IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR UTILIZING HEAT FOR LIGHTING, HEATING, AND VENTILATING
Year: 1876

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Charles Ritchie, of Brixton, in the County of Surrey,
Gentleman, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR
UTILIZING HEAT FOR LIGHTING, HEATING, AND VENTILATING."
Sealed the 7th July 1876, and dated the 9th May 1876.
Sealed the 7th July 1876, and dated the 9th May 1876.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Charles Ritchic at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents on the 9th May 1876.
CHARLES RITCHIE, of Brixton, in the County of Surrey, Gentleman. " IMPROVE-
MENTS IN APPARATUS FOR UTILIZING HEAT FOR LIGHTING, HEATING, AND
VENTILATING."
In pursuance of the improvements in the above, for which Letters Patent havo
been granted to me, my primary object in the same having been to effect the improved
combustion of gas or liquid fuel for lighting, heating, and ventilating by a system of
syphon arrangements, enabling the combustion of gas or other liquid fuel without
the necessity of carrying off the deleterious products from a room, chamber, or
enclosed space, and which is especially described in Fig. 11 in my Specification of
Letters Patent, No. 3227, A.D. 1873.
I now proceed to describe modifications on the arrangements therein shewn, which
are mainly as follows:-A descending pipe or pillar-like column, channel, or duct,
is placed in a room, chamber, or enclosed space which supports the light which may
or may not be enclosed by a globe or glass chimney. Said pillar having an opening
or openings at either end, the upper opening coming into a chamber or compart-
ment or pipe, hereafter described, the other or lower opening into the room or
apartment or enclosed space. From the pillar-like pipe, column, or channel
projects a chamber or compartment or pipe before mentioned, which is formed to
receive the glass chimney, globe, or other lighting arrangements, though in some
cases the light or flame plays without such lamp arrangement direct into the
said chamber, compartment, or pipe.
The operation is as follows:-On igniting the gas or liquid fuel a certain dis-
placement of the air takes place within the chamber, compartment, or pipe, and by
the force thereof the air therein is pushed or impelled through the opening at the
lower portion of the pillar-like pipe or column and the products follow down.
[Price 10d.]

page_text: When the light is enclosed by a globe or glass chimney, or suitable arrangement,
practically there is formed an unbroken or continuous channel throughout, that is,
the heated products rise, firstly, into the projecting chamber, compartment, or pipe,
and thence are pushed down through the channel, and the products issue through
opening at the lower portion of the pillar-like pipe, channel, or compartment. As
the vapours descend the column or channel they become cooled, and the products,
which are mixed with the said vapours, fall with the said vapours, and pass off to a
greater or lesser degree in the form of a liquid, which may be carried off in any
suitable manner, and by these means the atmosphere of a room, chamber, or enclosed
space is protected from the destructive or deleterious vapours at present given off in
the usual lighting and heating arrangements. The products of combustion after
issuing from the lower opening of the pillar-like pipe or compartment are sometimes
made to return and pass into the room by a return pipe or suitable channel arrange-
ments. When found desirable fresh air or the air of the room may be introduced
through the said pillar, duct, or channel for ventilating purposes, said fresh air
becoming warmed as it ascends through the apparatus.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by the
said Charles Ritchie in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 8th November
1876.
"IMPROVE-
CHARLES RITCHIE, of Brixton, in the County of Surrey, Gentleman.
MENTS IN APPARATUS FOR UTILISING HEAT FOR LIGHTING, HEATING, AND
VENTILATING."
In former Letters Patent granted to me an important object is specified to be to
effect the improved combustion of gas or fluid, or liquid or other fuel for lighting,
heating, and ventilating by arrangements enabling the combustion thereof without
the necessity of carrying off (by such means as are ordinarily employed) the
deleterious products from a room, chamber, or enclosed space, and which are
especially described and illustrated in Figure 11 in ny Specification of Letters
Patent, No. 3227, A.D. 1873, in which the principles of construction are shewn to
be such as will enable the products arising from combustion to pass through or
up and down, and up and through a pipe, chamber, or channel of sufficient depth
below the burners as well as of area or extent of surface to ensure that as a
natural and necessary result the said heated products shall become so sufficiently
cooled and condensed therein as that when desired a flue pipe in connection with
the outer air may be dispensed with altogether, and yet that all or most of the
deleterious portions of the said products of combustion shall be prevented from
entering a room or chamber, such result being (as described in the Specification
of Patent aforesaid) one of the chief purposes of my Invention. In said Figure 11
(and generally in my lighting and heating arrangements described in the Specifica-
tion of Patent above referred to) the operative agency employed to set and maintain
in action this specially inverted circulation of the said products (which circulation
may be wholly independent of any aid from the ascensive power of an ordinary
chimney fluc) is, as described in the said Specification, chiefly by the throwing of
heat upon the upper or ascension portions of the apparatus, which operation
expands the air within those portions and causes it to flow upwards and proceed
out of the exit opening, thus creating a pulling force, which draws the air and
products through their long course of travel below the source of heat round from
the inlet opening where the combustion takes place to accomplish the natural and
beneficial result referred to.
I now proceed to describe important improvements based more or less on the
above, whereby the aforesaid purpose of preventing all or most of the deleterious
products of combustion from entering a room or chamber is further effected, and

page_text: which are mainly as follows:-A pipe or pillar-like column, channel, or duct is
placed or formed in a room, chamber, or enclosed space, which supports the light,
which light may or may not be (but is preferably) enclosed by a globe or glass
chimney, or other suitable lighting arrangements, the said pillar-liko column, or
channel, or duct having an opening or openings at either end, the upper coming
inton chamber or compartment or pipe hereafter described, the other (or lower)
opening or openings coming into the room or apartment or enclosed space. From
the pillar-like pipe, column, or channel projects a pipe or chamber or compartment
before mentioned, which is formed to receive.the glass chimney or globo, or other
lighting arrangements, or in some cases the flame.may be used without chimney or
globe direct into the said chamber, compartment, or pipe.
The operation is as follows:-On igniting and during the combustion of the gas
or fluid fuel (whereby a kind of explosive force is derived) n certain displacement
of the air takes place within the chamber, compartment, or pipe, and by the above
named explosive force the air is pushed down or impelled through the opening at
the lower or the exit portion of the pillar-like pipe, or column, or duct, and the pro-
ducts (along with their deleterious portions) follow down or through. When the
light is enclosed by a globe or glass chimney, or suitable arrangement, there is
formed, practically, or as far as may be, an unbroken or continuous channel
throughout, so that the beated products risc into the said glass chimney or globe,
or other suitable lighting arrangement, and then directly into the projecting
chamber, compartment, or pipe, and thence are pushed down or impelled through
the said pipe, or pillar-like column, or channel, and the products issue through
opening or openings at the lower or the exit portion thereof. As the vapours
descend or pass or circulate through the column, channel, or pipe, they become
cooled and necessarily contracted in volume, and the deleterious products which are
mixed with the said vapours entirely, or to some extent, suffer condensation, and
in the form of a liquid aro carried off in any convenient way. The products of
combustion after issuing from the lower opening of the pillar-like pipe or com-
partment are sometimes made to return and pass into the room by or through a
return pipe or suitable channel arrangement. And amongst suitable channel
arrangements may name those wherein arrangements are made for the intro-
duction of zinc or scrap iron, or iron or zinc lining or plating, or other suitable
material for aiding the process of condensation and purification already referred
to. When found desirable fresh air or the air of the room may be introduced
through or upon the said pillar-like pipe, or channel, or duct, for ventilating
purposes and facilitating condensation, or other good effect, the said fresh air
becoming warm as it ascends through the apparatus. By these means the atmos-
phere of a room, chamber, or enclosed space is protected from the destructive
vapours or deleterious products at present given off and diffused in the air of the
room by the usual lighting and heating arrangements.

page_text: globe or chimney practically part of chamber b for the purpose of avoiding loss of
effect in the heat force which impels the products through the apparatus, suitable
adjusting arrangements hereafter described, or similar ones, may be used for
bringing the glass globe or chimney up or lengthening the pipe b down, the said
adjusting arrangements being fitted to the pipe b or to the gas burner, though
sometimes the opening in bis levelled or adapted so as to admit of a sufficiently
well fitting glass chimney being inserted and withdrawn without the use of the
said adjusting arrangements, and this applies to most of the arrangements shewn
beside Fig. 1º.
The action of this form of apparatus is as follows:-The products of combustion
rise from the flame and enter the pipe or chamber b, and are impelled to the bottom
of descension pipe or duct a, and thence they return up by into the room (purged,
however, as hereafter named). o is a pipe or duct by which the air of the room
enters to commingle with the said products, or fresh air may issue thereby and
thus commingle and circulate in the room. In such case a fresh air supply pipe
or tube e is led into d through the wall or floor of the room. The pipe or duct c
may be lengthened up so that there is no commingling of air and products above
referred to within the stove, but in any caso it should be of sufficient length
upwards to maintain the current within it and to avoid opposition with the
currents in d. The products can, if required, be separately led off to the ordinary
flue of a room or other place, but it is necessary that they should be well pro-
tected from back draught. It is obvious also that the number of jets, burners,
and glass chimneys may be increased. The deleterious and pernicious vapours
which become condensed as they are impelled through the stove fall to the bottom,
and are then received in a suitable vessel or carried off by a small tube passing
through the wall, or by a tap, or in any other convenient way.
Fig. 2 shews arrangements where the form assumes that of a pillar or pilaster-like
column. This arrangement is fitted against a wall or suitable part of a room.
bis pipe projecting from the descension pillar-like pipe a. c is glass globe or chimney
fitted to part b by adjusting arrangements. The products rise into the part b, and
thence are pushed down the descension column-like pipe a, and up the return dat
back of part a into the room. Or if desired I can dispense altogether with part d
and have only a descension pipe, as shewn in Figures & and 6.
Fig. 3 shews another form of my improved arrangements. In this case the
discension pipe a is formed with large base, as shown. The products rise by
projecting pipe b into the discension part a, issuing into the room by openings
made at or near the bottom at c. d is pipe communicating with the open air or
air of the room.
Fig. 4 shews similar arrangements, as in Fig. 3, except that the fresh air or
air of the room is made to rise up several pipes, as shewn.
In Fig. 5 the products rise into projecting chamber b, and thence into and
down a, issuing into the room at or near the bottom, say at c. But if desired the
discension pipe may be arranged outside the room or apartment, as shown in
Fig. 6, where the projecting chamber b passes through the wall, and is secured to
disccusion pipe a, said pipe a fitted outside, having attached to it at or near the
bottom another pipe g, which brings the products into the room or apartment, or
the products may be allowed to issue from a direct into the outer air, the opening
in this case being specially protected against back draught.
Fig. 6 is sometimes arranged for ventilating purposes. In this case the opening
in the wall is made large round the projecting pipe b. On the outside of the wall 5
is a box or casing & surrounding part of a (or it may wholly surround it), said
casing being open at the bottom at . The large opening in the wall of the
room is covered by rosette or other casing inside, the room having opening or
openings to the room in the upper portion thereof. The outer air passes up through
opening of box or casing, thence through large opening, entering the room 5
at k².

page_text: In these
Figs. 7 and 8 shew another form of my improved arrangements.
Figures the heated products rise into projecting chamber b, and descend pipe a
into the room by opening e (in Fig. 8), or they may be made to return up pipe or
enclosing column h (Fig. 7) along with the air of the room, or fresh air adimitted by
opening i. The fresh air (or air of the room) rises up, enclosing pipe or column h,
issuing into the room or apartment at the top.
Fig. 9 is an arrangement somewhat similar to Fig. 5. The projecting pipe b with
the glass globe c is surrounded wholly or nearly so by a channel, preferably partly
of glass, same communicating with the outer air. The products rise by pro-
jection b into the descension pipe a, and thence into the room or apartment at or
near the bottom at c, or the products may issue into the outer air, being specially
protected from back draught. The heat along the surface of the glass chimney c
and projecting pipe b is collected and carried off at e'.
Fig. 10 shews another of my arrangements adapted to shop counter or front, or
other position convenient thereto. The heated products from the flame rise from
the glass chimney or globe c (which is supported in any convenient manner) into
projecting pipe b, descending into a, travelling along channel or duct a¹, and out
at opening or openings made at a³.
Fig. 11 is another modification. In this arrangement the projecting portion b with
globe or chimney c is attached to a compartment c, preferably in the form of a
rosette, said compartment being secured to a plate made of such material as can bo
easily cleaned. This plato is attached to the wall, but so that it will open all
round, thus forming practically a channel, such channel leading to a hole in the
wall. The products rise into projecting pipe b, descend a to the rosetto compart-
ment, issuing therefrom by opening e along the plate c¹ into the channel e³, and
thence out by pipe c'. In this arrangement, when there is back draught the
deleterious products are scattered along the surface of the wall and the prejudicial
effect is thereby not felt at e, and is not returned back upon the flame. It will be
seen that throughout these illustrations the descension pipe arrangements shown
ensure that the deleterious vapours and products of combustion are for the most
part retained and fall, they being caught in a liquid form at the lower part of said
arrangements and are carried off in any suitable manner; the remaining products
which enter the room being comparatively free from noxious properties. In Fig. 11
the primary object is light and ventilation rather than complete condensing, which
is mainly the natural result of the previous arrangements.
Figs. 12 and 13 represent adjusting arrangements for raising the chimney glass
so that a continuous and unbroken channel may be made with projecting portion b
and descension portion before described. The spindle is attached to, or forms
part of the burner or its support. On this spindle (see Fig. 12), free to move up
and down, is portion m carrying glass chimney or globe. The thumb-screw n to
allow the part m with the glass to be raised or lowered is unscrewed, and to hold
same in the required position it is screwed up against l. In Fig. 13 the spindle
is threaded and the portion m is raised and retained in position by screw nut o on
spindle L.
Figs. 14 and 15 represent other forms of adjusting arrangements in the form of
a socket on or around projecting portion b. In Fig. 14 the socket is arranged
inside projecting portion b, being held by projection on b, and in Fig. 15 the.
socket slides on the external portion B being retained by flange, as shewn."
Fig. 16. By A is shewn a channel cut or formed in the wall of a room (preferably
such channel is lined with a cemented surface) A' is a plato or slab or face piece
which may be ornamental and of any suitable material. It supports projecting
pipe B and has perforations near the bottom. The operation is thus:-The heated
products rise from C into B, descend A, and issue through the perforations at D into
the room.
The deleterious vapours having become condensed and passed off as a
liquid through a diminutive tube X through the wall. This plate or slab or face
piece may in some cases be conveniently placed in the corners of a room, by means
of which (viz., the two walls and the plate) a three sided channel is formed.

page_text: Fig. 17. C is an ordinary stove, B is the flue thereof, A descension pipe or
channel connected therewith, A¹ returning pipe, D fresh air supply pipe or duct,
E commingling chamber or compartment. The operation in this Figure is very
similar to that in Fig. 6. It is meant to illustrate the varied use of the return pipe
or channel arrangement. Thus A, A, D, and E, form a complete and separate
apparatus. A receives the deleterious products of combustion from a lighting
apparatus or any store having a flue pipe, the said products become cooled and
condensed and purged in A and then are discharged into E in order to return into
the room commingled with fresh air. D is the channel for carrying fresh air into E,
which fresh air becomes warmed and afterwards impelled thereto, thus helping to
cool and condense the deleterious products in the passage. This return pipe or
channel arrangement sometimes take other forms to suit the convenience of place
or circumstance, though the principle at work is the same. For example, A is some-
times a pipe (or pipes or tubes) arranged horizontally within an enclosed space
similar to D, and the products (thus purged) are led into the room lower down at
the wall near the skirting board. By preference in my apparatus 1 generally use
the argand burner. To facilitate the condensing process to create active ventilation
and to cool a room or chamber I sometimes glaze in or use a lamp like arrangement
similar to that shewn in Fig. 120, which is a partial front view. This portion of
my Invention is applicable to ordinary lighting arrangements (see Fig. 13a). Herein
the heated products rise into A, descend to A', and rise and escape from A into
the outer air. If back draught occurs, the flame is protected from return of the
said products which are returned into the room.
Fig. 16 is sectional view of arrangements somewhat similar to Fig. 10, the
difference being that the products pass down legs or pipes A, A*. The pipe A
being carried to some convenient enclosed space to avoid back draught,
Fig. 17 is sectional view of an arrangement similar to Fig. 1, but with the
addition that a more cooling effect is produced than in Fig. 1, such cooling effect
being produced by the outer portions X being separate tubes arranged round the
upward return pipe X' as in cross section Fig. 17.
The heated
Fig. 18 represents another modification of iny arrangements.
products pass up through glass chimney a, and being deflected by cover b, pass
through branches c, c, into centre columns like pipe d and out into the room or
apartinent by opening situated at lower part of d. It may be here remarked that
this form of lamp arrangement is more liable to breakage of glass than in those
special arrangements before described.
Fig. 19 represents arrangements sometimes used for conservatories. The heated
products pass from the burner, as shewn by the arrows, and issue into the conser-
vatory at cl where fresh air may be introduced.
Fig. 19 is view of another arrangement similar to Fig. 19.
Fig. 20 shews hanging fittings to be used in attaching globe to the arrangements,
as shewn in Fig. 17. At the lower part of the burner may be a screw piece X on
which thumb-screws w works, which raises the glass as required.
Fig. 21 represents section of a conservatory with my arrangements adapted
thereto. The arrangements shewn are in some respects similar in action to those
in Fig. 18. a is chimney covered by dome b, which deflects the heated products,
causing same to pass through channels c, as shewn, into the conservatory at d.
Figs. 22 and 23 shew modifications of my arrangements. In Fig. 22 a stand a¹
carries the glass chimney which fits into a³. In said portion a³ fits a chamber or
receptacle containing water to be heated. Sometimes a¹ forms a channel for the
supply of air to the burner, and for giving impetus to the current passing through
the apparatus. The heated products pass down c¹ and may issue into the room at d¹.
At the back of the lighting arrangement a reflector may be placed to throw the
light and heat forward into the room. In Fig. 22 a the tubular stem which
supports the glass chimney a² and conveys air to the outer surface of the flame.
B the tube which conveys air to the inner surface of the flame, C is the gas
supply tube with burner thereon. By these special and peculiar arrangements the

page_text: air is directed on to the flame and the current of air or of air and products which
passes through my apparatus is additionally supported. Various means may be
employed to bring up the desired supply of air to avoid unsteadying the flame,
such, for instance, as a number of small tubes, perforated plates, wire gauze, and
other contrivances; and d are the lugs which sustain the chimney glass; these or
similar arrangements aro applicable to other forms of my apparatus.
Fig. 23 shews arrangements similar to Fig. 22, my arrangement being adapted, as
therein shewn, to stoves generally known as "cheerful stoves."
Fig. 24 shews arrangements whereby my Invention is adapted for ring burners
which may or may not be enclosed in glass arrangements. The action is very
similar to that described in Fig. 1; the products pass down pipe a, and ascend inner
pipe b into compartment c, and out at c.
Fig. 25 shows arrangements where ring burners are used, but in this case
the flame is deflected and the products pass down and up, as shewn by the
arrows.
Fig. 26 is sectional side view of arrangements somewhat similar to Fig. 22, the
parts c (Fig. 22) being dispensed with, and a descension pipe a is brought down to
a convenient distance and passed into the ordinary chimney flue of the room.
Fig. 27 is an arrangement indicating a longitudinal arrangement similar in action to
Fig. 11 of my Patent No. 3227, A.D. 1873, and also to Fig. 1, and other Figures shown
in the accompanying Drawings. It will be seen by most or many of the Figures of
the Drawings that the circulation or course which the heated products of combustion
are compelled to travel in order to become cooled and purged (by condensation of the
vapours) is considerably below the source of light and heat, and that this downward
circulation or course is effectually accomplished by means of-
1st. A force which acts independently of the drawing influenco or the ascensive
power or the upward draught in the ordinary chimney flue of an apartment.
Secondly. By the conditions created by the condensing process within the
apparatus, for example, the expansion and contraction of the vapours which take
place therein.
3rdly. Because the residue or innoxious products have not to contend at their
exit from the apparatus directly with the denser outer atmospheric air, but are
received into the more attenuated air of the room, or of a room or other convenient
enclosed space, sufficiently and specially protected from back draughts.
It may be also remarked that this condensing process in some cases is facilitated
not alone by the said products being compelled to travel over an ample extent of
radiating surface, but likewise by the passing of air over the surfaces of the appa-
ratus, whether within or without, or whether the passages of the apparatus are
constructed vertically, horizontally, or otherwise. It should be also specially
remarked that even when it may be convenient that the said products should be
carried from my lighting and heating apparatus into an ordinary chimney fluc, or
into any place specially protected from back draughts, I yet prefer to aim in my
continuous channel arrangements to lengthen them downwards, or to extend them
sufficiently to effect what cooling or what condensation I conveniently can, in
order 1st. To avoid waste of heat, and to minimise the bad results from any
possible return of the products into the room, or upon the glass lighting arrange-
ments through down draught in the chimney fluo; and 2nd. to prevent the rusting
of any ironwork or other metal surface which the said products may come into
contact with after leaving the apparatus, or the room where the apparatus is
used.
:-
In summarizing the main features of my Invention, I would remark that hitherto
as far as I am aware, except according to arrangements originated by myself, owing
to various difficulties in the carrying off the deleterious products of combustion from
a room, chamber, or building, the said products have been either allowed in their
entirety to enter the room, or they have been carried off by a flue pipe system,
involving much dissipation of heat into the outer air, and with insecurity to the

page_text: light, and to the chimney glass or glass lamp arrangements through their liability to
be forced back upon the flame and into the room by back draughts unless guarded
by inconvenient and costly valve arrangements. Or if they have been otherwise
dealt with for the avoidance of these evils the means employed have been crude
and inefficient.
Now it will be seen by the foregoing descriptive statements and illustrative
Drawings (the details and proportions whereof I do not confine myself to) that the
aims and results of my system are mainly as follows, viz., such combinations in the
various parts of the apparatus, in relation to the source of light and heat, that there
is obtained by the said apparatus an action which may be quite independent of the
ascensive power of an ordinary chimney flue, and as a whole, either portability or
compactness along with efficiency of result, whereby in the combustion of gas or
other fluid or liquid fuel therein the heated products thereof are compelled to cir-
culate in and through the same in such a way that all or most of the deleterious
products (notably sulphur compounds and other destructive vapours) become cooled,
condensed, and purged and carried away in the form of a liquid, while the remaining
comparatively innoxious products by means of an unbroken and continuous line of
heat force (conserved and directed by specially contrived arrangements) are made to
enter the room, chamber, or building, sometimes from the lower opening of a des-
cension pipe, channel, or duct, and sometimes from a return pipe, channel, or duct,
whether vertical or otherwise, or straight, spiral, or coiled, and it will further be
seen that the said comparatively innoxious products, being thus made to return
into the room, are sometimes commingled with the air of the room, sometimes with
the outer atmospheric air, and sometimes not so commingled, the apparatus, how-
ever, being so contrived and constructed that the said returning products, and the
said air or outer air currents flow together; or if otherwise, not in opposing currents,
and do not come back upon the flame as back draught. It further follows, and as
a natural result of some of the above arrangements, that the draught or rush of air
over the flame is so modificil that the flame is enlarged, and the light is increased
and diffused; when desired heat is economized and utilized for circulating in
the rooin the air or the outer air for ventilation or the diffusion of warmth, or
otherwise.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature and object of my
Baid Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed or carried out in
practice, I hereby declare that a chief feature thereof besides improved lighting or
lighting and heating is a systematic condensation of the deleterious products of
combustion, which is effected as may be required to a greater or lesser degree
before they leave the apparatus to enter the room, chamber, or enclosed space
(always protected from back draughts) into which they are ultimately to be dis-
charged, which condensation follows as a necessary result of the working of the
apparatus, such apparatus being so contrived in relation to the source of light, or of
light and heat, as that quite independently of any aid from the ascension power of
an ordinary chimney flue, sometimes a drawing, and sometimes an impelling power,
and sometimes both powers together, is or are, or may be brought into action, so as
to compel the said products to travel over sufficient extent of channel or passage
surfaces (sometimes, and mostly, in a course inverted to their natural one) for effect-
ing the cooling or condensing process above referred to, and thus to accomplish a
chief purpose or end in view by my Invention, viz., to do away with the necessity
as far as inay be of carrying a flue pipe from the apparatus to the outer air, while
all or most of the deleterious products of combustion are prevented from entering
the room, chamber, or enclosed space where my apparatus is used. It may be here
remarked that the arrangements employed to work out the application of the prin-
ciples above described would be obviously susceptible of modifications to suit the
convenience of varying circumstances, and I do not restrict myself to the proportions
or mere details of the Drawings herein shewn.
What I claim being the above described arrangements, or such substantially

page_text: similar arrangements, as are or may be contrived and employed to produce the like
useful results that are set forth and described in the foregoing statements, descrip-
tions, and illustrative Drawings.
In witness whereof, I, the said Charles Ritchie, have hereunto set my hand
and seal, this Eighth day of November, in the year of our Lord One thousand
eight hundred and seventy-six.
Witness,
T. MORGAN,
Secretary,
Inventor's Patent Right Ass". Ld.,
21, Cockspur Street,
Charing Cross, S.W.
CHARLES RITCHIE (L.S.)