IMPROVEMENTS IN OPERATING UPON CERTAIN ORGANIC BODIES OR SUBSTANCES, IN ORDER TO OBTAIN PRODUCTS OR MATERIALS THEREPROM FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CANDLES AND OTHER PURPOSES
Year: 1842

page_text: TO ALL
M THESE
we,
ILLIAM
COLEY JONES, of Vauxhall Terrace, in the County of Surrey, Practical Chemist,
and GEORGE FERGUSSON WILSON, of Vauxhall, in the same County, Gentleman,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at
Westminster, the Eighth day of December, in the sixth year of Her reign,
did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto us, the said
William Coley Jones and George Fergusson Wilson, our executors, adminis-
trators, and assigns, Her especial licence, full power, sole privilege and
authority, that we, the said William Coley Jones and George Fergusson
Wilson, our executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as we, the said
William Coley Jones and George Fergusson Wilson, our executors, adminis-
trators, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to
time and at all times thereafter during the term of years therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within England,
Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and in the Islands of Jersey,
Guernsey, Alderney, Sark, and Man, and also in all Her said Majesty's Colonies
and Plantations abroad, our Invention of IMPROVEMENTS IN OPERATING UPON
CERTAIN ORGANIC BODIES OR SUBSTANCES, IN ORDER TO OBTAIN PRODUCTS OR
MATERIALS THEREPROM FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CANDLES AND OTHER PURPOSES; "
in which said Letters Patent is contained a proviso requiring us, the said
William Coley Jones and George Fergusson Wilson, particularly to describe

page_text: and ascertain the nature of our said Invention, and in what manner the same
is to be performed, by an instrument in writing under our hands and seals
or under the hand and seal of one of us, and to cause the same to be enrolled
in Her said Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar months
next and immediately after the date of the said in part recited Letters Patent
as in and by the same (reference being thereunto had) will more fully and at
large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, we, the said
William Coley Jones and George Fergusson Wilson, do hereby declare that
the nature of our said Invention, and the manner in which the same is to be
performed, are fully and particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement thereof (that is to say):-
Our Invention relates principally to the class or classes of organic bodies or
substances, comprising animal and vegetable fats, and fixed oils and bodies
derived therefrom, such as tallow oil, tallow, whale oil, palm oil, and other
fatty and oily bodies.
The first part of our Invention consists in a method of operating upon
fatty and oily bodies, by subjecting the same to the action of sulphurous acid
gas, as herein after described, and distilling and pressing the products so ob-
tained; and we would here state, that we are aware that certain fatty and
oily bodies have been already treated by combining sulphuric acid therewith,
and especially that processes of this description are described in the Specifi-
cations of certain Patents severally granted to George Gwynne and George
Deliauson Clark; but it will be found that in the processes so described, the
sulphuric acid was caused to act at a low temperature, and that precautions
were taken, by rapid agitation and otherwise, to prevent the heating of the
bodies operated upon. Now, although one form of this first part of our Inven-
tion includes the combining of concentrated sulphuric acid with fatty and oily
bodies, we apply the same, with suitable arrangements, for causing and in-
creasing the action, which was prevented in the former processes, and thereby
subjecting the fatty and oily bodies to the action of sulphurous acid gas, which
is developed by heat, by which means effects greatly dissimilar from those of
the above-mentioned processes result, and certain black or very dark coloured
products are obtained, whichare distilled in order to obtainuseful products there-
from; and we give this explanation in order to observe, that we do not claim
the combining of sulphuric acid generally with fatty or oily bodies, unless
subsequently distilled with steam or water, as herein-after described, or unless
the sulphuric acid beso combined with the fatty or oily bodies as to act thereon
when converted into sulphurous acid gas, and the bodies operated upon by the

page_text: latter process be subsequently distilled. And in order that the first part of
our Invention may be clearly understood, and readily carried into effect, we will
proceed to describe, by way of example, the means which we pursue in
applying it to the more liquid acid product, which is obtained in the manu-
facture of stearic acid, and is known in commerce by the name of tallow oil,
and also to tallow, palm oil, and whale oil. We place any convenient quantity
of the fatty body operated upon (suppose, for instance, one hundredweight of
tallow oil, tallow, palm oil, or whale oil) in a vessel made of, or lined with, a
material not liable to be much affected by sulphuric acid, preferring one of
earthenware, and we then pour in very gradually about one third by weight
(in this case about thirty-seven pounds) of concentrated sulphuric acid (that
which we use being of 18 specific gravity), first melting the body operated
upon if not already liquid. The combined matters are then well stirred until
perfectly incorporated together, after which they are subjected for a con-
siderable period (preferring a period of about thirty-six hours) to the action of
a degree of heat sufficient to cause sulphurous acid gas to be evolved. We
apply the heat by means of a coil of steam pipes placed at the bottom of a
tub of water, in which the earthenware vessel containing the matter under
process is immersed, and, as far as our experience has gone, we find a heat of
about two hundred degrees of Fahrenheit to be the proper temperature. We
would here observe, that if the acid be poured suddenly into the fatty or oily
body, considerable heat will be produced, and also that the sulphurous acid
gas might be developed by suitable means in a separate vessel, and admitted
from thence into the fatty or oily body, but we prefer to operate in the manner
above described. We would here observe, that in the case of natural fats not
acidified, we prefer to allow them to remain for some hours (preferring twenty-
four hours) in contact with the sulphuric acid before applying heat to cause the
development of the gas. As some portion of the acid used will remain unchanged,
we have found it desirable to run in about ten gallons of water, heated to two
hundred degrees of Fahrenheit or thereabouts, and after thoroughly stirring the
mass together, to allow the acid water to settle from the fatty or oily body. The
water should be added very gradually, and, when removed, it may be used as
diluted acid for other purposes. The fatty or oily bodies operated upon by the
above-mentioned processes, or subjected by other suitable means to the action of
sulphurous acid gas, are placed (in order to be washed or freed from adhering
acid) in a vessel provided with a steam worm, or other suitable arrangement
of perforated steam pipes placed upon the bottom of its inside, all which
apparatus is well known in operating upon oils and fats. About twenty-five
gallons of water are poured in, and free steam is then passed from the worm

page_text: or pipes through the mass for about an hour, after which the steam is shut
off, and the mixture is allowed to settle. The water, which with a portion of
of the acid will have settled to the bottom of the vessel, is then drawn off,
after which the matters are again boiled up for about an hour with about fifteen
gallons of fresh water acidulated with sulphuric acid, by means of free steam
as above mentioned, and the mixture is then allowed to settle. Having been
thus washed, the product obtained by and which is peculiar to this process
(and which will be found to be black) is submitted to distillation, for which
purpose we use a cast-iron or other suitable still, the lower part of which is
immersed in another cast-iron vessel of such dimensions as to leave a space of
about one inch in width between the vessels, which space is to be filled with
sand, and we admit a jet of steam into the still through a suitable pipe during
the continuance of the distillation. We would here observe, that fatty or oily
bodies may be subjected to the action of sulphurous acid gas by combining
therewith about ten per cent. or other suitable proportion of sulphuric acid, and
distilling the combined matters, but we prefer to operate in the manner above
described. We would also observe, that the dropping or gradual pouring of
water into the still may be substituted for the admission of steam, but we prefer
to use steam, and it will be found that by thus using steam or water the effect of
preventing the injurious action of atmospheric air upon the fatty or oily body
will be obtained. This effect may also be produced by distilling in a vacuum.
The fatty products of the distillation are condensed by means of a suitable
refrigerator, and the heat should be regulated according to the quickness or
slowness of the stream which flows from it. The fatty products as they come
over may be distinguished and kept separate according to their varieties of
color or consistence, and they are boiled up separately for six or eight hours
with water slightly acidulated with oxalic acid. Repeated distillation may be
used as a further means of purification before the last-mentioned process of
boiling. The purified matters are then allowed to cool very gradually in order
that they may become crystallized or granulated, after which they are placed
in portions of about the weight of fourteen pounds each between coir mats
in a manner well known, or otherwise inclosed or placed between surfaces of
a suitable woven fabric. They are then submitted to gradual pressure, in
separate layers, in a hydraulic or other suitable press, as is well understood,in
order to separate the more liquid portion thereof, and the more solid product
so obtained is again boiled up with diluted oxalic acid, as herein-before
explained, or diluted sulphuric acid may be used, after which the product can
be applied either alone or in combination with other substances to the manu-
facture of candles; or, without being pressed, the fatty product of the distilla-

page_text: tion may be employed alone, orin combination with other substances, according
to its consistence, in the manufacture of candles, or combined with soda or
potash for the manufacture of soap. In the case of some descriptions of oil,
particularly during the summer season, it may be desirable to bag (which is a
well-known process) previously to pressing.
The second part of our Invention consists in a method of operating with
nitric or nitrous acid or nitrous fumes upon those fatty and oily bodies which
consist of or contain oleine or oleic acid, not being drying oils. We would
here explain that we are aware that a Patent was granted to Edward Heard,
in the year One thousand eight hundred and nineteen,for a method of applying
the action of nitric acid to certain fatty bodies, together with processes of
pressing and bleaching the same, but such method has not come into use.
We are also aware that a Patent was granted to Charles Watt, in the year
One thousand eight hundred and thirty-six, the Specification of which describes
a method of using a very small quantity of nitric acid in combination with
other matters in the process of melting fat for the purpose of preparing tallow;
and we are also aware that certain expensive applications of nitric und nitrous
acids and nitrous fumes to almond and some other vegetable oils have been
published in chemical works, and we mention these facts in order to state that
we do not claim the treating of fatty or oily bodies with nitric or nitrous acid or
nitrous fumes generally, but the treating of such bodies therewith in combination
with suitable processes for purifying the same by previous distillation, or by
use of carbonated alkalies, and thereby rendering more efficient the action of
the acid or fumes, and improving the products thereof; or else in combina-
tion with suitable processes for converting the fatty or oily bodies, after having
been operated upon by the acid or fumes into fatty acids, and thereby obtaining
improved products which may be further improved by distillation; or else in
combination with suitable processes for removing from the bodies operated
upon by nitric or nitrous acid, or nitrous fumes, any acid or fumes which may
remain adhering thereto or combined therewith after the operation, or other-
wise purifying the bodies so operated upon, and fitting the same for useful
purposes, as herein-after described; or else for producing certain modified
effects on certain particular fatty and oily bodies, as herein-after explained.
And in order that this second part of our Invention may be clearly under-
stood and readily carried into effect, we will proceed to describe, by way of
example, the means which we pursue in applying it to tallow oil, tallow, palm
oil, and whale oil. We first distil the fatty body under process with a jet
of steam or with water, or in a vacuum, in a manner similar to that herein-
after described; or, with regard to natural fats, we proceed as follows:-

page_text: Where it is an object to avoid expensive processes, we take a hundred-
weight, say of tallow, and add thereto about three gallons of water,
with about four pounds of common carbonate of soda or carbonate of
potash. We then boil up the mass in a copper with fire heat for about
an hour, adding water (preferring distilled water, or water free from
earthy salts) from time to time, to supply the waste caused by evaporation.
The mixture is then removed, and boiled with about three times its bulk of
water, by means of free steam, for about ten minutes. It is then allowed to
remain at rest for about twelve hours, and at the end of that time the fat is
removed into another vessel, and boiled twice, with about three times its bulk
of water each time (preferring distilled water, or water free from carthy salts)
by means of free steam. We find the condensed water obtained in a manu-
factory where a steam boiler is used answers every purpose. After purifying
the fatty or oily body, by the above-mentioned or other suitable means, (which
is the mode we prefer,) or without such purification, we proceed as follows:-
For the purpose of operating upon a hundredweight of fatty or oily body, we
use about four pounds of the red fuming nitrous acid of commerce, specific
gravity 1.350, which we mix in an earthenware or other suitable vessel, with
about one sixth of its own weight of treacle; nitric acid of commerce may
be substituted, but we prefer the former. This mixture, after being thoroughly
incorporated by stirring, is poured into the body under process (which is to be
melted, if not already liquid) and thoroughly stirred up therewith. Heat is
then applied until the nitrous fumes are evolved. We apply the heat by
means of a coil of steam pipes, placed at the bottom of a tub of water, in
which theearthenware vessel containing the matterunder process is immersed.
Immediately on the distinct evolution of the nitrous fumes, we check the
operation by admitting about twenty gallons of cold water. Care should be
taken in this part of the operation that the action be not continued too long,
as we have found that the matter under process may be thereby discolored. A
violent agitation of the mass is kept up during the space of about two hours,
in order as far as possible to free the fatty or oily body under process from any
adhering acid or acid fumes, as otherwise we have found, on subsequently
boiling up the same with free steam, as herein-after mentioned, that dis-
coloration may take place. The fatty or oily bodies operated upon by the
above-mentioned processes, or subjected by other suitable means to the action
of nitric or nitrous acid or nitrous fumes, are placed, in order to be washed or
freed from adhering acid or fumes, in a vessel provided with a steam worm or
other suitable arrangement of perforated steam pipes, placed upon the bottom
of its inside, all which apparatus is well known in operating upon oils and fats.

page_text: About twenty-five gallons of water, in which is dissolved about one pound by
weight of common muriatic acid, and two ounces of oxalic acid, are poured in,
and free steam is then passed from the worm or pipes through the mass for
about an hour, after which the steam is shut off, and the mixture is allowed to
settle. The water, which with a portion of the acid will have settled to the
bottom of the vessel, is then drawn off, after which the matter is again
boiled up for about an hour, with about fifteen gallons of fresh water and
about two ounces of oxalic acid, by means of free steam, as above mentioned;
and the last-mentioned process is then again repeated. Having been thus
washed, the matter under process may be further purified, as herein-after
described, and then applied alone or in combination with other substances
according to its consistence, in the manufacture of candles; or it may be cou-
verted into acids, as herein-after described; or it may be combined with soda
or potash for the manufacture of soap. Salts of nitric, nitrous, or hyponitrous
acid might be also applied to the purpose of subjecting fatty bodies to the
action of nitrous fumes, but the method which we employ is that above
described. The product obtained as above mentioned, unless obtained from a
fatty or oily body already acidified, is saponified with lime or a suitable
alkaline agent, and the soap so formed decomposed with diluted sulphuric or
other suitable acid. And the fatty acids so obtained are washed with free
steam and water, and pressed, all which processes are effected by us in a manner
similar to that adopted in the manufacture of the stearic acid of tallow, which,
being well known,need not be described. Or we proceed as follows to obtain
the fatty acids: We treat the fatty or oily body under process with about one
fifth of its weight of concentrated sulphuric acid. If it be a fat, such as tallow,
which is being operated upon, it must be melted; and when the temperature has
sunk to about one hundred and five degree of Fahrenheit, the sulphuric acid
is to be very slowly added. If it be an oil, such as whale oil, no heat need be
applied. Constant agitation should in all cases be kept up while the acid is
being added to prevent the heating of the fatty or oily body; an hour should
be consumed in adding the acid, and the agitation should be kept up for half
an hour afterwards. At the end of this time a quantity of water about equal
in bulk to the fatty or oily body, and heated to about one hundred and twenty
degrees of Fahrenheit, if for tallow, (for whale oil cold water will do,) is to be
added, and well mixed by stirring, and the whole allowed to repose until next
day; the fatty or oily body is then removed into a vessel provided with a steam
worm or othersuitable arrangement of perforated pipes, and it is there repeatedly
boiled up with water, by means of free steam, to remove the sulphuric acid.
We use for each boiling about the same bulk of water as there is of the

page_text: fatty or oily body; we prefer, however, to obtain the fatty acids by saponification
and decomposition of the soap, as above mentioned. And we would hereexplain,
that we lay no claim to the above-mentioned processes for obtaining fatty acids,
the latter of which has been already described in the said Specification of the
said George Gwynne; but we only claim the application thereof to fatty aud
oily bodies previously operated upon by nitricor nitrous acid or nitrous fumes,
as herein explained. The fatty acids obtained by the above-mentioned or
other suitable means, from the fatty or oily body under process, are submitted
to pressure, or distillation and pressure, for which purpose we use a cast-iron
or other suitable still, the lower part of which is immersed in another cast-iron
vessel, of such dimensions as to leave a space of about an inch in width
between the vessels, which space is to be filled with sand, and we admit a jet
of steam into the still through a suitable pipe during the continuance of the
distillation. We would here observe, that the dropping or gradual pouring of
water into the still may be substituted for the admission of steam, but we
prefer to use steam, and it will be found that such use of steam or water
produces the effect of preventing the injurious action ofatmosphericair upon the
fatty or oily body; this effect may also be produced by distilling in a vacuum.
The fatty products of the last-mentioned distillation are condensed by means
of a suitable refrigerator, and the heat should be regulated according to the
quickness or slowness of the stream which flows from it. The fatty products,
which may be conveniently distinguished and kept separate according to their
varieties of color, are boiled up separately for six or eight hours with water
slightly acidulated with oxalic acid. Repeated distillation may be used as a
further means of purification before the last-mentioned process of boiling.
The purified matters are then allowed to cool very gradually, in order that they
may become crystallized or granulated, after which they are placed in portions
of about the weight of fourteen pounds each, between coir mats, in a manner
well known, or otherwise inclosed or placed between surfaces of a suitable
woven fabric; they are then submitted to gradual pressure in separate layers,
in a hydraulic or other suitable press, as is well understood, in order to separate
the more liquid portion thereof, and the more solid product so obtained is
again boiled up with diluted oxalic acid, as herein-before explained, or diluted
sulphuric acid may be used, after which it can be applied in the manufacture
of candles. In the case of some descriptions of oil, particularly during the
summer season, it may be desirable to bag (which is a well-known process)
previously to pressing. If the product of the action of nitric or nitrous acid,
or nitrous fumes, or fatty or oily bodies, be applied in the manufacture of
candles, without being converted into acids and distilled, as before described,

page_text: we have found it highly desirable that it should be first operated upon by
suitable processes to remove any adhering acids or fumes. The method which
we prefer is to boil the substance with about one pound by weight of common
muriatic acid and two ounces of oxalic acid, and ten gallons of water to the
hundredweight of the fatty or oily body. The mixture is twice boiled up with
water acidulated with oxalic acid, by means of free steam, for about half
an hour each time, in a manner similar to that lastly herein-before explained.
With regard to this last part of our Invention, we would explain that
we mean to include in the term "nitrous fumes" throughout this our
Specification, the acids or gases known to chemists by the names of nitrous
and hyponitrous acids.
The following is the mode in which we admit the steam into the still for
the purposes of the before-mentioned operations, and which mode is also
applicable to the purpose of distilling fatty and oily bodies with sulphuric
acid generally, whether converted into sulphurous acid gas or not, and also to
the general purposes of distilling fatty or oily or clammy or unctuous
substances. At the bottom of the still we place a copper steam worm or coil
of pipes perforated with small holes in order to disperse the steam equally
through the mass. This worm is connected with an upright pipe which
passes through the head of the still by an air-tight collar, and is further con-
nected with a steam boiler, all which steam apparatus is similar to that used
in operating upon tallow for the manufacture of stearic acid, and being well
known need not be further described. A cock is placed conveniently close to
the still for opening or shutting the communication with the steam boiler.
We prefer to admit the steam when the fatty or oily body is at a temperature
of about two hundred degrees of Fahrenheit, which we ascertain by means ofa
thermometer passing through the head of the still, and reaching into the fat;
and we continue the admission of the steam till the distillation is completed
We would here observe, that we are aware that steam has already been
admitted in the process of distilling fatty and oily bodies, but only in such a
manner as to admit the free steam at one aperture; and we have found that in
admitting the steamitis advantageous that it should be introduced in minutely
divided streams throughout the whole of the fatty or oily bodies under process,
such streams of steam being admitted below the surface of the fatty or oily
bodies, and at or near the bottom of the still. We introduce such stream by
perforated steam pipes in the form of a coil or otherwise, in like manner to
what has heretofore been practised when boiling fatty and oily matters; but
such mode of introducing steam in minutely divided streams has not been
practised in combination with distillation. And we would have it understood,

page_text: that we do not claim the application of steam in distilling unless applied to
fatty or oily bodies previously operated upon by sulphuric acid, or sulphurous
acid gas, or nitric or nitrous acid, or nitrous fumes, as herein-before explained,
or unless when applied to fatty or oily bodies not so operated upon, or other
clammy or unctuous bodies, it to be applied in such a manner as to be divided
into streams and introduced below the surface of the matters under process,
preferring that it should act as nearly as may be on all parts of the matters
under process of distillation. From the above description of our Invention, as
applied to tallow oil, tallow, palm oil, and whale oil, it will be easy to adapt the
same to the specific qualities of other fatty and oily bodies. But we would
here observe, that the application of our Invention to fatty or oily bodies is not
equally useful in the cases of all such bodies, and especially that we have not
found the second part of our Invention advantageous (in comparison with the
advantages of other processes) when applied to cocoa-nut oil.
Having now described the nature of our Invention, and the best means we
are acquainted with of performing the same, we would have it understood that
we do not confine ourselves to the exact details, provided the peculiar character
of either part of our Invention be retained; and we would further explain, that
we are aware that stills and steam worms and hydraulic and other presses have
been used when treating tallow and other fatty matters, and that we do not
claim the stills or presses or other apparatus mentioned herein. We would also
remark, that we are aware that it has been before proposed to treat some fatty
and oily bodies by operating on them by washing and agitation and boiling
in water after they have been subjected to the action of a small proportion of
nitric acid; but such acid was not used in quantities suitable for converting
fatty or oily bodies into the substances which have been called by certain
chemists by the names of elaidine or elaidic acid, when obtained by certain
expensive processes from olive or almond oil (which conversion is the
object of certain of the processes herein-before described in reference to
the second part of our Invention). And we would have it understood,
that we do not claim the washing or boiling or agitation of fatty or oily
bodies with water, unless such washing or boiling or agitation be com-
bined with a chemical agent, as herein-before explained, for aiding the
separation of the nitric or nitrous acid or nitrous fumes, or be applied to the
specific fatty and oily bodies herein-after mentioned in that behalf; nor do we
claim such washing or agitation or boiling, whether with water or steam, unless
in combination with a chemical agent, as aforesaid, of any fatty or oily bodies
previously operated upon by nitric acid in any proportion not exceeding five
pounds of such acid, of the specific gravity herein-before mentioned, to the ton of

page_text: fatty or oily body, and for the purpose of obtaining the substances which have
been called in certain instance elaidine or elaidic acid, as aforesaid. Nor do
we claim the application of nitric acid to the bodies herein-after mentioned in
that behalf in a less proportion than aforesaid. We would also observe, that
we are aware that the aforesaid Specification of the said Edward Heard
describes certain applications of nitric acid, nitrous acid of commerce (which is
well known to chemists to consist principally of nitric acid), or nitro-muriatic
acid, for the purpose ofoperating upon certain substances by means specifically
of the nitric acid contained in the agents used acting as such. And we would
observe, that the action of nitric acid upon fatty and oily bodies is not suitable
for converting the same into elaidine orelaidic acid unless the addition of some
other substance (that which we use being treacle) or some other suitable
means be adopted for the purpose of modifying the action of the nitric acid by
the abstraction of a portion of its oxygen. Now, although one part of our
Invention includes the application to the substances herein-after mentioned in
that behalf of nitric or nitrous acid, in order to convert the oleine or oleic acid
thereof into elaidine or elaidic acid, yet we do not claim the use of nitric or
nitrous acid or nitro-muriatic acid, or other substances containing nitric acid,
unless the action thereof be so modified by the addition of treacle or other
suitable means as to cause the same to convert oleine or oleic acid into elaidine
or elaidic acid, as aforesaid; but what we claim is,
First, the distilling of tallow oil, tallow, palm oil, whale oil, or other fatty or
oily bodies, when previously operated upon by sulphurous acid gas, as herein-
before explained; and we claim the distilling of tallow oil, tallow, palm oil,
whale oil, or other fatty or oily bodies, when previously operated upon by con-
centrated sulphuric acid generally, when such last-mentioned distillation is
combined with the admission of steam or water into the still.
Secondly, we claim the mode of admitting steam by subdividing it into
streams below the surface of the fatty or oily bodies, or other clammy or
unctuous substances, when being distilled.
Thirdly, we claim the pressing of tallow oil, tallow, palm oil, whale oil, or
other fatty or oily bodies, when previously operated upon by sulphuric acid
gas, and distilled.
Fourthly, we claim the operating upon tallow oil, tallow, palm oil, whale
oil, or other fatty or oily bodies (not being drying oils), by subjecting the same
to the action of nitric or nitrous acid or nitrous fumes, after such fatty or oily
bodies have been previously purified or operated upon by distillation or car-
bonated alkalies. And we claim the mode of applying nitric or nitrous acid or
nitrous fumes to tallow oil, tallow, and other animal fats, and to palm oil and

page_text: whale oil and bodies derived therefrom respectively, so as to convert the same,
or the oleine or oleic acid thereof, into the substances which have been called
elaidine or elaidic acid, as herein-before explained.
Fifthly, we claim the using of lime for the purpose of saponifying tallow,
palm oil, whale oil, or other fatty or oily bodies (not being drying oils), when
previously operated upon by nitric or nitrous acid or nitrous fumes. And we
claim the using of diluted sulphuric acid to decompose the said several bodies
when saponified, after having been previously operated upon by nitric ornitrous
acid or nitrous fumes; and we claim the using of concentrated sulphuric
acid to convert the same into fatty acids. And we claim the using of steam
in the process of converting into fatty acids tallow, palm oil, whale oil, or other
fatty or oily bodies (not being drying oils), when previously operated upon by
nitric or nitrous acid or nitrous fumes. And we claim the mode of operating
upon tallow oil, tallow, palm oil, whale oil, or other fatty or oily bodies (not
being drying oils), by combining the same with soda or potash, for the purpose
of manufacturing soap, when previously operated upon by nitric or nitrous
acid or nitrous fumes.
Sixthly, we claim the distilling of tallow oil, tallow, palm oil, whale oil, or
other fatty or oily bodies (not being drying oils), when previously operated upon
by nitric or nitrous acids or nitrous fumes, and when such distillation is
combined with the admission of steam or water into the still, or with suitable
arrangements for excluding the atmospheric air.
Seventhly, we claim the pressing between surfaces of woven fabrics of
tallow oil, tallow, palm oil, whale oil, or other fatty or oily bodies (not being
drying oils), when previously operated upon by nitric or nitrous acid ornitrous
fumes, and when such operation has been either preceded or followed by the
distillation of the matters operated upon.
Eighthly, we claim the mode herein described of operating upon tallow oil,
tallow, palm oil, whale oil, or other fatty or oily bodies (not being drying
oils), by boiling or agitating the same with free steam after they have been
operated upon by nitric or nitrous acid or nitrous fumes, and converted
into the substance called elaidine or elaidic acid, for the purpose of thereby
freeing the same from adhering acid or fumes; and we claim the agitating of
the same bodies with muriatic or oxalic acid, or a suitable chemical agent,
with water or steam, for the like purpose.
Ninthly, we claim the mode of applying to tallow oil, tallow, and other
animal fats, palm oil, whale oil, and bodies derived therefrom respectively,
of the use of water for the purpose of washing or boiling or agitating the
wish or without a chemical agent, after they have been operated upon
same,

page_text: by nitric or nitrous acid or nitrous fumes, and converted into the substance
called elaidine or elaidic acid, for the purpose of thereby freeing the same
from adhering acid or fumes.
In witness whereof, we, the said William Coley Jones and George
Fergusson Wilson, have hereunto set our hands and seals, this Eighth
day of June, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred
and forty-three.
AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Eighth day of June, in the sixth
year of the reign of Her Majesty Queen Victoria, the said William Coley
Jones and George Fergusson Wilson came before our said Lady the Queen
in Her Chancery, and acknowledged the Instrument aforesaid, and all and
every thing therein contained and specified, in form above written. And also
the Instrument aforesaid was stamped according to the tenor of the Statute
made in the fifty-year of the reign of His late Majesty King George
the Third.
T 11 1
T
T
ndund and