IMPROVE- MENTS IN LETTER AND NUMERAL PRINTING ELECTRIC TELEGRAPHS
Year: 1856

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Watkins Brett, of Hanover Square, in the
County of Middlesex, Gentleman, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS
"
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Watkins Brett at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
1st August 1856.
I JOHN WATKINS BRETT of Hanover Square in the County of Middlesex
Gentleman do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN LETTER AND NUMERAL PRINTING ELECTRIC TELEGRAPHS" to be as
follows
In the receiving instrument I employ a permanent magnet mounted on an
axis so as to oscillate between, but not to touch the poles of two temporary
magnets these magnets are in the circuit of the battery of the sending instru-
ment and are excited by a succession of reverse currents to impart the number
of moves required to produce the desired effect. Each change of the current
produces an oscillation of the permanent inagnet which acts on the detent of
a train of wheels which have a constant tendency to revolve by means of a
wound up spring or weight. The detent disengages and allows a given
amount of revolution in the detent wheel, when it stops.
The succeeding oscillation of the permanent magnet repeats the action of the
detent and so on. In this train of wheels there is a wheel on whose periphery
the letters of the alphabet or figures are placed. This wheel turns round on its
18976-1.

page_text: axis when thus actuated, and brings the letters opposite the position for impres-
sion or printing and which is impressed as will herein-after appear. The
permanent oscillating magnet is by its stops placed in the circuit of a local
battery and temporary magnet the currents of which are rapidly reversed during
the oscillations of the permanent magnet. This temporary electro-magnet being
furnished with a soft iron armature has not time to be excited so as to magnetize
and attract the soft armature during the rapid reversion of the currents but when
a pause takes place in the transmission of the currents through this magnet it
will become excited and the soft armature will be attracted the effect of which
is that a second train of wheels is detached by a detent acted on by the
movement of the soft armature and permits one revolution of a shaft in this
second train. This shaft is placed in the circuit of a second local battery the
circuit of which is made and broken twice in succession by contact points,
during the one revolution of shaft before mentioned.
The first of these circuits completed acts upon a powerful electro-magnet the
armature of which is forcibly attracted and brings up the pressing surface that
forces the paper or receiving material against the letter or figure presented by
the type wheel. This impulse is momentary and the pressing surface is
immediately drawn back again by a permanent spring for the purpose. The
retrogade movement of the pressing surface and its carriage acts upon a
clawker which takes effect on a ratchet wheel carried by the paper-feeding
rollers the ratchet wheel and feed rollers are thereby moved and thus
advance the paper a given distance in readiness for the next impression. The
circuit alluded to completed secondly excites an electro-magnet the armature
of which when so excited throws the type wheel out of gear with the wheel
train this wheel is then free to rotate on its axis which it does and runs
back to a fixed starting point at every pause made in the currents of the
sending instrument. This motion of the type wheel is effected by a toothed
arc on a weight attached to a line wound on the axis mounted on an axis
and gearing into a pinion on the type wheel axis. This arc has a weighted
arm which is lifted during the motion of the telegraph, in arriving at the
required letter or figure, but which runs back to a fixed stop immediately the
type wheel is disengaged from the wheel train, this stop of the weighted
lever is also the stop or zero for the type wheel. The type wheel thus always
returns to the same stop and starting point and should an error occur in trans-
mitting one letter it will not at all effect the next letter in succession to be
transmitted any error therefore cannot be perpetuated.
The sending instrument consists of a dial having the letters and figures
marked in the same order as the type wheel of the receiving instrument. A

page_text: pointer is turned to the letter on the dial it is desired to transmit and brought
back again to a definite and fixed stop at every letter that the pointer passes
on the dial in thus returning to the stop a reverse of the current to the
receiving instrument takes place and if it has to pass ten letters ten reverses
of the current will take place and consequently ten motions of the type wheel
will be produced as before described, when the pointer arrives at the stop on
the dial of the sending instrument, a pause in the change of currents takes
place. The type wheel having brought round the letter to be printed, this
pause has the effect of impressing or printing the letter so presented as before
mentioned. The apparatus of the sending dial for reversing the currents in
rapid succession being in use and well understood it is not necessary to be
described. The end of the axis of the type wheel may or may not be furnished
with a hand or pointer to indicate upon a dial the letters being printed and by
disconnecting the wire from the local printing magnet can be used as an indi-
cator (to read) the hand and type wheel returning to zero as before
mentioned.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed.
by the said John Watkins Brett in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
31st January 1857.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME I JOHN
WATKINS BRETT of Hanover Square in the County of Middlesex Gentleman
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria by Her Letters
Patent bearing date the First day of August in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-six in the twentieth year of Her
reign did for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me the
said John Watkins Brett Her special licence that I the said John Watkins
Brett my executors administrators and assigns or such others as I the said
John Watkins Brett my executors administrators and assigns should at any
time agree with and no others from time to time and at all times thereafter
during the term therein expressed should and lawfully might make, use,
exercise and vend within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,
the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
LETTER AND NUMERAL PRINTING ELECTRIC TELEGRAPHS" upon the condition.
(amongst others) that I the said John Watkins Brett' my executors or.

page_text: administrators by an instrument in writing under or their or one of their
bands and seals should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the
said Invention and in what manner the same was to be performed and
cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE that I the said John Watkins Brett do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention and in what manner the same is to be per-
formed to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement reference being had to the four Sheets of Drawings hereunto
annexed and to the letters and figures marked thereon (that is to say) :-
My Invention relates to improvements in electric telegraphs in which the
communications are received in letters or numerals printed or impressed on
paper or other suitable material the words forming the communications being
spelt in such way that any person however unpractised in telegraphing will be
able to read it, instead of spelling all the words of a sentence they may be
abbreviated and codes or signals used more or less as may be found beneficial.
In addition to printing the letters characters or numerals this instrument
has this further advantage that although an error may occur in transmitting
a character the succeeding character transmitted is not at all affected thereby,
an error therefore cannot be repeated or perpetuated as is the case in printing
telegraphs used heretofore. In this receiving instrument I employ her-
manent magnet mounted on an axis, so as to oscillate between bu... to
touch the poles of two temporary magrets. These magnets are in the circuit of
the battery of the sending instrument and are excited by a succession of
reverse currents to impart the number of moves required to produce the
desired effect each change of the current produces an oscillation of the per-
manent magnet which acts on the detent wheel of a train of wheels which
have a constant tendency to revolve by means of a wound up spring or weight.
The detent disengages and allows a given amount of revolution in the detent
wheel which then stops. The succeeding oscillation of the permanent magnet
repeats the action of the detent and so on.
In this train of wheels there is a wheel on whose periphery the letters of
the alphabet or figures or characters are placed. This wheel turns round on
its axis when thus actuated and brings the letter into the position for im-
pressing or printing which is impressed or printed as will herein-after appear.
The permanent oscillating magnet is by its stops placed in the circuit of a local
battery and temporary magnet the currents of which are rapidly reversed
during the oscillation of the permanent magnet. This temporary electro-
magnet being furnished with a soft iron armature has not time to become

page_text: excited so as to magnatise and attract the soft armature during the time
the currents are being rapidly reversed but when a pause takes place in
the transmission of the currents the current will continue to pass through this
magnet it will become excited and the soft armature will be attracted the
effect of which is, that a second train of wheels is detached by a detent acted
on by the movement of the soft armature which permits one revolution of a
shaft in this second train. This shaft is placed in the circuit of a second local
battery the circuit of which is made and broken twice in succession by contact
points during the one revolution of shaft before mentioned. The first completed
of these circuits acts upon a powerful electro-magnet the armature of which is
forcibly attracted and brings up the pressing surface that forces the paper or
receiving material against the letter or figure presented by the type wheel.
This impulse is momentary and the pressing surface is immediately drawn
back again by a permanent spring for the purpose. The retrogade movement
of the pressing surface and its carriage acts upon a clawker which takes effect
upon a ratchet wheel carried by the paper-feeding rollers The ratchet wheel
and feed rollers are thereby moved and thus advance the paper a given
distance in readiness for the next impression. The circuit before alluded to
completed secondly excites an electro-magnet the armature of which when so
excited throws the type wheel out of gear with the wheel train this wheel is
then free to rotate on its axis which it does and runs back to a fixed starting
point. This motion of the type wheel is effected by a toothed arc mounted on
an axis and gearing into a pinion on the type wheel axis. This arc has a
weighted arm which is lifted during the motion of the telegraph in arriving at
the required letter or figure but which runs back to a fixed stop immediately
the type wheel is disengaged from the train of wheels this stop of the weighted
lever is the stop or zero for the type wheel. Instead of the toothed arc and
pinion a cord may be wound round the axis of the type wheel and a weight
attached to it and suspended over a pulley to cause the type wheel to
return to zero when it is released, as will be herein-after appear. The type
wheel thus always returns to the same stop and starting point and should
an error occur in transmitting one letter it will not at all affect the next
letter in succession to be transmitted, any error therefore cannot be per-
petuated. The sending instrument consists of a dial having the letters and
figures marked in the same order as the type wheel of the receiving instru-
ment. A pointer is turned to the letter on the dial it is desired to transmit,
and brought back again to a definite and fixed stop. At every letter that the
pointer passes on the dial in thus returning to the stop the direction of the
current transmitted to the receiving instrument is reversed.
If the pointer has

page_text: to pass ten letters ten reverses of the current will take place and consequently ten
motions of the type wheel will be produced as before mentioned, when the pointer
arrives at the stop on the dial of the sending instrument a pause in the
changing or reversing of the currents takes place. The type wheel having
brought the letter or figure into position to be printed, this pause has the
effect of impressing or printing the letter so presented as before mentioned.
The apparatus of the sending dial for reversing the currents in rapid succession
being in use and well understood it is not necessary to be particularly
described. The end of the axis of the type wheel may or may not be furnished
with a hand or pointer to indicate upon a dial the letters being printed and
by disconnecting the wire from the local printing magnet can be used as an
indicator to read by means of the hand. The hand and axis of the type wheel
return to zero as before mentioned.

page_text: central position. The action of these springs is limited by a fixed stop / so
that when magnet 6 is caused to oscillate or move horizontally on its axis
the contact piece g₁ presses on spring ¹ and leaves spring which spring
rests on the horn of fixed non-conducting stop 7. This oscillation of the
magnet effects contact between the piece 9 and stop e at the same time that
contact exists between g¹ and ¹. The contact produced between contact
piece and stop e establishes the electric circuit of battery I when the current
proceeds from P of local battery through hge and to the coils G G and
back by the wire f¹ stud spring ¹ to contact piece g¹ and thence by wire /¹
g
to pole N of the battery I. When the deflection or oscillation of magnet b
is produced in the opposite direction contact is effected between 9 and e¹
the former circuit is broken by leaving stop e and but again established at e¹.
The current now proceeds in the opposite direction passing from P of local
battery by h. g. e f¹ to the coils G G and back through wire stud i
spring to contact piece and thence by to the N pole of battery I.
If these currents are reversed rapidly no sufficient effect is produced on the
coil magnet G G to attract the armature H that armature being soft iron is
slow in answering to the attractive force produced by the coils G but if the
current is allowed to continue for a short interval of time in one direction the
armature H will be attracted and produce an effect herein-after to be
described.
The key board or manipulator Figure 7 is generally well understood being
commonly used in printing telegraphs. As before mentioned it consists of a
dial with the letters arranged on it in the same order as the type wheel of the
receiving instrument it is furnished with a pointer K moving on a centre
which is moved by hand to the letter on the dial it is desired to transmit and
then carried back to the fixed stop or zero of the key board or manipulator.
At every letter passed, on the dial in thus returning to the zero or stop the
current of the sending battery is broken and transmitted in the reverse
direction.
The current of the sending battery is transmitted by wire F through the
four coils EE and back by wire E¹ or by the earth. The current when
reversed proceeds by wire F¹ in the reverse direction through coils E returning
by wire F. The current when so reversed produces a change in the polarity
of poles D D and D¹ D¹ and causes by attracting and repelling alternately
the alternate oscillation of 66 before mentioned. The motion of pointer K
should be slow enough to permit the duc oscillation of 66 but at the same
ime quick enough to prevent the armature H becoming excited and attracted
by the magnet G. When the pointer arrives at its stop or zero a slight pause

page_text: will take place and the current from sending battery will continue to proceed
in one direction which maintain the currents of local battery I and affords time
for the armature H to be attracted which then liberates mechanism to perform
its part of the operation to be herein-after explained.
During the transmission and reversing of the currents of the sending battery
the letter or character to be printed is being brought into position which is
effected by the oscillations of the permanent magnet b b as follows L is a
a wheel on whose periphery the letters of the alphabet or numerals or
characters are arranged and stand in relief similar to ordinary type, the axis u
of this type wheel L is in communication with a train of wheels 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
The arbor of the large wheel 6 has a constant tendency to rotate in the
direction of the arrow by means of a spring barrel S¹ placed upon it and
wound up as in a clock. Instead of this spring barrel a weight or other
maintaining power to induce the necessary force and motion may be adopted.
Wheels 1 and 2 have their teeth standing in the direction of their axes so
that the one may be ungeared from the other by moving one of the axes in the
direction of its length. The axis 7 of wheel 2 carries a pinion 3 which gears
with wheel 4 the axis of which wheel carries a pinion 5 gearing into wheel 6
from which wheel the motion is derived. The axis 7 also carries another
wheel 8 best seen in Figure 4 this wheel gears into a pinion 9 fixed on a
small arbor n which carries an escapement wheel or arms p p. This escape-
ment is held and released by a pallet or detent 7 seen in Figures 1 and 3
this detent is mounted on an upright axis r carrying an arms at the lower
part which arm is in communication with and receives motion from the oscil-
lations of the magnet 6. To communicate this motion an arm is fixed to
magnet carrying an upright pin which pin is received in the fork of arm s
best seen in Figure 1. Each oscillation of magnet 6 produces an oscillation
of detent q as marked dotted in Figure 1.
2
It will be observed the detent has a notch in the end which permits the
escape of one tooth of the escapement at each oscillation the four teeth of
that instrument not being in the same plane the oscillation which permits the
escape of one tooth brings the detent into position to catch and stop the next
tooth of the escapement in succession, which it retains until the next oscillation
takes place the repeated movements allowing the escape of one tooth at each
oscillation.. There being only four teeth in the escapement p four escapes
permit one revolution. The axis of escape wheel p is in communication with
the axis of type wheel L by means of pinion 9 and wheel 8 on the axis of
wheel 2 which permits the maintaining power of the train to communicate
motion to the type wheel L. Each movement of escape p permits the type

page_text: wheel to move round the distance from one letter to another (as marked in red
letters on the wheel L) so as to present another letter opposite to the same
fixed point at each movement.
b
By one or more movements of the magnet 6 and type wheel L the required
letter is brought round and presented at the requisite point for printing.
Thus supposing the letters to be arranged on the type wheels L and also on
the dial of the sending instrument in regular alphabetical order the first
current transmitted and the first oscillation of the magnet 6 will bring up the
letter A two oscillations B three oscillations C and so on. These different
numbers of oscillations are produced by the number of letters the pointer of
the sending instrument has to pass on its dial for instance it is moved from
A to zero and produces one current and one oscillation of magnet 6 from B
to zero two oscillations from C to zero three oscillations and so on according
to the number of letters distant that the letter to be transmitted is from the
zero or stop point. In the position of the letters shewn on the type wheel L
Figure 3, this wheel, when at rest stands with Z opposite to impressing surfaco
and that between Z and A a blank occurs in which case the first move
brings round the blank by which means the receiving paper will be moved and
a space left if only one current is transmitted to produce a stop or space between
words. Thus a number of the reverses of the current brings round the desired
letter in the type wheel and the zero or stop point of the sending instrument
produces the pause in the rapid reverse of the currents which pause excites
the magnet G to attract armature H and liberates a second train of wheels,
best seen in Figure 2 of the annexed Drawings.
In this view the different brackets to carry the arbors of the train are repre-
sented only in dotted lines so as not to obstruct a view of the other parts.
vis the main arbor of this train, on which a spring barrel v is placed by which
motion is imparted to the train, w is the ratchet wheel on this arbor seen
dotted in Figure 2 aud in Figure 5 with the pall z taking into its teeth to
retain the spring when wound up, motion is given by the spring barrel in the.
direction of the arrow and transmitted by toothed wheel y to pinion on
whose arbor a wheel 10 is fixed which transmits motion to pinion 11 on the
arbor of which a wheel 12 is fixed gearing with a pinion 13 on whose arbor
the detent 14 of the train takes effect. This detent is shown separately at
Figure 8. The detent 14 is an arm actuated by and fixed on the same
axis or shaft 15 as amature H. The detent 14 takes on to and holds a
pin 16 projecting on the arbor of pinion 13 but which it releases when the
amature H is attracted and moved by its magnet G G.
The wheel 10 of the train of wheels gears into a pinion 17 fixed on an

page_text: independent arbor 18 of this train to which it imparts motion when liberated
by the amature H and its detent 14. This arbor has upon it two cams 19, 20,
which effect metallic contact at different points of its revolution with two
springs M O the one M being in communication with the coils of magnet QQ
and the other O with the coils of magnet R. R. The magnet QQ effects
the immediate act of printing while the other R. liberates the type wheel after
printing as will herein-after appear. The amature H has a constant ten-
dency to recede. from its magnet G by reason of the force of a permanent
spring 21 applied to effect the retrograde motion of the axis or shaft 15 on
which the armature H is mounted, a lever arm 22 is also fixed to arbor 15,
which is raised when the armature H descends, this arm 22 when so raised
acts as a stop for the shaft 18 it catches hold of a projection on the arm 23
which is fixed on shaft 18 and prevents that arbor performing more than one
revolution. When armature H recedes from the poles of magnet G the lever
arm 22 releases arm 23 and the train is again held in arrest by the detent 14,
in readiness for a repitition of the movement. S S is the carriage carrying
the apparatus for supplying the paper P¹ or other material to be printed on or
impressed with the letters of the message. This frame S supports the two
rollers TT geared together by spur wheels. The frame S S is mounted at
one end on an arm U moving on a fulcrum support, below, this arm is con-
stantly pulled by a spring V the tension of which is regulated by a set
screw W acting on a bell-crank lever to which this spring V is connected.
This spring gives the roller carriage S a constant tendency to recede from the
magnet QQ. The strip of paper P' to be printed or impressed is passed up
through a frame X and held thereby in close proximity to the type wheel L
it is carried upwards and passed between the feed rollers T T as represented
by the blue lines the feed rollers impart a certain amount of motion to the
paper at each act of printing. The feed roller frame S S is supported at the
end next the magnet QQ by pins sliding in slots "24 24" cut in frames B B
in bar Y is attached to the cross tie at the end of frame S which connects it
with an armature Z which is opposed to the poles of magnet Q Q the
armature Z bar Y and frame S S being free to slide towards the poles of
magnet QQ. 38 is a spring which exerts a downward pressure on the upper
roller to bite and hold the paper between the rollers.
The frame X that conducts and guides the paper while being printed has a
surface of india-rubber a against which the paper beds in the act of printing
which india-rubber is interposed between the pressing surface and the paper.
The pressing surface consists of a screw 25 adjusted in upright U which screw
bears upon a spring 26 which is interposed between the pressure of screw 25

page_text: should be
and the paper. The spring 26 has a constant tendency to recede from the type
wheel. If it is desired to print the letters black carbonized
introduced between the india-rubber a¹ and the paper P¹.
paper
The action of the instrument is this-when the currents of electricity have
been transmitted and reversed the requisite number of times by the sending
instrument to actuate and bring round the type wheel as described the act of
coil G and armature H takes place at the same time thereby disengaging the
detent 14 from the pin 16 which permits the revolution of shaft 18. The
arbor of 13 has a flyer 37 fixed upon it (see Figure 8) to prevent it moving too
suddenly. This revolution of shaft 18 completes and breaks the circuit of a local
battery J twice in rapid succession.-One pole of this battery J is placed in
communication with the metal bed A of the instrument by wire a¹ and through
the metal of the instrument to the arbor 18 the other pole is connected with
stud and thence by wires c¹ d' with the coils of magnets QQ and R R.
These coils are in communication respectively with springs M and O by
wires c¹ and ". During the first portion of the revolution of 18 the cam 19
effects contact with M which by the wires d" and d¹ completes the circuit of
battery J through coils of magnets QQ. This completion of the circuit
causes the armature Z to be drawn forcibly towards the poles of Q Q taking
the carriage S in the same direction and by means of the screw 25 pressing
the paper against the letter of the type wheel presented at that point and
thereby taking the impress or print of that letter. This action is very sudden
the current being at once suspended in the coils of QQ which permits the
armature Z and frame S S to recede immediately, the return is effected by
the force of spring 26. During this return movement a clawker or pall 27
pivoted to B takes into another tooth of the ratchet wheel 28 fixed on the
axis of one of the rollers T causing those rollers to rotate and advance the
paper a given distance in readiness to receive the next impression. In
the opposite movement of S the clawker 27 slips over the tooth it is about to
take hold of, a spring and pall 29 retains the ratchet wheel 25 in position
during the advance movement of S S.
The circuit completed by cam 19 is momentary. Immediately it is broken
the cam 20 comes round and effects contact with spring O which again
completes the circuit of battery J but this time it passes by wires C and C
through the coils of magnet R R. The magnet R R, attracts an armature R¹
which imparts motion to an arm R" whereby the release of the type wheel L
is effected and the return to its stop or zero permitted.
To effect the return of the type wheel it is mounted on an arbor w free to
slide in its bearings a short distance on the direction of its length. The wheel 1

page_text: may thus be slid out of gear with the wheel 2 and thereby release the type wheel,
this sliding motion is produced by the inclined surface 30 passing across the
end of arbor u the movement being effected by the action of magnet R. On
the opposite end of arbor a a pinion 31 is fixed which geers into a segment of
teeth 32 to the axes of this segment a weighted arm 33 is attached. By the
motion transmitted to the type wheel L in bringing up the letters this weighted
arm is raised by its connection with the pinion 31 and toothed segment 32, but
so soon as the letter is impressed or printed as described the arbor u is thrown
back and the weighted lever descends to its stop 34 which is nicely adjusted
by means of a set screw to suit the position of the zero of the type wheel. 35
is a lever pivoted at one end & depressed by a spring it bears on arbor u.
When the arbor u is thrown back by incline 30 the lever 35 slips into a groove
cut round the arbor u and prevents that arbor returning to gear the wheels
1 and 2 until the weighted lever 33 has descended to its stop at this time a
pin 36 fixed to the arc throws the lever 35 out of the retaining groove in arbor
u a constant pressure is exterted on arbor by spring to keep the wheels
1 and 2 in gear the pressure of spring ¹ throws back u immediately it
is released by lever 35. The retaining lever 35 is employed to retain the
arbor u in the position to which it is moved by magnet R. R. The effect of this
magnet being transitory it would not of itself afford sufficient time for the
return of the weighted lever and type wheel. In using this instrument
for long distances I employ what I term a relay consisting of a permanent
magnet similar to 6 oscillating between the poles of two electro-magnets
& excited by the current of the distant sending battery this permanent
oscillating magnet makes and reverses the currents of a local battery to work
the receiving instrument. The stops of this oscillating magnet are placed in
connection with the poles of a local battery and by contact with the oscillating
magnet (which is in connection with one pole of the local battery) its circuit is
alternately completed in opposite directions thereby inducing and reversing the
current. This oscillating magnet having merely its own friction to overcome
requires only a small amount of battery power to work it.
The circuit of the local battery thus completed is placed in connection with
coils E E of the receiving instrument by the wires F F instead of
transmitting the current of the sending battery thereto. The same result in
the action of the receiving instrument will be attained as before explained.
The wires and other parts of the apparatus required to be insulated from
each other are suitably protected in the ordinary manner which however will
not require to be further explained being generally well understood. Two
type wheels may be fitted on arbor u one with letter and another with

page_text: minerals the one to slide out of gear or position and the other into position
for printing. A similar change must of course be made in the key board or
sending instruments.
In witness whereof I John Watkins Brett have hereunto set my hand
and seal this Thirty-first day of January in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven.
JOHN W. BRETT. (L.S.)