IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PRODUCTION OR PREPARATION OF PRINTING BLOCKS, PLATES, AND CYLINDERS, WITH SURFACES IN RELIEF AND INTAGLIO
Year: 1869

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Edward Roper, of No. 7, Garrick Street, in the
County of Middlesex, Manager of the Graphotyping Company,.
Limited, and George Shaw, of Penkhull New Road, Stoke-upon-
Trent, in the County of Stafford, Agent to the said Company, for
the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PRODUCTION OR PREPARATION
OF PRINTING BLOCKS, PLATES, AND CYLINDERS, WITH SURFACES IN RELIEF AND
INTAGLIO."
Scaled the 14th September 1869, and dated the 16th March 1869.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Edward Roper and
George Shaw at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with
their Petition, on the 16th March 1869.
We, EDWARD ROPER, of No. 7, Garrick Street, in the County of
Middlesex, Manager of the Graphotyping Company, Limited, and
GEORGE SILAW, of Penkhull New Road, Stoke-upon-Trent, in the County
of Stafford, Agent to the said Company, do hereby declare the nature
of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PRODUCTION OR PREPARATION

page_text: OF PRINTING BLOCKS, PLATES, AND CYLINDERS, WITH SURFACES IN RELIEP AND
INTAGLIO," to be as follows:-
Our Invention consists of the several processes herein-after described
by any of which in combination with the process known as the "grapho-
type process," and described in the Specifications of Letters Patent
No. 2309., A.D. 1860, and No. 664, A.D. 1864, we produce printing
surfaces which may be used after the manner of engraved blocks, plates,
or cylinders.
In the said graphotype process as heretofore practised the design to
be printed is drawn in glutinous ink on a block or plate of compressed
chalk, and when the ink is dry the chalk between the lines is brushed
away so as to leave the said lines in relief; the plate is then hardened
by saturating it with silicate of potash, and printed from, or a cast
is taken.from the said plate by stereotyping or electrotyping.
Now according to our Invention we transfer on to the plates of
compressed chalk, in the ways herein-after described, prints or mould-
ings from casts, or reliefs, or intaglios produced by photography, or
otherwise, or we copy the said reliefs or intaglios on to the said plates by
means of any suitable pentagraph, or other similar apparatus, and thus
adapt the graphotype process to the reproduction and multiplication
of drawings, woodcuts, engravings, photographs, lithographs, or other
printed matter.
According to our first process we take a mould by electrotyping
by moulding in soft metal by pressure or by casting from a relief
obtained by exposing a film of sensitized gelatine or other similar
organic matter under a negative or positive photograph print or draw-
ing on paper, glass, or other material to the action of light as is well
understood. Whether this mould is used direct or whether another
mould is taken from it, and used will depend upon whether the photo-
graph print or drawing is a negative or a positive, and upon the kind of
print required. We mount the metal mould and place it with its faco
upwards on the bed of a hydraulic press, and sift on the said mould
chalk or other suitable material to a depth of about half an inch. Upon
this we place a metal or other backing or plate, and subject the whole
to pressure as in the graphotype process. We now have a perfect
cast in chalk of a metal relief or intaglio mould or casting plate. We
harden the parts of the said cast which are in relief by coating them with
silicate of potash, or other solution which will harden chalk, and we

page_text: then deepen the hollow parts of the said cast by brushing away the
chalk, until the hardened lines or surfaces stand out in sufficient relief
for printing purposes. A graphotype plate or block is thus produced
which may be stereotyped or electrotyped from in the usual way. In
some cases the chalk may be sifted direct on a dry gelatine relief or
intaglio, and a cast in chalk obtained by pressure, as herein-before des-
cribed. Casts in chalk as herein-before described may be taken from
other surfaces which are not produced by photography, as, for instance,
from a wood block or from an electrotype mould taken from a wood
block or any other surface..
According to our second process we take a chalk plate as prepared
for the graphotype process, and coat the same with a solution which
will render it waterproof; we then coat the said plate with a thin film of
gelatine or other similar organic matter mixed with a solution of bichromate.
of potash; when this film is dry we place the plate with. its sensitized
face upwards. under a drawing, engraving, or print, or under a positive.
or negative photograph of a drawing, engraving, or print, or under a
positive or negative photograph taken from nature and produced in
lincs or grain by any suitable process and expose the sensitized film
to the action of light, and develope the picture with water as is well
understood; we then by means of a suitable-solvent remove the waterproof
ground from those parts of the plate which are not protected by insoluble-
gelatine; when dry the plate is ready for the operations of "brush-
ing out," hardening, moulding, or casting, or electrotyping as in the
graphotype process. In some cases we use a waterproof solution (such
as plain collodion) which can be brushed out with the chalk, so as to.
avoid the necessity for washing with a solvent..
According to our third process we obtain by any photo-lithographic.
or photo-zincographic process a transfer on stone or zinc, and take a
print in strong "tacky" or other suitable varnish from the stone or
zine on to a transfer paper coated with turpentine or other varnish, which
paper so coated has been stoved so as to dry the varnish hard; we lay
this paper with its printed side uppermost on water for a few minutes,.
and then place the said paper with its printed side downwards upon a
chalk plate, and put them under pressure; we then remove them
from the press and sponge the paper with water and remove the said
paper from the chalk. On being thus removed the said paper takes with it
the film of stoved or dried varnish, except in those parts which con-

page_text: stitute the lines or marks of the print or design, which lines or marks
of varnish are caused to adhere to the chalk plate by the strong "tacky"
varnish aforesaid. The said plate is then stoved in order to harden the
said " tacky" varnish, which being done the plate is "brushed out,"
hardened, and otherwise finished according to the graphotype process.
According to our fourth process we coat smooth, thin, fine paper with
a mixture of gelatine, sugar, and Indian ink, or other colouring matter;
when the film is dry we saturate it with a solution of bichromate of
potash; when the paper thus sensitized is dry we give it a smooth
surface by rolling or otherwise, and expose it under a negative or
positive to the action of light, as herein-before described; we then
fasten the sheet face upwards on a board, and coat the said sheet evenly
and thinly with copal or other turpentine varnish, and dry the said
sheet in a japanner's stove until the varnish is quite hard; we then
take a sheet of transfer paper slightly larger than the sensitized sheet,
roll the said paper, and coat it with copal or other varnish, and when
it is nearly dry ("i.e. tacky") place the two sheets with their varnished
sides together, and pass them through a rolling machine; we then
place the compound sheet thus formed with the transfer paper undermost
on a board and clamp upon the margin of the transfer paper a frame with
india-rubber under its bottom edges, which frame forms in conjunction
with the sensitized paper a dish into which we pour warm water. The
frame described serves to hold the transfer paper down and to prevent
the water from flowing under the back of the said paper, but any other
means which will effect these purposes may be employed. The warm
water soon releases the backing of thin paper and brings with it that
part of the gelatine which has not been rendered insoluble by light, and
thus developes the print, which we wash and allow to dry. When dry
it is ready for transferring on to the graphotype plate in the following
manner: We coat the face of the print with a weak solution of size
and then float the said print with its face upwards on water for a few
minutes; we then place the said print with its face downwards on the
graphotype plate, and put a few folds of paper at the back of the said
print, and subject the whole to pressure; we then remove the said
plate and paper from the press, and sponge the said paper with water
and remove it from the said plate. The design is now left in lines or
marks of insoluble gelatine and dry hard varnish on the plate, the
transfer paper when removed as above described taking with it the

page_text: 86
varnish from between the said lines or marks. The plate is now ready
for the brushing out," hardening, and subsequent operations of the
graphotype process. Or, instead of mounting the sensitized varnished
sheet above referred to upon varnished transfer paper we mount it on
a chalk plate coated with a waterproof solution, as described with
reference to our second process, and then proceed to develope and finish
as described in that process.
According to our fifth process we coat a piece of transfer paper with
copal or other varnish, and dry and harden it in a stove. We then
brush or pour over this paper a layer of gelatine, sugar, and bichromate
of potash. When this is dry we print under a negative, and then coat
the face of the print with a strong varnish ink thinned with turpentine
or other suitable spirit. When the turpentine or spirit has nearly all
evaporated we place a frame over the print as before described and
develope the said print by means of warm water; we then float the
print face upwards on water, and transfer the said print on to a chalk
plate and finish the said plate according to the graphotype process.
According to our sixth process we prepare a chalk plate as in the
graphotype process, using a finely perforated metal plate for the
backing or support of the chalk instead of a plain metal plate. We
coat the surface of the chalk plate with a film of gelatine, sugar, and
Indian ink; when this film is dry it is sensitized with a solution of
bichromate of potash; we then dry the plate as quickly as possible,
and print under a negative, as is well understood; we now gradually
saturate the plate with cold water from the back; we then place it
entirely in a dish of warm water and develope the print carefully with a
camel hair brush, after which we wash the print in several waters, then
dry it and brush out and harden the chalk plate according to the
graphotype process. In some cases we brush the plate into relief
whilst it is in a wet state. Instead of coating the chalk plate with a
solution of gelatine, sugar, and Indian ink we sometimes use a glass
or other plate having a smooth surface, and coat such plate with the
solution of gelatine, sugar, Indian ink, and bichromate of potash as
described. When this film is dry wc remove it from the glass or other
surface, make it slightly damp on one side, place that side on the chalk
plate, put the whole under pressure, and when the whole is dry we
print by light under a negative and develope, brush out, and finish as
above described.

page_text: By our seventh process we proceed to make transfers to the
graphotype plate by any of the foregoing methods for producing the
lines or marks of the picture in varnish, but by using a positive instead
of a negative to print from we obtain on the chalk a print in which all
the black lines or marks of the said positive are white or untouched
chalk, and all the whites of the said positive are covered with varnish.
We then take a piece of thin paper and saturate it with a solution of
silicate of potash, or with any other solution which has the power of
hardening chalk. The saturated paper we lay upon the face of the
chalk plate; we then pass a soft roller over it which causes the paper
to come into close contact with the bare chalk, which chalk absorbs
the hardening solution and becomes hard; we then remove the varnish
with a solvent as previously described, brush out, harden, and finish as
by the graphotype process.
All the foregoing processes can be adapted to the production of rollers
or cylinders for printing purposes, either by covering, a cylinder with
a layer of compressed chalk, transferring on to it, and, proceed as
before described, or by bending the stereotypes or electrotype produced
as already described to the 'required curve or form.
We also by means of pentagraphs draw on stercotype plates copics
or representations of natural objects, or of drawings, or prints, or of
medals, or of reliefs of any kind produced by photography or otherwise,
adapting such pentagraphs for our purpose by using a brush or wheel
charged with graphotype ink, instead of the usual marking point, and
placing the graphotype plate under such brush or wheel, and (where a
relief is, to be copied) placing a relief, under the tracing point of the
pentagraph. The tracing point being made to travel over the uneven
surface of the relief cither in parallel lines, or in any way that may be
desired, causes the brush or wheel charged with graphotype ink to make
corresponding marks upon the plate very fine and weak where the surface
is high in the relief, and stronger as the point descends into the hollows,
thus representing in black and white, or light and shade, the object to
be copied. There are many pentagraphs which by slight alteration
could be adapted to this work. Impressions or prints from woodcuts,
stereotypes, electrotypes, etched or engraved metal plates, blocks, or
cylinders, blocks, plates, or cylinders produced by photography or from
type lithographic stones (whether the drawings thercon are made in
lithographic chalk or in ink work,) or zincographic plates, or reduc-

page_text: tions or enlargements from Lewis's or other similar pentagraphs, may
be made in a suitable printing varnish, or a glutinous ink on transfer
paper (which has been previously coated with copal or other suitable
varnish and dried), and transferred therefrom on to the chalk plate, as
herein-before described.
We do not limit ourselves to the use of gelatine and bichromate of
potash, as other suitable organic substances may be used instead of
gelatine, and other suitable sensitizing agents, such as bichromate of
ammonia, and (in some cases) bitumen of Judea, may be used instead of
bichromate of potash.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Edward Roper and George Shaw in the Great
Seal Patent Office on the 16th September 1869.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, EDWARD
ROPER, of No. 7, Garrick Street, in the County of Middlesex, Manager'
of the Graphotyping Company, Limited, and GEORGE SHAW, of Penkhull
New Road, Stoke-upon-Trent, in the County of Stafford, Agent to the
said Company, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Sixteenth day of March, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-nine, in the thirty-
second year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give
and grant unto we, the said Edward Roper and George Shaw, Her
special licence that we, the said Edward Roper and George Shaw,
our executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as we, the said
Edward Roper and George Shaw, our exccutors, administrators, and
assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to
time and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands,
and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PRODUCTION OR
PREPARATION OF PRINTING BLOCKS, PLATES, AND CYLINDERS, WITH SURFACES IN
RELIEF AND INTAGLIO," upon the condition (amongst others) that we, the
said Edward Roper and George Shaw, our exccutors or administrators,
by an instrument in writing under our or their hands and seals, or under
the hands and seals of one of us or them, should particularly describe and

page_text: ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same
was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Scal
Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the
date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said Edward Roper and George
Shaw, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described
and ascertained in and by the following statement thereof, that is to
say:-
Our Invention consists of the several processes herein-after described
by any of which, in combination with the process known as the "grapho-
type process," and described in the Specifications of Letters Patent
No. 2309, A.D. 1860, and No. 664, A.D. 1864, we produce printing
surfaces which may be used after the manner of engraved blocks, plates,
or cylinders.
In the said graphotype process as heretofore practised the design 'to
be printed is drawn in glutinous ink on a block or plate of compressed
chalk, and when the ink is dry the chalk between the lines is brushed
away, so as to leave the said lines in relief. The plate is then hardened
by saturating it with silicate of potash and printed from, or a cast is
taken from the said plate by stereotyping or electrotyping.
Now according to our Invention we transfer on to the plates of com-
pressed chalk, in the ways herein-after described, prints or mouldings
from casts, or reliefs, or intaglios produced by photography or otherwise,
or we copy the said reliefs or intaglios on to the said plates by means of
any suitable pentagraph or other suitable copying apparatus, and thus
adapt the graphotype process to the reproduction and multiplication
of drawings, woodcuts, engravings, photographs, lithographs, or other
printed matter..
According to our first process we take a mould by electrotyping or by
moulding in soft metal, by pressure, or by casting from a relief obtained
by exposing a film of sensitized gelatine or other similar organic matter
under a negative or positive photograph print or drawing on paper,
glass, or other material to the action of light, as is well understood.
Whether this mould is used direct or whether another mould is taken
from it and used will depend upon whether the photograph print or
drawing is a negative or a positive, and upon the kind of print required.
We mount the metal mould and place it with its face upwards on the bed

page_text: of a hydraulic press, and sift on the said mould, chalk, or other suitable
material to a depth of about half an inch. Upon this we place a metal
or other backing or plate, and subject the whole to pressure as in the
graphotype process. We now have a perfect cast in chalk of a metal
relief or intaglio mould or casting plate. We harden the parts of the
said cast which are in relief by coating them with silicate of potash or
other solution which will harden chalk. We apply such solution either
by means of a roller or by soaking tissue paper in the said solution,
laying the saturated paper on a flat piece of vulcanized india-rubber, and
pressing the chalk cast gently on the said paper, or by placing the surface
of the said cast for an instant in contact with the solution contained in a
shallow vessel. We then deepen the hollow parts of the said cast by
brushing away the chalk until the hardened lines or surfaces stand out in
sufficient relief for printing purposes. A graphotype plate or block is thus
produced, which may be hardened and stereotyped or electrotyped from
in the usual way. In some cases the chalk may be sifted direct on a
dry gelatine relief or intaglio, and a cast in chalk obtained by pressure
as herein-before described. Casts in chalk as herein-before described
may be taken from other surfaces which are not produced by photo-
graphy, as, for instance, from a wood block or from an electrotype mould
taken from a wood block or from any other surface. Instead of pressing
dry chalk into the mould referred to, a cast of the said mould may be
taken in a mixture of chalk, gelatine, or size and water.
According to our second process we take a chalk plate as prepared
for the graphotype process and coat the said plate with a solution which
will render it waterproof; we then coat the said plate with a thin film
of gelatine or other similar organic matter mixed with a solution of
bichromate of potash; when this film is dry we place the plate with
its sensitized face upwards under a drawing, engraving, or print or under
a positive or negative photograph of a drawing, engraving, or print, or
under a positive or negative photograph taken from nature and produced
in lines or grain by any suitable process, such as printing from a grained
or lined negative, in conjunction with an ordinary negative film, and
we then expose the sensitized film to the action of light and develope
the picture with water as is well understood; we then by means of a
suitable solvent remove the waterproof ground from those parts of the
plate which are not protected by insoluble gelatine; this is best done
by saturating cotton wool with the solvent used and passing the said
wool quickly two or three times over the surface of the plate, then

page_text: allowing it to dry and again applying the solvent. In order to prevent
the said solvent from carrying the waterproof ground into the plate
we prefer previously to coating the plate with the waterproof solution
to saturate the said plate with copal or other varnish, and then to place
the said plate in a japanner's stove until hard. After the removal of
the waterproof ground from between the lines the plate is ready for the
operations of "brushing out," hardening, and moulding, or casting, or
electrotyping as in the graphotype process. In some cases we use a
waterproof solution, such as plain collodion, which can be brushed out
in a dry state with the chalk, so as to avoid the necessity for washing
with a solvent.
According to our third process we obtain by any photo-lithographic
or photo-zincographic process a transfer on stone or zinc, and take an
impression in strong "tacky" or other suitable varnish from the stone
or zinc on to a transfer paper coated with turpentine or other varnish,
which paper so coated has been stoved so as to dry the varnish bard.
We lay this paper with its printed side uppermost on water for a few
minutes, and then place the said paper with its printed side downwards
upon a chalk plate and put them under pressure. We then remove
them from the press and sponge the paper with water, and remove the
said
paper from the chalk. On being thus removed the said paper takes
with it the film of stoved or dried varnish, except in those parts which
constitute the lines or marks of the print or design, which lines or marks
of varnish are caused to adhere to the chalk plate by the strong
tacky" varnish aforesaid. The said plate is then stoved in order to
harden the said "tacky" varnish, which being done the plate is brushed
out, hardened, and otherwise finished according to the graphotype
process.
"
According to our fourth process we coat smooth thin fine paper with
a mixture of gelatine, sugar, and Indian ink, or other colouring matter;
when the film is dry we saturate it with a solution of bichromate of
potash; when the paper thus sensitized is dry, we give it a smooth
surface by rolling or otherwise, and expose it under a negative or
positive to the action of light, as hercin-before described; we then
fasten the sheet face upwards on a board, and coat the said sheet evenly
and thinly with copal or other turpentine varnish, and dry the said
sheet in a japanner's stove until the varnish is quite hard; we then
take a sheet of transfer paper slightly larger than the sensitized sheet,

page_text: The
paper.
roll the said paper, and coat it with copal or other varnish, and when
it is nearly dry (i.e. "tacky") place the two sheets with their varnished
sides together and pass them through a rolling machine; we then place
the compound sheet thus formed with the transfer paper undermost on
a board and clamp upon the margin of the transfer paper a frame with
india-rubber under its bottom edges, which frame forms in conjunction
with the sensitized paper a dish into which we pour warm water.
frame described serves to hold the transfer paper down and to prevent
the water from flowing under the back of the said paper, but any other
means which will effect these purposes may be employed. The warm
water soon releases the backing of thin paper which brings with it that
part of the gelatine which has not been rendered insoluble by light, and
thus developes the print which we wash and allow to dry, and which con-
sists of lines of insoluble gelatine adhering to the varnished transfer
When dry the said print is ready for transferring on to the chalk grapho-
type plate in the following manner: -We coat the face of the print with
a weak solution of size, and then float the said print with its face
upwards on water for a few minutes; we then place the said print
with its face downwards on the graphotype plate, and put a few folds of
paper at the back of the said print, and subject the whole to pressure;
we then remove the said plate and paper from the press, and sponge the
said paper with water and remove it from the said plate.. The design
or print is now left in lines or marks of insoluble gelatine and dry hard
varnish on the plate, the transfer paper when removed as above described
taking with it the varnish from between the said lines or marks. The
plate is now ready for the "brushing out," hardening, and subsequent
operations of the graphotype process. Or instead of mounting the
sensitized varnished sheet above referred to upon varnished transfer
paper, we mount it on a chalk plate coated with a waterproof solution,
as described with reference to our second process, and then proceed to
develope and finish as described in that process..
According to our fifth process we coat a piece of transfer paper with
copal or other varnish, and dry and harden it in a stove. We then brush
or pour over this a mixture or solution of gelatine, sugar, and bichromate
of potash. When this is dry we print under a negative, and then coat
thic face of the print with a strong varnish ink, thinned with turpentine
or other suitable spirit. When. the said turpentine or other spirit has
nearly all evaporated we place a frame over the print, as before described

page_text: and develope the said print by means of warm water. We then float
the print face upwards on water, and transfer the said print by pressure
on to a chalk plate, which we finish by the graphotype process.
According to our sixth process we prepare a chalk plate, as in the
graphotype process, using by preference a finely perforated metal plate
for the backing or support of the chalk, instead of a plain metal plate.
We coat the surface of the said chalk plate with a film of gelatine, sugar,
and Indian ink, or we coat a zinc plate or any suitable surface with
chalk mixed with size; when the film or layer is dry it is sensitized with
a solution of bichromate of potash ; we then dry the plate as quickly
as possible, and print under a negative; we now gradually saturate the
plate with cold water; we then wash it in warm water, and develope
the print carefully with a camel hair brush, with which we remove the
soluble portions of the gelatine and the chalk underneath such portions;
after which we again wash the print in several waters; then dry it, and
brush out and deepen the lines (when necessary), and harden the chalk
plate according to the graphotype process. In some cases we brush
the plate into relief whilst it is in a wet state. Instead of coating the
chalk plate with a solution of gelatine, sugar, and Indian ink, we some-
times use a glass or other plate having a smooth surface, and coat such
plate with a solution of gelatine, sugar, Indian ink, and bichromate of
potash. When the resulting film is dry we remove it from the glass or
other surface, make it slightly damp on one side, place that side on the
chalk plate, put the whole under pressure, and when the whole is dry
we print under a negative and develope, brush out, and finish as above
described.
By our seventh process we proceed to make transfers to the grapho-
type plate by any of the foregoing methods for producing the lines or
marks of the picture in varnish, but by using a positive photograph
instead of a negative to print from we obtain on the chalk a print in
which all the black lines or marks of the said positive are white or
untouched chalk, and all the whites of the said positive are covered with
varnish; we then take a piece of thin paper, and saturate it with a
solution of silicate of potash, or with any other solution which has the
power of hardening chalk, this saturated paper we lay upon the face
of the chalk plate; we then pass a soft roller over it which causes the
paper to come into close contact with the bare chalk, which chalk

page_text: absorbs the hardening solution, and becomes hard. We then remove
the varnish with a solvent, as previously described, and brush out, harden,
and finish as by the graphotype process.
All the foregoing processes can be adapted to the production of
rollers or cylinders for printing purposes, either by covering a cylinder
with a layer of chalk (either by compression or casting), transferring
on to it, and proceeding as before described, or by bending the sterec-
types or electrotypes produced, as already described, to the required
curve or form.
We also by means of pentagraphs or other suitable copying apparatus
draw on chalk plates copies of photographic reliefs representing natural
objects or drawings or prints, or of medals or reliefs produced by photo-
graphy, as aforesaid, or otherwise; and we adapt such pentagraphs or
apparatus for our purpose by using a brush or wheel charged with
graphotype ink, instead of the usual marking point, and placing a chalk
plate under such brush or wheel, and placing the relief to be copied under
the tracing point of the pentagraph or apparatus used.
The tracing
point being made to travel over the uneven surface of the relief in
parallel lines in any desired direction causes the brush or wheel charged
with graphotype ink to make corresponding marks upon the plate very
fine and weak, where the surface is high in the relief, and stronger as
the point descends into the hollows, thus representing in black and white,
or light and shade, the object to be copied. The chalk plate after being
drawn upon as described is brushed out and finished by the graphotype
process.
There are many pentagraphs which by slight alteration could be
adapted to our purpose. A pentagraph so adapted is represented in the
accompanying Drawing.
Figure 1 of the said Drawing is a side elevation of the said penta-
graph; Figure 2 is a plan of the same; and Figure 3 is an end clevation
of the same; Figures 4 and 5 represent separately in side and end
clevation's respectively the marking wheel used; Figures 6 and 7 repre-
sent a modification herein-after referred to. The same letters of reference
indicate the same parts in all the Figures.
A is a table or bed plate on which are mounted the relief B and the
chalk plate C on to which the said relief is to be copied. a', a³, are
transverse rails on which the frame D slides; E is a carriage which

page_text: slides on the rails d', d, of the frame D; and F is a handle by which the
said earriage is moved; G is a standard carrying a bar or lever H which
turns on a fulcrum g; ', is a tracing point which is jointed to the said
lever, and passes through a guide e carried by the carriage E. The
lever His jointed at * to one end of the lever I, which turns on a
fulcrum, carried by a frame J affixed to the carriage E. The other end
of the said lever is jointed to the shaft k of a frame K, which said shaft
passes through a guide . The shaft K carries wheels L, M; the
wheel L is the marking wheel, and the wheel M inks the said wheel L,
being supplied from a brush N charged with graphotype. ink. The
wheel L (see Figures 4 and 5) consists of a disc of india-rubber
mounted on a screwed axis 1, and held between two metal discs P, P,
which are kept in position by screw nuts 1, 1; 3 is a cup containing
weights, and is a spring, by means of which weights and spring the
adjustment of the lever H is effected; O is a screw which turns in
lugs a, a, in the bed plate A, and engages in female screws formed in
lugs, d², carried by the frame D; o is a winch by which the screw Q
is turned.
The action of the apparatus is as follows:-On the carriage E being
moved in one or other direction by means of the handle F the tracing
point rises and falls as it passes over the uneven surface of the relief,
and thereby raises and depresses the wheel L, and causes it to make a
line in graphotype ink upon the chalk plato, the said line being broad
and strong in those parts which represent the dark or depressed parts of
the relief, and fine and weak in those parts which represent the light or
raised parts of the relief. After the drawing of each line the frame D
and the carriage E mounted thercon are moved sideways by means of
the screw O to give the required space between the lines.
The apparatus above described produces straight parallel lines on the
chalk plate, but when curved lines have to be produced on the said plate
the apparatus should be modified, as shown in plan in Figure 6, and in
end elevation in Figure 7. In these Figures H is an incline formed on
or affixed to the lever H, which is bent as shown. *,, are guides, in
which slides a bar P, having at one end an antifriction wheel p', which
bears against the incline H', the bar P being pressed towards the said
incline by a coiled spring p³. At the other end of the said bar
guides p, p, are formed, in which guides the shaft turns as required;
k is a pulley fixed on the end of the shaft, around which pulley a

page_text: cord q¹ passes.
One end of this cord is attached to a rod P, and the
other end passes over a pulley p', and carries a weight . The brush N
is carried by an arm formed on the shaft k¹.
The action of this apparatus is as follows:-As the incline H' moves
upwards or downwards it causes the bar Q to slide sideways, and the
wheel L is moved sideways out of its course, and is also caused to assume
an oblique position as it is moved over the plate C by the carriage E,
and thereby to produce a curved line on the said plate.
Impressions or prints from woodcuts, stereotypes, electrotypes, etched
or engraved metal plates, blocks, or cylinders; blocks, plates, or cylinders
engraved by photography, or from type lithographio stones (whether the
drawings thereon are made in lithographic chalk or in ink work), or
zincographic plates or reductions or enlargements from Lewis's or other
similar pentagraphs, may be made in a suitable printing varnish or a
glutinous ink on transfer paper (which has been previously coated with
copal or other suitable varnish, and dried), and transferred therefrom on
to the chalk plate, as herein-before described.
Having now described the nature of our Invention, and the manner
in which the same is to be performed, we wish it to be understood that
we do not limit ourselves to or claim the particular arrangement of
pentagraph or copying apparatus herein-before described, as any suitable
copying apparatus may be used. Neither do we limit ourselves to the
use of gelatine and bichromate of potash as other suitable organic sub-
stances may be used instead of gelatine, and other suitable scusitizing
agents, such as bichromate of ammonia, may be used instead of bichro-
mate of potash, and in some cases bitumen of Judea may alone be used
instead of bichromate of potash and gelatine; but we claim as our
said Invention,-
Firstly. Preparing or producing printing blocks or plates by pressing
or casting chalk, either on to a photographic or other relief, or on to a
metal mould obtained from such relief by electrotyping, moulding, or
casting, and hardening the face of the lines on the chalk cast thus
obtained, and brushing out"
the said cast by the graphotype
process.
Secondly. Preparing or producing printing blocks or plates by coating
chalk plates first with a waterproofing solution, and then with sensitized

page_text: gelatine or other suitable organic matter, and exposing the said plates
under prints, drawings, or engravings, or under positive or negative
photographs, developing the pictures, removing the waterproof ground
from the unprotected parts of the plates, and then "brushing out" and
otherwise finishing the said plates by the graphotype process..
Thirdly. Preparing or producing printing blocks or plates by trans-
ferring by means of varnish in the manner described photo-lithographs
or photo-zincographs on to chalk plates, and then brushing out and
otherwise finishing the said plates by the graphotype process.
Fourthly. Preparing or producing printing blocks or plates by coating
thin paper with gelatine and bichromate of potash, or their equivalents,
exposing the coated paper under a negative or a positive, then either
mounting the said paper on transfer paper, and developing and trans-
ferring the picture from the transfer paper on to a chalk plate, or
mounting the thin paper on the said plate, and developing the picture
thereon, the said plate being finished in either case by the graphotype
process as described.
Fifthly. Preparing or producing printing blocks or plates by coating
transfer paper first with varnish, and afterwards with gelatine, sugar, and
bichromate of potash, printing under a negative coating the print with
varnish ink, developing the said print, and transferring it on to a chalk
plate, and "brushing out" and finishing the said plate by the graphotype
process.
Sixthly. Preparing or producing printing blocks or plates by coating
chalk plates with gelatine, sugar, and Indian ink, and then sensitizing
with bichromate of potash (or mounting films of sensitized gelatine on
the said plates, or coating zinc or other plates with chalk and size, and
sensitizing), and afterwards exposing, "brushing out," and developing
the pictures on the said plates as described.
Seventhly. Preparing or producing printing blocks or plates by trans-
ferring by means of varnish positive photograplis on to chalk plates,
hardening those parts of the said plates not protected by the varnish,
removing the said varnish, and then "brushing out" and finishing the
said plates by the graphotype process.
Lastly. Copying photographic or other reliefs on to chalk plates in

page_text: lines of graphotype ink by means of pentagraphs or other suitable
copying apparatus, and brushing out and finishing the said plates by
the graphotype process.
In witness whereof, we, the said Edward Roper and George
Shaw, have hereunto set our hands and seals, this Fifteenth day
of September, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred
and sixty-nine.
Witness,
H. H. MURDOOH,
7, Staple Inn.
EDWARD ROPER. (L.S.)
GEORGE SHAW.
(L.S.)