IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM ENGINES AND BOLLERS AND TV ADDARATUS CONNECTED THERWITH ENGINES AND Routers AND TV ÅDDARATUS CONNECTED THEREWITH PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION
Year: 1861

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Cass, of Bury, in the County of Lancaster,
Engineer and Millwright, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM
ENGINES AND BOLLERS AND TV ADDARATUS CONNECTED THERWITH
ENGINES AND Routers AND TV ÅDDARATUS CONNECTED THEREWITH
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Cass at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 30th March
1861.
I, JOHN CASS, of Bury, in the County of Lancaster, Engineer and Mill-
wright, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN STEAM ENGINES AND BOILERS, AND IN APPARATUS CONNECTED THEREWITH,"
to be as follows:-
My improvements in steam engines relate to the system in which four, six,
eight, or more engines work in connection with one or more driving or second
motion shafts. The cylinders are fixed vertically on the direct-action principle,
and may all be high pressure, all. low pressure, or high and low pressure com-
bined, and the cranks are so arranged that no two are on their dead centres
at once, the steam being worked through the whole of the cylinders one after
another, when required. When working compounded, the steam from the
high-pressure cylinder will have to exhaust across to the low-pressure or
condensing cylinder, in order to produce a uniform motion in the gearing.
A

page_text: When air pumps are used, they can be placed under the cylinder, and worked
by a continuation of the piston rod through the bottom of the cylinder, it
being understood that, when required, one or more of the pistons have a
shorter stroke, in order to give the air pump or pumps a shorter stroke than
the engines that have no air pumps. I also in the above engines connect two
air pumps to one cylinder, one on each side, and work them from the cross-
heads that couple the piston rods and connecting rods together at the top ends
of the cylinders. I also work the cold and hot water pumps from the cross
heads. The cylinders are fixed, so that no packing stage is required. The
condenser is constructed to answer for condenser, exhaust pipe, and to heat
water for the boiler; the water from the pump on its way to the boiler
passes through the tubular part of the said condenser. I also connect to the
said condenser or side pipe a box or chamber to collect the condensed water,
the said box or chamber being connected to the hot or cold water pumps.
In beam engines I lower the top end of the cylinders so near the crank floor
as to dispense with the packing stage. I also dispense with the parallel
motion, in place of which I couple a pair of links or side rods to the cross-
head and the beam end, the cross-head working in guides. The valves in the
side pipes are worked from the cross-head or from the beam by rods and
tappets. I also form a compounded engine with a beam engine and a
horizontal engine, the horizontal cylinder to be either low or high pressure,
as may be required. The beam engine has two beams on one beam centre,
and the end centres pass through both the beam ends. There are two vertical
cylinders to the beam engine, one on each side of the horizontal cylinder, and
they are coupled to the beams and cross-head with links or side rods, the
cross-head working in guides. The centres in the beams for working the
pump pass through both beams. The connecting rods of both engines are
coupled to the same crank pin when required.
In another arrangement I attach connecting rods to each end of the beam
of a steam engine, which rods turn separate cranks and shafts. There are
two cylinders, the piston rods of which are connected to the beam at such a
distance from the ends as to allow the cranks to pass the cylinders. The
cranks can be put inside between the cylinders at the beam ends. This engine
can be high pressure, or high and low pressure, or both cylinders low
pressure.
· In another arrangement I have when desired a detached cylinder, having
in it a metallic piston for the purpose of regulating the pressure on the pistons
worked by high and low pressure steam. The said piston is balanced according
to the working pressure required. The steam from the high-pressure

page_text: cylinder or cylinders is exhausted into the aforesaid detached cylinder, and as
the piston is balanced it gives way, and thereby takes off any back pressure
from the high-pressure engine, and at the same time collects the steam for
supplying the low-pressure engine, by which means a more uniform pressure.
and motion is given to the two engines, there being a safety valve employed
when required..
Another of my improvements consists in giving motion to the governor of a
steam engine, which improvement is also applicable to a water wheel by
causing the stream of the injection water to pass through the tubes of a
Barker's mill or turbine, and thereby make the governor independent of
the speed of the engine or wheel; I also form the governor with three or
more arms and balls for the purpose of obtaining more power for regulating the
speed of the engine, all of the said arms working in pins connected to one
socket.
This Invention also relates to certain improvements in the pistons of steam
engines. I form in the upper ring of the piston a groove on the top side, and
a groove in the periphery, and connect the grooves by a number of small holes,
these grooves are supplied with oil through a tube placed in connection with an
oil cup in the cylinder cover.
Another arrangement consists in placing a ring of gasket between the
metallic rings, which gasket is supplied with oil as above described. I also
lubricate the cylinder by means of a hollow ring on the cylinder cover, which
ring is perforated and supplied with oil from a cup on the cylinder cover. I
have also certain improved arrangements for working steam expansively.
They consist in having a separate cut-off valve or valves worked by cams or
tappets of different diameters, these cams or tappets are made to slide on
their shaft by levers acted upon by the governor, or the shaft may slide along
with the tappets or cams, or the governor can work the valves by wheels and
levers.
This Invention also relates to certain improvements in the condenser and
exhaust pipe, and in collecting the condensed water in the side pipes and
cylinders of steam engines; and especially for condensing steam engines.
In my arrangements I take away the present exhaust pipe and make the
condenser larger and longer, one portion of the condenser contains cylindrical,
globular, or other shaped tubes, in either horizontal, vertical, or angular
positions, the water from the hot water pump is forced through the part of
the condenser containing the aforesaid tubes in its passage to the boiler.
The exhaust steam from the cylinder passing through the above tubes on
its way to the water in the lower part of the condenser. The condenser

page_text: and tubes I make any shape as may be required, I also connect to the
condenser or side pipe a box or chamber to collect the condensed water,
the said box or chamber being connected to the hot or cold water pumps as
may be required.
boiler with four or more
heating apparatus in the
can be fired underneath
In my improvements in the construction of boilers I affix tubes to the
flue or flues of cylindrical or other shaped boilers, these tubes may be fixed
on the top of flues and so connect them together that a current of flame
may pass through them, and they may be below or above the level of the
water in the boiler, some of the tubes may be conical or cylindrical and
stand up on the top of the flues projecting into or through the water, or
these tubes may be fixed to the flues at various angles. I also affix similar
tubes to the shell of the boiler projecting into the side and end of the flues
or draughts of the boiler, and into the water in the boiler. The tubes that
rise above the level of the water are to surcharge the steam, and to accomplish
this purpose I also fix extra tubes or flues on the top, and parallel or across
the ordinary flues, these tubes rise above the surface of the water, and are
so arranged that a current of flame can pass through them.
Another arrangement consists in constructing the
flues, and a smoke box in front, with or without. a
interior, and setting it up in such a manner that it
from the front end, the flame passing underneath the boiler rises at the
back, comes along the tubes to the smoke box in front where it divides
into the side draughts, I also put one or more small fires in each side flue
so that the gases in passing from the smoke box will pass over or through
the above mentioned fires, the small fires in the side flues may be used in
connection with the present form of boilers. I also set up the boiler with
the fire underneath; the flame rising at the back comes along one flue into
the smoke box at the front, and returns. through the other flue to the back,
thus dispensing with the side draughts altogether. These improvements can
be applied to old boilers; one form of the boiler is cylindrical with a cylindrical
flue through; the fire may be applied either in the flue, or underneath, and
at one or both ends, at the same time there are tubes between the flue
and outer shell. This boiler may have, when desired, a heating apparatus
for heating water connected with it. When the fire is. in the flue the flame
will pass through the tubes to the side draughts, then through the. heating
apparatus, and forward to the chimney flue. When the fire is underneath
the flame will lap round the shell, pass through the tubes into the centre
flue, then through the heating apparatus, and forward to the chimney flue.
This boiler will be set up on hollow brackets rivetted to the shell of the

page_text: boiler; to these hollow brackets the necessary blow off pipes and other
requirements are connected.
Another form of boiler is either cylindrical, oval, square, or other desired
shape, the flue in the centre passing longitudinally through the boiler.
This boiler will be set up on its end, supported by hollow brackets rivetted
to the bottom end of the boiler; to these hollow brackets the blow off pipes and
other parts are connected, there are tubes passing from the centre flue to the
outside shell, and near the top end of the flue there is a ring round the inside
to carry a block of fire brick if required. This boiler may have an apparatus
for heating water connected with it. When the fire is in the flue the flame
will rise up the centre, pass through the tubes to the outside, then through
the heating apparatus, and forward to the chimney.
Another of my improved boilers is in the form of a horse-shoe with the
rounded side up, a flue runs lengthways, open at the bottom side; this boiler
will stand upon hollow brackets, to these hollow brackets will be fixed all the
necessary blow-off pipes and other connections. This boiler has tubes between
the flue and outer shell, and may be fired at one or both ends; the flame
passes from the flue through the tubes to the outside of the shell, then through
the heating apparatus, and forward to the chimney.
My Invention also refers to certain improvements in the grate bars of
furnaces. The sides of the grate bars at the top are formed of a vee or saw-
like shape, so that when moved they may break or cut the clinkers, the top
edge of these bars being bevil flutes across or plain. I make the grate bars
moveable by means of a shaft and lever or by engine power. The shaft when
moved shifts the bars forwards and backwards; the ends of the bars are made
with a bevil and rest on inclined bearers or rollers which cause them to rise
and fall also.
Another improved bar consists in the end being prepared for a lever to lift
and shake them with, or a handle cast on them to get hold off.
These bars
Another improved grate bar is a wrought-iron bar rolled in long bars at
the forge, and cut off by shears to the lengths required, the ends to be
notched with a press punch, the bearer for them being slotted to receive the
ends of the bars and to keep them at a proper distance when fixed; the
sides of these levers at the top are grooved with bevil flutes.
will be suitable for locomotive engine boilers or stationary boilers.
Another improved grate bar consists in making the bars of hollow tubes of
wrought iron, the ends of the tubes being connected with the boiler for the
water to circulate through them to keep them cool and heat the water as it
passes through them.

page_text: .
Another of my improved grate bars I make cylindrical, either hollow or not,
if hollow, perforated, the said bars to be grooved or fluted outside and to
revolve round by hand or by a small steam engine fixed on purpose to give
motion to the said bars, or to other bars when required.
I have also certain improved arrangements of safety valves. To the box
or vessel containing the valve and seating I employ a loose cover, on the top
of which I affix a bonnet or cap prepared for the reception of a spiral or
plate spring which weights the valve. I also prepare the valve spindle for a
"lever and weight to open or unload the valve; in this arrangement the valve
cannot be tampered with. I also use a similar arrangement with the addition
of a float and lever to open the valve and allow steam to escape when the
water is too low in the boiler. For the purpose of consuming the smoke
I construct the dead plate of the boiler furnace with a box and valve under-
neath. On the side of the boiler I affix a box containing a train of wheel-
work, which has a connection with the before-mentioned valve, when the
fire door is opened it winds up the train of wheelwork and opens the valve
underneath the dead plate, which valve is made to close by the unwinding of
the train of wheelwork.
In another arrangement there is a similar valve worked by an endless chain,
which receives its motion from the fire-door.
I also, when desired, place a fan in the back flue of the boiler, or at the foot
of the chimney, which fan is put in motion by atmospherical air, by the escaping
gases, or smoke, or partial vacuum in the chimney. This fan can work the
feed pump of the boiler, or may be used for other purposes. A governor or
regulator being connected with the fan when required.
My improvements in apparatus for heating water for feeding stationary,
locomotive, or other boilers consist in arranging a series of tubes or pipes
either vertically or horizontally, that may or may not be connected together
by cisterns at one or both ends, and placing them in the take-up draught at
the end of the boiler, or in the side draughts of the boiler.
I also construct vessels of metal, with tubes passing through or into them,
and with straight and curved tubes fixed upon them in various positions ;
which said tubes project into the flues and draughts of the boiler. The above
' vessels are made with the boiler or separately, and connected to the boiler at
the top and bottom for both water and steam. The feed water passes through
these tubes or vessels in its passage to the boiler.
I have also an arrangement of pipes standing in the main flues of boilers
leading into the chimney. I lay two pipes, one at the bottom of each side of
the flue; these pipes are connected together by other upright pipes which

page_text: meet together at the top of the flue. The water enters at one end, passes
through the pipes and out at the other end.
I also arrange them with two upright pipes of the form of the flue; these I
connect together with horizontal pipes running parallel with the flue.
I also construct a heating apparatus composed of tubes, to which a revolving
motion is given, and placed upon a hollow shaft with a partition. The water
to be heated enters at one end of the shaft which leads to the tubes, and
passes out at the other end of the shaft after having passed through the tubes.
This apparatus can be placed either vertical or horizontal in the back or other
flue leading to the chimney.
Another of my improvements consists of an improved syphon box for dis-
charging condensed water and air from steam pipes, cylinders, or other vessels.
The condensed water and air enters a box resting upon springs in a frame or
standard, and at the bottom of the box there is a valve having a tubular rod
extending above and below which allows the air to escape, and when the
weight of water overcomes the resistance of the springs and lowers the box to
a certain part, the bottom of the spindle comes in contact with a bar or pro-
jeetion and raises the valve, so that the water may be discharged.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said John Cass in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 28th
September 1861.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHN
CASS, of Bury, in the County of Lancaster, Engineer and Millwright, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Thirtieth day of March, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-one, in the twenty-fourth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me,
the said John Cass, Her special licence that I, the said John Cass, my exe-
cutors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said John
Cass, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during
the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise,
and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
STEAM ENGINES AND BOILERS, AND IN APPARATUS CONNECTED THEREWITH," upon

page_text: the condition (amongst others) that I, the said John Cass, my executors or
administrators, by an instrument, in writing under my, or their, or one of
their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature
of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed,
and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said John Cass, do hereby declare the
nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be per-
formed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement, reference being had to the accompanying Forty Sheets of Drawings,
with the figures and letters marked thereon (that is to say):
My improvements in steam engines relate to the system in which four, six,
eight, or more engines work in connection with one or more driving or second-
motion shafts. The cylinders are fixed vertically on the direct-action principle,
and may all be high-pressure, all low-pressure, or high and low pressure
combined, and the cranks are so arranged that no two are on their dead
centres at once, the steam being worked through the whole of the cylinders
one after another when required; when working compounded, the steam from
the high-pressure cylinder will have to exhaust across to the low pressure or
condensing cylinder in order to produce a uniform motion in the gearing.
When air pumps are used they can be placed under the cylinder and worked
by a continuation of the piston rod through the bottom of the cylinder; it
being understood that, when required, one or more of the pistons have a
shorter stroke in order to give the air pump or pumps a shorter stroke than
the engines that have no air pumps. I also, in the above engines, connect
two air pumps to one cylinder, one on each side, and work them from the
cross heads that couple the piston rods and connecting rods together at the
top ends of the cylinders. I also work the cold and hot water pumps from
the cross heads. The cylinders are fixed, so that no packing stage is required.
The condenser has tubes in its interior, and is constructed to answer for con-
denser, exhaust pipe, and to heat water for the hot-water pump for supplying
the boilers. The water from the hot-water pump, on its way to the boiler,
passes in some cases through the tubes, and in others outside the tubes of, the
said condenser. I also have in the said condenser or side pipe a separate
compartment' to collect the condensed water from the cylinder and side pipes,
the said compartment being connected to the hot-water pump for supplying it
with hot water. In beam engines I lower the top end of the cylinders so near
the crank floor as to dispense with the packing stage. I also dispense with.

page_text: the parallel motion, in place of which I couple a pair of links or side rods to
the cross-head and the beam end, the cross-head working in guides. The
valves in the side pipes are thrown wide open at each end of the stroke by the
cross-head, or from the beams by rods and tappets. I also form a compounded
engine with a beam engine and a horizontal engine. The horizontal cylinder
to be either low or high pressure, as may be required. The beam engine,
when required, has two beams on one beam centre, and the end centres pass
through both the beam ends. There are two vertical cylinders to the beam
engine, one on each side of the horizontal cylinder, and they are coupled to
the beams and cross head with links or side rods, the cross-head working in
guides. The centres in the beams for working the pump pass through both
beams. The connecting rods of both engines are coupled to the same crank
pin when required, or to a double crank shaft, to give power both ways, or the
centre can be made longer in the end of the present old beams to answer for
two cylinders or two connecting rods.
In another arrangement I attach connecting rods to each end of the beam
or beams of a steam engine, which rods turn separate, single, or double cranks
and shafts, there are two or four cylinders, the piston rods of which are con-
nected to the beam or beam ends by links or rods. The cranks and shafts can
be put below the cylinders at the beam ends. This engine can be high pres-
sure, or high and low pressure, or both cylinders low pressure with a single or
double horizontal engine connected to one single or double crank, or to both
single or double cranks, the double horizontal engine consisting of a single
cylinder with two pistons.
In another arrangement I have, when desired, a detached cylinder having
in it a metallic piston for the purpose of regulating the pressure on the
pistons worked by high and low pressure steam; the said piston is balanced
according to the working pressure required. The steam from the high pressure
cylinder or cylinders is exhausted into the aforesaid detached cylinder and as
the piston is balanced it gives way and thereby takes off any back pressure
from the high-pressure engine, and at the same time collects the steam
for supplying the low-pressure engine, by which means a more uniform
pressure and motion is given to the two engines, there being a safety valve
employed when required.
of
Another of my improvements consists in giving motion to the governor
a steam engine or other machine, which improvement is also applicable to a
water. wheel, by causing the stream of the injection water into the condenser
to pass through the tubes of a Barker's mill or turbine, and thereby make the
I also form the
governor independent of the speed of the engine or wheel.

page_text: governor with three, five, six, or more arms and balls for the purpose of
obtaining more power for regulating the speed of the engine and working the
cut off valves, and tappets or cams for cut off valves, all of the said arms work-
ing on pins connected to the socket.
This Invention also relates to certain improvements in the pistons of steam
engines. I form in the upper ring of the piston a groove on the top side, and
a groove in the periphery, and connect the grooves by a number of small holes,
these grooves are supplied with oil through a tube placed in connection with
an oil cup in the cylinder cover.
Another arrangement consists in placing a ring of gasket between the
metallic rings, which gasket is supplied with oil as above described.
I also lubricate the cylinder by means of a hollow ring on the cylinder cover,
which ring is perforated and supplied with oil from a cup on the cylinder
cover.
I have also certain improved arrangements for working steam expansively.
They consist in having a separate cut off valve or valves worked by cams or
tappets of different diameters, these cams or tappets are made to slide on their
shaft by levers acted upon by the governor, or the shaft may slide along
with the tappets or cams, or the governor can work the valves by wheels and
levers, or a screwed rod working in a swivel nut.
This Invention also relates to certain improvements in the condenser and in
collecting the condensed water from the side pipes and cylinders of steam
engines, and especially for the present condensing steam engines in use. In
my arrangements I take away the present exhaust pipe and make the con-
denser larger and longer, one portion of the condenser contains cylindrical,
globular, or other shaped tubes in either horizontal, vertical, or angular posi-
tions, the water from the hot water pump is forced through the part of the
condenser containing the aforesaid tubes in its passage to the boiler. The
exhaust steam from the cylinder passing through or outside the above tubes
on its way to the water in the lower part of the condenser. The condenser
and tubes I make any shape as may be required. I also have in the said
condenser a compartment to collect the condensed water; the said compartment
supplied with injection water from the pipe that feeds the boilers and con-
nected to the hot water pumps as may be required.
In one arrangement of my improvements in the construction of boilers, I s
form and set it up in such a manner that it can be fired underneath from the
front end, the flame passing underneath the boiler rises at the back, comes
along the tubes to the smoke box in front, where it divides into the side
draughts. I also put one or more small fires in each side flue so that the

page_text: gases will pass over or through the above mentioned fires; the small fires
in the side flues may be used in connection with the present form of boilers.
Another form of the boiler is cylindrical, with a cylindrical flue through,
the fire may be applied either in the flue or underneath, and at one or both
ends, at the same time there are tubes between the flue and outside shell.
This boiler may have when desired a heating apparatus for heating water con-
nected with it. When the fire is in the flue the flame will pass through
the tubes to the said draughts, then through the heating apparatus and
forward to the chimney flue. When the fire is underneath the flame will lap
round the shell, pass through the tubes into the centre flue, then through the
heating apparatus and forward to the chimney flue. This boiler will be set
up on hollow brackets rivetted to the shell of the boiler to these hollow brackets
the necessary blow off pipes and other requirements are connected.
Another form of boiler is either cylindrical, oval, square, or other desired
shape, the flue in the centre passing longitudinally through the boiler; this
boiler will be set up on its end supported by hollow brackets rivetted to the
bottom end of the boiler; to these hollow brackets the blow off pipes and
other parts are connected, there are tubes passing from the centre flue to
the outside shell, and near the top end of the flue there is a ring round the
inside to carry a block of fire-brick if required, this boiler may have an
apparatus for heating water connected with it. When the fire is in the flue
the flame will rise up the centre, pass through the tubes to the outside, then
through the heating apparatus and forward to the chimney.
Another of my improved boilers is in the form of a horse-shoe with the
rounded side up; a flue runs lengthways open at the bottom side, this boiler
will stand upon hollow brackets, to these hollow brackets will be fixed all the
This boiler has tubes
'necessary blow off pipes and other connections.
between the flue and outer shell and may be fired at one or both ends,
the flame passes from the flue through the tubes to the outside of the
shell, then through the heating apparatus and forward to the chimney.
My Invention also refers to certain improvements in the grate bars of
furnaces. The sides of the grate bars at the top are formed of a vee or saw
like shape so that when moved they may break or cut the clinkers, the top
edge of these bars being bevilled flutes, across or plain. I make the grate
bars moveable by means of a shaft and lever, or by engine power. The shaft
when moved shifts the bars forwards and backwards, the ends of the bars.
are made with a bevil and rest on inclined bearers or rollers which cause them
to rise and fall also.

page_text: :
Another improved bar consists in the end being prepared for a lever to
lift and shake it, with a handle cast on it to get hold of.
Another improved grate bar is a wrought-iron bar rolled in long bars at
the forge and cut off by shears to the lengths required; the ends to be notched
with a press punch, the bearer for them being slotted to receive the lower
.ends of the bars and to keep them at a proper distance when fixed, the sides
of these bars at the top are grooved with bevil or diagonal flutes. These bars
will be suitable for locomotive engine boilers, or stationary boilers.
Another improvement in grate bars consists in the mode of coupling the
bars of hollow tubes of wrought iron, the extreme ends of the tubes being
connected with the boiler for the water to circulate through them to keep
them cool and heat the water as it passes through them; the ends of two
tubes are connected to one box, and the end of one of these tubes and the one
adjacent to it to another box, and so on for the entire number with the
exception of the extreme ends.
Another of my improved grate bars I make cylindrical, either hollow or
not, if hollow they are to be perforated; the said bars are grooved or fluted
outside, and are made to revolve by hand or by a small steam engine fixed on
purpose to give motion to the said bars.
I have also certain improved arrangements of safety valves. Above the
box or vessel containing the valve and seating I employ a cover to divide
the box into two compartments, on the top of which cover I fix a bonnet
or cap. The top compartment is for the reception of a spiral or plate spring
which weights the valve. I also prepare the valve spindle for a lever and
weight to open or unload the valve; in this arrangement the valve cannot
be tampered with. I also use a similar arrangement with the addition of
a float and lever to open the valve and allow steam to escape when the water
is too low in the boiler.
I also when desired place a fan in the back flue of the boiler, or at the foot
of the chimney, which fan is put in motion by atmospheric air, by the escaping
gases or smoke or partial vacuum in the chimney; this fan can work the feed
pump of the boiler, or may be used for other purposes, a governor or regu-
lator being connected with the fan when required.
My improvements in apparatus for heating water for feeding stationary,
locomotive, or other boilers consist in arranging a series of tubes or pipes
either vertically or horizontally that may or may not be connected together
by cisterns at one or both ends, and placing them in the take up draught at
the back end of the boiler, or in the side draughts of the boiler, or in the

page_text: back flue leading to the chimney, the said tubes being connected with the
steam and water of the boilers.
I also construct vessels of metal with tubes passing through or into them,
and with straight and curved tubes fixed upon them in various positions, which
said tubes project into the flues and draughts of the boiler; the above vessels
are made with the boiler or separately, and connected to the boiler at the top
and bottom for both water and steam. The feed water passes through these
tubes or vessels or not in its passage to the boiler.
I have also an arrangement of pipes standing in the main flues of boilers
leading into the chimney. I lay two pipes, one at the bottom of each side of
the flue; these pipes are connected together by other upright pipes which
meet together at the top of the flue. The water enters at one end, passes
through the pipes, and out at the other end.
I also arrange them with two upright pipes of the form of the flue; these
I connect together with horizontal pipes running parallel with the flue.
I also construct a heating apparatus composed of tubes, to which a revolving
motion is given, and placed upon a hollow shaft with a partition. The water
to be heated enters at one end of the shaft which leads to the tubes, and passes
out at the other end of the shaft after having passed through the tubes. This
apparatus can be placed either vertical or horizontal in the back or other flue
leading to the chimney.
Another of my improvements consists of an improved syphon box for
discharging condensed water and air from steam pipes, cylinders, or other
vessels. The condensed water and air enters a box resting upon springs in a
frame or standard, and at the bottom of the box there is a valve having a
tubular rod extending above and below, which allows the air to escape, and
when the weight of water overcomes the resistance of the springs and lowers
the box to a certain part, the bottom of the spindle comes in contact with a
bar or projection, and raises the valve so that the water may be discharged.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS.
Fig. 1 is a plan, Figs. 2 and 3 are elevations of one of my improved direct-
action steam engines with four cylinders, namely, two high-pressure and two
low-pressure cylinders. a, a, are the two high-pressure cylinders; b, b, the
two low-pressure cylinders. The air pumps are not shewn on the Drawing,
but they may be placed underneath the cylinders and worked by a continuation
of the piston rods, or they may be worked from the cross heads c, c. d is the
steam pipe from the boiler; e, e, are the pipes for conveying steam from the.
high to the low-pressure cylinders; f, f, are the exhaust steam pipes to the

page_text: condenser; 9, 9, are the air pumps to which the condensers are connected in
the ordinary manner.
Fig. 4 is a plan, and Figs. 5 and 6 elevations of another arrangement of
the same class of engine with the steam from the high-pressure cylinders
exhausting across to the low-pressure cylinders; the remaining parts of this
engine are the same as described in Figs. 1, 2, and 3.
Fig. 7 is a plan, Figs. 8 and 9 are elevations of one of my improved beam
engines. a, a, are two high-pressure cylinders in a horizontal position; b is a
low-pressure cylinder in a vertical position; the piston rods c, c, of the high-
pressure cylinder are connected by guide blocks to the cross head d, and
transmit their power through the connecting rod e to the crank shaft f; the
piston rod g of the low-pressure cylinder is connected to the beam h by the
cross-head and links k, k, and transmits its power by the connecting rod / to
the same crank shaft f.
Fig. 10 is a plan, Figs. 11 and 12 are elevations of another arrangement
of the same class of engines. a, a, are two high-pressure cylinders in a vertical
position; b is a low-pressure cylinder in a horizontal position; the beams d
are connected to the piston rods e, e, of the high-pressure cylinders by the
cross-heads c, c, and links f, giving their power through the connecting rod g
to the crank shaft h; the low-pressure cylinder 6 transmits its power to the
same crank pin k by the connecting rod j, the crank / being formed either as a
single or double crank.
Fig. 13 is a plan, and Figs. 14 and 15 are elevations of another of my
improved beam engines. a, a, a, a, are four cylinders, which may be all high
pressure or all low pressure, or high and low pressure combined; b, b, are the
beams, which have connecting rods c, c, at each end turning separate cranks d, d,
and shafts e, e; the piston rods are connected to the beams by links and cross
heads working in guides, and the air pumps are by the rods f, f, connected to
the beam.
In Fig. 13 a horizontal cylinder is shewn at g; if double acting it has two
pistons in one cylinder, which are connected by rods to the cranks d, the
framing, beams, and other parts being lengthened for the purpose; the piston
of the cylinder g is worked by either high or low-pressure steam.
Fig. 16 is a plan, and Fig. 17 an elevation of one arrangement of my im-.
provements for regulating the pressure of steam in its passage between the high-
pressure cylinders and low-pressure cylinders of a compounded steam engine.
a, a, is a cylinder; b, b, a piston; c, c, the piston rod; d, d, branches for the
admission of steam; e, e, weights to weight the piston; f, f, leaden rings to
deaden the concussion; 9 a safety valve, if required. The steam in its passage,

page_text: between the cylinders of the steam engine is received in the cylinder a, the
piston of which is balanced according to the working pressure required by the
weights e, .e.
Fig. 18 is a plan, and Fig. 19 an elevation of another arrangement. to
effect the same purpose; the same letters of reference are used as in Figs. 16.
and 17.
Fig. 20 is a plan, and Fig. 21 is an elevation of my improved method of
driving the governor of a steam engine by means of the injection water, in its
passage to the condenser. a is the condenser, in the upper part of which
works a turbine b; this turbine is fixed upon the governor stem c and gives it
its motion; the injection water enters at d, and after giving motion to the
turbine passes through the perforated bottom plate e into the body of the
condenser a, and thereby gives motion to the governor spindle. The turbine
may be made, when desired, with two or three arms, and the water pass
through the shaft; fare double cones for working cut-off valves, or other.
suitable purpose.
Fig. 22 is a plan, and Fig. 23 an elevation of another arrangement for
the same purpose as Figs. 20 and 21 in connection with my improved
condensers, which will be hereafter described ; c is the condenser, the
turbine or wheel fixed upon the spindle l, and giving motion to the governor by
the wheels m; j the injection branch.
Fig. 24 is a plan, and Fig. 25 another arrangement to effect the same
purpose, the same letters of reference are used as in Figs. 22 and 23.
In Fig. 25 I represent a governor with three arms, and also my improved
apparatus for working steam expansively. a is the valve box or side pipes ;
6 cut off or expansion valve; c cam or tappet traversed by the governor; d
lever for moving the cam, this lever is connected to the lever e, the lever e
being moved by the double cone f which is part of the traversing brass of
the governor; 9, 9, are discs on the lever e, and j is a pointer and scale to
shew the speed of the engine. According to the speed of the engine the
double cones on the traversing brass of the governor being in contact with
the discs move the levers backwards or forwards, and traverses the cam
which is so constructed as always to open the cut off valve at one time, but
to vary in its time of shutting, it is intended that the ordinary valves in
the side pipes of the steam engine should be wide open at each end of
the stroke. This apparatus is equally adapted for old and new engines.
Figs. 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, and 40 are plans; and Figs. 23, 25,
27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, and 41, are elevations of different arrangements
of my improvements in condensers for the purpose of heating the feed water

page_text: in its passage from the hot wells to the boilers, similar letters refer to similar
parts in all the aforesaid Figures. a is the exhaust branch of side pipe; b,
the upper part of the condenser; c, the portion of the condenser containing
the tubes d, d, d; e, the lower portion of the condenser. The water from
the hot water pump enters at the pipe f, and passes through this portion of
the condenser and out at the branch h on its way to the boiler; g, the suction
branch for supplying the hot water pump, and j, the ordinary injection pipe
to the lower part of the condenser; and m an injection pipe for supplying the
upper compartment with hot water for the hot water pump.
In Figs. 22 and 23 the steam passes into the upper portion 6 of the con-
denser, then through the tubes d into the compartment i, from whence it
passes through the funnel pipe and acts upon the turbine k, through which
it passes to the lower part of the condenser, there being an injection pipe m
to allow water to circulate from the part c to the compartment i; there
is also another injection pipe h into the compartment 6. The compartment i
is for the purpose of supplying the ordinary hot water pump with hot
water.
In Figs. 24 and 25, a is the exhaust branch of side pipe passing through
the upper compartment 6 of the condenser, and opens out upon the turbine k
in the lower part e of the condenser.
In Figs. 26 and 27 the steam passes through the tubes d into the lower
parte of the condenser, and the upper compartment is supplied with hot
water for the hot water pump by the injection pipe m.
In Figs 28 and 29 the steam from the side pipes passes into the upper
portion 6 of the condenser, and then through the pipes o to the compartment p
containing the tubes d, outside of which the steam passes to the lower portion
e of the condenser, the injection pipe for supplying the upper compartment
with water being shewn at m.
In Figs. 30 and 31, the steam passes through the tubes d to the lower
parte of the condenser.
In Figs. 32 and 33, the steam passes into the upper portion 6 of the
condenser, then through the first set of tubes d to the compartment i, and
then through the second set of tubes d to the lower part e of the condenser.
The pipe q connects together the two compartments holding the tubes d for
allowing water to circulate between them, there being an injection pipe m
from the pipe q to the compartment i, and another injection pipe n from the
pipe to the upper part 6 of the condenser. At r there is a small pipe for
carrying off the condensed water from the cylinder and side pipes.
In Figs. 34 and 35 I represent an improved form of the upper part .b of

page_text: he condenser, it affords more space for the water for supplying the hot
water pump. The steam passes through the tubes d to the lower.part e of
the condenser; m and n are injection pipes for supplying the upper part b
with hot water for the hot water pump.
In Figs. 36 and 37 the steam from the side pipes enters the upper part of
the condenser, and on the outsides of the horizontal tubes d, and through the
interiors of the vertical tubes d to the lower part e of the condenser. At
m, n, and o, are injection pipes for supplying hot water for the hot water
pump at the branch g.
In Figs. 38 and 39 the steam from the side pipes passes into the upper. part 6
of the condenser, and on the outsides of the upper tubes d, then through the
lower tubes d to the lower part e of the condenser; m and n, are the injection
pipes for supplying hot water for the hot water pump at the branch g.
"
:
In Figs, 40 and 41, the steam from the side pipes enters the part c of the
condenser, and passes through the vertical tubes d, to the lower part e, of the
condenser. The water from the hot water pump enters at the pipe f, and
passes through the spiral tube d', and out at the branch h, on its way to the
boiler. The injection pipes for supplying hot water for the hot water pump
being shewn at mɩ and n.
Fig. 42 is a plan; Figs. 43 and 44, elevations of one of my improved boilers,
the section of which can be either cylindrical or oval, with a flue of a similar
section, the flue and shell are connected together by a number of tubes a, a, a,
this boiler can be fired from underneath, or have fires at each end of the flue,
and may be set up on hollow blocks b, b, furnished with all necessary blow-
off cocks attached.
Fig. 45 is a plan, Figs. 46 and 47, elevations of another of my improved
boilers, the section being of the horse-shoe form with the round side up, a flue
runs lengthways open at the bottom, the inner and outer shells are connected
together by a number of tubes a, a, a, a, this boiler can be fired from one or
both ends, the flame passing through the tubes and can be set up on hollow
blocks b, b, having all the necessary blow-off cocks attached.
Fig. 48, is a plan, and Figs. 49 and 50, are elevations of another of my
improved boilers, the flue and shell being connected together by tubes a, a, a,
the fire box projecting from the front and surrounded by a water chamber in
5 connection with the boiler, this boiler can also be set up on hollow blocks b, b,
having all the required blow-off cocks attached.
Fig. 107 is an elevation, and Fig. 108 (Sheet 40) a plan of another of my
improved arrangements of boilers. The form is either cylindrical, oval, square,
or other desired shape. In the Figures it is cylindrical and set upon its end,
B

page_text: it is shewn at a, supported by hollow. pillars b, rivetted to the bottom end c
the boiler. To these hollow pillars the blow-off pipes c, and other require
parts are connected. There are tubes d, passing from the centre flue e, to th
outside shell f, and near the top of the flue there is a ring g, round the insid
to carry a block h, of fire brick, if required. This boiler may have an appa
ratus for heating water connected with it. When the fire is in the flue the
flame will rise up the centre, pass through the tubes d, and then through the
heating apparatus and forward to the chimney. The fire bars are shewn at i
and the ash-pit at j.
-
Fig. 51 is a plan, Fig. 52 an elevation, and Fig 53, a section of one of my
improved grate bars cast open at the bottom, and perforated at the top, and
fluted at the sides and upper surface, the top flutes are shewn at a, the side
flutes at 6, and the openings at c.
Fig. 54 is a plan, and Figs. 55 and 56, elevations of another grate bar
having a slot cast in the ends for the reception of a loose handle so that it can
be moved about, which slot and loose handle I may apply to all descriptions of
grate bars.
f
Fig. 57. is a plan, Figs. 58 and 59, are elevations of another of my improved
arrangements of grate bars, every alternate grate bar is cast with an incline a, a,
at each end; rods or links b, are connected to the front end of the bars, these
links are all connected by levers i, to a shaft c, having on it arms d, worked by
motive power, if required, these bars can be raised or lowered, and moved
backwards and forwards, the inclines on the ends travelling on the rollers e, e,
and are kept in their proper positions by means of the projections f, f, on the
dead plate and bearer g, g.
Fig. 60 is a plan, and Figs. 61 and 62 are elevations of another arrange-
ment of grate. bars. The rod b takes hold of a lever h, the upper part of
which fits into a recess in the middle of each alternate bar and thus enables
them to be moved about on the rollers e, by means of the handle or lever d
or motive power, the bars being kept in their places by projections on the s
bearers g.
Fig. 63, is a plan, and Figs. 64 and 65, elevations of another of my moveable
grate bars. Each or every alternate bar is cast with an incline a at one end,
and.a space for receiving an eccentric 6 at the other end; a shaft c has a series
of eccentrics d, d, fixed upon it, these eccentrics work in the ends of the bars 3
prepared for them, and are put in motion by means of a worm and wheel e, e,
thus causing the bars to rise and fall and move backwards and forwards as
desired, the worm wheel being constantly in motion by motive power; f, are
the projections, and g the bearers for keeping the bars in their places.
,
"

page_text: Fig. 66 is a plan, and Fig. 67 an elevation of my improved wrought-iron
grate bar adapted for locomotive or stationary engines, and also one of the
methods for moving or shaking the bars about. The said bars are made from
long bars rolled to their desired form at the forge, and cut off by shears to
the length required, their ends being notched with a press punch. The
bearers to carry them are slotted to receive the lower ends of the bars and
keep them at a proper distance apart when fixed. The sides of these bars
are grooved with bevilled or diagonal flutes.
One method of moving or shaking the bars is accomplished by means of
short levers a, a, fixed to the shaft 6 under each or every alternate bar, the
whole being put in motion by the. lever c the bars are secured to their
places by their lower parts d fitting the slots e of the bearers. Another
method of moving the bars is obtained by fixing a bevil wheel on the shaft,.
the shaft b gearing into another bevil wheel put in motion by a wheel or
handle.
nut e.
Fig 67 is an elevation of my improved safety valve. a is the box; b, the
valve seating; c, the valve weighted by the spring d, the weight on the valve
may be regulated by compressing or relaxing the spring by means of the
In order to test or open the valve there is a lever f with the rod g
affixed to it, the plate h forms the box into two compartments for the purpose
of leaving the upper compartment free of steam, and thereby preventing
damage to the spring or lever; the spring can be compressed by the screwed
pillars k, thereby rendering it independent of the nut e. Ati is a grid to
prevent anything entering to damage the valve, and at j.there is an india-
rubber washer to take off the concussion when the valve opens.
Fig. 68 is a plan, and Fig. 69 an elevation of a method of obtaining motive.
power from the draught of a flue or chimney. a is the flue; b, a fan driven
by the draught, and giving motion to the governor c; this governor regulates
the damper d; this damper may be made to slide. The power obtained from
this fan may be used for other purposes.
Figs. 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86,
87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, and 93, are plans and elevations of some of my
improved arrangements for heating water before it passes into the boiler. In
all the Figures a is the boiler; b, the heater or heaters; d, steam
communication between the heaters and the boiler; e, water communi-
cation between the heaters and the boiler; f, the feed pipe; and g, the
blow-off pipe:
"
In Figs. 70, 71, and 72, the heaters are placed in the take-up behind.

page_text: the boiler; c are tubes projecting from the heaters into the flues for the
purpose of obtaining additional heat.
In Figs. 73, 74, and 75, the heater 6 is composed of vertical tubes, straight
or curved; and screwed at one end with a six-sided coupling near the middle
in order to form the tubes into two separate lengths if required. The heater
is placed in the take-up behind the boiler..
In Figs. 76, 77, and 78, the heater 6 has tubes c projecting into the flues
for the purpose of obtaining additional heat.
In Figs. 79, 80, and 81 the heater 6 is also placed in the take-up behind
the boiler. The heater has a number of tubes c passing through it for
the heat from the fire to pass through, and the said heater stands on a
cylinder for the purpose of collecting the dirt which is blown out through
the pipe g.
In Figs. 82, 88, and 84 the heater 6 lias tubes passing through it and also
into the flues.
In Figs. 85, 86, and 87, the heater b. is composed of a number of vertical
tubes either straight or curved.
In Figs. 88, 89 and 90, the heater 6 is placed in the take-up and back flue:
behind the boiler; it is made of a segmental shape, and has connected to it a
number of tubes c which project into the flues.
In Figs. 91, 92 and 93, the heater b, placed in the take-up behind the
boiler, is cylindrical, and has a number of tubes c projecting from it in all
directions:
Figs. 94, 95, 96, 97, 98 and 99; are plans and elevations of other arrange-
ments of my improved heaters. In one method I employ two upright.pipes.
or boxes, and connect them together with horizontal pipes running parallel
with the flue. In another method I place a pipe or box at the bottom of
each side of the flue, and connect them. together by other upright pipes
which pass round to the top of the flue, either with or without flanges.
In both methods the water enters at one end, passes through the pipes and.
out at the other end... :
In Figs. 94, 95, and 96, the main upright pipes or boxes are shewn at a, a,.
they are shaped in the form of a. horse-shoe and have connected to them a
number of horizontal pipes b, b, which may be curved or straight. The water.
enters at one end and passes out at the other through the pipes c, c.
In Figs. 97, 98, and 99, the main pipes a, a, are placed. horizontally at
the bottom of each side of the flue and connected to them are a number of
upright pipes b, b, bent in the form of a horse-shoe, and formed either with or

page_text: without flanges. The water enters at one end and out at the other end by
the pipes c, c.
Both of these arrangements of heaters are intended to be placed lengthways
or across in the back flue or take-up of the boiler, and have scrapers or
cleaners applied to them when desired. The water is allowed to circulate
through the pipes at once at any required speed, or to circulate through them
forwards and backwards as often as necessary, in which case partitions would
have to be formed in the pipes or boxes a, a.
All the tubes or pipes may have couplings or flanges when desired for the
convenience of cleansing or repairs, and the main pipes a, a, may be square,
round, or oval, and the pipes b, b, are made of any form to suit the flue in
which they are placed. Water is supplied to the heaters by a hot water
pump, stand pipe, or other means, and safety valves are employed when
necessary.
Figs. 100, 101, 102 and 103, represent two different arrangements of
revolving heating apparatus. In each case there a number of tubes a, a,
connected to hollow dises 6, 6, fixed to a hollow shaft c having a partition in
the middle.
In Figs. 100 and 101, the water to be heated enters the pipe d, part of
the shaft c, discs b, and tubes a, and then passes out through the pipe f.
In Figs. 102 and 103, the water to be heated enters at either end and
passes out at the opposite end after passing through part of the shaft, discs,
and tubes; in both arrangements motion is given to the apparatus by the
toothed gearing e. The aforesaid revolving discs and tubes are intended to
be placed in the back flue or take-up of the boiler, either in a vertical or
horizontal position, and they are supplied with water from a stand pipe or
hot water pump, and have safety valves when necessary. The tubes a, a,
are screwed at one end, and if formed of a curved shape each tube must have
a coupling for the convenience of cleansing and repairing.
In Figs. 104, 105 and 106, I represent my improved syphon box for dis-
charging condensed water and air from steam pipes, cylinders, or other vessels.
a is a box or vessel carried upon the springs b which fit in the recesses c in the
frame or standard; d is a valve having a tubular stem extending above and
below which allows the air to escape. When the vessel a becomes weighted
with water so as to overcome the resistence of the springs 6 it descends and
the valve stem comes in contact with the grating e and lifts the valve, and
allows the water to be discharged; f is the inlet pipe, and g the outlet
pipe, and in order that the level of the water can be seen there is a glass
panel as shewn at h. The box a has a ring on the under side as at k placed

page_text: in a recess in the standard, which recess is filled with water. The box a in
the Figures is circular, but it may, as well as the parts connected with it, be
formed of any desired shape.
Having now described the nature and particulars of my said Invention, and
the manner in which the same is to be performed, I desire it to be understood
that I claim as my Invention, and which to the best of my knowledge and
belief has not been hitherto used within the realm, the improvements in
steam engines and boilers, and in apparatus connected therewith, as herein
described and illustrated in the accompanying Forty Sheets of Drawings.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Cass, have hereunto set my hand
and seal, this Twenty-seventh day of September, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-one.
Signed, sealed and delivered, by the
within-named John Cass, in the
presence of
E. J. HUGHES,
JOHN CASS. (L.S.).
Patent Agent,
Manchester.