AN IMPROVED MANUFACTURE OF BASIC TIDEDDOOR HARDLYO TRAC PROAL
Year: 1882

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Hermann Ülsmann of Königshütte Prussia in the
Gerinan Empire for an Invention of " AN IMPROVED MANUFACTURE OF BASIC
TIDEDDOOR HARDLYO
TRAC
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Hermann Ülsmann at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 15th August 1882.
HERMANN ÜLSMANN of Königshütte Prussia in the German Empire " AN
IMPROVED MANUFACTURE OF BASIC FIREPROOF MATERIALS FROM THE ALKALINE
EARTHS
دو
My invention relates to the manufacture of basic fireproof materials from the
alkaline earths in such a manner as to avoid some of the difficulties experienced in
the use of such materials when they are prepared in the ordinary way, as I will
now explain.
The manufacture of fireproof pure basic materials from natural or artificial
caustic alkaline earths or their carbonates, such as lime or magnesia, either alone or
in combination, requires the following important improved processes in order to
enable these materials, while they are as much as possible freed from acid substances,
such as silicic acid, not only to possess sufficient cohesion or strength for transport
and for forming the walls of furnaces but also to resist the changes from the most
intense heat to cold.
1) The originally specifically light basic mass must be freed as much as possible,
by burning, from carbonic acid and water &etc and be converted at the same
time into a hard dense, and specifically heavy condition, that is to say, into a
granular slag-like mass, in order that at the subsequent reheating no further con-
traction may take place. In place of the present process of facilitating the
dead burning and "slagging" of the alkaline earths by long or repeated burning at
the highest temperatures, or by mixing with watery solutions of caustic alkalies or
carbonates or chlorides thereof or of the alkaline earths, this is according to the
ID 11

page_text: present improved process, effected by the use of ferrous alkaline earths, such as
exist in nature, for instance, as Magnesium ferric carbonate, or as can be produced
artificially, or by an admixture with the alkaline earths of iron in metallic or
oxidised condition or as carbonate, chloride, or other suitable combination, in the
form of small fragments or powder, in order afterwards to facilitate the dead
burning or slagging operation.
The alkaline earths combine namely-at high temperatures with avidity with the
corresponding oxides of iron, and are converted thereby, with the loss of any per
centage of carbonic acid they may contain and with considerable shrinkage into a
very hard splintery granular brittle mass, which, both as the natural magnesium
ferric carbonates and as the roasted spathic iron ore, crumbles into small pieces.
The brittleness of this slagged mass and its tendency to fall to pieces facilitates its
reduction for the subsequent processes, in which it is important that only a portion
should be ground fine, while another portion dependent on the purpose to which
the mass is to be applied, should be left in granules of from 0.039 to 019 in size
or even larger, and with as sharply angular edges as possible, in order to produce
therefrom, with the admixture of binding materials, coarse grained bricks &etc, of
a similar grain in the fracture as those prepared from burnt and pulverised fire clay,
which resist the varying influence of heat and cold.
A small percentage of iron is sufficient to effect the complete dead burning and
slagging of the alkaline earths, but larger quantities of iron can be used without
detriment.
2) In the process referred to an intimate mixture of anhydrous finely pulverised
alkali carbonates such as soda and potash, either alone or in combination, and
mixed with tar free from water, or other hydrocarbons that are of a viscous nature
in the cold or warm state, is employed for rendering plastic the above described
slagged and reduced alkaline earths, for the purpose of further treatment, and for
pressing them when warned into the forms of bricks, pipes or vessels or for
stamping them directly in the form of linings for metallurgical apparatus. The
admixture of caustic alkalies or of alkaline compounds that contain water of
hydration, or that have a tendency to take up water from the air, have in this case
a detrimental action, because the requisite strength of the bricks &etc, or of the
stamped linings is liable to be impaired thereby at the subsequent burning. The
previously known or patented methods for the manufacture of basic fireproof
materials in which either only tar or watery solutions of caustic alkalies or alkali
carbonates either alone or combined or with subsequent admixture of tar are used
are less suited to yield a fireproof material of sufficient durability under all
circumstances, because the tar alone affords a binding material of but little strength
under the influence of heat, and because the water forms hydrates with the alkaline
earths and alkalies, the decomposition of which under the influence of heat when
burning dete, loosens the fireproof material. It is also not sufficient to add to the
fundamental mass of alkaline earths or their carbonates only one per cent or a
small percentage of alkali carbonates or caustic alkalies as binding material, in
order to obtain a durable material, but it requires an ample addition of alkali
carbonates for this purpose, in as much as about 5 per cent of these to 95 per cent
of the dead burnt slagged fundamental mass affords a good durable compound.
The addition of tar should not be greater than actually necessary for uniting the
warmed mixture under pressing or stamping to a solid mass. It may be one tenth
of the weight of the fundamental mass of dead burnt alkaline earths but the
proportion of admixture depends essentially upon the degree of toughness or fluidity
of tlie tar.
3) For the burning and slagging of the alkaline earths reverberatory or shaft
furnaces can be used, but care must be observed that no ashy constituents containing
silicic acid are added, and also that as high a temperature as possible be employed
and quenching with water be avoided.
4) If the bricks, pipes or vessels made as above described are to be burnt before

page_text: use, they must be piled in the furnace with pieces of previously burnt material
placed beneath and between them in such manner that in softening on the tar
becoming fluid in the heat, they cannot sink together. The furnaces or kilns must
afford a high temperature and inust have a basic floor when used for lime bricks.
5) Fragments of burnt material or of used linings of the above nature can be
ground and be newly formed under addition of tar and burnt again.
6) If the dead burning and slagging of the alkaline earths is effected under the
addition of chlorides of the alkaline earths or alkalies, with or without admixture
of fluorspar, it is advisable to introduce steam at the dead burning in order to
drive off the chlorine. The dead burning and slagging can also be accelerated by
the addition of small quantities of caustic alkalies or their carbonates.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed
4
by the said Hermann Ülsmann in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
14th February 1883.
HERMANN ÜLSMANN of Königshütte, Prussia, in the German Empire
"AN
IMPROVED MANUFACTURE OF BASIC FIREPROOF MATERIALS FROM THE ALKALINE
EARTHS
"
My invention relates to the manufacture of basic fireproof materials from the
alkaline earths in such a manner as to avoid some of the difficulties experienced in
the use of such materials when they are prepared in the ordinary way, as I will
now explain,
The manufacture of fireproof pure basic materials from natural or artificial
caustic alkaline earths or their carbonates such as lime or magnesia, either alone or in
combination, requires the following important improved processes, in order in order to
enable these materials, while they are as much as possible freed from acid substances,
such as silicic acid, not only to possess sufficient cohesion or strength for transport
and for forming the walls of furnaces, but also to resist the changes from the most
intense heat to cold
1) The originally specifically light basic mass must be freed as much as possible,
by burning, from carbonic acid and water, etc., and be converted, at the same time,
into a hard, dense and specifically heavy condition, that is to say, into a granular
slag-like mass, in order that, at the subsequent re-heating, no further contraction
may take place. In place of the present process of facilitating the dead burning
and slagging of the alkaline earths, by long and repeated burning at the highest
temperatures, or by mixing with watery solutions of caustic alkalies or carbonates
or chlorides thereof, or of the alkaline earths, this is, according to the present
improved process, effected by the use of ferrous alkaline earths, such as exist in
nature, for instance, as magnesium ferric carbonate, or as can be produced
artificially, or by an admixture, with the alkaline earths, of iron in metallic' or

page_text: oxidised condition, or as carbonate, chloride, or other suitable combination, in the
form of small fragments or powder, in order afterwards to facilitate the dead burning
or slagging operation.
The alkaline earths combine namely at high temperatures with avidity with
the corresponding oxides of iron, and are converted thereby, with the loss of any
percentage of carbonic acid they may contain, and with considerable shrinkage
into a very hard splintery granular brittle mass, which, both as the natural
magnesium ferric carbonates and as the roasted spathic iron ore, crumbles into
small pieces. The brittleness of this slagged mass and its tendency to fall to
pieces facilitate its reduction for the subsequent processes, in which it is important
that only a portion should be ground fine, while another portion, dependent on
the purpose to which the mass is to be applied, should be left in granules of
from 0.039 to 019s in size, or even larger, and with as sharply angular edges as
possible, in order to produce therefrom, with the admixture of binding materials,
coarse grained bricks etc, of a similar grain in the fracture as those prepared
from burnt and pulverised fire clay, which resist the varying influence of heat and
cold.
A small per centage of iron is sufficient to effect the complete dead burning and
slagging of the alkaline earths, but larger quantities of iron can be used without
detriment.
2) In the process referred to, an intimate mixture of anhydrous, finely pulverised
alkali carbonates, such as soda and potash, either alone or in combination, and
mixed with tar free from water, or other hydrocarbons that are of a viscous nature,
in the cold or warm state, is employed for rendering plastic the above described
slagged and reduced alkaline earths, for the purpose of further treatment, and for
pressing them, when warmed, into the forms of bricks, pipes or vessels, or for
stamping them directly in the form of linings for metallurgical apparatus. The
admixture of caustic alkalies or of alkaline compounds that contain water of
hydration, or that have a tendency to take up water from the air, have in this case
a detrimental action, because the requisite strength of the bricks, etc., or of the
stamped linings is liable to be impaired thereby at the subsequent burning. The
previously known or patented methods for the manufacture of basic fireproof
materials, in which either only tar or watery solutions of caustic alkalies or alkali-
carbonates either alone or combined, or with subsequent adinixture of tar are
used, are less suited to yield a fire-proof material of sufficient durability under all
circumstances, because the tar alone affords a binding material of but little
strength under the influence of heat, and because the water forms hydrates with
the alkaline earths and alkalies, the decomposition of which under the influence of
heat, when burning, &c., loosens the fire-proof material. It is also not sufficient to
add to the fundamental mass of alkaline earths or their carbonates only one per
cent, or a small per-centage of alkali carbonates or caustic alkalies as binding
material, in order to obtain a durable material, but it requires an ample
addition of alkali carbonates for this purpose inasmuch as about 5 per cent of these
to 95 per cent of the dead burnt slagged fundamental mass affords a good durable
compound.
The addition of tar should not be greater than actually necessary for uniting the
warmed mixture under pressing or stamping to a solid mass. It may be one tentli
of the weight of the fundamental mass of dead burnt alkaline earths, but the
proportion of admixture depends essentially upon the degree of toughness or fluidity
of the tar.
3) For the burning and slagging of the alkaline earths reverbatory or shaft
furnaces can be used, but care must be observed that no ashy constituents containing
silicic acid are added, and also, that as high a temperature as possible be employed
and quenching with water be avoided
4) If the bricks, pipes or vessels made as above described are to be burnt before
use, they must be piled in the furnace with pieces of previously burnt material
placed beneath and between them in such manner that, in softening, on the tar

page_text: becoming fluid in the heat, they cannot sink together. The furnaces or kilns
must afford a high temperature and must have a basic floor when used for lime
bricks.
5) Fragments of burnt material or of used linings of the above nature can be
ground and be newly formed under addition of tar and burnt again.
6) If the dead burning and slagging of the alkaline earths is effected under the
addition of chlorides of the alkaline earths or alkalies, with or without admixture
of fluorspar, it is advisable to introduce steam at the dead burning in order to
drive off the chlorine. The dead burning and slagging can also be accelerated by
the addition of small quantities of caustic alkalies or their carbonates.
Having thus described the nature of my invention and in what manner the
same is to be performed, I claim,
The herein described improved manufacture of basic fire-proof materials by first
dead burning and slagging the alkaline earths with admixture of Iron or oxides or
other combinations thereof free from silicic acid, then mixing this fundamental mass
after comminution, with hydrocarbons that are free from water and viscous when
heated, and with alkali carbonates free from water, and, lastly, pressing or stamping
the compound into the required forms.
In Witness whereof, I, the said Hermann Ülsmann have hereunto set my
hand and seal this third day of February in the year of our Lord, one
thousand, eight hundred and eighty-three.
HERMANN ULSMANN (L.S.)