IMPROVEMENTS IN COMPOUNDS OR COMPOSITIONS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL STONE AND FOR CONSTRUCTING PAVEMENTS
Year: 1882

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Julian Randolph Nottingham, of Washington, in the
District of Columbia and United States of America, Patent Agent, for an
Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN COMPOUNDS OR COMPOSITIONS FOR THE
MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL STONE AND FOR CONSTRUCTING PAVEMENTS."
A communication to him by Antonio Pelletier, of the said City of Washington,
in the United States of America.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION filed by the said Julian Randolph Nottingham
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 28th February 1882.
JULIAN RANDOLPH NOTTINGHAM of Washington in the District of Columbia
and United States of America, Patent Agent. "IMPROVEMENTS IN COMPOUNDS OR
COMPOSITIONS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL STONE AND FOR CONSTRUCTING
PAVEMENTS." A communication by Antonio Pelletier of the said City of
Washington in the United States of America.
My Invention applies more particularly to artificial stone, paving material to be
used, preferably, in blocks for paving the road ways of streets, but the saine may
be used for side walks as well. In either case, the composition may be laid as a
continuous or block pavement, and, by moulding it into the proper shape the
material may be used in the erection of buildings, or construction of sewers and is
adapted to all purposes where artificial or natural stone can be used. I therefore
do not wish to limit myself in the use of the material for any specific purpose. In
preparing the composition I first provide either broken rock or stone, or sand as
may be most suitable for the purposes for which the composition is to be used,
broken rock or stone about the size of a grain of maize being preferable for street
roadways, and sometimes for sidewalks, while sand or fine crushed rock or stone
might be still better for the building stone or other purposes. Second, I provide
asphaltum or bitumen, or hydraulic cement or other material which has the quality
of adhesiveness according to the purpose for which it is to be used. Asphaltum or
bitumen being better adapted for street paving purposes, while a hydraulic cement
Din 11

page_text: would be better for the preparation of a building stone while for other purposes
another suitable binding material may be found preferable. Third, I provide an
oxide of any base, preferably of some of the heavy materials, such as iron or
manganese, or zinc, or calcium and Lastly, I provide a chloride of the same base
as the oxide employed.
If the composition is employed for pavements I take of the broken or crushed
rock or stone from eighty to ninety parts. It may be well to add a little sand,
especially if the crushing of the stone did not produce sufficient fine material.
I then add a certain quantity of the oxide say from five to ten parts but if the
stone used contains an oxide or other base of any substance, it may not be necessary
to make a further addition of oxide, but if such is inade it will do no harm. To
this mixture I add about one part of chloride of the same base as the oxide used
or contained in the stone. For example when I use a stone containing a carbonate
of lime by adding a chloride of calcium the oxide of calcium in the stone will unite
with the chloride of calcium added to form an oxy chloride of calcium. On the
other hand if besides adding a chloride of calcium I add to the mixture an oxide
and a chloride of some other base, besides the calcium, such as of iron for instance,
the compound will contain a double combination; that is an oxy chloride of calcium
and for iron which would undoubtedly improve the composition for I claim that
by combining in an artificial stone the oxide of one or more bases with the chloride
of same base or bases an oxy chloride of such base or bases is formed and that
thereby the substances employed are held more firmly together and the compound
partakes of the nature of a natural stone and in time the oxy chlorides take the
place of the binding material first used in the construction of the stone such as
asphalt, bitumen, pitch, tar, cement &c. From this mixture of the broken stone,
oxide and chloride I drive off the moisture by means of beat and while in a heated
state I add about three to ten parts of asphaltum or bitumen, or pitch or other
binder which has been previously. heated and mix the ingredients thoroughly
together while hot. The necessity of mixing the ingredients while hot is to obtain
a close adhesion of the binder to the broken rock and other material used and
thus insure their close adhesion to each other. I mention heat as one of the
means of accomplishing this object, other means may be employed. When
hydraulic cement or an analogous substance is used for a binder instead of
asphaltum &c. heat will not be required in mixing the ingredients, on the contrary
water will have to be added.
It is essential that the mixing be very thorough so that each particle of the
stone be coated with the binder as this will naturally result in a saving of the
binding material employed. In case where heat is required for a thorough mixture
the material while hot may be laid and rolled as a continuous pavement or may
be pressed into blocks of any suitable size and shape and thus laid at any time.
It is not essential to add the chloride before the laying of the pavement or pressing
the material into blocks. This may be done afterwards by treating the pavement
or blocks or artificial stone with a solution of a chloride having the same base as
the oxide contained in the pavement, block, or stone. Or the chloride may be
added in the first instance and the pavement or block afterward treated with a
solution of the oxide; or the block or pavement after being made or laid may be
treated with a solution containing both the oxide and the chloride or with solution
of each separately.
In case where a hydraulic cement or its equivalent above mentioned is used
as a binder in place of asphaltuin &c, it may be necessary to add more sand or
crush the stone or rock finer and in such cases the proportion of the binder to the
other material used should be increased.
Having fully described my Invention what I desire to claim and secure by
Letters Patent is:
The combination of asphaltum or bitumen with sand or broken rock or stone
and an oxide of any metal or other base and a chloride of the same base in varying
proportions substantially as specified.

page_text: The combination of a hydraulic cement with sand or broken rock or stone an
oxide of any metal or other base and a chloride of the same base in varying
proportions substantially as specified.
The combination of sand or broken rock or stone and an oxide of any metal or
other base and a chloride of the same base with any suitable material to be used as
a binder in varying proportions substantially as specified.
In witness whereof I the said Julian Randolph Nottingham have hereunto
set my hand and seal this Twenty eighth day of February in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight bundred and eighty two.
JULIAN RANDOLPH NOTTINGHAM. (L.S.)