Process and Apparatus for the Manufacture of Long-staple Wood Pulp.
Year: 1899

page_text: Date of Application, 28th July, 1899
Complete Specification Left, 18th Apr.. 1900-Accepted, 19th May, 1900
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Process and Apparatus for the Manufacture of Long-staple Wood
Pulp.
I, Dr. JOSEF OSKAR KLIMSCH, of 6, Schönburgerstrasse, Vienna, IV, Austria,
Doctor. of Chemistry, do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as
follows:-
Hitherto the use of ground wood pulp in the manufacture of paper, even along
with other fibrous substances has, as is well known, only produced a paper which
as regards quality is far below the paper made from rags and other fibrous
material.
The long fibrous nature or long staple has been wanting in the wood pulp,
and consequently wood pulp paper is naturally much more brittle than paper
in which there is no admixture of wood pulp.
Now the inventor of the present process has made practical experiments for a
number of years in order to produce a long stapled raw material for paper from
wood. As the wood fibres are naturally long stapled it should be possible by
using suitable technical means to obtain, instead of the short stapled wood pulp,
a long stapled wood pulp, or a raw or half stuff cellulose without it being
necessary to steam the wood. The main question is on one hand to find a suitable
cheap mechanical process of working for the purpose of producing white, long
stapled wood pulp suitable for the manufacture of paper and on the other hand
to modify the action of the usual disintegrators in such a manner that they
leave the long fibres of the wood intact in the manufacture of the wood pulp, so
that these long fibres after further treatment can be utilised in the form of long
stapled white raw cellulose. As the chemical treatment of fibrous material
of this kind presents no difficulty and is analogous to the usual processes for
bleaching, removing resin, and manufacturing cellulose, it was only after a
great deal of trouble that a successful disintegrator was attained in which by
means of suitable knives the wood was pulped in such a manner that the fibres
were not ground away in short pieces but remained of a suitable length or staple.
These suitable disintegrating knives according to the present invention may be
employed on any grinding surface of the disintegrators of any system; and the
arrangement of the disintegrating means may be effected to suit the construction
of the machine according as the latter is vertical, horizontal or of other kind.
These disintegrating knives consist of longitudinally or transversely arranged
cutting edges or points which are fixed upon the grinding surface and which
project from it only about one-half to one millimetre. According to the nature
of the wood and the desired quality of the wood pulp, the knives may be so
arranged as to produce fibres of greater or less fineness and also fibres of varying
length. Also the cutting edges of the disintegrating knives can be varied as
desired. They may be arranged on a cylindrical moveable knife in a longi-
tudinal direction, or they may be arranged transversely on a narrow or wide
edged fixed knife or they may be made on one and the same knife in the form
ונס....D

page_text: of a cutting edge or point which may be interrupted after the manner of a file,
or which may have any greater length. The fixing of the knives may be effected
by means of suitable screw devices which allow of arranging the working tool
higher or lower to the extent required by the use of the grinder. The efficiency
of these inserted steel bars or cutters consist in that their convex surfaces and
edges or points like those of sharp files, or saws, rasps, or milling tools, cut
through the wood whilst it is being pressed against them during the grinding
operation in the direction of the length of the fibre and thus partially divide
and loosen the fibre. In this manner the grinding process is accompanied by a
disintegration of the wood so as to produce a long fibred or long stapled wood
pulp, that is to say white cellulose. The accompanying drawing illustrates
some forms of construction of the cutters according to this invention.
Fig. 1 is a section and Fig. 2 is a plan illustrating the cutter of a disintegrator
in the form of a narrow tool inserted in the cylinder and provided with transverse
cutting edges or teeth. Figs. 3 and 4 show a wide form of cutter having
different modifications of the transverse cutting edges, Fig. 5 illustrates an
arrangement on a face grinder of different disintegrating tools c d e, c having a
slightly convex form. e a tool of cylindrical shape and d is a narrow disintegrat-
ing tool like that in Fig. 1. Figs. 6 and 7 show a particular form of steel cutting
bars of cylindrical shape with continuous and interrupted longitudinal and trans-
verse cutting edges which are shown in the section Fig. 8, of the grinder.
Fig. 9 shews sections and plans of various forms of tool, Fig. 10 shows transverse
and longitudinal section and plan of a tool c fixed in the grindstone b.
From Figs. 1 and 3 it will be seen that the disintegrating tool edges and
points at a and b with a saddle shaped cutting surface project only slightly beyond
the face of the grinder. The arrangement of the disintegrating tool on the
grinding apparatus is such, that the wood always comes in contact with the steel
cutting edges in the direction of the length of the wood fibres without being cut
up, and in rotating the grinder the wood must be furrowed or pressed in only
to such an extent that it will offer small resistance to the impression of the
sharp cutting edges, knives or points. Whilst in this manner the wood is
separated in the form of long bundles of fibres, the fibres are at the same time
crushed, squeezed and finally ground off by the rubbing surface of the grinder.
By this double action of splitting up or loosening the wood fibres and then
grinding them off, as also by reason of the more easy penetration of the injected
water, there is produced, in contradistinction to the well known wood pulps, a
long fibred or long stapled soft and elastic wood pulp which is physically of
entirely different nature and which even, before any chemical treatment, has
the appearance of half stuff cellulose, produced by chemical means. This wood
pulp produced in the manner above described can be directly employed without
further treatment to the manufacture of paper and for this purpose it only
requires to be subjected to the usual simple process of sorting, refining or pulping
and washing, whilst it is however extremely suitable for conversion into pure
white cellulose, because it can pass through the well known chemical process of
boiling and bleaching in a very short time.
The advantages of this process are as follows:
1. The main result of the invention consists in the production of long stapled
wood fibre instead of short-stapled wood pulp, whilst with the use of equal power
and equal pressure and equal peripheral velocity of the grinder, it is possible to
obtain at least 50 per cent. more output of wood stuff which is equal in quality
to half-stuff cellulose and which has a long-stapled fine, rather white, fibre that
is easily felted.
2. The long-stapled fibre thus produced can be treated more readily than the
wood pulp hitherto produced, with chemicals such as sulphurous acid in the
bleaching apparatus, because the fibre has a uniform soft structure and not the
short harder consistence of the wood fibre hitherto produced.
3. The process requires less injection water in the grinding operation. The

page_text: work of the injection water is in fact partly distributed by the steel cutting
edges more uniformly at all points of the grinding surface, so that a more rapid
and easy loosening and softening of the fibre are effected.
4. The work of sorting and bleaching the finished wood stuff gives much less
trouble with long fibres than with the splintered and impure wood pulp produce.l
by the old methods.
5. By the use of the steel cutting edges, woods less soft than those hitherto
used can be employed, and more particularly all woods that split easily, and
woods that are not so free from knots are rendered available for the manufacture
of wood pulp.
G. The grinder does not wear away so much, and the disintegrating cuiter
can be readily removed and replaced and easily sharpened when required.
7. By the use of bars, rolls, and the like, of different shapes and by placing or
adjusting these suitable steel cutters higher or lower and by using a greater
pressure, or a greater velocity of the grinder, the most varied qualities of wood
stuff can be produced at will, and the output-capacity can be increased which is
not possible when ordinary disintegrators are employed.
8. There may also be employed in combination with this process, such weil
known modifications of the wood pulp grinding process as yield the so-called
"brown" wood pulp or the American pulp obtained by treatment with steam
and hot water, or also steam may be used in addition to a supply of injection
water in the grinding process, so as to effect a more or less hot grinding process
which yields not a brown, but a white wood pulp.
9. The next and last point is of great importance: As the inflow and outflow
of the injection water used, takes place more readily, and the water penetrates
more deeply into the surface of the wood which is being ground the simultaneous
cutting, dividing, scraping, squeezing and compressing of the wood fibre have.
the result of producing also partly a leaching out and dissolving and softening
of the incrustations of the wood, and this explains the greater ease in bleaching,
and the greater softness of the fibre of the wood pulp produced according to this
invention.
Obviously instead of moving the tools over the wood, the tools may be stationary
and the wood moved over them.
1
TI
1000
ABEL & IMRAY,
Agents for the Applicant.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Process and Apparatus for the Manufacture of Long-staple Wood
Pulp.
I, Dr. JOSEF OSKAR KLIMSCH, of 6, Schönburgerstrasse, Vienna, IV, Austria,
Doctor of Chemistry, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what
manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained
in and by the following statement: -
Hitherto the use of ground wood pulp in the manufacture of paper, even along
with other fibrous substances has, as is well known, only produced a paper which
as regards quality is far below the paper made from rags and other fibrous
material.
The long fibrous nature or long staple has been wanting in the wood pulp,
and consequently wood pulp paper is naturally much more brittle than paper
in which there is no admixture of wood pulp.

page_text: Now the inventor of the present process has made practical experiments for a
number of years in order to produce a long stapled raw material for paper from
wood. As the wood fibres are naturally long stapled it should be possible by
using suitable technical means to obtain, instead of the short stapled wood pulp,
a long stapled wood pulp or a raw or half stuff cellulose without it being
necessary to steam the wood. The main question is on the one hand to find a suitable
cheap mechanical process of working for the purpose of producing white, long
stapled wood pulp suitable for the manufacture of paper, and on the other hand
to modify the action of the usual disintegrators in such a manner that they
leave the long fibres of the wood intact in the manufacture of the wood pulp, so
that these long fibres after further treatment can be utilised in the form of long
stapled white raw cellulose. While the chemical treatment of fibrous material
of this kind presents no difficulty and is analogous to the usual processes for
bleaching, removing resin, and manufacturing cellulose, it was only after a
great deal of trouble that a successful disintegrator was attained in which by
means of suitable knives the wood was pulped in such a manner that the fibres
were not ground away in short pieces but remained of a suitable length or staple.
These suitable disintegrating knives according to the present invention may be
employed on any grinding surface of the disintegrators of any system; and the
arrangement of the disintegrating means may be effected to suit the construction
of the machine according as the latter is vertical, horizontal or of other kind.
These disintegrating knives consist of longitudinally or transversely arranged
cutting edges or points which are fixed upon the grinding surface, project from
it only about one-half to one millimetre and preferably occupy about
one tenth of the whole grinding area of the stone. According to the nature
of the wood and the desired quality of the wood pulp, the knives may be so
arranged as to produce fibres of greater or less fineness and also fibres of varying
length. Also the cutting edges of the disintegrating knives can be varied as
desired. They may be arranged on a cylindrical moveable knife in a longi-
tudinal direction, or they may be arranged transversely on a narrow or wide
edged fixed knife or they may be made on one and the same knife in the form
of a cutting edge or point which may be interrupted after the manner of a file.
or which may have any greater length. The fixing of the knives may be effected
by means of suitable screw devices which allow of arranging the working tool
higher or lower to the extent required by the use of the grinder. The efficiency
of these inserted steel bars or cutters consists in that their convex surfaces and
edges or points which only project very little from the grinding
surface of the stone like those of sharp files, or saws, rasps, or milling tools, cut
through the wood whilst it is being pressed against them during the grinding
operation in the direction of the length of the fibre and thus partially divide
and loosen the fibre. In this manner the grinding process is accompanied by a
disintegration of the wood so as to produce a long fibred or long stapled wood
pulp, that is to say white cellulose.
The drawings accompanying my Provisional Specification illustrate some forms
or construction of the cutters according to this invention.
Fig. 1 is a section and Fig. 2 is a plan illustrating the cutter of a disintegrator
in the form of a narrow tool inserted in the cylinder and provided with transverse
cutting edges or teeth. Figs. 3 and 4 show a wide form of cutter having
different modifications of the transverse cutting edges, Fig. 5 illustrates an
arrangement on a face grinder of different disintegrating tools c d e, having a
slightly convex form; e is a tool of cylindrical shape and d a narrow disintegrat-
ing tool like that in Fig. 1. Figs. 6 and 7 show a particular form of steel cutting
bars of cylindrical shape with continuous and interrupted longitudinal and trans-
verse cutting edges which are shown in the section Fig. 8, of the grinder,
said cutters being rotatable in their seat. Fig. 9 shows sections and plans of
various forms of tools, Fig. 10 shews transverse and longitudinal section and
plan of a tool e fixed in the grindstone b.

page_text: From Figs. 1 and 3 it will be seen that the disintegrating tool edges and
points at a and b with a saddle shaped cutting surface project only slightly beyond
the face of the grinder. The disintegrating tool is so arranged on the
grinding apparatus that the wood always comes in contact with the steel
cutting edges in the direction of the length of the wood fibres without being cui
up, and in rotating the grinder the wood must be furrowed or pressed in only
to such an extent that it will offer small resistance to the impression of the
sharp cutting edges, knives or points. Whilst in this manner the wood is
separated in the form of long bundles of fibres, the fibres are at the same time
crushed, squeezed and finally ground off by the rubbing surface of the grinder.
By this double action of splitting up or loosening the wood fibres and then
grinding them off, as also by reason of the more easy penetration of the injected
water, there is produced, in contradistinction to the well known wood pulps, a
long fibred or long stapled soft and elastic wood pulp which is physically of
entirely different nature and which even before any chemical treatment, has
This wood
the appearance of half stuff cellulose produced by chemical means.
pulp produced in the manner above described can be directly employed without
further treatment for the manufacture of paper and for this purpose it only
requires to be subjected to the usual simple process of sorting, refining or pulping
and washing, whilst it is however extremely suitable for conversion into pure
white cellulose, because it can pass through the well known chemical process of
boiling and bleaching in a very short time.
The advantages of this process are as follows:
1. The main result of the invention consists in the production of long stapled
wood fibre instead of short-stapled wood pulp, whilst with the use of equal power
and equal pressure and equal peripheral velocity of the grinder, it is possible to
obtain at least 50 per cent. more output of wood stuff which is equal in quality
to half-stuff cellulose and which has a long-stapled fine, rather white, fibre that
is easily felted..
2. The long-stapled fibre thus produced can be treated more readily than the
wood pulp hitherto produced, with chemicals such as sulphurous acid in the
bleaching apparatus, because the fibre has a uniform soft structure and not the
short harder consistence of the wood fibre hitherto produced.
3. The process requires less injection water in the grinding operation. The
work of the injection water is in fact partly distributed by the steel cutting
edges more uniformly at all points of the grinding surface, so that a more rapid
and easy loosening and softening of the fibre are effected.
4. The work of sorting and bleaching the finished wood stuff gives much less
trouble with long fibres than with the splintered and impure wood pulp produced
by the old methods.
5. By the use of the steel cutting edges, woods less soft than those hitherto
used can be employed, and more particularly all woods that split easily, and
woods that are not so free from knots are rendered available for the manufacture
of wood pulp.
6. The grinder does not wear away so much and the disintegrating cutter
can be readily removed and replaced and easily sharpened when required.
7. By the use of bars, rolls, and the like, of different shapes and by placing or
adjusting these suitable steel cutters higher or lower and by using a greater
pressure, or a greater velocity of the grinder, the most varied qualities of wood
stuff can be produced at will, and the output-capacity can be increased, which is
not possible when ordinary disintegrators are employed.
8. There may also be employed in combination with this process, such well
known modifications of the wood pulp grinding process as yield the so-called
"brown" wood pulp or the American pulp obtained by treatment with steam
and hot water, or also steam may be used in addition to a supply of injection
water in the grinding process, so as to effect a more or less hot grinding process
which yields not a brown, but a white wood pulp.

page_text: 9. The next and last point is of great importance: -As the inflow and outflow
of the injection water used, takes place more readily, and the water penetrates
more deeply into the surface of the wood which is being ground, the simultaneous
cutting, dividing, scraping, squeezing and compressing of the wood fibre have
the result of producing also partly a leaching out and dissolving and softening
of the incrustations of the wood, and this explains the greater ease in bleaching,
and the greater softness of the fibre of the wood pulp produced according to this
invention.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what
I claim is: -
1. The herein described process for the production of half-cellulose from
wood, by subjecting the wood in the direction of the length of the fibre to the
action of a grinder and also to the action of knives, (cutting edges, points or the
like) that project to only a very slight extent from the grinder, against which
the wood, which is furrowed by the cutting tools and consequently very quickly
softened by the injection water, is pressed with only moderate force, so that by
the combined action of the grinder and of the knives upon the wood, there is
obtained a long stapled fibrous ground wood pulp which without chemical treat-
ment is similar to half-cellulose produced by chemical process.
2. For carrying out the above process the arrangement of knives set in the
grinder projecting only one half to one mm. and occupying only a small part of
its surface.
3. A form of cutter having a convex outer surface.
4. A form of cutter consisting of a fluted cylindrical roller let into the grinder.
Dated this 18th day of s 1000
ABEL & IMRAY,
Agents for the Applicant.