IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF STEEL INGOTS AND IN MACHINERY USED THEREIN
Year: 1883

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Charles Aubrey Day, of 321, High Holborn, in the
County of Middlesex, Fellow of the Institute of Patent Agents for an
Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF STEEL INGOTS AND
IN MACHINERY USED THEREIN" communicated to him from abroad by George
Whitfield Billings, of Cleveland, County of Cuyahoga, and State of Ohio, in
the United States of America
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Charles Aubrey Day at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 13th November 1883.
CHARLES AUBREY DAY, of 321, High Holborn, in the County of Middlesex,
Fellow of the Institute of Patent Agents, "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE
OF STEEL INGOTS AND IN MACHINERY USED THEREIN (A communication to me
from abroad by George Whitfield Billings, of Cleveland, County of Cuyahoga,
and State of Ohio, in the United States of America)
As is well known to steel-manufacturers, all steel ingots, but especially those
having a large area in cross-section, contain blow-holes or cavities to a greater or
less extent, and the larger the ingot the more numerous and the larger the cavities.
This unsound or porous condition of the ingot renders a large part of it unfit for
use; or, if susceptible of use, it is only as inferior metal, by reason of the crystals
that compose the upper part of the ingot not being brought into close contact, so
as to weld them together.
The object of this Invention is to entirely overcome this defective character of
steel ingots; and it consists essentially of the improved process of manufacture and
machinery used therein, both as hereinafter described by which perfectly sound or
solid ingots can be produced.
The form of apparatus and mode of procedure which I will firstly describe, has
been specially devised for overcoming the difficulty of "piping" as it is called.
The frame of the machine is formed with a lower and with an upper section.
The lower section consists of four similar wrought-iron columns or tie-rods which__
are securely bolted or keyed to a bed-plate at their lower ends, and to a cast or
wrought-iron tie-frame at their upper ends. The bed-plate rests on solid masonry.
The upper section of the frame of the machine is formed of four similar but
jacketted columns or tie-rods, which are bolted or keyed at their lower ends to
the said tie-frame or frames, and at their upper ends to a cast or wrought-iron
tie-frame.
"

page_text: The machine comprises an ordinary steam-cylinder having a piston bolted to the
lower extremity of an inner hydraulic cylinder acting as the piston-rod.
The smaller or hydraulic cylinder has a piston and rod thereto, and this cylinder
and rod extend through the upper head of the main cylinder, the rod being suitably
secured to the eye of a stay so as to carry the stay with it in its movement up or
down. The stay is connected with the said jacketted tie-rods diagonally situated,
by straps which permit the stay to slide up and down with the rod.
A solid block of cast-iron is keyed or bolted to the upper end of the rod last
mentioned, and forms the bottom of the ingot-mould when the ingot is being cast
therein. The top surface of the block is provided with a dovetailed tapering
transverse slot in which a key is driven. The upper surface of the key projects
above the surface of the block and is turned over, forming a projection, around
which the metal chills, and by means of this dovetailed key the ingot is fastened
to the block.
The ingot-mould is supported in the said upper tie-frame by angle-iron, and it is
formed of wrought or cast iron or steel, with rounded corners, or in any other form
desired. It has double walls, which inclose an annular space, for water or steam,
or both, which is admitted through a pipe at the top, and is allowed to escape
through a pipe at the bottom of the mould. Its inner surface is protected by a
lining of black lead or other suitable refractory materials, and which lining rests
on a ledge or ring rivetted to the mould.
A compression-plate consisting of a heavy bar of iron or steel, occupies a position
immediately under the mould, and it is moved into and out of position by means
of a hand-lever or hook or other device.
Attached to and depending from the steam-cylinder piston and moving with it
is a pipe which is open at its lower end and is enclosed by another pipe which is
connected by means of a pipe furnished with an ordinary stop-valve, with a supply
of water under pressure, and can be emptied at will through a stop-valve. Through
an aperture passing through the steam-cylinder piston the water is led from the
said pipe into the hydraulic cylinder below its piston.
Another aperture for admitting water into the top of the hydraulic cylinder is
connected with the supply of water under pressure by ordinary flexible pipes
capable of extension and contraction without severing their connections when the
hydraulic cylinder moves up and down.
Each of the said tie-rods of the upper section of the frame is, surrounded by an
ordinary tubular wrought iron jacket inclosing an annular space for water between
it and the rod it surrounds. The several jackets are connected together by pipes
forming a single system, and water for cooling the tie-rods is admitted anywhere
at the top of the jackets, and is allowed to flow out at the bottom thereof through
a pipe.
In making an ingot by the use of the process and machinery so far alluded to,
the process is as follows:-Water is admitted through the said depending pipe into
the hydraulic cylinder raising its piston and rod and thus carrying the block up
until it occupies a certain position in the mould. The joints between the block
and the sides of the mould are stopped with fire-clay or other suitable material,
and the molten steel is then poured into the mould from the ladle or furnace in
the ordinary way, filling the mould up to within a few inches of its top. The
water in the hydraulic cylinder below its piston is then (by opening the proper
stop-valve) allowed to run out gradually, thus lowering the inner piston-rod and
with it the block and the ingot in process of formation. At the same time, the
molten metal is being poured into the mould, and the pouring continues until the
piston has reached the bottom of the hydraulic cylinder when the block occupies
another position supporting the ingot, which extends up therefrom nearly to the
bottom of the mould, leaving an intermediate space sufficient for the insertion of
the said compression-plate which is then inserted. The dovetailed key is then
driven out of its seat in the block releasing the ingot therefrom. A valve in the
steam cylinder is now opened for the escape of the steam above its piston and

page_text: another valve is opened for the admission of steam below the piston, the effect is
to lift the steam cylinder piston and with it the smaller or hydraulic cylinder,
constituting its piston rod, together with the inner piston rod and the block carrying
the ingot up and pressing it with great force and to any required extent against
the said compression-plate. Thus, supposing that steam of one hundred pounds to
the square inch be used on a piston of proper size a pressure of two hundred and
fifty thousand pounds may be brought to bear on an ingot of ten inches sectional
cross area. After the ingot has been compressed in the manner described, it is
removed by means of a hydraulic crane in the usual way.
The machine thus far alluded to is intended for ingots of say ten or twelve
inches square in cross-sectional area, and of say sixteen feet in lengtli, before
compression; but the machine may be varied in size, as required, for the production
of ingots of different lengths and diameters or cross-sectional area.
To prevent buckling of the ingot while it is being compressed, guides or stays
supported from the tie-rods may be placed at different points along the length of
the ingot when the ingot is ready for compression and before the compression, and
these guides may be afterwards removed before bringing the block up again into
its position in the mould preparatory to casting another ingot.
In casting ingots of large diameter, if cores be required, they can be placed.
inside the mould on the block, and they may be formed in one piece sufficiently
long, or they may each be composed of sections, the bottom section in this case
being placed in the mould before the pouring begins, and its length increased by
adding other sections to it as the pouring proceeds.
In casting steel ingots in an ordinary mould, the mould rests on a solid stationary
plate of iron or steel, forming the mould's bottom. With such a mould it has not
being found practicable to make ingots exceeding about five feet in length, for the
reason that if the metal is poured into the top of the mould the top end of the
ingot is rendered unsound and unfit for use unless the method of compression and
welding herein described is used at the proper instant; and if the metal is
introduced into the mould through the bottom by means of a sprue the metal will
not rise beyond a certain point before cooling, while at the same time a large
amount of metal remains in the sprue and is lost as waste at each cast or
pouring,
I will now describe a modified contrivance novel of its kind for carrying on a
process of compression while the hot metal composing the ingot is still within the
inould into which it was poured, and by the use of which a series of ingots can
be poured into a series of moulds and can be all compressed successively by a single
plunger and one steam cylinder and piston.
This modified machine consists essentially of a sort of turn-table, or horizontally,
rotatory frame, carrying a series of moulds, combined with a single engine or
compressing steam cylinder having a piston and mould-plunger; and with means
for holding a resistant plate or cover over the top of each mould while the contents
of the latter are being compressed.
The rotatory, horizontal frame or turn-table, is adapted to revolve about a vertical
shaft or axis and rests upon a set of anti-friction rollers, mounted in suitable
stands, which are bolted down to a strong foundation, or bed-plate.
The turn table is made preferably of cast iron of any desired size (according to
the number of moulds it may be intended to accommodate) and is provided with a
series of removable metallic ingot moulds which are arranged to occupy vertical
positions near the periphery of the turn-table. By preference, each of the ingot-
inoulds is seated at its lower tapered end in the base plate of the turn-table,
though this detail of construction may be varied; and each mould is designed to
be used at one locality of pouring by an intermittent rotation of the turn-table
to the proper extent to periodically bring the several moulds to the proper locality.
to be filled.
At this locality or given point in the circular path of motion of the moulds
(thus mounted in the turn-table) are arranged, immediately over the plane of the

page_text: tops or mouths of the moulds, a resistant-plate or mould cover, and immediately
beneath the plane of the lower open ends (or bottoms) of the moulds, a movable
bottom or plunger like device.
The said resistant-plate is secured to the lower end of a vertical screw-shaft
which is mounted in one end of a revolving arm and is provided with a hand-
wheel, to operate as will be presently explained; and the plunger-like device, is
mounted removably, on the upper end of the piston rod of a stationary steam
cylinder, the piston of which has steam supplied alternately to its opposite sides
through ports leading from the steam chest within which latter is arranged an
ordinary slide valve worked through the medium of a valve rod which it is designed
shall be operated by hand, though it may be automatically worked.
The revolving arm is made of sufficient strength and is so arranged as to easily
withstand the upward pressure which (as will be presently explained) the resistant-
plate is subjected to in the operation of the machine, and the said arm is mounted
axially upon the upper portion of the said vertical shaft or axis (on which it is
held vertically in place by a nut) and is provided at its rear end (or that end
opposite to where the resistant plate is located) with an anti-friction roller
mounted on a stud or journal which rests and travels on a track-like or curved
upper horizontal portion of a cast iron leg or vertical frame which is supported
upon and securely bolted down to one end of the bed-plate.
The said plunger-like-device is adapted to enter within the interior of the mould,
and to facilitate its extrication therefrom a powerful hand lever may have its
shorter arm coupled thereto.
The improved process when used with the novel apparatus immediately
hereinbefore described is operated substantially as follows:-
Suppose the turn-table to be supplied with a full complement of moulds
and to have one of these moulds immediately over the plunger and the latter
inserted in the said mould, and suppose also the arm to be turned so as to
remove the cover, or resistant-plate from the top of the said mould, the molten
steel is poured into the open top of the mould, in the usual manner of pouring,
and with the ordinary approved appliances, until the mould is filled. The arm
is then quickly turned on its vertical axis until the plate covers the top of the
filled mould, and if necessary the plate is forced down into the top of the mould
by turning the said hand wheel.
The attendant then quickly operates the slide valve so as to admit steam to the
lower side of the piston head which causes the plunger device to be quickly forced
upwardly within the mould and the contents thereof to be suddenly squeezed or
compressed within the mould and between the opposing resistant-plate at the
upper end and the face of the ascending plunger at the lower end of the ingot.
I would remark that in experimentally practising the present Invention, so far,
good results have been obtained by the use of a piston and cylinder of such size
and of steam under such pressure as to get an aggregate power of about two
hundred thousand pounds exerted on a plunger device adapted to work in a mould
of a capacity such as to mould an ingot of say about eight or ten inches square
and of about say three or four feet long; but the proportions of the parts and the
extent of power exerted in performing the compressive action, may, of course, all
be varied according to the surrounding circumstances and in the judgment of
the skilled manufacturer without in anyway departing from the principle of the
present Invention.
After having thus suddenly compressed the hot metal, the plunger device is
immediately withdrawn from the mould downwardly; the resistant-plate is
quickly removed from the top of the mould, and the turn-table being rotated to a
proper extent, a fresh mould is brought into position for pouring and to be
subjected to the same operations which were performed with its predecessor.
At the same time, and while the second mould is being filled and its contents
compressed, or at some subsequent time, the first filled mould may be partially or
wholly removed from the turn-table and discharged of its ingot. And so on all

page_text: of the moulds may be filled and removed as expedition of removal may require
and circumstances will permit.
Any suitable means may be employed for turning the table intermittently, and
stopping and holding it in exactly the proper successive positions to bring the
moulds successively into place over the plunger.
The movements of the piston first up to effect the compressing of the ingot, and
then down to withdraw the plunger device from the mould and permit the moving
away of the mould containing the compressed ingot, may be produced by the action
of a slide valve actuated by other means than those herein referred to, without in
the least changing the nature of the novel process or the principle of operation of
the new apparatus immediately hereinbefore explained.
For the purpose of casting long ingots (for shafting and other like uses)
according to the novel process herein described of compressing the hot steel
within the mould immediately after pouring, the mould may be made of sections
lengthwise, two or more of which may be secured and used together.
Each section of such moulds may be composed of a sheet metal cylinder (made
in halves longitudinally) provided at its ends with annular rims to permit
attachment to the compressing machine and to each other, and at its body portion
with hoop like braces to give it strength. The lower one of the rims has an
inwardly projecting flange-like portion which supports a brick lining with which
the shell is supplied, and the interior surface of this lining of brick is coated over
with the usual, or any suitable material which will withstand the action of the
liquid metal with which the mould is to be filled in making the steel ingots, and
which can be applied in a sort of plastic condition and will then harden to form a
smooth or even finish to the interior of the mould,-novel and convenient means
for applying this coating is hereinafter described.
Two or more of these sections having been properly prepared internally, they are
placed one on another, in line axially, and their end rims keyed to keep them in
line, and are secured to the upper frame portion of the compressing machine by
means of lugs which project from their vertical tie-rods and are secured by keys to
the said frame.
In the use of these sectional moulds for casting long ingots, a resistant-plate is
placed and secured (in any desirable manner) over the top of the mould after the
pouring in of the liquid metal, in order that the contents of the mould may be
subjected to the same sort of compressive operation hereinbefore explained. But
in the use of such long moulds, with which it may be impractical to pour in the
same manner as in the use of moulds not over say five feet deep or long, there is
used a compressing machine the construction and operation of which are such that
while the machine serves to do the compressing after the filling of the mould, it
also serves to render practical (by affording a descending bottom to the mould) the
pouring of ingots of great length.
In this construction of pressing machine, a cylinder of a length preferably about
equal to the length of the mould to be used in connection therewith, is provided
with a long piston rod the head or piston on the lower end of which fits and
works properly within the cylinder ;-the rod itself passes through the upper head
of the cylinder and has its upper protruding end formed or provided with a head
or piston adapted to pass easily into the bore or interior of the ingot mould
arranged over and in line with it.
At the upper and lower portions of this cylinder are suitable ports for the ingress
and egress of the water, steam or other motive medium to be used to work the
piston up and down within the cylinder, and immediately beneath the cylinder is
located another cylinder of much greater diameter, on which the smaller cylinder -
rests, and to which are bolted or otherwise secured-the lower ends of the vertical
frame, or tie-rods which extend upwardly around the smaller cylinder, and around
the sectional ingot mould, and the upper end of which are secured in a top-plate
beneath which latter is placed the resistant-plate, or mould cover.
-The lower and larger cylinder is provided with a piston the lower ond of which.

page_text: fits and works in the cylinder, and an upper extension of which is, however, made
small enough to fit and work within the bore of the upper and smaller cylinder.
In the operation of this machine, the upper long cylinder of small diameter is
designed to be used for lowering the piston head which works in the mould during
the pouring operation, and to raise it again for re-use, while the lower short
cylinder of great diameter and short stroke is to be used to suddenly elevate the
piston, within the mould, after the pouring operation for the purpose of suddenly
compressing the ingot with great force.
The lower cylinder has the necessary ports, for the ingress and egress of the
water, steam, or other actuating medium to be used in like manner, as in the case
of any ordinary engine cylinder.
The apparatus immediately hereinbefore described is operated as follows.
Suppose the mould to have been properly prepared and secured in place, water
or steam is admitted at the lower port of the upper smaller cylinder, and the piston
thereof is thereby raised until the head or upper end of its rod shall have been
forced up inside of the ingot mould to within a very short distance of the top.
The pouring is now begun, and at the same time the water, or steam motive
power is allowed to enter at the upper port, while it is permitted to exhaust
through the lower port, and thus the piston of the upper cylinder is caused to
descend while the pouring continues, and at a speed preferably such that the
stream of liquid steel being poured into the open top of the mould will always have
to fall the same short distance from the ladle to the surface of the molten mass in
the mould.
When the upper surface of the head on the top end of the piston rod shall
have nearly or quite reached the lower end of the mould and the latter shall
have then become full of the molten metal, the resistant-plate, or cover is quickly
slid over the top of the mould, and being located between the top of the mould and
the top plate of the frame of the machine securely covers the mass of hot metal.
The water or steam is then quickly let in to the lower cylinder in such manner.
as to act upon the lower surface of its piston (the ports of the upper cylinder being
now open to permit the ready exhaustion of its contents) and the sudden ascent of
the piston with the great force due to the action of the water, or steam on the
lower surface thereof, causes the piston-rod and the head or plunger at the upper
end thereof to be lifted, and the contents of the moulds to be suddenly compressed
with great force between the head of the piston rod, and the resistant-plate or
cover, which is firmly held in place over the top of the mould.
The pistons of both cylinders are now depressed quickly, to clear the lower end
of the mould of the compressing piston head, and either the mould with its
contents is then removed and the ingot subsequently extricated therefrom, or the
ingot is taken out of the mould by a separation of its parts sufficiently to permit
the removal of the ingot.
It will be seen that in this mode of casting ingots with the apparatus described
or with any contrivance or apparatus of substantially the same principle of
operation, ingots of any practicable length may be poured without difficulty, as the
stream of liquid steel in entering the mould has never to fall but the minimum
extent, the bottom of the mould deseending as the mould fills, while at the same
time an operator is enabled the moment the mould shall have become filled,
to compress the mass within the mould so as to produce long ingots without
any "piping," or cavities. Should it be deemed expedient and desirable, or should
occasion require it, an amount of metal less than that requisite to make an ingot
fully equal in length to the capacity of the mould may be moulded and compressed
into a perfect ingot.
It should be understood that in all the cases in which there is used any sort of
compressing device adapted to enter into the mould, the joint between the upper
surface of the said device and the walls of the mould is to be properly packed or
stopped up sufficiently with the usual materials to prevent any escape of the liquid
metal when it is poured in; and if deemed desirable supplemental bottom pieces, or

page_text: .
disc-like pieces of some suitable material may be placed within the mould, to rest
on the top of the compressing head, before the pouring of the liquid steel begins.
The novel tool or contrivance hereinbefore referred to for coating over and
finishing the interior surface, or walls of brick lined and other moulds that have to
be coated with some sort of substance or material applied in a sort plastic state,
and which when dry will present a smooth surface capable of withstanding the
action of the liquid steel that has to be poured into the mould, consists of or is
constructed with a hollow cylinder one end of which (the upper one for instance)
is left open and of or with a follower adapted to work up and down within the
cylinder operated by means of a screw-shaft which turns in a nut formed in a cross
head and which is connected at one end by a swivel connection, to the follower,
and is provided at its other end with a hand-wheel. The upper open end of the
cylinder is cast with inwardly projecting ears, to which are bolted, or otherwise
fastened the ends of the cross head and the shell or body portion of the cylinder is
perforated with numerous holes for the exudence, as will be presently explained, of
the contained plastic material.
In using the contivance, the cylinder is filled beneath the follower with any of
the suitable known materials for coating the interior of moulds in a soft or plastic
state, and the cylinder is then introduced into the mould to be coated. The
cylinder is then moved back and forth within the mould, the follower having been
forced down by turning the screw-shaft so as to squeeze some of the contained
material out through the perforations in the shell or body of the cylinder, and as
the cylinder is continually drawn, or moved back and forth within the mould, the
follower is periodically forced in so as to periodically feed out through the said
perforations more and more of the coating material, which latter is, so to speak,
plastered over the interior of the walls of the mould, and finally smoothed down
until the interior of the mould presents a perfectly smooth cylindrical surface about
equal in size to the exterior of the cylinder, and composed wholly of the material
which has been supplied from the cylinder.
The mould thus coated, or lined, has its interior surface allowed to dry as usual,
and is then ready for use, in the usual manner. This tool may be used in giving
an internal coating and smooth finish to a brick lined mould or to line or coat
the interiors of all sorts of moulds requiring any sort of coating to be applied
thereto before use.
In using this contrivance, it has been found convenient (in connection with the
herein described compressing machinery) to force the cylinder back and forth
within the mould by means of the piston and head used in compressing ingots
in the moulds, and the lower end or head of the cylinder is therefore preferably
formed with a sort of dovetailed tapering recess adapted to receive or engage
with a key, which operates to secure the said cylinder to the plunger or head
of the piston rod in the same manner that this sort of key fastens the core to
the head of the inner piston rod as hereinbefore described.
The holes or perforations in the moulding cylinder are arranged, preferably, in
one circular series located near the bottom of the cylinder, and several other
series or sets each of which runs obliquely lengthwise of the shell, or, if desired,
in helical lines; but the disposition, number, and size of these holes are matters
of minor importance and may be left to the judgment of the constructor, the
only essential point being such an arrangement as will best effect an even
distribution of the plastic substance forced through them, and will best permit
the plain portions of the cylinder to evenly and smoothly spread the material on
the interior of the mould.
'
:
Various changes in the details of the apparatus described, and other modifications...
may obviously be made in the different parts of the present Invention without in
anyway departing from the principle or novel features peculiar thereto.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed
by the said Charles Aubrey Day in the Patent Office on the 13th May 1884.
CHARLES AUBREY DAY, of 321, High Holborn, in the County of Middlesex,
Fellow of the Institute of Patent Agents. "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE
OF STEEL INGOTS AND IN MACHINERY USED THEREIN "
(a communication to me
from abroad by George Whitfield Billings, of Cleveland, County of Cuyahoga, and
State of Ohio, in the United States of America)
As is well known to steel-manufacturers all steel ingots, but especially those
having a large area in cross section, contain blow holes or cavities to a greater or
less extent, and the larger the ingot the more numerous and the larger the cavities.
This unsound or porous condition of the ingot renders a large part of it unfit for
use; or, if susceptible of use, it is only as inferior metal, by reason of the crystals
that compose the upper part of the ingot not being brought into close contact, so as
to weld them together.
The object of this Invention is to entirely overcome this defective character of
steel ingots; and it consists essentially of the improved process of manufacture
and machinery used therein, both as hereinafter described by which perfectly
sound or solid ingots can be produced.
On the accompanying drawings, which illustrate one form of apparatus and one
mode of procedure, devised for overcoming the difficulty of "piping," as it is called,
Fig, 1, represents an elevation of a machine; Fig, 2, a vertical section of the same
on line xy of Fig, 6; Fig, 3, a plan of the tie-frame at the top of the lower tie-
rods; Fig, 4, a plan of the sectional flange at the joint in the hydraulic cylinder ;
Fig, 5, a plan of the top end of the steam-cylinder; Fig, 6, a plan of the bed plate
of the machine; Fig, 7, a vertical section, and Fig, 8, a plan on an enlarged scale
of the ingot-mould and of the frame on which it rests; Fig, 9, an elevation of the
ingot-mould and of its supporting frame and of the end of the compression-plate
with its friction-rollers; Fig; 10, a plan of the iron block that forms the bottom of
the ingot mould; Fig; 11, a vertical section of the ingot-mould and of the core
used in casting hollow ingots.
Similar letters of reference indicate similar parts in the several views.
The frame of the machine is formed in two sections a lower and an upper
section. The lower section consists of four similar wrought-iron columns or tie-
rods, a, each of which may be about four inches in diameter and twenty one feet
in length, and two of which are shown in Figs, 1, and, 2. These rods are securely
bolted or keyed to a bed-plate, b, at their lower ends, and to a cast or wrought
iron tie frame, c, at their upper ends. The bed-plate, b, rests on solid masonry.
The upper section of the frame of the machine is formed of four similar but
jacketted columns or tie rods, d, two of which are shown in Figs, 1, and, 2, and
which are bolted or keyed at their lower ends to the tie-frame, c, and at their upper
ends to a cast or wrought-iron tie-frame, e, Figs, 1, 2, 8, and 9.
The machine comprises an ordinary steam-cylinder, f, (represented in Figs, 1,
and, 2 of about five feet diameter, and four feet stroke, having a piston, g, bolted
to the lower extremity of a hydraulic cylinder, h, of smaller diameter, and acting
as the piston rod thereto.
The smaller cylinder, h, has a piston, i, and piston rod, j, and this cylinder and
rod extend through the upper head of the main cylinder, f, as shown in Fig, 2, the
rod j, being suitably secured to the eye of a stay k, by any suitable means, so as
to carry the stay with it in its movement up or down. The stay, k, is connected
with the jacketted tie-rods, d, diagonally situated, by straps, l, which permit the
stay to slide up and down with the rod, j.

page_text: A solid block, m, of cast-iron is keyed or bolted to the upper end of the rod, j,
and this block forms the bottom of the ingot-mould when the ingot is being cast
therein. The top surface of the block, m, is provided with a dovetailed tapering
transverse slot, n, Fig, 10. in which slot a key, o, is driven. The upper surface of
the key, o, projects above the surface of the block, m, and is turned over, all as.
shown in Fig, 1, forming a projection, around which the metal chills, and by
means of this dovetailed key the ingot is fastened to the block, m,
The ingot-mould, p, is supported in the frame, e, by angle irons, v, and is here
supposed to be about three and a half feet long and ten inches square inside. It
is formed of wrought or cast iron or steel, with rounded corners, as shown in
Fig. 8, or in any other form desired. It has double walls, which enclose an annular
space, q, for water or steam, or both, which is admitted through a pipe, r, at the
top, and is allowed to escape through a pipe, 8, at the bottom of the mould. The
inner surface of the mould is protected by a lining, t, of black lead or other
suitable refractory materials, and which rests on a ledge or ring, u, rivetted to
the mould..
A compression plate, w, consisting of a heavy bar of iron or steel, occupies a
position immediately under the mould, p, and it is moved into and out of position
under the mould by means of a hand-lever or hook or other device.
Attached to and depending from the steam-cylinder piston, g, and moving with
it up and down is a pipe, a², Fig, 2, which is open at its lower end and is enclosed
by another pipe z, which is connected at, 62, by means of a pipe, (not shown)
furnished with an ordinary stop-valve, with a supply of water under pressure, and
can be emptied at will through a stop-valve at, c². Through an aperture, d³,
passing through the steam cylinder piston, g, the water passes from the pipe, a²,
into the hydraulic cylinder, h, below its piston, i. Another aperture, 13, for
admitting water into the top of the cylinder, h, is connected with the supply of
water under pressure by ordinary flexible pipes (not shown) capable of extension
and contraction without severing their connections when the cylinder, h, moves up
and down.
Each of the tie-rods, d, of the upper section of the frame is surrounded by an
ordinary tubular wrought-iron jacket large enough in diameter to enclose an
annular space, f³, for water between it and the rod it surrounds. The several
jackets are connected together by pipes (not shown) forming a single system, and
water for cooling the tie rods, d, is admitted anywhere at the top of the jackets, as
at the cock, g, and is allowed to flow out at the bottom of the jackets through a
pipe as at, h³.
.
In making an ingot by the use of the process and machinery so far alluded to
and illustrated, the process is as follows. Water is admitted through the pipe, a²,
into the cylinder, h, raising its-piston, i, and rod, j, and thus carrying the block, m,
up until it occupies the position indicated by dotted lines in the mould, p. The
joints between the block, m, and the sides of the mould are stopped with fireclay
or other suitable material, and the molten steel is then poured into the mould
from the ladle or furnace in the ordinary way, filling the mould up to within a
few inches of its top. The stop-valve, c², is then opened, and the water in the
cylinder, h, below the piston, i, is allowed to run out gradually, thus lowering the
piston rod, j, and with it the block, m, and the ingot in process of formation.
At the same time the molten metal is being poured into the mould, and the
pouring continues until the piston, i, has reached the bottom of the cylinder, h,
when the block, m, occupies the position shown in Fig, 2, supporting the ingot,
which extends up therefrom nearly to the bottom of the mould leaving a space
between it and the bottom of the mould sufficient for the insertion of the
compression-plate, w, which is then inserted. The dovetailed key, o, is then
driven out of its seat in the block, m, releasing the ingot therefrom. A valve, i³,
in the steam cylinder, f, is now opened for the escape of the steam above the
piston, g, and a valve, 33, in such cylinder is opened for the admission of steam
below the piston, g, the effect being to lift the piston, g, and with it the smaller

page_text: cylinder, h, and its piston rod, j, and the block, m, carrying the ingot up_and
pressing it with great force and to any required extent against the plate, w. Thus,
supposing that steam of one hundred pounds to the square inch be used on a
piston of proper size, a pressure of two hundred and fifty thousand pounds may be
brought to bear on an ingot of ten inches sectional cross-area.
After the ingot
has been compressed in the manner described, it is removed by means of an
hydraulic crane, in the usual way.
The machine represented in the drawings and thus far alluded to, is intended
for ingots of say ten or twelve inches square in cross-sectional area, and of say
sixteen feet in length before compression; but the machine may be varied in size,
as required, for the production of ingots of different lengths and diameters or
cross-sectional area.
To prevent buckling of the ingot while it is being compressed, guides or stays
supported from the tie-rods may be placed at different points along the length of
the ingot when the ingot is ready for compression and before the compression, and
these guides may be afterwards removed before bringing the block, m, up again
into its position in the mould preparatory to casting another ingot.
In casting ingots of large diameter, if cores be required they can be placed
inside the mould on the block, m, as shown in Fig, 11, and they may be formed
in one piece sufficiently long, or they may each be composed of sections, the bottom
section in this case being placed in the mould before the pouring begins, and its
length increased by adding other sections to it as the pouring proceeds.
In casting steel ingots in an ordinary mould, the mould rests on a solid
stationary plate of iron or steel, forming the bottom of the mould. With such a
mould it has not been found practicable to make ingots exceeding about five feet
in length, for the reason that if the metal is poured into the top of the mould the
top end of the ingot is rendered unsound and unfit for use unless the method of
compression and welding herein described is used at the proper instant; and if the
metal is introduced into the mould through the bottom by means of a sprue the
metal will not rise beyond a certain point before cooling, while at the same time a
large amount of metal remains in the sprue and is lost as waste at each cast or
pouring.
In Figs 12, 13, and, 14, is illustrated a novel contrivance for carrying on the
process of compression while the hot metal composing the ingot is still within the
mould into which it was poured, and by the use of which a series of ingots can be
poured into a series of moulds and can be all compressed successively by a single
plunger and one steam cylinder and piston, in the manner which will now be
explained.
Fig. 12, represents a top view or plan; Fig, 13, a vertical section, and Fig, 14,
a view of a detached portion of a machine which consists essentially of a sort of
turn-table, or horizontally rotatory frame, carrying a series of moulds; combined
with a single engine or compressing steam cylinder having a piston and mould-
plunger; and with means for holding a resistant plate or cover over the top of
each mould while the contents of the latter are being compressed.
The rotatory, horizontal frame or turn-table, A, is adapted to revolve about a
vertical shaft or axis, B, and rests upon a set of anti-friction rollers, A2, mounted
in suitable stands, A³, which are bolted down to a strong foundation, or bed-
plate, J; all as clearly illustrated.
The turn-table, A, is made preferably of cast iron of any desired size (according
to the number of moulds it may be intended to accommodate) and is provided with
a series of removable metallic ingot moulds, H, which are arranged as shown to
occupy vertical positions near the periphery of the turn-table. By preference,
each of the ingot-moulds, H, is seated at its lower tapered end in the base plate of
the turn table, A, though this detail of construction may be varied, and each mould
is designed to be used at one locality of pouring by an intermittent rotation of the
turn-table to the proper extent to periodically bring the several moulds to the
proper locality to be filled.

page_text: At this locality or given point in the circular path of motion of the moulds, H,
(thus mounted in the turn-table, A,) are arranged immediately over the plane of
the tops or mouths of the moulds, a resistant-plate or mould cover, G, and
immediately beneath the plane of the lower, open, ends (or bottoms) of the moulds,
a movable bottom, or plunger like device, I, (See Fig. 13.)
The said resistant-plate, G, is secured to the lower end of a vertical screw
shaft, F, which is mounted in one end of a revolving arm, C, and is provided
with a hand-wheel, F', to operate as will be presently explained, and the plunger
like device, I, is mounted, removably, on the upper end of the piston rod, K¹,
of a stationary steam cylinder, L, the piston, K, of which has steam supplied
alternately to its opposite sides through ports, 1, and, 2, leading from the steam
chest, P, within which latter is arranged an ordinary slide valve, Q, worked
through the medium of a valve rod, O, which it is designed shall be operated by
hand, though it may be automatically worked.
The revolving arm, C, is made of sufficient strength and is so arranged as to
easily withstand the upward pressure which (as will be presently explained) the
resistant-plate, G, is subjected to in the operation of the machine, and the said
arm is mounted axially upon the upper portion of the vertical shaft or axis, B,
(on which it is held vertically in place by a nut, B¹, and is provided at its rear
end (or that end opposite to where the resistant-plate, G, is located) with an
anti-friction roller, D, mounted on a stud or journal, D¹, which rests and travels
on a track-like or curved upper horizontal portion of a cast iron leg, or vertical
frame, E, which is supported upon and securely bolted down to one end of the
bed plate, J, the formation and arrangement of which will be best understood on
reference being had to Figure 14.
The said plunger like device, I, (see Fig, 13) is adapted to enter within the
interior of the mould, H, and to facilitate its extrication therefrom a powerful hand
lever, N, may have its shorter arm coupled thereto, as at, N8, between the collars, 3,
and, 4, but the provision of this detail is not absolutely necessary.
The improved process when used with the novel apparatus immediately
hereinbefore described is operated substantially as follows:-
Let it be supposed that the turn table, A, is supplied with a full complement of
moulds, H, (which in the case shown would be sixteen) and that one of these
moulds is immediately over the plunger, I, and the latter inserted in the said
mould (as seen in Fig, 13) and also that the arm, C, is turned so as to remove the
cover, or resistant-plate, G, from the top of the said mould (as shown in Fig, 12);
the molten steel is poured into the open top of the mould, in the usual manner of
pouring and with the ordinary approved appliances, until the mould is filled. The
arm, C, is then quickly turned on its vertical axis until the plate, G, covers the top
of the filled mould, and if necessary the plate is forced down onto or into the top
of the mould by turning the hand wheel, F', (see Fig, 13.)
The attendant then quickly operates the slide valve so as to admit steam to the
lower side of the piston head, K, which causes the plunger, I, to be quickly forced
upwardly within the mould, H, and the contents thereof to be suddenly squeezed
or compressed within the mould and between the opposing resistant-plate, G, at
the upper end and the face of the ascending plunger, I, at the lower end of the
ingot.
I would remark that in experimentally practicing the present invention, so far,
good results have been obtained by the use of a piston and cylinder of such size
and of steam under such pressure as to get an aggregate power of about two
hundred thousand pounds, exerted on a plunger, I, adapted to work in a mould, H,
of a capacity such as to mould an ingot of say about say 8 to 10 inches square and of
say about three to four feet long; but the proportions of the parts and the extent
of power exerted in performing the compressive action, may, of course, all be varied
according to the surrounding circumstances, and in the judgment of the skilled
manufacturer, without in any way departing from the principle of the present
invention.

page_text: After having thus suddenly compressed the hot metal; the plunger device, I, is
immediately withdrawn from the mould downwardly; the resistant-plate, G, is
quickly removed from the top of the mould, and the turn table, A, being rotated
to a proper extent, a fresh mould is brought into position for pouring and to be
subjected to the same operations which were performed with its predecessor.
At the same time and while the second mould is being filled and its contents
compressed or at some subsequent time the first filled mould may be partially or
wholly removed from the turn-table and discharged of its ingot (if sufficiently cool)
and so on all of the moulds may be filled and removed as expedition of removal
may require and circumstances will permit.
Any suitable means may be employed for turning the table, A, intermittently
and stopping and holding it in exactly the proper successive positions to brings the
moulds, H, successively into place over the plunger, I.
The movement of the piston, K, first up to effect the compressing of the ingot,
and then down to withdraw the plunger, I, from the mould and permit the moving
away of the mould containing the compresed ingot may be produced by the action
of a slide valve actuated by other means than those shown without in the least
changing the nature of the novel process or the principle of operation of the new
apparatus immediately hereinbefore explained.
For the purpose of casting long ingots (for shafting and other like uses) according
to the novel process herein described of compressing the hot steel within the
mould immediately after pouring, the mould may be made of sections lengthwise,
two or more of which may be secured and used together.
Figs, 15, 16, and, 17, of the drawings illustrate respectively in side view,
longitudinal section, and cross section, one of these moulds, and Fig, 18, illustrates
in sectional elevation one of these moulds in connection with the compressing
machinery; and Fig, 19, illustrates in sectional elevation, the compressing machine
and the means only for holding the mould in place (the mould being removed)
In Fig, 18, the mould is shown as composed of two such sections as seen in
Figs, 15, 16, and 17, and drawn to a smaller scale than the said three Figures.
As clearly illustrated, each section of these moulds is composed of a sheet metal
cylinder (made in halves longitudinally) provided at its ends with annular rims, K³,
to permit attachment to the compressing machine and to each other, and at its
body portion with one or more hoop-like braces, L³, to give it strength. The lower
one of the rims, K³, has an inwardly projecting flange-like portion which supports
a brick lining with which the shell is supplied, and the interior surface of this
lining of brick is coated over with the usual or any suitable material which will
withstand the action of the liquid metal with which the mould is to be filled in
making the steel ingots, and which can be applied in a sort of plastic condition and
will then harden to form a smooth or even finish to the interior of the mould
novel and convenient means for applying this coating is hereinafter described.
;
Two or more of these sections having been properly prepared internally, they
are placed one on another, in line axially, and their end rims, K³, keyed (to keep
them in line) as seen in Fig, 18, and are secured to the upper frame portion, J³, of
the compressing machine by means of lugs, No, which project from their vertical
tie-rod, M, and are secured by keys P5, (see Fig, 17.) to the said frame, J³,
(see Figs, 18, and, 19.).
In the use of these sectional moulds for casting long ingots, a resistant-plate is
placed and secured (in any desirable manner) over the top of the mould after the
pouring in of the liquid metal, in order that the contents of the mould may be
subjected to the same sort of compressive operation hereinbefore explained. But in
the use of such long moulds with which it may be impractical to pour, in the same
manner as in the use of moulds not over say five feet deep or long, there is used a
compressing machine the construction and operation of which are such that while
the machine serves to do the compressing after the filling of the mould, it also serves
to render practical (by affording a descending bottom to the mould) the pouring of
ingots of great length.

page_text: This construction of compressing machine is clearly illustrated in Figs, 18, and, 19,
where Es, represents a cylinder of a length preferably about equal to the length of
the mould to be used in connection therewith, and which is provided with a long
piston rod, F, (see Fig, 19) the head or piston on the lower end of which fits and
works properly within the cylinder, Es, the piston rod, F³, passes through the upper
head of the cylinder, E³, as shown, and has its upper protruding end formed or
provided with a head, or piston adapted to pass easily into the bore, or interior of
the ingot mould, arranged over and in line with it.
At the upper and lower portions of the cylinder, E³, are suitable ports, I', and, H³,
for the ingress and egress of the water, steam or other motive medium to be used
to work the piston up and down within the cylinder, and immediately beneath the
cylinder is located another cylinder of much greater diameter, on which the
cylinder, E, rests, and to which are bolted or otherwise secured the lower ends of
the four vertical frame, or tie-rods, G³, which extend upwardly around the
cylinder, E, and around the sectional ingot mould and the upper ends of which are
secured in a top-plate (all as clearly illustrated) beneath which latter is placed the
resistant-plate, or mould cover as shown.
The lower and larger cylinder, A5, is provided with a piston, B5, the lower end of
which fits and works in the cylinder, and an upper extension of which is, however,
made small enough to fit and work within the bore of the upper and smaller
cylinder Es, see Fig, 19.
In the operation of this machine, the upper long cylinder of small diameter is
designed to be used for lowering the piston head which works in the mould
during the pouring operation and to raise it again for re-use, while the lower short
cylinder of great diameter and short stroke is to be used to suddenly elevate the
piston, within the mould, after the pouring operation, for the purpose of suddenly
compressing the ingot with great force.
The lower cylinder, A³, has the necessary ports, as shown, for the ingress and
egress of the water, steam or other actuating medium to be used in like manner, as
in the case of any ordinary engine cylinder.
The apparatus illustrated in Figs. 18, and, 19, is operated as follows:-
Let it be supposed that the mould has been properly prepared and secured in
place, in the position shown, (see Fig. 18) water or steam is admitted at the lower
port, H, of the cylinder, Es, and the piston of this cylinder is thereby raised until
the head or upper end of its rod, F, shall have been forced up inside of the ingot
mould to within a very short distance of the top.
The pouring is now begun, and at the same time the water, or steam motive
power is allowed to enter at the upper port, I, while it is permitted to exhaust
through the lower port, H³, and thus the piston of cylinder, E5, is caused to descend
while the pouring continues and at a speed preferably such that the stream of
liquid steel being poured into the open top of the mould will always have to fall
the same short distance from the ladle to the surface of the molten mass in the
mould.
When the upper surface of the head on the top end of the piston rod, F³, shall
have nearly or quite reached the lower end of the mould and the latter shall have
then become full of the molten metal, the resistant-plate, or cover (seen in section
in Fig. 18.) is quickly slid over the top of the mould and being located between the
top of the mould and the top plate of the frame of the machine securely covers the
mass of hot metal.
The water or steam is then quickly let in to the lower cylinder, A³, in such
manner as to act upon the lower surface of its piston, B³, (the ports of the
cylinder, Es, being now open to permit the ready exhaustion of its contents) and,
the parts now being in the positions shown in Fig, 19, the sudden ascent of the
piston, B, with the great force due to the action of the water, or steam on the
lower surface thereof, causes the piston rod, F³, and the head or plunger at the
upper end thereof to be lifted and the contents of the mould to be suddenly
-

page_text: compressed with great force between the head of the piston rod, F³, and the
resistant plate or cover which is firmly held in place over the top of the mould.
The pistons of both cylinders are now depressed quickly, to clear the lower end
of the mould of the compressing piston head, and either the mould with its
contents is then removed and the ingot subsequently extricated therefrom, or the
ingot is taken out of the mould by a separation of its parts sufficiently to permit
the removal of the ingot.
It will be seen that in this mode of casting ingots with the apparatus described
and illustrated (or with any contrivance or apparatus involving substantially the
same principle of operation,) ingots of any practicable length may be poured
without difficulty, as the stream of liquid steel in entering the mould has never to
fall but the minimum extent, (the bottom of the mould descending as the mould
fills), while at the same time the operator is enabled, the moment the mould shall
have become filled, to compress the mass within the mould so as to produce long
ingots without any "piping," or cavities. Should it be deemed expedient and
desirable, or should occasion require it, an amount of metal less than that
requisite to make an ingot fully equal in length to the capacity of the mould
may be moulded and compressed into a perfect ingot.
It will of course, be understood, that in all the cases in which there is used any
sort of compressing device adapted to enter into the mould, the joint between the
upper surface of the said device and the walls of the mould is to be properly packed
or stopped up sufficiently with the usual materials to prevent any escape of the
liquid metal when it is poured in; and if deemed desirable supplemental bottom
pieces, or disc-like pieces of some suitable material may be placed within the mould,
to rest on the top of the compressing head, before the pouring of the liquid steel
begins.
Figs, 20, 21, and, 22, illustrate respectively in top view, longitudinal central
section, and partial bottom yiew, the novel tool contrivance or means hereinbefore
referred to for coating over and finishing the interior surface, or walls of brick
lined and other moulds that have to be coated with some sort of substance or
material applied in a sort of plastic state, and which when dry will present a
smooth surface capable of withstanding the action of the liquid steel which has to
be poured into the mould. This contrivance consists of or is constructed with a
hollow cylinder, Q³, one end of which (the upper one for instance) is left open as
shown, and a follower, R³, adapted to work up and down within the cylinder
operated by means of a screw-shaft, S', which turns in a nut formed in a cross
head, U, and which is connected at one end by a swivel connection to the
follower, and is provided at its other end with a hand wheel, T. The upper open
end of the cylinder, Q, is cast with inwardly projecting ears (see Fig, 20.) to
which are bolted, or otherwise fastened the ends of the cross head, U, (see Fig. 21),
and the shell or body portion of the cylinder is perforated with numerous holes for
the exudence, as will be presently explained, of the contained plastic material.
In using the contrivance shown, the cylinder, Q5, is filled beneath the
follower, R³, with any of the suitable known materials for coating the interior of
moulds, (in a soft or plastic state), and the cylinder is then introduced into the
mould to be coated. The cylinder is then moved back and forth within the
mould, the follower, R³, having being forced down by turning the screw-shaft, S³,
so as to squeeze some of the contained material out through the perforations in the
shell or body of the cylinder, and as the cylinder is continuously drawn, or moved
back and forth within the mould, the follower is periodically forced in so as to
periodically feed out through the said perforations more and more of the coating
material, which latter is, so to speak, plastered over the interior of the walls of the
mould and finally smoothed down until the interior of the mould presents a
perfectly smooth cylindrical surface about equal in size to the exterior of the
cylinder, Q5, and composed wholly of the material which has been supplied from
the cylinder.

page_text: The mould thus coated, or lined, has its interior surface allowed to dry as usual,
and is then ready for use, in the usual manner. This tool or contrivance may be
used in giving an internal coating and smooth finish to a brick lined mould (such
as shown at Figs, 15, 16, and 17.) and in lining or coating the interiors of all sorts
of moulds requiring any sort of coating to be applied thereto before use.
In using this contrivance it has been found convenient (in connection with the
herein described compressing machinery) to force the cylinder back and forth
within the mould by means of the piston and head used in compressing ingots in
the moulds, and the lower end or head of the cylinder Q, is therefore, preferably,
formed with a sort of dovetailed tapering recess as seen at, V, (Figs 21 and 22)
adapted to receive, or engage with a key, such as shown at Figs, 2, and, 11, which
operates to secure the said cylinder to the plunger or head of the piston rod, F³, in
the same manner that this sort of key fastens the core seen at Fig, 11, to the head
of the piston rod, j, as herein before described.
The holes or perforations in the moulding cylinder, Q³, are arranged, preferably,
in one circular series located near the bottom of the cylinder, and several other
series or sets each of which runs obliquely lengthwise of the sheel, or, if desired,
in helical lines; but the disposition, number, and size of these holes are matters
of minor importance and may be left to the judgment of the constructor, the only
essential point being such an arrangement as will best effect an even distribution.
of the plastic substance forced through them, and will best permit of the plain
portions of the cylinder, Q³, to evenly and smoothly spread the material on the
interior of the mould.
Various changes in the details of the apparatus described are illustrated, and
other modifications may obviously be made in the different parts of the present
Invention without in anyway departing from the principle or novel features
peculiar thereto.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature and objects of the
said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be or may be performed or
carried into practical effect, I would observe in conclusion that what I claim as the
Invention communicated to me by the said George Whitfield Billings, is ;-
First. As a novel process or method of moulding or casting ingots, rapidly and
violently compressing the metal within the mould immediately after pouring;
whereby an operator is enabled to produce ingots of greater density and better
quality than heretofore manufactured and free of " piping," or blow holes,
substantially as herein before described.
Second. As an improved process or method of casting ingots, pouring the liquid
metal into a mould having a descending bottom (so that the fall of the stream is
always slight), and then compressing the mass by an upward or reverse movement
of said bottom; whereby an operator is enabled to produce ingots of great length
and at the same time of improved quality and without "piping" or holes at either
end thereof, substantially as herein before described.
Third. As an improvement in machinery, or apparatus for casting ingots, a
machine adapted to hold the mould and provided with two cylinders arranged
axially in line with the mould (when the latter is in place) and secured together;
one of the cylinders having a piston that acts directly on the contents of the
mould by reason of the direct action upon it of the piston of the other (and
larger) of the cylinders for the purpose of compressing the molten ingot within
the mould, substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying
drawings.
Fourth. As an improved contrivance for making compressed ingots of great
length, a machine composed of two stationary cylinders, arranged in line, one
of longer stroke than the other, and their respective pistons, and means for holding
in proper relative position therewith the ingot mould; the operation of the machine
being such, that the piston of longer stroke can be caused to descend within the
mould during the pouring and can then be suddenly forced upward by the action

page_text: of the more powerful piston, to compress the ingot, substantially as herein before
described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Fifth. As an improvement in machinery for casting compressed ingots, the
combination, with a suitable compressing contrivance, of a turn-table provided
with a series of removable moulds, each of which can be, successively, brought into
a postion to be poured from the same locality and to have its contents compressed
by the said compressing contrivance, substantially as hereinbefore described with
reference to the accompanying drawings.
Sixth. As an improved mould for casting steel ingots, a mould composed of a
sheet metal shell suitably braced or strengthened and lined with brick and suitably
coated internally, substantially as herein before described with reference to the
accompanying drawings.
Seventh. A sectional mould composed of lengths adapted to be secured together
in line axially, and provided with means for their securement to a machine for
compressing the contents of the mould, substantially as hereinbefore described with
reference to the accompanying drawings.
Eighth. A contrivance, for coating the interiors of moulds, composed of a
receptacle for holding the soft or plastic coating materials, and sized and shaped,
externally, to match the designed size and shape of the mould to be finished,
and provided with perforations for the escape of the contents of said receptacle,
substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying
drawings.
Ninth. The combination with a perforated receptacle adapted to contain the
material to be applied to the interior of the mould and designed to be moved back
and forth within the mould to plaster over its interior surface, of a screw follower,
or equivalent means for compressing the contents of said receptacle and thus
forcing the said contents out through the perforations; substantially as herein-
before described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
In Witness whereof, I, the said Charles Aubrey Day, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this 13th day of May, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight
bundred and eighty four.