IMPROVEMENTS IN AND RELATING TO MEANS FOR PREVENTING THE WASTE OR LOSS OF HEAT IN OR FROM PROCESSES OR APPARATUS WHEREIN IT IS GENERATED OR UTILIZED AND ITS ENTRANCE INTO APPARATUS VESSELS OR SPACES USED IN COOLING OR REFRIGERATING FLUIDS OR OTHER SUBSTANCES AND FOR OTHERWISE ECONOMIZING AND FACILITATING THE APPLICATION AND EMPLOYMENT OF HEAT
Year: 1883

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Edwin Maw of Liverpool in the County of Lancaster,
Civil Engineer for an Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN AND RELATING TO
MEANS FOR PREVENTING THE WASTE OR LOSS OF HEAT IN OR FROM
PROCESSES OR APPARATUS WHEREIN IT IS GENERATED OR UTILIZED AND ITS
ENTRANCE INTO APPARATUS VESSELS OR SPACES USED IN COOLING OR
REFRIGERATING FLUIDS OR OTHER SUBSTANCES AND FOR OTHERWISE
ECONOMIZING AND FACILITATING THE APPLICATION AND EMPLOYMENT OF
HEAT
"
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Edwin Maw at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents on the 13th April 1883.
EDWIN MAW, of Liverpool in the County of Lancaster Civil Engineer,
"IMPROVEMENTS IN AND RELATING TO MEANS FOR PREVENTING THE WASTE OR
LOSS OF HEAT IN OR FROM PROCESSES OR APPARATUS WHEREIN IT IS GENERATED OR
UTILIZED, AND ITS ENTRANCE INTO APPARATUS, VESSELS, OR SPACES USED IN
COOLING OR REFRIGERATING FLUIDS OR OTHER SUBSTANCES AND FOR OTHERWISE
ECONOMIZING, AND FACILITATING THE APPLICATION AND EMPLOYMENT OF, HEAT
"
This invention relates to further improvements in and connected with the
apparatus described in the specification of my former Letters Patent dated
October 25 A.D. 1875 N° 3699 for heating or cooling air, water, and other fluids
and preventing the waste or loss of beat from apparatus wherein it is generated or
used and the entrance of heat into apparatus vessels or spaces containing fluids to
be cooled or refrigerated.
According to one part of my present invention I construct composite metallic
plates to be used in the manufacture of apparatus for the above named or similar
purposes. These composite plates are formed of plates or sheets of iron or other
metal placed parallel to each other with a narrow space between them, and having
thin and narrow distance pieces interposed at their edges and other parts.
For example, when the object is to prevent the radiation of heat from, and the

page_text: penetration of cold into, any apparatus or vessel I make the composite plates as
follows, that is to say, when the inner surface is to be in contact with air I make
the same of iron coated with a mixture of lead and tin in such proportions that
there is more of the former than the latter, and when the inner surface of the said
composite plate is to be in contact with steam, water, or other fluid I use zinc
plates to prevent corrosion.
I sometimes construct the said composite plates with inside distance pieces or
strips or additional centre plates, and I make the same of iron coated with lead
and tin as above described. The outside plates or sheets I make of zinc if they
are to be exposed to moisture. Otherwise I make them of iron and I may use
galvanised iron or iron coated with lead and tin.
By this mode of construction I obtain a composite plate that will offer the
greatest resistance to the passage of heat or cold. Moreover I prevent corrosion
and obtain a considerably increased strength with the same quantity of material in
the construction of any apparatus
I construct composite cavity casing plates to be used as described in the said
former specification or for similar purposes, on the same principle and of the same
materials as those just described and I make the inner distance pieces hollow so as
to form cavities between the inside and outside and middle plates.
I construct metal tubes pipes or other hollow vessels or apparatus of composito
plates formed as above described and either cylindrical or semi-cylindrical in
transverse section; I provide socket joints for uniting tubes or pipes of any
transverse section as follows vis;-a slight distance from the end of each of the
two pipes or parts to be united. I form a narrow bead or collar and I place around
the joint a sleeve or cover that clips the two beads or collars. I make this cover
with a central recess in which I fit an inner sleeve inclosing a packing of india-
rubber, gutta-percha or other suitable material. The two sleeves are preferably
made in two parts secured together around the joint by screws. By this arrange-
ment pipes or tubes formed of composite plates as above described or in an
analogous manner may be easily jointed and secured together.
At certain distances apart throughout the length of the composite pipes or tubes
for the purpose of strengthening the same I use a similar loose joint or ring
omitting generally the india-rubber or other packing.
In my said former specification I have described the construction of tubular
condensers and apparatus for heating water of condensation and other cooling and
heating and super-heating apparatus. I now further improve such apparatus as
follows via the tubes are surrounded with spiral chambers and the improved
composite plates or compound metallic cavity casings, by means of which I can
abstract heat from steam, water, air, or other fluids and I can impart heat to any
fluid without the loss which in the use of other apparatus for those purposes arises
from radiation of heat and penetration of cold.
In the construction of the said air-condensers or other apparatus with concentric
cylinders and otherwise I provide for using a small supply of water for facilitating
the condensation of the steam I provide the apparatus with a top receiver in
which the water or other fluid is first taken; this receiver has a volute chamber in
it and there are below it a series of volute receivers through which the steam
passes before entering the concentric cylinders. I use this apparatus either singly
or in pairs; in some cases I make one part of the apparatus in the manner just
above described and another part with a number of pans or shallow receivers placed
one above the other. Each of these pans has interior volute passages for steam or
other fluid to be heated or cooled and between them other volute passages for the
air or other heating or cooling medium. The steam or other fluid sometimes enters
the top pan in a heated state in which case the air enters the bottom volute cold,
or the steam or other fluid enters the upper pan cold and the air enters the bottom
volute warm.
If this apparatus is used in duplicate I unite the two parts by means of diagonal
pipes for the air, steam, or other fluid and thereby provide for the circulation of

page_text: the contents of the apparatus throughout both parts and raise or lower the
temperature of the same to suit any requirements.
In using this apparatus I create a vacuum or partial vacuum; after exhausting
the air from the water of condensation I take the latter into a receiver and raise
its temperature to a point at which it will deposit its impurities; I then restore to
it the requisite quantity of air
I construct a tubular heat regulator and distributor with cavity casings and
concentric and spiral passages. This apparatus may consist of a central tall
cylinder and a number of short cylinders connected thereto. I may collect the
beat either from external sources or by raising the temperature of the air or other
fluids in the said apparatus by the combustion of gas or by any other heat-
producing materials or appliances.
According to another part of my invention I provide novel means for securing
my improved composite cavity casing plates to boilers or other vessels or apparatus
to prevent the passage of heat from or into the same. For this purpose I construct
brackets to be secured to the surface of the boiler or other vessel and combine
therewith sliding plates united by tie rods. These brackets are shaped to fit the
regular and irregular surfaces of the plates of the boiler or other apparatus to
which they are connected.
The said sliding plates carry rings or flanges to which the composite plates are
secured and by means of asbestos or other suitable material I can readily form a
joint around each plate that will prevent the escape and loss of heat by radiation.
The sliding plates are secured to the brackets by screws or other means that
will permit their ready adjustment to adapt them to the composite plates and
joints.
In cases where two parts or lengths of my improved composite casing plates
are to be united and secured together I provide them with small dovetail
grooved pieces. The grooves in these pieces are brought as nearly opposite
to each other as practicable and are then secured by driving wedges into or
through them.
In some cases I use a pair of wedges with lateral guide flanges to increase or
diminish the distance between the cavity casing and the surface around or over
which the same is to be secured.

page_text: sheets or plates a, of iron or other metal, placed parallel to each other with a
narrow space between them and having thin and narrow distance pieces b inter-
posed at their edges and other parts. Where the plates come together I employ
wider distance pieces b¹ which overlap the two adjacent plates.
When the object is to prevent the radiation of heat from, and the penetration
of cold into, any apparatus or vessel, I make the composite plates as follows, that
is to say when the inner surface is to be in contact with air, I make the same of
iron coated with a mixture of lead and tin in such proportions that there is more
of the former than of the latter. And when the inner surface of the said composite
plate is to be in contact with steam, water or other liquid, I use zinc plates to
prevent corrosion. These plates and distance pieces are united by soldering or
otherwise.
I sometimes construct the said composite plates with distance pieces or strips
placed centrally between the distance pieces at the edges, and I make these pieces
or strips of iron coated with lead and tin as above described. The outside plates
or sheets I make of zinc if they are to be exposed to moisture. Otherwise I
make them of iron, and I may use galvanized iron or iron coated with lead
and tin.
By this mode of construction I obtain a composite plate that will offer great
resistance to the passage of heat or cold. Moreover I prevent corrosion and obtain
a considerably increased strength with the same quantity of material in the
construction of any apparatus.
I construct composite cavity casing plates to be used in a similar manner to the
cavity casings described in the said former specification or for similar purposes
upon the saine principle and of the same materials as those just described and I
make the inner distance pieces hollow so as to form cavities between the inside and
outside and middle plates, as shewn in Figures 3 and 4.
c. c are the inside, outside and middle plates, which are held apart by means of
the hollow distance pieces d consisting of flanged plates secured to the plates c
with their flanges projecting at right angles therefrom. If desired, the distance
pieces between two of the plates care provided upon both plates as shewn. They
may be made with either one or two flanges.
I construct metal tubes, pipes or other hollow vessels or apparatus of composite
plates formed as above described and either cylindrical or semi-cylindrical in
transverse section, and I provide socket-joints as shewn in Figure 19 for uniting
these tubes or pipes as follows, viz-a slight distance from the end of each of the
two pipes or parts e to be united I form a narrow bead or collar fand I place
around the joint a sleeve or cover g that clips the two beads or collars f. I make
this cover with a central recess g¹ in which I fit a packing h of india-rubber, gutta
percha or other suitable material. The two sleeves are preferably made in two
parts secured together around the joint by screws i. By this arrangement pipes
or tubes formed of composite plates as above described or in an analogous manner
may be easily jointed and secured together.
At intervals throughout the length of the composite pipes or tubes, for the
purpose of strengthening the same, I use similar loose joints or rings, omitting
generally the india-rubber or other packing.
In my said former specification I have described the construction of tubular
condensers and apparatus for heating water of condensation and other cooling and
heating and super-heating apparatus. I now further improve such apparatus as
follows, viz, the tubes are surrounded with spiral chambers and with the improved
composite plates or compound metallic cavity casings. By these means I can
abstract heat from steam, water, air or other fluids and I can impart heat to any
fluid without the loss, which, in the use of other apparatus, arises from the radiation
of heat and penetration of cold.
I sometimes construct the said air condensers or other apparatus as shown in
Figures 5 to 8; and in this and other condensers herein described I provide for
using a small supply of water for facilitating the condensation of the steam. The

page_text: apparatus shewn in the said Figures is made with a volute chamber or receiver ; to
which the water is supplied through a central tube or pipe k, by means of a force
Below the receiver ; is another volute
pump or in any other suitable manner.
n is the
receiver for the steam. These two receivers are connected by a pipe m.
exhaust steam inlet n* is the exhaust steam chamber and n³, n¹ are pipes for the
passage of the steam through the apparatus. These pipos are connected with each
other alternately at the top and bottom by junctions. n'is the outlet and n³ is
the chamber for the water of condensation. The pipes n' are connected to the
steam receiver by a pipe . An air passage or chamber o is formed outside each
of the pipes n¹ and is divided into a continuous air passage by a plate fitted spirally
around the pipe and this spiral passage is enclosed by a composite cavity casing.
The said passages are connected with each other alternately at the top and bottom
The air entering this inlet passes
by the junctions o³. p is the cold air inlet.
through the said spiral air passages around the pipes n' and the warm air passes
through the outlet q into the chamber q'.
It will therefore be seen that cold air enters the spiral passage at one end of the
set of tubes or pipes and the exhaust steam to be condensed enters the inside of the
said pipes at the other end of the set of tubes or pipes. The two fluids circulating
in opposite directions, the heat is abstracted from the steam which is consequently
condensed, the air is heated and a vacuum or partial vacuum is produced. The
warm air passes out of the spiral passage at one end of the set of tubes into the
chamber and the water of condensation passes out into chamber n³ at the other
end of the set. of tubes. The reverse of this operation may take place, that is to
say, hot air may enter instead of cold air and cold water instead of steam, so that
the air will impart heat to the water, the said apparatus thus acts as a heater. I
provide the following means for securing the pipes so that they may be easily
detached for repairs, that is to say, I provide a union or coupling 2, Figure 8, which
is screwed into the steam tube at one end and into a nut fitted in the partition of
the chamber at the other end. This coupling can be screwed into the pipe so far
that it will be withdrawn from the said nut, it being provided with right and left
handed threads.
I have shown a pair of these condensers, but only one may be used, or any
number of them may be connected with each other, if desired.
In Figures 9 and 10 I have shown a large condenser consisting of a number of
sets of tubes (four or more of which tubes may be employed in each set). This
condenser is made upon the same principle as that shown in Figures 5 to 8. In
this apparatus the tubes or pipes gradually increase in diameter from the centre to
the circumference of the apparatus. The exhaust steam entors at the centre into
a chamber n* and passes thence into the pipes n¹ where it is condensed, the water
of condensation passing into the circular chamber m³. The cold air enters the
spiral passages from the chamber p' through the inlets p and passes around the
pipes and through the outlets q into the warm air chamber q¹. An outlet r is
provided for any surplus water that may collect in the tubes or pipes n¹. This
water enters the chamber which is connected by a pipe ³ with the chamber n³
for the water of condensation.
In some cases I make one part of the apparatus with concentric cylinders for the
passage of the air and steam or other fluids, and another part with a series of pans
or shallow receivers placed one above the other, as shown in Figures 11 and 12.
Each of these pans & has an interior volute passage for the steam or other fluid to
be heated or cooled, and every alternate pan is formed with an aperture 8' so that
the air will pass through the aperture 8¹ of one pan and around the outside of the
adjacent pan as shown by the arrows s³. Between the said pans are other volute
passages t for the air or other heating or cooling medium, which circulates alter-
nately to the centre and from the centre of this part of the apparatus. The steam
or other fluid sometimes enters the top pan in a heated state, in which case the air
enters the bottom volute cold, or the fluid to be heated enters the upper pan cold
and the air enters the bottom volute warm.

page_text: The two parts of the apparatus are united by means of horizontal pipes u and
diagonal pipes u³ for the air, steam or other fluid, thereby providing for the
circulation of the contents of the apparatus throughout both parts and raising or
lowering the temperature of the same to suit any requirements. The junction of
the diagonal pipes is provided with any suitable valves for controlling the passage
of the fluids through the apparatus as desired.
vis the lower steam distributor which communicates through the branches v*
with the concentric cylinders vl and with the central tube v³; is the upper steam
distributor, which communicates through the branches with the cylinders v¹.
w is the lower air distributor communicating with the concentric air cylinders w
through the branches w", and w² is the upper air distributor communicating with
the cylinders w¹ through the branches w. A cold water receiver j is provided
similar to that above described and a cold water chamber 7 is connected therewith.
8 is a steam pan connected with the said water receiver and with the steam
distributor v and with the central tube v³.
In using the two apparatuses just described, I create a vacuum or partial vacuum
therein; after exhausting the air from the water of condensation I take the latter
from the lower pan y through the pipe y' into a receiver y² and raise its tem-
perature to a point at which it will deposit its impurities. The head of water in
the pan y causes the water to rise through the pipe y³ and flow into the tank y'.
I then restore to it the requisite quantity of air.
Figures 13, 14 and 15 show a tubular heat regulator and distributor constructed,
according to my invention, with pipes or tubes surrounded by cavity casings and
concentric spiral passages. This apparatus consists of a central tall cylinder or
tube n and a number of short cylinders or tubes n³.
The latter are connected at the top and bottom by means of the junctions nº
and n. The air passages o around the four tubes no are connected with the air
passage around the tube n*, and also with the inside of the said tube when it is
used for heating air or other gases.
I may collect the heat either from external sources or by raising the temperaturo
of the air or other fluids in the central tube.n by the combustion of gas, or by any
other heat producing materials or appliances, beneath the said tube.
If the apparatus is arranged horizontally, a bend or elbow n³ is used for the
purpose of applying the heat from the gas or other fire.
According to another part of my invention illustrated in Figures 16 and 17,
I provide novel means for securing my improved composite cavity casing plates to
a boiler or other vessel or apparatus to prevent the passage of heat from or into
the same.
For this purpose I provide brackets A to be secured to the surface of
the boiler or other vessel and I combine therewith sliding plates B. The brackets
are united by tie rods C. These brackets are made to suit the regular and
irregular surfaces of the plates of the boiler or other apparatus to which they are
connected.
The sliding plates B are made in the form of rings or flanges to which the said
composite plates are secured, and by means of asbestos or other suitable material
I can readily form a joint around each plate that will prevent the escape and loss
of heat by radiation. The sliding plates B are slotted as shown and are secured to
the brackets by screws D or other means that will permit their ready adjustment
to adapt them to the different distances between the composite plates and the
boiler or other apparatus.
The tie rods C are provided with heads C' which enter recesses formed by the
projections A' on the brackets A, and are secured therein by wedges E. A wedge F
is also provided for adjusting the brackets A. Wedges G are also employed for
tightening the clips H one of which is shown separately at I.
In cases where two parts or lengths of my improved composite casing plates are
to be united and secured together I provide them with tho small dovetail grooved
pieces shewn in Figure 18. A grooved piece K is fixed to each plate and the
dovetail piece L is adapted to fit into the grooves. The grooves in these pieces

page_text: are brought as nearly opposite to each other as practicable and are then secured by
fitting the pieces L into the grooves; and the grooved pieces are adjusted by the
wedge M.
In some cases I use a pair of wedges N, O as shown in Figure 18%, with lateral
guide flanges, to increase or diminish the distance between the cavity casing and
the surface around or over which the same is to be secured.
Having thus fully described my said invention and the manner of performing
the same I wish it understood that I claim :-
First A composite metallic plate composed of two or more sheets or plates of
metal with distance pieces between them, substantially as described with reference
to Figures 1 and 2 for the purposes specified.
Second-The improved composite cavity casing plate constructed substantially
as above described with reference to Figures 3 and 4 for the purposes specified.
Third-The improvements relating to metal tubes substantially as described
with reference to Figure 19 for the purpose specified.
Fourth-The improvements in and relating to the construction of tubular
condensers or cooling or heating apparatus substantially as described with reference
to Figures 5 to 10, for the purpose specified.
Fifth: The improvements in air-condensers, heaters and coolers, substantially as
described with reference to Figures 11 and 12 for the purpose specified.
Sixth: The improvements relating to heat-regulators and distributors substan-
tially as described with reference to Figures 13 to 15 of the drawings for the
purpose specified.
Seventh-The improved means for securing my improved cavity casings to
boilers or other vessels or apparatus substantially as described with reference to
Figures 16 and 17 of the drawings for the purpose specified.
Eighth-The dovetail apparatus substantially as described with reference to
Figure 18 for the purpose specified.
Ninth The wedge apparatus substantially as described with reference to
Figure 18 for the purpose specified.
In witness whereof I the said Edwin Maw have hereunto set my hand and
seal this Thirteenth day of October in the year of our Lord One thousand eight
hundred and eighty three,
EDWIN MAW Gol