A CERTAIN MANUFACTURE OF PIPES OF EARTHENWARE, POTTERY, AND GLASS, AND OF CERTAIN APPLICATIONS AND ARRANGE- MENTS THEREOF
Year: 1848

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, FRANCIS
WHISHAW, of Hampstead, in the County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date
at Westminster, the Eighth day of March, in the eleventh year of Her reign,
did, for herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said
Francis Whishaw, Her especial license, full power, sole privilege and authority,
that I, the said Francis Whishaw, my executors, administrators, and assigns,
and such others as I, the said Francis Whishaw, my executors, administrators,
or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and
at all times during the term of years therein mentioned, should and lawfully
might make, use, exercise, and vend; within England, Wales, and the Town of
Berwick-upon-Tweed, my Invention of."A CERTAIN MANUFACTURE OF PIPES OF
EARTHENWARE, POTTERY, AND GLASS, AND OF CERTAIN APPLICATIONS AND ARRANGE-
MENTS THEREOF;" in which said Letters Patent is contained a proviso obliging
me, the said Francis Whishaw, by an instrument in writing under my hand
and seal, particularly to describe and ascertain the nature of my said Invention;.
and in what manner the same is to be performed, and to cause the same to be
inrolled in Her Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar months
next and immediately after the date of the said in part recited Letters Patent,
as in and by the same, reference; being thereunto had, will more fully and at
large annear.

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Francis Whishaw, do hereby declare that the nature of my said Invention, and
the manner in which the same is to be performed, is particularly described
and ascertained in and by the following description thereof, reference being
had to the Drawings hereunto annexed, and to the letters and figures marked
thereon (that is to say):
=
My Invention of "A certain Manufacture of Pipes of Earthenware, Pottery,
and Glass, and of certain Applications and Arrangements thereof," has for its
object the providing pipes, channels, or ducts, of any convenient form, and
suitable for the passage of the wires of electric telegraphs in a state of
insulation and other purposes, wherein a number of separate pipes or channels
may be required, or wherein pipes of earthenware or pottery of great uniformity
of structure, and certain combinations of pipes of those materials, and of glass,
may be employed with advantage. Such being the objects I have in view, my
Invention consists,―
Firstly, in the formation of any required number of pipes, channels, or ducts,
within one and the same mass or external surface of earthenware or pottery,
the shape and arrangement of such pipes, channels, or ducts, and the form of
the external surface, being adapted to the required circumstances.
Secondly, in the mode of manufacting pipes of earthenware or pottery,
where pipes of peculiar uniformity of surface and consistency of material are
required, whether as a cluster of pipes, channels, or ducts within the same
mass, or to be employed singly in the usual manner.
Thirdly, in certain combinations and arrangements of pipes of earthenware,
pottery, and glass.
Fourthly, in a certain mode of combining pipes of earthenware, pottery, and
glass, so as to render them air-tight at the junctions.
I proceed now to describe the first part of my Invention. The formation of
any required number of pipes, channels, or ducts in one and the same mass of
material, so as to be adapted for the insulation of the wires of an electrical
telegraph and other purposes, may be effected or carried into practice in various
ways. These pipes, channels, or ducts, are interstices surrounded by the solid
material of the earthenware or pottery, and in this manner constitute a series
or cluster of separate pipes or channels of communication within, as it were,
one main pipe or external surface. I manufacture these pipes, or clusters of
pipes, in lengths of about two or three feet, as may be convenient, and unite
them in the manner hereafter described. Pipes of this description may be
composed or formed of almost any clay or material used in the manufacture of
pottery or tile, although I prefer the ordinary Dorsetshire and Devonshire

page_text: clay or material used in stone pottery, and well known in the trade, to which
The
may be advantageously added crushed or powdered pottery ware.
machinery or apparatus which I employ for the manufacture of such pipes
consists of an open cylinder or box, suitably mounted on standards, containing
the mixed clay or material to form the pipes, with a plate acting as a piston
or plunger at one end of the cylinder, which plate is made. to press the clay.
through a suitably formed die, (called or known in the trade by the name of a
"dod,") fixed at the reverse end of the open cylinder. The clay or material,
being formed into the required shape by pressure through the "dod" or die,
is allowed to dry, and the subsequent processes, at present in use for the
manufacture of earthenware pipes, are proceeded with until the length of pipe
is completed. The lengths of pipe may be united as at present, by means of a
socket joint formed at one end of the length to receive the reverse end of
another length, the several lengths of pipe, after becoming hardened by expo-
sure to heat, being brought together in this order of arrangement, and firmly
united by means of cement run into the socket, and filling up the space
around the end of the length of pipe inserted therein. The several lengths of
pipe may be united by means of another kind of joint hereafter to be described,
or by any other description of joint that may be preferred. The fitting of these
several lengths of pipe in such a manner as to bring the cavities or internal
pipes together with the required accuracy is secured by forming in the
manufacture thereof a slight register line or mark outside the pipe or external
covering, which serves as a guide to the workman in putting the lengths of
pipe together; in this manner a continuous pipe or length of pipe is produced
or formed. In order to form curved pipes or junctions intended to unite two
pipes extending in different directions, I employ plaster moulds such as are
commonly used for making curved pipes, and manufacture the pipes in the
ordinary way, except that curved rods have to be fixed in guage plates or other
suitable contrivance at each end of the mould for the purpose of forming the
cavities or internal pipes corresponding with those made in the straight pipe of
which the required curved pipe is to form the continuation. These curved
pipes when formed are united to the straight pipes while the material is soft,
in the same manner as is usual in the manufacture of ordinary earthenware
pipes. These curved or junction pipes may also be formed by cutting up a
straight pipe in such a manner as, when placed in a curved mould and bent to
its shape, they might be joined together and form a curved pipe.
I proceed now to describe more particularly, by reference to the accompany-
ing Drawings, the mode employed by me for carrying this part of
Invention
into effect. Fig. 1 is a sectional elevation, shewing the cylinder containing the
my

page_text: clay for material for making earthenware, pipes, and a pipe in the course of
formation. Figures 2, 3, and 4, represent in plan, elevation, and section, on an
enlarged scale, the particular form or construction of "dod" or "die" through
which the clay or material is pressed to form the length of pipe, which I
employ in the manufacture of these pipes. Fig. 5 represents a section of the
pipe when formed, and Figures 6 and 7 represent two 'other forms of pipe
which it may sometimes be desirable to manufacture. a, a, are the ordinary
standards of the machine, or apparatus; b; the cylinder, open at both ends, con-
taining the clay or material to be worked into pipes. This cylinder is mounted
on an axis or pivot c, turning in bearings at d; affixed to the side standards a;
and is capable of being turned down to receive a fresh charge of clay or
material when' required. e is a plate fixed as shewn over the cylinder, and is
made to pass into the cylinder (the interior of which it fits loosely), by means
of the vertical screw f worked by the application thereto of power in any conve-
nient manner; is the "dod" or die resting upon a ring formed at the bottom
of the <cylinder b. The plate of this "dod" or die h forms a bottom to the
cylinder, and prevents the clay or material from passing out except through the
elongated aperture or mouth formed in it at *; i, i, are solid iron rods fixed;
as-shewn, in order to act as cores during the formation of the length of pipe,
and to displace the portion of the material forced through the elongated
aperture or mouth of the "dod" in the space which they occupy, thereby.
forming internal cavities or channels down the whole length of pipe as the clay
or material is pressed forward. These rods i are attached to carrying pieces k,
of such shape as not to interfere with the required free passage of the. clay or
material through the elongated mouth of the "dod," the form of the latter also
tending to facilitate the passage of the material as required; . is a sliding table.
or rest on which the lower end of the length of pipe is received as it emerges
from the "dod." In manufacturing these lengths of pipe the process is as
follows: The cylinder 6 being turned down and charged with a supply of clay
or material, and this well beaten or puddled in order to get rid of the air
within it, the cylinder is then returned to its vertical position and fixed there.
The plate c is now made to enter the upper part of the cylinder b, and is forced
downwards by the action of the vertical screw f, the clay or material.in the
cylinder passing before the said plate and out of the cylinder at the only aperture
left at the bottom thereof, viz, the elongated mouth h* of the "dod" h. At the
commencement of operations, the table or rest is brought close underneath
the bottom of the "dod"; but as the clay or material is pressed forward the
table is lowered by the workman until a length of pipe is formed. He. then
removes the said length and sets it out to dry; the table or rest is again
b

page_text: brought up underneath the "dod," and the foregoing operation repeated suc-
cessively until the whole of the clay or material in the cylinder is worked up.
I have thus described the use of a "dod" or.die consisting of a plate with only
one elongated aperture or mouth, and set of rods or cores, thereby forming but.
one length of pipe at a time; but in order to accelerate. the manufacture of
these pipes I use a "dod" or die with two or more apertures or mouths and
sets of-rods or cores, thereby forming two or more lengths of pipe at a time;
and it is obvious, that by enlarging the cylinder 6 and increasing the power for
driving the plate e, and the number of elongated apertures or mouths in the
"dod," I am enabled to increase the number of lengths of pipe, manufactured
at one time. It is also obvious that other modes of pressing or forcing the clay,
through the." dod" or die may be employed, several of which being well known.
and in use for the manufacture of bricks and tiles and other articles made, of
plastic materials, will not require further description. The lengths. of pipe
being thus formed; or, manufactured are placed to dry, and afterwards,
straightened on the outside by means of the ordinary straightening box made.
of wood or plaster of Paris; and in halves, the internal pipes or channels being
cleared, if necessary, by passing through them a rod with a piece of leather, or
other suitable material at the end. These internal pipes or channels in the,
curved pipes may, be cleared, when required, by means, of curved rods or
pieces of flexible, material, as cane, gutta percha, &c., drawn through them..
The lengths of pipe thus: straightened, have their socket or other joint formed,
upon them in, the ordinary manner, and are afterwards hardened by exposure,
to heat as usual, the, common modes of. glazing. both the internal and external,
surface being employed.; Lastly, these lengths of pipe are united together in
the ordinary manner, the workman only taking care to follow the register
mark or line previously made on the outside for his guidance. I have thus,
far confined the. description of the preceding parts of my Invention to the
manufacture, of pipes. of earthenware or pottery, of a circular form on the
exterior; but I would here remark that I do not mean or intend to confine,
myself to such form of pipes, inasmuch as by varying the form of the shaping
part of the "dod" or die h, a corresponding. variety of form may be given to
the external surface of the pipe manufactured therein;,; also, by varying the
form and disposition of the cores i, i, a corresponding variety may be produced
in the internal formation of the pipes. Two other forms of pipes are shewn at
Figures 6 and 7;, also by the above described mode of manufacture pipes may
be produced suitable for various purposes, combined as well as separate; for
instance, a supply and waste water pipe may be combined in one pipe, and
various other combined purposes may be answered by pipes manufactured as-

page_text: above described; also pipes of different diameters and of different forms may be
combined.
I now proceed to describe the second part of.my Invention, which is the
manufacture of a cluster of pipes already described, or of single pipes, by means
of a conical "dod" or die. Figures 8, 9, and 10 represent in plan, elevation,
and section, on an enlarged scale, my improved "dod" or die for manufacturing
single pipes of earthenware or pottery, the same having been already described
in reference to the manufacture of clusters of pipes, and being represented at
Figures 2, 3, and 4. The variation of the "dod" or die now to be described
from that in ordinary use consists simply in its affording a longer space for the
clay or material to pass through in its course of forming the length of pipe,
thereby obviating the present liability to crack sometimes produced in the pipe,
by the division of the particles of the clay or material in its passage over the
bridge or support to the core i. The clay or material is by means of this
improved "dod" pressed firmly and compactly together before it leaves the
aperture or mouth of the "dod" in the shape of a manufactured length of pipe.
The extra length of passage for the clay or material through the "dod" or die,
and the compacting pressure of the same, are secured by elongating the aperture
or mouth * and the core i, as shewn in the Drawing.
The third part of my Invention, consisting of certain combinations of pipes
of earthenware, pottery, and glass, is as follows:-I combine lengths of clusters
of pipes together in any of the modes already described, or instead of employing
such clusters I combine separate pipes by means of a collar of a cluster of pipes,
cementing such separate pipes into the collars, or, instead of employing separate
pipes of earthenware or pottery, I combine separate pipes of glass by means of
a collar of such cluster of pipes; also I employ pipes of earthenware or pottery
of the ordinary construction in combination with internal plugs of a cluster of
pipes of short lengths, such pipes and plugs being held together by external
collars cemented in the usual manner. In the combination last described, the
plugs serve as the insulators of the wires, but it will be obvious that as the
derangement of any one wire might destroy the insulation of the others, this
mode is not so secure as by the use of the cluster of pipes firstly described.
Fig. 11 represents a portion of pipe of earthenware or pottery, shewing the
junction of two lengths of pipe with the plug of a cluster of pipes fixed therein,
in which plug are inserted the ends of the glass pipes or channels; m is the
plug; n, n, the glass pipes or channels. These plugs may be made of earthen-
ware, pottery, glass, or other material; but for this combination I prefer plugs
of gutta percha. Fig. 12 represents a similar portion of glass pipe, the plug
in this case being fixed in its place while in a heated state, the ends of the

page_text: glass lengths of pipe being also heated and united by a cement called or known
by the name of "electrical cement," or that which is used in the manufacture
of glass electrical apparatus; o is a glass collar covering the junction of the
lengths of pipe. This collar is fixed in its place as shewn by means of a chase
or grooved ring formed on its inner surface, corresponding with a similar
grooved ring made on the outer surface of the pipe, into which chase or grooved
ring electrical or other cement (as marine glue) is poured or placed, and the
joint thus rendered secure. Fig. 13 represents a similar portion of glass pipe,
with a similar plug of a cluster of pipes inserted, and without pipes or channels
as at n, n, the perforations or cluster of pipes in the plug serving as insulating
supports for the telegraphic wires. I would here further remark, that when it
is desired to use earthenware or pottery pipes with a series of internal per-
forated plugs, or plugs of a cluster of pipes instead of the separate pipes or
channels before described, such plugs may be fixed within the lengths of pipe
manufactured in the ordinary manner while the material is soft, in the same
manner as joints are now added to pipes or lengths of pipe by means of softened
clay or material, called or known in the trade by the names of "slip" or
"booting clay."
I proceed now to describe the fourth part of my Invention, which consists in
a peculiar mode of combining pipes of earthenware, pottery, and glass, so as to
render them air-tight at the junctions. Figures 14 and 15 represent earthen-
ware or pottery pipes so combined; Fig. 14 being a section, and Fig. 15 a plan
of the same. The ends of pipe * and * are shaped and brought together as
shewn, and united by means of liquid or semi-liquid cement poured into or
placed in the cavity m*, and filling the grooved ring n* formed in halves in
the portions or ends of pipe * and *. A cement formed of asphalte or gutta
percha is well adapted for the purpose. The joint thus formed will preclude
the passage of air, gas, or other fluid out of the main pipe; if preferred, the
grooved ring may be of any other form in the transverse section, as for example
the dove-tailed form represented at Fig. 16. Fig. 17 represents a portion of
glass pipe at the junction of two lengths of pipe, shewing the air-tight joint
adapted and applied thereto, and consisting of an external collar with a groove
similar to that just described, into which cement is run or placed, in order to
effect the combination of the lengths of pipe as required. Pipes manufactured
with these air-tight joints, as a connection for their several lengths of pipe, will
be suitable for every variety of speaking telegraph, hydraulic telegraph, and
for gas and water pipes, and for other uses requiring an air-tight pipe or
communication.
Having thus described the nature of my Invention, and the mode employed