AN IMPROVED METHOD OR METHODS OF PRODUCING OUTLINES ON PAPER, PASTEBOARD, PARCHMENT, PAPIER MÂCHE, AND OTHER LIKE FABRICS
Year: 1848

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM
IRONSIDE TAIT, of Rugby, in the County of Warwick, Printer and Book-
seller, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Ninth day of December,
One thousand eight hundred and forty-eight, in the twelfth year of Her reign,
did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said
William Ironside Tait, my exors, adiñors, and assigns, Her especial licence,
full power, sole privilege and authority, that I, the said William Ironside
Taite, my exors, adñors, and assigns, or such others as I, the said William
Ironside Tait, my exors, adññiors, or assigns, should at any time agree with,
and no others, from time to time and at all times during the term of years
therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend,
within England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, my Invention
of "AN IMPROVED METHOD OR METHODS OF PRODUCING OUTLINES ON PAPER,
PASTEBOARD, PARCHMENT, PAPIER MÂCHE, AND OTHER LIKE FABRICS;" in which
said Letters Patent is contained a proviso, that I, the said William Ironside
Tait, should cause a particular description of the nature of my said Invention,
and in what manner the same is to be performed, by an instrument in
writing under my hand and seal, to be inrolled in Her said Majesty's High

page_text: Court of Chancery within six calendar months next and immediately after
the date of the said in part recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same,
reference being thereunto had, will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
William Ironside Tait, do hereby declare that the nature of the said Inven-
tion, and in what manner the same is to be performed, are fully described
and ascertained in and by the present Specification thereof, reference being
had to the Drawings hereunto annexed, that is to say:
Firstly, my Invention has for its object to facilitate the acquirement of a
knowledge of geography by providing for the use of students blank sheets of
paper (or of any other of the materials aforesaid), each punctured with such
guide marks for the delineation of some portion or other of the globe, that the
student shall have but to connect these marks by suitable lines, straight or
curved, in order to produce a complete outline map of the same. The
manner in which I accomplish this is as follows:-I paste a copy of a map of
the portion of the globe intended to be outlined upon a well planished and
thin plate of some soft metal, as zinc or pewter, and when it has become
quite dry I prick the map through with a dry style at every point where I
think it advisable to leave a mark for the guidance of the stretcher, and with
such force as to raise a burr on the outside surface of the metal plate beneath.
For example, I mark by a single puncture each point where the lines of lati-
tude and longitude intersect each other, and also the point where each of
these lines terminates, so that when these punctures are transferred to the
sheet of paper it is only necessary to connect point to point to produce the
divisional lines in full; and where coast or river lines are to be indicated; I
make the guide punctures more or less numerous; that is to say, at a greater
or, less distance apart, according as the lines are more or less waving or
tortuous. Again, mountains, lakes, cities, towns, and other prominent objects,
I denote by punctures larger than the others, or by clusters of punctures in
the form of circles, triangles, crosses, &c. From the plate which has been
thus punctured, that is to say, from the burred side of it (which is the opposite
of that to which the original map was pasted), I. afterwards take as many
impressions as I want on plain paper (or any of the other fabrics aforesaid), by
means of a copper-plate or any other suitable press; and when the burrs
become worn down from use I restore them to their original sharpness_by
repuncturing them with the style from the opposite side.
Secondly, my Invention consists in producing outline maps, of the same
description as the preceding, but with the impressions of the punctures in

page_text: visible colors, as black, blue, or red; I effect this by placing a sheet of paper
or cloth, coated or saturated with the desired color (similar to the carbonic
sheets used in letter copying machines) between the punctured plate while it
is in the course of being printed from, and the paper (or other material) which
receives the impression.
Thirdly, my Invention consists in directly puncturing plates of metal (that
is to say), without the superposition of any copy, as in the preceding cases,
with dotted outlines of objects of all sorts, and taking impressions from the
same, either colorless or in colors, by the processes before described.
Fourthly, my Invention consists in the combination of a cylinder press,
suitable for taking impressions of dotted outlines from plates punctured by
either of the processes before described. An elevation of this press is given
in Figure 1 of the Drawings hereunto annexed. A is a cylinder, to which
the punctured plate is bent and fitted, with the burred side outermost; B,
another cylinder, which is covered with cloth; F, F, a tubular framework,
in which the two cylinders A and B are mounted, one immediately over the
other; D is an endless band or web of cloth or paper, which revolves round
the rollers C, C, and passes between the cylinders A and B; E is a winch, by
which rotation is imparted to the endless web and cylinders A and B. When
plain or uncolored impressions only are desired to be taken, the paper or other
material is laid sheet after sheet on the endless web, and passed through
between the rollers. When colored impressions are required, I lay on the
endless web a sheet of paper or cloth, charged or coated on its upper surface
with printing ink or other coloring matter, as represented at D', and upon the
top of this coloring sheet I place each of the sheets of paper or other sub-
stance as they are passed through the press.
Fifthly, my Invention consists in engraving continuous outlines of maps
and other subjects upon plates of metal in the usual way, and taking dry.
impressions thereof, or impressions without ink or color on paper or any:
other of the fabrics aforesaid, by pressure of the plates on the paper, or
of the paper on the plates, effected by means of a letter press or any other
suitable machine.
Sixthly, my Invention consists in taking casts in gutta percha of the outline
plates, both dotted and continuous, produced by the processes before de
scribed, and printing from such casts in the same way as from the original;
plates themselves. The gutta percha may be either poured in a state of
solution over the plates (enclosing them for the time in a temporary rim or:
chasing) and allowed to cool, or used in the state of solid slabs warmed to a.
:

page_text: sufficient degree of plasticity to be readily indented by pressing them upon
thie plates or the plates upon them.
Seventhly, in order to the production on paper and the other fabrics afore-
said of straight lines, or of divergent and convergent lines like the lines of
longitude and latitude laid down according to Mercator's projection, or of
waving lines, I make use of an apparatus of the description represented in
Figure 2. B is an endless web of cloth, which revolves on two cylinders C, C,
on the top of which web are laid the sheets of paper or other fabrics to be printed,
as also a coloring sheet to supply the color in manner before explained;
D, D, are a series of cords which stretch along the top surface of the endless
web B at a little distance from it (being kept distended by the rollers D, D¹,)
and serve to keep the sheets of paper and coloring sheets steady in their
places; E is a block of india-rubber which is fixed above the cords at right
angles to the endless web, in which block there are inserted a number of dull-
pointed needles n, n, at equal distances from each other, and inclined a little
in the opposite direction to that in which the web revolves.
is put in motion the sheet intended to be printed is pressed by the points
of needles against the colored sheet, and straight lines are thereby produced
corresponding with the lines of pressure of the needles. To produce curved
Jines, such as those used in laying down maps, I make use of another revolving
endless web B', which, is mounted in the same framework as the other, and
immediately above it, and has a slab of gutta percha A attached to it, in
which there are a number of curved grooves cut corresponding to the lines
required. When the two endless webs are put in motion, and the grooved
slab A comes over the needle carrier E, the grooves lay hold of the heads of
the needles and cause them to describe corresponding curves on the recipient
and coloring sheets. The needles are enabled to follow the curved lines of
direction thus impressed upon them in consequence of the elasticity of the
substance in which they are set.
When the web
Eighthly, to facilitate the drawing in outline maps of the lines of longi-
tude and latitude, I cut thin plates of metal, sheets of cardboard, or other
suitable substance through and through, in lines corresponding to the said
lines of longitude and latitude, and thus form guide frames, by the super-
position of which on the paper or other fabric the required lines will be
readily filled in with pen or pencil.
Ninthly, I produce raised outlines on paper or any other of the fabrics
aforesaid, for the use of blind persons, of letters, numerals, and other characters,
by first striking out the same in metal plates by stamping or perforation, and

page_text: then taking impressions from such plate on the paper or other fabric by means
of a letter press or other suitable press. Or, I engrave, that is to say, indent,
only the letters, numerals, and other characters, on sheets of metal, and take
dry impressions therefrom by similar means.
Tenthly, I produce for educational uses, colourless outlines of maps and
other lineal designs in the fabric of papers, after the manner of the ordinary
trade watermarks. I take a sheet of wire cloth or numerously perforated. plate
of metal and work in or interweave the outline design with wire or hair, or
silk thread, or gutta percha thread. Or, I produce the design on wire cloth by
laying on gutta percha in a warm and plastic state in streaks or larger masses
as required, or by warming the wire cloth and applying the gutta percha in a
cold state. I use the wire cloth and perforated metal plates which have been
thus prepared to form moulds for making paper by hand, the mode of doing
which is well known and understood. Or, I use the wire cloth with the designs
embodied in or laid on it in the ordinary way in which wire cloth is used
in making paper by machines. Or, I. attach the piece of wire cloth con-
taining the design to the upper surface of the continuous web which carries
the paper, or to a second endless web revolving above it, or to the surface of
the dandy roller itself.
Eleventhly, for the purpose of guiding pupils in caligraphy in giving the
proper slope to the letters, and also to assist writers generally in this respect, I
manufacture paper with guide lines embodied therein, also after the manner of
watermarks, in the manner represented in Figure 3. These lines are inclined
from top to bottom, at an angle corresponding with that which should be given
to the letters in writing, and there are two sets of them crossing each other, one
of which serves for the front side of the sheet, and the other for the back. I
produce those lines in the course of manufacturing the paper, and while it is
yet in a semi-pulpy state, by producing the corresponding figure on the surface
of the ordinary dandy roller, in the manner before described.
Twelfthly, I produce for various distinctive purposes in trade and business
paper with colored lines, either vertical or diagonal or waving, and either em-
bodied more or less in the substance of the paper in the course of manufacture,
so that they cannot be removed therefrom, except by processes and opera-
tions which would destroy the texture of the paper and lead consequently to
immediate detection. To produce colored lines in the substance of the
paper, I employ a set of rollers similar to the inking rollers of a printing
machine, mounted immediately over the dandy roller, as represented in
Figure 4. A is the dandy roller; B, the paper in a semi-pulpy state; C, an

page_text: inking or color roller which supplies color to the surface of the dandy roller,
from which it is regularly transferred into the body of the paper; D, D, are
the distributing rollers, by which the color is equally spread upon the
surface of the color roller C; E is a small roller which takes up the coloring
matter from the trough F and lays it upon the distributing rollers, D, D.
Instead of using the dandy roller for this purpose, a separate roller, with the
lines intended to be incorporated into the paper, may be placed in that part of
the machine just immediately behind or in advance of the dandy roller, but I
prefer having it behind the dandy roller, as being calculated in that position to
produce more uniform and unbroken lines. When the paper is required to
have colored lines on both sides, then I fit a similar set of rollers below the
paper, the means of carrying which arrangement into effect will readily suggest
themselves to any person conversant with paper-making machinery. It will;
however, generally be found that when the body of paper so printed or colored
is not very thick, the coloured lines, though applied on one side only, will be
sufficiently visible on the opposite side.
1
Thirteenthly, I produce colored outline devices in the body or substance of
paper (similar to watermarks), by the same means as those last herein-before
directed to be employed for producing colored lines. But instead of, having
such devices worked into or superimposed upon the wire cloth of the dandy
roller, these devices may be engraved or otherwise produced upon the surface
of a solid or hollow roller (which may be made of metal, wood, or any other
convenient substance), or on a metal plate, which may be afterwards bent and
affixed to the body of such roller.
Fourteenthly, my Invention consists in the application of the several pro-
cesses herein-before described, for the production of dotted and continuous out-
lines to the producing generally of outlines of all objects that may be made the
subject of lineal representation, and a knowledge of which or skill in delineating
which may be promoted by means of such outlines, as for example, the human
figure, statues, buildings, machines, &c.
And having now described the nature of my said Invention in the several
parts thereof, and the manner in which the same is to be performed, I declare
that the improvements which I claim as constituting my said Invention are as
follows:-
First, I claim the producing of dotted outline maps on paper, pasteboard,
parchment, papier mâché, and other like fabrics, both colourless and in colors,
by all and every of the means and methods described under the first, second,
third, fourth, and sixth heads of this Specification.

page_text: Second, I claim the producing of continuous colourless outlines on paper
and other fabrics aforesaid by the dry processes described under the fifth head
of this Specification.
Third, I claim the producing of dotted and continuous outlines from gutta
perchia casts, as before described.
Fourth, I claim the employment for the purposes of my Invention of the
machine represented. in Figure 1 of the Drawings hereunto annexed, and
before described.
Fifth, I claim the producing of straight and curved lines (for outline
purposes), by means of the machinery represented in Figure 2 of the Drawings
hereunto annexed, and before described.
Sixth, I claim the making of perforated guide frames to assist persons in
drawing lines of longitude and latitude, as before described.
Seventh, I claim the producing of raised outline letters, numerals, and other
characters for the use of the blind, by the modes before described.
Eighth, I claim the producing of colourless outlines of maps and other
lineal designs in the body or substance of papers after the manner of water-
marks, as before described, but only when such designs are used for educational
purposes.
Ninth, I claim the producing of designs on dandy rollers by the application
of gutta percha to the wire cloth of the dandy roller, or to separate pieces of
wire cloth superimposed on the wire cloth of the dandy roller.
Tenth, I claim the producing of colourless diagonal lines in the body or
substance of paper, after the manner of watermarks, for caligraphic purposes,
as before described.
Eleventh, I claim the producing of colored vertical, diagonal, and waving
lines in the body of paper during the making thereof, for distinctive purposes
in trade and business, as before described.
Twelfth, I claim the producing of coloured outline devices in the body or
substance of paper, similar to watermarks, as before described.
And thirteenth, I claim the application to general purposes of so much of
the several processes for producing dotted and continuous outlines, colored or
colorless, herein-before claimed, as may be applicable thereto.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Ironside Tait, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Ninth day of June, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and forty-nine.
W. I. (L.S.) TAIT.

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Ninth day of June, in the year
of our Lord 1849, the aforesaid William Ironside Tait came before our said
Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged the Specification afore.
said, and all and every thing therein contained and specified, in form above
written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped according to the
tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.
Enrolled the Ninth day of June, in the year of our Lord One thousand
eight hundred and forty-nine.