matthewleechen/300YearsOfBritishPatents huggingface dataset:
CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF RAILWAY CHAIRS, AND IN THE MANNER OF SECURING RAILS THERETO
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Joseph Taylor at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 6th December
1865.
I, JOSEPH TAYLOR, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick, Metal
Merchant, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "CERTAIN
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF RAILWAY CHAIRS, AND IN THE MANNER OF
SECURING RAILS THERETO," to be as follows:-
The object of this Invention is the construction of such a railway chair,
and the manner of securing the rail thereto,, as herein-after explained. The
chair is so made that the rail being placed within it fits against one side of
the chair quite closely. On the other side of the rail, and between it and
that side of the chair, there is a certain space;. so, between the two heads of
the rail I place a cheek plate corresponding in size and shape to the space it
occupies. Outside of the said cheek plate and between it and that side of
the chair to which it is nearest, I place a tapped plate, which occupies the
remaining space, and which may be moveable or otherwise. A plain hole
having been made through the side of the chair a screw is passed through the
said hole from the outside, the said screw entering the said tapped: plate. In
this manner the said tapped plate can be pressed firmly against the said cheek
plate, which in its turn is driven against the rail, holding it firmly in any
required position. The screw or bolt, therefore, in my Invention does not
pass through the rail at all, but instead thereof the rail is secured in its place
by the means herein-before described. I employ the same means for securing

page_text: the joints of rails, but I provide in this case a larger tapped plate, and I
employ two or more screws instead of one. The cheek plate is also furnished
with two teeth or cogs, square or round, which are to fit into corresponding
holes punched out of the ends of the rails. The chair my be of cast iron,
but the tapped plate should be of wrought iron. The toothed cheek plates
for joints of rails may be of cast iron or otherwise, as desired; and the cheek
plates first herein-before described may be cast or wrought at pleasure. It will
be understood that I either secure the chairs to wooden sleepers in the usual
manner, or I cast sleepers and chairs together.
IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR PREVENTING INCRUSTATION IN STEAM BOILERS
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Joseph Toth at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 5th December
1865.
I, JOSEPH TOTH, of Keeskerne's, in the County of Pesth, Hungary, in the
Empire of Austria, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR PREVENTING INCRUSTATION IN STEAM BOILERS,"
to be as follows:-
Water by being purified in the said apparatus does not contain solid parts
in such quantities as to incrust the boiler, and by submitting the purified
water to the most scrupulous analysis but very slight traces of the solid
matters will be found. This apparatus purifies three times the quantity of
water required by the boiler, as only one-third of the return steam is consumed
for heating the feed water, whilst two-thirds escape in the atmosphere. If,
therefore, more water should be required for another purpose, the construction
of the apparatus will admit of three times the volume of water being purified.
By using this apparatus the boiler does not require to be cleaned, as no
incrustation or mud is to be found in it.
This mode of purifying the water for the purpose of feeding the boiler and
the elimination of mud by using the said apparatus does not entail any other
expense, excepting that of the apparatus itself. It consists of two principal
parts:-1st, a sheet-iron cylinder provided with copper tubes, in which
cylinder the temperature of the feeding water is raised by means of the escape
steam to 80° Reaumur, and cooled down to 50° in flowing through the channel

page_text: of the apparatus into the boiler. 2nd, a combination of gutters resting on a
wood base; these gutters are made of a greater or less length, according to the
quantity of incrustating matter the water contains, the water flows through
them until it has deposited all its salts, sulphates and carbonates of lime, its
magnesia and mud:
Composition of the apparatus and working of its parts.-In the accom-
panying Drawing A, B, is a sheet-iron cylinder 18 feet high, its diameter is 6
feet; A, lower part, 6 feet high, destined to admit steam through the waste
pipe; B, upper part, 12 feet high. From the bottom of the upper part of the
cylinder copper tubes descend connected with A. The said upper part con-
tains feeding water 12 feet deep; this water being introduced by the pump C,
actuated by means of machinery, is heated by the escape steam, and while
boiling runs through the covered gutters D arranged for that purpose. There
the water runs from 200 to 300 yards at most, according to the amount of
solid matter it contains. All solid and incrustating parts (such as salts of
every description) are deposited, the sediments and furs being removed by the
mere heating and passage of the water; thence it flows through a pipe to the
uncovered gutters E, where the mud is left, next it passes into the tank F,
and finally is carried in a pure state through the injector H to the steam
boiler G.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF BED QUILTS, TABLE AND TOILET COVERS
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Thomas Jones and Joseph Buckley
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their Petition, on
the 16th December 1865.
We, THOMAS JONES, Manufacturer, and JOSEPH BUCKLEY, Calico Printer,
both of the City of Manchester, do hereby declare the nature of tho said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF BED QUILTS, TABLE AND
TOILET COVERS," to be as follows:-
In manufacturing colored bed quilts, table, and toilet covers it has
heretofore been customary to produce the patterns or designs in the weaving,
and the looms for producing such articles and designs are complicated and
expensive. Now our Invention consists in printing the patterns or.designs for
colored bed quilts, table and toilet covers on ordinary cotton or other
fabrics either plain, twilled, or figured. In performing our Invention the
fabric is passed through a printing machine, the printing cylinder of which
is of the proper diameter for printing at one revolution the bed quilt or other
article to be produced. The surface of the printing cylinder is engraved with
a pattern in imitation of the woven fabric hitherto employed in the manu-
facture of bed quilts, table and toilet covers. By this means the desired
effect is produced at much less cost.
IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS OR MECHANISM FOR STOPPING OR RETARDING RAILWAY TRAINS
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Shakespear at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 21st August
1865.
I, WILLIAM SHAKESPEAR, of Saint Pancras, in the County of Middlesex,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
APPARATUS OR MECHANISM FOR STOPPING OR RETARDING RAILWAY TRAINS," to be
as follows:-
My Invention consists in certain mechanical arrangements which constitute
a self-acting brake, the power being applied to the wheels of railway carriages
or waggons by the action of the wheels themselves in turning round on their
axles. On a transverse beam forming a portion of the framing of the
carriage or waggon I have a pulley carrying an endless chain which passes
round the axle of one of the pairs of wheels. On one end of the axle of the
above-named pulley is fitted a pinion working into a moveable rack which
actuates a double lever, and so presses the brake blocks in divers direction.
The rack is released_from_the_above-named_pinion_by_an_excentric_motion
under the control of the guard or other attendant, and is brought back into
its proper position by means of a spring of steel, indian-rubber, or other elastic
material. Any number of carriages may be connected together by means of
a longitudinal bar with square socket joints, the longitudinal bar in each
carriage being connected with the excentric and the other portion of the
mechanism as above mentioned, but actuated from one brake van only.
AN IMPROVED WASHING OR CLEANSING LIQUOR OR SOLUTION
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by James Roddy at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 7th October
1865.
I, JAMES RODDY, of Liverpool, in the County of Lancaster, Provision
Merchant, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN
IMPROVED WASHING OR CLEANSING LIQUOR OR SOLUTION," to be as follows:-
I take by weight two parts of crystals of soda and one part of unslaked
lime, and add thereto twelve and a half parts of water, preferably boiling
water. This crude liquor I allow to stand until all the insoluble matter has
been precipitated, when I pour off or collect the clear fluid. This fluid is my
improved washing or cleansing liquor or solution. It can be added to water
in which colourless woven fabrics or fibres are to be washed in the same
manner as other washing liquors.
IMPROVEMENTS IN LOOMS FOR WEAVING
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Adrien Jackson, James Clough,
and Charles Ashley at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with
their Petition, on the 1st November 1865.
We, ADRIEN JACKSON, JAMES CLOUGH, and CHARLES ASHLEY, all of Salford,
in the County of Lancaster, do hereby declare the nature of the said Inven-
tion for "IMPROVEMENTS IN LOOMS FOR WEAVING," to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to the description of looms called jacquard looms
for weaving plaids, checks, and other figured fabrics.
The first part of our Invention relates to a double acting shedding motion.
On a shaft placed at the back of the loom we fix a double tappet, acting on
friction bowls working in the short ends of two L levers, the longer ends of
the L levers being connected with the two griffs or knives, motion being given
to the shaft by gearing from the crank shaft. On the top of the loom we
place three sets of levers working on shafts fixed to the loom frame. The top
set of levers reach across the width of the loom, one end of the levers having
a slot in which the top of the books are placed, and their other ends being
connected by cords or wires to jacks for pulling down healds for forming the
shed. The middle set of levers are connected to the top of the healds at one
end, and the other ends of the levers to the bottom set of levers; one end
of the bottom set of levers being connected to the top of the heals at the

page_text: other end. The other ends of the levers have slots in which the other set of
hooks are placed, the hooks being moved to or from the griffs or knives by
needles and cards in the usual manner. When motion is given to the shaft the
double tappet gives a to-and-fro motion to the short ends of the L levers, and an
alternate up-and-down motion to the other ends of the L levers and griffs or
knives for forming the shed.
A
The second part of our Invention relates to a slide picking motion in under
or slot picking looms. On each end of the back tappet shaft we place a cam
in contact with a plate or disc fixed to one end of a short shaft working in
suitable bearings in each end frame of the loom, and to the plates or discs or
shafts we fix tappets which are acted upon by bowls on the fly wheels.
the other ends of the short shafts are levers connected by short rods to the
picking sticks, each rod having two universal joints for dispensing with straps
When the loom is put in motion the cams acting on the plates or discs give
the short shafts a to-and-fro motion, and move the tappets alternately from
under their respective bowls, and thus give alternate motion to the pickers
Or instead of the back tappet shaft we place a spur wheel on each end of the
crank shaft, and another larger spur wheel on a stud on each end frame of the
loom, and cut an internal cam in the boss of the large wheel, and place
the end of the short shaft in the groove of the cam, and thus give a to
and-fro or sliding motion to the short shafts and tappets, as. befor
described, by which means we dispense with the back tappet shaft and plate
or discs.
IMPROVE- MENTS IN THE 'TOP ROLLERS' EMPLOYED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF FIBROUS SUBSTANCES
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Kerfoot at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 30th
November 1865.
I, JOHN KERFOOT, of Blackburn, in the County of Lancaster, Gentle-
man, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE 'TOP ROLLERS' EMPLOYED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF FIBROUS
SUBSTANCES," to be as follows:-
The object of this Invention is to cover such rollers in an economical
and durable manner, and the use and employment of materials least liable
to "lap" or attach fibres to such rollers during the process of drawing.
In constructing rollers for the purpose above mentioned I dispense with
the use of leather or flannel (as such materials attract moisture and cause
lapping), and employ tubes of vulcanized india-rubber, which are stretched
on to the bosses of such rollers. The india-rubber tubes are then covered
with a coating of varnish, consisting of shellac and naptha (any suitable
varnish may be employed). The application of varnish renders the
peripheries of such rollers smooth and resistant of moisture or oil, thus
preserving the smoothness of such rollers and preventing lapping. The
india-rubber tubes are made in moulds in suitable lengths and diameters,
so as to prevent waste.

page_text: I am aware that india-rubber has been employed for covering rollers,
such india-rubber coverings being prepared by boiling in alkaline solution,
as described in the Specification of the Letters Patent granted to Thomas
Richards, William Taylor, and James Wylde on the Second day of March
1850, numbered 12,986.
IMPROVEMENTS IN REAPING MACHINES
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Scott Underhill, Arthur-
Hopkins Corden, and John Corden, at the Office of the Commissioners
of Patents, with their Petition, on the 10th July. 1865.
We, WILLIAM SCOTT UNDERHILL, of Newport, in the County of Salop,
Engineer, and ARTHUR HOPKINS CORDEN, and JOHN CORDEN, both of Chatwell,
in the County of Stafford, Farmers, do hereby declare the nature of the said.
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN REAPING MACHINES," to be as follows, that is
to say:-
Our Invention consists in a new arrangement of the tail or delivery board
by which the grain or other crop as it is cut is laid in a continuous swath or
row without the aid of any other mechanism. We propose to dispense with
the ordinary tipping board, and as the cutter bar would then require support.
we employ a stretcher bar or bars fixed in such position that it or they shall not
in any way interfere with the crop or with the operations of the raker, if one
be employed. For a single horse machine we take a board of about seven feet.
in length and nine or ten inches wide at one end by about three-quarters thick,
the other end being tapered to about three or four inches in width, this end is
hinged to the frame of the machine on the opposite side to the main frame--
work, the wide end runs on the land about four feet. At the tail end of this
board is attached a guide bar or rod similar to what is commonly used on an

page_text: ordinary grass mowing machine, to the opposite end of the board we attach
a platform of metal or other suitable material, this platform is also fixed
or hinged to the frame or finger bar through which the knife works and is
slightly dished or curved in a peculiar form so as to elevate the ears of the cut
grain, and as the machine is drawn forward the peculiar form of the platform 5
and guide bar or rod causes the necessary quantity of grain to turn partially
over and deposit itself in a continuous swath or row.
IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR ADMINIS- TERING NOURISHMENT TO THE SICK OR INFIRM
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Edward Gedge at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 24th
April 1865. A communication from abroad by Bernard Maillet, of 39,
Faubourg Saint Martin, Paris, France.
I, WILLIAM EDWARD GEDGE, of the Firm of John Gedge and Son, of No. 11,
Wellington Street, Strand, in the County of Middlesex, Patent Agent, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR ADMINIS-
TERING NOURISHMENT TO THE SICK OR INFIRM," (a communication from abroad
by Bernard Maillet, of 39, Faubourg Saint Martin, Paris, France,) to be
as follows:-
The accompanying Sheet of Drawing, forming part of this Specification,
shews two apparatus constructed according to this Invention.
At Figure 1 a sick person lying in bed is drinking without any movement
of head or body from the apparatus shewn Figure 1*, which consists, firstly, of
a metal stand A of variable shape, and forming lamp and heater above, and
fitting into this stand is a moveable reservoir or pot B of porcelain, earthenware,
or metal, the contents of which will vary. This reservoir or pot B may be
raised from or lowered nearer to the fire by means of a rack, and the liquid
be kept at the desired temperature. The fire-place is formed by a night
light or lamp which affords the double advantage of heating the drink
contained in the reservoir and of lighting the chamber. Beneath the lid of
the reservoir is fitted a flexible tube C of caoutchouc or any other suitable
material terminating in a spring which moves a valve D and a mouth-piece
in form of a nipple for sucking.

page_text: At Figure 2 another such person may be seen drinking from the apparatus
shewn Figure 2 composed of a cup and saucer made of any suitable material.
A flexible tube ending in a nipple F at its outer extremity has its inner end
fitted to a block of glass or metal G, acting as counterpoise, and intended to
keep it at the bottom of the cup, the piece of glass or metal having openings
to facilitate the sucking up of the liquid contained in the cup. The application
of this second apparatus takes place whenever an infirm person or one con-
demned to a state of absolute inertia by reason of a fractured limb or obliged
from any other cause whatever to abstain from any movement even of the
bead, and permits such person to drink in any position so that the nipple F
can reach the mouth.
IMPROVEMENTS IN PENCILS AND PENCIL CASES HAVING A MOVEABLE LEAD
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Maurice Nopitsch at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 28th September
1865.
I, MAURICE NOPITSCH, of No. 82, Boulevard' Sébastopol, Paris, in the
Empire of France, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN PENCILS AND PENCIL CASES HAVING A MOVEABLE LEAD," to be.
as follows:-
This Invention consists in causing the holder or part where the lead issues.
to be made with three, four, or five branches or nippers, so that on their being
drawn together by means of a moveable ring acting on a metal tube, and:
pressing on the holder, the branches are closed upon the lead, and thus securely
maintain it.
In fixing the lead all that is required is to hold the moveable ring between
the thumb and forefinger of the left hand, and on turning the case to the left
with the right hand, the ring above mentioned, and which works by a screw,
presses the tube against the holder and the branches or nippers close upon
the lead, and thus hold it firm. And in changing. the lead in case of breakage

page_text: or should a new one be required, the reverse operation must be performed,
which opens the branches or nippers of the holder, and the lead can then
readily be introduced into the case, which may be made of wood, silver, gold,
or any suitable material or substanee, and of any form, and ornamented to any
extent.
CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR ILLUMINATING
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Peter Armand le Comte de
Fontaine Moreau at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with
his Petition, on the 8th May 1865.-A communication from Monsieur
Louis Joseph Asselin de Monnerville, residing at Quartier des Champs
Elysées, Paris, in the Empire of France.
I, PETER ARMAND LE COMTE DE FONTAINE MOREAU, of the General Patent
Offices, 10, Rue do la Fidélité, Paris, in the Empire of France, and 4, South
Street, Finsbury, London, Patent Agent, do hereby declare the nature of the
said Invention for "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR ILLUMINATING,"
to be as follows, that is to say:
The Invention, communicated to me, consists in the means of preventing
the shadow produced by a light from being projected around the said light. To
carry the Invention into execution I place above the flame a cap supported
by very thin rods and holding a reflector, the surface of which is so traced
that the luminous rays after reflection are made to converge lower than the
luminous burner, and to produce light underneath the said burner which is in
the shade in the apparatus now in use. The apparatus constructed according
to this Invention is applicable to all kinds of lamps, as well as to the burners
of gas lamps employed in streets, and to all other kinds of gas burners
whatever may be their construction.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF BOOTS AND SHOES
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Hall at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 29th December
1865.
I, JOHN HALL, of Mount Terrace, Westminster Road, Lambeth, in the
County of Surrey, Boot Maker, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF BOOTS AND SHOES," to be
as follows:-
This Invention relates to the soles and heels of boots and shoes, and has
reference more particularly to military or box heels and double soles. The
modes heretofore practised of making such said heels and soles has been to
make them of solid pieces of leather built up or united together to the desired
height of the heel, the outside thereof being afterwards cut and trimmed to
any required shape. Heels of this description have always been made inde-
pendent of the sole of the boot or shoe. Whereas by this Invention I propose
to make the sole and heel of one and the same entire piece of thin leather
moulded or shaped by a top and bottom tool of the desired shape of the sole
and heel. The leather being first steeped in water it is then placed on the
bottom tool and pressure exerted thereon by the upper tool aforesaid; by these
means the heel will be hollow or dished, as also the sole, and such said parts
I propose to fill with cork or other light material; the sole and heel will thus
present externally the appearance of solid leather, and may be attached by

page_text: sewing or other known means to the upper leather. By these improvements
the soles and heels may be cheaply made and present an elegant appearance
combined with lightness.
IMPROVEMENTS- IN VALVES FOR LIQUIDS, STEAM, AND GASES
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Thomas Russell at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 2nd May
1865.
I, THOMAS RUSSELL,. of Wednesbury, in the County of Stafford, Tool
Maker, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS-
IN VALVES FOR LIQUIDS, STEAM, AND GASES," to be as follows:-
My Invention consists of the improvements in valves for liquids, steam,.
and gases,. herein-after described, whereby the valve is raised from and.
lowered on to its seat by means of a hand wheel or collar working on the
body of the valve, the axis about which the said hand wheel or collar rotates
being coincident with the axis of the valve..
At opposite sides of the valve chamber are parallel slots extending nearly
from end to end of the said chamber. To the top of the valve a cross bar is
fixed, the ends of the said cross bar passing through the said slots. Upon
the valve chamber the hand wheel or collar works, the valve chamber passing
through a hole in the central boss of the hand wheel or collar. The said
hand wheel or collar is held in its place on the said chamber by two collars,
one fixed on the top of the chamber and the other screwed on the lower end
of the chamber; the central boss of the hand wheel or collar is ground so.
as to work tight between these two collars. In the opening in the boss of
the hand wheel or collar a concave screw is cut, and on the ends of the cross.
bar which project through the slots in the valve chamber a convex screw is
cut, which convex screw takes into the concave screw in the hand wheel or.

page_text: collar. By turning the hand wheel or collar in one or other direction, the
action of the screw thread in its boss on the screw at the ends of the cross
bar causes the said cross bar to rise or fall, and to open or close the valve.
When a collar is used in place of a hand wheel the said collar may be turned
either by a fixed arm or lever or by a spanner. My Invention is applicable
to valves for water and other liquids as well as for steam and gases.
AN IMPROVED PREPARATION FOR THE PREVENTION OF FORGERY OF BANK CHEQUES, BILLS, AND OTHER DOCUMENTS
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John, Gallemore Dale and Richard
Samuel Dale at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their
Petition, on the 14th August 1865.
We, JOHN GALLEMORE DALE, of Warrington, in the County of Lancaster,
Chemist, and RICHARD SAMUEL DALE, of the City of Manchester, Chemist, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVED PREPARATION
FOR THE PREVENTION OF FORGERY OF BANK CHEQUES, BILLS, AND OTHER DOCUMENTS,"
to be as follows:-
Our Invention consists in the prevention of forgery of bank cheques, bills,
and similar documents which are to be written upon paper partly printed with
ordinary writing ink, by preparing the paper on which they are or have to be
printed with a mixture of ferro-cyanide and ferri-cyanide of potassium, sodium,
or ammonium, or the ferro-cyanides or ferri-cyanides of other bases, and tarta-
rate of antimony and potash (commonly known as tartar emetic) or similar
soluble antimony compounds.
The above-mentioned salts render the ordinary writing ink used to fill up
the cheques insoluble, so that it resists the action of the chemical agents
usually applied to remove the writing for the purpose of fraud.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF STEREOSCOPES AND STEREOSCOPIC APPA- RATUS
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Isham Baggs at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 29th December
1865.
I, ISHAM BAGGS, of 54, Chancery Lane, in the County of Middlesex,
Electrical Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF STEREOSCOPES AND STEREOSCOPIC APPA-
RATUS," to be as follows:-
This Invention consists of certain improvements in the construction of
apparatus for operating by the reflection, refraction, and transmission of light
in such manner as to cause two or more stereoscopic. views, pictures, or
objects to appear to meet the eye from the same direction, and capable of
dissolving one into the other, or of being caused to appear or disappear at
pleasure either slowly or quickly.
A simple form of the apparatus for producing these effects consists of a
square piece of plain plate glass, the same being placed at such an angle
relative to two stereoscopic pietures contained in the instrument that when-
ever required one of the pictures is seen by the direct transmission of the rays
of light therefrom through the substance of the glass, the other picture being
seen by reflection from the surface of the same glass. By shutting out the
light from either picture and illuminating the other the first is caused to dis-
appear or dissolve, and the other to take its place in the organ of vision.
Two or more mirrors or other reflecting surfaces may be used in place of one
for producing these effects upon the well known principle of the camera lucida.

page_text: Lenses may also be employed in a similar way to cast the stereoscopic pic--
tures upon a screen or other surface, or in the air, so as to form dissolving
stereoscopic pictures, and to render the effects more striking the same may
be magnified on the principle of the telescope or microscope, as well under-
stood.
IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR SECURING STUDS IN SHIRT FRONTS AND SIMILAR GARMENTS
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Charles Searle at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 20th January
1865.
I, CHARLES SEARLE, of 48, South Street, Grosvenor Square, Gentleman,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
APPARATUS FOR SECURING STUDS IN SHIRT FRONTS AND SIMILAR GARMENTS," to be
as follows:-
This Invention relates to a simple apparatus intended to be applied to studs
at the back or inner side of a shirt front or similar garment in which studs
may be worn, with a view to the preventing of the shirt front from becoming
unfastened or the studs lost by their accidental displacement from the stud
holes. The essential feature of this Invention consists in the employment of
safeguards consisting of small pieces of leather or other suitable material, in
each of which a stud hole or slit is made just large enough to allow of the
insertion of the inner end of the stud therein, such pieces of leather or other
suitable material being either separate or connected together by fine gut, silk,
or other filament of a length sufficient to admit of their being placed behind
the respective stud holes in the shirt front. When inserting the studs into
the shirt they are also passed through the slits in the pieces of leather, and
are consequently retained securely in their places, even though the stud holes
in the shirt front may have become unduly enlarged by wear, the pieces of
leather acting in fact as safeguards against the accidental displacement of the
stud from the back of the shirt front.
IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM ENGINES
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Rodger Arnoldi at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 27th
September 1865.
I, JOHN RODGER ARNOLDI, of 50, Hunter Street, in the County of Middle-
sex, Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention of
"IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM ENGINES," to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to the valve motion and reversing gear of steam
engines generally, and has for its object the simplification of the parts, the
obtaining of a more direct action, economy of construction, with considerable
reduction of friction and wear and tear of the parts.
According to this Invention, as applied, for example, to an oscillating engine,
the rocking shaft which actuates the valve spindle is the same as heretofore,
but in lieu of receiving its rocking motion from the lifting quadrant and parts
connected therewith, it is actuated directly by a reversing stationary quadrant,
the arc of which is struck from the centre of the trunnions of the cylinder.
This quadrant is pivotted in the centre, and within it works the die or sliding
block on the lever arm of the rock shaft. By turning the quadrant more or
less, or varying the angle of the same, the valve may be either reversed or
the steam cut off to any required degree. Any convenient or well known
mechanical contrivance may be employed for varying the angle of the quadrant.
It will thus be seen that by the arrangement above described the rock shaft
derives its motion entrely from the oscillation of the cylinder in conjunction
with the quadrant, whereby eccentrics are dispensed with.

page_text: In horizontal or other non-oscillating steam engines the reciprocating motion
of the die or slide block in the quadrant may be obtained by a single eccentric,
crank, or other equivalent device. In the case of these engines, also, any
convenient or well known mechanical device may be employed as before stated
for altering the angle of the quadrant.
AN IMPROVED MANUFACTURE OF LADIES' SKIRTS
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Crosbie Aitken Henderson at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 18th
April 1865.
I, JOHN CROSBIE AITKEN HENDERSON, of Compton Street, Clerkenwell, in
the County of Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "AN IMPROVED MANUFACTURE OF LADIES' SKIRTS," to be as follows:-
The object of this Invention is so to construct ladies' skirts that the metallic
hoops may be contracted or expanded in diameter at the pleasure of the
wearer. To this end instead of forming the metallic bands or strips into
simple hoops I give them an extra turn, so that they form a hoop within a
hoop, which hoops are nearly concentric when the skirt is contracted. The
hoops are to be connected together as heretofore by tapes or otherwise, and
the skirt may be either wholly or partially covered. One of the hoops at the
front of the skirt is embraced by a guide, which, carried either with a support
pendent from the waistband or otherwise, and in connection with this guide
tension strings may be threaded and carried upwards and attached to some
fixed point on the dress of the wearer of the skirt, or otherwise. These tension
strings are secured to the inner hoop of the band that passes through the
fixed guide in such manner that when drawn to tension they will contract
this inner hoop and proportionately expand the outer hoop. As all the hoops

page_text: of the series forming the skirt are connected together this movement will be
communicated to all, and thus the skirt may be expanded at the option of the
When however it is required to contract the skirt, as on entering
a carriage, it is only necessary to slacken the tension strings, and the skirt
will return to its normal dimensions.
IMPROVEMENTS IN SECURING OR FASTENING WOODEN PLANKING TO IRON FRAMES IN SHIPS OR VESSELS AND ALSO TO THE OUTSIDE OF IRON SHIPS
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Husband at the Office of
tho Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 25th April 1865.
I, WILLIAM HUSBAND, of Hayle, in the County of Cornwall, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN SECURING OR
FASTENING WOODEN PLANKING TO IRON FRAMES IN SHIPS OR VESSELS AND ALSO TO
THE OUTSIDE OF IRON SHIPS," to be as follows:-
This Invention relates, firstly, to improved methods of securing or fastening
wooden planking to the interior of iron frames of ships or vessels, whether
such frames be in the form of angle iron, plate iron, or iron of any other
the form, word "pianking" to include every part of the external timber, and
the keel, stem, and stern posts.
And, secondly, in securing or fastening wooden planking to the exterior of
iron ships or vessels in order to attach copper or other metallic sheathing to
such wood and thus prevent electrical action between the iron and the sheathing.
It has hitherto been the practice in fastening planking to the frames or ribs
of vessels to form bolt holes through the planks, and to insert the bolts or
screws from the exterior of the planks to the ribs or framing, so that contact
occurs between the bolt head and the sheathing of the ship; but my Invention
consists in tapping on the interior side of the planking parallel screw threads
extending to a sufficient depth to ensure a firm hold to the frames by the

page_text: insertion of screws formed parallel throughout their length, by previously
tapping the planking the parallel screws are readily inserted and will give a
much greater holding power. Taper screws may however be used if desired
without tapping, but this plan is inferior in strength and holding power.
Copper or metallic sheathing may thus be applied to a flush wooden surface,
and consequently galvanic action will be prevented.
I likewise propose to apply wooden planking to the hulls of iron vessels by
tapping the planking as before, and boring or tapping the iron plating, and
securing the wood to the iron from the inside by parallel screws or by taper
In this case also no galvanic action can arise with the sheathing. I
propose to galvanizo or tin the points or screws of copper or patent metal
bolts so as to avoid contact and electrical action between the copper or
composition and the inner frames in ships.
AN IMPROVED APPARATUS OR MECHANISM FOR LOCKING AND UNLOCKING RAILWAY CARRIAGE DOORS, AND POR MAKING SIGNALS WITH REFERENCE THERETO
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Hawkins Simpson at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with bis Petition, on the 23rd
September 1865.
I, JOHN HAWKINS SIMPSON, of Kilmeena, in Ireland, Esquire, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVED APPARATUS OR
MECHANISM FOR LOCKING AND UNLOCKING RAILWAY CARRIAGE DOORS, AND POR
MAKING SIGNALS WITH REFERENCE THERETO," to be as follows:-
My Invention has for its object the simultaneous locking or unlocking of
the doors of railway carriages, while it shows both to the persons inside the
carriage and on the outside which door or doors is or are locked or unlocked.
In order to do this I have a longitudinal sliding bar supported in suitable
bearings running along either the top or bottom of the railway carriage, and
furnished with projecting bolts or other modes of fastening, which, when the
bar is actuated slide into corresponding eyes on the doors, or are otherwise
fastened, and accordingly lock them. By this arrangement it will be seen
that all the bolts, or bars, or locks of more doors than one are connected
together so that by one motion several doors may be locked or unlocked
simultaneously, or I can keep the doors closed by means of a bar alone,
which, crossing the several doors, keeps them closed. If desired I can so
connect the longitudinal bars at each side that by one operation all the
doors of one side of the carriages may be fastened whilst the doors on the
other side of the same carriage are unfastened. This may be done by a lever
connecting the two ends of the longitudinal bars so that one is pushed forward

page_text: as the other is drawn back. By the same mechanism also all the doors on both
sides of the carriages may be simultaneously locked or unlocked. In order to
show the persons seated inside the carriage which door is locked or unlocked
the bolts, locks, or the bar herein-before mentioned may be made visible inside,
or a moveable arm or indicator fixed inside or outside the carriage may be
made to move in such a way as to show which door is locked or shut. A
similar mechanism or indicator may be applied to the outside of the carriage
so as to show to persons on the outside which door is locked or open. The
said mechanism or indicator may be connected with the longitudinal rail for
locking or unlocking all the doors, or they may be actuated by independent
mechanism or apparatus.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF STEAM ENGINES
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by George Davies, at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 30th January 1865.
-A communication from abroad by Pierre Jean Lacoste, of Paris, in
the Empire of France, Engineer.
I, GEORGE DAVIES, of No. 1, Serle Street, Lincoln's Inn, in the County of
Middlesex, and No. 28, St. Enoch Square, in the City of Glasgow, Civil
Engineer and Patent Agent, do hereby declare the nature of the said Inven-
tion for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF STEAM ENGINES," (a com-
munication to me from abroad by Pierro Jean Lacoste, of Paris, in the Empire
of France, Engineer,) to be as follows:-
It is well known that in order to obtain the maximum useful effect from
steam it should traverse the shortest space possible, and act as directly as
practicable in order to avoid condensation. The existing engines only fulfil
these requirements in an imperfect manner.
The improvements which form the subject of the present application relate
to the combination and arrangement of an engine constructed so as to obtain
the greatest amount of useful effect possible.
The steam which actuates the piston passes directly from the boiler to a
circular slide valve, which presents only one direct opening. The steam is not
divided by a throttle valve, nor by the large extent of the valve box, as occurs
in ordinary engines. The cylinder has no ends, but is provided with two
pistons and a partition in the centre of its length, and the steam is admitted

page_text: direct into one or other of the compartments thus formed, that is to say,
there are no steam passages. The stuffing boxes of the piston rods are dis-
pensed with, and it is very easy to remedy any leakage of the pistons because
it will be perceived immediately, and a handy workman might even rectify the
same while the engine is in motion by simply turning two screws, the heads of
which project, and which screws serve to expand the packing. The system of
the governor applied to the engine also gives good results.
The advantages which are obtained by the improved arrangement or com-
bination of parts are as follows:-Economy in cost of working and in fuel,
since there are no spaces uselessly absorbing a quantity of the steam, and a
reduction in the first cost, an engine of given power being lighter and more
ensy of construction than those hitherto in use.
IMPROVEMENTS IN TREATING AND PURIFYING OILS AND FATS
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Campbell Morfit at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 15th March
1865.
I, CAMPBELL MORFIT, of No. 12, Avenue de l'Imperatrice, Paris, in the
Empire of France, Chemist, do hereby declare the nature of the said Inven-
tion for "IMPROVEMENTS IN TREATING AND PURIFYING OILS AND FATS," to be as
follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in treating and purifying
oils and fats. For these purposes the oil of cotton seeds or other vegetable
oil or fat, or animal oil or fat, is treated in the following manner:-The oil or
fat is placed in an open pan or vessel, and is subjected to the action of streams
of free steam and of lime in the state of powder, or mixed with water (milk
of lime) till the viscous matters are seen to separate, and then the oil or fat is
strained. If the oil or fat is not sufficiently clarified, or sufficiently deprived
of color it is again to be subjected to the same treatment.
AN. IMPROVED MANUFACTURE OF BUTTONS
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by George Augustus Huddart at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 29th
April 1865:
I, GEORGE AUGUSTUS HUDDART, of Brynkir, in the County of Carnarvon,.
Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN.
IMPROVED MANUFACTURE OF BUTTONS," to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to the manufacture of the class of button which
admits of being attached to a garment by the simple application of pressure..
In order to simplify the manufacture of metal buttons and cloth or covered
buttons constructed on this principle I insert a loose stud within the shell of
the button which shell is composed of two circular pieces or discs of metal
connected together by the face piece overlapping the edge of the back piece.
The stud I form out of thick sheet metal by a stamping press which while
stamping out a small circular piece throws up the centre in the form of a
The back plate of the shell is stamped with a hollow pierced
boss which forms a recess for the loose stud and the hollow end of the shank
of the button, which shank is intended to expand under the pressure employed
to attach the button to a fabric or garment. To facilitate or rather ensure
the expansion of the shank is the object of the loose stud which takes the
pressure of the inserted end of the shank, and causes its hollow end to spread
under the pressure applied to the button, and thus attach itself firmly to the
back piece.
IMPROVEMENTS IN CANDLESTICKS
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Arthur Hill at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 30th September
1865.
I, ARTHUR HILL, of Charfield, in the County of Gloucester, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN CANDLESTICKS,"
to be as follows:-
My Invention consists in an apparatus or mechanism to be attached to
candlesticks or other articles in which candles are burned to prevent the
snuffers, douters, or other apparatus whereby the candles are snuffed or ex-
tinguished from falling down when carried about; this consists in a small
spring composed of steel, indian-rubber, or other elastic material attached
on the inside of the slot in the bottom of the candlestick in which the snuffers
are usually placed. The said spring may be attached either to the top,
bottom, or right side of the slot so as to press against the top, bottom, or
back of the snuffer box, and so retain the snuffers or douters in the slot when
so placed.
CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN HYDRAULIC PRESSES FOR PACKING COTTON AND OTHER MATERALS OR SUBSTANCES, AND IN THE BOXES FOR CONTAINING THE SAME
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Edward Taylor Bellhouse and
William John Dorning at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents,
with their Petition, on the 9th May 1865.
We, EDWARD TAYLOR BELLHOUSE and WILLIAM JOHN DORNING, of Man-
chester, in the County of Lancaster, Engineers, do hereby declare the nature
of the said Invention for "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN HYDRAULIC PRESSES FOR
PACKING COTTON AND OTHER MATERALS OR SUBSTANCES, AND IN THE BOXES FOR
CONTAINING THE SAME," to be as follows:―
Our Invention relates, first, to that portion of the hydraulic press known as
the cylinder, which contains the water, and sustains the hydraulic pressure, and
is usually made of cast iron, and is consequently required to be of considerable
thickness, and is necessarily of great weight; and the Invention is designed
for the purpose of constructing a cylinder for hydraulic presses in such a
manner as to combine strength with portability or comparative lightness.
The improvements consist in the use of a tube or cylinder composed of
wrought or drawn iron, or wrought or cast steel, and either made in one
piece or in sections secured together to form the cylinder barrel which is to be
connected at its upper end to the cylinder head by being screwed into it, or
rivetted or bolted to it, such cylinder head being made of wrought or cast
metal, and the junction being rendered water-tight by a leather or metallic
washer being inserted at the place where the joint is made, and may be

page_text: strengthened by means of a metallic band or hoop shrunk on the outside of
that part of the cylinder head. The lower extremity of the cylinder barrel is
also to be secured on to or'bolted on to the cylinder bottom, and the joint
closed by a washer, and strengthened by another hoop outside, which completes
the construction of the cylinder when in pieces. When formed of one piece
the cylinder will be made of wrought or cast metal, not hitherto used for the
purpose, and possessing great strength with comparative lightness.
The feature of the Invention being the formation of a hydraulic cylinder of
strong and light metal, or by the combination of parts of great strength and
comparative lightness in contradistinction to casting or forming it in one piece
of thick and heavy cast iron as hitherto. When more power is required than
one cylinder of this construction will sustain, additional cylinders may be used
in combination.
The second part of the Invention relates to a novel method of fastening
and unfastening the confining bars surrounding the boxes for holding cotton,
and consists in the use of a vertical bolt with catches thereon working into a
series of notches formed at the extremities of the metal cross binding bars of
the box; this vertical bolt is caused to rise and fall by means of a lever and
handle attached to the front of the 'box. A slight movement of the said lever
and handle causes the liberation of all the catches simultaneously, and
consequently effects the instantaneous opening of the door.