IMPROVEMENTS IN CERTAIN AGRICUL TURAL IMPLEMENTS
Year: 1850

page_text: BENDALL'S SPECIFICATION.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JAMES
BENDALL, of Woodbridge, in the County of Suffolk, Machinist, send greeting.
WHEREAS by Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great
Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Twenty-third day of
-November, in the fourteenth' year of the reign of Her present most Excellent
Majesty Queen Victória; Her said Majesty did give and grant unto me, the
said James Bendall, my exors, adfuors, and assigns, Her especial licence, full
power, sole privilege and authority, that I, the said James Bendall, my exors,
admors, and assigns, and such other as I the said James Bendall, my exors,
Fadiofs, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, should and
lawfully might make, use, exercise; and vend, within that part of Her said
Majesty's United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland called England, Her
Dominion of Wales, and Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and in the Islands of
Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney, Sark, and Man, and in all Her Majesty's Colonies
and Plantations abroad, my Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN CERTAIN AGRICUL
TURAL IMPLEMENTS;" in which said Letters Patent is contained a proviso
obliging me, the said James Bendall, to cause a particular description of the
nature of my Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed,
Funder my hand and seal, to be enrolled in Her said Majesty's High Court of
Chancery within six calendar months from the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance' with the said proviso, I; the "said
James Bendall, do hereby declare that the nature of my said Invention, and
....

page_text: in what manner the same is to be performed, are particularly described herein
and hereby, reference being had to the Drawings annexed, that is to say :-
My Invention of Improvements in the Construction of Agricultural Im-
plements consists,-
Firstly, in an improved construction of scarifying machine or implement,
which is to be employed for the purpose of tilling and cultivating land.
Secondly, in the adaptation and application of separate and moveable tips
or points to the shares of ploughs, scarifiers, and other like machines employed
in the tilling and cultivation of land.
Thirdly, in an improved arrangement and construction of mill for crushing
beans, peas, barley, and other descriptions of grain.
Fourthly, in an improved construction of turnip-cutting machine employed
for cutting turnips and other roots; and,
Fifthly, in an improved construction of the shares or points of ploughs,
scarifiers, and other like machines employed inthetillingand cultivation of land.
The scarifying machine which forms the first of these my improvements is
represented in the annexed Drawings, Fig. 1 being a side elevation; Fig. 2 a
plan; and Fig. 3 a transverse sectional elevation through the line 1, 1, Fig. 1;
Figures 4 and 5 show portions, upon an enlarged scale, which I will hereafter
describe. A, A, the framing of the machine, which may be composed of wood,
or cast iron, or other materials. I prefer, however, to employ cast iron in its
construction, as most convenient, but I do not confine myself to the employ-
ment of this or any other material. B, the bar attached to the framing; the
extreme end carries the front wheel Ciu the usual manner. The wheel,mounted
upon the vertical bar D, passing through a bush in the end of the bar B, and
sliding through, is adjusted by means of a pin so as to regulate and determine
the height of the bar from the ground. Upon the framing A, A, the crank
shaft E is mounted, the bearings of which are in projections or brackets upon
the under side of the framing. The ends of the shaft, E', E, are both cranked
in the same direction, and carry upon them the wheels E",E". The mounting
of these wheels upon the cranks I effect by the employment of hard materials
for the purpose of reducing the wear and tear of those parts. The method is
better shown in the Figures 4 and 5,which represent a vertical and horizontal
section of the centre portion of the wheel. The boss a of the wheel is fitted
with a bush b, of white or chilled iron, which is fixed into the boss,and secured,
by means of a key or otherwise, to prevent it from turning; within the boss c
is another bush, having a square hole, and fitting upon the square end of the
crank E; it is passed into the boss b, and upon it the wheel turns. This bush
is also made of white or chilled iron, for the purpose of preventing the wear

page_text: and tear, and by the hardness of these surfaces in rubbing contact, the wheels
will last a much longer time, and remain longer in good condition. Another
advantage is, that when the bushes.may be worn, and so rendered useless for
further wear, the wheel may be re-bushed with new bushes, and thus last a
much longer time than when made by the old method. F, F, the tines or
arms carrying the shares or points; they pass through aad are secured to the
framing A in the ordinary manner. Upon the axle shaft E is fixed the
segment G, which is perforated near its periphery with a series of holes
GI, G. Upon the axle shaft E is loosely placed the lever H, close against
the face of the segment G; and there is an eye or hole in this lever corre
sponding to the series of holes in the segment, through which the bolt or pin
H can be put, and through any one of those holes, for the purpose of fixing
the relative positions of the lever and segment, according to the distance the
points or shares upon the frame are required. to penetrate into the land. To
the upper end of the lever H the connecting bar or rod I is attached, the
other end of which is attached to the lever handle I, moving upon a fulcrum
upon the back part of the framing A. By this handle the attendant upon the
machine raises or lowers the framing so that the shares may act upon the
land, or be elevated from it as required. There is a stop K through which a
pin or bolt is passed into any one of the holes upon the segment G, to secure
it when the frame is required to remain in an elevated position, and the
shares or points above the surface of the land (as when the machine is to be
removed from place to place); but when the shares are required to act this
pin or bolt is withdrawn and the lever I moved forward, so that the frames
will descend until the points or shares upon the frame enter the land to the
desired extent; and this amount of depth to which they penetrate will depend
upon the relative positions of the lever H and the segment G, that is, when
the holes in the segment are uniform in their distance apart, and are marked
in succession with figures denoting the number of half inches, or inches, or
any other measure (half inches are supposed to be represented in the Drawings)
which the shares or points will penetrate into the land. When the lever H
is attached to the holes respectively, according to the Figures marked, as, for
example, when the lever H is adjusted to the hole marked Lin the segment,
and the lever handle thrown torward, then the points or shares will be just
above the surface of the land; and as the position of the lever is shifted to
any of the holes, then the figure under that hole will denote the number of
half inches the points or shares penetrate below the surface of the land; as
when in the hole S, as shown in the Drawings, and the lever handle thrown
forward, then the points'er shares will penetrate four inches below the surface.

page_text: By the employment of the compound levers shown, a great power is obtained
to elevate and depress the shares and points by a simple means.
I will now describe the modified construction shown at Fig. 6, which repre-
sents a side elevation, and Fig. 7 a plan view of a scarifying machine, to
which there are two elevating and depressing apparatus attached, one placed
upon each side of the machine, so that either side, at pleasure, may be
elevated or depressed, independent of the other side. In these Figures the
corresponding parts to those described in the first modification are indicated
by the same letters of reference, and therefore require no repetition to describe
them here. The axle shaft E, E, is made of two parts, and has separate bear-
ings, and movement can be given to either of them, so as to elevate or depress
either side of the implement at pleasure. There are also two distinct sets of
elevating levers and apparatus, one upon each side, acting independent of
each other. With these exceptions, this modification is similar in arrange-
ment and construction to that first described.
My second improvement relates to the shares and points of ploughs, scari-
fiers, and other machines and implements employed in the tilling and cultiva-
tion of land, and consists in so making and forming the shares, and those parts
of these classes of implements which penetrate the land, with removable and
renewable tips or points, so that when one tip or point upon the share becomes
worn, and unfit for further use, it may be removed from the share, and another
or a new point substituted. The shares are thereby made to last a much greater
length of time than usual, and consequently the expense is considerably
reduced, as the small points will now be the only parts necessary to be so
frequently renewed instead of the whole of the share as usual. Figure 8 is
an elevation, and Figure 9 a plan of my improved share. A, the share, which
may be of any form suitable to the implement, and the nature of the land to be
tilled. B, the moveable or renewable point or tip, which is attached by merely
slipping the point, which is provided with a socket or mortice for the purpose,
over a projecting piece Cof the share. Other means of attaching the point to
the share may be adopted, but I prefer the above described method. When the
point is upon the share, the curvature and form of the surface of the point and
the share agree with each other. I sometimes for the points, and their
means of attachment to the share, in such manner that either side of the point
inay be turned up as desired. This is for the purpose of having the angle
formed by the point and the surface of the land, or the direction of traction
of the implement, slightly different, which is sometimes desirable; and also
that by this mode of changing them they are capable of being used for a
longer period, and doing a greater quantity of work before becoming useless.

page_text: My third improvement relates to machines employed for the purpose of
crushing beans, peas, barley, and other grain, as food for cattle, and for other
purposes. My improved machine for this purpose is represented in Fig. 10,
which is an elevation; and Fig.11,a vertical section. It consists of two toothed
or serrated rollers A, B, which are mounted in a horizontal position in the
upper part of the case or box C, the bearing supporting the journals of the
axis of these rollers being carried by the sides of the case. The bearings D of
one of the rollers are made to slide in grooves in the case, and set screws act.
against them, so that the distance between the serrated surfaces of the two
rollers may be adjustable at pleasure, according to the nature of the materials
crushed. These rollers revolve in contrarydirections, in the direction indicated
by the arrows, the serrations of each of them being in the same direction as
that of their motion, so as to form cutting edges, between which the materials
are crushed. The roller A has a much slower motion communicated to it than
there is to the other roller B, so that it is constantly presented a fresh surface
to the other roller B, whereby the crushing of the materials is much better
effected than where a stationary surface employed. Beneath the rollers A, B,
is placed the larger roller or cylinder E. The bearings of the axis of this roller
are also in the sides of the case C, and the periphery is also provided with
teeth or serrations, but these are of a finer description than those upon the
upper rollers A, B, and the direction of their cutting edges is the same as that
of the motion of the roller, as indicated by the arrow. F is a flat or slightly
curved plate placed in front of the roller E. It is suspended by means of
pivots F from the case C, and the position of it is adjustable by means of the
set screw G, so as to regulate and determine the interval of space between it
and the serrated surface of the roller E; the surface of the plate F, next to the
roller E, is toothed or serrated, and it is between the toothed surface of the
roller and this surface that the materials are further crushed or ground. Upon
the axis of the larger roller E, which projects beyond the case, is fixed a crank
handle, by which the machine is put into operation when manual power is
employed, or a wheel or pulley when steam, horse or other like power is
made use of. From this axis the other rollers, A. and B, are driven at their
desired velocities by means of spur wheels of suitable diameters, which are
indicated by the dotted red lines as the pitch lines of these wheels. Other
diameters of these wheels may be used, but I prefer them as shewn as most
suitable and advantageous. H,the hopper placed above the rollers, into which
the beans, barley, &c., to be crushed are placed, and from which it passes to
the upper rollers A,, B, where it is crushed or broken to the required extent,
regulated by the distance asunder at which the serrated surfaces of the two

page_text: rollers are adjusted by the set screws. The crushed grain, after passing between
the rollers and B, falls upon the lower roller or cylinder E, and passes hence
between that roller and the serrated surface of the plate F, where it may be
further reduced and ground, or may be allowed to pass without that further
reduction, if desired, by the adjustment of the plate by the set screw G to or
from the surface of the cylinder. The grain then falls into the space I, where
any receptacle may be placed for receiving it.
My fourth improvement relates to machines for cutting turnips and other
roots for food for cattle. This improved machine I represent in Fig. 12.
which represents a sectional elevation; and Fig. 13, a plan of the same. It
consists of the cylindrical case A, within which is mounte: the cone B, the
axis of which is in a vertical direction, and revolves in bearings in the cross
bars or bridges C, C. D, D, are stop pieces fixed to the interior of the
cylinder, and approaching to the form of the cone, but not in contact with it;
these are for the purpose of acting as stops against which the turnips are held
whilst being cut by the cutters upon the revolving cone. D is a hopper into
which the turnips to be cut are thrown. E are the cutters fixed to the surface
of the cone, projecting slightly from its surface just sufficient to act upon the
turnips as the cone revolves. The portions of the cone immediately in front of
the cutters at Fare cut away for the purpose of allowing the portions of the
turnips as they are cut to pass through to the interior of the cone, whence they
fall upon the ground beneath or into receptacles placed there to receive them.
The cone is provided with another set of cutters E¹, fixed upon the side of its
surface, opposite to the cutters E; these are, however, placed in the opposite
direction to the others, so as to cut the turnips, when the cone is caused to
revolve in the opposite direction; that is, one set of cutters cut the turnips
when the cone revolves in one direction, the other set being then inactive, and
upon reversing the direction of motion of the cone, the action of the cutters is
then also reversed. This arrangement I adopt for the purpose of being enabled
to cut the turnips to pieces of different sizes for different descriptions of cattle,
as one set of cutters may cut them of a sinaller size for sheep, and the other
set larger for oxen. The machine may be driven by hand, or by steam, or
other power as convenient.
My fifth improvement relates to the making of the shares, points, and those
parts of ploughs, scarifiers, employed for tilling the land, which penetrate the
land. It is necessary that these parts of agricultural implements should be
made very hard, otherwise they become soon worn and useless. My improved
mode of making them consists in employing for the purpose a compound of
cast iron and steel melted together; the proportion of these materials will

page_text: depend upon their nature, and the degree of hardness and tenacity required;
but the proportion which I usually prefer as a general rule is from two to five
pounds of steel for each cwt. of cast iron used. The steel for forming the
compound is constantly maintained in a heated state for the purpose of effecting
any correction requisite in the charge passing through the furnace, and for
preparing the charge. The shares, or points, or other articles formed, are cast
in cast iron moulds for chilling them in the ordinary manner; and one of them
is occasionally broken to ascertain if they are of the desired degree of hardness,
and if they are not, the charge last in the furnace is corrected accordingly.
I have now fully described the nature of my said improvements and the
mode of carrying them into effect. I do not, however, confine myself to
the precise details shown and described, as these may be varied without
departing from the nature of my Invention. But what I do claim is,―
Firstly, the adaptation to scarifiers, skim ploughs, or other like machines
or implements employed in the tilling and cultivation of land, of the
improved means shown and described for raising or depressing the frame
carrying the shares or points, being the segment, and levers and rod.
Secondly, the improved head piece to which the front or leading wheel
of such above described machines or implements is attached.
Thirdly, the improved mode of fitting and mounting the wheels upon
their axles of such above described machines or implements, by means of
bushes and shields of white or case-hardened iron.
Fourthly, the making and forming the shares, or points, or other parts of
ploughs, scarifiers, and other like machines or implements employed for
the tilling and cultivation of land (which penetrate into the land) in separate
and moveable points or tips for the purposes described.
Fifthly, the improved arrangement and construction of mill, shown and
described for breaking, crushing, and grinding beans, peas, barley, and
other descriptions of grain.
Sixthly, the improved construction of machine or mill for cutting and
slicing turnips and other like roots, as shown and described.
Seventhly, the improved mode of making the shares, points, and other
parts of agricultural implements which penetrate the soil, by the employment
therein of steel and cast iron, in manner and for the purposes described..
In witness whereof, I, the said James Bendall, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, the 23 day of May, One thousand eight
hundred and fifty-one.
JAMES (L.s.) BENDALL..

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Twenty-third day of May, in
the year of cur Lord 1851, the aforesaid James Bendall came before our
said Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged the Specification
aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained and specified, in form
above written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped according
to the tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.
Enrolled the Twenty-third day of May, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and fifty-one.