IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CON- STRUCTION OF DWELLING HOUSES AND OTHER BUILDINGS, INCLUDING FLOATING VESSELS, AND FOR THE ADAPTATION AND MANUFACTURE OF MATERIALS FOR SUCH USES
Year: 1851

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, GEORGE
TATE, of Bawtry, in the County of York, Gentleman, send greeting..
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at Westminster,
the Twenty-second day of May, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight
hundred and fifty-one, in the 14th year of Her reign, did give and grant unto
me, the said George Tate, my exors, adñors, and assigns, Her-especial license,
full power, and sole privilege and authority, that I, the said George Tate, iny
exors, admors, and assigns, and such others as I, the said George Tate, my
exors, admors, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from
time to time and at all times thereafter during, the term of years therein
mentioned, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within
that part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland called England,
Her Dominion of Wales, and Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, the Islands of
Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney, Sark, and Man, and also in all Her Majesty's
Colonies and Plantations abroad, my Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CON-
STRUCTION OF DWELLING HOUSES AND OTHER BUILDINGS, INCLUDING FLOATING VESSELS,
AND FOR THE ADAPTATION AND MANUFACTURE OF MATERIALS FOR SUCH USES;" in

page_text: which Letters Patent is contained a proviso, obliging me, the said George
Tate, to particularly describe and ascertain the nature of my said Invention,
and in what manner the same is to be performed, by an instrument in writing
under my hand and seal, to be enrolled in Her said Majesty's High Court of
Chancery within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of
the said in part recited Letters Patent, as, reference being thereto had, will
fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
George Tate, do hereby declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascer-
tained in and by the following instrument in writing (reference being had
to the letters and figures herein contained, and to the Drawings herein
referred to):
This Invention I divide into several parts; the first part refers to the con-
struction of dwelling houses, and chiefly to those of the humbler class; the
object being to afford the labouring classes cheaper and better accommodation
than heretofore.
This part consists in constructing houses and other buildings or parts
thereof by fitting together staves, or stave-like and other pieces of timber
or other suitable materials (secured together by hoops or other binders or
fasteners), "built of any suitable size and form, and fixed by any suitable
method practised by builders, either vertically or horizontally, at any height,
upon piles, sleepers, or frames, securely fastened in the ground. The joints
of the pieces or staves, when necessary, being bevilled as required, and wrought
either plane or rounded, and hollowed or dovetailed, or tongued, and grooved, or
glued up, or caulked, or merely drawn close together by the hoops or other
binders or fasteners. In the construction of buildings of greater height than
the length of the staves or picces employed, the horizontal jointings are
to be made to "break joint" with each other. Also, such houses or buildings
other so as to leave spaces, as
or parts thereof may be formed one within the
illustrated by the Drawing No. 2, Figures 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, and 15,' and
hereafter described. The external openings required, as for doors or windows,
to be made after the staves or pieces are fixed, and the door or window frames
to be then fitted in the usual way; and any ornament required may be added
by blocking out or other convenient method. Floors, roofs, and partitions for
the above or other buildings may be formed on the same principle as the other
or shell part of the building, that is, by tightly wedging up staves or pieces of
timber or other material of short lengths, according to the depth of the floor,

page_text: roof, or partition, in concentric rows, within an external hoop or other binder,
and running interstices solid with glue or other viscous and siccative matter,
mixed or not with earth or mineral matter, or by the other methods shewn by
Figure 4, Drawing No. 2, as hereafter described. The pieces may be dyed
or stained, or moulded, so as to form patterns, and be trennailed or fastened
together if necessary. The walls, whether internal or external, for the above
and other buildings may be ornamented by the crystals of salts being deposited
in the usual way on glass, and the same bedded and fastened to the said walls
by carefully applying glue or cement at the back thereof, or by any known
method of fastening surfaces of glass to walls or buildings. The same method
may be applied to decorate any other parts of buildings, such as floors, ceilings,
doors, jambs, linings, shutters, cornices, skirtings, columns, pilasters, windows,
may be formed in a similar manner, by fixing between two surfaces the
crystal substance deposited as aforesaid between two surfaces of glass secured
in the sashes thereof.
My improvements in the construction of buildings consist also in securing
doors and windows by means of angle and strut fastenings of security as here-
after described; also, in excluding the weather by combining fastenings with
elastic material, so as to close doors and windows tightly as hereafter described;
and for further exemplification of the first part of my said Invention I will
now refer to the said Drawings.
Drawing No. 1 exhibits a dwelling complete, constructed according to my
said Invention. Figure 1, an elevation; Figure 2, a vertical section; Figure 3,
ground plan; Figure 4, internal plan with rooms parted off, the dotted
line shewing a method of arranging the beds, &c.; Figure 5, a plan shewing
the application of the ordinary flooring. The above Figures shew also an
ordinary brick chimney stack, with fire-place, oven, copper, &c., having a
substantial foundation. The dwelling may be secured to the chimney by the
ordinary method practised by builders.
Drawing No. 2 exemplifies the details of construction of the buildings
shewn complete in Drawing No. 1. Figure 1 exhibits a ground plan;
Figure 2, an elevation thereof; Figure 3, a plan of a floor of peculiar con-
struction; Figure 4, a section thereof; Figure 5, plan of a circular roof,
constructed with circular purlins; Figure 6, section of same; Figure 7, section
of a bow roof, formed with bent boards fixed to a centre and to an internal
hoop; Figure 8, section of a roof with circular purlins and circular principals,
secured together as ordinarily practised by builders, and attached to an internal
hoop in any suitable manner used by builders. The houses exhibited are

page_text: built in a similar manner to tubs or barrels, that is, of staves or pieces
formed of any thickness or width to suit the size or the purpose intended,
and bound together with hoops or binders E, E, or other fasteners, and
caulked and bolted or secured to the building if necessary, the edges of each
stave or piece being tightly fitted together, and if necessary bevilled or
rounded and hollowed so as to fit close to each other. The hoops or fasteners
should be so arranged as not to interfere with the openings required, such as
doors and windows, and the staves or pieces and hoops may be painted or
otherwise preserved from decay. The building may rest upon and be firmly.
secured in any suitable manner known to builders, to piles (H) or sleepers
(H*, see Figures 9 and 10) firmly driven or secured in the ground, or in any
other convenient manner. Floors and partitions for this and other buildings,
including floating vessels, may be formed of brushwood, small tops of trees, or
of hay, straw, or other material wedged together within an iron hoop (E, E,
Figure 3), or any other suitable binder, and then, if necessary, saturated, or all
the interstices filled up solid with glue or cement or any other viscous and
siccative matter, or it may be formed in small frames and submitted to great
pressure, and when thoroughly dry, wedged up in the floor within the hoop or
binder (E, E, Figure 8.) The hoop or binder may be strengthened or
supported by cross ties of iron or any other suitable material, or floors may be
formed in the same way as above described, of wood or other suitable material,
cut or moulded into such forms as will fit each other; and each piece may be
stained or painted so that they may be arranged in patterns or figures, or the
figure may be formed of various naturally-colored woods, or the floors may be
wove with wires and reeds or poles in the same way, as ordinary strong basket
work, and fastened to the outer shell of the building, or to an inner hoop or
binder F, which is to be afterwards fixed to the outer shell of the building
roofs, for this and other buildings may be formed in the ordinary way, or with
two or more principals (B) by bending boards, as shewn at C, C, Figure 8,
upon which the circular purlins (A, Figures 5, 6, and 8) or a hoop should be
fixed in any suitable manner known to builders to carry common rafters and
coverings, or the roof may be formed entirely by bending boards as proposed
for the principals, the boards being bent and fastened in the usual manner
known to builders to the centre piece D¹ and to an internal hoop D, and then
coated with tar or pitch and broken shells or sand, or any other covering.
Straw, hay, or grass may be plaited (green or otherwise) and saturated with
anti-putrescent material, and then laid and fixed on laths or light battens
lapping each time of passing round, and afterwards coated with any repellent

page_text: of wet. In said Drawing No. 2, Figure 9, is a plan of a building composed
of two or more shells disposed one within the other; Figure 10, elevation;
Figure 11, plan of modified form thereof; Figure 12, vertical section, shewing
how vent is given to the air flues formed by the above means. To construct
houses and other buildings of one or more shells or barrels one within the
other, with a space between each, the chamber between each barrel may be
divided into separate flues by radiating pieces perforated, and some of which
are denoted by N, N, at Figure 11), being placed between each pair of staves
or pieces; the air chambers to be made available for ventilating and regu-
lating the heat of the rooms by valves of the ordinary kind at the top and
bottom of each room. In said Drawing No. 2, Figure 13, plan of a rectan-
gular building; Figure 14, plan of another rectangular building composed of
several shells one within the other; Figure 15, plan of a rectangular building
of peculiar construction; Figure 16, plan of an oval-shaped building; houses
or other buildings may be constructed as exhibited at Figure 13, with staves or
pieces of wood, metal, bricks, tiles, or any other suitable material, in a rectangular
as well as in a circular form, by first framing a pair of floors, or a floor and
a ceiling together at the required distance apart, and then fixing the staves or
materials around the same by means of hoops, binders, or other fasteners, or
they may be temporarily fixed around a temporary frame until securely wedged
up and bound together.. And such houses may be formed one within the
other, as at Figure 14, like the circular houses before described, or as at
Figure 15; the staves or pieces being first formed into boxes may then be put
and bound together by hoops or other fasteners; the boxes may be perforated
or not, and the connecting pieces between the outer and inner stave may be of
metal, perforated or not, or of any other suitable material; or, as at Figure 16,
an oval-shaped barrel building may be formed which may have one shell within
the other, like the circular and square buildings as before described. Buildings
constructed in this manner may be ornamented internally or externally by
crystals of salts, protected by glass from the atmosphere, or by other orna-
mentál materials, some of which are herein-after described.
Drawing No. 3: Figure 1 is a back elevation of a door, with angle and
strut fastenings belonging to the buildings described, intended also for other
buildings; Figure 2, a transverse vertical section; and Figure 3, a horizontal
section thereof. In the said Figures, A denotes the door, secured to the back
of which are two plates or pieces B, B, between which is a centre plate B*;
C, four angle pieces at each angle of the door, which turn on their centres at
C; D, staples or grooves into which the ends of the arms of the said angle

page_text: pieces fit and are secured; on the centre of each of the four angle pieces there
is a pulley, and over each such pulley passes an endless cord, which is crossed
and carried round one of the other two pullies E, the axis of which works in the
dovetail grooves b formed in piece B. The pulleys E have each of them three
grooves on their peripheries, two to receive the aforesaid endless cords, and
the third to receive an elastic cord F*, which is passed over and secured to
the button F¹ formed at the top of the plate G, such elastic cord being after-
wards passed and secured to a similar button H, which is formed on a sliding
ratchet piece working in a corresponding ratchet groove formed in the plate
H*, in same manner as the ratchet pullies used for the cords of window blinds.
F is a groove in the centre plate B*, wherein the sliding piece formed at back
of the lower part of the button F' works; H2 is a loop to receive the said
button. The * denotes the hinge by which the strut is secured to the
sliding piece belonging to the button F¹. The centre plate B* has two
notches at each side of the slide. plate, into which the head of the strut
K is pushed when the door is closed, as shewn in the Drawing. This door
is shewn by the Drawings as closed and secured, and when it is to be
opened the strut is to be drawn flat against the door, and upon hooking the
button F¹ into the loop H' it will rest securely against the back of the door,
and will open therewith. Upon drawing up the strut as the button F¹ rises,
the elastic cord will be caused to act on the pulleys E, drawing them into
their slides towards the centre and acting on all the pullies (C), so as to turn
their anglo pieces into the position shewn by the dotted lines. The back of
the door may have a suitable cover applied for the protection of the cords, as
shewn in Figures 2 and 3.
In Drawing No. 4, Figure 4 exhibits an elevation of another angle fasten-
ing for doors belonging to my said buildings, but intended also for other
buildings. In said Figure, a denotes the door; b, two bars which turn on
their centres at c, on which there are pulleys, over both which passes an
endless cord; d are staples or grooves projecting from the jambs or sides of
the doorway; the grooves on one side allow the ends of the bars 6 to drop
into them and on the other permit them to be pushed into them; g, four
smaller pullies fixed on angle fastenings such as those shewn at Figures 1,
2, 3, of said Drawing No. 3, placed at each corner of the door; and i, grooves
for receiving the arms of these angle fastenings. When the door is secured,
it appears as shewn by the Drawing, the bars and angle fastenings being
kept from moving out of the staples or grooves by a pin e and chain e¹
fastening attached to the door post. When the door is to remain open the

page_text: bars 6 are to be turned into the positions shewn by the dotted lines nearest to
them, and at the same time the endless cords communicating with the pulley
of the angle fastening will be so acted on as to turn them into the positions
as shewn by the dotted lines close to them.
In said Drawing No. 4, Figure 5 shews a horizontal section of a method
of constructing and disposing the window shutters belonging to my said
buildings, intended also for other buildings; Figure 6 an elevation, and
Figure 7 a vertical section thereof. In said Figures, I denotes the window
frame, which being of the bag form requires both front and side shutters;
K, the front shutters, which are formed and hinged together so as to lay flat
one on the other in the box or window seat, and beneath them; the side
shutters L, L, are disposed in a similar manner. To the top front shutter
cords or chains M* are attached, which pass over pulleys N fixed at the top
of the window, and have a balance weight O depending therefrom to assist
the rising of the shutter and to keep the shutters in any available position
required. The tops of the side shutters have also similar cords or chains M
attached, passing over pullies N provided with balance weights O for the same
purposes as above described. P shews by dotted lines an ordinary flap
shutter to be used instead of the side shutters just described hung at the
angle *, so as to shut the side window and press its edge against the back of
the front shutters when the window is shut. To make all fast, a strut or bar
may be fixed from the back of one side shutter to the other, or any other con-
venient strut will answer the purpose, or a screw, such as Q, may be used to
fasten the side shutter. It is evident that when the strut or screw is applied,
that the front and side shutters will be locked and secured together by
reason of the angles thereof abutting on each other, and of the front shutter
not being able to be opened till the side shutters are out of the way.
Drawing No. 5, at Figure 1, shews an elevation of the improved window
frame belonging to my said buildings, intended also for other buildings;
› Figure 2, a horizontal section; Figure 3, a vertical section; Figure 4, a trans-
verse vertical section; Figure 5, longitudinal section through moveable sash
box; Figure 6, a partial horizontal section enlarged; and Figure 7, elevation
of a modified form of above. A denotes a window frame, the sill of which is
constructed to receive an iron bar B, to which is connected at each end an
5 upright screw b, intended to be of the ordinary form within the said frame.
At each side of the window is an adjustable jamb which is loosely fitted into
the frame at top, and consists of two parts, each formed as three sides of
a rectangular figure, the hollow portion of the one part facing the other part,

page_text: and the one part being so much less in width as to fit and slide in the other,
is fitted into it with the spring of elastic material D placed between them
(see Figure 6), and each such jamb is free to move backwards and forward:
bodily at the lower end thereof. To the back of each of these jambs at the
lower part thereof is connected a screw c intended to be of the ordinary form.
E represents thumb screws threaded to correspond with the said screws b
and c, across which they work. a, the sashes of the window, the edges of
which are formed with grooves having elastic material C* within them to
effectually keep out the weather; E* is a moveable bead at the bottom of
the frame, fixed to the sill by pins; and G is a bead hinged to the frame.
By the above arrangement it will be seen that sash lines, weights, and pullies
are dispensed with. By the removal of the bead G, which is not as usual
mitred with Ex, but abuts against it, the bead G may be thrown up on a
hinge, and thus the sash may be removed for cleaning the windows. In
consequence of the above construction the two parts of the window sash can
shut down one upon the other, instead of shutting together parallel with each
other, as is usual. To open or shut this window it is necessary to turn the
thumb screws, which acting on the other screws relieves or increases, as the
case may be, the pressure from or on the elastic material, and the upper or
lower sash being then pushed forwards the window can then be raised or
lowered to any height required. Thus, if the window is to be only opened
a little, the elastic spring will present only sufficient resistance not to allow
the sash to descend below the place required. To fasten the window it will
only be necessary to act on the screws so as to increase the pressure on the
elastic spring, and press the piece or jamb tightly against the edge of the
window sash. The iron bar will by the same action of the screws be pressed
tightly against the bottom of the sash.
Figure 7, an elevation of an arrangement for a door or window, which
consists in a modification of the foregoing, having a frame which does not
absolutely require any spring or elastic material to ensure its working,
although the edges of the door or of the window sash should be provided
with elastic material, as, before described, for the collapsible frame to shut
upon. This frame is formed of solid pieces with loose rivets at the top
corners, and has, the same arrangement as before described. The details of
the improvements before described may be varied according to the peculiar
circumstances of the case without departing from my Invention.
And I hereby declare that I claim as of my Invention, in respect of the
improvements above described, as follows:--

page_text: First, I claim the constructing dwelling houses with staves or pieces of
timber or other suitable material fitted together and bound by hoops or
similar binders, whether the shells of such houses be constructed singly or
conjoined one within the other with spaces between, as above described.
Secondly, I claim the constructing floors, roofs, and partitions by wedging
up pieces of wood or other material in concentric rows one within another
surrounded by an external hoop, binder, or fastener as above described, and
filling the interstices with glue or other viscous and siccative matter.
Thirdly, I claim the combining doors and window frames with a collapsible
fastening constructed and arranged as above described.
Fourthly, I claim the constructing doors and shutters with angle and strut
fastenings combined and arranged as above described.
The second part of my said Invention has reference to buildings in which
waterclosets, cesspools, drains, water pipes, and sewers are employed. The
waterclosets are constructed so. that by drawing the handle thereof, or other-
wise, suitable machinery hereafter described shall be set in motion, by which
the entrance of any choking matter into the pipe is avoided. The cesspools,
drains, water pipes, and sewers are constructed in the same manner as
described for houses, namely, by combining staves and pieces of timber, or
other suitable material together, and binding them together with hoops. And
in further exemplification of this second part of my said Invention, I will now
refer to the said Drawings.
Drawing No. 6, at Figure 1, exhibits a vertical section of a watercloset
belonging to the said buildings, intended also for other buildings. In said
Figure, A denotes the seat of the ordinary character, beneath which is the pan
B, and alongside thereof the casing of the force pump E. At the bottom of
the pan B is a pipe C communicating with the bottom of the said force pump,
whereby the same is rendered eligible for the purposes of carrying away the
soil from the said pan. F, cap of force pump through which passes a piston
rod F, working through a packing composed of leather or other suitable
material G, pressed tightly against the said piston rod by the water from the
force pump flowing up the tubes H, H, into the annular chamber I, I, formed
in the cap of the force pump. The piston K is attached to the end of the
said piston rod, and to its bottom is attached a leather bucket L. M is the
feed pipe from the cistern or main, having a hinged valve M* opening out
into the force pump, and N the discharge pipe communicating between the
upper part of the force pump and the top of the pan B. The piston rod is to
be so connected in any known manner with the watercloset door as that it

page_text: shall be actuated by the opening and shutting thereof, balance weights being
used to assist it, though it may be actuated in any convenient manner so that
the piston rod being drawn up the piston shall follow it, and collapse the:
bucket, causing the valve of the feed pipe to close and the water to be forced
through the discharge pipe N into the pan B. In order that the above action,
which not only forces the water into the pan but exhausts the air from beneath
the piston and bucket, may effect the purposes required, the space within the
casing E is divided into two parts by the partition 1. The waste pipe W to
the sewer or drain, descending from the one, whilst the other, that is, the
chamber D, is provided with a valve opening upwards, connected at the mouth
of the pipe C, and is opened by the exhausting of the said chamber D, whereby
the said pipe is also exhausted and a communication is established with the
bottom of the pan, so that the pan may by these means be operated on as
required. In order to facilitate the removal of the soil and prevent any
choking of the pipe a screw may be employed. For this purpose there may
be placed near the mouth of the pipe C at the bottom of the pan a metal
frame Q, with a centre for the lower part of the upright spindle P to turn in,
and on this spindle there may be a disc R set with cutters, and also a screw
S of an ordinary kind provided with cutters. To receive the said screw an
inner pan T, T, is provided, which is interiorily of the funnel-shaped form
there shewn, having fixed at top the metal frame U with a centre for the
upper bearing of spindle. The action of the piston as above described will
cause the revolution of the screw and disc, and the matter in the pan will be
sucked down through the screw, and during its progress will be torn or cut to
pieces, and afterwards drawn through the pipe into the chamber D and over
the partition, and thence fall down the discharge pipe W into the sewer or
drain.
Drawing No. 7 illustrates the construction of a cesspool according to my
Invention, such cesspool so constructed being particularly adapted for mixing
the soil with dust, and carrying away the same from buildings. Figure 1, a
vertical section; Figure 2, a plan, at which A denotes a wall or support; B, a
beam or girder; C, a whim shaft turning on pivots at top and bottom thereof;
D, sole plate for the shaft, and having a bearing for the bottom pivot to work in,
the top pivot turning in a similar bearing formed in the top beam or girder B;
E, E, strutts or supports at each end thereof, and supporting the cross beam or
girder F. The beam or girder B is continued over the top of a building.
constructed in a similar manner to that described under part first, G being
the outer shell, and I the inner shell, which is not carried right down to the

page_text: bottom, but is supported at a certain distance therefrom, the space between.
them forming an annular chamber for the purpose hereafter described. The.
inside of the lower part of this inner shell is funnel shaped at K, having a
screw L of an ordinary form fixed upon a vertical shaft P carried from the
bottom of the building, where it turns on a bearing formed to receive it to
the top of the building, where it turns in a bearing in the beam B. M denotes
the sewers which are carried through the outer shell G across the annular,
chamber between it and the shell H into the latter; N, shoot to receive the
ashes for mixing with the soil; O, shoot for loading carts, &c.; the inner shell
H has a top or roof H*, through which passes the screw shaft P, where it has
a rigger R, round which passes an endless driving band, which proceeds from
the larger rigger S attached to the whim shaft C before described; by the rota-,
tion thereof rotary motion is given to the screw L, whereby the soil and ashes
mixed together are forced up the annular chamber through the shoots U, to
be returned to the annular chamber to be more intimately mixed, which
being done the valves O' are to be dropped down through the guides V,
when the soil, &c., will discharge itself by the shoot O, having no other vent.
In said Drawing No. 7, Figure 3 is a vertical section of a sewer, water
pipe, or drain, formed in manner described in part first with reference
to houses. Figure 4, elevation of sewers, water pipes, or drains, shewing
how the joint is formed; Figure 5, a longitudinal section. By reference to
these Figures the construction of the said drain, water pipe, or sewer (which
may be corrugated if required), will be readily understood after what
has been stated under the first part hereof. The dimensions of the
arrangement above described may be adapted and other variations made
according to the circumstances of the case.
And I hereby declare that I claim as of my Invention, in respect of the
improvements described in this second part.
First, the constructing waterclosets in such manner as that the soil shall
be withdrawn and choking prevented by apparatus adapted and arranged as
above described.
Secondly, I claim the constructing cesspools by means of staves and pieces
of timber or other suitable material combined as above described, and adapted
for apparatus which will facilitate the mixing and removing of the soil.
Thirdly, I claim the constructing sewers, drains, and pipes for the con-
veyance of fluids by means of staves and pieces of timber or other suitable,
material combined as above described.
In constructing buildings I employ certain known viscous and siccative

page_text: matters, either alone or mixed with lime and earthy mineral, or vegetable or
animal matter. The rendering, floating, and setting walls, partitions, floors, and
ceilings (as well understood by plasterers) may be effected with sawdust,
bones, leaves, husks, filings, dried, ground, and mixed with drying oils, glue,
or marine glue or paste; also solid or hollow walls, floors, and roofs may be
formed of such compounds, and bricks, tiles, and pipes may be coated on one
or more sides with such compounds, and rendered adhesive by the application
of heat or moisture; also various vegetable, fishy, and animal substances
may be reduced by the process of tearing, cutting, sawing, grinding, boiling,
steaming, digesting, baking, or macerating, or one or more of these processes,
to a powder, gluten, or mucillage, and mixed (either in open or closed vessels,
or in suitable buildings kept at a proper heat, as may be required) with
vegetable, animal, or mineral glue, and marine glue or paste, and forced into
moulds and kept there until dry and hard, and then used either whole, or cut,
or sawn into various forms and scantlings for use.
The third part of my Invention relates to the preparation of timber for the
above and other purposes, by forming an insoluble precipitate within the pores
of the wood, either a carbonate or bydrated oxide, an arsenite or arseniate.
The wood or other substance in a perfectly dry state is placed in suitable
receivers or chambers, which are then to be exhausted by any known means,
when it is to be treated in either of the following methods, viz., No. 1, an
aqueous solution of carbonate of lime (prepared by passing carbonic acid
through lime water until the precipitate of carbonate of lime which is at first
formed is redissolved) is let into the exhausted chambers or receivers with or
without pressure, and allowed to saturate the timber; heat is then applied,
which drives off part of the carbonic acid, leaving a precipitate of carbonate of
lime, or the aqueous solution of carbonate of lime after saturating the wood
is drawn off, and either lime water or baryta water introduced under pressure.
The lime water or baryta water entering the pores of the wood already
saturated with a solution of carbonate of lime (the carbonate of lime being
held in solution by the presence of carbonic acid, or, according to the opinion
of some chemists, as bicarbonate of lime) takes up part of the carbonic acid,
producing, if lime water is used, a precipitate of carbonate of lime, and if
baryta water, a precipitate of carbonate of baryta and carbonate of lime. To
prepare the lime water, one pound of slacked lime is to be dissolved in about
one hundred gallons of soft water; if hard water is used the quantity dissolved
will vary according to the amount of lime, &c., which the hard water already
holds in solution. The carbonic acid is to be generated by any known means,

page_text: such as adding muriatic acid to marble, chalk, &c., by adding sulphuric acid to
carbonate of soda, &c., &c., in close vessels connected by pipes or tubes with
the tanks or chambers in which the lime water has been prepared, these pipes
or tubes to pass into the water and to open a few inches above the bottom of
the tanks, so as to allow the carbonic acid to rise in bubbles through the
lime water. The carbonic acid is to be passed in this way until the pre-
cipitate or milkiness first formed is redissolved; baryta water is made in the
same way as lime water. The tanks may be either opened or closed, and
the solution passed from. thence into the chambers charged with the timber
No. 2; or the timber after being dried and placed in the exhausting chambers
and exhausted may be saturated with aqueous solutions of the soluble salts of
any of the following earths and metals,-lime, baryta, magnesia, alumina,
chromium, manganese, iron, copper, bismuth, zinc, lead, tin, mercury, and
antimony, one pound of the salt to be dissolved in from two to ten gallons of
water, or more, varying according to its solubility or other circumstances.
The solutions after having saturated the wood are to be removed from the
receivers or chambers and an aqueous solution of either of the alkalies or
alkaline carbonates, namely, potassa, soda, ammonia, carbonate of potassa,
carbonate of soda, carbonate of ammonia, chosen according to the nature of
the salt first injected, and according to the precipitate to be formed, is then
added, thus by decomposition precipitating the earths or metals from the
solutions of their salts as hydrated oxides or as carbonates. The quantity of
alkali or alkaline carbonate to be dissolved depends upon the strength of the
solution of the salt of the earth or metal with which the wood is first saturated,
No. 3; or the timber may be saturated with solutions of arsenious acid or
arsenic acid or their soluble salts, the superfluous liquid drawn off, and lime
water forced in, thus forming by combination or decomposition within the
pores of the wood, arsenite of lime or arseniate of lime. Instead of lime
water, solutions of sulphate of copper or of sulphate of iron may be used,
forming arsenite or arseniate of copper or of iron; the solutions to be made
with water, the quantity of substance used depending upon its-solubility.
Having now described the method of preparing timber, I wish it to be
understood that I do not claim the use of lime except in the combinations
above described; and I hereby declare that I claim as my Invention the
preserving timber by a carbonate of lime, carbonate of baryta; hydrated oxide,
an arsenite or arseniate precipitated in the pores of the wood, as above
described.
The fourth part of my said Invention' relates to improved modes of con-
structing bridges, beams, and girders. These improvements consist, firstly, in

page_text: attaching to the chains of suspension bridges bars, ribs, or struts for preventing
their vibration.
Secondly, in constructing the suspension chains so that they may become
rigid in themselves, or more nearly so than heretofore, by preventing the
ordinary action allowed at the parts where they are linked or jointed together.
And, thirdly, in applying what I call holding down or steadying chains to
render the roadway or other parts rigid by means of struts between them and
the said parts, or by tension rods.
In Drawing No. 8, the elevation, Figure 1, exemplifies the first and third
of these improvements; A, A, are cast-iron abutting ribs, fixed either to one
chain B, as shewn on the left-hand side of the Figure, or between two chains
as shewn on the right hand; C, C, are the holding-down chains, the ends of
which are fixed to the piers; and D, D, (some only of which are marked)
are struts placed between them and the roadway E, which is thus held down
securely and prevented from rising, while its weight is supported by tension
rods from the chains B. The elevation, Figure 2, shews a bridge constructed
with wood or metal struts D* or framing between two chains of varying
curves, either circular, catenarian, or otherwise, and the other parts as
in Figure 1. Figure 3 shews a holding-down chain F applied over a
wood or metal frame G, between it and the suspension chains. The
Figure 4 exemplifies the second improvement, and shews a suspension bridge
having suspension chains H constructed in the manner represented by the
Figures 5, 6, and 6*, which shew a portion of the chain in side elevation,
plan, and transverse section. A number of simple chains are suspended
closely side by side of each other, and disposed so that they may break joint
or bond with each other. The connecting links at the joints prevent their
being quite in contact at other parts, but I fill up the spaces with flat bars
of the shape w, x, y, z, which I fix and rivet together as shewn, and thus
construct a compound rigid chain. I employ holding-down chains, as before,
or when convenient they may be fixed underneath the roadway, as shewn by
the red dotted lines (in the Figure 4), in which case I elongate the tension
rods and connect them to it. Chains similar to the holding-down chains
may be used in pairs curved in opposite directions to steady bridges laterally,
either with struts or tension rods.
Another improvement consists in constructing arched girders for bridges
and other purposes of a series of pipes or tubes or hollow cylindrical
ribs curved to the desired radius of the arch, and jointed end to end
against each other. In sd Drawing No. 8, Figure 7 is a simple or
single cylinder-arched girder bridge, constructed as aforesaid; Figure 8,

page_text: a transverse vertical section of the same. The cylindrical ribs are
marked N, and are jointed or connected together as hereafter described.
Figures 9 and 10 are similar views of a compound or double cylinder-arched
girder, with diagonal struts applied both longitudinally and transversely.
Figure 11, a transverse sectional elevation at one of the joints. Figure 12, a
horizontal section, shewing both the outer and inner arches, taken at a joint
in each respectively. The cylindrical ribs N are furnished with convex
spherical caps P which fit into concave spherical shoes O; at the joints are
longitudinal rods Q which pass through the cylinders, caps, and shoes, and
are jointed or connected therewith by the transverse bolts or ties R, which
pass thro' the cylindrical ribs and the longitudinal tie rods as before described,.
and through the cylindrical struts R* (Figure 11); S and T are longitudinal
and transverse frames or struts between the several cylindrical ribs. These
may be constructed of wood or of iron, as also the cylindrical ribs, or of
wood and iron combined, so as to form a tube, bound round with hoops or
other binders or fastenings, in the manner already described under the first
part of my Invention. The several cylindrical ribs may be placed together
without centering, if desired, by employing temporary rigid chains of the
construction herein-before described (see Fig. 4). And such chains may be
also used for constructing various kinds of bridges and arch constructions.
Another improvement consists in a peculiar mode of constructing beams and
girders. Figure 13 exempifies the method of constructing a girder or beam
by placing between two or more top and bottom tie bars U, connected by
radiating tie plates, wood or blocks of a compound and light material. The
compound material which I prefer consists of hay, straw, and brushwood,
combined with glue or other adhesive mixture. The details of the several
parts must be varied and adapted according to the dimensions of the bridges,
beams, or girders to be constructed.
And I hereby declare that I claim as of my Invention, in respect of the
improvements in bridges, beams, or girders, herein-before described,-
First, I claim the constructing suspension bridges with chains made rigid
by means of the several combinations and arrangements above described in
reference to Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 6*, in No. 8 of the accompanying
Drawings.
Secondly, I claim the constructing arch girders for bridges, as above
described in reference to Figures 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12, of said No. 8 of the
accompanying Drawings.
.
Thirdly, I claim the constructing bridges with staves or pieces of timber or

page_text: other suitable material, combined and bound together as above described in
the first part of this Specification.
Fourthly, I claim a beam or girder constructed as above described in
reference to Figure 13 of said No. 8 of the accompanying Drawings.
The fifth part of my Invention consists in adapting air and water tight
materials for collapsible vessels suited for constructing buildings to be used
for temporary and military purposes. I construct single columns divided by
several partitions, which may be filled with air, water, or gas, and held by
stays or ropes in the position required for the temporary purpose, or three or
more columns may be placed a little distance apart, but connected by a plat-
form and connecting tube, and each column divided by discs into a series of
separate compartments to open out like a pair of bellows communicating with
each other by a stop-cock, the head of which is outside the column, so that
connection can be cut off as soon as filled. Ropes or stays are to be secured
at the top of each column, and wherever necessary, according to height, and
passed through snatch blocks or pulleys firmly secured to the ground, or in
any other efficient manner. These columns may be used for bridges for
temporary and military purposes, and instead of being provided with stop-cocks
as before described, they may be made with a main pipe running through the
centre of the discs from top to bottom, always kept charged, while in use, by
an engine, still having each cell or compartment distinct from the other, so
that in case of accident to any one cell none of the others will be affected.
The inflated column may be put on the water and forced across by the force
of the inflation, and fastened to boards so as to form a gangway; such column
may also be applied to several other purposes, such as the buoyant rollers
hereafter described in regard to floating vessels.
I am aware that bags of air-tight material have been employed for
various purposes when filled with air, water, or gas; I do not therefore claim
the use of vessels so inflated; but what I claim is, the adaptation of divided
columns for temporary purposes and the construction of buildings on land or
water as above described.
The sixth part of my Invention relates to the adaptation and manufacture of
materials to be employed in buildings. The improvement consists in perfo-
rating bricks, tiles, and such like articles in opposite directions, that is, trans-
versely as well as longitudinally. In Drawing No. 9, a brick perforated in
this manner is exhibited by Figure 5 (a longitudinal vertical section); the
longitudinal perforation being marked 1, and the transverse perforations
marked 2, 3, 4, 5. These are shewn at right angles, but it is obvious they

page_text: may be made at any convenient angle and in greater or less number than four.
Also in making channels, flues, orifices, and pipes in walls and rooms for circu-
lating hot or cold air, and the promotion of such circulation in my said dwelling
houses and other buildings, including floating vessels. This consists in perfo-
rating walls with channels or orifices, or making orifices in a plate and
attaching pipes thereto, to the outer ends of which must be attached in an air-
tight manner flexible pipes or diaphragms of light materials, and hanging there-
from, so as to allow the escape of the vitiated air from dwelling houses or
other buildings, but prevent the entrance of sharp currents by reason of the
wind having a tendency to collapse and close the flexible tubes flat against the
wall instead of distending and entering them.
Another improvement consists in manufacturing tiles, pipes, tubes, and
bricks either solid or perforated, by centrifugal action, forcing the same into
moulds or through patterns or moulds. An exemplification of this manufac-
ture of building materials is shewn in the annexed Drawings. In said Drawing
No. 9, Figure 1 is sectional elevation of the horizontal machine for the above
purposes; Figure 2, top plan thereof; Figure 3, sectional elevation of the
vertical machine for the above purposes; Figure 4, transverse vertical section
thereof. Attached to suitable framework marked A*, Figs. 1 and 2, is a
centre upright shaft (with pivot) C working on a sole plate C*, and also
having a bearing on the top framing C². This shaft C carries a disc or table
B, around which are arranged the mould cases A, which are mounted on
wheels to facilitate transport, and the clay or plastic material properly prepared
as usual, being supplied from a stage erected close to it and deposited in the
hopper D*, which is fixed to the framing A* and does not revolve; the whole
or only the centre table B is set in rapid motion by a strap or band passing
round the drum D fixed to the centre shaft C, and by the centrifugal action the
clay will be forced into the moulds, they being arranged with their mouths down-
wards or inwards, and in the first case with a clear passage at the bottom of the
mould case, and the mould cases being open towards the table, vent holes for the
air being provided at the extremity of each mould and mould case, the clay having
been previously well worked by the action of the screw or blades set on the shaft C.
When the whole system (of disc and moulds) travels together the mould frame
travels on the wheels E, attached from their axles to the under side of the
mould frame F, a circular railway being provided for the wheels to travel on.
When all the moulds in the cases are filled the motion must be stopped, the
moulds removed, and when replaced with empty ones the same operation can
be repeated. In order to load the machine with empty moulds and unload the

page_text: full moulds the frame must be brought opposite the loading place by means of
a rack formed around the edge of the mould frame, acted on by a pinion
worked by a suitable handle attached to the main framing of the machine.
Instead of the foregoing the following arrangement may be adopted, which
differs only from the foregoing as herein-after stated. In said Drawing No. 9,
Figure 3 a sectional elevation, and Figure 4 a transverse vertical section.
To the structure A* is attached a circular casing suspended on a suitable axis,
such casing being divided into an outer annular chamber A, parted off by the
mould framings in a radiating manner, sufficient space being reserved to admit
the mould cases before described, and thus such casing has an inner circular
chamber A through which passes the axis A². And such machine is charged
as before described at the hopper D, whence the clay or plastic material is
worked by the screw in the hollow axle b, whence it passes by orifices therein
into the chamber A', and is finally carried into the mould cases by the centri-
fugal action.
=
Another of the improvements comprehended under this part of my Invention
relates to the manufacture of corrugated bricks, tiles, or slabs, moulded and
ornamented, and faced and glared in manner hereafter described, to be fitted
to each other so as to be adapted for ornamenting buildings in an enconomical
manner. The clay of which the basis of the bricks, tiles, or slabs is to be com-
posed is selected according to the locality in which the manufacture is to be
carried on, preference being given to that description of clay which is the most
conveniently worked, the cheapest, and the hardest, and the most durable after
burning, and not liable to fusion during the after process. The clay after
being broken down and prepared in the ordinary way by being subjected to the
action of machinery well known and in general use, combined or not with
breeze or any other suitable material, is moulded by machinery or hand into
bricks, or blocks, or tiles, or slabs of the required form or size. I prefer that
the bricks or blocks should be made hollow for the sake of lightness and
economy of material; the tiles or slabs are corrugated on the back surfaces
in order to enable them to obtain a firm hold of the mortar, by means of which
they are attached to the faces of walls, &c., or they may be made with pro-
jections at the back to admit of their bonding; the external surfaces of the
bricks, blocks, tiles, or slabs may also have the form or configuration of archi-
tectural ornaments or of portions of architectural ornaments, such as mould-
ings, pediments, columns, pillars, pilasters, capitals, balustrades, terminals, &c.,
given to them by means of suitable moulds. And in such ornaments, where
undercutting is required to be omitated, the capital of a Corinthian column

page_text: (for instance), I mould what I term the body of the capital, and perfect my
pieces separately, and subsequently unite them when they have been sufficiently
dried, by means of a thin paste known in the trade as "slip," taking care to
smooth the seams off with a wet sponge. When the bricks, blocks, tiles, or
slabs come from the moulders' hands they are put aside to dry and stiffen, after
which the intended external surfaces are dressed and sponged and coated
with china or potter's clay, which may be applied in a state of powder by
The articles
rubbing it into the surface, or in any other convenient manner.
are now ready for firing, which may be effected in the usual kilns or muffles;
when this is achieved, the fire is gradually slackened, and the bricks, .blocks,
tiles, slabs, &c., cooled down; they are next removed, and the design in colors
applied by printing, or by any of the modes employed by potters or porcelain
manufacturers. The ornamental surfaces are subsequently glazed by immersion
in or by brushing them over with glaze, and again subjected to the firing pro-
cess. The tiles or slabs may be made with bevilled edges and with projecting
pieces instead of corrugations at the back when they are to be built up with
the structure. By the manufacture of building materials just described, bricks,
blocks, slabs, or tiles composed of brick earth, moulded with flat or curved
exterior surfaces, or with surfaces in basso or alto relievo, or formed into any
ornamental architectural shape or configuration, may be faced with a finer
kind of clay or porcelain earth, which is capable of being printed on or painted
or otherwise colored in imitation of expensive building stones, marbles, ser-
pentine, porphery, granite, lapis lazuli, or other costly material, so as to be
adapted for the external facing and ornamenting of buildings.
Another improvement consists in the preparing pieces of metal suited for
decorating buildings. The required architectural decoration, as a pilaster,
frieze, capital, or portion thereof, is formed in iron or other suitable metal;
such pieces of metal are cleansed by immersion in dilute solution of munatie
and then glazed on one side with a body glaze of the required colour, and
may be ornamented with designs of various characters, and then enamelled in
the usual manner. By pieces of metal so prepared and affixed to buildings
the appearance of a surface of rare and expensive materials may be produced
in a cheap and economical manner.
Having now described this part of my said Invention, and in what manner
the same is to be performed, I wish it to be understood that I claim,―
.
First, the manufacture of bricks and tiles perforated transversely as well as
longitudinally, as above described.
Secondly, I claim the manufacturing bricks, pipes, and tiles by centrifugal
action, as above described.

page_text: Thirdly, I claim the manufacture of bricks, tiles, and slabs of brick earth
moulded to the required form and configuration, and faced with clay of a finer
description, or porcelain painted or otherwise ornamented and glazed, and the
adaptation thereof to ornamental decoration, as above described.
Fourthly, I claim the manufacture of pieces of metal of suitable forms,
glazed, coloured, and enamelled, and the adaptation thereof to the ornamental
decoration of buildings, as above described.
Fifthly, I claim the adaptation of channels, flues, orifices, pipes, or dia-
phragms to buildings, in the manner and for the purposes above described.
The seventh part of my Invention consists in constructing floating vessels
in a similar manner to houses and other buildings, as set forth in part first,
and afterwards blocking out, in any ordinary way, with timber or other
material, to the required form, and adding thereto the keel and other necessary
parts. Instead of the ribs or main timbers of floating vessels being placed
vertically, or nearly so, as they are ordinarily fixed, the ribs or main timbers,
or the stave or stave-like pieces of the barrel-formed hull, are to be fixed
longitudinally or the lengthway of the vessel, and bound together with hoops
or other binders, which should be fitted internally as well as externally.
The said staves or pieces, which may be called ribs or main timbers of the
vessel, may be close together, or they may be separated by blocks placed at
intervals between the staves, and the whole being bound together by hoops may
be planked or covered over with one or more thicknesses of planks, or one or
more coatings of suitable material, fixed diagonally or otherwise, and bedded or
not in any suitable viscous and siccative matter. Or the said staves or pieces,
when constructed close together, may be merely coated tightly with planking
or other suitable material, and with any suitable viscous and siccative matter,
or with metallic sheathing, bedded or not in viscous and siccative matter. I
also construct floating vessels of corrugated metal, and of corrugated artificial
material secured and bound together by hoops, or of any material combined
with corrugated material secured and bound together by hoops. I also con-
struct floating vessels with one or more sets of revolving buoyant supporters
which shall effect the floatation of such vessels, and whereby the motion of the
same through the water will be facilitated. I also construct such floating
vessels by combining with such revolving buoyant supporters two or more
chambers divided into a number of air and water tight compartments charged
with air, or with materials of less specific gravity than water. I also construct
revolving life boats suspended from a frame supported by revolving buoyant
supporters. I also construct floating vessels, to lengthen or shorten when
required, by having one tube sliding within another, like a telescope, the extreme
=

page_text: ends being stopped in an air and water tight manner, and one furnished with
tap for inflating the same with air or gas, if required, the joints of the said
tubes being rendered air and water tight, such vessels being serviceable to
travellers from packing into a small compass, and being readily available for
forming "life preservers."
:
Drawing No. 10, at Figure 1, exhibits at elevational view with the outer
covering of the vessel removed; Figure 2, a transverse vertical section; and
Figure 3, a view shewing half the lines of the stem and half the lines of the"
stern of the vessel; and Figure 4, a plan of a vessel built according to the first-
part of my said Invention. In the said Figures, A denotes the part of the
vessel which is built tub-like, as aforesaid, the external form being given by
blocking out with the required timbèrs and planks, as illustrated at Figure 3,
and forming a suitable deck. A shews the staves or pieces of the tub-like
part; suitable apertures may be made by cutting out after this part is forme
at the deck and sides of the tub-like part, as may be necessary, or it may be
without apertures or communications with the upper part of the vessel; and
filled with any material of less specific gravity than water, and " uivided into
water-tight compartments, the freight, passenger, and store portions of the
vessel being entirely distinct from it. B shews the planking, arranged
diagonally. After what has just been stated, and in the first part hereof,
this will be readily understood after referring to the Drawings.
Drawing No. 11 exhibits a vessel constructed so as to receive floatation from
revolving buoyant supporters. Figure 1, a longitudinal section; Figure 2, a
semi-horizontal section, partly shewing the deck; Figure 3, view of head of
vessel; Figure 4, transverse section through A, B, Figures 1 and 2; Figure 5,
✓ transverse section through C, D, Figures 1 and 2; Figure 6, view of stern
of vessel. In said Figures; adenotes the hull of vessel, constructed open
to the water at the lower part, and divided into compartments, as herein-
before stated; b, endless band travelling over two vertical drums c, c,' and a
set of friction rollers, some of which are marked d. This endless band carries
the buoyant cylinders, which completely cover its outer surface, some of which
are marked ee, forming a revolving endless buoyant supporter, attached to
which there are paddles or floats, as at f, to be actuated by the revolution of
the endless band. A similar buoyant supporter is placed on the other side of
the vessel, and another midway between them. E denotes a series of air and
water tight chambers, which I denominate the "fixed supporters," each cham-
beer or division being charged with air, or with materials of less specific gravity
than water, such as vegetable matter or cellular substances, formed into
masses by glue or other adhesive materials.

page_text: Drawing No. 12 exhibits another arrangement of vessel constructed so as
to receive floatation from revolving buoyant supporters. Figure 1, longitudina
section; Figure 2, a semi-horizontal section, partly shewing the deck
Figure 3, view of head of vessel; Figure 4, transverse section through A, B,
Figures 1 and 2; Figure 5, transverse section through C, D, Figures 1 and 2 ;
Figure 6, view of stern of vessel. In this Figure, a denotes the vessel, which
is rounded both at stem and stern, open to the water at the lower part. B,
revolving endless buoyant band supporter, the sectional area thereof being
-rectangular; it is made of air and water tight material, inflated with air, or
filled with material of less specific gravity than water, and travels under the
friction rollers, some marked d; such band does not, as exhibited in Drawing
No. 11, pass round vertical drums, but round' drums fixed horizontally or
horizontally inclined c, c, which are shewn without any buoyant cylinders
attached thereto; but they may be affixed as in said Drawing No. 11, if
required. E denorées a series of air and water tight chambers, which I term
the "fixed supporters," which may be charged with air, or with materials of
less specific gravity than water.
Drawing No. 13 exhibits another vessel constructed so as to receive floata-
tion from revolving buoyant band supporters, and is peculiarly adapted for
small craft. Figure plan of boat fitted with vertical endless buoyant
band supporters, shewn by dotted lines; Figure 2, longitudinal section of
boat fitted with vertical endless buoyant band supporters, shown. by dotted
lines passing over drums marked a, chewn by dotted lines; Figure 3, elevation
of head, shewing the vertical revolving endless buoyant band supporters
marked a; Figure 4, transverse section through vertical revolving endless
buoyant band supporters marked a; Figure 5, plan of boat fitted with hori
zontal revolving endless buoyant band supporters, shewn with the drums a by
dotted lines; Figure 6, longitudinal section of boat fitted with horizontal
revolving endless buoyant band supporters, shewn by dotted lines, and the drum
marked a; Figure 7, elevation of head, shewing horizontal revolving endless
buoyant band supporters, shewn with the drums in dotted lines; Figure 8,
elevation of stern, shewing horizontal revolving endless buoyant band sup-
After what has been
porters, shewn with the drums in dotted lines.
already stated, these Figures will be readily understood by referring to
the Drawing.
Drawing No. 14 exhibits by several Figures the construction which I prefer
for making my revolving life boat, which will be readily understood by
referring to the Drawings and the descriptive notes thereon written.
. Having now described the nature of the improvements comprised in this

page_text: seventh part of my Invention, and in what the same are to be performed, I
wish it to be understood that I claim, as of my Invention, -
First, the constructing floating vessels by staves or pieces of timber, or
other suitable material, fitted and bound together as above described.
Secondly, I claim the constructing floating vessels by staves or pieces of
corrugated metal or other material, fitted and bound together as above
described.
Thirdly, I claim the constructing floating vessels with a combination of
revolving buoyant supporters, as above described.
Fourthly, I claim the constructing floating vessels with a combination of
air and water tight compartments and buoyant revolving band supporters and
rollers, as above described.
Fifthly, I claim the constructing floating vessels capable of being elongated
or shortened at pleasure, as above described.
Sixthly, I claim the constructing life boats of a combination of revolving
compartments and buoyant bands or rollers, as above described.
In witness whereof, I, the said George Tate, have hereunto set my hand
and seal, this Twenty-second day of November, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-one.
GEORGE TATE. (L.S.) GEORGE TATE.
AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Twenty-second day of November,
in the year of our Lord 1851, the aforesaid George Tate came before our said
Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged the Specification afore-
said, and all and every thing therein contained and specified, in form above
5 written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped according to the
tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.
Enrolled the Twenty-second day of November, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-one.