IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF NUTS AND BOLTS
Year: 1867

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Edward Hammond Bentall, of Heybridge, near
Maldon, in the County of Essex, Agricultural Implement Manufacturer,
for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF NUTS AND
BOLTS."
Sealed the 17th March 1868, and dated the 28th November 1867.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Edward Hammond Bentall
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
28th November 1867.
I, EDWARD HAMMOND BENTALL, of Heybridge, near Maldon, in the County
of Essex, Agricultural Implement Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature
of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF NUTS AND
BOLTS, "to be as follows:-
The object of this Invention is to effect an economy in the manufacture of
nuts and bolts.
The Invention embraces the manufacture of bolts with flat and with round
heads. As an improvement in forming bolts with square or hexagonal heads
I propose in place of forging the bolt into shape as usual to thread the
bolt at its opposite ends and to fit one end tightly into a tapped nut which will
form the bolt head. To prevent the removal of the head the contact surfaces
may be corroded and the end of the bolt knocked up to form a rivet fastening.
In the manufacture of the nut blanks, instead of rolling bars to a section
corresponding in form to the face of the nut and then cutting up the
bars to lengths corresponding to the thickness of nut required, as described in
the Specification of my Patent dated Nov. 6th, 1866, No. 2876, I now

page_text: propose to submit square or flat bars heated to redness to a pair of rolls
suitably shaped to indent the bar or divide up the iron into forms suitable for
nut blanks.
The rolls used in this operation are made with wedge-shaped
teeth which when brought into contact with opposite sides of the heated iron
will indent or sever it, and at the same time mould it to the form required.
The rolls are provided each with a shoulder for confining the hot metal
laterally and keeping it well under the action of the rolling surfaces. The
rolls are mounted on the ends of a pair of shafts which lie parallel to each
other but in opposite directions. To the outer end of the lower roll shaft (which
is mounted in a strong cast-iron bearing made fast to the bed plate) is keyed
a spur wheel which gears into a pinion on a horizontal driving shaft running
longitudinally of the machine. A second pinion on this longitudinal shaft
gears into an intermediate pinion and drives a spur wheel which is mounted
loosely on the shaft of the upper roll. The bearing for this shaft is made
capable of vertical adjustment to facilitate the adjustment of the top roll in
that direction, and thus increase or diminish the severity of the bite of the
rolls as required. Keyed to the upper roll shaft is a disc formed with slots
to receive screw bolts by means of which the spur wheel on the same shaft is
made fast to the disc. This arrangement is to allow of the axial adjustment
of the upper roll relatively to the lower roll. For adjusting the rolls
laterally the outer ends of the shafts enter sockets made in cross bars which
are drawn up tight against their shafts by means of nuts or bolts made fast
to the castings of the shaft bearings. The red-hot bar is fed to the rolls by a
guide, and when passed between toothed rolls it is prevented from adhering
thereto by meeting fixed knife-edged scrapers which bear against the face of
the shoulders on the rolls.
Another part of the Invention having reference to nuts relates to the
drilling and tapping machine. In my above-mentioned Patent I have
described an arrangement of machine for drilling and tapping in which the
drill spindles are set around a central shaft and the nuts are fed up to the
drills by means of a ring cam which, whether by its own rotation or that of
the spindle frame around the central shaft, acts upon pendent bowls in
connection with the tables that carry the nuts and thereby raises them up to
the drills. I now propose to modify this arrangement in the following
mauner: The drill spindles 1 arrange in a line, and the tables which feed
up the nuts to the drills or taps I fit with slides as heretofore, and I severally
connect these slides by means of springs to a fixed point so that they shal
have a tendency when advanced to fly back from under the spindles and thu
jerk the tapped nut and the cuttings out of the machine. The tables are

page_text: severally provided with pendent stems which are free to work in vertical
guides formed for them in the framing of the machine. Below the line of
tables is a longitudinal shaft which is fitted with a series of cams (one for
every table) arranged immediately below the stems of the tables and intended
by their rotation to act on the stems and raise the tables as the nuts are fed
thereto up to the drills or taps. A lead is given to the cams so that they
may in regular succession lift their respective tables to the highest position,
and thus give time to the attendant to feed in the nuts in succession and keep
the drills in continuous action. The slides which carry in the nuts and place
them directly under the spindles are severally advanced by means of a treadle
which operates a crank lever connected to the slide. A shoulder formed on
the inner end of the slide as the slide is moved inwards by the treadle passes
over a spring stop pivotted to the vertical sliding table, and after passing the
spring stop rises and bearing against the shoulder retains the slide with its
nut in position. When the drill has passed through the nut the lifting cam
will have raised the table to its highest elevation, but so soon as the largest
radius of the cam has passed the pendent stem of the table the table will fall
to its lowest position. In falling the table will cause the tail of the spring
stop to strike upon a projection on the fixed framing, and the stop being
thereby tripped the slide carrying the nut will be left free; its tension spring
will therefore return it with a jerk to its outward position, and the drilled nut
and the cuttings will be thrown off the slide into a trough provided to receive
them. In this trough a railway is fixed for carrying a box containing the
nut blanks; the attendant therefore as he moves up and down the line of
spindles moves the box to and fro and takes the blanks therefrom as they
are required. To allow for a little lateral play in the drills they are severally
keyed to a head which is connected to a collar on the spindle through a disc
furnished with ribs on its opposite sides arranged at right angles to each
other and fitting loosely into corresponding slots formed in the head and collar
to be coupled.
A further improvement relating to nuts consists of a novel construction of
facing machine. The traversing tool or cutter used for facing the nut is
carried by a cross slide which is mounted on a saddle that is moved to and
from the work by means of a hand lever. The nut to be faced is run on a
screw formed on the end of a horizontal spindle lying parallel with the
saddle guides. This spindle works through the hollow spindle of a spanner
which is intended to embrace the nut when faced and run it off the screw
which holds it. To effect this, instead of reversing the direction of rotation
of the screw spindle the spanner is made to overrun it. Below the screw

page_text: spindle and parallel thereto is a driving spindle carrying a pair of spur pinions
which gear into a pair of pinions above, one being keyed to the screw spindle
and the other to the hollow spindle of the spanner. The pinion or the spanner
has the smaller diameter, and the pinion which drives it is made broad to
allow of the endway traverse of the spanner spindle. Both screw spindle and
spanner run together, but the latter does not come into action until the nut is
faced, it is then advanced and caused to embrace the nut. So soon as the
tool is clear of the nut the slide strikes a spring stop carried by a horizontal
lever which is hinged to a rock lever having its fulcrum on the side framing
of the machine. The hinged lever is thus caused to move outwards and draw
back a catch used to retain in a fixed position the rocking hand lever by
which the saddle carrying the cross slide and its facing tool was moved
forward. Jointed to the upper end of this hand lever is a sliding bar which
carries an incline; this incline is intended to act upon a spring bolt carried
by a transverse rock lever, a pin from which enters a ring groove turned in
the boss of the spanner; this spring bolt locks the spanner in its backward
position, and when raised leaves it free to move forward. When the hand
lever is released from its catch it is thrown back by a weight or spring, and in
its back motion it will lift the spring bolt. The spanner being now free to
advance a tension spring connected to the transverse rock lever will come into
action, and by means of the pin in the ring groove draw the spanner into the
advanced position in order that it may act upon the nut and release it from
its holding screw.
I will now describe my improvement relating to the manufacture of bolts.
When making bolts with solid round heads a drop hammer or stamper is
commonly used. In order to expedite the operation I use the following
arrangement of stamper for forging the bolt heads :-The stamper is fitted
with a drop hammer which carries on its under face a die for forming the bolt
head. The hammer is pendent from a flat bar which is gripped by a pair of
friction pullies mounted in a rocking frame carried by standards that serve
also as guides for the drop hammer. The rocking frame is fitted with stud
axles which have their bearings in the standards. Upon one of the stud
axles is mounted loosely a driving pulley and pinion. This pinion gears with a
spur wheel on the axle of one of the friction pulleys, and the axle
of the other pulley being provided with a corresponding spur wheel the
two gear together, and thus the driving of the friction pulleys in opposite
directions is ensured. The axle of one of these friction palleys carries at
its opposite end a second spur wheel which gears into a pinion mounted
loosely on the other stud axle of the rocking frame, and fitted to the

page_text: pinion is a driving pulley which carries a band leading down to a driving
pulley situate at the base of the machine. When the rocking frame is in a
horizontal position the rotating friction pulleys will not grip the bar, but when
rocked by means of a hand lever (provided for the purpose) the pulleys will
grip the bar and lift the drop hammer and carry it past a hinged spring catch
provided to retain it in an elevated position until required to act. The hammer
in rising to its highest position strikes an arm or lever (carried by the
standards) and pendent from the free end of which is au adjustable rod. This
pendent rod carries at its lower end an incline for thrusting aside a hinged
spring stop and freeing a double crank lever which was supported by the stop.
One end of this crank lever is jointed to a rod pendent from the rocking frame,
and fitted to this rod is an adjustable stop whose duty is to tip the spring catch
which serves to support the hammer when elevated and not in action. The
hand lever before mentioned which serves both to release the drop hammer
and to set the lifting pulleys in action to raise it works on a fixed fulcrum
near the base of the machine and is jointed to the double crank lever. When
pulled forward it rocks the lever, and through its rod the adjustable stop
which that rod carries is made to trip the catch that bolds up the hammer and
the hammer th en falls by its own weight. In order to raise the hammer the
hand lever is pulled still further over or until by the tipping of the rocking
frame the pulleys are enabled to grip the hammer bar, the ascent of the
hammer is then quickly repeated. The hammer block is fitted with a die to
receive the bolts to be headed, and when headed the bolt is thrown up out of
the die. This is also effected by the action of the hand lever which has a
curved continuation below its fulcrum for setting in action a plunger by which
the bolt is forced up out of the die. Below the hammer block is a horizontal
shaft which runs across the bed of the machine and carries near the middle a
cam for working the plunger for raising the bolt. This shaft is driven inter-
mittently, and to prevent its making more than one complete rotation at each
motion it has fitted to one end a disc in the periphery of which a hole is
made to receive a bolt which is carried by a horizontal rock lever and is forced
in by means of a spring each time the hole is presented and thus caused tc
lock the shaft. In order to withdraw the bolt and allow of the rotation of the
shaft and the consequent action of the cam on the plunger after each blow of
the hammer the tail of the hand lever strikes the rock lever carrying the boit
and thereby withdraws the bolt. The tail of the hand lever next strikes an
elastic stop carried by a clutch lever. The clutch which this lever operates
upon slides with its driving pulley (worked by the band pendent from the
pulley at the top of the standard) on a feather on a short horizontal sleeveshaft

page_text: keyed to which is a friction cone and spur pinion gearing with a wheel on the
cam shaft. When therefore the clutch is put in gear the cam shaft is rotated
and the headed bolt is discharged from the die.
My last improvement relates to a machine for screwing bolts. This machine
carries on the end of a hollow or solid horizontal spindle a hollow head in
which the dies for cutting the thread are arranged radially and held firmly
therein. By preference I use six dies, but more or less may be employed
The spindle is kept in rotation while the bolt to be screwed is fed to the dies
by means of a hand lever. When cutting screws on bolts with a square head
the holder for advancing the work to the dies is provided with a square socket
to receive the bolt head and hold the bolt up to the dies, but when screwing
rods a hollow holder with a clamping screw is used to admit the rod at the
rear end. The spindle to which the die head or holder is fitted carries a pair
of spur wheels. Below this spindle is a driving shaft which also carries a
pair of pinions. One of these is in gear with a spur wheel of the die spindle
and the other with an idle wheel in gear with the other spur wheel of the die
spindle. A double clutch on this driving shaft sets either pinion in motion,
and thus at pleasure the direction of rotation of the die spindle is reversed.
The clutch is operated by a lever acted on by a horizontal rod which is jointed
to a vertical rock lever. This lever at its upper end carries a spring catch
which engages with a fixed catch on the framing, and thus the clutch is held
in position for driving. When the cutting of the screw is completed the bolt
holder will have been drawn to its furthest advanced position,and being fitted
with an adjustable incline to suit different lengths of bolts the incline will
come under the spring stop of the lever and release it from the catch. The
clutch will then by the weight of the vertical rock lever be thrown over and
the direction of rotation of the die spindle will be reversed. The screwed bolt
will thus be automatically discharged from the dies.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Edward Hammond Bentall in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 28th May 1868.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, EDWARD
HAMMOND BENTALL, of Heybridge, near Maldon, in the County of Essex,
Agricultural Implement Manufacturer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-eighth day of November, in the year of our

page_text: Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven, in the thirty-first yearof Her
reign, did for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said Edward Hammond Bentall, Her special licence that I, the said Edward
Hammond Bentall, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others
as I, the said Edward Hammond Bentall, my executors, administrators, and
assigns,should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and
at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully
might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF NUTS AND BOLTS," upon the con-
dition (amongst others) that I, the said Edward Hammond Bentall, my
executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their,
or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be
performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said
Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Edward Hammond Bentall, do hereby
declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is
to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement, reference being had to the Drawings hereunto annexed,
and to the letters and figures marked thereon (that is to say) :-
The object of this Invention is to effect an economy in the manufacture of
nuts and bolts.
The Iuvention embraces the manufacture of bolts with flat and with round
heads. As an improvement in forming bolts with square or hexagonal heads
I propose in place of forging the bolt into shape as usual to thread the bolt,
at its opposite ends and to fit one end tightly into a tapped nut which will
form the bolt head.
This construction of bolt is illustrated at Fig. 1 in Sheet I. of the accom-
panying Drawings, where a is a threaded bolt, and ba tapped nut. or head
screwed tightly into its place. To prevent the removal of the head the
screwed contact surfaces may be corroded, or the end of the bolt may be
knocked up to form a rivet fastening.
In the manufacture of the nut blanks, whether for use as bolt heads as
described or as loose nuts, instead of rolling bars to a section corresponding
in form to the face of the nut and then cutting up the bars to lengths cor-
responding to the thickness of nut required, as described in the Specification
of my Patent dated November Sixth, One thousand eight hundred and sixty-

page_text: six, No. 2876, I now propose to submit square or flat bars heated to reduess
to a pair of rolls suitably shaped to indent the bar or divide up the iron into
forms suitable for nut blanks. The rolls used in this operation are made with
wedge-shaped teeth, which when brought into contact with opposite sides of
the heated iron will indent or sever it, and at the same time mould it to the
form required.
In Sheet I.the machine for rolling the nut blanksis shewn in several views.
Fig. 2 is a front elevation of the machine; Fig. 3 is a plan view of the same;
Fig. 4 is an elevation of the right-hand end of the machine; Fig. 5 is a
transverse section taken in the line 1, 2, of Fig. 2; and Fig. 6 is a longi-
tudinal section taken in the line 3, 4, of Fig. 3.
A, A, is the bed of the machine to which is made fast by screwed vertical
rods and nuts the fixed bearing B for carrying the roll C, and the adjustable
bearing B for carrying the roll C*. The manner of forming these rolls C, C*,
is clearly shewn in Figures 5 and 6. A strong shaft or axle somewhat
reduced in diameter at its inner end is provided, and upon this is keyed a
disc c, which forms a shoulder for the roll. In front of this and concentric
therewith is fitted a steel ring c³, its thickness corresponding with the thick-
ness of the nut blank required to be made, and carrying on its periphery
wedge-shaped teeth. This ring is held fast on the shaft by means of a
clamping plate c³, which is secured by a central screw c³ which enters a tapped
hole in the end of the axle. These rolls C, C*, lie parallel to each other and
in the same vertical plane, but their outer ends point in opposite directions.
To the outer end of the lower roll (which turns in the elongated bearing B
made fast to the bed plate) is keyed a spur wheel D which gears into a
pinion E on a horizontal driving shaft F. This shaft runs longitudinally of
the machine, and carries at one end a fast-and-loose belt pulley and at its
other a fly wheel for steadying the motions of the machine. A second
pinion E on this longitudinal shaft gears into an intermediate pinion E¹ and
drives a spur wheel D* which is mounted loosely on the outer end or shaft of
the upper roll. Keyed to the upper roll shaft is a disc D' formed with a
lug which passes through a slot formed in the spir wheel D. This wheel
is also provided with tapped lugs to receive screw bolts & which bear against
opposite sides of the lug d on the disc D¹. By means of these screws d' the
roll carrying the spur wheel D* may be adjusted axially with great precision,
and when adjusted the disc and wheel are to be firmly held together by
clamping nuts and bolts d². This arrangement provides for the necessary
axial adjustment of the upper roll relatively to the lower roll. The bearing
for the top roll shaft is made capable of vertical adjustment to increase or

page_text: diminish the severity of the bite of the rolls as required. This adjustment is
effected by supporting the block which forms the bearing B upon nuts fitted
to the four screwed rods which carry it and by bringing to bear upon the
upper face of the blocks binding nuts fitted to the upper ends of the screwed
rods. To enable these binding nuts to be turned simultaneously they are
furnished with spur teeth, and a pinion M (fitted with a head to receive a
spanner) is brought into gear therewith; by turning therefore this pinion all
the nuts will be simultaneously acted upon. For adjusting the rolls laterally
the outer ends of their shafts enter sockets carried by the cross bars G, which
bars are drawn up tight against their shafts by means of screwed rods H
made fast by nuts to the castings of the shaft or roller bearings. The red-
hot bar is fed to the rolls by hand, and when passed between the toothed
rolls it is prevented from adhering thereto by meeting fixed knife-edged
scrapers K, K, (see Figures 2 and 5,) which bear against the face of the
shoulders of the rolls. The upper scraper K* is carried by a plate L, shewn
detached and in plan view at Fig. 7, which plate is supported by prolonga-
tions of two of the screwed rods of each of the bearings B & B*. While
therefore it carries the scraper it serves as a tie to prevent the rolls from
yielding to lateral pressure. The lower scraper is bolted to a bracket, as
shewn best at Figures 5 and 6.
Another part of the Invention having reference to nuts relates to the
drilling and tapping machine. In the Specification of my above-mentioned
Patent I described an arrangement of machine for drilling and tapping in
which the drill spindles are set around a central shaft and the nuts are fed
up to the drills by means of a ring cam which, whether by its own rotation
or that of the spindle frame around the central shaft, acts upon pendant bowls
in connection with the tables that carry the nuts and thereby raises them up
to the drills. I now propose to modify this arrangement in the manner which
I will proceed to explain, reference being had to Sheet II. of the Drawings,
where Fig. 1 shews the drilling machine in front elevation, a portion being
broken away to exhibit the parts in the rear more clearly, and Fig. 2 is an
end elevation of the same.
Instead of setting the drill spindles around a central shaft I arrange them
in lines, as shewn in Fig. 1,and drive them by means of bevil gearing a, a, a,
from a longitudinal driving shaft Amounted in bearings carried bystandards A'
made fast to the bed A2 of the machine. Under each drill spindle I arrange
a table B which serves to feed up the nuts to the drill, and these tables I fit
with a slide B' as heretofore. The slides B' I severally connect to their
tables by means of coiled springs B³,hooks being provided for receiving the

page_text: ends of the springs. The slides will thus have a tendency when advanced to
fly back from under the spindles, and thereby jerk the tapped nut and the
cuttings out of the machine. The tables are severally provided with a pendent
stem B³, which stems are free to work in vertical guides formed for them in
the framing of the machine. Below the line of tables is a longitudinal shaftC,
which is fitted with a series of cams C¹(one for every table) arranged imme-
diately below the stems B2 of the tables. These cams are intended by their
rotation to act on the stems and raise the tables as the nuts are fed thereto up
to the drills. A lead is given to the cams so that they may in regular
succession lift their respective tables to the highest position, and thus give
time to the attendant to feed in the nuts in succession and keep the drills in
continuous action. On the end of the cam shaft is a worm wheel C2 into
which gears a worm on the lower end of a diagonal shaft Dcarried bybrackets
from one of the end standards A'; this shaft at its upper end carries a bevil
wheel D¹ which gears into a bevil pinion on the driving shaft A. The rotation
therefore of this shaft to drive the drill spindles (which require rapid rotation)
will cause the cam shaft to revolve with a slowmotion, which motion must be
so timed as to enable the cams to lift their tables, bringing the nut blanks up
to the drills at a rate proportioned to the capacity of the drills to pierce the
nut blanks. The slides which carry in the nut blanks and place them directly
under the drills are severally advanced by means ofa treadle E, which through
a rod E¹ operates a crank lever E2 pivotted to the side of the vertical guide
in which the stem of the table slides. This crank lever when rocked by the
depression of the treadle is caused to bearupon a pin projecting from the side
of the slide and thrust forward the slide, thus bringing the nut blank (which
it carries in a recess) forward and presenting it properly to the drill. The
inner end of the slide is provided with a shoulder b, which as the slide is
moved inwards by the treadle passes over a spring stop b¹ pivotted to the
vertical sliding table, and after passing the spring stop rises and bearing
against the shoulder 6 retains the slide with its nut in position. This being
effected the attendant may pass to the next table,and having deposited a nut
blank in the slide he will depress the treadle connected with the slide, and
thereby thrust forward the slide which will in likemanner be locked inposition
with the nut blank immediately under and properly centered to the pendent
drills. In this way the attendant will pass rapidly along the line supplying
the slides with blanks, while the same shaft all the while slowly rotating will
lift the tables and thus.feed the blanks to the drills. It should be here
remarked that the nut blanks are set over an opening in their slides to enable
the drill to pass their points through the blanks. When a drill has passed

page_text: through its nut the lifting cam will have raised the table to its highest
elevation, but so soon as the largest radius of the cam has passed the pendent
stem of the table the table will by its own weight fall to its lowest position.
In falling the table will cause the tail of the spring stop 61 to strike upon a
projection on the fixed framing, and the stop being thereby tripped the slide
carrying the nut blank will be left free. Its tension spring now coming into
action will return itwith a jerk to its outward position, as shewn in the partial
side elevation, Fig. 3, and the drilled nut blank together with the cuttings
will be thrown off the slide into a trough provided to receive them. Upon
this trough a railway G is fixed for carrying a box G¹ containing the nut
blanks; the attendant therefore as he moves up and down the line of
spindles moves the box to and fro, and takes the blanks therefrom as required
to feed them to the slides. To allow for a little lateral play in the drills I
mount them as shewn in the detached views, Figures 4, 5, and 6.
The drills H, H, Figures 1, 2, and 3, are of the ordinary construction, and
they are severally keyed to a head I of the form shewn in plan and elevation
at Fig. 4. In the stem of the head a groove is turned to receive a retaining
screw which enters a tapped hole in the spindle K (Figures 5) and connects
the head and spindle together. The head is formed with a cross groove on its
upper side into which enter ribs or projections formed on the lower face of a
coupling ring L, shewn in plan and edge views at Fig. 6; this ring is dropped
over the stem of the drill head I, and on its upper face it is provided with a
rib at right angles to the rib on its under side; this rib fits into transverse
recesses formed in the face of a collar or flange with which the spindle K is
provided, as shewn in the plan and elevation, Figures 5. When these parts
are put together as described, and secured by the insertion of the retaining
screw, a loose connection between the drill and spindle will result, thus
allowing the drill to follow its work instead of being strained or bent out
of shape.
For the tapping of nuts substantially the same construction of machine as
that above described is used, but the arrangement for self delivery of the nut
will not be required as they will be allowed to accumulate upon the taps,
which from time to time must be released from their spindles to allow of the
nuts being discharged. The operation ofthe lifting cams must be so timed as
to insure the work rising to suit the thread of the taps.
A further improvement relating to nuts consists in a novel construction of
facing machine.
In Sheets III. and IV. the machine is shewn in several views. It may be
described as a modification of the machine described in the Specification of

page_text: my above-mentioned Patent of the Sixth day of November One thousand
eight hundred and sixty-six.
Fig. 1, Sheet III., is a side elevation of the machine; Fig. 2 is an elevation
of the right-hand end of the machine; Fig. 3 is an elevation of the left-hand
end; Fig. 4 is a sectional elevation taken in the line 1, 2, of Fig. 2; and
Fig. 5 is a plan or top view of the machine.
I should remark that in practice I propose to mount several of these
machines abreast of each other on the same bench, determining the number
so grouped to the capacity of the attendant to feed the machines in succession
and keeping them continuously at work. To this end I fit the bench which
is to receive the machines with a driving shaft A which runs transversely of
the machine, and I connect this shaft by means of bevil gearing with the
driving shaft of the several machines. B, B, is the main framing of the
machine. Fitted in suitable bearings at the lower part of this frame is the
driving shaft C which by means of a spur wheel C drives through a spur
wheel D¹ a horizontal spindle D mounted immediately over the shaft Cand
carried in bearings in the frame B. This spindle D has a screw thread cut
on its extremity at d to receive the tapped nut that is to be faced and rotate it
in front of a traversing tool or cutter. The traversing tool or cutter used for
facing the nut is shewn at E as carried by a cross slide E' which is mounted
on a saddle E2. This saddle E2 is moved to and from the work by means of
a cranked hand lever F (shewn best in Fig. 1), to which it is connected by a
screw projecting from a sliding block carried in a slot in the lever Fand
entering a tapped hole in the side of the saddle E². The limit of motion
inwards of this slide is regulated by means of the set screw e. The nut to be
faced is run (see Fig. 4) onto the screw d formed on the end of the horizontal
spindle D which lies parallel with the saddle guides. This spindle works
through the short hollow stem of a spanner G which is intended to embrace
the nut when faced and run it off the screw which holds it. To effect this,
instead of reversing the direction of rotation of the screw spindle which would
involve a considerable loss of time, the spanner is caused to overrun it by
means substantially the same as that described in the Specification of my
before-mentioned Patent, but whose modified arrangement I will now proceed
to explain. Keyed to the spanner stem is a spur wheel G' which
gears into
and is driven by a spur wheel C² on the driving shaft; from this shaft there-
fore, as will be seen, both the spindle D and the spanner G are directly
driven. The spur wheel G' of the spanner has a smaller diameter than the
spur wheel C which drives it, and the latter is made sufficiently broad to
allow for the endway traverse of the spanner. Both the screw spindle and

page_text: the spanner run together, but the latter does not come into action until the
nut is faced; it is then advanced by the means to be presently described, and
having embraced the nut it will run the nut off the screw spindle, leaving the
screwed end ready to receive another nut to be faced. I have said that the
tool is traversed over the face of the nut while the nut is being rapidly rotated
by its spindle D. This traverse of the tool is effected by the slow rotation of
a cam H(see the detached view, Fig. 6) keyed on a sleeve shaft H¹ which is
capable of sliding on its spinille I, and which is embraced by a lug or bracket
bearing carried by the saddle E3 and receives its endway motion from the
saddle. The spindle I is driven from the spindle D, a worm D2 on which
gears into a worm wheel on a short vertical shaft K (see the end elevation,
Fig. 3, Sheet III.). This shaft K has keyed to its lower end a worm that
gears into a worm wheel I' on the end of the spindle I. Keyed to this
spindle I is a disc I2 carrying on its facearing of ratchet teeth into which takes
a tooth projecting from a plate H2 forming the termination of the sleeve
shaft H. It will thus be understood that while the tooth h is in contact with
the ratchet tecth a slow axial motion will be given to the cam H, which
bearing upon a bowle e carried by the cross slide E¹ (see Fig. 6) will force
back the slide and thus give the cutter E the required traverse motion. The
return motion of the cross slide is produced by a coiled spring e', one end of
which is attached to the cross slide and the other to the saddle E. The
sleeve shaft is weighted by means of a strap and weight H³, so that when the
saddle E is thrown back by the means to be presently explained, and the
tooth h is thereby disengaged from the ratchet teeth, the weighted strap will
pull round the sleeve shaft and return the cam to its normal position. So
soon as the tool is traversed clear of the nut, or in other words, when the face
of the nut is completed, the slide E' strikes an adjustable stop in carried by a
horizontal lever M which is hinged to a rock lever M' having its fu'crum at
M* on the side framing of the machine; this horizontal lever is held up to
its work by a coiled spring m³, and the rock lever M is held in position by a
coiled spring M. The hinged lever M on its stop being struck by the slido E¹
is caused to move outwards and draw back a catch m² which it carries, and
which serves to retain in a fixed position the rocking hand lever F before
mentioned by which the saddle carrying the cross slide and its facing tool was
moved forward. Jointed to the upper end of this hand lever is a sliding
bar N which carries on its upper face an incline n; this incline is intended
to act upon a spring bolt o carried by a transverse rock lever O having its
fulcrum on the main framing. A pin or fork carried by this rock lever O
enters a ring groove turned in the boss of the spanner for the purpose of

page_text: shifting it endwise. The spring bolt o works in a segment slot in a plate o'
made fast to the main frame; the bottom of this slot forms an inclined plane,
and at its extremities are holes to receive the spring bolt and lock the spanner
in its backward position; when however the bolt is raised by the action of the
incline n the spanner is left free to move forward, it being advanced by the
drag of the coiled spring N¹ on the rock lever N. The spanner being thus
thrust forward by an elastic pressure and rotating as already stated in the
same direction, but at a different speed from the nut, its recess (for the
reception of the nut) will quickly come into coincidence with the nut, and
then slipping on to the nut it will overrun it and drive it off the spindle and
discharge it from the machine. When the hand lever F is released from its
catch as above described it is thrown back to the dotted position of Fig. 1 by
the drag of a weighted rod F¹ or a spring, and it is while making its back
motion that the incline n will lift the spring bolt o and allow of the spanner's
advance as above described. The hand lever F when thrown forward to
return the spanner to its original or back position carries with it the saddle E²,
and in order to allow of the placing of another nut on the screw d it is
requisite to give the saddle a slight back motion. This is effected by the
attendant depressing a treadle M³ connected with the rock lever M' and thus
tipping the lever, which allows the weight connected with the hand lever
to act and draw back the lever together with the saddle the required
distance.
In Fig. I have shewn a slight modification of the machine, in which
the spur wheels G₁ and C³ are placed within the frame instead of outside as
above described.
I will now describe my improvements relating to the manufacture of bolts.
When forging bolts with solid round heads a drop hanımer or stamper is
commonly used. In order to expedite the operation of forging the bolt heads
I use the arrangement of automatic stamper shewn in several views in Sheet
V. Fig. 1 is a front elevation of the improved stamper, and Fig. 2 is a side
elevation of the same; Fig. 3 is a plan or top view of the stamper; and Fig.
4 is a plan taken at the line 1, 2, of Fig. 1, the upper parts being removed to
shew the arrangement for starting and stopping the lower driving gear. A,A,
is the bed of the stamper from which the standards A¹, A³, rise. These stan-
dards form parallel guides for the reception of the drop hammer B with
which the stamper is provided. This drop hammer carries on its under face
a die 6 for forming the bolt head. The hammer is pendent from a flat bar
or elongated stem B¹ which is gripped by a pair of friction pulleys C', C³,
mounted in a rocking frame C carried by the standards A¹, A². The rock

page_text: ing frame is fitted at the middle of its length with stud axles c, c*, which have
their bearings in the top of the standards. Upon the stud axle c* is mounted
loosely a driving pulley and pinion c¹. This pinion gears with a spur wheel
c3 on the axle of the friction or gripping pulley C2, but situate outside the
rocking frame. To the axle of this pulley is also keyed within the frame a
second spur wheel c³, which gears into a corresponding spur wheel c4 on the
axle of the gripping pulley C. The gearing of these two spur wheels
together ensures the driving of the friction pulleys in opposite directions.
The axle of the friction pulley C² carries also a spur wheel c5, which gears
into a pinion c mounted loosely on the stud axle c of the rocking frame.
Fitted to this pinion is a driving pulley D, which carries a driving band D¹
leading down to a driving pulley K² situate at the base of the machine.
When the rocking frame C is in a horizontal position the rotating friction
pulleys will not grip the bar or stem B₁ of the hammer, but when rocked by
means of a hand lever (provided for the purpose) the pulleys will grip the
bar and lift the drop hammer. In its ascent the hammer will pass a spring
catch E (Fig. 2) pivotted to the standard A¹, the catch retiring to permit of
this motion. As soon however as the hammer has passed it the catch will
by the drag of its spring return to its original position and retain the hammer
in an elevated position until it is required to act. The hammer in rising to
its highest position strikes an arm or lever F which is pivotted to a plate F¹
affixed to and adjustable on the standard A2. Pendent from the free end of
this lever F is an adjustable rod F2 which carries at its lower end an incline
f for the purpose to be now explained. G is a hand lever (before referred
to) which serves both to release the drop hammer and to set the lifting pulleys
in action to raise it. This lever G works on a fixed fulcrum near the base of
the machine, and is connected by a link g to a T-shaped or double crank lever
G¹ which rocks on a fulcrum carried by the standard A¹. One arm of this
T-shaped or crank lever carries a weighted pendent rod G², and the opposite
arm is jointed to a rod G³ pendent from the rocking frame C. Fitted to this
rod G³ is an adjustable spring stop e whose duty is to tip the spring catch
E which serves to support the hammer when elevated and not in action.
When the hand lever G is pulled forward to the position indicated by the red
line marked 1, Fig. 2, it will rock the T lever, and through its rod G³ the
adjustable stope which that rod carries will be caused to tip the catch E that
holds up the hammer, and the hammer will then fall by its own weight on to
the heated rod which is to be converted into a bolt. This rod is placed as
shewn at Fig. 1 in a die b¹ fitted in a block B2, and its upper end receives
compression from the die 6 fitted to the hammer. One blow of the haminer

page_text: will in general suffice to form the head of the bolt, but if any defect should
be observable the workman has only to repeat the operation. In order to
raise the hammer the hand lever G is pulled over into the position indicated
by the red line 2, Fig. 2, or until by the tipping of the rocking frame C the pul-
lies C, C2, are enabled to grip the hammer stem, the ascent of the hammer is
then quickly repeated. The hammer block B2 is made ho'low in the direction
of the axis of the die b¹ to allow of the bolt when headed being thrown up out
of or discharged from the die. This is also effected by the action of the hand
lever G, which has a continuation G* below its fulcrum for setting in action
a plunger by which the bolt is forced up out of the die. Below the hammer
block is mounted a horizontal shaft H which runs across the bed of the
machine and carries near its middle a cam H' for working a plunger H
fitted in the underside of the hammer block. This plunger carries a pin h
which when lifted will enter the die 6' and thrust out the bolt. The shaft H
is driven intermittently, and to prevent its making more than one complete
rotation at each motion it has fitted to one end a disc H³,in the periphery of
which a hole or notch is made to receive a locking bolt. This bolt, shewn at
i, Fig. 1, is jointed to one end of a horizontal rock lever I which has its ful-
crum on the bed of the machine. The other end of this rock lever is cranked
and continued to the back of the part G. of the lever G. The bolt when
its lever I is free is forced into the notch in the disc by means of a spring,
that is, at each time that the notch is presented thereto, and it is thus caused
to lock the shaft. In order that the bolt may be withdrawn to allow of the
rotation of the shaft and the consequent action of the cam H¹ on the plunger
H2 after each blow of the hammer the tail Go of the hand lever as that lever
is drawn forward to release the raised hammer is caused to strike the rock
lever I carrying the bolt, and by rocking it on its fulcrum to withdraw the
bolt. The tail of the hand lever G next strikes an elastic stop k, Fig. 4,
carried by a friction clutch lever K and having its fulcrum on the bed of the
stamper. The clutch K¹ which this lever operates upon is fitted with its
driving pulley K2 (which is worked by the band pendent from the pulley D
at the top of the standards) on a short horizontal sleeve shaft, and this shaft
slides on a dead spindle upon which a friction cone and spur pinion K³ are
loosely mounted. This pinion gears with a spur wheel K4 on the cam shaft.
When therefore the clutch is put in gear by the pressure of the tail G
of the hand lever on the elastic stop k the cam shaft H will be rotated, and
the headed bolt will be discharged from the die b¹.
My last improvement relates to a novel construction of machine for screwing
bolts. This machine is shewn in several views in Sheets VI. and VII. Fig. 1,

page_text: Sheet VI.,is aside elevation of the machine; Fig.2, Sheet VII., is an elevation
of the left-hand end of the machine; Fig. 3 is an elevation of the right-hand
end; and Fig. 4 is a partial plan view of the same. I would here remark that
the bolt-screwing machines like the nut-facing machines are intended to be
worked in groups, the machines being set side by side on a bench and in
number sufficient to occupy the attention of one attendant,and driven from a
common transverse driving shaft. This shaft is shewn at A, Fig. 1, and it is
furnished with bevil wheels A' corresponding in number to the number of
machines of which the group is composed. B, B, is the frame cast with
standards to carry the shafts or spindles and guide rods of the machine; C is
a horizontal shaft fitted with a feather upon which slides a double cone
clutch C¹; mounted loosely on this shaft and on opposite sides of the cone
clutch are the hollow cones C2, C3, fitted at their bosses with spur pinions.
To the outer end of the shaft C is keyed a bevil wheel which gears with and
is driven by the bevil wheel A'. Abore the shaft C and in the same vertical
plane is mounted the spindle D which may be either hollow or solid; this
horizontal spindle carries at its inner end a hollow head D¹ in which the dies
for cutting the thread of the bolt are arranged radially and held firmly therein.
By preference I use six dies, but more or less may be employed. Keyed to
the spindle Dare two spur wheels D³, D³, the former of which gears into an
idle wheel D' (Fig. 2) driven by the pinion of the hollow cone C, while the
wheel D³ gears directly with the pinion of the hollow cone C³; this arrange-
ment allows for the reversal of the rotation of the spindle and die holder at
pleasure. Before the bolt is advanced to the dies the clutch is thrown into
contact with the hollow cone C³, and the spindle and dies are then rotated in the
direction of the red arrow. While the spindle is rotating the bolt to be screwed
is fed to the dies by the means which I will now proceed to describe, first
premising that when cutting screws on bolts with a square head the holder for
advancing the work to the dies is provided with a square socket to receive the
bolt head and hold the bolt up to the dies, but when screwing rods a hollow
holder with a clamping screw is used to admit the rod at the rear end. The
bolt or it may be a rod to receive the thread is secured by a clamping screw to
a holder E,shewn detached in end views and longitudinal section at Figures 5,
Sheet VI., and this holder fits into a socket formed for it in a cross head F,
shewn detached and in front view and cross section at Figures 6. At its
opposite ends this cross head is pierced with holes to receive a pair of guide
rods F¹ made fast to the stands of the frame B. The cross head has a tubular
prolongation F* rearwards, which by passing through a guide in the rear
standard further serves to steady the movements of the cross head. The

page_text: holder E is secured to the cross head by a retaining screw e, and it allows a
little lateral play in its socket by being coupled to the cross head through the
intervention of a collar e', shewn in front, back, and edge views at Figures 7.
This collar carries ribs or projections on its opposite faces at right angles to
each other, and these ribs enter corresponding sockets in the holder and cross
head. The cross head with the bolt to be screwed is advanced by means of a
cranked hand lever G pivotted to a bracket on the end standard. This lever
bears against a collar g clamped to the tube F* and which is capable of
adjustment thereon to suit the length of the bolt to be screwed; this clamp
is shewn detached at Fig. 8. The lever G when the bolt is fitted to the holder
is pressed forward until the bolt is caught by the dies, and the rotation of the
dies then continues to draw the bolt forward. Made fast to the cross head isa
straight horizontal bar F2 slotted at one end to receive an adjustable wedge F³
which is clamped thereto by a screw. By the side of this bar is a spring
latch H which carries a pin h that overlies the bar F, and below the latch is
a notch formed in a fixed bar h¹ projecting from the frame for the latch to
catch into. The latch is pivotted to the head of a rock lever H' supported on
a fixed fulcrum H⁹. Below the bed of the machine is a crank lever H³
pivotted to a pendent bracket of the frame. The long arm of this crank lever
is connected to a pedal H4, and on the opposite side of its fulcrum it is weighted
by a weight pendent from a rigid arm H. A pin fitted to the short arm of
the crank lever forms a fulcrum for a rock lever He which is jointed to a rock
lever C. This lever is connected with the clutch C'and is intended to throw
it in and out of action.
Supposing a bolt to have been just finished and it is intended to restart
the machine (the rotation of the driving shaft and die spindle being
maintained) the attendant with his foot depresses the treadle and thereby
rocks the crank lever H³. This motion causes the lever H (through the
lever C) to throw the clutch from left to right and reverse the direction of
rotation of the driving shaft C and spindle D from the black arrow to the red
arrow; at the same time the rock lever H' will be thrown back, and the
latch H falling into its notch the clutch will be retained in its new position.
The cross head having been drawn back from the dies and the bolt replaced
by a fresh blank the lever G is pressed forward and caused to advance the
work. When the dies get hold of the work the attendant leaves go the handle
and the cutting of the thread on the bolt is continued. When the cutting is
complete the wedge F³ will have so far advanced as to strike the pin of the
latch h and lift it out of its notch in the bar h¹. Immediately this takes place
the weighted crank lever H³ will rock the levers with which it is connected

page_text: and cause the lever C to throw the clutch to the left, when the direction of
rotation of the die spindle will be immediately reversed. By rotating this
spindle in the direction of the black arrow it will cause the dies to clear them-
selves of the work and push back the cross head to a position for receiving a
fresh bolt blank in lieu of the finished bolt.
Having now set forth the nature of my Invention of "Improvements in the
Manufacture of Nuts and Bolts," and explained the manner of carrying the
same into effect, I wish it to be understood that under the above in part
recited Letters Patent I claim,-
First. Forming bolts as described with reference to Fig. 1. Sheet I. of the
Drawings.
Secondly. The machine above described for rolling nut blanks.
Thirdly. The general arrangement of machinery above described for drilling
and tapping the nut blanks.
Fourthly. The means above described for discharging the drilled nut and
cuttings from the machine.
Fifthly. Providing for the lateral play of the drills in nut-boring machines
as above described.
Sixthly. The general arrangement of nut-facing machine as described.
Seventhly. The arrangement of automatic stamper above described.
Eighthly. The arrangement of bolt-screwing machine above described.
And, lastly. Providing for the lateral play of the bolts while being screwed
as above described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Edward Hammond Bentall, have here-
unto set my hand and seal, the Twenty-seventh day of May, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight.
E.
B. II. BENIALL. (L.S.)