CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR PREPARING, SPINNING AND WEAVING COTTON, FLAX, AND OTHER FIBROUS SUB- STANCES; ALSO IN CONSTRUCTING AND APPLYING MODELS OR PATTERNS FOR MOULDING, PREPARATORY TO CASTING PARTS OF MACHINERY EMPLOYED IN PRE- PARING, SPINNING, AND MANUFACTURING FIBROUS SUBSTANCES; AND ALSO IN CERTAIN TOOLS TO BE USED IN MAKING SUCH MACHINERY
Year: 1850

page_text: FAIRBAIRN & HETHERINGTON'S SPECIFICATION:
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, PETER
FAIRBAIRN, of Leeds, in the County of York, Machinist, and JOHN HETHER
INGTON, of Manchester, in the County of Lancaster, Machinist, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at West-
minster, the Thirty-first day of July, in the fourteenth year of Her reign, and
in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty, did, for Herself,
Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto us, the said Peter Fairbairn
and John Hetherington, Her especial licence, full power, sole privilege and
authority, that we, the said Peter Fairbairn, and John Hetherington, our
exors, adññiors, and assigns, and such others as we, the said Peter Fairbairn
and John Hetherington, our exors, adññors, or assigns, should at any time
agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times during the term
of years therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise,
and vend, within England and Wales and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed,
our Invention of "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR
PREPARING, SPINNING, AND WEAVING COTTON, FLAX, AND OTHER FIBROUS SUB-
STANCES; ALSO IN CONSTRUCTING AND APPLYING MODELS OR PATTERNS FOR
MOULDING, PREPARATORY TO CASTING PARTS OF MACHINERY EMPLOYED IN PRE-
PARING, SPINNING, AND MANUFACTURING FIBROUS SUBSTANCES; AND ALSO IN
CERTAIN TOOLS TO BE USED IN MAKING SUCH MACHINERY;" in which said
Letters Patent is contained a proviso that we, the said Peter Fairbairn and

page_text: John Hetherington, shall cause a particular description of the nature of our
said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be
enrolled in Her Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said in part recited Letters
Patent, as in and by the same, reference being thereunto had, will more fully
and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said, proviso, I, the said
Peter Fairbairn, and John Hetherington, do hereby declare that the nature of
the said Invention, and the manner in which the same is to be performed,
is particularly described and ascertained in and by the Drawings hereto
annexed, and the following explanation thereof; that is to say :-
Our Improvements in Machinery for Preparing, Spinning, and Weaving
Cotton and other Fibrous Substances, apply, firstly, to certain novel arrange-
ments of and adaptations. to parts of the machines employed for opening,
cleaning, scutching, spreading, and lapping cotton, flax, hemp, and other
fibrous materials requiring such processes.
And, firstly, as respects opening or scutching cotton, flax, hemp, &c., our
improvements consist in a peculiar cover or shield for opening, scutching, and
spreading machines, by which the opened fibres of the material are caused to
pass in an expanded condition from the beater over the grating and over the
perforated drum, so as to discharge the dirt, seeds, and other impurities, and
to spread the fibres into the form of a sheet in a more efficient manner
than has heretofore been effected by the ordinary scutching and spreading
machinery; and,
Secondly, in the lapping machine, our improvements consist in a different
arrangement and adaptation of the lapping drums, by which we are enabled to
produce in a harder and more compressed state the sheet of fibrous material,
and deliver it in that compressed state to the lapping roller.
In the accompanying Drawings, Fig. 1, Sheet I. represents a longitudinal
section of a scutching, spreading, and lapping machine, in which the two
above-mentioned novel features are exhibited, but need not of necessity be
combined. Fig. 2 is a horizontal or top view of the same, the similar letters
of reference indicating the corresponding parts in both Figures. The
machinery is mounted upon a standard frame as usual, and a, a, point out the
ordinary feeding rollers by which the fibrous material is fed or conducted into
the scutcher. b, b, b, are the usual rotary beaters. c, c, c, is the grating, with
a box below for the dirt, seeds, and other impurities to fall into. d, d, is the
perforated rotary drum or cylinder, through which the lighter particles of dirt
and dust are drawn off, which conducts the lighter fibrous materials that are

page_text: thrown upon its periphery, and formed into a sheet, to the delivering rollers e, e.
The cover or shield f,f,f, is of a novel curved form, extending over the per-
forated drum, as shewn in Fig. 1, by which the loose fibres are confined in
their flight, and made to deposit themselves upon and spread over the peri-
5 phery of the perforated drum or cylinder d, which, as it revolves, conducts the
sheet of fibres, so formed, to the delivering rollers e, e, and thence to the
lapping machinery, or into a box or basket, as in ordinary opening machines.
In the ordinary process of lapping, that is, winding the sheet of cotton, flax,
hemp, or other fibrous materials from the scutching and spreading machine
into a cylindrical roll, it has been usual to produce the lapping by causing the
lap roller to bear upon the horizontal drums, which, as they revolve, give
rotary motion, by the friction of contact, to the lap roller bearing upon them,
and hence, by the rotation of the three, to roll the sheet of fibre round the lap
roller. But this disposition of the lapping drums admits of the fibres of the
sheet, in passing from the calender rollers to the lap roller, to become
expanded, and in consequence, under these circumstances, the sheet of fibres
is lapped in a less condensed state than is desirable. To remedy this incon-
venience, we change the position or arrangement of the lapping or surface
drums by placing them one above the other, and suspending the axle of the
lap roller in a sliding rack, as shewn in the Drawing. The sheet of fibrous
material, in proceeding from the delivering rollers e, e, passes between the
calender rollers g, 9, as usual, and thence between the lower lapping or surface
drum and a small calender roller i, which is pressed upon by the upper
lapping or surface roller . The ends of the axle of the lap roller hang in
slots or notches cut in the sliding racks, one of which is shown in the auxiliary
Figures 3 and 4, the former of these Figures being a side elevation, the latter
an end elevation, representing these parts of the machine detached. The rack
m slides horizontally upon ribs or ledges on the upper edges of the standard
frame, and is connected with the toothed wheels n, n, mounted loosely on studs
set in the side of the standard frame. The train wheels which drive the
delivering rollers e, e, the ordinary calender rollers g, g, the small calender
roller i, and the lapping drums h, k, are all actuated by the main rotary shaft p,
as shewn by the red circles in Figure 1. In commencing the operation of
lapping the sheet of fibres, the racks m are slidden back so as to bring the
naked lap roller as close as possible into the bite between the calender roller i
and the lower lapping or friction drum h (see the dotted circle representing the
lap roller brought into this situation in Figure 1). By the ordinary revolutions
of the machine the sheet of fibrous material is passed from the large calender
rollers g, g, to be compressed between the small calender roller i and the lower

page_text: lapping drum h, and from the bite of these the sheet of fibre is immediately
taken up by the rotation of the lap roller 1, which is turned upon its axis by
the friction of the surfaces of the two lapping rollers h and k. By these means
the fibres of the compressed sheet are lapped upon the roller before they can
expand. As the sheet of material winds round the lap roller 7 it is continually
pressed against the surfaces of the friction or lapping rollers and k, which
causes the fibres of the sheet to remain compressed through the whole coil of
lapping. It is of course understood that the friction of the surfaces of the
lapping rollers h, k, against the lap roller i, as they revolve, causes the lap
roller to wind on the sheet of fibre into a cylindrical coil; but to effect this the
lap roller must be pressed forcibly against the peripheries of the lapping
rollers h, k. This is done by the agency of a break and friction wheel g, acted
upon by a weighted lever r, the weight being adjusted to suit the required
friction, which shall be sufficient to hold that part of the train of wheels
acting upon the rack wheel n; hence, the rack wheel, being impeded in its
rotation, prevents the rack frame m sliding back except by the resistance
exerted from the accumulated coils of the sheet of fibre on the lap roller i
against the lapping rollers h, k, which, as the lapping increases, gradually
forces back the roller Z and its coiled sheet of fibre until the lap is completed.
When this has been done, the operator places his foot upon the treadles of
the lever 1, and thereby releases the break from the wheel 7, when the lap of
the material may be taken from the machine, and the rack moved forward
again with an empty lap roller to commence a new lap as before. This
movement of the rack is done by turning the hand wheel t, which acts upon
that part of the train connected with the rack wheel n. In order to avoid too
great an amount of friction at the ends of the axle of the lap roller in working
the slots or brackets of the rack m, we place behind the ends of the axle of the
Jap roller antifriction rollers u, u, which, beside relieving the friction of the
axle of the lap roller, affords a greater facility for lubricating the working
parts. In order to prevent the fibres being drawn towards the interior of the
cylinder d, near the bite of the delivering rollers e, e, we place a shield v upon
a vibrating balance lever w, which stops the progress of the air into the
cylinder.
In this part of our Invention of improvements in machinery or apparatus
for preparing fibrous substances for spinning, we claim the adaptation of a
shield or cover to scutching, opening, and spreading machines, by which the
loose fibres of the material operated upon are made to pass over the upper
surface of the perforated cylinder, in order that the fibres may be more
uniformly spread over the entire surface of the perforated cylinder, and also

page_text: that the lighter particles of dirt and dust may be more effectually drawn off.
We likewise claim, under this class of machinery, the positions of the lapping
rollers and k, with the intervening calender roller i, as shewn in the Drawing.
We also claim the sliding rack or carriage m, which supports and guides the
5 lap roller in its position, and also the antifriction rollers u, u, whether one or
more be employed, acting behind each axle; and also the means of working
the sliding rack, as set forth.
Our next improvement applies to drawing frames, and consists in a mode
of stopping the motions of the machine when the cans have become full. The
part of a drawing frame to which this feature of our Invention refers is shewn
in two detached Figures in the accompanying Drawings; Figure 5, Sheet 1,
representing in horizontal view, and Figure 6 in vertical section, a portion of
the plate of a drawing frame, over which the sliver passes from the back can
to the drawing rollers. a, a, is the plate of a drawing machine of the ordinary
form. is the shaft of the back bottom roller of the usual series of drawing
rollers employed in drawing machines. c, c, is a lever intended to operate in
stopping the machine when the receiving cans have become filled with the
drawn sliver. This lever c hangs upon the fulcrum d in a small bracket fixed
under the plate a. To the front end of the lever there is attached a box or
basin e, designed to receive a weight f, which at the expiration of a certain
time (that is, when the can below has become full of sliver) falls into the
basin, and, by depressing the front end of the lever, and raising the back end,
causes the evolutions of the machine to be stopped. In a suitable or conve-
nient part of the lower back drawing roller 6 a worm, as at g, is to be cut, for
the purpose of taking into and driving a worm wheel h below, working loosely
upon a small transverse stud affixed to a bracket at the under side of the plate
(see Figure 6). At the reverse end of the socket of this wheel h there is a
worm pinion i, taking into a toothed wheel k. This toothed wheel k, with its
elongated socket or barrel l, turns loosely upon a stud fixed into the plate a, as
shewn at m, and the outer periphery of the socket or barrel / has a worm cut
round it from end to end. Upon the upper surface of the wormed socket or
barrel is placed the loose weight f, which has also a worm cut round
its periphery corresponding with the worm on the socket 7, and this weight is
prevented from falling off by an adjustable shield or lateral casing n affixed to
the plate a.
c
We will now describe the manner in which this apparatus works and
effects the object desired. According to the quantity of sliver that the
cam is calculated to hold so must the adjustable shield n be set and fixed
upon the plate a, and the weight f be then dropped loosely upon the

page_text: barrel as far back as the shield will allow it. It will now be perceived
that, by the rotation of the shaft that is, the lower back drawing roller of
the machine, the worm g cut in it will cause the worm wheel h to be driven,
and with it the worm pinion i on the same transverse barrel. The worm
pinion i, taking into the wheel k, will consequently give rotary motion to the
barrell, and this, as it goes round by means of the two wormed surfaces of
and fin contact, will progressively conduct the weight f onward until it is
enabled to fall off into the box or basin c. The weight fnow being in the basin e,
that end of the lever c will become depressed, and the opposite end of the lever
raised into one of the notches of the bar p sliding under the plate, which is a
well known traversing bar, designed when arrested to act upon the driving parts
of the machine, and which thereby stops the further delivery of sliver.
Under this head of our Invention we claim as new the adaptation of the
falling weight f, with the appendages described, for stopping the wachine;
when any required quantity of sliver has passed into the can..
Another feature of our improvements in machinery for preparing fibrous sub-
stances consists in a novel mode of constructing the small cylindrical gills or rollers
with needle points employed in the drawing, roving, and spinning machinery,
described in the Specification of the English Patent granted to Fairbairn and
Carmichael, dated Second day of October, One thousand cight hundred and forty-
six. The present improvement is designed to simplify the said machinery, by
substituting a pair of flanges on each roller for the purpose of superseding the
ordinary front conductors or guides which lead the sliver of fibres from the gill
roller to the drawing rollers. The manner in which we construct our improved
gill rollers will be understood by reference to the accompanying Drawings,
where Fig. 8, Sheet 1, represents one of the needle-pointed rollers within a
pair of flanged rollers, complete and affixed to the gill shaft. Part of an
ordinary gill shaft is shewn at a, a, and one of the needle-pointed gill rollers
at b, b, which is formed by two semi-cylindrical pieces,, having needle points
projecting from their periphery. These semi-cylindrical pieces, constituting
the gill roller, are confined by two flanged collars c, c, the ends of the gill
roller fitting into recesses made for that purpose in the inner part of the
collars. For the better illustration of this attachment, Fig. 9 is a representation
of the inner part of the flange collar, and Fig. 10 a section cut through the
collar transversely, shewing the recess for the end of the gill roller to fit into. In
this recess a pin d is inserted, which takes into a notch cut in the end of the gill
roller, for the purpose of carrying the gill roller round with the flange collar.
And Fig. 11 represents one of the sections or semi-cylindrical pieces of the
gill roller, shewn edgewise with the notch e cut in it, locking it to the flange

page_text: collar. When put together, as shown in Fig. 8, the gill roller with its flanged
collars are made fast upon the gill shaft by screws or otherwise, as represented
in the Figure. The use of these flanged collars is to confine the fibres of the
travelling sliver within the breadth of the gill roller, which enables us to
dispense with the front conductors or guides heretofore employed in gill
machinery for conducting the fibres of slivers to the bite of the drawing rollers.
In this part of our Patent for improvements in preparing machinery we claim
the adaptation of flanges to the cylindrical gill rollers employed in opening
flax, tow, and hemp, for the purpose above stated.
We further improve our gill machinery by adapting two or more gill
rollers to operate upon the same sliver at suitable distances apart, according
to the length of staple; and to each gill roller we adapt a distinct pair
of drawing rollers, in order that the fibres of the sliver may be further
opened and finer drawn as they progress through the gill machinery, by
means of which we avoid the necessity of passing the sliver through a
succession of machines of different degrees of fineness. For the better
illustration of this feature of our improvements, we have shown in a Diagram,
or longitudinal section of a drawing and opening machine, at Sheet 1,
Fig. 12, one line of sliver passing through the retaining rollers a, a, the
conducting roller b, b, over the first rotary gill c, between the first pair of
drawing rollers d, d, through the conducting rollers e, e, and the second rotary
gill, and through a second pair of drawing rollers 9, 9, and so on to a
repetition of the same, if necessary.
In this part of our improved machinery for preparing fibrous substances we
claim the adaptation of two or more gill rollers, with corresponding drawing
rollers, to operate successively upon the length of sliver as it progresses through
the machine.
Our improvement in spinning applics to the throstle frame, and consists in
driving two or more spindles by means of one endless band, passed over two
drums in the manner shewn in the Drawing at Sheet 2, Fig. 1, which is a
vertical section taken transversely through a throstle frame. Two ordinary
throstle spindles are shewn at a, a, and b, b, and two drums, round both of
which, and round the warves of the two spindles, an endless band c, c, c, is
passed. One of the drums must be made capable of adjustment, for the
purpose of tightening the endless band which drives the spindles, and these
drums may, if desired, be driven by an additional distinct belt, leading from
one to the other.
Under this head of our Invention we claim the peculiar mode of driving
two or more spindles by an endless band passed over two drums.

page_text: Our improvements in machinery or apparatus for weaving consist in certain
apparatus to be attached to power looms; and, firstly, in the adaptation of a
peculiar kind of break for stopping the loom suddenly when the driving strap
is thrown off; secondly, in novel modes of driving the yarn and cloth beams;
thirdly, an adaptation to the letting-off motion of a loom for the purpose of
bringing the cloth and yarn back after a false shoot; fourthly, a "flying reed)
which will yield or give way in the event of the shuttle stopping short between
the warp threads; and, fifthly, in a method of making the forks of the "weft
detector" motion. The first of these, namely, the peculiar kind of break for
stopping the loom, is shewn in Figs. 2 & 3, Sheet 2 of the accompanying
Drawings, in which Fig. 2 represents a partial end elevation of a loom with our
improvements applied, and Fig. 3 a partial view of the front of the same. The
órdinary spring lever, which is used for shifting the driving strap, is shewn
ȧt a, a, upon the side of which is mounted a stud, which carries a star wheel b.
Another stud is also affixed to the spring lever, and carries a detaining click-c,
which takes into the teeth of the star wheel b. To the end framing of the
loom is bolted a bracket upon a centre pin d, projecting from which is mounted
a lever e, e, one end thereof being bent into a curved form carries a block of
leather or other suitable material f, which is formed upon its outward face, so
as to correspond in shape-with the periphery of the fly wheel g, g, but remains
at a short distance therefrom during the working of the machine. The other
end of the lever e, e, projects outwards, and lies within one of the teeth of the
star wheel b. The operation is as follows:-Upon the spring lever being
thrown out of its notch by the ordinary weft detector apparatus, by other
suitable machinery, or by hand, it will carry with it the star wheel in the
direction shewn by the arrow (Fig. 3), by which motion the inclined plane
formed by one of the teeth thereof will force upwards the end of the lever e
which is contact therewith, the other end being consequently depressed, the
block will be brought into contact with the periphery of the fly wheel g, and
the motion of the machine will be arrested, an 'undue descent of the lever
being prevented by a set screw h attached to the end framework. This will
have been accomplished when the parts shall have arrived into the position
shewn in the detached Fig. 4; a slightly further motion of the spring lever will
then allow the end of the lever e to fall to the bottom of the tooth of the star
wheel b, by which movement the break will be liberated from contact with
the fly wheel g, so that the various parts of the loom may be moved by
hand, if desired. When the continued working of the loom is required,
the spring lever a, a, will, after the usual manner, be moved outwards,
by doing which the star wheell will be caused to trnu round through the space

page_text: of one tooth, so as to bring the parts again into the position shewn in the
Drawing at Figs. 2 and 3, the click c permitting a rotation in that direction.
Fig. 5 shews another mode by which the levere may be moved so as to
bring the break into action. In this instance an inclined plane piece i is
bolted to the spring lever a, which, upon moving in, as before described, arrives
in contact with the end of the lever e, which is, according to this construction,
turned downwards, and provided with a piece capable of turning upon a
hinge joint, by which arrangement the said piece will be allowed to pass over
the inclined plane i, so as to liberate the break as before mentioned, the hinge
joint allowing the spring lever to return to its former position when it is
required to continue the working of the loom.
Our first improved method of driving the yarn and the cloth beams, and
also that of bringing the cloth back after a false shoot, that is to say, effecting
that which is commonly called a "recoil," is shown in the partial elevation and
plan views of a loom at Figs. 6 and 7, Sheet 2, and also in Figs. 2 and 3,
before referred to. The cloth beam, mounted as usual in slots, is shewn at k,
above which and in contact therewith is placed a roller 1, upon the axle of
which is mounted a toothed wheel m, taking into a pinion n, the shaft of which
also carries a ratchet wheel o. The warp roller is shewn at p, above which is
also placed, and in like manner, a roller 9; and connected with them are
mounted a similar train of wheels and pinions to that described with reference
to the cloth beam. To the framework of the machine is suspended a vibrating
arm r, r, which is provided at its lower end with a slot, into which a pin is
placed projecting from the sword of the loom, so that at each motion thereof
the arm is caused to swing upon its centre of motion. Rods s, s*, are con-
nected by means of a centre pin to the vibrating lever r, and are formed at
their outward ends as clicks, which take into the teeth of the ratchet wheels
o, o, by which arrangement the backward and forward motion of the loom
sword causes the ratchet wheels o and o* to revolve, and thus, through the
intervention of the train of wheels before described, to give motion to the
rollers, q, which as they thus revolve effect by their contact the required
revolution of the cloth and yarn beams. The ratchet wheels o, o*, are
formed double, there being other series of teeth t, t*, formed thereon, within
which are placed the detaining clicks u, u* ; these clicks are formed upon
5 bosses which are capable of turning upon centre pins attached to the framing,
the said bosses being also provided with short levers v, *, connected together
by means of a rod w, w. To the click u is jointed one end of a rod x. the
other end thereof being connected to one arm of the bell crank lever y
(Fig. 3), which turns upon a fixed centre pin z. The usual lever for holding

page_text: the fork of the weft detector apparatus is shewn at i, the lower part of which
is connected by a forked end to the other army of the bell crank lever. The
operation of this part of our improvements is as follows:-Upon the weft
thread failing, the lever i will be caused by the usual movements to turn upon
its centre, and by so doing will cause the bell crank lever y to move upon its
fixed centre, by which action the rod a will be drawn inwards, carrying with it
the detaining click u, which, passing along an inclined plane formed upon the
under side of the click s, will thereby raise it from the teeth of its ratchet
wheel, the click u by continuing its inward motion, passing therein in its place;
but as the ratchet wheel o is one half of a tooth in advance of that shewn at t,
the former will, during the change of clicks, have recoiled a portion of a
revolution equal to that space, at the same time the like operation will have
taken place with reference to the ratchet wheels t*, ox, of the yarn, the
click u*, through the intervention of the connecting rod w, and lever v*, raising
the clicks upon its centre, and passing into the teeth of the wheel o*, thus
effecting a recoil of the yarn, as already described with reference to the cloth.
Upon the lever i being again returned to that position corresponding to the
working state of the loom, the rod a will restore the clicks s, sx, to their
original position, and in so doing the space of another half tooth will escape,
and so complete the necessary recoil.
Our other mode of driving the warp and cloth rollers is shewn at Fig. 8,
Sheet 2, of the accompanying Drawings, which represents this motion in plan
or horizontal view. The warp roller is shewn at a, and the cloth roller at 6;
to the axle of each of these is affixed a friction disc c, c, and mounted loosely
upon the said axle are other discs d, d, which are pressed forcibly towards
those shewn at c, c, by means of coiled springs e, e, which abut against
tightening screws f. f. Between the two surfaces c, c, d, d, are placed friction
rollers g, g, which are capable of sliding upon a shaft h, h, but caused to
revolve therewith by means of a feather. The outward peripheries of the
rollers g, g, turn in sockets formed within arms i, i, which arms are attached
to slides capable of receding from or advancing towards the axles of the warp
and cloth beams, but are drawn towards them by means of weighted cords, as
shown in the Drawing, or by other suitable apparatus, so as continually to
keep the rollers j,*, which are mounted upon the ends of the said arms, in
contact with the warp and cloth beams. Upon the shaft h, h, there is affixed
a level pinion k, taking into another pinion 7, which, by means of the other
gear, shewn in the Drawing, is in connection with the double ratchet wheel m,
which may (by the means explained, with reference to Figs. 6 and 7) commu-
nicate motion to the shaft h, which, by its occasional revolution will cause the

page_text: warp and work rollers also to revolve, the friction rollers g, g, being kept in
sufficient force against the discs c, c; by means of the springs e, e. Upon the
commencement of weaving a piece of goods the roller; will be in contact witli
the bare cloth beam, and the friction roller g situate at a comparative small
diameter of the disc.c. With reference to the yarn beam, the roller j* will be.
in contact with the surface of the warp, and the friction roller g* situate at a
comparative large diameter of its relative disc; as: the operation of the loom
however continues, the increasing lap of cloth will force outward the roller j,.
and consequently friction roller g, so as to compel it to operate upon an.
increased diameter of its disc, and consequently a less extent of motion will be
imparted thereto. Upon each beat of the loom, on the other hand, the
decreasing diameter of the warp will allow the roller j* to be drawn inwards.
by the weight, and carry with it the friction roller g* to a lesser diameter of its
disc, by which changing position an increasing rotation of the warp beam will
be effected, and thus a compensation will be accomplished so as to secure a
constant length of warp to a given quantity of cloth.
Fig. 9 represents a modification of the last described improvement. In this
instance the friction discs c, c, are mounted upon collars o, o, which turn loosely
upon studs attached to the framework of the loom, upon which studs are placed
spiral springs acting directly upon the friction discs, so as to cause them to
press with sufficient force against the friction rollers g, g. Upon the collars o, o,
are mounted toothed pinions p, p, taking into the teeth of wheels 2, 2, which
are keyed upon the axles of the warp and cloth beams. By this arrangement
more power can be applied for the purpose of driving by the friction surfaces.
It will be evident that the speed may be varied to suit particular cases, by
changing any of the wheels connected with the driving of the shaft h, or the
same effect may be accomplished by shifting the centres of the regulating
rollers j, j, so as to make the starting point of the friction. rollers 9, 9* (which
will accompany such change), nearer to or further from the axles of the warp
and cloth rollers; for this purpose the rollers j, ja, may be mounted upon
studs capable of adjustment, in grooved pieces, and kept in their required
positions by means of tightening screws, as at A, Fig. 9.
In concluding the description of this part of our improvements we would
remark, that although we have referred to a mode of giving motion to the
5 shaft h, yet we do not confine ourselves thereto, as there are many ways in known
use by which the same may be effected without departing from the principle of
our Invention; also that the construction and arrangement of the parts may be
varied to a certain extent. We would likewise observe, that although we
have described the driving motion as applied to both cloth, and yarn beams,

page_text: yet it will be obvious, that if desired the cloth roller may alone be driven by
our improved method, or that the yarn beam may be so actuated and the cloth
drawn forward by means of weights or other suitable arrangement.
Our improved loose or "flying" reed is shewn in Figures 10 and 11, Sheet II.,
and also under certain modifications in Figures 12 and 13. Fig. 10 is a par-
tial back view of the reed and its immediate appurtenances, and Fig. 11 is a
cross section of the same, taken about the line A, B, looking towards the left
hand of Fig. 10. The loose reed is shewn at a, a, to the front whereof are
affixed, by means of a bolt passing through the slay, eyes b, b. Through these
eyes, pins c, c, pass; these pins also project through the ends of short levers
d, d, mounted loosely upon the ordinary stop rode of the loom, which thus
forms a centre, upon which the reed is capable at certain times of turning. The
lower ends of the pins c, c, are connected by means of bolts and slots to arms
ff, which arms are affixed at their other ends to a longitudinal rod g, g,
mounted underneath the slay of the loom, and capable of turning in suitable
bearings. Upon the rod g, g, is also attached a bell crank lever h, h, the lower
part of which is jointed by means of a centre pin to a pendant piece.i; this
piece as an inclined plane formed upon one side thereof, which inclined plane is
in contact with an arm j, mounted upon the ordinary stop rod e. Upon the side
framing of the machine is affixed a stationary inclined plane piece k, having an
opening formed therein, in order to admit of the arm j falling when the stop
rod shall turn upon its centre. During the proper working of the machine,
the "protector" will be forced outwards at every landing of the shuttle, by such
motion turning the stop rod e partially upon its centre, as is well understood;
this motion will cause the arm j to rise and turn the pendant piece i upon its
centre, so as to keep it clear of the fixed inclined plane k during the forward
motion of the slay; should, however, the shuttle miss boxing at the proper
time, the protector 7, not being forced outwards, will communicate no motion to
the stop rod, so that the arm j will remain in its depressed position, and fail to
force outwards the pendant piece i, which will then consequently remain in a
line with the fixed inclined plane k, and by arriving in contact therewith, will
cause the rod g, g, through the intervention of the bell crank lever h, h, to turn
upon its centre; this motion also effects a depression of the arms f. f, so as to
withdraw the pins c, c, from the eyes b, b, the reed will then be free to swing
upon the stop rod e (the arms & turning loosely thereon), and the desired
movement will have been accomplished. During the operation above described,
the machine will have been stopped through the intervention of the "frog piece"
as ordinarily practised. It should be observed, that although the pins c, c, are
withdrawn from the eyes b, b, yet their downward motion is not so great as to

page_text: remove them from the arms d, d. When therefore it is desired to resume the
working of the machine, they will be in the proper position to pass into the eyes
b, b, upon the reed and slay being brought into their proper relative positions.
In the modification of this principle, shewn at Figures 12 and 13, the
loose reed is shewn at a, a, to which, as in the former instance, two eyes
b, b, are attached; between these, bolts (one of which is shown at c) are placed,
which bolts pass through the slay of the loom, and are securely attached
thereto. are the pins for keeping the reed in its position; they pass through
the eyes b, b, and the eyes of the bolts c being connected at their lower ends to
links d, which links are jointed to arms e, mounted upon a longitudinal rod f.
To the face of the reed are attached hinge pieces, which are mounted loosely,
so as to turn upon the ordinary stop rod h. Upon the rod is affixed at either
end a short lever i, which lever is jointed to one end of a hook piece j, the said
connexion with the lever forming a centre whereon it is capable of turning.
The hook piece j is provided with a hollow link k, within which is also a pin
projecting from a bracket attached to the slay of the loom, so that upon its
rising and falling motion the hook piecej may be guided in its proper position.
To the ordinary detector rod h is attached a short lever 1, which passes under a
pin projecting from the hook piece j, so that upon the turning of the detector
rod by the action of the swell, after the ordinary manner, the said hook piece
is raised simultaneously with a liko motion to that of the piece which acts
upon
the ordinary "frog," by which arrangement it is kept clear of a stationary
catch m at each motion of the slay; if, however, the shuttle should miss
boxing, then, the usual motion of the detector rod not taking place, the lever /
will omit raising the catch piece j, which being thus kept in a depressed
position, will arrive in contact with the fixed stop m, by which interception
the arm i will be retained so as to turn the rod h upon its centre, thus bringing
down the arms e, e, and with them the pins c*, which being thus withdrawn
from the upper staple b, and bolts c, will admit of the reed turning
loosely upon its hinges, and thus effect the required movement.
Our improved method of making the forks of the weft detector apparatus is
as follows:-Instead of forming them as usual of wrought metal, we cast them
in brass, or other suitable metal, into the form shewn in two views at Fig. 14,
Sheet II., and then bend the points so as to bring them into the required.
shape; the fork thus formed may be applied to the other part of the apparatus
by any convenient ordinary method.
With reference to this head of our Invention, we claim,―
First, the novel construction of break, consisting of the lever e, and star

page_text: Secondly, the giving the required motion to the cloth and yarn beams by
means of driving clicks actuated by the vibrations of the sword of the loom.
Thirdly, effecting a recoil of the cloth and yarn by removing the detaining
clicks in the manner above set forth.
Fourthly, the application of friction surfaces to the driving of the warp or
cloth beams, such surfaces working in conjunction with a regulating roller or
other apparatus moving in contact with the yarn or cloth.
Fifthly, the application of a loose or flying reed, confined to its working
position by means of bolts capable of being withdrawn by the operation of the
ordinary "protector" motion.
Sixthly, forming the forks of the weft detector apparatus of brass or other
cast metal.
That part of our Invention which applies to constructing and adapting
models or patterns for moulding preparatory to casting parts of machinery
employed in preparing spinning and manufacturing fibrous substances, is in-
tended to simplify the operation of preparing moulds for casting in iron or
other metals, and thereby to effect an economy in the cost of labour, and at the
same time avoid the liability of producing faulty castings through the improper
adjustment of the moulds, which liability, by our improvements, will be con-
siderably diminished, if not-effectually prevented, and-the castings produced
very greatly improved in quality and accuracy of form.
The way in which we attain theso advantages is, by the construction and
employment of peculiar kinds of models or patterns for making the impress
in the sand or other analogous substance in which the articles are to bo cast.
The models or patterns we form in the following manner:-
Take several ordinary patterns or models of pieces or portions of machinery
required to be cast (say staple pieces and wing,nuts), as shewn at a, b, Fig. 1, in
the Sheet III. of Drawings. We cut these models or patterns in half, through
the centre, parallel to their broadest faces, as shewn at a, a, and b, b, in Fig. 2.
We then attach, severally, the divided pieces to a diaphragm, or smooth plate,
A, A, of suitable thickness, as shewn in plan view at Fig. 3, carefully affixing,
by pins or otherwise, the corresponding parts of each divided model or
pattern on the opposite sides of the plate, so that they shall be perfectly
coincident in position as before they were divided, in the way shewn in the
vertical section of the plate A, with the attached pattern or models a, a, and b, b,
at Fig. 4. The plate A will in general be flat on its surfaces, but that is not ab-
solutely essential, and may sometimes for convenience be slightly bent, but the
patterns or models must be so divided that their bisected surfaces shall perfectly
correspond with the surfaces of the parallel plate or diaphragm to which they are

page_text: to be attached. Having thus prepared plates with bisected patterns or models of
any of the parts of machinery required to be cast, we provide a pair of mould
boxes of the ordinary sort, as shewn in perspective at Figs. 5 and 6, and having
fitted the plate with the patterns about to be used to the said pair of mould
boxes, we proceed to form the mould for casting in the following manner :-
First attach the plate with the model or pattern to the upper side of the lower
mould box, Fig. 5, by means of pins and lugs, or in any other convenient
manner, and then place the upper mould box, Fig. 6, upon the lower one, so
that they may be correctly held together, as shewn at Fig. 7, the plate or
diaphragm, with the pattern, being securely confined between the rims of the
two mould boxes. Then fill the upper mould box with sand in the ordinary
manner, and ram it down upon the plate in the way usually practised in making
moulds for casting. The first half of the mould being thus prepared, the coin-
bined mould boxes and pattern plate must be turned over, and the other mould
box then filled with sand and rammed down upon the opposite face of the plate
in like manner, by which the entire mould will be completed. The half of the
mould box now uppermost, along with the plate, must then be carefully raised,
so as to draw them from the lower half of the mould. The upper portion of
the mould box and plate is then to be turned over, and the plate A, A, care-
fully withdrawn, which will leave the impress of one half of the patterns in
each of the halves of the mould, the necessary gutters for the flow of the
moulten metal being formed or indented by suitable pieces connected with the
pattern. The pair of mould boxes are now to be put together, and the dia-
phragm or plate not being between them, the two smooth surfaces of the sand
will come into close contact, leaving only the cavities formed by the model or
pattern, and the open gutters for the moulten metal to flow into, to produce
the castings of the pieces of machinery required.
Having described this portion of our Invention, and the manner of carrying
the same into practical operation, we desire it to be understood that under the
head of our Patent which refers to improvements in constructing and ap-
plying models or patterns for moulding, preparatory to casting parts of
machinery employed in preparing, spinning, and manufacturing fibrous
substances, we claim the constructing of models or patterns to be used in pro-
ducing moulds for metal casting, by dividing the models or patterns into two
or more parts, and attaching such parts to the opposite sides of a plate or
diaphragm, in the manner and for the purpose above set forth. In casting
hollow cylinders of iron for carding engines or other purposes, we employ an
upright cylindrical moulding box, capable of being divided into three or more
parts, by which we are enabled to cast the whole cylinder, with its arms, toge-

page_text: ther at one operation in green sand, instead of using dry sand or a loom core,.
as heretofore. In the Drawing, Fig. 8, is a section taken vertically through
the combined mould box, consisting of three parts. A, A, is the bottom or first
portion of the mould box; B, B, the second or middle portion of the mould
box; and C is the third portion of the mould box, which several portions or
parts are held together by pins and lugs, or other convenient means. In
moulding a cylinder according to our improved method, we first take the
lower portion A, A, of the mould box, shewn in horizontal view at Fig. 9, and
place a ring a, a, therein, as a portion of the pattern to form the end of the
intended cylinder, and having filled the mould box with sand round the ring
a, a, and rammed it in the ordinary way, making the face of the ring in the
sand smooth, we then place upon the face of the ring a, a, the pattern of
the radial arms b, b, b, with their boss or centre c, which is to form the mould
for one of the open ends of the cylinder, as shewn in the section at Fig. 8.
We next place the pattern of the cylinder erect upon the ends of the radial
arms, as shewn in the section at d, d, carefully adjusting and fitting them into
each other, and then insert the second portion of the moulding box B, B, erect
upon the former part of the mould box, and secure them together by lugs and
pins, or in any other convenient manner. A similar pattern to the former,
with radial arms-e; e, e, and boss f, is then to be placed in an inverted position
upon the upper end of the pattern of the cylinder, as shewn in the section,
carefully fitting the parts of the patterns into each other, as shewn in the hori-
zontal view of the top of the mould box at this stage of the operation at Fig. 10.
The mould box is then to be filled up and rammed with sand, both within the
pattern of the cylinder and without it, up to the top. The ring g, g, is then
to be placed upon the ends of the upper face of the radial arms e, e, e, as in the
former instance, and the third portion of the moulding box C attached in the
way before described. The sand must now be filled in and rammed down upon
the face of the radial arms e, and upon the ring 9, up to the top of the
moulding box, which will complete the moulding of the cylinder and its
ends, and it will only remain necessary to cut the channel for the flow of the
moulten metal into the mould, at such places as may be considered most
desirable. In order now to remove the pattern, and leave the mould free and
ready for casting, we raise the top portion of the mould box C, and withdraw
the ring g from it. We then take out the pattern of the radial arms e, e, e, f, :
from the second portion of the mould box, and having done so, carefully draw
up the cylindrical portion of the pattern out of the sand. The upper portion C
of the mould must then be replaced, and securely attached again to the second
portion B, B, when the combined mould boxes are to be turned over, and the

page_text: third portion or bottom of the mould box A, A, removed, for the purpose of
drawing out the ring a, and radial arms b, b, b, which being donc, the third
portion of the mould box A must be again securely attached to the second part,
as before, and the mould will be ready for casting.
Under this head of our Invention we claim the improved mode of casting
iron cylinders, with their ends complete, in green sand, in the way described,
by the employment of an upright mould box, capable of being separated into
three or more parts, for the convenience of withdrawing the several parts of
the pattern, as explained above.
Our improvements in certain tools to be used in making parts of the before-
described machinery, apply to drills or boring machines, and also to slide lathes
and wheel-cutting engines. In the accompanying Drawings, at Sheet 4, Fig. 1,
is a longitudinal section taken through the middle of a boring machine. Fig. 2.
is an end elevation of the same. The gencral construction of boring machines
being understood, it is scarcely necessary to describe all their minutia. This
machine is intended to bore the interiors of cylinders, and to perform double
operations by working simultaneously at the opposite ends of the cylinder, the
cutters being made to approach each other by means of a right and left hand
screw cut in the traversing shaft. The main driving shaft is shewn at a, a, a,
and b, b, b, is the traversing shaft, actuated by gearing c, c, and friction cones.
d, d. The rotary cutters to be attached to the ends of the spindles e, e, are
driven in opposite directions by means of bevil wheels f, f, sliding on tho
driving shaft a, and connected to the headstocks by brackets g, g, upon the
traversing shaft b. The right and left-hand screws or worms are cut from the
ends of the shaft to the centre, and these worms take into nuts i, i, respectively
fixed to the under parts of the headstocks. It will now be perceived that the
rotary motion of the main shaft a will, through the agency of the gearing c
and d, cause the traversing shaft b to revolve, and in doing so to conduct the
headstocks towards each other. At the same time the wheels K, K, con-
nected with the wheels f. f, will give rotary motion to the spindles e, c, and
thereby drive the cutting tools round in contrary directions to each other.
The
driving pulley, and fixed
This pinion takes into a
Fig. 3 is a top or horizontal view of another construction of boring machine,
designed to drill or bore a series of holes at one operation; and Fig. 4 is a
longitudinal elevation of the same, taken partly in vertical section.
horizontal central spindle a is made fast to the
upon this spindle there is a toothed pinion b.
similar pinion on a lateral spindle on each side, and
of such spindles, say Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, coupled together by pinions in
the same way. The article intended to be bored, say an ordinary spindle
there may be any number

page_text: socket, is to be fixed to either of the spindles, as at c, and inade fast
thereto by a set screw or bolt, as shewn. The boring tools are to be
made fast by a set screw in the following headstock d, and which severally
bear upon the boring rest e. Whilst the article to be bored at c revolves,
the boring tool is made to advance with the headstock, which is locked
to the screw shaft f by a segment nut g, represented in dots in Figs. 4:
Rotary motion is given to the screw shaft by a worm wheel h fixed upon the
shaft f, and this worm wheel is driven by a worm i on a socket k, k, turning
upon an oblique shaft l, best seen in the transverse section taken through the
machine at Fig. 5. The socket k, it will be perceived by this Figure, has a
friction cone m, which is locked to another friction cone n by a spring j upon
the shaft . This last-mentioned cone n has a worm wheel p formed at its
upper part, which wheel p gears into a worm 9 on the outer horizontal spindle
No. 5, and consequently, by the rotation given to that spindle through the
gearing pinions from the central-spindle, the worm q will be made to drive the
wheel p, worm, wheel h, and worm shaft f, which brings the following head-
stock & forward with the boring tool up to the work. The transverse section at
Fig. 6 shews the boring sockets and the boring rest when the boring has been
carried through the article c under operation, as far as may be required. The
headstock is thrown out of gear with the shaft-f, by allowing the segment
nutg to descend down an inclinel plane into a notch in the bar below, shewn by
dots at r in Figure 4. This is effected by an adjustable bar s set in the lower
part of the boring rest e, against which the small catch lever t is brought in 'con-
tact as the headstock advances, when, by forcing up the latch, the notch barr by
a weight drawn back, the segment nut is allowed to descend into the notch, and
the further advance of the boring tool is prevented. It will be seen that there
are two worms of different degrees of obliquity, that is, a double and a single
worm, formed upon the outer horizontal spindle No. 5 at 9; the object of this
is, that by sliding the one or the other worm into gear with the worm wheel P
the speed of the following headstock may be varied as may be required, accord-
ing to the work under operation. In order that the horizontal spindles
No. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, may be made at all times to retain in the machine their
correct parallel positions and coincidence with the boring tools, we mount
these spindles in double conical sockets set in the fast headstock represented
in section in Fig. 4 at u, u, so that in the event of the conical sockets wearing
away, they may through the double conical surfaces be tightened up by sliding
the cones one within the other, or when worn out may be replaced by similar
sockets without interfering with the original forms of the spindles. In Figs.
8 and 5 will be seen a transverse spindle w mounted in a bracket attached to

page_text: the machine, at the outer end of which shaft there is a tool x, called a rimer;
for widening holes previously drilled. At the reverse end of this spindle a
worn wheel y is fixed, taking into a worm z on the spindle No. 2 of Figure 3..
It will hence le seen that as the spindle No. 2 revolves, the rimer will be made
to revolve also; in this way we operate to enlarge holes in parts of machinery by
mechanical power. For the purpose of cutting grooves, surfaces, teeth, and
other forms in metal for machinery, we employ circular iron blocks with suit-
able recesses or mortices for the reception of steel cutters of various forms.
Several of these circular blocks are shewn in the Drawing, Fig. 7 being a side
and edge view of one of our blocks, with a series of steel cutters inserted and
made fast by keys and set screws in the notches round the periphery of the
block. Fig. 8 represents a similar block with other formed cutters attached
in a like way; and Fig. 9 shews another such block, with mortice holes
holding different forms of cutters affixed, and adjustable in like manner.
The last feature of these our improvements in cutting tools consists in a mode
of turning two cylinders simultaneously within the area of one lathe bed by
operating upon them severally on opposite sides of the bed. In the Drawing
Sheet 5, Fig. 10, is a horizontal view of our improved lathe. ''a;a, are the
two cylinders mounted on shafts b, b, in bearings of the ordinary kind; c, c,
are the spinilles for giving rotary motion to the cylinders, which are driven by
gear in the usual way. The cutters are shewn at d, d, fixed in tool boxes on
slides, and made to traverse along the bed of the lathe on each side by means
of screws as usual. Fig. 11 is an elevation of one end of the lathe; Fig. 12
is an elevation of the other end. We have shown two cylinders under 'opera-
tion on one lathe bed, but do not intend to confine ourselves to two only, as by
any ordinary arrangement of wheels and spindles and a double tool box, we
could turn two, three, or four cylinders in the same lathe bed by one system of
driving machinery. And in case we wish to vary the rotary speed of the
cylinders, we have on the right-hand end of the machine (see Fig. 11), upon
the driving drum shaft, two bevil pinions e and f, either of which may be made
fast to the shaft, and the other slidden out of gear with the large bevil face
wheel, which face wheel has two different circles of teeth y and h of different
diameters and different numbers of teeth, which it will be readily understood
will give different speeds to the machine, according to which of the circles of
teeth
g or hand pinions e or fare brought into gear.
Under this last 'feature of our Patent (namely), improvements in tools to be
used in making the above-described machinery, we claim as new,―
Firstly, in the construction of boring machines, the adaptation of two boring
headstocks, with their boring tools so arranged in one machine that in work-

page_text: ing they shall be enabled to approach each other for the purpose of boring
and facing cylinders or rollers from each end simultaneously, in the way
described at Figs. 1 and 2.
Secondly, in the peculiar construction of boring or drilling machines described
and shewn in Figs. 3, 4, 5, and 6, having the means of changing the speed of
the feeding motion, stopping or arresting the progress of the drills as soon as
they have effected their work, and driving a rimer by power, as represented in
the above-mentioned Figures. And also the adaptation of the double cones
for forming the socket or bearing for the axles of machinery, as represented
in section at u, u, in Fig. 4.
Thirdly, the construction of wrought-iron blocks, as shewn in Figs. 7, 8,
and 9, for the purpose of holding cutting tools of various kinds adapted to
cutting, grooving, and facing metal articles, of such descriptions as may require
to be cut by machinery; and,
Fourthly, the construction of slide lathe, shown in Figs. 10, 11, and 12,
whereby we are enabled to turn the surfaces of two or more cylinders, shafts,
or rollers simultaneously in one machine, in the way shewn and described in
reference to the Drawings.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Hetherington, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Thirty-first day of January, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-one.