Improved 'Means for Cooling.
Year: 1894

page_text: Date of Application, 19th July, 1894
Complete Specification Left, 13th Apr., 1895-Accepted, 1st June, 1895
.
Improved 'Means for Cooling.
I, MORIZ POLLAK, Engineer of Leipzig-Gohlis, Germany, Untere Georg-
strasse 10 do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows:-
To cool liquids or gases flowing in conduits, hitherto refrigeratories are used in
which these conduits are brought in contact with a cooling-liquid. The construction
of the apparatuses for that purpose is sometimes complicated and therefore dear,
but always they need a very great quantity of cooling water, as the cold is
effectuated only by conduction of the heat.
In the refrigeratory invented by me the cold is produced besides of conduction
especially by making use of the diminuation of temperature resulting from the
vaporization of a liquid. All the heat of vaporization of the same being taken
from the liquid or gas to be cooled, it is possible with the employment of this
apparatus to cool by a small quantity of water a liquid or gas which ought not to
be mixed with it even below the temperature of the water and the air employed
therein.
The new refrigeratory consists in its essential parts of a casing which surrounds
the conduit of the liquid to be cooled and which is opened only in its top by a
ventilator-pipe, and of the means to introduce into the interior of this casing the
cooling-water in pulverized. form, and to mix this scattered water with the air
necessary for the rapid vaporization and ventilation.
The construction and action of the apparatus is as follows:
The coil if such one is employed to conduce the liquids or gases-is surrounded
by a bad conductor of heat, so that the liquid to be cooled flows downwards in the
interior room of a casing opened in the top-plac by a ventilator-pipe. In the
bottom-part of this casing the liquid to be evaporated, i.e. generally water, in order
to produce coolness is let in by a tube. This water is dissipated in very fine
particles by proper means instantly as it enters into the interior of the casing and
is brought in communication with the air there introduced by another tube and
properly distributed for the best effect. For some cases, as for example in a
refrigeratory of the drizzling-system or in employing this princip to cool safes,
pantries etc., the casing can be formed by the conduits or channels to be cooled
themselves, so that the whole apparatus represents a closed cylinder with a
chimney like head-piece in the interior of which the means for the vaporization
are acting, meanwhile its longitudinal outside is in contact with the drizzling
liquid, or in safes with the air to be cooled.
The effect of the apparatus is very easily to be understood. The air and the fine
particles of the scattered water will be warmed in the interior of the casing by the
flowing down liquid, so that in its consequence in the one part a vaporization of
the water-particles is produced and in the other part a rising of the warmed air
satiated with steam of water will have place, for being possible to remove the air
through the ventilator-pipe of the casing and to re-emplace it by cold air introduced
by a channel in the bottom of the same. The draught of air effectuated in this
manner will cause an augmentation of the vaporization of the water-dust already
before its touching the conduits or channels to be cooled and to elevate it, in order
to be brought in contact with the conduit, so that all the cold produced by the
vaporization of the water may be employed to cool the liquid running in the conduit.

page_text: In order to effect a more efficient draught of air than that produced by the warmth
only, the described apparatus can be combinated with a ventilator which may be a
mecanical one, or injector or one that acts by a combustion in the chimney of the
casing, or any proper else. The air employed for the ventilation purpose
advantageously may be dried before entering into the frigorifique chamber formed
by the casing, as to be able to absorb more of water-steam therein and to produce
therefore more cold. In the interior of the casing arresters for the rising air are
arranged in order to prevent its going directly to the chimney and to induce that
it is brought to an intimate contact with the channels of the liquids to be cooled.
This described invention may also be usefully employed to cool the air destined
to reemplace the exhausted one of a room to be ventilated. In this case the
exhausted air itself can be employed to produce the advantageous ventilation in
.the frigorifique-chamber formed by the casing which surrounds the channels of the
fresh air, augmenting in this kind the evaporization of the cooling-liquid.
Dated this Sixteenth day of July 1894.
improved means тог COOKING
I, MORIZ POLLAK, Engineer of Vienna (Austria), Hernals, Hauptstrasse 57
late of Leipzig-Gohlis, Untere Georgstrasse 10 do hereby declare the nature of
this invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly
described and ascertained in, and by the following statement:-
The cooling of fluids or gases moving in special conduits is effected up to now
artificially by contact of these conduits with a cooling fluid, whereby complicated
and consequently expensive constructions of cooling apparatus and always large
quantities of water for cooling purposes are required. In my improved apparatus,
which is based upon the withdrawal of the heat units which become latent by
vaporization of a fluid, it is now possible to cool a fluid or a gas in the most simple
manner with small quantities of water, even to a lower temperature than that of
the water and air used for cooling purposes and without the cooling-fluid and the
fluid to be cooled intermingling.
In accompanying drawing
Fig. 1 represents the general type of the improved apparatus,
Figs. 2 and 3 show in longitudinal section the application with drizzling
apparatus for cooling,
Fig. 4 represents in longitudinal section the apparatus in connection with a
ventilating device.
The apparatus consists of a coil A, the tubes of which may have any desired
form or surface, corrugated, groined or otherwise, or be arranged in any manner
whatsoever with a view to cooling capacity, cleaning and other important
considerations, through which coil the fluid or gas to be cooled flows downward.
This cooling coil is enclosed in an outer casing or jacket B, made of a bad heat
conducting material, closing well, thinning towards the top and fitting tightly onto
the bottom, which latter also carries the coil. The water which is to be vaporized
enters through a pipe C either through the jacket or the bottom, and the air
required to produce circulation enters through a pipe D, whereas the warmed damp
air escapes or is exhausted through the funnel-pipe e. At the water entrance in
the cooling chamber an atomizer a is arranged in a manner so that the atomized
water is caught by the entering air, which carries it upwards as it grows warm and
partly by means of ventilating devices along the coil. In accompanying drawing
the atomizing is effected by introducing the water jets crosswise under great
pressure and forcing them against a globular ribbed plate; but of course any other

page_text: suitable device for atomizing may be adopted or a supply of moisture be introduced
by leading the air through water or damp bodies.
To produce a stronger current of air inside the jacket than the one consequent
upon heat an upward exhaustion is effected in the funnel-pipe, either mechanically
by means of a ventilator, or by an injector, by combustion of a gas jet or other
flame, in consequence of which air must continually enter through the pipe D.
Instead of exhausting the air above, the same end can be obtained by forcing air
into the jacket through the pipe D. Again evaporation can be expedited by means
of a vacuum produced by exhausting the vapors.
Underneath the funnel-pipe an inverted cone c projects into the cooling chamber
and has the purpose to prevent the immediate escape of the water particles and
vapors and to cause their close contact with the cooling surface. Other impeding
devices may be substituted with equally good effect (d in Fig. 2, in Fig. 3).
The air utilized in the apparatus is previously dried by passing it through some
hygroscopic body, as for instance burnt lime, hydrochlorate of lime etc., so that it
may be able to absorb more moisture when inside the apparatus. Both, air and
water may be cooled before their introduction into the apparatus, whereby the air
would also be rendered dry.
The effect of the apparatus is easily understood from the construction: The
warm fluid in the coil entering the cooling chamber at 6 will warm the air, which
is impregnated with particles of atomized water and increase its capacity for
absorbing vapors, thereby, as well as by warming the particles of water through
its own heat causing the vaporization of these atomized water particles, and thus
effecting a considerable cooling with a comparatively small quantity of water.
But besides the evaporation caused by radiation of heat from the coil and the
corresponding cooling, further cooling is effected by the air current, produced
through artificial ventilation, in consequence of which latter the particles of water
are brought directly upon their introduction into the cooling chamber to a
temperature considerably lower than its original one, and it thereby becomes
possible to cool a fluid or a gas in my apparatus to a much lower temperature than
that of either the air or the water utilized to effect this cooling.
This improved apparatus is therefore well adapted for use in various industries,
as for instance in breweries, distilleries, dairies etc., and can be used with particular
advantage for cooling the compressed gases in freezing machines, for condensing
purposes on steam-engines and distilling apparatus etc. as well as for refrigerators
and cold storage. For the latters the cooling would be effected according to the
constructions shown in Figs. 2 and 3.
In Figs. 2 and 3 the use of the principle is shown in connection with drizzling-
apparatus. According to Fig. 2 the cooling vapors move serpentine like through
the irrigated surfaces and in Fig. 3 a cylindrical apparatus is shown, inside of which
appropriate impeding devices partly increase the cooling surface partly effect a
closer contact of same with the moving air. By making these impediments (d, f)
of good heat conducting material and giving them more close contact with the
cooled surface of the apparatus a further increase of the effect is brought about.
The downflowing fluid may of course be further cooled by cold water at the lowest
portion of the apparatus, similiar to previous methods, and cooling by vaporization
of the water used below only be brought to bear upon the upper part, whereby
likewise the entire withdrawal of heat units, consequent upon vaporization of all
water used for cooling purposes takes place and its effect is utilized to the fullest
extent.
rooms.
Fig. 4 shows the use of the new means for cooling to cool the air for ventilated
In this case the exhausted impure air enters the cooling chamber at D and
expedites the evaporation of the atomized water, thus contributing to the cooling
of the pure air as it passes downward through the channels formed of plates m and
pipes n. Another important factor must be borne in mind, viz. that in some cases,
as for instance in the ventilation of fermentation-vaults in breweries, the exhausted
impure air is already cooled and thus acts better.

page_text: Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said inven
tion, and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I
claim is :
1. A cooling apparatus for liquids and gases caracterized by a jacket surrounding
the conduit of the liquid or gas to be cooled and opening at the top, inside of which
jacket an atomized fluid is brought into close contact with the afore-mentioned
conduit in consequence of the upward current of vapors and air resulting from the
continual warming of the fluid-particles or of the air impregnated with them as
well as from special ventilating means, whereby the vaporization of said particles
caused by the current of air and by the warming produces cold.
2. A cooling apparatus, caracterized in addition to the foregoing claim by devices,
by means of which the ascending vapors are forced against the cooling surface, said
devices at the same time also increasing the cooling surface.
3. A cooling apparatus according to first claim, provided with an arrangement
by means of which the air introduced for expediting vaporization is deprived of
moisture in order to heighten its capacity of absorbing vapors.
Dated this Sixth day of April 1805
MORIZ POLLAK.