Improvements in the Treatment of Grain or Cereals in order to render them Suitable for Various Useful Purposes, such as Brewing, Distilling, and Vinegar Making, or as Articles of Food, and in Means or Apparatus to be employed therein, and for like uses.
Year: 1892

page_text: Date of Application, 2nd June, 1892
Complete Specification Left, 2nd Mar.,. 1893-Accepted, 27th May, 1893
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in the Treatment of Grain or Cereals in order to
render them Suitable for Various Useful Purposes, such as
Brewing, Distilling, and Vinegar Making, or as Articles of Food,
and in Means or Apparatus to be employed therein, and for
like uses.
We, WILLIAM GARNER Manager, and ALBERT EDWARD GARNER Mill Stone
Builder, both of 1 Locksley Street, Limehouse in the County of Middlesex do
hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows :-
--
The invention relates to improvements in the treatment of grain or cereals in
order to render them suitable for various useful purposes such as brewing, distilling
and vinegar making, or as articles of food, and in means or apparatus to be employed
therein and for like uses.
In order to render rice or other grain or cereals suitable for brewing, distilling,
or vinegar making or for some food purposes, it is necessary to convert or gelatinize
the starchy constituents thereof as is well understood, and various means have been
proposed to accomplish this end, but they are all more or less expensive and
defective from various causes, and the object of our present invention is to
accomplish the desired end in a simpler, more economical, and more efficient manner
than heretofore.
For this purpose we employ a grinding mill consisting of two mill stones arranged
vertically in relation to a horizontal shaft or axis, and each of these stones we
surround upon its periphery and outer end with a pan or casing whilst in the end of
each pan or casing, and it might be around the periphery thereof, we employ a
steam or water jacket into which we introduce steam at high pressure or boiling
water in order to heat the stones for the purpose hereinafter described.
One of these stones may be fixed and the other may be caused to revolve, or
they may both be caused to revolve either in opposite directions or both in the
same direction but at differential speeds.
The grain or cereal to be treated, and from which the germ has been previously
removed in any suitable manner is submitted to any well known steaming operation
preferably in a closed cylinder, and when it is sufficiently cooked or partially
converted it is fed in between the stones through the eye or centre of one of them,
one or both of the stones being caused to revolve at a high rate of speed and when
feeding through a revolving stone we mount the same upon a hollow shaft and feed
therethrough.
The steam or other heating medium is now cut off from the jackets, the stones
having been heated thereby to the required temperature, and which is now
maintained by the friction of the revolving stones upon the material between them,
the action of the stones reducing the material to the required consistency, and at
the same time by reason of the heat given off thereby, completely converting the
starchy constituents of such material.
The material after being submitted to the treatment hereinbefore described, may
be afterwards further dried in any suitable drying apparatus.
By these means we ensure the complete conversion of the starchy constituents of
the material under treatment, and thereby obtain a better product than heretofore.
The apparatus hereinbefore described may be usefully employed in the treatment
of other similar materials than those hereinbefore referred to.
Dated this 2nd day of June 1892.

page_text: COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
as
Improvements in the Treatment of Grain or Cereals in order to
render them Suitable for Various Useful Purposes, such
Brewing, Distilling, and Vinegar Making, or as Articles of Food,
and in Means or Apparatus to be employed therein, and for
like uses.
We, WILLIAM GARNER, Manager, and ALBERT EDWARD GARNER, Mill Stone
Builder, both of 1 Locksley Street Limebouse in the County of Middlesex, do
hereby declare the nature of this invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement:-
The invention relates to improvements in the treatment of grain or cereals, in
order to render them suitable for various useful purposes, such as brewing, distilling,
and vinegar making, or as articles of food, and in means or apparatus to be employed
therein, and for like uses.
In order to render rice or other grain or cereals suitable for brewing, distilling,
or vinegar making, or for some food purposes, it is necessary to convert or gelatinize
the starchy constituents thereof as is well understood, and various means have been
proposed to accomplish this end, but they are all more or less expensive and
defective from various causes, and the object of our present invention is to
accomplish the desired end in a simpler, more economical, and more efficient manner
than heretofore.
For this purpose we employ a grinding mill consisting of two mill stones arranged
vertically in relation to a horizontal shaft or axis, and each of these stones we
surround upon its periphery and outer end with a pan or casing, whilst in the end
of each pan or casing and around the periphery thereof, we employ a steam or
water jacket, into which we introduce steam at high pressure, or boiling water, in
order to heat the stones for the purpose hereinafter described.
One of these stones may be fixed, and the other may be caused to revolve, or
they may both be caused to revolve either in opposite directions, or both in the same
direction, but at differential speeds.
The grain or cereal to be treated, and from which the germ has been previously
removed in any suitable manner is submitted to any well known steaming operation,
preferably in a closed cylinder, and when it is sufficiently cooked or partially
converted, it is fed in between the stones, through the eye or centre of one of them,
one or both of the stones being caused to revolve at a high rate of speed, and when
feeding through a revolving stone, we mount the same upon a hollow shaft and
feed therethrough.
The steam or other heating medium is now cut off from the jackets, the stones
having been heated thereby to the required temperature, and which is now
maintained by the friction of the revolving stones upon the material between them,
the action of the stones reducing the material to the required consistency, and at
the same time by reason of the heat given off thereby, completely converting the
starchy constituents of such material.
The material, after being submitted to the treatment hereinbefore described, may
be afterwards further dried in any suitable drying apparatus.
And in order that the said invention may be more clearly understood and readily
carried into effect, we will proceed, aided by the accompanying drawings, more
fully to describe the same.

page_text: Figure 2 is a vertical transverse section thereof taken on the line 1-1 of
Figure 1, and
Figure 3 is an end elevation of part thereof.
In the several figures like parts are indicated by similar letters of reference.
a represents the base plate or foundation of the mill or apparatus, b represents a
standard secured to the base a by bolts b, c represents one half of a casing or
chamber enclosing the mill stones, and c* represents the other half thereof, the two
parts cc being secured to the base a by means of bolts c', so as to be capable of
being readily placed in position and separated or removed when required.
Each part c c* of the casing or chamber is axially perforated, and that part c is
coincident with such perforation furnished with a tubular extension c² constituting
a bearing, whilst the upper part of the standard is provided with a similar
bearing 62, and passing axially through the casing ce*, and mounted with capability
of revolution in the bearings 2 c2 is a horizontal shaft d which is driven through a
pulley fixed thereon from a steam engine, or other source of power.
Within that part c of the casing or chamber is arranged a pan or casing e formed
with a central tubular boss e' by means of which the pane is fixed with the shaft d,
and upon the boss e¹ is mounted and fixed a mill stone f, which is built up in sections
as represented by the dotted lines in Figure 2, and around this mill stone is shrunk
an iron band f' as is well understood.
The pan or casing e surrounds the stone falmost entirely around its periphery,
and upon its outer end and between the pan or casing e and the mill stone fis
provided a water and steam tight jacket e, and the stone fis further secured with
relation to the pan e, by cementing it at its end and around its periphery to the wall
of the jacket e².
The pan or casing e has fixed thereto a cock or valve e³, which communicates
with the jacket e², and that part c of the chamber provided with an opening
covered by a sliding door c³, by the aid of which when the pan e is in a given
position, access may be had to the cock or valve e³ when a hose or pipe may be
connected therewith, the cock e³ may be turned on, and steam under pressure or
boiling water may be introduced into the jacket e, after which the cock e³ may be
turned off, and the communication broken, and the door c3 again closed.
The other half c* of the chamber is furnished with similar parts to those herein-
before described, but in this case, the boss e' of the pan è is formed of larger
diameter than that hereinbefore referred to, in order to afford a clear way through
the eye of the stone f*, for the purpose hereinafter described, and the stone at that
part is recessed to receive the boss e', whilst upon the outer end of the pan e is
provided a tubular extension et which constitutes a hollow shaft and which is
mounted in the bearing formed by the extension c² of that part c* of the chamber,
and which is driven through a pulley e³ from the same source of power which drives
the shaft d.
By this arrangement of parts one of the stones ff* may if desired be fixed, and
the other may be caused to revolve or they may both be caused to revolve either
in opposite directions by simply crossing one of the driving bands giving motion to
one of the pulleys d' or e, or they may both be caused to revolve in the same
direction but at differential speeds, by employing the arrangement of parts
represented in the drawings, and arranging the driving bands accordingly.
In order to keep the stones ff* apart when they are running empty, or the feed
is stopped from any cause, and thus to avoid injury to the stones, one end of the
shaft d is reduced, and upon such reduced part is mounted a coiled spring d², whilst
over this coiled spring and upon the reduced part of the shaft is mounted a
perforated cap d³ which is furnished with perforated lugs d* to receive bolts d³ fixed
in the standard b, and upon the ends of which are screwed nuts d' whereby the
cap d³ is secured in position and the spring is more or less compressed according
to the force required to keep apart the stones ff* as hereinbefore described, whilst
the opposite end of the shaft d is fitted with a screw adjustment (not shown) as is

page_text: well understood in order to regulate the distance between the faces of the
stones ff*.
The grain or cereal to be treated, and which is generally broken grain, and from
which the germ has previously been removed in any suitable manner is submitted
to any well known steaming operation preferably in a closed cylinder, and when it
is by that means sufficiently cooked or its starchy constituents are partially con-
verted, it is fed by means or any automatic feed capable of regulation, and such as
a "shoe" feed, into a hopper g which terminates in a chamber g' located at the end
of the hollow shaft et, and the material is thus conducted into the hollow shaft e*,
and by means of a screw conveyer d' fixed to the shaft d and revolving within the
hollow shaft et is thereby carried forward through the hollow shaft e and the eye
of the stone, into position to be acted upon by both of the stones.
The steam or other heating medium, having been introduced into the jackets e²
in the manner hereinbefore described, is now cut off, the stones ff* having pre-
sumably been heated thereby to the required high temperature, and this temperature
is now maintained by the friction of the revolving stones upon the material between
them, one or both of such stones revolving at a high rate of speed, the action of
the stones reducing the material to the required consistency, and at the same time
by reason of the heat given off by the stones completely converting the starchy
constituents of such material.
The material passing through the stones ff* finds an exit from the chamber c c*
by the outlet e in a practically dry state, whence it may by means of any well
known conveyer, be conveyed away as finished material or carried to a suitable
drying apparatus where it may be further dried.
When employing water as the heating medium it will be advisable to draw off
the same from the jackets e² when the stones are sufficiently heated, and for this
purpose each pane is provided at its periphery with a cock e communicating with
the jacket, and which when the panse are turned into a given position comes into
alignment with an opening in the bottom of the chamber c c* normally closed by a
sliding cover 3 and which cock e may be opened by means of a suitable key
introduced through an opening in the end wall of the chamber c c* closed by a
sliding door c³ when the water contained within the jacket e will flow out through
the cock e and away by the corresponding opening in the chamber and which
is opened by drawing back the cover c³, and it will thence pass through a
corresponding opening a' provided in the base or foundation a, whence it may be
conducted away as desired, and in the same manner the water of condensation from
steam introduced into the jackets e² may be similarly removed.
We are aware that partially cooked or converted material has heretofore been
passed through revolving stones with a similar object to that we have in view, but
the result was far from satisfactory, inasmuch as the revolving stones never acquired
by simple friction sufficient heat to produce the required conversion of the material
under treatment whilst by our method hereinbefore described, we first heat the
stones to the required high degree to ensure perfect conversion of the material,
and this degree of heat is afterwards maintained by the friction of the revolving
stones.
Furthermore when the stones are not previously heated but the simple friction
consequent on running is relied upon to heat them, inasmuch as the stones cannot be
run empty there is necessarily a considerable waste of material passed through the
mill before the stones reach the highest degree of temperature obtainable in that
manner without danger of firing and which temperature as above pointed out
is insufficient for proper conversion.
Many processes have been suggested for the complete conversion of grain or
cereals, and such as steaming in closed vessels, but we have found in practice that
the simple steaming in a closed vessel is not reliable, as it does not efficiently act
upon every particle of grain, whereas, by the employment of a preliminary steaming
coupled with the subsequent process of reducing the material between previously

page_text: heated stones, we obtain the complete conversion of the starchy constituents of
the material under treatment, and thereby obtain a far better product than
heretofore.
It will be understood that the apparatus hereinbefore described, may be usefully
employed in the treatment of other grain or cereals than those hereinbefore
referred to.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of our said inven-
tion, and in what manner the same is to be performed, we declare that what we
claim is :-
1. In the treatment of grain or cereals, first partially cooking or converting the
material by any known process, and then completing such conversion by passing the
same through a vertical mill working at a high rate of speed in which the stones
have been previously heated to a high temperature by artificial means, substantially
as herein shown and described and for the purpose stated.
2. In the treatment of grain or cereals which have been previously partially
cooked, the employment of millstones, one or both of which travels or travel at a
high rate of speed, and which have been artificially heated to the required high
temperature substantially as herein shown and described, and for the purpose stated.
3. In an apparatus for the treatment of grain, the combination with two vertical
millstones one or both of which is or are adapted to travel at a high rate of speed,
of surrounding water or steam jackets substantially as herein shown and described
and for the purpose stated.
4. In an apparatus for the treatment of grain or cereals, the combination of two
vertical millstones mounted upon separate shafts with capability of differential
motion, a hollow shaft communicating with the eye of one stone, a feed screw
working therein, a pan fixed upon each shaft, a jacket between the pan and
the stone, and surrounding the stone, suitable ways for the admission and exhaustion
of water or steam to and from the jackets, and a casing for enclosing the principal
parts of the apparatus substantially as herein shown and described.
Dated this 2nd day of March 1893.
WHITE & WOODINGTON,
27, Southampton Buildings, London.