IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PRODUCTION AND MANAGE- MENT OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHT, AND IN APPARATUS, APPLICABLE. THERETO
Year: 1857

page_text: In the Matter of Letters Patent granted..to JAMES WADSWORTH, of
Hazelgrove, near Stockport, in the County of Chester, Machine Maker,
for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PRODUCTION AND MANAGE-
MENT OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHT, AND IN APPARATUS, APPLICABLE. THERETO,"
bearing date the Twenty-eighth day of December 1857, (No. 8173.)
DISCLAIMER AND MEMORANDUM OF ALTERATION proposed to be
filed by the Assignee of the said Letters Patent, according to the
Statutes in that case made and provided.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHN
JONATHAN HOWARD; of Manchester, in the County of Lancaster, Gentleman,
send greeting...
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-eighth day of December, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven, in the twenty-first year of
Her reign, did, for Herself,. Her heirs and successors, 'give and grant unto
James Wadsworth, of Hazelgrove, near Stockport, in the County of Chester,
Machine Maker, Her special license that he, the said James Wadsworth, his
executors, 'administrators, and assigns; or such others as he, the said James
Wadsworth, his .executors, administrators, or assigns, should at any time
agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter

page_text: "
during the term of years therein mentioned, should and lawfully might make,
use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention of
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHT,
AND IN APPARATUS APPLICABLE. THERETO," upon the condition (amongst others)
that he, the said James Wadsworth, his executors or administrators, by an
instrument in writing under his hand and seal, or under their or one of their
hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the
said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause
the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent:
And whereas the said James Wadsworth, in pursuance of the proviso or
condition aforesaid, did by a Specification or instrument in writing under his
hand and seal, bearing date the Twenty-sixth day of June, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-eight, particularly describe and
ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was
to be performed, and did cause the said Specification or instrument to be duly
filed in the Great Seal Patent Office on the Twenty-eighth day of June, One
thousand eight hundred and fifty-eight: And whereas by indenture bearing
date the Ninth day of December, One thousand eight hundred and fifty-eight,
and made or expressed to be made between the said James Wadsworth, of
the one part, and me, the said John Jonathan Howard, of the other part, all
the estate and interest of the said James Wadsworth of and in the said
Letters Patent and Invention, and of and in the rights, privileges, profits, and
premises therein comprised or thereby granted, were for the considerations in
the said indenture expressed, assigned unto me, the said John Jonathan
Howard, my executors, administrators, and assigns, and the said indenture
was duly registered in the Great Seal Patent Office on the Eleventh day of
December, One thousand eight hundred and fifty-eight: And whereas I have
been informed that the said James Wadsworth was not the first inventor of
so much of the said Invention or improvements as is or are described in the
aforesaid Specification to consist in "throttling or wire-drawing the gas and
diminishing the elastic force or pressure thereof, by causing it in its progress
"to or towards the burner to pass through an orifice or opening smaller than
"the orifice of the burner," and in "the application to a gas burner of a
plug stop piece or partition inserted in the supply pipe, and pierced with an
orifice smaller than the hole or than the aggregate capacity of the holes in
"the burner or burners," and in "the arrangement and combination of parts
of a burner, consisting of one burner surmounting another, the lower or
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attenuating burner having an orifice smaller than the upper or consuming
"burner," and in " the arrangement and combination of parts of an apparatus:
"composed of two gas burners, with an intervening chamber or vessel to
"afford space for the expansion of the gas, and to raise the temperature;
"thereof by heat derived from the adjacent flame of the burner:" And
whereas I have been advised that the improvements or parts of the said,
Invention of the said James Wadsworth respectively described in the Specifi-
cation thereof before mentioned, to consist in "the construction and applica-
"tion of a stop-cock or tap, the plug of which admits the gas through a hole.
"or opening smaller than that of the burner," and in "the arrangement and
"combination of parts of a self-acting apparatus for admitting gas to a burner:
"or burners through an orifice made to vary in magnitude inversely as the
pressure of gas in the main, so that the gas after passing the orifice shall.
"maintain an uniform pressure, notwithstanding fluctuations or irregularities.
" in its original pressure, or that existing in the main," are merely variations:
or modified applications of the parts herein-before mentioned of the said Inven-.
tion, of which parts the said James Wadsworth was not the first-inventor, and
that therefore it is doubtful whether at the date of the grant of the said
Letters Patent to the said James Wadsworth, the said improvements were so
far novel as to be legally the subjects of a patent privilege; and also, that
the said lastly before-mentioned improvements or parts of the said James
Wadsworth's Invention are not of so much practical utility as they were
originally believed to be: And whereas doubts are entertained whether the
improvements or parts of the said James Wadsworth's Invention which were
described in the Specification thereof. before mentioned to consist in "the
"application to a gas burner of a cylindrical ring or hoop encircling the apex
" of the burner, and having its upper edge raised slightly above the same,"
and in "the application to a gas burner of a cap consisting of a hoop
" encircling the apex of the burner, and branching into two or more short
oblique tubes through which the gas issues for consumption," were at the
time of the granting of the said Letters Patent to the said James Wadsworth
new as to the public knowledge and use thereof: And whereas in consequence
of such information and doubts, and for the reasons before mentioned, I am
desirous to disclaim all those parts of the said Specification which describe,
claim, or have reference to the aforesaid severally recited improvements or,
parts of the said Invention, and have therefore applied for the permission of
Her Majesty's Attorney-General to make and file such Disclaimer as is
berein-after contained, and to alter the said Specification in manner and to the
effect herein-after expressed..
"

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, THEREFORE, that I, the said John Jonathan Howard, by
and with the leave of Her Majesty's Attorney-General, and for the reasons afore-
said, do hereby disclaim so many and all such parts of the said Specification,
as consist of or are expressed by the words, letters, and figures, which are
obliterated or struck out with red ink in the copy of the said Specification
herein-after set forth, and in order to restore the connection of the words
preceding and following certain of the before-disclaimed words or parts of
the said Specification, and to give due significance to the undisclaimed words
or parts thereof, so as to cause the said Specification as hereby altered clearly
to define, describe, and claim those parts of the said Invention not intended
to be hereby disclaimed, I, the said John Jonathan Howard, by and with the
leave aforesaid, do hereby further alter the said Specification, by the insertion
or substitution of the words written in red ink, in or at the places or parts of
the said Specification, wherein the same are marked or written in or upon the
said copy, and in order to ascertain the parts, words, letters, and figures to be
so disclaimed, obliterated, or struck out as aforesaid from the said Specification,
and the new or added words to be inserted in the same as before mentioned,
I now proceed to transcribe or copy the said Specification in black ink, with
the said obliterations and alterations marked, written, or inserted thereon or
therein with red ink, so that the improvements or parts of the said Invention
which will be described and claimed by the remaining undisclaimed or un-
obliterated parts of the said Specification along with the newly inserted words
may appear as the same will stand after amendment by this present Disclaimer
and Memorandum of Alteration as follows (that is to say)
"TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JAMES
" WADSWORTH, late of Hazelgrove, near Stockport, in the County of Chester,
" but now of Salford, in the County of Lancaster, Machine Maker, send
greeting.
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"WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
"Patent, bearing date the Twenty-eighth day of December, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven, in the twenty-
"first year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give
"and grant unto me, the said James Wadsworth, Her special license that
"I, the said James Wadsworth, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or
"such others as I, the said James Wadsworth, my executors, administrators,
" or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time
"and at all times thereafter during the term of years therein mentioned,
"should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the

page_text: "
"United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands,
and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PRODUCTION AND
MANAGEMENT OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHT, AND IN APPARATUS APPLICABLE THERETO,"
"upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said James Wadsworth,
my executors, or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my hand
"and seal, or under their or one of their hands and seals should particularly
"describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner
"the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great
Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately after
"the date of the said Letters Patent.
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"
"NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said James Wadsworth, do hereby declare
"that the nature of my said Invention, and the manner in which the same
"is to be performed, are particularly described and ascertained in and by
"this present instrument in writing, with the aid of such of the Drawings,
"Diagrams, or Figures thereto hereunto annexed, which Drawings are contained
" on two Sheets and as are hereinafter referred to, by means of the alphabetical
"and numerical characters marked thereon, such characters when repeated
being always understood to indicate the same or similar parts or things..
"The kind of artificial light to which my said Invention has reference is
"that produced by the combustion of coal or other gas, and the object of the
"Invention is to increase the. illuminating power of the flame of such
gas or. gases, or in other words to obtain a greater quantity of light from the
"combustion of a given quantity of gas. The said Invention consists in new
modes, methods, or processes. of burning gas for purposes of illumination,
"or of treating the same previously to its consumption in the burner for
"such purposes, and also in the arrangement, and construction of apparatus
"employed to effect the combustion of gas, or in the application to such
apparatus of novel additional parts herein-after to be described. The
"aforesaid improvements, which consist in modes, methods, or processes
"of burning gas, are as follows, that is to say:-Throttling or wire-drawing
the-gas, and diminishing the elastic force or pressure thereof, by causing it in its
progress to or towards the burner to pass through an orifice or opening smaller
" than the orifice of the burner. Reducing the elastic force or pressure of the
gas by passing it through a pipe or conduit of contracted dimensions, and of
"sufficient length to retard the current by the friction of the same against
"the sides of such pipe or conduit; reducing the elastic force or pressure of
"the gas by causing it to pass through a succession of contractions or small
openings occurring at intervals in the supply pipe. Rarefying or expanding
"the gas, and raising the temperature thereof by bringing it into contact with the
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inner-surface of a vessel or chamber heated by the flame of the adjacent-burner,
and affording room for the gus to expand therein. Rarefying or expanding the
gas,
and raising the temperature thereof by bringing it into contact with
"other heat conducting substances contained within the aforesaid an expansion
chamber. Deflecting the current of gas flowing towards the burner, and
retarding the same, so as to bring and retain the successive portions thereof
into more immediate and protracted contact with the heating bodies or
"surfaces' employed. The aforesaid improvements, which consist in the
arrangement or construction of apparatus, or in the application of novel
"and additional parts thereto are as follows, that is to say:-The application
to a gas burner of a plug, stop piece, or partition inserted in the supply pipe, and
pierced with an orifice smaller than the hole, or than the aggregate capacity of
the holes in the burner or burners. The construction and application of a stop
"eeek or tap, the plug of which admits the gas through a hole or opening smaller
"than that of the burner. The arrangement and combination of parts of a self
acting-apparatus for admitting gas-to-a-burner or burners through an orifice made
to-very-in-magnitude inversely as the pressure of gas in the main, so that the gas,
after passing the orifice, shall maintain an uniform-pressure, notwithstanding flue-
"tuations-or-irregularities in its original pressure, or that existing in the main.
"The arrangement and combination of parts of a burner consisting of one burner
"surmounting another, the lower or attenuating burner having an orifice smaller
*" than the upper or consuming burner.--The-arrangement and combination of
parte of on apparatus composed of two-gas-burners-with-on-intervening-chamber
" or vessel-to-afford-space for the expansion-of the-gas, and to raise-the-temperature
"thereof by heat derived from the adjacent flame of the burner. The use of an
""obstructing body or bodies to deflect the stream of gas into contact with the
"sides of the an expansion chamber. The obstructing body may be at the
same time a conductor of heat, such as a coil or agglomerated mass of copper
or other wire, wire gauze, metallic plates, or any similar heat-conducting
substance. The arrangement and combination of parts of an apparatus for
gas burning, in which two or more expansion chambers radiate from a
566 common central inlet. The arrangement and combination of parts of an
apparatus for gas burning, in which the gas is conducted to the burner
through a prolonged tube or pipe of small bore, the dimensions of which
are such as to cause the pressure of the gas to be reduced by its passage
through the same to the burner. The arrangement and combination of
parts of a gas burning apparatus in which the gas is conducted to the burner
through two or more contracted passages, the united effect of which is to
"reduce the pressure of the gas. The application to-a-gas burner-of-a-oylin-
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drical ring or hoop encircling the apex of the burner, and having its upper-edge
"raised slightly-above the same. The application to a gas burner of a cap con-
"sisting of a hoop encircling the apex of the burner, and branching into two op
more short oblique tubes, through which the gas issues for consumption. The
"nature of the Invention will be still more fully pointed out by the description
"of the apparatus or means whereby I carry the same into effect, which I
"shall now proceed to explain with the aid of some of the Diagrams or
"Figures in the annexed Drawings.
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"The throttling or wire drawing of the gas and its consequent reduction in the.
"pressure and expansion in the volume of gas may be effected by very slight.
"and simple alterations in ordinary gas-burning apparatus, and in a variety
"of ways. Any sufficient contraction of the canal or passage between the
"meter and the burner will produce the desired effect in greater or less degree..
"A single-plug or stop piece perforated with an orifice smaller than that of the
" burner may be interposed for this purpose at any convenient point, as, for
"instance, in the union joint, whereby-the-branch of the burner is connected to the
"supply-pipe, or in the burner itself immediately below the orifice from which the
gas issues for consumption, and in either ease the gas (being of greater elasticity
than the atmosphere) will be expanded after passing the orifice in the plug, and
will issue from the consuming burner more or less rarefied and of larger volume,
the effect being greater or less according to the initial density of the gas, and the
relative magnitudes of the orifices in the plug and the burner. The object-may.
"also be effected by the use of a cook or tap, the plug of which is solid or un-
piereed,-with-the-exception-of-a-bole or opening therein for the passage of the gas.
"small enough-to-produce the attenuating or wire drawing effect upon it. Another
"One method of effecting the same object is to cause the gas to pass.
"through a tube or pipe of small bore, though larger than the orifice of
"the burner, and the desired result will be attained, provided the tube or-
pipe is of sufficient length, the wire drawing or attenuating effect being-
"produced in this case by the continuous; retardation or obstruction of the
current of gas in the contracted passage. A series of contractions or small.
"orifices occurring at intervals in the pipe is attended with like consequences;
"and many other simple devices for effecting the same object might be
"mentioned: The side view, Figure 1, and section, Figure 2, in Sheet 1 of the
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Drawings, shew the application of one mode of wire drawing the gas. -a is the
"branch pipe of a common burner-;-b; the bend into which the branch a-is
" serewed at a¹-; e is the burner surmounting the bend b. - All the foregoing parts
"are of ordinary-construction.-Into the serewed end of the branch pipe-a-is
fitted the small plug d in such a manner that the passage would be effectually
"

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"elosed if it were not for the orifice d', which is smaller than the aggregate of the
"orifices-in-the-burner e. The gas in passing through the orifice d' is reduced in
dencity-and-elasticity, and will be found in consequence to produce a larger
" amount of useful effect in issuing from the burner e. The proportion which the
"size of the orifice d' ought to bear to that of the holes in the burner o will
depend upon the density of the gas and other circumstances, and--inasmuch as
." gas is commonly used under pressures varying from one to five inches,-and-in
"special cases under pressures-even higher than the last mentioned, and inasmuch
"" also as the sizes of burners are denoted by arbitrary numbers, varying in different
"localities, no definite rule can well be laid down by which the proportions can be
". determined otherwise than by trial or experiment without danger of misleading.
"Figures 3 and 4, Sheet-1, represent, the former in side view, the latter in section,
"another arrangement of apparatus in which the same mode of burning is carried
into effect by the simple expedient of placing one-burner over or upon another,
the-internal-or-attenuating burner e having a smaller orifice than the external or
"consuming burner f. The operation is the same as that of the apparatus-last-
before described, the expansion or attenuation of the gas taking place in the
interior of the upper-or-consuming-burner f. Figures 5 and 6, Sheet 1, exhibit,
"the former a side view, and the latter a section of a portion of gas pipe
"terminating-in-a-bend and burner, and containing at one part of it a cook or tap.
Figure 7 is a detached view of the plug of the cock. These Figures-serve-to
"explain-a-manner in which the wire drawing or attenuation of the gas may be
"effected by a cock or tap-so-constructed as to be at the same time available-for
"turning on the gas to the extent of the full bore of the pipe when required.
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The pipe bend and burner are marked a, b, and e, respectively, as in Figures +
"and-a-before described. ġ is the cook; h, the plug; b', the handle. The
centre of the aperture or opening h³ in the plug is a little on one side of the-axis
of the latter, so that the plug opening has more lap on the one side than on-the
". other, and consequently when the plug is in the position shewn in the Drawing,
"
its cavity will be in communication with the pipe in one direction as at I, but
"not in the other as at 1. For the passage of the gas a small hole may be
" perforated in the side of the plug at or about h³, so as to enter the cavity h², or a
"nick or indentation may be made near the same place, so small as to perform the
required office of attenuating or wire drawing the gas as it passes. When the
"plug is in the position shewn in the Drawing, or in the reverse or opposite-one,
"the stop pin-h' meets a shoulder, which prevents the plug from revolving further,
" and thereby limits the extent to which the small hole indentation-or-nick-h³-can
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be opened. The position of the plug-represented in the Drawing is the proper
one-for-wire drawing the gas. If the plug be moved so that the handle shall

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coincide in position with the line 1, 2, Figure 5, the cock will have an opening.
" equal to the full bore. If the handle be made to assume the position indicated
"by the line 3, 4, the cock will be closed. Figures 23 and 24, Sheet 2, represent.
" a self-acting apparatus for admitting gas to a burner or burners through an
"orifice of variable magnitude, so as to reduce the pressure of the gas before it.
issues from the burner to an uniform standard. Figure 93 is a vertical section.
"from back to front down the middle of the apparatus; Figure 94 is an elevation.
"view from behind, the cover of the case being removed so as to expose the
"internal-arrangement. The apparatus is contained in a case or box c', the sides.
"of which are closed by moveable flaneled covers e³, o³. Into the front-cover-o²
". is fitted-a-ring or hoop, upon which is stretched a thin sheet of india rubber,.
"having a small-bossed shield g³-cemented or otherwise attached to the centre.
"thereof. The end of the inlet or supply pipe m' enters the case 02, and is closed
"by a cap m³, a hole for the passage of the gas rather larger than necessary being.
mede-at I'. This bole is partially closed by a taper or conical plug or pin 18,
and the area of the opening is necessarily less or greater, according to the extent.
"to which the plug 12-enters. This extent is regulated in the following.
"manner: The plug 18 is sustained by a pendulous rod or lever-l-suspended-by-a
"pin from a small stud 1, in the upper part of the box or case ; a small screwed
"red 5, carrying an adjustable weight, projects forward from the lever in
"such manner that its tendoney is always to withdraw the pin 1³--from-the
"erifiee-.-
1. This retrograde movement of the lever l' is restrained by the small
"Fod'or wire 6, which is attached to the bose of the shield-g³-at-one-end,-and-at
"the other passes loosely through a hole or slot in the lever I', which is confined
" by a small-adjustable butt 7, so as to be compelled to remain always at the same.
"distance from the india rubber-dise g'. It will be easily understood, without
." further explanation, how, when the weight upon the red-5-has-been-adjusted to
"balance a certain pressure upon the dise g', and the nutt 7 adjusted, so as to
"reduce the orifice l' to the dimensions proper for wire drawing the gas to the
required extent, any increase of pressure upon the diso-g' will cause the pin-²-to
"enter further into, and thus reduce the available passage of the aperture 1', so that
" any increase of pressure above the predetermined limit in the box or chamber-o¹
"..becomes self, correcting, by reducing the size of the inlet opening. By this
"means, the gas, before passing to the burner by the outlet pipe n' is wire drawn,'
" or--reduced to a constant or uniform pressure, notwithstanding variations of
"pressure in the main or supply pipe. Figure 8, Sheet 1, is a side view, and
"Figure 9. a section, of an apparatus consisting of two ordinary gas burners m
" and n, with an intervening chamber or vessel o, to afford space for the
"..expansion of the gas by the heat-derived-from-the-adjacent-gas-burner. The

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"lower-burner-m-occupies the socket in the gas pipe or branch provided for the
" reception of the ordinary-burner;-its-upper part enters the lower part of the ex-
66. pansion chamber o, which rests-upon-it. The upper or consuming burner n is
fitted into a socket in the upper part of the chamber o, to which, when the
apparatus is in use, it imparts considerable heat, by which the gas passing
"through the burner m into the chamber is expended--previously-to-issuing
"through-the-burner n to be consumed. These Figures, along with Figure 10,
" also exemplify a further an improvement in rarefying or expanding the gas
*"by raising the temperature thereof, through the use of an obstructing body
or bodies, to deflect the current of gas into closer and more prolonged
".contact with the heating body or surface. p is a small disc or plate of
"metal-placed transversely across, and dividing the expansion chamber o.
"Figure 10 shews a plan view of it.. It cuts off all communication between
"the lower and upper parts of the expansion chamber, except through the
"small openings left near its circumference, and contiguous to the shell of the
"chamber, as at p¹, p', p³, through which openings the gas must therefore
"pass, and thus be brought into contact with the metal of the shell. The
"latter derives heat by conduction from the flame of the burner .n, and
"imparts a portion of it to the gas, increasing the elasticity thereof, and
rendering it more combustible by the consequent elevation of temperature.
"Instead of the disc p. the chamber may be partly filled with an
".agglomerated mass of copper wire, or with layers of wire gauze, or any
"similar substance which is a good conductor of heat, and adapted by its-
"form to intercept the gas passing through the chamber. Figures 25, 26,
"27, 28, and 29, Sheet 2, explain a modification of the apparatus lastly
-described. Figure 25 is a side view, and Figure 26 a section, in
"which, as before, m and n are the two burners, and o the intervening
"expansion chamber. The latter contains several parallel plates or discs
"of thin metal p³, each of them fitting closely to the sides of the chamber,
"and each perforated with a hole p³ for the passage of the gas, the
"position of which is shewn at Figure 27, which represents the form
"of the plate. The plates p² are kept apart by washers of thin metal
"placed between them, one of which is represented at 9 in Figure 28, in its
"position relatively to the plate p², the margin of which it covers without
" closing the hole p³. The narrow interstitial spaces preserved between the
"plates by these washers are for the passage of the gas in close contact with
"the plates, which derive heat by conduction from the sides of the chamber.
"The holes p', it is to be observed, are not placed over each other, but those
"of adjoining plates towards opposite sides of the chamber, so that if p3.
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(Figure 28) be the hole in one of the plates, the hole in the next plate will
"be placed in the situation marked by the dotted circle p'. The gas is
"caused to traverse the interstitial spaces between the plates in alternate
"directions, rising from one space to another through the holes p³, as shewn
by the small arrows in Figure 29, which is a distorted section of the
parallel plates exaggerated as to the distances or intervals between them, so
"as to make the course traversed by the gas more apparent. The forms of
apparatus now lastly described are convenient, in respect of the facility with
"which changes can be effected in the sizes, both of the inlet passage or
orifice, and of the burner, either of which can. be altered at pleasure by
"removing the nipples m or n, and replacing them with others of different
"numbers or sizes, and it is evident, that by making the lower burner-m-smaller
"
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"
than the upper burner n, this apparatus can be made to wire draw the gas in the
"manner described before in-connection with Figures 1-and-2. The side view,
Figure 11, and section, Figure 12 (Sheet 1), exemplify an apparatus con-
sisting of two vertical burners r, r, mounted on horizontal expansion pipes
or chambers 8, s, which radiate from the central inlet t. The latter consists
"of an ordinary burner; Figures 13 and 14 (Sheet 1) represent a variety of
"the same apparatus, consisting of two batswing burners r, r, branching
almost horizontally from the head of a vertical chamber or tube v, into
"which the gas is admitted, through the central inlet or opening in the
burner t. These two last-mentioned apparatus are substantially the same,"
differing only as to the positions of the consuming burners, and being mere
modifications of the apparatus previously described and represented in Figures-8
and 9, and their mode of operation being the same, further description would be
." superfluous.
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«
"An apparatus for gas burning, in which the gas is conducted to the burner
through a prolonged tube or pipe of small bore, is illustrated by Figures 15
"and 16 (Sheet 2), the former a side view, the latter a section. The old parts
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are the supply pipe or branch a, the bend b, and the burner c, as in Figures
"-and-a-; x is a long pipe or tube, as large externally as the branch a will
"admit; it may be of glass or any other eligible material, is luted closely into
"the containing pipe or branch a, and is perforated throughout its length.for
the passage of the gas. The retardation of the current of gas will depend
upon the length and the narrowness of the perforated passage conjointly,
and the attenuation will consequently be more or less as these are increased
or diminished respectively. The ultimate effect is to reduce the pressure or
impelling force of the gas. An apparatus whereby the gas is conducted to
the burner through several contracted passages is shewn in Figures 17 and 18,
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page_text: 66.
"
Sheet 2; 6 is the bend; c, the burner, as before, a³, a', are short lengths of
pipe, the former of which is screwed into the bend, they are connected by
"other lengths of pipe, as at a³; 23, 24, 25, 26, are plugs inserted into the ends
" of the short pipes a³, a*; they are perforated with holes considerably smaller
"than the general bore of the supply pipe, but which need not necessarily be
"smaller than the holes of the burner, because the effect in this case is due
"to the iteration of the wire-drawing process, and the amount of it will be
"governed by the smallness of the holes, and the frequency of the plugs con-
66
66
jointly. It operates similarly to the last before-described apparatus, of
"which in fact it is merely a variation. The side view, Figure 19, and section
Figure-20-(Sheet +), exemplify the improvement, which consists in the applica
"tion to the burner w of a small-eylindrical ring or hoop xy-eneireling and rising
"a little above the apex of the burner. I prefer making one or two small lateral
apertures, as shewn-in-the-Drawing, for the admission of air, but this is not
" essential. The burner with this improvement is more particularly adapted for
"use in the horizontal position.-Figures 21 and 22, Sheet 1, are a side view and
" section illustrating the improvement, which consists in the application to a gas
" burner of a cap, consisting of a hoop encircling the apex of the burner, and
branching into two or more short oblique tubes tz is the cap divided into two
"small tubular branches through which the gas issues to be burnt. The cap is
hinged upon a small hoop z', which embraces the top of the burner y.—In
Figure-21, the cap is shewn turned back upon its hinge, and in Figure on it is
." exhibited in its working position. Both these additions to the ordinary burner
produce-a-very-appreciable improvement in the light afforded by the fame, and
they are cheap and of easy application.
"
<<
"
66
66
The foregoing statement sufficiently explains the nature of my Invention,
and the best means known to me of carrying the same into effect.
It-is
" evident that a portion of the improvements may be applied to Argand burners in
"the same manner as to any others, so that examples of such application-have
"been considered unnecessary. The simplicity of the Invention admits of its
66
.66.
application by a diversity of means and by a great variety of apparatus.
I therefore desire it to be understood, in the first place, that I do not-
"limit myself to the particular forms or examples of apparatus herein-before
"recorded, and, in the next place, that notwithstanding the introduction
"of many previously known and used parts of apparatus into the foregoing
"description, I make no pretence to be the author or inventor of such; but
"that I restrict my claims of invention to the modes, methods, processes,
apparatus, or combinations or additions of parts of apparatus which I now
enumerate, that is to say, I claim the mode, method, or process herein-before
"

page_text: "described of increasing the useful effect of the flame of gas lights, by causing
"the gas in its passage to the burner to be expanded in volume by any of the
"means herein-before pointed out, or by any means substantially the same in
"nature and character.
66
"Also the several modes, methods, or processes described of preparing the
gas for combustion by bringing the same into contact with surfaces or
"bodies deriving heat by conduction from the flame of the burner, and also
"the use of artifical obstructions, such as described, for deflecting and directing
the gas into closer and more long continued contact with the heating
"surfaces or bodies before mentioned, or any methods substantially and in
"effect the same. But I do not claim any mode of raising the temperature by
"means of heat radiated laterally from the burner upon the exposed surfaces
"of adjacent vessels or chambers containing the gas to be heated. Also the
"application to a gas burner, or to any part of the gas pipe of any contraction;
"stop plug or closure whatsoever which shall have the effect of wire drawing or
"attenuating the gas in its passage to the burner. Also the construction of a cock
"or tap, the plug of which is pierced only with a small orifice, or made, applied,
" or used according to the manner pointed out-and-described in connection with
Figures 5, 6, and 7,- (Sheet 4), or in any manner substantially the same, and the
"use-and-application of such cocks or taps for or to the purposes herein before
"specified. Also the arrangement and combination of parts of apparatus
"described and represented in Figures 15 and 16, Sheet 2. Also the
arrangement and combination of parts of apparatus described and repre-
"sented in Figures 17 and 18, Sheet 2. Also the arrangement and combination
of the parts of the self acting apparatus for admitting gas to a burner or burners
"through a wire-drawing or attenuating orifice made to vary in magnitude-so-as
" to maintain-uniform pressure at the burner as herein before described and repre-
"sented at Figures 23 and 24, Sheet 9. Also the combination of an intervening
" chamber or vessel with two burners, as represented at Figures 8 and 9, Sheet 1,
and at Figures 25 and 26, Sheet 2, whether the same be used with or without
"internal-plates. Also the arrangement and combination of parts constituting
"the burners, represented at Figures 8 and 9, Sheet 1, and at Figures 25,
"26, 27, 28, and 29, Sheet 2, or any combination of parts in a burner which
"is substantially the same. Also the use of a series or system of plates or
". discs formed and combined as described and represented in connection with
"Figures 26, 27, 28, and 29, Sheet 2. Also the combination of two burners,
shewn-at-Figures 3 and 4, Sheet 1. Also the several combinations represented
"at Figures 11, 12, 18, and 14, Sheet 1. Also the application to a burner of
"a cylindrical ring or hoop eneireling the apex of the burner, as described in con-
46.
"
66

page_text: nection with Figures 19 and 20, Sheet 1. Also the application to a burner of a
"eap, consisting of a hoop eneireling the burner, and branching into two or more
short oblique tubes, as described and illustrated by Figures 21 and 22, Sheet +.
"In witness whereof, I, the said James Wadsworth, have hereunto set
" my hand and seal, this Twenty-sixth day of June, in the year' of
"our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-eight."
JAMES WADSWORTH. (L.S.)"
And I, the said John Jonathan Howard, do hereby further declare that the
before-written Disclaimer and Memorandum of Alteration are not, nor is
either of them, nor is any part thereof respectively intended to extend the
exclusive right or privilege granted by the said Letters Patent, and that these
Presents, or anything herein contained shall not extend the said exclusive
right or privilege in any way whatsoever.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Jonathan Howard, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Eleventh day of February, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty.
hereby grant my fiat giving leave to the above-named John Jonathan
Howard to file in the Great Seal Patent Office, with the Specification to
which the same relates, the above-written Disclaimer and Memorandum of
Alteration.

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to James Wadsworth, of Hazelgrove, near Stockport, in
the County of Chester, Machine Maker, for the Invention of IMPROVE.
MENTS IN THE PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHT, AND IN
APPARATUS APPLICABLE THERETO."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said James Wadsworth at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
28th December 1857.
I,. JAMES WADSWORTH, of Hazelgrove, near Stockport, in the County of
Chester, Machine Maker, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHT
AND IN APPARATUS APPLICABLE THERETC," to be as follows;-
My said Invention has reference to increasing the illuminating power of
coal or other gas, and consists,-
Firstly, in throttling or wire-drawing the gas in its passage to the burner,
by the insertion in the pipe of a stop or partition pierced with an orifice or
orifices smaller than the hole or holes in the burner or burners, so that the
gas has liberty to expand in-volume before reaching the burner. A chamber
or enlargement of the pipe between the stop or partition and the burner may
be provided for the gas to expand in.
Secondly, in expanding and raising the temperature of the gas by bringing
it into contact with surfaces or bodies adjacent to and heated by the flame
of the burner.

page_text: Thirdly, in deflecting and retarding the current of gas, by interposing an
obstructing body in the expansion chamber, so constructed and arranged as
to direct the gas into more immediate contact with the surfaces or bodies
employed to heat the same.
Fourthly, in the construction and arrangement of an apparatus for burning
gas, consisting of an ordinary gas burner or burners, with a contiguous expan-
sion chamber or chambers divided from the supply pipe by a partition or stop,
perforated with an orifice or orifices for the admission of the gas into the
chamber.
Fifthly, in the use within the expansion chamber of an obstructing body
or bodies so placed as to deflect the current of gas, and force the same into
contact with the heated sides of the chamber or other conductor of heat,
which latter may in some cases be the obstructing body itself.
Sixthly, in the arrangement of a modified apparatus of the kind fourthly
before-mentioned, in which two or more expansion chambers (each furnished
with a burner) radiate from a common centre.
Seventhly, in the application to a gas burner of a cylindrical hoop or ring
encircling the apex of the burner, and having its upper edge raised slightly
above the same.
Eighthly, in the application to a gas burner of a cap consisting of a hoop
encircling the apex of the burner, and, branching into two or more short
oblique tubes through which the gas issues for consumption.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said James Wadsworth in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
28th June 1858.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JAMES
WADSWORTH, late of Hazelgrove, near Stockport, in the County of Chester,
but now of Salford, in the County of Lancaster, Machine Maker, send_
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-eighth day of December, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven, in the twenty-first year
of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant
unto me, the said James Wadsworth, Her special licence, that I, the said
James Wadsworth, my excutors, administrators, and assigns, or such others
as I, the said James Wadsworth, my executors, administrators, or assigns,

page_text: should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all
times thereafter during the term of years therein mentioned, should and lawfully
might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of' Great
Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHT. AND
IN APPARATUS APPLICABLE THERETO," upon the condition (amongst others) that
I, the said James Wadsworth, my executors or administrators, by an instru-
ment in writing under my hand and seal, or under their or one of their hands
and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said
Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the
same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months
next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said James Wadsworth, do hereby declare
that the nature of my said Invention, and the manner in which the same is to
be performed, are particularly described and ascertained in and by this present
instrument in writing, with the aid of the Drawings, Diagrams, or Figures
thereto annexed, which Drawings are contained on two Sheets, and referred
to by means of the alphabetical and numerical characters marked thereon,
such characters when repeated being always understood to indicate the same.
or similar parts or things.
:
.
The kind of artificial light to which my said Invention has reference is
that produced by the combustion of coal or other gas, and the object, of the.
Invention is to increase the illuminating power of the flame of such gas or
gases, or in other words to obtain a greater quantity of light from the com-
bustion of a given quantity of gas..
The said Invention consists in new modes, methods; or processes of burning-
gas for purposes of illumination, or of treating the same previously to its
consumption in- the burner for such purposes, and also in the arrangement
and construction of apparatus employed to effect the combustion of gas, or in
the application to such apparatus of novel additional parts herein-after to be
described. .
. The aforesaid improvements which consist in modes, methods; or processes
of burning gas, are as follows, that is to say:-
Throttling or wire-drawing the gas, and diminishing the elastic force or
pressure thereof, by causing-it-in its progress to or towards the.burner, to pass
through an orifice or opening smaller than the orifice of the burner:
Reducing the elastic force or pressure of the gas by passing it through a pipe-
or conduit of contracted dimensions, and of sufficient length to retard the.
current by the friction of the same against the sides of such pipe or conduit.

page_text: Reducing the elastic force or pressure of the gas by causing it to pass
through a succession of contractions or small openings occurring at intervals
in the supply pipe.
Rarefying or expanding the gas and raising the temperature thereof, by
bringing it into contact with the inner surface of a vessel or chamber heated
by the flame of the adjacent burner, and affording room for the gas to expand
therein.
Rarefying or expanding the gas, and raising the temperature thereof, by
bringing it into contact with other heat-conducting substances contained
within the aforesaid expansion chamber.
Deflecting the current of gas flowing towards the burner, and retarding the
same, so as to bring and retain the successive portions thereof into more
immediate and protracted contact with the heating bodies or surfaces
employed.
The aforesaid improvements, which consist in the arrangement or construction
of apparatus, or in the application of novel and additional parts thereto, are as
follows, that is to say:-
The application to a gas-burner of a plug, stop-piece, or partition, inserted
in the supply pipe, and pierced with an orifice smaller than the hole, or than the
aggregate capacity of the holes in the burner or burners.
The construction and application of a stop-cock, or tap, the plug of which
admits the gas through a hole or opening smaller than that of the burner.
The arrangement and combination of parts of a self-acting apparatus for
admitting gas to a burner or burners, through an orifice made to vary
in magnitude inversely as the pressure of gas in the main, so that the gas after
passing the orifice shall maintain an uniform pressure, notwithstanding
fluctuations or irregularities in its original pressure, or that existing in the main.
The arrangement and combination of parts of a burner consisting of one
burner surmounting another, the lower or attenuating burner having an orifice
smaller than the upper or consuming burner.
The arrangement and combination of parts of an apparatus composed of two.
gas-burners with an intervening chamber or vessel to afford space for the
expansion of the gas, and to raise the temperature thereof by heat derived
from the adjacent flame of the burner.
The use of an obstructing body or bodies to deflect the stream of gas into
contact with the sides of the expansion chamber. The obstructing body may
be at the same time a conductor of heat, such as a coil or agglomerated mass
of copper or other wire, wire gauze, metallic plates, or any similar heat.
conducting substance,

page_text: The arrangement and combination of parts of an apparatus for gas-burning
in which two or more expansion chambers radiate from a common central
inlet.
The arrangement and combination of parts of an apparatus for gas-burning,
in which the gas is conducted to the burner through a prolonged tube or pipe
of small bore, the dimensions of which are such as to cause the pressure of the
gas to be reduced by its passage through the same to the burner.
The arrangement and combination of parts of a gas-burning apparatus,
in which the gas is conducted to the burner through two or more contracted
passages, the united effect of which is to reduce the pressure of the gas.
The application to a gas burner of a cylindrical ring or hoop encircling
the apex of the burner, and having its upper edge raised slightly above the
same.
The application to a gas-burner of a cap consisting of a hoop encircling the
apex of the burner, and branching into two or more short oblique tubes
through which the gas issues for consumption.
The nature of the Invention will be still more fully pointed out by the
description. of the apparatus or means whereby I carry the same into effect,
which I shall now proceed to explain, with the aid of the Diagrams or Figures
in the annexed Drawings.
The throttling or wire-drawing of the gas and its consequent reduction in
pressure and expansion in volume may be effected by very slight and simple
alterations in ordinary gas-burning apparatus, and in a variety of ways. Any
sufficient contraction of the canal or passage between the meter and the
burner will produce the desired effect in greater or less degree. A single plug
or stop-piece perforated with an orifice.smaller than that of the burner may be
interposed for this purpose at any convenient point, as for instance. in the
union joint, whereby the branch of the burner is connected to the supply pipe,
or in the burner itself immediately below the orifice from which the gas issues
for consumption. and in either case the gas (being of greater elasticity than the
atmosphere) will be expanded after passing the orifice in the plug, and will
issue from the consuming burner more or less rarefied, and of larger volume.
the effect being greater or less. according to the initial density of the gas and
the relative magnitudes of the orifices in the plug and the burner. The object
may also be effected by the use of a cock or tap. the plug of which is solid or
unpierced with the exception of a hole or opening therein for the passage of
he gas, small enough to produce the attenuated or wire-drawing effect upon
t. Another method of effecting the same object is to cause the gas to pass
hrough a tube or pipe of small bore, though larger than the orifice of the burner;

page_text: and the desired result will be attained, provided the tube or pipe is of sufficient
length, the wire-drawing or attenuating effect being produced in this case by
the continuous retardation or obstruction of the current of gas in the contracted
passages. A series of contractions or small orifices occurring at intervals
in the pipe is attended with like consequences. And many other simple
devices for effecting the same object might be mentioned.
The side view, Figure 1, and section. Figure 2, in Sheet 1 of the Drawings,
shew the application of one mode of wire-drawing the gas. a is the branch
pipe of a common burner; b, the bend into which the branch a is screwed at
a; c is the burner surmounting the bend b. All the 'foregoing parts are of
ordinary construction. Into the screwed end of the branch pipe a is fitted the
small plug d, in such a manner that the passage would be effectually closed. if
it were not for the orifice d', which is smaller than the aggregate of the orifices,
in the burner c. The gas in passing through the orifice d' is reduced in
density and elasticity, and will be found, in consequence, to produce a larger
amount of useful effect in issuing from the burner c. The proportion which
the size of the orifice dought to bear to that of the holes in the burner c will
depend upon the density of the gas and other circumstances; and, inasmuch as
gas is commonly used under pressures varying from one to five inches, and in
special cases under pressures even higher than the last-mentioned, and,
inasmuch also, as the sizes of burners are denoted by arbitrary numbers,
varying in different localities. no definite rule can well be laid down by which
the proportions can be determined, otherwise than by trial or experiment,
without danger of misleading.
Figures 3 and 4, Sheet 1, represent the former in side view, the latter in'
section, another arrangement of apparatus, in which the same mode of burning
is carried into effect by the simple expedient of placing one burner over or
upon another, the internal or attenuating burner e having a smaller orifice than
the external or consuming burner f. The operation is the same as that of the
apparatus last before described, the expansion or attenuation of the gas taking
place in the interior of the upper or consuming burner f-
Figures 5 and 6, Sheet 1, exhibit the former a side view, and the latter a
section, of a portion of gas pipe terminating in a bend and burner, and con-
taining at one part of it a cock or tap.
Figure 7 is a detached view of the plug of the cock. These figures serve to
explain a manner in which the wire-drawing or attenuation of the gas may be
effected by a cock or tap so constructed as to be at the same time available
for turning on the gas to the extent of the full bore of the pipe when required.
The pipe, bend, and burner are marked a, b, and c, respectively, as in Figures

page_text: 1 and 2 before described. g is the cock; h, the plug; h', the handle. The
centre of the aperture or opening h³ in the plug is a little on one side of the
axis of the latter, so that the plug opening has more lap on the one side than
on the other, and, consequently, when the plug is in the position shewn in the
Drawing, its cavity will be in communication with the pipe in one direction as
at, but not in the other as at 1. For the passage of the gas a small hole may
be perforated in the side of the plug at or about h³, so as to enter the cavity
2, or a nick or indentation may be made near the same place, so small as to
perform the required office of attenuating or wire-drawing the gas as it passes.
When the plug is in the position shewn in the Drawing, or in the reverse or
opposite one, the stop pin h meets a shoulder which prevents the plug from
revolving further, and thereby limits the extent to which the small hole, inden-
tation, or nick can be opened. The position of the plug represented in the
Drawing, is the proper one for wire-drawing the gas. If the plug be moved
so that the handle shall coincide in position with the line 1, 2, Figure 5, the
cock will have an opening equal to the full bore. If the handle be made to
assume the position indicated by the line 3, 4, the cock will be closed.
Figures 23 and 24, Sheet 2, represent a self-acting apparatus for admitting
gas to a burner or burners through an orifice of variable magnitude, so as to
reduce the pressure of the gas before it issues from the burner to an uniform
standard. Figure 23 is a vertical section from back to front, down the middle
of the apparatus. Figure 24 is an elevation view from behind, the cover of
the case being removed so as to expose the internal arrangement. The
apparatus is contained in a case or box o¹, the sides of which are closed by
moveable flanched covers o, 03. Into the front cover o is fitted a ring or
hoop, upon which is stretched a thin sheet of india-rubber having a small
bossed shield g cemented or otherwise attached to the centre thereof. The
end of the inlet or supply pipe m', enters the case o³, and is closed by a cap
m2, a hole for the passage of the gas rather larger than necessary being made
at 1. This hole is partially closed by a taper or conical plug or pin l, and the
area of the opening is necessarily less or greater according to the extent to
which the plug enters. This extent is regulated in the following manner:
The plug is sustained by a pendulous rod or lever, suspended by a pin,
from a small stud in the upper part of the box or case; a small screwed rod
5, carrying an adjustable weight projects forward from the lever in such
manner that its tendency is always to withdraw the pin from the orifice l'.
This retrograde movement of the lever is restrained by the small rod or wire
6, which is attached to the boss of the shield g at one end, and at the other
passes loosely through a hole or slot in the lever P, which is confined by a

page_text: Sman adjustable nutt 7, so as to be compelled to remain always at the same
distance from the india-rubber disc g'. It will be easily understood, without
further explanation, how, when the weight upon the rod 5 has been adjusted
to balance a certain pressure upon the disc g' and the nutt 7, adjusted so as to
reduce the orifice l' to the dimensions proper for wire-drawing the gas to the
required extent, any increase of pressure upon the disc g will cause the pin
to enter further into and thus reduce the available passage of the aperture 1,
so that any increase of pressure above the predetermined limit in the box or
chamber o, becomes self-correcting by reducing the size of the inlet opening.
By this means the gas before passing to the burner by the outlet pipe n¹, is
wire-drawn or reduced to a constant or uniform pressure, notwithstanding
variations of pressure in the main or supply pipe.
Figure 8, Sheet 1, is a side view, and Figure 9 a section of an apparatus
consisting of two ordinary gas burners m and n, with an intervening chamber
or vessel o to afford space for the expansion of the gas by the heat derived
from the adjacent gas burner. The lower burner m occupies the socket in the
gas pipe or branch provided for the reception of the ordinary burner; its
upper part enters the lower part of the expansion chamber o which rests upon
it. The upper or consuming burner n is fitted into a socket in the upper part
of the chamber o, to which, when the apparatus is in use, it imparts con-
siderable heat by which the gas passing through the burner m into the
chamber o is expanded previously to issuing through the burner n to be con-
sumed. These Figures, along with Figure 10, also exemplify a further
improvement in rarefying or expanding the gas by raising the temperature
thereof through the use of an obstructing body or bodies to deflect the current.
of gas into closer and more prolonged contact with the heating body-or surface.
is a small disc or plate of metal placed transversely across and dividing the
expansion chamber o. Figure 10 shews a plan view of it. It cuts off all
communication between the lower and upper parts of the expansion chamber,
except through the small openings left near its circumference and contiguous
to the shell of the chamber, as at p, p, p, through which openings the gas
must therefore pass, and thus be brought into contact with the metal of the
shell. The latter derives heat by conduction from the flame of the burner n,
and imparts a portion of it to the gas, increasing the elasticity thereof, and
rendering it more combustible by the consequent elevation of temperature.
Instead of the disc p the chamber o may be partly filled with an agglomerated
mass of copper wire, or with layers of wire gauze, or any similar substance
which is a good conductor of heat and adapted by its form to intercept the gas
passing through the chamber.
P

page_text: Figures 25, 26, 27, 28, and 29, Sheet 2, explain a modification of the
apparatus lastly described. Figure 25 is a side view, and Figure 26 a section,
in which, as before, m and n are the two burners, and o the intervening
expansion chamber. The latter contains several parallel plates or discs of thin
metal p, each of them fitting closely to the sides of the chamber, and each
perforated with a hole p³ for the passage of the gas, the position of which is
shewn at Figure 27, which represents the form of the plate. The plates p
are kept apart by washers of thin metal placed between them, one of which
is represented at q in Figure 28 in its position relatively to the plate p², the
margin of which it covers without closing the hole p³. The narrow interstitial
spaces preserved between the plates by these washers are for the passage of
the gas in close contact with the plates, which derive heat by conduction from
the sides of the chamber. The holes p³, it is to be observed, are not placed
over each other, but those of adjoining plates towards opposite sides of the
chamber, so that if p³ (Figure 28) be the hole in one of the plates, the hole in
the next plate will be placed in the situation marked by the dotted circle p¹. The
gas, is caused to traverse the interstitial spaces between the plates in alternate
directions rising from one space to another through the holes p³, as shewn by
the small arrows in Figure 29, which is a distorted section of the parallel
plates exaggerated as to the distances or intervals between them, so as to
make the course traversed by the gas more apparent.
"
"
The forms of apparatus now lastly, described are convenient in respect of the
facility with which changes can be effected in the sizes both of the inlet
passage or orifice and of the burner, either of which can be altered at pleasure
by removing the nipples m or n, and replacing them with others of different
numbers or sizes; and it is evident that by making the lower burner m smaller
than the upper burner n, this apparatus can be made to wire-draw the gas in
the manner described before in connection with Figures 1 and 2.
The side view, Figure 11, and section Figure 12 (Sheet 1), exemplify an
apparatus consisting of two vertical burners 7, r, mounted on horizontal
expansion pipes or chambers s, 8, which radiate from the central inlet t. The
latter consists of an ordinary burner.
Figures 13 and 14 (Sheet 1) represent a variety of the same apparatus,
consisting of two batswing burners 'r, r, branching almost horizontally from the
head of a vertical chamber or tube v, into which the gas is admitted through
the, central inlet or. opening in the burner t. These two last-mentioned
apparatus are substantially, the same, differing only as to the positions of the
consuming burners, and being mere modifications of the apparatus previously
J.

page_text: described and represented in Figures 8 and 9, and their mode of operation
being the same, further description would be superfluous.
An apparatus for gas-burning, in which the gas is conducted to the burner
through a prolonged tube or pipe of small bore, is illustrated by Figures 15
and 16, (Sheet 2,) the former a side view, the latter a section. The old parts
are the supply pipe or branch a, the bend b, and the burner c, as in Figures 1
and 2. is a long pipe or tube, as large externally as the branch a will
admit; it may be of glass or any other eligible material, is luted closely into
the containing pipe or branch a, and is perforated throughout its length for
the passage of the gas. The retardation of the current of gas will depend
upon the length and the narrowness of the perforated passage conjointly, and
the attenuation will consequently be more or less as these are increased or
diminished respectively. The ultimate effect is to reduce the pressure or
impelling force of the gas.
An apparatus whereby the gas is conducted to the burner through several
contracted passages is shewn in Figures 17 and 18, Sheet 2. b is the bend;
c, the burner, as before; a³, a', are short lengths of pipe, the former of which
is screwed into the bend; they are connected by other lengths of pipe, as at a³;
23, 24, 25, 26, are plugs, inserted into the ends of the short pipes a³, a*; they are
perforated with holes considerably smaller than the general bore of the supply
pipe, but which need not necessarily be smaller than the holes of the burner,
because the effect in this case is due to the iteration of the wire-drawing
process, and the amount of it' will' be governed by the smallness of the holes
and the frequency of the plugs conjointly. It operates similarly to the last
before described apparatus, of which in fact it is merely a variation.
The side view Figure 19, and section Figure 20, (Sheet 1,) exemplify the
improvement, which consists in the application to the burner w of a small
cylindrical ring or hoop z encircling and rising a little above the apex of the
burner. I prefer making one or two small lateral apertures, as shewn in the
Drawing, for the admission of air, but this-is-not-essential. The burner-with
this improvement is more particularly adapted for use in the horizontal position
Figures 21 and 22, Sheet 1, are a side view and section, illustrating the
improvement, which consists in the application to a gas burner of a cap con-
sisting of a hoop encircling the apex of the burner, and branching into two
or more short oblique tubes. 2 is the cap divided into two small tubular
branches, through which the gas issues to be burnt. The cap is hinged upon
a small hoop z!, which embraces the top of the burner y. In Figure 21 the
cap is shewn turned back upon its hinge, and in Figure 22' it is' exhibited in

page_text: its working position. Both these additions to the ordinary burner produce a
very appreciable improvement in the light afforded by the flame, and they are
cheap and of easy application.
The foregoing statement sufficiently explains the nature of my Invention,
It is
and the best means known to me of carrying the same into effect.
evident that a portion of the improvements may be applied to Argand burners
in the same manner as to any others, so that examples of such application
have been considered unnecessary. The simplicity of the Invention admits of
its application by a diversity of means, and by a great variety of' apparatus
I, therefore, desire it to be understood, in the first place, that I do not limit
myself to the particular forms or examples of apparatus herein-before recorded,
and in the next place, that notwithstanding the introduction of many previously-
known and used parts of apparatus into the foregoing description, I make no
pretence to be the author or inventor of such, but that I restrict niy claims
of Invention to the modes, methods, processes, apparatus, or combinations or
additions of parts of apparatus which I now enumerate, that is to say, I claim,-
The mode, method, or process herein-before described of increasing the
useful effect of the flame of gas lights, by causing the gas in its passage to
the burner to be expanded in volume by any of the means herein-before
pointed out, or by any means substantially the same in nature and character.
Also, the several modes, methods, or processes described of preparing the
gas for combustion, by bringing the same into contact with surfaces or bodies
deriving heat by conduction from the flame of the burner, and also the use of
artificial obstructions, such as described, for deflecting and directing the gas
into closer and more long continued contact with the heating surfaces or
bodies before mentioned, or any methods substantially and in effect the same;
but I do not claim any mode of raising the temperature by means of heat
radiated laterally from the burner upon the exposed surfaces of adjacent vessels
or chambers containing the gas to be heated.
Also, the application to a gas burner, or to any part of the gas pipe, of any
contraction, stop plug, or closure whatsoever, which shall have the effect of
wire-drawing or attenuating the gas in its passage to the burner.
Also, the construction of a cock or tap, the plug of which is pierced only
with a small orifice, or made, applied, or used according to the manner pointed
out and described in connection with Figures 5; 6, and 7 (Sheet 1), or in any
manner substantially the same, and the use and application of such..cocks or
taps for or to the purposes herein-before specified.
Also, the arrangement and combination of parts of apparatus, described and
represented in Figures 15 and 16, Sheet 2.

page_text: Also, the arrangement and combination of parts of apparatus described and
represented in Figures 17 and 18, Sheet 2.
Also, the arrangement and combination of the parts of the self-acting
apparatus for admitting gas to a burner or burners through a wire-drawing or
attenuating orifice, made to vary in magnitude so as to maintain uniform
pressure at the burner, as herein-before described and represented at Figures 23
and 24, Sheet 2.
Also, the combination of an intervening chamber or vessel with two burners,
as represented at Figures 8 and 9, Sheet 1, and at Figures 25 and 26, Sheet 2,
whether the same be used with or without internal plates.
Also, the arrangement and combination of parts constituting the burners,
represented at Figures 8 and 9, Sheet 1, and at Figures 25, 26, 27, 28,
and 29, Sheet 2, or any combination of parts in a burner which is substantially
the same.
Also, the use of a series or system of plates or discs formed and combined
as described and represented in connection with Figures 26, 27, 28, and 29,
Sheet 2.
Also, the combination of two burners, shéwn at Figures 3 and 4, Sheet 1.
Also, the several combinations represented at Figures 11, 12, 13, and 14,
Sheet 1.
Also, the application to a burner of a cylindrical ring or hoop encircling
the apex of the burner, as described in connection with Figures 19 and 20,
Sheet 1.
Also, the application to a burner of a cap consisting of a hoop encircling
the burner, and branching into two or more short oblique tubes, as described
and illustrated by Figures 21 and 22, Sheet 1.
In witness whereof, I, the said James Wadsworth, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Twenty-sixth day of June, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-eight.
Signed and sealed by the aforesaid
James Wadsworth in the pre-
sence of
JNO TAYLOR, Patent Agent,
Manchester.
JAMES WADSWORTH. (L.S.)