An Improved and Completed System of Apparatus for Evaporation and Distillation.
Year: 1890

page_text: QUALE DELN
An Improved and Completed System of Apparatus for Evaporation
and Distillation.
1, PETER CALLIBURCES, Doctor of Medicine, of Rue de la Harpe No. 3 in
Paris, France, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner
the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by
the following statement :-
§. 1. This system of apparatus is composed of three apparatus, of which one,
the principal apparatus (the construction of which is based on the principle shown
in §. 2), is intended to be employed for the evaporation and for the distillation of
liquids, the other two, complementary evaporating apparatus (the one described
in §. 8, under A, and the other indicated in §. 8, under B), are intended to serve
for completing the treatment operated by means of the principal apparatus and for
obtaining a complete concentration of the liquid which was treated by the principal
apparatus until the liquid shall have lost its fluidity.
The
§. 2. The principal apparatus is represented by Fig. (longitudinal section)
and 2 (plan), in both of which the direction of the current of air is shown by
feathered arrows, and the direction of the liquid by non-feathered arrows.
principle, on which the construction of this apparatus reposes, is the following:-
A. To combine together:
a. A contrivance producing: 1-either
1. a hydraulic pressure (e.g. a-cither a pump (preferably a pump with piston, C,
or pistons, which may be, if necessary, provided with a safety valve), or several
pumps or a contrivance in which the hydraulic pressure is obtained by the
compression of the air on the surface of the liquid under treatment, contained in a
hermetically closed reservoir; c-or a contrivance in which the hydraulic pressure
is obtained by raising the liquid to a sufficient height), or
II. a compression of air operating the suction and carrying along of the liquid
and atomizing it.
b. An atomizer or spray-producer (or several) worked:
1. Either by hydraulic pressure producing one or several jets, which atomizer
can have, if it is desired, an arrangement that permits to open and to clean the
conduit or conduits out of which the jet or jets of liquid come (for instance one of
the five atomizers described in § 6) and which may be combined either with a wire
-(or other) gauze-sieve (arranged in such a manner that the jet or jets of liquid
coming with force out of the atomizer or atomizers strike against this sieve, are
broken and thus transformed into spray), or with a plain surface fixed in such a
manner as to give the same result; 2.-or by centrifugal force, the atomizer having
the form of a fan-wheel, which, being put into movement of rapid rotation, disperses
and atomizes the liquid, that flows down onto the fans (the liquid being raised higher
than the atomizer or atomizers and being forced by the hydraulic pressure thus
obtained to flow onto the fans), or being projected on them by a pump, or any other
means; 3.-or by the carrying along of the liquid operated by a forced current
of air.
c. An evaporating vessel (that is, a chamber, in which the liquid is atomized,
aerated and evaporated), J (or several), in which is installed an atomizer or several.
The opening by which the air penetrates & that by which it goes out, as well as the
atomizer or atomizers are situated, preferably, in such a position that the current of
air & the jet, or jets, of liquid have the same direction. The evaporating vessel (or
each of them) may be, if necessary, provided: 1.-with a man-hole (or smaller hole)
for the purpose of installing the atomizer or atomizers & of keeping it or them
in good working order & of cleaning out the interior of the evaporating vessel;

page_text: 2.—with a contrivance, the object of which is to prevent, while leaving a free passage
o the current of air, the minute drops of the atomized liquid from being carried
along by the current of air, eg. the plates KK, KK, KK, having cach an opening
in the middle (, s, t), and the plates u, u, u, each of which leaves a free space (,, )
between its circumference and the sides of the evaporating vessel; the direction of
the current of air is indicated by arrows. The plates may be, if necessary, fixed on
the cover of the evaporating vessel, so that, in lifting off the cover, the two faces
of the plates are free, and can thus be cleaned; 3.-with an arrangement to admit
of its being heated, eg, with a serpentine pipe surrounding its sides, or with a double
bottom, or with double sides; 4.-with a thermometer installed either at the
extremity of the evaporating vessel, or in the pipe which conducts the air-current
coming out of the evaporating vessel;
d. A contrivance producing a current of air, eg. a ventilator (or several), put
into communication with the evaporating vessel (or with each of them) either in
such a manner as to produce a current of air in the evaporating vessel (or cach of
them) by forcing the air back into it, or in such a manner as to produce the current
of air by exhausting the air from it. The ventilator may be, if necessary, combined:
1. Either with a valve (which may be the sliding-valve S) placed in such a
manner as to permit of regulating, when the apparatus is employed as all
evaporating apparatus, the quantity of air which forms the current. By means of
this valve or an analogous valve, one can, when the ventilator produces the current
of air by exhausting the air from the evaporating vessel, regulate the quantity of
air which penetrates into the evaporating vessel so that it will be less than that
exhausted by the ventilator from the evaporating vessel, and in this way obtain a
rarefaction of the air, the degree of which can be judged from a manometer,
and, consequently, a diminution of pressure, in the evaporating vessel and thus
create a new physical condition favourable to the evaporation;
2. or with two valves, placed one in the manner just indicated, and the other, U
(which can also be employed without the sliding valve S) so as to serve for
regulating the quantity of air brought back by the tube O to the suction-opening
of the ventilator, when the apparatus is employed as a distilling apparatus;
e. If necessary, a contrivance having for object the purification of the air,
e.g., an air-purifier, H, consisting of an air vessel closed on the top by a cover
having an opening in the middle for the entrance of the air, which
may be put into
communication, by means of an air pipe, with the air outside the premises in which
the apparatus is set up. On the lower face of the cover are attached hollow
cylindrical filters, Q, R, of wadding, held in position by some textile material with
an open texture and, if necessary, by rings. The reservoir has in its lower part an
opening, by which the filtered air goes out. In the arrangement of the apparatus
in which the ventilator produces the current of air in the evaporating vessel by
forcing the air back into it, the air-purifier is put into communication either
(principally when the apparatus serves as a distilling apparatus) by its lower
opening with the suction-opening or by its upper opening with the delivery-
opening of the ventilator. When considerable quantities of air are to be
purified, I provide the apparatus with several air-purifiers (similar to that which
has just been described) united together in such a manner that the lower openings
(by which the air goes out) of all the purifiers communicate, by pipes, with a
common cavity provided with an opening for the escape of the air; the upper
openings (by which the air penetrates) may be, if necessary, put into communica
tion with the air outside the premises in which the apparatus is set up, either each
by a separate pipe, or all by a common pipe putting a cavity, with which each of
the openings communicates by a pipe, into communication with the exterior air and,
if necessary, takes in the air from outside the premises in which the apparatus is
sei up
If necessary, an air-heater (or several), which may be enveloped in a non-
heat-conducting substance (as is represented in Fig. 1 (I) & 8), or several. The
air-heater is disposed, preferably, in such a manner as to allow of its being heated

page_text: Dy steam, or it can be disposed in any other way suitable to the method of heating
to be employed, & has either such an arrangement, that the current of air
traverses it a single time, or such another arrangement, that the current of air
traverses it several times;
g. If necessary, a contrivance: a.-either attached to the apparatus (e.g.:
1. either a wire-gauze-rose, A, fixed at the extremity of the suction-pipe of the
hydraulic pump, or, if another arrangement for the production of the hydraulic
pressure be employed, a filter, fixed in a suitable position of this arrangement;
2-or, if an atomizer worked by the carrying along of the liquid operated by a
forced current of air is employed, a filter fixed at the lower orifice or orifices of
the conduit or conduits, from whose upper orifices the forced current of air sucks
and carries along the liquid),
or independent of the apparatus (e.g. a filter-press), having for object the
filtering of the liquid which feeds the apparatus and to thus prevent the solid
particles, which the liquid to be treated might contain, from penetrating into the
atomizer and obstructing it;
h. If necessary (in the case in which the liquid to be treated by the apparatus
can without inconvenience be heated), an arrangement, by the means of which the
liquid can be heated, e.g., a water-bath, or an arrangement, by the means of which
the sides of the evaporating vessel can be heated;
i. When the apparatus is to be used as a distilling apparatus, a condenser (or
several), constructed in such a manner: 1.-that the air-current can traverse it
freely, either once (condensers M, N, Fig. 1, 2), or several times (condensers
represented by the Figs. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7); 2. that the refrigeration of the condenser
can be operated either by cold water (as by refrigerating-tubes of the
condensers M, N, Figs 1, 2; g, h, Fig. 3; P, Q, Fig. 4: N, O, Fig. 6), or by ice
(combination of the condenser, or condensers, with one or several ice-machines;
an arrangement which permits of refrigerating the condenser by introducing ice
into it, in which arrangement a free space, sufficient for the ice, is left around the
upper chamber and the tubes of the condenser and the lower part of the reservoir
is furnished with a cock for the flowing out of the water from the melted ice);
and 3. that the product of distillation can be obtained either collectively, or in
parts of different quality-
7. If necessary (when the apparatus is employed as a distilling apparatus), an
ice-machine (or several), combined with the distilling apparatus so as to operate
the refrigeration of the condenser, or condensers;
pump:
k. A motor of any kind (if necessary, to put in movement the ventilator, the
& the centrifugal atomizer or atomizers) (e.g., steam-engine, gas-, hydraulic-,
electric-motor, some form of animal power; for the working of the small apparatus
man-power may be used), combined with an arrangement by means of which the
apparatus is solidly fixed to the ground in order that it may not be carried away
by the motive-power;
B. To make the combination of these parts of the apparatus so that the working
of this last operates the evaporation, or the distillation, in the following manner:
The liquid to be treated (whether filtered or not, whether heated or not) is
continually divided into jets, or into spray, as in the arrangement represented
by the Figs. 1, 2, in which the liquid is atomized, being pumped from its reser-
voir, D, by the piston-pump C (through the tube B), forced back (through the
tube E) through the atomizer F (installed in the evaporating vessel, J), projected
with force against a wire-gauze-sieve fixed above the atomizer, and thus bruised
and atomized. If one or several centrifugal-force-atomizers (that is, consisting
of one or several fan-wheels) are used, the liquid is either projected by a pump
(or other analogous means) against their fans, or it flows, from a reservoir placed
higher than the atomizer, or atomizers, on to these fans, which, being put into
movement of rapid rotation, disperse and atomize the liquid. If one or several
atomizers working by the carrying along of the liquid by a forced current of air
be employed, then the hydraulic pump should be replaced by an air-compressor,

page_text: en should be put, by means of tubes, into such relation with the atomizer o
atomizers, that the forced current of air carries along and atomizes the liquid
The spray (otherwise the jets) of the liquid formed in one of these manners i
acrated by the current of air (filtered, eg., by means of air-purifier H, or non
filtered, heated, e.g., by means of the air-heater I, or non-heated, and having
preferably the same direction as the jets or the spray of liquid) produced by the
ventilator's either forcing the air back into the evaporating vessel (as in the
arrangement represented by the Figs. 1. 2.: G, ventilator), or exhausting the ai
from the evaporating vessel. The liquid after its atomization and its aeration
falls to the bottom of the evaporating vessel from where it is, if necessary, brought
back through the tube T (through which the evaporating vessel can also, if the
operation demand it, be put into communication with another reservoir than that
from which the pump sucks the liquid), to the original reservoir and thus con
tinues automatically to circulate till its treatment is completed. When the
apparatus is employed as an evaporating apparatus, the current of air, which
after having operated the aeration of the divided liquid, comes out the evapo
rating vessel either directly (when the ventilator produces the current of air in
the evaporating vessel by forcing back the air into it), or by the intermedium
of the ventilator (when this latter produces the air-current in the evaporating
vessel by exhausting the air from it), is allowed to diffuse itself into the
atmosphere. But in the employment of the apparatus as a distilling apparatus the
air-current proceeding from the evaporating vessel and charged with vapours is
conducted to a condenser (or several, e.g., M, N,) in communication either with the
evaporating vessel, if the ventilator produces the current by forcing the air back
into the evaporating vessel, or with the compressed-air-outlet of the ventilator, if
this latter communicates with the evaporating vessel by its exhaust-opening. The
air-current traverses the condenser (or each of them) either once, or several times
(it passes several times from one end to the other before coming out) and circulates
in the interior of the apparatus (in order that all loss of vapours be avoided), if the
cooling surface of the condenser or condensers is not sufficient to condense all the
vapours contained in the current of air proceeding from the evaporating vessel or
vessels. Thus in the arrangement of the apparatus represented by the Figures 1, 2,
the current of air, after having traversed the two condensers, is brought back by
the tube ◊ (furnished, if necessary, with a cock, P) to the exhaust-opening of the
ventilator and is again forced back by this latter, through the air-heater, to the
evaporating vessel, from where it is brought back to the exhaust-opening of
the ventilator and so on, continuing thus to circulate on the interior of the apparatus
till the treatment of the liquid is completed. But, if the cooling surface of the
condenser or condensers is sufficient to condense all the vapours contained in the
air-current proceeding from the evaporating vessel, then the air-current coming
out of the condenser, or the last of them, is allowed to diffuse itself in the
atmosphere. Another manner of employing the apparatus as an evaporating
apparatus (when it has the arrangement in which the ventilator produces the air-
current by exhausting the air from the evaporating vessel) is to put the bottom of
the evaporating vessel into communication, by means of a tube, with an empty
reservoir (placed lower than the bottom of the evaporating vessel) hermetically
closed in such a manner as to communicate with the exterior air by the intermedium
only of the cavity of the evaporating vessel, then to put the ventilator into move-
ment (in order to thus rarefy the air in the reservoir) &, when the degree of
rarefaction (which can be observed by means of a manometer) is sufficient, to proceed
to the division, into jets or into spray, of the liquid, which in proportion as it falls,
after its aeration, to the bottom of the evaporating vessel, flows into the hermetically
closed reservoir.
§3. The condensers to be employed by the apparatus constructed according to
the principle exposed in §2 are either with one air current (M, N, Figs. 1, 2),
or with several (condenser with six air currents,-represented, in longitudinal
section, by Figure 3,-of which the number of air-currents can be augmented at will,

page_text: :
by giving to the condenser the dimensions and arrangements necessary for the
desired number of air-currents; condenser with three currents, represented, in
longitudinal section, by Figures 4, 5; condenser with two currents represented, in
longitudinal section, by Figures 6, 7). They have the following dispositions (but
they may have any other analogous disposition which gives the same result): In a
reservoir are installed two chambers, an upper one (upper chamber of each of the
condensers M, N, Figure 1; A A, Figures 3, 4, 6,) and a lower one (lower chamber
of each of the condensers M, N, Fig. 1B B, Figures 3, 6, 7 B B B,
Figures 4, 5), communicating together by a large number of vertical tubes. The
upper chamber of the single-current-condenser is not divided into compartments;
it has in its upper sides a large opening for the entrance of the air-current. The
upper chamber of the six-current-condenser is divided, by three vertical
diaphragms G, H, 1, into four compartments, C (having in its upper sides a large
opening, e), D, E, F (F having in its upper sides a large opening, f; of the
openings e, f the one serves for the entrance and the other for the exit of the air-
current) the upper chamber of the triple-current-condenser is divided, by a
vertical diaphragin, C, into two compartments, D (having in its upper sides a large
opening, N, for the entrance of the air; & E; the upper chamber of the double-
current-condenser is divided by a vertical diaphragm, C, into two compartments, D, E,
of which each has in its upper sides a large opening. Of these two openings, F, G,
of the compartments D, E, the one serves for the entrance, the other for the exit
to the current of air. The direction of the air-current in each of these types of
condensers is indicated by arrows in each respective figure (in Fig. 3 however the
direction of the arrows is to be rectified, conformably to the description, given
farther on in this paragraph, of the working of the six-current-condenser), but, the
condensers can be put into such relation with the apparatus, that the air-current
has the reverse direction. The lower chamber of the single-current-condenser is
divided, by a horizontal diaphragm (concave on top and having a smail opening in
the middle, by which the product of distillation flows into the lower compartment),
into two compartments, an upper one (having laterally a large opening for the exit
of the current of air) and a lower one, the bottom of which is concave on top and
pierced in the middle by an opening, which communicates with a cock, by which the
product of distillation comes out. The lower chamber of the six-current-condenser,
Fig. 3, is divided into compartments in one of the two following manners: a.—
Three diaphragms, two vertical ones, J, K, and the other one horizontal and concave
on top, LL, form compartments, three upper ones, M, N, O, and a lower one, P P.
The diaphragm L L is pierced by three small openings, one, Q, in the middle of
the bottom of the compartment N, oue, R, in the lowest point of the bottom of the
compartment M, and one, S, in the lowest point of the bottom of the compart-
ment O. Instead of the two small openings R, S of the diaphragm L La small
opening in the lowest point of diaphragm J can be made, thus putting the com-
partment M into communication with the compartment N, and another small
opening in the lowest point of the diaphragm K, thus putting into communication
with each other the compartments N, O. The compartment P P has in the middle
of its bottom, which is concave on top, an opening, T, communicating with a
cock, U; With the object of gathering separately each of the three products
of condensation (that which assembles in each of the three compartments M, N, O),
the chamber in question is divided into six compartments, three upper ones, M, N, O,
and three lower ones, V, W, X, by five diaphragms, four vertical ones, J, K, Y, Z
(the last two are indicated by dots in Figure 3), and a horizontal one, LL, which
is concave on top and pierced by three small openings, Q, R, S, mentioned higher
up. Each of the three compartments V, W, X is provided with an opening, the
compartment with the opening a, in the lowest point of its bottom and the com-
partment W with the opening T in the middle of its bottom and the compartment X
with the opening b, in the lowest point of its bottom. Each of these three openings
communicates with a cock (U, c, d; the last two are indicated by dots in Figure 3).
If it is wished to gather separately each of the six products of condensation (the

page_text: product coming from each of the six currents), the chamber 13 13 is in consequence
divided into compartments; each of the compartments is (in a manner analogous to
that which has just been described) provided with an opening and each of the six
lower compartments is put into communication with an opening and each of
the six lower compartments is put into communication with an outlet-cock. The
working of this type of condenser is the following: The air-current (the direction
of the arrows indicating the currents is to be rectified in Figure 3 conformably
to the present passage in the description) penetrates by one of the two openings e, f
(e.g., by the opening e), descends through the tubes which put the compartment C
into communication with the compartment M & arrives in this latter, from where it
remounts, through the tubes by which the compartment M communicates with the
compartment D from this compartment the current of air descends again, through
the tubes which put the compartment D into communication with the compart-
ment N & arrives in this latter, from which it mounts, through the tubes by which
this latter compartment communicates with the compartment E, arrives in this
latter and from there it descends a third time, through the tubes by which the two
compartments E, O communicate together & arrives in the latter of these two com-
partments; from there the current of air mounts a third time, through the tubes
by which the two compartments O, F communicate together, arrives in the latter
of these two compartments & comes out of the condenser by the opening. The
product of distillation, when the chamber B B is divided into four compartments
only, flows through the three small openings Q, R, S into the compartment PP,
where the three products of condensation mingle together, ie., that which comes
from the first descending air-current & from the first ascending air-current, that
which comes from the second descending and from the second ascending air-current
and that which comes from the third descending and from the third ascending
air-current.
From the compartment P P the general product of distillation comes out by the
opening T and the cock U. When the chamber B B is divided into six compart-
ments, the product of distillation which arrives in the compartment M flows out
by the opening R into the compartment V, from which it goes out by the opening a
and the cock c; the product of distillation, which arrives in the compartment N
flows by the opening Q into the compartment W, from where it goes out by the
opening T and the cock U the product of distillation which arrives in the com-
partment O flows by the opening S into the compartment X, from which it goes
out by the opening and the cock d. The lower chamber of the triple-current-
condenser is divided into compartments in one of the two following manners:
a. (Figure 4). Two diaphragms, the one vertical, F, the other horizontal and
concave on top, G, form three compartments, two upper ones, H, I, and a lower
one, J. The diaphragm F is pierced, in the lowest point of the under part of its
circumference, by a small opening, K, which can be replaced by another small
opening made in the lowest point of the compartment 1. The diaphragm G is
pierced in the middle by a small opening, L. The compartment J has in the middle
of its bottom, which is in this case concave on top, a small opening, by which it
communicates with a cock, M. The bottom of the compartment J can also be an
inclined flat surface and can be pierced in its lowest point by a small opening com-
municating with a lateral cock. (Figure 5) with the object of rendering it
possible to gather separately each of the two products of distillation (the one which
comes from the condensation which takes place in the tubes that abut in the com-
partment H and the one which is formed by the condensation which is operated in
the tubes that abut in the compartment 1), the chamber in question is divided into
four compartments, two upper ones, C, D, and two lower ones, E, F, by three
diaphragms, a vertical superior one, G (of which the opening K, Figure 4, is now
suppressed), a horizontal one, H, concave underneath (pierced by two small
openings, N, O, in two points diametrically opposed of its circumference), and a
vertical lower one, I. The bottoms of the two compartments E, F form a surface
concave either on top, or underneath (as is indicated by dots in Figure 5). In the

page_text: first of these two cases, each of the compartments E, F is provided, in the lowest
point of its bottom, with a small opening, by which it communicates with a
cock (J, K), in the second case, each of the two compartments E, F is provided,
in the lowest point of its bottom, with a small opening, by which it communicates
with a cock either lateral (L, M) or underneath (l, m). The working of the triple-
current-condenser is the following: The air-current penetrates by the opening N
into the compartment D, descends, through the tubes which put the compartment D
into communication with the compartment H (c, Figure 5) and arrives in this
latter, from where it mounts through the tubes by which the compartment H
communicates with the compartment E, and arrives in this latter from there
the air-current descends again, through the tubes conducting to the compart-
ment (D. Figure 5), arrives thus in this latter and goes out of the condenser
by the opening O (P, Figure 5). The product of distillation, when the
chamber BBB is divided into three compartments only, flows by the small
openings K, L into the compartment J (where the two products of condensation
mingle together, that is to say, that which comes from the first descending air-
current and from the ascending air-current and that which is produced by the second
descending air-current), from where it goes out by the cock M. When the
chamber B B B is divided into four compartments, the product of distillation coming
from the first descending air-current and from the ascending air-current arrives in
the compartment C, Figure 5, flows off by the small opening N and arrives in the
compartment E, from where it goes out by the cock J (or by the cock L, or by the
cock the product of distillation proceeding from the third air-current (second
descending air-current) flows off by the small opening O into the compartment F
and gets out of it by the cock K (or by the cock M) The lower chamber of the
double-current-condenser is divided into compartments in one of the two following
manners: a.-(Fig. 6). It is divided into two compartments an upper one, HH,
and a lower one, I I, separated from each other by a horizontal diaphragm, jj,
concave on top and pierced in the middle by a small opening, K, for the flowing off
of the general product of distillation into the compartment II. The bottom of this
latter is concave on top and pierced in the middle by a small opening, L, by which
the compartment communicates with a cock, M, by which the general product of
distillation flows out. The bottom of the compartment II may also be either
concave underneath, or inclined, and pierced, in the first case, at two points
diametrically opposed of its circumference, by two small openings, and in the second
case, at its lowest point, by one small opening.
In the one as well as in the other of these two cases, the small openings commu-
nicate with cocks; b.-(Fig. 7) with the object of rendering it possible to gather
separately each of the two products of distillation (that is the one proceeding from
the descending air-current and the one which the ascending air-current produces),
the chamber B B is divided, by a horizontal diaphragm, JJ, into two compart-
ments, an upper one, HH, and a lower, I I. The upper face of the diaphragm J J
is divided into two halves, K, L, by a vertical diaphragm, M, which is sufficiently
low to allow the air-current to pass freely over this diaphragm. On each side of
the diaphragm M the diaphragm J J is pierced by two small openings (N, O), one
in the lowest point of each of the halves, K, L, of this diaphragm. The compart-
ment II is divided by a vertical diaphragm, P, into two compartments, Q, R, each
of which has in the lowest point of its bottom a small opening (S, T), commu-
nicating with a cock (U, V). The product of condensation proceeding from the
descending air-current flows into the compartment K and from there, by the small
opening N, into the compartment Q, from which it goes out by the small opening S
and the cock U; the product of condensation proceeding from the ascending air-
current flows into the compartment L and from there, by the small opening O, into
the compartment R, out of which it goes by the small opening T and the cock V.
The bottoms of the two compartments Q, R may also form a surface concave
underneath and have, each in its lowest point, a small opening, communicating with
a cock.

page_text: §4. For the construction of the condensers described in § 3 I employ metallic
tubes with an interior surface either smooth, or (so that the cooling surface may be
thus augmented) having projections, either annular (at right angles to the axis of
the tube, or inclined downward), or helical, or straight (longitudinal) and parallel
to the axis of the tube; the projections may have any other form.
$5. The air-heater, with which, if necessary, the apparatus is provided, may
have any arrangement appropriate to the manner of heating for which it is intended.
The two types of air-heater represented, the one in Figs. 1, 2 (1), the other by
d. The first of
Figures 8, 9, are arranged for the heating of the air by steam.
these two types of air-heater has the following disposition: In a hollow cylinder
(provided with two openings, the one, a, for the entrance of the air, the other, b,
for its exit), which may be enveloped with a non-heat-conducting substance (or
several), are arranged alternately and concentrically several cylindrical passages
(ways), the ones c c, d d, e e, for the air-current, the others,f,gg, for the steam.
The air-passages are so arranged that the air-current is forced to mount and
descend several times, taking the following direction (indicated by arrows in Fig. 1):
In the first place the air-current mounts, through the middle air-passage, e e (which
communicates above with the air-passage d d), then descends, through the air-
passage dd, passes through an opening, h, which is in the lower part of the sides
of the air-passage d d, mounts, through the half of the air-passage cc (which is
divided lengthwise into two halves by two diaphragms, i, j, one on each side and
diametrically opposed, which leave at the top a free space for the passage of the air-
current), passes through the free space left at the top by the two diaphragms i, j,
descends through the other half of the air-passage ec and goes out by the opening b.
The steam arrives by the tube k and its two branches 1, m and escapes by the tube n
and its two branches o, p. b.-The second type of air-heater (Fig. 8, longitudinal
section; Fig. 9, plan) has the following disposition: In a hollow cylinder (provided
with two openings, the one, A, for the entrance, the other, B, for the exit of the
air-current), which may be enveloped with a non-heat-conducting substance (or
several), are arranged alternately and concentrically several cylindrical passages
(ways), the ones, CC, D D, E E, F F F, for the air-current, the others, G G,
HH, II, for the steam. The air-passages are so arranged that the air-current
is forced to mount and descend several times, taking the following direction
(indicated by arrows in Fig. 8): In the first place, it mounts, through the middle
air-passage, F F F (which communicates above with the air-passage E E),
descends, through the air-passage EE (which communicates below with the air-
passage DD), mounts, through the air-passage D D (which communicates above
with the air-passage CC), descends, through the air-passage C C and goes out by
the opening B. The steam arrives by the tube J and its three branches K, L, M
and escapes by the tube N and its three branches O, P, Q. A thermometer
(e.g., q, Fig. 1) may be, if necessary, installed in the pipe which conducts the air-
current from the air-heater to the evaporating vessel.
§ 6. As atomizer, or spray producer, I employ in the apparatus constructed
according to the principle exposed in §2 a contrivance operating the division of
the liquid and working either by hydraulic pressure, or by centrifugal force, or
by the carrying of the liquid operated by a forced current of air. The types
of atomizers working by hydraulic pressure that I employ are the following
dispositions: a. First type, consisting of one or several atomizer-cocks, each of
which (Fig. 10, longitudinal section; Fig. 11, side view; Fig. 12, plan; Fig. 13,
transversal section, following ab, Fig. 12) has the following arrangement:
A, shell; E, plug with grooves, which plug as well as the shell is of a length
proportional to the number of grooves, number which may go from a single groove
(single-jet-atomizer-cock, already employed in the medical atomizers) to a con-
siderable number of grooves (several-jet-atomizer-cock, or polypor-atomizer-cock)
B, a small branch pierced through its entire length by a canal, partly screw-tapped
or not, giving passage to the liquid which feeds this atomizer; C, D, cutting out
which lays bare a part of the plug; F, nut by which the plug is tightened in the

page_text: enters.
:
shell; G, cavity from which starts either a single conic, very pointed, groove
(when the cock is small), or several similar divergent grooves, H. The grooves
are made either on both sides of the plug, or on one side only. This atomizer-
cock may be provided with the following contrivance (the object of which is to
render it easy to always give to the plug the position which affords the best
working) The shell has on it a projection, J, provided with a screw, K, and on
the plug is another projection, L. After the screw is once screwed to the degree
which gives the best working of the atomizer, this working can be always casily
obtained by turning the plug till the projection L strikes against the screw K.
b. Second type (Fig. 14, longitudinal section; Fig. 15, plan): Several cocks
similar to that which has just been described, A, are fixed on a lenticular metallic
chamber, B, either directly, or by interposition of small flexible tubes (e.g., of zinc),
so that one can give to each of the cocks the position (and, consequently, to the
jets the direction) desired. The metallic lenticular chamber has in the middle of
its lower half an opening, through which, conducted by the tube C, the liquid
which feeds the atomizer enters. The lenticular metallic chamber can be replaced
by an annular tube (either in a single piece, or composed of two halves, an upper
and a lower one, hermetically joined together), pierced, in two points diametrically
opposed and underneath, by two openings communicating together by a tube,
having in the middle an opening, by which the liquid that feeds the atomizer
c. Third type (Fig. 16, longitudinal section; Fig. 17, plan): The shells
of all the cocks described higher up (§ 6, a) constitute together a single piece and
form an entire circle, A A; all the small pierced branches (B, Figs. 10, 11, 13)
of the cocks also form together an annular channel, B B, the borders of which
are provided all round on each side with a flange. On the two flanges of the
channel B B is fixed an annular plate forming flanges and closing the channel B B,
which is thus transformed into a circular closed conduit. The upper and the lower
flanges, CCCC, are hermetically joined together. The annular plate is pierced
in two points diametrically opposed by two openings, communicating together by
a tube, E E, having in the middle and underneath an opening, through which,
conducted by the tube F, the liquid which feeds this atomizer enters.
d. Fourth type (Fig. 18, longitudinal section, following ab, Figure 19;
Fig. 19, plan): In the upper face of a massive metallic circle, A A, arc
hollowed out two annular concentric channels, B, C, of which the lateral sides
are funnel-shaped. In each of these two channels is adjusted an annular metallic
conic stopper (the stopper D D in the channel B, the stopper E E in the channel C)
fitting exactly on the lateral sides of the channel. Below each of the two
stoppers remains a free space, forming with the stopper an annular closed conduit.
Each of the two stoppers has all round, either in its two circumferences, or in
one only, very pointed conic grooves, the points of which are directed upwards and
the larger ends communicate with the annular closed conduit formed by the
channel and its stopper. The grooves form thus with the lateral sides of the
respective channel conic conduits, e, having very fine open extremities, through
which the liquid forced into the closed conduits escapes in very fine jets. Each of
the two channels B, C is pierced, in two points diametrically opposed of its bottom,
by two openings (F, G, openings of the channel B; H, I, openings of the
channel C). The four openings F, G, H, I communicate with a tube, JJ,
provided in the middle and underneath with an opening, by which the liquid that
feeds this atomizer enters. Two handles, K, L, each of which is fixed by one of
its branches on the stopper D D and by the other on the stopper E E, render it
possible to pull the two stoppers out simultaneously in order to clean their
Two screws, M, N, with conical extremities, serve to tighten, during the working
of this atomizer, the two stoppers in their channels, by making the two conical
extremities of the screws act on an annular projection, OO, with which the upper
face of the stopper DD is provided; the pressure exercised by the conic extremities
of the screws M, N on the projection 00 is transmitted by the handles K, L
o the stopper E E and the two stoppers are thus sufficiently tightened. This
grooves.
R

page_text: atomizer can also have more than two channels, or only a single one, with
their accessories. e.-Fifth type, represented by Fig. 20 (longitudinal section):
AAA A, a cylinder with thick sides and funnel-shaped edges; BBB B, shell, out
of which a piece is cut C, plug toothed (in the part which corresponds with the cutting
out on the shell), the teeth of which work in those of a rack, D D, which occupies
the axis of the cylinder and is sustained by two guide-rods, E, F (or only one);
G, a disk (fixed on to the upper extremity of the rack), whose oblique edges fit
exactly to the edges, likewise oblique, of the cylinder and which in all its circum-
ference has conical grooves (the points of which are turned upwards), forming with
the oblique edges of the cylinder conical conduits, the points of which communicate
with the exterior air and the larger ends with the cavity of the cylinder. By
turning the plug C on one side, the disk is tightened against the edges of the
cylinder to set the atomizer working; by turning it on the other side, the disk is
removed from the edges of the cylinder and then the grooves of the disk and the
interior of the atomizer can be cleaned out. I, represents the opening, by which
the liquid penetrates into this atomizer. Either a single atomizer of this type may
be employed, or several, fixed onto a metallic lenticular chamber similar to that, B,
of the second type (Figs. 14, 15), or on an annular tube similar to that, E E, of
the third type (Figs. 16, 17) may be employed.
$ 7. Each of the five types of atomizers described in § 6 may be combined with
a sieve (D D, Fig. 14; GG, Fig. 16; P P Fig. 18; J J, Fig. 20); or wire
(or other) gauze, against which the jets of liquid which come out of the atomizer
are broken and thus atomized. The sieve may be provided with a contrivance
(e.g., with that which is represented in Figs. 14, 16, 18) permitting the regulation
of its distance from the atomizer and thus to bring it to the distance which gives
the best atomisation.
§ 8. The following two apparatus are to be employed when a complete con-
centration of a liquid is required; the liquid is first treated by the principal
apparatus until it shall have lost its fluidity and the matter thus obtained is next
treated by one of the two following apparatus :
A. First complementary evaporating apparatus for complete concentration
(Fig. 21, longitudinal section; Fig. 22, side view): The principle, on which the
construction of this type of apparatus is based, is the following: To provide a
reservoir, A. A B B, of which the sides are divided into two parts, an upper
one, A A (forming the cover, which may be, if necessary, provided with an
opening, U, for the introduction of the material to be treated,-which opening can
be hermetically closed during the working of the apparatus, and with two
handles, a,,), and a lower one, B 13 (provided, if necessary, with an opening, V,
for the extraction of the material treated, which opening is furnished with a
fastening by which it can be hermetically closed), joined together hermetically, or
not, with the following, constant or occasional, contrivances.
a.1 With an agitator, by means of which the material contained in the reservoir
is continually divided in such a manner that the air-current can pass freely through
it, eg., that it is continually and simultaneously divided in two ways: 1.-in
sections separated from one another by concentric curved faces parallel to the axle
of the agitator; 2.-in sections separated from one another by flat faces at right
angles to the axle of the agitator. This division of the material is obtained by
giving the following disposition to the agitator: On the axle, CC, are fixed
several wings, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, etc., Fig. 22, each of which is composed of
several branches, D, E, F, G, H, etc. Fig. 21, at right angles to the axle of the
agitator, & of several cross-bars I, J, K, parallel to this axle ;
b. With a contrivance, by means of which an air-current (filtered or 11011-
filtered, heated or non-heated) is forced to traverse the air-ways formed by the
agitator in the material contained in the reservoir. I obtain this result by
installing in the reservoir a transversal diaphragm, L L, or two or several
transversal diaphragms at various points and each having an opening for the
passage of the axle of the agitator and one or several openings for the passage of

page_text: the air-current. These openings should be placed so as to force- the air-current
to traverse the divided material, e.g., disposed alternatively, one or several openings
at the bottom in one of the diaphragms, one or several at the top in the following
one, and so on. The diaphragm L L has an opening for the passage of the axle
of the agitator and, in its lower part, an opening, M M (or several sufficiently
large for the free passage of the air-current, which is thus forced to traverse this
opening or all the other openings of the diaphragms) to traverse the reservoir. So
that the air-current can pass freely through the opening M M (or through the
openings of all the other diaphrams) even when the reservoir contains the material
to be treated, the respective branches (of the wings) of the agitator which are at
right angles to its axle are, on the two sides of the diaphragm L L (or of each of
the other diaphragms) brought very close to this diaphragm (or these diaphragms)
and in this manner the opening M M (or each of the openings of the other
diaphragms) is constantly cleared of the material contained in the reservoir. The
diaphragm L L (or each of the other diaphragms) is divided (so that the
installation of the agitator may be thus facilitated) into two parts, an upper one
(fixed or not onto the cover of the reservoir) and a lower one (fixed or not on to
the lower part of the reservoir);
C.-
With a contrivance, e.g., a ventilator, producing a current of air, either by
In this
forcing the air back into the reservoir or by exhausting it from the same.
latter case the ventilator (or the other contrivance producing the current of air)
may be combined with a valve, e.g., a sliding valve (placed in the air-way by
which the current of air penetrates into the reservoir) in such a manner, that it
permits of regulating the quantity of air which penetrates into the reservoir and,
consequently, of obtaining a new physical condition favourable to the evaporation,
by regulating this quantity so that it will be less than that exhausted by the
ventilator (or the other contrivance which produces the air-current), which affords
in the reservoir a rarefaction of the air (the degree of which rarefaction can be
estimated by means of a manometer) and, consequently, a diminution of pressure.
The air-current produced by the ventilator (or by the other contrivance producing
the air-current) enters the reservoir by an opening in the upper part of the sides
of one of the two compartments formed by the diaphragm L L, e.g., by the
opening N (or, otherwise, in the upper part of the sides of one of the two extreme
compartments, in case the reservoir is divided into several compartments by several
diaphragmis) and comes out by an opening which is in the upper part of the sides
of the other of the two compartments formed by the diaphragm L L, eg., by the
opening O (the air-current thus follows the direction indicated by arrows in Fig. 21)
(or, otherwise, by an opening in the upper part of the sides of the other of the
two extreme compartments, when the reservoir is divided into more than two
compartments). Thus in the arrangement of the apparatus in which the ventilator
(or the other contrivance which replaces it) produces the air-current by forcing the
air back into the reservoir, the ventilator (or the other contrivance which replaces
it) should be put by its air outlet into relation, by means of an air-pipe (either
directly, or by the intermedium of an air-heater, or an air-purifier and an air-
heater) with the opening, by which the air-current penetrates into the reservoir, and
by its exhaust-opening with the atmosphere, either directly, or by the intermedium
of an air-purifier. In the arrangement of the apparatus in which the ventilator
(or the other contrivance which replaces it) produces the air-current in the
reservoir by exhausting the air from this latter, the ventilator (or the other
contrivance which replaces it) ought then to be put by its exhaust-opening into
communication by means of an air-pipe with the opening, by which the air-
current comes out of the reservoir, and the opening of this latter, by which the
air-current penetrates into it, ought to communicate with the atmosphere, either
directly, or by the intermedium of an air-purifier and an air-heater, or of only one
of these two occasional parts of the apparatus. The pipe which puts each of the
two openings of the reservoir (that by which the air-current enters it and the one
by which it goes out of it) into communication with the respective part of the

page_text: "
apparatus, or with the air outside the premises, in which the apparatus is set up,
is disposed in such a manner as to allow of freeing the cover, e.g., it is divided into
two parts, P, Q, united together by a sleeve, R (with bayonet-locking), provided
with two handles, S, T, by means of which the sleeve can be turned and the cover
freed. The air-current, which feeds the apparatus, may be conducted to this
latter, by an air-pipe taking the air in from outside the premises, in which the
apparatus is set up, and the air-current coming out of the apparatus may be
conducted by an air-pipe out of the premises, in which the apparatus is working;
d. If necessary, with a contrivance by means of which the air, which is to
operate the aeration of the material contained in the reservoir, is purified (either
with one of the two air-purifiers described in § 2, under e, or with any other con-
trivance fulfilling the same end). The purifier should be put into such relation
with the reservoir that the air is forced to traverse the purifier to penetrate into
the reservoir and into such relation with the ventilator that this latter produces the
air-current either by exhausting the air from the purifier, or by forcing it back
into it:
e. If necessary, with a contrivance, by means of which the air, that is to
operate the aeration of the material contained in the reservoir, is heated (either
with one of the two air-heaters described in § 5, or with any other contrivance
fulfilling the same end). The air-heater should be put into such relation with the
reservoir that the air-current is forced to traverse to air-heater to penetrate into
the reservoir;
:
With a motor of any kind (for the small apparatuses man-power may be
employed), to put the ventilator and the agitator into movement (e.g., a steam-
engine, a gas, a hydraulic, an electric-motor, or some form of animal power), com-
bined with a contrivance by which the apparatus may be solidly fixed to the
ground. For the putting into movement, by motive power, of the agitator, the
axle, CC, of this latter has in one of its extremities a pulley, or a conic toothed
wheel, working into another conic toothed wheel, disposed in such a manner as to
allow of its being put into relation, by a belt, with the driving pulley. The
driving pulley which puts the ventilator into movement and the one which actuates
the agitator can be put on the same driving shaft (main-shaft). The first of the
two complementary evaporating apparatus of desiccation, which has just been
described, may be, if desired, put into such relation with the principal apparatus,
that the same ventilator, the same air-purifier and the same air-heater can serve
now for the one, now for the other of these two apparatus. This result is obtained
by putting those parts into communication by air-pipes with both these two
apparatus, by providing these air-pipes with valves (e.g., sliding valves) and
establishing, by means of these valves, the communications according to the
requirement, either with the principal, or with the complementary apparatus.
B. Second complementary evaporating apparatus, for complete concentration.
In this modification of the apparatus which has just been described (which
modification is employed to complete the treatment which is effected by the prin-
cipal apparatus and to obtain a perfect concentration, when the material to be
treated is of a nature that is injured by the air, or when any other reason renders
its employment preferable) the reservoir (divided into compartments as shown
higher up in this paragraph, or not) is hermetically closed and communicates with
the exhaust-pipe of a pump, which produces a vacuum in the reservoir, where an
agitator continually divides the material either as indicated higher up (A, a) in
the present paragraph, or in any other manner. The agitator is put into move-
ment either by the intermedium of the axle of the pump (to which that of the
agitator is attached and which, consequently, rotates this latter), or independently
of this axle. The reservoir may be, if necessary, provided with a contrivance
(e.g., double sides) permitting of its being heated (by steam or any other means).
When the reservoir is very large, then it is combined with several pumps pro-
ducing a vacuum therein.

page_text: § 9. Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what
I claim is :-
First. The system of the three apparatus which is indicated in § 1 and is com-
posed. Of the principal evaporating and distilling apparatus, the construction
of which is based on the principle exposed in § 2 and the details are described in
$2 and in §§ 3 to 7; b.-of the first complementary evaporating apparatus
(destined to serve for completing the treatment operated by the principal apparatus),
the construction of which is based on the principle exposed in § 8, A, in which
the description of the apparatus is also given; c.of the second complementary
evaporating apparatus (intended to complete the treatment operated by the
principal apparatus) indicated in § 8, B.
Second. The practical application, for the construction of evaporating and dis-
tilling apparatus, of the principle exposed in § 2.
Third. The practical application, for the construction of pneumatic evaporating
and distilling apparatus, of the system of giving to the evaporating vessel, or to
cach of them, the arrangements described in § 2, under C.
Fourth. The employment, for the construction of pneumatic evaporating and
distilling apparatus, of an air-purifier having one of the two arrangements described
in § 2, under e, combined with an air-pipe which takes in the air from outside the
premises in which the apparatus is set up.
Fifth. The practical application, for the construction of distilling apparatus, of
the system of employing one or several condensers, each of which has the arrange-
ments indicated in § 2, under i.
Sixth. The three types of condensers with more than one current described
in § 3.
Seventh. The practical application, where required, for the construction of
tubular condensers, of the system of employing tubes, the inferior surface of which
present projections so that the cooling surface may be thus increased, substantially
as is exposed in § 4.
Eighth. The combination of the condenser, or of each of the condensers, to be
employed for the construction of a pneumatic distilling apparatus, with an ice-
machine, or several.
Ninth. The practical application, for the construction of pneumatic evaporating
and distilling apparatus, of the system of employing, where required, one or
several air-heaters constructed according to the principle indicated in § 2, under f,
or one or several air-heaters having an analogous disposition.
Tenth. The practical application, for the construction of pneumatic evaporating
and distilling apparatus, of the principle of employing for the atomization of the
liquid one or several atomizers, each of which work:
1. Either by hydraulic pressure, the atomizer having the disposition indicated
in §2, under, 1, and being, where required, combined with a wire- (or
other gauze) sieve (provided, where required, with the contrivance indicated
in § 7), serving to atomize the liquid, and, where required, with a con-
trivance (filter; filter-press) preventing the solid particles of the liquid
from stopping up the atomizer or atomizers;
2. Or by centrifugal force, the atomizer having the disposition indicated in
§ 2, under b, 2;
3. Or by the carrying along of the liquid operated by a forced air-current,
the atomizer being, where required, combined with a contrivance (filter;
filter-press) preventing the solid particles of the liquid from stopping up the
atomizer or atomizers.
Dated this Twenty-seventh day of October 1890.