IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRIC LIGHTING APPARATUS AND IN THE MEANS FOR GENERATING, ! I. REGULATING, DISTRIBUTING AND MEASURING THE ELECTRIC CURRENTS
Year: 1883

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Jean Louis Clerc of Nelson's Hotel Great Portland
Street Middlesex Civil Engineer for an Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS
IN ELECTRIC LIGHTING APPARATUS AND IN THE MEANS FOR GENERATING,
! I.
REGULATING, DISTRIBUTING AND MEASURING THE ELECTRIC CURRENTS" J.L
2
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Jean Louis Clere at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 13th July 1883.
JEAN LOUIS CLERC, of Nelson's Hotel, Great Portland Street, in the County of
Middlesex, Civil Engineer "IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRIC LIGHTING APPARATUS
AND IN THE MEANS FOR GENERATING, REGULATING, DISTRIBUTING AND MEASURING
THE ELECTRIC CURRENTS
"
My improvements consist in their relation to machines for generating electric
currents in constructing the bobbins or coils of "Paccinotti" shape in order to
allow the use of powerful inducting currents. The use of these currents being one
of the causes of the increased efficiency in the production of electricity; as it
allows the reduction of the quantity of the inducted wire and thus reduces the
internal resistance for given electro motive force in the external circuit, the
result being also a reduction of cost in the manufacture of the machines."
"
The Paccinotti ring as is well known is made of a series of wires parallel to the
axle forming a series of bobbins parted by soft iron projections; this soft iron may
be solid for continuous currents in which the alternations do not reach 400 per
minute, but cannot be used for alternating for the particular currents would
produce a disastrous heat. In order to make use of such projectures with alter-
nating currents they must be made of thin flat pieces parallel to the motion and
even then it can only be made use of for a weak magnetic field similar to those of
magneto-electric machines which are unfavourable for good efficiency.
To construct bobbins similar to Paccinotti ones, which allow the use of powerful
inducting currents and connect the advantages of those bobbins which give good-
results because they add the currents produced by the magnetic attraction to
those produced by the passage of the wires parallel to the axle in a magnetic field,
proceed as follows:-
2

page_text: I avoid the particular currents by the use of soft iron made of insulated annealed
iron wire placed cross wise to the axle i.c. in the direction of the rotation.
To give the soft iron projections the horse-shoe shape they are formed on a
wooden mandril (Fig 1) made in two pieces P. The insulated wire is coiled in
various thicknesses on the above mandril according to the power of the inductor;
between each layer of the coil a coating of glue is applied in order to consolidate
the coil and the sides are then hammered in order to compel the wire to take the
proper form. On the length of the bobbin enclosed in the wire small squares E
are fixed (Fig 2) made of narrow iron to prevent their becoming hot. On these
strips we fix the pieces S (Fig 3) which are made of some insulating material such
as vulcanised fibre, ebonite or wood, etc. of sufficient strength and which are
attached by means of the screws V.
I fix on the same small tongues to form an external groove with the shape and
size of the internal groove formed by the soft iron. When the glue is perfectly
dry and the bobbin perfectly consolidated it is sawn through the centre and forms
the horse shoe shaped half bobbin ; then the wire forming the, induct of the machine
is wound into the grooves.
The armature will be composed of a series of these bobbins equal in number to
the magnets or multiples of that number thus shewing that the bobbins possess the
advantages of the Paccinotti type; but owing to the core being made of iron wire
and arranged parallel to the motion and also the insulating cheeks, no molecular
current will be produced which become such a nuisance by the heat they produce,
as by the power that they require.
The armature will be made by the expanding of soft iron cores.fixed in a
parallel line to the axle of the machine. The same expanding will correspond to
several cores.
The maximum power is obtained from the magnets; and in order to avoid a
large expense for wire the cores will be wound either as shewn in Fig 4 or as in
Fig 5.
The magnets or the armature may be made moveable at liberty. In most cases
the armature will be fixed and the magnets made equal in number to the bobbins
in order to allow the latter to be joined or connected in one single circuit.
Every bobbin has the two ends connected with a commutator, and all the
terminals being side by side their connection is rendered very easy. In order to
secure great safety in the action of the machine each bobbin is insulated separately
to avoid short circuiting the machine by the frame; thus by fixing the bobbins
through the insulating cheeks, the repairs can be easily made although the machine
be at work, if it becomes out of order.
1
In case of repair to the armature the magnets will be taken out either separately
or by taking away the two half plates to which they are fixed. By unscrewing
two half plates on the same side of the spindle each half of the inducted part can
be taken away at once and the armature easily repaired. Special fastenings being
provided for this purpose. The machine is fitted with special bearings see Fig 6.
in order to economise the oil. The bottom of the spindle will always be running
in the oil and two rings will carry the oil at the top of the spindle. Three
grooves turned in the shaft force the oil to return into the bearing.
The bearings are of lengthened form allowing the use of pulleys with the centre
a little outside. An iron wedge is fitted with a means for adjustment to prevent
the wearing of the bearing on the driving side. A belt stretching appliance is
also provided.
To carry or convey the current of the armature I use either two brushes rubbing
on two cylinders connected with the ends of the armature or two iron discs
plunging into two mercury cups which receive the exciting current.
When I wish to make a continuous current machine I proceed as follows:-The
armature consists of a series of small electros on a tier small bobbins Fig 7 which
are parallel to the axle.. Each end of the electro wires or bobbin wires is fixed to.
the corresponding division of a collector of the Paccinotti type.
2.

page_text: By means of two brushes B. B fixed on the same diameter arrives the exciting
current supplied by the machine itself or a separate exciter. Under the action of
that current two poles are formed in the armature the top half being for instance
the North and the lower the South. By this means two poles are obtained in
constant motion and a continuous motion of the lines of force although the axles of
those poles remain always in the same position.
It is known that if a pole is moved opposite a coil of which the wires are
parallel to axle of the motion, the current which will be produced remains of the
same quality as long as the pole moves in the same direction. This disposition
will produce in my arrangement of bobbins a continuous current. The shape of
the magnets will be slightly altered because magnetic attraction is of no more use.
The iron score will be shortened or disappear by more or less sawing the two ends
of the iron horse-shoe (Fig 3.)
My machine will be subdivided by which I mean that on the same machine one
will be able to take a number of circuits equal to the number of bobbins or coils of
the magnets, each of which will be made independent of the other. The part
fixed on the radius of the brushes will be suppressed and the spare place will be
cut to divide the plate in two parts. Part of the machine may be shunted to
excite itself.
My burner or lamp for lighting purposes is of the following construction.
(Fig 8)
I fix a series of pairs of almost parallel carbon pencils in a line. These may be
either connected or not by some suitable composition. The carbons must not be
fixed exactly parallel to each other, but slightly inclined so as to ensure the
distance between them becoming gradually increased with the shortening of the
carbons, and thus compensate by means of the increased resistance of the are the
decrease of resistance due to the consumption of the carbons.
On the same plane is adjusted a carbon rod moving round an axle perpindicular
to the line of carbon pencils in such a manner that it will touch each pair of
carbon pencils successively according to their wearing away, thus every time that
the carbon rod falls down it will light up one pair of carbons. To move the
carbon rod (which is firstly equilibrated to render its motion as easy as possible) a
small lever actuated by an electro magnet or solenoid moves the rod so long as it,
touches one of the pairs of carbon pencils. The rod is adjusted with a little play
on its spindle so as to allow it to move freely and touch the two carbons. The
small lever will drop down by the action of a counter-weight and will cause the
carbon rod to drop when the current is cut off.
As soon as the current passes through the two carbons in contact with the
carbon rod it will pass at the same time through the electro-magnet and the
carbon rod will be raised and thus the arc will be maintained 'between the two
carbon pencils and kept alight.
When a pair of carbon pencils is nearly burnt off the current will be carried
automatically from one pair of candles to the other by the following arrangement.
(Fig. 8.)
At the bottom end of carbon on one of the lines of carbon pencils, are screwed
adjustable copper points, which are in contact with the other line of carbon pencils..
When a pair of carbon pencils is worn out the flame touches the nearest copper
point, the current then passes through the screw and the current no longer passing.
through the electro-magnet the carbon rod drops down. It then touches a pair of
carbons, suppresses the current passing through the screw which then passes through
the electro-magnet and the carbon raises again at the same time lighting the pair
of carbons.
In order to be able to place a large number on the same circuit and avoid a
badly acting lamp which would prevent the others lighting I fix a safety switch
on each lamp. This safety switch which is shewn in the accompanying drawings
by Figs 10 is of the following description.
A solenoide carrying a fork of which both ends are plunging into two insulated

page_text: mercury cups. At the bottom end of one of the forks a small piece of wood forms
a plunger which makes the instrument very sensitive so that a weak current put
in the circuit compels the instrument to act.
At first the current passes through the resistance, the fork being down, but as
soon as the connection is made between the two carbons the current passes through
the solenoid of the safety switch as a shunt on the resistance coil, the switch being
very sensitive the result is the fork is at once raised by the solenoid and all the
current passes through the lamps which are thereupon lighted:
If the lamp is not in proper working order the fork does not rise and the current
passes through the resistance coil, which if desired can be made equal to the
resistance of the lamp.
The Solenoid which moves the lighting pencil may if desired be put on the
safety switch resistance. In that case the carbon rod is risen when the current
ceases: The current then passing through the electro-magnet the carbon rod
comes in contact with a pair of carbons then the safety switch rises and the rod
assumes its first position; thus the power required by the electro magnet is saved.
(Fig 9)
My intensity regulator Fig 11 is composed of a solenoid actuated by a coil or
bobbin ordinarily fixed in the magnetic circuit. This solenoid moves a ring which
carries an helicoidal resistance, which is adjusted över a circular groove filled up
with mercury. The current is conveyed to the ring supporting the helicoid by by
means of the wire which plunges into a separated mercury cup and leaves the ring
by passing through the coils plunging in the mercury. The higher the ring the
longer is the resistance coil and the exciting current becomes more weakened by
the resistance and vice-versa.
The ring being placed in the armature circuit will make it weaker or stronger
according to the magnetic circuit. By this arrangement the variations in the
speed of the motor are compensated, and when the machine has one magnetic
circuit, as mine, the power required is reduced exactly in the ratio of the number
of lamps in operation..
If the machine is used in only one circuit I connect the coil and ring in tension.
But in that case I prefer to make the regulator act in another way. The ring will
be made of thin wire of high resistance and arranged in a shunt on the armature
circuit: The solenoid will be placed above the coil which will be in the magnetic
circuit. The spring or counteracting power which forces the solenoid above the
bobbin being constant, the ring will lower or descend when the current increases
and vice versa. When the crown lowers it reduces the shunted resistance which is
in the armature circuit and thus weakening the armature regulates the current.
In order to make a constant and highly sensitive counteracting power I use a
hard wooden piston plunging into mercury. In the first instance it does not
entirely raise the solenoid and in the second only slightly. To regulate the
apparatus small washers are placed on a small rod fixed to the solenoid. When
the bobbin is placed in a series circuit the wire is of the same guage in the bobbin
as on the magnets of the machine.
When I use the parallel system the bobbin is made of thin wire placed between
two larger wires; in which case the ring is placed in the exciting circuit.
The extreme regularity of the currents obtained by the use of the intensity
regulator is such that to measure the quantity of electricity supplied to a customer
I only want to ascertain the number of hours that the current has been used:
.
For that purpose I place in the circuit between the switch and the lamp a
small watch or other time piece which is stopped by means of a solenoid when the
current is cut off and starts again as soon as the current is put on; thus showing
the number of hours the current has been used. If there are several lamps in the
same place the meter is constructed in the following manner:
Instead of a small electro magnet I place a solenoid actuated by a shunt coil
placed on the circuit of all the lamps the result being, that the larger the number
of lamps in use the more the solenoid will rise and vice versa. In rising

page_text: the solenoid will release suitable clock work, which is is arranged to unroll a
continuous strip of paper, and by means of a pencil attached to the solenoid a
diagram will be traced thereon from which it will be seen the number of hours
during which a certain number of lamps have been in operation.
When the lighting is on the parallel system I place a solenoid on one of the
wires from the main line. The conditions will be the same as in the previous case
with the exception that thicker wire will have to be used on the coil.
In or to allow the user to control at any moment the power of his current I use
current indicators constructed in the following manner.
A coil or bobbin put in the circuit actuates a small soft iron cylinder which is
hinged at the end of a lever on a small spindle. The other end of the lever has!
an indicator or pointer attached to it, and shows on a quadrant dial the intensity.
of the current, the more powerful the current the higher the indicator will rise.
The instrument is constructed in the most sensitive manner, the figures on the,
dial being marked off by the aid of an electrometer. A cut off allows the
introduction of the meter in the circuit at liberty.
When secondary currents are use we use a generator of the following character
in order to allow of the maximum production being obtained. We make coils of
two wires of the same gauge painted in two different colours and wind them
parallel taking care that in the following layer and induced wire will be above an
inducing wire. In order to ensure the wires keeping their proper relative
positions we wind in the spaces or grooves between the two adjacent wires string
or wadding or an insulated iron wire to give the effect of a magnetic series see.
Fig 12. By this arrangement each inducing wire is enveloped by four induced
wires, which is the best manner of preventing noxious inductions. The bobbins
will not be made very long on account of allowing them to be grouped to utilize.
an inducing current of quantity or to produce an inducted current of quantity.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed
'by the said Jean Louis Clerc in the Patent Office on the 12th January
1884.
JEAN LOUIS CLERC of Nelson's Hotel Great Portland Street, Middlesex, Civil
Engineer "IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRIC LIGHTING APPARATUS AND IN 'THE MEANS
FOR GENERATING, REGULATING, DISTRIBUTING AND MEASURING THE ELECTRIC
CURRENTS"
.'
My improvements consist in their relation to machines for generating electric
currents in constructing the bobbins or coils of "Paccinotti" shape in order to
allow the use of powerful inducting currents the use of these currents being one of
the causes of the increased efficiency in the production of electricity as it allows
the reduction of the quantity of the inducted wire and thus reduces the internal.
internal resistance for a given électro-motive force in the external circuit, the
result being also a reduction of cost in the manufacture of the machines
The Paccinotti ring as is well known is made of a series of wires parallel to the
axle forming a series of bobbins parted by soft iron projections; this soft iron may
be solid for continuous currents in which the alternations do not reach 400 per
minute, but cannot be used for alternating for the particular currents would
produce a disastrous heat. In order to make use of such projections with
alternating currents they must be made of thin flat pieces parallel to the motion
and even then it can only be made use of for a weak magnetic field similar to those
of magneto electric machines which are unfavorable for good'efficiency.
To construct bobbins similar to Paccinotti ones, which allow the use of powerful
inducting currents and connect the advantages of these bobbins which give good.
results because they add the currents produced by the magnetic attraction to those
produced by the passage of the wires parallel to the axle in a magnetic field
I proceed as follows:-
I avoid the particular currents by the use of soft iron made of insulated
annealed iron wire placed crosswise to the axle ie in the the direction of the
rotation.
To give the soft iron projectious the horse shoe shape they are formed on a
wooden mandril (Fig: 1) made in two pieces P. The insulated wire is coiled in
various thicknesses on the above mandril according to the power of the inductor
between each layer of the coil a coating of glue is applied in order to consolidate
the coil and the sides are then hammered in order to compel the wire to take the
proper form on the length of the bobbin enclosed in the wire small squares E
are fixed (Fig 2) made of narrow iron to prevent their becoming hot. On these
strips we fix the pieces S (Figure 3) which are made of some insulating material
such as vulcanized fibre, ebonite or wood etc, of sufficient strength and which arc
attached by means of the screws V.
I fix on the same small tongues to form an external groove with the shape and
size of the internal groove formed by the soft iron. When the glue is perfectly dry
and the bobbin perfectly consolidated it is sawn through the centre and forms the
horse shoe shaped half bobbin, then the wire forming the induct of the machine is
wound into the grooves.
The armature will be composed of a series of these bobbins equal in number to
the magnets or multiples of that number, thus showing that the bobbins possess
the advantages of the Paccinotti type, but owing to the core being made of iron
wire and arranged parallel to the motion and also the insulating cheeks, no
molecular current will be produced which becomes such a nuisance by the heat
they produce as by the power that they require.

page_text: The armature will be made by the expanding of soft iron cores fixed in a parallel
line to the axle of the machine. The same expanding will correspond to several
cores..
The maximum power is obtained from the magnets and in order to avoid a large
expense for wire the cores will be wound either as shown in Figure 4 or as in
Figure 5:
The magnets or the armature may be made movable at liberty. In most cases
the armature will be fixed and the magnets made equal in number to the bobbins
in order to allow the latter to be joined or connected in one single circuit.
Every bobbin has the two ends connected with a commutator, and all the.
terminals being side by side their connection is rendered very easy. In order to
secure great safety in the action of the machine each bobbin is insulated separately
to avoid short circuiting the machine by the frame; thus by fixing the bobbins
through the insulating cheeks the repairs can be easily made although the machine,
be at work, if it becomes out of order.
In case of repair to the armature the magnets will be taken out either separately
or by taking away the two half plates to which they are fixed. By unscrewing
two half plates on the same side of the spindle each half of the inducted part can
be taken away at once and the armature easily repaired special fastenings being
provided for this purpose. The machine is fitted with special bearings see Figure 6
in order to economise the oil. The bottom of the spindle will always be running.
in the oil and two rings will carry the oil at the top of the spindle. Three grooves
turned in the shaft force the oil to return into the hearing.
The bearings are of lengthened form allowing the use of pulleys with the centre
a little outside. An iron wedge is fitted with a means for adjustment to prevent
the wearing of the bearing on the driving side. A belt stretching appliance is also'
provided.
To carry or convey the current of the armature I use either two brushes rubbing
on two cylinders connected with the ends with the armature or two irons discs.
plunging into two mercury cups which receive the exciting current.
When I wish to make a continuous current machine, I proceed as follows:-
The armature consists of a series of small electros, on a tier small bobbins Fig: 7
which are parallel to the axle. Each end of the electro wires or bobbin wires is
fixed to the corresponding division of a collector of the Paccinotti type. -
By means of two brushes B B fixed on the same diameter arrives the exciting
current supplied by the machine itself or a separate exciter. Under the action of'
the currents two poles are formed in the armature the top half being for instance
the North and the lower the South. By this means two poles are obtained in
constant motion and a continuous motion of the lines of force although the axles
of those poles remain always in the same position.
It is known that if a pole is moved opposite a coil of which the wires are
parallel to axle of the motion, the current which will be produced remains of the
same quality as long as the pole moves in the same direction... This disposition
will produce in my arrangement of bobbins a continuous current. The shape of
the magnets will be slightly altered because magnetic attraction is of no more use.
The iron score will be shortened or disappear by more or less sawing the two ends
of the iron horse shoe (Fig 3).
My machine will be subdivided by which I mean that on the same machine
one will be able to take a number of circuits equal to the number of bobbins or
coils of the magnet each of which will be made independent of the other. The
part fixed on, the radius of the brushes will be suppressed and the spare place will
be cut to divide the plate in two parts. Part of the machine may be shunted to,
excite itself.
My burner or lamp for lighting purposes is of the following construction (Fig. 8)
I fix a series of pairs of almost parallel carbon pencils in a line:
either connected or not by some suitable composition. The carbons
fixed exactly, parallel to each other, but slightly inclined so as
These may be
must not be
to ensure the
RIT

page_text: distance between them becoming gradually increased with the shortening of the
carbons, and thus compensate by means of the increased resistance of the arc the
decrease of resistance due to the consumption of the carbons.
Or the same plane is adjusted, a carbon rod moving round an axle perpendicular
to the line of carbon pencils in such a manner that it will touch each pair of carbon
pencils successively according to their wearing away, thus every time that the
carbon rod falls down it will light up one pair of carbons. To move the carbon.
rod (which is firstly equilibrated to render its motion as easy as possible) a small
lever actuated by an electro magnet or solenoid moves the rod so long as it touches
one of the pairs of carbon pencils. The rod is adjusted with a little play on its
spindle so as to allow it to move- freely and touch the two carbons. The small
lever will drop down by the action of a counterweight and will cause the carbon.
rod to drop, when the current is cut off.
As soon as the current passes through the two carbons in contact with the
carbon rod it will pass at the same time through the electro magnet and the carbon
rod will be raised and thus the arc will be maintained between the two carbon
pencils and keep alight.
When a pair of carbon pencils is nearly burnt off the current will be carried
automatically from one pair of candles to the other by the following arrangement
(Fig: 8.)
At the bottom end of carbon on one of the lines of carbon pencils are screwed
adjustable copper points which are in contact with the other line of carbon pencils.
When a pair of carbon pencils is worn out, the flame touches the nearest copper
point, the current then passes through the screw and the current no longer passing
through the electro magnet the carbon rod drops down. It then touches a pair of
carbons, suppresses the current passing through the screw which then passes
through the electro magnet and the carbon raises again at the same time lighting
the pair of carbons.
In order to be able to place a large number on the same circuit and avoid a
badly acting lamp which would prevent the others lighting I fix a safety switch on
each lamp. This safety switch which is shown in the accompanying drawings by
Figure 10 is of the following description.
A solenoid carrying a fork of which both ends are plunging into two insulated
mercury cups at the bottom end of one of the forks a small piece of wood forms a
plunger which makes the instrument very sensitive so that a weak current put in
the circuit compels the instrument to act.
At first the current passes through the resistance, the fork being down but as
soon as the connection is made between the two carbons the current passes through
the solenoid of the safety switch as a shunt on the resistance coil, the switch being
very sensitive the result. is the fork is at once raised by the solenoid and all the
current passes through the lamps which are thereupon lighted.
If the lamp is not in proper working order the fork does not rise and the current
passes through the resistance coils, which if desired can be made equal to the
resistance of the lamp.
The solenoid which moves the lighting pencil may if desired be put on the
safety switch resistance. In that case the carbon rod is risen when the current
ceases. The current then passes through the electro magnet the carbon rod comes
in contact with a pair of carbons then the safety switch rises and the rod assumes
its first position; thus the power required by the electro magnet is saved
(Figure 9).
My intensity regulator Figure 11 is composed of a solenoid actuated by a coil
or bobbin ordinarily fixed in the magnetic circuit. This solenoid moves a ring
which carries an helicoidal resistance which is adjusted over a circular groove filled
up with mercury. The current is conveyed to the ring supporting the helicoid
by means of the wire which plunges into a separated mercury cup and leaves the
ring by. passing through the coils plunging in the mercury. The bigher the ring

page_text: hore weakened by
the longer is the resistance coil and the exciting circuit becomes more
the resistance and vice versa.
The ring being placed in the armature circuit will make it weaker or stronger
according to the magnetic circuit. By this arrangement the variations, in the
speed of the motor are compensated and when the machine has one magnetic
circuit, as mine, the power required is reduced exactly in the ratio of the number
of lamps in operation.
If the machine is used in only one circuit I connect the coil and ring in tension.
But in that case I prefer to make the regulator act in another way. The ring
will be made of thin wire of high resistance and arranged in a shunt on the
armature circuit. The solenoid will be placed above the coil which will be in the
magnetic circuit. The spring or counteracting power which forces the solenoid
above the bobbin being constant, the ring will lower or descend when the current
increases and vice versa. When the crown lowers it reduces the shunted resistance
which is in the armature circuit and thus weakening the armature regulates the
current. In order to make a constant and highly sensitive counteracting power.
I use a hard wooden piston plunging into mercury. In the first instance it does
not entirely raise the solenoid and in the second very slightly. To regulate the
apparatus small washers are placed in a small rod fixed to the solenoid. When the
bobbin is placed in a series circuit the wire is of the same gauge in the bobbin as
in the magnets of the machine.
When I use the parallel system the bobbin is made of thin wire placed between
two larger wires in which case the ring placed in the exciting circuit.
The extreme regularity of the currents obtained by the use of the intensity
regulator is such that to measure the quantity of electricity supplied to a
customer I only want to ascertain the number of hours that the current has been
used.
For that purpose I place in the circuit between the switch and the lamp a small
watch or other time piece which is stopped by means of a solenoid when the
current is cut off and starts again as soon as the current is put on thus showing
the number of hours the currents has been used. If there are several lamps in the
same place the meter is constructed in the following manner.
Instead of a small electro magnet I place a solenoid actuated by a shunt coil
placed in the circuit of all the lamps the result being that the larger the number
of lamps in use the more the solenoid will rise and vice versa. In rising the
solenoid will release suitable clock work which is arranged to unroll a continuous
strip of paper, and by means of a pencil attached to the solenoid a diagram will
be traced thereon from which it will be seen the number of hours during which a
certain number of lamps have been in operation.
When the lighting is on the parallel system I place a solenoid on one of the wires
from the main line. The conditions will be the same as in the previous case with
the exception that thicker wire will have to be used on the coil.
In order to allow the user to control at any moment the power of his current I
use current indicators constructed in the following manner.
A coil or bobbin put in the circuit actuates a small soft iron cylinder which is
hinged at the end of a lever on a small cylinder. The other end of the lever has
an indicator or pointer attached to it and shows on a quadrant dial the intensity
of the current the more powerful the current the bigher the indicator will rise.
The instrument is constructed in the most sensitive manner the figures on the dial
being marked off by the aid of an electrometer. A cut off allows the introduction
of the meter in the current at liberty.
When secondary currents are used we use a generator of the following character
in order to allow of the maximum production being robtained. We make coils of
two wires of the same gauge painted in two different colors and wind them parallel
taking care that in the following layer an inducted wire will be above an inducing
wire. In order to ensure the wires keeping their proper relative positions we
wind in the spaces or grooves between the two adjacent wires string or wadding

page_text: D
or an insulated iron wire to give the effect of a magnetic series see Figure 12. By
this arrangement each inducing" wire is enveloped by four induced wires which is
the best manner of preventing noxious inductions. The bobbins will not be madé
very long on account of allowing them to be grouped to utilize an inducing current
of quantity or to produce an inducted current of quantity.
I. I
Having now fully described the nature of my invention and in what manner the
same may be performed.
I. claim
Constructing apparatus for the purposes herein described as substantially set
forth and illustrated.
2018
In witness whereof I, the said Jean Louis Clerc have hereunto set my hand
and Seal this thirteenth day of January A.D. 1884.
AT