IMPROVEMENTS IN THE VENTILATION AND SUPPLY OF AIR TO HOUSES, ROOMS, AND OTHER PLACES, AND IN APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING AND REGULATING SUCH VENTILATION AND SUPPLY OF AIR."
Year: 1879

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Fisher, of 40, Southampton Buildings, in the County
of Middlesex, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE VENTILATION AND
SUPPLY OF AIR TO HOUSES, ROOMS, AND OTHER PLACES, AND IN APPARATUS
FOR PRODUCING AND REGULATING SUCH VENTILATION AND SUPPLY OF AIR."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Fisher at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents on the 29th October 1879.
JOHN FISHER, of 40, Southampton Buildings, in the County of Middlesex.
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE VENTILATION AND SUPPLY OF AIR TO HOUSES, ROOMS, AND
OTHER PLACES, AND IN APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING AND REGULATING SUCH VENTI-
LATION AND SUPPLY OF AIR."
My Invention has for its objects improved methods of ventilating and supplying
fresh air to bed chambers and other rooms, or to other places, such as the cabins of
steam or other vessels, where a constant supply of fresh air is desirable. It consists
partly of improved methods of supplying fresh air to such localities automatically
at intervals as the air already contained in them becomes deteriorated by breathing
or other causes, and secondly, of improved apparatus for carrying out and putting
in operation such improved methods of supplying fresh air.
My Invention is applicable to a great variety of localities and circumstances, but
in describing it I will first suppose that it is to be applied to a bed chamber, the
air in which becomes gradually deteriorated by being breathed by the persons
occupying it.
In such a chamber the method ordinarily made use of for changing the air by
the gradual removal of that which becomes impure and the substitution for it of a
fresh supply consists in the application of some method of natural ventilation, in
which the difference in weight between a warm and consequently expanded column
of the air, which having been breathed is deteriorated, and an incoming column of
colder and purer air, utilized to cause a constant change and current, the latter
cool air replacing in the room the former warm air.

page_text: In order however to make effectual use of this system it is necessary that
openings of sufficient size to allow the passage of considerable volumes of air should
be provided both for the incoming and effluent air, and also in order that it may be
really effective that the contaminated escaping air should be so heated as to be
very considerably increased in volume and reduced in weight. This necessitates
the use of a fire in the room and, as a usual result, the passage of volumes of air very
much larger than are really required, and under any circumstances the inconvenience
and danger to health of draughts and cross currents of cold air are incurred.
Moreover, it is rarely the case that proper provision is made respecting the source
from which the supply of fresh air is obtained, and it commonly happens that it is
either admitted through an open window, in which case, in cold weather, the
supply is injurious to health, or it is allowed to enter the room through crevices or
cracks in and under the doors of the room, and thus is obtained from the interior
of the house and not unfrequently from the neighbourhood of water-closets or
other sources of contamination, which cause the air so supplied to be little or no
better than that which it is to expel and be substituted for; whilst if damp exists,
as is often the case, in the cellars or lower parts of the house, such damp is likely
to rise and affect the air which supplies the rooms.
Further, under such systems of so called ventilation, no provision is made for
altering the character of the air admitted, warming it, for example, in winter,
cooling it in summer, drying or moistening it as circumstances may require.
By my improved system I admit into the chamber at regular intervals, the
space between which may be lengthened or reduced as desired, a certain quantity
capable of variation, of air obtained from the purest available source, supplied in
the most suitable position and distributed gently and quietly without noise or
draughts, and capable of being warmed or cooled, dried or moistened, or treated in
some cases with antiseptic or therapeutic vapours, or gases, or indeed having its
character altered as may be desired by the substitution or addition to the normal
constituents of other gases or materials.
The apparatus, hereinafter described, by which I put in operation my improved
system is simple, cheap, effective, and capable of very ready application to the
purposes described.
Where my improved system and apparatus is to be applied to a bed chamber I
make the doors and windows, and other openings into such chamber close as
nearly air tight as is conveniently possible, and I provide, preferably near the
ceiling, one or more openings communicating with a chimney or ventilating pipe,
the open air, or other place into which the impure air from the room is to be
discharged, and I prefer, although it is not absolutely necessary, that such openings
should be provided with light valves or covers opening outward for the purpose of
preventing the possible return into the room of any of the impure expelled air.
The air so escaping may be made to pass through filtering apparatus, or beds of
charcoal, or other purifying agents, by which it is more or less purified before
escaping into the open air, and thus, especially in populous places, the contamination
of the external air is prevented.
Into the room so fitted I conduct a suitable pipe of metal or other suitable
material not affected by air, such, for instance, as metal or gutta percha, and of
sufficient diameter for the introduction of pure air when necessary into the room.
This pipe may be concealed under the floor or behind the walls of the room, and
I bring its inner open end into a position at or near the floor where the current of
effluent air will be best perceptible, preferably, in the case of a bedroom for
instance, at the floor under the bed. I provide the open end of the pipe with a
finely perforated cover, or with wire gauze, or cotton wool, or pulverized charcoal,
through which the air gently escapes into the room.
The other end of the pipe I convey to any convenient position either in or
outside the house, where I connect it to the discharge pipe of a revolving fan or
blowing apparatus of any of the ordinary well known kinds.

page_text: The inlet or supply pipe by which the air is brought to such fan or blowing
apparatus I bring from the most convenient point in the locality for obtaining a
supply of pure air, and I prefer to cover its open end at such point with a
perforated cover or filtering apparatus, such as those already described, by which
extraneous substances are prevented prom entering it:
In order to set the fan or blowing apparatus in operation when it is required
that a supply of fresh air shall be admitted to the chamber I connect it to
apparatus constructed and arranged as follows:-I take clockwork arranged in a
suitable framework and actuated by a sufficiently powerful spring, or preferably by
a weight. The clock work is constructed with multiplying wheels so that it drives
with considerable speed one of the axles or arbors which itself forms part of, or is
connected to the axis of the fan or blowing apparatus already described.
If therefore the clock work is released so that the wheels are made to revolve by
the action of the weight the fan is set in motion and propels a current of fresh air
along the discharge pipe connected with it and into the chamber, and the quantity
of air so propelled into the chamber is dependent upon the number and speed of
the revolutions of the fan, which can be varied as desired, whilst the quantity of
such air propelled into the chamber in any given space of time will depend upon
the number of times the clockwork is set in operation during such time, which
number may be also varied as desired.
In order to release the clock work at intervals I arrange a detent in connection
with one of its wheels in such a manner that when the detent is released the
clock work causes a certain number of revolutions of the fan, after which the detent
comes again into operation and stops for a time all further movement.
To the detent I connect an ordinary clock in such a manner that one or more
pins upon the hour wheel or one of its other wheels operate at regular intervals of
time upon the detent and by its means set in operation for a certain length of time,
and at corresponding intervals the fan or blowing apparatus. A special clock for
the purpose described is not necessary, as any ordinary clock may be used and may
be also utilized in the usual way as a time piece.
The operation of the apparatus constructed and arranged as described is,
therefore, as follows:-The weight connected with the clockwork and fan being
wound up during the day, the clock work being so adjusted that every time it is
set in operation it causes a certain quantity of fresh air to be delivered by the fan,
and the clock being adjusted so that it releases the detent the desired number of
times in, say, one hour, the chamber may be occupied as usual, and its apertures all
closed.
When a sufficient time has elapsed so that it is desirable that a certain quantity
of contaminated and warm air which has accumulated at the top of the room should
be expelled and fresh air substituted for it, the clock releases the. detent, the
clockwork and fan are set in motion for a certain space of time, and a volume of
pure air is forced by the latter through the pipe into the chamber, where it
disperses itself quietly, imperceptibly, and without draught, a corresponding
quantity of the impure air being forced out through the escape apertures or valves
at the top of the room.
The consumption of the fresh air thus admitted then goes on, and when a sufficient
interval of time has again elapsed for it in its turn to have become impure, the
clock again releases the detent, and the operations and process are repeated,
and so on as long as the weight continues to operate upon the clockwork and fan,
and the clock continues to go and to actuate the detent.
It will be seen, therefore, that by my improved system and apparatus as
described the ventilation and supply of fresh air to a room is not effected by
accidental and varying circumstances, such as the wind, the greater or less opening
of doors or windows, or by more or less heat in the fire, by which a current is
established, but are absolutely and automatically regular and uniform so long as
the apparatus continues in action, whilst at the same time both the quantity of

page_text: fresh air admitted at one operation and the number of times in a given period
that the operation can be repeated, are capable of easy and exact determination
and adjustment. Such increase, reduction, or cessation of the quantity of air
admitted may be readily made adjustable by the occupant of the chamber or other
place if desired. .
The pipe through which the fresh air is forced from the fan, or that through
which the air is brought to the latter may be made to pass through a fire or boiler,
or other heating apparatus for the purpose of beating the air, or it may be made
to pass through refrigerating apparatus, or the air itself may be made to pass in
contact with ice or other cold material for the purpose of cooling it, or it may be
filtered and made to pass through chambers containing trays or layers of powdered
charcoal or other deodorizing or purifying material, the air being made to pass
backward and forward in contact with such material whilst traversing the chamber.
Or it may be passed over chloride of calcium or other moisture absorbing material
for the purpose of drying it. Or the vapour or spray of water, or other therapeutic
or remedial fluid or perfume, may be mixed with the air before it is discharged
into the chamber, or for medical purposes the openings through which the impure air
escapes may be so arranged that the latter can only escape when any desired
pressure has been given to the air in the chamber, the occupant of which therefore
breathes compressed air, or certain proportions of oxygen gas, or other gases or
mixtures of gases, may be mixed with the air before it enters the room.
The apparatus may be made to supply more than one room or chamber through
separate pipes, and adjustable valves or regulators may be arranged upon the
several pipes, so that the quantity of air passing through each may be modified or
adjusted as may be desired, either from the inside or the outside of the several
rooms.
The clock used, as described, may also be utilized to actuate bells or signals by
means of electricity or otherwise, at certain times fixed beforehand, by means of
studs, levers, or contact pieces, fixed or connected to one or other of its wheels.
In foggy weather, or places where the external air is contaminated by smoke or
dirt, rooms or other places may be entirely supplied by my apparatus with air
cleaned and purified before being forced in.
Instead of clockwork actuated by a weight or spring, as above described, for the
purpose of setting in motion the fan or blowing apparatus, I sometimes use an
engine or motor driven by steam, gas, wind, or water, in any of the ways well
understood and practised, such engine or motor either being set in notion at
intervals when desired, and stopped by the action of the clock, or being allowed to
work continually at a slow speed in winding up a weight or spring which actuates
the fan or blowing apparatus, the latter being released at intervals by the action of
the clock as already described. Or in some cases, especially in hot countries, or
where very large chambers or rooms are to be ventilated, I make the action of the
fan or blowing apparatus, and of the motor which drives it continuous, a constant
stream of fresh cool air being therefore introduced into the chamber, and a corre-
sponding quantity of impure warm air being constantly discharged from the latter;
and sometimes I use pumps consisting of cylinders and pistons, or diaphragms, or
other pumping apparatus instead of fans, for the purpose of forcing pure cool air
into the chambers which are to be ventilated.
Apparatus constructed and arranged as above described may be used for with-
drawing impure air from cellars or other places, by means of the inlet pipe, to the
fan or other pumping apparatus, instead of for forcing pure air in the way
'described.
My improved system of ventilation may be applied to railway or other carriages,
in which cases I prefer to drive the fan or blowing apparatus by means of one of
the revolving axles of such carriage.
The air may either be admitted intermittently, as above described, or it may be
forced in continuously whilst the wheels are revolving, and the pipe through which

page_text: it passes may cominunicate with a coil or reservoir heated by the gas or other lamps
by which the carriage is lighted. Or it may be cooled (in hot weather) by ice, or
other refrigerating apparatus, or treated in any other of the methods already
described.
"By my Invention, at small cost and with little trouble, the perfect ventilation of
bedrooms or other places is easily and effectually accomplished, and the evils at
present existing from imperfect or unscientific ventilation are avoided, whilst my
system is applicable to all houses and rooms, whether small or large.
For medical purposes, especially in hospitals, it places in the hands of medical.
men the means of preparing, treating, and imperceptibly, but effectually, supplying
air of any desired quality or pressure, according to the character of the therapeutic
treatment required in each particular case.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed
by the said John Fisher in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 29th April
1880.
JOHN FISHER, of 40, Southampton Buildings, in the County of Middlesex.
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE VENTILATION AND SUPPLY OF AIR TO HOUSES, ROOMS,
AND OTHER PLACES, AND IN, APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING AND REGULATING SUCH
VENTILATION AND SUPPLY OF AIR."
My Invention has for its objects improved methods of ventilating and supplying
fresh air to bed chambers and other rooms, in hospitals or other places, such as the
cabins of steam or other vessels, where a constant supply of fresh air is desirable.
It consists, firstly, of improved methods of supplying fresh air to such localities
automatically at intervals, as the air already contained in thein becomes deteriorated]
by breathing or other causes; and secondly, of improved apparatus for carrying out
and putting in operation such improved methods of supplying fresh air. My
Invention is applicable to a great variety of localities and circumstances, but in
describing it I will first suppose that it is to be applied to a bed chamber, the air in
which becomes gradually deteriorated by being breathed by the persons occupying
it. It may be applied with special advantage to provide pure air in the place of
foggy, smoky, or otherwise unhealthy atmosphere. In such a chamber the method
ordinarily made use of for changing the air by the gradual removal of that which
becomes impure and the substitution for it of a fresh supply, consists in the
application of natural ventilation, in which the difference in weight between a
warm, and consequently expanded, column of the air which having been breathed,
is deteriorated, and an incoining column of colder and purer air, is utilized to cause
a constant change and current, the latter cool air replacing in the room the former
warm air. In order, however, to make effectual use of this system it is necessary
that openings of sufficient size to allow the passage of considerable volumes of air
should be provided both for the incoming and effluent air, and also in order that it
may be really effective, that the contaminated escaping air should be so heated
as to be very considerably increased in volume and reduced in weight. This
necessitates the use of a fire in the room, and, as a usual result, the passage of
volumes of air very much larger than are really required, and under any circumstances
the inconvenience and danger to health of draughts and cross currents of cold air
are incurred, the importance of avoiding or preventing which can scarcely be over-
estimated. Moreover, it is rarely the case that proper provision is made respecting
the source from which the supply of fresh air is obtained, and it commonly happens
that it is either admitted through an open window, in which case, in cold weather,
the supply is injurious to health, or it is allowed to enter the room through crevices
or cracks in and under the doors of the room, and is thus derived from the interior
of the house, and not unfrequently from the neighbourhood of water closets or other
sources of contamination, which cause the air so supplied to be little or no better
than that which it is to expel and be substituted for; whilst, if damp exists, as is
often the case, in the cellars or lower parts of the house, such damp is likely to rise
and affect the air which supplies the rooms.
Further, under such systems of so called ventilation, no provision is made for
altering the character of the air admitted, warming it, for example, in winter, cooling
it in summer, drying or moistening it as circumstances may require.
By my improved system I admit into the chamber at regular intervals, the space
between which may be lengthened or reduced as may be desired, a certain quantity,
capable of variation, of air obtained from the purest available source, supplied in the
most suitable position, and distributed gently and quietly without noise or draught,
and capable of being warmed or cooled, dried or moistened, or treated in some cases
with antiseptic or therapeutic vapours, or gases, or indeed having its character

page_text: modified and altered as may be desired, by the substitution or addition
normal constituents of other gases or materials.
to the
The apparatus hereinafter described by which I put in operation my improved
system, is simple, cheap, economical in use, effective and durable, and capable of
very ready application to the purposes described.
Where my improved system and apparatus are to be applied to a bed chamber, I
make the doors and windows, or other openings into such chamber close, as nearly
air-tight as is conveniently possible, and I provide, preferably near the ceiling, one
or more openings communicating with a chimney or ventilating pipe, the open air,
or other place into which the impure air from the room is to be discharged, and I
prefer, although it is not absolutely necessary, that such openings should be provided
with light valves or covers, opening outward for the purpose of preventing the
possible return into the room of any of the impure expelled air. The air so escaping
may be made to pass through filtering apparatus or beds of charcoal or other
purifying agents, by which it is more or less purified before escaping into the open
air, and thus (especially in populous places) the contamination of the external air is
prevented. Into the room so fitted I conduct a suitable pipe of metal or other
suitable material not affected by air, such, for instance, as metal or gutta percha, or
papier-maché, and of sufficient diameter for the introduction of pure air when
necessary into the room. This pipe may be concealed under the floor or behind the
walls of the room, and I bring its inner open end into a position at or near the floor
where the current of effluent air will be least perceptible, preferably in the case of a
bedroom, for instance, through the floor under the bed. I provide the open end of
the pipe with a finely perforated cover, or with the wire gauze or cotton wool, or
pulverized charcoal, through which the air gently escapes into the room.
The other end of the pipe I convey to any convenient position, either in or out-
side the house, where I connect it to the discharge pipe of a revolving fan or
blowing apparatus of any of the ordinary well known kinds. The inlet or supply
pipe by which the air is brought to such fan or blowing apparatus I bring from
the most convenient point in the locality for obtaining a supply of pure air, and I
prefer to cover its open end at such point with a perforated cover or filtering
apparatus, such as those already described, by which extreneous substances are
prevented from entering it. In order to set the fan or blowing apparatus in
operation when it is required that a supply of fresh air shall be admitted to the
chamber, I connect it to apparatus constructed and arranged as follows:-I take
clockwork arranged in a suitable framework and actuated by a sufficiently
powerful spring, or preferably by a weight. The clockwork is constructed with
multiplying wheels so that it drives with considerable speed one of the axles or
arbors which itself forms part of, or is connected to the axis of the fan or blowing
apparatus already described. If therefore the clockwork is released so that the
wheels are made to revolve by the action of the weight, the fan is set in motion
and propels a current of fresh air along the discharge pipe connected with it, and
into the chamber, and the quantity of air so propelled at any one operation into
the chamber is dependent upon the number and speed of the revolutions of the fan,
which can be varied as desired, whilst the quantity of such air propelled into the
chamber in any given space of time will depend upon the number of times the
clockwork is set in operation during such time, which number may also be varied
as desired. In order to release the clock work at intervals I arrange a detent in
connection with one of its wheels in such manner that when the detent is released
the clock work causes a certain number of revolutions of the fan, after which the
detent comes again into operation and stops for the time all further movement.
To the detent I connect an ordinary clock in such manner that one or more pins
upon the hour wheel, or one of its other wheels, operate at regular intervals of time
upon the detent, and by its means set in operation for a certain length of time and
at corresponding intervals the fan or blowing apparatus. A special clock for the
purpose described is not necessary as any ordinary clock may be used, and may
also be utilized in the usual way as a timepiece.

page_text: The operation of the apparatus constructed and arranged as described is
therefore as follows:-The weight connected with the clockwork and fan being
wound up during the day, the clockwork being so adjusted that every time it is
set in operation it causes a certain desired quantity of fresh air to be delivered by
the fan, and the clock being adjusted so that it releases the detent, the desired
number of times in, say, one hour, the chamber may be occupied as usual, and its
apertures all closed. When a sufficient time has elapsed so that it is desirable that
a certain quantity of contaminated and warm air which has accumulated at the
top of the room should be expelled and fresh air substituted for it, the clock
releases the detent, the clockwork and fan are set in motion for a certain space of
time, and a volume of pure air is forced by the latter through the pipe into the
chamber, where it diffuses itself quietly, imperceptibly, and without draught,
a corresponding quantity of the impure air being forced out through the escape
apertures or valves at the top of the room. The consumption of the fresh air thus
admitted then goes on, and when a sufficient interval of time has again elapsed for
it in its turn to have become impure, which will vary according to the size of the
room, and the number of persons using it, the clock again releases the detent, and
the operations and process described are repeated, and so on as long as the weight
continues to operate upon the clockwork and fan, and the clock continues to go
and to actuate the detent. It will be seen therefore that by my improved system
and apparatus as described the ventilation and supply of fresh air to a room are
not affected by accidental and varying circumstances, such as the wind, the
greater or less opening of doors or windows, or by more or less heat in the
fire by which a current is established, but are absolutely and automatically
regular and uniform so long as the apparatus continues in action, whilst at
the same time both the quantity of fresh air admitted at one operation, and
the number of times in a given period that the operation can be repeated,
are capable of easy and exact determination and adjustment. Such increase,
reduction, or cessation of the quantity of air admitted may be readily inade
adjustable by the occupant of the chamber or other place if desired. The pipe
through which the fresh air is forced from the fan, or that through which the
air is brought to the latter may be made to pass through a fire or boiler or other
heating apparatus for the purpose of warming the air, or it may be made to pass
through refrigerating apparatus, or the air itself may be made to pass in contact
with ice or other cold material for the purpose of cooling it, or it may be filtered
and made to pass through chambers containing trays or layers of powdered charcoal
or other deodorizing or purifying material, the air being made to pass backward
and forward in contact with such material whilst traversing the chamber; or it
may be passed over chloride of calcium or other moisture-absorbing material for the
purpose of drying it. Or the vapour, or spray of water, or other therapeutic or
remedial fluid or perfume may be mixed with the air before it is discharged into
the chamber; or for medical purposes the openings through which the impure air
escapes may be so arranged that the latter can only escape when any desired
pressure has been given to the air in the chamber, the occupant of which therefore
breathes compressed air; or certain proportions of oxygen gas or other gases or
mixtures of gases may be mixed with the air before it enters the rooin.
apparatus may be made to supply more than one room or chamber through separate
pipes, and adjustable valves or regulators may be arranged upon the several pipes,
so that the quantity of air passing through each may be modified or adjusted as
may be desired, either from the inside or the outside of the several rooms. The
clock used, as described, may also be utilized to actuate bells or signals by means
of electricity or otherwise at certain times fixed beforehand by means of studs,
levers, or contact pieces fixed or connected to one or other of its wheels. In foggy
weather, or places where the external air is contaminated by smoke or dirt, rooms
or other places may be entirely supplied by my apparatus with air cleansed and
purified before being forced in. Instead of clockwork actuated by a weight or
spring, as above described, for the purpose of setting in motion the fan or blowing
The

page_text: apparatus, I sometimes use an engine or motor driven by steam, gas, or wind in
any of the ways well understood and practised, such engine or motor either being set
in motion at intervals when desired and stopped by the action of the clock, or being
allowed to work continually at a slow speed in winding up a weight or spring
which actuates the fan or blowing apparatus, the latter being released at intervals
by the action of the clock, as already described. If an engine worked by gas is
used its cylinder may be provided. with a casing, through which the current of air
passes and is warmed. In some cases, especially in hot countries or where very
large chambers or roonis are to be ventilated, I make the action of the fan or
blowing apparatus and of the motor which drives it continuous, a constant stream
of fresh cool air being therefore introduced into the chamber, and a corresponding
quantity of impure warm air being constantly discharged from the latter, and
sometimes I use pumps consisting of cylinders and pistons or diaphragms or other
pumping apparatus, instead of fans, for the purpose of forcing pure cool air into the
chambers which are to be ventilated.
it
My improved system of ventilation may be applied to railway or other carriages,
in which cases I prefer to drive the fan or blowing apparatus by. means of one of
the revolving axles of such carriage. The air may either be admitted intermittently,
as above described, or it may be forced in continuously whilst the wheels are
revolving, and the pipe through which it passes may communicate with a coil or
reservoir heated by the gas or other lamps by which the carriages are lighted; or
may be cooled (in hot weather) by ice or other refrigerating apparatus, or treated
in any other of the methods already described. By my Invention, at small cost
and with little trouble, the perfect ventilation of bedrooms or other places is
easily and effectually accomplished, and the evils at present existing from imperfect
or unscientific ventilation are avoided, whilst my system is applicable to all houses
and rooms, whether small or large. For medical purposes, especially in hospitals,
it places in the hands of medical men the means of preparing, treating, and imper-
ceptibly but effectually supplying air of any desired quality or pressure according
to the character of the therapeutic treatment required in each particular case.
Having now described my Invention, and the manner in which it is to be
performed, I claim, the method of introducing fresh air intermittently into chambers
or other places which are to be ventilated, substantially as herein described. Also,
the method of actuating a fan or pump intermittently by means of clockwork,
steam, wind, or gas engine, for the purpose of so introducing fresh air, substantially
as herein described. Also, the method of connecting such clockwork, steam engine,
wind engine, or gas engine to an ordinary clock or timepiece, for the purpose of
setting the fan or pump in operation at any desired intervals of time, substantially
as herein described. Also, the combination with such fans or pumps so arranged to
operate intermittently, of the appliances for warming, cooling, drying, moistening,
scenting, or otherwise treating the air so introduced into chambers or other places,
substantially as and for the purposes herein described.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Fisher, have hereunto set my hand and
seal, this 29th day of April, in the year of our Lord 1880.
JOHN FISHER. (L.S.)