IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM ENGINES AND BOILERS
Year: 1853

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Galloway and John Galloway, of
Manchester, in the County of Lancaster, Engineers, for the In-
of T
"
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Galloway
and John Galloway at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents,
with their Petition, on the 27th January 1853.
We, WILLIAM GALLOWAY and JOHN GALLOWAY, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM ENGINES AND
BOILERS" to be as follows:
We construct a boiler with two or more internal tubes containing
two or more separate fires or furnaces, the flames from which unite in a
common flame chamber, from which they pass down through a number
of small cylindrical or conical vertical tubes, and enter another cham-
ber or smoke box, from which they pass off into a flue leading to the
chimney. The top of the flame chamber is supported or strengthened
by means of cross bars or stays, or by means of one or more conical or
cylindrical water tubes, or by both conical and cylindrical water tubes.

page_text: Another modification of this boiler consists in lengthening the flame
chamber, and introducing a series of conical water tubes between the
furnaces and the vertical tubes. Stops of brickwork are placed so as to
deflect the gases, and mix them together. Another arrangement is ob-
tained by causing the flame to ascend from the flame chamber through
a number of vertical tubes into another chamber, whence it escapes
into the flue, or is carried down through another series of vertical tubes
before being allowed to escape. In, the arrangement first described a
second series of tubes may also be applied, so that the flame may ascend
through the second series after descending through the first series. Both
these arrangements may be combined so that the flame may be divided
or split into two portions, one of which descends through one series of
tubes, and ascends through another series, while the other portion
ascends through one series and descends through another series of tubes.
The flame chambers may be stayed and strengthened in the usual
manner, or by the introduction of conical or cylindrical water tubes.
The tube plates, or some of them, may be protected by perforated plates
of fire clay. Where two successive series of tubes are employed we
consider it preferable to employ tubes of smaller diameter, and in
greater number, in the series farthest from the fire, than in that which
is nearest to the fire. Our improved boilers above mentioned are of
strong forms, and suitable for generating steam of high pressure.
They may also be used for generating steam of low pressure.
not unfrequently the case that both bigh and low pressure steam are
required at the same time for working different engines, or for other
purposes. In order to obtain a regular supply of low pressure steam
from a boiler working at a higher pressure we employ a steam cham-
ber or vessel which is connected with the boiler by a pipe in which is
a double beat valve or a throttle valve or other valve capable of being
moved with facility. A rod from this valve passes through a stuffing
box, and is pressed against a flexible diaphragm or piston by means of
a balance weight. This flexible diaphragm or piston is placed in com-
munication with the steam vessel. The effect of this arrangement is,
that if the pressure in the steam vessel increases it moves the diaphragm
or piston, and closes or partially closes the valve. If, on the contrary,
It is

page_text: the pressure in the steam vessel decreases, the diaphragm or piston is
moved in the opposite direction by the action of the balance weight, and
the valve is thus opened. In order to apply steam advantageously in
the engine, we employ expansion gear, which is regulated by the governor
of the steam engine in the following manner:-A frame carrying two
racks is caused to move up and down, or backwards and forwards,
by being connected to the valve shaft or otherwise. These racks com-
municate a reciprocating rotary motion to two toothed wheels, which
run loose upon a shaft, and are furnished with ratchets taking into teeth
on the shaft, so that cach wheel alternately drives the shaft through half
a revolution, and the motion of the shaft is always in the same direction.
This shaft carries a cam which acts against a roller mounted on a lever
connected with the expansion valve. The axis of the roller is not per-
manently fixed upon the lever, but is capable of sliding in a slot in
the lever, and its position in the slot is regulated by a rod connected to
the governor. The opening of the expansion valve is thus regulated
according to the speed of the engine, and if the speed increases above a
certain point the action of the expansion gear is altogether suspended,
and the valve remains shut until the speed has again decreased. The
expansion valve thus acts as a throttle valve, in addition to acting as an
expansion valve, and no other throttle valve is required. In order to
prevent the escape of steam past the piston of the engine we employ
a metallic packing composed of two rings, one within the other. The
outer ring is cylindrical on the exterior, and conical in the interior, and
is cut through at one side, and provided with covering bits to cross the
joint in the usual way. The inner ring is conical on the exterior, so as
to fit the outer ring, and it is cylindrical but excentric on the interior.
It is cut through at the thinnest side, and the two ends sprung together
by means of a bolt passing through two snugs, and it is fitted to and in-
troduced within the outer ring. The bolt is then slackened, and the
outer ring is thus forced out against the sides of the cylinder, and at
the same time the conical form of the rings causes them to be pressed
against the opposite plates of the piston. A spring may be added to
assist the elasticity, if required.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said William Galloway and John Galloway in the
Great Seal Patent Office on the 15th July 1853.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we,
WILLIAM GALLOWAY and JOIN GALLOWAY, of Manchester, in the
County of Lancaster, Engineers, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Twenty-seventh day of January, in the
year of our Lord One thousand cight hundred and fifty-three, in the
sixteenth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto us, the said William Galloway and John Galloway,
Her special licence that we, the said William Galloway and Jolm
Galloway, our executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as
we, the said William Galloway and John Galloway, our executors,
administrators, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no
others, from time to time and at all times thercafter during the torm
therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great. Britain and Ireland, the
.Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
STEAM ENGINES AND BOLLERS," upon the condition (amongst others) that
we, the said William Galloway and John Galloway, by an instrument
in writing under our hands and scals, or under the hand and seal
of one of us, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of
the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed,
and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within
.six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said
Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said William Galloway and John
Galloway, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention, and in
what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described
and ascertained in and by the following statement thereof, reference
being had to the accompanying Drawings, and to the figures and letters
marked thereon, that is to say:
Our Invention relates, firstly, to improvements in steam boilers

page_text: secondly, to apparatus for reducing and regulating the pressure of steam;
thirdly, to an improved arrangement or construction of expansion gear
for steam engines; and, fourthly, to an improved metallic piston or
packing.
Figure 1, Sheet I. of the accompanying Drawings, is a longitudinal
section of a boiler constructed according to our Invention, and con-
sisting of a vertical cylindrical portion A, covered with a hemispherical
top or dome, and united to a horizontal cylindrical portion B, which
contains two furnaces. Figure 2, is a front view of the boiler with the
front plate, which forms the end of the horizontal portion, removed so
as to shew the interior. Figuro S, is a horizontal section of the same.
The same letters indicate the same parts in each Figure. C, D, are
the two furnaces, placed in cylindrical flues which unite in a combus-
tion chamber or throat E, which connects them with the flame chamber
F. Z, is a fire brick bridge. G, G, are a number of vertical tubes,
through which the products of combustion descend into the chamber
H, whence they are conducted away at K, to the chimney. The top of
the chamber F, is supported or stayed by means of strong iron bars f,f,
laid across it, and rivetted or bolted to it, and it may also be stayed by
rods attached to the upper part of the shell, as shown by the dotted
lines in Figure 2. The flame chamber F, may also be stayed by conical
water tubes, like the combustion chamber E. The combustion chamber
E, contains several conical water tubes T, T, which communicate at top
and bottom with the water in the boiler, and which serve as stays to
strengthen it, and also serve to break up and mix together the products
of conibustion from the two furnaces. U, U, are two stops or walls of
fire brick which prevent the passage of the flames along the sides of
the combustion chamber, and compel them to pass between and among
the water tubes T. The flames or products of combustion from the
two furnaces are thus brought together and commingled, and the com-
bustion is thus rendered more perfect, and the production of black
smoke is in a great measure prevented. These stops may be placed in
different positions in the combustion chamber, and the dotted lines in
Figure 3, show one of these positions. The tubes G, G, are of conical
form, like the tubes T, T, but instead of being filled with water, they

page_text: are fire tubes, or tubes through which the products of combustion pass.
We consider it preferable to place them with the narrow ends upper-
most, so as to facilitate the ascent of the steam from their outer surfaces.
Cylindrical fire tubes may, however, be employed in lieu of conical ones.
Figure 4, is a longitudinal section of a boiler, whose general form
is very similar to that above described, but which has two series of
vertical fire tubes in lieu of only one series. Figure 5. is a front
view of the same, with the front plate removed from the end of the
The
horizontal portion B, which is of an oval or elliptical form.
parts A, C, D, E, T, U, Z, are similar to those similarly marked in the
first boiler. The products of combustion from the two furnaces C, D,
unite in the combustion chamber E, and passing among the conical
water tubes T, enter the flame chamber F, and rise through a number
of cylindrical fire tubes G, G, into the chamber H, whence they again
descend through a second series of fire tubes I, I, into the chamber
J, and pass through an opening K, to the flue or chimney. The
chamber F, is stayed or strengthened by one or more conical water
tubes N. The chambers F, and J, are separated by a flat water space
L, stayed in the usual manner. The elliptical portion B, of the shell
may be strengthened by vertical tie rods passing between the furnace
flues, and connected to the top and bottom in the line of the shortest
diameter of the ellipse. Or this part of the boiler may be strengthened
by horizontal struts in the line of the longest diameter of the ellipse.
These horizontal struts are obtained by placing transverse bars across the
furnace flues, and introducing short struts between the two furnace flues,
and between them and the sides of the shell B. The transverse bars in
the furnace flues may be employed as bearers for supporting the fire bars.
The horizontal part B, may be made cylindrical in lieu of elliptical,
and it will then not require to be stayed.
.
Figure 6, is a vertical longitudinal section of another of our improved
boilers, having three furnaces and four series of vertical fire tubes.
Figure 7; is a front view of the same, with the front plate removed.
Figure 8, is a sectional plan of the same, shewing the two upper furnaces
and the upper series of tubes; and Figure 9, is a sectional plan, showing
the lower furnace and the lower series of tubes. The same letters indicate

page_text: the same parts in all these Figures. A, is the vertical cylindrical shell,
with its dome top, as before. B, is the horizontal part of the boiler, of a
cylindrical form, and containing three furnaces C, D, D', the flames from
which unite in a common chamber or throat E, whence they pass into the
flame chamber F. The products of combustion then divide into two
portions, one of which ascends through the fire tubes G, G, into the
chamber H, and again descends through the tubes I, to the chamber J,
and passes off to the chimney through the opening K. The other
portion of the products of combustion descends through the tubes g, to
the chamber h, and then ascends through the tubes i, to the chamber J,
and passes off to the chimney through the opening K. The chambers-
F, and J, are formed by one circular chamber or box divided into two
parts by the fire-brick partition L, and strengthened by several conical
water tubes M, M. The chamber H, is also strengthened or stayed by
conical water tubes N, N. G¹, and I', are conical fire tubes, which
may be used in lieu of cylindrical fire tubes, or in conjunction with
them. In order to avoid weakening the boiler unnecessarily the open-
ing in the vertical portion A, at the junction of the horizontal portion B,
is made smaller than the part B, although sufficiently large for the
entrance of the throat E. One or more holes are made at a, to allow of
the passage of the steam from B, to A.
Figures 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15, Sheet II., represent one of our
improved boilers, having two fires, the flames or products of combustion
from which unite and descend through one series of vertical fire tubes, and
ascend again through another series. The shell of this boiler consists of a
vertical cylinder surmounted by a dome, and having a horizontal elliptical
portion connected to the one side of it, and containing the furnaces.
Figure 10, shews the horizontal portion of the boiler in section, and the
vertical portion in elevation. Figure 11, is a transverse vertical section
through the vertical portion of the boiler. Figure 12, is a longitudinal
section through the whole boiler. Figure 13, is a plan of the boiler, with
the upper part of the shell removed. Figure 14, is a horizontal section
of the boiler; and Figuro 15, is a similar section, showing the application
of perforated fire tiles, as herein-after mentioned. The same letters refer
to the same parts in all these Figures. A, is the vertical cylindrical

page_text: shell, with its hemispherical top or dome. B. is the elliptical horizontal
portion of the shell, which is rivetted to A. C, D, are the two furnaces,
placed in cylindrical flues which unite in a throat E, which connects
them with the flame chamber F. Z, is the bridge of fire brick. G, G,
are a number of vertical tubes through which the products of combustion
descend into the chamber H, whence they 'ascend through other vertical
tubes I, I, into the chamber J, and pass through the opening K, to the
chinmey. The chambers F, and J, are formed by one circular chamber
or box, divided into two parts by the fire brick partition I, and
strengthened by several conical water tubes M, M, N, N. The steam
which is generated in the lower part of the boiler rises up through
these conical water tubes, and also round the sides of the shell. A. hole
is cut through the side of the vertical portion of the boiler to admit the
throat E, and one or more holes are made at a, to allow of the
passage into the dome of the steam generated in the horizontal por-
tion of the boiler. The space under the furnaces serves for the collection
of sediment or mud, which is removed from time to time. The elliptical
part of the boiler may be strengthened by vertical tic. rods passing
between the furnaces and connecting the top and bottom, or by
horizontal struts placed within and between the two furnace flues,
and between the furnaco flues and the shell, so as to form a horizontal
strut in the line of the longest diameter of the cllipse. The horizontal
part of the boiler may be made cylindrical in lieu of elliptical, and it
may contain three furnaces in lieu of two furnaces, if preferred.
0, 0,
in Figures 12, and 15, are tiles made of fire clay, and perforated with
holes. They are supported by studs on the upper tube plate of the
series of tubes G, G, or by studs in the sides of the conical water tubes
M, M. The tiles may be made with a number of small holes, or with
a hole over each of the tubes G, G, and of the same diameter as those
tubes. These perforated tiles are intended to render the combustion
more perfect, and also to act as a partial protection to the tube plate. The
lower angle of the chambers F, J, may be protected by a fire brick curb P
and the under part of the throat E, may also be lined with fire brick.
Figures 16, and 17, are vertical sections, and Figures 18, 19, and
20, are horizontal sections of another form of boiler. A, is the ver-

page_text: tical cylindrical shell, with a hemispherical top or dome. B. is a fire box
containing the two furnaces C, and D, separated by the fire brick parti-
tion Z. The products of combustion from the two fires unite above the
partition Z, and pass through the upper part or throat of the fire box
into the flame chamber F, whence they descend through a number of
vertical tubes G, G, into the lower chamber or flue H, and again ascend
through the tubes I, I, into the chamber J, and pass through the opening
K, to the chimney Y. The chambers F, and J, are formed by one cir-
cular chamber or box, divided into two parts by the fire brick partition
L, and strengthened by several conical water tubes M, M, and N, N.
P, is a fire brick curb, which protects the angle formed by the junction
of the fire box with the chamber F, from the direct action of the flame.
Q, Q, are shutters or dampers for regulating the admission of air to the
fires. R, R, are the fire doors, and S, is the ash pit. It will be seen
that all the boilers herein-before described have internal furnaces, or
furnaces contained within the boiler and surrounded by water; also
that the greater part of cach boiler is of curved or cylindrical form, and
that the weaker parts are strengthened by tubes or stays, so that the
whole boiler may be capable of resisting the pressure of the steam.
It is sometinies desirable to obtain a supply of steam at a regular
pressure less than that at which the boiler is worked, as, for example, for
driving a low pressure engine by a boiler working at a high pressure.
For this purpose we employ the apparatus shewn partly in elevation and
partly in section in Figure 21, Sheet III. A, is a pipe leading from the
boiler B, to another boiler or chamber C, in which the steam is to be
maintained at the reduced pressure. D, is a double beat valve which regu-
lates the passage of the steam through the pipe A. E, is the valve rod,
the top of which terminates in a flat surface in contact with a diaphragm
of vulcanized indian-rubber F, attached to the end of the bent tube G,
which communicates with the chamber C. This tube contains a columu
of water resting upon the diaphragm F, which is thus protected from
the contact of the steam, and kept comparatively cool. H, is a lever
with an adjustable weight I, which presses the valve rod E, against the
diaphragm F. e, is a socket and screw for adjusting the length of the
valve rod E. The weight I, is adjusted on the lever H, so that it may

page_text: hold in equilibrium the pressure of the steam in the chamber C, on the
diagraphm F, when that steam is at the required pressure. If the
pressure in the chamber C, decreases, the valve rod E, and valve D, are
raised by the preponderance of the weight I, and more steam is
admitted from the pipe A, to the chamber C, until the equilibrium
is restored. If, on the contrary, the pressure in the chamber C,
decreases, the valve is depressed, and the flow of steam through the
pipe A, is checked or stopped. In this way the steam is maintained at
the required pressure in the chamber C, from which it is conveyed
to its destination.
Figures 22, 23, 24, and 25, Sheet III., represent an arrangement of
expansion gear, which derives its motion from the beam or valve shaft, or
other reciprocating part of the steam engine. Figure 22, is a front view,
with a section of the expansion valve. Figure 23, is a side view. Figure
24, is a plan, and Figure 25, is a front view of a portion of the same.
The same letters indicate the same parts in each of these Figures. A,A,
are two guides fixed to a foundation plate A¹. B', and B, are two racks
united by cross pieces B, B, at top and bottom, and capable of sliding up
and down in the guides A, A. These racks are not placed opposite to one
another, but gear into the teeth of two pinions D¹, D³, which run loose
upon the shaft E. The racks B', B², are driven up and down by the
connecting rod C, and lever L, which is fixed on the valve shaft S, or
which otherwise receives a vibratory motion from the engine. The pinions
D¹, D², thus receive a reciprocating rotary motion of one half a revolu-
tion or a little more, and the two pinions always move in opposite direc-
tions. Each pinion carries a paul d, as shewn in Figure 25, which catches
into a two-toothed ratchet wheel e, fixed on the shaft E. The shaft is
thus carried round half a revolution by the up stroke of the racks B', B*,
and half a revolution in the same direction by the down stroke of
the racks, so that a double stroke of the engine produces one re-
volution of the shaft E, whose motion is always in the same direction.
The shaft E; carries a cam F, having two opposite projections, which
act against the roller K, on the lever G, which gives motion by the rod
H, lever I, and rod J, to the double beat expansion valve M, which is
placed between the steam pipe and the ordinary valve box of the engine.

page_text: The weight of the rods H, J, lever I, and valve M, cause the roller K,.
to be pressed upwards, and kept in contact with the cam F. The axis of
the roller K, is not fixed to the lever G, but slides in a slot in that
lever, and its position is regulated by the rods N, N, and bent lever O,
which is connected to the governor of the engine by a rod P. The
effect of this arrangement is that when the velocity of the engine
increases the roller K, is drawn towards the end of the lever G, which
causes it to escape sooner from the action of the cam F, and to rise and
close the expansion valve at an carlier part of the stroke of the engine.
The governor is thus made to regulate the degree of expansion, and by
that means to regulate the velocity of the engine. If from any cause
the velocity of the engine should become greatly increased the roller K,
is drawn to the end of the lever G, and out of reach of the cam F.
The valve M, then remains shut, and the steam cannot enter the cylinder
until the velocity has diminished sufficiently to bring the roller K again
into action. The bent lever O, may be adjusted by hand, if required, in
lieu of being moved by the governor.
We construct metallic packing for the pistons of steam engines with
an exterior concentric cylindro-conical ring, and an interior excentric
cylindro-conical ring, in the following manner:-Figure 26, is a section of
a piston with the metallic packing; and Figure 27, is a plan of the same
without the upper plate. A, is the lower plate with its boss B; and C, is
the upper plate, fixed to the lower one by the screws D. E, is the piston
rod. F, is the outer concentric ring, which is made cylindrical on the
exterior, and conical on the interior. It is cut through at one side, and
small pieces of metal ff. are fitted into recesses in the ring so as to
prevent the escape of steam through the cut in the ring. G, is the inner
eccentric ring, which is made conical on the exterior, so as to fit the
ring F, while it is cylindrical and eccentric in the interior, so as to be
thicker on the one side than on the other; the thimest side of the
ring is cut through at g; and h, h, are two lugs on the ring.
through which a bolt H, is passed. A nut at each end of the bolt
serves for drawing the ring together, so as to enable it to be introduced
into its place. The ring G, is at first made larger than is required,

page_text: and it is sprung together by the bolt H, and turned to fit the outer ring,
into which it.is then placed, and the nuts of the bolt are slackened so
as to allow the ring to expand and press the outer ring against the
cylinder. A spiral or helical spring may be placed upon the bolt
between the two lugs h, h, so as to assist in expanding the inner ring G,
if required.
Having now described the nature of our Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, we wish it to be understood that
what we claim is,-
Firstly, the constructing of boilers with two or more internal fur-
naces, in combination with one common chamber containing vertical or
inclined water tubes, and with one or more series of vertical fire tubes,
in such manner that the products of combustion from the furnaces
unite and pass through the chamber before entering the vertical fire
tubes, as herein-before described.
Secondly, the constructing of boilers with two or more internal
furnaces in combination with one common flame chamber, and with
two successive series of vertical fire tubes, in such manner that the
products of combustion from the furnaces unite and pass through the
chamber before entering the vertical fire tubes, as herein-before de-
scribed.
Thirdly, the constructing of stops of fire brick in the combustion
chambers of boilers having two or more furnaces, so as the more effec-
tually to bring together and commingle the products of combustion
from the different furnaces, as herein-before described in reference to
Figures 1, 2, 3, and 4.
Fourthly, the apparatus herein-before described in reference to
Figure 21, for reducing and regulating the pressure of steam.
Fifthly, the expansion geer or apparatus for working the expansion
valve of a steam engine by means of a cam driven by racks and pinions
in manner herein-before described in reference to Figures 22, 23, 24,
and 25.
Sixthly, the constructing of metallic packing for pistons of one exterior
concentric cylindro-conical divided ring, and one interior eccentric

page_text: cylindro-conical divided ring, in manner herein-before described in re-
ference to Figures 26, and 27.
In witness whereof, we, the said William Galloway and John
Galloway, have hereunto set our hands and seals, this Fourteenth
day of July, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred
and fifty-three.
Witness,
0
WILLIAM GALLOWAY. (L.S.)
JOHN GALLOWAY. (L.S.)
WILLIAM NEWTON,
Cashier, Knott's Mill Iron Works,
Manchester.