The Manufacture of Albumose.
Year: 1899

page_text: Date of Application, 23rd June, 1899
Complete Specification Left, 5th Mar., 1900-Accepted, 7th Apr., 1900
The Manufacture of Albumose.
I, Professor Dr. DITTMAR FINKLER, of Villa König, Wörthstrasse, Bonn-on-the-
Rhine, in the German Empire, do hereby declare the nature of this invention to
be as follows:-
This invention relates to the preparation of albumen in a soluble form in
which it possesses as high a nourishing value as possible and is most suitable
for consumption from the point of view of health.
Many endeavours have already been made to extract albumen from the proper
materials in a soluble form and in which form it is generally designated albumose.
In this form, however, the product obtained, as will be seen from the following
considerations and accounts of experiments,
it must possess when pure albumen has been brought to the soluble form, even
by no means of the quality which
when precautions are taken to prevent peptonization.
It must be admitted that the amount of gelatine contained in those substances,
which are principally used for the preparation of albumoses, such for example as
flesh, is exceedingly high and in fact higher than is generally supposed. This
amount of gelatine can under certain circumstances amount to as much as from
15 to 20 per cent.
The nourishing value of the gelatine, however, is very small compared with
that of albumen, chiefly for the reason that it is impossible that the gelatine can
ever be used to build up the body as it is consumed directly it enters the system.
For example, according to Voit, rats, which had gelatine instead of albumen in
their food for a considerable time, died, notwithstanding that they continued to
consume this food to the end.
In the methods of preparing albumose heretofore employed no value has been
placed upon this circumstance and in addition to this may be mentioned the
following fact which has hitherto been unknown.
If materials containing gelatine are subjected to the albumosing process the
gelatine materials are first converted into gelatine albumose after which the
albumosing of the albumen is effected; during this albumosing of the albumen
the gelatine albumose is at any rate partially converted into gelatine peptone.
Furthermore, during this process the gelatine yielding substances are also con-
erted into gelatine and gelatine albumose and gelatine peptone are formed so
hat a mixture of gelatine peptone, gelatine albumoses and albuminous albumose
s always obtained. If, now, the formation of peptone is to be avoided the
lbumosing process must be interrupted exactly at the required moment.
According to experiments which have led to the present invention the peptone
ormation, which, however, proceeds from the conversion of the gelatine, com-
nences during the albumosing of the albumen so that on the interruption of the
lbumesing process directly before the commencement of the peptone formation
nly a proportionately small part of the albumen is brought to the soluble form.
t is, therefore, not possible to practically utilize albuminous substances in this
anner; furthermore, the product is of itself of little value as in comparison
LD077

page_text: with the soluble albumen (so called albumose) it contains a considerable propor-
tion of gelatine or gelatine yielding products. The latter circumstance
also
renders the product, which is more particularly adapted for the nourishment of
invalids and convalescents, not sufficiently suitable for this purpose, for in such
cases it is of essential importance to enrich the body with organic substances
containing nitrogen, which object is only attained in a few cases, not being
attained in particular in those cases where large doses of the mixtures containing
chiefly gelatine or gelatine yielding products have been administered for some
time.
Having regard to this new knowledge it is absolutely necessary for the prepara-
tion of soluble albumen in the soluble form from albuminous raw materials to
completely eliminate not only the gelatine but also the substances which yield
gelatine and those materials which pass into solution in the albumosing process
and then, subsequently to this elimination, to proceed with the albumosing
process. These substances, for example gelatine yielding materials, are not
eliminated by washing or boiling with water.
To this end the material to be albumosed is first loosened by being continuously
washed with acidulated water in such a manner that the loosening fluid converts
the gelatine yielding material down to the muscular fibres into gelatine even at
the risk of losing a small portion of the albumen. The gelatine or the gelatine
yielding substances is 'or are sufficiently separated when no further tannic acid
reaction takes place in the washing vessels. At the same time the acid (hydro-
chloric acid or mineral acid) which is used for the washing remains adherent to
the albumen of the original substance whereby acid albumen. a step towards
albumose, is formed. If. now, the material so treated be boiled e.g. for several
hours in a return flow cooler with the addition of a sufficient quantity of water,
such quantity being advantageously between from 10 to 20 times that of the
weight of the raw material or be subjected preferably either in the acid solution
or with the addition of soda or another alkali to an increased pressure of from
1 to 2 atmospheres for a short time (for example 1 to 2 hours) the various
albuminous substances are converted to the soluble form or, that is to say, they
are albumosed. As. now. by reason of the initial treatment neither gelatine nor
products convertible into gelatine can be present, the whole mixture is soluble
albumen which can be considered as albumen albumose.
In the above described treatment care should be taken that the albumosing
is not carried far enough to cause the formation of peptones. As gelatine is no
longer present the formation of peptones, which is to be avoided, only extends to
the peptonization of the albumen which does not occur until considerably after
the albumosing process is finished.
The following examples will serve to render the invention clearer.
EXAMPLE 1.
One kilogramme of the raw material, from which the gelatine has
been eliminated in the above described manner, is boiled in 10 litres of 0'5 per
cent. hydrochloric acid for three or four hours in the return flow cooler, filtered,
neutralized, again filtered and then evaporated.
EXAMPLE 2.
One kilogramme of the raw material, from which the gelatine has
been eliminated, is mixed in the wet condition with 10 litres of 0.5 per cent.

page_text: lye for about 2 hours at a pressure of three atmospheres: the further treatment
is according to Example 1.
Dated the 23rd day of June 1899.
G. F. REDFERN & Co.,
4, South Street, Finsbury, London, Agents for the Applicant.
I, Professor Dr. DITTMAR FINKLER, of Villa König, Wörthstrasse, Bonn-on-the-
Rhine, in the German Empire, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and
n what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and
ascertained in and by the following statement:
1
This invention relates to the preparation of albumen in a soluble form in
which it possesses as high a nourishing value as possible and is most suitable
for consumption from the point of view of health.
Many endeavours have already been made to extract albumen from the proper
materials in a soluble form and in which form it is generally designated albumose.
In this form, however, the product obtained, as will be seen from the following
considerations and accounts of experiments, is by no means of the quality which
it must possess when pure albumen has been brought to the soluble form, even
when precautions are taken to prevent peptonization.
It must be admitted that the amount of gelatine contained in those substances,
which are principally used for the preparation of albumoses, such for example as
flesh, is exceedingly high and in fact higher than is generally supposed. This
amount of gelatine can under certain circumstances amount to as much as from
15 to 20 per cent.
The nourishing value of the gelatine, however, is very small compared with
that of albumen, chiefly for the reason that it is impossible that the gelatine can
ever be used to build up the body as it is consumed directly it enters the system.
For example, according to Voit, rats, which had gelatine instead of albumen in
their food for a considerable time, died, notwithstanding that they continued to
.consume this food to the end.
In the methods of preparing albumose heretofore employed no value has been
placed upon this circumstance and in addition to this may be mentioned the
following fact which has hitherto been unknown.
If materials containing gelatine are subjected to the albumosing process the
gelatine materials are first converted into gelatine albumose after which the
albumosing of the albumen is effected; during this albumosing of the albumen
the gelatine albumose is at any rate partially converted into gelatine peptone.
Furthermore, during this process the gelatine vielding substances are also con-
verted into gelatine and gelatine albumose and gelatine peptone are formed so
that a mixture of gelatine peptone, gelatine albumoses and albuminous albumose
is always obtained. If, now, the formation of peptone is to be avoided the
the required moment.
albumosing process must be interrupted exactly at
According to experiments which have led to the present invention the peptone
formation, which, however, proceeds from the conversion of the gelatine, com-
mences during the albumosing of the albumen so that on the interruption of the
albumosing process directly before the commencement of the peptone formation
only a proportionately small part of the albumen is brought to the soluble form.
It is, therefore, not possible to practically utilize albuminous substances in this
་

page_text: also
manner; furthermore, the product is of itself of little value as in comparison
with the soluble albumen (so called albumose) it contains a considerable propor-
tion of gelatine or gelatine yielding products. The latter circumstance
renders the product, which is more particularly adapted for the nourishment of
invalids and convalescents, not sufficiently suitable for this purpose, for in such
cases it is of essential importance to enrich the body with organic substances
containing nitrogen, which object is only attained in a few cases, not being
attained in particular in those cases where large doses of the mixtures containing
chiefly gelatine or gelatine yielding products have been administered for some
time.
Having regard to this new knowledge it is absolutely necessary for the prepara-
tion of soluble albumen in the soluble form from albuminous raw materials to
completely eliminate not only the gelatine but also the substances which yield
gelatine and those materials which pass into solution in the albumosing process
and then, subsequently to this elimination, to proceed with the albumosing
process.
These substances, for example gelatine yielding materials, are not
eliminated by washing or boiling with water.
To this end the material to be albumosed is first loosened by being continuously
washed with acidulated water in such a manner that the loosening fluid converts
the gelatine yielding material down to the muscular fibres into gelatine even at
the risk of losing a small portion of the albumen. The gelatine or the gelatine
yielding substances is or are sufficiently separated when no further tannic acid
reaction takes place in the washing vessels. At the same time the acid (hydro-
chloric acid or mineral acid) which is used for the washing remains adherent to
the albumen of the original substance whereby acid albumen, a step towards
albumose, is formed. If, now, the material so treated be boiled eg. for several
hours in a return flow cooler with the addition of a sufficient quantity of water,
such quantity being advantageously between from 10 to 20 times that of the
weight of the raw material or be subjected preferably either in the acid solution
or with the addition of soda or another alkali to an increased pressure of from
1 to 2 atmospheres for a short time (for example 1 to 2 hours) the various
albuminous substances are converted to the soluble form or, that is to say, they
are albumosed. As, now, by reason of the initial treatment neither gelatine nor
products convertible into gelatine can be present, the whole mixture is soluble
albumen which can be considered as albumen albumose..
In the above described treatment care should be taken that the albumosing
is not carried far enough to cause the formation of peptones. As gelatine is no
longer present the formation of peptones, which is to be avoided, only extends to
the peptonization of the albumen which does not occur until considerably after
the albumosing process is finished.
The following examples will serve to render the invention clearer.
EXAMPLE 1.
One kilogramme of the raw material, from which the gelatine has
been eliminated in the above described manner, is boiled in 10 litres of 0.5 per
cent. hydrochloric acid for three or four hours in the return flow cooler, filtered.
neutralized again flound

page_text: lye for about 2 hours at a pressure of three atmospheres; the further treatment
is according to Example 1.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what
I claim is:-
The preparation of albumen in a soluble form (in which it is most suitable
from the point of view of health and nourishing power) the said process consisting
in freeing as far as possible the material containing the albumen from gelatine
and gelatine yielding substances and in then subjecting it to the albumosing process.
whereby the bulk of the albumen can be obtained in the soluble form and free
from gelatine peptones substantially as hereinbefore described.
1900
Mach 1908
G. F. REDFERN & Co.,
4. South Street, Finsbury, London,
Agents for the Applicant.