An Improved Mode of and Apparatus for Transmitting and Recording Electrically Autographic Messages, Signals, and Markings.
Year: 1891

page_text: Date of Application, 20th Oct., 1891-Accepted, 21st Nov., 1891
COMPLETE DIECIFICATION.
[Communicated from abroad by ELISHA GRAY, of Highland Park, Lake County,
in the State of Illinois, United States of America, Professor of Physics.]
An Improved Mode of and Apparatus for Transmitting and
Recording Electrically Autographic Messages, Signals, and
Markings.
I PHILIP ARTHUR NEWTON of the Office for Patents, 6 Breams Buildings,
Chancery Lane in the County of Middlesex, Patent Agent, do hereby declare
the nature of this invention and in what
manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement:―
This invention relates to a writing telegraph of that class in which the act of
writing a message at the sending station operates to reproduce it at the receiving
station, and it is in the main an improvement upon the methods, apparatus and
organization described in a Patent dated July 31st 1888, No. 11082, granted to me
as a communication from Professor Elisha Gray, the author of the present
invention.
In order that the detailed description of the methods and apparatus, and the
organization of the latter, hereafter given, in the words of the author, may be more
readily apprehended, a brief statement of the general features of the present
improvements will first be made, also in the author's words.
have discovered that in the serding of telautographic messages pulsations
successively of opposite polarity are of much greater effectiveness than pulsations
successively of the same polarity. They can be sent to line with greater rapidity
and certainty, of effect, and the receiving pen can thus be driven more rapidly and
with greater reliability than when pulsations of one polarity are employed.
The employment in a telautographic system of pulsations of successively
opposite polarity is one of the important features which I desire to protect by my
present Patent.
Where for the production of pulsations an ordinary trailer moving over the
ordinary sunflower contact disk is employed, I find that it is subject to the disad-
vantages that in time it causes a wear of the surface of the sunflower segments,
and is liable to be affected by collections of dust and metal wearings which may
cause variations in the length of pulsations. As a substitute for the sunflower and
trailer I have devised a Huid pressure transmitter in which the pressure of a
compressed fluid under the control of the transmitting pen is employed to put in
motion a vibrating circuit interrupter by which pulsations are produced upon the
line.
The movement of the transmitting pen in either of two directions, preferably at
nearly right angles to each other, produces a succession of these pulsations in two
electric circuits, the number of pulsations in the respective circuits being
determined by the distance which the pen is moved in the respective directions and
the speed of succession of the pulsations varying with the rapidity of movement
of the transmitting pen. In my present system these pulsations do not preferably
directly operate the motors which move the receiving pen as do the pulsations
sent to line in the system of my above mentioned Patent.
I now propose,
preferably, to produce a constant strain upon the apparatus which drives the
receiving pen, this strain originating in a motor, revolving shaft, weight, fluid
pressure or other device or force independent, as regards its source of power, of
tbe transmitting instrument; and to govern the application of this force to the
driving of the receiving pen by means of an escapement operated by the pulsations
above referred to. Thus each pulsation sent over the line will permit the receiving
コ

page_text: pen to advance a space corresponding to one-half the distance between two teeth
of the escapement wheel; and as each pulsation represents a certain definite space
traversed by the transmitting pen and each tooth of the governing escapement
wheel of the receiver represents a certain definite space over which the receiving
pen is driven, the movements of the transmitting pen will be reproduced with
almost absolute accuracy by the receiving pep.
The devices above referred to provide for reproducing motion of the trans-
mitting pen in two directions cross-wise of each other; the devices for reversing
the direction of movement of the receiving pen consist of a reversing mechanism
controlling the connection between the receiving pen and the power mechanism
which drives it, and of an organization adapted to electrically control this
mechanism from the transmitting station. This reversing mechanism may be
of any suitable construction and will be adapted to the particular form of power
mechanism employed. Thus, where a motor is used to drive the receiving pen,
the reversing mechanism may consist of direct and reverse gearing between the
motor or its shaft and the receiving pen; or the power of the motor may be
applied to the winding up of two weights, the downward pull of one of which
weights will drive the receiving pen in one direction and the downward pull of the
other of which will drive the receiving pen in the other direction. This arrange-
ment secures a more uniform and delicate and reliable movement for the receiving
pen than is obtained where the power is transmitted directly through gearing.
Both of these forms of reversing mechanism are shown in the accompanying
drawings and are described at length further on. Where air or other fluid
pressure is employed as a motor the reversing mechanism may consist of a valve,
operated to shift the pressure from one direction to the other. This form of
motor and reversing mechanism is also shown and described in this Specification
and is that which I prefer to use.
It will be understood that instead of using a single motor with a reversing
mechanism to obtain the two opposite movements of the receiving pen, two motors
tending to move the pen in opposite directions, which are alternately brought into
operation and each of which is thrown out of operation while the other is
operating, may be used, and are the equivalent of a single motor connected to the
receiving pen through a reversing mechanism. Thus, where air or other fluid
pressure is employed, two sources of pressure instead of a single source may be
used, and these two pressures may be applied alternately and oppositely to the
receiving pen by means of appropriate controlling mechanism manipulated from
the transmitting station. So, where two weights are used, each weight may be
regarded as an independent and primary source of power, one or the other of
which is brought into operation, according to the direction of movement of the
receiving pen desired. The work of lifting the weights may be perfornied by
the hand of the operator instead of by an organized part of the machine; and for
the two weights any other power mechanisms may be substituted. It will, there-
fore, be understood that in a broad sense a single source of power provided with
a reversing mechanism and two sources of power opposed to each other and provided
with means for throwing one or the other into operative action, as desired, are
equivalents, the one of the other, and it is to be understood that where I claim one
of these organizations I claim the other as its equivalent.
My improvements also include devices and an organization of circuits for
securing unison between the transmitting and receiving pens, and improved
apparatus and organizations for raising and lowering the receiving pen to corre-
spond with like movements of the transmitting pen, and for shifting the paper.
The reversal in direction of motion of the receiving pen may be effected from
the transmitting station by means of changes of condition in the currents traversing
the two main circuits; thus, for instance, a temporary impulse of increased
strength may be sent over the line which shall have the effect of operating the
reversing mechanism, and the system may thus be operated through two main lines
as in the organization of my above mentioned Patent. On the other hand, the

page_text: reversal may be effected by means of one or more independent wires. Such an
organization has the advantage of simplicity in electrical connections and
mechanism at the stations, and for that reason is preferred and is the form shown
and described in this application. There is, however, no substantial difference in
principle between that organization in which the reversal is effected by a change of
condition in the main line currents and that in which it is effected by the operation
of independent circuits. Likewise the operations of raising and lowering the
receiving pen following like movements of the transmitting pen, and that of
bringing the two instruments to unison and the shifting of the paper at the
receiving instrument, may be effected either through changes of condition in the
currents on the two main line circuits or by the action of independent circuits.
Either method is equivalent for the other as regards the broader features of the
invention, and a substitution of one for the other does not introduce substantial
changes into the organization as regards those features. When separate line wires
are used for effecting reversal I prefer to use those line wires for the pen lifting,
paper shifting and unison devices, and have shown such a construction in this
application. It is, however, to be understood that this application is intended to
embrace in its broad features both the construction in which separate wires are
used for the reversing, pen lifting, paper shifting and unifying operations, and that
in which these operations are effected by changes in the condition of the main line
currents. In fact, I do not intend to limit myself to any particular arrangement
of electrical connections between the transmitting and receiving stations, or number
of line wires.
Other novel features in organization and detail of construction will be hereafter
described in detail and specifically referred to in the claims.
The improvements thus briefly outlined will now be described at length, reference
being had to the accompanying drawings, in which:
Figure 1 is a plan view of the table carrying the transmitting and receiving
instruments, made according to one form of my invention, at one station.
Figure 2 is a vertical section on or near the line 2-2 of Figure 1, showing the
paper-shifting mechanism and the pen lifter magnets.
Figure 3 is a vertical section on the line 3-3 of Figure 1, showing the paper
roll and pen rack and unison switches in perspective.
Figure 4 is a vertical section on the line 4-4 of Figure 1, showing the mechanism
for feeding the paper in elevation.
Figures 5 and 6 are views on an enlarged scale of the pen rack and unison
switches.
Figure 7 is a detail of one form of interrupter.
Figure 8 is a detail view of the paper-shifting magnet.
Figure 9 is a sectional elevation taken on about line 9-9 of Figure 1, the point
of view being in the fore-ground of the latter figure.
Figure 10 is a plan view of the parts shown in Figure 9, the table being
removed, a side detached view of magnet L and its connections being also shown.
Figure 11 is a view on an enlarged scale of the escapement magnet and connected
devices.
Figure 12 is a sectional elevation of one of the weight magnets taken on the
line 12-12 of Figure 9.
Figures 13 and 13ª show one form of circuit connections in diagram at one
station.
Figure 14 is a diagram showing one form of transmitter and transmitting con-
nections at one station, and a receiver and receiving connections at the distant
station.
Figures 15, 16 and 17 represent a modified form of the magnetic reversing
mechanism.
Figure 18 is a modified form of pen-raising magnet.
Figure 19 is another form of reversing mechanism in which direct and reverse
gearing between the motor and receiving pen are employed.

page_text: Figure 20 is a side elevation of a portion of my air or fluid pressure transmitting
device.
Figure 21 is a plan view of the same, certain parts having been removed.
Figure 22 is a sectional view on the line 22-22 of Figure 20, showing the
circuit connections.
Figures 23 and 24 are detail views of the diaphragm blocks employed in this
latter construction.
Figure 25 is a sectional view on the line 25-25 of Figure 21 on an enlarged scale.
Figure 26 is a diagram showing the connections of the reversing circuit
employed in the mechanism of Figure 20.
Figures 27, 28 and 29 represent modifications of parts of the air transmitter.
Figure 30 is a sectional elevation on the line 30-30 of Figure 31, and Figure 31
a plan view of a part of an instrument embodying an air or other fluid pressure
receiving apparatus.
Figure 32 is a sectional view on the line 32-32 of Figure 30.
Figure 33 is a section taken on the line 33-33 of Figure 30.
Figures 34 and 35 represent modifications.
In my system in the form shown the transmitting and receiving instruments are
placed in close proximity and so arranged with reference to each other that a single
sheet of paper is used for making the copies of messages transmitted and for
recording messages received. I have therefore shown the transmitting and the
receiving instruments associated together in Figure 1.
Referring now particularly to Figures 1 to 8, 13 and 134, the principal features
of the transmitter will be described. This instrument consists primarily of the
transmitting pen A, which is moved by the operator to form the characters or
other matter to be transmitted. This pen may be a simple handle of convenient
ferm, or a pen or pencil, with which a copy of the message transmitted is made,
and it is therefore termed a "pen;" but this term, whenever used in a general
sense, is to be understood as including any writing instrument or a simple handle
of convenient form.
The pen A is connected at its tip to two cords or other flexible connections, 63, 64,
which extend horizontally crosswise of each other, and are connected to operate the
two circuit-changing devices B, C, termed herein "interrupters," located in the two
electric circuits b, c, termed "main circuits," and so arranged that, as the pen A is
moved in the direction of the cord 63 to or from the interrupter B, pulsations are
produced in the circuit in quick succession, varying in number with the linear
extent of movement of the pen A, and varying in speed of succession with the
rapidity of such movement; while, as the pen is moved in the direction of the
cord 64, to or from the interrupter C, in forming the characters, pulsations are
produced in circuit c in the same manner. In my above-mentioned telautograph
Patent the interrupters are so placed with reference to the transmitting pen that
the connecting cords 63, 64, extend in directions approximately parallel and
perpendicular to the line of characters traced by the transmitting pen. In my
present organization, however, I place the interrupters in such positions that the
cords will have a diagonal location about midway between lines perpendicular to
and parallel with the line of writing. By this organization the steps causing the
perpendicular and horizontal movements of the pen, which are the movements
naturally.made most rapidly in writing, are divided between the two halves of the
machine, thus enabling a much greater speed to be attained without increasing
the working capacity of either circuit. This organization also makes possible a
greater degree of compactness in the apparatus and, thereby, the use of one strip of
paper for the transmitting and receiving instruments at the same end of line.
The function of the interrupters in my present transmitting instrument is not
only to cause pulsations in the main line circuits, but to cause those pulsations to
be of successively opposite polarity. That this may be effected each main circuit
is provided with two batteries, one at the transmitting and one at the receiving
end, so placed in line as to be opposed to each other in polarity, the one at the

page_text: transmitting end being of about treble the strength of the other. The larger
batteries in the two circuits are designated (see Figures 13 and 134) respectively Z
and Z, and the smaller batteries, respectively and . The interrupter is so
arranged as to shunt the larger battery out of line at short intervals.
The two interrupters B, C, and their auxiliaries and circuit connections are
exact duplicates, and a description of one of them, therefore, applies to both. Each
of the cords 63, 64 is connected to and wound upon a small drum 65 (see Figures 1
and 7), fixed upon one of its sides to a shaft 66. To the other side of the drum is
attached a bracket 67. The outer end of the bracket rests upon a pivot 68, and
the upper end of the shaft 66 is in contact with a pivot 69. The drum is thus
mounted so as to revolve between the pivots 68, 69. To the shaft 66 is attached a
spring 70 which is wound upon the shaft and tends to revolve the drum in the
direction opposite to the pull of the pen upon the cords 63, 64. Pivoted between
the lower face of the drum and the bracket 67, and in line with the shaft 66 is
another shaft 71 to which is attached an arm 72, which carries the revolving
brush 73. The movement of the arm 72 upon its shaft 71 is limited between
stops 74, 75 fixed to the drum (see Figure 7), one of which (74 as shown) is
preferably adjustable. The face of the disk, over which the brush 73 sweeps is
provided with a series of channels or cuts located in proximity and containing
pieces of insulating material 76, the width of each channel or cut being preferably
about the same as that of the adjacent exposed metal surface between it and the
next channel. Each main line circuit divides before reaching the interrupter (see
Figure 13), one branch passing through the battery Z or 71 at the transmitting
end of the line and to earth, the other branch connecting with the interrupter disk,
the brush 73 being grounded. When, therefore, the brush is in contact with the
metal surface of the disk the battery Z or Z will be cut out and the battery z or
at the receiving end of the line will alone be in circuit; when, however, the brush 73
rests upon a portion of the insulating material the branch through the interrupter
will be broken and both batteries Z or Z' and z or z' will be in circuit, their
polarity being, as before stated, opposed to each other. In this condition the
current of the smaller battery will be overcome and the polarity of the current on
line determined by the larger battery. The strength of the larger batteries is
preferably made about triple that of the smaller batteries, so that the effective
current on line is the same (except in polarity), when both batteries are in circuit,
as when the smaller battery alone is in circuit, and the effect on the receiving
instrument will be in both cases the same. The revolution of the brush over the
face of the disk will thus cause upon the line a succession of pulsations of opposite
polarity and substantially equal effective strength, the number and rapidity of these
pulsations being determined by the extent and rapidity of movement of the brush.
The mounting of the brush with reference to the drum gives the brush an inde-
pendent motion, the amount of this motion being adjustable by means of the
adjustable stop 74. It results that in practice whenever the motion of the pen
reverses the rotation of the drum the brush will not begin to move in a reverse
direction until the drum has so moved a distance corresponding to the amount of
independent motion of the arm 72 between the stops 74, 75. The object of this
independent or lost motion of the brush will be stated hereafter.
"
In addition to the two main circuits, c, the system is provided, as above stated,
with two secondary circuits for changing the direction of motion of the receiving
pen upon the reversal in the direction of motion of the transmitting pen in the two
crosswise directions respectively, and performing the other functions inentioned
above. These circuits are termed, for convenience, reversing circuits," and are
indicated in the drawings by the letters d, e.
It may
'be here remarked that in the
organization in its preferred form, and as shown in Figures 13 and 13ª, I use a
pen-rack switch similar to that shown in my above-mentioned Patent, which throws
the instrument from the transmitting position to the receiving position when the
pen is placed in it, and also performs another function which will be hereafter.
"

page_text: referred to. I have, however, for the sake of simplicity, omitted this switch from the
system as shown in Figure 14, and will first describe the system without reference
to it and as shown in Figure 14, afterwards explaining the construction and circuit
connections of the switch.
'
Referring now particularly to Figure 14, it will be seen that there is a circuit
making and breaking arm 86 frictionally mounted upon the drum shaft 66 of each
of the interrupters B, C, and that these arms have a limited motion between contact
stops 87, 88, 87, 88', contact stops 87, 88, being connected to earth through
batteries g, g', respectively, the battery having its negative plate towards the
contact stop 87, and the battery g', its positive plate towards the stop 88, and that
batteries, are similarly arranged with reference to stops 87', 88¹. The
circuits d, e, connect with the insulated tips of the arms 86, respectively, and
thence pass to line through resistances R, R¹, and switches for cach line connected
with arm 101, the purpose of which will be hereafter explained. Circuits d and e
and their connections are precise duplicates of each other.
When the pen is moving in the direction of the arrow in Figure 14-that is, from
the interrupter B-the arm 86 of that interrupter will be in contact with the
stop 87, and a current of negative polarity will pass to line over reversing circuit d
from battery g.
When the motion of the pen is reversed and it is caused to move
toward the interrupter B, the arm 86 will, at the moment of reversal, leave the
stop 87 and come into contact with the stop 88, which will cut battery gout of, and
battery g into, circuit d, thus producing a positive current in that circuit.
The operation of the transmitter, as thus far described, is as follows: The
operator takes the pen A in his hand and forms the characters in proper sequence
in the usual manner, moving the pen up and down and from left to right, the same
as in ordinary writing. As the pen makes the down strokes in forming the characters
the cords 63, 64 will be unwound from the drums of the interrupters B, C, thereby
rotating the drum and its shaft and moving the brush 73 over the disk 89, and
causing a succession of pulsations of opposite polarity over the circuits b, c in quick
succession, the number and rapidity of the pulsations being determined by the speed
and extent of movement of the pen. As the pen makes the up strokes the spring 70 will
rewind cords 63, 64 and move the brushes 73 in the reverse direction, causing pulsa-
tions upon the two main circuits in the same manner. So long as the pen recedes from
either of the interrupters, as B, the shaft 66 will continue to revolve in one direction,
and the arm 86 will be held against the stop 87. As soon, however, as the move-
ment of the pen is reversed-i.e., changed from a motion from the interrupter B to
a motion of approach to the interrupter-the movement of the shaft 66 will be
reversed, and the arm 86 will be caused to rest against the contact 88, thereby
changing the polarity of the current on reversing circuit d; and this change of
polarity in the reversing circuit will occur as often as reversal in the direction of
movement of the transmitting pen with reference to interrupter B occurs; or, in
other words, the movement of the transmitting pen in one direction, as, for instance,
from the interrupter B, will correspond to a condition of negative polarity in the
reversing circuit d and movement of the transmitting pen in the opposite direction
will correspond to a condition of positive polarity in the reversing circuit d. The
same succession of operations occurs in connection with the circuit the inter-
rupter C and the reversing circuit e and connected parts, and the same change in
the polarity of the current traversing the last-named circuit upon each reversal
in the direction of movement of the transmitting pen with reference to the
interrupter C.
C,
The purpose of the independent or lost motion in the arm 72 and brush 73, hereto-
fore described, is to allow the reversal of the receiving mechanism to be made while
the brush is standing still, whether on a metal or insulating segment of the disk.
To accomplish this the stroke of the arms 86 is made as short as possible, say the
two-hundredth of an inch, while the play of the brush between its stops is made a
trifle longer. This provision for lost motion in the brush 73 is not absolutely

page_text: essential for perfect writing, but prevents possible loss of steps at the receiving
end when the writing is done at a high rate of speed, and is therefore a preferred
construction.
Referring now particularly to Figures 1, 9 to 12, and 14, the principal features
of the receiver will be described. The receiving pen G is a writing instrument of
any suitable form for recording the message. The term "pen," therefore, as applied
to this instrument, is to be understood as including any form of writing instrument.
In the case shown a fountain pen is employed, which is composed of a tube of glass
of very fine capillary bore, having its end formed into a writing point. This pen
is connected by a piece of flexible rubber tubing, which runs through the tubular
pen arm 21 and connects by means of a preferably flexible capillary tube 92 with
the ink well 91. The pen arms 21 and 22 are made of light metal tubing, hinged
at the point 23, immediately over the point of the pen. Each of the arms 21, 22,
is provided with a cord, 93, attached to the arm at each end, and having a turn
about a drum, 94. Motion is given to the receiving pen by the revolution of these
drums, 94, and this revolution is effected in correspondence with the movements of
the transmitting pen by means of a mechanism which will be presently described.
The receiving pen arms are so adjusted with reference to the pen and the cords
upon the drum that the distance from the receiving pen to the hinging point on
drum 94 of either of its pen arms will be equal, when the transmitting and receiving
instruments are in unison, to the length of the unwound cord connecting the trans-
mitting pen with the drum of the interrupter upon the same side of the instrument.
This organization causes the transmitting and receiving pens to swing in arcs
having the same radii, and, consequently, to that extent ensures an exact repro-
duction by the receiving pen of the movement of the transmitting pen. It will be
observed that this advantage is in part secured by the transfer of the circuit
changing arm 86 to the shaft of the interrupter from a position between the inter-
rupter and the transmitting pen.
The revolution of the drums to move the receiving pen is effected in my present
organization by power derived from a motor 95 (see Figure 9), and the application
of the power of the motor to the pen drums is controlled by reversible escapements
governed by the pulsations sent over the lines as above described. The motor may
be of any suitable construction, the form which I prefer, and which is shown in this
application, being an electric motor. The shaft 96 of this motor is geared to a
shaft 30, from which both of the pen drums 94 receive their motion. As the parts
driven by the shafts are identical in construction on both sides of the machine, but
one set thereof is described and shown in full, to wit, that upon the left-hand side
of the machine as it appears in Figure 1. The following description may therefore
be understood as applicable to both of these sets of devices: The shaft 30 is (see
Figure 10) suitably trunnioned or journaled so as to revolve freely, and passes
loosely through two soft iron disks 28, 29, circumferentially grooved. Fast on the
shaft 30, and on either side of the disks 28, 29, are two clutch magnets, X, Y1 (the
corresponding clutch magnets on the right-hand side of the instrument being
designated by the letters X Y respectively), which are fastened to and revolve
with the shaft 30. The shaft 30 is preferably of brass, the cores of the clutch
magnets being made of soft iron and bored out of such size as to allow the shaft to
slip into the hole and fit tightly therein. The head of each magnet spool at the
end nearest the disk is made of non-magnetic material, as hard rubber, and the
outer shell or covering is of soft iron, as is also the head of the spool furthest from
the disk. The end of this shell and of the core next to the disk project forward
slightly beyond the head and come into contact with the disk, which constitutes an
armature for the magnet.
There is thus formed a frictional magnetic clutch, which may be electro-mag-
netically controlled from the transmitting station as hereinafter described. In
practice the magnetizable metallic surface of the magnet and disk respectively may
be in actual contact; but to prevent sticking upon the demagnetization of the

page_text: clutch, I find it preferable to face one or both of the adjacent surfaces with a layer
of non-magnetic material, as parchment.
Both of these magnets X Y¹, with their connected parts, are exactly alike.
Attached to each of the disks 28, 29, is a cord 9, 91 (see Fig. 9), so placed as to lie
in the groove of the disk. These cords are attached at their lower ends to
weights M' N¹. These weights are of peculiar construction, each weight being in
fact a magnet, or provided with a magnetically controlled clutch. There is a
shell 10 and a core 11 (see Fig. 12) connected at one end by a soft iron disk 12,
and at the other end and in the centre by disks 13, 14, of non-magnetic material, as
brass or hard rubber. Extending through the bore of the core 11 is a rod 15, non-
magnetic, to one end of which is attached a soft iron disk 16. It is desirable that
this disk should be adjustable, and to this end it may be threaded upon the rod 15
and held in position by a nut 17. The insulated wire coils of the magnet are wound
in the spaces between the core, shell and disks, as shown. The terminals of the
coils pass out preferably through the disk 12 and are joined to flexible connecting
wires (see Fig. 134), as will be described further on. The rod 15 fits the bore of
the core 11 closely, but not so as to prevent ready movement to and fro within it.
A small hole 18 is bored through the outer shell 10, the disk 13, the core 11 and
the rod 15, and through this hole is passed a cord 8. When the current is caused
to pass through the coils of the weight M¹ magnetisın will be excited in the ends of
the core 11 and shell 10, nearest the disk 16, thereby drawing the disk up into
contact with the ends of the core and shell, and shifting the position of the rod 15
in the bore of the core, causing the edges of the hole 18 in the rod to clutch the
cord 8 tightly, so that the cord cannot be moved readily without carrying with it
the entire weight M'. The weight M' will thus remain gripped upon the cord
until the current traversing the magnet coils is interrupted, that is, until the clutch
formed by the edges of hole 18 through rod 15 and core 11 is opened, when the
resiliency of the cord 8 and the pull of the magnet weight M' will cause the rod 15
to move back to that position in which the hole through it registers with the hole
through the core and the grip upon the cord will be relaxed. The cord 8 is
endless, passing through both of the weights M', N', over guide pulleys 40, 42,
around a drum 39, to which it is attached, and an idle wheel 41, which prevents
slackening of the cord. The weights are adapted to slide vertically in a frame
composed of vertical rods 33, 34, 35 fixed in any suitable manner to the framework
supporting the instrument, and are connected to the rods so as to slide thereon by
brackets 36. The idler 41 is mounted in a yoke 37, which is free to move vertically
a short distance. Buffer springs 38 at the lower ends of the guide rods serve to
prevent injury to the magnet weights in case of sudden extreme drop. The drum 39,
about which the cord 8 passes, and to which it is attached, is mounted upon one
end of a sleeve 48, which carries upon its other end the pen drum 94. The latter
drum is connected through a V-toothed clutch 47 with a trunnioned shaft 46, having
upon it an escape wheel 26. The pallets 105 of this escape wheel (see Figure 10)
are preferably made adjustable to and from each other, and are attached to the
armature of a magnet H¹ (the corresponding magnet on the other side of the
instrument being designated H). The angles of the faces of the escapement
pallets 105, as also those of the faces of the escape wheel teeth, are preferably
made the same, so that the escapement will be reversible and operate in either
direction with equal facility upon reversal of the strain which tends to move it.
This magnet is a polarized relay of any suitable construction. In that shown the
polarization is effected by a permanent magnet 97, one end of which is attached to
the iron yoke 104, which connects the cores of the two magnet coils and the other
end embraces in close proximity the rear end of the armature 99 trunnioned in the
framework. The upper half of the clutch 47 is fixed to the shaft 46, and the lower
half to the drum. The two halves are held together by the pressure of a spring 49,
one end of which bears against the hub of the escape wheel and the other against a
loose grooved collar 50, which, in turn, bears against the lower end of drum 39. So

page_text: long as the pressure of the spring 49 acts upon collar 50 and crowds it against the
drum 39, the jaws of the clutch 47 are held together and thereby the sleeve 48
and drums 39, 94 are rigidly connected with the shaft 46 and by it with the escape
wheel so that the strain of the weights acting upon the drum 39 will be held in
check by the escape wheel. Fitted to the groove in the collar 50 is a forked
extension of an armature 54 trunnioned in the ordinary manner in proximity to a
magnet (the corresponding magnet on the opposite side of the instrument being
lettered O). When this magnet is energized it pulls down the armature 54 and
thereby withdraws the collar 50 from contact with the drum 39, permitting the
jaws of the clutch 47 to separate and disconnecting the escapement. The object of
effecting this disconnection will be hereafter explained.
In practice I find it desirable to provide means for positively opening the
clutch 47 instead of depending upon gravity entirely to effect it. For this
purpose I attach to the armature 54 a catch 109 which may be an ordinary screw
and the head of which is so placed as to engage with the lower flange of the
drum 39 when the armature 54 is attracted to its magnet and thus pull the lower
clutch teeth of the clutch 47 out of contact with the upper teeth. The catch 109
is so adjusted with reference to the lower flange of drum 39 and the lower flange
of collar 50 that the collar is separated from the drum before the catch begins to
depress the drum. The object of this is to permit the drum 39 to revolve under the
tension of the cord 8 8' more freely than it would do if in contact with the collar 50.
The electrical connections of the magnets X' Y' and M' N' (see Fig. 134) by
which the action of the power derived from the motor upon the receiving pen is con-
trolled, are as follows: In each of the reversing circuits de is a polarized relay JJ,
the armature of which vibrates between stops 19 and 20, and serves as a switch
to direct the current of a local battery into one or the other of two local circuits,
and thus control the action of the weight magnets. The stop 20 is connected by
a wire m with magnet weight M', a part of the circuit being flexible to permit;
movement of the weight without disarranging the connection, the circuit thence
passing through wire m', part of this wire also being flexible, to contact spring 51,
collar 50 mounted on shaft 30, coil of magnet Y', shaft 30 to which the other end
of the coil of magnet Y is connected; contact spring 24, wire o, local battery o¹,
armature 52 of magnet J. Stop 19 is connected by wire n, part of which is
flexible, with the coils of weight magnet N'; the circuit thence passing through
wire n', part of which also is flexible, to contact brush 53 bearing upon a collar 31
with which one end of the coil of magnet X is connected, the other end of which
coil is in contact with the shaft 30, and thence through the connections before
described with battery o¹ and armature 52. A short circuit is provided from the
wire by wires m" around magnet Y¹ to the common return wire o, this short
circuit path being provided with a circuit breaker 55 normally open. A similar
short circuit path is provided from wire ¹ by wires n", and this path is provided
with a normally open circuit breaker 56, these circuit breakers 55, 56 being located
respectively in the paths of the magnet weights N' M. When the current passing
through magnet Jis such that the armature 52 is held against the stop 20, it
will be seen that the current of battery o¹ will traverse the coils of weight
magnet M' and clutch magnet Y. The consequent energization of the core and
shell of magnet M will cause its rod 15 to grip the cord 8. Its weight will thus
be thrown upon the cord 8, the magnet X being in this position of the parts cut
out of circuit, and the drum 39, to which the cord is fastened, will be given a
tendency to rotate in the direction reverse to that indicated by the arrow in
Figure 14. This tendency will be resisted by the engagement of the escapement
pallets 105 with the teeth of the escape wheel 26, except as revolution is permitted
by the pulsations sent over line through the main circuit c, which traverses the coils
of magnet H. Each pulsation will cause the escapement pallet to vibrate and
permit the druin to rotate a distance corresponding to one-half a tooth of the
escape wheel. Meanwhile the clutch magnet Y₁ attracts its armature 28, causing
the latter to revolve with it and with the shaft 30 and to wind up the cord 9¹, to
B

page_text: which the weight N₁ is attached, thus raising the latter magnet weight. The
magnet weight M' will continue to descend, and the magnet weight N' to ascend,
and the drum 39 will continue to revolve in the direction reverse to that of the
arrow, until reversal occurs in the polarity of the current upon the reversing
circuit e, and, consequently, a change in the position of the armature 52 of
magnet J¹.
When this change occurs the current of battery of will be shifted to
the circuit n passing through magnet N' and clutch magnet X. Magnet weight M¹
will loosen its grip upon the cord 8 and at the same time clutch magnet Y will
release its armature and weight magnet N' will be free to fall. Almost simul-
taneously, however, and before either of the weight magnets M', NI can appreciably
descend, the clutch magnet X' is energized, grips its armature 29 and arrests the
descent of and begins to elevate the weight magnet M' while at the same moment the
weight magnet Ni grips the cord 8 and carries it downward with it giving the drum 39
a tendency to revolve in the direction indicated by the arrow. The function of
the circuit breakers 55, 56, is to prevent the magnet weight from being raised too
high by the armatures of the corresponding clutch magnets. When either of the
magnet weights, as N' comes in contact with the spring of its circuit breaker 55,
it closes the short circuit around clutch magnet Y¹ at that point, thus de energizing
that magnet. The weight magnet N' now begins to drop, but as soon as it has
dropped far enough to open the short circuit the clutch magnet Y' is again
energized and raises it until the short circuit is again closed. The magnet weight
continues to vibrate thus until the electrical connections are reversed and it is
allowed to descend gripping the cord 8.
In the construction shown, each weight is an electro-magnet and nothing more.
It is, however, obvious that the magnetic clutch might be a mere attachment to the
weight.
The operation of the mechanism thus far described will now be stated. The
motor shaft 96 being continually in rotation, while a message is being received,
gives constant rotation to the shaft 30. When one or the other of the weight
magnets M¹ N' is energized, it pulls downward on the cord 8, causing a tension
upon the drum 94, giving it a tendency to revolve in one direction or the other, as
the case may be. This tendency to revolve will, however. be held in restraint,
when the line current is on, by the engagement of the escapement pallet 105 with
the teeth of the escape wheel 26, except when the armature 99 carrying the pallets
oscillates. The pulsations of successively opposite polarity sent to line from the
transmitter cause a change of magnetic polarity in the poles within the two coils
of magnets H', causing the armature 99 to be drawn first to one side and then to
the other, giving an oscillating motion to the pallets, causing the restraint upon
the receiving pen to be suspended at regular successive intervals, and permitting the
escape wheel to revolve step by step, one step for each pulsation, in the direction
in which the constant strain of the weight impels it. When a reversal occurs in
the direction of motion of the transmitting pen the polarity of the current in the
reversing circuit is changed, the armature of magnet J1 responds to this change, and
the condition of the electrical connections controlling the weight magnet is reversed,
so that the pen drum 94 is given a tendency to reverse its direction of revolution
and the direction of movement which it imparts to the pen-carrying arm 21, and
motion in this reverse direction will continue until another reversal of polarity
occurs in the reversing circuit.
On referring to Figure 14, it will be seen that when the transmitting pen is
moving in the direction indicated by arrow numbered 2, the current in the reversing
circuit will be the negative current of battery f, and such as to cause the
armature 52 of magnet J to throw its armature against stop 19, closing the
circuit of battery o', through weight magnet N' and clutch magnet X', causing
the drum 94 on the left-hand side of the instrument to revolve in the direction
of the arrow Figure 14, magnet X' at the same time being occupied in raising
magnet M. Upon reversal in the direction of movement of the transmitting pen
with reference to interrupter C the positive current of battery f' is thrown upon

page_text: e,
circuit the armature of magnet J' is shifted, weight magnet N¹ is de-energized
and weight magnet M' energized, and the drum 94 on the left-hand side of the
receiving instrument begins to rotate in a direction opposite to that indicated by
the arrow in Figure 14.
The main circuit & being also provided with a polarized magnet H similar to
polarized magnet H' and the reversing circuit & being provided with magnet J,
similar to magnet J', and other connections and mechanism similar to those above-
described, the effect of the ordinary pulsations upon the main line and reversal
of current upon the reversing line d upon the pen carrying arm 22, operated from
the other pen driving drum 94 is the same as that which has just been above described
with reference to main line c and reversing line e and pen carrying arm 21.
It has now been explained how the movement of the transmitting pen in a
direction to or from either of the interrupters B, C, will cause the receiving pen
to move in the same direction, the movement of the latter pen being made of a
up
series of short steps. It is apparent that, as with the system described in my
above-mentioned Patent, any movement of the transmitting pen in a direction
intermediate between these two directions will cause the receiving pen to move in
a corresponding direction, but with a movement made up of a number of steps taken
at right angles to or crosswise of each other, the relative number of steps in each
direction depending upon the obliquity of the movement of the transmitting pen.
The receiving pen is thus caused to substantially follow any movement of the
transmitting pen and thus reproduce a substantial fac-simile of whatever is written
or traced by the latter. The use of the escapement accurately defines the
length of each step of the receiving instrument, and, in connection with the equality
in radial distance between the pens and the pivotal points of the cords and arms
at the transmitting and receiving stations respectively, which I now secure, insures
the substantially accurate reproduction at the receiving station of the writing of
the sender.
The mechanism for causing the receiving pen to be raised and lowered in
accordance with the position of the transmitting pen will now be described.
In two-line systems I have effected the raising and lowering of the pen at the
receiving station by changes of condition in the current traversing the main lines,
and such means may be used in the present organization if desired. I find it
simpler and preferable, however, to employ changes of condition in the current
traversing the reversing circuits, and for that purpose the resistances R R¹ are
introduced into the reversing circuits d, e, respectively, and I make use of the
changes of strength in the currents of these circuits caused by shunting these
resistances in and out to operate the pen-lifting mechanism of the receiver. Both
the transmitting and receiving pens, in my preferred form of instrument, rest,
when in operation, upon a single platen 117 (see Figure 2), which, in turn, rests
upon a spring supported pivoted plate 118, one end of which, in its normal
(elevated) position, makes contact with a contact point 120, but when depressed
by the pressure of the transmitting pen in writing swings on its pivot so as to
break contact with contact point 120. Plate 118 carries an insulated contact
point 78, which, as it comes downward, is brought into contact with a stationary
contact point 113, thereby closing a shunt circuit for the current traversing the
reversing circuit d around the resistance R. The breaking of contact between
the plate 118 and the contact point 120 opens a short circuit for the current
traversing the reversing circuit e around resistance R¹. The depression of the
platen by the transmitting pen in writing thus increases the current strength upon
the reversing circuit d and diminishes the current strength upon the reversing
circuit e. In the circuits d and e respectively are placed at the receiving end of
the line two relays P P. The resistances, R, R', are so adjusted with reference
to the strength of the retracting springs for the armatures of these relays that
these armatures are attracted only when the resistances are cut out of circuit.
The effect, therefore, of placing the transmitting peu upon the paper will be to
cause the relay P to attract its armature, and the relay P' to release its armature,

page_text: and the effect of raising the pen from the paper will be to cause the relay P to
release its armature and the relay P¹ to attract its armature.
.
The receiving pen is raised and lowered by means of two magnets, S, T, placed
vue above the other, and a local battery (see Figures 2 and 14). The armature 129,
wnich carries the pen rest 130, is located between the two magnets S, T, and is
operated upon by both of them. This armature is held or steadied in the position
to which it is thrown by the attraction of one or the other of the magnets
by friction springs 43, the spring 131 serving merely to balance the weight
of the pen rest and armature. The circuit of magnet S passes through wires s
coils of paper shifting magnet V, battery y, front stop 134 of relay P, and its
armature 133 and wire. The circuit of magnet T passes through wires t (some
of these wires being common to circuits t and s are marked with both letters, and
other local circuits having wires in common are lettered in the drawings in the same
manner), coils v¹ of paper shifting magnet V, thence by wires s, t, to battery y,
and thence by wires, t, to front stop 128 of armature 132 of relay P, that
armature and wire t to magnet T. The cutting out of the resistance R in circuit d,
caused by the pressure of the transmitting pen upon the writing platen 117, causes
the relay P at the receiving end to attract its armature, and thereby close the
circuit through the wires t and pen-lowering magnet T, causing the armature 129
and the pen rest 130 carried by it to be depressed and the pen G to descend to its
writing position upon the paper, where it will remain until the sending operator
raises the transmitting pen and removes the pressure from the platen 117. The
support 118 will then rise, cutting the resistance R again into the circuit d and
cutting resistance R' out of the circuit e, causing the relay P to release its armature
and the relay P₁ to attract its armature. The circuit through the magnet T
is thus broken, and the circuit completed through the magnet S, causing the
armature 129 and the pen rest carried by it to be raised, lifting the pen G from the
paper; and these parts will remain in this position until the transınitting operator
again depresses his writing platen.
66
While these operations are in progress the paper-shifting magnet V is inactive,
although both the circuits s, t pass through certain of its coils. This inactivity
results from the fact that the magnet V is of the peculiar construction known as a
consequent pole" magnet. It is made up of two soft iron rods of any convenient
length, 135, 136 (see Figures 4 and 8), and upon the ends of these rods are wound
helices of the usual construction, spaces being left at the centres of the two rods
between the helices of sufficient width to receive an ordinary armature. At these
points it is convenient to place pole pieces 137, 138, which extend outward beyond
the contour of the coils in such position as to conveniently act upon an armature 139
trunnioned in the ordinary manner. The soft iron rods 135, 136 are united at their
ends by soft iron heel pieces 151, 152, so that there is a continuous ring of iron.
When only one of the two sets of coils are in circuit the magnetic circuit of
the magnet V is closed through the heel iron opposite to the excited coils and no
magnetism of consequence is developed in the points 137, 138. It results that
when either of the circuits stare separately closed sufficient magnetism is not
developed in magnet V to cause it to attract its armature. When, however, both
of these sets of coils are simultaneously energized by a current flowing in
opposite directions, polarity will be developed in the points 137, 138, and the
armature 139 will be attracted. The connections of circuits stare such that the
current of battery y flows through the two sets of coils in opposite directions
when these circuits are closed; so that it is only necessary, in order to cause the
magnet V to become active, to simultaneously close these two local circuits. The
armature 139 has a play limited by stops 140, 141, and has a shoulder 142 which
serves as the trigger of an escapement controlling the feed of the paper.
My present invention embraces some improvements in paper shifting devices,
which will now be described. The blank paper is wound upon a drum 2, preferably
of wood, and adapted to be fitted upon the shaft 7, mounted in bearings 5, 6,
depending from the table top of the machine, or otherwise suitably placed. The

page_text: paper roll is applied to the shaft by first removing one of the bearings, as ɔ̃, for
that purpose, and then pushing the drum 2 onto the shaft. The shaft is provided
with a spur disk, 3, keyed upon it, which by its engagement with the drum 2
prevents the latter from revolving. The paper passes from the spool over the
friction roll 25, along the top of the writing platen 117, to the feeding rolls 143, 144.
These rolls are so arranged as to give a positive feed by nipping the paper between
them and pulling it forward at each release of the feeding escapement. The upper
roll, 144, is slightly movable vertically in its bearings, and is pressed downward by
springs 220 (Fig. 1), so that it grips the paper with a flexible pressure against the
surface of the roller 143. The roller 143 has fast upon its shaft, 145, a pinion, 146,
which meshes with another pinion, 147, fast upon a shaft, 148, to which is attached
a weighted drum, 149. The drum is not rigidly fast upon the shaft 148, but is
attached thereto by the common pawl and ratchet device, 150, so that the weight
may be wound up without disturbing the position of the feed rollers. Fast upon the
shaft 145 is another pinion, 153, which meshes with a pinion, 154, mounted upon
the shaft 155, carrying the two-armed escapement 108, the two arms 148, 149, of
which are so placed as to engage with the shoulder 142, formed upon the armature
lever 139. The arms are not placed opposite each other, the arm 148 being at
such a distance from the magnet that it will engage with the shoulder 142 when
the armature 139 is against its front stop and the arm 149 being so placed that it
will engage with the shoulder 142 when the armature 139 is against its back stop
(see detached view to the right of Figure 4). The weight gives the feeding rolls
a tendency to revolve and feed the paper, which is checked by the engagement of
the arm 149 with the shoulder 142 when the armature 139 is against its back stop.
Upon each energization of both sets of the coils of the magnet V and consequent
attraction of the armature 139, arm 149 is released and the escapement 108 revolves,
permitting feed of the paper. If the attraction of the armature 139 is instan-
taneous only it will drop back against its back stop before it is touched by arm 148
and will be in position to arrest the arm 149 at the end of a complete revolution of
the escapement. If, however, the energization of magnet V continues long enough
the arm 148 will find the armature 139 in its path and will be arrested by the
shoulder 142, the escapement making only half of a revolution. Upon the next
de-energization of one or both sets of coils of the magnet V the armature 139
drops back, releasing the arm 148 and assuming a position against its back stop
where it will arrest the arm 149 at the end of another half revolution. This device
insures a certain definite feed of the paper, corresponding to one complete revolu-
tion of the escapement for each complete movement, to and from its magnet, of
the armature 139 without regard to the length of time for which the armature is
held against its front stop. The operator can, therefore, cause the exact amount
of paper required to be fed, the amount depending upon the number of times he
operates his paper shifting lever. The several gears connecting the escapement 108
with the paper feed rolls are preferably so adjusted in size that the feed corre-
sponding to one revolution of the escapement is sufficient to move the paper a
distance equal to the space properly left between two lines of writing. It will be
observed that this feeding device secures a feed which is independent of the amount
of paper on the roll and, consequently, that the successive spaces of feed corre-
sponding to one revolution of the escapement are uniform.
To provide that the paper shall always lie flat upon the platen and shall not be
subjected to the liability of wrinkles or looseness due to changes in temperature,
moisture or other causes, I propose to employ a tension device which shall throw a
constant strain upon the paper passing over the platen. Various forms of such a
device may be readily suggested. One which I find to be serviceable consists of
a lever 157 (see Figures 2 and 3) provided with an adjustable clamp 158, by which
it is attached to the shaft 7 and clamped thereon so as to bind the shaft with a con-
siderable degree of friction. Two stops, 159, 161, one of them preferably adjust-
able, are provided for the lever, and the spring 162 connects its end with the
framework of the instrument. This spring tends to pull the lever in a direction

page_text: opposite to that in which the paper is drawn by the feed rolls. As the paper feeds,
the pull upon it is sufficient to overcome the friction between the clamp and shaft 7,
the shaft revolving in the clamp; but when the feed of the paper ceases the friction
of the clamp upon the shaft is sufficient to cause the shaft to be rotated backwards
by the stress of spring 162, to such an extent as to take all the slack out of the
paper lying upon the platen.
The means provided at the transmitter for causing the simultaneous closing of
the two local circuits s t at the receiving station, and thus effecting the feed of the
paper, consists of circuit connections whereby currents effective to energize both
the relays PP are simultaneously sent over both of the reversing circuits de. It
is necessary that these impulses should be sent to line independently of the position
of the writing platen, and that this may be done I provide a switch in each of the
reversing circuits between the resistances R R' and the distant station, and a shunt
wire for each of these circuits from the batteries g and f¹ respectively around the
resistances R R1. An upright shaft 100 is journaled (see Figs. 3, 6 and 14) in the
table, and carries on its upper end an arm 101 and on its lower end a circular
block 102 of insulating material having upon it two pairs of similar contact
pieces 103, 205, 103', 2051 (one pair only of which are fully shown in the drawings).
Upon each of these sets bear two pairs of contact springs, 106 and 107 connected
to the circuit d and 106' and 107' connected to the circuit e. Plate 205 is con-
nected by wire a with the circuit of battery g between that battery and its contact
point 87, while plate 2051 is connected by wire with the circuit of battery f¹
between that battery and its contact point 88'. From these connections it results
that when the lever 101 is pushed to the left, contact springs 106 and 107, 106¹
and 107¹ drop off of the plates 103, 103' respectively and the two reversing circuits de
are each broken; but immediately thereafter, when the springs 106 and 106' come
in contact with plates 205, 205' respectively the circuit of battery 9 is closed by
way of the wire a through circuit d and the circuit of battery f¹ is closed by way
of the wire through line wire e. The full force of each of the reversing line
batteries is thus simultaneously thrown to line and relays P, P' both attract their
armatures, closing the circuits s t and actuating the paper shifting magnet. When,
therefore, the transmitting operator desires to shift the paper at the distant station
he has only to carry his pen to the upper left-hand corner of its field and press the
part just above pen nib against the arm 101. This operation does not affect the
pen rest since the two magnets S, T neutralize each other in their effect upon their
common armatures.
It is obvious that to enable the receiving instrument to reproduce characters
traced by the transmitting pen, the direction of motion of the receiving pen must
accord with that of the transmitting pen; and to secure an exact reproduction it
is necessary that the length of the cords connecting the transmitting pen with the
hinging points on the interrupter drums should be exactly equal to the lengths of
the corresponding pen arms of the receiving instrument; or, in other words, in
order to secure perfect results it is necessary to start the two instruments in unison
and keep them in that relative condition. I have devised means for bringing the
transmitting and receiving instruments into unison when they are not so, and will
now describe it and its operation.
Armature 139 of the paper shifting magnet controls a local circuit which has not
yet been mentioned. This circuit 9 (see Figure 14) includes the coils of magnets O, O',
the two batteries, 2, 1, and the armature 139 and a contact stop 112. When the
paper shifting magnet is energized and the armature 139 drawn up, this circuit is
closed, energizing the two magnets O, O', causing them to attract their armatures 54
and depress the collars 50 (see Figure 11) against the pressure of springs 49, causing
the clutches 47 to open and disconnecting the pen drums 9+ from the escapement
wheels. The pen drum is therefore left free to revolve under the influence of that
one of the weight magnets M' or N¹ which is operating upon it at the time, and
the pen will therefore be suddenly driven in the direction of movement corresponding
to that weight to the limit of its motion in that direction. Both of the pen drums 94

page_text: being simultaneously freed from restraint in this manner, the pen with swing forward
at once in its two directions. The connections of wires a, h with the batteries g, f¹
are such that the currents sent over lines d, e, respectively, upon the shifting of the
paper are normal for that position of the transmitter, causing a tendency of the
receiving pen to move toward a position corresponding to that of the transmitting
pen while the latter is operating upon the switch lever 101, that is, to a position at
the upper left-hand corner of the receiving field. At this point it will be arrested
by knots 167, 160, properly placed in the endless cords 8, 8¹, coming in contact
with a fixed stop. This fixed stop in this case consists of adjustable cross-
pieces 110, 111, through holes in which the cords 8, 8¹ pass (see Figure 134)
It will thus be seen that if the receiving pen was before in advance of the trans-
mitting pen, it will be overtaken at its extreme point of motion by the transmitting
pen at the moment of shifting the paper, and if the receiving pen was behind the
transmitting pen it will. overtake the latter at the same point. Complete provision
is therefore made for securing unison between the two pens whenever desired by
the transmitting operator. I do not confine myself to any particular form of
unison device, provided such device be adapted to perform the desired function.
I wish, however, to call attention to the superiority of that organization wherein
the reversal of the direction of motion of the receiving pen depends upon a change
of polarity in the governing circuits; since in such case it is only necessary to
provide for bringing the two pens into unison as regards amount of motion, it being
always certain that their direction of motion is the same.
The provision for shifting the paper at the transmitting instrument consists of
suitable connections between the paper shifting or unison switch and the battery y
at the transmitting station, whereby, upon the throw of the switch, the two
circuits s, t are closed through the paper-shifting magnet at the transmitting
station. Such connections are shown in Figs. 13 and 13. A wire passes from
the battery y to a contact plate 163 on the block 102 of the unison switch. Located
in relation to this plate so that they will come in contact with it, when the switch
is shifted, are two circuit-making springs 164 and 165 connected by wires r, ll
respectively with circuits s, t at the receiving station. By means of these con-
nections on the shifting of the unison switch the current of the battery y at the
receiving station is divided at the brushes 164, 165, and a portion of it passes
through each set of coils v, v' of the paper-shifting magnet, effecting the paper feed
at the home station. The paper is thus simultaneously shifted at the sending and
receiving stations.
It remains to describe the motor circuit and the manner of its control. The
circuit of the motor is normally closed through wires i with a local battery. In
order that the circuit of the motor may, if desired, be broken when the instruments
are not in use, it is provided with a circuit breaker of any suitable construction, the
fcrm shown in this case being a block 198 partly of metallic and partly of insulating
material having a spring 197 riding upon it. This circuit maker and breaker is
controlled by an ordinary single spool electro-magnet L connected by wires w with
both of the circuits st in such manner that it will be in a branch circuit from
battery y whenever the circuit of that battery is closed through the front stop and
lever of either of the relays PP. Magnet L has an armature lever 199 trunnioned
upon double pivots so as to move to and from the magnet and also sidewise in
either direction, as shown in Figures 9 and 10. The magnet L and its armature 199
are so placed with reference to the shaft 30 that a pin 200 fixed to the outer end
of the armature will engage, when the armnature is released by its magnet, with a
screw 201 carried by the shaft. The armature 199 is drawn back from its magnet
by spring 202 in the ordinary manner and is also provided with a side stop 203
against which it is normally held by a spring 204, this spring 204 putting a strain
upon the armature lever 199 in a direction opposite to the direction in which it is
carried by the engagement of the screw 201 with the pin 200. The contact
spring 197 is attached to the armature 199 and rides upon the metallic portion of
the block 198, when the armature 199 is against the side stop 203; and the width

page_text: of this metallic portion of the block 198 is such that the spring 197 will continue to
rest upon it, as it is moved away from the stop 203, during the time occupied by a
number of revolutions of the shaft 30.
The resistance of the magnet L is made high, and it is so adjusted that it
requires but a small fraction of the current of battery y to cause it to attract its
armature. When, therefore, either of the relays P or P are energized and their
armatures rest upon their front contacts, the magnet L will be energized, the pin 200,
on its armature, will be held out of engagement with the screw 201, and the
spring 204 will hold it in contact with the stop 203, the spring 197 will rest upon
the metallic portion of the block 198 and the circuit of the motor will be closed.
If, however, both of the relays P P are de-energized, and both branches of the
circuit of magnet L, in consequence thereof, are broken, the magnet will release its
armature, pin 200 will engage with screw 201 and be carried away from the
stop 203, against the tension of the spring 204 as the shaft 30 rotates, so that if the
break in the two main-line circuits continues long enough the spring 197 will be
carried out of contact with the metallic portion of the block 198 and the motor
circuit will be broken, causing the motor to stop. It results that when full current
is on cither of the lines de causing the armature of either of the relays P P' to be
attracted, the circuit of the motor battery will be closed through the motor; but
when there is an effective current in neither reversing-line circuit, the motor circuit
will be broken and the motor will stop after a few revolutions of the shaft 30. The
spring 197 is so adjusted with reference to the metallic portion of the block 198
that the circuit of the motor will not be broken in bringing the transmitting and
receiving pens to unison under ordinary circumstances; or, in other words, unison
will be reached before the spring 197 is carried off from the metal portion of the
block 198.
The system has now been fully described, considered as a system embracing but
two instruments, one at the sending and one at the receiving station. In practice
it is desirable to employ a sending and a receiving instrument at each station
adapted to be connected to one cable of wires connecting stations, and to this end a
switch may be employed, as that connected with the pen rack described in my
above-mentioned Patent. My present invention includes improved switches for
this purpose, combined with a pen rack (though they may be otherwise placed).
This switch also performs a further function, which will be described. The con-
nections of this switch are shown in Figure 13, and the switch itself is illustrated
in Figures 3 and 5. This switch consists of a vertical shaft 169, mounted so as to
revolve freely in the table and carrying at its upper end an arm 170, provided with
two forks or rests 171, 172, adapted to receive the upper portion of the transmitting
pen. The pen is provided at its upper end with a weighted knob 173, by which
its equilibrium is maintained upon the rests; or the rear fork 171 may be provided
with a hook. To the lower end of the vertical shaft 169 is attached a circular
block 174, upon which bear four sets of contact springs. Two sets of these
springs, 175, 176 and 177, 175, 176' and 177', are appropriated to the main line
circuits respectively. The circuit wire b coming in from the distant station connects
with spring 176, and rests, when the instrument is in the receiving position (this
being the position shown in Fig. 13), upon the contact plate 178 (see Fig. 5), being
thereby in electrical contact with plate 178, and spring 177, from which the circuit
passes to the magnet H of the home station and ground. When the instrument is
being used as a transmitter the position of the block 174 will be shifted, as herein-
after explained; the springs 176 and 175 will rest upon the block 179; spring 177
resting upon the insulating material of the block 179. Main line wire 6 will then
be in electrical contact with the interrupter B of the home instrument. The con-
nections of main line c with springs 175, 1761 and 1771, and a similar set of
contact plates and circuits is precisely the same as that which has just been described
with reference to line b.
The other two sets of contact springs resting upon the block 174 are lettered
respectively 180, 181, 182, 183 and 180¹, 181', 182 and 183' (see Figs. 5 and 13).

page_text: Reversing lined coming from the distant station connects with switch for and rests,
when the instrument is in position to receive, upon the plate 184 upon which also
rests in such position spring 180. This latter spring is in electrical connection
with magnets J, P, at the home station. In the reversed position of the switch-
that is, when set for transmitting, springs 182 and 183 rest upon recessed plate 185,
while springs 181, 180 rest upon the insulating portion of the block 174. Spring 182
is in electrical connection, through the unison or paper-shifting switches and
resistance R, with the switch arm 86 of interrupter B, so that the current of
batteries passes directly through springs 182 and 183 to line d. The spring 181
Its purpose
is never in electrical contact with either of plates 184 and 185.
and connections will be presently stated. Springs 180', 181, 1821, 1831 are
provided with contact plates upon block 174 precisely like 184, 185, and the circuit
connections of line wire e with those springs and plates and the other parts of the
instruments duplicate those of line wire d with the corresponding parts which have
just been described. The pen-rack switch is arranged to be moved automatically
in the following manner: It is provided with a rear extension 187 (see Figure 13)
which plays between two rear stops 188 and 189, being given a tendency towards
the transmitting position by a spring 190. Connected with the arm 187 is a dash
pot 191, which acts to cause the motion of the switch toward the position of
"receive" to be slow, while it does not act to retard the transition of the switch to
the position of "send." The spring 190 is so adjusted with reference to the
springs 70 of the interrupters that when the pen is placed in the rack the springs
of the interrupters acting upon the point of the pen will draw the pen rack around
against the tension of spring 190, so shifting it from the position in which it is
otherwise held by spring 190, or the transmitting position, to the receiving position,
as shown in Figure 13.
The operator when he has finished using the transmitting pen will place it in the
" and the
rack and will thereby swing the system from "send" to "receive;
position of the pen in the rack will indicate at a glance that the system is set for
receiving and afford a check against carelessness on the part of the operator. The
function of this pen rack is therefore the same substantially as that of the rack
shown in my above-mentioned Patent with an additional function which I will
hereafter refer to. When the pen is taken from the rack for the purpose of
transmitting a message the action of the spring 190 automatically returns the switch
to transmitting position and completes the transmitting circuits. It will be
observed that with this organization, when the transmitting pens at both ends of
the line wire are hung up, both of the stronger line batteries Z Z¹ will be cut out,
and only the two small batteries will be on line; and these batteries, being
opposed in polarity, will neutralize each other and the condition of the line will be
equivalent to that of having no battery in circuit. Also, batteries gy¹ and ff' at
both stations will be cut out of circuit.
It follows from this construction that when the transmitting pen is placed in the
rack the relays P P¹ of the distant receiver will both be de-energized and the motor
at this distant station will be brought to rest after a few revolutions of its shaft 96;
and that, when both transmitting pens are placed in their racks, there being no
effective current on line, both motors will come to rest. If, now, one of the trans-
mitting pens is taken from its rack it will cut in the batteries Z, Z' at the trans-
mitting end through the agency of the pen rack switch, and at the same time, by
throwing the current upon the reversing lines, it will close one of the relays at the
distant end and start up the motor, which will remain in operation until the message
is completed and the pen again hung up. This organization gives the transmitting
operator the full control of the motor as well as of all of the rest of the machinery at
the receiving end.
pens.
As already stated a single platen is used for the transmitting and receiving
In the organizations shown in my above-mentioned Patent I have proposed
to use a separate platen for the receiving and transmitting pens at the same station.
As, however, the two pens at the same station are never used sunultaneously, it is
C

page_text: possible to employ a single platen for both, thus simplifying the instrument and
reducing the space occupied by it. The spring which supports the platen is made
of such tension that it does not yield to the very inconsiderable pressure of the
receiving pen when recording a message, but does yield to the ordinary pressure
put upon the transmitting pen. The centre line of the transmitting field is shown
in Fig. 1 by the broken line D and the centre line of the receiving field by the
broken line D'. The lower boundary of the transmitting field is indicated by the
broken line D and its upper boundary by the broken line D'. The lower boundary
of the receiving field is indicated by the broken line D and its upper boundary by
the broken line D. The transmitting and receiving fields therefore overlap.
The position of the transmitting pen, however, when in its rack, is sufficiently
above the paper to permit the receiving pen to pass freely beneath it and its
cords 63, 64. In order that the receiving pen may not be in the way of the trans-
mitting pen when the latter is in use, provision is made for causing the receiving
pen to be drawn back from its writing field when not in use. The springs 181
and 1811 bearing upon the switch block 174 and the plates 57 (see Figure 5) are
provided for this purpose. Spring 181 is connected with the battery gl by a wire j,
which joins the wire connecting that battery with contact stop 88, so that when
springs 181 and 183 are both upon plate 57 a circuit will pass from battery g' over
wire j, springs 181 and 183, to reversing circuit d and the distant instrument.
Spring 181 is in like manner connected with battery by a wire k, which joins
the wire connecting that battery and its contact point 88¹. Block 174 is provided
with another contact plate similarly placed to plate 57 (not shown in drawings)
which is adapted to bring spring 181' in contact with spring 1831 in the proper
position of the block 174, thus causing a current to pass to the reversing circuit e
from battery f¹. The plates 57 are so placed upon the block 174 that immediately
after the transmitting pen has been placed in the rack, that is, during the movement
of the block 174, under the pressure of springs 70, overcoming the tension of
spring 190, springs 181 and 183 and 181 and 1831 are respectively brought into
electrical connection for a brief interval, resulting in the passage to line of two
electrical impulses over circuits e, d. Since these currents do not pass through the
resistances R, R¹, they so energize both the magnets P, P¹ as to cause them to
attract their armatures, as well as operate the armatures of magnets J, J. Con-
sequently the circuit of O, O' is closed and the two escapements disconnected from
the two pen drums 94, and the receiving pen is free to run without restraint in the
direction in which it is urged by the magnet weights operating upon the two pen
drums respectively. It will be noticed that the connections are such as to give a
positive electrical impulse in both the lines d and e, so that the armatures of
magnets J, J¹ are so set thereby as to cause both of the receiving pen arms 21, 22
to be retracted, and the receiving pen, therefore, to move backwards in the central
longitudinal line of the paper strip. In order that this motion may have some
duration, the dash pot 191 is attached to the arm 187 projecting from the block 174,
causing a retardation in the movement of the switch from the transmitting to the
receiving position. The springs 181, 183 are, therefore, in electrical contact long
enough to permit the receiving pen to run back to a position indicated by the
letter in Figure 1, where it is stopped by the contact of knots 156, 160 with their
stops, and rests while not in use. Consequently, whenever the transmitting operator
places his pen in the rack he thereby causes the receiving pen at the distant station
to take up the position 1, where it remains until he again takes the transmitting
pen out of the rack to send a message.
It will be observed that the position of the receiving pen at corresponds in some
degree to the position of the receiving pen at the unison point. In both cases, the
arm 21 is retracted to its extreme position, while the arm 22 is in its extreme
protracted position at the unison point. When the pen is at the point the arm 21
remains in its extreme retracted position, and the arm 22 is also in its extreme
retracted position. The stops and knots upon the cords by which the receiving
pen is arrested at these positions are not essential to the apparatus, but are useful

page_text: because they serve to take the strain of sudden stopping off from more delicate
parts of the apparatus. Thus the pen might be stopped at both of these positions by
reason of the fact that each of the drums 94 had come to the end of its cord 93, so
that on that account its pen arm could move no further in that direction; but this
would necessitate stronger cords and pen arms than it is convenient to make. So,
also, stops might be applied to other parts of the apparatus, as, for instance, to the
pen arms themselves. It will, however, be seen that stops, independent of the other
parts of the instrument, are not essential thereto either for unison or for causing
the receiving pen to take up its positions at l.
When the operator desires to send a message he removes his pen from the rack,
and first moves it slightly to and fro, near the point at which the nib rests while
the pen is in the rack, in order to make sure that the weights at the distant station
are wound up, and then carries his pen to unison. This causes the receiving pen
at the distant station to instantly follow to its unison position. The operation of
the unison switch also shifts the paper at both stations and the two instruments are
therefore ready for the transmission of the message. The overlapping position of
the transmitting and receiving fields makes it possible to use the instrument for
sending and receiving alternately with a very slight movement of the paper between
the two operations.
If the receiving pen is allowed to rest upon the paper when not in use there is a
liability that ink may escape from it and deface the paper, and also that the ink
may waste by evaporation, leaving deposits in the bore of the pen which interfere
with the easy flow of the ink. To prevent such difficulties I propose to provide at
the point la pen support p made of any hard or non-absorbent substance, preferably
metal, and projecting across and a little above the strip of paper from a point of
attachment to the table. The receiving pen when in its retracted position rests
upon this support, which closes the opening in the nib of the pen and prevents the
escape of ink, at the same time protecting the paper beneath it. The support p is
of such a height that the nib of the pen will run upon it, and it rises slightly from
its edge to its flat top, so that the pen will be raised by it from the pen rest,
and will be supported by it, and thereby the closing of the bore of the pen be
secured.
I have invented a modified form of the weight reversing system above described,
which I consider in some respects a preferable form. In this modification there
are, as before, weights provided with magnetic clutches and two pair of clutch
magnets, X, Y, X, Y; but these clutches are so constructed that a single magnet
coil performs the function of a magnetic clutch for determining the connection of
the weights with the receiving pen and that of a magnetic clutch for connecting the
weight to the motor shaft so as to cause it to be wound up. Referring to Figure 15,
I will now describe one of these clutch magnets and associated parts, all being
duplicates of each other in the four sets used. The core 27 has at one end a
chamber, 44, and at the other end an extension, 45, about which is placed an
insulating bushing, 58, which in turn carries a brass ring, 59, which serves as a
bearing for a contact spring connecting with the magnet coils. The usual non-.
magnetic disk 14 supports the soft iron shell of the magnet 10 at its outer end,
forming, with the core, shell and magnetizable disk 12, the enclosed space in which
the coil is wound. Within the recess 44 is a stop, 60, fast on the shaft, and between
this and a second stop, 61, is placed with a slight endwise play a brass sleeve, 62, free to
rotate upon the shaft and provided with a friction bearing, 77. The preferred material
for this bearing is vulcanized fiber treated with boiling paraffine wax, which effects the
elimination of all moisture and the filling of the pores of the fiber with paraffine,
making a good bearing to run without lubrication. The sleeve 62 carries on its
outer end a hard rubber disk 80, and just within this a pulley 81 is journaled upon
the sleeve, being also provided with a friction bearing, preferably of the material
above described. Between the pulley 81 and the end of the magnet is an iron
disk 82, and united to it a hard rubber disk 83, the two together forming a pulley
and the disk 83 being provided with a pin 84, which passes into a short longitudinal

page_text: slot 85 in the sleeve 62.
The disks 82 83 are also provided with a friction bearing
upon sleeve 62, and have a slight longitudinal movement with reference to the
sleeve, limited by contact with the magnet upon one side and pulley 81 upon the
other. On the inner end of the sleeve 62 is fixed a collar 90, and between this collar
and the face of the disk 82 is compressed a spring 196, which tends to force the
disk out from the clutch magnet. The soft iron disk 82 serves as an armature for
the magnet, and when the coils of the magnet are excited the disk is drawn up
against the tension of spring 196 until it comes into contact with the end of shell 10
and core 27. In this position it is held fast and revolves with the magnet and shaft,
carrying with it the sleeve 62 by reason of the engagement of the pin 84 therewith.
The pulley 81 is now, however, unclamped, and is left free to revolve in either
direction upon the sleeve 62. When there is no current passing through the coils
of the clutch magnet the disk 82 is pushed back by the spring 196 and clamps the
pulley 81 between disks 80 and 83. The sleeve 62 and all parts mounted on it are
then free to revolve in either direction, carrying with them the pulley 81.
may be considered the normal condition of those parts.
This
These two clutch magnets are placed facing each other upon a shaft 98 journaled
in suitable bearings. For convenience it will be considered that the magnet above
described is the left-hand magnet in Fig. 17, and I will apply the primes of the
same numbers used for designating the various parts to the corresponding parts
of the right-hand magnet. To each of the pulleys 81 81', is attached a cord 113 113,
these cords passing to opposite sides of the drum 39, and being fastened thereto.
To the opposite side of each of the pulleys 81 81', from that to which the
cords 113 113 are respectively attached is fixed one end of a cord 114 (see
Figure 16) which passes about an idle wheel 115, which is journaled between the
forks of the Y-shaped support 116, the shank of which passes through a bracket 121
and is held in position by a spring 122 resting at one end upon the bracket and at
the other upon a nut 123 upon the end of the shank. This spring serves to keep
the cords 114, 113 and 1131 always under tension. Within the spring 122, and
about the shank of the support 116, is a sleeve 124, which serves to prevent any
possible simultaneous winding of both of the ends of the cord 114 upon the
pulleys 81 811 by reason of the pulleys being simultaneously gripped between their
respective disks 83 and 80, or by reason of friction between their bearings and
sleeves 62. Should such double winding of the cords 114 begin the spring 122
will be slightly compressed, but speedily the nut will come in contact with the
lower end of the sleeve 124, preventing the further advance of the support 116 and
consequently checking the double winding of the cords 114. To each of the disks 83
and in a groove formed for that purpose, is fixed a cord 125, to the lower end of
which is attached a weight 126. The shaft which carries the clutch magnets is
not made continuous in this construction with the shaft driven by the motor.
carries upon its inner end a soft iron disk 127 which normally stands in close
proximity to the ends of the core and shell of a clutch magnet D of substantially
the construction shown in Figure 9, this latter magnet being fast upon the motor-
driven shaft 30 (the connection between the motor and the shaft in this case being
shown as made by a worm gearing). The disk 127 is keyed on the shaft 98 and
has a slight play end wise of the shaft to enable it to be drawn up against the ends
of the magnet core and shell when the magnet is energized. The circuit connections
are as follows: From the local battery of the current passes through wire u and
branches through wire u', shaft 30, the coil of magnet D, one end of which is in
electrical connection with shaft 30, brush 210, wire u", circuit-breaking switch 211,
plate 213, circuit-breaking switch 214 and wire u to battery. The other branch
of the circuit passes through the wire to shaft 98, where it again divides, to the
coils of magnets X1 Y1 respectively, one end of each of which coils is in contact
with the shaft 98. From the coil of magnet Y¹ the circuit passes through
brush 215, wire to stop 19 and armature 52 of the magnet J¹ and thence to
battery. From the coil of the magnet X the circuit passes through brush 216 and
by wire to stop 20 and armature 52 of magnet J¹ and thence to battery. The
It

page_text: cords 125 125 pass respectively through the slotted ends of circuit-breaking
springs 214 and 211 and are provided with knots 217, 2171, so placed as to come in
contact with the ends of the springs 214 and 211 respectively and raise the one or
the other, as the case may be, out of contact with plate 213, thereby breaking the
circuit of magnet D. It will be observed that this circuit is dependent upon the
contact of both of these springs with plate 213, and consequently will be interrupted
by the elevation of either of them. From these connections it is obvious that the
circuit of the battery will be closed through magnet D at all times except when
the circuit is interrupted by one of the two knots 217, 2171 coming in contact with
and raising one or the other of the springs 214, 211; and that the circuit of the
battery o will always be closed through one or the other, but not at the same
time through both of the magnets X, Y, the position of the armature of magnet J
determining which one of these clutch magnets is energized. Therefore, a reversal
in the reversing circuit e will cause the current from the battery o' to be shifted
from one of the magnets X', Y¹ to the other. It will be observed that when either
of these clutch magnets is de-energized the whole structure mounted upon the
sleeve 62, and which is then collectively rigid, will be revolved by its weight and
give to the drum 39, through the medium of cord 113, a motion of revolution with
it. It will also be observed that when either of these two clutch magnets is
energized and attracts its armature disk 82, it becomes active, to elevate its
weight 126, and its pulley 81 is meanwhile free to revolve so as not to resist the
tendency of the opposed weight to give motion to the drum 39.
The operation of these devices is as follows: Supposing the current on the
reversing circuit to be of such polarity as to cause the armature of the magnet .J'
to rest against stop 20, the circuit of battery o' will pass through clutch magnet X',
clutch magnet Y₁ being cut out of circuit. Pulley 81 will, therefore, be clutched
fast to its sleeve 62, and will be rotated under the pull of weight 126, thereby
giving a tendency to drum 39 to revolve in the direction indicated by the arrow
in Figure 17. The disk 83' of magnet X will revolve with the magnet X and
wind up its weight 126'. The pulley 81' will be free to revolve in either direction
upon the sleeve 62, and therefore will be drawn by the cord 113', so as to revolve
toward the drum 39. As soon as the weight 126 is raised high enough to bring
the knot 217 in contact with spring 211 and lift the latter off the plate 213, the
circuit of magnet D will be broken, and it will release its armature disk 127, the
rotation of the shaft 98 will cease, and, consequently, the upper motion of
weight 126' Weight 126 will now begin to drop; there being nothing to
sustain it, and will drop far enough to again close the circuit of magnet D,
when it will again be raised, and will continue thus vibrating until the circuit
connections are reversed, and it is permitted to descend, giving motion to the
pulley 811.
Change of polarity in the circuit e consequent upon a reversal of the direction
of motion of the transmitting pen with reference to the interrupter C shifts the
circuit of battery o' to the clutch magnet Y', cutting out magnet X. The position
of the parts as now reversed is as follows: The pulley 81', clutched to its sleeve 62,
has become operative to give a motion to drum 39 in a direction opposite to that
indicated by the arrow, under the pull of weight 1261; the pulley 81 is unclamped
and free to revolve; and the disk 83 and magnet Y¹ are performing the function
of raising the weight 126.
The unison stops, employed in this case, are shown in Figures 15 and 16 and
consist of a pin or projection 225 from each of the pulleys 81 and a fixed stop 226
placed in the path of each of the pins 225. The total movement of the receiving
pen in each of its two crosswise directions corresponds to a movement of the
corresponding pulley 81 a little less than an entire revolution, each pulley 81 being
free to revolve in either direction until its pin 225 comes in contact with one
side or the other of its stop 226.
With the clutch magnets last described it is also preferable to face the contiguous

page_text: magnetizable surfaces with layers of non-magnetizable material rather than to place
them in immediate contact.
In Figure 18 I have shown a modified form of the pen raising device in which
the magnets S and T instead of being arranged one above the other are placed side
by side with the armature lever 129 trunnioned in the ordinary manner between
them. To one end of the armature, to wit, that in proximity to the magnet S, is
attached the pen rest. Energization of the magnet S, by tilting the armature
lever 129 in one direction, will therefore elevate the pen rest, and energization of
the magnet T, by tilting the armature lever 129 in the opposite direction, will
depress the pen rest. I find this construction to be preferable to that first
described.
I will now describe a form of the mechanism driving the receiving pen in which
the motor is connected with the receiving pen by the double train of gear illustrated
in Fig. 19. The motor, as before, is of any suitable construction, and drives the
shaft 30 through gear wheels or other connection. The parts driven by the shaft
are identical on both sides of the machine, and but one set thereof is described and
shown in full, to wit, that upon the left-hand side. The description, therefore, as
before, is to be understood as applicable to both sides. The shaft 3) passes loosely
through the hubs of two bevel gear wheels 326, 327. Fastened to each of these
gear wheels, one for each wheel, are the soft iron disks 328, 329. Fast on the
shaft 30, on either side of the two wheels 326, 327, are two clutch magnets 330, 331.
The cores 332 of the clutch magnets are of soft iron, bored out to such a size as to
allow the shaft to slip into the hole and fit tightly therein. The outer shell of
these magnets is also of soft iron, and there is a soft iron connection between the
core and the shell at the rear end of the magnet. The head 333 of each magnet
next the gear wheel is of insulating material, beyond which the core and shell
project slightly and lie in contact with the soft iron disks 328, 329, respectively, or
are, preferably, separated therefrom by a thin layer of non-magnetizable material.
Meshing with the two bevel gear wheels 326, 327 is a third bevel gear wheel 334
mounted upon the trunnion shaft which carries the receiving pen drum 94 and the
escapement wheel 26, with which the pallets 105 carried by the armature of the
magnet H', as before described.
The two wheels 326, 327 are each provided with a lost motion spring 335, 337,.
which serves to give the wheels a normal tendency to revolve in the same direction
in which they are propelled by the motor and keep them always in driving contact
with the cogs of the wheel 334. The wheels 326, 327 are preferably made of such
size that they need never be moved continuously in one direction for more than one
revolution, a complete rotation of either of these wheels corresponding to the
extreme range of movement of the receiving pen in its field. It results that each
of the two wheels 326, 327 revolves to and fro upon the shaft 30, first in one
direction and then in the other, and always within the limit of a single revolution,
and that, consequently, the lost motion springs will remain permanently in proper
relation to the hubs on which they are wound. Pins 338, 339 are placed upon the
gear wheels and engage, respectively, with stops 340, 341, to limit the movement
of the gear wheels and, consequently, of the machine in either direction. These
stops are of service in bringing the machine to unison, as are the knots upon the
cords in the construction above described.
The armature 52 of the reversing magnet J' standing in the reversing circuit e
is connected through battery o' with the shaft 30 and with one end of each of the
coils of magnets 330, 331. The other end of the coil of 331 is connected through
wire n wich one of the stops of the armature 52, and the other end of the coil of
magnet 330 is connected by wire m with the other stop of this armature.
The operation of this mechanism is as follows:
The shaft 30 is in continual rotation while a message is being received. A current
of positive or negative polarity, depending upon the direction of movement of the
transmitting pen, will traverse the circuit e and cause the armature 52 of magnet J'

page_text: to rest against one or the other of its stops. In one of these positions, as shown in
Figure 19, the circuit of battery of will be closed through wire m and magnet 330,
energizing this magnet, and causing the end of its core and shell lying in contact
with the disk 328 to become magnetic and to adhere to it with greater or less force,
according to the strength of the battery o¹. Under these circumstances the bevel
gear 326 is given a tendency to revolve in the same direction as the shaft and
communicates that tendency to the escape wheel 26 and drum 94.
This tendency to revolve is, however, held in check when the line current is
on by the escapement pallets 105, except when the armature of the magnet H' to
which the pallets are attached is permitted to oscillate. The pulsations sent to
line from the transmitter cause the oscillation of this armature, and permit the
escape wheel 26 to revolve step by step, one step for each pulsation, in the
direction in which the constant strain of the motor impels it. The strength of
the battery is so regulated that when the pallets 105 are at rest with a line
current on, the clutch magnet will rotate against the disk 328 with a friction not
great enough to overcome the resistance offered by the pallets, but yet sufficient
to carry the pen drum with its attachment when released by the pallets. When a
reversal occurs in the direction of motion of the transmitting pen the armature 52
is shifted from one stop to the other. the circuit of the magnet 330 is broken and
that of the magnet 331 is closed, and the receiving pen is driven in the opposite
direction through the magnetic engagement of the shell and core of the magnet 331
with the iron disk 329 and the gear wheels 327, 334 in the same manner as just
described with reference to the magnet 330. The receiving pen will continue to
move in this direction until the direction of movement of the transmitting pen
is again reversed It will thus be seen that this mechanism provides two
reverse trains of gears between the shaft 30 and the receiving pen, one or the
other of which is brought into action according as the magnet 330 or 331 is
energized.
In Figures 20-29 I have shown an air pressure transmitter in which air or other
fluid under pressure is employed to operate a circuit breaker to produce the
pulsations in the circuit, which is part of my present invention. The mechanism of
the transmitter as a whole remains the same, there being a modification merely in
the manner in which the pulsations are produced. I have also here shown two
line batteries at the transmitter instead of one at the transmitter and one at the "
receiver.
The pen drum 227--of which there are two in the transmitting portion of the
machine about which is wound one of the cords connected to the transmitting pen,
is mounted, as in the transmitter first described, upon a vertical shaft 228 and is
provided with the reversely-acting spring 229. Instead, however, of a trailer, this
shaft has fixed to it a thin disk 230, preferably of sheet steel, provided at its
circumference with two concentric rows, 232, 233, of slots so placed with reference
to each other that each slot of each row is midway between two slots of the
adjoining row. Each of the rows has consequently a like number of slots, the
number being preferably eighty-five. This disk moves between two blocks 234
and 235 screwed together, and termed, for convenience, valve blocks. The lower
valve block 235, shown in plan view in Figure 24, has two slots 236, 237, both of
which communicate with a tube 238, connecting with any suitable reservoir con-
taining a fluid under pressure. The preferable form of fluid is air or an aeriform
gas, but I do not confine myself to these, as a liquid may be employed. These
slots 236 and 237 are so placed in the block 235 that they are immediately below
the outer row of slots 233. The upper block 234 is provided with two slots 239
and 240 of a length equal to the combined width of the two rows of slots 232
and 233, and so placed in the block 234 as to be immediately above these two
rows of slots and also respectively immediately over the two slots 236 and 237.
The slots 239 and 240 are placed far enough apart, so that when the outer end
of one of them, as 240, is immediately above one of the slots of the row 233, its
inner end will be midway between two of the slots of the row 232, and at the

page_text: same time the inner end of the other slot 239 will be immediately above one of
the slots of the row 232, while the outer end of the same slot 239 will be midway
between two of the slots of the row 233. The slots 239 and 240 do not pass
entirely through the block 234. One of them, 240, connects with a tube 241,
which leads to a chamber 242, formed between a movable plate 243, and a
block 244. The plate 243 is preferably mounted upon a flexible disk 245, which
may be made of soft rubber, and is held against the block 244 by a ring 246. The
tube 241 connects through a passageway formed in the block 244 with the
chamber 242. The other slot, 239, connects by a tube 247 with a second
chamber 248, formed between a similar block 249 and movable plate 250, carried
upon a diaphragm 251 held in place by a ring 252. The plates 250 and 243 are
connected by a cross-piece 253 with a lever 254, pivoted at one end and carrying
at the other contact points which play between stops 255 and 256.
The base piece upon which the lever 254 is pivoted consists of a permanent
magnet 257, the free end of the lever playing between two lips 258 and 259, and
thus completing the magnetic circuit when in contact with either of these lips, the
lever 254 itself being of soft iron. The lever 254 together with the stops 255
and 256 constitutes a circuit interrupter, the circuit connections in the present case
being as follows: a wire a leads from the positive pole of the battery y, the
Legative pole of which is grounded, to one of the stops 256. Another wire a leads
from the negative plate of another battery x of equal strength, the positive pole of
which is grounded, to the other stop 255. The lever 254 is connected with the main
line wire b which operates the escapeinent magnet H of the receiving instrument.
The valve blocks 234 and 235 are, as has been stated, screwed together, and are
therefore rigid with each other. They lie longitudinally in one of the diameters of
the disk 230, and are trunnioned in the plane of the disk in a block 260 attached
to a frame piece 261, which in turn is trunnioned in the plane of the disk 230, and
in the diameter of the disk perpendicular to the diameter in which the
blocks 234, 235 lie. This is for the purpose of preventing friction between the
disk 230 and the valve blocks, due to any irregularity in the rotary movement
of the disk 230. Further to reduce the friction between the valve blocks and
the disk 230, a supporting spring 262 is placed between the block 260 and the
table.
The operation of the apparatus is as follows: The transmitting pen being moved
in one direction or the other, the drum 227 is rotated by the. pull of the string
connected to the pen, or by the reverse pull of the spring 229, and rotates the
disk 230 with it. When the disk 230 is in such a position that one of the slots of
the row 233 registers with one of the slots 236 237 in the block 235, as 237, and
also with one of the slots, as 240, in the block 234, the fluid under pressure passes
from the tube 238 through the disk and tube 241 to the chamber 242, forcing out
the movable plate 243, and carrying with it the lever 254 against the stop 255.
In this position of the instrument there is a passageway open from the chamber 248
through the tube 247, slot 239, and one of the slots of the row 232 in the disk 230
to the outer atmosphere, whereby the chamber 248 is permitted to exhaust, and
the plate 250 to move inward. As the disk continues to rotate, a solid portion of
the disk comes between the slots 236, 237 and 239, 240, cutting off both the inlet
and outlet passages to the chambers 242 and 248. Presently, however, the
slot 236 registers with one of the slots of the row 233, opening a communication
from the pipe 238 through the disk and the outer end of the slot 239 and the
pipe 247 to the chamber 248, while at the same time the inner end of the
slot 240 registers with one of the slots in the row 232, and opens a passageway
through the disk 230, the slot 240 and the pipe 241 between the chamber 242
and the outer atmosphere, through which the said chamber may exhaust. The
movable plate 250 now forced outward, while the movable plate 243 is at the
same time free to move inward, because of the opening of the exhaust passage,
and the lever 254 is carried to the right. This operation will be repeated as often
as the disk 230 is revolved through the arc represented by the space between two

page_text: of the slots in the row 232 or the row 233, and results in sending a series of
electric pulsations of successively opposite polarity over the main line b.
The magnet 257 causes the lever 254 to always assume a position against one or
the other of the stops 255, 256, preventing it from standing at any time between
these two stops. There is thus insured at all times a full current upon line except
at the moments when the lever 254 is passing from one stop to the other. It is
evident that the circuit connections made and broken by the lever 254 might be
varied; thus they might be such as to send pulsations of successively the same
polarity instead of pulsations of successively opposite polarity; or the changes
effected in the current might be of a different character. Instead of having a
movable portion in the form of a plate, the chambers 242, 248 might be provided
with movable pistons. Such a construction is shown in Figure 27, in which the
pressure is caused to move the pistons 263 fitting closely in the piston chambers 264.
It is obvious that an equivalent construction would be a single movable portion or
a single piston moved in opposite directions by pressure alternately on each side, as
illustrated in Figure 28, where the lever 254 is placed between the two flexible
chambers 242 and 248¹, and is operated by pressure acting in them alternately;
or the lever 254 may be moved in one direction by a movable portion of a chamber
and in the other direction by a spring, as illustrated in Figure 29, where the
spring 313, held between plate 250 and fixed abutment 314, is substituted for one
of the chambers.
It is also obvious that equivalent results may be obtained by using a vacuum
reservoir in communication with the pipe 238 instead of a reservoir containing
fluid under pressure, thereby utilizing as a supply of fluid under pressure the
atmosphere at its normal pressure; the movable portions of the chambers then
being alternately drawn inward by connecting the chambers with the vacuum space,
and permitted to return to their normal positions by re-establishing the connection
of the chambers with the air under normal pressure and the interrupter being thus
operated.
The shaft 228 is provided with the usual circuit-changing arm 266, which serves
to operate the reversing circuit d upon reversal of the direction of movement of
the transmitting pen. Those circuit connections are shown in Figure 26. The
arm 266, being frictionally mounted upon the shaft 228, rests against one or the
other of stops 315, 316, according to the direction of movement of the transmitting
pen and consequent rotation of shaft 228, and accordingly makes circuit for one or
the other of the batteries f, f, placed with opposite poles to line.
The fluid pressure form of receiving instrument, also a part of my present
invention, will now be described. The mechanism of the receiver as
a whole
remains the same, there being a mere substitution for the electric motor and
connected mechanism heretofore described of a fluid pressure motor and valve
mechanism, by means of which its application to the receiving pen is controlled.
This consists of the usual pen drum, 267, about which is wound the cord con-.
nected to one of the arms of the receiving pen. This drum 267 is carried upon
the usual sleeve 268, which in turn rests upon a freely-moving collar, 269,
supported by a spring resting upon ratchet wheel 270, fast upon the shaft 271',
trunnioned vertically and carrying at its upper end a pin, 272, adapted to
engage with a circle of crown teeth, 273, formed upon the top of the pen drum,
all as described above. The shaft 271¹ is trunnioned in a movable frame
pieee, 320, clamped to the table by screw 322, which is capable of a slight
lateral motion, when loosened, in a slot, 323, in the table, and an adjusting
screw, 324, is provided, bearing upon the frame piece 320. The frame piece 320
is placed in line with the armature 312, and may, by means of the adjusting
screws above mentioned, be moved slightly to and fro in order to. delicately
adjust the teeth of the wheel 270 to the pallets 271.
The opposite faces of the teeth of the escape wheel and the pallets are made of
substantially like shape, so that the escapement will operate in either direction, as
stated above. About the sleeve 268 are wound in opposite directions the

page_text: cords 274, 275, connected respectively to the levers 276, 277, pivoted at their lower
ends to the table. Midway between these levers is placed a fluid pressure device
consisting of a stationary plate 278, having on either side a movable plate 279, 280,
preferably mounted upon soft rubber diaphragms 281, 282 held to the plate 278 by
rings 283, 284. There are thus formed two chambers 290, 291 between the
stationary plate 278 and the movable plates 279, 280 respectively which are con-
nected by passageways through the plate 278, and a valve mechanism about to be
described, with the tube 285 leading to a suitable supply of fluid under pressure.
The, movable plates 279 280, are connected respectively with the levers 276, 277,
by means of the rods 286, 287, each rod being attached at one end to one of the
movable plates 279, 280 its free end being pointed and received in one of the two
sockets 288, 289, attached to the levers 276, 277. The rods 286, 287, are preferably
made of hardened steel, and are pressed outward by springs 292, 293, each having
a bearing at one end in the posts 294, 295, respectively, through which the rods
freely pass, and at the other end upon the collars 296, 297.
The springs 292, 293, serve to prevent either of the cords 274, 275, from becoming
slack. The screws 298, 299, serve as unison stops, the use of which in connection
with the magnet 300 has been described above.
The valve mechanism for controlling the application of the fluid pressure may be
of any suitable construction. That shown consists of a slide valve 301 moving in a
casing 303 upon a valve seat 303, the valve being in the form of a hollow square,
the interior cavity of which is always in communication above with the tube 285.
In the valve seat 303 are provided two ports 305, 306, communicating the one with
chamber 290 and the other with chamber 291, and so placed in the valve seat that
one of them, as 306, is included within the cavity of the slide valve 301 when in
one of its extreme positions, as shown in Fig. 32, the other port 305 being in such
position of the valve in communication with the external air. When the valve is
shifted to its other extreme position the port 305 is in communication with the
interior cavity of the valve, and the port 306 is in communication with the external
air. The valve 301 is attached to a valve rod 304, which moves in a rest piece 307,
and is reciprocated to and fro by the armature 308 of the reversing magnet J,
playing upon stops 309 attached to the valve rod. The play of the valve rod is
limited by the other stops 310, which are adapted to come into contact with the
rest piece 307 in either direction of movement of the valve rod. The magnet J is of
any suitable construction, that shown in this case being an ordinary Siemens
polarized magnet. It is in circuit with suitable electrical connections (as shown
herein, the reversing line wire d)-with the circuit reversing device at the trans-
mitting station, shown in Figures 20 and 26. The magnet H is also an ordinary
Siemens polarized magnet, and to its armature are attached the pallets 271 which
engage with the toothed wheel 270 forming with it the escapement which holds the
receiving pen in restraint as against the tension produced by the fluid pressure
tending to move it, as described above. This magnet H is in circuit with the main
line wire proceeding from the transmitter, shown in Figure 22.
The operation of this part of my improved apparatus is as follows: Fluid under
pressure is always provided during the operation of the instrument in a suitable
reservoir communicating with the tube 285, and, consequently, is in communication
with one or the other of the chambers 290, 291, pushing outward one or the other
of the plates 279, 280, and causing a corresponding tension upon the pen drum
through one or the other of the cords 274, 275. This tension causes. a tendency of
the
pen
drum 267 to revolve, but the drum is held in restraint against this tension
by the escapement pallets engaging with the escape wheel 270, the pallets being
controlled by the armature 312 to which they are attached, this armature being
normally held in one or the other of its extreme positions by the attraction of one
or the other of the poles of the magnet H. As pulsations of successively opposite
polarity are received over line b through the coils of the magnet H, the armature 312
is successively attracted from one of the poles of the magnet H to the other and the
pen drum is therefore permitted to move step by step under the tension of the fluid

page_text: pressure as long as the transmitting pen continues to move in one direction.
Assuming now that the instrument is in the position shown in the drawings, and
that there is a reversal in movement of the transmitting pen the circuit changing
arm 266, Figure 20, has its position reversed so as to change the polarity of the
current upon the reversing circuit d, causing the magnet J to shift its armature and
thereby throw the valve 301, opening the inlet port from the tube 285 through the
valve and inlet 306 to the chamber 291 and at the same time opening the passageway
from the chamber 290 through the inlet port 305 to the outer air, permitting the
chamber to exhaust. The fluid under pressure is now thrown into the chamber 291,
the chamber 290 simultaneously collapsing, and the plate 280 is forced outward,
reversing the direction of the tension upon the pen drum. The pen drum, and with
it the receiving pen, now moves in the reverse direction step by step as permitted
by the escapement and its governing magnet H until the transmitting pen again
reverses its direction of motion.
It will be understood that the air pressure receiving mechanism just described
corresponds to one of the two main line wires and gives the receiving pen one only
of its two movements. A duplicate thereof makes up the other half of the machine,
corresponding to the other main line wire and giving the receiving pen its second
movement in a line bearing at an angle with the line of movement given by the
mechanism described.
It will be obvious that the various modifications in the construction of the
fluid pressure devices suggested with reference to the fluid pressure transmitter
are equally applicable with reference to the receiver. Thus, instead of having
a movable portion in the form of a plate or diaphragm, the chambers may be
provided with movable pistons, as shown in Figure 34, where the fluid pressure
is caused to move the pistons 317, 318 fitting in the piston chambers 319, 325.
An equivalent construction to those shown would be a single movable portion or
piston moved in opposite directions by pressure acting alternately on the two
sides as illustrated in Fig. 28 and described above with reference to the trans-
mitter, the arm 254 serving, through proper connections, to give the two
reversely acting tensions to the pen drum. So, too, the tension may be effected
in one direction by fluid pressure and in the other by a spring or a weight, as
shown in Figure 29 with reference to the transmitter; and numerous other
modifications of construction will readily occur to a skilled person.
In this case,
as in the case of the fluid pressure transmitter, the supply of fluid under pressure may
be obtained by providing a vacuum instead of a body of fluid under greater
than normal pressure, the atmosphere under normal pressure then serving as the
supply of fluid under pressure. The only change requisite for adopting this
mode of operation is in the connections between the chamber and the pen drum.
Proper connections for this adaptation are shown in Figure 35, the rods 286, 287
at their outer ends being pivotally attached to their levers 276, 277, so that they
may operate upon those levers by a pulling instead of a pushing action, as
before, and additional pivoted levers 313 being supplied intermediate between
the levers 276, 277 and the cords 274, 275 respectively. When operated in
this manner the chambers will be alternately connected with the vacuum space,
and the movable portions thus forced inward by the pressure of the outer air,
and caused to return to their normal position by re-establishing the connection
of the chambers with the air under normal pressure. As each movable portion
of the chamber is drawn in by the suction produced by the vacuum, its rod,
as 287, is carried inward, moving with it its lever, as 277, which in turn acts upon
the lever 313 and produces the required tension upon the cord 275.
As with the fluid pressure transmitter, the fluid used may be a liquid ;. but I
prefer an aeriform fluid, and believe that the atmosphere is the most suitable for
the purpose. It will be seen that this form of receiver may be used with the
sunflower and trailer transmitter, or the fluid pressure transmitter, or any other
form of interrupter.

page_text: This air or fluid pressure form of receiver I have found to be the most satisfactory
in operation of the several forms herein shown.
Various modifications may be made in most of the details of the system and still
it will contain my invention. A few of the more general modifications which may
be made will be referred to.
While I prefer to operate the governing reversible escapement magnet by
pulsations of successively opposite polarity, I do not confine myself to the use of
such pulsations. I have secured good results by merely making and breaking the
line circuit and causing these pulsations of like polarity to operate a governing
escapement magnet of the ordinary type instead of a polarized escapement magnet.
In this case, of course, the pull of the magnet upon the armature in one direction
would be opposed by the pull of the usual back spring in the other direction.
Instead of employing two line batteries of unequal strength opposed to each
other, or two line batteries of equal strength alternately thrown into circuit, the
alternately positive and negative pulsations may be sent from the transmitting
station by means of a pole changer controlled or operated by the interrupters, or in
any other suitable manner.
While I prefer an electric or a fluid pressure motor as a source of power for
driving the receiving pen or raising the weights, I do not limit myself to a motor of
either construction, but may employ in its stead any convenient type of mechanical
motor, or a weight, or I may omit the motor entirely from the machine, using
weights raised by hand power.
It is to be understood that in this Patent the terms "character," "writing" and
message," as herein used, include any matter, such as pictures, maps, drawings,
diagrams and arbitrary characters of all kinds, as well as ordinary and shorthand
writing. Also that the term "paper" includes any surface suitable for writing or
from which any writing or printing is to be traced. If, in addition to transmitting
messages in writing it should be desired to capacitate the mechanism to transmit
and reproduce diagrams, maps and pictures, all that is necessary is to allow the
transmitting and receiving pens to have the necessary range of movement in each
direction.
In some cases it may be preferred to write the message in the form of a single
line extending along the length of a narrow ribbon of paper, and in such cases it
will only be necessary to arrange the mechanism for shifting the paper in the
direction of a line of writing instead of in a direction perpendicular thereto.
The closing and breaking of the local circuits for lowering and raising the
receiving pen may be effected by a special key instead of by the transmitting pen,
or by a circuit-closer arranged and operated in any suitable manner.
The paper, instead of being shifted in the manner shown, may be shifted in any
other manner, as by changes in the condition of the main-line currents, or means for
shifting the paper or raising the pen may both be omitted.
The movements necessary to produce a message instead of being imparted to the
receiving pen may be wholly or in part imparted to the paper. It is therefore to be
understood that whenever the movement of the receiving pen is referred to as
forming the characters this also includes the equivalent movement of the paper, and
that a recording surface movable for the purpose of recording characters is for the
purposes of this Patent the equivalent of a movable pen.
No particular form of interrupter is essential to my invention. I intend to
include under that term every device by which electric pulsations, whether of
successively the same or of opposite polarity, may be rapidly produced in the
circuit.
I contemplate the use of each of the several foregoing improvements separately
as well as in conjunction with each other; thus, for instance, I intend to protect
herein the feature of my invention which consists in employing pulsations of
successively opposite polarity in a telautographic system, whether those pulsations
energize the motor magnets of the receiving pen directly, as in the organization

page_text: shown in my previous Patent, or whether they operate the receiving pen by
restraining or regulating the force which moves it, as in the organizations shown
herein, meaning to include both varieties of receiving instrument when I speak of a
motor or power mechanism governed or controlled in the application of its power to
the receiving pen by, or caused to operate upon the receiving pen through said
pulsations, and so of my several other improvements.
With reference to the art of telautographic communication herein claimed, it is
to be understood that the apparatuses herein described are only some of many
varieties of mechanism which may be devised for carrying out my inventions. I do
not limit myself to any particular form of apparatus.
وو
By the term " power mechanism
or "motor," used herein, it is intended to
indicate any and every device from which power may be derived.
By referring to pulsations as " of substantially the same effective strength," I mean
that they are the effects produced by partially or wholly interrupting a current in
a circuit, the strength of such current in such circuit between such interruptions
being sufficient to operate or permit the operation of the receiving pen, and the
interruptions preventing such current from operating or permitting the operation of
said pen, whether the strength of the current changes or not, as distinguished from
those systems wherein the effective strength of the current is constantly varied
by increments added to or decrements taken from said currents, which current
continuously operates the receiving pen during the operation of writing.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of the said inven-
tion, and in what manner the same is to be performed (as communicated to me
from abroad), I declare that what I claim is :—
1. The use, in telautographic apparatus, of pulsations of alternately positive and
negative polarity, for producing or controlling the motive force requisite for
imparting a step by step travelling motion to the receiving pen or its equivalent.
2. The means above described, whereby pulsations of alternately positive and
negative polarity sent from the transmitting station, are applied, to cause a step-by-
step travelling movement of the receiving pen or its equivalent.
3. The use, in telautographic apparatus, of a weight or weights, a motor or other
equivalent power mechanism, independent (as to its source of power) of the
pulsations sent from the transmitting station, for driving the receiving pen or its
equivalent, and means whereby the working connection between the power
mechanism and the receiving pen, is made or broken, under the control of said
pulsations.
4. The use, with a telautographic receiving pen and a motor device for giving
movement to the same, held in restraint, and released to drive the receiving pen
under the control of pulsations sent from the transmitting station, of a reversing
mechanism controlled from the transmitting station, for reversing the application of
the power of the motor to the receiving pen, when the movement of the trans-
mitting pen is reversed, substantially as described and shown.
5. The use, with a telautographic receiving pen and a motor or its equivalent,
of an escapement for controlling the movement of the receiving pen, whereby
the receiving pen is caused to accurately reproduce the movements of the trans-
mitting pen.
6. The use, in telautographic apparatus, of weights or their equivalents, and
magnetic clutches electrically controlled from the transmitting station, for causing
the receiving pen to follow the movements of the transmitting pen.
7. The means above described for bringing the receiving pen into unison with
the transmitting pen, and the arrangement whereby the unison device is caused to
operate at each shifting of the paper.
8. The use, in telautographic apparatus, of a circuit for reversing the movement
of the receiving pen, separate from, and independent of, the circuit or circuits which
transmit the pulsations for driving the receiving pen.

page_text: 9. The means above described whereby the transmitting operator may cause the
receiving pen to move to a selected position in its field, as l.
10. The use, in telautographic apparatus, of a single writing field, or overlapping
writing fields, for the transmitting and receiving pens, and the means above described
for preventing the pens, when so used, from interfering with each other.
11. In telautographic apparatus, the reversible escapement above described.
12. The arrangement, in a telautographic transmitter, of the trailing arm 73,
whereby it is permitted to have a lost motion.
13. The use, in telautographic apparatus, of the consequent pole magnet, with
connections, as described, for operating the paper shifting mechanism and pen rest
for the receiving pen, from the transmitting station.
14. The arrangement, in telautographic apparatus, of the pen carrying arms,
so that the two directions of movement of the pen shall be oblique to the line
of writing.
15. The means above described for automatically switching the main line
currents from the transmitting apparatus to the adjacent receiving apparatus, when
the transmitting pen is placed in its rack, and also for causing the distant receiving
pen to be at the same time withdrawn from its writing position.
16. The means above described for adapting air or other fluid pressure to operate
the vibrating circuit controller of telautographic apparatus used for producing
pulsations upon the line.
17. The means above described for applying air or other fluid pressure to the
movement of the receiving pen, to cause it to reproduce writing or other markings
made by the transmitting pen.
Dated this 20th day of October 1891.
NEWTON & SON,
Agents for the Applicant.