Iм- PROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS AND VESSELS FOR FEEDING, DUSTING, STIRRING, MIXING, OR KNEADING FLOUR, AND HEATING OR BOILING WATER OR LIQUIDS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF BREAD, BISCUITS, CAKES, PUDDINGS, PASTE, Buns, Murrins, CRUMPITS, AND OTHER ARTICLES OF FOOD, WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE ALSO APPLICABLE FOR BEATING AND MIXING, HEATING OR BOILING VARIOUS INGREDIENTS OR PLASTIC SUBSTANCES, CHURNING, OR OTHER PURPOSES
Year: 1870

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Ebenezer Stevens, of No. 103, Barnsbury Road,
Islington, in the County of Middlesex, for the Invention of “Iм-
PROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS AND VESSELS FOR FEEDING,
DUSTING, STIRRING, MIXING, OR KNEADING FLOUR, AND HEATING OR BOILING
WATER OR LIQUIDS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF BREAD, BISCUITS, CAKES,
PUDDINGS, PASTE, Buns, Murrins, CRUMPITS, AND OTHER ARTICLES OF FOOD,
WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE ALSO APPLICABLE FOR BEATING AND MIXING,
HEATING OR BOILING VARIOUS INGREDIENTS OR PLASTIC SUBSTANCES, CHURNING,
OR OTHER PURPOSES."
Sealed the 24th September 1870, and dated the 2nd July 1870.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Ebenezer Stevens at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
2nd July 1870.
I, EBENEZER STEVENS, of No. 103, Barnsbury Road, Islington, in the
County of Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of the said Inven-
tion for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS AND VESSELS FOR
FEEDING, DUSTING, STIRRING, MIXING, OR KNEADING FLOUR, AND HEATING ON
A

page_text: BOILING WATER OR LIQUIDS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF BREAD, BISCUITS, CAKES,
PUDDINGS, PASTE, BUNS, MUFFINS, CRUMPITS, AND OTHER ARTICLES OF FOOD,
WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE ALSO APPLICABLE FOR BEATING AND MIXING, HEATING
OR BOILING VARIOUS INGREDIENTS OR PLASTIC SUBSTANCES, CHURNING, OR OTHER
PURPOSES," to be as follows:-
66
This Invention has for its object Improvements in Machinery or
Apparatus for Feeding, Dusting, Stirring, Mixing, or Kneading Flour,
and Heating or Boiling Water and other Liquids, for the Manufacture
of Bread, Biscuits, Cakes, Puddings, Paste, Buns, Muffins, Crumpits,
and other Articles of Food, which Improvements are also applicable for
Beating and Mixing, Heating and Boiling various Ingredients or Plastic
Substances, Churning, or other Purposes."
For these purposes I employ a mixing vessel or trough made of wood
or iron, or any other suitable materials or materials. This vessel or
trough I prefer being rectangular, and the bottom made of a simi-
circular form, but a square or circular, or other suitable form of vessel
may be used.
To mix the flour for making into dough or paste, or mixing other
materials or substances, when the materials have been put into the
mixing vessel or trough, I employ two elbow cranks, which are made to
revolve in the vessel or trough. On each of these elbow cranks is
a round spindle fixed at right angles to the arm of the crank, and is
made to pass through a hole in the ends of the mixing vessel at the
radial axis of the simicircular bottom, and also through the centre of
the boss of the spur wheels, and is held in position by a pall working upon
a pin attached to the outside standard which supports the spur wheels,
and made to drop into a groove or sinking formed in the end of the
spindle of the mixer, which projects beyond the boss of the spur wheel,
or a pin or catch may be used so that they shall not draw out into the
trough during the time of using the same. On the boss of the wheel
is a feather or key, which fits into a recess or groove in the spindle, or
the feather may be fixed on the spindle, and the recess or groove made
in the boss of the spur wheel to prevent it turning and made an easy fit,
so that the spindle of the mixer can be readily put through or taken
away as occasion requires. Outside the ends of the vessel or trough is
a sliding cap or cover, so that when the mixer is withdrawn the cap or
cover closes up the holes and prevents the loss or waste of the dough,
paste, or other substances. Each of the elbow cranks is of such a size

page_text: & form that in turning round they just clear the simicircular bottom
and the ends of the mixing vessel. The crank arm which'sweeps the
bottom of the mixing vessel is made to come half way, or it may be
more or less than half way along the trough, and are so keyed in the
boss of the spur wheel that when one is at the bottom of the trough
the other is at the top, but it may be set in any other position that may
be desired. On these cranks I fix two or more knives, blades, or stirrers
which may be made either round or flat, or any other suitable section,
and are fixed at a slight angle to the arm. These knives, blades, or
stirrers when fixed upon the elbow crank are
similar in form to the
outline of a swan sitting on the water, the one end representing the
beak and breast as it were and come within a short distance of the simi-
circular bottom of the trough or mixing vessel, and about as high as
the centre of the spindles of the mixer; the other end is less curved, and
forms as it were the body and tail of the swan, and comes nearer the
sides and bottom of the trough or mixing vessel, but either ends of these
stirrers may be made to come nearest to the sides and bottom of the
trough.
In some cases instead of passing the spindle of the mixer or mixers
through the boss of the wheel I employ a shorter spindle with a collar
to work against the inside of the trough. On the end of the spindle
projecting outside the end of the trough is a square pin made to fit into
a socket formed at the end of a separate spindle fitted with a feather in
the boss of the spur wheel; this spindle is made to work backwards and
forwards to connect it with or to release it from the square pin on the
short spindle of the mixer, as the case may be. I also employ for small
machines where only one mixer is used, or it may be used in machines
having two mixers, a round spindle having at one end a head of larger
diameter and a square formed under it to fit into a square eye formed in
the crank arm of the mixer to prevent it turning on the spindle, the
other portion being round, and to pass through the boss of the spur
wheel, and fixed in position by a catch or other suitable fastening, as
before described.
In some cases it may be found more convenient to have a bearing
to revolve in a flange fixed to the centre of the trough, and having two
flanges to keep it in position. In the centre of this bearing is a hole
through which the spindle on the crank arm is made to fit, and is secured
by any suitable means..

page_text: Again, for mixing some substances I employ two mixers somewhat
different in form to those already described, inasmuch that the arm in
one mixer, which sweeps the bottom of the trough, is made to turn up
at the end, at the centre of the trough, and to stand up a little above
the axis of the mixer to form a knife or stirrer which in the other mixer
is made somewhat longer; these are connected in a line with the axis of
the spindles by a rivet or screwed bolt and nut. To hold these mixers
in position, that is to say, one up and one down, a pin or bolt is passed
through a hole at the extreme end of the long knife or stirrer and through
the shorter one; or these knives or stirrers may be so bent or cranked
that they may be set at any angle, so that a part of each mixer may be
in operation upon the dough or other substances at the same time.
Motion is given to these mixers by a spindle passed through the eye of
the cranked arms into the boss of the spur wheels, and secured in any of
the modes before described.
My machines or apparatus are adapted to use one or more mixers,
to be turned with a crank handle, spur wheels and pinions, steam, or any
other motive power, in all cases so arranging them that a fast and slow
motion may be obtained to work the mixer or mixers.
If I arrange my trough or vessel in any other forms than that described
I arrange my mixers accordingly.
When the dough or other material or substance is made and ready to
be removed from the trough or mixing vessel, I remove the mixer or
mixers, and employ a straight, square, or any other suitably shaped bar,
one end being in size and form a counterpart of the spindle on the
mixers, and is fitted and held in position in a similar manner. Upon
this I place a scoop with suitable handles. The front part of the bottom
is flat; the back part, past the centre or bar, is curved upwards or half
circular; the sides are so formed that when the scoop revolves they
just clear the simicircular bottom of the trough. At each side or bottom
of this scoop is an iron strap or bracket, on the bottom or ends of which
are two notches or a long recess made to fit the bar, being similar
in form to an open ended spanner, but so placed and arranged that
when the scoop is turned round it holds on to the bar without falling
off by having a slot or hole in each side of the scoop just above
the inside bottom. On the bar I have two sliding collars or catches
to fit the bar loosely on all sides, to the ends of which is attached
pins or projections to slide into the slots or holes in the sides of

page_text: the scoop, or the pins or projections may be brought out from the
sides of the scoop and fixed into or covered by the sliding collars or
sockets, greatly facilitating the placing of the scoop on the bar, and
when the scoop is turned round backwards by the motion given to the
bar it comes up full of dough or other substance or material, and the
scoop is, without trouble, removed from the bar to discharge the dough
or other material or substance by simply drawing back the sliding
collars or catches, and it is as easily replaced. A recess to fit the bar
may be formed in the bottom of the scoop itself. And also, in some
cases, I use a square bar somewhat shorter than the trough or vessel
and is made to fit between the ends of the separate spindles which pass
through the trough and the boss of the spur wheels and secured in the
manner already described. On the ends of these spindles, projecting
inside the trough, is a collar to work against the trough, and has also a
square pin corresponding with the size of the bar, on which is a loose.
socket passed over the joint to connect them, and also, in other cases I
make this bar either square or round, with an opening in the centre,.
nearly from end to end, & arrange the bottom of the scoop to be attached
or detached in any suitable manner. As with the mixers, if I arrange
my vessel or trough in other forms than that described, I arrange the
bar to adjust at either end or both ends, according to circumstances.
The smaller kinds of vessels or troughs do not require this scoop, as it
is easier and quicker to remove the vessel or trough from the machinery
and turn the contents out of it. The trough or vessel, if large, is in
some cases mounted on wheels so that it can be readily removed, a
wheel being fixed under each corner at the back and one in the middle
of the trough in front, this wheel has a pivot and a handle connected
thereto, by which the trough can be easily guided.
For giving motion to the mixers I employ at each end of the trough
or vessel, but disconnected therewith, a set of spur gearing consisting
of two cóg wheels connected, but of different diameter; to gear into
these are two pinions so arranged in size and position that when the
smaller pinions are put out of gear of the large wheels the larger pinions
come in gear with the small wheels, by which two motions are obtained
for working the mixers. A boss which projects on each side of the
large spur wheel forming journals which are turned and fitted' into
bearings formed on the framing or standards, and the boss is bored out
and prepared for receiving the spindle of the mixer which has been
fully explained in describing the latter. The gearing at each end of

page_text: the machine are set to one hand, and the pinion being keyed fast onto
the ends of the shaft the motion is quickly changed by simply shifting
the shaft endwise in its bearings attached to the framing, so as to clear
the back of the trough, and so hold in position by a pall. In some cases
I prefer having the spur wheel and pinions set right and left handed
and the pinions made to slide in the driving shaft, and simultaneously
changed in gear by cranks and a lever, or other suitable means. The
end frames and standards are secured by bolts and nuts to a base board,
bed plate, or sleepers, or a broad flange may be cast on the inside of
the frames to form a guide and tramway for the wheels, securely fixing
the frames to the floor, and are strengthened and connected at the back
by a frame of wood or other material. The end framing or standards
are placed at such a distance apart as will allow the vessel or trough
between them to be easily removed or put back again, or replaced by
another vessel where more than one are used.
The arrangement of the vessel or trough and the gearing above described
I prefer rather than attaching the framing and gearing to the vessel or
trough itself, but which I do in some cases.
For very large quantities of dough, paste, or any other material or
substance, I make double machines or back to back with frames carrying a
double set of gearing. In large machines I also employ a fly wheel which
is keyed to the pinion or driving shaft.
When it is desirable to promote the fermentation of the dough, paste,
and such like articles by the application of external heat, or in any case
where exterior heat is required in beating or mixing any substance or
material; or if I require to heat or boil water for mixing sponge, dough,
paste, and such like articles, materials, or substances, or any kind of
liquid more quickly than by the ordinary method by a flat bottomed
vessel, I make the bottoms of my kettles, saucepans, boilers, or other
vessels corrugated with corrugations concentric with the centre of the
bottom which increases the heating surface, and by placing these vessels
over a fire or gas stove or apparatus water or any kind of liquids are
more quickly heated or boiled than by a flat bottom vessel; and for
forcing the dough, paste, and such like articles, materials, or substances,
I form my vessels on one side to fit the simicircular sides and bottom
of my troughs, but water heated or boiled in any shaped vessel and
placed under or at the side of the trough will promote forced fermenta-.
tion or add heat to any material or substance. Any of these vessels may

page_text: be made from copper, iron, or tin, and in some cases the bottoms may be
stamped corrugated, and in other cases the vessels themselves cast with
corrugated bottoms.
My small machines are similarly constructed to those above described,
except that the bar and scoop are dispensed with, and underneath the
simicircular bottom of the trough or vessel is a base formed in place of
the wheels, so that the vessel may be secured to the bed plate in an
upright position and yet easily removed by lifting the same with the
contentsaway from the machinery, and as easily replaced in position as
may be desired, using wheels only at one end of the trough or mixing
vessel, and in some cases a single wheel and pinion only, obtaining the
fast motion to the mixer by fixing the boss of the handle to the end of
the mixer itself, and instead of having the shaft to which the pinion is
attached at the top of the trough to arrange it near to the bottom of it.
Having described the constructions and the modes of working my
machines or apparatus for mixing dough, paste, or other materials or
substances, and the method or mode of forming vessels for the more
quickly heating or boiling water or other liquids for mixing and also for
use for the application of exterior heat to the trough when required, I
now proceed to describe the hopper supply or feeding and dusting
apparatus which I employ when desired with the large machines in the
manufacture of dough, paste, and like articles. The hopper has a flat
top from end to end with an opening in the centre which is opened and
closed by a slide working to and fro in grooves or otherwise. At one
end of the hopper is secured a screwed nut through which works a long
screwed bolt worked by a crank handle, the other end of the bolt is
turned to fit a hole in a bracket attached to the slide and held in
position by a washer and pin, and by this means the hole in the top of
the hopper can be opened or closed or partly closed and the slide held
in a fixed position to press or loosen the supply of flour through the
shoot into which the flour is shot from the flour stores above. At each
side of the hopper I have one or two flaps hinged from the top and
made to lift up and fall back, but when down shuts up the hopper.
These flaps at the edges have a slot or slots, and into the edge of the
5 hopper I have a kind of thumb screw or pin with a flat head rivetted
loose, so that when they are edgewise the openings or slots in the flaps
will pass over the thumb screws or flat T heads and by turning them.
round secure the cover or lids tight, or these covers can be kept down

page_text: tight by any suitable means or fastening. The hopper diminishes from
the bottoms of these flaps or covers and the ends are vertical. The
bottom of the hopper terminates with a simicircular bottom running
from end to end made of perforated zinc, tin, or wire gauze or other
material, and having one or more slides, and made of the same material or
materials, and forming a portion of the bottom, and are made to work
backwards and forwards to regulate the openings formed in the simi-
circular bottom of the hopper for the purpose of giving a large or
small supply of flour to the vessel beneath, and when dusting only is
required the openings are entirely closed by these slides and an even
and regular supply of dusting flour is obtained from end to end of the
trough or vessel and becomes incorporated with the paste or dough
therein by the rotary motion given to a spindle or axle turning in
bearings in the ends of the bottom of the radial axis of the simicircular
bottom of the hopper. Holes are formed in the axle or spindle through
which are passed pieces of stout wire or rod iron forming blades or
stirrers, the ends being curved in opposite directions similar to a
twisted pothook, so that when they rotate they nearly touch the simi-
circular bottom of the hopper, and the flour is thus forced through the
perforations in the bottom of the hopper.
I also employ another form of stirrer which is similar to an ordinary
wire bell spring when it is pulled out at either end or extremity
and made to open wide, forming in action an open screw supporting and
working the same by supports and a centre spindle. Motion is given to
these spindles or axles by a cog wheel fitted on to the end with a key or
feather and made to slide thereon, whereby it is easily shifted in and
out of gear with the large cog wheel or other wheel which works the
mixers in the machine.
The arrangements and contrivances in one and all of the parts of the
machine and apparatus herein described are great improvements upon the
former Patents which were granted to me for making dough, paste, and
like articles described in the Specifications thereof, dated 15th January
1861, No. 121, and 24th December 1862, No. 3343.
I do not always confine myself to the precise details herein described
so long as the nature, character, principle, and combinations are a
employed, and substantially adhered to by which the improvements and
combinations herein described are effected.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Ebenezer Stevens in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 11th October 1870.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, EBENEZER
STEVENS, of No. 103, Barnsbury Road, Islington, in the County of
Middlesex, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Second day of July, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy, in the thirty-
fourth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give
and grant unto me, the said Ebenezer Stevens, Her special licence that I,
the said Ebenezer Stevens, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or
such others as I, the said Ebenezer Stevens, my executors, administrators,
and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time
to time and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make, usc, exercise, and vend, within the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and
Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS
AND VESSELS FOR FEEDING, DUSTING, STIRRING, MIXING, OR KNEADING FLOUR,
AND HEATING OR BOILING WATER OR OTHER LIQUIDS, FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF
BREAD, BISCUITS, CAKES, PUDDINGS, PASTE, BUNS, MUFFINS, CRUMPITS, AND OTHER
ARTICLES OF FOOD, WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE ALSO APPLICABLE FOR BEATING AND
MIXING, HEATING AND BOILING VARIOUS INGREDIENTS OR PLASTIC SUBSTANCES,
CHURNING, OR OTHER PURPOSES," upon the condition (amongst others) that
I, the said Ebenezer Stevens, my executors or administrators, by an
instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and
seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said
Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and
cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Ebenezer Stevens, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by.
the following statement (that is to say) :-
This Invention has for its object "Improvements in Machinery or
Apparatus. and Vessels for Feeding, Dusting, Stirring, Mixing, or

page_text: Kneading Flour, and Heating, or Boiling Water or other Liquids for
the Manufacture of Bread, Biscuits, Cakes, Puddings, Paste, Buns,
Muffins, Crumpits, and other Articles of Food, which Improvements
are also applicable for Beating and Mixing, Heating and Boiling various
Ingredients or Plastic Substances, Churning, or other Purposes.
For these purposes I employ a mixing vessel or trough made of wood or
iron or any other suitable material or materials. This vessel or trough I
prefer being rectangular and the bottom made of a simicircular form
but a square, or circular, or other suitable form of vessel may be used.
;
To mix the flour for making into dough or paste, or mixing other
materials or substances, when the materials have been put into the
mixing vessel or trough, I employ two elbow cranks, which are made
to revolve in the vessel or trough. On each of these elbow cranks is a
round spindle fixed at right angles to the arm of the crank, and is made
to pass through a hole in the ends of the mixing vessel at the radial
axis of the simicircular bottom and also through the centre of the boss
of the spur wheels, and is held in position by a pall working on a pin
attached to the outside standard which supports the spur wheels and
made to drop into a groove or sinking formed in the end of the spindle
of the mixer which projects beyond the boss of the spur wheel; or a
pin or catch may be used, so that they shall not draw out into the
trough during the time of using the same. On the boss of the wheel
is a feather or key which fits into a recess or groove in the spindle;
or the feather may be fixed on the spindle, and the recess or groove
made in the boss of the spur wheel to prevent it turning, and made
an easy fit, so that the spindle of the mixer can be readily put.
through or taken away as occasion requires. Outside the ends
of the vessel or trough is a sliding cap or cover, so that when
the mixer is withdrawn the cap or cover closes up the holes, and
prevents the loss or waste of the dough, paste, or other substances.
Each of the elbow cranks is of such a size and form that in turning
round they just clear the simicircular bottom and the ends of the mixing
vessel. The crank arm, which sweeps the bottom of the mixing vessel,
is made to come half-way, or it may be more or less than half-way,
along the trough, and are so keyed in the boss of the spur wheel that
when one is at the bottom of the trough the other is at the top; but
it may be set in any other position that may be desired. On these
cranks I fix two or more knives, blades, or stirrers, which may be made

page_text: either round or flat, or any other suitable section, and are fixed at a
slight angle to the arm. These knives, blades, or stirrers, when fixed
upon the elbow crank, are similar in form to the outline of a swan
sitting on the water, the one end representing the beak and breast as it
were, and comes within a short distance of the simicircular bottom of the
trough or mixing vessel, and about as high as the centre of the spindles
of the mixer; the other end is less curved, and forms, as it were, the
body and tail of the swan, and comes nearer the sides and bottom of
the trough or mixing vessel; but either ends of these stirrers may be
made to come nearest to the sides and bottom of the trough.
In some cases, instead of passing the spindle of the mixer or mixers
through the boss of the wheel I employ a shorter spindle with a collar
to work against the inside of the trough. On the end of the spindle,
projecting outside the end of the trough, is a square pin made to fit
into a socket formed at the end of a separate spindle, fitted with a
feather in the boss of the spur wheel; this spindle is made to work
backwards and forwards to connect it with or to release it from the
square pin on the short spindle of the mixer, as the case may be. I
also employ for small machines, where only one mixer is used, or it
may be used in machines having two mixers, a round spindle having at
one end a head of larger diameter, and a square formed under it to fit
into a square eye formed in the crank arm of the mixer to prevent it,
turning on the spindle, the other portion being round, and to pass
through the boss of the spur wheel, and fixed in position by a catch or
other suitable fastening, as before described.
In some cases it may be found more convenient to have a bearing to
revolve in a flange fixed to the centre of the trough, and having two,
flanges to keep it in position. In the centre of this bearing is a hole
through which the spindle on the crank arm is made to fit, and is secured
by any suitable means.
Again, for mixing some substances I employ two mixers somewhat
different in form to those already described, inasmuch that the arm in
one mixer which sweeps the bottom of the trough is made to turn up at
the end at the centre of the trough, and to stand up a little above the
axis of the mixer to form a knife or stirrer, which in the other mixer is.
made somewhat longer; these are connected in a line with the axis of
the spindles by a rivet or screwed bolt and nut. To hold these mixers
in position, that is to say, one up and one down, a pin or bolt is passed.

page_text: through a hole at the extreme end of the long knife or stirrer and
through the shorter one, or these knives or stirrers may be so bent or
cranked that they may be set at any angle so that a part of each mixer
may be in operation upon the dough or other substances at the same
time. Motion is given to these mixers by a spindle passed through the
cyc of the cranked arms into the boss of the spur wheels, and secured
in any of the modes before described.
My machines or apparatus are adapted to use one or more mixers to
be turned with a crank handle, spur wheels, and pinions, steam, or any
other motive power; in all cases so arranging them that a fast and slow
motion may be obtained to work the mixer or mixers.
If I arrange my trough or vessel in any other forms than that described
I arrange my mixers accordingly.
When the dough or other material or substance is made and ready
to be removed from the trough or mixing vessel I remove the mixer, or
mixers, and employ a straight, square, or any other suitably shaped bar,
one end being in size and form a counterpart of the spindle on the mixers,
and is fitted and held in position in a similar manner. Upon this I
place a scoop with suitable handles, the front part of the bottom is
flat, the back part, past the centre or bar is curved upwards or half
circular; the sides are so formed that when the scoop revolves they
just clear the simicircular bottom of the trough. At each side or bottom
of this scoop is an iron strap or bracket, on the bottom or ends of
which are two notches, or a long recess made to fit the bar, being similar
in form to an open ended spanner, but so placed and arranged that
when the scoop is turned round it holds on to the bar without falling
off, by having a slot or hole in each side of the scoop just above the
inside bottom. On the bar I have two sliding collars or catches to fit
the bar loosely on all sides, to the ends of which is attached pins or
projections to slide into the slots or holes in the sides of the scoop;
or the pins or projections may be brought out from the sides of the
scoop, and fixed into or covered by the sliding collars or sockets, greatly
facilitating the placing of the scoop on the bar, and when the scoop is
turned round backwards by the motion given to the bar it comes up full
of dough or other substance or material, and the scoop is without
trouble removed from the bar to discharge the dough or other material
or substance by simply drawing back the sliding collars or catches
and it is as easily replaced. A recess to fit the bar may be formed

page_text: in the bottom of the scoop itself; and also in some cases I use a
square bar, somewhat shorter than the trough or vessel, and is made
to fit between the ends of the separate spindles which pass through the
trough and the boss of the spur wheels, and secured in the manner
already described. On the end of these spindles projecting inside the
trough is a collar to work against the trough, and has also a square
pin corresponding with the size of the bar, on which is a loose socket
passed over the joint to connect them. And also in other cases I make
this bar either square or round, with an opening in the centre nearly
from end to end, and arrange the bottom of the scoop to be attached or
detached in any suitable manner. As with the mixers, if I arrange my
vessel or trough in other forms than that described, I arrange the bar
to adjust at either end or both ends according to circumstances. The
smaller kinds of vessels or troughs do not require this scoop, as it is
easier and quicker to remove the vessel or trough from the machinery
and turn the contents out of it. The trough or vessel if large is in some
cases mounted on wheels, so that it can be readily removed, a wheel
being fixed under each corner at the back and one in the middle of the
trough in front; this wheel has a pivot and a handle connected thereto
by which the trough can be easily guided.
For giving motion to the mixers I employ at each end of the trough or
vessel, but disconnected therewith, a set of spur gearing consisting of two
cog wheels connected but of different diameter. To gear into these are
two pinions, so arranged in size and position that when the small pinions
are put out of gear of the large wheels, the larger pinions come in gear
with the small wheels, by which two motions are obtained for working
the mixers. A boss which projects on each side of the large spur wheels
forming journals, which are turned and fitted into bearings formed on
the framing or standards, and the boss is bored out and prepared for
receiving the spindle of the mixer, which has been fully explained in
describing the latter. The gearing at each end of the machine are set
to one hand, and the pinion being keyed fast on to the ends of the shaft
the motion is quickly changed by simply shifting the shaft endwise in
its bearings attached to the framing, so as to clear the back of the
trough and so held in position by a pall. In some cases I prefer having
the spur wheels and pinions set right and left-handed, and the pinions
made to slide in the driving shaft and similarly changed in gear by

page_text: cranks and a lever or other suitable means. The end frames and
standards are secured by bolts and nuts to a base board, bed plate, or
sleepers, or a broad flange may be cast on the inside of the frames to form
a guide and tramway for the wheels, securely fixing the frames to the
floor, and are strengthened and connected at the back by a frame of
wood or other material. The end framing or standards are placed at such
allow the vessel or trough between them to be
back again, or replaced by another vessel where
a distance apart as will
easily removed or put
more than one are used.
The arrangement of the vessel or trough and the gearing above
described I prefer, rather than attaching the framing and gearing to
'the vessel or trough itself, but which I do in some cases.
For very large quantities of dough, paste, or any other material or
substance I make double machines, or back to back with frames carrying
a double set of gearing. In large machines I also employ a fly wheel
which is keyed to the pinion or driving shaft.
When it is desirable to promote the fermentation of the dough, paste,
and such like articles by the application of external heat, or in any case
where exterior heat is required in beating or mixing any substance or
material, or if I require to heat or boil water for mixing sponge, dough,
paste, and such like articles, materials, or substances, or any kind of
liquid more quickly than by the ordinary method by a flat-bottomed
vessel, I make the bottoms of my kettles, saucepans, boilers, or other
vessels corrugated with corrugations concentric with the centre of the
bottom, which increases the heating surface, and by placing these vessels
over a fire or gas stove or apparatus, water or any kind of liquids are
more quickly heated or boiled than by a flat-bottomed vessel; and for
forcing the dough, paste, and such like articles, materials, or substances
I form my vessels on one side to fit the simicircular_sides and bottom of
my troughs, but water heated or boiled in any shaped vessel and placed
under or at the side of the trough will promote forced fermentation, or
add heat to any material or substance. Any of these vessels may be
made from copper, iron, or tin, and in some cases the bottom may be
stamped corrugated and in other cases the vessels themselves cast
with corrugated bottoms.
My small machines are similarly constructed to those above described,

page_text: simicircular bottom of the trough or vessel is a base formed in place of
the wheels, so that the vessel may be secured to the bed plate in an
upright position, yet easily removed by lifting the same with the contents
away from the machinery, and as easily replaced in position as may be
desired, using wheels only at one end of the trough or mixing vessel,
and in some cases a single wheel and pinion only, obtaining the fast.
motion to the mixer by fixing the boss of the handle to the end of the
mixer itself, and instead of having the shaft to which the pinion
is attached at the top of the trough to arrange it near to the bottom
of it.
Having described the constructions and modes of working my
machines or apparatus for mixing dough, paste, or other materials or
substances, and the method or mode of forming vessels for the more
quickly heating or boiling water or other liquids for mixing and also for
use for the application of exterior heat to the trough when required, I
now proceed to describe the hopper supply or feeding and dusting appa-
ratus which I employ when desired with the large machines in the
manufacture of dough, paste, and like articles.
The hopper has a flat top from end to end, with an opening in the
centre, which is opened and closed by a slide working to and fro in
grooves or otherwise. At one end of the hopper is secured a screwed nut
through which works a long screwed bolt worked by a cranked handle,
the other end of the bolt is turned to fit a hole in a bracket attached to
the slide and held in position by a washer and pin, and by this means
the hole in the top of the hopper can be opened or closed or partly closed
and the slide held in a fixed position to press or loosen the supply of
flour through the shoot into which the flour is shot from the flour stores
above. At each side of the hopper I have one or two flaps hinged from
the top and made to lift up and fall back, but when down shuts up the
hopper. These flaps at the edges have a slot or slots, and into the edge
of the hopper I have a kind of thumb screw or pin with a flat head
rivetted loose, so that when they are edgewise the openings or slots in
the flaps will pass over the thumb screws or flat T heads, and by turning
them round secure the cover or lids tight, or these covers can be kept
down tight by any suitable means or fastening. The hopper dimishes
from the bottoms of these flaps or covers, and the ends are vertical.
The bottom of the hopper terminates with a simicircular bottom running
from end to end, made of perforated zinc, tin, or wire gauze or other

page_text: material, and having one or more slides, and made of the same material
or materials, and forming a portion of the bottom, and are made to work
backwards and forwards, to regulate the openings formed in the simi-
circular bottom of the hopper, for the purpose of giving a large or small
supply of flour to the vessel beneath, and when dusting only is required
the openings are entirely closed by these slides and an even and regular
supply of dusting flour is obtained from end to end of the trough or
vessel, and becomes incorporated with the paste or dough therein by the
rotary motion given to a spindle or axle turning in bearings in the ends
of the bottom of the radial axis of the simicircular bottom of the hopper.
Holes are formed in the axle or spindle, through which are passed
pieces of stout wire or rod iron forming blades or stirrers, the ends being
curved in opposite directions similar to a twisted 2 pothook, so that
when they rotate they nearly touch the simicircular bottom of the
hopper, and the flour is thus forced through the perforations in the bottom
of the hopper.
I also employ another form of stirrer which is similar to an ordinary
wire bell spring when it is pulled out at either end or extremity, and
made to open wide, forming in action an open screw, supporting and
working the same by supports and a centre spindle. Motion is given to
these spindles or axles by a cog wheel fitted on to the end with a key
or feather and made to slide thereon, whereby it is easily shifted in and
out of gear with the large cog wheel or other wheel which works the
mixers in the machine.
The arrangements and contrivances in one and all of the parts of the
machine and apparatus herein described are great improvements upon
the former Patents which were granted to me for making dough, paste,
and like articles described in the Specifications thereof, dated Fifteenth
January One thousand eight hundred and sixty-one, No. 121, and
Twenty-fourth December One thousand eight hundred and sixty-two,
No. 3343.
I do not always confine myself to the precise details herein described,
so long as the nature, character, principle, and combinations are employed
and substantially adhered to by which the improvements and combinations
herein described are effected.
And in order that my said Invention may be more fully understood
and readily carried into effect, I will proceed to describe the Drawings
harounto annexed

page_text: DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS.
Fig. 1 represents the kneading trough detached from the machinery.
Fig. 2 represents the mixers as in work one up and one down.
Fig. 3 represents the bar and scoop to empty the dough or other
material from the machine.
Fig. 4 represents the machinery, feeder, and duster without the knead--
ing trough.
Fig. 5 represents the machine complete (excepting the front flap and
cover which is omitted for the purpose of shewing the position of the
mixers of the machine while in work), as also the standard and pullies
which can be applied to the same when required to be worked by steam
or other power.
Fig. 6 represents a smaller description of bread making machine.
without the feeder and duster; the trough is removeable from the
machinery..
Fig. 7 represents the corrugated bottoms of heating or boiling vessels.
Fig. 8 represents the vessels for containing boiling water which can
be used if required to force the fermentation of the dough or other
substances.
Fig. 9 represents a family bread making machine, and machine for
mixing puddings, buns, cakes, pastry, muffins, crumpits, &c. The
trough of this machine is also removeable from the base board and
machinery.
Fig. 10 represents the spindle and stirrers of the flour feeder and
duster..
Fig. 11 represents. another form of stirrer of the flour feeder and
duster.
Figs. 12 represents another form of mixer for the machine according
to the size and requirements of the same.
Fig. 13 represents another form of mixer for the machine according.
to the size and requirements of the same; the boss, end, or ends in
this or other forms of mixers can be open in part similar to a
spanner.

page_text: Fig. 14 represents another form of mixer for the machine according
to the size and requirements of the same.
Fig. 15 represents another form of mixer.
In witness whereof, I, the said Ebenezer Stevens, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Tenth day of October, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy.