IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRIC CLOCK- LS
Year: 1870

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Edward Newton, of the Office for
Patents, 66, Chancery Lane, in the County of Middlesex, Civil
Engineer, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRIC CLOCK-
LETTERS PATENT to William Edward Newton, of the Office for
Patents, 66, Chancery Lane, in the County of Middlesex, Civil
Engineer, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRIC CLOCK-
WORK. -A communication from abroad by Edouard Bonhomme,
and Charles Ferdinand Mildé, both of Paris, in the Empire of
France.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Edward Newton
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition,
on the 25th August 1870.
I, WILLIAM EDWARD NEWTON, of the Office for Patents, 66, Chancery
Lane, in the County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRO CLOCKWORK,"
to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to a system of electro clockwork whereby any
number of clocks and striking motions may be made to work simul-

page_text: taneously and in perfect unison so that such clocks, all more or less
distant from each other, may be made to give the true time at several
places at once.
This object is effected in the following manner :- -A regulating clock
worked entirely by electricity without the aid of any other motive agent
is situated at any desired place, and is placed in electric communication
with the other clocks, the working parts of which are constructed on the
same principle as the regulating clock which transmits its motions to
the working parts of the other clocks. The regulating clock may be
without the striking action and then the other clocks will also con-
sequently be without the striking action, or it may have the striking
motion, and in such a case the other clocks may have the striking action
or not as may be desired. The clocks are each provided with electro-
magnets which_act_on_armatures,-and-cause-these-latter-to-vibrate-
through a limited space (contralled by an adjusting screw) whenever
the electric pulsations take place by the making and breaking of the
electric circuit. To these vibrating armatures or arms or levers con-
nected therewith are connected ratchet clicks, which act on a central
ratchet wheel, and every time they are drawn forward they pull round
this ratchet when to a certain extent, and thus act upon a central toothed
wheel which is mounted on the same shaft and gears into and actuates
the clockwork which carries round the hands. The escapements are
acted on in like manner and the time is controlled by a pendulum
which is insulated by means of ivory blocks. As all the clocks that
are in clectrical connection must act together, the electric circuit being
made and broken in all simultaneously, it will be evident that if in a
large industrial establishment, for instance, the regulating clock be under
the control of the proprietor all the clocks connected therewith may be
dispersed over the works and will act in concert.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM
EDWARD NEWTON, of the Office for Patents, 66, Chancery Lane, in the
County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, send greeting.
3

page_text: WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Twenty-fifth day of August, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy, in the thirty-
fourth year of Her reign, did for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto me, the said William Edward Newton, Her special
licence that I, the said William Edward Newton, my executors, adminis-
trators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said William Edward
Newton, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time
agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter
during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make,
usc, exercise, and vend within the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRIC CLOCKWORK," being a communication to me
from abroad by Edward Bonhomme and Charles Ferdinand Mildé, both
of Paris, in the Empire of France, upon the condition, (amongst others,)
that I, the said William Edward Newton, my executors or adminis-
trators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of their
hands and scals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of
the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed,
and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said William Edward Newton, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner
the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascer-
tained in and by the following statement, reference being had to the
Drawing hereunto annexed, and to the letters and figures marked
thercon (that is to say):
:―
This Invention relates to a system of electric clockwork, whereby any
number of clocks and striking motions may be made to work simul-
taneously and in perfect unison, so that such clocks (all more or less
distant from each other) may be made to give the true time at several
places at once.
This object is effected in the following manner: A regulating or
primary clock worked entirely by electricity (without the aid of any
other motive agent) is situated at any desired place, and is placed in
electric communication with the other clocks, the working parts of
which are constructed on the same principle as the regulating or primary

page_text: clock which transmits its motions to the working parts of the other
clocks. The regulating clock may (if preferred) be without the striking
action, and then the other clocks will also consequently be without the
striking action. Or it may be provided with the striking action, and in
such a case the other clocks may have the striking action or not, as may
be desired. The clocks are cach provided with electro-magnets which
act on armatures and cause these latter to vibrate through a limited
space (controlled by an adjusting screw) whenever the clectric pulsa-
tions take place. This is effected by making and breaking the electric
circuit. To these vibrating armatures, or to arms or levers connected
therewith, are connected ratchet clicks which act on a central ratchet
wheel, and every time they are drawn forward they pull round this
ratchet (to a certain extent) and thus act upon a central toothed wheel,
which is mounted-on-the-same-shaft-and-gears-into-and-actuates the
clockwork which carries round the hands. The escapements are acted
on in like manner, and the time is controlled by a pendulum which is
insulated by means of ivory blocks. As all the clocks that are in
electrical connection must act together (the clectric circuit being made
and broken in all simultaneously) it will be evident that if (in a large
industrial establishment for instance) the regulating clock be under the
control of the proprietor, all the clocks connected therewith may be
dispersed over the works, and will act in concert, and will all indicate
exactly the same time.
The Invention is also particularly applicable to turret clocks, or to
monuments or public establishments, and may with great advantage be
employed in place of ordinary turret clocks which require a large amount
of costly mechanism, and occupy considerable space, and are liable to
various kinds of derangement.
This improved system of electric clockwork offers the following
advantages:-
First. It indicates the hour with great accuracy, and is not liable to
the causes of derangement incidental to ordinary clocks.
Second. It indicates exactly the same time (with or without striking)
on any number of dials.
Third. It does not require winding up, and will work for an indefinite
length of time.

page_text: Fourth. For turret clocks the space required for the clockwork is so
small as to be practically of no importance.
In the accompanying Drawing, Figures 1 and 2 represent the
regulating or primary clock without striking mechanism. Fig. 1 is a
front view of the mechanism; Fig. 2 is a side view of the same.
P is a plate for supporting the principal working parts; this plate in
conjunction with the vertical bar B and pillars C (Fig. 2) forms a kind
of framework. The centre wheel D (of one hundred and twenty teeth),
and the ratchet R (of one hundred and twenty teeth), arc mounted on
the same transverse axle, which turns in bearings in the vertical bar B,
and in the bridge piece F of the minute wheel, which also carries the
wheelwork which actuates the hands. An electro-magnet E is secured
to the plate P and is placed parallel to this plate between the wheel D and
the bridge piece F. It is provided with its armature A, carried by the
axle a, which is pivotted in the plate P and bar L. Upon this same axle a
is placed a lever arm b, which bears against another arm or lever e, which
rocks upon the axle mounted in the plate P and bar M. This arrange-
inent of the two levers band e constitutes means of communicating the
dynamic power of the electric current. At the end of the lever e is a
pawle or click s mounted on an axle s¹. This pawle is made to bear
against the teeth of the ratchet wheel R by a spring i coiled round its
axle. A retaining pawle q carried by a quadrant piece falso acts against
the teeth of the ratchet wheel R. An adjusting screw provided with
a jam nut is mounted in the bracket H, and limits the extent of action
of the armature A. A small detent or escapement O formed of two
small levers o¹, o¹, is mounted on a spindle m and a lever arm m¹ is fixed
upon the same spindle, and enters between the twelve pins placed upon
the boss of the intermediate wheel I of one hundred and forty-four teeth.
A lever N is jointed upon the axle mounted between the brackets t
and L, and is kept in position upon the pin i by a coiled spring e. Upon
the axle are fixed the two levers y, y¹, the end of the lever y carries a
projecting pin which enters between the small levers o, o'. The vertical
lever hangs before the screw of the lever above the click 8, and
upon the same axle. It is maintained in position by the screw s¹. The
whole of this arrangement N, y, and y', is held down by the concentric
spring e. A bracket piece T with two wings and m carries the
suspending brackets, which is insulated from the bracket T by a piece
of ivory V. The bracket T forms a frame for the escapement O, the

page_text: anchor U, and also for the escapement wheel X. The vibrating
pendulum bar J carries a finger J', which is fixed thereon by a set
screw j. A screw G carries the transverse axle for holding the
suspending blades in the box or chape S; this screw serves as a com-
mutator by fixing the wire of one pole against one of the sides of the
chape or box S.
A piece of ivory v insulates the pendulum far from the
forked lever . Under the central boss of the intermediate wheel I is
fixed a little barrel to hold a spring which acts on the escapement. A
tubular pinion (of twelve teeth) gears into the wheel D and turns freely
upon the axle of the wheel T. One pole of the battery is attached to
the plate P and the other by the screw G to the suspension blades in
the chape S. The armature A is kept at rest by the action of a coiled
spring K acting through the lever Q.
The action of the escapement is maintained_by_the_coiled-spring-on-
the wheel I; this wheel makes one revolution in six minutes, and on its
central boss are placed twelve pins equidistant apart. Its direction of
rotation is from left to right, therefore at every thirty seconds it will
have disengaged the detent O, the lever m² of which enters between
the twelve pins, then the arm y will be no longer supported, and
the lever N will be pushed down by the spring e, the lever N comes
against the finger J and closes the circuit. The electric current
then passes and the armature A is drawn forward. As the attracting
power is approximately in inverse proportion to the square of the
distances, the driver or actuating organ formed by the two levers b and e
regulates or governs the action of the armature in proportion to the
power of attraction, as shewn in the Drawing. The lever therefore
comes at intervals against the arm e, and by pushing forward the click s
moves forward the ratchet wheel R one tooth (of the one hundred and
twenty teeth), and the hands will have advanced thirty seconds. As the
wheel D is keyed to and moves with the ratchet wheel R it winds up 3
the spring (to the extent it has uncoiled during the preceding thirty
seconds) in order to keep up the vibrations of the pendulum rod during
this time. A third effect is also simultaneously produced for the contact
breaker will act upon the lever y', and raise the lever y on to the tooth
of the lever o of the detent O. Lastly, during this motion (which is 3
rapidly effected) the lever N will remain in contact with the finger J',
until the end of the ascending vibration of the pendulum rod and during
the whole of the descending vibration, so that the spring e of the
lever N will be wound up strongly and thus increase the friction during

page_text: the descending vibration, so that the vibrating pendulum rod instead of
losing power by producing the friction necessary to ensure contact,
will on the contrary receive an increase of power. It will therefore be
understood that two frictions will be produced for the purpose of making
contact, the first from above to below during the end of the ascending
vibration, and the other from below to above during the descending
vibration, and the second friction is produced under the most favorable
conditions, being purposely increased by all the tension or power of the
spring e, so that it will give to the pendulum bar the force that will be
The result of this
expended to ensure a good and perfect contact.
mechanical arrangement will be that the rubbing surfaces will always
be kept perfectly clean and free from oxidation. The electric current
will therefore pass with all its intensity, because there will always be
perfect molecular contact. The favorable conditions under which contact
is produced admit of its resisting the action of the most energetic extra
(or counter) current so that the regulating clock will be able to actuate
a large number of dials of any size that may be required.
r.
Figures 3 and 4 represent a primary regulating clock provided with
mechanism for striking the hours and quarters. Fig. 3 is a front view
of the working parts, and Fig. 4 is a back view of the same. Upon the
rectangular plate P are mounted all the working parts. The wheels M
and N constitute the minute hand gearing. Two sector racks C and Q
and a sector S have a common axle mounted between the plate P and
is
the bracket B. A detent consisting of four levers I, I, I", I",
mounted on an axle i between the plate P and the bracket A. In Fig. 3
E is a quadrant picce carrying the retaining pawl ". It is held in place
by the milled head screw m. The axle of the pawla, Fig. 3, is mounted
at the upper end of the arm R of the driving gear (see Fig. 4). This
pawl carries a finger at its upper side. Two coiled springs cause
the pawls and x to engage with the teeth of the ratchet wheel 7.
A detent 0 (see Fig. 3) is mounted upon an axle between the
brackets II and H', and a small lever d (Fig. 4) is upon the same axle.
Two small levers g and a, Fig. 3, have a common axle with the lever n,
Fig. 4. The axle of these three levers is carried by the two brackets D
and D'. The detent O is divided so as form two little arms o, o¹, and
a spring e keeps these parts in contact with the piece y.
spring placed on the axle of the lever n, Fig. 4, and the two short
levers g and a, Fig. 3, is secured to the plate P, and therefore tends to
A coiled

page_text: The
keep down or depress those parts. In Fig. 4 B is the intermediate
wheel which gears into the pinions of the escapement wheel E.
axle of the pinion s carries the seconds hand. J and K are the bracket
pieces which support the axles of the wheels B and E. The axle of
the escapement anchor U is supported by the bracket M', which also
carries the chape or suspension box S, insulated by the piece of ivory I²;
G is a clamping screw on the transverse axle of the suspension, and
serves to connect a wire from one of the poles to the chape of the
suspension. In Fig. 4, R and G are two levers connected with the
armature, and constitute the driving or actuating instrument. A double
or two-armed lever T, T", is mounted on the axle T, which is screwed
into the arm O¹ of the bell-crank lever O¹, O", the axle of which is
supported between the plate P and the bracket S¹. A coiled spring on
the axle T keeps down the arm T¹, and causes it to hook over the
small-pin-at-the-lower-end-of the lever G. At the end of the arm Tu
of the double lever there is a finger which is adapted to the front part
of the sector 8, Fig. 3. The levers O¹, O¹¹, are jointed to the upper end
of the rod L which is connected with the armature A' below. A forked
lever U, Fig. 4, is mounted on an axle supported between the plate P
and the bracket S", and a spring bears against it. A vertical rod
carries two pawls 1 and 2, which by means of coiled springs are made
to take into the teeth of the two sector racks Q and C. A quadrant V
on the plate P has a horizontal movement; it carries an axle v, upon
which are two pawls 3 and 4, which by means of coiled springs on
their axle are made to take into the teeth of the two racks. The arms
or lever J, J¹, are supported by the brackets Z, and by means of the
spring are made to act on the short lever R. The wheel B is mounted
upon a transverse axle which is supported by the brackets B', Fig. 3,
and J, Fig. 4. Behind the wheel B and to its central boss is fixed a
spring barrel provided with a small coiled spring for maintaining the
escapement motion. A tubular pinion turns freely upon the axle of this
wheel, and gears into the centre wheel of the train.
Operation of the Parts.-The action of the escapement is maintained
by the spring on the axle of the wheel B, the rotary motion of which is
from left to right, and it makes one revolution in six minutes. Twelve a
pins set at equal distances apart and placed perpendicularly to the
outside disc are arranged around the rim of the wheel, as shewn at
Fig. 4, and the arm d enters between these pins so that cach pin will

page_text: in succession force down the arm d (Fig. 4), and in so doing will dis-
engage the small lever g (Fig. 3) from the arms o, o', of the detent.
Then the lever n, Fig. 4, will be carried down while the arm or lever g,
Fig. 3, will be raised, and the arm a made to approach the finger v.
At this moment the lever n will come in contact with the finger of the
pendulum rod, and the circuit being closed the armature A¹ will be
drawn down, and through the rod L will act on the parts O', O", and T.
The hook at the end of the arm T will catch hold of the pin at the
lower end of the lever G, which will come against the lever R, and
carry forward the pawl x (Fig. 3), and thereby push round the ratchet
wheel one tooth. The centre wheel being fixed upon the axle of the
train, as is also the ratchet wheel 1, will at the same time wind up the
auxiliary spring in order to restore to it the power that has been
expended during the preceding minute. The hands also will have
advanced one minute. Moreover the pawl a when advancing will
have brought its finger v against the short lever a, and will push it
in the direction of its own motion and bring back the lever into
connection with the small arm or lever o. As the preceding motions
will have been effected with great rapidity under the influence of the
electric current the lever n will remain in contact with the finger of
the vibrating pendulum rod, which will therefore have wound up the
spring belonging to this lever n, so that the intensity of the friction
will ensure perfect contact, and at the same time will restore to the
pendulum the power which it will have expended in order to produce
this contact. The strength of the spring may be such that the stroke
of the pendulum may be sensibly increased after contact; however, as
this is discretional, it may be regulated as may be desired.
It will be understood that during contact two opposing frictions
will be developed, the one from above to below during the end of the
ascending oscillation, and the other from below to above during the
whole of the descending oscillation, and the amount of this latter
friction will be purposely increased by the whole of the power of the
spring belonging to the lever n, because by virtue of these mechanical
effects, the rubbing surfaces being always kept clean, there will be
perfect molecular contact and the electric current will act with its
whole power. These important conditions admit of the contact arrange-
ment, resisting the action of the most powerful counter current. The
effect will consequently be that the primary clock will be able to act

page_text: .upon a great number of clocks and bells or striking mechanism of any
size that may be required.
C
In reference to the striking mechanism, the detent I, I, I, I, is
lifted every fifteen minutes by four pins fixed in the train, and which
act in succession upon the lever I, Fig. 3. A lever I raises the two
pawls 3 and 4, another lever I" disengages the two pawls 1 and 2, and a
third lever I carries a piece which serves as a support for the sector S.
In Fig. 3 the striking mechanism is ready to act the sector rack, C is
drawn by the action of a lever L, which is acted on by a coiled spring
surrounding its axle. The lever c then drops into the snail M', which
determines the number of strokes to be sounded. The rack Q regulates
the quarters, its lever q being governed by the snail m¹ fixed on the axle
of the train, and shewn by dots in Fig. 3. The rack Q is actuated by
the lever J, which is acted on by a spring u on the lever R¹. The
_sector Sobeys-the-action-of-its-spring upon the lever s.
It will now
be understood that by its rotation the train disengages the pawls 1, 2, 3, 4,
which hold the racks C and Q in a quiescent position, and that when
these pawls are lifted the racks are set in motion. The sector S is still
kept quiescent because its pin rests against a block on the lever I.
When the lever I is disengaged from the train the detent is brought to
a state of repose by the action of the springs of the four pawls, then the
sector S is liberated and disengages itself until its levers encounters the
block of the rack C, it follows therefore the sectors S and C are
connected. But S at this moment comes against the finger &, which
will have the effect of disengaging the lever T from the pin t, then the
lever comes against the pin u. As the driving gear will not act any
further, the lever n will remain down and the current will pass at each
beat, and the forked piece U' will put in motion the hammer M", which
will strike the right-hand bell, and also upon the left hand one to
indicate the quarters until the rack Q is brought to a state of repose.
The hammer will then only strike on the left hand bell to indicate the
hours, because then the arm J¹ will be brought in front of the arm of
the hammer, and will prevent it from acting. When the rack C is
brought to a quiescent state the sector S will have left the finger i, then
the lever T" will come against the pint and the breaking of the current
will ensue by the action of the finger upon the small lever a. Upon
the next disengaging operation the lever T" will again come against the
pin, and will continue until the rotary motion of the train shall have

page_text: disengaged the detent, which by again raising the finger a¹ will cause
the lever T to come against the pin u¹, and so on repeating all the
movements in succession.
In order to work the mechanism with a single pile a switch piece B*,
Fig. 3, is insulated from the plate P. The reophore of the suspension
is connected to the block P*. Two pawls or arms C* and c* are made
alternately to bear against the sector &* at the end of the lever s. When
the pawl c* bears against the sector S* its other end will rest upon or be
in contact with the block P*, and the clectric current will act upon the
mechanism of the hands. When, on the contrary, the sector S is
disengaged, the sector S* will be disengaged from the pawl c* in order
to come against the pawl c* and then the electric current will act upon
the striking mechanism. In this last position the levers causes the
lever to rock and thereby raise the pawl x, in order that at the last
stroke on the bell the breaking of the current may take place and the
pawl may be disengaged from the ratchet 7.
Figures 5 and 6 represent in elevation and in plan the mechanism for
a secondary turret clock to be actuated by the primary clock or regulator
above described. Fig. 5 is a front view of the apparatus, and Fig. 6 is a
plan view of the same. The rectangular plate P is fixed upon the bar C,
which with the large bar B forms a framework, being connected together
by the pillars or columns p. A great central ratchet wheel (of one
hundred and twenty teeth) is fixed upon an axle T, which is supported
at one end in the bracket E. The axle T passes through the bars
C and B and carries the minute wheels between the plates or 'bars
C and B, and at its outer end the hands of the clock are mounted
thereon. It rotates upon antifriction wheels e and fin order to reduce
the friction. For this purpose also the sleeve shaft H is also supported
on rollers and h. A weighted lever D upon the central shaft serves to
counterbalance the weight of the minute hand, and another weight F
upon the disc of the hour wheel serves to counterbalance the hour hand.
An electro-magnet A is secured by means of a bracket upon the bar C
parallel to the plate P and horizontally to the position of the mechanism.
Its armature M is mounted between the plate P and the bar N fixed on
the bracket E. A set screw V regulates the action of the armature M.
Upon the axle of the armature is fixed a flat spring R' which gradually
diminishes in width throughout its length. This spring R' is supported
at three points upon the adjusting screws 1, 1, 7, which are screwed

page_text: into the bar S. This arrangement forms the driving gear for actuating
the apparatus, and answers to the variable action of the attractive power
of the clectro-magnets upon the armature. The principal pawl S¹ has
its fulcrum upon the armature M and it takes into the teeth of the
ratchet wheel R, being caused to do so by the action of the coiled
spring s, Fig. 6. An adjustable abutment screw u is mounted on the
quadrant U, which is held in place by the tightening screw 7*. A
stopping pawl O has its axle mounted on a quadrant piece G, which is
held in position by a tightening screw a. A bolt or locking piece V
provided with a semicircular notch comes against a pulley or roller I
mounted on the quadrant piece J, which is held in position by a thumb
screw j. When the armature M is attracted by the electro-magnet, the
pawl & advances, in order to take hold of the next tooth of the ratchet
wheel R; this, pawl is not removed from the influence of the abutment
-screw-u-until-it-has-taken-hold-of a fresh tooth. In order to prevent the
hands of the clock from being blown round by the wind or disarranged
by any other mechanical cause, the locking bolt V is carried forward so
as to cause it to come against a pin or stud o on the pawl O; the
ratchet wheel will therefore be held in position.
After the current has
passed the armature is carried back to its normal position by the action
of the driving gear R', when all the power of the current is accumulated.
The pawl S¹ draws with it the ratchet wheel R and causes a tooth to
pass, because in the retrograde motion of the pawl S', the bolt V which
is mounted on the same axle (and consequently moves with it) will
disengage the pawl O by bringing its semicircular notch over the pin
or stud o, thereby allowing the pawl O to rise and allow a tooth to
pass and then fall again into the following one. Immediately that the
pawl O is free the pawl S₁ again comes against the abutment screw u, so
that the clectric current alone can move the hands forward and therefore
no other mechanical or physical cause can interfere with the regularity
of the action of the parts.
Figures 7 and 8 represent a secondary house clock; Fig. 7 is a front
view, and Fig. 8 a plan view of the same. The plate P serves to support
the whole of the mechanism, and the bracket C with the bracket I forms
a framing for the central ratchet wheel R, the axle of which carries the
minute wheel and hands of the clock. An electro-magnet E parallel to
the plate P is fixed there horizontally by means of a strong bracket F.
Its armature A is mounted on an axle a between the plate P and

page_text: bracket C. This armature carries at its other end the pawl S mounted
on a pin at s, and kept in contact with the teeth of the ratchet wheel R
by the coiled spring u, which acts on its inner end by means of the
rocking lever b, which also acts on the armature and brings it back to its
normal position after the electric current has passed. The regulating
screw V turns in the bracket C, and has for its object to limit the action
of the armature; T is the tension bar of the helical spring u, and r is the
stopping pawl mounted on a stud screwed into the quadrant B. When
the armature is attracted by the magnet the pawl S engages with the
tooth next that which it held when in its normal position. The action
of the current having ceased the armature will be brought back to its
normal position by the spring u and will draw with it the ratchet
wheel R to the extent of one tooth of the ratchet wheel (supposing it to
consist of one hundred and twenty teeth), the hands will also by this
motion be moved on the extent of thirty seconds.
Having now described the Invention which has been communicated to
me from abroad by my foreign correspondent, and having explained the
manner of carrying the same into effect, I claim, as the Invention
secured to me by Letters Patent as aforesaid, the general arrangement
of electric clockwork above shewn and described, and also the combination
of the parts of the several apparatus or mechanical arrangements herein
set forth, and which constitute the improved system of electric clock-
work which I seek to secure.
I claim the exclusive right to use each of the separate apparatus either
alone or in combination.
I also claim the right to modify and vary the mechanism for the
purpose of more properly and perfectly adapting the several apparatus
herein set forth to such varying circumstances as may arise in practice.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Edward Newton, have
hereunto set my hand and seal, the Twenty-fifth day of February,
in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-
one