IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PROJECTILES BY COOLING THEM EITHER WHOLLY OR PARTLY FROM THE INTERIOR
Year: 1864

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Philip Nolan, Lieutenant, Royal Artillery,
Woolwich, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE
OF PROJECTILES BY COOLING THEM EITHER WHOLLY OR PARTLY FROM THE
INTERIOR."
Sealed the 31st January 1865, and dated the 15th November 1864.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Philip Nolan at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
15th November 1864.
I, JOHN PHILIP NOLAN, Lieutenant, Royal Artillery, Woolwich, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFAC-
TURE OF PROJECTILES BY COOLING THEM EITHER WHOLLY OR PARTLY FROM THE
INTERIOR," to be as follows:-
The improvements to be effected, either by passing, or allowing to pass,
water, oil, mercury, air, or other fluid or gas at a temperature lower than that
of the projectile (while being cast or manufactured) through a portion of the
latter interior, or else by casting or forming the projectile round a core made
of metal or other good conductor of heat; which core may be afterwards left
to form part of the projectile, or may be withdrawn or worked out.
The interior cooling may be effected, 1st, by passing a pipe of iron (or
other good conductor of heat) through the box in which the projectile is to.be

page_text: cast, and passing a stream of water, or air, &c. through the pipe. The pipe
may be a simple cylinder as in "A," "A¹" may vary in dimensions as in B,
or contain an interior pipe as in C, it may be partially coated with a bad
conductor as in "B."
2nd. As in "D," casting or forming the projectile round a core of metal or
other good conductor.
In the Drawings the lake colour represents the heated metal of the projec-
tile, the blue the cooling fluid, the yellow sand or other bad conductor, the
brown the proposed pipes. "A" shows the proposed pipe fitted to an
ordinary "9" inch shot box; in the other Drawings no shot box is shown.
I do not confine myself precisely to the above details, but only to the principle
of cooling from the interior.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said John Philip Nolan in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
12th May 1865.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHN
PHILIP NOLAN, Lieutenant, Royal Artillery, Woolwich, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Fifteenth day of November, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-four, in the twenty-eighth year of
Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me,
the said John Philip Nolan, Her special licence that I, the said John Philip
Nolan, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said
John Philip Nolan, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at-any
time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter
during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use,
exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,
the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
THE MANUFACTURE OF PROJECTILES BY COOLING THEM EITHER WHOLLY OR PARTLY
FROM THE INTERIOR," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said John
Philip Nolan, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing
under 'my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe
and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same
was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent
"Office within six calendar months next, and immediately after the date of
the said Letters Patent.
:

page_text: .
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said John Philip Nolan, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed,, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the fol-
lowing statement in writing, and on reference being had to the accompanying
Drawings, that is to say:―
The object of this Invention is to manufacture projectiles in such a manner
as to greatly lessen, destroy, or reverse the strains of compression and exten-
sion which exist in the inner and outer layers of projectiles when cooled (as
ordinarily) from the exterior, which I effect by removing either the whole or a
great portion of the heat from the hot projectile from the interior thereof,
instead of allowing the same to cool from the outside as hitherto done. To
effect this object I take a shot box or mould of the ordinary construction, for
example, and I form therein the mould or shape for the casting of a projectile
in any usual manner, but leaving holes in the mould at top and bottom or at
opposite sides for the insertion of a pipe. I then insert a pipe through these
holes, passing through the axis of the mould, and I connect one end of this
pipe with water at a higher level than the top of the shot box (or with
water under pressure), and the other end with a waste pipe. I next pour
into the mould the molten metal for the casting, admitting water (at a lower
temperature than that of the projectile) to the interiour pipe (either before
or just after the metal is poured in) so that it may keep flowing through the
interior of the casting, constantly subtracting heat from the internal layers
thereof, and thus cool the projectile from the interior as desired. It will be
evident that other liquids (at a lower temperature than that of the projectile)
might be used instead of water for this purpose, but the latter is preferable;
air also, or gas, might be employed, but it would be necessary to force or drive
them through the pipe at a much greater velocity. The pipe may (if preferred)
be coated with green moulding sand or with other suitable non-conducting
material.
Such being the nature and object of my said Invention for "Improvements
in the Manufacture of Projectiles by Cooling them either Wholly or Partly
from the Interior," I will now proceed to describe more in detail the manner in
which the same is to be or may be performed, or carried into practical effect;
and in order that the same may be distinctly understood I have annexed
hereunto a Sheet of Drawings illustrative thereof, and have marked the same
with figures and letters of reference corresponding with those in the following
explanation thereof, that is to say,-
Figure 1 represents a vertical section of a shot box or mould for casting

page_text: elongated shot or projectiles according to my Invention. Figure 2 is a similar
view showing a modification of the same, and Figure 3 shows one method of
applying my Invention to the cooling of spherical shot or projectiles.
In Figure 1 a, a, is a shot box or mould to contain the sand; and b, b, the
upper part or lid of the same; c, c, is the recess or shape formed in sand in
the ordinary way into which the molten metal is poured as usual through the
channels or openings d, d; e, e, is the cooling pipe forming (as it were) a core
passing through the axis of the mould, and connected at the bottom with the
pipe 9, 9, in communication with the water supply, and at the top with the
pipeff, in connection with the waste pipe, or (if preferred) the water may
flow in the reverse direction. The pipe e, e, may be covered with thread or tow,
and should be coated with green moulding sand to a thickness of from one-eighth
to one-quarter of an inch, in order to modify the rate of cooling, and also to allow
of the withdrawal of the pipe after the projectile is sufficiently cooled. It will
be evident that if no coating of this kind were applied the shrinking of the
casting in cooling would grip the pipe so that it would be difficult to remove
it. It will be seen that this mode of casting will leave a cylindrical channel
or opening extending longitudinally through the longer axis of the projectile.
This opening may either be allowed to remain, or it may (if preferred) be
subsequently filled in or plugged with metal or other suitable material.
Figure 2 shows a method of applying my Invention where it is not desirable
to have an opening throughout the whole length of the projectile. In this
modification two pipes h, h, and i, i, are used, the former in connection with
the water supply, and the latter (which encloses the pipe h, h) in connection
with the waste pipe. In this instance, the opening extends only from the
base of the projectile (say) for about two-thirds of its length.
Figure 3 shows a manner of applying the same to the cooling of spherical
projectiles. The cooling pipe k, k, is here made with a hollow bulb 1, 1, in the
centre, and it may either be allowed to remain and form an integral part of
the casting, or by coating it with sand to the depth shown by the dotted lines
m, m, the pipe may be withdrawn, leaving a cylindrical opening of that
diameter.
The modifications represented at Figures 1 and 2 are also equally applicable
to the manufacture of spherical projectiles, and I may here also observe that
numerous other modifications might be made without departing from the
principal or main feature of my Invention.
Having now described the nature and object of my said Invention for
"Improvements in the Manufacture of Projectiles by Cooling them either

page_text: Wholly or Partly from the Interior," together with the manner in which the
same is to be or may be performed or carried into practical effect, I would
remark in conclusion that I do not claim as part of my Invention such interior
cooling as may be affected by plunging a hollow projectile into a bath, or by
leaving a hollow projectile exposed to the cooling effect of the atmosphere, or
by cooling a projectile after its removal from the mould equally in its interior
and exterior by jets of water; but I claim as my Invention the cooling of a
hot projectile by the introduction into the mould of a pipe with a jet or jets
of water, air, or other fluid, at a lower temperature than that of the projectile,
or any mere modification or imitation of such process; and I may here remark
that it would be an obvious modification of my process (after the casting of a
hollow shot or shell and the scraping out of the sand from its interior) to
place in it the nozzle of a pipe, and to force through this pipe a current of
air into the interior of tho shell or projectile, or if a stream of water was
caused to flow through the interior of the shell or projectile before or after its
removal from the mould, and whilst still hot.
And it would also be a modification of my Invention if the shot or projectile
were allowed to cool in the ordinary manner, and should then be re-heated and
afterwards cooled as above described.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Philip Nolan, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Eighth day of May, One thousand eight hundred
and sixty-five.
JOHN PHILIP NOLAN. (LS.)