AN IMPROVED CHURN
Year: 1858

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to George Kent, of High ITolborn, in the County of
Middlesex, Machinist, for the Invention of "AN IMPROVED CHURN."-
A communication.
Sealed the 18th February 1859, and dated the 25th October 1858.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said George Kent at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 25th
October 1858.
I, GEORGE KENT, of High Holborn, in the County of Middlesex, Machinist,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVED CHURN,"
to be as follows:-
This Invention of "An Improved Churn" relates to a novel mode of
constructing the internal parts of a churn, whereby air is caused more
thoroughly than usual to commingle with the milk or cream, and by this
means cause the butter to be produced more rapidly than heretofore. To this
end three, four, or more tubes, as may be most convenient, and depending
upon the size of the churn, are ranged round a vertical axis placed in the
centre of the churn, and motion is communicated thereto by means of toothed
gearing in any convenient manner.
These tubes are by preference made of tin, but other suitable materials
may be used, if desired, and they are so arranged round the central shaft that
the upper ends of the tubes approach near or close to the central shaft, whilo

page_text: the lower ends are set some distance away and are supported by cross arms
extending horizontally from the lower part of the central shaft. These tubes
are open at both ends, the opening at the lower end being formed by cutting
away a portion of the side of the tubes, so that the air that is drawn down
the interior, by setting the central shaft in rapid rotary motion, may escape
more freely into the liquid.
In order to increase the tendency of the air to pass down the tubes and
mix with the liquid in the churn, fans or vanes are adapted to the lower ends
of the tubes, and by their rapid passage through the liquid will create a
partial vacuum behind them, which will cause the draught of air to pass
down with more rapidity than if no vanes were employed.
This rotating apparatus may be placed in either a square or round vessel,
but if a round one be employed it will be found convenient to adapt to the
sides thereof fixed vanes, projecting out towards the centre, so as to prevent
the milk or cream from being carried round by centrifugal force.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said George Kent in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 25th
April 1859.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, GEORGE
KENT, of High Holborn, in the County of Middlesex, Machinist, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-fifth day of October, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-eight, in the twenty-second year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said George Kent, Her special license that I, the said George Kent,
my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said
George Kent, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any
time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter
during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use,
exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,
the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "AN IMPROVED CHURN,"
being a communication from a foreigner residing abroad; upon the condition
(amongst others) that I, the said George Kent, by an instrument in writing
under my hand and seal, should particularly describe and ascertain the
nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to bo

page_text: performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said
Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said George Kent, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be per-
formed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement, reference being had to the Drawing hereunto annexed, and to the
letters and figures marked thereon (that is to say) :-
This Invention of "An Improved Churn" relates to a novel mode of
constructing the internal parts of a churn whereby air is caused more
thoroughly than usual to commingle with the milk or cream, and by this
means cause the butter to be produced more rapidly than heretofore.
In the accompanying Drawing, Fig. 1 is a side elevation of the improved
churn, and Fig. 2 is a transverse vertical sectional view of the same.
In carrying out the Invention, the churn or external vessel a, a, a, a may
be made of wood, as shewn in the Drawing, or of porcelain, earthenware,
glass, or enamelled metal; on the lid 6 of the churn or external vessel is
mounted the gearing c, c, whereby the central vertical axle d is actuated.
Three, four, or more tubes e, e, c, e, as may be most convenient, and depending
upon the size of the churn are ranged round the vertical axle d, which is
placed in the centre of the churn, and motion is communicated thereto by
the toothed gearing c, c, by means of a handle f. The tubes c, c, arc by
preference made of tin, but other suitable materials may be used, if desired,
and they are so arranged round the central vertical shaft or axle d, that the
upper ends of the tubes approach near or close to the central shaft, while the
lower ends are set some distance away, and are supported by cross arms g. 9,
extending horizontally from the lower part of the central shaft or axle d.
The tubes e, e, are open at both ends, the opening at the lower end being
formed by cutting away a portion of the side of the tubes, or slicing the end
off diagonally, as shewn in the Drawing, so that the air that is drawn down
the interior from above by setting the central shaft d in rapid rotary motion
may escape more freely from the open lower ends of the tubes and mix with
the liquid in the vessel a.
In order to increase the tendency of the air to pass down the tubes c, c, and
mix with the liquid in the churn, fans or vanes h, h, h, are adapted to the
lower ends of the tubes, and by their rapid passage through the liquid will
create a partial vacuum behind them, which will cause the draught of air to
pass down the tubes with more rapidity than if no vanes were employed.
This rotating apparatus may be placed in either a square or round vessel, but

page_text: if a round one be employed, it will be found convenient to adapt to the sides
thereof fixed vanes, projecting out towards the centre, so as to prevent the
milk or cream from being carried round by centrifugal force.
The central vertical shaft or axle d rests on a metal or other step i let into
the bottom of the vessel a, and the shaft d is maintained in a vertical position
when at work, by causing its upper end to turn in a bearing or socket fixed on
the top of the lid b. In order to secure the lid on the vessel a when the
churn is at work and yet admit of its being detached therefrom with facility,
the lid is provided with lugs or ears j, j, Fig. 1, which fit over the sides of the
vessel a and extend down on each side of a block fixed to the sides of the
vessel. Pins or studs 1, 1, are passed through the lugs or ears j, j, and under
the blocks k, k, and the lid will be thereby prevented from rising until the
pins or studs 1, 1, are withdrawn.
The vessel a may either be fixed to a table by screws or otherwise, or its
lower edge may be provided with flanges m, m, which may be slidden into
grooves formed by the pieces or slips of wood n, n, which are screwed or
otherwise secured to the table o. By the latter arrangement the vessel or
churn may be firmly held while the agitator is at work, and when the churning
operation has been completed, the vessel is to be drawn out from under the
slips of wood n; previous to which, however, the lid 6 with the gearing mounted
thereon must be removed by withdrawing the pins 1, 1, and lifting off the lid,
when the agitator may then be removed and the contents of the vessel a
emptied out.
Having now described the Invention of "An Improved Churn," and the
manner of carrying the same into effect, as communicated to me by my foreign
correspondent, I claim the mode herein shewn and described of causing air to
enter and mix with the liquid in the churning vessel.
In witness whereof, I, the said George Kent, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, the Twenty-fifth day of April, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-nine.
GEO. KENT. (L.S.)