IMPROVEMENTS IN CHEMICAL COPYING TELEGRAPHS, ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS, and Apparatus CONNECTED THEREWITH, OTHERWISE DESIGNATED AS FACSIMILE AUGTOGRAPHIC OR PANTOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPHS OR PANTELEGRAPHS, THE SAID IMPROVEMENTS BEING ALSO APPLICABLE TO OTHER TELEGRAPHS
Year: 1874

page_text: ETTERS PATENT to Alexander Melville Clark, of 53, Ohancery Lane,
in the County of Middlesex, Patent Agent, for the Invention of
"IMPROVEMENTS IN CHEMICAL COPYING TELEGRAPHS, ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS,
and Apparatus CONNECTED THEREWITH, OTHERWISE DESIGNATED AS FACSIMILE
AUGTOGRAPHIC OR PANTOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPHS OR PANTELEGRAPHS, THE SAID
IMPROVEMENTS BEING ALSO APPLICABLE TO OTHER TELEGRAPHS."-A com-
munication from abroad by William Edward Sawyer, of Washington,
District of Columbia, United States of America.
5
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION filed by the said Alexander Melville Clark.
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition
and Declaration, on the 14th November 1874, pursuant to the 9th
Section of the Patent Law Amendment Act, 1852.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, ALEXANDER
MELVILLE CLARK, of 53, Chancery Lane, in the County of Middlesex,
Patent Agent. send preeting.

page_text: THEREWITH, OTHERWISE DESIGNATED AS FACSIMILE AUTOGRAPHIC OR PANTOGRAPHIC
TELEGRAPHS OR PANTELEGRAPHS, THE SAID IMPROVEMENTS BEING ALSO APPLICABLE
TO OTHER TELEGRAPHS," and have petitioned Her Majesty to grant unto
me, my executors, administrators, and assigns, Her Royal Letters
Patent for the same, and have made solemn Declaration that it has
been communicated to me from abroad by William Edward Sawyer, of
Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Alexander Melville Clark, do
hereby declare that the following Complete Specification, under my
hand and seal, fully describes and ascertains the nature of the said
Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, in and by
the following statement, reference being had to the two accompanying
Sheets of Drawings and to the letters and figures marked thereon (that
is to say):-
This Invention relates to certain new and useful improvements in
chemical copying telegraphs, electrical circuits, and apparatus connected
therewith, otherwise designated as facsimile autographic or pantographic
telegraphs or pantelegraphs, to be known and designated as tho new
pantelegraph.
•
The Invention consists of a chemical copying telegraph which is
capable of an indefinite speed of transmission in combination with
automatically working repeating apparatus, with apparatus and circuits
for the prevention or reduction of inductive or retarding effects,
otherwise known as "tailings," "retardation," or "static induction,"
with new applications to secure and maintain rapid synchronous move-
ments, with a new method of preparation for transmission with now
chemical combinations, with new methods of transmission and reception
of messages by means of which messages are transmitted from and
received upon continuous sheets, strips, or rolls of paper, instead of
upon paper of a certain size attached to drums or cylinders with a
method of dropping any number of copies of a message, with new
methods of preparing messages for the retransmission with new writing
inks, with new method of changing the naturo of the chemical
discoloration produced by the electrical current, and with divers other
devices to be treated in detail. I would however have it understood
that I do not confine myself to the application of the principles,
apparatus, and devices involved and described to copying or facsimile

page_text: telegraphs, but they may be applied to any telegraph and particularly to
what is known as the automatic chemical telegraph, whereby messages
are transmitted from perforated or otherwise prepared fillets or strips of
paper or other material and received in dots and dashes, or roman
characters, or other symbols upon chemically prepared paper.
•
In the accompanying Drawings the principles of construction of the
new pantelegraphic instruments or apparatus are clearly shown and will
be fully described.
It is a well-known fact that since the Inventions of Bain and Casselli,
although many so called "improvements" have been made in facsimile
telegraphs, this manner of transmitting messages has never really
advanced, the rate of transmission has remained so slow that the
pantelegraph has not come into practical or popular use, and it is evident
that after so many trials the principles of existing systems are inadequate
to afford a high rate of speed over a single wire. It is this defect which
the new pantelegraph proposes to meet. This Invention is therefore
founded upon a principle of commutation of indefinite extent and
elasticity at the transmitting end of the wire only, the reception of
the message being accomplished practically as now by a single
point.
I am aware that commutators have already been proposed, patented,
and perhaps used, but they are founded upon principles differing
radically from those of this Invention, as in the systems of Batewell, de
Susini, and Bondonneau, wherein double commutators are employed, i.e.,
a commutator at the transmitting end of the line, and one corresponding
to it at the receiving end. The use of several line wires has also been
proposed, and it is found in brief that the heretofore employment of a
number of styles necessitates either as many line wires as there are pairs
of styles or a double commutation.
In the employment of a number of wires in one instrument there is
no gain in the speed of transmission over as many wires in as many
instruments, and in the employment of a double commutator the
difficulties of making the proper connection of one style to its corre-
sponding style perfect and synchronous, and the bad effects of a double
connection, one at the transmitting and one at the receiving end of the
wire, are so great as to prevent the successful operation of the com-
mutating principle. I therefore employ at the transmitting instrument
A 2

page_text: a large or any number of styles, five only being shewn in the Drawing,
under which the message to be transmitted is placed; and these styles
may be placed to draw imaginary lines of the required fineness over the
message so as to cover the message by one passage over it, or preferably,
as shown in the Drawings, they may be slightly separated, and the
message gradually moved longitudinally, or the styles may be moved
longitudinally, as shown and described herein, so that by means of the
styles passing over the paper or the styles being stationary, and the
message in motion with the longitudinal movement being properly
graduated, lines of the requisite fineness may be drawn up and down the
message, and in a certain number of motions the message may be
covered with these imaginary lines.
I have deemed it preferable to employ fine platina rollers in place of
the ordinary styles or points for making connections with the message,
as the disconnection is more perfect on account of the impossibility of
scratching away the insulating. portions of the message which frequently
occurs when the ordinary style is employed. Each of these styles is
connected with a small metallic plate, stud, or piece (preferably of
platina), placed cither in a circle or arc of a circle upon what is
practically a plane surface, or upon the periphery of a drum, band, or
wheel, as shown and described herein (preferably in the latter form).
A metallic roller having a bearing upon these plates, studs, or pieces,
and in connection with the single line wire makes contacts with them
and transmits in succession the currents or electrical impulses which
the message permits to proceed from the battery through the styles.
This connecting roller is carried by a band or similar means over the
plates, studs, or pieces, or the roller may be stationary and the plates,
studs, or pieces may be in motion.
The receiving apparatus consists of a drum upon which is placed
chemically prepared paper, and over and bearing upon the paper is
carried a marking style or point longitudinally in the arc of a circle,
thus drawing lines lengthwise, although in the arc of a circle instead of
around the drum as in present copying telegraphs. This receiving style
moves synchronously with the transmitting roller, making connections
through the plates, studs, or pieces with the transmitting styles.
To increase the speed of transmission and accomplish with a single

page_text: connecting roller and a single style, I divide the arc of the circle in
which the plates, studs, or pieces are placed into five divisions, four of
which are synchronously equal, one of which is greater than the others
for purposes shown herein, and in one of these divisions I arrange the
plates, studs, or points, leaving the remaining divisions blank, or
practically the plates, studs, or pieces are placed in what is something
less than one-fifth of the arc of a circle. I also employ the same number
of connecting rollers placed relatively the same and all connected
together, so that when one roller has made contacts with the plates,
studs, or pieces, and leaves the last one of them, the next roller is making
contact with the first of them, excepting in the case of the single
unequal division, and thus five series of contacts are made at cach
synchronous motion, and the speed of transmission is thereby greatly
increased as there is apparently a limit to synchronous motions.
In the receiving apparatus there must also be five styles connected
together and placed relatively the same as the five transmitting rollers,
when, as one is leaving the chemically prepared paper, another is
coming upon it, except in the single instance mentioned. I do not
limit myself to the employment of five connecting rollers and five
receiving styles; a greater or less number may be employed. The
indefinite number of transmitting points or styles passing over the
message to be transmitted are of course arranged in the arc of the same
circle as is described by the five receiving styles, otherwise the message
received will be distorted.
The vibratory or semi-rotary, not longitudinal, motion of the message
transmitting and the chemically prepared paper, aro graduated so that
the five receiving styles shall draw longitudinal lines of the requisite
fineness upon the chemically prepared paper on the receiving drum.
When the clectrical current can pass through a transmitting style, and
the transmitting connecting roller is bearing upon the plate, stud, or
piece connecting with that style, an impulse is sent through the lino
wire, and the receiving point upon the chemically prepared paper effects
a discoloration at the place upon which it may be bearing at that
instant. In this manner the message is recorded in facsimile at the
other end of the line.
It will be observed that owing to the vibratory or semi-rotary motions
of the transmitting and receiving drums, the receiving styles, after the

page_text: first of these motions, will pass over the partially discolored paper in
what are practically the same lines at cach passage, however discoloring,
when impulses are received in fresh spots, becausing the receiving drum
is moved longitudinally the same as the transmitting drum, until finally
the entire message is recorded. The principle of moving a style longi-
tudinally over a drum in the arc of a circle may be applied with
advantage to the automatic system of telegraphing.
The message
to be transmitted is written upon a surface containing a
tin, silver, or other metallic composition, which will readily absorb tho
insulating ink in which the message is written.
The present Invention includes two kinds of insulating ink, one a
solution of silicate of soda, the other a mixture of gum arabic or similar
gelatinous or resinous substance and bi-chromate of potash properly
colored. I do not propose however the use of insulating inks upon a
metallic surface alone, but the writing of a message upon a prepared
white or ordinary paper in a prepared ink fixing tho message thus
written upon a metallic surface, and by washing with an acid, alkali, or
other agent, destroying either that portion of the paper which is blank,
or that portion which is covered by the lines of writing.
For preparing the chemical paper upon which the message is received.
I use two sensitive processes. In one I saturate the paper with a
solution of iodide of ammonium, rock salt, and starch paste. In the
other I first thoroughly impregnate the paper with a saturated solution
of rock salt when it is sun dried. I then saturate it with a solution of
starch paste very thin, rock salt, and ferrid-cyanide of potassium so
weak as hardly to tinge the paper. This process, properly accomplished,
renders the paper sufficiently sensitive to record half a million impulses
per minute with a battery of two Daniel's cells through 1,000 Olıms
resistance, giving bright blue lines upon a white ground of paper. The
paper is sufficiently sensitive for ordinary purposes if saturated but once
in a strong solution of rock salt, a little starch paste, and a very small
quantity of ferrid-cyanide of potassium. Any tinge of color on the
ground of the paper, and every portion of chemicals I remove from the
received message by a water bath.
When desirable to repeat or retransmit a message from the received
message I first change the nature of the Prussian blue deposit, as by a
bath in a solution of caustic potash, fix the blank to a metallic surface,

page_text: and by washing with a solution acting upon the changed deposit or
upon the white ground, I destroy either that portion of the paper which
is covered by the lines of writing or the white ground.
One of the great difficulties experienced in copying telegraphs is the
difficulty of obtaining a perfectly synchronous movement, for which this
Invention especially aims to provide. The motive power is applied
directly. to the shaft of the commutator instead of through the medium
of a train of gear wheels, and in order to secure the utmost rapidity of
action I make application of compressed air upon the turbine wheel
principle. The air is constantly forced into a storing chamber provided
with an escape or waste valve capable of regulation, so that the force
required may be regulated at each station to correspond with the
operation of the instruments at the principal station, and all that is
required is that the air shall be supplied in sufficient quantities to keep
the valve continually raised and the air escaping. Thus a uniform force
of compressed air is supplied by means of conducting pipe to apparatus
carrying the connecting rollers of the transmitter and the recording
styles of the receiver. Secondary air chambers may be used to secure
greater uniformity of pressure.
At a certain point on the revolving apparatus is fixed a projection or
detent, in the path of which as it is carried around is the detent armaturo
of a permanent magnet, which armature is wound with wire. While
the connecting rollers of the transmitting apparatus are making contacts
with the plates, studs, or pieces connected with the points or styles upon
the message to be transmitted, or while the receiving styles are upon
the chemical paper the line current is cut off from the armature coil,
and the permanent magnet holds the detent armature within the path of
the above-mentioned projection, so that motion of the apparatus is
arrested by contact when the projection comes round, but just previous
to this contact one end of the armature coil is connected to the linc
wire, and the contact of the projection with the detent armature grounds
the other end of the coil, and a circuit through the armature coil is
established, when by reversal of polarity the armature flys off, releasing
the apparatus, and another revolution ensues. The instruments at each
end of the line are therefore kept in perfect synchronism, as neither can
start until both have arrived at the same point, and both must stop at
the end of each revolution. The motion is intermittent, but practically
continuous.

page_text: In order to avoid the jarring of a studden stop as soon as the fifth
connecting roller leaves the plates, studs, or pieces connected with the
styles upon the message, or the fifth receiving style passes from the
chemically prepared paper, the direction of the air is reversed, flowing
in increased volume, and at the instant the projection touches the detent
the primary action is restored, but the flow in one or the other direction
is never arrested. A synchronous movement of five hundred revolutions
or more per minute may thus be obtained without friction or jarring.
One of the great objections to chemical telegraphs is the difficulty of
rapid transmission through long circuits, this being the case especially
with the automatic chemical telegraph in which the preparation of the
message by perforation of paper fillets is rendered necessary in rapid
work for every repetition or retransmission. The same objection applies
to the copying telegraph, and it is this difficulty which I have
endeavoured practically to overcome. To accomplish this I employ
either one of two methods, which I will proceed fully to describe, the
first founded upon the fact that the voltaic arc or clectrical spark is
itself a conductor of electricity. The current upon the first circuit
grounds through a series of clectro-magnets, the armatures of which are
also wound with wire forming a local circuit. Rapid revolutions of the
armatures or magnets, upon the principle of ordinary magneto-electric
batteries, causes the first line current to induce a stream of sparks in
the local circuit of the armature coils. In the Drawings, for convenience,
I have shown a single armature and magnet. The second circuit or line
upon which the message is to be repeated is broken between the
repeating battery and the carth, the separation being just sufficient to
answer the purpose. To the ground end of the second line wire is
attached one end of the local magneto-electric armature coil, the other
end of the coil passing to, but being sufficiently separated from and
therefore not in connection with, the opposite wire of the second line
circuit, just above the point of disconnection of the second line wire
between the battery and the earth, and next to the battery. The
intensity current established in the local armature coil will therefore
leap the distance between itself and the end of the second line wire
between the battery and the earth, and next to the battery, and passing
through the portion of the second line wire between the point leaped
and the point of disconnection of the second line wire to the earth wire,
it will also leap that space, and thus establish its circuit, the voltaic arcs

page_text: or sparks created by the local intensity current serving in two directions
to put the second line battery to earth, and therefore upon the line.
Appliances to increase the power and efficiency of the arc or spark may
be made. The same process may be repeated upon an indefinite number
of circuits, and it is obvious that the repetition will be complete, and
without loss of time, rapidity, or power of current.
The second method consists in the use of an induction coil, the
primary and secondary wires of which may be equal or dissimilar. The
secondary coil as it may be termed is placed at the beginning, and in
the circuit of the second line wire near the battery, the second line wire
being grounded indefinitely of the first line wire, and the battery being
constantly ground near the ground of the second line wire, but outsido
a resistance and this ground there is conccted to it a contact point or
roller which makes connection with a rapidly revolving drum or disc
which is divided into metallic and insulating surfaces, plates, studs, or
picces, so that clectrical connection is constantly being made and broken.
To this revolving drum is attached one end of the primary coil of the
induction coil, the other end of the coil being grounded. Thus, when
thic roller attached to the first line wiro is in contact with one of tho
metallic surfaces of the drum the current is diverted through the
primary coil of the induction apparatus, and upon its cessation a strong
current of opposite polarity is generated by means of the secondary coil
in the second line wire, thus entirely neutralizing or equalizing the
instant the battery upon the second line wire, so that it shall produce no
effect at its other end. It is obvious that the second line battery is free
to act, except when an impulse is being transmitted over the first line
wire. Half a million of the contacts may be made per minute. This
repeater, like the spark or voltaic arc repeater, may be applied to an
indefinite number of circuits, and is purely automatic with exception of
the motive power required to effect the metallic contacts between the
roller and the drum.
The contacts may be made equally well by means of a perforated fillet
of drawn rapidly over a metallic drum. ›
paper
In working chemical telegraphs a great obstacle to rapid transmission
has arisen from the fact that the lines become surcharged either by the
battery current or the extra induced or earth current, practically an
electrical impulse sent from one end of a line is lengthened at the other,

page_text: and produces an effect of greater duration than the duration of con-
nection or disconnection by which the impulse was transmitted, thus
causing many impulses transmitted in rapid succession to produce the
same visible effect at the receiving end of a line as would a single
impulse of the same duration, as the time occupied between the
beginning and end of the many impulses whereby dots become lines or
the received message is exaggerated or indistinct. One purpose of this
Invention is to obviate this result, and a simple method of accomplishing
it is to have either at the transmitting or receiving ends of the line wire
and between the instruments an equating or roversed battery of less
power than that which effects the chemical action, so that the marking
battery has to overcome the reversed battery at every impulse
transmitted.
One of the principal methods of obviating retardation is comprised in
the induction coil apparatus above described as the second chemical:
telegraph repeater. Its application both as a repeater and a line clearer
is clearly shown in the Drawings, but I will proceed to describe it
briefly. The induction apparatus is placed at the receiving end of the
line wire, the secondary coil being in the circuit. Between the coil and
the receiving instrument is placed a resistance exceeding the resistance
of the primary coil. Between the secondary coil and the line the
contact point or roller is attached to the line wire, and the revolving
disc or drum is attached to one end of the primary coil, the other end of
the primary coil passing to earth. The contacts are made with great
rapidity and continuously. When the roller is in contact with the drum
the electrical impulse from the transmitting end of the line is diverted
to earth through the primary coil, thus forcing the primary coil to act
even though the different impulses transmitted should run into each
other so as to form a continuous electrical charge, and when the contact
is broken and the primary coil out of circuit a discharge of opposite
polarity to that producing the record is sent through the whole line and
the line is instantly cleared. Application of this method of clearing a
line of static or retarding electricity to submarine cables is one of the
purposes of this Invention.
This Invention comprises another and somewhat similar method of
clearing a line, which consists of a fine coil of wire placed in the circuit
and surrounding a large number of very fine iron wires, being merely in
principle an ordinary induction coil with the secondary wire omitted.

page_text: Any number of these may be placed in one or different parts of a circuit.
By the decrement or cessation of an impulse the strongest depolarizing
effects are produced and the line is successfully cleared.
The Invention also includes a method of dropping any number of
copies of a message at different points along a line: To render the idea
plain I will suppose the operation of a line two hundred miles long with
two intermediate stations, the first fifty miles, and the second one
hundred and fifty miles from the transmitting end or station. It is
desired to send the same message to the two intermediate and the final
stations simultaneously, the final station being distant two hundred
miles, the first intermediate station distant fifty miles grounds, but does
not break the line through a resistance of one hundred and fifty miles,
and the second intermediate station distant one hundred and fifty miles
grounds in the same manner through a resistance of fifty miles, thus
causing the current from the battery to divide and equally flow through
the instruments of cach of the three receiving stations as the three
electrical grounds are made equidistant from the transmitting station.
Having thus described the principles, nature, and purposes of the
Invention, I will now describe the construction and arrangement of
circuits in order to enable those skilled in the art to make and use the
improvements, reference being had to the accompanying Drawings
forming part of this Specification, in which Figure 1 is a top view
showing the general arrangement of the transmitting and receiving
apparatus.
Figures 2 and 8 are side views of the commutator, partly cut out,
the motive power and synchronous attachments, the receiving apparatus,
and the centered connector for operating the electro-magnets which in
part occasion the vibratory or backward and forward motion of the
transmitting and receiving drums.
Figure 3 is a sectional view of the motive wheel or band showing the
valvular application of the compressed air; Figure 4 is a top view of the
same partially broken off.
Figures 5 and 6 are front and side views of the appliance for giving
longitudinal motion to the transmitting and receiving drums.
Figure 7 is a side view of the apparatus for giving the vibratory
motion to the drums.
:

page_text: Figures 13, 14, and 15 arc circuits.
Referring to Figure 1, A is the air chamber; Z', the escape valve rod;
and w, the sliding weight; B is the metallic band or wheel carrying the
metallic contact levers and rollers 1, 1, 1, 1, of the commutator. Tho
metallic plates or studs n, n, n, n, n, upon the hollow insulating
periphery I, which is stationary, complete the commutator. Connected
with these are the metallic styles P insulated from the standard and
cach other, which make connection with the metallic paper Z running
over the metallic transmitting drum and under the friction rollers f",ƒ"¹;
B, b, is the motor cross piece, better shown in Figures 2 and 3; d is the
projection upon and insulated from B, which engages with the detent
armature E of permanent magnet E, thus arresting the revolution of B ;
S', T¹, are the metallic rollers insulated from the frame for changing the
main circuits, y¹ being partially cut away, better shown in Figure 9;
q, insulated metallic plate, stud, or strip connected to d, and better shown
in Figure 8; Fis the frame; K, K, K, K, K, are the metallic lovers
carrying the metallic recording styles longitudinally across the chemically
prepared paper y, which runs from the reel y³ over the receiving drum
and under the friction rollers f', f"; 8, h, is the shaft fixed to the
frame, upon which the drums may be turned, and upon which the drums
with the framework x, x¹, o, and friction rollers ƒ³, f", rock or vibrate;
u, u, are standards; L, L, are paper reels; b, b, standards; and L, b,
shaft upon which the reels turn; h is a double pulley, from which a belt
passes to shaft of B and to pulley h¹, attached to gear wheel g, r, which
meshes into gear g, r', fixed to shafts, and thus gives motion to friction
rollers T and T, fixed to same shafts, which alternately, according to
the vibratory motion of the rocking frame M, M, impart their motion
to friction rollers T, fixed to shaft 8, h; h, 8, is the standard of pulley h;
m, m, are electro-magnets which actuate the rocking frame M, M ; c' is
the mechanism for imparting longitudinal motion to the framework
carrying the transmitting and receiving drum shaft 8, h, and friction
roller T; m, n, clectro-magnets which operates the same, better shown
in Figures 5 and 6. The friction rollers f, "", revolve upon the rod x,

page_text: which is fixed to cross pieces of frame o. The friction rollers f,r, are
fixed to the rod ', which turns in the cross pieces o, thus enabling the
operator to move the paper over the drums from the reels y³; e, e, is the
arrangement for operating the magnets m, n, and m, m, better shown in
Figure 2; 8, 8, 8, 8, are switches; I, I, I, I, I, the studs to which they
are moved. To binding posts 1 and 2 are attached the poles of a local
battery to operate the mechanism c¹; 3 and 4 are binding posts for local
battery to operate the magnets m, m. To post 5 is attached the line
wire. To post 6 is attached the positive pole of line battery, while to
post 7 is attached the negative pole and a wire to earth. The arrange-
ment of wires in the. Drawing will be readily understood from the above
positions. When the instrument is transmitting, the wire from post 7
passes to shaft s, h, connected with the transmitting drum. Wire from
post 6 passes through switch to roller y¹ beneath roller s'. The battery
therefore when the local circuit is uninterrupted passes from post 6 to y',
thence through y² roller to metallic rim B, through B and commutator
rollers to studs n, thence to transmitting styles or rollers P, and thenco
through metallic paper Z, drum and shafts, h, to post 7, forming a local
short circuit. When this circuit is interrupted by the insulated portions
of the message the battery is thrown upon the line, when the circuit will
be from earth to post 7 and through battery to post 6, thence through
switch to connecting roller y¹, thence by means of metallic rim B to
connecting roller s¹, and to line through post 5. When the detent a
comes into contact with detent armature E' the battery is cut off from
roller y by the insulated piece p, clearly shown in Figure 8, where B is
revolving rim; B, b, air mechanism cross piece; d, detent insulated
from B; and metallic strip connected with detent d, but also insulated
from B, and the circuit is formed as follows:-From the line to post 5
to roller s¹, thence through strip q to detent & and armature E³, one end
of the coil of which is connected to armature mechanism, thus through
armature coil to switch, turned so as to connect with wire to post 6, and
thence through battery to post 7 and to earth. When a message is
being received the circuit is from post 5 to roller s², thence through rim
and shaft s, ¹, better shown in Figure 2, to rim K¹ (Figure 2), through
recording styles K chemically prepared paper, drum, and shaft &, h, to
post 7 and earth. When the detent d engages with armature E¹ the
circuit through the drum is broken, and is as follows :—Line to post 5,
roiler s¹, strips q, detent d, armature E³ coil, and from armature coil
through switch to post 7 and earth.

page_text: .
.
The changing of the switches will be understood from the foregoing
explanation. In Figure 2 P¹ is the pulley, fixed to the shaft s, h', which
drives the double pulley 7 (Figure 1). F, frame; E, permanent
magnet; E, electro-magnetic armature of same; s³, main line roller;
T", short circuit roller; d, detent; s and g, switches and studs; A, air
chamber, from which tube or pipe D conveys air to hollow insulating
disc; I, fastening to frame, upon the periphery of which are commutator
plates n; r, commutator rollers; B, metallic commutator rim, fixed to
shaft 8, ¹; B, b, cross piece in which air is conducted to smaller
propelling orifice v as actuated, and to the receiving orifice v¹; K', disc
or rim carrying recording styles, and fixed to shaft; D, r, drum; fr, fr³,
friction rollers; o, cross piece of vibrating framework, which are the
same in transmitting and receiving portions of the apparatus; e, e, is
the standard of the mechanism for operating the magnets m, m, consisting
of a vibrator m³, electrically connected with the standard e, e, and actuated
by the up-and-down motion of the friction roller rod x¹ which drives the
vibrator against the points c, c, c, which are insulated from the
standard e, e. By reference to Figure 1 it will be seen that one end of
the wire from the magnet m under friction roller T¹ passes to the upper
point c, and one end of the wire from magnet m under friction roller T
passes to the lower point c, c, the other end of the magnet wires being
joined and passing to post 4 which is attached to one pole of the local
battery, the other pole being attached to post 3, and passing thence
through switch to vibrator, so that by the action of the rod x¹ (Figure 2)
on the vibrator the battery is thrown alternately into the magnets m, m,
which in turn cause the vibratory motion of the transmitting and
receiving drums and framework. The motion of the rod ¹ (Figure 2)
is also used to operate the magnet m, n, one end of the coil of which
passes through switch to the vibrator or its standard e, e, and the other
end through battery by means of posts 1 and 2 to rod x³, so that every
time in its upward or downward motion the rod a' comes in contact
with the vibrator m¹ a circuit is not only established through magnet m, n,
but also through one of the magnets m, m.
In Figure 3 are shown the interior and valvular arrangements of the
propelling mechanism. F is the framework broken off; I, hollow disc,
into which air is conducted by pipe D (Figure 2); s, h¹, shaft; v is the
propelling air passage; v¹, the reversing; J is the opening through
which the air passes from the interior I to the sunk portion o³ of

page_text: Figure 4, where the disc I is shown partially cut away, D being the
mouth of the air pipe or tube (Figure 2). It is therefore apparent that
the air will pass constantly into the sunk portion of I, v³, (Figure 4,).
and for nearly a revolution will pass through J' to (Figure 2), as the.
valvo J' is the nearer the shaft s, h¹, and that when this passage is
interrupted by the shape of the sunk portion o³ (Figure 4) the air
will flow through J, which is the farther from the shaft 8, h¹, in the
opposite direction, and although of short duration is of much increased
volume as to check the speed and arrest the revolution of B, 8, h², B,
and K'.
Figures 5 and 6 are front and side views of the longitudinal motion
mechanism in which s, h, is the main shaft of transmitting and receiving
drums; c is a disc or wheel having an endless groove a' on its periphery,
which starting from one side passes to the other side in going half round,
when it returns to the starting point; U is a ratchet wheel attached to
the disc; c is the shaft fixed to standard S, e; m, n, is the electro-
magnet of which G is the armature attached to curved spring lever H
which is fixed to standard, and works pawl O in the teeth of the
ratchet U; N is a projection working firmly in the groove a³, and held
perpendicular by a slot in the top of the standard S, e, in which plays
the projection o; e¹, e³, are washers fixed to shaft by which the moveable
washer with projections N and o is kept in place upon the shaft.
At every operation of the magnet m, n, the pawl will move the grooved
disc, the extent of one tooth in the ratchet, and the shaft s, h, with
transmitting and receiving cylinders and attachments will receive a
longitudinal movement which continues in one direction until the disc
has made half a revolution, when the direction of the movement changes,
and vice versa. Upon the number of teeth on the ratchet depends the
fineness of the lines drawn by the transmitting styles or rollers P
(Figure 1).
In Figure 7 is presented a view of the mechanism by which the
vibrating movement is imparted to the drums and framework; D, r, is
the transmitting drum; o, framework; f, r, f, r¹, friction rollers; P,
transmitting styles or rollers; 8, h, main shaft which slides in standard
u and upon the end of which is fixed friction rollers T; M, M, is the
rocking frame working upon a rod from standard v, and carrying the
two friction rollers T and T fixed to shafts upon the ends of which are
the gears g, r, and 7, rl, Figure 1; G, G³, are the armatures of the

page_text: magnets m, m, also carried by rocking frame. As the magnets
alternately act and bring the friction rollers T' and T" against the friction
roller T, the vibratory or semi-rotary motion of the transmitting and
receiving drums with their framework is obvious.
In Figure 9 is given a simple circuit comprising a transmitting and
receiving station; T and B represent all the transmitting apparatus; E,
earth; B, y, battery; E¹, detent armature; d, detent upon rim B;
R and B represent all the receiving apparatus; E, earth.
Figure 10 presents a view of the simple induction apparatus consisting
of but one coil for the purpose of clearing the line after every charge
from the battery; R is receiving apparatus; E, earth.
Figure 11 shows plainly the method of constructing induction coil and
circuit diverter both for line clearing and repeating; R is the holder of a
roller which makes connection with the rapidly revolving drum D when
the metallic portions of the periphery of the drum are beneath it. The
periphery of the drum is divided into insulated and uninsulated portions,
as shown by the black and white spaces in the Drawing. The semi-
dotted line represents the secondary coil or line wire, the unbroken lino
the primary coil; E, E, are earths; R, g, is the receiving apparatus; x, a
resistance between the apparatus and coil. In Figure 15 is shown the
method of applying this coil and circuit diverter to repeating purposes; T
is the transmitting apparatus at the beginning of the first line wire by
the battery; E, E, earths; x, resistance; R, contact roller, and D drum
by which the line current is diverted through the primary coil of the
induction apparatus. The second line wire upon which the message
from T is to be repeated passes from earth E through battery and
secondary coil thence to receiving apparatus R, g, and earth E.
Figure 12 shows the magneto-electric spark repeater; m is a magnet
charged by first line battery; a, revolving armature; E, E, earths.
The local magneto-electric circuit is broken at b and c, over which breaks,
though infinitely slight, the spark must leap. B, y, is the battery of the
second line wire upon which the action of the first is to be repeated.
The second line wire is broken at b.
Figure 13 gives a circuit for dropping copies; E, E, E, E, earths; T,
transmitting apparatus; x, x, resistance of one hundred and fifty miles;
I, R, first intermediate receiving station, distant from T fifty miles; x¹,

page_text: resistance of fifty miles; I, R', second intermediate receiving station
distant from T one hundred and fifty miles; R, ultimate receiving
station distant from T two hundred miles.
In Figure 14 is a view of a simple line clearing circuit; E, earth; B, y,
transmitting battery; T, transmitting apparatus; B,y, reversed battery
of less strength than transmitting battery.
Having described the nature of the Invention, and the manner of
performing the same, I declare that what I claim as new and desire to
secure by Letters Patent is,-
First. In electrical chemical copying telegraphs the commutator, as
shewn and described, in which any number of styles may be used in the
transmitting apparatus, and but one, or the equivalent of one, in the
receiving apparatus.
Secondly. A commutator which does not require as many recording
as there are transmitting styles, substantially as shown and described.
Thirdly. A commutator in which the metallic contacts are made and
the electrical impulses taken up at the transmitting end of a circuit
only.
Fourthly. A commutator which in transmitting concentrates the
electrical impulses proceeding through any number of styles into a
single wire without requiring or receiving that such concentrated
impulses shall be distributed among the same number of recording
styles.
Fifthly. The position of the transmitting styles P with relation one
to another, in which they are made to draw imaginary lines of any fine-
ness, so as ultimately to cover the whole surface of the message by
means of the vibratory or rocking and the longitudinal motions of the
transmitting drum, substantially as shewn and described.
Sixthly. The arrangement of the ends of the styles in the arc of a
circle, substantially as shewn and described.
Seventhly. The employment of fine small metallic rollers at the ends
of the styles P to make connection with the metallic portion or portions
of the message.
Eighthly. The metallic plates, studs, or pieces n of the commutator
insulated from another, and electrically connected to the turnam 28.10.

page_text: between the line and a resistance to a receiving instrument and earth the
secondary wire of an induction coil, the wires of which may be of equal
or different resistances, the primary wire being also connected to earth,
and also through a drum, disc, or wheel, and contact roller, by which
very rapid breaks are made to the line wire outside the coil and towards
the line, so that the impulses proceeding from the transmitting station
are constantly being cut up and diverted from the secondary wire and
receiving apparatus into the primary wire, which is run to earth outside
the receiving apparatus by means of the rapid contacts made by the
roller and drum, so that about half of the charge contained in every
impulse reaches the receiving apparatus, the other half causing the
primary wire of the coil to act upon the bundle of iron wires, which upon
restoration of the circuit through the secondary coil to the receiving
apparatus throw into the line an induced current of opposite polarity to
that which effects the record.
53rdly. The employment of an induction coil of double wires with
a mechanical circuit changer to obtain a reversed quantity or intensity
current for the purpose of clearing a line of inductive or retarding
influences, substantially as shown and described.
54thly. A mechanical circuit changer or current diverter consisting
of a drum D containing upon its periphery metallic and insulated
divisions, with the metallic divisions of which a metallic roller R makes
connection, at every connection diverting the line current to earth outside
the receiving instrument, substantially as shown and described and for
the purpose specified.
55thly. Diverting the line current to earth outside the receiving
apparatus with great rapidity so as to cut up the electrical impulses
from the transmitting station, substantially as shown and described.
56thly. Causing the induction coil to act upon the line without
regard to increment, decrement, or cessation of clectrical impulses, sub-
stantially as shown and described.
57thly. An induction apparatus which throws into the line currents
of reversed polarity to the impulses from the transmitting station.
whenever the line is charged, but which ceases to act as soon as the
line is cleared by its own action.
58thly. The method of dropping any number of copies of a message
at intermediate stations by means of grounding the line without

page_text: breaking it through resistances which shall make the resistance of the
wire to each of the intermediate stations and earth equal to the resistance
of the entire line, thus causing the electrical current to equally divide
and flow into as many earths as there are receiving stations, thus arti-
ficially equidistant from the transmitting station, as and for the purpose
specified.
59thly. In chemical and copying telegraphs an automatic repeater,
consisting of apparatus for producing from the electro-magnetic effects
of the first line current a local magneto-electric spark or voltaic
arc, which in its passage over a break in the second line circuit elec-
trically closes the second line circuit and causes the battery to flow,
substantially as shown and described and for the purpose specified.
60thly. The electric spark or voltaic arc to close on electrical circuit
independent of the circuit in which the electric spark or voltaic arc is
generated.
61stly. An automatic repeater consisting of an induction coil, the
primary wire of which is alternating in the first line circuit to earth,
and cut off from the line by means of a rapidly revolving drum,
disc, or wheel connected to the primary wire, and having upon its
periphery insulating and metallic divisions, and a metallic roller con-
nected to line which makes contact with the metallic divisions of the
drum, disc, or wheel, thus causing the coil to act independently of
the increment, decrement, or cessation of the electrical impulses pro-
ceeding from the transmitting station, and inducing in the secondary
wire which is connected to earth, and the second line wire which is a
always closed, a reversed current which overcomes, neutralizes, or equates
the current from the battery upon the second line wire, substantially as
shown and described and for the purpose specified.
•
62ndly. An automatic repeater which renents by induction.

page_text: 66thly. The circuits, Figure 11, substantially as shown and described.
67thly. The repeating circuits, Figure 12, substantially as shown
and described.
68thly. The circuit, Figure 13, substantially as shown and described.
69thly. The circuit, Figure 14, substantially as shown and described.
70thly. The repeating circuits, Figure 15, substantially as shown and
described.
71stly. In chemical copying telegraphs the combination with longi-
tudinally moving and rocking transmitting drums of a single contact
commutator, intermittent synchronous operation of mechanism actuated
by compressed air, and continuous rolls of metallic and chemical
paper.
In witness whereof, I, the said Alexander Melville Clark, have
hereunto set my hand and seal, this Fourteenth day of
November, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred
and seventy-four.
Witness,
HY. SWALES,
53, Chancery Lane,
London.
A. M. CLARK. (L.S.)