IMPROVEMENTS IN OBTAINING DIFFERENTIAL MECHANICAL MOVE- MENTS
Year: 1853

page_text: Square, in the County of Middlesex, Gentleman, for the Invention
of "IMPROVEMENTS IN OBTAINING DIFFERENTIAL MECHANICAL MOVE-
MENTS."
Scaled the 14th November 1853, and dated the 30th May 1858.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION filed by the said Julian Bernard at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his, Petition, on
the 30th May 1853.
I, JULIAN BERNARD, of Guildford Street, Russell Square, in the County
of Middlesex, Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN OBTAINING DIFFERENTIAL MECHANICAL
MOVEMENTS" to be as follows:-
This Invention relates more especially to the obtainment of variable
or differential movements suitable for various engineers tools, such as
slotting and planing machines, wherein two different actions are
required.

page_text: In such cutting tools it is necessary to have a comparatively slow
movement whilst the cut is taking place, but to economise time a
quicker action must be adopted for the return movement.
As applied
to a slotting machine, for example, the improved plan of obtaining the
two movements is carried out by means of a species of double geared
connection between the driving shaft and the slotting crank or disc
for actuating the cutting tool. During the cut, the slotting shaft
is driven at a slow rate by a large wheel upon that shaft in gear
with a pinion upon the first motion shaft, this gearing being so con-
trived, by means of a wedge or inclined connection between the pinion
and its shaft, or by a species of ratchet clutch or a frictional helix, as
used in "Shanks Drill," that the shaft and pinion shall only be in
driving gear in one direction.
A secondary connection is also formed between the driving shaft and
the slotting shaft by means of a pair of friction pulleys, the relative
sizes of which are arranged so as to give the slotting shaft or quicker
speed than that given by the wheel and pinion arrangement. One half
of one of these pulleys is reduced in diameter, so that it disengages
itself from its neighbour at each half turn. The result of this con-
trivance is, that the two pulleys come into actuating gear at the termi-
nation of each cutting stroke, and the slotting shaft is thus carried
round at a quicker rate than that due to the driving pinion, which
allows the shaft to revolve within it. But, when the quick back stroke
is accomplished, the pulleys come out of gear and the pinion is again
allowed to drive the slotting shaft.
It is obvious that the contrivance may be variously modified, and also
that partially toothed gearing may be used instead of the friction
pulleys. It is also obvious that, with a proper reduplication of parts,
any additional differential speeds may be obtained in one tool or
apparatus, such differential movements being applicable to various other
machines beside tools.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Julian Bernard in the Great Seal Patent Office,
on the 30th November 1853.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I,
JULIAN BERNARD, of Guildford Street, Russell Square, in the County of
Middlesex, Gentleman, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Thirtieth day of May, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-three, in the six-
teenth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto me, the said Julian Bernard, Her special license
that I, the said Julian Bernard, my executors, administrators, and
assigns, or such others as I, the said Julian Bernard, my executors,
administrators, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no
others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the termi
therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise,.
and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,
the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN OBTAINING DIFFERENTIAL MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS," upon the condition
(amongst others) that I, the said Julian Bernard, by an instrument in
writing under my hand and seal, should particularly describe and
ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the
same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the
Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and imme-
diately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Julian Bernard, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement, reference being had to the accompanying Drawings,
and to the letters and figures marked thereon (that is to say):
My said Invention relates more especially to the obtainment of
variable or differential movements suitable for various engineers tools,
such as slotting and planing machines, wherein two different actions
are required.
In such cutting tools it is necessary to have a compa-

page_text: ratively slow movement whilst the cut is taking place, but to economise
time a quicker action must be adopted for the return movement. As
applied to a slotting machine, for example, the improved plan of
obtaining the two movements is carried out by a species of double
geared connection between the driving shaft and the slotting crank or
disc for actuating the cutting tool. During the cut the slotting shaft is
driven at a slow rate by a large wheel upon that shaft, in gear with a
pinion upon the first motion shaft, this gearing being so contrived, by
means of a wedge or inclined connection between the pinion and its
shaft, or by a species of ratchet clutch or a frictional helix, as used in
"Shank's drill," that the shaft and pinion shall only be in driving
gear in one direction.
A secondary connection is also formed between
the driving shaft and the slotting shaft by means of a pair of friction
pulleys, the relative sizes of which are arranged so as to give the
slotting shaft a quicker speed than that given by the wheel and pinion
arrangement. One half of one of these pulleys is reduced in diameter,
so that it disengages itself from its neighbour at each half turn. The
result of this contrivance is, that the two pulleys come into actuating
gear at the termination of each cutting stroke, and the slotting shaft is
thus carried round at a quicker rate than that due to the driving pinion,
which allows the shaft to revolve within it. But, when the quicker
back stroke is accomplished, the pulleys come out of gear, and the
pinion is again allowed to drive the slotting shaft. It is obvious that
the contrivance may be variously modified, and also that partially
toothed gearing may be used instead of the friction pulleys. It is
also obvious that, with a proper reduplication of parts, any additional
differential speeds may be obtained in one tool or apparatus; such
differential movements being applicable to various other machines
besides tools.
Figure 1, on Sheet 1, of the Drawings, represents a side elevation of
one of my differential movements, applicable to the driving of slotting
and planing machines, or other mechanism, wherein a variable or
differential movement is required. Figure 2, is a front view of the
gearing for obtaining the slow motion. Figure 3, is a similar view of
the friction pulleys herein-before referred to; and Figure 4, represents

page_text: a detail view of a slight modification of the movement. A, represents
the driving or first motion shaft of a slotting or planing machine.
This shaft carries a spur pinion B, which gears with the spur wheel C,
on the shaft D; on the end of this shaft is fixed an ordinary slotted
disc or crank E, fitted with a stud pin, to which is attached the con-
necting rod for working the cutter, as is well understood by the practical
man. A second communication is formed between the shafts A,
and D, by means of the friction discs F, and G, keyed on to the
respective shafts D, and A. The periphery of one or both of these
discs is cut away slightly, as shewn at II, II; such reduced or recessed
portion extending to any desired extent above the circumference of the
pulley or pulleys, according to the peculiar movement required. The
pinion B, is so fitted to the shaft A, as to be free to revolve loosely
upon it in one direction, and to fasten itself to the shaft so soon as there
is any tendency to drive it in the opposite direction. This peculiarity
is effected by one or more wedged or inclined pieces I, I; such pieces,
and their disposal and mode of actuating, constituting the main
feature or basis of my Invention. Figure 2, represents one modifica-
tion of their application, wherein they are set diametrically opposite to
each other, on each side of the shaft A; they bear at their apices J, J,
against the inside of the pinion B, while their inner curved surfaces
bear against the circumference of the actuating shaft. Supposing the
driving shaft to be revolving in the direction of the arrow, the friction
against the curved surfaces of the inclined pieces I, will cause them to
jam up against the inside of the pinion B, by reason of their being set
slightly eccentrically, or at an angle with a radius drawn from the centre
of the shaft to the point J, at which they bear against the pinion, which
will be more readily understood by reference to Figure 4, on the
same sheet. A small blade spring K, shewn in dotted lines, serves to
keep these inclined pieces in contact with the surface of the shaft.
By this means, when motion is transmitted from the driving shaft A,
to the cutter actuating shaft D, in the direction of the arrows, the
pinion B, will fasten itself upon its shaft, and give a slow motion to the
spur wheel C, such slow motion corresponding to the cutting or slow
downward movement of the cutting tool. When the upward or quick

page_text: motion, however, is required, the friction pulleys F, and G, which are
.fast upon their respective shafts, come into action. This is effected by
causing the portion of the pulley F, with the increased diameter to
come into contact with the pulley G, at the precise moment when the
upward stroke of the tool is required; that is, at every half revolution
of the cutter actuating shaft D. On the instant that contact takes
place between the two pulleys, the shaft D, will be driven at a quicker
rate, in proportion to the difference between the relative diameters of
the friction pulleys and the spur wheel and pinion. This quick move-
ment, by accelerating the speed of the spur wheel C, causes the pinion
B, to be driven at a much higher speed than the driving shaft A, and
consequently the wedging or tightening action of the inclined pieces I,
is for the time suspended; the movement of the pinion over the shaft
A, at a quicker rate than. the shaft itself producing the same effect
upon the action of the inclined pieces. as the reversing of the motion
of tlie shaft would produce; namely, the loosening of the wedge pieces
and consequent freeing of the pinion B, upon its shaft. By the time
the upward stroke has been completed the contact between the friction
pulleys ceases, and the movement of the shaft D, is again obtained
through the pinion B, as before described. It will thus be seen that
the slow motion is obtained by driving through the pinion B, and the
quick inotion by driving through the friction pulleys F, and G. Figure 4.
represents another modification, which may be substituted for the
pinion B, and consists of a pinion with a raised rim A, against the
internal surface of which bear the ends of the inclined pieces B, B;
these pieces are arranged on the principle before described; their inner
ends resting in recessed lugs C, C, formed either on the shaft D, itself
or on a boss E, formed on such shaft, the curved blade springs F,
serving to keep the inclined pieces in their proper places, and in close
contact with the rim A, of the pinion. It will be obvious to the practical
man that one inclined piece would answer, but by employing two or more
of such pieces the strain on the actuating shaft is more equalized.
Figure 1, on Sheet 2, of my Drawings, represents another applica-
tion of my inclined pieces, herein-before described; and Figure 2, is a
section of the same.

page_text: This arrangement of my Invention is also applicable in all cases
where a variable movement is required. A, is the shaft to be actuated,
on to which is keyed the hollow pulley B, having a large boss C, cast
upon it. Round this boss works loosely the collar boss D, to which is
keyed the slotted lever arm E. F, F, are two recessed lugs, formed on
the collar boss D, which serve as rests or centres for the inner ends of
the inclined pieces G, G, the outer ends of which are kept in contact,
with the rim of the pulley by the curved blade springs H, H. In this
arrangement a reverse motion is obtained by the disconnecting one or
other of the inclined pieces G, from the rim of the pulley; one being.
made to act in a. contrary direction to the other. This disengagement or
disconnection is effected by means of the levers I, J, which work on the
fixed centres J, J, in the side of the pulley. One end of these levers
1
presses against the inclined piece G, whilst the other end bears against
the small cam K. The Drawing represents both the inclined pieces as.
being disengaged from the rim of the pulley by being pressed forward
by the levers I; but by releasing one or other of the levers I, that lever
which is released will leave the outer end of its inclined piece free to be
brought in contact with the rim of the pulley B, by the action of its,
blade spring E.; the opposite inclined piece being kept from contact
by its corresponding lever. The adjustment of the cam is effected by
the index lever handle L, which indicates, on a dial plate outside the
pulley, whether the apparatus is set to go "forward," "backward," or at
"rest." By suitably adjusting the head of the connecting rod in the
slotted lever arm E, any amount of variable moyement is obtained. This.
adjustment is effected by a cam, or traversing nut and screw; the lever
arm which is also formed with a graduated or divided scale, to shew at
once the amount of travel at given points of its length. Figure 3, on
the same Sheet of Drawings, represents a more simplified arrangement
of the same apparatus; and Figure 4, is a section of the same. In this
arrangement, in place of the cam K, turning on a separate centre
of its own, it turns round the collar boss D, being composed of a
projecting piece K, screwed into the ring or collar M, working
loosely upon the boss D. This collar M, carries the indicator L,
before mentioned, which is fitted with a small catch or point N,

page_text: corresponding to holes in the plate O.
By this means the indicator
The action of this appa-
L, is effectually retained in its place.
ratus is exactly the same as that last described with reference to
Figures 1, and 2, on the same Sheet. The arrangements herein-before
described and illustrated on Sheet 2, of my Drawings are, it will appear
evident, applicable to a variety of machines, such as slotting, planing,
and shaping machines, or any other machines where great certainty of
extent of travel, whether differential or uniform in travel, is desirable,―
as, for example, "taking-up" motions in looms and dividing engines, -as
the arrangements therein illustrated will give a greater nicety and more
minute travel than can possibly be obtained by the ordinary toothed
wheel and pall, and can readily be reversed at pleasure.
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of the
said Invention, and the manner in which the same is or may be used
or carried into effect, I would observe, in conclusion, that I do not
confine or restrict myself to the precise details or arrangements which
I have had occasion to describe or refer to, as many variations may be
made therefrom without deviating from the principles or main features
of my said Invention.
In witness whereof, I, the said Julian Bernard, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, the Thirtieth day of November, One
thousand eight hundred and fifty-three.
JULIAN BERNARD. (L.S.)