IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF BRUSHES AND IN APPARATUS TO BE USED IN SUCII MANUFACTURE
Year: 1881

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to George Julius Beissbarth, of Snow Hill, in the City of
London, for an Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF
BRUSHES AND IN APPARATUS TO BE USED IN SUCII MANUFACTURE."
A communication from abroad by John Matthew Beissbarth, of Nuremberg,
f Davin and ouman Emmin
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said George Julius Beissbarth at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 30th December 1881.
GEORGE JULIUS BEISSBARTH of Snow Hill in the City of London. "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF BRUSHES AND IN APPARATUS TO BE USED
IN SUCH MANUFACTURE." [A communication from abroad by John Matthew
Beissbarth, of Nuremberg, in the Kingdom of Bavaria and German Empire.]
The defects in brushes as at present manufactured are chiefly attributable to the
want of a secure and durable method of uniting the hairs, bristles, feathers or other
material forming the heads of such brushes with their handles.
In the case of brushes in which bristles are enclosed in tin ferrules which taper
from the handle towards the bristles, and which are sometimes bound with wire,
the real fastening in of the bristles is effected by the use of cement inside the
ferrule.
Cement easily loses its bending properties, and the bristles consequently work
loose. The pressure of the tin ferrule obtained by the wire binding above referred
to is insufficient to compress the bristles to the greatest limit of their elasticity, and
consequently allows of their falling out, or being drawn out of the ferrule.
In what are known as "socket sash tools" the bristles are secured within the
hollow head of the handle by means of a wire or string binding, and should the
socket break or the bining wire or string give way the brush is useless. Nor are
the bristle brushes in iron rings durable owing to their interior fastening, as the
bristles shrink and the cement dissolves.
In the case of hair brushes in quills bound with wire to a handle which is twisted
in, the binding easily loosens by the swelling of the quill owing to various causes,
and the binding frequently bursts.

page_text: All handles are liable to shrink and get loose no matter by which of these
systems they are fastened to the ferrule or socket containing the bristle, hair,
feathers or equivalent material.
The object of the present Invention is to remedy such defects in the manu-
facture of brushes, and consists in the use of a stout ferrule of metal which is made
to fit accurately the turned end of the handle, and which serves as a socket to
receive the bristles hair, feathers or equivalent material used in the manufacture of
brushes of the following kinds, whether for painting, washing off, varnishing, or
dusting. The brush thus prepared is subjected to a powerful nipping action of a
press of special construction by which the one end of the metal ferrule is deeply
embedded in the wooden head of the handle, and its other end, which surrounds
the bristles or hair is deeply indented or impressed about a quarter of an inch from
its upper edge, and uniformly around the said ferrule.
By imparting by extreme pressure this deep and equal impression along a line
all round the ferrule, the hairs or bristles enclosed therein are compressed to their
utmost limit of elasticity. The metal of which the ferrule is made is of such
thickness both before and after this powerful nipping action is applied, as to form
a socket which will not yield to subsequent internal strain.
If desired two or more deep impressions may be made on lines surrounding the
ferrule where it encloses the hair or bristle, but in such case these parallel inden-
tations, or lines of pressure, should not be too close together or the metal will burst
under the action of the press.
In certain cases the impressions or indentations on the ferrule may form a screw
worm.
The ferrules used may be of any convenient form, but are preferably of round or
oval section.
The Invention may be used to secure vegetable fibres, wire, silk, and woollen
or cotton thread, to handles, besides the hair, bristles and feathers above named.
The apparatus by which I compress or indent the ferrules consists of a circular
block of metal bolted to a bedplate, and threaded externally to receive a corre-
spondingly threaded ring of metal to which is keyed a lever handle. This threaded
ring of metal is formed with a shoulder overlying a shoulder formed around an
internally coned ring of steel or other hard metal.
By forcibly depressing the threaded ring of metal above named, through the lever
arm attached thereto a series of segmental shaped pieces of hard steel arranged in a
circle, and having their rear surfaces bevelled off to correspond to the coned inner
surface of the pressing ring of steel, will be pressed together.
The several segmental pieces of steel have flanges or projections formed on their
faces, which projections when the pieces are pressed into a close circle, will bite
into the ferrule which is placed within their grip, and deeply indent it all round,
thus securing it to the handle, and the hair or fibre within the ferrule. The faces
of these segmental gripping pieces are recessed between the flanges to receive a
small ring of hard metal, which will keep the rest of the ferrule in shape during
the pressing of the groove or grooves therein, and springs behind the said small
ring will serve to thrust back the several segmental gripping pieces when the
pressure on their bevelled rear surfaces is removed.
The coned pressing ring is connected to the internally threaded ring of metal by
a flat ring overlying the threaded ring, and it will therefore be drawn up as the
threaded ring is unscrewed and will release the segmental gripping pieces from
pressure; these pieces will be thrust back by the springs above named and the brush
will be free to be removed from the press.
It will be evident that the pressure may be applied to the segmental gripping
piece in other ways than through a lever arm, and that the press will require to
be slightly modified in construction according to the various shapes of the ferrules
on which it is desired to act, and the number of indentations to be formed
therein.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed
by the said George Julius Beissbarth in the Great Seal Patent Office on
the 29th June 1882.
cr IMPROVE
MENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF BRUSHES AND IN APPARATUS TO BE USED IN
SUCHI MANUFACTURE." A communication from abroad by John Matthew
Beissbarth of Nuremberg in the Kingdom of Bavaria and German Empire.
GEORGE JULIUS BEISSBARTHI of Snow Hill in the City of London.
The defects in brushes as at present manufactured are chiefly attributable to the
want of a secure and durable method of uniting the hairs, bristles, feathers, or other
material forming the heads of such brushes with their handles.
In the case of brushes in which bristles are enclosed in tin ferrules which taper
from the handle towards the bristles, and which are sometimes bound with wire
the real fastening in of the bristles is effected by the use of cement inside the
ferrule.
Cement easily loses its binding properties and the bristles consequently work
loose.
The pressure of the tin ferrule obtained by the wire binding above referred to is
insufficient to compress the bristles to the greatest limit of their clasticity, and
retain them in this compressed state, and consequently allows of their falling out or
being drawn out of the ferrule.
In what are known as "socket sash tools" the bristles are secured within the
hollow head of the handle by means of a wire or string binding and should the
socket break, or the binding wire or string give way the brush is useless. Nor are
the bristle brushes in iron rings durable owing to their interior fastening, as the
bristles shrink and the cement dissolves.
In the case of hair brushes in quills bound with wire to a handle which is
twisted in, the binding easily loosens by the swelling of the quill owing to
various causes, and the binding frequently bursts.
All handles are liable to shrink and get loose no matter by which of these systems
they are fastened to the ferrule or socket containing the bristle, hair, feathers or
equivalent material.
The object of the present Invention is to remedy such defects in the manufacture
of brushes and consists in the use of a stout ring or ferrule of metal which is inade
to fit accurately the turned end of the handle serving as a socket to receive the
bristles, hair, feather, or equivalent material used in the manufacture of brushes,
and which is subjected to the powerful nipping action of a press of special
construction by which the one end or edge of the metal ring or ferrule is deeply
embedded in the wooden head of the handle, and its other end, which surrounds the
bristles or hair, is deeply indented and uniformly around the said ferrule. This
ferrule or ring must be of sufficient thickness and tenacity to resist, after com-
pressing the bristles, feathers, or other materials, their resilient or expansive
tendency.
In the accompanying Drawings Figures 1 shew in plan and side views the
metal ring or ferrule A in its simplest form. Fig: 2 shews the ferrule A in place
enclosing the head of the wooden handle B, and the lower part of the brush head C
formed of bristles, hair or other material used in the manufacture of brushes.
The several parts of the brush thus arranged are placed in a press of the kind to
be described hereafter, and subjected to a powerful all round nipping action or
compression by which the thick metal ring or ferrule A will receive the form shewn
at Figures 3 in side and sectional views, and at Fig 3ª in detached side view, the
:

page_text: lower edge a being embedded in the wooden head of the handle B and the upper
part being deeply indented all round as at a¹, and thus firmly holding in place the
tuft of bristles, hair or equivalent material serving to form the brush head C. The
indentation a¹ may be conveniently made at about one quarter of an inch below
the upper edge of the stout metal ring or ferrule A. In some cases I may mako
two indentations, as shewn in sectional view at a¹ and a² Fig: 4 and in addition to
the lower edge of A being crushed inwards, as at a. I may form another deep
indentation about one quarter-of-an-inch above it, as at a³ the crushed edges or
indentations in the sides of the thick ring or ferrule extending around the ring or
ferrule in all cases.
:
In Fig 5 I have shewn a ferrule or metal ring indented along a helical line
forming one continuous indentation surrounding the ring several times like a
screw worm and serving as before to firmly unite the brush head C to the handle B.
This form of indentation has the advantage of enabling a shrunk handle to be
refastened by simply screwing it in.
.
The lines of indentation should not be too close to one another, or too deep, for
otherwise the metal will burst under the great strain.
The ferrules or rings A may be of any convenient form, but are preferably of
round or oval section and of sufficient thickness in all cases to retain their com-
pressed form and resist the expansive strain of the enclosed materials.
The Invention may be used to secure vegetable fibres, wire, silk, and woollen or
cotton thread, to handles, besides the hair, bristles, and feathers above named. In
Figures 6. 7. and 8 I have shewn one form of apparatus for compressing or
indenting the ferrules or metal rings according to my Invention, Fig: 6 being a plan
view partly in section. Fig: 7 a side elevation and Fig: 8 a vertical section thereof.
This apparatus consists of a circular_block_D_of_metal-bolted-to-a-bed-plate and
threaded externally to receive a correspondingly threaded ring E of metal to which
ring is keyed a lever handle E¹. This threaded ring of metal E is formed with a
shoulder overlying a shoulder g formed around an internally coned ring G of
steel or other hard metal. By forcibly screwing down the threaded ring of metal E
above named, through the lever arm E' attached thereto a series of segmental
shaped pieces H of hard steel arranged in an open circle, and having their rear,
surfaces bevilled off to correspond to the coned inner surface of the pressing ring of
steel G, will be pressed inwards and form a close circle.-The several segmental
pieces of steel H have flanges or projections h. h.-formed on their faces, which
projections h. h when the pieces are pressed into a close circle as shewn in
Figures 6 and 8 will bite into the ferrule A when placed within their grip as
shewn in Fig: 8, and deeply indent it all round thus uniting it to the handle and
forcibly compressing and securing in place the hair, fibre or other material forming
the brush head, which may be within the ring or ferrule A.-The faces of these
segmental gripping pieces H are recessed between the projecting flanges h. h. to
receive a small ring K of hard metal which will keep the side of the ferrule A in
shape during the pressing of the indented groove or grooves therein. Small
springs situate behind the said ring K and fitted within vertical recesses in the
faces of the segmental pieces H, as shown in Figures 6 and 8, will serve to thrust
back the several segmental gripping pieces from the ring K when the pressure on
their bevilled rear surfaces is removed by turning the threaded block or ring E in
the opposite direction. The coned pressing ring G is connected to the internally
threaded block or ring of metal E by a flat ring Loverlying the threaded ring and
attached thereto by screws, and it will therefore be drawn up as the threaded block
or ring E is unscrewed, and will release the segmental gripping pieces H from
pressure, these pieces being thrust back by the springs, above named and the
brush will be free to be removed from the press.- is a ring of hard steel to retain
in shape the upper part of the ferrule A.
It will be evident that the pressure may be applied to the segmental gripping
pieces in other ways than through a lever arm, and that the press will require to be
slightly modified in construction according to the various sizes and shapes of the

page_text: brush handles, and of the ferrules such as A used to secure the brush heads thereto,
and according to the number of uniform indentations to be formed therein.
It will be seen from Fig: 8 that the brush is inverted when placed in the press,
and the externally threaded block D is made hollow in the centre to receive the
brush head. The press will require to be considerably modified in construction to
secure the bulkier heads of feather brushes to their handles and the apparatus here
shewn is only to illustrate the principle of action.
By this mode of uniting or binding brush heads, to their handles, the bristles,
hairs, fibres, feathers, or other materials formning the brush head may be compressed
to the fullest extent of their elasticity, and will remain permanently secured within
the stout metal ring or ferrule.
Having now set forth the nature of my Invention of "Improvements in tho
Manufacture of Brushes and in Apparatus to be Used in such Manufacture" and
having explained in what manner the same may be carried into practical effect I
wish it to be understood that I claim:
First: In the manufacture of brushes the use of a thick ferrule or metal ring
constituting a metallic binding for firmly securing the brush head to the handio
the said ferrule or ring being forcibly and uniformly crushed into and around the
materials forming the head and handle and the bristles hairs feathers or other
material forming the brush head being held so securely compressed by the
uniformly indented and unyielding metallic binding as to obviate the necessity for
using cement or a binding of wire or string, substantially as described.
Secondly In the manufacture of brushes the use of a press for uniformly
indenting or crushing thick ferrules or metal rings constituting my unyielding
binding for securing the heads of brushes to their handles substantially as
described.
Thirdly The apparatus described with reference to Figures 6, 7, and 8 of the
Drawings for uniformly indenting or crushing thick metallic rings or ferrules used
in the manufacture of brushes.
In witness whereof I the said George Julius Biessbarth have hereunto set
my hand and seal the Twenty seventh day of June in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and eighty two.
GEORGE JULIUS BIESSBARTH. (L.S.)