Machinery or Apparatus therefor.
Year: 1886

page_text: Date of Application, 23rd Mar., 1886.
Complete Left, 22nd Dec., 1886.
Complete Accepted, 25th Jan., 1887.
and in Machinery or Apparatus therefor.
We, FRANK FAULKNER, of Crosswells Brewery, Oldbury, in the County of Worcester,
Consulting Brewer, and WILLIAM ADLAM, of Elĺbroad Street, in the City and County
of Bristol, Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows:-
This invention consists, in its relation to brewing, firstly, in the introduction of a
forced current or blast of hot air into wort in a heated condition.
The air is preferably introduced into the wort when contained in the boiling
copper, but it may, if desired, be introduced at the later stages when the wort is in the
hop-back or on the cooler.
The oxygen of the air, raised to a requisite degree of temperature therefor enters
into chemical combination with certain deleterious nitrogenous compounds or bodies-
constituents of the liquid-which are thereby rendered either directly insoluble or
capable of being thrown out of solution and are readily precipitated.
Filtration of the air is not necessary, the legree of heat to which it must be raised
in order to efficiently produce the aforesaid result ensuring the destruction of any
noxious germs, but filtration may be resorted to as an additional safeguard.
The liquid known as mash-wash in the manufacture of vinegar, as also the acidifying
alcoholic wort in the same process, may be aërated with hot air similarly to brewers'
wort for the double purpose of precipitating deleterious nitrogenous bodies, and
facilitating, in the final stage, the more expeditious acidification of the liquid.
The hot aëration may be conveniently effected by means of the following apparatus.
By an air pump atmospheric air is supplied to a superheater which may either be
situated in a flue of a steam boiler, or in a flue of a fire-heated copper. From the
superheater the hot air is conducted to a receiver wherein its temperature may be
regulated by the admixture, if required, of cold air supplied from the pump aforesaid.
From the receiver the air passes into the copper by a pipe in which is preferably placed
a valve designed to open towards the copper, and to close should it be acted upon by a
back draught from the copper. A stop cock may be placed between the said valve
and the copper so that, in case of need, the communication may be thereby closed.

page_text: The air is discharged into the vessel containing the liquid at a point preferably
towards the bottom, and a perforated tube may be employed as a convenient means of
distributing the air.
Under another arrangement the air is first forced by a pump into a receiver or
reservoir which communicates by a pipe with the copper, the communication being
governed by an intervening valve which may be adapted to open and admit the air to
the liquid when the air has been heated and compressed to the desired degree. The
air is heated in the reservoir or heating vessel by a gas jet, or by a fire conveniently
brought to bear upon the bottom of the said receiver or reservoir.
Other forms of apparatus may be employed for heating and supplying the air to the
liquid to be aërated.
This invention relates, secondly, to the aëration of brewers' wort with cold air at
that stage in the process of brewing whereat the wort is undergoing fermentation.
Machinery or apparatus the same as or similar to that herein before described with
reference to aëration with hot air may be conveniently employed to inject cold air into
the fermenting vessel, the gas flame or other heating medium required for hot aëration
not being employed.
The introduced air remains free or but slowly combines chemically with the wort
extract. The escape of carbonic acid and the development of the yeast are facilitated
by its introduction.
It is desirable that the air should be filtered to free it from noxious germs before
admitting it to the liquid. For this purpose cotton wool may be conveniently employed
and placed therefor in the suction pipe of the air pump.
W. LLOYD WISE,
46, Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, W.C.,
Agent for the Applicants.

page_text: in Machinery or Apparatus therefor.
We, FRANK FAULKNER, of Crosswells Brewery, Oldbury, in the County of Wor-
cester, Consulting Brewer, and WILLIAM ADLAM, of Ellbroad Street, in the City and
County of Bristol, Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention, and in
what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained
in and by the following statement :-
In its relation to brewing beer, porter and other like liquors, and to other like and
analogous processes, this invention consists, firstly, in the introduction of a forced
current or blast of hot air into heated wort. The forced current or blast of hot air is
introduced into the wort preferably when in the boiling copper, but it may, if desired,
be introduced at the later stages when the wort is in the hop-back or on the cooler.
The effect of the introduction of hot air is to cause a combination of the oxygen
thereof with certain deleterious compounds or bodies-constituents of the wort-which
compounds or bodies are, in consequence, rendered either directly insoluble or capable
of being thrown out of solution and are readily precipitated. It is preferable to intro-
duce the hot air into the wort while the latter is in the boiling copper for the reason
that although, in either case, the precipitation of hurtful nitrogenous bodies takes
place, the mechanical action of the air if introduced into the wort when in the hop
back liable to cause disintegration of the hops, and if introduced into wort when on
the cooler, the temperature might become too low for the combination to the desired
extent of the oxygen with the nitrogenous bodies aforesaid.
Filtration of the air, though not indispensable, inasmuch as the temperature thereof
is sufficiently raised as to destroy any noxious germs contained therein, may be
resorted to as an additional safeguard.
By similar aëration of the liquid termed in the manufacture of vinegar "mash-
wash" and of the acidifying alcoholic wort in the same process, deleterious nitrogenous
bodies contained therein are precipitated and, in the final stage, the more expeditious
acidification of the liquid is facilitated.
The hot aëration may be conveniently effected by means of various kinds of
apparatus variously arranged.
According to one arrangement, the air is heated in a superheater conveniently
situated either in a flue of the boiler of a steam-heated copper or in the flue of a
fire heated copper. The air is supplied to the superheater by means of a pump, and,
after having been heated, is conducted from the superheater to a receiver where its
temperature may be regulated by the admission of cold air supplied from the pump
aforesaid. From the receiver the air passes into the wort and it is preferably intro-
duced therein while the wort is in the heating or boiling copper.
In the pipe by which the air is conducted from the receiver to the wort is placed a
valve designed to open to allow the air to pass to the copper and to close if acted upon
by a back draught from the copper. By a stop cock situated between the said valve

page_text: and the copper the communication may be closed. It is preferred to admit the heated
air to the wort at a point towards the bottom of the copper, and, for this purpose,
there is placed thereat a perforated tube whereby the air is admitted and distributed.
Under another arrangement the air is first forced by an air pump into a receiver in
which it is heated by means of a gas jet or other fire placed below the receiver. From
the receiver it is conducted directly to the wort by a pipe in which is a valve adapted
to open and permit passage of the air to the liquid when the air has been heated to the
required degree.
This invention consists, secondly, in the aëration with cold air of brewers' wort
while in the process of fermentation, whereby the escape of carbonic acid and the
development of the yeast are facilitated.
A convenient arrangement of apparatus for this purpose consists of an air pump by
which air is supplied to a receiver which is in communication with the fermenting
vessels.
It is desirable that the cold air should be filtered and thereby freed from noxious
germs before it is admitted to the wort. This may be conveniently effected by placing
cotton wool in the suction pipe of the air pump.
Referring to the accompanying sheets of illustrated drawings, the figure on sheet 1
thereof represents a series of apparatus for effecting aëration of brewers' wort with
hot air, arranged in accordance with one method of carrying this invention into
practical effect.
By the air pump a, atmospheric air is supplied through the pipe b, direct to the
superheater c, situated in the flue d of the boiler e by which steam is supplied to heat
the contents of the copper f. From the superheater c the heated air is conducted by
the pipe g to the receiver wherein its temperature may be adjusted by the intro-
duction, by a pipe i, of cold air from the air pump a aforesaid. Thence by the pipe k,
the air is conducted to the copper and admitted to the wort contained therein
through the perforated ring shaped pipe or distributor 7. Between the copper and
the receiver there is in the pipe ka valve m so designed as to open to allow the air
to pass to the copper but to close under the influence of any back draught from the
copper. In the pipe k there is also a stop cock n.
The oxygen of the heated air when admitted to the heated wort enters into chemical
combination with certain nitrogenous compounds or bodies which are constituents of
the wort and thereby these bodies are rendered either directly unsoluble or made
capable of being thrown out of solution.
In lieu of aërating the wort when in the copper, aëration thereof may be effected at
the subsequent stages when the wort is in the hop-back or on the cooler, but although,
in either case, precipitation of the objectionable and deleterious bodies aforesaid
results, there is a liability in the one case of undue disintegration of the hop by the
mechanical action of the air, and, in the other case, the temperature might become too
low for the combination to the desired extent of the oxygen and the compounds or
bodies. Hence it is preferable to aërate the wort when in the heating or boiling
vessel.
In the figure shown at Sheet 2 of the appended drawings the superheater e is
situated in the flue d of the furnace e of the fire heated copper f. Otherwise the
apparatus and the arrangement thereof are generally substantially the same as above
described with reference to the figure represented on Sheet 1.
The figure shown on Sheet 3 of the appended drawings illustrates another arrange
ment under which the air supplied by the pump a to the receiver his heated through
the medium of a gas burner o placed below the said receiver. Instead of the gas
burner o other means may be adopted to heat the air in the receiver, as, for instance,
a furnace or fire conveniently placed below the receiver. From the receiver h the air
is conducted to the copper by the pipe b in which is the the valve m designed to
open and allow the air to pass to the copper when it has been heated to the requisite
degree.
For carrying into effect the aëration with cold air of brewers' wort while in process
of fermentation, in which this invention further consists, a series and arrangement of

page_text: apparatus similar to that hereinbefore described with reference to hot aëration may be
conveniently employed except, of course, that the air receiver supplied by the air
pump is not exposed to the action of heat.
To free the cold air from noxious germs previously to admitting it to the fermenting
vessels, it may be filtered by being passed through cotton wool or any suitable medium
conveniently placed in the suction pipe of the air pump. The air introduced into the
wort in process of fermentation remains free or only slowly combines chemically with
the wort. It facilitates the escape of carbonic acid and the development. of yeast
which but for the free air thus supplied is liable to become inert in action.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of this invention, and
in what manner the same is to be performed, we declare that what we claim is :-
1. In the process of brewing ale porter and other like liquors, and in similar and
analagous processes, the introduction into the heated wort when contained either in
the heating or boiling copper or at the later stages in the process of brewing when the
wort is in the "hop back or on the cooler, of a forced current of hot air for the
purpose of rendering insoluble the deleterious nitrogenous compounds or bodies con-
stituents, of the wort, or rendering the same capable of being thrown out of solution
and for the purpose of precipitating of such bodies substantially as hereinbefore
described.
2. In the process of vinegar manufacture, the introduction into the liquid termed
"mash-wash" of a forced current or blast of hot air for the purpose of rendering
insoluble the deleterious nitrogenous constituents thereof or rendering the same
capable of being thrown out of solution, and for the purpose of facilitating precipi-
tation of such bodies, substantially as hereinbefore described.
3. In the process of vinegar manufacture the introduction into the liquid termed
acidifying wash of a forced current or blast of hot air for the purpose of expediting
the acidification of the liquid, substantially as described.
4. In the process of brewing ale, porter and other like liquors, and in the manu-
facture of vinegar, and in other like or analogous processes, the use of apparatus for
obtaining heating and supplying a forced current of air for the hot aëration of wort,
consisting of an air pump such as a, a superheater such as e wherein the air is heated,
a receiver such as h wherein the heated air is stored and its temperature adjusted, and
suitable pipes or conduits for communication in due order between the different
vessels and that containing the wort, and valves and cocks for regulating and con-
trolling the communication, substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to
the figures shewn on Sheets 1 and 2 of the appended drawings and also with reference
to the modification shown in the figure on Sheet 3 of the said drawings.
5. In the process of brewing ale, porter and other like liquors, and in analogous
processes, the introduction into wort when in the fermenting stage, of a forced current
or blast of cold air for the purpose of facilitating the escape of carbonic acid and for
the development of any inert yeast by supplying free air thereto, substantially as
hereinbefore described.
6. In the process of brewing ale, porter and other like liquors, and in other like or
analogous processes, the use of apparatus for obtaining and supplying a forced current
or blast of cold air for the cold aëration of wort in the fermenting stage, consisting of
an air pump, a receiver or reservoir supplied with air by the pump, and suitable pipes
or conduits for communication in due order between the different vessels and that
containing the wort, and valves and cocks for regulating and controlling the com-
munication substantially as hereinbefore set forth.
W. LLOYD WISE,
46, Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, W.C.,
Agent for the Applicants.