Improvements in and in Apparatus for the Preparation or Treatment of Alimentary Substances.
Year: 1893

page_text: Date of Application, 20th Sept., 1893
Complete Specification Left, 11th June, 1894-Accepted, 21st July, 1894
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in and in Apparatus for the Preparation or Treatment
of Alimentary Substances.
I EMILE MARIS, of Nonancourt (Eure) France, Engineer, do hereby declare
the nature of this invention to be as follows:-
This invention relates to the preparation by artificial digestion of all kinds of
alimentary substances suitable for consumption by the human race as well as by
animals.
It is essential for the purpose of utilizing to the fullest possible extent the
nutritive properties of alimentary substances that they should be furnished for
consumption in a highly assimilable condition. To this end the substances are
submitted to a preparatory treatment by crushing or grinding and artificial
digestion or in other words by reproducing as closely as possible the different
phases of natural digestion, whether animal or vegetable, and by the grouping of
the constitutive elements of the alimentary substances in proportions relatively in
harmony with those recognised as being most favorable to their fullest utilization
in each particular case according to the object to be attained.
Looked at from an economical point of view, the following advantages are
obtained by such treatment.
1st. By excluding from the aliments in the course of their artificial digestion
everything foreign to their normal composition all trouble in the exercise of the
physiological functions of animals is avoided, the entire amelioration resulting in
an increase in the coefficient of digestibility and consequently of nutritive value.
2nd. By converting into soluble assimilable matters the major parts of the
different elements constituting the daily food rations a notable proportion of
digestive juices is economized for they no longer have to bring their action to bear
upon the most easily diffusible parts and consequently are free to act energetically
upon those of a more resisting nature which are ordinarily rejected by the organism
without having been utilised. Thus the same nutritive effect may be obtained with
a less quantity of aliments or if the amount of the ration be maintained the
products will necessarily be more abundant and richer.
3rd. The aliments thus prepared will moreover be better utilised by delicate
organisms, whether due to a naturally weak or debilitated constitution, from
transient physiological disturbances or natural sluggishness of the vital functions.
The process of this invention is capable of being applied to all matters used as
food for man, whether of vegetable, animal or mineral origin, indigenous or exotic;
to all kinds of fodder; to all products and waste matters in manufactures,
agriculture and commerce, whether obtained from the soil, rivers or the sea; to
branches of trees and shrubs &c., whether in leaf or not, in forests, woods, coppices
and plantations; to vine shoots, chippings of hedges, furze, broom, ferus, heather,
lichens, mistletoe &c., in a word to all matters capable of being used as food for
domestic or other animals, such as cattle, horses, poultry &c. The invention also
permits of utilizing materials for alimentary purposes, which have hitherto been cast
aside.
The process of manufacture comprises two distinct operations, viz.; a preparatory
treatment of the materials and their artifical digestion. The apparatus employed
in the preparatory treatment is such as is generally used for crushing, grinding,
chopping, bruising pulverising &c. such substances as are above enumerated. The
apparatus used for the artificial digestion of these materials comprises receptacles
or digesters working either under pressure or not, at a high or low temperature
together with air or vacuum desiccating apparatus drying stoves &c. and accessories

page_text: serving to conduct the water, steam and air required in the operations or to effect
the pressing, baking and shaping into various forms, such as loaves, cakes, biscuits,
powders, preserves, and solid or liquid extracts in a concentrated or diluted
condition.
The means adopted for effecting the artificial digestion are based on the
employment of ferments which in vegetable or animal nature serve to convert
proteine, fat, carbo-hydrates, cellulose, ligneous matters, mineral matters &c. &c.
into soluble assimilable principles. These ferments may be procured from any
source whether animal or vegetable, natural or artificial. Thus recourse may be
had to gastric or intestinal tissues of animals for example, or to the reproductive
organs of vegetables (embryo and albumen) prepared by previous digestion or
otherwise. In selecting these ferments I naturally take those which are most
abundant and cheapest. It is advan:ageous to prepare from the ferment selected
a medium which is the most favorable for their culture, multiplication and
operation, which medium would vary according to the nature of the ferment, being
acid, neutral, alkaline or saline and of the desired humidity. In some cases the
operation is performed in free air and in others under pressure or in vacuo,
sometimes at a low temperature, ranging between 30 and 40 degrees C., sometimes
between 60 and 70 degrees C., and sometimes finally at from 120 to 130 degrees C.,
in order to destroy the ferments employed or those previously existing, as well as
germs of vegetable or animal origin, toxical or otherwise which may be contained
in the aliments.
Among the transformations to which nutritive matters may be subjected with a
view to render them assimilable I would give particular attention to the treatment
of albuminoids or proteines. Proteine occupies the foremost place among alimentary
principles as it is this which constitutes the plastic elements properly so called
which form the animal tissues. It is the origin of all the digestive juices, and of
all nitrogenous matters which the body of the animal furnishes in its products or
secretions and it may even of itself alone suffice to support the animal and its
products by replacing the hydrocarbons and fat. To the aliments while in course
of preparation are added the necessary condiments for exciting the appetite of
animals and ensuring the activity of their digestive juices. Any suitable mixtures
of the alimentary substances, fodders, wood, meal or flour &c. herein before referred
to may be made, according to the kind and age of the animal aud the result or
product desired &c.
PROCESS OF MANUFACTURE.
In order that the process of manufacture may be more readily understood I will
describe its application for example to the production of wood fodder, with
reference to the accompanying drawing which illustrates in an elementary manner
the means employed in putting the invention into practice. The bundles or faggots
with the leaves on or not supplied by the truck B are first reduced in an apparatus
of simple character and consisting of a pair of discs armed with rings of square and
conical teeth gearing one in the other, the one dise being fixed and the other
movable and revolving at a speed of from seven to eight hundred revolutions per
minute. The fixed disc is in addition armed with knives for cutting up the
materials previous to their being ground. The rate at which the grinding is
performed is regulated by means of a fly wheel by which the movable disc is
adjusted more or less closely to the fixed one. In order to hasten the triturating
of the wood, I employ two superposed and similar crushing mills C, D, the upper
one serving as an initial, and the other D as a finishing mill. A continuous jet
of water is employed during the operation of grinding to prevent heating of the
matters under treatment and of the knives and dises, the water also serving to
facilitate the exit of the particles of pulverized wood. The two crushing mills are
driven by a motor A. The product of the finishing mill falls into a pit E whence it
is raised by an elevator F and delivered into a truck G by which it is supplied to
the digester troughs H.

page_text: When in lieu of wood, cercals, roots, tubers or other fodder are ground up, the
two mills may if desired be operated independently and each deliver the product
direct into the pit E, so as to increase the production when a two-fold triturating
action is not necessary. The triturated wood or mixture after having been thus
cut up and ground is deposited in the digesting troughs H, H, together with from
three to four times its weight of water slightly acidulated with hydrochloric acid,
and sea salt, after which all the necessary ferments are introduced (the nature and
origin of which will be hereinafter explained) for the purpose of effecting the
digestion.
The contents of the troughs are brought to a temperature of 35° C. with the
aid of steam jet pipes and each of the troughs is also provided with a revolving
shaft provided with pallets for stirring up the matters. The materials are allowed
to remain in the troughs for about twelve hours after which they are conducted by
means of a pair of oppositely arranged screw conveyors disposed in the bottom of
the trough to the outlet K, whence they are caused to fall onto a transverse screw
conveyor at 1 by which they are collected and delivered to a digester J of a
capacity of about 32 hectolitres in which they are allowed to remain for two hours.
The digester is provided with a revolving stirrer for keeping the matters in move-
ment, during the period of digestion, and with a false bottom for the circulation of
the steam required for heating. The heating may also be effected by passing
steam through the matters especially for attaining the maximum temperature
hereinafter referred to. The apparatus is provided with the usual valves, gauges,
thermometers, discharge cock &c. The temperature is first raised to about 65° C.
and finally to 130° C. for destroying ferments and germs. I may with this
temperature of 65° work with a pressure of 5 atmospheres (and upwards) furnished.
by an air compresser.
After the materials have been thus artificially digested
they are placed in casks for use or preserved by known means, or dried by the
methods in use for grains, pulps, fecula &c. or baked in an oven in one or other of
the forms before mentioned.
The digestion thus comprises three distinct phases, ci., the grinding which forms
a substitute for mastication, the watering or steeping replacing insalivation and the
action of the ferments or digestion properly so called. The reactions corresponding
to those performed by the stomach are effected in the digester troughs H, while
the reactions similar to those taking place in the intestines are effected and
completed in the digester .J.
The ferments to be introduced into the troughs H H are:-
(1) Pepsin, papain, trypsin &c., prepared either from the gastric or intestinal
tissues of ruminant animals or from the sprouted seeds of the lupine, flax, hemp,
vetches, gourds &c., for the digestion of the albuminoids.
(2) Intervertin which is also obtained from the sprouted seeds of the lupine and
which may also be extracted from the sprouted seeds of the compositae (such as
the sunflower camline, madia &c.) from the graminaca (such as wheat, maize,
oats &c.) from the seeds of leguminous plants (such as beans &c.) for the digestion
of sugar cane, synanthrose and isomers.
(3) Amylase obtained from sprouted barley, as well as from the sprouted grain
of dari, rice, maize &c., for the digestion of fecula, inulines, mucilages, dextrines,
gums &c.
(4) Emulsin obtained from the sprouted seeds of sweet almonds as well as from
plums, the service tree &c., for the digestion of glucosides, tannins &c.
(5) Saponase or stereoptase obtained from sprouted rape seeds as well as from
those of the poppy, colza, flax, hemp madia &c., for the digestion of fatty matters.
(6) Mineral ferments furnished by the sprouted grains previously indicated in
support of the other ferments. The same also applies to pectase and other
ferments &c., this latter being destined for digesting pectic matters.
(7) Cellulose obtained from the germinated seeds before indicated, as well as
from those of umbelliferous plants (such as fennel, parsley &c.) phoenix, date tree,
carcubier, coffee tree, phytelephas, in which it is very energetic. This cellulose is

page_text: secreted by the amylobacter (bacteriaca). It digests the cellulose which it
transforms into glucose. Seaweed, amylobacter, also secretes amylase, intervertin,
lactase and trypsin which add their digestive effects to those of the preceding
ferments obtained from the seeds before mentioned. The amylobacter may also
be obtained from the paunch of ruminating animals in which it is found
abundantly.
The branches of trees, shrubs &c., when thus digested artificially constitute an
aliment suitable both for ordinary consumption or for productive purposes by the
addition in the latter case of principles richer in nutritive elements.
The wood fodder for treatment by the process of this invention consists of the
loppings or trimmings obtained in clipping hedges and thinning out underwood &c.,
young boughs with the leaves on being preferred as being richer in nutritive
principles.
The composition of the wood fodder is of the following average type
A mixture would be employed of the branches of the various species of trees
most commonly found in the country where the fodder is to be made, including
the poplar, aspen, maple, birch, plane, alder, beech, hornbeam, elm, lime acacia, ash,
hazel, spindle tree, buckthorn, willow, epicea, pine (sylvestris), holly, vine shoots,
furze, broom mistletoe &c. &c.
The proportions of the ingredients of this improved fodder when dried in the
air, that is to say reduced to about 13 % of water, (the woody materials containing
on an average 40%) are about as follows:-
a composition closely resembling good meadow hay and more assimilable owing to
the artificial disgestion of its nutritive principles.
By adding to the fodder in the course of the manufacture, cereals, oleaginous
seeds, oil cake, residues &c. it may be still further enriched while still maintaining
between the different elements of the rations the recognised proportions necessary
for obtaining the highest digestibility possible. These proportions should be
fat to proteine, proteine to the total of fat and hydrocarbons.
The proportions will however vary according to circumstances and may be either
increased or diminished.
1
about
2 to 3
1
3 to 6
The composition of a concentrated aliment having a base composed of grain, for
intense production may be approximately represented by the following example.

page_text: which gives on analysis a much stronger proportion of hydrocarbonated nitrogenous
fatty matter than wood fodder, but always presenting between them, the normal
relative proportions before indicated.
The mixture may in this manner be varied to an unlimited extent, and to them
may also be added roots, tubers and other forage reduced to the desired condition
by the ordinary machinery used for this purpose.
The percentage of the ferment carriers may be increased or reduced.
The aliments resulting from one or other of the preparations before indicated
possess an agreeable aromatic, sweet mucilaginous an slightly saccharine Havour
which causes them to be eaten with avidity by animals to whom they should be
served hot for which purpose they would be diluted by the addition of a suitable
quantity of water.
The above process of artificial digestion is also applicable (1) to the preparation
of alimentary pastes generally, such as farinaceous matters, glutens, soups, cacaos
fruits, green dry or preserved vegetables, milk food, butter cheese, meat, fish
eggs &c.
(2) To the preparation of preserved fools containing all the elements constituting
a complete ration, such as farinaceous matters, eggs, green or dry vegetables
treated in a manner to ensure their preservation for a lengthened period.
The aliments whether of vegetable or animal origin for human or animal use
prepared by the above process are characterised by a maximum of assimilible
strength combined with a low price, the cost price of the nutritive unit in these
aliments being actually much lower than that of any of those now in use, the
importance of which should not be overlooked from an economical point of view.
Dated this 28th day of September 1893.
By A. M. & Wm. Clark,
53, Chancery Lane, London, Chartered Patent Agents.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in and in Apparatus for the Preparation or Treatment
of Alimentary Substances.
I EMILE MARIS, of Nonancourt (Eure) France, Engineer, do hereby declare the
nature of this invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be
particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement:—
This invention relates to the preparation by artificial digestion of all kinds of
alimentary substances suitable for consumption by the human race as well as by
animals.
It is essential for the purpose of utilizing to the fullest possible extent the
nutritive properties of alimentary substances that they should be furnished for
consumption in a highly assimilable condition. To this end the substances are
submitted to a preparatory treatment by crushing or grinding and artificial
digestion or in other words by reproducing as closely as possible the different
pliases of natural digestion, whether animal or vegetable, and by the grouping of
the constitutive elements of the alimentary substances in proportions relatively in
harmony with those recognised as being most favorable to their fullest utilization
in each particular case according to the object to be attained, whether for the
purposes of breeding, rearing, growth, strength, meat forming or producing milk,
eggs, hair, feathers, wool &c. &c.
Looked at from an economical point of view, the following advantages are
obtained by such treatment-
1st. By excluding from the aliments in the course of their artificial digestion
everything foreign to their normal composition all trouble in the exercise of the

page_text: physiological functions of animals is avoided, the entire amelioration resulting in
an increase in the coefficient of digestibility and consequently of nutritive value.
2nd. By converting into soluble assimilable matters the major parts of the
different elements constituting the daily food rations a notable proportion of
digestive jnices is economized since they no longer have to bring their action to
bear upon
the most easily diffusible parts and consequently are free to act
energetically upon those of a more resisting nature which are ordinarily rejected by
the organism without having been utilised. Thus the same nutritive effect
may be
obtained with a less quantity of aliments or if the amount of the ration be maintained
the products will necessarily be more abundant and richer.
3rd. The aliments thus prepared will moreover be better utilised by delicate
organisms, whether due to a naturally weak or debilitated constitution, or to
transient physiological disturbances or natural sluggishness of the vital functions.
The process of this invention is capable of being applied to all matters used as food
for man, whether of vegetable, animal or mineral origin, indigenous or exotic; to all
kinds of fodder; to all products and waste matters in manufactures, agriculture
and commerce, whether obtained from the soil, rivers or the sea; to branches of
trees and shrubs &c., whether in leaf or not, in forests, woods, coppices and
plantations; to vine shoots, clippings of hedges, furze, broom, ferns, heather, lichens,
mistletoe &c., in a word to all matters capable of being used as food for domestic
or other animals, such as cattle, horses, poultry &c. The invention also permits of
utilizing materials for alimentary purposes, which have bitherto been cast aside.
The process of manufacture comprises two distinct operations, wiz.; a preparatory
treatment of the materials and their artificial digestion. The apparatus employed
in the preparatory treatment is such as is generally used for crushing, grinding,
chopping, bruising pulverising &c. such alimentary substances as are above
enumerated. The apparatus whether fixed or portable used for the artificial
digestion of these materials comprises receptacles or digesters working either under
pressure or not, at a high or low temperature together with air or vacuum
desiccating apparatus drying stoves &c. and various accessories serving to conduct
the water, steam and air required in the operations or to effect the pressing, baking
and shaping of the materials into various forms, such as loaves, cakes, biscuits,
powders, preserves, and solid or liquid extracts in a concentrated or diluted
-condition.
The means adopted for effecting the artificial digestion on an industrial scale
are based on the employment of ferments which in vegetable or animal nature serve
to convert proteine, fat, carbo-hydrates, cellulose, ligneous matters, mineral matters
.&c. &c. into soluble assimilable principles. These ferments may be procured from
any source whether animal or vegetable, natural or artificial. Thus recourse may
be had to gastric or intestinal tissues of animals for example, or to the reproductive
organs of vegetables (embryo and albumen) prepared by preliminary digestion or
otherwisc. In selecting these ferments I naturally take those which are most
abundant and obtainable in the market at the cheapest rate. It is advantageous
to prepare for the ferment selected a medium which is the most favorable for their
-culture, multiplication and operation, which medium would vary according to the
nature of the ferment, being acid, neutral, alkaline or saline and of the desired
humidity. In some cases the operation is performed in free air and in others under
pressure or in vacuo, sometimes at a low temperature, ranging between 35 and
40 degrees C., sometimes between 60 and 70 degrees C., and sometimes finally at
from 120 to 130 degrees C., in order to destroy the ferments employed or those
previously existing, as well as germs of vegetable or animal origin, toxical
or otherwise which may be contained in the aliments.
Among the transformations to which nutritive matters may be subjected with a
view to render them assimilable I would give particular attention to the treatment
⚫of albuminoids or proteines. Proteine occupies by far the foremost place among
alimentary principles as it is this of which the plastic elements properly so called
which form the animal tissues are constituted. It is the origin of all the digestive

page_text: In order that the process of manufacture may be more readily understood I will
describe its application for example to the production of wood fodder, with reference
to the drawing accompanying my Provisional Specification which illustrates in an
elementary manner the means employed in putting the invention into practice.
The bundles or faggots with the leaves ou or not supplied by the truck B are first
reduced in an apparatus of simple character and consisting of a pair of dises armed
with rings of quadrilateral and conical teeth gearing one in the other, the one disc
being fixed and the other movable and revolving at a speed of from seven hundred
to eight hundred revolutions per minute. The fixed disc is in addition armed with
knives for cutting up the materials previous to their being ground. The rate at
which the grinding is performed is regulated by means of a fly wheel by which
In order
the movable disc is adjusted more or less closely to the fixed one.
to hasten the triturating of the wood, I employ two superposed and similar
crushing mills C, D, the upper one C serving as an initial, and the other D as a
finishing mill. A continuous jet of water is employed during the operation of
grinding to prevent heating of the matters under treatment and of the knives and
discs, the water also serving to facilitate the exit of the particles of pulverized
wood. The two crushing mills are driven by a motor A. The product of the
finishing mill falls into a pit E whence it is raised by an elevator F and delivered
into a truck G by which it is supplied to the digester troughs H.
When in lieu of wood, cereals, roots, tubers or other fodder are to be ground up,
the two mills may if desired be operated independently and each deliver the
product direct into the pit E, so as to increase the production when a two-fold
triturating action is not necessary. The triturated wood or mixture after having
been thus cut up and ground is deposited in the digesting troughs H, H, together
with from three to four times its weight of water slightly acidulated with
hydrochloric acid, and sea salt, after which all the necessary ferments are introduced
(the nature and origin of which will be hereinafter explained) for the purpose of
effecting the digestion.
I
The contents of the troughs are brought to a temperature of 35° C. with the aid
of steam jet pipes and each of the troughs is also provided with a revolving shaft
The materials are allowed to
provided with pallets for stirring up the matters.
remain in the troughs for about twelve hours after which they are conducted by
means of a pair of oppositely arranged screw conveyors disposed in the bottom of
cach trough to the outlet K, whence they are caused to fall onto a transverse screw
conveyor by which they are collected and delivered to a digester J or a capacity
of about 32 hectolitres in which they are allowed to remain for two hours. The
digester is provided with a revolving stirrer for keeping the matters in movement,
during the period of digestion, and with a false bottom for the circulation of the
steam required for heating. The heating may also be effected by passing steam
through the matters especially for attaining the maximum temperature hereinafter
referred to. The apparatus is provided with the usual valves, gauges, thermometer,
discharge cock &c. The temperature is first raised to about 65° C. and finally
to 130° C. for destroying ferments and germs. I may with this temperature of 65°
work with a pressure of 5 atmospheres (and upwards) furnished by an air
compresser. After the materials have been thus artificially digested they are

page_text: placed in casks for use or preserved by known means, or dried by the methods in
use for grains, pulps, fecula &c. or baked in an oven in one or other of the forms
before mentioned.
The digestion thus comprises three distinct phases, viz., the grinding which forms
a substitute for mastication, the maceration or steeping replacing insalivation and
the action of the ferments or digestion properly so called. The reactions corre-
sponding to those performed by the stomach are effected in the digester troughs H,
while the reactions similar to those taking place in the intestines are effected and
completed in the digester J.
The ferments to be introduced into the troughs H H are:-
(1) Pepsin, papain, trypsin &c., prepared either from the gastric or intestinal
tissues of ruminant animals or from the sprouted seeds of the lupine as well as from
those of flax, hemp, vetches, gourds &c., for the digestion of the albuminoids.
(2) Intervertin which is also obtained from the sprouted seeds of the lupine and
which may also be extracted from the sprouted seeds of the composita (such as the
sunflower, camline, madia &c.) from the graminaca (such as wheat, maize, oats &c.)
from the seeds of leguminous plants (such as beans &c.) for the digestion of sugar
cane, synanthrose and isomers.
(3) Amylase obtained from sprouted barley, as well as from the sprouted grain
of dari, rice, maize &c., for the digestion of fecula, inulines, mucilages, dextrines,
gums &c.
(4) Emulsin obtained from the sprouted seeds of sweet almonds as well as from
those of plums, the service tree &c., for the digestion of glucosides, tannins &c.
(5) Saponase or stereoptase obtained from sprouted rape seeds as well as from
those of the poppy, colza, flax, hemp madia &c., for the digestion of fatty matters.
(6) Mineral ferments furnished by the sprouted grains previously indicated for
producing the other ferments. The same also applies to pectase and other
ferments &c.. this latter being destined for digesting pectic matters.
(7) Cellulose obtained from the germinated seeds before indicated, as well as
from those of umbelliferous plants (such as fennel, parsley &c.) phoenix, date tree,
cucurbita, coffee tree, phytelephas, in which it is very energetic. This cellulose is
secreted by the amylobacter (bacteriaca). It digests the cellulose which it
transforms into glucose. Seaweed; the amylobacter, also secretes amylase,
intervertin, lactase and trypsin which add their digestive effects to those of the
preceding fernents obtained from the seeds before mentioned. The amylobacter
may also be obtained from the paunch of ruminating animals in which it is found
abundantly.
The branches of trees, shrubs &c., when thus digested artificially constitute an
aliment suitable for ordinary sustenance or for productive purposes, by the addition
in the latter case of principles richer in nutritive clements.
The wood fodder treated by the process of this invention as described consists of
the loppings or trimmings obtained in clipping hedges and thinning out under-
wood &c., young boughs with the leaves on being preferred as being richer in
nutritive principles.
The composition of the wood fodder is of the following average type
A mixture would be employed of the branches of the various species of trees
most commonly found in the country where the fodder is to be made, including the 5
poplar, aspen, maple, birch, plaue, alder, beech, hornbeam, elm, lime, acacia, ash,
hazel, spindle tree, buckthorn, willow, epicea, pine (sylvestris) holly, vine shoots,
furze, broom, misteltoe &c. &c.

page_text: The proportions of the ingredients of this improved fodder when dried in the
air, that is to say reduced to about 13% of water (the woody materials containing
on an average 40 per cent.) are about as follows:-
:―
The proportions of the ingredients of this improved fodder when dried in the
air, that is to say reduced to about 13% of water (the woody materials containing
on an average 40 per cent.) are about as follows:-
1
Water
Albumenoid matters -
Fatty matters
-
Non-nitrogenous extracts
Ligneous matters
Mineral matters
-
:-
-
-
13
8.74
-
2.62
-
38.64
-
31.00
-
6.00
Total
-
100.00
the composition closely resembling good meadow hay but more assimilable owing
to the artificial digestion of its nutritive principles.
By adding to the fodder in the course of the manufacture, cereals, oleaginous
seeds, oil cake, industrial residues &c. it may be still further enriched and rendered
suitable for the purpose desired, whether for meat forming, milk production,
developing muscular energy &c., while still maintaining between the different
elements of the rations the proportions recognised as necessary for obtaining the
highest digestibility possible. These proportions should be about
1
proteine, 3 to 6
1
2 to 3
fat to
proteine to the total of fat and hydrocarbons. The proportions
will however vary according to circumstances and may be either increased or
diminished.
The composition of a concentrated aliment having a base composed of grain for
intensive breeding may be approximately represented by the following example
grain, seeds, industrial products and
which gives on analysis a much stronger proportion of hydrocarbonated nitrogenous
fatty matter than wood fodder, but always presenting between them, the normal
relative proportions before indicated.
The mixtures may in this manner be varied to an unlimited extent and to them
may also be added roots, tubers and other forage reduced to the desired condition
by the ordinary machinery used for this purpose.
The percentage of the ferment carriers may be increased or reduced.
The aliments resulting from one or other of the preparations before indicated
possess an agreeable aromatic sweet, mucilaginous and slightly saccbarine flavour
which causes them to be eaten with avidity by animals to whom they should be
served hot, for which purpose they would be diluted by the addition of a suitable
quantity of water.
The above process of artificial digestion is also applicable (1) to the preparation
of alimentary pastes generally, such as farinaceous matters, glutens, soups, cacaos,
fruits, green, dry or preserved vegetables, milk food, butter, cheese, meat, fish,
eggs &c. (2) to the preparation of preserved foods containing all the elements
constituting a complete ration, such as farinaceous matters, meat, eggs, green or
dry vegetables treated in a manner to ensure their preservation for a lengthened
period.

page_text: The aliments whether of vegetable or animal origin for human or animal use
prepared by the above process are characterized by a maximum of assimilable
strength combined with a low price, the cost price of the nutritive unit in these
aliments being actually much lower than that of any of those now in use, the
importance of which should not be overlooked from an economical point of view.
It should be understood that it is not claimed that the process of this invention
realizes artificially the phenomena of digestion in as perfect a manner as it is
performed naturally, but it at same time serves to make up for the deficiencies of
a chemical problem of such complexity which can only at best be partially solved
by the special organisation of the animal itself.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of the said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed 1 declare that what I
claim is :-
1st. A process of preparation by artificial digestion of all kinds of aliments for
the nourishment of men and animals, which artificial digestion comprises three
phases: viz.
(a) Grinding in mills, as a substitute for mastication.
() Maceration or steeping, as a substitute for insalivation, in digesting
troughs containing water slightly acidulated with hydrochloric acid and
sea-salt.
(e) Digesting properly so called under the action of ferments in digesting
troughs and afterwards in a steam heated apparatus in which the matters
under treatment are kept in motion by means of a revolving stirrer, after
which the material is stored in casks, preserved, dried or baked in any
suitable form, according to its nature, substantially as hereinbefore described
and illustrated in the drawing, for the purpose specified.
2nd. The application of the process hereinbefore described and claimed to the
treatment of woody matters, with a view to render them suitable for the feed of
herbivorous or senii-herbivorous animals.
Dated thith day
By A. M. & Wm. Clark,
E. MARIS,
53, Chancery Lane, London, Chartered Patent Agents.
Y Tדש מ- 14
ח זרעי