A PROCESS FOR PREPARING AND REFINING SUGAR
Year: 1813

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, EDWARD
CHARLES HOWARD, late of Westbourne Green, in the County of Middlesex, but
now of Nottingham Place, Mary-le-bone, in the said County, Esquire, send
greeting.
WHEREAS I, the said Edward Charles Howard, did by my petition
humbly represent to His present most Excellent Majesty King George the
Third, that I had after much study and experience found out and invented "A
PROCESS FOR PREPARING AND REFINING SUGAR," which I conceived would be of
great public utility, that in regard I was the first and sole Inventor thereof,
and that the same had not been practised or used by any other person or
persons whomsoever, to the best of my knowledge and belief, I humbly prayed
His said Majesty to grant unto me, iny executors, administrators, and assigns,
His Royal Letters Patent, under His Great Seal of the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Ireland, for the sole use, benefit, and advantage of my said
Invention, within that part of His said Majesty's United Kingdom called
England, His Dominion of Wales, and Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, for the
term of fourteen years, pursuant to the Statute, in such case made and pro-
vided; and His said Majesty being willing to give encouragement to all arts and
inventions that might be be for the public goed, was graciously pleased to
condescend to my request, and therefore by His Royal Letters Patent, bearing
date at Westminster, the Thirty-first day of October, in the fifty-third year of
His reign of His especial grace, certain knowledge, and meer motion, did, for
Himself, His heirs, and successors, give and grant unto me, the said Edward
Charles Howard, my executors, administrators, and assigns, His especial

page_text: licence, full power, sole privilege, and authority, that I, the said Edward
Charles Howard, my executors, administrators, and assigns, and every of
them, by myself and themselves, and by mine and their deputy or deputies,
servants or agents, or such others, as I, the said Edward Charles Howard, my
executors, administrators, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no
others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term of years
therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend
my said Invention, within that part of His Majesty's said United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Ireland called England, His dominion of Wales, and Town
of Berwick-upon-Tweed, in such manner as to me, the said Edward Charles
Howard, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or any of them, should in
my or their discretion, seem meet; and that I, the said Edward Charles
Howard,my executors, administrators, and assigns,should and lawfully might
have and enjoy the whole profit, benefit, commodity, and advantage from time
to time coming,growing, accruing, and arising by reason of the said Invention,
for and during the term of years therein mentioned; to have, hold, exercise,
and enjoy the said licence, powers, privileges, and advantages therein-before
granted or mentioned to be granted unto me, the said Edward Charles
Howard, my executors, administrators, and assigns, for, and during, and unto
the full end and term of fourteen years from the date of the said presents
next immediately ensuing, and fully to be compleat and ended, according to
the Statute in that case made and provided; in which said Letters Patent
is contained a proviso that if I, the said Edward Charles Howard, should not
particularly describe and ascertain the nature of my said Invention, and in
what manner the same is to be performed, by an instrument in writing under
my hand and seal, and cause the same to be enrolled in His Majesty's High
Court of Chancery, within six calendar months next and immediately after the
date of the said Letters Patent, that then the said Letters Patent, and all liberties
and advantage whatsoever thereby granted,should utterly cease, determine, and
become void, anything therein-before contained to the contrary thereof in any-
wise notwithstanding, as in and by the said Letters Patent, relation being
thereunto had, may more fully and at large appear: And whereas I, the said
Edward Charles Howard, in compliance with the said powers, and on or about
the Thirtieth day of April, in the year of our Lord One Thousand eight
hundred and thirteen, did particularly describe and ascertain the nature of my
said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, by an
instrument in writing under my hand and seal, and cause the same to be
inrolled in His said Majesty's said High Court of Chancery within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters

page_text: Patent, as in and by the same instrument, reference being thereunto nad, w
more fully and at large appear: And whereas I, the said Edward Charles
Howard, did, by a certain other petition humbly represent to Hissaid Majesty
that I had after much study and expence found out and invented certain
improvements in the said process in the said Specification described and
ascertained, and certain apparatus to be used in carrying my said improve-
ments or some of them into effect, which I also conceived would be of great
public utility; that in regard I was the first and true Inventor thereof, and
that the same had not been practised or used by any other person or persons
to the best of my knowledge and belief, I humbly prayed His said Majesty to
grant unto me, my executors, administrators, and assigns, His Royal Letters
Patent, under His Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland aforesaid, for the sole use, benefit, and advantage of my said last-
mentioned Invention, within that part of His said Majesty's United Kingdom
called England aforesaid, His Dominion of Wales aforesaid, and Town of
Berwick-upon-Tweed aforesaid, and in all His said Majesty's Colonies aud
Plantations abroad, for the term of fourteen years, pursuant to the Statute in
that case made and provided And His said Majesty being willing to give
encouragement to all arts and inventions that might be for the public good,
was graciously pleased to condescend to my request, and therefore by His
Royal Letters Patent, bearing date at Westminster, the Twentieth day of
November, in the fifty-fourth year of His reign, of His especial grace, certain
knowledge, and meer motion, did, for Himself, His heirs, and successors, give
and grant unto me, the said Edward Charles Howard, my executors, adminis-
trators, and assigns, His especial licence, full power, sole priviledge, and
authority, that I, the said Edward Charles Howard, my executors, adminis-
trators, and assigns, and every of them, by myself or themselves, or by mine
and their deputy, or deputies, servants or agents, or such others as I;
the said Edward Charles Howard, my executors, administrators, or assigns,
should at any time agree agree with, and no others, from time to time
and at all times thereafter during the term of years therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise,and vend my said last-mentioned
Invention within that part of His Majesty's said United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland called England, His Dominion of Wales, and Town of
Berwick-upon-Tweed, and also in all His Majesty's Colonies and Plantations
abroad, in such manner as to me, the said Edward Charles Howard, my
executors, administrators, and assigns, or any of them; should in my or their
discretion seem meet; and that I, the said Edward Charles Howard, my
executors,administrators, and assigns, should and lawfully might have and enjoy

page_text: the whole profit, benefit, commodity, and advantage from time to time, coming,
growing, accruing, and arising by reason of the said last-mentioned Invention,
for and during the term of years therein mentioned; to have, hold, exercise,
and enjoy the said last-mentioned licence, powers, privileges, and advantages
therein granted or mentioned to be granted unto me, the said Edward Charles
Howard, my executors, administrators, and assigns, for, and during, and unto
the full end and term of fourteen years from the date of the said last-mentioned
presents next and immediately ensuing, and fully to be compleat and ended,
according to the Statute in such case made and provided; in which said last-
mentioned Letters Patent is contained a proviso, that if I, the said Edward
Charles Howard, should not particularly describe and ascertain the nature of
my said last-mentioned Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal, and cause
the same to be inrolled in His Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said last-mentioned
Letters Patent, that then the said last-mentioned Letters Patent, and all
liberties and advantages whatsoever thereby granted, should utterly cease'
determine, and become void; anything therein before contained to the con-
trary thereof in anywise notwithstanding, as in and by the said last-mentioned
Letters Patent: relation being thereunto had, may, more fully and at large
appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Edward Charles Howard, in compliance
with the said last-mentioned proviso, do hereby declare that the nature of
my said last-mentioned Invention, and the manner of performing the same, are
particularly described as follows (that is to say):-
Firstly, instead of proceeding to refine the net or good sugar obtained by
the first part of my process in the said Specification herein-before referred
unto, or any other sugar, by solution with water, and the subsequent applica-
tion of my finings, as is therein directed to be performed, I do in preference,
and as one of my said improvements, proceed to refine the same by the action
of steam and finings, which I find can be conveniently performed by placing
the said sugar with the due proportion of my finings interimixed therewithin any
suitable vessel, having within a perforated stage to support the sirgar, and a
ramnification of steam pipes underneath the stage, from which steam is allowed
to issue through small holes, by means whereof the sugar is heated and
dissolved by the action of steam, as employed in many well known chemical
and manufacturing processes, and when the whole of the sugar becomes. fully
dissolved, and has acquired the heat of about two hundred degrees, according
to the scale of l'arenheat, I proceed in the refinement, either by filtration or

page_text: by precipitation; and in the event of my proceeding by filtration, I allow the
solution to pass (by pressure of a superincumbent column of the fluid, or of
some other well-known force), through a filtre, and the filtre I commonly use
is composed of an extensive surface of linen cloth, called Russia duck, in
which filtre it is desirable that the temperature so acquired as aforesaid
should be kept up, or as much as possible retained; but if, instead of pro-
ceeding by filtration, I proceed in the operation of clarification by repose or
precipitation (as directed in the said Specification), and if the solution should
be stronger than is suitable to this operation, that is to say, if it should be
considerably more than one-fifth heavier than an equal bulk of water, then I
d dilute it with water until it is only one-fifth; or thereabouts, heavier than
an equal bulk of water. But I do hereby declare that the Invention, for which
this Patent is obtained by me, in so far as regards this first improvement
upon my said former Invention, does consist in the application of steam to
the sugar at the same time that it is exposed to the action of the finings, and
in thereafter causing the impurities to seperate by filtration or by repose.
And, secondly, I do declare that it is advantageous, and is one of my said
improvements, that the finings first mentioned in 'my said Specification, if
intended to be used with filtration, should be prepared by a due saturation of
the alum and lime, without leaving any change of colour on the turmeric test
paper, as therein directed, or that the change which it may be convenient to
produce in arriving at the point of saturation by too great a proportion
of the lime curds should be removed by the subsequent addition of alum,
not more than sufficient to leave the colour of the said test paper un-
changed when immersed therein, and that I find it also adviseable to add
about 3 oz. of whiting to my said finings for every 24 lb. of alum employed
in making the same, and that the finings when thus prepared will, in the
operation with filtering, answer the purpose of those directed in my said
Specification, to be used for the superior degrees of refinement in sugar; and
that in case the 'said filtration be not used, it will be preferable that the alumn
should be dissolved in a larger quantity of water, namely, in about twenty-four
instead of sixteen times its weight; and also in preference that the lime curds
should be diffused in so much water, as that each gallon of the mixture should
contain about six hundred grains of the lime. And I do further declare,
that the finings therewith made, and which can produce no change on the
said test paper, will in the operation without filtering from an excellent
substitute for the finings, directed in my said Specification to be used for the
superior degrees of refinement. And further, that in performing the operation
without filtering, it is for the most part advantageous, and one of my said

page_text: improvements, that two parcels of finings, each of the same quantity in pro-
portion to that ofthe sugar, as was directed in my former Specification, should
be used; that the first thereof should be employed with steam, as aforesaid,
and allowed to seperate in part only, by precipitation, and that the dregs, dirt,
and thickest of the liquor should be thrown on any common filtre, instead of
the dirt and insoluble impurities alone being seperated as directed in my said
Specification, and the second parcel of such finings should be then diffused in
the liquor so obtained by help of the first parcel, in or by the same manner of
proceeding as if the dirt and insoluble impurities had by themselves been
seperated, as was in my said Specification in that case directed to be per-
formed, which said second parcel of finings may well be employed in the next
succeeding operation, as a first parcel, either after their seperation by filtre or
otherwise, or by pouring them, as retained in the purified liquor, in thick
suspension upon the sugar, supported by the stage herein-before mentioned.
But in the preparation of double loaf, from sugars previously refined, clarified,
and evaporated, I find one parcel, with the action of steam, sufficient, and even
that one parcel afterwards capable of acting with steam upon inferior sugars
as a first parcel; but I hereby declare that my Invention, for which this
present Patent is obtained, in so far as regards this second improvement upon
my former process, does consist in the application of the finings completely
neutralized, when the process by filtration is to be employed, and that when
filtration is not employed it does consist in exposing the unrefined sugar
.successively to the action of two parcels of finings, the first whereof, in con-
junction with steam, as herein-before described, removes part of the impurities
chiefly by chemical agency, and the second parcel whereof, by mere diffusion
without steam, removes the residue of the impurities, chiefly by mechanical
agency, and is capable of being afterwards used as a first parcel, in repeating
this double process upon another quantity of sugar.
And, thirdly, I do declare that, as one of my said improvements, instead
of evaporating as in my said Specification, any saccharine solutions, syrups,
or liquid sugar, I do evaporate the same in a close vessel, heated by any
means, but in preference, by steam, and do makė and keep up a vacuum
more or less perfect in the said vessel, but by preference so perfect at
the commencement of working, as to support not more than one inch of
mercury; and of the various means by which this may be effected, I do
prefer and employ a pump, with a condenser for steam by injection, as
used in the steam engine. And I further declare it to be highly advan-
tageous that the pump be kept in constant work, in order to effect the
most rapid evaporation, although it may be found that the vacuum may

page_text: continue, as shewn by the gage, equally perfect, or very nearly so, during any'
intervals in which the working of the pump may be discontinued. And I
further declare that the density of the solution required to be produced by
evaporation may be ascertained by the use of the several parts of the apparatus
hereinafter described, by the common trial or proof of tenacity, or other variable
quality; and the same may also be known by means of a thermometer im-
mersed in the said solution; but most readily and uniformly by observing the
temperature at which the solution, whilst fluid and without grain, can be kept
boiling under different pressures, the said pressures being shewn by any gage
or fit instrument denoting pressures, and communicating with the vacuum, for
the same fluid solution will be in the state I prefer, as fit to be drawn off and
set for the ten pound sugar loaves, called Hambro' loaves; when the half
pressures upon the mercury in a common mercurial syphon gage, measured
from the line which is equidistant from each of the mercurial surfaces,(or the
line of perfect level,) and the temperatures of boiling by Farenheit's' scale,
set opposite thereto, are respectively and nearly as shewn in the following
table:
And the intermediate pressures corresponding with the single degrees of
temperature may, if required, be found quite nearly enough for practise by the.
interpolation of the differences of the numbers in the said table, and that I
have not stated the pressures and temperatures for lower stations of the gage
than 0.74 inches; because I have never performed my whole work at lower
temperatures than 118 degrees, and have reason to doubt whether theebullition
could conveniently or even practically have been carried on throughout under
lower pressures, chiefly on account of the great perfection of the pumpor other

page_text: exhausting instrument which I conceive would be required for the ebullition
at such low pressures.
And I have also given the several half pressures:
sabove
2.05 inches, with the corresponding boiling points, although the same may in
some cases require correction by the operator in his practise with or upon
different kinds or quantities of sugars, because I have not usually worked
with such imperfect vacuums; but the whole table will be found useful and
advantageous, in directing and assisting the operations of any competent
workman, in the art of refining sugar, in carrying my said Invention and
improvements into effect and practice.
Fig. 1. in the Drawing No. 1, hereunto annexed, represents a sy phon gage,
with the intervals of pressures or stations of the mercury set off, and the corre-
sponding boiling temperatures expressed in numbers, so that whenever the
mercuryin the gage stands opposite any division,number, or degree, the solution
will be ready for drawing off, as aforesaid, for a Hambro' loaf, when it boils
at that number or degree of the thermometer. And if it be desired to reduce
any saccharine solution, melasses, or treacle to a solid or comparatively dry
mass, either with a view to save drainage, freight or carriage, or other advan
tage, I do carry on the evaporation (with as little interruption as possible) in
my said apparatus until any such solution acquires such solidity or comparative
dryness, when it will become necessary to extract it by force, and I ascertain
the progress and approach to dryness of the solution by the inspection and
examination of samples, which I from time to time take out of the evaporating
vessel with the instrument herein-after described for the like purpose. And
for as much as a thermometer is liable to be broken by being exposed naked
within the boiler, and it must nevertheless be in as perfect contact as possible
with the boiling sugar, I do, by preference, enclose the bulb and such part of
the neck thereof as is not required to be seen in a metallic tube, by preference
of iron, tinned externally, and screwed, soldered, or otherwise inserted air-tight
into the boiler, and having the lower end thereof perfectly closed, and
descending sufficiently low to be always immersed in the boiling sugar; and in
order to perfect the contact or communication between the metal of the said
tube and the bulb of the thermometer, I pour as much mercury into the tube
as will cover the said bulb. And in order to take samples of the solution from
time to time, from the said boiler, for the purpose of making trials of the
tenacity or other variable quality indicating the density or approach to dryness
of such solution, or for any other purpose, without forming an immediate com-
munication between the boiler and the external air, I do make and use a pipe
represented by a yellow tint in the Drawing, Fig. 5, No. 2, hereunto annexed.
And the said tube is inserted in an inclined position through the side of the

page_text: said boiler, with the inner end thereof lowest (18, 18,) and I do secure the,
joining or place of inspection (21, 21.) by screwing, soldering, or by any other.
means which will keep the juncture sound and air-tight. And I do leave the:
outer extremity of the said tube open, and do so dispose the inner end thereof.
as that the same shall be immersed in the saccharine solution; and I do close.
the said end, but I leave a slit or aperture (No. 19) in the upper side thereof, of
at least half an inch in its smallest dimensions. And I do accurately fit within.
the said inner or lower end (18, 18.) a short piece of tube capable of moving.
by rotation, in the manner of the pin of a cock (8 to 15 in Fig. I., No. 2, tinted
red), but concentric with the outer tube, and limited by stops or studs from
revolving through more than about half a turn. And I do make in the said short
piece a slit or aperture (13) to correspond with and afford a communication
through the slit or aperture (19) in the tube so fixed, as aforesaid, at such times
as by the rotation of the said short piece both slits or apertures shall be placed
opposite to and communicating through each other (see the section, Fig. 3.).
And, farther, I do make a plug or piece, to be put into, and nearly, but not
precisely, to fill or fit the cavities or internal spaces (22 in Fig. 5, and 12 in
Fig. 2, 3, 4) within the said tubes, and so formed or provided with notches.
tubes, or the like means, as to take hold of, or become connected with, and, if
required, to turn the said short tube whensoever the said plug or piece shall be.
thrust home to its place, or nearly so (see the parts coloured blue in all
Figures. And, moreover, I do make an excavation or cell within the said
plug or piece, in the part thereof which is or may be opposite the slit or
apperture (13) in the short tube, when both the said tubes and the said plug or
piece are or may be in connection, as aforesaid, and communicating through
the said slit or apperture. And in consequence hereof it will ensue that when-
everthe respective slits or apertures in the said before-described tubes or pieces
shall or may be made to correspond with and afford a communication through.
each other, than the said.excavation or cell will also communicate with, and:
become filled with, the saccharine solution, and the plug may be taken out; but
in order that no communication should take place with the external air whilst
the said plug is turned round, or whilst the excavation thereof communicates
with the said solution, I do accurately fit the said piece or plugwithin the said
first-mentioned external tube, by a conical portion of both (3,3,and a, a,) at or
near the external end of each. And, further, in order that the motion of the
short piece of tube may not be obstructed by the adhesion of the saccharine
solution when become viscid and tenacious, I do make a groove or grooves
(10,11,) on the surface of the said short piece, as practised in the axle-trees
of some carriages, and fill the same with a mixture of wax and grease. 17,17;

page_text: denotes a binding nutt for setting fast the screw 16, 16. And the act or
operation of charging the said plug or piece, and taking out a sample of the
saccharine solution, is performed as follows:--I thrust down or home the piece
or plug, as shown in the section Fig. 2, and turn the same to the position
Fig. 3, in which the aperture of the cell or cavity (6) shall be uppermost, and
consequently that cavity will become charged, and then turn the plug back to
the situation shewn (Fig. 2), which closes the communication through (19),
and then withdraw the plug just sufficiently to disengage the same from the
short tube, and this last-mentioned tube consequently remaining shut. I
return the piece or plug to its former situation, with the apperture of its cell
or cavity uppermost, as shewn (Fig. 4), and by withdrawing the plug with its
cavity b, I do take thereout the sample required; but I hereby declare that
my Invention for which this present Patent is obtained, in so far as regards the
last-mentioned improvements upon my former process, does "consist in the
evaporation or concentration of the saccharine solutionby the applicationof heat
to the solution in a vacuum, and in the maintenance of the continued action of
apump,orother exhausting instrument, although the common gage should indi-
cate no change, to which operation it is subservient that I have herein pointed
outa method of ascertaining from time to time the density of the said solution,
by comparative observations of the boiling point and pressure, without drawing
off any of the said solution, although I have also shewn in what manner such
portion of the solution may, if required, be conveniently drawn out by a par-
ticular instrument. And, further, I do declare that having brought the solution
or liquid sugar by due evaporation to the density required for its intended
purpose, I withdraw it by a convenient and proper aperture from the boiler
into a granulating vessel, in the nature of that now commonly used as a cooler,
which I construct or fit up capable of being heated by preference with steam
applied to its external surface, or by other fit means. And I do therein so
regulate the temperature of the said liquor that it may undergo the requisite
or usual stirring to effect granulation, and that it may be also sufficiently fluid
and sufficiently cool to. allow the particles thereof to arrange themselves in
crystalline grains, to which I find they have the most tendency between the
degrees of 150 and 160 of Farenheit, inclining to the one or the other in the
ratio of the density of the evaporated liquod, Butsince in practise this granula-
tionis most advantageously accomplished by alternations of temperature above
and below the said last-mentioned degrees, I do, in preference, upon the said
liquor being drawn off, as aforesaid, heat up the same (as soon as it has
acquired some grain, to about one hundred and eighty degrees, and subse
quently cool it to about one hundred and fifty degrees, either by withdrawing

page_text: the application of heat, and stirring out or allowing the escape thereof or by
the addition of aduequantity of colder evaporated liquor, as it has been usual
to give heat by what is called skippings, or by both, or any other fit means.
And I do again elevate the temperature as aforesaid, and I repeat and vary
such alternations or temperature until the sugar has formed itself into the best
grain of which it seems capable.to.the experienced workman, who may, after
some practice in this my process, be able to judge by the eye of the best tem.
poratures and fluidity, even without the use of my thermometer, although I
do recommend its constant use, and when I apply heat to the said evaporated
or granular liquor for the last time, I do, by preference, raise the same up to
nearly two hundred degrees, and not higher, and I do fill the moulds therewith,
employing either those in common use, or those directed in my said Specifica
tion, or those herein-after described, excepting in the eventof itsbeing required
to retain the points of the lump, loaf, or mass without returning the syrup.
contained in that point upon the body thereof, when I do, as one of my said
improvements, instead of employing a mould with the appendage of a pipe, as
described in the said Specification, employ moulds purposely made of greater
length than usual, in order that the point of the loaf, lump, or mass to be in
them contained may have as much of its pointed end cut off as will not part
with its syrup, which I accomplish by a revolving instrument resembling a
chuck in the artof turnery, and made concave, and provided with a side cutter
within. And the said instrument is made to revolve by the mandril or axis of
a turning lathe, duly fitted up, and is of such a figure, nearly approaching that
of a hollow cone within as to take away that extraordinary length of point in
which the syrup is chiefly lodged, and to leave the loaf of the regular length
and of the shape which may be required or preferred in the market. And I do
use and apply the said instrument accordingly, and in all cases not especially
mentioned I do proceed according to the practice of sugar refinement as now
used, subject to the directions herein and in my said Specification declared
but I hereby declare that my Invention for which this present Patent 'is
obtained, in so far as regards the last-mentioned improvement upon my former
process, which relates to the granulation or crystallizing of sugar, does consist
in substituting for the method of skippings used in the ordinary process, and
for the method in my former Specification mentioned, the application of different
degrees of temperature alternatively to the same mass of evaporated or con-
centrated saccharine liquor. And I do declare that my said Invention, taken
collectively, does consist in the application and use of the methods herein-before
set forth, by which certain principles or general facts, in part well known, are
brought into practice and effect in the process of manufacturing sugars; and

page_text: that my said Invention of the improvements aforesaid, and the several parts,
manipulations, or proceedings thereof may be carried into effect and practice
either wholly or seperately, without conjunction or in conjunction with the
methods of sugar refining already in common use, or in the said Specification
described and set forth; and that the management thereof, the several propor-
tions of materials or ingredients, the furnaces, vessels, or apparatus to be used,
and the needful attentions to local and other circumstances, are all susceptible
of variation according to the exigencies of the respective works or operations;
but that the same are either well known or may with facility be made or
adopted from the instructions contained in these presents, and in my said
Specification before mentioned, by any competent workman or other person or
persons acquainted with the general course and nature of manufacturing works,
and particularly with the art of refining sugars.
In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and seal, the Twentieth
day of May, One thousand eight hundred and fourteen, and in the
fifty-fourth year aforesaid.

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, EDWARD
CHARLES HOWARD, late of Westbourne Green, in the County of Middlesex, but
now of Nottingham Place, Mary-le-bone, in the said County, Esquire, send
greeting.
WHEREAS I, the said Edward Charles Howard, did by my petition
humbly represent to His present most Excellent Majesty King George the
Third, that I had after much study and experience found out and invented "A
PROCESS FOR PREPARING AND REFINING SUGARS," which I conceived would be of
great public utility, that in regard I was the first and sole Inventor thereof,
and that the same had not been practised or used by any other person or
persons whomsoever, to the best of my knowledge and belief, I humbly prayed
His said Majesty to grant unto me, my executors, administrators, and assigns,
His Royal Letters Patent, under His Great Seal of the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Ireland, for the sole use, benefit, and advantage of my said
Invention, within that part of His said Majesty's United Kingdom called
England, His Dominion of Wales, and Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, for the
term of fourteen years, pursuant to the Statute in such case made and pro-
vided; and is said Majesty being willing to give encouragement to all arts and
inventions that might be be for the public good, was graciously pleased to
condescend to my request, and therefore by His Royal Letters Patent, bearing
date at Westminster, the Thirty-first day of October, in the fifty-third year of
His reign of His especial grace, certain knowledge, and meer motion, did, for
Himself, His heirs, and successors, give and grant unto me, the said Edward
Charles Howard, my executors, administrators, and assigns. His especial

page_text: Hence, tum power, sole privilege, and authority, that I, the said Edw
Charles Howard, my executors, administrators, and assigns, and every
them, by myself and themselves, or by mine and their deputy or deput
servants or agents, or such others as I, the said Edward Charles IIoward,
executors, administrators, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and
others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term of ye
therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and ve
my said Invention, within that part of His Majesty's said United Kingdom
Great Britain and Ireland called England, His Dominion of Wales, and To
of Berwick-upon-Tweed, in such manner as to nie, the said Edward Charl
Howard, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or any of them, should
my or their discretion seem meet; and that I, the said Edward Charl
Howard, my exccutors, administrators, and assigns, should and lawfully migl
have and enjoy the whole profit, benefit, commodity, and advantage from tim
to time coming, growing, accruing, and arising by reason of the said Invention
for and during the term of years therein mentioned; to have, hold, exercise
and enjoy the said licence, powers, privileges, and advantages therein-before
granted or mentioned to be granted unto me, the said Edward Charle
Howard, my executors, administrators, and assigns, for, and during, and unto
the full end and term of fourteen years from the date of the said presents
next immediately ensuing, and fully to be compleat and ended, according to
the Statute in that case made and provided; in which said Letters Patent
is contained a proviso that if I, the said Edward Charles Howard, should not
particularly describe and ascertain the nature of my said Invention, and in
what manner the same is to be performed, by an instrument in writing under
my hand and seal, and cause the same to be enrolled in His Majesty's High
Court of Chancery, within six calendar months next and immediately after the
date of the said Letters Patent, that then the said Letters Patent, and all liberties
and advantage whatsoever thereby granted, should utterly cease, determine, and
become void, anything therein-before contained to the contrary thereof in any.
wise notwithstanding, as in and by the said Letters Patent, relation being
thereunto had, may more fully and at large appear: And whereas I, the said
Edward Charles Howard, in compliance with the said powers, and on or about
the Thirtieth day of April, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight
hundred and thirteen, did particularly describe and ascertain the nature of my s
said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, by an
nstrument in writing under my hand and seal, and caused the same to be
nrolled in His said Majesty's said High Court of Chaucery within six
alendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters

page_text: Patent, as in and by the same instrument, reference being thereunto had, will
more fully and at large appear: And whereas I, the said Edward Charles
Howard, did, by a certain other petition humbly represent to Ilis said Majesty
that I had after much study and expence found out and invented certain
improvements in the said process in the said Specification described and
ascertained, and certain apparatus to be used in carrying my said improve-
ments or some of them into effect, which I also conceived would be of great
public utility; that in regard I was the first and true Inventor thereof, and
that the same had not been practised or used by any other person or persons,
to the best of my knowledge and belief, I humbly prayed His said Majesty to
grant unto me, my executors, administrators, and assigns, His Royal Letters
Patent, under Lis Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland aforesaid, for the sole use, benefit, and advantage of my said last-
mentioned. Invention, within that part of His said Majesty's United Kingdom
called England aforesaid, His Dominion of Wales aforesaid, and Town of
Berwick-upon-Tweed aforesaid, and in all Ilis said Majesty's Colonies and
Plantations abroad, for the term of fourteen years, pursuant to the Statute in
that. case made and provided: And His said Majesty being willing to give
encouragement to all arts and inventions that might be for the public good,
was graciously pleased to condescend to my request, and therefore by His
Royal Letters Patent, bearing date at Westminster, the Twentieth day of
November, in the fifty-fourth year of His reign, of His especial grace, certain
knowledge, and meer motion, did, for Himself, His heirs, and successors, give
and grant unto me, the said Edward Charles Howard, my executors, adminis-
trators, and assigns, His especial licence, full power, sole priviledge, and
authority, that I, the said Edward Charles Howard, my executors, admiuis-
trators, and assigns, and every of them, by myself and themselves, or by mine
and their deputy or deputies, servants or agents, or such others as 1,
the said Edward Charles Howard, my executors, administrators, or assigns,
should at any time agree agree with, and no others, from time to time
and at all times thereafter during the term of years therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend my said last-mentioned
Invention within that part of His Majesty's said United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland called England, His Dominion of Wales, and Town of
Berwick-upon-Tweed, and also in all His Majesty's Colonies and Plantations
abroad, in such manner as to me, the said Edward Charles Howard, my
executors, administrators, and assigns, or any of them, should in my or their
discretion seem meet; and that 1, the said Edward Charles Howard, my
executors, administrators, aud assigns, should and lawfully might have and enjoy

page_text: the whole profit, benefit. commodity, and advantage from time to time, comi
growing, accruing, and arising by reason of the said last-mentioned Inventio
for and during the term of years therein mentioned; to have, hold, exercis
and enjoy the said last-mentioned licence, powers, privileges, and advantag
therein granted or mentioned to be granted unto me, the said Edward Charl
Howard, my executors, administrators, and assigns, for, and during, and un
the full end and term of fourteen years from the date of the said last-mentione
presents next and immediately ensuing, and fully to be compleat and ende
according to the Statute in such case made and provided; in which said last
mentioned Letters Patent is contained a proviso, that if I, the said Edwar
Charles Howard, should not particularly describe and ascertain the nature o
my said last-mentioned Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal, and cause
the same to be inrolled in His Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said last-mentioned
Letters Patent, that then the said last-mentioned Letters Patent, and all
liberties and advantages whatsoever thereby granted, should utterly cease,
determine, and become void; anything therein-before contained to the con-
trary thereof in anywise notwithstanding, as in and by the said last-mentioned
Letters Patent, relation being thereunto had, may more fully and at large
.appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Edward Charles Howard, in compliance
with the said last-mentioned proviso, do hereby declare that the nature of
my said last-mentioned Invention, and the manner of performing the same, are
particularly described as follows (that is to say) :-
Firstly, instead of proceeding to refine the net or good sugar obtained by
the first part of my process in the said Specification herein-before referred
unto, or any other sugar, by solution with water, and the subsequent applica-
ion of my finings, as is therein directed to be performed, I do in preference,
and as one of my said improvements, proceed to refine the same by the action 3
f steam and finings, which I find can be conveniently performed by placing
he said sugar with the due proportion of my finings intermixed therewith in any
uitable vessel, having within a perforated stage to support the sugar, and a
ampification of steam pipes underneath the stage, from which steam is allowed
issue through small holes, by means whereof the sugar is heated and 35
ssolved by the action of steam, as employed in many well known chemical
d manufacturing processes, and when the whole of the sugar becomes fully
ssolved, and has acquired the heat of about two hundred degrees, according
the scale of Farenheat, I proceed in the refinement, either by filtration or

page_text: by precipitation; and in the event of my proceeding by filtration. I allow the
solution to pass (by pressure of a superincumbent column of the fluid, or of
some other well-known force), through a filtre, and the filtre I commonly use
is composed of an extensive surface of linen cloth, called Russia duck, in
which filtre it is desirable that the temperature so acquired as aforesaid
should be kept up, or as much as possible retained; but if, instead of pro-
ceeding by filtration, I proceed in the operation of clarification by repose or
precipitation (as directed in the said Specification), and if the solution should
be stronger than is suitable to this operation, that is to say, if it should be
considerably more than one-fifth heavier than an equal bulk of water, then I
do dilute it with water until it is only one-fifth, or thereabouts, heavier than
an equal bulk of water. But I do hereby declare that the Invention, for which
this Patent is obtained by me, in so far as regards this first improvement
upon my said former Invention, does consist in the application of steam to
the sugar at the same time that it is exposed to the action of the finings, and
in thereafter causing the impurities to seperate by filtration or by repose.
And, secondly, I do declare that it is advantageous, and is one of my said
improvements, that the finings first mentioned in my said Specification, if
intended to be used with filtration, should be prepared by a due saturation of
the alum and lime, without leaving any change of colour on the turmeric test
paper, as therein directed, or that the change which it may be convenient to
produce in arriving at the point of saturation by too great a proportion
of the lime curds should be removed by the subsequent addition of alum,
not more than sufficient to leave the colour of the said test paper on-
changed when immersed therein, and that I find it also adviseable to add
about 3 oz. of whiting to my said finings for every 2 lb. of alum employed
in making the same, and that the finings when thus prepared will, in the
operation with filtering, answer the purpose of those directed in my said
Specification, to be used for the superior degrees of refinement in sugars; and
that in case the said filtration be not used, it will be preferable that the alum
should be dissolved in a larger quantity of water, namely, in about twenty-four
instead of sixteen times its weight; and also in preference that the lime curds
should be diffused in so much water, as that each gallon of the mixture should
contain about six hundred grains of the lime. And I do further declare,
that the finings therewith made, and which can produce no change on the
said test paper, will in the operation without filtering from an excellent
substitute for the finings, directed in my said Specification to be used for the
superior degrees of refinement. And further, that in performing the operation
without filtering, it is for the most part advantageous, and one of my said

page_text: improvements, that two parcels of finings, each of the same quantity in p
portion to that of the sugar, as was directed in my former Specification, sho
be used; that the first thereof should be employed with steam, as aforesa
and allowed to seperate in part only, by precipitation, and that the dregs, d
and thickest of the liquor should be thrown on any common filtre, instead
the dirt and insoluble impurities alone being seperated as directed in my sa
Specification, and the second parcel of such finings should be then diffused
the liquor so obtained by help of the first parcel, in or by the same manner
proceeding as if the dirt and insoluble impurities had by themselves be
se erated, as was in my said Specification in that case directed to be pe
formed, which said second parcel of finings may well be employed in the nex
succeeding operation, as a first parcel, either after their seperation by filtre c
otherwise, or by pouring them, as retained in the purified liquor, in thic
suspension upon the sugar, supported by the stage herein-before mentioned
But in the preparation of double loaf, from sugars previously refined, clarified
and evaporated, I find one parcel, with the action of steam, sufficient, and ever
that one parcel afterwards capable of acting with steam upon inferior sugars
as a first parcel; but I hereby declare that my Invention, for which this
present Patent is obtained, in so far as regards this second improvement upon
my former
process, does consist in the application of the finings completely
neutralized, when the process by filtration is to be employed, and that when
filtration is not employed it does consist in exposing the unrefined sugar
successively to the action of two parcels of finings, the first whereof, in con-
junction with steam, as herein-before described, removes part of the impurities,
chiefly by chemical agency, and the second parcel whereof, by mere diffusion
without steam, removes the residue of the impurities, chiefly by mechanical
agency, and is capable of being afterwards used as a first parcel, in repeating
this double process upon another quantity of sugar.
And, thirdly, I do declare that, as one of my said improvements, instead
of evaporating, as in my said Specification, any saccharine solutions, syrups,
or liquid sugar, I do evaporate the same in a close vessel, heated by any
means, but in preference, by steam, and do make and keep up a vacuum
more or less perfect in the said vessel, but by preference so perfect at
he commencement of working, as to support not more than one inch of
mercury; and of the various means by which this may be effected, I do 3.
refer and employ a pump, with a condenser for steam by injection, as
sed in the steam engine. And I further declare it to be highly advan-
geous that the pump he kept in constant work, in order to effect the
ost rapid evaporation, although it may be found that the vacuum may

page_text: And [
continue, as shewn by the gage, equally perfect, or very nearly so, during way
intervals in which the working of the pump may be discontinued.
further declare that the density of the solution require: to be produced by
evaporation may be ascertained by the use of the several parts of the apparatus
hereinafter described, by the common trial or proof of tenacity, or other variable
quality; and the same may also be known by means of a thermometer im-
mersed in the said solution; but most readily and uniformly by observing the
temperature at which the solution, whilst fluid and without grain, can be kept
boiling-under different pressures, the said pressures being shewn by any gage
or fit instrument denoting pressures, and communicating with the vacuum, for
the same fluid solution will be in the state I prefer, as fit to be drawn off and
set for the ten pound sugar loaves, called Hambro' loaves; when the half
gage, measured
pressures upon the mercury in a common mercurial syphon gage,
from the line which is equidistant from each of the mercurial surfaces, (or the
line of perfect level,) and the temperatures of boiling by Farenheit's scale,
set opposite thereto, are respectively and nearly as shewn in the following
And the intermediate pressures corresponding with the single degrees of
temperature may, if required, be found quite nearly enough for practise by the
interpolation of the differences of the numbers in the said table, and that I
have not stated the pressures and temperatures for lower stations of the gage
than 0.74 inches; because I have never performed my whole work at lower
temperatures than 118 degrees, and have reason to doubt whether the ebullition
could conveniently or even practicably have been carried on throughout under
lower pressures, chiefly on account of the great perfection of the pump or other

page_text: exhausting instrument which I conceive would be required for the ebulliti
at such low pressures. And I have also given the several half pressures abo
5 inches, with the correspondent boiling points, although the same may
some cases require correction by the operator in his practise with or up
different kinds or quantities of sugars, because I have not usually worke
with such imperfect vacuums; bat the whole table will be found useful an
advantageous, in directing and assisting the operations of any competen
workman, in the art of refining sugar, in carrying my said Invention an
improvements into effect and practice.
And
Fig. 1. in the Drawing No. 1, hereunto annexed, represents a syphon gage
with the intervals of pressures or stations of the mercury set-off, and the corre
sponding boiling temperatures expressed in numbers, so that whenever the
mercury in the gage stands opposite any division, number, or degree, the solution
will be ready for drawing off, as aforesaid, for a Ilambro' loaf, when it boils
at that number or degree of the thermometer. And if it be desired to reduce
any saccharine solution, melasses, or treacle to a solid or comparatively dry
mass, either with a view to save drainage, freight or carriage, or other advan-
tage, I do carry on the evaporation (with as little interruption as possible) in
my said apparatus until any such solution acquires such solidity or comparative
dryness, when it will become necessary to extract it by force, and I ascertain
the progress and approach to dryness of the solution by the inspection and
examination of samples, which I from time to time take out of the evaporating
vessel with the instrument herein after described for the like purpose.
for as much as a thermometer is liable to be broken by being exposed naked
within the boiler, and it must nevertheless be in as perfect contact as possible
with the boiling sugar, I do, by preference, enclose the bulb and such part of
the neck thereof as is not required to be seen in a metallic tube, by preference
of iron, tinned externally, and screwed, soldered, or otherwise inserted air-tight
into the boiler, and having the lower end thereof perfectly closed, and
descending sufficiently low to be always immersed in the boiling sugar; and in 3
order to perfect the contact or communication between the metal of the said
tube and the bulb of the thermometer, I pour as much mercury into the tube
15-will cover the said bulb. And in order to take samples of the solution from
ime to time, from the said boiler, for the purpose of making trials of the
enacity or other variable quality indicating the density or approach to dryness 35
f such solution, or for any other purpose, without forming an immediate com-
unication between the boiler and the external air, I do make and use a pipe
presented by a yellow tint in the Drawing, Fig. 5, No. 2, hereunto annexed.
nd the said tube is inserted in an inclined position through the side of the

page_text: boiler, with the inner end thereof lowest (10, 10,
ing or place of inspection (21, 21,) by screwing, soldering, or by any other
us which will keep the juncture sound and air-tight.
And do leave the
or extremity of the said tube open, and do so, dispose the immer end thereof
that the same shall be immersed in the saccharine solution; and I do close
said end. but I leave a slit or aperture (No. 19) in the upper side thereof, of
least half an inch in its smallest dimensions. And I do accurately fit within
e said inner or lower end (18, 18,) a short piece of tube capable of moving
rotation, in the manner of the pin of a cock (8 to 15 in Fig. I., No. 2, tinted
d), but concentric with the outer tube, and limited by stops or studs from
And make in the sailshort
volving through more than about halfa turn.
ece a slit or aperture (13) to correspond with and afford a communication
rough the slit or aperture (19) in the tube so fixed, as aforesaid, at such times
s by the rotation of the said short piece bath slits or apertures shall be place:
pposite to and communicating through each other (see the section, Fig. 3.)
And, farther, I do make a plug or piece, to be put into, and nearly, but not
precisely, to fill or fit the cavities or internal spaces (22 in Fig. 5, and 12 in
Fig 2, 3, 4) within the said tubes, and so formed or provided with notches,
tubes, or the like means, as to take hold of, or become connected with, and, if
required, to turn the said short tube whensoever the said plug or piece shall be
thrust home to its place, or nearly so (see the parts coloured blue in all
Figures. And, moreover, I do make an excavation or cell within the said
plug or piece, in the part thereof which is or may be opposite the slit or
apperture (13) in the short tube, when both the said tubes and the said plug or
piece are or may be in connection, as aforesaid, and communicating through
And in consequence hereof it will ensue that when-
the said slit or apperture.
ever the respective slits or apertures in the said before-described tubes or pieces
shall or may be made to correspond with and afford a communication through
each other, than the said excavation or cell will also communicate with, and
become filled with, the saccharine solution, and the plug may be taken out; but
in order that no communication should take place with the external air whils
the said plug is turned round, or whilst the excavation thereof communicate
with the said solution, I do accurately fit the said piece or plug within the sai
first mentioned external tube, by a conical portion of both (3, 3, and a, a,) at c
35 near the external end of each. And, further, in order that the motion of th
short piece of tube may not be obstructed by the adhesion of the sacchari
solution when become viscid and tenacious, I do make a groove or groov
(10, 11.) on the surface of the said short piece, as practised in the axle-tre
of some carriages, and fill the same with a mixture of wax and grease. 17, 1

page_text: And the act
denotes a binding nutt for setting fast the screw 16, 16.
operation of charging the said plug or piece, and taking out a sample of th
saccharine solution, is performed as follows:-I thrust down or home the pie
or plug, as shewn in the section Fig. 2, and turn the same to the positi
Fig. 3, in which the aperture of the cell or cavity (6) shall be uppermost, an
consequently that cavity will become charged, and then turn the plug back t
the situation shewn (Fig. 2), which closes the communication through (19
and then withdraw the plug just sufficiently to disengage the same from th
short tube, and this last-mentioned tube consequently remaining shut.
return the piece or plug to its former situation, with the apperture of its cel
or cavity uppermost, as shewn (Fig. 4), and by withdrawing the plug with it
cavity b, I do take thereout the sample required; but I hereby declare tha
my Invention for which this present Patent is obtained, in so far as regards the
last-mentioned improvements upon my former process, does consist in the
evaporation or concentration of the saccharine solution by the application of heat
to the solution in a vacuum, and in the maintenance of the continued action of
a pump, or other exhausting instrument, although the common gage should indi-
cate no change, to which operation it is subservient that I have herein pointed
out a method of ascertaining from time to time the density of the said solution,
by comparative observations of the boiling point and pressure, without drawing
off any of the said solution, although I have also shewn in what manner such
portion of the solution may, if required, be conveniently drawn out by a par-
ticular instrument. And, further, I do declare that having brought the solution
or liquid sugar by due evaporation to the density required for its intended
purpose, I withdraw it by a convenient and proper aperture from the boiler
into a granulating vessel, in the nature of that now commonly used as a cooler,
which construct or fit up capable of being heated by preference with steam
applied to its external surface, or by other fit means. And I do therein so
regulate the temperature of the said liquor that it may undergo the requisite
or usual stirring to effect granulation, and that it may be also sufficiently fluid 3
and sufficiently cool to allow the particles thereof to arrange themselves in
crystalline grains, to which I find, they have the most tendency between the
tegrees of 150 and 160 of Farenheit, inclining to the one or the other in the
atio of the density of the evaporated liquod. But since in practise this granula-
ion is most advantageously accomplished by alternations of temperature above 3
d below the said last-mentioned degrees, I do, in preference, upon the said
quor being drawn off, as aforesaid, heat up the same (as soon as it has
equired some grain, to about one hundred and eighty degrees, and subse-
uently cool it to about one hundred and fifty degrees, either by withdrawing

page_text: be application of heat, and stirring out or allowing the escape thereof, or by
he addition of a due quantity of colder evaporated liquor, as it has been usual
o give heat by what is called skippings, or by both, or any other fit means.
And I do again elevate the temperature as aforesaid, and 1 repeat and vary
uch alternations or temperature until the sugar has formed itself into the best
grain of which it seems capable to the experienced workman, who may, after
some practice in this my process, be able to judge by the eye of the best tem-
oratures and fluidity, even without the use of my thermometer, although I
lo recommend its constant use, and when I apply heat to the said evaporated
or granular liquor for the last time, I do, by preference, raise the same up to
nearly two hundred degrees, and not higher, and I do fill the moulds therewith,
employing either those in common use, or those directed in my said Specifica-
tion, or those herein-after described, excepting in the event of its being required
to retain the points of the lump, loaf, or mass without returning the syrup
contained in that point upon the body thereof, when I do, as one of my said
improvements, instead of employing a mould with the appendage of a pipe, as
described in the said Specification, employ moulds purposely made of greater
length than usual, in order that the point of the loaf, lump, or mass to be in
them contained may have as much of its pointed end cut off as will not part
with its syrup, which I accomplish by a revolving instrument resembling a
chuck in the art of turnery, and made concave, and provided with a side cutter
within. And the said instrument is made to revolve by the mandril or axis of
a turning lathe, duly fitted up, and is of such a figure, nearly approaching that
of a hollow cone within, as to take away that extraordinary length of point in
which the syrup is chiefly lodged, and to leave the loaf of the regular length
and of the shape which may be required or preferred in the market. And I do
use and apply the said instrument accordingly, and in all cases not especially
mentioned, I do proceed according to the practise of sugar refinement as now
used, subject to the directions herein and in my said Specification declared;
but I hereby declare that my Invention for which this present Patent is
obtained, in so far as regards the last-mentioned improvement upon my former
process, which relates to the granulation or crystallizing of sugar, does consist
in substituting for the method of skippings used in the ordinary process, and
for the method in my former Specification mentioned, the application of different
degrees of temperature alternatively to the same mass of evaporated or con-
centrated saccharine liquor. And I do declare that my said Invention. taken
collectively, does consist in the application and use of the methods herein-before
set forth, by which certain principles or general facts, in part well known, are
brought into practice and effect in the process of manufacturing sugars; and

page_text: that my said Invention of the improvements aforesaid, and the several parts
manipulations, or proceedings thereof may be carried into effect and practice
either wholly or seperately, without conjunction or in conjunction with the
methods of sugar refining already in common use, or in the said Specification
described and set forth; and that the management thereof, the several propor-
tions of materials or ingredients, the furnaces, vessels, or apparatus to be used,
and the needful attentions to local and other circumstances, are all susceptible
of variation according to the exigencies of the respective works or operations;
but that the same are either well known or may with facility be made or
adopted from the instructions contained in these presents, and in my said
Specification before mentioned, by any competent workman or other person or
persons acquainted with the general course and nature of manufacturing works,
and particularly with the art of refining sugars.
In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and scal, the Twentieth
day of May, One thousand eight hundred and fourteen, and in the
fifty-fourth year aforesaid.
Throned the same Twentieth day of May, in the year above written.