IMPROVEMENTS IN ORNAMENTING CANDLES, AND IN APPARATUS OR MACHINERY EMPLOYED PAD THAT PITD DAGE 37 PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION
Year: 1867

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Arthur Field, of the Firm of John, Charles, and
John Field, of Upper Marsh, Lambeth, and William Bryer Nation, of
No. 394, Old Kent Road, both in the County of Surrey, for the Inven-
tion of "IMPROVEMENTS IN ORNAMENTING CANDLES, AND IN APPARATUS OR
MACHINERY EMPLOYED PAD THAT PITD DAGE
37
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Arthur Field and William
Bryer Nation at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their
Petition, on the 3rd September 1867.
We, ARTHUR FIELD, of the Firm of John, Charles, and John Field, of
Upper Marsh, Lambeth, and WILLIAM BRYER NATION, of No. 394, Old Kent
Road, both in the County of Surrey, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN ORNAMENTING CANDLES, AND IN APPARATUS OR
MACHINERY EMPLOYED FOR THAT PURPOSE," to be as follows:-
One part of our Invention consists.in producing upon the surface of candles
helical or straight grooves, and in filling such grooves with wax, stearine,
paraffine, or other suitable fatty matter of a different colour or colours from
that of the candle. For this purpose we either insert into the mould of the
candle, before this is cast, loose helical or straight pieces of metal or other
suitable material, which when the candle is drawn, from the mould pass out

page_text: with the same, and are then readily removed from the candle; or we cast the
candle in the usual manner, and afterwards pass it through a die or dies so
shaped as to cut the requisite helical or straight grooves upon it; or the candle
when cast is fixed in the socket of a spindle having a helical groove cut upon
it, in which groove is a small truck or stud upon a slide carrying a cutting
tool. This slide in being made to travel backwards and forwards by a crank
and connecting rod motion causes the spindle and with it the candle to revolve,
while at the same time the cutting tool passes along the candle, and is thus
made to cut a helical, groove therein corresponding with the groove on the
spindle. Arrived at the end of its forward motion the cutter is drawn back
by a self-acting sliding wedge, and then performs its backward motion, after
which the cutter is again moved forward by a spring, and is caused to cut a
deeper groove in the candle by an adjusting screw.
When one groove has
thus been cut in the candle the socket holding the same is turned somewhat
on the spindle, and thus one or more other grooves are cut in succession; or
, the candle when cast may be placed in a second mould having a straight or
helical slit in it, and by passing a cutting tool along such slit so as to cut a
groove in the candle, and then turning the candle partly round and cutting a
second groove in the candle, and so on, the requisite helical or straight
grooves may be produced. The candle thus prepared is then again placed
into a mould, and the grooves upon the same are filled in with wax or other
material of the required colour or colours.. When straight grooves are to be
formed in the candle, instead of employing loose fillets as before described to
be placed in the mould, these fillets may be fixed in the mould, and the candle
will in this case have to be placed afterwards in a different mould without
fillets, in order to fill in the grooves as described. In some cases the helical
or straight grooves formed in the first instance may be left without being
filled in.
Another part of our Invention has for its object to produce candles with
ornamental designs upon their surfaces by means of folding moulds. For this
purpose we form the mould of the candle in two or more parts longitudinally,
and at the points where the moulds divide we introduce loose strips or bars of
metal or other suitable material, so as to produce longitudinal grooves or
flutings in the candles at such points, which may or may not be filled in with
melted wax or other suitable substance of a different colour or colours. Upon
the inner surfaces of the parts of the moulds we produce either raised or
sunken ornamental designs, so that when the candle is cast such designs' are
formed either in relief upon or sunk into the surface of the candle. In the
former case the sunken designs in the mould may either be filled in with

page_text: coloured wax or other material previous to casting the candle, so as to produce
coloured designs in relief upon the same; or such designs may be made of
the same material and colour as the candle, and where the designs are sunk
into the candle they may either be filled in or not with melted wax or other,
substance of a different colour or colours from that of the candle.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Arthur Field and William Bryer Nation in the Great Seal
Patent Office on the 3rd March 1868.
.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, ARTHUR,
FIELD, of the Firm of John, Charles, and John Field, of Upper Marsh,
Lambeth, and WILLIAM BRYER NATION, of No. 394, Old Kent Road, both in
the County of Surrey, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Third day of September, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven, in the thirty-first year of Her reign, did,
for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto us, the said Arthur
Field and William Brier Nation, Her special licence that we, the said Arthur
Field and William Bryer Nation, our executors, administrators, and assigns,
or such others as we, the said Arthur Field. and William Bryer Nation, our
executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no
others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term therein
expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle
of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN ORNAMENTING CANDLES, AND IN
APPARATUS OR MACHINERY EMPLOYED FOR THAT PURPOSE," upon the condition
(amongst others) that we, the said Arthur Field and William Bryer Nation,
our executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under our or
their hands and seals, or under the hand and seal of one of us or them,
should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention,
and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same
to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next
and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Arthur Field, on behalf of myself and
the said William Bryer Nation, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly
described and ascertained in and by the following statement thereof, reference
:

page_text: being had to the accompanying Drawings, and to the figures and letters
marked thereon, that is to say:―
One part of our Invention consists in producing upon the surface of
candles helical or straight grooves, and in filling such grooves with wax,
stearine, paraffine, or other suitable fatty matter of a different colour or colours
from that of the candle. For this purpose we either insert into the mould of
the candle, before this is cast, loose helical or straight pieces of metal or other
suitable material, which when the candle is drawn from the mould pass out
with the same, and are then readily removed from the candle; or we cast the
candle in the usual manner, and afterwards pass it through a die or dies so
shaped as to cut the requisite helical or straight grooves upon it; or the
candle when cast may be placed in a second mould having a straight or helical
slit in it, and by passing a cutting edge along such slit so as to cut a groove
in the candle, and then turning the candle partly round and cutting a second
groove in the candle, and so on, the requisite helical or straight grooves may
be produced. Or by preference we cut such helical grooves upon candles
by means of a machine of the following arrangement:-At one end of a kind
of lathe bed is a helically grooved cylinder, the ends of which turn and are
supported in bearings fixed to the bed of the machine; at one end of this
grooved cylinder is a socket in which is held one end of the candle, while the
other end is held in an adjustable socket turning in bearings also fixed to the
machine. Upon one side of the candle so supported is a bar sliding in. fixed
brackets; this bar carries the candle cutter at one part, and at another part
is fixed an axis, upon the end of which is a roller working in the grooved
cylinder. This sliding bar carrying the cutter and roller being placed in the
required position for commencing the cut is put in motion by means of a fly
wheel, the axis of which is supported by suitable bearings upon the bed of the
machine. Upon the axis of this fly wheel is a pinion which gears into a spur
wheel; this spur wheel carries upon the other end of its axis an excentric
having a connecting rod attached thereto, the other end of which is fixed at a
certain position (regulated by the extent of motion required in the sliding
bar) to a rocking lever, the lower end of which lever is connected to the
base of the machine, while the upper end carries another connecting rod, the
extremity of which is attached to the sliding bar. As the sliding bar is thus
moved along the candle is caused to revolve by means of the before-mentioned
roller working in the helical groove on the cylinder, which said groove also
serves to regulate the pitch or inclination of the groove or grooves to be cut
upon the candle. The candle thus prepared is then again placed into a
mould, and the grooves upon the same are filled in with melted wax or other

page_text: material of the required colour or colours. When straight grooves are to be
formed on the candle, instead of employing loose fillets to be placed in the
mould as before mentioned, these fillets may be fixed in the mould, and the
candle will in this case have to be placed afterwards in a different mould
without fillets in order to fill in the grooves as described. In some cases the
helical or straight grooves formed in the first instance may be lift without
being filled in as described, so as to form flutings on the candle.
Another part of our Invention has for its object to produce candles with
ornamental designs upon their surfaces by means of folding moulds. For this
purpose we form the mould of the candle in two or more parts longitudinally,
and at the points where the moulds divide we introduce loose strips or bars of
metal or other suitable material, so as to produce longitudinal grooves or
flutings in the candles at such points, which may or may not be filled with
melted wax or other substance of a different colour or colours. Upon the
inner surfaces of the parts of the mould we produce either raised or sunken
ornamental designs, so that when the candle is cast such designs are formed
either in relief upon or sunk into the surface of the candle; in the former
case the sunken designs in the mould may either be filled in with coloured
wax or other material previous to casting the candle so as to produce coloured
designs in relief upon the same, or such designs may be made of the same
material aud colour as the candle, and where the designs are sunk into the
candle they may either be filled in or not with melted wax or other substance
of a different colour or colours from that of the candle.
Figure 1 on Sheet I. of the accompanying Drawings shows at A a vertical
section through an ordinary candle mould in which, before casting the candle,
are placed two or more loose helical fillets B of metal, whalebone, or other
suitable material, shown detached at Figure 3, the fillets being formed with a
flat surface resting close against the mould A, while the projecting surface is
formed rounded as shown. The melted stearine, paraffine, or other material
being run into the mould, the fillets B will become embedded in the candle,
and when the latter is pushed out of the mould the fillets B will pass out with
it, and on being removed therefrom will leave helical grooves on the surface
of the candle. The candle is then replaced in the mould, and the helical
passages formed by the grooves and the surface of the mould, as shown at, A in
the plan, Figure 2, are then run in with melted paraffine or other material of
a different colour from that of the candle, thus producing a candle, as shown at
Figure 4, with coloured helical lines upon its surface. For producing straight
coloured lines upon the candles straight fillets B', shown detached at Figure 5,
are placed in the mould, as at A', Figures 1 and 2; and in order to retain

page_text: these fillets in their places in the mould they are made to fit in corresponding
grooves formed in the latter, as seen at Figure 2, so, that when the candle is
removed and after taking out the fillets is re-inserted in the mould, and the
coloured material is run into the small channels thus formed, a candle will be
produced having upon its surface projecting straight fillets of a different colour
from that of the candle, as shown at Figure 6. As before stated, if it is desired
to produce straight coloured lines upon the candle not projecting from its
surface the fillets B¹ are fixed in the mould A¹, and the candle after being
cast therein is placed in another mould having a plain surface similar to A.
Or projecting coloured fillets may in like manuer be formed on the candle by
first casting the candle in a mould with fixed projecting fillets, and then
placing the candle in a mould having corresponding recesses or grooves,
as in A¹.
Figure 7 shows a longitudinal section, and Figure 8 shows a plan, of one
arrangement for cutting the grooves upon the candle after it has been east in
the ordinary manner. C is a fixed mould having the same internal form as
the candle to be operated upon. This mould has a slit D right along it, so
that when the candle E is placed in the mould and a cutting tool F is passed
along the slit a corresponding groove will be formed in the surface of the
candle. The upper end of the candle E and of the mould C being formed
hexagonal or polygonal, it will be seen that if after cutting the groove as.
described the candle is drawn out of the end of the mould, and is turned so as
to bring the hexagonal end successively into different positions in the end of
the mould, a succession of equidistant grooves may be cut in the surface of
the candle, and these may then be filled in with material of a different colour,
as before described. If instead of straight grooves it is desired to cut helical
grooves on the candle the mould C has a corresponding helical slit, and is
arranged so as to be capable of turning on its longitudinal axis while the
cutter is passed along the slit; but by preference we cut such helical grooves
by means of the machine herein-before referred to, which is shown at Figures 9
to 14 on Sheet II. of the accompanying Drawings.
.
Figure 9 shows a front elevation, Figure 10 shows a plan, Figures 11
and 12 show respectively opposite end elevations, and Figures 13 and 14 show
an enlarged plan and front elevation of the cutter arrangement. Similar
letters refer to similar parts in each of the Figures.
H is the bed of the machine, upon which are fixed the bearings I, 11, 12, in
an adjustable manner. The bearings I, I, carry the helically grooved
cylinder J, upon the end of which is the socket j, formed as shown to allow the
cutter to pass freely to the extreme end of the candle. In this socket is fixed

page_text: one end of the candle K, the other end being held in the opposite socket. L,
supported by the bearing I³. This socket is free to turn and slide in its
bearing, and is kept up to its position by means of the back spring... M is
the sliding bar supported by the brackets m, m. Upon this bar is the block N,
which is arranged to slide transversely in a dovetail groove on the bar, and.in
which block is fixed the cutter n. This cutter is: regulated: according to the
depth of cut required by means of the set screw n¹ acting upon the fixed stop n³,
and is kept in position by means of the spring ns. This set screw may either
be turned by the workman at the commencement of each cut, or the screw
may be provided with a star head, which just previous to the cutter block
being released by the sliding stop S comes in contact with a stud-fixed so. as
to catch one of the points of the star-headed screw, and thus to. cause it to
turn round and to make the cutter advance the required distance. Upon the
sliding bar M is also fixed the roller O, which works backwards and forwards
in the grooves of the cylinder J, and in thus causing the cylinder to revolve
imparts rotary motion to the candle. Pis the fly wheel supported in bearings
as shown, and upon the axis of which is the, pinion p, which gears into a spur
wheel Q, upon the axis of which is fixed the excentric or crank plate q.
this excentric is attached one end of the connecting rod R, shown, in dotted
lines in Figure 9, the other end of which is connected to the rocking lever.r,
the lower end of which works on a pin attached to the base of the machine,
while the upper end carries another connecting rod r¹, the other end of which
is attached to a block r³ fixed upon the sliding bar M.
To
The action of the machine is as follows:-The sliding bar with its cutter
being placed in position for commencing the cut, as shown in the Drawing,
notion is imparted to the fly wheel P, which by means of the pinion p and
spur wheel Q communicates motion to the crank plate q. This crank plate,
through the intervention of the connecting rod R, imparts a rocking motion
to the lever r, and this by means of the connecting rod r¹ communicates a to
and-fro motion to the sliding bar M and cutter n, and consequently also by
means of the roller O a rotary motion to the grooved cylinder and the candle K.
When by these means the cutter has been drawn to the opposite end of the
revolving candle it will be evident that a helical groove corresponding in pitch
or inclination to the groove in the cylinder will have been cut thereon, after
which it is necessary that the cutter should be drawn away from the surface of
the candle in order that it may be brought back to commence the cut again.
For this purpose a sliding stop S is held by means of pins s, s, upon the edge
of the sliding bar M, as shown more clearly in plan at Figure 13 and in
elevation at Figure 14. When the cutter arrives at the end of its cut one

page_text: end of the stop S comes in contact with the edge of the bearing I, and as the
motion of the bar continues a little the stop is caused to slide upon the pins s, s,
and in doing so brings an inclined surface s¹, formed upon the upper edge of
the stop as shown, in contact with a projecting stud t upon the under side of
the cutter block N, and thus causes this block with the cutter to recede from
the surface of the candle, in which position it remains until upon the bar M
moving back to commence another cut the other end of the sliding stop
comes in contact with the edge of the bearing I, and is thus caused to slide
upon its pins in the contrary direction, and thereby releases the cutter block,
which slides towards the candle again ready to commence the cut.
If more
than one helical groove is required to be cut upon the surface of the candle it
can be readily done by turning the candle upon its axis, so as to bring a
different part of its surface in contact with the cutter. For this purpose the
socket which holds one end of the candle is arranged so as to turn and be
fixed in different positions upon the axis of the grooved cylinder J.
Figures 15 to 19 on Sheet II. show one application of our before-described
system of ornamenting candles by means of folding moulds. Figure 15 shows
a vertical section through the mould, Figure 16 shows a sectional plan of the
same, Figure 17 shows an elevation of one half mould, and Figure 18 shows a
candle as ornamented by means of these moulds. The mould A is formed in
two halves, held together by means of rings B, B, driven on from the lower
end; or in place of such rings catches may be employed, as shown at C,
Figure 19, which catches turn on a pin fixed to the one half mould, and have
a cam groove c, between which fits a pin a on the other half mould, so that
by forcing the catch down over the pin a the two halves of the mould will be
held tightly together. The meeting edges of the half moulds are covered by
removable fillets or strips D fitting in grooves in the mould, as shown at
Figure 16, and upon the inner surfaces of the half. moulds are formed the
.projecting designs E, E, the ends of which come in close contact with the
surfaces of the fillets D, as shown. The candle having been cast the rings B
are taken off the mould and the two half moulds are separated, and the fillets D
having also been drawn out, the candle can be removed from the mould, when
it will have recessed designs formed upon its surface corresponding in form
with the fillets D and projections E. The candle may either be left with such
recessed designs upon it, or it may then be placed in a plain cylindrical mould
and the recesses be filled in with coloured wax or other material, when the
candle will have the appearance as shown at Figure 18. Several such divided
moulds may be connected together by means of a trough F, also made to
separate as shown, the ends of which may rest upon a framing G.

page_text: Figure 20,. Sheet II., shows another mode of ornamenting candles by means
of our system of folding moulds. In this case the mould is formed, as in the
previous arrangement, with removeable fillets covering the meeting edges,
while upon
the moulds are projecting ribs forming recessed lines x, x, y, y,
upon the candle at certain distances apart, of which lines the former denote
the points to which the candle will burn down, say, from hour to hour, while
the latter denote the number of the hours; these recesses being made to
communicate with the groove Z formed by the loose fillets, the whole are filled
in with coloured wax or other material on placing the candle in a plain mould,
as before described. Or in place of forming the recesses x, x, y, y, by means
of projections on the mould, such projections may be made in one piece with
the fillet forming the groove Z, and be removed with the candle from the mould
and then separated from the candle.
Having thus described the nature of our Invention, and in what manner the
same is be performed, what we claim is,―
First. Ornamenting candles by forming helical or straight grooves, upon
their surfaces, and filling such grooves with paraffine, stearine, or other suitable
fatty substance of a different colour from that of the candle, substantially as
herein-before described.
Second. Forming grooves on the surfaces of candles by means of loose
fillets or pieces of metal, or other suitable material placed in the moulds,
substantially as herein-before described with reference to Figures 1 to 6. on
Sheet I. of the accompanying Drawings.
Third. The construction and employment of machinery or apparatus herein-
before described with reference to Figures 7 to 14 of the accompanying
Drawings for cutting grooves on the surfaces of candles.
Fourth. Producing ornamental designs upon candles by means of folding
moulds arranged and operating substantially as herein-before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Arthur Field, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Second day of March, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight.
ARTHUR FIELD. (L.S.)