IMPROVE- MENTS IN WHEELS OF CARTS AND OTHER CARRIAGES TO BE USED ON COMMON ROADS
Year: 1858

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Bernhard Samuelson, of Banbury, Engineer and
Agricultural Implement Manufacturer, for the Invention of " IMPROVE-
MENTS IN WHEELS OF CARTS AND OTHER CARRIAGES TO BE USED ON COMMON
ROADS."
Sealed the 3rd December 1858, and dated the 2nd October 1858.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Bernhard Samuelson at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
2nd October 1858.
I, BERNHARD SAMUELSON, of Banbury, Engineer and Agricultural Imple-
ment Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE WHEELS OF CARTS AND CTHER CARRIAGES TO BE USED ON
COMMON ROADS," to be as follows:-
I make the said wheels by bending wrought-iron or steel spokes of hollow
section and placing them back to back, so that when the wheel is complete
the flat or convex external part shall be next to the tyre, and the opposite
concave or otherwise hollow part shall be toward the nave, as shown in the
Diagram at foot. I prefer to use iron of a section

page_text: spokes are also rivetted or otherwise attached to each other, as is usual in
wrought-iron wheels. When the naves are subject to great wear I insert
bushes into them so that the said bushes may be removed when worn out and
renewed or replaced. When the tyre is subject to great wear I use steel or
case-hardened iron, or a steel surface upon iron; I prefer the latter. The steel
or case-hardened surface may either be obtained by what is known as Dodd's
patent process, or any other convenient mode of partial conversion into steel,
or by rolling or otherwise welding together iron & steel, either in the bar or
bloom, and such steel, case-hardened, or steel tyres may also be applied
according to known methods to wrought-iron or wood cart or other common
roadcarriage wheels of ordinary construction. When extra stiffness is required
in the hoop or tyre I make it hollow, facing the nave as in the case of the
spokes. When a hoop of this kind is required it will be necessary that the
spokes be inserted into the tyre before the nave is cast on to them.

page_text: by the said Bernhard Samuelson in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
24th March 1859.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, BERNHARD
SAMUELSON, of Banbury, Engineer and Agricultural Implement Manufacturer
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Second day of October, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-eight, in the twenty-second year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me,
the said Bernhard Samuelson, Her special licence that I, the said Bernhard
Samuelson, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I,
the said Bernhard Samuelson, my executors, administrators, and assigns,
should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at
all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully
might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE WHEELS OF CARTS AND OTHER CARRIAGES TO BE USED ON
COMMON ROADS," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Bernhard
Samuelson, my executors or adminstrators, by an instrument in writing under
my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and
ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was
to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent
Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of
the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Bernhard Samuelson, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularlydescribed and ascertained in and by the following
statement:
I make the said wheels by bending wrought-iron or steel spokes of hollow
section, and placing them back to back, so that when the wheel is complete
the flat or convex external part shall be next to the tyre, and the opposite
concave or otherwise hollow part shall be toward the nave, as shown in the
Diagram at foot. I prefer to use iron of a section
The spokes in question being bent, have a nave of cast iron run upon them

page_text: and a hoop rivetted or otherwise attached to them, as is well understood; the
spokes are also rivetted or otherwise attached to each other, as is usual in
wrought-iron wheels.
Figures Nos. 1 and 2, on the accompanying Sheet of Drawings, represent
a finished wheel, constructed according to my Patent. The iron of which the
spokes are made, is shown in section at Figure 3, as well as at A, in Figure 2.
I prefer this section, as I find that when two bars of it are placed back to
back, that is, the hollow parts turned from each other, not only do I obtain a
very rigid spoke, but I can rivet the tyre of this section very firmly; and it
also forms a species of vary rigid inner tyre.
When the naves are subject
to greatwear I insert bushes into them, so that the said bushes maybe removed
when worn out and renewed. B, B', Figures 1 and 2, is the nave cast upon
the spokes C, and may contain a loose bush or not, as may be desirable.
Figures 4 and 5 show a method of casting the nave upon the spokes, and
of varying the angle at which the spokes stand with reference to the centre of
the axle. a, a¹ and a¹, are sections of three parts of a moulding box shown
in plan at a; c, c, are openings or slits in the middle and upper parts, to
admit the spokes and are sufficiently long to allow the spokes to be placed
either in a horizontal position or to any angle to form the dish of the wheel.
b is a flat cast-iron ring plate which surrounds the moulding box, and rests
horizontally on the lugs b'; this ring has four or more projecting arms, as
shown in the plan at 6", o, o', and o", and these arms are each perforated, as
at d, d¹, d¹¹, in the plan; these holes are for enabling the angle piece e (shown
only on one arm in the plan) to be bolted at as many distances from the
centre of the moulding box as there are holes; f and f', in Figure 5, are
regulating thickness pieces bolted, as shown in the angles; g is a chill pin;
h represents the space (left by the pattern) for the melted cast-iron to
be poured in to form the nave, i being the moulding sand; k, k¹, k¹¹, are the
spokes; the arms o, o¹, and o¹¹, are each fitted with the parts e and f. When
the tyre is subject to great wear, I use steel or a case-hardened or steeled
surfaceupon iron;I prefer the latter. The steeled or case-hardenedsurface may
be obtained either by what is known as Dodd's patent process, or any other
convenient mode of partial conversion into steel, or by rolling or otherwise
welding together iron and steel either in the bar or bloom; and such steel,
case-hardened, or steeledtyres mayalso be applied, accordingto known methods
to wrought-iron or wood cart or other common road carriage wheels of ordi-
nary construction. I prefer to used tyres of iron and steel rolled out together

page_text: to any other description of tyre; and I find that the material called "puddled
steel," that is, steel produced in the puddling furnace direct from pig or refined
iron is preferable to shear or cast steel, on account of its being more malleable
and its welding heat approaching more nearly to that of wrought iron. In
making these compound tyres with puddled steel, I pile the iron and steel
together, heat them in a furnace till the whole reaches a welding heat, which is
about a medium between that of cast steel and of wrought iron; this tempera-
ture is ascertained by practice, and I find that its being below the regular
welding heat of iron does not prevent the two metals from uniting when
subjected to extension under the hammer or between the rolls.
When extra stiffness is required in the hoop or tyre, I make it hollow facing
the nave, as in the case of the spokes. In this case I either adopt the same
general construction as that which I have described, or I use spokes of any
other form, as, for instance, of round or flat iron; and it may not be necessary
to bend or connect the spokes. A tyre of this kind will require much less
support than one of the ordinary kind.
Figures 6 and 7 show a wheel having a hoop of this description, in which
the hollow spokes are retained, but placed singly and not connected with each
other; and Figure 8 is part of a detached spoke with a crutch or T formed
at the end for the purpose of being inserted into and rivetted to the hollow
tyre. When a hoop of this kind is required it will be necessary, or at least
desirable, that the spokes be inserted into the tyre before the nave is cast on
to them.
Having now described my Invention, and given directions for carrying it
into practice, I do not confine myself to the exact forms or methods indicated;
but what I claim is :-
1st, the construction of wheels to be used on common roads with bent
wrought-iron or steel spokes of hollow section, so placed that when the wheel
is complete, the flat or convex external part of the spoke shall be next to the
tyre; and the opposite hollow or concave part shall be toward the nave, the
hollow form giving stiffness, and its position facility for rivetting, and space for
rivets of good size.
2nd, varying the angles of the spokes to the centre of axle by means of
regulating pieces attached to the moulding box in which the nave is run upon
the spokes.
3rd, the application of steel or steeled tyres to common roadcarriage wheels
of this improved or of any other construction.

page_text: 4th, the use of tyres which are hollow towards the nave in connexion with
wrought-iron or steel spokes, the stiffness of the wheel being in this case
derived chiefly from the tyre itself, so that the form of the spokes is less
material than when a tyre of the ordinary forms is used.
In witness whereof, I, the said Bernhard Samuelson, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Twenty-second day of March, One thousand
eight hundred and fifty-nine.