polished rounded point may be
used instead of the said pressure rollers.
Another method of arranging the shells to apply the pressure roller or rollers,
consists in mounting the shell loosly upon a mandril in the lathe and fixing the
pressure roller or rollers to the lathe saddle or upon a suitable frame or guide so as to
press upon the shell at the top of the part resting upon the mandril thereby pressing
such shell between the pressure roller or rollers and the mandril and thus avoiding
any liability to destort the shell. In this arrangement when the lathe is put into
operation the rotation of the mandril causes the shell to revolve and it is obvious that
one mandril will serve for various sized shells. The said mandril is provided with
adjustable collars to prevent the shells moving longitudinally and such shell may be
laterally supported or guided by suitable rollers.
Dated this 7th day of September 1888.
DRACUP & NOWELL,
Bradford, Agents.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
66 Pin-
A New or Improved Method of and Apparatus for Obviating
holes"
or Sponginess in Cast Brass or Gun-metal Shells for
Covering, Calendering, Pressing, and other similarly Covered
Rollers.
We, CHARLES FRANCIS COCKSHOTT, and JAMES EDWARD JOWETT, of the Firm of
Cockshott & Jowett, Thornton Road, Bradford, in the County of York, Brass
Founders, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the
same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement :--
This invention relates to a new or improved method of and apparatus for obviating
or removing "pin-holes" and sponginess in cast brass or gunmetal shells for
covering pressing, calendering and other similarly covered rollers, and its object is to
finish the said shells with a hard and perfectly solid surface.
The said shells are comonly cast on end consequently the upper end of the casting
is very liable to bo spongy or full of "pin-holes" especially in the case of long
shells, and this defect is in many cases not discernable until after the shell has been
turned or roughed out. This spongy surface if not too extensive may however be

page_text: made comparatively solid by hammering such parts, but this, besides being a
laborious process owing to the care required to prevent distorting the shell, leaves the
surface liable to corrode or wear irregularly and expose the deffective parts.
The said improvements consist in applying a rolling or rubbing pressure, preferably
whilst in the lathe, upon the deffective parts or the whole surface of the shell by
means of a small narrow roiler or rollers, thereby pressing or kneading up the holes
in the spongy parts and generally compressing and hardening the surface thus acted,
upon by such roller or rollers. The said improvements further consist in the
arrangement of apparatus hereinafter described for applying such pressure.
In order to fully describe our invention reference is to be had to the accompanying
sheet of drawings in which similar letters of reference indicate corresponding parts
in each of the figures.
Figure 1. represents a transverse section of a shell illustrating the application of
an appliance for applying said rolling pressure to the periphery of the shell whilst in
the lathe.
Figure 2. is a similar view of a shell and such parts of a lathe as are necessary to
illustrate the modified arrangement represented.
Figure 3. is a side elevation of a lathe in which a shell is mounted in position to be
operated upon by the further modified arrangement therein represented. Figure 4. is
a transverse section of the same.
Figure 5. is also a transverse section of a lathe and shell illustrating another
method of applying rolling pressure to the periphery of the shell.
In figure 1, the shell A is mounted in the lathe upon cone centres or in any other
convenient manner and after being turned, the holder B carrying a pressure roller C
is mounted in the tool box of the slide rest by its shank D.
The roller C is a small narrow disc (a plan of which is separately represented by
figure 6) having its edges rounded off and it is pressed by the tool holder against the
shell with a pressure sufficient to more or less penetrate the surface. A stay E is
bolted to each arm F of the holder Band each stay carries an antifriction roller G
mounted in a slide H arranged an equal distance from each other and from the
roller and capable of radial adjustment by means of the screws J and hand
wheels K. The antifriction rollers & are pressed against the shell with approximately
the same pressure as the roller C to prevent the shell being distorted and on rotating
the lathe and traversing the saddle the said pressure is successively applied to the
whole surface of the shell or any portion of such surface, thus kneading up the spongy
parts and generally compressing the periphery.
As however the pressure required to thoroughly make the spongy parts solid to a
sufficient depth is liable to put an excessive strain upon the lathe tool box the pressure
roller and antifriction rollers are preferably mounted on a triangular frame represented
in figure 2. The sides of which are bolted together and are capable of being adjusted
in respect to each other so as to allow shells of various diameters to revolve between
them.
The side B' of said frame carries an adjustable pressure roller by which the
pressure is adjusted and the sides E' carry antifriction rollers G. The said frame is
connected to the lathe saddle L by means of the uprights M rigidly fixed to the saddle
and provided with claws or jaws N between which the inclined sides of the triangular
frame loosely fit. In this manner the said frame is connected to the lathe saddle L
for the purpose of traversing it longitudinally upon the shell and maintaining the
said pressure and antifriction rollers approximately in a plain at right angles to such
shell but leaving it otherwise free to adjust itself and equalise the pressure of such
rollers upon the shell besides keeping them equi-distant from the centre and allowing
the pressure they exercise to be collectively regulated by adjusting one of the rollers.
The arrangement represented in figures 3 and 4 is very similar to that described,
an annular frame O being used instead of the triangular frame with adjustable sides.
The antifriction rollers and pressure roller are mounted upon radial slides H
adjustable, to adapt the frame to différent sized shells and to apply pressure thereto,
by means of screws J and hand wheels K. The claw N' instead of being secured

page_text: directly to the saddle is provided with a shank D by which it is fixed in the tool box Q.
The shell A is shown mounted upon cone centres K.
It is obvious that frames provided with two, four or more pressure rollers and anti-
friction rollers may be employed but we find three the most convenient to use
especially on account of the comparative facility they afford for maintaining an equal
pressure. If however, as the case may be, in operating upon very large shells three
rollers are not sufficient we preferably place two or more frames each provided with
three pressure or anti-friction rollers side by side so as to keep all the rollers
approximately in one plain and an equal distance apart. In this case each frame is
arranged to independently adjust itself in relation to the lathe centre and thus allow
the rollers mounted thereon to press uniformly against the shell.
It is obvious that instead of rotating the shell-it might be simply traversed in a
suitably constructed machine and a modified form of frame carrying pressure and
antifriction rollers rotated thereon, we however prefer the arrangements shown as
being simple and free from complication.
Balls mounted so as to revolve freely or polished rubbers may be used instead of
said pressure rollers but we find such rollers the most satisfactory to use.
Another method of arranging the shells to be operated upon by the pressure
rollers is represented in figure 5. The shell A is loosely mounted upon a mandril a
fixed between the lathe centres, which may be cast hollow to reduce its weight, and
an adjustable flange d on such mandril bears against each end of said shell and
confines it longitudinally. Uprights M, one of which is fixed to the lathe saddle
and the other provided with a shank adapting it to be fixed in the tool box support
the cross piece B2 carrying the pressure roller C and capable of being vertically
adjusted by means of the nuts e screwing upon M and between which the ends of
said cross piece are fixed. When the lathe is in motion the shell revolves with the
mandril a and the pressure roller bears upon the shell at the top where it is directly
supported by such mandril thus avoiding any liability to distort the shell. Rollers i
carried by standards m fixed to the lathe bed at each end of the shell are provided
to steady the shell as the roller C traverses it. Or said rollers may be connected to
the lathe saddle.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of our said Inven-
tion, and in what manner the same is to be performed, we declare what we
claim is :
1. The method or process of removing sponginess and generally hardening the
periphery of shells for pressing, calendering and other like rollers by means of a
small narrow pressure roller or rollers applied substantially as herein shown and
described and illustrated in the accompanying drawings.
2. The combination with the said pressure roller of two antifriction rollers
mounted in a suitable frame and adapted to bear uniformly upon the periphery of
the shell substantially as herein shown and described and for the purpose specified.
3. The combination with an adjustable cross piece B2 provided with a pressure
roller C of a mandril a to support and rotate the shell between end flanges d, and
the rollers substantially as herein shown and described and for the purpose specified.
Dated this 7th day of June 1889.
DRACUP & NOWELL,
Bradford, Agents.