IMPROVEMENTS IN AND RELATING TO AIR PUMPS OR MACHINERY FOR DRAWING AIR OUT OF OR VENTILATING BUILDINGS SHIPS; MINES AND OTHER STRUCTURES OR CONFINED SPACES APPLICABLE 'IN PART TO BLOWING ENGINES.
Year: 1882

page_text: "
LETTERS PATENT to James Campbell Baker, of Liverpool in the County of
Lancaster for an Invention of IMPROVEMENTS IN AND RELATING TO AIR PUMPS
OR MACHINERY FOR DRAWING AIR OUT OF OR VENTILATING BUILDINGS SHIPS;
MINES AND OTHER STRUCTURES OR CONFINED SPACES APPLICABLE 'IN PART
TO BLOWING ENGINES.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said James Campbell, Baker
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 12th December 1882.
JAMES CAMPBELL BAKER of Liverpool in the county of Lancaster' "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN AND RELATING TO AIR-PUMPS OR MACHINERY FOR DRAWING AIR OUT
OF OR VENTILATING BUILDINGS SHIPS MINES AND OTHER STRUCTURES OR CONFINED
SPACES APPLICABLE IN PART TO BLOWING ENGINES."
This invention relates chiefly to the apparatus which is used. for ventilating or
withdrawing the vitiated air from enclosed or confined spaces where a piston and.
cylinder are used such as is described in the specification of English Patent.
No. 2175 of 1880 and has for its object the construction of an apparatus that will:
be more compact, that will occupy less room, will contain less machinery and will
take less attention when working and to keep it in repair.
It is designed either for exhausting the vitiated air from the rooms of buildings,
from mines, tunnels and other structures, for use on ship board to ventilate the
hold and lower portions, or for ventilating and cooling hayricks by keeping a
continuous current of air through them, or for any other analogous purpose and
also may be applied to blowing engines.
In apparatus to be driven by steam power I construct an ordinary cylinder in
which works a piston and in the centre of this cylinder and concentric with it I
place another and smaller cylinder with a piston working in it. To the piston
which works inside of the large cylinder are attached preferably two piston rods
and these are connected to the same crosshead as that to which the piston rod of
the small cylinder is attached. The small central cylinder is the steam cylinder
Điểm 031

page_text: and is provided with suitable ports at either end leading to a valve chest placed
outside the large cylinder. The large cylinder is the pumping cylinder and a
series of ports or valves are arranged at each end opening into chambers or wind
chests which are in connection with the air chamber and the exhaust. The
cylinders may be placed either horizontally or vertically-The valves for regulating
the admission of the steam may be of any ordinary construction and are operated.
by the crosshead of the piston rods through a series of cranked or other levers to
which the valve rod is connected. The end of the lever is moved or depressed at
each stroke of the piston and the steam valves are moved thereby. A handle may
be attached to facilitate the starting of the apparatus. Water power may be used
instead of steam to drive the apparatus if under certain circumstances it is found
more desirable but I prefer steam when practicable.
In the apparatus designed to be driven by hand power I hinge or joint to the
centre of the piston a connecting rod the other end of which is attached to a crank
worked by a handle on a fly wheel a circular hollow slide or trunk round the
connecting rod working in suitable slides attached to the side of the cylinder or
other suitable means keep the piston in its proper position and cause it to work
parallel with the sides of the cylinder-The exhaust air after passing into the
cylinder passes out through valves in the piston and thence escapes. In a double
acting apparatus I use two pistons working together. The connecting rod is
attached to the centre of one of them, the crank or eccentric for actuating them is
placed between and the slides above mentioned may be dispensed with as the one
piston working in connection with the other will keep them parallel. The exhaust
air is admitted by a pipe into. a chamber in the bottom which communicates
through a small chamber or wind chest to the top and thence passes through the
valves into the cylinder and again out of the cylinder through the valves in the
piston.
By the arrangements herein described I am enabled to dispense with all outside
gearing making the machines very compact and self contained.
Where the piston has two bearing surfaces one against the walls of the cylinder
in which it works, and the other against the walls of an internal cylinder I have
altered the arrangement of the packing at present in use and described in
specification of Letters Patent No. 2175 of 1880 so that instead of one central_
spring pressing all the segments in an outward direction I' divide the segments in
two in the centre circumferentially and insert a spring between each so that the
constant tendency of the spring will be to compensate for any wear that may take
place on either face by pressing one half of the segment in one direction and the
other half in the other direction. Instead of a coiled or helical spring I prefer to
use two bow-shaped springs. These are connected together at the centre by means
of a right and left hand screw and press with their outer ends against the packings.
By turning the connecting screw in one direction they are drawn together and
away from the packing and by turning the screw in the other direction they are
forced tightly against the packing until they assume a position nearly flat-
against it.}

page_text: 771
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed
by the said James Campbell Baker in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
12th June 1883.
:
JAMES CAMPBELL BAKER of Liverpool in the county of Lancaster, "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN AND RELATING TO' AIR-PUMPS OR MACHINERY FOR DRAWING AIR OUT
OF OR VENTILATING BUILDINGS, SHIPS, MINES, AND OTHER STRUCTURES OR CONFINED
SPACES, APPLICABLE IN PART TO BLOWING ENGINES."
This invention relates chiefly to the apparatus which is used for ventilating or,
withdrawing the vitiated air from enclosed or confined spaces where a piston and
cylinder are used, such as is described in the Specification of English Patent
N° 2175 of 1880, and has for its object the construction of an apparatus that will.
be more compact, that will occupy less room, will contain less machinery, and will
take less attention when working and to keep it in repair..
It is designed either for exhausting the vitiated air, from the rooms of buildings,
from mines, tunnels, and other, structures, for use on ship board to ventilate the
hold and lower portions, or for ventilating and cooling hayricks by keeping a
continuous current of air through them, or for any other analogous purpose, and,
also may be applied to blowing engines.
The apparatus may be constructed to be driven by steam or other fluid or
gaseous pressure, or may be arranged to be driven by hand and in the annexed.
drawings I have shown it adapted for either, in which:
Fig. 1, is a front elevation of apparatus constructed to be driven by steam power.
The cylinders placed horizontally.
Fig. 2, sectional plan of same on line ww of Fig. 1, showing the arrangement of
steam cylinder and air cylinder.
⋅
Fig. 3, End elevation of same.
Fig. 4, Front elevation of a similar apparatus with the cylinders placed vertical.
.. Fig. 5, Sectional elevation of apparatus to be worked by hand labour with double.
acting piston.,
Fig. 6, Plan of same.
Fig. 7, Sectional front elevation of hand machine with single acting piston...
Fig. 8, Sectional side elevation of same.
Fig. 9, End sectional elevation of apparatus shown in Fig 1 taken on line v w.
Fig. 10, and showing the details of construction of the piston and packing therefor..
Fig. 10, Section of piston and cylinder taken on line x y z Fig. 9.
t
Figs 1, 2, 3, 4, Sheet I, show my improved air pumping or ventilating apparatus“
adapted to be driven by steam. A is the air cylinder with valve chests or,
chambers B B' placed at either end, the bottom chambers B' forming supports for..
the cylinder. C is the steam cylinder placed concentrically inside the cylinder A..
The cylinder A is a cylinder of ordinary construction with flanges a at either end.
It is bored out true and covers D D are bolted to either end. These covers.
sustain the weight of the steam cylinder C and maintain it securely in position.
The steam cylinder C which is bored out in the inside and turned on the outside,
is cast with flange c on one end. A recess corresponding in size to the flange c is
cast in the cover D, and by means of screws or bolts the two are.securely fastened
together. The cylinder C may be secured to the cover D in other ways or without
the recess, but the method shown I prefer as the simpler, while it allows the
piston E to travel the full length of the cylinder without obstruction. The
cylinder C at the other end passes into a gland in the cover D' turned to fit it.
Flanges are inadmissible at both ends of the cylinder C, as the piston E could not
be inserted unless inade of complicated construction in two or more sections. The

page_text: cover D of the cylinder A forms a cover for the cylinder C at one end, but I prefer
to have a separate cover C¹ at the other end. This cover is bolted to the cover D¹
and forms a double joint steam tight and air tight over the end of the cylinder C,
and junction of same through cover D¹ with cylinder A.
The valve chests or chambers B B¹ are fitted or cast to the cylinder covers
DD, ports or openings d which are shown in dotted lines leading from the
interior of the air-cylinder A to the valve chambers. bb are the valves for the
ingress and egress of air from the cylinder A; they are placed in the chambers
B B at either end of the cylinder, and are arranged to open and close alternately,
as, the piston E travels from one end of the cylinder to the other.
The steam enters the cylinder C through ports g, which lead from a valve
chest G placed in any convenient position at the exterior of the cylinder A. In
the valve chest G works, a D-shaped or other valve of ordinary construction in
common use for controlling and regulating the admission of steam to engine
cylinders. E is the piston of the air cylinder A (shown in detail in Figs 9 and 10).
Fis the piston of the steam cylinder. The piston rod H of the piston F, and the
piston rods II of the piston È are each attached to the same crosshead J, and as
motion is imparted to the piston F by the pressure of steam on either side, the
crosshead J moves to and fro carrying with it the piston E at each stroke of the
piston F. The valve in the valve chest is operated at each stroke by the action
of the crosshead J on the tappets j attached to a lever on a rocking shaft K.
These tappits are depressed at the end of each stroke of the piston F; and the
valve rod moved to and fro, it being connected to the shaft K by a lever . The
handle may be used in starting the engines. M M' are slides for the crosshead J.
hand i are glands and stuffing boxes for the piston rods, and N and N' are the steam
pipe and exhaust pipe respectively. The arrows indicate the direction of the
passage of air through the apparatus. This apparatus whilst designed chiefly for
the purposes of ventilation is also applicable for use as a blowing engine.
Figs. 5 and 6, Sheet II, show my improved apparatus with double acting piston
designed to be driven by manual labour, and for use especially in ventilating
hay ricks, and such like structures where a continuous action is not required. Two
pistons OO¹ connected together by connecting rods or bars P P' work in the
cylindrical part of the machine. A piston rod or connecting rod Q is attached to
the centre of one of the pistons which are operated by means of the handler on
fly wheel R through the shaft and crank q. Valves S and S¹ are placed top and
bottom of the machine through which the exhaust air passes at each stroke.
These valves open inwards and other valves o o' in the pistons open in a similar
direction so that the air drawn through the valves S or S¹ at one stroke escapes
through o or o' at the next. The arrows indicate the direction of the current of
air which enters the machine at T, to which a suitable pipe may be attached, and
passes out at T into the open, or may be conducted away as required. is the
wind chest into which the air. is drawn, and t the passage for the air to the top
of the machine, and whence it escapes through valves S and o. This machine is
portable and made to run on wheels U. U is a handle wherewith to raise the
foot u off the ground when it is required to move it.
Figs. 7: and 8, Sheet III, show apparatus with single acting cylinder designed
more especially, for use on ship board or to be worked by hand. Though by
raising the stand and attaching an inlet pipe below the inlet valves at the bottom,
it could be used as a portable machine for ventilating hayricks and other purposes,
while that shown in Figs. 5 and 6 could be as easily adapted for use on shipboard.
In these Figs. 7 and 8 the piston is worked by means of a fly wheel R and
crank attached to a connecting rod Q. The connecting rod is hinged or jointed
to the piston Oby means of a forked projection Q passing over pivots ql on a
hollow cylindrical slide Q2 secured to the piston-Vis a rod or slide fastened by, a
nut to the bottom of the machine and projecting up through the hollow slide Q
which as
big the
piston moves to and fro holds it in proper position, and causes it
to work
ork parallel with the sides of the cylinder" is a tube or thimble placed

page_text: +
inside the hollow slide Q with a nut v¹ on either end which binds the-piston - O;
the valves of the valve guard o², and the hollow 'slide Q³ securely together. The-air
enters the machine at T and passing through the valves S and ŏ. passes in the
direction of the arrows, and escapes at T in the opening left round the edge of
the cover.
By the arrangements hereinbefore described. I am enabled to dispense with
outside gearing, making the machines very compact and self contained.
Where the piston has two bearing surfaces (as shown Fig. 1) one against the
walls of the cylinder in which it works, and the other against the walls of an
internal cylinder, I have altered the arrangement of the packing at present in use
and described in Specification of Letters Patent N° 2175 of 1880, so that instead of
one central spring pressing the packing in an outward direction, I insert springs
between the two packings required, so that the constant tendency of the springs
will be to force the packing against the wall of the cylinders, and thus compensate
for any wear and tear that may take place on either face. This arrangement is
shown in detail in Figs 9: and 10, Sheet IV, wherein similar letters to those placed
on the figures on Sheet I refer to like parts. W and W' is the packing bearing
against the inner wall of the cylinder A and outer wall of cylinder C. Curved or
segmental plates of metal X X³ are placed behind the packing, and pressing against
each of these is a bow-shaped spring Y and and y', connected together by bolt or
rod y'. The head of the bolt y¹ is rivetted to the spring Y', and the other end passes
through a hole in spring Y. When the springs are in the position shown in the
drawings, the pistons and packing may be easily inserted into the cylinder A. The
nuts are then screwed towards the end of the bolt y' until the springs lie nearly
flat against the plates X X¹ and their pressure is conveyed to the packing. The
plates Z Z which join the top and bottom of the piston E, and hold the packing in
position are held together by set screws Z¹. This arrangement is also applicable
for piston with only one bearing surface, as a solid ring or flange in the centre
would form an abutment for the springs and one spring might be used instead
of two.
Having now described my invention and the best modes known to me of
carrying it into effect, I wish it to be understood that what I believe to be new and
claim under the Letters Patent is:-
1st The construction of an air pump or blowing engine, with a steam cylinder
placed inside an outer or air cylinder, the piston rod from the steam cylinder
driving through a crosshead and other piston rods the piston of the air cylinder,
without the intervention of crank or gearing, substantially as described and shown..
2nd The general arrangement and construction of air pumping or blowing engine,
substantially as described and shown on Sheet I, no specific claim being made for
any one part taken separately, in which the novel arrangement consists (a) of one
cylinder placed inside and concentric with the other (b) the valve chests placed at
either end of the air cylinder (c) the steam ports in the cylinder cover (d) the
common cross head to the pistons of the two cylinders and (e) the tappets for
working the steam valves, all substantially as described and shown.
3rd The construction of double acting air pumping or ventilating apparatus,
substantially as herein described, with admission valves at either end of the
cylinder, between which work a double headed piston, the exhaust air being
delivered through valves in the pistons by outlet in the cylinder between the
piston heads and the pistons worked by a crank and connecting rod attached to
one of them.
4th The general arrangement and construction of air pumping or ventilating
apparatus with a piston driven by crank and connecting rod contained within the
cylinder and the piston guided parallel to the cylinder walls by means of a hollow
guide attached thereto passing over a rod or bar substantially as described and
shown in Sheet 3
5th The construction of piston for the cylinders of air pumping or blowing
engines in which the packing is forced against the walls of the cylinder and -wear

page_text: compensated for by the action of a bow spring or springs pressing against a metallic
plate inside the packing and capable of adjustment by a screwed rod substantially
as and for the purpose described.
In witness whereof I the said James Campbell Baker have hereunto set my
hand and seal this eleventh day of June in the year of our Lord one
thousand eight hundred and eighty three
Witness
J. OWDEN O'BRIEN
Clerk to Mess WM P Thompson & Co
Patent Agents
Liverpool & London.
J.,C BAKER (L.S.)
.