AN IMPROVED SHEARING MACHINE
Year: 1815

page_text: LEWIS SPECIFICATION.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHN
LEWIS, of Brimscomb, in the County of Glocester, Clothier, send greeting.
WHEREAS His most Excellent Majesty King George the Third, by
His Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing
date at Westminster, the Twenty-seventh day of July, in the fifty-fifth year
of His reign, did give and grant unto me, the said John Lewis, my exors,
admors, and assigns, His especial licence, full power, sole privilege and
authority, that I, the said John Lewis, my exors, admors, and assigns, during
the term of years therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use,
exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-
Tweed, my Invention of "AN IMPROVED SHEARING MACHINE;" in which
said Letters Patent there is contained a proviso that if I, the said John
Lewis, should not particularly describe and ascertain the nature of my said
Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, by an instru-
ment in writing under my hand and seal, and cause the same to be inrolled
in His Majesty's High Court of Chancery within two calendar months next
and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent, as by the said
Letters Patent (relation being thereunto had) may more fully appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in, compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
John Lewis, do hereby declare that the nature of my said Invention, and the
manner in which the same is to be performed, are particularly described and
ascertained in the Drawings hereunto annexed, and in the following description
thereof (that is to say) :-
The shearing machines hitherto in common use for shearing or cropping
woollen cloths operate so as to shear them in a transversal direction from list

page_text: to list. My new machine is so contrived that it will shear a piece of cloth in
the longitudinal direction with great accuracy and rapidity, and without any
intermission of that operation being necessary before the whole piece is shorn
from one end to the other. A progressive motion through my machine is
given to the cloth by means of rollers, and the bed or support bearing the cloth
against the fixed or "ledger blade" is so constructed that the line of support
may be always as long as the cloth is wide within the lists, where it passes over
the said support. The effective length of the blades is always equal to the
actual length of support given by the bed or beds. The moveable or runner
blades of my machine have a swift rotary motion when acting.
I claim as my Invention the described application of those blades, the con-
struction, and adjustment of the beds on which the cloth is shorn (hereafter
described), the employment of a suitable fluid to fill or stuff some of the said beds,
and the mode of working or drawing the cloth through my machine, making it
pass smoothly and equally over the face of the bed or beds against which it is
shorn. I shall describe several ways of constructing parts of my said machine,
each of which has some peculiar. advantage. in regard to the operation or
expence or dimensions of the machine. The adjustments of the length of the
bed or beds to the width of the cloth, whether moved by the attendant work-
man, or by the variation of the. width .of.the cloth itself, as herein-after
explained and described, I consider as constituting a most important part of
my present Invention for shearing cloth.
DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES.
The frame of the machine being rectangular, it will assist the description if
the reader will imagine its four sides placed so as to face the four cardinal
points of the mariner's compass. I will then call Fig. 1 a view of the south
side; it is a vertical section on a scale of half an inch to a foot. Fig. 2 is a
vertical section representing the west end of the same machine, which is here
made the driving end. This machine has two beds, two ledger blades, and
two sets of runner blades. The same parts are referred to by the same letters
in both Figures. E, the frame of wood or metal. A, a roller supported on
the frame.near the south side; this roller is again represented by Fig. 3 on a
scale half an inch to a foot. In Fig. 2, V is a wheel fixed on the axis of
another cylinder or roller, placed at the north side, and parallel to A. The
cloth to be shorn is carefully wound upon A (see the dotted circle), and
is drawn through the machine towards the north side by the roller on the axis
of V, the last-mentioned roller being covered with wire cards for that purpose.
Fig. 8, B, is a brake or poise, and Fig. 4 is an end view of the same

page_text: instrument on a scale of half an inch to a foot. It is applied on one end of A
for the purpose of retarding the revolutions of the roller A, so as to keep
the cloth at a proper degree of tension. This brake has a screw, repre-
sented at C in Fig. 3, which is screwed into a nut fixed in the machine
frame at C in Fig. 2; this screw is for shifting the roller A towards the
east or west end of the machine, its axis continuing in the same line. 'Fig. 2,
W is a roller covered with wire cards (or fly cards), and is called the
delivering roller. It is furnished with a brake, like Fig. 4, in order that it may
keep the cloth at a proper strain while passing the blades or cutters. Fig. 2,
roller W is placed parallel to roller. A. F, F, are two beds made of wood or
metal, on which are fixed one or more layers or coverings of woollen
cloth, and lastly, one layer of linen cloth. The beds are placed parallel
to A, and are moveable in the direction of their length; between fixed
pieces of wood or metal to the stationary pieces of wood or metal aforesaid
another layer of linen cloth is fixed, under which the beds may slide. The
first-mentioned layer or top covering of the beds of linen cloth is intended to
reduce the friction between the upper surface of the sliding beds and the fixed
covering of linen. The use of the fixed linen covering just mentioned is to
prevent the cloth which is brought over it (from roller A) from moving
towards the east or west ends of the machine when the beds underneath it
are moved. The beds require to be moved occasionally to adapt their length
of support to the width of the cloth which is passing over them from roller A
to be shorn; when such adjustment is necessary the beds are moved by a long
screw.in G in Fig. 1, which will turn in a coller H. This coller H is fastened
to the immoveable pieces of wood or metal, between which the beds slide, and
the nut I, Fig. 1, is fixed in the bed; screw G is to be turned by an attendant
when necessary, but hereafter I shall describe a more expensive adjustment
which acts without an assistant. K in Fig. 1 is a guard of thin metal fixed to
the bottom of each bed,' and brought over the list of the cloth to prevent the
list from being shorn. L, L, in Fig. 2, are pieces of wood or metal to which
the stationary or ledger blades are fixed at their back (or north) edges; these
blades can be adjusted in front (the south edge) by means of nuts on tlie
vertical screws M 1, 2, 3, &c. (Fig. 1). The fastening and adjusting "screws
are represented by K, L, in Fig. 7, and 'the ledger blade by H; the adjusting
screws L should be applied in such number as to be one for about every two
inches of the length of the blade. I, in Fig. 7, is a piece of metal to which the
ledger or lower blade is fixed by the screws K; the shorn cloth passes between
the south edge of this blade and the bed which is below it.
In Fig. 7, which is drawn full size for a short machine, a. a. a. a.

page_text: are screws for fastening the cutters or runner blades on the four faces of
a square bar of metal, one blade on each face. This is a vertical section.
The same bar is represented by N in Fig. 1, and the heads of the screws that
fix on the blades are there represented by rows of dots along N. Every such
bar carrying a set of cutters is twisted one quarter of a revolution, in order
that when the said bar is made to revolve in the machine with its axis of
motion parallel to the front edge of the ledger blade, the cut of each runner
blade against the edge of the ledger blade shall proceed regularly from one end
of the blade to the other end, for each cut will occupy the time taken up by
the fourth part of a revolution of N, and the instant that the first runner blade
ceases to act the second blade begins its action, and so on with the others. In
Fig. 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, are metal bearings for the ends or axes of the twisted
bars and the connecting spindle which carries the worm P, working in a wheel
on the top of the spindle Q. On the lower end of spindle Q is a worm S
or pinion R, Fig. 2, working into a wheel T, on the axis of which is a
wheel U, in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. The teeth of U work in the teeth of a
wheel V, which is fixed on the same axis as the receiving roller, covered with
wire cards for drawing the cloth through the machine. X, X, Fig. 1, are
universal joints. Y, Y, are metal frames with adjusting screws Z, Z, Z, Z,
(Fig. 1 and 2). These screws are for raising or lowering the ledger and
runner blades. a, a, are wheels for turning the upper screws Z, Z. Each
wheel a, at the west end, is connected with a similar wheel a at the east end
of the machine by a straight bar b, Fig. 1, on which is fixed the handle c. By
turning this handle the blades will be raised or lowered, still keeping their
parallel position with regard to the beds beneath them. In Fig. 1, d, d, are
bearings for the top bar b, and e, e, are bearings for the wheel t and the
spindle Q. In Fig. 1 and in Fig. 2 f, f, are riggers or pullies by which the
machine is put in motion, f.f, being made to revolve with requisite velocity by
the application of animal power, or the force of steam, water, or air, &c.
Fig. 5 is a vertical section, full size, of the bearings for the aforesaid twisted
bars which carry the runner blades. a is the bearing; 6 is a screw with a
head c, over which is placed a piece of metal d; and d is fixed to the bearing
piece a by the screws e, e. The bearing piece a has a vertical motion in a
strong frame 9, 9, and f, f, represent parts of the screws by which the said
frame is fixed to L, L, Fig. 2. The motion of a in g, Fig. 5, is necessary for
adjusting the runner blades to the ledger blade against which they act.
Fig. 6 is a horizontal section of g, Fig. 5.
Operation. The piece of cloth to be shorn being wound upon A, Fig. 8.
and placed at A, Fig. 2, is passed over W, then between the fixed upper

page_text: covering of the beds (which in this machine are two in number) and the ledger
blades, and lastly over the receiving card roller. The cloth may be made to
disengage itself from the last card roller by bending some wires over and round
the said roller, and fixing their ends to the framework below the roller. In
the description of my single bedded machine it will be seen that a similar
effect is produced by a fan. A machine with one or more than one bed and
set of blades, made on the simple plan already described, requires the edge of
the cloth which is next to the driving end of the machine to be drawn always
over the same part of the bed or beds in order that the list on this edge shall
pass by the ends of the blades without being shorn, and the supporting length
of the bed or beds must be adapted to the width of the cloth by the regulating
screw or screws at the opposite end of the machine, by which means the other
list will escape, the cutters being depressed by the guard K, Fig. 1. Should
the list at the driving end have a tendency to move from its proper path at
the end of the blades, the attendant is to shift the roller A (Fig. 2 and 3) in
the contrary direction by the screw C, Fig. 3. Each end of the piece of cloth
to be shorn is to have a short piece of coarse woollen cloth sewed to it in order
to allow the extremities of the piece to pass the blades and be shorn.
Beds. Fig. XIII. is a vertical section of a
is a representation of one end of it broken off. A is a grooved bar of wood or
metal supporting a cylindrical tube B, made of leather or silk, prepared with
elastic gum varnish, for holding water or mercury or any suitable fluid. The
vertical end of the tube C must be of such a length as to contain a column of
the fluid employed, the pressure of which will sufficiently distend the hori-
zontal part of the same tube, and make it support the cloth which is to be
shorn against the ledger blade with proper firmness. The acting length of
this bed is determined by a metal frame D, having a number of small hori-
zontal rollers, whose axis are represented by the dotts I. These rollers are
made of metal, and are placed across the horizontal part of B for depressing it
where necessary, D being moved by the arm E. F is a roller which turns
in D and bears against the under plane surface of the horizontal part of A.
G is a list guard fixed against D by screws H.
fluid bed, half size, or rather it
Fig. XII. is a vertical section, half size, of another contrivance for varying
the length of a bed. A is the under part of the bed frame supporting the
friction wheels F, which bear the carriage L and the friction wheel C. D'is
a dotted line representing the top surface of the stationary part of the bed.
Bare vertical pieces of metal standing on a horizontal platform M, fixed on L.
The thin pieces B have a vertical motion through guides made of sheet copper
bent into the form K.

page_text: Fig. XXVI. is a horizontal section of the rectangular frame K in Fig. XII
B, B, in Fig. XII. are shown in their lowest position. K and A are immove-
able. By drawing the arm E in the direction HE, B, B, are successively
raised upon the platform N by the wheel C turning in L. B, B, are always
under the cloth coverings of the bed. G is a list guard fixed to L by screws
at H. E is an arm fixed to the carriage L at its. outer end. near H. The
other extremity of E has a screw on it for fixing it to I.
Fig. XXVII. is a vertical section of the stickers or pieces B, B, taken in right
angles to the former section in Fig. XII. Every inch in the length of K. con-
tains about nine or ten of the pieces B, B, Fig. XII. I, Fig. XII., is an arm and
elamp for connecting E, G, L, &c., with a regulator to be described hereafter.
Bed Regulators.-Figures VIII., IX., X., represent part of a carriage
regulator. The same letters refer to the same parts of the machinery
in these three Figures. Fig. VIII. and X. are vertical sections, and
Fig. IX. is an horizontal section drawn half the real size. A, A, is a metal
bar having a groove in its upper side to receive the friction wheels B, B,
which turn in and carry the metal pieces C. D is an arc springing from
one side of C. E, E, is the bottom of a metal frame, which turns on the
vertical screw F. E is connected with the carriage C by this screw F. G is
a screw for locking E to D, stopping the motion of E round F at any part of
the arc D. In Fig. VIII. the rail or bar A is broken in order to shew the
head of G, which is underneath D. H, H, are vertical parts which support
the wheels and rollers. I is a pulley fixed on the same axis as the wheel K,
which turns the wheel L. M is a wheel fixed on the same axis a, L. N is a
wheel turned by M. O is a wood roller fixed on the same axis as N. The
dots on O represent two rows of sharp pins or spikes fixed in O. P is a wood
roller which will turn round its fixed axis Q, which is fixed in H near R.
S is a guide for the friction wheel R, which turns round a screw in the top
of H, Fig. VIII. T supports S parallel to A, ST and A being firmly united
or cast in one piece of metal. T is broken off to shew B, E, F, in Fig. VIII.
U1, U2, are screws to fasten the bottom of T upon the machine frame, and
U 3, U 4, are the places or screws which fix the vertical part of T against
one side of the bed frame, as shewn in Fig. XI. V is an arm screwed to one
end of C for connecting the regulator with the arm of the bed, such as E,
Fig. XII., XIII., and XIV b. W is the ring head of a screw which is
screwed in H, Fig. VIII. A line is tied to W, and has a weight at its other
end, as in Fig. XXVIII., for moving C, &c., upon B, B, along A, in the
direction C, V. Fig. X. is a vertical section at right angles to Fig. VIII.
S is the guide for R, in Fig. VIII. A machine requires two. of these regu-

page_text: lators, one at each end of that bed which is nearest to the receiving roller.
The described figures are for the regulator, which is placed at what I have
call the west end of the machine. It is easy to understand how they must be
reversed for the east end. After the cloth passes over the bed or beds of the
machine, it is received between O, P, Fig. VIII., and as O revolves it takes
forward the list of the cloth by means of the pins. The grooves in P allow
the pins to pass, and also P prevents the list from getting off them, and the
shoulders of O next N prevents the list from working too near to N. The
weight attached to W, Fig. VIII., will cause O, P, to strain the cloth
outwards, or in the direction of its width, and in proportion to the said strain,
or rather to the deviation of the list from that cause, so it will be necessary
to shift E over the arc D, in Fig. IX., towards the north side of the machine,
or, in other words, towards the receiving roller. Having brought E to its
position suited to the cloth under operation, fix it by the screw G. Narrow
parts of the cloth will draw the regulators inwards or towards each other, and
wider parts will allow them to recede from each other by their weights,
consequently their motion along A, Fig. VIII. and IX., will vary as the
width of the cloth varies, and the said motion of C, &c., is communicated to the
adjustable ends of the bed or beds by connecting the arm V of Fig. VIII. or
IX. with the arm E of Fig. XII. or XIII., by means of such a clamping
piece as Fig. XIV. a, or Fig. XIV. b. The pulley I., Fig. VIII. and IX.,
is driven by a line from a drum (D or D, Fig. XXV.,) with such velocity as
to make O, Fig. VIII., travel somewhat faster than the cloth, so as to keep
the cloth list strained smooth over. the bed or beds. The drum which drives I
has the two ends of its axis suspended by the driving lines, which go round I
of each regulator, and therefore when the pinned rollers O have driven the
cloth list to a proper strain over the bed or beds, the lines will slip and
prevent any over strain, which might injure the cloth. The drum bar (D,
in Fig. XXV.) is driven by a rigger placed on the spindle of N, in Fig. 1,
between P and X, the connecting line or strap passing between T and V.
The pulley on the runner spindle is to the pulley on the drum bar as 1 : 3.
The bed regulators, just described are not required in the same machine with
any of my other regulators, being sufficient of themselves.
.
My next regulator in Fig. XV. and XVI. is preferable to the preceding in
a machine for shearing thin ladies' clothes, which might not bear the strain of
the carriage regulator without injury. Fig. XV: is a vertical section, full size,
of my needle regulator, and Fig. XVI. is a vertical section at right angles to
fix XV. half size. The same letters are applied to the same parts of the
apparatus in both Figures. A, A, metal ends of the needle frame screwed

page_text: against a metal plate B, which is made fast against the front side of the bed
nearest the delivering roller. C, part of a bed frame, to which B is fixed by
the screws 1, 2, 3, 4, Fig. XVI. D, D, are two parallel and horizontal
cylindrical bars of metal, between which the cloth passes, in approaching the
bed or beds; D, D, are fixed on the part of A, A, which is nearest to the
delivering roller of the machine. Between D, 'D, are shown two rows of
needle points. These needles are fixed in the metal pieces M, N, near 6 1,
in Fig. XV., XVI., XVII., and XVIII. Pieces M, turn on the bar E 1, in
Fig. XV., XVII., and XVIII., and each has a wire L which connects it with a
counterpoise K. The use of K is to keep the superior needles a steady against
the under side of the upper bar D, and ready to meet the cloth. Fig. XVI.
shews eight of the pieces M, which turn on the same bar, having washers
between every two of them to prevent their sticking or rubbing against each
other. In the same Figure are eight of the metal pieces N, which turn on an
horizontal bar E 2, represented in Fig. XIX. The horizontal bars E 1, E 2,
are parallel to each other and also to D, D, and are fixed in the plate or frame
A, A. The needles on the tops of the pieces N rests upon the. lower bar D when
not in action. The pieces N require no counterpoise K, Fig. XVI. M, N, may
be made of about equal parts of lead and tin, or other metals, cast in moulds.
In Fig. XV., XVII., and XVIII., 62 shews one side of the pieces M so
formed as to act like a wedge against the friction wheel c, which is attached to
a square part of the moveable bar F 1, in Fig. XV., when 61 is carried
round E1 to the horizontal bar G (Fig. XV.) By the said motion of 6 1
towards G, part of the bar F 1 is pushed out of the frame A in the direction
of A, E, Fig. XVI. The metal pieces N have a part b 2, in Fig. XV. so
formed as to act as a wedge against a friction wheel c attached to the sliding
bar F 2; when 6 1 is carried towards G round E 2, the said motion of 6 1
round E 2, towards bar G, forces part of F2 out of A in the direction of A, H,
Fig. XVI. H, in Fig. XVI. and XXI., is a piece for locking F 1 to F 2, by
the screws I, I, so as to oblige the parallel bars F 1, F 2, to slide equally and
at the same time through holes in A.
Fig. XX. are sections, full size, showing how the friction wheel c is
attached by a screw to the square part of each of the bars. F 1, F 2, in
Fig. XV., XVI. Every one of the pieces M, N, Fig. XV., XVI., XVIII.,
and XIX., has two strong needles, one being shorter than the other, fixed
The
in the part b 1. a is the longer needle, and 5 the shorter one.
shorter needle of M and of N is farther from H, Fig. XVI., than the
longer needle is, yet the longer needle first catches the list of the cloth
as the cloth widens in passing between D, D, because the point of the shorter

page_text: The nosen,
needle S cannot reach the list till the longer one a is carried a little way
towards G in Fig. XV. Supposing a to penetrate too near the outside edge
of the list to be carried to G, the additional hold taken by S will be sufficient.
The pieces M, N, Fig. XVI., act in succession on their respective friction
wheels as the cloth widens, the list carrying forwards first the needles of one
piece M, next of N, and so on alternately, as long as the list approaches the
end of the bars marked D, D, which are the ends next to H; as the cloth
recedes from the said ends, it will quit the pieces M, N, successively, which will
then bring back their needles against D, D, Fig. XVI. and XV.
in Fig. XV., XVI., XVII., and XIX., of M and of N, is to prevent the
needles from pressing against the cloth or list when 6 1 is carried to G. The list
proceeds from X towards Y, Fig. XV., and at Y passes through a slit in B;
this slit extends from Y 1 to Y 2 in Fig. XVI. In Fig. XV., 1 is obliged
to return from G towards D by the action of c against 2. If the cloth
and list quit n, F1 and F 2, with their friction wheels, and also H, Fig. XVI.,
are drawn towards P, Fig. XVI., by a weight suspended to the line W, which
passes over a pulley P, and is attached to one end of F 2. P turns on a
centre, which is fixed in C, Fig. XV. The bed arm E, Fig. XIV., is locked
to the outer end of F 2, Fig. XVI., by the screw V, Fig. XIV., consequently
the said arm E for adjusting the length of the bed or beds is moved as F 2 is
moved. When the list acts on the needle pieces the bed is lengthened, but
when the list permits the weight at the line W, Fig. XVI., to act, the bed is
shortened; in the first case H recedes from A, in the second case H
approaches A. One shearing machine requires two of the regulators last
described, one near to each end of the said bed, both to be placed between
the delivering roller and the front bed.
Fig. XVI. represents one of the regulators, to be placed at what I have
called the east end of the machine. It is easy to understand what parts must
be inverted for the end opposite. Fig. XV. is shewn on a scale of one inch
to a foot at A, A, B, C, in Fig. XXII., properly placed in a single bedded
machine. Here the bed frame A, C, C, is placed father from the delivering
roller that it is in Fig. XI., in order to have room for the needle fram A, A.
A machine with needle regulators between the delivering roller and the front
of the bed frame, or the front of the first bed frame if there are several beds,
requires two pairs of conical metal rollers for straining the cloth list smoothly
across the bed or beds. The rollers are placed between the receiving rollers V,
Fig. XXII., and the bed frame A, C, C, or between V and the last bed when
the machine is made with more than one bed. The said conical rollers are
shown in Fig. XXV., where R, R, are the rollers, which are made to pinch

page_text: the list between them by the four adjusting screws 1, 2, 3, 4, screwing into
the metal frame 5, 5, &c., and pressing the axis of R, R, towards each other.
The ends of the axis of each roller R turn in chace mortices in the frame
5, 5, and the said frame is fixed to the vertical part of the machine frame E
by the screws 7, 8. The wheels and rollers can be taken out of the frame
5, 5, by taking off the end piece 6. The said rollers are made to revolve by
the rigger F, which turns. the rigger G, Fig. XXV. and XXII., by a line or
strap, and the pinion P fixed on the axis of G, turns the wheel O, which is
fixed on the axis of the upper roller R, Fig. XXV. Between 0 and the said
upper roller, and on the same axis with them, another wheel is fixed, which
turns another wheel, below itself, fixed on the axis of the under roller R.
F, F, are driven by a line or strap passing round H, and a pulley or rigger
on the axis of the runner blade bar (N, in Fig. 1), with such velocity
as to make R, R, révolve faster than the cloth proceeds from the delivering
roller a, Fig. XXII.; or, in other words, the surface of R, at the smallest
end must move faster than the cloth. In some cases it will be advantageous
to incline the frame 5, 5, a little towards V, so that the end 6 may be
somewhat nearer to V than the end next to G is; this inclination of the axes
of the rollers R, R, Fig. XXV., will make them strain the cloth a little in the
direction of its width before it is received by V, and thereby prevents its
wrinkling upon the bed or beds of the machine. The bar on which F, F, H,
are fixed, Fig. XXV., is suspended by the lines which go round F, G, and it
is kept from swinging out of its place by a block or piece at each end of the
machine, as I, in Fig. XXII. R, R, Fig. XXV. cannot draw the lists too
tight, because the line round F, G, would sooner slip.
I shall now proceed to describe a third regulator, to be used instead of the
needle regulator A, A, Fig. XXII., when a finer regulation is required, from
the longitudinal strain of the cloth. This last mechanism I call the pin wheel
and. screw regulator. Fig. XXIII. is a vertical section, half size, of the said
mechanism. W is the wheel fixed or cast upon the cylindrical rod B, S, N;
the metal of W may consist of equal parts of lead and tin, or any other metal.
The part of the rod between W, N, is a screw which works through a female
screw in I; the-end of the rod B, on the other side of W, is smooth, and passes
through a smooth hole in the support H; II and I, which support the said rod;
are screwed to the front side of the bed frame, so that W may be nearly in the
place of the lower part of the frame A, A, in Fig. XXII.; 1, 2, 3, 4, are
screws for that purpose. XXIII. P, is one of the sharp pins or needles
which are fixed in one edge of the wheel W; P is included 45° to an imaginary
plane which passes through the centre of W and the scat of the pin P, and

page_text: which plane is also perpendicular to the plane of the wheel. P is also inclined
in an angle of 45° to an imaginary frame which is perpendicular to the former
imaginary plane, and also perpendicular to the plane of the wheel, and which
passes through the seat of P in W. There is one of the pins P in every inch
of the circumference of W.
Fig. XXIV. is a clamp for connecting the neck N, Fig. XXIII., with the
arm of the bed which is to be adjusted by the motion of B, W, S, N. As the
cloth approaches the bed from a, in Fig. XXII., the list will turn round the
wheel W, Fig. XXIII., by hitching on the pins P; at the same time the
screw S proceeds through I, N, gets farther from I, and in the same degree
lengthens the bed it is to regulate; while W goes from H towards I, the line
T, to which a weight is appended, is wound round B, between H and W.
When the cloth gets narrower the list quits P, and the said weight descending
turns the screw S in the contrary way from that in which the cloth turned it,
which make N approach I, shortening the bed until P again catches in the
list. To save room for the descent of the weight the line T may pass round
pullies in the common way. P, Fig. XXIII., points in a direction contrary to
the motion of the cloth through the machine.
Fig. XI., B, is a cylindrical brush, parallel to W; its under side brushes up
surface of the cloth which is to be shorn. B is driven from the axis of the
runner blades; D, supports B, P is a pulley supported by O, O; the said
pulley and support are shewn again in Fig. XXVIII. P supports the line to
which the weight is appended for drawing the carriage regulator, Fig. VIII.
The axis of the fan F, in Fig. XI., is placed parallel to V, and may be driven
from V by a strap.
Apparatus for stopping the Machine when the Piece of Cloth is shorn or the
Kerf finished.-Fig. XI. The dotted circle 1 is a rigger on the axis of the
runner blades; the dotted circle 2 is a pulley attached to the upper end of a
lever 3, 5, whose centre or fulcrum is in the frame 4; the arm 3 and pulley 2
are outside of the machine frame, but the arm 5 is withinside. 6 is a weight
for depressing pulley 2, being attached by a line to arm 3. 7 is a line from the
moving powers, passing round 1 and 2, and is kept tight by the weight 6.
A groove is made in the roller K, parallel to the axis, for receiving a rod of
wood or iron, which is fixed to the coarse cloth that is sewn to the last or fag
end of the cloth to be shorn, and projecting from the end of K towards the
frame; its use is to raise the arm 5, together with 3 and pulley 2, thus
slackening the line and stopping the machine. It may be observed, that
pulley or rigger 1, in Fig. XI., is removed from its proper place, which is over
the bed, for the sake of greater distinctness in the Figure.

page_text: A simple and cheap machine for cutting coarse army cloths may be con-
structed without any bed or support against the wrong side of the cloth,
opposite the ledger blade, for the cloth, may be brought firmly enough
against the edges of the blades by the longitudinal tension alone between the
receiving and delivering rollers of the machine.
Fig. XXIX. represents what I call a vertical machine. In this Figure
E, E, is the machine frame, K. the first roller, a the delivering card roller,
A the pin wheel regulator; c, c, the bed frame, G the pulley for driving the
connical rollers Fig. XXV.; V, the receiving card rollers, Z, an additional or
last roller, driven driven by a strap or line from one end of V. The large
circle round K represents the cloth wound round K. before it is shorn, and the
large circle. round = represents it wound upon Z after it is shorn.
pulley for the weight line of A, represented by T, in Fig. XXIII.
vertical machine I make use of a fluid bed.
B is a
With a
AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Twenty-second day of September,
in the year of our Lord 1815, the aforesaid John Lewis came before our said
Lord the King in His Chancery, and acknowledged the Specification aforesaid,
and all and every thing therein contained and specified, in form above
written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped according to the
tenor of the Statutes made for that purpose.

page_text: screw of the brake for she
handle of C.
Frame of the Machine
Moveable beds.
Screw for shifting the bec
Collar
nut fixed in the bed.
List-guard.
( I. in fig 7).
Adjusting Screws.
Twisted bar.
Bearings for N.
Worn.
Spindle.
Pinion.
Worm.
Wheel.
Wheel.
Wheel

page_text: (End view, vertical section: Scale an inch to a fo
A single-bedded machine for a carriage-Regula
K Cloth-Roller. (A. in fig: 2).
W. delivering Roller
V receiving roller
F. Fan, stricking the Cloth off V.
S. guide (fig. 10)