IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF DRAIN PIPES AND OTHER PIPES, AND ARTICLES OF PLASTIC OR MOULDABLE MATERIALS, AND IN THE PRODUCTION Of MATERIALS OR COMPOSITIONS FOR THE SAME, AND IN APPARATUS EMPLOYED FOR THE SAID PURPOSES
Year: 1874

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by David Oppenheimer at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
11th November 1874.—A communication from abroad by Hermann
Hirsch, of New York, in the United States of America.
I, DAVID OPPENHEIMER, of Watling Street, in the City of London,
Merchant, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF DRAIN PIPES AND OTHER PIPES, AND
ARTICLES OF PLASTIC OR MOULDABLE MATERIALS, AND IN THE PRODUCTION Of
MATERIALS OR COMPOSITIONS FOR THE SAME, AND IN APPARATUS EMPLOYED FOR THE
SAID PURPOSES," a communication to me from abroad by Hermann
Hirsch, of New York, in the United States of America, to be as
follows:-
This Invention relates to an improved manufacture of drain pipes, gas
pipes, and other pipes, sewer bottoms, pavements, and other articles
made of plastic or mouldable material, especially of the nature of
artificial stone or like composition, and it consists of improvements
relating to the production of the material or composition, and to the
moulding of the same into the required forms, and to the apparatus
employed for these purposes.

page_text: For the production of material or composition a mode and apparatus
are used in which the ingredients are combined together in an improved
manner, especially applicable when earthy ingredients have to be mixed
with cementing ingredients for producing the composition. At the upper
part of the brickwork or body of a furnace containing a number of
fire-places is set a trough fitted with a revolving agitator and heated by
flues carrying off waste products from the fire-places. Over each fire-
place is a mixing vessel or cauldron, in each of which is an agitator.
Spouts with registers or valves lead from the trough into the mixing
vessels, and the contents of the mixing vessels are discharged through
spouts having registers or valves into moulds or elsewhere. The agitators
of the mixers are thrown into and out of gear by clutches or otherwise.
The escape or smoke pipe may be prolonged and disposed to form a flue
for warming a vessel set over it and holding material to be carried to the
trough. The trough is usually for the carthy material which is
delivered thence into the mixers which contain the cementing or other
materials.
An improved composition which I especially recommend for. drain
pipes is made of fine earthy matter, such as sand mixed with clay with
asphalte and resin, sulphur being added to harden the mass.
The
apparatus is used for this composition as follows:-The sand, with or
without being preliminarily warmed in the supplementary vessel over
the flue, is passed into the trough where it is agitated and exposed to heat
and then falls through the shoots into the cauldron or mixing vessel set
over the fire-places. These vessels receive the resin, asphalte, or other
cementing material which is mixed with the sand till the particles
thereof are coated therewith. Olay is added and stirred with the coated
sand, and a small portion of sulphur is introduced to harden the mass.
The valves or registers in the discharge spouts are best worked by
racks and geared segments. The composition thus formed may be
discharged into moulds rapidly moved to and from the spouts on
carriages.
Covers and passages may be provided to carry off the fumes and also
appliances for working the sand from the receiving end to the delivery
end of the trough to increase the exposure to heat.

page_text: stone, or marvie, or carbonate or lime, is combined with resin to form the
cement and mixed with the sand, clay, and other earthy ingredients
used.
The earthy and resinous materials are combined by means of mechanical
agitation at a temperature above that at which the fluid condition is
induced, and the mass is allowed to cool down nearly to the setting
temperature before moulding.
I proceed to describe particularly one mode and one composition for
performing this part of the Invention, without however restricting myself
to the precise proportions or temperatures mentioned.
165 lbs. clean sand.
25, pulverized clay, and
20
"
"
limestone,
are taken dry and then heated and mixed in a vessel fitted with a
mechanical agitator, and thence discharged into a lower mixing vessel
also fitted with such an agitator; and about 18 lbs. melted resin is
poured over the mass, the resin being drawn off from the lower part of
its reservoir so as to separate it from its oil and lighter portions. The
whole is heated to 750° Fabrenheit and well mixed. The fire is drawn
or the hot gases are diverted until the composition cools down to about
400° Fahrenheit, at which temperature it is transferred to the mould. ·
I next proceed to describe a mode of and apparatus for moulding,
especially cylindrical or rounded articles, such as pipes.
To facilitate description I suppose a drain pipe to be the article
moulded, though the apparatus may be adapted to other articles. The
interior work of the core is supported on a shaft held in a casting or bed
plate, having an off-set near the periphery to mould the interior of the
hub flange or shoulder on the end of the pipe. Zinc surfaces are applied
at parts at which the plastic material comes in contact with the iron or
like metal, as zinc being casily detachable prevents sticking, and the parts
of the mould which lie against and give form to the main surface of the
interior and exterior of the pipe are made of zinc.
To mould the outer surface of the pipe a sheet of thick zinc is bent
into a cylindrical form with an enlargement near the base for the hub,
but the cylinder is not complete, an opening being provided along a
vertical joint on one side. The cylinder is hooped or bound by straps

page_text: which are not continuous rings, but are open or interrupted at one part
where fastenings are provided.
To mould the inner surface of the pipe a zinc cylinder also open or
interrupted in. periphery at one side is mounted within and concentric
with the outer zinc cylinder (an interval being left for the thickness of 5
the pipe) its edges overlap, and shrinking of the pipe is compensated for
by sliding the edges more over each other. Removable blocks or struts
hold this inner cylinder in position, being provided with turning links or
toggles, which connect with corresponding hooks or rings on the core
shaft. When the core shaft is lifted after the mould is filled the rings 1
draw the struts inward, thereby contracting the interior work, so that it
may be lifted out and the cylinder will contract freely and allow the pipe
to contract.
The plastic material is guided into the mould by pouring it on to the
apex of a conical cap. A heavy weighted plunger or follower is pressed on
the material in the mould to condense it. Two castings, forming abutting
or fitting edges for the outer zinc mould, and fitting together by V
groove and feather, are placed between its straps and hooks. Connecting
straps operated by excentrics open and close this mould, allowing the
castings to separate. The thick metal piece which helps to mould the a
plane surface above the hub or flange also helps to hold the inner
cylinder in position, and for this purpose there may be a shallow annular
groove in the bed plate. The lowermost set of toggles or links on the
inner moulding cylinder have arms serving as stops.
The various apparatus and the modes of using them can be applied in
like manner to plastic materials other than those mentioned.