IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PERMANENT WAY OF RAILWAYS, IN RAILWAY AND OTHER CARRIAGES, AND IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPIER MACHE TO BE USED IN MAKING CARRIAGES AND OTHER ARTICLES
Year: 1851

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHN
COOPE HADDAN, of 29, Bloomsbury Square, in the County of Middlesex,
Civil Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Twenty-sixth day of April, in
the fourteenth year of Her reign, did give and grant unto me, the said John
Coope Haddan, my exors, admors, and assigns, E especial licence, full
power, sole privilege and authority, that I, the said John Coope Haddan, my
exors, adññors, and assigns, or such others as I, the said John Coope Haddan,
my exors, adors, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others,
from time to time and at all times thereafter, during the term of years
therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend,
my Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PERMANENT WAY OF RAILWAYS, IN
RAILWAY AND OTHER CARRIAGES, AND IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPIER MACHE
TO BE USED IN MAKING CARRIAGES AND OTHER ARTICLES," within that part of Her
said Majesty's United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland called England,
Her Dominion of Wales, and Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed; in which said
Letters Patent there is contained a proviso requiring that 1, the said John
Coope Haddan, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of my
said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, by an
instrument in writing under my hand and seal, and cause the satue to be
inrolled in Her said Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar

page_text: months next and immediately after the date of the said in part recited
Letters Patent, as, reference being thereunto-had, will more fully and at large
appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
John Coope Haddan, do hereby declare that the nature of my said Invention,
and the manner in which the same is to be performed, are particularly
described and ascertained in and by this present Specification, reference being
had to the three Sheets of Drawings hereunto belonging, that is to say:-
My improvement in the permanent way of railways consists in constructing
it of two forms of rails or bars of iron to be used with each other, one of them
constituting a rail and a portion of the sleeper, and the other constituting the
remaining portion of the sleeper.
The Drawing No. 1, illustrates this part of my Invention. Figures 1 and 1*,
shew the transverse sectional form of two rails or bars which are to be used
together to form both sleeper and rail for one rail of a single live of railway.
Figures 2 and 2* shew the manner of connecting them together. The former
Figure is a transverse section through the line Z, Y, in the latter Figure,
which is a side elevation, and particularly shews that the junction of two
lengths of one rail is made opposite to a part of the other where it is con-
tinuous; in other words, they are made to bond or break joint with each
other. Figures 3 and 3+ are edge and plan views of a tie rod to be used in the
manner shewn by red lines in Figure 2. Figure 4 is a plan of my improved
permanent way laid with rails and tie rods, of the form shewn in the foregoing
Figures; and Figure 4* is a transverse section through the line X, W, in
Figure 4. A and B are the two forms of rail, and C the tie rods. These latter
are formed so as not only to preserve the gauge, but also to prevent the rails
from being forced to assume a greater angle than the angle at which they are
originally connected. I connect single lengths of the rails A and B together
by rivetting, so that each may project about one foot beyond the other; and
I connect the several lengths of the compound rail thus formed by bolts and
nuts, and in this connection make the ordinary provision for expansion and
contraction.
My improvement in railway carriages consists in constructing their sides
and ends or other portions by combining or cementing together pieces of any
suitable composition or material, squeezed, pressed, or otherwise moulded,
shaped, or formed, so that the said pieces may constitute framing and covering,
or framing and lining, or framing, covering, and lining.
The Drawing No. 2 illustrates this part of my Invention. Figures 5 and 6
represent the outer and inner sides of a piece of composition moulded into a

page_text: suitable form to constitute the framing and covering of that portion of the side
of a railway carriage which occupies the space between two doorways, and
secured by bolts to a bottom sill a, and a top rail b, both of which I prefer to
make of wood. Figure 6+, an edge view. Figure 7, the end of a carriage
constructed in two such pieces instead of one for convenience of manufacture,
and bolted to a sill and top framing, as before. Figure 7+, an edge view.
The outer side of one piece and the inner side of the other is shewn.
Figure 7**, a longitudinal vertical section. The other Figures are sections
taken as denoted by the references placed against them. c marks the feathers,
ribs, or thickened portions which constitute framework, and d the covering which
is in one piece with them, spaces being left for the windows or other openings
as required, and the requisite rebates, recesses, and mouldings, or other orna-
ments, if desired, being also formed at the same time. The rods and bolts
may be imbedded in the composition whilst it is being squeezed into form, or
holes for them may be made and the rods and bolts afterwards inserted. The
material I use is what is ordinarily known as papier maché pulp, and com-
monly used for architectural mouldings and other ornaments, but any suitable
material may be substituted.
Another method I adopt is that ordinarily practised of pasting sheets of
paper successively one upon another, and strips of paper upon them, and suc-
cessively one upon another in the required positions to form the thickened
portions. I then dry the pieces so formed (by either method) and saturate
them with linseed oil and bake them in the usual manner in order to render
them waterproof. The mode of constructing the pieces of composition to con-
stitute framing and lining, or framing, covering, and lining, will be sufficiently
obvious without further description, but I prefer to construct the pieces to
constitute framing and covering as represented in the Drawing.
My improvements in carriages other than railway carriages are improve-
ments upon the design provisionally registered by me on the Eighth day of
February, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-one
(the record of which is deposited in the Designs' Office), and consists,.—
Firstly, in forming the hand rail for facilitating the getting on to the roofs
of omnibuses and other carriages with a curve or bend between its upright
and its other portion, so that the hand may be slided from one portion to the
other without leaving hold of the rail. And, secondly, in constructing band
rails for the above purpose with hinges or other contrivances, so that they may
be laid down upon the roof or otherwise lowered when passing under gateways,
or at other times when required.
The Drawing No. 8 illustrates both the improvements comprehended under

page_text: this part of my Invention. Figures 8 and 9 are side and end views of the
body of an omnibus, with my improvements applied: Figures 10 and 11 are
face and edge views of one end of the hand rail. m is the body of the omnibus.
n, steps for getting on to the roof. o, p, q, the hand rail, o being what 1 call
its upright portion, p its curved portion, and q its remaining portion, which
may be oblique, as represented, or horizontal if preferred, but in that
case it must be fixed to a suitable support. The ends o* and 9*, are made
with joints or hinges, so that the rail may be laid down sideways upon the roof
or lowered when required. s is a square ring or slide which moves upon the
end o and the bar o**, to which it is hinged. When this slide is in the
position shewn by the black lines it will maintain the rail in the position
required for use, and when slided upwards and off the bar o**, as shewn by
red lines, the rail may be lowered, as above described. The constructing
hand rails in this manner will allow them to be made higher; and, consequently,
will afford passengers greater facility in finding the steps when descending
from the roof. The contrivances for lowering may be applied generally to
hand rails for the above purpose, whether constructed with a curved portion q,
or as in the aforesaid design, or otherwise.
My improvement in the manufacture of papier maché consists in sticking
together or combining several layers of paper or other suitable material by
means of Jeffery's marine glue or other similar or analagous waterproofing
material, so as to form panels to be used in making carriages and other
articles. In manufacturing the said panels I prefer to take sheets of brown
paper and pay over or cover them with the marine glue (such as is ordinarily
employed in the manufacture of masts and spars of ships), and I lay them in
succession one over the other in number according to the required substance;
and after each successive sheet is so laid, I place and squeeze those already
combined in a suitable press, arranged with a steam chamber against one or
both of the surfaces between which they are placed, in order by heat to melt
and also partially evaporate the volatile portion of the glue. When set, the
panel may be removed. When the paper or material used is of so absorbent
a nature as to absorb the volatile portion too rapidly and cause the glue not
to adhere after the sheets have been placed in the press, I saturate them with
crude coal tar, naptha, or other suitable solvent before applying the gluo.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Coope Haddan, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Twenty-fifth day of October, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-one.
J. C. (L.s.) HADDAN.

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Twenty-fifth day of October,
in the year of our Lord 1851, the aforesaid John Coope Haddan came
before our said Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged the
Specification aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained and specified,
in form above written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped
according to the tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.
Enrolled the Twenty-fifth day of October, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and fifty-one.