AN IMPROVED AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENT FOR PLOUGHING AND OTHER SIMILAR PURPOSES
Year: 1871

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Peter Jensen, of 89, Chancery Lane, in the
County of Middlesex, Engineer and Patent Agent, for the Inven-
tion of "AN IMPROVED AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENT FOR PLOUGHING AND
OTHER SIMILAR PURPOSES."-A communication from abroad by Janus
Schmidt, of Copenhagen, in the Kingdom of Denmark.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Peter Jensen at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
15th November 1871.
I, PETER JENSEN, of 89, Chancery Lane, in the County of Middlesex,
Engineer and Patent Agent, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for. "AN IMPROVED AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENT FOR PLOUGHING AND
OTHER SIMILAR PURPOSES," a communication to me. from abroad by Janus
Schmidt, of Copenhagen, in the Kingdom of Denmark, to be as follows:-
Implements made according to this Invention do not plough the soil
in the ordinary manner, but cut through, turn, and break up or

page_text: pulverize it, and that in a much more complete manner than heretofore
attempted.
The principal feature of construction consists in the application of
two or more drums or cylinders fitted with knives or teeth on their
outer surface, and which turn in contrary directions when the imple-
ment is impelled forward. The foremost drum or drums cut the soil
through in bands or streaks by means of the aforesaid knives, and cause
rotary motion to be imparted in a contrary direction to the rearmost
drum, which is fitted with flat teeth. The motion in contrary directions
of the foremost drum or drums and the rearmost drum is effected by
means of a lever on each side of the machine and common to all the
drums. Each lever turns on a fulcrum in or on the framing of the
machine, the end of the levers being of about equal length, and com-
municating with cranks on the drum shafts either directly or through
the intervention of connecting rods. When the implement is propelled
the drum or drums on each side of the fulcrum turn in contrary
directions, and while the foremost drum or drums prepare the soil by
cutting it up in narrow bands by means of the knives, which may be
of various forms, the rearmost drum or drums turning in a contrary
direction lift up the soil thus loosened over the drum, turn it over, and
throw it back behind it in a finely broken state.
The Invention then essentially consists in the application of the
drums working in contrary directions to each other, which is accom-
plished by the foremost drum or drums at one end of the aforesaid levers
acting on the rearmost drum or drums at the other end of the aforesaid
levers by means of the aforesaid cranks or other well-known equivalent
means. The rearmost drum or drums may however if desired drive the
foremost drum or drums.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Peter Jensen in the Great Seal Patent Office on 30
the 15th May 1872.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, PETER
JENSEN, of 89, Chancery Lane, in the County of Middlesex, Engineer
and Patent Agent, send greeting.

page_text: WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Fifteenth day of November, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-one, in the
thirty-fifth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and suc-
cessors, give and grant unto me, the said Peter Jensen, Her special
licence that I, the said Peter Jensen, my executors, administrators,
and assigns, or such others as I, the said Peter Jensen, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no
others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term
therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS FOR PLOUGHING AND OTHER SIMILAR PURPOSES," (a
communication to me from abroad by Janus Schmidt, of Copenhagen,
in the Kingdom of Denmark), upon the condition (amongst others) that
I, the said Peter Jensen, my executors or administrators, by an instru-
ment in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals,
should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Inven-
tion, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the
same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Peter Jensen, do hereby declare the
nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement, reference being had to the accompanying Drawings
and to the letters of reference marked thereon, that is to say :—
The plough now as thousands of years ago consists substantially of a
three-sided pyramid, which with its projecting apex is dragged through
the upper earth layers, pushing the same in broad streaks out to the
side and depositing them in inclined layers one over another. Modern
research proves however that it is desirable to expose all particles of the
soil to the action of the air and moisture. This is supposed to be
accomplished to a certain extent by treatment with the plough and
subsequent treatment with the harrow, but the plough can only break
up or loosen the soil and the harrow does not go down to any
sufficient depth.
71
the hand subsoil which has been

page_text: the desired object mas less degree and involves imminent labour.
is more particularly for root vegetables requiring a great depth of loose
and pulverized soil that the aforesaid present modes of treatment of the
soil fall short of the requirements.
Now according to this present Invention implements constructed
according to the same plough up the soil to a certain pre-arranged
depth, and so that the soil is pulverized, subdivided, and mixed to a
degree of completeness not heretofore attained even by spade culture.
I am well aware that rotary harrows consisting of one or two drums
provided with teeth have been heretofore used instead of ploughs, but
even this comparatively subordinate part of soil culture has not been
accomplished properly thereby.
The principal feature however of this present Invention consists in
the application of two drums or cylinders or two sets of drums fitted
with knives or teeth on their outer surface, and which drums or sets of
drums turn in contrary directions to one another when the implement is
impelled forward. The foremost drum or drums cuts the soil through
in bands or streaks by means of the aforesaid knives, and causes rotary
motion to be imparted in a contrary direction to the rearmost drum,
which is fitted with flat teeth. The motion in contrary direction of the
foremost drum or drums and the rearmost drum may be effected by the
use of a lever on each side of the machine and common to both or all
the drums, each lever turning on a fulcrum at or near the middle of the
framing of the machine, and communicating with cranks on the drum
shafts with or without connecting rods. When the implement is
propelled the drum or drums on each side of the fulcrum turn in
contrary directions, and while the foremost drum or drums prepares the
soil by cutting it up in narrow bands by means of the knives, which
may be of various forms, the rearmost drum or drums, turning in a
contrary direction, slices off and lifts up the soil thus loosened over the
drum, turns it over, and throws it back behind in a finely broken state.
The Invention then essentially consists in the application of the
drums working in contrary directions to each other, which is accom-
plished by the foremost drum or drums at one end of the aforesaid
levers by means of the aforesaid cranks or other well-known equivalent
means:

page_text: effect.
Fig. 1 is a side elevation of an implement constructed according to
this Invention; Fig. 2 is a plan, and Fig. 3 a cross sectional elevation
through the middle; Fig. 4 is a separate view to a larger scale of the
knives mounted on the front drum and the flat teeth or shovels mounted
on the back drum.
A is the driving drum of cast iron, and having in this instance 4 rows
of sharp bent steel knives, 8 in each row. The knives are fastened by
nuts, so that they can easily be taken out and changed as required.
Every other row is set back as shown to give a more even motion. The
drum A¹, of the same diameter as A and running loose on the spindle
outside the frame, serves to steady the motion and counterbalance the
one-sided pull of the horse. B is the plough or shovel drum. The
shovels consist of thin, smooth iron plate bent in the shape shown at ä,
Fig. 4; narrow pieces of angle iron serve to join them to each other and
to the side pieces, which are of the form shown at Fig. 1. A star-shaped
disc or bottom is placed in the middle of the drum and a driving pulley
at each outer side, the bolts e passing right through and keeping all
together. The spade or shovel teeth are of steel and fastened each by
two or three bolts and nuts, so that they can be replaced when required.
The driving pulleys E are here about 18 inches in diameter, while the
other pulleys F are about 14 inches, giving the plough drum about 1/
greater speed. The pulleys are suitably formed to take hold of the
chains, which should have links exactly alike. C, C, are the wooden
side frames; the whole framing may however be made of iron;
a, a, are fulcrum wheels which can be raised or lowered as required by
means of the screw 6 and nut N, the latter having handles for that
purpose. The front part of the framing has the usual attachments for
the horses, also a driver's seat and a wheel c, which is used when
turning at lands end or for transport of the implement as a carriage.
It is then lowered; the fulcrum wheels a, a, are then also lowered so far
that the extreme outer points of the knives and spades on front and
back drum are about 3 inches above ground. The curves at D, Fig. 1,

page_text: show the travel of the points m and n of the plough shovels when at
work. The soil between the two would consequently be forced into the
shovel.
When it is desired to scatter the soil out to one side the plough
shovels are formed as shown by y, Fig. 4.
The action of the implement is as follows:-Each circle of teeth on
the front drum during their epicycloidal travel cuts out a continuous
furrow in and through the soil to a depth in this case of say 9 inches,
all according to circumstances, and the circular rows of teeth thus cut
it up into streaks about 3 inches wide. The back or plough drum is
furnished with shovels round its circumference. These shovels end in
spade teeth, in this case 3 inches wide, corresponding to the streaks cut
out by the teeth of the front drum. The spade teeth will during their
epicycloidal motion plane off or slice off the streaks in thin layers or
shavings from the bottom slanting upwards, and the soil thus planed off
is driven into the shovel, carried up with the same in the epicycloidal
direction as described, and falls out in the rut behind about in the same
place where it was taken up. The curve of the shovel bottom is deter-
mined so that the soil as it proceeds in the shovels should curl up like
a shaving and thus break up into fine particles. The layers of soil from
the various depths will to a certain extent be mixed, but substantially
the upper strata will fall out first, thus accomplishing a complete
turning over. Added to this there is also the throwing out centrifugally
of the finely divided soil, which thus is enabled to absorb atmospheric
air, which is of great benefit to the subsequent chemical operations in
the earth.
Apparatus constructed according to this Invention does away with
the use of the harrow, which only pulverizes the surface soil, while this
apparatus pulverizes the soil in its entire depth. It can also be set to
LL
sunna tod be the control wheels

page_text: height, making allowance for the sinking in of the wheels into soft soil;
a screw is therefore the best for that purpose. The dimensions of the
plough drum can be varied to suit the quality of soil, the draft power
it is desired to employ, and the maximum depth of working.
For narrow furrows and small power the crossed chain may be left out
on one side, and one of the side linings of the shovels may be left out,
so that the soil is driven into the interior of the drum and then scattered
or thrown out to one side. This plough will for soil having great
cohesion be better than the closed one.
When leaving out both side linings of the shovels and giving the
bottom an obtuse angle in the middle and forming it with a projecting
cam on the back a plough is obtained which is eminently suitable for
root cultivation, as it lays off the soil in the form of
f. If the
soil has been already ploughed deeply by means of a plough harrow
a much lighter built plough of double width may be used for such
rebate ploughing, giving at once the form
viz., a whole
rebate and two halves. The implement may be worked by animal
power or by steam power.
And having now fully described the nature of this Invention, and one
special mode of carrying the same into effect, I claim as the improve-
ments in agricultural implements for ploughing and other purposes,―
Firstly. The construction of agricultural implements consisting mainly
of two drums or sets of drums connected by crossed chains or equivalent
means, so that the front or driving drum or drums is propelled in an
opposite direction to that of the rear or ploughing drum or drums, all
substantially as herein-before described.
Secondly. The construction of agricultural implements having a front
drum or drums fitted with teeth or knives as described and a back drum
or drums having shovels as described, and working in the contrary
direction to the former.
Thirdly. The arrangement at or near the middle or fulcrum of imple-
ments constructed as described in order to regulate the working depth.
Fourthly. The various modifications of the ploughing or shovel drum
described

page_text: Furthly. The arrangements
acapung
making it into a three-wheeled carriage by lowering the front wheel and
the fulcrum wheels.
In witness whereof, I, the said Peter Jensen, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Fifteenth day of May, in the year of our Lord
One thousand-eight hundred and seventy-two.
the fulcrum wheels.
In witness whereof, I, the said Peter Jensen, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Fifteenth day of May, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and seventy-two.