IMPROVEMENTS IN THE ManufacturE OF THE BOXES OR BUSHES OF PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION
Year: 1880

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Jabez Lones, and Charles Vernon, and Edward Holden,
and Ralph Bennett, trading as Lones, Vernon, and Holden, of Sandwell Iron
Works, Smethwick, in the County of Stafford, Manufacturers, for an Invention
of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE ManufacturE OF THE BOXES OR BUSHES OF
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Jabez Lones, Charles Vernon,
Edward Holden, and Ralph Bennett at the Office of the Commissioners of
Patents on the 3rd September 1880.
JABEZ LONES, and CHARLES VERNON, and EDWARD HOLDEN, and RALPH
BENNETT, trading as Lones, Vernon, and Holden, of Sandwell Iron Works,
Smethwick, in the County of Stafford, Manufacturers. "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
MANUFACTURE OF THE BOXES OR BUSHES OF AXLES FOR WHEEL CARRIAGES."
The boxes or bushes of axles for wheel carriages are ordinarily made either of
wrought iron or of cast iron. When they are made of cast iron it is necessary to
give them great thickness in order to secure the required strength.
Our Invention consists in making the boxes or bushes of axles for wheel carriages
of the metallic alloy or mixture hereinafter described, which said alloy or mixture
possesses great hardness and strength without the brittleness of ordinary cast
iron.
By manufacturing the said axle boxes or bushes of the said alloy or mixture
they may be made much lighter than axle boxes or bushes made of ordinary
cast iron.
The metallic alloy or mixture which we employ in manufacturing, according to
our Invention, the boxes or bushes of carriage axles is composed of fifty parts by
weight of cast iron, of the kind known in commerce as Carron iron or Scotch
Carron iron, seven parts by weight of scrap or Bessemer steel, and one and a half
parts by weight of black oxide of manganese. These materials are melted in a
melting pot or otherwise melted, and the axle boxes or bushes are cast from the
resulting metallic alloy or mixture in the usual way.

page_text: The axle boxes or bushes are by preference annealed by being heated to a low
red heat in powdered coke and slowly cooled.
We prefer to conduct the annealing so that the cooling shall be effected in from
forty to forty eight hours.
Where the annealing is dispensed with we sometimes make the central core of
the mould in which the box or bush is cast of iron, so that the surface of the metal
cast in contact with the said metallic core shall be hardened by being suddenly
cooled or chilled by the said metallic core.
In place of the Carron cast iron herein before referred to an equal quantity of
cast iron made from haematite or other native peroxide of iron may be employed.
Axle boxes or bushes cast according to our Invention are finished in the ordinary
way.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said Jabez Lones, Charles Vernon, Edward Holden, and Ralph Bennett
in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 23rd February 1881.
JABEZ LONES, and CHARLES VERNON, and EDWARD HOLDEN, and RALPH
BENNETT, trading as Lones, Vernon, and Holden, of Sandwell Iron Works,
Smethwick, in the County of Stafford, Manufacturers. "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
MANUFACTURE OF THE BOXES OR BUSHES OF AXLES FOR WHEEL CARRIAGES."
The boxes or bushes of axles for wheel carriages are ordinarily made either of
wrought iron or of cast iron. When they are made of cast iron it is necessary to
give them great thickness in order to secure the required strength..
Our Invention consists in making the boxes or bushes of axles for wheel carriages
of the metallic alloy or mixture hereinafter described, which said alloy or mixture
possesses great hardness and strength without the brittleness of ordinary cast
iron.
By manufacturing the said axle boxes or bushes of the said alloy or mixture
they may be made much lighter than axle boxes or bushes made of ordinary
cast iron.
The metallic alloy or mixture which we employ in manufacturing, according to
our Invention, the boxes or bushes of carriage axles is composed of fifty parts by
weight of cast iron of the kind known in commerce as Carron iron or Scotch Carron
iron, seven parts by weight of scrap steel or Bessemer steel, and one and a half
parts by weight of black oxide of manganese.
These materials are melted in a melting pot or otherwise melted, and the axle
boxes or bushes are cast from the resulting metallic alloy or mixture in the usual
way.
After the iron and steel have been thoroughly melted the contents of the melting
pot are well stirred by means of an iron rod, so as to thoroughly mix the oxide of
manganese with the melted iron and steel. After the stirring the contents of the
melting pot are allowed to settle for a short time before the alloy is poured into the
mould.
The axle boxes or bushes are by preference annealed by being heated to a low
red heat in powdered coke and slowly cooled.
We prefer to conduct the annealing, so that the cooling shall be effected in from
forty to forty eight hours.
Where the annealing is dispensed with we sometimes make the central core of
the mould in which the box or bush is cast of iron, so that the surface of the metal
cast in contact with the said metallic core shall be hardened by being suddenly
cooled or chilled by the said metallic core. In place of the Carron cast iron herein
before referred to an equal quantity of cast iron made from haematite or other.
native peroxide of iron may be employed, or a mixture in equal proportions of
haematite cast iron and Carron cast iron may be employed.
Axle boxes or bushes cast according to our Invention are finished in the ordinary
way.
The materials of which the metallic alloy or mixture we employ is composed are
well known, and are for the most part articles of commerce, and the furnaces and
melting pots which we employ in melting the said materials are of the kind
commonly employed for like purposes. We therefore do not consider it necessary
further to describe either the said materials or the said furnaces and melting pots.
The moulds in which we effect the casting of the said boxes or bushes are of the
kind ordinarily used for casting boxes or bushes of carriage axles, excepting that
their capacity is less, as the said boxes or bushes made according to our Invention

page_text: do not require the same amount of metal as axle boxes or bushes made of ordinary
cast iron.
Having described the nature of our said Invention, and the manner in which the
same is to be performed, we wish it to be understood that we claim as our
Invention of "Improvements in the Manufacture of the Boxes or Bushes of Axles
for Wheel Carriages," making the said boxes or bushes of the metallic alloy or
admixture herein described, the manufacture being conducted by the process or
series of processes herein described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Jabez Lones, have hereunto set my hand and
seal, this Twenty-first day of February, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and eighty one.
Witness,
GEORGE SHAW.
JABEZ LONES. (L.S.)