A FABRIC FOR MAPS, CHARTS, PRINTS, DRAWINGS, AND OTHER PURPOSES
Year: 1843

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, HENRY
CHAPMAN, of Arundel Street, Strand, in the City of Westminster, Engineer,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at West-
minster, the Twenty-sixth day of January, in the sixth year of Her reign, did
for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said Henry
Chapman, Her especial licence, full power, sole privilege and authority, that I,
the said Henry Chapman, my exors, admors, and assigns, or such others as I,
the said Henry Chapman, my exors, adññiors, or assigns, should at any time
agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times during the term
of years therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, my
Invention of "A FABRIC FOR MAPS, CHARTS, PRINTS, DRAWINGS, AND OTHER
PURPOSES" in which said Letters Patent is contained a proviso, that I, the said
Henry Chapman, shall cause a particular description of the nature of my said
Invention, and in what manner the sanie is to be performed, to be inrolled in
Her said Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar months next
and immediately after the date of the said in part recited Letters Patent, as
in and by the same, reference being thereunto had, will more fully and at
large appear.

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Henry Chapman, do hereby declare the nature of my said Invention, and in
what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and
ascertained in and by the following statement, that is to say :-
My Invention consists of a certain fabric or manufacture, having as to one
or both of its surfaces the character, quality, and finish of paper suitable for
writing, drawing, or printing, and being of a strength of texture suitable for
maps, charts, prints, drawings, and those purposes for which mounted paper
has hitherto been usually employed; and I propose to call this said fabric or
manufacture paper cloth," and I believe it will be found useful for many
purposes for which paper or parchment has hitherto been usually employed,
particularly legal and other documents.
"
Such being the nature of my Invention, I now proceed to describe in
what manner the same is to be performed. I take canvass, gause, muslin,
calico, linen, or other similar fabric and wind it smoothly and evenly upon
a wooden or other roller, and, whatever may be the particular nature of
such fabric, I call it in the following description by the general name of
"cloth." I then introduce this roller, which I call the "cloth roller," into
a convenient situation between the upright felt, or third press felt, and the
drying cylinders, of a paper machine of the ordinary construction, known
as Fourdrinier's paper machine. I introduce also between the above-
mentioned cloth roller and the upright felt of the paper machine a trough,
containing a solution of gum, glue, size, starch, or other adhesive material, and
in this trough I have a roller turning freely, the lower part of which roller dips
into such solution, so that, the roller being turned, the gum, glue, or other
similar substance is carried up upon its surface. The pulp is then allowed to
flow upon the endless wire of the machine, and paper is made in the ordinary
manner; and when the endless sheet of paper has been led through the machine
and the making of it is proceeding properly, I bring the end of the cloth over
the upper part of the roller in the trough, and leading it onwards, the motion
of the cloth causes the roller to revolve, and the gun, glue, or other adhesive
material carried up on its surface, as before mentioned, is taken up by the
cloth; then laying the cloth upon the paper as it passes over the roller
immediately preceding the third or last press rolls, I lead it in contact with the
paper between these last-mentioned rolls, and the cloth continuing to pass
between them together with the paper, the two are firmly united, and being
led over the steam or drying cylinders and thereby dried; the cloth that was
wound on the roller and the paper now form one compound fabric, con-

page_text: stituting the "paper cloth," which, after leaving the drying cylinders, is either
reeled, or cut by the cutting machine, as required. After a day's working,
the above-mentioned upright felt requires to be removed and washed, as it
absorbs a quantity of the adhesive material, which if suffered to dry in it
would injure it, and render it unfit for working again, or for the making of.
ordinary paper. The adhesive material which I have hitherto found to answer
best in practice I prepare as follows-I make a solution of common soda in
water, in the proportion of four parts of the former to fifteen of the latter, and
in this I dissolve by heat nine parts of the best yellow resin; this is then
boiled for an hour, a minute quantity of linseed oil being introduced occasion-
ally to prevent frothing, after which one part of the best glue is added, and
the whole diluted with one and a half times its bulk of water and strained
through flannel. To thirty parts of the above so diluted and strained I add.
six parts of paper pulp, of the consistency usually employed for making paper,
and having the longest possible fibre, and one part of flour paste made in the
common way. The whole is then well mixed and heated, but not boiled, and
used hot. The parts or quantities of the several materials above mentioned
are all taken by weight. The foregoing is the process which I have generally
employed with cloths of a close texture; but the same may be varied in the
following respects, as for example, instead of introducing the cloth at the place
above mentioned, I sometimes place the roller upon which it is wound near to
and somewhat beneath the couching rolls of the paper machine, and bring the
cloth upon the first or wet press felt, causing it to advance therewith, so that
the sheet of paper is received upon it immediately after leaving the couching
rolls, in which case it is more wet and soft than in the former case. In this
case the adhesive material cannot be conveniently used, on account of the
injury done to the felt, as above mentioned, it being troublesome to remove.
and wash the first or wet press felt, on account of its situation, and conse-
quently I only employ this last-mentioned arrangement when I am using a
cloth which does not require the adhesive material, as next herein-after men-
tioned. If the cloth employed be that usually called and known as book
muslin the adhesive material may be dispensed with, and in this case I usually
introduce the cloth roller under the endless wire of the paper machine, and
bring the cloth over the breast roll upon the upper surface of the endless wire,
and cause it to advance with it, and then allow the paper pulp to flow upon the
cloth lying upon the endless wire; the paper surface is made absolutely upon
the cloth, and the cloth together with the paper passes between the couching
rolls, and is thence conveyed on to the felts, as is the case in the making of

page_text: ordinary paper.
Or I allow the paper pulp to flow upon the endless wire in
the ordinary manner of paper making, and having suspended the cloth roller
above the endless wire, I suspend; a small roller within half an inch of the
endless wire, and passing the cloth under this roller, I bring it upon the upper
surface of the paper pulp as soon as it has spread itself upon the wire, and the
cloth and the paper pass between the couching rolls and on to the felts as in
the last case, but with this difference, that the cloth lies uppermost, whereas
in the former case. the paper lay uppermost. In neither of the two last-
mentioned arrangements do I employ any adhesive material; in the former it
would be washed away by the water which escapes through the cloth, and in
the latter it would injure the first or wet press felt. The above, and other
similar arrangements; may be employed for producing the said paper cloth.; but
I would remark, that the cloth which I have found to answer best in the said
manufacture, without the use of some adhesive material, is the common book
muslin, which, from the peculiar dressing contained in it, as well as the loose-
ness and openness of its texture, is well adapted to the above purpose; and I
would also remark, that other cloths, prepared with a strong dressing of an
adhesive nature, may be employed without the use of the adhesive mixture
above described, but such cloths are not usually found in the market. Paper
cloth with a single paper surface may be supplied with a second paper surface
by a repetition of any of the processes pursued in producing the first or
single surface, except the process above described, in which the cloth is laid
on the endless wire of the machine, the paper cloth with a single surface
being employed in place of the simple cloth employed before, as will be plain
to any person acquainted with the manufacture of paper. It is obvious that
the paper surface or surfaces may be of any quality or of any thickness, also
that the surface upon one side of the cloth may differ either in quality or in
thickness or in colour from that upon the other side, and may be varied
according to the purposes to which the paper cloth is to be applied. The
hardness or other qualities of the paper surface or surfaces will depend upon
the particular manner of preparing the paper pulp, and upon the sizing intro-
duced during such preparation, and which sizing is known as "engine sizing,"
and in respect of this I make no claim; but I prepare the pulp precisely as in
the common process of making paper, according to the purpose for which it is
intended. When, however, it is desirable that the paper surface should be
particulary hard, I submit the "paper cloth" to a process of sizing, analogous
to that of tub sizing in the ordinary process of paper making; but I perform
the operation somewhat differently, as follows: since the method commonly

page_text: paper
pursued, of dipping the sheets of paper into hot size, would injure the adhesion
between the paper and cloth substance of the paper cloth, I lay a sheet of
paper cloth
upon a board with its face or paper surface-upwards; I then take a
pięce of flannel or felt somewhat larger than the "paper cloth" and dip it into
hot size, and squeezing out the superflous size, I lay it upon the sheet of
cloth, and upon the wet flannel another sheet of paper cloth with its face
downwards, then a third sheet of paper cloth with its face upwards, upon that a
second flannel dipped in size, as before, and again a sheet of paper cloth with
its face downwards; in this way I proceed, and having completed a sufficient
pile, I lay on another board, and submit it to slight pressure, until the whole
is saturated with the size, which takes place in about fifteen or twenty minutes;
I then relieve the pressure, part the sheets of paper cloth from the flannels,
and dry them in the usual manner of paper. Where the paper cloth has two
faces, the pile must be made by laying a sheet of paper cloth and a flannel
dipped in size alternately.
Having now described the nature of my Invention, and in what manner the
same is to be performed, I wish it to be understood that I do not claim as of
my Invention the application of pulp generally to woven fabrics, or fabrics of a
similar nature and texture, being aware that a thin pulp of ground cotton or
linen has been heretofore occasionally employed for improving the appearance
and finishing of cotton or linen piece goods, and that the surface of calico, linen,
and other woven fabrics has been heretofore pulped, as a basis for receiving
glass, sand, or emery; but the fabrics or substances so produced were totally
unfit for the purposes of my said Invention, as above described; nor do I claim
the exclusive use of the several parts and arrangements herein-before referred
to in connection with the Fourdrinier paper machine, except so far as the same
may be employed in the production of the fabric or manufacture called paper
cloth, having the quality of surface, and the substance of texture, and applicable
to the purposes above described and referred to.
In witness whereof, I, the said Henry Chapman, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Twenty-sixth day of July, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and forty-three.
HENRY (L.S.) CHAPMAN.

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Twenty-sixth day of July, in
the year of our Lord 1843, the aforesaid Henry Chapman came before our
said Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged the Specification
aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained and specified, in form
above written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped according
to the tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.
Enrolled the Twenty-sixth day of July, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and forty-three.