IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF BRICKS AND TILES
Year: 1884

page_text: I CARL SCHLICKEYSEN of Berlin Prussia, Germany, Engineer do hereby declare
the nature of said invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR THE
MANUFACTURE OF BRICKS AND TILES" to be as follows:-
Brick and Tile machines constructed according to this invention and producing
a continuous bar or body of clay issuing therefrom, consist as heretofore of the
pugmill and the water lubricated telescopic die but both of improved construction.
The pugmill as heretofore constructed and consisting of the hollow cylinder
closed behind and provided with clay feeding opening, knife spindle with cutting
and kneading knives or blades, has the following disadvantages.
1. If the clay is sound it is soon squeezed through between the spindle and the
bearing at the back wall thus in course of time damaging both.
2. When various substances are to be mixed or raw heavy clay to be worked a
badly mixed bar with tree bark like structure is obtained.
These defects are remedied in my machine in and by the following means.
At the end wall of the horizontal pugmill I place round the spindle a disc
having annular projections and recesses, and on the pugmill spindle I fix a disc
with corresponding annular recesses and projections; the circumferential surface
of both is covered by a wide ring fixed on the last named disc by means of screws;
this ring runs up against the back wall and as it wears it can be shifted up
towards the end wall so that the clay cannot pass through.
In order to cause the bar of clay to issue in a close homogeneous mass I form
and alter the knives or blades as follows:
The knives or blades not only as heretofore pass out of the spindle at a right
angle or at an acute angle, but I make also one or some of them to stand at an
obtuse angle. The former knives force the clay on towards the outlet as
energetically as possible while the latter also force the clay out towards the
casing or outward. These new knives are so constructed that the cutting side
reaches to the periphery of the cylinder but the other side not, in order that the
clay caught by the knife or blade as the spindle turns may be pushed forward and
and at the same time pressed against the walls of the cylinder and then partly
rushes back to the other side of the blade escaping between side of blade and wall

page_text: of cylinder, thus effecting a grinding or crushing and mixing action. The same is
effected in a less degree when vice versa the front edge of blade is less than the
back edge.
texture.
The present brick machines also have the defect that a clay ring is formed in
front of the last knife which ring by the pressure of the knife is made very close
near the periphery while the core behind the knife bosses, is loose and open in
As this lack of clay at the core proceeds from the obstructions which
the bosses offer to the flow of the clay towards the centre it is requisite instead of
the present knives to make the knives near the outlet without bosses, and this
may be done in two ways viz: Either by continuing or prolonging the last knife
blades beyond the bosses thus forming annular knives without bosses and between
which the clay finds room both to penetrate from behind and to be pushed directly
in by these knife prolongations or prolonged knives. Or I may fix secondary
knives or blades on the last nave or prolongation knife end in the direction of the
flow of the clay and standing quite free. These two kinds of knives without bosses
may of course be under an acute right or obtuse angle to the spindle and be tapered
off towards the outlet. The closeness of the flow of clay is by these means under
command and rendered perfect in all parts.
It is also a known defect in these machines that in course of time hard lumps
are formed on the wall against the outlet and at last reach to the outlet where
they tear the edges of the issuing bar of clay. In order to avoid this I fix on the
last blade or blades a cylindrical or conical sheet iron ring which during its
revolution describes a circle around the outlet opening. Or the same result may
be attained if instead of a complete ring one or more part rings or blades are
provided.
A further provision for effecting the minutest subdivision and mixture of the
clay in the pugmill consists in the use of a pair of rolls which are placed over
the inlet to the pugmill and may be driven from the spindle so as to work with
the pugmill knives at about the same circumferential speed and at such a distance
as to force a thick band of clay down into the pugmill sufficient to keep it fully
supplied. Below the inlet I provide the mixer spindle with a one or more armed
knife having at the periphery one or more steel blades parallel with the axis.
These blades rotate close against the inner sides of the cylinder for about the
length of the rolls and thus in each revolution cut up the band of clay coming
from between the rolls and at the same time press each such cut off piece
between them. Inside of the cylinder described by these blades I fix one or more
flat knives to the inside of the cylinder and unite them by means of a ring thus
forming a basket which offers resistance and inside of this basket the pieces of
clay will pass which are cut off from the band of clay from the rolls. These knives
on the spindle and on the inside of the cylinder may be formed with shear edges
to act as shears. The former knives may be formed to describe a cylinder or a
cone and in some cases I omit the rolls. I provide the pugmill spindle at this
place with a screw blade which pushes the clay forward continuously until it
reaches a knife or a set of knives fixed on the spindle and extending to the inner
periphery of the cylinder. In the continuation of the cylinder I provide the spindle
with the aforesaid first named knives at the outlet end.
The telescopic water lubricated die at the outlet end of the pugmill has heretofore
always been made in the form of a stout wooden tube of the size corresponding
with the brick or tile to be made and provided with water gutters or passages;
the fish scale or telescope like sheet iron strips which formed the inner pressing
surface were so nailed to the walls of the tube as to begin from the front end and
so as to cover the water passages. But these latter easily become stopped up and
are then difficult to clean out.
The sheet iron strips forming the die are according to my invention by means of
thin length strips united with each other and with an end flange in such manner
as to form an entire telescopic tube with flange, so that it can be put in and taken
out entire and without need of special means of fastening. The puter tube, with

page_text: the water passages may as heretofore be a flange tube of wood, iron or other
suitable material, or it may consist only of a thin sheet iron tube which only has
the object of causing the water circulation. In order to afford the required
strength for resisting the interior pressure of the clay against these thin walls I
then provide outer strong plates of wood or iron and which are pressed from
without by providing the end flange against which the flange of the inner tube
rests with four box shaped walls within which lie the aforesaid stout plates, I
interpose set screws or wedges. This construction has also the advantage that
dies of various sizes may be used for the same box, the intermediate parts being
formed as required. Instead of making each die ring in four separate pieces
forming the four sides of same I may make the die of a flange with conical tube
and of one or more conical telescopic pieces of tube one within the other and by
the said flange secured in the interior of the wood or other tube and pressed
against the latter by the bar of clay flowing through it. Or the die may consist
only of one short conical flange tube which terminates just behind the water
passage, so that the outer envelope tube gives the clay bar its outer form and
smooth surface. This outer tube with its water passages may be formed as a
solid box of a soft plastic and then hardened substance such as gypsum or cement,
or of a loose but firmly compressible substance such as slag wool.
In order that the coring staples or clamps fastened to the inside of conical or
telescopic dies of this construction adapted for producing tubular tiles may not be
in the way of removing the die the end plate of the die is on its inner side formed
with projections having recesses or pegs for the said coring clamp to fit over,
between, in, or on so that the flow of clay holds the clamp firmly in place but so
that the clamp on removal of the die may be withdrawn at once and then the
conical or telescopic tube removed. The die is thus easily taken to pieces and as
easily put together.

page_text: I, CARL SCHLICKEYSEN of Berlin Prussia Germany Engineer do hereby declare
the nature of said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR THE
MANUFACTURE OF BRICKS AND TILES" and in what manner the same is to be
performed to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement:-
Brick and Tile machines constructed according to this Invention and producing
a continuous bar or body of clay issuing therefrom consist as heretofore of the
pugmill and the water lubricated telescopic die but both of improved construction.
The pugmill as heretofore constructed and consisting of the hollow cylinder
closed behind and provided with clay feeding opening knife spindle with cutting
and kneading knives or blades has the following disadvantages.
1. If the clay is sandy it is soon squeezed through between the spindle and the
bearing at the back wall thus in course of time damaging both.
2. Where various substances are to be mixed or raw heavy clay to be worked, a
badly mixed bar with tree bark like structure is obtained.
These defects are remedied in my machine in and by the following means.
And in order that my invention may be more fully understood I shall describe
the same seriatim with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Figure 1 is a vertical longitudinal section through a brick and tile machine
constructed so as to avoid the disadvantages firstly named.
'
At the end wall A of the horizontal pugmill I place round the spindle B a disc C
having annular projections and recesses, and on the pugmill spindle B I fix a disc D
with corresponding annular recesses and projections; the circumferential surface
of both is covered by a wide ring E fixed on the last named disc D by means of
screws; this ring E runs up against the back wall A and as it wears it can be
shifted up towards the end wall so that the clay cannot pass through, because in
order to get to the bearing it would have to run back at the end of the joint or
space between the disc C and the ring E, and the said space being so small there
would not be pressure enough behind to effect it.
In order to surmount the secondly named disadvantage and to cause the bar of
clay to issue in a close homogeneous mass I form and alter the knives or blades as
follows. This part I will describe with reference to Figure 1 and to Figures 1, 2,
34 and 5 of which Figure 2 is a part longitudinal section through the pugmill or
press near the exit end Figure 3 a similar view of a modification, Figure 4 a
similar view of another modification and Figure 5 a cross section.
The knives or blades shown in Figures 1 2. 4 and 5 not only as heretofore pass
out of the spindle at a right angle or at an acute angle as the blades F¹ but I make
also one or some of them to stand at an obtuse angle such as the blades F³. The
former knives force the clay on towards the outlet as energetically as possible
while the latter also force the clay out towards the casing or outward.
These new
knives Fare as shown in Figures 3 and 7 (which latter Figure is an end view of
the knife F2) so constructed that the cutting side reaches to the periphery of the
cylinder but the other side not, in order that the clay caught by the knife or
blade as the spindle turns may be pushed forward and at the same time pressed
against the walls of the cylinder and then partly rushes back to the other side of
the blade escaping between side of blade and wall of cylinder, thus effecting a
grinding or crushing and mixing action. The same is effected in a less degree
when, vice versa, the front edge of blade is less than the back edge. H H figures 1
and 3 are distance pieces between the naves of the knives.

page_text: The present brick machines also have the defect that a clay ring is formed in
front of the last knife, which ring by the pressure of the knife is made very close
near the periphery while the core behind the knife bosses is loose and open in
texture.
As this back of clay at the core proceeds from the obstructions which
the bosses offer to the flow of the clay towards the centre it is requisite instead of
the present knives to make the knives near the outlet without bosses, and this
may be done in two ways viz. Either as shown in Figures 1, 2, 4 and 5 by
continuing or prolonging the last knife blades beyond the bosses thus forming
annular knives F³ without bosses and between which the clay finds room both to
penetrate from behind and to be pushed directly in by these knife prolongations
or prolonged knives. Or as shown in Figures 1, 2 and 6 I may fix secondary
knives or blades F on the last nave or prolongation knife and in the direction of
the flow of the clay and I may fix other knives F³ thereon which are standing
quite free.
These two kinds of knives F and F5 which are without bosses may
of course be under an acute right or obtuse angle to the spindle and be tapered
off towards the outlet as shown in Figures 1, 2, 5 and 6.
The closeness of the flow of clay is by these means under command and rendered
perfect in all parts.
It is also a known defect in these machines that in course of time hard lumps
are formed on the wall against the outlet and at least reach to the outlet where
they tear the edges of the issuing bar of clay. In order to avoid this I fix on the
last blade or blades a cylindrical or conical sheet iron ring F° Figures 1, 2 and 5
which during its revolution describes a circle around the outlet opening P, so that
no lumps can form against it.
Or the same result may be attained if instead of a complete ring one or more
part rings or blades F7 are provided as shown in Figure 4. The influence of the
knives will thus reach directly to the outlet opening and a perfectly homogeneous
bar of clay will be forced out.
A further provision for effecting the minutest subdivision and mixture of the
clay in the pugmill consists in the use of a pair of rolls B Figure 1ª and the
vertical cross section Figure 1b which rolls are placed over the inlet to the pugmill A
and may be driven from its spindle C so as to work with the pugmill knives at
about the same circumferential speed and at such a distance as to force a thick
band of clay down into the pugmill sufficient to keep it fully supplied. Below
the inlet I provide the mixer spindle with a one or more armed pressing knives D
having at the periphery one or more steel blades D¹ parallel with the axis. These
parallel blades D₁ rotate close against the inner sides of the cylinder for about the
length of the rolls and thus in each revolution cut up the band of clay coming
from between the rolls, and at the same time, press each such cut off piece between
them. Inside of the cylindrical space described by these blades D₁ I fix one or
more flat knives E to the inside of the cylinder and carry them back nearly to the
pressing knife D. where I unito them by means of arins E' and a ring E² thus
forming a basket which offers resistance and inside of this basket the pieces of clay
will pass which are cut off from the band of clay from the rolls. These knives D D¹
on the spindle and E E' on the inside of the cylinder may be formed with shear
edges to act as shears. The former knives may be formed to describe a cylinder
or a cone and in some cases I omit the rolls B. I provide the puguill spindle
at this place with a screw blade F which pushes the clay forward continuously
until it reaches a knife or a set of knives G fixed on the spindle and extending to
the inner periphery of the cylinder. In the continuation of the cylinder I provide
the spindle with the aforesaid first named boss prolongations and secondary and
freestanding knives at the outlet end.
The telescopic water lubricated die at the outlet end of the pug mill has
heretofore always been made in the form of a stout wooden tube of the size
corresponding with the brick or tile to be made and provided with water gutters
or passages; the fish scale or telescope like sheet iron strips which formed the
inner pressing surface were so nailed to the walls of the tube as to begin from the

page_text: front end and so as to cover the water passages. But these latter easily beeome
stopped up and are then difficult to clean out.
My improvements relating to this part of my invention are illustrated by
Figures 8, 9, 10, 11 12 and 13.
The sheet iron strips A shown in longitudinal sectional view Figure 11 and
which form the die are according to my invention by means of their length strips B
united with each other and with an end flange C in such manner as to form an
entire telescopic tube with flange so that it can be put in and taken out entire and
without need of special means of fastening. The outer tube with the water
passages may as heretofore be a flange tube D of wood, iron or other suitable
material as shown in the longitudinal sectional view Figure 8 or it may as shown
in the longitudinal section Figure 10 and the cross section Figure 12 consist only
of a thin sheet iron tube E which only has the object of causing the water
circulation. In order to afford the required strength for resisting the interior
pressure of the clay against these thin walls I then provide outer strong plates F
of wood or iron and which are pressed from without by providing the end flange G
against which the flange C of the inner tube rests with four box shaped walls H
within which lie the aforesaid stout plates F I set up the latter by interposed set
screws F and wedges K. This construction has also the advantage that dies of
various sizes may be used for the same box H, the intermediate parts being formed
as required. Instead of making each die ring in four separate pieces forming the
four sides of same I may as shown in the longitudinal sectional view Figure 13
make the die of a flange C with conical tube and of one or more conical telescopic
picces of tube A one within the other end and by the said flange C secured in the
interior of the wood or other tube D and pressed against the latter by the bar of
clay flowing through it. Or the die may as shown in the longitudinal sectional
view Figure 14 consist only of one short conical flange tube A which terminates
just behind the water passage, so that the outer envelope tube gives the clay bar
its outer form and smooth surface. This outer tube with its water passages may
be formed as a solid box of a soft plastic and then hardened substance such as
gypsum or cement, or of a loose but firmly compressible substance as slag wool or
cloth.
In order that the coring staples or clamps fastened to the inside of conical or
telescopic dies of this construction adapted for producing tubular tiles may not be
in the way of removing the die the end plate of this die is as shown in the
longitudinal sectional views Figures 14, 15, and 16 and plan 17 on its inner side
formed with projections having recesses or pegs for the said coring clamp L to fit
over between in or on so that the flow of clay holds the clamp firmly in place but
so that the clamp on removal of the die may be withdrawn at once and then the
conical or telescopic tube removed. The die is thus easily taken to pieces and as
easily put together.
Having now particularly described and
invention and in what manner the same is
I claim is :-
ascertained the nature of my said
to be performed I declare that what
First: In a brick and tile machine with pugging knives on spindle providing
the back or front wall with a disc with concentric annular grooves and projections
the spindle having a disc with correspondingly formed annular projections and
grooves and working against the first named disc, the disc on the spindle having a
broad ring working with one edge against the wall and capable of being set up
and refixed as it wears, for the purpose of preventing the entry of the clay between
the spindle and the bearing substantially as described with reference to Figure 1.
Second Forming one or more of the pressing blades or knives in such
manner that they in a sectional plane through the axis are at an obtuse angle to
the flowing bar of clay for the purpose of causing the clay which by the knives
is forced towards the outlet to be also pressed against the sides of the vessel
substantially as described with reference to Figures 1 to 3.

page_text: Third Forming one or more of the pressing blades or knives of a pugmill
screw in such manner that either the cutting edge or the last pressing end of blade
reaches from the nave to the wall of the cylinder while the other end is shorter
for the purpose that not all the material on the pressing side of the knife should
be pushed forward by it but a part of it should pass back between knife and wall
substantially as described with reference to Figures 3 to 7.
:-
Fourth So forming or extending the one or more bladed nave knife on the
nave H (which knife may stand at an obtuse right or acute angle with the axis)
that one or more blades of the same, by prolongation of the screw blades in the
direction of the screw thread beyond the nave, form one or more prolongation
pressing blades F3 which on the side towards the axis, incontradistinction to the
others have no connection with a knife axle but form free or independent blades
for the purpose of not only allowing the clay which is pushed forward by these
prolongation knives themselves to escape towards the axle but also to allow the
flow of clay coming from the rear to pass through between the prolongation knives
in and round their axis of revolution substantially as described with reference to
Figures 2 and 4.
Fifth Fastening on the nave or prolongation knives short bars or secondary
knives F which again at their free end carry screw knives F³ which otherwise are
not connected to the axle or nave hence forming so called free knives for the same
purpose as those named in claim 3 viz:-
in order that not all the material on the
pressing side of the knife should be pushed forward by the knives but a part of it
should pass back between knife and wall substantially as described with reference
to Figure 1, 2, 5 and 6.
Sixth-Fastening on the last blades, near the outlet die, and by means of
secondary knives, a cylindrical or conical sheet iron ring F about concentric with
the axis, or instead of a complete ring part rings F7 which describe a circle of
about the size of the die opening for the purpose of preventing the collection of
hard lumps of clay within this circle and also in order to prevent or diminish the
friction of the travelling bar of clay against the surrounding clay or against the
walls of the vessel in the space between the last expelling knives and the die
opening substantially as described with reference to Figures 1, 2, 4 and 5.
Seventh-The optional combination of one or more of the clay cutting knives
and parts F1, F2, F³, F³, F and F7 as claimed secondly, thirdly, fourthly, and
fifthly, with each other and with ordinary clay cutting knives and parts, for the
purpose of mixing clay and other substances, rendering them homogeneous and
pushing them forward axially.
Eighth Forming the fishscale like lining or interior of the die of brick and tile
machines in such manner that the scale like arranged sheet iron pieces are united
with each other either directly or by means of strips placed thereon and by nuts
soldering or other suitable means of fastening, so as to form an entire tube with
flange or head plate; or by forming in like manner a short flanged tube with
one or more separate scale like tubes which like those firstly named are not firmly
connected together and are only connected with the surrounding walls by being
put therein and forming a die therewith; or by only forming the head plate or
flange with a short piece of tube or ring of sheet iron which then terminates
between the gutter and the end of the surrounding walls, for the purpose of being
easily bodily removed for the sake of cleaning and repair and easily replaced
substantially as described and shown.
Ninth By casting or stamping of plastic and afterwards solidifying bodies
forming in a die box a tube provided with the required lubricating gutters for the
purpose by placing therein a scale like or telescopic tube of producing a lubricating
die that takes to pieces substantially as described.
Tenth By means of slag wool cloth or other by water permeable material
forming a mantle round a telescopic pipe which is placed in a tube that retains the
water toward the outside and is provided with lubricating openings thus forming

page_text: a telescopic die which without altering the separate parts can be taken apart and
put together substantially as described.
Eleventh-Providing the interior of a head plate of a die with projections
depressions or grooves of such a form that the clamp staple or other fastener can
be placed into over or between, for the purpose of being able to readily remove such
staple and similarly unite it with the head plate to form a die.
Twelfth Forming a head plate with box H for receiving a telescopic die with
outer parts or pieces F which are set up against the die by means of screws F¹
Figures 10 and 12.
Thirteenth -Placing between the end of the cylinder of the clay cutter and the
die a box of greater sectional area than that of the cylinder as shown in Figures 1ª
and 4 for the purpose of being able to employ a prolongation free knife which
reaches to the outside wall of such box and pushes the clay there forward on its
whole width for the purpose of such enlargement of the cylinder to cause a
thorough disturbance of the structure of the clay produced therein and to be able
to fill evenly a disc of much larger sectional area.
Fourteenth-The application, on the axle of a clay cutter and against the back-
wall of same, of a pressing knife at one or more blade ends of which a knife is
fixed nearly parallel to the axle or the cylinder which knife in the rotation sweeps
past the feed opening for the purpose of knocking the clay coming therefrom off
in narrow streaks and pushing them inward as described with reference to
Figures 1º 1b.
Fifteenth-The application within the parallel knife described with reference
to Figures 1 and 1° of one or more basket knives E for the purpose of wiping the
clay streaks off the parallel knives and withdrawing them from further rotation.
Sixteenth Applying clay cutting knives or screws around the knife axle
within the fixed basket knives in order to push the clay coming within their reach
away from under the feed opening near the closed cylinder in the direction of the
outflow as described with reference to Figure 1º.
Seventeenth-The combination of the cutting up and pushing forward appliances
claimed 14thly 15thly and 16thly with a pair of rolls for the purpose of supplying the
said appliances with material.
011
1
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