CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE STEAM ENGINE AND THE STEAM BOILER
Year: 1852

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Thomas Craddock, of the Ranelagh Works,
Thames Bank, in the County of Middlesex, for the Invention of
CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE STEAM ENGINE AND THE STEAM
BOILER."
Sealed the 8th December 1852, and dated the 1st October 1852.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Thomas Craddock
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition,
on the 1st October 1852.
I, THOMAS CRADDOCK, of the Ranelagh Works, Thames Bank, in
the County of Middlesex, Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of
the said Invention for "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE STEAM ENGINE
AND THE STEAM BOILER " to be as follows; viz.,—
These improvements are supplementary to other improvements of
mine, relating to the steam engine and its boiler, for which I obtained
Letters Patent, bearing date respectively 16th March 1840, and
2nd December 1846.
These supplementary improvements consist in or refer to:
First, the improvement of the steam valves and cylinder face, so as
to render what is known as the "woolf," or double cylinder engine,
adapted to work efficiently when the two cranks of such engine are set.
A

page_text: at right angles to each other, by which improvement I remove the
necessity of having two distinct engines, as now used for steam vessels,
which two engines are by the present practice required, to get over the
dead points, and give the desired control over the stopping and starting
of the engine.
Secondly, these improvements consist in an improved connecting rod,
which is peculiarly adapted to the double cylider engine when the
cranks of such engine are set at right angles, as above described,
whereby, with the direct acting engine of the double cylinder or
"woolf" kind, we can obtain a much longer connecting rod than by any
previously existing mode, and very nearly the same compactness as in
the oscillating engine..
=
Thirdly, I combine, with the aforesaid, in order to effectuate this
Invention, an improved mode of constructing the steami cylinders, and
steam cylinder casing, by which the steam that impels the piston is
effectually protected from condensation prior to its escape into the
condenser.
די,
This casing I cast so that, to the observer, it would appear like two
working cylinders in one piece. The steam ports and face are cast on
to this outer casing, but instead of casting my working cylinders in one
piece, as heretofore, I cast them separately; and affix the working
cylinders in the same casing; the casing being adapted to receive
them into their respective central positions, suitable to the centre of
the cranks to which the connecting rods are attached that are connected
to the pistons which work in the two inside or separate cylinders. By
this construction.I have a layer of steam from the boiler surrounding;
my working cylinders, and effectually preventing the condensation of
the steam which is inipelling the working pistons.
Fourthly, I combine, in order to., effectuate my, Invention with the
aforesaid, my improvements by which my condenser (formerly patented)
is adapted to cool the water which has been heated by the condensation
of the steam from the engine, and also to render my condenser efficient,
when it is desired to add the cooling effect produced by evaporation in
conjunction with atmospheric air, as the medium for condensing the
steam from the engine.

page_text: These improvements in my condenser are effected by so surrounding
it with a casing that the water for evaporation is not dissipated 'or
lost in any other way than that of evaporation, which water is distributed
in' minute quantities over. my condenser..
Fifthly, I combine with the aforesaid, in order to effectuate this?
Invention, further, improvements in my steam boiler (included in my
said, former Letters Patent), by which the steam engine, to which it is
a necessary appendage, is rendered more portable, and better adapted
for agricultural purposes, and by which, if steam power can be applied
with advantage to common roads, my improved steam engine will be)
well adapted for the purpose.
These improvements in the boiler are effected by arranging tubes, or
other vessels of small sectional area, in the interior space of my boiler
oyer the fire, whilst the outside portion or circumferential part of the
boiler is composed in the same way as my boilers have been heretofore
and are now made.
I also declare that my Invention consists in producing a steam
engine and its boiler which shall be much lighter, more compact, more!
economical, and freer from explosions than other engines; to effectually
carry out this, I consider it requires the use of all these improvements
aforesaid as well as those formerly patented.
The whole of the above, improvements may be used in combination
with each other, and in one and the same steam engine and boiler.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Thomas Craddock in the Great Seal Patent
Office on the 1st April 1853.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME,
THOMAS CRADDOCK, of the. Ranelagh Works, Thames Bank, in the
County of Middlesex, Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the First day of October, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-two, in the sixteenth
year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and

page_text: grant unto me, the said Thomas Craddock, Her special licence that I,
the said Thomas Craddock, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or:
such others as I, the said Thomas Craddock, my executors, administra-.
tors, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from
time to time and at all times thereafter during the term therein éx-
pressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend,.
within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Chan-
nel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "CERTAIN IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE STEAM ENGINE AND THE STEAM BOILER," upon the condition.
(amongst others) that I, the said Thomas Craddock, by an instrument
in writing under my hand and seal, should particularly describe and
ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the
same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great:
Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately
-after the date of the said Letters Patent..
.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Thomas Craddock, do hereby
-declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same
is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement (that is to say) having reference to the
accompanying Drawings. (See Drawings.)
The nature of this my Invention (which is supplementary to those:
for which I obtained Letters Patent, bearing date March the Sixteenth,
One thousand eight hundred and forty, and a subsequent Patent, bearing
date December the Third, One thousand eight hundred and forty-six,)
consists, Firstly, in an improvement in the valves and the valve faces
of double cylinder engines, in which the steam enters the second
cylinder on its emission from the first or high-pressure cylinder, by
which improvement one such double cylinder engines is adapted to all
the requirements for which two engines, each receiving steam direct
from the boiler, are now necessary. Secondly, my Invention consists
in an improved connecting rod for double cylinder engines, by which a
direct-acting double cylinder engine is rendered as compact and con-
venient for steam vessels as the oscillating engine, whilst, at the same
time, we obtain all the advantages in the direct-acting engine of a long
connecting rod. Thirdly, my Invention consists in an improved mode
of constructing the steam cylinders and steam cylinder casing of steam-

page_text: engines, which is peculiarly adapted to the double cylinder engine, as I
thus surround the working cylinders with the hot steam direct from the
boiler, thereby keeping all the parts which the impelling steam that
acts on the piston comes in contact with as hot as such steam is when
it first comes from the boiler, which is a matter, in expansive engines,
I deem of great importance to economy. Fourthly, my Invention
consists in improvements in my condenser (which condenser formed
part of the Invention for which I obtained Letters Patent bearing date
the Third December, One thousand eight hundred and forty-six, before.
referred to): by my present improvements, my condenser is adapted to
cool the water of condensation, where the water for that purpose is t
deficient in quantity; and also the further improvement in the
aforesaid condenser, by which the cooling effects of evaporation are
taken advantage of in conjunction with the direct condensation of
the steam by the atmosphere, and for cooling the water of condensation,
as before referred to. Fifthly, my Invention consists in improvements
upon my boiler, (which boiler also formed part of the Invention patented.
as aforesaid, December the Third, One thousand eight hundred and
forty-six) By my present improvements, my boiler is rendered still
more compact for a given surface and weight, and also better adapted
for small portable engines.
The following description, illustrated by the accompanying Drawings,
will have reference to my Invention here described; in the same order in
which the nature of the improvements have been indicated. In Draw-
ing No. 1, at Figure 1, is shown a perspective elevation of the high
and low pressure cylinder casing, with the two faces on which the high
and low pressure valves work, the proper ports and passages leading to
the boiler, the passages leading to the top and bottom of the high
pressure cylinder, and also the ports and passages requisite to convey
the steam to and from the top and bottom of the low-pressure
cylinder, and from thence to the condenser; these are all cast in
one piece, the working cylinders being inserted therein in the manner
shown in Figure 29. To distinguish the important parts, it is de-
s rable to refer to numbers through the various sections in the
following order, which will be seen set down on their respective parts.

page_text: I, I, the high-pressure cylinder; 2, 2; the low-pressure cylinder; 3, 3, the
high-pressure cylinder face; 4,4; the low-pressure cylinder, face; 5, 5, 5, 5,
the high-pressure valve; 6; 6, the high-pressure expansive valve; 7;
the rising valve on the, high-pressure cylinder face; 8, 8, the low-
pressure steam valve; 9, 9, the low-pressure expansive valve; 10, 10,
the piece of cast iron fitted to the side opposite to the expansive valve;
which is both on the high-pressure steam valve and the low-pressure
steam valve this piece is added to bring the side on which it is
placed level with the top of the expansive, valve. Having placed these
numbers to distinguish each important part, it will much-abridge the
explanation to use the same letters as indicating a similar relation of
parts in both cylinder faces and valves, and also in the different modifi-
cations of the low-pressure valve, shown in Figures 18, 19, 20, 21, 22,
23, 24, and 25; and in the valves with the steam box, shown in Figures
26, 27, and 28. The views representing my improvements in the
valves extend from 1 to 28. Figure 1, and number 3, 3, is the high-
pressure cylinder face; a, is the branch coming from the boiler to a.
which is the port in the face through- which the steam comes to the.
engine; b, b, the port and passage leading to the top of the high-pressure
cylinder, and c, c, the port and passage leading to the bottom of the
same cylinders; d, is a port which communicates through the rising:
valye 7, (see Figures 6, and 10,) with the passage d', to to port d, in
the low-pressure: face, number 4, 4; e, e, are two ports which commu-;
nicate with one and the, same passage, e", as seen in Figure 2, number,
3, 3; which passage e", leads to the port a', number 4, 4, which is the
low-pressure cylinder face 4,.4. Figure 5, is the high-pressure valve
face (see Figure 5); f, and g, are two ports, which, as they are by the
motion of the valve brought over a, and c, or a', and b, are embraced at
such times by the hollow and two ports h, and i, in the expansive valve
6, 6, (see Figure 8); j, andik, are two ports, which, by two so.
shaped passages, seen at Figure 3, number 5, 5, 5.5, com-
municate. with two ports v. and m; here it will be seen that.
in the position the valves are shown in Figure 7, that whilst
the steam is coming through the port a', from the boiler, and from thence,
through fh, ig, and c; to-the bottom of the high-pressure cylinder, the

page_text: steam on the exhaust side. of the same piston (see Figures.2, and 3,)
can get away through b, j, m, and d, and from thence through the rising
valve 7, and through the passage d, to the port d, in the low-pressure face,
4,4. On the reversing of the high-pressure valves, it will be seen that
the steam coming from the boiler through a', will pass through g, whichí,
will then be over a, and f over b; of the ports of the expansive valve,
will be over and a', and h over f and b; when the valves are in
such position, it will be seen that the steam from the boiler can pass into?
the top end of the high-pressure cylinder I, I, and that at the same time
the port will be over c, and over d, and that then the exhaust steami
from the bottom of the cylinder I, I, can pass through c, k, and d, and
from thence through the rising valve (see Figure 10,) and the passage
d, as before, to the port d, in the low-pressure cylinder face 4, 4. Om
further inspecting Figure 4, it will be seen that there are cross passagesi
in the valve 5, 5, 5, 5, which lead from g, to n, and also from f, to o
and that when the valves are in the position shown, the steam can go
from g, across the valve to n, and from n, which is over e, in the face:
3, 3, (see Figure 10) into the passage e", and from thence to a', in the:
low-pressure cylinder face 4, 4. The passage e", will be seen to com->
municate with e, and e, in the high-pressure cylinder face 3, 3; and
on the reversing of the valve, it will be seen that the steam can go from:
f.to o, which will then be over é, and thence through the passage c", to
d', in the low-pressure cylinder face 4, 4, as before. We have now got:
to deal with the steam which is supposed to be gone to a¹, and d, 'int
the low-pressure cylinder face. First as to that at a, which it will
be seen is. governed in exactly the same way as we have explained in
reference to the steam at a', on the high-pressure side 3, 3; and as the
letters there which indicate the relation of parts are the same as in
those that convey the steam from a', in the low-pressure cylinder face!
4; 4, to the bottom and top of that cylinder, after referring to Figure 7,
and Figure 11, and Figure 16, the reader will see I need do no more:
than repeat the letters, which are a,f,'h, i, g, and and on the revers-
ing of the valves, a', y, i, h, f, and b. The steam at d, is governed by
two ports p, and g, seen in the face of the low-pressure steam valve 8, 8,
Figure 12; and which communicate together, as seen in section at:

page_text: Figure 14. In the position the valves are shown, it will be seen that
q, is opening to d, whilst p, is open to a greater extent to c. It will
also be seen in the Figure 13, showing the face of the valve 8, S, that
the passages, and k, are long, and consequently the steam from a', and
d, enters the same port, which leads to the bottom of the low-pressure
cylinder, when the valves are in the position shown. In the reverse
position, p would be open to d, and q to b; and here again the steam
from a', and d, would enter the top of the cylinder by the same pas-
sages. But it is essential to note here, that the steam of a', and d,
does not come in contact with each other until it has passed through
the valves, and entered the passage directly leading to the end of the
cylinder in which it is required to propel the piston. In one of the
copies of Drawings, No. 1, will be seen one set of Figures crossed out
because defective, and the defect there referred to is that of bringing
the steam, which, as before described, is represented at a', and d, together,
before the steam of a', had passed the expansive valve q, q. A little con-
sideration will convince any one that such an arrangement would not do,
as the means of proper exhaust from the high-pressure cylinder would be
destroyed by the closing of the expansive valve q, q, and the pressure of the
high-pressure steam at a', in the low-pressure cylinder face 4, 4. By the
arrangement described, the exhaust and supply of cach cylinder is, in
point of time, governed by its own valves; and the exhaust and supply
are, both to and from each cylinder, as free as they would be if the cranks,
instead of being at right angles, were set to come to the dead points
together, as in the ordinary arrangement of double cylinder engines,
In this arrangement all the advantages of two distinct engines are
gained. On referring again to the face of the low-pressure steam
valve 8, 8, there will be seen parts yet unexplained, j, k, and 1, (sce
Figures 12, 13, and 15); and on referring to Figure 14, it will be seen
that j, is over b, in the face of the cylinder 4, 4, and that 1, is also over
s, in the cylinder face 4, 4. The exhaust steam is in this case supposed
to be passing from b, through j, r, and s, to the condenser or atmosphere.
On reversing the valves, would be over c, and rover s, the exhaust
steam in this case passing from the top of the cylinder through c, k, r,
and s, as before, to the condenser or atmosphere. Figures 26, 27, and

page_text: 28, represent the valves which I have been describing, adapted for a
valve box in which they have the steam at the back of them; in
such case the only alteration required is, that the steam on its
passage from a, to a', on the high-pressure side 3, 3, should have
liberty to go into the valve box, in addition to going direct to a',
as before shown; for this purpose the outlet a, is shown. The same
must be done with the steam going through e, and e', and the passage
e", to a', on the low-pressure side 4, 4; and here a, shows the outlet
for the before-named purpose. In Figures from 18, to 25, is shown an
arrangement in which the rising valve 7, (see Figures 19, 20, and 22)
is on the slide valve 8, 8; and the ports a, and d, are differently placed;
see Figures 18, 19, and 20; g, and f, which before were two ports in
the valve face 8, 8, are now one long port g; see Figures 20, and 21,
which show the altered face of the valve 8, 8; and Figure 18, 4, 4,
shows the altered cylinder face at 4, 4. The long port is contracted
into one of the same size as before explained (see Figure 25); but it is
best at this point to give to this contracted port g', and the other port,
the expansive valve embraces f'. On the steam passing through a', g',.
i, h, and f, it enters into a passage t, in the valves 8, 8, which commu-
nicates with passages u, and v, which passages u, and v, direct the steam
to the port b, in the way the valve stands; and, on reversing, to c, and
to the cylinder, as in the former cases explained. The port f, is also a
long port (see Figures 20, and 21), and leads from d, w, and w, to the
rising valve 7. After the steam passes through this rising valve, it
comes into the passages u, and 2, and with the steam that we have seen
goes through a, and like it is governed by the valve 8, 8, as the well
working of the engine requires. In this arrangement, the exhaust is
effected by the common hollow r, (see Figures 18, 21, and 22,) clasping
the ports as usual. The expansive valve 9, 9, on the low-pressure
steam valve 8, 8, before explained, should always be set to cut off the
steam before the high-pressure cylinder is in the act of receiving steam
again, after the termination of the stroke which it, the high-pressure piston,
is in the act of making at the time. The piston of the high-pressure
cylinder will always be about the middle of its stroke when the low-
pressure piston is starting from one of the ends of its cylinder; in such

page_text: case all-that is required is, that the low-pressure expansive valve 9, 9,
shut the conimunication through a', 4, 4, before the expansive valve 6, 6,
on the face 33, allows the steam to re-enter the high-pressure cylinder
This, as I have said, will be effected by the low-pressure expansive valve
cutting off the steam at half stroke; the high-pressure expansive valve
may cut off the steam at half stroke, or earlier or later, as may be
desired. The section shown at Figure 3, is taken through the line A, B,
at Figure 7 that at Figure 4, through the line C, D, at Figure 7;
and the section shown at Figure 6, is taken through the line E, F,
Figure 10. The other sections explain themselves, though I may as
well remark, that the section in Figure 10, is taken through the line on
the cylinder faces G, H, Figure 1. In Figure 29 is shown a sectional
elevation of my improved cylinder and cylinder casing; 1, 1, and 2, 2,
show the working cylinders; d, d, d, d, the metal of the cylinders; e,
and e, the high and low pressure pistons, with their rods broken off.
The parts marked a, a, a, show the metal of the casing. At g, is shown
the mode by which these cylinders are fixed steam-tight in the cylinder
casing at g, g,g. The inside diameter of the casing is contracted, and the
outside diameter of the working cylinders is in the same degree at those
points enlarged; the former is bored out at 9.9.99, and the latter is turned
true on their outside diameters, to fit the casing tight at J, I, I, J. In
addition to this, there is a slight projection left at the bottom of the
cylinder, and a small annular space provided at the top. Thus prepared
for each other, the cylinders are driven in rather tightly, until the collar
or
r projection at the bottom is up to the bearing made to receive it; and
afterwards a thin ring is turned and bored to fit the annular space at
the top and it also is driven in rather tight. The lids, which are
marked are fitted down to the top of these working cylinders, the ports
in the casing being kept. clear, which come in at the top and bottom
of-what must here be termed the working cylinders. The space marked
with the letter-c, forms a steam space, all round the working cylinders.
The lids also are cast hollow as seen at c, d, cd. The steain comes direct
from the boiler to the top lids, and is supposed to enter at the taps, being
brought there by a half-inch pipe from the boiler. or steain pipe which
leads to the engine.. The drilled holes shown at i, i, i, i, convey the

page_text: steam from the top lids to the steam space in the casing, and also out
of the, steam casing into the bottom. lids where taps are shown, for
drawing off any condensed water that may collect there. Figure. 30,
shows a sectional elevation of my improved connecting rod, with tlier
high-pressure cylinder, piston, piston-rod, and cross-head; the crank is.
in perspective, and the crank pin in section; a, a, a, a, is the connecting,
rod, composed wholly of wrought iron, with brass caps retaining the
crank pin and cross head in their place; 1, the cylinder; d, the piston; and
e, the cross-head; e, the crank; f, f, the guides; and g, the guide blocks;
h, the top lid, which in this view is the reverse of that shown in
Figure 29; it shows the provision made for the crank to clear it. Figures;
from 1 to 30, inclusive, are that portion of the Invention described undert
the three first heads. The combination with suitable arrangements for at
marine engine are shown in Drawing No. 2. Figure 1, is a perspective
elevation; Figure 2, a sectional elevation; Figure 3, is an end per
spective elevation, looking on the high-pressure cylinder; Figure 4, ist
an end perspective elevation, looking on the low-pressure cylinder;}
Figure 5, is a plan, as seen when looking on the top of the crank shaft,[
and top framing; and Figure 6, is a plan with the crank shaft and topl
framing removed, showing the top of the cylinders, and the bottom
framing. The same letters refer to the same parts in all the Figures.
Figure 1, 1, 1, and 2, 2, the high and the low pressure cylinders, with
pistons, piston-rods, cross-heads, casing, and valves, as before explained: >
b, b, is the crank shaft; c, c, the top framing. The parts marked d,' are:
the supports, from the top, framing to the bottom framing 1, 1. The,
parts marked e, are short hollow columns, which give support to the
top framing, going between it and the cylinder covers, with pins through
the middle of them from the cylinder covers to the top framing. The
cylinders are seen to be bolted down to the bottom framing 1, 1, which
framing is supposed to be made fast.by suitable means to the bottom of
a steam vessel; the top framing being made secure to the sides of the
vessel, as is now done, and the shaft carried out to receive paddle wheels:
The parts marked f: are the guide bars, the lower ends of which are
secured by suitable means to the bottom of the vessel. The parts
marked', are the plumber blocks, that carry the crank shaft: i, is the

page_text: high-pressure crank; and ;, the low-pressure crank; g, the crank that
works the air-pump; k, the eccentrics that work the high-pressure valves;
and ', those that work the low-pressure valves; m, and m', are the eccen-
tric rods that communicate with the weigh shaft: n, is the high-pressure
weigh shaft; and n', the low-pressure wheigh shaft: o, is the high-pressure
connecting rod; and p, the low-pressure connecting rod: 5, 5, 5, 5, the
high-pressure valve; 6, 6, the high-pressure expansive valve; 7, the
rising valve; 8, 8, the low-pressure steam valve; 9, 9, the low-pressure
expansive valve; and 10, 10, the cast iron piece on the back of the
valves; 1, the friction pullies on the back of the valves; s, the plumber
blocks or brackets, in which the bearings are in which the friction
pullies revolve and the springs are fixed that keep the valves to their
faces; t, the openings in the top framing for the vibration of the con-
necting rods, o, and p; u, the openings for connecting rods o, and P,
the bottom framing; v, the steam pipe to the boiler; w, the exhaust
pipe to the condenser; a, a, a, a, the four rods that connect the valves"
to the weigh-shaft lever, 2, 2", 4', and 4', the stopping and starting
levers; 3', and 3', the guide blocks; 5', the weigh-shaft levers; 6', the
levers going to the valve rods.
in
The mode of working this engine will be understood, from the
explanation already given in the previous description of valves, con-
necting rod, cylinder casing, cylinders, and the description here given
of the six Figures referred to. Drawing No. 3, show the improvements
relating to my condenser. In Figure 1, the condenser is in perspective
elevation, except the centre part; a, b, c, d, c, e, e, f, g, g, k, and m, the.
small pumps; the outside ring as seen at v; and 2, one of the tubes
leading to the annular ring 9, g The steam enters from the exhaust
pipe of the cylinder at a, passes into b, and through the hollow radial
arms c, it is distributed through the small tubes h, seen also in the
sectional plan, Figure 2, and from thence to the annular space g, g,
through n. The steam is condensed by the cooling effect of the
atmosphere being greatly increased by the condenser being put in rapid
motion, revolving in stuffing boxes at c', and d', its weight is borne by
a toe, seen at i; the motion is imparted by a band through the pulley
f', and the wheels h', h'. The condensed-steam in the shape of water

page_text: comes into the annular space g, and down the narrow annular space j
into the bottom k, from whence it is drawn off by the air-pump, through
the pipe 7. At m, is pipe, through which water, is supposed to be
forced by a small pump worked by the engine; and this water, passing
up the pipe e, e, e, into the distributers n, and n'; is distributed among
the tubes through which it will be remembered the steam is supposed to
be passing (see Figure 2). At e, e', is seen in section a light
galvanized casing, the object of which is to catch the water that is
thrown out by the centrifugal action of the condenser, and so conduct
the water thus thrown out down into the pan 7, made to receive it, at the
bottom, from whence it passes off by the pipe p, to the small pump,
to be again thrown as before, through the pipem. At 1, will be
seen. a stuffing box, or rather two stuffing boxes, with a hollow ring, or
rather two rings, kept asunder by three supports, leaving a space, shown'
at 2, between them; under the lower ring of these two, is hemp
packing, and also on the top of the upper one; this is all screwed down
togetlier by the gland u. At the top at c, it will also be seen there is
packing, by which that revolving joint is made light. In the plan,
Figure 2, at v, is shown a mode of conveying the water along small
pipes, on either side the rows of tubes d, and it is there shown jetting
out against such tubes; the before-named is one or rather two modes!
by which the water is thrown upon and among the steam tubes, but if
desired it may be carried up the pipe a', and into a pan b', at the top,
from which it will descend like a shower bath. I prefer either of the
first modes to this, as by having the water in the centre, the same:
quantity of water will be more effective than by the shower-bath mode.
With a very small quantity of water per day, the first mode will produce
a: considerable effect; and in such case, the water that did not pass off
by evaporation may be so small as not to be worth an outside casing,
and the provision for catching the water at the bottom. These con->
densers will condense the steam by the air, without the aid of evaporation,
as before described, and give a vacuum of 24 to 26 inches of mercury'
in the summer, and in the winter as good as the old injection mode
with water; but there are circumstances in which the aid of evaporation.
can be applied with advantage. These advantages are also as apparent,

page_text: to the cooling of the water of condensation, as shown in Figure 3, as in
that of condensing, the steam direct, as shown in Figure 1, and Figure 2
ˇ
Figure 3, shows my mode for adapting my condenser to the cooling: of
the water of condensation ;; a, is the pipe through which the water to
be cooled is coming to the cistern h, at the top of the condenser; in the
cistern is a float ball, attached to a spindle, to which is affixed a valve";
the object of this float ball and valve is to keep the water always going
through the condenser at the same rate as it enters the cistern; when
the water passes this valve, it distributes itself in the same way as the
steam in Figure 1. Figure 3, is a section down to. the bottom ring
to which the lower radial arms c', connect. The dots and blue colour
represents water in the radial arms c, and in all the vertical tubes; in
short the condenser is supposed to be full of water, which is running
out at the pipe d, as fast as it goes in at b. There are stuffing boxes in
this arrangement; the one at top is the same as in Figure 1, the "one
at bottom is plain like that seen at top, and the motion is imparted in
the-same way as before described. Figure 4, shows a cross section of
the centre (see Figure 1) at a, showing how the pipe and annular
chamber is kept concentric with the inner pipe, through which the
water passes to the distributors, and it also shows' the solid part at the
bottom of the inner pipe, and the square hole lying underneath, as
shown by the dotted lines, into which the upper or revolving toe piece is
inserted: The same letters refer to the same or similar parts in all the
four Figures. in the Drawing No. 3. Drawing No. 4, Figures 1 to 10
show my improved boiler; the boiler is supposed to rest on b; b; a, a, is
the bottom chamber made of wrought iron; and a', a', the top.chamber;
into these chambers a, a, and a, a, at top and bottom, the outside. or
fire-box range of tubes c, c, are inserted in the same way as the tubes
are inserted in locomotive boilers; at e, e, will be seen plugs, which are
put in from the inside and screwed up from the outside; in the way
shown in Figures 1, and 5; these plugs go. into the holes. niade in the
bottom plate of the chamber, a, a: The holes are made for the purpose
of driving the furrels into the tubes- c, c; which tubes c, c, it will be
seen are inserted in the top plate of. the chamber a, a, and the bottoni
plate of the chamber a, a. By taking out any one of those plugs,' e, e,

page_text: opposite any tube, the means required for inserting a new tube are,
obtained. It will be seen at b, b, that these plugs e, e, are kept clear of
the plate on which the boiler rests; d, d, are strips, that fill up, the
spaces between the tubes c, d, up to the point seen in Figure 1,. (see the
plan Figure 6); h, h, is a hat-shaped cylindrical port (but which may
be altered to suit the shape of the fire-box part, if it be desired, to alter,
the form of the fire box) joined to the top chamber a, a, at 2,2;,
and, as will be seen in Figure 1, is thus suspended over the grate i, i.
From this hat-shaped párt h, h, will be seen passing through the centre
of the grate i, i, a larger pipe j, j of communication to the bottom
chamber a;a; this is for the purpose of opening a communication
at the bottom with this hat-shaped part h, h, and the fire-box part,:
da,c, c, and a, a, whilst it will be seen that the hat-shaped
part, h, forms part of the chamber a, a, being rivetted to it.
at 2, 2. This hat-shaped part h, h, is seen in Figure 5, with
the tubes marked n, removed. On looking to Figure 1, it will be
seen that the smoke and hot gases from the fire on the grate i, i,
pass up through the tubes marked n, and that the water is in the.
hat-shaped part 1, h, and also in the chamber a, a, and tubes c, c, and
halfway up the top chamber a, a, and as a consequence it must be to the
same height in the hat-shaped part h, h. The complete communication
of all the steam and water spaces, is effected by the two pipes m, m,
going from the top chamber a, a, by which the steam is conveyed to
the steam chest k, whilst any water that is carried with the steam into the
steam chest passes back to the bottom chamber a, a, through the pipe o,.
sec, Figure 1, leaving the dry steam to be conveyed to the engine by
the steain pipe p, seen also in Figure 1, broken off within the casing
at . It must be remarked here, that a portion of the hot gases pass
through between the tubes c, c, above the filling-up pieces of' cast iron
shown, at d, d, and as a consequence act upon the, exterior of the hat-
shaped part h, h. The gases that pass up the tubes marked n, and,
those that pass between the tubes c, c, above the pieces d, d, piect in
the passage made by the interior casing a", a", seen at 9, 9, in Figures 1,
2, 4, and 5. The hot gases that pass through the tubes marked n,
come out into the smoke box 1, and from thence pass,, as indicated, by

page_text: the arrows, down the flue q, q, which extends all round the boiler, if
the boiler be round, as these are shown, or otherwise on every side of
the boiler, when found desirable to give it another form; from the flue
q, following the direction indicated by the arrows, the-smoke and gases.
pass into. the external flue s, s, and from thence up the two branch flues:
u, and up. the funnel or chimney, which in the Drawing is shown,
broken off at the top of the steam chest. In the top of the smoke-box,
central with the ends of the tubes marked, there is a lid, w, w, that
takes off, for the purpose of cleaning the soot out of those tubes marked
the funnel being formed into two branches u, u, for the purpose of
giving access by this lid w, w. Figure 2, shows the casing in section,
but the boiler in elevation, the fire door a, being removed with the casing;
in this view is seen.the strips d, d, and tubes c, c, in elevation, with the
bend. I give this bend to the tubes c, c, seen at 4, 4, to. neutralise the
action of expansion and contraction. Figure 3, is wholly in perspective
elevation, showing the fire door æ. In Figure 4, is shown a section of
the casing and steam chest, and at.6, 6, the front portion of the tubes,
are broken away to show the interior of. the back half of the fire box;
the hat-shaped part h, h, being also removed for that purpose. Figure.
5, shows an entire sectional elevation, with the hat-shaped part h, h,,
shown without the tubes marked n. Fig. 6, shows a sectional
plan taken at A, B, Figure 1. Figure 7, shows a sectional plan
taken thro' C, D, Figure 1. Figure 8, is a plan, showing the branch
flues, u, u, at the line E, F, Figure 3. Figure 9, shows a plan'
in which the tubes marked n, are in elevation;. this section is taken
through the line G, H, Figure 1. Figure 10, shows a plan in which
the fire-box tubes c, c, are in elevation, and the tubes marked n, n, are
in section; this plan is taken at the line M, N. In each view there
is a different kind of casting shown, but they are all alike in their for-
mation, so far as the form of the flues go. Figure 1, shows the casing to
be.composed of galvanized sheet iron; q, q, the inner, s, s, the external
flues. This galvanized sheet iron, I have experienced, will do for portable
purposes. Figure 2, shows a casing of iron, but in this casing the
outer one, s, s, is double, as seen at ', b', with the, water in the inte-
rior b", ". In this instance the inner casing is the same as shown
at Figure 1, 9, 9, the water as evaporated passes through into the

page_text: atmosphere from 6", 6", or conveyed to the condenser to supply loss
from the. boiler. It is never intended to have any pressure on this
metal casing greater than that of the atmosphere. Figure 3, shows the
previous casings with fire door in perspective elevation. Figure 4, shows.
a common brick casing, a", a", and c", c"; the flues are such as I use
in stationary boilers. Figure 5, shows the casing composed of hollow
bricks, fastened to sheet iron, or used as a substitute for the common
brick without the iron; q, q, and s, s, are the flues in all the Figures. At
Figure 8, 8, is the aperture in the water casing connected with the
condenser, or open to the atmosphere; and u, u, the branch flues;
w, w, the smoke-box lid; m, m, shows the steam pipes leading from the
boiler to the steam chest. The same letters refer to the same parts in
all the figures in this drawing, No. 4.
Having at the commencement of my Specification (under the follow-
ing heads, namely Firstly, Secondly, Thirdly, Fourthly, and Fifthly)
clearly stated the object and nature of my Invention; and in the follow-
ing description, with the accompanying drawings, I have plainly
illustrated and described the parts of my Invention. The terms
steam engine, in their general acceptation: include the boiler, engine,
and condenser, with their requisite appliances. Thus combined, the
nature and object of this Invention is adapted to produce a compact,
safe, portable, and generally useful steam engine.
Referring to the aforesaid five several heads, I now proceed to state my
claims under each particular head, and the necessary one which follows
from their combinations. Firstly, I claim the combination of steam valves,
shown in drawing No. 1, Figures 1, to 28, inclusive (the object and nature
of which is stated under the first head of this Specification, and the details
are illustrated by the aforesaid drawing, and the drawing No. 2, Figures
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6), whether the object these valves effect be attained
by the arrangements described as aforesaid, or by any other equivalent
arrangement, and whether such valves be worked with or without a
steam box. Secondly, I claim the formation and mode of applying the
connecting rod, seen in Figure 30, drawing No. 1; the object of which
is explained under the second head of this Specification; and the mode

page_text: of applying it is illustrated and explained in detail by the aforesaid.
drawing, No. 1, Figure 30, and drawing No. 2, Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
and 6. Thirdly, I claim the mode of constructing the cylinder casing,
and steam cylinders, as seen in Figure 29, drawing No. 1, the nature-
and object of which is explained under the third head of this Specification,
and the practical details of which are rendered obvious by the aforesaid
Figure 29, drawing No. 1, and drawing No. 2, Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6,
with the explanation referring thereto; the novelty of which is the passages
in the cylinder casing instead of the cylinders. Fourthly, I claim the mode
of cooling or condensing the exhaust steam from the engine, as shown
in drawing 'No. 3, Figures 1, 2, and 4, the nature and object of which
is explained under the fourth head of this Specification, that is to say:
as far as therein is contained the cooling effect of evaporation, with, air
as the joint medium of condensation, and the mode of construction by
which the water is applied to obtain such evaporation or cooling effect.
I further claim under this head the mode shown at Figure 3, for cooling
the water of condensation, the nature and object of which is also
explained under the fourth head of this Specification, and the detailed
mode by which the water is cooled is shown by drawing No. 3, Figure 3,
with its description. Fifthly, I claim the mode of the construction of
the steam boiler, as shown in drawing No. 4, Figures 1, to 10, inclusive;
the object and nature of which is stated under the fifth head of this
Specification, and the practical details, both as to its formation and mode
of operation, are given in the aforesaid drawing, No. 4, Figures 1, to 10,
inclusive. Sixthly, I claim the combination of any or all of the aforesaid
parts or divisions of my Invention, whether they are used in collective
combination in the steam engine, as before described, or one or more of
such aforesaid parts of my Invention be applied thereto; and also, if one
or more of such parts are combined, to realize the object stated under
each of the aforesaid five several heads of my Specification; and also
if these Inventions, or their respective parts, be arranged in the manne
illustrated and described in the Specification, or in such other way a
circumstances may require; and further, whether those parts shown in
combination in drawing No. 2, Figures 1, to 6, inclusive, have th

page_text: cylinders above or below the crank shaft, or in an inclined or horizontal
position, or the air-pump be worked by one of the piston rods passing
through the cross-head and connecting rod; the air-pump in such case
being below the cylinder, instead of working from a separate crank.
In witness whereof, I, the said Thomas Craddock, have hereunto
set my hand and scal, this Thirty-first day of March in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-three.
THOMAS CRADDOCK. (L.S.)
Witness, SAML WILSON.