IMPROVEMENTS IN MEANS OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBON TISSUE' OR 'PIGMENT PAPER
Year: 1878

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Oliver Sarony, of Scarborough, in the County of York,
and John Robert Johnson, of Red Lion Square, in the County of Middlesex,
for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN MEANS OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED IN
THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBON TISSUE' OR 'PIGMENT PAPER."
"
Sealed the 8th November 1878, and dated the 18th May 1878.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Oliver Sarony and John
Robert Johnson at the Office of the Cominissioners of Patents on the 18th May
1878.
OLIVER SARONY, of Scarborough, in the County of York, and JOHN ROBERT
JOHNSON, of Red Lion Square, in the County of Middlesex. "IMPROVEMENTS IN
MEANS OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF 'CARBON TISSUE'
OR 'PIGMENT PAPER.""
Our Invention has for its object the simplification and improvement of the
apparatus or machines used for the purpose of coating paper with gelatinous matter
combined with carbon and other pigments in order to prepare what is commonly
called "carbon tissue," or more properly "pigment paper," such paper being required
for printing photographic proofs in carbon or other permanent pigment.
The existing machines have bitherto been bulky, complicated, and expensive.
They are of two kinds. In the first kind the paper to be coated with the pigment
compounds is formed into an endless sheet, which is stretched over the wooden
rollers of the machine. The lower end of this endless band of paper dips into a
metal trough containing the pigment compound, which is kept in a liquid state by
means of a steam or water bath into which the trough is placed. This feature, that
of the trough of liquid compound, with its bath, is common to all apparatus used
for tissue making, including our own.
The frame carrying the stretched endless band is lowered by a rack and pinion
гр...

page_text: in proportion as the pigment compound is taken up, until the trougu concaming
becomes emptied.
In the second form of machine the paper is not made into endless sheets, but is
drawn directly from the roll as received from the paper mill, and which contains
many hundreds weight of paper.
This machine requires supports of great strength, is rigidly fixed, and occupies
considerable space, which cannot be spared in small establishments.
5
By our new arrangements the machine is so simplified that it may even be made
portable, and to shut up after use into a box or case, which may be placed in a
corner of the room where the "tissue" is made, so as to occupy no more space than, 1
say, four square feet of floor. We effect this by making a stout packing case or
box to serve as the basis of the machine. A light curved or sloping frame of metal,
say, of cast iron, is fixed on one side of the case, and carries the stock roller con-
taining sufficient paper for one or even two or three months supply. A few inches
above it is a pair of feeding rollers, which draw off the paper from the stock roller 1
below. From these feeding rollers the paper passes under another roller called the
dipping roller, which swings freely from a pair of metal or other supports fixed,
preferably, on the opposite side of the box. This dipping frame and roller may be
lowered by any simple mechanism on to the pigment compound contained in the
trough, which with its hot water bath is placed on a shelf in the box between the
supports carrying the stock and feeding rollers on one side and the support with
the dipping roller on the other.
We prefer however to uso for lowering the dipping framo a lever and catch
working in a serrated plate, somewhat like a pawl and ratchet, so that the dipping
frame can be raised instantaneously without being impeded by the screw or wheels
by which the lowering is usually effected.
Instead of lowering the swinging arm by means of mechanism we also allow the
roller to float upon the compound, and for this purpose wo fix the arms of the
swinging frame upon a cross shaft working in bearings. Another arm proceeds from
this in the opposite direction, upon which a counterweight slides, nearly balancing
the arms and roller. So adjusted the roller floats, descends with, and follows the
surface of the pigment compound in the trough as that compound is used up in
coating the paper. We thus avoid the care and trouble of adjusting the paper to
the surface of the fluid compound as it becomes exhausted and descends in the
trough.
Both of these supports with their appended mechanisms may be made to fold
back into the box when the trough is removed from the top shelf and placed in the
interior of the box.
Motion is given to the feeding rollers by an oblique toothed wheel actuated by
a tangent screw, on the shaft of which is at one end a small winch, and at the
other a comparatively heavy fly wheel, so that the notion of the hand, when this
is employed as the motive power, is to a great extent equalized. On leaving the
dipping roller the paper coated with the pigment compound is attached to a lath
or rod, and is led by a cord over the upper of the pair of feeding rollers;
having assumed a horizontal position it passes over a hot plate three or more feet
long, and the width of the paper, where the pigment compound is again liquefied.
From this it passes over a carefully levelled surface, say, a table or flat board sup-
ported on trestles to the end of the room.
thenco
As already mentioned, the paper is made to travel in the direction indicated by
a cord which passes over a roller or pulley fixed to the wall of the room on the side
opposite the machine, and returning to the machine, is led through the feeding
rollers, thus receiving motion and drawing forward the prepared paper exactly at
the same rate as the latter unprepared is drawn from the stock roller.
When the band of coated paper has arrived at the end of its course, the length of
which depends upon the length of the room, it is cut at the point over the junction
of the table and hot plate, and after a few minutes rest, to allow the liquefied

page_text: gelatine compound to reset, it is raised by the middle, and hooked over a thick rod
or bar attached to the wall of the drying room as is well understood. The best
tissue is thus prepared, but if that of ordinary quality be required, the coated paper
after leaving the dipping roller may be drawn by the cord as already stated over a
roller suspended from the ceiling, or supported by a frame attached to the wall of
the room near the ceiling, and immediately over the machine. In this case, the
operation of coating is continued until the lath on the end of the paper has nearly
returned to the machine, when the dipping roller is then raised, the paper is cut,
the coated paper removed, and a new operation commenced.
Where the amount of space employed is not of importance, the box may be dis-
pensed with, and the uprights or supports carrying the rollers as already described,
may be attached to a simple frame or table fixed to the floor. In this case, we fix
a series of rollers to the ceiling, or preferably to the side of the room close to the
ceiling, each of which is moved at the same rate by a gut or cord passing over a
pulley on one of the feeding rollers, and then to a groove on the first of the sories
of rollers near the ceiling. The second and consecutive rollers are made to travel
at an equal rate by a similar gut or other mode of imparting motion. A piece of
American cloth or other suitable material passes over each roller, with a fold
hanging nearly to the ground between each.
The end of the band of paper to be coated is attached to the end of the cloth
next to the machine, so that on turning the handle, the cloth draws forward the
paper at one end, while it falls to the ground at the other. In this way, by con-
tinuing the motion, the cloth is removed from the rollers while the prepared paper
takes its place and is left in this position until perfectly dry. When this has taken
place, one end of the American cloth or other material is attached to the binder end
of the dry coated paper, when on drawing off the latter, the former returns to its
original position, and is ready for another operation. In this way, the whole side
of a large drying room may be filled with the prepared paper by one man, without
assistance.
We further greatly simplify the operations particularly for amateurs and small
consumers of pigment paper in the following manner:-We form a number of light
cylinders preferably of oiled paper or paper well varnished with shellac, say, three
inches in diameter, and of the exact width of the paper to be coated. The ends of
these cylinders may be of cork or light wood, with a pivot projecting from the
exact centre of each end. We attach one end of a sheet of paper to one of these
cylinders, rolling the paper upon it, and to the other end we fix a stout lath. We
next attach to each end of the trough containing the fluid an upright plate, having
a slot in the centre of each, in which the pivots upon the ends of the cylinders
freely roll. Having placed the water bath and trough containing the pigment
compound well skimmed on the ground, we place carefully one of the paper-covered
cylinders upon the fluid, the pivots being within the slots. We next, by stooping,
take hold of the lath, and we gradually draw by a slow equable motion the paper
upwards, as it rolls off the cylinder coated with the compound. We continue tho
operation until the cylinder itself is lifted from the compound, and after allowing
this to drip for some little time to prevent waste, we hang up the prepared sheet of
pigment as usual to become dry, and proceed again to form another sheet with
another paper covered cylinder.
It is difficult to obtain good and equably coated tissue by this method, unless by
the employment of great care and dexterity.
We prefer to modify the operation in the following manner:-We_form_the
cylinders, say, of 6 or 8 inches diameter of thin papier maché, thin sheet metal, or
other suitable material. We roll upon it sufficient paper for one day's consumption,
and we mount the cylinder upon the arms of the swinging frame carrying the
balanced dipping roller.
When we require to make tissue in the horizontal method, we remove the stock
roller, but retain the feeding rollers to draw the string, and we operate exactly as
before.
j

page_text: When ordinary tissue is required, and the rollers suspended from the ceiling are
used, we may replace the pair of feeding rollers with advantage by a light shaft
carrying a pulley, over which a gut or cord passes to give motion to the upper
rollers, as described above.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said Oliver Sarony and John Robert Johnson in the Great Seal Patent
Office on the 18th November 1878.
OLIVER SARONY, of Scarborough, in the County of York, and JOHN ROBERT
JOHNSON, of Red Lion Square, in the County of Middlesex. "IMPROVEMENTS IN
MEANS OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF 'CARBON TISSUE'
OR 'PIGMENT PAPER.'"
Our Invention has for its object the simplification and improvement of the
apparatus or machines used for the purpose of conting paper with gelatinous matter,
combined with carbon and other pigments, in order to prepare what is commonly
called "carbon tissue," or more properly "pigment paper," such paper being
required for printing photographic proofs in carbon or other permanent pigment.
The existing machines have hitherto been bulky, complicated, and expensive.
They are of two kinds. In the first kind the paper to be coated with the pigment
compounds is formed into an endless sheet, which is stretched over the woodon
rollers of the machine. The lower end of this endless band of paper dips into a
metal trough containing the pigment compound, which is kept in a liquid state by
means of a steam or water bath, in which the trough is placed. This feature, that
of the trough of liquid compound with its bath, common to all apparatus used
for tissue making, including our own.
The frame carrying the stretched endless band is lowered by a rack and pinion
in proportion as the pigment compound is taken up until the trough containing it
becomes emptied.
In the second form of machine the paper is not made into endless sheets, but is
drawn directly from the roll as received from the paper mill, and which contains
many hundreds weight of paper.
This machine requires supports of great strength, is rigidly fixed, and occupies
considerable space, which cannot be spared in small establishinents.
By our new arrangements the machine is so simplified that it may even be made.
portable, and to shut up after use into a box or case, which may be placed in a
corner of the room where the "tissue" is made, so as to occupy no more space than,
say, four square feet of floor. We effect this by making a stout packing case or
box to serve as the basis of the machine. A light curved or sloping frame of
metal, say of cast or wrought iron, is fixed on one side of the case, and carries the
stock roller, containing sufficient paper for one or many days consumption. A few
inches above it is a pair of feeding rollers, which draw off the paper from the stock
roller below. From these feeding rollers the paper passes under another roller
called the dipping roller, which swings freely from a pair of metal or other supports.

page_text: This dipping frame and roller may be lowered by any simple mechanism on to tho
pigment compound contained in the trough, which, with its hot water bath, is
placed on a shelf in the box.
We prefer however to use for lowering the dipping frame a lever and catch
working in a serrated plate somewhat like a pawl and ratchet, so that the dipping
frame can be raised instantaneously without being impeded by the screw or wheels,
by which the lowering is usually effected.
Instead of lowering the swinging arm by means of mechanism we also allow the
roller to float upon the compound, and for this purpose we fix the arins of the
swinging frame upon a cross shaft working in bearings, or preferably on the arbor
of the lower feeding roller itself. Another arm proceeds from this in the opposite
direction, upon which a counterweight slides, nearly balancing the arms and roller.
So adjusted the roller floats, descends with, and follows the surface of the pigment
compound in the trough, as that compound is used up in coating the paper. We
thus avoid the care and trouble of adjusting the paper to the surface of the fluid
compound as it becomes exhausted and descends in the trough.
The frame serving as the support with its appended mechanisms may be mado
to fold into the box, when the trough is removed from the top shelf and placed in
the interior of the box.
Motion is given to the feeding rollers by an oblique toothed wheel actuated by a
tangent screw, on the shaft of which is at one end a sinall winch and a com-
paratively heavy fly wheel, so that the motion of the hand, when this is employed
as the motive power, is to a great extent equalized. On leaving the dipping roller
the paper coated with pigment compound is attached to a lath or rod, and is led by
a pair of cords over the upper of the pair of feeding rollers; thence having
assumed a horizontal position it passes over a hot plate three or more feet long,
and the width of the paper, where the pigment compound is again liquefied. From
this it passes over a carefully levelled surface, say a table or flat board supported
on trestles to the end of the room.
As already mentioned, the paper is made to travel in the direction indicated by
a pair of cords, which pass over a roller or pulley fixed to the wall of the room
on the side opposite the machine, and returning to the machine is led through the
feeding rollers, thus receiving motion and drawing forward the prepared paper
exactly at the same rate as the latter unprepared is drawn from the stock roller.
When the band of coated paper has arrived at the end of its course, the length
of which depends upon the length of the room, it is cut at the point over the
junction of the table and hot plate, and after a few minutes rest to allow the
Jiquefied gelatine compound to reset, it is raised by the middle and hooked over
a thick rod or bar attached to the wall of the drying room as is well understood.
The best tissue is thus prepared; but if that of ordinary quality be required, the
coated paper after leaving the dipping roller, may be drawn by the cord, as already
stated, over a roller suspended from the ceiling, or supported by a frame attached
to the wall of the room near the ceiling and immediately over the machine. In
this case the operation of coating is continued until the lath on the end of the
paper has nearly returned to the machine, when the dipping roller is then raised,
the
paper is cut, the coated paper removed, and a new operation commenced.
Where the amount of space employed is not of importance the box may be
dispensed with, and the uprights or supports carrying the rollers as already des-
cribed, may be attached to a simple fraine or table fixed to the floor. In this case
we fix a series of rollers upon a frame attached to the ceiling, or preferably to the
side of the room close to the ceiling, each of which is moved at the same rate by a
gut or cord passing over a pulley on one of the feeding rollers, and then to a
groove on the first of the series of rollers near the ceiling. The second and con-
secutive rollers are made to travel at an equal rate by a similar gut, or other mode
of imparting motion. A piece of American cloth or other suitable material passes
over each roller with a fold hanging nearly to the ground between each.

page_text: The end of the band of paper to be coated is attached to the end of the cloth next
to the machine, so that on turning the handle the cloth draws forward the paper at
one end while it falls to the ground at the other. In this way by continuing the
motion, the cloth is removed from the rollers while the prepared paper takes its
place and is left in this position until perfectly dry. When this has taken place,
one end of the American cloth or other material is attached to the hinder end of
the dry coated paper, when on drawing off the latter the former returns to its
original position and is ready for another operation. In this way the whole side
of a large drying room may be filled with the prepared paper by one man without
assistance.
We find it convenient to substitute for the cord moving the rollers, pulleys, and
the American cloth drawing forward the coated paper, an endless driving chain, or
cord, passing over the driving rollers and pulleys already described, and likewise
over corresponding pulleys without rollers fixed on a frame near the floor.
We further greatly simplify the operations particularly for amateurs and small
consumers of pigment paper in the following manner-We form a number of light
cylinders preferably of oiled paper or paper well varnished with shellac, say three
inches in diameter and of the exact width of the paper to be coated. The ends of
these cylinders may be of cork or light wood with a pivot projecting from the
centre of each end. We attach one end of a sheet of paper to one of these cylinders,
rolling the paper upon it, and to the other end we fix a stout lath. We next
attach to each end of the trough containing the fluid an upright plate, having a
slot in the centre of each, in which the pivots upon the ends of the cylinders freely
roll. Having placed the water bath and trough containing the pigment compound
well skimmed on the ground, we place carefully one of the paper covored
cylinders upon the fluid, the pivots being within the slots. Wo next, by stooping,
take hold of the lath, and we gradually draw by a slow equable motion the paper
upwards, as it rolls off the cylinder coated with the compound. We continue the
operation until the cylinder itself is lifted from the compound, and after allowing
this to drip for some little time to prevent waste, we hang up the prepared sheet of
pigment as usual to become dry, and proceed again to forin another sheet with
another paper covered cylinder.
It is difficult to obtain good and equally coated tissue by this method unless by
the employment of great care and dexterity.
We prefer to modify the operation in the following manner :-We form cylinders
of thin papier maché, thin sheet metal, or other suitable material. We roll upon it
sufficient paper for at least one day's consumption, and we mount the cylinder upon
the arms of the balanced swinging frame carrying the dipping roller and imine-
diately over it.
When we require to make tissue in the horizontal method wo remove the stock
roller but retain the feeding rollers to draw the string, and wo operate exactly as
before.
When ordinary tissue is required, and when the rollers suspended from the ceiling
are used, we may replace the pair of feeding rollers with advantage by a light shaft
carrying a pulley, over which a gut or cord passes to give motion to the upper
rollers as described above.
We have supposed in the preceding description that the motive power is the hand,
but, as is well understood, mechanical power replaces it with advantage. We prefer
however to both methods to give motion to the mechanism by means of a falling
weight, the rate of descent of which is regulated by a fly like that of the striking
mechanism of an ordinary clock, but of which the plane of the blades or arms can
be set at any angle between the horizontal and perpendicular, so as to modify the
resistance to the air.
And in order that our said Invention may be more clearly understood and
readily carried into effect, we will proceed, aided by the accompanying Drawings,
more fully to describe the same.

page_text: DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS.
The portable machine is represented on Sheet 1 of the accompanying Drawings,
of which Figure 1 is a longitudinal section of the room in which the machine is
supposed to be placed; Figure 2 is a side view, and Figure 3 a plan of the machino.
Similar letters of reference indicate like parts in all the Figures.
A, A, represent the box or packing case to contain the folded or packed machine,
and serving as framing for the same; B, B, a frame with two curved sides carrying
the stock roller C, C; D, the upper feeding roller; E, the lower feeding roller; F is.
the lower swinging frame fixed upon the arbor of the lower feeding roller E; G is
the dipping roller supported in the two cheeks H, H, maintained in a vertical
position by the upper metal swinging frame I, I, which is supported on the arbor
of the upper feeding roller D, D; K is the metal frame fixed to the lower swinging
frame and carrying the arm and adjustable counterpoise L to balance the swinging
frames and their appendages. If this balance weight be carefully adjusted the
dipping roller G may be made to float on the surface of the dense pigment compound
contained in the trough M, and kept liquid by the water bath N. We prefer
however to make the counterpoise to overbalance the swinging frame and
appendages, on the outer end of which we fix, by means of a hinge, the metal hook
and handle O, O, taking and holding into the teeth of the rack P which is fixed
upon the outer case of the water bath; Q is the screw shaft which gives motion to
the feeding roller E, and to the endless cord or strap h when working horizontally,
and to the endless cord or strap r when working vertically.
R, R, represent a worm or screw and a tangent wheel which transmit motion from
the hand to the machine, but when power is used a pulley is of course substituted
for the worm and tanget wheel; S is the hot plate for liquefying the gelatine
compound; T is the table for receiving the paper after leaving the hot plate S;
U, U, are the pulloys fixed to the back wall of the room to receive the endless cords
and enable them to return to the machine.
The above is the form of apparatus employed for preparing the best tissue, that
is to say, that in which the gelatinous pigment compound is liquefied a second
time.
At Figure 3 we have also represented an improved mode of working vertically,
so that a room may be filled, if desired, with the cooled tissue. In this case V, V,
represent rollers running on pivots in bearings fixed upon a frame running the whole
length of the room, or such portions thereof as may be required; V₁ are corresponding
pulleys over which the endless chain or band passes.
The mode of working will be understood on reference to the Drawings. The
paper is led by a lath hooked to the endless cord over the upper rollers, upon which
it is supported, thence to the pulleys on the frame near the ground, over which
pulleys the hooks and cords enable the lath to pass, and as there is no lower roller,
and the paper is shorter than the lath, the paper makes a fold without
touching the pulleys, and returns to the consecutive roller above to be again sup-
ported and allowed to descend and fold until the room or space required has been
filled.
We have above described a portable machine as serving to coat the paper, but it
will be obvious that when a considerable quantity of the coated paper is required
daily, that the various parts of the machine will be mounted upon rigidly fixed
uprights or frames, which may, if desired, support the frame carrying the upper
rollers and that carrying the pulleys below.
On Sheet 2, Figures 1, 2, and 3 represent the fixed frame fitted to carry the
various parts of the machine above described, with the modifications referred to in
the general description; and Figures 4 and 5 show detail views of the regulating fly,
and means for giving motion thereto.
The roller C, supplementing the use of the stock roller C, is shown immediately
over the dipping rollers G, G. a, a, are the endless chains, with a weight b attached

page_text: to give motion to the roller c, over which a web of oilcloth d, d, is passed. The
wheels, as shown in the Drawings, over which the chains supporting the weight pass
are smaller in diameter than the roller c, so that the fall of the weight may coat
nearly double its length of paper; but when smaller sheets or bands suffice, the
diameter of the wheels may be larger, and indeed equal in diameter to that of the
roller c.
In this case the endless cloth may be dispensed with, the chain itself
serving to lead the paper upon the pulley.
Having thus described the nature of our said Invention, and the mode in which
we carry the same into effect, we would have it understood that what we
claim is,
-
First. The general arrangement and combination of apparatus for manufacturing
"carbon tissue" or "pigment paper," whether portable, as represented on Sheet 1, or
fixed upon rigid supports, as described.
Secondly. We claim the swinging frame or frames and appendages for supporting
and manipulating the dipping roller in order to bring the surface of the paper into
proper contact with the surface of the pigment compound, so that it may become
duly coated therewith, substantially as herein shown and described.
Thirdly. We claim the peculiar arrangement of the endless cords or chains, and
the pulleys and rollers for guiding the same, for the purpose of suspending auto-
matically in the drying room the coated paper or tissue.
And, Fourthly. We claim the arrangement shown in Figure 2, whereby a falling
weight regulated by a fly or governor is caused to give motion to the machine for
coating a sheet of paper with the pigment compound, substantially as herein shown
and described.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Robert Johnson, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Eighteenth day of November, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and seventy-eight.