Improvements in the Mode of Raising and Lifting Water and Supplying the same Automatically or otherwise to Steam Bollers or through Pressure Vessels, and in Softening, Purifying, Sterilizing, and Economically Heating and Cooling Water, and in Apparatus therefor.
Year: 1895

page_text: Date of Application, 14th May, 1875
Complete Specification Left, 13th Mar, 1896-Accepted, 14th May,
1996
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in the Mode of Raising and Lifting Water and
Supplying the same Automatically or otherwise to Steam
Bollers or through Pressure Vessels, and in Softening, Purifying,
Sterilizing, and Economically Heating and Cooling Water, and
in Apparatus therefor.
1 WILLIAM LAWRENCE Engineer, of 20 Brackley Terrace, Chiswick,
London, W. do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows.-
The present invention embraces the automatic admission and regulation of water
to steam boilers or pressure vessels without the use of an ordinary forcing pump oi
injector.
Also, in conjunction the treatment of such water by softening, storilizing and
clarifying it by heating and re-cooling processes.
The raising, lifting and forcing water against pressure (either columnar or steam
pressure) is in this invention intimately connected with the heating, cooling,
softening and sterilizing of the water, inasmuch as in it the steam and water nie
caused to come into direct contact with each other and not as in the ordinary
pump. It is therefore apparent that the apparatus must be modified according as
the water requires treatment, for instance where the heating of the water is required
to be reduced to the minimum, preventing and intercepting media must be intro-
duced and the apparatus must be specially constinected to meet that end. On the
other hand where, for softening and sterilizing purposes, high temperatures are
desirable, the steam and the water must be brought into more complete contact in
a suitable vessel or pressure cylinder. When, however, the water so treated
requires to be used in the cooled state, heat interchanging apparatus becomes a
necessity. Also in conjunction with these wherever the salts of lime are thrown
out of solution, special settling devices and receptacles must be provided, also
sludge chambers with sludge doors or other arrangements for removing the sludge.
Thus the apparatus includes a special or equilibrium pump, a precipitating and
settling apparatus in conjunction with a pressure cylinder and heat interchanging
apparatus.
In some cases the equilibrium pump only would be used, as for instance when
the condensed water, or pure or soft water is required to be passed into a boiler.
The only addition then might perhaps be the special device for maint uning the
correct water line in the boiler by throwing the pump into or out of use according
as the water hue fell or lose.
When however water is required to be raised from a well and delivered
automatically to the top of a house, partly as sterilized and softened cold water,
and partly as stenlized and softened hot water, the complete apparatus would be
needed.
The automatic raising and lifting of water and delivering it into boilers under
steam and into steam pressure vessels is performed by means of apparatus
constructed to work on a novel system or in equilibrium and not on the principle of
au ordinary forcing or suction pump.
The difference between this present equilibrium system and the ordinary system
of pumping will be made cleat on comparing the two methods. In ordinary steam
suction and lifting or forcing pumps the water is forced against the iesisting

page_text: 01 columnar pressure by steam acting upon a piston and moving the pumping
pistou. Opening and closing valves are also necessary in most pumps
In the new method the steam piston and pump piston are both dispensed with as
the steam pressure is brought into diect contact with the water and the water is
drawn into and delivered out of a seites of chambers, the dividing parts of which
are in motion and the pressure upon the walls of which is in equilibrium; also the
chambers are alternately in vacuo and under pressure. No ordinary valves are
equued for lifting or delivering the water, since the apparatus is constructed on a
principle that takes advantage of the physical differences between water and steam,
the former being not condensible and heavy, the latter being condensible and very
mobile and light. The apparatus, although it may resemble a pump does not force
the liquid against pressure but conveys it from one position, where the pressure is
less than the atmosphere, to another where it is greater, the pressure upon the
walls of the chambers in which it 18 conveyed being equal. Thus the apparatus i8
rather a water conveyor than a pump and the force required for the motive parts
1s not proportioned to the pressure in the boiler or steam cylinder but is only what
is necessary to overcome the fiction of those moving parts.
The apparatus may be either circular or of any other form that permits of the
pressure in the water chambers being in equilibuum aud generally as before
described.
A convenient circular form of conveyor consists its internal moving parts of a
series of discs attached to arms fixed to a central diaphragm, the discs being
disposed transversely to the plane of the diaphragm. The diaphragm, revolving
upon a spindle, is enclosed in a case made in two halves and tuned to fit the
revolving diaphragm and its attached discs. Thus, if the diaphragm ineased
12 inches in diameter and the discs 6 inches, the total diameter of the diaphragm
and the discs would be 2 ft. The internal form of the case would then be fat in
its cential part for 12 inches diameter and swelled ont, ring shaped beyond the
12 inches, the annular hollow ring formed being 6 inches in the bore in order to
fit the discs would form the water chamber and would contain, acording to its
measured capacity, about 5 gallons This water space world be divided by the
discs into separate water tight chambers. The discs may be furnished with metallic
piston rings to prevent leakage. A convenient number of discs may be eight and
the eight chambers formed by them would be submitted alternately to vacuum aud
pressure as the diaphragm evolved. According to calculations, 6 revolutions por
minute would give 30 gallons per minute raised or taken u and discharged. The
case of the apparatus, placed on its edge, would be furnished upon its highest pait
with a suitable water inlet and on its lowest part with a suitably perforated water
outlet There would also be a steam chamber or way to admit the steam to the
upper part of the delivery chamber and allow the water to fall by gravitation out
of the discharge or delivery chamber into the boiler or pressure chamber below
The stean, taking the place of the water would, as the discs moved, form, on
condensing, the vacuum that would draw in or up the incoming water, the force of
which water might be made use of, by its velocity to impinge upon the discs and
act as the motive power to overcome the friction of the apparatus. An apparatus
of the internal dimensions above stated would give at 6 revolutions of the
diaphragm and moving parts as before mentioned about 30 gallons per minute, but
a much higher speed might be attained. if it were desued to discharge the water
more rapidly, by centrifugal action. A turbine or water motor could also be
attached to the spindle or be in conjunction to give increased speed by allowing the
Incoming or outgoing water to cause rotary action either by vacuum oi by pressme.
The fiction of the apparatus also may be overcome by hand power, but if a
turbine or water motoi wero employed on the delivery, the power of the wateı
might be turned to account as diving power for purposes other and beyond the
overcoming of the friction of the pump
This rotating form of apparatus may be varied and the annular water box may
be of any other convenient form in section other than the circular.

page_text: The mode of delivering water into boilers or pressure vessels by gravitation is
not entirely novel inasmuch as I have already described in a former Pitent an
intermittent system in conjunction with the softening of water in its passage to the
boiler, but, in the system described in that Patent there were valves, and it was
not a rotary nor a continuous system. The present system is however practically
novel, in being substantially continuous and as regards the chambers being formed
by moving o rotating divisions where the pressure is in equilibrium or by
moving or notating covers, and also in conjunction with the softening of the water
and the other features of the invention
Besides the rotary form, oscillating chambers, square or other shaped in section
may be formed by divisions fitting an external case where the equilibrium, as
regards pressure, 18 maintained and whore the case is provided with suitable inlets
and outlets for the water and ways for the steam.
Such forms are in not way foreign to this general punciple of the equilibrium
pump. Whether the chambers are atianged in a straight line or in a circle
the action is similar. Also whether certain parts of the chambers move while the
openings or inlets and outlets remain statiounty or the reverse.
But where the
water does not require to be heated duectly certain forms are more applicable than
others, since in such cases the chambers may requie to be lined with non-
conducting substances and intercepting, non-conducting floats are required to be
used For this last reason the vertical walls of the chambers should be parallel, so
A suitable
that the floats as they use and fall may fit the walls of the chambers
circular form containing vertical chambers with parallel walls would be an internal
rotary vertical cylinder containing seven equal chambers, one in the centre and six
around it. The centre one would require to be circular in plan and would be lined
with a hollow or other spindle upon which this cylinder might revolve, if hollow
the spindle might serve as the water inlet. The six other chambers would form
the water conveyors or vessels, and as they revolved in a fixed case would be
airanged to come opposite suitable openings in the case for water supply and
delivery and for steam
The outer case being cylindrical in form and its cylindrical walls disposed
vertically would, if about 20 inches in diameter and 12 inches in depth internally
contain a cylinder having 6 chambers which if cylindrical would measure about
6 inches in diameter by 12 inches deep and serve as 6 separate pump-barrels cach
delivering its contents at each revclution which would be 7 gallons or at 6 revo-
lutions per minute would give about 42 gallons per minute or say 2,500 gallons
per bou. Each chamber also might contain a non-conducting float for separating
the steam from the water for the purpose already stated of restricting or limiting
the heating of the water when necessary. Also if the banels or chambers were
made longer o deeper, say for instance, 2 ft. or more deep, it might be more
convenient to move the top and bottom covers to the chambers instead of the
chambers themselves, in such case these covers might coutain the inlets and outlets
for water and the steam ways.
I do not limit myself to the special forms of equilibrium water convoyers here
described for it would be difficult to show at the outset all variations and
modifications that may be made where either the divisions move or the covers or
slides coutaining the admissions and exits for water and for steam. The general
principle covers all forms of equilibrium pump as distinguished from a force or lift
pump where hand or steam power required to force the liquid against pressure.
1 can also use in combination a centrifugal pump placed inside the pressure
cylinder to raise the water a few feet in cases where the space at disposal does not
admit of the water conveyer being placed above the boiler.
The importance of this special or equilibrium pump becomes further apparent
when its application is considered in conjunction with the other features of the
invention or the economic raising, softening, sterilizing or heating of water.
In the ordinary systems of pumping great loss of power and expense results from
the unequal velocity of water in passing upwards on through pipes where more

page_text: power is exerted than is actually sufficient to overcome the columnar pressure.
Water being incompressible, should in order to be moved with the least expenditure
of power, be conveyed at an equal velocity, and should be delivered at the outflow
in one steady volume and not as it may be observed in the ordinary method of
pumping in a jerky and intermittent fashion. Now the employment of a pressure
cylinder where steam 18 made use of to form an elastic cushion obviates this
objection by causing the water to flow in a steady volume.
A fun the use of the pressure cylinder is to regulate the amount of steam
required to raise the water. This is effected by a ball or float to control the steam
inlet by the variations of the water level. By this arrangement no more steam 15
admitted than is necessary to taise the water and any variation in the quantity of
water used causes a corresponding variation in the steam admitted. The flow of
water may also be regulated by a ball or float so that both the steam and water
may be adjusted automatically however megularly the water may be required to
flow in order to meet any variation in the inte of using. This arrangement of ball
floats may also serve for the maintenance of a corrcct water line in a boiler.
Another way of maintaining a collect water line in the boiler 15 to cause
the pipe which conveys the steam to the conveyor to terminate at the desired
water line so as to be water-sealed when the water reaches or surpasses that line.
The pressure cylinder serves another purpose when it is fitted with a heat
interchanging apparatus to effect the softening and sterilizing of the water by a
heating and re-cooling process before being raised. When contaming a heat
interchanger the pressure vessel would, by preference, be cylindrical, and the
surface of the heat interchanger would be disposed vertically. This heating
surface would preferably be made of folded metal formed into a corrugated cylinder;
the congated cylinder being furnished with a top and bottom which would be
provided with an inlet and outlet for water would form a corrugated cylindrical
vessel. This vessel would be contained in the pressure cylinder. In action the
water would flow into the corrugated cylinder, entering at the bottom, and on
rising would become heated and flow out at the top and rise above the water level
in the pressure vessel Then, falling on suitable surfaces, it would become softened,
sterilized and its salts deposited. It would then pass downwards outside the inter-
changing surface and be re-cooled by imparting its heat to the incoming water.
In this aangement the pumping apparatus would be placed higher than the
pressure cylinder and sufficiently so to allow the water to fall and enter the
pressure cylinder at the lowest level The heating of the water by steam contact
in the pump would be, as much as possible, avoided.
When the water does not require to be heated or softened or sterilized, the
pressure cylinder could be modified accordingly and made to servo as a vessel
where the steam and water line could be preserved by ball floats turning off and ou
both steam and water and where a layer or layers of water could be imposed as
heat intercepting media between the water and the steam.
A further use of the pressure cylinder is to precipitate the salts of lime and to
collect them in suitable chambers so as to be drawn off and removed so that the
water may be delivered soft and free from sediment before entering the boiler.
This may be applied not only to stationary but to locomotive and marine boilers.
A simple means of transferring the water to boilers having been devised, a com-
paratively small pressure vessel will seive for the precipitation of the lime salts
under the high pressure of a locomotive or marine boiler. Not only may the
carbonate or temporary hardness be removed but the sulphate of lime may also be
thrown out of solution at temperatures higher than what is due to about 70 lb.
pressure The pressure vessel in such case may also be disposed horizontally to
hit the space at disposal
Dated this 14th day of May 1895.
HERBERT HADDAN & Co,
Agents to Applicant.

page_text: Improvements in the Mode of Raising and Lifting Water and
Supplying the same Automatically or otherwise to Steam
Bollors or through Pressure Vessels, and in Softening, Purifying,.
Sterilizing, and Economically Heating and Cooling Water, and.
in Apparatus therefor.
1, WILLIAM LAWRENCE of 20 Binckley Terraco, Chiswick, London, W.,.
Civil Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner
the same is to be performed to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement :-
The present invention embraces the automatic admission and regulation of water
to steam boilers or pressure vessels without the use of an ordinary forcing pump or
injector.
Also, in conjunction, the ticatiment of such water by softening, sterilizing and
clarifying it by heating and recooling processes.
The raising, lifting, and forcing water against pressure (either columnar or
steam picssure) 19 in this invention intimately connected with the heating, cooling,
softening, aud sterilizing of the water, inasmuch as in it the steam and water may
be caused to come into direct contact with each other and not as in the ordinary
pump. It is therefore apparent that the apparatus may be modified according
as the water requires trentment, for instance where the heating of the water is
required to be reduced to the minimum, presenting and intercepting media must
be introduced and the apparatus must be specially constructed to meet that end.
On the other hand where for softening and sterilizing purposes high temperatures
are desnable the steam and the water inust be brought into more complete cont.ict
in a suitable vessel or pressure cylinder. When however the water so treated
requires to be used in the cooled state, heat interchanging apparatus becomes a
necessity.
Also in conjunction with these, wherever the salts of lime are thrown out of
solution, special settling devices and receptacles must be provided, also sludge
chambers with sludge doors or other arrangements for removing the sludge.
Thus the apparatus includes a boiler or compressed vapour supply a special or
equilibrium pump, a precipitating and settling apparatus in conjunction with a
pressure cylinder and heat interchanging apparatus.
In some cases the equilibrium pump only would be used, as for instance, when.
the condensed water or pure or soft water is required to be passed into a boiler.
The only addition then might perhaps be the special device for maintaining the
correct water line in the boiler by throwing the pump into or out of use according
as the water line fell or rose. When however water is required to be raised from n
well and delivered automatically to the top of a house, partly as steulized and
softened cold water, and partly as sterilized and softened hot water the complete
apparatus would be needed.
The automatic raising and lifting of water and delivering it into boilers under
steam and into steam pressure vessels is performed by means of apparatus con-
atructed to work or a novel system or in equilibrium and not on the principle of
an ordinary forcing or suction pump.
The difference between this present equilibrium system and the ordinary system
of pumping will be made clear on comparing the two methods. In ordinary steain
suction and lifting or forcing pumps the water is forced against the resisting or
columnar pressure by steam acting upon a piston and moving the pumping pistou.
Opening and closing valves are also in most pumps necessary.

page_text: In the new method the steam piston and pump piston are both dispensed with as
the steam pressure is brought into direct contact with the water, and the water is
drawn into and delivered out of a series of chambers, the dividing parts of which
are in motion and the pressure upon the walls of which is in equilibrium, also the
chambers are alternately in vacuo ot under normal atmospheric pressure and under
higher pressure. No ordinary valves are required for lifting or delivering the
water since the apparatus is constructed on a principle that takes advantage of the
physical differences between water and steam the former being not condensible and
heavy the latter being condensible and very mobile and light.
The apparatus although it may resemble a pump does not foice the liquid
against piessine but conveys it from one position where the pressure is less than
or equal to the atmosphere.to another where it 19 greater the pressure upon the
walls of the chambers in which it is conveyed being equal.
Thus the apparatus is rather a water conveyer than a pump and the force
required for the motive parts is not proportioned to the pressure in the boiler or
steam cylinder but is only what is necessary to overcome the friction of those
moving parts
Although the pressure upon the walls of the pump is in equilibrium the water is
not always discharged by gravitation except when the pressure of steam in the
boiler is the same as that on the pressure vessel. When however the steam boiler
pressure 18 greater than the pressure-vessel pressure the water will be forced out
of the pump with a velocity equal to the difference of pressure between the boiler
and the pressure vessel.
A regulating cock on the steam supply will regulate the quantity of steam and
moderate the speed at which the water is duiven out of the pump.
When for
instance the carbonate hardness only has to be removed and the water delivered
to a height of 20 or 30 feet then a pressure of about 15 lbs. will suffice on the
pressure vessel although the boiler pressure be 4 times that amount.
Again when the carbonate hardness and impurities have to be removed and a
filtering process to remove also suspended matter adopted, but the water does not
require to be lifted then a pressure of from 5 to 10 lbs. would suffice. In treating
water for delivery into storage tanks after the carbonate hardness has been
removed it 19 desirable to employ the heat interchanging apparatus to prevent
waste of heat during the time allowed for complete subsidence or filtration.
Such preliminary treatment is more essential when a second treatment at high
temperatures or pressures for removing lime sulphate is resorted to.
Carbonate hardness is more general in watei than sulphate and to remove this
carbonate baldness a separate treatment is the best.
For high pressure boilers, working at say 140 lbs., the second treatment for the
removal of sulphates may be carried on in the pressure vessel working at about
40 lbs. less than its boiler pressure or at about 100 lbs. The equilibrium pump will
deliver water into the pressure vessel with great velocity with such a difference of
pressure and the steam at high pressure passing out of the pump will be sufficient
to drive an ordinary pump to force the water into the boiler from the vessel
The exhaust steam may also serve to heat the incoming water to the pump.
The equilibrium pump may be either circular or of any other form that permits
of the pressure in the water chambers being in equilibrium and generally as
before described.
A convenient circular form of conveyor is shown in two vertical sections in
Figures 1 and 2 of the annexed diawings and consists in its internal moving paits
of au annular vessel A divided into a series of segmental chambers a' by a series
of diaphragms a' and attached to a central diaphragm a', the diaphragms a' being
disposed transversely to the plane of the diaphragm a. The diaphragm a³ revolving
upon or with a spindle a is enclosed in a caso B made in two halves and turned
to fit the revolving vessel A. The water space in vessel A would be divided by
the diaphragms a into separate water tight chambers a' with openings a' aº. A
convenient number of diaphragms a' may be six and the six chambers formed by

page_text: them would be submitted alternately to vacuum and pressure as the diaphragins
revolved. The case B of the apparatus placed on its edge would be furnished with
a suitable water inlet c and on its lowest part with a suitably perforated water
outlet both in the plane of the ports a', a. There would also be a steam
chamber with port to admit the steam to the upper part of the delivery
chamber a through ports a and allow the water to fall by giavitation out of the
The
discharge or delivery chamber into the boiler or pressure chamber below
steam taking the place of the water would, as the vessel moved, foun, ou con-
densing, the vacuuin that would diaw in or up the incoming water; the force of
which water might be made use of by its velocity, to impinge upon the discs and
act as the motive power to overcome the friction of the apparatus, or the steam
niny pass out of the chamber a', when it has made say a quaiter turn and leave
at, so that its expansive foire may be utilized for instance to drive a motor.
The expanded steam which still remains in the chamber may after another
quaiter turn pass out at e' at the same time that water enters at c.
A turbine or water motor could also be attached to the spindle, or be in con-
Junction to give increased speed by allowing the incoming or outgoing water to
cause 1otary action either by vacuum o by pressure. The fiction of the
apparatus also may be overcome by hand power; but if a turbine or water motor
wore employed on the delivery, the power of the water might be tuned to account
as diving power for purpose othei and beyond the overcoming the fiction of
the pump
This rotating form of apparatus may be varied and the an ular water box may
be any other convenient form in section other than square.
The mode of delivering water into boilers or pressure vessels by gravitation 18
not entirely novel inasmuch as I bave alieady described, in a former patent, an
intermittent system in conjunction with the softening of water in its pass ige to the
boiler, but, in the system described in that patent there were valves and it was not
a rotary noi a continuous system. The present system is however practically novel
in being substantially continuous and as regards the chambers being formed by
moving on rotary divisions where the pressure is in equilibrium oi by moving or
rotating covers, and also in conjunction with the softening of the water and the
other features of the invention.
Besides the rotary form oscillating chambers, square or other shaped in section
may be formed by divisions fitting an external case where the equilibrium as
egards pressure. is maintained, and where the case is provided with suitable milets
and outlets for the water and ways for the steam.
Such forms are in no way foreign to this general punciple of the equilibrium
pump. Whether the chambers are nranged in a straight hoe on in a circle the
action 16 similai. Also whether certain parts of the chambers move while the
openings, or inlets and outlets remain stationary or the reverse
But where the water does not requne to be heated duectly certain forms are
more applicable than others, since in such cases the chambers may icqune to be
lined with non-conducting substances, and intercepting non conducting Hoats are
required to be used. For this last reason the vertical walls of the chambers should
be parallel, so that the floats as they rise and fall may fit the walls of the chambers.
A suitable cncular form containing vertical chambers with parallel walls is shown
in Fig. 3 in sectional elevation and in Fig 4 in sectional plan. An internal rotary
vertical cylinder A containing seven chambers, one a in the centre and 6 marked a¹
around it. The central one would require to be circular in plan, and would be
fitted with a hollow or other spindle upon which this cylinder A night revolve.
If hollow the spindle might serve as the water inlet. The six other chambers a¹
would form the water conveyors or vessels, and as they revolved in a fixed case B
would be arranged to come opposite suitable openings c c¹n the case for water
supply and delivery and for inlet and outlet of steam of being the inlet, of an
outlet for passage of the steam under pressure to an engine or otherwise and cª a

page_text: free outlet for the remaining expanded steam. Fig 5 19 a sectional elevation and
Fig. 6 a plan of a similar form of instrument in which the chambers a' are cucular
n plan.
Each chamber also might contain a non-conducting float such as D for separating
the steam from the water for the purpose already stated, of restricting or limiting
the heating of the water when necessary Also if the bariels or chainbers were
made longe or deeper say, for instance 2 feet or more deep it might be more con-
venient to move the top and bottom covers to the chambers instead of the chambers
themselves; in such case these covers night contain the inlets and outlets for water
and the steam ways.
I do not limit my self to the special forms of equilibrium water conveyors here
described for it would be difficult to show all the variations and modifications that
may be made where either the divisions move or the covers or slides containing the
admissions and exits for water and for steam. The general principle covers all
fornis of equilibrium pumps as distinguished from a force or hit pump where
hand or steam power is required to force the liquid against pressure.
I can also use in combination a centrifugal or other pump placed inside or
outside the pressure cylinder A raising the water a few feet in cases where the
space at disposal does not admit of the water conveyor being placed above the
boiler.
The importance of this special or equilibitum pump becomes further apparent
when its application is considered in conjunction with the other features of the
Invention, or the economic raising, softening, sterilizing, or heating of water.
A diagram of the apparatus is shown in Fig. 7, E is the boilet, F the pressure
cylinder, G the equilibrium pump and H a licat interchange.
In the ordinary systems of pumping great loss of power and expense results from
the ucqual velocity of water in passing upwards, or through pipes where more
power is exerted than is actually sufficient to overcome the columnar pressure.
Water being incompressible should, in order to be moved with the least expenditure
of power, be conveyed at an equul velocity, and should be delivered at the outflow
in one steady volume and not as it may be observed in the ordinary method of
pumping in a jerky and intermittent fashion. Now the employment of a pressure
cylinder where steam is inade use of to form an elastic cushion obviates this
objection by causing the water to flow in a steady volume.
A further use of the pressure cylinder is to regulate the amount of steam
required to raise the water.
This may be effected by a reducing valve in the pipe e feeding steam from the
boiler E to the upper part of the pressure vessel, or it may be pet formed by fitting
a valve e in said pipe and conuecting it to a blow off valve such as e set to a
certain pressure so that when that pressure is reached the steam ulet is stopped.
The steam blowing off' may be carried by pipe e to the bottom of tank II and if
desired a byo passe with cock may be provided to supply steam constantly to said
tank H partly to heat the water therem partly to separate the temporary hardness.
The entrance of steam through pipe e to the pressure cylude may also be con-
trolled by a ball or float to control the steam inlet by the variations of the water
level in the pressure cylinder. By this arrangement no more steam is admitted
than is necessary to raise the water and any variation in the quantity of water used
causes a corresponding variation in the steam admitted. The flow of water may
also be regulated by ball or float fso that both the steam and water may be
adjusted automatically however tegularly the water may be requned to flow in
order to meet any variation in the rate of using.
The float controls the position of the cock y in the pipe g' which conveys steam
from the boiler E to the entrance of the equilibuum pump G so that when the
float frises the steam 16 cut off and the wator in the pump chambers is not displaced
by the steam. This arrangement of ball floats may also serve for the maintenance
of a correct water line in a boiler.

page_text: Another way of maintaining a correct water line in the boiler is to cause the
pipe which conveys the steam to the conveyor to terminate at a desired line
so as to be sealed by ball g' when the water reaches or surpasses the water level
required.
The water is fed to the boiler in this case either by pipe h direct from the
delivery of the equilibrium pump G or by branch pipe from the pressure
vessel.
The pressure cylinder serves another purpose when it is fitted with a heat inter-
changing apparatus to effect the softening and sterilizing of the water by a heating
and recooling process before being raised
When containing a heat interchange as shown in the modification illustrated in
Fig. 8 the pressure vessel would by preference, be cylindrical, and the surface of
the heat interchanger G would be disposed vertically, this heating sui face would
preferably be made of folded metal formed into a corrugated cylinder. The
corrugated cylinder being finished with a top and bottom which would be
provided with an inlet and outlet lou water would form a corrugated cylindrical
Yossel
In action the water
This vessel would be contained in the pressure cylinder F
would flow into the corrugated cyhuder Genteng at the bottom at j and on
11sing would become heated, and flow out at the top at' and rise above the water
level in the pressure vessel F Then falling on suitable sui faces & it would become
softened, sterilized and its salts deposited.
It would then pass donwards outside the heat interchanging surface of
vessel G' and be recooled by imparting its heat to the incoming water
In this
arrangement the pumping apparatus G would be placed higher than the pressure
cylinder and sufficiently so to allow the water to fall and enter the pressure cylinder
at the lowest level.
The heating of the water by steam contact in the pump would be as much as
possible avoided.
When the water does not require to be heated or softened or sterilized the pressure
cylinder could be modified accordingly and made to serve as a vessel where the
steam and water line could he preserved by ball floats tuning off and on both
steam and water, and where a layer or layers of water could be imposed as heat
intercepting media between the water and the steam as in Fig. 7.
The whole apparatus shown in Fig. 7 also comprises a heat interchanger Has
aforesaid but it is exterior to the pressure cylinder and exchanges the heat from the
water raised from the pressure vessel through pipes 'h worm and pipe h, to
the water in the tank I which supplies the pinip G through pipe g'. The heat
interchange can be cut out and hot water delivered at h
The water supphed to the pressure vessel F by the pump G may be either
carried into the lower part of the pressure vessel at or it may be carried into the
top of the vessel at h in which case it is heated by the steam, and its salts aro
deposited in the trays /
A further use of the pressure cylinder is to precipitate the salts of lime and to
collect them in suitable chambers so as to be drawn off and removed so that
the water may be delivered soft and free from sediment before entering the
boiler.
This may be applied not only to stationary but to locomotive and maine
boilers. A simple means of transferring the water to boilers having been devised
a comparatively small pressure vessel will serve for the precipitation of the lime
salts under the high pressure of a locomotive or marine boiler
Not only may the carbonate or temporary hardness be removed but the sulphate
of lime may also be thrown out of solution at temperatures higher than what is due
to about 70 lbs. pressure.
The pressure vessel in such case may also be disposed horizontally to fit the
space at disposal. Such vessel is shown in Fig. 9 and contains a series of baffles m
aud alternated with them are disca m¹ on the shaft m².
B

page_text: Having now particularly described and ascertamed the nature of this said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what I
claim 18.-
1. The equilibrium pump or conveyor adapted to convey a liquid from a place
whero it is under ordinary or other pressure to a place where it is under greater
pressure substantially as described.
2. A rotary, oscillatory, reciprocating or stationary vessel containing chambers
and enclosed in a stationary or movable casing having inlets and outlets for steam
and inlets and outlets for water and adapted to operate as an equilibrium pump in
the mauner specified.
3. The combination of an equilibrium pump of the nature described with a
pressure vessel, a steam supply and a water supply in the manner and for the
purpose specified.
4. The combination of an equilibrium pump of the nature described, with
pressure vessel steam supply, water supply and heat interchanger, in the manner
and for the purpose specified."
5. The special constructions of equilibrium pumps described and illustrated in
the annexed draw iuge.
HERBERT HADDAN & Co.,
18, Buckingham Street, Strand, London, W.C., Agents for Applicant.