IMPROVE- MENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF FUEL."
Year: 1873

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Jeyes and Oliver Jeyes, both of Ivy House,
Plastow, in the County of Essex, for the Invention of "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF FUEL."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Jeyes and Oliver
Jeyes at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their
Petition, on the 28th April 1873.
We, JOHN JEYES and OLIVER JEYES, both of Ivy House, Plastow, in
the County of Essex, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF FUEL," to be as follows:-:
The said Invention consists in combining peat reduced to a pulp with
waste coal, coke breeze, or other like carbonaceous substances, and lime,
in such a manner as to produce when dried hard blocks without the
employment of artificial heat or compressing machinery, thereby securing
great simplicity and economy in the manufacture of this improved fuel.
We sometimes add to the said composition a quantity of crude naphtha-

page_text: line commercially known as "salt," tar distillates, crude oil, petroleum,
powdered pitch, resin, or other inflammable ingredients.
The peat is reduced to a pulp by any suitable means, and is mixed
with the other carbonaceous substances and lime in any convenient
manner. The composition with or without the other aforesaid inflam-
mable substances is formed into lumps or blocks of the desired size,
which rapidly dry and become hard and cohesive without artificial heat
or compression.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said John Jeyes and Oliver Jeyes in the Great Seal
Patent Office on the 28th October 1873.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, Jonn
JEYES and OLIVER JEYES, both of Ivy House, Plastow, in the County of
Essex, send greeting..
.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Twenty-eighth day of April, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-three, in the
thirty-sixth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto us, the said John Jeyes and Oliver Jeyes, Her
special licence that we, the said John Jeyes and Oliver Jeyes, our
exccutors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as we, the said
John Jeyes and Oliver Jeyes, our exccutors, administrators, and
assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to
time and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands,
and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE of
FUEL," upon the condition (amongst others) that we, the said John Jeyes
and Oliver Jeyes, our executors or administrators, by an instrument in
writing under our, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should
particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention and
in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be
filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next, and
immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said John Jeyes and Oliver Jeyes, do
hereby declare the nature of our said Invention, and in "what manner
the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascer-
tained in and by the following statement :-
The said Invention relates to an improved composite fuel, and consists
in the combination for this purpose of lime, with peat, reduced to a
pulp, or with waste coal, coke brecze, or other like carbonaceous sub-
stances. The pulped peat when combined with. lime, either with or
without the coal, coke brecze, or other like carbonaceous substances, will
when properly manipulated produce hard blocks without the employment
of artificial heat or compressing machinery, thereby securing great
simplicity and economy in the manufacture of our improved fuel. When
the lime is used even in combination with the waste coal, coke breeze,
or other like carbonaceous substances without the pulped peat in order
to give the required hardness to the blocks no compression would be
.necessary. We sometimes add to the composition a quantity of crude
napthaline commercially known as "salt," tar distillates, crude oil,.
petroleum, powdered pitch, resin, or other inflammable ingredients, but
these substances may be omitted without departing from the spirit of
our Invention. The introduction of these inflammable substances will
not as a rule be found advantageous, and we make no claim for their use
in combination with the ingredients of our improved fuel.
The peat is reduced to a pulp either by a macerating machine or a
crushing process effected by edged runners or by any other convenient
means. The pulpy condition of the peat is essential for the most successful
manufacture of said composite fuel. The lime which we prefer to
employ is unslacked, but reduced to a powder by. crushing or grinding.
The pulped peat is mixed with the lime, and when desirable with one or
more of the carbonaceous substances aforesaid, and is then formed into
lumps or blocks of a convenient size for drying and handling, and these
blocks become hard and cohesive without artificial heat or compression.
The lime, which is invariably an ingredient of the combination, may be
used in various forms or modifications, but we prefer the use of caustic lime
fresh from the kiln, used in the proportion of about one hundredweight
of lime to ten hundredweight of pulped peat. The lime and peat are
intimately mixed. The lime in the mixture absorbs a considerable
portion of the moisture and greatly facilitates the process of drying.

page_text: When dust coal, coke breeze, or other carbonaceous substances are
used in combination with the lime, or with the lime and pulped peat,
-the proportion of the ingredients and mode of manufacture to obtain the
best result will necessarily vary according to the kind and quality of the
ingredients. The lime may be reduced to the form of common mortar,
and then dust coal or other similar carbonaceous substances may be
added in about the proportion of one part of lime to seven parts of the
"said carbonaceous substance or substances. These ingredients are then
worked into convenient blocks for use, which when dry become hard
and cohesive, and thus utilizing a large amount of material which is now
of little commercial value.
Having thus described our improvements, and shown how the same
may be advantageously carried into practise, we wish it understood that
we do not confine ourselves to the exact proportions herein specified,
but we claim the Invention substantially as described.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Jeyes, on behalf of myself
and the said Oliver Jeyes, have hereunto set my hand and seal,
this Twenty-eighth day of October, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and seventy-three.
Witness,
H. J. NOONE,
8, Southampton Buildings,
London.
JOHN JEYES. (L.S.)