An Improved Manufacture of Pipes, Tanks, and other Structures Composed of a Metal Framework Combined with Cement, Concrete, Mortar, or other similar Materials, and Apparatus therefor.
Year: 1891

page_text: Date of Application, 18th Dec., 1891-Accepted, 9th Apr., 1892
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
An Improved Manufacture of Pipes, Tanks, and other Structures
Composed of a Metal Framework Combined with Cement,
Concrete, Mortar, or other similar Materials, and Apparatus
therefor.
I, JEAN BORDENAVE, of No. 101 Rue de Miromesnil, Paris, France, Engineer,
do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the same
is to be performed to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement :-
-
My invention relates to an improved manufacture of that description of pipes
and other structures wherein a metal framework or skeleton is first formed, by
preference of iron or steel of an I section, the interstices of which are then filled
in with cement, concrete, mortar, or other similar material.
For this purpose the iron or steel for the skeleton is in the first place sub-
mitted in bundles to be acted upon in a bending apparatus, whereby it is bent
into a helical shape, of a diameter corresponding to the size of the object to be
manufactured.
The said helix is mounted on a mandril made expandible in order to permit
the disengaging of the skeletons and the manufacture of pipes with different
diameters; the skeleton is completed by means of longitudinal irons placed in
the interior of the helix and fixed by means of ligatures.
The skeleton thus prepared is then placed in a vertical mould consisting of
two shells; an expandible mandril of sheet iron is placed in the interior of the
skeleton and the cement or mortar is then run in.
After a lapse of time, sufficient for the hardening of the cement or mortar, the
maudril is taken out, the shells are opened and suspended on the floor of the
apparatus, which is moved along a circular way for recommencing at a little
distance this is the reason why I have given to my moulding apparatus the
name of "pipe hatcher."
My system is also applicable in the manufacture of all other analogous objects
and recipients, such as tanks, sewer pipes &c.
The bending of the I iron is effected by means of the machine shewn in
longitudinal section at Fig. 1 of the accompanying drawings, in lateral elevation
Fig. 2, and in plan Fig. 3-Fig. 4 is a section taken behind the curving or bending
apparatus in order to show the supports for the helix of I iron during the course of
the manufacture.
This machine comprises a horizontal axis A the head of which a having a
prismatic shape, engages with the back part of the framing B and can slide
vertically in the two grooved parts b and c of the frame. A. binding nut d fixes
the position of said axis at a suitable height.
Around the cylindrical parte of this axis rotate the fly V and the pinion C.
A horizontal shaft D occupies the upper part of the frame B, and on the head E³
of this shaft is keyed a toothed wheel K to which the pinion C transmits the
motion communicated by the fly V which is turned by the crank handle M.
The axis A is made to slide, for permitting a wheel of smaller diameter being
substituted for the wheel R, thereby increasing, when necessary, the power of the
machine.
At the extremity of the shaft D, opposite to the wheel R, is fixed a disc E which
engages slightly with the grooved disc F, carried below on an axis A¹, very similar
to the axis A and arranged in the same manner.
Between the two discs is seized the bar to be curved which is taken from a
support at the side of the apparatus. The position of the axis A¹ is fixed by

page_text: the height of the iron to be bent; to this effect the piece G sliding in the
interior part of the frame and traversed by the horizontal axis A', raises and
lowers this axis by means of a nut and screw H, thus enabling the space between
the discs to be adjusted to any desired section of iron.
Each disc is built up of three distinct parts in the shape of washers, the two
lateral parts are similar to two jaws with a smooth surface, the middle part has
its circumference grooved or milled so as to form very fine and well hardened
teeth which, when slightly tightened up maintain the bar to be curved and carry
it with force in the direction indicated by the arrow (Fig. 2).
When the crank M is actuated, the iron, being nipped to a suitable extent
between the discs engages with the curving finger I (Fig. 2) the cavity of which
is similar to that of the grooved disc, whilst its smooth bottom, forming a slightly
concave curve, facilitates the sliding of the bar to which it imparts the definitive
curvature required for forming the helix.
The position of the curving finger which in all cases determines the diameter, is
regulated by means of a guide which is raised and lowered by a nut and
screw V. On this guide is fixed a journal L supporting the finger, which can be
turned round on it according to the degree of inclination to be given for each
diameter of helix; the point of the curving finger engages with the groove of the
lower disc, in order to fix the finger in the exact direction of the bar.
י
The curving finger, when imparting the curvature at the same time straightens
and regulates the bar which may have been distorted during transport.
A scale N enables the position of the curving finger for each diameter of pipe to
be executed to be exactly determined. The helical bar O, when it comes out of
the carving or bending apparatus, is maintained by two hollow metallic rollers P
(Figs. 1 & 4) turning easily on the pivots at their ends and following the rotatory
motion of the helix.
Two T supports S (Figs. 1 & 3) having in their horizontal part equidistant and
symmetrical notches g, support the pivots of the cylinders P, the action of which
varies in accordance with the diameter given to the helix of I iron.
In order to obtain a perfect regulation of the height of the cylinders, the vertical
part Q (Figs. 1 & 2) of the supports S has a square section and the tail Qa
circular section, the latter being screw-threaded and passing through two nuts
which secure it to the cross bars of the supports T (Figs. 1 & 3), the bases of which
are bolted to the table U of the curving or bending apparatus.
The support next to the said bending apparatus is hinged as shewn at Figs. 1
and 5 and can therefore be laid down on the table, thus enabling the head of the
machine, when necessary, to be disengaged.
As soon as a bar has been bent, a new one may be introduced into the discs
without stopping the working of the bending apparatus. It will therefore be
very easy to substitute for the crank a pulley which may be actuated by a motor
engine.
The skeleton consisting of a helix and longitudinal bars, is made on a mandril as
shewn by Figs. 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 of the drawings. It comprises a central hollow axis X
of iron, with solid pivots; the bronze sleeves Y fixed on X are provided with pro-
jecting screw threads. The bosses % carried by the sleeves are bolted to the
connecting rods B'. The bolts are turned and the corresponding holes bored in
order to obtain a minimum degree of friction. The extremities of the connecting
rods carry the longitudinal bars C' (Figs. 6 & 9) which have one of their ends
bent as shewn at Fig. according to the shape of the pipe-socket, or they are
entirely straight when the pipe is cylindrical throughout. At the said end is fixed
on the axis X of the mandril a disc D' of sheet iron (Fig. 8 & 9) carrying near
its circumference rectangular slots E of the same width as the bars C₁ intended to
be engaged with them.
Adjusting screws F limit the opening of the mandril in conformity with the
required diameter. The disc serves further as a stay for the longitudinal bars.
The connecting rods B are made double in order to ensure a good bracing and

page_text: consequently to maintain a regular spacing of the bars C'. The T section of the
latter produces a uniform resistance in all directions.
The bars Care fixed on the double connecting rods by means of bolts b¹
traversing the web.
When a rotatory motion is given to the axis X while the other parts are
stationary, the exterior diameter is increased or reduced at will by the angular
movement of the connecting rods, inclining more or less on the axis; the positions
of these connecting rods being symmetrical but inversely inclined on the bosses in
relation to the axis of the mandril, those of the two first bosses being inclined to
the left side, while those of the two following bosses are inclined to the right side.
The pivots of the axis X being placed on trestle supports, one of which is
fixed, the other moveable, and the extremity of the mandril being reduced to a
diameter a little less than that of the coils of the helix (Fig. 6 & 7), the coiled
bar is engaged on the mandril and this is afterwards opened out and brought
back to the required diameter; the coils are then placed at the necessary distances
apart, being placed nearer together at the socket end so as to strengthen this
part, when socket pipes are being made.
For the same purpose the coils are also placed nearer together for a length of
about 1 metre from the spigot end because the pipe being run vertically, the spigot
end uppermost, as hereinafter set forth, the mortar will be less dense on this part,
and is compensated for by a greater quantity of iron.
The coils are fixed by some temporary ligatures on two diametrically opposite
bars C. Longitudinal connecting bars are introduced successively into the
interior and are connected with the coils by means of a sufficient number of
ligatures.
The skeleton being thus completed, the mandril is loosened and removed from
the end of the moveable trestle and is laid on the ground. During this operation
the weight of the mandril and of the skeleton is supported by differential pulleys
fixed to the roof; a truck receives the skeleton on a small railway and carries it to
the mould.
The only advantage presented by the use of sockets to the pipes is the possibility
of reducing to half the danger of escapes in the packing of the joints, which have
in this case only one open face. But for transport to great distances this form of
pipe causes great inconvenience, the danger of damage is increased in putting in a
heap the pipes which can only rest upon the spigot and the socket, each of these
points having to support half the weight of each pipe, and half of the load above.
The complete cylindrical form, on the contrary, in transport as well as in the
unloading, permits the pipe to rest always upon one of its generating lines, viz., a
line of the length of the pipe, instead of on two points, the pipe thereby being
relieved of a heavy strain for which it is not at all adapted.
For these reasons I prefer the cylindrical pipes in most cases, and in order to
render the manufacture as reliable, rapid and economical as possible, I have
invented new appliances capable of realizing my object as will be hereinafter
explained.
Fig. 11 represents the general arrangement of a work yard for the manufacture
of cylindrical pipes and coupling rings.
On a horizontal plane are established two rail roads F³ and G₁ forming two
concentric circles.
The outer road F³ has a width of two metres from centre to centre of rails,
and is built up of transverse pieces 2.40 metres in length, with intervals of
0-50 metres and having each a central circular hole, the diameter of which is
made about 2 m.m. greater than the axis of the mould mandrel.
On this road is placed a carriage H' of a special light iron construction, the
lower frame is supported by four grooved rollers 1' having a diameter of 0.35 m.
running on the rails.
Figure 12 is a longitudinal elevation of this carriage. Figure 13 an end view.
Figure 14 a plan. Figure 15 is a plan showing the lower frame with its rollers I¹.

page_text: The axles of the rollers are made to converge towards the centre of the roads.
At a little more than 3 m. above the ground is built a floor K receiving the
materials (by means of a winch) the accessories and the moulders.
At the rear end of the floor is a hole or recess permitting the opening of the
shells of the mould sufficiently for disengaging the carriage from the cast pipe.
A scaffolding rises above the said recess with a sufficient free space for the
operations to be carried on around the head of the pipe, its height being 4·30 m..
above the floor.
To the summit of the scaffolding is adapted a pulley M', the groove of which
receives a chain N' actuated by a winch O' for raising and lowering the mandril.
The mould is shewn at Figure 16 in vertical section and at Figure 17 in side
view. Figures 18, 19 are respectively a plan of the upper collar and a horizontal
section of the mould.
It comprises 1stly a mandril P and 2ndly two shells Q. The mandril P¹ only
differs from that of the skeleton in that it has a solid axis a single connecting
rods e, straight longitudinal bars and a curved plate e¹ of sheet iron riveted to
the exterior of each of the bars d' its overlapping ends at " (Figure 18) permitting
the mandril to be expanded or contracted according to the movement of the
connecting rods c¹ by the rotation of the axis a'.
Each of the shells Q' (two in number) forms the half surface of the pipe, it
consists of a curved plate of sheet iron strongly supported in the following manner:
At the base and at the summit by means of an external turned cast iron
collar g'.
Between the base and the summit, by three cast iron hoops of T section,
externally riveted to the sheet iron, their intervals decreasing from the summit to
the base in order to obtain a resistance proportioned to the charge of the mortar
in the mould.
In operating the shells, each half shell is provided with two handles and an
eyelet hole receiving the hook on the end of a working chain. On the two
edges of each shell angle irons O' are riveted to the sheet iron, in order to
consolidate and stiffen the different parts. Five bolts with adjusting screws
are fixed at the extremities of the three hoops and at the base and the crown,
permitting the edges to be brought together and to be maintained solidly united
in pairs.
The apparatus is surmounted by a hopper R¹ adapted to the shells and by a
mortar-distributing cone S' covering the head of the mandril. This cone is divided
into two parts for facilitating the working of the mandril axis.
A little below the summit of the mould is situated the floor K' for facilitating
the working it carries a small railway and the truck with the mortar trough T
the doors of which may be easily brought to the point of the cone.
The shells Q', being entirely opened (Figure 14) by turning around their hinge-
joints, are raised a small distance from the ground and suspended at the edge of
the opening in the floor K', but are still connected like the mandril, to the summit
of the scaffolding, by means of the endless chains m (Figures 12 & 13) on the
differential pulley m³, whereby the working is made reliable and easy; the weight
is consequently not supported by the workmen. In this position of the shells, the
mandril P, being reduced to a diameter less than that of the pipe, the head being
near to the summit of the scaffold and its axis perpendicular to the base, the
moulding operations are then effected as follows:-
A ring of trough iron U (Figure 16) corresponding to the one end of the pipe,
is centred around the hole of the cross piece in a position traced beforehand.
A skeleton is placed on this circle and maintained in a vertical position whilst
the mandril, reduced to a diameter, less than that of the pipe, is lowered to the
ground, where its axis passes in to the hole of the cross piece. The lower edge of
the mandril's sheet iron covering rests at this moment upon the transverse bearer
of the road and on a pavement level therewith.
The mandril P is then expanded to the interior diameter of the pipe, as

page_text: determined at the base by the internal face of the ring U' and at the summit by
another ring of flat iron forming the lower edge of the distributing cone which fits
over it.
The skeleton is centred around the mandril and maintained by a layer of small
shingle.
The shells Q are now taken down from the floor K and applied against the
exterior of the ring U which determines the thickness of the pipe at its basis;.
three adjusting screws serve the same purpose at the upper end.
The bolts tighten up the vertical edges o' of the shells Q' and the hopper R¹
is put in its place.
During these different operations, the materials in proper proportions have been
placed on the floor, the mixing has been effected, and after the setting of the hopper,.
material is run in, this being terminated in a few minutes.
The settling down of the mortar in the mould is facilitated by applying frequently
slight strokes with mallets to the shells during the running in.
Some minutes will be sufficient for effecting the hardening, but before this is
complete, the hopper and the distributing cone are taken away, the surplus material
is removed from the upper end, which is then smoothed, the mandril is then
loosened, and raised to the top of the scaffold; after a short time the shells are
loosened, entirely opened, and suspended again in the opening of the platform.
By means of two special levers V1 (Figure 12 and 13) actuating the toothed
wheels X adapted to the two first rollers l' of the carriage, the latter is moved
forward and takes up a new position, the vertical axis of the mandril passing into
the hole of another cross piece-the same operations are then repeated until a
complete circle of pipes standing on end has thus been formed.
This disposition has induced me to give the name "pipe hatcher " to my carriage,
which as soon as a pipe has been cast, pursues its way and "hatches" pipes at
fixed intervals.
Two half rings (Figure 20 & 21) having the exterior shape of the pipe, and
consisting each of sheet iron p¹ of 0.15 m. width, the interior being entirely lined
with an india-rubber plate one centimeter thick have their extremities united by
two bolts threaded in opposite directions, and penetrating into a fastening
sleeve t'.
The end hooks of the two chains n', on the swing bar are introduced into two
loops a (Figure 20) diametrically opposite each other, and fixed to the ring
tightened around the pipe, at one meter below the upper end.
By means of the principal winch y' of the crane (Figure 22) travelling to and
fro on the second railway G' (Figure 10) the pipe is raised about 0.20 m., a rope
belt Z is placed around, and, at a meter above the basis of the pipe, is suspended
from the end of another chain U on a pulley Z which is fixed on the jib at a
suitable height; a second winch y actuating the said chain, raises the lower part of
the pipe, whilst by an inverse motion the first winch permits the descent of the
upper part.
This balance motion is effected simultaneously with a rotatory motion of the
crane, the pipe being thereby made to assume a horizontal position just at the
moment when it is raised to the height of a truck to, which receives and conveys
the pipe either directly to the edge of the cutting in which it is to be laid, or to a
storehouse from which it is afterwards carried to the place where it is to be
employed.
My pipe hatcher" can produce every hour three pipes from 0.650 m. to 1 m.
interior diameter; working according to my system of working in a circle, it can
cast 60 pipes, the produce of two or three days work, before it will be necessary to
take away the first casting.
It will be easily understood that this rest of from 40 to 73 hours, during and
after the hardening has a great and favourable influence on the solidity of the pipe.
The manner of manufacturing the coupling rings is very simple.
The bending being the same as for the bars of the pipe, the skeletons are made

page_text: on a small expanding mandril, similar in all points to that of the skeletons for
pipes, but only 0.25 m. in length, on which the skeletons of 0.20 m. width can be
easily mounted.
The mandril and the shells of the ring mould are made of turned castings.
The mandril consists of four pieces in the shape of wedges, one being smaller
than the others, and all the four are connected by short pins.
The shells are divided in two parts connected by bolts with adjusting screws.
The whole construction rests on a wooden platform, at a height of 0.60 m. above
the ground. A trough rotating on a pivot at the centre of the platform and of the
monid, supplies the mortar, simultaneously from its two ends.
Two workmen for a ring mould are sufficient for supplying as many rings as
will be necessary for the working of the "pipe hatcher."
Considering the tanks as pipes of great diameters resting on the ground with
one of the ends closed, the strength of the coils may be calculated in a similar
manner; the skeletons are of the same kind.
But in order to obtain a higher degree of solidity I connect the bottom of the
tank with its vertical wall, these two parts forming one integral body.
For this purpose, the bars of the generating lines are bent at right angles at
their bases, the bend forming a quarter of a circle with a radius of 4 or 5
centimeters, and they are extended towards the centre of the bottom of which they
form part of the skeleton.
The tool employed for bending the generatrices is represented in elevation at
Figure 23 and in plan at Figure 24. It comprises a horizontal plate A2 with the
back part fixed by two bolts B2 B2 on to a table and grooved along the line a² ² c² d².
A lever C2 turning on a fixed pivot e² carries below, and near to the said pivot, a
roller turning freely on its axis, this roller is at a distance corresponding to the
height of the iron to be bent.
For regulating this distance the arm of the lever is in two parts, whereof the
longer one is screwed in the sleeve D2 carrying the roller, which is drawn nearer
or moved further away according to circumstances. A. moveable bracket E2 (the
position of which may be regulated at will by means of a spring below the plane
of the groove in the plate, or which forms a slight projection above the said plane)
retains the bar F³ to be bent in applying against its exterior surface.
An adjusting screw G2 provided with a handle presses the bracket against the
bar, maintaining it securely in position while the roller of the lever effects the
bending.
The head of the screw C² being moved backwards, the bracket E2 being lowered,
and the lever occupying the position C³, the bar F is introduced into the groove
and applied flatwise in making it project to the right the extent of the length to
which it is to project into the skeleton of the tank-bottom; the bracket E² is then
raised and the screw C2 tightened.
By means of a slight horizontal pressure, the lever will be made to take the
position C2 and the bar will be bent.
The screw C is then loosened, the bracket E2 then sinks below, permitting the
disengagement of the curved bar which is effected by drawing it back behind the
tool the operation is then recommenced,
The horizontal bending of the skeleton coils of the tank is effected by means of
the machine represented in vertical section, Fig. 25 and in plan Fig. 26.
This machine, the frame of which is fixed on a moveable table by six bolts H², is
constructed in the following manner.
At one of the extremities of a horizontal shaft J2 is fixed the crank fly L' and
at the opposite extremity of the same shaft is keyed the bevil pinion M which
engages with the toothed wheel N keyed on the lower end of a vertical axis 0%.
The pinion M2 and the toothed wheel N2 transmit to the axis 0 the rotation
imparted by the crank-fly L². At the upper part of the axis O2 is keyed a disc
turning with this axis and consisting of three parts ²², the middle part ² being
grooved with fine, hardened teeth.

page_text: The piece m is integral with another axis a surmounted by a grooved disc n² the
groove of which also has its bottom surface milled and hardened.
The iron to be bent can be gripped between the bottom of the grooved disc and
the projecting part of the other disc by means of the screw S² with hand wheel T',
by which the prismatic piece m² carrying the axis n² of the grooved disc can be
moved to and fro.
The rollers U and V² (Fig. 26) consisting of two grooved discs, each divided
into three pieces as the preceding one, are adapted to the tops of two other vertical
axes sliding in the grooves o², p2, in which they are moved by screws with hand
wheels, similar to the screw S2 and wheel T' actuating the axis n² and working in
the same manner.
The bar to be bent being gripped between the teeth of the disc P2, R2 and the
roller V2 having its axis at right angles to the shaft J, the grooved roller U is
advanced for obtaining the curvature of the described radius, and the crank shaft
is rotated. Graduated scales are marked on the slides o and p² for determining the
positions of the rollers for any desired curvature of the bars.
The above described bending apparatus being in a horizontal position, the reel X
carrying the coil of the bar to be bent is placed vertically (Figs. 27 and 28); into
a tube
bolted on the table of the bending apparatus Fig. 26 penetrates a sliding
suitably bent and carrying the reel X, the height being regulated by the
rod 72
screw v
The coil of the bar iron is maintained between the moveable branch t² and the
fixed branchs (Figs. 26 and 28) forming forks at the ends of the arms of the reel,
which turns freely on its axis u³.
For placing the coiled bar on the reel, the moveable part 2 is turned half round
on the thumb-screw ², the shoulder of the first part being then entirely free for
receiving the coil. As soon as the coil is in place the moveable part is returned to
its first position.
The end of the bar is then introduced between the moveable rollers of a guide
preceding the bending apparatus; it is afterwards conducted between the discs of
this machine, whereupon the rotatory motion given to the crank drives it forward
and bends it to the required diameter.
The table carrying the bending apparatus, the guide and the reel charged with
its bar, constitutes one of the sides in a frame Z sliding on rollers between the four
standards of a framed structure A³ a little higher than the tank to be made and
erected against the exterior line of the latter.
At the top of the structure two cross pieces B³ carry a differential pulley C³ with
its accessories, the hook of the chain taking into the junction of the three rods 2
from which is suspended the moveable frame Z raised and lowered at will by means
of the differential pulley.
The periphery of the tank being traced at the surface of the foundation, three
or four series of templates arranged in a circle are united by a high internal wood-
work framing.
The bars of the bent generatrices are placed at the required distance apart and
are temporarily fixed on the templates by means of staples.
The frame 2 carrying the tools is lowered on to the ground, the first revolution
of the helix is bent around and against the generatrices to which it is immediately
fixed by means of ligatures. By the working of the differential pulley the apparatus
ascends between the standards of the framed structure to a height equal to the space
determined for the coils. A second bar is bent on its place like the first, the
ligatures are made, and so on.
For maintaining the bar coming out of the bending apparatus when the second
revolution of the helix is effected, the bracket hooks w² (Fig. 29) are applied about
at every metre and on to these hooks a boy passes the bar as the bending proceeds.
The said hooks not only support the bar but at the same time they fix its exact
position, the ligatures connecting them with the generatrices are thus made without
difficulty.

page_text: "PP
MICUCI
the ground, a floor E³ is suspended above the frame by four vertical rods A³
the ascending motion of the whole construction is thus effected gradually, the
as for the frame alone, but this time it rises with the two workmen on the
xterior scaffolds are established on a level with the templates which serve as
olds in the interior.
he skeleton being entirely finished, the mortar is run between the wood panels
ing moulds, or it may be applied with a float or a trowel or by both ineans
ther.
aving now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said inven-
and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what I
is :-
The herein described improved manufacture of pipes, reservoirs and other
tures with metal skeletons of an I section, the interstices being filled in with
ar cement concrete or other similar material, such manufacture comprising:
a) Bending the bar iron for the manufacture of pipes in the form of a helix
with horizontal axis by means of an apparatus consisting of two discs, one
of which is grooved and engages with the other disc, between which is passed
the iron to be bent, such bending being effected by means of a grooved
finger as the bar passes from between the discs, which finger is adjusted in
position according to the curvature required, substantially as described.
6) Constructing the skeleton of the pipe by means of an expanding mandril
composed of longitudinal bars hinge-jointed to rods having their other ends
hinge-jointed to threaded bosses on a screwed axis, by the rotation of which
in one direction or the other the rods are actuated so as to expand or contract
the longitudinal bars forming the mandril, whereby the mandril can be
readily adjusted to form pipes of different diameters, and be retracted so as
to allow of its withdrawal after the forming of the skeleton, substantially as
described.
c) Moulding the pipe by means of a mould having two semicircular shells
secured together by bolts, and an expanding mandril having a sheet metal
periphery, the said mould and its accessories being operated in a moveable
apparatus on a circular railway, whereby a considerable number of pipes can
be successively moulded, before requiring the first one to be removed, so that
they may be completely hardened and readily dried before being handled,
substantially as described.
d) The application of the methods of construction referred to in the preceding
claims to the construction of reservoirs and such like structures, by means
of apparatus consisting of a bar bending machine carried by a framing that
can slide vertically in an upright frame or staging, so as to be brought
successively into different positions as the building of the structure proceeds,
substantially as described.
The construction of apparatus for the manufacture of pipes, tanks, and similar
ctures, arranged and operating as herein described with reference to the accom-
ying drawings.
Dated this 18th day of December 1891.
ABEL & IMRAY.