IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF ANCHORS FOR SHIPS OR VESSELS, AND IN THE MODES AND MEANS OF HOUSING OR SECURING THEM THERETO.
Year: 1878

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to James Scott and John Hutton Riddel, both of Glasgow,
"
in the County of Lanark, North Britain, Engineers, for the Invention of
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF ANCHORS FOR SHIPS OR VESSELS,
AND IN THE MODES AND MEANS OF HOUSING OR SECURING THEM THERETO.
"
Sealed the 3rd June 1879, and dated the 27th December 1878.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said James Scott and John
Hutton Riddel at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 27th
December 1878.
"
JAMES SCOTT and JOHN HUTTON RIDDEL, both of Glasgow, in the County of
Lanark, North Britain, Engineers. IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF
ANCHORS FOR SHIPS OR VESSELS, AND IN THE MODES AND MEANS OF HOUSING
OR SECURING THEM THERETO."
"
This Invention has reference to a new or improved construction of anchors for
ships, which will be stronger, more durable, and efficient in their action with less
inetal, and consequently cheaper than anchors have been as heretofore constructed;
and further, to new or improved fittings and appliances in or connected with the
ships or vessels for housing or securing anchors thereto for protection, and which
enable them to be more perfectly and snugly secured and protected, and more
easily "let go
ог "cast" and "weighed or drawn than they have hitherto
been. And the nature and novelty of the Invention as regards the new or im-
proved construction of the anchors consists first in making the shank in the form
of an open web frame (not of a straight central stem as usual) with a short central
arm at the end to which the shackle is secured, and angled outwards beyond into
two edge and forked arms towards the head or outer griping end or ends formed
with large socket eyes on these outer arms, which are made wide enough apart to
contain and protect the griping and holding fluke arm made in the form of a
transverse lever frame, swivelling by its outer strong transverse axle or eye, pre-
ferably by turned end stems or journals fitted and mounted to swivel in the large
ID 177

page_text: eyes at the ends of the forked arms of the shank frame; the fluke arms, one,
two, three, or more in number, being formed in one with the swivelling
transverse spindle, and projecting back so as to oscillate within the forked part
of the open frame and arms, and in the same central plane therewith in their
mid or non-acting and flat housing position, but oscillating to the one side or the
other to enter or gripe and hold in or on the ground when "cast" or "let go as
"
"
usual. Chokes," stop catches, or other equivalents are formed on the large eyes
of the arms and end parts of the journals of the fluke frame to fix it in the proper
holding, catching, or angular position, and the main open shank or frame may be
either forged or formed of malleable iron or of forged or cast steel in one piece or in
two pieces with a joint up the centre of the short shank, bolted or rivetted together
with the heaving shackle coupled to the extreme ends or jointed between them
when in two parts, and when desired a straight shank may be formed in the
centre (as at present), and have the two new side or fork arms secured thereto so
as to leave two open side spaces at the crown for the fluke frame to oscillate in one
or two parts, on one or two axes. The improvements connected with the second
part of the Invention, namely, the housing and protecting of the anchor on board
ship consist in forming an elongated hawse hole in the bow of the ship sufficiently
wide and long to take in each anchor of this new or improved flat-framed con-
struction, preferably vertically, or it might be horizontally, so that each anchor
when hauled up by its cable would be drawn quite into its receiving and protecting
recess or chamber, which would be formed with a hinged or sliding door flush with
the outer plating or planking of the ship so as to exclude the sea-water and leave
all clear outside, and dispense with all the labour of "cating" and "fishing" or other-
wise securing the anchors to the bow or deck of the ship, thus doing away with all
the cumbrous cat-head fittings or davits and their tackle, and leaving the ship's
bows and deck entirely clear of such incumbrances, and the anchor left free to be
let go at any moment. The new or improved elongated hawse hole in the bow of
the ship for housing and protecting anchors is also applicable for the housing of
other anchors as heretofore constructed with their fluke arms oscillating so as to
lie in a plane with their shanks and stocks.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said James Scott and John Hutton Riddel in the Great Seal Patent
Office on the 4th June 1879.
JAMES SCOTT and JOHN HUTTON RIDDEL, both of Glasgow, in the County of
Lanark, North Britain, Engineers. "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF
ANCHORS FOR SHIPS OR VESSELS, AND IN THE MODES AND MEANS OF HOUSING
OR SECURING THEM THERETO."
Our said Invention has reference, firstly, to certain improvements in the general
construction or combination of the parts of anchors for sailing or steam ships or
vessels, which will be stronger, more durable, and efficient in their action and
holding power, and generally with less metal in them for the size of anchors, and
are consequently cheaper than those heretofore constructed, and more suitable for
"housing" or securing them on "board ship" and letting them "go," or lowering
them into the sea for use, in accordance with our important improvement for that
purpose under the second part of this Invention, which consists of or has reference
to new or improved fittings and appliances in and connected with such ships or
vessels for "housing" and securing the said improved, or some other ordinary con-
structions of anchors therein for their protection, and which will enable such
anchors to be more quickly, perfectly, and snugly secured and protected when not
in use, while being always ready for and more easily "let go" or "cast," and also
'weighed" or drawn in with greater saving of labour in so doing than has been
possible by the methods and fittings or means heretofore employed for these
purposes.
And in order that the nature and novelty of our said Invention may be properly
understood, we shall now proceed to describe the several Figures on the Sheet of
Drawings which we have hereunto appended for that purpose, and also for showing
the best modes and means we are at present aware of for putting the Invention
into effect or practice, the same reference letters and numerals indicating the same
or equivalent parts in all the Figures where shown.
The first part of our said Invention which consists of certain improvements in
the general construction or combination of the parts of anchors are shown in
Figures 1 to 12, giving a plan and edge view to large scales and partially in section
of six different modifications thereof for making anchors, more particularly suitable
for the said effective use and “housing" them on board ship (than they have been
generally as heretofore constructed) under or by the improvements forming the
second and important or main object and novelty of this Invention, and which is
shown also in several modifications in the elevations and plans of the bow part of
ships in Figures 13 to 25 of the accompanying Sheet of Drawings, all constructed
in accordance with and showing the nature of our said Invention, and mode and
means of carrying the same into effect or practice. Referring to the improved
construction of anchors and mode of perfecting the same, as shown in the modi-
fications, Figures 1 to 8, consist as follows:-In making the shank or body of the
anchor in the form of an improved open web frame A, A¹, A', (not of a straight
central shank as is most usual) formed preferably for ease of making in two parts
A', A', deep in edge view and rounded on the outer surface, as seen in the two
sections, Figures A 1, A 2, of these parts taken on the dotted lines 1-1 and 2 - -2
in Figure 2. These parts A', A', when so made separately, for ease of forging as
out of malleable iron or forged steel, are jointed and secured close together as one
stem at their free or cable end a, a, by shrunk on rings a¹, a¹, Figures 1 and 2, or
it might be by rivets at a¹¹, a¹, Figures 5 to 10, and fitted either with a swivelling
eye a for attaching the end of the cable by a shackle thereto, as seen in Figures 1
and 2, or it might be by an ordinary shackle a³, as seen in the other Figures, or a
common welded chain ring when preferred. The shank frames A', A', beyond the
secured parts a', a¹¹, are gradually angled or curved outwards to the open forked

page_text: "
or frame form towards their head or fluke end A", where they are formed parallel
on the inside with large socket eyes A", A", or ends wide enough apart to receive
and embrace the ends B of the long box or crosshead B₁ of a wide or flat
web form of fluke arm B, B'. The ends B1 of the crosshead B are each
formed with a stop catch or clutch B2, which take into corresponding reverse
or sunk stops or catches A2, A3, formed and covered in within the clutch box
eyes A, A, which allow the fluke web B, B¹, to turn round to about 45°
in either direction from the line of its shank frame, to enter the ground at
the bottom of the water in a usual manner, whichever side of the anchor falls
downwards, as seen in dotted lines at B* in the several Figures; and in sharp.
lines horizontally, or in the centre line or plane of the anchor frame A, A, in the
several Figures, being the position in which they are placed or assume for
housing" them, as will hereinafter be described. The broad or web holding fluke
arm B, B', of these improved anchors are preferably secured to the socket or clutch
eyes A, A, of the shank frames A¹, A¹, by a strong round bar or pin C passed
right through these and their crosshead end B', and rivetted at one or both ends C¹
outside, either over a sunk ferrule, bush, or screw nut, or not, as shown in Figures
1 and 2, all at the time the anchor is being put together, and so that the fluke B, B¹,
can swivel freely on the pin C to the griping angle B* on one side or the other of
its shank, as before stated, and be held there by the socket clutch boxes B, A³, and
eyes A, A, which take all the strain off the pin C and prevent sand and dirt
from getting into the joint, as seen in Figures 1, 2, 3, 4; or otherwise they may be
secured by short pins C with sunk heads inserted from the outer ends through
the clutch boxes A1, A2, and B¹¹, and cottered at the inner ends to the latter at
C², C2, as shown in Figures 7 to 8, in which case the fluke head B' would swivel
by the pins in the end socket A" of the shanks A¹, A¹. These broad holding
flukes B, B, may be formed with one, two, or more large griping pointed flukes
proper at B, b; and when cast in metal, as cast-iron, inalleable cast-iron, or cast-
steel, they are preferably formed of a thin flat web B tapering thicker to where it
curves and joins into its crosshead B' with deep tapering longitudinal strengthening
feather b carried back and joining into a lateral cross feather b¹ on each side of the
middle part of the long eye or crosshead B' for catching the ground and assisting
in tilting the point of the flukes B, b, into the ground to assume their gripping
angle, and after they have once caught properly by sinking themselves deeper and
deeper into the ground the more they are pulled at their head or joint B¹, B", by
the shank frame A, A', A', and cable. But, when desired, small supplementary
loose broad sharp catching blades or palms 6x may be hinged laterally to the front
or back part of the eye B¹ with stop hinges for assisting in catching and tilting the
main flukes B, b, into the ground in addition to or instead of the lateral feathers b¹.
In Figures 1, 2, and 7, 8, the middle part of the cross head B₁ between its large
end eyes or clutches B1, B2, is left smaller in diameter than these; but in Figures 3
to 6 a back strengthening feather 611 is formed quite across to strengthen and make
up the hollow or space between these bosses in a line. While in the modification
shown in Figures 7 and 8 this feather is extended quite in the form of a broad
back web 6 with strengthening rim b³ all round its outer margin or edge on both
sides, which, when the anchor is in use, will have a greater holding power by reason
of this back web 6, 63, dragging and accumulating a greater weight of the ground
or stones over it than any of the forms of anchors of equal size and weight, shown
in Figures 1 to 6, would have, as indicated in Figures 20 and 21, where it is shown
as in action. In the latter, Figures 5 to 10, an internal strengthening web a³ is
formed inside the angled parts A', A', where these diverge from the rivetted part A
of the shank A, A¹, and which is further secured by a double T or I headed
cotter a rivetted on both sides. Figures 3 and 4 show a partial plan and edge
view of what may be termed a heavy block construction of anchor, all made
of cast-iron, or it might be cast-steel, with the shank frame A, A', A',
all cast in one piece with the stop catches A2 of the clutch eyes or
heads A², A, formed on the inner side of these, and left open behind for the

page_text: "shipping" in of the clutch eyes B1, B2, (of the crosshead B' of the fluke arm
or frame B, B',) at these open outer or back ends, and formed with their clutch
stops B at the back to work in these openings when properly secured, as by a
long cross pin C passed right through their eyes A", A", and B₁, B, and rivetted
or pinned at the outer ends at C. This construction of anchor being most suitable
from its simplicity, heavy weight, and cheapness, for mooring largo ships, or strong
moorings, or buoys in harbours, or other such places where they would not
require frequent lifting. Figures 9 and 10 show a plan and a sectional side or edge
view of a double or duplicated modification or construction of our outward bow
framed form of the shank A, A1, A¹, riveted and secured at the shackle end A, all,
as described in reference to and shown in Figures 5 to 8, but continued in a reverse
elliptical bow shape behind the clutch eyes A1, A2, to a single clutch joint eye A³
to which a second two fluke arm B1, B3, is jointed to act in an equivalent manner
to the front one B, B¹, thus giving this anchor a double holding power as seen
indicated in dotted lines at B*, B*, in Figure 10. Figures 11 and 12 show a plan
and an edge view of an improved construction of anchor with a somewhat ordinary
form of two side armed flukes E, E, carried and swivelling by their central
transverse axis E¹, E", between them in a large eye formed in the back end or
head F of a straight central shank F, F', preferably made all of malleable iron
with the improved form of stop clutch F, F, embracing the swivelling collar
centre E of the cross axis E' of the flukes E, which thus swivels in this hollow
clutch box or eye F1, F2, bent round it while hot at the middle part F11 of the
shank F; in this case jointed up the centre out of the two folded over double
thickness of the one bar or shank F rivotted together up the centre at F¹, but
formed with a new or improved broad central curved web A" with strengthening
or feathers A1111 at the edges, rivetted between or within the joint of the two
thicknesses of the shank F, F1, at the shackle end, and stretching out at the sides
as these receede to the full width of the fluke arms at A of their front ends or
points E to act as a kind of stock, to keep the anchor flat and steady while the
flukes E aro in the act of catching; this web A1, A2, also answers as the curved
bow arms A, A¹, in the former Figures for protecting and guiding the flukes safe in
on board in "housing" the anchor as will hereinafter be described. But it will be
understood that this form or type of anchor with ordinary or straight central
shank F, and two side arm flukes E, E, might be formed with the improved
construction of outside shank frame A', A¹, shown in the other Figures 1 to 8 in
addition to the shank F to which they would be rivetted near the cable shackle
end, and when as in this case the two flukes E and E would have a swivel bearing
or clutch box at the centre and sides, they might be formed in two parts to swivel
and act independently of each other. It will be quite understood that although the
shanks A, A, A1, and flukes B, B', B", herein shown and described are more suitable
for being formed of cast-steel or cast or malleable cast-iron, that they might with very
slight alteration in the forms of some of the details, as where the most acute angles
of the webs and feather parts meet, be so modified or otherwise tapered or made
more obtuse or curved off as to enable them to be forged or compressed by hydraulic
presses out of wrought iron, or forged or hammered steel.
Referring to Figures 13 to 25, the important improvement connected with the
second part of this Invention, namely, that for the "housing" and protecting of
the anchors on board ship consists, first, in forming an elongated hawse hole. H
for each cable and anchor large enough to receive and protect the anchor, and
preferably formed to house the anchor vertically, as seen in Figures 13 to 22,
or horizontally, as in Figures 23 to 25, at or near the bow of the ship Z as
usual, but it might be at an angle when desired instead of or in contra-distinction
to the ordinary round or mere cable hawse hole heretofore used, as shown
at Z', in Figure 19, all for enabling each anchor A, B, to be at once drawn
up quite into its receiving and protecting chamber or housing hawse hole H,
direct by its cable z in a line with their respective hauling capstan 2', or wind-
lass or guide pulleys or bits 22, 23, leading thereto when the anchors are

page_text: "
mado of the improved flat forms with swivelling flukes, as hereinbefore described in
reference to Figures 1 to 12, or it might be other forms of ordinary anchors which
have their fluke arms made to oscillate in a plane with their shanks (as shown at
E, E, and F, in Figures 1 and 2) and at the same time leaving the anchor free to be
"let go" at any moment, which new or improved arrangement of hawse hole or
or anchor housing H does away with or saves the necessity for all the cumber-
some and expensive fittings heretofore used, such as catheads, blocks, tackle
stoppers, shanks, painters, anchor derricks or davits, "fish hooks," and lashings for
getting the anchor on the "rest or secured on deck, thus saving all the time and
labour, and wear and tear of material, required in performing these troublesome and
tedious operations, and also that of cutting away a portion of the bow gunwale, as
at present practised in man of war ships, as indicated at 11 in Figures 13 to 15;
besides leaving the whole forecastle deck clear for the usual work of managing the
sails, or of bow guns in war ships. These Figures 13, 14, and 15 are an end and
side elevation and a plan or deck view, respectively, the two latter partly in section,
of the bow end of an iron clad ship or ram z showing four anchor "housing" hawse
holes H, two on each side of the bow, with a two fluked anchor A, B, in each,
similar to Figures 1 and 2, one shown as drawn up into its hawse hole H with its
cable z led direct to the capstan z¹, in Figure 14, all the other hawse holes and
cables being arranged parallelly conveniently for being similarly led by guide
pulleys 22, 23, to a capstan z, as shown in Figure 15. The hawse holes H, shown
in these Figures 13 to 15, are each made of sufficient depth and width to receive the
anchor A, B, vertically on edge, preferably of strong malleable iron sheets or plates
secured to or between the main frames of the ship Z, so as not to cut these, and
with strong frames H' of malleable or cast metal at their outer ends secured water
tight to the outer plating of the ship and set at such an angle longitudinally as to
admit of the anchors being freely drawn up into their improved hawse holes H as
well as being free to slide or glide down out of them by their own weight when
their cable or hawser z is "let go." The lower edge or lip of the hawse hole and
frame H, H, being rounded and wide for the free and easy running of the chain z
and the guiding in of the anchor A, B, when lifting it, the frame H and the open
end or mouth of these hawse holes H is fitted with a sliding protecting door h, as
seen in Figures 13, 15, and 22, (but they might be hinged when desired) and closed
up as nearly flush as possible with the outer plating or surface of the ship Z so as
to exclude the sea water, and leave all clear with no obstruction outside to catch or
come in contact with passing objects; and these doors may have an eye in their
upper end for being drawn up or pushed down by a hook and chain or bar. Figures
16 and 17 show an elevation and deck plan of the bow part of a vertical stemed
iron steam or sailing ship Z as fitted with two of our new or improved large, deep,
or elongated hawse pipes or housings H, shown in section, for stowing and pro-
tecting the anchors on board ship. One is ranged near and on each side of the stem
of the ship parallel to each other, all much the same as shown in Figures 13 to 15,
but in this instance having the inner converging and rounded open end of the hawse
hole H at the deck in line with and so that the cables from each anchor is led
direct to a separate winding barrel z¹¹ of its own, of a double windlass z¹l on the
forecastle for hauling in both cables and anchors when required, the chains z going
direct into the locker holes ; the outer mouth or extremity of these hawse pipes or
anchor housings H, H, in this case are not shown with closing doors h
which can be dispensed with when placed high out of or above the water. And
in such cases as this, when the windlass is near the inner end h¹ of the
hawse pipe H, this may be so rounded at the deck as to guide the
cable direct to or from the windlass z without guide pulleys and a part
of the hawse hole above the inner end A of the anchor A, B, may be left open
to the deck, to enable the anchor to be seen when it has been drawn quite up, and
also to fix it there by any simple screw locking bolt or woon "chocke," which keeps
it from shaking, and which can be easily let free in a moment to lower the anchor,
and this open part could be closed-in when desired by a slide door close to the deck.

page_text: In the arrangement shown in Figures 13 to 17, it will be seen that these new or
improved large combined hawse holes and anchor housings H are preferred to be
ranged parallel longitudinally in plan, as in Figures 15 and 17, with their cables =
all led in like manner over their guide rollers and bits 2, 3, close to the deck from
the inner end of the hawse and anchor chambers H, or direct to their winding
capstan or windlass on deck, or it might be down over guide pulleys to any ordinary
construction and arrangement of winding windlass or gear at present in use for this
purpose on the deck below.
"
Figures 18 and 19 show the side and end elevation of the upper bow part stem
of a ship Z, with a somewhat different form of the deep hawse hole and anchor
housing H on one side of the stem, and an ordinary round hawse hole Z¹ on the
other, to show the contrast of the old and new constructions. In this case, as shown
in section in Figure 18, the hawse hole H is shown somewhat different in form or
shape from that of the former, Figures 13 to 17, to allow the anchor A, B, to be
drawn quite into its housings H, so as to hang plumb or nearly so by its cable or
hawser z, all ready to be "let go" instantly, by throwing loose the cable 2, which
in all these cases may be secured to or by the windlass, or by the usual means
employed of fixing the cable on deck, as when the vessel is riding at anchor.
Figures 20, 21, and 22 are a deck plan and side and end elevations respectively of
the bow end of a ship Z, with overhanging stem Z", showing our new anchor
housing recess H as applied thereto, one on each side of the stem in section in
Figures 20 and 21, much the same as shown in Figures 16 and 17, but with the
"starboard" anchor A, B, shown as housed and the port one as "cast," and
gripping in sandy or shingly ground below the water. The anchor shown in
Figures 20 and 21 being of the improved construction described in reference to
large scale, Figures 7 and 8, with the back web b1, b2, to show its action and the
heavy mass of ground it can grapple in front of the flukes B, B¹, between the bow
shank A, A¹, A. In Figures 22 the doors h are shown as full open and half open
on the "port" and "starboard" bow housings H and H respectively. Figures 23,
24, and 25 show an elevation and "starboard" deck plan and stem end view respec-
tively of the upper bow part of a ship Z, showing the application thereto of a
horizontal construction and arrangement of our new or improved combined hawse
hole and anchor housing chamber H, which is shown in section in the two Figures
23 and 24, with the anchor hauled quite up, and the cable led direct over its guide
pulleys 2, 3, to the windlass z and locker holes The outer end of the hawse
hole H is kept lower than the inner end h¹ to allow the anchor to glide freely out
when its cable is 'let go," and a deep rounded groove part is formed at h³ in the
centre of the entrance H¹ to guide the cable in and out of the chamber and prevent
it slipping when the ship is riding at anchor. In the operation of "weighing" or
drawing in the anchors A, B, as they come to the side of the ships, the flukes B by
their own gravitation or weight would tend to fall either outwards or inwards to
their extreme angular position, but to facilitate the bringing of them in the straight
line or plane, with or between their shank frame A, A1, a loose loop chain f might
be attached to the flukes through a hole f¹ near their points of sufficient length to
allow the flukes to fall to their extreme angle, which would be easily caught by a
hook and chain or rod from the deck, and drawn upwards on the shank A, A¹, (or
the chain may be dispensed with and the rod or hook take into the hole f¹ with
or without a shackle or eye on the side of the shank) for the purpose of turning
the flukes to the straight line required to allow them to enter the narrow hawse
hole H, whether this is formed in the horizontal manner shown in Figures 23, 24,
and 25, or in the vertical manner shown in Figures 13 to 22, but in this latter case
it will be observed that the anchor has to turn from the flat to the vertical position
on edge, which it does gradually as drawn in, in consequence of the increasing
angular or curvilinear shape of the shank or frame A, A¹, outwards from the entering
cable shackle end, and by the rounded form of its edges and the bottom part of the
entrance of the hawse hole H, which being deeper at one edge than the other

page_text: <
ensures the anchor turning on edge and entering the hole easily without jamming
by the mere hauling in of the cable without other assistance. And when
desired false cheeks or chokes," which would not obstruct the drawing in of
the anchor may be fitted on the inner side of the case of the hawse hole, and
be screwed up from the outer side, inside the ship, so as to jam or secure the anchor
when housed from shaking by the rolling of the ship. And it may be observed that
although the new hawse holes or anchor housings H have only been shown as fitted
in the usual position at the bow of the ship, they may be fitted in an equivalent
manner at the stern quarters or other part of the ship where it is considered
advisable to have special or additional anchors placed for further securing the ship.
A further advantage in the use of these new housings H for securing the flat folding
fluked anchors off the deck, consists in dispensing with the deep recesses at present
required to be formed or cut in the decks for the reception of the large head of the
tilting flukes to allow the anchor to be secured flat on the deck and easily "let
as indicated in dotted lines at Figures 13 to 15.
go,"
Having now described the nature of our said Invention and the manner of per-
forming the same, we wish to observe in conclusion that we lay no claim to the
mere use of swivelling fluked anchors, with bow framed shanks (as these have been
used heretofore) except in so far as these are improved as herein described for
greater durability and facility of housing them, in accordance with the main
improvements and novelty of our said Invention, but what we consider novel and
original, and therefore claim as the Invention secured to us by the hereinbefore in
part recited Letters Patent is,―
First. The mode and means of "housing" or "taking in," securing, and pro-
tecting the anchors on board ship direct by their cables, within a new or improved
oblong hawse hole or chamber H for the purpose at the bow or other part of the
ship where the anchors are desired to be fitted, and also the improved construction
of anchors for making them more durable and efficient in holding power, and
especially suited for this new or improved system of stowing or "housing" them on
board, all substantially in the manner herein described in reference to and shown in
the accompanying Drawings, or any mere modification thereof.
Second. The construction and use of an oblong combined hawse hole chamber and
housing H for the drawing in and receiving or securing the anchors by their cables
direct, all substantially as herein described in reference to and shown in the accom-
panying Drawings, or any mere modification thereof.
Third. The special construction of swivelling fluked anchors A, A, B, B', with
improved strengthening and gripping feathers B, b, b¹, and webs 611, 6, and clutch
boxes A1, A2, and B, B, for giving greater strength and holding power, and with
improved curvilinear shanks A, A', or wings A, A1, for being housed in enclosing
hawse hole H, all in the new or improved manner herein described in reference
to and shown in the accompanying Drawings, or any mere modification thereof.
In witness whoreof, I, the said James Scott, on behalf of the said John
Hutton Riddel and myself, have hereunto set my hand and seal, this Twenty-
third day of May, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred
and seventy nine.
Witness,
W. R. M. THOMSON,
Patent Agent,
Glasgow.
JAMES SCOTT. (L.S.)