IMPROVEMENTS IN MOTIVE POWER ENGINES ACTUATED BY THE COMBUSTION OR EXPLOSION OF MIXTURES OF GAS OR COMBUSTIBLE VAPOURS WITH AID PAD An PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATIONTION OR EXPLOSION OF MS WITH AIR, PART OF SUCH IMPROVEMENTS BEING ALSO APPLICABLE TO OTHER PURPOSES
Year: 1881

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Walter William Tonkin, of 221, Brixton Road, in the
County of Surrey, Consulting Engineer, for an Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS
IN MOTIVE POWER ENGINES ACTUATED BY THE COMBUSTION OR EXPLOSION
OF MIXTURES OF GAS OR COMBUSTIBLE VAPOURS WITH AID PAD An
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Walter William Tonkin at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 29th November 1881.
WALTER WILLIAM TONKIN, of 221, Brixton Road, in the County of Surrey,
Consulting Engineer. "IMPROVEMENTS IN MOTIVE POWER ENGINES ACTUATED
BY THE COMBUSTION OR EXPLOSION OF MIXTURES OF GAS OR COMBUSTIBLE
VAPOURS WITH AIR, PART OF SUCH IMPROVEMENTS BEING ALSO APPLICABLE TO
OTHER PURPOSES."
The Invention relates,―
Firstly. To improved means of obtaining what is known as a stratified condition
of the various gaseous fluids contained in the cylinder of a gas engine or com-
pressing pump, that is to say, introducing various fluids, such as air or gas, or
mixtures of such like fluids, into a cylinder in such manner as to keep them in
separate layers, and distinct from any fluid that may be already in the cylinder.
Various means have been proposed and patented from time to time to effect this
object, but none of them have completely succeeded so far as I am aware. Amongst
the means that have been proposed are various forms of conical and other openings
from the inlet port into the cylinder, and according to one arrangement of my
improvements under this head I make the end of the cylinder of a conical
form, somewhat similar to what has been previously done in some cases; but
instead of admitting the fluid by a port at the apex of the cone as usual,
I admit it round the circumference at or near the base of the cone, and direct
it along the internal surface thereof in a direction away from the working
cylinder. This circular stream of Huid meets gradually in the centre, and has
its velocity checked and destroyed. I have found however that this action is liable
11

page_text: to be prejudicially affected if the converging stream does not enter with equal
force and velocity at every part of its circunference, any inequality causing a rush
of the fluid to one side or other of the cylinder, thus damaging or destroying the
stratified condition. In order to prevent this I employ an arrangement whereby a
perfectly self acting balancing action is obtained. This is effected by causing the
fluid to pass into the cylinder in a thin sheet across the end thereof, such end being
so formed that the stream of incoming fluid is caused to return back on itself,
whereby its velocity is reduced, so that it is prevented from mixing to an injurious
extent with the fluid already in the cylinder. The fluid can be admitted either at
one side round the circumference, or in the centre, and this improvement can be
applied to any form of gas or other engine or purpose, where it is required that the
layers or strata of fluid shall lay transversely in the cylinder. In some cases
however I prefer to arrange so that a mixture of, say, gas and air, shall lay along
the centre of the length of the cylinder, and be surrounded by a concentric layer of
air, next the sides of the cylinder, or vice versa. To effect this I allow the fluid
that is to lie along the centre of the cylinder to be drawn or forced into the
cylinder through a port in the centre of the end thereof, and either at the same
time or after the central layer or stratum is or has been admitted. I allow the fluid
intended to form the outer concentric layer to be drawn or forced into the cylinder
in a direction tangential to the sides thereof, its centrifugal force causing it to keep
round the sides of the said cylinder, and to leave the central portion comparatively
undisturbed in the middle.
In
Secondly. To improvements applicable to those gas engines in which the
explosive mixture is ignited by means of a flame burning near an opening in the
cylinder, and which flame is drawn into the cylinder at the proper moment.
these arrangements as at present constructed it is found that the ignition is not
According
always certain and prompt, even when the outside flame is very large.
to my improved arrangements, instead of employing a large flame burning at an
external jet directed against the mouth of the aforesaid opening into the cylinder,
I conduct the gas, or a mixture of gas and air, like that in a Bunsen burner, into the
cylinder port or opening itself near its inner end, from which it issues into the
outer air; it is there lit by the usual small lighting flame, and burns quietly at
the outer end of the said port or opening until the drawing in action takes place,
when the flame is drawn through the port or opening into the cylinder; the gas
that was in the port or opening goes into the cylinder before the flame, and the
external air follows the same, supporting its combustion during its passage through
the port or opening. With this improved arrangement the flame can be drawn in with
certainty through a comparatively long port or opening. A similar arrangement
may also be applied to gas engines where a valve is used to effect the ignition of
the charge in the cylinder, the port in the valve being closed to the external air
soon after the flame has been drawn within the said port, and while it is passing
into the cylinder. The same arrangement may also be applied for lighting when
required, a contact jet burning inside the cylinder, provision being made by
preference in such case for shutting it off as soon as the internal jet is lit and the
engine is working.
Thirdly. To improvements in the jets for introducing water into the cylinders of
engines in which water is injected to cool the air, or otherwise for cooling purposes.
For this purpose I employ a novel arrangement of jet, by which a completely
circular shower of spray can be produced at any instant without the use of a rose
containing a number of fine holes which are liable to stoppage. I fix in front of
the inlet pipe in the cylinder, and at a certain distance from the end thereof a
The water
circular ball shaped projection, larger in diameter than the inlet pipe.
as it issues from the pipe strikes against this ball and clings to the surface thereof,
for a certain distance, until the centrifugal or tangential force causes it to be
projected from the other parts of the ball in the form of spray. This ball may
form a valve closing against a seat on the inlet pipe, and the form of the shower of
spray can be varied by altering the proportions and shapes of the various parts.

page_text: This improvement is also applicable to the injection of water into air compression
pumps, steam condensers, garden hose pipes, and other purposes of a like nature.
Fourthly. To improvements in gas engines, in which a certain portion of air or
products of combustion, or both, are compressed in the working cylinder by the
piston on each return stroke, and while in that compressed state are still further
heated by the discharge amongst them of burning gas or combustible vapour,
thereby causing the pressure of expansion on the piston during its out stroke to
exceed that due to compression on its return stroke, and thus giving an impulse to
the crank at every revolution of the crank shaft.
I shall proceed to describe the said improvements as applied to a vertical inverted
cylinder engine, the piston and rod of which are connected in the usual manner
with a crank below.
At the side of the cylinder, or if preferred across the end thereof, there works in
a suitable box or case a long piston or other form of slide valve which is driven by
an eccentric or other suitable device on the crank shaft (or two or more separate
valves may be employed if preferred). This piston slide valve and its box or case
are provided with the necessary ports and passages, and the bottom of the valve
works in a closed chamber, so as to form with it a water force pump. The top end
also works in a closed chamber, and forms with it a force pump for drawing in and
compressing the mixture of gas or combustible vapour and air, and for injecting
the same into the cylinder. A portion of the mixture so compressed passes
through a non-return valve into a small receiver, from which it passes through two
or more small holes to supply a constant gas jet kept burning in the cylinder. This
gas jet may be lit by the improved means above referred to under the second head
of my Invention, or by other suitable means. The eccentric or other device on the
crank shaft for working the piston slide valve is set at a suitable angle behind the
crank, and therefore when the main or working piston is at the top of its stroke,
the upper part of the piston valve bas partially compressed the combustible
mixture. At that moment a port is opened by the upward movement of the
valve, which allows this compressed combustible mixture to pass into the top of the
cylinder, where it is ignited by the constant jet, and burns, heating up the
compressed air, etcetera, already in the cylinder. The working piston then performs
its down stroke, the hot gases expanding behind it until it arrives near the bottom
of its stroke, when a jet of water is forced by the bottom of the piston valve
(which is then descending) through a valve constructed in accordance with the
third part of my Invention above described, or one of other suitable construction
placed near the top of the working cylinder. This shower of water cools the
expanded gases, and forms a partial vacuum in the cylinder. Cool air from outside
then rushes into the upper end of the said cylinder through a specially shaped valve
by preference surrounding the water valves, and so arranged in conjunction with the
before-mentioned form of the upper end or cover of the cylinder as to cause this
fresh air to remain at the upper end of the cylinder without mixing with the gases
or fluid already there. This air serves to support the combustion of the flame of
the constant jet inside the cylinder, and also of the combustible mixture injected
by the upper end of the piston valve, which mixture I prefer to be one containing
too large a proportion of gas or vapour to burn without the addition of more air.
As the working piston reaches the bottom of its stroke, the supply of air is cut
off by the piston valve, and another port in the same valve, or a separate valve,
allows a portion of the products of combustion to escape into the exhaust pipe
during a part of the up stroke of the working piston, until the said port is closed
by the further movement of the valve or by other means. During the rest of its
up stroke the working piston compresses the gases and air remaining in the cylinder
above the piston ready for the next down stroke.
The air valve at the top of the cylinder may be opened or closed by the pressure
of the air passing through it, or by cams or levers, or other suitable mechanical
devices; but I prefer to employ for that purpose the pressure of the water supplide
to the water jet in the cylinder, such pressure being caused to act on a suitable

page_text: "
piston in connection with the said air valve. I also prefer to dispense with
lift valves in the water pump, and to use instead thereof various ports or passages
cast in the piston valve and its chamber in suitable positions.
The top of the working piston is formed of a circular funnel shape, com-
municating with a space round the side in such manner as to retain the water that
falls on the piston, and to prevent it from being thrown up into the hot part of the
cylinder when the piston is moving at a high speed. When the piston is at the
top its stroke this water passes through holes in the side of the cylinder into a
cavity or jacket surrounding the latter, from whence it is forced by the pressure in
the cylinder into an air chamber either contained in the piston valve or connected
therewith. The downward motion of the piston valve cuts off communication
with the cylinder, and opens an exit port through which this water is discharged
from the said air chamber into the general water reservoir, or is otherwise
disposed of.
The power of the engine can be varied by altering the quantity of gas mixture
discharged by the gas pump into the cylinder. This can be effected by means of a
throttle valve in the discharge passage, or by so arranging that the size of the
clearance space in the pump can be varied by hand or by a governor as required.
Or the same object may be obtained by opening communication through a variable
orifice to an additional clearance space or spaces by throttling the gas suction pipe,
or by employing a sliding or other valve controlled by hand or by the governor
which allows a varying proportion of the gas mixture to return into the suction
pipe before compression begins.
I prefer to close the bottom of the working cylinder, leaving a space of a certain
size below the piston into which the air between the piston and the end of the
cylinder is compressed during the stroke, acting as a spring so as to absorb surplus
power from the explosion and to give it out during the upstroke. In some cases
I also make a connection between the bottom of the working cylinder and certain
ports in the piston valve communicating with a reservoir of coinpressed air which
is used to assist in starting the engine from a state of rest. This communication
is kept closed by a cock or valve when it is not required to use the reservoir for
starting the engine, but when the engine is to be started the cock or valve is
opened and the compressed air is admitted through a port in the piston valve to
the bottom end of the cylinder, whereby the engine is set in motion. This air is
exhausted through the same port into the exhaust pipe when the working piston
is at the top of its stroke. When the combustible mixture has been brought
sufficiently into action to work the engine the cock or valve is shut.
Or
In order to supply this reservoir with air I connect it with the bottom of the
working cylinder through a non-return valve, so that when the working piston
descends and compresses the air below it, a portion of such air passes through the
non-return valve into the reservoir until the pressure therein reaches the maximum
pressure that can be produced by the pump, such pressure being governed by the
capacity of the clearance space. The loss of air from the lower part of the working
cylinder is restored through a small suction valve placed in the bottom thereof.
instead of the suction and non-return or delivery valves above mentioned, small
ports may be arranged in the cock or valve between the reservoir and cylinder to
allow the pressure to pass from the cylinder to the reservoir.
When the pressure
in the latter is deficient, the air thus abstracted from the cylinder is replaced
through another small hole in the said cock or valve leading to the exhaust passage
when the piston is at the top of its stroke.
When working engines constructed with these improvements with paraffin or
other hydro-carbon oils or such like combustible liquids, I draw a mixture of air
and oil-spray with or without water-spray or steam into the gas compressing pump,
and compress it in the same manner as above described, and in this case it is
advantageous to line the gas compressing pump as far as possible with non-
conducting substances, such as asbestos or fire clay for example, to ensure sufficient
heat being retained to vaporize the liquids, or the mixture may be heated on its

page_text: way to the gas pump by passing through tubes heated by the hot products of
combustion.
According to a modification of the above described gas engine I dispense with
the shower or spray of water in the cylinder and the ball valve employed to
introduce the same, and in this case I cause the charge of fresh air to be drawn in
in the following manner- -When the working piston has moved, say, about five-
eighths of its down stroke, a narrow port or passage is opened through the piston
valve, through which the products of combustion are suddenly exhausted down to
atmospheric pressure when the said port is closed again by the continued movement
of the piston valve. As the working piston continues its downward stroke it
creates a partial vacuum behind it, and the fresh charge of air is drawn in as
before, the rest of the operations remaining the same as before described. In this
arrangement, the sudden exhaust may be taken through a port placed in such
position in the cylinder that the working piston in its up-stroke passes over and
closes the said port before the piston valve on its return movement reopens the
port again. Or a separate slide, piston, or lift valve may be employed to open this
port to the piston valve during the down stroke of the working piston and to close
it during the up stroke. This arrangement can be used in either horizontal or
vertical engines.
Instead of a piston valve a flat slide valve and separate gas and water pumps
may be employed if preferred.
If preferred in this modification the air may be forced into the working cylinder
instead of being drawn in.
Fifthly. To improvements in gas engines in which the gas mixture is exploded
without previous compression. In this case I employ a long cylinder (which may
be placed in any position, horizontal, vertical, or inclined), fitted with a piston and
piston rod and a crosshead sliding in suitable guides. The crank shaft is placed
across the side or bottom end of the cylinder, and the connecting rod or rods is
brought back past the side of the cylinder to work the crank. On the bottom or
side of the cylinder are adapted one or two piston or slide valves moved by
eccentrics, cranks, or cams on the main shaft. In order to secure the stratified
condition of the gases in the cylinder arrangements similar to those described under
the first head of the Invention may be employed, but I prefer to employ that
arrangement in which the diluting air is admitted tangentially. In operation the
working piston when it begins its stroke draws in an explosive mixture through a
port in the centre leading from the valve. After a certain charge is admitted the
valve cuts off the communication, and a certain quantity of air is admitted tangen-
tially through another port. If preferred the air and gas mixture may be admitted
simultaneously. When the working piston has performed a certain portion of its
stroke the piston or slide valve closes the inlet ports, and the mixture is fired
preferably by the arrangement above described in reference to the second head of
my Invention, but any other suitable firing device may be employed.
working piston then performs the rest of its stroke by the pressure of the explosion,
and during its return stroke the valve allows the products of combustion to escape.
If two piston or slide valves be employed the ports can be so arranged as to
dispense with the use of any lift valves, and both valves may be worked with one
eccentric by taking the motions off at different angles by means of levers or other
suitable appliances. The power may be governed by checking the flow of com-
bustible mixture or of air by a throttle valve, and so allowing more air or more
combustible mixture, as the case may be, to flow in, the stratified condition allowing
of this. In some cases I place the crank shaft in bearings across the end of the
cylinder, and form the valve in and around the said shaft as a revolving, parallel,
or taper plug provided with the necessary ports and passages. The exhaust of
the hot gases may be taken through this valve, or through a separate one if
preferred.
The
When paraffin or other hydrocarbon oil or other combustible liquids are used
for working this engine, it is drawn up in the form of spray (with water if

page_text: desired) by the rush of air entering the cylinder, and forms with the said air an
explosive mixture. To supply the lighting jet a small pump is formed preferably
inside the piston valve, which pump forces a small quantity of combustible vapour
into a reservoir at each stroke sufficient to supply the jet. An ordinary oil lamp
may be used for the permanent external light. When the revolving valve is used,
the aforesaid sinail pump must be placed outside, and be worked by an eccentric, a
crank, or a cam on the shaft.
The ports should be so arranged in the revolving plug valve as to dispense with
any lift valves.
In some cases, where air is drawn into the upper end of the working cylinder
above the piston for the purpose of cooling, I admit such air tangentially instead
of radially, whereby such air is caused to sweep round the circumference of the
cylinder, and thereby to act more efficiently than heretofore.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed
by the said Walter William Tonkin in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
29th May 1882.
WALTER WILLIAM TONKIN, of 221, Brixton Road, in the County of Surrey,
Consulting Engineer. "IMPROVEMENTS IN MOTIVE POWER ENGINES ACTUATED
BY THE COMBUSTION OR EXPLOSION OF MIXTURES OF GAS OR COMBUSTIBLE
VAPOURS WITH AIR, PART OF SUCH IMPROVEMENTS BEING ALSO APPLICABLE TO
OTHER PURPOSES."
The Invention relates,-
Firstly. To improved means of obtaining what is known as a stratified condition
of the various gaseous fluids contained in the cylinder of a gas engine or com-
pressing pump, that is to say, introducing various fluids, such as air or gas, or
mixtures of such like fluids into a cylinder in such manner as to keep them in
separate layers and distinct from any fluid that may be already in the cylinder.
Various means have been proposed and patented from time to time to effect this
object, but none of them have completely succeeded so far as I am aware. Amongst
the means that have been proposed are various forms of conical and other openings
from the inlet port into the cylinder, and according to one arrangement of my
improvements under this head I make the end of the cylinder of a conical form,
somewhat similar to what has been previously done in some cases, but instead of
admitting the fluid by a port at the apex of the cone, as usual, I admit it round
the circumference at or near the base of the cone, and direct it along the internal
surface thereof in a direction away from the working cylinder. This circular
stream of fluid meets gradually in the centre, and has its velocity checked.
Figure 1 of the Drawings shows one method by which this can be effected. A is
the cylinder of the gas engine or compressing pump; B, the cover, which is of a
conical form; C, the inlet passage for gas or air, or mixture of such like fluids; and
D is an annular port communicating with the said inlet C. This annular port
being directed backwards away from the working part of the cylinder A directs
the entering Buid along the surface of the cone towards the centre, where the
converging sheet or stream of fluid having lost its backward momentum is gradually
pushed forward by the continued supply through the port without materially
disturbing the fluid already in the cylinder.
Figure 2 shows a modification of this arrangement, in which A is the cylinder
as before; B, the cover, the conical portion of which is directed inwards instead of
outwards; C, the inlet passage, entering in this case at the apex of the cone; D is
the annular port formed by a cup shaped baffle piece E, which may be either fixed,
as shown, or be constructed as a valve operating to prevent the return of the fluid.
The action of this arrangement is similar to that described in reference to Figure 1,
except that the sheet or stream of fluid moves from the centre towards the
circumference.
I have found however that the action above described is liable to be more or
less prejudicially affected if the converging stream does not enter with equal force
and velocity at every part of its circumference (especially in the case of the
arrangement shown in Figure 1); any inequality causing a rush of the fluid to
one side or other of the cylinder, thus damaging or destroying the stratified
condition. In order to prevent this I employ an arrangement whereby a more
perfect self acting balancing action is obtained. This is effected by causing the
fluid to pass into the cylinder in a thin sheet across the end thereof, such end
being so formed that the stream of incoming fluid is caused to return back on itself,

page_text: whereby its velocity is reduced so that it is prevented from mixing to an injurious
extent with the fluid already in the cylinder.
Figure 3 illustrates one method of carrying this into effect; A is the cylinder;
B, the cylinder cover, of a dome shape; C, the inlet for the fluid; D, the annular
port formed by the baffle piece E. The cover B is of larger diameter where it
joins the cylinder so as to leave a shoulder or abutment F. The baffle piece E
must be so shaped as to cause the stream of fluid entering by the port D to follow
the inner surface of the cover B until it strikes the abutment F, whence it is
deflected so as to return back on to or towards itself, as shown by the sketched
lines, whereby its velocity is more effectually and evenly reduced.
Figure 4 illustrates a similar arrangement to that shown in Figure 3. F is the
shoulder or abutment, which may be formed by a fireclay lining contained in the
cover B or in the cylinder A as may be preferred. The inner surface of the cover
B is of a peculiar curved form, as shown, and the cup shaped baffle piece E acts as
a valve, being moved to and from its seat by means which will be hereafter
described. The baffle piece or valve E is shaped as before explained so as to
cause the stream of fluid issuing from it to follow the aforesaid peculiar curved
surface until it is deflected from the abutment on to itself as before described.
In the two last mentioned cases the fluid can be admitted round the circum-
ference, instead of at the centre, if preferred.
The improvement illustrated by Figures 1, 2, 3, and 4 can be applied to any
form of gas or other engine, or to any purpose where it is required that the layers
or strata of fluid shall lay transversely in the cylinder.
In some cases however I prefer to arrange so that a mixture of, say, gas and air,
shall lay along the centre of the length of the cylinder, and be surrounded by a
concentric layer of air, or dilute mixture of air and gas next the sides of the
cylinder, or vice versa. To effect this I allow the fluid that is to lie along the
centre of the cylinder to be drawn or forced into the cylinder through a port or
nozzle in the centre of the end thereof, and either at the same time, or before or
after the central layer or stratum is or has been admitted. I allow the fluid
intended to form the outer concentric layer to be drawn or forced into the cylinder
in a direction tangential to the sides thereof, its centrifugal force causing it to keep
round the sides of the said cylinder, and to leave the central portion comparatively
undisturbed in the middle.
In Figures 11, 12, 13, 16, 18, and 19, arrangements are shown for effecting this
tangential introduction of the fluid. The air or dilute mixture of air and gas
intended to form the outer concentric layer is introduced through the ports or
passages G, the form of which, where they enter the cylinder, being clearly shown
in the cross section, Figure 18. In Figures 11 and 12 only one of these passages
is shown opening into the cylinder; in Figures 16 and 18 two such passages are
shown, which are by preference continued down the bore of the cylinder as far or
nearly as far as the piston travels before the charge is fired. Suitable bars may be
cast in these passages or ports, as shown, to prevent the piston rings from springing
This elongation of the inlet passage or port G allows the outer concentric
layer to always enter the cylinder in a direction perpendicular to the axis of the
latter, whereas when the port or passage is short, as in Figures 11 and 12, the air
or fluid entering tangentially passes round and along the sides of the cylinder in a
helical or corkscrew form, which is not so effective in producing the desired smooth
or regular external layer of air or fluid as the said elongated form of port.
in.
In Figure 11 the passage or opening C for the admission of the central layer or
column of fluid is a plain, straight, or conical hole of suitable section, but I find
that a better result is produced by causing the said central layer or column to
revolve as it enters the cylinder in the same direction as the outer concentric layer;
this I effect by introducing the fluid intended to form the said central layer or
column into the passage C tangentially by means of ports or passages H (as shown
in Figure 18), similar in form and effect to those marked G for the introduction of
the outer concentric layer of fluid. I is a fixed bush round which the fluid is

page_text: compelled to pass before reaching the passage C, thus more effectually producing
the desired revolving motion of such fluid in the passage C.
The method above described of introducing the fluids tangentially is applicable
not only to explosive engines, but to those in which the gas mixture is ignited,
and burns as it enters the cylinder.
The arrangements above described for producing the transversely stratified
condition of the fluids may be combined with those for producing the concen-
trically stratified condition, but the particular modifications required for the
application of such arrangements will depend in each case upon the nature of the
engine to which the arrangements are to be applied.
The Invention relates-
Secondly. To improvements applicable to those gas engines in which the explosive
mixture is ignited by means of a flame burning near an opening in the cylinder,
and which flame is drawn into the cylinder at the proper moment. In these
arrangements, as at present constructed, it is found that the ignition is not always
certain and prompt, even when the outside flame is very large. According to my
improved arrangements, instead of employing a large flame burning at an external
jet directed against the mouth of the aforesaid opening into the cylinder, I conduct
the gas or a mixture of gas and air, like that in a Bunsen burner (but in which
mixture the quantity of air present must not be sufficient to support combustion),
through a passage J into a cylinder port or opening K (see Figure 15) near its
inner end, from which it issues into the outer air; it is there lit by the usual
small lighting flame L, and burns quietly at the outer end K' of the said port or
opening K until the drawing-in action takes place, when the flame is drawn
through the port or opening into the cylinder. The gas that was in the port or
opening K goes into the cylinder before the flame, and the external air follows the
same, supporting its combustion during its passage through the said port or
opening K. With this improved arrangement the Hame can be drawn in with
certainty through a long port of comparatively small section.
A similar arrange-
ment may also be applied to gas engines where a valve is used to effect the ignition
of the charge in the cylinder, the outer end of the passage in the valve being
closed to the external air soon after the flame has been drawn within the said
passage, and while it is passing into the cylinder. Figure 11 shows this arrange-
inent applied to an engine in which a sliding valve M is employed. J' is the gas
supply; J is the passage in the valve M conducting the gas to the inner end of
the passage K, from whence it passes into the outer air at K' and is ignited by
the stationary flame L. The valve M is shown in the position it occupies just
before the firing of the charge in the cylinder. When the passage K opens to the
cylinder the fame at K' is drawn through the passage K, the continued movement
of the valve M closing the outer end of the passage K to the atmosphere
before the flame reaches the cylinder. The gas supply J is also cut off about
the same time that the passage K opens to the cylinder. Figures 12 and 13
show the same arrangement applied to an engine with a rotating valve. The
letters of reference above enumerated in relation to Figure 11 indicate similar
parts in Figures 12 and 13, the only difference being that the passages are
formed on the circumference of the valve instead of passing through. In
Figures 16, 17, and 20 (which latter is drawn to an enlarged scale for the sake of
clearness) is shown the application of similar arrangements to engines supplied
with gaseous mixtures in a compressed state. The general arrangements are similar
to those above described in reference to Figures 15, 11, 12, and 13, and similar
letters again refer to like parts, the only difference being that the outer end of the
passage K is completely closed to the atmosphere before the inner end opens to
the cylinder, and compressed air from the general air reservoir is brought through
a non-return valve N by the pas-age N¹ into the enlarged part of the passage K,
causing the flame to burn at the end of a short tube or nozzle projecting into the
enlarged space. The passage N' opens into the said enlarged space at or near the
bottom thereof, and by preference in a direction more or less tangentially to

page_text: the circumference of the enlarged space, as shown in the plan, Figure 17. The
object of this and of the short tube or nozzle is to prevent the rush of air from
blowing out the flame. When the passage K opens to the cylinder the flame is
carried into the latter as before by the difference of pressure between the air in
the reservoir and the mixture in the cylinder, the pressure in the cylinder having
been slightly reduced at that time by the closing of the ordinary inlet passages.
The passage J is in this case supplied with gas and air under pressure by the small
side passages O, O', but it may be supplied with gas and air under atmospheric
pressure if preferred. This arrangement can also be applied to those engines in
which the gas mixture is ignited as it enters the cylinder. In Figures 8 and 10 is
shewn the arrangement previously described in reference to Figure 15 applied for
lighting when required a constant jet P burning inside the cylinder; the various
parts comprising the said arrangement are lettered as before. Qis a cock for
shutting off the lighting arrangement as soon as the internal jet is lit and the
engine is working.
The Invention relates
Thirdly. To improvements in the jets for introducing water into the cylinders
of engines in which water is injected to cool the air or otherwise for cooling
purposes. For this purpose I employ a novel arrangement of jet (shown separately
in Figure 23, and applied in Figure 5) by which a completely circular shower of
spray can be produced at any instant without the use of a rose containing a
number of fine holes, which are liable to stoppage. I fix in front of the inlet
pipe R leading into the cylinder, and at a certain distance from the end thereof,
a circular ball or other suitable curve shaped projection S, larger in diameter than
the inlet pipe. The water as it issues from the pipe strikes against this ball and
clings to the surface thereof until the centrifugal or tangential force causes it to be
projected from the surface of the ball in the form of spray. This ball may form a
valve closing against a seat on the inlet pipe, as shown in Figure 5, and the form
of the shower of spray can be varied by altering the proportions and shapes of the
various parts. For example, Figure 24 shows a shape adapted to give a more
extended shower of spray.
This improvement is also applicable to the injection of water into air compression
pumps, steam condensers, garden hose pipes, and other purposes of a like nature.
Figure 25 illustrates its application to a garden hose, the stem of the ball S being
passed through a diaphragm T or a suitable stuffing box and terminates in a knob,
the ball S, which forms a valve at the end of the pipe, is kept closed by a
spring T or by the pressure of the water on the diaphragm, and the shape of the
jet or shower of spray may be varied by pressing on the knob so as to open the
valve more or less.
The Invention relates
Fourthly. To improvements in gas engines, in which a certain portion of air or
products of combustion, or both, are compressed in the working cylinder by the
piston on each return stroke, and while in that compressed state are still further
heated by the discharge amongst them of burning gas or combustible vapour,
thereby causing the pressure of expansion on the piston during its out stroke to
exceed that due to compression on its return stroke, and thus giving an impulse to
the crank at every revolution of the crank shaft.
I shall proceed to describe the said improvements as applied to a vertical
inverted cylinder engine, the piston and rod of which are connected in the usual
manner with a crank below, see Figures 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10, in which Figure 5 is
a vertical section on line 2-3 of Figure 7; Figures 6, 7, 8, and 9 sections on
lines 1-2, 3-4, 5-6, and 7-8 respectively of Figure 5; and Figure 10 a section
on line 9-10 of Figure 8.
At the side of the cylinder A, or if preferred across the end thereof, there works
in a suitable box or case U a long piston or other form of slide valve V, which is
driven by an eccentric or other suitable device on the crank shaft (or two or more
separate valves may be employed if preferred). This piston slide valve V and its

page_text: box or case U are provided with the necessary ports or passages, and the bottom
of the valve works in a closed chamber W, so as to form with it a water force
pump. The top end also works in a closed chamber X, and forms with it a force
pump for drawing in the pure gas or mixture of gas or combustible vapour and air
through the mixing valve Y and throttle valve Z, and for compressing the same
and injecting it into the cylinder A through the passages a. A portion of this
mixture so compressed passes through a non-return valve b (see Figure 6) into a
small receiver c, from which it passes through a passage d, shown in dotted lines in
Figures 5 and 6, to two or more small holes in a constant gas jet P kept burning
in the cylinder A. This gas jet P may be lit by the improved means already
described under the second head of my Invention, and illustrated in Figure 10,
or by other suitable means. When an eccentric or crank is employed for working
the piston slide valve it is set at a suitable angle behind the crank, and therefore
when the main or working piston e is at the top of its stroke the upper part of the
piston valve V has compressed the combustible mixture contained in the space X.
At that moment a port f is opened by the upward movement of the valve, which
allows this compressed combustible mixture to pass into the top of the cylinder A.
through the passage a, where it is ignited by the constant jet P´and burns, heating
up the compressed air, etcetera, already in the cylinder.
The
This passage a is shown divided into two branches, one of which goes to an
annular port
from whence the gas mixture issues into the cylinder through a
number of holes, as shown. The other branch allows a small portion of the gas
mixture to pass through a small horizontal tube h (Figure 8) placed by the side of
the constant jet P, which is placed in a recess to prevent its being blown out.
object of this horizontal jet is to carry the flame from the jet P in the recess to the
gas mixture issuing from the above mentioned holes in the top of the cylinder. If
preferred the upper branch of the passage a may be dispensed with, and the whole
of the gas mixture conducted through the horizontal branch. But I make no
claim to these methods of introducing the gas mixture into the cylinder as they
are old and well known. The working piston e then performs its down stroke, the
hot gases expanding behind it until it arrives near the bottom of its stroke, when
a jet of water is forced by the bottom of the piston valve V (which is then
descending) through a passage i in the valve V, and by a passage is leading from
the valve box up the side of the cylinder to a chamber j, thence down through
the centre of the air valve E, and through the valve S constructed in accordance
with the third part of my Invention above described, or one of other suitable
construction placed near the top of the working cylinder A. This shower of water
cools the expanded gases and forms a partial vacuum in the cylinder. Cool air
from outside then rushes into the upper end of the said cylinder through the
holek, passage, in the valve V and passage k³, to the specially shaped valve E
surrounding by preference the water valve passage R, and so arranged in
conjunction with the form of the upper end or cover of the cylinder already
described under the first head of the Invention, as to cause this fresh air to remain
at the upper end of the cylinder A without mixing with the gases or fluid already
there. This air serves to support the combustion of the flame of the constant
jet P inside the cylinder, and also of the combustible mixture injected by the
upper end of the piston valve V, which mixture I prefer to be one containing too
large a proportion of gas or vapour to burn without the addition of more air.
When the working piston e is at the bottom of its stroke, the supply of air
through the passage k is cut off by the continued downward movement of the
piston valve V, and a portion of the products of combustion is allowed to escape
into the exhaust pipe during a part of the upstroke of the working piston e
through a ring of holes m opening into an annular passage round the cylinder
communicating with a port n, which at that time is in line with the port n¹ in the
valve V; a port n² in the same valve being then in line with the exhaust pipe 7,
this exhaust continues until the port n is closed by the upward movement of the
valve V or by other means. During the rest of its up stroke the working piston e

page_text: compresses the gases and air remaining in the cylinder A above the said piston
ready for the next down stroke.
The air valve E at the top of the cylinder A may be opened or closed by the
pressure of the air passing through it, or by cams or levers, or other suitable
mechanical devices; but I prefer to employ for that purpose the pressure of the
water supplied to the water valve S in the cylinder, such pressure being caused to
act on the piston R¹ formed by the end of the air valve E prolonged upwards, as
shown. I also prefer to dispense with lift valves in the water pump, and to use
instead thereof a suction port o placed so that the lower edge of the valve V passes
over and closes the same as it moves downwards, the port i in the valve V opening
about that time to the passage to allow the water to be forced as before
described into the cylinder. The top of the working piston e is formed of a circular
funnel shape as shown, communicating with a space p round the side in such
manner as to retain the water that falls on the piston and to prevent it from being
thrown up into the hot part of the cylinder when the piston is moving at a high
speed. When the piston is at the top of its stroke this water passes through the
holes m in the side of the cylinder into the cavity or jacket surrounding the latter,
from whence it is forced by the pressure in the cylinder through holes or
passages q, q, into an air chamber r, either contained in the piston valve V as
shown, or connected therewith. The downward motion of the piston valve V cuts
off communication with the cylinder A, and opens an exit port s, through which
this water is discharged by the passage s¹ from the said air chamber into the
jacket surrounding the cylinder or into the general water reservoir, or is otherwise
disposed of.
The power of the engine can be varied by altering the quantity of gas mixture
discharged by the gas pump into the cylinder. This can be effected by means of a
double throttle valve, shewn in Figures 5 and 9, the ports of which are so arranged
in relation to the passages a and t that the area of the suction passage t is first
reduced until a point is reached, when the final pressure in the pump is reduced
nearly to the pressure of compression in the working cylinder; any further
reduction of power below what this throttling will effect is produced by the further
movement of the throttle valve reducing the area of the delivery passage a as well
as the area of the suction passage t.
I prefer to close the bottom of the working cylinder A leaving a clearance space
of a certain size below the piston, into which the air between the piston and the
end of the cylinder is compressed during the down stroke, acting as a spring so as
to absorb surplus power from the explosion, and to give it out during the up stroke.
in a manner well understood. In some cases I also make a connection between
the bottom of the working cylinder and a port or passage u in the piston valve,
communicating with a reservoir v of compressed air which is used to assist in
starting the engine from a state of rest. This communication is kept closed by a
cock or valve w when it is not required to use the reservoir, but when the engine
is to be started the cock or valve w is, moved into the position, shown in Figure 5,
and when the piston valve V is at the bottom of its stroke the compressed air is
admitted from the reservoir v through the upper of the two passages in the cock,
and by means of the enlarged portion of the passage u into the lower passage in
the cock, and thence by the pipe, shown, to the bottom end of the cylinder
whereby the engine is set in motion. This air is exhausted through the same
passage in the piston valve V into the exhaust pipe l, when the working piston e
and valve V are in the positions, shown in Figure 5. When the combustible
mixture has been admitted and properly ignited so as to work the engine the cock
or valve w is shut.
In order to supply this reservoir with air I connect it with the bottom of the
working cylinder A through a non-return valve x, so that when the working
piston e descends and compresses the air below it, a portion of such air passes
through the non-return valve into the reservoir until the pressure therein reaches
the maximum pressure that can be produced in the bottom end of the cylinder A,

page_text: such pressure being governed by the capacity of the clearance space. The loss of
air from the lower part of the working cylinder is restored through a small suction
valve y placed in the bottom or side thereof. Or instead of the suction and non-
return delivery valves above mentioned, small ports or passages may be arranged
in the cock or valve w, which passages act as small bye passes when the cock is
partly turned off, allowing air to pass from the cylinder A into the reservoir as
long as the pressure in the latter is below the average. The air thus abstracted
from the cylinder is replaced through a similar small hole in the lower passage of
the cock, which enables the piston e (when at the top of its stroke) to draw in air
from the exhaust pipe to make up the deficiency.
When working engines constructed with these improvements with parafin or
other hydro-carbon oils, or such like combustible liquids, I draw a mixture of air
and oil spray, with or without water spray or steam, into the gas compressing
And in this case
pump X, and compress it in the same manner as above described.
it is advantageous to line the gas compressing pump as far as possible with non-
conducting substauces, such as asbestos or fire-clay, for example, to ensure sufficient
heat being retained to vapourize the liquids; or the mixture may be heated on its
way to the gas pump by passing through tubes heated by the hot productions of
combustion.
These non-conducting substances are employed in various parts of the engines,
and wherever so employed are shewn in the Drawings by double-cross hatching.
According to a modification of the above described gas engine, shewn in Figure 4,
I dispense with the shower or spray of water in the cylinder and the ball valve
employed to introduce the same; and in this case I cause the charge of fresh air
to be drawn in in the following manner:-When the working piston e has moved,
say, about five eighths of its down stroke, a narrow port or passage z is opened
through the piston valve V through which the products of combustion are suddenly
exhausted down to atmospheric pressure, when the said port or passage z is closed
again by the continued movement of the piston valve V. As the working piston e
continues its downward stroke it creates a partial vacuum behind it, and the fresh
charge of air is drawn in as before, the rest of the operations remaining the same
as before described. In this arrangement the exhaust from the cylinder may be
taken through a port 2, placed (as shown, the Figure) in such a position in the
cylinder that the working piston e in its upstroke passes over and closes the said
port before the piston valve V on its return movement re-opens the port again. Or
a separate slide, piston, or lift valve may be employed to open this port to the
piston valve during the down stroke of the working piston and to close it during
the up stroke. The air valve E is opened by the pressure of water from the water
pump acting upon a piston R' on the spindle of the air valve in a manner similar
to that described in reference to Figure 5, but instead of the water escaping into
the cylinder A after it has so acted on the air valve it escapes by the lateral
openings 3 into the water jacket. The arrangement shewn in Figure 4 can be used
in either horizontal or vertical engines.
Instead of a piston valve a flat slide valve and separate gas and water pumps
may be employed, and if preferred in this modification the air may be forced into
the working cylinder instead of being drawn in.
The Invention relates, fifthly, to improvements in gas engines in which the gas
mixture is exploded without previous compression by the main piston during its
return stroke. In this case I employ a long cylinder A (see Figure 11) which may
be placed in any position, horizontal, vertical, or inclined; this cylinder is fitted
with a piston e, and piston rod and cross head sliding in suitable guides. The
crank shaft is placed across the side of the cylinder, and the connecting rod or rods
On the
is or are brought back past the side of the cylinder to work the crank.
bottom, or if preferred at the side of the cylinder, is adapted a piston valve M
moved by an eccentric crank or cam on the main shaft. In order to secure the
stratified condition of the gases in the cylinder, arrangements similar to those
described under the first head of the Invention may be employed, but I prefer to

page_text: employ that arrangement in which the air or weak gas mixture is admitted
tangentially. In operation the working piston e when it begins its stroke draws
in an explosive mixture through a port C in the centre leading from the valve.
The air enters at the general air inlet 4; one portion of it passes by a branch
through one passage of a cock or throttle valve 5 to the slide valve M. The gas
supply also passes from the main gas inlet J¹ through another passage in the cock
or throttle valve 5 (shewn in dotted lines) to the slide valve M. The gas and air
to form the central explosive mixture pass from these separate passages into and
mix in a common passage 6 in the valve M when the said passage 6 is in line with
them, and thence through the centre port C into the cylinder A. The air to form
the outer concentric layer in the cylinder, passes from the general air inlet 4
through the passage 7 in the valve M into the passage G leading tangentially into
the cylinder, as previously described. When the working piston e has performed a
certain portion of its stroke the piston or slide valve M closes the inlet ports, and the
mixture is fired by the gas flame drawn down the passage K, as already described
under the second head of the Invention, but any other suitable firing device may
be employed. The working piston e then performs the rest of its stroke by the
pressure of the explosion, and during its return stroke the products of combustion
are allowed to escape from the cylinder through the passage G and past the end of
the valve M into the exhaust pipe 7. Instead of admitting the outer concentric
layer of air simultaneously with the central gas mixture, it may be admitted before
or after the same by suitably modifying the ports and passages in the valve, as
will be readily understood: In order to prevent the premature exhaust of the
products of combustion through the passages 6 and 7" when the slide valve M
returns before opening the passage G to the exhaust pipe l, non-return valves may
be fitted in suitable positions. Or a second piston or slide valve for exhausting
may be arranged to operate in connection with the valve M, so as to cut off
communication between the two passages 6 and 7 from the cylinder while the
exhaust is taking place, thus dispensing with the use of any lift valves. The power
may be governed by checking, by means of a cock or throttle valve 5, the flow of
the central combustible mixture, as shown in the Figure, or of the outer concentric
layer of air or weak mixture, thus allowing more air or more combustible mixture,
as the case may be, to flow in; the stratified condition attained by the means
herein described allowing this to be effected.
Figures 12, 13, and 14, illustrate similar arrangements, but in which the crank
shaft 8 is placed across the end of the cylinder A and passes through the centre
of the valve M, which is formed as a cylindrical plug rotating with the said crank
shaft. This rotating valve, as well as its containing case, is provided with passages
for performing the same functions as those described in reference to Figure 11.
The centre port C is however provided with means, already described, for causing
the rotation of the centre column of combustible mixture. The mixture of the gas
and air is shown as taking place in the passage H outside the valve M. The exhaust
is taken partly round the valve by the passage 9, which puts the cylinder passage G
alternately in communication with the air inlet 4 and the exhaust pipe 1; Figure 13
is a section on line 1-2 of Figure 12, showing the valve in its position just
previous to firing, and Figure 14 is a section on line 3-4 of Figure 12.
When it is desired to apply the arrangements last above described to engines of
greater power, I prefer to place the crank shaft independently of the rotating
valve, and to communicate motion from it to the latter by gearing or other suitable
means. Figures 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, show an example of an engine arranged in this
way; Figure 16 is a vertical section on line 1-2 of Figure 17, which is a sectional
plan on line 3-4 of Figure 16; Figure 18 is a section on line 5-6 of Figure 16;
Figure 19 is a cross section on line 7-8 of Figures 16 and 17; and Figure 20 is an
enlarged cross section on line 7-9 of Figure 16 through the firing port K. The
valve arrangements are similar to those last described, but two tangential
passages G are provided, and the exhaust passes out through one of these and
escapes to the exhaust pipe through a passage 9 in the valve M. As in this case

page_text: the valve has no shaft passing through it, the passages are shown formed
through it instead of being formed round the circumference. I prefer to arrange
the various openings in this valve in such manner that the pressures on the valve
mutually balance one another; for this reason the combustible mixture is led
through the valve to a port at the top of valve box, from which it returns by
passages 10 down each side to the passages H leading to the centre port C. The
lighting arrangements have been already described under the second head of the
Invention. In Figure 19 is shown a longitudinal section of the double throttle
valve 5 similar in construction to that shown in Figure 11, but if preferred two
separate cocks or throttle valves may be used arranged to work simultaneously.
This engine is shown provided with means for supplying itself with gas and air
at a pressure above that of the atmosphere. For this purpose it is convenient to
use the underside of the working piston e as an air compressing pump to force air
into the reservoir v. And in order to dispense with lift valves I prefer to use a
piston valve 11, as shown, worked by an eccentric or otherwise. The upper end
of this piston valve is used a gas compressing pump 12, forcing the gas through
a lift valve 13 into a gas reservoir 14.
From these reservoirs the air and gas are conducted through separate pipes 4
and J¹ to the valve box. In order to prevent the gas pressure in the reservoir
14 from rising beyond a certain maximum, when a smaller quantity than the full
charge is being consumed by the engine, the suction passage of the gas pump may
be throttled by the arrangement shown in Figure 16ª, in which the gas pressure
from the reservoir 14 acts on the top of a sliding plunger 15 against a spring 16,
and the pressure of the air from the air pipe is brought to the underside of the
said plunger through the port 17, so that when the pressure of the gas exceeds that
of the air by a certain amount the plunger is moved downwards to close the
suction passage 18 more or less. For the purpose of varying the proportion of the
gas mixture it is desirable that the pressure in the gas reservoir should slightly
exceed that of the air; the amount of this excess can be regulated by varying the
tension of the spring 16 by a screw adjustment. In the arrangement of lift valves
shown in connection with Figure 16 the suction passage 18 is not throttled, but
the delivery valve 13 is formed at the end of the sliding plunger 15 and of a
smaller diameter than the said plunger. When the pressure in the pump exceeds
that for which the spring 16 has been adjusted, such pressure acts on the annular
surface of the plunger round the delivery valve and opens the same, allowing the
gas to pass into the reservoir 14. If the pressure in this reservoir exceeds the
normal amount the delivery valve is held open until the pump 11 has returned
sufficiently to reduce the pressure of the gas to the required extent when the
plunger 15 rises, closing the delivery valve 13. Any gas driven into the reservoir
14 beyond that necessary to keep up the supply is thus allowed to return into the
pump during its down stroke, reducing the quantity of gas drawn through the
suction valve to what is actually necessary for the supply of the engine.
The starting of the engine can easily be effected when the piston e is near the
top of its stroke by admitting compressed air from the reservoir through the stop
valve 19, shown in Figure 17. But if the piston e is near the bottom of its stroke
the compressed air can be admitted below the piston by reversing the position of
the eccentric 20, so as to be as much in advance of the crank as it would be behind
it in the normal working position. This can be effected by the arrangements
shewn in Figures 16 and 21, in which the eccentric 20 is loose on 'the shaft and
driven by the snug 21 when the engine is working under normal conditions; but
when it is required to start the engine from the botton centre the eccentric 20 is
turned forward by the hand wheel 22 until the catch 23 takes over the projection
on the snug 21, as shown. When the compressed air is admitted by the stop
valve 19 as before the engine starts owing to the valve being moved into the
required position by the reversal of the excentric, and when sufficiently in motion
the trip lever 24 is pressed inwards so as to release the catch 23 from the snug 21,

page_text: stopping the eccentric until the crank shaft has moved round into the proper
position with reference to the eccentric to drive the latter by the snug 21.
The engine represented in Figure 16 is shewn vertical, but may be arranged to
work in any position.
When paraffin or other hydrocarbon oil or other combustible liquids are used
for working this engine it is drawn up in the form of spray (with water if desired)
by the rush of air entering the cylinder, and forms with the said air an explosive
mixture. To supply the lighting jet a small pump is formed, preferably inside the
sliding piston valve, which may be of the kind shown in Figure 11. This pump
forces a small quantity of combustible vapour into a reservoir at each stroke
sufficient to supply the jet. An ordinary oil lamp may be used for the permanent
external light. When the revolving valve, such as that shown in Figure 12 or
Figure 16, is used the aforesaid small pump must be placed outside and be worked
by an eccentric, a crank, or a cam on the shaft.
The ports should be so arranged in the revolving plug valve as to dispense with
any lift valves in the vapour pump.
In some cases where air is drawn in to the cylinder at the end opposite to the
working end thereof for the purpose of cooling, I admit such air tangentially by
the port G (see Figure 11) instead of radially, whereby such air is caused to sweep
round the circumference of the cylinder, and thereby to act more effeciently than
heretofore.
Similar letters and Figures of reference indicate similar parts in all the Figures
of the Drawings. The improvements forming the subject of this Invention are
generally applicable either separately or combined to motive power engines
actuated by the combustion or explosion of mixtures of gas or combustible vapours
with air, the details being modified as may be required in each case.
Having now described the nature of the said Invention and the manner in which
the same is to or may be carried into effect, I would have it understood that what
I claim is,
First. The means of introducing gaseous or other fluid into the cylinder in a
direction away from the working part of such cylinder, substantially as herein-
before described, and illustrated in Figures 1 and 2 of the Drawings and for the
purpose specified.
Second. The means of causing the gaseous or other fluid entering the cylinder
to return back or to be reflected on to or towards itself, substantially as hereinbefore
described and illustrated in Figures 3, 4, and 5 of the Drawings, and for the
purpose specified.
Third. Arranging and adapting the baffle pieces E, shewn fixed in Figures 2
and 3, so as to operate as moveable valves to prevent the return of the fluids
introduced into the cylinder by the means forming the subject of the first and
second claim clauses, substantially as herein before described and illustrated in
Figures 4 and 5 of the Drawings.
Fourth. The method and means of introducing the outer concentric layer or layers
of fluid into the cylinder so that the said fluid shall pass round the inner surface
of the cylinder, the centrifugal force thereby generated in the said fluid imparting
thereto a tendency to continue near the circumference of the cylinder, substantially
as hereinbefore described and illustrated in Figures 11, 12, 13, 16, 18, and 19 of
the Drawings, and for the purpose specified.
Fifth. The method & means of introducing the central layer or column of fluid
so that the same shall revolve as it enters, substantially as hereinbefore described
& illustrated in Figs. 16, 18, & 19 of the Drawings.
Sixth. The method & means whereby a flame burning at one end of a tube or
passage containing gas, or a non-explosive mixture of gas & air, is drawn or
forced at the required moment down the said tube or passage & passes through
the other end of the said port or passage into the cylinder for the purpose of

page_text: igniting the charge therein, substantially as hereinbefore described and illustrated
in Fig. 15 of the Drawings.
Seventh. The application of the method & means forming the subject of the
sixth claim clause to the ignition of gaseous mixtures in engines where sliding or
revolving valves are employed, as hereinbefore described & illustrated in Figs. 11,
12, & 13 of the Drawings.
Eighth. The arrangements whereby the method & means forming the subject of
the sixth claim clause can be applied to the ignition of gaseous nixtures while the
same are in a compressed state, as hereinbefore described & illustrated in Figures
16, 17, & 20 of the Drawing.
Ninth. The application & use of the ball or curve shaped projection or valve S
in combination with the inlet pipe R for the purpose of producing a circular shower
of water spray, as hereinbefore described & illustrated in Figs. 5, 23, 24, & 25 of
the Drawings.
Tenth. The arrangements for producing a partial vacuum in the cylinder at or
near the end of the working stroke of the piston, by the injection of water into
the cylinder for the purpose of drawing in the charge of air for the next stroke,
as herein before described & illustrated in Figures 5, 6, 7, & 8 of the Drawings
hereto annexed.
Eleventh. Operating the air valve E by the pressure of water from the water
pump W, as hereinbefore described & illustrated in Figures 4 & 5 of the
Drawings.
Twelfth. The construction of the upper part of the piston e of a funnel shape
for the purpose of preventing the water from being thrown up into the hot
part of the cylinder, as hereinbefore described & illustrated in Fig. 5 of the
Drawings.
Thirteenth. The arrangements for removing the water injected into the cylinder
through the valve V, as hereinbefore described & illustrated in Figs. 5 & 6 of the
Drawings.
Fourteenth. Placing the crankshaft across the back end of the cylinder, the said
crank shaft passing through or having formed thereon the rotating valve M, as
herein before described & illustrated in Figs. 12 & 13 of the Drawings.
Fifteenth. The arrangements of lift valves for the gas pump, combined, adapted,
& operating, as herein before described & illustrated in Figs. 16 & 16 of the
Drawings.
Sixteenth. The arrangements for starting gas engines by means of a loose
eccentric, moved into the starting position by hand & held there by a catch,
which can be released when the engine is in motion, as hereinbefore described &
illustrated in Figs. 16 & 21 of the Drawings.
In witness whereof, I, the said Walter William Tonkin, have hereunto set my
hand & seal, this Twenty-ninth day of May, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and eighty two.
TR
TANKLAT
WR W TONKIN
RW.
(1.S.)