A NEW AND IMPROVED METHOD OF MANGLING, CLL INDERING. GLAZING, AND FINISHING COTTON, LINEN, WOOLLEN, AND OTHER GOODS AND MANU- FACTURES, AND CERTAIN MACHINERY TO EFFECT THE SAME
Year: 1839

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, PETER
ROTHWELL JACKSON, of Great Bolton, in the County of Lancaster, Engineer.
WHEREAS Her most Gracious Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Royal
Letters Patent, bearing date at Westminster, the Eighth day of July, in the
third year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and
grant unto me, the said Peter Rothwell Jackson, my exors, admors, and assigns,
full power, sole privilege and authority, that I, the said Peter Bothwell
Jackson, my exors, admors, and assigns, and such others as I and they should
at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times
during the term of years therein mentioned, should and lawfully might make,
use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and Berwick-upon-Tweed, my
Invention of "A NEW AND IMPROVED METHOD OF MANGLING, CLL INDERING.
GLAZING, AND FINISHING COTTON, LINEN, WOOLLEN, AND OTHER GOODS AND MANU-
FACTURES, AND CERTAIN MACHINERY TO EFFECT THE SAME; "in which said Letters
Patent is contained a proviso obliging me, the said Peter Rothwell Jackson,
to cause a particular description of the nature of my said Invention, and in
what manner the same is to be performed, to be inrolled in Her Majesty's
High Court of Chancery within six calendar months next and immediately
after the date of the said iu part recited Letters Patent, as in and by the
same, reference being thereunto had, will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that my improved method of maugling, callendering,
glazing, and finishing cotton, linen, woollen, and other goods, consists in the
peculiararrangement and construction of the mangles or callenders and of the

page_text: gearing for the same, by which the rolls or bowls used in the mangles or
callenders are driven at different speeds with diminished and unequal pressure
and increased friction; and also of certain machinery for the preparation of
cotton and other fibrous materials to be made into bowls, and of improve-
meuts in the manufacture and composition of the bowls used in mangling,
callendering, glazing, and finishing, as hereafter described. To explain the
nature of these improvements more clearly, I shall give a short description of
a common glazing mangle or callender as now used, and the mode of working
it, and afterwards proceed with the description of my improvements and the
mode of carrying them into effect, illustrating so much thereof as appears to
me necessary by a Sheet of Drawings annexed hereto.
In the present common three-bowl mangles or callenders for glazing and
finishing cotton cloth, the driving bowl, which is the top one, is always made
of brass or iron, the middle one of paper, cotton, wood, flax, or other similar
materials, and the bottom one of iron or brass. The bottom roll or bowl is
supported by its journals resting in bearings formed upon the lower solid
frame of the mangle or calender, the middle roll resting upon the bottom
one and the top bowl upon the middle one, and each of them having their
arnals in the upright guides or frames of the mangle or callender, so as to
keep them in a vertical position with each other; and the required degree of
pressure of the surfaces of the rolls against each other is procured by means
of screws or levers acting upon the necks or journals of the top roll or bowl,
and through them to the two lower bowl journals and down to the solid lower
frame of the mangle, in such a manner that whatever pressure is applied to
the top roll is also applied to each of the lower ones in the same or a greater
degree. The two lower bowls are driven from the top roll by means of
toothed wheels fixed on the end of the top and one of the lower rolls, which
are so speeded that the circumference of the top roll passes through a space
which does not exceed one half more in a given time than that which the
circumference or surface of the two lower ones passes through. The difference
between the speed of the circumference of the top or driving bowl and the
middle one is in the trade termed "the friction" of the calender. The driving
roll is heated by the insertion ofred-hot heaters or the introduction of steam
to its interior. The cloth is introduced upon the middle bowl or roll, over
and between which and the top roll it passes at the same speed as the circum-
ference of the middle and lower roll, and by means of the very great pressure
and the heat applied, added to the slightly increased speed, or friction, as it is
termed, of the surface of the top roll over that of the lower ones and of the

page_text: cloth, the glazing of that side of the cloth next to the top roller or bowl is
effected.
The above is sufficiently descriptive of a common three-bowl callender for
the purpose of explaining my Invention, as it is a machine perfectly well
understood by bleachers and others interested in the subject to which my
improvements refer, and I will therefore proceed to explain the same.
Figure 1 is an end view of a three-bowl calender or finishing mangle with
some of my improvements; Figure 2 is a front view of the same; and Figure 3,
a horizontal or bird's-eye view. In these Figures similar letters or marks
of reference denote the same parts wherever they occur; and a, a, represent
the lower frames of the callendar or mangle; b, b, the upright frames or
guides in which the journals of the bowls are placed; c, c, represents the
upper or driving bowl; d,d, the middle bowl,journals of which in my callender
or mangle rest upon fixed bearings in the upright frames b,b,in such a manner
that pressure applied either from above or below is not communicated to the
journals of the lower or upper bowl, as the case may be. This bowl is shewn
in Figure 1 to be driven by means of a pair of bevil wheels and a worm and
wheel from the top bowl, but may when necessary be geered with the top or
bottom one by any of the usual means to procure the customary speed of the
circumference of that bowl, which is about one hundred and thirty-five feet
per minute; e, e, is the lowest or bottom bowl; f,f, are screws for applying
pressure upon the journals of the top bowl c, c, and through them to the upper
side of the journals of the middle bowl d, d. These screws work in a nut
formed through the middle of springs g, g, and have a gradulated scale affixed
to the upright frames of the callender, and a pointer attached to the spring,
shewing on the scale the pressure applied upon the journals of the top roll,
and thus enabling the operator to adjust such pressure according to the
degree of glaze or finish required for the cloth ; 'h, h, are levers worked by
means of screws fixed in the lower frames a, a, with a similar graduated scale
and pointer to enable the operator to adjust and apply pressure upwards to
the lower side of the journals of the bottom bowl e, e, and through them to the
lower side of the journals of the middle bowl; i is the main driving shaft
conveying power from the engine, resting in bearings in the upright stands
k, k; this shaft is supplied with the usual catch box for throwing the callender
in and out of geer; 1 is a driving cog wheel upon the shaft i, in gear with a
moveable pinion ni upon a shaft n, which is coupled in the usual way by an
universal joint with the mangle or callender. The driving shaft i is supposed
to be making about one hundred and twenty revolutions per minute, and

page_text: geered with the pinion m will be driving the circumference of the top roll
through about one thousand one hundred and thirty-seven feet per minute, a
speed suitable for giving goods a very high degree of finish or glaze with
a very trifling pressure from the screws or levers. The circumference of the
middle bowl will in the same time be passing through about one hundred and
thirty-five feet, as above observed, thus shewing an increase of friction of
more than eleven times greater than has ever been attained in a glazing
callender.
In Figure 2 the cog wheel is shewn also in geer with a pinion o upon
a shaft p, coupled to the bottom bowl in the usual manner, and driving
it at the same speed as the top bowl, by which arrangement both the top and
bottom bowls are used for glazing and finishing cloth at the same time. There
is also shewn upon the top shaft na moveable wheel q, which can be slided
into gear with a pinion upon the driving shaft i, so as to drive the top bowl
at a very slow speed, and a similar arrangement is shewn for driving the
bottom bowl at a very slow speed whilst the other is driven at the increased
one; but in making these modifications it will be requisite to disengage the
worm and wheels working the middle bowl from that bowl which is runing
at the slow speed, or to use different sized wheels, or other means, the proper
speed of the middle bowl. With many descriptions of cloth it has hitherto
been found necessary to pass it through two distinct operations in the callender,
first, by giving it a "set," or subjecting it to very great pressure between
bowls running at a slow speed, after which the speeds of the bowls have had
to be changed, and the operation of glazing and finishing performed as before
mentioned; but by means of my arrangement, as last above described, the set
may be given to the cloth by passing it between the bottom and middle bowl,
subjecting it there to the slow speed and severe pressure from the bottom
lever, and the cloth can then be carried or continued over the middle bowl
and between it and the top bowl, where it will be subjected to the high speed
and friction and slight pressure by which the glazing will be effected, as before
mentioned; in like manner thic set may be given between the top and middle
bowls and the glazing performed by the bottom one.
Another peculiarity of my improved method is, that as the speed at which
the glazing rolls run is very great, they are kept sufficiently hot by the friction
to dispense with the heaters or steam which in the present system are neces-
sary, and consequently the glazing bowls may be iron or brass, as at present,
or of similar materials to those of which the middle bowls have heretofore
been made.

page_text: . I shall now proceed to describe my machinery for preparing cotton and
other similar substances to be used in the manufacture of bowls. This
consists of the arrangement of machinery and its application to a common
carding or other engine for the preparing cotton and other similar substances,
and I shall describe it as applied to a common cotton carding engine.
Figure 4 is a side elevation of the fore part of a carding engine with my
improved machinery applied; Figure 5 is a ground plan or bird's-eye view of
the same; and Figure 6 is an elevation of part of the machinery taken
in the line x, x, as shewn in Figures 4 and 5; Figure 7 is a line sketch
shewing an elevation of the several motion wheels and rollers on the opposite
side of the frame to that shewn in Figure 4. The carding engine is arranged
(as is common) with three pairs of rollers a¹, a¹, b¹, b, c, c', weighted in the
usual way, and between which the cotton is passed; d¹ is a spur wheel upon
the end of the lower roller a', receiving its motion from the engine or other
motive power, , and geered with and driving a spur wheel e¹ running on a stud
or pin fixed on one of the roller stands; f is a small pinion carried by a
stud on one end of a bent lever g', whose fulcrum is the stud for the wheel e';
this lever has a weight at its opposite end to keep the pinion f¹ constantly in
geer, as well with the wheel el as with an eccentric wheel h¹ keyed upon the
end of a cross shaft i¹; k¹ is another spur wheel also keyed upon the shaft i¹
close to and revolving at the same speed with the eccentric wheel h¹, and in
geer with and driving two small pinions and m' fixed on the ends of the
lower rollers 61 and c¹. Upon the opposite end of the shaft i is a small bevil
wheel in geer with another bevil wheel upon a shaft o¹, upon the inner
end of which is a small crank p', and upon the outer end a bent or circular
cutter q with suitable blades. The crank p' is connected by a rod with one
of the arms of a small apparatus which I call a contractor, and which is
shewn more fully in Figure 6. This contractor is formed of two angular
pieces of sheet iron or other suitable material jointed together at their lower
end, and working upon a stud fixed in a bracket or stud plate 1. The two
upper ends of the contractor have each a grooving about one inch and three-
quarters long and half an inch wide, and are arranged to overlap or pass by
each other's end,so that when the contractoris at its greatest proper width there
will be a horizontal opening where the two upper ends of the contractor's
arms ineet, about three inches long, and those ends will be overlapping each
other about a quarter of an inch. It will be evident that by working the
joint so as to approximate the arms of the contractor, the overlap of the upper
ends will be increased and the orifice proportionately diminished. In order
to procure the uniform opening and closing motion of the contractor, each

page_text: arm of the contractor is connected by short rods to a centre pin movable in
a perpendicular slot formed in the bracket or stud plate r¹, which bracket or
stud plate is fixed to one of the cross bars of the carding engine in the same
way as the roller stands. The machine having been set at work, the small.
balance pinion f¹ being driven by the wheel e¹ will drive the eccentric wheel
¹, the spur wheel k¹, and the shaft i, upon which they are both keyed, at a
varying or irregular speed, which will be greatest when the periphery of the
balance pinion is nearest the centre of the shaft i, and lowest when it is at
the greatest distance from that centre. This varying speed will be com-
municated through the wheel k to the pinions and m¹, and thereby to the
rollers 61, 61, and c¹, c'. A similar motion will also be transmitted through
the shaft and the bevil wheels upon it and the shaft o' to the crank pl
working the contractor, and to the knife q¹ in front of the press rollers c¹, c¹,
and the operation will be as follows:-The cotton is conducted from the
carding engine through the orifice of the contractor and between the rollers
a, a¹. The rollers 61, 61, are driven (through the medium of the eccentric, as
before described,) at the greatest speed when the orifice of the contractor is
most reduced. The speed of the rollers 61, 61, being then greater than that
of a¹, a¹, the cotton will be drawn to an equal thickness throughout during its
operation, and the variation will be in its breadth, so that as the orifice of the
contractor expands and is diminished, and the speed of the rollers b¹, b¹, is
reduced and increased, the cotton will be formed in lengths of uniform thick.
ness, but gradually swelling or widening and contracting in width alternately
whilst the bent knife revolving against a plate in front of the press rollers
c¹, c₁, will cut them into proper radiated lengths suitable to lay as segments
around the centre or axle, and so to be formed into bowls. By this mode of
preparation the direction of the fibres of cotton will be from the centre of the
bowl to its circumference, which is well known to be the best direction in
which they can be placed. It will be obvious that for bowls of different
dimensions other radial lengths or segments of cotton will be required, which
can easily be made by a change of wheels. In like manner the width of the
lengths or segments may be varied by changing the proportion of the con-
tractor, and by removing the contractor entirely the cotton will be delivered
of uniform width, but of gradually increasing and diminishing thickness, and
will when cut into lengths by the cutter appear like wedges of cotton, from
which bowls may be manufactured more beneficially than is now generally.
done, but not so advantageously as by using radial lengths or segments made
by using the contractor.
I will next describe my improvements in the manufacture and composition

page_text: of bowls or rolls made from cotton, linen, hemp or flax, paper, hay, straw,
shavings from wood, hair, and other vegetable or animal substances. It is
well known that these descriptions of bowls are made by laying the materials
in layers around the centre or axle, and afterwards subjecting them to very
high hydraulic pressure in the direction of the length of the axle or centre,
the substance being held together by metal ends keyed upon the centre, after
which they are turned in a lathe. To effect my improvements I employ all
or any of the solid bodies called resins and gum resins, but particularly
common resin (of which I prefer the brown or amber coloured), lac, sealing-
wax, common pitch, mineral pitch or asphaltum, and sulphur; and having
reduced them into a dry pulverised state, or as near thereto as practicable
I distribute or mix the powder intimately with the animal or vegetable sub-
stances of which the bowl is to formed by sieving or dusting it over and
amongst every layer of the substance of the bowl. For instance, in forming
what is called a paper bowl, I cover every sheet or layer with the pulverised
material, and so with other substances; and in making a cotton one I dust
the powder into every roving of cotton or segment of cotton as it comes from
the machine, herein, before described, or from the carding engine, impreg-
nating them as much as possible with the powder, and thus rendering the
bowls in a corresponding degree impervious to water when finished. The
bowl having been pressed and nearly formed or completed is placed in a stove
or otherwise subjected to such a temperature as will melt or soften the
powdered resinous or other material introduced without burning the substance
of which the bowl is made. The bowl having been thoroughly heated, so as
to melt or soften the resinous or other matter, may again be subjected to the
action of the press for so long as may be found necessary to complete the
pressing, during which operation the bowl should be preserved of such a
temperature as to prevent the resinous or other powder from becoming hard.
The action of the press having been discontinued, the bowl may be removed
and allowed to cool in a gradual and undisturbed manner, after which it may
be put into the lathe, turned, and finished for use. I do not limit myself to
the use of one of such powdered materials at a time, as they may be advan-
tageously mixed with each other, nor to the proportions in which they are to
be mixed, as they will depend in a great degree upon the purpose to which
the bowls are to be applied. All or any of the foregoing materials or
mixtures of them may be beneficially used in a powdered state mixed with
an equal weight of dry sulphate of lime, commonly called plaster of Paris, or
with ochre, clay, fine sand, metallic oxides, or other solid substances in

page_text: powder, as an increased hardness will thereby be given to the bowl. Plaster
of Paris in a dry pulverised state (unmixed with any of the foregoing
powdered materials) may be advantageously introduced into the composition
of bowls by mixing it, as before described, with the cotton or other substance
from which the bowls are formed, as it will render them more nearly an-
hydrous than in ordinary cases, and thereby greatly diminish the risk of
mildew, whilst the exterior will become hardened by its contact with water on
its being used, and thus form a more effectual resistance to the penetration
of moisture. The plaster of Paris to be employed for the purpose should be
that from which so much water has been expelled that it has acquired a
strong affinity for water and the property of setting strongly, as in stucco work;
it should be used before it has saturated itself with hygrometic moisture.
Bowls in the construction of which plaster of Paris alone is used will not
require to be subjected to the action of heat in their manufacture.
Having now fully described the nature of my Invention, and a manner in
which the same is carried into effect, I declare that I consider my claim to
extend to the producing by arrangements such as I have described an in-
creased friction or speed of the glazing or finishing bowls over or beyond
that which is given to the cloth during the operation, and combining there-
with diminished pressure thereon and an unequal pressure upon the different
bowls, so as to produce distinct operations when required, such increased
friction or speed of the glazing roll, as compared with the speed of the cloth,
varying according to the nature of the finish to be given to the cloth. I do
not limit my claim to the speed or friction herein-before set forth, and 1
consider it to include every slower speed which is more than double the speed
of the cloth. I also claim the improved machinery for preparing cotton to be
used in the manufacture of bowls above described; and I claim the improve-
ment effected in the manufacture and composition of bowls or rolls by means
of the introduction of all or any of the resinous and bituminous materials and
sulphur, herein-before set forth, in a dry pulverised state, and the process of
heating combined therewith in those cases where the powder introduced can
be melted or softened at a temperature less than that which will burn or
brown the substance of the bowl. I do not claim the introduction of those
materials mixed or dissolved in water or other liquid, nor do I claim the
application of the increased friction and diminished pressure of the bowls for
stiffening or starching cloth solely; but by means of the improvements above
set forth I am enabled to perform the operations of mangling and glazing cloth
in a wet state, and callendering and glazing and finishing it in a dry state

page_text: more expeditiously and with greater benefit to the cloth to be operated upon,
and less wear and tear of machinery, than is now done. And I declare this
to be the Specification of my said Invention, and believe the same doth in all
respects comply with the proviso in the said recited Letters Patent contained.
In witness whereof, I, the said Peter Rothwell Jackson, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Seventh day of January, in the
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and forty.
year of