Improvements in and connected with the Electric Lighting and Heating and also the Ventilation of Railway Carriages and other Vehicles.
Year: 1895

page_text: Date of Application, 23rd Jan., 1895
Complete Specification Left, 25th Nov., 1895-Accepted, 28th Dec.,
1895
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in and connected with the Electric Lighting and
Heating and also the Ventilation of Railway Carriages and
other Vehicles.
We, EDWIN JAMES PRESTON of the Firm of J. Stone & Co. of Deptford in the
County of Kent Engineers and ARTHUR BERNARD GILL of Shirley House,
Grove Park, Lee, in the said county, in the employ of the said firm, do hereby
declare the nature of this invention to be as follows:-
:-
We provide each carriage with separate plant or apparatus for electrically
lighting the same, such apparatus or a similar set of apparatus serving for electrically
heating the same. Or such plant may in some cases serve for more than one
carriage.
The dynamo for producing the current is suspended from the under frame or
other convenient part of the carriage in such manner as to be capable of moving
round a fulcrum and is driven from a carriage axle by means for instance of strap
and pulleys or of friction gearing. Or the dynamo may be fixedly mounted and
then the driving gear between it and the axle is mounted so as to move round a
fulcrum or arranged in some other convenient manner for varying the tension of the
belt or its grip on the pulley and thus by more or less slip thereon vary the speed
at which the dynamo is driven from the axle when the speed of rotation of the
latter becomes greater than necessary or suitable for the efficient working of
the electric lighting or heating. When the dynamo is pivoted a counterweight or
equivalent means may be provided so that its centre of gravity may be varied as
desired. By arranging the size of the driving and driven pulleys and the belt the
dynamo can be so regulated that its speed does not become abnormal and that
without undue strain or wear.
"
The brushes on the dynamo must be so arranged that the armature can run
are found very
efficiently in both directions; for this purpose carbon "brushes
suitable but other brushes may be used. The carbons are held in a suitable holder
provided with spring and screw adjustment and catches for holding the brushes off
when required. The winding and the iron in the dynamo are so proportioned that
the lead of the brushes can be fixed without adjustment being necessary for either
direction of rotation of the armature.
In order that the current may always flow in the same direction a contact board
provided with contact arm controlled by a centrifugal or other governor is applied
in such manner that the arm is made to follow the direction of motion of the
armature shaft until it is arrested by a contact, and when the speed of the shaft
increases the arm is by the governor caused to slide up the shaft and make the
desired contacts. Or the contacts may be made magnetically and dependent on
the direction of motion of the contact arm. By this means the contact arm is
moved into the proper contacts whichever way the armature shaft is running.
The current is taken from the contact board to the lamp and accumulator circuits
or to the heater and accumulator circuits, or to the circuits for both, as the case
may be.
When the carriage is stationary the current for lighting and if desired
for heating or for heating only is taken from the accumulators only but the contacts
are so arranged that when the carriage is in motion the lamps or heaters or both
are in circuit with the dynamo. In some cases it may be necessary to insert
resistance automatically when the current strength rises beyond a certain point.

page_text: Another part of our invention consists in the application of means for
automatically turning on and off the supply of lubricant to the various bearings
and other frictional surfaces of the dynamo, so that the supply is shut off when the
latter stops running and open when it is at work.
For this purpose we utilize the magnetism in the field magnets for operating by
means of an armature a valve or valves for supply of lubricant. We may for
instance provide a vessel containing lubricating material with a bottom valve which
is connected with a lever-shaped armature applied to the field magnet in such
manner that the armature is attracted and the valve held open as long as the
magnetism is maintained, but that the armature is withdrawn by a spring or weight
and the valve closed as soon as the magnetism ceases. Or the said valve may be
connected to and operated from some part of the aforesaid contact arm on the
dynamo or from the governor sleeve connected thereto. These arrangements may
be used in connection with an ordinary, or syphon, or other lubricator.
When the aforesaid apparatus is used for lighting only or for heating only the
size and power must evidently be smaller than if it is to be made available for both,
in which latter case suitable switches are applied for using the current for
either heating alone, or lighting alone, or for both heating and lighting at the
same time.
The heaters may be wires or sheet metal strips or pieces of many different forms
such as straight, twisted, curled, strung or wound in various ways; they may thus
for instance be in the form of a helix or helices or spiral or spirals of wire or thin
sheet metal or woven wire with comparatively large perforations or meshes.
We may mount one or more such on a board, frame, or box open on one side and
ninde say of earthenware or slate, or of iron with insulators; the heaters 'may
conveniently be placed under the scate in the carriage compartments and be
protected by a grating or the like, adjustable inlet being provided for fresh air
which is heated by passing through the heater. When the heater is not at work
the fresh air may be applied for ventilation. Or the heat may be transmitted from
the heaters through a medium such as water or brine instead of air. Switch or
switches are provided in each carriage for turning on and off current to the
heaters.
'Dated this 23rd day of January 1895.
JENSEN & SON,
77 Chancery Lane, London, W.C., Patent Agents.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in and connected with the Electric Lighting and
Heating and also the Ventilation of Railway Carriages ani
other Vehicles.
ו'
We, EDWIN JAMES PRESTON of the Firm of J. Stone & Co., of Deptford,
in the County of Keut, Engineers, and ARTHUR BERNARD GILL, of Shirley
House, Grove Park, Lee, in the said county, in the employ of the said firm, do
hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the same is to
be performed to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement:-
We provide each carriage with separate plant or apparatus for electrically
lighting and heating the same, or such apparatus or a similar set of apparatus
serving only for electrically heating the same. Or such plant may in some cases
serve for more than one carriage.
The dynamo for producing the current is suspended from the under frame or
other convenient part of the carriage in such manner as to be capable of moving
round a fulcrum and is driven from a carriage axle by a strap and pulleys or by

page_text: friction gear so arranged or proportioned that when the speed of rotation of the
latter becomes greater than necessary or suitable for the efficient working of the
electric apparatus the strap or friction gear slips and no further increase of speed
and output of the dynamo takes place. A counterweight or equivalent means may
be provided so that the centre of gravity of the dynamo may be varied as desired,
by arranging the size of the driving and driven pulleys and the belt the dynamo
may be so regulated that its speed does not exceed a normal predetermined one and
that without undue strain and wear. Or the dynamo may be fixedly mounted and
then the driving gear between it and the axle is mounted so as to move round a
fulcrum or arranged in some other convenient manner for varying the tension of
the belt or its grip on the pulley so that the normal speed of the dynamo is not
exceeded.
Fig. 1 of the accompanying drawings is a side view of a dynamo which is
suspended by a fulcrum pin X from the under frame X and is driven by strap Z
from a carriage axle Y. The tension and adhesion of the strap are such that any
tendency to increase the speed of rotation of the dynamo (by reason of increase
of speed of rotation of the carriage axle) beyond its normal and proper speed is
diminished and counteracted by the slipping of the strap. The proportion of the
driven pulley and the width of the strap should be such as not to permit an undue
speed of the dynamo; hence when the speed reaches a certain predetermined
degree the strap must begin to slip and whatever the further increase of speed of
rotation of the wheel axle Y may be, the speed of the dynamo remains practically
constant. We may use the so-called link belting instead of ordinary leather or
other driving strap. The dynamo may be provided with a counterweight on an
arin Vor with a spring V1 the tension of which can be varied or adjusted according
to the normal speed desired by means of a peg V put into one hole or the other
of the bar V³, the nuts on the bar V also affording means of initial adjustment.
Or the fulcrum of suspension of the dynamo may be arranged to be varied or
shifted.
in Fig. 2 is shewn a similar dynamo driving arrangement but provided with
means for slacking and tightening the tension of the strap consisting in an arm V
which by a cord V passing over a guide pulley V× is connected to a lever
handle V whereby the dynamo can swing into the dotted position to slacken the
tension and thus prevent the strap from rotating the dynamo.
Fig. 3 shews an arrangement for driving the dynamo by friction pulley Z on a
train axle Y, and a friction pulley W2 on the dynamo shaft W.
Fig. 4 shews an arrangement in which the dynamo is not suspended but fixed,
and an additional intermediate friction pulley W³ used which is mounted on one
end of a double armed lever V having its fulcrum V₁ in a bracket fixed to the
carriage frame.
"
The brushes on the dynamo must be so arranged that the armature can run
are found very
efficiently in both directions, for this purpose carbon brushes
suitable but other brushes may be used. The carbons are held in a suitable holder
provided with spring and screw adjustment and catches for holding the brushes
off when required. The winding and the iron in the dynamo should be so pro-
portioned that the lead of the brushes can be fixed without adjustment being
necessary for either direction of rotation of the armature.
In order that the current may always flow in the same direction whichever
way the train runs we provide a contact switch controlled by a centrifugal or other
governor.
Fig. 5 is an end view of such a switch and commutator arrangement, Fig. 6 a
vertical longitudinal section of same and Fig. 7 side view of part of same..
A is a double-armed insulated rocking contact lever which is capable of rocking
on the boss of a cain disc H which latter is free to slide on the dynamo shaft W¹.
This lever A is provided with insulated switch plugs B B which are capable of
being inserted in one set or other of the contacts C+ C- C° C¹ and C, these
contacts being fixed on the insulating switch board case K mounted on the framing

page_text: of the dynamo. The lever A will by reason of friction with the cam boss H
follow the direction of rotation of the dynamo shaft W until it is arrested by stops
opposite to one set of contacts C or the other whereupon as the speed increases
the plugs B are pushed into the said contacts by the operation of the governor as
shall now be described. On the dynamo shaft W₁ is fixed the head D of a
centrifugal governor which as an example may be of the form shewn, its two
arms D' being jointed to the head D and provided with an endless coiled spring D₁
which partially counteracts the centrifugal effort of the balls or weights D³. The
other ends Dx of the levers D act against the cam disc H which slides longi-
tudinally on the shaft W₁ and transmits a corresponding sliding motion to the
lever A. Or instead of the cam disc we may use other forms of sliding levers
operating in connection with the governor and the lever A.
E Figs. 5 and 7 is a lever used for inserting resistance between the dynamo and
the lamps or heaters or lamps and heaters when the dynamo is running at its
normal speed; the lever is mounted on the bracket E' on the base K. One forked
end of this lever engages with the flange F on the boss of the lever A, and the
other end carries an insulated contact piece which by coming between the
contacts G and G1, Fig. 5, serves to short circuit the resistance L inserted between
the accumulator battery M and the lamps N when the dynamo is not working or
when it is working at a low speed. Or the resistance L may be made variable by
subdividing it and causing the contact piece at the end of the lever E to slide over
suitable contacts connected with such resistances. Or we may substitute for the
lever E a sliding bar which operates the necessary resistances directly.
As soon as the normal or desired speed has been attained and the switch
plugs B B¹ inserted, the lever E is actuated by the governor so that the short
circuit is broken and the current to the lamp thcu passes through the resistance L.
The arms Dx of the governor at the same time act against the conical disc H and
push it and therewith also the contact lever A in such manner as to overcome the
resistance of the spring O, so that the switch plugs B B are pushed into one set of
contacts C and complete the circuit of the dynamo with the accumulator and with
the lamps.
The current from the dynamo when the parts are in the position shewn in Fig. 5
leaves the brush P passes to the contact piece C+ and through the contact plug B
on the rocking lever A to the contact C2 and thence through the field magnets to
When
the contact C, the contact plug B' and the contact C to the brush P.
the speed necessary to charge the accumulator has been attained, the plugs B B¹
are pushed so far along the shaft as to connect C+ to C', thereby allowing the
current to pass to the accumulator or to that and the lamp circuit also, returning
When the train carriage axle
through the contact Co and thence to the brush P'.
or other driver runs in the opposite direction the lever A is swung round so as to
come opposite the other contacts, the governor then pressing the plugs B B' into
said contacts. The current is then reversed and goes from the brush P¹ to the
contact C+ in the manner above described.
Fig. 8 shews the contacts C from the opposite side and with the circuit
connections somewhat differently arranged. In this case when the rocking lever A
with contacts B, B¹ is pushed along the shaft it first forins the contact C2 with C+
which allows the current to pass from the positive pole of the accumulator through
the field magnets and thereby excite them. When the speed of the dynamo is
sufficient to charge the cells, the contacts B B₁ are pushed further in, whereby
contact is made between C2 C+ and C' which latter contact stands somewhat below
the other two. The difference between this arrangement and that of Fig. 5
consists in that the magnets in this case are immediately excited by the current
from the accumulator, while in the case of Fig. 5 the magnets were first excited
from the dynamo itself.
Instead of a resistance of constant strength we may use one which is auto
matically varied as shewn in Fig. 9. where any increase in the dynamo curren
draws in the solenoid core 1.* against the tension of a spring L° and thus insert

page_text: 0
hore of the resistance R in the lamp circuit while vice versâ a decrease in current
trength cuts out more of the resistance. L' is a spring making contact against the
esistance blocks L. Fig. 94 shews a somewhat different arrangement in which
he resistance R in the lamp circuit is varied by means of a contact maker which
may be a spring L' which at one end forms contact with the resistance blocks L
and at the other end is connected to a guided sliding bar Lx which derives its
Or instead of a bar
motion from the flange F on the sleeve A shewn in Fig. 6.
contact maker as shewn we may use a wheel or a slider pressed against the
resistance by a suitable spring.
In some cases it is found advantageous that the dynamo should produce more
With this
electrical energy when the lamps or heaters or both are turned on.
view we insert between the positive and the negative mains a resistance through
which a portion of the main current passes when the lamps or the heaters are
turned off, but which when they are turned on is disconnected thus allowing the
dynamo to supply current to the accumulator as well as to the receivers.
In Fig. 10 is shewn a mode of connecting and disconnecting the resistance by
utilizing the main switch. When the contact Q is in the position shewn the
contacts A and A2 are made which allows a portion of the main current to pass
through the resistance R but when the contact Q is moved so as to join A' to C
and C the circuit is broken between A¹ and A3 thus allowing the current to be
used for lighting or heating or both.
Instead of the switch arrangement described we may use a circular arrangement
as shewn in the end view Fig. 11 and the sectional plan Fig. 12.
Fig. 13 is an end view of the interior of the switch casing, the cover being
removed and shews also the circuit connections.
The spindle R mounted in bearing brackets R¹ R on the back of the carriage is
near each side of the carriage fitted with a hand wheel R* upon the outer face of
which the indications Full, Half, Daylight and Off are marked see Fig. 11, which
also shews a rectangular hole in the bracket R¹ for the purpose of shewing that
On the spindle is also fixed a
indication therethrough which is placed opposite it.
switch arm S which works against the contact faces of switch box T ; this latter is
When the lever S
fixed to the back of the carriage and provided with a cover Tx.
is on the contact T3 one-half of the fights are connected with the source of supply
through the resistance U; this corresponds to "Daylight" running. When the
lever S is on the contact T2 the same circuit is connected but without the resistance ;
this corresponds to "Half lights" standing. When the lever S is on contact T
this
and contact T' both circuits are connected to the source of supply;
corresponds to "Full" that is to say all lights, running or standing. When
the lever S is not on T¹ T' or on T³ the lights are out; this corresponds
to "Off."
Fig. 14, Sheet 4, is a vertical section through a covered support and guide for
the main wires which pass along the top or ceiling of a carriage from lamp to lamp
showing the mode of arranging the branch wires to the lamp.
Fig. 15 is a side view and Fig. 16 a plan, with the cover removed.
The main wires 1 and 2 pass along each side of a cone 3, and the branch
wires 4 and 5 therefrom are carried through side slots in the cone and down through
a central hole; the upper part of the cone may be of wood, and the flanged bottom
part of metal which forms a watertight. joint between the outside and the inside of
the carriage roof. 6 is a protecting cover.
Another part of our invention consists in the application of means for
automatically turning on or off the supply of lubricant to the various bearings and
other frictional surfaces of the dynamo, so that the supply is shut off when the
latter stops running and open when it is at work. For this purpose we utilize the
magnetism in the field magnets for operating by means of an armature a valve or
5 valves for supply of lubricant.
Fig. 17 is a side view partly in section, Fig. 18 a plan view, and Fig. 19 a vertical
cross section of such an arrangement. DD are the field magnets; Fig. 17 shewe

page_text: little more than the fulcrum lug for suspending the dynamo by; to this is fixed a
vessel a containing lubricating material and provided with a bottom valve b formed
at the lower end of a tubular rod which works in a pipe d. There are here
shewn two such pipes one for each dynamo shaft bearing. The valves are by
the levere and its spindle f connected with a lever-shaped armature g on the same
spindle f, said armature being applied to the field magnet poles N and S in such
manner that the armature is attracted and the valves b held open as long as the
magnetism is maintained, but that the armature is withdrawn by its own weight
and that of the rods c, aided as required by a spring or weight and the
valves closed as soon as the magnetism ceases. The oil is supplied to the
interior of the tubular rods c by means of a wick h for each, and said rods
have lateral holes c¹ near the bottom for admitting the oil to the annular space
between the tube c and the tube d; when the tubes c are raised the oil will flow
from said annular spaces into the outlet pipes which convey oil to the bearings to
be lubricated.
Fig. 20 is a side view partly in section and Fig. 21 vertical cross section through
another form of lubricating apparatus in which the spindle is provided with a
lever g which during the motion of the train acts pendulum like so as to rock and
operate the valves b, opening them alternately.
Or the valve may be connected to and operated from some part of the aforesaid
contact lever A on the dynamo or from the governor sleeve Ĥ connected thereto.
These arrangements may be used in connection with an ordinary or other
lubricator.
When the aforesaid dynamo apparatus is used for lighting only or for heating
only, the size and power must evidently be smaller than if it is to be made
available for both, in which latter case suitable switches are applied for using the
current for either heating alone or lighting alone or for both heating and lighting
at the same time.
Fig. 22 is part longitudinal section through an electrically heated railway
carriage, Fig. 23 plan section and Fig. 24 a vertical cross section.
The heaters may be wires or sheet metal strips or pieces of many different forms
such as straight, twisted, curled, strung or wound in various ways; they may thus
for instance be in the form of thin sheet metal or woven wire with comparatively
large perforations or meshes, or spiral or spirals of wire, or helix or helices & of
wire. We may mount one or more such on a board, frame or box l, open on one
side and made say of earthenware or slate or of iron with insulators; the heaters k
may conveniently be placed under the seats in the carriage compartments one near
each side as shewn and be protected by a grating or the like adjustable inlet m
with hit and miss valve being provided for fresh air which is heated by passing
through the heater k. M' is a box containing the accumulator; the dynamo is not
shewn in these views. When the heater is not at work the fresh air inlet m may
be applied to ventilation. Or the heat may be transmitted from the heaters through
a medium such as water or brine instead of air. Switches n are provided in each
compartment for turning on and off currents to the heaters. In Figs. 25 and 26
the heaters k are enclosed in tubular cases one under the middle of each seat and
containing brine; or otherwise made perforated.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of our said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed we declare that what we
claim is :-
1. The application and use in railway carriages and other vehicles to he
electrically heated or electrically lighted and heated of a dynamo which is driven
from a carriage axle by strap and pulley or by friction gear so arranged and
proportioned that when a certain predetermined speed has been attained the strap
or friction wheel slips and no further increase of speed and output of the dynamo
takes place, substantially as set forth.
2. The application and use in railway carriages and other vehicles to be

page_text: electrically heated or electrically lighted and heated of a dynamo suspended from
a fulcrum on the under frame of the carriage or fixed to said under frame and
driven from a carriage axle by strap and pulley or friction gear in the manner
described with reference to Figs. 1, 2, 3 and 4.
3. For the automatic reversing of the current in a dynamo applied to purposes
as firstly claimed the application and use of a rocking lever mounted freely on the
dynamo shaft and provided with suitable contact plugs so arranged that the switch
lever by its friction with the shaft is reversed when the motion of the train is
reversed and the contact plugs are by a centrifugal or other suitable governor
inserted in new contacts, substantially as set forth.
4. For the automatic reversing of the current in a dynamo applied to purposes
as firstly claimed the application and use of a centrifugal governor on the dynamo
shaft and of a sleeve operating therewith and capable of sliding on the shaft and
connected to a rocking switch lever such as named in the third claim all so arranged
that the centrifugal force of the governor acting on the sleeve inserts the plugs
into the contacts against the effort of a spring, substantially as set forth.
5. In railway carriages and other vehicles to be electrically lighted or heated or
beth the application and use of a variable resistance in the receiver circuit actuated
by the main current from the dynamo substantially as described with reference
to Fig. 10.
6. The construction of switch and the circuit connections described with reference
to Figs. 11, 12 and 13 whereby three different conditions of the lamps can be
established.
7. The construction of wire support described with reference to Figs. 14, 15
and 16.
8. The constructions of automatic lubricating apparatus described with reference
to Figs. 17 to 21.
9. The construction and arrangement of the heaters described with reference
to Figs. 22 to 26.
Dated this 25th day of November 1895.
JENSEN & SON,
77, Chancery Lane, London, W.C., Patent Agents.