BOR
Year: 1839

page_text: LONDON:
PRINTED BY GEORGE E. EYRE AND WILLIAM SPOTTISWOODE
PRINTERS TO THE QUEEN'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY:
PUBLISHED AT THE GREAT SEAL PATENT OFFICE,
25, SOUTHAMPTON BUILDINGS, DOLBORN.

page_text: CAMPBELL & WHITE'S SPECIFICATION:
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, ALEX-
ANDER FRANCIS CAMPBELL, of Great Plumstead, in the County of Norfolk,
Esquire, and CHARLES WHITE, of the City of Norwich, Mechanic, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at West-
minster, the Seventeenth day of June, in the second year of Her reign, did, for
Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto us, the said Alexander
Francis Campbell and Charles White, Her especial licence, full power, sole privi-
lege and authority, that we, the said Alexander Francis Campbell and Charles
White, our exors, admors, and assigns, or such others as we, the said Alex-
ander Francis Campbell and Charles White, our exors, adiñors, or assigns,
should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times
during the term of years therein expressed, should and lawfully might make,
use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-
Tweed, our Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN PLOUGHS, HARROWS, SCARRIFIERS,
CULTIVATORS, AND HORSE HOES;" in which said Letters Patent is contained a
proviso that we, the said Alexander Francis Campbell and Charles White, or one
of us, shall cause a particular description of the nature of our said Invention,
and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be inrolled in Her said
Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar months next and
immediately after the date of the said in part recited Letters Patent, as in
and by the same, reference being thereunto had, will more fully and at large
appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, we, the said

page_text: Alexander Francis Campbell and Charles White, do hereby declare the nature
of our said Invention, and the manner in which the same is to be performed,
are fully described and ascertained in and by the following statement thereof,
reference being had to the geometrical Drawings hereunto annexed, and to the
figures and letters marked thereon, that is to say :-
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS.
Figure 1 represents a side elevation of a two-furrow plough, (with Cooke's
patent plough breasts, One thousand eight hundred and thirteen,) constructed
according to our Invention. Figure 2 is a plan thereof; and Figures 3 and 4
shew a back and a front view of the same. In each of these Figures the same
letters indicate similar parts; and the same improvements are applicable to
ploughs for making a greater or less number of furrows.
The first improvements relate to the application of a peculiar construction
of a wheel to run in the angle of the land side of the furrow made by the
single, or, if more than one are combined, then by the last plough; and other
improvements relate to modes of regulating the draught of such ploughs, and
also to a mode of constructing the beams and fore carriages of ploughs in order
to raise and lower the plough beams and shares. And some of the improve-
ments shewn in the several Drawings also relate to a mode of driving or
working drills by applying suitable pulleys or driving tackle to the axle of the
aforesaid wheel. a is the wrought-iron axletree of the fore carriage of the
plough, on the ends of which the wheels turn. 6 is an upright rod or bar,
connected to the fore axletree a in such manner that it will slide along it, and
by means of a set screw, (for which a wrought-iron screw is let in,) and
similar screw nuts we have suitably applied, as shewn in the Drawings, to other
parts of our ploughs (as a screw may be more readily cut in wrought-iron
moveable nut (when applicable) than in a larger piece of cast iron, which is
not so easily cut or handled), or other suitable fastening, passing through the
slide piece c.
Such sliding piece can be securely held at any position required;
and, in order to adjust the rod 6 in a perpendicular position, that rod is attached
to the sliding piece c by means of a pin joint, as shewn in the Drawing. dis
the beam, the fore arm of which is hollow, with internal bearings at each end,
to allow of its moving on the rod b, by which means the ploughshares may
be raised wholly out of work, or may be lowered to any required depth.
e, being a chain which is affixed to the fore part of the beam d, passes over a
pulley f, carried by the shoulder near the top of the upright rod b, and thence
it passes to a pulley or wheel 9, carried by the beam or other suitable part,
such pulley having a ratchet wheel and paul lever, with a winch handle or

page_text: other suitable contrivance (applied to its axis) to turn it round, and to wind
or unwind the chain e. And, in order to secure the chain on the pulley g,
when at the proper position, the paul lever is dropped into the most suitable
notch of the ratchet wheel. h is a cross bar fixed to the carriage of the pulley
for the reins. i is a diagonal stay rod, attached to one end of the fore axle-
tree a by a moveable or pin joint. This diagonal rod is employed in order to
retain the upright bar or rod 6 in a vertical position when the plough is at
work in the land, and is capable of adjustment, in order to allow of the various
positions the plough may be from time to time required to take. The upper
end of the rod i passes through the ring j, the axis or moveable shaft of which
passes through the rod b, where it is retained by a collar and pin at its extre-
mity; and there is a set screw passing through the ring j, by which the rod i
can be fixed when the standard rod b is in a vertical position. A, A, shew
the draught chains we use for the fore carriage of this or other ploughs, one
end of which is hooked to an eye or pin or collar at either end of the axletree
(within the wheels). In the length of the chain are two screw swivels, by
altering which, and shifting the point of draught from link to link, the axletree
may be drawn forwards in a position at right angles to the line of the furrow.
The beam d is attached to the framing of the plough by means of a crank 1,
which enables the ploughman to adjust the draught with great exactness.
k; k, is the framing of the plough, which we prefer to be of cast iron. The
nature and arrangement of such framing is clearly shewn in the Drawings,
the land plate being cut off where the wheel approaches the land, and the land
plate is there set inwards about a quarter of an inch, in order that most of the
pressure may be received by the revolving face of the conical wheel, which
follows. The part of the framing k' is that to which the beam is attached by
the crank 1, which is connected to the beam by means of two steel points ',
and the part of the frame k¹ is attached to the crank by means of other steel
points, thus allowing of movement on the points 1 (by trials) for adjustment ;
and m is a curved piece of iron (bolted to the framing k¹), having a slit or
slot cut therein; and through the fore part of the crank passes a bolt with a
head, and the other end of the bolt passes through the slot in the iron, and
by means of which, when the required adjustment of draught is obtained (by
trials), the parts are set fast by a screw nut and collar, and the draught
through the beam will be the same as if all those parts were permanently
fixed. Indeed they are so for the time being: n, n, are two tension knives
of thin iron or steel which may be of equal thickness throughout, set at the
land side of the plough, acting as coulters. They are respectively fixed as
forward as possible to the land edge of the ploughshare, where an additional

page_text: thickness of metal is welded on the under side of the ploughshare; and the
coulter knife is attached by and strained from a dovetailed piece of iron, which
is rivetted to the inside of the knife: or, coulter, which fits in a corresponding
dovetail in the edge of the share;, and the knives are drawn tight or strained.
upwards by a screw nut at the end of a piece of iron placed in a socket in a
projecting piece of the plough body or side, in which piece of wrought iron
the coulter or knife is retained by a pin, as is shown in the Drawing. o is the
handle for steering the plough. It will be seen that the plough is held upright
by the rod i, which is a substitute for the muscular effort exerted by the man
in holding the ploughs in common use. p is the wheel rolling in the angle of
the furrow (a, y, z), instead of the sole or sledge of ploughs (now commonly
used); and this wheel is formed by the junction of the bases of two frustra of
hollow cones at the line z, z, of which the outside or bearing faces or lines
should form an 'angle of ninety degrees, by which construction the surface,
which is in the plane of the edge of the ploughshare will roll and press on the
bottom of the furrow, and the other surface (being in the plane of the land
side of the plough) will press and roll against the land side of the furrow
without stripping such land side, or pressing into it, to prejudice the draught
of the plough or action of the wheel, but, on the contrary, will work with less
friction than takes place on the two sides of the sole or sledge, and more effi-
ciently than by any of the contrivances now or heretofore resorted to. At the
same time we would have it understood that we do not claim the application
of a wheel to the-heel of ploughs generally, previous attempts having been be-
fore made to obtain the advantages of wheels; our Invention, so far as wheels
at the heels of ploughs are considered, being the mode of constructing and the
joining the bases of two conical frustra, the bearing surfaces containing an
angle of ninety degrees, and the plane. of the junction line z, z, to be inclined
towards the breast from, the angle of the furrow, but at an angle as nearly
approaching the plane of the land side as will allow the wheel to roll without
cutting the edge of the surface of the land. 9 is the axletree of this wheel Pi
the nature of the framing and adjustable conical steel bearings which carry it
being clearly shewn in the separate Figures 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10.
Figure 11 and 12 represent a cylindrical wheel, about twenty inches in
diameter, and two and a half inches in width, turning on adjustable steel
points, near to the land side and at the heel of the plough, the rim only of this
wheel bearing on the bottom of the furrow, which, when in combination with
a. suitable land plate and wheel, our fore carriage may be employed with
advantage, in place of the double conical wheel p, for the diminution of friction.
caused by the sole or sledge of ploughs now commonly used, the rim of which

page_text: wheel is to be in the plane of the edge of the ploughshare, and to roll on the.
bottom of the furrow at the heel of the plough; and when this cylindrical
wheel is employed the land side of the plough frame or body in the furrow is:
to project as far as the rim of the wheel backwards, for the purpose of forming.
a land plate, first, for. excluding the soil which might fall into the furrow (in.
front of the wheel) from the land side, which will raise the wheel, and conse-,
quently the ploughshare, above their proper depth of work; second, for:
receiving, the pressure from the land side of the furrow caused by the passage.
and resistance of the soil on the plough breast. The fore part of the plough is
carried by the beam and fore carriage before described, with the intervening:
crank joint. A scraper s¹ should be applied as shewn in the Drawing, Figure 12.
We would remark, that one part of our Invention relates to the driving or
working a drill or drills by the motion of a wheel by which the heel of a plough:
is carried, such wheel being a substitute for the sole or sledge, or parts thereof,
now or heretofore used; and for this purpose we apply suitable pulleys or:
driving tackle to the axis of the wheel p, as is shewn in the various Figures,
but as the drill is of the ordinary construction it does not require further.
description. The cups turn on a spindle or axis, and we need only observe:
that is the pulley; r¹, a driving band, chain, or gut to the pulley
drill, all which is clearly shewn in the Drawings.
of the:
Figures 13 and 14 shew two side views of a single-furrow plough, with
Cooke's patent (One thousand eight hundred and thirteen) plough breast. In
this plough the crank is fixed by means of a circular sector cast on the back
thereof; and there is a set screw (working in a wrought-iron nut let into the
cast iron) to fix it when. the draught is adjusting. The various parts, which
are similar to those already described, are marked with the same letters of
reference, and the description already given of the same will apply to these
ploughs; and it should be stated, that that portion of our Invention which
relates to the mode of working drills by a wheel which carries the heel of the
plough may be applied to other descriptions of ploughs; and further, it is not
necessary to use all our improvements combined in the same plough as.
described, but we prefer such to be the case. And we would have it
understood, that we make no claim to any of the forms of breasts
shewn, but we consider Cooke's patent breasts (One thousand eight hundred.
and thirteen) to be the best, but which have not been commonly used; and
we prefer that the length of the breasts should be greater in proportion to
their width than those commonly used, for their more easy penetration of
the surface to be turned over; and our improvements, or some of them,
may be used with other breasts or shares, or coulters or ploughs; at the

page_text: same time we wish it to be understood that a part of our improvements
consists in the mode of fastening the shares or blades, shewn in the Drawings,
to Cooke's patent plough breasts, and the blades to subsoil ploughshares, by
making the share or blade either of steel or iron, the upper face being
hardened (by the fusion of prussiate of potash, or otherwise,) to fit in a rebate
or underlap at the front edge (that being the whole width of the furrow), and.
fastening the share or blade to the rebate or underlap of the breast by a row
or rows of rivets in the breast and share, as will readily be seen in the
Drawings; the land edge of the breast may be strengthened with an additional
rib or thickness of iron.
Figure 15 shews a plan, and Figure 16 a side view, and Figure 17 a back
view of our improvements on a ridge plough with two shifting breasts, having
the fore carriage similar to those above described, and the similar parts are
marked with the same letters. of reference, and it may be used with various
sized shares and breasts. The fore carriage wheels run in the valleys (when
there are such); the coulter and centre line of the plough divide the ridge in
half. A cylindrical wheel B is by us employed in the centre line between the
two breasts in place of the sledge in common use; a pulley and line on the
axis may work a drill, as before stated. And Fig. 18, 19, 20, show a horse
hoe to work between rows of turnips or other plants, in such case either of
the wheels C or D, shewn in Figure 18, will carry the rod 6 and the fore
part of the beam, and the horse hoe is to be used with two handles for holding
it upright. The only novelties in this horse hoe are the application of the
peculiar construction of fore carriage and suspended beam, with one fore-
carriage wheel, with or without a joint and centre points for steerage by two
handles, in combination with the vertical cylindrical wheel B.
Figures 21, 22, shew the plan and side elevation of an improved subsoil
plough on three wheels, with a mode of regulating the depth and position of
the share and skife. In this case the fore carriage is similar in construction
to those already described; i being a rod to retain the vertical position of the
standard rod b, the sliding piece c being fastened near to the wheel in the
furrow; the rod 18 has a slot or opening for a pin on the beam to allow of
play to the axletree of the fore carriage. The shares is of cast iron, with a
socket t at the point, which receives an angular iron of a similar shape pointed
and hardened for penetrating the soil, and the steel or iron share blades are
rivetted to the underlap or rebate of the share in the manner before described.
Attached to the lever is a chain with a screw swivel, which is hooked to the
end of the plough. The mortice hole of the shares is pinned to the lower
end of the lever or skife v; the skife has a centre of motion at w, which can

page_text: be varied in its height by holes in the skife or beam for a bolt passing through
them, and by. altering the length of the chain the inclination of the lever may
be varied. The axis of the frame of the drag wheel behind turns on two
bearings, one over the other; thus, not only the beam has a capability of adjust-
ment on the fore carriage, but the lever and skife may be raised or lowered
or inclined from or to the hinder part of the axis. We would remark, that
the shares and socket may be varied in their construction; but our Invention
in respect to this plough relates to the mode of constructing and applying the
fore carriage in connection with a wheel behind the skife, and particularly in
the mode of adjusting the skife and shares thereto attached on an axis, and
to the share and blade and moveable point in the socket.
Figures 23 represent the same plough converted into a subturf plough for
pasture land, by the use of a two-edged share. (instead of the share with one
edge) on the skife. This plough is to loosen the roots of grass without
turning over the surface. In this case the beam and rod 6 are placed in the
middle of the axletree a, and all three wheels will run on the surface of the
land, the rod b being held upright by the stay rod i.
Figure 24 is a plan, Figure 25 is an elevation, and Figure 26 is an end
view of a drain plough on three wheels. The fore arm of the beam is hollow
to allow of its motion on the standard 6 of our fore carriage, in the manner
before described. This plough and beam are held by the rod which holds the
standard b upright. The plough consists of a central frame, to which the oak.
or other beam is fixed; under the frame is an inclined plane of cast iron
leading from the shares (to which it is rivetted) beyond the end of the breasts;
and it will be seen that the breasts are capable movement up and down on the
inclined plane, there being proper slots and screws & nuts to fit the breasts
to the inclined plane and to the upper part of the skife. There are two side
tension knives or coulters D, sloping outwards, to cut the sides of the drain,
and another tension knife or coulter, midway between them, to cut the soil in
half for the whelming or overturning of the same by the two breasts E, E,
to the right and left of the centre line of the plough, when it has been raised
by the inclined plane.
Figures 27 and 28 and 29 represent a mode of combining five ploughs in
a diagonal line to turn over all the land on one side, the ploughs being carried
by three wheels; the two front wheels being on the fore carriage, and the
drag wheel w and its frame (rolling in the furrow of the last plough) forming
the bind carriage of the machine, and the node is applicable to a greater
or less number of ploughs. The fore wheels F, F, are about four and a half
feet high, the right wheel rolling in the furrow last ploughed, and the left

page_text: .
wheel on the land, the axle frame G will therefore dip on one side. The
ploughs are bolted in a diagonal line to a beam H, forming part of the plough
frame, which frame is suspended from the axle frame by two chains I, I, and
suitable pulleys J, J, and winding tackle with two ratchet wheels K, K, and
two crank handles, and two paul levers L, L, for raising or lowering either or
both ends respectively of the fore part of the frame on two rods b, the ends
of which are fixed in two guide frames M, M, enclosing the axletree frame, and
which frames M are each hung vertically on two.connical steel points bearing in
holes in adjustable triangular pieces of wrought iron N, which will slide in the
grooves formed in the frame G, and which points may be moved laterally, and
the slides N be fixed by screw bolts, when the relative positions of the guide
frames M, M, in respect to the wheel in the furrow and the plough frame, are
adjusted. Openings or slots are cast in the upper bearings of the front corner
sliding irons O of the plough frame, which openings allow of either side of
the plough frame to be raised or lowered. On either of the rods in the guide
frames a stay or brace P is fixed to the furrow side guide frame N, and to
the axle frame G, with an adjusting screw and slot to connect the plough
frame and the axle frame G, and to one of the guide frames M when the
frames M. have been, hung in a vertical position. The fore wheels revolve on
the axle arms Q, which, passing through the square openings at the bottom of
the centre pins R, are there fastened by set screws. The axle arms are moved
on those pins by a centre bar S turning on a pivot T, half way from the centre
pins R of the axle arms, by a pin, at each end of the wheel axle arms,
working in a slit or slot at each end of the centre bar S; the arm V of the
centre bar S. being moved, the axle arms and the wheels thereon are made to
lock simultaneously in parallel lines. The pivot T of the centre bar is con-
tinued upwards, and on the top of which a long lever arm V is secured to its
square with the lower bar; the upper lever V will put the locking apparatus
of the fore wheels in parallel lines for the purpose of steering the front of the
machine. The ploughs used are similar (in detail) to those before described,
having suitable skifes and bolts and wedges for fixture to the diagonal beam
of the frame. There are no sledges for the ploughs to slide on, as the three-
wheel carriage supports the plough frame, but a land plate U is required for
the last plough only, the cylindrical rim of the drag wheel rolling in the
furrow thereof, and in the plane of the bottom of the ploughs. At the end of
the furrow the machine is turned round on its fore wheels, freedom of motion
being given to the tail of the frame by the drag wheel w, the drag wheel
being previously driven downwards on the rod by a rack and pinion W, .in
.order,. when the fore part of the plough frame is raised. up, the ploughs may

page_text: be carried by the three wheels clear of the surface of the land; a moveable
scraper X is attached to the frame of the hind wheel, as shewn in the
Drawing. The draught of the machine is from a ringle coupled to the cross
beam of the plough frame, the position of which ringle may be altered, so
that the machine may be drawn from a point, found by trials, where an almost
equal pressure on both sides may be obtained. The object of combining so
many ploughs, as before described, on a three-wheel carriage, is with a view to
plough a considerable breadth of land at one time, and it may be drawn by
power whether from a fixed or other.engine, or otherwise..
'
Having thus described the nature of our Invention, we would have it
understood that we lay no claim to any of the parts separately other than is
herein-after particularly stated, and some of the parts may be varied without
departing from our Invention. But what we claim is,―
First, the modes of constructing and adapting the fore carriages and beams
of ploughs, as is shown in the various Drawings, by which great nicety of
adjustment of the draught and general steadiness in working of wheel ploughs
may be obtained, and be readily varied according to the soil and other circum-
stances to which ploughs may be liable; and we also claim the draught chain,
shewn in Figures 15 & 16, as an auxiliary thereto.
Secondly, we claim the application of the peculiar construction of wheels p
to carry the heels of ploughs, as above described, and also the employment of
a cylindrical wheel when in combination with a land plate and draught crank,
and the fore wheel carriage, as described.
Thirdly, we claim the modes of applying suitable driving means to the
axis of the hind or heel wheels of ploughs for working a drill or drills, as
above described.
Fourthly, we claim the mode of overlapping and joining the shares or
blades and breasts of ploughs, in order to affix such shares or blades, as
above described; and we also claim the use of tension cutters or coulters for
ploughs.
Fifthly, we claim the mode of applying a vertical wheel at the heel of
double-breasted ploughs, and to horse hoes with suitable combinations, as
described in respect to Figures 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, and 20.
Sixthly, we claim the mode of constructing subsoil and subturf plough, as
described.
Seventhly, we claim the mode of constructing drain ploughs, as above
described.
Eighthly, we claim the mode of combining a series of ploughs on three

page_text: wheels, as described in respect to Figures 27, 28, and 29, and in such manner
as to allow of the ploughs being raised or depressed by suitable mechanism.
In witness whereof, I, the said Alexander Francis Campbell, have here-
unto set my hand and seal, this Seventeenth day of December, One