CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN SPINNING AND DOUBLING YARNS, AND IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS OF THE KIND COMMONLY KNOWN AS MULES AND TWINING JENNIES."
Year: 1857

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to George Swindells, of Bollington, near Macclesfield,
in the County of Chester, Cotton Spinner, and Jonathan Arnold, of the
same Place, Manager, for the Invention of "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN
SPINNING AND DOUBLING YARNS, AND IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS OF THE
KIND COMMONLY KNOWN AS MULES AND TWINING JENNIES."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said George Swindells and
Jonathan Arnold at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with
.their Petition, on the 27th June 1857.
We, GEORGE SWINDELLS, of Bollington, near Macclesfield, in the County of
Chester, Cotton Spinner, and JONATHAN ARNOLD, of the same Place, Manager,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention of "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS
IN SPINNING AND DOUBLING YARNS, AND IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS OF THE KIND
COMMONLY KNOWN AS MULES AND TWINING JENNIES," to be as follows:-
Our improvements in spinning and doubling consist in causing the mule
carriage to recede from the rollers at a gradually accelerated speed, so
that the gain of the carriage upon the rollers, instead of being constant or
uniform, shall continually increase to the end of the draw; the object being to
proportion the gain or stretch to the length of the yarn through which such
gain or stretch has to be distributed, the ends being subjected to more and
more elongation as the distance of the spindles from the rollers increases.

page_text: Our improvements in machinery consist in the adaptation of certain parts
of the mechanism of mules.or jennies, for regulating the speed of the carriage
in the manner required to accomplish the aforesaid improvement in the process
of spinning or doubling. They consist principally in placing a conical pulley or
barrel on the mendoza shaft or drawing-out shaft, in lieu of the ordinary
mendoza pulley; or in making the mendoza pulley of a conical form, so that
when the carriage commences its draw, the band being on the smaller part of
the cone pulley takes out the carriage more slowly, but as the coils of tho band
approach the base of the cone the speed of the carriage becomes gradually
accelerated. We prefer to make the carrier pulley round which the band is
returned also conical, so as to bear the relation of a compensating pulley to the
mendoza pulley or its substitute, but this, though an improvement, is not
essential.
We do not restrict ourselves to any particular arrangement of parts, the
characteristic features of our Invention being, the giving an accelerated
instead of an uniform motion to the carriage, and the use of the conical pulley
for causing the variation in the speed.
Under the term "conical pulley" we include snail cams or pulleys, fusee-
shaped pulleys, compound cone pulleys, or any such similar pulleys or wheels
as are applicable to produce the required effect, by reason of their geometrical
forms; and under the term "mendoza shaft or drawing-out shaft" we
comprehend any shaft which in any construction of mule headstock performs
the same function as the mendoza shaft in the ordinary hand mule.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent; filed
by the said George, Swindells and Jonathan Arnold in the Great Seal 2
Patent Office on the 23rd December 1857.
.. <
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, GEORGE
SWINDELLS, of Bollington, near Macclesfield, in the County of Chester, Cotton
Spinner, and JONATHAN ARNOLD, of the same Place, Manager, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-seventh day of June, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven, in the twenty-first year of Her
reign, did, for Ierself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto us,
the said George Swindells and Jonathan Arnold, Her special licence that
we, the said George Swindells and Jonathan Arnold, our executors, adminis-
trators, and assigns, or such others as we, the said George Swindells. and

page_text: Jonathan Arnold, our executors, administrators, or assigns, should at any
time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter
during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use,
exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,
the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention of "CERTAIN IMPROVE
MENTS IN SPINNING AND DOUBLING YARNS, AND IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS OF THE
KIND COMMONLY KNOWN AS MULES AND TWINING JENNIES," upon the condition
(amongst others) that we, the said George Swindells and Jonathan Arnold,
by an instrument in writing under our hands and scals, or under the hand
and scal of one of us, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature
of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed;
and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said George Swindells and Jonathan
Arnold, do hereby declare that the nature of our said Invention, and the
manner in which the same is to be performed, are particularly described
and ascertained in and by this present instrument in writing, reference being
had unto the Drawings hereunto annexed, by means of the alphabetical' and
numerical characters marked thereon, such characters, when repeated, being
always understood to indicate the same parts.
Our Invention, so far as it has reference to the process of spinning or
doubling, consists in causing the carriage of the mule or jenny to be taken out
with a gradually accelerated speed, so that the gain of the carriage may
be small at the commencement of the draw, and be augmented by larger
and larger increments as the distance of the spindles from the rollers increases.
The stretch or gain is thus put in principally towards the end of the draw,
when the ends are most capable of enduring it, whereby much breakage of the
ends is avoided, and a more even quality of yarn produced.
So far as it has reference to the machinery employed, our Invention consists
in an improvement in the construction of the headstock, for the purpose
of varying or regulating the speed of the carriage after the manner and for the
object before mentioned. This improvement is in the form of the mendoza pulley
or taking-out pulley, which we make conical instead of cylindrical; thereby
adapting it to produce the desired effect in manner following:-The taking-
out band being.wound on the higher and narrower part of the cone when
the carriage commences its draw, the initial motion is proportionately slow, but
as the succeeding coils of the band approach the base of the cone and embrace
lower and broader portions thereof the speed of the carriage is accelerated, the

page_text: rotatory velocity of the taking-out pulley remaining the same, while the length
of band wound on by each successive revolution is increased.
The nature of the Invention will be further elucidated by the ensuing
description of the secondly-mentioned improvement, namely, the use and
application of the cone pulley, and its operation in taking out the carriage.
In the Drawing appended to these Presents, Figure 1 represents (to a scale
of about one-eighth) so many of the parts of a mule headstock and carriage
as are necessary for the purpose of this explanation. The headstock is shewn
in side view or profile, the carriage in section. Figure 2 (to the same scale)
is a plan view, shewing the relative positions of the pulleys 1 and 2 employed
in taking out the carriage, and the manner in which the taking-out band is
disposed upon them.
i
a, a, a, a, is part of the framing of the headstock, part thereof being
represented as broken away to expose the taking-out pulley 1; b, b, b, is the
carriage in section; c, c, c, the taking-out or mendoza band; d is the mendoza
shaft; 1 is the taking-out pulley, commonly called the mendoza pulley, and
keyed on the mendoza shaft d. This pulley has heretofore been made
cylindrical, and our Invention, so far as has reference to the construction of
the headstock, consists in making the same pulley in the form of a frustum
of a cone, as represented at 1 in Figure 1, and in the enlarged view, Figure 3,
or in giving to it some geometrical form whose mechanical effect in winding on
the band c shall be equivalent to that of the conic frustum. Such forms are
suggested, for example, in Figure 4, the lower portion of which exhibits a
helical groove circumscribing a cone; the upper portion a fusee, formed by
a vertical fillet wound spirally round a cone. It is manifest that a cord
or strap inserted in the groove of the former, or coiled round the spiral path of
the latter, would operate in taking out the carriage precisely like the cord
wound on the plain cone. 2 is the carrier pulley, round which the mendoza
or taking-out band c, c, c, is returned to the mendoza pulley 1. Although the
latter tapers so little that it is not absolutely necessary to make the carrier
pulley 2 of a form different from that ordinarily used, still, it being evident
that the part of the cord c, c, c, wound on the pulley 1 will not be always the
same in quantity, we prefer and recommend that the carrier pulley 2 should be
conical in form, and of such dimensions and proportions as to bear the relation
of a compensating pulley to the mendoza pulley 1, the former taking up less of
the band as the latter takes up more, and vice versa. If the carrier pulley 2
be made, as shewn in the Drawing, of twice the diameter and half the height
of the mendoza pulley, having the same aggregate amount of taper, and the
mendoza band be disposed upon the pulleys, in the manner delineated, this

page_text: result will be attained; and the mendoza band being subjected to an uniform
tension will impart a steady motion to the carriage, and will perform in every
respect more satisfactorily.
Figure 5 shews a form of compound or double cone pulley, which may
be made to effect the desired compensation, in conjunction with a carrier
pulley of the ordinary kind. The mendoza pulley here consists of two opposite
similar truncated cones 3 and 4. One end of the taking-out band is attached
to and wound upon the lower cone 4, and the other end, after being returned
round the carrier pulley, is in like manner made fast to the upper cone 3, but
so as to be always wound or unwound in a reverso direction to that taken by
the opposite end. The taking out of the carriage is effected by the mendoza
band being wound on the cone 4, while it is being unwound from the opposite
cone 3. The coils of the band wound on the one cone and delivered from the
other increase similarly in magnitude as they approach the bases of their
respective cones, and hence the one becomes a compensating quantity to the
other, and the same result is produced as in the case of the pulleys 1 and 2,
before described.
Having described our improvement in the construction of the headstock, we
will now endeavour to explain its operation, and the advantage attending its
use in the spinning process.
Referring to Figure 3, let the lines e, e', e², e, represent the initial position of
the mendoza band on the taking-out pulley when the carriage is just about to
commence its draw. Let the dotted lines f, ff, fs, indicate the course in
which the coils of the same band will be wound on the pulley in taking out the
carriage. Let us further suppose that the length of cord which will be taken
up by the first coil f is thirteen inches and two-tenths; of the second coil f¹,
thirteen inches and six-tenths; of the third coilf, fourteen inches; and of the
fourth coil f, fourteen inches and four-tenths. Now, each revolution of the
mendoza shaft & will cause the carriage to move through a variable distance,
equal to the length of the corresponding coil of the band on the pulley; but for
every such revolution of the mendoza shaft the front rollers will deliver a con-
stant or uniform length of roving only; let this length be assumed to be twelve
inches. Now, if we compare the length of roving delivered with the space
moved through by the carriage during each of the intervals, measured by the
revolutions of the mendoza shaft, we shall find that the gain of the carriage
during the first revolution would be one inch and two-tenths; during the
second revolution, one inch and six-tenths; during the third, two inches; and
during the fourth, two inches and four-tenths, which last is in a ratio twice as
great as that with which the draw commenced. The result of this is, to

page_text: distribute the gain, so as to give the greatest amount of draw or clongation to
the ends at the time when, by virtue of their length, they aro most capable of
sustaining it without breaking. The ultimate beneficial effect is, that the
yarn is more even, more free from snarls, and stronger, fewer ends break, less
waste is made, the production of yarn is increased, and less labor has to
be expended in piccing.
"
In this statement, and in the Drawing illustrating the same, we have
described our improvements, so far as they relate to the machinery, as applied
to a mule of a particular construction, that construction being one extensively
used in spinning cotton yarns of high numbers, and selected, by way of
example, from that class, because we consider our Invention to be applicable
with the greatest degree of useful effect in fine spinning. There are many
other constructions of mules, and our Invention is, more or less, applicable. to
all such of them as move out the carriage by means of a band and pulleys, it
being of no moment whether the mendoza shaft or taking-out shaft be vertical
or horizontal. To mules in which the carriages are taken out by other means,"
such as racks and toothed wheels, our Invention is not applicable. As tho
improved construction involves no greater changes than the alterations in the
forms of the taking-out and carrier pulleys, the foregoing description will
suffice to enable the Invention to be carried out in the case of any mule
to which it is applicable. The machines for doubling, known as "twining
jennies," being in fact only mules with some special adaptations, require
no separate notice, our improvements being applicable to them precisely in the
same manner as to spinning mules.
Having thus described the nature of our Invention, and shewn the best
manner known to us of performing or carrying into effect the same, we finally
declare that we do not claim, nor pretend to be the Inventors of, any of the
old and previously known mechanism or processes, berein-before delincated or
described, and which have been introduced only for the purpose of clearer
illustration and explanation; and that what we do claim as of our Invention,
and the subject of the Letters Patent and privilege aforesaid, are the following
improvements, namely,-
:
Firstly, causing the carriage of the mule or jenny to be taken out with
a gradually accelerated speed, so regulated that the rate of the gain of
the carriage shall increase as the length of the ends between the spindles and
rollers increases.
.
And, secondly, the use and application of a pulley, barrel, or drum of a
conical or other equivalent form on the mendoza shaft or taking-out shaft, in
lieu of the ordinary cylindrical pulley, techuically known as the mendoza

page_text: or taking-out pulley, for varying and regulating the speed of the outgoing
carriage, after the manner and for the purpose herein-before specified, whether
such conical or other pulley be applied in conjunction with the compensating
carrier pulley, before described, or otherwise.
In witness whereof, we, the said George Swindells and Jonathan Arnold,
have hereunto set our hands and seals, this Twenty-second day of
December, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and
fifte soren
Signed and sealed by the said George
Swindells and Jonathan Arnold in
the presence of
J. TAYLER, Patent Agent,
Manchester.
(L.S.)
GEO. SWINDELLS..
JONATHAN ARNOLD. (L.s.)