IMPROVEMENTS IN OBTAINING AND APPLYING HEAT AND LIGHT
Year: 1851

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME we WILLIAM
BOGGETT of Saint Martin's Lane Gentleman and GEORGE HOLWORTHY PALMER
of Westbourne Villas Paddington Civil Engineer send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland bearing date at Westminster the Twenty-second day of
October (One thousand eight hundred and fifty-one) in the fifteenth year of
Her reign did for Herself Her heirs and successors give and grant unto
us the said William Boggett and George Holworthy Palmer our exors
adors and assigns Her especial license full power sole privilege and
authority that we the said William Boggett and George Holworthy Palmer
our exors adiñors and assigns or such others as we the said William
Boggett and George Holworthy Palmer our exors adññiors and assigns should
at any time agree with and no others from time to time and at all times
during the term of years therein expressed should and lawfully might make
use exercise and vend within England Wales and the Town of Berwick-
upon-Tweed our Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN OBTAINING AND APPLYING
HEAT AND LIGHT" in which said Letters Patent is contained a proviso that'
we the said William Boggett and George Holworthy Palmer or one of us
shall cause a particular description of the nature of our said Invention and
in what manner the same is to be performed by an instrument in writing
under our hands and seals or under the hand and seal of one of us to be
inrolled in Her said Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar
14180. Wt. 9501.
A

page_text: months next and immediately after the date of the said in part recited
Letters Patent as in and by the same reference being thereunto had will
more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE that in compliance with the said proviso we the said
William Boggett and George Holworthy Palmer hereby declare that the
nature of the said Invention and in what manner the same is to be performed
are fully described and ascertained in and by the present Specification thereof
reference being had to the Drawings hereunto annexed (that is to say).
Firstly our Invention has reference to the heating of apartments by gas
and consists of certain improved arrangements for the purpose whereby the
superior economy safety and cleanliness attendant on the use of gas are
combined with a bright and cheerful appearance and the escape of heat
prevented to a degree which has not yet been obtained.
Numerous attempts have been made to accomplish this object and several
contrivances for the purpose formed, interalia, the subject matter or subject
matters of former Letters Patent for England granted to me the said William
Boggett and one William Smith dated the Third day of October One
thousand eight hundred and fifty, but those and other attempts and contrivances
have been attended with only very partial success in consequence chiefly of the
difficulty of getting rid of the carbonic acid resulting from the combusting of
the gas and also because a great portion of the heat from open gas fire-places
is carried up the chimney and lost. With the view of still more effectually
obviating the said objections we have invented the several improved arrange-
ments of apparatus represented in the Drawings Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 20,
21, and 64, next herein-after described.
Figure 1 is a front elevation and Figure 2 a vertical section of a gas stove
suitable for a dining room, drawing room or other apartment of a private
dwelling-house.
It will be at once noticed as being distinguishable from all other stoves by
its great width in proportion to its depth (about two inches from front to back).
It is composed of one ascending flue A and two descending flues B B and in
general is made to fit into and nearly fill the customary fire-place opening.
The products of combustion travel in the direction of the arrows and pass
through an air-tight back plate E in the chimney opening by the two tubes c, c,
into the chimney the warm air from between the flues and back plate E
re-entering the room at F.
A hood or cover H projects immediately over the top of the burner.
Sundry small slits are made through which portions of the gas are conveyed
into the tube A. which might otherwise escape into the room. The back plate

page_text: E as also the front and flues may be made either of metal or any other suitable
material such as stone, earthenware &c., and tubular bricks or earthenware
tubes may be inserted between the flues and back plate to obtain a greater
heating surface.
Figure 3 is a front elevation Figure 4 a plan and Figure 5 a sectional
elevation of another apparatus for burning gas in open fire-places so as to have
the appearance of a coal fire; A is a straight horizontal tube having two or
more semicircular or elliptical shaped tubes B, B, connected thereto. Into
cach of the latter a number of upright tubes C C C are inserted about one
inch apart having on every side small holes for the emission of the gas.
These tubes are plugged up about half an inch from the tops which are left
open and a tuft of asbestos inserted into each the ends of the asbestos being
spread out to catch the rising flame. The front row of these tubes is about
three inches in height the other row is about half an inch taller.
The spaces between the tubes C C are filled with small lumps composed
of plaster of Paris and pounded pumicestone (equal parts of each) and some
short fibres of asbestos. Or else with small helices or coils of flattened iron
wire and asbestos. The gas when lighted issues from the holes in the tubes
CC and impinging on the intervening materials renders the whole incan-
descent exhibiting all the appearance of a coal fire and radiating a great
amount of heat.
Figure 6 represents an arrangement which differs from the preceding only
inasmuch as it is adapted to the burning of a mixture of air and gas instead of
gas alone. A is the supply pipe and B the air tube open at bottom-the supply
gas being duly regulated mixes with the air and burns at C, C.
of
Another arrangement for burning gas with an admixture of air is shown in
Figure 17. A, A, A, is a tube bent at right angles and open at the lower
ends where the air enters and mixing with gas from the perforated tube B is
consumed at the apertures in the horizontal part of the tube A as shewn-
in all cases where air is admitted as just described it is advisable to
limit the supply either by compressing the bottom of the tube A, A, or by
dampers.
Another arrangement for heating by gas is given in Figure 18. A is the
burner composed of parallel tubes with lateral jets. Figure 18 is à frame
made of iron bars and Figure 18° pieces of bent sheet iron perforated with
large holes on both sides suspended on the bars; the gas from the tubes is
projected against the lower part of the bent iron into which the air rushes
and passing up and through the perforations mingles with the burning gas
the combustion of which is thereby much improved-a small quantity of

page_text: asbestos spread on the top adds to the heat and gives the appearance of
burning coals.
When the two preceding arrangements herein-before described in Figures
3, 4, 5, 6, are used with coal gas, a guard composed of wire gauze with its
lower part reaching a little way down and about two inches in front of the
fire but extending upwards to the top of the chimney opening prevents in a
great measure the escape of gas vapours into the room and restricts the rush
of air into the chimney.
Figure 19 is a sectional elevation and Figure 19" a horizontal section of an
open circular gas stove-the burner is composed of parallel tubes perforated
on the sides (Figure 19)-The jets of gas from the burner a, a, impinge on
the division plates which form the hot chambers and the products of com-
bustion are carried up through the said chambers and pass off by the flue
-whilst the atmospheric air entering the spaces c, c, c, between the hot chambers
is warmed by contact with the heated plates 6, 6, and ascends through the top
causing a rapid circulation of warm air throughout the apartment.
Figure 20 is a vertical section and Figure 21 a horizontal section on the
line of another gas stove with an exposed burner. A, A, is the burner
which entirely surrounds the lower part of the stove-b, b, the flue or case
and c, c, rows of earthenware or other tubes open at bottom for the ingress
of air which becomes heated and passes out at the top. By this arrangement
a bright appearance is maintained and all the heat of the burner bencficially
employed. Stoves on this principle may be made round or square &c. and
one two or more burners used in any part of them so as to radiate heat in
different directions. It must be confessed however that there is some danger
to health attending the use of open gas fires with carburetted hydrogen
taking even the best preventive arrangement obtainable for the purpose, and
when we consider on the other hand that the products resulting from the
combustion of uncarbonized hydrogen gas are in no degree injurious to health
we are not prepared to recommend the use of gas for heating apartments
unless when it can be procured perfectly uncarbonized or but only slightly
carbonized. For this class of stoves we prefer using such asbestos as has been
immersed in chloride of platinum and afterwards in a solution of muriate of
ammonia which becomes incandescent when exposed to a stream of car-
buretted hydrogen gas and still more perfectly so when the hydrogen is
uncarbonized.
Figure 64 is a section of a gas stove having a horizontal burner A
with asbestos projecting downwards as shewn in Figure 26. B is a
diagonal reflector of polished cast-iron or other material so placed as to

page_text: reflect the bright appearance of the burner and a great portion of its heat
into the room. D is the front plate descending a little below the burner and
C, C, flues (at back and front) which effectually take off the products of
combustion the heat being utilized before passing into the chimney as de-
scribed in Figure 1. A hot plate may be placed over the burner and .bc
used for culinary or other purposes if required.
Secondly our Invention consists of sundry improvements in burners
whereby the adaptability of gas for various purposes both of lighting and
heating but heating especially is greatly increased. Figure 7 is an elevation
and Figure S a top view of one description of burner particularly adapted to
the transmission of the heat in a downward direction: A is the gas tubo
having circular holes into which square rods of iron are tightly driven. On
the projecting part of these rods several iron rings or washers are placed: one
upon another and then secured by a solid disc screwed into the top. of cach
rod the gas passes through the spaces between the washers and rods and
burns in lateral streams-Figure 1-1 is a bottom view of a burner which
may be of any convenient size (say from 6 to 20 or more inches in diameter)
and is composed of two annular plates of sheet iron fastened together at the
inner and outer edges a, a; so as to form a chamber of from to inch deep
into which gas is admitted by the tube A.. The iron plates are perforated all
over on the under sides with fine holes of equal size and about of an inch
apart and the ignited gas on issuing through these holes forms a sheet of
blue flame which spreads all over the bottom of the burner part of the flame
ascending through the centre aperture Band circulating round the outer edges
-the top plate may likewise have similar perforations the number of holes being
regulated by the quantity of heat required above. In some cases we apply
these burners so that they may be turned upside down in order to bring the
greatest number of holes either to the top or bottom as may be required.
Two such rings one encircling the other may be used as represented in
Figures 12 and 13 and either together or separately each having its own
supply as shewn.
Figure 14 is a top view and Figure 14ª a vertical section of a hollow flat
bar or case of sheet iron constructed like the preceding with holes either at
top or bottom or in both. A series of these bars being arranged parallel to
each other with spaces of about half an inch between them are very effective
for radiating heat downwards as also when arranged diagonally as shown in
Figure 14. Or they may be made of. a triangular form as shewn in
Figure 14. Figure 14d is a conical chamber for similar purposes with holes
at top and bottom as shown. Figure 15 is an elevation of one bar and

page_text: Figure 16 is a top end view of five such bars formed into a burner.
a, a, are
gas tubes perforated diagonally in a downward direction and over these are
placed pieces of hoop iron about half an inch apart which serve to prevent
the too rapid escape of heat and cause it to be radiated downwards with
great effect.
Figure 21 is an elevation of a burner composed of an upright cylinder of
wire gauze or perforated metal covered with wire gauze which is surrounded
either by metal rings or a spiral coil of stout iron wire-the wire or rings
absorbing the heat and deflecting the flame from the surface protects the
the gauze or perforated metal from the rapid oxidation which would otherwise
take place this burner or a combination of several such burners may be used
with good effect either in an upright or horizontal position-the application
of stout wire or wings to flat burner tubes in the above manner will also be
found useful.
Figure 22 is a burner composed of a coil of wire A closed at top and the
bottom closely fitted to a tube B (for the supplying of air and gas) which
issues through the interstices between the convolutions of the coil and burns
in streams of blue flame.
Figure 23 is an elevation and Figure 23 a plan of a burner composed
of separate tubes (flat or round) inserted at bottom into an air and gas
pipe the gas burns from the interior and exterior sides of cach tube as
shewn.
Figure 24 is a section and Figure 25 an elevation of a burner composed
of a tube having a longitudinal slit into which one or more pieces of wire
gauze folded double is inserted as shewn in Figure 24 the gas issuing from
the slit and the meshes of the gauze-several of these tubes may be com-
bined together, and used in a vertical position as in Figure 26, or inverted
for the radiation of heat downwards.
Figure 26 is a front elevation Figure 26ª an end elevation and Figure 26'
a horizontal section of a gas burner composed of parallel tubes placed close
together in a vertical position and perforated with fine holes in front for the
emission of the gas-the lower ends of these tubes are inserted into a horizontal
supply pipe A and the upper ends are closed-between every alternate tube
tufts of asbestos are inserted as shewn in Figure 26° the fibrous ends
projecting like a brush-portions of these fibres become incandescent when
the gas is lighted presenting a blazing surface of flame, strips of fine
platinum wire flattened between rollers so as to be very thin may be formed
into ornamental devices and placed in the flame of the jets (about three-
eighths of an inch from the burner) they soon become heated to whiteness

page_text: and greatly enhance the effect. A burner of this kind is very efficient for
the stoves such as represented in Figures 1, 2, and Figure 20. In many
cases we use it in a horizontal position with gas jets and asbestos projecting
downwards the heat below being amply sufficient for all purposes of broiling
toasting &c., whilst that which ascends is profitably employed for boiling,
stewing &c. Burners upon the same principle may also be made of tubes
bent into a spiral or other form and used with or without the asbestos &c.,
for like purposes.
When it is desired to employ air and gas in place of gas
only for the burner described above (Figure 26) the upright tubes must
be inserted into a rectangular iron box or frame ten or twelve inches deep
provided with a gas supply tube and having perforations of about one-eighth
of an inch diameter covered with finely perforated tale about four inches
below the tubes-these holes serve for the admission of air and they also
allow the gas to escape and burn when the supply is too great. Figure 27
is a rectangular burner receiving a supply of gas at A which is composed of
a metal frame to which are secured thin plates of talc perforated with fine
holes from which the gas burns in a sheet of blue flame: Strips of flattened
platinum wire are then formed into any ornamental design and placed about
of an inch in front of the talc as described above. The talc may be used
with or without the platinum wire. A principal feature in our Invention for
burning gas or a mixture of air and gas for heating purposes is to pass it
through narrow slits or openings (about th of an inch) between plates of cast-
iron, soapstone, or other suitable materials placed close to or resting one
upon another. In general a channel for the equal distribution of the gas
is formed in one or both plates and the slits adjusted to the proper width by
means of projecting pins or thin strips of metal.
Those burners may be formed of almost any shape and in many cases a
combination of several of them employed.. They possess many advantages
especially where great heat is required within a small compass. the radiation
from cach burner where several are used serving to increase the heat of those
nearest to them and to augment the general effect of the whole. Figure 28
is an elevation of a burner of this description. Figure 29 a vertical section,
and Figure 30, a plan of the middle plate. The gas (Figure 28) or a
mixture of air and gas (Figure 29) passes up through the pipe A and holes b, b,.
and burns at the openings c, c, which are adjusted to the proper width by
stops a, a, the channels d, d, serving to equalize the supply.
Figure 31 is an elevation of another arrangement Figure 32, an
elevation of the top bar Figure 33, a plan of the middle bars a, a, a, and
Figure 34 a section of the bottom bar of the same the whole being fastened

page_text: together by the iron rods D, D, and nuts F. The gas entering from a supply
tube E, burns at the uppermost openings when the supply of gas is properly
regulated whilst atmospheric air enters by the bottom opening and mixes
with the gas which is thus greatly economized and produces more heat than
when gas only is employed. The sides of this burner (and others of a like
kind when practicable) are corrugated by diagonal indentations so as to
produce a surface of projecting points or nipples which receive heat from the
rising flames and impart it rapidly to the body of the burner. The size of
these burners may be from one or two inches to upwards of a foot in length
and of proportionate height and thickness. About ten inches long by six
inches high and two and three quarters thick we find to be very efficient for
the purpose. Three middle bars only are shewn in the Drawing but a greater
or less number may be employed.
Figure 35 is an elevation and Figure 36 a vertical section of a burner
similar to the preceding but used for gas only. It is composed of one
principal piece of cast iron having a recess on each side into which two cast-
iron bars one on each side, (Figure 37 vertical section) are secured by screws
at b, b, the requisite space being left above and below for the emission of the
gas which enters the burners at the holes c, c.
Figure 38 is another burner similar in construction to Figure 31 but
intended for gas only having conical indentations at the sides in place of
points. It is composed of a solid cast iron top A a middle bar Figure 39
(a plau) and a bottom piece Figure 40 (longitudinal section) the whole
being screwed together as shewn by the dotted lines at D.
Figure 41 is a burner of cast iron of which Figure 42 is a vertical section.
The ends B, B, are plugged with pieces of metal and the sides (which have
nipples or points projecting from them) are perforated with small holes from
which the gas issues and burns. Figure 43 is a gas tube on which the
burners fit by means of the projecting nipple.
Figure 44 is a top view and Figure 45 a vertical section of a burner
composed of two plates of cast iron the upper plate has channels communica-
ting with the gas supply at A and the lower has openings b, b, to correspond
with those in the top plate and both are screwed together leaving a narrow
space between them the gas issues and burns in the openings b, b.
Figure 45 is an elevation and Figure 45 a vertical section of an apparatus
for burning gas or air and gas through slits in plates of cast iron cut by saws
or other tools which in some cases are more advantageous than plates resting
one upon another. The burner is composed of a cast-iron frame perforated
at A for the admission of gas and plates of cast iron fastened on one or both

page_text: sides. These plates are grooved at c, c, to near the ends by a tool and then
cut through by a saw of proper size or they may be cut through by any other
suitable means.
Figure 45 is a vertical section of a concentric ring cast-iron burner about
four inches in height and six inches diameter and Figure 45 shews the
bottom plate A, A, which is cast in one piece and has three connecting stays
S, S, S, cored through them from the outside of the centre forming three gas
tubes or chambers D, D, (Figure 45°). The gas being admitted into these
chambers at E and the holes stopped on the outside at f, f, vertical holes are
drilled into them at d, d, d, from the top of the rings A, A, and corresponding
holes made through the rings B, B. The gas burns through the apertures at
e, e, e; the three tier of rings are fastened together by bolts and nuts passing
through them.
Instead of gas issuing in lateral streams or jets as shewn in many
previous instances we produce similar results from vertical streams of gas by
placing some heat-absorbing substance (as cast-iron, fire-clay, &c.) above
them in such a position as to receive heat in the readiest man to be
afterwards given out by radiation. The Drawings from Figs. 48 to both
inclusive represent several arrangements for this purpose. A is the heater
and B the burner.
Figure 4S is a side elevation of the heater (Figure 4S) and Figure 4S" a
longitudinal section of the burner which has pins at top c, c, to retain the lump
or henter (Figure 482) in its place. Figure 48" is an iron gas tube having
two rows of perforations at E, E, from which the gas burns imparting its heat
to the lump Figure 48, or a single row of holes at top may be employed and
the bottom of the heater notched so as to allow of the gas burning on both
sides of it.
Figure 49 represents a heater or lump A with recesses at the sides for the
admission of gas tubes perforated at top as shewn which imparts heat to the
lump A as last described. In some cases we make the lump hollow and open
at bottom holes being made just above the gas jets which thus receive a
supply of warm air to promote the combustion.
Figure 50 is a vertical section of an apparatus for burning air and gas. A
is the lump or heater which is inserted into an outer cylinder B either flat or
round. C is the gas tube which supplies the outer cylinder. The mixture of
air and gas burns at the narrow openings d, d, and heats the lump A as before
described.
Figure 51 shews a lump or heater fitted to an argand gas burner and
receiving heat from it as before explained.

page_text: Figure 52 shews a method of concentrating gas heat by means of perforated
lumps a having transverse tubes passing through them from which the gas
burns in vertical jets or otherwise. a, a, are the lumps and B, B, the gas
tubes.
Figure 53 shews a vertical section of several burner tubes perforated at top
and bottom alternately a combination of such tubes placed close together like
a gridiron will produce heat above and below.
Figure 54 represents tubes of forms different from the preceding but having
all the same objects. In some cases we use small sized gas tubing of any
shape having one or more rows of very fine holes about one-eighth of an inch
apart several of these tubes arranged as in Figure 53 produce a great amount
of heat. Instead of fine holes longitudinal slits may be cut in the tubes for
the emission of the gas.
Figure 55 exhibits an arrangement for burning air and gas the novelty of
which consists in the use of vertical or angular in place of horizontal slits as
the burner is not so liable to get overcharged with gas. They also admit air
at the bottom with great facility.
Figure 56 is an air and gas tube similar in principle to the preceding the
vertical or angular slits allowing the gas to burn through them when in greater
quantities than can be consumed at the apertures above (a, a) or the aper-
tures a, a, may be dispensed with and the gas suffered to burn at the upper
part of the slits b, b.
Figure 57 is a vertical section (partly in perspective) of a burner suitable
for heating soldering irons. It is composed of two rings of cast-iron an inner
and an outer one with flangs to admit of their being screwed together so as to
form a gas box b. These rings are perforated as shewn before being put
together. One or more burners of this kind may be inclosed in a proper case
the irons being placed in the opening A.
Figure 5S shews a burner composed of layers of cast-iron as shewn in
Figure 31 but the top plate is thinner and has a frame attached to it for
holding pieces of pumicestone &c., the points of which projecting through the
bars speedily become red hot.
Thirdly our Invention consists in rendering gas and other argand lights
more effective and increasing the light in any given direction by attaching by
a suitable frame two or more triangular glass prisms one on each side of the
light as exemplified in Figure 86. B, B, are the glass prisms. The light
from the burner is refracted by each prism which shows a separate and distinct
light scarcely distinguishable in brilliancy from the primary flame. In place of
attaching these prisms to a frame at bottom as in Figure 86 they may be

page_text: suspended from the top with an ordinary glass reflector over them to throw
the light downwards. In some cases also we use four prisms to one light
as shewn in Figure 87 in order to reflect the light in two opposite directions.
An elevation of the prisms B, B, is shewn in Figure 85.
Fourthly our Invention consists of certain improvements in apparatus for
cooking by gas.
Figure 61 is a sectional elevation of a cooking apparatus which is convertible
into a roaster or oven at pleasure. When used for roasting the burner A is
employed, air being admitted through holes in the bottom of the chamber C
which with the products of combustion escapes through the opening at top
over A. When required as an oven the apertures at top and bottom are
closed by slides and the chamber C is then fit for baking, the burner. A is
extinguished and B being lighted the flame heats the oven in its ascent.
Figure 88 (sectional elevation) shows a method of roasting by means of a gas
burner placed below the meat. C is the dripping pan protected from the heat
of the burner by an intervening close vessel B containing water (a plate of fire
clay or soapstone being interposed when requisite between the water vessel
and the burner to regulate the heat). The water in B communicates with a
boiler attached to the apparatus by pipes D, D; one burner thus answers
the double purpose of roasting the meat and heating the water in the boiler
a sufficiency of heat ascending past the vessel B to roast the meat above.
Figure 89 is a vertical section of a gas cooking apparatus upon an entirely
new system which possesses the advantage of great economy compactness and
efficiency. a is the gas pipe B, the burner, C, the dripping pan, and c, c, c, c,
ledges or grooves for the pan or wire shelves to rest upon. The downward heat
from the burner B roasts the meat below whilst the products of combustion
heat the oven D in passing round it to the flue F, thus obtaining a two-fold
benefit. The oven may be removed at pleasure and the upward heat employed
for other purposes such as boiling, frying, &c. This apparatus also performs
the operation of toasting and broiling; the viands being placed on a wire shelf
underneath the burner. In some cases we use the old method of cooking by
jets from a tube round the lower part of the roasting chamber in combination
with the burner at top. And we also in some cases employ burners placed
at the back or sides of the roasting chamber either alone or combined with
either of the preceding arrangements. For the production of a downward heat
in this apparatus we generally use the burner shewn in Figure 11, but others
may be employed at pleasure.
Figure 93 is a sectional elevation of an oven to be heated by gas. A, A,
are two gas burners extending from front to back the whole depth of the oven.

page_text: B, B, are channels in the brickwork for the admission of air to the burners
which channels may form a junction at the back. C, C, are iron or other
tubes placed near to each other occupying or lining the sides and top of the
oven E, their lower ends which arc open passing through the bottom of the
oven F and the top ends terminating in a longitudinal pipe or flue D. The
flame from the burner heats the tubes and oven in its ascent.
Figure 94 shows a similar arrangement to the preceding with one burner A,
and air channel B in place of two.
Fifthly our Invention consists of certain improvements in apparatus for
heating and evaporating water or other fluids.
Figure 46 is a vertical section of a tubular boiler and Figure 47 a cross
section of the same through the lower part of the tubes. A, A, are tubes by
which water is conveyed from a tap G to the bottom of the boiler B which is
of a cylindrical form but has a convex top and concave bottom both of which
are made double. C, C, are a series of vertical conical tubes which connect the
top and bottom of the vessel B and are open below to the heat ascending from
the burner N and surrounded on all sides by the water in B-F is a tap for
drawing off the heated fluid. Figure 65 shews a method of heating water in
baths or other vessels by means of tubes A connected with the vessel, any
number of these tubes may be used, each having a ring burner surrounding it
as shewn from which the gas burns in contact with the tube a metal chimney
D serving to enclose the heat which produces a rapid circulation of water
through the tubes and warms it by a moderate consumption of gas. Figure 66
is a method of heating water and causing it to circulate rapidly. A is a
water tube generally of copper bent into a spiral form which communicates
with a hot-water apparatus in the usual manner. B is a gas tube bent into a
similar spiral shape and soldered to the bottom of A. The gas burns through
the apertures in the bottom of B which is perforated for the purpose on the
under side all the available heat being imparted to the water in A. Figure 67
is a burner for radiating heat downwards. It is composed of thin plates of
cast-iron or other materials secured in their places by a centre screw sufficient
space being left between each plate for the gas to burn through the plates may
be of a circular or any other form-Figure 68 is a top view and Figure 69 a
vertical section of another apparatus for heating fluids. Figure 68 shews an
arrangement of two series of thin rectangular water. plates A, made of tin or
other metal. One side of the bottom of each plate being lower than the other
to carry off any sediment. These plates have cach an opening at top into
boxes or chambers B, from which the supply of water is taken and another
opening at the lowest end of the bottom into similar boxes C. The water being

page_text: admitted at the pipe D passes down through the right-hand series of plates
into the right-hand box at bottom from which it proceeds by a pipe under the
burner E into the bottom box on the left hand through the series of water-
plates connected therewith to the upper chamber or box on the same side.
The cat from the gas burner E rises between the two series of plates which
present a large heating surface.
Figure 70 is a vertical section of an apparatus for heating water by causing
it to travel through spiral tubing heated by gas burners. The spiral chamber
is formed by placing two annular plates or discs of metal (cut through from
the edge to the opening in the middle) upon each other and soldering two
stout wires between them one round each of the inner and outer edges so as
to form an annular chamber. The ends of this chamber (where the plates were
cut through) being left open one end is raised and the other depressed so
as to form one thread of the spiral and a sufficient number of these threads
being joined together by their ends the whole forms a water chamber in the
shape of a screw or spiral having a centre space from bottom to top through
which one central ascending tube (surrounded by several smaller descending
tubes) conveys the water in the direction of the arrows from the inlet pipe e
through the box A into the top G, whence it descends by the smaller tubes to
the box A, from which it rises through the spiral chamber to the pipe B,
and is discharged in a highly heated state. The burner is composed of sepa-
rate perforated gas tubes a, a, placed near to the under side of each thread of
the spiral so that the water is exposed to great heat throughout its entire
progress. The supply of gas enters by the pipe D, and communicates with
the burners by the tubes a, a, a. The apparatus is surrounded by an outer
case or jacket F, open at bottom for the admission of air and closed a little
above the top burner at F. Above this the spiral chamber gradually di-
minishes in size to the top whilst by closing the interior and exterior spaces
between the upper parts of the chamber a spiral channel is formed up which
all the waste heat from the burners below is carried into the chimney.
Figure 71 represents another description of water-heating apparatus in
section the middle pipe or vessel A (which is indented on the sides) contains
the water and the tubes b, b, b, contain gas which is burned at perforations in
the sides. The gas and water tubes being soldered together the heat
communicated to the former is rapidly absorbed by the latter.
Figure 72 is a vertical section of a boiler inserted in an outer case a, a, a ;
Figure 73, a horizontal section of the same on the line A, B and Figure 74,
a horizontal section on the line C, D. E, E, are the water compartments,
F the gas burner and G the spaces through which the heated products of

page_text: combustion move in passing to the flue H having circular holes at I. By
these incans a great amount of water surface is acted on by the heat from the
burner.
Figure 75 is a side elevation of a saucepan or other vessel and Figure 76
a plan of the bottom of the same. The edges of the burner which is made of
finely perforated metal are soldered to the bottom of the vessel forming a
chamber for the gas which burns through the holes in a downward direction
forming a sheet of flame kept in close contact with the bottom and sides of
the vessel by the ascending current of air. The burner may consist of a ring
of metal or it may be made of the same size as the bottom of the vessel.
Figure 77 is an elevation of a bath to be heated by gas and Figure 78 a
longitudinal section of the same. A is the bath, B the boiler, C a flat tube
about four inches wide and one deep through which the water circulates D
the gas supply pipe which is carried through the flue F. E, the burner and
Ga shallow pan to receive the condensed steam of the gas. H, a recess
(covered by a moveable perforated metal plate Figure 79 when in use) by
which water is admitted to the boiler tubes (and allows access to them for
cleaning when requisite) and I the bottom of the bath. The boiler or water
heater Figure 80 is composed of a double tier of flat tubes a, a, a, sur-
rounded on three sides and at top by a water jacket 6, 6, through which the
water circulates in the direction of the arrows.
Figure 80 is a vertical cross section of the boiler on the line x, y, in which
the burner is shown at E, the water tubes at a, a, a, the flucs or hot chambers
at fff, spaces on each side to admit a current of air for increasing the
draft at C, C, and two side flues leading into the main flue Fat g, J.
The
Figure 1 is an end elevation of the boiler, showing how the burner is
lighted. A is a cross tube (with perforations all along the top) suspended on
swing joints at B, (taking its supply of gas from the burner tube) and having
a tap at C. This cross tube being drawn from under the burner and lighted is
then replaced when on turning the handle I, the gas from all the burner tubes
is instantly ignited and continues burning as long as may be required.
construction of the burner E is shewn at Figures 82, 82, the tubes being
perforated on the sides cause the gas jets to impinge on the water tubes a, a.
Sixthly our Invention consists of certain improved arrangements of
apparatus for warming and conveying air into conservatories or apartments
and is exemplified in Figures 90 and 91 of the Drawings annexed. A is a
gas pipe perforated with holes; B, the air tube, having a regulating valve b.
C, C, the outer case with holes at bottom d, d, for the admission of air to
support the combustion of the gas and E a flue at the top a number of

page_text: division plates are inserted in the air tube as shewn in Figures 91 and 92,
which compel the air to travel in a zig-zag direction and heat it more
effectually. The end D is inserted into the conservatory through a proper
opening that part comprising the heating apparatus being on the outside.
When the gas is lighted which is done by drawing out the burner A or by
the apertures d, d, a rapid stream of warm air continues to pass into the
building.
Seventhly our Invention consists of several miscellaneous contrivances for
the readier application of gas to lighting and heating purposes. Fig. 9" is a
cross section of the separate parts of an improved gridiron and Fig. 9" the like
of the same when put together. The two parts of each bar are formed into
a gridiron one end of which communicates with a gas supply tube while the
other ends are closed. Figure 10 shows how the gridiron may be made with
V grooves to collect the fat. Figure 59 represents an apparatus for spreading
plaister. It is composed of a hollow handle A attached to which is a flexible
tube B and bent tube C conveying gas to a box on the top of the spatula.
This box is perforated on the top with fine holes from which the gas burns
with a small blue flame. A frame of wire gauze or finely perforated metal can
be used to prevent the flame being extinguished by the motion of the spreader.
Box and other irons for laundresses and for ironing billiard tables we also
construct upon a similar principle.
In the Specification of the herein-before recited Patent granted to William
Boggett and William Smith there was described a blow pipe with one pipe
but this we now propose to improve in the manner represented in Figure 60.
Here two or more such blow pipes are proposed to be so arranged that the
blast from either or all of them can be directed from different points upon the
article operated on at one and the same time. It is necessary that cach burner
should have a stop-cock to regulate the supply of gas, the supply of air for
which may
be taken from one source as shewn at A or from separate
pipes B, B, are the blast pipes actuated by one pair of bellows but more
than one pair can be used if necessary. In all cases where air and gas are
used in the manner herein described a damper should be inserted at the
bottom of the air tube to regulate the quantity.
Figure S3 is a burner suitable for use in the open air the mixture of air
and gas burning with a copious white flame gives a much greater and more
diffused light than the undiluted gas burned in the ordinary manner by
butchers, greengrocers, &c. A is the air tube open at bottom; B, the gas
supply pipe, and C, C, the apertures which should be about one-eighth of an

page_text: inch in diameter-these apertures are covered with one or more layers of wire
gauze which checks the too rapid flow of the gas and produces more perfect
combustion.
Figure S4 represents a vertical section of an Argand burner with its chimney
passing up through a cylindrical opening in a glass globe or double cylinder
intended to contain plain or colored fluid, but as the heating of such fluid
would prevent the proper diffusion of light through it provision is made for
keeping it cool by means of the inlet pipe A and outlet pipe B, (made of
glass) through which a small stream of the fluid passes continually from
a cistern into a reservoir.
Eighthly our Invention has for its object the application to both heating
and lighting purposes of the carbonic oxide which collects in the upper parts
of furnaces and other heating apparatuses and is at present very commonly
allowed to go to waste.
To insure the proper production of the said gas by the combustion of the
fuel employed the following requisites must be complied with-The altitude
of the ignited charcoal, coke, or other inflammable carbonaceous fuel through
which the products of combustion pass, must be such as to insure the carbonic
acid formed by the ignition of the lower stratum of incandescent fuel taking
up a further dose of gaseous carbon in its transit over the surface of the
ignited superincumbent coke, &c., as aforesaid but should the furnace or
furnaces be arranged for a downward or lateral instead of an upward draft,
in either case the carbonic acid and other non-inflammable gases will have to
flow through the ignited carbonaceous fuel and the proof that the carbonic
acid has been converted into carbonic oxide will be determined by its igniting
at a test burner affixed to the exit flue conveying the products of combustion
from the furnace. Should the gascous products not ignite this will be
demonstrative proof that the carbonic acid has not been converted into an
oxide and may be traceable to one or other of the following causes, namely,
that the quantity or altitude of the incandescent fuel is insufficient, or that
too great a volume of atmospheric air is passed through the ignited fuel in
a given time. The carbonic oxide thus obtained with other gaseous products
of combustion may be occasionally conveyed into a gasholder or other suitable
receptacle to be employed in a given volume and under a regulated pressure
due to the demand, or such inflammable gas may pass direct from the furnace
with the caloric generated by the combustion of the coke, charcoal, or other
solid inflammable substance.
The quantity of carbonaceous fuel expended, or heat generated, can be

page_text: increased or diminished at pleasure by simply regulating the volume of
atmospheric air passing through the incandescent fuel aforesaid which sup-
porter of combustion will either flow through the furnace bars into the furnace
(under regulation) by cock, valve, or damper or natural furnace draft, or by the
use of centrifugal bellows or any other suitable mechanical contrivance which
should (wherever practicable) be avoided in order to economize the process.
Even where great duty is required and consequently corresponding large volumes
of atmospheric air must flow through the incandescent fuel in a given time, the
mechanical blast is (in most cases) rendered unnecessary by simply increasing
the area of the air passages between the furnace bars commensurate with the
volume of air to be decomposed or the fuel to be expended, and a chimney
shaft of suitable sectional area and altitude will under such circumstances
very generally obviate the necessity of a blast. No atmospheric air should be
permitted to enter the carbonic oxide generator or furnace except between
the furnace bars or above the furnace bars unless the incandescent fuel above
be sufficient to insure the decomposition of all the atmospheric air and in fact
before the carbonic acid generated in the lower stratum of ignited fuel is con-
verted into carbonic oxide in the upper stratum otherwise the carbonic oxide
or other combustible gases would be ignited and thus (in some important cases)
prevent the application of the heat generated by its reconversion into carbonic
acid gas. In short ignition of the carbonic oxide or any adventitious inflam-
mable or otherwise should not be permitted, until such gas or gases have escaped
from the detached furnace flue burners, tubes, or jets before described. Now,
although the area of the furnace bars, the cubical contents and altitude of the
incandescent fuel within the said furnace may be capable of performing any
given maximum amount of duty and should only a minimum or intermediate
duty be required it must be understood that no injurious consequences would
result inasmuch as the inflammable gases aforesaid, carbonic oxide, &c.,
cannot be ignited or in any way injured by passing over the surface of the
incandescent carbonaceous matter any more than the combustion of such solid
fuel can take place under a regulated volume of atmospheric air:
In particular cases it may be desirable to combine with the carbonic oxide
some other inflammable gas or vapour, with a view to increase not only the
amount of heat obtainable from the carbonic oxide, but also that the said
combined inflammable gases and vapours, whether chemically or mechanically
united or napthalised in order to render such inflammable gases and hydro-
carbon vapours applicable for furnishing light which auxiliary gases or inflam-
mable vapours may be either generated in the same furnace with the carbonic
oxide or other combustible gas or the said gases or vapours may be generated

page_text: in a separate furnace and subsequently combined and applied in the usual
way.
Should the carbonic oxide gas be generated and employed separately or
combined with any auxiliary inflammable gas or vapors for furnishing light
and produced as aforesaid with a view to increase the amount of heat or
light whether applied for illuminating purposes or otherwise such auxiliary
inflammable may be adopted for the heating of retorts to a proper carbonising
temperature the generation of steam &c., as aforesaid. The retorts and
distillatory processes requiring high temperatures must be protected from the
direct impinging blow-pipe action of the gas flame (in order to avoid an undue
amount of wear and deterioration) by the introduction of guards, tiles, or
bricks, made of fire-clay soapstone or other suitable material but when the
carbonic acid or mixed gases are employed for the generation of steam or the
evaporation of fluids such precaution is not requisite this is of course
assuming that such impinging flame does not expend its calorific rays above
the water or other liquid or matter to be acted upon. The radial or other
heat escaping from the detached or other furnace or pipes through which the
products of combustion are conveyed will be employed for heating the
atmospheric air before entering the furnace (a primary object) and also the
carbonic oxide or combined inflammable gases aforesaid in their passage from
the gasholder or other receptacle to the retorts or other apparatus on which
the said heat and economy of this arrangement depend.
As regards the form of furnace or furnaces intended to be heated they may
be made circular, squarc, or of any other convenient form and constructed of
metal, brick, or other suitable material. The most important feature to be
looked to in the combination of the furnaces construction is that it shall
contain a sufficient altitude and area of incandescent fuel in order to insure
(as before particularised) the conversion of the carbonic acid into an inflam-
mable gas, oxide of carbon, the volume of which to be obtained in a given
time will depend altogether upon the regulated volume of atmospheric air
passing between the furnace bars in the detached furnace whether by me-
chanical means or simply furnace and chimney draft. Where the furnace
forms a part of the apparatus as in locomotives boilers cooking apparatus
&c., the carbonic oxide escaping into the pipes or flues will be ignited above
the upper stratum of fuel by the admission of previously heated atmospheric
air. In this and most instances the temperature of the gascous products
above the incandescent fuel will insure the instant combustion of the carbonic
oxide without the application of a light as required when the carbonic oxide
is generated in the detached furnace and subsequently ignited in the combus-

page_text: tion chamber before described, but when the carbonic oxide is applied as a
blast under regulated pressure and volume to smith's forges or to any similar
blowpipe purpose in that case the nose pipe at which the inflammable gas
issues and impinges its flame upon the metal or other material to be raised
to a welding fusing or other temperature will be contained within another
pipe leaving a sufficient concentric space for the atmospheric air to travel to
its exit conical pipe projecting about one inch beyond the carbonic oxide gas
pipe exit aforesaid which will insure the gas's perfect admixture and combus-
tion and the heat required. Of course to give the gas an ascending or
descending direction and velocity exceeding what can be obtained simply
when passing in a heated state from a detached furnace such gas must be
collected in and propelled from a gasholder or it may be driven by a centri-
fugal fan or other suitable mechanical means direct from the detached gene-
rating carbonic oxide furnace to the forges &c. aforesaid.
And having now described the nature of our said Invention in the different
parts thereof and in what manner the same is to be performed we declare
that the improvements which we claim are as follows;-
First we claim the several arrangements for heating apartments by the
burning of gas or gas and air in combination with solid luminous and incom-
bustible substances such as asbestos respectively represented in Figures
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 18, 20, 21, and 64, and before described.
Second we claim the heating of apartments without deterioration of the
atmosphere thereof by the burning of uncarbonized hydrogen gas in open gas
fire-places as before described.
Third we claim the constructing of gas burners for lighting and heating
purposes of the forms or any of them respectively represented in Figures 7, 8,
11, 12, 13, 14, 14, 14, 14°, 14ª, 15, 16, 17, 21, 22, 23, 23, 24, 25, 26, 20ª,
26, 26°, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43,
44, 45, 45, 45, 45, 45, 48, 48, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57,
58, 62, 67, 83, 85, and before described.
Fourth we claim the placing and adapting of prismatic lenses to increase
the effect of gas and other lights in the manner exemplified in Figures 85, 86,
and 87, and before described.
Fifth we claim the improvements in gas cooking apparatus represented in
Figures 61, 62, SS, and S9, and before described and more especially we
claim the various arrangements therein embodied whereby the heat is directed
in a downward direction upon the substances which are in the course of being
cooked or heated.
Sixth we claim the use for heating purposes of gas burners having lateral

page_text: slits or openings between plates of cast-iron or other suitable materials in
place of round holes for the emission of the gas when there is more than one
such slit in the burner or when more than two such burners or parts of such
burners are combined together as before exemplified and described.
Seventh we claim the combination of absorbents of heat with gas burners
in the manner represented in Figures 48, 48°, 48, 49, 50, 51, and 52, and
before described.
Eighth with claim the construction of gas stoves with angular reflectors in
the manner exemplified in Figure 64, and before described.
Ninth we claim the combination of open gas fire-places with woven wire
guards in the manner before described.
Tenth we claim the use of gas burners of cast-iron having slits cut therein
for the emission of gas as exemplified in Figures 45" and 45", and before
described.
Eleventh we claim the heating of spatulas by gas and the same method of
using gas for heating laundresses' irons and other similar irons as exemplified
in Figure 59, and before described.
Twelfth we claim the apparatus for warming and conveying air to con-
servatories &c., as exemplified in Figures 90, 91, and 92, and before
described.
Thirteenth we claim the improved blow pipe represented in Figure 60, and
before described.
Fourteenth we claim the apparatus for heating soldering irons represented
in Figure 57, and before described.
Fifteenth we claim the method of constructing ovens exemplified in Figures
93, and 94, and before described.
Sixteenth we claim the several arrangements of apparatus for heating fluids
represented in Figures 46, 47, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77,
78, 79, 80, 81, 82, and S2, and before described.
Seventeenth we claim the gas gridiron represented in Figures 9ª, 9b, and
10, and before described.
Eighteenth we claim the gas stoves respectively represented in Figures 19,
19, and 19, and before described.
Nineteenth we claim the application of gas heat in a downward direction
by means of parallel tubes placed near to each other and perforated at the
bottom or sides as exemplified in Figures 53 and 54, and before described.
Twentieth we claim the use of soapstone in the construction of stoves,
burners, and other gas apparatus.
And lastly we claim the employment in the application of the carbonic

page_text: oxide of furnaces to heating purposes of the different economical methods or
processes specified under the eighth and last head of the present Specification.
In witness whereof I the said William Boggett have hereunto set my
hand and seal this Twenty-second day of April in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-two.