IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR BENDING METAL AND PRODUCING FORMS THEREON BY PRESSURE
Year: 1854

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Auguste Edouard Loradoux Bellford, of 16, Castle
Street, Holborn (City), London, Patent Agent, for the Invention of
"IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR BENDING METAL AND PRODUCING FORMS
THEREON BY PRESSURE."-A communication.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Auguste Edouard Loradoux
Bellford at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition,
on the 23rd January 1854.
1, AUGUSTE EDOUARD LORADOUX BELLFORD, of 16, Castle Street, Holborn
(City), London, Patent Agent, do hereby declare the nature of the said Inven-
tion for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR BENDING METAL AND PRODUCING FORMS
THEREON BY PRESSURE," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for it's principal object the bending of the edges of sheet
metal into various forms, but it is also applicable to the production of such
forms as are capable of being produced by upsetting, stamping, or other ope-
rations produced by pressure, and consists in certain arrangement of bending
or forming dies of holding apparatus & of apparatus for causing the articles to
be presented properly to the dies, & in certain arrangements of mechanism for
giving the necessary movements to the said parts whereby the processes of
bending or otherwise giving form to metal are facilitated. A strong bed of
cast iron with standards supports the working parts; the end standards are
A

page_text: extended upwards above the ends of the bed, & the parts so extended are of
suitable shape to form part of a hinge for connecting what I term the "down
hold," which is cast with a pair of checks at each end to receive the part
between then which forms the other part of the hinge. The down hold con-
sists of a strong casting, straight longitudinally, & has its transverse section of
angular form. The back part of the down hold has a plane face at the bottom
extending the whole length of the bed, & fits flat upon a piece of sheet metal
placed upon the top of the bed, which is horizontal longitudinally, & nearly
horizontal transversely. The face of the down hold occupies a position just so
far in rear of the pivots, that a downward pressure applied in rear of the pivots
would cause it to bite upon the piece of sheet metal aforesaid. At the upper
part of the back of the down hold, near each end, are two projecting checks,
cast with it, to receive between them one of the two lugs on the die piece, the
said cheeks and lugs forming parts of hinges, & nearer the middle of the length
of the down hold are two smaller cheeks, to receive lug pieces which are bolted
to the die piece. These checks & lugs also form parts of hinges. The die
piece is a straight casting of nearly the same length as the bed, having lugs
on it's upper part, and having at each end a strong flange, to the outside of
which is bolted one of the two arms, on each of which is a journal connected
with cranks placed at opposite ends of the main shaft. In the front part of
the die piece there is a recess or seat extending its whole length, of the form of
about two-thirds of a cylindre, to contain the die roll which contains the dies,
so that it will hold the die roll, & allow it to turn freely to a suitable extent,
& always leave about one-third of its periphery exposed. This recess must
be at such distance from the line of the axis, that the axis of the die roll will
vibrate in an arc which would strike the bed a little below the top surface.
The bending of the slot or plate is performed by the movement which is
given to the lie piece by the cranks & connecting rods, bringing the dies into
operation on and bending a portion of the plate overhanging the back of the
bed, while another portion of the plate is held firmly between the down hold
& the bed. The die roll consists of a steel cylinder of a length greater than
the dic piece, so as to protrude from each end, & supported by bearing
pieces bolted to the die piece. The protruding ends are each fitted with a
collar.
.
The bending dies consist of recesses extending the whole length of the die
roll. The die which first comes into operation is much deeper than the
die which finishes the bend, & both have concave bottoms. Every revolution
of the main shaft & cranks transmits motion to the die piece, & causes the axis
of the die roll to describe an arc from the centre. During one revolution the

page_text: die piece receives a motion back & forth in the said arc to the full extent
allowed by the cranks, & does not transmit any motion to the down hold which
is held on the bed by the weight of the die picce, but during the succeeding
revolution, the die piece is caused to raise the down hold by means of two
catches hung on pins, one at each end of the down hold.
The contrivance for turning the die roll on its axis to change the position of
the dies, and bring the one & the other into operative position, consists of two
catches pivoted to the bed near one end, & two studs attached to the end of
the die roll.
The die roll is only allowed to turn far enough to change the positions of the
dies, to bring either one into it's operative position.
On that part of the top surface of the bed in front of the down hold is placed
what I term the back hold, whose principal part consists of a long flat metal
plate, which rests partly upon the top face of the bed, & partly upon a number
of picces which project forward from the front inclined part of the bed, & whose
upper surfaces form portions of the same plane as the top surface of the bed.
This plate has another plate, of the same thickness, hinged to it at its back
edge, in such a way as to be capable of being thrown back above it, or down
in front of it, to lay on the bed.
The back hold serves another purpose besides that of regulating the position
of the slat, and holding it up towards the die during the bending operation,
viz., that of throwing the slat from the machine after either scroll is finished.
The preparatory dies already named are for giving the edges of the slat a
slight bend to prepare it for the action of the dies in the die roll. The pre-
paratory dies consist of a male die & a female die, the latter bolted to the lower
part of the front of the bed, & not far from the main shaft; & the latter is
attached to what I call the preparatory die piece, which has grooved pieces
attached to work on horizontal slides, and receives a reciprocating motion by
means of eccentrics on the main shaft of the machine, which carries a spur
wheel, receiving rotary motion from a smaller spur wheel on an intermediate
shaft which rests in bearings under the standards, & carries another spur wheel,
through which it receives rotary motion from a wheel on the driving shaft.
The several parts of the machine & their operations having been now
explained, I proceed to describe the process of bending a slat in the machine.
The slats are intended to be bent in a cold state, & are supplied & removed
at the back of the machine so as to leave the front clear. The front plate
of the back hold is turned back, & the bed plate having been properly
adjusted, the machine may be set in operation. The attendant takes one slat
in his hand, & places it edgewise upon the guide stops to submit it to the

page_text: operation of the preparatory dies, & the first time the die piece is carried
back by the revolution of the eccentrics on the main shaft, the end of the slat
is slightly bent. The slat is then laid on the top of the back hold with the
bent edge against the down hold, & the bend turned downwards; & as soon as
the down hold is raised from the bed by the swinging forward of the die piece,
as herein-before described, during the next revolution of the main shaft, the
slat is pushed over the back hold on to the bed & brought in contact with
the front edge of the plate. The first time the die piece moves forward after
the slat is upon the bed, the deep die is presented in its operative position.
Immediately after the die piece has moved forward far enough to allow the
down hold to descend upon the slat, the deep die arrives far enough forward
to receive the edge of the slat. After the slat becomes fixed between the down
hold & bed, the edge of the slat is rolled up in scroll form. The next revolution
of the main shaft causes the die piece to swing back again, & as it recedes, the
shallow die is brought into operation. When the die piece returns forward,
nother die, operating in the same manner as previously described, finishes the
Scroll already partly formed. The next revolution of the main shaft causes
the die piece to swing back again, and this time a catch raises the down hold
from the slat, & causes the upper part of the down hold to be thrown back so
as to work certain levers, & thus throw forward the back hold plate as before
described, & expel the bent slat from the bed. While the down hold is
raised from the piece, a new slat is introduced to be submitted to similar
operations.
It may be supposed from the foregoing description, that four revolutions of
the main shaft are necessary to complete the bending of one edge of the slat,
but every second revolution turns out a slat, as two slats are operated upon at
the same time, one being submitted to the preparatory bending operation, while
the other is under the down hold. The operations of the dies afford ample
time for the slat to be submitted twice, if necessary, to the operations of the
preparatory dies. Two operations of the latter dies are sometimes necessary
when the slats are not very straight. Slight variations in the thickness of the
metal employed in this machine require no adjustment of any of the parts of
the machine, further than the adjustment of the back hold, as in consequence
of the attachment of the bending die to the down hold, the relative positions
of the face of the down hold & that die which is in the operative position.
are at all times the same, and the face of the down hold and the acting
part or interior of the die always impinge upon the same side of the slat. In
order to adopt this machine for giving form to different articles by upsetting,
all that is necessary is to arrange the back hold so as to present a proper

page_text: quantity of material beyond the bed & dow-hold, and use a dic or dies of such
form as may be necessary to produce the form desired. In other operations
than those of bending, the preparatory dies will usually be superfluous.
In order to adapt this machine for bending articles of different form to those
described, different dies must be used of the necessary form. In some cases,
the bend may be performed, or the desired form produced, by one die and one
movement of the die piece, and in such case the die may be fixed in the
die piece, & the down hold will require to be raised every time the die piece
swings back.
This may be effected by removing the lifter wheel which raises the catch,
& thus leaving the catch always operative. In other cases more than two dies
and a corresponding number of movements of the die piece may be necessary
to perform the bend or produce the desired form, and in those cases the pro-
portion between the number of lifters on the lifter wheel, and the number of
teeth on the ratchet, must be such as will cause the catch to fall after the
proper number of movements of the die piece, and thus enable the down hold
to be raised. When the machine is used for giving form to any articles by
upsetting, the metal will usually require to be heated, & this may also be
necessary for some bending operations. The method described of arranging
the dies in the roll, whereby each one is secured in its operative position by the
tendency of the resistance of the slat to force the projecting piece against
the stop, is only effective in bending or otherwise producing certain forms,
and will not be effective in bending & producing other forms. A mechanism
is then employed for turning & holding the die roll in a manner suitable
to the forms & impressions required.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Auguste Edouard Loradoux Bellford in the Great Seal
Patent Office on the 22nd July 1854.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, AUGUSTE
EDOUARD LORADOUX BELLFORD, of 16, Castle Street, Holborn (City), London,
Patent Agent, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Majesty, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-third day of January, in the year of our
Lord, One thousand eight hundred and fifty-four, in the seventeenth year of
Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto
me, the said Auguste Edouard Loradoux Bellford, Her special license that I,

page_text: the said Augusté Edouard Loradoux Bellford, my executors, administrators,
and assigns, or such others as I, the said Auguste Edouard Loradoux Bellford,
my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and
no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term therein
expressed, should and lawfully might make, usc, exercise, and vend, within
the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands,
and Isle of Man, an Invention, communicated to me by a foreigner residing
abroad, for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR BENDING METAL AND PRODUCING
FORMS THEREON BY PRESSURE," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the
said Auguste Edouard Loradoux Bellford, by an instrument in writing under
my hand and seal, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the
said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause
the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Auguste Edouard Loradoux Bellford,
do hereby declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the
same is to be performed, to, be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement (that is to say):-
This Invention has for its principal object the bending of the edges of sheet
metal into various forms, but it is also applicable to the production of such
forms as are capable of being produced by, upsetting, stamping, or other
operations produced by pressure.
It consists in a certain arrangement of bending or forming dies for giving
the desired forms, of holding apparatus for holding the articles to be operated
upon, and of apparatus for causing the articles to be presented properly to the
dies; and in certain arrangements of mechanism for giving the necessary
movements to the said parts, whereby the processes of bending or otherwise
giving form to the metal are facilitated and expedited, and performed with a
great saving of labor.
The accompanying Drawings represent a machine for bending scrolls on the
edges of the slats of rolling iron shutters, for forming the hinges or joints of
the same.
This machine fully illustrates my Invention in every particular,
as the only changes necessary to be made for bending metal requiring a dif-
ferent form, or for otherwise producing the desired forms, will consist of
mere modifications in the form and arrangement of the dies, and in some
instances a slight change in the relative movements of some of the working
parts.
Fig. 1 is a front elevation of the machine.

page_text: Fig. 4 is a right hand end view.
Fig. 5 is a transverse vertical section, taken in the line a, y, shown in Fig. 1,
looking in the direction indicated by the arrow pointing to said line.
Fig. 6 is a right hand elevation, showing the machine in a different position
to Fig. 4.
1
Fig. 7 is a transverse vertical section, taken in the same plane as Fig. 5,
but showing the machine in a different position to that Fig.
Fig. 8 is a diagram illustrative of the movements of what I term the "die
roll," which carries the bending dies, as would be seen at the right hand end
of the machine.
Fig. 8 is another diagram illustrative of the manner of holding the "die
roll," while the dies are in operation.
Fig. 9 is a back view of part of the "die roll" and its collar, corresponding
with Fig. 8.
Fig. 10 is a transverse section of what I term the "back hold."
Fig. 11 is a right hand side view of the catch movement, which attaches
what I term the "down hold" to the die piece, when it is necessary to raise
the latter.
Fig. 12 is a front view of the catch movement.
Fig. 13 is a transverse section of the preparatory dies.
Figs. 14 and 15 are left hand end views of the "die roll," shewing the
mechanism which I sometimes employ for holding the "die roll" in place,
while the bending dies are in operation.
Fig. 16 represents a transverse section of a finished slat, which has been
bent by the machine.
Fig. 17 is an inverted plan of the part of the face of the down hold, and
that part of the piece in front of the die roll.
Figs. 8 to 17 inclusive are made to a scale of four times the size of Figs. 1
to 7 inclusive, for the purpose of showing the parts therein represented more
clearly. Similar letters of reference indicate corresponding parts in the several
Figs.
A is a strong bed of cast iron, having a plane top surface, and having
flanges A', A', A', A', cast upon it, for the purpose of bolting it securely to
standards I, II, H, H, which, together with the bed, constitute the framing of
the machine, and carry all the working parts. The end standards are extended
upwards above the ends of the bed, and the parts H', H', which form such
extension, are of suitable shape to form part of a hinge for connecting what I
term the down hold B3, which is cast with a pair of cheeks B', B2, at each end,

page_text: to receive one of the parts H' between them, and form the other part of the
hinge. The parts H', and B', B2, are bored to receive strong pins b, b, which
form the pivots of the hinge, and are parallel with the bed.
The down hold B consists of a strong casting, which is straight longitudinally,
and has its transverse section of angular form, as shown in Fig. 5, and is
strengthened transversely by stay pieces 63, 3, cast with it. The back part B³
of the down-hold has a plane face at the bottom, which extends the whole
length of the bed A, and is capable of fitting down flat upon a piece of sheet
metal, placed upon the plain surface of the top of the bed, which is horizontal
longitudinally, and nearly horizontal transversely. The face of the down hold
occupies a position just so far in rear of the pivots b, b, that a weight or down-
ward pressure applied in rear of the pivots, or force applied in a backward
direction above the pivots, would cause it to bite upon the piece of sheet metal
aforesaid, and press downwards upon it with a greatly multiplied force; thus,
the down hold is a lever whose fulcrum is at b. At the upper part of the back
of the down hold, near each end, are two projecting checks B, B', which are
cast with it, to receive between them one of the two lugs C', C', on the die
piece C, the said cheeks B, B, and lugs C', C', forming parts of hinges, of
which the pins C, C, which pass through the checks and lugs and are parallel
with b, b, from the pivots; and nearer the middle of the length of the down
hold are two similar though smaller checks B, B, to receive lug pieces C², C²,
which are bolted to the die piece C. The latter cheeks and lugs also form
parts of hinges, and receive pivots c', c', which are in line with c, c.
The die piece C is a strong straight casting of nearly the same length as
the bed, having the lugs C', C', on its upper part, and having at each end a
strong flange C, to the outside of which is bolted one of the two arms U, U,
on each of which is a journal U', which is connected by one of two connecting
rods V, V, with one of two cranks V, V, which are placed at opposite ends
of the main shaft N, which works in bearings n, n, on the back part of the
standards. In the front part of the die piece there is a recess or seat, which
extends along its whole length, parallel with the pivots c, c; c', c', and is of the
form of about two thirds of a cylinder, of suitable size to contain the die roll
E, which contains the dies, so that it will hold the said die roll, and allow it
to turn freely to a suitable, extent, and always leave about one third of its
periphery exposed. This recess must be at such distance from the line of the
axis c, c, c', c', that the axis of the die roll will vibrate in an arc, which would
strike the bed A, a little below the top surface.
The bending of the slat or plate is performed by the vibrating movement on
the centre c, c, c¹, c', which is given to the die piece c, by the cranks and con-

page_text: necting rods before referred to. This vibrating movement brings the dies into
operation on, and causes them to bend, a portion of the slat or plate which
overhangs the back of the bed, while another portion of the slat or plate is
held firmly between the down hold and the bed. The slat shown requires to
be submitted to the operation of two dies besides the preparatory dies, which
will be herein-after explained, to make either of the two scrolls or bends
represented on opposite edges; and in order to effect this, it is necessary
that the die piece make two vibrations while the slat is upon the bed, and
that the die roll E, which contains both the dies, be turned on its axis, between
the successive operations of the two dies, in order to bring first one and then
the other into operation.
The die roll E consists of a steel cylinder, fitted truly to the recess or seat
in front of the die piece, and is of a length greater than the die piece, so as
to protrude from each end thereof. It is held up in its seat in the die piece,
to prevent too great wear on the front edges of the latter, by bearing pieces e,
which are bolted to the die piece, as shown in Fig. 5. The protruding ends of
the die piece are each furnished with a collar E', shown in Figs. 2, 8, and 9,
which is fitted and secured firmly to it, to prevent the withdrawal of the die
roll endwise from the die piece. The bending dies consist of recesses e', e",
of a proper transverse sectional form extending along the whole length of the
die roll. The die e', which comes first into operation, is much deeper than the
die e, which finishes the bend, and both have concave bottoms, but the shallow
dice is wider at the bottom than the deep die e'.
Every revolution of the main shaft N, and cranks V, VI, transmits motion
to the die piece, and causes the axis of the die roll to describe an are from the
centre c. During one revolution, the die piece receives a motion back and
forth in the said arc, to the full extent allowed by the cranks, as is shown in
Fig. 7, and does not transmit any motion to the down hold, which remains in
the meantime held down on the bed the weight of the die-piece; but during
the succeeding revolution, the die piece is caused to raise the down hold by
means of two strong catches W, W, which are hung on pins W, WI, one at
each end of the down hold. These catches have hooks at their ends, of such
form that if they are not raised by some means, they will catch the arms U, U,
of the die piece, as shown in Fig. 6, by the time the latter has moved about
half way backwards, and thus connect the down-hold with the dic piece in
such a manner that the latter cannot move farther without the former, and
hence the centre of motion is changed from the line forming the axis of the
pivots c, c, c', c¹, to the line forming the axis of the pivots b, b, and the re-
mainder of the backward movement allowed to the die piece by the cranks is

page_text: more of an upward movement, while the down hold receives such a movement
as to raise its face from the bed.
Every second backward movement of the die piece raises the down hold,
and this always after the operation of the finishing die e, in order to allow of
the discharge of one slat from and the placing of another slat upon the bed.
When the die piece moves forward, after having raised the down hold, the
latter descends upon the bed, but being nearly balanced, does not press with
any considerable force upon the slat, until the bending commences. The
catches W, W, are each raised up, in order that they may not catch the arms
U, U, during the first backward movement of the die piece, by means of one
of two lifter wheels Z, Z, which are capable of revolving freely on studs ..
which are secured to the bed near its two ends, and stand parallel with the
axis of b, b, and c, c. These wheels are represented with four teeth or lifters,
but may have any other number, and they are each secured to a ratchet wheel
2, the number of whose teeth must be equal to twice the number of the
lifters. Every time the die piece moves forward, the ratchet wheels are turned
one tooth by means of click pieces ', ', attached one to each arm U, but
they are held stationary during the backward movement, by means of spring
pawls t, attached to the framing of the machine, and shown in Fig. 11. Each
movement of the ratchets only turns the lifter wheels half a tooth, and hence
one movement leaves the lifter wheel with the top of one of its lifters under
the catch, and the catch raised, as shown in red outline in Fig. 11; and the
succeeding movement leaves it with the back of the next lifter under the catch,
and the catch depressed, as shown in black outline in the same Fig. In
the two positions described, the catches are alternately left, at the termination
of the forward movements of the die piece; being left in the former position
after the operation of e', the first of the two dies in the die roll, and in the
latter position after the operation of e, the finishing die. When the catches
are in the former position, the arms U, U, escape them during their backward
movement, and the down hold is not moved, but when they are in the latter
position the arms catch them, and raise the down hold.
The contrivance employed for turning the die roll E on its axis, to change
the position of the dies e, e, and bring the one and the other into the
operative position, consists of two catches X, X', shown in Fig. 4, 6, 7, & 8,
which are pivoted to the bed near one end, and two studs Y, Y', which
are attached to the end of the die roll. The two catches are placed one
above the other, the lower one X having for its pivot one of the studs,,
which serves as the axis of the lifter wheels, and the upper one X' being
attached to the bed by a pin 2, which is parallel with. These catches stand

page_text: out in a backward direction from the bed, and are hooked at their ends to
catch hold of the studs Y, Y, and below their pivots,, they have tail
pieces y', y, which are caused by the weight of the catches, when their hooks
are free, to bear against the bed, and thus hold up the hooks to the proper
height. In the simplest arrangement of this contrivance, which is shown
throughout the Drawings, except in Figs. 14 and 15, the studs are secured
firmly to the end of the die roll E, or to the collar E', which is secured firmly
to and may be considered part of the die roll E, and they occupy positions
almost diametrically opposite each other. The die roll is only allowed to turn
far enough to change the positions of the dies to bring either one into its
operative position, its motion being controlled by EL projecting piece 17, which
is secured to and extends the whole length of the collar, and which is arrested
at the desired point either by the stop 18, which consists of a bolt screwed into
the end of the die piece so as to leave only the head outside, or else by the
stop 19, which consists of an angular formed piece of metal bolted on the top
of the arm U, according to which direction the roll is moving. The stop 18 is
shewn in Figure 6 and Figure 8, and the stop 19 is shewn in dotted lines in
both of those Figures. In the latter Figure the dotted line U, upon which
the stop is placed, represents the top of the arm U.
The operation of turning the die roll on its axis to change the position of the
<lies is illustrated in Figure 8. In this Figure the roll is represented in black
outline, and indicated by E in the position it occupies after the operation of
either die; the positions of the two dies, after the operation of the first die e¹,
being shewn in red outline, and their positions after the die has finished the
bend being shewn in black dotted outline. The studs Y, Y', are represented
in red outlines to correspond with the former position of the dies, and in black
outline to correspond with the latter position. Suppose the dies and studs to
be in the former position, and the backward movement of the die piece to take
place, the die roll moves in an are described from c, with the dies stationary
in relation to its axis, until it arrives at the position represented in red dotted
outlines, and indicated by E1, when the stud Y₁ being in proper position, is
caught by the hook of the catch X', and its further movement in the arc is
arrested.
The continued notion of the die roll in the are before mentioned, after the
stud Y' has been caught by the hook, will bring it to the position represented
in red lines and indicated by E, having caused it to turn on its axis far
enough to bring the finishing dice into such a position that on its return it
will finish the bend already partly formed by the dic e¹. After returning and
finishing the bend, the die piece carries back the die roll, and during this

page_text: backward movement the die roll describes a curvilineal angle formed of two
arcs described, one from c and the other from b, as herein-before explained;
when it arrives at the position represented in black dotted outline and indi-
cated by E, the stud Y is caught by the hook of the catch X. The continued
movement of the die piece after the stud Y has been caught by the catch X,
will carry the die roll to the position represented in black outline and indicated
by E, and the catch X will be moved to the position represented in red
outline. The dies are now in such position that on their return the die e¹ will
perform its operation on a new slat, which would have been placed on the bed
since the last backward movement commenced. The studs are represented in
Figure 8 in the different positions in outlines, corresponding with the outlines of
the die roll. The arrangement of the studs and catches is such that, each
catch leaves the studs in such a position that the stud which is operated upon
by the other catch will be caught at the proper time. When the die c¹ is in
its operative position, the projecting piece 17 is in contact with the stop 19 as
shewn in red outline in Fig. 8; and when the die e' is in its operative position,
the said piece 17 is in contact with the stop 18, as shewn in black dotted out-
line in the same Figure. The dies are so arranged in the roll that the
operation of either die in bending the slat will tend to turn the die roll in such
a way as to force the piece 17 against that stop with which it is in contact,
and thus keep the die roll and die stationary in the die piece. This arrange-
ment of the dies is illustrated in Fig. 8, where the die roll is represented in
transverse section in the position it occupies at the termination of the operation
of each die. The two dies are represented in the operative position, the die e'
in red, and the die e in black outline. The slat is also partly represented in
colors to correspond with the dies, viz., in red outline, as having been submitted
to the operation of the first die e', and in black outlines as having the scroll
finished by the die e. The stops are represented in black, and the piece 17 is
represented in red and black, corresponding with the positions of the dies
represented in the same colors. The are described by the axis of the die roll
is represented in red color, and continued through the dies to shew the
direction of the motion of the dies; the mouths of the two dies arrive at the
same position, but the bottom of the die e' is entirely above the are described
by the axis of the roll, while the said are passes nearly through the centre of
the bottom of . That point in the scroll where the greatest resistance is
offered to the bending operation of each die, is below the centre of the bottom
of the die, and is indicated by S. It will be seen that the point S in the scroll,
which is partially formed by the die e¹, is above the arc, and therefore the
the greatest resistance, when this, die is in operation, is above the line of

page_text: motion of the axis of the die roll, and tends to cause the die roll to turn
in the direction of the red arrow, and force the piece 17 against the stop 19;
but the point S in the scroll which is finished is below the arc; and there-
fore the greatest resistance is below the line of motion of the axis, and tends
to cause the dic roll to turn in the direction of the black arrow and force
the piece 17 against the stop 18. On that part of the top surface of the bed
in front of the part B of the down hold is placed what I term the "back
hold," whose principal part consists of a long flat metal plate D, which rests
partly upon the top face of the bed A and partly upon a number of pieces a, a,
which project forwards from the front inclined part A of the bed, and whose
upper surfaces forin portions of the same plane as the top surface of the bed.
The plate D is of nearly the whole length of the top surface of the bed,
extending nearly to the cheek pieces B of the down hold, and is of such width
as will give it a good bearing upon the bed. This plate has another plate D',
of the same thickness, hinged to it at its back edge by hinges d', d', in such a
way as to be capable of being thrown back above it, as represented in red out-
linc in Fig. 10, or thrown down in front of it to lay on the bed, as shewn in the
same Figure in bold black outline. When in the latter position, the plate D¹
is kept down on the bed by buttons d, d, pivoted to the plate D, and repre-
sented in dotted lines in Fig. 3. The plate D is attached to two springs,
which consist each of a stiff iron bar K (see Fig. 1 and also dotted outlines in
Fig. 3), which has one end bent nearly at a right angle, and bolted by two
bolts passing through slots to one side of one of the projections a, a, with a
stout piece of india-rubber between it and the said piece a.
The plate is
attached near the extremity of the bar K, which constitutes a spring of great
strength, and of greater durability than a steel spring, and serves to hold it in
a given position, but allows it to move from such position when necessary, and
returns it to the said position when opposite influences cease. It is confined to
the bed by means of a number of metal cap pieces 7, 1, which are bolted to an
equal number of plates L, L, which are bolted to the top of the projections a, a,
on the bed.
These plates L, L, are of a thickness a very little greater than the plate D,
so as to allow the latter to slide freely under the cap pieces 7, 1, but not to
allow it to move vertically, and their front parts are bent downwards at right
angles to the top parts, to enable them to be adjusted backwards or forwards by
screws,, screwing into the front of the projections a, a. The back ends of
the plates L, L, all range in line, to form stops for the plate D to abut against
when necessary. The back stop plates D, D', are intended to regulate the
position of the slat, by placing the said slat or piece with its front edge against

page_text: the back edge of either of the said plates, that is to say, against the plate D,
when the plate D is turned up and against the plate D when it is down upon
the bed. The slat or other article is placed on the bed when the down hold
is raised, and at that time the plate D is in the position in which it is held by
the springs K, K, as shewn in black dotted lines in Fig. 10; and when the
down hold descends upon the slat, the latter is driven by the action of the
former forward against the plate D, which is driven forward by the slat. The
first pressure of the down hold, after its descent on the slat, is merely due to
its own weight and the effect of the weight of the die piece, yet this is
sufficient to grasp the slat with considerable tightness. When the die piece
moves forward and the die comes in contact with the slat, its tendency is to
drive it forward on the bed; but this forward motion is opposed by the
resistance caused by the weight of the down hold and by the resistance of the
springs K, K, attached to the plate D to the forward motion of the slat, which
causes the die piece to assume the character of a lever of the first order, whose
fulcrum is the said slat, and the power applied at U by the cranks VI, VI, and
connecting rods V, V, 'is transmitted to c, the point of connection with the
down hold. The power applied to the down hold at c tends to make the face
slide forward on the bed, and carry with it the slat until it arrives at such a
position as to bite the slat so firmly that further movement on the bed is
impossible; and the slat being thus held firmly, is bent or rolled up by the
continuous forward movement of the die piece, whose fulcrum, after the down
hold becomes stationary, is changed to the pivots c, c, and it is changed from a
lever of the first to a lever of the second order. The operation of the down
hold is illustrated in Fig. 8 by the lines c, b, and b, b, which represent a lever
of the first order as constituted by the down hold. The point b represents the
axis of the pivots b, b, by which the down hold is attached to the bed, and is
the fulcrum. The point c represents the axis of the pivots c, c, by which
the die piece is attached, and is where the power is applied; and the point b
represents a point in the face which bears upon the slat. It will be understood
that power applied at c in a backward direction will tend to throw the point
forward, and make it bear with a very great force upon the slat. It is
intended that the face of the down hold shall be caused to bite or jam upon the
slat by the power applied at c, but that it shall not be made to do so by merely
pushing forward the slat between it and the bed.
The plate D must be attached to the springs K, K, or the said springs be
attached to the bed in such a way that it (the plate) is capable of adjustment
back or forth, and its position, when it is free and only held by the springs.
must be such that after the slat has been placed in front of and in contact with

page_text: it, the forward movement given to the slat by the tightening of the down hold
upon it, will have so much of the slat overhanging the back edge of the bed as
is necessary to form the scroll.
The stops L, L, are adjusted to such a position that slats of uniform
width, when they are exactly of the necessary thickness, will, when moved
forward on the bed by the combined operations of the down hold and the die
piece, as described, just cause the plate D to come into contact with them.
These stops would be unnecessary, but for the slight variations in the
thickness of the plate iron from which the slats are made, which is quite
unavoidable. The slightest variations in the thickness of the slats would
cause them to move to different positions on the bed; a thicker slat would have
a tendency to move farther forward, and a thinner one not so far.
The stops are set so that the thinnest slats would cause the plate D to be
driven forward, so as to touch the stops as shewn in Fig. 10, in bold black
outline, then those of the greater thickness will cause it to be driven hard up,
and be arrested by then. The slats will then always be arrested at the same
spot, and leave the same quantity of metal overhanging the bed. The face of
the down hold, if the plate D is arrested by the stops before the down hold
has tightened sufficiently to arrest them, will generally move a little farther
forward upon and lighten itself on the slat.
It is necessary that the down hold always tightens on the slat, as in addition
to holding it, it is required to straighten or flatten the part which comes
under it.
In bending the first edge of the slat, the single plate D only is necessary
to be used to regulate the position of the slat, but in bending the second edge,
the plate D must be turned down upon the bed in order to throw the slat far
enough back, to present the proper quantity of metal beyond the bed to form
the scroll. The width of the plate D' must be suflicient to compensate for
the width of slat that is lost in making the first scroll, and throw the back
edge of the slat to the proper point, for the turning of the second scroll. The
back edge of the plate D is made of proper concave form, to serve as a
suitable bearing for the first scroll, and prevent its shape being injured during
the forming of the second scroll.
It will be seen, on reference to Figures 5 and 7, that the back part of the
face of the down hold overhangs the back part of the face of the bed. It will
also be seen in the same Figures that the upper part of the die piece, above
the opening where the dies are presented, stands out some distance in front of
the dic. The overhanging part of the down hold, and the part r of the die
piece, are both necessary to form a bearing for the upper side of the slat while

page_text: either of the dies is operating, as the tendency of the slat is to bend
upwards. It is desirable that as the die finishes its operation, the die roll
should be allowed to come as near as is practicable up to the bed; and in order
to allow this, and at the same time give the proper bearing to the upper side
of the slat, the overhanging part of the down hold and the part 7 of the die
piece are made with a series of projections and recesses, as represented in
Fig. 17, which represents a portion of the under side of the faces of the
down hold, and the part of the die piece. The projections on the one part
enter the recesses on the other, and thus both work into each other. This is
also imperfectly shewn in the plan view, Fig. 3, and also in the transverse
section, Fig. 5, where the section is taken through a projection of the die piece
and a recess on the down hold. The face of the down hold and the face of
the part of the die piece should all stand about in line, transversely with
the top edge of either die, that may be in an operative position, but the front
part of may have the corner rounded off to prevent it catching against
any part of the edge of the slat that may not have been properly prepared by
the preparatory dies.
The back hold D and D' serves another purpose besides that of regulating
the position of the slat and holding it up towards the die during the bending
operation, vizt, that of throwing the slat from the machine after either scroll
is finished. For this purpose the plate D is connected by a short connecting
rod f, at each end, with one F' of two arms F, F, which form the equivalent
of a bell crank lever whose fulcrum is a pin g, secured to a small standard G,
which is bolted to the upper part II of one of the standards H. The arm F
has a movable piece I, pivoted to its end by a pivot f'; this is best shown in
Fig. 5. This piece is held in the position shewn in Fig. 5, by a spring i,
which is attached to the under side of the arm F, and presses on a tangential
face, which extends forward from that part of I, below the pivot f', and thus
throws a shoulder at the back of the piece I, down upon the top of the arm F.
The point of the piece I stands in such position when the plate D is left free
to the action of the springs K, K, that it is struck every time the down hold
is raised to release a slat by one of the two pieces I', I', which project from
the front of the down hold near the ends thereof. The pieces 1', I', striking
on the ends of the points of the pieces I, I, and passing over them, cause the
arms F, F, to be sharply thrown downwards, and the ends of the arms F, F¹,
to be thrown sharply forwards, overcoming the resistance of the springs K, K,
and pushing before them the plate D, as shewn in Fig. 6, in dotted outline,
and causing it to push back the slat so far that it overbalances and falls over
the back of the bed, to a shelf 20, placed behind the machine to receive it.

page_text: The ends of the pieces I', I', and the points of the pieces I, I, are so formed
that after the former have struck the latter and moved the levers a short
distance, they pass behind them, and leave the plate D free to the action of
the springs K, K, which throw it suddenly forward to the position in which it
is ready for the adjustment of the next slat when placed on the bed. When
the down hold moves to seize the next slat, the points of the pieces I, I, move
forwards as the pieces I', I', pass them, but are returned again to the position
shewn in Fig. 5 by the springs i, i.
The preparatory dies already named are for giving the edges of the slat a
slight bend to prepare it for the action of the dies in the die roll, as without
the edge being slightly turned, the operation of the latter dies would be very
imperfect, if they were in any degree operative. The preparatory dies consist
of a male die P, and a female die P', of which the latter is bolted to the
lower part of the front of the bed, and occupies a position not far behind the
main shaft, and the latter is attached to what I term the "preparatory die
piece" M, which is a strong piece of cast iron, whose transverse sectional
form is represented in Fig. 5, and which is straight longitudinally, and of the
same length as the face of the down hold. The preparatory die piece has
grooved pieces S, S, attached one to each end, to work on horizontal slides
S¹, S¹, which are bolted to the inside of the end standards II, H, and it
receives a reciprocating motion by means of eccentrics N', N', on the main
shaft, said eccentrics being connected by means of strap connections N², N²,
with pins M, M, which pass through brackets m, m, on its front side. The
forms of the preparatory dies are best shown in Fig. 13. The female die,
which extends the whole length of the bed, has a straight concave groove
extending from end to end. The male die is of the same length as the female
die, and is of the reverse form. It is bolted to the top of a suitable shelf on
the piece M, while the slat is being operated upon by the preparatory dies; it
is placed edgewise, or in an upright position, as represented in Fig. 13 in red
color upon a number of guide stops p, which are secured by screw bolts at
regular intervals to the bottom of the female preparatory die. These guide
stops consist each of a narrow metal plate, of such length as to project
horizontally far enough in front of the female die to extend quite across the
space which is left between the male and female dies, when the former is
drawn to its most forward position. A recess p¹ is made in the preparatory
die piece M, for each of the guide stops p to enter when the dies approach
each other. The guide stops may be adjusted higher or lower, to bend the
slat nearer to or farther from its edge, by inserting packing between them

page_text: and the bottom of the female die, and decreasing or increasing the packing as
may be necessary.
The main shaft of the machine carries a spur wheel 21, which receives
rotary motion from a smaller spur wheel 22, on an intermediate shaft 23,
which rests in bearings under the standards, and carries another spur wheel
24, through which it receives rotary motion from a wheel 25, on the driving
shaft 27. The driving shaft carries a driving pulley 26, which receives the
motion through a belt from any prime mover.
The machine is furnished with shelves 28 and 29, in addition to the shelf 20.
These shelves all extend the whole length of the machine. The shelf 28 is
suspended above the machine, from the same light wrought iron framing 30,
as the shelf 20, and is for the purpose of containing a number of slates to
supply the machine. The shelf 29 is supported in any suitable manner in
front of the machine, and is for the purpose of receiving a few slats which are
taken from the shelf 28, to be convenient for introduction to the machine.
Attached to the back of the shelf 29 is a grease trough 31, extending its
whole length, for the purpose of greasing the edge of the slat, to make it slip
freely in the dies e', e, during the bending operation.
The construction of the several parts of the machine and their operations
having been now explained, I will proceed to describe the process of bending
a slat in the machine.
The machine requires but one attendant, who stands in front, but in order
to prevent any interruption to the operation, the shelf 28 may from time to
time be supplied with slats, and the bent slats be removed from the shelf 20,
by an assistant. The slats are intended to be bent in a cold state, and are
supplied and removed at the back of the machine, so as to leave the front
clear, and give the attendant the necessary room. In commencing the opera-
tion, the front plate D' of the back hold is turned back over the plate D, and
the plate D having been properly adjusted, the machine may be set in
operation. The direction of the revolution of the main shaft is indicated in
Fig. 4 by an arrow. The attendant, after taking a few slats from the top
shelf 28, and placing them on the front shelf 29, to be handy, takes one slat
in his hand, and places it edgewise upon the guide stops p, p, to submit it to
the operation of the preparatory dies, and the first time the die piece M is
carried back by the revolution of the eccentrics on the main shaft, the edge of
the slat is bent about as much as is indicated at 32 in Fig. 10. The attendant
then takes the slat, and after dipping it in the grease trough 31, to grease the
outside of the preparatory bend, to enable it to slip in the dies el, e², lays in on

page_text: the top of the back hold, with the bent edge against the down hold and the
bend turned downwards, and as soon as the down hold is raised from the bed
by the swinging forward of the die piece, as herein-before described, during
the next revolution of the main shaft, he pushes the slat over the back hold on
to the bed, and brings it in contact with the front edge of the plate D. The
first time the die piece moves forward, after the slat is upon the bed, the deep
die e¹ is presented in its operative position. Immediately after the die piece
has moved forward far enough to allow the down hold to descend upon the slat,
the die arrives far enough forward to receive the edge of the slat; the die
at first pushes forward the slat, but the resistance which the die encounters
from the slat soon causes the die piece to act upon the down hold, and make
it
press so hard upon the slat as to prevent any farther forward motion. After
the slat becomes fixed between the down hold and bed, the edge of the
slat is rolled up till it receives the scroll form 33, shewn in Fig. 10. The
next revolution of the main shaft causes the die piece to swing back again, but
the catch W does not raise the down hold; and as the die piece recedes, the
die is turned by the action of the catch X on the stud Y', and the shallow
die is brought to its operative position. When the die piece returns forward,
the die e², operating in the same manner as the die e¹ previously described,.
finishes the scroll already partly formed by the die e', leaving it in the form
represented at 34, in Fig. 10; the next revolution of the main shaft causes the
die piece to swing back again, and this time the catch W raises the down hold
from the slat, and causes the upper part of the down hold to be thrown back
so as to make the pieces I', I', strike the pieces I, attached to the lever F, and
thus throw forward the back hold plate D, as before described, and expel the
bent slat from the bed. While the down hold is raised from the piece, a new
slat is introduced by the attendant, in the manner before described, to be
submitted to the same operations as that which has just been expelled.
The opposite edge of the slat requires to be submitted to the same operations
as those described, but in practice, when a large number of slats have to be
bent, it is better to bend one edge of each of them before commencing to bend
the second edge, as much time would be lost in adjusting the plate D', for
every slat singly. After every slat has one edge bent, the plate D', is turned
down upon the bed, and secured in its place by the buttons d, d, and the
operation of bending the other edges is but the repetition of that of bending
the first edges.
It may be supposed, from the foregoing description, that four revolutions of
the main shaft are necessary to complete the bending of one edge of the slat

page_text: every
but second revolution turns out a slat, as two slats are operated upon at
the same time, one being submitted to the preparatory bending operation while
the other is under the down hold. The operations of the dies e', e², afford
ample time for the slat to be submitted.twice, if necessary, to the operations of
the preparatory dies. Two operations of the latter dies are sometimes necessary
when the slats are not very straight. Slight variations in the thickness of the
metal employed in this machine require no adjustment of any of the parts of
the machine further than the adjustment of the back hold, as hercin-after
described, as in consequence of the attachment of the bending die to the down
hold, the relative positions of the face of the down hold and that die which is
in the operative position are at all times the same; and the face of the down
hold and the acting part or interior of the die always impinge upon the same
side of the slat.
In order to adapt this machine for giving form to different articles by
upsetting, all that is necessary is to arrange the back hold so as to present a
proper quantity of material beyond the bed and down hold, and use a die or
dies of such form as may be necessary to produce the form desired. In
other operations than those of bending, the preparatory dies will usually be
superfluous.
In order to adapt the machine for bending articles of different form to those
described, different dies must be used, of the necessary form. In some cases
the bend may be performed, or the desired form produced by one die and one
movement of the die piece, and in such case the die may be fixed in the die
piece C, and the down hold will require to be raised every time the die piece
swings back. This may be effected by removing the lifter wheel Z, which raises
the catch W, and thus leaving the catch always operative. In other cases more
than two dies and a corresponding number of movements of the die piece may
be necessary to perform the bend or produce the desired form; and in those
cases the proportion between the number of lifters on the lifter wheel Z, and
the number of teeth on the ratchet Z', must be such as will cause the catch to
fall after the proper number of movements of the die piece, and thus enable the
down hold to be raised.
When the machine is used for giving form to any articles by upsetting, the
metal will usually require to be heated, and this may also be necessary for some
bending operations.
The method herein-before described, of arranging the dies in the roll,
whereby cach one is secured in its operative position by the tendency of the
resistance of the slat to force the projecting piece 17 against the stop 18 or 19,

page_text: is only effective in bending or otherwise producing certain forms, and will not
be effective in bending and producing other forms. In bending articles whose
form renders that arrangement of the dies ineffective, I employ the mechanism
for turning and holding the die roll which is represented in Figs. 14 and 15,
and supposed to be attached to the left hand end of the machine. In those
Figures the die roll, instead of having the studs Y, Y', attached firmly to
it, as before described, has similar studs attached to two levers 0, 0,
whose fulcra are screws o, o', by which they are attached to the end of
the die roll.
Each of these levers is exactly the reverse of the other in form. The stud
Y is attached to the lever O, and the stud Y, to the lever O'. The collar E¹
has a similar projection 17, to that before described, and similar stops 18, 19,
are attached to the die piece. The collar is also furnished with a projection 32,
of a similar nature to 17, but shorter and placed near the end. Similar catches
X, X', are employed to act upon the studs. The levers O, O', are both acted
upon by a spring 33, composed of a small block of india-rubber, which is
confined in front of the levers, between a piece of metal 34, which is driven in
the end of the die c', a screw bolt 35, screwed into the axis of the die roll, and
two small pieces of stell 36, 36, bolted to the levers. The spring 33 acts
upon the levers through the pieces 36, 36, and its effect is to hold back both
the studs Y, Y', a little in rear of the position corresponding with the position
of the fixed studs Y, Y¹, before described. In front of the levers are two pins
37, 37, screwed into the ends of the die roll in such positions that when the
studs are pulled forward in opposition to the action of the spring 33, the levers
are stopped by the said pins in positions corresponding with the positions of the
previously described fixed studs Y, Y. In rear of the levers O, O', is a double
pawl J, of are form. This pawl is capable of vibrating on a pivot 38, which
is secured to the die piece, and is equidistant from the two points of the pawl.
The pawl is so arranged, and its fingers are of such length, that the point of
the lower finger is capable of falling in close behind the projecting piece 32,
as shewn in Fig. 14, when the die e¹ is in the operative position, and the
projecting piece 17 is in contact with the stop 19, thus preventing the possibility
of the turning of the dic-roll on its axis, and that the point of the upper finger
is capable of falling in close behind the projection 17, when the die is in the
operative position, and the projecting piece 17 is in contact with the stop 18,
as shewn in Fig. 15, thus again preventing the possibility of the turning of the
die roll. When one end of the pawl is in operation, the other end is always
thrown back. The levers O, O', are for the purpose of controlling the operation
of the pawl J, holding it with either tooth in operation, and throwing one tooth

page_text: in and the other tooth out of operation, as desired. In Fig. 14, the lever O',
as represented in black outline, is in that position relatively to the roll in which
it is held by the spring 33, and the spring holds the upper point 30, of the
lever in contact with, or nearly in contact with, the upper point of the pawl, so
as to prevent the lower point of the pawl falling out from behind the projec-
tion 32, where it is occupied in holding the die e¹ in its operative position.
The lower part of the said lever is in the meantime nearly or quite in contact
with the lower point of the pawl. Now, suppose the catch X' to come into
operation on the stud Y', the stud will be moved forwards by the catch, and so
much of the first part of the motion as is necessary to bring the stud Y', and
the lever O', to the position in which they are shewn in red outline in the same
Figure, will be employed by the lower end 40, of the lever in throwing back
the lower end of the pawl to the position shewn in red, which is far enough
back for the projecting piece 32 to pass it. The upper point 39, of the lever
in the meantime recedes, to allow the pawl to move. When the lever O', and
pawl J, arrive at the position shewn in red, and the die roll is released from
the pawl, the lever O' comes in contact with its stop pin 37, and the continued
movement of the stud Y', by the catch X', turns the die roll to the position
shewn in red and indicated by Y* in Fig. 14, by which time it brings the
die e to the operative position, as shewn in Fig. 15, and brings the projecting
piece 17 into contact with the stop 18. During the first part of the movement
of the die roll, the pawl J hangs loose, and afterwards the ends of the lever
form resting places for the two points of the pawl, until the projection 17
comes in contact with the upper point. As soon as the upper point is sup-
ported by the projection 17, the incline 41, on the lower end of the lever O,
comes in contact with the lower point. During the continued movement of
the die roll beyond this point, the incline 41 would force the lower point of the
pawl farther back, but that it cannot move back without the upper point
moves forward.
The forward movement of the upper end is prevented by the projection 17,
and so the resistance of the pawl to the movement of the lever O causes the
lower half of the spring 33 to be compressed, until the projection 17 passes
the upper point of the pawl, when the resistance of the pawl being removed
from the lower end of the lever, allows the spring 33 to expand, and drive back
the lower end of the lever and lower point of the pawl, until the upper point
of the pawl falls to the bottom of the projecting piece 17, as shewn in black in
Fig. 15, which projecting piece being in contact with the stop 18, is thus
firinly secured by the pawl. The upper joint of the pawl is kept in place as
long as the die roll remains stationary, with the die e in its operative position,

page_text: by the lower end of the lever O, which keeps back the lower point of the pawl,
in the same manner as it has been herein-before described that the upper
point was kept back by the lever O', when the die e' was in the operative
position. The return movement of the die roll to bring the die e' again in the
operative position reverses the action of the pawl just described, to make its
lower point fall behind the projection 17. During this latter movement, the
action of the levers O and O' are exactly reversed.
I claim, 1st, the arrangement and connection in any manner, substantially
as herein described, of the parts A, B, and C, termed respectively the bed,
the down hold, and the die piece, and employed, the two former for holding
the slat or piece of metal to be operated upon, and the latter for holding the
die or dies, whereby the resistance of the slat or piece operated upon to
the bending or forming operation, causes it to transmit the power necessary to
produce the pressure for holding it.
2nd, furnishing the down hold or moveable holding part B, with a catch W,
which is so formed and arranged that it may be brought to a suitable position
to catch on the die piece, or on an arm attached thereto, the when die piece
has moved back to a certain distance after the die has done its work, and
thereby attach the down hold and the die piece, so that the former is raised by
the movement of the latter, and thus caused to liberate the slat or other article
which it has held in place.
3rd, controlling the operation of the catch W, so that it shall not catch the
die piece until its return, after making two or more movements as may be
necessary to produce the required form on the slat or other article, by means
of the lifter wheel Z, ratchet Z', and click piece, all arranged and operating
as herein described.
4th, constructing the back part of the face of the down hold with a series
of projections and recesses, and the front part of the die piece, above the
die, with similar projections and recesses fitting to the projections and recesses
on the down hold, as described, for the purpose of affording support to the
upper side of the slat, or piece, or the side opposite the bend, during the
bending operation, and allowing the die to work up as close as is necessary to
the edge of the bed and down hold.
5th, the employment of two or more dies e¹, e, of different depth or of
different form, arranged in or upon a roll E, which has such movements on
its axis, as described, as to bring the said dies successively into operation
upon the slat or other article, whereby a form, requiring two or more distinct
operations of the die to produce it, is produced on the slat or article without
releasing it.

page_text: 6th, attaching the back hold plate D, which regulates the position of
the slats on the bed, to the bed by springs K, K, of any suitable description,
for the purpose of allowing it to yield to the movement which the slat is
caused to receive upon the bed by the tightening of the down hold, and for
allowing the movement which is given to it for the purpose of throwing out
the slat.
7th, furnishing the back hold plate D with a flap-piece D' hinged to it, so
as to be thrown down on the bed at pleasure, for the purpose of regulating the
position of the slat when the second scroll is to be formed, and compensating
for the reduced width of the slat caused by the bending of the first scroll, as
herein fully described.
8th, giving to the back hold plates D and D the necessary movement to
expel the slat or piece, after the scroll or other form is produced on either edge
thereof, and suddenly leaving it free to be returned by the action of the springs
K, K, to the proper position, to adjust a new slat or piece upon the bed by
connecting it with a lever F, F', which is furnished with a springing piece I,
which is operated upon, as described, by pieces I', I', attached to the down
hold every time the latter moves to liberate a slat or piece.
9th, the arrangement of the dies relatively to the arc described by the axis
of the die roll, as herein described, and represented in Fig. 8, whereby the
resistance of the metal to the bending or forming operations of the two dies is
made to act in such a direction as to cause the die to have a tendency to turn
on its axis in the proper direction to bring the projecting piece 17, into contact
with the stop 18 or 19, as may be required.
10th, the method herein described of turning the die roll E back and forth,
to change the positions of the dies e', e, by means of catches X, X', which
are attached to the bed, and stand in such positions that when the die piece
swings back they catch on studs Y, Y', attached to the die roll at a distance
from its axis.
11th, attaching the studs Y, Y, to a pair of levers O, O', which are attached
to the die roll, and are so formed and arranged, and controlled by a spring
33, that when the studs are caught by catches X, X', which turn the die
roll on its axis, the levers are caused to act upon a double pawl J, which is so
arranged as to fall behind either of two projecting pieces 17, 32, on the die
roll; for the purpose of holding it against one of two fixed stops 18, 19, and to
move the said pawl so as to release one of the projecting pieces, and fall
behind the other, and thus release the die roll from the position in which one
die is operative; and secure it after it has been moved to the position in which
the other die is operative, as herein fully described.

page_text: 12th, the arrangement of the preparatory dies P, P¹, relatively to the bed,
the down hold, and dic piece which carries the bending dies, as described;
whereby the attendant is enabled to conduct the operations of the preparatory
dies upon one slat, and the bending dies upon another slat at the same
time.
In witness whereof, I, the said Auguste Edouard Loradoux Bellford,
have hereunto set my hand and seal, the Twenty-second day of July,
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-four.
A. E. LORADOUX BELLFORD. (L.S.)