IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MODE OF AND APPARATUS FOR HEATING RAILWAY CARRIAGES, PUBLIC BUILDINGS, GREENHOUSES, PRISONS, AND APARTMENTS.
Year: 1874

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Louis Jean François Lemeunier and Charles
Alfred Martin, Civil Engineer and Chevalier of the Legion of
Honor, both of the City of Paris, in the Republic of France, for the
Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MODE OF AND APPARATUS FOR
HEATING RAILWAY CARRIAGES, PUBLIC BUILDINGS, GREENHOUSES, PRISONS,
AND APARTMENTS.
"
Scaled the 27th April 1875, and dated the 3rd November 1874.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Louis Jean François
Lemeunier and Charles Alfred Martin at the Office of the Commis-
sioners of Patents, with their Petition, on the 3rd November 1874.
We, LOUIS JEAN FRANÇOIS LEMEUNIER and CHARLES ALFRED
MARTIN, Civil Engineer and Chevalier of the Legion of Honor, both of
the City of Paris, in the Republic of France, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MODE OF AND
APPARATUS FOR HEATING RAILWAY CARRIAGES, PUBLIC BUILDINGS, GREENHOUSES,
PRISONS, AND APARTMENTS," to be as follows :—
In cach compartment of the railway carriage a heater constructed on
our system is placed; it consists of a case or envelope of cast-iron,

page_text: copper, or galvanized sheet iron, and bearing inside by aid of supports
arranged at certain distances a second case of smaller dimensions. These
two cases leave between them a perfectly water-tight space, in which a
current of hot water circulates, which is supplied from a boiler of some
sort placed cither inside or outside the carriage, or received direct from
the engine of the train. The hot water reaches the furthest heater from
a pipe running longitudinally at the side of the carriage, thence it dis-
tributes itself to the other heaters by means of connecting tubes arranged
so as to cause the water to pass through the heaters lengthwise, and
having completed its course returns to the boiler to be reheated and
returned to the heaters. The internal case is in constant communication
with the outer one by the aid of vertical pipes or air entries, which
descend beneath the flooring of the carriage, and the air heated by the
hot water finds an exit through air holes. By this method an energetic
and economical heating is effected, which can be regulated at will.
The circulation of the hot water, and the continuous supply of cold air
which is, warmed before spreading itself in the carriage, produces a
healthy ventilation.
The warmers are placed directly on the floor of the carriage, and a
plank on each side of the warmer conceals its projection.
For heating prisons, public buildings, winter gardens, greenhouses,
and so forth two successive warmers are united by piping, to which pipes
are connected as well as to the warmers; these pipes conduct the water
to the warmers placed in each of the cells of the prison, a conduit
receiving cold air leads it to the boiler.
The heat can be cut off from any one of the cells, or may be regulated
as desired by taps.
For heating apartments hot air is produced by arranging two rows of
heaters without internal cases, one upper one in which the hot water
arrives, and one lower one, by which the cooled air is returned to the
boiler. The space between the two rows serves for the circulation of air
given by air entries, and which when heated spreads itself in the
apartment.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Louis Jean François Lemeunier and Charles Alfred
Martin in the Groat Seal Patent Office on the 30th April 1875.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, LOUIS
JEAN FRANÇOIS LEMEUNIER and CHARLES ALFRED MARTIN, Civil
Engineer and Chevalier of the Legion of Honour, both of the City of
Paris, in the Republic of France, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Third day of November, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-four, in the
thirty-seventh year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and
successors, give and grant unto us, the said Louis Jean François
Lemeunier and Charles Alfred Martin, Her special licence that we, the
said Louis Jean François Lemeunier and Charles Alfred Martin, our
exccutors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as we, the said
Louis Jean François Lemeunier and Charles Alfred Martin, our
executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with,
and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during tho
term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, usc, exercisc,
and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,
the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN THE MODE OF AND APPARATUS FOR HEATING RAILWAY CARRIAGES, PUBLIC
BUILDINGS, GREENHOUSES, PRISONS, AND APARTMENTS," upon the condition
(amongst others) that we, the said Louis Jean François Lemeunier
and Charles Alfred Martin, our executors or administrators, by an
instrument in writing under our, or their, or one of their hands and
seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said
Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and
cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said Louis Jean François Lemeunier
and Charles Alfred Martin, do hereby declare the nature of our said
Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be
particularly described and ascertained in and by the following state-
ment:-
The object of this Invention is the heating of railway carriages, tram-

page_text: way cars, and other vehicles, apartments, public buildings, and exhibitions,
prisons, greenhouses, and winter gardens, by a combination of hot air
and water.
The accompanying Drawings represent several dispositions of the
same system of heating by a mixture of hot air and water.
Fig. 1 represents this method of heating as applied to a 3rd class
carriage; Fig. 2 is a corresponding plan of the heating organs.
In each division or compartment of the carriage and on the floor one
of our heaters is placed; it consists of a case a of cast iron, copper, or
galvanized sheet iron, and supporting in its interior by means of supports
at convenient distances a second case b. These two cases leave between
them a water-tight space, in which hot water continually circulates,
heated by the boiler c, placed outside the carriage. This boiler may be
inside the carriage, or replaced by any other suitable arrangement, or the
water may be conducted from the locomotive of the train if desired.
The water reaches the tube d in the furthest heater, and circulates in
the other heaters by means of the conduits e, e, arranged for the longi-
tudinal course of the water, which water returns to the boiler to feed it,
and become reheated. The internal case is in constant communication.
with the external one by the pipes or air entries f, f, and the hot air
openings g, g, which allow of the escape of the air heated by the current
of hot water.

page_text: For heating apartments the upper row of heaters would be on a level
with the flooring.
Fig. 6 represents a second class carriage partly in section heated by
the current of hot air and water, which in this instance is produced by a
modification of the heater described above, and which allows of heating
each compartment of the carriage separately.
Fig. 7 shows the particular section of the heater coupled for application
to the heating of apartments and stationary things; Fig. 8 is a corre-
sponding plan. These heaters are constructed so as to present two
capacities, one a receiving the hot water by the tube d, and the other a¹
leading this same water to the feeding basin; the circulation of the
water therefore takes place in a single and the same heater. Between
the capacities a, a', a space b is left, and continuing the whole length of
the heater, through which the external air passes, where it is heated,
and thence spreads itself in the compartment.
The heaters placed between the covered seats of the carriages are
independent one of the other, and cach one is fed with hot water by
means of special apparatus represented by Figs. 9 and 10. This apparatus
consists of the boiler, which is extended below by a small reservoir i
placed immediately over the stove. In this method of heating railway
carriages the stove employed is the solar lamp 1, which is no more
affected by the rocking or trembling of the carriage than is the ordinary
marine lamp. Preference is given to its use on account of its great
heating powers, on account of its long burning, and its economy in oil.
A case or envelope / fixed to the frame of the carriage supports the
lamp. From the boiler; the heated water is conducted by the pipe d to
the capacity a of the heater. The return capacity a' leads the cooled
water back to the reservoir i, where it is reheated to recommence its
course, and so on successively. A valve and water gauge may be
arranged or supplied to the boiler j. The flame of the lamp is utilized
for lighting the carriages outside by placing on the envelope h a lens l,
which projects the light thoroughly, and thus supplements the lighting
of the stations, which is frequently imperfect.
Figs. 7 and 8 represent a union of two heaters similarly constructed
with an internal space 6 for the circulation of air; these united heaters
serve to warm apartments and other localities. These heaters, coupled
as described, are placed end to end for the accommodation of the heat

page_text: -exits g. The cold air is taken in a kind of gutter arranged beneath the
heaters and following them lengthwise, or it may be supplied by a deep
cutting, see Fig. 11, which has many advantages, no matter what the
season.
Our system of heating at the same time that it heats it continually airs
the locality to which it is applied. For apartments, schools, or other
establishments much frequented, this ventillation will be more energetic
by expelling the vitiated atmosphere by any suitable means, by a chimney
draught m, Fig. 12, for instance, in communication with the conduits n
with grated openings.
Finally, we claim the system of heating by the combination of hot
water and hot air, and its various applications, as already expressed, both
for heating and ventillating.
t We claim as our Invention the double cased heater, one case for the
circulation of hot water and the other for hot air.
]
We claim also the heater with double capacities, one for the flow of the
water, and the other for its return, and constructed so as to leave a space
between these capacities where the air is heated and circulates.
We claim also the means explained of heating the water, the employ-
ment of the solar lamp or otherwise for heating the water and lighting 2
the road, as well as the several modifications of the system, as herein.
before described.
In witness whereof, we, the said Louis Jean François Lemeunier
and Charles Alfred Martin, have hereunto set our hands and
seal, this Twenty-ninth day of April, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and seventy-five.
ΤΟΤΙΤΑ TD NOOTA TTTTYITO
LOUIS FRANÇOIS LEMEUNIER. (L.S.)
CHARLES ALFRED MARTIN.
(L.S.)