IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MODE OF AND APPARATUS FOR ABSTRACTING HEAT
Year: 1871

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Frederick Arthur Paget, of 1, Seymour Chambers,
Adelphi, in the County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, and John
Willis Asher, of 2, Brooklyn Villas, New Wimbledon, Merchant,
for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MODE OF AND APPARATUS
FOR ABSTRACTING HEAT.”
Sealed the 23rd February 1872, and dated the 25th August 1871.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Frederick Arthur
Paget and John Willis Asher at the Office of the Commissioners
of Patents, with their Petition, on the 25th August 1871.
WO, FREDERICK ARTHUB PAGET, of 1, Seymour Chambers, Adelphi,
in the County of Middlesex, Civil Engineor, and JOHN WILLIS ASHER,
of 2, Brooklyn Villas, New Wimbledon, Merchant, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MODE OF AND
APPARATUS FOR ABSTRACTING HEAT," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in the mode of and
apparatus for utilizing for the abstraction of heat that transmutation.
of heat into mechanical energy which takes place whenever gases or

page_text: vapours are made to perform work. The mixture of gases we prefer to
employ is common atmospheric air alternately compressed and cooled,
then expanded to do work, and thereby abstract heat for making ice,
cooling various liquids, and for other known applications of machinery
for abstracting heat.
Our improvements consist, 1, in a method we apply to machinery for
abstracting heat for extinguishing the heat developed in compressing
air, such air to be afterwards used for abstracting heat by its expansion.
2. In a method for returning the heat required by the same expanding
air in such wise to take up the heat it is required to abstract during
its expansion.
•
3. In the method we employ in combination with the above for
economising the cold that would be otherwise lost by the escape into
the atmosphere of the cooled air.
4. Our improvements further consist in sundry details to be used in
the construction of said machinery for abstracting heat.
- To prevent repetitions in the following description of the nature of..
our Invention we now state that, (A.) By the term "compresser"
we mean a chest or chests and barrel or cylinder, within which the
air is compressed by means of what we term a "water piston" or;
surface of water. (B.) By "engine" we mean a chest or chests and
barrel or cylinder, within which the air is allowed to expand against.
what we term a "brine piston" or surface of brine. (O.) By "cooling
water" we mean the water which is allowed to flow in and out of the
compresser in order to extinguish the heat developed in compressing the
air. (D.) By the word "brino" we mean any liquid uncongealable at
the freezing temperature of water, such as ordinary brine or also chloride
of calcium, glycerine, or alcohol. (E.) By "regenerator" we mean any
form of what engineers term a surface condenser intercalated or placed
between the said compresser and the said engine in such wise as to 3
conduct all the expanded air after it has performed its full refrigerating
functions back to the compresser and in thermal contact with the
compressed air passing on its way to the engine. .
THE COMPRESSER.
1. In order to compress and cool the air we employ a chest on the 3
-bottom part of which is cast a horizontal barrel fitted with a
stuffing hav

page_text: top of the chest is an inlet valve and also a delivery valve. The barrel
and part of the chest receive the cooling water. The air is admitted by
the inlet valve together with more or less water, and on the plunger
being reciprocated the air is compressed, and at the same time cooled by
a mechanical process similar to that of injection, but with the relative
parts of the fluid and liquid reversed. A. supply of cooling water may
be kept constantly flowing into the inlet valve by means of a pipe
regulated by taps or otherwise; the surplus water making its way
through an air vessel into á receiver preferably fitted with a float, whence
it is discharged by a suitable pipe in order to be utilized as is afterwards
described. Or the air may be compressed by a piston reciprocating in a
horizontal cylinder cast with an upright chest at both ends. On the top
of each chest are inlet and delivery air valves. The delivery valves open
into an air vessel between the two chests, a pipe from which conveys the
compressed air into a receiver. The piston is submerged in water, and
on being reciprocated the water alternately rises up. into the chests
compressing the air. Or when the use of a vertical arrangement is
preferred two vertical barrels communicating one with the other at the
bottom have both their upper ends cast with valve boxes each fitted with
a pair of valves. One of both these pairs of valves opens inwards the
other outwards, for the admission and eduction respectively of air. Both
barrels are almost filled with water, and in one of the barrels the piston'
works up and down; water being also kept flowing through the air

page_text: T
other. The barrel and part of the chest contain the brine to be cooled.
The air compressed by the other end of the plunger is admitted by the
inlet valve, expands in contact with the brine, and drives forward the
plunger while it is doing its work of compression during one half of the
revolution. The air expanded down to atmosphoric pressure is taken back 1
to be recompressed, and a surplus portion of the brino is conveyed away
to be used for refrigerating purposes and is then returned to the engine
to be again cooled. Or the horizontal expanding cylinder, similar to the
one described as a compresser, can bo cast with two chests at both ends
also containing brine and fitted with a piston, and with delivery valves 1
alternately communicating through an air vessel with tho air receiver,
and escape valves through which a surplus portion of brine is conveyed
away. When the use of a vertical expanding cylinder is preferred a
construction similar to that indicated for a vertical compressing cylinder
is employed. The piston of the engine is made of less diameter than 1
that of the compresser. The brine is injected by means of a force pump
into the engine chest or chests. The area of the piston of the expanding
cylinder should be somewhat less than that of the compressing cylinder.
ECONOMISING THE COLD Am.
3. The method we employ in combination with the compresser and tho ?
engine for utilizing the cold air consists in the use of a regenerator
constructed on the well known principle of a surface condenser and
intercalated between the engine and the compresser. The expanded air
after separating from the brine is caused to circulate through or past a
series of tubes surrounded with or containing the compressed air which is 2
itself passing on its way to the expander.
SUNDRY DETAILS OF THE COMPRESSER AND ENGINE.
We place by preference both the compresser and the engine inside an
open tank containing water or brine respectively. We may also cast gills
on both the outsides and the insides of the chests of the compresser and :
the engine; or we may insert metallic rods or sheets of metal in the said
chests. We employ mushroom valves with elastic india-rubber faces or
with elastic seats for both the compresser and engine, and we prefer to
work the said valves by means of rotating cams. With larger machines
more especially we propel the pump for injecting the brine into the
engine by means of the waste cooling water as it escapes under pressure.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Frederick Arthur Paget and John Willis Asher
in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 21th February 1872.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, FREDERICK
ARTHUR PAGET, of 1, Seymour Chambers, Adelphi, W.C., in the County
of Middlesex, Civil Engincer, and JOHN WILLIS ASHER, of 2, Brooklyn
Killas, New Wimbledon, in the County of Surrey, Merchant, send
greeting.
'
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Twenty-fifth day of August, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-one, in the thirty-
fifth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give
and grant unto us, the said Frederick Arthur Paget and the said John
Willis Asher, Her special licence that we, the said Frederick Arthur Paget
and the said John Willis Asher, executors, administrators, and assigns, or
such others as we, the said Frederick Arthur Paget and the said John
Willis Asher, our executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any
time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times
thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might
make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MODE OF AND APPARATUS FOR ÅBSTRACTING HEAT,"
upon the condition (amongst others), that we, the said Frederick Arthur
Paget and the said John Willis Asher, our executors or administrators,
by an instrument in writing under our, or their, or one of their hands and
seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said
Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and
cause the same to be filed in the Great Scal Patent Office within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said Frederick Arthur Paget and the
said John Willis Asher, do hereby declaro the nature of our said.
Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be
particularly described and ascertained in and by the following state-
ment:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in the mode of and
apparatus for utilizing for the abstraction of heat that transmutation of

page_text: heat into mechanical energy which takes place whenever gases or
vapours are made to perform work. The mixture of gases we prefer to
employ is common atmospheric air alternately compressed and cooled,
then expanded to do work, and thereby abstract heat for making icc,
cooling various liquids, and for other known applications of machinery
for abstracting heat..
Our improvements mainly consist:-1. In a method we apply to
machinery for abstracting heat, for extinguishing the heat developed in
compressing air, such air to be afterwards used for abstracting heat by its
expansion.
2. In a method for returning the heat required by the same expanding
air in such wise as to take up the heat it is required to abstract during
its expansion.
3. In the method we employ in combination with the above for
economising the cold that would be otherwise lost by the escape into :
the atmosphere of the cooled air.
4. Our improvements further consist in sundry details to be used in
the construction of said machinery for abstracting heat..
To prevent repetitions in the following description of the nature of our
Invention we now state that, (A.) By the term "
"
compressor we
mean a chest or chests and barrel or cylinder, within which the air is
compressed by means of what we term a "water piston" or surface of
water. (B.) By "engine" wo mean a chest or chests and barrel or
cylinder within which the air is allowed to expand against what wo term
a "brine piston" or surface of brine. (C.) By "cooling water" wo 2
mean the water which is allowed to flow in and out of the compressor in
order to extinguish the heat developed in compressing the air. (D.) By
the word "brino" we mean any liquid uncongealable at the freezing
temperature of water, such as ordinary brine or also chloride of calcium,
glycerino, or alcohol, (E.) By "regenerator" we mean any form of 3
what engineers term a surface condenser intercolated or placed between
the said compressor and the said engine in such wise as to conduct all
the expanded air after it has performed its full refrigeratory functions
back to the compressor and in thermal contact with the compressed air
passing on its way to the engine.
1
THE COMPRESSOR.
•
"
8

page_text: and gland for the reception of one end of a-horizontal plunger. On the
top of the chest is an inlet valve and also a delivery valve. The barrel
and part of the chest receive the cooling water. The air is admitted
by the inlet valve together with more or less water, and on the plunger
5 being reciprocated the air is .compressed and at the same time cooled
by a mechanical process similar to that of injection, but with the
relative parts of the fluid and liquid reversed. A supply of cooling
water may be kept constantly flowing into the inlet valve by means of a
pipo regulated by taps or otherwise; the surplus water making its way
through an air vessel into a receiver, preferably fitted with a float, whence
it is discharged by a suitable pipe in order to be utilized as is afterwards
.described. Or the air may be compressed by a piston reciprocating in a
horizontal cylinder cast with an upright chest at both ends. On the top
of each chest are inlet and delivery air valves. The delivery valves open
5 into an air vessel between the two chests, a pipe from which conveys the
compressed air into a receiver. The piston is submerged in water, and on
*being reciprocated the water alternately rises up into the chests com-
pressing the air. Or when the use of a vertical arrangement is preferred
two vertical barrels communicating one with the other at the bottom
) have both their upper ends cast with valve boxes each fitted with a pair
of valves. One of both these pairs of valves opens inwards the other
outwards for the admission and eduction respectively of air. Both
barrels are almost filled with water, and in one of the barrels the piston
works up and down; water being also kept flowing through the air
"

page_text: chests are placed at some distance apart but in a line with each other.
The barrel and part of the chest. contain the brine to be cooled. Tho air
compressed by the other end of the plunger is admitted by the inlet
valve expands in contact with the brine, and drives forward the plunger
while it is doing its work of compression during one half of the revolution.
The air expanded down to atmospheric pressure is taken back to be re-
compressed, and a surplus portion of the brine is conveyed away to be used
for refrigerating purposes and is then returned to the engine to be again
cooled. Or the horizontal expanding cylinder similar to the one described
as a compressor can be cast with two chests at both ends also containing
brine and fitted with a piston, and with delivery valves alternately com-
municating through an air vessel with the air receiver and escape valves,
through which a surplus portion of brine is conveyed away. When the
use of a vertical expanding cylinder is preferred a construction similar
to that indicated for a vertical compressing cylinder is employed. The
piston of the engine is made of less diameter than that of the compressor.
The brine is injected by means of a force pump into the engine chest or
chosts. The area of the piston of the expanding cylinder should be
somewhat less than that of the compressing cylinder.
ECONOMISING THE COLD AIR.
3. The method we employ in combination with the compressor and
the engine for utilizing the cold air consists in the use of a regenerator
constructed on the well-known principle of a surface condenser and
intercalated between the engine and the compressor. The expanded
air after separating from the brine is caused to circulate through or !
past a series of tubes surrounded with or containing the compressed air
- which is itself passing on its way to the expander.
We find that such a regenerator can be employed with economical
advantage in the forms of refrigerating machines of this class in which,
(1), the air is cooled by injecting water into the compressing cylinder
alone; (2), in which water is injected into the compressor and brine is
injected into the engine; (3), in which water is injected into the
compressor while the engine is immersed in brine; whether such com-
pressors or engines respectively consist of either single or double acting
cylinders.
SUNDRY DETAILS OF THE COMPRESSOR AND ENGINE.
We place by preference both the compressor and the engine insido
an open tank containing water or brine respectively. We may also

page_text: cast gills on both the outsides and the insides of the chests of the
compressor and the engine, or we may insert metallic rods or sheets
of metal in the said chests. We employ mushroom valves with elastic
india-rubber faces or with elastic seats for both the compressor and
engine, and we prefer to work the said, valves by means of rotating
cams. With larger machines more especially we propel the pump for
injecting the brine into the engine by means of the waste cooling water
as it escapes under pressure.
And having now described the nature of our said Invention, and in
what manner the same is to be performed, we now declare that we
claim,
Firstly. The employment of a surface or surfaces of water, moved
by either a plunger or a piston for compressing gaseous fluids intended
to be afterwards expanded in order to abstract heat from water and
other bodies.
Secondly. The employment of a surface of brine directly impelled
by the expanding gaseous fluid and communicating the impulsion to
cither a piston or a plunger.
Thirdly. Connecting together the valve gear of the inlet and outlet
valves of both the said compressor and the said engine.
Fourthly. Intercalating a regenerator as described between a com-
pressor and an engine in which the gaseous fluid is respectively
compressed in direct contact with water and expanded in direct contact
with brine.
In witness whereof, I, the said Frederick Arthur Paget, have here-
unto set my hand and scal, this Twenty-third day of February,
13000