IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF RUGS
Year: 1859

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Green, of Kidderminster, William Fawcett,
of Wolverley, and Francis Best Fawcett, of Wolverley, all in the County
of Worcester, Carpet Manufacturers, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS
IN THE MANUFACTURE OF RUGS."
Sealed the 11th November 1859, and dated the 13th August 1859.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Green, William
Fawcett, and Francis Best Fawcett, at the Office of the Commissioners
of Patents, with their Petition, on the 13th August 1859.
We, WILLIAM GREEN, of Kidderminster, WILLIAM FAWCETT, of Wolverley,
and FRANCIS BEST FAWCETT, of Wolverley, all in the County of Worcester,
Carpet Manufacturers, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF RUGS," to be as follows (that is
to say):-
Our Invention, which has reference to the introduction of ornamental
patterns or designs in beam rugs in place of plain striped borders and central
mixture, as heretofore, as also the production of a superior effect in the
centre of the same by obviating the tendency of the pile to be opened or
widened by the fine weft, consists, firstly, in printing the whole of the warp,
both border and centre, (or the border only,) and combining such printed

page_text: warp with the usual texture or fabric of a beam rug, by which a more saleable
article is obtained; and, secondly, in causing the fine weft which binds the
pile to range itself in the space between two of the thick wefts in place of
upon one of the same, as hitherto, thus causing the pile to be supported on
each side, and prevented from falling apart.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said William Green, William Fawcett, and Francis Best Fawcett,
in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 13th February 1860.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, WILLIAM
GREEN, of Kidderminster, WILLIAM FAWCETT, of Wolverley, and FRANCIS BEST
FAWCETT, of Wolverley, all in the County of Worcester, Carpet Manu-
facturers, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Thirteenth day of August, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-nine, in the twenty-third year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto us,
the said William Green, William Fawcett, and Francis Best Fawcett, Her
special licence that we, the said William Green, William Fawcett, and Francis
Best Fawcett, our executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as we,
the said William Green, William Fawcett, and Francis Best Fawcett, our
executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no
others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term therein
expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within
the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and
Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF
Rues," upon the condition (amongst others) that we, the said William
Green, William Fawcett, and Francis Best Fawcett, our executors or
administrators, by an instrument in writing under our or their, or one of our
or their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature
of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed,
and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said William Green, William Fawcett,
and Francis Best Fawcett, do hereby declare the nature of our said Inven-

page_text: tion, and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly
described and ascertained in and by the following statement (that is to say):—
Our Invention, which has reference to the introduction of ornamental
patterns or designs in beam rugs in place of plain striped borders and central
mixture, as heretofore, and the production of a superior effect in the centre of
the same, as also obviating the tendency of the pile to be opened or widened
by the fine weft, consists, firstly, in printing the whole of the warp, both
border and centre, (or the border only,) and combining such printed warp
with the usual texture or fabric of a beam rug, by which a more saleable article
is obtained; and, secondly, in causing the fine weft, which binds the pile, to
range itself in the space between two of the thick wefts in place of upon one
of the same, as hitherto, thus causing the pile to be supported on either side,
and prevented from falling apart.
But in order that our said improvements may be more fully understood and
readily carried into effect, we now proceed to describe in detail the mode of
performing the same (that is to say):
:-
In effecting the first part of our Invention, which has reference to the
introduction of ornamental patterns or designs in beam rugs, we have the
worsted or woollen for the warp prepared by twisting three or four threads
according to the quality required, of say No. 7" worsted in the uncoloured
state, in like manner to the worsted threads of higher numbers employed for
tapestry and Brussels carpets, as at present; we then cause it to be submitted
to the operations of scouring, preparing, winding, and printing in the ordinary
manner. In twisting the threads together for the warp, it is necessary that
the number employed in forming each twisted or compound thread, should
range from three to five in place of six or more, as at present, in order that
the colours may be enabled to penetrate more effectually the said twisted or
compound threads, which, as they will generally be of about double the
thickness of those usually employed for tapestry carpets, should be wound on to
the printing drums, so as to admit about half the number of rounds being
wound on in the usual space, which may be readily effected by regulating the
speed of the guides accordingly. The process of setting and warping on to
the beam ready for the loom requires the slays to be set or provided with only
half the usual number of dents or reeds for the purpose of receiving two of the
said twisted worsted threads of extra thickness into each dent, by which the
friction upon the threads is lessened, and a freer passage to the beam afforded.
For this purpose the two worsted threads in each dent should be printed alike
longitudinally with the pattern, in order that if by chance they should cross
each other, the design may not be injured, whereby also half the number of

page_text: rug
rugs may be printed at the same proportionate cost as twice the number when
each longitudinal compound thread is differently printed, whilst the effect of
the is greatly improved by the pattern or design, which is drawn to suit
such arrangement, being on a somewhat larger scale. The style of pattern or
design may either be ornamental over the whole rug, or on the border only,
with an improvement in the appearance or effect of the moss work or mixture
in the centre or vice versa, the length also of the rug being regulated by the
size of the drums. The scale of the fabric which we prefer, is about four to
the inch in the slay, and from three and a half to four wires to the inch as
woven, and when printed, as above described, the arrangement of warp threads
in the loom would be two twisted worsted threads printed alike in each dent of
the slay, with the binding warp drawn in as usual, the process of fingering in
the ends and the heald or shaft heretofore required for that purpose being
dispensed with, whilst in other respects the healds, treddles, slay, or otherwise,
as also the operation of weaving throughout may be either the same as hitherto
in the case of the middle portion of a beam rug, or according to the second
part of our improvements. If a design finer in appearance, or smaller in scale,
be required to be produced, the pattern must be drawn with double the
number of longitudinal rows required for the above arrangement, which will
necessitate twice the number of rugs being printed at a time, as above referred
to, and the employment of the usual slays in setting and warping on to the
beam; but in the loom, the two worsted threads in each dent might be divided
in the slay and healds by putting one pair of the binding warp threads between
the said worsted threads, for which object the worsted heald would. require
double the number of lish or pole eyes. In case the border only is required
to be printed, and the central mixture retained, the two selvage or edge
borders should be set and warped on to the beam together with the mixture,
and the end borders in like manner on to a separate beam for that purpose
attached to the loom. During the process of weaving, the end border warp
should be first drawn in and woven, and then removed to give place to the
centre warp, which on being woven to the required length should be removed
and the border warp again commenced and woven, the pattern or design being
so arranged as to thus admit of the end borders joining in, and the loom and
weaving in all other respects being the same as above described.
In carrying out the second part of our Invention, with the view of obviating
the tendency of the pile to be opened by the fine weft, we employ for the said
purpose four leaves of healds for the binding warp, in place of two as at
present, each leaf carrying one-fourth in lieu of one-half which are to be drawn

page_text: in as follows:-We commence on the weaver's left side of loom with the pair
of threads to the left of the worsted in each dent, the extreme left thread to be
put in No. 4 leaf or shaft, the next, making up the pair, into No. 2 sbaft, and
the worsted as usual into its shaft; then the first of the right hand pair into No. 3
shaft, and the extreme right thread into No. 1 shaft, the two back healds being
thus made to carry one-half the warp the same as the one back heald under
the ordinary arrangement, and the two front the same as the one front
hitherto. To actuate these four healds, an additional roller will be required at
the top of the loom, the Nos. 1 and 3 leaves of healds being connected
together with the same cord over the front roller, and the Nos. 2 and 4 over
the back roller, whilst each shaft or leaf of the healds should be furnished
with the usual short lamb or lever below. The four treddles must be tied up
to work the same as in a Brussels hand loon, namely, regular firsts and
seconds, the two seconds being tied up to alternately rise and depress the two
front and two back shafts for the reception of the thick weft just the same as
the one back and one front are moved in the ordinary way, the improvement
referring to the binding of the fine weft only, and not to the thick weft. For
this purpose, the two first treddles should be tied up both of them alike to raise
the Nos. 1 and 4 shafts, and to depress the Nos. 2 and 3 shafts with the
worsted, the effect of which causes the fine weft to range itself in the space
between the last inserted, and next to be inserted thick weft, and bind
the pile in tighter in place of going into the same shed of the binding warp
with the preceding thick weft as in the ordinary mode, one-half the warp
threads being changed or crossed by treading the firsts for the reception of the
said fine weft, thereby preventing it from sliding upon the thick weft, as above
mentioned, the whole change of the warp being always completed for the
thick weft by the next second treddle. The arrangement of warps in the slay
will be in accordance with the ordinary mode. In conclusion to the fore-
going description, we would here briefly note that, in order to distinguish the
four leaves of healds or shafts, the front, or one next the weaver, is mentioned
above as No. 1, the next No. 2, the next No. 3, and the back one No. 4.
Having now fully described the nature of this our said Invention, and
the manner in which the same is to be performed, we would have it clearly
understood, that we do not intend to confine ourselves to the precise details
herein-before described, as the same may be varied without departing from
the general principle of these our said improvements; but that which we do
claim as new, and of our said Invention, is,―
Firstly, the mode herein described of ornamenting beam rugs, by causing

page_text: the warp to be printed, and combined with the ordinary fabric or texture of a
beam rug.
And, secondly, the general arrangement for securing or supporting the pile,
by causing the fine weft to range itself in the space between two thick wefts,
as above described.
In witness whereof, we, the said William Green, William Fawcett, and
Francis Best Fawcett, have hereunto set our hands and seals, this Eighth
day of February, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred
and cister
WILLIAM GREEN.
WILLIAM FAWCETT.
(L.B.)
(L.S.)
FRANCIS BEST FAWCETT. (L.S.)