IMPROVEMENTS IN REFRIGERATING MACHINERY AND THE PUMPS AND CONDENSERS THEREFOR
Year: 1882

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Heaword Wood and George Richmond both of
the City County and State of New York in the United States of America
for an Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN REFRIGERATING MACHINERY AND THE
PUMPS AND CONDENSERS THEREFOR
"
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION filed by the said William Heaword Wood and
George Richmond at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the
5th December 1882.
WILLIAM HEAWORD WOOD and GEORGE RICHMOND, both of the City County
and State of New York in the United States of America IMPROVEMENTS IN
REFRIGERATING MACHINERY AND THE PUMPS AND CONDENSERS THEREFOR
Our invention has relation to that class of ice-machines, or refrigerating machines,
in which cold is generated by the process of vaporization of ammonia, ether,
benzole etc, which, in assuming the vaporous form, change sensible heat to latent,
extracting it from the objects most convenient thereto, such as water or brine,
according to the purposes for which the machine is to be used i,e, as an ice machine,
or machine for manufacturing ice, or as a refrigerating machine, for cooling the air
of store-rooms, beer-vaults, the holds of steam-ships etc. Our machine is adapted
to either and all of these purposes, and our invention consists in an improved
construction and combination of the main essentials to the complete machine. In
this class of machines the chief elements or component parts are three viz; a pump,
for pumping the ammonia, or other liquid to be vaporized, into the condensing
apparatus, a condensing apparatus for liquifying the ammonia (ether or benzole)
gas, and a refrigerating apparatus in which the cold generated by the condensation
of the gas or vapor is utilized. To these should be added an engine for working
the pump and such other parts of the machine as require motive power, and also
certain accessories to the several parts, by which their operation is rendered more
perfect. Our improvements relate to the construction of all of these parts or
elements of the complete machine, and to their combination, from which important
advantages result over this class of machines as heretofore constructed. Among
these advantages may be named the following no difficulty in pumping the
ammonia, no leakage, economy of room and labor as well as of fuel, and condensing
D..... 1610

page_text: The
water in operating the machine, continuity of operation, and facility for repairing
and renewing such parts of the machine as require repair and renewal.
nature of our improvement has been fully illustrated on the accompanying sheets
of drawings in which.
Figure 1 represents a side elevation of the complete machine,--Figure 2 is a plan
of the same, Figure 3 is a longitudinal vertical section of the pump.
Figure 4 is a transverse vertical section of the same- Figure 5 is a sectional
detail-view of the pump-cylinder valve-Figure 6 is a cross section of the same
through line x-x in Figure 5.-Figure 7. is a sectional detail-view, on an enlarged
scale of one of the pump-cylinders-Figure 8 is a cross-section of the same through
line in Figure 7.-Figure 9-is a detail-view of the rubber buffer and its collar
which regulates the play of the cylinder-valve.-Figure 10 is a cross-section of the
same through line in Figure 9;-Figure 11 is a detail view of the pump-shaft
bearing or bushing.-Figures 12, 13, and 14 are, details of the pump piston or
follower, Figures 15, 16 and 17 are similar views showing a different construction
of the piston or follower."
Figure 18 is an elevation (partly in section) of the combined condensing and
refrigerating apparatus.-Figure 19 is a plan view, with part shown in horizontal
section of the same.-Figure 20 is an enlarged detail view of one of the valves or
stop cocks. Figure 21 is a vertical sectional view of the condensing apparatus.-
Figure 22 is a detail view of one of the pipes of the same,-Figure 23 is a cross-
section through one of said, pipes, Figure 24 is a sectional detail view of the
lower part of the condensing apparatus with its valve, showing a modified
construction of the latter.
143
201
Figures 25, 26 and 27 are sectional detail views of modifications of the apparatus
for cooling the pump cylinders. Figure 28 is a side view of the automatic regu-
lating device. Figure 29 is a sectional view of the same and Figure 30 is a detail
view of part of the same, Similar letters of reference indicate corresponding parts
in all the figures.
.
We shall first proceed to describe the general arrangement and combination of
parts of the complete machine, and afterwards, in their. proper order, the detailed
construction of said parts and their operation, reference being had, during this
part of the description, to Figures 1 and 2 of the drawings. The letter A designates
an engine of any suitable construction, the shaft of which is connected by a friction
The letters D are
coupling shown at C with the shaft of the pump shown at B.
the sectional condensers, four being shown in the present illustration of our
invention. E is the delivery pipe, by which the gas is taken from the pump and
distributed among the condensers. F is the sectional refrigerator and G is a suction
pipe, by which the gas is withdrawn from the refrigerator and fed back to the
pump to be compressed.
.
A water-pipe shown at H, feeds water to the condensers and J, is the water outlet
or discharge pipe. The brine is fed to the refrigerator through the pipe shown
at L, and is discharged through the pipe shown at M. All of these pipes are
provided with suitably constructed valves or stop-cocks, in such a manner that
communication of any one of the condensers or refrigerators with the rest of the
apparatus may be shut off at will, N is a pump for circulating the brine through
the refrigerators and P is the automatic device for supplying the liquid to the
refrigerator; this device or apparatus may be driven by a counter shaft, shown at R
and suitable band. pulleys which connect with the engine. The condensers are
provided with a gauge glass shown at Q; for the purpose of indicating the height
of liquid in the condensers.
This arrangement and combination of the several parts admits of a very powerful
machine constructed so as to occupy but comparatively little space. The friction
coupling shown at C, which connects the. engine. and the pump, will prevent
accident in case of any undue strain being thrown upon the pump. In describing
the construction of the pump, reference should be had to the sectional views shown
in figures 3 and 4 and to the several detail views.

page_text: .
The object of the construction of the pump as therein shown, and as we will now
proceed to describe in detail, is to obviate the difficulties attending the compression
of a liquifiable gas as used for the purposes of refrigeration. These difficulties are
among others, the escape of the gas through the glands and leakage at each end of
the stroke of the piston. In our improved pump, leakage or escape of the gas is
impossible, lubrication is perfect, and the pump will work for any length of time
without heating. The pump consists essentially of two parts viz; an upper
casing shown at B, and a lower casing, shown at B'. The upper casing consists
of a series of three pump cylinders shown at a, which are separated from each other
by open spaces or jackets shown at b. The top casing B, is made with top and
bottom flanges shown at e, a cap or cover shown at c, being bolted to the top flange,
while the bottom flange e is bolted to the top of the lower casing B'. The open
spaces or chambers b which divide the several cylinders, communicate with each
other, and have an inlet b¹ and an outlet 62 so that a stream of cold water may be
fed through the chambers for the purpose of cooling the cylinders. Other means
for effecting the same purpose may however be used, to which reference will be
made hereinafter. Inserted through the lower casing B¹ is the pump shaft T,
which has three cranks for operating a corresponding number of piston rods. The
casing B¹ is cast with a large opening on one side, which is closed by a cover B², by
removing which access may be had to the interior of that part of the machine for.
the purpose of cleaning it, or for other purposes. It also has a long hollow boss
shown at B³, for receiving the gland, shown at Binto which the end of shaft T
is inserted, as clearly shown in Figure 3, so that escape of the gas on that side of
the machine is impossible. At the other end of the casing is an opening B³
through which shaft T passes a gland shown at B being used for the purpose of
compressing the packing placed in the boss or stuffing box, around the shaft, and
thus effectually prevent leakage also on that side. This part of the machine is..
illustrated on a larger scale in Figure 11 of the drawings. In Figure 3 we have
shown only one of the pistons or followers, but it is obvious that each pump
cylinder should be provided with its appropriate follower, and appurtenances. The
construction of the follower, is shown in detail, in the drawings, in which we have
shown two different modes of construction, either one of which may be used..
Figure 14 represents a vertical sectional view of the follower. Figure 13 is a.
cross section of the same through the line y. y in Figure 14, and Figure 12 is a plan
or top view.
The body of the piston head or follower consists of a cylindrical casing k-closed.
at the top, by a plate k' which has a number of fine apertures or perforations /
Upon this top plate is fastened a cylindrical head or casing q which is held in
place by screws metallic packing rings u being clamped between the parts q
and k, so as to provide for a perfect fit of the follower within its appropriate
cylinder. The top-plate q is also perforated as shown in Figure 12 and in the
space between the perforated plates q and k is placed a circular valve shown at v
which has a limited play up and down around the central stem or bushing which
connects plates q and k The piston or follower shown in Figure 17 is of a somewhat
different construction, but operates in substantially the same manner.
Figure 16 represents a cross section through line zz in Figure 17 and Figure 15.
is a plan or top view of the valve. By reference to these three figures it will be
seen that the follower consists of a cylindrical head k, the top of which forms a
plate which is cored out to form large openings 6³. ring or annulus is secured
upon the upper rim of the follower head by screws 7, and serves to compress
packing rings u by which a close fit of the follower in its appropriate pump
cylinder is obtained. The valve shown at w consists of a cylindrical cap, fitting
within the annulus and having series of apertures v' encircling it just under the
top. It has a central flanged stem b which works in a central bushing or collar b¹.
and when the valve is in its down position, on the upstroke of the follower, its
annular lower rim will bear against a rubber packing rim, shown at a', which takes
up the jar and ensures the easy operation of the valve. The gas to be compressed.

page_text: is admitted into the lower casing B¹ through the inlet & and, on the downstroke of
the several pistons or followers passes through their respective valves up into the
top parts of their respective pump cylinders a. The operation of the valve shown
in Figure 14 will readily be understood; on its down stroke, the gas entering the
apertures 2, will lift the valve up against the perforated fixed top plate q and
enter the valve chamber but on the up-stroke of the piston, the pressure will force
valve v down upon its seat ', thus closing the apertures k² and force the gas through
the perforated top-plate q up into the top part of the cylinder. The valve of the
follower illustrated in Figures 15, 16 and 17 operates in substantially the same
manner. On the down-stroke, the gas will enter the valve chamber w through the
apertures 6 thus lifting the valve from its seat, but on the up-stroke, the pressure
will force the valve down upon its rubber annulus or seat a', the gas which on the
down stroke escaped through the annular series of apertures in the valve-
chamber, now being forced, with considerable pressure, up into the top-parts of the
appropriate pump cylinders. The cap or cover c which is bolted to the upper
casing B by its flange e has a series of downwardly projecting cylindrical pockets
shown at o, one for each of the several pump cylinders, into the top part of
which it projects down some distance, as clearly shown in Figures 3 and 4.
Into each of these pockets is inserted an elastic buffer or cushion p which
projects with its lower end a short distance below its appropriate cylindrical
pocket or collar. In the annular space between said pockets and the upper
part of their appropriate cylinders works a valve shown at V in Figure 3
and in Figure. 5 on an enlarged scale, Figure 6 a horizontal section through
line xx in Figure 5,-Figure 7 a vertical sectional view of the pump cylinder
with the valve removed therefrom. Figure 8 a horizontal section of the same
through line a¹¹. Figure 9, a side view of the rubber buffer and its pocket,
and Figure 10 a cross section of the same through line ²² in Figure 9. From
figures 5 and 6, it will be seen that the discharge valve V of which there is one for
each of the pump cylinders, is accurately bored out to form an annular space m
which will fit over the top part of the cylinder. The annular flange n formed by
the annular bore m encircles the central body V of the valve which projects down
a sufficient distance to cover a series of apertures i made in the top part of the
pump cylinders, when valve v is in its down position, on the down-stroke of the
follower, and in order to insure a perfect working of the valve, it is provided on
its inside with packing rings n³, which encircle and bear against the downwardly
projecting pocket o, and a packing ring shown at n' (Figure 3) is placed on the top
part of the annulus m, so as to bear against the top ring of the cylinder. In the
bottom of the lower casing B', in which the crank shaft works is placed a suitablo
quantity of some liquid or fluid which is not acted on by the gas to be compressed.
This liquid should stand at a level sufficiently high for lubrication of the crank
pins as these revolve and are dipped into it, a gauge-glass g being provided for the
purpose of inspecting the level of the lubricating liquid. The upper chamber B,
also contains a suitable quantity of the same liquid, the height or level of which is
indicated by the gauge-glass h. By reference to Figures 3 and 4, it will be seen
that this liquid covers the apertures į in the several pump cylinders, but is
prevented from entering the cylinders by the closing of the holes i by the valve V
when this in its down position, on the down stroke of the follower. In this
manner, the liquid which envelopes the perforated top-parts of the pump cylinders
serves as a seal which will effectually prevent the gas from returning through
apertures into the pump cylinders; for it will be observed that on the up-stroke
of the follower the valve V is lifted off its seat, by the pressure of the gas until it.
strikes the projecting lower end of the buffer p thus opening the apertures i
through which the gas escapes by bubbling through the surrounding liquid up into
the top-part of the casing B, from which it is discharged through the opening f,
into the delivery pipe E which feeds it to the condensing apparatus. A portion of
the liquid contained in the top part of the casing will, at each stroke of the several
pistons trickle through the apertures into the cylinders, where it serves as a

page_text: lubricant and seal for the followers, and as, in this manner, the liquid in that part
of the casing is gradually exhausted by flowing down into the cylinders a and
through the follower valves into the bottom part B' of the casing, it is replenished
by means of a small pump S worked by an eccentric t, upon the crank shaft T, the
liquid being drawn into the pump through the tube 8¹ and discharged up into the
top part of the pump through the pipe shown at 8. It is of utmost importance that
proper means sliould be provided for cooling the pump cylinders and this may be
accomplished by means of the cooling-chambers or water jackets b in the manner
already described, or by the means which we shall now proceed to describe; both
having for their objects to provide adequate means for dissipating the heat
generated in compressing a liquifiable gas. When a gas is compressed, the
temperature rapidly rises and the pressure reaches the maximum more rapidly than
it would do if due to change of volume alone.
The piston therefore has to move through a further space, against the maximum
pressure, than it otherwise would do. The curve representing the energy expended
is, in this case termed an adiabatic" or "isentropic" curve, as distinguished from
the "isothermal" curve representing the energy expended when the compression
takes place at a constant temperature. It is clear, on general principles, and it is
capable of rigid mathematical demonstration, that the energy exerted in the com-
pression of the gas according to the adiabatic curve is greater than that required
for isothermal compression. Moreover, the practical disadvantages which result
from the heating of the machinery are very great, among which may be mentioned
the increase of friction, and the difficulty of delicate adjustment of the co-operating
parts owing to unequal expansion and contraction, also and not least, the gradual
drying of the lubricating and packing material and the loss of effect by expansion
of the gas in its flow through hot passages and contact with heated cylinders and
pistons before the process of compression actually begins. We have found by
experience that water-jackets providing for a flow of cold water around the
exterior of the cylinder are only a partial remedy where the pump is worked at
considerable speed, and, hence we have devised the apparatus which we shall now
proceed to describe, for causing the effectual and rapid cooling of the pump cylinders,
regardless of the speed at which the pumps may be worked. This part of our
invention consists in the construction of an appliance for injecting a small amount
of liquid (the gas or vapor of which is under compression) in a finely divided state
into the cylinder, the gas entering the same as a saturated vapor at, a certain
pressure which will depend upon the temperature of the refrigerator. If the gas is
compressed in the ordinary way and without means for cooling the compressing
cylinders, it rapidly assumes the character of highly super heated gas, but if during
the operation of compression, just so much liquid is injected as is sufficient by its
vaporization, to dissipate the generated heat, the gas will remain in the form of
saturated vapor all the time, and the temperature will remain constant. The
compression will be effected with less expenditure of energy, and inasmuch as the
injected liquid passes into the condenser as a saturated vapor, there is no loss in
the effective capacity of the cylinder. As an illustration of this principle, take, for
example the case of ammonia, assuming that the temperature in the refrigerator
is 0 degrees Fahrenheit, and in the condenser a temperature of 80 degrees
Fahrenheit. At a temperature of 80 degrees the ammonia liquifies under a
pressure of 152 pounds to the square inch while the pressure at zero is about 30:
pounds to the square inch and it may be calculated mathematically, that in com-
pressing ammonia from 30 pounds to 152 pounds per square inch, the temperature.
will rise to 273 degrees Fahrenheit. If the temperature in the cylinder is not to
exceed 90 degrees we have to inject sufficient liquid ammonia to dissipate the beat
represented by a change of temperature from 90 to 273 degrees. Assuming that:
the specific heat of ammonia is 0.3, the heat required to raise one pound of ammonia
gas from 90. degrees to 273 degrees is 55 thermal units. The latent heat of
ammonia being about 550 thermal units, it is evident that under the circumstances>
of the example, about ten per cent of the amount of ammonia in the cylinder

page_text: .
must be injected at each stroke of the piston or follower. This represents about
one seven-hundredths of the capacity of the cylinder, the relative volume of gas, and
liquid ammonia at 90 degrees being 70. The only difference so far as the condenser
is concerned; is that the same quantity of heat has to be removed from a larger
mass of saturated vapor of comparatively low temperature as was previously
removed from a smaller mass of gas or vapor in highly superheated state. The
means adopted by us for carrying out this part of our invention are illustrated in
Figures 25, 26, and 27 and on a small scale in one of its forms or modifications, at U,
Figure 4, the enlarged view shown in Figure 27 being the same as shown on a
smaller scale in Figure 4. Reference being had to Figure 27 in which the letter B
represents the casing or wall of the pump cylinder the numeral 1 represents a disk
of hard metal in which two small holes are drilled at about right angles to each
other in such a manner that two minute streams of liquid flowing through them'
will impinge on each other, and by their contact, break up into a fine spray or
minute mist. This disk is inserted at the inner end of a.barrel 4, which is screwed
into a threaded bore in the wall of the cylinder, and is held in place by a cylindrical
plug, shown at 2., which in turn is held in place by a screw cap, shown at 3. The
rear end of the plug 2 has a channel, shown at 6 which communicates with the
central bore or channel, which passes through the plug, longitudinally, to the
perforated disk 1, at its inner end. The liquid ammonia, to be injected in the form
of spray into the cylinder is fed through a channel or inlet 5, in the barrel. 2
which communicates with the channel 6 at the end of plug 2. This construction
permits of the easy taking apart of the several parts of the injector for repair or
cleaning, when desired, or for the purpose of changing the spraying disk at the
inner end of the device, when it is desired to change the character of the spray.
In Figure 26, two injector nozzles are employed shown at 7 and 7, which are con-
nected by a comnion feed pipe 8. These nozzles as shown by the drawing are not
placed in close proximity to the ends of the cylinder, nor yet so far from them as to
allow of the injection of spray on the under side of the piston. The action of this
apparatus is as follows. A nozzle of the proper capacity having been selected, that
is, with holes fine enough to produce spray of the requisite fineness to supply the
ammonia in the exact quantity required for the existing conditions of work, one of
the nozzles is spraying into the cylinder during the descent of the piston towards
it, and continues to do so until the pressure in the cylinder equals that in the
condenser. The effect of the spray during the inflow of the gas into the cylinder
is to supersaturate it, and for this purpose, and to obtain the most satisfactory
results, it is important that the injected liquid should be in the form of a fine spray
or mist offering a large surface otherwise, when the pump is working rapidly, the
injected liquid would not be completely vaporized, and only partially attain the
desired result. In Figure 25 we have shown yet another modification of the
injecting device, which will be found useful in special cases, or under peculiar
conditions where the more effective methods described, above are difficult of
application. This last plan consists, practically in converting the cylinder jacket b
into a refrigerator, a spray injector nozzle being inserted into one side of the jacket,
the opposite side of which is provided with a relief valve shown at 9, which is so
constructed that it will allow the expanded gas in the jacket to escape at a given
fixed pressure, corresponding to the degree of temperature which it is desired to
maintain in the jacket.
"
The overflow through this relief valve passes through its outlet, 10, into the
suction pipe leading to the pump where tlie expanded gas meets and mixes with
the gas from the refrigerator. In describing the general arrangement of our
machine as illustrated in Figures 1 and 2 of the drawings, we have termed the
apparatus shown at D the "Condensers" and that shown at F, the "Refrigerators
.These terms however do not relate to the construction of these devices, both
being constructed alike, but to the purpose to which they are put. We shall
therefore describe.in detail only the construction of the so called condensers, from
which the construction of the so called refrigerators will be readily understood,

page_text: without a duplicate description. Prior to describing. this construction, however it
is well to observe that in refrigerating machinery it is a matter of the utmost
importance that it should act continuously and not be liable to stoppage, which is
apt to entail considerable loss. However well a machine or the component parts
of a machine may be constructed in the first instance, there must always be a
liability to defects and flaws and an absolute certainty of eventual failure to
erform satisfactorily from wear and tear. As most of the machines at present in
use are constructed, it is impossible to find the exact locality of a flaw without a
lengthened and tedious examination of the whole apparatus, and to repair the flaw,'
when found requires that the whole machine must be stopped and often quite a large
portion thereof removed. The object of this part of our invention is to construct a
condenser or refrigerator as the case may be, which is built up of a number of
parts, each of simple construction and arranged in such a manner that each.
separate part or section of the complete condenser or refrigerating apparatus may
be detached or isolated from the remaining section without stoppage of the
machine By this construction, which we shall now proceed to describe more fully,
a break or flaw may readily be localized and repaired without stopping the con-
tinuous run of the machine. This part of our invention is illustrated in the
following figures: Figure 18 shows an elevation of the apparatus partly in section.
Figure 19 represents a top or plan view of the same, one of the sections being
shown in horizontal section Figure 20 is an enlarged sectional view of one of the
stop-cocks or inlet valves. Figure 21 is a vertical sectional view of one of the
sections of the apparatus, four of these sections being shown both for the condensing
and refrigerating apparatus in the present illustration of our invention. Figure 22
is a longitudinal sectional view of one of the gas pipes of the apparatus Figure 23
is a cross section of the same, and Figure 24 is a sectional view showing an'
alternative construction of the apparatus shown in Figure 21. The condenser or
refrigerator, as the case may be, consists of a cylindrical body or casing D¹ made of
wrought iron, which is built upon, or connected to, a collecting pipe or reservoir
shown at D¹ which connects the several parts or sections D and is supported upon'
a suitable number-of-feet D2. This reservoir is constructed with flanged necks D³
upon which the several sections of the condensers or refrigerators are bolted. For
the purpose of convenience we shall in this part of our description, refer to the
several sections as "condensers" although several of these sections go to'make up the
complete condensing or refrigerating apparatus as applied to our machine. Each
condenser D can be isolated from the others by means of the valve or stop-cock E
and in the case of the condensers D the distributing pipe E delivers the gas to be
liquified from the pump. As the gas condenses in passing through the tubes
within the apparatus it is collected as liquid ammonia, in the collecting reservoir D
from which it may be drawn off to be again vaporized through an outlet H' at one
end of the pipe as shown in Figures 20 and 22 on the drawings This is done
direct from apparatus D to the refrigerating apparatus shown at F through the
pipe G¹.
Referring to Figure 21 of the drawings it will be seen that each
condenser or refrigerator as the case may be, contains a series of straight tubes T¹
These tubes are fixed in the tube plates D and D5 by means of tube expanders,>
and beaded over the top, so that each tube also virtually forms a stay bolt for the
apparatus. Inside of each of these tubes is a smaller tube T, which is kept in a
central position by means of top and bottom collars shown at t¹ and t².
i
The object of this inner tube is two fold. It promotes circulation of the gas over
the tube surface by dividing the column of gas into two columns of unequal-
temperature and therefore of unequal density. It also forms a radiating surface'
increasing the action of the outer tube, by radiating through the annulus of gas.
contained between the two tubes, the heat imparted to it by the contact of the gas.
The top cover D of the cylindrical casing D is secured by screws or bolts D10 in the
manner hereinafter described to the upper tube plate D and the bottom D7 is
similarly fastened to the lower tube plate D. The top cover D is provided with-
a flanged inlet by which the gas is introduced through the branched distributing/

page_text: •
pipe E and its appropriate valve E! Where this apparatus. however, is used as a
refrigerator as at F, the liquified gas is introduced into the apparatus through the
bottom, and drawn off through the 'suction pipe G at the top. In either case the
bottom D which forms a gas chamber underneath the bottom tube plate D, has a
central flanged outlet (or inlet.in the case of the refrigerator) by means of which
it is bolted upon its appropriate flanged neck of the reservoir D'. The mode of
securing the cover D and bottom D7 of the apparatus, by which the upper and
lower gas chambers are formed, will readily, be understood by reference to Figure 23
of the drawing, from which it will be seen that the flanged cover D is held in
place by nutted bolts D¹º, A flanged ring or annulus D8 encircling the cover and
pressing down upon a gasket or packing ring D. This construction admits, of the
ready removal of the top and bottom parts, when it is desired to repair or inspect
.the interior of the apparatus. Where this apparatus is used for the purpose of
condensing the gas, the cooling water or water for condensation, is supplied from a
branched main pipe H through the inlet h² and after filling the space within the
cylindrical casing D surrounding the series of vertical tubes or gas flues T' escapes
at the top, directly below the upper tube plate D' through an outlet 3 into the
discharge pipe J. In this connection we employ an apparatus for cooling the water
of condensation, which may be employed with advantage in cases where water is
scarce, or where a flow of cold water cannot be readily obtained and in this apparatus
we have shown in Figures 31 and 32, a longitudinal vertical section and a sectional
view. A is a tank of the requisite capacity and by preference of square or rect-
angular shape. Upon this tank is superimposed a smaller tank shown at B formed
by raising the sides of the main tank above the roof thereof. The interior of tank A
is divided by a series of vertical transverse walls or partitions shown at a into a
series. of chambers or compartments shown at CC C2 C3 C4, which communicate
with one another through openings c. At one end of the tank is an inlet J and at
the other end is the outlet L which may lead into a suction fan or blower shown
at K. Every alternate compartment represented in this case by the compartments
C' and C3 is foraminated at the top as shown at b, so that water placed in the
upper tank B will fall into the respective compartments in the form of a fine
shower.
A suitably constructed pump D is employed for feeding the water contained in
the lower part of the tank A through a pipe F, into the upper tank B, into which
it is discharged as shown in Figure 31 and a force pump E which may either be
independent of the pump D, or form part of the same as in Figure 32 forces water
(preferably at a pressure of about 70 pounds to the square inch) through the pipe F¹
into a series of horizontal pipes shown at G which enter the compartments C² and C
through the side of the tank. Each of these pipes G has a series of spraying
nozzles H, the several pipes being closed at their inner ends, so that the water forced
into them will escape through the nozzles in the form of very fine spray, the nozzles
being provided with spraying discs consisting essentially of two holes drilled at
right angles so that the escaping jets will impinge upon and atomize each other.
From the foregoing description taken in connection with the drawing, the
operation of this apparatus will readily be understood. Dry or unsaturated air
enters the compartment C through the inlet J and passes through the apparatus,
through its several compartments, as indicated by the arrows, finally escaping at
the opposite end of the apparatus through the aperture L. In its passage through
the apparatus, it intermingles with the fine spray which in compartments C² and C+
in the form of mist and in compartments C₁ and C³ in the form of a finely sub-
divided shower, permeates said compartments becoming saturated air as it passes
through and effectually cooling the water by absorbing its heat.
The water on its way from the bottom of tank A to the upper tank B, is
circulated through the feed-water pipe H, through the condensers D and finally
discharged through the outlet J.shown on Figures 1 and 2, into the upper tank B.
It is desirable that the lower tank A should be of large dimensions, or of a capacity
to contain always a large surplus of water to provide, for the loss by evaporation

page_text: and absorption by the air. We do not limit ourselves to any particular means or
mechanism for feeding the dry air through the apparatus as many different devices
may be employed for that purpose, the air may either be forced or blown through
the apparatus or it may be drawn through it by suction or the apparatus may be
used in connection with a flue chimney or ventilating shaft as well as with a fan
or blower. It is also obvious that our apparatus may be used with advantage
for cooling water or other liquids generally without reference to the purpose to
which these are to be put.
Where this apparatus is used the same quantity of water is made to circulate
through the condenser doing duty over and over again, but where water is
plentiful and a flow of cold water readily obtainable, the water for condensation
is simply fed to the condensers from a suitably located tank or reservoir through
the pipe H and discharged through the outlet h³ and escape pipe J
In the case of the refrigerator shown at F which as stated repeatedly, does not
differ in the construction of its details and appurtenances from that of the con-
densers D, the brine, which is to form the refrigerating or cooling medium is fed
to the refrigerators F through the feed pipe L. from a suitably located tank or
reservoir, by means of a suitably constructed pump, if necessary, in order to insure
the prompt circulation of the brine, which being fed into the refrigerator througli
the top opening h³ escapes through the bottom opening 2 into the pipe M through
which it is fed or distributed to the tanks in which the vessels containing. the
water to be converted into ice are immersed, or to any other suitable apparatus
as the case may be according to the purpose or purposes for which our machine is
to be used. The collecting pipe or reservoir D¹ consists of a strong cast iron tube.
or cylinder, which has a flange or collar at each end upon which a head may be
suitably tacked and bolted, so that in cleaning out this tube or reservoir, it is only
necessary to remove one of these heads or covers, when its interior may readily be
swept, washed out or flushed with water. Another advantage of this construction
is that if, at any time it should be found desirable to increase the capacity of the
apparatus, an additional length of collecting pipe with its appropriate number of
condensers or refrigerators, as the case may be mounted vertically upon it may be
added without otherwise disturbing the apparatus.
Each of the flanged necks D³ of the collecting reservoir or receiving tube D' is
provided with device by means of which the outlet of the condenser into the
reservoir below can be shut off at will. This consists simply of a ball-valve K',
which is secured upon a spindle K2 which can be screwed up or down in the usual
manner.
•
The valve when closed, bears against an annular valve seat in the upper. part
of the neck, and the spindle K2 passes through a double stuffing box K³ which
should be packed very tight. In Figure 24 we have shown a further method of
providing against leakage of the refrigerating agent by covering the end of the
spindle, where it projects through the stuffing-box, with a cap K. Each inlet and
outlet, 2 and 3 of the casing 1 of the condenser, or casing F of the refrigerator
as the case may be, is connected by means of suitably constructed valves or stop-
cocks with its proper feed pipe H or L; so that the water connection, in case of
the refrigerator can be shut off at will, so that each section of the condenser (or
refrigerator) can be completely isolated from the remaining sections of its appropriate
series. Should at any time a leak occur it may readily be located by isolating in
succession, each section of the condenser or refrigerator as the case may be. When
the section in which the leak occurs has been discovered, it can be easily shut off;
detached and removed, and if a spare section is kept in reserve (a precaution
which should always be observed) it can be replaced at once and without loss of
time. The faulty section can be placed aside out of the way to be repaired at
leisure, and will then constitute in its turn, the reserve section.
It will be observed that the construction of this part of the macliine as a whole
is such that it can be readily taken apart for inspection and repair,

page_text: .
In this class of machines, in which the refrigerating action depends upon the
vaporization of a liquid in one vessel, and its recondensation in another vessel, it
is a matter of great importance that the liquid should be supplied to the
refrigerating apparatus in such a manner that a constant fixed temperature may be
maintained; because the rate at which the liquid vaporizes or assumes a gaseous
form varies with the rapidity with which the necessary heat is supplied, and also
with the rate at which the gas after vaporization is drawn off by the pump. The
only method of maintaining a constant fixed pressure in the refrigerating
apparatus, in which the liquid is vaporized, is to vary the amount of the liquid
supplied from time to time. Unless this can be done automatically, this operation
necessitates the constant attention of an attendant for the purpose of properly
regulating the supply of liquid to the refrigerator. We are well aware however,
that automatic regulators have been used before in combination with the
refrigerators of refrigerating and ice machines, but all, with which we are
acquainted, require for their action that the valve regulating the inflow should be
actuated directly by the pressure of the gas in the refrigerator, our automatic
apparatus controls the connection of the distributing reservoir of the refrigerator F
with the collecting reservoir of the condenser D by means of the pressure in the
inlet pipe G of the pump which is the same as that of the refrigerator. This
connecting pipe is indicated by the letter G in Figures 1 and 2 of the drawings,
and is connected with the outlet at one end of the collecting reservoir D' which
said outlet is indicated by the letter H' in Figures 18 and 19. Before describing
in detail the construction and operation of our automatic device, it may not be out
of place to point out the defects in this apparatus as heretofore constructed prior to
our improvement of the same. These defects arise from the necessity of packing
the valves very tightly, in order to prevent leakage of the refrigerating medium;
and the pressure of the gas, where the operation of this device depends upon the
direct pressure of the gas only, is not always efficient to actuate the valve stems
through their tightly packed stuffing boxes, and it follows that the valves are not
always open or closed with the regularity and precision without which the inlets
cannot be properly controlled. Our improvement is intended to obviate this
difficulty by providing for the opening and closing of the inlet valves by means of:
some external force or power which is put in and out of gear by means of the
variation of the pressure which exists within the refrigerating apparatus with
which this device is connected. In this manner, the pressure of the gas simply
operates to put this external force by which the valves are actuated, into
operation, but does not in itself operate the valves which by this construction, are
rendered very sensitive in their action, thus ensuring perfect regularity in their
working irrespective of the amount. of pressure within the refrigerators. This
apparatus is shown at P on Figures 1 and 2 of the drawings, and in detail in
Figures 28, 29 and 30 of which Figure 28 represents a side elevation of the
apparatus, Figure 29 is a plan or top view of the same partly in section, and
Figure 30 is a sectional detail view on an enlarged scale, of part of the apparatus."
Reference being had to these several Figures, the letter p³ designates the inlet to a
valve chamber within which works a valve V₁ of any suitable construction; a
branch pipe p² leading from the valve chamber into the refrigerator, P' is the
valve stem, the outer end of which is journaled in a bearing X which forms part of
a suitably constructed frame or support. Upon the valve stem or spindle P' is
fixed a worm wheel W which meshes with a worm P2 upon a shaft P4, which is
journaled at right angles to the valve spindle P¹ in bearings shown at X' and X².
At the outer end of the shaft P is fixed a frictional bevel wheel P. The letter N'
designates a shaft or spindle, the outer end of which rests in the bearings shown
at Y while its inner end is inserted through a screw threaded collar, shown at C³
into a cylinder c', the lower end of said spindle N¹ forming a piston or plunger N²,
the detailed construction of which will be more fully described hereinafter.
Encircling that part of the stem or spindle N₁, which works within the cylinder C
•

page_text: This
is a spiral or volute spring, shown at C2, said spring being confined between the
screw collar C³ and the top of the plunger N2 While the spindle N' is free to
move in the direction of its length in its bearings Y and C³, it is prevented from
turning or rotating in them by any suitable means, such as by grooving said parts
of the spindle, and inserting a pin through the bearings with its inner end
projecting into said grooves, or by any other suitable expedient. Upon this
spindle N¹ works loosely a sleeve M' which is provided with a right and a left
hand bevel wheel shown at m' and m² and also with a grooved pulley m³.
sleeve with its appurtenances, may be adjusted upon the spindle N' and fixed in
any given position by means of the collars n' and n which are provided with set
screws, the inner ends of which bear against spindle N. The lower or inner end of
the cylinder C¹ communicates with the refrigerator within which equilibrium
is to be established. The outer end of the spindle P is made square, to
permit of it being turned by hand by means of a suitable key, spanner or
hand wheel. The action of this device is as follows (the grooved pulley m³ being.
connected with the motive power of the machine by an endless band, so as
to cause it and the sleeve M¹ to rotate at a certain uniform speed. Assuming it
is required to maintain a constant pressure of, say, 30 pounds to the square inch
in the refrigerator, the spring C2 is adjusted by means of the screw cap C³ until its
tension is equivalent to a pressure of 30 pounds per square inch on the area of the
piston or plunger N2. That is to say, by screwing down the cap, the spring is
contracted or compressed so as to bear against the piston with a pressure which
will balance a pressure equal to 30 pounds per square inch on the area of the
under side of the piston. This having been done, the sleeve M¹ is so adjusted upon
its shaft or spindle N', by means of the adjusting collars n' and n² that both bevel
wheels m¹ and m² shall be equidistant from the bevel wheel P³ at the inner end of
spindle P, no frictional contact existing between then; and this relative position
will be maintained when the plunger N2 is in equilibrium, that is to say, when the
gas pressure on its under-side is equal to the spring pressure on its upper side. If
the pressure in the refrigerator increases, the piston N2 and with it the spindle N¹
is pushed outward, and the bevel wheel m¹ is put into frictional contact with the
large bevel wheel P5. The motion transmitted through the shaft P* and worm P³
turns the worm wheel W' and closes or partially closes the inlet p¹ by the rotation
of valve VI until, the pressure being reduced the bevel wheel m¹ is by the action
of spring C² drawn out of contact with wheel P5 by the return of the plunger to
its normal position within cylinder C. If the pressure falls below 30 pounds the
tension of the spring pushes the beveled wheel m² into frictional contact with the
large bevel wheel P and the motion transmitted to the valve V₁ through the
worin wheel W' is now in the opposite direction and tends to open the valve, until
the pressure against. plunger N2 is again equalized and the plunger returned to
its normal position. In the enlarged sectional view shown in Figure 30 we have
shown the method of providing against leakage of the gas which works the plunger,
and, at the same time securing free motion of the plunger inside of its cylinder,
without any appreciable friction. From this it will be seen that the plunger is of
smaller diameter than the cylinder within which it works so as to admit of the
insertion of a piece of rubber tubing R¹ between them the upper edge of which is
bent in over the top of the plunger and held in place thereon by a screw collar R²
which forms part of the piston, and clamps the over-turned edge of the rubber
tubing down upon the annular shoulder of the piston, while the lower edge of the
rubbing tubing is turned outwardly and clamped or fixed between an annular off-
set in the inner end of cylinder C₁ and the screw threaded collar C4 by means of
which the cylinder is connected to the refrigerator. Thus it will be seen that this
rubber tubing which encircles the plunger, forms practically a diaphragm, which
effectually prevents the escape of gas and the motion of the piston or plunger is
between such narrow limits that the rubber is never unduly stretched. In this
connection we desire it understood, that we do not restrict ourselves to the precise
construction of the mechanism as shown for it may with advantage be modified to

page_text: suit different arrangements of the machine, without in any essential part deviating
from the spirit of our invention. The same holds good with reference to all other
details affecting the construction of the component parts of our machine which
may be modified in their detailed construction, combination and arrangement of
parts without materially affecting the construction of the machine as a whole, or
the detailed construction of the essential parts thereof.
Having thus fully described our invention, we claim and desire to secure by
Letters Patent, 1st In a refrigerating machine or ice machine a set or series of
condensers communicating with the gas pump and mounted vertically upon a
common collecting pipe or reservoir in such a manner that each separate condenser
may be isolated from the collecting pipe or reservoir from the other condensers in
the same set or series and from the feed pipe by which the gas to be condensed is
distributed from the pump to the set or series of condensers, substantially as and
for the purpose shown and set forth. 2nd In a refrigerating machine or ice machine
a set or series of refrigerators communicating with the condensing apparatus and
with a gas pump and mounted vertically upon a common collecting pipe or reservoir
in such a manner that each separate refrigerator may be isolated from the collecting
pipe or reservoir from the other refrigerators in the same set or series and from the
feed pipe by which the liquified gas fed to the refrigerator for the purpose of cooling
the refrigerating medium contained in the same is distributed from the pump and
condensers to the set or series of refrigerators, substantially as and for the purpose
shown and set forth. 3rd The construction and relative arrangement in a refriger-
ating machine or ice machine of the motor, the pump, the feed pipe E the set or
series of condensers communicating with said feed pipe and provided with stop
cocks E¹ the horizontal collecting pipe or reservoir D₁ connecting said condensers
means for isolating said condensers from the horizontal pipe or reservoir D', a feed
water pipe for supplying condensing water to the condensers, a discharge pipe for
the same and a device for automatically equalizing the gas pressure within the
refrigerators, consisting of a valve operated by the motor which works the machine,
or an independent motor said motor being thrown into or out of connection with
the valve by a plunger actuated by the gas pressure, substantially in the manner
and for the purpose herein shown and set forth. 4th In a refrigerating machine or
ice machine the combination of the casing B enveloping the pump cylinders and
having a cap or cover c forming with casing B reservoirs adapted to contain a
lubricating fluid surrounding the top part of the several pump cylinders triplicate
pump cylinders a and their appropriate followers, crank shaft T located horizontally
below and in line with the set or series of pump cylinders, lower casing B¹, forming
bearings for the crank shaft and adapted to contain a lubricating liquid into
which the cranks will dip at the revolutions of the shaft and means for maintaining
circulation of the lubricating fluid between the lower casing B' and the reservoir
in the upper part of the casing B substantially as and for the purpose shewn and
set forth 5th A gas pump for refrigerating machines and ice machines, in which
the pump cylinders are contained within a casing forming jackets or chambers
which envelop and separate the several cylinders, the upper parts of said jackets
forming reservoirs adapted to contain a lubricating fluid surrounding the top part
of the several pump cylinders substantially as and for the purpose herein shown
and described. 6th In a pump for refrigerating machines or ice machines, the
combination of the upper casing B constructed with a reservoir adapted to contain
a lubricating fluid in its top part, surrounding the top part of the several pump
cylinders, which form part of said casing, the lower casing B' forming a support or
bed for the top casing B and constituting a tank or reservoir for lubricating fluid,
the pump S located within and at the bottom of said tank or reservoir, means for
operating said pump and a pipe s communicating at its lower end with the pump
and at its upper end with the reservoir for the lubricant located in the top part of
the upper casing B so as to feed the lubricating fluid from the reservoir at the
bottom of the pump to. that located in the top part of the same substantially in
the manner and for the purpose herein shown and described.

page_text: 7th. In a pump for refrigerating machines or ice machines, the combination of
the upper casing B and pump cylinders a open at the top and bottom with the
cover c having the outlet f and provided with the pockets or cylinders o projecting
down into the several pump cylinders a substantially as and for the purpose shown
and specified. 8th. In a pump for refrigerating machines or ice machines the
combination of the following elements; a pump cylinder open at its top and bottom
and having a series of apertures encircling its upper end a reciprocating piston or
plunger having a suitably constructed valve for feeding gas into the pump cylinder
on its down stroke, a cylindrical valve inserted into and covering the open top of
the cylinder, and closing, when on its seat in its down position, the outlets or
apertures i, a fluid receptacle located around the top part of the cylinder below its
apertures i, and an elastic buffer or cushion projecting centrally down into the
cylindrical valve and controlling or limiting its upward throw all constructed,
combined and arranged to operate substantially as and for the purpose herein
shown and described. -9th. The combination of the pump cylinder a having the
follower provided with valve w constructed and arranged substantially as
described, cylindrical valve v having the inside packing rings n³ outside annular
recess m and flange n, elastic packing n inserted between the top rim of the
pump cylinder and the bottom of the annulus m cylindrical pocket o, and elastic.
buffer, or cushion ? inserted into said pocket and extending below the same
substantially as and for the purpose herein shown and specified.-10th The valve
V constructed with the annulus m cylindrical flange n and inside packing rings n³
substantially as shown and described.
11th In a pump for refrigerating machines or ice machines, the plunger or
follower composed of the following elements, a cylindrical body k closed at top
with a plate having apertures or openings 63 and provided with a central hollow.
boss b¹, exterior packing rings u¹ interior packing rings a annulus t screws
and valve w having a circumferential series of apertures v¹ and central stem b²
inserted into the tubular boss 6 of the plunger and provided with a collar
at its lower end to confine the upward motion of the valve, all constructed and
combined substantially as and for the purpose berein shown and specified.
12th The combination with the pump cylinder a of the piston or follower composed
of the cylindrical body k.closed at top with a plate having apertures or openings 63
and provided with a central hollow boss b' having a rubber packing ring at its
upper end said plunger or follower having the exterior packing rings u³, interior
packing rings a', annulus screws r¹ and valve w provided with circumferential
apertures and having a central stem inserted into the tubular bushing b' of
the plunger, the whole constructed and combined substantially in the manner and
for the purpose shown and described.
13th. In a refrigerating machine or ice machine an injecting device adapted to
spray atomized liquid into a jacket or casing enveloping the pump cylinder in.
combination with a relief valve so constructed as to allow the expanded gas formed
in the jacket to escape at a given fixed pressure, corresponding to the degree of
temperature which it is desired to maintain in the pump jacket substantially as
and for the purpose herein shown and set forth.-14. The injecting and automizing'
device composed of the barrel 4 having an annular flange at its inner end, the
apertured disc 1, the cylindrical plug 2, having a central channel extending
longitudinally from end to end and intersected at right angles by the cross channel
6, and screw cap 3, the whole constructed and combined as and for the purpose
herein shown and specified.-15th The combination with the water jacket b of
pump cylinder a of the injecting and atomizing device consisting of the barrel 2
having an inlet 5, at right angles to the boss of the barrel, and an annular flange
at its inner end, atomizing disc 1, plug 2, having a longitudinal central bore and
a channel 6 intersecting said bore at right angles, and the screw cap 3 inserted
into the rear end of the barrel, all constructed and combined substantially as
and for the purpose shown and specified.-16th. The combination with the
water jacket of the pump cylinder a said jacket being provided with an

page_text: ·
injector and the relief valve 9 constructed and arranged substantially as and
for the purpose shown and described. 17th A condensing apparatus for
refrigerating and ice machines, consisting of a cylindrical casing D, a series of
vertical tubes or flues T¹ inserted into the top and bottom plates D' and D³ of the
casing D and communicating at the top and bottom with gas chambers formed by
the top and bottom covers Do and D' said gas chambers being provided with
suitably arranged inlets and outlets and the casing being similarly provided with
inlets and outlets for the water of condensation at the top and bottom thereof,
the lowermost gas chamber communicating with a reservoir or collecting pipe for
the liquified vapor and with a valve regulating the flow of the same from the
condenser into the receiver or reservoir substantially as and for the purpose herein
shown and set forth.
.
18th In a condensing apparatus for refrigerating machines or ice machines, the
gas flues composed cach of an exterior vertical tube T and an interior concentric"
tube T connected to the outer tube by top and bottom collars t' and t² both tubes
being open at the top and bottom and connecting the top and bottom plates or
heads of the condensing chamber or vessel substantially as and for the purpose
herein shown and specified.-19th The combination with the cylindrical body or
casing D of the condensing apparatus of a refrigerating machine or ice machine, of
the convex cap or top cover Do having a central flanged inlet and held in place
removably upon the cylindrical body D by nutted bolts D1 and the flanged ring
or annulus D³ seated upon and bearing against the gasket Do substantially as and
for the purpose herein shown and described.-20. The combination with the gas
condensing apparatus consisting essentially 'of a cylindrical casing D vertical
flues T', top plate D* bottom plate D" convex top cover D6 and convex bottom
cover D' of the reservoir or collecting pipe D' having flanged necks D³ forming
seats for the superimposed apparatus and also seats for the valve which connects
the condensing apparatus with the reservoir or collecting pipe below substantially
as herein shown and set forth-21st In a refrigerating machine or ice machine the
horizontal reservoir or collecting pipe D¹ mounted upon suitable feet or supports D²
and having flanged necks D³ substantially as and for the purpose shown and
described. 22nd In a refrigerating machine or ice machine, the horizontal reservoir
or collecting pipe D₁ forming seats for and connecting with a set or series of
condensers and provided with valves K' having spindles K2 working through
stuffing boxes K³ on the underside of the reservoir substantially as and for the
purpose herein shown and described.
23rd The combination of the reservoir or collecting pipe D¹, valve K' having
central threaded stem or spindle K2 working through the stuffing box K³, and the
removable cap K* closing the lower open end of the stuffing box and covering the
lower end of the valve stem or spindle substantially as and for the purpose herein
shown and described. 24th The combination of the inlet pipe p', p², valve V₁,
having valve stem P¹ provided with the worm wheel W₁, spindle P' having the
worm P³ and beveled-wheel P³ sliding sleeve M' provided with the beveled
wheels m' m² and the grooved pulley m³ adjusting collars n¹ and n² spindle N'
adapted to slide in the direction of its length in its bearings and provided at its
lower end with a plunger N2 cylinder C₁ coiled spring C² and screw collar C³ for
adjusting the tension of said spring all constructed and combined to operate
substantially in the manner and for the purpose herein shown and set forth.-
25th The combination with the cylinder and its plunger N2 of the rubber
tubing R fastened at its lower end to the walls of the cylinder and at its upper
end to the top part of the plunger, so as to expand or contract with the motions of
the same substantially as and for the purpose herein shown and specified.-
26th The combination of the plunger N2 having stem N' cylinder C₁, coiled
spring C² and screw cap C³ encircling the plunger stem and bearing with its lower
end against the coiled spring C² substantially as and for the purpose herein shown
and described.
27th The combination with the spindle N' and its sliding sleeve M¹ of the

page_text: collars n¹ and n² provided with set screws for fixing them in their adjusted position
upon the spindle all as shown and described
28th The combination with the cylinder of a gas or compressing pump for
refrigerating machines or ice machines of a device or apparatus for injecting
atomized liquid into the body or gas chamber of the cylinder substantially as set
forth. 29th The combination with the cylinder of a gas or compression pump for
refrigerating machines or ice machines of an atomizing and injecting device con-
necting the body or gas chamber of the cylinder with the apparatus in which the
gas is condensed or liquified and adapted to inject the liquified vapor in the form
of fine spray, into the pump cylinder, substantially as and for the purpose shown
and set forth with reference to figures 1 to 30 inclusive.-30th The tank A divided
by the transverse partitions a into the compartiments CC1 C2 C3 C4 communi-
cating with one another as shown and provided with a superimposed tank B,
having its bottom foraminated at b substantially as and for the purpose shown and
set forth.-31st The tank A divided into a set or series of vertical compartments
communicating with one another and every alternate compartment having a
foraminated roof, substantially as and for the purpose shown and set forth.-
32nd The tank A divided into a set or series of vertical compartments communicating
with one another and every alternate compartment having a series of spraying
pipes or atomizers G H substantially as and for the purpose shown and set forth.-
33rd The tank A divided into a set or series of vertical compartments communi-
cating with one another every alternate compartment having a foraminated roof,
and the compartments between these having each a series of spraying pipes or
atomizers GH substantially as and for the purpose shown and set forth.-
34th The combination of the tank A having the air inlet J and outlet Land
divided into compartments as shown, spraying pipes or atomizers G H, tank B,
feed pipes F and F¹ and pumps or mechanism suitably constructed and arranged
for feeding the air through the apparatus, and water from the bottom of tank A
into the upper tank B, and into the atomizers G H all as shown and described
with reference to figures 31 and 32.
In witness whereof we the said William Heaword Wood and George Richmond
have hereunto set our hands and seals this sixteenth day of November in
the year of our Lord, One thousand Eight hundred and Eighty two