IMPROVE- MENTS IN RAISING OR FORCING WATER FROM MINES, WELLS, OR OTHER PLACES,
Year: 1872

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to George Guillaume André, of Dorking, in the
County of Surrey, Civil Engineer, for the Invention of "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN RAISING OR FORCING WATER FROM MINES, WELLS, OR OTHER PLACES,
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said George Guillaume André
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 2nd August 1872.
I, GEORGE GUILLAUME ANDRÉ, of Dorking, in the County of Surrey,
Civil Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN RAISING OR FORCING WATER FROM MINES, WELLS, OR OTHER
PLACES, AND IN APPARATUS THEREFOB," to be as follows:-
The object of this Invention is the construction of an apparatus.
for raising or forcing water from a considerable depth by means of a
cheap and efficient arrangement of water pressure machinery. For this.

page_text: purpose I apply the power at or near the top or surface of the well or
mine and convey the same down to the bottom by means of water
pressure in suitable pipes. I use two. pressure pipes going down the
well or shaft side by side, and according to one arrangement connect
each of them at the top to one end of a pump cylinder which I call
the motor cylinder and fit with a piston and piston rod. Power being
applied to the latter the piston alternately conveys pressure on to the
column of water contained in one or other of the pressure pipes.
According to another arrangement I apply or connect a motor pump
to the top of each pressure pipe, the pistons of the said motor being
driven in opposite directions from a two throw crank shaft or other
well known means for that purpose. At or near the bottom of the
well or mine I connect each water pressure pipe to one end of a
pump having two pistons one at each end of common piston rod
which passes water-tight through a partition or diaphragm in the middle
of the pump where two sets of ordinary pump inlet and outlet valves
are arranged. The inlet valves communicate with the sump or other
source of water and the outlet valves with the rising main, which
latter may be arranged in connection with the two water pressure
pipes so as to form the three points of a triangle and so as to form a
strong support to each other when braced together.
'
According to another arrangement I connect the water pressure
pipes at or near the bottom to the middle part of a pump having two
pistons as before, but the water pressure acting alternately on the inside
of each piston or the side nearest the middle between the two pistons, thus
exposing the piston rod to tension and not to compression as in the arrange-
ment just described. A pipe from each end of the pump leads to one
common rising main. In order to ensure that the pressure pipes and
motor cylinder or cylinders always be full of water and to make up for
possible losses by leakage the two motorpistons (in these above mentioned
where two are used), may be so connected or constructed that they may
be brought down lower into their motor cylinders as required. Or a
small vertical water supply cylinder may be connected to the motor
cylinder or motor cylinders and be fitted with piston or ram, which by
a screw, spring, or weight or equivalent means causes the supply water
to descend and make up the loss as required. In order to give the
signal of any disarrangement in this respect, and thus to ensure certainty
and safety of action to the forcing pump, at the bottom of the mine or

page_text: well I lead a small pipe from each side of the diaphragm up to a
convenient distance above the water level of the sump and connect
them there to a rod which supports a gong or alarum. The bottom of
each pipe is closed by a valve loaded by means of a spring, and the
pump piston rod has two rings or stops fixed at such a distance that
they cannot reach the springs so long as the pistons have their normal
travel, but as soon as this is disturbed or altered by leakage one or other
of the stops will strike one of the springs and lift the corresponding
valve. A small quantity of water then rushes up the small pipe and
impinging upon a bell-crank hammer lifts it, and as the valve instantly
closes again the hammer falls and strikes the gong, thus indicating
on which side the deficiency of water is.
nied by the said creorge Gumau
Office on the 1st February 1873.
ՍՆ
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, GEORGE
GUILLAUME ANDRÉ, of Dorking, in the County of Surrey, Civil Engineer,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Second day of August, in the year
of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-two, in the thirty-
sixth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give
and grant unto me, the said George Guillaume André, Her special
licence that I, the said George Guillaume André, my executors, adminis-
trators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said George Guillaume
André, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time
agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter
during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use,
exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IM-
PROVEMENTS IN RAISING OR FORCING WATER FROM MINES, WELLS, OR OTHER PLACES,
AND IN APPARATUS THEREFOR," upon the condition (amongst others) that I,
the said George Guillaume, André, my executors or administrators, by an
instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals,

page_text: should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Inven-
tion, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the
same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said George Guillaume André, do hereby
declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same
is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement, reference being had to the accompanying
Drawings forming a part of this Specification:-
The object of this Invention is the construction, application, and.
adaptation of apparatus for raising and forcing water from a considerable
depth or distance by means of a cheap and efficient arrangement of
water pressure apparatus.
Heretofore it has been necessary where the motive-power engine for
working pumping machinery of necessity is situated a great horizontal_
and more particularly a great vertical distance from the pumping
machinery itself to employ costly and cumbersome connecting machinery
for transmitting the motive power from the engine to the pump, in fact,
frequently several sets of pumps are employed at various stages of the
mine shaft or well, thus entailing an enormous expenditure of money.
for raising a comparatively small amount of water, the power lost by
friction, and the amount of time and expenditure lost by repairs being
considerable also.
Now I obviate these serious defects by the employment of a cheap and
efficient arrangement of water pressure machinery, the power being
transmitted from the motive-power engine to the pumping machinery
situated at a distance therefrom by means of compressed water in suit-
able pipes. For this purpose I apply the motive power at or near the
top or surface of the well or mine shaft, or wherever it may be
convenient to erect or apply such motive-power machinery, say, in con-
nection with a steam engine. In connection therewith I use two water
pressure pipes which convey the power the distance required, and that
either horizontally, or slanting, or vertically, or in some cases to suit
localities in all manner of directions as required, at the same time
avoiding sharp bends if possible. In the case of a mine shaft or well I
pass the two pressure pipes down the same side by side if convenient.
All this part of the Invention would, however, be comparatively useless
or inefficient, and the machinery soon get out of order if special and

page_text: efficient means were not adopted for the purpose of at all times during
work keeping the pressure pipes and motive-power apparatus connected
therewith constantly filled with the required amount of water, for it is
obvious that a small leakage only in one set of water pressure apparatus
would cause inequality as compared with the other set of water pressure
apparatus. These inequalities have, it is believed, hitherto made all
attempts in this direction useless. I shall in the sequel describe various
apparatus for preventing such inequality, for giving the signal of such
inequality taking place, and for remedying same immediately.
And in order that this Invention may be more fully understood, I
will now proceed to describe the same with reference to the accom-
panying Sheet of Drawings, which illustrate various modes of carrying
out this Invention.
Figure 1 is a vertical longitudinal section of one arrangement of
apparatus connected to the motive-power engine.
A is a cylinder which I call the motor cylinder, and which is fitted
with a piston B having a piston rod which receives reciprocating
motion from the steam engine or other motor. The piston may have
a piston rod r¹ at the other end of the cylinder as shewn; C and D are
the water pressure pipes which convey the power required for working
the pumping machinery at a considerable distance from the motor
cylinder, say at the bottom of a mine shaft. The pipes C and D may
be connected to one of the several pumping apparatus here shewn, and
for the sake of illustrating and explaining the action I will suppose
them to be connected to a pumping apparatus, as shewn by Figure 2;
Figure 2 is a vertical longitudinal section of a pump; C and D are the
water pressure pipes which alternately convey pressure: into the space E
or F on one side or other of the central diaphragm M, thus alternately
pressing respectively upon the piston G or the piston H; each end of
the pump is in connection with the suctions and delivery P, and has
suction and delivery valves of any suitable and well known description.
It will thus be seen that on working the motor cylinder piston as
explained with reference to Figure 1, the pump pistons shewn at Figure 2
will likewise be moved correspondingly. In case of any leakage, say,
in the pipe C, the piston B, Figure 1, would not at the beginning of its
stroke towards C meet with water, and if the leakage continued the
useful stroke on this side would get less and less as the water in the
pipe C sank lower and lower, and greater and greater inequality in the

page_text: working of the motor cylinder and pump would result. One of the
several apparatus for at once remedying this evil is shewn at Figure 1.
Each end of the motor cylinder is connected by a pipe p and p³ to a
cistern O filled with water, and if need be constantly supplied therewith
by any suitable self-acting apparatus. The pipes p and p¹are each
fitted with a valve, say, a ball valve v and v¹. If a leakage occurs on,
say, that side of the cylinder where the pipe c is connected, the piston B
on receding from that side would create a partial vacuum, but then the
atmospheric air pressing on the surface of the water in the cistern o
would at once open the valve v and admit as much water from the
cistern to the motor cylinder as required for restoring the required
equilibrium, and then the valve v would shut again. Other self-acting
or other apparatus for effecting the same purpose may, however, be
applied, some of which will be described further on.
With reference to Figure 2 it will further be observed that the pistons
G and H have each their piston rod J and I passing out at the ends of the
pump, and are there outside the pump fitted with cross heads L and K,
which are connected by rods or bars (not shewn in this view), so that
the two pistons necessarily must work together. This may, however, be
accomplished by other means, for instance, by letting the pistons be
united by a piston rod passing water-tight through the diaphragm M.
Figure 3 is a vertical longitudinal section through a pump with a
diaphragm M in the middle and two pistons G and H, but in this case
the water pressure pipes are connected at the ends of the pump and not
near the middle as just described. The same letters refer to similar parts
of Figure 2. The suction and delivery valves may here be arranged
more compactly. The piston rod packing in the diaphragm may be
made with two ordinary double cup leathers, such as are used for
hydraulic press rams, or it may be made with a cup leather or other
packing ring, as shewn, but means must then be provided for tightening
up the packing ring as it wears. For this purpose some such arrange-
ment as the one shewn may be employed. The packing nut or gland
is fitted with a bevil wheel 6 into which gears a bevil pinion c, the
spindle of which passes out through a stuffing box and has a handle d
by the turning of which the packing nut can be tightened up as
required.
Figure 4 is a vertical section through a pair of motor cylinders A and
A¹. According to this arrangement cach of them is connected to its

page_text: pressure pipe respectively C and D, and the pistons B and B¹. being
driven in opposite directions from a two-throw crank shaft R with sling
connecting rods J or by other suitable and well-known arrangements for
that purpose. For high water pressure I purpose using ram or plunger
pistons. These motor cylinders may be fitted with self-acting valves
vand v¹ and cistern o, as described with reference to Figure 1, or they,
may be connected to a cylinder A by pipes u and u³, which have self-
acting valves which are so arranged that an over pressure in the
cylinder N would tend to open them, thus admitting water from the
cylinder to either of the motor cylinders A or A' as required. Or the
valves in the pipes u and u¹ may be actuated entirely by hand as required,
and on a signal to that effect being given from any apparatus indicating
inequality in the pressure or amount of water on one side or the other,
some such indicating apparatus are described further on.
The piston Q
here shewn as a ram piston is loaded to the proper pressure per square
inch which. has been found requisite to work the pump, the weight W
being suspended from the cross head c in the rods t, t, or it may be loaded
by means of spring or springs or by a screw or equivalent means.
г
Another mode of ensuring that the pressure pipes and motor cylinders
always be full of water and to make up for possible losses by leakage is
to connect or construct the pistons B, B', so that they may be brought
down lower into the motor cylinders A, A³, as required. This mode is
not shewn here, but the object may be attained in various ways, of
which I shall only mention one, viz., that of making the piston rods
r, r¹, in two pieces, having left and right hand screw thread at their
adjoining ends respectively and joined by a socket having corresponding
right and left hand thread. By turning a socket one way or the other
the piston would be raised or lowered as required, and this could be
done easily even while at work.
:
:
Having already described two pump arrangements, viz., with reference
to Figures 2 and 3, I shall now describe various other pump arrangements
which may be applied in connection with one or other of the motor
cylinder arrangements herein described.
Figure 5 is a vertical section through a vertically arranged double
cylinder and pump apparatus worked as before described by water
columns in the pipes C and D. The water pressure is thus alternately
brought on to the piston rams G and H in the cylinder C¹ and D¹.
continuations of these rams (which in nowise need as hero shewn be of
The

page_text: the same diameter where they work in the cylinders C' and D', and where
they work in the pumps T and T¹) pass into the pumps T and T', which
are fitted each with a set of suction and delivery valves, as shewn.
Generally speaking with regard to apparatus constructed according to
my Invention and using high pressure, I prefer ram pistons for the
ordinary pistons. In order to ensure an even and corresponding action
of the two rams G and H, I prefer to connect them by means of con-
necting rods and ♫ to crank discs or fly wheels f and f¹ on one common
shaft, which run in a bearing or bearings that may form part of the
connecting strut or frame g between cylinders and pumps; S is the
suction, and P the delivery pipe of the pump.
Figure 6 is a section through a pair of vertically arranged cylinders
C', D', fitted with rams G and H, which are alternately worked up and
down by the water columns in C and D, as before described. Continua-
tions of the rams G and H of the same or other diameter than the upper
parts of same work in a lower set of cylinders C" and D", churning the
water therein up and down when at work.
Figure 7 is a section through the cylinders D' and D" at right angles
to the view, Figure 6. Each of the rams G and H has a pair of rams I
and I connected thereto as shown by a pin m or in any other convenient
manner. The rams I and I¹ work each in its pump cylinder. S is the
suction and P the delivery for the same. The suction and delivery
pipes from both sets of pumps are connected.
Figure 8 is a section through a set of pumps worked by any of the
aforesaid motor cylinder apparatus. C and D are the pressure pipes
which convey pressure alternately on to the rams G and H, which are
connected by a rod m passing through stuffing boxes as shown (for
very high pressure cup leathers may be used here). The rams G and H
are continued into the pump cylinders J and I, which are fitted with
suitable suction and delivery valves, the suction and delivery may be
connected together as here shown at S and P. In case the pump rams
are to be of a different diameter to that of the rams in the cylinders E
and F, the cylinders E and F and the pumps J and I have to be shifted
further apart than here shown.
Figures 9, 10, 11, show one arrangement of apparatus for indicating
inequalities of pressure in the pressure pipes and connections, and
Figure 12 another such arrangement. Both are applicable to the
pumping machinery described with reference to Figure 8. Figure 9 is

page_text: a side elevation; Figure 10, end elevation; and Figure 11, a plan section
of an indicating apparatus with so much of the pumping machinery
as is requisite to explain it. n is a small rod which may be thicker in
the middle as shown, and which passes into the cylinders E and F
through stuffing boxes which are screwed down sufficiently tight as
to prevent them working backwards and forwards as the pressure comes
on the one end (in the cylinder E) or the other (in the cylinder F).
If the water pressure becomes unequal so that, for instance, the ram H
comes in contact with the end of the rod n, a visible and audible signal
to that effect is immediately made in the following manner :—The rod n
is by means of the two ends of a chain (indicated by dotted lines)
connected to the pulleys and p so that a movement of the rod n
causes them to turn. On the spindle of the pulley p is fastened a
lever q and two hammers h and h¹; the lever q is of a quadrant shape at
the top as shown, and moves there against a like shaped part of the
bracket b, which there also may have the words "right" and "left," or
words to that effect, marked on each wing of the quadrant, one of these
words or marks would thus be more or less displayed and remain visible
till the inequality in the water pressure is obviated, the ram G in the
case assumed then pushing the rod `n back into its normal position. The
lever
q is weighted at the bottom, or fitted with equivalent spring or
other appliance. One of the hammers h or h¹ gives an audible signal
by striking the bell k. This apparatus may be modified in a great many
ways without departing from the nature of this part of the Invention,
which consists in the application of a rod n actuated by the rams to give
visible and audible signals.
Figure 12 illustrates another application of the principle of letting
the rams G and H indicate inequalities in the pressure columns. The
cylinders E and F are each fitted with a valve v and 1, which are opened
one or the other when one of the rams comes in contact with a horn or
lever connected to a valve which for greater securities sake may be fitted
with a spring or equivalent for shutting it again. When a valve is
thus opened a small stream of water rushes up the pipe y or y¹, lifting
the lever or x' which being connected to levers or hammers h and h¹
causes one of them to strike the bell k. This apparatus may also if
desired be fitted with visible indicating appliances, and be modified in
many ways.
Figure 13 shows another such indicator. y and y' are the pipes 'from
the cylinders E and F, Figure 12; x and a¹ are the levers closing the

page_text: ends of them. Each lever has its fulcrum in the standard k, but the
opposite end of the levers are of unequal length, and are attached to a
cord or wire fastened to a spring lever l. The wire w has a knob z
acting in connection with a three armed lever u, which by means of
chains to each of its other two arms is connected to the hammer h
acting on the bell k. The lever u has a slot at the end through which
the knob z can pass when the lever x¹ pulls it down, but which is not
deep enough for the knob z to pass through when the lever x pulls
it down; it will be observed that the lever x¹ has double the stroke at
the wire end to that of the lever x, consequently when the water rushes
through the pipe y the lever x pulls the wire down, so that the hammer
on receding strikes one blow on the bell k, but when the water rushes
through the pipe y' the lever x¹ pulls the wire down double the distance
or thereabouts, so that the knob z passes through the slot in the lever u
so that the hammer on receding strikes two blows on the bell k.
Thus according as one or two blows are struck deficiency of water in
one water column or the other is indicated, this deficiency may then be
remedied as before described.
で
Figure 14 is a plan, and Figure 15 a side elevation of another hori-
zontal pumping apparatus. C and D are the pressure pipes as before,
conveying pressure alternately on to the rams G and H in the cylinders E
and F. The continuations of these rams are here shown of a larger
diameter, as G¹ and H³, which work in the pumps J and I. The two
rams are connected by the rods R outside, thus doing away with internal
stuffing box connections as shown on Figure 8. To the rod R are attached."
two levers or hammers h and h¹, which by spring or equivalent means
are held up against stops on the rod R as shown. If the rams owing
to inequality of pressure in the water columns get out of their normal
position, the hammer h or the hammer h¹ will strike the bell k at each
stroke till the inequality is remedied, which may be done by any of the
aforesaid means.
Machinery arranged as just described, that is, only the middle part
of same without the pumps or pump rams, may also be arranged as
motor cylinders above ground or at a distance from the pumps in the
mine well or other place. One ram would then be connected to some
reciprocating prime mover or part of same in any convenient manner.
Electrical or other communication may be arranged for signalling
between the pumping machinery and the motor cylinder machinery.

page_text: Air cocks may be applied in order to get rid of accumulation of air
in the water pressure columns.
And having now described and ascertained the nature of this Invention,
and particularly described several modes of carrying the same into
effect, I declare that I claim as of my improvements in raising or
forcing water from mines, wells, or other places and in apparatus
therefor,-
Firstly. The construction, arrangement; and adaptation of motor
cylinder arrangement to water pressure columns in order thereby to
convey power to pumping machinery at a distance in combination
with self-acting and other means and appliances for retaining and
restoring equality of pressure in the said water columns, all substan-
tially as described and illustrated by the accompanying Drawings.
Secondly. The construction, arrangement, and adaptation of pumping
machinery actuated by the pressure of water columns in combination
with means and appliances for indicating and signalling any inequalities
of pressure in the water columns, all substantially as set forth.
Thirdly. The several means and appliances for retaining and restoring
the inequality of pressure in the water columns, all substantially as set
forth.
Fourthly. The several means and appliances for indicating and
signalling any inequality of pressure in the water columns, all substan-
tially as set forth.
In witness whereof, I, the said George Guillaume André, have
hereunto set my hand and seal, this First day of February, in
the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-
threc.