IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CERTAIN KINDS OF NAILS, BOLTS, PINS, SCREWS, RIVETS, AND OTHER LIKE ARTICLES, AND IN MACHINERÝ TO BE USED IN THE SAID MANUFACTURE
Year: 1874

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Abel Stokes, of Birmingham, in the County
of Warwick, Manufacturer, and Frederick Joseph Stokes, of Bir-
mingham aforesaid, Manager of Works, for the Invention of
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CERTAIN KINDS OF NAILS, BOLTS,
PINS, SCREWS, RIVETS, AND OTHER LIKE ARTICLES, AND IN MACHINERÝ TO BE
USED IN THE SAID MANUFACTURE.”
Sealed the 29th December 1874, and dated the 31st July 1874.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Abel Stokes and
Frederick Joseph Stokes at the Office of the Commissioners of
Patents, with their Petition, on the 31st July 1874.
We, ABEL STOKES, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick,
Manufacturer, and FREDERIOK JOSEPH STOKES, of Birmingham afore-
said, Manager of Works, do hereby declare the nature of the said In-
vention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CERTAIN KINDS OF NAILS,
BOLTS, PINS, SCREWS, RIVETS, AND OTHER LIKE ÅRTICLES, AND IN MACHINERY TO
BE USED IN THE SAID MANUFACTURE," to be as follows:-
Our Invention relates to such kinds of nails, bolts, screws, and other
like articles as are usually made of iron with brass or copper heads,

page_text: In the ordinary method of manufacturing the said articles the head
is usually cast on the body.
Our Invention consists of the improvements herein-after described
in making, attaching, and finishing the said heads, and in machinery
connected therewith.
For convenience of description wo will describe our improvements
with reference to a nail having an iron body and a brass head of a
hemispherical figure. The body or stem of the nail is made in the
ordinary way from wire of the required section. In order to make
the head we take a thick ring or short piece of strong brass tubing
(that is, tubing the metal of which is thick in substance compared
with the diameter of the tube), the internal diameter of the said short
piece of tubing being slightly greater than the diameter of the stem
or body of the nail. The body of the nail is supported in a pair of
clams, the upper end of the said body on which the head is to be
fixed projecting above the said clams. The short piece of tubing of
which the head is to be made being placed on the projecting part
of the body, pressure is applied by means of a die and press, and the
short piece of tubing is compressed thereby into a head of a hemispherical
figure, the upper part of the ring or opening in the tube being closed
over the top of the body, and the said ring or tube being at the same
time and by the same operation compressed and fixed upon the end of
the nail and pressed into the required form.
Instead of making the ring of which the head is to be made from
tubing, it may be cut out from strong sheet metal in the way in
which metal washers are cut, or it may be made in any other con-
venient way.
Instead of making the head from rings or short picces of tubing, as
described, pieces having a cup-like figure may be employed, the said
cupped pieces being made by preference by machinery constructed as
follows: The said machinery consists of a pair of gripping dies closing
upon and gripping the end of the rod or piece of wire from which
the cup-like pieces are to be made. The said rod or wire is fed into
the said gripping dies while they are in their open position. After

page_text: having closed upon and gripped the said wire the said gripping dies
descend, cutting the piece of wire gripped between them against a fixed
cutter. By the descent of the said gripping dies the cut-off piece of
wire is brought opposite to a tool or punch having motion in the
direction of the axis of the wire. The acting part of the tool or
punch is a peg of the size and figure of the interior of the cup to be
made. The said tool or punch advancing forms the hollow or cup
in the gripped piece of wire. It then retires and the gripping dies
rise to their original position. The said dies open and the rod or wire
being fed into them the formed cup-shaped piece is pushed out and tho
operations described are repeated.
The machinery by which the head is fixed on the body of the nail or
article is such as is commonly used for other like purposes.
Although we have described a hemispherical head yet the head may
; be made of any other figuro.
When ornamental heads are required the ornament may be impressed
on the head at the same time as the head is made, and by the same
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Abel Stokes and Frederick Joseph Stokes in the
Great Seal Patent Office on the 22nd January 1875.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, wė, ABEL
STOKES, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick, Manufacturer,
and FREDERICK JOSEPH STOKES, of Birmingham aforesaid, Manager
of Works, send greeting.
:
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing dato the. Thirty-first day of July, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight-hundred and seventy-four, in the
thirty-eighth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and suc-
cessors, give and grant unto us, the said Abel Stokes and Frederick
Joseph Stokes, Her special license that we, tho said Abel Stokes and
-

page_text: •
(that is, tubing the metal of which is thick in substance compared
with the diameter of the tube), the internal diameter of the said short
piece of tubing being slightly greater than the diameter of the stem
or. body of the nail. The body of the nail is supported in a pair of
clams, the upper end of the said body on which the head is to be
fixed projecting above the said clams. The short piece of tubing of
which the head is to be made being placed on the projecting part
of the body, pressure is applied by means of a die and press, and the
short piece of tubing is compressed thereby into a head of a hemi-
spherical figure, the upper part of the ring or opening in the tube
being closed over the top of the body, and the said ring or tube being
at the same time and by the same operation compressed and fixed upon
the end of the nail and pressed into the required form.
Instead of making the ring of which the head is to be made from
tubing, it may be cut out from strong sheet metal in the way in
which metal washers are cut, or it may be made in any other con-
venient way.
Instead of making the head from rings or short pieces of tubing, as
described, pieces having a cup-like figure may be employed, the said
cupped pieces being made by preference by machinery constructed as
follows:-The said machinery consists of a pair of gripping dies closing
upon and gripping the end of the rod or piece of wire from which
the cup-like pieces are to be made. The said rod or wire is fed into
the said gripping dies while they are in their open. position. The said
dies having closed upon and gripped the wire between them the piece
of wire is brought opposite a drill or indenting tool having motion in
the direction of the axis of the wire. The said drill or tool advancing
forms the hollow or cup in the gripped piece of wire. It then retires
and a moveable cutter advances and cuts off the piece of wire so drilled
or indented. The said dies then open and the rod or wire being pushed
forward the proper distance the cup-shaped piece is pushed out and the
operations described are repeated.
:
The machinery by which the head is fixed on the body of the nail or
article is such as is commonly used for other like purposes.
- ''
be made of any other figure.

page_text: When ornamental heads are required the ornament may be impressed
on the head at the same time as the head is made, and by the same
tools.
The articles to which our Invention is specially applicable are nails,
bolts, pins, screws, rivets, and studs.
Having explained the nature of our Invention, we will proceed to
describe, with reference to the accompanying Drawings, the manner in
which the same is to be performed.
Figure 1 represents in side elevation, plan, and section, a thick ring
or short piece of tubing of brass or other metal from which the head of
a nail is to be made; Figure 2 represents the said thick ring or short
piece of tubing, Figure 1, marked a, placed on the flattened end of the
stem or body 6 of the nail, the combined shank or stem and thick ring
being held in a pair of clams, the ring a projecting from the said clams.
When so held pressure is applied by means of a pair of dies and a press,
and the short piece of tubing a is compressed and fashioned into a head
and fixed on the stem b, as illustrated in Figure 3. By the operation of
the said dies and press the upper part or opening in the short piece of
tubing a is closed over the top of the body or stem b, and the said piece
of tubing at the same timo compressed and fixed on the said stem and
shaped into the required form.
The rings Figure 1 may be made by cutting them from thick shect
metal instead of from tubing. Or cupped picces may be cut out and
shaped from thick sheet metal.
Figures 4, 5, and 6, represent rings or cupped pieces made from
strong sheet metal by a cutting out and drawing through process, that
is, strong sheet metal is fed to a pair of cutting out tools or combined
cutting out and drawing through tools, by the operation of which tools
a disk is cut out and cupped. Or the cutting out and cupping may be
effected by separate operations instead of at one operation. The cupped
pieces, Figures 4 and 5, aro fitted for the making of ornamental heads.
Figure 7 represents a finished nail having a head made from tho
cupped piece, Figure 6, in the manner before described.
Figure 8 represents a cupped piece made by a turning process or
pressing process from wire by means of the machinery herein-after
described.

page_text: Figure 9 represents in section, and Figure 10 in elevation, a nail
having an ornamental head, the said head being made from the cupped
piece, Figure 8. In Figures 9 and 10, the end of the stem or body b
upon which the head a is fixed is cylindrical instead of being flattened
as in Figure 2, and in the said cylindrical head a notch a² is made, into
which notch the metal of the cupped piece a is forced by the compressing
and shaping operation.
"
Figure 11 represents in plan a machine for making the cupped pieces,
Figure 8, by a turning or pressing process from rods or wire.
'
:
Figure 12 represents in vertical longitudinal section the feeding and
holding parts of the machine drawn to a larger scale.
Figure 13 represents an elevation of the feeding slide, and Figure 14
represents an end elevation of the rotating spindle of the machine and
the gripping or holding tools.
5. Figure 15 represents an elevation of one of the gripping tools
separately.
The same letters of reference indicate the same parts in Figures 11
to 15.
d is the cylindrical wire or rod to be fed into the machine from which
O rod or wire the cupped pieces are made. The said wire d is fed through
the feeding slide c, carrying the gripping jaws e, e, and also through the
rotating spindle f, by which a rotatory motion is given to the said wire.
The gripping jaws e, e, are opened and closed so as to grip and release
the wire at the proper times by the sliding collar carrying the set
5 screws h, h. When the collar g is in the position represented in the
Drawing the set screws / bear upon the serrated ends of the jaws e, e,
and cause them to close upon and grip the wire d. When the slide g is
moved in the direction of the arrow, Figure 12, the ends of the set
screws are brought opposite depressions in the jaws e, and the said
O jaws are free to open to release the wire for another feed. The slide g
for operating the gripping jaws e, e, is worked by the lever, and the
said lever i is actuated by a double cam at on the cam shaft & acting
alternately on one or other side of the arm of the said lever. The
reciprocating motion of the feeding slide c is effected by the lever 1, the
5 forked end of which engages with the collar c³ on the said slide, the said
lever being moved in one direction by the face m² of the box cam m.
i

page_text: and in the other direction by the coiled spring . The wire d is gripped
at its end d³ by the pair of forceps or spring gripping tools n, n, (see
Figure 12), one of which is shown in Figure 15. The said gripping
tools n, n, are fixed by their inner ends to the collar p sliding on the
hollow rotating spindle f. After the wire has been fed the required 5
distance through the nose of the rotating spindle f, the slide p-advances
and by its motion pushes the gripping tools n, n, in the hollow spindle f,
and by the conicial nose ends of the said gripping tools n working
against the internal conical nose of the said spindle f the said ends of
the gripping tools are closed upon and made to grip the wire while the 10
cutting off and drilling operations are performed upon the protruding
end d³ of the wire. The slide p for working the gripping tools n is
operated by the lever q through the box cam m. Rotatory motion is
given to the spindle and through the said spindle to the wire d, by
means of a band from the driving pulley » passing over the pulley s on 1
the said spindle f, and the rotatory motion of the spindle ƒ is imparted
to the feeding slide c and parts carried by it by means of the driver t.
u is the cutting tool for cutting off the cup-like piece from the end of
the wire after it has been drilled or indented by the drill w, and v is a
second cutter for bevilling the head end of the cupped piece. These 20
cutters u, v, are carried by the levers u³, v³, and are worked by the
cams u³, v³, on the cam shaft k. These cutters and levers resemble
those used in screw cutting machinery. The drill w by which the end
of the wire is indented or cupped is carried by the slide x, and the latter
is advanced so as to press the drill into contact with the end d³ of the 2
rotating wire d by the lever y operated upon by the cam y' on the cam
shaft.k. The return motion of the lever y and drill slide x is effected by
the spring y³.
The cam shaft k is driven from the driving shaft carrying
the pulley r by the train of toothed wheels at z.
Instead of cutting or indenting the end of the wire by a drill, a cut- 30
off piece of wire held in the holders may be indented by the action of an
advancing tool or punch.
Having now described the nature of our Invention and the manner in
which the same is to be performed, wo wish it to be understood that we
do not limit ourselves to the precise details herein described and illustrated, 8
as the same may be varied without departing from the nature of our
Invention, but we claim as our Invention,-
First. The improvements in the manufacture of those kinds of nails,

page_text: bolts, pins, screws, rivets, and other articles in which the heads are
made of a metal or alloy different from that of which the bodies or stems
are made, herein-before described and illustrated in Figures 1 to 10, both
inclusive, of the accompanying Drawings, that is to say, making the
brass or copper heads or heads of other metal or alloy of the said nails.
and articles from thick rings or short pieces of tubing or from cupped
pieces made from sheet metal or made by a turning or pressing process
or otherwise made, the said rings or pieces of tubing or cupped pieces
being compressed, fashioned, and fixed upon the ends of the bodies or
stems of the nails or articles by dies, and pressure or percussion,
substantially as described and illustrated.
Secondly. The improvements in machinery to be used in the manu-
facture of cupped pieces from which the heads of nails and other like
articles are to be made, herein-before described and illustrated in
Figures 11 to 15, both inclusive, of the accompanying Drawings, that is
to say, the combinations or arrangements of parts for feeding and
gripping the wire or rod from which the cupped pieces are to be made,
for drilling or indenting the end of the wire, and for cutting off and
bevilling the drilled or indented wire to form the cupped pieces,
substantially as described and illustrated.
In witness whereof, we, the said Abel Stokes and Frederick Joseph
Stokes, have hereunto set our hands and seals, this Twenty-first
day of January, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight
hundred and seventy-five.