IMPROVEMENTS IN OBTAINING ELECTRO- MOTIVE POWER
Year: 1855

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Peter Armand le Comte de Fontaine Moreau, of
4, South Street, Finsbury, London, and 39, Rue de l'Echiquier, Paris,
Patent Agent, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN OBTAINING ELECTRO-
MOTIVE POWER. A communication.
Sealed the 6th July 1855, and dated the 19th January 1855.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Peter Armand le Comte
de Fontaine Moreau at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with
his Petition, on the 19th January 1855.
I, PETER ARMAND le Comte DE FONTAINE MOREAU, of 4, South Street,
Finsbury, London, and 39, Rue de l'Echiquier, Paris, Patent Agent, do
hereby declare the nature of the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN OBTAINING
ELECTRO-MOTIVE POWER" to be as follows, that is to say:-
These improvements relate, firstly, to an improved method of obtaining a
rotatory instead of a reciprocal or alternate motion in electro-motive machines.
Secondly, in a new mode of governing electric currents, or of making &
breaking the circuit.
For this purpose, I employ one or more circular bars, one segment of which
is composed of soft or wrought iron (& which forms the magnet), the other
of brass or other non-magnetic substance. This bar is surrounded by a helix
or coil of insulated wire, arranged in such a manner as to allow free continuous
A

page_text: circular motion of the magnet within, worked by means of anti-friction rollers,
cones, pinions, or other suitable niechanical.means. In the radial centre of
this bar is fixed a shaft, at right angles to the plane of the magnet, & which
carries upon it a wheel placed above the magnet, also a pulley placed
below the same. This pulley serves to give motion to the distributing &
break apparatus. This latter consists of a circular diaphragm, fixed to the
aforesaid shaft, having arms, to which are attached small rollers, composed of
segments of magnetic & non-magnetic, substances, (acted upon by suitable
springs,) & which as they revolve alternately join & break the current of
electricity; suitable wires from the battery being previously attached to the
diaphragm, distributing plates, & the electric conductor or coil. By this
means the current passes to the segmentary magnet, & which becomes
polarised always of the same kind of polarity, & consequently moves always
in the same direction, & which, by force of-magnetic induction or reaction,
acquires a rapid rotatory motion. The above arrangement may be altered
according to circumstances. .
=
The advantages resulting from the above arrangement are, the obtainment
of rotatory motion; constant action & maximum of effect, invariable polarity,
economising of the magnetic current, simple means of making & breaking
the current, means of increasing its effective power, preventing the injurious
influence of secondary currents (or currents of induction), employing them to
increase the power of the machine.
4.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Peter Armand le Comte de Fontaine Moreau in the Great
Seal Patent Office on the 19th July 1855.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, PETER
ARMAND le Comte DE FONTAINE MOREAU, of 4, South Street, Finsbury,
London, and 39, Rue de l'Echiquier, Paris, Patent Agent, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Nineteenth day of January, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-five, in the eighteenth year of
Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto
me, the said Peter Armand le Comte de Fontaine Moreau, Her special
license, that I, the said Peter Armand le Comte de Fontaine Moreau,
my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said
Peter Arinand le Comte de-Fontaine Moreau, my executors; administrators,

page_text: and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to
time and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of
Man, an Invention" of "IMPROVEMENTS IN OBTAINING ELECTRO-MOTIVE POWER,"
communicated to me from a foreigner residing abroad, upon the condition
(amongst others) that' I," the said Peter Armand le Comte de Fontaine
Moreau, by an instrument in writing 'under my hand and seal, should par-
ticularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what
manner the same was to be performed, and cause the sanie to be filed in the
Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately
after the date of the said Letters Patent..":t
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Peter Armand le Comte de Fontaine
Moreau, do hereby declare. the nature of the said Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and 'ascer-
tained in and by the following statement thereof, reference being had to the
Drawing bereto annexed, and to the figures and letters marked thereon, that
is to say:
m
These improvements relate, firstly, to improved machinery, apparatus, or
inean's for obtaining a rotatory instead of a reciprocal or alternate motion in
electro-motive machines.
.... "
1.
Secondly; to an improved method of governing electric currents, or of
making and breaking the circuit; which improvements and the advantages
attending them are hereafter fully and individually described in the various
sections; &c.
. .I propose the application of electricity as a dynamic power by means of an
electro-magnetic apparatus with continuous rotating power, to which the electric
current is communicated by the ordinary battery, or by any other electro-motor,
taking for base that the electro-magnetic element of the motor is the attraction
which exists between a helix or coil of insulated wire and an iron core
or magnet moving within it, that is to say, the réaction between the conductor
and the iron.
1+
SECTION 1.-ROTATORY MOVEMENT.
An essential feature in the rotatory movement is that of bending to a circle
the axis of tlie helix or coil of the conductor and of the iron core in such a
manner that the coil may be continuous througli all its circumference, whilst
the iron only extends to an arc of a determined quantity, the complement of the
'circular bar being composed of a non-magnetic substance. Let it be supposed

page_text: that this ring is moveable in the interior of the helix, and that the latter, which
is. the conductor, be traversed by the current in a portion of its angular surface,
for instance, equal to that of the iron, but that its extremities correspond, the one
with that of the iron, and the other outside (counting always on the common
curvilinear axis). It is known that the iron, from its attraction for the conductor,
will always tend to enter that portion of the bobbin which I will designate as
"active," until its poles coincide with those of the active sector in our case of
the same axial length, and in ordinary cases until a coincidence of the neutral
points occur:
The first difficulty to overcome is to transmit conveniently to the exterior of
the conductor the movement of the iron core revolving in its interior, and to
maintain the iron in its curvilinear movement without loss of force from useless
friction.
One method of effecting this purpose is represented in Figure 1: tho
transmission by means of cords. M, M, M, Fig. 1, is the hollow core or con-
ductor, of which the axis, arranged in vertical plane, is bent to a circle; F, F,
is the interior ring, in iron, for the part α, y, B, and completed (in form and
weight) for the supplementary are by a non-magnetic metal, such as brass,
bronze, &c. In three equidistant points the conductor presents openings
m, m, n, n, for three rollers I, I, I', kept in contact with the convex surface by
their axis of rotation being fixed. An endless cord surrounds the ring between
the rollers, and the roller I in receiving the crossed cord conducts the parts of
it K, K, K', K, which continue the envelopement of the pulley S. On the
circumference of the ring F, F, and pulley S (situated in the same plan outside
the bobbin) V grooves are made, so as to insure the communication of the
movement without allowing the cord to slide. The roller I has a V groove large
enough to receive the double cord, and sufficiently deep to prevent the sliding
of the latter, its speed being already determined by the adherence of the ring.
The radii of the curves of contact of the ring with the cord and the roller I
ought to be proportioned to the radii leading to the common generator line of tan-
gency. The rotating movement of the ring F, F, in the conductor M is evidently
communicated to the exterior pulley S, when the cord will be kept in tension
by the ordinary means. Displacement of the ring in the plane of movement is
already rendered impossible by means of the cords working in V grooves.
For still further security, slots could be made between the ring and the rollers
I, giving edges to these latter, which would maintain the breadth of the ring,
and which would penetrate into these slots, or vice versâ, leaving to them a
groove which would be filled at the same time as the other by the cord, if, the
- latter is allowed to pass over the surface of the ring. The shaft C, C; situated

page_text: in the axis of rotation of the ring, will revolve at the same time and at the
same speed by means of the crossed cord Ko K, K'o K, which transmits the
movement between the pulley S' equally with the pulley S by tho shaft A, A,
and the wheel R, which has the same radius as the ring F, F. The shaft C, C,
necessary for the distribution of the current, as will be hereafter explained, can
serve as receiver of the electric power. The wheel R and the shaft A, A, can
also be employed for the same purpose.
Figure 2 represents an analogous transmission by bands. The two rollers I, I,
are used to guide the band in the coil and to avoid an exaggerated radius; this
band continues from K', K', and passes round two pullies S, T, of which one
works as the pulley S of the preceding Figure, and the other acts by the same
movement. It is superfluous to observe that the convex surfaces of the wheels
instead of the groove would be the form adapted to the band, and that the
shaft A, A, would transmit the movement to the shaft C, C, without crossing
of bands that it would have received from the ring F. F. The rollers would
compress the rings by means of the bands, or they would adhere to them at
once if the convex surfaces were grooved, always observing that the groove of
the rollers I, I, ought to be, with reference to those of the ring F, F, in pro-
portion to their respective radii. The thickness of the band which divides the
line of contact would serve to maintain the axis of the ring in an invariable
plane of motion.
Figure 3 represents a similar motor in which the transmission of movement
takes place through the adherence of the rollers. The coil is opened in the
same manner as in the preceding case, at four equidistant points on its axis
(which is still in a vertical plane), to make room for four rollers I, I, I, I³, of
which the extremities pass beyond the bobbin. On the shaft C, C, which has
the same axis of rotation as the ring F, F, are equally fixed the two wheels
R, R', outside of the two opposite planes of the helix or conductor; their
exterior radius being equal to that of the ring, the axis of the rollers can be
carried parallel to themselves in the radial plane of the movement; from this
it follows, that in pressing them at the same time against the convex surfaces
of the ring and of the two wheels, the necessary adherence is produced for the
transmission of the movement of the ring to the pulleys, the axes of which
work in proper standards or supports, as represented in the Drawing. But as
we cannot practically combine three bands on the same generator in right line
with the employment of rigid media, I have excluded the extremities of the
rollers I¹ in g¹, h', from contact with the wheel R', in diminishing the diameter
of the rollers for the corresponding breadth g', h', so as to obtain the adherence
of the four rollers between the ring F, F, and the wheel R. Now, the double

page_text: support of the pulley I on the wheels R and.R', aided by the extension of the
lines of contact g, h, will suffice:for the suspension of the ring, and in disposing
in the same way the roller I, the centralisation of the ring will 'have been
completed. To maintain the adherence' in 'question, it would suffice to have
the bands or endless cords KK, K, which pass symetrically over the wheels in
one side and the coil on the other, and which lie 'between the coil & the
wheels R, R', or on the outer side of these wheels; disposed in, squares with
rounded angles, and stretched-in a similar manner to the pulley S.
In the motors of small dimensions, a band of metal, or other substance rigid
and elastic, for instance, 'steel, brass; bone, whalebone, &c., is made to surround
the pulleys I, I, I, according to the pointed curve u, u, usu, (of the plane pro
jection,) would suffice to produce the adherence by means of the elastic force
which would successively oblige the points of the ring to deviate from the
circular curve. The side-view shews the two methods of tension just described.
The edges e, e, of the rollers which pass beyond the surface of contact are a
means of preventing the ring påssing out of the plane of movement.
In Figures IV., V., VI., is seen'a new system, which differs from the pre-
ceding above all by the horizontal position of the plane of movement. At
three points m, m, n, n, equidistant from the coil; three conical pinions I, I, I;
are interposed, which sustain' the ring F; F, and communicate its' movement to
the exterior. The apices of the prolonged conical surfaces of the pinions
combine the axis of rotation C, C; with the lower surface of the ring: This
surface is plane when the generator of the cones in contact with the said
surface K is horizontal, as in Figure VI. It is conical, when 'that generator-is
inclined, as in Figures 4 and 5, in which the axes of the pinions are horizontál
The bodies of the pinions are prolonged in such a manner as to place them-
selves under the ring F, F, and under the wheel R.
.
Figure IV. shews the transmission by toothed rack-work, the wheel R outside
the coil being sustained by means of its shaft C, C, in the socket F; the lower
surface of the wheel gears with the.corresponding part of the-pinions-g, h, in
the ordinary way, but with the ring F, F, having, independently of trans-
mission, to accomplish the condition of support; it is necessary to divide either
the inferior surface of the ring or the corresponding surface of contact of the
pinions in two divisions e, k, k, l, of which the second is a plane surface; whilst
the first is toothed. I also realize transmission by simple adherence. When the
weight of the ring F, F, and of the wheel K-(left free in the vertical direction
by means of the socket f2, Figure V.) is such that they can produce without
slipping the adherence necessary to the transmission of the electro-magnetic
motive force, the convex surface of the pinions and the under surface of the

page_text: ring F, F, and the wheel R are plane, as indicated in Figures 5 and VI. But
the most energetic adherence is produced from the electro-magnetic force
itself (added to the weight) in employing iron pinions. The centralisation of
the ring F, F, when its under surface is conical (with a convenient apex
angle), as in Figures IV. and V., is established in a similar manner to that'
exemplified in railway trains with conical wheels; but if the under surface:
were plane, as in Figure VI., it would be necessary to employ an auxiliary,
such as the rollers L, placed preferably against the convex surfaces of the
ring and in the intervals m, m, n, n, already existing in the coil. 'The
motive force of this system would be received by the shaft C, C, supplied with
a pulley T, or similar organs of transmission, as conical or cylindrical wheels,
&c. It is superfluous to say that the transmission by rack-work, as that by
magnetic adherence, would be applicable to the system described in Figure 3,
instead of bands.
.
Lastly, the wedge rack-work is still an element of transmission, of which I
shew the application in the complex model, Figure 9, which will be hereafter
explained.
i
SECTION 2. PERMANENCE IN THE MAXIMUM. OF MOTIVE POWER.
The part of the coil traversed by the current (that is to say, the active part)
and the iron ought to be placed at such a distance one from the other that their
position may correspond to the maximum of' attraction; under these circum-
stances they can be indefinitely preserved. In fact, the tubular coil M, M, M,
is surrounded by an insulated conducting wire, having its. circuit closed, as
shewn in Figures VII. and VIII. The wire is distributed in several groups or
solenoides, which traverse successively all the concentric branches enclosed
between the normal planes and the circular axis of the coil or conductor, and
which separate a group from that which follows it. These solenoids M, M; M*,
shewn in Figure VII., correspond with the portions of the coil, 'divided by the
meridian plane, and only communicate with the battery by the points a, a, a², a, u.
Supposing that each point a, a, a, could receive the communication of the
current, and that one of these points, a, for instance, communicates with a pole
of the battery, whilst the other pole communicating with the analogous point
a,.n, it is evident that the current will pass over the solenoids M, M³, M²,
M, n, comprised between a and a, n. In practice, if we reunite the points
a, a, a, a, n, to as many metallic blades v, v, v, distributed on an insulating
ring U, Ui, (of wood, &c.) for the branches of the conducting wire a, b, a, b,
a², b²; and if the poles of the battery are carried respectively by the conducting
wires d, d, D,, d; d, D',, to two appendices, such as the blades P, P; which
?

page_text: in turning simultaneously will successively touch these plates; and supposing
further, that these appendices in electric communication with the iron F, F,
enclosed in the coil turn necessarily with it, it is evident that the part of the
bobbin overrun by the current would advance with the iron. Therefore, in
binding to the shaft C, C, Figure 1, by the wheel R two appendices P, P₁, to
which the poles of the battery communicate separately, that is to say, that P
may cause one pole to communicate by the wire d, the blade D, the ring i,
(fixed insulated on the shaft), the wire r, r, and that p¹ causes the other pole
to communicate by the wire d', the blade D', ring i, wire ¹, 2, (communica-
tions marked also in Figure VII.,) it is evident that the segment M, M', M, n,
of the bobbin would be traversed by the current, and also that whilst the inner
ring F, F, turns (in the direction marked by the arrow), the iron segment
a, y, ß, being invariably accompanied by the movement of the appendices
P, P', on the metallic plates v, v, v, fixed on the insulating ring U; the part
of the bobbin which will be thus rendered active will follow necessarily the iron
segment. If, meantime, the appendices P, P₁, are placed in such a manner that
the active bobbin comprised between them be in such conditions of position
relative to the. iron a, y, 3, as to give the maximum of motive force, the
reaction will be such as to continue the work in the movement of rotation.
SECTION 3.-INVARIABILITY OF POLARITY IN THE IRON.
In polar magnetisation the influence of the current does not sensibly vary in
position, in direction, nor in intensity. First, the current has always this direction
through positive pole d, D, 1, 1, P, solenoids, P¹, 1, 1, D₁, d, to negative
pole. Secondly, we have always inherent to the continuous rotation the
attraction of the iron directed from the extremity ẞ to the extremity y. Thirdly,
the active coil is constant in developement in distribution of the conducting
wires, and in position with respect to the iron, as the appendices P, P¹, are
invariable in position between them in reference to the iron; the interruption
in the current does not take place, chiefly because the appendices P, P¹, never
abandon one of the distribution plates v, v, v, before attaining its successor.
The appendices P, P¹, in Figures I. and VII., are elastic blades, cut obliquely,
according to the edges of the plates v, v, v, and have in the direction of the
current a greater length than the interval which separates two contiguous
plates.

page_text: direction as the latter. To this end I close in itself each period of the con-
ductor as soon as the latter opens to the primary current. I demonstrate this
fact in the description of the distributor, represented by the complex model,
Figure IX. On this model, it may be remarked, that there are three tubular
magnets in place of one only; this complex model being also composed of three
orders of concentric coils. If the course of the conducting wire be followed,
beginning with the cut extremity across its course in the triple coil to the
other cut extremity a, its distribution can be clearly seen in several groups
M, M', M, distinguished from the meridian, added to the axis of rotation, which
compose a complete solenoid in each sector of three coils before the conductor
passes to the following sector. Thus, for instance, the conducting wire, after
having accomplished the solenoid M, M, M², carries itself by a, a, a³, a',
to form equally the contiguous solenoid M', M; M, and so on, so that the
triple solenoids of the Figure VIII. enter into the state of simple solenoids,
already described in Figure VII. The marks at the foot of the letters M', M*,
serve to fix the analogy. In the junction wires between the triple solenoids
M, M', M², are attached respectively two wires a, b, aº, b¹, a³, b, a, b, &c.;
which are two by two in communication by the buttons or screws b, b¹, b, b',
with the plate of the distributor. The plates, in equal number to those of the
groups of triple solenoids, to which they have reference, are distributed on one
side of two cylindrical diaphragms U, U, composed of insulating matter (wood),
placed one above the other, and distributed in the order of the respective sole-
noids, but alternately either on one or on the other. Thus, whilst the groups
M, M', M², communicate with the clamp screw, and plate b, b', placed on the
upper diaphragm U, the clamp screw and plate, by, placed on the diaphragm
U', communicates with the third group M, M, M, and so on. These plates,
which are near each other, but not in contact, are made with an oblique angle
on the concave surfaces of the two diaphragms, and with right angles on the
upper part of the diaphragms, where they are fixed by clamp screws b¹, and to
which the conducting wires b, b, 1, 2, are attached by the respective clamp
screws; two rollers P, P', respectively turning on pivots at y, y', on the double
levers x, y, x, y, balancing on the forks r,,, r, in direct communication
with the main shaft C, C, and participate in the general movement as they
revolve against the interior of the two diaphragms U, U¹. These rollers, which
commmunicate with each pole of the battery, as will be seen by the descrip-
tion of the whole systemi, rotate against the plates of the two diaphragms U, U',
and are maintained in communication by a pre-established pressure. Each
roller P, P', is composed of two parts; one part of two cylinders u, u, u³, u,
each having an axial length equal to two-thirds of the breadth of the plates,

page_text: on the two
battery, whilst
measured from the top line. The two cylinders are united by a central axle,
which terminates in two. pivots y, y, y', y', which put them in communication
with the poles of the battery; the other part Z; Z, which revolves with the other
cylinders, are united by the same axle of a lesser diameter, and are also perfectly
insulated. The oblique form. of the plates at the concave surface of the
diaphragm U, U', is' such that these plates act simultaneously three or four
tangentially, with each roller as much on one as on the other diaphragm; con-
sequently two of these plates, viz, one of each diaphragm, will be in metallic
communication by the medium of the insulated part Z, Z, Z, Z; of each roller.
I should here observe that the plates on the two diaphragms are inclined in a
contrary manner, and are placed alternate and equidistant on the two dia-
phragms; and also that the rollers. P, P, are of equal depth for
diaphragms U, U', which parts are in communication with the
for the other third their isolated portion forms a communication between the
two diaphragms. It will be easily understood that the distribution of the cur-
rent made by the rollers P,.P, which revolve against the concave surface. of the
two diaphragms simultaneous to the movement of the iron magnet, takes place
in the following manner :-First, considering the roller P, which is in a pos-
terior position relatively to the rotation, takes part in the 'successive breaking
of the current of the different solenoids, it will be readily understood that at
the moment that the extremities in .communication with the pole of the battery
passes successively and alternately to the plates.v, v', the intermediate rollers
Z, Z, isolated, are found exactly at one extremity tangentially to the last plate v,
which is in contact with the posterior extremity of the excluded solenoid; and
that the other extremity touches the plate on the other diaphragm, which
communicates with the anterior extremity. I repeat, it will be understood that
by this reunion of the two extremities of the solenoid effected at the moment of
the exclusion of the primary circuit, there is derived from it the developenient
of the current of induction in the conductor, which allows a reaction on the
breaking of the circuit. Second, the extreme .cylinders.u, u; u, u; in com-
munication with the poles of the battery, and placed in contact simultaneously
with several plates and the surrounding solenoids, the current is always
continuous. Third, that the inclusion or exclusion of the currents in the
conductor of the coil' takes place. by insensible degrees. This results, in the
first place, from the gradual extension of the tangent line, which the rollers
P, P, gain or lose correlatively to the obliquity of the plates; in the second
place, according to the law, the current distributes itself by the conductors
inversely to the resistance: It will be understood, from the contact of the
cylinders u, u, u, u, on several plates, I obtain a gradual distribution of the

page_text: current at the extremities of the active part of the coil. In fact, it will be seen,
in Figure 7, that the terminal appendices P, P, of the battery communicate
at the same time; (that of P, for example,) with three solenoids M, M',.M²;
and that of P, with the three-solenoids M,.n², M, n', M; n. The current will
not only traverse the shortest way between 'the solenoids inclusively M² &
M, n, but a small portion of the current will pass by the solenoid M, M, n',
and another still smaller between M & M, n..
SECTION 5. EXCLUSION OF THE CURRENT FROM THE NON-ACTIVE COIL.
The two extremities of each non-intermittent conducting wire, Figure VII.,
are supported by two radial' conductors E, E', towards the shaft C, C. In
the Figures I. & II., they consist of three couples of blades E, E¹, in
contact tangentially to a small roller H, fixed on the main shaft C, C. The
convex surface of the roller can conduct the current in the direction of the
rectilinear generator to two-thirds of its extent, and for one-third it serves to
separate it. This effect takes place if the. convex surface is metallic for two-
thirds, and of insulated substance for the other third (wood, ivory, &c.), and it
is so disposed relatively to the distributor as to present the insulated surface
coming in contact with the blades E, E', when they are in communication with
the non-active part of the coil. The insulated segment during the rotation
of the roller H being in constant angular communication with the radial con-
ductors P; P, it follows that it will interrupt the communication between the
blades E, E, and will present at the same time on its metallic surface a com-
munication between the extremities of the two other blades E, E¹.
SECTION 6: VARIABILITY IN POWER OF THE MOTOR RELATIVELY TO THE
GENERATING POWER. TO OBTAIN THE MAXIMUM OF USEFUL OR ABSOLUTE
EFFECT.
For this purpose the radial conductors P, P', are rendered moveable, in
order to regulate not only their respective position, but also their position rela-
tively to the extremities of the magnet iron, and thereby to vary either the
length of the active part of the coils, or its position relatively to the iron.
It is on this account that in Figure 1 the, radial conductors slide within a ring
cast on the wheel R, and in Figures VIII., IX., X., and XI., the forks
1, 1, 2, 1, which carry the rollers P, P₁, revolve round the shaft c, c, being
jointed to the two concentric tubes 1, 1, 1, 1, at their extremities, the two arms
k, k, which serve to fix their directions.

page_text: DECTIOA
The electric current in the distributor is broken, first, by means of the
peculiar mode of distributing the current; second, by the current being
gradually instead of suddenly broken. In Figures I. and VIII., the appli-
cation of the rollers to the blades E and E¹ of the interrupter i increases the
certainty of the communications. The metallic plates v, v, v, of the dis-
tributor project out from the non-magnetic ring which supports them, and the
permanent support of the radial conductors P, P¹, is obtained in consequence
of the obliquity. Each radial conductor P turns on pivots y, y, at the extremity
of a double lever a, y, which moves freely on the pivot a, a, of the fork r, 1.
When the shaft c, c, rotates, each roller receives the pressure it exercises on
the distributing plate v, v, v, by the centrifugal power. The pivots of the
rollers P, P, Figure VIII., must not only resist the friction resulting from
too great a velocity, but transmit also the current effected, by placing there
some black lead, or any other partly metallic amalgam or mercury, or by being
lubricated with oil or any other greasy substance. The moter can receive
also a retrograde motion by placing the radial conductors in a certain
position.
SECTION 8. COMPLETE EMPLOYMENT OF THE RADIAL MAGNETIC CURRENT.
To utilise the whole of the radial magnetic current, I construct the helices
or conductors in such a manner that the coils composing each sector be placed
on each side of the iron, and reciprocally, that each iron be as much as possible
equally surrounded by the coil, care being taken, however, to place them in
their relative positions, in order to obtain the maximum of moving power.
SECTION 9. THE MUTUAL REACTION OF IRON MAGNETS PRODUCING THE
POLARITY.
The distance between the magnets and the thickness of the helices or
conductors is regulated in such manner as to provide for the increase in the
polarity of the magnets.
SECTION 10.-FORM OF THE IRON MAGNETS.
The iron magnets are flat & segmentary; their size must be regulated so as
to obtain, first, the lessening of weight, and consequently of friction; second,
the placing as near as possible the external and internal iron in the same con-
dition; third, the utilisation of the spaces in the construction of large apparatus;
fourth, the employment of the magnetic adhesion when used for transmission.

page_text: The regulator is for the purpose of regulating the speed of the electro-motive
machine. It acts by altering the number of pairs of plates in the battery,
according to circumstances.
A wire from one pole of the battery communicates with one of the terminal
appendices P, P, or 1", of the distributor of the moter; the other appendice
is attached by conducting wire to the other pole in connection with a mode-
rator of the pile. This moderator consists in a number of metallic plates, fixed
to an insulated disk (wood) in two or more concentric lines, or, which is pre-
ferable, on the convex surface of a cylinder of the same material, and disposed
parallel to each other, & obliquely with reference to the angles in the first
case, and to the rectilineal generators in the second. Each pair is connected
by a separate metallic wire gearing with conical wheels, one of which is
dependant from the regulator, or in putting in contact some friction cones, or
in passing straps over the respective pulleys, &c.; second, by means of electro-
magnetism, in closing the circuit of the magnets which act on the bar of the
moderator, I form two diverse currents, which causes the motor to work.
These diverse currents traverse two electro-magnets, the moveable appendices
of which drive two stops, which act in inverse directions on a toothed wheel

page_text: placed on the same shaft as the bar of the moderator. Each of these stops
will not gear with the wheel of the bar, but at the moment of magnetisation,
and consequently of its movement, whilst the wheel may have a band if
necessary.
..
The regulator on the moveable collar carries a roller, the convex surface of
which is divided in ares of alternate conductors & insulators. When its
speed is greater or less than the normal speed, this roller carries under it a
friction blade, which is attached by a conductor to the magnet, which drives
the stop of the moderator in the direction of increase of the couples of the
pile. In this manner the speed of the regulator is controlled in its rise or
fall. The roller will impress a series of successive impulsions to the wheel
from the bar of the moderator, until the normal speed being established, the
roller will return in its intermediate position with two friction blades, and will
thus leave the pile with such a number of the positive couples added to the nega-
tive, that it will suffice to maintain a motive force equivalent to that of the
resistances. The position of the terminal appendices P, P, of the distributor
of the motor should be, as already observed, in alluding to the sixth question,
combined to the intensity of the current, and will be, especially for the large
motors, regulated by a particular moderator, which will act proportionally to
the intensity of the current, and will be founded on the chemical, magnetic, or
thermic affections of the current.
The electro-chemical power is produced by decomposition of water in the
battery, and the gas is given off in proportion to the strength of the current.
The electro-chemical action takes place in consequence of the course of the
appendice (armature) of an electro-magnet, which should be acted upon by
an opposing spring in an analogous manner to that of a spring balance.
I will now explain in detail the thermic moderator, which consists of two
metallic wires of a greater resistance to the conductability than that of the
coil of an equal length, that is to say, that being of the same metal (copper)
they will be of a smaller section.. The wires run over by the current will
undergo extension by the elevation of temperature, which will vary with the
intensity of the current.
The appendices P, P', will be respectively attached to one extremity of
the wires, the length of which may be in proportion to the respective courses
of the appendices, and will be subject to the movement of the extremity of
the wire.

page_text: SECTION 14-MODIFICATION OF THE BATTERY..
Each couple is made of rectangular plates; the zinc occupies the interior. The
porous vessel in wbicli'it is placed is of a single piece. The external recipient,
fortning the negative element, is constructed of cast iron, or of iron and charcoal;
in this case it is not only composed as the one herein-before described, but it
is provided internally with suitable supports. The space between the plates
is very small, to lessen as much as possible the liquid; facilitating by this means
the "electric conductibility. Small shavings of zinc fill the diaphragm, and in
this case the polar communication is secured by means of small zinc bands,
which enter into the-zine shavings. The supply is maintained in the following
manner: whilst the liquid which has not yet been employed enters on one
side of the battery, the exciting liquid exhausted of its active parts egress
on the other side.. When the battery is not working, the local action on the
zine will be prevented by separating them from the diaphragms by mechanical
means, or by replacing the acidulated solution by water. To prevent oxidation,
the iron or cast-iron element is always covered with a layer of putty, on the
part which is not covered with sulphuric acid, especially at the immersion.
The polar communications with the charcoal take place by' iron bars,
separated from the charcoal by a layer of mercury. An opening on the upper
part is made to allow the egress of the gas engendered by the nitric acid
on the mercury; and 'to collect the nitrate of mercury, which is used afterward
for the amalgamation of zinc.
line.
In Danièl's battery the copper is separated from the diaphragm by means of
gutta percha or caoutchouc, which covers the plate in which it has been
placed, heated; as a new liquid clement in the negative cell, I make use of
hypochloride of lime (chloride of lime) instead of the nitric acid, employed in
Bunsen's battery. In 'the positive cell the hydrochloric acid mixed with an
equal volume of water is used, avoiding thereby the precipitate of sulphate of
lime, which the sulphuric acid would produce.
SECTION 15. UTILISATION OF THE PRODUCTS OF THE BATTERY.
The several liquid products formed in the battery can be converted into
commercial purposes. The dilute nitric acid may be concentrated by distillation.
Nitrate of iron is obtained when dilute nitric acid is used in combination
with the iron' shavings. The sulphate of zinc contained in the zinc cell can
be transformed into chromate of zinc and into hydro-carbonate. By adding an
alkaline base to the sulphate of zinc the oxide of zinc is précipitated. If lime
is taken as base the oxide of zinc is precipitated, as well as the sulphate of

page_text: Three standards A, B, in Figures IX., X., and XI., support the two platforms
A, A, A, B, B, B, having triangular crossings, and forming the whole of the
wooden frame. On the lower platform B, B, B, three hollow coils of conducting
wire M, M', M³, are laid and solidly fixed. The interior cavity of each coil
is provided with as many cylinders, two-thirds of which are iron and one-third
of brass, or other non-magnetic metal, and which turn freely in the respective
bobbins or coils, as will now be described. In the intervening spaces on the
exterior of the coils are four rings G, G1, G2, G³. These four rings, which are
similar to those before described, are suspended in the upper part to a cast-iron
circular frame R. This frame is grooved at e, e, e, in the sector c, a, y, in
which are included the compound cylinders before mentioned, and which are
adapted to the grooves in the upper parts of the coils. The whole of the
frame and internal cylinders are supported by the vertical axis C, C, which
turns in the two axle boxes f, f¹. Each of these three coils are divided in
three equal parts by three openings, as shewn in plan, Figure XI., which allow
as many conical pinions I, I, I, to revolve as there are rings or cylinders.
The object of these conical pinions is to support these compound cylinders or
magnets in the interior of the respective coils or conductors, & to transmit
to the exterior their movement. These pinions revolve upon an axis O, Q,
Figures X., XI., which turns freely by the least motion as it rests on the
supports L, and at the same time works in the axle boxes g, g', g². The three
axes O, Q, are also provided with toothed pinions 13, which gear with the
teeth cast to the flange S, and which allows the rotation of the interior cylinders
of the coils with those of the frame. By this arrangement iron magnets &
the framework have a motion in common. The cylinders G, G¹, G³, G³,

page_text: outside the coils are provided with an iron appendice q, which corresponds with
the lower curves of the coils, and are secured to the frame by screws, openings
being made for anti-friction rollers. The three wooden diaphragms T, U, U,
revolve in the circular chamber T. The diaphragms U, U¹, are strongly
attached together; and carry on their interior surface the distributing plates,
Figure 8, V. The diaphragm T serves as a support to the rollers, excluding
the current from the inactive portion of the coils. To obtain this result, six
rollers E, E, are supported on their rotating axis by as many arms jointed
on the 'diaphragm T. These compound rollers E, E¹, are kept in contact by
the pressure of the springs placed on the arms of the rollers E', and one of
each couple (that of E) is still kept in contact with the cylinder H, fixed to
the tube and the fork r, r¹, in such manner that all of them turn with the
other organs by means of the main axis C, C. A temporary interruption
of circuit in one of the three couples, corresponding to the inactive sector of
the coil, is necessary; for this purpose each roller carries a segment 0; 0; 0,
equal to the third part of the circumference; of-isolating substance, wood, for
example, and which is placed on each couple of rollers, so as to come in
contact when they revolve. Lastly, relatively to the active coil; the position
of: the segment 0, 0, 0, is established in such manner that each couple of
rollers E, E, will complete the contact for this segment when the roller P¹
compresses the plate communicating with the coil. By this arrangement,
whilst the closing is assured, by means of the metallic contact of the couples
E, E, with the active sector of the coil, and by the rollers P, P¹, the action of
each couple, corresponding with the additional sector, is also obtained by means
of the rollers which touch the segment 0, 0, O. The forks r, r,, ; Figures
IX., X, and XI., which support the rollers P, P1, are respectively attached
to the two tubes 1, P, which surround the main shaft C, C, and terminate above
by two arms K, K, provided with set screws; which whilst they serve to fix
them against the ring G³, indicate the active sector of the bobbin. The two
forks, r,, r, Figures X. and XI., terminate underneath by two cylinders
i, i, apart from any other, with convex metallic surfaces, communicating with
the roller P, P, by the forks or arms, to which the double levers x, y, x¹, y¹,
are attached. Two metallic rollers D, D¹, which respectively communicate
with the two poles of the battery by their threads d, d¹, revolve in contact with
the cylinders i, i, to which they bring the current.
If the action of the apparatus is observed when in the position marked by
the Figures X. and XI.,, it will be seen that the current passes through in the
following manner from the positive. pole: the clamp screw z, the wire d, the
roller D, the roller P, the coils M, M', M², for the sector between P and P¹,

page_text: that is to say, the active part of the coils; the roller P¹, the roller D¹, the
wire d', the knob N, the negative pole. The active sector of the apparatus
commences a short distance before the point at a of the iron magnet F, and
extends towards the meridian, passing through 3, the opposite extremities of
the magnet; it is therefore the focus of the magnetic current and source
of action. Therefore all the magnets included within the sectors c, a, y, B,
being acted upon by the respective focus, give motion to the apparatus in the
direction shewn by the arrow.
The electro-motive machine herein described is intended as a substitute
for steam or other motive power for naval, railway, and other purposes.
Having thus described the nature of the said Invention communicated to
me, and the manner of performing the same, I would have it understood
that I do not confine myself to the precise details herein laid down; but what
I claim is,-
First, the general arrangement and construction of apparatus or machinery
for the purposes and in the manner herein-before described, and represented in
the Figures of the Drawing.
Second, the mode or method of obtaining electro-motive power by the
rotation of a segmentary or compound magnet in hollow coils or helices of
insulated wire, as herein-before described, and referred to in the Figures of the
accompanying Drawing.
Third, the means or methods of giving motion to the internal compound
magnet.
Fourth, the mode or method of making and breaking the circuit by the
"distributor" in conjunction with the compound rollers or cylinders, as
herein-before described, and represented in Figures 1, 8, 10, and 11, of the
Drawings.
Fifth, the application of chloride of lime in the ordinary battery, for the
purpose herein-before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Peter Armand le Comte de Fontaine
Moreau, have hereunto set my hand and seal, this Seventeenth day
of July, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and
fifty-five.
L' DE FONTAINE MOREAU. (L.S.)