Improvements in Bleaching and Discoloration.
Year: 1893

page_text: Date of Application, 25th Jan., 1893
Complete Specification Left, 7th Nov., 1893-Accepted, 20th Jan., 1894
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Bleaching and Discoloration.
We JOHN CLAPHAM of 19 St. Paul's Road Manningham, Bradford in the
County of York Stuff Merchant JULES PICARD of 45 Rue D'Aboukir Paris Hat
Manufacturer, CYPRIEN VILLEDIEN of 4 Rue Charlet, Paris, Chemist and
WALTER WILLIAM LANCASTER LISHMAN of 36 Washington Street, Girlington
Bradford in the County of York Pattern Dyer, do hereby declare the nature of this
invention to be as follows:-
This invention relates to bleaching and discoloring or to the partial bleaching or
partial discharge of color from any vegetable or animal fibres, noils, yarns
or pieces, by means of the processes or operations and ingredients hereinafter set
forth.
The following may be wholly or partially bleached as desired.
1. Cotton in the raw or manufactured state]
2. Linen
"
3. Flax
"
"
"
"
ور
4. Hemp
"
وو
"
Such as
noils yarns
5. Jute
"
"
"
and pieces.
6. Grasses
7. Straws
"
"
8. Paper, pulp, such as rag pulp, straw pulp, wood pulp.
9. Silk in the raw or manufactured state
10 Wool
Such as
noils yarns
""
"
"
"
proceed in the following manner.
After any, or all of the substances or materials mentioned under 1. 2. 3. 4 have
been saturated thoroughly by the processes now in vogue in the different dyehouses
and bleach works and which is generally accomplished by treating with boiling water,
or boiling water containing a quantity of alkali such as soda, ash, soda crystal or
the like so as to remove any grease or foreign matter which is capable of being
removed thereby or to soften the same, then after washing, we take any or all of
the materials or substances under operation and pass them for one, two, or more
minutes through a bath which we will call:-
:-
Bath 1, which contains water and a quantity of sulphonated, or soluble oil (as
olein oil) in solution, or a quantity of soap or glycerine or glycerine and soap
combined, or emulsions of oils as desired. The temperature of this bath may be
varied according to the discretion of the bleacher (a suitable strength of solution is
about 5% and temperature from about 30° to 40° centigrade).
After passing through this bath the material is then squeezed or wrung out and
washed in bath which we will call
Bath 2 containing water. It is then passed through

page_text: Bath 3, which is made up of water at variable temperature (a suitable
temperature being 25° to 30° centigrade or thereabouts) and a salt of the
manganates permanganates or other manganese salts of the alkalis or other metals
or alkaline earths as permanganate of potash and soda preferably permanganate of
potash (in quantity sufficient for the quantity or material or substance to be
treated) a little morganic acid as sulphuric acid (vitriol) and an equivalent amount
of alkaline chloride or sulphate as common salt (sodium chloride) Glaubers salt
(sodium sulphate) to the amount of manganate or permanganate as used.
After passing one two or more minutes through this bath it is squeezed or wrung
out and then passed through:
Bath 4 which is made up of water at any temperature from cold to boiling and a
sufficient quantity for amount of material or substance to be treated of any of the
alkaline or metallic sulphites, hyposulphites thiosulphites or bisulphites as sodium
bisulphite, potassium sulphite preferably sodium bisulphite and a little acid (as
vitriol) to facilitate the liberation of sulphurous acid, also a little starch and a little
metallic chloride or sulphate as magnesium sulphate or magnesium chloride (these
two latter are optional) or the bath may be made up of water peroxide of hydrogen
or a metallic peroxide and a little acid. Or the bath may be made up of water
acidulated with a little acid, through which a current of electricity is allowed to pass
or the bath may contain water a little acid and a chlorite of the alkalis or metals as
potassium or sodium chlorite. After being passed one two or more minutes it is
wrung out and washed off by passing through a bath which we will call:-
Bath 5 containing water, it is then squeezed out and passed (should the
bisulphite method have been used) through.
Bath 6, which is made up of water and acid (say sulphuric acid) of a suitable
strength according to nature of material being treated, this is to ensure the liberation
of all the sulphurous acid which may be present after being squeezed out from bath 5
after the washing from bath 4, it is then squeezed or wrung out and passed through
bath 7 which contains water. This is to remove any traces of free acid which may
remain from bath 6.
Should the peroxide or the electrical process have been used it is not necessary to
pass the material or substance through baths 6 and 7. Should the desired result of
shade or quality of white not be obtained the first time this process may be repeated
but it will only in a few cases be found necessary where the substance or material is
of a very dark color.
The material or substance is now finished and may be treated by any means now
in vogue as soaping dyeing spinning winding weaving, drying as desired.
To effect the bleaching of 5 and 6 viz. :-jute and grasses such as China grass we
make the following alteration from the foregoing, namely after the boiling or
saturating process aforesaid we treat the material, or substance in a bath made up
of water say at 40° centigrade temperature and say 5% of bichromate of soda or
potassium and a little acid as vitriol.
This operation on materials 5 and 6 is optional or the process as under 1. 2. 3. 4
is alone followed out.
To effect the bleaching of straws. After the saturating process the straw is
allowed to stand in a bath made up of water say at 15° centigrade and a quantity
sufficient for amount of material taken say 3% of any of the manganates or
permanganates of the metals or alkalis or other manganese salts of the alkalis
metals or alkaline earths and a little acid for say half an hour. It is then squeezed
out and passed into a bath which may be made up of any of the ingredients named
under bath 4 in the process given for 1. 2. 3. 4 (preferably an alkaline chlorite as
sodium chlorite) it is allowed to stand in this bath should the chlorite be used for
several hours.
To effect the bleaching Nos. 9, 10, 11, 12 namely silk wool hairs feathers as
tussah silk organzine silk sheep wool alpaca wool, mohair camel hair ostrich
feathers we proceed as follows.
After passing through the process known in the case of wool and hairs as

page_text: scouring and in the case of silks and feathers as discharging the material or
substances are treated in the same manner as those under 1. 2. 3. 4.
Bath 1, which we term the oil bath made up of water and olein oil or water and
soap, or glycerine or any of the other ingredients aforesaid named under bath 1 at
say 45° to 50° centigrade temperature then passed through
Bath 2. Water to wash off. Then through
Bath 3 which may be composed of water and any of the manganese salts of the
alkalis metals or alkaline earths or oxides of manganese or the manganates or
permanganates of the metals or alkalis and with or without a little acid. If acid
is used preferably an organic acid (as acetic acid). Then through
Bath 4 which in the case of feathers and silk is best cold and in the case of
wools and hair cold to moderately warm made up of water acid and sulphite
bisulphite hyposulphite or thiosulphite of the metals or alkalis or water acid and
peroxide of hydrogen or metallic peroxide as barium peroxide or water and acid
with a current of electricity passing through. Then through
Bath 5 water to wash off. Then through.
Baths 6 and 7 if necessary as described under process given for substances
numbered 1. 2. 3. 4.
In bleaching tussah silk if desired it may be passed through a bath of acid and
bichromate of soda or potash, to reduce some of the colouring principle.
To effect the bleaching of No. 13 sponges we proceed in exactly the same
manner as described for Nos. 9. 10. 11. 12 keeping the temperature of the
baths low.
To effect the bleaching Nos. 14. 15. 16. 17 horn ivory wood leather we proceed
in exactly the same manner, as described under the process given for 9. 10. 11. 12
keeping the temperature low. In the bleaching of these materials the process has
to be repeated to obtain good shades or degrees of whiteness.
To effect the bleaching of No. paper pulps (as rag pulp straw pulp wood
pulp).
After the pulp is made ready to be passed through the bleaching process as
it is made or prepared at present we proceed in exactly the same manner as
described under Nos. 1. 2. 3. 4. making this alteration if desired but which is
optional. We omit baths 1 and 2 and enter the material into bath No. 3 which
we may call the permanganate bath.
The process is then followed out as set forth.
The foregoing processes may be used for discharging of coloring or the
discoloration of matters such as dyes from any of the named substances or
materials. In the case of dyed tissues it is advisable in some cases to treat
with a bath of bichromate of soda or potash with a little acid before proceeding
with the process.
It is also advisable to add a little oxalic acid to bath 4 as
described under Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4 the process being exactly the same as described
under Nos. 1. 2. 3. 4 with the foregoing alterations.
Our object is not only to produce a better or a cheaper white but also to
reduce the risk of "tendering" the material or substance as is run in the present
processes of bleaching and to lessen the amount of labor entailed.
The following is a suitable method and appliances for working the above
materials or substances.
For the material or substances in the natural state, a series of vats bowls or tubs
in the following order provision being made to allow the material or substances
to drain or be squeezed out (according to the style of material being treated as the
case may be) between each.
Bowl or Vat 1.
Bowl or Vat 2.
Bowl or Vat 3.
Boiling water with or without alkali to saturate.
Water to wash off.
Bath 1 under process herein described which we will call the
oil bath and which contains water and oil or the other ingredients named say
5% strength and 30° centigrade.
Ravilan at 1
Roth o
Water to wash off

page_text: Bowl or Vat 5. Bath 3 which we will term the manganate bath containing
water acid and say 5% of any of the salts of manganese such as permanganate of
potash at 25° centigrade.
Bowl or Vat 6. Bath 4. Water cold to boiling as desired containing water
acid starch metallic chloride or sulphate, bisulphite or soda or analogous salts or
water acid and peroxide of hydrogen or metallic peroxide or water acid, with a
current of electricity passing through it or alkine or metallic chlorides water and
a little acid.
Water to wash off.
Bowl or Vat 7.
Bowl or Vat 8.
Bowl or Vat 9.
Bath 5.
Bath 6.
Water and a little acid.
Bath 7.
Water to wash off.
Bowl or Vat 10.
Containing water with soap alkali or other ingredients used
as at present for finishing the different classes of materials.
It will be seen that where it is possible to have each vat or bowl geared together
with a pair of nips or squeezers between each in a continuous line by having the
gearing running the machine so that the speed may be increased or decreased as
desired the process might be made continuous as to go at say a slow speed where
there is a large amount of colouring principle to remove and at a faster speed
where there is not so much coloring principle to remove.
Dated this 24th day of January 1893.
WALTER BRIERLEY,
Penny Bank Chambers, Halifax, Agent for the Applicants.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Bleaching and Discoloration.
We, JOHN CLAPHAM, of 19 St. Paul's Road, Manningham Bradford, in the
County of York, Stuff Merchant JULES PICARD of 45 Rue D'Abourkir, Paris,
Hat Manufacturer, CYPRIEN VILLEDIEN of 4 Rue Charlet Paris, Chemist, aud
WALTER WILLIAM LANCASTER LISHMAN of 36 Washington Street, Girlington,
Bradford, in the County of York, Pattern Dyer, do hereby declare the nature of
this invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly
described and ascertained in and by the following statement :-
This invention relates to bleaching and discoloring, and to the partial bleaching
or partial discharge of colour from any vegetable or animal fibres noils yarns or
piece, by means of the processes or operations and ingredients hereinafter set
forth.
The following may be wholly or partially bleached as desired.

page_text: To effect the bleaching of 1. 2. 3. 4 namely cotton, linen, flax and hemp, we
proceed in the following manner.
The substances or materials mentioned under 1. 2. 3. 4 are first saturated
thoroughly by the processes now in vogue in the different dye-houses and bleach-
works, and which is generally accomplished by treating with boiling water or
boiling water containing a quantity of alkali such as soda ash, soda crystals, or the
like, so as to remove any grease or foreign matter which is capable of being
removed thereby or to soften the same. Of such processes we would strongly
recommend.
Keir boiling whenever possible as that principle of boiling ensures the removal
of grease and foreign matter, the removal of which not only allows greater brilliancy
of white to be produced, but also reduces the quantity of ingredients used in this
Then after
process, and therefore also the cost is reduced at the same time.
washing we take any or all the materials or substances under operation and pass
them for one, two, or more minutes through a bath which we will call
Bath 1, which contains water and a quantity of sulphonated or soluble oil (as
olein oil) (and which it is preferable to have on the acid side, this may be
produced by adding if required a little acid, sulphuric acid preferred to the bath)
or a quantity of soap or glycerine or glycerine and soup combined or glucose or
glucose and soap.
The temperature of this bath may be varied according to the
discretion of the bleacher. Under ordinary circumstances a suitable strength
of solution is from 1% to 5% and temperature from cold to about 30° to
40° centigrade.
After passing through this bath the desired length of time (for which we find
to 1. 2 or more minutes for cotton, and 1. 2 or more minutes for linen flax and
hemp according to the thickness of the material or substance being treated is
suitable,) the material or substance is then squeezed or wrung out and washed in a
bath which we will call
Bath 2 containing water, and when sulphonated oil has been used, it is better also
to add a little acid to the water to acidulate slightly, it is then squeezed or wrung
out and then passed through
Bath 3, which is made up of water at variable temperature (a suitable temperature
being 25° to 30° centigrade or thereabouts for cotton, while for linen flax and hemp
it is better to keep cooler, say cold to 10° centigrade) and a manganate or per-
manganate salt, as permanganate of potash or soda, preferably permanganate of
potash in quantity sufficient for the quantity of the material or substance to be
treated. The material or substance to be bleached should if possible be kept slowly
on the move to allow the bath to be kept at a standard strength, by adding from
A very
time to time the amount of manganate or permanganate requisite for same.
suitable strength of solution is a 1% solution, and a little inorganic acid as
sulphuric acid, and an amount of alkaline chloride or sulphate such as common salt
(sodium chloride) Glaubers salt (sodium sulphate) equal to about half the weight of
the manganate or permanganate used, to check the oxidising action of the
manganate salt may with advantage be added. After passing one, two, or more
minutes through this bath, or until the material or substance has assumed a dark
brown colour, it is squeezed or wrung out, then passed through a bath which we
will call
Bath 34, containing water to which a little acid has been added (preferably the
same acid as used in bath 3, to acidulate) it is then squeezed or wrung out, and
then passed through
Bath 4, which is made up of water at any temperature from cold to boiling, and
a sufficient quantity for amount of material or substance to be treated of of
any
the alkaline or metallic sulphites, hydrosulphites or bi-sulphites, as ammonium
bi-sulphite, sodium bi-sulphite, potassium sulphite, preferably sodium bi-sulphite,
or ammonium bi-sulphite and a little acid (as vitriol) to facilitate the liberation of
sulphurous acid, also a little starch, and a little metallic chloride or sulphate, as
magnesium sulphate or magnesium chloride or oxalic acid (these three latter are

page_text: optional). The bath may also be made up of water and per-oxide of hydrogen, or
per-oxide of barium, or sodium, or potassium and a little acid, or the bath may be
made up of water acidulated with a little acid and a little salt, through which a
current of electricity is allowed to pass, or the bath may contain water, a little acid
and a chlorite of the alkalis or metals, as potassium or sodium chlorite, or the
bath may be made up of water, a little acid, and hydrosulphite of the alkalis or
metals. After being passed one, two, or more minutes, or until the white has been
produced, it is wrung out and washed off by passing through a bath, which we
will call
Bath 5, containing water, it is then squeezed out and passed (should the
bi-sulphite hydrosulphite or chlorite method have been used) through
Bath 6, which is made up of water and acid, say sulphuric acid (or preferably
for some fibres, hydrochloric acid, oxalic or acetic acids) of a suitable strength
according to nature of the material being treated. This is to insure the liberation
of the sulphurous or chlorous acids, which may be present. After being squeezed
out from bath 5 after washing from bath 4, it is then squeezed or wrung out, and
passed throngh
Bath 7, which contains water, this to remove any trace of free acid which
may remain from bath 6. Should the peroxide or electrical process have been
used, it is not necessary to pass the material or substance through baths 6 and 7.
Should the desired shade or quality of white not be obtained the first time, this
process may be repeated, but it will only in a few cases be found necessary where
the substance or material is of a very dark colour. The material or substance is
now finished, and may be treated by any means now in vogue, as soaping, drying,
spinning, winding, weaving, dyeing, as desired.
To effect the bleaching of 5 and 6, that is jute and grasses such as China grasses,
we may make the following alterations from the foregoing, namely After the
boiling or saturating process aforesaid, we treat the material or substance in a bath
made up of water, say at 40° centigrade temperature, and say a 5% of bi-chromate
of soda or potassiuin and a little acid or vitriol (or the process under 1. 2 3. 4 is
alone followed out). Before drying, in the case of 5 and 6, also 1. 2. 3. 4, a distinct
advantage is gained, especially if the material is in the raw or unmanufactured
state, by passing through a bath which we will call
Bath 8, containing water and a quantity of, say 1% to 3%, of olein or soluble
oil, (in this case it is preferable to have the solution neutral), this bath makes the
material or substance more easy to work up.
To effect the bleaching of Number 7, straws after the saturating process the
straw is allowed to stand in a bath made up of water, say at 15° centigrade, and a
quantity sufficient for amount of material taken, say 3% of any of the manganates
or permanganates of the metals, a little acid for say half an hour. It is then
squeezed out, washed in a bath with water acidulated with a little acid as named
under bath 34, and then squeezed out and passed into a bath which may be made
up of any of the ingredients named under bath 4 in the process given for 1. 23
and 4 (preferably an alkaline chlorite, such as sodium hypochlorite) it is allowed
to stand in this bath several hours or until the white is produced, then treated
as 1. 2. 3. 4 through bath 5. 6 and 7.
To effect bleaching of Numbers 9. 10. 11. 12, namely silk, wool, hairs, and
feathers, as tussah silks, organzine silks, sheeps wool, alpaca wool, mohair, camel
hair, ostrich feathers, we proceed as follows:-
After passing through the process known in the case of wool and hairs as
scouring, and in the case of silks and feathers as discharging, the material or
substances are treated in the following baths-
Bath 1 which we term the oil bath made up of water and olein oil, or water and
soap or glycerine, or any of the other ingredients aforesaid named under bath 1, at
say 45° to 50° centigrade, or cooler preferably at say 20° centigrade temperature.
Then passed through

page_text: Bath 2. Water to wash off to which a little acid has been added should olein oil
have been used. Then through for a short time
Bath 3, which may be composed of water and any of the manganese salts of the
alkalio metals or alkaline earths or oxides of manganese, or the manganates or per-
If acid is used.
manganate of the metals, and with or without a little acid.
preferably an organic acid (as acetic acid). It is then squeezed or wrung out and
passed through slightly acidulated water to wash off, then squeezed or wrung out,
and then through
Bath 4, which in the case of feathers and silk is best cold, and in the case of
wool and hair cold to moderately warm, say 20° centigrade, preferably cold made
up of water, acid, and sulphite, bi-sulphite or hydro-sulphite of the metals, or
alkalis, or water, acid, and peroxide of hydrogen, barium, sodium or potassium,
peroxide or water and acid and salt with a current of electricity passing through
either bi-sulphite of ammonia, or peroxide of hydrogen most suitable, then through
Bath 5. Water to wash off, then through
Baths 6 and 7. if necessary as described under process given for substances
numbered 1. 2. 3. 4.
.
In bleaching tussah silk, if desired it may be passed through a bath of acid and
bichromate of soda, or potash, to reduce some of the colouring principle.
In the production of certain tints of white, this is accomplished by passing the
substance or material through a bath containing a little blue such as are used to-day
in the sulphur process, as neutral extract of indigo, indigo carmine &c. This bath
may be inserted after bath 1 or bath 3, or if after bath 3 should too much blue
have been used, if the substance or material be passed again through bath 3
rapidly, before entering 3 and 4, it is thereby reduced.
To effect the bleaching of Number 13, sponges, we proceed in exactly the same
manner as described for 9. 10. 11. 12, keeping the temperature of the baths low.
To effect the bleaching of Numbers 14. 15. 16. 17. horn, ivory, wood, leather, we
proceed in exactly the same manner as described under the process given for 9. 10.
11. 12 keeping the temperature low. In the bleaching of these materials, the
process has to be repeated to obtain good shades or degrees of whiteness.
To effect the bleaching of Number 8, paper pulp (as rag pulp, straw pulp, wood
pulp) after the pulp is made ready to be passed through the bleaching process
as it is made or prepared at present. We proceed in exactly the same manner
as described under Numbers 1. 2. 3. 4, keeping the baths cold to about
10° centigrade.
The foregoing processes may be used for discharging of colouring or the
discolouration of matters such as dyes, from any of the named substances or
materials. In the case of dyed tissues it is advisable in some cases to treat with
a bath of bichromate of soda or potash and a little acid. Before proceeding with
the process, it is also advisable to add a little oxalic acid to bath 4, described under
Numbers 1. 2. 3. 4, the process being exactly the same as described under
Numbers 1. 2. 3. 4 with the foregoing alterations.
Our object is not only to produce a better or a cheaper white, but also to reduce
the risk of tendering the material or substance as is run in the present process of
bleaching and also lessen the amount of labour entailed.
The following methods and appliances are suitable for working the above
materials or substances-
For the materials or substances in the natural state, a series of vats, bowls, or
tubs in the following order, provision being made to allow the material or substance
to drain or be squeezed out (according to the style of the material being treated as
the case may be) between each-
Bowl or Vat 1.
Bowl or Vat 2.
Bowl or Vat 3.
Boiling water with or without alkali to saturate.
Water to wash off.
Bath 1. under process herein described which we will call the
oil bath and which contains water and oil, or the other ingredients named, say 1°
to 5% strength and temperature cold to 30° centigrade.

page_text: Bowl or Vat 4.
Bowl or Vat 5.
Bath 2.
Water to wash off with a little acid to acidulate.
Bath 3, which we will call the manganese bath, containing
water, acid, and say 1% to 5% of any of the salts of manganese, such as
permanganate of potash at 25° centigrade.
Bowl or Vat 6.
Bath 3^. Water to wash off, acidulated slightly.
Bowl or Vat 7. Bath 4. Water cold to boiling as desired, containing water,
acid, starch, metallic chloride or sulphite, bi-sulphite or hydro-sulphite of soda, or
water, acid, peroxide of hydrogen, or metallic peroxide, or water, acid, and a little
salt, with a current of electricity passing through it, or alkaline or metallic chlorite,
water, and a little acid, or a mixture of two or more of the above.
Bowl or Vat 8.
Bowl or Vat 9.
Bath 5.
Bath 6.
Bowl or Vat 10.
Bath 7.
Water to wash off..
Water and a little acid.
Water to wash off.
Bowl or Vat 11. Bath 8.
Water containing a little olein oil or other
ingredients named under bath 8 in process for Numbers 1. 2. 3. 4.
Bowl or Vat 12. Containing water, with soap, alkali, or other ingredients used
as at present for finishing the different classes of materials.
It will be seen that where it is possible to have each vat or bowl geared together
with a pair of nips or squeezers between each in a continuous line. By having the
gearing running the machine, so that the speed may be increased or decreased as
desired, the process might be made continuous as to go at, say-a slow speed where
a large amount of colouring principle is to be removed, and at a faster speed where
there is not as much colouring principle to be removed..
It will be seen that the main characteristic features of our invention are in the
preliminary treatment of the material to be bleached, of a sulponated or soluble
oil, such for example as olein oil. This substance employed in such a manner as is
described herein, has a very remarkable protective action, by which the fibre sub-
mitted to treatment is preserved from the destructive power of the oxidizing agent
while at the same time the natural colour, or the colouring matter with which the
fibre is strained can be freely oxidized, and it also acts as a mordant by which fibres
such as herein referred to are enabled to take up a larger quantity of permanganate
of potash than it otherwise could absorb. Thus the bleaching agent is enabled to
reach the innermost parts of the fibre, and to operate upon the colouring matter in
situations in which it would without this preliminary treatment, be comparatively
inacessible by which means the bleaching operation is facilitated, while at the same
time the protective action of the oil defends the fibre itself from structural injury.
Furthermore, by confining the action of the permanganate to the colouring matters,
this oil effects an appreciable economy of the bleaching agent.
In the general
expression sulphonated or soluble oil, we include the re-agents glycerine and soap
and mixtures of these, or glucose or glycerine or glucose and soap, which give
results similar to those herein more particularly ascribed to olein oil.
The remaining steps of the process hereinbefore described are mainly directed to
the two following ends.
(a.) To the reduction of the manganates, permanganates, &c. employed in the
process, by the processes herein described, into "colourless" and also as far as
possible soluble salts, such as the sulphates of ammonium, sodium, potassium &c.
which salts will thereby be rendered capable of removal by washing &c.
(b.) The extraction of such constituents, for example manganese as may be
profitably recovered from the residual solution.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of our said inven-
tion, and in what manner the same is to be performed, we declare that what we
claim is
1. The improvements in bleaching and discoloration of fibres, piece goods, and
materials herein described, wherein the protective effect of sulphonated or soluble
oil, glycerine, glucose, or soap is utilized substantially as set forth.

page_text: 2. In bleaching or discoloration of fibres, piece goods, and materials, such as
herein referred to, the use of baths 1. 3. 4. 5 substantially as herein set forth.
3. In bleaching or discoloration of fibres, piece goods, and materials such as
herein referred to, the use of the baths 1. 3. 3. 4. 5 substantially as herein set
forth.
4. In bleaching or discoloration of fibres, piece goods, and materials, such as
herein referred to, the use of baths 1. 2. 3. 4. 5 substantially as herein set forth.
5. In bleaching or discoloration of fibres, piece goods, and materials, such as
herein referred to, the use of baths 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8 substantially as herein set
forth.
6. In bleaching or discoloration of fibres, piece goods and materials such as
herein referred to, the use of baths 1. 3. 3 4. 5. 6. 7. 8 substantially as herein set
forth.
7. In bleaching or discoloration of fibres piece goods and materials such as
herein referred to, the use of baths 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6 and 7, substantially as herein set
forth.
Dated this 6th day of November 1893.
WALTER BRIERLEY,
Penny Bank Chambers, Halifax, Agent for the Applicants.