IMPROVE- MENTS IN THE METHOD OF AND MEANS FOR DRYING BRICKS AND TILES PRE- PARATORY TO THEIR BEING BURNT, AND ALSO IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF KILNS OR OVENS FOR BURNING SUCH BRICKS, TILES, PIPES, POTTERY OR, EARTHENWARE, AND IN THE MODE OF CHARGING OR PLACING THESE SAID ARTICLES THEREIN TO BE BURNT OR FIRED, AND ALSO IN CERTAIN APPLIANCES FOR REGULATING THE. HEAT THEREIN
Year: 1859

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Basford, of Burslem, in the County of
Stafford, Brick and Tile Manufacturer, for the Invention of "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE METHOD OF AND MEANS FOR DRYING BRICKS AND TILES PRE-
PARATORY TO THEIR BEING BURNT, AND ALSO IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF KILNS OR
OVENS FOR BURNING SUCH BRICKS, TILES, PIPES, POTTERY OR, EARTHENWARE,
AND IN THE MODE OF CHARGING OR PLACING THESE SAID ARTICLES THEREIN TO
BE BURNT OR FIRED, AND ALSO IN CERTAIN APPLIANCES FOR REGULATING THE.
HEAT THEREIN."
Sealed the 12th August 1859, and dated the 19th February 1859.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Basford at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 19th
February 1859.
I, WILLIAM BASFORD, of Burslem, in the County of Stafford, Brick and
Tile Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE METHOD OF AND MEANS FOR DRYING BRICKS AND TILES
PREPARATORY TO THEIR BEING BURNT, AND ALSO IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF KILNS
OR OVENS FOR BURNING SUCH BRICKS, TILES, PIPES, POTTERY OR EARTHENWARE,
AND IN THE MODE OF CHARGING OR PLACING THESE SAID ARTICLES THEREIN TO BE
BURNT OR FIRED, AND ALSO IN CERTAIN APPLIANCES FOR REGULATING THE HEAT
THERIN," to be as follows, that is to say:-
The first part of my Invention relates to a method of and means for drying

page_text: front and floor tiles, roof and floor bricks, in what may be called the second
stage preparatory to their being burnt in the kiln. Ordinarily all classes of
goods are put into one large drying shed preparatory to their being burnt, so
that the same temperature is applied to all these goods, whereas not only
should different classes of goods be subjected to different degrees of heat
during the process, but even the same goods require different degrees of
temperature. I propose therefore to build a sparate drying shed or drying
sheds for these said goods, so that the temperature may be more easily
adjusted to what is required. I construct these drying houses then with one
or more furnaces at one end, and from these run a series of flues underneath
the floor to the other end, where they may either pass into a chimney placed
at that end or return back again still underneath the floor to the other end,
and into the chimney placed there. When the drying house has two stories,
the flues may then run underneath the floor of the first to the one end, and
rising up there to the second storey, return underneath the floor of that one,
and into the chimney placed at the end where it commenced from.
The next part of my Invention relates to the internal construction and
arrangement of the fires, flues, chambers, and walls of kilns or ovens of any
form, whether circular, oval, square, oblong, or polygonal, and chiefly to be
'used for the purpose of burning front & floor bricks, roof and floor tiles,
and such like articles of earthenware and pottery, the object of these improve-
ments being economy both in the material of the structure and in the fuel
consumed, increased convenience and stability in the kilns, and a more
uniform and regular distribution of the heat, obviating the injurious effects
resulting from excess of temperature at particular points upon both the ovens
and the articles operated upon.
In the Specification of an Invention for which I obtained a grant of Letters
Patent, dated Second of January 1858, I described and claimed the method
of building my ovens or kilns, whether circular or square, with the flues or
fire draughts running parallel and across the oven from side to side, having a
mouth at each extremity of the flue in the sides. I therein also propose to
run off branch flues at right angles to these said flues, the branch flués,
however, being. in connexion with and heated by flames from the main
draughts which are in line with the furnaces. My improvement then is that
whereas in that Specification I claimed that arrangement of flues only to
circular or square kilns or ovens, I now find I can advantageously apply it
to all forms.
Another of my improvements consists in this, that whereas in the aforesaid
Specification I proposed to construct fire-mouths on two opposite sides of.such

page_text: said ovens or kilns, with flues running from these, I now propose to construct
fire-mouths on the other sides also, and run flues from them so as to intersect
the former, which not only enables me to diffuse the heat more equably and
economically, but to form the interior of the kiln into cells or chambers, each
isolated from the other, -a system I invented and patented in the year 1844.
I propose to apply this system of fires, in all the sides with parallel and
intersecting flues running therefrom to all forms of furnaces, whether circular,
oval, square, oblong, or polygonal. The number of intersecting Blues will, of
course, depend upon the size and the shape of the kiln, thus with three, four,
or five flues in one direction, there may be one in the opposite intersecting the
former, or there may be two intersecting flues, so as to form a row of chambers
between the intersecting flues, or three intersecting flues, and on so. It will
of course be understood that when I say intersecting flues I do not mean that
the flue communicates with the other flue it intersects, although perhaps in
some cases it might do, either range of flues may intersect the other, the main
object being to form close chambers by the walls of the flues so intersecting.
The shape or form of the flue may be that usually adopted, or as described
in my former Specification, and preferably constructed of materials composed
in the manner therein suggested.
Another improvement which I propose relates to the construction of oblong
ovens or kilns; the usual mode of covering in these is to throw an arch or
arches between the side walls, the effect of which is that not only is the arch
too lofty for economizing the fuel, but from the thrust of the arch the walls
are often caused to bulge out. In order to obviate thièse, I construct such
said furnaces having the flues and chambers running pärallel frōnî side tō side
either with or without transverse intersecting flues, and between every third or
fourth Aue stretching from one side to the other I build partition or tic
walls, from which I turn my arches for covering in the kiln; the span of theso
being much shorter than if thrown in the other direction, tlie arch is flatter
and greater stability is given to the structure; moreover within these walls
and imbedded in clay, I place iron tie bars screweil into sliields or beams on
the outside walls, so that the latter are by this means firmly held together.
Another of my improvements relates to a particular arrangement of the
flues in oblong ovens or kilns used for the purposes before mentioned; in such
cases in kilns where there are a number of mouths on two opposite sides, with
flues running therefrom in parallel lines; I propose that each älternate flue,
instead of running between the chambers to tlie centre of the kiln and then'
ascending, shall pass underneath the floor of the chamber nearly to the centre,
and then diverge at right angles to the right or left, and rise up the site of

page_text: the chamber until it reaches the top; by this arrangement I am enabled to
carry a flue on every side of each chamber, and thus obtain a greater beating
effect, and that more equably than by any other means. A modification of this
mode is thus: instead of carrying the underneath flue up the side chamber, I
pass it through the bottom, and up the interior of it, and out at the top, for
small kilns or ovens with few fires and flues used only for burning finer
materials, as china figures or Pariens in saggers; this will be a most advan-
tageous method.
Another of my improvements in oblong kilns where the flues run in parallel
lines from two opposite sides only, forming rows of chambers between, is this :-
I intersect each chamber with a transverse flue running in the direction of
the length of the furnace or at right angles to the former; the effect of this is
to divide the chamber into two parts; of course, the flue intersecting or
cutting each chamber in two is itself divided, one half being connected
with the main flue adjacent, the other half with the other.
The next part of my Invention relates to the mode of charging or placing
the said bricks, tiles, pottery, or earthenware within the said kilns or ovens
preparatory to their being burnt or fired, this method is, that instead of
arranging them in the ordinary manner, I place one row horizontal or flat,
and the succeeding one vertical or on edge above the other.
The next part of my Invention relates to certain appliances for regulating
and economizing the heat of the said ovens or kilns, more particularly when
such are open kilns, at the same time applicable to all. In general, after the
goods have been partially burnt in the kilns, they gradually contract and leave
spaces between each other, and particularly between the kiln wall and the
adjoining courses; through these spaces the heat often passes away more
quickly than is requisite, and the object of these appliances is to regulate the
amount of space occupied by these rents or seams, so that while a proper
draught is obtained, the heat shall be retained the proper time within the
chambers or among the goods in the furnace. I effect this by placing one or
more courses of flat tiles prepared of materials so as to stand the effects of
heating and cooling, so as to cover up wholly or partially the rents and
openings, at the same time giving sufficient draft to the flues; over these I
place another course of tiles so formed that with a long-handled shovel I can
remove or readjust them, so as to increase or diminish or wholly close up the
openings or rents at pleasure, and thus regulate the draft, and pass off or
retain the heat as found requisite at particular points.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said William Basford in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
19th August 1859.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM
BASFORD, of Burslem, in the County of Stafford, Brick and Tile Manufacturer,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Nineteenth day of February, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-nine, in the twenty-second year
of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto
ime, the said William Basford, Her special licence that I, the said William
Basford, iny executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the
said William Basford, my exccutors, administrators, and assigns, should at
any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times
thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make,
use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE METHOD OF AND MEANS FOR DRYING BRICKS AND TILES PREPARATORY
TO THEIR BEING BURNT, AND ALSO IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF KILNS OR OVENS FOR
BURNING SUCH BRICKS, TILES, PIPES, POTTERY, OR EARTHENWARE, AND IN THE
MODE OF CHARGING OR PLACING THESE SAID ARTICLES THEREIN TO BE BURNT (R
FIRED, AND ALSO IN CERTAIN APPLIANCES FOR REGULATING THE HEAT THEREIN," upon
the condition (amongst others) that I, the said William Basford, iny executors or
administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of their
hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the
said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause
the same to be filed in the Great Seal. Patent Office within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said William Basford, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement, that is to say :-
The first part of my Invention relates to a method of and means for drying
front and floor tiles, roof and floor bricks, in what is called the second stage,
preparatory to their being burnt in the kilns. The mode in which the class
of goods before mentioned is ordinarily dried is in sheds of about 25 yards
long by about 6 or 8 yards wide; about one-half the whole width and the
whole length of these sheds have flues formed under the floor, which is level,

page_text: and on the floor the goods are laid to dry; a shed of the dimentions named
is required to keep one maker at full work, and as they are laid on the flues
'to dry, and when stiff enough, are gathered up and set in bungs, or a part of
the shed which is not heated. This is called the first stage in the drying
process.
The second stage is as follows:-Before the goods get too hard, and while
in a pliable state, they are butted on a bench or pressed through a die, and
polished, as they severally require; now, as these goods are butted or pressed,
they are set to dry, preparatory to their going to the kiln, in rows or bungs; and
it requires a week, and sometimes a fortnight, to dry them. But as the goods
are often wanted to be burnt in the kiln much sooner than they can be dried
by the open air, in such cases they are placed in rows on the flues within the
shed in which they are made, or in a shed with flues of the same description
open, and here they remain until they are ready for the kiln, which may be in
two or three days. The objection to this plan of drying in the second stage is
that it curtails the flue room so much that the workman is often at a standstill,
and cannot get on untill the goods being dried are removed; but another
greater inconveniance is the waste produced on the finer kinds of goods by
the inequality of the heat throughout the shed, a result of its construction.
To remedy these, I have invented my drying sheds, which, although the
same in principle, have three different arrangements. These sheds I either
partition off the making sheds in which the goods are made in, or I build the
drying sheds alongside the making sheds, so as to be enabled to carry the
goods in to dry when they are butted, polished, or finished, that is, in the
second stage.
In the accompanying Drawings appended to this Specification, and which are
intended to illustrate generally the forms of the different parts of my Inven-
tion, Figures 1, 2, 3, are plans of my improved arrangement of drying sheds;
the sizes of these are preferably about 5. yards wide by about 9 yards long; a
single or double flue A, proceeding from the furnace B, winds round the shed
and terminates in the chimney C; along the side of, and round the shed at, d,
and about a foot or a foot and a half apart, and about 6 feet high, are rows of
shelves, supported by pillars of brick or iron; also within the space enclosed
by the flue e, similar rows of shelves are placed. The midfeathers, or side
walls of the flues, are built with a single course of bricks, either flat or on
their edge; and as this figure may be carried up 2 or 3 feet above the floor,
so that a portion of the heat may radiate at the sides as well as at the top,
this description of drying shed is well adapted to dry floor tiles, which are set
in bungs 2 to 14 high, the faces flat, or on each other, and about an inch.

page_text: apart between each bung, on the shelves; but if they are wanted to
dry quicker, I set them 2 high, an inch apart, and set the next course 2 high
across the middle of the under two, and so on to 10 or 14 high, thus enabling
the hot air to pass between the goods. Figure 2 is a plan of another form
of shed; here there are two flues A and A', proceeding from the furnace B,
terminating in the chimney C; in this case the flue walls are raised above the
floor, as in the last described, and shelves are similarly placed round the side
walls of the shed, and against the walls of the flues; the size of this shed. is
preferably 8 yards long by 7 yards wide. Figure 3 is a plan of a drying shed,
where a series of flues A, A, A, proceeding from furnaces B, B, B, pass along
the level of the floor slightly inclined, and all terminating in the shaft C; here
they rise vertically to the height of the shed, and then return back at
this height to the other end, forming a floor for a second storey or shed above
the lower, and finally entering the chimney D; if not required the second
storey need not be made, and the flues will then pass off up the shaft C.
I wish it understood that I do not claim the use of drying sheds, which are
partitioned off one end of a brick or tile shed, if the said kiln is heated from
the flues that dry the bricks or tiles made in the soft state, neither do I lay
any claim to a drying shed heated by a stone pot set in the said shed, if the
heat is conducted by sheet iron pipes. But I claim the exclusive right of
making and using drying kilns, with brick, stone, or iron. flues, for the purpose.
of drying front, floor, or other bricks, roof, floor, or other tiles, in the second
stage of drying, substantially as before described and set forth.
The next part of my Invention relates to the internal construction and
arrangement of the fires, flues, chambers, and walls of kilns or ovens, of any.
form, whether circular, oval, square, oblong, or polygonal, and chiefly to bo:
used for the purpose of burning front and floor bricks, roof and floor tiles, and
such like articles of earthenware or pottery, the object of the improvements
being economy in the material of the structure and in the fuel consumed,
increased conveniance and stability in the kilns, and a more uniform and
regular distribution of the heat throughout the goods to be burned within
them.
.
In the Specification of and Invention for which I obtained a grant of
Letters Patent, dated the 22nd Jan 1858, I therein described and claimed
the method of building my ovens or kilns, whether circular or square, with
the flues or fire draughts running parrelell and across the oven from side to
side, having a mouth or furnace at each extremity of the flue in the side. I
also therein proposed to run of branch flues at right angles to these, the said
main draughts, the branch flues, however, being in connexion with and heated

page_text: by the flames from the main draughts. My improvement then is, that,
whereas in that Specification I claimed that arrangement of flues to circular
or square kilns or ovens only, I now find that I can advantageously apply it
to all forms.
The next of my improvements connected with the construction of the said
ovens or kilns consists in this, that whereas in the Specification before named,
I proposed to construct fire-mouths only on the opposite sides of the ovens,
and at each extremity of the main draughts, the transverse flues being heated
with these, I now propose to construct the intersecting flues so that they also
shall be main draughts or flues, and have mouths or furnaces at each
extremity also, by means of which I am not only able to diffuse the heat much
more equably and economically, but I can form the interior of the kiln into a
series of cells or chambers, each isolated from the other, a system I invented
and patented in the year 1844. I propose to apply this system of fires in all
the sides, with parrelell and intersecting flues therefrom to all kinds of
furnaces, whether circular, oval, square, or polyganol; the number of inter-
secting flues will, of course, depend upon the size and shape of the kiln; thus,
with three, four, or five flues in one-direction, there may be one in the opposite
intersecting the former, forming two rows of chambers; or there may be two
intersecting flues, so as to form three rows of chambers, and so on. When I
say intersecting flues, it will be understood that I do not mean that the one
flue communicates with the other flues it intersects, although, perhaps, in
some cases it might do so; either range of flues may intersect the other, the
main object being to form close isolated chambers by means of the walls of
the intersecting flues. The shape or form of the flues may be that usually
adopted or as described in my former Specification, and preferably constructed
of materials composed in the mode described in the said Specification.
Figures 4, 5, and 6 in the Drawings are plans shewing the mode of
constructing kilns according to the method above described. Figure 4 is a
sectional ground plan shewing a kiln of a circular form, having four transverse
flues or draughts a, a, a, a, with the furnaces or mouths at b, b, b, b, and ono
intersecting flue c, with the mouths d, d, thus forming the chambers e, e, c, by
means of the walls of the flues; the flue c is shown divided into two parts
by means of the wall c. Figure 5 is a similar plan of a square furnace, with
two transverse. and one intersecting flue, thus forming two rows of chambers.
Figure 6 is a similar plan of an oblong kiln, having two intersecting flues,
thus .forming three rows of chambers; the same letters indicate similar parts
in each Figure. Figure 7 is a plan of an oblong kiln with nine mouths,
having transverse flies only; the peculiarity of this form of kiln is that the

page_text: chambers are only on each side of the kiln; a space equal to about one-third
of the whole breadth is left open, and every alternate flue is made to decend
down the walls of the chambers; and pass under the floor of the open part,
rising up along the sides of the chambers on the other side; by means of this
construction I am enabled to burn within the central open part a portion of a
better class of bricks and tiles each time. the kiln is charged, then can be
done by the present mode of charging a kiln. In this form of kilns I claim the
mode of forming the chambers having an open space between; and causing
the flues of cach alternate draught to pass under the floor of each chamber.
Figure 8 is an illustration of the same principle; but in this case no middle
space is left, and each alternate flue, instead of running between the chambers
to the centre of the kiln, and then ascending, passes underneath the floor of the
chamber nearly to the centre, and then diverging at right angles to the right
or left, rises up the side of the chamber until it reaches the top; by this
arrangement I am enabled to have a flue running on every face of the
chamber, and thus obtain a greater and more equable heating effect then by
any other means. A modification of this mode is thus:-Instead of carrying
the underneath flue up the side chamber, I pass it through the bottom, and up
the interior of it out at the top; for small kilns or ovens with few fires, and
flues used for burning finer materials, as china figures or Parians in saggers,
this will be a most advantageous method.
Another of my improvements in oblong kilns, when the flues run in parallel
lines from two opposite sides, only forming rows of chambers between.-I
intersect each chamber with a transverse flue running in the direction
of the length of the furnace, or at right angles to the former; the effect
of this is to divide the chamber into two parts; of course the flue intersecting
or cutting each chamber being itself divided into two parts by the main
transverse flue.
The next of my improvements consists in the mode of building the interior
of the kilns. For this purpose, when I build the kiln, I introduce into the
middle face of the walls of the kiln, bricks having ribs or projections of about
one and a half inches from their sides; say, about two of them in the length of
a stretcher, and one up the end of each brick. By means of this description of
brick in the inside face of the kiln, I am enabled to set the kiln without making
use of ordinary bricks round the walls, as is usually done; hence, after the
chambers are filled as the projecting rib leaves a passage for the fire to work
up or pass through, and thus harden the better goods in and above the
chambers.
Figure 9, which is a section of Figure 5, is introduced to shew another.

page_text: improvement, which I adopt in forming the roof or top over the walls of a
square kiln. It will be seen from this Figure, that in forming the top I make
use of whole bricks, either fire or good common ones, and project inwardly
each course over the subjacent one about two inches and a half, and by con-
tinually carrying out the projecting courses, I am enabled thus to contract the
top of a ten feet square kiln down to about four or fivo feet. In order to bind
or tie the bricks, I make use of, every now and again, long stretcher bricks laid
among the others; as still, hower, there would be a tendency for the top to
fall inwards, I counterbalance this by carrying up the square walls as high as
the top overhanging course. I then, by means of a few courses of light bricks,
carry the uppermost overhanging course square up so as to form a neck n, for
the purpose of forming part of a plan or system for regulating the draught and
the intensity of the heat within the kiln by a method herein-after described.
And here I would mention that I claim as new the method of forming the top
or roof by arranging the courses of overhanging bricks as stated, and also the
formation of a neck on the top for the purpose mentioned.
The next of my improvements relates to the mode of covering in or roofing
oblong kilns or ovens; the usual mode of covering in these is to throw an
arch or arches between the side walls, the effect of which is, that not only is
the arch too lofty for economizing the fuel, but from the thrust from it the
walls are often caused to bulge out. In order to obviate this, I construct such
said furnaces having the flues and chambers running parallel from side to side,
and either having intersecting flues or not, so as to have between every third
or fourth flue a partition or tie-wall, from and upon which I turn my arches
for covering in the kiln; the space between these being much shorter, the
árch is flatter, and not only stronger but better suited for retaining and econo-
mizing the heat; moreover, in a space left in the said wall by using a few
smaller bricks, I place an iron tic-rod, having its ends screwed into shields
or plates on the front walls, and thus give them greater security. Fig. 10
illustrates this, being a plan shewing the tie-walls t and the tie rod v..
The next part of my Invention relates to the mode of charging or placing
the said bricks, tiles, pottery, or earthenware within the said kilns or ovens
preparatory to their being burnt or fired. This method is, that instead of
arranging them in the ordinary manner, I place one row horizontal or flat,
and the succeeding one vertical or on edge above the other in the chambers.
The next part of my Invention relates to certain appliances for regulating
and economizing the heat of the said ovens or kilns, more particularly when
such are open kilns, but at the same time applicable to all. In general, after
the goods have been partially burnt in the kilns, the contract and leave spaces

page_text: between each other, and particularly between the kiln wall and the adjoining
courses; through these spaces the heat often passes away more quickly than is
requisite, and the object of these appliances is to regulate the amount of space
occupied by these rents or seams, 'so that while a proper draught is obtained
the heat shall be retained sufficient time within the chambers or among the
goods in the furnace. I effect this by placing one or more courses of flat tiles
prepared of materials so as to stand the effects of heating and cooling in such
a way as to cover up, either wholly or partially, the rents or spaces formed by
the contraction of the goods, and allowing at the same time sufficient space for
the draught; over these I place another row of flat tiles in such a way, that
when necessary, by means of a shovel or such like instrument, they can be
pushed close to the side of the neck, and also lie over the joints in the other
tiles;. lience by covering with the latter tiles the space left by the former, the
draught will be increased or diminished, and the heat allowed to escape more
or less. Instead of regulating the escape of heat by the last-described method,
I sometimes form round the top of the ovens a series of small flues terminating
in the neck; through these the heat passes off, and by covering partially the
mouths of these with tiles as before, the escape of heat may in like manner be
regulated.
Figures 11, 12, 13, illustrate these two modes of regulating the escape of the
heat. In the ovens therein shown it will be seen that the neck is carried up
above the top of the chimney. f.f, are the first layer of segmental tiles, which
are laid over the top of the goods; 9, 9, are the next layer of tiles, which are
arranged to be laid over any or all of the spaces left between the other layer,
or pressed close up to the wall, so as to close any space caused by the shrinkage
of the goods. In Figures 13 and 14 are shewn the small flues h, h, built on
the top of the goods in the oven or in the chambers, and opening into the neck
of the oven; by closing the mouths of these, more or less, the heat escapes
more or less easily.
Having now described the nature of my Invention, and how the same is
constructed, formed, built, and acts, I wish it understood that what I claim
and want secured by the before in part recited Letters Patent, are,-
First, the mode of arranging and constructing and forming drying sheds, as
described in the Specification and generally illustrated in Figs. 1, 2, 3, of the
Drawings appended thereto.
Second, the construction and sole right of using furnaces of any form having.
transverse and intersecting flues, and forming isolated cells and chambers, as
herein-within described.
Third, the construction and sole right of using ovens and kilns for the purpose

page_text: within described, and of all shapes, having transverse and intersecting flues, as
mentioned in the last claim, and in addition mouths or furnaces to each flue
and in each or any side of the kiln or oven, substantially as described herein,
and generally illustrated in Figures 4, 5, 6, of the Drawings.
Fourth, the construction, application, and use of kilns, of the form illustrated
in Fig. 7 of the Drawings, and more particularly described here within.
Fifth, the construction of ovens or kilns of the form and in the manner
illustrated by Fig. 8 of the accompanying Drawings, and more particularly
described in this Specification.
Sixth, the mode of forming the roof or top of square kilns, as shewn in
Fig. 9 of the Drawings, and more particularly described herein.
Seventh, the mode of forming the roof or cover of ovens or kilns, as shewn
in Fig. 10 of the Drawings, and described more particularly here within.
Eighth, the mode of forming the interior of the ovens or kilns by means of
projecting or ribbed bricks, as described here within.
Ninth, the mode of charging or placing glazed goods within any of the said
ovens or kilns, as herein within described.
Tenth, the mode of regulating the heat within the said ovens or kilns, as
illustrated generally in Figs. 11, 12, 13, and 14 of the appended Drawings,
and more particularly described herein within. -
In witness whereof, I, the said William Basford, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Nineteenth day of August, in the year One
thousand eight hundred and fifty-nine.
Witness,
JAMES WRIGHT,
21, Bridge Street, Blackfriars,
London.
WILLIAM BASFORD. (L.S.)