CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR MAKING BOBBIN NET LACE, FOR THE PURPOSE OF PRODUCING ORNAMENTED NET OR LACE OF VARIOUS KINDS
Year: 1835

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHN
BERTIE, of Basford, in the County of Nottingham, Lace Maker, send
greeting.
WHEREAS I did, by petition, humbly represent unto His present most
Excellent Majesty King William the Fourth, that after considerable applica-
tion and expence I had invented "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR
MAKING BOBBIN NET LACE, FOR THE PURPOSE OF PRODUCING ORNAMENTED NET OR
LACE OF VARIOUS KINDS;" part of which improvements for which Letters
Patent were granted to me, and one James Gibbons, bearing date the 5th day
of June 1834; and His said Majesty, being willing to give encouragement to
all arts and inventions such as may be for the public good, was graciously
pleased, by His Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the 9th
day of December last (1835), in the sixth year of His reign, for Himself, His
heirs and His successors, to give, grant unto me, the said John Bertie, my
executors, administrators, and assigns, His especial licence, full power, sole
privilege and authority, that I or they, by myself or themselves, or by my
or their deputies, servants, or agents, or such others as I or they should agree
with (and no other), during the term of fourteen years from the date of the
said Letters Patent, should & lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend
my said Invention within that part of His Majesty's Dominions called
England, His Dominions of Wales, and Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and
also in all His Majesty's Colonies and Plantations abroad, in such as to

page_text: me, executors, administrators, and assigns, shall seem meet, and as that I or
they shall enjoy the whole profit and advantage by reason of the Invention,
during the said term of fourteen years; and for that end, His said Majesty
requires and strictly commands all His subjects whatsoever, that they shall not,
neither directly or indirect, make, use, or put in practice my said Invention, or
any part thereof, nor in anywise counterfeit, or imitate, or resemble the same,
nor make any addition thereto or subtraction therefrom, whereby to pretend.
himself or themselves to be the 'Inventor or Inventors thereof: And whereas
the said Letters Patent contain a proviso, obliging me, the said Jonn Bertie,
particularly to describe and ascertain the nature of my said Invention, and in
what means the same is to be performed, by an instrument in writing under
my hand & seal, and to cause the same to be enrolled in His Majesty's High
Court of Chancery within six calendar months next & immediately after
the date of the said Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference being
thereunto had, will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
John Bertie, do hereby declare that my said is described and ascertained in
manner following, and by the aid of the twenty Sheets or Drawings hereunto
annexed, that is to say :--
Part of my said improvements are for the purpose of producing ornamented
.net or lace having small opake spots distributed at intervals over the plain
net, which forms the transparent ground of the ornamented net or lace. And
other part of my said improvements are for the purpose of producing orna
mented net or lace having enlarged meshes and contracted meshes intermixed
together, in the manner of what is commonly called honeycomb open work,
from a supposed resemblance to the cells of a honeycomb.
And other part of my said improvements are in extension of certain
improvements for which Letters Patent are granted to me and to one James
Gibbons, on the 5th June 1834, and which improvements are described in
the Specification which we caused to be enrolled in the Chapel of the Rolls,
on the 5th of December 1834, viz.:-An improved texture of the lace net
called bobbin net or twist net, and certain improvements in lace machinery,
in order to produce lace net with the said improved texture, either plain or
ornamented; and it is explained in the said Specification, that in the said
improved textures of such lace net there are no diagonal threads traversing
from selvedge to selvedge, as is most usual in the lace net called bobbin net,
but all the threads whereof the net is composed proceed in a longitudinal
direction along the length of the piece, that is, one half of the number of
threads take a direction in the piece exactly similar to the longitudinal threads

page_text: of ordinary bobbin net, and the other half of the number of threads proceed by
parallel zig-zag courses along the length of the piece of net; but nevertheless,
by the zig-zag flexures of the said last-mentioned threads, they proceed in
diagonal directions for short distances, not exceeding the width of one hexagonal
mesh of the net, and then return with contrary obliquity, but only for like
short distances before they make another return; and the four twisted sides of
each hexagonal mesh, which may be called the pillars thereof, are stated to be
the same improved texture as in the ordinary texture of bobbin net, or twist
net; but in place of crosses of the diagonal traversing threads with which the
twisted pillars are united in ordinary bobbin net, and the meshes closed in at
top and at bottom of each hexagonal mesh, these threads, which in the said
improved texture proceed in zig-zag courses along the length of the piece, arc
looped or linked together around each other, so as to couple the adjacent
twisted pillars together, and then, after so linking and coupling, they turn back
again along their zig-zag courses with contrary obliquities, instead of merely
crossing over each other, and continuing forwards in their respective diagonal
directions, as the traversing threads in the ordinary texture of bobbin net do..
Now, one part of my present improvements, in extension of my aforesaid
former improvements, is to cause all the threads whereof lace net of the said
improved texture is composed, and all which threads proceed in a longitudinal
direction along the length of the piece, as before mentioned, to proceed by
like zig-zag courses, as aforesaid, along the length of the piece, and to be
looped or linked together so as to couple the adjacent twisted pillars together,
wherefore there will be no threads which take a direction in the piece exactly
similar to the longitudinal threads of ordinary bobbin net, as one-half the
number of threads was stated and represented to do in the said former Speci-
fication, but all the threads will proceed by similarly zig-zag courses along the
length of the piece, in its turn forming similar zig-zag flexures and twists, and
coupling loops or links, as all the other threads do form in their turns respect-
fully, wherefore there is no distinction or difference between the zig-zag
courses whereby one-half the number of threads proceed along the length of the
piece, and the zig-zag courses whereby the other half proceed along the same,
excepting that every other alternate thread, constituting one-half of the whole
number of threads, bend towards the right-hand side of the said zig-zag longi-
tudinal courses, and the other half of the number, being intermediate threads
to the former, bend towards the left-hand side of their like zig-zag longitudinal
courses, whatever the threads are required to approach, and meet each other
for forming looped or linked couplings for the top and bottom sides of the
hexagonal meshes, and in consequence of all the threads proceeding similarly

page_text: along the length of the piece of net, without difference between their zig-zag
courses (except as to the direction of their flexures aforesaid), I find that
the hexagonal meshes of the net or lace keep more correctly to their intended
form than when one-half of the threads proceed along the piece by similar
courses to the longitudinal threads of ordinary bobbin net, as was described in
the said former Specification.
This part of my present improvement will be rondered more clear by
examination of the magnified representation contained in Sheet I. of the
Drawings hereunto annexed, of the meshes of lace made in such manner, and
the different threads which twist together being distinguished by different
colors, it is easy to trace the courses which they take in the texture of
the net work, and by comparing that Drawing with the corresponding
Drawing in Sheet I. of the Drawings annexed to the said former Speci-
fication of the 4th December 1834, the difference between the two, and
which difference constitutes part of my present improvements,) will be
apparent. The twisted pillars which form the four inclining sides of each
hexagonal mesh resemble those of ordinary bobbin net, but they consist of
an even number of half twists made by two threads, whereas in ordinary
bobbin net the said twisted pillars consist of an odd number of half twists;
and in consequence of so using an even number of half twists, each of the
zig-zag longitudinal threads which has formed a looped or linked coupling
for one-half of the uppermost of the six sides of a hexagonal mesh, and
which, after so linking, has formed an even number of half twists for one
of the uppermost inclining pillars of the same mesh, the said thread will still
continue in a longitudinal direction along the length of the net, and form
a like even number of half twists for one of the undermost inclining pillars of
the same hexagonal mesh; and, after that, then the said thread proceeds for a
little way in a diagonal direction, in order to form another linked or looped
coupling for one-half of the lowermost of the six sides of the same hexagonal
mesh, and, after making the link or loop for that coupling, the said thread
returns with a contrary obliquity of diagonal direction to that in which it
proceeded for forming the coupling, and then, after each return, it resumes
twisting for the uppermost inclining pillar of another succeeding mesh, which
is constituted like that above it, as already described. Every thread follows a
similar zig-zag course, as above described, along the length of the piece of net
first forming one-half of the uppermost side of a hexagonal mesh, then forming
two inclining sides thereof in succession, and then forming one-half of the
lowermost side of the same mesh; but, as already mentioned, one-half of
the threads always procced diagonally towards the right hand when they are to

page_text: form looped or linked couplings, as aforesaid, and the other half of the threads
proceed diagonally towards the left hand when they are to form looped or
linked couplings; but the same threads do not form couplings on their right-
hand sides at one time of coupling, and on their left-hand sides at the next
succceding time of coupling, as was directed in the said former Specification.
The threads form their linked or looped couplings in the same manner as
is therein described, but owing to the even number of half twists in the twisted
pillars of the meshes, the same thread will always form its couplings on
the same side of its longitudinal zig-zag course, either on the right-hand
side or the left-hand side thereof. The result of this mode of forming
linked or looped couplings, and then two succeeding or intervening pairs
of twists by each thread before it forms another looped or linked coupling,
is, that the threads proceed along the length of the piece of net, from one
end to the other, by longitudinal zig-zag courses, which never deviate from
straight courses more than half the width of a hexagonal mesh. Note.-It
was explained in the former Specification that those threads which form the
linked or looped couplings should be finer than the other threads which
do not form couplings, but in the present case all the threads form such
linked or looped couplings, and should therefore be all of one fineness, and,
as was explained in the former Specification, that the selvedges or edges of the
net will resemble the selvedges of bobbin net lace of the ordinary texture, and
may have strong edging threads at the borders of a wide piece of net, in order
to fortify the selvedges, the same observation applied in the present case.
The dividing of the width of net which is made at once in the machinery into
narrow breadths, may be performed by introducing another longitudinal thread
at every place in the width of the net where a division is intended to be made
between two adjacent breadths, for the purpose of lacing the selvedges of two
adjacent breadths together by that additional thread, in the manner represented
in the Drawing, which lacing thread can be drawn out in order to separate the
breadths, when required.. And respecting that part of my present improve-
ments which relates to the making of such net or lace of the improved texture
represented in Sheet I., the same is not materially different from what is
described in the said former Specification, excepting in the arrangement of the
steps around the racking wheels for producing the succession of motions which
are requisite. The proper forms for the racking wheel of single-tier
Lever's machinery, for making such net or lace thereby, are represented in
Sheet I. Each racking wheel have eight steps around its circumference, and
the ratchet wheel by which they are turned has eight teeth, the same as usual
in Lover's machinery. There are two guide bars, as described in the former

page_text: Specification, cach having only half as many guides in every given width as in
Lever's machinery, being the same as in double-tier machinery, or ten guides
per inch for a ten-point gage machine in each row, back and front alike, and
cach row being capable of racking independently of the other row. Each guide
bar must have its own racking wheel, with eight steps around its circumference,
as represented in Sheet I. The front comb bar must be made fast, as
explained in the former Specification, and requires no racking wheel. The
warp threads may be supplied to the two rows of guides, back and front, from
the same warp roller, in the usual manner of double-tier machinery; or two
distinct warp rollers may be used, one for supplying threads to the front row of
guides, and the other supplying the back row of guides, as was described in
the former Specification, but that is not necessary now as it was then, neither
is any difference requisite in the setting of the bobbing springs of the bobbin
carriages, so as to distinguish them into two sets of carriages, as was described
in the former Specification; but the bobbin springs of all the carriages will be
set alike, the same as usual in Lever's machinery, because, according to
th part of my present improvements, all the bobbins are to perform alike,
every bobbin like every other bobbin, and every warp thread back or front
like every other warp thread back or front, without any distinction of coupling
threads and longitudinal threads; but every thread, whether bobbin threads
or warp threads, is in its turn a coupling thread; none of them are now like
the longitudinal threads in ordinary bobbin net lace, as one-half of the threads
were described to be in the former Specification. But note.-Those bobbin
carriages which supply the selvedge threads of the breadths may be set with
their springs rather stronger than the others. Those threads which are
supplied to the net from the two rows of guides will form looped couplings on
their right-hand sides, and for distinction they are coloured red in the Figure,
Sheet I. Those threads which are supplied from the bobbins will form looped
couplings on their left-hand sides, and they are coloured blue in Sheet I.,
where the distinction of colour will enable the courses of the threads to
be easily traced; and when net of the said improved texture is to be made in
breadths, an extra guide bar 1 is to be introduced in front of the front guide bar,
with one extra guide 21 fixed upon it, opposite to every place in the width of
the net where a division is intended to be made therein, in order to enable the
tissue to be separable into breadths. No vacances are to be left in either
of the rows of guides, back or front, but both will contain unbroken rows
of threads; and the extra threads which are supplied through the extra front
guides 1 will be for lacing threads, to unite the several breadths together into
one tissue during the fabrication thereof in the machinery, but which threads

page_text: can be afterwards drawn out in order to detach the breadths from each other
when finished. The course which such lacing threads must take in the tissue,
in order to lace the selvedges of the breadths together, is represented in
the Figure, Sheet I. The separation of the net into breadths is occasioned
by interrupting or omitting those looped links which one of the red threads
usually makes on its right-hand side, in order to meet and couple with
the corresponding looped links which the neighbouring blue thread on that
side makes towards its left-hand side; but the looped links of the red
threads being omitted or missed at every succeeding time for linking the
red and blue threads, which would be coupled by a succession of such links,
will remain uncoupled, and the continuity of the net work will be interrupted,
and two selvedges will be formed at the division; but the extra threads
which are supplied by the extra guides 21, being suitably inserted at the
division, in the manner shewn in Sheet I., will lace the two selvedges
together, but such extra thread being very loosely inserted can be drawn
out after the lace is finished, in order to detach the breadths one from
another. The said extra or lacing threads are supplied from a distinct
thread roller of their own, which is weighted so as to give off those
threads in such quantity and with such tension as is required, and also
those red threads which form the selvedges may, if preferred, be supplied
from extra thread rollers of their own, in order that the tension of those
threads may be suitably regulated for the formation of neat selvedges, as is
the common practice in making breadths of bobbin net; and also, as before
mentioned, the bobbin carriages which supply lace threads for the selvedges
may be set with their springs rather stronger than the others, as is most
suitable for forming neat selvedges. One of the red threads belonging to one
of the selvedges at each division is a front guide thread, and the other red
thread belonging to the other selvedge at the same division is a back guide
thread. And note. It is the latter thread which is to be operated upon at
each time of linking, so as to prevent the racking of that thread at the time
when, by such racking, it would be carried towards the right hand, in order to
form one of those looped links which are to be omitted in order to form the
division, as before mentioned. The said back guide threads may be prevented
from racking, when required, by the occasional insertion of stump guides 30,
Sheet I., without eyes, applied on a bar 31, behind the back guide bar, and
beneath the lower edge of the back comb bar, with the stems of its stump
guides 30 rising up within side of the back comb bar, and the upper end of
its stump guides 30 being bended horizontally, so that they can be inserted
between the back guide threads above the eyes of their back guides, and

page_text: below the back combs. The bar 31 being mounted on pivots, about which it
can be tilted, so much as to insert the upper ends of its stump guides 30
between the back guide threads, but without interfering with the front threads,
or by tilting the bar 31 back again, the said stump 30 will be withdrawn from
between the back guide threads. The said bar 31 is to have one stump guide
30 fixed on it, opposite to every place in the width of the net where a division
is to be made therein, and therefore corresponding with the places where extra
guides 21, for lacing threads, are fixed on the bar 1 in front. The bar 31 does
not require to be racked, because its stump guides 30 are not required to rack
the back guide threads with which they come in contact, but only to prevent
those threads from racking, as they would otherwise do, by action of the
back guides when all the other back guide threads are racked. The bar 31 is
tilted abouts its pivots, when required, by means of a short lever arm which
is fixed to it, and which is connected by a suitable elbow lever with a tooth
applying to the edge of a notched wheel, which is fixed on the axis of the
usual ten-toothed ratchet wheel and locking wheel at the back of the machine
for actuating the back stop, and which notched wheel, when it presents a
prominence to the said teeth, will tilt the bar 31, so as to insert the stump
guides 30 between the back guide threads; or, when a notch in the same
wheel, comes round to the sliding bolt, it will allow the bar 31 to be tilted
back by action of a suitable spring, so as to withdraw the stump guides 30.
And note. The action of the said stump guides 30, to prevent the back guide
threads from racking, is the same as that of the parts called preventers in the
former Specification, and marked 10 in the Drawings; and such preventers
may be used to produce the same effect as the stump guides; and also the
action of the said notched wheel on the axis of the locking wheel, for inserting
and withdrawing the stump guides 30, is the same as that of the cylindrical
revolving barrel set with pins, described in the former Specification, and
which barrel, together with the preventers, may be used for making
breadths. The point bars are applied as usual in Lever's machinery, and the
machine is provided with the usual ten-toothed ratchet wheels and locking
wheel at the back, for actuating the back stop for the landing bars, and
bringing that stop into action every time when taking up is to be performed,
so as to detain the bar when they are quite closed, and prevent them from
separating until the points have taken up all, which is just as usual in Lever's
machinery, although there is no dividing of the carriages. Supposing the
machine to be stopped for examination, the positions of the several parts are as
follows: The landing bars are closed, and all the carriages are in their
central position and interspaced amongst the guide threads, the carriages

page_text: forming a complete unbroken row without any vacancies in their row; the
front catch bar is raised up out of the front notches of the carriages, and the
back one is down in the back notches; the back points took up last. All the
racking wheels are now standing with their bolts upon No. 8, and the several
bars stands racked in a middle position, from which they are capable of moving
one space to the right or one space to the left each, such space being one-
twentieth of an inch for a ten-point gage machine. The back main guide bar
stands in a middle position, from which it is capable of moving one space to
the right; or one space to the left, and its guides stand interspaced to those of
the front main guide bar, so that the machine shews twenty guide threads per
inch to the eye in front. The lacing guide bar 1 also stands in a middle
position, from which it is capable of moving one space to the right or one
space to the left. And note.-As it now stands, its guides 21 hold the lacing
threads opposite to those back guide threads which are to be prevented from
racking, in order to make the division between the breadths; those back
guide threads being at the right-hand selvedges of the several breadths.
This position being understood, the mode of working is as follows:-Extend
the landing bars by raising the handles of the machine, in order to take the
carriages through backwards between the warp threads into the back combs,
and in so doing rack No. 1 of the racking wheels, which racks the front guides
one space to the left, and the back guides the same. The lacing guides do
not move. Also, the usual ten-toothed ratchet wheel for the locking wheel iş
turned by its ordinary driver to its tooth 1, and lets loose the back stop, ready
for locking the landing bars. Close the bars by putting down the handles to
bring the carriages forwards to their central position; the front catch bar is
let fall, and the back one is raised, and the back stop locks the landing bars
ready for taking up; take up with the front points and unlock the back stop,
which then leaves the bars at liberty to be extended again. Extend the bars
to bring the carriages through forwards, and rack No. 2 of the racking wheels,
which rack the front guides two spaces to the right, in order to allow their
threads to link around the next right-hand bobbin thread, and racks the back
guides one space to the right. The lacing guides 21 do not move. Close the
bars; the back catch bar is let fall, and the front one is raised. Extend the
bars to take the carriages through backwards, and rack No. 3, which racks-
the front guides two spaces to the left, and the back guides one space to the
left. The lacing guides 21 do not move. Close the bars; the front catch bar
is let fall, and the back one is raised. Extend the bars to bring the carriages
through forwards, and rack No. 4, which racks the front and back guides
each one space to the right, and racks the lacing guides 21 the same. Close

page_text: the bars; the back catch bar is let fall, and the front one is raised. Extend
the bars to take the carriages through backwards, and rack No. 5, which racks
the front and back guides each one space to the left, and racks the lacing
guides 21 two spaces to the left, in order that they may link their threads
around the bobbin threads. The back stop is let loose ready for locking. Close
the bars; the front catch bar is let fall, and the back one is raised; the back
stop locks the bars. Take up with the back points, and as they go up the ten-
toothed ratchet wheel of the locking wheel, for the back stop is nudged or
turned one tooth, and that unlocks the back stop, in the usual manner of
Lever's machinery in taking up, and also the notched wheel before mentioned,
upon the axis of the locking wheel, presents a prominence to the tooth of its
elbow lever, and inserts the stump guides 30 amongst the back guide threads,
as before explained, in preparation for for detaining those particular back guide
threads which are at the right-hand selvedges of the several breadths, in order
to prevent them from racking towards the right at the next time of racking,
as all the other back guide threads will then do. And note.-If preventers 10,
as described in the former Specification, are used in lieu of stump guides 30,
they will be brought into operation at this time by action of pins in the barrel.
Extend the bars to bring the carriages through forwards, and rack No. 6,
which racks the front guides one space to the right, and racks the back guides
two spaces to the right, with all the back threads, except those which are
acted upon by the stump guides 30, or the preventers 10, and which threads
will only rack one space to the right instead of two spaces, so as to twist only
round one bobbin thread, and not link with its next right-hand bobbin thread,
as all the other back guide threads do at this place, and this prevention of the
racking motions of those threads by the stump guides or preventers forms
the division of the net into breadths, by preventing the links being formed at
those places in the width of the net where the stump guides 30 enter, but
which breadths are nevertheless held together by the lacing threads; No. 6
also racks the lacing guides one space to the
places they occupied at the commencement.
bar is let fall, and the front one is raised.
carriages through backward, and rack No. 7, which racks the front main guides
one space to the left, and the back guides two spaces to the left. The lacing bar
does not move, and after this time of racking, as the bars are closed, the stump
guides 30, or the preventers 10, are withdrawn from the back guide threads,
leaving them at liberty. Close the bars; the front catch bar is let fall, and the
back one is raised. Extend the bars to bring the carriages through forwards,
and rack No. 8, which racks the front and back guides one space to the
right, and restores them to the
Close the bars; the back catch
Extend the bars to take the

page_text: right. The lacing guides do not move. Close the bars; the back catch bar is
let fall, and the front one is raised. The racking wheels having now gone
once round all the parts have regained the positions which they occupied at
the commencement of this description, a row of complete meshies of net has
been made. The operation of the machinery is a perpetual repetition of the
foregoing description. And note.-When the net is to be ornamented with
bullet holes, as described in the former Specification, the apparatus may be
exactly the same as there described, with preventers 10 applied in a slea at the
inside of the back comb bar, and actuated by pins in the revolving barrel 13.
The said preventers must be inserted amongst the back guide threads at every
place in the width of the net whero a bullet hole is to be made, that insertion
being made by action of the pins in the barrel 13, in the interval between the
racking of No. 5 and No. 6, and the said preventers must be withdrawn in
the interval between the racking of No. 7 and No. 8, in the same manner, as
above described, of the stump guides 30, except, that instead of being so
inserted and withdrawn at every succeeding revolution of the racking wheels
(as is requisite in order to produce the division of the net into breadths), the
said preventers must be thus inserted and withdrawn at one or two succeeding
revolutions of the racking wheels, to make single or double size bullet holes,
as is required; and then no more insertions must be made at the same places
until after the racking wheels have been worked round so many times as it is
intended to make intervening meshes of plain net between one bullet hole and
the next succeeding one; all which is attained by suitable arrangement of
the pins in the barrel, as well as diversification of the placing of bullet holes,
according to a pattern, as is fully explained in the former Specification. And
note. I do not make claim under my present Letters Patent to any extension
of the former mode of making bullet holes according to a pattern, and I
have only mentioned the subject in this place in order to shew how the former
apparatus is applicable to the purpose of making bullet holes in the kind of
net represented in Sheet I., which net is made according to extension of the
former Patent improvements.
And respecting the making of net or lace of the kind represented in
Sheet I., by that kind of machinery for making bobbin net lace which is
commonly called double-tier, circular bolt, or circular comb machinery; the
same must be prepared in like manner as was explained in the said former
Specification, videlicet, with the front comb bar made fast from racking,
and also the ordinary guide bar racking wheels must be removed and others
substituted, which are formed with the steps represented in Sheet II., having
sixteen steps formed around their circumferences, so as to go once round in

page_text: sixteen times of racking. Wherefore, if it is a rotary machine, the toothed
wheel-work by which the revolving driving camm is connected with the
racking wheels must be proportioned as four to one, for instance, if the
machine is of the kind represented in Sheets VI. and VII., the bevil pinion
on the end of the main axis Y of the driving camm having twenty teeth,
the large bevel wheel 9 on the upright axis of the racking wheels must
have eighty teeth. The two rows of guides will be as usual in double-tier
machinery, and the threads may be supplied to both rows of guides from
one warp roller in the usual manner, for it is not necessary to have two warp
rollers, as was stated in the former Specification. If the net is intended to be
made in breadths, then an extra guide bar must be provided in front for intro-
ducing and guiding lacing threads, with one guite upon it opposite to every
place in the width of the net where a division between the breadths is to be
formed, the same as has been herein-before described respecting the Lever's
machinery, and the lacing threads are to be supplied to those guides from a
separate thread roller of their own; but in the present machine, the front
row of guide threads are not to be a complete unbroken row, as they have
been stated to be in the Lever's machinery, but one front guide thread is to be
left out at every place in the width of the net where a division is intended to
be made therein; also, one bobbin thread is to be left out from the bobbin of
one carriage in the front division of carriages opposite to each such place,
making a vacancy of two threads, videlicet, a front guide thread and a front
bobbin thread left out at every place where a division is to be; wherefore the
selvedges will be some distance asunder instead of being close together, as is
represented in Sheet I., the lacing thread reaching across and across, from one
selvedge to the other, in order to unite them. When guide threads and
bobbin threads are thus left out the selvedges will be formed without any
necessity for stump guides, as before described, because the threads adjacent
to the vacancy cannot form linked couplings for want of their correspondents
with which they usually link. Suppose the machine to have been in full
operation making net of the kind represented in Sheet I., which has looped
or linked couplings for uniting the twisted pillars into meshes, and that the
machine has been stopped for examination, when all the several parts are in
the following positions:-Both divisions of carriages are locked up in the
back combs; the front points operated at the last time of taking up; the
racking wheels have just racked No. 1, and no motion has taken place since ;
the front guide bar & stands racked to the left as far as it can go that way, it is
only capable of racking one space of one-tenth of an inch for a ten-point gage
machine; the back guide bar t stands racked in a middle position, it is capable

page_text: of racking two such spaces, videlicet, one to the right or one to the left of its
present position; the lacing guide bar 1 stands racked in its middle position,
it is capable of racking two spaces, that is, one to the right or one to the left
of its present position; the front guides have one guide left vacant in their
row at every place where the net is to be divided into breadths; the back
guides form an entire row without any vacancies; the warp threads from the
warp roller are threaded through the eyes of the front and back guides, as
usual in double tier machinery; the lacing threads are applied to the extra
guides 21 from a separate thread roller; the bobbin carriages form two com-
plete rows without vacancies, but one bobbin thread is left out of the row of
bobbin threads proceeding from the front division of carriages opposite to
every place where a division is to be made in the net, so as to form a vacancy
in the front row of bobbin threads corresponding to those in the row of front
guide threads. These positions of the several parts being understood, the
operation of the machinery is as follows:-The front division of carriages is
brought through forwards between the warp threads into the front combs, and
No. 2 is racked, which racks the back guides one space to the left. The back
division of carriages is brought through forwards between the warp threads
into the front combs, and No. 3 is racked, which racks the back guides onė
space to the right. The back division is put through backwards between the
warp threads into the back combs, and the back points are drawn out of
the meshes of net and tilted down, and they penetrate the back bobbin
threads, and are then shogged by action of their usual conducting plate rather
less than half a space to the right, and then No. 4 is racked, which racks the
front guides one space to the right, and racks the extra or lacing guides 21
one space to the right. But note.-This latter racking is only for allowing the
back points to take the lacing threads properly. The back points penetrate
the warp threads immediately after No. 4 is racked, then they are shogged
again by their conducting plate rather more than half a space to the left, and
begin to ascend. The front division of carriages is put through backwards
between the warp threads into the back combs, and as the front bobbin threads
go backwards, they meet the back points which penetrate amongst them, and
then the back points go up, and they get quite up by the time that No. 5 is
racked, which racks the front guides one space to the left, and returns the
lacing guides 21 to the left, as they stood before No. 4 was racked. Note.-
No twists have been made with the lacing threads in consequence of their said
rackings. The front division is brought through forwards, and No. 6 is racked
which racks the back guides one space to the left. The back division is
brought through forwards, and No. 7 is racked, which racks the front guides

page_text: one space to the right, and racks the back guides the same, and also racks
the lacing threads one space to the right. The back division is put through
backwards, and No. 8 is racked, which racks the lacing guides 21 one space
to the left, but neither of the main guide bars are racked this time. The
front division is put through backwards, and No. 9 is racked, which racks the
front guides one space to the left. The front division is brought through
forwards, and No. 10 is racked, which racks the back guides one space to the
left. The back division is brought through forwards, and No. 11 is racked,
which racks the back guides one space to the right. The back division is put
through backwards, the front points are drawn out from the meshes of the
net, and tilted down and penetrate between the front bobbin threads, and are
then racked half a space to the left, and then penetrate between the warp
threads a moment before No. 12 is racked, which racks the front guides one
space to the right. The front division is put through backwards, and the
front points rack another half space to the left, and then penetrate the back
bobbin threads, and then rack one space to the right, and then go up and get
up by the time that No. 13 is racked, which racks the front guides one space
to the left. The front division is brought through forwards, and No. 14 is
racked, which racks the back guides one space to the left, and racks the lacing
guides 21 one space to the left. The back division is brought through for-
wards, and No. 15 is racked, which racks the back guides one space to the
right, and racks the lacing guides 21 one space to the right. The back divi-
sion is put through backwards, and No. 16 is racked, which racks both the
front guides and the back guides one space to the right. The front division
is put through backwards, and No. 1 is racked, which rack both the front
guides and the back guides one space to the left. All the parts have now
regained the positions which they had at the commencement of this descrip-
tion, and the motions which have been described have formed one row of
complete meshes of the net represented in Sheet I., and the continuance of the
operation is a perpetual repetition of the foregoing description. And note.-
When it is required to produce bullet holes in the net or lace which is making
in double-tier machinery according to the foregoing description, the same may
be performed by the insertion of stump guides or preventers amongst the row
of back guide threads, inserting one such stump guide or preventer at every
place in the width of the net where a bullet hole is intended to be made
therein; all which is fully described in the former Specification, and such pre-
venters may be inserted by the means therein explained, videlicet, by pins upon
a revolving barrel.
I make no claim under my present Letters Patent to any extension of the

page_text: improvement for making bullet holes, and only now mention the same in order
to explain that when such preventers are applied to produce bullet holes in net
or lace of the kind represented in Sheet I., which is, making by double-tier
machinery, in manner above described (which making is an extension of the
former Patent improvements), then the said stump guides or preventers must
be inserted amongst the row of back guide threads in the interval between the
racking of No. 15 and of No. 16, in order that the stump guides or pre-
venters may prevent any racking of those particular back guide threads with
which they came in contact, although all the other back guide threads are
racked at No. 16 one space to the right, as stated in the foregoing description;
and the said preventers must be withdrawn from between the back guide threads
in the interval between the racking of No. 1 and of No. 2. And note. -In the
double-tier machinery, which is worked according to the foregoing description,
the taking up camms or wheels must be turned once round for four turns of
the main driving camms, that is, in the time whilst a row of complete meshes
of net are making the same, as before stated respecting the racking wheels;
wherefore, if the machine is of the kind represented in Sheets VI. and and VII.,
the toothed pinion on the main axis Y of the driving camms having fifteen teeth,
the taking up cog wheel Q on the axis P of the taking up camms must have
sixty teeth.
Secondly, respecting single-tier Lever's machinery for producing spotted net,
which is made with linked couplings.
Another part of my said improvements relates to that kind of machinery
for making bobbin net lace, which is commonly called Lever's machinery, the
improvement being for the purpose of producing net or lace made with linked
couplings of the kind already described, the same being ornamented with small
opake spots, dispersed at intervals over the plain net which forms the trans
parent ground of ornamented net or lace. Each of the said spots is formed
by unusual repetitions of the aforesaid linked couplings following one after
another in close succession, so as be in contact, one such linked coupling with
the next, in order to fill up and occupy all the space or interval which in
usual course is left vacant between those linked couplings, which are in their
usual places, as part of the network for each hexagonal mesh is bounded by
its uppermost side by one linked coupling of certain pairs of threads, and is
bounded at the lowermost side by another such linked coupling of the same
pairs of threads; and if the interval between those linked couplings is fitted
up by a succession of similar linked couplings formed by the same pairs of
threads, and following so closely one after another. as to be in contact, they
will convert the mesh into an opake spot; or if a spot is required of greater

page_text: length than would so fill up one mesh, other such links may be made above
and below those links, before mentioned, by which their mesh is bounded, in
augmentation of those by which the mesh is filled up.
Sheet III. of the Drawings hereunto annexed contains an enlarged repre-
sentation of the meshes of the net, including two such spots, the different
threads being distinguished by different colours; their courses may be traced.
The same thread, which in ordinary course of making plain net proceeds
towards the right hand to make those looped links which are for uniting the
twists in order to form meshes, also forms the spots by repetition of such loops,
as already explained; but in order to form a neat spot, the said thread is given
out in greater length than usual, so that the looped links which are made by
it in formation of a spot will extend across the width of the mesh, instead of
extending only half across the same, as is the case when such thread makes its
looped links for forming meshes of plain net; and also to give more substance
to the spot, the thread by which it is formed may be of double the usual thick-
ness, or two threads may be put together like one; the spots represented in the
Figure are so formed of double thread. Those double threads pass down the
twists which form the left-hand side of the meshes which intervene between
succeeding spots, and also they pass along the looped link of those intervening
meshes, whereby the double threads augment the thickness of those twists
and the looped links, but not so much as to be very apparent to the eye.
It may also be observed in the Figure that those looped links marked 9, which
form meshes on the left-hand side of each of the spots, also have a greater
length than usual given out to that thread which proceeds towards the
right hand to make each such loop 9, so that said looping thread extends
all across the mesh opposite to the middle of the spot, instead of extending
only half across the same, this is done in order to avoid distorting the spot.
The texture of the spotted ornamented net or lace being understood, the
manner of altering a common Lever's machine, so as to make such net and
spots, according to this part of my improvements, is as follows:-A full size
section of the operative parts of a Lever's machine is represented in Sheet III.,
and a corresponding section of the whole machine in Sheet IV., together with
an elevation of a portion of the back of the machine. The front comb bar
does not require to be racked, therefore it is made fast, and no racking wheel
is provided for it. There are two guide bars t, t, introduced, instead of one, as
usual in Lever's machinery, and the guides are placed on those two bars t, t,
ten per inch in each row, back and front, for a ten-point gage machine, the
same as is usual in double-tier machinery, except that the guides of the back
'row are interspaced to those of the front row, so as to shew twenty guide

page_text: threads per inch to the eye in front, suitably to the carriages, which are twenty
per finch, as usual in Lever's machinery. The ordinary racking wheels on the
upright axis at the right-hand end of the machine are removed, and another
set of larger size substituted, with a ratchet wheel of twenty-four teeth on the
same axis to turn them, by action of the usual chopper and driver, one tooth
every time that the landing bars and catch bars are extended; the proper forms
for the steps of all the several racking wheels are represented in Sheet III.
The usual catch bar wheels are removed, and others, shewn in Sheet III., are
substituted, with ratchet wheels of eight teeth, the catch bar wheels being cut
into an uniform succession of alternate rises and falls. The pusher bars and
the front pusher bar wheel are altogether removed. The usual ratchet wheel
and locking wheel, for actuating the back stop U, is removed, and another
substituted of large size on a horizontal axis 42, which extends behind the back
of the machine along all its length, being supported in bearings which project
out backwards from the fixed framing. The ratchet wheel 39, on the back
axis 42, has thirty-six teeth, and is turned a tooth at a time by a driver 49,
jointed to a short arm 50, of the back axis T of the usual drawing tackle
levers. The driver 49 turns the ratchet wheel 39 one tooth every time that
the landing bars are extended from the warp threads, the motions being nearly
coincident with those given to the ordinary racking wheels by their chopper, and
also two long drivers 43 and 44 are provided for acting in the teeth of the
ratchet wheel 39, to turn the same one tooth every time that either of the
point bars got nearly up in the act of taking up; these long drivers are
the substitutes for the usual nudging drivers. One of them 43, is jointed to a
short arm 45, projecting out backwards from the upper spindle bar F, for the
front point bar, and the other long driver 44 is jointed to a like arm 47 of
the lower spindle bar G for the back point bar, whenever either of the point bars
is put down, the long driver 43 or 44, which belongs to that point bar, takes a
tooth of the ratchet wheel 39, and when the same point bar goes up again, in
order to take up the threads, then the driver 43 or 44, belonging to that point
bar, will turn the ratchet wheel 39 one tooth. The locking wheel 56, for
nctuating the back stop U, is formed as shewn in Sheet III. The back stop U,
when it catches the prong z of the back landing bar, detains the bars quite
closed together, as shewn in the section, Sheet III., and not at dividing distance,
as usual in Lever's machinery. Those warp threads which are accumulated
into repeated looped links, to form the spots by repetition of linking, as before
explained, and which may be called spotting threads, are supplied from a
separate thread roller of their own in the section, Sheet IV., so as to be marked
20, distinct from the usual main warp roller which supplies warp threads to

page_text: the two rows of main guides, and in like manner those threads which, as before
mentioned, form the looped links at 9 in the Figure of the net, Sheet III.,
opposite to the middle of each spot, are supplied from another separate thread
roller 32 of their own, because the said threads require to be given off in
greater length than the ordinary warp threads which are not concerned in the
formation of spots, the last-mentioned threads, which are supplied from the
thread roller 32, are threaded into one of the back guides opposite to every
place in their row where a spot is to be made in the width of the net, but the
spotting threads which are supplied from the roller 20 are threaded into a
row of extra guides 25, which I call spotting guides, because they guide the
spotting threads. The spotting guides 25 are fixed on an extra guide bar 1,
with one such guide 25 thereon opposite to every place where a spot is to be
made in the width of the net, and there is a vacancy of one front guide cut out
from the row of front guides at every such place, which vacancies the spotting
guides 25 fill up, so that the front guides, together with the spotting guides 25,
form a complete row of front guide threads, and the back row is a complete
unbroken row of guide threads. The spotting guide bar 1 is racked by a
racking wheel 40 of its own, which is fixed on the same axis as the other
racking wheels, sec Sheet III. And in order that the threads which are sup-
plied from the thread rollers 20 and 32 may be given off, when required for
the formation of spots, the threads from those rollers, before going up to the
eyes of the guides, are passed around two giving off rollers 28, 33, each thread
making a complete turn around the roller, which may be covered with woollen
cloth to cause adhesion of the threads, and therefore the said rollers 28, 33,
being turned round, will pull off thread from the rellers 20, 32, and give the
same to the guides. The rollers 28, 33, are turned round, when required,
during the making of spots by means of two notched wheels which are fixed
on the back axis 42; one of them, which is for actuating the roller 83, is shewn
in the back elevation, Sheet IV., and is marked 38, the other such notched
wheel, for actuating the roller 28 for the spotting threads, is represented in the
section Sheet IV., and the proper forms for the notches of both wheels are shewn
at 30 and 38, in Sheet III. The notched wheel 30 operates by intervention of
an elbow lever 26, which is mounted on a fixed centre, and a tooth at the upper
end of one arm of the elbow lever 26 applies to the notches around the
circumference of the notched wheel 30. A cord 74 is tied to the extremity of
the horizontal arm of the elbow lever' 26, and goes up to make two or three
tarns around a groove at one end of the roller 28, and a weight 21 is tied to
the end of the cord 74 to draw it tight, and the weight 21 tends to turn the
roller 28 in that direction which will pull the threads tight; when the notched

page_text: wheel 30 presents a notch to the tooth of the elbow lever 26 it allows the
weight 21 to descend, but that it does by causing the cord 74 to slip around
the roller 28 without producing any effect on the spotting threads, except
to extend them with their proper tension, but no more; and when the notched
wheel 30 presents a prominence to the tooth of the lever 26, then it pulls
down the cord 74, and turns the roller 28, so as to draw off thread from the
roller 20, for the supply of the spots which are making. This action takes
place at the moment when the points are going up and are carrying up
one set of those linked loops whereof spots are to be formed, because the
notched wheels 30 and 38 will then be turned by the ratchet wheel 39 of the
back axis 42 being acted upon by one or other of the long drivers 43 or 44
belonging to that point bar which is then in action, wherefore the threads which
are concerned in making spots will be given off at the precise moment when
they are wanted for that purpose, but at no other time. Nevertheless, the said
threads are always capable of being pulled off from their rollers 20, 32, in
common with the other guide threads for making plain net. The thread
rollers 20 and 32 are each provided with a friction cord and weight 23, 72,
to retard them in the usual manner of extra thread rollers. And note.-The
weights 21, 71, belonging to the giving off rollers 28 and 33, also tend to
retard the threads from pulling off the rollers 20, 32, when they are to be
worked in common with the other guide threads which are supplied by the
main warp roller for making the plain net, for then the giving off rollers
are not turned in manner aforesaid, which is only done when spots are
in progress of formation, wherefore the weights 23 of the thread roller 20,
and the weight 21 of the giving off roller 28, must be regulated so that
the two weights together will occasion the same tension of the spotting
threads in pulling off as is occasioned on the other guide threads by the
weighting of the main warp roller from which they are supplied, and the
same of back threads which are supplied from the back rollers 32, 33, their
weights 71, 72, must be suitably regulated, as aforesaid. The back giving off
roller 33 is turned, when required, by means of a weight 71 and cord 76, from
an elbow lover 75, which is actuated by its notched wheel 38 on the axis 42,
in giving off back guide their action threads being the same as before described,
except that it is less frequently repeated, being only performed once in a
revolution of the back axis 42, whereas the giving off of spotting threads by
their notched wheel 30 and giving off roller 28 is repeated five times in that
period. The points are suspended as usual in Lever's machinery, but their
pointed pins are double the usual number, being twenty per inch in each row,
back and front, for a ten-point gage machine. A lead of points are represented
B 2

page_text: separately in Sheet III. The pointed pins of one row are spaced to come exactly
above or beneath the pointed pins of the other row, and hence the two rows of
points cannot rise up one into the other, to stop at one common levels for both
rows, as is the most usual mode of taking up in Lever's machines, but the
ascent of one row of points must always be stopped a little below the other row
in two levels, to each of which levels each row must be raised up in its turn,
the points which took up last always stopping at the lowermost of the two
levels until the other row which occupies (for the time) the highest level is
withdrawn from the meshes of the net, and the instant that they quit the net
the other row of points raised from the lowest to the highest level. This is a
common mode of stopping the ascent of the point bars in other bobbin net
machines, and may be done by means of prongs called horns, fixed to each
point bar at each end thereof, to project out from each bar towards the other
bar, the prongs ranging evenly with the rows of points to which they belong
respectively, and the prongs of the opposite bars overlapping each other, they
guard the points from touching each other; or a better mode of effecting the
same object is represented in the section, Sheet IV, by applying a horizontal
sliding bolt 30, in a socket fixed across the back standard D, in such a position
that either of its ends being protruded out of the socket will come in the way
of pieces 29, fixed to each of the tail pole levers ror s, in order to form
temporary stops to the descent of those levers when the points to which they
belong have been raised up to the lowest of the aforesaid two levels, first one
point bar and then the other being stopped in that manner, first by one, end
and then by the other end of the bolt 30, which is moved endways for that
purpose, so as to protrude out one or other of its ends from its sockets, which
is done by means of a lever 35, and pieces 36 affixed to each of the tail pole
levers r and s, the points being applied in this manner will require to be with-
drawn with a horizontal motion from the meshes of the net without descending
at all in withdrawing. The mode of doing this, in the most improved kind of
Lever's machines, is by upright lifting links P, Q, Sheet IV., at the back of the
machine, which are jointed at their lowest ends to the binder ends of treadle
levers e, e, which are both poised on one fixed centre pin, and their foremost
ends are connected by links to the two treadles. The upper ends of the lifting
links P, Q, are connected to the tail pole levers r, s, by joint pins fixed into
those levers, and passing through oblique slots in the upper ends of the lifting
links P, Q, in order that the commencement of the rising motion of the lifting
links P, Q, may not be communicated to the tail pole levers r, s, to cause the
point bars to descend, but nevertheless that commencement of the motion is
caused to withdraw the points from the meshes of the net, by action of

page_text: catches n, n, or levers k and L, which levers are connected, by suitable links
U, E, and a lever arm L, with the respective point bars, in a suitable manner
for withdrawing the points before they begin to descend. The ordinary caster
backs for the point bars, which are as usual in Lever's machinery, act to keep
the point from returning into the net after they have been withdrawn by the
aforesaid means, and also to keep them withdrawn all the time they are
descending, and until they are got quite down, and then the caster back allows
the points to drop in, and making their insertion amongst the threads, leaving
them so inserted all the time they are rising up for taking up, and when
the points get nearly up, then, by one or other of the long drivers 43, 44, the
back axis is turned one tooth, and the locking wheel 56 releases the back
stop U, as usual in Lever's machinery. Note.-The operation of the afore-
said moveable stop bolt 30, for the point bars, and of the catches n, n, and
levers k, L, 1, by which the points are withdrawn before they begin to descend,
will be herein-after more completely explained, and will also be resumed in the
description of another Lever's machine, which is represented in Sheets VIII.
and IX. of the Drawings hereunto annexed, and therefore it is not necessary to
enter into further details at present, and the said mechanism is now frequently
used in Lever's machinery, and is no part of my improvements.
And for explaining the mode of working the aforesaid machine according
to my said improvements, suppose the machine to have been brought into
regular work, and having already some lace net made with linked couplings,
and ornamented with spots wound up around its lace roller.
I will commence
the explanation at that period when the carriages are all in their central
position, and interspaced. amongst the guide threads, as shewn in Sheet III.,
having come recently from the front combs in their way to the back combs.
The back catch bar is down in the back notches of the carriages, but the front
catch bar is lifted up out of action. The back points took up last, and are
interspaced with the front ones, and a little below them the several racking
wheels are now standing, with their bolts No. 24 and the locking wheel 56 the
same. The front main guide bar stands in in a middle position, from which it
is capable of moving one space to the right or one space to the left, each space
being one-twentieth of an inch for a ten-point gage. The back main guide
bar also stands in a middle position, from which it can move one space to the
right or one space to the left. Note. The two main guide bars stand with
the guides in the front row interspaced to those in the back row. The spotting
guide bar 1, which is in front with spotting guides 25, for guiding those warp
threads which are to be slackened and gathered up for making spots, now
stands in a middle position, and so that its guides 25 stand correctly spaced to

page_text: fill up the vacancies. In the row of front main guides there is one such
vacancy, and spotting guide 25, opposite to every place where a spot is to be
made in the width of the net. The spotting guide bar 1 is capable of moving
one space to the right and one to the left from its present position, and during
the making of plain net the said extra or spotting guide bar 1 will participate
equally in all the motions of the front main guide bar, wherefore the main
front guide bar, together with its stopping guide bar, will perform the same
during the making of plain net, as if all the front warp threads were guided by
the main guide bar without vacancies in the row of front guides. The back
stop U has been just disengaged from the prong of the back landing bar,
when the back points went up, leaving the bars at liberty to be extended.
This position of the parts being understood, the mode of working is as
follows: Extend the bars by raising the handles to take the carriages
through backwards between the warp threads into the back combs, and the
ordinary chopper lever and driver turns the twenty-four toothed ratchet wheel
of the racking wheels at the right-hand end of the machine, from No. 24 to
No. 1, and at the same time the driver 49 turns the thirty-six toothed ratchet
wheel 39, on the back axis 42, one tooth, and thereby the locking wheel 56
lets loose the back stop U, ready for catching next time, and No. 1 racks the
front guides, together with the spotting guides, one space to the left, and racks
the back guides the same. Then close the bars by putting down the handles
to bring the carriages down to their central position; the front catch bar is let
fall, and the back one is raised. Also the back stop U catches the prong z of
landing bars, to keep them quite closed until after the first points have
taken up. Take up with the front points by pressing the right treadle, but
no linked couplings will be taken up this time. The right treadle, by its
link and treadle lever e at the back, lifts the upright link p, but as the same
rises it does not act at first to raise the tail pole lever r of the front points,
because of the oblique slots at the upper end of the upright link p, but the
catch n, which is jointed to the upright lifting link p acts beneath the hind-
most end of the lever k, and by the upright link E and lever arm / withdraws
the front points from the meshes of the net, and the catch n slips back from
under the end of the lever k by the time that the bottom of the oblique slot
of the link p begins to act on the joint pin in the tail pole
to begin raising the same and lowering down the
action of the front caster back keeps the points
and also when they drop in amongst the threads.
lever went upwards, its piece 36 acted laterally against one of the branches
at the upper end of the lever 35, so as to move the stop bolt 30 endways in
front points.
withdrawn as
lever r, so as
The ordinary
they descend
And note.-As the tail pole

page_text: its socket, in order to withdraw its end from supporting the piece 29 of the
tail pole lever r of the back points, which had been resting on the protruded
end of the bolt 30 since they took up last, but that protrusion being withdrawn,
the tail pole lever r then settles down to its stop screw x, and raises up the
back points to the highest of the two levels for the points immediately after
the first points were withdrawn. Also the same motion of the bolt 30, which
withdrew it from limiting the ascent of the back points, as aforesaid, places
the other end of it in a suitable situation for limiting the ascent of the front
points to the lowest of the two levels for the points by its piece 29 stopping
on the protruded end of the bolt 30. As the front points are going up again
for taking up, their long driver 43, which is jointed to a short arm 45 of their
spindle bar F, turns the thirty-six toothed ratchet wheel 39 of the back axis 42
one tooth, and thereby the notched locking wheel 56 disengages the back
stop U, so as to leave the landing bars at liberty to be extended from each
other, in order to draw the carriages into the front combs clear of the warp
threads. Extend the bars to bring the carriages through forwards between
the warp threads into the front combs, and rack No. 2, which racks the front
main guides, together with their spotting guides 25 two spaces to the right,
and the back main guides one space to the right. This brings the front
guides exactly before the back guides, and consequently the coupling threads
in the front guides are prepared to have the coupling threads in the row of the
bobbins linked or looped around them at the next succeeding time of putting
the carriages through backward between the two rows of guide threads which
is done next, thus:-Close the bars to put the carriages backwards between
the guide threads into their central position; the back catch bar is let fall,
and the front one raised. Extend the bars to take all the carriages through
backwards between the warp threads into the back combs, and rack No. 3,
which racks the front main guides, together with their spotting guides 25,
two spaces to the left, and racks the back main guides one space to the left;
this racking restores the main guides to their mutually interspaced position;
the same racking of No. 3 lets loose the back stop U, ready for catching next
time, and likewise, by the notched wheel 30, lets down the weight 21 so that
it pulls the cord 74 round the groove of the roller 28, that it may be prepared
for turning that roller round a little in order to give off and slacken the
spotting threads which are threaded through the spotting guides 25 on the
spotting bar 1, when the back point bar takes up next time. Close the bars
to bring the carriages down into their central position, the front catch bar is
let fall, and the back one is raised; the back stop U catches. Take up with
the back points by pressing the left treadle; they perform as before described

page_text: respecting the front points as they go up. The back stop U is released, and
a prominence of the wheel 30 presenting itself to the lever 26, pulls the
cord 74 and weight 21, and turns the giving off roller 28, for giving off and
slackening the spotting threads which go up through the spotting guides 25,
as much as the points require to gather up for forming the front loop of the
spot. Extend the bars to bring the carriage through forwards, and rack No. 4,
which racks the front main guides one space to the right, and racks the back
guides the same, and rack the spotting guides 25 two spaces to the right.
Note. These last guides will now form the second loop for the spots. Close
the bars; the back catch bar is let fall, and the front one is raised. Extend
the bars to take the carriages through backwards, and rack No. 5, which racks
the front main guides one space to the left, and racks the back guides the
same, and racks the spotting guides 25 two spaces to the left; also, No. 5
lets loose the back stop U, and the wheel 30 again allows the cord 74 to
lower its weight 21 and slip over the roller 28 without turning it. Close the
bars; the front catch bar is let fall, and the back one is raised, and the back
stop U catches. Take up with the front points for the second time in making
the spot. But note.-In the plain net at the side of the spot no links are taken
up. The back stop is released, also the wheel 30 again turns the reller 28
a little, in order to give off thread for forming the second loop of the spot as
the front points go up. Extend the bars to bring the carriages through
forwards, and rack No. 6, which racks the front main guides one space to the
right, and racks the back main guides two spaces to the right, and racks the
spotting guides 25 two spaces to the right. Note.--These latter will now form
their third links in the row of spots. Close the bars; the back catch bar is
It fall, and the front one is raised. Extend the bars to put the carriages
through backwards, and rack No. 7, which racks the front main guides one
space to the left, and racks the back main guides two spaces to the left, and
racks the spotting guides 25 two spaces to the left; also, the wheel 30 again
allows the cord 74 to slip over the roller 28 without turning it, and likewise the
notched wheel 38 now allows the weight 71 to pull the cord 76 round the groove
of the giving off roller 33 without turning it. Note. -This is in preparation for
turning that roller, in order to slacken those warp threads which are to loop into
the bobbin threads which are now forming the left-hand pillars of the several
spots, so that the said bobbin threads may not, by being pulled out of their places,
open the spot in the middle of the said loops, are marked 9 in the Drawing of
the net, Shect III. Also, at the same time the back stop U is let loose ready for
catching. Close the bars; the front catch bar is let fall, and the back one is
raised; the back stop U catches. Take up with the back points for the third

page_text: time in making spots, and as they go up, the wheel 30 again turns the roller
28 for the third time in making this row of spets, and also the wheel 38 turns
the giving off roller 33 a little for the only time in this row of spots. And
note. The back points also take up links of the plain net this time; also the
back stop is released. Extend the bars to bring the carriages through
forwards, and rack No. 8, which racks the front and back main guides each
one space to the right, and racks the spotting guides 25 two spaces to the
right, to form the fourth link of the spot. Close the bars; the back catch bar
is let fall, and the front one is raised. And note.-A row of complete meshes
of plain net have now been made at the side of the row of spots, and the main
guides will begin to repeat the same racking motions that they have made
from No. 1 to No. 8 in racking No. 9 to No. 16, and then repeating the same
over and again at No. 17 to No. 24; and then again from No. 9 to No. 24,
and the spotting guides 25 will accompany the main front guides in all their
racking motions. Extend the bars to take the carriages through backwards,
and rack No. 9, which racks the main front and back guides each one
space to the left, and racks the spotting guides 25 two spaces to the left; also
the wheel 30 again allows the cord 74 to slip over without turning the roller
28. The back stop is let loose ready for catching. Close the bars; the front
catch bar is let fall, and the back one is raised; the back stop U catches. Take
up with the front points for the fourth time of taking up in making this row
of spots as they go up, the wheel 30 turns the roller 28, in order to give off
thread for the fourth loop of the spot; also the back stop is released. Extend
the bars to bring the carriages through forwards, and rack No. 10, which racks
the front main guides two spaces to the right, whereby they form links in the
plain part of the net, and racks the spotting guides 25 the same, in order to
form another link of the spot, and racks the back main guides one space
to the right. Close the bars; the back catch bar is let fall, and the front one is
raised. Extend the bars to take the carriages through backwards, and rack
No. 11, which racks the front main guides two spaces to the left, and racks
the spotting guides 25 the same, and racks the back main guides one space to
the left. The wheel 30 allows the cord 74 to slip over the roller 28 for the
fifth and last time in making this row of spots; also the back stop is let loose
ready for catching. Close the bars; the front catch bar is let fall, and the back
one is raised; the back stop U catches. Take up with the back points for the
fifth and last time in this row of spots; the wheel 30 turns the roller 28 for the
fifth and last time in this row of spots. And note.-The points here take up
links in the plain net also, and the back stop is released.
bring the carriages through forwards, and rack No. 12,
Extend the bars to
which racks all the

page_text: guide bars one space to the right. Close the bars; the back catch bar is lot fail,
and the front one is raised. Extend the bars to take the carriages through
backwards, and rack No. 13, which racks all the three rows of guides one to
the left; also the back stop U is let loose ready for catching. Close the bars;
the front catch bar is let fall, and the back one is raised; also the back stop
catches. Take up with the front points, but no loops are taken up this
motion, which is merely performed for regularity of taking up; the back stop is
released. Extend the bars to bring the carriages through forwards, and rack
No. 14, which racks the front main guides and the spotting guides each one
space to the right, and racks the back guides two spaces to the right, whereby
they form loops in the plain net. Close the bars; the back catch bar is let fall,
and the front one is raised. Extend the bars to take the carriages through
backwards, and rack No. 15, which racks the front main guides and the
spotting guides one space to the left, and racks the back main guides two
spaces to the left; also the back stop U is let loose ready for catching. Close
the bars; the front catch bar is let fall, and the back one is raised; also the
back stop catches. Take up with the back points for taking up links formed by
the back guides, and the back stop is released. Extend the bars to bring all
the carriages through forwards, and rack No. 16, which racks all the three
rows of guide bars one space to the right.. Close the bars; the back catch bar
is let fall, and the front one is raised. Note.-Two rows of complete meshes of
net have been formed, together with a row of spots, included in the meshes.
Extend the bars to take the carriages through backwards, and rack No. 17,
which racks all the three rows of guides one space to the left, and the back
stop is let loose. Close the bars; the front catch bar is let fall, and the back
one is raised; also the back stop catches. Take up with the front points, but no
links are taken up, and the back stop is released. Extend the bars to bring
all the carriages through forwards, and rack No. 18, which racks the front
main guides and the spotting guides two spaces to the right to form a row of
links, and racks the back main guides one space to the right. Close the bars;
the back catch bar falls, and the front one is raised. Extend the bars to take
the carriages through backwards, and rack No. 19, which racks the front
main guides and the spotting guides two spaces to the left, and racks the back
main guides one space to the left; the back stop is let loose ready for
catching. Close the bars; the front catch bar is let fall, and the back one is
raised, and the back stop catches. Take up with the back points, they will take
the links formed by the front guide threads, and the back stop is released.
Extend the bars to bring the carriages through forwards, and rack No. 20,
which racks all the three rows of guides one space to the right. Close the

page_text: bars; the back catch bar is let fall, and the front one is ruised.
Extend the
bars to take the carriages through backwards, and rack No. 21, which racks all
the three rows of guides one space to the left; the back stop is let loose ready
for catching. Close the bars; the front catch bar is let fall, and the back one is
raised; the back stop catches take up with the front points, but no links
are taken up this time, and the back stop is released. Extend the bars
to bring the carriages through forwards, and rack No. 22, which racks
the front main guides and the spotting guides each one space to the right,
and racks the back main guides two spaces to the right, in order to form a
row of liuks. Close the bars; the back catch bar is let fall, and the front one
is raised. Extend the bars to take the carriages through backwards, and rack
No. 23, which racks the front main guides and the spotting guides one space
to the left, and racks the back main guides two space to the left; the back stop
is let loose ready for catching. Close the bars; the front catch bar is let fall,
and the back one is raised; also the back stop catches. Take up with the back
points, they will take the links just formed by the back guides, and the back
stop is released. Extend the bars to bring the carriages through forwards, and
rack No. 24, which racks all the three rows of guides one space to the right.
Close the bars; the back catch bar is let fall, and the front one is raised. And
stop now all the parts have regained the same positions which they occupied at
the commencement of this description, during which three rows of complete
meshes of net have been formed, together with a row of spots, included in the
first row of meshes, as is represented in the Figure of the net in Sheet III.
The continuance of the operation of the machine is a perpetual repetition of
the foregoing description. But note.-The spots made by that means will be
formed in straight longitudinal rows along the length of tho piece of net, the
spots made at every succeeding time being exactly at the same places in their
row across the width of the net; and in case it is required to distribute the
spots according to what is called a chequered pattern, wherein the spots
which are made at each time are interspaced as to their places in their rows
across the width of the net, between the places of those spots which were made
at the preceding time; then, in such case, an additional spotting bar must be
provided, similar to the bar 1 in Sheets III. and IV., and every other alternate
spotting guide 25 must be fixed on that additional spotting bar, leaving the
intermediate spotting guides upon the bar 1, as already described; the said
additional spotting guide bar having a racking wheel provided for it on the
same axis as the other racking wheels; and all those racking wheels should
be twice as large as is represented in Sheet III., and must have forty-eight
racking steps formed around their circumferences, instead of twenty-four

page_text: steps, as herein-before described; and the ratchet wheel by which they
are turned round, by action of the usual chopper and driver, should
also have forty-eight teeth, instead of twenty-four teeth, so that the said
racking wheels will only go cnce round during two succeeding repeti.itions
of the foregoing description. The said large racking wheels, for racking
the two main guide bars t, t, will have the complete repetitions of the
steps berein-before described, and represented in Sheet III., arranged around
their circumferences, each repetition occupying half the large circumference
instead of the whole circumference, as represented in Sheet III.; and the
two racking wheels for racking the two spotting guide bars will cach have
the same series of steps as is represented around the whole circumference of
the wheel 40, Sleet III., arranged around half the large circumference. The
other half of each of the said large circumferences being formed into steps
corresponding exactly with those represented in Sheet III., around the whole
circumference of the racking wheel for the front guide bar; the effect
produced by the said arrangements being that during one repetition of the
foregoing description, the spotting bar 1 will be racked, as herein-before
described, and will form spots at certain places in the width of the net, whilst
the additional spotting bar before mentioned will be racked coincidently with
the front guide bar, and will not form any spots at all, and then, at the next
succeeding repetition of the foregoing description, the said additional spotting
bar will be racked with all those racking motions which the spotting bar 1 is
herein-before stated to be racked with, whereby it will form spots at inter-
mediate places in the width of the net to the places where the preceding
spots were made, whilst the spotting bar 1 will be racked coincidently with
the front guide bar, and will not form any spots at all. The two main guide
bars will be racked with all the same motions as herein-before described, at
every succeeding repetition of the said operation; and also in so making spots
according to a chequered pattern, an additional thread roller must be provided,
for spotting threads like that marked 20, with another giving off roller like
28, having a cord like 74, weight like 21, and elbow lever like 26, to turn
the said roller like 28, by operation of steps around an additional notched
wheel like 30, which must be fixed on the back axis 42; likewise an additional
thread roller, like 32, must be provided, with its giving off roller like 33, having
another cord, weight, elbow lever, and a notched wheel like 38, on the back
axis 42; and also the ratchet wheel 39, on the back axis 42, must have
seventy-two teeth, instead of thirty-two teeth. The thread rollers 20 and 32
must supply threads to the spotting guides 25 on the bar 1, and to those
back guides which stand opposite to the said spotting guides. The additional

page_text: thread rollers supplying threads to the spotting guides on the additional
spotting, and to those back guides which stand opposite to the said spotting
guides; and, lastly, the notched wheels 30 and 38, on the back axis 42, and
the two additional notched wheels which are like them, must be adapted to
actuate the two giving off rollers 28 and 33 in the manner stated in the fore-
going description during one repetition thereof, without acting at all upon the
two additional giving off rollers before mentioned, and then, at the next
succeeding repetition of the foregoing description to actuate the said two
additional giving off rollers in the manner stated therein, without acting at all
upon the two giving off rollers 28 and 33. The locking wheel 56 on the
back axis must be adap'ed to actuate the back stop U in the manner stated in
the foregoing description at every succeeding repetition thereof.
Thirdly, respecting double tier circular comb machinery, for producing
spotted net which is made with linked couplings.
Another part of my said improvements relates to that kind of machinery,
for making bobbin net lace, which is commonly called double tier circular
bolt or circular comb machinery, the improvements being for the purpose of
producing net or lace made with linked couplings, and which is ornamented
with spots, the same as the spotted ornamented net already described to be
made by the Lever's single tier machinery, Sheets III. and IV.; and this part
of my.improvements now about to he described only differs from that before
described in the circumstance of being carried into effect upon double tier
machinery instead of upon single tier machinery.
Sheets V., VI., and VII. of the Drawings hereunto annexed represent a
double tier circular comb machine, with driving bars and single-bladed lockers
to move the carriages in the combs, and with what is called rotary mechanism,
for producing all the requisite movements of all the various parts, by giving
a continuous rotary motion to one turning axis T, with a double handle Z, Z,
which the workman turns round by both hands with a continuous rotary
motion, and by means of a spur wheel K on the axis T of the handles Z, Z,
acting with an intermediate wheel J, and that actuating another spur wheel
N on the long horizontal axis Y, the same is turned continually round; M is
the main driving camm, fixed on the axis Y, and operating against a truck
at the lower end of a driving lever arm k, which descends from the back
axis O of the driving lever h, h, whereof the upper ends are connected by half-
jack links i, i, with joints at the lower end of the pendulous jack W, W, to
which the driving bars II, I, are suspended, and which are by this means
caused to vibrate alternately backwards and forwards about their pins. The
form of the camm M is adapted to produce a slight pause in the swinging

page_text: motion at each extremity and in. the midway of the vibration, in order to
give time for the lockers F, F, to turn up their blades, so as to act against
the teeth of the carriages, and withdraw the same from between the warp
threads into the combs, to leave tho threads at liberty for being racked. The
lockers F, F, are actuated by locking camms R and r, on the axis Y. The
locking camm R acts on the back locker by a horizontal cross lever m, which
is beneath it, and a link f, which goes up at the back of the machine, and
the locking cam r act on the front locker F, by a like lever p, beneath it, and
an upright link j in front. The requisite racking motion of the two guide
bars t, t, are communicated by suitable racking wheels d and e, fixed on the
upright axis L, at the right-hand end of the machine, and which axis is turned
round by means of a bevil wheel y, on the lower end of it, with a corresponding
pinion of one-eighth the size and number of teeth, fixed on the extreme end
of the axis y. The point bars E and G are actuated by four camms, whereof
two v, w, are fixed on the upper end of the upright axis L, and they operate
to withdraw the points from the meshes of the net, in preparation for taking
up with them; the camm v operating to withdraw the back points, and
the other camm w operating to withdraw the front points in their turn as
the prominent parts of the two camms go round; the other two taking-up
camms U, V, are fixed upon the end of a horizontal axis P, which is turned
round by means of a spur cog wheel Q, fixed upon it, and turned by a spur
pinion of half its size and number of teeth, fixed upon the axis Y of the main
driving camm M. The cam U acts by a lever u and upright link z, to lower
the front point bar E, after its points have been withdrawn from the meshes
of the net, by action of the withdrawing camm w, and that camm allows
them to be reinserted amongst the threads by force of suitable springs when
they are down; and after such reinsertion the camm U raises up the front
point bar E, for taking up the twists and crosses of the threads by its points;
the other camm V acts in like manner, and by a corresponding lever and
upright link for lowering and raising the back point bar G, when it is required
to operate in its turn. The point bars are racked endways, whilst they are
in the act of taking up, by fixed conducting plates at the ends of each bar,
in order, by indentatious on the faces of those plates, to direct the points so as
to make their insertions properly amongst the threads; the point bars are
drawn endways by suitable springs in the direction towards their said fixed
conducting plates, in order that they may be directed thereby in going up
and down. The winding-up motion of the lace roller is derived from a camm
wheel, with an indented rim, fixed on the upper end of the upright axis L
of the racking wheels, and ceting by its indentations on one end of a lever 1,

page_text: which is poised on a fixed centre pin, and has a driver o jointed to the opposite
end of it, to act in the tooth of a ratchet wheel q, so as to turn the same
round a tooth at a time; and an endless worn, which is formed on the axis
of that ratchet wheel, turns a worm wheel on the end of the axis of the laco
roller, in order to wind up the lace as fast as it is made. All the said parts
being in commen use in such machines for making bobbin net lace, require
no further explanation, the only alteration from the common construction
being in the racking wheels on the upright axis L, which only go once round,
whilst the main driving camm M goes round eight times, (instead of three
times, as is usual,) and also the taking-up cammis U, V, which go once round,
whilst the main driving camm M goes round twice, (instead of three times,
as is usual,) and also the front comb bar is made fast, instead of having a
racking wheel to give it racking motions, as usual. To prepare such a
machine for spotted net of the texture represented in Sheet V., according to
this part of my improvements, one guide must be cut out of the row of front
guides opposite to every place in the width of the net where a spot is intended
to be made therein, and the vacancies so occasioned must be filled up with
extra guides 25, which I call spotting guides, which are fixed on an extra
guide bar cr. spotting bar 1, which is racked by a racking wheel 40 on the
upright axis L. The threads for such spotting guides, being those which are
to form the spots by a repetition of linking, are called spotting threads, and
are supplied from a separate spotting thread roller 20, distinct from the usual
warp roller which supplies warp threads to the two rows of main guides. The
spotting threads being in their tura threads of the net work which intervenes
between succceding spots, must be kept to the same tension as the other warp
threads, suitably for forming meshes of net; but when they are to make spots,
the spotting threads must be slackened and given off, so that they will be more
casily taken up and accumulated into spots. For this purpose the spotting
threads are passed around a giving off roller 28, which may be covered with
woollen cloth to cause the threads to adhere to its surface, so that the
reller 28, being turned round, will pull off and unwind the threads from the
spotting roller 20. A cord is passed around the grove at the extremity of
the giving-off roller 28, and has a weight 21 suspended from the end of it,
which weight tends to draw the spotting threads downwards. The other end
of the same cord is fastened to the end of an elbow lever 26, which is
mounted on an upright centre pin held by a bracket fixed to the frame, and
the other end of the lever 26 applies with a toothed beak to the circumference
cf a large notched wheel 30, which is fixed on the upright axis L of the
racking wheels, and when a notch in that circumference presents itself to the

page_text: beak of the lever 26, it lets the cord go a little, and the cord slips round
the groove of the roller 28, so as to let the weight 21 down, but that produces
no effect on the spotting threads, except to pull tight to their proper tension,
being only a preparation for giving off thread, which is done when the points
are in the act of taking up, for then a prominence of the notched wheel 30
comes round to the beak of the of the lever 26, and that pulls the cord so as
to raise up the weight 21 a little, whereby the giving-off roller 28 is turned
round a little, and suitable quantities of the spotting threads are given off for
the points to gather up in part of the formation of spots. When the giving-off
roller 28 is thus turned round, it pulls off and unwinds the spotting threads
from their roller 20, which has a friction cord and weight 23 applied to it in
the usual manner of extra thread rollers, to give due tension to the spotting
threads. And note. As both the weights 21 and 23 concur in retarding the
pulling off of the spotting threads when they are to make plain net, their
weights must be suitably regulated to give the spotting threads the same
tension as the warp threads. The spotting threads are double, that is, two
threaded together through the eyes of the same guides, instead of one thread,
as the warp threads. There is a similar thread roller 32 at the back, to
supply a guide thread to one back guide opposite to each spotting guide in
front, and those threads are given off by a roller 33, which is similar to the
giving-off roller 28, and is in like manner provided with a cord and weight
like 21, actuated by a lever 26, by another notched wheel 38, which is fixed
on the upright axis L, and which operates in the same manner as that already
described, but less frequently, for it has only one prominence at one place on
its circumference. The guide threads which are thus supplied to the back
guides are those which are to form the links of the meshes at the left-hand
sides of the spots, as marked 9 in the Figure of the net, Sheet V., and which
threads require to be rendered slack when those links are forming, in order to
avoid distorting the wrappings of spotting threads, which constitute the spot,
out of their places. The forms of the steps around the several racking wheels
are represented in Sheet V., viz., the racking wheels d and e for the two main
guide bars, and the racking wheel 40 for the spotting guide bar; the
notched wheels 30 and 38, for actuating the giving-off roller 28 and 33, and
the camms v and w, for withdrawing the point bars. Suppose the machine to
have been in full operation making ornamented net of the aforesaid kind,
which has looped or linked couplings for making the twists, so as to form the
tops and bottoms of the hexagonal meshes, and has been making spots at
intervals in such net, as represented in Sheets X., for the ornament thereof,
and suppose that the machine has been stopped for examination when all the

page_text: several parts are in the following positions:-Both divisions of carriages are
locked up in the back combs. The front points have recently finished taking
up, and have just got up to their resting position. Note.-The front points.
in so taking up did not take up any of those looped or linked couplings which
are to form meshes of the plain net for the transparent ground on which the
spots are to appear, but they took up such linked couplings in part of the
formation of a row of spots which are in progress, and which are now about
half finished. It is the front points which perform the taking up of looped or
linked couplings for the formation of spots. At times the front points take
up couplings for the formation of meshes of net as well as for the formation
of spots, but at other times they take up nothing, although they perform their
usual taking-up motions. The back points never take up any of those looped
or linked couplings which are for the formation of spots, but only such
couplings as belong to the formation of meshes of net, but at times the back
points take up nothing, although they perform their usual taking-up motions.
Each of the point bars performs such taking-up motions more frequently
than is usually done by the point bars in ordinary bobbin net machinery.
The racking wheels have just racked No.. 1, and no motion has taken place
since that racking. The front guide bar t stands racked to the left as far as
it can go that way; it is only capable of racking one-tenth of an inch. The
back guide bar t stands racked in its middle position; it is capable of racking
two such spaces, viz., one to the right or one to the left of its present position.
The spotting guide bar 1 stands racked to the left as far as it can go; it is
only capable of racking one space. The front guides have one guide left
vacant in their row at every place in the width of the net where a spot is.
to be made, see the separate Figures in Sheet V., and one spotting guide
is 25, applied on the spotting guide bar 1 in front to fill up each of the said
vacancies in the row of front guides, and as the front guides and spotting
guides now. stand they form an entire unbroken row of front guide threads.
The back guides form an entire row of back guide threads without any
vacancies. The warp threads from the warp roller are threaded through the
eyes of the front and back guides as usual in double tier machinery, excepting
at every place in the width of the net where a spot is to be made. The
threads which are to occupy those places are supplied from two extra thread
rollers 20 and 32, one such roller 32 at the back is for supplying a thread to
one back guide at every such place, and those back guides are now standing
opposite to the several spotting guides 25 in front, and the other such thread
roller 20 in the front is for supplying two threads to each of the spotting
guides 25 on the spotting guide bar 1 at every such place, the latter threads
C

page_text: being for the formation of the spots. The threads from the main warp roller
are conducted up through the slea to the back and front guides as usual, but
the threads from each of the extra thread rollers 20, 82, are first passed
around the giving-off rollers 28 and 33, making a complete turn around the
same, so that the threads will be drawn off from the thread rollers 20, 32,
whenever their giving-off rollers 28 or 33 are turned. Note.-The friction
cords of the said giving-off rollers 28 and 33 are weighted, so as to augment
the tension of the threads, which are supplied by each extra thread roller
20, 82, and giving-off roller 28, 33, when the latter are not turned, and the
weighting of the two is adapted to produce the same tension of the threads,
which are supplied by each giving-off roller 28, 33, as the main warp roller
is weighted to produce on the threads which are supplied by it. Each of the
giving-off rollers 28, 38, is turned round a little in order to give off suitable
portions of their threads when required during the formation of spots, but
when spots are not making the threads are pulled off from the rollers 20, 28,
and 32, 33, in the same manner as the warp threads are pulled off from the
main warp roller, and all with an equal tension. The giving-off motion of
the front roller 28, which is for the spotting threads, is communicated to it
at the moment when the front points are going up in the act of taking up to
form the spots by gathering up the thread which is giving off, and the said
giving-off motion is repeated three times for the formation of each row of
spots. The giving-off motion of the back roller 33 is communicated to it
when the back points are taking up, but it is communicated only once during
the formation of each row of of spots. These positions of the several parts
being understood, the operation of the machinery is as follows:-The front
division of carriages is brought through forwards between the warp threads,
and No. 2 is racked, which racks the back guides one space to the left.
The weight 21 of the front giving-off roller 28 for spotting threads is let
down by its lever 26 and notched wheel 30, in order that it may be ready
for action at a future time of giving off. The back division of carriages is
brought through forwards and No. 3 is racked, which racks the the back
guides one space to the right, and racks the spotting guides one space to the
right. The back division is put through backwards, and the back points are
drawn out and tilted down, so as to be ready for penetrating the warp threads,
and No. 4 is racked, which racks the front guides one space to the right
Note. The back points have previously penetrated the back bobbin threads
and have been shogged by action of their conducting plate about half a space
to the right, and they penetrate amongst the warp threads immediately
after No. 4 is racked; and after they have so penetrated, the back points shogg

page_text: back again about half a space to the left before they penetrate amongst
the front bobbin threads. Note. The loops or links which are to be taken
up this time by the back points are closings for the formation of the meshes of
net, but no loops for the formation of spots will be taken up. The front
division is put through backwards, and the back points go up, and when they
get nearly up the back giving-off roller 33 is turned round to give off as much
thread to each of those back guides which are opposite to the several spotting
guides as the back points require to take up from those guides this time,
in order to give a sufficiency of thread to those loops or links which are
opposite to the middle of the spots, as represented at q in the Figure of the
net, Sheet V., so that those links may not draw the spots out of form. The
back points get quite up by the time that No. 5 is racked, which racks
the front guides one space to the left, and racks the spotting guides one space
to the left. The front division is brought through forwards & No. 6 is racked;
which racks the back guides one space to the left, and the weight of the back
giving-off roller 33 is let down, in order that it may be ready for action at
a future time of giving off. The back division is brought through forwards
and No. 7 is racked, which racks the front guides one space to the right, and
racks the back guides one space to the right, and also racks the spotting
guides one space to the right. The back division is put through back-
wards, and the four points are drawn out from the meshes of net and
are tilted down and penetrate the front bobbin threads, and are then racked
half a space to the left; and then No. 8 is racked, which shogs the front
guides and the spotting guides one space to the left for a moment, whilst the
front points make their insertion amongst the warp threads, and the instant
after that insertion is effected the front points rack half a space to the left, and
then the front guides and spotting guides return to the right as they were
before, so that in fact no racking of any of the guides is made this time. The
front division is put through backwards, and the front points rack one space to
the right and then go up, and when they get nearly up the front giving-
off roller 28 is turned round by a prominence of its notched wheel 30 acting
on its lever 26 and pulling up its cord and weight 21, so as to give off
as much spotting thread to each of the spotting guides 25 as the front points
require to take up this time for the formation of spots, whereof the row which
was in progress at the commencement of this description is now completed.
Note. The front points also take up linked or looped couplings for the
formation of plain net as well as that for forming spots this time, and they get.
quite up by the time that No. 9 is racked, which racks the front guides
one space to the left, and racks the spotting guides one space to the left.

page_text: The front division is brought through forwards and No. 10 is racked, which
racks the back guides one space to the left, and the weight 21 of the front
giving-off roller 28 is let down in order that it may be ready for action
at a future time of giving off. The back division is brought through forwards.
and No. 11 is racked, which racks the back guides one space to the right.
The back division is put through backwards, and the back points are drawn
out and tilted down, so as to be ready for penetrating the warp threads, in the
same manner as they did when No. 4 was racked, and No. 12 is racked, which
racks the front guides one space to the right, and racks the spotting guides
one space to the right; the back points penetrate the warp threads immediately
after No. 12 is racked and begin to go up. But note.-The back points do not
take up any loops or links either for making plain net or for spots this time.
The front division is put through backwards. Note. The front giving-off
roller 28 is not turned this time because no spots are now making, and
No. 13 is racked, which racks the front guides one space to the left, and racks
the spotting guides one space to the left. The front division is brought through
forwards and No. 14 is racked, which racks the back guides one space to
the left. The back division is brought through forwards and No. 15 is racked,
which racks the back guides one space to the right. The back division
is put through backwards, and the front points are drawn out and tilted down,
and penetrate the front bobbin threads and rack as at No. 7, so as to be ready
for penetrating the warp threads an instant before No. 16 is racked, which
racking is delayed a little beyond the usual time in order that the front points
may make their insertion amongst the warp threads an instant before the
racking of No. 16. But note.-The front points do not take up any loops
or links this time either for making plain. net or for making spots. When
No. 16 is racked it racks the back guides one space to the right, and
racks the front guides one space to the right, and racks the spotting guides
one space to the right. The front division is put through backwards, and the
front points go up and get quite up by the time that No. 17 is racked, which
racks the back guides one space to the left, and racks front guides one
space to the left, and racks the spotting guides one space to the left. All
the parts have now regained the same positions which they had at the
commencement of the description; the motions which have been described
have formed one complete row of meshes of plain net. The points back and
front have each taken up twice, but that is more than is necessary for merely
making plain net. The back points took up links for forming meshes of plain
net when No. 4 was racked, but they took up nothing when No. 12 was
racked. The front points took up links for forming meshes of net and also

page_text: links for forming spots when No. 8 was racked, but they took up nothing when
No. 16 was racked. The said unnecessary taking-up motions are provided for
the purpose of gathering up additional looped links of the spotting threads
when spots are making; and, during the first eight motions above described,
that row of spots which were in progress of formation at the commencement of
this description have been completed, and in the further continuance of the
operation a portion of plain net will be formed, and then another succeed-
ing row of spots will be begun. That continuance is an exact repetition
of the operations which have been already described, excepting occasional
motions of the spotting guides, which require to be different from what has
been described, because during part of the description they were forming
spots; and then, since the completion of those spots, when No. 8 was racked,
the spotting guides have been racked with exactly the same motion as the
front guides have been racked with, as though the spotting bar 1 and front
guide bar t were one; and during the further continuance of the operations
the spotting guides will continue to be racked thus coincidently with the front
guides until No. 27 is racked, and then another row of spots having been
begun the spotting guides must be occasionally racked differently from the
main guides suitably for forming those spots, that is to say, that the action
when No. 18 is racked is an exact repetition of that already described
when No. 2 was racked; when No. 19 is racked the back guides are racked
one space to the right, as they were at No. 3, but the spotting guides
are not racked at all, neither are the front guides then racked. When
No. 20 is racked the front guides are racked one space to the right, as they
were at No. 4; the spotting guides are racked one space to the right along
with the front guides. The back points take up liuks for forming meshes, as
they did at No. 4, but the back giving-off roller 33 is not turned as it was
after racking at No. 4 because no spots are now making. When No. 21 is
racked it is an exact repetition of No. 5, and No. 22 is an exact repetition
of No. 6, and No. 23 is an exact repetition of No. 7. Note. At the racking
of No. 23 the making of another row of spots is commenced, and No. 24
is an exact repetition of No. 8, and the front points take up links to form
meshes of net, and also other links to form spots, in the same manner as they
did when No. 8 was racked, and in like manner the front giving-off roller is
turned to to give off spotting threads. And note.-No. 25 is an exact repeti-
tion of No. 9, and No. 26 is an exact repetition of No. 10. When No. 27
is racked the back guides are racked one space to the right, as they were at
No. 11, but the spotting guides one space to the right; and at the racking
of No. 28 the front guides are racked one space to the right, as at No. 12,

page_text: but the spotting guides are not racked at all. Note.-The back points take
up nothing this time as they did at No. 12. No. 29 is an exact repetition of
No. 13, and No. 30 is an exact repetition of No 14. When No. 31 is racked
the back guides are racked one space to the right, as at No. 15, and the spot-
ting guides are also racked one space to the right. When No. 32 is racked
the spotting guides are shogged one space to the left a moment before the
front points penetrate the warp threads, and an instant after that penetration
the spotting guides. and the front guides and the back guides are all racked one
space to the right, the same as was done at No. 16; and after the racking of
No. 32 the front giving-off roller 28 is turned to give off spotting threads, in
the same manner as was done when No. 9 was racked. And note.-The front
points take up links to form the spots this time, but do not take up any threads
to form meshes. And, lastly, the racking at No. 1 is an exact repetition of
that at No. 17. The racking wheels have now gone quite round, and all the
parts have regained the positions which they had at the commencement of this
description, during the progress of which two rows of complete meshes of net
have been made, including a row of spots, that is, the description includes the
formation of the latter portions of those spots, which were in progress at the
commencement of the description, as well as the first portion of these spots
which remain half finished at the conclusion of the description, but which
will be completed during the repetition of the first eight racking motions of
the operation above described. And note.-Each spot is formed by five linked
or looped couplings succeeding each other in close contact, the uppermost and
lowermost of the five being closings which are in their usual places for
ordinary closings of the meshes of the net, so that there are three additional
looped or linked closings introduced for the purpose of forming each spot.
And note. It has been before mentioned that two spotting threads are threaded
together through each of the spotting guides; those two threads go together.
just as one thread might do, and in fact one strong thread might be used in
lieu of the two, but the two threads exhibit a greater appearance in the spot.
The two threads, or one stronger thread, whichever may be used for forming
the spots, will pass on one side of the meshes, which intervene between one
spot and the next, as is represented in the net in Sheet V., but being closely
twisted in with the twists those threads will not show very visibly in the net
in their progress from one spot to the next. The spots made according to the
foregoing description will be disposed one below another in longitudinal rows
along the length of the piece of net, as represented in the Figure of the
net in Sheet V. In case it is required to dispose the spots according to a
chequered pattern, then there must be another spotting guide bar. like 1,

page_text: having a racking wheel like 40 on the upright axis L; also another thread
roller like 20, giving-off roller like 28, with its weight like 21, and lever like 26,
mounted on the same fixed centre pin therewith, and another notched wheel
like 30, on the upright axis L, to actuate that lever; likewise another thread
roller like 32, for back guide threads, and giving-off roller 33, with its cord,
weight, and lever, and another notched wheel like 38, on the upright axis L,
to actuate the lever. The spotting guides 25, which have been herein-before
described as being all fixed on the spotting guide bar 1, must be divided between
the two spotting bars, only every other alternate guide 25 being fixed on the
spotting guide bar 1, and the intermediate spotting guides being fixed on the
additional spotting bar above mentioned. And the same of the threading of their
back guides threads which have been herein-before described as being supplied
from the thread roller 32, and its giving-off roller 33, only every other alternate
thread must be supplied from them, and the immediate threads must be sup-
plied from the additional rollers above mentioned. The racking wheels on the
upright axis L must be twice as large as those représented together with the
bevil wheel y, so as to go round only once during the repetitions of the fore-
going description, and the circumference of all those racking wheels must be
formed with sixty-four steps instead of thirty-two; those steps being formed
in series like the steps herein-before described, but so arranged, that during
the operation herein-before described the aforesaid additional spotting bar
will be racked by its additional racking wheel with all the same racking
motions as the front guide bar has been stated to be racked with, and the
additional giving-off rollers like 28 and 33 for spotting thread, and back guide
threads, will not be turned at all; and then during the next succeeding
repetition of the operation herein-before described the aforesaid additional
spotting bar will be racked with all those racking motions which the spotting
bar 1 has been stated to be racked with, whilst the spotting bar 1 will be
racked with all the same motions as the front guide bar has been stated to be
racking with, the additional giving-off roller before mentioned, like 28 and 33,
will be turned in the manner before described, but those rollers themselves
will not be turned at all.
Fourthly, respecting single tier levers, machinery for producing spotted
net which is made with crossings of bobbin threads, but which are not
traversing threads.
Another further part of my said improvements relates to that kind of
machinery for making bobbin net lace which is commonly called single tier
Lever's machinery, the improvement being for the purpose of producing
spotted ornamented net or lace, whereof the transparent ground or net work

page_text: is made without what are called diagonal traversing threads, although it is
composed of longitudinal warp threads, and bobbin threads intertwisted and
combined into a net work, by twists formed by the union of bobbin threads
and warp threads, (as is usual in all kinds of bobbin net or twist lace,) together
with crossings which unite those twists to produce meshes, those crossings
being formed by adjacent bobbin threads intersecting each other obliquely in
contrary diagonal directions, for which purpose each of the said adjacent
bobbin threads makes a mutual step of diagonal traversing in contrary oblique
directions at all places where crossings are to be formed; but instead of con-
tinuing in such oblique directions from selvedge to selvedge, as the traversing
threads in ordinary bobbin net do, they only proceed so far in such oblique
directions as to make two succeeding crossings, and then they return with an
opposite direction of traversing obliquity for forming two more successive
crossings, and then they return again and so on, wherefore the said bobbin threads
proceed along the length of the piece of net by zig-zag courses, and the warp
threads proceed along the length of the piece by parallel waving courses, in
the same manner as the longitudinal threads usually proceed in most kinds of
bobbin net; but the bobbin threads, instead of traversing diagonally from
selvedge to selvedge, as they usually do in bobbin net, although they proceed
diagonally to form the crossings, yet they never depart farther than the width of
two meshes from the said parallel waving courses of the longitudinal threads.
An enlarged representation of this kind of net, of which there are several
varieties, differing slightly in texture and appearance, is contained in Sheet
VIII. of the Drawings hereunto annexed, where, the different threads being dis-
tinguished by colouring, the courses which they take in forming the net work
may be easily traced; and it may be therein observed, that the threads which
form crossings; and which proceed by zig-zag courses along the length of the
piece of net, are coloured blue, and each such blue thread, after having formed
twists (as, for instance, those which are marked a,) around one of the longi-
tudinal threads, which procced by waving courses along the length of the net
and are coloured red, then proceeds obliquely diagonally to form a crossing b
with another blue thread; which is also proceeding diagonally with contrary
obliquity; and after thus forming one crossing 6, the said first-mentioned blue
thread then forms another second twisting c around the next adjacent longi-
tudinal or red thread in continuance of the same oblique direction, as it did
before, and then it proceeds diagonally again in order to form another second
crossing d with another blue thread, and after that second crossing d it forms
another third twisting e with another next adjacent longitudinal red thread;
but that instead of continuing in the same oblique direction as before, the said

page_text: first-mentioned blue thread returns diagonally with a contrary obliquity to that
it had before, and forms a third crossing by intersecting with the same blue
thread which it crossed before in making the second crossing d; then the said
first-mentioned blue thread forms a fourth twisting g around the same longi-
tudinal thread with which it forms its aforesaid second twisting at c, and then
it form a fourth crossing h with another blue thread, and, lastly, another fifth
twisting i around the same longitudinal red thread with which it formed the
aforesaid first-mentioned twisting a; and after having completed the twists of
the said fifth twisting at i; the said first-mentioned blue thread then returns,
with a contrary obliquity, to repeat another like series of crossings and
twistings; and every blue thread going through such a course of twisting with
longitudinal red threads, and of crossing over or under blue threads, the same
as that already described respecting one of them, constitutes the net work.
And note. In so doing each blue thread forms twistings with the adjacent red
longitudinal threads, but no more at any part of the net. The twistings which
the said blue thread forms around the middlemost of the said three longitudinal
red threads, as at c and g, consist of three half twists, being an odd number,
the same as the usual twistings of bobbin net; but the twistings which the
same blue thread makes around the two outermost of the said three lon-
gitudinal red threads (as at a, e, and i) consist of four balf twists, being an
even number, and that evenness of the number of half twists causes the blue
twisting thread to return, after so twisting, with a contrary obliquity of
traversing direction, as before explained and represented at a, e, and i; whereas,
with an odd number of half twists, the twisting blue thread, after so twisting,
will proceed forwards in the same direction of traversing obliquity that it had
before so twisting, as is the usual course in ordinary bobbin net, and as is
represented at d and f. And in consequence of some of the twistings being
composed of an even number of half twists and others of an odd number of
-half twists, and of the aforesaid disposition of the threads, the ineshes of such-
net without traversing threads will be of two different sizes and forms, viz.,
small meshes, as at B, which are bounded by a crossing d at top, and another f
at bottom, and by one twisting at each side e and k, those twistings having an
even number of half twists; and also larger meshes, as at A, which are
bounded by a crossing at top and another at bottom, and by three twistings at
each side, viz., c, k, g, and l, m, n, whereof the uppermost and lowermost at
each side have an odd number of half twists, as at c, g, and l, n, but the
middlemost twistings on each side have an even number of half twists, as at k
and m. And note.-All the crossing of the blue threads are alike, the backmost
of the two crossing threads always proceeding from the right hand towards the

page_text: left hand, and the frontmost proceeding from left to right, as in ordinary
bobbin net crossings. The texture of the said net, made as aforesaid, without
traversing threads, and the mode of making the same, is well known to manu-
facturers of bobbin net lace or twist lace, and forms no part of my Invention;
but this part of my said improvements in that kind of machinery for making
bobbin net lace, which is commonly called Lever's machinery, is to be per-
formed when the parts thereof are arranged suitably for making such bobbin
net of the kind above described as net without traversing threads, for the
purpose of producing opake spots in the net, for the ornament thereof, by
accumulating and gathering up portions of particular bobbin threads, which
are caused to form wraps around particular warp threads which are threaded
through the eyes of extra guides fixed on pairs of extra guide bars, in order
that those particular threads may at times have different racking motions given
to them from the racking motions which are at the same time given to the
other warp threads which are threaded through the ordinary guides; and by
giving unusual but appropriate racking motions to the said extra guides in the
intervals between the passing and repassing of all the bobbin carriages between
all the warp threads, the said particular warp threads which are threaded
through the said extra guides may have wrappings formed round them by their
corresponding bobbin threads, in consequence of each of those bobbin threads
making a circuit around a pair (consisting of two adjacent warp threads),
instead of around one such thread at a time, as is the usual course of pro-
.cedure for forming twists, and as fast as such wrappings of bobbin threads
are so formed around pairs of adjacent warp threads, the same may be
gathered up by timely and appropriate application of the ordinary taking up
points in part of the formation of spots, which spots are completed by repeti-
tion of such gathering up of wrappings of the same bobbin threads until a
sufficiency is accumulated to form spots of the size required for the ornament
of the net. And note.-Whereas the said operation of forming spots by accu-
mulating wrappings of some of the bobbin threads of such bobbin net as is
made in manner aforesaid without traversing threads, is in some respects
similar to certain modes which have been practised by others for producing
spots in bobbin net which is made with traversing threads, I make no claim to
any other application of the said mode of accumulating bobbin threads into
spots, except for the purpose of producing spotted ornamented net or lace,
which is herein-before described to be made without traversing threads from
selvedge to selvedge of the net work, which constitutes the transparent ground
on which the spots are to be exhibited; neither do I make any claim to
any similar mode of producing spots in such bobbin net as is Lerein before

page_text: described to be made without traversing threads from selvedge to selvedge by
accumulation of warp threads into spots, but I confine my claim to the mode
now describing, and to be described, of producing spots in such bobbin net as
is made in single tier Lever's machinery, and herein-before stated to be without
traversing threads from selvedge to selvedge, by accumulating wrappings of
some of those bobbin threads whereof the plain transparent net work is in part
formed. In Sheets VIII. and IX. of the Drawings hereunto annexed, a Lever's
machine is represented which is adapted for making bobbin net of the afore-
said kind without traversing threads, and to which this part of my improve-
ments are applied, for the purpose of producing spots in such net for the
ornament thereof. The names of the parts which are written on the Drawings,
and the distinguishing tiuts of colouring, will assist in the description. In
making this kind of net without traversing threads, the back comb bar is
occasionally racked as well as the front comb bar, and suitable racking
wheels D. and E are provided for on the usual upright axis V, at the right-
hand end of the machine, racking the front comb bar and the back comb bar,
and the proper forms for the steps around the circumference of those wheels
are shewn in Sheet VIII. Note. The racking wheel D, for the front comb
bar, acts thercon by the intervention of a short lever, as is usual in Lever's
machinery, which reverses the direction of the racking motions which are
produced by its notches. The additional racking wheel E also acts on the
back comb bar by intervention of a lever F, but the same does not reverse
the action of the notches; the counteracting spring G is applied to the tail end
of the lever F, to react against the racking wheel E. The ratchet wheel W,
on the upright axis V of the racking wheels, bas twenty-four teeth, which
are turned one tooth at a time by the driver of the chopper lever R, as is usual
in Lever's machinery. The back pusher bar partakes of the racking motions
which are given to the back ecmb bar by its wheel E, in the same manner as
the front pusher bar partakes of those given to the front comb bar, in the usual
manner of Lever's machinery. For making the aforesaid kind of net without
traversing threads, the guides are fixed on two guide bars t, w, instead of one
guide bar, as is usual in Lever's machinery for making net with traversing
threads; and each row of guides contains half the usual number of guides, in
the same manner as in double tier machinery, excepting that the guides of the
front row on the front guide bar t are interspaced to those on the back guide
bar w, so that the row of guide threads appear to the eye in front the same as
in Lover's machinery, wherein all the guides are in one row on one guide bar.
The warp threads for both back and front rows of guides are supplied from
the usual warp roller, as is done in double tier machinery. The ordinary

page_text: catch bar wheels are removed, and others, which are formed as represented in
Sheet VIII., are substituted. The taking up points are made with twice the
⚫ usual number of pointed pins, according to the gage of the machine. There-
fore, supposing it to be what is called a ten-point gage, and that there are
twenty combs per inch, and twenty bobbin carriages per inch, and ten pushers
per inch, there will be twenty pointed pins per inch in each row back and front,
as is represented in Sheet VIII., and the pointed pins of one row are spaced
exactly over the pointed pins of the other row, therefore the rows of pins
cannot rise up one into or through the other row, to stop at one common level
for both rows, as is the most usual mode of taking up in Lever's machines;
but one row of points must always be stopped a little above the other row, in
two different levels, to each of which levels each row must be raised up in its
turn; the points which took up last always stopping at the lowest of the two
levels until the other row (which occupies for the time the highest level) is
withdrawn, and the instant that the pointed pins quit the net, the other row of
points rises from the lowest to the highest level. This is a common mode
of stopping the ascent of the point bars in other lace machines, and may be
done by means of prongs called horns, fixed to each point bar at each end
thereof, to project out from each bar towards the other bar, the prongs
ranging evenly with the rows of points to which they belong respectively, and
the prongs of the opposite bars overlapping each other, they guard the points
from striking each other. Or, a better mode of effecting the same object is
represented in Sheet IX. of the Drawings, by applying a horizontal sliding
bolt 30 in a socket, fixed across the back standard D in such a position that
either of its ends being protruded out of the socket will come in the way of
pieces 29, fixed to each of the. tail pole levers 7, 8, in order to form a tem-
porary stop to the descent of those levers, when the points to which they
belong have been raised up to the lowest of the two levels, first one point bar
and then the other being stopped in that manner, first by one end and then by
the other end of the bolt 30, which is moved endways for that purpose, so as to
protrude one or other of its ends out of its socket by the lower end of a lever 35,
which is poised on a horizontal centre pin fixed into the back standard D, and
the upper end of the lever 35 divides into two branches, which are acted upon
in turn by pieces 36, fixed to each of the tail pole levers. When the tail pole r
or s of either row of points is lifted up by pressure of the foot on its treadle,
the piece 36 of that tail pole, acting laterally against its branch of the lever 35,
moves the bolt 30 endways, so as to withdraw its end away from the other tail
pole beneath the piece 29 thereof, which was resting on the said end of the
bolt, and thereby stopping its row of points at the lowest of the two levels;

page_text: but the instant that the said end is retracted within its socket, it lets the tail
pole down until the same is stopped by its stop screw x, which will detain its
points at the highest of the two levels, and the same endway motion of the
bolt 30, which withdraws it from stopping one tail pole lever, protrudes its,
other end out of the socket, in readiness for stopping the other tail pole lever
for that row of points which is in the act of taking up when the said row has
ascended to the lowest of the two levels. The points being applied in this
manner, will require to be withdrawn, with a horizontal motion, from the
meshes of the net without descending at all in withdrawing. The mode of
doing this, in the most improved kind of Lever's machines, is by upright lifting
links P, Q, Sheet IX., at the back of the machine, which are jointed at their
lowest ends to the hinder ends of treadle levers e, e, which are both poised on
one fixed centre pin, and their foremost ends are connected by links to the two
treadles. The upper ends of the lifting links P, Q, are connected with the
tail pole lever 1, 3, by joint pins fixed into those levers, and passing through
oblique slots in the upper ends of the lifting links P, Q. When either of the
treadles is pressed down, the corresponding link P or Q is lifted by connection.
of the treadle e, but no motion will be communicated to the tail pole lever to
which it belongs until the link P or Q has risen upwards the full length of
the slot in its upper end, and after that, it will act on the joint pin of the tail
pole to lift the same, and thereby put down the point bar. It is during the
said first lifting of the link P or Q, whilst no motion is communicated to the
tail pole lever, that the points are withdrawn, the same being performed by
means of catches n, n, which are applied on centro pins fixed into each lifting
link P and Q, in a suitable manner for intercepting the hinder ends of two
levers and L, which are mounted on centre pins fixed to the back standard D,
and are connected with the point bars, in order to withdraw the points
from the meshes of the net. The lever k, which is for withdrawing the front
points, is a straight lever, the foremost end being connected, by an upright
link E, with the backmost end of a long lever arm 1, which projects out from
the top joint bar d of the links, by which the front point bar is suspended, and
reaches over the spindle bars F, G. The lever L, for withdrawing the back.
point bar, is an elbow lever, and the lower end of its upright arm is connected,
a horizontal link u, with the middle of the back point bar. Whenever
either of the tail pole levers r or s descends to rest on its ordinary stop
screws, and has thereby raised the points to which it belongs to the highest
of the two levels before mentioned, then the catch n will catch beneath the
back end of the corresponding lever k or L, and when in that situation, the.
treadle being pressed to raise the lifting link P or Q, its catch n will lift.up
by

page_text: the end of the lever k or L, so as to withdraw the points completely before the
tail pole lever r or s begins to be moved upwards, and in consequence of the
oblique direction of the slots at the upper end of the link P or Q, the same,
together with its catch n, will retreat so far backwards in rising as to cause
the end of the catch n to escape or slip backwards from beneath the hinder
end of the lever k or L, by the time that the points are quite withdrawn, and
before the tail pole lever rors begins to be lifted. The ordinary caster backs
for the point bars, which are nearly as usual in Lever machinery, act to
keep the points from returning into the net after they have been withdrawn
by the aforesaid action, and also to keep them withdrawn all the time
they are descending, and until they get quite down, and then the caster
backs allow the points to drop in and make their insertion amongst the
threads, leaving them so inserted all the time they are rising up for taking
up the meshes of the net. The back dividing stop U is applied, as usual in
Lever machinery, as a fixed centre pin to catch the prong z on the back landing
bar, in order to detain the bars from being opened wider apart than is suitable
for dividing the carriages into divisions until the points have taken up, and then
the back dividing stop U is released by action of its notched wheel 48, all
which is just as usual; but the ratchet wheel 66, by which the notched wheel
48 is turned round, has thirty teeth instead of ten, as usual; they are moved one
tooth every time that the landing bars are opened by means of the driver 49,
which is jointed to a short arm 50, which projects upwards from the back axis T
of the drawing tackle levers; and also the same ratchet wheel 66 is nudged round
one tooth every time that either of the point bars goes up by the nudging driver
45, which is jointed to a lever arm 44 of the axis Z of the dividing levers O, K,
which are moved, as usual in Lever machines, when either of the point bars
gets nearly up to its resting position, after having been lowered down for taking
up. Note. The mode of making bobbin net lace without traversing threads by
Lever's machinery, as now described, is no part of my Invention, but only the
mode now about to be described of making spots therein, by accumulating and
gathering up bobbin threads, but not warp threads. For this purpose, a pair
of extra guide bars 3, 4, or spotting bars, are applied to the machine, with
extra guides 27, 28, which may be called spotting guides, fixed thereon oppo-
site to every place in the width of the net where spots are to be made therein
at the same time in a transverse row across that width by simultaneous action,
one ordinary guide being removed from the row of main guides on the guide
bars and wat every place where an extra or spotting guide 27, 28, is so
applied, to fill up the vacancies made by the removal. The warp threads
which are threaded through the said extra guides 27, 28, are those around

page_text: which the wrappings of bobbin threads are to be formed.
In order to pro-
duce spots, these warp threads may be supplied from the main warp roller
along with the other warp threads, or they may be supplied from two small
thread rollers X, Y, distinct from the main warp roller, and which may be
weighted so as to produce rather more tension on those warp threads, which
are to be concerned in making the spots, than the tension of the other warp
thread, as will be most suitable for the formation of spots. The extra or
spotting guide bars 3 and 4 are racked by racking wheels B and S, fixed on
the upright axis V of the racking wheels. The two main guide bars t and w
are racked by racking wheels A and I, on the same axis V. The racking
motions which are given to the spotting bars 3 and 4 are for the most part the.
same as are at the same time given to the main guide bars t and w, to which
the spotting bars 3 and 4 belong respectively; for during all the time when
meshes of plain net are making for the transparent ground intervening.
between the spots, then the spotting guides 27, 28, are to be racked simul-
taneously and coincidently with their main guides, and it is only when spots.
are in progress of formation that the spotting guides 27 and 28 are to be:
racked differently from their main guides.
The proper forms for all the several racking wheels are represented in
Sheet VIII. of the Drawings, and the machine being worked with such racking
wheels, in the manner now to be described, will produce ornamented net.or..
lace of the kind represented in Sheet VIII. The wrappings of bobbin threads.
which form the spots are clearly shewn in the Figure. Those wrappings are:
formed around adjacent warp threads, which are threaded through spotting
guides 27 and 28, and by passing several times across and across the opening of
some of the small meshes, the said wrappings fill up the opening, and convert.
those small meshes into opake spots. Suppose the machine to have been
regularly at work making lace net of the aforesaid kind, that is, bobbin net.
lace of that particular kind herein before designated as being made without
traversing threads ornamented with spots; and suppose that it had been
stopped for examination when the parts are in the following positions:-The
several racking wheels represented in Sheet VIII. now present those steps which
are numbered 24 to their several. racking bolts. All the bobbin carriages are
now standing at their central position between the warp threads; they have
recently come forwards to that position from the back combs, and have since
been divided into two divisions, according to the usual manner of working
Lever's machinery, in the act of taking up with the front points, which points
bave just got up to their resting position, and no motion has taken place since
he back dividing stop U has beeen disengaged. The back catch bar is now

page_text: down in the back notches of the back division of carriages, and the front
catch bar is down in the front notches of the front division of carriages.
The front guide bar t stands racked in its middle position, from which it can.
rack one space (of one-twentieth of an inch, for what is called a ten-point
gage), either way, being capable of racking two spaces. The back guide bar w
stands the same. The guides stand ten per inch in each row, and there is one
guide cut out in each row at every place in the width of the net where a spot
is to be made. The vacancies so formed in the two rows of guides now stand
opposite to each other in correspondence. The front extra guide bar or spot-
ting bar 3 stands racked in a middle position, from which it can go one to the
left or two to the right. The back spotting bar 4 stands racked in its middle.
position, the same as before mentioned respecting the main guido bars t, w..
There is one spotting guide 27, 28, fixed on each of the spotting bars 3 and 4
at every place in the width of the net where a spot is to be made, and the said
guides now stand opposite to the aforesaid vacancies in the main guides, so as
to fill up those vacancies and form two complete unbroken rows of guide
threads, between which the bobbin carriages are now standing. The threads,
which are threaded through the eyes of the two rows of spotting guides 27.
and 28, back and front, may be supplied from separate thread rollers of their
own, one X for the back row 28, and the other row Y for the front row 27,
and they are provided with friction cords, which are weighted so as to produce
rather more tension on the threads which are to be operative in forming spots
than the main warp roller is weighted to produce on the other warp threads
which are supplied by it to the two rows of guides on the bars t and w. Note.
-The said threads which are threaded through the spotting guides 27, 28, as
aforesaid, are to form part of the plain net when spots are not making, and
consequently at such times the spotting guides 27, 28, must be racked with
all the same racking motions as the row of guides in which they fill up the
vacancies are then racked with. The front comb bar, with the front pusher
bar, stands racked as far as it can go to the left; it is capable of racking two
spaces. The back comb bar, with the back pusher bar, stand racked as far as
it can go to the right; it is also capable of racking two space. The combs,
back and front, are twenty per inch in their respective rows, and the pushers
ten per inch, as usual in Lever's machinery. The taking up points are twice
as numerous in their respective rows, back and front, as is usual in Lever's
machinery, viz., twenty pointed pins per inch for what is termed a ten-point
gage machine, and the pointed. pins of the front row are always exactly over
or exactly under those of the back row. This position of the parts being
understood, the operation of making two succeeding rows of complete

page_text: meshes of net, including a row of spots, is as follows:-Extend the. land-
ing bars and catch bars by raising the handles so as to draw the front
division of carriages into the front combs, and the back division into the
back combs, and then the twenty-four tooth ratchet wheel is turned to
tooth 1, which racks the front combs one space to the right with the front
division of carriages, which carriages thereby make a step of traversing
towards the right, and racks the back combs one space to the left with
the back division of carriages, which carriages thereby make a step of tra-
versing towards the left, and racks the front guides one space to the left;
and the front spotting guides 27 accompany the front guides as if they were
all on one bar t. Close the bars by putting down the handles to put the
carriages down to their central position, and restore both divisions to one row.
As they approach that position, both catch bars are raised up out of the notches
of the carriages, and immediately after they become restored to one row; the
back catch bar is let fall, and secures them all in one row; also the front
pushers are taken out of action. Extend the bars to take all the carriages
through between the warp threads into the back combs, and rack tooth 2; but
none of the bars are racked this timo. Close the bars; the front catch bar is
let fall, and the back one is raised. Extend the bars to bring all the carriage
through forwards into the front combs, and rack tooth 3, which racks the front
guides, together with their front spotting guides 27, two spaces to the right,
and also racks the back guides, with their back spotting guides 28, one space
to the right. Close the bars; the back catch bar is let fall, and the front one
is raised. Extend the bars to take all the carriages through backwards, and
rack tooth 4, which racks both rows of guides, with their spotting guides
27, 28, one space to the left. Close the bars; the front catch bar is let fall,
and the back one is raised. Extend the bars to bring all the carriages through
forwards, and rack tooth 5, which racks the front guides, with their spotting
guides 27, one space to the right, and also racks the back spotting guides 28
one space to the right, being the first time that either of the spotting guides are
racked differently from the row of main guides to which they belong respec-
tively, and that difference of racking is a preparation for commencing a row
of spots. Close the bars; the back catch bar is let fall, and the front one is
raised. Extend the bars to take all the carriages through backwards, and
rack tooth 6, which racks the front guides, with their spotting guides 27, one
space to the left, and racks the back spotting guides 28 one space to the left,
and the back dividing stop U is let loose to be ready for catching the back
landing bar at the next time. Close the bars and the back stop catches, to
detain them from separating; the catch bars remain as they were, but the front
D

page_text: pushers are allowed to come into, action on the carriages for dividing them;
take up with the back points by pressing the left trendle, which, by its treadle
lever e, begins to raise the back lifting link Q. The back points are first drawn
out from the meshes of the net by action of the catch n of, the, back lifting
link Q, on the elbow lever Land horizontal link, u, and then the catch n
quitting the elbow lever L, the lifting link Q begins to raise the tail pole
levers, so as to put the back point bar down; the back catch bar is raised
out of the back notches of the carriages in its descending; the caster back
keeps the back points withdrawn until they get quite down, and then it allows
the back points to penetrate amongst the threads, and at the same time the
back pushers are brought into action to divide the carriages, and by releasing
the left treadle the back point bar is raised up again, the points taking up the
crossings and twists of the threads before them. As they go up, the back.catch
bar is let down into the back .notches of the divided carriages. But note.-
When the points were down, the front catch bar wheel was nudged round so
much as to let the front catch bar fall into the front notches of the divided
carriages, and when the back points get nearly up again, the thirty-toothed
wheel 66, for the back dividing stop U, is nudged one tooth by its nudging
driver 45, and thereby disengages the back dividing stop U. Extend the bars
to draw the front division of carriages through forwards, and the back division
through backwards, and rack tooth 7, which racks the front combs, with the
front division of carriages, one space to the right, and racks the back combs,
with the back division of carriages, one space to the left, and racks the back
guides, with their spotting guides 28, also one space to the left. Close the
bars to restore the carriages into one row; both catch bars are raised as they
approach, and then the back catch bar is let fall to secure the carriages in one
row, and the front pushers are taken out of action. Extend the bars to take
all the carriages through backwards, and rack tooth 8; which racks the
front combs one space to the left without any carriages in them, and racks
the back spotting guides 28 two spaces to the right; and also the back
dividing stop U is let loose ready for catching. Close the bars; the front
catch bar is let fall, and the back one is raised, and the back dividing stop U
catches to detain the bars from separating. Take up with the front points by
depressing the right treadle; they are first withdrawn from the meshes by
action of the catch n of the back lifting link p on the lever k and its link E
and lever arm 1, and then the front point bar is put down, and the caster back
keeps the front points withdrawn until they get quite down, and then allows
them to penetrate the threads, and then, by releasing the right treadle, the
front points go up again, in order that they may take up those wrappings

page_text: which the bobbin threads have made around the back spotting guide threads
28 in part of the formation of spots. But note.-The carriages will not have
been divided this time, as is usual in taking up, because the front pushers were
not brought into action by the front pusher bar wheel, and also because the
carriages are in the front combs, and are engaged with the front catch
bar, which is contrary to the usual mode of dividing in Lever's machinery.
When the front points get nearly up, they nudge the thirty-tooth ratchet
wheel 66 of the back dividing stop U one tooth, which disengages the back
stop. Extend the bars to bring all the carriages through forwards, and rack
tooth 9, which racks the back combs one space to the right without any
carriages in them being in preparation, and racks the front guides one space to
the right, and their front spotting guides 27 two spaces to the right, and racks
the back guides two spaces to the right, and their back spotting guides 28
two spaces to the left. Close the bars; the back catch bar is let fall, and the
front one is raised. Extend the bars to take all the carriages through back-
wards, and rack tooth 10, which racks the front guides one space to the left,
and their front spotting guides 27 two spaces to the left, and the back guides
one space to the left, and their spotting guides 28 two spaces to the right; the
back dividing stop U is set ready for catching. Close the bars, and the back
stop U detains them; the front catch bar is let fall, and the back one is
raised. Take up with the back points to take up the crossings of the bobbin `
threads, and also to take up further wrappings which the bobbin threads
have made around both spotting guide threads 27 and 28, in continuance of
their former wrappings. The carriages are not divided this time. When
the back points get nearly up, the thirty-tooth ratchet wheel 66 is nudged one
tooth, so as to release the back dividing stop U. Extend the bars to bring
the carriages through forwards, and rack tooth 11, which racks the front
guides one space to the right, and their front spotting guides 27 two spaces to
the right, and racks the back guides one
spotting guides 28 two spaces to the left.
is let fall, and the front one is raised.
through backwards, and rack tooth 12, which racks the front guides one space
to the left, and their front spotting guides 27 two spaces to the left, and racks
the back guides one space to the left, and their back spotting guides 28 two
spaces to the right; and the back dividing stop U is let loose ready for
catching. Close the bars, and the back stop U detains them; the catch bars
remain as they were, but the front pushers are brought into action for taking
up other further wrappings of the bobbin threads around both spotting guide
threads 27 and 28, in continuance of the spots. Take up with the front points
space to the right, and their back
Close the bars; the back catch bar
Extend the bars to take the carriages

page_text: by pressing the right treadle, and the carriages will be divided in so doing,
and the back dividing stop U is released. Extend the bars to take the
back division of carriages into the back, and bring the front division into
the front, and rack tooth 13, which racks the front combs, with the front
division of carriages, one space to the right, and racks the back combs one
space to the left, with the back division of carriages, and racks the front
spotting guides 27 two spaces to the right, and racks the back guides one
space to the left. Close the bars to restore the carriages to one row; both
catch bars are raised, and then the back one is let fall, and the front pushers
are taken out of action. Extend the bars to take all the carriages through
backwards, and rack tooth 14, which racks the front combs two spaces to the
left without any carriages in them, and racks the front spotting guides 27 two
spaces to the left, and the back spotting guides 28 one space to the left.
Close the bars; the front catch bar is let fall, and the back one is raised.
Extend the bars to bring all the carriages through forwards, and rack tooth
15, which racks the back combs two spaces to the right without
any carriages
in them, and the front guides one space to the right, and their front spotting
guides 27 two spaces to the right, and racks the back guides two spaces to the
right, and their back spotting guides 28 one space to the right. Close the bars;
the back catch bar is let fall, and the front one is raised. Extend the bars to
take all the carriages through backwards, and rack tooth 16, which racks the
front guides one space to the left, and their front spotting guides 27 two
spaces to the left, and the back guides, with their spotting guides 28, one
space to the left. Close the bars; the front catch bar is let fall, and the back
one is raised. Extend the bars to bring all the carriages through forwards,
and rack tooth 17, which racks the front spotting guides 27 one space to the
right, and racks the back guides, with their spotting guides 28, one space
to the right. Close the bars; the back catch bar is let fall, and the front
one is raised. Extend the bars to take all the carriages through backwards,
and rack tooth 18, which racks the front spotting guides 27 one space to
the left, and racks the back guides, with their spotting guides 28, one space
to the left; also the back dividing stop U is let loose ready for catching.
Close the bars; both catch bars remain as they were, the front pushers are
brought into action. Take up with the back points and divide the carriages
in the usual manner. The points take up the usual crossings of the net, and
also the wrapping which one of the bobbin threads has made around both the
spotting guide threads 27 and 28, these being the last portions of the spots which
have been in progress of making since tooth 7 was racked, and which spots
are now completed. And note.-Each spot has been formed by four successive

page_text: taking-up actions of the points, viz., immediately after teeth 8, 10, 12, and 18
were racked respectively. The front points took up after the racking of
tooth 8, and they gathered up the wrappings made by the thread of one
bobbin around a pair of adjacent spotting guide threads 27, 28, for each spot,
together with all the usual crossings of bobbin threads which had been pre-
viously made when the carriages were divided in due course after the racking
of tooth 6, and which crossings belong to the plain net, but are now included
within the spots. The back points took up after tooth 10 was racked, and
they gathered up the wrapping made by two bobbin threads around the
same pair of adjacent spotting guide threads 27, 28, aforesaid, for each
spot. The front points took up after tooth 12 was racked, and gathered
up complete wrappings of two bobbin threads again, and also the carriages
were divided, and then, after racking tooth 18, the back points gathered
up the wrapping made by only one bobbin thread around both spotting
guide threads 27, 28, for each spot, together with the usual crossings of
bobbin threads which had been previously made when the carriages were
divided in due course after the racking of tooth 12, and which crossings
belong to the plain net, but are now included in the spot. When the
back points get nearly up, the back dividing stop U is disengaged, as
usual. Then extend the bars to take the back division of carriages into
the back, and bring the front division into the front, and rack tooth 19, which
racks the front comb bar one space to the right with the front division,
and racks the back combs one space to the left with the back division, and
racks the front guides, together with their front spotting guides 27, one space
to the left. Close the bars to restore the divided carriages into one row; as
they approach, both the catch bars are raised, and then the back one is let
full to secure all the carriages in one row, and the front pushers are taken out
of action. Extend the bars to take all the carriages through backwards, and
rack tooth 20, which racks the front combs one space to the left without any
carriages. Close the bars; the front catch bar is let fall, and the back one is
raised. Extend the bars to bring all the carriages through forwards, and
rack tooth 21, which racks the back combs one space to the right, and racks
the front guides, together with their front spotting guides 27, two spaces to the
right, and racks the back guides, together with their back spotting guides 28,
one space to the right. Close the bars; the back catch bar is let fall, and the
front one is raised. Extend the bars to take all the carriages through back-
wards, and rack tooth 22, which racks both rows of guides, with their spotting
guides 27, 28, one space to the left. Close the bars; the front catch bar is let
fall, and the back one is raised. Extend the bars to bring all the carriages

page_text: Close the bars; the
Extend the bars to
through forwards, and rack tooth 23, which racks both rows of guides, with
their spotting guides 27, 28, one space to the right.
back catch bar is let fall, and the front one is raised.
take all the carriages through backwards, and rack tooth 24, which racks
both rows of guides, with their spotting guides, one space to the left, and lets
the back dividing stop U loose ready for action. Close the bars; the catch
bars remain as they were, and the front pushers are brought into action, and
the back dividing stop U detains the bars. Take up with the front points by
pressing the right treadle, and the carriages will be divided in so doing, and
when they get nearly up, the back stop will be released ready for extending
the bars again. The racking wheels have now completed their revolution,
and two rows of complete meshes of net have been made, including a row of
spots, and all the parts have regained the same position which they had at the
commencement of this description, and the continuance of the operation is a
perpetual repetition of what has been described. And note. -The spots which
are made by that means will be disposed one below another in straight
longitudinal rows along the length of the piece of net; but if it is required to
dispose the same spots according to a chequered pattern, then another pair of
extra spotting bars must be applied, one such bar in the front and the other
at the back, as it shewn in dotted lines at 1 and 2, Sheet VIII., and every
alternate spotting guide of those before described, as 27 and 28, must be
placed upon the said two additional spotting bars 1 and 2, leaving the inter-
mediate or intervening spotting guides 27, 28, as they have been described,
upon the two spotting bars 3 and 4, already described, and then at one time
of making spots, the spotting guides on the said two additional spotting bars
1 and 2 must be racked with all the same motions as the guide bars t, w,
to which they belong, are herein-before described to be racked with, and con-
sequently no. spots will be made by the spotting guides affixed to those two
additional spotting bars 1 and 2; but the other two spotting guide bars 3 and
4, herein-before described, being racked with the racking motions berein-
before described, will cause spots to be made by the spotting guides 27 and
28, affixed to those two bars; and then at the next succeeding time of making
spots, the two spotting bars 3 and 4, herein-before described, must be racked
with all the same motions as the two guide bars t, w, to which they belong
respectively, are herein-before described to be racked with, and consequently
no spots will be made by the spotting guides 27, 28, affixed to the two
additional spotting bars 3 and 4; but the other two additional spotting bars. 1
and 2 being racked with the racking motions herein-before described, will
cause spots to be made by the spotting guides affixed to those two bars.; and

page_text: for communicating such racking motions, the said additional' spotting guide
bars 1 and 2 must have suitable racking wheels provided for them on the same
upright axis V as the racking wheels B, S, for the other spotting bars are fixed
upon; but in such case all the racking wheels should be made double the size
represented in the Drawing, and the ratchet wheel by which they are turned
should have forty-eight teeth instead of twenty-four teeth, the several racking
wheels having forty-eight steps formed around their circumferences. The
series of those steps will be exactly the same as herein-before described and
represented, but there will be disposed around one-half of the large circum-
ference of each large wheel, instead of extending all round each small wheel,
as represented in the Drawing; and the other half of each such large circum-
ference will be formed into the same series of steps as is formed around the
circumferences of the racking wheels A and 1 for the two main guide. bars,
but extending only half round the large circumference, instead of all round
the same circumference. The said large wheels will go once round in two
repetitions of the foregoing description. And note.-Instead of using extra guide
bars, or spotting bars, as above described, for occasionally giving the requisite
unusual racking motions to those particular warp threads which are for the time
to be operative in making spots, the same effect may be attained by means of
benders or short stump guides without eyes, which, being inserted between
those particular warp threads which require unusual racking motions to be
given to them, may be made to bend those warp threads aside as much as is
requisite for producing their extra rackings during the formation of the spots,
and after the spots are finished the said benders may be wholly withdrawn
from between the warp threads, leaving them to the guidance of the rows of
main guides in the usual manner of making the plain net; and at every
succeeding time of making spots the same benders may be reinserted, but at
different places in the width of the net from those places where they were
inserted the previous time, according as the chequered pattern of spots requires
them to be disposed in the width of the net at succeeding times. The
application of such benders will be herein-after described in their application
for making the same kind of spotted ornamented net or lace in double-tier
machinery, which is represented in Sheets X. and XI., and their application
to the Lever's machinery, Sheets VIII. and IX., will be obvious to a competent
workman who has studied the foregoing description of the working of the
Lever's machine, and learned therefrom all the unusual racking motions which
are required to be given by the benders to those particular warp threads on
which such benders are to operate.
Fifthly, respecting double-tier circular comb machinery, for producing

page_text: spotted net which is made with crossings of bobbin threads, but which are
not traversing threads, another further part of my said improvements relates
to that kind of machinery for making bobbin net lace, which is commonly
called double-tier circular bolt or circular comb machinery, the improvements
being for the purpose of producing spotted ornamented net or lace very similar
to that produced by the Lever's machinery last described, but by operation of
double-tier circular bolt or circular comb machinery, see Sheets X. and XI.
of the Drawings, that is to say, the net for the transparent ground is made
with crossings of bobbin threads, but without traversing threads from selvedge
to selvedge, as is represented by the Figure in Sheet X., being very nearly the
same texture as already described respecting Sheet VIII., the only difference
being in the crossings of the blue threads, which are not all of the same kind
as the crossings in ordinary bobbin net, but every other alternate crossing is
made in a reverse direction, viz., the frontmost of the two crossing threads
proceeds from the right hand towards the left, and the backward of the two
crossing threads proceeds left to right; nevertheless, the intermediate crossings
between the said alternate crossings are of the usual kind, viz., the frontmost
of the crossing threads proceeding from left to right, and the backmost from
right to left. The spots are similar to those before described, and are made in
like manner by accumulation of bobbin threads, and not by accumulation of
warp threads, wherefore this part of my improvements differs from the last only
in its application to double-tier machinery instead of single-tier, and as before
mentioned, respecting the Lever's machinery, I make no claim to the mode
now about to be described of making the said plain net without traversing
threads, neither by double-tier machinery nor single-tier, nor do I make
any claim to any other application of the mode now about to be described
of accumulating bobbin thread into spots, except for the purpose of producing
spotted ornamented net or lace of that particular kind which has been herein-
before described as without traversing threads from selvedge to selvedge, the
net work which constitutes the plain transparent ground on which the spots
are to be exhibited; neither do I make claim to any similar mode of pro-
ducing spots in such bobbin net as is made without traversing threads by
accumulation of warp threads; but I confine my claim to the mode, now
about to be described, of producing spots in such bobbin net as is made in
the double-tier machinery, and herein-before stated to be without traversing
threads from selvedge to selvedge, by accumulating wrappings of some of
these bobbin threads, whereof the plain transparent net work is in part
formed.
Sheets X. and XI. of the Drawing represents a double-tier circular comb

page_text: or circular bolt machine, with driving bars and single-bladed lockers, having all
its parts actuated by rotary motion, in the same manner as the machine already
described and represented in Sheets V., VI., and VII., and the same letters
of reference and tints of colouring being used to distinguish the same parts in
both machines, it is not necessary to repeat the description, excepting of those
parts which are altered from the ordinary structure of such machinery. The
racking wheels on the upright axis L, at the right-hand ond of the machine,
are of large size, and are turned round by a bevil wheel y, of one hundred and
sixty teeth at the lower end of that axis, and a bevel pinion of twenty teeth
on the end of the main axis y of the driving camms, so as to require eight
revolutions of the axis y to produce one revolution of the racking wheels; and
the several large racking wheels on the upright axis L are formed with thirty-
two steps around the circumferences, so as to make thirty-two repetitions of
racking for each revolution of the axis L, instead of twelve, as usual in liko
machinery. There are two racking wheels d and e on the upright axis L, to
actuate the two main guide bars t and w, which bars are applied as usual with
ten guides per inch, and the warp threads are supplied to them from the usual
warp roller. Those particular warp threads which are to have wrappings of
bobbin thread carried round them for making spots may be threaded through
the eyes of spotting guides applied on extra guide bars opposite to vacancies,
which would in that case be left in the rows of guides in the same manner as
has been already described respecting the Lever's machine, or what is equi-
valent to such spotting guides, pointed prongs, or stump guides without eyes,
called benders, may be inserted amongst those particular warp threads which
would be threaded through the said guides, and which may be occasionally
racked thereby, with the same unusual racking motions as would be commu-
nicated to those threads by spotting guides on extra guide bars. The said
prongs or benders are fixed in rows on two horizontal bender bars 31, 61, which
are applied in the machine, one at the back and the other at the front thereof,
in a similar manner to guide bars. The benders 30, 60, are short prongs,
soldered into stems of brass plate, in the manner of extra guides, as is shewn
in full size in Sheet X., the extremities of the prongs being turned nearly
into a horizontal direction when the brass stems are affixed to the bender
bars 31, 61, and reach up therefrom in an inclining direction, as shewn in the
large section of the machine,, Sheet X. The prongs of the benders are
disposed in their respective rows at suitable distances apart to correspond
to the places which the spots are intended to occupy in their rows across
the net, that is, those spots which are to be made at the same time.
Each of the bender bars 31, 61, is mounted on pivots at its end, about

page_text: which it is capable of turning, so much as is requisite for withdrawing the
extremities of the benders 30, 60, from between the warp threads when
they are not required to operate thereon, that is, whenever meshes of plain
net without any spots are to be made; or by tilting the benders 31, 61,
about their pivots, the extremities of the benders 30, 60, may be inserted
between those particular warp threads which require to be racked with
unusual racking motions, in order that wrappings of bobbin threads may be
found around them for the formation of spots, and the benders 30, 60,
being so inserted, and then racked endways in their row, they will give
the requisite additional and unusual racking motions to those particular
warp threads with which they come in contact, so as to bend those threads
aside suitably for causing the bobbin threads which are to form spots to
warp around those threads. Each of the bender bars is tilted about its
pivots, in order to insert the extremities of its benders amongst the warp
threads, or to withdraw them therefrom with a corresponding motion of the
back and front benders; at the same time those motions being communicated
by means of a lever arm 32, which is affixed to the front bender bar 31,
and reaches down therefrom to the circumference of a suitable racking wheel
35, mounted on a short horizontal axis at the right-hand end of the machine,
together with a ratchet wheel 10 of sixteen teeth, fixed on the same axis,
and turned round by a driver 15, which is jointed to a lever 14, deriving
motion from camm 20, with one prominence fixed on the end of the main
axis Y of the main driving cams. The lever 14 is mounted on a fixed
centre pin at one end, and the middle part carries a truck to be actuated
by the prominences of the said revolving camm 20, the driver 15 being
jointed to its extreme end, wherefore, at every turn of; the main axis Y, the
notched wheel 10 is turned one tooth, and it makes one revolution whilst the
racking wheels on the upright axis L go twice round. The notched wheel
35 is formed with suitable prominences for elevating the end of the lever
arm 32 at suitable times, when spots are to be made, in order to tilt the
bender bars 31, 61, and insert the benders 30, 60, amongst the warp threads,
and to keep them so inserted all the time whilst they are required to act
thereon; or, by a notch in the wheel 35, to allow the benders to be withdrawn
from between the threads by the reacting spring 65 pulling down the lever
arm 62, which projects out backwards from the back bender bar 61; and
the foremost end of the lever arm 62 acts as a short lever under a cor-
responding short lever 36, which is fixed to the front bender bar, so that by
means of two short lever arms 86, 62, both bender bars are moved with
corresponding motions, which are derived from the same racking wheel 35

page_text: and reacting spring 65, in order to insert the benders 30 and 60, or to
withdraw them, back and front at the same moment. The said action of
the wheel 35, for inserting or withdrawing the benders amongst the warp
threads, must be performed in the intervals between the usual time of racking
the warp threads, and on that account the prominence of the camm 20 comes
into action on the truck of the lever 14, to impel the driver 15 and ratchet
wheel 10 in the interval between the times for racking the guide bars. The
bender bars 31, 61, are racked endways, in the same manner as guide bars
are racked, by means of large racking wheels 34, 64, fixed on the upright
axis L, with intervening racking levers 39, 69, and gage screws for adjust-
ment, to act on the extremities of the end pivots on which the bender bars
are mounted, and springs are applied to the bender bars 31, 61, to urge
them towards the racking wheels: The racking motions so given to the
benders are communicated at the usual time of racking the guide bars.
Each bender bar has its own independant racking motions communicated to
it by its own racking wheel 34, 64. The benders cause a spot to be made
at every place in the width of the net where they are inserted, and operate
to give unusual racking motions to the warp threads; and in case it should
be required to dispose the spots which are made at succeeding times at
different intermediate places in the width of the net to those places therein
where the spots were made at preceding times, so as to produce what is
called a chequered pattern; then the rows of benders are to be moved
endways in the interval between succeeding times of making spots, whilst
the benders remain withdrawn from between the warp threads, in order that
when they are reinserted amongst the warp threads, for producing a succeed-
ing row of spots, they will enter amongst other different threads from those
amongst which they were inserted at the time of making the preceding row
of spots, and consequently the spots made at the succeeding time will be
at different places in the width of the net from those which were made
at the preceding time; but whether the bender are inserted at one set of
places or other, the same racking motions must be given to them for bending
the warp threads with which they come in contact suitably for the producing
spots at any of the places where the benders may be inserted. This is accom-
plished by the insertion of moveable plug pieces 40, 70, between the aforesaid
gage screws at the right-hand end of the end pivot of the bender bar 31, 61,
and the intervening levers 39, 69, which communicate the action of the
racking wheels 34, 64, to the bender bars 31, 61. When the said plug pieces
40, 70, are inserted, the benders 30, 60, will produce spots at certain places in
the width of the net, which spots being finished, and the ben·lers withdrawn

page_text: from amongst the warp threads, then the said plug pieces are withdrawn pre-
viously to reinserting the benders 30, 60, which therefore produce spots at
other different places in the width of the net, interspaced to the places therein
where spots were made at the preceding time, thus disposing the spots accord-
ing to a chequered pattern. The plug pieces 40, 70, are fitted to the inter-
vening racking lever 39, 69, so as to slide so far along the same as to insert
or withdraw them from the gage screws at the ends of the bender bars 31, 61;
and both plug pieces 40, 70, are connected by joint pins with the upper end
of an elbow lever 41, which is mounted on a fixed centre pin, and a beak of
the foremost extremity of the horizontal arm of the lever 41 applies to the
circumference of a notched wheel 44, which is fixed on the same axis as the
notched wheel 35 and ratchet wheel 10, so that by a prominence on the wheel
44, the plug pieces 40, 70, will be inserted; but when a notch of the wheel 44
comes round in the action, then the plug pieces 40, 70, will be withdrawn.
The
proper forms for the several wheels to actuate the benders are represented
in Sheet X., viz., the wheels 35 for withdrawing or inserting them amongst
the warp threads, the wheels 34 and 64 for racking each row of them, and the
wheel 44 for racking both rows of them when withdrawn, in order to dispose
the spots in a chequered pattern. The taking-up points are as usual in double-
tier machinery, but they operate in a somewhat different manner for taking up,
because the front points perform all the taking-up motion, as well for making
the net as for making the spots, and the back points only operate to relieve
the front points from holding up and retaining whatever twists, crossings, or
wrappings the front points have taken up, so as to leave those points at liberty
to repeat their taking-up action. For this purpose the taking-up camm V,
for lowering and raising the back point bar G, is adapted to lower the back
points only a very little way down after they have been withdrawn from the
meshes of the net by the usual action of their withdrawing camm v, and then
they are reinserted again by action of the same camm v, so as to go in again
immediately under the front points, which, then becoming uppermost, are pre-
pared for performing taking-up in the usual manner, viz., by being withdrawn
by their withdrawing camm S, and then lowered down by their own taking-up
camm U, and allowed to penetrate amongst the threads by their withdrawing
camm S, and then raised up again by their taking-up camm U; the action of
the withdrawing camms S, v, is terminated to their respective point bars E
and G, by elbow levers X, X, and horizontal links a, a, and the taking-up
action of the other cams U, V, is transmitted by levers u, u, with trucks to
apply to the edges of the camnus and upright links w, w, to go up to short
stump arms on the joint bars, all which being as usual in like machinery,

page_text: requires no further explanation. The form camm U is adapted to lower down'
the front points rather lower than usual for taking up, in order that they may
make their insertion amongst the warp threads in the position represented in
Sheet X.; and the taking-up camms U, V, for each point bar, is adapted to
raise up the points a very little immediately after the opposite points are
withdrawn from the meshes of the net, thereby producing the same effect
as the overlapping horns which are applied to other lace machines for
the like purpose, or as the withdrawing of moveable stopping bolt 30,
Sheet IX., berein-before described respecting Lever's machinery for stopping
the ascent of that point bar which has last taken up. And note.-In
this machine the taking-up camms U, V, and withdrawing cams S, u, on the
axis F, are turned once round for every three revolutions of the main
driving camm M on the axis Y, as is most usual in such machinery; the
toothed pinion on the main axis Y having twenty teeth, and the taking-up
cog wheel Q has sixty teeth. And note.-When the front points get up
beneath the back points, and then the instant that the back points are
out, the front points go up a little, in order to contain the meshes which
the back. points just quitted. The front point bar requires to be racked end-
ways whilst it is in the act of taking up, which is done by a large racking
wheel 37 at the upper end of the upright axis L at the right-hand end of the
machine, that wheel acting by steps around its circumference against the tooth
of an intervening lever 74, which applies to the end pivot of the spindle bar
B, of the crank bar arms, by which the front point bar E is suspended, and a
reacting spring 21 is applied, by intervention of a cross lever 22, to
urge each
of the front point bar endways towards the right hand; the racking motions
which are thus given to the front point bar when its points are making their
insertion amongst the two rows of bobbin threads, after having penetrated
amongst the warp threads, causes the bobbin threads to be taken up by the
front points in a crossed state, for forming the required crossings of bobbin
threads. Neither the front comb bar nor the back comb bar require to be
racked in this machine, and therefore it has no comb bar racking wheels, and
both comb bars are made fast; the same effect which is attained in the
Lever's machinery last described, by racking both comb bars for traversing
the carriages one step to the right and one step to the left, for the obtaining
the crossings of the bobbin threads, is attained in this machine by suitable
rackings of the guide bars, and by the racking of the front points in the act of
taking up the bobbin threads. Suppose the machine to have been regularly
at work making spotted ornamented net of the kind herein-before described,
that is, without traversing threads for the plain ground of the net, and

page_text: ornamented with spots formed by wrapping particular particular bobbin
threads at intervals round adjacent pairs of warp threads, and supposing the
machine to have been stopped for examination when the parts are in the
following positions:-All the several racking wheel represented in Sheets X.
now have their steps, which are numbered 1, in action on their respective
racking bolts. Both division of carriages are locked up in the back comb.
The front points are now in the act of taking up, and are just about to
penetrate the warp threads. The front guide bar now stands racked as far as
it can go to the right; it is capable of racking two spaces of one-tenth of an
inch each for a ten-point gage machine. Note.-It has been recently put to
the right, and is only to continue for a moment to keep open spaces for the
insertion of the front points. The back guide bar now stands racked in its
middle position; it is capable of racking two spaces, one to the right, or one
to the left of its present position; each row of guides, back or front, contains
an entire row of warp threads without any vacancies. The front benders and
back benders are both withdrawn from amongst the warp threads; their two
bender bars now stand racked to the right as far as they can go; they are
capable of racking one space during the racking of each row of spots. The
points are ten per inch, back and front, the same as usual. The pointed pins
of the back points are now exactly over the places into which the pointed pins
of the front points will ascends, when the front points are raised up again to
their resting place. The front points descend, in order to take up the work,
and they are racked whilst in the act of taking up the front points, which are
now let down and prepared for penetrating; the warp threads stand-in a middle
position, from which they can be racked half a space to the left, or one space
to the right. The back points are never racked, nor do they ever descend to
take up the work, but only descend so much as to go down under the front
points to receive the work which the front points have taken up, and the back
points hold up that work whilst the front points repeat their taking up; this
position of the parts being understood, the mode of working is as follows:-
The front division of carriages begins to move forwards to bring them through
between the warp threads; the front points penetrate between the warp threads,
and immediately after they have so penetrated, the front guides go one space
to the left. Note.-They had only been put to the right for a moment, in
preparation for the points making the said insertion, and as soon as the front
points have penetrated through the the warp threads, those points are racked
half a space to the right before they take the front bobbin threads, which are
coming forwards to meet the front points as the same are going backwards;
and after the front points bave penetrated amongst the front bobbin threads,

page_text: then they are racked one space to the left before they penetrate the back
bobbin threads, and having made their way amongst all the threads, the front
points go up and are racked half a space to the right before they get quite up,
which they do before the front division of carriages iз come quite through.
And note.-The pointed pins of the front points go up exactly beneath the
pointed pins of the back points. Note.-The front points do not take up any
crosses or twists this time. Then the back points begin to draw out from the
meshes of the net. The front division of carriages being come quite through
forwards between the warp threads, No. 2 is racked, which racks the back
guides one space to the left. The back division of carriages is brought through
forwards between the warp threads; the back points are quite withdrawn
from the meshes of net, and are let down a very little, and then brought for-
wards and inserted again immediately amongst the threads in the spaces
beneath; the front points begin to draw out, and No. 3 is racked, which racks
the back guides one space to the right. The back division of carriages is put
through backwards, and the front points begin to descend, and No. 4 is racked,
which racks the back guides and the front guides each one space to the right.
The front division of carriages is put through backwards; the front points
having got down, are racked half a space to the right, and No. 5 is racked,
which racks the front guides two spaces to the left, whereof one space is only
to obtain proper openings for the insertion of the front points amongst the
warp threads, which insertion takes place immediately after No. 5 is racked;
and then, instantly after this insertion, the front guides return one space to the
right, so that, in fact, they are only racked one space to the left at this time of
racking, instead of two spaces and immediately after the front point have
penetrated the warp threads, they are racked half a space to the right before
they enter amongst the front bobbin threads, and then having penetrated
through those front bobbin threads, the front points are racked one and a half
spaces to the left before they enter amongst the back bobbin threads, and
having penetrated amongst those threads, the front points in going up are
racked one space to the right, by which means their pointed pins will go up
under the spaces between the pointed pins of the back points. The front
points take up the twists and crossings of bobbin threads for the formation of
the plain network this time, and when they get up, the back points begin to
draw out by the time No. 6 is racked, which racks the back guides two spaces
to the left. The back carriages are brought through forwards, the back, points
are drawn out, and the front points are racked half a space to the right,
whilst the back points go down a little, and are then brought forwards to get
beneath the front points, so that the pointed pins of one row will come exactly

page_text: below those of the other row; as soon as the back points have thus risen up
close under the front points, the front points begin to draw out, in order to
transfer the crossings which the front points have taken up from those points
to the back points, and No. 7 is racked, which racks the back guides one
space to the right. The back carriages are put through backwards, the front
points are drawn quite out, and the back points, having the crosses now
transferred to them, are now raised up a very little to get to their proper
resting position; the front points then begin to go down, and are racked
one space to the left, and No. 8 is racked, which racks the back guides
and the front guides each one space to the right. The front carriages are
put through backwards, and No. 9 is racked, which racks the front guides
one space to the left, and then the front points penetrate amongst the
warp threads, and immediately after that the back guides are racked one
space to the left. The front carriages are brought through forwards, the
front points having penetrated, the warp threads are racked half a space to
the left, and then enter amongst the front bobbin threads, and are then racked
half a space to the right, and enter amongst the back bobbin threads, and then
the front points go up, taking up twists and crossings of bobbin threads to
form network, and the back points begin to draw out, and No. 10 is racked,
which racks the front guides one space to the left. The back carriages are
brought through forwards; the back points having been drawn out are let
down a little, and then inserted under the front points and raised up beneath
them, and then the front points begin to draw out, and No. 11 is racked, which
racks the front guides one space to the right. The back carriages are put
through backwards; the front points are drawn out to transfer the crossings
from them to the back points, which are raised up a little to get them
into their resting position, and the front points begin to descend again, and
No. 12 is racked, which racks the back guides one space to the right. The
front carriages are put through backwards, and the front points penetrate
amongst the warp threads, and then No. 13 is racked, which racks the back
guides one space to the left, and the front points are racked half a space to the
left before they enter amongst the front bobbin threads. The front carriages
are brought through forwards, and the front points having penetrated the front
bobbin threads and also back bobbin threads, are then racked half a space to
the right, and and go up. But note.-The front points have not taken up
anything this time. The back points begin to draw out, and No. 14 is racked,
which racks the front guides one space to the left. The back carriages
are brought through forwards; the back points being withdrawn, and let
down a little, are inserted under the front points, which are then drawn out.

page_text: The back benders, which are out of the threads, are racked half a space to the
left, in order to put them opposite to the proper spaces for insertion, and
No. 15 is racked, which racks the back guides and the front guides each one
space to the right; and the back benders and front benders are both inserted
amongst the warp threads at the same time. Note. The spaces into which
the front benders enter amongst the front guide threads are one space to the
right of the spaces into which the back benders enter amongst the back guide
threads. The back carriages are put through backwards, the front points go
down, and No. 16 is racked, which racks the back guides one space to the left,
and racks the back benders half a space to the right, whereby they bend those
back guide threads with which they come in contact aside to the right, so as to
detain those threads in the places where they were, although all the other back
guide threads have been racked one space to the left. Those back guide
threads which are so detained by the back benders are to become operative in
making spots, whereof a row is now commencing by this bending. The front
carriages are put through backwards, and No. 17 is racked, which racks
the back benders one space to the left, in order to allow those back guide
threads which they bended to the right to become straight, and the front points
penetrate the warp threads; and then the front guides, together with their
front benders which are inserted amongst them, are racked one space to the
left, the benders having no operation on the threads at present, and the front
points having penetrated, the warp threads are racked half a space to the left
before they enter amongst the front bobbin threads. The front carriages are
brought through forwards; the front points having penetrated through the
front bobbin threads are racked one space to the right, and then enter amongst
the back bobbin threads, after which the front points are racked half a space
to the left as they go up, and they will therefore go up with their pointed
pins beneath the spaces between the pointed pins of the back points. Note.-
The front points take up twists and crossings of bobbin threads for forming
meshes of net, and when they get up the back points begin to draw out,
and No. 18 is racked, which racks the front guides one space to the right,
but the front benders are not racked, consequently they will bend aside those
front guide threads with which they are in contact one space to the left,
so as to retain those threads from racking when all the other front guide
threads have racked one space to the right. The back carriages are brought
through forwards, the back points are drawn quite out, and then the front
points are racked one space to the left, and the back points are let down a
little and inserted beneath the front points, which are then drawn out to
transfer the crossings to the back points, which are then raised up a little to

page_text: the resting position, and No. 19 is racked, which racks the back benders and
also the front benders one space to the right; but neither of the rows of guides
are racked this time, and the action of the back benders is to bend aside the
back guide threads with which they come in contact one space to the left; but
the action of the front benders is to set straight those front guide threads which
they kept bended aside to the left last time, which is, in effect, a racking of
those particular guide threads one space to the right at the same time that the
corresponding back guide threads are bended one space to the right by the
back benders, as aforesaid. The back carriages are put through backwards,
the front points go down, and No. 20 is racked, but no racking motions are
communicated to any of the bärs this time. The front carriages are put
through backwards, and No. 21 is racked, which racks the back benders one
space to the left, so as to set those back guide threads straight which they
bended to the right last time, being in effect a racking of those particular back
guide threads one space to the left. The front points penetrate the warp
threads immediately after the back benders are so racked, and then the front
benders are in like manner racked one space to the left, whereby they bend
aside those front guide threads with which they are in contact one space to the
left, being in effect a racking of those front guide threads; the front points
having penetrated between, the warp threads are then racked half a space to
the left before they enter amongst the front bobbin threads. The front
carriages are brought through forwards, the front points have penetrated, the
front bobbin threads are racked one space to the right, and then enter amongst
the back bobbin threads, and then, in going up; the front points are racked half
a space to the left, and when the front points get quite up, the back points
begin to draw out, and No. 22 is racked; but no racking motions are com
municated to any of the bars this time. Note.-The front points do not take
up any crossings for forming meshes of net this time; but they gather up those
wrappings which the bobbin threads have made round those particular pairs of
warp threads which have been operated upon by the benders, and the wrap-
pings so gathered up by the front points are in part of the formation of spots.
The back carriages are brought through forwards, the back points being with-
drawn, and let down a little, are inserted under the front points, which are then
drawn out in order to transfer the wrappings of particular bobbin threads
which the front points have gathered up in part of the formation of spots, as
aforesaid, to the back points; and No. 23 is racked, which racks the front
benders and the back benders each one space to the right, thereby setting
straight those front guide threads which were bended aside last time, being in
'effect a racking of those threads one space to the right, and the corresponding

page_text: back guide threads are bended aside and racked also one space to the right.
The back carriages are put through backwards, the front points begin to go
down, and No. 24 is racked; but no racking motions are communicated to any
of the bars this time. The front carriages are put through backwards, and
No. 25 is racked, and racks the back benders one space to the left, which sets
straight those back guide threads which they bended aside last time, being in
effect racking of those threads one space to the left; the front points penetraté
the warp threads, and immediately after the aforesaid racking of the back
benders, and then the front benders are racked one space to the left, thereby
bending and racking those particular front guide threads with which they
come in contact one space to the left; the front points having penetrated
through all the warp threads, are racked half a space to the left, and
then enter amongst the front bobbin threads, and after penetrating through
them, are racked one space to the right, become entering amongst the
back bobbin threads, and then, in going up, the front point are racked half
a space to the left. Note.-The front points gather up other succeeding
wrappings in furtherance of formation of the spots, and when. the front points
get up beneath the back points, the latter are withdrawn, and 26 is racked;
but no racking motions will be communicated to any of the bars this time.
The back carriages are brought through forwards, and the back points being
withdrawn, and let down a little, are inserted again under the front points,
which are then drawn out in order to transfer the wrappings which have
been gathered up, and then No. 27 is racked, which racks the back- guides,
together with their back benders, each one space to the riglit, and racks
the front benders one space to the right, thereby setting straight those front
guide threads which were bended last time, being in effect a racking of
those front guide threads one space to the right. The back carriages are put
through backwards, the front points go down, and No. 28 is racked, which
racks the back guides one space to the left, but as the back benders do not
rack, they bend aside and retain those back guide threads with which they
come in contact so as to prevent them from racking. The front carriages are
put through backwards, and the front points get down, and No. 29 is racked,
which racks the back benders one space to the left, whereby they set straight
those back guide threads which they bended last time, and then the front
points penetrate amongst the warp threads, and after that the front guides,
together with their front benders, are racked one space to the left; the front
point having penetrated the warp threads, are racked half a space to the-left,
and then enter amongst the front bobbin threads, and after penetrating them
are racked one space to the right, and then enter amongst the back bobbin

page_text: threads, and after that are racked half a space to the left as they go up, and
when they get up the back points draw out. Note. The front points have
now gathered up further and last portions of the spots, which are thereby com-
pleted, and No. 30 is racked, but no racking motions are communicated to any
of the bars. The back carriages are brought through forwards, the back
points being withdrawn, and let down a little, are inserted under the front
points, which are then drawn out in order to transfer the said last portions of
the spots, then No. 31 is racked, which racks the front guides one space to
the right, and both the rows of benders are withdrawn from amongst the warp
threads. The back carriages are put through backwards, and No. 32 is racked,
which racks the back guides one space to the right. The front carriages are
put through backwards, the front points go down, and No. 1 is racked, which
racks the back guides one space to the left, and shogs the front guides for a
moment one space to the right, to prepare the threads for the insertion of the
front points, which are now quite ready to make their insertion. The racking
wheels have now gone once round, and all the parts have regained the posi-
tions which they held at the commencement of this description. Two rows of
complete meshes of net have been made by the operation above described,
including a row of spots. The continuance of the operation is an exact repe-
tition of the foregoing description, but that would dispose the succeeding spots
one beneath another at the same places in the width of the net, so as to form
straight and parallel longitudinal rows of spots along the length of the piece of
net; but if it is desired to dispose the spots according to a chequered pattern,
then at the repetition of the foregoing description, when No. 3 is racked, the
plug pieces 40, 70, are inserted, by action of their notched wheel 44, between
the racking levers 39, 69, and the gage screws at the ends of the pivots of
each of the bender bars 31, 61, so as to rack those bars to the left as much as
the chequering of the spots requires, being half the distance at which the benders
30, 60, stand asunder in their respective rows. This racking being given whilst
the benders stand withdrawn from between the guide threads, it causes them
to be inserted amongst the guide threads at different places in the rows thereof
at each succeeding repetition of the foregoing description from the places in
which they were inserted at the preceding time of insertion; and then at the
next succeeding repetition of the foregoing description, the said plug pieces
40, 70, must be withdrawn, when No. 3 is racked, in order to allow the bender
bars 31, 61, to rack endways to the right in preparation for inserting them at
different places in the width of the net from those wherein they were inserted
at the preceding time, so that at succeeding repetitions of the foregoing descrip-
tion the said plug pieces 40, 70, are inserted, when No. 3 is racked during the

page_text: repetition, and are withdrawn again, when No. 3 is racked at the next
succeeding repetition, and so on continually. And note.-In order to facilitate
the insertion of the said plug pieces 40, 70, by action of the notched wheel 44,
when No. 8 is racked, as aforesaid, the racking wheels 34, 64, for racking the
bender bars, have notches cut out in them at No. 3, in order that they may
leave the racking levers 39, 69, quite loose, and the bender bars then coming
to rest endways against fixed stops towards the right hand, the plug pieces
will have no impediment to their insertion. And note.-The spots which have
been produced during the foregoing description have been accumulated by
three successive gatherings up by the front points of those wrappings, which
particular bobbin threads have been caused to make around those pairs of
adjacent warp threads which have been racked with unusual racking motions
by operation of the benders; those accumulated wrappings are augmented by
those crossings of bobbin thread which are formed between the same pairs of
adjacent warp threads, and which crossings are in their places as part of the
net work, one such crossing forming the upper part of each spot, and another
such crossing forming the lower part of the same spot, the interval between
the said two crossings being filled up by the three successive gatherings up
of wrappings of bobbin threads, that is to say, the said crossings which form
the upper part of the spots are those which were taken up by the front points
when No. 17 was racked. The aforesaid three successive gatherings up of
wrappings of bobbin threads which constitute the filling up of the spots were
gathered up by the front points when Nos. 21, 25, and 29 were racked, and
the aforesaid crossings which form the lower parts of the spots are those which
are taken up at the recommencement of a repetition of the description when
No. 1 is racked. The aforesaid wrappings of bobbin threads are double
threads supplied from both bobbins of the front division and back division of
carriages at every place where a spot is making. And note.-The operation
of making meshes of plain net does not proceed in the interval between the
racking of No. 19 and No. 27, because the two guide bars are not racked
during that interval, but only the benders 30, 60, in order to bend and rack
the particular warp threads with which they come in contact, wherefore all the
motions of the machinery during that interval are for the formation of the spots.
The plain net for the transparent ground is therefore made by twenty-four
racking motions out of the thirty-two which have been described. And note.-
Instead of employing benders 30, 60, as herein-before described, the same
effects of occasionally giving unusual but appropriate racking motions to those
particular warp threads which are to be concerned in making spots may be
attained by threading those particular threads through the eyes of extra guides

page_text: fixed on extra bars or spotting bars, in the same manner as heréin-before fully
described respecting the Lever's machine represented in Sheets VIII. and IX.
The several racking wheels for racking such spotting bars back and front must be
formed with very similar.steps-around parts of their circumferences to those steps
which the racking wheels 34; 64,. for racking the back.and front bender bars,
have around all those parts of their said circumferences which come into action
whilst the benders are inserted amongst the warp threads, but at all other
parts of the said circumferences of the racking wheels for spotting bars, which
come into action at those intervals of the operation herein-before described,
when the benders are withdrawn from the warp threads, the steps of the
racking wheels for the spotting bars must be precisely the same as those
steps around the racking wheels d and e, for the main guide bars, which are at
the same time in action. In order that those spotting bars, front or back, which
are not operative for the. time for the formation of spots may accompany the
guide bars front or back, to which they belong respectively, but that those spotting
bars which are for the time operative for making spots may communicate to
the particular warp threads which are guided by those spotting bars all the
same racking motions as have been herein-before described to be communicated
to the same warp threads by the action of the benders 30, 60, whenithe same
are inserted amongst and brought in contact with those. threads. And note.
Neither the bénders. nor the extra guide bars form any part of my Invention,
nor the application of one or the other to levers, single-tier machinery, or to
circular bolt or circular comb double-tier machinery, for the purpose of pro-
ducing spots in bobbin net which is making in such machinery with crossings
of bobbin threads, but without traversing threads from selvedge to.selvedge
by accumulating into the form of spots any warp threads whereof such net is in
part made, but my improvement is confined to the mode herein-before described
of accumulating bobbin threads of such net into spots for ornament of such net
'Sixthly, respecting double-tier circular comb machinery for. producing
spotted net of the ordinary texture of bobbin net with traversing threads
by accumulating particular warp threads into spot. Another part of my
said improvements relates to that kind of machinery for making bobbin net
lace which is commonly called double-tier circular bolt or circular comb
machinery, the improvement. being for the purpose of producing spotted
ornamented net or lace, whereof the plain transparent net work is of
the usual texture of bobbin net or lace with diagonal threads traversing
obliquely from selvedge to selvedge, such as is most commonly made
by such machinery, each of the hexagonal meshes thereof being com-
posed of four twisted pillars consisting of longitudinal and diagonal traversing

page_text: threads twisted together, and the top and bottom sides of each mesh
being formed of oblique crossings of the said diagonal threads, which
traverse the net obliquely with contrary directions of obliquity from selvedge
to selvedge, and by their mutual crossings, the diagonal threads unite
those twisted pillars which the same threads form as aforesaid by twisting
around the longitudinal threads, and by so, uniting the said twisted pillars they
are formed into meshes. This texture of bobbing net lace is so well known
as to require no further description, and this part of my improvements is for
producing spots therein by accumulating some of the longitudinal cross threads
whereof the meshes of net are composed, and causing those threads to pass
horizontally backwards and forwards alternately to the right and to the left of
their ordinary longitudinal course, so as to form zig-zag loops across and across
the width of two adjacent meshes of the net work, in order to fill up the opening
thereof, and repetitions of such hoops may, if required, be continued during
the length of two meshes, so as to occupy the space of four meshes by each
spot. This is explained by the enlarged representation of the net with spots
in Sheet XII. The said zig loops of longitudinal warp thread which con-
stitute each spot will thus pass across and across towards those two longitudinal
threads of the net work which occupy adjacent spaces to that belonging to the
longitudinal thread which is forming. the loops, and which thread may for
distinction be called the spotting thread, although it is really one of the
longitudinal threads of the net, and takes its place amongst the others for the
usual formation of net, whenever it is not looping to form a spot; the
zig-zag loops formed by each of the spotting threads, when the loops arrive
at the said adjacent longitudinal threads, are caught by the diagonal traversing
threads which are forming twists around each of the said adjacent longitudinal
threads, and by that means the zig-zag loops of the spotting threads are kept
extended, in the manner represented in the Figure, so as to form the spot.
The machinery for making such, spotted ornamented net or lace, according to
this part of my improvements, is represented in Sheets XII., XIII., and XIV.,
being a double-tier circular, comb-machine, with driving bars and single-bladed
lockers, all its parts being: actuated by rotary motion. It is very similar to
the, machines represented in Sheets. V., VI., and VII, and the same letters of
reference and tints of colouring being used to distinguish the same parts in
both machines, it is not necessary to repeat the description, excepting
of those parts which are altered from the usual construction of such
machinery, The texture of the plain net ground which is to be orna-
mented with spots being the usual texture of bobbin net lace, with diagonal
traversing threads; the front comb bar is provided with suitable racking

page_text: wheels on the upright axis L, at the right-hand end of the machine. The
several racking wheels on that axis are of large size, and the bevil wheel
y by which they are turned round has one hundred and twenty teeth, the
bevil pinion on the end of axis Y by which they are turned having
twenty teeth, so that the racking wheels go round only once for six revo-
lutions of the main driving camm M, instead of those as usual; and during
each revolution of the racking wheels two rows of complete meshes of net
will be made. The racking wheels are formed with twenty-four steps around
their circumferences, and the proper series of steps for each wheel is repre-
sented in Sheet XII. The warp threads are supplied from the usual
warp roller to the two rows of guides, front and back, excepting one
thread opposite to every place across the width of the net where a spot is
intended to be made therein, for at every such place a front guide is cut out
of the front row of guides, leaving a vacancy therein, as is represented in the
separate figures of the leads of guides, Sheet XII., and the vacancies so formed
are filled up by extra guides 21, which are fixed on an extra guide bar 1 in
front, with one such guide 21 opposite to every place in the width of the net
where a spot is to be formed; the said guides 21 being provided to guide those
particular warp threads or spotting threads which are to form the spots, and
the said spotting threads are supplied to the extra guides 21 or spotting guides
from an extra thread roller 20, which is provided, in the usual manner of
extra thread rollers, with a friction cord and weight 23, which is regulated so
as to produce the same tension on the spotting threads when they are drawn
off from it as is caused on the main warp threads by the weighting of the
friction cords of their roller. The spotting threads are passed around a
giving-off roller 28, which may be covered with woollen cloth, to cause the
threads to adhere to it, and each thread making a complete turn round the
roller 28 before it goes up to its spotting guide 21, all the spotting threads
will be pulled off equally from the roller 20 when the giving-off roller 28 is
turned round. The roller 28 is turned round a little way at every time when
the front points take up during the formation of a row of spots, in order to
slacken and give off as much length of each spotting thread as the points
require to gather up for forming one of those zig-zag loops by repetition
whereof the spot is composed. The roller 28 has a ratchet wheel 7 fixed on
the extreme end of its axis, see Sheet XIII., with one hundred and twenty-five
serrated teeth formed around the wheel; a click is applied to catch those
teeth to retain the wheel 7 from turning back, and a driver 8 is provided for
turning the wheel 7 by catching in its teeth, the driver 8 being jointed to a
lever 9, which is mounted on a fixed centre pin at one end, and the other end

page_text: has a tooth to apply to the circumference of a notched wheel 6, which limits
the descent of the lever 9. The lever 9 derives its motion from the front
point bar E by an upright link 10, which is connected to the end of the point
bar E by a joint pin, from which it hangs down, and the lower end has a slot
in it which is applied upon a pin projecting laterally from the lever 9. When
the front point bar .E is tilted down its link 10 descends, and allows the
lever 9 to descend until the tooth at the end of it is arrested by the circum-
ference of the notched wheel 6, and after that the link 10, although it
descends lower at the point bar, is tilted further down; it does not affect the
lever 9, because of the slot at the lower end of the link 10. When the front
point bar E is raised up for taking up the crossings of bobbin threads, and
the twists of bobbin threads with warp threads which are to be formed into
meshes, then as the link 10 is pulled up it produces no effect at first on the
lever 9, because of the slot in link 10, until the front points are nearly up, and
then the lower end of that slot takes the lateral pin of the lever 9, so as to
raise up that lever a little, and its driver 8 catching the teeth of the ratchett
wheel 7, will turn the same a little way round, and thereby the spotting
threads will be given off in just such quantity as the front points are required
to take up for forming one set of the long zig-zag loops by repetition
whereof the spots are to be produced. As the notched wheel 6 is turned
round and presents its notches or prominences to the tooth of the lever 9,
the same will be allowed to descend more or less when the link 10 descends,
as the front point bar E is lowered down, in order that the driver 8 may slip
down over and take hold of more or fewer teeth of the ratchet wheel 7; and
so many teeth as it does thus take hold of in descending, so many teeth it
will turn the ratchet wheel 7, when the link 10 is pulled up by the front point
bar E at its next time of taking up. And when the most prominent part of
the circumference of the notched wheel 6 comes beneath the tooth of the
lever 9, the same will not be allowed to descend at all as the point bar E goes
down, consequently no motion will be given to the ratchet wheel 7 when the
point bar goes up again; that is the case at all times when spots are not
making, but only plain net, nevertheless, the ratchet wheel 7 will meet with no
impediment from its click and driver 8 to the turning round motion wheel,
which it must have in consequence of the giving-off roller 28 turning round
as the spotting threads are drawn off from their roller 20, according as their
progressive formation of the net requires, in the same manner and with the
same tension and at the same rate as all the other warp threads are drawn off
from their main warp roller. The notched wheel 6 is turned round by means
of a ratchet wheel 13 of eighteen teeth, which is fixed upon the same axis with

page_text: the notched wheel 6, and its teeth are turned one at a time by a driver 14,
which is jointed to the end of a lever 15, and that lever has a truck to bear
on the circumference of a revolving camm 29, which is fixed upon the end of
the main axis Y. There is one prominence on that circumference, which
when it comes into action beneath the truck of the lever 15, raises it up, and
by the driver 14 turns the ratchet wheel 13 one tooth. .As the main axis Y,
with the camm 29, goes round three times for the making of a row of com-
plete meshes, the eighteen-toothed ratchet wheel 13 will be turned once
round whilst six such rows of meshes are making, or whilst the racking
wheels on the upright axis L make three revolutions. And note. The
prominence of the camm 29 comes into action beneath the truck of the
lever 15, in order to turn the ratchet wheel 13 as aforesaid, at that period of
the revolution of the cam 29 when the carriages are in the front combs and
are swinging backwards.. The spotting guide bar 1, with its spotting guides 21,
must be racked coincidently with the front guide bar, the spotting guides
filling up all the vacancies in the row of front guides at all times when meshes
of plain net are making without spots; but when spots are making the spotted
guides 21 require to be racked differently from the main guides. To accomplish
this, two racking wheels 11 and 12 are provided on the upright axis L, for
racking the spotting guide bar 1; the lowermost, marked 11, being an exact
duplicate of the racking wheel for the front guide bar as the plain net racking
wheel, but the uppermost 12 is the spotting racking wheel, and its steps are
suitably cut, as shewn in Sheet XII., for causing the spotting guide bar 1 to
produce spots. The racking lever 5, which is to be operated upon by the said
steps, in order to transmit their action to the spotting guide bar 1, is adapted
to rise and fall so as to apply to either of the wheels 11 or 12 in turn, but in
either case the lever 5 applies to the end of the guide bar 1. For this purpose
the racking lever 5 is fixed on an upright axis 4, which is mounted on pivots
at its two ends in bearing sockets fixed to the framing, and the lower end of
the lowest pivot rests upon the foremost end of a lever 3, which is poised upon
a fixed centre pin, with a tooth at the backmost end, to apply beneath the
circumference of a notched wheel 2, which is fixed on the axis of the eighteen-
toothed ratchet wheel 13. When the notched wheel 2 presents a notch to the
tooth of the lever 3, it lets down the axis 4 and lever 5, so as to bring the
tooth thereof opposite to the edge of the plain net racking wheel 11; or
when the notched wheel 2 presents a prominence to the tooth of the lever 3,
then it raises up the axis 4 and lever 5, to place the tooth of the lever 5
opposite to the spotting racking wheel 12. The prominence of the camm 29
is so placed on the main axis Y as to come into action to raise the lever 15,

page_text: with its driver 14, and turn the ratchet wheel 13 round a little before the
usual time for racking, in order that the racking lover 5 may have completed
its change from one wheel 11 to the other wheel 12, or vice versa, in time for
the racking actions of one or other of those wheels to be performed without
impediment from the change. The front points perform all the taking up
operations, as well for making the meshes plain of net as for making the spots;
and the back points only operate to relieve the front points from holding up
and retaining whatever twists, crossings, or laps the front points have taken up;
so as to leave those points at liberty to repeat their taking up action. For
this purpose the taking up camm V, for lowering and raising the back
point bar G, is adapted to lower the back points only a very little way down
after they have been withdrawn from the meshes of the net by the usual action
of their withdrawing camm v, which is fixed on the same.axis P as the taking
up camm V, v, and then the back points are reinserted again by action of the
same camm v, so as to go in again immediately beneath the front points;
which, then becoming the uppermost, are prepared for performing their taking
up in the usual manner, viz., by being withdrawn by their own withdrawing
camm S, which is also fixed on the same axis p with the other camms V, v,
and U, and then lowered down by their own taking up camm U, and allowed
to penetrate amongst the threads by their withdrawing camm S, and then
raised up again by their taking-up camm U. This action of the point bars has
been herein-before explained in reference to Sheets X. and XI., and therefore
it is unnecessary to repeat the description; and in the same manner as before
explained, the front point bar is racked endways whilst it is in the act of taking
up by means of a racking 37, at the upper end of the upright axis L. And
note. The taking-up camms on the axis p are turned once round whilst the
main drawing camm on the axis Y makes three revolutions in the usual
manner of such machinery, the toothed pinion on the main axis Y having
twenty teeth, and the taking up cog wheel Q, on the axis p, sixty teeth.
Note. When the front points have taken up, the back points begin to be
withdrawn from the meshes of the net immediately that the front points get
up beneath the back points, and then the instant that the back points are out
the front points go up a little, to retain the meshes which the back points have
quitted, and the back points then go down and are reinserted again beneath
the front points without delay. And note.-The spots are produced in the
double-tier machinery, according to this part of my improvements now
describing, without any additional times. of racking beyond those which are
usual in double-tier machinery, namely, twelve times of racking to form each
complete row of meshes of bobbin net, wherefore there is no suspension of the

page_text: ordinary operations of the machinery whereby plain net is made, in con
sequence of the occasional making of spots in such net by operation of this
part of my improvements. Suppose the machine has been in regular operation
making ornamented lace or net with spots of the kind represented in Sheet XII.
and that it is only stopped for examination when the position of all the parts
are as follows: All the carriages are locked up in the back combs, the front
comb bar stands racked to the left as far as it can go, it is only capable of
moving one space of one-tenth of an inch for a ten-point guage machine. The
front guide bar stands racked to the left as far as it can go, it is only capable
of moving one such space. The back guide bar stands racked to the left
as far as it can go, it is only capable of moving one space. The extra guide
bar stands racked in the middle position, from which it can either move
one space to the right or one space to the left. Note. -The racking lever 5
of the extra guide bar 1 now stands in contact with the edge of the spotting
racking wheel 12, in consequence of the upright axis 4 being raised up by
a prominence of the notched wheel 2 bearing down the tooth of the lever 3.
The front point bar stands racked in a middle position, from which it can
move half a space to the left or one space to the right. All the several
racking wheels now stand racked with their steps No. 1 in action on their
respective racking bolts. The front point bar is already tilted down, and
its pins have just penetrated through the warp threads, and have also entered
amongst the front bobbin threads, having been racked half a space to the
left after penetrating the warp threads, and before they entered the bobbin
threads. The notched wheel 6, on the axis of the eighteen-toothed ratchet
wheel 13, which regulates the turning of the one hundred and twenty toothed
ratchet wheel 7 and the giving off roller 28, has let the lever 9 go down so
far as to allow its driver 8 to take hold of two teeth of the ratchet wheel 7,
in preparation for turning the same. This position of the several parts
being understood, the operation is as follows:-By turning the handle z all
the parts are put in motion; the front division of carriages begin to come
through forward between the warp threads into the front combs; the front
points shog one space to the right, and then enter amongst the back bobbin
threads, and then go up, and when they get nearly, their link 10 raises the
giving-off lever 9, and that, by its driver 8, turns those two teeth of the
ratchet wheel. 7 which had been previously taken hold of; therefore, as
the front points go up they take with them as much of each spotting thread
which has been given off by the roller 28 as is requisite for forming the
first lap of the spots. The front points having got up are shogged one space
to the left, and at the same time the back points are drawn out of the meshes

page_text: of the net just before No. 2 is racked, which racks the front combs one.space
to the right, and racks the front guides one space to the right, and racks the
extra or spotting guides 21, on the bar 1, one space to the left. The back
division of carriages comes through forward between the warp threads into
the front combs, and the back points being drawn out are lowered down a
little, and then reinserted below the front points, and then No. 3 is racked,
which racks the front combs one space to the left with all the carriages in
them, and racks the extra guides 21 one space to the right; also the eighteen-
toothed ratchet wheel, 13 is turned one tooth by action of the prominence of
the cam 29, on the main axis Y, lifting the lever 15 and its driver 14. Then
the front points begin to draw out and go down, and their link 10 allows
the giving off lever 9 to go down until its tooth rests on the edge of the
notched wheel 6, which has been recently turned with the ratchet wheel 13,
and presents a less prominent part than it did, so that the driver 8 will get
hold of three teeth of the ratchet wheel 7. The back division of carriages
goes through backwards, and No. 4 is racked, which racks the front combs
one space to the right, and racks the back guides one space to the right, and
racks the extra guides 21 one space to the right. The front division of
carriages goes through backwards; the front points get down and penetrato
through the warp threads just before racking No. 5, which racks the back
guides one space to the left, and racks the extra guides 21 two spaces to the
left; also the front points are racked half a space to the left, in order to take
the front bobbin threads properly. The front division of carriages comes through
forward; the front points penetrate the front bobbin threads, and are then
racked. half a space to the right, in order to enter the back bobbin threads,
and after penetrating the back bobbin threads the front points are racked
half a space to the left, and then go up, and their link 10 pulls up the giving-
off lever 9, which by its driver 8 turns three teeth in the ratchet wheel. 7,
thus giving off spotting threads for forming the second laps of the spots; and
when the front points get up the back points begin to draw out, and No. 6
is racked, which racks the front guides one space to the left. The back
division of carriages comes through forwards, and the back points are drawn
out, and then the front points are racked half a space to the right; then the
back points go down a little, and are reinserted under the front points just
before No. 7 is racked, which racks the front guides one space to the right.
The back division of carriages goes through backwards; the front points draw
out and get down a little, and No. 8 is racked, which racks the back guides
one space to the right, and racks the extra guides 21 two spaces to the right.
The front division of carriages goes through backwards, and the front points

page_text: go down their link 10, letting down the giving-off lever 9 as low as the notch
wheel 6 will permit, which is so far as to cause the driver 8 to take hold of
three teeth in the ratchet wheel 7. The front points are shogged half a space
to the right, and then penetrates through the warp threads just before No. 9
is racked, which racks the fronts guides one space to the left, and racks the
back guides one space to the left, and racks the extra guides 21 two spaces to
the left; also the front points are shogged half a space to the left after
having penetrated the warp threads, and before entering the front and back
bobbin threads, and then the front points begin to go up. The front division
of carriages comes through forward, and the front points go up, taking up only
the laps of the spots, but no crossing of bobbin threads, and their link 10 pulls
up the giving-off lever 9, and turns three teeth of the ratchet wheel 7, so as
to give off spotting threads for forming the third laps of the spots. The back
points begin to draw out, and then No. 10 is racked, which racks the front
guides one space to the right. The back division of carriages comes through
forward; the back points go down, and are reinserted to take the place of the
front ones, and No. 11 is racked, which racks the back guides one space to
the right, and racks the extra guide 21 two spaces to the right. The front
points begin to draw out. The back division of carriages goes through back-
wards; the front points begin to go down, letting down the giving off lever 9,
and its driver 8 takes hold of three teeth of the ratchet wheel 7, and No. 12
is racked, which racks the back guides one space to the left, and racks the
extra guides 21 one space to the left. The front division of carriages go
through backwards; the front points go quite down, and are racked half a
space to the right, and then penetrate through the warp threads, and No. 13
is racked, which racks.the front combs one space to the left, and racks the
front guides one space to the left. The front division of carriages come
through forwards; the front points are racked half a space to the left, and
penetrate through the front bobbin threads as they are coming forwards, and
then the front points are racked one space to the right, and penetrate the back
bobbin threads, and then the front points go up, their link 10 pulling up the
giving-off lever 9, and turning three teeth of the ratchet wheel 7, so as to give
off spotting threads for forming the fourth laps of the spots; the back points
draw out, and No. 14 is racked, which racks the front combs one space to the
right, and racks the front guides one space to the right, and racks the extra
guides 21 one space to the left; also the front points are racked one space to
the left. The back division of carriages comes through forward; the back
points draw quite out, go down, and are reinserted under the front points, and
No. 15 is racked, which racks the front combs one space to the left, and racks

page_text: the extra guides 21 one space to the right; the front points begin to draw
out. The back division of carriage goes through backwards; the front points
are drawn out, and begin to go down, letting down the giving-off lever 9, and
its driver 8 takes hold of three teeth. of the ratchet wheel 7, and No. 16 is
racked, which racks, the front combs one space to the right without any
carriages in them, and racks the back- guides one space to the right, and racks
the extra guides 21 one space to tho right. The front division of carriages.
goes through backwards; the front points penetrate through the warp threads,
and No. 17 is racked, which racks the back guides one space to the left, and
racks the extra guides 21 two: spaces to the left; also the front points. are
racked half a space to the left in order to go properly in amongst the front
bobbin threads as the carriages are coming forwards to meet the points, and
then the front points are racked half a space to the right to take the back
bobbin threads as they come through. The front division of carriagos comes
through forward; the front points having taken all the threads are racked half
a space to the left, and then they go up, taking up the link 10, and raising the
giving-off lever 9 so as to turn three teeth of the ratchet wheel 7, for giving
off spotting threads to form the fifth laps of the spots; the back points begin to
draw out, and No. 18 is racked, which racks the front guides one space to the
left: The back division of carriages comes through forwards; the front points
are racked half a space to the right, the back points go down and in again
beneath the front ones, and No. 19 is racked, which racks the front guides one
space to the right; also at this time of racking the racking lever of the extra
guide bar 1, for the extra guides 21, is removed from contact with the edge of
the spotting racking wheel 12, and brought into contact with that of the plain
net racking wheel 11. This is effected by the motion given to the eighteen-
toothed ratchett wheel 13, which has been turned one tooth at a time, at every
fourth time of racking, by the prominence of the camm 29 lifting up the
lever 15, which by its driver 14 turned the ratchet 13 one tooth at a time:
This action also turned the notched wheels 2 and 6, and except when No. 3
was racked, those motions have bitherto produced no effect, but now the
notched wheel 2 presents a notch to the tooth of its lever 3, and allows the
upright axis 4, with its racking lever 5; to descend from the spotting racking
wheel 12 to the plain net racking wheel 11, which is adopted to rack the
extra guide bar 1 with all the same racking motions as are at the same time
given to the front main guide bar, in order that the spotting threads may
perform as if they were front guide threads for making plain net. The front
points begin to draw out, the back division of carriages goes through back-
wards, and the front points go down, their link 10-letting down the giving-off

page_text: lever 9 as far as the notched wheel 6 will permit, but owing to the wheel 6
now presenting a more prominent part than it did before to the tooth of the
lever 9, its driver 8 will only get hold of two teeth of the ratchet wheel 7, and
No. 20 is racked, which racks the back guides one space to the right. The
front division of carriages goes through backwards, the front points get down
and are racked half a space to the right, and then penetrates through the
warp threads, and then the front points are racked half a space to the left, and
No. 21 is racked, which racks the front guides, together with the extra
guides 21, one space to the left, and racks the back guides one space to the
left. The front division of carriages comes through forward; the front points
get up their link 10, pulling up the giving-off lever 9, which by its driver 8
turns two teeth of the ratchet wheel 7, to give off spotting threads for
the sixth and last laps of the spots, which are thereby completed; the
back points begin to draw out, and No. 22 is racked, which racks the front
guides, together with the extra guides 21, one space to the right. The back
division of carriages comes through forward; the back points go down a little
and are reinserted, and No. 23 is racked, which racks the back guides one
space to the right. The eighteen-toothed ratchet wheel 13, which is turned
one tooth this time, causes a prominence of the notched wheel 6 to come
beneath the end of the giving-off lever 9, and keeps up that lever so high that
its driver 8 will not catch any teeth of the ratchet wheel 7; this is done to
prevent any more giving off spotting threads, as hitherto done by the giving-off
roller 28, but that roller will be inoperative whilst the plain net is making,
which is to intervene between the rows of spots, and all that time those threads
will draw off from the extra warp roller 20 and the giving-off roller 28,
in the same manner as other guide threads draw off from the main warp
roller. And note.-The ratchet wheel 7 is no impediment to the turning of
the roller 28, in that direction in which the threads draw up. The back
division of carriages goes through backwards; the front points are drawn out
and begin to go down, and No. 24 is racked, which racks the back guides one
space to the left. The front division of carriages goes through backwards; the
front points are racked half a space to the right, and penetrate through the
warp threads, and then No. 1 is racked, which does not rack any of the bars,
but the front points are racked half a space to the left, ready to penetrate
through the front bobbin threads when they begin to come forwards. All the
parts have now regained the same positions which they had at the commence-
ment of this description, excepting the racking lever 5 for the extra guide
bar 1, which is now in contact with the plain net racking wheel 12, instead of
the wheel 11, as it was at the commencement of the description. The racking

page_text: wheels have gone once round, and two rows of complete meshes of net have
been made, including a row of spots in those meshes. Note.-The extra
guide bar 1 is removed from the edge of the plain net racking wheel 11, and
raised up to get opposite to the spotting racking wheel 12, when No. 23 is
racked; and the said lever 5 is let down again to the plain net racking
wheel 11, when No. 19 is racked. When the above course of operations is
repeated the next time, and then over again another third time, no such
changes of the lever 5 will take place, but it will continue in contact with the.
plain net racking wheel 11 until as much plain net has been made as is
intended to intervene between the succeeding rows of spots. Note.-During
the course of operation above described, the eighteen-toothed ratchet wheel 13.
is turned its tooth No. 1, by its driver 14, lever 15, and the prominence of the
camm 29, on the main axis Y, when the ordinary racking wheels are racked
No. 28, and then it is turned its tooth 2 at the racking of No. 3, and tooth 3
at racking No. 7, and tooth 4 at racking No. 11, and tooth 5 at racking
No. 15, and tooth 6 at racking No. 19, and tooth 7 at racking No. 23, and so
on during three successive repetitions of the twenty-four racking motions of
the ordinary racking wheels, as in the foregoing description, during which
And
three repetitions six rows of complete meshes of plain net will be made.
then the eighteen-toothed ratchet wheel 13 having gone quite round, and
having raised the racking lever 5 of the extra guide bar 1 to the spotting
racking wheel 12, at. the time of racking No. 23 of the aforesaid third
repetition, all the parts without exception will be in the positions that they
were at the commencement of the foregoing description. And note.-The
said machine, although above described as if it were making a wide piece of
spotted net, may be adapted to make breadths of such net by application of
the usual apparatus for making breadths in such machinery, namely, with
whipping carriages to supply threads for uniting the several breadths together,
and with notches in the blade of the back driving bar 1, to admit those.
whipping carriages, then they are to be left behind by themselves in the back
combs, and with extra guide bars for selvedge threads; all which being as
usual in lace machinery, and having no reference to my improvements,
requires no further description.
Seventhly, respecting double-tier circular comb machinery for producing
spotted net of the ordinary texture of bobbin net, with traversing threads,.
by accumulating additional threads to form spots. Another part of my
said improvements relates to that kind of machinery for making bobbin
net lace which is commonly called double-tier circular bolt or circular
comb machinery, the improvement being for the purpose of producing

page_text: spotted ornamental net or lace, somewhat resembling that kind which is
produced by the machine herein-before lastly described, that is to say, the
plain transparent net work is of the usual texture of bobbin net lace, with
diagonal threads traversing obliquely from selvedge to selvedge, such as is
most commonly made by such machinery, and the spots being produced therein
by accumulating additional threads to those whereof the meshes of net are
composed, the said additional threads being interwoven into the net in. the
manner shewn in the enlarged representation, Sheet XV., so as to form zig-zag
loops across and across the width of two adjacent meshes of the net work, in
order to fill up the opening thereof, and which loops may, if required, bo
continued during the length of two succeeding meshes, so as to occupy the
space of four meshes by each spot, in a very similar manner to the spots made
by the machinery herein-before last described, excepting that the spots now
describing are .composed of accumulations of additional threads to those
whereof the meshes of plain net are composed, instead of being composed of
accumulations of some of the longitudinal threads of the net work; conse-
quently, in the spots now describing, the usual twists and crossings of the net
work exists within the spots independently of those zig-zag loopings of
additional threads whereof the spots are composed, as may be traced in the
Figure, Sheet XV., so that if the additional threads were to be cut and carefully
picked out piecemeal with a needle, the meshes of net would be found entire
at the places where the spots had been found thereon. The said additional
threads are conducted from one spot to the next, by accompanying first one
and then another of the longitudinal threads upon which the spots are woven,
the additional threads being.connected to the twisted pillars which are formed
by those longitudinal threads, so as to be kept very close to those pillars, and
occasionally accompanying the diagonal crossing threads, so as to pass from
one longitudinal thread to the next, and then back again, in order that the
additional threads' may conform as nearly as possible to the outlines or
boundaries of those meshes which intervene between one spot and the next,
and be but slightly visible to the eye, all which is clearly represented in
Sheet XV. The machinery for making such spotted ornamented net or lace,
according to this part of my improvements, is very nearly the same as that last
described, and represented in Sheets XII., XIII., and XIV., and therefore
requires no further explanation, except in certain particulars which are
represented in Sheet XV. The racking wheels are of the same size as before
described, and go round once whilst two rows of complete meshes of net are
made, also the steps around the circumferences of four of the racking wheels are
the same, namely:-The front.comb bar racking wheel g, the front guide bar

page_text: -wheel d, the back guide bar e, and the wheel 37, for racking the front point bar
when it is in the act of taking up, also the notched wheel 2, for occasionally
changing the racking lever 5 of the extra guide bar 1, from one of its racking
wheels 11 to the other 12, is the same as before described. The said two
racked wheels 11 and 12 are differently formed from those before described,
and so is the notched wheel 6, which regulates the action of the giving-off
roller 28. The correct forms of the notches of all the several racking wheels
and notched wheels is represented in Sheet XV. And note.-The action
whereby the eighteen-toothed ratchet wheel 18 is turned round one tooth at a
time by means of its driver 14, lever 15, and the prominence of the camm 29
on the main axis Y, is the same as before described respecting the former
machine, see Sheet XIII.; but the prominence of the camm 29 is in the present
case on the opposite side of the circumference of that camm, or diametrically
opposite to the place of the same prominence in the former machine. The
said prominence comes into action in the present machine when the carriages
are on the front combs and swinging backwards. In the machinery now
describing, no vacancies are left in the front guides, but both rows of guides,
back and front, are threaded with threads from the warp roller, as usual in
making plain net, either for pieces or for breadths, according as the machine is
adapted for making one or the other sort of net or lace. The additional
threads for spotting, which may be called spotting threads, are supplied from
the extra thread roller 20, and its giving-off roller 28, through they eyes of the
extra or spotting guides 21, upon the extra front guide bar or spotting guide
bar 1, all precisely the same as before described, the only difference being that the
spotting threads so supplied are extra or additional threads to those whereof
the net is to be composed, instead of being a part of the main warp threads
removed out of their proper places in the front row of guides into the extra
guides 21, as was the case in the preceding machine. The spotting threads
supplied by the roller 20, and its giving-off roller 28, may be of such thickness
as will be most suitable for giving a proper substance to the spots, without
being too apparent in the courses by which they pass from one spot to the next.
The spotting racking wheel 12 is adapted to give suitable racking motions to
the spotting guide bar 1, for interlaying the extra spotting threads in zig-zag-
oops across and across those meshes over which a spot is to be formed. The
course of each extra thread in forming such loops being very similar to the
course by which each of the longitudinal spotting threads formed loops for
making spots as before described, though not exactly the same; and the plain net
acking wheel 11, which is brought into action on the spotting guide bar 1 in
he interval between the making of one row of spots and the next succeeding

page_text: row, is adapted to give suitable racking motions to the spotting guide bar 1, for
causing the extra and spotting threads to be combined into the net work, so
as to be least apparent therein. And note. In the machinery now describing,
as well as in the preceding machinery, the spots are produced without any
increase or alteration of the number of times of racking beyond those which
are usual in double-tier machinery, namely, twelve times of racking to form
each row of complete meshes of the net. These particulars of the structure
of the machinery being understood by the aid of the preceding description, and
of the Drawing, Sheets XIII., XIV., and XV.; suppose the machine to have
been in full operation, making a wide piece of net ornamented with spots of the
kind represented in Sheet XV., and that it is stopped for the purpose of exami-
nation when the positions of its several parts are as follows:-All the carriages
are driven through backwards between the warp threads into the back combs,
but are not quite locked therein. The front points are withdrawn and lowered
down and have penetrated the warp threads. All the racking wheels stand with
their bolts on No. 24, and the several bars stand racked in the following
positions: The front comb bar stands racked to the right as far as it can go
it is capable of racking only one space of one-tenth of an inch for a machine
of a ten-point guage. The front guide bar also stands racked to the right as
far as it can go. The back guide bar stands racked to the left as far as it can
go; each guide bar can rack only one space. The tooth of the racking
lever 5, for the extra guide bar 1, is now in contact with the edge of the plain
net racking wheel 11, and the bar stand racked thereby in a middle position,
from which it can go one space to the right or one to the left. The front point
bar stands racked in the middle position, from which it can go half a space to
the right or one space to the left. The notched wheel 2, which, by means
of the lever 3, raises or lowers the upright axis 4 and lever 5, now stands on
No. 1, with a notch on its circumference in action upon the tooth at the
end of the lever 8, and consequently the axis 4 and its lever 5 are lowered
down, so as to bring its tooth against the edge of the plain net racking
wheel 11, as before stated. The notched wheel 6, which regulates the
number of teeth of the one hundred and twenty toothed rachet wheel 7,
which are to be caught by the driver 8 on the lever 9, now stands on its
tooth 18, with a prominence of the wheel 6 beneath the tooth of the lever 9,
in which position the wheel 6 prevents any teeth of the ratchet wheel 7
from being caught by the driver 8 at the descent of the front point bar E
and link. 10. This position of the several parts being understood, the mode of
working is as follows:-By turning the hand Z of the machine all the carriages
are locked out into the back combs, and then No. 1 of the racking wheels is

page_text: racked, which racks the front combs one space to the left, and racks the front
guides one space to the left; also the upright axis 4 and its lever 5 are raised
up, so as to remove the tooth of the racking lever 5 from the edge of the plain
net racking wheel 11, and bring the tooth of the lever 5 in contact with the
edge of the spotting racking wheel 12, in preparation for beginning a row of
spots. This change is produced in consequence of the tooth 1 of the ratchet
wheel 18 having been turned by action of the prominence of the camm 29
on its lever 15 and driver 14, at the same time when No. 1 of the racking
wheel was racked. The same turning of the ratchet wheel 13 also brings a
notch of the notched wheel 6 into action beneath the tooth of the lever 9, and
allows two teeth of the ratchet wheel 7 to be caught by the driver 8, in
preparation for turning the ratchet wheel 7, when the front points go up.
The front division of carriages come through forwards between the warp
threads into the front combs, and as they do so the front points which have
already penetrated the warp threads are racked half a space to the left, and
then they penetrate amongst the front bobbin threads, and immediately after
so penetrating they are racked one space to the right, and then they penetrate
amongst the back bobbin threads. Then the front points begin to go up, and
when they get nearly up their link 10 pulls up the lever 9, which, by its driver
8, turns the ratchet wheel 7 round two teeth, and causes the roller 28 to give
off as much spotting thread as the front points require to take up for forming
a first set of loops thereof, in part of the row spots which are to be made.
The front points get quite up a little before the front division of carriages gets
quite through into the front combs, and the back points draw out, and then,
as soon as the front carriages are locked into the front combs, and the back
carriages in the back combs, No. 2 is racked, which racks the front combs one
space to the right, with the front division of carriages in them, and racks the
front guides one space to the right, and racks the extra guides 21 one space
to the left. The back division of carriages comes through forwards between
the warp threads into the front combs, and as they do so the back points are
quite withdrawn from the threads, and are let down a little way, and then the
front points which are in the threads are racked one space to the left, carrying
with them all the meshes of net, and all the threads, in order that the back points
may make their insertion better than they would otherwise do, which insertion
is made the back points going in and rising up a little again immediately
beneath the front points, which begin to draw out, and when all the carriages
are locked into the front combs, No. 3 is racked, which racks the front combs,
with all the carriages in them, one space to the left, and racks the extra guides
21 one space to the right. The back division of carriages-go through back-

page_text: wards between the warp threads into the back combs, the front points get
quite out and go down, and when the two divisions of carriages are locked in
their respective combs, then No. 4 is racked, which racks the front combs one
space to the right, with the front division of carriages in them, and racks the
back guides one space to the right, and racks the extra guides 21 one space to
the right. The front carriages go through backwards between the warp threads
into the back combs, the front points get quite down and penetrate the warp
threads, and when all the carriages are locked in, the back combs No. 5 is
racked, which racks the back guides one space to the left, and racks the extra
guides 21 two spaces to the left, and the front points are racked half a space
to the left. And note.-A little before the time of thus racking No. 5 of the
racking wheels, tooth 2 of the ratchet wheel 13 was turned by the prominence
of the camm 29 coming again into action beneath the truck of the lever 15,
whereby a deeper notch of the notched wheel 6 is brought under the tooth
of the lever 9, so as to allow three teeth of the ratchet wheel 7 to be caught
by the driver 8, when the front points descended to make their insertion before
the racking of No. 5, as above mentioned. The front carriages come through
forwards, the front points penetrate the front bobbin threads, and are then
racked half a space to the right, then they penetrate the back bobbin threads
and are racked half a space to the left, and then they go quite up, and taking
with them the slackened spotting threads which are given off when the
points get nearly up, by their link 10 pulling up the lever 9, which, by its
driver 8 acting on the ratchet wheel 7, turns the same, together with the
giving-off roller 28, for giving off the spotting threads to form the second
portions of the spots. The back points begin to draw out, and when the two
divisions of carriages are locked into their respective combs, then No. 6 is
racked, which racks the front guides one space to the left. The back carriages
come through forwards, and the front points are racked half a space to the
right whilst they are in the meshes of net, carrying the same with them. The
back points being quite withdrawn, go down a little and penetrate the threads
and then go up again beneath the front points, which then begin to draw out
and when all the carriages are locked into the front combs, No. 7 is racked
which racks the front guides one space to the right. The back carriages go
through backwards, and the front points draw quite out of the threads, and
begin to go down, and when the two divisions of carriages are locked into
their respective combs, then No. 8 is racked, and racks the back guides one
space to the right, and racks the extra guides 21 two spaces to the right. The
front carriages go through backwards, the front points get quite down, and
their link 10 allows three teeth of the ratchet wheel 7 to be caught
up
the

page_text: driver 8, the front points are then racked half a space to the right, and then
penetrate the warp threads, and then they return half a space to the left, and
when all the carriages are locked into the back combs, No. 9 is racked, which
racks both front and back guides one space to the left, and racks the extra
guides 21 two spaces to the left. And note.-Tooth 3 of the ratchet wheel 13
is also turned by action of the prominence of the camm 29, lever 15, and
driver 14, but with no effect upon the levers 3 and 9 this time. The front
carriages come through forwards, the front points penetrate the front and
back divisions of bobbin threads, and go up, taking up with them the slackened
spotting threads, as before, for the third portion of the spots. The back points
draw out, and when the two divisions of carriages are locked in their respec-
tive combs, No. 10 is racked, which racks the front guides one space to the
right. The back carriages come through forwards, the back points are quite
withdrawn, and then descend a little and penetrate the threads, and go up
under the front points, which then begin to draw out, and when both divi-
sions of carriages are locked into the front combs, No. 11 is racked, which
racks the back guides one space to the right, and racks the extra guides 21
two spaces to the right. The back carriages go through backwards, the front
points begin to go down, and when the two divisions of carriages are locked
into their respective combs, No. 12 is racked, which racks the back guides
one space to the left, and racks the extra guides 21 one space to the left.
The front carriages go through backwards, and the points get quite down, and
are racked half a space to the right, and as they descend the notched wheel 6
allows three teeth of the ratchet wheel 7 to be caught by the driver 8; the front
points penetrate the warp threads, and are then racked half a space to the left,
and when all the carriages are locked into the front combs, No. 13 is racked,
which produces the same racking motions as No. 1, and a similar taking-up by
the front points, which now form the fourth portions of the spots; then No. 14
racks the same as No. 2, also No. 15 the same as No. 3, and No. 16 the same
as No. 4, and No. 17 the same as No. 5, with a similar taking-up by the front
points for the fifth portions of the spots, and so on, in exact repetition of the
movements already described, until No. 21 of the racking wheels, which racks
the guides the same as No. 9, all the carriages being then locked into the back
combs, and the front points then take up the sixth and last portion of the spots,
which thus become completed. But note.-Tooth 6 of the ratchet wheel 13 is
turned a little before No. 21 is racked, and that brings a notch on the edge of
the notched wheel 2 beneath the tooth of the lever 3, and lets down the upright
axis 4, and its racking lever 5, so much as to remove the tooth of the lever 5
away from the edge the spotting racking wheel 12, and bring it opposite to

page_text: the edge of the plain net racking wheel 11, in preparation for resuming the
making of plain net; consequently No. 21, which is racked immediately after
that change is made, racks the extra guides 21 only one space to the left by
action of the plain net racking wheel 11, being the same way as the two rows
of guides are then racked, as before mentioned respecting No. 9. And note
further. Tooth 6 of the ratchet wheel 13 also brings a prominence on the edge
of the wheel 6 beneath the tooth of the lever 9, in order that at the next and
at other future times when the front points E descend for taking up, the driver 8
may not be allowed to take any teeth of the ratchet wheel 7 so long as no
spots are making. The further continuance of the operation is as follows:-
The front carriages come through forwards, and then No. 22 racks the front
guides one space to the right, as at No. 10, but the extra guides 21 are not
racked. The back carriages come through forwards, and No. 23 racks the
back guides one space to the right, the same as No. 11, and racks the extra
guides 21 one space to the right. The back carriages go through backwards,
and No. 24 racks the back guides one space to the left, the same-as at No. 12,
and racks the extra guides 21 one space to the left. The front carriages go
through backwards, and when they get nearly back, the several racking wheels
on the upright axis L having gone quite round, all the parts will have regained
the same positions that they occupied at the commencement of this description,
excepting the ratchet wheel 13, and the notched wheels 2 and 6, which have
only got round to tooth 6 thereof, and will not complete a revolution until the
racking wheels have gone round twice more. Two complete rows of meshes
of net have now been made, including one row of spots, which were formed
during the interval between the racking of No. 1 and No. 21. The notched
wheels 2 and 6 now present circular and concentric portions of their edges to
the teeth of their respective levers 3 and 9, and they will not give any motions
thereto until after the racking wheels on the upright axis L have completed
two more revolutions, when tooth 1 of the ratchet wheel 13 will be again turned
at the same time as No. 1 of the racking wheels is racked for the fourth time
since the commencement of this description, and then all the former move-
ments will be repeated, according to the foregoing description. The continuation
of the operation during the aforesaid second repetition of the foregoing descrip-
tion is as follows; as far as relates to the treatment of those extra or spotting
threads which have been making spots for the purpose of laying those threads
among the meshes of plain net, so that they will not be very visible therein;
the racking and other movements of the front combs, and of the two rows of
guides, and of the points being the same as before described :--By turning the
handles Z of the machine, the carriages are all locked in the back combs, and

page_text: No. 1 of the racking wheels and tooth 7 of the ratchet wheel 13 is racked,
neither of which have any effect upon the extra guides 21, or upon the racking
lever 5. The front carriages come through forwards, and No. 2 is racked, but
the extra guides 21 are not racked this time. The back carriages come
through forwards, and No. 3 racks the extra guides 21 one space to the left.
The back carriages go through backwards, and No. 4 racks the extra guides 21
one space to the right. The front carriages go through backwards, and No. 5
racks, but the extra guides are not racked this time. The front carriages come
through forwards, and No. 6 racks the extra guides 21 one space to the left.
The back carriages come through forwards, and No. 7 racks the extra guides 21
one space to the right. The back carriages go through backwards, and No. 8
racks, but the extra guides 21 are not racked this time. The front carriages go
through backwards, and No. 9 racks the extra guides 21 one space to the left.
The front carriages come through forwards, and No. 10 racks, but the extra
guides 21 are not racked this time. The back carriages come through
forwards, and No. 11 racks, but the extra guides 21 are not racked this time.
The back carriages go through backwards, and No. 12 racks the extra
guides 21 one space to the right; then No. 13 racks the extra guides one
space to the left, No. 14 racks the extra guides 21 one space to the right,
No. 15 racks the extra guides 21 one space to the left, No. 16 racks the
extra guides 21 two spaces to the right, No. 17 racks the extra guides 21 one
space to the left, Nos. 18 and 19 do not rack the extra guides 21 at all,
No. 20 racks the extra guides 21 one space to the right, No. 21 racks the
extra guides one space to the left, No. 22 does not rack the extra guides 21 at
all, No. 23 racks the extra guides 21 one space to the right, No. 24 racks
the extra guides 21 one space to the left. The racking wheels on the upright
axis L have now completed a second revolution since the commencement of
this description, and the ratchet wheel 13, with the notched wheels 2 and 6,
have been turned two-thirds round, but they have produced no effect during
the second revolution of the racking wheels, and four complete rows of meshes
of net have been made since the commencement of this description. Then the
racking wheels will make another and third revolution, exactly the same as the
last one, during which third revolution the ratchet wheel 13, with its notched
wheels 2 and 6, will be turned round another third of a revolution without
doing anything but making one complete revolution of those wheels since the
commencement, and that will complete the full series of operations of making
six rows of complete meshes of net, including the row of spots which were
made in the first two of those six rows of complete meshes, and all the parts
of the machine without exception will then have regained the same positions

page_text: which they occupied at the commencement of the description; after which
the continuance of the operation of the machinery is a perpetual repetition
of the foregoing description. And note.-The said machine, although above
described as making a wide piece of spotted net, may be used for making
breadths of such net or lace by applying to the machinery already described
and represented, the usual apparatus for making breadths, and which appli
cation will not cause any interference with my improvements. And note.-
The spots made according to the foregoing description of the two machines,
represented in Sheets XII. and XV., will be disposed in longitudinal rows along
the length of the piece of net, the spots made at succeeding times being at
the same places in the width of the net as is represented in Sheets XII.
and XV., and in case it is required to dispose the spots according to a
checquered pattern, the same may be done by applying another spotting guide
bar like 1, having a pair of racking wheels for it like 11 and 12 on the
upright axis L, with a racking lever like 5 on an upright axis like 4, and
a lever like 3 (which may be mounted on the same center pin with the
lever 3), and another notched wheel like 2; also another extra thread roller
like 20, and giving-off roller like 28, for supplying spotting threads, having a
ratchet wheel like 7 for turning the said giving-off roller by a driver like 8, and
a lever like 9, and a link like 10, from the front point bar E. Every other
alternate spotting guide 21 of those herein-before described must be fixed
upon the additional spotting guide bar before mentioned, all the intermediate
spotting guides being on the bar 1, as herein-before described. And the
racking wheels on the upright axis L, together with the large bevel wheel y,
by which they are turned round, must have twice as many steps and teeth
around their circumferences as is stated in the foregoing description, and
represented in the Drawings; and the steps around the large racking wheels
must be formed in the series similar to those represented in the Drawings, but
extending only half round the large circumferences, instead of all round the
smaller circumferences, and arranged in such manner as that one spotting
guide bar will be rendered operative at one time of making spots, and the
other spotting guide bar at the next succeeding time of making spots, that
guide bar which is not for the time making spots being racked suitably for
making plain 'net; all which has been fully explained respecting the making of
spots in checquered patterns by the other machines herein-before described.
And respecting the distribution of the spots which are produced in ornamental
net or lace of various kinds, by operation of the several improvements herein
before described for that purpose, the simplest operation will be to form the
spots at the same places in the width of the net at each succeeding time of

page_text: making spots, in which case the spots will be distributed in straight and
parallel rows along the width of the net; and the next in point of simplicity of
distribution of the spots is that which is commonly called a checquered pattern,
wherein those spots which are made at each succeeding time are interspaced
ás to their places in their respective rows across the width of the net to the
spots made at the preceding time, and to those which will be made at the next
following time.
In the foregoing descriptions of the several improvements for making
spotted ornamented net the machines have been described as if they were
making spots in longitudinal rows, because that is most easy to be described
and understood, but as checquered patterns will most commonly be required,
the manner of arranging and working each machine to produce spots in a
checquered pattern has also been explained, namely, by duplication of the
spotting guide bars and other apparatus for supplying spotting threads, and
doubling the size of the racking wheels for racking those bars. And in case
it is required to give greater diversity to the distribution of the spots than that
of checquered patterns, the same may be done by extension of the same means
whereby checquered patterns are produced, namely, by still further increasing
the number of the extra guide bars and other apparatus, with corresponding
increase of the size of the racking wheels, the object being in all cases to
provide the machinery with the means of forming spots at a sufficient number
of places in the width of the net or lace to be enabled to effect the required
distribution or pattern of the spots, by forming spots at some of those places
at one time, and at others of those places at another time; the spotting
guides at all those places where spots are to be made at the same time being
fixed on the same spotting guide bar (or pair of such bars); also each of those
spotting bars (or pair of such) being provided with suitable thread rollers and
apparatus for supplying spotting threads to the spotting guides on the said par-
ticular spotting guide bar (or pair of such bars), independently of the supply of
spotting threads to the spotting guides which are fixed on another of such
bars; and in all cases those spotting guides which are not for the time operative
for making spots must be racked with the same motions as the main guide
bar or bars (to which they belong) is or are at the time racked with, in order
that the spotting threads may preserve their places in their rows of main
guides, and duly perform their parts as main threads in the operation of
making plain net. Note.-That is, supposing the threads of which the spots
are formed are not additional threads to those whereof the net work is com→
posed, which is the case in the machinery last described, and represented in
Sheet XV., and such additional threads, when they are not making spots, must

page_text: be worked into the net work as is best calculated to conceal them, all which
has been fully explained. And whereas it would be inconvenient to employ
racking wheels of such a large size as would be requisite when more than
two spotting guide bars (or pairs of such) are employed, for distributing spots
according to patterns which are more diversified than ordinary checquered
patterns, it will be more proper to provide two racking wheels for each spotting
guide bar, and to use them by turns, one being a spotting racking wheel for
racking the guide bar whilst it is operative for making spots, and the other
being a plain net racking wheel for racking the same guide bar when it is
to be operative in making the plain net which is to intervené between the
spots which have been made by its agency and those which are to be made
thereby. The manner of so using such two racking wheels, and the mechanism
for changing the racking lever of the spotting guide bar from one of those
racking wheels to the other, has been fully described in the two last improve-
ments on circular bolt or circular comb machinery, represented in Sheets XII.
and XV., namely, by action of a notched wheel 2 and lever 3, to raise or lower
the upright axis 4, on which the racking lever 5 is fixed, so as to bring the
tooth at the end of that lever in contact with the edge of either wheel 11 or 12,
as is required; the notched wheel 2 being provided with a ratchet wheel to
turn it round a tooth at a time, so that it will go once round during the time
that as much length of net is making as will contain the checquered or other
pattern which the spots are to form, and which pattern is to be repeated over
and over again without variation. The same kind of mechanism is also
applicable to Lever's machinery as is represented in Sheet XV. The racking
wheels are fixed on their usual upright axis V, and turned by the usual ratchet
wheel W and driver X of the chopper lever R, acting on the ratchett to turn
it one tooth every time that the landing bars are fully extended, the chopper
lever having a thumb-piece L at its lower end, which is acted upon by an
arm N, which projects downwards from the main joint arm of the front land-
ing bar; all which is well known as the usual mechanism of Lever's machinery,
and the additional parts are as follows:-A lever 15 is applied on a horizontal
fixed centre pin, in such a position that an inclined part at the upper end of it
will be acted upon by a truck 29, which is mounted on a pin fixed into the
lower end of the ordinary chopper lever R. The lower end of the lever 15 is
formed into a joint pin to receive the driver 14, which is to act in the teeth of
a ratchett wheel 13, so as to turn the same one tooth at a time whenever the
landing bars are in the act of being extended. The ratchet wheel 13 is fixed
upon one end of a horizontal cross axis 42, on which are fixed the notched
wheels 2, 62, and 72, by which the required change of racking wheels is to be

page_text: performed. The racking levers 5, 65, and 75, which transmit the action of
the racking wheels 11, 32, and 85 to as many spotting guide bars, by
means of horizontal pulling wires 58, 68, 7, are fixed to upright axes 4, 64,
and 74, which stand over each of the notched wheels 2, 62, and 72, with
intervening levers 3, 63, and 73. In some patterns one spotting racking
wheel for each spotting guide bar will be sufficient, without a plain net
racking wheel for each such bar, in which case, when a spot is completed
by agency of one of the spotting guide bars, then the notched wheel 2, or
62, or 72, which is provided for that bar, will let down the intervening lever
8, or 63, or 73, together with the upright axes 4, or 64, or 74, and the racking
lever 5, or 65, or 75, which is affixed to that axes, so as to remove the tooth
at the ends of that lever from its contact with the edge of its spotting racking
wheel 11, or 32, or 85, and then the spotting guide bar belonging to such
wheel, which is so disconnected, will be borne endways by its reacting spring
against a stop, which is fixed to that main guide bar to which the spotting
guide bar belongs, so as to same accompany the main guide bar in all its
racking motions so long as the spotting guide bar is to be operative in making
plain net. But in other cases it will be better to provide a plain net racking
wheel for racking each spotting guide bar when it is to be operative in making
plain net, in the same manner as has been already explained respecting Sheet
XIII. And note.-The truck 29 of the chopper lever R is adapted to apply
to an inclined part of the upper end of the lever 15, so as to give motion to the
lever, and by means of its driver 14 to the ratchet wheel 13, as soon as the
landing bars begin to be extended, and owing to the form of that inclined part
the motion given by the truck R ceases before the bars are quite extended,
in order that the action of the notched wheel 2, or 62, or 72 may be con-
cluded before the usual time of racking, and so as that the upright axes 4, or
64, or 74, with its racking lever 5, or 65, or 75, may be raised or lowered in
order to bring the spotting racking wheel 11, or 32, or 85 into operation, or
to take it out of operation in the interval between the times when it may be
required to give racking motions to the spotting guide bars, which is the same
as already explained respecting the position of the prominence of the camm 29
on the main axis Y in Sheet XIII. The Lever's machine represented in Sheet
XVI., is supposed to be provided with three spotting guide bars, to be brought
into action in turn by action of the aforesaid mechanism, as the intended
distribution of spots may require; and there spotting guide bars may be
supposed to be of the nature of those which are used the Lever's machinery.
represented in Sheets III. and IV. and VIII. and IX.
Another part of my said improvement relates to that kind of machinery for

page_text: making bobbin net lace which is commonly called double-tier circular bol
or circular comb machinery, and is for the purpose of making net or lace o
the kind represented by an enlarged Figure in Sheet XVII. of the Drawings
hereunto annexed. The twisted pillars whereof the inclining sides of the
hexagonal meshes are composed are part of them united to form such meshes
by linked or looped couplings, in the manner of the net represented in Sheet I.
whilst others part are united by oblique crossings of warp threads resembling
those of ordinary bobbin net, but the said crossing threads are not tra
versing threads from selvidge to selvidge, as may be observed by tracing
their course in the Figure, where they are coloured red, and they will be found
to go in zig-zag courses, crossing and re-crossing each other continually in
the manner of a figure of 8, but never departing laterally more than the width
of two adjacent meshes from a straight longitudinal course, and in the interval
between every such crossing and re-crossing each red thread proceeds to the
right (or to the left alternately), to form a looped link or coupling with a
neighbouring bobbin thread (coloured blue); those linked couplings forming
adjacent meshes to those which are formed by means of the crossings of the
red threads. The blue or bobbin threads proceed along the length of the net
by a very similar zig-zag courses to those of all the threads in the net repre-
sented in Sheet I., and it is the only red warp threads which are materially
different from what has been before described. But this part of my improve-
ments consists in the combination of the two sorts of couplings for the twisted
pillars of the hexagonal meshes, namely, oblique crossings and looped links.
Net or lace of this kind may be made in wide pieces, or in breadths, with
selvedges, which are joined together during the fabrication represented in
the Figure by a lacing thread, which can be afterwards drawn out in the
manner clearly represented in the Figure. The double-tier machinery by
which this kind of net or lace is to be made is also explained by Sheet XVII.,
which requires but little description beyond the writing on the Drawing,
being the same kind of machine as those herein-before described and repre-
sented. The bobbin carriages, two rows of combs, two rows of points, and
two rows of guides are all just as usual in ordinary double-tier machinery,
but there two warp separate rollers, one for supplying threads to the front
row of guides F, and the other for supplying threads to the back row of
guides G, the same as was described in the said former Specification. The
threads so supplied are those which form the crossing. There is an extra
guide bar 1 in front, with guides 21, for lacing threads to unite the breadths,
and those threads are supplied from a distinct thread roller of their own.
The front comb bar is never racked, but is made fast. The racking wheels

page_text: have just
on the upright axis at the right-hand end of the machine are turned round
once for eight revolutions of the main drawing camm, so that if the bevel
pinion on the extreme end of that axis hath twenty teeth, the large bevil
wheel which is turned by it must have one hundred and sixty teeth, as before
represented in Sheet V., and the said racking wheels have thirty-two steps
around their circumferences. The proper form for each of those racking
wheels is represented in Sheet XVII. Two rows of complete meshes of the net
will be made whilst the said racking wheels go once round. The wheel and
pinion for turning the taking-up camms on the axis p are proportioned as four
to one, wherefore if the pinion on the main axis Y of the driving camms has
fifteen teeth, and the taking-up cog wheel Q on the axis P must have sixty
teeth, and the taking-up camms U, V, for actuating the point bars will be
turned once round whilst a row of complete meshes of the net are made:
Supposing the machine to have been in regular operation making net of the
kind aforesaid in Sheet XVII., and that it has been stopped for examination
when the positions of the several parts are as follows:-The carriages have
just been swinging backwards in the front combs, and are now in their central
position, the front division being locked in the front combs, and the back
division being locked in the back combs. The back points took up last,
and are now up at their verting position. The racking wheels
racked No. 32, and no motion has taken place since that racking.
guide bar t stands racked to the right as far as it can go; it is capable of
moving five spaces in all, of one-tenth of an inch each for a ten-point gage
machine. The back main guide bar stands racked in a middle position, from
which it is capable of moving one space to the right or one space to the left.
The lacing guide bar t stands racked in a middle position, from which it is
capable of moving one space to the right or one space to left; there is one
lacing guide 21 on the bar t at every place in the width of the net where a
division is to be made for separating the tissue into breadths, but which
breadths will be laced together by the lacing threads. The front guides F have
one guide cut out of their row at every place where a division is to be made
in the width of the net. The back guides G also have one guide cut out of
their row at every such place, and the vacancy so formed in the row of back
guides now stands one space to the left of the like vacancy in the row of the
front guides, and the lacing guides 21 on the bar 1 now stands opposite one
of the front guides, and also opposite to the vacancies in the back guides.
Note. There are also two bobbin carriages left without any threads in their
bobbins at every place where a division is to be made, and one of those
carriages, viz.,. one of the front division, now stands in that space which
The front

page_text: is to the left hand of the vacancy in the front guides, and the other
carriage without a thread, which is one of the back division, stands in
the space which is to the left hand of the vacancy in the row of back
guides. The warp threads from the front main warp roller are threaded
through the eyes of the front guides, and the threads of the main
back warp roller are threaded through the eyes of the back guides. The
lacing threads which are to unite the selvidges of the several breadths of net
are supplied from an extra thread roller of their own. The position of
the several parts being understood, the mode of working is as follows:-
By turning the winch handle of the machine, the two locking camms R
and S, in beginning to turn round, will allow the lockers F, F, both back
and front, to turn their blades down inwards towards the guides, so as to
liberate the carriages, and at the same time the main driving camm will
cause the driving bars H, I, both back and front, to swing backwards together,
and in so doing the front driving bar H will drive the front division of
carriages through backwards between the want threads into the back combs,
and when the front carriages get through far enough between the warp
threads, the blade of the back locker F being turned upwards by its locking
camm R, the blade of the back locker F will draw the said carriages quite
through between the warp threads into the back combs, whereby both divisions
of carriages will be locked up and retained in the back combs, and then the
driving bars H, I, make a pause whilst the racking wheels rack No. 1, which
rack the front guides one space to the left; the back locker F then turns its
blades down inwards to release the carriages, and the driving bars H, I, begin
to swing forwards, drive the front division of carriages through forwards
between the warp threads into the front combs, and the front locker F, turning
up its blade again, locks them in the front combs, at the same time that the
back locker F locks the back division of carriages in the back combs, and
then the driving bars pause whilst No. 2 is racked, which racks the back
guides one space to the left; and then the driving bars, resuming their
forward spring, bring the back division of carriages through forwards, and
the carriages are all locked in the front combs by the blade of the front
locker F, and the driving bars pause again whilst No. 3 is racked, which
racks the back guides one space to the right. The back division of carriages
is put through backwards as they go back, the front points draw out and
go down and penetrate the front bobbin threads, and are then racked half a
space to the left, and then penetrate the warp threads, and then No. 4 is
racked, which racks the front guides one space to the right. The front
division of carriages is put through backwards, the front points are racked

page_text: half a space to the left, and then penetrate the back bobbin threads, and
then go up; and when all the carriages are locked in the back combs, No. 5
is racked, which racks the front guides one space to the left. The front division
of carriages is brought through forwards, and No. 6 is racked, which racks
the front guides and back guides each one space to the left. The back division
of carriages is brought through forwards, aud No. 7 is racked, which racks
the front guides and the back guides each one space to the right. The back
division of carriages is put through backwards, and No. 8 is racked, which
racks the back guides one space to the right. The front division of carriages
is put through backwards, and No. 9 is racked, which racks the back guides
one space to the left. The front division of carriages is brought through
forwards, and No. 10 is racked, which racks the front guides one space to
the left. The back division of carriages is brought through forwards, and
No. 11 is racked, which racks the front guides one space to the right, and
racks the lacing guides one space to the right. The back points draw out,
the back division of carriages is put through backwards, the back points go
down and penetrate the back bobbin threads, and then No. 12 is racked,
which racks the back main guides one space to the right, and the lacing
guides one space to the left; the back points rack half a space to the right,
and afterwards penetrate the warp threads, and then rack half a space to
the left, and then penetrate the front bobbin threads, and get quite up by
the time the carriages get quite back; No. 13 is then racked, which racks all
rows of guides one space to the left. The front division of carriages is brought
through forwards, and No. 14 is racked, which racks the lacing guides one
space to the right. The back division of carriages is brought through
forwards, and No. 15 is racked, which racks the front guides one space to the
right. The back division of carriages is put through backwards, and No. 16
is racked, which racks the back guides one space to the right. The front
division of carriages is put through backwards, and No. 17 is racked, which
racks the back guides one space to the left. The front division of carriages is
brought through forwards, and No. 18 is racked, which racks the front guides
one space to the left. The back division of carriages is brought through, and
No. 19 is racked, which racks the front guides one space to the right. The
back division of carriages is brought through backwards, as they go back the
front points draw out, and penetrate the bobbin and warp threads as at No. 3,
and then No. 20 is racked, which racks the back guides one space to the
right. The front division of carriages is put through backwards, and No. 21
is racked, which racks the back guides one space to the left. The front
division of carriages is brought through forwards, and No. 22 is racked, which

page_text: racks the front guides one space to the left. The back division of carriages is
brought through forwards, and No. 23 is racked, which racks the front guides
one space to the right. The back division of carriages is put through back-
wards, and No. 24 is racked, which racks the front guides one space to the
right. The front division of carriages is put through backwards, and No. 25
is racked, which racks the front guides one space to the left. The front
division of carriages is brought through forwards, and No. 26 is racked, which
racks the back guides one space to the left. The back division of carriages is
brought through forwards, and No. 27 is racked, which racks the back guides
and the lacing guides each one space to the right; the back points draw out as
at No. 11. The back division of carriages is put through backwards, and the
points go down and penetrate the back bobbin threads, and No. 28 is racked,
which racks the front guides one space to the right, and the lacing guides one
space to the left; the back points then rack half a space to the right, and then
penetrate the warp threads, and then rack half a space to the left, and the
front division of carriages is brought through backwards, the back points get
quite up by the time that No. 29 is racked, which racks the front guides and
lacing guides each one space to the left. The front division of carriages is
brought through forwards, and No. 30 is racked, which racks the back guides
one space to the left, and racks the lacing guides one space to the right. The
back division of carriages is brought through forwards, and No. 31 is racked,
which racks the front guides and the back guides each one space to the right.
The back division of carriages is put through backwards, and No. 32 is
racked, which racking does not give any motion to the bars. The racking
wheels have now made a complete revolution, and all the parts have now now
regained the posture which they occupied at the commencement of the
description, and two complete rows of meshes of net have been made.
Another part of my said improvement relates to that kind of machinery
for making bobbin net lace which is commonly called single-tier Lever's
machinery, and is for the purpose of producing ornamented net or whereof
the plain ground is of the kind herein-before last mentioned, and repre-
sented in Sheet XVII., with alternate linked couplings and crossings to close
the meshes, and whereof the ornament is an intermixture of enlarged and
contracted meshes, called honeycomb open work, for a supposed resemblance
to the cells of a honeycomb, such honeycomb open work being formed
in longitudinal parallal stripe along the length of the net for the ornament
thereof. An enlarged representation of of the said variety of ornamented
net or lace is contained in Sheet XIX., and wherein the course of the
several thread may be traced by their distinction of colour, the blue

page_text: threads being the bobbin threads, and the red threads the warp or guide
threads; the enlarged meshes are formed by contraction of the adjacent and
surrounding small meshes resulting from distortion of the ordinary meshes of
the net, which distortion is produced by the introduction of other additional
5 threads (colored green in the Drawings, which are called fining threads, and
which are interlooped in amongst the meshes in such manner so as to distend
some and render them enlarged by drawing and contracting the surrounding
meshes to render them small. The manner of proposing an ordinary Lever's
machine to produce this kind of ornamented net is explained in Sheet XVIII.
It must have two guide bars t, and is in the manner of double-tier, each having
only half as many guides F and G, as usual in Lever's machinery, that is, with
ten guides per inch in each row for a ten-point gage machine, and the guide
threads are supplied from two distinct warp rollers are for the front guide
threads, and the other for the back guide threads; they are from the rod
threads in the enlarged Figure of the net. Each guide bar has its own racking
wheel, fixed as usual upright axis at the right-hand end of the machine; the
proper forms for those racking wheels is shewn in the Sheet XVIII. A vacancy
is left in the row of front guides F at every place where a stripe of open work
is to be made in the width of the net, and that vacancy is filled up by extra
guides 21, called open works guides, fixed on an extra guide bar 1, called the
open guide work bar, they guide those threads which are marked open work
threads in the Figure of the net, Sheet XIX.; those threads are supplied from
a distinct thread roller of their own, and the open work guide bar 1 is racked by
a racking wheel of its own, the form of which is represented in Sheet XVIII. ;
there are also two extra guide bars 2 and 3, for carrying guides 22 and 23, for
guiding the fining threads by which the meshes are to be drawn into the form
of honeycomb open work, one such fining guide bar 2, with its guide 22 in
front, and the other fining guide bar 3, with its guides 23, at the back. Each
of the rows of fining guides 22, 23, is supplied with fining threads from a
distinct thread roller of its own, as shewn in Sheet XIX., and those threads are
marked forming threads in the enlarged Figure. Each of the fining guide bars
2 and 3 has its own racking wheel, the form for which is represented in Sheet.
XVIII. There is likewise another extra guide bar 4 in front, for lacing guides
25 to supply lacing threads for lacing the selvedges of the breadths together, in
case the lace or net is to be made in breadths; but if it is to be made-in a
wide piece, the bar 1 and guides 25 will not be resumed. The manner of
making the division into breadths and uniting the selvedges by lacing threads is
much the same as in the net represented in Sheet XVII., and before described;
he lacing threads are supplied from a separate.roller K of their own, and the

page_text: lacing guide bar 4 is.racked by a racking wheel of its own, which is shewn in
Sheet XVIII. The extra guide bar 1, 2, and 4 may be very slender bars,
mounted upon the main guide bars t & w, being filled into keyhole notches in
bearing pieces 91, 99, which are screwed to each guide bar at intervals along the
same, in the place of leads of guides, and stand up as the leads would do to
support the slender bar at several places in their length. The said bearing pieces
91, 99, have guides soldered unto them at their upper ends, to form the con-
tinuation of the row of guides in leads at the places where the leads are
omitted to make place for such bearing pieces, and which have several key-
hole notches for receiving several extra guide bars. The points for taking up
the notches have double the number of pointed pins of Lever's machinery,
being twenty per inch for a ten-point gage machine; a lead of points is shewn
separate in Sheet XVIII. The point bars E and G are connected with their
top joint arms by joints, about which they will be tilted downwards, in order to
perform their taking-up motions by means of tipping arms 48, which are
fined to each point bar, and project outwards therefrom, and are sus-
pended by links 49, 49, from fixed centre pins 50%; the tilting motions
of the points so produced being somewhat similar to that of the points
in double-tier machinery. And note. As the points cannot pass one
through the other in taking up, they require to have a moveable stop,
by a sliding bolt 30, to limit their ascent in taking up, in the same manner,
as already described respecting Sheet IX., and the same mode of with
drawing the points from the meshes of the net. Note.-The front comb bar
has no racking motion, and is made fast; there are no pusher bars; the back
stop U is adapted to lock the bending bars when they are quite closed; the
locking wheel is of the form shewn in Sheet XVII., the ratchet wheel for turning
it has nine teeth. Supposing the inachine to have been in full operation
making ornamented net of the kind represented in Sheet XVIII., and that it i
stopped for examination, when the position of the several parts is as follows:-
The landing bars are closed, but unlocked from detention by their back
stop U, and all the carriages are in their central position amongst the guid
threads. The front catch bar is raised up, and the back one is down in th
All the rackin
back notches of the carriages; the front points took up last.
wheels on the usual upright axis at the right-hand end of the machine stan
with their racking bolts at No. 12, and the bars stand in the following positions
The front main guide bar t stands racked in a middle position, from which
is capable of racking two spaces to the right or two spaces to the left, bein
four spaces in the whole, each space being one-twentieth of an inch for a ter
point gage machine. The back.main guide bar w stands racked to the right a

page_text: far as it can go; it is capable of moving two spaces in all, and its back guides G
stand interspaced to the front guides F. The open work guide bar 1 stands
racked in a middle position, from which it is capable of moving one space to
the right or one space to the left, being two spaces in all, and its guides 21
stand opposite to the vacancies in the row of front guides F where open work
is to be made. The front fining guide bar 2 for supplying fining threads,
stands racked in a middle position, from which it is capable of moving two
spaces to the right or two spaces to the left, and each of its guides 22 stands
opposite to each of those front guides F which are left in their places opposite
to the open work. The back fining guide bar 3 stands racked to the left as far
as it can go; it is capable of moving two spaces in all, and each of its guides 23
stands behind a back guide G, and one space to the left of the vacancies in the
front guides F. The lacing guide bar 4 stands racked in a middle position,
from which it is capable of moving one space to the right or one space to the
left, and each of its guides 25 stand in front of a back guide G. This position
of the parts being understood, the mode of working is as follows:-Extend the
landing bars by raising the bandles of the machine, and take the carriages
through backwards from between the guide threads into the back combs, and
rack No. 1 of the racking wheels, which racks the front guides F one space to tho
left, and racks the back guides G one space to the left, and racks the open work
guides 21 one space to the left, and racks the front fining guides 22 two spaces
to the left; the back fining guides 23 are not racked, and the lacing guides 25
are not racked. The back stop U is let loose ready for locking. Close the
bars to bring the carriages to their central position; the front catch bar is let
fall, and the back one is raised; also the back stop U locks the bars to detain
them for taking up. Take up with the back points, and as they go up they will
unlock the back stop U. Extend the bars to bring the carriages through
forwards into the front combs, and rack No. 2, which racks the front guides F two
spaces to the right, and racks the open work work guides 21 two spaces to the
right, and racks the front fining guides 22 two spaces to the right. Close the
bars; the back catch bar is let fall, and the front one is raised. Extend the bars
to take the carriages through backwards, and rack No. 3, which racks the front
guides F and the back guides G each one space to the left, and also racks the
open work guides 21 and the front fining guides 22 and the lacing guides 25
each one space to the left; also the back stop U is let loose ready for locking.
Close the bars; the front catch bar is let fall, and the back one is raised, and the
bars are locked. Take up with the front points, and they will unlock the back
stop U, to release the landing bars. Extend the bars to bring the carriages
through, and rack No. 4, which racks the front guides F two spaces to the right,

page_text: and rack the back guides G one space to the right, and racks the open work
guides 21 one space to the right, and racks the front fining guides 22 and
back fining guides 23 and lacing guides 25 each two spaces to the right.
Note. At the racking of No. 4, although the front guides F were racked two
spaces to the right, for the purpose of forming right-hand links with their front
guide threads, yet the right-handmost front guide thread of each breadth was
prevented from making such a link (which if it had been made would have
been linked and coupled with the left-hand edge of the next adjacent breadth.
This prevention is occasioned by means of a small stump guide fixed to the
open work bar 1, and projecting forward between the front guide threads,
which stump guide is of a proper thickness to fill up between these two front
guide threads, which are respectively the right-handmost and the left-handmost
linking threads of their particular breadths, consequently whenever the front
guides F rack more spaces than the open work guides do, whether to the
right or to the left, one or other of those front guide threads will be detained
from linking, as all its fellow threads do at the time, and thus a division will be
made in the net with the two selvedges, which will be kept laced together by
the lacing threads. Close the bars; the back catch bar is let fall, and the
front one is raised. Extend the bars to take the carriages through backwards,
and rack No. 5, which racks the front guides F two spaces to the left, and
racks the back guides G, and also the open work guides 21 and the front
fining guides 22, and also the lacing guides 25, each one space to the left, and
likewise racks the back fining guides 23 two spaces to the left; also the back
stop U is let loose ready for locking. Close the bars; the front catch bar is
let fall, and the back one is raised, and the landing bars are locked by the
back stop U. Take up with the back points, and they will unlock the bars.
Extend the bars to bring the carriages through forwards, and rack No. 6
which racks the front guides F and the back guides G and the open work
'guides 21 each one space to the right, and racks the front fining guides 22
two spaces to the right. Close the bars; the back catch bar is let fall, and
the front one is raised. Extend the bars to take the carriages through back
wards, and rack No. 7, which racks the front guides F and back guides G and
the open work guides 21 one space each to the left, and racks the front fining
guides 22 two spaces to the left; also the back stop U is let loose ready fo
locking. Close the bars; the front catch bar is let fall, and the back one i
raised, and the bars are locked. Take up with the front points, and they wil
unlock the back stop U. Extend the bars to bring the carriages throug
forwards, and rack No. 8, which racks the back guides G two spaces to th
right, and racks the front fining guides 22 one space to the right. Close th

page_text: bars; the back catch bar is let fall, and the front one is raised. Extend
the bars, take the carriages through backwards, and rack No. 9, which racks
the front guides F and the back guides G and the open work guides 21 and
the front fining guides 22 each one space to the left; the back stop U is let
loose ready for locking. Close the bars; the front catch bar is let fall, and the
back one is raised, and the bending bars are locked; take up with the back
points, and unlock the bars. Extend the bars to bring the carriages through
forwards, and rack No. 10, which racks the front guides F and the back
guides G and the open work guides 21 each one space to the right, and racks
the back fining guides 23 two spaces to the right, and racks the lacing guides
25 one space to the left. Close the bars; the back catch bar is let fall, and the
front one is raised. Extend the bars to take the carriages through backwards,
and rack No. 11, which racks the front guides F and the back fining guides 23
each two spaces to the left, and racks the back guides G and the open
work guides 21 and the front fining guide 22 each one space to the left,
and racks the lacing guides 25 two spaces to the right; also the back
stop is let loose ready for locking. Note.-At the racking of No. 11, although
the front guides F were racked two spaces to the left, yet the left-handmost
front guide threads of each breadth of net (where it is to be laced by the
lacing thread) was detained, and prevented from being racked more than one
space to the left, in consequence of the open work bar 1 being only racked one
space to the right; wherefore the said left-handmost front guide thread was
bended aside by the stump guide, before mentioned, on the bar 1, and kept
from racking more than one space, when all the other front guides racked two
spaces. Close the bars; the front catch bar is let fall, and the back one is
raised, and the landing bars are locked. Take up with the front points, and
they will unlock the bars. Extend the bars to bring the carriages through
forwards, and rack No. 12, which racks the front guides F two spaces to the
right, and racks the back guides G and the open work guides 21 and the
front lining guides 22 each one space to the right, and racks the lacing
guides 25 one space to the left. Close the bars; the back catch bar is let fall,
and the front one is raised. And now all the parts will have regained the
positions which they occupied at the commencement of this description. The
points, back and front, have each taken up three times; the racking wheels
bave gone once round, and two complete rows of meshes of plain net havo
been formed, together with one row of meshes of open work for the ornament
of such plain net. The continuance of the operation is a perpetual repetition
of the foregoing description.
Another part of my said improvement relates to that kind of machinery for

page_text: making bobbin net lace which is commonly called double-tier circular bolt,
or circular comb machinery, the improvement being for the purpose of pro-
ducing ornamented net or lace, whereof the plain net work is of the usual
texture of bobbin net lace, with diagonal threads traversing obliquely from
selvedge to selvedge, such as is commonly made by such machinery, the same
being ornamented with stripes of honeycomb open work, consisting of
enlarged meshes surrounded with small or contracted meshes, which are
drawn into and retained in that form by a suitable occasional looping of some
of the warp threads which pass along such open work, with corresponding
bobbin threads, somewhat in the manner of the looped or linked couplings,
whereby the meshes of the net represented in Sheet I. are formed, excepting
that the said occasional loopings are made to extend across the width of some
of the meshes, which are extended to be contracted from side to side of such
meshes, so that the said sides being drawn towards each other by means of
such occasional loopings will become closed and contracted, and consequently
the adjacent meshes which are included between or surrounded by such con-
tracted meshes will be opened and enlarged. Note.-The enlarged meshes
have more twist in their twisted pillars than those of ordinary bobbin net, and
the contracted meshes less twist, in order to give them difference of size; but
without the aforesaid occasional loopings, the said difference in the quantity
of twist in the pillars of the enlarged and contracted meshes is not of itself
sufficient to produce the required enlargements and contractions; and when
such occasional loopings are not made, it becomes necessary to introduce what
are called fining threads, for distending the open work, as herein-before ex-
plained respecting the ornamented net or lace represented in Sheet XVIII.
And whereas lace or net ornamented with honeycomb open work has been made
by others, with difference of twist in the pillars of the meshes, and of the same
texture as that which is now describing, excepting as to the introduction of
such occasional loopings, as aforesaid, I make no claim, as any part of my
Invention, to the making of net or lace ornamented with such honeycomb
open work, unless some of the contracted meshes thereof have loopings of
warp threads formed as aforesaid across them, for the purpose of closing
and contracting such meshes, in order at the same time to distend and
enlarge the other enlarged meshes thereof, without introducing any fining
threads. A specimen of ornamented lace or net with honeycomb open work
made by double-tier machinery, with occasional loopings across the con-
tracted meshes, according to this part of my improvements, is represented on
a large scale in Sheet XX., where the said occasional loopings are marked 9 and
21, and if those loopings were not made or were omitted, the said ornamented

page_text: lace or net would not contain any part of my improvements, although there
would be the same differences of twist in the pillars; but then the fining threads
would be requisite to attain the same result of contracting the small meshes,
and distending the large ones, which it is the object of this part of my improve-
ments to dispense with. The manner of arranging the working of a double-tier
machine so as to produce a kind of ornamented lace or net, represented in
Sheet XX,, is also represented in that Sheet; but as the same contains no part
of my Invention, excepting what relates to the formation of the said occasional
loopings at 9 and at 21, and as machinery of the same kind, but with the
addition of fining threads, is already in use and well known, a brief description
will be sufficient. The machine is worked in the usual manner of double-tier
machinery for making ordinary bobbin net lace, but with the racking wheels
on the upright axis at the right-hand end of the machine of double the usual
size, having twenty-four steps around their circumferences, and they go once
round whilst two rows of complete meshes of net are made; the forms for all
the several racking wheels are represented in Sheet XX. The two rows of
guides, are just as usual, except having vacancies cut out in their respective
rows opposite to every place where a stripe of the honeycomb open work is to
be made in the width of the net, and those vacancies are supplied by extra
guides, called filling guides, fixed on four extra guide bars 1, 2, and 3, 4, two
applied in front and two at the back; the said filling guides are for the most
part racked with the same racking motions as the guide bars to which they
belong respectively are racked with, but are occasionally racked differently, in
order to produce the requisite differences of twist in the different pillars of the
meshes for rendering some larger than others. The said four filling guide bars
opperate in pairs for so racking differently. The first filling guide bar 1, with
its guides 25, which are called the innermost front filling guides, and the back
filling guide bar 2, with its guides 27, which are called the innermost back
filling guides, form one pair, which opperate together, either to rack similarly
or to rack differently from their main guides For G, and the front filling guide
bar 3, with its guides 26, which are called the outermost front filling guides,
and the back filling guide bar 4, with its guides 28, which are called the outer-
most back filling guides, constitute another similar pair; the manner of
disposing the several filling guides, in order to fill up the vacancies in their rows
of main guides, is fully explained in Sheet XX. Supposing the machinery to
have been regularly at work making ornamented net or lace with honeycomb
open work, and that it has only been stopped for examination when the parts
are in the following positions:-Both divisions of the carriages are locked in the
back combs, and all the racking wheels stand with their steps, marked No. 1,

page_text: in action on their respective racking bolts. The front points are in the act of
taking up, having penetrated between the warp threads only an instant before
No. 1 was racked, but have not yet penetrated amongst any of the bobbin
threads. The two main guide bars t, t, now stand racked to the left as far as
they can go; they are capable of racking one space of one-tenth of an inch for
a ten-point gage machine. The front filling guide bars 1 and 3 are alsɔ
capable of racking one space each, and now stand the same as the main guide
bars. The back filling guide bars 2 and 4 now stand in a middle position, from
which they can go one space either way; they are capable of racking two spaces
each, in order that they may each occasionally make an unusual racking motion
for producing the connection between the two pillars of the small meshes, which,
by tying and drawing those pillars together, will tend to close those meshes,
and to distend the enlarged meshes, and thereby produce the same effect as has
been heretofore done by introducing taping threads into and amongst the small
meshes. This position of the several parts being understood, the operation
of the machinery is as follows:-By turning the handle the several parts will
be put in motion. The carriages will begin to move forwards, in order to
bring the front division of carriages through between the warp threads into
the front combs. The front points, which have already made their insertion
amongst the warp threads, begin to go up, and are racked half a space to the
left before they enter the front bobbin threads which are coming forward and
meeting the points, and having entered amongst the front bobbin threads, the
front points are racked one space to the right before they enter amongst the
back bobbin threads, and after having so entered, the front points are racked
half a space to the left as they go further up, and they get quite up by the
time No. 2 is racked, which racks the front combs one space to the right,
with the front division of carriages in them, and racks the front guides one
space to the right, together with both their rows of front filling guides 25, 26,
The back division of
all three rows racking together like one undivided row.
carriages are brought through forward between the warp threads into the front
combs, and No. 8 is racked, which racks the front combs one space to the left,
with all the carriages in them, but none of the guides are racked this time.
The back carriages are put through backward, and No. 4 is racked, which
racks the front combs one space to the right, with the front carriages in them,
and racks the back guides one space to the right, together with their two
rows of back filling guides:27, 28, all three rows racking together like one.
The front carriages are put through backwards, and No. 5 is racked, which
racks the back guides one space to the left, together with both its rows of
back filling guides 27, 28. The front carriages are brought through forwards;

page_text: the back points are drawn out, and begin to go down, and No. 6 is racked,
which racks the front guides one space to the left, with both its rows of fron
filling guides 25, 26. The back carriages are brought through forward, the
back points go quite down and penetrate the warp threads before the carriages
come quite through, and then, having so penetrated, they are racked half a
space to the right, and then No. 7 is racked, which racks the front guides
one space to the right, ogether with both their rows of front filling
guides 25, 26. The back carriages are put through backwards, and the back
points, which have already penetrated the warp threads, enter amongst the
back bobbin threads and rise up, and are racked half a space to the left before
they enter the front bobbin threads, and having so entered the back points go
up, but are racked half a space to the left by the time they get quite up, and
then No. 8 is racked, which racks the back guides one space to the right,
together with both its rows of back filling guides 27, 28. The front carriages
are put through backwards, and No. 9 is racked, which racks the front
guides one space to the left, together with their outermost front filling
guides 26, like one row, but leaves their innermost filling guides 25 standing
still, whereby the regularity of the front tier of warp threads in their row is
deranged for the present; and No. 9 also racks the back guides one space
to the left, together with their outermost back filling guides 28, like one row,
but racks the innermost back filling guides 27 two spaces to the left, being
one space more than the back guides are racked that way. That unusual
racking will cause the front bobbin threads, when they come forwards, to link
round the threads of the said innermost back filling guides 27, although in
due course those threads are not corresponding to each other, that unusual
linking is marked 9 in the enlarged representation of the net, Sheet X., and is
for the purpose of tying the two pillars of the small meshes together, in order
to close up and contract those small meshes, and distend and keep open the
adjacent large meshes. The front carriages are brought through forwards,
and No. 10 is racked, which racks the front guides one space to the right,
together with their outermost front filling guides 26, but racks their inner-
most front filling guides 25 (being those which stood still last time) one
space to the left, contraryway to the front guides, and No. 10 also racks
the innermost back filling guides 27 (being those which were racked two
spaces last time) one space to the right, which restores them to their
true correspondence with the row of back guides. The back carriages are
brought through forwards, and No. 11 is racked, which racks the inner-
most front filling guides 25 one space to the right, leaving the front
guides F standing still, together with their outermost front filling guides 26,

page_text: and racks the back guides G one space to the right, together with their
outermost back filling guides, 27 standing still. The back carriages are put
through backwards, the front points are drawn out, and begin to go down, and
No. 12 is racked, which racks the back guides G one space to the left, together
with their outermost back filling guides 28, but racks their innermost back
filling guides 27 one space to the right, contrary way to the back guides.
The front carriages are put through backwards, and the front points go down
and penetrate the warp threads before the carriages get quite through, and
having so penetrated they are racked half a space to the left, and then No. 13
is racked, which racks the front combs one space to the left without any
carriages in them, and racks the front guides one space to the left, together
with both their rows of front filling guides 25, 26, and also racks the innermost
back filling guides 27 one space to the left. The further continuance of the
operation is a repetition of that which has been already described during
all the motions which take place, whilst No. 2, No. 3, No. 4, No. 5, No. 6,
No. 7, and No. 8 are racked without any alteration until the repetition
of racking No. 9, which is No. 21 of the racking wheels; and then, when the
front guides F are racked one space to the left it is their innermost front filling
guides 25 which accompany them like one row, and their outermost front
filling guides 26 which stand still, and likewise it is the outermost back filling
guides 28 which are then racked two spaces to the left, although the back
guides, together with their innermost back filling guides 27, only go one space
that way, that unusual racking being for the purpose of tying the two pillars of
the small meshes together, as before explained, respecting No. 9; but the said
tying is now made at the opposite side of the large meshes, which are to be
distended thereby, videlicet, at the places marked 21 in the Figure of the net,
Sheet X.; and at the repetition of No. 10 (which is No. 22), when the front
guides F are racked one space to the right, it is their innermost front filling
guides 25 which accompany them, and their outermost front filling guides 26
which are racked one space to the left contrary ways; and also it is the outer-
most back filling guides 28 (being those which have been recently racked two
spaces) which are racked one space to the right, in order to restore them to
true correspondance with the back guides; and at the repetition of No. 11
(which is No. 23), it is the outermost front filling guides 26 which are racked
one space to the right, whilst the front guides F, together with their innermost
front filling guides 25, stand still; and also when the back guides G arc
racked one space to the right, it is their outermost back filling guides 27 which
accompany them, and their outermost back filling guides 28 which stand still
and at the repetition of No. 12, (which is No. 24), when the back guides G are

page_text: racked one space to the left, it is their innermost back filling guides 27 which
accompany them, and their outermost back filling guides 28 which are racked
one space to the right, contrary ways to them; and, lastly, at the repetition of
No. 18, which is No. 1, it is the outermost back filling guides 28 which are
racked one space to the left. The large racking wheels have now gone quite
round, and all the parts have regained the position which they had at the com-
mencement of the foregoing description. Two rows of complete meshes of
bobbin net will have been formed by the movements above described, but the
meshes which were taken up by the front points will be of an enlarged size at
all those places in the width of the net where the main guides for the warp
threads have been cut out of their respective rows, and filling guides 25, 26, and
27, 28, have been applied to fill up the vacancies so formed; wherefore the
net made by the working the machine, by continual repetition of the foregoing
description, will be figured or ornamented with parallel stripes of honeycomb
open work at all such places in the width of the net.
Having now described my said improvements in machinery for making
bobbin net lace, and the manner of performing the same, I, the said John
Bertie, do hereby declare that the new Invention, whereof the exclusive use
is granted to me by the said Letters Patent, dated the Ninth day of December,
One thousand eight hundred and thirty-five, consists in the following par-
ticulars:-
First. One part of my said improvements consists in the extension, herein-
before described, of the improvements for which Letters Patent were granted
to me and one James Gibbons, bearing date the Fifth day of June, One
thousand eight hundred and thirty-four, by virtue of which extension all the
threads whereof the lace or net is composed are caused to proceed by zig-zag
courses along the length of the piece of net, and all the said threads in their
turn form links or looped couplings for uniting the twisted pillars together, to
form hexagonal meshes of net work, in the manner represented in Sheet I. of
the Drawings hereunto annexed; and also consists in the modes, herein-before
described, of actuating those parts, either of single-tier machinery or of double-
tier machinery for making bobbin net lace, which parts operate immediately
upon the threads, with such order and succession and concert of movements as
will produce ornamented net or lace of the aforesaid kind, which is represented
in Sheet I.
Secondly. Another part of my said Invention consists in the improvements,
herein-before described, in that kind of machinery for making bobbin net lace
which is commonly called single-tier Lever's machinery, for the purpose of pro-
ducing spotted ornamented net or lace, made with linked couplings for forming

page_text: the meshes of the plain transparent ground of such net or lace, according to
the first-mentioned part of my present improvements, and with opake spots
distributed over the said transparent ground for the ornament thereof; those
spots being formed by several unusual repetitions of the aforesaid linked
couplings following in close succession, so as to be in contact one such linked
coupling with the next, in the manner herein-before described.
Thirdly. Another part of my said Invention consists in the improvement,
herein-before described, in that kind of machinery for making bobbin net lace
which is commonly called double-tier circular bolt or circular comb machi-
nery, for the purpose of producing spotted ornamented net or lace of a similar
kind to that which is produced by the preceding part of my present improve
ments..
Fourthly. Another part of my said Invention consists in the improvement,
herein-before described, in that kind of machinery for making bobbin net lace
which is commonly called single-tier Lever's machinery, for the purpose of
producing spotted ornamented net or lace of the kind herein-before described,
and designated as being made without traversing threads, that is, net with
crossings of bobbin threads for forming the meshes of the plain transparent
ground of such lace or net; but the said crossing threads are not traversing
threads from selvedge to selvedge, and opake spots being distributed over the
said transparent ground for the ornament thereof, those spots being formed, in
manner herein-before described, by accumulated wrappings of some of those
bobbin threads, whereof the plain transparent net work is in part formed, in
the manner herein-before described. And note.-I do not make claim as part
of my Invention to any application of this part of my improvements for form-
ing spots in the aforesaid kind of net or lace which is made with crossings of
bobbin threads, but without traversing threads from selvedge to selvedge, when
such spots are formed by accumulating any warp threads of such net or lace,
but I confine this part of my improvements to the producing of spots by
accumulating bobbin threads of such net into spots, in manner herein-before
described.
Fifthly. Another part of my said Invention consists in the improvement,
herein-before described, in that kind of machinery for making bobbin net lace
which is commonly called double-tier circular bolt or circular comb machinery,
for the purpose of producing spotted ornamented net of a similar kind to that
which is produced by the preceding part of my present improvements; and as
before stated respecting the same, I confine this part of my improvements to
the producing of spots by accumulating bobbin threads of such net into spots,
in manner herein-before described.

page_text: Sixthly. Another part of my said Invention consists in the improvement,
herein-before described, in that kind of machinery for making bobbin net lace
which is commonly called double-tier circular bolt or circular comb machinery,
for the purpose of producing spotted ornamented net of the kind herein-before
described, and represented in Sheet XII., that is, net such as is most usually
made by bobbin net lace machinery with diagonal threads traversing from
selvedge to selvedge of the plain transparent ground on which the spots are
to appear, the spots being produced, in mauner herein-before described, by
accumulating particular warp threads belonging to the net work into loops
which pass across and across the width of two adjacent meshes; the said
accumulation for producing such spots being performed within the periods of
the ordinary racking motions of the double-tier machinery, whereby it makes
plain net without any suspension of those racking motions, or increase of their
number on account of the formation of the spots.
Seventhly. Another part of my said Invention consists in the improvement,
herein-before described, in that kind of machinery for making bobbin net lace
which is commonly called double-tier circular bolt or circular comb machinery,
for the purpose of producing spotted ornamented net of the kind herein before
described and represented in Sheet XV., that is, net such as is most commonly
made by bobbin net lace machinery with diagonal threads traversing from
selvedge to selvedge of the plain transparent ground on which the spots are to
appear, the spots being produced, in manner herein-before described, by accu-
mulating extra or additional threads (not belonging to the net work, into loops
which pass across and across the width of two adjacent meshes, the said accu-
mulation for producing such spots being performed within the periods of the
ordinary racking motions of the double-tier machinery, whereby it makes
plain net without any suspension of those racking motions, or increase of their
number on account of the formation of the spots.
Eighthly. Another part of the said Invention consists in the improvement,
herein-before described, in that kind of machinery for making bobbin net lace
which is commonly called double-tier circular bolt or circular comb machinery,
for the purpose of producing lace or net of the kind herein-before described
and represented in Sheet XVII., the same being formed by looped or linked
couplings and crossings combined together in the same net work, so as to
produce alternate adjacent meshes of the two kinds, instead of the meshes
being formed wholly by crossings or wholly by looped couplings, which latter
was the case in the improvements for which Letters Patent were granted to
me and one James Gibbons, bearing date the Fifth day of June, One thousand

page_text: eight hundred and thirty-four, and whereof this part of my present improve-
ment, by combination of such linked couplings with crossings, is an extension.
Ninthly. Another part of my said Invention consists in the improvement,
herein-before described, in that kind of machinery for making bobbin net
lace which is commonly called single-tier Lever's machinery, for the purpose
of producing ornamented net or lace of that variety which is made by a
combination of linked couplings, with crossings, in the manner of the last-
mentioned part of my improvements for the plain ground of the net work, the
same being ornamented with stripes of honeycomb open work, consisting of
enlarged and contracted meshes drawn into and retained in that form by
means of fining threads, in manner herein-before described, and represented in
Sheet XVIII.
And tenthly, and lastly.-Another part of my said Invention consists
in the improvement, herein-before described, in that kind of machinery for
making bobbin net lace which is commonly called double-tier circular bolt or
circular comb machinery, for the purpose of producing ornamented lace or
net containing stripes of honeycomb open work of the kind represented in
Sheet XX., with enlarged and contracted meshes, having occasional loopings
formed across some of the small meshes from pillar to pillar thereof, as shewn
at 9 and 21 in the figure for drawing those pillars together, in order to close
the small meshes and distend the large meshes without the aid of fining
threads. And note.-I make no claim to the making of such honeycomb
open work by the means represented in Sheet XX., and therein-before described
excepting as to that particular part of the process of manufacturing such net
as herein-beforo described, whereby such loopings are occasionally formed for
the purpose of contracting the small meshes and distending the large ones
without introducing fining threads.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Bertie, have hereunto set my hand
and seal, this Ninth day of June, in the year of our Lord On
'
thousand eight hundred and thirty-six.

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Ninth day of June, in the
sixth year of the reign of His Majesty King William the Fourth, the said
John Bertie came before our said Lord the King in His Chancery, and
acknowledged the instrument aforesaid, and all and every thing therein
contained and specified, in form above written. And also the instrument
aforesaid was stamped according to the tenor of the Statute made in the
fifty-fifth year of the reign of His late Majesty King George the Third.
Inrolled the Ninth day of June, One thousand eight hundred and
thirty-six.