IMPROVEMENTS IN PROCESSES AND APPARATUS FOR COOLING AND DRYING AIR, APPLICABLE TO ALL PURPOSES WHICHI REQUIRE AIR COOL OR DRY, OR BOTII COOL AND DRY AIR, BUT MORE PARTICULARLY TO THE PRESERVATION IN LARGE REFRIGERATORS OF ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE SUBSTANCES OR PRODUCTS
Year: 1880

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Alexander Melville Clark, of 53, Chancery Lane, in the
County of Middlesex, Patent Agent, for an Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN
PROCESSES AND APPARATUS FOR COOLING AND DRYING AIR, APPLICABLE
TO ALL PURPOSES WHICHI REQUIRE AIR COOL OR DRY, OR BOTII COOL AND
DRY AIR, BUT MORE PARTICULARLY TO THE PRESERVATION IN LARGE
REFRIGERATORS OF ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE SUBSTANCES OR PRODUCTS."
A communication from abroad by Leicester Allen, of the City of New York,
in the County and State of New York, United States of America.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Alexander Melville Clark
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 18th September 1880.
ALEXANDER MELVILLE CLARK, of 53, Chancery Lane, in the County of
Middlesex, Patent Agent. "IMPROVEMENTS IN PROCESSES AND APPARATUS FOR
COOLING AND DRYING AIR, APPLICABLE TO ALL PURPOSES WHICH REQUIRE AIR
COOL OR DRY, OR BOTH COOL AND DRY AIR, BUT MORE PARTICULARLY TO
THE PRESERVATION IN LARGE REFRIGERATORS OF ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE
SUBSTANCES OR PRODUCTS." [A communication from abroad by Leicester Allen,
of the City of New York, in the County and State of New York, United States of
America.]
The Invention relates to that class of cooling or refrigerating apparatus in which
cold is produced by first compressing air, cooling it while so compressed, or during
the process of compression, or both during and after compression, and, lastly,
expanding the same in the performance of work in an engine cylinder or other
appliance, whereby the said expansion may be inade to perform work. The objects
sought in the improved process and organisation of the apparatus are:-The
obtaining of large expansion and much work from the compressed air, and a corre-
spondingly large effect in the cooling, either with or without great intensity of cold;
a method and means whereby the heat, even at low temperatures in the refrigerating
enclosure, may be made to perform work during its transfer from the interior of
[Price 1071

page_text: said enclosure to the exterior of the same; the attainment of a very high degree of
compression without making the steam cylinder or other prime motor do more than
a comparatively small amount of the work of such compression, while at the same
time it works independently, having no direct or positive connection with the air
expanding engine or engines or apparatus, or (if it be connected with the shaft to
which one of the expanding engines is also connected) to provide means whereby
the portion of the apparatus with which the steam engine is directly connected may
be worked independently of all other parts of the apparatus; means whereby to
effect the utilization of all the cold produced by the expansion in the refrigerating
enclosure or room to be cooled, or substance to be cooled; a method and means of
drying the air while cooling the same, if necessary to be dried; and a method and
means for preventing the formation of fog or visible vapor in the refrigerating
enclosure through the sudden contact and commingling of very cold air with warm
and moist air at the point where the final exhaust of expanded air enters auch
enclosure.
The Invention partly consists in a mode of accumulating pressure in a reservoir,
air space, or pipe of an air cooling apparatus, carried out by inducting to a
compressor, which supplies such reservoir, air space, or pipe, cooled air already
compressed by another independently working compressor.
The Invention further consists in the heating of compressed air cooled by partial
expansion prior to its further expansion by heat abstracted from the enclosure to be
cooled or substance to be cooled.
-The-Invention further_consists in a mode of obtaining artificially compressed air
having a lower temperature than that of the compartment or substance to-be cooled,
which is accomplished by first-obtaining-a-high-degree-of-compression_in_the
moderately cooled air by successive and consecutive compressions in separate
compressors without intermediate expansions and with intermediate cooling, and
then expanding the air so compressed by successive and consecutive expansions
without intermediato compressions, whereby after the first of the series of expansions
the still compressed air is brought to a temperaturo at which it may abstract heat
from said compartment or substance to be cooled before further expansion.
The Invention further consists in a mode of adding to the expansive force of the
compressed air, and obtaining therefrom a maximum amount of work and refri-
gerating effect, which is done by heating the still compressed air after partial
expansion, abstracting the heat for this purpose from the refrigerating compartment
or substances to be cooled, and subsequently expanding the air in the performance
of work.
As part of a process of dynamic cooling in which a series of successive and
consecutive compressions of air taken from a refrigerating compartment is performed
in a series of independent compressors, delivering air one to another to compress
the air from atmospheric pressure to a maximum pressure before any expansion of
such compressed air is permitted, and in which the air is cooled between the several
stages of compression, and in which the so compressed air is expanded down to
atmospheric pressure in an air engine or engines, and then exhausted again into
said refrigerating compartment; the Invention further consists partly in the
method of removing vapor resistance to compression by trapping out the water
precipitated from the cooled and compressed air after the first stage of compression,
and before attaining the maximum pressure, whereby a large percentage of the
vapor resistance is removed.
The Invention further consists in the combination of a refrigerating enclosure, an
air compressor or compressors, a cooler or coolers for cooling compressed air, a
primary compressed air engine driven by air discharged from the compressor for
partly expanding said air, a supplementary air engine or engines for further
expanding the air, and a heater or heaters placed in and abstracting heat from said
enclosure, for heating the partly expanded air during its passage to said supple-
mentary air engine or engines, whereby the air during said passage gains in
expansive force prior to further expansion.

page_text: The Invention further consists in the combination with a refrigerating enclosure
of an air compressor or compressors placed outside of said enclosure, a cooler or
coolers for cooling the compressed air discharged from said compressor or com-
pressors, and a compressed air engine or air engines placed within said enclosure,
driven by compressed air delivered from said compressor or compressors, and
applying its or their work outside of said enclosure, whereby all the cold produced
in and by the expansion is utilised in the room to be cooled.
The Invention further consists in the combination with a series of air compressors
and coolers for compressed air, of one or more byo passes, whereby air compressed
by one or more of the compressors may be passed without cooling into another
compressor, and thence into the cooler or coolers of another compressor, by which
means the temperature of the compressed air may be made so high as to render
water of a considerably elevated temperature effective as a cooling medium.
The Invention further consists in the combination with a series of compressed
air engines delivering air into a refrigerating enclosure, and a heater or heaters
abstracting heat from said enclosure for heating said air on its way from one of
said engines to another, of a bye-pass or bye-passes through which air may te
delivered at will from one engine to another without being heated in its passage,
and by which means a very low temperature may be acquired in the expanded air
when extremely low temperatures are desired.
The Invention further consists in an air cooling apparatus composed of a
refrigorating enclosure, a series of air compressors supplied with air from said
enclosure, air coolers, a series of compressed air engines delivering air into said
enclosure, and driving all the compressors but one, a steam engine or other prime
motor for driving or assisting in driving one of the compressors, a heater or heaters
for abstracting heat from the enclosure, and imparting it to the air in its way from
one engine to another, pipes for conveying the air, and cocks or valves for directing
the flow of air through the different parts of the apparatus.
As part of a process for dynamic cooling wherein air is compressed, cooled,
expanded to perform work, and exhausted into a refrigerating compartment, tho
Invention further consists in heating the final exhaust of the expanded air previous
to its intermingling with the air of such refrigerating compartment, the heater for
this purpose being placed within the refrigerating compartment, and operating by
heat abstracted from said compartiment, to raise the exhausted air passing through
it to a temperature above that of the dew-point, whereby the production of fog or
vapor by the sudden commingling of cold air with warm moist air is prevented.
The Invention further consists in the combination of two or more air expanding
engines, one or more of which are driven by air partly expanded and exhauster
from the other or others, and an intermediate reservoir or reservoirs for the
reception and storage of the partly expanded air previous to its induction to the
engine or engines in which it is to be further expanded; whereby the pressure of
the air in its intermediate passage from one engine to another is rendered more
uniform.
The Invention further consists in the combination of a refrigerating enclosure,
a series of compressors successively imparting increments of compression to air,
a cooler or coolers for cooling the compressed air, and a series of engines, one of
which is driven by steam or other independent motive power to operate one
compressor or aid in operating said compressor, and the remainder of pressure and
successive expansion by the cold and compressed air to apply the power of the
expanding air to compressing other air.
The Invention also consists in a cooler composed of a shell for retaining air and
superimposed series of water pipes, each series being placed across another series at
right angles, and each of the series having its pipes placed over or under the spaces
between the pipes of the next series above or below it, whose pipes lie in the same
direction, said pipes being inserted in said shell, as hereafter described.
The Invention also consists in the combination with the air retaining shell of a
cooler and water pipes inserted into said shell, of detachable bends or connectors,

page_text: clamping bars and clamping screws which hold the connectors to seats in the ends
of the pipes, whereby the pipes are connected into one or more continuous passages
for the conveyance of water.
It will be sufficient to illustrate the Invention by the description of an apparatus
designed to maintain a temperature of 1.1° C. in an enclosure of a proper size, and
constructed with walls so impervious to heat that the total influx of heat into said
enclosure shall not exceed the cooling power of the apparatus. The cooling power
of the water used for cooling the compressed air between the several compressions
and after the final compression, is assumed to be, with a cooler of ample size, equal
to reducing the temperature of the so compressed air to 21.1° C.
The increments of expansion in the expansion engines are as follows, commencing
with the maximum pressure of 11.4 atmospheres at the sea level:-The air at the
maximum pressure of 11-4 atmospheres is expanded first down to 5 atmospheres,
thence down to 2.25 atmospheres, thence down to one atinosphere.
The increments of compression will be as follows:-The first compressor which
takes its air from the refrigerating enclosure at a temperature of 1.1° C. and at a
pressure of one atmosphere, compresses the volume inducted to a pressure of 1.8827
atmospheres. The air being then discharged from the first compressor is cooled by
passing it through a cooler or condenser, and is then inducted to the second
compressor of the series at-the-same-pressure-under which it was delivered from
the first, viz. 18827 atmospheres and is then compressed to 34188 atmospheres.
-It-is-then discharged, cooled under constant pressure to a temperature of 21.1° C.
and then inducted to a third compressor, in which it is compressed-to-11:4
atmospheres. This is for a cycle-of-3-compressions-and-3-expansions.
The application of the Invention is, however, not limited to any number of
compressions nor to any number of expansions greater than two. There must bo
at least two expansions. Neither is it requisite to compress to the pressures nained,
or expand in accordance with the numbers given. The increments of compression
and degrees of expansion may be varied to any extent without affecting the
principle of the operation.
In one example of the application of the Invention, the steam engine, the third
compressor, and the first air expanding engine are coupled to a common shaft.
The second air expanding engine and the second air compressor are connected to a
common shaft, and the first compressor and the third air expanding engine aro
connected to a common shaft. The compression and discharge in the first
compressor are effected by the induction to and expansion of air in the air
expanding engine with which it is coupled, assisted by the induction of air at
atmospheric pressure to said compressor.
The compression of air in and discharge from the second compressor are effected
by the induction of air to and expansion in the air expanding engine with which it
is coupled, assisted by the induction of air to said compressor at the maximum
pressure attained in the first compressor. The compression of air in and discharge
from the third compressor are effected by the joint action of steam in the steam
cylinder, and the induction of air to and expansion of air in the expansion engine
with which it is coupled, assisted by the induction of air to said compressor at the
maximum pressure attained in the second compressor.
The cycle of compressions and expansions is as follows:-The first compressor
takes its air from the refrigerating compartment and compresses it. It is then
discharged into a cooling reservoir, where its temperature is reduced under constant
pressure ; this volume of air is then inducted to the second compressor and further
compressed, and is then discharged into a second cooler, where it is cooled down
again; it is then inducted to the third compressor and is compressed to the
maximum pressure; it is then discharged into a third cooler, where it is cooled down
again under constant pressure. It is then inducted to the first expanding engine,
in which it is partially expanded, thereby acquiring a very low temperature. It is
then passed through a "heater" placed within the refrigerating compartment, where
its temperature is raised nearly to that of said compartment whose temperature is

page_text: by this transfer of heat equivalently reduced. The volume of air discharged from
the air expanding engine is thereby slightly increased, and from a reservoir forming
part of the "heater," it is inducted to the second expanding engine, where it is still
further expanded, and thereby again acquires a very low temperature. It is then
discharged into a second "heater" like the first, where its temperature is again
raised by the abstraction of heat from the refrigerating compartment. It is then
inducted to the third air expanding engine, where it is expanded down to
one atmosphere, thereby again acquiring a very low temperature. In this condition
it is discharged into the compartiment to be cooled through the exhaust "heater,"
in which its temperature is raised above the dew point. However this "heater"
may be connected with a reservoir like the other heaters and directly connected
with the first compressor, thus making a complotely closed circuit if desired.
It is not intended to confine the apparatus to any particular degrees of
compression and expansion, and any other cycle of expansion and compression may
be employed. The steam engine may be connected with any other expansion
engine in the series, its function being merely to supply the differenco of power
required for the compression and that developed by the expansions, and also to
supply power sufficient to overcome the passive resistances of the entire system, and
it will be plain that the steam engine may also if desired supply the entire power
for working a single compressor, provided the entire power of the compressed air be
expended in driving the other compressors.
It is not necessary to describe the particular construction of the compressors and
air expanding engines, as the Invention is not confined to the use of any particular
kind of compressors or engines, provided that the expanding engines have cut-offs
adjusted to cut off the induction of air at such a point as shall permit the inducted
volume to expand down to the pressures at which the next expanding engine in
the series inducts its air.
The air expanding engines are all placed in the refrigerating room, while all the
compressors and coolers and the steam engine are placed outside. By this means
loss by radiation is prevented and all the cooling effect is utilised in the room to be
cooled. The coolers employed for extracting the heat from the compressed air may
be of any approved kind. It is preferred however to use a cooler constructed as
follows:-
A shell receives the compressed air from which the heat is to be extracted. In
this shell are inserted a number of series of tubes alternating and at right angles
with a number of other series of tubes. Each tube of each series lies below a space
between two adjacent tubes in the next series above or below it lying in the same
direction. The tubes are connected in series by bends or connectors hereafter
described, and the last tube of each series is connected with the first tubo of the
series next above running in the same direction by a similar connector. Water
enters the two lower series through a branched pipe and passes thence through the
series next above, and so on upwards through the several series in succession. The
tubes are inserted and expanded into the shell of the cooler in the same manner as
locomotive boiler tubes are expanded into tube plates. After being expanded in
they are reamed out, slightly tapering at the ends. The connector is a U shaped
tube, the extremities of which are made tapering to enter slightly into the reamed
ends of the tubes. At the middle of the bend of each of these U shaped tubes is
formed a flat bearing surface, against which bear scrows passing through bars fixed
to the shell of the cooler, which press the U shaped tubes home to their seats in
the ends of the tubes. This affords a ready means through the removal of the
detachable connectors for cleaning out the tubes.
The Invention is not limited to the cooler described, as any cooler of ample
surface to extract the heat from the compressed air may be employed.
The heaters for heating the partially expanded air exhausted from the expanding
engines are simply pipes and reservoirs with which said pipes are connected. The
pipes are extended around near the top of the compartment to be cooled. They
must be of ample diameter to permit the free exhaust of the partly expanded

page_text: air and of a length to supply sufficient heating surface to approximate as closely as
possible the temperature of the partly expanded air to that of the room to be
cooled or substance to be cooled.
Bye-passes, each provided with a cock, enable the air to be passed from one
compressor to another without cooling, whereby a higher temperature may be acquired
when the cooling water has so high a temperature as to require this operation, as may
sometimes be the case in mines. Other bye-passes provided with cocks are also
provided which also permit the air to be passed from one engine to another when
very low temperatures are required. A cock is inserted in the lower part of each
cooler to take out the water of condensation. The water is condensed and trapped
out after the first compression and before the final compression is reached, and in
this way a large percentage of vapor resistance which would else have to be
overcome by the engines in gaining the maximum pressure is removod.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed
by the said Alexander Melville Clark in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
18th March 1881.
ALEXANDER MELVILLE CLARK, of 53, Chancery Lane, in the County of
Middlesex, Patent Agent. "IMPROVEMENTS IN PROCESSES AND APPARATUS FOR
COOLING AND DRYING AIR, APPLICABLE TO ALL PURPOSES WHICH REQUIRE AIR
COOL OR DKY, OR BOTII COOL AND DRY AIR, BUT MORE PARTICULARLY TO
THE PRESERVATION IN LARGE REFRIGERATORS OF ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE
SUBSTANCES OR PRODUCTS." A communication from abroad by Leicester Allen,
of the City of New York, in the County and State of New York, United States of
America.
The Invention relates to that class of cooling or refrigerating apparatus in which
cold is produced by first compressing air, cooling it while so compressed, or during
the process of compression, or both during and after compression, and, lastly,
expanding the same in the performance of work in an engine cylinder or other
appliance, whereby the said expansion may be made to perform work.
The objects sought in the improved process and organization of the apparatus
are the obtaining of large expansion and much work from the compressed air, and
a correspondingly large effect in the cooling, either with or without great intensity
of cold; a method and means whereby the heat, even at low temperatures in the
refrigerating enclosure, may be made to perform work during its transfer from the
interior of said enclosure to the exterior of the same; the attainment of a very
high degree of compression without making the steam cylinder or other prime
motor do more than a comparatively small amount of the work of such compression,
while, at the same time, it works independently, having no direct or positive
connection with the air expanding engine or engines, or apparatus, or (if it be
connected with the shaft to which one of the expanding engines is also connected)
to provide means whereby the portion of the apparatus with which the steam
engine is directly connected may be worked independently of all other parts of the
apparatus; means whereby to effect the utilisation of all the cold produced by the
expansion in the refrigerating enclosure or room to be cooled, or substance to be
cooled; a method and means of drying the air while cooling the same, if necessary
to be dried; and a method and means for preventing the formation of fog or visible
vapor in the refrigerating enclosure through the sudden contact and commingling
of very cold air with warm and moist air, at the point where the final exhaust of
expanded air enters such enclosure.
The Invention partly consists in a mode of accumulating pressure in a reservoir,
air space, or pipe of an air cooling apparatus, carried out by inducting to a com-
pressor which supplies such reservoir, air space, or pipe, cooled air already compressed
by another independently working compressor, substantially as herein described.
The Invention further consists in the heating of compressed air cooled by partial
expansion, prior to its further expansion, by heat abstracted from the enclosure to
be cooled, or substance to be cooled, substantially as herein described. The Invention
further consists in a mode of obtaining artificially compressed air, having a lower
temperature than that of the compartment or substance to be cooled, which is
accomplished by first obtaining a high degree of compression in the moderately
cooled air by successive and consecutive compressions in separate compressors,
without intermediate expansions and with intermediate cooling, and then expanding
the air so compressed by successive and consecutive expansions without inter-
mediate compressions, whereby, after the first of the series of expansions, the still
compressed air is brought to a temperature at which it may abstract heat from said
compartment or substance to be cooled before further expansion, substantially as

page_text: herein described. The Invention further consists in a modo of adding to the
expansive force of the compressed air, and obtaining therefrom a maximum amount
of work and refrigerating effect, which is done by heating the still compressed air
after partial expansion, abstracting the heat for this purpose from the refrigerating
compartment or substances to be cooled, and subsequently expanding the air in the
performance of work, substantially as herein described.
As part of a process of dynamic cooling in which a series of successive and con-
secutive compressions of air taken from a refrigerating compartment is performed
in a series of independent compressors delivering air one to another, to compress
the air from atmospheric pressure to maximum pressure, before any expansion of
such compressed air is permitted, and in which the air is cooled between the several
stages of compression, and in which the so compressed air is expanded down to
atmospheric pressure in an air engine or engines, and then exhausted again into
said refrigerating compartment. The Invention further consists partly in the
method of removing vapor resistance to compression by trapping out the
water precipitated from the cooled and compressed air after the first stage of
compression and before attaining the maximum pressure, whereby a largo per-
centage of the vapour resistance is removed.
The Invention further consists in the combination of a refrigerating enclosure,
-an air compressor or compressors, a cooler or coolers for cooling compressed air, a
primary compressed air engine driven by air discharged from the compressor for
partly expanding said air, a supplementary air engine or engines for further
expanding the air, and a heater or heaters-placed-in-and-abstracting-heat.from.said
-enclosuro-for-heating_the_partly_expanded_air_during its passage to said supple-
mentary air engine or engines, whereby the air during said passage gains in
expansive forco prior to further expansion. The Invention further consists in tho
combination with a refrigerating enclosure. of an air compressor or compressors
placed outside of said enclosure, a cooler or coolers for cooling the compressed air
discharged from said compressor or compressors, and a compressed air engine or air
engines placed within said enclosure, driven by compressed air delivered from said
compressor or compressors, and applying its or their work outside of said enclosure,
whereby all the cold produced in and by the expansion is utilized in the room to
be cooled, substantially as herein described. The Invention further consists in tho
combination with a series of air compressors and coolers for compressed air of one
or more by-passes, whereby air compressed by one or more of the compressors may
be passed without cooling into another compressor, and thence into the cooler or
coolers of another compressor, by which means the temperature of the compressed
air may be made so high as to render water of a considerably elevated temperature
effective as a cooling medium, substantially as herein described.
The Invention further consists in the combination with a series of compressed
air engines delivering air into a refrigerating enclosure, and a heater or heaters
abstracting heat from said enclosure for heating said air on its way from one of
said engines to another, of a by-pass or by-passes through which air may be
delivered at will from one engine to another without being heated in its passage,
and by which means a very low temperature may be acquired in the expanded air
when extremely low temperatures are desired, substantially as berein described.
The Invention further consists in an air cooling apparatus composed of a
refrigerating enclosure, a series of air compressors supplied with air from said
enclosure, air coolers, a series of compressed air engines delivering air into
said enclosure and driving all the compressors but one, a steam engine or other
primo motor for driving or assisting in driving one of the compressors, a heater
or heaters for abstracting heat from the enclosure and imparting it to the air on its
way from one engine to another, pipes for conveying the air, and cocks or valves
for directing the flow of air through the different parts of the apparatus combined,
substantially as herein described.
As part of a process for dynamic cooling wherein air is compressed, cooled,
expanded to perform work, and exhausted into a refrigerating compartment, the

page_text: Invention further consists in heating the final exhaust of the expanded air previous
to its intermingling with the air of such refrigerating compartment, the heater for
this purpose being placed within the refrigerating compartment and operating by
heat abstracted from said compartment to raise the exhausted air passing through
it to a temperature abovo that of the dew point, whereby the production of fog or
vapor, by the sudden commingling of cold air with warm moist air, is prevonted,
substantially as herein described. The Invention further consists in the combination
or two or more air expanding engines, one or more of which are driven by air
partly expanded and exhausted from the other or others, and an intermediato
reservoir or reservoirs for the reception and storage of the partly expanded air
previous to its induction to the engine or engines in which it is to be further
expanded, whereby the pressure of the air in its intermediate passage from one
engine to another is rendered more uniform, substantially as herein described. The
Invention further consists in the combination of a refrigerating enclosure, a series
of compressors successively imparting increments of compression to air, a cooler or
coolers for cooling the compressed air, and a series of engines, one of which is
driven by steam or other independent motive power, to operate one compressor or
aid in operating said compressor, and the remainder by pressure and successive
expansion of the cold and compressed air to apply the power of the expanding air
to compressing other air.
The Invention also consists in a cooler composed of a shell for retaining air and
superimposed series of water pipes, each series being placed across another series at
right angles, and each of the series having its pipes placed over or under the spaces
between the pipes of the next series above or below it, whose pipes lie in the same
direction, said pipes being inserted iu said shell, substantially as herein described.
The Invention also consists in the combination with the air retaining shell of a
cooler and water pipes inserted into said shell, of detachable connectors, clamping
bars, and clamping screws, which hold the connectors to seats in the ends of the
pipes, whereby the pipes are connected into one or more continuous passages for
the conveyance of water, substantially as herein described.
It will be sufficient to illustrate the Invention by the description of an apparatus
designed to maintain a temperature of 1.1° C., in an enclosure of a proper size, and
constructed with walls so impervious to heat that the total influx of heat into said
enclosure shall not exceed the cooling power of the apparatus. The cooling power
of the water used for cooling the compressed air between the several compressions,
and, after the final compression, is assumed to be with a cooler of ample size, equal
to reducing the temperature of the so compressed air to 21·1° C.
The increments of expansion in the expansion engines are as follows:-Com-
mencing with the maximum pressure of 11.4 atmospheres at the sea level, the
air at the maximum pressure of 114 atmospheres is expanded first down to 5
atmospheres, thenco down to 2.25 atmospheres, thence down to 1 atmosphere.
The increments of compression will be as follows:-The first compressor, which
takes its air from the refrigerating enclosure at a temperature of 1.1° C., and at a
pressure of 1 atmosphere, compresses the volume inducted to a pressure of 1-8827
atmospheres. The air being then discharged from the first compressor is cooled by
passing it through a cooler or condenser, and is then inducted to the second
compressor of the series at the same pressure under which it was delivered from
the first, vis., 18827 atmospheres, and is then compressed to 3-4188 atmospheres.
It is then discharged, cooled under constaut pressure to a temperature of 21.1° C.,
and then inducted to a third compressor in which it is compressed to 114
atmospheres. This is for a cycle of three compressions and three expansions.
The application of the Invention is, however, not limited to any number of
compressions nor to any number of expausions greater than two. There must
be at least two expansions. Neither is it requisite to compress to the pressures
named, or expand in accordance with the numbers given. The increments of
compression and degrees of expansion may be varied to any extent without affecting
the principle of the operation.

page_text: Figure 1 in the accompanying Drawing is a front elevation of an apparatus
designed to carry out this improved process; Figure 2 is a plan view of the same;
Figure 3 is a sectional side view of the apparatus; Figure 4 is an end view of a
cooler which forms part of the Invention; Figure 5 is a side view, and Figure 6 a
sectional top view of said cooler, illustrating the details of its construction; Figure 7
illustrates a connector employed in said cooler; Figures 8 and 9 are diagrams
illustrating the construction and operation of the entire apparatus.
A, Figures 8 and 9, represents the refrigerating enclosure; B, Figures 1, 2, 3, 8,
and 9, a steam engine; C', C2, C3, Figures 1, 2, 3, 8, and 9, air compressors;
E', E², E³, Figures 1, 2, 3, 8, and 9, air expanding engines; R', R, R³, Figures 8 and 9,
cooling reservoirs for compressed air; c,c,, &c., Figures 8 and 9, sundry cocks or
valves for regulating the flow of air, as hereinafter explained; p', p³, p³, &c.,
Figures 8 and 9, pipes through which the air flows; and and h², Figures 8 and 9,
reservoirs for receiving and retaining partly expanded air.
In the example herewith given of the application of the Invention, the steam
engine B, compressor C³, and air expanding engine E¹, are coupled to a common
shaft S. The air expanding engine E and air compressor Care connected to a
common shaft S. The compressor C and air expanding engine E³ are connected
to a common shaft S. The compression and discharge in the compressor C¹ are
effected by the induction to and expansion of air in the air expanding engine E³,
assisted by the induction of air at atmospheric pressure to said compressor. The
compression of air in and discharge from the compressor Care effected by the
induction of air to and expansion in the air expanding engine E2, assisted by the
induction of air to said compressor at the maximum pressure attained in
compressor C. The compression of air in and discharge from the compressor (
are effected by the joint action of steam in the steam cylinder B, and the induction
of air to and expansion of air in the expansion engine E', assisted by the induction
of air to said compressor at the maximum pressuro attained in compressor C. The
cycle of compressions and expansions, with their corresponding temperatures,
volumes, and pressures, is therefore in this instance as follows:-
The compressor C' takes its air from the refrigerating compartment at the
temperature 1.1° C., and pressure of 1 atmosphere, and compresses its unit of volume
so inducted to a volume of 0.6385, a pressure of 1-8827 atmospheres and a
temperature of 56-5° C. It is then discharged into the cooling reservoir R', Figure 8,
where its temperature is reduced to 21.1° C., and its volume is reduced under constant
pressure to 0.5689 of its original volume. It is then inducted to the compressor C²,
with the volume as last named, a pressure of 1.8827 and temperature 21·1° C., and
is compressed in this compressor to a volume of 0.3732, a pressure of 3-4188
atmospheres and a temperature of 70-8° C, and is then discharged into the cooling
reservoir R², Figure S, where it is cooled down again to the temperature 21.1° C.,
its volume being reduced by this cooling to 0.3137 of its original volume. This
last volume is then inducted to the compressor C at the temperature 21.1° C. and
pressure 3.4188 atmospheres. In this compressor it is compressed to a volume of
01335, a pressure of 114 atmospheres, and reaches a temperature 144.1° C. It is
then discharged into the cooling reservoir R³, where it is cooled under constant
pressure down to 21.1° C., its volume being reduced by this cooling to 0.0941 of its
original volume. This volume is then inducted to the expanding engine E¹ under
a pressure of 11.4 atmospheres and temperature of 21.1° C. In this engine the air
expands down to atmospheres, thereby increasing its volume to 0-168806 of its
original volume, and it acquires by this expansion a temperature of 41.0° C. It is
then passed through the heater H', ', Figures 8 and 9, placed within the
compartment or substance to be cooled. It is estimated that in passing through
this heater, if sufficient surface be supplied, the air will be heated from the
temperature at which it is discharged from the air expanding engine to a point
within 5.5° C. of the temperature of said compartment, or to the temperature
of -44, and by this transfer of heat the temperature of the refrigerating room will
be equivalently reduced. The volume which, discharged from this expanding engine

page_text: is 0-16880G of the original volume inducted to the first compressor, is by this
nequisition of heat so abstracted from the compartment to be cooled or substance
to be cooled increased to 0.19583 of the original volume. From the reservoir h¹,
which forms part of the heater E', ', the last named volume of air is inducted to
the expanding engine E with a temperature of -44 and a pressure of 5 atmospheres
and is in this engine expanded down to 2-25 atmospheres, and volume of
0.3449 of the original volume inducted to the first compressor, and it acquires
by this expansion a temperature of -60-1° C. It is then discharged into tho
heater H,, where it is raised to the temperature of -44, and its voluine is
increased to 0-4352 of the original volume inducted to the first compressor. This
volume is then inducted to the air expanding engine E, where it is expanded down
to 1 atmosphere, acquiring by this expansion a volume of 0-776, the original
volume, and a temperature of -60-1°C. In this condition it is discharged through
the exhaust heater H³ into the compartment to be cooled. In the exhaust heater H
the temperature of the air exhausted is raised above the dew point. However, this
heater may be connected with a reservoir like the other heaters, and directly
connected with the compressor C', thus making a completely closed circuit if
desired. The compressor cylinders are constructed to receive the volumes named
for each, and the sizes of the expansion cylinders correspond to the volumes
discharged therefrom. The work developed by each of the expansion cylinders E'
and in conjunction with the power of the air inducted to each of the compressor
cylinders C and C2, is suflicient to approximately produce the degrees of compression
in said cylinders, as described. The power developed in the air expanding
engine E¹ is in conjunction with the power supplied by the steam engine, and the
power of the air inducted to the compressor cylinder C³ sufficient to to produce the
degree of compression named for that cylinder. But it is not intended to confine
the apparatus to these degrees of compression and expansion. Any other cycle of
expansion and compression may be employed so long as the degrees of expansion
and compression are acquired in the general manner herein specified. The steam
engine, instead of being connected with the air expanding engine E' and the
compressor C³, through the medium of the shaft B₁, may be connected with any
other expansion engine in the series, tho function of the steam engine being merely
to supply the difference of power required for the compressions and that developed
by the expansions, and also to supply power suflicient to overcome the passive
resistances of the entire system, and it will be plain that the steam engine may
also, if desired, supply the entire power for working a single compressor, provided
the entire power of the compressed air be expended in driving the other
compressors.
In the example herein described and illustrated in the Drawings, the sizes of
the respective cylinders are as follows:-C has a stroke of 0-305 metres, and
diameter 0-616 metres. It inducts a volume of 6-25 cubic decimetres; C² has a
stroke of 0-305 metres and diameter 0-462 metres; C³ has a stroko of 0.305 metres
and diameter 0-344 metres; E' has a stroke of 0305 metres, and diameter 0-254
metres; E has a stroke of 0.305 metres, and diameter 0366 metres; E³ has a
stroke of 0.305 metres and diameter 0542 metres; B has a stroke of 0.254 metres,
and a diameter of 0.203 metres.
It is intended to take steam at an absolute pressure of 5 atmospheres when
starting the apparatus, and afterwards to throttle down the pressure to that
required.
It is not necessary to describe the particular construction of the compressors and
air expanding engines, as the Invention is not confined to the use of any particular
kind of compressors or engines. The kind of compressors shown in the Drawing
are those known in America as the "Clayton Air Compressors;" the kind of
expansion engines shown in the Drawing are those known as the "Buckeye
Automatic Engines;" but any other engines or compressors may be substituted for
the ones shown, provided that the expanding engines have cut-offs adjusted to cut
off the induction of air at such a point as shall permit the inducted volume to

page_text: expand down to the pressures at which the next expanding engine in the series
inducts its air. The compressors are constructed to work with as little clearance
and friction as possible, and they are supplied with water jackets. The point of
cut-off for each expanding engine in the example herewith given is practically
at 0.55 of its stroke. The air expanding engines are all placed in the refrigerating
room, as shown in Figures 8 and 9, while all the compressors and coolers, and the
steam engine, are placed outside. In the example of the apparatus shown in the
Drawing the room is constructed with an overhang or projecting box O, Figures 8
and 9, which encloses the engines E', E, E³. By this means loss by radiation is
prevented and all the cooling effect is utilized in the room to be cooled. The
coolers employed for extracting the heat from the compressed air may be of any
approved kind. It is preferred however to use a cooler of the construction shown
in Figures 4, 5, and 6, which cooler forms part of this Invention, and is constructed
as follows:-
11
A shell 1 is employed to receive the compressed air from which the heat is to
be extracted. In this shell are inserted a number of series of tubes 2 and 3, the
tubes 2 being arranged in series one above the other in such manner that each
tube of cach series lies below a space between two adjacent tubes in the next series
above or below it, lying in the same direction. The tubes 3 are placed at right
-angles with the tubes 2, and are also in series arranged in such manner that each
tube of each scrics lies beneath a space between two adjacent tubes..in the next.
series above or below it, lying in the same direction. Water enters the lower series
of the tubes 2-through-a-branch-pipe-4,-and-passes_alternately back and forward
-through-the-tubes of the lower serios, until it reaches the last one of the series,
these tubes being connected by connectors hereinafter described-Upon-reaching-the-
last tube of the lower series 2, it rises through one of these connectors 5 to
one of the tubes in the next series above it; thenco it passes forward and backward
through tho tubes of this series, till it reaches the last of the tubes in that series;
thence it passes through another connector 5 into the series above it, and so on,
until it is passed through all of the series of tubes 2; and finally, emerges at a
branch discharge pipe 6. Water enters one of the tubes of the lower scries of
tubes 3 through the branch pipe 4, and passes in a similar manner through all the
tubes of each of the series of tubes 3, till it reaches the branch discharge pipe 6,
whence it flows out. These tubes 2 and 3 are inserted and expanded into the
shell of the cooler, in the same manner as locomotive boiler tubes are expanded into
tube plates. After being expanded in they are reamed out, slightly tapering at the
end, as shown in Figure 7.
The connector, Figure 7, is a U shaped tube, the extremities of which are made
.tapering to enter slightly enter into the camed ends of the tubes 2 and 3. At the
middle of the bend of each of these U shaped tubes is formed a flat bearing
surface 8. Bars 9 are attached to the flanges 10 of the shell, and in these bars are
fitted screws 11 which bear against the flat surfaces 8 of the U shaped tubes, and
press them home to their seats in the ends of the tubes 2 and 3. This affords a
ready means through the removal of the detachable connectors for cleaning out the
tubes 2 and 3, in case they should become foul with foreign substances deposited
from water used for cooling; but it is not designed to confine the Invention to the
cooler described, as any cooler of ample surface to extract the heat from the com-
pressed air may be employed. Three of these coolers are required for the particular
machine herein described, and they are shown respectively at R1, R2, and R³, in
Figures 8 and 9. They are preferably arranged under the framework which
supports working parts of the machine.
The cooling surface required in each of these coolers is respectively as follows:-
R¹, 7431 square metres, R, 45 square metres, R3, 39 square metres.
The heaters for heating the partially expanded air exhausted from the expanding
engines are simply the pipes H1, H2, and the reservoirs h', h, with which said pipes
are connected. The pipes H1, H3, are extended around near the top of the com-
partment to be cooled. They must be of ample diameter to permit the free exhaust

page_text: of the partly expanded air, and of a length to supply sufficient heating surface to
approximate as closely as possible the temperature of the partly expanded air to
that of the room to be cooled or substance to be cooled. With the temperature
of a roon held at 11° C. to acquire a temperature in the confined air of -4.4° C.,
the dimensions of the two heaters which must be exposed to the air in the room to
be cooled will be respectively as follows:-Diameter of H¹ and H², 0·95 decimetros,
length of H, 167.63 metres length, of H2, 228-6 metros.
In describing the operation of the apparatus, reference will be made to the
diagrams, Figures 8 and 9.
Figure 8 is a sectional top view of the refrigerating room and the apparatus,
the section being made on the line X-X, in Figure 9. Figure 9 is a sectional front
view of the refrigerating room and the apparatus, the section being made on the
line y-y, in Figure 8.
To set the apparatus in full operation, it is first necessary to charge the cooling
and other reservoirs with air at the stated pressures, which may if desired bo
indicated by ordinary pressure gauges.
The cocks c, c, and c', Figure 9, being adjusted to admit air from A through
the pipe p, 15, to the compressor C³, and confine the compressed air in the cooling
reservoir Rs, the steam engine is started and accumulates compressed air in said
reservoir, which air may then be used to impel the engine E', which is then also
started, taking its air from R³ through the pipe p7, and exhausting into H' /¹, in
which pressure gradually accumulates. Then the cocks c³ and c³, Figure 9, being
adjusted to admit air to the compressor C2 through the pipe p, and confine the air
discharged from C³ in R³, the engine E is by opening the cock co set to driving
the compressor C, the exhaust from E accumulating pressure in H³, h², from which
the engine E³ is to take its air. The compressor C, which has hitherto taken its
air from A through the pipe pls, is now made to induct its air from R2 by adjusting
the cocks c and c³, Figure 9, whereupon taking air from R² at higher pressure it
immediately accumulates a higher pressure in R³. Consequently a greater weight
of air is inducted to E', which now developes greater power and exhausts at higher
pressure into H', ', increasing the pressure in h', and developing greater power
in E the exhaust from which accumulates higher pressure in h. The pressure
in h³ having become sufficient to drive the engine E³ the cock c², Figure 9, in the
pipe p, which permits the induction through 21 to C is closed, and C³ is mado
to take its air from R¹ by proper adjustment of the cock c¹5. At the same time
the engine E³ is started by opening the cock cl, and set at work driving the
compressor C¹ which inducts its air direct from the cooling compartment through
the pipe p. All the engines being now at work the pressure in each of the
reservoirs will rise to the point required to maintain the discharge and induction
at a constant weight, because each engine inducting only stated volumes depending
upon its point of cutt-off will take less from each reservoir R³, H', h¹, H³, h³, than
is delivered into said reservoir until such time as the sum of the volumes passed
in and passed out become equal. By-passes 2, p", each provided with a cock
clo, c, enable the air to be passed from one compressor to another without cooling,
whereby a bigher temperature may be acquired when the cooling water has so
high a temperature as to require this operation, as may sometimes be the case in
mines. By-passes p', pls, provided with cocks c¹, c¹³, are also provided, which
permit the air to be passed from one engine to another when very low temperatures
are required. When any of the by-passes are used it will be necessary to cause
the engine B to perform more work by opening its throttle valve wider. The
diameter of the exhaust heater H³ is the same as that of H' and H², and its length
is 182-9 metres. The water for cooling may be drawn from pipes in which the
head is sufficient to give the required supply, or a special pump may be employed
to circulate it through the coolers. Its temperature is assumed to be 15.6° C.
A cock is inserted in the lower part of each cooler to take out the water of con-
densation, as shown in Figures 4 and 5. The water is condensed and trapped out
after the first compression and before the final compression is reached, and in this

page_text: way a large per centage of vapour resistance, which would else have to be overcome
by the engines in gaining the maximum pressure, is removed.
The general advantages secured by this Invention are as follows:-
(1). The attainment of a bigh pressure and consequently great expansion and
quantity of cooling without undue strain on any of the working parts, with a
great reduction of the power required to. perform the compression when high
pressures are attained, and great gain in the work which may be obtained from
the expanding air, and consequently increased cooling capacity.
(2). The losses from piston leakage in working high pressures, hitherto only
prevented by working some water in compressor cylinders, are in this process
avoided while working purely dry air by virtue of the system; that is to say, the
expanding of the air by stages in independent air engines and its compression in
independent compressors. In the system of dynamic refrigeration herein described
the method of integral expansion in separate cylinders is abandoned; and fractional
or stage expansion substituted therefor. The strains upon the journals and the
piston leakages depend upon the differences in the pressures upon opposite sides of
the pistons, and it is obvious that this is very much less both in compression and
expansion than when the air is compressed from the minimum to the maximum
pressure in one cylinder, and then expanded from the maximum to the minimum
pressure in one cylinder.
(3). The entire independence of the action of each.air engine or compressor, so
that, if one gives out other parts of the apparatus may be correlatively run inde-
-pendently of the broken part, and the cooling process go on uninterruptedly though
with less efficiency, the by-passes being used to pass the air-around-the-middlo-
engine and compressor if either of these-be-in-fault. This_is_a_most_important
consideration in an apparatus designed for use on ship-board for transportation of
perishable cargoes. In nearly all apparatus of this kind hitherto used, the engines
and compressors are all coupled to one shaft and work synchronously. Therefore
if one part gives out the whole apparatus is crippled.
(+). Facility of changing the operation of the apparatus when not only a
moderately low temperature is required, but an extremely low temperature is
desirable, as above described, by the use of the by-passes.
(5). The utilization of all the cooling effect in the compartment to be cooled or
substance to be cooled. Heretofore there has always been a waste or expenditure
of cold outside of the compartment to be cooled.
(6). The prevention of fog or visible vapour in the refrigerating compartment
caused by the sudden intermingling of cold air with moist air at the point where
the cold air is finally discharged into such compartment. All dripping, except what
results from the condensation of water on the exterior of the hoaters, is thus pre-
vented, and the absence of vapor removes an obstruction to radiation which
would otherwise retard the cooling process. The dripping from the heaters
H,, H, 2, and H³, may easily be conducted away by properly arranged
conductors or trouglis.
(7). The working parts of the apparatus may be made much lighter than when
the maximum pressure is attained by a single compression, the strains being
distributed to several shafts instead of being concentrated upon a single shaft.
Thus less wear and tear from friction and greater durability of the apparatus as a
whole is secured.
Having described the nature of the said Invention and the manner of per-
forming the same, I declare that what I claim as the Invention to be protected by
the herein before in part recited Letters Patent is,―
1st. The mode of accumulating pressure in a reservoir, air space, or pipe 'of an
air cooling apparatus, which consists in inducting to a compressor which supplies
such reservoir, air space, or pipe, cooled air already compressed by another inde-
pendently working compressor, substantially as herein described and as shown in
Figures 1, 2, 3, 8, and 9.
2nd. The method of heating compressed air cooled by partial expansion prior to

page_text: its further expansion, by heat abstracted from the enclosure to be cooled or sub-
stance to be cooled, substantially as and for the purposes herein described, and with
reference to Figures 8 and 9.
3rd. The mode of obtaining artificially compressed air having a lower temperature
than that of the compartment or substances to be cooled, which consists in attaining
a high degree of compression in moderately cooled air by successive and consecutive
compressions in separate compressors without intermediate expansions and with
intermediate cooling, and then expanding the air so compressed by successive and
consecutive expansions without intermediate compressions, whereby, after the first
of the series of expansions the still compressed air is brought to a temperature at
which it may abstract heat from said compartment or substance to be cooled before
further expansion, substantially as herein described, and with reference to
Figures 1, 2, 3, 8, and 9.
4th. The mode of adding to the expansive force of the compressed air aud
obtaining a maximum refrigerating effect which consists in heating the still
compressed air after partial expansion, abstracting the heat for this purpose from
the refrigerating compartment or substance to be cooled, and subsequently
expanding the air in the performance of work, substantially as herein described
and with reference to Figures 1, 2, 3, 8, and 9.
5th. As part of a process of dynamic cooling, in which a series of successive and
consecutive compressions of air taken from a refrigerating compartment is
performed in a series of independent compressors delivering air from one to
another, to compress the air from atmospheric pressure to a maximum pressure
before any expansion of such compressed air is permitted, and in which the air
is cooled between the several stages of compression, and in which the so compressed
air is expanded down to atmospheric pressure in an air engine or engines, and then
exhausted again into said refrigerating compartment. I claim the method of
removing vapour resistance to compression, which consists in trapping out the
water precipitated from the cooled and compressed air after the first stage of com-
pression, and before attaining the maximum pressure, wheroby a large per centage
of the vapour resistance is removed, substantially as herein described and with
reference to Figures 4, 5, 8, and 9.
Gth. The combination of a refrigerating enclosure, an air compressor or com-
pressors, a cooler or coolers for cooling conipressed air, a primary compressed air
engine driven by air discharged from the compressor for partly expanding said air,
a supplementary air engine or air engines for further expanding the air, and a
heater or heaters placed in and abstracting heat from said enclosure for heating
the partly expanded air during its passage to said supplementary air engine or
engines, whereby the air during said passage gains in expansive force prior to
further expansion, substantially as hercin specified, and with reference to Figures
1, 2, 3, 8, and 9.
7th. The combination with a refrigerating enclosure of an air compressor or
compressors placed outside said enclosure, a cooler or coolers for cooling the
compressed air discharged from said compressor or compressors, and a compressed
air engine or air engines placed within said enclosure driven by compressed air
delivered from said compressor or compressors, and applying its or their work
outside of said enclosure, whereby all the cold produced in and by the expansion is
utilised in said enclosure, substantially as herein described and with reference to
Figures 8 and 9.
8th. The combination with a series of air compressors and coolers for compressed
air of one or more by-passes, whereby air compressed by one or more of the
compressors may be passed without cooling into another compressor or other
Compressors, by which means the temperature of the compressed air may be made so
high as to render water of a considerably elevated temperature effective as a cooling
medium, substantially as herein specified, and with reference to Figures 8 and 9..
9th. The combination with a series of compressed air engines delivering air into
a refrigerating enclosure, and a heater abstracting heat from said enclosure for

page_text: heating said air on its way from one of said engines to another, of a by-pass or by-
passes through which air may be delivered at will from one engine to another
without being heated in its passage, and by which means a very low temperature
may be acquired in the expanded air when extremely low temperatures are
desired, substantially as hercin described, and with reference to Figures 8 and 9.
10th. An air cooling apparatus composed of a refrigerating enclosure, a series of
air compressors supplied with air from said enclosure air coolers; a series of
compressed air engines delivering air into said enclosure and driving all the-com-
pressors but one, a steam engine or other prime motor for driving or assisting in
driving one of the compressors, a heater or heaters for abstracting heat from the
enclosure and imparting it to the air on its way from one engine to another, pipes
for conveying the air, and cocks or valves for directing the flow of air through the
different parts of the apparatus, combined substantially as herein described and as
shown in Figures 1, 2, 3, 8, and 9.
11th. As part of a process for dynamic cooling wherein air is compressed, cooled,
expanded to perform work, and exhausted into a refrigerating compartment, the
heating of the final exhaust of the expanded air previous to its intermingling with
the air of such refrigerating compartment, the heater for this purpose being placed
within the refrigerating compartment, and operating by the heat abstracted from
said compartment to raise the exhausted air passing through it to a temperature
_above that of the dew point, whereby the production of fog or vapour by the sudden
commingling of cold air with warm moist air is prevented, substantially as herein
described, and with reference to Figures 8 and 9.
12th The
combination-of-two-or-more-air-expanding-engines, one-or-more-of-
which are driven_by_air_partly expanded_or_exhausted_from_the_other_or_others,
and an intermediate reservoir or reservoirs for the reception and storage of the partly
expanded air previous to its induction to the engine or engines in which it is to be
further expanded, whereby the pressure of the air in its intermediate passage from
one engine to another is rendered more uniform, substantially as herein described,
and with reference to Figures 8 and 9.
13th. The combination of a refrigerating enclosure, a series of compressors
successively imparting increments of compression to air, a cooler or coolers for
cooling the compressed air, and a series of engines, one of which is driven by steam
or other independent motive power to operate one compressor, or aid in operating
said compressor, and the remainder by pressure and expansion of the cooled and
compressed air to apply the power of the expanding air to compressing other air,
substantially as herein described, and with reference to Figures 1, 2, and 3.
14th. A cooler composed of a shell for retaining air and superimposed series of
water pipes, each series being placed across another series at right angles, and each
of the series having its pipes placed over or under the spaces between the pipes of
the next series above or below it, whose pipes lie in the same direction, said pipes
being inserted in said shell, substantially as herein described, and with reference to
Figures 4, 5, 6, and 7.
15th. The combination with the air retaining shell of a cooler and water pipes
inserted in said shell, of detachable connectors, clamping bars, and clamping screws
which hold the connectors to seats in the ends of the pipes, whereby the pipes are
connected into one or more continuous passages for the conveyance of water,
substantially as herein described, and for the purposes specified, and with reference
to Figures 4, 5, 6, and 7.
In witness whereof, I, the said Alexander Melville Clark, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Eighteenth day of March, A.D. 1881.