IMPROVEMENTS IN SOLIDIFYING OR INDURATING PEAT, Soft, SMALL, OR PULVERIZED COAL, AND OTHER SUBSTANCES OF A LIKE OLEAGINOUS OR BITUMINOUS NATURE, AND MACHINERY AND APPARATUS FOR EFFECTING THE SAME
Year: 1854

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Christopher Kingsford, of No. 18, Buckingham
Street, Strand, in the County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, for the
Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN SOLIDIFYING OR INDURATING PEAT, Soft,
SMALL, OR PULVERIZED COAL, AND OTHER SUBSTANCES OF A LIKE OLEAGINOUS
OR BITUMINOUS NATURE, AND MACHINERY AND APPARATUS FOR EFFECTING THE
SAME"
Sealed the 4th August 1854, and dated the 29th April 1854.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Christopher Kingsford at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
29th April 1854.
I, CHRISTOPHER KINGSFORD, of No. 18, Buckingham Street, Strand, in the
County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS FOR SOLIDIFYING OR INDURATING PEAT, SOFT, SMALL,
OR PULVERIZED COAL, AND OTHER SUBSTANCES OF A LIKE OLEAGINOUS OR BITUMINOUS
NATURE, AND MACHINERY AND APPARATUS FOR EFFECTING THE SAME."
A part of my Invention relates to improvements in mills or crushers, and
certain improved method of constructing screens for the purpose of extracting
the fine particles of the substance while passing through the operation of grind-
ing, which consists of improvements in certain parts of the machine already
described in certain Letters Patent granted to me, dated the First day of
October, One thousand eight hundred and fifty-two, under the title of "Im-

page_text: provements in Machinery for Solidifying Peat, Coal, and other Substances o
a like Nature."
I construct this apperatus in the following manner :-Conical rollers with
partly grooved or knotched and partly plain surfaces are made to revolve
horizontally within a revolving cylinder covered with wire gauze or other
screening material, constructed with ledges placed in the interior for picking
up the coarser particles after the fine have passed through the screens, and
placing them between the rollers, again at a part.where the teeth or grooves
are smaller and nearer together, and after they have been crushed are again
sifted, and picked up again and again until the process is complete; at the
same time the dust is collected in an outer chamber, where it is conveyed
by suitable means to the drying machines or elsewhere; or the rollers may be
made with teeth or grooves. of different, degrees of sizes, and placed one after
the other, and made to work on corresponding fixed beds or in pans one over
the other or arranged around a centre, and working upon grooved or plain
beds, which may be fixed, and the rollers revolving or made to revolve between
the roller or rollers; and between each set of roller or rollers and beds are
fixed screens, constructed with means attached for keeping the substance in
motion over their surfaces, and these sets of machines may be fixed in any
convenient position, so that the substance after each crushing and sifting may
be transfered to the next machine to undergo a similar process, and so on, to
any number, until the whole is brought to a sufficiently pulverized condition;
or the rollers similarly constructed may be placed vertically, to revolve around
a centre roller or fixed post having grooves similar to the rollers, and the
whole set of rollers to be surrounded by a screen with proper ledges project-
ing inwards, and between the several rollers also of wire work or gauze wire
or grating. And I also employ a current of air, either warm or cold, to pass
through the screen or screens, for facilitating the sifting process; and the rollers
may be put together in picces, each furnished. with..teeth round their edges,
and working independant of each other, so as to avoid the possibility of their
being clogged by the material to be crushed.
Another part of my Invention also consists of improvements in parts of my
said patented Invention, and is for certain improvements in drying and heat-
ing the ground, pulverized, or sefted material, which is conducted in a chamber
wherein are placed shelves one over the other. Each alternate shelf is made to
extend over the whole area of the interior of the chamber, having a hole in
the centre for delivering the substance drying on to the centre of the next
intermediate shelf below, which is constructed so as to leave a clear space all
round the circumference, and the material is gradually kept in motion by

page_text: revolving frames of brushes, and so arranged that it is caused to travel over
the shelves until it falls alternately through the centre and over the rim
of the respective shelves, and so on, over any number of shelves, until it
reaches the lowest, when it is delivered by suitable spouts into the press, or
for any other purpose that may be required. The chamber is heated from
below by a furnace, or by heated air or hot flues or pipes, and the vapour or
gases are drawn off at the top of the chamber, for the purpose hereafter
explained, or allowed to escape; or the chamber may be made in a horizontal
form, and constructed with flues around for drying and heating the material.
The substance to be dried is admitted into the chamber at the end most remote
from the fire, and made to travel along the bottom by means of an endless
chain of brushes or otherwise, gradually propelling it towards the heated end
of the chamber and delivering it by a spout, as described in the before-men-
tioned apparatus. A pipe or flue is attached near the end at which the
material to be dried is admitted, which may lead into the external atmosphier;
or I produce a vacumn or partial vacumn in the drying or. heating chambers;
and the spout which delivers the dried and heated material into the press or
presses, hereafter described, or any press or presses or machines, for the
purpose of solidification or induration, must be fitted air-tight into the feeding
boxes, or parts of such presses or machines wherein the substance undergoes
pressure, whereby an exhaustion of the air or gasses from out of or between
the particles of the material is obtained or produced, which greatly facilitates
the operation, and improves the quality of the substance when completed.
A further part of my Invention relates to improvements upon the com-
pressing machines described in my said former Patents. In the first improve-
ment, I employ a table fitted with boxes and pistons worked from the centre,
but I affix a moverable face to the boxes, which very greatly reduces the
pistion; I also employ two or more tables worked from their common centre,
and in this case the pistions are thrust into the boxes or mould from the
exterior, instead of from the centre of the table.
The second improvement is for a machine constructed without a revolving.
table, but having two or more boxes or moulds fixed in proper frames, which.
are, filled and delivered of the material by a contrivance of levers and
cranks; but the principal improvement is in the mode of applying the pres-
sure to these or any other machines employed for the purpose of compressing,
solidifying, or indurating peat, coal, or other substances of an oleaginous or
bituminous nature, and which consists of a system of levers acting in direct
opposition to each other, or other arrangements by which the pressure on the
material in the moulds can be retained any required time, which greatly

page_text: facititates its perfect consolidation, and a great saving of power is effected;
and I gain the required pressure to work this conbination of levers or
otherwise by the acquired velocity of a falling body upon certain parts
of the arrangement, or by leverage gained by the falling weight or body
having acquired a velocity, being attached to a lever or screw acting upon
certain parts of the system before mentioned, or other convenient method,
and I employ an improved method of construction in a steam or air-cylinder.
and its parts for working the said machines.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Christopher Kingsford in the Great Seal Patent Office on
the 28th October 1854.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, CHRISTOPHER
KINGSFORD, of No. 18, Buckingham Street, Strand, in the County of Mid-
dlesex, Civil Engineer, send grecting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-ninth day of April, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-four, in the seventeenth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said Christopher Kingsford, Her special licence that I, the said Christopher
Kingsford, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the
said Christopher Kingsford, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should
at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times
thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make,
use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN SOLIDIFYING OR INDURATING PEAT, SOFT, SMALL, OR PULVERIZED COAL,
AND OTHER SUBSTANCES OF A LIKE OLEAGINOUS OR BITUMINOUS NATURE, AND
MACHINERY AND APPARATUS FOR EFFECTING THE SAME," upon the condition
(amongst others) that I, the said Christopher Kingsford, by an instrument in
writing under my hand and seal, should particularly describe and ascertain the
nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be per-
formed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said
Letters Patent.
D
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Christopher Kingsford, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be

page_text: °
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the follow-
ing statement thereof, reference being had to the Drawings hereunto annexed,
that is to say:-
The first part of my Invention relates to machinery and apparatus for
pulverizing or grinding and preparing the materials to be afterwards solidified
or indurated, part of which machinery and apparatus are improvements in
certain parts of the machines already described in certain Letters Patent
granted to me, dated the First day of October, One thousand eight hundred
and fifty-two, under the title of "Improvements in Machinery for Solidifying
Peat, Coal, and other Substances of a like Nature."
Figure 1 is a cross section, and Figure 1ª part of a plan, of a rolling mill, for
pulverizing coal and other like substances. a, a, are rollers, having grooves,
teeth, or flutes on their surfaces, and revolving nearly parallel to each other,
but further apart at one end than at the other, having proper spindles either
passing through them or fixed at each end. Around the rollers is a cylinder b,
covered with wire gauze or other suitable material for screening the substance
after being pulverized; in the interior of the cylinder is a worin e fixed upon
it, having at intervals cross pieces d, d, d, d, placed across the threads of the
worm; the whole is fixed in a closed frame c, and made to revolve by means
of the teeth, which work into a pinion on the end of one of the spindles that
carry the rollers, or by any other convenient means. g is a worm or other
contrivance for conducting the pulverized substances, which fall through the
screen to one end of the machine, where they are delivered into a spout or
other receptacle. The rollers may be made of any diameter or length, and the
grooves or teeth are coarser or further apart from each other, and the rollers
are adjusted to proper distances from each other to suit the requirements of
the substance to be acted upon. The coal or other substance enters at one
end of the machine above the rollers and falls between them, and is first
crushed, that end of the rollers being made with coarser grooves or flutings
and further apart than the other. The cylindrical screen revolving rolls the
crushed particles which have fallen upon it from between the rollers along its
screw, at the same time extracting the fine particles, by passing them through
the wire gauze or grating, and carrying on the remaining particles until one or
other of the cross pieces d arrests their progress, and lifts and drops them over
and between the rollers again, but at a further distance from the end at which
they entered the machine. They are then crushed finer still, and dropping on
to the screen again have the fine particles extracted, the coarser ones being
carried up again, and the process is repeated until the whole is reduced to the

page_text: proper state for further manipulation; the screw or worm 9 at the same time
delivers the substance at one end of the machine, as before described.
Figure 2 is a plan of another mill for similar purposes. a, a, is a circular
bed plate of iron or other suitable material, the surface of which is either
smooth or grooved, as the case requires. 6, 61, are concentric spaces formed in
the plate and covered with wire gauze or other like substance. c, c, d, d, e, e,
are rollers, fitted loosely on the shaft or spindle ff, which is fixed to and
revolves' with the vertical shaft g. h, h, are brushes, set at an angle or proper
curve, and fixed to the said shaft g. The substance to be pulverized is fed by
a worm.or joggle or otherwise from a hopper, placed over the centre of the
macliine, and falls under the rollers c, c, which; having grooves or teeth, crush it
beneath them; the brushes at the same time turn it over and gradually sweep
it away from the centre and over the screen 6', and from thence, after the fine
particles have passed through, conduct it under the second pair of rollers d, d,
and over the second screen and under the third pair of rollers e, e, by which
time the whole has been reduced to its proper state; otherwise, other pairs of
rollers may be added, or, what remains of the substance may pass into another
similar mill placed beneath, or any other convenient position; or the substance
may be fed at one or more points next the periphery or outer edge of the
plate, and the brushes or scrapers h, h,, so curved and placed that they shall
draw it towards instead of from the centre, in which case the teeth, on the
rollers, instead of being coarser on those nearest, the centre and finer on those
at the outside, as in the former case, will be the reverse; or a similar machine
may be constructed in which the rollers are fixed, and the bed plate is made
to revolve; but I prefer the first described method of construction. I will
now describe the second part of:
my Invention.
Figure III. is a cross section, and Figure IV. a longitudinal section; of an
apparatus for heating pulverized or ground peat, coal,. and other similar sub-
stances, being partly connected with the part of my Invention for extracting
the air or gases, and thus forming a vacuum or partial vacuum in or from the
chamber, which supplies and is in connection with the pressing process here-
after to be described. a is a chamber, made of plate or sheet iron and set in
brickwork or masonry, surrounded, with the exception of the bottom, by a
flue b. c.is a furnace, having two flues leading up, into, the flue b and a third
flue leading, into, another drying apparatus or elsewhere, each. fitted, with
dampers d, d, d, for regulating the supply of heat or cutting it off altogether.
The ground peat, small coal, or other substance to be heated is admitted into
the trap hopper e, (Figure 4,) and is, gradually brought forward towards the
°

page_text: hottest end of the chamber in the direction of the arrows by means of the
travelling chain f,f, upon which are fixed at proper intervals scrapers or wire
brushes, as may be seen more in detail in Figure IV, 'and Figure IVb. The
vapours or gases evolved from the substances pass off by the pipe g, through
which they are drawn by means of a fan or air pump, and collected or con-
densed, if required, by which a partial vacuum is produced in the chamber a, a,
and the end furthest from. the hopper e being attached by an air-tight joint to
the box or mould of one of the compressing machines, hereafter described, the
air is thus partially withdrawn during the time the substance is undergoing
pressure, which greatly facilitates the operation..
The third part of my Invention is as follows:-
Figure V. is a vertical section, and (Figure VI.) a plan; of à drying apparatus
for peat dust, ground or pulverized coal, or other like substances, being partly
similar in construction to that described in certain Letters Patent granted to
me, dated the First day of October, One thousand eight hundred and fifty-two,
inasmuch as I place the several apparatuses for heating the material one above
the other, in a chamber heated from below, the dust being admitted at the
top of the chamber, and passing from one part of the apparatus to the other,
until it is delivered at the bottom sufficiently dry and heated for the purpose
required; but in place of a certain arrangement of trays made to revolve
or joggle, I construct any number of shelves a, a, a, made to fit the interior
of a circular tower or kiln, in which they are fixed at proper distances, one
over the other. Each alternate shelf is made to extend over the whole area of
the interior of the kiln, having a hole in the centre for delivering the sub-
stance drying, while each intermediate shelf has no centre hole except the eye,
through which the vertical passes, but is constructed so as to leave a
clear space all round the outer edge between the shelf and the wall of the kiln.
c, c, c, are frames of brushes made in the form of a volute or spiral.or arms,
each having flat pieces attached and fixed at the proper angle, forming a
description of rake, as shewn in (Figure VI), for turning over and spreading
the substance on the shelves, and which brushes, arms, or rakes are attached to
the vertical shaft, so as to revolve with it, but free to rise and fall on the shaft:
The substance, which is delivered to the top of the chambers by means of; an
endless chain of buckets or otherwise, falls through the spout d on the upper
shelf near its periphery or outer edge, and is gradually swept or carried
towards the centre by means of the frames of brushes or arms and rakes, until
it falls through the centre hole on the shelf below, when by the same process
it is distributed towards the opening round the edge of that shelf, falling as
before, and again and again undergoing the same operation, until it reaches

page_text: the lowest shelf, when it is delivered through the spout e.
The kiln containing
these several heating and drying apparatuses may be heated either by furnaces
or by flues through which heated air is passed, or by air forced through heated
pipes, or other known methods.
The fourth part of my Invention relates to improvements upon the com-
pressing machines. described in my said former Patent, in which was described
a machine with a table, fitted with moulds or boxes, and worked from the
centre, whereby all the lateral strains are greatly diminished; the pressure was
produced in opposite directions, originating from the centre, and the friction
was reduced in consequence. I still retain this general mode of construction
of a machine for pressing peat and other like substances; but in place of the
wliecl and eccentrics, with which the former machine was worked, I introduce
a system of levers, thrusting in opposite directions, and moved by a weighted
lever or other force, acting as hereafter described, in a way which brings the
thrust of the opposite levers in a direct line at the termination of the stroke,
when the substance is compressed and the pressure is retained by the levers
until released. I also employ two or more tables worked from their common
centre by a lever and system of levers (as hereafter described as part of my
newly invented machines), and, in this case the pistons are thrust into the
boxes or moulds from the exterior, instead of from the centre of the table.
Figure 7 is a section, and Figure 8 an elevation, of my newly invented
machine for pressing peat, coal, and other substances of a like nature. a, a,
are the side frames, having bearings in the centre for carrying the shaft b and
guides c, c, c, c, (Figure 8) for the slides d, d, and at each end a slot c, c, which
holds and sustains the pressure on the cross trees f.f. 9,g, are connecting
of the shaft b and
arms, fitted with knuckle joints into the shoulders h, k,
the slides d, d. i, i, are the pistons or followers fitted to the press boxes k, k.
1,1, are levers, connected and worked at the proper time by the catch beam m,
which is moved by the beak n on the shaft b. The peat or substance to
be pressed is filled into the hoppers 0, 0, from whence a certain and regu-
lated quantity is admitted at each stroke into the vacuum chambers p, p, by
means of the sliding pieces o', p', o', p', which are worked by the levers l,.7, in
any convenient manner, and the amount admitted is regulated by screws in
the pieces p',p. If the material be introduced from outside by the open
hoppers o, o, the air should be extracted from the vacuum chamber by some
tube opening into it in p, or other convenient part; but if the material flows
from the apparatus represented in Figure IV., directly to the vacuum chamber,
the spout / should be attached air-tight to the hopper o, and if the gases,
vapors, and air are found to be sufficiently withdrawn, the air need not be

page_text: extracted from the vacuum chamber by any other method; this, however, will
depend on the material under manipulation.
The weighted lever q, (Figure 8,) attached to the shaft b, and which lever
I prefer to make of strong elastic timber, boiler plate iron, or tubular 'con-
struction of any suitable material, is now raised by a wheel, chain, or other
convenient method to the angle shewn by the dotted line 7, and the substance
fills the press boxes, the pistons i, the slides d, d, by this operation drawn
back to allow of it so filling; and the sliding pieces o¹, o¹, p', p', which have
received charges of the material from the hoppers 0, 0, having been moved so
as to discharge the same into the vacuum chambers p, p, and from thence into
the mould of the press boxes h, k, the lever 9 then falls, being drawn down
either by the weight s, or some other force, as steam or water power. By this
fall of the lever, the shaft is turned, the beak traverses below the metal
piece until it passes the end of it, and assumes the position in Figure 7;
and on the weight and lever arriving at the bottom of the fall, the shoulders
with their arms and slides are thrust into a line, forcing up the pistons into the
press boxes, and compressing the substance contained therein. In raising the
weighted lever the beak on the shaft moves the catch beam, and with it the levers
1, 1, which first raise the wedges t, t, by means of the inclined planes u, u, and
as soon as the wedges are clear of the compressed fuel or substance, each of
the levers 1, 1, takes a bearing on the pistons at y, y, the heads of the pistons
being free to move from the slides d, d, towards the press boxes; thus the
pistons push out the compressed blocks which fall down the inclined planes
v, v, or on to an endless band, and are conveyed away for use. By the time
the blocks fall the weighted lever 2, has risen about half its destined height,
and the beak on the shaft is relieved from the catch beam and passes under
the metal piece, revolving on a pivot, and which piece rests on the top of
the beak. The catch beam then recedes by the weight of the counterbalances
w, w, (Figure 8,) and the wedges t, t, are brought into their positions as faces
to the moulds or press boxes, and the pistons are pushed back to admit of a
fresh feed being introduced from each vacuum chamber, and the whole machine
is brought into the position already described and ready to make another stroke
by the fall of the weighted lever.
Figure IX. shews a section, and Figure IX, a plan, of a machine for
similar purposes, with an alteration in the mode of applying the pressure, which
in this case is applied to the material from opposite sides at the same time, by
which means a thicker block may be manufactured than by any other method,
in consequence of the friction between the particles under pressure retarding
the action of the piston in proportion to their quantity, or as they increase in

page_text: distance from its face. The letters correspond with the parts similarly marked
in the description of Figures 7 and 8, so far as they are applicable. In
this Figure, in place of the vacuum chamber and parts connected there-
with, there is shewn another construction for effecting the extraction of the
air, hereafter to be more particularly described; and in place of the wedges
there are pistons t, t, fixed to slides d', d¹, which are drawn forward by the
connecting rods u, u, at the same time that the pistons i, i, are forced into the
press boxes. The other parts of the machinery can be readily adapted from
that already shown in Figures 7 and 8. The air, gases, and vapors may
be extracted from the press boxes by the method shewn in Figures 7
and 8; but I prefer sometimes to apply the following method, as, shewn in
Figure IX, Figure IX, where air passages w, w, are formed in the pistons,
which passages,, when the pistons are forced up, as in Figure IX., open to
suction tubes v,,v; but when the pistons are withdrawn, the suction tubes no
longer withdraw air from the vacuum chamber, their connection with the air
passages being cut off as-by-a-slide valve movement. I may remark that this
method may be used in either of the other machines by proper adaptation
thereof, as is well. understood.
Figure X. is a section of another machine worked upon the same principles
as Figures VII. and VIII., but the piston works in a vertical instead of a
horizontal position. The cam a on the weighted lever b, acting on the friction
roller c, forces down the piston d, upon the substance to be pressed in the press
boxe, and the levers ƒ and g on the weighted lever b being raised, first-with-
draw the wedge h, and then push down the piston, which releases the block
which has been pressed; the catch i then draws away from the counter-
weight k, and, passes outside of it, the wedge and piston return to their
positions, and the feed runs in from the hopper l, and again fills the vacant
mould.
1
Figure XI. is a skeleton section of a similar machine for pressing on both
sides of the substance, as described in Figure IX. The cam a, to which the
lever b is fixed, forces up the lower piston c, at the same time the shoulder d,
by means of the arm e, forces down the cross piece which works in slides in'
the side framing, and is connected to the cross head g by rods h, h, and two
others similarly placed on the other side (but not shewn in the Figure), and
thus brings down the upper piston i upon the, sustance in the press box:.
Upon raising the weighted lever the upper and lower cross heads rise and lift
the upper piston. By means of a short lever passing through the slot k, and
which may be worked in a manner similar to the cranked lever f, g, in
Figure X., the lower piston is then raised, so as to force up the compressed

page_text: substance until it is removed by the feeding wheel, shewn in section at 7, which
makes a partial revolution, taking away the block of fuel and bringing a charge
of heated peat or coal dust or other substance which falls into the mould of
the press box as soon as the lower piston recedes under the action of the short
lever, above mentioned. This mode of feeding will be found useful when it is
not required to produce a partial vacuum in the press box. The weighted
lever then descends as before, and the same operation is again performed.
In each of the herein-before described machines or apparatus for compressing
the substances above mentioned, it will be seen that by the arrangement of the
levers, arms, and weighted levers, the pressure may be continued upon the
substance, so as not to be altered by any elasticity on the part of the substance,
and for such length of time as may be sufficient for solidifying or indurating
the substance into a block, which will not afterwards inconveniently alter its
shape, expand, or crack. It will be also observed that I apply to any or all
of the aforesaid presses a fan, air-pump, or other suitable means for producing
a partial vacuum in the chamber or press box which contains the substance
to be pressed, thus extracting part or most of the gases, vapours, and air,
contained in such substance, and rendering it less liable to crack or burst or
expand after compression than it would be were the gases, vapours, and air
merely compressed within the pores or interstices of the substance.
The extraction of these gases, vapor, or air, (reducing materially, the
resistance of the air and gases,) greatly economizes the power necessary to
be used.
Having thus described the several parts of my Invention, I wish it to be
understood that I do not bind myself to the exact construction here set out, or
the various parts of each apparatus unconnected, nor to use all the methods
described, but either of them may be used separately, as may be required; nor
do I limit the number of rollers, or the sizes of each to be employed for
grinding.or pulverizing the substances, or the length, shape, or capacity of
the heating apparatus, or the number or size of the shelves in the drying tower,
above described; nor do I bind myself to employ any particular kind of weight
or force to act on the levers of pressing machines or the mode of raising and
disconnecting such weighted levers, as they may be raised by gearing or by
water power, in which case the weight might be loaded with that fluid in
descending and be emptied before rising again; or the lever may be raised and
forced downwards by a steam cylinder or other power, in which case the
slide valve of such engine might be worked at fixed intervals by means of a
pendulum or other simple contrivance; nor do I claim any parts of the

page_text: herein-before described machines which have been already described in any
former Patent; but what I claim is,―
First, improvements in mills or crushers for grinding or pulverizing peat,
coal, and other similar substances in conjunction with a sifting process,
whereby the fine particles are extracted during the operation, as herein-before
described.
Secondly, the machinery or apparatus for drying and heating ground sub-
stances, before mentioned, in a heated chamber, whereby a radiated heat is
thrown upon the material without the risk of ignition, and the air, gases, or
vapours partially withdrawn during the process, as described.
Thirdly, the machinery or apparatus for drying peat and other substances by
means of shelves placed one over the other in a heated chamber, on which the
material to be dried is progressively conducted from the upper throughout the
intermediate to the lower shelves, as herein-before described.
Fourthly, the construction and method of working presses for peat, coal,
and other like substances by means of weights or weighted levers falling freely
or forced by steam or other power, and working in connection with cams,
cranks, or arms, as herein-before described.
Fifthly, the machinery or apparatus for solidifying or indurating peat, coal,
or other substances of a like nature by retaining the pressure on the material
for a certain period.
Sixthly, the machinery or apparatus for compressing the above-named
materials while in a vacuum or partial vacuum.
In witness whereof, I, the said Christopher Kingsford, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Twenty-seventh day of October, One thousand
eight hundred and fifty-four.
ביד ימבו
CHRISTOPHER KINGSFORD.