IMPROVEMENTS IN CHURNS
Year: 1885

page_text: We DAVID ANDERSON Tinsmith and DAVID HUNTER Ironmonger both of High
Street in the Town and County of Lanark do hereby declare the nature of our
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN CHURNS to be as follows:-
Our invention consists mainly in the adaptation to churns of devices whereby
air is carried down into the milk and is forced or allowed to bubble up through it
and it comprises a novel organisation of parts forming an improved churn.
In a modification of a box churn embodying our improvements a rotating paddle
or paddles consisting of a series of radial arms is or are fitted on a spindle passing
transversely through the box or body of the churn just above the normal level of
the milk and each of these radial blades is formed by or is fitted with a rectangular
or other shaped chamber which is open on the side which strikes or enters the
milk in the rotation of the paddle. The other side of the box or chamber is
perforated or formed with a series of holes slits or apertures which are of such
small size that while they do not permit of the immediate escape of the air which
is confined within the arm chamber as it descends into the milk they allow of the
gradual outflow of the air as the arm or blade becomes immersed and of its escape
by bubbling upwards through the milk a portion of the air being in some cases
carried round with the arms or blades and escaping as the chamber becomes
inverted by the change of position of the blade. Within each air chamber a series
of transverse partitions are by preference fitted to divide the chamber into a
number of compartments in each of which one or more holes or orifices are formed
for the escape upwards of the air carried down into the milk.
In general it will be advantageous to multiply the number of chambers for
carrying down air to aerate the milk during the churning operation but a single
chamber on each blade will serve the purpose in view though with less effect than
a larger number; and the holes or orifices in the top of the chambers or compart-
ments may be dispensed with though not with advantage.
The arrangement of an air chamber or chambers with or without perforated tops
may be adapted to many of the churns in common use in which radial blades or
paddles are arranged to rotate or oscillate in the milk or in which reciprocating
arms or buckets are provided.

page_text: We DAVID ANDERSON, Tinsmith and DAVID HUNTER, Ironmonger, both of High
Street, in the town and county of Lanark, do hereby declare the nature of our
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly
described and ascertained in and by the following statement in writing, reference
being had to the accompanying sheet of Drawings and to the reference letters and
figures marked thereon; that is to say :-
Our invention consists mainly in the adaptation to churns of devices whereby
air is carried down into the milk, and is forced or allowed to bubble up through it,
and it comprises a novel organisation of parts forming an improved churn.
In order that the full nature and novelty of our said Invention and the manner
of performing the same may be properly understood, we have hereunto appended a
sheet of explanatory Drawings, showing a simple box form of our improved churn
as driven by a fly wheel and crank handle, having the new devices applied
thereto.
PO-
---
Figures 1 and 2 are a longitudinal, and a transverse vertical section, of our
- 1 and 2 - 2 on the
improved churn, as taken respectively on the lines 1.
plan view Figure 3, of the churn corresponding to figure 1, but with the lids
removed to show the working parts, and the circulation to the milk in the box A
of the churn, as indicated by the arrows.
Referring to the modification of churn shown in these Figures, the box A is
preferably divided into two chambers A¹ Aч by a division A between them, and
the whole is carried on four feet A¹ at the corners, part of which feet is continued
up in the form of a strong corner fillet at the four corners for. securing the sides of
the box A at these parts. The large longitudinal division A¹ at the front of the
box is the churning chamber proper, and the back chamber A¹ behind it is a
circulating chamber through which the milk flows as it is churned, and returns to
be churned over again through openings A³ in the division As, furnished with slide
doors A* when this circulating chamber is desired to be used. Both chambers A¹ A¹¹
are covered in by lids easy of removal for the insertion of the milk, and the
withdrawal of the butter, a tap T being fitted to the bottom for drawing off the
buttermilk, and water when washing the churn.
The churning devices and mechanism consists of a rotating paddle (or paddles)
formed of a series of radial arms B mounted on a hollow boss or eye B¹ through
which an actuating spindle B2 is passed transversely through from the outside of
the churn into bush bearings C C¹, secured to the front side A and central
division A of the churn, preferably above the normal level of the milk. Near
the extremity of each of these radial drums or blades B, and at right angles to
it, parallel to the axis B², is fitted and preferably secured by a thumb screw a² a

page_text: rectangular or other shaped chamber ȧ which is close on. the three sides and ends
but open on the side which strikes or enters the milk in the rotation of the
paddle B. The opposite side of the box or chamber a is perforated or formed with
a series of holes a¹, or it might be slits, or apertures, which are of such small size
that while they do not permit of the immediate escape of the air which is confined
within the arm chamber a as it descends into the milk, they allow of the slow or
gradual outflow of the air through the holes a¹ as the arm or blade B becomes
immersed, and of its escape by bubbling upwards through the milk, a portion of the
air being in some cases carried round with the arms or blades B and escaping over
the lips of the open side of the chamber a, as the chamber a becomes inverted by
the change of position of the blade B, all as more particularly seen in the front view
and transverse section of the blade B and air chamber a, shown to a large scale in
Figures 4 and 5. Within each air chamber a, a series of transverse partitions all
may be fitted as shown dotted in in Figure 4, to divide the chamber into a number
of compartments, in each of which one or more holes or orifices a¹ are formed for the
escape upwards of the air carried down into the milk.
In general it will be advantageous to multiply the number of chambers a for
carrying down air to aerate the milk during the churning operation, but a single
chamber a on each blade B will serve the purpose in view though with less effect
than a larger number; and the holes or orifices a¹ in the top of the chambers or
compartments & may be dispensed with though not with advantage.
In preference to multiplying the number of chambers a, we secure a number of
paddles b corresponding to these, also parallel to the axis B³, having air conical or
cup shaped chambers or holes 6¹ in them, with small escaping holes through the
back also, which besides agitating and churning the milk, allow of the same
immersion and action of the air and its bubbling up through it, as takes place with
the box a, but in a less degree.
The arrangement of an air chamber or chambers a or b, with or without the
perforations through their top sides, may be adapted to many of the churns in
common use in which radial blades or paddles are arranged to rotate or oscillate in
the milk, or in which reciprocating arms or buckets are provided, this forming the
main or essential device in our new or improved churn. As the paddle B is turned
round to agitate the milk as described, it carries it round so as to circulate through
the two divisions A A¹ of the churn and return to be churned over again as
indicated by the arrows in Figure 3 so that the whole milk gets equally churned.
This new or improved mode of churning has the effect of producing a much better
and solider quality and greater quantity of butter than other ordinary churns
heretofore in use, which have the effect of combining the air and milk with
the butter.
The spindle B of the churn is here shown rotated by hand by a crank B³, but
for large churns they might be turned by a pulley on the spindle, instead of the
crank handle, and be turned by a band from any adjacent prime motive shaft.
The spindle B2 would be retained in working position by a spring or screw
catch B11 secured on the outside of front of box behind the collar Bч of the
shaft B2, and this would be released when the spindle and churn paddle arms B had
to be removed for cleaning. The internal fittings or spindle and its bearings C
would preferably be formed of gun metal, or it might be of iron well tinned or
galvanised, and the interior of the box A might be lined with zinc or other
non-corrosive metal, or the box might be made of sheet metal galvanised.
Having thus particularly described and ascertained the nature of our said
invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, we declare that what
we claim is:-
--
First. The general construction, or arrangement and combination of the parts and
devices forming the new churn, for carrying down air into the milk and agitating

page_text: it, and forming butter, substantially as herein described, in reference to and shown
in the accompanying Drawings.
Second. The fitting to the paddle blades of churns hollow paddle boxes or
chambers a or blades 6 with air chambers a¹ and b¹ for carrying down the air into
and agitating the milk, substantially as herein described in reference to and shown
in the accompanying Drawings.