IMPROVEMENTS IN MOULDING WITHOUT MODELS
Year: 1860

page_text: Charles de Louvrié, of No. 18, Boulevard
LETTERS PATENT to J.
Beaumarchais, Paris, in the Empire of France, Gentleman, for the
Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN MOULDING WITHOUT MODELS."
Sealed the 26th February 1861, and dated the 12th September 1860.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION filed by the said J. Charles de Louvrié at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition and Declara-
tion, on the 12th September 1860, pursuant to the 9th Section of the
Patent Law Amendment Act, 1852.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, J. CHARLES
DE LOUVRIE, of the No. 18, Boulevard Beaumarchais, Paris, in the Empire
of France, Gentleman, send greeting.
WHEREAS I am in possession of an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
MOULDING WITHOUT MODELS," and have petitioned Her Majesty to grant unto me,
my executors, administrators, and assigns, Her Royal Letters Patent for the
same, and have made solemn declaration that I am the true and first Inventor
thereof:
NOW KNOW YE, that I the said J. Charles de Louvrié, do hereby declare the
following Complete Specification under my hand and seal fully describes and
5 ascertains the nature of the said Invention, and the manner in which the same
is to be performed (reference being had to the accompanying Drawings),
that is to say:-

page_text: This Invention consists of improvements in the system of moulding without
models, as described in my Patent, No. 2083, 1858. In that system, the two
apparatuses for dividing, represented Figs. 1 & 11, when required for moulding
wheels of a large size, present several difficulties.
The first apparatus, Fig. 1, is heavy and expensive, the 2nd is too delicate
for ordinary purposes, and both have a common defect, viz., that the upper
branch D has not sufficient fixity and bends from the elasticity of the organs;
a third arrangement consisting of a graduated fixed circle traversed by a needle
fixed on the ruler D overcomes this defect; but this graduation would itself
be expensive were it not simplified in the manner hereafter described. The
new divider consists of a circle in iron or copper, more thick than wide,
accurately turned and divided in a small number, (say, 10) of equal parts. On
this circle slides a small arc equal to Toth of the circle, and serving as nonius
or vernier, that is to say, bearing the subdivisions, and it is used by removing
it successively from division to division. The circle may also be either decimally
divided or according to the ordinary division plate. Fig. 12 represents a
divider of this description on a scale of one-twentieth, the circle of which is
divided in 10 parts, and the nonius B, B, bears a decimal division, that is to
say, is divided into tenths and twentieths, hundredths & half hundredths, and
finally 1000ths. If it were subdivided in half thousands, the nonius would
have two thousand divisions, & for the whole circle 2000 × 20 = 20,000.
A is the shaft of the spindle; D, D, the ruler; R, R, the ring of the wheel;
I, the small ruler against which the sand core is supported; S, the point
traversing the divisions. Fig. 13 represents the divider in section; d, d, four
small screws, which fix to the nonius B, two slide blocks, the oval shaped
holes of which allow of its being properly adjusted on the circle. It will be
seen that a differently graduated nonius can be adapted on the same circle,
and also that at little expense the division may be endlessly varied. The
divider rests flatly on the sand which has previously been raised in a concentric
position and perpendicular to the shaft A. It is centered by means of the
ruler D.
In my former Specification of my Patent, No. 2083, I have stated that the
shaft of the spindle A, Figs. 1 & 11, turns in two points or in a point at the
bottom and a collar at the top. This arrangement, although it serves well to
maintain the shaft A, is sometimes inconvenient on account of the traverse
beam B, B. The new divider allows of this being suppressed, which greatly
simplifies the apparatus, and by the hereafter described arrangement, it is ren-
dered, so to say, portable, not only may it be placed in any part of the foundry.
even on a bench, the height of a man for the small pieces, but also on the arm

page_text: D, D, of the spindle, which as will be seen further on is sometimes necessary.
This spindle is composed of a fixed shaft, screw cut and terminated at the
bottom by a conical or screw cut piece, by means of which it boxes in either with
a cast-iron sole imbedded in the ground, Fig. 14, or in the head of the bolt K,
Fig. 15, or in a wooden or cast-iron sole or else on a bench (Fig. 16). The
shaft A being fixed the ruler or cross staff D turns on a nut screw B, B,
which serves as a moveable shoulder, and rises or falls at the will of the
moulder. From this arrangement the small screws V, V, instead of penetra-
ting into the worm of the shaft A, pres against the cotter or wedge shaped
piece of iron p. It will be seen that the nut screw B, B, can be placed above,
provided it be bound to the socket of the ruler D by means of a collar, and
also that the shaft A must be of considerable dimensions, in order not to bend
when large surfaces are marked out.
Having thus described the manner of moulding without models the toothed
wheels called cylindrical or conical gearings, it remains to indicate the mode
of moulding bent arms or racks. This will be done further on, as they are not the
only pieces that can be moulded without models, and it is therefore necessary
to extend the principles of this system to new applications. Boring or marking
out and compass guaging are on the same principle and give the same result,
that is to say, to form in the sand mouldings by means of boards suitably cut
out and directed either by a moveable ruler D round an axis or by one or more
fixed rulers, which act as directors. A cylindrical or prismatic body is thus
divided the same as an arm or a wheel, and a pulley or fly wheel is bored or
marked out the same as a gearing wheel, and is moulded in the same way.
The means may be varied without changing the principle, as will be demon-
strated further on. The bent arms are either square without beads, that is,
in rectangular sections, or square with beads, or oval. In the first two cases
they are generally made to come in the lower part of the frame, as was stated
in the former Specification. In the second case, the joint of the mould is
made in the middle of the arm, and in all cases the arms are traced on the
lower mould before closing the upper part, so that the tracing may be repro-
duced there; they are then guaged like the straight arms or marked out with
a portable spindle. In the first case, the form of the arm B, B, Fig. 17, is
cut in a thin board x, x, and this cutting serves as guide to the beam compass
T, Fig. 18, to which a suitable shape is given, and is conducted by hand. In
the second case on the cross staff of the spindle A, A, Fig 15, that is to say,
the ruler D, which is maintained immoveable, a small portable spindle is fixed
at any point by the nut screw K round the point or axle D, and with a
suitable radius & a properly cut board, the arm B, B, is also marked. By

page_text: afterwards advancing the cross staff A, A, by a 4th, th, or th turn according
to the number of the arms, they are successively marked out.
As the arm
should widen towards the nave, the operation must be recommenced after
first displacing the point D or the axis of the small spindle at D¹ without
changing the distance D, R.
Pullies and fly wheels.-If for a fly wheel, the section of whose ring is the
same as that shown, Fig 19, it must be marked out first according to the
line A, B, C, D, the spiral will be stamped on the opposite side which is
then removed, and the line D, E, B, is then marked out, the arms being
formed as above described. The same operation takes place for an annular
cylinder hollow or solid or for an elbow joint C, A, D, for water pipes, gas, &c.
If for a straight pulley, simple or complex, it must be marked out according
to the line A, B, C, D, Fig. 20. The smooth sand is brought up to B, C,
in order to mark out again A, B, H, D. On removing the frame, the
triangular spiral B, H, C, is also removed by making incisions; it is replaced
and then marked out definitely with the line A, B, L, K, the tenon N
supported on an armatur provided with bolts to the ring S is marked out
separately, and it is in the tenon generally that the cheeks are hollowed out, if
the pulley is to have any. The operation is the same for other pullies.
Cylinders & prisms.-Two straight rulers M, N, Fig. 22, are filled in the
sand parallel to each other, a marking guage A, as represented Fig. 23, or B,
Figs. 24 and 25, is made to slide between them, a relief is formed of half the
cylinder or prism serving as model, and which is impressed on the opposite
side. This opposite side is compressed and withdrawn; the marking guage, A
& B, is used to form a hollow, which will be the mould of the other half
of the cylinder or prism with the same rules M, M, & N, N, to act as
directors to the marking guage, and with marking gages similar, but of a
smaller diameter, the cores are moulded if the pieces are to be hollow. If the
core is round it must be turned.
The mould for a flat and square piece is obtained as follows:-The two
rules M & N are placed in the sand parallel, as shown Fig. 26, and another
ruler A, B, worked by two men one on each side, if the surface, is large is
made to slide alternately backwards & forwards, the surface L, K, is raised,
and the opposite side compressed, the two rulers are then raised an equal and
determined distance, and the sand pressed in all round. This layer is prepared
the same way with the ruler A, B, so that the opposite side fits exactly,
the rulers are then withdrawn and their places filled up, and each end of this
rectangular canal is closed up.
On pressing the piece A, Fig. 27, against the shaft of the spindle M, N, and

page_text: turning it, the half of a sphere is moulded, which will serve as the model for
moulding the opposite side; if afterwards this half sphere is removed and the
same marked out with the piece B, Fig 28, the model of the 2nd half will be
obtained, the whole together a sphere. On modifying suitably the two marking-
out pieces all sorts of spheroids may be moulded. The moulding of elliptical
surfaces is performed in several ways. The simplest consists in planting in
the sand at the two foci of the ellipsis, two stakes parallel to the shaft of
the spindle and in the same plan; the form of the marking piece A, Fig. 29,
is T-shaped, so that on maintaining it with the hand against the cross staff
it can slide on the latter. This is obtained by nailing a bracket C, C, on
the piece A, Fig. 30, then placing this piece on the cross staff, and bringing
it to a determined point of the ellipsis, a copper wire or other suitable material
is made to pass on the two stakes F, F¹, and on the marking out piece,
then by maintaining the piece A against the wire, the cross staff is made to
turn, and the hollow produced is an ellipsis.
Should it be necessary afterwards to produce this kind of work, a slide H, H,
could be adapted to the end of the shaft of the spindle M, N, Fig. 31,
by a nave M, with an adjusting screw which could be varied in length, then
a lengthening piece B, could be added to the piece A, C C, on which a bolt
K is fixed, penetrating in the slide H, then the operation is conducted in the
same manner. In both cases the sand remaining towards the centre of the
ellipsis is removed by hand or otherwise. A third mode of proceeding remains
to be mentioned. For example, let us suppose (Fig. 32) that on a shaft M,
N, instead of the slide H, H, on a small fixed nave m, an ellipsis t, t, is
mounted, and the lengthening piece B adapted to the marking piece, then on
turning the cross staff and keeping the arm B pressed against the ellipsis t, t,
it is evident that the piece A will scoop out in the sand an ellipsis like the
prototype t, t. It is further evident that on inclining the piece A towards
M, N, a cone would be marked out with an elliptical base, and also if the
prototype t, t, instead of being an ellipsis is a polygon or an an oval, the piece
A would then reproduce a similar prismatic figure, and again if the piece A
ceases to be parallel, a pyramid would be obtained with bases similar to the
prototype, the piece A must be cut out according to the form to be obtained.
As shown above, I have generally proceeded with making the mould of
the opposite pieces, but in many cases this may be dispensed with; I will
mention two principal ones.
First, in moulding prismatic or cylindrical pieces having an elliptical section,
&c., a layer could be raised on which the figure of the piece to be moulded
might be traced, then it is only necessary to place along the marks the two

page_text: rulers, and cause the marking out piece to slide between them as in the
moulding arms, Figs. 17 & 18. If for toothed wheels, pullies, fly-wheels,
spheres, &c., each part is marked out separately, care being taken to place on
the mould a small conical spiral, which boxing in one another serve as centre
key. For instance, if for a raised cone for varying the velocity of transmission
(Fig. 33), the spiral x, x, serves perfectly as guide to the centre part which
must fit in exactly. The Fig. 33 represents a section of the mould by
the axis of the cone; n, n, represents the nave of the shaft.
It will be seen that in this way an economy is effected, 1st, no marking out
piece being necessary; 2nd, an operation being avoided. This single example
will be sufficient to explain both the principle & the means.
Having thus explained my Invention, what I claim and desire to secure by
Letters Patent (without prejudice to my Patent No. 2083, year 1858,) is,―
1st, the divider as above described and represented in the accompanying
Drawings.
2nd, the marking out piece or trousseau, also above described.
And 3rd, & lastly, the different means and proceedings contained and
explained in the latter part of the above Specification.
In witness whereof, I, the said J. Charles de Louvrié, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this 12th day of September, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and sixty.
J. CHARLES DE LOUVRIE. (L.S.)