matthewleechen/300YearsOfBritishPatents huggingface dataset:
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF SLABS, BEARERS, AND OTHER ARTICLES OF ARTIFICIAL STONE WHERE GREAT STRENGTH IS REQUIRED
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Frederick Ransome at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 13th May
1865.
I, FREDERICK RANSOME, of 2, Queen Street Place, Southwark Bridge, in
the City of London, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF SLABS, BEARERS, AND OTHER ARTICLES OF
ARTIFICIAL STONE WHERE GREAT STRENGTH IS REQUIRED," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in the manufacture of slabs,
bearers, and other articles of artificial stone where great strength is required.
Artificial stone is now commonly manufactured by me by mixing sand or grit
with silicate of soda or other soluble silica or silicate, and it may be with
other substances. I mould the compound and afterwards harden the stone by
immersing it in or otherwise saturating it with a solution of chloride of calcium
or other salt, acting in a similar manner on the soluble silicate or soluble
silica. Artificial stone may be made in this manner equal to or greater in
strength than Portland stone, but for many purposes a greater resisting power
is required.
Now, I find that this artificial stone has the property of adhering very firmly
to iron and other metallic substances, and availing myself of this property,
I, according to my Invention, strengthen slabs, bearers, and other articles of
artificial stone by moulding the mixture around strengthening pieces of iron
or other suitable metal, thus to produce a slab suitable, say, for a landing or
for a staircase. I introduce in the mould pieces of hoop iron running from

page_text: end to end of the slab and set up on edge, so that the width of the hoop iron
is in the direction of the strain; the mixture of grit and soluble silicate is
then filled in around the hoop iron, and when it is thus moulded the slab is
hardened by immersion in a solution of chloride of calcium or other salt as
heretofore. In this manner very great strength may be obtained, as the
artificial stone adhering firmly to the hoop iron prevents it buckling and
compels the iron to act as a girder of a depth equal to the width of the
hoop iron.
IMPROVEMENTS IN WASHING MACHINES
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Henri Adrien Bonneville at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 4th
March 1865. A communication from Félix Monmon and Auguste
Racinet, residing at No. 4, Rue du Mont Thabor, Paris, in the Empire
of France.
I, HENRI ADRIEN BONNEVILLE, of the British and Foreign Patent Offices,
24, Rue du Mont Thabor, Paris, in the Empire of France, and 38, Porchester
Terrace, Bayswater, in the County of Middlesex, Patent Agent, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN WASHING
MACHINES," communicated from Félix Monmon and Auguste Racinet, persons
resident at No. 4, Rue du Mont Thabor, Paris, in the Empire of France,
aforesaid, to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to several improvements in washing machines,
whereby time and labor are saved, and wear and tear prevented, while securing
a more complete and perfect cleansing.
These improvements consist,―
Firstly, in making the axle of the drum or cylinder (which has a penta-
gonal form) hollow, so as to be able to introduce water at any moment, whether
the machine works or not.
Secondly, in the use of a grating or wire cloth table, which serves for
introducing the articles to be washed, and for removing them from the machine

page_text: by a door or opening closed by thumbscrews or other contrivance when the
machine works.
Thirdly, in the application of square bars of glass or other material, un-
attackable by the alkaline or acid solution used. These bars are placed
longitudinally around the inside surface of the drum, and serve for raising
the articles a little further out of the water than the bare sides of the drum
would do.
The articles being introduced, and a rotary movement given to the drum by
means of a pulley fixed to the axe, the articles are alternately.drawn from the
water and allowed to fall to the bottom of the drum, passing through the
water agitated by the rapid rotation of said drum or cylinder, thus assuring
a perfect cleansing without the least danger of tearing. The operation finished
the articles are withdrawn by letting down and withdrawing the wire cloth
table or grating.
IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR PREVENTING THE OPENING OF SASH WINDOWS FROM THE OUTSIDE, AND FOR THE SECURE FASTENING THEREOF
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Edwin Reynolds at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 28th June
1865.
I, EDWIN REYNOLDS, of No. 1, Albert Road, Nunhead, in the County of
Surrey, Schoolmaster, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR PREVENTING THE OPENING OF SASH WINDOWS
FROM THE OUTSIDE, AND FOR THE SECURE FASTENING THEREOF," to be as
follows:-
A fastening similar to the common sash fastening consisting of two separate
parts, one of which is to be affixed to the outer or upper part of the sash, and
consisting of a lever or arm affixed or fastened to, by means of a rivet or other
similar fastening, a metal plate, so that the said lever or arm may revolve or
turn and be brought upon the other separate part, which is to be affixed to
the inner or lower part of the sash, and which part of the fastening is a metal
plate having upon it a curved guard or stop, which prevents the lever or arm
aforesaid from going past or rising above the said second part of the fastening,
as in the ordinary sash fastening; but to prevent the forcing back from the
outside by means of a knife or other instrument the said lever or arm, a spring
stop is affixed to the under side of the said second part of the fastening, the
stop, a bevilled piece of metal, passing through a slot or hole beneath the gaurd
or stop, the spring to which the stop is affixed allowing the lever or arm. to.
pass over by pressing down this bevilled stop in fastening the sash, but entirely
preventing its being put back again until the spring, and stop attached to it

page_text: has been pressed back by means of a knob on the upper side of the plate,
which passing through the said plate presses back the spring and spring stop,
and allows the lever or arm to be withdrawn and the window to be opened.
The said spring and spring stop may be attached to either end of the plate,
and the knob for pressing it back placed over any convenient part of the said
spring.
IMPROVEMENTS IN BOOTS AND SHOES
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Eadie at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 23rd January
1865..
I, JOHN EADIE, of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark, North Britain, Wright,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN BOOTS
AND SHOES," to be as follows, that is to say :-
This Invention has principally for its object to render boots and shoes more
healthful and comfortable, and with that view boots and shoes are by it made
with provision for ventilating their interiors, and for allowing of the free egress
of vapor or perspiration. In practising the Invention the inner sole is made
with a number of perforations, or of a material which is freely permeable, whilst
the middle sole is formed with grooves, channels, or holes, which may be
arranged in various ways provided they extend to the outer edge at a number
of points to give free ingress and egress to the atmosphere. With this con-
struction the foot is kept comfortable under extremes of temperature, this
being due to the ventilation and the dryness maintained thereby. Even if water
gets into the boot or shoe by the passages the heat of the foot aided by the
ventilation rapidly dries the small quantity that does not drain off again; but
if it is wished to completely prevent the ingress of water in wet weather, small
tubes of gutta percha or other suitable material may be fitted to the passages,
instead of these being open at the edges of the sole, and these tubes may be
led up over the top of the boot or shoe sufficiently far to be above the reach of
wet; or the tubes may be continued from one side over the boot or shoe down

page_text: to the other side, the ingress and egress of air being provided for by perforating
their sides at the upper part.
Another advantage of the construction of sole herein-before described is the
elasticity due to the sole being perforated or grooved, and it is such that new
boots or shoes so made are as comfortable as ordinary ones that have been
sometime in use, whilst the elasticity also equalises the wear on the different
parts of the sole.
A NEW OR IMPROVED METHOD OF CONDITIONING OR PREPARING FIBRES, THREADS, AND FABRICS, AND APPARATUS TO BE EMPLOYED THEREIN
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Richard Archibald Brooman at the
Office of the Commisioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 26th
April 1865. A communication from abroad by Stanislas Vigoureux, of
Paris, France.
I, RICHARD ARCHIBALD BROOMAN, of 166, Fleet Street, in the City of
London, Patent Agent, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"A NEW OR IMPROVED METHOD OF CONDITIONING OR PREPARING FIBRES, THREADS,
AND FABRICS, AND APPARATUS TO BE EMPLOYED THEREIN," to be as follows:-
This Invention consists in conditioning or preparing filamentous substances
by impregnating them preparatory to or during or after the ordinary mani-
pulations they undergo with air moistened by being forced through or over
a pure liquid or a liquid containing any desired chemical agent or principle.
The Invention also consists of an apparatus in which the air is moistened
and applied. This apparatus consists of a tank or chamber containing in the
lower part a simple or compound liquid, the tank is closed at bottom except to a
pipe leading from an air pump; plates extend across the tank with perforations
at alternate ends to cause the air to travel in a zig-zag direction and through
a large extent of the liquid. At some distance above the level of the liquid
is an openwork tray for supporting the filamentous substance to be moistened,
the tank is closed at its sides and top, and is provided with doors to allow of
the substances being placed upon and withdrawn from the tray, and pipes
fitted with stop cocks are attached to allow of the escape of air as may be
required, or to lead the moistened air to be applied in other vessels.
IMPROVE- MENTS IN COLORING KEMPY WOOL AND HAIR
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Henry William Ripley at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
26th January 1865.
I, HENRY WILLIAM RIPLEY, of Lightcliffe, near Halifax, in the County
of York, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN COLORING KEMPY WOOL AND HAIR," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in coloring kempy wool
and hair. In applying color in the ordinary manner of dyeing to kempy
wool and hair known in the trade as "kemps," it is not found practicable
to obtain. uniformity of color, hence such wool and hair are usually sold
at comparatively low prices as compared with the prices they would com-
mand if they could be colored uniformly. Now my Invention consists in
applying color to such "kemps' "kempy" wool and hair by printing
カラ
them all over or solid when in the state of sliver or fleece, and then setting or
fixing the color by steaming the sliver or fleece in like manner to that
in which printed yarns are steamed. The wool or hair before printing is
usually subjected to the process of stoving with sulphur. The most con-
venient manner of printing a sliver or fleece of "kemps" or kempy wool or

page_text: hair is by rollers covered with cloth, so as to apply the color to all parts as
evenly as possible, though other forms of printing surfaces may be employed;
it is however preferred to use machinery such as is described in the
Specification of a Patent granted to me and dated the 10th April 1863
(No. 913).
IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR TRANSMITTING AND RECEIVING SIGNALS
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Alexander Horace Brandon at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
5th May 1865.-A communication from Count Ambjorn Pietro Sparre,
residing in Paris, France.
I, ALEXANDER HORACE BRANDON, Engineer, of 13, Rue Gaillon, Paris, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
MACHINERY FOR TRANSMITTING AND RECEIVING SIGNALS," to be as follows:-
I connect the places, stations, or rooms from which communications are to
be sent, and where they are to be received, by a small air-tight pipe, one
extremity of which is terminated by an air-tight box or other receptacle
provided with an elastic cover, whilst the other extremity is attached to a
bent metallic pipe similar to those used for pressure gauges and barometers,
known as aneroid barometers, so that on a slight pressure being applied to
the elastic cover of the air-tight box it will cause the extremities of the bent
pipe to open.
The transmitting, as well as the receiving apparatus, are provided with a
fixed dial on which are marked numbers, letters, or other conventional signs.
For the purpose of signalling I depress the elastic diaphragm of the trans-
mitting apparatus by means of a rotating handle, the axis of which is provided
with a pinion gearing in a rack terminated by a disc or plate resting on the
said elastic diaphragm, and to the said handle is affixed a pointer, which
during the rotation revolves in front of the signs marked on the dial. The
pressure thus exerted on the air causes the extremities of the bent pipe

page_text: attached to the receiving apparatus to expand, and this motion is transmitted
to a pointer running over the face of the dial by means of appropriate multi-
plying gear, such as is used in the aneroid pressure gauges or barometers, and
in such a manner that the motion of the pointer on the transmitting apparatus
coincides exactly with that of the pointer on the receiving apparatus.
And this machinery can be made double acting, that is, available for
signalling both ways, by providing either extremity of the same pipe with a
transmitting as well as a receiving apparatus, and a bell may also be attached
to either extremity of the pipe, similar in construction to the one described in
the Specification of Letters Patent granted to Frederick Tolhausen, dated
October 6th 1864, No. 2456, and in such cases the action of the compressed
air on either of these organs can be admitted or arrested by means of an
ordinary stop cock or other appropriate device.
IMPROVEMENTS IN GOFFERING AND PLAITING MACHINES
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Bown West at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 2nd
November 1865.
I, WILLIAM BOWN WEST, of the City of Manchester, Cap Front
Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN GOFFERING AND PLAITING MACHINES," to be as follows:-
My Invention consists in applying to goffering and plaiting machines
certain apparatus by which one part of the fabric may be flattened while
the other part is being goffered or plaited. In performing my Invention I
apply to the ordinary goffering or plaiting machine one or more pairs or
wheels with flat circumferences, the axles of the wheels being placed
between the rollers over which the endless chains of goffering bars pass.
The fabric is flattened in passing between these wheels, either at the edge
or at any other part. Or instead of the pairs of wheels above referred to,
the fabric may be made to pass between a stationary flat surface and one
or more wheels; or the fabric may be taken between a series of metal
blocks connected to the endless chains of goffering bars.
IMPROVEMENTS IN SMELTING ZINC ORES, AND IN APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Arthur Reynolds at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 6th January
1865.
I, ARTHUR REYNOLDS, of Bagillt, in the County of Flint, Chemist, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN SMELTING
ZINC ORES, AND IN APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN," to be as follows:-
My Invention consists in the arrangement of a furnace (such as a blast
furnace), a flue, and condenser as hereafter described, so that zinc, otherwise
called spelter, can be smelted from its ores in it instead of in the retorts
ordinarily employed. The zinc passes off in vapour with the smoke at the top
of the blast furnace; and in order to retain the zinc in the metallic form air
must be carefully excluded at the top of the furnace, or preferably coke must
be placed in the flue; or charcoal may be employed instead; the coke will be
heated by the smoke, or it may be heated otherwise, so as to reduce the zinc
to the metallic form. I lead the flue into a chamber or series of chambers
for condensing the zinc from the smoke. This condensing chamber may be
either a large room or a series of spaces or of pipes, or otherwise, and may be
cooled externally by water. The smoke after leaving the condenser may still
carry some zinc with it, which I should remove by passing the smoke through
a condenser with water in it or otherwise.
The blast furnace may be of the same construction as that generally used
for smelting lead slags. The coke in the flue would be placed near the part
where it leaves the blast furnace,. and the flue would be a little larger in this

page_text: part than in others to prevent stopping the draught. It would be better to
throw in the zinc ore at stated intervals through a door at the top of the
furnace, and to moderate the blast while the zinc is passing off. The arrange-
ment would be especially applicable to ores containing both zinc and lead.
although equally advantageous when applied to zinc ores alone. The furnace
may be a wind instead of a blast furnace.
IMPROVED MEANS OR APPARATUS TO BE APPLIED TO DOORS AND WINDOWS FOR THE PURPOSE OF SUPPORTING OR MAINTAINING THEM IN ANY REQUIRED POSITION WHEN OPEN AND IN SECURING THEM WHEN SHUT
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Arthur Hamilton Gilmore at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
10th June 1865.
I, ARTHUR HAMILTON GILMORE, of Bursledon, in the County of Hants,
Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVED
MEANS OR APPARATUS TO BE APPLIED TO DOORS AND WINDOWS FOR THE PURPOSE OF
SUPPORTING OR MAINTAINING THEM IN ANY REQUIRED POSITION WHEN OPEN AND IN
SECURING THEM WHEN SHUT," to be as follows:-
My Invention of improved means or apparatus to be applied to doors
and windows for the purpose of supporting. or maintaining them in any
required position when open, and in securing them when shut," consists of a
weighted or spring rod, the end of which, in the case of a door, is made to
bear against the ground so as to create sufficient friction to prevent the door
from shutting accidentally when required to remain open. To this end a
pendent rod is inserted in a vertical hole made in one of the styles of the
door, and is provided at its lower end with a weighted foot which is drawn
down or forced or held down on the ground by the force of one or more
metallic or rubber springs. The rod is suspended by a chain or chains or
cords (attached to its upper end) from a cylinder or roller connected with the
handle of the door, so that by turning this handle, as when opening the door,
the rod will be lifted up and the weighted foot lifted from the ground. The
friction thus being taken off the ground the door may be opened or closed

page_text: without difficulty, but when the handle is released the weighted foot will press
on the ground and hold the door in the position required. As a modification
of the above the suspending chain may be passed over a pulley and then
attached to the door handle, which may be placed on the middle or other
style, and worked in the manner just described.
In adapting the Invention to windows the rod is placed horizontally, and is
connected by a chain or band to a handle or button placed at or near the
centre of the window sash. To this horizontal rod is attached a metallic or
other spring which will draw it forward and cause it to project out from the
sash and enter notches made in the fixed framing of the window, whereby the
sash will be maintained at any required altitude, and when the sash is down
it will prevent it from being raised. The horizontal rod may either be
inserted in a hole made in the sash frame, or it may be made to run in guides
fixed on the side of the frame.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL SALTPETRE
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION. left by Isaac Bernhard at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 19th August.
1865. A communication from: Jean Vincent Prosper Lagrange, residing.
at No. 48, Rue de l'Echiquier, Paris, in the Empire of France.
I, ISAAC BERNHARD, of No. 18, Rue de l'Echiquier, Paris, in the Empire of
France, Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL SALTPETRE,"-A.com--
munication from Jean Vincent Prosper Lagrange, a person resident. at
No. 48, Rue de l'Echiquier, Paris, aforesaid,, to be as follows:-
The object of my present Invention is the production of an artificial saltpetre-
under very economicaal conditions, the one operation giving at the same time
as by-products both white lead and ammonia, the latter being either. in a liquid
or solid form.
The modus operandi is as follows:-On mixing 157 parts of nitrate of lead
with 39 parts of carbonate of ammonia, carbonate of lead and nitrate of
ammonia are obtained. To the nitrate of ammonia thus obtained, 28 parts of
lime are added, by which nitrate of lime is produced, and ammoniacal vapours.
given off, which are collected in the usual way; the nitrate of lime remaining:
is mixed with 87 parts of sulphate of potash, by which an insoluble sulphate of
lime is formed and a soluble nitrate of potash, which on being concentrated.
yields saltpetre in crystals. Instead of mixing the nitrate of lime with. sulphate
of potash 70 parts of sulphate of soda may be employed, which would give
sulphate of lime and nitrate of soda, and on boiling the nitrate of soda with

page_text: 74 parts of chloride of potassium, nitrate of potash or saltpetre is formed.
The ammoniacal vapours above mentioned as being obtained are condensed
and can be employed indefinitely in the operation, as the lime necessary for
decomposing the nitrate of ammonia is prepared in a small kiln, the heat
acting on the carbonate of lime causes carbonic acid to be given off, which
introduced in a condenser containing the ammonia, forms with it carbonate of
ammonia, which in turn is employed for treating a fresh supply of nitrate
of lead.
A simpler mode of operating is as follows:-157 parts of nitrate of lead are
mixed with 93 parts of carbonate of soda, by which white lead and nitrate of
soda are formed; the nitrate of soda on being boiled with 74 parts of chloride
of potassium produces nitrate of potash or saltpetre, and chloride of sodium or
common salt.
The separation of these two products is easily effected, the saltpetre being
produced in crystalline masses.
IMPROVEMENTS IN PIANOFORTES, HARMONIUMS, AND ORGANS
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Isaac Gregory, Enoch Farr,
and William Tarr at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents,
with their Petition, on the 18th October 1865.
We, ISAAC GREGORY, F.R.G.S., of Victoria Park, Manchester, ENOCH
FARR, of 40, Cavendish Street, Chorlton-upon-Medlock, Manchester, and
WILLIAM TARR, of 112, York Street, Chorlton-upon-Medlock, Manchester,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
PIANOFORTES, HARMONIUMS, AND ORGANS," to be as follows:-
This Invention of improvements in pianofortes, harmoniums, and organs
consists in the use and application of papier mâché, and paper other than
papier mâché in the making and construction of the actions of pianofortes or
parts of actions, namely, keys, hoppers, stickers, dampers, levers, checks,
hammer butts, stems, and heads, and in the use of the same materials in
the construction of sounding boards for pianos, as well as in the making and
construction of keys of harmoniums and organs; also in the use and applica-
tion of papier mâché or paper other than papier mâché in the construction of
pianoforte cases and music stools, and the cases of harmoniums and organs
also in frets, trusses, legs, and truss legs of pianos.

page_text: The advantages of these improvements are greater resonance, durability,
and tenacity, greater lightness as regards the weight of the instruments, and
greater lightness of touch, less liability to the injurious effects of climate, heat,
damp, and other atmospheric changes, greater adaptability to ornamentation,
excellence of design, and general artistic skill.
CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN MECHANISM OR APPARATUS FOR "BLOCKING, ROLLING, AND MEASURING CALICO, LINEN, FLANNEL, OR OTHER WOVEN FABRICS
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Thomas Dronsfield, Thomas Edwin
Jones, and John Ashton at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents,
with their Petition, on the 25th February 1865.
We, THOMAS DRONSFIELD, THOMAS EDWIN JONES, and JOHN ASHTON, all of
Oldham, in the County of Lancaster, do hereby declare the nature of the
said Invention for "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN MECHANISM OR APPARATUS FOR
"BLOCKING, ROLLING, AND MEASURING CALICO, LINEN, FLANNEL, OR OTHER WOVEN
FABRICS," to be as follows:-
The Invention is designed for the purpose of rolling, blocking, and mea-
suring calico or other woven fabrics with greater facility than hitherto, and
consists in the employment and use of a frame in which a series of fixed bars
or rods are arranged, under and over which the cloth first passes, and is caused
to pass between pressure rollers, from whence it is delivered and formed into
a roll upon a spindle or shaft, which is supported in bearings fixed to the
framing and turned by a handle. If a "block" of cloth is required, a blocking
board supported on centres is employed in place of the aforesaid spindle for
'rolling." The cloth, in its passage from the pressure rollers to the roller or
block is kept even and straight by a balance lever, which is caused to press
on the under surface of the cloth as required. The quantity of cloth delivered
on to the "roller" or "block" is measured by means of a worm keyed on
one end of the under pressure roller, in connection with a worm wheel and
indicator, which tells the quantity passed between the rollers.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Alexandre Mendel at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 10th August
1865.
I, ALEXANDRE MENDEL, of St. James' Street, in the County of Middlesex,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in the manufacture of paper,
and consists in the application in this manufacture of fibrous material
obtained from the plant known as Bombax Malabaricum, or Gossampinus
Alba, and found largely in the island of Java, and in Singapore and
neighboring islands.
IMPROVEMENTS IN BRUSHES OR BROOMS
Year: 1865

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to James Vero, of Atherstone, in the County of
Warwick, Furrier, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN BRUSHES OR
BROOMS."
Sealed the 15th September 1865, and dated the 18th March 1865.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said James Vero at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 18th March -
1865.
I, JAMES VERO, of Atherstone, in the County of Warwick, Furrier, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN BRUSHES OR
BROOMS," to be as follows:-
Heretofore in that description of brooms known as house broonis and
similar descriptions of brooms, such as street or scavengers' brooms, the handle
which rises upwards from the centre of the wooden back of the broom has
been connected to the back of the broom by the end of the handle entering a
hole bored into the wooden back at the angle that it is required the handle
should be to the broom. Brooms of this description have been found to wear
more at one end than at the other. Now my Invention consists in certain

page_text: modes of connecting the handles to the backs of brooms, so that when one end
of the broom has become worn the broom may be turned end for end so as to
expose a fresh end of the broom to wear, and yet that the handle shall be at
the requisite angle to the broom in both positions. This may be accomplished
in the following ways:-I bore a hole vertically into the centre of the back of
the brush, into which I insert or screw a metal socket. The upper end of the
socket, which has a hole in it to receive the end of the wooden handle, is at an
angle to the part which enters the back of the brush, so that the handle is
brought to the requisite angle to the brush. When one end of the broom has
become worn, the socket is turned half round in the hole in the back of the
brush, and the socket is then prevented from turning by a pin or otherwise.
A fresh end of the broom is thus brought into the position where it will be
most exposed to wear, or the same object may be accomplished by providing
the end of the handle of the broom with a metal screw to screw into the back
of the broom, and by forming two holes on opposite sides of the back of the
broom, into either of which the handle might be screwed. In those cases
where the back of the brush or broom is too thin for the handle or socket to be
screwed into it, then I prefer to attach to the back of the brush or broom a
small socket formed with a flange around it, the socket being attached to the
back by the flange.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CUSHIONS FOR BILLIARD TABLES
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by George Alexander Smith at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 7th
November 1865.
I, GEORGE ALEXANDER SMITH, of High Street, Bloomsbury, in the County
of Middlesex, Billiard Ball Maker, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CUSHIONS FOR BILLIARD
TABLES," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in the manufacture of
cushions for billiard tables.
In order to cause the cushions of billiard tables to throw off the ball with
greater truth than india-rubber cushions as at present used I apply to the face
of the india-rubber cushion, where the ball strikes, a hard face which will
yield or bend but very slightly to the blow of the ball; this hard face does
not interfere with the action of the elasticity of the india-rubber, but it
distributes the blow over a longer length of the india-rubber, and by thus
preventing a deep indentation being made at the moment of striking it avoids
the false angle being given to the ball which results from the ball burying
itself in the cushion. The material I prefer for the hard surface is steel in
the form of a thin band with a suitable convex surface for the ball to strike
against; this strip is securely attached to the india-rubber, and the whole is
then covered as is usual.
AN IMPROVED PYROTECHNIC TOY
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Thomas King at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 11th December
1865.
I, THOMAS KING, of No. 6, Park Road, Holloway, in the County of
Middlesex, Photographer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Inven-
tion for "AN IMPROVED PYROTECHNIC TOY," to be as follows:-
I mix certain chemical compounds in combination with metals in the
following proportions:-Nitre, four parts; sulphur, two parts; carbon, two
parts; antimony, one part; and metallic antimony, one part. These mixed
together and folded in tissue paper in a cylindrical form when ignited and
held downwards will throw off flakes of fire and will present a harmless
and attractive pyrotechnic toy.
The addition which I have made to the known combination is the
addition of antimony and metallic antimony. I have named metallic
antimony, but bismuth or any other suitable metal may be used.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE AND REFINING OF IRON AND STEEL
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Baker at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 7th January
1865.
I, WILLIAM BAKER, of Sheffield, in the County of York, Chemist, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
MANUFACTURE AND REFINING OF IRON AND STEEL," to be as follows :-
This Invention relates to improvements in the manufacture and refining of
iron and steel, when such iron and steel are produced either by what is known
as the Bessemer process, or by similar processes, such as by the injection of
air or of steam, or of air and steam, or when such iron and steel are produced
or refined in and by means of what are known as air, reverberatory, or puddling
furnaces, such furnaces being so constructed as that air or steam, or air and
steam may or may not be injected into or upon the molten metal.
The object of my Invention is to cause and facilitate the removal of certain
impurities sometimes contained in cast or pig iron, or other fusible compounds
of iron and carbon, such impurities, in addition to others usually present,
being phosphorous and sulphur. The separation of these elements from the
molten metal I effect by the employment and use of metallic zinc, which I
find combines with and causes the separation from the molten metal of the
phosphorous and of the sulphur in part or entirely. One method, which I have
found to give good results is the following, but modifications may be adopted :-
To the molten metal contained either in an air reverberatory or puddling
furnace, or in what is known as a Bessemer converter or vessel, I add
metallic zinc, the proportion of which to the molten metal to be operated

page_text: upon varying according to the degree of purity or impurity of the charge,
the proportions which I have found to give good results being from ten to
twenty pounds of zinc for every ton of metal to be operated upon. I add the
metallic zinc to the molten metal, and when such alloy or mixture is to be
treated in the converter I operate upon such charge in a manner similar
to and which is well known and understood as the Bessemer converting
process.
Should the alloy or mixture be heated or refined in an air reverberatory
or puddling furnace, then I perform such refining process in a manner
similar to those known and employed for effecting, by means of oxidation,
the conversion of fusible compounds of iron and carbon into iron refined, or
metal or steel.
IMPROVEMENTS. IN TREATING FIBROUS MATERIALS AND TEXTILE FABRICS AND IN PRODUCING SOAP
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Michael Henry at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 25th May 1865.- A
communication from abroad by Leon Pasquier and Alphonsine Julie
Dumont, both of 33, Boulevart Saint Martin, Paris, France.
I, MICHAEL HENRY, of 84, Fleet Street, in the City of London, Patent
Agent, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS.
IN TREATING FIBROUS MATERIALS AND TEXTILE FABRICS AND IN PRODUCING SOAP,"
communicated to me from abroad by Leon Pasquier and Alphonsine Julie
Dumont, both of 33, Boulevart Saint Martin, Paris, France, to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object to combine two manufacturing processes
or purposes into one operation, one process being the treatment of fibrous
materials and textile fabrics in order to discharge or remove the gum, resinous
matters and other impurities therefrom, or to "ungum," cleanse, "boil," or
"scour" them, and the other process being the manufacture of soap, that is to
say, according to this Invention the treatment of fibrous materials and textile
fabrics for the said purposes is performed in such manner and by such means
that soap is at the same time obtained from the residual products of the process,
that is, from the agents employed in the operation, and from the gummy, resinous,
or other impurities which they expel, discharge, or separate from the materials
and fabrics under treatment. For these purposes the materials or fabrics
are treated with caustic alkali, as for example, caustic soda or potash, and

page_text: with oil or an oleaginous or fatty substance in an open or close vessel, and by
using these agents combined with the employment of heat the fibrous substances
and fabrics will be "boiled," "scoured," "ungummed," cleansed, or purified,
and in some cases an improved fabric will be obtained, and the alkali and oil
or fat combining with the gummy or resinous matters will produce soap.
The Invention may be carried into effect by using a hot caustic alkaline liquor
to which oil is added, and after raising it to a state of ebullition so that
saponification may commence, the materials are placed therein, and it is kept
in a state of ebullition for a short time and afterwards evaporated, or it is left
to settle and the soapy precipitates withdrawn. By means of this Invention
not only is a good soap obtained, but the materials are ungummed, scoured,
cleansed, boiled, or purified in an improved manner; and when hemp, flax, or
china grass is treated an improved fabric is produced. Sometimes for
flax 30 to 50 per cent. of caustic soda at 36° Beaumé may be used with 15
to 25% oil; for silk 10% soda; and for wool 6% soda to 15% oil. But I
sometimes vary these proportions.
IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS EMPLOYED IN THE CONCENTRATION OF ALL SOLUTIONS WHERE QUICK OR SPEEDY CONCENTRATION OR EVAPORATION IS REQUIRED
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Walsh at the Umes
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 28th March
1865.
I, WILLIAM WALSH, of Warrington, in the County of Lancaster, Chemist,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
APPARATUS EMPLOYED IN THE CONCENTRATION OF ALL SOLUTIONS WHERE QUICK OR
SPEEDY CONCENTRATION OR EVAPORATION IS REQUIRED," to be as follows:-
This Invention relates particularly to the manufacture of caustic soda and
potash, carbonate of soda and potash, chloride of sodium, and potassium, or
similar alkalies or acid solutions in which a quick concentration or
evaporation is essentially necessary; but it is also applicable to all solutions
where a quick or speedy concentration or evaporation is required. For this
purpose I place or fix an agitator of any suitable construction in the pan or
vessel in which the aforesaid alkalies and acid solutions are required to be
concentrated or evaporated, and I give a revolving motion to the said
agitator by placing or fixing to it a pulley to revolve inside the liquor
or solution, over which pulley I pass a chain, and extend it to a pulley
on the line shaft above the pan or vessel. I thus avoid the necessity
of a cross shaft and stuffing boxes outside the pan or vessel, which are very
objectionable.
IMPROVEMENTS IN. WASHING FABRICS, AND. THREADS, AND. IN MACHINERY: EMPLOYED, THEREIN
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by. Richard Archibald Brooman at the
Office of the Commissioners of. Patents, with. his. Petition, on the 17th
August 1865. A. communication: from. abroad by. Stanislas Vigoureux,..
of St. Denis, France...
I, RICHARD, ARCHIBALD BROOMAN,. of 166; Fleet Street, in the City of
London, Patent Agent, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention.
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN. WASHING FABRICS, AND. THREADS, AND. IN MACHINERY:
EMPLOYED, THEREIN," to be as follows:-
This Invention consists. in supporting the fabrics or threads upon a bed
maintained at or about the surface of the water, and capable of yielding and
again rising to its level on being acted upon as hereafter explained.. I arrange.
a set or sets of beaters in the form of. rods, and by cams or excentrics cause
them to fall. in contact with and rise from the bed. The fabric or thread is
made by any suitable means to move across the yielding bed, and in its passage-
receives: blows from the beaters.. The bed with the fabric or thread is made-
by the action of the beaters to dip into and rise from the water, whereby thorough
washing is effected..
My Invention,, among other uses,. is particularly adapted to the washing of
printed threads and stuffs.
Although I prefer that the bed should be capable of yielding, yet a fixed bed
may be used..
IMPROVED MACHINERY FOR MIXING OR GRINDING OINTMENT, PAINTS, DRUGS, AND OTHER SUBSTANCES
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Thomas Charles Gibson at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 6th
September 1865..
I, THOMAS CHARLES GIBSON, of Stamford; in the County of Lincoln, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVED MACHINERY
FOR MIXING OR GRINDING OINTMENT, PAINTS, DRUGS, AND OTHER SUBSTANCES," to be
as follows:-
The machine which forms the subject of the present Invention consists of
a flat-bottomed cylindrical pan turned true inside and bolted at its opposite-
sides to standards which raise it above the floor. At the top of the standards.
there are two bearings to support a horizontal shaft which is provided with
suitable driving gear. Over the centre of the pan there is a short vertical shaft.
bolted underneath a horizontal cross. plate carried by the standards, and to
the lower end of this shaft a spur wheel is keyed fast. The main driving
shaft turns in the bearings in the two pedestals at the top of the standards
and to it is keyed a bevil wheel. It may also be fitted with a fly wheel and:
a driving pulley. The bevil wheel gears into a bevil wheel mounted loosely:
on or surrounding the central shaft, and keyed to a horizontal plate.. This.
plate carries two or more pinions in gear with the centre stationary spur
wheel. These pinions revolve round the spur wheel with. the plate and
also on their own axes; scrapers are also fixed to the plate and project: to

page_text: the pan's side. The pinions carry arms to which mullers or stirrers are fixed,
and these are thus caused to revolve with excentric revolutions all over the
surface of the pan, and effectually to operate on the entire contents of the pan.
The mullers have in each of them a self-acting spring by which any amount
of pressure can be applied.
AN IMPROVED IMPLEMENT FOR REMOVING CORKS FROM THE INTERIOR OF BOTTLES AND OTHER VESSELS
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by George Haseltine at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 22nd April
1865. A communication from abroad by Francis Daniel Pastorius
and John Jackson, both of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of
America.
I, GEORGE HASELTINE, of the "International Patent Office" No. 8,
Southampton Buildings, Chancery Lane, in the County of Middlesex, Civil
Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN
IMPROVED IMPLEMENT FOR REMOVING CORKS FROM THE INTERIOR OF BOTTLES AND
OTHER VESSELS," a communication, to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object the withdrawal of corks or portions of
cork when they have passed from the neck into the body of the bottle or other
like vessel. A spring loop or holder consisting of a strip or ribbon of steel
or other suitable metal is made of such a form and size as to pass easily down
the neck into the body of the bottle or other vessel, and is capable of expanding
therein, and formning a loop sufficiently large to pass freely over the cork
which is to be removed. At the end or bottom of this loop is fixed a button.
or disc of metal, or other suitable substance; this button is formed with a
channel or groove across its back, and through this groove the ribbon or strip of
metal forming the spring loop or holder is inserted and secured, by rivetting or
otherwise, and the ends of the strip of metal forming the said loop or holder are

page_text: fastened to a shank or rod having on its extremity a handle made of any suitable
form and material. When it is desired to remove a cork from the interior
of an empty bottle or other vessel the sides of the spring loop are pressed
together. It is then inserted into the body of the bottle, and the bottle is
turned with the neck downwards, the cork will then fall within the loop or
holder. The latter is then withdrawn by means of the handle on the end of
the shank, and while being withdrawn the button or disc is caused to press
against and force the cork out of the bottle.
IMPROVEMENTS IN FURNACE FLUES FOR THE CONSUMPTION OF SMOKE
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Abraham Cooper at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 11th January
1865:
I, ABRAHAM COOPER, of Gracechurch Street, in the City of London, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN FURNACE
FLUES FOR THE CONSUMPTION OF SMOKE," to be as follows:-
My Invention consists in erecting underneath the boiler, or in the flue of
flued boilers, one or more "bridge walls," but by preference I adopt three, the
said "bridge walls" being placed at convenient distances apart, and constructed
of bricks, or stones, or other suitable material. On the top of the said "bridge
walls "I place or build a "bridge" of cast iron, fire bricks, or sandstones, or
other suitable material connected together by means of a bolt or bar of iron
passing through each and all of them, and secured on the outside of the boiler
walls by a nut and washer or other suitable appliance. The above-named
"bridges" I build at a greater distance from the bottom of the boiler or top of
the flue according to their greater distance from the furnace mouth, thereby
improving the draught in the flue. The above-named "bridges" of iron, fire-
bricks, or sandstones, are built in a curved shape so as to suit the curvature
of the bottom of the boiler or flue, and are also curved towards the furnace

page_text: mouth so that the flame being heavier than the smoke impinges against the
curved portion of the "bridge" and so curls over the top and meets the smoke,
which passes through the flame, and so becomes consumed. The "bridge walls"
may be connected by inverted arches of brickwork or other suitable materials
to assist in catching the sparks and to be more readily. cleaned out.