IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF BOLTS AND NUTS, SPIKES, SCREWS, RIVETS, AND OTHER SIMILAR ARTICLES USED AS PERMANENT WAY FASTENINGS
Year: 1884

page_text: I SAMUEL RIDEAL of 9 Wards Buildings Deansgate Manchester in the county of
Lancaster Civil Engineer do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF BOLTS AND NUTS, SPIKES, SCREWS,
RIVETS, AND OTHER SIMILAR ARTICLES USED AS PERMANENT WAY FASTENINGS" to
be as follows:-
My said invention relates to the production of bolts, nuts, spikes, screws, rivets,
keys, fish plates, and similar fastenings, for the permanent ways of railways and
tramways and has for its objects to economise labour and otherwise to cheapen their
production. As at present manufactured such articles are usually made from rolled
bars of iron or steel and are forged and finished by suitable machinery. According
to my invention I make the said articles by casting them in moulds made of a
composition of ganister, firebrick, plumbago, quicklime, and coke, calcined ground
finely and mixed with a small proportion of heavy petroleum or other mineral oil.
I may vary the composition by the use of other substances or matters of a like
nature. The composition may be used in lieu of moulding sand or be made into
blocks or sections which may be baked or burnt. Such moulds may be secured
together by straps and be placed within a moulding box or flask. Such hardened
moulds can be used repeatedly so that at each moulding operation the upper portion
or the portion in which are formed the gaits and heads only requires ramming.
The upper surface of the series of blocks thus fastened together may be trued from
time to time and the moulds in the blocks may be deepened when necessary by
boring. When any of the blocks become injured or worn by use they can be
replaced. To provide for expansion when in use I prefer to place strips of asbestos
between the joints. The metal I use to form these castings is preferably mild steel.
I attach the patterns of the bolts to a surface plate in such a manner as that the
casting will be effected with the end of the bolt downward so as to render the metal
more dense and free from impurities and air holes at that part which receives the
screw thread and I also form above the bolt head a prolongation which when the
molten metal is poured into the mould serves to receive the impurities which rise
to the surface. This prolongation is afterwards cut off. The patterns are prefer-
ably made of some non-corosive metal such as brass and may be heated before

page_text: being placed in the moulding flask and rammed up. By their subsequent cooling
and contraction in the mould their withdrawal is rendered more easy. The pro-
portion of petroleum mixed with the moulding material causes the deposition of a
carbonaceous film upon the castings which have thus a clean and smooth surface.
In the formation of nuts according to my process I cast the blank solid and after-
wards bore the hole to receive the tap which thus acts upon clean metal instead of
upon the hardened chilled surface produced when the blanks are heated and
punched as heretobefore. The tap is thus less injuriously effected by use than is
usual and lasts longer. The bolts, spikes screws and other fastenings cast from
mild steel as herein before described possess greater tensile strength and can be
manufactured at much less cost than similar articles produced by the ordinary
methods of rolling and forging.

page_text: "
CUBE DELE DI MULRICATION
I SAMUEL RIDEAL of 9 Wards Buildings Deansgate Manchester in the County of
Lancaster Civil Engineer do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF BOLTS AND NUTS, SPIKES, SCREWS,
RIVETS AND OTHER SIMILAR ARTICLES USED AS PERMANENT WAY FASTENINGS,
and in what manner the same is to be performed to be particularly described
and ascertained in and by the following statement:-
My Invention relates to the production of bolts, nuts, spikes, screws, rivets, keys,
fish plates and similar fastenings for the permanent way of railways and tramways
and has for its objects to economise labour and to otherwise cheapen their produc-
tion. As at present manufactured such articles are usually made from rolled bars of
iron or steel and are forged and finished by suitable machinery. According to my
invention I make the said articles by casting them in moulds made of a composition
of ganister, firebrick, fire clay or similar refractory material, plumbago, quicklime
and coke calcined, ground finely and mixed with a small proportion of heavy
petroleum or other mineral oil. I may vary the composition by the use of other
substances or matters of a like nature. By way of example I will state the pro-
portions by measure of the ingrediants in a compostion which I now consider to be
suitable for the purposes of my Invention--that is to say, I take
Stowbridge fire clay
China Clay or Kaolin
Hard Coke
Old Pots or Crucibles
Quick Lime
ten parts,
ten parts,
-
three parts,
-
three parts,
-
three parts.
These ingredients I grind, sieve, and incorporate together with the addition of
heavy mineral oil sufficient to produce an adhesive mass which can be moulded into
the required forms. This mixture I press or ram into metal moulds provided with
the patterns or models or parts of models of the articles to be cast. The blocks or
sections of moulds so produced are dried and baked or fired to a dull red heat or to
a suitable temperature before the molten metal is run into them. The blocks
) or sections of moulds may be secured together by means of straps or be otherwise
secured together and be placed within a moulding box or flask or be otherwise
suitably prepared for the casting operation. Such hardened moulds can be used
repeatedly so that at each moulding operation the upper portion or the portion in
which are formed the gaits and heads only requires ramming. The upper surface
of the series of blocks thus fastened together may be trued from time to time and
the moulds in the blocks may be deepened when necessary by boring. When any
of the blocks or sections become injured or worn by use they can be replaced. To
provide for expansion when in use I prefer to place strips of asbestos between the
joints. The composition prepared as aforesaid may also be used in lieu of moulding
sand in flasks or boxes without the firing operation but I prefer to mould the
mixture into blocks or sections of moulds and to bake or fire them as aforesaid,

page_text: The metal I use to form these castings is preferably mild steel. I attach the
patterns of the bolts to a surface plate in such a manner as that the casting will be
effected with the end of the bolt downward so as to render the metal more dense
and free from impurities and air holes at that part which receives the screw thread
and I also form above the bolt head a prolongation which when the molten metal
is poured into the mould serves to receive the impurities which rise to the surface.
This prolongation is afterwards cut off. The patterns are preferably made of some
non-corrosive metal such as brass and may be heated before being placed in the
moulding box or flask and rammed up. By their subsequent cooling and contrac-
tion in the mould their withdrawal is rendered more easy The proportion of
petroleum mixed with the moulding material causes the deposition of a carbonaceous
film upon the castings which have thus a clean and smooth surface. In the for-
mation of nuts according to my process. I cast the blank solid and afterwards bore
the hole to receive the tap which thus acts upon clean metal instead of upon the
bard and chilled surface produced when the blanks are heated and punched as
heretofore. The tap is thus less injuriously effected by use than is usual and lasts
longer. The bolts, spikes, screws, and other fastenings cast from mild steel as
berein before, described possess greater tensile strength and can be manufactured at
much less cost than similar articles produced by the ordinary methods of rolling
and forging.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of
my said
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what
I claim is
1. Producing metal articles of the nature herein indicated from mild steel run
into refractory moulds prepared substantially in the manner herein set forth.
3334
2. The moulds prepared and used substantially as and for the purposes set forth.
3. The composition prepared from refractory materials, coke, quick-lime and
heavy mineral oil substantially as and for the purpose set forth.