IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS AND PROCESSES FOR PRODUCING AND APPLYING ARTIFICIAL COLD TO THE MANUFACTURE OF ICE, PARTS OF WHICH ARE APPLICABLE TO OTHER PURPOSES
Year: 1871

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Edward Thomas Hughes, of the Firm of Hughes
and Son, Patent Agents, 123, Ohancery Lane, London, for the
Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS AND PROCESSES FOR PRODUCING
AND APPLYING ARTIFICIAL COLD TO THE MANUFACTURE OF ICE, PARTS OF
WHICH ARE APPLICABLE TO OTHER PURPOSES."-A communication from
abroad by Alexander Catlin Twining, of the City and County
of New Haven, State of Connecticut, United States of America.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Edward Thomas Hughes
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 22nd December 1871.
I, EDWARD THOMAS HUGHES, of the Firm of Hughes and Son, Patent
Agents, 128, Ohancery Lane, London, do hereby declare the nature of
the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS AND PROCESSES FOR
PRODUCING AND APPLYING ARTIFICIAL COLD TO THE MANUFACTURE OF ICE, PARTS
OP WHICH ARE APPLICABLE TO OTHER PURPOSES," a communication to me

page_text: from abroad by Alexander Catlin Twining, of the City and County of
New Haven, State of Connecticut, United States of America, to be as
follows:-
In this Invention the general means of producing the cold is by the
evaporation by suitable mechanical means of volatile liquids.
Two classes of liquids are employed under different modifications of
the apparatus; one class of these volatile liquids are those which are
either insoluble or but sparingly so in water; the other class consists of
those that are very largely soluble. For the insoluble liquids the
apparatus is so arranged that the volatile shall cool a liquid by its
evaporation in contact with it, either while running down thin sheets or
one liquid rising in bubbles through the other, and the vapour recon-
densed in like manner in immediate contact with cold water. For the
other class, of which ammonia is taken as a type, the liquid is
evaporated in the ordinary way, but condensed by being thrown into :
aqua ammonia kept at an ordinary temperature by cooling pipes, and
this aqua ammonia is cooled to form a refrigerating liquid by being
injected into a second pump which liberates much of the gas from the
solution, and afterwards throws out the cold solution for freezing pur-
poses, and the ammoniacal gas to be recondensed in the above aqua
ammonia kept at such ordinary temperature.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Edward Thomas Hughes in the Great Seal Patent
Office on the 22nd June 1872.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, EDWARD
THOMAS HUGHES, of the Firm of Hughes and Son, Patent Agents, 123,
Chancery Lane, London, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Twenty-second day of December, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-one, in the
thirty-fifth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto me, the said Edward Thomas Hughes, Her special
licence that I, the said Edward Thomas Hughes, my executors, adminis

page_text: trators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Edward Thomas
Hughes, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time
agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter
during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make,
use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an "Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS AND PROCESSES FOR PRODUCING AND APPLYING
ARTIFICIAL COLD TO THE MANUFACTURE OF ICE, PARTS OF WHICH ARE APPLICABLE
TO OTHER PURPOSES," a communication to me from abroad by Alexander.
Catlin Twining, of the City and County of New Haven, State of
Connecticut, United States of America, upon the condition (amongst
others) that I, the said Edward Thomas Hughes, my executors or
administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one
of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the
nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be
performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the

page_text: των πριν ορων υναινών
described.
Between the equal parallel and corresponding bars of the upper and
lower grates cotton or other suitable cloths or sheets are stretched and
fastened, one sheet to each lower bar and corresponding doublet of bars,
as shown.
Each lower bar is vertically beneath the open space between its
corresponding doublet or pair of bars above, and its ascending sheet
vertically is parted or forked at the top and fastened to the two bars,
one part fastening on the right and the other on the left, as indicated.
Down this assemblage 1, 1, of parallel sheets (which are strained taut
by strings or screw bolts acting downward on the lower grate) there
descends continuously in contact on either surface of each sheet a thin
sheet of salt water or other medium bearing with or upon itself a
regulated flow or quantity of the volatile in films or comminuted drops
or bubbles. The action of the gas pump keeps this volatile in an
evaporating condition while in a contact more or less intimate with the
salt water or other medium which it thus deprives of caloric. To
counteract a tendency of the sheets to approach and adhere to each
other there may be buttons sewed on cords of sufficient size stretched
vertically at proper intervals. The refrigerated liquid is discharged
beneath upon a diaphragm D, which is so moulded as to present an
ascending capsule, as shown, in its central part, and descends conically
at first and with a circular precipitance at its rim, where it fits to the
enclosing cylinder with which it thus forms a narrow containing channel
all round and is marked h, h. There are descending recurved pipes g, 9,
which pierce this channel at equal intervals in as many openings as may
be desired, through which the refrigerated medium and its interspersed
drops or masses of yet unevaporated volatile escape down and turn up
at last together with the receptacle m, M. In this the refrigerated
medium N is shown collected, but the volatile being specifically lighter
will rise and float in a mass m above its surface. The supply of this
continuously descending medium comes through the salt water pipe R'
in the direction of the arrows and falls into the colander J, by which
it is showered down through equally disposed rows of small orifices
directly into the aforesaid spaces betweeen the upper grate bars, and is
there distributed upon the cloths or sheets. Each row of minute
streams finds a parallel metal pipe interposed of the assemblage marked

page_text: n, n, which parts the stream to either side and encloses a film of the
volatile which percolates out of a very minute slit that traverses the
pipe from end to end beneath, as shown. Each pipe of this entire
assemblage is vertically above an intermediate space between the grate
here above described and opens at either end into a circular ring, shown
in section at n, n, and receives the volatile from that ring. The imme-
diate supply of that liquid comes into the ring from the film pipe R³,
as I call it, in the direction of the arrows. The remote supply will be
explained after describing the restorer or liquifier R and its connections.
Into this restorer the vapour is thrown, as shown by the arrows, through
ff, and by the compressing stroke or action of the gas pump or its
equivalent. In the same are the cloths or sheets A, A, strained between
the lower and upper grate bars and conducting down upon their surfaces
cold water derived from an exterior reservoir or natural source. This
water is pumped in through the water pipe I. It falls into the
colander J* and pours through its rows of minute orifices vertically into
the intermediate spaces between the upper grate bars. It is discharged
upon the diaphragm D' and runs down into the narrow channels h¹, h¹,
and escapes down the discharge pipes g', g¹, into the collecting receptacle
m', M³, and in this the volatile derived from the liquified or restored
vapour or gas floats, as seen at m², while the pure water occupies the
capacity M², for it is evident how the compressed gas will be condensed
upon the surfaces of each descending sheet of water, and that far more
effectually than could be realized by the intervention of metal pipes in
the manner of ordinary tubular condensers.
The minute description of details for the diaphragm, the grates, the
cloths, and other parts in the refrigerator E applies equally to the
corresponding parts in the restorer R, which are either mentioned or
figured in the Drawing. For this reason I do not repeat those details in
full, but simply refer to them to apply part for part and operation for
operation.
The volatile m¹ derived from the condensed vapour or gas thrown
continuously into R is drawn out by the piston and valves of the
chamber B of the compound auxiliary pump B, B¹, through the return
pipe B² and through into and through the film pipe R' to supply the
circular ring n, n, before described in the upper part of E. As the
pressure in R. always exceeds the pressure in E, even when the latter is
greater than atmospheric, the return through B' and R' would take place.

page_text: without the introduction of a pump by simply adjusting either of the
cocks to a suitable regulation of the discharge. Not having any
necessary office B is only introduced as a conservator of a modicum of
mechanical force exerted by the discharged liquid and as an exact
regulator of the quantity discharged, it being also understood that its
own unequal rate of regularly intermitted discharge must be equalized
either by giving a great excess of capacity to n, n, mounting to a level
above its entering pipes, and also open above to the capacity of E, by at
least one sufficient orifice or else by providing and separate and elevated
intercepting and equably discharging vessel opening by an orifice into E,
not shown in the Drawings, but serving as the exclusive entrance from
the film pipe into the circular ring. Now the condensation water is
pumped into R by the piston traversing the upper chamber of the
pump A, drawing in through H by the down stroke and forcing out
through I by the return or up stroke. This discharge will have the like
regulation of its inequalities as explained for B and by the colander J*
itself. The piston's strokes in the lower chamber of A are appropriated
to the discharge of the waste water. The ascending stroke draws water
through H¹ out of the circular ring N', which opens into the mass M¹
by numerous small orifices, and the return or descending stroke throws
the same out through H'. In this instance also the discharge from R
would sufficiently take place by the interior pressure and without the
intervention of A, but that the latter may serve, as in the former instance,
as a conservator of the mechanical force of the discharged current.
This last economy can only be realized by slide valves for ingress and s
egress, or if puppet valves are employed, as here shown, then the
cocks 8, 8, must be operated in an automatic synchronism with the
piston's strokes, so that the valve t should be closed at the beginning
of and remain closed to the end of the piston's descent, and with the
reversed conditions of the valve t, so that the one valve should be
and remain closed when and while the other is opened, and vice versa.
The chamber A¹ of the compound pump B, B¹, subserves the like
office for E as above described for R, by drawing out the salt water or
other medium M from the circular ring N (formed and operating in
exact similarity and correspondence with N¹ above described) and by the
piston's descending stroke forcing the medium through the circulation
pipe B³. The office to be performed by this medium will be described
father on, but first let it be mentioned that the upper chamber B¹ of the

page_text: compound pump. B, B¹, is appropriated to and receives the volatile m
drawn out from E by the descending stroke of the plunger, as shewn,
and forcing the same by the return stroke out of B¹ into and through R'
and so into n, or into the above supposed external intercepting and
equalizing vessel. Every connecting pipe is to be supplied with cocks to
regulate or check discharge and communication as the exigencies of the
max
equalizing vessel. Every connecting pipe is to be supplied with cocks to
regulate or check discharge and communication as the exigencies of the
performance may require.
The refrigerated medium discharged or rather circulated through B³
may be employed for cooling rooms, preserving meats, fruits, or other
perishable articles, or for cooling vats in breweries, or for moderating
temperature in residences or public rooms, or for any other purposes that
can be usefully subserved by it. For the purpose of manufacturing
merchantable ice it may be made to run along the troughs and among
metallic vessels set in the troughs and filled with water to freeze the
contained water after the way and in the manner for a long time
practised in the ice making of England and the colonies. For this.
better and eminent use or manufacture the following will have certain
great advantages:-Let V be a freezing cistern divided up into the
"water chambers" W with the narrow interstices o, o, between, and let
the thin metallic plates of the water chambers be supported against
collapsing or spreading by knobs or rivets, or both, as shown. Let the
circulation pipe pass into and spread into the hollow stem K contained
through the under part of V, and send out lateral pipes all along the
under terminations of o, o, and let these lateral branches be made
with orifices of a regulated size for an equable discharge of the
refrigerated medium all over the plane of the under plates of W
throughout the cistern. The medium will be admitted over all these
bottom surfaces, and will rise up through the interstices freezing the
water in the water chambers by its uninterupted flow. To maintain
the flow uninterupted there must be the counter stem K' at the top,
sending out also lateral branches at the upper part of V, and at or
near the upper terminations of the interstices, all having under orifices
equal and corresponding to the upper orifices of the before described
under branches. Through these and through K an equable current will
pass back into the chamber K' of the cistern and into the medium
pipe P¹ in the direction of the arrows, and then to be received into the
colander J and showered as before described through its rows of orifices
down over the pipes n and into the spaces between the grate bars as first

page_text: described. Obviously it will run down the cloths anew and undergo
a new refrigeration in manner as at first, and thus be kept in constant
circulation and performance.
In order to detach the ice cakes from the bounding surfaces of the
water chambers, in which they have become frozen by the foregoing
performance, or any other as the case may be, I shut off the refrigerated
medium from further circulation and performance by closing the cocks
w and w³, and consequently the pipes B³ and R', simultaneously with
this and automically I open the cocks w¹ and the pipes and 2¹. Now
through the working of its piston the chamber A' of B, B¹, becomes appro-
priated to drawing out the salt water, or the medium from the stem K and
the freezing cistern V altogether, and forcing it into the under receptacle
of E to unite with the mass M. To make free the draught into A¹, I
have automically and simultaneously with the above changes of position
and of openings turned each of the two-way cocks x and x¹ from their
ordinary position, seen in Fig. 1, thus shutting off the way or channel H
at once from K* and from the hydrant H³, but opening it to the lower
stem K, while at the same time the chamber K³ is open to the hydrant.
Now the working of the water pump draws the condensation water
through H³ and K³, and by a reverse motion back through K¹, and from:
top to bottom of the cistern into and back through K, driving the
medium before it just as fast as the compound pump will receive and
work it out. On the instant when the cistern V is emptied of the
medium I automatically close the cocks w¹ and pipes 2, 2, and allow a
non-action in and through all the pipes which connect the under part
of B, B', with E or the cistern. The water pump A will continue
drawing the condensation water through the stems and interstices of V
until the cakes are loosened in the chambers, then they are to be quickly
removed by means of the cover Y, with which each water chamber W is
provided; this is formed with metallic hooks at the ends which are a
frozen into the cakes at the top, but may be detached by a few blows
when the cake is out.
Instead of loosening the cakes all at once the operation and manipu-
lation may be made progressive in the following way :-First, I extend
the lower conduit to the right-hand extremity of the freezingo cistern and o

page_text: the bisecting point of the distance along the cistern of the two stops or
partitions of the other stem, situated immediately and symetrically
opposite to the first-mentioned stop, necessitates an alternating circu-
lation up and down of the condensation water in its passage from the
› hydrant and through the chamber K³, and through H in the direction of
the arrows, on its way to the water pump of the restorer. For a
modification in the way of effecting this to-and-fro circulation between
the water chamber and one which may be adopted substantially in lieu
or variation of the plan immediately foregoing, I refer to Fig. 6 and
) the corresponding description in the Specification, and in the close of
this part.
The freezing cistern shewn in the Drawing is but one of an assemblage
of similar cisterns, every one of which is similarly connected with the
influx pipe H, or rather with a branch of it, which has its own stop or
regulating cock and its own hydrant, and every one is also similary
connected with the efflux pipe B³, or a branch from it having its own
cock and uniting with the lower stem of its connected cistern, and also
with the back circulation pipe z, all in the manner substantially as
described and shewn, and in all the parts and respects that are necessary
or important for the above-described operations and manipulation.
need therefore be and is only a single cistern and its connecting pipes
which are at any one time shut off from the ordinary working of the
machine, which last proceeds in all the cisterns without interruption.
For the further and modification of this I refer to Fig. 6 and the
corresponding description which may be applied to this form of machine
now being described only with such variations as the differing qualities
of the volatiles employed will readily suggest to the mechanic.
It
In Fig. 7 there are two arrangements or plans exhibited by which
water or a medium may be deprived during its circulation or passage in
pipes of gas held by it in solution. If so be that the particular volatile
or volatile mixture employed for co-operation is too considerably soluble
in the water of condensation or in the refrigerated medium to allow the
immediate waste of the first or the temporary exposure to the atmo-
sphere of the second, then in the first case there may be applied at any
convenient part of the waste pipe H, the apparatus W of that drawing,
called in the description the "conservator," or an apparatus constructed
upon substantially the same principles; and instead of employing as
there described a fraction of the main gas pump action, there may be a

page_text: T
small independent gas pump not necessary to be shewn, but which
deprives the waste water in H³ of its gas before the final discharge, and
forces the gas into E or into R. The chamber B¹ may represent that
small gas pump, it being connected with H³ instead of as now shewn with
m, and the pipe B³, R³, being made continuous and with a regulating
cock or its equivalent as already described. The connection of B¹ with
His indicated at U, and will take place under the conditions shown
in Fig. 7.
Either of the above conditions for loosening the ice cakes in V will be
held back by the cock O until the instant when A¹ having exhausted V
of salt water shall have been shut off therefrom, in which g will imme-
diately open to establish the circulation described in the fourth paragraph
preceding this, or, as the case may be, the alternate or zig-zag circulation
herein-after described. For this last W³, which till then had turned the
way Z¹ up towards X, will take position as drawn, while X will be turned
to close K; then A¹ will draw through H³, K³, and Z³, and will discharge
its stream into H.
The second part of this Invention relates to a modification of the
foregoing and is illustrated in Fig. 2, and this part I will now proceed to
describe.
The fundamental feature of this part of my Invention is the employ-
ment for refrigerating or freezing purposes of a liquid cooled by the
evaporation of a volatile liquid, not in solution, but commingled or in
contact with it instead of the volatile, as I for brevity call the evaporable
liquid; being evaporated in pipes or receptacles of its own, and cooling
the other by conduction of heat through the thin separating metal. The
apparatus for this purpose is shewn in elevation and section by the upper
Drawing, and in plan by the lower Drawing.
V, V, is a freezing cistern holding the water vessels W, W, containing
the water to be frozen or substance to be cooled, and the salt water or
other liquid previously cooled is pumped by A¹ through n and s into the
pipe or system of pipes p, which spread over or along the bottom and
beneath the water vessels. A flat and narrow chest may underlie the
vessels in place of the pipes, but in either case the cold liquid will be
discharged into V, V, through orifices o, o, that may be so proportioned
in aperture as to equalize the discharge or regulate its amount in different
parts as may be desired, and apply it first to the bottoms of the water

page_text: vessels if so desired. The liquid after having risen along the sides and
ends of W, W, and performed its refrigerating office will return by
suction or forcing through the pipe R', R', to the evaporating or cooling
vessel E to be cooled anew. I name this vessel the refrigerator. There
are instances however in which the object will simply be to cool water
or other liquid down to a degree not so low as its freezing point. In
that case the process herein described will be used with that liquid itself
in the vessel E, which will be drawn off when sufficiently cooled. This
will not change the process in principle.
The mas of liquid, or medium as I shall term it, to be cooled is seen
at E partially filling the refrigerator. The return medium pumped or
otherwise forced through R³, R¹, may be conducted by the latter to any
part of the mass desired, or it may be showered down from the top of E
by the colander I, but the Drawing shows a yet broader colander J, J,
which may be made, if desired, to receive and shower down simultaneously
a much larger quantity regulated by a cock or governor X, and pumped
up by A' from E through the main circulation pipe n, n. This sends off
at 8 a branch regulated by a cock or otherwise, through which a partial
current is directed and goes off into V, V, to perform there upon W
the freezing before described and then return through R'. For this it
will be necessary in case V is open to the atmosphere, that atmospheric
pressure at least should prevail in the refrigerator or be produced by a
regulation cock in n above s or the branch. One result will be that if
this partial current is but a fraction, say one-fifth, of the main circu-
lation in n, it will have been showered over and and over, and exposed
repeatedly to the cooling in E by the volatile and its vapour as hereafter
more fully explained. This effusion may be prolonged in its descent by
a series of colanders 1, 2, 3, &c. Of course the branch at s may have its
own circulating pump if
necessary for any reason whatever.
In order to cool the above medium, say salt water, I employ any
volatile liquid whatever that is not soluble in it and is otherwise suitable,
say bisulphate of carbon, or any of the hydrocarbons being as well of
the class termed "les carbures d'hydrogéne, and designated a quater of
a century back in France among those best suited to maintain the pro-
duction of cold for ice making, &c., by their continuously repeated
evaporation and restoration, or liquifaction, in or after the method and
apparatus essentially of Jacob Perkins. Such are the liquids familiar to
chemists by the names butylene, butyle,. hydride of butyle, &c., or any

page_text: mixture of these, which boils at a temperature near or below freezing of
water, which liquid may be contained in the vessel G. Through d, d,
this volatile is made to enter another colander h, h, and to issue from it
through numerous minute orifices into E. If the volatile is lighter than
the medium the orifices should discharge upward and the colander be
low down, as shewn by the Drawing. If heavier than the medium the
volatile should issue from the under surface of h, h, which in that case
would be near or above the upper surface of E. Means being employed
to divide this issue into as minute globules as possible, the latter will
rise or sink, as the case may be, through the medium being thus inti-
mately commingled and in contact with it, at the same time a vapour
pump P is drawing out or exhausting from the refrigerator through the
vapour escape K in the direction of the arrow, and evaporating the volatile
while within the mass of the medium or in front floating upon or settled
in a stratum at bottom. The medium under this condition of intimate
commingling or contact will impart the heat rapidly and freely to the
evaporating volatile, and will itself become very cold, especially under
the repitition by showering down if that is used. The vapour as it is
generated ascending in bubbles will add something to the cooling and
the like; afterwards in cooling the shower descending through the
vapour, or the volatile may be projected up into the shower coming
down from J, J, or I, or d, d, and the pipe shown in broken lines at y,
which dips into the volatile at G, may conduct from G up into J, J, or I,
where the volatile may commingle and fall down together with the
descending medium, and may further commingle with it in the colan-
ders 1, 2, 3, &c.
These are but equivalent modes and variations relative to the main
and essential idea of evaporating the volatile while in mixture or contact
with the medium to be cooled. The same would be true although E, as.
it might, should be occupied by the volatile liquid mainly, and the
colanders h, h, and J, J, should exchange positions or functions, so that
it should be the medium that is spirted from h, h, and so becomes
mixed with and ascends or descends, as the case may be, through the
volatile E. The conduit pipe c, c, in each case would take the position
best suited to the circumstances, whether to draw from the bottom, as
shewn by Fig. 2, or from the top of E or from elsewhere.
For the more complete communication and commixion of the volatile
liquid (or the volatile) there may be just in front of the orifices of the.

page_text: colander h, h, (applicable also to I and J, J,) a grating or system of bars
with projections or points k³, k¹, as shewn by the section and plan detached,
Fig. 2, to which a back or forward or vibratory motion or play across
the issuing streamlets or globules may be given by the reciprocating
stem q', q', connected with the working power of the pump or of the
machine, or else a rotary motion by the vertical axis o¹, o¹, similarly
connected. It will be obvious that a similar and analogous use of this
same device may be made in the condensing vessel or "restorer" here-
after described for communicating the masses of vapour or liquid entering
stem q, q, CONNECTED WITH THE Working power of
mo pump
machine, or else a rotary motion by the vertical axis o³, o¹, similarly
connected. It will be obvious that a similar and analogous use of this
same device may be made in the condensing vessel or "restorer" here-
after described for communicating the masses of vapour or liquid entering
by the colanders.
I further economise the cooling power of the vapour escaping from
E into P as follows:- -Let C be a thin metallic and cylindric sheath
surmounted by I, but open beneath between itself and E; B, B, is
another larger and similar sheath surrounding C and extending from h, h,
or from beneath the surface E, only so high as not to obstruct passage
of the vapour over its upper rim, and thence down between itself and C.
and thence up into the vapour escape K. These sheaths and colanders
may be multiplied at pleasure, leaving open spaces for the vapour to
traverse. This vapour escaping thus over B, B, and beneath C as shown
by the arrows, although it has received heat from the shower from J, J,
finds the return medium or shower from I warmer by a few degrees than
the main circulation, and accordingly it will absorb some heat from the
return medium in proportion to that difference of temperature. This
may also be effected outside of E instead of within it. For instance, let
the vapour escape K be prolonged and directed into the upright
cylinder D, D, out of which the pipe e, e, conducts to the exhaust of
the pump P or its equivalent, and let also P and the pipe R be trans-
ferred to the position u (or others like them be there supplied) at the
top of D, D, and let also the exit pipe y lead the liquid showered down
from u out of D, D, into E. This will substantially represent an
external equivalent to the foregoing interior arrangement, and may in
fact be used in combination with it. Moreover D, D, when so used as
an attachment to E is made to perform the office of cooling pure water
preliminary to its being frozen in W. This water being conducted or
forced through the supply pipe u, u, into the colander at the top of D, D,
is showered by a series of colanders if desired, as described for E, down
through the vapour from K on its way to reach through e the exhaust
of P. The cooled water settles into the lower part of D, and flows or is

page_text: pumped (the pump not shewn) through the exit pipe y coiled within K
into the reservoir o, o, around the vapour space of the refrigerator and
protected externally in common with E by a non-conducting casing b, b,
thence it may be drawn by the cock F to fill the water vessels or for
other purposes. The same system of cooling may be applied instead to
the injection water for the restorer (hereafter described.
entering by u, u, is drawn from o, o, by and into the injection pump Q
through the conduit pipe shewn by the broken lines o, o, o.
This last
The exhaust of P (which word "exhaust" it is hardly necessary to
say does not imply any vacuum produced, but only supplying space for
the vapour from the refrigerator to enter by its own elastic force) when
reversed by the return of the piston forces or compresses the vapour into
the restorer R, where it meets and is condensed by a cold shower here-
after described. That pump however, especially if in a horizontal
position, may constitute in part the restoring or liquifying apparatus by
being provided with an injection pump (one stroke of the double-acting
pump Q will suffice) to through the water through 1, 1, into the chambers
either side of the piston alternately where and while compression is
going on, this water, together with the condensed and uncondensed
vapour, being ultimately forced out through the exit valves and pipe f,f,
into X. The water will settle into T and go out through t, but the
volatile floating (if the lighter of the two) will flow into R through g
and its proper regulating cock; but if the volatile is the heavier of the
two it will settle instead of floating, and 9 must be depressed and t
elevated accordingly. In either case the residual non-condensed vapour
passes up through Y into the upper part of the restorer, at the same
time Q, drawing water say through V, injects the same say through i, i,
into the colander h³, from which it is projected in spray through minute
orifices, rising and again falling through the compressed vapour and
condensing it. Both liquids fall together down to B', but the volatile if
the lighter rises to the top, and the water of condensation passes off at 8;
but first a more complete and sure separation of the volatile is effected
by making the waste water flow through the holes z, z, (reaching suffi-
ciently above the bottom of the cylinder shell R) into a surrounding
chest M, and thence again over the rim or top edge of a partition ♫ 3
which divides the chest into an exterior and an interior hollow cylinder.
It is obvious that the same arrangement may be used at the bottom of
the refrigerator, especially in case the volatile is heavier than the medium

page_text: to separate the one from the other before entering the discharge conduit
leading to A¹. These hollow cylinders in which the volatile can separate
may be multiplied if two are not enough. From the restorer the
pipe, r, r, carries off the volatile (direct it may be at r³) into the
colander h, h, but the restored volatile may first be cooled in the vessel G
as explained hereafter.
The colander ¹ may be dropped below the surface of the liquid B¹
and serve to deliver the vapour from P within that mass by simply
closing or omitting i, i, and Y, and also forming a prolongation of ✗
into h, as shewn by the broken line at g, i; and also the colander J¹, J¹,
may be introduced at the top with the prolongation b, j, into it, and
with the series of auxiliary colanders underneath if desired to shower
down the water received from Q. To avoid prolixity in describing
possible variations and equivalents it is sufficient to observe that
inasmuch as the object of R is the reverse of the like of E, the latter
being to evaporate and work off the volatile and the former to condense
and re-deliver the vapour in a liquid condition, so the means employed
are counterparts of one another in the most essential particulars. For
example, the liquid B¹ is the counterpart of E, also the colanders and their
respective showers or discharges are counterparts of each other; also
the condensing vapour in R ascending through B¹ and pervading the
shower is the counterpart of the evaporating liquid ascending or
descending through E, and of its cold vapour pervading the shower, the
essential object in both cases being to have the volatile and its vapours
in their different states and conditions intimately commingled, and in
the most complete contact practicable with the condensing water in the
one vessel and the cooled medium in the other. This will enable the
mechanic to select the particular forms and arrangements best adapted
to the special kind of volatile which he employs.
To explain the partial cooling in G above referred to, I observe that
the conduit piper, r, conducts the restored volatile into a colander at
the top of G. It is regulated to a just and equable delivery by a slide
valve alternately covering and opening the receiving end of r, r, at i,
and operated by a float N and its attached lever N, i. Below the colander
3 extend parallel and vertical cloths or diaphragms m (or a series of
colanders as before described) down which the volatile flows in thin
sheets to be cooled by evaporation. The evaporative action, however, is
continued only during a small initial part of the exhaust strokes of P.

page_text: For this cut-off action the rod r, q, is connected with the working power
of the machine and with the cocks at r, q, and k. The intention is,
that the instant either exhaust stroke of P begins, an automatic opening
of i, r, and k, k, simultaneously shall admit warm volatile liquid
from R into G, and also its comparitively dense vapour from G into P
(while D is also shut off from G), but both to be shut off again
simultaneously after a brief interval. During this brief interval the
warm volatile drips through the colanders or down the sheets at m, and
is at once parting with its heat and conserving it by its vapour to the
piston of P. The volatile thus cooled enters into E to be evaporated
anew, as before described.
The idea herein of a volatile not in solution does not imply
insolubility in water or the medium employed, but only to such a degree
as is requisite to the process and effects described. In like manner as
the refrigerating and restoring apparatus is air-tight in every part of it,
so also should the vessel V, V, in case the volatile is soluble although
sparingly, yet in quantities too large to be wasted, and in that case also
the water of condensation should be cleared of it before running to
waste.
The cooling or freezing of water is not the only purpose to which this
part of my Invention is applicable, but also to the cooling of rooms,
vats, and apartments, the preservation of perishable substances, the
precipitation of salts from solution, and other useful purposes are
included.
If it is desired to use the evaporating vessel E in the foregoing or the
like vessel in the first part in combination with a liquifying vessel or
"restorer." on the ordinary constructive principle by pipes, and a
provision for the flow of cold water around or along them, then I would
employ the following new and improved construction for that restorer or
liquifier. as follows:Referring to Fig. 1 let the external shell, cylindrica
or otherwise, of the restorer be R open by the pipe F to the compression
of P, and having at the bottom the ordinary escape pipe H for the
waste water of condensation; but instead of a cluster of interior pipes
let a long sheet of metal (or say different sheets of copper perfectly
united into one) of equal breadth throughout, be folded back upon itself 3
so that one segment shall overlap the other and the two be kept apart
evenly everywhere by interior knobs or strips fastened between the
sheets and to one of the segments; then wind this double sheet around

page_text: a central mandril or cylindric roller, and continue coiling the two
around and around interposing from time to time other knobs or strips
fastened to at least one surface of the sheet and keeping an open way of
an even or otherwise regulated width throughout. When the roll is
thus made to the required diameter or cross dimension, solder or braze
the extreme edges of the two segments together and take out the central
cylinder or roller. By this procedure the original narrow and flat
interior space between the segments will have been converted into a
continuous spiral chanel open across the sheets but perfectly closed at
the inner fold, and at the outer joint or lap brazed or otherwise
completely united. This originally interior space will also have become
surrounded both without and within by another continuous spiral space,
which compared with the first mentioned may for distinction's sake be
called the exterior. Next supporting this roll in the position it is
required to maintain vertically within R divide the top and bottom areas
diametrically across by parallel flat sheets or diaphragms of metal
securely fastened to both coils or segments at every spot where it crosses
them. Let the flat diaphragms D, D', be of such depths as to occupy all
the vertical extent of the upper and lower vacancies, M and M' in R
being the spaces not occupied by the roll or coils. Then on one side the
top diaphragm, say the right-hand side, permanently and perfectly close
by soldering or otherwise one of the spiral spaces, say the interior
channel i, from the upper space on that side; then on the other side, say
the left-hand of the diaphragm D¹, similarly close to the alternate or
exterior channel X from the space on that side. Repeat this exactly on
the bottom transverse area or termination of the roll, and thus each
space or chamber M, M', will have been divided into two compartments
hermetically sealed from one another and also from the external air if
the shell is tight and perfectly joined to the two diaphragms ;
consequently two different liquids or two different gasses or a liquid and
a gas may be introduced, say into the bottom space M², one on one side
the diaphragm and another on the other side, and both fluids may
ascend to the upper chamber in the separate spiral channels and issue
above the separate compartments without the possibility of commingling
although separated at any and every part by only a thin metallic sheet.
Afterwards each fluid respectively may be conducted away from its own
compartment, or one of the two may be introduced above and flow
downward while the other is introduced below and ascends, as just
described. For example, the compressed gas of a volatile liquid may

page_text: ♦
enter the compartment of D into which the interior spiral space i opens,
and be liquified by cold water flowing in the exterior spiral space X and
flow down as a liquid to its lower compartment into which the exterior
spiral opens and conducts; or heated water may flow in one channel
and cold water flow in the opposite direction in the exterior channel, or
vice versa. This construction will be useful alike for the "exchanger
so called in the Carré ammonia machine, and for various other appli-
cations.
"
In Fig. 2 the roll of spirals is shewn in place and designated by S,
also the inlet and outlet ducts as well as the above are lettered to
correspond with their connected channels, as shewn in the two end
views of Fig. 2ª, the upper and the lower being the connection I for the
interior spiral space and the connection X for the exterior.
For some uses a better manner of secluding the respective spiral
channels and their contents from one another may be to close the upper
and lower end openings of both entirely, but to open both to separate
vertical slots or rows of orifices in the shell itself, as shewn in the
Drawing. Let I¹ denote one row of orifices, and instead of uniting
together the coiled sheets at their extremities, as before described, let
these be united or clamped tight to the shell of R, and also let the other
extremity of the interior spiral channel or the before-described fold of
the metallic sheet be united to a central and vertical metallic cylinder,
into which that last channel or i opens by orifices and which leads out
from the head of the restorer R to any parts desired, while at the same
time the orifice in the cylindric shell open into any exterior parts with
which it is desired to connect them and their corresponding channels.
Then any other orifice or row of orifices as ✗³, at any desired part of
the cylindric shell of R will open into the exterior channel X and may
connect that channel with any desired part or parts exterior to R. At
the same time this exterior channel may discharge through either head
of R by a cylindric ring X surrounding the central cylinder I, and this
may also lead to any part or parts desired exterior to R. Now the
orifices I' may be connected with a part or parts throwing in a gas, and
the orifices X¹ (or else the cylindric ring X at discretion) may be con-
nected at the same time with a part or parts throwing or drawing in
cold water, and the water and the gas will circulate spirally, each in its
own distinctive channel and either in opposite directions or in the same
direction, according as both the inlet connections or both the outlet

page_text: connections are in the cylindric shell, or one in the shell and the other
in the central parts of one or both the heads. The Drawing shows the
central discharge cylinder and cylindric ring, also the Section 3 of
Fig. 2 shows the manner of connection to the shell and to the central
3 cylinder and cylindric ring.
If pressure should differ considerably in the two channels compared
with one another, the diaphragms D and D¹ or either of them may
consist of a metal frame, griping on every inner edge of the frame
an elastic vibratory sheet of gutta percha, or of caoutchouc pure or
prepared, or the like, or of thin circularly corrugated metal, or a cylindric
shell may pierce the diaphragm and open into both compartments of one
or both the chambers described in R, but a tightly filling and readily
moving piston, plug, or rod must be fitted to the bore to traverse it
forward and back as the variations of pressure may require. To com-
plete this it will only be necessary to keep the enclosed mass of liquid
constant, say in the cold water channel. One way of doing this may be
by employing two equal circulation pumps working alike on one shaft,
and one throwing cold water into i or x as the case may be equally as
the other discharges the same from the same channel. These twin
pumps are marked A and A¹ in the Drawing. Further, it may be
mentioned that the interior knobs or strips to regulate the width of the
channels may be so disposed and shaped as make a progressive impact of
the water and other fluid against the surfaces of contact instead of
simply sliding along the surfaces.
The third part of this Invention relates to a modification of the fore-
going in its application to the manufacture of salt, reference being had
to Figs. 3, 4, and 5.
The general plan or process is to freeze the water or liquid holding the
salt in solution in a containing vessel or refrigerator, where, as stated
below, it is cooled down by evaporation of a volatile liquid in a coil or a
cluster of interior cooling pipes or by any system preferred, as for
example, frozen in an exhaust or expansion vessel by the cold vapour or
mass of a suitable volatile liquid rising through the water, &c., in the
vessel, and evaporated by a pump or other apparatus X (not shewn in
Drawing), according to the improved method of freezing and cooling
described in the second part of this Specification, and then to transfer
automatically the ice or frozen mass by an air-tight reciprocating or
rotary contrivance to another vessel or condenser, and therein to use this
R 2

page_text: frozen mass for recondensing the vapour of the volatile liquid (or
" volatile " as I henceforth term it) to be itself used over again by
By this last
injection into the above-mentioned evaporating vessel.
employment or means the liquifaction of the frozen mass becomes an
effective auxillary for condensing; the vapour tension in the condenser t
being also kept low and economy of space promoted as well as cheapness
of construction by dispensing mainly if not wholly with the ordinary
pipes or coils and the cold water current around them in case the
volatile is not soluble in water or the solution used to any appreciable
extent.
To make this clear I refer to Figs. 3, 4, and 5 of the Drawings, in
which Fig. 3 is a vertical section and view of the apparatus; Fig. 4, a
horizontal or ground view; and Fig. 5 is a horizontal view. For a
primary purpose and as a type of all other processes let the precipitation
of salt from sea water or brine be the operation or process to be
performed.
Let the elevated tank J contain the brine or solution, which is to flow
or to be pumped into the exhaust or refrigerating vessel E, and fill it to
the height, say, of the broken line o, o, or near it. The brine before
entering the tank J, or else in some part of its circuit n, n, n, from the
tank or pump to the refrigerator E, may be cooled by any known and
available method or apparatus Z (not shown), and by embracing in that
circuit as part thereof the brine cooler K, which envelopes the vessel B
that holds the precipitated salt at its low temperature. By this or the
like means the cold precipitate is incidentally made subservient in the
The latter after
system of means for cooling the brine beforehand.
entering E is cooled down by any suitable system or device, whether by
a coil or cluster of interior cooling pipes, or better by injecting or
admitting a volatile insoluble in water or its cold vapor through orifices
in a colander or in the horizontal stack of pipes c, c, to be hereafter
more particularly described. This volatile evaporated by the exhaust of
a pump or other apparatus X (not here shewn) rises in drops, or in
bubbles of vapour, or in both, and the latter escape above o, o, and by
the eduction pipe k, k, into the condenser H. During this operation the
brine is put into progressive congelation, and becomes interspersed with
ice crystals, which rise to the surface at or about o, o, where there will
be formed a floating stratum of uncompacted or disintegrated ice in
small crystals or masses.
The vessel E should next be cleared of this

page_text: floating stratum; and to effect this clearance I pearce or enter that with
a reciprocating, or better with a rotary skimmer, as I term it, repre-
sented by I in the Drawing, and to be described particularly further on.
The ice thus removed may be used in form as it for any desired
purpose, or it may be compacted into blocks or cakes by suitable com-
pressing mechanism; or for the simple purpose of obtaining the salt it.
may be delivered into the air-tight condenser H, into which k, k, also
or at the same time delivers the vapour of the volatile when that last is
the means of refrigeration employed. The vapour is condensed by the
ice with a rapidity somewhat analogous to the like of steam in the con-.
denser of a steam engine; but the rapidity will depend upon the state of
communication of the ice, and upon the free access of the vapour to and
through it. The recondensed vapour or volatile now passes into the.
eduction pipe a, a, a, which conducts it by aid of pump P if necessary,
and by suitable pipes and cocks, as shown, to the colander or stack c, c,
to be again injected or admitted into the brine in E in process of
evaporation by the exhaust. It will be understood of course that if the
cooling in E is by a volatile evaporated in a containing coil or cluster of
pipes, as described, the eduction pipe k, k, and the induction pipe a, a,.
respectively will be so joined to the coil or pipes as to conduct the vapour
by the first into the condenser, and the restored liquid by the last into
the pipes. To avoid the entrance of water with the recondensed vapour.
or volatile into and through a, a, a, the lower part of H, shewn by F, ƒ, ƒ,
is made to duplicate around at that part, as shown in the Drawings, in
order to separate the volatile completely, and the conduit a, a, enters
only the outer shell or chamber F, f,f, and not into H directly. Since
there is supposed to be more than atmospheric tension in H, and a much.
diminished tension in E, the injection or admission of the volatile from
the former into the latter is automatic; but in other circumstances a
pump P must be employed, and also the like of the clearance of H
through the exit pipe F, w, w; but in still other circumstances the same
or a like pump must be used to draw the water of liquifaction from H
through the last-named pipe. This escape water being still cold may be
used for condensation water around the condensing coil or pipes of Z
above mentioned, or it may flow or be forced by P through w, w, w,.
which surrounds the brine pipe n, n, n, the current in the two being in
opposite directions. I also propose to envelope H by a sheath or
vessel L, L, L, into which the exit pipe k, k, discharges the vapour of
exhaustion, and makes it flow between the sheath and H on the outside

page_text: done by rotating arms beneath the shaft b, b, and carried thereby. On
that ring the ice is swept around by a brush or scraper carried under
and with the rotating arms b, S, by the revolving shaft b, b, and falls at
each turn or conjunction into the above-named rectangular opening in
the cylindric ring and into the opening in 7 beneath it. It will now
have been washed of its concentrated brine, and at the same time will
have been drained by the sieve or gauze. Now the cylinder I is hollow
and open by the rectangular space, seen at its middle in the Drawing,
alternately during its revolution into the upper and lower openings of
the casing. Now let the revolutions of b, 8, be even with or some even
multiple of the like of I periodically together; when these are thus in
conjunction it is obvious that the ice will fall into I, and then a half
revolution after will fall into H or R, or otherwise outside of E. If the
object simply is to make granulated or disintegrated ice, and deliver it
outside the refrigerator, the jet and conical frustrum are not needed.
Indeed for this simple object the scraper 6, 8, and the gauze ring might
be omitted, and the pump or apparatus P be used to draw and force
back into E through e, l, the liquid drained from R. The auxiliary,
Fig. 5, shows the hollow bars or triangular pipes c, c, c, c, with holes at
top, through which the expanding gas or vaporizing volatile is admitted
or rushed into E. The bars are parallel and hollow, and their hollows
communicate through the similarly shaped connecting pipe a, a, along
their middle. The sharp triangular shape is calculated not to impede
the settling of the salt down into B, and the holes are protected when
necessary not to become clogged by the deposit. This settling is also
facilitated by the circulation pump D, which by its stroke one way
draws out of B and into itself and by the return stroke throws the
contents back into the lower part of E through h, h, covered by wire
gauze if necessary over the downward opening of the latter. There
might be also a diaphragm d, d, d, made of parallel triangular bars, and
the openings between the latter be alternately covered and uncovered by
the plates of v, v, sliding backward and forward, as in the Drawing, or
with some better equivalent apparatus to determine the recurring rush
into B. The cylindric vertical diaphragms in the latter are meant to
avoid drawing salt into the circulation pump. C is a rotary cylinder on
the principles of I to deliver the salt outside of B. If any volatile
adheres to the salt it may be expelled by heat, or exhaustion, or both.
Other impurities will have their appropriate modes of separation.

page_text: The prime feature among my claims in the foregoing, which consists in
employing the ice formed by refrigeration as a condensing agent in a
separate vessel, may be varied as to its mode of application in a way
and by an apparatus which I will now briefly describe :-The two vessels
H and A may be fashioned and furnished both alike, and of equal
dimensions, and both may enter similarly into B. The skimmer and
parts specially and exclusively relating to it, such as the current, sweep
of brine, and the revolving brush or scraper, may be dispensed with.
Each vessel alike will have stacks of pipes c, c, to inject a volatile or its
vapour, also the wire gauze compartments G to hold and expose the ice.
The exhaust pipe L, X, will branch into two precisely alike, one branch for
each vessel, and a two-way cock will alternate them, opening one and
shutting the other. Precisely the same thing will be true of the condense
pipe X, H; also of the brine pipe or conduit n, n, n; also of the exit
pipe w, w, w, for the water of liquifaction; also of the pipes a, a, to the
stacks, and of every other in use herein; also there will be a connecting
pipe worked by an exhaust and force pump, to draw the concentrated
and cold brine out of one vessel and force it into the other when freezing
has gone far enough in the first; and by simultaneously and automatically
changing all the cocks the actions will become interchanged. That
vessel which was the refrigerator will now have become the condenser,
and vice versa. Then when ice is sufficiently abundant in the second
vessel simply reverse the cocks and the interchange will be established
back again in the first-named condition, and so on alternately and
continuously. The two vessels will thus be each in turn and for the
time being the identical refrigerator and condenser herein described; the
salt will be received into B from both vessels.
The fourth part or modification of my Invention is illustrated in
Figs. 5 & 6 of the Drawings, and which I will now proceed to describe.
In the foregoing performances as well as in any and all others in
which cold is produced by alternately evaporating and compressing or
condensing a volatile liquid (or "volatile" as I interchangeably herein
call any such liquid) the vapour drawn in or received by the exhaust of
the pump or apparatus must be compressed to many times its density to
effect the recondensation or liquifaction of the vapour by a surrounding
flow of cold water while in that compressed condition. This necessity
imposes a great mechanical disadvantage upon the process besides the

page_text: In
requisites of stiff packing and great accuracy of workmanship.
addition to this many of the volatiles cannot be condensed at ordinary
temperature, except at pressures that are too extreme for ecconomical
management. I propose to obviate this difficulty by using certain
solutions of volatile liquids in water, or in alcohol, or in some other
menstruum which will take up in solution large volumes of the particular
gas or vapour of the volatile employed, but volumes which of course
vary largely under different conditions of pressure and of the temperature
of the menstruum or dissolving liquid.
In the following method and description I employ ammonia, not as
being exclusively nor invariably the best therefor, but as a type and
illustration of the entire class of highly soluble gasses or volatiles, and I
similarly employ water as a type of all the solvents or menstruua holding
these volatiles in solution. It will of course be understood that the
proportion and adaptations of the apparatus used must always be such
in the essential parts as the particular solvent and the particular volatile
employed may require as the best in that application. The solvent or
menstruum may itself be a solution of some third substance, as chloride
of silver or common salt in water. On the other hand also it may be
the fact that a liquid which itself is volatile in some small or moderate
degree may be the solvent, in fact water itself, and alcohol yet more
is to a certain extent volatile.
The following is a full description of my apparatus in its essentials :—
The vessel E for holding the proposed solution of ammonia in water, say
at a freezing temperature and lower, and say also about 55 per cent. of
water and 45 per cent. weight of ammonia, is surrounded by non-
conductors of caloric. Of course the richness of the solution, the
pressure, and the temperature hold fixed relations to one another; call
the pressure, for example, three-fourths of an atmosphere in E. This
vessel communicates with the main evaporating and compressing pump
or other apparatus P by the pipe fat the bottom of both P and E. The
word "exhausting" is used not to denote the production of any partial
or other vacuum but in the popular and approved scale of drawing out
or tending to empty. The interior bottom of this pump may best be
› concave, and the top also, as shewn; and the piston should be of equal
convexity to fit it at the end of either stroke. Thus all gas and liquid
received below the piston during the ascending stroke will be driven
completely out by the return stroke through the larger of the valves.
It

page_text: is the intention that during the early part, and the earliest practicable of
this ascending stroke, a certain measured portion of the solution, whatever
it be (aqua ammonial in this case), but the same in kind with that in E
shall be suddenly injected beneath the piston. This measured quantity
is drawn out by a small pump p from the containing vessel R, having
therein a temperature some degrees higher than the natural cooling
waters of the locality. The same small pump being worked in a quick
and regulated time, say by a cam, forces its above-named contents into P
through the flexible duct e and the cylindric hollow neck N at the
bottom of P, in which the inlet and exit valves are placed, as seen in
Fig. 6. These two in fact compose together a compound valve indicated
by x, y.
The stem S of x is large and hollow, and moves evenly and
closely in the neck of the cylinder N, which constitutes a stuffing box
for it, and that valve is accordingly to be operated automatically by the
motive power of the machine. The other is a puppet valve having its
bed central in the former, opening by the pressure of p or its injecting
force through the said flexible duct, but closing when free by the spring
beneath, as seen in Fig. 6. So soon and in progress as the comparatively
warm liquid or liquor from R enters beneath the ascending piston it
parts rapidly with its volatile until the expansion of the latter into gas
has reduced that liquor or solution down to the temperature essentially
which rules in E. This done the piston descends and forces both liquid
and gas through into the mass of solution or liquor in E. This is
relatively meagre in gas compared with the solution in R. The gas
issuing from P rises to the top in E, and is held in the vacancy shown:
above the liquid to be disposed of in the after operation, as will farther
appear, it being drawn in the first instance through the inlet pipe e into
the upper space of P by the descent of the piston, and down the free way
afforded by the opening of the puppet valve y.
Meanwhile an equal amount of liquid is re-supplied to R in a circuit ;
from E, keeping the quantities in those vessels constant, or nearly so.
The entire mass of solution that is present in the latter at any one
instant will in a certain time have become transferred to the former.
From E it first passes into the freezing vessels V and V and their stems
K and K, having lateral branches traversing the under parts of the
narrow spaces o, and from these circulating up along the "water
chambers" W and W until conducted out of V by an upper stem K,
and back to R by the force of the circulating pump A, and thence to E

page_text: after a new evaporation effected by P, in nature substantially as described
in the first part of this Specification. Or otherwise the solution from E
may enter the top stems K and K and be discharged through their
branches at the top of the narrow channels o, and from them be spirted
out upon the plates of W, W, through many minute side orifices in
these branches. (I call this system of small distributing pipes branching
from the stem a "percolator.") Whether under this or the first-men-
tioned system the gas pump P is continuously drawing ammoniacal
gas from the solution circulating or running down in V as above. The
same also compresses that gas into R through the pipe f. Here it is
taken up by the solution and heat is liberated which must be abstracted
by the cooling coil 6 shown in that solution. The liquor in V is
measurably drawn out by the pump A through e and then thrown into
Rat Z through f. This Z is a narrow recompressing chamber at the
side of which opposite to Z the gas which P had drawn by its descending
stroke from E through e enters simultaneously from the space above the
piston, but which gas its up stroke now forces in through its own
outlet X and eduction pipe Xº. The narrow chamber Z is itself par-
titioned into an upper and a lower by the diaphragm n which drops
down numerous minutely perforated nipples, through which the before-
mentioned gas that has entered the upper partition escapes into the cold
liquid which has been injected as above by A into the lower partition Z.
Here the recomposition of the solution takes place, and the recomposed
liquor is allowed to drop through numerous orifices in the plate m,
which till the proper instant had been covered by a perforated plate
worked back and forth automatically by the rod Z properly put in motion
at the right instants and intervals by the motive power. This chamber
Z serves to recompose rapidly ammonia and the water, but it is not
essential, for the gas both from V and from E may if preferred be thrown
directly into the bottom of R and rise in bubbles through the contained
liquid.
-
It will be understood that in this process the solution which effects
the freezing in the cisterns V is impoverished by the action of P but
kept down in temperature; also that it becomes enriched anew in
ammonia by the recomposition in Z or R.

page_text: adapted to the same general object when the gas, as in the instance of
ammonia, is taken up greedily by the water. Consequently the pump A
might inject directly into the pump P above the piston during the time
when compression is there going on. The injected liquid or solution
being cold and at the same time meagre the reverse operation to that
before described beneath the piston will take place with much economy
of mechanical power. Thence the rich liquid will be thrown into R
through X³, but there is danger in the ordinary injection of liquids into
a pump that the escape may not be complete through the eduction
valves when the return or forcing stroke is completed. In that case a
fracture of the cylinder or piston is imminent. To avoid this exposure
I have in Fig. 6 introduced below and above a flexible metallic plate
which is fixed at the central parts of the piston's upper and under
surface, but deviates from these surfaces more and more as the distance
increases outward. With this arrangement the flexible plates, being
either flat or of less curvature throughout than the upper and under
ends of the interior of the cylinder, will close down first at the circum-
ference and progressively come into proximity or near contact with the
cylinder heads as the stroke is being completed. This will drive all
residual liquid to the central valves and favor its rapid and thorough
escape, besides that the flexible plate will act like a cushion in making
impacts gradual so far as there shall be any. In fact any under and
upper formations of the piston's surface which should ensure a pro-
gressive contact from circumference to centre would be but an equivalent
of the foregoing. Thus an elastic substance of sufficient durability either
by itself or with a thin metal sheeting meeting the cylinder heads with
a yielding surface of less curvature than their own, as above explained,
would be an equivalent to the foregoing flexible plates, seen at o
and al
It is also of great importance to obviate the necessity of the ordinary
stiff packing of the pistons. In the Drawing I shew a method for this
object which is at once simple and effectual, and the same is exhibited
yet more distinctly and with the same letters of reference in the main
evaporating and condensing pump of Fig. 1 in the first part of this
description. In both there projects down from the under central surface
of the piston of P a small tube t, which at about the end of each down
stroke of the piston enters and fits a cavity holding liquid in the
lower cylinder head; also the hollow of the entering tube is continued

page_text: up toward the middle section, horizontally, of the piston. Here it
enters a shallow groove t² holding oil or glycerine, or it may be water,
and running all around the cylindric surface of the piston. The latter
is turned to fit the bore of the pump as evenly as practicable. A self-
acting valve closes strongly the lower extremity of the tube, and a
second valve 2 rests in its bed on top of the piston and closes a small
channel leading up from the grooves. Also the rim of the piston's
upper surface is chamferred a little, all around to make a small cavity
for holding the same liquid. Now although the pressure of compressive
action will force a little of the liquid past the piston yet with a due and
practicable nicety of construction it will not empty the grooves nor
allow gas to pass. What liquid does escape through will be collected
in the central capsule t¹ of the cylinder head and driven back into the
piston's grooves by the down stroke. The stop valve of the tube
prevents a return, and the surface valve 2 above avoids any over strain
from hydrostatic pressure in case the liquid, which must be sparingly
In fact
supplied from time to time, should be at any time in excess.
it is not alone for a gas pump that this plan would serve but for the
packing of a steam cylinder and piston as well, or for the like of any
gas engine.
There may be different freezing cisterns operated on by the same
apparatus P, E, R, P, and A. Of these Fig. 6 shows only two, the
first of which, that is the one next to E, shows the water chamber W
at their sides and the one beneath P¹ shows those water chambers at
; their ends. In these the ice rakes are to be frozen up by circulating
the cold liquor from E among and along the chambers W, as before
explained, all on the general plan pointed out in the first part of this
Specification.
The ice cakes are also to be loosened and taken out in the same
0 general way, but with modifications in the plan of procedure as
follows: For convenience of illustration let the liquid from E be
supposed to enter the first cistern V₁ at the top stem K* and to circulate
downward along W₁ and through the branches of the under stem K³ in
manner as herein-before explained, and thence out of K³ and through
5 the adit L into the next succeeding or second cistern V, entering by
its lower stem K and distributed by its branches, then ascending through
o, o, into K³. Ordinarily in this full condition of V the circulation
pump A¹ will act only by its lower exhausting and compressing chamber

page_text: drawing out cold liquid from K₁ through e³ during the piston's ascent
and forcing it through f¹ into Z or R by its descent. For this of A¹ its
upper chamber must be isolated by closing the cocks of its inlet and
outlet pipes. Suppose now the above-named second cistern V has been
just frozen up, and that from the first V next to E the ice cakes have
just been removed and replaced by water in W₁ to be frozen, and the
problem is to loosen and detach the ice cakes from V. To do this shut
off f from A¹ and at the same time open f to it by turning properly the
two-way cock F. Thus it is obvious that leaving all else unchanged by
the working of A¹ the solution in both cisterns will circulate from the
first through the second and thence back to and through the first. It
will be successively warmed by the water chambers of the first, and by
this acquired warmth will loosen the frozen cakes in the second cistern.
If however the mode of operating has not been by a full circulation
from bottom to top but by a distribution through the "percolator
distributing the solution to run down W as described, then open K. of
the second cistern to A¹ through e² by the two-way cock B, which will
then close the stem K¹. Open also A¹ to the stem K' through the cock
and pipe, also open e* to K³ of the first cistern that the circulating
solution will be successively warmed in running down W₁ containing
water, and will in running down the water chamber W in V impart
warmth and finally loosen the ice cakes, which may then be taken out
and detached from the covers Y. The latter differ only from those in
Fig. 1 by having the end plates flat instead of hooked and pierced with
holes, into which the ice forms, giving an adhesion sufficient to detach
the cakes but themselves afterwards detached by a slight blow.
"
The fifth part of this Invention relates to a further modification of
the apparatus, and is illustrated in Fig. 7. This part of the Invention
consists of a mechanical apparatus added to the ammonia, see machine
commonly known as Carré's, which is used to draw or receive into itself
ammoniacal gas from the refrigerator, or from a separate reservoir of
ammonia, or from parts hereafter explained, and to throw or force it
into the absorber with such increased pressure as shall be necessary to
the best performance, or else it may be employed to take the like gas
from the current of " poor liquor" on its way to the absorber, or even a
from the boiler or retort, and throw or force it into the liquifier, all for
the purpose and in the manner substantially which I proceed to explain
in their object and in certain uses thereof.

page_text: In hot climates and during the heated seasons especially the natural
waters employed for the cooling both of the poor liquor preparatory to
its entering the absorber and the "rich liquid" which has become
heated by absorbing ammoniacal gas from the refrigerator are too warm
for the full performance to which the machine is otherwise competent.
The reason is that the affinity of the absorption water or poor liquor for
ammonia is much weakened by a moderate increase of temperature, say
only 20° or 30° Fahrenhit, so that under that increase the absorbing
liquid will not do full duty compared with the duty done by it in cooler
climates or months of the year. If pressure could be allowed to rise
in the absorber the absorptive power might be invigorated sufficiently;
but this additional pressure would react in the refrigerator and hinder
full evaporation in its pipes by diminishing in them the excess of cold,
so to term it, compared with the proper temperature of the brine outside
the pipes. The best data now at command appear to show that an
additional pressure but of about an atmosphere or less would be ample
to counteract some thirty degrees increase of temperature of the cooling
water.
Accordingly the first object of my plan herein set forth is to afford
in the absorber the requisite increase of pressure for full absorption, but
yet to avoid reaction in the refrigerator. This I effect by interposing
as a out-off a mechanical or other means (in case a better can be found)
for drawing out or taking up the gas from the refrigerator and then
compressing that gas to its higher density or tension in the absorber,
and so introducing it therein. The degree of compression required will
ordinarily at least be so moderate compared with the entire working
load of the machine that the resulting economy will be important.
For the mechanic's greater convenience Fig. 7 shows an outline of
some principal parts of the ammonia or "Carré" machine, designating
them respectively by their familiar names, as the "retort" (or boiler),
the "liquifier," the "absorber," the "refrigerator," &c. These can be
readily recognized in the Drawing as well by their outlines and con-
nections as by their names. It is only necessary to particularize in the
description those parts that constitute the Invention. Accordingly it is
these alone that are drawn with a full representation and designated by
reference letters. The double-action pump P is the representative of
the exhausting or evaporating apparatus for taking gas from the refri-
gerator, as before described, and compressing or forcing the same into

page_text: the absorber. The inlet pipe is : with the valve not shown, but which
may be of the ordinary kind. The outlet pipe f,f. Of these the former
is connected with and opens into the collecting pipe at the bottom of
the refrigerator (or into some other evaporating space of that vessel), or
better still into the cold vapor pipe that conducts the evaporated ammo-
niacal gas to the absorber. The latter or outlet pipe opens into the
absorber at any convenient part or manner. In Fig. 7 both pipes enter
the cold vapor pipe V, V, at parts not far asunder, but capable of being
isolated from each other by closing the intermediate cock y. This
makes that pipe available in use for the pump, but whenever it may be
desired to put the latter out of action so as to operate in the old way it
is only necessary to open y and close the cocks at m and n.
The shaft which carries the crank that alternates the piston may be
susceptible of regulation in the frequency of its revolutions. It may
for instance be rotated by a drum fixed upon it and actuated by a band
from another drum to match fixed upon the main power shaft of the
machine. The object of such regulation would be to adapt the exhaust
in amount to the varying exigencies of production, although in case the
performance is meant to be uniform in the evaporation element no such
regulation need be provided for after the best capacities of pumps and s
the best number of revolutions per minute shall have become under-
stood. To be clear respecting the combination and working, observe
that every part of the Carré apparatus employed will perform in its
ordinary way except that in V, V, the cock y or its equivalent intercepts
the ammoniacal gas on its way to the absorber and causes that gas to
pass through e, e, and its valves into the expanding stroke or chamber of
the pump, from which last the returning piston expels it into the
absorber and through the outlet pipe f, f, and the segment of V¹, V³,
which forms a continuation of the latter. Of course the pressure which
prevails in the absorber is that which rules essentially during the com- 3
pressing stroke (and chamber for the time being) of the pump, and of
course also the mechanical work is mainly expended in that compression
of what degree soever or amount it may be.
The transfer pump P might be employed in still another capacity.
Let it be premised that the pipe o, o, is so extended and connected as 3
to effect a continuation of the exhaust pipe e into the retort, and also
that the pipe p, p, shows a continuation of the exit or force pipe f into
the liquifier. Accordingly if the cocks are open except m and n and the

page_text: cocks & and c (both hereafter to be explained), the pump when set to
work will draw ammoniacal gas out of the retort through o, o, and force
it into the liquifier through p. This will reduce the temperature in the
retort as well as pressure, according to the degree of duty laid upon the
pump. It will also perform a like reduction in the liquifier if the hot
gas on its way to the latter is made to pas through pipes surrounded by
cooling water or some equivalent arrangement, but better for this pur-
pose, I introduce the hot gas by o, o, into the colander B near the bottom
of the gas cooler O, which is air-tight, and say three-fourth filled with
rich aqua ammonia kept cool by a continuation of the absorber's cold-
water coils through its mass. The gas bubbles up to the vacant space
at the top and finds a passage out through o, o, continued along o, e¹, z,
to e and P, or better, to the cock a of a smaller and single stroke
pump W, to be explained hereafter. P may then keep on its formerly
explained performance without cessation. This will leave to the
liquifier but little more than to dispose of the caloric of liquifaction.
In fact, the supposed cooling vessel and coil might be attached to the
ammonia machine independently of the pump.
It is one feature of this economy that the cooling waters both of the
absorber and the liquifier are competent to be used over again for
cooling this gas on account of the great excess of temperature in the
latter. Of course it is understood that for the operation of this system
the conduit between the retort and the liquifier will be closed, say by
shutting the cock D, and that the pump on its action must be contracted
in range or dimensions according to the greater density of the gas.
In the foregoing gas cooling and also gas transferring system from retort
to liquifier let it be observed that this transfer action of the pump will
involve but a comparatively moderate mechanical expenditure, both
because it works against a mere difference of pressures and because
the pistons or other working area will be small. Construction also
will be relatively cheapened whenever a single transfer pump supplies
different machines. For this it must draw out from a large induction
pipe I, common to all the retorts and having an adit to each of the
latter supplied also with a regulation cock, and also it must compress
with a common eduction pipe J', having similarly regulated adits and
connections between itself and all the liquifiers, all upon analagous
ideas to or like system more fully herein-after described for another and
independent operation.

page_text: Besides the mode first above described of restoring or augmenting the
action of affinity in the absorber, there is a second mode entirely distinct
therefrom, and for employing the transfer pump above mentioned in a
distinct and new application. It consists in depriving the poor liquid
while on its way to the absorber of a part of its contained ammonia by
drawing off the latter by the pump or otherwise. This operation may
be effected at any part of the current desired, but most advantageously
it would seem at some part which follows its passage out of the
" cooler."
By this deprivation of gas the poor liquid will come to the absorber
both more meagre and cooler. Every amount of gas thus abstracted and
transferred into the liquifier will be so much added to the evaporative
power in the refrigerator. This result is clear. In order to effect it that
portion of poor liquid which is immediately subject to the above described
exhaustion, should for the time be isolated from all pressure and only be
open to the exhaust; that is to say, aqua ammonia must rest in its
own receptacle cut off from all other actions other than the effects of the
pump or its equivalent. These therefor will be the essential parts in
combination, to wit, the isolated receptacle, the automatic cut-off, and
the pump or other exhauster. Incidentally the apparatus I now come
to show will also serve perfectly as a regulator of the poor liquids current
and as a conservator of that current's force or pressure propagated from
the retort. For this last reason I call it herein the "conservator." Its
conservation will amount simply to a major fraction of the force required
to work the ordinary ammonia or force pump.
The conservator in Fig. 7 is W. The poor liquor pipe leaving the
cooler enters by the cock a the head of the inverted pipe W during the
piston's ascent. The pressure of the current from the retort assists the
ascent. The opposite cock b continues closed during the same ascent,
but it opens automatically just when the descent begins, and only closes.
at the end of that descent. This compels the poor liquid which had
filled below the piston to pass up by the pipe b into the chamber above
the piston. During this passage pressure is kept back from above by
the self-acting valve Z, and also pressure is cut off from beneath because
the automatic cock a is closed. The poor liquid above the piston is
therefore in circumstances to part with more or less of its gas to the
exhaust of B, which takes effect through the pipe e, and the open cock c,
but so soon as the piston's ascent begins anew b and c are reclosed,

page_text: and a and z reopened, so that the liquid above the piston is forced
onward through z to the absorber, and also liquor is drawn in anew
through a.
To meet the above conditions it is assumed that the cocks a, B, and c
are shackled together in one system of revolution, either imparted by
the motive power equally or at equally recurring periods coincident as to
frequency with the strokes of the piston in the conservator.
Also that in this particular construction their sheaths or bids open
into the bore of W by a little less than half way round the circle of the
bids, and with their plugs so disposed in them that each cock stands
alternately shut off from and opening to to for the time, each of half a
revolution.
If the conservator is worked by both strokes of the double action
pump it should be geared to make two revolutions to one of p, and with
the dead points of both coincident, but if by closing the cocks r, u,
and 8, or otherwise, that exhaust is divided as it obviously so might be
between the conservator and the refrigerator, then the revolutions should
be equal between the two.
The chamber below the piston of p, as seen in Fig. 10, would then
during the up strokes receive gas from the conservator through the
pipe e, which from the chamber above it the same piston is forcing out
into the absorber the gas it has been receiving through the compound
pipe e, from the refrigerator. The return stroke through the under
chamber will force the contents thereof into the liquifier.
In the Drawing the rod to is in place to connect the projecting
arm of c to an equal arm for a, and the like connects a and b, so that if
one is turned the movement is synchronous and equal for the others.
Thus by p alone the two operations above described may be performed
simultaneously, or either by itself or otherwise; there may be an
exhausting and.compressing apparatus separate for each. This operation
on the poor liquid will take its gas at a much less density than the like
taken as above described from the retort, and must reduce it to the full
density in the liquifier. Therefore although capable of invigorating the
absorption, yet its main value would in this respect probably be reserved
for exigencies or cases of special necessity, but the conservator indepen-
dently of p has both a regulating and a power saving capability, still

page_text: more important is it as a resource in case of necessity for not with-
drawing and recovering from the waste waters of condensation any small
per centage of volatile liquid which perchance may be held in solution
by the water.
Its form would be varied for that application but not its substantial
principles and operation. For that reason it is specially referred to for
the last-named use or application in the methods described in the 1st,
2nd, and 3rd parts of this Specification. If in that use it should bring
over air with the volatile gas liberated, let the mixture of gas be strongly
impressed around the cold pipes or passed up through a very cold mass
of the volatile itself in a separate vessel provided with an escape cock for
the purified air; or otherwise let the condensation water be itself
purified from air by passing it through a vacuum before its introduction
for use into the restorer R.
In a
The dimensions and revolutions of the transfer pump are matters of
calculation in each separate case by the scientific mechanic.
general way they may be determined on principles like the following:-
From the quantity of ice to be made by the hour by a given machine
there can be deduced the weight of ammonia to be evaporated in the
same time; ordinarily it may approximate to one-fifth the weight of ice
produced. Then, from the known temperature and pressure the volume
of expansion may be computed for the vapour, say, this may be about
830 the bulk of an equal weight of water. If this transfer pump cannot
be trusted for full performance, add correspondingly for the defect
anticipated; if one-fourth, then the proper capacity might be about
1100 times the bulk above specified.
If several machines are performing together it will be economy to lay
the duty of them all upon a single central pump of a capacity sufficient
for all, and to connect them all with the central pump by a common
exhaust pipe as before explained, and also by a common compression or
eduction pipe in like manner to connect all the absorbers. Every
refrigerator thus connected would open into the common eduction pipe
under control of a regulating cock, as also every absorber would open
into the common eduction. There will also be a stop-cock in both
these connecting channels between every two of the above described
openings to one and the same pipe. A certain degree of variableness in
the rapidity or period of the revolutions might be prudently provided for
in manner and by means already referred to or well known. Calling P,

page_text: in Fig. 7, the above described central pump, the other essential and
connected and connecting parts are correctly shown, except in relative
proportions, as one of the connecting pipes k, v¹, between the main
induct I and the refrigerator, the like 1, v¹, between the educt J and the
absorbers, so that the cut-offs I, J, and the controlling cocks k, l.
By the above plans of proceedure great steadiness of production may
be obtained through all seasons of the year, provided the ammoniacal
solution is kept at a determinate and unvaried standard of richness; but
ordinarily the aqua ammonia. degenerated in strength one week with
another.
To obviate this defect I propose, as a still further improvement, to
combine the ammonia reservoir or retort c with the induction pipe of
the pump e extended for that purpose, but capable of being stopped
off by the cock 8. It is true that a separate pump might be appropriated
for this use, which should force gas drawn by itself from O through 8
into an absorber. This would be an equivalent for that purpose to P,
and will obviate all necessity of changing the amounts of action of the
transfer pump to the small degree, and for the small duration required
for maintaining absolute uniformity of rate or production. However,
C may best be connected, as shewn, with P itself. One important facility
is thus obtained, namely, that this pump or its equivalent may be used
to graduate the strength or richness of the aqua ammonia to a higher
scale than would otherwise be convenient. In fact, also, the vessel O
may be the ordinary retort or chemical apparatus for generating ammonia,
or setting it free from its obtainable salts or chemical combinations, or
its union with other substances; or, O may be a cam of aqua ammonia,
to the bottom or surface of which artificial heat may be applied to favor
escape of the gas under action of the pumps; but the latent heat of
evaporation from the ammonia may be utilized as follows:-Let d, d, be
a space surrounding C, and capable of forming for the time being a space
or expansion of the poor liquor channel e². This formation may be
realized effectually by supplementary pipes, furnished with restraining
cocks, and projecting as mere branches i, i, from the poor liquor pipe e¹, e¹,
to be coupled on to the inlet pipe and the outlet X* respectively
of d, d, prolonged and connected in manner as shewn in Fig. 7.
The proceedure will be thus:-0 and d, d, will be filled with aqua
ammonia, then the connections with the poor liquor nine e¹. e¹ will be
'

page_text: r
made by coupling x¹ and ³ to their branches respectively, taking care,
for the exclusion of air, to employ and close restraining cocks immediately
next the couplings at i, i. When d, d, is thrown into the poor liquid
circuit or circulation let the coupling of C to 8, e, be made with the like
precautions for excluding air. Then shut off the lower exhaust chamber
and valve of the transfer pump from the refrigerator by closing the
cocks and u. By this two strokes of the piston on one side become
appropriated to acting on ammonia in and from c, while the corres-
ponding strokes on the other side, operating through the pipes and valve
abover and u continue their duty relative to the refrigerator, and this
may be to the same amount as the strokes in ordinary circumstances, by
doubling the revolutions in frequency. Thus there will be a partial
vacuum formed in C, and the heat imparted by the poor liquor itself
in d, d, will assist to liberate gas from aqua ammonia, while at the same
time the poor liquor itself is cooled and so is invigorated for absorption,
still an improved and novel mode of employing P to effect the foregoing
exhaustion of C as well as certain other analogous purposes in other
combinations or forms of process is substantially the following :-
Let the cocks m and 8 be shackled together, and thus or otherwise be
connected to the motive power of the machine that either shall be closed
at the instant and while its fellow cock is opened or open, and
automatically let the motive power of the machine shut to and m and so
cut off P from the refrigerator or very little before the piston of P shall
have completed its stroke either up or down, but at any required point
or period of the stroke next succeeding, say, one-eighth the full stroke,
let the above position of the two cocks last mentioned be suddenly
reversed so that during the remainder, say, seven-eighths the full
stroke, e, e, will be open to the refrigerator but closed to the ammonia
tank or cam C. By this arrangement it is obvious that any desired
fractional parts of the strokes and of the entire exhaustion of P may be
utilized for taking in ammonia from C but all the remaining part to
take in gas from the refrigerator. Obviously it will be easy on the
same idea to apply to but one of the expanding strokes instead of both
the foregoing cut-off by an alternate closing and opening of the cocks
or their equivalents for the same operation in manner as above described,
cutting in fact at double the fraction of a stroke above supposed. Either
way it is practicable as to proportion this fraction of one entire stroke
as to be of small relative amount, especially for the entire period of a
machine's perforance, but all may be equalized in this last respect

page_text: simply by a trifling acceleration of the revolution. Between this and
the like described for another special use in the second part of this
Specification the essential analogy and correspondence of principle and
means or plan will be obvious on comparison.
The aqua ammonia of the cam above described may be the weak
liquor of the gas works when cleared of impurities. To conveniently
employ this let the pipe o' after passing down the absorber turn out of
it near the bottom through the two-way cock A and be continued by the
smaller pipe X, which can be coupled to the free inlet X¹ of d, d. In its
ordinary position the cock A must be turned to afford an open way of V¹
into the absorber, and at the same time to keep V₁ from any exterior
space or part, as for example d, d. It will improve this ordinary action
to introduce near the bottom of the absorber a cilinder N, into which V₁
shall discharge the ammonical gas and also a ring N¹ for discharging the
poor liquid into the force pump, similar in formation and office to the
ring for the same purpose in the restorer in the first part of this
Specification. Reversing this position for the time being, close v¹ to
the absorber and open it to d, d, as shown. Then having a sufficiently
capacious and full of the weak liquor and d, d, also supplied with pure
water, let the cocks be so turned as to shut off P from all performing
parts except c and d, d. It will draw gas out of c by & and compress it
through o¹, A, X¹ into d, d, where it will be taken into solution. When
the weak liquor is deprived of the gas a new charge may be put in.
Then
The heat of absorption in d, d, will favor the evaporation in c.
the openings of X and X' to A may be changed to those with the poor
liquor pipe e, e, above described, and d, d, will be made a space or
For clearness be it
extension as before specified of that channel.
observed that if V and P are both used for the above purpose, that use
supposes a suspension for the time of their functions in the machine;
but such suspension may be avoided by simply having as an equivalent
another and separate exhausting or evaporating and compressing
apparatus in combination with only such parts of the above as are
needful for the useful purpose described. Moreover in case the weak
liquor is charged with another volatile than ammonia, as the con-
densation waters before mentioned in the first, second, and third parts
for example, certain applications of this last device for recovering the
gas will be manifest upon comparison and consideration.
L

page_text: pipe I and it appurtenances above described to different refrigerators
may be employed to throw their aggregated contents of vapour into a
single absorber made of a capacity to serve them all in union; and also
it is obvious that by an eduction pipe J and appurtenances above
described the contents of a single large refrigerator might distributed
among several absorbers.
may be employed to throw their aggregated contents or vapour to а
single absorber made of a capacity to serve them all in union; and also
it is obvious that by an eduction pipe J and appurtenances above
described the contents of a single large refrigerator might distributed
among several absorbers.
If rotary pumps can be employed both for evaporating and exhausting
and for compressing the gas there will be an obvious advantage in
uniformity and simplicity of action.
In all the foregoing forms of process and machinery the motive
power will ordinarily be steam, and in certain applications the steam
generator and also the waste steam of the cylinder or engine may be
made auxiliary more or less to the general object. Thus referring to
the main object of the application described in the third part of this
Specification, the precipitation of salt therein aimed at may be carried
on by the freezing concurrently with another precipitation from pure
brine being evaporated and used for raising steam in the boiler itself of
the engine. Again, the waste steam usually discharged witbout effect
may be condensed in pipes or chambers surrounded by pure brine to be
thus warmed as a preparatory or auxiliary to evaporating the same in
solar vats or by boiling in kettles.
If a low pressure steam engine is employed with a tubular condenser,
brine may be used for the water or liquid of condensation, and so receive
the warming above described.
One very effective method of utilizing the escape steam will be to
employ in the open air or in an enclosure ventilated by an air blast the
system of sheets, 1, shown in Fig. 1, and the colander J*, into
which A pumps up the brine through Z and delivers it distributed upon
the cloths only so fast as required for wetting the latter continually, or
a continuous and repeated evaporation may be obtained, as shown by
the apparatus A' with R³, the chamber M, cloths 1, and either the
colander J or else the collecting ring and distributing pipes n, n.
The brine if not naturally pure must before used as above be cleansed
of impurities that would encrust the boiler or the escape and condensing
pipes.

page_text: If the single action pump P shown in Fig. 3 and connected therein
with w, w, by two way cocks 1, 2, 3, and 4 is not wanted for the pur-
poses described in the third part of this Specification, it may be connected
instead with the suitable inlet and outlet brine pipes for employment as
above.
I claim as the Invention communicated to me,-
1st. The employment of an apparatus which evaporates within a
refrigerator, and in contact or commixtion with a liquid medium to be
cooled thereby, a volatile liquid not soluble, or but sparingly soluble in
the medium that is to be cooled by the evaporation, substantially and
for the purpose described.
2nd. The employment of an apparatus which compresses the gas
of a volatile liquid not soluble, or but sparingly soluble in cold
water or other condensing liquid employed, into or within a restorer
or liquifier to be condensed or restored to a liquid condition by contact
with the cold water or medium in union with compression, substantially
as described.
3rd. In each of the methods and processes described in the foregoing
first and second parts, I claim the particular combination of parts and
means in and with the refrigerator or evaporating vessel, or any sub-
stantially the same for effective evaporation on or over an aggregate
largely extended surface and exposure, meaning the combination of
such and so many of those means as are essential and sufficient for the
refrigeration intended.
4th. In like manner I claim the combination of parts and means, or
of any substantially the same, in and with the restorer for effecting
the restoration of a gas to its liquid condition by compression in
contact or commixtion with water or a cold medium, substantially
as described.
5th. The conservation of cooling effect within or without the
refrigerator, substantially as described, by showering water or a liquid
through an ascending or circulating gas derived from the insoluble
volatile liquid in the refrigerator.
6th. The diaphragm, the recurved pipes, and the delivery conduit for
the volatile liquid, in combination, substantially as shown, for the
refrigerator or for the restorer herein first described.

page_text: condensing or liquifying a gas, or of recomposing its solution in water
or any other medium by injecting the latter into the contracting or
compressing space or chamber of a pump, there to condense or absorb
the gas and to be thrown out with it into a common receptacle, which
forms an essential part of the combination; and I also claim the union
of these two antagonistic processes in one operation performed by a
receiving and compressing pump or apparatus in combination with
an inject pump for each process, and the necessary receptacles for
both.
16th. The freezing cisterns having water chambers for ice, sub-
stantially as shown in the first and fourth parts of this Invention, in
combination with a cut off for bringing the chambers newly frozen up
into one circulation with chambers newly supplied with water, and with
a circulation pump or apparatus to alternate a liquid from the chambers
having water to those having ice, to thaw slightly the latter, and loosen
them in the chambers, substantially as described. Or otherwise to with-
draw the interior liquid from the frozen up cistern and replace it by a
circulation of water of ordinary temperature from without, so long as
necessary, and which can be either wasted or employed for condensation
water in the restorer, as may be preferred.
17th. The combination of lower and upper circulation stems in a
freezing cistern in combination with a system of cut offs, either to force
the above-described circulation into alternate directions back and for-
ward or up and down in traversing from end to end of the cistern, as
described.
18th. The recomposing chamber with plates having nipples or orifices
and a covering or uncovering slide worked by the machine's motive
power, substantially as and for the purpose described.
19th. The combination of a piston for expelling liquid from a working
pump with a flexible metallic plate or equivalent elastic bed on one
terminating surface of the piston or on both, to avoid impact against
the cylinder heads, and to expel the liquid with safety, substantially as
described.
20th. The self-maintaining liquid packing for the piston of a pump or
working engine, substantially as described in the fourth part of this
Specification, and as shown in Figs. 1 and 6.

page_text: 21st. The automatic cut offs, described in the second and fifth parts of
this Specification, for dividing the action of each or either stroke of a
pump or engine between different vessels for receiving the contents of
the one or the other respectively in any desired proportions in com-
bination with the said vessels and the working parts.
22nd. The liquifier, restorer, or exchanger made with with spiral sheets
and channels, substantially as described in the second part of this Specifi-
cation, and with or without the apparatus for equalizing pressure in or
below the channels to which last or equalizing apparatus by itself no
claim is asserted.
23rd. In the combination of its essential parts the conservator
described in the fifth part of this Specification for any and all the uses
herein described.
24th. The above-described covers of the water chambers in their
peculiar construction for holding and withdrawing the cakes of ice in
combination with the water chambers.
25th. In an ammonia machine of the Carré or other description I
claim the combination of a refrigerator and an absorber, or equally of
a retort and a liquifier with a pump or apparatus to receive ammoniacal
gas from the refrigerator and compress it into the absorber, sub-1
stantially as and for the purpose described, or otherwise to receive gas
from the retort and compress it into the liquifier, as and for the purpose
described.
26th. In the same construction I claim the induction pipe described
as common to different refrigerators, or to different retorts or to both;
and in like manner I claim the eduction pipes common to different
absorbers or to different liquifiers, as the case may be, all in com-
bination with the parts to which the said pipe or pipes is or are
common, and also with a common receiving and compressing pump or
apparatus.
27th. In an ammoniacal absorber or a gas cooling vessel between a
retort and a liquifier, as described, I claim the colander at the bottom to
receive and distribute equably the discharge from the gas conduits for
ascending through the contained absorbing or cooling liquid and cold
water coils.

page_text: 28th. The combination of a brine freezing apparatus in combination
with a steam generator fitted to evaporate brine at once for precipitating
salt and allowing its removal, and for supplying power to the freezing
apparatus through periods of continuous working. I also claim the same
freezing apparatus in combination with eduction or condenser pipes,
warming brine for evaporating in combination with the vats, kettles, or
sheets necessary to that complete evaporation.
In witness whereof, I, the said Edward Thomas Hughes, have here-
unto set my hand and seal, this Twenty-second day of June, One
thousand eight hundred and seventy-two.