THE ART OF PREPARING OF OILS FOR MAKING AND MANUFACTURING OF HARD SOAP, WITH OR WITHOUT TALLOW OR ANY OTHER GREASE OR ROSIN, IN A MANNER ENTIRELY NEW, AND AT A MUCH LESS PRICE THAN BY THE METHOD NOW IN USE, AND WHICH PREPARATION MAY BE ADAPTED TO SEVERAL OTHER USEFUL PURPOSES
Year: 1790

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, SAMUEL
Puan, late of Bishopsgate Street, London, but now of Rouen, in the Kingdom
of France, Soap Boiler, send greeting.
WHEREAS His most Excellent Majesty King George the Third, by His
Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date the
Sixth day of November, in the thirty-first year of His reign, did give and
grant unto me, the said Samuel Pugh, His especial licence that I, the said
Samuel Pugh, during the term of years therein expressed, should and
lawfully might use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and tho
Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and also in all His Majesty's Colonies and
Plantations abroad, my Invention of "THE ART OF PREPARING OF OILS FOR
MAKING AND MANUFACTURING OF HARD SOAP, WITH OR WITHOUT TALLOW OR ANY
OTHER GREASE OR ROSIN, IN A MANNER ENTIRELY NEW, AND AT A MUCH LESS PRICE
THAN BY THE METHOD NOW IN USE, AND WHICH PREPARATION MAY BE ADAPTED TO
SEVERAL OTHER USEFUL PURPOSES;" in which said Letters Patent there is con-
tained a proviso obliging me, the said Samuel Pugh, under my hand and
scal, to cause a particular description of the nature of my said Invention, and
in what manner the same is to be performed, to be inrolled in His Majesty's
High Court of Chancery within three calendar months after the date of the
said recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same (relation being thereunto
had) may more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Samuel Pugh, do hereby declare that my said Invention is described in
manner following, that is to say: -

page_text: Take newly burn'd lime, slack it with water till it is reduced to a very fine
powder. Let it remain in that state till it is quite dry, which it generally is
in twenty-four or thirty-six hours, particularly if the lime is slacked in a heap.
Let this powder thus dry be sifted, to seperate from it the stones which were
promiscously mixed with the lime, as well as those parts of calarcous carth
which were not sufficiently burn'd, and which, in consequence, would not slack.
This powder being so prepared, mix with it any kind of oil (designed to be
prepared) till it is of the consistence of thick cream; then let this mixture bo
ground in a mill of the same description as those commonly used for grinding
white lead, or let it be ground between any two surfaces till the cream is free
from any lump of powder'd lime, and is perfectly smooth and mix'd. This
being done, use an iron pan, a copper or earthen vessel (but the iron is to bo
prefer'd from the security it affords); let this pan be charged with this mix-
ture of oil and lime only one-eighth full; then add the same quantity of the
samic oil so designed to be prepared to this mixture; stir them well together.
The iron pan will be now one fourth full. Make a tollerably brisk fire, taking
particular care that the mixture is continually stirred at the bottom, to prevent
it from sticking. An iron instrument should be used for this purpose. The
contents of the pan will soon begin to swell or boil, and perhaps will reach of
the top of the pan, and will sometime afterwards subside. The fire must,
however, be kept up, and so must the stiring, till the mixture begins to swell
and boil a second time, and to emit thick clouds of smoak. At this period oil
must be added, and stir'd very briskly indeed till this violent ebulition is sup-
pressed. The lime is now united to the oil, and has the appearance of one
compleat body. When cold it will be of the consistence of wax. If the oil
so prepared should be required less compact, oil must be added, which, by the
application of a moderate heat, will mix very readily. On the contrary, if the
prepared oil is wanted to be more compact and hard, it must be taken out of
the pan while it is in this violent obulition. However, some oil must necessarily
be added while the pan is emptying, or a great part of the composition would
be converted into a cinder. This oil, so prepared, is adapted to make hard
soap as after mentioned; it will also bleach by exposure, and it is presumed
may be applied for any ornamental figures instead of wax, and for several other
purposes to which wax is generally applied. It may be also used with rosin
to cover bottles, &c, instead of yellow wax, as the consistence of this pre-
pared oil may be varied at discretion. To make hard soap with the oil thus
prepared, put any given quantity of it into a pan, either alone or in conjunc-
tion with tallow, rosin, or grease, or indeed oil unprepared may be added to
the prepared oil, to half its weight, more or less. Let the whole be melted,

page_text: and made moderately hot. Add ley of mineral alkali (in manner herein-after
described), the force of which must be calculated by its specific gravity to that
of water. Any force of alkali will combine with the prepared oil from the
vast increase of affinity it has gained by thic preparation. For soap that is
wanted for immediate use, the force of the ley should be from 1,120 to 1,140,
supposing water to be 1,000. As this ley is very strong, and contains but little
water, the operation of boiling will be but short. The prepared oil is now in
the pan, and melted. The force of the ley is known by its specific gravity, and
the proportion of alkali to each pound of oil is calculated by the absolute
weight of the ley, which proportion may be varied at the discretion of the sope
maker. The variation of strength has been hitherto from two to four ounces
of alkali to every pound of fat, oil, &c, though this was always done at hazard;
whereas this mode, affording the certainty of any given force, the consumer
may always have a standard quality.) This being done, one third or there-
abouts of the ley must be put gently into the pan, the specific gravity of which
being first reduced to 1,030 or 1,040 by the addition of water. This, in boil-
ing, will unite very readily after it is perfectly combined. 'The rest of the
ley of the gravity of 1,120 to 1,140 must be added. Let it boil, and when it is
perfectly combined and forms a stout mass, let it be cleans'd into frames.
Before the soap is quite finished, it would be proper to stir the bottom; this
will facilitate the boiling, and prevent the sope from adhereing to the bottom;
for in this method there is no separation in the pan, or at least a very partial
one. When the sope is in the frame there will be as usual a small discharge of
impure ley. This sope is made most conveniently in small pans. When
rosin is used in the composition it would be proper, when the sope is sufficiently
boiled, to add a small quantity of soft water, as is now practised. If when the
sope is quite cold it is not hard, it is certain that it was not sufficiently boiled.
However, this in a short time would become hard by the spontaneous evapora-
tion of the water contained in it.
In witness whereof, I, the said Samuel Pugh, have herennto set my
hand and seal, the Twenty-first day of January, in the year of our
Lord One thousand seven hundred and ninety-one.
SAMUEL PUGH. (LS.)
Signed and sealed, in the presence of
G. AKERMAN.
Taken and acknowledged by the said
Samuel Pugh, this Twenty-first day of

page_text: Geo. Akerman, of Rouen, Merchant, maketh oath and saith, that he is a
subscribing Witness to and was present and did see Samuel Pugh sign and
scal a certain Instrument in writing, bearing date the Twenty-first day of
January, One thousand seven hundred and ninety-one, purporting to be a
description of his Invention of the Art of Preparing of Oils for the Making and
Manufacturing of Hard Soap, with or without Tallow or any other Grease or
Rosin; and this Deponent further saith, that he was also present and did hear
the said Samuel Pugh declare and acknowledge that the said Instrument doth
contain a full and particular description of the nature of his said Invention,
and in what manner the same is to be performed, in the presence of Mons
Mariette, Jugo de [blank in Original], at Rouen at Rouen, and that the
said Geo. Akerman did in testimony thereof subscribe his name to such
G. AKERMAN.
Inrolled the Fifth day of February, in the year above mentioned.