IMPROVEMENTS IN EXTRACTING OILS AND FATTY MATTERS FROM SHODDY OR REFUSE WOOL, SKINS, OR SKIN PIECES, GLUE PIECES, COTTON WASTE, AND OTHER ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE MATTER, AND IN PRODUCING AN ARTIFICIAL MANURE
Year: 1862

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Edward Toynbee, of the City of Lincoln, Analytical
Chemist, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN EXTRACTING OILS AND
FATTY MATTERS FROM SHODDY OR REFUSE WOOL, SKINS, OR SKIN PIECES,
GLUE PIECES, COTTON WASTE, AND OTHER ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE MATTER, AND
IN PRODUCING AN ARTIFICIAL MANURE."
Sealed the 5th June 1863, and dated the 10th December 1862.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Edward Toynbee at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
10th December 1862.
I, EDWARD TOYNBEE, of the City of Lincoln, Analytical Chemist, do hereby
declare the nature of the Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN EXTRACTING
OILS AND FATTY MATTERS PROM SHODDY OR REFUSE WOOL, SKINS, OR SKIN PIECES,
GLUE PIECES, COTTON WASTE, AND OTHER ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE MATTER, AND IN
PRODUCING AN ARTIFICIAL MANURE," to be as follows:-
The fibres or substances containing oils or fatty matters are to be boiled in
sulphuric acid of a proper strength, with from 20 to 50% of their weight of
sulphuric acid, either in a close or open vessel (made of wood lined with lead),
with or without steam, as the case may require, until the whole dissolution of
the fibre or substance is accomplished. When this is completed it will be
found that the oils or fats contained in the liquid are thoroughly and totally
saponified. For the extraction of the fats or oils it is now only necessary to turn

page_text: in a sufficient quantity of steam to make them rise, which will be the case in
24 hours or less, depending upon the greater or less fluidity of the liquor,
which, of course, depends upon the quantity of water added (if any be thought
necessary). The steam is admitted into the dissolving vessel by means of a
leaden coil in the ordinary way. The oils or fats taken off from the top of
the dissolving vessel are then fit to go into the still, being thoroughly saponified
and cleansed ready for distillation.
It will now be necessary to turn on the steam, and during the rapid
ebollution of the liquor add gradually and with constant stirring properly pre-
pared phosphates until such time as the whole of the free sulphuric acid
remaining in the liquor is neutralized. Run off the liquid compound, which
will be found to contain the whole of the nitrogen originally contained in the
wool, skin, hair, and other animal or vegetable matters.
During this process there has been performed in one and the same vessel
the triple operation of the dissolution of the animal matter, the saponification-
of the fats, and the rendering soluble of the phosphates afterwards added. By
now running off the liquor into a sufficient quantity of drying material, either
organic or inorganic, a highly nitrogenized and phosphatic compound is
obtained, which is of great value as manure.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Edward Toynbee in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
10th June 1863.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, EDWARD
TOYNBEE, of the City of Lincoln, Analytical Chemist, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Tenth day of December, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-two, in the twenty-sixth year of
Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto
me, the said Edward Toynbee, Her special licence that I, the said Edward
Toynbee, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I,
the said Edward Toynbee, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should
at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times
thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might
make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN EXTRACTING OILS AND FATTY MATTERS FROM SHODDY OR REFUSE

page_text: WOOL, SKINS, OR SKIN PIECES, GLUE PIECES, COTTON WASTE, AND OTHER ANIMAL
OR VEGETABLE MATTER, AND IN PRODUCING AN ARTIFICIAL MANURE,"
upon the
condition (amongst others) that I, the said Edward Toynbee, my executors:
or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one
of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the
nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be
performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office:
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said
Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Edward Toynbee, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be'
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement thereof, that is to say :-
The fibres or substances containing oils or fatty matters are to be boiled in
sulphuric acid of a proper strength, with from 20 to 50% of their weight of
sulphuric acid, either in a close or open vessel made of wood lined with lead,
with or without steam, as the case may require, until the whole dissolution of
the fibre or substance is accomplished. When this is completed it will be
found that the oils or fats contained in the liquid are thoroughly and totally:
saponified. For the extraction of the fats or oils it is now only necessary to turn:
in a sufficient quantity of steam to make them rise, which will be the case in
24 hours or less, depending upon the greater or less fluidity of the liquor, which,
of course, depends upon the quantity of water added (if any be thought
necessary). The steam is admitted into the dissolving vessel by means of a:
leaden coil in the ordinary way. The oils or fats taken off from the top of
the dissolving vessel are then fit to go into the still, being thoroughly saponified:
and cleansed ready for distillation.
It will now be necessary to turn on the steam, and during the rapid.
ebullition of the liquor add gradually and with constant stirring properly pre-
pared phosphates until such time as the whole of the free sulphuric acid
remaining in the liquor is neutralized. Run off the liquid compound, which will
be found to contain the whole of the nitrogen originally contained in the
wool, skin, hair, and other animal or vegetable matters.
During this process there has been performed in one and the same vessel'
the triple operation of the dissolution of the animal matter, the saponification
of the fats, and the rendering soluble of the phosphates afterwards added.
By now running off the liquor into a sufficient quantity of drying material,
either organic or inorganic, a highly nitrogenized and phosphatic compound
is obtained, which is of great value as manure.

page_text: The following is a convenient manner in which to conduct the process:-
I take, say, 5 tons of skin pieces or woollen shoddy, or other organic sub-
stance containing oil or fatty matter, and place one-half of the same in a
leaden or other vessel, either open at the top or closed if desired, and add to
them, say, 1 ton of brown or concentrated sulphuric acid, by means of which
the skin pieces are dissolved, and the fats contained are liberated, and at one
and the same time converted into acid fats proper for distillation; as soon as
the half, more or less, is dissolved, I add gradually the remainder of the
material in small quantities until I have attained the end of dissolving as
much as possible with the acid, which occurs when I have done from 4 to 8 tons,
depending upon the material used, its state of dryness, etc. etc. When this is
fulfilled, and the acid is partially neutralized, I blow up with steam of about.
2 to 3 atmospheres' pressure quietly and for 24 hours, which effects a.
complete, separation of the acid fats and the disintegrated organic matter, let
it be whatever it may, the fats coming in totality to the top perfectly free.
from glycerine, etc., thoroughly cleansed and fit for distillation, whilst the
dissolved organic matter, with an admixture of sulphuric acid, is beneath.
totally disintegrated and perfectly liquid. I now syphon and skim off the.
fats, place them in a still, and distil the combination in the usual way,
separating the stearic from the other fats by means of pressure, as is always
done. As regards the nitrogenous liquid compound underneath, after the
removal of the fats I add in the same vessel a quantity of finely ground
phosphate of lime, boiling now with free steam until such phosphates are.
rendered entirely soluble, and the sulphuric acid contained is neutralized by
this means, producing one of the very best nitrogenized fertilizers from the
matters, which up to this time have been considered of little value, at the
same time recovering from 10 to 15% of fats which heretofore have only
been recovered by expensive and complicated processes.
In witness whereof, I, the said Edward Toynbee, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Sixth day of June, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-three.
EDWARD TOYNBEE. (L.S.)