IMPROVE- MENTS IN THE PROCESSES OF, AND APPARATUS FOR, TREATING FATTY AND OILY MATTERS, AND MANUFACTURING CANDLES AND NIGHT LIGHTS
Year: 1846

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, GEORGE
FERGUSSON WILSON, of Belmont, Vauxhall, in the County of Surrey, Gentle-
man, and JOHN JACKSON, of Southville, Wandsworth Road, in the same
County, Gentleman, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the First day of December,
in the tenth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto us, the said George Fergusson Wilson and John Jackson,
our exors, adiñors, and assigns, Her especial licence, full power, sole privilege
and authority, that we, the said George Fergusson Wilson and John Jackson,
our exors, adiiors, and assigns, or such others as we, the said George
Fergusson Wilson and John Jackson, our exors, adiñors, and assigns, should
at any time agree with and no others, from time to time and at all times
during the term of years therein expressed, should and lawfully might make,
use, exercise, and vend,, within that part of Her said Majesty's United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland called England, Her Dominion of
Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, our Invention of "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE PROCESSES OF, AND APPARATUS FOR, TREATING FATTY AND OILY
MATTERS, AND MANUFACTURING CANDLES AND NIGHT LIGHTS;" in which said
Letters Patent is contained a proviso that we, the said George Fergusson Wilson
and John Jackson, should cause a particular description of the nature of our
aid Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, by an instru-
nent in writing under our hands and seals, or under the hand and seal of one
of us, to be inrolled in Her said Majesty's High Court of Chancery within

page_text: six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said in part
recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference being thereunto had,
will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, we, the said
George Fergusson Wilson and John Jackson, do hereby declare that the
nature of our Invention, and the manner in which the same is to be per-
formed, are fully described and ascertained in and by the following Statement
thereof, reference being had to the Drawings hereunto annexed, and to the
figures and letters marked thereon, that is to say:-
The first part of our Invention consists of improvements in the
process of
and apparatus for spreading concrete, fatty, or oily matters on to sufaces or
mats preparatory to pressing.
Secondly, our Invention consists of improvements in that description of
machinery used for making mould candles for which Letters Patent have
been granted to Joseph Morgan, of Manchester.
Thirdly, our Invention consists of improvements in the manufacture of
night lights, and in apparatus for burning night lights; and,
Fourthly, our Invention consists of separating oily matters from a certain
black sediment, hereafter mentioned, by pressure. And in order that our
Invention may be most fully understood and readily carried into effect, we
will proceed to described the means pursued by us.
In spreading fatty and oily matters on to surfaces or mats preparatory to
pressing, it has heretofore been usual to do so by hand, using a rectangular
frame to guage the quantity, and to confine the extent of the spreading on the
surface or mat. This means of carrying on the process is slow and expensive,
and the first part of our Invention has for its object the carrying on such
process by means of apparatus combined into a machine.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS A.
Figure 1 shews a side view, Figure 2 a plan, Figure 3 a longitudinal
section, and Figure 4 a transverse section of a machine arranged suitably
for carrying on the first part of our Invention. The other views shown by
these Drawings are some of the details of the machine separately. In each
of the Figures the same letters are used to indicate the same parts. a, a, is
the framing of the machine, the nature of which will readily be understood
on examining the Drawings. 6 is the main or driving shaft, on which there
are three drums or pulleys c, d, e, the pulley or drum c being fast, the other
two drums or pulleys d, e, turning freely on the shaft b. On the drum or
pulley e is fixed a bevelled toothed wheel f, and on the shaft 6 is also affixed a

page_text: bevelled toothed wheel g, both of which wheels take into the bevelled toothed
wheel h, and, according as the driving strap i is for the time being on the
drum c or e, so will the wheel 9 or f for the time be driving the wheel h,
which is fixed on the axis j, which turns in bearings carried by the two side
framings of the machine. The machine is so arranged as to work with two
spreading tables in the following manner :-k, l, are two tables, which are
alternately caused to rise and fall by the working of the machine. m, m, are
rods (two to each table), their upper ends being attached by pin joints to the
under sides of the tables, the lower ends of such rods being attached by pin
joints to the levers or beams n, n, fixed on the axis o, and on such axis o
are affixed the arms o', carrying trucks or rollers o² on axes; and by means
of cams p on the axes p' (which axes p³ receive motion from the shaft j by
the pinion q taking into the cog wheels r, r, fixed on the axes p¹, the arms o¹
are caused to vibrate. The cams are to be so arranged that when one table
is being held up to be filled the other will be down to allow of the mat or
surface on which the fatty or oily matter has been spread being removed
and a fresh mat spread on the table, during which time the other table will
be retained up and have spread on the mat thereon a regulated quantity of
fatty or oily matter in a state fit to be pressed. The fatty or oily matter in
a granulated state and broken up is supplied into the hopper s fixed on a floor
above the machine. t, t, are two rollers, having cog wheels t fixed on their
axes, and such rollers are covered over as is shown. u, u, are two fixed
toothed racks into which the cog wheels t take; hence, when they are drawn
to and fro the rollers are caused to revolve. v is a tube for. supplying the
broken fat from the hopper above down to the rollers. The tube is in two
parts, one part sliding within the other. The lower end of the tube is attached
by pin joints to the cover of the rollers, as shown. v¹, v³, are flaps to direct
the fat (falling through the tube) so as to cause it to descend into the box v²,
which is retained in its position by the bolts and nuts v³ in such manner as
to allow of the box being slightly raised or lowered to regulate the quantity
of the material which is allowed to fall on to the table. w, w, are pulleys
around which the chains w, w, pass, and the ends of the chains are made
fast to the pulleys, the other ends being fixed to the cover of the rollers.
Motion is communicated to the pulleys w by means of the axes x, x, on
which are fixed bevilled tooth wheels which take into and drive similar
bevilled toothed wheels fixed on the axes of the pullies a, and these axes a
receive motion from the axis j by a bevilled tooth wheel ¹ on that axis
taking into and driving a bevelled toothed wheel on an upright axis *, on
the upper end of which is a bevilled toothed wheel, which takes into and
drives the bevelled toothed wheels r³ on the axes a. The bevelled toothed

page_text: wheel is capable of turning on the axis, excepting when retained by the
clutch box. This is in order that the apparatus for spreading should stop
in the centre between the tables to allow time for the coming up of the next
table. On one of the axes p¹ is fixed a cam or projection which acts on
the lever, which is connected to the lever by the connecting rod 53, which
is to be so arranged as to move the clutch box when the apparatus is in the
The
centre. The levers are counterbalanced by a spring or otherwise.
machine is driven by a strap or band i from a steam engine or other power,
and such strap is alternately moved to and from the drums or pulleys c and e
by the forked lever y, which is moved by the lever y¹, the lower end of which
is forked, and embraces an arm on the axis of the forked lever y, there being
another army fixed to the same axis, which is weighted, by which arrange-
ment when the forked lever is caused to assume a position slightly beyond
the perpendicular by the lever y¹ the weight causes it to fall so as to place
the strap on to the drum c or e, and the lever y₁ receives it motion by its
upper forked end partly embracing a stud or projection on the sliding bar =,
as shown, and the bar is moved to and fro by means of the projection 2¹ on
the cover of the rollers which comes against the turned-up ends of the bar z
as the rollers arrive at the end of their course in either direction. The machine
in working deposits the fatty or oily matter on to the mat placed on the table,
which for the time being is up, the rollers pressing the same down on to the
mat, and the thickness of fatty or oily matter is guaged by the bench of the
machine, in which rectangular openings are formed under which the tables
come, the tables being guided in their movements up and down by means of
fixed guide bars (1), (1), as shewn. By this arrangement of apparatus the
process of spreading will be uniformly and readily carried on with considerable
advantage; and, although we believe the arrangement shown to be the best
we do not confine ourselves to the details, as the same may be varied without
departing from the first part of our Invention.
The second part of our Invention consists of improvements in the machinery
for making mould candles, known as Morgan's Patent Machinery, and which
is well known and extensively employed, and therefore will not require to be
described. One of these improvements consists in applying soft elastic surfaces
to thoses parts of the frames of candle moulds which come against one another,
in order to prevent the injurious effects of the metal projections of one mould
frame striking against the mould frame next to it.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS B...
Figure 1 shows a back view, Figure 2 a plan, and Figure 3 a transverse

page_text: those employed in Morgan's Patent Machinery. a, a, are surfaces of cork, or
it might be other soft elastic material, let into recesses in the projections b, b,
which when the mould frames are slided on a railway, come against the next
mould frame and press against it.
Another improvement is in the apparatus used for holding the wicks. It is
well known that in Morgan's Patent Machinery the wicks are drawn into the
moulds by the act of removing the previously moulded candles from the moulds,
and that the wicks require to be held when the candles are out so as to
allow of the candles being cut off, for which purpose there is apparatus
employed consisting of two bars having projections.
Figure 4, shews a side view, Figure 5 a plan, Figure 6 a transverse section,
and Figure 7 part of a side view of the apparatus, the holding parts in Figure 4
being closed as when holding the wicks between them, and in Figure 7 the
holding parts are shown separated or open. c, c, are recesses, and d, d, are
projections corresponding with the recesses in the holding parts of the apparatus,
by which arrangement the wicks will be bent into the recesses by the projec-
tions, and will be held faster than when the surfaces of the holding parts are
plain, as heretofore. In Figures 1, 2, and 3 in these Drawings the same
apparatus is shown on a smaller scale in its place in the mould frame.
Another improvement in Morgan's Patent Machinery consists of apparatus
for cleansing the holding instruments last described heretofore; such instru-
ments have been cleaned or scraped by hand after they have been taken from
a candle mould frame, which is a slow and expensive process as compared with
the means pursued by us.
Figure 8 shows a plan. Figure 9 a side view, and Figure 10 an end
view of this apparatus, which is placed across a trough when used, and
the holding apparatus shown at Figures 4, 5, 6, and 7 is placed as
shown, and the two sides of the forceps or holding parts will be scraped
by means of the curved spring blades e, e, e, fixed on the axes f, g; which axes
turn in suitable bearings as shown, and they are geared together by cog wheels,
so that by giving motion to one by a handle h both will revolve, and the spring
blades will, by their ends, scrape off the candle stuff adhering to the holding
instruments, and the candle stuff will fall into the trough below, and the
edges of the holding parts will be cleansed or scraped by their being forced
between the springs i, i, after the sides have been scraped by the curved
blades e.
We will now describe other of our improvements of Morgan's Patent
Machinery, which relate to the means of arranging the holding-down bar, by
which the wicks are held when being cut off from the ends of the candles.

page_text: Figure 11 shows a transverse section taken near the front end of the machine;
Figure 12 shows part of a side view of the front end of the machine
Figure 13 shows part of a longitudinal section of the front end of the machine;
and Figure 14 shows a front view of the machine. The other Figures show
various parts on a larger scale.
In Morgan's Patent Machine the circular cutter employed is carried by the
bar by which the wicks are held down; now, according to our improvements the
holding-down bar is divested of the knife, and simply acts as the holding-down
bar. i is the holding-down bar, which is counterbalanced by a weighted
cord i¹, and the bar is retained down by a spring catch is acting on the
part is, as shown. And in order quickly to disengage the spring catch the
lever is used, the back end of which passes through an eye fixed on the
spring catch, by which arrangement the workman standing in front of the
machine will readily disengage the catch by drawing the front end of the lever
towards him, and the bar will be fixed and securely held down by simply
shutting it down into its place on the wicks of the candles. The candles are
held down on to the front grooved table; by means of similar spring pressers
to those heretofore employed in such machines, but the pressing parts, in place
of being fixed to the ends of coiled springs, are in the present arrangement
fixed to sliding stems k, k, which slide in sockets 1, 1, in the bar m, as shown,
they being prevented falling out by pins or keys n, n, and o, o, are springs
which press the holders down. The bar with these holders is counterbalanced
by a weight cord p, and excepting having stems k, k, and sockets 1, with the
keys, the parts are similar to those ordinarily used in Mr. Morgan's machines;
but the manner of holding down the bar by a spring catch p³ is new, and offers
a ready means of holding down the bar, and the same is as readily removed
by the workman pressing back the handle p at the upper part of the spring
catch. The circular knife in this machine receives motion by means of a
toothed wheel on its axis taking into a fixed rack as the carriage of the knife
is moved across the machine. The Drawing shows the knife carriage on a
larger scale, and also in its place, by which a workman will readily construct
the same, and it is used by the workman causing the carriage with its knife.
to move across the machiné by his holding the handle and pressing the carriage
across the machine at the time when the candles and their wicks are retained
secure above. The carriage moves across from side to side of the machine on
the fixed bars 7, 7, one of which has a toothed rack fixed thereto, as is shown,
into which the teeth of the wheel on the axis of the knife takes, whereby the
knife receives rotatory motion in its passage across the machine.
In Morgan's Patent Machinery two, railways, one above the other, are used,

page_text: along which the mould frames are moved towards the end where the candles
are removed from the moulds, and cut from the wicks; and it has been
usual for the workman to lift the moulds from the upper railway down to the
lower one, which is at the level of the cutting machinery. This lifting is very
laborious, and retards the quick performance of the work. One of our im-
provements in this class of machinery consists of applying inclined planes or
rails from the upper railway to the lower railway, so that the frames of moulds,
as they are pushed forward, may slide down from the upper to the lower rail-
way, and thus save the workman the labor of lifting the moulds from the
upper to the lower level.
This improvement will be readily understood by Figure 15, where a side
view of part of the two railways is shown, a being the lower railway, and 6 the
upper railway. c is one of the inclined rails or ways from the upper to the
lower level, and d is a moveable tongue, capable of being kept elevated, as
shown, in order that the mould frames on the lower line of rails may be first
operated on, and when they are done, the tongues being lowered, the mould.
frames from the upper level will descend to the lower level without the work-.
man having to lift them down.
We will now describe the third part of our Invention, which relates to the
manufacture of night lights, and our improvements consist of apparatus so
arranged as to cause several night lights to be cast at the same time between
two plates or surfaces. The apparatus used by us in carrying out this part of
our Invention is suitably arranged for making three dozen night lights at the
same time, but apparatus may be arranged for making other numbers.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS C.
Figure 1 shows a side view; Figure 2, a plan; Figure 3, an end view;
Figure 4, a longitudinal section; Figure 5, a transverse section; Figure 6 is
a plan with the upper plate removed; Figures 7 and 8 show a plan and edge
view of the upper plate of the apparatus, with its supply of wicks and wick
stands; Figure 9 shows the wick stand on a full size scale; and Figure 10
shows a plan, a section, and an elevation of a night light complete. In each
of these Figures the same letters indicate similar parts. a, a, is a rectangular
frame, consisting of two end plates and a bottom plate, with handles b, b. In
the bottom plate are formed as many recesses as there are to be night lights
formed at one time; and through the.bottom plate there are holes a¹, a', for
the flow of the melted material used. c is the top plate, having holes for the
passage of the wicks through them. This top plate fits accurately between
the end plates of the frame a, as is clearly shown in the Drawings. The

page_text: frame a, with its top plate c, fits into a trough d, d, the nature of which is
clearly shewn in the Drawings. In using this apparatus the wicks are to be
first inserted into the wick stands e, e, and then placed through the top plate c,
when the upper ends of the wicks are to be bent or blunted, or otherwise held
so that they will not fall through the holes in the plate c. Cylindrical cases
are to be placed into the recesses in the frame a, a, and the top plate c is to be
placed into the frame a, and the frame a into the trough d, when the melted
material is to be poured into the trough, and the same will flow into the cases
or cylindrical covers and fill the same, the wicks being kept in central positions
by the wicks passing through the upper plate c, aided by the wick stands to
which the wicks at their lowest ends are fastened. The material of which the
night lights may be made being allowed to become cold, the franie a is to bo
removed with the top plate, and then the night lights breaking off the parts of
the material which passes through the holes in the plate a. By this arrange-
ment of apparatus many night lights may be moulded at the same time with
much greater uniformity than heretofore, in consequence of using the
Figure 1 shows a plan and section of apparatus for burning mortars or
night lights; and Figure 2 shows a plan and section of similar apparatus,
having a mortar therein. This apparatus consists of the part a into which the
mortar or night light is placed; and b is the upper part, which is dished or
raised, as is shewn. The night lights or mortars for which this apparatus is
intended are those which are surrounded with paper, such as above described.
And it will be found that by using such apparatus the whole of the material
of which a night light is composed will be consumed.
The fourth part of our Invention relates to an improvement in the process
of converting fatty and oily matters into fatty acids. In the Specification,
enrolled in the High Court of Chancery on or about the Thirtieth day of April
One thousand eight hundred and forty-five, under certain Letters Patent
granted to the said George Fergusson Wilson, George Gwynne, and James
Pillans Wilson, and dated on or about the Thirty-first day of October One
thousand eight hundred and forty-four, a process is described for converting
fatty and oily matters into fatty acids by sulphuric acid, in place of using the
ordinary process of saponification. In this and the like processes of acidifying
fatty and oily matters by sulphuric acid a black sediment is produced, which
contains a considerable quantity of the fatty material in mechanical com-
bination. This fourth part of our Invention consists in treating this sediment

page_text: by submitting it to hydraulic or other suitable pressure, by which we find the
fatty part of the sediment can be obtained in a separate form. We, by pre-
ference, effect this part of our Invention in a common hydraulic press, in a
room heated to a temperature above the melting point of the fat to be
abstracted, using mats of woven iron wire in place of the common coir yarn or
cocoa-nut fibre mats, as we find these latter to be very prejudicially acted upon
by the acid.
Having thus described the nature of our Invention, and the means of per-
forming the same, we would wish it to be understood that we do not make
any claim to the separate mechanical parts shown and described as being used
in carrying out our Invention, nor do we confine ourselves to the precise
details so long as the peculiar character of either part of our Invention be
retained; but what we claim is,-
First, the means and apparatus herein-described for spreading fatty or oily
matters preparatory for pressing.
Secondly, we claim the various improvements herein described on Morgan's
candle-making machinery.
Thirdly, we claim the means and apparatus for making night lights, and also
the apparatus for burning night lights, as herein described.
And, fourthly, we claim the separating the oily portion from the before-
mentioned black sediment by pressure.
In witness whereof, we, the said George Fergusson Wilson & John
Jackson, bave bereunto set our hands and seals, this First day of
June, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and forty-
seven