IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF METAL TUBES AND CYLINDERS
Year: 1885

page_text: Cylinders.
Í FRANK ELMORE (Francis Edward) of 359 Claphain Road in the County of
Surrey Electrical Engineer do hereby declare the nature of my inventión for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF METAL TUBES AND CYLINDERS" to be
as follows:
This invention relates to certain improvements in the manufacture of metal
tubes and cylinders of size shape and thickness desired, by means of electro-
deposition of metal upon cores or moulds and is a further developement of the
improvements set forth in the Specification of my application for Letters Patent
No 1737 dated 7th February 1885.
The invention under this present application is based upon the shrinkage and
expansion of certain metals or alloys of metals, such as so called type metal for
instance, at different temperatures.
In carrying the invention into practice there are made cores or moulds of type
metal or of other metal such as lead capable of expansion at an elevated tem-
perature, said moulds being surfaced for receiving the electro-deposit of copper or
other metal of which the tube or cylinder to be produced will be constituted.
The moulds or cores are made slightly smaller than the interior of the tube or
cylinder to be produced by just so much as the difference of expansion will exceed
the dimensions at ordinary temperature.
These cores or moulds are mounted or hung in the depositing tank containing a
solution and anodes of the metal to be deposited said solution being kept at an
elevated temperature, below ebulition, and the electro-deposition is proceeded with
until a tube or cylinder of deposited metal is obtained upon the core or mould.
When the deposited tube or cylinder is obtained of the requisite thickness the core
or mould and its electro-deposited tube or cylinder will be removed from the bath
and cooled down, whereupon the shrinkage of the core or mould will take place
and the deposited tube or cylinder will be freed from the core or mould.
In making the aforesaid cores or moulds an axle with radial arms is taken as a
support and the same is put into a mould into which molten type-metal or other
metal possessing the quality of expansion and contraction at different temperatures,
will be cast so that the molten metal will forn a shell of such type metal (or other-
wise the metal employed) around the central axle and in said shell the ends of the

page_text: radial arms of the axle will be embedded and the surface of the said core or mould
can then be finished ready to receive the electro-deposit as before described. In
some cases the type metal (or other metal) shell may be closed at the ends except
by an aperture or apertures which aperture or apertures after the electro-deposition
shall have taken place will serve for filling the inside of the shell with a cooling or
freezing liquid or mixture to ensure a rapid shrinkage of the said shell or for
passing therethrough a current of cold air from a freezing machine.
The cores or moulds so prepared will be useable over and over again for the pro-
duction of tubes or cylinders of like dimensions.
In the foregoing description it is to be observed that the following is involved
viz that according to the metal deposited the cores or moulds upon which the tubes
or cylinders are so formed shall have a greater shrinkage at the lower temperature
than the metal of which the so deposited tube or cylinder is constituted, but as
corollary a core or mould may be employed which will be used in a cold solution of
the metal to be deposited (in which case the said core or mould may be solid or
nearly so) and the expansion at elevated temperature of such core may be less,
or less rapid than is the expansion of the deposited metal tube or cylinder, con-
sequently if the core or mould with its deposited tube or cylinder be plunged
suddenly into a medium (water or oil for instance) at an elevated temperature the
outside coating or shell metal will expand rapidly and the core can then be with-
drawn.
In some cases it will be well to burnish the surface of the deposited tube or
cylinder during the time at which the deposit will be going on in the bath and in
effecting this the said cores or cylinder will be mounted upon their axes and the
bath will have mounted thereon guides and a traveller fitted with worm and
change motion for traversing the said traveller to and fro over the bath. The
traveller will have a carrier attached, upon which will be mounted agates, blood-
stone or flints that is a non-conducting substance capable of burnishing and not
acted upon by the acid or alkali of the solution and said burnisher will operate
against the surface being deposited upon, to which there will also be imparted from
the before specified motion, a motion of rotation in relation to the traverse of the
burnishers.

page_text: Improvements in the Manufacture of Metal Tubes and
Cylinders.
I, FRANK ELMORE, (Francis Edward) of 359, Clapham Road, in the county of
Surrey, Electrical Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of my said invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF METAL TUBES AND CYLINDERS,"
and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described
and ascertained in and by the following statement :-
This invention relates to certain improvements in the manufacture of metal
tubes and cylinders of size shape and thickness desired by means of electro-
deposition of metal upon cores mandrils or moulds and is a further developement
of the improvements set forth in the specification of my application for Letters
Patent No 1737 dated 7th February 1885.
+
The invention under this present application is based upon the shrinkage and
expansion or the shrinkage and expanding properties relatively of certain metals
or alloys of metal such as those of copper relating to those of so-called type metal
for instance or those of iron to those of copper for instance at different tempe-
ratures.
In carrying the invention into practice there are made cores mandrils or moulds
of type metal or of other metal such as lead capable of a known amount of
expansion at an elevated temperature and contraction at a lower temperature said
moulds being surfaced by bronze powder or other like substances as a preparation
for receiving the non-adhesive electro-deposit of copper or other metal of which
the tube or cylinder to be produced will be constituted. These cores mandrils or
moulds are furnished with an axle or journals to support the same.
The moulds or cores are according to one modification to be employed in a hot
or heated solution in the electro-depositing bath, and are in that case made slightly
smaller than the interior of the tube or cylinder to be produced that is to say by
so much as the difference of expansion will at higher temperature. exceed the
dimensions at ordinary or lower temperature.
These cores or moulds are mounted or hung in the depositing tank containing a
suitable solution of the metal to be deposited and suitable electrodes, the said
solution being kept at an elevated temperature below ebulition and the electro-
deposition is proceeded with until a tube or cylinder of deposited metal is obtained
upon the core or mould.
When the deposited tube or cylinder is obtained of the requisite thickness the
core or mould and its electro-deposited tube or cylinder should be removed from
the bath and the tube is separated from the core by cooling or by heating the two
together, in the former case a greater shrinkage of the core or mould will take
place as compared with the lesser shrinkage of the deposited metal, and the
deposited tube or cylinder will be freed from the core or mould upon which it has
been so formed. By heating the tube and core together the separation is effected
by means of the unequal expansion of the tube and core.
In making the aforesaid cores mandrils or moulds, an axle is taken as a support
and the same is placed centrally into a casting mould into which mould proper
core pieces will be placed around the said axle, so that when molten type metal
or other metal. possessing the quality of expansion and contraction at different

page_text: temperatures is cast into the mould the molten metal will form a shell of such
type metal (or otherwise the metal employed) around and connected by radial arms
with a boss of the metal which will surround the central axle and the surface of
the said core or mould can then be finished ready to receive the electro-deposit as
before described. In some cases the type metal (or other metal) shell may be
closed at the ends except by an aperture or apertures which aperture or apertures
after the electro-deposition shall have taken place will serve for filling the inside
of the shell with a cooling or freezing liquid or mixture to ensure a rapid
shrinkage of the said shell or for passing therethrough a current of cold air from a
refrigerating machine.
The cores mandrils or moulds so prepared will be capable of being used over and
over again for the production of tubes or cylinders of like dimensions.
In the foregoing description it is to be observed that the following is involved
viz that according to the metal deposited the cores mandrils or moulds upon
which the tubes or cylinders are so formed shall have a greater shrinkage at the
lower temperature than the metal of which the so deposited tube or cylinder is
constituted but a core mandril or mould may be employed which may be used in a
cold solution of the metal to be deposited (in which case the said core mandril or
mould may be solid or nearly so) and the expansion at elevated temperature of
such core mandril or mould may be less or less rapid than is the expansion of the
deposited metal tube or cylinder thereon. If the core mandril or mould with its
deposited tube or cylinder thereon be then plunged or brought suddenly into a
medium (water oil steam or air, for instance) at an elevated temperature the
outside coating or shell of metal will expand rapidly and the core retaining its
original condition or expanding less or less rapidly can then be withdrawn ; when
such mandrils are attackable by any constituent of the bath they are to receive a
preparatory coating of a metal which will protect them.
To burnish the surface of the deposited tube or cylinder during the time at
which the deposit will be going on in the bath the said core or cylinders will be
mounted upon their axles or journals and upon the sides of the bath or tank will
be mounted guides, and a traveller will be provided fitted with worm and change
motion for traversing the said traveller to and fro over the bath as is hereinafter
more particularly described. The traveller will have a carrier attached upon
which will be mounted burnishing surfaces agates, bloodstones, flints, or glass
having a polished surface, that is a non-conducting substance capable of burnishing
and not acted upon by the acid or alkali of the solution. The said burnisher will
operate upon the surface of the deposited metal, and a motion of rotation will be
given to the core and the deposited surface or an independent motion may be
given thereto.
In order that the invention may be readily understood I have hereunto annexed
two sheets of drawings and will refer to the same in the following more particular
description.
Sheet Fig. 1 represents in side view and part section and Fig. 1 in cross
section a core made according to this invention. a is the shell of core or mould
with radial arms al and centre boss a' wherein is the central axle 6 said axle being
for purpose of mounting the core in the depositing bath.
Fig. 2 represents in side view and part section a modification of fitting of the
core and axle. The shell a is cast cylindrical without arms a¹ and the boss a² but
the axle b carries caps c, c¹ which said caps will receive the ends of the core
cylinder, one of the caps c being fast to the axle b and the other will be secured in
position after adjustment of the caps to the cylinder a by a wedge cotter c² or
otherwise as convenient. For removing the core from the deposited tube or
cylinder by the shrinkage of the core or expansion of the deposited tube the
caps c c will be removed.
Fig. 3 represents core a provided with a plate d in combination with the axle b
for forming tubes or cylinders with flanged ends, the deposited cylinder is indicated
in section at e. Apertures for circulation of the beated depositing solution to the

page_text: interior of the core will be provided in the caps cc or end plates d and said
apertures will also serve if required for introduction of cooling medium (whether
such medium be mixture liquid gaseous or acriform) after the deposit of the metal
has been effected.
When the solution is worked cold the core or mould for receiving the deposit
may be solid or more or less so and in such case the metal of which it is con-
structed may be less expansible at a high temperature or less quickly expansible
than the metal deposited so that heat can be applied to the deposited cylinder or
tube to cause its expansion and so to free it from the core.
Figs. 4 to 6 sheet 1 illustrate the method of setting up the cores mandrils or
moulds in the bath and its connections and fitting the burnishing apparatus for
finishing the surface of the deposited tubes or cylinders during the process of
deposition and Figs. 1 and 2 sheet 2 represent in elevation and plan respectively
a set of plant fitted up for carrying this invention into effect.
In Figs. 4 5 and 6 is shown in longitudinal section and in Figs. 4ª and 5* in
cross section the fitting of a bath according to this invention. A indicates the
solution tank, made in the usual manner properly lined, a is the core upon which
the tube or cylinder is to be produced and said core a is mounted on its axle b in
bearings of upright standards' or supports within the bath. On the axle b at one
end is the motion wheel (spur wheel shown) g for rotating the core under process
of receiving deposit, and 9' is the driving wheel communicating motion to g, g² is
driving pulley. Above the core a is mounted a burnisher which I will now
describe. h. Figs. 4 and 4* is a screwed shaft mounted upon brackets h¹ and carries
a traveller . The arms from the traveller i extend over the tank A and carry
the burnishing tool or tools for acting upon the surface of the deposited metal;
said arms are jointed at so that the outer end and burnishing tool or tools
may be raised out of the way when the cores and tubes within the bath have to
be manipulated for removal or adjustment, k is a double socket or slide movable
on arms and having movable therein the arm of the burnisher holder, n are
the burnishing tools carrying the agates or burnishing surface or surfaces. This
burnishing surface may however be a continuous strip of glass or other non-
conducting substance capable of burnishing. It will be seen that this burnisher
device is readily adjustable and bears by its own weight with sufficient force or is
weighted to produce the burnishing effect.
The traverse of the burnishing tool or tools is effected by the reversing clutch o
upon shaft h operating between the driving pulleys p p having motion in opposite
directions, q is the fork of the striking bar acting on the clutch o, and said bar r,
is fitted with adjustable stops 71, for accommodating differing lengths of work which
stops will be acted upon by the striking arm of the traveller i.
In the drawings sheet 2, the baths A, and the burnishing tools are shown
mounted in couples the same being a convenient means for economising space and
power. The overhead traveller B. is mounted upon the supporting pillars c, above
the baths. The current connections from the dynamo D. are brought up to the
baths in the usual manner but there is applied upon the axle of the cores a, at one
end thereof a broad flanged wheel 8, upon which will bear a "brush" or strip or
strips of metal 8 Figa 4, 5 and 6 (sheet 1) extending from the bath connections
indicated at 82, to said wheel 8, so establishing the circuit. In Fig. 5ª the anodes t
are indicated.
In Figs. 5 and 5 a continuous burnishing surface n is mounted upon the
banging carrier n¹ over the work in the bath, said carrier n¹ consisting of two
boards or plates, and eyes n² bolted together and holding the burnisher n clamped
between the outer edges thereof said burnisher acting by its weight or it may be
weighted to produce the burnishing effect in substantially the same manner as
described in reference to Figs. 4 and 4*. An end to end to and fro motion may be
imparted to traverse the burnisher upon its hinges n².
In Fig. 6 sheet 1 a burnisher is shown consisting of a strip of glass or other
suitable material n bent or curved, and secured to a segmental swinging frame u,

page_text: said frame u, being hung or suspended above the bath by an arm and cross head u¹
from a slotted arm or lever us mounted so as to oscillate upon a fixed centre u*,
and an oscillating motion is given to the burnisher so fitted, by the lever v, or any
other convenient means. Again this construction may be modified by arranging
the burnisher (whether a continuous surface or divided overlapping surfaces) on a
flat frame u, instead of a curved or bent surface of the swinging frame u, and a
reciprocating motion in such case will be imparted to the burnisher which will
bear upon the deposited surface with sufficient weight to effect the surfacing of the
tube or roller or a spring or springs may be employed to relieve the weight of
the burnisher, and its pressure upon the deposited surface. In all these cases the
operation of the burnisher takes place in the solution, and acts together with the
rotary motion of the core, and deposited metal to. produce an evenly distributed
burnishing effect upon the surface of the roller, whilst same is being produced and
the quality of the metal is thereby improved, and the surface is produced in a
finished state. It is well known that when almost any metal is deposited electro-
lytically from its solution the deposit is more or less crystaline, and that this
crystaline nature of the deposited metal increases to a certain extent with the
increased action of the current therefore I employ the process of burnishing carried
on simultaneously with the process of depositing, without removing the mandril
with its deposit from the solution or out of a solution, and so the deposited surface
is burnished without bringing it into contact with the air, and I carry on these
two processes substantially as set forth.
I am aware of the specification of prior Letters Patent, dated the 12th September
1876, No 3569 granted to Henry Wilde, and I do not claim anything in the said
specification contained.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature and particulars of
my said invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that
I do not claim the use of cores that are removed from tubes by fusion or the
manufacture of tubes by melting out their cores but what I claim is
Firstly. In the process of manufacturing metal tubes and cylinders by electro-
deposition the use of cores or moulds of metals or alloys, which have properties as
regards shrinkage and expansion at varying temperatures differing from those of
the deposited tube for the purpose of effecting the required separation of the tubo.
from the core, substantially as and for the purposes herein set forth.
Secondly. In the process of manufacturing metal tubes and cylinders by electro-
deposition the employment in the solution or bath of a burnishing tool or tools,
whether moving in combination with the cores or moulds or not as and for the
purpose herein set forth.
Thirdly. In the process of manufacturing metal tubes and cylinders by electro-
deposition the employment of a burnishing tool or tools whether moving or not in
combination with a motion of rotation imparted to axially mounted cores or
moulds without removing the mandril with its deposit from the solution until
finished, as and for the purpose herein set forth.
Fourthly. The combination of parts constituting the apparatus employed in the
manufacture of cylinders, rollers or tubes by electro-deposition of metals as herein
set forth in reference to and as shown by Figs. 4 and 4 and by Figs. 5 and 5ª, and
by Fig. 6 sheet 1 of the drawings, and by Figs. 1 and 2, sheet 2 of the drawings.
constructed and operating as and for the purposes herein set forth.
D
។ ...
WALTER ALFRED BARLOW.
Agent for Frank Elmore.