Year: 1848

page_text: obliging me,the said Robert Wilson, particularly to describe and ascertain the
natureof my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed,
by an instrument in writing under.my hand and seal, and to cause the same
to be enrolled in Her Majesty's High Court of Chancery in England within
six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent, as in and by the same (reference being thereunto had) will more
fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Robert Wilson, do hereby declare that my said Invention is described and
ascertained in manner following, and by the aid of the four Sheets of
Drawings hereunto annexed, that is to say :-
Firstly, part of my said improvements relates to those kinds of rotatory
engines worked by steam or other elastic fluids, which are termed engines of
reaction, the first invention of which is attributed to the ancient philosopher
Hero, of Alexandria, and described in his book entitled Spiritalium; and
such engines in various modified formshave been the subjectof various Patents
which have been granted at different times, for England, to, various persons,
namely, to Wolfgang de Kempelen, dated the Tenth day of April, One
thousand seven hundred and eighty-four; to James Sadler, dated the Tenth
day of June, One thousand seven hundred and ninety-one; to Richard
Trevithick, dated the Sixth day of June, One thousand eight hundred and
fifteen; to Thomas Peel,dated the Twenty-seventh day of May, One thousand
eight hundred and twenty-three; to John Ericsson,dated the Twenty-fourth
dayof July, One thousand eight hundred and thirty; and to Alexander Craig,
dated the Twenty-fifth day of November, One thousand eight hundred and
thirty-four. In the said engines the reaction of jets of steam issuing with
rapidity through orifices is caused to operate for producing rotatorymotion of
radial arms (or of a wheel), from which such jets issue in the direction
of tangent lines to the circular orbit in which those orifices move round with
the revolving arms (or wheel), on the same principle as the revolving wheels
of artificial fireworks are caused to turn round by jets of fire issuing in
tangental directions from the orifices of rocket tubes which are fastened to
such wheels. Wherefore such reacting engines consists principallyofa hollow
revolving axis, mounted in suitable bearings, with two or more hollow arins
projecting out from such hollow axis, at right angles thereto, in the manner of
radiating arms like those of a wheel or portion of a wheel, and the extremity
of each of the hollow arms being bended to the direction of a short portion
of what would be the circular rim of such a wheel, the ends of the bended
extremities terminating with orifices from which jets of steam are caused to

page_text: issue with great rapidity in the directions of so many tangent lines to the
circular orbit, which the said orifices will describe, when they, move round
with the rotatory motion that they are to give to the hollow radiating arms
and axis. The steam for the supply of the several jets is conveyed
conveyed to them
through the hollows within the several radiating arms and within the axis,
from a suitable steam boiler by means of a steam pipe, which joins to one
end of the revolving axis with a steam-tight turning joint or stuffing-box, so
as to keep the hollow within the axis constantly supplied with steam, and that
hollow having a free communication with the hollows within all the several
radiating arms, and with all the orifices of the several jets, all those jets
become equally supplied with steam, which issues from the orifices with great
rapidity according to the elastic force of pressure of the steam. And inasmuch
as that such pressure is operative against all parts of the hollows within the
radiating arms, wi'n a tendency of the steam to burst open and make its
escape from its confinement within those hollows, but the said pressure is
not operative at the orifices where the steam is actually making its escape
from such confinement, therefore the absence of the said pressure at the
several orifices causes a reaction on a similar principle to that of the recoil of
a gun when it is fired off, except that such reaction of the steam is continual
without intermission, and thereby the extremities of the arms wherein the said
orifices are formed are urged to retreat or move backwards, each one in
a direction contrary to the direction of the motion of the jet of steam which is
issuing from each arm; and those directions being, as already stated, tangental,
the said reactions at all the several orifices concur together to turn the
arms and the axis round with a moving force of continuous rotatory motion,
which may be employed to turn machinery which is suitably connected by
wheel-work or pulley-work with the revolving hollow axis. In some such
machines the place of the aforesaid radiating arms is, for the most part, occu-
pied by a hollow wheel, which is mounted on the hollow axis with only short
arms radiating from the circumference of the wheel, but the extremities of those
short arms being bended, and having the orifices therein the same as the
extremities of the arms already described, the same effect is produced. The
hollow within the wheel being supplied with steam through the hollow of the
axis in the manner already explained respecting the several hollow radiating
arms, the hollow wheel acts as a common chamber for the supply of all the
jets with steam. The flat sides of the hollow wheel meet with less resistance
to their revolving motion from the atmosphere of steam whereby they are
surrounded than radiating arms, although in case of such arms being used
they are made of a broad flattened shape, so as to be very narrow at their'

page_text: BA30x 27.
edges which move foremost, and at the opposite or backward edges. In most
of the older plans for such reacting engines the arms were (or the wheel was)
to revolve. (and the jets were to emit their steam) in the open air, in which
case high-pressure steam was necessarily used, and the steam emitted by the
jets would form a sort of atmosphere of steam, in which the wheel or the arins
would be involved; but in other plans (beginning with that of the said James
Sadler), and in most of the more modern plans, the whole of the revolving.
arms (or the revolving wheel and short arms) and the jets are inclosed within
a suitable circular case of metal, into which the steam emitted by the jets is
received, and is conveyed away therefrom by two or more eduction passages or
pipes, in directions tangental to the circumference of the said circular case,
the said eduction passages or pipes either conveying the steam away to make
its exit into the open air, or else into a suitable condenser wherein the
steam would be condensed by means of an injection of cold water, with an air
pump for afterwards withdrawing that water, as well as any air which may
gain admission by leakage or otherwise, such air pump being moved by aid
of suitable wheel work and crank from the revolving axis. The space within
the hollow of the said case would by those means be kept exhausted, and
consequently the revolving arms (or the revolving wheel and short arms, and
thejets would meet with but very little resistance from the medium by which all
those moving parts are surrounded; therefore the eflux of steam from the
several jets would be more rapid, and consequently the reaction which is to
turn the axis round would be so much the greater, as the jets of steam would
escape the more readily from the orifices in to an exhausted space than into a
space wherein the pressure would be equal to that of the atmospheric air.
The above is a sufficient explanation of the nature of the rotatory engines of
reaction to which this part of my said improvements is applicable, and for any
further particulars which the reader hereof may require to know, it will be
sufficient to refer to the differentSpecifications whichstand enrolled inChancery
in England, under the several Patents aforesaid. But whereas such rotatory
reacting engines have not hitherto been worked with the steam acting expan-
sively, that is to say, so as to operate not only with its first force of
pressure
acting as rapidly as that force can be kept up by means of a continual supply of
fresh steam from the boiler, but also after having operated with the said first
force of pressure, that the same steam without further supply shall then be per-
mitted to occupy more space in order to be able to operate again and again,
but with diminished and diminishing pressure, during that expansion of the
volume which must result from the steam occupying a larger space. The
said method of acting expansively was first invented and brought into use by

page_text: Mr. James Watt, to whom a Patent was granted for different means of per-
forming that method, dated the Twelfth day of March, One thousand seven
hundred and eighty-two, his method being to admit the supply of steam from
the boiler into the steam cylinder of the engine, in order to, impel the piston
therein only during some portion of the intended stroke or extent of motion of
that piston, and then to prevent the admission of any further supply of steam
from the boiler by closing the steam valve, but leaving the piston to be
impelled with diminishing force through the remaining portion of its strokeby
the expansive action of the charge ofsteam which had been previously admitted
from the boiler into the cylinder, and which charge of steam was contained
therein at the time of closing the steam valve. Mr. Watt's method of expansive
action of low-pressure steam has come into very general use. Also a Patent was
grantedtoJonathan Hornblower,dated the Thirteenth day of July, Onethousand
seven hundredand eighty-one, for his means of performingthe expansiveaction,
which was, to add to the steam engine a second steam cylinder and piston
much larger in capacity than the first or usual cylinder, which was retained,
and to use the same steam twice over, namely, at first in the usual manner in
the smaller cylinder, to impel the piston thereof with the full pressure of a
continual supply of fresh steam from the boiler, and afterwards the same steam
passing onwards out of the smaller into the larger cylinder (and without
further supply), becoming expanded in volume in occupying the increased
space therein, that steam would act over again a second time, to impel the
larger piston during a succeeding stroke of the engine, with the dimi-
nishing pressure of the steam that must result from its expansion in volume.
Also a Patent was granted to Arthur Woolf, dated the Seventh day of
June, One thousand eight hundred and four, for working engines with high..
pressure steam acting expansively, either in one cylinder (in the aforesaid
manner of James Watt) or else in two cylinders (in the aforesaid manner of
Jonathan Hornblower); and,as high-pressure steam can be used with a much
greater extent of expansive action than is practicable with low-pressure steam,
Mr. Woolf's system has been found very advantageous, and has been brought
into extensive use as well with one cylinder as with two cylinders.
The aforesaid modes of using steam expansively are described in the
several Specifications which stand enrolled in Chancery in England under
the several Patents aforesaid, and those modes are well known in practical.
use as applied to steam engines of different kinds; but, as already men-
tioned, the class of rotatory reacting steam engines have not hitherto had
the advantage of being worked by using the steam expansively. And
this part of my improvements, now about to be described, is, to combine

page_text: 1
together a succession of two or more rotatory reacting engines to be worked
by the same steam in succession, which, afterhavingimpelled the first of those
engines (with the full force of pressure of a continued supply of fre
of fresh steam
from the boiler), then passes from the first (without further supply) to the
second of the engines, which has larger or more numerous jets, so that the
steam will become expanded, and will impel the second engine, whilst the
steam in the act of expanding, on the same principle as the steam acts
expansively to impel the larger piston in the larger cylinder of engines on
Hornblower's or Woolf's system. And after the steam has so acted.a second
time in the said second engine,it may pass therefrom (without further supply)
to a third such engine, which has larger or more numerous jets, so that the
steam will become still further expanded in acting the third time, and will
impel the third engine whilst it is in the act of expanding. And so on for a
fourth engine or more. As to the several rotatory reacting engines which are
thus to be combined together in order to be worked by the same steam
operating over again and again in succession with increasing expansive action,
as aforesaid, after having impelled the first engine, those said engines may
be constructed according to any of the modes already known of constructing
such engines, with a case enclosing the revolving arms and jets; but the two
or more eugines which are to be combined together, according to this part of
my improvements, should be constructed in the same manner one as the other
and the same hollow revolving axis may be common to all the said engines
but made of suitable length and strength for carrying the several sets of
revolving arms or wheels of all the engines which are to be combined together
and so of the several cases wherein the different sets of revolving jetsare to be
enclosed, they may be made as one case, divided by partitions into as many
separate cases, side by side, as the number of sets of revolving arms or wheels
which are fastened on the axis, and that axis passing through those partitions in
stuffing boxes to prevent passage of steain from one case to the next, except
through a suitable hollow at that part of the axis which is within each of the
said stuffing boxes. The steam which is supplied from the boiler (and which
may be high-pressure steam) is to be introduced into a hollow within one end
of the axis by means of a steam pipe, which joins to that end by a steam-tight
turning joint in the usual manner of reacting engines; and from that hollow
in the axis the steam passes into the hollow wheel or the set of hollow arms
of the first engine, and is emitted from the jets thereof into the hollow of the
case for that first engine, the reaction of the steam in those jets causing the
rotation of the arms or wheel of the said first engine, and the rotation of the
axis in the nsual manner of ordinary reacting engines. But, instead of theusual

page_text: eduction passages or pipes for conveying away the steam which has been so
emitted from the jets into the hollow of the said case, the said steam is con-
veyed away therefrom into another different and distinct hollow of the axis,
within a part thereof farther from the aforesaid end; and through that second
hollow the steamnisconveyedintothe hollow arms or wheel of the next or second
engine in succession to supply the jets thereof; the said jets being emitted
through larger orifices, or else more numerous jets than those of the first engine
(or both larger and more numerous jets), so that the steam will become:
expanded in volume during its emission through the said orifices, and they
may be farther from the axis so as to revolve in a larger orbit, and they will
consequently move with more rapidity than the jets of the first engine. And
the steam which is emitted in its expanded state from the said jets of the
second engine will by their reaction cause the rotation thereof, so as to concur
with the action of the first engine in turning the axis round. The said steam.
so emitted from the jets into the hollow of the case wherein the second engine
is enclosed may be conveyed away from that case by suitable eduction pipes or
passages, either to make its exit into the open air or else into a suitable:
condenser, in the manner already mentioned respecting ordinary reacting.
engines. That will be the case if only two engines are combined together; -
but if three engines are combined; then the steam that is emitted in its
expanded state from the jets of the second engine into the case thereof will
pass into another or third distinct hollow in the axis within a part thereof; still.
further along the length of the axis than the second hollow therein, that is,.
further from the end at which the steam is first supplied from the boiler; and
through that third hollow the steam is conveyed into the hollow arms or wheel
of the third engine. to supply the jets thereof, which must be larger.or more
numerous (or both larger and more numerous) than the jets of the second.
engine, so that the steam will become again expauded during its emission
through those jets; and by the reaction thereof will cause the rotation of the
third engine, so as to concur with the other engines in turning the axis round, .
And so on respecting a fourth engine, or more if desired. But whatever the
number may be of the engines which are combined together, the first engine-.
of the series will be supplied with steam from the boiler, and all the others will.
be supplied with the same steain which has passed through the jets of that.
first engine, then through those of the second, and so on through all the rest .
to the last one, there being no direct communication from the boiler to any
other than to the first engine; but there is a communication through a hollow
u the axis, from the case in which each engine is enclosed; to the hollow arms.
and jets of the next engine in the series; and every succeeding engine will

page_text: have larger or more numerous jets (or both larger and more numerous jets)*
than those of the engine preceding it in the series; and the orifices of the jets
of every succeeding engine may revolve in an orbit larger in diameter than in
the engine preceding it in the series. And the case wherein the last engine of
the series is contained is to have eduction pipes or passages to convey the
steam away from it, either into the open air or into a condenser, with an
injection or an external application of cold water and an air pump, so as to
keep the said case of the last engine exhausted; but no other than that last.
engine is to have any communication with the open air or with the condenser.
And note; it is not indispensible that all the engines which are combined
together should be mounted on the same axis,as above described, for they may
be distinct, engines of similar construction one to the other; and each one
enclosed in its own separate case, with an eduction pipe or passage from that
case to join, by means of a turning joint, to the end of the axis of the next
engine in succession in the series, the first engine joining by means of such
a-turning joint to the steam pipe from the boiler; and the eduction pipe or
passage from the case of the last engine of the series proceeding to the open
air or to a.condenser. The several axes of the different éngines being con-
nected by means of wheel-work or pulley-work, and endless straps or belts, so
that their motions will be concurrent;and the wheel-work or pullèy-work may
be proportioned so that each engine of the series will revolve with a more rapid
rotation than the engine preceding it in the series, which will have the same
effect as if each engine had the same rapidity of rotation, but with the orifices
of its jets revolving in a larger orbit than the engine preceding it in the series.
In any case each engine must have larger or more numerous jets than the
engine preceding it in the series, in order that the steam may become expanded
in the act of passing through the jets.
Secondly, another part of my said improvements relates to other kinds of
rotatory engines worked by steam or other elastic fluids, which may be termed
engines of impact, because it is by the impact of a blast or blasts, or rapid
current or currents of steam against a series of vanes disposed around the
circumference of a wheel (the direction of such impact being tangental to the
said circumference), that such wheel, together with its axis, is turned round
with a rapid moving force of continuous rotatory motion, which 'may be
employed to turn machinery that is suitably connected by wheel-workor pulley-
work, and endless straps or belts, with the revolving axis of the said wheel.
And the object of my improvements on such engines is, to cause the steam
which has first 'acted by impact in tangental directions against the vanes of a
wheel, then to act over again on the principle of reaction in opposite tangental

page_text: directions, in the act of making its exit from the spaces or intervals between
the vanes, which are curved in such manueras to cause thetangental directions
of the impact and of its succeeding reaction to be reversed one to the other;
and thereby the first impact and its succeeding reaction are made to concur
together for turning thewheel round. Also, after having acted once as aforesaid
with 'impact against and reaction in issuing from the spaces between some
vanes of the wheel, the same steam is caused by means of other immoveable
curved vanes to again reverse the tangental direction of its current, and then
to.repeat a like action of impact and reaction against and in issuing from
between other vanes of the same wheel, and so on over and over again several
times in succession; and the steam is caused to expand in volume at every
succeeding time of so repeating its said operations of impact and reaction, in
order thereby to obtain for the engine the advantage of working expansively
with the steam.
For more complete explanation I shall proceed to describe, by way of
example, a rotatory engine, constructed according to this second part of my
improvements, and represented in Sheets I. and II. of the Drawings hereunto
annexed.
Figure 1, in Sheet I., is a vertical section by a plane passing through the.
centre line of the axis of the revolving wheel; and Figure 2 is a frout elevation
at one half, and a section at the other half, of the Figure by a plane at right
augles to the lengthway of the said axis. i
In Sheet II, detached parts of the same engine are shewn separately in
several Figures. The same letters and numeral characters, are used for
reference to the same. parts it all the Figures. A, A, is the foundation frame
of the engine formed in one piece of cast iron, having a large opening in it to
receive the lower part of the case B, B, H, D, D, H, wherein the revolving
wheel is contained, that case being formed principally of two large circular
side plates. B, B, and D, D, Figure 1 (see also separate Drawings, Figure B
and Figure D; Sheet II.), which are both bolted down on the foundation
frame A, A, by means of their respective suspending flanges band d, so that
the said plates stand up in parallel vertical planes with the central holes of
the two plates (which holes are provided with stuffing boxes ee, ee,) in the
same horizontal line, suitably for the reception of the main horizontal.
axis F, F, of the revolving wheel G, G, g, g (see also Figure G, Sheet II.),
which is fastened on the midlength part of the axis F, F, so
included in the space between the two side plates B, B, and D, D, and
within the circumference of a large circular ring H, H, which is inserted
between the two plates B, B, and D,D,and united to both by numerous screw
8 to be

page_text: bolts, so as to make steam-tight joints all round the circumferences, and form
the steam-tight case the section of which appears in Figure 1, at H, B, B, H,
D,D, with, the revolving wheel G, G, g,g, within it. The said case is steam-
tight, and has at one part of its circumference, H, an entrance passage at I,
Figure 2, for the steam, which is supplied in the usual manner of other
steam engines, through a steam pipe and throttle valve from the boiler, to
enter into the case at that passage I. Also there is an eduction passage K,
Figure 2, through which the steam, in an expanded state, is to pass away,
either to make its escape into the open air, or else into a condenser, according
as the engine is to be a non-condensing or a condensing engine; and although.
the eduction passage K appears very near to the entrance passage I, in
Figure 2, nevertheless the steam from the boiler which enters. at I does
not pass directly to K, but that steam first passes nearly all round within the
case, in order to impel the vanes of the revolving wheel G, G, g, g, by acting,
over and over again, with more and more expansive action,at several different
places around within the circumference of the case in succession, before the
steam arrives in a very expanded state at the eduction passage K, and makes
its exit thereat from the case into the open air, or else into a condenser.
The stuffing boxes ee, and ee, prevent any leakage around the axes F, F,
and the two extreme ends thereof,are sustained between conical centre points
aa, of steel. At the ends of two cylindrical pins, which are fitted and
beld by suitable adjusting and binding screws in sockets at the upper parts
of two standards L, L, that are firmly bolted down upon the main frame A,A.
The centre points a,a, enter into centre holes at the two ends of the.axis F,F,
in the same manner as it would be mounted in a turning lathe, for the
operation of being turned true, and by that means the axis F, F, and the
wheel G, G, 9, 9, are caused to revolve with truth and freedom of motion.
M is a section of a spur pinion, fastened on one end of the axis F, F, to
give a slower motion to a larger spur wheel, the place of which is shewn by
the circle N, Figure 2; and one end of the horizontal axis O of that spur
wheel is sustained in a suitable bearing,bolted on the main frame A, A. The
said axis O, by intervention of such other wheel work as may be requisite,
transmits motion to the machinery that the engine is to actuate. But note, a
pulley for a broad endless strap or belt may be used in place of the pinion M,
for transmitting motion by such a strap or bolt to a larger pulleyor drum,asmay
be thought most suitable for transmitting the motion to the machinery that the
engine is to actuate. The revolving wheel G, G, g, g, Figure 1,is a flat circular
plate of cast iron G, G (see a separate view, Figure G, Sheet, II.), with a centre
boss to fasten firmly with keys upon the axis F, F, and with a great number of
"
.

page_text: vanes g, g, arranged in a circular row or border around the circumference of
the flat plate, G, G, and firmly fastened thereto, so as to project out from the
plane of that plate, as is seen at-g, g; in Figure 1, and one half of Figure 2
shews part of the circular row of vanes g, g, and how each of the vanes is
curved to a nearly semicircular bend, and, being near together, they leave
only narrow curved spaces or passages between them for the steam to
act in. Note, the wheel G, G, is supposed to be removed in Figure 2,
altliough its vanes g,g,are shewn therein. And in addition to the curved vanės
9.9.of the wheel (which are moving vanes) there are other curved vanes fixed
within certain chambers, which I call reversing chambers, and which, together
with the said fixed vanes within them, are for giving to the current of.steam
the several directions in which it is to act over and over again against and
between the curved vaues 9, g, of the wheel. Some of the said reversing
chambers are disposed within the case in an outer circle m, m, Figure 2,
so that the circular row of moving vanes g, g, revolves within the fixed vanés
in' the chambers m, m, and others of the reversing chambers are disposed
within the case in an inner circle n, n, Figure 2, so that the circular row
of moving vanes gig, revolves around about the fixed vanes in the chambers
2, n. The said fixed vanes in the chambers m, m, and n, n, are firmly fastened
to the side plate D, D, so as to project out from the flat surface thereof, as
is seen at 'm, m, and n, n, in Figure 1, where it is also apparent that 'the
moving vanes 9, 9, are included between fixed vanes in the chambers at
m, 'm, and at n, n; and all the vanes being truly arranged in their several
circular rows, with the edges of the vanes in conformity therewith, the
interior edges of the fixed vanes at m, m, stand very close to the exterior
edges of the moving vanes 9, 9, and the interior edges of the same varies g, g,
áre very close to the exterior edges of the fixed vanes at n, n, but no part
of the moving vanes g, g, or of the wheel G, G, g, g, ever touches any part
of the fixed vanes at m, m, or n, n, or any part of the plates B, B, or D, D;
but the whole of the wheel G, G, with all its vanes g; g, is free to revolve
within the case without any contact, being kept truly by means of its axis'
F; F, in its intended place within the space which is left for it within 'the
case and between the vanes fixed within the reversing chambers; and, in order
to give firmness to the vanes (which are made of thin metal plate), all the.
vanes belonging to each circular row are united together by means of circular
rings of flat plates at those parts of the vanes which are most remote from*
the flat plates to which the 'vanes are fastened, and from which the vanes
project out. Thus all the moving vanes gig, are united one to another' by means
of the flat circular ring h, k, Figure 1; see also a separate Drawing of that

page_text: ring, Figure k, Sheet II. The said ring k, k, is supposed to be partly broken
away in Figure k, in order to show the vanes. It is received into a circular
recess, which is excavated for it in the flat surface of the side plate D, D
(see Figure 1), but without any contact of the ring k, k, with that recess; and
all the fixed vanes in the exterior circle of chambers m, m, are in like manner
united one to another by means of the flat circular ring 1, 1, Figure 1 (shewn
separately by Figuro 7, Sheet, II.), the exterior circumference of which ring
is as large as that of the side plate B, B, and of the ring H, H; so that
the said plate 1, 2, enters between B, B, and H, H, where those parts are
fastened together by screw bolts as already mentioned, the said bolts also
passing through 1, 1. In like manner all the fixed vanes in the interior
circle of chambers n, n, are united one to another by means of the flat
circular ringjj, Figure 1, shewn separately by Figure j, Sheet II. The
interior circumference of the ring ;,.j, is of the same size as that of a ring
P, P (see also Figure D, Sheet II.), which is fastened to the side plate D, D,
as appears in Figure 1 (see also Figure 2), so as to form an interior boundary
to the chambers n, n; and the ring j, j, is also fastened by countersunk
screws to the ring P, P, which ring is in like manner fastened to the plate
D, D. The ring j, j, stands very close to the flat surface of the plate G, G,
of the revolving wheel G, G. 9,9, but without touching. The effect of the
said three rings k, k, l, l, and j,j, is not only to unite the vanes of the several
rows thereof, g, g, m, m, and n, n, one to another, or each vane to all the
other vanes of the same row. of vanes, but also the spaces between the
vanes are rendered narrowpassages of a nearly semicircularly curved shape, for
giving a similarly curved course to the currents of steam which have to pass
through those spaces. The steam which is supplied from the boiler and
enters the case at I, Figure 2, is therein first directed into a curved course.
at m¹, by passing through three spaces that are left open between four
fixed curved vanes, which are provided at m³, in order to compel the steam
to proceed in three currents towards the axis F of the wheel; but, owing to
the curvature of the said four vanes, the three currents of steam at m¹, when
they are passing out from those spaces, are caused to assume nearly the
direction of tangents in the semicircular curvature of those moving vanes
9,9, of the wheel against which the steam will first make its impact, and by
acting against the concave sides of the said vanes of the wheel nearly in
the direction of tangents to the circular orbit in which those concave parts
of the vanes are to revolve, the said impact of the three currents of steam
tends to turn the wheel round in the direction shewn by the arrows in Figure.
2. The velocity of the influx of steain from m 1 into the spaces between
?.

page_text: the vanes g.g,of the wheel being very great, the stream, whilst acting against
the concavities of those vanes by impact, in order to turn the wheel round
as aforesaid, also advances rapidly onwards. in the semicircularly curved
courses of the spaces between the vanes g,g,and the steam very soon issues,
from the said spaces at the interior circumference of the circular row of vanes:
9, 9, of the wheel; but, owing to the semicircular curvature of the vanes g, g,
such issue will be in a direction reversed to that in which the same steam
first entered from m 1 into the same spaces between the vanes at the exterior
circumference of the circular row of vanes 9, 9; and the said reversed direc_
tion of issue being nearly in the direction of a. tangent to the circular orbit.
before mentioned, the said issue of the steam from the spaces between the.
vanes g, g, tends to turn the wheel round on the principle already explainedi
of the reaction of a jet of steam, issuing from an orifice,and such reaction will'
operate in concurrence with the, aforesaid impact of the steam, in order to.
turn the wheel round. The wheel revolves rapidly when in action, and the
steam which has entered, from m 1 into the spaces between the vanes gig, is:
carried onwards (by the motion therewith the vanes accompanying the wheel.
in a circular orbit) during the time whilst that steam is acting in the said.
spaces by impact, and performing a semicircular sweep therein in order to.
have the tangental direction in which the steam issues from the spaces.
reversed to the tangental direction in which that steam had entered into..
the same spaces.
Wherefore, after steam has entered from m. 1. into any
space between the vanes g, g, of the wheel, and acted by impact therein,
the issue of the same steam from the same space will take place further on
from m 1 around the circumference of the wheel in the direction of the arrows,
Figure 2, than would at first sight appear from inspection of that. Figure,
which does not represent the aforesaid result of the rapid motion wherewith.
the vanes are moving round with the wheel in a circular orbit. And note,.
although the direction of a tangent has been mentioned, and a tangental.
direction, that is to be understood to mean the direction of any tangent line
that can be drawn to touch any circle which can be described within the
limits of the exterior and the interior circumferences of the circular row of
vanes g, g, of the wheel G, G,y,g; hence there will be a considerable latitude
in the exact direction of what is designated as tangental to the circular orbit.
in which the vanes of the wheel are to revolve, or simply tangental to the.
wheel; but nevertheless, with all that latitude, the direction in which the
impact of the steam will operate when it is entering into the spaces between
the vanes 7, 9, of the wheel, and the directions in which the same steam will:
operate by reaction when issuing from those spaces, are directions sufficiently:

page_text: tangental to the circular row of vanes g, g; for impelling the wheel round
with its intended rotatory motion in an efficient manner. The steam which
issues from the spaces between the vanes g,g, of the wheel, at the interior
circumference of the circular row of those vanes g, g, is received into the
spaces marked n 2; Figure 2, which I call a reversing chamber, because,
owing to the semicircular curvature of the boundary to that chamber n 2, the
direction in which the steam enters into it on issuing from the spaces between
the vanes g, g, of the wheel will become reversed by motion of the steam
within the said-chamber,so that the steam will be turned towards the vanes
9,9, when it passes out of the same chamber again, and will proceed therefrom
in a direction tangental to the wheel in order to act again a second time,"
by impact, against the concavities of other vanes g, 9, of the wheel, but
further onwards, around the circumference thereof, in the direction of the
arrows.in.Figure 2. The steam is permitted to expand 'in bulk, whilst it
is in the reversing chamber n 2, and also in the act of having its direction
reversed therein, and therefore the said second impact will be performed by
the steam when it is in a somewhat expanded state, and is also in the act of
expanding further because the steam will make its said second impact against
the concavities, and will enter into the spaces between a greater number of the
vanes g,g,at the same time, than was the case when the same steam made its
first impact in three currents from m 1, us already explained. But the
operation of the second impact is like that of the first impact, except as to the'
expanded state of the steam and as to the impact thereof being against the
concavities of an increased number of vanes 9, 9, of the wheel, and as to
the occupation by the expanded steam of an increased number of spaces
between those vanes. And the same may be said of the subsequent reversing
of the direction of the steam whilst it is proceeding through the spaces between
the said vanes g,g. The semicircular curvature of those vanes causes that
reversing, and consequently when the steam issues from the said spaces at the
exterior circumference of the circular row of vanes g, g, the steam will move
in tangental directions reversed to those tangental directions in which the
steam entered the same spaces; also the operation of the steam by reaction for
a second time, as it issues in the direction aforesaid from the said spaces,
concurs with the previous second impact of the same steam to turn the wheel
round, all in the same manner as at the first time of reaction, except as to the
expanded state of the steam and the increased number of spaces between the
vanes 9, 9, at the issue from which the second reaction takes place. And the
steam which has so issued in an expanded state from the spaces between the
vanes g,g, at the exterior circumference of the circular row of vanes.g, g, and

page_text: has exerted a second reaction in so issuing, is theu received into another
reversing chamber m 3, Figure 2, wherein the steam becomes still further
expanded, and its direction again reversed, whilst it is moving through that
chamber m 3; so that the steam, will be brought round into a tangental
direction suitable for acting with a third impact against other of the vanes g,g,
further onward around the wheel and against a greater number of those vanes
than at the preceding or second time of impact, and the steam will undergo a
further expansion in making its said third impact. Also in proceeding onwards
through the spaces between the said vanes, the direction of the steam will
be again changed so as to issue from between those spaces at the interior
circumference of the circular row of vanes g,g,in a proper tangental direction
for operating a third time by reaction, and so as to concur with the aforesaid
third impact in turning the wheel round. The remainder of the operation of
the steam is a series of repetitions of what has been described, for the steam
after its said third time of reaction is received into the reversing chamber n 4,
wherein it expands further and has its direction changed suitably, for making
its fourth impact against other and more numerous vanes.g,g,in. doing which
it expands further and then has its direction reversed in passing through
the spaces between the vanes g, g, so as to issue from those spaces and
operate a fourth time by reaction in a proper tangental direction, and is then
received in the reversing chamber m 5, wherein it expands again and has its
direction reversed again suitably for making its fifth impact; and then its fifth
reaction after its direction has been again reversed in the spaces between the
vanes g, g, and after that fifth reaction the steam is received in the reversing
chamber n 6, where it expands again and has its direction reversed, and makes
its sixth impact,followed by its sixth reaction, and is received into the reversing
chamber m 7, and so on continually through all the other, reversing chambers
n 8, and so on, each of those chambers being farther and farther onwards
round the wheel, and being larger and larger than the reversing chamber
preceding it, in order to allow the steam to expand, and also to direct the
steam to act by impact against a greater and greater number of vanes g,.g,
until the steam arrives at the last of the chambers, from which the steam
makes its escape through the eduction passage Ķ (either to the open air or
else to a condenser), instead of having its direction reversed, as was the case
in all the other preceding chambers. The course of the current of steam,
whilst operating in the manner above described, is a continual flow of steam
through the engine, undergoing a series of changes in the direction of its
current, so as to enable the steam to operate alternately by impact and by
reaction; and at every succeeding time of such alternate operation the steam

page_text: expands more and more in volume, and the steam passes from a reversing
chamber m,situated at the exterior circumference of the circular row of vanes
9.9, of the wheel, to the next reversing chamber n, situated at the interior
circumference of that row, at one time of performing its said impact and
reaction; and at the next succeeding timeof performing those actions, the same
steam passes from the said reversing chamber n, at the interior circumference,
to the next reversing chamber m, at the said exterior circumference; where-
fore the current of steam progresses around the wheel by a serpentine course
of repeated contrary flexures, alternately passing without the said exterior
circumference and within the said interior circumference of the circular row of
vanes g, g, those flexures being farther and farther apart as they are farther
onwards, around the wheel from the steam entrance at I, and giving more
freedom of passage for the said current of steam as the steam thereof goes on
expanding in volume; all which is sufficiently apparent in Figure 2,although
only one half of the wheel is there exposed to view, and the several
reversing chambers in the other half of the wheel are all concealed. And note,
the latter half of the length of each reversing chamber reckoning in the
direction onwards around the wheel is furnished with small fixed vanes
Figure 2, which staud close to the circular row of vanes g, g, of the wheel, but,
without touching. Those fixed vanes r are suitably curved and suitably placed
for causing the current of steam which is passing out of the reversing chamber
through the spaces between the said fixed vanes r, to assume the proper
tangental direction for making its impact in the concavities of the vanes g, g,
of the wheel The said fixed vanes at r are very similar to the vanes g, g,
but are only half as longin the direction of their curvature, which curvatureis
only a quadrant of a circle for the vanes r instead of being nearly a semicircle,
as in the case for the vanes g. g. The fixed vanes r are about the same
distance apart, one from another, as the vanes g, g, so as to leave like spaces
between the vanes for the passage of the steam; and each revolving chamber
contains a greater number of the fixed vaues 7, according as the said chamber
is larger or rather longer in the direction onwards around the wheel. The first
half of each reversing chamber reckoning in the direction onwards around the
wheel has no fixed vanes in it, because it is that half which receives the
current of steam that is issuing from the spaces between the vanes g, g, of
the wheel, and which operates by reaction in so issuing. The current of
steam which is so received in that first half of each of the reversing chambers
is caused by the curved boundary of the chamber to make a turn of its
direction therein; and then, passing onwards to the other half of the length of
the same chamber behind the fixed vanes r, the current of steam passes
.

page_text: through the spaces between those fixed vanes, and is by them caused to
assume the proper tangental directions for acting by impact in the concavities
of the vanes g, 9, of the wheel. And note, the vanes g, g, of the wheel G, G,
9.9, may be made of pieces of sheet iron cut to the proper size and shape, and
bended to the proper semicircular curvature, and the wheel G, G, may be be
made of cast iron with its said vanes g, g, of sheet iron fastened into the cast
iron of the wheel in due place, at the time of casting the iron for the wheel.
For that purpose, the vaues of sheet iron being prepared as aforesaid, are to
be then embedded in the mould wherein the iron is about to be cast, but those
edges of the vanes which are to enter into the cast iron for fastening thereto
are to be left projecting into the vacant space of the mould, so that when
the melted iron is poured therein it will surround the said parts of the wrought
iron vanes in order that they may become fastened in place and firmly united
to the cast iron when the same solidifies by cooling. The said edges of the
wrought iron vanes which are to enter into the cast iron may be previously
prepared with a slight coating, like a varnish of borax, in the manner
commonly practised by iron founders in like cases, and the borax will act as a
flux to cause an effectual union of the cast iron of the wheel with the wrought
iron of the vanes; and after all the vanes have been thus united to the wheel
the said wheel with its vanes may be bedded in a fresh mould for casting the
circular ring h, k, (see Figure k, Sheet II.); those parts of the vanes which are
to enter into and become fastened to the metal of that ring k, k, being
previously prepared with borax, are to be left projecting into the vacant space
of the mould, so that when melted metal is poured therein for casting the ring
k, k, that metal will surround the said parts of the vanes and become united to
them. The wheel G, G, and the ring k, k, with all the vanes g, g, will thus
become united together like one piece of metal, and are to be turned true in a
lathe to the form shewn in Figure 1, and in Figure G, Sheet II. The said
ring,k, may be thus cast in brass or gun metal, the wheel G, G+, being cast
iron; and in-like manner the side plate D (see also Figure D, Sheet II.,)
may be formed of cast iron, with all the fixed vanes r, in the several reversing
chambers at m and at n, fastened into that cast iron in their proper places;
and also the two circular rings 1, 1, and j, j, may be cast in iron or brass or
gun metal, with all the said fixed vanes fastened into such metal; and
afterwards the said side plate D,and the said two rings l,l,and j,j, with all the
said fixed vanes r, are to be turned true in a lathe. Or otherwise, instead of
the vanes being made of sheet iron they may be cast in brass or gun metal ;*
a number of vanes together, with two flat side plates to unite that num-
ber of vanes together in one casting, which will form a segmental portion.

page_text: of the whole circular row of vanes g, g, and the proper number of such
segments being fitted together to complete the circular row thereof. Those
segments are to be securely fastened against the surface of the border margin,
around the circumference of the plate G, G, of the wheel G, G, the segments
entering a little way and being fastened by suitable screws into a circular
recess in, that surface. Then the flat circular ring k, k, (which may in such
case be of iron,) being applied over all the segments and fastened thereto
by suitable screws, the wheel and its vanes will be completed, as in Figure
G, ready for being turned true in a lathe, and in like manner the fixed vanes
at r, r, may be cast in segments and fastened in their places by suitable
screws to the side plate D, D; the flat rings 1, 1, and j, j, being applied over
and fastened to all the segments by suitable screws. And note, the rings H,H,
and P, P; (or either of them,) may be formed in one piece, with the side plate
D, D, if preferred.. The stuffing boxes ee, ee, are of the usual and well-
known kind. It is not necessary to enter into further details of the con-
struction of the engine, the Drawings shewing the parts very distinctly. It
has been already mentioned that the foregoing is only by way of an example,
but the construction of the engine may be varied in many particulars.
Instead of the same steam proceeding all round the engine:in one continued
current, in the manuer already described; two distinct currents of steam may
be employed, one of those currents proceeding round one half ofthe engine and
the other current round the other half thereof. For such purpose another
steam entrance passage like I,and another eduction passage like. K, must be
applied to the circumference of the ring H, at places diametrically opposite to
I and K, as is indicated by dotted lines Y, Z, in Figure 1. Then the current
of steam entering at I and m l, will proceed in a serpentine course through
the several reversing chambers n 2, m 3, n. 4, m 5, and so on for halfway
round,as far as m 9, precisely in the manner already fully described; but from
that chamber m 9, the steam will make its escape through the eduction pipe Z.
At the same time another like current of steam,supplied from the same boiler,
steam pipe, and throttle valve, is entering at Y, and proceeding in a like ser-
pentine course through a series of reversing chambers which (instead of being of
large size, as they really are according to Figure 1),will be precise duplicates of
the reversing chambers n 2, m 3, n 4, m 5,and so on, the current of steam which
has passed through those duplicate chambers making its escape at the eduction
pipe K.
In this manner the same steam will not operate so many times
over and over again, as with only one current of steam proceeding all round,
according to the previous description, and therefore the expansive action of
the steam will not be carried to so great an extent.
On the other hand,

page_text: with two currents of steam, each proceeding half way round the engine;
will exert more power, but that will be attended by the expenditure of
twice as much steam; or, if preferred, the engine may be constructed so
as to operate with three distinct currents of steam, each of them proceeding
around one third of the engine. Three steam entrance passages, like I;
and three eduction passages, like Ķ, must, in such, case be provided at three
equi-distant places around the circumference of the ring H; also the reversing
chambers m and n must be three repetitions of a short series, each of those
series being exactly the same as are shewn in Eigure 1 at I, m 1, n 2, m 3;
n4, m 5, n 6, m 7,. which will be last of such short series, and will communi-
cate with the .eduction passage K, and in like manier the engine may be
constructed so as to operate with four or more distinct currents of steam, but
the steam will operate with a less extent of expansive action, as there are
more such distinct currents of steam. The engine above described and
represented in Sheets I. and II. may be supplied with high-pressure steam
from a suitable high-pressure boiler, in which case, if the engine is provided
with a condenser and air pump, the expansive action of the steam may be
rendered available to the full extent of advantage by operating in one current
all round the engine, as many times over and over again as has been already
fully described; but if the engine is non-condensing, and the waste steam is
to be discharged from the eduction passage into the open air, then a less
extent of expansive action may be preferable; and, therefore, in such case
the engine may be constructed to operate in two distinct currents, or three
or more distinct currents of steam, as above briefly described, each of which
currents proceeding only half round or one third round the engine, the steain
will operate with a less extent of expansive action than if there is only one
current proceeding all round the wheel; and in like manner if the engine
is supplied with low-pressure steam (in which case it must be provided with
a condenser and air pump) then the less extent of expansive action which
will result from applying the steam in two or three or more distinct currents,
as aforesaid, may be advisable, and, in the case last mentioned, the supply
of low-pressure steam, by which the engine is to be worked, may be the waste
steam which is discharged from the cylinder of an ordinary high-pressure
engine, and which is usually wasted in the open air; but that steam being
conveyed from the usual eduction passage of the high-pressure engine by a
suitable pipe or pipes to the steam entrance or entrances I, belonging to my
new rotatory engine, such waste steam will supply the same without having
a distinct low-pressure boiler for that engine. The air. .pump
for the con-
denser may, in such case, be worked by motion from the great lever, or other

page_text: suitable part of the high-pressure engine, if it is convenient to do so, or the
air pump in such case (or in any other case when an air pump is used)
may be worked by suitable crank-work from any such part of the wheel-
work or pulley-work which is connected with the revolving axis F, F, of my
rotatory engine as may have a proper speed for working the air pump. The
axis F, F, will be turned round with great rapidity, and in case the machinery
to be worked by my new rotatory engine is to operate with a new revolving
motion (such, for instance, as the revolving fanners for blowing air into
furnaces, or for producing currents of air for ventilation or other purposes,
called fan blast) less wheel-work or pulley-work will be required than for
working machinery which is to operate with a slower motion. And note, re-
specting the aforesaid statements relative to using the steam with the fullest
extent of expansive action when the rotatory engine is supplied with high-
pressure steam, and is provided with a condenser and air pump, or to using
the steam with a less extent of expansive action when the engine is supplied
with high-pressure steam but has no condenser, also respecting using the
steam with a less extent of expansive action, when the engine is supplied
with low-pressure steam and is provided with a condenser and air pump,
likewise relative to supplying the rotatory engine with low-pressure steam
which is discharged as waste steam from an ordinary high-pressure engine,
and relative to the adaptation of the wheel-work or pulley-work to suit the
rapidity of the machinery which is to be worked by the rotary engine, all those
said statements are to be taken as applicable to rotary reacting engines which
are constructed according to the first part of my improvements as herein-be-
fore described, or according to the third part thereof,as herein-after described.
The rotatory engine represented in Sheets I. and II. may be placed with its
axis F, F, in a vertical instead of a horizontal position, in case a vertical
position is preferred. The construction of the engine represented in Sheets I.
and II. may be varied without any alteration of the mode of action of
the steam, if the series of reversing chambers m and n, and the fixed vanes
, which those chambers contain, are disposed laterally in two circular rows,
one at each side of the circular row of vanes y, y, of the wheel, which will
revolve between the said two rows of reversing chambers, instead of having
those chambers disposed in two circular rows, one exterior and the other
interior to the vanes g, g, of the wheel. In such construction the semicircular
curvature of the vanes g, g, will be disposed in a different direction to that
shewn in the Drawings, so that the said curvature would not appear in a
view like Figure 2, but would appear in a vertical section like Figure 1.
Also the spaces between the said vanes g,g, of the wheel will be open at the

page_text: two sides of the circular row of vanes g. 9, where the two rows of reversing
chambers are, and instead of the flat circular ring k, k, a cylindrical hoop
of metal would surround all the vanes g, g, to fasten them all together, one to
another. Likewise the ring.H, forining the circumference of the case, would
be as much less in diameter as the space occupied by the exterior circular row
of reversing chambers-m, but those chambers m being disposed at one side of
the circular row of vanes g, g,and the other chambers at the opposite side of
9.g.the case in which all those chambers and the revolving wheel is contained
will be very much wider as it would appear in a view like Figure 1, although,
as already statel, it would be less in diameter as it would appear in a view
like Figure 2. Instead of the flat circular rings 1, 1, andj, j, the boundaries
of the reversing chambers are cylindrical rims, which may be formed in the
same piece with the side plates B, B, and D, D. The course of the current
of steam through the engine, when constructed in the nanner last explained,
is the same in effect as those already described in reference to Sheets I. and II.
It is a continual flow of steam through the engine, undergoing a series of
changes in its direction, in order that it may pass and repass through the spaces
between the vanes of the wheel from the reversing chambers at one side to
those at the opposite side in a serpentine course of repeated contrary flexures,
in order to operate alternately by impact and by reaction over and over again,
and with expansive action at each tim in the same mannerasalreadyexplained,
the only difference being that the said contrary flexures of the serpentine
course take place laterally, so that they would appear as a serpentine course
in a view like Figure 1, but would not appear as such in a view like Figure 3.;
and in such form of the rotatory engine the reversing chambers may be
arranged in manner already explained respecting the engine,Sheets I and II.
suitably for working with two, three, four (or more) distinct currents of steam,
each suchcurrent proceeding around one half,or onethird, or one fourth of the
way round the engine, instead of one current proceeding all the way round.
Thirdly, another part of my said improvements relates also to rotatory
engines of impact, and the object is to combine together two revolving wheels,
having curved vanes affixed to the wheels in circular rows thereon, in a very
similar manner to the vanes g, g, of the wheel G, G, g, g, already described
in reference to Sheets I and II.; but the circular row of curved. vanes on one
wheel is larger than on the other wheel, so that one of the said circular rows
can be surrounded by the other circular row. The said two wheels are
enclosed within the same case with the circular row of vanes of one wheel
surrounding the like row of vanes of the other wheel, and the curvatures
of the vanes of one wheel are reversed to the curvatures of the vanes of the

page_text: other wheel. The current of steam which has passed through the curved
spaces between the vanes of one wheel, and has changed its direction iu so
doing, will enter into the curve.l spaces between the vanes of the otherwheel,
and, the steam, in so passing from the spaces of one set of v anes to the other,
will act by impact and by reaction, in the manner alreadly explained, to turn
both wheels round, but in contrary directions of rotation, one wheel to the
other; and each wheel may have two or more circular rows of vanes of
different sizes affixed to it, so that each of the circular rows of vanes on one
wheel will be included between two rows of vanes of the other wheel. In
Sheet III. a rotatory engine of this kind is represented by way of an example.
Figure 3 is a horizontal section, and Figure 4 a vertical section. The like
or corresponding parts to those of the former engine, Sheet I., are marked
with the same letters and numeral characters in Sheet III. for reference, as
in Sheet I. A, Figure 3, is the foundation frame of the engine; B, B, and
D; D, are the two side plates, fastened in parallel vertical planes by bolting
their respective suspending flanges b and d down to the framed; His the large
outer ring, fastened by numerous screws to the borders of the side plates B, B,
and D,D,so.as to form a steam-tight case. wherein the two revolving wheels
are included; one of them with its three circular concentric.rows of vanes is
marked G, G. grg;u, u, w, w, and F, F, is its axis; and the other wheel witn
its three concentric circular rows of vaues is marked R, R, &, s, t, t, u, v, and
Q, Q, is its axis. Figures 3 and 4 shew how the several rows of vanes on
one wheel are included between those of the other wheel. The two axes F, F,
and Q, Q, pass.through the stuffing boxes e e, and e e, at the centres of the
side plates B, B, and D, D. The centre bosses of the two wheels G, G, and
R, R, are firmly fastened on the extreme ends of their respective axes l', F,
and Q, Q, which must be very true and steady in revolving. A centre pivot
x. of steel is fastened into the centre of the said extreme end of one axis F and
enters into a corresponding hole at the centre of the extreme end of the other
axis. Q, in order to retain the two axes. more truly in the same straight line.
The axes F and Q are also sustained at their outer ends in bearings at W, W,
which are affixed to the frame A; and for greater stealiness of motion,conical
centre points at the ends of two fixed steel pins a, a, are appiiel to centre
holes at the outer extremities of each axis F and Q, in the same manner
as already explained respecting Figure 1. The two wheels being so mounted
in the case do not touch any part thereof, neither do they touch each other,
neither do any of the vanes of one wheel touch any of the vanes of the other
wheel.although the vanes of the different circular rows are as close one to the
other as they can be without touching. The manner in which the three

page_text: rows of vanes of one wheel are included between the three rows of vanes on
the other wheel is further represented in Figure 4, where the reversed curva-
tures of the vanes of the different rows is also seen. The three circular rows
of vanes w, w, u, u, and g, 9, which belong to the wheel G, G, are coloured
blue (as is also the case in Figure 3), and the arrows in Figure 4 shew the
direction in which they are to revolve. The other three circular rows of
vanes v, v, t, t, and 8, 8, which belong to the wheel R, R, are coloured orange
for distinction (as is also the case in Figure 3), and the arrows in Figure 4.
shew the direction in which the last-mentioned rows with their wheel R, R;
are to revolve, and that the said direction is contrary to the direction in which
the other first-mentioned rows with their wheel G, G, are to revolve; the
said contrary motions of both wheels being produced by the same steam, the
supply of which steam is introduced into the interior space nin, that is left.
within the smallest circular row of vanes w, w, of the wheel G from a steam"
boiler through a suitable steam pipe with a throttle valve, which pipe joins
by branches to the two steam entrances I, Y, Figure 3, near to the central part
of the side plate D, D, (and there may be two such steam entrances at the
central part of the other side plate B, B, if desired,) so as to keep the said
space, n, well supplied with steam from the boiler, which steam passes!
through holes in the flat plate R, R, of the wheel R, R, or rather through"
the intervals between arms of that wheel which appear at R; Figure 4.
The passages through the steam entrances I, Y, although circular at the
junction with the steam pipe or its brauches, are so much-enlarged at their
orifices within side of the plate D, D, as to be wider than the arms R¹ of the
wheel R, R, in order that when those arms in revolving are passing across
the said orifices the arms may not prevent the steam having a full passage for
entrance into the space n, n, so as to keep thesame fully supplied with steam,
and from that space n, n, the steam enters in several currents into the spaces
between the curved vanės of the smallest circular row of vanes w, w, which'
belongs to the wheel G; and in passing through those spaces the curvature
thereof causes the said currents of steam-to change their direction, so as to
issue from those spaces in such tangental directions to the circular row of
vanes w, w, as that they will impel the same on the principle of the reaction of
jets of steam in order to turn the wheel G round in the direction shewn by the
arrows. And at the same instant that the said currents of steam issue from
the spaces between the vanes w, w, they begin to enter into the concavities of
the vanes of the next circular row v, v, of vanes, which belongs to the other
wheel R, and the said currents operate by impact against the vanes vy
in directions tangental to the said row v, v, suitable for impelling the same;"

page_text: in order to turn them and the wheel R round in the direction shewn by
the arrows; but that will be in a contrary direction to th¸ emotion of the
vanes w, w, and the wheel G; and the said currents of steam in passing
onwards through the spaces between the curved vanes v, v, have their
directions reversed, so as to issue from the said spaces in suitable tangental
directions for operating a second time by reaction to turn the vanes v, v, and
the wheel R round, and the steam instantly after so issuing then operates
a second time by impact against the curved vanes of the next circular rowu, u,
belonging to the wheel G, and the steam in passing onwards in the spaces
between thosevanes u,,has its direction reversed again suitably for operating
a third time by reaction in issuing from the spaces between the said varos u, u,
and an instant afterwards, the steam eutering into the spaces between the
vanes of the next circular row t, t, belonging to the wheel R, the steam
operates a third time by impact against those vanes t, t, and has its direction
reversed, and operates a fourth time by reaction when issuing from hetween
the vanes t, t,; then the steam operates a fourth time by impact against the
next vanes g, g, belonging to the wheel G, and has its direction reversed and
operates a fifth time by reaction when issuing from between the vanes g, g,
then a fifth time by impact against the next vanes 8, 8, which belong. to the
wheel R,and are the largest circular row of vanes; and the steam, having its
direction again reversed, operates a sixth time by reaction in issuing from the
spaces between those vaness, s. The steam so issuing is received into the
annular space X,X, which is left all round the said largest row of vanes s,s,
within the ring H, from which space X, X, the steam passes away through
the eduction passages K, Z, K, Z, Figure 4, either to make its escape into the
open air as waste steam, if it is a non-condensing engine, or else into a
condenser if it is a condensing engine. The course of the currents of steam
when operating as above described, is a continual flow of steam through the
engine, undergoing a series of changes in the direction of each current, to
enable the steam to operate alternately by impact and by reaction. All such
changes of direction are made whilst the steam is passing onwards through
the spaces between the curved vanes of the several circular rows of suchvanes,
without requiring reversing chambers,as in the rotatoryengine represented in
Sheets I. and II. As the two wheels G and Rare impelled round in contrary
directions one to the other, their axes F and Q must be so connected. (by
intervention of suitablewheel-work or pulley-work) to one common axis as to
turn that axis round with a slower motion produced by the concurrent action
of both the axes F and Q which are turning round in contrary directions. A
suitable arrangement of toothed wheel-work for that purpose is shewn by way

page_text: of example in the horizontal plan Figure 3, where M and M are bevil
pinions fastened on the axis F of the wheel G and on the axis Q of the
wheel Qrespectively,and those bevil pinions turn the two bevil wheels 'T' and
T¹ on the ends of the two horizontal axes V, V, aud V₁, V", and on the other
5 ends of those axes are two spur pinions S and S¹ for actuating a large spur
wheel N on the horizontal axis O, which is that already mentioned as being a
common axis, for it receives its motion and power with a much slower rate of
revolution from the concurrent action of both the revolving wheels G and R,
although those wheels revolve in contrary directions one to the other. The
said axis O is to communicate its motion by suitable means to the machinery
that is to be worked by the rot atory engine. Or, in case it is intended that
the motion shall be transmitted by pulley-work and endless straps or belts,then
two pulleys for such straps may be substituted for the two bevil pins MandM,
and two endless straps passing around those pulleys may also pass (as shewn
be the dotted lines V2 and V3, around two large wheels N2 and N³ (dotted),
both being mounted on the same horizontal axis O' (dotted), which would be
a common axis of the kind already mentioned; for one of the said straps V
being crossed, and the other strap V³ not.being crossed, both those straps
would concur in turning the axis O round with a reduced rate of revolving
motion, which may be transmitted by any suitable connections with the
machinery that is to be worked by the rotatory engine. And note, it has
been already stated that the steam which is supplied from the boiler to the
space n, n enters in several currents into the spaces between the curved vanes
of the smallest circular row of vanes w, w. It is to be understood that the
5s number of such currents is determined by the number of the said spaces which
are left open for said entrance of the steam, because the greater part of thesaid
spaces are stopped up,leaving onlyas many spaces open at equal intervals apart
from another around the circular row w, w, as the intended number of
-currents in which the steam is required to operate,in manner already described;
nevertheless, the revolving motion of the row of vanes w,w, will cause the said
currents of steam to spread out in the subsequent action of the steam in the
other circular row ofvanes v, v, u, u,&c.,so as to operate with tolerable equality
onthewhole of thevanes in each circular row. The whole of the spaces between
the vanes w,w,which are left open as aforesaid, for the entrance of thesteam,
must afford only so much area of clear passage for the steam amongst them
all as that the steam will enter and pass through those spaces which are left
open for its passage with a very great velocity of motion,suitably for operating
by reaction and impact as many times over and over again, as has been.
described; and at every such repetition of operation of the steam, it expands
.one

page_text: in volume, owing to the size of each succeeding circular row of vanes against
which the steam operates being larger than the preceding row, and the steam
will-therefore operate with the advantage of expansive action at every tim of
so repeating its operation. And note, the rotatory engine represented in
Sheet III., and already described as a combination of two revolving wheels,
maynevertheless be constructed in a muchsimplermannerwithout materially
-altering the manner of the operation of the steam, by having only one
, revolving wheel such as R, R, v, v, t, t, s, s, within the steam-tight case
H; B, B, H, D, D; for it is obvious that if the wheel-work T, V, and S,
Figure 3; were to be removed and the wheel G, G, made immoveably fast, so
- as to prevent it from turning round, that the operation of the steam to turn
the other wheel R, R, round, would, nevertheless, be nearly the same as
already described, except that the wheel R, R, should be turned round with a
.much greater velocity, in consequence of all the impelling action of the steam
being rendered operative on that wheel alone. If such an engine is con-
structed to operate with only one wheel, that that wheel would be the same as
the wheel R, R, v, v, t, t, s, s, Figure 3, but mounted on one long axis Q, Q,
extending through both the stuffing boxes ee, ee, (in the same manner as the
axis F, F, of the wheel G, G, gig, Figure 1,) so that the two axes. F, F, and
Q, Q, Figure 3, would be. one continuous piece of iron. The three circular (
rows of vanes w, w, u, u, and g, g, which have been described as belonging to
the wheel G,G,would be the same as already described,and would occupy the
same situations,with no difference except as to being fastened to or part of the
side plate B, B, instead of being fastened to or part of the plate of the wheel
G, G, which wheel is wholly omitted. Figure 4 will still represent the engine
in the aforesaid simpler forin; it is only to suppose the several concentric
circular rows of vanes w, w, u, u, and 9, 9, (which are colored blue,) to be
immoveably fixed to the side plateB,B; and the operation of the steam to turn
round the other concentric circular rows of vanes u, v, t, t, and 8, 8, (which are
colored orange) and belong to the one wheel R, R, will be the same as herein-
before described, except as to turning those rows round with a more rapid
motion. The steam entrances instead of being at I, Y, Figure 3, should be at
the opposite side (as shewn by dotted lines) through the side plate B, B; and
there will then be no necessity for any of those openings through the central
part of the wheel R, R, or between the arms R', R', thereof, which openings
are shewn in Figure 4; but that central part of the wheel R,R,may be a solid
plate for greater strength. And note, in the said rotatory engine, represented
in Sheet III., each succeeding larger circular row of curved vanes, against
which the steam is to operate, mayalso be made of larger dimensions than the

page_text: vanes of the preceding row, in order to give more increase of volume to the
steam, and consequently more expansive action at every succeding time of
repeating its operation of impact and reaction. For this purpose the vanes of
each succeeding row may be of greater width and breadth than the preceding
smaller circular row; that is to say, either greaterwidth, reckoningin a direction
towards the centre of the said rows, as they appear in Figure 4, or else greater
breadth in the other direction parallel to the axis of the wheel,as the said rows
appear in Figure 3; or both the said width and breadth may be larger; the
curved vanes being in all cases of semicircular curvature and of corresponding
dimensions to the width and breadth of the row to which they belong
respectively. The construction of the engine represented in Sheet III.,
and herein-before described, may be varied considerably without producingany
material alteration in the manner of the operation of the steam. For instance,
instead of the circular rows of vanes being arranged one within another in the
same plane as in Figure 3 (either on two distinct wheels as there shewn, or
else with only one wheel as already explained), an equal or a greater number of
such circular rows may be fastened to the circumference of a revolving cylinder
or cone, those rows being in different planes thereon;-see Figures 5 and 6,Sheet
IV.; Figure 5 being a section and Figure 6 an end section. The said revolv-
ing cylinderor cone is marked G, G, and several circular row of vanes w, w,
u,u,g.g, are fastened side by side around the exterior circumference of G, G,
and each of those rows is larger in its exterior diameterthantheprecedingrow.
The cylinder or cone G, G, is mounted on an axis F, F, so as to be capable of
revolving therewith, and G, G, together with the aforesaid rows of vanes, is
included within a larger hollow cone D, D, H, H, around the interior circum-
ference of which other circular rows of curved vanes v, v, t, t, 8, 8, are fastened
so as to be interspaced between the other rows aforesaid, which are fastened
to the exterior circumference of G, G. The curvatures of the vanes in each
adjacent row are reversed one to the other, as is indicated by the dotted lines
along the middle part of Figure 5, so that the concavities of all the vanes in
the several rows w, w, u, u, g, g, which belong to G, G, lead to the convexities
of the intermediate and adjacent vaues in the rows v, v, t, t, 8, 8, which belong
to D, D, H, H. The edges of the interspaced vanes of all the different
adjacent rows are as close one to another as they can be to avoid touching
The large hollow cone D, 1), H, H, with all the circular rows of vanes within
it, may be mounted so as to be capable of revolving with a circular motion
concentrically with (but in a contrary direction to) the revolving motion of the
cone or cylinder G, G, and all the rows of vanes thereon; in which case the
operation of the steam will be very similar to that already described respecting

page_text: Figure 4. But it will be more simple if D, D, H, H, is immoveably fixed,
and G, G, alone to revolve. Steam from a boiler is to be introduced at I aud
Y into a space n, n, at the small end D, D, of D, D, H, H; and that steam
will divide itself into several currents, which will impel the circular rows of
vanes to turn round as those currents proceed along towards the large end
H, H, to enter into another space X, X, which communicates, by the eduction
passages K, Z, with the open air or with a condenser; and in passing through
the spaces between the curved vanes of the several rows, each current will
progress in a serpentine course of continual contrary flexure, and in so pro-
gressing will operate over and over again by impact, and then by reaction, at
every time that it passes from the spaces between the vanes of one row to the
spaces between the vanes of the next adjacent row, and at every such time
the steam will have to occupy more space as the vanes become larger towards
the large end H, H, and the steam will in consequence act expansively, as has
been already explained in reference to Sheet III.
Fourthly, another part of my said improvements relates to rotatory engines
worked by water or by the wind, the mode of action thereof being by twofold
operation of impact and reaction against and in the spaces between curved
vanes, so fastened to an axis as to be impelled round with rotatory motion
about that axis. An engine for water may be nearly the same as Figures 3
& 4, Sheet III. (or Figures 5 & 6, Sheet IV.), would be either with two
revolving wheels or only one such, but in either case with only three circular
rows of vanes w, 10, v, v, and u, u, (or without w, u,) and with fewer vanes in
each row, in order to leave wider spaces between the vanes for the action of
the water, which would be the same as herein-before described respecting
steam in reference to those said Figures, except as regards expansive action.
Figures 7 and 8, Sheet IV., are sketched by way of example of a rotatory
wind engine; Figure 7 being a horizontal plan; F is the vertical axis of such
engine, to which are applied two semicircularly curved vanes g, h, and v, w,
by means of a horizontal disk H above the upper boundaries, and another
such disk R beneath the lower boundaries of the two vanes. The arrows in
Figure 7 shew the direction in which the current of the wind will enterat gw,
into the concavity of one vane g, h, so as to act by impact against that vane to
turn the two vanes round about the axis F; and then the said current in
passing onwards through the space w, h, between the two vanes, will have its
direction reversed so as to issue out at h,v,in a suitable direction for operating
by reaction to concur with the aforesaid impact in turning the two vanes round
about the axis F. And Figure 8, which is a lateral elevation of the same
engine, shews how two other like vanest, t, and 16, u, are to be applied lower

page_text: down upon the same axis F by means of another horizontal disk S, and the.
aforesaid disk R. The said two lower. vanes t, t, and u, u, are disposed.
around the axis.F in a position intermediate to the position of the upper
vanes g, h, and v, w, (as is denoted by the dotted lines t, t, and u, u, Figure 7);
and the full action of the wind against and between one pair of the vanes
will take place for turning the engine round in the intervals when there
is the least such action of the wind against and between the other pair of
vanes, so as between the two pair to keep up a continual action for turning
the engine round. And note, in my improvements as specified in this Instru-
ment or Deed of Specification, angular vanes may be used instead of curved
vanes
Fifthly, another part of my said improvements relates to safety valves for
steam boilers, which I construct with columns of mercury contained within a
clusterof numerous tubes of iron or glass disposed side by side,and the passages
through which tubes are kept effectually stopped by having the orifices at their
lower ends immersed todifferent levels beneaththe surface of mercurycontained
ina cistern to which the steam has admission. The mercury will effectually
prevent any escape of steam so long as the pressure thereof is no greater than
is intended; but if the pressure of the steam acting upon the said surface of
the mercury becomes so great as to depress the level of that surface below,
the lower end of one of the tubes (being that one whereof the said lower end
is at the highest of the aforesaid different levels), then the steam will force its
way up that tube, so as to make its escape through the interior of that tube.
And if the steam, notwithstanding that escape, still increases in pressure
and depresses the surface of the mercury still lower so as to get below the
level of the lower end of another adjacent tube (that level being lower than
the lower end of the first-mentioned tube), then the steam will force its way
up that last-mentioned tube and begin to escape through both the said tubes.
If (notwithstanding that increased escape) the steam still increases in pressure
then it will make its way up another third tube, and so on. The passages
through as many more of the tubes will become opened one after another
as the steam may require, in order to discharge all the steam that is produced
by the boiler without suffering any great increase of the pressure to take place
in the act of thus opening more and more passage for the escape of the steam;
and the pressure cannot exceed that of the column of mercury that is con-
tained in the last one of the whole number of tubes, whereof the lower end
is at the lowest level. And so much of the mercury as may be forced up the
tubes by the steam overflows from their upper ends into a suitable receptacle
around those upper ends, from which receptacle the mercury will descend
0.

page_text: again through a suitable passage (as soon as the pressure of the steam
becomes lessened), in order to return the mercury to the lower cistern first
mentioned, where it will again seal up and close the lower ends of these
tubes, which are below the surface of the mercury in that cistern, so as to
prevent any escape of steam so long as the pressure of the steam is not
greater than intended.
Having now described my said improvements, I, the said Robert Wilson,
do hereby declare that the new Invention whereof the exclusive use is
granted to me by the Letters Patent herein-before recited, consists in the
following particulars, namely,-
Firstly, in the improvement herein-before described in rotatory reacting
steam engines worked by steam or other elastic fluids, of combining together
a succession of two, three, or more rotatory reacting engines to be worked
by the same steam or other elastic fluid, operating over and over again
in one of thore engines after another with expansive action of the steam;
each of the engines through which the eteam or other elastic fluid passes
in succession having for that purpose larger or more numerous orifices (or
both larger and more numerous orifices) for the emission of the steam or
other elastic fluid in jets than the orifices in the engine preceding it in
the series, and also the said orifices in each engine may revolve in a larger
circle or with a more rapid circular motion than the orifices of the engine
preceding it in the series.
Secondly, in the improvement herein-before described in reference to
Sheets I. and II. of the Drawings hereunto annexed, in rotatory engines of
impact worked by steam or other elastic fluids, to give to such engines the
advantage of being also impelled by reaction of the same steam or other
elastic fluid which had only an instant before acted by impact against the
vanes of the revolving wheel, those vanes being for such purpose curved
to a nearly semicircular concavity, suitably for receiving the impact of the
steam or other elastic fluid when moving with a great velocity of current
in a tangental direction towards the circular row of vanes around the revolving
wheel, and the said vanes being disposed very near one to another in that
circular row. They leave narrow curved passages between thein for the
steam or other elastic fluid to pass through immediately after having made
it's said impact against the concavities of the vanes, and in so passing onwards
through such curved spaces, the direction of the motion of the steam or
cother elastic fluid is changed and reversed so that at issuing from the said
spaces between the vanes the direction of its motion will have become
tangental in a contrary direction (that is, away from the wheel instead of

page_text: towards the wheel, as was the case when the impact took place), and such
issuing of the steam or other elastic fluid in such reversed tangental direction
will operate to turn the wheel round on the principle of the reaction of
the jets of steam in reacting engines. The reaction concurring with the
previous impact for turning the wheel round, and also in addition to such
twofold action of the steam or other elastic fluid, by impact and reaction.
to give to the engine the further advantage of frequent repetitions) by the
same steam or other elastic fluid) of the said twofold action, by causing the
same to operate again and again against and between other, and others of
the said curved vanes of the revolving wheel at places further onwards around
the circular row of such vanes, each such repetition of the aforesaid two:
fold action of the same steam or other clastic fluid being performed when it is
in an expanded and expanding state, in consequence of the steam or other
elastic fluid having to occupy a larger and larger space at every succeeding
repetition of the twofold action than it had occupied at the preceding time
of such action; or, in other words, in consequence of the steam or other
clastic fluid operating by impact against a greater number of the vanes of the
wheel, and then passing through a greater number of spaces between those
vanes, so as to operateby reaction in a greater number of jets at each succeeding
time of repetition than at the preceding time of operating. Such repetitions
of the twofold action of the steam or other elastic fluid being effected by
means of what I have termed reversing chambers, into which the steam
or other elastic fluid is received as it issues from the spaces between the
vanes of the wheel, and is operating by reaction in so issuing, and owing to
the curved form of the interior boundary of each such receiving chamber,
and also by aid of some fixed vanes within the chamber, the steani or other
elastic fluid which is thus received therein has its direction changed and
reversed whilst moving within the chamber, so that in, passing out therefrom
in currents through the spaces between the said fixed vanes, those currents
will proceed in a tangental direction towards the circular row of vanes
around the wheel in a suitable manuer for acting by impact against others,
and a greater number of those vanes situated further onwards around the
said circular row than those fewer vanes against and between which the
same steam or other elastic fluid had operated with twofold action at the
preceding time of such action. The several reversing chambers into which
the same steam or other elastic fluid is to pass one after another, for the
purpose of having the direction of its currents reversed again and again, in
manner aforesaid, are disposed alternately at opposite sides of the circular
row of vanes around the wheel, which opposite sides may either be

page_text: alternately interiorlyand exteriorly to that circular row, as in Figures 1 and 2,
or else may be alternately at opposite sides of such circular row, laterally to
the plane thereof, as herein-before described, and each reversing chamber is
larger or rather longer, reckoning in the direction onwards around the
wheel) and contains a greater number of the aforesaid fixed vanes than
the reversing chamber preceding it in the series. The course of the current
of steam or other elastic fluid through the engine is a continual flow, under-
going a series of changes of its direction in the spaces between the curved
vanes,and in the reversing chambers, so that the current progresses around
the wheel by a serpentine course of repeated contrary flexures, those flexures
being further and further apart as they are further onwards around the
wheel from the first entrance of the steam or other elastic fluid into the
engine.
Thirdly, in the improvement herein-before described in reference to
Sheet III. (and to Figures 5 and 6, Sheet IV.) in rotatory engines of impact
worked by steam or other elastic fluids, to give to such engines the advantage
of being also impelled by reaction of the same steam or other elastic fluid,
which had only an instant before acted by impact; and that same steam
or other elastic fluid also operating over and over again repeatedly with the
said twofold action of impact and reaction, and with the further advantage of
expansive action increasing at every time of such repetition. The object of this
third part of my improvements being nearly the same as that of the second part,
but attained by different arrangement of the parts of the rotatory engine. For
in this third part the several circular rows of semicircularly curved vanes
being the same individually as in the third part, several such rows are disposed
concentrically one within another with the semicircular curvatures of the
vanes of each row reversed to the vanes of the next adjacent rows, between
which such row is included, so that the concavities of the vanes of one row
lead to the convexities of the vanes of the other row; but each circular row of
vanes is independent of the nextadjacent rows, asto the rotatory motionof each
row, which independence may either be, that one such circular row is fastened
to or is part of one revolving wheel, and the next adjacent concentric row is
fastened to oris part of another distinct but concentric wheel, so that two wheels
are combined together, as represented in Sheet III., and they will be turned
round in contrary directions one to the other; or else may be that one such
circular row is fastened to or is part of one revolving wheel, as aforesaid,
but the next adjacent concentric row will be immoveably fixed, as has been
herein-before described, and as is also represented in Figures 5 and 6,
Sheet 1V. In either case the steam or other elastic fluid entering the spaces

page_text: between the vanes of the smallest concentric circular row of vanes, will, in
passing through those spaces, have the direction of its currents changed so
as to become tangental to the circular row in a suitable manner for operating
by reaction to turn that row round; also, owing to the reversed direction of
the curved vanes of the next concentric row, the said tangental direction
of the currents will likewise be suitable for operating by impact against the
concavities of those vanes to turn that next row round in a contrary direction
to the other adjacent row, and instantly after that impact the same steam
or other elastic fluid, in passing onwards through the spaces between the
curved vanes, will have its direction reversed suitably for operating again
a second time by reaction in issuing from those spaces, and then operating
a second time by impact against the concavities of the vanes of the next
adjacent row, and so on; and at each such repetition of impact and reaction
the steam or other clastic fluid occupying more and more space, owing to the
larger size of the concentric circular.rows of vanes will operate with an
expansive action.
Fourthly, in the improvement herein-before described, in reference to
Figures 7 and 8, Sheet IV., in rotatory engines worked by water or by the
wind,the current of which, by operating against and between curved vanes, is
caused to impel the same by impact and by reaction, in order to turn the
engine round.
Fifthly, in the improvement herein-before described in safety valves for
steam boilers operating by columns of mercury contained in a cluster of tubes,
which are so arranged as that when the steam increases in its pressure beyond
the pressure that is intended for it, the said tubes will amongst them allow a
larger and larger passage for the escape of the steam,according as the
thereof is greater and greater.
pressure
In witness whereof, I, the said Robert Wilson, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Thirtieth day of June,One thousand eight hundred
and forty-eight

page_text: I, Thomas Brown, of Pater Noster Row, London, Bookseller, of the firm of
Longman, Brown & Co., Pater Noster Row, now do solemnly and sincerely.
declare that I know and am well acquainted with the handwriting of Adam,
Black, the present Lord Provost.and Chief Magistrate of Edinboro', and that
the name or signature "Adam Black," set or subscribed to the Deed Poll or
Specification now exhibited to me and marked with the letter A, is of the
proper handwriting of the said Lord Provost. And I make this solemn decla-
ration, conscientiously believing the same to be true; and by virtue of the
Provisions of an Act made and passed in the sixth year of the reign of His
late Majesty King William the Fourth, entituled An Act to repeal an Act
of the present Session of Parliament, entituled An Act for the more effectual
Abolition of Oaths and Affirmations taken and made in various Departments
of the State, and to substitute Declarations in lieu thereof, and for the more
entire Suppression of Voluntary and Extra Judicial Oaths and Affidavits, and
to make other Provisions for the Abolition of unnecessary Oaths.
TO BROWN
This is the Exhibit referred to in the Declaration of Thomas Brown, made
before me, the Tenth day of July, One thousand eight hundred and forty-
eight.
AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Declaration of Thomas Brown,
the Instrument aforesaid was inrolled word for word as above written. And
also the Instrument aforesaid was stamped, according to the tenor of the
Statute made in the fifty-fifth year of the reign of His late Majesty King
George the Tbird.