IMPROVEMENTS IN AND APPLICABLE TO LAMPS, ALSO APPLICABLE TO APPARATUS FOR LIGHTHOUSE SIGNAL PURPOSES PART OF THE INVENTION APPLICABLE FOR OTHER USEFUL
Year: 1854

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Macdonald, of No. 13, Henry Street,
Upper Kennington Lane, Vauxhall, in the County of Surrey,
Machinist, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN AND APPLICABLE
TO LAMPS, ALSO APPLICABLE TO APPARATUS FOR LIGHTHOUSE SIGNAL
PURPOSES PART OF THE INVENTION APPLICABLE FOR OTHER USEFUL
Sealed the 18th November 1853, and dated the 30th May 1853.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Macdonald
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition,
on the 30th May 1853.
I, JOHN MACDONALD, of No. 13, Henry Street, Vauxhall, in the
County of Surry, Machinist, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN AND APPLICABLE TO LAMPS, ALSO APPLI-
CABLE TO APPARATUS FOR LIGHTHOUSE SIGNAL PURPOSES, PART OF THE IN-
VENTION APPLICABLE FOR OTHER USEFUL PURFOSES," to be as follows:-
To increase the illuminating and reflecting power in lamps used for
the reflection and emissian of light generally, and in obtaining a

page_text: greater amount of surface light and greater capacity for applying
coloured glass or glasses in parts, or a whole coloured glass or glasses,
to signal lamps used for signal lights, and in economising the con-
sumption of fuel that might be used therewith; also applicable to
apparatus for lighthouse signal light or lights; part of the Invention
applicable for other useful purposes, viz., for radiating and reflecting
heat and light, or for heating purposes principally.
This is accomplished by combining an uniformity in the configu-
ration and proportions of the reflector with the configuration and
proportions of the protecting glass or glasses, or signal glass or
glasses, by an uniformed figure, and is constructed of a peculiar form
not hitherto used for such purposes, with an arrangement for the posi-
tion of the burner or holder of the substance in combustion, and in
the proportions of the flame of light or lights issuing or to issue from
the burner, with the proportions of the reflector; also the position of
the protecting glass or glasses, or signal glass or glasses, applicable to
lamps used generally for reflecting light or signal light, and in obtain-
ing a greater amount of surface light for signal light, or for lighting
purposes generally, obtaining one hundred and sixty degrees or more of
a circle of reflected light from the centre of the burner, and that of
whatever dimensions the Invention might be required to be applied,
the means for effecting the objects herein described in combination are
obtained in the manner following, that is to say: describe a geometrical
square, three inches in each side, as the diameter of a reflector, three
inches a full size, or to the scale of one inch to a foot; from the centre
of such square describe a circle touching on every side of such square;
divide the said circle into thirty-six equal parts, or three hundred and
sixty degrees; also divide the said circle into two equal parts, as shewn
by the central dotted line, lettered O, P, in diagram, Figure XVII.;
the two half circles are herein described as containing two quarter
circles each, and the degrees or parts are numbered from 0, to 90,
on each quarter from the centre line O, P; one half circle lettered A,
contains the sectional centre line of the reflector in cross section; the
other half circle, lettered B, contains the sectional centre line of the

page_text: protecting plain glass or signal glass, and the protecting and magny-
ing glass in a central cross section, containing five sides and four angles,
as described in diagram herein referred to, (Figure XVII.)
To obtain the five sides for the circumscribed curved line of the
reflector in a central cross section First, on the half circle A,
a line drawn from 0, to the twentieth degree on each quarter gives
the first two sides; a line drawn from the twentieth degree to the
seventieth degree gives the next two sides on each quarter; a line
drawn from the fifty-fifth degree on one quarter to the fifty-fifth
degree on the other quarter, crossing the two lines drawn from the
twentieth degrees to the seventieth degrees, gives the other side,
making five sides and four angles; two angles containing one hun-
dred and forty-fivo degrees each, and two containing one hundred and
thirty-five degrees each, or nearly, as shewn by the dotted lines in the
diagram herein referred to, (lettered A,) Fig. XVII.
Second, to circumscribe the curved line of the reflector in a central
cross section, as shewn in diagram, Figure III., and in diagram, Fig.
XVII., letter A. A radius of the whole diameter of the reflector, as
shewn by a dotted line in the line lettered O, P, the radius taken and
applied to the tenth degree on each quarter of the half circle B, as
centres, and extended to each quarter opposite on the half circle A, or
first two sides, the radius will circumscribe each side to the twentieth
degree; the radius shortened and applied to the fiftieth degree on each
quarter of the half circle B, as centres, will give the curved line from
the twentieth degree, or first angle, to the next angle or line of the
sixtieth degree, on each quarter of the half circle A; the radius short-
ened and applied to the ninetieth degree on the half circle B, as a
centre, will give the curved line from the line of the sixtieth degree on
one quarter to the line of the sixtieth degree on the other quarter of
the half circle A; the five sides will be circumscribed with a curved
line touching every angle; a templet taken from such curved line, and
made one complex curved line, as the sectional line at the centre of
the reflector in cross section, shewn in the diagram herein referred to;
internal and external working templets to be made from the Drawings
herein refered to, and being obtained, the reflector, if circular, as

page_text: shewn in diagram, Fig. I., to be worked to the templets in the usual
way, and by the usual means; if in parts of circles, as shown in
diagram, Fig. II., the same templets to be used, and the same con
figuration obtained, in a central cross section, and.in central section of
elevation; the templets for parts of circles, as shewn in diagram, Fig.
II., are obtained in the manner described in diagram, Fig. XVI.
A radius of the whole diameter of the reflector, lettered R, is applied
to the centre of each side of the geometrical square, and, as extended
to the opposite side, will give the greater curved line of each side; the
lesser curves are obtained by shortening the same radius on the same
centres in the sectional line of the reflector in cross section, as shewn
in diagram, Fig. XVII., A, the first two sides on one quarter, with
dotted lines, are numbered 4, and 7, namely, parts in the working
position, or parts in full in a central cross section; the parts are num-
bered with the same figures 4; and 7, being proportional parts on the
straight surface in diagram, Fig. XVI., to obtain the working templets
for the second curved line, the radius to be the length as lettered R, S,
in the diagram herein refered to, that the reflector when in working
position with its parts in full, and one side of a square being applied to
the first curved line, or edge of the reflector, that is, as in a central
cross section, the right angle of the square will touch the twentieth
degree; the other side of the square will pass over the centre of the
burner, being ten degrees within the diameter, and pass out touching
the edge of the reflector on the other side, as shewn by the dotted line
lettered L, in diagram, Fig. XVII. The position for the centre of the
burner might be made from three to five degrees further in the reflector
that the dotted line, lettered L, might pass over the centre of the ends
of the light or lights from each side; the next two sides, as shown in
dotted lines in the diagram herein refered to, are diagonal lines or
parallel therewith, and these four sides to be the same configuration in
all reflectors made with the said Invention, of whatever dimensions;
the fifth or middle side parallel with the side of the geometrical square,
and ten degrees distant therefrom, as shewn by the dotted line in the
diagram herein refered to the line might be made nearer to or from
the light, as may be required, kept parallel with the diameter of the

page_text: reflector, the letters c, c, the same as in diagram, Fig. 111. The
longest diameter or width of the flame of light or lights to be one
third of the whole diameter of the reflector, or nearly so, as shewn by
the line lettered K, in the diagram herein refered to; the shortest
diameter or thickness of the substance in combustion might be a flat
wick, or a number of small wicks, with liquid, fuel, or small jets of
gas, the width being material, with the usual length or heighth of light
of whatever matter is used in combustion; the heighth and width of
the burner is shewn by dotted lines lettered K, in diagram, Figure
XVI.; letters c, c, the same as in Figures I., and II.; the reflector
diagram, Fig. I., might be used if a small protecting glass only is
required; Fig. II. is preferable.
Third, the configuration of the protecting glass or glasses, as shewn
in the diagrams lettered d, applicable to lamps used for the reflection
and emission of light generally, and shewn in a central cross section in
diagram, Fig. XVII., lettered B, containing five sides and four angles,
as the protecting plain glasses, as shewn in diagrams VI., VII., and XII.;
the five sides of the protecting plain glass or glasses are to be, obtained
by the same means as described for obtaining the five sides for the
curved line of the reflector in a central cross section, making the
diameter of the glass or glasses ten degrees more than the diameter
of the reflector; that is, five degrees on each side or end longer than
the diameter of the reflector, and five degrees distant and parallel
therewith, as shewn by the dotted line as lettered M, N, in the diagram
herein referred to, Fig. XVII. The position of the protecting glass
or glasses to be not less than five degrees over and clear from the
reflector in every way, as shewn in the dotted line M, N, and the dotted
line lettered x, in the diagram herein referred to, or sufficient for fixing
in a frame or door, for attachment to the lamp or case or frame by the
usual means; and the parts the glass or glasses are fixed in to be kept
clear of the dotted line lettered L, or nearly so; if a circular glass, the
same all round; if a square or rectangular glass; the same on every
sidė, or not to obstruct the reflected light; also, in the diagram berein
refered to, letter B, the inner coloured line containing five sides and
four angles, is a central cross section of a plain protecting glass or

page_text: signal glass, as shewn in diagram, Fig. VII.; the circular coloured line
outside the letter d, is circumscribed by the radius lettered R, and the
said radius is two or three degrees more in length than the semi-
diameter, as shewn by the dotted line lettered a, and the line M, N;
the said circular line being circumscribed with the said radius to the
line of diameter lettered M, N, will, with the inner coloured line, give
a central cross section of a protecting and magnifying glass, as shewn
in diagram, Fig. V, lettered d. To obtain the glass or glasses herein
described, if circular, or square, or rectangular, the working templets,
internal and external, or concave and convexed, are to be taken and
made to the Drawings in the diagram lettered B, and d, in Fig. XVII.,
in central cross section; that is to say, the circular protecting and
magnifying glass or glasses are to be cast, or pressed, or made in metal
moulds, and such metal moulds to be prepare and made to the
working templets; one part of the metal mould to impress the five
sides and four angles concave, or internal form of the glass or glasses,
and the other part of the metal mould to give the circular convex form
of of the glass or glasses, and to be made in the usual way and by the
usual means; the protecting plain glass or glasses to be bent to
the mould or moulds, prepared and made to the working templets
in the usual way and by the usual means, or cast or pressed and made
in a mould or moulds in the usual way and by the usual means, or
put together in parts into a metal frame, made to the same configu-
ration as herein described for the protecting glass by the usual means
and in the usual way, and to be at a less price. The protecting plain
glasses described with three plain sides only are not claimed as new,
only in combination, and where they will emit the light required, they
will be at a less price. The lamp might be used with one single glass,
or two glasses, or with three glasses, as shewn in the central and
sectional elovation, and central cross section, for a signal lamp, in
diagrams; Fig. XIV. and XV.
Also for a lighthouse apparatus for signal light or lights, the
reflector three feet in diameter, with its proportional light or lights, or
of whatever dimensions, to be the same configuration; also the pro-
tecting glass or glasses, or signal glass or glasses, of large dimensions,

page_text: to be obtained in parts of the configuration herein described, and by
the usual means, to the working templets, and put together in a metal
frame made to the same configuration, as herein-before described and
shewn in diagrams, Fig. XVI. and XVII. The protecting glass or
glasses for a three foot reflector might be made of much larger dimen-
sions, with an extension of surface light and capacity, obtained for
applying coloured glass in parts, or otherwise effecting change in signal
lights; the wood frame cased with metal, as herein described for lamp
purposes, and shewn in diagrams, Fig. XIV. and XV., in section; also
for a lighthouse apparatus, the wood frame, cased with metal for the
support and adjustment of the reflector, to be of sufficient strength,
with the other necessary parts, to support the weight of glass or glasses
required in use for the apparatus; the metal case of the said wood
frame to be kept clear from contact with the reflector.
The reflectors in general use for lamp purposes are various in effect;
also, the protecting glass or protecting and magnifying glass or glasses
used for lamp purposes generally, as lenzes or otherwise, for the
emission of light, are not in conformity with the configuration of the
reflector, or an uniformity in the whole, for a full reflection and
emission of light. The said improvements in combination herein de-
scribed are in conformity; the objects obtained by these means are: the
reflected light will enter the plain sides of the plain glass or glasses, and
pass through in straight lines, covering with light one hundred and sixty
degrees of a circle from the centre of burner.
For economising the consumption of fuel that might be used
therewith, that is to say, the reflector, three inches in diameter, with
its proportional light or lights, will illuminate the protecting glass or
glasses, six inches or nine inches or twelve inches in diameter, with
surface light or signal light; also, for a lighthouse apparatus for signal
light or lights, the reflector, three feet in diameter, with its propor-
tional light or lights, will illuminate the protecting glass or glasses,
six feet or nine feet or twelve feet in diameter, with surface light or
signal light, when intensity is not the object, but less consumption
of fuel; when intensity is the object the reflector, with its proportional
light or lights, to be proportionally larger.

page_text: Part of the Invention applicable for other useful purposes; that is
to say, for radiating and reflecting heat and light from substances in
combustion in an open bar grate burner, or for heating purposes
principally, to be as follows:
First, the reflector herein-before described to the scale of one inch
to a foot, or three inches a full size, as described for lamp purposes, to
be fitted to an open bar grate burner (not new) of the usual descrip-
tion used for domestic purposes, the burner to be in proportion and in
position as described for lamps, with the reflector for radiating and
reflecting heat and light from substances in combustion in the said
open bar grate burner.
Second, the reflector herein described to the scale of one inch to a
foot, or three inches a full size, as described for lamp purposes, fitted
to a wood frame cased with metal, kept clear from contact with the
reflector, as described for lamps, without a burner and without a pro-
tecting glass, for heating purposes principally, and, when required in
use, to stand in front of the fire in two wood shoes, or metal shoes, or
of metal and wood (not new), the back part of the said reflector for a
screen, and the reflecting surface of the said reflector to receive the
heat radiating from the reflector fitted to the said open bar grate burner,
and reflect the heat back upon the subject that may be placed therein
for cooking purposes or otherwise for the reception of heat. The wood
frame for adjustment and support of the reflector to be made to the
size and strength required, and as used for the slow conduction of hent
(not new); the wood lettered f, shewn in diagrams, Fig. XIV. and
XV., in section, is a frame made to the size for the lamp or apparatus,
or surface light required, and fitted into and fastened to the outside
case or frame of the lamp or apparatus, as shewn in the diagrams herein
referred to; the inside and out of the said wood frame to be cased with
metal kept clear from contact with the reflector.
The chimney or flue for the apparatus or for the lamp, if straight or
otherwise, to be kept clear of the front frame, from the opening lettered
6 in diagrams, Fig. I. and II., to the top of the frame or case and of
the usual description (not new). The opening lettered a, Fig. I.
and II., for the reception of the burner, etc., into the reflector, to be

page_text: varied to the form and description of the burner, and the nature of the
fuel employed or used; also the opening lettered b, Fig. I. and II., to
the shape or size required (not new). The outside case or frame to be
of the usual form for the class of lamp required, that is to say, from the
side where the door containing the glass or glasses is hinged to the side
where it is to fasten to be of the usual form; also the other necessary
parts for the class of lamp required (not new).
The signal glass or glasses are fitted into a metal frame of the usual
description, and, if required for use, are placed into the frame of the
protecting glass or glasses, as shewn in diagrams, Fig. XIV. and XV.,
in section; a portion of coloured glass only may be used for a signal glass,
or the one half for effecting two purposes at one time, that is, for signal
and for passing, and with two protecting glasses that will not admit the
wind to blow the light out while in changing or adjusting the signal; the
means adapted for these purposes are shewn in the diagrams herein
refered to, and applicable for useful purposes; if the signal glass is not
required in use it can be removed and the lamp used for reflecting
light, or for lighting purposes generally; when one glass only is required
for the lamp with the signal glass, the door to hinge and fasten on the
sides in the usual way (not new), as shewn in diagrams XIV. and XV.
The lamp with the case and appendages to be of sufficient weight, or
weight added to counterpoise the weight of glass required in use for
the lamp. The glasses might be varied in substance or in colour for the
purposes required; and if it should be necessary to cut off part of any
angle or angles of the angular glasses, that will not lessen the number
of the degrees of light.
The substance of the reflector might be silvered copper or glass, or
parts glass and parts metal, with a polished and reflecting surface, or
enamelled iron or other material with a polished and reflecting surface
might be used (not new). If a glass reflector is required it is to be
obtained by the means berein-before described for obtaining a protecting
glass, and pressed or made in moulds in the usual way, or put together
in parts by the usual means.
The parts lettered c, c, shewn in diagrams, Figurs I., II., and III.,
for attachment of the reflector to the wood frame, might be rivetted, or

page_text: brased, or soldered to a strip of metal as a band or hoop, and fitted
round the outside of the reflector for adjustment and support by the
attchment to the wood frame lettered f, the said band or hoop to be
lined with a substance of slow conduction of heat, if a glass reflector
or parts glasses are used; or the said parts lettered c, c, fastened to
strips of metal in parts round the outside of a metal reflector soldered
or otherwise attched to the same.
The diagrams herein described are refered to by numbers and letters.
The reflector:
Figure I., a,
b,
for the reception of the burner and the induction
tube for liquid fuel or gas, and atmospheric air,
and ventilation (not new).
for the eduction of smoke and ventilation through the
chimney (not new).
c, c, for adjustment, as might be required, and support in
the wood frame (not new).
Fig. II., a, b, c, c, as Figure the first.
section of Figure I., and 11.
protecting and magnifying glass.
section of Fig. IV.
protecting plain glass.
section of Fig. VI.
protecting and magnifying glass.
section of Fig. VIII.
Fig. 11, c, c,
Fig. IV., d,
Fig. V., d,
Fig. VI., d,
Fig. VII., d,
Fig. VIII., d,
Fig. IX., d,
Fig. X., d,
protecting plain glass (not new).
Fig. XI., d,
section of Fig. X.
Fig. XII., d,
protecting plain glass.
Fig. XIII., d,
Fig. XIV.,
a,
b,
protecting plain glass (not new).
sectional elevation at centre of signal lamp.
opening for the burner, &c.
opening to the chimney.
d, d, protecting and magnifying glasses.
e,
f.
signal glass.
wood frame for support of the reflector and slow
conduction of heat (not new).

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said John Macdonald in the Great Seal Patent Office,
on the 30th November 1853.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I,
JOHN MACDONALD, of Number Thirteen, Henry Street, Upper Ken-
nington Lane, Vauxhall, in the County of Surrey, Machinist, sends
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent, Majesty Queen Victorin, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Thirtieth day of May, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-three; in the sixteenth
year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give
and grant unto him, the said John Macdonald, Her, special licence that.
he, the said John Macdonald, his executors, administrators, and assigns,
or such others as he, the said John Macdonald, his executors, adminis-
trators, and assigns, should at any time, agree with, and no others,
from itime to time and at all times thereafter during the term therein
expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend,
within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the, Channel.
Islands, and Isle of Man; an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN AND
.APPLICABLE TO LAMPS, ALSO APPLICABLE TO APPARATUS FOR LIGHTHOUSE

page_text: SIGNAL PURPOSES, PART OF THE INVENTION APPLICABLE FOR OTHER USEFUL
PURPOSES," upon the condition (amongst others) that he, the said John
Macdonald, by an instrument in writing under his hand and seal,
should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Inven-
tion, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause
the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said John Macdonald, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same
is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement (that is to say):
The nature of this Invention has for its objects to increase the
illuminating and reflecting power of lamps, and to effect these im-
provements in lamps for the reflection and emission of light generally,
and in obtaining a greater amount of reflected surface light, and
greater capacity and facility for applying coloured glass or glasses,
for effecting change for signal purposes, applicable to lamps, and in
arrangements for the position of the burner or holder of the matter in
combustion; also the proportions of the flame of light or lights issuing
or to issue from the burner or burners, with the proportions of the
reflector or reflectors for economising the consumption of fuel that
might be used in combustion with lamps. using this Invention.
This is accomplished by arrangements and combining an uniformity in
the configurations and proportions of the reflector or reflectors with the
configurations and positions of the protecting glass or glasses, or signal
glass or glasses, constructed of a peculiar form not hitherto used for such
purposes, obtaining one hundred and sixty degrees or more of a circle of
reflected light from the centre of the burner or burners, and that of
whatever dimensions this Invention might be required to be applied;
also applicable to apparatus for lighthouse signal purposes.
Part of the Invention applicable for other useful purposes, videlicit,
for radiating and reflecting heat and light, or for heating purposes
principally.
The means for effecting the objects herein described aro obtained
in manner following.

page_text: To obtain the configuration of the sectional line of the reflector in a
central section of three inches in diameter, a full size, or to the scale
of one inch to a foot, describe a geometrical square, three inches on
every side, as the square shewn in diagram, Figure 1"; from the
centre of such square describe a circle touching on every side of such
square; divide such circle into the usual thirty-six equal parts, or three
hundred and sixty degrees, not new; also divide the said circle into
two equal parts, as shewn in the diagram by the central dotted line
lettered O, P, in Figure 1. The two half circles are herein described
as containing two quarter circles each, and the degrees or equal parts
are numbered from 0, to 90, in the usual way on each quarter from
the central line O, P, in diagram, Figure 1, not new; one half circle,
lettered A, contains the sectional centre line of the reflector in section;
the other half circle, lettered B, contains sectional centre line of the
protecting plain glass or signal glass, or protecting or magnifying glass,
in a central section, containing five sides and four angles.
To obtain the five sides for the circumscribed curved line of the
reflector in a central section :-First, on the half circle A, a line drawn
from 0, to 20th degree on each quarter gives the first two sides; a line
drawn from the 20th degree to the 70th degree on each quarter gives
the next two sides; a line drawn from the 55th degree on one quarter
to the 55th degree on the other quarter gives the other side, making
five sides and four angles, as shewn by the dotted lines in the
diagram lettered A, Figure 1°..
Second, to circumscribe the curved line of the reflector in a central
section, as shewn in the diagram 1°, and Figure 2ª, a radius of the
whole diameter of the reflector, shewn by the dotted line in the line
lettered O, P, figured 1°; the radius taken and applied to the 10th degree
on each quarter of the half circle B°, as centres, and extended to cach
quarter opposite on the half circle A°, or first two sides, the radius will
circumscribe each side to the twentieth degree; the radius shortened
and applied to the 50th degree on each quarter of the half circle B°, as
centres, will give the curved line from the 20th degree or first angle to the
next angle,.,or the line of the 60th degree on each quarter of the half
circle A*; the radius shortened and applied to the 90th degree on the half

page_text: circle B, as a centre, will give the curved line from the line of the 60th
degree on one quarter to the line of the 60th degree on the other
quarter of the half circle A; the five sides will be circumscribed with a
curved line touching every angle; working templets made to the curved
line herein described, and being obtained, the reflector, if circular as
shewn in diagram, Figure 3, to be worked to the templets in the usual
way and by the usual means; if in parts of circles, as shewn in diagram,
Figure 4, the same templets to be used and the same configuration
obtained in a central section. Templets for the parts of circles, as
shewn in diagram, Figure 4, is obtained in the manner shewn in
diagram, Figure 5. A radius of the whole diameter lettered R, is
applied to the centre of each side of the geometrical square, and
as extended to the opposite side will give the greater curved line of
each side; the lesser curved lines are obtained by shortening the same
radius on the same centres. In diagram, Figure 1°, A, the first two
sides with dotted lines on one quarter are numbered 4°, and 7°, namely,
parts in working position, or parts in full; the same parts are numbered
with the same figures 4°, and 7°, being proportional parts on the
straight surface, in diagram, Figures 5°, a 6°; radius for the second
curved line to be the length as lettered R°, S°, in the diagrams
herein referred to, that the reflector, when in working position with its
parts in full, and one side of a square applied to the first curved line
or edge of the reflector, the right angle of the square will touch the
20th degree, the other side or second curved line of the square will
pass over the centre of the burner and pass out, touching the edge of
the reflector on the other side, as shewn by the dotted line lettered L°,
in diagram, Figure 1°. The position for the centre of the burner
might be made from three to five degrees further in the reflector, that
the dotted line lettered L, might pass over the end light or lights from
each side of the reflector. The longest diameter or width of the flame
of light or lights to be one third of the whole diameter of the reflector,
or nearly so, as shewn by the line lettered K°, in the diagram,
Figure 1°; the shortest diameter or thickness of the flame of light
from the matter in combustion might be of the usual description and
of the usual height.

page_text: Third, the configuration for the protecting glass or glasses, or for
signal glass or glasses, shewn in the diagrams lettered d°, applicable to
lamps for the reflection and emission of light generally, and shewn in a
central section in the diagram, Figure 1°, letter B°, containing five sides
and four angles, are to be obtained by the same means as described for
the five sides of the curved line for the reflector in a central section in
diagram, Figure 1°, lettered A°, making the diameter of the glass or
glasses ten degrees more than the diameter of the circular reflector, or
that the position of the protecting glass or glasses, or for signal glass or
glasses, are to be kept over and clear from contact with the reflector
every way, as shown by the dotted lines lettered mo, n°, and a°, and
Figure 1°, or sufficient for fixing in a frame or door for attachment
to the lamp (not new); and the part the glass or glasses are fixed in to
be kept clear of the dotted line in letter 1°, so as not to obstruct the
reflected light or conduct near to the protecting glass or glasses; the
inner coloured line, containing five sides and four angles, is a central
section for a plain protecting glass, or for a signal glass, in the diagram,
Figure 1°, letter B°; the circular coloured line outside the letter dº,
is circumscribed by the radius lettered R; the circular line, with the
inner coloured line, will give a central section for a protecting and
magnifying glass, as shewn in diagram, Figure 8, lettered D. To
obtain the glass or glasses herein described, if circular, or square, or
rectangular, working moulds must be prepared from the working tem-
plets, as described with diagram, Figure 1°, and the glasses made in
the usual way and by the usual means, or put together in parts into a
metal frame, or otherwise made to the configuration herein described
for a protecting plain glass in the usual way and by the usual means,
and to be at a less price. The protecting plain glasses herein described,
with three plain sides only, are not claimed as new, only in combina-
tion, and where they will emitt the light required, they will be at a less
price.
For economising the consumption of fuel that might be used with
this Invention, the reflector, three inches in diameter, with its propor-
tional light or lights, will illuminate the protecting glass or glasses, six
inches or nine or twelve inches in diameter, with surface light, or as.

page_text: signal light, where intensity is not the object, but less consumption of
fuel; where intensity is the object, the reflector, with its proportional
light or lights, to be proportionably larger, or the protecting glass or
glasses to be the exact size for the reflector. The wood, letter fo, in
diagrams, Figures 18, and 19, in section, is a wood frame made to the
size and strength for the class of lamp or surface light required, and
for the reception and support of the reflector, and as used for slow
conduction of heat, (not new,) and fitted into and fastened to the out-
side frame or case of the lamp; the wood frame might be lined with
any suitable material for slow conduction of heat, and cased with metal
(not new), such metal to be kept clear from the reflectors. The chim-
ney or flue to be kept clear from the wood frame from the opening
lettered B, to the top of the frane or case, and of the usual description.
The opening lettered a°, for the reception of the burner, &c., into the
reflector to be varied to the form and description of the burner, and the
nature of the fuel employed or used (not new); also the opening
lettered b°, to be varied to the shape or form for the class of lamp
required (not new).
.
The glass for a signal glass or glasses are fitted into a metal frame of
the usual description (not new), and if required for use to be placed into
the frame of the protecting glass, as shewn in diagrams, Figures 18°,
and 19°, in sections; a whole coloured glass, or a portion of coloured
glass, or otherwise, might be used for a signal, or the one half of a
colored glass for effecting two purposes at one time, that is to say, for
signal and for passing, with one protecting glass or with two protecting
glasses, and will not admit the wind to blow the light out while in
changing or adjusting the signals; the means adapted for these purposes
are shown in sections in Figures 18, and 19, and applicable for useful
purposes; if the signal is not required it can be removed, and the lamp
used for lighting purposes only. When one protecting glass only is
required for the lamp the door to hinge and fasten in the usual way. The
lamp, with the case, and the appendages, to be of sufficient weight, or
weight added to counterpoise the weight of glass required in use for the
lamp. The glass might be varied in substance or in colour for the pur-
poses required, and if it should be required to cut off part of any angle or

page_text: angles of the angular glasses, that will not lessen the number of the
degrees of light.
The reflectors in general use for lamp purposes are various in effect;
also, the protecting glass or glasses used for lamp purposes generally, as
lenses or otherwise, for the emission of light, are not in conformity with
the configuration of the reflector, or an uniformity in the whole for a
full reflection and emission of light. The improvements herein described
in combination, the configuration of the reflector and glasses, are in con-
formity with the, arrangements for a full reflection of light; the object
obtained by this means are: the reflected light will enter the plain
sides of the plain glass or glasses, and pass through in straight
lines, or nearly so, reflecting and emitting light the one hundred and
sixty degrees of a circle from the centre of the burner.
And also applicable to apparatus for lighthouse signal purposes:-
The reflector three feet in diameter, with its proportional light or lights,
will illuminate the protecting glass or glasses, six feet or nine or
twelve feet in diameter, with surface light and capacity obtained for
applying coloured glass or glasses in parts or otherwise for effecting
change in signal lights, or of whatever dimensions this Invention
might be required to be applied. Also the glass or glasses, if of large
dimensions, to be obtained in parts by the usual means and in the usual
way, and put together in a metal frame, or otherwise made to the
same configuration as herein-before described for lamps, and in the
usual way, and by the usual means. The wood frame, as described
for lamps cased with metal for the support of the reflector, to be of
sufficient strength with the other necessary parts of the apparatus to
support the weight of glass or glasses required in use with the appa-
ratus.
Part of the Invention applicable for other useful purposes, that is to
say For the radiation and reflection of heat and light, or for heating
purposes, principally from substances or matters in combustion in an
open bar grate burner of the usual description used for domestic pur-
poses (not new).
First, the reflector herein-before described and shewn in diagrams,
figuring 22, and 23, to be made to the size required, and the open bar
grate burner to be made to the proportions of the reflector, and in po-

page_text: sition as described for lamps, and fitted into the reflector at any suitable
height, with iron bars for support in any suitable number or suitable
manner, and of sufficient strength, and to pass through the reflectors as
through the openings or holds lettered w°, into suitable works to receive
such iron bars; or upright bars, as legs or otherwise, might be applied
for support of the said open bar grate burner; the iron frame lettered
t, t, t, t, to be of suitable strength for the reception of the reflectors, and
the bottom cross bar lettered v, to receive a portion of open bar grating
(not new) suitable for ashes to pass through, and a portion of such
grating might be made to fall down or fit into a suitable opening in
front, as is shown in the bottom part of diagram, Figure 23°, lettered v,
not new; the front part lettered U, in diagram figured 23, might be a
plain metal facing, or an ornamental facing (not new), or otherwise.
Second, the reflector herein-before described and shewn in diagram,
Figure 24, in a front elevation, as fixed in a wood frame or otherwise
(not new), for heating purposes principally, and when required for use
to stand in front of the fire, as shewn in diagram, Figure 25; the back
part of the wood frame as a screen (not new), and the reflecting surface
of the said reflector to receive the heat radiating from the reflector fitted
to the open bar grate burner, and reflect the heat back upon the
subject or matter placed therein on any suitable rest or stand for
cooking purposes or otherwise for the reception of heat; the reflector
for the open bar grate burner might be made in parts or in two parts,
as shewn by dotted lines in diagrams, Figures 22, and 23, or in any
suitable manner.
The substance of the reflector might be silvered copper or glass,
or part glass and part metal, with a polished and reflecting surface,
or enameled iron or other material, with a polished or reflecting surface,
might be used (not new). If a glass reflector is used it is to be
obtained by the means herein-before described for obtaining a protecting
glass, and made in moulds in the usual way and by the usual means,
or put together in parts into a metal case lined with a suitable substance
of slow conduction of heat, such metal frame to clip the reflector
sufficient to hold it; or a glass reflector might have a metal band or
hoop lined with a substance of slow conduction of heat for support,
and the parts lettered c, c, in diagrams Figures 3, and 4, in front eleva-

page_text: 5, and 19, in cross sections; the said parts
zed, or soldered to such case or band or hoop
of the reflector for attachment, adjustment,
wood frame.
ribed are referred to by numbers and letters.
central sectional line of the reflector, as
described in detail.
central sectional line of a plain protecting
glass, or signal glass, or protecting and magni-
fying glass, as described in detail.
ction of the reflector as Figure 1°.
e circular reflector in front elevation.
ening for the reception of the burner, and the
induction tube for liquid fuel or gas, and
atmospheric air and ventilation (not new).
the eduction of smoke' and ventilation
through the chimney (not new).
adjustment and support in the wood frame
(not new).
e reflector in parts of circles in front elevation.
in Figure 3.
described in detail for obtaining the parts of
circles in Figure 4.
tail of Figure 3°, and Figure 20.
evation of a protection and magnifying glass.
ction of Figure 7.
evation of a plain protecting glass, or for
signal glass.
ction of Figure 9.
evation of a protecting and magnifying glass.
ction of Figure 11°.
evation of a plain protecting glass, or for
signal glass..
ction of Figure 13°.
oss section of Figures, 3, and 4.

page_text: as in Figures 3, and 4.
elevation of a plain protecting glass, to the scale
of one inch to a foot only.
elevation of a plain protecting glass, to the scale
of one inch to a foot (not new).
sectional elevation at centre of lamp for signal
purposes.
opening for the burner, &c., as in Figure 3.
opening to the chimney, &c.
protecting and magnifying glasses.
signal glass.
wood frame for the support of the reflector, and
slow conduction of heat (not new).
cross section at centre of lamp for signal purposes.
as in Figure 18.
the metal frames containing the glasses (not new).
hinges, bolts and fastenings, not new.
as in Figure 15.
wood slips for slow conduction of heat.
elevation of the glass or glass enamel reflector
for reflecting light, vertical and expansive, or
for a glass for signal purposes.
opening for glass chimney ventilation, &c.
section of Figure 20°, for a glass chimney, &c.
front elevation of the reflector for the reception
of the open bar grate burner, as described in
detail.
ventilation, &c., as described in detail.
opening for the eduction of smoke and venti-
lation.
as in Figure 3.
iron frame for the reception and support of the
reflector.
, openings or holes for iron bars to pass through,
for the support of the bar grate burner.
3

page_text: Figure 23,
Figure 24,
Figure 25,
C, C,
the same as 22, with a face plate (not new), as
described in detail.
elevation of the reflector in a wood frame for
heating purposes principally.
as in Figure 3.
ffff wood frame for the reception of the reflector
(not new).
section of 24°, in a wood frame, standing in
shoes or brackets (not new).
The improvements herein described I claim new in combination and
arrangements with the means adapted to the end, material and useful
in producing these effects.
I claim,
First, the configuration of the reflector or reflectors, with the
arrangements for the position of the burner or burners, and the pro-
portions of the flame of light or lights with the proportions of the
reflector or reflectors.
Second, the configuration and position of the protecting glass or
glasses for the emission of surface light, with the expansion of one
hundred and sixty degrees, or more, of a circle of reflected light from
the centre of the burner.
Third, the position for the signal glass or glasses, with the facility
for signal or for effecting change for signal purposes.
Fourth, the application of this Invention to apparatus for light-
house signal purposes.
Fifth, the application of part of this Invention for the radiation and
reflection of heat and light, or for heating purposes principally.
The pressed glass or glasses I claim only for surface light or lights
for signal purposes.
JOHN MACDONALD. (s)
JOHN MACDONALD. (LS)

page_text: LONDON: Imted by GEORGE EDWARD EYE and WILLIAM SPOTTISWOODE.
Hinters to the Queens most Excellent Majesty. 1853.