IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRO-MOTORS AND IN MAGNETS FOR USE THEREIN AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES
Year: 1883

page_text: {
LETTERS PATENT to Ella Haller of Piccadilly in the County of Middlesex
for an Invention of IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRO-MOTORS AND IN MAGNETS
FOR USE THEREIN AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES
"
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Ella Haller at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents on the 31st December 1883,
ELLA HALLER, of Piccadilly, in the County of Middlesex, " IMPROVEMENTS IN
ELECTRO-MOTORS AND IN MAGNETS FOR USE THEREIN AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES
"
My invention relates to the utilization of electro-magnetism and its application
as a motive power for driving locomotive or other engines for propelling ships or
for other purposes.
My said invention comprises an improved electro-motor and a novel construction
of permanent or electro magnet for use therein and for other purposes The
magnets both rotary and stationary are formed and arranged in such a manner that
either the whole or a part of the poles of the magnets will be acted upon
simultaneously and the current will be changed in the whole or a part of the
stationary, or the whole or a part of the rotary magnets at the same instant, so
that a rotary motion and a powerful reciprocal action throughout the entire series
of magnets may be obtained through the attracting and repelling influences of the
said magnets.
I prefer to arrange the stationary magnets radially in a circle with north and
south poles alternately facing the centre, and within the said circle I place a
corresponding number of magnets which are attached to the periphery of a
framework or armature capable of rotation on a central shaft and the poles of
which face those of the stationary magnets in even numbers as the former rotate.
The instant the poles of opposite name face each other, the direction of the current
is changed by the commutator, the poles of the magnets are reversed and are
instantly repelled from the one pole and attracted to the next pole, making the
attraction and repulsion of the rotary and stationary magnets constant and even.
I thus obtain a continuous pulsation of attractive and repulsive forces which occur
throughout the whole of the magnets at the same instant,

page_text: The poles of the field or stationary magnets may remain permanent and the
changes only occur in the rotary magnets, or the poles of the rotary magnets may
remain permanent and the poles of the magnets in the field be changed by the
commutator as the armature continues to rotate, but the changes of the poles
must occur the instant the magnets are exactly opposite each other during
rotation.
The brushes or rollers which I employ for transmitting the current to the
magnets will not at any time rest upon any insulating material between the
commutator segments, and at no time will the magnetic current be discontinued or
the rotary or stationary magnets be unexcited or demagnetized or weakened.
When the poles of the magnets are opposite or nearly opposite each other in
rotating they have the greatest amount of repulsive or attractive force according to
whether the opposing poles are of similar name or otherwise.
When great power is required the diameter of the armature is increased and a
short shaft is retained and is carried in short bearings with very little friction, the
wheel-shaped armature with its large circumference acts as a fly wheel and affords
a powerful momentum to the machine. The perfection of the motion and of the
changes of the current is such that there are absolutely no dead points, the friction
and bearings are small, and sparking at the commutator is avoided. The machine
starts as soon as the current is applied thereto and can be reversed by simply
reversing the direction of the current.
In order to distribute the magnetic lines of force around the periphery or circle
and to concentrate it at the ends of the magnets, or flange of iron or other
conducting metal is arranged to extend from each magnet on both sides thereof
forming as it were segments of a circle. The rotary magnets of the armature and
the field or stationary magnets or either may be thus constructed.
In working the electro-motor the magnets of the field and armature being equal
the rotary magnets are excited with a more powerful current than the field
magnets.
For example, assuming the magnets of the electro-motor to be wound to work
with an electro motive force of seventy five volts, the armature magnets would be
excited with fifty volts and the stationary magnets of the field with the remaining
twenty five volts.
By making the magnetism of the rotary magnets stronger than that of the
stationary magnets an easier action and an increase of power are obtained.
As the power of an electro motor or a dynamo-electric machine depends in a
considerable degree upon the power of its magnets I have devised a novel compound
permanent magnet or electro-magnet for use in electro motors and dynamo-electric
machines and for other purposes for which magnets are used.
The power of a magnet depends not so much upon the mass of iron as upon the
extent of surface providing the iron can be sufficiently excited and the wires wound
with the least transverse sectional area of the magnetic circuit.
My magnet consists of a series of rings of iron or other suitable metal round
oblong square or oval shaped of graduated sizes having grooves or spaces between
the said rings, into these grooves or spaces is wound the insulated conducting wire
in the case of an electro-magnet.
The magnet may be flat with either shallow or deep grooves and narrow rings.
The width and depth of the rings and spaces depend upon the strength it is
desired the magnet should have.
I sometimes make the magnet or electro-magnet of oval or oblong shape with
oval or oblong shaped rings and spaces in which to coil the conducting wire.
The aforesaid rings are attached to the plate or top of the magnet either
permanently or otherwise to suit the convenience of winding the conducting wire
into the grooves or spaces between the said rings.
The ends of the conducting wires wound within the grooves or spaces between
the rings are carried through the top plate of the magnet, where the wires may be
arranged to conduct the current in any direction required to form an electro

page_text: magnet or a single pole magnet. The said wires may be arranged for intensity or
for quantity. The current may be distributed between the wire contained in the
different grooves or changed without altering the winding of the conducting wires
that are coiled within the grooves.
The rings between the grooves or spaces may be separated or divided into sections
or segments also the metal which constitutes the top or end of the magnet may be
divided into sections to make the magnet easy of construction and for the sake of
economy.
The electric current circulating through the spiral wires coiled through the spaces
intervening between the rings of iron or other suitable material is constant current
and an equally distributed electro-motive force is maintained and the vortices
produced by the helical action act like a whirlpool of electricity.
Any number of magnets may be employed from two upwards according to size
and power of the motor or machine.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said Ella Haller in the Patent Office on the 30th June 1884.
ELLA HALLER, of Piccadilly, in the County of Middlesex, "IMPROVEMENTS IN
ELECTRO-MOTORS AND IN MAGNETS FOR USE THEREIN AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES,”
My invention relates to electro-motors and to magnets of novel construction for
use therein and for other purposes.
My improved magnets are applicable for use in dynamo-electric machines, and
for every purpose for which a good and powerful magnet is required.
I find the power of a magnet depends not upon the mass, but simply the surface
and presence of iron, with its high magnetic induction, placed in the closest
proximity to the surface of the wires as I have arranged in my improved magnets,
causes the lines of force to alter their shape, and instead of circling around the
separate wires, they are distributed on the surface of the iron, concentrating and
thereby utilizing all the available lines of force at the edges of the rings, segments,
or sections of the face of the magnet.
I make my magnet square, round, or of any other convenient shape, presenting
a large area of face surface, having within its face various intervening spaces in
which are placed the insulated wires.
In my improved electro-motor, the magnets of the armature and of the field will
simultaneously exert a powerful reciprocal action upon each other, and will thus
cause a rotary motion of the armature as hereinafter set forth.
My invention is illustrated in the accompanying drawings, in which
Figure 1 is a face view of one forin of my improved magnet.
Figure 2 a perspective view, in section on the line x, x, Figure 1.
Figure 3 is a face view, and
Figure 4 an edge view, showing another form of my magnet with the rings
divided into segments or sections.
Figure 5 shews, in plan and side elevation, the magnet in a square shape, with
seginents or sections on its face, with intervening spaces.
Figure 6 is a side elevation of one form of my electro-motor constructed with
my improved magnets.
Figure 7 is a vertical section, and
Figure 8 an end elevation, partly in section, of another form of my electro-
motor.
i
a, a are the rings, segments or sections of iron having the spaces b between 3
them. c is the top plate formed integrally with the said rings, segments or
sections.
In making my magnet I turn or cut the intervening spaces out of a solid piece
of iron, leaving the said rings, segments, or sections a, a and the plate c in one
integral piece of iron.
By this method I obtain a very powerful magnet owing to the molecules of the
iron remaining undisturbed, natural and parallel to the direction of the poles
of the rings, segments or sections a, a, as in a bent iron core of a horse-shoe
magnet.
4
The insulated wires are wound in the spaces b in a manner to cause the whole 4
face of the magnet rings or sections to be of one polarity.
The ends of the wires are connected at the top plate c, for quantity or for
intensity. Any section of the conducting wires in the spaces b may be switched
out of circuit or added to the strength of the magnet.
I sometimes make the rings, segments or sections separate from the plate c for 5
the convenience of winding, I also make the rings and sections with projections

page_text: or shoulders so that when they are placed together they form the plate c, composed
of sections, which may be taken apart without disturbing the windings of the
wires.
I make my magnet of wrought iron or other suitable metal or combination of
metals, the power of the said magnets may be increased to any proportion of
magnetic strength by augmenting their size.
If the magnet is required for lifting or similar purposes, I arrange the wires so
that the rings or sections shall be alternate north and south poles.
I sometimes use thin copper ribbon to fill the spaces b instead of the wire; and
I sometimes employ cases of brass, ebonite or other non-conducting material to
protect the copper ribbon or wires in the spaces b from wear.
In my electro-motor illustrated in Figure 6, the ring-shaped piece d of metal has
its face formed integrally with magnets e, e of alternate polarity facing radially in
a circle, the said metal piece d being attached to the frame-work f; and within
the face of the piece d is arranged another ring-shaped piece g, also of metal,
having formed integrally with its face a corresponding number of magnets h, h of
alternate polarity.
The said metal piece g being attached to the frame-work i of the armature
capable of rotating on a central shaft ;, the poles of the rotary magnets face those
of the stationary magnets simultaneously as the former rotate.
The instant the poles of opposite name face each other, the direction of the
current is changed by the commutator reversing the poles of the magnets and
instantly repelling from one and attracting to the next, equalizing the attractive
and repulsive forces through the whole series of magnets.
According to another method of constructing my electro-motor with my magnets,
as shewn in Figures 7 and 8, I form two ring-shaped pieces d, g of metal placed
vertically and attached one to the frame-work fand the other to the frame-work i;
the metal plate d having its magnets e, e formed integrally with its face remains
stationary as the field of the motor; the other metal plate or ring g with its
magnets h, h formed integrally with its face rotates as the armature. I also retain
the short central shaft ; which is carried in suitable bearings; the armature being
large in circumference acts also as a fly-wheel affording powerful momentum.
The metal pieces d and g of the armature and field of the electro-motor are, on
the same principle as the top plate c of my magnet, made larger in size to allow
of one or more, or a series of, magnets, segments, or sections being formed integrally
with the face, the inner or the outer circumference of the plate.
I describe my invention as a single form of magnet for various purposes or
augmented in size and of convenient shape to form the whole stationary field and
rotary armature of an electro-motor.
I sometimes make the metal rings d and g in sections of a circle and I some-
times make the magnet segments or sections a, a separately from the said rings
for the convenience of making and winding.
The ends of the wires are carried preferably through apertures in the plates a
and g and led to the commutator, where the alternate changes of the current occur
to reverse the poles of the magnets.
The electromotive force is constant and equally distributed, the electric current
producing vortices of the lines of force by the helical action of the wires passing
through the immediate face of each magnet.
During rotation the changes of the poles of either the stationary or rotary
magnets must occur the instant the magnets are exactly opposite each other.
The brushes I employ for transmitting the current to the magnets do not at any
time rest upon any insulating material between the commutator segments. And
at no time is the magnetic current discontinued or the magnets demagnetised or
weakened.
When the magnets are exactly opposite each other in rotating, they have the
greatest amount of attractive and repulsive force according to whether the opposite
poles are of similar name or otherwise; the perfection of the change of the current

page_text: and the motion is such that there are absolutely no dead points or heating of
wires, and sparking at the commutator is avoided. The electro-motor is self-
starting and reversing by switching the current at the commutator.
In using the electro-motor, the stationary and the armature magnets being
equal, I excite the rotary magnets of the armature with a more powerful current
than the stationary magnets.
For example, assuming the magnets of the electro-motor to be wound to work
with an electromotive force of seventy-five volts, I would excite the rotary magnets
with fifty volts and the stationary magnets with the remaining twenty-five volts.
By exciting the rotary more than the stationary magnets, an easier action and an
increase of power are obtained.
Having thus fully described my said invention and the manner of performing
the same I wish it understood that I claim :-
First. A magnet formed from an integral piece of metal, presenting a large area
of surface having various intervening spaces within and upon its face in which the
wire is wound to make the face of one polarity.
Second. A circular piece of metal having one or more, or a series of, magnets,
segments or sections of metal, integral with its face, its inner or outer circumference
to form the field or armature of an electro-motor.
Third. The modification wherein I make the magnets, the rings, segments or
sections separately and attach them to the circular piece of metal, which is whole
or divided, substantially as, and for the purpose, specified.
Fourth. An electro-motor constructed with my improved magnets and arranged
to operate substantially as described with reference to either of the forms or
modifications shown in the accompanying drawings.
In witness whereof I the said Ella Haller bave hereunto set my hand and seal
this twenty-sixth day of June in the year of Our Lord one thousand eight hundred
and eighty four.
ELLA HA
HALLEN (1,5.)