IMPROVED MEANS OF AND APPARATUS FOR TURNING OVER THE LEAVES OF MUSIC AND OTHER BOOKS
Year: 1870

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to George Dominy, of Weymouth, in the County of
Dorset, for the Invention of "IMPROVED MEANS OF AND APPARATUS FOR
TURNING OVER THE LEAVES OF MUSIC AND OTHER BOOKS."
Sealed the 17th March 1871, and dated the 5th November 1870.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said George Dominy at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
5th November 1870.
I, GEORGE DOMINY, of Weymouth, in the County of Dorset, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVED MEANS OF AND
APPARATUS FOR TURNING OVER THE LEAVES OF MUSIC AND OTHER BOOKS," to be
as follows:-
The Invention has for its object suitably constructed mechanical
arrangements for turning over the leaves of music and books of all
descriptions, which apparatus is applicable to pianofortes, organs,
harmoniums, music stands, and similar articles.
This Invention consists of several differently constructed actions,
apparatus, or machines made in the form of a long narrow box or case,
A

page_text: with rectangular staves forming a back, and so arranged as to be
readily adjusted to any of the above-named instruments or articles by
suitably constructed well known means, such as jaws and cramps, fitted
to the bottom or other convenient part of the machine, and operated or
tightened by set screws, spring jaws, sliding wedges, excentric, or such
like arrangements.
The back for holding the book or leaves is made of several vertical
staves and a fancy curved cross piece; the middle stave is hinged or
pivoted to allow of a slight oscillation for adjusting the bottom part of
books, and to the top part of this stave there is a little compound
mechanical arrangement for gripping the top of books by the centre or
back and holding it in its proper place. This compound grip is so
constructed as to allow of a sliding motion up and down the said stave
to compensate for different sized books. The movement of the compound
grip is a long pin capable of being raised vertically or oscillating on a
pivot, and moved laterally by a set screw or the hand, and held by a
catch, screw, or excentric grip. In fixing the book the said pin is raised
and dropped between the leaves, then forced back pinching the book
against the stave. For holding the book at the bottom there is a fixed
pin projecting vertically from a guide fixed on the cover of the case or
box, and against this pin a spring at the back forces the said stave, and
thereby holding and forming a centre for the book. By this arrange-
ment the leaves are allowed to evolve freely. I also propose adjusting
the book to the back or said stave by movable parallel jaws gripping it
by the back edge. The said guide fixed on the cover is formed so as the
end of the oscillating stave shall slide in and also raise the book from
dragging on the cover.
The main or great principle of these apparatus is the manner in which
the leaves are turned over; this, as before stated, is done in several
ways, but principally by mechanical arms or arm evolving semi or partial
circles from horizontal to vertical, and carrying suitably constructed
fingers.
I shall first describe the horizontal several-armed action. This has an
arm and finger for every leaf, and its moving power consists of springs
by which these several arms are partially rotated. The said arms are
pivotted in the middle of the machine, and each constructed with a
cylindrical recess to admit of a coiled spring. The said fixed pivot also
forms the arbour for the spring by having a stud fixed there to engage

page_text: 3.
each spring. These springs are each coiled up as the arms are moved
from left to right in charging or setting the machine or to substitute
these inside coiled springs. I propose that the centre or working disc of
these arms shall have a groove, or be otherwise formed on the outside for
rubber cord, elastic bands, or such like materials attached to them and
fixed on the machine, so as when the arms are turned to the right they
coil the elastic springs up or partially round the grooved disc, and
thereby form the power to drive them back with the leaf when required.
These cords might be formed of catgut or anything pliable, and be
attached to spiral or suitable springs fixed to the machine, or the
periphery of the arm disc might be formed with teeth, and these teeth to
be placed excentrically on the discs (as might the grooves be formed for
the cords or rubber), and in these said discs gears a rack made tapering
to suit the excentric of same. There is a grooved wheel or its equivalent
at the back to keep the rack in gear, and to these racks is attached a
suitable spring to work them, that is, draw them back when required.
The object of forming these excentric discs is to obtain for the arms a
uniform power of the springs. These said arms when moved to the right
are held by a compound spring catch so constructed as to only release
one at a time, of which catches there are very many suitable and well
known ways, but principally of two catches or teeth, one lowered while
the other is raised. This said catch has suitable connections to it and
brought outside of the machine in a most convenient place to be touched
by the player's finger, or suitable connections carried to any part of the
piano to be easily operated by the foot or any part of the person. Fitted
on the outer end of each main arm is a finger placed vertically and
standing up a sufficient distance to command the leaf in turning over.
These said mechanical fingers are constructed in many different ways,
some with a small spiral spring stem and spreading out at the top, and
some with spring jaws to grip the leaf by the bottom, but all constructed
as skeleton as possible; but for out of door use or otherwise, where the
wind would affect the leaves, I propose attaching to the finger or
extremity of each arm a wire or an elastic cord, and thence up to centre
of book on the top of stave or on the compound grip, and thereby assist
in turning and keep the leaves in place. The other single arm actions
are so constructed that the one arm with finger attached takes the leaves
over, and then returns and waits for the next. The leaves are regularly
brought forward by a regulator or divider, which I shall presently
describe. There are several different actions of these single arm machines;

page_text: they vary from horizontal to vertical, and some traversing the machine
longitudinally and carrying differently constructed mechanical fingers.
It will be understood that these actions have springs or suitable
appliances operated by the performer to give the movements.
The action I shall now principally describe is of the vertical single arm
class, and has its arms pivotted to a horizontal shaft working on bearings
in the middle of the machine, and moved by a lever or crank on its
shaft through a semi or part circle. On this crank is fitted a connecting
rod from a rotary disc or crank arm, which disc is rotated by gear or
suitable appliances from a coiled spring, and thereby imparts the
required reciprocating motion to the connecting rod. Toothed quadrants
may, however, be used, and these would oscillate a connecting rod and
gearing; or instead of the quadrants being toothed a stud or rest pin
may be used.
I do not bind myself to any of these actions particularly mentioned,
but any well known action for producing a reciprocating motion from a
rotary. The mainspring is wound up from the outside by a fixed or
movable key or from the inside or out by the charging or setting the
imachine of which I shall presently describe. By further describing the
action of the main arm and finger it will be generally understood that
when the main arm vibrates it turns over a leaf, the finger oscillating to
suit the angle of the leaf. Other mechanical arrangements may be
employed for extending the length of the arm as it rotates on its forward
stroke and for contracting it on its return at the same time the finger is
tilted to suit the angle of the 'lcaf. The mechanical movements for
extending the length of arm are by forming the arm in two pieces, one
fixed on the arm shaft, and the other carrying the finger, and made to
slide out and in by the action of screws, gearing, or other appliances.
This compound arm is fitted on its shaft at an angle so as to obtain a
greater command of the leaf 'during its forward stroke, and when it is
constructed singly or non-expanding I propose that the arm should be
pivoted on its axle, and I allow a portion of it to extend beyond the
pivot or fulcrum to form a lever; the end of this lever slides in a slot or
guide plate fixed on the machine for pressing or leaning the arm
outwards when passing the centre of the book, and thereby obtain a
greater command of the leaf. To adjust the machine to suit any sized
book the arms are in two pieces, and are slotted for the reception of set
screws to shorten the same. The regulator with its spring is made to

page_text: slide near to the centre of the machine, and, as before mentioned, thọ.
compound grip on the top, of centre stave is. allowed to slide down. In
all these single arm actions: there is an arrangement for retaining the
leaf after it is turned over. The action of this retainer is as follows:
At the approach of another it drops down and again ascends as soon as
it is passed; the retainer can, however, be made to work up and down
radiently, vertically, or in any convenient way answering the same
object.. It is moved by a projection on the rotary disc, which drives the
main aṛn and touches a suitable arrangement to operate it, as. just
mentioned; in some cases a spring or balance weight can be used to
raise it.
The leaf regulator or divider takes a very important part in the
movement of this machine and others, its object is to hold the leaves in
their places, and bring them forward one by one as required by, the
main arm; this regulator is made in several different ways, and is
operated by springs and suitable movements of the machine.. One
principal organ of the regulator is a spiral screw; of a, varying pitch,
the threads of which are of sufficient distance apart to allow of one leaf
between each, but the first thread is of much, coarser, pitch so as to
spread the outer leaf at a suitable distance from the next, for the finger
and main arm, to pass up through for taking the leaf over. At each
revolution of the regulator one leaf is brought forward and the outer
one is always.extended from the next by the different pitch of the screw.
This divider is. worked horizontally on bearings attached to the machine,
and has on, its outer end of spindle a winch handle for turning it round
when setting or charging it. It also coils up a spring or springs situated
at the back end of regulator spindle, this spring when coiled gives the
necessary power to rotate the regulator for bringing the leaves forward.
The other actions for regulators are differently constructed from the one
described by being made in the form of two, plates, forked, working
vertically, the forks of these said plates are made in the form of wedges
and the other has several long teeth or spikes sliding transversely and
allowed to drop down under the edge of the leaf either vertically or
horizontally. I propose making them with any number of forks or teeth
each shaped in the form of a wedge, the outer wedge in each plate is of
a greater pitch or more obtuse angle than the others so as to force the
front leaf at a suitable distance apart from the next. These said forked
plates are fitted to the ends of four or more horizontal arms, and these

page_text: .
arms are pivotted and fitted to a transverse shaft. To the shaft an arm
or crank is fixed, and by the movement of the machine the forked plates
are made to rise and fall alternately. By the form of the wedges the
leaves are brought forward. In charging the machine the leaves are
placed between each tooth or fork. There are several modifications
of this action, but the wedge-shaped fork plates working vertically,
radiently, or in guides is the principal feature in this action. The third
or transverse action differs from the others by cach tooth or spike sliding
laterally to the machine on a fixed slotted or feathered bar on which
teeth are made. Each tooth is slit to allow of a leaf to pass between.
On the bar is a coiled spring to force the teeth forward and press against
an oscillating (or reciprocating plate) quadrant with a broad face
periphery. On this face are slots formed to engage with a stud pro-
jecting from each tooth, and as this quadrant is made to vibrate it brings
one tooth with its leaf at a time, and passes it forward at a sufficient
distance for the object desired. These teeth are brought forward, they
are made by the movement of the quadrant to tilt or drop down under
the leaf; when all the leaves are turned over the teeth are left in a
horizontal position on a finger bar, and by turning this finger bar up the
the teeth are lifted, while in this position they are pushed back by the
hand of the performer behind, the quadrant leaving one of them in front
for the first leaf. They are now in proper form for the next book or
charge. It will be understood that these regulators have to be moved
so as to coincide with the other moving parts of the machine. The
modifications of this action are very numerous, for instance, the teeth
may be moved forward by a varying pitch screw shaft which is rotated by
springs, the teeth would be kept in position by suitable guides or balance
weights, on the teeth might be employed to assist in lifting; these teeth
might be brought to the front and made to drop under the edge of the
leaves vertically. In all these regulator actions there is a spring or catch
operated by the movements of the main arm or other portion of the
moving parts to allow of one leaf being brought forward before the return
of the arm. I propose fitting suitable mechanism to wind up the spring.
The connections between the same may be outside or inside, and so
proportioned as to give sufficient turns to the mainspring as would
coincide with the required number of regulators.
There is one novelty in the spring arrangements of the regulator

page_text: number of revolutions are required. It consists in using two or moro,
coiled springs side by side on one axle or axles in line with each other
with ends abutting.. Where two springs are used the cylinder or barrel--
is made to revolve on one of the axles, the back one preferred, and this
barrel has a partition in the middle to divide the springs as well as two
nibs.to engage the springs. The axle of the regulator is provided with
a nib and also the back fixed axle. It will be seen by this arrangement
that the whole length of the two springs is made available for the
rotation of the regulator..
In some cases it will be advisable to carry the regulator spring. back
into the machine, when this is done a chain, belt, gear work, or an
oscillating reciprocating connecting rod pivotted on a crank on the
regulator shaft may be employed, and a crank or disc of the same
length on the spring connections. In the middle of this, connecting rod
a friction wheel or a parallel action is placed for the centre of the rod to
oscillate and reciprocate upon. This action might be applied to
machinery in general.
I also, propose using the fusee action to.regulator spring, so as to obtain
a uniform power.
Another important little action in connection with the regulators is a
contrivance for retaining the second leaf in place while the main arm
starts with the first as the vacuum it would be likely to form sometimes
shall not drag the second leaf out of place, this is done by means of little
jaws made to grip the bottom leaf at the same time as the main arm is
released. There are several modifications for this same purpose, but
they all grip or jam the leaf while the first one starts.
For working the regulator I have proposed a contrivance for the
movement of the machine to coil up or push back a suitable spring, and
this spring is the moving power of the regulator. The action is most
applicable to the vertical machine or where the regulator is required to
move after the return stroke of the main arm.
Another action is effected by making the arms of the first-mentioned
horizontal several armed action to rotate vertically, and the leaves are
brought on by any of the regulators so as to be taken over by the arms,
but in this case the fingers would be differently constructed.
Another primary action of the single arm arrangement of the hori-
zontal class is as follows.-The main arm with a mechanical finger.is

page_text: fitted to a vertical shaft, it makes a half revolution and carries with it
in its forward stroke a leaf. The construction of this arm and finger
differs from the vertical one previously mentioned, it has a contracting
and expanding finger rectangular with its arm, and this finger when in
order to take a leaf over is up behind it, by touching the escape catch the
arm moves off and turns the leaf over when it is caught by the retainer,
the arm then returns, and while doing so the finger is contracted or
drawn down so as to pass under the bottom edge of the next leaf which
is brought forward by the regulator as mentioned in the other machine.
All these machines have a back as mentioned in the first one, the body
of this machine, the mainspring, the regulator, and other parts are
similar to the just mentioned vertical machine, but in this action the
regulator is made to bring the leaves forward by the time the arm
returns, the arm is constructed of two parallel sides and fixed on its
vertical shaft in such a manner as to allow of a half circle slotted plate
to be fixed on the machine; on its outer end there are two vertical slots
to form guides for the finger, between these parallel sides there is a lever
pivotted about the middle, and this lever is formed in a fork at its outer
end to raise and lower the finger; on the other end is a rounded end or
friction wheel running in the just mentioned half circle slotted plate.
To this plate there is a catch so as to alter the course of the finger lever
at its return stroke when the inner end of the finger lever would have
just slipped the highest point of the slotted plato and spring up. The
finger is constructed of several thin narrow plates loosely rivetted. They
have three holes in each, and are rivetted or fitted together, so that they
can turn freely to expand or contract closely, the finger might be made
so as to run up tapering, on the top there is a round or pointed-shaped
cap and to this cap the ends of the top plates are loosely rivetted. The
bottom ends of the bottom plates are pivotted to the main arm, and the
first centre pivot up is made longer so as to pass through the fork end
of the finger lever just mentioned and to slide up and down in the slots
in the arm to keep the finger vertical. The construction of this finger
is very similar to the lazy scissors or movement of toy soldiers. To
rotate this arm a toothed quadrant is fitted on the arm shaft and gears
with a bevilled quadrant which is pivotted in the slotted plate so that it
shall oscillate as in the other actions. In the working parts of the
main arm there are many well-known mechanical movements to operate
the finger. Instead of the half circle slotted plate a half circle gear
wheel is fixed to drive a toothed wheel on the end of a screw shaft

page_text: working in vertical bearings. On this shaft is a nut formed with two
studs or arms projecting laterally, and this nut is made to rise up and
down to operate the finger lever, their catches release this lever, and a
spring suddenly raises the finger as before. As the arm vibrates the
finger lever becomes engaged and released alternately; to dispense with
the catch the screw might be set a little out of the vertical when the
finger lever would release itself. The finger lever might be turned at
right angles and moved by a screw shaft which runs parallel with the
arm, and is driven by bevil gear or excentric, or this finger lever might
be constructed of thin steel, and form a spring of itself with suitable
catches to work with it. Instead of the finger here described another
sort of finger might be formed with two jaws raising up and taking the
leaf over, and on its return dropping down to free the bottom of
leaf, and as it again returns suddenly raise up and grip the next leaf, the
jaws being closed and opened by slots and studs, and raised up and
down by the spring finger lever; the faces of these jaws might be covered
with india-rubber.
Another primary action machine is of the longitudinal class and
differs from the others by its finger traversing the bed or case of the
machine in a longitudinal circular direction with regulator, mainspring,
and retainer as in the other machines; the finger I propose using in
this action differs from the others by being of a spiral form, contracting
and expanding vertically, and having a base or bed plate traversing the
machine on suitably formed grooved rails. The motion action for
traversing this bed plate and finger is a toothed quadrant oscillated by
the connecting rod from the mainspring, and gearing with a pinion on a
transverso horizontal shaft. On this shaft is a toothed spur wheel
gcaring in a toothed rack, with an arc of the same circle to correspond
with the rails the bed plate run on; this rack is fixed on the bottom
of the base plate, and project at each end; when the said spur wheel is
revolved backward and forward the base plate and finger traverse
accordingly, that is, from the regulator to a sufficient distance past the
centre of the machine to turn the leaf over and back again to contract
the finger. I have two vertical screws fitted with one end working in
› bearings supported upon two pillars fixed on the base plate, and at a
suitable distance from the same to allow of the contracting of spiral
finger, the other ends pass through the base plate with small toothed
wheels fixed, and these wheels gear in a ruck formed on the rails, as the

page_text: base plate traverses the same the vertical screws are rotated. These
screws are fitted with a compound ring for surrounding the finger and
engaging two or more antifriction wheels or studs fitted thereto. By
the rotation of these screws the compound ring is lowered and raised.
The action is as follows:-When the finger is going forward with the
leaf the compound ring is made to ascend, and when the finger arrives
at its furthest stroke the compound ring would have engaged the
friction wheel. On the return stroke the finger is contracted, and on
arriving at the end of its stroke the friction wheels would have rolled
round to an opening in the compound ring and a spiral spring would
rise up and passing behind the leaf brought forward by the regulator.
The finger here mentioned is formed of 3 thin strips of steel or other
material, and pivotted at the bottom to a ring forming part of the base
plate, it is turned spirally round to the top. There are bands at
intervals to keep them in form. On the top is a conical cap to keep the
fingers stiff and in a vertical position; I fix a vertical spiral grooved
pillar in the middle of the finger, on which slides a guide and the spiral
spring. The movements for this action can be modified very con-
siderably. A screw shaft might be used to engage with a nut or with
an arm leading to the base plate, so as to allow for sliding,, while passing.
the arcular rails an action similar to the slide rest of the lathe might
be used, but must have a rack to engage the tooth wheels top and
bottom to make the finger form an are during its stroke to and fro.
The other actions for traversing the finger are principally of the belt
or cord kind traversing around pulleys. The belt or bands are con-
structed of metal or of leather, or of other material in the form of a
flat link chain; the driving wheel of these bands might form one of the
end pulleys, or be situated in the middle at any angle; or the zig-zag
plates or finger action in the horizontal machine might be made to
move the base plate to and fro, the finger contracting screws when
traversing the bed in an arcular direction must be of a different pitch,
or the wheels of a different size, that is, when gearing in each rail for
raising the compound ring level.
A modification of the contracting action is made by fitting the centre
pillar, the moving screw, and the guides outside.
Another sort of constructed finger I propose is by forming it of several
telescopic tubes sliding within each other and having a spring within it
to expand the tubes in a vertical direction. Within these tubes and

page_text: leading to the top of the finger is attached a cord or chain for drawing it
down. The bottom tube is firmly fixed to the base plate, and at the bottom
of the base plate is a shaft with a flanged raller or recl with a ratchet
and paul, and on the roller shaft is a toothed wheel which gears
into a
rack running parallel with the rails. When the base plate is going
forward the toothed wheel runs free, but on the return stroke the roller
is made to rotate by the ratchet and paul action to coil up the cord to
lower the finger, and which on arriving at the end of the stroke is
released and allowed to spring up. To ensure the toothed wheel
engaging the rack a pin projects from it to engage into the rack at
the start.
Another way of drawing down the finger cord is to attach a ring
on the end of same, so as when the back stroke is made this said loop
or ring engages a catch, and as the finger proceeds it is drawn down
until a catch releases the ring or loop and thereby allows it to spring up
for the next leaf,
Another action of the longitudinal class has a bed or base plate
traversing the machine, the same as the one just described, but different
in the finger construction, the finger is a plain arm with an elongated
roller fitted on its end and fulcrumed on standard bearings fixed to the
base plate or bed. From the fulcrum the arm extends to a suitable
length to be held by a spring catch, and there kept firmly to the base
plate in a vertical position; on the fulcrum shaft or other convenient
part there is a coiled or suitable spring pressing the arm up, there is
also fixed on the same shaft á crank arm or lever with a stud or pin
projecting and sliding in or around a suitably formed slot plate or guido
rail fixed to the machine, this guide rail extends the length of the
traverse of fingers, it being parallel with the tram rails. The action of
this machine is thus:-The arm takes the leaf over, when the catch is
released on the return stroke the crank pin is raised by passing a catch
on the rail or grooved plate and therefore tilts the finger down so as to
pass under the bottom edge of the next leaf, the arm is now arrived
home and is allowed to spring up radiently to its vertical position,
where it is held by the before-named catch for the next forward stroke.
There are several modifications for operating the finger arm. Instead
of the crank arm I use a toothed quadrant gearing in a fixed rack by
the side of the tram, also a toothed wheel to gear into same to turn
the finger down; again I propose the use of screws or worm to work

page_text: the quadrant, also a lever and connecting rod to the before-named
crank, the end of the lever to slide along suitable grooves;, or a cord, or
chain may be employed to pass round a quadrant; also, at the return
stroke of the finger I propose that the finger arm. might be held till
discharged by the performer when it would rise up. into position.
Another very important action is the horizontal single arm string
action machine which is a very great improvement on a string move-
ment already patented. In this machine the Patentec's claims are an
arm working loosely on the top of the music book, and with its bearing
appliances permanently fixed to the piano or instrument; the arm is
rotated by a cord leading to the performer's foot, and on these arms are
double fork hooks which lift the cords from one fixed hook and puts
them on another and thereby turns. the leaf over..
By my improvements I make the machine separate from any instru-
ment so as to be portably attached to the same or stand, it is self-acting
when once set. The mainspring being the moving power of the arm
which turns over the leaves. Its horizontal arm is rigidly fixed to its
shaft, and is placed in the body or base of the machine, and under the
bottom edge of the music book. It is also more compact and will be
found useful in various places and positions. To facilitate the true
and practical working of this action means are provided to keep each
leaf from being dragged out of place by the vacuum caused by each
said first leaf sucking the next in, moving off which is not provided
for in other machines. Springs are provided to push the string loops
to one place on the first or starting hook, this would insure the hooking
of the main arm. The working parts are fitted in a portable case, and
with a back as before mentioned; its power is derived from a main-
spring connected to a vertical shaft capable of making a semi or part
revolution, on this shaft is fixed a toothed quadrant arm or crank as
described in the before-mentioned single arm action and moved likewise.
The shaft has also affixed on and has on its outer end a single hook
and two arm hooks, one of which only is fixed. On these hooks slide
several metal loops, and attached to the same are several clastic strings
which lead up to and across the centre of each book, and are attached to
the compound grip or on the centre stave of the back as mentioned.
The metal loops or hooks have a double string, or single with a spring
grip, for the object of keeping the leaf from being sucked by the vacuum
caused by the one in front being turned over. The arm hooks or the

page_text: receiving hook are so constructed that when the main arm brings the
string hooks around on them the string hooks slide out of the radial
line of the main arm hook and allow it to go back freely. The other
compound movable arm hook is pivotted to the machine on the radial
line of main arm look, and has a spring catch on its outer end to retain
the main arm and keep the string hooks from being forced off by the
spring fitted on the compound arm hook behind, this spring is to force
the string hook forward so as to be taken always at one place by the
main arm hook, the string hooks having studs to keep them a certain
distance apart. The compound arm hook as before stated is pivotted
to the machine, and has a lever or arm connected to a lever carried
outside of the machine to be operated as in others for discharging the
main arm. The discharging lever is depressed by the finger or foot and
thereby raises the compound arm and with it (by the elasticity of the
strings) the string hooks except cach front one, and those would as the
compound arm rises engage the main arm hook, at the same time
the catch would release the main arm when by the action of the main
spring the main arm with the string hook attached would take the leaf
over and pass the string loop on to the fixed arm hook, its position
being out of radient line would allow the main arm to pass back freely
for the next leaf, which as it arrived home would be caught by the
catch, and at the same time its hook would be pushed into the look of
the next string, so that when the compound arm is again lifted it would
engage it and take it over as before.
In some cases both arm hooks would be fixed, and an oscillating lever
pivoted on an arm fixed to the vertical shaft employed the oscillating
lever would have a single hook on its outer end for hooking on the
string hooks, and have its inner end running in suitable guides for
operating it, or instead of the oscillating lever a shaft fitted in bearings
fixed on the same arm could be used. The shaft would have on its
outer end a hook and on its inner a lever, this lever would be made to
slightly turn the shaft for hooking on.
In some of these modifications a special discharging catch would be
required for regulating the main arm.
A special modification of the arm hooks is formed by substituting
them for a half circular bar passing from right to left of the machine
on or about the arcular line described by the main arm, this arcular
bar might deviate from the circular line to facilitate the unhooking or

page_text: "
hooking of the string hooks by the main arm, which string loops are
threaded on the said bar and pushed from right to left by the main arm.
There is a starting catch applied to the same; also a spring to push the
string hooks up to the starting catch.
There is every advantage taken in the construction of these several
machines to avoid noise in the working parts, and more especially with
the main arm by means of cushions of india-rubber.
Where these machines are employed for military and other bands
connections might be carried to the band master, so as by the touch of
a suitable appliance the whole lot of leaves or books would be turned
over.
Electricity might be employed as the agent to release the discharging
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said George Dominy in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 5th May 1871.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, GEORGE
DOMINY, of Weymouth, in the County of Dorset, send grecting.
.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Fifth day of November, in the year
of our Lord One thousand cight hundred and seventy, in the thirty-
fourth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give
and grant unto me, the said George Dominy, Her special licence that
I, the said George Dominy, my exccutors, administrators, and assigns,
or such others as I, the said George Dominy, my executors, adminis-
trators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from
time to time and at all times thereafter during the term therein
expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend,
within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel
Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVED MEANS OF AND
APPARATUS FOR TURNING OVER THE LEAVES OF MUSIC AND OTHER BOOKS," upon
the condition (amongst others) that I, the said George Dominy, my
executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my,
or their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe
and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the
-

page_text: same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great
Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately
after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, 'the said George Dominy, do hereby declaro
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement thereof, reference being had to the Drawings
hereunto annexed, that is to say :-
The object of this Invention is the construction and employment of
apparatus for turning over the leaves of music and other books by
touching a catch or releaser by the finger, or by operating upon such by
cords or other appliances actuated by the foot, either singly or in com-
bination. In most cases the apparatus is applicable for pianofortes,
harmoniums, organs, and other reed and stringed instruments, as well
as to stands or other supports upon which music books are generally.
arranged. They can also be made available for use in concert and other
rooms or orchestras, and each one of them can be operated upon by the
instrumentalist or singer; or the whole number can be acted upon by
the leader or conductor at one time, or at different times, according to
the manner in which they may be arranged.
I have not thought it necessary to explain my Invention in detail
before arriving at that part which describes my Drawings, and into
which I have gone rather fully, as by their aid the whole of it will be
clearly understood, and any person finding insufficient information in
reference to any one or more Figures, I must refer to my original
Provisional Specification, which can be taken as portion of the final
Specification hereafter mentioned.
The apparatus is self acting, and I propose to call it the "music
volvo" or "kyliophyl." It consists of a box or case, which is shown
at A in each of the several primary action machines drawn, and has
fitted to it vertically a back, as shown at B, Figure 1, which back is
fitted to each machine, but shewn broken off at Figure 1 for the sake
of space.
Sheet I. is my several armed horizontal action machine, of which
arms I do not bind myself to any number, and likewise the size of

page_text: shown in section at Figure 9. I' is the disc base plate, with spring
arbour or centre shaft attached and fixed to casc A; I³ is the disc
case which might form part of base plate. The springs are in recesses
formed in the discs, the groove or cavities shown are merely for the
saving of metal and the reception of waste oil. I prefer the outer
edges to be the working or bearing surfaces for the object of rigidity
to the working of the arms. The compound catch for releasing the
arms I one at a time is principally shown in Figures 4, 5, and 6. J,
Figures 1, 2, and 3, is the operating knob, and removed from its
lever J in the sectional Figures 4, 5, and 6, which lever is fitted to a
shaft J, and on this shaft is seen a coiled spring, so that when J is
depressed it may return it to its position. J' is a double lever fitted
on shaft J, and on the ends of this lever are two connecting rods
or links J, Js, pivoted on two lever catches J*, J. By depressing
the knob or lever J the shaft J¹ is partly rotated (likewise the other
parts connected) is moved, and therefore pulls down J' catch and raises
up J catch, and by this movement the front arm is released. J³ retains
the rest, on J being relcased the reverse action of J' and J' takes place,
allowing the arms to be caught by J' as before, and so on for the release
of each arm. K, Figures 1, 2, and 3 is a vacuum check for keeping the
last leaf or leaves in place; this check is made to turn down out of the
way when not wanted, but when in use is held up by a spring or balance
weight not shown; it also might be made to drop vertically or in various
forms, or be a fixture. L', Figures 1 and 3, is a spring dog or jaws'
made to slip under the ledge of the book rest on the piano stand or
instrument for steadying the machine.
In setting this machine or apparatus to work, the first operation will
be by opening the music or book in half, place the centre of bottom
edge behind the pin H2 by pressing the stave B₁ back, next at the top
raise the pin D by D', push back the music, drop the pin down in front
at its centre, turn the screw E which will force back the pin D keeping
the music in place, take each leaf to be turned over, place them in front
of the fingers and behind the vacuum check of each arm. The arms will
now be in position, as shown in Figures 1 and 2. A slight touch of J
will release the first arm, and with it the leaf will be turned over, and
so on for each leaf.

page_text: parts of this apparatus which I claim as part of my Invention. The
jaws L for steadying the apparatus would be improved by having finger
nibs L', as shown in front and side clevation, Figures 1 and 3. Jaws are
also made in different shapes, and operated or tightened by set screws,
sliding wedges, eccentrics, or such like contrivances; or fitted on the
back to clip the stave of piano, &c. rest. The body or case is made
in different designs more than shown, and of all kinds of material.
The main arms I also propose working by elastic cords, as shown in
Figure 11. I is the arm disc, and the cords as will be seen are
attached to a fixture.
Figure 12 is a plan view of the cord arrangement, showing the
eccentric grooves as dotted for giving uniform power of cords M;
Figure 13 is a spiral spring arrangement attached to the cords, or the
cords might be attached to spring drums or cylinders.
Figures 14 and 15 is an eccentric rack and disc movement. M, the
the elastic cord. Figure 13 action might be used here or a plain rack.
N is a friction wheel keeping the racks in place; N' is a fixed support,
allowing rack to slide freely. Figure 15 is an end view, the rack can be
pulled by the spring from either side. The main arms could be attached
to cylinders fitted one within the other, and the cylinders so constructed
as to be operated by suitable springs.
'
Figures 16 and 17 are front and side views of spring grips substituting
the fingers I, Figure 1, by gripping the leaves to be turned over; in
this case vacuum grips or checks would not be required.
Figure 18 is a front and end view of another sort of vacuum check, of
which O is a spring in itself pressing the leaf against the finger I³. The
stem of the finger might be made oval for several conveniences, also they
need not be on the arm in one radiant line.
I also particularly claim an appliance fitted to the disc arms or any
suitable moving part for turning back the arms and leaves, or any par-
ticular arm or leaf for a repetition of performance; this I prefer doing
in the following manner :- By portably fitting a tassel or metal projection
to be easily operated by the performer's hand, or on the discs, &c., a nib
or eye is fitted. Or racks with suitable formed teeth sliding on or in
guides and engaging teeth on the discs I'. These racks, by preference,
are by springs drawn back so as to just free the discs, and only moved
when a repetition is required. The racks need not be fitted to engage

page_text: every disc. From these racks or eyes a wire, cord, or suitable connection
passes to any part outside of the case, so that it might be carried to the
foot or any part of the person. Special springs I also propose using for
the same.
The action of Figure 19 will be easily seen, the slots and studs shown
on the catches work in fixed bearings.
Figures 20 and 21 is a front and end view of another simple action,
which will easily explain itself.
Figures 22 and 23 is an end and front elevation of another catch
arrangement, Q is a slotted quadrant made to oscillate in the same
manner as the others; Q¹ is the fixed bearings and guides partly broken
away to clearly show the working parts. I propose using a spring on each
of these front catches, so that when the arms are turned back for charging
they will pass over the same without raising the back one or moving the
other parts, there are several other catches, such as quadrants with teeth
or nibs on them, oscillating on a shaft or pivoted and working direct on
the arms or little nibs attached thereto or plates sliding to and fro or
vertically, with suitable projections to operate direct on little nibs fixed
to the under side of the arms or at the ends. The discharging knob
shown at J, Figures 1, 2, and 3, I prefer when used by the finger to be
of a flat concave form and brought down lower than shown for the
finger of the performer to be more readily drawn across it.
It will be generally understood that I propose carrying a wire or
suitable connections from this knob or any part of the compound catch
to a suitable pedal or projection, to be easily operated by the foot or any
part of the performer's person. The position of this said discharge knob
might be put to any part of the apparatus found favorable, and be pushed
in up to one side or any other way, also a projection fitted on the
catch J. Figures 4, 5, and 6 might make the discharging knob, also
that these several catches shall be so placed on the apparatus as to
operate the arms from the place shown to any part of the disc.
Figures 24 to 33 are modifications of the sliding compound grip C on
the stave B', Figures 1 and 3.
Figure 24, shows a perspective view of the pin guide removed from
its grooved bed, in which R is a tightening screw, so as when the pin
and its guide are pushed back to grip the music a slight turn of same
B 2

page_text: will keep the pin from slipping back, any kind of wedge or eccentric
action will answer the same purpose.
Figure 25 is a perspective view of an action similar to 24 only with an
eccentric hapse. There are several different shaped pin guides, and when
pushed back are held by spring catches on the pin guide engaging teeth
on the slotted bed, or vice versa, eccentric catches are also applicable
either horizontal or vertical.
Figures 26 and 27 is an elevation and plan view of another compound
grip arrangement with the pin S pivoted on the pin guide S¹, the spring
catch S is for retaining the pin in its place, when required to be released
S2 is pushed back, the pin turned up by its handle as shown dotted. The
pin will be kept from slipping as the others.
Figures 28, 29, and 30 are different views of another compound grip
with a pivotted grip pin, G, G, will be the grooved bed plate; T, the pin
guide on which is a hapse T¹ to keep the pin T stiff. When released`
the hapse is pushed back by its knob t¹; T is a screw as described in
some of the other actions. The groove this side is formed so as not to
be lifted out of place by the action of T; C is the slide as shown in
Figure 8 only broken off, the dotted lines shown denote the several
parts.
Figure 31 is a perspective view of a modification of the pivoted
stave B¹, bed plate and slide C, Figures 1 and 8. In Figure 31, G is the
guide bed with its slide U sliding in V or suitable grooves as shown in
sectional plan view at Figure 32. The surface of the slide is flush with
the stave, the grooves here shown are formed with strips of brass or other
metal fitted thereto.
Figure 33 is a sectional plan view of another slide in which slots are
cut in the stave for the feathers or rivets to pass. The grip pin of these
actions might also be operated by being fitted to a horizontal set knob,
screwed on a screw, fixed to a slide on the stave, the said screw would a
work in a channel or hole in the knob, also the pin might be made in
length from top of book to bottom. The vertical motion of these
compound grips might be governed by a screw rack and pinion or
spring.
Figures 34 and 35 are modifications of the arm disc, in which will be a
seen that the arms broken off for convenience are made of steel or other
suitable material, round or otherwise, with their inner ends flattened out.

page_text: by preference, and coiled round in the form of a spring, when these
spring arms are turned to the right they coil themselves up and form
the springs to turn the leaves over, it will be seen that thin washers or
discs are placed between each spring to keep them in place and guide
their true radial and general working, the outer ends of these arms when
charged are under or in a guide to facilitate the correct action of the
compound or releasing catch. The arbour is made in the usual way, or
square with spring made to fit. It will be seen here that the arbour is
fitted on the crown plate H, which might also be the discs I' described
in the other early figures instead of the base plate I*, the centre pin H²
here shown might be made to move instead of the stave B' at Figures 1.
and 3 for fixing the music or book.
Figure 35 is a plan view with the crown plate, &c. removed, showing the
form of the spring arms, the washers or disc can be fixed or not to the
spring, but by preference fixed to a portion of the outer coil. The arms.
of this machine can be made in any form or bent in any shape, also
the springs and washers modified. I propose as a substitute for the
fingers I, Figures 1 and 3, that an elastic cord or a wire slightly bent or
coiled to give a required spring be suitably attached to the end of each
arm and passing up behind each leaf to be turned to the compound
grip on the top of centre stave B'; these cords or wires are so arranged in
connection with the grip as to be casily shortened or lengthened to suit
different sized books, and can also be used with the ordinary finger I³,
likewise the arms or fingers I can be made to contract or expand in
length. For the sake of space in stowage or portability I propose that
the back of this apparatus shall contract, turn, or slide down, also, the
fingers, the staves might also be formed of telescopic tubes or on the
principle of the finger J, Figure 1, Sheet 2.
In some cases when the machines are fixed to a piano: or instrument.
the back might turn down as the usual book rest, and when hinged on
the front, as is in some cases at present, the centre stave or compound
grip would be the only part that needing contracting.. When, used for
standing on tables, &c., a stave might be pivoted or otherwise at its back
to support it, or a strip of wood or other material drawn or turned out
from the base of machine for the same object...
I do not bind myself to the design or materials of the back case and.
other parts shown in the Drawings, but made in any well known design
or form found suitable. For giving various powers to the arm springs,

page_text: I propose fitting such appliances as a ratchet and paul, worm and tooth
wheel, or any known means to turn the arbour of the springs back or
forward, by which means the power of the springs causes the arms with
the leaves to either turn quick or otherwise.
The following Figures from 36 to 65 inclusive are principally the
Drawings of my single-armed vertical action machine. In this and
all the other primary actions machines the back will be the same as
described. The same letters refer to the same parts in the different
views.
Figure 36 is a front elevation; Figure 37, a plan view showing the
leaf regulator or divider, and the slot cut in the cover for the passage of
the leaf arm and finger; Figure 38 is an end view shewing principally
the leaf regulator; Figure 39 is a sectional front elevation showing the
working parts; Figure 40, sectional plan view; Figure 41, sectional
view of the regulator; Figure 42, an end view of the axle guide and
motion works of the leaf arm. The remaining Figures are principally
details and modifications which I shall herein describe.
,
A is the case, box, or frame; B' the broken or removed back. The
motive power of this machine is a mainspring of ordinary construction
and enclosed in its case C, Figure 40, and removed in Figure 39, to show
the usual ratchet, paul, tooth wheel, and suitable appliances to motive
power springs. C¹ is the arbour, and on the same is fitted a key O2,
shown in Figures 36 and 37; C³ is a worm and tooth quadrant main
spring stop, seen in detail at Figures 43 and 44, in which C¹ is the arbour
and C³ the worm; C* the tooth quadrant pivoted on its bearing 0%. Any 1
of the other well known over-winding stops and other movements is
applicable to this spring action. D is a pinion gearing in the toothed
wheel on the spring arbour, and on its shaft is a crank or disc D' reci-
procating the connecting rod E; F is a leaf retainer; Fits shaft
oscillated in fixed bearings by a projection F on the disc D¹ coming in
contact with a lever F³ pivoted at F*, and jointed to a connecting rod F³,
which rod is pivoted to a crank F* fixed on the shaft F¹, casily traced
out by the dotted lines in Figure 39. By the stud or projection F* the
lever F³ is tilted, and thereby turns the retainer down under the top edge
of the cover or case A. This action takes place when a leaf is passing a
by. The movement of this retainer is modified by any of the well-known
mechanical movements. G is the main or leaf arm; G¹ is a roller finger
pivoted on the arm G; G³ is a spring and short connecting rod to allow

page_text: the finger to suit the angle of the leaf during its forward stroke; the
arm G is pivoted to its shaft G³. H is a tooth quadrant fixed on the
shaft Gs, and gearing with another quadrant H' rocked by the connecting
rod E, and by this motion the arm G and its finger is made to turn a
half or part of circle, and at the same time passing up behind a leaf and
turning it over. The arm G extends beyond its shaft and traverses a
grooved guide I, I, so formed as to tilt the arm and finger forward to
give a greater command of the leaf during its stroke. J is the releasing
knob and its lever; J¹, a connecting lever; J², its spring; J³ is a spring
catch; by depressing the knob J forces on the end of J', tilts J³, and
allows the arm G to escape; the spring J* returns it to its proper position.
There are many modifications of this releasing catch; also the knob or
a finger plate might be fitted on the end of lever J. K is the leaf
regulator or divider, which forms a very important part by placing the
leaves in a proper position to be taken by the arm and finger G. This
regulator shown is of a screw form, and between the threads is placed
singly the leaves as it is wound up. It will be seen at K' that the
threads are made thick, or a coarser pitch, to spread each front leaf as
they come forward to a suitable distance apart to allow the finger G¹ to
freely pass up behind for turning it over. K³, K2, are spokes or arms of
the regulator, so formed as not to interfere with the leaves; K³ is the
axle of K, plainly shown in the sectional view, Figure 41; K' is a winch
handle, shown in Figures 36, 37, and 38; L is the regulator spring case,
shown in section at Figure 41; L' is a stop governing the number of
revolutions of the regulator and spring, shown dotted at Figure 39, and
removed to Figure 45, in which K³ is the regulator shaft with a single
tooth pinion gearing in the check wheel L. The regulator I also propose
making of solid threads from its axle, or of any screw form. M is the
escape catch engaging a stop on the regulator, shown plainly at Figures 39
and 40, of which latter Figure the regulator is removed to clearly show
the same fitted on a shaft M'; M³, is a spring; M³ is a lever or crank;
M' is a tappet lever with a washer of rubber on its end; N. is. a. cushion
of rubber checking the return stroke of the leaf arm G. There are very
many well-known modifications of this escape movement, also sliding
pallets or nibs. This catch is operated by any part of the arm, or other
parts moving at the required time. O, O, are jaws for steadying the
machine when on an instrument or stand, &c., seen in detached view at
Figure 46, in which O is the grip jaws or dogs pivoted at O', and has
an oscillating screw.nut, seen in Figure 40. O2 is the set screw working

page_text: in an oscillating screw collar at 0%. Figure 42 is a sectional view taken
through the line Y, Z, of Figures 39 and 40. G is the leaf arm seen
pivoted to its axle G³; H is the shaft quadrant, and H¹ the drawing or
rocking quadrant; I, the grooved arm guide; J, the discharge lever
pivoted at j on the shaft bearing g..
I claim the movements for oscillating or working of the leaf arm, all
that is well known as the old bottle-jack spring movement, in which the
rocking or oscillating tooth would form the quadrant H, as shown in
the Drawings. The parts marked H2 and H³ show the position on this
machine of the centre pin and stave spring respectively as described
in Sheet 1.
In setting this machine in motion the mainspring would be wound
up, the book or music is placed on the back, and the leaves are threaded
or placed in each coil of the regulator by the same being turned by its
winch K. The last or outer leaf must be left in front of the first thread.
During the setting or turning of the regulator its spring is wound up
by the performer depressing the knob J; the catch J³ releases the finger
arm, which passes up between the two front leaves and turns the first
or outer one over; as the arm arrives with the leaf to its extent of
stroke the projection F on the disc D₁ has caused the retainer F to tilt
down, allowing the leaf to pass by, and by its spring or balance weight
flies up, keeping the leaf in place; at this time the arm is making its
return stroke, and as it arrives home strikes the tappet lever M*, which
causes M to release the regulator, and allow it by the action of its spring
to make one revolution, and at the same time the leaves are brought
forward one thread, and the (or cach) front one spread out by the difference
in the pitch of the same, which is all in order for the next depression
of J, by which another leaf would be turned over as before. The
remaining Figures are principally modifications of the several parts of
the machine.
Figures 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, and 52 are different views of a wedge tooth
regulator. Figure 47 is a front elevation; Figure 48, a plan. G is the
arm finger; P and P' are plates with wedge teeth formed on them;
the outer tooth on each plate is of a greater pitch or angle, best seen at
Figure 51, for spreading the front leaf apart as mentioned before. These
wedge plates are fitted on arms Ps³ and Ps³. P is the arms shaft, which
one pair of arms P&² is fixed and the other allowed to run loose; Q is a
connecting rod reciprocated by any of the moving parts, or in somo

page_text: actions by a spring; Q' is a shaft; Q, a double lever with connections Q³
and Q jointed to the arm Ps and the crank on P'. By the reciprocation
of Q the tooth plate P is made to fall, and P¹ rise and return back again.
By this movement the leaves that were placed in P would have been
each brought forward one tooth, best seen by an enlarged section in
Figure 49. The dotted lines represent leaves. Figure 50 is an end view
of the plates bent so as not to cut the leaves in its up-and-down stroke;
Figure 51 is an end view of Figures 47 and 48; A', the case or box.
Figure 52 is an end view showing the plate P down and the plato P¹
up, which P is fitted on its arm movable, as shown by the screws and
slots R, R, and has a small shaft up its arm so as to come in contact
with a fixed projection, not shewn, to slide back the plates when going
down, as its points will be behind the next leaves, and when it rises
take them on one tooth. Another plan of shifting the plates is when
it comes down a stud will strike against a fixed projection, as seen dotted
at the bottom. The pivot or working shaft a C, of these arms might be
turned to the right. The working mechanism can be easily modified
without departing from the principle of the wedge teeth plates.
Figure 53 is another action in which H is the driving quadrant. R is
a rack fixed on a support, partly broken away to show the working
parts; S is a wheel pivoted on a projection from the arm G, which arm
is fixed on the shaft G and S gearing in teeth. formed on the sliding
arm G and the quadrant rack R, by these means the lengthening out
of G¹ can be easily traced. Figures 54 and 55 is a plan and end view of
the same action respectively. The tilting of the finger on the outer end
will be operated by a connecting link S', which link is pivoted on the
sliding arm G' and moved by stud S on the fixed arm G, Figure 50.
The finger is removed in Figure 54 to show the position of S¹. Figure 27
is the same action as 55, only with a multiplying wheel so as to give an
extra extension to the arm G. R is the fixed rack.
Figure 57 is a substitute for the driving quadrant H and H¹ in
Figure 4, in which Figure 57 G is a crank arm fixed on the driving
shaft; G', a slotted plate made to reciprocate by the connecting rod E,
as is the quadrants H and H' just mentioned. The dots indicate the
position of the crank at the end of each stroke. The connecting rod E
might be attached to the crank G.
Figure 58 is a new mechanical action for carrying the regulator spring

page_text: threads, so as to avoid great lateral space. K is the end of the regulator
shaft with a crank fixed thereto, and on this crank the oscillating
reciprocating lever K₁ is pivoted; K2 is a friction wheel pivoted in the
centre of the lever and forming its fulcrum, and the other end of the
lever is pivoted to a driving disc or crank K³, which disc is rotated by
the spring movement, plainly shown, part of the tooth wheel on the.
spring arbour is broken away to show the spring case; K*, K³, are fixed
guides for the friction wheel to traverse in. It will be plainly seen that
whatever position the crank or cranks K is in the driving power will be
equal, as there is no dead centre to overcome. This action being new I
claim it as applicable to machinery and mechanical movements in
general. The outer end of this lever can be made to describe elliptical
movements by altering the position of its fulcrum. The friction wheel
might be made otherwise than round, and governed by a toothed wheel
so as to give various movements to the lever arm, or the fulcrum pivoted
or working on any of the well known parallel movements, or on a
supporting link or rod.
Figures 59 and 60 is another plan of carrying the spring below. K is
a pinion on the end of regulator shaft gearing in a toothed wheel fixed
on the spring arbour; K¹, spring casc.
Figure 61 is the overwinding stop removed to show its action. K² is
the spring arbor wheel with a worm on its side gearing with a side
quadrant rack. Any of the usual stops can be used or a small lever
pivoted on the case, and when the regulator is fully charged with leaves
the back one would force it against a stop to check the overwind, in this
case the spring cylinder or box might be held by friction.
Figures 62, 63, and 64 is an arrangement for a double spring working
side by side, and giving their whole length to the rotation of the
regulator shaft. K, Figure 62, is a perspective view of the spring case.
Figure 63 is a section of the case. K, the regulator shaft; K', a fixed
shaft in line with K, and has on it the fixed spring nib. The case or
cylinder K² has a partition to divide the springs, also two nibs for the
same, and allowed to revolve on the shaft, fixed one preferred. Figure 64
is a sectional perspective view of the double cylinder, showing one of
the nibs. This cylinder might be allowed to revolve within a fixed one,
also more than two springs might be used side by side on this principle
of revolving cylinders or case, and nib axles fitted thereto. This move-

page_text: ment I claim as new and appliable to all suitable kinds of mechanism
and movements.
Figure 65 is a perspective view of a movement for storing up power by
the reciprocating action of a rod U, moved by any suitable parts of the
machine. U is the spring case, which spring inside drives a sliaft, and
on it a pinion U gearing in a rack U³; U' is a single tooth ratchet fixed
on the shaft and engaging a paul on a crank disc Us, which disc drives
the oscillating reciprocating lever K' connected to the regulator. The
rod U is allowed to slide on the rack U³. A spiral spring fitted on the
end of the rack at V would substitute the barrel spring U'. As a vacuum
check I propose fitting jaws, grips, and wedges by the movement of the
machine to rise up and down so as to grip or jam the second leaf just at
the time of the first moving off and then to drop. I propose to wind up
the mainspring at the same time as turning the regulator to set the
leaves by using such appliances as shafts, screws, connecting rods, gear
work, the oscillating reciprocating action, or any suitable known move-
ments either attached to the spring arbor connections or on the shaft of
the pinion D inside or out of the case.
The following Figures are Drawings of several single arm primary
actions, modifications, and details thereto. The back is not shown in
either of these actions but is as before mentioned. The same letters
indicate the same parts in the different views of each primary action.
Figure 66 is a sectional front elevation of a horizontal action machine
with a contracting and expanding Figure; Figure 67 is a plan view.
Figures 68 and 69 is an elevation and plan of a modification in
working the arm lever in Figure 66.
The mainspring, the regulator, the steadying or gripping jaws and
their connections is as described in the vertical machine, Sheet No. 2,
but removed to more clearly show its working parts. A is the case cut
away at A¹ to free the working of the arm; B is a double-forked leaf
arm, so formed as to admit of a lever C pivoted on B at C', which short
inner fork or jaws of B are fixed to a vertical shaft D working in
bracket bearings E fixed on the case, as shown, and on or forming part
of the bracket is a slotted or grooved semi or part circle plate F, in
which grooves the end of the finger lever C is made to traverse; G is a
catch pivoted on the grooved plate, so as when the end of finger levers C
passes it drops and makes C follow up the groove in its back stroke, the
centre part F is cast or made a fixture on its other parts by con-

page_text: nections ; it can also be made solid with a projecting groove, or the
end of lever C forked and sliding on a feathered projection. His a
bevilled gear toothed quadrant fixed on the shaft D and gearing in a
similar quadrant H¹ pivoted at H2 on the top of the bracket E, and
oscillated by a connecting rod I leading to the mainspring movements
as described on Sheet No. 2. J is the contracting and expanding finger
pivoted on the arm B at J¹; J² is a stud fitted on the finger J and sliding.
in the vertical slots formed in the forks of B, on this stud the forked
jaws of C are fitted. On the arm B a spring is fixed (but not shown in
the Drawings) to force up the outer end of the lever C with its finger J.
The finger J is constructed of several thin plates all loosely pivoted
together, and of such a height (tapering or not) to command the turning
of the leaf. Figure 70 is the finger detached and contracted. C is the
lever, showing its forked and oblong stud hole; J', the fixed pivot. The
cap connecting the top plate is made conical to more freely pass up
between the leaves. K is the regulator, partly shown, the dotted lines
passing between the same in Figure 67 are the two leaves. Lis the
discharging catch moved by the finger plate broken off on the lever L';
L is the spring forcing up L'; M, the regulator tappet lever depressed
by and at the same time as L; N is the leaf retainer working laterally or
transversely, as in Figure 67, shown detached at Figure 71, various
alterations in the movements can be made without departing from the
principle; when the catch is depressed the arm and finger is released
and turns over a leaf, and its lever C has passed the catch G, so as when
the return stroke is made the end of C will pass up the grooves, and
thereby contract the finger until arrived home, when the arm will be
caught by its catch L, and the end of C have just passed the highest
part of the groove, would by the action of a spring suddenly drop,
and thereby raise the outer or finger end, which would cause the finger J
to pass up behind a leaf brought forward by the regulator at the same
time as the arm was in motion.
.
Figures 68 and 69 are modifications of operating the finger lever. C
is the lever, and has on it a double jawed spring catch O engaging a
screw nut P with studs working in vertical slots formed on the arm B, so
as to keep it from turning with the vertical shaft Q on which a
pinion Q¹ is fitted, and gearing in a semicircle, rack R fixed on to the
bracket E, shown in plan view at Figure 69, the other parts are as in
Figures 66 and 67. As this arm B traverses backwards and forwards,
the pinion Q is rotated, and thereby traverses the nut up and down; when

page_text: the arm is home, as in Figure 68, the nut P has lifted the catch O and.
its lever C just at the last part of the home spoke of the arm, a stud or
projection S on the catch O would strike against a fixed wedge or
suitable projection S' scen in Figure 69, and slip back the catch which
causes the finger to spring up. As the nut works down when the arm
goes forward again it would engage the catch for the next lift. The
projection S¹ might be substituted by allowing the screw Q to be out
of the vertical line, or the finger lever fulcrum, so as when the nut P
raises the lever it would disengage itself. The wedge S! might be made
more sensitive by pivoting it, as shown by the dotted lines, in which the
arm B would strike the other end first and more suddenly drive the
wedge and S¹ against the stud S.
Figure 72 is a modification of the finger lever and its manner of
working; C is the finger lever pivoted on the arm at C', and bent at right
angles, as shown, and to it is pivoted a connecting rod C², carrying a
spring catch C³, engaging a rod C attached to a fixed eccentric sur-
rounding the finger shaft in the same manner as the toothed semicircle R,
Figure 69. The pivot shown in the slot of the connecting rod C+ is
fixed to the rod C³, and sliding in guide slots formed in the leaf arm or
slots formed on C, and the pivot fixed to the leaf arm. The action of
this modification is the fixed eccentric reciprocates the rod-C so as
when the leaf arm is making its return stroke the catch would engage
cach other and drag the arm C and its finger down, when the- arm
arrives home the tail end of the catch strikes against a fixed wedge
or projection S, disengaging the catches, which would allow a spring
to suddenly raise the finger as the arm makes another forward stroke,
the rod C advances up to engage the catch C³ for the same as before,
suitable formed slots would substitute the eccentric.
Figure 73 is another modification in which the finger lever is made
flexible in itself; D is the finger shaft; R, a fixed bevilled gear scini-
circle rack surrounding the same; R', a pinion gearing with R, and on
the end of its shaft is formed a screw working in a pivoted nut on the
shaft end of the spring finger lever C. As the arm turns backwards and
forwards the spring is bent to suddenly expand and contract the finger.
On the finger or the forks of the arm two catches are placed so as to keep.
the finger from moving except at the end of each stroke, and the catches
are released by striking fixed projections such as when going forward,
the spring lever is bent down, and when reversed the spring is bent up

page_text: and the finger by the catches suddenly moves accordingly. The
pinion R when home might be made to disengage R to allow the finger
to spring up, studs on R and R¹ would obtain the correct gearing.
Figures 74 and 75 are front and end views of a modification of the
finger in which jaws are constructed to grip the bottom edge of the
leaves. B, the leaf arm; C, the spring lever raising up and down
the grip jaws, the action best seen in Figure 75. J, a jaw sliding up
and down in guides on the arm B, and carrying a pivoted jaw J¹ with a
spring tail, which tail, when in the position shown, is pressing against.
a stud J² fixed on the arm B, causing the jaws to grip the leaf shown
dotted. Js are two spring catches pivoted on the arm B and moved by
fixed tappets at each end of the stroke. When the arms are going
forward the jaws would grip the leaf shewn, dotted, and when it arrives
over with the same the top catch J³ would be released, allowing the jaws
to drop by the action of the spring lever C (which lever action has been
described in the other Figures) and the bottom catch J, allowing it to
rise and grip the next leaf when it arrives home.
Figure 76 is a modification of the jaws, which are both pivoted to a
block sliding in a guide j, and their tails operated by the grooves k, k.
The faces of the jaws might be covered with rubber.
Figures 77 and 78 is a sectional front elevation and plan view of a
longitudinal action machine with a contracting and expanding finger.
Figure 79 is an end section; the finger is made of a suitable height, and
traverses the bed of the machine in an arcular longitudinal direction on
grooved or suitable formed rails B, on which rails are formed toothed
racks or rack. C is the traversing bed plate of the finger, on which arm
racks D, D, are fitted, and gearing in a toothed wheel E on a shaft E',
rotated by the oscillating quadrant H, which quadrant is rocked by the
rod I, as before explained. On the bed plate C is fitted the finger J,
which is formed by 3 or more thin strips of steel or other material
spirally fitted and kept in place by bands encircling the same, all the
rivets allowing the parts to work free. F, F, are pillars fixed on C,
and supporting a ring F' which forms the top bearings of the 2 vertical
screws G, G, on which pinions G¹, G¹, are fitted gearing in the rack on
the sides of the grooved rails B; these screws G work a compound
ring L
up and down as the bed plate is traversed to and fro. M, M,
are two friction wheels fitted on the first ring or band of the finger J ;
K, the regulator; N, the leaf retainer, as before described; O, the

page_text: discharging catch and its connection leading to the discharge lever O¹,
which lever is pushed on one side instead of down, as in the other
primary actions. The catch O has a spring O* to allow of its being
pushed back without moving the other parts.
Figure 79 is an end section through the centre of the machine showing
the driving gear. The action of this machine is, as the bed plate C,
finger J, screws, &c. are traversed forward, and as the finger is up
behind, a leaf pushes it over, at the same time the compound ring is
raised up and engages the friction wheels M, M, which as the bed is
traversed back the screws G, G, would be reversed and at the same time
drags or contracts the finger down, and when home G, G, would have
by the twist action of the finger turned opposite two escape holes in the
compound ring, allowing the finger to spring up. The inside pinion G¹,
or the screw shaft G, is of a different size or pitch to make up for the
difference traversed.
Figures 80 and 81 is a telescopic finger with a spiral spring inside,
and the bottom tube fixed to the base plate C, which slides in the rails
on four or other shaped wheels B'; D is a winding drum on a shaft
having a toothed wheel, ratchet, and paul movement D¹, which gears in
a rack on the rail, so as when the finger is going forward the wheel runs
loose, and coming back the wheel turns the drum D and winds down
the cords J', thereby contracting the tubes; when it arrives home the
wheel disengages the rack and allows the finger by the action of the
spring to rise up, a pin on the wheel and on the rack ensures its correct
gearing.
Figure 83 is a side view of a spring catch substituting the drum D,
Figure 81. In Figure 83 the catch D is fixed on a pivot, and as the
ring or eye of the string J' passes it would be caught and drag the finger
down, when it arrives home a projection would strike the end of the
lever D and release the ring or eye allowing the finger to spring up, the
ring would stop in the position dotted close to the friction wheel C
on the bed.
Figure 82 is an end view showing the end of bed and the catch.
Figures 84 and 85 is a front and end view of a catch moved by a
connecting rod D¹; D, the catch. Various other movements can be
applied for working these same principles.
Figure 86 is a sectional front elevation of a longitudinal action with
an oscillating or folding finger; Figure 87 is an end view of same. The

page_text: bed C is constructed and moved similar to the one just described,
but with suitable bearings C¹ carrying a finger J on which is fitted
a roller; J¹ is the finger shaft on which is fitted a spring; J2 is a crank
or arm which is guided or traverses on a rail or groove D, D, when the
discharging catch (not shown) is touched, the finger on its bed C is
made to traverse the rails B, and at the end of its stroke the crank pin J
would pass the catch D¹, and at the same time the projection E would
tilt the catch F, which catch would be held by another small catch F¹ to
allow the lever end of arm J to clearly free. As the bed, &c., now makes
its return stroke the crank pin J' would slide up the rail D, F¹ would
strike against a balance projection at E', and release F, as the finger
arrives home; J' would have just passed the highest point of D, the
finger then would have tilted under the edge of the next leaf, springs up
and be caught by the catch F in readiness for the next discharge, Fi
would be against or on a projection to keep it from interfering with F
when struck by the finger arm. An extra length of E or F would
substitute the spring catch F¹. In Figure 87 D is the guide rail; C, the
bed; B, the tram rail; E, the fixed projection; J, the finger, to be of a
suitable height. Modifications of the crank arm are made by using a
toothed quadrant gearing in a fixed rack or in a tooth wheel or wheels,
also a screw or worm to work the quadrant, or a lever running in the
slots working cords on the finger shaft. I also propose that the finger
shall be caught by the discharging catch and when springs up shall
discharge the machine.
Figures 88, 89, and 90 are front elevations, end, and plan view,
respectively of a tilting toothed leaf regulator; K are forked teeth of
which the leaves are threaded between and the said teeth slide on a
fixed feathered bar L which teeth are kept vertical by the feather until
the leaves are taken or placed in position for the main arm and then
tilts down as scen in Figure 88, allowing the leaf to be freely turned
over. M is a broad faced quadrant with grooves formed on its periphery
in the manner shown in the detached view Figure 91, this quadrant is
oscillated by the connecting rod N, Figures 89 and 90, attached to any
of the suitable moving parts. By the pressure of the spring L' at each
vibration of the quadrant one tooth is passed on and spread out to such
a distance as the finger or arm could pass up between. When the
vibration of the quadrant has passed all the teeth out and tilted them
over, a quarter turn of O will raise all the teeth in a vertical position,

page_text: and then can easily be pushed back behind the quadrant for the next
book or piece of music to be set. O is allowed to freely turn on the
end of shaft L. By referring to Figure 91 the grooves will show the
manner the studs of the teeth traverse the quadrant. The spring forces
the teeth forward and their studs enter at M', as M makes its forward
stroke the studs will pass to M³, and the back stroke passes it by the
spring catch to M³, and at this time another stud will enter M'. It
will be seen that the form of the spring catch at the first move of M
will tilt the front tooth over. The point P shows the manner the teeth
are slid by the quadrant for recharging.
Figure 92 is a side view of the quadrant and shewing the manner a
balance weight could be applied to the teeth, seen dotted, to assist in
tilting the same. Figure 93 is a modification of the same principle
regulator with a screw shaft underneath or in any position. In the
threads of the screw M works the studs of the teeth K, which are shown
broken off. M³, shaft winch; N, the escape catch, allowing one revolution
at a time; O is a pinion capable of gearing with a spring connection to
give the necessary rotation to its screw shaft M.
Figure 94 shows a slight projection on the screw at P to assist in
tilting each outer tooth. The coarse pitch of the thread is for the same
as in the other regulators.
Figures 95, 96, and 97 is another modification of the tooth action
regulator in which teeth are made single, and the leaves placed between
each and can be of any suitable height. M is a broad faced quadrant
oscillated as before and bringing each tooth forward, the same only
working vertically and assisting in keeping the second leaf in place.
The studs are placed on the side of the teeth as shown in Figure 95.
The small projection on the teeth at R, Figure 96, is for keeping the
quadrant M from making a mishap or entangling two leaves; Figure 97
is a side view of the quadrant face similar to the others described, but
with a second catch at M', and the grooves are shaped slightly different.
There are many more well known actions for working this and other
parts without departing from the principle which I claim as connected
with my machine.
Figures 98 and 99 is a sectional front elevation and plan view of a
horizontal single arm string action machine, in which the mainspring
and its connections to the main arm shaft is removed, and is of the same
as described in the other primary actions. The leaf retainer and the
C

page_text: regulator is dispensed with. A is the case cut away at A' for the
passage of the main arm B, B, which arm is fixed on a vertical shaft C
rotating in suitable bearings fixed on the case, and has fitted to it a bevil
gear semicircle toothed wheel D which wheel gears in a quadrant
oscillated by the mainspring connections, not shown; E is a fixed
reception loop hook cranked out of the circular line at F, Figure 99, to
facilitate the unbooking of the string loops as they are brought over or
round by the main arm B; D' is a pivoted discharging loop hook
carrying a spring catch E², on which hook is threaded any number of
inetal or suitable material loops G, on which is attached clastic spring
wire or such like material, cords G¹ passing up behind each leaf to be
turned over (shown broken off) to the compound grip on the centre
stave of the back, as described in Figure 1, Sheet 1. The compound grip.
is made slightly different here so as to more readily hitch or thread the
end of the cords on, and so constructed as to gather up or take in any
superflous length of cord, when the same is lowered for a smaller book,
&c. the grip pin might be dispensed with as the cords assist in keeping.
the music in place; H, in Figure 98 and 99 is a shaft on which is a
crank H¹ and a spring H³, which shaft is fitted the discharging knob
or finger plate not shown; I is a bracket supporting the loop arm E',
and fixed on the bed A, also forming a bearing for H.
Figure 100 is an end view of the pivoted discharging loop arm hook E¹
showing the manner it is operated by the crank H³, and the movements
of the string or cord loops; E³ is a spring on E¹, forcing the loops G
forward against the end of the main arm B and the catch E². On the
loops G will be seen small studs to keep them a certain distance apart,
so as the hook on the end of the arm B (part of one of the loops is
broken away to show the arm hook) shall have a free space to push it
through, or in the hook formed at the bottom of each loop G, which
shape is plainly shown on the left loop hook in Figure 98. The lever
part of the discharge hook E¹, Figure 100, will be seen to descend to the
discharge crank pin H', which crank pin will be operated by a discharge
finger plate or knob, shown dotted at J, which lever of J will be fitted
to the broken shaft H, Figures 98 and 99. As this finger plate J is
depressed it will move the crank H', and thereby the loop arm hook E³,
causing its outer end at E² to raise, and with it (by the elasticity of the
cords G¹) the loops G except each front one which would be caught
by the main arm hook B; at the same time as this movement takes place

page_text: .
the catch E would release the arm B with the loop, which arm would
by the action of its spring take the loop with its cord over and place it
on E, as best seen in Figure 99: As the loop is pushed on by the
arm it is drawn by the cranked shape of E at F out of the hook on the
arm allowing it to go back empty and place its hook in the next loop,
and be at the same time caught by the catch E in readiness for the
next depression of J. Any suitable projection on the loop hook E will
answer the required purpose and the loop hook so bent as to keep the
loops in place. The manner of giving motion from the discharging shaft H
to the loop hook E! can be done by an eccentric connecting rod, slots,
levers, and any of the well known movements answering the requirement:
The loop arm hooks can be bent up so as the elasticity of the cords will
force or slide. the loops forward against the catch. When wires are
used instead of the cords they must be bent or slightly coiled to give
the required elasticity, any fancy shape can be given to the main arin.
The vacuum check fitted on the cord loops G I have removed so as to
more clearly show the other parts. G³, Figure 98, shows the vacuum
check dotted, which forms part of the loop G, and is of a suitable height
to keep its leaf from being dragged out of place. by its front one, each of
the loops G have this check attached, but by preference the first loop is
an exception.
Figure 101 shows the same removed, in which is a front and side view.
I also propose as a modification of the check attaching a string from the
compound grip passing down in front of the leaves and hitched in
a small hook on cach of the loops G, but only shown on one at G,
Figures 98 and 100, which is seen dotted, the cord passing up. Any of
the several checks in the other machine can be applied here.
A modification of the loop and string I claim is by making loops with
spring jaws or grips, so as they can be slipped on the leaves and the
string or cords removed.
Figure 102 is a modification of the main arm in which B is a bracket
arm fixed on the shaft C, and carrying a lever arm B¹, which inner end
slides in a groove or projection forming part of a semicircle guide D,
fixed on the casc of the machine. On the outer end of B₁ is a hook as
shown in the end view at b; E is a guido allowing B' to slide up and
down and keeping it in place; F is a spring to counterbalance the lever:
principally for passing the catch dat Figure 103, which Figure shows a
side view of the fixed semicircle guide D and the manner the end of

page_text: lever B¹ is made to pass the catch d to give it the necessary motion to
place its hook in the loops G as before explained. The catch & could
be pivoted in the middle, so as to act double and substitute the spring F.
The loop hook E by preference would be fixed and a special discharge
catch applied. Instead of the oscillating lever B₁ a shaft fitted in
bearings on the arm B and the shaft, to have on its outer end a hook
and on its inner a lever or projection so fitted as to strike against a
fixed stud or projection to slightly turn the shaft for hooking on the
loops.
A modification of this machine is by forming the loop arm hooks E
and E¹ in a continuous circle as partly shown dotted at K, K, in
Figure 99, so as the loops could be slid round to the other side. This
bar K need not be in an arcular line in which case the hook on the arm
lever could slide on its arm or the arm and hook so formed as to slide
out of the loops. The string loop could also run in grooves formed on
the circular bar K.
Also another primary action I particularly claim is by having cords or
elastic, &c. attached to the inside of the case or on spring drums or
running through a pulley or pulleys which are attached to rubber cords
or springs fixed on the inside of the case. The first mentioned cords to
pass out through the left end of case on grooved friction pulleys, &c.,
and attached to their ends are metal spring clips, and these clips to be
slipped on the corner or bottom edge of each leaf to be turned, and on
the right side of the machine there is a reception bar or hook, which the
metal clips are slid on. While these clips are passed from the left and
put on the reception bar on the right their cords are strained to give the
necessary power to turn the leaves. The reception bar or hook is so
constructed as by a slight depression (as in the other primary actions)
would release one of the clips which by the manner the cords are
attached to the clip would give it a slight turn and drag it with the
leaf over to the left. Also any of the compound relcasing catches would
be applicable to release the clips one at a time. To force these clips (on
the reception bar or hook) forward I use a spring as in Figure 100. All
other parts as in other actions.
There is every advantage taken in the construction of these several
machines to avoid noise in the working parts for which I apply india-
rubber springs and such like material.
I propose that the strings and loops passing up behind the leaves to

page_text: take them over as in Figures 98 and 99, Sheet III., might substitute
the regulator K in the several other single armed actions, in which case
the end of the main arm would be constructed with a suitable hook or
grip jaws, so as to take each loop, and pass it over the other side on
a suitable reception hook.
.
In some primary action machines, a governor of any of the well known
form could be applied to make the main arm work more regular or
uniform.
Some of the actions mentioned in any particular machine or other-
wise could be applied to any other machine.
The manner of discharging and working these machines I propose
is by a cord, wire, or suitable connections from the releasing catch
carried or placed in any position on the instrument or stand, so as to be
easily operated by the foot, hand, knee, or any part of the performer's
person.
In some cases these machines would be fixed or fitted on an instru-
ment or stand, in which case I claim the adoption of carrying a cord,
chain, wire, or any suitable connections from the main arm shaft to the
foot or any other part of the performer for working the main arm as a
This claim is by
substitute for the mainspring and its connections.
preference. A spring or balance weight would cause the return stroke
of arm.
Where these several machines are found more suitable for placing the
working parts so as to turn the leaves over on the top of the book I claim
the adoption-of constructing it accordingly.
When these machines are employed for orchestras, instrumental,
military, or other bands, connections might be carried to the band master
or others, so as by the touch of a suitable appliance the whole lot of
leaves would be turned over. Electricity might be employed as the
agent to release the discharging catch.
As a modification in connection with this Invention I propose fitting
to the present book rest on pianos and other instruments a spring pin or
jaw fitted on the top of the centre stave, capable of sliding up or down
for different height books, for keeping the music in place, and at the
bottom on the rest a pin capable of sliding in and out by the pressure of
a spring, screw, spring lever, or similar appliance for pinching the centre¨
of music against the back; or the centre stave or a portion of the back

page_text: use;
forced out against the pin, this pin is made to turn down when not in
also parallel jaws gripping. the music by the back edge. The object
of this contrivance is for keeping the music or book, in place while
being turned by the hand.
I propose making these machines of different sizes from the large size
music book to a small sizo common prayer book, &c., so as it could be
held in the hand while reading, lecturing, or singing, and the catch so
arranged as to be easily touched by the finger on the same hand or as in
the others.
There is an apparatus all ready the subject of a Patent for turning over
the leaves of music, which the leaves are turned by an arm with double
forked hooks loosely pivoted to a shaft of which shaft is partly rotated by
a rope or cord leading around the inside of a piano or instrument down
to a pedal operated by a foot, which causes the loose arm pivoted on the
top of the instrument to unhitch a cord leading down across the music
and hitch it on a hook on the other side, in which no appliance is made
or mentioned to keep each leaf from dragging the next by its vacuum
out of place, or for placing each string loop to be taken at one place, by
which absence the machine is of no use.
The improvements I particularly claim to this apparatus arc,-
1st. By fitting on each of the string loops a long stud or projection
standing down a suitable distance to form a vacuum check to keep its
leaf from being dragged out of place by its front one, or a special string
coming down across the leaf for the same object, -
2nd. By adding a spring at the back of the spring loops to force them
forward to be taken at one place by the arm hooks or by bending the
arm hooks down to a suitable angle as for them to slide forward against
the hook, and of forming the arm and loops in the same manner as shown
at Figures 98 and 99.
3rd. By adding a mainspring and its connections to work the main or
vibrating arm for the object of making the apparatus portable and self-
acting, in which case by releasing a catch the machine would be set in
motion.
There is also a magnet leaf turner in which the foot is the moving
power to rotate an arm on the top of the book, here I propose fitting a
spring to work the same, in which case the machine is made self-acting

page_text: and portable, also by making the arm rotate in a portable case at the
bottom of the music or book.
In all prior Patents where the arm or arms are worked on the top of
the books, I claim an improvement by fitting the same in a case to be
worked at the bottom and by a mainspring arrangement as described
before.
The various ways which I have described in this Specification for
turning over the leaves of music and other books is to the best of my
knowledge perfectly new, and all the mechanical movements I have
here described are what I claim under the protection of the British
Patent Law my whole and sole right and property.
'
In witness whereof, I, the said George Dominy, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Second day of May One thousand eight
hundred and seventy-one.