IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR MAKING CANDLES
Year: 1859

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Joseph Morgan, of Manchester, for the Invention of
"IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR MAKING CANDLES."
Sealed the 18th October 1859, and dated the 14th July 1859
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Joseph Morgan at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
14th July 1859.
I, JOSEPH MORGAN, of Manchester, do hereby declare the nature of the
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR MAKING CANDLES," to be as
follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in apparatus for making
candles. For this purpose I employ pewter cylinders or moulds combined
together in sets, each set usually consisting of two rows of two rows of two
dozen moulds each. All the moulds of a set are at their upper ends soldered
into a pewter plate, and at their lower ends they have screw threads cut ou
them externally; the set of moulds thus arranged is placed in a case of cast
iron to which steam, heated air, or cold water can be admitted as is required,
this case is pierced with holes at the top and bottom and the moulds pass
through the holes, the top plate to which they are fixed resting on the top of
the case, the lower ends of the moulds which project through the bottom of the
caso receive screw nuts, and the joints around the moulds at the top and

page_text: bottom are made tight by rings or washers of vulcanized india-rubber which
are placed around each mould and between the top of the case and the pewter
plate into which the moulds are fixed, and also between the bottom of the
case and the screw nuts on the lower ends of the moulds within the case and
between the rows of moulds a perforated pipe is placed through which steam
or heated air may be thrown on to the moulds to heat them, and the same
pipe also serves for the admission of jets of water when it is necessary to cool
the moulds; the bottom of the case is also furnished with a waste pipe. The
moulds are fitted with nozzles and wicking apparatus as heretofore, and to
discharge the candles from the moulds when they have been cast, the nozzles rise
up through the moulds as is usual, the candles in rising pass up through a clip
or holding apparatus which is made to nip them when they have risen to their
highest point; holding apparatus of this description has also heretofore been
in some cases employed but such apparatus is not of itself sufficient to hold the
candles during the descent of the nozzles and the re-wicking the moulds, and
it does not hold the candles sufficiently central in respect of the moulds below
properly to place the wicks in the moulds. I therefore according to my
Invention use instruments which as soon as the nozzles of the moulds have
left the ends of the candles are brought in under the ends of the candles so that
during the process of re-wicking the moulds by the further descent of the nozzles,
the candles rest on the top of these instruments which as they are made to fit
the ends of the candles hold them accurately in position and renders it
impossible for them to be drawn downwards as now sometimes occurs from
their slipping through the holding instruments, the instruments for supporting
the candles are notched to enable them to pass the wicks.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Joseph Morgan in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
14th January 1860.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOSEPH
MORGAN, of Manchester, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Fourteenth day of July, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-nine, in the twenty-third year of
Her reign, did, for Ierself, IIer heirs and successors, give and grant unto me,
the said Joseph Morgan, Her special licence that I, the said Joseph
Morgan, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the

page_text: said Joseph Morgan, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any
time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter
during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use,
exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,
the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
APPARATUS FOR MAKING CANDLES," upon the condition (amongst others) that I,
the said Joseph Morgan, my executors or administrators, by an instrument
in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should par-
ticularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what
manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the
Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and inmediately
after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Joseph Morgan, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be per-
formed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement thereof, that is to say:-
This Invention bas for its object improvements in apparatus for making
candles. For this purpose I employ pewter cylinders or moulds combined
together in sets, each set usually consisting of two rows of two dozen moulds
each; all the moulds of a set are at their upper ends soldered into a pewter
plate, and at their lower ends they have screw threads cut on them externally;
the set of moulds, thus arranged, is placed in a case of cast iron to which
steam, heated air, or cold water can be admitted as is required; the caso is
pierced with holes at the top and bottom, and the moulds pass through the
holes, the top plate to which they are fixed resting on the top of the case;
the lower ends of the moulds which project through the bottom of the case
receive screw nuts, and the joints around the moulds at the top and bottom
are made tight by rings or washers of vulcanized india-rubber, which are
placed around each mould, and between the top of the case and the pewter
plate into which the moulds are fixed, and also between the bottom of the
case and the screw nuts on the lower ends of the moulds. Within the case
and between the rows of moulds a perforated pipe is placed, through which
steam or heated air may be thrown on to the moulds to heat them, and the
same pipe also serves for the admission of jets of water when it is necessary to
cool the moulds; the bottom of the case is also furnished with a waste pipe.
The moulds are fitted with nozzles and wicking apparatus as heretofore,
and to discharge the candles from the moulds when they have been cast, the
nozzles rise up through the moulds as is usual. The candles in rising pass up
through a clip or holding apparatus which is made to nip them when they

page_text: have risen to their highest point; holding apparatus of this description has also
heretofore been in some cases employed, but such apparatus is not of itself
sufficient to hold the candles during the descent of the nozzles, and the re-
wicking the moulds, and it does not hold the candles sufficiently central in
respect to the moulds below properly to place the wicks in the moulds. I
therefore, according to my Invention, use instruments, which as soon as the
nozzles of the moulds have left, the ends of the candles are brought in under
the ends of the candles, so that during the process of re-wicking the moulds
by the further descent of the nozzles, the candles rest on the top of these
instruments, which as they are made to fit the ends of the candles hold them
accurately in position, and renders it impossible for them to be drawn down-
wards, as now sometimes occurs from their slipping through the holding
instruments; the instruments for supporting the candles are notched to enable
them to pass the wicks.
And in order that my said Invention may be most fully understood and
readily carried into effect I will proceed to describe the Drawings horeunto.
erse se
apparatus for making
candles constructed according to my Invention. a, a, are cylinders or moulds
of pewter which are soldered at their upper ends into the plate a', and at their
lower ends they have screw threads a cut on them externally; b is a cast-iron
case pierced with holes at the top and bottom; through these holes the
moulds a, a, pass, and around each of the moulds, and between the plate a',
and the top of the case 6 vulcanized india-rubber rings c, c, are placed, and
similar rings d, d, are also placed around each of the moulds underneath the
case b; the washers e, e, are afterwards placed over the ends of the moulds,
and the nuts f. f, are screwed on to them, which, by drawing down the moulds,
make the joints at the top and bottom of the case b tight; g is a perforated
pipe entering the case b, and running between the two rows of moulds, it is
furnished with a cock g' at the end which is exterior of the case, and it can be
connected by suitable unions with a steam or hot air pipe, so as to throw jets
of steam or hot air on to the moulds to heat them before the caudies are cast,
and also with a water pipe to throw jets of water on to the moulds to cool them
after the candles have been cast; h is a waste pipe for the escape of water
from the case b; i, i, are nozzles, one of which closes the bottom of each of
the moulds; these nozzles are capable of working up and down in the moulds;

page_text: they are each attached to the upper end of a small tubej; these tubes are fixed
in a bottom frame. At the top of the moulds a trough is formed into which
the candle stuff is poured; k, k, are standards attached to the sides of the
case 6: they support a clip or holding apparatus shown separately at Figure 4.
The action of the apparatus is as follows:-Supposing that the candle stuff'
has been poured into the moulds, and the surplus scraped off from the top
with a suitable knife, the nozzles i, i, are pushed upwards in the moulds by
forcing up the frame 1; this may be done by a treddle or in any other con-
venient manner as heretofore; thus the candles are forced out of the moulds
up through the openings 1, 1, between the jaws m, m, and n, n, of the holding
apparatus; when they are raised sufficiently high, the jaws of the holding
apparatus are drawn together so as to nip them by bringing the handles o. o,
the one up to the other; these handles are placed at the ends of two bars o', o',
which are hinged together, and they have rods p, p, jointed to them at a
distance from the hinges which connect the said bars; the rods p pass through
the jaws and carry nuts p', p', at their ends, so that when the handles are
drawn together, the two outer jaws are brought up the one towards the other.
The bars o', o¹, are also so formed that when the handles 0, 0, are drawn
together, the bars come against the two inner jaws and force them apart, thus
sufficient motion is given to the jaws m, m, and n, n, to cause them to nip the
candles; 2, 4, are bars passing through the jaws, they carry the holding
apparatus and rest on the supports k, k; g' q', are pins to prevent the bars q. q,
moving endwise on their supports, and q, q, are other pins to prevent the
jaws shifting on the bars 9; 7, 7, are pegs which serve to keep the jaws upright;
the interiors of the jaws are padded to prevent them marking the candles.
When the candles have been nipped by the holding apparatus, the instru-
ments s. 8, are slid in under the candles; these instruments work in guides 8', s¹;
when slid forward the wicks enter them by the notches ; &, and they serve
to keep the wick central with respect to the mould below; the nozzles i, i, are
then again drawn down, and in descending they leave the moulds wicked, and
should any of the candles during this operation be drawn through the holding
apparatus they will be immediately stopped by the instruments 8, s, and the
workman will have only to draw back the slack of the wick produced by the
descent of the candle. The wicks are carried on bobbins below the moulds,
and friction is applied to these bobbins to prevent the wick running off too
easily, and if desired springs may be applied to take up any slack, which may
be produced by the descent of a candle through the holding apparatus as above
mentioned; when the parts are in this position the moulds are warmed by the
admission of steam or hot air to the case b, and another batch of candles is

page_text: then cast, when these have been cooled, the superfluous candle stuff is removed
from the trough at the top of the moulds; this is done by taking out the
moveable piece t at the end of the trough, and running a knife along, thus at
the same time dividing the wicks; the former batch of candles with the
holding apparatus in which they are nipped is then removed, a fresh holding
apparatus is placed over the moulds, the newly formed candles are forced out
of the moulds, are nipped by the bolding apparatus, and the operation is
repeated as before.
In witness whereof, I, the said Joseph Morgan, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Seventh day of January, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty.
JACEDHI MORGANL