matthewleechen/300YearsOfBritishPatents huggingface dataset:
A REVOLVING WATCH BOW AND PENDANT
Year: 1866

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Robert Mitchell at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 29th
November 1866.
I, ROBERT MITCHELL, junior, of 59, Nile Street, Sunderland, in the County
of Durham, Watchmaker, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "A REVOLVING WATCH BOW AND PENDANT," to be as follows:-
The object of this Invention is to prevent watches being stolen from the
person by twisting the bow from the pendant.
A watch case pendant consists of two parts, the pendant proper, which is
soldered or otherwise securely fixed to the case, and the bow which is
connected with such pendant for the purpose of attaching a guard or chain, by
which the watch may be suspended from the neck or other parts of the person
wearing it.
In my Invention the base of the pendant which is fastened to the watch
consists of a tube about a quarter of an inch long (according to the size of
the watch), into which the push is fastened with a pin. The bow is fastened
to a larger tube which is fitted over the smaller one, and fastened at the top
by a collet in such a manner that the larger tube with the bow can revolve
freely on the smaller one. By thus making the bow to revolve there is no
resistance offered to the twist of the thief, and instead of breaking off, as is
now the case, the bow merely turns round. Thus it would be impossible to
steal a watch from the person without having recourse to such violence as to
immediately arrest the attention of the owner.
IMPROVEMENTS IN PROJECTILES
Year: 1866

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Clemente de Caesaris at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 18th April
1866.
I, CLEMENTE DE CAESARIS, of the Grange, Bermondsey, in the County of
Surrey, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN PROJECTILES," to be as follows:-
This Invention consists in constructing projectiles in the following manner,
that is to say, instead of forming the base or rear of the projectile solid,
as commonly practised in the manufacture of bullets used in the Miniè
rifle or similar kinds of large shot used in ordnance, I propose to form a recess
in the rear end of the projectile, as commonly practised, and about the annular
body of metal surrounding such said recess I form three or more slots or
openings through the said annular body in the direction of the length of the
projectile, the said slots terminating at that part (of a bullet, for example)
where the annular groove is made for affixing the cartridge to the bullet.
The object and intention of these said slots is to cause the rear end of the
projectile when acted upon by the explosive force of the powder employed to
expand or force outwards the divided portions of the projectile, and cause
them to fit tightly in the barrel or rifling of the gun, thereby preventing or
very considerably lessening windage, and ensuring greater accuracy of flight of
the projectile, and carrying it to a greater distance with the same quantity of

page_text: powder used with projectiles formed solid and hollow as heretofore. It is
important to the proper action of this improved projectile that the conical
point of the projectile be formed about one-half of the entire length of the
projectile.
STOPPING AND PREVENTING SLIP FROM WET RAILS OF LOCOMOTIVES AND RAILWAY TRAINS, AND STOPPING CARRIAGES GENERALLY, AND EQUALISING FORCE WITHOUT FLY WHEELS
Year: 1866

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Thomas Comfield at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 15th January
1866.
I, THOMAS COMFIELD, the younger, of Clifford House, Buckhurst Hill, in
the Parish of Chigwell, in the County of Essex, Gentleman, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention for "STOPPING AND PREVENTING SLIP FROM
WET RAILS OF LOCOMOTIVES AND RAILWAY TRAINS, AND STOPPING CARRIAGES
GENERALLY, AND EQUALISING FORCE WITHOUT FLY WHEELS," to be as follows:-
By a certain arrangement of valves in connection with the driving cylinders
of locomotives, and what I call the momentum steam chest, I cause their
pistons to reverse the nature and effect of their action without reversing the
direction of their motion, and this reversed action being maintained by the
force and at the expense of the momentum present in the engine and its load
brings the same to a standstill.
By a certain arrangement of and modification in the permanent way and
the distribution of a gulvanic currant I obtain sufficient bite to prevent the
slipping of those wheels upon whose revolution the action of the retarding
piston depends. A further result of this reversed action is that the steain.
received from boiler is returned thereto through the momentum steam chest,
carrying with it nearly all the dynamic force contained in the momentum it
successfully resisted.
By a certain arrangement of conducting pipes containing water connected
with a double-acting cylinder, and having taps where needed, I cause the
train to be stopped as readily by turning any one of these taps or through any
of the carriages becoming detached as it can be done by the engine driver.

page_text: By a certain arrangement of vulcanized india-rubber, an absobent material,
means for drying same, and heated air, I prevent the slip which occurs from
wet rails, and also secure by this condition of rails a more efficient action of
the means for stopping locomotives and railway trains herein set forth.
By having what I call an equalizing cylinder acting substantially as the
driving cylinder herein described, and whose power of equalizing speed
exceeds the extremes of the variations to be equalized, I dispense with the
use of fly wheels.
MENTS IN WAGGONS OR CARTS FOR CARRYING HAY OR OTHER AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE IN ORDER TO FACILITATE THE STACKING OF SUCH PRODUCE
Year: 1866

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Frederick Cambridge at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 19th June
1866.
I, FREDERICK CAMBRIDGE, of South Runcton, in the County of Norfolk,
Farmer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE
MENTS IN WAGGONS OR CARTS FOR CARRYING HAY OR OTHER AGRICULTURAL
PRODUCE IN ORDER TO FACILITATE THE STACKING OF SUCH PRODUCE," to be as
follows:-
The object of the improvements is to facilitate the raising of hay or other
agricultural produce for the purpose of more readily stacking it from loaded
waggons or carts. For this purpose I form the body of the waggon or cart,
or that part immediately containing the hay or other agricultural produce, so
that such body part may be with its contents raised from the carriage or
lower or supporting part of the vehicle to different elevations. Cords, bands,
or chains applied at or near the corners of this moveable body, pass upwards
over pullies applied at the upper parts of uprights supported from the carriage
or lower part of the vehicle, and are thence connected to a shaft or roller
capable of revolving on axes or pivots, so that by causing the rotation of this
shaft or roller the moveable body of the vehicle may be raised or lowered as
desired; guide pulleys are applied as required. The rotation of the shaft or
roller may be effected by bars or lever arms applied through holes formed in it,
or by the application thereto of a lever arm or handle; pawls and ratchet or
such like teeth prevent the return of the roller. In place of cords as the

page_text: lifting means, screws or racks and pinions may be employed.
Uprights are
applied at the corners of the moveable part to retain the hay or other
agricultural produce from unduly pressing on the uprights from the carriage
or supporting part of the vehicle.
IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR CLEANING AND POLISHING BOOTS AND SHOES, HARNESS, AND OTHER MANUFACTURED LEATHER GOODS
Year: 1866

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Thomas Challinor at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 21st September
1866.
. 1, THOMAS CHALLINOR, of 62, Great College Street, in the County of
Middlesex, Commission Agent, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR CLEANING AND
POLISHING BOOTS AND SHOES, HARNESS, AND OTHER MANUFACTURED LEATHER GOODS,"
to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to a peculiar construction, arrangement, and
combination of machinery or apparatus for cleaning and polishing boots and
shoes, harness, and other manufactured leather goods, whereby a considerable
economy of time and labor is effected.
According to this Invention it is proposed to employ a series of circular or
endless brushes, which are mounted upon a revolving spindle or shaft driven
by a foot lever and crank or by other convenient means, the said brushes
being caused to operate continuously in one direction upon the surface of the
article to be cleaned and polished. The blacking or other polishing material
is contained in a suitable reservoir and is applied to one of the series of
brushes as required by means of a feeding brush, which is carried by parallel
levers, and is capable of being depressed so as to take up the requisite quantity

page_text: of blacking, and of being then elevated by spiral or other springs. When
thus charged it is brought in contact with the surface of the blacking brush
by turning over partly the parallel levers, which on being released return to
their original position again, the feeding brush' being thereby carried out of
the way of the other brushes. The article to be operated upon is first
submitted to the action of the cleansing brush, and is then subjected to that of
the blacking brush, whence it is transferred to the polishing brush which puts
on the final polish ; other brushes or rubbers may if desired be added for the
purpose of facilitating and expediting the cleaning operation.
A NEW AND IMPROVED FUEL
Year: 1866

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Hamilton at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 17th October
1866.
I, JOHN HAMILTON, of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark, North Britain,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention of "A NEW AND IMPROVED
FUEL," to be as follows, that is to say :-
This Invention, which has for its essential object the production of a highly
efficient fuel, is composed as follows, the proportions given having been found
to produce good results:-One ton of finely sifted anthracite coal or other
screened or pulverized bituminous coal known as "duff" or culm, two
hundredweight of sawdust, and forty gallons of heated coal tar or other
heavy mineral oils, such as the still bottoms or residuums left after the
distillation of coal or shale oils; to which is added. from two to three
hundredweights of pulverized rock or other salt.
In manufacturing the improved fuel from the above-mentioned materials
the sifted coal and sawdust and salt are mixed together, and the coal tar or
residuum in a heated state is poured thereon; when thus compounded the
whole of the ingredients are thoroughly combined and commingled by hand or
any suitable mechanical means. When thoroughly combined the admixture
is allowed to stand for twenty-four hours or thereabouts before being used as

page_text: fuel. The fuel may be pressed into the form of bricks or used in a loose
state, or it may be solidified by the addition of a small quantity of one of the
liquid silicates. By heating the oil before mixing with the coal and sawdust
the spirit and light oils which are injurious are got rid of, and the necessity
for drying the fuel in ovens or in any other manner is avoided.
The admixture under the present Invention is more complete in both its
combination and action, giving off greater heat than other fuels, at the same
time the sawdust holding in it a large proportion of oxygen combustion is
thereby assisted.
IMPROVE- MENTS IN SECURING THE HATCHWAYS, SKYLIGHTS, AND OTHER OPENINGS OF STEAM AND OTHER SHIPS OR VESSELS
Year: 1866

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Edward Montagu Leeds at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
3rd February 1866.
I, EDWARD MONTAGU LEEDS, of Southampton, in the County of
Hants, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN SECURING THE HATCHWAYS, SKYLIGHTS, AND OTHER OPENINGS OF STEAM
AND OTHER SHIPS OR VESSELS," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in securing the hatch-
ways, skylights, and other openings of steam and other ships or vessels.
For this purpose I employ sliding doors, shutters, or hatches to the hatch-
ways, skylights, or other openings, such shutters or hatches consisting of
flat plates of iron strengthened with angle iron, and made to move on
rollers in grooves or on guides, by means of blocks or other hauling gear,
from side to side or across such hatchway, skylight, or other opening, such
grooves or guides being composed of angle or other iron securely fastened
to the bulb irons or deck beams of the ship. Frequently the deck beans
cross the hatchway, skylight, or opening, and then a separate shutter or
hatch is employed, the deck beams do not cross such hatchway in each
opening, but when this is not the case I introduce a shifting beam or
beams, or a fore and aft beam or girder, or a rod or rods and guides,

page_text: spanning such hatchway or opening and supporting such door, shutter, or
hatch, which is also made to move on rollers in grooves or on guides by
means of blocks or other hauling gear. India-rubber or other packing may
be applied to close any crevices left by the sliding doors, shutters, or
hatches.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF FURNACES FOR THE PREVENTION OF SMOKE
Year: 1866

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Chesters at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 6th April
1866.
I, JOHN CHESTERS, of Prospect Place, Bexley Heath, in the County of
Kent, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF FURNACES FOR THE PREVENTION OF SMOKE," to be as
follows:-
This Invention consists in constructing furnaces in the following manner,
that is to say, instead of forming a fire-bridge in the manner commonly
practised, I form it as follows:-Suppose the furnace to be applied to a
Cornish boiler, at the back of the fire-bars I form a vertical channel the
whole width of the fire-grate by constructing the boiler at such part with a
hollow and horizontal transverse partition or water space communicating with
the water in the boiler; this partition I form bent or with an angle somewhat
like the letter L, extending from the bottom of the opening in the boiler
upwards, and then horizontally towards the front of the furnace, and about six
inches therefrom, more or less, according to the size of the furnace and boiler.
A few inches from the upright portion of the before-mentioned water space I
form another hollow partition or vertical and transverse water space extending
from the top of the boiler flue to within six inches, more or less, of the hottom
thereof, and I form another similar hollow partition or water space behind the
last-mentioned partition, leaving space for the passage of gaseous vapours from
the fuel on the fire-bars; this last-mentioned partition is connected to the

page_text: bottom of the flue of the boiler, and beyond this last-mentioned partition I
contract the flue of the boiler from the upper part thereof, so as to leave as
near as may be a uniform area of flue throughout its entire length. The
practical effect of a furnace of the above improved construction is as
follows: The furnace door being made air-tight the air required to support
combustion of the fuel passes along the ash-pit up the air channel at the back
of the fire-bars over the surface of the fire, where it becomes intensely heated,
thence over the horizontal partition or water space, past the two other
partitions, and finally into the chimney shaft, and by these means I am
enabled to effect the prevention of smoke.
AN IMPROVEMENT IN COLLARS FOR THE NECK
Year: 1866

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Timothy Joseph Clanchy at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 8th
January 1866.
I, TIMOTHY JOSEPH CLANCHY, of the Cathedral Club, Cathredal Hotel,
Manchester, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN
IMPROVEMENT IN COLLARS FOR THE NECK," to be as follows:-
Since the discontinuance of the fashion of wearing large or high cravats,
and the introduction of the present style of small neckties and scarfs, the
throats and necks of the wearers are left exposed in a way entirely unsuited to
the climate, this being the cause of great injury to health, and of coughs, colds,
and consumption. As people will not depart from the prevailing fashion even
for their healths, and as they cannot with propriety appear in society or in public
muffled up, no matter how delicate or liable to colds they may be, and as the
occasionally or alternately muffling and exposing of the throat and neck is
fraught with danger to the health it is desirable that means should be found
for combining an adherence to the present style of dress with the necessary
protection for such important and delicate parts of the body as the throat and
neck.
The advantages of my Invention are that it gives this protection combined
with the light graceful appearance of a linen collar, and as a permanent
article of dress not requiring to be removed from putting on in the morning
till night when undressing.

page_text: For this object I propose to have collars made of a combination of two
materials, instead of making them entirely of linen or calico. I will have the
outer surface which is visible when on the wearer made of the ordinary
materials, of linen or calico, and the inner side or surface which faces and
touches the throat and neck, and which is not visible when on the wearer,
made of woollen or other soft warm washable material of such thickness or
number of folds as may be necessary. This is particularly applicable to
stand-up collars, which, when made high, and fitting close to the neck, will
give the wearer the protection of a muffler without its sickly appearance. It
is also applicable to collars of other shapes and designs.
A NEW OR IMPROVED VEHICLE FOR CARRYING THE ELECTRIC WIRES IN SUBMARINE TELE- GRAPHS
Year: 1866

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION. left by François Wibratte at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents,. with..his Petition, on the.i 23rd
January 1866..
I, FRANÇOIS WIBRATTE, of 29, Boulevart St. Martin, Paris, France,
Proprietor, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "A NEW
OR IMPROVED VEHICLE FOR CARRYING THE ELECTRIC WIRES IN SUBMARINE TELE-
GRAPHS," to be as follows:-
The telegraph cables hitherto employed fail to possess sufficient flexi-
bility and pliability, strength, resistance, or stability, which qualities do not
prevail in the round form of cable. The absence of these essential
qualities has for its frequent and inevitable results rapid wear, piercing of
the protecting envelope, great difficulty of immersion, and still greater if
not impossibility of emersion. The tube chain of this Invention possesses
the qualities which are wanting in cables, and consequently has not their
disadvantages. This new or improved apparatus, intended to serve as a
vehicle for the conducting wires of electricity in submarine telegraphy,
consists of a series of tubes supported or carried by a chain constructed for
the purpose. It is made of iron or steel, and consists of articulated pieces,
the links, each of them bearing a tube in which are contained and pro-
tected the electric wires, being connected by a pair of rings, in which they
turn freely and fold back one on the other.
This Invention is illustrated in the accompanying Drawing, which shows
the construction of the chain. Two plates a are united by bars 6 in the

page_text: form of a link, the links being connected by two rings c, in which the
plates turn freely, so that the links may fold back one on the other. Each
plate a is traversed by a hole of sufficient diameter to receive the wire
conductor of the electricity. The plates and holes in the same may be
enlarged according to the number of wire conductors employed. Two
shorter tubes dare also fitted between the links, which are rivetted to the
other side of the plate and connected by a hinge e, the pin of which is also
traversed by a hole. The folding of these tubes and of the links gives to
the apparatus its especial quality, viz., that of pliability. The interstices
of the hinges are, if necessary, protected against the penetration of water
by any impervious substance. The conductors are made of fine copper
wires, which bend without tension and fold up with the links and tubes.
These wires pass through the holes and tubes the whole length of the
chain; they are insulated from contact with the iron by a coating of gutta
percha or other substance answering the same purpose. I would observe,
that the chain may be made with half the number of plates above specified
with a view of rendering it less heavy, but the strength of the apparatus
will in this case be diminished to a great extent.
IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR TURNING OVER THE LEAVES OF Music
Year: 1866

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Dixon at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 27th March
1866.
I, WILLIAM DIXON, of Queen's Head Lane, Essex Road, in the County of
5 Middlesex, Carpenter and Joiner, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR TURNING OVER THE LEAVES OF
Music," to be as follows:-
My apparatus for turning over music leaves consists of a series of levers or
arms mounted at one end on a centre common to all and fixed in a suitable
frame. These arms are each impelled by a spring to move in the direction it
is desired to turn the music, which may either be a simple piece of elastic to
cach or a metal spring enclosed in the boss end of the lever; in using elastic
I prefer to use also an opposing piece of elastic, but much weaker, which
regulates the action somewhat. On the end of each arm or lever I mount a
wire or light standard which may be solid on the arm; this wire carries a
clip which embraces the edge of the music leaf, so that when the lever moves
it carries the leaf with it. Near the fulcrum end of the levers I dispose what
I may term compound levers, being two levers of the first order, the one
actuating the other; the first mover is connected by a wire to a pedal, in
opposition to which a spring acts to return it to its normal position. When
the pedal and that end of the lever connected therewith is depressed by the
foot of the operator the opposite end is raised; this has a nib or projection
which rises up aud retains the second lever in succession, it at same time
operates the second of the compound levers; this lever is provided with a nib

page_text: or projection which being depressed by the movement releases the first lever
or leaf holder, which moves immediately by reason of the tension of its spring
and turns over the leaf precisely as it would be done by the hand in the
ordinary position of the music. When the pedal is released the nib which has
just released the first lever rises up and takes up the position as a stop for the
succeeding lever, and so on; four, five, six, or more levers may be moved,
and with them the leaves of music so turned over. The music is of course dis-
posed and the leaves introduced between the several clips before the performer
commences a piece, which can be played through and the leaves alternately
turned over without the application of the hands of the performer. I mount
the levers in a frame or stand piece in form so that it can be readily fixed to
the music rest of a piano or other music stand..
IMPROVEMENTS IN CARTRIDGES FOR BREECH-LOADING FIRE-ARMS
Year: 1866

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Robert Lake at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 13th
February 1866.-A communication from abroad by Colonel Thomas
Laidley, of Springfield, Massachusetts, United States of America.
I, WILLIAM ROBERT LAKE, of the "International Patent Office," No.
8, Southampton Buildings, Chancery Lane, in the County of Middlesex,
Consulting Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN CARTRIDGES FOR BREECH-LOADING FIRE-ARMS," a com-
munication, to be as follows:-
The object of the said improvements is the construction of a metallic
cartridge, which can be recharged and used many times over instead of
being rendered useless and thrown away after one discharge. This object
is attained by the employment of a peculiar method of inserting and
retaining the anvil inside the copper case or shell of the cartridge, which
method allows the cartridge to be easily and quickly reconstructed and
recharged after being fired. To insert the anvil into the copper case or
shell the sides of the said case are compressed or squeezed enough to
slightly flatten the sides thereof. The anvil is then introduced and placed
in its position at the rear end or rim of the said case. The case is then
pinched or crimped in such a manner as to cause an indentation round its
sides, which forms an interior ridge or projection just in front of the anvil.
This ridge or projection keeps the anvil securely in its place in the end of

page_text: the case or shell till the cartridge is fired, when the force of the explosion
causes the said case or shell to assume its original shape. The cartridge
can then be reconstructed by inserting the anvil and pinching the sides to
retain the said anvil therein, as above described. Instead of securing the
anvil in the case or shell by forming the ridge or indentation in the sides
of the latter, the same result may be obtained by making the anvil of a
length nearly equal to that of the case. The anvil is inserted in the said
case, and is secured therein in such a manner that when the cartridge is
charged the end carrying the cap bears against the end of the bullet. The
cap is exploded by being driven against the end of the bullet. After the
explosion the cartridge can be easily recharged and recapped, and is then
again ready for use.
Cartridges constructed as above described can be advantageously used
for many discharges before being thrown away as useless. A great saving
is thereby effected both in the cost of material and transport, as a much
smaller number of cartridges need be provided than is required when they
can only be fired once.
A NEW OR IMPROVED PROCESS OR METHOD OF TREATING ARMOUR PLATES TO RENDER THEM INOXIDIZABLE
Year: 1866

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Clinton Edgcumbe Brooman at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 25th
July 1866. A communication from abroad by Mayeul Bernabé, of
Paris, France.
I, CLINTON EDGCUMBE BROOMAN, of the Firm of Robertson, Brooman, and
Company, of 166, Fleet Street, in the City of London, Patent Agents, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "A NEW OR IMPROVED
PROCESS OR METHOD OF TREATING ARMOUR PLATES TO RENDER THEM INOXIDIZABLE,"
to be as follows:-
This process or method is based upon the employment of electro-metallurgy
applied to cover the plates with an insulating and protective coating of copper,
the effect of which when so produced is by a peculiar action of neutralization
of the electric currents to render the plates quite inoxidizable. It is the
employment and application to armour plates of this process, with the view of
protecting them, which form the subject of this Invention.
I proceed as follows:-The plates are shaped, perforated, and prepared for
putting together before being submitted to the three following operations:
The 1st operation is the cleaning. The plates are immersed in a vessel
containing a suitable acid liquid.
The 2nd operation is the coating with copper by the galvanic process.
The cleaned plates are placed in a bath made alkaline by cyanide of potassium;
the vessel containing the bath is by preference stoneware; in the interior is

page_text: a plate of copper facing, and of the same dimension as the armour plate;
the two conducting wires of a galvanic pile are placed one in connection
with the copper and the other with the armour plate and an electric current
is thereby established, which causes a deposit of copper upon the armour
plate; in a few hours the layer deposited is sufficiently thick to insulate or
separate the iron.
The third operation consists in strengthening or increasing the first layer
second
of copper which covers the armour plate by submitting the plate to a
galvanic coppering. For this purpose the plate already coated with copper is
immersed in an acid bath of sulphate of copper, a plate of copper of the
same dimensions being placed opposite the armour plate. The bath is
contained in a wooden vessel and is also traversed by an electric current
from a pile. The plates should be left in this bath for from one to two days,
when the coating of copper will be sufficiently thick.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE APPLICATION OF MATERIALS TO SURFACES POR ORNAMENTAL PURPOSES
Year: 1866

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Henry Davidson Plimsoll at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 23rd April
1866.
I, HENRY DAVIDSON PLIMSOLL, of 13, Ampthill Square, Hampstead Road,
in the County of Middlesex, Merchant, do hereby declare the nature of the
said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE APPLICATION OF MATERIALS TO SURFACES
POR ORNAMENTAL PURPOSES," to be as follows:-
My Invention has reference to the ornamentation of paperhangings, and
to the decoration of internal walls or surfaces in buildings, also of various
articles such as cabinet pedestals, boxes, and other ornamental articles composed
of wood, ivory, papier maché, and other materials usually employed for such
purposes, also to the ornamentation of external surfaces of artificial stone or other
like composition.
And my Invention consists in the application to the aforesaid purposes
of the titaniferous iron sand of New Zealand, and of Spain, or elsewhere, as a
a mode of giving brilliancy of effect to certain portions of the surface to which
the sand is applied.
In applying the sand to ornamental paperhangings a thin solution of glue
or other suitable adhesive substance is first applied by means of appropriately
formed blocks or otherwise to such portions of the surface as are required to

page_text: be covered with the sand, and after the sand has been sprinkled over the
adhesive material it is slightly pressed by means of a roller or otherwise.
And when the sand is applied to ornamental boxes and articles of the kind
referred to the same process is adopted, except that it may be necessary in some
cases to form indentations of the requisite patterns in the surfaces of such articles.
to receive the sand.
Also when the sand is applied to papier maché or to artificial stone or
other like composition it may be worked into the material so as to show on its
outer surface either in the form of a pattern or otherwise.
IMPROVEMENTS IN CORKING BOTTLES, AND IN THE MACHINERY OR APPARATUS CONNECTED THEREWITH
Year: 1866

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Hugh Fraser at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 11th May 1866.
I, HUGH FRASER, of Stirling, in the County of Stirling, North Britain, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN CORKING
BOTTLES, AND IN THE MACHINERY OR APPARATUS CONNECTED THEREWITH," to be as
follows, that is to say :-
This Invention, which relates to the preparing of corks so that they may be
more advantageously used for bottling, consists as follows:-At one end of
a form or table a box is placed containing the corks to be prepared, and
extending across the machine is a shaft which is moveable in bearings; this
shaft is furnished at one side with a handle or lever by which the workman or
attendant actuates the machine. At the end of the shaft opposite to that upon
which the handle or lever is fixed a toothed wheel or segment is keyed, which
gears into a corresponding rack moveable in slides situated above the wheel
or segment. The end of the rack is made with a semicircular recess, and a
similar recessed piece of metal is fixed into the framing opposite to the rack.
The recesses in the rack and piece of metal are about the size necessary to
compress an ordinary cork, so that when acted upon the cork may be com-.
pressed to thoroughly fill and easily pass into the bottle. As the workman
sits upon the form, by means of drawing the handle or lever towards himself,.
he compresses the cork, and a bottle being placed before him he at once passes.

page_text: the compressed cork into it. A bracket is placed at one side of the machine for
holding a dish or vessel into which some of the liquor is poured similar to that
being bottled, and the workman dips the compressed cork into this liquor, so
that the cork may be more readily driven and caused to expand and tightly
fit the bottle.
IMPROVEMENTS IN LUBRICATING CERTAIN FRICTIONAL SURFACES IN STEAM ENGINES
Year: 1866

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Henry Ashworth at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 18th January
1866.
I, HENRY ASHWORTH, of Walsden, near Todmorden, in the County of
Lancaster, Spinner and Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of the
said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN LUBRICATING CERTAIN FRICTIONAL SURFACES
IN STEAM ENGINES," to be as follows:-
Our Invention relates to the lubrication of such frictional surfaces as
are under the pressure of steam, as for instance, the piston and rod and
internal surface of the steam cylinder of steam engines, and is designed to
apply the lubricant thereto in small quantities, both the quantity and
frequency of application being intermittent and capable of regulation as
required. The improvements consist in causing the water arising from the
condensation of steam to float and displace the lubricant and supply it
gradually as the water increases, so that the supply of lubricant is dimi-
nished or increased according to the area of the surface upon which the
water of condensation accumulates. The apparatus, which forms no part of
my Invention, may consist of a vessel containing the lubricant which is
attached (say for example) to the cylinder cover, at the top of which vessel
the condensing chamber is fixed, and there is a communication between them
so that the water may pass therefrom into the lower vessel. From the interior
of the cylinder, through the cover, a tube extends upwards through the large
vessel aud terminates in the condensing vessel, the lower end of this tube

page_text: being branched out and placed in close proximity to the part to be lubricated
(say the piston rod) and this tube is enclosed in another tube or shield and
the space between is filled with any non-conducting material so as to prevent
the passage of the steam up the inner tube, heating the lubricant too much,
thus the steam passes at every stroke up the tube into the condensing vessel,
on the sides of which the water accumulates, and as it falls into the lubricant
it raises it constantly and gradually, so that it is intermittently but continually
overflowing by drops into the lubricant supply. tube, whence at each stroke the
pressure of steam forces it on to the part to be lubricated. A tap and tube
is applied to the lubricating vessel to clear out the water and lubricant, and I
would remark that the apparatus may be placed on any steam passage
between the boiler and the cylinder, or be attached to the latter.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PRODUCTION OF GREEN COLORING MATTERS FOR DYEING AND PRINTING TEXTILE FABRICS AND YARNS
Year: 1866

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by James Alfred Wanklyn and Alfred
Paraf at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their Petition,
on the 14th August 1866.
We, JAMES ALFRED WANKLYN, of the City of London, Professor of
Chemistry, and ALFRED PARAF, of the City of Machester, in the County of
Lancaster, Chemist, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PRODUCTION OF GREEN COLORING MATTERS FOR DYEING AND
PRINTING TEXTILE FABRICS AND YARNS," to be as follows:-
It is already known that a small quantity of valuable green dyes is produced
in the manufacture of the substitution violets, of which Hofmann's violets and
Wanklyn's violets are the best known examples. We have invented a process.
for increasing the yield of green dyes in the afore-named manufactures, and
have succeeded in transforming the whole or almost the whole of the violet
into green dyes. Our process is based upon the fact, discovered by ourselves,
that the green dyes are substances in which substitution of hydrogen has
further than in the violet dyes.
gone
We practise our Invention as follows:-We take about equal weights of
rosaniline, of alcohol or wood spirit, or other suitable solvent, and of iodide of
ethyl, or the iodine compound got from glycerine, known as iodide of isopropyl,
or of other compound used to effect replacement of hydrogen, and we heat the
mixture in a closed vessel under pressure to about 280° Fahrenheit for about
three hours; the product is then shaken up with about four times its weight
of an aqueous solution of carbonate of soda containing about one per cent. of

page_text: carbonate of soda. The effect of this treatment is to give an aqueous solution
of green dye and a solid mass of violet dye. The solid mass of violet dye is
then boiled for a short time with potash or soda ley, which converts it into an
almost colorless base (the salts of which are violet dyes). This solid product
of the action of alkalies is then dried, powdered, and heated afresh to 230°
Fahrenheit with an equal weight of alcohol and iodide of ethyl, and the
resulting product treated again with dilute solution of carbonate of soda, which
extracts more green dye, and the residue digested as before with potash or
soda ley. The resulting base is again heated under pressure with more iodide
of ethyl as before, and this time very much green dye is produced.
In this series of operations there is obtained a large quantity of solution of
green dye in carbonate of soda. This solution may be used at once for dyeing
and printing, or may be further purified.
IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM BOILERS
Year: 1866

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Thomas Green at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 7th May 1866.
I, THOMAS GREEN, of Leeds, in the County of York, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM BOILERS," to be as
follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in steam boilers. The
shell of the boiler constructed according to this Invention is a cylinder placed
in an upright position, and containing within it a fire-box of a conical form.
The base of the fire-box is nearly equal in diameter to the shell of the boiler,
and it is fixed to the lower end thereof. The fire-box tapers gradually up to
a point near, or by preference a little below, the water level of the boiler,
where it is fixed to the flue which rises up from it through the upper end of
the cylinder into a short chimney supported on the top of the boiler. It is
preferred that the flue at its lower end, where it joins the fire-box, should be
smaller in diameter than at its upper end, so that the draft through the fire-
box and flue is most contracted just at the point where it leaves the fire-box.
In this way the heat is to a great extent concentrated within the fire-box,
which is entirely below the water level. This concentration of the heat tends
to prevent the escape of smoke, and also to prevent the flue from becoming
overheated. The fire-bars form the bottom of the fire-box, and the fire-door

page_text: is immediately below them. Horizontal tubes of comparatively large diameter
run through the fire-box from side to side, and communicate with the water
space of the boiler; these tubes serve both to stay the boiler and also to
increase the heating surface. The boiler is by preference mounted on a bed
plate of cast iron, in which the ash-pit is formed; this bed plate is also made
hollow, and the space within it is employed for heating the feed water for the
boiler.
IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM BOILERS, WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE ALSO APPLICABLE TO HOT WATER AND OTHER BOLLEBS
Year: 1866

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William John Fraser at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 8th
June 1866.
I, WILLIAM JOHN FRASER, of 10, Commercial Road East, in the County
of Middlesex, Engincer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM BOILERS, WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE ALSO APPLICABLE
TO HOT WATER AND OTHER BOLLEBS," to be as follows:-
My Invention relates to vertical boilers having internal fire-boxes, and
consists in the construction of the fire-box, and arrangement of water tubes
therein in the manner herein-after stated, whereby the heat from the fire will
be caused to descend through the furnace bars (which are formed by portions
of the water tubes) into a combustion chamber at the bottom of the boiler,
and thence to ascend through flues inside the boiler, thereby producing a
constant circulation of water within the water tubes and preventing the
formation of smoke in the combustion of the fuel. The fire-box is closed at
the top and open at the bottom leading into the combustion chamber, and the
water tubes have their lower ends fixed at or near the bottom, and their upper
ends at or near the top of the fire-box, and they are bent or disposed in such
a manner as to form furnace bars across the fire-box between the upper and
lower ends of the tubes. The portions of the water tubes which form the

page_text: furnaco bars are by preference flattened in order to admit of their being
arranged more closely together. The flues for conveying the heat from the
combustion chamber to the top of the boiler may be either in the form of
tubes or of an annular chamber within the boiler, or they may be formed
in brickwork externally.
IMPROVEMENTS IN LOOMS FOR WEAVING A CERTAIN CLASS OF FABRICS
Year: 1866

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Smalley at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 21st
February 1866.
I, JOHN SMALLEY, of Mellor, near Blackburn, in the County of
Lancaster, Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Inven-
tion for "IMPROVEMENTS IN LOOMS FOR WEAVING A CERTAIN CLASS OF FABRICS,"
to be as follows:-
My Invention has for its object the weaving of fabrics were part of the
warp threads employed are kept straight (as in plain woven fabrics) and part
are crimped in the act of beating up the weft, the result of such action being
a fabric partly of plain and partly of puckered stripes, or a fabric were the
plain stripes are concealed in the puckered stripes, applicable for towels,
petticoats, and various other purposes. This has hitherto been accomplished
imperfectly and uncertainly by arranging the warp threads which are to be
kept straight on one beam, and those which are to be crimped upon another
beam, and both beams have been held back by friction, as in weaving plain
fabrics, except that less friction was applied to the warp beam which con-
tained the warp to be crimped. My Invention consists in driving the
beam containing warp to be crimped or in unwinding this warp so as to
deliver a positive and definite length after each pick, or as often as
required, and I accomplish this both in hand and power looms by placing
the beam containing the warp to be crimped so that its surface will rest

page_text: upon the surface of a beam or roller covered with rough cloth or sand to
make it adhere to the warp, and I then geer this roller with the taking-up
roller or motion of the loom, so that every time the cloth is taken up a
fixed length of warp will be unwound, the warp forming the plain part of
the fabric being held back by friction in the usual manner. I arrange the
gearing between the taking-up motion and the letting-off motion with
change wheels or other means, so that the quantity of warp let off for each
pick can be varied at pleasure to obtain a greater or less degree of pucker
in the fabric. The beam containing the warp to be crimped may be driven
from the beam containing the warp for the plain part of the fabric, but I
prefer to drive it from the taking-up motion or an independent motion
similar to the taking-up motion, and acting once for each pick or as often
as is necessary to produce the fabric required.
IMPROVEMENTS IN AXLES FOR RAILWAY AND OTHER CARRIAGES
Year: 1866

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by James Edwin Phillips at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 15th May
1866.
I, JAMES EDWIN PHILLIPS, of Spittlegate Works, Grantham, in the
County of Lincoln, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN AXLES FOR RAILWAY AND OTHER CARRIAGES," to be as
follows:-
The Invention has for its object improvements in axles for railway and
other carriages, for this purpose, according to one arrangement, I cut the
axles, such as are now commonly in use, transversely into two parts and
turn them down so as to fit a tube which is placed over them. The ends of
the tube come against the bosses of the wheels and serve to maintain the
distance between them and to give the necessary strength to the axle. The
wheels in this case are keyed to the two parts of the axle whilst the outer
ends of the axle are supported in axle-boxes in the ordinary manner.
Another arrangement consists in employing an axle over which two tubes
are placed abutting against each other in the centre of the length of the
axle. To the outer ends of these tubes the wheels are keyed or otherwise
secured whilst the ends of the solid portion of the axle run in boxes as is
usual, the outer ends of the tube will then serve as shoulders against the

page_text: boxes. By these means each wheel is rendered capable of turning indepen-
dently of the other, thereby greatly facilitating the running of the carriage
upon curved lines of roads, and materially reducing the wear and tear of both
rails and wheels.
IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR FILTERING AND PURIFYING WATER AND OTHER FLUIDS
Year: 1866

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by George Edward Moore at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 18th August
1866.
I, GEORGE EDWARD MOORE, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick,
Metal Dealer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR FILTERING AND PURIFYING WATER AND OTHER
FLUIDS," to be as follows, that is to say :-
This Invention consists in attaching to the nozzle or beak of taps used
for drawing off water or other fluids, or to the spouts or other outflows of
pumps or other apparatus for raising or drawing fluids, a chamber or reservoir
of a suitable form to contain charcoal, pumicestone, sand, or other filtering,
purifying, or disinfecting media. I prefer to attach this chamber or reservoir
in the following manner-Upon the beak of a tap I form a collar or cover
tapped with a screw to receive a pendent bulb-shaped cup with an outflow
at the bottom, in which cup are placed pieces of wire gauze or perforated
metal, between which is. placed the charcoal or other filtering or purifying
substance. These parts are all kept in position by a ring of metal screwed into
the cup, and the whole when in use is screwed into the collar or cover formed
on the beak of the tap when out of use. The filtering chamber hangs by a
chain attached to any portion of the tap, and thus cleanses itself by draining.

page_text: The displacement of the filtering chamber is for the purpose of allowing the
fluid to be drawn off more rapidly when it is not required to be purified, as in
the case of water used for other purposes than drinking, or the filtering
chamber may be attached, if preferred, to one nozzle of a two-way tap or
pump, the other nozzle being left free for the passage of unfiltered fluid; or it
may be placed on the pipe itself behind the tap or in any other suitable
position so that it intercepts the fluid before it is drawn off, and thus in the
operation of drawing off filters and purifies it. I have used the word tap in
the above description for the sake of bevity, the nozzles, spouts, or other
orifices of pumps or other apparatus for letting off or drawing off fluids
would be fitted in similar manner.