IMPROVEMENTS IN THE APPLICATION OF PLAIN OR ORNAMENTAL GLASS, ALONE OR IN COMBINATION WITH OTHER SUITABLE MATERIALS, TO NEW AND USEFUL PURPOSES OF CONSTRUCTION OR MANUFACTURE
Year: 1851

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, ROBERT
COGAN, of Leicester Square, in the County of Middlesex, Glass Merchant,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent, under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at
Westminster, the Sixteenth day of January, in the fourteenth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said Robert Cogan, Her especial license, full power, sole privilege and autho-
rity, that I, the said Robert Cogan, my exors, adñiors, and assigns, and such
others as I, the said Robert Cogan, my exors, admors, or assigns, should at
any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times
during the term of years therein mentioned, should and lawfully might make,
use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick-
upon-Tweed, my Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE APPLICATION OF PLAIN
OR ORNAMENTAL GLASS, ALONE OR IN COMBINATION WITH OTHER SUITABLE MATERIALS,
TO NEW AND USEFUL PURPOSES OF CONSTRUCTION OR MANUFACTURE;" in which said
Letters Patent is contained a proviso, obliging me, the said Robert Cogan,
by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal, particularly to describe
and ascertain the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the
same is to be performed, and to cause the same to be inrolled in Her
Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar months next and
immediately after the date of the said in part recited Letters Patent, as in
and by the same, reference being thereunto had, will more fully and at large.
appear.

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, 1, the said
Robert Cogan, do hereby declare that the nature of my said Invention, and
the manner in which the same is to be performed, is particularly described
and ascertained in and by the following description thereof, reference being
had to the Drawings hereunto annexed, and to the letters and figures marked
thereon (that is to say):-
My Invention of "Improvements in the Application of Plain or Orna-
mental Glass, alone or in Combination with other suitable Materials, to New
and Useful Purposes of Construction or Manufacture," relates first to an
improved mode of constructing and arranging parts of a metal or wooden
framing with glass panels, so that a portable or removable verandah or
balcony may be made thereof, and which when differently arranged may also
be used as a show-front for the display of goods, or as a window, garden, or
greenhouse, the same parts may also be arranged and combined as to form
a portable pavilion or tent, and for other purposes for which the framing and
glass panels may be found applicable. These framings as applied to a window
and arranged or connected together so as to form a window, garden, or small
greenhouse, or fern-house, or an enclosed balcony or verandah, is shewn
in the accompanying Drawing at Fig. 1, which is a sectional view thereof.
The whole structure is composed of separate wooden or metal frames
a, a, a, a, in which are panels made of white or colored glass, plain or cut,
or otherwise ornamented according to taste. These frames are connected
together by fastenings, and in order to support them outside the window
there are horizontal levers or arms b, b, sustained from below by brackets,
levers, or struts c, c. I prefer to construct these parts of iron, and the
flooring may be laid and secured thereon in any convenient manner. The
wooden or metal frames a, a, are furnished at their lower ends with pins or
studs which take into holes made in the horizontal levers or arms b, b, and
the frames a, a, may if required be further connected together at the sides by
hooks, sliding bolts, or other fastenings. The roof of the structure is composed
of triangular-shaped frames d, d, as shewn best in the front elevation, Fig. 2.
These frames d, d, are also glazed, and meet at a point above, where they
áre secured in any convenient manner; they are also furnished with pins or
studs, which take into holes made in the upper ends of the frames a, a, and
thereby support them in the standing position shewn in the Drawing. The
frames a, a, are all of the same dimensions, and if required, two or more sets,
such as that shewn at Fig. 2 and at the plan view Fig. 3, may be combined
together, so as to form one long chamber as shewn by dots in the plan view
Fig. 4 and front elevation Fig. 5, which represents two sets of frames com-

page_text: bined together in the manner above mentioned. To effect this it will only be
necessary to bring forward the side frames into a line with the others, and
then there will be a continuous front with a lean-to roof composed of the
triangular frames d, d. It will be obvious that by combinations of the rect-
angular side frames a, a, and the triangular frames d, d, to form the roof,
pavilions, tents, chambers, greenhouses, and temporary constructions of various
kinds and dimensions can be made so as to stand by themselves without the
assistance of support from a side wall. Buildings or constructions can in this
manner be erected with great facility at moderate cost and in a very short
time, and after having served one purpose they can be quickly taken to 'picces,
removed to another spot, and converted into another form for a different pur-
pose. The rectangular side frames a, a, can also be combined together so as
to form a screen for a library or dining room, in which case it may be
advisable to make use of opaque or only semi-transparent glass.
My second improvement relates to a novel construction of glass ventilator,
to be applied to windows for ventilating apartments. Fig. 6 represents a
transverse vertical section of my improved ventilator. It consists of an
inclined frame e, which is glazed like a window sash, and is adapted to the
inside of the ordinary window sash, where it is fixed in an inclined position as
shewn in the Figure, the sides and roof being also glazed, leaving however a
long opening or space f, along the top part to allow the vitiated air to escape
from the room. A similar long slit or opening is made in the upper pane of
the window as at g, and one of the lower panes is removed altogether as at h.
The external air will therefore be freely admitted at h, and will ascend in
the ventilator while the vitiated air from the room will pass out through the
openings fand g, in the direction of the arrow.
My third improvement relates to a novel form or construction of striking
or propagating glasses, and is shewn in the Drawing at Fig. 7, which repre-
sents a section of one of the improved glasses; the improvement consists in
adapting to the centre of the glass an inverted tube or hollow space which
receives the heat that is generated in the hotliouse by the ordinary or any
other convenient means, and communicates it in a more equable manner to
the earth in the pan.
My fourth improvement consists in constructing churns of glass and other
materials not liable to corrosion instead of wood and metal. The barrel
is made of glass; and the internal moving parts, such as the beaters, are
all made of wood or other material not liable to corrosion, as is the
case with iron, brass, or other metal, and all the metal parts that are
required for fitting and working the churn are placed. outside. Fig. 8 repre-

page_text: sents a vertical section of a churn constructed according to my improvements.
The glass barrel is seen at a, a, a, a; it rests upon a wooden stand or base b, b,
and on the inner side the glass barrel is made with a projecting point or
centre c, which supports the lower end of the vertical shaft of the rotary
dashers d, d, d, d, which are perforated with holes, as shewn in the Figure.
The dasher shaft passes through the cap or cover e, e, of the churn, and carries
at its upper end a bevilled pinion f, which gears into and is driven by
a bevilled toothed wheel g, which is mounted on the horizontal shaft h. This
shaft turns in bearings in a cross piece i on the top of the cap or cover e, and
is provided with a winch or handle, whereby the dasher shaft inside may be
actuated. It will be seen that the cap or cover e is hollowed at the inner or
under side thereof, for the purpose of allowing air to mix with the cream.
during the churning operation. The churn is also provided inside with a
stationary frame, furnished with a number of vertical stationary dashers j,j, j,j
so that as the cream is dashed or thrown about by the rotary dashers d, d, it
may be thrown against the stationary dashers j, j, and the conversion of the
cream into butter thereby facilitated. By constructing churns in this manner
they can be kept sweet and clean with greater facility than if constructed in
the usual manner and of the ordinary materials, as glass can be washed clean
with very little trouble and by merely using cold water.
My fifth improvement relates to a mode of constructing glass candlesticks,
whereby the hour of the night may be shewn by the burning of the candle.
The improvement consists in making a tubular glass candlestick and graduating
the tubular part thereof from the bottom upwards, then when the candle is
placed in the tube it will be pressed upward by a spring, in the same manner.
as is now done with the well-known metal tubular candlesticks, and when the
candle is lighted the lower end thereof will gradually rise as the upper part
burns away, and by means of the graduations on the tube, the time it has
been burning will be correctly indicated.
My sixth improvement consists in making a glass moveable handle or stem
for pens or pencils, and which may also be employed as a case, so that pens.
and pencils may without inconvenience or risk of injury be carried in the
pocket. This glass case will be found peculiarly useful for glass pens, which
are made with a long glass tubular stem terminating with a bulb or reservoir
with a very fine point. By adopting my improvement the long glass stem,
which is extremely liable to break, may be dispensed with, and in place
thereof the tubular case above mentioned may be used as a handle, into which
the stem of the pen, which I propose to make much shorter than usual, may
be inserted (as shewn in Fig. 9) when required for use, but when out of use the

page_text: pén can be reversed and the point inserted in the tubular part of the handle,
as shewn in Fig. 10, so that it will be protected from injury unless the strong
handle be first damaged. The short stem of the pen should be ground to fit
the tubular handle, and a flange or stop made on the stem, as shewn in the
Figures, to prevent the stem from going too far into the handle.
My seventh improvement consists in making dish covers of glass. I prefer
to make the covers of an ovular form but of different sizes; they may be
made either by blowing or moulding of any pattern, and formed of either
plain, or cut, or engraved glass, and colored or uncolored according to fancy.
These covers will be found useful for excluding dirt, flies, dust, or damp from
cold meat and edibles of all kinds and other perishable articles, and are much
cleaner and more easily kept in order than the ordinary metal covers.
My next improvement consists in employing thick slabs of glass and other.
masses of glass to form monuments in commemoration of illustrious men and
remarkable events. The glass is to be used in slabs or blocks in a similar
manner to that in which stone is now employed, and the surface of the glass
may be either polished or rough, or ornamented with any particular design or
part of a design by casting, moulding, or pressing. As various elaborate.
forms or designs may be imparted to the glass by these well-known processes,
a monument may by the judicious employment of this material be made highly
ornamental at a comparatively moderate expense. I would here observe that
I am aware that the panels of mural and other monuments have been made
with sheet glass with some device painted on the back thereof; I do not
therefore lay any claim to using sheet glass for such a purpose, as my
improvement differs essentially from this plan, inasmuch as I propose
to construct the whole, or at any rate the greater portion of a monument,
of blocks. and thick slabs of glass moulded to any particular design or
pattern. A very brilliant effect may be produced by combining blocks or
slabs of plain polished glass in the form of a prism placed on one end, so as
to form a column, and if required the edges may be protected by a moulding
of metal.
Having now described my various improvements, I would observe in
conclusion that the manufacture of glass being a vell known art, I have not
thought it necessary to give any detailed explanation of the manner in which
the various articles above mentioned are made, as no peculiar art or skill
beyond the ordinary knowledge of a glass worker is required for the novel
application of glass to the various purposes above mentioned, I do not there-
fore lay claim to any particular process for manufacturing the glass articles
above mentioned; but I claim as of my Invention,-

page_text: First, the novel application of glass to the various purposes herein set forth,
and for which purpose this material has not hitherto been employed.
Second, the improved mode of constructing portable show fronts, verandahs,
greenhouses, pavilions, tents, and other similar erections, as described and
shewn in Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5.
Third, I claim the improved glass ventilator shewn and described, or any
mere modification thereof.
Fourth, I claim constructing striking or propagating glasses with a hollow
space or inverted tube in the centre, for receiving and communicating heat to
the earth in the pan.
Fifth, I claim the mode above shewn and described of applying glass in
combination with other materials for making churns, and also the arrange-
ment and construction of the various parts shewn and described.
Sixth, I claim the use of tubular glass candlesticks graduated on the
outside, for the purpose of indicating the hour.
Seventh, I claim the application to pens and pencils of a hollow moveable
glass case, which may be made to answer the purpose of a handle, as
described.
Lastly, I claim the method above described of constructing monuments of
blocks or slabs of glass, which may be cast or moulded to any design or part
of a design.
In witness whereof, I, the said Robert Cogan, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Sixteenth day of July, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-one.
Enrolled the Sixteenth day of July, in the year of our Lord One thousand
eight hundred and fifty-one.