IMPROVED MOVEMENTS AND COMBINATIONS OF WHEELS FOR WORKING OF CRANES, MILLS, AND ALL SORTS OF MACHINERY, EITHER PORTABLE OR FIXED
Year: 1814

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, ROBERT
SALMON, of Woburn, in the County of Bedford, Surveyor, send greeting.
WHEREAS His most Excellent Majesty King George the Third, did, by
His Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Tenth day of December,
in the fifty-fifth year of His reign, give and grant unto me, the said Robert
Salmon, my exors, admors, and assigns, His especial licence, full power, sole
privilege and authority, that I, the said Robert Salmon, my exors, admors, and
assigns, during the term of years therein mentioned, should and lawfully might
make, use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and the Town of
Berwick-upon-Tweed, my Invention of "IMPROVED MOVEMENTS AND COMBINATIONS
OF WHEELS FOR WORKING OF CRANES, MILLS, AND ALL SORTS OF MACHINERY, EITHER
PORTABLE OR FIXED;" in which said Letters Patent there is contained a proviso
obliging me, the said Robert Salmon, by an instrument in writing under my
hand and seal, to cause a particular description of the nature of my said
Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be inrolled in
His Majesty's High Court of Chancery within two calendar months after the
date of the said recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same (relation being
thereunto had) may more fully and at large appear.
· NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said Robert
Salmon, do hereby declare that my said Invention, and the manner in which
the-same is to be performed, are particularly described and ascertained in and

page_text: by the Drawings hereunto annexed, and the following description thereof, that
is to say:-
My improved movements and combinations of wheels are for various pur-
poses, and the means of effecting the same according to the
purposes intended
may be generally comprehended as follow:-My improved movements are, in
the first place, for receiving the impulse or power of the wind, thereby to put
in motion other secondary movements for the working of all kinds of machinery,
carriages, boats, &c.; secondly, for regulating and applying the power of screws
in the construction of all sorts of clamps, hand screws, vices, stocks, presses, &c.
My improved combinations of wheels are for every purpose to which machinery
can be applied, and are, in the first place, for obtaining of a rotary motion imme-
diately from an alternate retrograde one without loss of power; secondly, for
obtaining a continued rotary motion all one way from another rotary motion, that
is subject to be reversed by the impelling power, as in the case of tide mills, &c.;
thirdly, for obtaining any number of wheels, with any different power or speed,
to revolve round one and the same axis, and hung on or connected thereto, with
or without any surrounding frame or support but what is obtained from the
top and bottom of the same shaft or axis; fourthly, for combining by wheels
the motion of two or more screws, for the more powerfully and regularly
working of strong vices, &c.
The first of these purposes, for receiving and applying the impulse of the
wind, I perform in different ways. First, by an improved vane regulating sail
movement, and manner of applying and regulating any number of them,
perpendicularly placed and horizontally revolving on their own axis round an
upright shaft, so as, by means of their attachment to the arms of the
same shaft, they will cause the shaft to revolve in a regular course. The
principle of this movement being that one inferior small vane or sail, being
placed on its own axis, and connected by any of the known means of gear,
strap, or chain, it shall so regulate and set another larger sail (or sails), that it
(or they) shall receive the impulse of the wind in the most powerful way to
impel and force round the shaft, to which the whole is connected. Secondly,
by an improved movement, which I call a vertico-horizontal wind wheel,
whereon the wind is made to act by reflection from its horizontal to a perpen-
dicular course. Thirdly, by an horizontal alternate retrograde movement,
whereby any power from an horizontally moving lever motion may be applied
to any sort of machinery. Fourthly, by a vertical alternate retrograde move-
ment, whereby any power from the vertically moving lever motion, may be
applied to any sort of machinery.
The second of these purposes, for regulating and applying the power of

page_text: screws, I effect by an expanding regulating joint or joints placed between the
sides of vices, clamps, &c., by means of which the parallel advance of the one
side to the other is ensured, and the whole force of the screw made to act on
the body meant to be held or pressed, without expending any of the same on
the connecting joint.
My improved combinations of wheels are of different sorts, and may be compre-
hended as follows:-The obtaining a rotary motion immediately from an alternate
retrograde one, without the use of crank, which I perform different ways. First, by
a face wheel hung fast on the centre of the alternate moving lever, and working
from the opposite sides of it into two pinions, hung on one and the same shaft,
which pinions being so hung as to drive only one way and fall back the other, the
shaft to which they hang will, by the alternate motions of the lever and face
wheel, drive forward in one direction, with the full power of the lever wheel
continually acting.thereon. Secondly, by two wheels hung so as to drive or fall
back and face to face on the axis of the lever, and to work into these a pinion
hung fast on its own axis, and pitched in and between both the lever wheels.
Thus, by the alternate motion of the lever and wheels, a continual rotary
motion will by one or other of the lever wheels be communicated to the pinion'
and its axis, and continually drive them the same way. For obtaining a con-
tinued rotary motion from another rotary motion which occasionally reverses,
I effect by a similar combination to the first above described, as it is
evident that if the movement of the wheel was continually rotary, either
of them would produce the same effect as they do alternately retrograding,
and that which ever way they run, the pinion will by one or the other of
them be carried round in one continued direction. The obtaining of
my power or speed round the same axis or shaft, I effect in different
ways, as by the Drawings and descriptions herein-after given will be
explained. The combining of the effect of two or more screws for the more
forcibly and regularly working of strong vices or stocks, I effect by connecting
the heads of the screws together by wheels, so that the turning of one screw
shall turn the other, and thereby securing a parallel pressure cross ways, whilst
my other parallel movement ensures it longitudinally. Thus I have generally
described my Inventions, and the principles of the same, with some of the
variations thereof, and the subjoined Drawings and references will more fully
explain them; but from the nature of the Inventions it is not possible to explain
every variation to which the principles will apply. I nevertheless claim all
the variations, and the using of all the fit and proper materials for effecting the
same; and although in my Drawings I have explained my improved combina-
tions of wheels in connection with my improved movements, yet I distinctly

page_text: and separately claim each and every part, either in connection or separate from
any sort of movements or combinations of other wheels.
Fig. 1 & 2, plan and elevation of vane regulating movement for vertical sails;
their application to obtain a rotary horizontal wind power, and one way of applying
my combinations of wheels producing different movements round a fixed shaft. A,
parts of building; B, cylindric upright shaft fixed at foot fast from turning;
C, arms carrying the sails, and revolving round the main shaft; D, upright sails,
revolving on their own axis; E, wheel, fast on the top of the sail axis; F, another
wheel turning on a round pin fixed in the arm, which wheel may be of any
diameter at pleasure; G, another wheel hung on the vane spindle, which wheel
must be of half the diameter of E, so that E may make half a revolution each
time that G makes a whole one; H, regulating vane, on the same axis as the
wheel G, so that both turn together, whereby the vane will always keep the
sails in their proper position, as shewn by D 1, D2, D 8, & D 4, and which
position relatively to the wind, as shewn in the direction of the 3, will alway
be retained and assumed of itself, let the wind blow from whatever quarter it
will, and by this arrangement the sails D will always incline and revolve in the
direction 1, 2, 3, 4, or the contrary if the vanes be taken off, and placed reversely
on their axis; I, an internally cogged segment wheel, fast on the under side
of the bottom arms that carry the sails; K, connecting wheel, turning on a pivot
in an arm fixed fast to a square in the upright shaft; L, pinion fast fixed to a tubu-
lar cylindric axis; M, internally cogged wheel, fast on same tubular axis as L,
and together therewith revolving round the main shaft; N, second connecting
wheel as K; O, second pinion as L; P, spur wheel, on same cylindric tubular
axis, and revolving with O; Q, spur nut for working stones or other purposes.
These latter letters I, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, explain one of my improved com-
binations of wheels, and by referring to Fig. 3, it will be seen how the arms
and sails may be attached to and revolve with the main shaft, also how to such
revolving shaft my combinations of wheels are applied; and although in my
Drawing I have shown only four arms and one sail on each arm, yet I make
more arms and place more sails on the same, and also place two or more sails
on the same arm, some being nearer to the shaft than others; and it is
obvious that by a connection of wheels one vane may be made to regulate any
number of sails.
Fig. 3, section of a vertico-horizontal movement on wind wheel, with
another way of applying my improved combination of wheels. A, posts of
a polygonal building open on all sides; B, close roofs covered with boards,
or other air proof covering, and resting on the external frame; C, floors across
the building to tye the same together; D, upright partitions, converging from.

page_text: the circumference to the centre, to check the passage of the wind in an hori-
zontal direction; E, perpendicular wind shaft; F, circular floors fixed to and
turning with the wind shaft; G, circular hoops supported by arms from the
floors F, and turning with the shaft; H, moveable wind boards, turning on
pivots at each end, and fixed at about out of the centre of the width of
the boards, but diminished in thickness at the widest edge, so as to balance in
point of weight in any position. In the hoops G are stops to prevent these
boards from opening either way more than 224 degrees from the horizon; >
the course of the wind, operating on the wind movement. From this descrip-
tion, the action of the wind on this movement may be thus understood. On
the wind entering the windward side of the building, it is prevented proceeding
forward by the converging partitions D, and being at the same time reflected
upwards by the roofs B, it rushes on to the wind boards H, which being wider
on one side than on the other, they will immedietely weather themselves, and
incline to such angle as the stops in G will admit them, and consequently being
so weathered, the wind, in passing up into the cap above them, will operate and
turn round the shaft. Again, the wind in pressing forward only escapes down-
wards through the opposite side of the building, and in so escaping it will
again set the wind boards to the opposite angle to that at which it entered, and
accordingly in so escaping again act on the wind boards and on the shaft in the
same direction as on entering.
Having thus described my vertico-horizontal movements, and the manner
the wind acts thereon, another of my improved combinations of wheels
to obtain speed will be next explained. I, an internally cogged wheel,
bolted fast on the floor of the building; K, an arm fixed fast on a square
in the shaft, and carrying on a pivot the wheel L; L, wheel carried round
by K, and at same time revolving round its own axis; M, wheel
fixed on a tubular axis, working round the main shaft, and impelled
by L; N, tubular axis carrying the wheel M, and also arm O; O, arm fixed
fast on the tubular axis N, and carrying on a pivot the wheel P; P, second
wheel carried round by O; Q, second internally cogged wheel, fixed to
the floor; R, second wheel fixed to a tubular axis, working round the
main shaft; S, tubular axis carrying R, and the spur wheel T; T, spur
wheel working into stono pinion. On this principle it is obvious the wind
may be made to act on a vertico-horizontal fan with fixed boards, the
fan being made to revolve between two chambers, both inclosed with luffer
board. The lower chamber, inclosed with boards, to open inwards by the force
of the wind, and upper chamber to open outwards only; thus in whatover
quarter the wind blows, it will enter the lower chamber on the windward

page_text: side, and must from thence, to pass off, rise through the fan and go out above
the same on the opposite side, thereby always turning the wheel the same way.
Fig. 4 & 5, plan and section of horizontal alternate retrograde movement,
and one way of applying my improving combination of wheels to supersede the
crank, and produce rotary motion; A, platform, or top of the building, with a
collar in the centre to receive the upright shaft, and a small rin round it for
the regulating frame to rest and turn on; B, regulating frame, turning with the
wind; C, cross bars fastened to the frame, with uprights at the ends to prevent
the wind movement from swinging. round without carrying the regulating
frame; from these uprights project stops, to strike against the regulating crank
and reverse the wind boards and the motion of the wind levers; D, fan-tail
fixed to the frame B. to keep it to the wind; E, upright shaft; F, lever framed
fast to the saft, and carrying at each extremity a frame wherein the shifting
sails move and set to their angle; G, shifting sails connected together on their
edges, and hung at or near their centres, by the shifting the angle of which the
motion of them and the upright shaft is alternately by the wind worked back-
wards and forwards; these are so connected that all at both ends must ship
together; H, stops projecting from the uprights on the cross bars, against
which the regulator I strikes, and reverses the position of the sails and lever;
I, regulating crank, turning on a centre fixed on the lever, by the striking of
which against the stops H the angle of the sails is reversed; K, connecting
wires made fast to the crank I, and connected with the sails at each end, by
which connection all the sails shift together. This view shews the sails at a
state of rest, but on setting them to an angle the wind will immediately begin to
act and move the lever. From this description it will be seen that the short
end of the lever will set itself to the wind, and the wind will act on the sails
at both ends, thereby producing an alternate motion at pleasure.
And next follows my improved combination of wheels to produce rotary motion;
L, L, bevel wheels, fast on the shaft, to drive one away by ratchet, but free to fall
back when the shaft retrogrades; M, M, bevel pinions, on each side the shaft, fast
on their axis, continually receiving, on one side or the other, the force of the
wheels N, N, which wheels, whichever way they move, still impel the pinion in
one and the same direction; N, N, bevel wheels, fast on same shaft as M, M,
and, being loaded, will act as fly wheels; 0, 0, pinions for working mill stones
or other purposes.
Fig. 6 & 7, plan and section of vertical alternate retrograde move-
ment, and another way of applying my improved combination of wheels,
so as from a lifting and depressing movement to produce rotary motion.
A, platform on top of the building; B, regulating frame, working round &
{

page_text: tubular collar, the use of which frame is solely to support the fulcrum of the wind
lever and carry the regulating stops, as the wind lever will always set this as
well as itself to the wind; C, stops on the top and bottom of frame, to stop and
reverse the motion, as in Fig. 4 & 5; D, lever, moveable on its fulcrum, in the
frame B, and carrying on one side of it the governor and connecting wires as
on the horizontal levers in Fig. 4 & 5, also at one end a fan tail, and the other
short end balanced in point of weight with the long one; E, frame to receive
the sails; F, sails, turning on their pivots, and the whole of them at both ends
are connected together, so that all must shift at the same moment. By this
description it will be seen that this movement will produce a vertical alternate
motion, in same way as by Fig. 4 & 5 it was produced horizontally.
And next follows another way of arranging my improved combination of wheels
to produce rotary motion: G, connecting rod working through the collar;' H,
beam connected with the main lever by the rod; I, arm connected at one extremity
to the beam H, and first to the axis of the wheels K; K, two wheels, face to
face, hung on the shaft so as to drive one way and fall back the other, and
thereby on their alternate sides continually act on a pinion in same manner as
the wheels L, L, act on the pinion M in Fig. 4 & 5; L, pinion fast on its
own shaft, and which, by the movement of the lever I, and alternate action of
the wheels K, receives a rotary motion; M, spin-wheel fast on same axis as
L, forming also a fly wheel; N, N, stone pinions. From this description it will
be obvious that for the purpose of working of pumps or saws, or for propelling
of boats by paddles and crank, no wheel-work would be required.
Fig. 8. Manner of producing a rotary motion from an alternate one, by one
wheel only, hung fast on to a lever. A, platform; B, collar in same; C, frame,
moveable if required, round the collar; D, upright shaft; E, section of the ends of
levers, framed together at a distance to clear the wheel G; F, fulcrum of lever bent
to admit the upright shaft to pass; G, wheel fixed fast on the lever and fulcrum;
H, H, pinions, each fast, to drive ono way, but free to fall back the other, which
pinions alternately receive the movements of the wheels, G, and communicate
rotary motion to the shaft.
Fig. 9. Another manner of producing the like effect as by Fig. 8.
A, platform; B, collar; C, frame; D, shaft; E; section of ends of levers;
F, fulcrum and wheels; G, two wheels on lever axis, fast, to drive one way,
but free to fall back the other way; H, pinion receiving continued rotary
motion by the alternate action of G, G.
Fig. 10. Movement for obtaining a continued rotary motion from another
rotary one, occasionally impelled different ways, as in tide mills, &c. A, section
of vessel fast moored head and stern; B, main shaft, carrying at each end a

page_text: water wheel; C, C, two wheels hung fast to drive one away, but free to fall
back the other; D, upright shaft with pinion fast to the foot of it, which
pinion, by the alternate action of tho wheels C, C, will be always drove the
same way, whichever way the water wheels are turned.
Fig. 11. Side view of regulating movements for applying the power
of the screws as applied to vices with a single regulator. A, jaws of
the vice; B, screw; C, single regulating joint, fast at the upper ends under
the screw, and sliding free at their other ends, and which, it will appear, ensure
parallel approach of the one side of the vice to the other, and at same time
throws the full power of the screw on the body pressed; D are projecting
parts moving always at equal distances and in a line with the jaws of the
vice, and this for holding any rod or matter placed longitudinally therein are
of great service, and on this plan it is obvious that the whole interior of the
sides of the vice may be a plain surface, and the joints sunk in a groove therein.
Fig. 12. Side view of the same, with a double regulator for stronger sorts of
vices. A, the jaws; B, B, the screw; C, C, double joints, which being shorter
are much stronger; D, connecting rod, producing the same effect by uniting
the double joints as the single joint.
Fig. 18. Improved combination of wheels for working double screws for
strong vices or stocks, &c. A, front view of vice; B, screw, as before,
with a wheel fast to the head thereof; C, another screw, reversely cut,
with a wheel working into the other, so that as one screw is turned by
the handle the other is by the wheels moved in the same degree, and
a constant parallel cross motion secured; D, projecting parts to steady
any bars or thing that may require such support. Thus by means of these
double screws and double joints within the sides, a constant parallel motion
both upright ways and cross ways is insured.
Fig. 14. Manner of applying my improved combination of wheels for a
portable horse power, in a position for working. A, iron shaft; B, bottom
wheel; C, top wheel; D, flaunch cast on foot of shaft to key into the wheel
B, and prevent tho shaft from turning when at work; E, flaunch at the upper
end of the shaft to key the upper wheel from turning; F, first mover, being
an internally cogged wheel working round a circular part of the shaft; G,
levers for attaching the horses to; H, an iron arm, fast on a square in the
shaft; I, an intermediate or connecting wheel, turning on an axis in the arm
HI, and worked by the internally cogged wheel; K, wheel fixed on a cylindric
tubular axis, and worked by the wheel; L, L, cylindric tubular axis, working
round a circular part of the inain axis, and carrying at bottom the small
wheel K, and at top the second internally cogged wheel, M; M, second inter-

page_text: nally cogged wheel; N, second iron arm; O, second intermediate or connecting
wheel; P, second wheel on a tubular axis; Q, second cylindric tubular axis;
R, face wheel, fixed on the same axis as the wheel P; S, pinion working into
the face wheel R, the shaft of which pinion being to work any sort of machinery;
T, another way in which the lever may be applied for obtaining power, or for
moving the machine from place to place. From this description it will be
seen that when the shaft is locked to the top and bottom wheel, and horses
or any other power applied to the levers G, G, an increased speed will be
obtained to the wheels M, R, & S, and from any or all of these machinery
of any sort may be worked; on the contrary, if the lever be placed as at T,
an increased power may be obtained at F, or on its tubular axis, for coiling a
rope or other purpose. Again, when the shaft is turned down in an horizontal
position the pinion and shaft S taken off, and one of the levers G placed as
at T, the said levers G & T form a pair of shafts for the horse to remove
the machine, and by repeating and increasing the number or varying the sizes
of these wheels any power or speed may be obtained.
Fig. 15. Manner of applying my improved combination of wheels to a hand
power for working of cranes, &c. A, A, sides of frame; B, axis, immoveably
fixed to the frame; C, tubular cylinder, round which the hoisting rope is
coiled; D, an internally and externally cogged wheel fast to the cylinder, and
turning therewith; E, arm fixed on a square in the axis; F, connecting wheel
turning on a pivot in the arm E; G, wheel fixed on the tubular axis, H; H,
cylindric tubular axis carrying the wheels G & I, and working on a circular
part of the axis B; I, second internally and externally cogged wheel as D;
K, second arm fixed on the axis; L, second connecting wheel; M, second
wheel on cylindric axis; N, second cylindric axis carrying the wheel M and
also the spur wheel O; O, spur wheel; P, pinion sliding on the square axis,
and sufficiently long to enter into two of the wheels, into any of which it
occasionally works; Q, square shaft carrying the pinion P, and worked by
the handles R; S, ratchets, to receive a pall to stop either way. From this
description it will be seen that this crane may be worked with any power
or speed. If the pinion P be placed to work into O, the greatest
power and the least speed will be obtained. If placed to work into I, a
less power and greater speed will be obtained. If placed to work into
D, the least power and greatest speed will be obtained. From the length
of the pinion P it will also be seen that no accident can arise in shifting
it from one wheel to the other, as it always enters one before it is free of
the other; and as each of these succeeding wheels revolve in contrary direc-

page_text: tions, no difficulty will arise in finding a coincidence of cogs to admit the
pinion to shift.
In witness whereof, I, the said Robert Salmon, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, the Ninth day of January, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and fifteen.