IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR COOLING AND COMPRESSING AIR OR OTHER AERIFORM FLUIDS
Year: 1881

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Robert Lake, of the Firm of Haseltine, Lake,
& Co., Patent Agents, Southampton Buildings, London, for an Invention of
"IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR COOLING AND COMPRESSING AIR OR OTHER
AERIFORM FLUIDS." A communication from abroad by John Paul Burnham
and Oliver Goodhue Burnham, both of Chicago, Illinois, United States of
Amorine
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Robert Lake at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 23rd August 1881.
WILLIAM ROBERT LAKE, of the Firm of Haseltine, Lake, & Co., Patent Agents,
Southampton Buildings, London. "IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR COOLING AND
COMPRESSING AIR OR OTHER AERIFORM FLUIDS." [A communication from abroad
by John Paul Burnham and Oliver Goodhue Burnham, both of Chicago, Illinois,
United States of America.]
This Invention relates to single chambered machines for cooling air and similar
fluids by the method of successive compression and expansion thereof.
It is a fault in a class of machines for cooling air by compression and expansion
that the heat developed by compression of the air is abstracted from a considerable
part of the air-body subsequently to its compression; as a result there is a
tendency to expansion in the air being compressed, which adds to the resistance
opposing the compressing force, or in other words, which makes a greater power
necessary to drive the machine. To remedy this fault machines of another class
have been devised, in which sprays of water are injected into the compressing
chamber during the act of compression. This method obviously produces a
moisture in the air which it is difficult to remove, and which for many purposes
is highly objectionable. Another fault common in machines of this general class
which have but a single chamber is, that the air is expanded in contact with the
same surfaces upon it which it is compressed and cooled; in consequence a
considerable part of the heat abstracted from the air while it is under pressure
is returned thereto while it is being expanded, and in so far the effectiveness
and economy of the machines are impaired.

page_text: Make
As primary objects of the present 'Invention I seek, first, by purely mechanical
means and in a single chamber to simultaneously compress the air and abstract its
heat; and, secondly, to expand the air in contact with other surfaces than those
through which the cooling agent operates while it is being compressed. Further
objects of the said Invention are to provide in a single-chambered machine such a
construction as will in the expansion of the air recover very largely the power
expended in its compression, to dispense with valves at the openings of the
expansion space, and generally to produce a machine more simple in its con-
struction and economical in its operation, and not less effective in its results, than
the machines heretofore in use for cooling air by the method mentioned.
To these ends this Invention consists in the several novel features of construction
and operation and in the several combinations of devices hereinafter described.
In carrying the said Invention into practice I provide a single chamber, within
which both compression and expansion of the air are effected. Said chamber is
enclosed by a chest or shell consisting of two parts, one of which is a cylindric
casting open at top and bottom, and the other is an extension thereof, preferably
of sheet steel, conical in form for the upper and greater portion of its length, but
cylindric at the lower portion and of equal interior diameter to the other, to which
it is concentrically secured by flanges and bolts. The upper end of this cylindro-
conical chest is closed by a cap-plate, and provided with an inwardly opening
check-valve supported and closed by a spring; a waterjacket or tank surrounds
the second part of the shell, and preferably extending also down about the other
part resting on and secured to an external annular and horizontal flange of the first
part. Said water tank is provided with an inlet pipe near the bottom, which at
its extremity within the tank is turned to one side and delivers in a horizontal
direction. From the top of the tank leads a discharge pipe. By means of these
pipes the water in the tank may be constantly changed, and by means of the
horizontal or lateral direction given to the water by the inlet pipe said water takes
a spiral course about the shell as it rises to the point of discharge. As a result of
such spiral direction of the water-current, different parts of the water-body are
successively brought into contact with the shell with material advantage in
cooling effect upon the air being compressed within the latter.
Within the cylindro-conical chest or shell two moving parts effect the induction,
the compression, the expansion, and the expulsion of the air. One of said parts is
a piston which works in the cylinder, and the other is a cylindro-conical plunger
having its conical portion fitted to the conical interior of the chamber, and also
having its lower and cylindric portion of somewhat less diameter than the cylindric
interior of said chamber. There is an annular expansion packing or valve-packing
of leather or other suitable material fastened by its upper edge about the bottom
of the plunger, and adapted by its construction to allow air from above it to pass
downward, and in the descent of the plunger to prevent the upward passage of the
air. There is a lateral opening in the cylinder leading out of the chamber, and
located at or a little above the top of the piston when the latter is at its lowest
point of stroke. The piston has long bearing surface, and when raised closes and
continues to cover the said opening.
The piston and plunger are driven out of time in the manner and by the means
next described.
A driving shaft is mounted in suitable bearings in a supporting frame, and is
provided with a heavy driving pulley. On the end of the said shaft is a cam
having a crank-pin. A pitman connects the crank-pin with the piston; a rock
shaft is mounted in bearings on the frame at the rear of the machine, and having
at its extremities crank-arms, and at its central point a rearwardly-extending arm;
connecting rods lead from the crank-arms to a cross-head secured to the plunger-
rods, which run in stuffing boxes; a lever is pivoted between its ends to the frame
and connected at its rear end by a link with the arm.
At the front end said lever is provided with a roller which runs upon the edge
of the cam. Said cam is preferably of irregular or four-sided shape, and is keyed

page_text: to the shaft, the same being calculated in its outline or contour and by the several
levers and connections described to effect the relative movements of the plunger.
and piston, next set forth. The shaft being rotated, the piston and plunger rise
from their lowest points in contact or in close proximity with each other throughout
the entire upstroke of the piston. At the end of the upstroke of the piston the
plunger is still at a distance from the top of the chest. From this point the piston
begins to descend but very slowly, while the plunger, by reason of the nearly
horizontal position of the arms and the rising face of the cam, continues to rapidly
ascend. By the short concentric face of the cam the plunger stands for a moment
at its highest elevation, after which it gradually falls and finally overtakes the
piston at or a little before reaching the bottom of the outlet opening. The cam
may be arranged with reference to the crank-pin so as to lift the plunger away
from the piston just before the latter reaches its highest point, and so that the
plunger and piston will reach the highest points of their respective strokes
simultaneously.
In order to more effectively cool the air in the act of compression the plunger
and its rods are made hollow, one of said rods being extended to the bottom of the
interior of the chamber of the plunger, and the other terminating at the top. By
means of these hollow rods thus arranged and extended, and provided with flexible
tubes, cold water may be constantly admitted to the bottom of the plunger and
heated water withdrawn at the top. The lower end of the induction pipe is turned
to one side so as to discharge horizontally, giving a spiral direction to the upward
current.
.
For the purpose of ensuring a spiral current as stated, a continuous spiral
partition or plate may, if desired, be secured between the outer and inner walls of
the plunger or of the tank surrounding the shell
As a result of the construction described, wherein the compression and expansion
of the air are effected in one and the same chamber and against the same piston,
obviously the loss of power suffered by friction in the passage of the air through
narrow apertures common in compressing apparatus heretofore used is avoided, and
as no valved passages are present for the conduction of the expanded or expounding
air, all obstruction from freezing is totally obviated. So also by reason of the
direct connection of the parts in addition to the feature of a single chamber for
both the compression and expansion of the air, the entire expansive force of the
air after its heat is abstracted is available in compensation for that expended in
its compression.
The plunger may be a cylinder for its entire length working within a cylindric
shell of larger diameter than the plunger, but such construction would be less
effective than the conical form of these parts, for the reason that a relatively less
portion of the air above the cylindric plunger would be exposed to the cooling
surfaces, and the tendency of the air to expansion in the act of compression would
not therefore be so effectively counteracted.
The plunger may also be made of a series of short cylinders successively
narrowing towards the top, like a cone pulley, and running within a correspondingly
formed shell; but such form of the parts would be open to the same objection as
the wholly cylindrical form last mentioned. Moreover, in either of these suggested
forms a body of compressed air would remain about the plunger that would in
part be repeatedly compressed and expanded without advantage, but with loss of
power, and that would besides prevent the prompt action of the valve.
The plunger may also be conical for the whole of its length or for a greater
part of its length than shewn, but the cylindro-conical form has the advantage of
exposing a relatively greater part of the air-body above the cylinder and within
the shell in the act of compressing it.
It may be added that but for the purpose of recovering through the expansion
of the air power expended in its compression, the piston might be dispensed with
and still leave a practical cooler. In this case the expansible packing might be
made to yield only to such pressure from above as would give the desired com-

page_text: pression to the air above the plunger. Or instead of the yielding packing as a
means of releasing the compressed air an annular enlargement may be provided in
the chamber, above the lower margin of which the bottom of the plunger will
rise in completing its up stroke. The air will thus be compressed into this
annular chamber and will escape therefrom when the plunger is up.
I do not wish to limit myself to the devices described for operating the plunger
and piston, as eccentric gears or other forms of cams and connections may be
employed, nor is it essential that the plunger and piston should have in all
respects the precise relative movements described.
The plunger may be raised entirely by the piston except for the terminal upward
movement of the plunger as described, which may be effected by a simple cam on
the shaft working in connection with a vertically guided rod, and the plunger
may be released by the cam so as to fall by its own weight. Said plunger thus.
lowered will not naturally interfere with the proper expansion of the air above
the piston. In case the plunger is allowed to fall as stated, the opening should be
located a little above the top of the piston when at the end of its down stroke, in
order that an air-cushion may be formed between the piston and the falling
plunger.
In a horizontal arrangement of the machine the cam will require to be grooved
to receive the roller so as to give positive movement to the plunger, except that
the piston may impel the same for the whole or a greater part of its outward
stroke.
The conical or tapered plunger and its inclosing valved shell may be employed
.in. other forms of machines, as, for example, in apparatus for compressing air for
power purposes merely.
Thus the conical valved shell may be applied to the cylinder of an ordinary
piston compresser in place of one of the cylinder heads and in extension of said
cylinder, and the plunger applied to the prolonged piston-rod with a space
between it and the piston. The material advantage would be the less friction
owing to the fact that the plunger is without frictional contact with the walls
inclosing the same.
In the form of machine herein described it is obviously practicable to connect
the outlet with the inlet, and thereby work the same air or gas over and over.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said William Robert Lake in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
23rd February 1882.
WILLIAM ROBERT LAKE, of the Firm of Haseltine, Lake, & Co., Patent Agents,
Southampton Buildings, London. "IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR COOLING AND
COMPRESSING AIR OR OTHER AËRIFORM FLUIDS." A communication from abroad
by Paul John Burnham and Oliver Goodhue Burnham, both of Chicago, Illinois,
United States of America.
This Invention relates to single-chambered machines for cooling air and similar
fluids by the method of successive compression and expansion thereof.
It is a fault in a class of machines for cooling air by compression and expansion,
that the heat developed by compression of the air is abstracted from a considerable
part of the air-body subsequent to its compression; as a result there is a
tendency to expansion in the air being compressed which adds to the resistance
opposing the compressing force, or in other words, which makes a greater power
necessary to drive the machine. To remedy this fault machines of another class
have been devised, in which sprays of water are injected into the compressing
chamber during the act of compression; this method obviously produces a moisture
in the air which it is difficult to remove, and which for many purposes is highly
objectionable. Another fault common in machines of this general class which have
but a single chamber, is that the air is expanded in contact with the same surfaces
upon which it is compressed and cooled; in consequence a considerable part of the
heat abstracted from the air while it is under pressure is returned thereto while
it is being expanded, and in so far the effectiveness and economy of the machines
are impaired.
As primary objects of the present Invention herein set forth, I seek, first, by purely
mechanical means and in a single chamber to simultaneously compress the air and
abstract its beat; and, secondly, to expand the air in contact with other surfaces than
those through which the cooling agent operates while it is being compressed. Further
objects of the said Invention are to provide in a single chambered machine such
a construction as will in the expansion of the air recover very largely the power
expended in its compression, to dispense with valves at the openings of the
expansion space, and generally to produce a machine more simple in its construction
and economical in its operation, and not less effective in its results, than the
machines heretofore in use for cooling air by the method mentioned.
To these ends this Invention consists in the several novel features of construction
and operation, and in the several combinations of devices hereinafter described.
Figure 1 of the accompanying Drawing shews in front elevation a pair of
improved coolers operated from a single shaft.
Figure 2 is a central vertical section of one of the machines transversely to the
driving shaft, showing the relation of the moving parts when the piston is at the
lowest point of its stroke.
Figure 3 is an elevation from the same point of view as Figure 2, in which a
part of the compressing and expanding chamber is broken away, shewing the
relation of the moving parts when the piston is at the highest point of its stroke.
Figure 4 is the same view as Figure 3, showing the relation of the moving parts
when the plunger is at the highest point of its stroke.
Figure 5 is an enlarged detail section of the upper end of the compression-chest
and plunger, showing more clearly the induction air-valve and the water pipes
which supply and discharge from the water-chamber within the plunger.

page_text: Figure 6 is a fragmentary detail section of the lower end of the plunger,
shewing the base-casting and the valve-packing which surrounds the same.
His the single chamber of the machine, within which both compression and
expansion of the air are effected. The said chamber is here shown as being
enclosed by a chest or shell consisting of the two parts A and B, of which A is a
cylindric casting open at top and bottom and B is an extension thereof, preferably
of sheet steel, conical in form for the upper and greater portion of its length but
cylindric at the lower portion and of equal interior diameter to the other A, to
which it is concentrically secured by flanges and bolts at a. The upper end of this
cylindro-conical chest is closed by a cap-plate B and provided with the inwardly
opening check valve V supported and closed by the spring v; C is a water tank or
jacket surrounding the part B of the shell A, B, and preferably extending also down
about the casting A, as shewn, resting on and. secured to the external annular and
horizontal flange a' of the part A. The said water-tank is provided with an inlet-
pipe C¹ near the bottom, which at its extremity c¹ within the tank is turned to one
side and delivers in a horizontal direction. From the top of the tank leads a
discharge-pipe C³. By means of these pipes the water in the tank may be
constantly changes, and by means of the horizontal or lateral direction given to
the water by the said inlet-pipe the said water takes a spiral course about the shell
as it rises to the point of discharge. As a result of such spiral direction of the
water-current different parts of the water-body are brought successively into
contact with the shell with material advantage in cooling effect upon the air being
compressed within the latter.
Within the cylindro-conical chest or shell A, B, two moving parts effect the
induction, the compression, the expansion, and the expulsion of the air. One of
the said parts is a piston P packed at p, which works in the cylinder a, and the
other is a cylindro-conical plunger L, having its conical portion fitted to the conical
interior of the chamber H and also having its lower and cylindric portion of
somewhat less diameter than the cylindric interior of the said chamber H; L'is an
annular expansion-packing or valve packing of leather or other suitable material
fastened by its upper edge about the bottom of the plunger L and adapted by its
contraction to allow air from above it to pass downward and in the descent of the
plunger to prevent the upward passage of the air. A' is a lateral opening in the
cylinder A leading out of the chamber H and located at or a little above the top
of the piston when the latter is at its lowest point of stroke. The piston P has a
long bearing surface and when raised closes and continues to cover the said
opening A¹
The piston P and plunger L are driven out of time in the manner and by the
means next described.
S is a driving shaft mounted in suitable bearings as F1 in the supporting
frame F and provided with the heavy driving pulley G. On the end of the shaft S
is a cam D having a crank pin d. A pitman E connects the crank-pin d with the
piston P, as clearly shewn in Figure 2. I is a rock-shaft mounted in bearings on
the frame F at the rear of the machine and having at its extremities the crank-
arms J and at its central point the rearwardly-extending arm J'; K, K, are
connecting rods leading from the crank-arms J to the cross head M secured to the
plunger rods N,N, which run in stuffing boxes n, n; O is a lever pivoted between
its ends to the frame Fat o and connected at its rear end by the link Q with the
arm J, as distinctly shewn in Figures 2, 3, and 4. At its front end the said lever
is provided with the roller o¹, which runs upon the edge of the cam D. The said
cam D is preferably of the irregular or four sided shape shown, and is keyed to the
shaft S at the point indicated, the same being calculated in its outline or contour
and by the several levers and connections described to effect the relative movements
of the plunger and piston next set forth. The shaft S being rotated in the
direction of the arrow (Figures 2, 3, and 4) the piston and plunger rise from their
lowest points (shewn in Figure 2) in contact or in close proximity with each other
throughout the entire upstroke of the piston. At the end of the up-stroke of the

page_text: piston (indicated in Figure 3) the planger, as will be noticed, is still at a distance
from the top of the chest B. From this point the piston begins to descend, but
very slowly, while the plunger, by reason of the nearly horizontal position of the
arms J, J', and the rising face d¹ of the cam D, continues to rapidly ascend. By
means of the short concentric face d³ of the cam D the plunger. stands for a
moment at its highest elevation, after which it gradually falls and finally
overtakes the piston at or a little before reaching the bottom of the outlet
opening A². The cam D may be arranged with reference to the crank-pin, so as to
lift the plunger away from the piston just before the latter reaches its highest
point, and so that the plunger and piston will reach the highest points of their
respective strokes simultaneously.
The action of the parts with reference to the air in these movements is as
follows:--In the descent of the plunger air is admitted above and about the same
through the valve V. In the simultaneous ascent of the plunger and piston the
air is compressed above the piston, and wholly or principally above and about
the plunger. In the final or continuous upward movement of the plunger after it
leaves the piston, the air above and surrounding the plunger is forced in a thin
body downward into the space between the plunger and the piston. The plunger
now being sustained while the piston descends, this intermediate space (lettered h
in Figure 4) is rapidly enlarged, and the air therein corespondingly expanded.
When the top of the piston reaches the outlet A. escape is afforded to the expanded
air, and the said air is rapidly expelled by the now descending plunger.
By the passage of the air in a thin body and under pressure, as described, in
contact with the large area of the cooling wall or surface of the shell B, the heat
generated or developed by compression is abstracted simultaneously with its
development. It will be here noticed that while the compression takes place
within the upper walls of the shell B the expansion is principally effected within
the lower space enclosed by the cylinder A. No appreciable part of the heat
withdrawn during compression is therefore returned in the act of expansion.
The proportion of the parts is preferably so contrived as to make the space h at
the moment when the air finds escape by the passage A' equal to the original
volume of uncompressed air admitted, less its reduction by lowered temperature,
so that the said air is expelled practically under the normal pressure of atmosphere..
In order to more effectively cool the air in the act of compression, the plunger L
and its rods N, N, are made hollow, as clearly indicated in Figure 5, one of the said
rods being extended to the bottom of the interior of the chamber of the plunger,
and the other terminating at the top. By means of these hollow rods N thus
arranged and extended and provided with the flexible tubes N¹, N¹, cold water
may be constantly admitted to the bottom of the plunger, and heated water with-
drawn at the top. The lower end of the induction pipe N is turned to one side so
as to discharge horizontally, as described of the pipe C₁, giving a spiral direction
to the upward current.
For the purpose of ensuring spiral currents as stated, a continuous spiral
partition or plate may if desired be secured between the outer and inner walls
of the plunger, or of the tank surrounding the shell A, B.
As a result of the construction described, wherein the compression and expansion
of the air are effected in one and the same chamber and against the same piston,
obviously the loss of power suffered by friction in the passage of the air through
narrow apertures common in compressing apparatus heretofore used is avoided;
and as no valved passages are present for the conduction of the expanded or
expanding air, all obstruction from freezing is wholly obviated. So also by reason
of the direct connection of the parts in addition to the feature of a simple chamber
for both the compression and expansion of the air, the entire expansive force of
the air after its heat is abstracted is available in compensation for that expended
in its compression.
The plunger L may be a cylinder for its entire length working within a
cylindric shell of larger diameter than the plunger, but such construction would
.

page_text: be less effective than the conical form of these parts, for the reason that a relatively
less portion of the air above the cylindric plunger would be exposed to the cooling
surfaces, and the tendency of the air to expansion in the act of compression would
not therefore be so effectively counteracted.
The plunger may also be made of a series of short cylinders successively narrowing
towards the top like a cone-pulley, and running within a correspondingly formed
shell, but such form of the parts would be open to the same objection as the wholly
cylindrical form last mentioned. Moreover in either of these suggested forms a
body of compressed air would remain about the plunger that would in part be
- repeatedly compressed and expanded without advantage but with loss of power,
and that would besides prevent the prompt action of the valve V.
The plunger may also be conical for the whole of its length or for a greater part
of its length than shown, but the cylindro-conical form has the advantage of
exposing a relatively greater part of the air-body above the cylinder A and within
the shell B in the act of compressing it.
It may be added that but for the purpose of recovering through the expansion of
the air power expended in its compression, the piston P might be dispensed with
and still leave a practical cooler. In this case the expansible packing L' might be
made to yield only to such pressure from above as would give the desired com-
pression to the air above the plunger. Or instead of the yielding packing L' as a
means of releasing the compressed air, an annular enlargement may be provided in
the chamber H, above the lower margin of which the bottom of the plunger will
rise in completing its up stroke; the air will thus be compressed into this annular
chamber, and will escape therefrom when the plunger is up.
I do not wish to limit myself to the devices shown for operating the plunger
and piston, as excentric gear wheels or other forms of cams and connections may
be formed employed. Nor is it essential that the plunger and piston should have
in all respects the precise relative movements described or produced by the actuating
mechanism shewn.
The plunger may be raised entirely by the piston except for the terminal upward
movement of the plunger, as described, which may be effected by a simple cam on
the shaft S working in connection with a vertically guided rod K, and the plunger
may be released by the cam so as to fall by its own weight. The said plunger
thus lowered will not naturally interfere with the proper expansion of the air
above the piston. In case the plunger is allowed to fall as stated, the opening A
should be located a little above the top of the piston when at the end of its down
stroke, in order that an air cushion may be formed between the piston and the
falling plunger.
In a horizontal arrangement of the machine the cam D will require to be grooved
to receive the roller o, so as to give positive movement to the plunger, except that
the piston may impel the same for the whole or a greater part of its outward
stroke.
The conical or tapered plunger and its enclosing valved shell may be employed
in other forms of machines, as, for example, in apparatus for compressing air for
power purposes merely. Thus the conical valved shell may be applied to the
cylinder of an ordinary piston air-compresser in place of one of the cylinder heads,
and in extension of said cylinder and the plunger applied to the prolonged piston
rod with a space between it and the piston. The material advantage would be the
reduced friction, owing to the fact that the plunger is without frictional contact
with the walls enclosing the same.
In the form of machine herein described it is obviously practicable to connect
the outlet A¹ with the inlet at V, and thereby work the same air or gas over and
over.
Having thus fully described the said Invention, as communicated to me by my
foreign correspondents, and the manner of performing the same, I wish it understood
that I claim,
First. In an air-cooling or air-compressing machine, the tapering plunger L

page_text: combined with the valved shell B of interior form corresponding with the plunger,
and having an extension of uniform diameter at its larger end, substantially as
described.
Second. The shell enclosing the chamber H, provided with an inlet-valve V and
a suitable outlet, the surrounding cooler, and the reciprocating plunger L, combined
with each other and with suitable actuating mechanism, whereby air as admitted
at V is compressed and cooled about the plunger, and is discharged at the end of
the plunger opposite that at which it is admitted, substantially as set forth.
Third. The shell enclosing a chamber H, having a valved inlet and an outlet
passage suitably arranged, combined with the piston P and plunger L, and with
actuating mechanism giving to the piston and plunger differential movements within
the chamber, substantially as and for the purposes set forth.
Fourth. In the air-cooler described, wherein the air is compressed about the
plunger and passes from one end to the other thereof, the plunger L made hollow
and provided with the induction and eduction water pipes N, N, substantially as
described.
Fifth. In combination with the annular or circular water-chamber of an air-
cooling machine having an upper discharge and bottom inlet, means for giving
the water an upward spiral course through the said chamber, substantially as
described.
Sixth. In combination with the annular or circular water-chamber of an air-
cooling machine having an upper discharge and an induction water-pipe delivering
at the bottom of the said chamber, the extremity of the said induction pipe deflected
to one side, whereby the water is delivered laterally and takes an upward spiral
course to the outlet, substantially as described.
Seventh. Combined with the plunger L having the rods N and with the piston P,
together arranged to work in the chamber H, the actuating mechanism described,
consisting of the shaft S, cam D, crank-pin d, pitman E, and the levers and con-
nections O, Q, I, J, and J¹, substantially as set forth.
Eighth. In the air-cooling machine described, the cylinder A having the outlet A¹
combined with the elongated piston P arranged to open and close said outlet,
substantially as described.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Robert Lake, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Twenty third day of February, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and eighty two.