IMPROVED CEMENTS
Year: 1875

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Frederick Dresser, of Liverpool, in the County of
Lancaster, Rice Miller, for the Invention of "IMPROVED CEMENTS."
Sealed the 9th June 1876, and dated the 18th December 1875.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Frederick Dresser at.
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 18th December 1875.
t
I, FREDERICK DRESSER, of Liverpool, in the County of Lancaster,
Rice Miller, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVED CEMENTS," to be as follows:
Cements produced, under my Invention may be used for the formation'
of articles, or for surfacing and coating articles and structures, either by
themselves or with other materials, and for binding, consolidating, and
agglomerating like or dissimilar substances.
The main objects of the improvements are to provide stronger and
quicker setting cements, better suited to withstand the action of heat,

page_text: in a une state of division, by preference eшected by calcination and
grinding with sal ammoniac or other materials.
For convenience the several agents now for the first time specified as
for use together or in combination are herein-after set down under
separate heads,-
"
no
First. Magnesite and sal ammoniac are used together. A saturated
solution of sal ammoniac is mixed with the powdered magnesite until 1
the desired mortar-like or other consistency is obtained. The material
is then ready for use for coating," surfacing, agglomerating, or the
like.
Second. Magnesite, sal ammoniac and calcium chloride are used
together. A saturated solution of sal ammoniac is added sparingly to 1
the magnesite, and the desired consistency afterwards brought about by
adding calcium chloride.
F
Third. Magnesite and zinc chloride are used together. A solution of
zinc chloride may be added without or with sal ammoniac to the
magnesite. Cement made under this head sets quicker than under the 2
above first and second heads, but is not so strong, neither does it so soon
obtain its greatest strength.
Fourth. Magnesite and stannic chloride are used together, or iron or
manganese chloride 'r
'may be used in place of the stannic chloride, and
these are used when desired with the sal ammoniac, calcium chloride, 2
and zinc chloride above mentioned.

page_text: WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Eighteenth day of December, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-five, in the
thirty-ninth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and suc-
cessors, give and grant unto me, the said Frederick Dresser, Her special
licence that I, the said Frederick Dresser, my executors, administrators,
and assigns, or such others as I, the said Frederick Dresser, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no
others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term
therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise,
and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,
the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVED.
CEMENTS," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Frederick
Dresser, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing
under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly
describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what
manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed
in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and
immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Frederick Dresser, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by
the following statement:-,
Cements produced under my Invention may be used for the formation
6 of articles, or for surfacing and coating articles and structures, either by
themselves or with other materials, and for binding, consolidating, and
agglomerating like or dissimilar substances.
The main objects of the improvements are to provide stronger and
quicker setting cements, better suited to withstand the action of heat,
cold, atmospheric influences, acids, blows, and abrasion than those here-
tofore in use.
The essential feature of the Invention is the employment of magnesite
in a fine state of division, by preference effected by calcination and
grinding with sal ammoniac or other materials.
For convenience the several agents now for the first time specified as
for use. together. or in combination are herein-after set down under
separate heads,
-

page_text: First., Magnesite and sal ammoniac are used together. A saturated
solution of sal ammoniac is mixed with the powdered magnesite until
the desired mortar-like or other consistency is obtained. The material
is then ready for use for coating, surfacing, agglomerating, or the like.
A suitable solution of sal ammoniac is obtained by adding by weight.one
part of sal ammoniac to three parts. of water at a temperature of from.50
to 80 degrees of Fahrenheit's thermometer.
Second. Magnesite, sal 'ammoniac, and calcium chloride are used
together. A saturated solution of sal ammoniac is added sparingly to
the magnesite, and the desired consistency afterwards brought about by
adding calcium chloride. The calcium chloride is by preference in
solution, say, one part by weight to 'two and a half parts of water, and
the mass is tempered or brought to the desired consistency by adding
more or less of the calcium chloride solution.
Third. Magnesite and zinc chloride are used together. A solution of
zine chloride, say, one part zinc, chloride to three parts by weight of
water, may be added without or with sal ammoniac to the magnesite.
Cement under this head sets quicker than under the first, and second
heads, but is not so strong, neither does it so soon obtain its greatest
strength.
Fourth. Magnesite and stannic chloride are used "together, or 'iron or
manganese chloride may be used in place of the stannic chloride, and
these are used when desired with the sal ammoniac, calcium chloride,
and zinc chloride above mentioned. The stannic iron and manganese
chlorides are generally used in solution, the two former, in the proportion
of one part by weight of chloride to three of water and the latter, the
manganese, in the proportion of one to three of water.
The purposes to and for which cements under my Invention may be
applied and used are multifarious, as will be evident; of high importance
are binding sand and other granular and powdery substances in the
formation of floors, roofs, walls, and other parts of buildings,and
structures, and the agglutinating of emery and other sharp substances
for forming abrading tools and appliances for decorticating, scouring,
and cleaning cereals.
Having now described [the nature of (my said Invention, and par-
ticularized the same so that others will be enabled to carry smy

page_text: improvements into practice, I claim, cements prepared, obtained, or
produced substantially as set forth.
In witness whereof, I, the said Frederick Dresser, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, the Fifteenth day of June, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-six.
JAMES JOHNSON,
4, Clayton Square,
Liverpool.
FREDERICK DRESSER. (L.S.)