CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR FIGURING FABRICS, PARTS OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE APPLICABLE TO PLAYING CERTAIN MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS, AND ALSO TO PRINTING AND OTHER LIKE PURPOSES
Year: 1849

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM
MARTIN, of St. Pierre-les-Calais, in the Republic of France, Mechanist,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at
Westminster, the Sixteenth day of January, in the twelfth year of Her reign, did,
for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said William
Martin, Her especial license, full power, sole privilege and authority, that I, the
said William Martin, my exors, adñiors, and assigns, and such others as I, the
said William Martin, my exors, admors, or assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times during the term of years
therein mentioned, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend,
within England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, my Invention of
"CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR FIGURING FABRICS, PARTS OF WHICH
IMPROVEMENTS ARE APPLICABLE TO PLAYING CERTAIN MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS, AND
ALSO TO PRINTING AND OTHER LIKE PURPOSES;" in which said Letters Patent
is contained a proviso obliging me, the said William Martin, by an instrument
in writing under my hand and seal, particularly to describe and ascertain the
nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be per-
formed, and to cause the same to be enrolled in Her Majesty's High Court of
Chancery within six calendar months next and immediately after the date

page_text: or the said in part recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference
being thereunto had, will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Willian Martin, do hereby declare that the nature of my said Invention,
and the manner in which the same is to be performed, is particularly described
and ascertained in and by the following description thereof, reference being
had to the Drawings hereunto annexed, and to the letters and figures marked
thereon (that is to say):
:-
My Invention of "Improvements in Machinery for Figuring Fabrics,
Parts of which Improvements are applicable to Playing certain Musical
Instruments, and also to Printing and other like Purposes," relate, in the
first place, to a new or improved method of constructing and working that
part of a loom by which the warp threads that form the pattern are
selected. It is well known that the usual means of producing figures or
devices of irregular forms on textile or woven fabrics during the process of
weaving is, by the adaptation to the loom of an apparatus which is familiarly
known among weavers as the "Jacquard" apparatus, from the name of the
inventor. In this apparatus the warp threads are passed singly or in pairs
through loops in connection with levers and rods, which are acted upon by
perforated cards in such a manner that certain of the rods are selected and
pushed forward out of the way of an apparatus called the grip or pump action,
which is then acted upon, and raises such of the threads as are not so selected,
and by a continuation of this process (the cards at every operation selecting
other or a different set of threads, according to the pattern intended to be
woven) the fabric is produced with the requisite pattern or design thereon.
The "pattern cards," that is, the perforated cards, are arranged in an endless
chain of considerable length (when the pattern is complicated and extensive),
and joined together by tapes, strings, or otherwise, so as to form an endless
chain, which passes over what is called a "cylinder," but which is in fact a
rectangular block of wood the width of the cards, and about three or four
inches square. The four sides of this "cylinder" are perforated with several
rows of holes, and in order to select certain threads to form the pattern on the
fabric, the cylinder, with one of the perforated cards, is from time to time
brought against the ends of the rods which are in connection with the warp
threads, and when a hole or perforation in one of the cards is opposite to the
end of a rod, the latter enters the hole, and consequently is not acted upon by
the cards, and therefore remains stationary and ready to be lifted or drawn up
by the lifting bars of the grip; but when the unperforated part of the card
comes against the end of the rod, the latter is pushed forward and selected

page_text: 66
from the others for the purpose above explained. Now in time the wooden
cylinder" becomes much worn and will not act properly, and requires to be
replaced by a new one, thereby causing expense. The preparation of the
cards is also a source of great expense, and therefore I propose to dispense
with them altogether, and to act upon the rods that actuate the hooked rods
which carry the warp threads by means of different and less expensive appa-
ratus. In place of the perforated "cylinder "which, in the ordinary operation,
is made to rotate one quarter of a revolution for every.change of the pattern
or throw of the shuttle, I make use of a fixed or stationary horizontal metallic
plate perforated with several series or rows of small holes arranged in lines,
and in place of the endless chain of pattern cards. I employ merely a sheet of
ordinary writing paper, or other suitable fabric, which, when properly, perfo-
rated, is joined end to end so as to form a kind of cylinder of paper or other
material, and being placed in the apparatus is made to move round at the
proper intervals, and present a different arrangement of perforations for every
change in the pattern. The horizontal rods which are connected with the
hooked rods that carry the warp threads are mounted in a franic somewhat
in the usual manner, but their ends pass through the eyes of vertical needles,
the lower ends of, which are acted upon by the perforated paper below in the
following manner:-At every change of the pattern all the horizontal bars
and also the vertical needles are lifted up, in order to allow the pattern
paper or perforated band to move round freely the required distance, in order
to bring the proper part of the perforated pattern paper immediately below
the ends of the vertical needles, and when this is done the frame which carries
them is lowered again, and the lower ends of the vertical needles come in
contact with the surface of the pattern paper at all those parts where it
is unperforated, and consequently the needles are prevented from descending
any further; but if any of the needles meet with a hole in the paper they drop
through and carry down with them their corresponding horizontal bars. The
effect of this is, that some of the horizontal bars are held up by the paper, and
others are allowed to drop down ;. then a board furnished with a series of
straight horizontal projecting bars is brought forward, and the edges of the
bars come in contact with the ends..of those horizontal rods which have been
selected and lifted by the pattern paper, and force them backward precisely as
in the old Jacquard apparatus, to which the remaining operations of the
improved apparatus are somewhat similar.
Having given a brief description of the principal features and nature of the
new apparatus, and the object thereof, I will now proceed to explain more in
detail the construction and operation of the several parts as shewn in the accom-

page_text: panying Drawings, in which Fig. 1 represents a side or end elevation of one
arrangement of the new or improved apparatus as applied to a figure weaving
loom. Fig. 2 is a vertical section of Fig. 1, shewing more clearly the internal
arrangement. Fig. 3 is a front elevation of the apparatus, some of the external
parts being removed in order that the parts behind may be more clearly seen.
Fig. 4 is a horizontal section or plan view of the apparatus.
In the before-mentioned Figures I have, in order to avoid unnecessary
complexity in the Drawing, only shown such parts of a loom and the ordinary
Jacquard apparatus as are intimately connected with my improvements, and
without which the Invention or its application to the intended purpose would
not be clearly understood. The cords which carry the warp threads to
produce the pattern are seen at a, a, a, in all the Figures, and are, as usual,
connected to hooked rods b, b, b, which pass through the eyes of the horizontal
rods or bars c, c, c, the right-hand end of which press against coiled springs in
a box d, d (Fig. 2), and their opposite ends pass through a vertical perforated
plate e, the holes of which (as scen best in Fig. 3) are oblong in order to
admit of the rods c being raised when required. The left-hand ends of these
.bars also pass through eyes in the vertical rods f, f, as will be clearly scen
in Fig. 2, and these vertical rods f. f. slide through perforated horizontal
plates g. 9, which act as guides for them. It will now be understood that for
every one or more warp threads of the pattern warp, and which are passed
through loops mado in the cords a, there is a corresponding hooked rod b,.
horizontal bars c, and vertical needle f, so that by acting upon any one of these
latter by means of the perforated paper, as will be hereafter described, the
corresponding warp thread will be brought up to form the pattern by the
subsequent operation of the other parts of the Jacquard. The perforated
pattern paper which is employed in place of the perforated cards of the ordinary
Jacquard apparatus is seen at h, and is generally employed by me in the form
of an endless band as being more convenient than in a long length. In.
place of the perforated wooden cylinder of the old machine, I employ a perfo-
rated metal plate i, which is stationary, and is perforated with as many rows
of holes as there are rows of vertical needles fand f*. The perforated pattern
paper is extended over this perforated metal plate i, and is kept in contact
therewith by means of springs 1, 1, and is actuated from time to time as
required by means of two or more spur or spike wheels j, j, the points of which
enter holes made in the paper h for the purpose, as seen in Figs. 3 and 4. The
horizontal axle k, on which these wheels j, j, are mounted, carries at one end a
ratchet or trundle wheel 7 (Figs. 1, 3, and 4), which is acted upon and driven
by a hooked lever or pall m, and is prevented from going too far at every

page_text: motion by means of a stop lever n above (see Fig. 1). The perforated paper h
is only to form the pattern; the ground warp is worked in a similar manner
by the four or other convenient number of vertical needles seen at f*, in Figs. 3
and 4 at the right-hand end of the machine, and has a separate perforated paper
marked, and colored green in the Drawing in Figs. 3 and 4. The four
needles f*, and their corresponding horizontal rods and hooked bars, are made
to work the treadles which carry the ground warp so that no additional machi-
nery is required for them. A is a swinging or vibrating frame (suspended from
pivots above) in front of the horizontal rods c, c, and needles f, f, and carries a
horizontal bar o, which is furnished with a number of long metal rods or
bars o, o, extending along in front of the rods or bars c, c, and coincident there-
with, as will be clearly seen in the sectional view, Fig. 2. It will be seen
that the edges of these bars o are grooved to prevent the ends of the wire
rods c, c, from slipping off, when the bars o, o, are brought up in contact there-
with. The perforated metal plates e and 9, 9, which carry and guide the hori-
zontal bars c, c, and vertical needles f, f, are secured to a small moveable
frame B, B, which has a slight vertical motion in guides attached to the
wooden or other framing C. Connected to each end of the swinging frame A
is an arm D, with a curved slot made therein (as shewn in Figs. 1 and 2),
and in this slot a pin or stud p (Fig. 1), at each end of the framing B, works,
so that as the frame A is driven forward the curved slot in the arm D causes
the frame B to rise and draw up the needles f, f, out of the way of the per-
forated paper, which, as the frame A returns, is made to advance by means
of the hooked lever m, which pulls round the trundle wheel 2. When this has
becn effected the peculiar form of the slot in the arm D allows the frame B
to fall, and the lower ends of the needles to come in contact with the perforated
paper, and those needles whose ends are opposite a hole in the paper of course
fall through and carry down the rods with them, while those which are in
contact with the unperforated part of the paper are supported. Then the
swinging frame is brought forward and the metal bars o of the horizontal
wooden bar o come against the ends of those horizontal rods c (which have
not fallen) and press them back; the "pump" or lifting apparatus E is then
raised in the ordinary manner, and the hooked bars of all those horizontal
rods c which have not been pushed back by the bars o, o, will be caught by the
catch bars 9, 9, of the pump E, and lifted up to form the pattern. The swinging
frame A is brought forward by means of an arm extending out from the pump,
as seen in Fig. 1, and having an antifriction roller at it's end, which, by
bearing against a bent arm or bar s, attached to the swinging frame, will draw
the latter forward every time the "pump" falls, and when the "pump" rises
it forces back the swinging frame A, with its bars o, o, thereby leaving the

page_text: "
horizontal bars c, c, free to be acted upon and pressed outward by the springs
in the box d. From this it will be understood that every time the "pump"
rises it forces back the swinging frame A, and consequently, by means of
the arm D, raises the frame B, with the whole of the vertical needles f,f,
and at the same time the hooked lever m draws round the mangle or trundle
wheel, and thereby presents a fresh portion of the perforated paper h to the
lower ends of the needles f; and when the pump falls, these motions, 'with tho
exception of the motion of the' perforated paper, are reversed, that is, the
swinging frame A, with the bars o, o, are brought forward, and the needles f,
being allowed by the peculiar forni of the slot in the bar D to fall on to the
paper, certain of them are selected and hold up the horizontal rods c, so that
the bars o, o, when brought forward, push the rods c, c, and their corresponding
hooked bars b, b, back out of the way of the catch bars of the pump.
Fig. 5 represents a side or end view, and Fig. 6 a plan view, of a modifica-
tion of the plan just described, the principal difference being, that the swinging
frame A, in Figures 1 and 2, is dispensed with, and in place thereof the long
bar o*, with the metal pusher bars o, o, is mounted on a frame or two siile
arms A, A, which work horizontally in guides attached to the side standards
C, C, of the loom. The arrangement and operation of the needles f. f, and
horizontal rods c, is precisely the same as in the former instance, except that
in the present case the spring box d of Figures '1' and 2 is dispensed with,
and the horizontal rods c, after they have been pushed back by the bars o, o,
are brought to their original position by means of a bar a, which, attached to
the end of the arms A, advances therewith, and carries the rod c, c, forward
again. The backward and forward motions of the armis A and parts con- s
nected therewith, is effected by causing a pin r on the pump' to work in
a curved slot niade in one end of a bent léver s. which turns on a stud near
its centre, and is jointed at its lower end by means of a link piece to the
arın A. It will now be easily understood that every time the pump rises it
forces the arm A back in the direction of the arrow, and of course when the
pump falls the arm A moves in the opposite direction. The frame B which
carries the vertical needles f, f, is, as in the former instance, furnished at each
end with a pin or stud p, which works in a curved slot D, and consequently,
as the arm A moves backward and forward; the frame B and its appendages
is made to rise and fall as in the former instance. The trundle wheel 1, a
round the axle of which the perforated paper passes, is actuated by the
lever m; and in order that the wheel may be driven in either direction, I have
shewn two levers m and m, either of which may be brotight into action as
may be required. The same may be said of this part of the apparatus,
shewn in Figures 1 and 2.
as

page_text: The other motions of the different parts of the apparatus are similar to those
of the apparatus shewn in Figures 1 and 2, and as similar letters are marked
upon corresponding parts in the several Figures, no more detailed explanation
will be necessary.
Figures 7,-8, and 9; represent different views of another modification, in
which the pusher bars o, o, are altogether dispensed with, the requisite motion
of the horizontal rods c, c, to force back the hooked bars b, b, that carry the
warp threads, being obtained by a different arrangement or construction of
some of the parts. Fig. 7 represents a front elevation of a Jacquard appa-
ratus constructed upon this plan. Fig. 8 is an end view of the same,
shewing the means whereby certain of the working parts are actuated. Fig. 9
is a transverse vertical section taken near the middle of the apparatus, and
showing the internal arrangement and construction of the parts. All these
Figuros are drawn to a scale of half the real size. In this apparatus the rods
c, c, instead of being made quite straight and horizontal, as in the previous
Figures, are bent up at their inner ends, and are mounted at their elbows on
long stationary rods or spindles t, t, as seen best in the sectional view Fig. 9,
and the enlarged detached view Fig. 10. The inner or vertical ends of the
rods c, c, are furnished with eyes which embrace the upper end of the hooked.
bars b, b, as will be seen at Fig. 9, and their left-hand or outer ends are, as
before, passed through eyes made in the needles f. f. But instead of the
simple horizontal motion whereby they are inade to force back the hooked
rods b, b, in the former Figures, the rods c, c, are made to move on their pins
or spindles t, t, so that when by raising the needles f,f, the outer and
horizontal ends of the rods c, c, are raised, the inner or vertical ends will be
moved back on their centres t, t, and will consequently force back with them
the rods b, b, and carry these latter beyond the reach of the catch bars q, q,
of the pump E, which therefore, as it rises, will leave these selected bars
unmoved. All these parts are drawn full size in the detached view Fig. 10.
The perforated paper h passes over the perforated metal plate, and is adapted
to the apparatus precisely in the same manner as in the former instances.
The mode of actuating the several parts will be best understood by referring
to Fig. 8. The pump E is lifted or worked in the usual or in any other
convenient manner, and is furnished at each end with a pin or stud r', which
works in the curved slot of the bent lever s. This levers turns upon a fixed
pin or stud secured to the side framing, and is jointed at its lower end to a
link or connecting rod a, the opposite end of which is jointed to the frame F
in which the perforated paper and its appendages are mounted. At each end
of the frame F is a guide rod y which works in guides affixed to the side

page_text: standards for the purpose of steadying the motion of the frame. I would
here remark, that in the present instance the frame in which the needles f. f
and horizontal rods c, c, are mounted is stationary, being secured by bolts to the
side standards of the machine, and the frame F is made moveable instead thereof.
If, however, it is thought more desirable, the needle frame B may be made to
rise as in the former instance, the frame F being then made stationary.
The operation of the machine is as follows:-Supposing the pump E to be
at its highest point, as shewn in Fig. 8, and the proper part of the perforated
pattern papers to be opposite the lower ends of the needles f. f, the pump
will descend, and by so doing it will, by means of the pins r, force back the
bent levers, and thereby raise the lower end thereof, and with it the frame f
to which it is jointed. By this means the perforated paper will be brought in
contact with the lower ends of the needles f, f, and every needle that is oppo-
site a perforation or hole in the paper will enter the same and remain
unmoved, while all those needles which come in contact with an unperforated
part will be raised up, and will carry with them the horizontal ends of the
rods c, c, to which they belong. By this means the inner end of the rods c, c,
will be thrown back, and carry with them the hooked bars b, b, which will
thereby be pushed out of the way of the catch bars 9, 9, of the pump, as shewn
best in the enlarged detached view, Fig. 10. When the pump rises it will
draw up all those hooked bars b, and consequently the corresponding warp
threads which have not been selected, leaving the others untouched. By the
upward motion of the pump the frame F will be again allowed to descend,
and in its descent (after the perforated pattern paper has been freed from the
needles) an onward motion is communicated to the pattern paper by the
hooked lever or click m, which takes into the teeth or bars of the trundle
wheel, and pulls the same round the required distance. It should be under-
stood that one of these levers m is mounted on each side of the trundle wheel
so that it may be driven in either direction.
Having described my improvements in the Jacquard apparatus, and the
various modifications thereof, it will now be necessary to explain the means
whereby I transfer or "read," as it is technically called, the pattern or design
from the drawing or colored pattern to the perforated paper h, and also the
means of perforating the same to correspond with the design or pattern
intended to be produced. The machine or "reader" whereby this is effected
is shewn in the accompanying Drawings at Figures 1* to 8*. Fig. 1* repre-
sents a front elevation of the "reader." Fig. 2* is an end view of the same,
shewing the means whereby the principal parts are actuated. Fig. 3* is a
transverse vertical section shewing the arrangement, construction, and opera-

page_text: tion of the internal parts of the machine, and Fig. 4* is a partial plan view
of the machine, as seen from above. Figures 5*, 6*, 7*, and 8° are views
of several detached parts. The design or pattern intended to be produced
upon the fabric is first traced upon a sheet of checked paper prepared by
drawing lines thereon. The apparatus for effecting this object is adapted to
the reading machine, and merly consists of a metal bar A furnished, as seen
best in Figures 8* and 4*, with a suitable number of pencils or tracers a, a,
extending along the greater part of its length, and corresponding in number
and width of gauge with the needles h, h, hereafter mentioned. A plain sheet
of paper is placed under these tracers, as seen at 1, 1, Fig. 3*, and when
drawn through the machine will be scored with lines of the proper gauge, as
seen at B, Fig. 4*. The paper is a second time passed through the machine
for the purpose of drawing a second set of lines at right angles to the above,
and producing a paper covered all over with checks or squares, as seen at C,
Fig. 4. These cross lines are made with a pen or tracer with six or more
points, as seen at I, Fig. 7. The paper being placed in the machine the
pen I is drawn along the front of the bar A, and six lines will thereby be
scored across the paper, the large wheel H of the machine is then made
to revolve six times, and the paper will be thereby advanced the proper
distance to admit of the pen being again passed along in front of the bar A.
It should be observed, that it is advisable to rule the paper in the machine in
order that the lines thereon may always accurately correspond with the motion
of the machine, as it is upon this alone that the correctness of the reading of
the pattern of the figured fabric depends. The pattern is then traced or drawn
on the sheet, and instead of coloring the squares, as is the usual practice, the
paper is to be punctured with holes by means of a suitable instrument at every
square which is contained within the limits of the pattern, as seen at C. The
pattern sheet thus punctured on all parts of the design is then mounted on a
horizontal travelling frame D, which is furnished at each side with a rack c,
actuated by means of endless screws d, d (at each end of the machine).
These endless screws d, d, are mounted on axles that carry screw wheels c, e
(see Figures 1 and 3*), which are all actuated by endless screws f, f,
on the axles of the ratchet wheels g, g. Now supposing the pattern paper
to be placed on the frame D, and advanced into the machine, it will pass
under the long series of vertical needles h, h, which extend in uninter-
rupted order from side to side of the machine, although in the Drawing
they are only shewn as partially filling the space. The needles h, h, are
connected at their upper ends to horizontal levers i, i. See Fig. 3*, and
shewn on an enlarged scale at Fig. 5*. Thesel evers are mounted on pins or

page_text: long spindles j,j, which run from end to end of the machine, as seen best in
the plan view, Fig. 4. The inner end of the levers i, i, take into notches
near the end of the horizontal rods or bolts h, k, which are mounted in a long
guide bar l, in such a manner as to admit of their being pushed in and out as
required. This guide bar is connected to the lifting frame or presser bar m,
as shewn in Fig. 4. These presser bars m, m, work in a slot in the stationary
frame E. The paper to be perforated to form the pattern is seen at 2, 2, and
passes round the spike wheels or cylinder 'n, n, n, on the axle of the ratchet
or catch wheel o, o, and from thence between two perforated metal plates p, p,
under the punches q, q, which are mounted in a perforated plate 3, 3, of the
punch frame F, as seen in section at Figures 3 and 5, and plan view at Fig. 8.
The punch frame F is attached to the bars m by the adjustable lifting bolts y
(Fig. 1), and is guided by projecting pieces at its ends that slide in slots in the
standards E. It should be observed, that the notions of the machine are
regulated in such a manner that the perforated 'paper 2, or rather sheet to be
perforated, is made to move simultaneously, or nearly so, with the punctured
pattern 1, 1, and of course a corresponding distance. The distance that the
perforated sheet 2, 2, moves is however greater than that of the punctured
pattern 1;-1, as for every line of tlie latter there are two and perhaps four or
more rows of holes made in the sheet 2. The simultaneous motion of these
two sheets of paper 1 and 2 is effected through the intervention of the ratchet
_or catch wheels g and o in the following manner, as will be best seen in the
end elevation, Fig. 2, which represents the means by which the different parts
of the machine are driven:-Motive power, either by hand labour or otherwise,"
is communicated to the axle of the toothed wheel G, which gears into and
drives the large toothed wheel H. This wheel carries a crank pin r, and, by
means of the link or strap s, communicates a reciprocating or up and down
motion to the presser bars m, m. A catch bar or rod t is mounted in guides
attached to the side framing, and is worked by a pin or stud u on the front of
the presser bars m; the lower end of the bar t is furnished with a hook
or catch, as will be seen by referring to Fig. 2, and as the presser bars m rise,
the pin u draws up the catch bar or rod t with it, and in the ascending
motion the hook at the lower end of this bar catches hold of a tooth of the
wheel o, and pulls it round one tooth, and thereby causes the paper on the
spur wheels n to advance in the direction of the arrows, see Fig. 5*, under
the punch frame. During the same rotation of the wheel H the ratchet
wheel 9 is also driven forward by means of the click or pall at the end of the
rod or bar v, which is actuated by a pin or stud w, secured to some part of the
large wheel H, as seen at Fig. 2, and as 'this latter revolves it brings the

page_text: stud w against the end of the rod v and drives it forward. This rod v
is brought back again to its original position by a spring, weight, or other
suitable 'mcans. It. should be observed, that on the same shafts, at the
opposite end of the machine, are other wheels g* and o*, Figures 3 and 4*,
furnished with palls or catches 2, for the purpose of stopping the shafts
g and o, and preventing them from going too far at each motion of the
rods t and v. The operation of the machine is as follows:-The punc-
tured pattern 1 being secured to the travelling frame D, as before men-
tioned, is made to pass under the needles h, h, which, previous to every
forward motion of the paper, are lifted up. This is effected by means of the
bars 4, 4, which are connected by bolts or otherwise to the presser bars m,
and pass under the spindles j, j, that carry the levers i, i. When, therefore,
the presser bars m rise, they also raise the levers i, with the needles h, and
allow the punctured pattern 1 to move forward; after which, the presser bars
descend and the lower ends of the needles / come in contact with the paper
pattern where it is not punctured, and by this means raise up the end of the
lever i, and thereby draw back the bolt or bar k, as seen at Fig. 5*; but if
the needle h meets with a puncture in the pattern, it passes through, and
therefore remains untouched, its corresponding bolt or bar k remaining
under the presser bar m, and over the upper end or head of the punch q, and
therefore, as soon as the presser bar m descends, it will force the punches
through the paper 2, thereby producing perforations, as shewn at C*, Fig. 8*;
but when thié bár le is withdrawn, as in the former instance, tlie presser bar
does not descend far enough to reach the punch, and consequently the paper
at that point remains unperforated. It should be observed that the upper
row of bars pass through slots 'm in the front pressor bar, by which it is
allowed to desend a sufficient distance for the back bar to act upon the back
row' of bolts 2, 2, without interfering with the front row.
It will now be
seen that for every puncture in the paper l, a-corresponding perforation will
be made in the paper 2 in the punich frame, and therefore, by continuing the
rotation of the driving wlieel G, whereby all the other parts are actuated, all
the punctures or holes on the pattern will be repeated in the perforated
paper 2.
In order to avoid unnecessary complexity in the Drawing; I have shewn
only two rows of punches, but it will be evident that, by a suitable arrange-
ment of parts, any convenient number may be employed. The large holes to
receive the spikes of the spur wheels n are made in the paper by the large
centre punich (Fig. 3) at the same time that the smaller punches 9, 9,
are making the perforations for the pattern. The large centre punch q* is

page_text: secured to the presser bars m, m, and rises and falls with them, and conse-
quently makes a perforation in the paper every time the presser bars descend;
it will therefore be understood that a row of large holes for the spur wheel is
made in the paper for every change in the pattern, so that by means of the
spur wheels n, the set of perforations corresponding to each change in the
pattern may, when the paper is introduced into the Jacquard apparatus, bo
brought with great accuracy beneath the ends of the needles f, f, in the
manner already described.
Although in the foregoing description I have described my improved
Jacquard apparatus as applied more particularly to looms for weaving figured
fabric, yet it will be evident to every intelligent manufacturer that the same
apparatus is applicable, with suitable modifications, to the manufacture of
other figured fabrics, such as lace; and, in fact, the Invention may be applied
to any purposes for which the ordinary Jacquard apparatus may be used,
suitable modifications being made to suit the circumstances of any particular
case, as will be well understood. The perforated pattern paper, or rather
paper perforated in a similar manner to that above described, may also be
employed for other purposes than figuring woven or other fabrics, and may be
applied to machinery or apparatus for playing certain musical instruments.
In Figures 11, 12, 18, and 14, I have shewn various views of an apparatus
for playing a keyed instrument, such as a pianoforte, so as to make the same
self-acting. This object is effected by means of moveable projecting pins or
pegs connected to a revolving barrel, and acted upon by an endless band of
perforated paper, similar in character to that employed for figuring fabrics,
except that it is upon a somewhat larger scale.
Fig. 11 is a transverse vertical section of an ordinary cabinet or cottage
pianoforte, with the self-acting apparatus adapted thereto. a, a, are the finger
keys of the action, and B is the working cylinder, which is furnished with
moveable projecting pins, pegs, or spikes, as scen best in Fig. 12, which
represents a transverse vertical section of the cylinder drawn the real size.
The pins or pegs c, c, of the working cylinder B, when brought into action,
strike against the studs d, placed on the under sides of the finger keys, and by
this means raise the key and cause the hammer to strike the strings of the instru-
ment. Now, supposing the cylinder B to be a musical barrel of the ordinary
construction, that is, with the pegs or pins fixed therein, and arranged in the
proper and ordinary way to play any particular tunc, as is well understood.
It will be evident that for every one or more tunes a distinct barrel must be
employed. This of course would be extremely expensive and inconvenient if
a great number of tunes were required, I, however, obviate this difficulty by

page_text: h
making the pins or pegs of the cylinder or barrel B moveable, so that I may
at will employ any particular combination of pins, and, by causing them to act
upon the keys, to produce any desired tune. This is effected by the per-
forated paper (Figures 11 and 12), which is made to pass over the slotted
plate i, seen also in the sectional plan view, Fig. 18, and the longitudinal
section, Fig. 14, both of which views are drawu full size. The perforated
paper is extended over the plate i, and kept properly stretched by means of a
cylinder z, below, as seen in Fig. 11; and it may be either perforated by hand
after being properly ruled to ensure accuracy, or it may be perforated in a
machine similar to that already described, and called the reader." The
cylinder or barrel B is constructed and put together in the following manner:
-On an axle C a perforated cylinder e is mounted, as shewn in the
Drawings. This cylinder is furnished with four projecting ribs or wings e*, e*,
for the purpose of supporting a series of metal rings or collars f, f (scen
detached at Fig. 15), which have semicircular recesses cut in each side, so that
when they are brought together they may form round holes, as seen at Fig. 13.
In order to ensure accuracy in this part of the apparatus, I prefer that the
holes in the cylinder e, and collars f. f, should be drilled after the latter are
fitted on. The cylinder e, therefore, will in the first instance be plain and
unperforated. In putting the several parts of the cylinder or barrel B toge-
ther, I proceed as follows:-I first place an end ring on the cylinder e, then
I fix one of the guide rings 9 in its place, and afterwards insert the proper
number of pins or plugs c, into the holes of the inner cylinder e, the holes of
which are opposite to the holes of the rings or collars f,f; a second ring fis
then placed on the cylinder e, and the first set of pegs thereby secured.
A second guide ring g is then placed, and a second set of pegs are inserted in
their proper places, and another ring or collar fadded to secure them, and
so on, until all the pins or pegs c, c, and all the collars fand guide rings g are
properly placed and secured. It will be seen that that part of the pins or
pegs c which is enclosed between the cylinder e and rings or collars fis
furnished with a collar, as scen at 1, 1, for the purpose of preventing the pins
or pegs from falling out of their holes. They are also furnished with other
collars 2, 2, which support them on the outer surface of the supporting or
guide rings g, g, as will be hereafter explained. The rings 9 which are shown
detached at Fig. 16, are mounted on the same standards as support the
barrel B, and are firmly held in their place by the long bar g*. The rings g.
only partially surround the barrel B, as seen in Figure 12, a vacant space
being left at the under side, opposite the perforated paper, in order to allow the
pins or pegs c to fall down freely on to the paper as the barrel B revolves

page_text: Supposing the perforated paper to be properly placed, and all the other parts
in working order, the action of the apparatus is as follows:-Rotary motion
is communicated to the barrel B either by clockwork or by hand, or in any
other convenient manner, and by means of the spur wheels j, j, on the axle of
the barrel B, the perforated paper is made to rotate at the same time and
speed. As the barrel B revolves the pins or pegs c, when they arrive at the
open part of the guide rings 9, 9, fall down as at 3, Figure 12, and if they
meet with a hole in the paper h they drop through, as seen in the Drawing;
but if they do not meet with a hole they are prevented by the paper from
falling down and are thrust back, as seen at 4 in the Figure. The conse-
quence of this is, that when the pin or peg c drops through a hole in the
paper the collar 2 passes outside the guide ring 9, and the peg is thereby
held up and caused to strike against the stud d. and raise the key a, and
consequently make the hammer to strike its corresponding cord or string and
produce a sound. If, however, the pin or peg c should meet with an unper-
forated part of the paper, it is, as before, mentioned, thrust back, and the
collar will pass inside the ring g, and as the pin cannot then strike the
stud of the key a, no sound will be produced. It will be seen on referring
to Figure 14 that there are two moveable pins or pegs c adapted to every .key,.
and that one of these pins or pegs is longer than the other. The object of
this to be enabled to play soft passages, as the short pin: will not cause
the hammer to strike the cord with such force as the long one. It will now
be clearly understood that the same barrel B will answer for any number of
tunes, and that to change the tune it will only be necessary to change the
perforated paper, an operation which can be quickly and easily performed. It
will, therefore, be possible to have a large variety of tunes at comparatively
trifling cost, as the expence of the perforated papers which answer the purpose
of the ordinary tune barrels is not great. It is hardly necessary to remark, that
the above apparatus, is as applicable to organs, seraphines, and other similar
keyed instruments, as to pianofortes, and that it may also be applied to instru-
ments in which the sound is produced by the vibrations of tongues of metal.
A somewhat similarly constructed apparatus to that just described as
applicable for playing musical instruments may also be applied to machinery
or apparatus for composing or setting up type for letter-press printing. It
is well known that types have been composed or set up by machinery, and
that the mechanisin of the apparatis generally employed for this purpose
consists of a series of lovers in connection with the keys of a finger board,
arranged in somewhat the same manner as the keys of a pianoforte, organ, or
other similar keyed instrument. The types are arranged in vertical columns

page_text: behind these levers, and by depressing one of the keys with the finger the
corresponding lever will be brought into action and a type or letter thereby
pushed out from its column into a channel, along which it is carried to the
composing stick. My improvements are applicable to any of the machines
now in use, and which are worked by means of a key-board or other similar
arrangement of levers that are acted on by the fingers of the compositor. In
the Drawing, however, I have only shewn the Invention as applied to a
machine constructed on the principle of Messrs. Clay and Rosenborg's Inven-
tion, in which the types are arranged in. columns in front of an endless
travelling belt or band on which they are pushed by small levers whenever
the corresponding key is depressed.
Figure 17 represents a section of a cylinder with moveable pins or pegs,
and precisely similar. in construction and operation to the cylinder shewn at
Figures 12, 18, and 14. In order to avoid complexity in the Drawings, I
have not thought it necessary to shew more than two or three pins or pegs;
but it will of course be understood that the cylinder must be furnished with
the proper quantity, of moveable pins arranged all round, as shewn in the other
Figures. The perforated paper h passes over a slotted plate i, as in the former
instance, and the perforations may be made in the paper either by means of a
series of finger levers corresponding with the letters or characters, or by
means of the reading machine already described. The operation of the
apparatus is as follows:-The perforated paper is made to pass slowly over
the slotted plate i, the pin cylinder B being caused to rotate in the same
direction, and at the same speed. By this means the pins or pegs c will bo
brought into contact with the perforated paper, and if they incet with holes
in the paper they will enter, and thus cause their outer collars 2 to pass out-
side the supporting ring or guide 9, as shewn at 8; the pin thus kept out will
continue its progress until it reaches the under side of the bell-crank lever a,
the outer end of which will thereby be lifted up, and by means of a pusher w,
at the opposite end of the other arm of the lever, will push a single type or
character out from the bottom of the column v into a channel in which (in
Clay and Rosenborg's machine) there is a travelling endless band, which carries
the type or character (thus thrust out) into the composing stick. Imme-
diately that the pin or peg c escapes from the end of the lever a, the latter is
brought back again into its original position by means of the spring y, and
the pin or peg c continues its progress until it again comes in contact with
another portion of the perforated paper; and if it meets with an unperforated
part, it will be thrust inwards, as seen at 4 (Fig. 12). It will of course
be understood, that instead of pushing out the type or character on to
the endless band, and thereby carrying it forward to the composing stick,

page_text: it may be pushed into an inclined chaunel, down which it will slide by
its weight, as in the type-composing machines of Messrs. Young and Delcambre.
The advantages resulting from the application of the perforated sheet of paper
to this purpose are, that when once the paper is placed in the machine. it will
only be necessary to communicate motion to the several parts of the machine;
and, as the peg or pin barrel band the perforated paper rotate, the type will
be set up or composed without any further trouble; whereas, in the machines
already existing, it requires a great deal of practice to be accustomed to the
key or finger board and to work or set up the type with speed. Another
advantage is, that when once a perforated paper has been made, it after
may,
being used, be kept until a second or third edition of the book to be printed is.
required, when it will only be necessary to place the paper in the machine and
actuate the mechanism, and the type will be quickly composed or set up
without the aid of a skilled workman.
Having now described my various improvements, and the best means with
which I am acquainted for carrying the same into effect and adapting them to
the various purposes to which they may be applied, I would observe, in con-
clusion, that I do not mean or intend to confine myself rigidly to the precise
arrangement of parts herein shown and described, as they may doubtless be.
varied without departing from the nature and object of my Iuvention; but
that which I consider to be new in the above-described improvements, and
therefore wish to claim as the Invention secured to me by the herein-before in
part recited Letters Patent is,-
First, the combination of the perforated paper h, the needles f. f, and the
pusher bars o, o, for the purpose of selecting and pushing back certain of the
horizontal bars c, and by that means selecting the warp threads necessary. to
form the pattern. I claim, also, passing the ends of the horizontal bars c.
through eyes made in the straight needles f, f, in order that when the latter
are selected by the perforated paper h they may carry the ends of the bars c.
out of the way of the pusher bars o, so that when these latter advance they will
not come into contact with or act upon such selected bars c.
Second, I claim the selection of the warp threads to form the pattern by the
combination of the perforated paper h, the needles f, f, and the bent rods c, c,.
mounted on axles, as shewn in Figures 7, 8, 9, and 10, the pusher bars o
being dispensed with. I claim this combination whether the perforated
paper
and its appendages be made to rise and fall, and thereby act upon
the needles f, f, as shewn in the Drawing, or whether the perforated pattern
paper and its frame remain stationary, and the needle frame B be made to rise
and fall as in the other Figures.
Third, I claim the machine or apparatus called the. "reader," or any mere

page_text: modification thereof, whereby the pattern paper h, which is intended to be used
in the Jacquard apparatus, or for other purposes to which it may be applicable,
may be accurately perforated with holes. I claim particularly puncturing the
paper on which the pattern or design is drawn, so that when needles or points
are brought into contact with a paper pattern so punctured, they may be
selected, and, by means of rods, bars, or levers, cause certain punches to be
acted upon and made to perforate the paper or other material which is to
be adapted to the Jacquard apparatus in place of the ordinary cards.
Fourth, I claim playing musical instruments, such as pianofortes, organs,
seraphines, and other keyed instruments, and also musical boxes and instru-
ments of a similar construction, by means of a sheet or cylinder of perforated
paper or other suitable material, in combination with a barrel provided with
moveable pins, which are selected by the band of perforated paper or other
suitable material and caused to assume suitable positions to act either upon the
keys of a pianoforte or other similar keyed instrument, or on the spring tongues
usually employed in musical boxes for producing sound by their vibration.
Fifth, I claim the application of a band of perforated paper or other
material, in combination with a barrel provided with moveable pins, to a
machine or apparatus for composing or setting up type for letter-press printing,
the moveable pins of the barrel being made to act upon certain keys or levers
which are used for selecting the types in the type-composing machines already
known and in use, such keys or levers having hitherto been moved or acted
upon by the fingers of the compositor or attendant.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Martin, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Sixteenth day of July, in the year of our Lord
One thousand night hundred and fo