IMPROVE- MENTS IN MACHINERY FOR TESTING THE STRENGTH OF MATERIALS AND IN SCALES, GAUGES, DYNAMOMETERS, POWER ACCUMULATORS AND PIPE JOINTS OR COUPLINGS USED IN CONNECTION THEREWITH AND APPLICABLE TO OTHER USEFUL PURPOSES.
Year: 1883

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Albert Hamilton Emery, of New York in the State of
New York, one of the United States of America for an Invention of IMPROVE-
MENTS IN MACHINERY FOR TESTING THE STRENGTH OF MATERIALS AND IN
SCALES, GAUGES, DYNAMOMETERS, POWER ACCUMULATORS AND PIPE JOINTS
OR COUPLINGS USED IN CONNECTION THEREWITH AND APPLICABLE TO OTHER
USEFUL PURPOSES.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Albert Hamilton Emery at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 5th June 1883.
ALBERT HAMILTON EMERY of New York, in the State of New York, one of the
United States of America IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR TESTING THE
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS AND IN SCALES, GAUGES, DYNAMOMETERS, POWER
ACCUMULATORS AND PIPE JOINTS OR COUPLINGS USED IN CONNECTION THERE-
WITH AND APPLICABLE TO OTHER USEFUL PURPOSES.
The testing machine is adapted for producing and indicating strains of either
tension, compression, or torsion or transverse loads, on metallic bars, rods, plates
and other structures.
The specimen is held at its respective ends by hydraulic pressure in a holding
bean and a straining beam. The latter is moved in either direction, either for
adjustment or for producing a strain of tension or compression at will, and is
provided or combined with a double acting hydraulic press, which is employed
either for producing the strain, or in connection with a gauge or gauges, for
measuring the strains which may be produced by the movement of the straining
beam. The motion of the beam either for straining or for adjustment is effected
by screws and nuts rotated by suitable gearing at variable speeds.
For producing strains of torsion the apparatus is constructed with a torsional
straining bar adjusted longitudinally to suit different lengths of specimens and
working in a head by which its rotation is imparted by means of a crank arm or a
wheel and a chain or band connected with the piston of the press or with the
straining bean, as the case may be.

page_text: A secondary hydraulic press is employed in connection with the straining arm
for the purpose of a brake to regulate the motion or to restore the arm to its
normal position, or in some cases for producing light strains.
The torsion bar is adjusted longitudinally by screws operated by nuts and
sustained against flexure by a bar which is operated simultaneously by secondary
screws so as to keep it at all times midway between the torsion head and the
straining arm. A hydraulic press is employed in the head to hold the specimen in
connection with three dies which grip it radially on all sides.
The torsional strain is transmitted through a stationary holder, fixing the
specimen in the axis of the machine, constructed with hydraulic gripping jaws and
with arms secured against lateral motion by flexible fixing plates and imparting
their pressure tangentially through flexible plates to supports connected through
liquid pressure chambers with suitable weighing apparatus to indicate the amount
of the strain. By the use of two arms radial to the specimen holder and pro-
jecting in opposite directions therefrom unbalanced lateral strains are avoided.
The supports and liquid pressure chambers on which these arms bear communicate
through pipes with a weighing apparatus common to both. The recoil movement
of the holders is arrested by adjustable stops. To show the degree of torsion,
indicators are attached at different points to the specimen, each indicator consisting
of an arm fixed removably to a ring which is clasped over the specimen and is
centered thereon by radial set screws suitably graduated. The degree of torsion is
read on graduated arcs or circular dials fixed adjustably on one or more supporting
rails and set at the proper distances asunder.
The invention further relates to a power accumulator by which power developed
through a forcing pump or other prime mover may be stored for any necessary
length of time and applied at the will of the operator. The device possesses the
further advantage of applying pressure uniformly without pulsation.
The accumulator consists of a series of weights, a frame for guiding them
vertically, a rod or standard passing up through said weights and connected to one
or more of them at will by means of keys and a hydraulic press acting beneath the
rod or standard to raise one or any required number of the weights to store the
desired amount of power. The press by which the weights are raised and through
which their power is subsequently used is constructed with two or more concentric
cylinders. The inner cylinder constitutes the ram of the outer cylinder, and is so
used when low pressure is required. For higher power an inner ram is used
within the inner cylinder.
The pressure is communicated from the accumulator to the holding or straining
press of a testing machine through pipes constructed with peculiar joints consisting
of clamps and nuts with packed nipples to permit the articulation of the pipes and
prevent the escape of liquid under heavy pressure. To adapt the connecting pipes
to sustain a very heavy liquid pressure they are connected by joints or couplings
one member of which has a convex end or protuberance and the other a concave
seat therefor of greater angle of inclination or radius of curvature with suitable
screws or clamps for forcing the parts together.
The described form of the meeting surfaces causes them to engage first next the
bore and thence radially outward as pressure is applied and inasmuch as the
protuberant or convex end of one member will expand under internal pressure more
freely than the concave seat in which it fits, by reason of the greater radial thickness
of the metal in the latter, such internal pressure tends to force the surfaces in closer
contact and not to separate the parts or open the joint.
To develop increased pressure when required a multiplier is introduced consisting
of two coupled cylinders of different areas with connected pistons, the piston of
larger area receiving liquid from the accumulator and forcing liquid out of the
smaller cylinder with increased pressure. These coupled cylinders are connected
with a system of pipes and valves enabling the direct application of the pressure
from the accumulator to the presses or causing it to be communicated through the
multiplier at the will of the operator.

page_text: For the purpose of indicating the pressure in the pipes and presses a suitable
gauge is connected with a liquid pressure reducer consisting of two pressure
chambers of unequal areas connected by a pressure column receiving pressure on
its smaller end from the small chamber and developing reduced pressure on the
liquid in the larger chamber from its larger end, the smaller end being inclosed in
a packing and centering ring and resting on the flexible diaphragm of a small
pressure chamber which connects either with or without an intervening reducer,
with the liquid the pressure of which is to be measured.
The invention further relates to the construction of a scale for weighing and
indicating the strain applied to the specimen and this part of the invention is
applicable to scales for ordinary weighing purposes as well as to testing machines.
The pressure is transmitted through the medium of liquid confined in suitable
chambers from the pressure support of the testing machine or from the load
platform if the scale to which this part of the invention relates is designed for
ordinary weighing purposes. In the latter case the load platform is secured against
horizontal movement by thin flexible plates which are strained by screws and nuts
to adjust and fix the platform in horizontal position. A number of moveable liquid
pressure chambers under the platform communicate by separate pipes with an
equal number of small chambers with pressure columns bearing on the main column
of the weigh-beam.
The liquid pressure pipes are coupled to the small pressure column chambers by
hollow screw plugs attached permanently to the ends of the pipes, and in somet
cases levers are employed to receive the pressure from the small chambers and
transmit reduced pressure to the column which acts on the weigh beam.
The main column is stayed horizontally by flexible plates clamped to the top and
bottom and to the surrounding casing and for adjusting and shipping is fixed
against vertical movement by set screws. The fulcrum joints of the beam are
formed of thin flexible plates inserted in gauging notches and securely clamped at
their edges. The stationary pillar surrounding the pressure column has a removeable
head with an upwardly projecting lug for the fulcrum attachment of the beam.
The pressure column has a removeable head surmounted by an intermediate column
flexibly connected with it and with the beam to permit to the latter a slight
horizontal play due to the attachınent of its flexible fulcrum and transmitting
plates on different levels. To compensate for changes in the liquid pressure due
to variations in temperature the upward pressure on the column is opposed by
a spring and a long rod of more expansible metal than the column attached
adjustably to the inain frame.
The weigh beam carries a supplemental weight rod parallel with the main
beam moving in unison therewith and having separate weights for balancing and
weighing.
From the free end of the beam a weight rod is suspended by a flexible plate.
To this rod the primary weighing weights are applied and the said rod is marked
with graduations and numbers so that the number appearing directly above the
uppermost weight will indicate the effect or value on the scale of the whole
number of weights which may be in position on the weight rod at any time.
To the fulcrum end of the weight beam is rigidly secured a supplemental
beam projecting beyond the fulcrum. To the extremity of this supplemental
beam is suspended by a flexible plate a supplemental rod, carrying weights
which counteract the primary weighing weights and are removed as required
to balance the load on the platform, the removal of the supplemental weights
suspended from the fulcrum end of the beam and beyond the fulcrum having
the same effect as the addition of weights at the weight end of the beam.
The weight end of the beam connects by flexible plates with an indicator rod or
secondary beam having much greater angular motion carrying a moveable weight
and working at its extremity within a guide and in proximity to a graduated
indicator plate. The vertical play of the indicator rod is limited by an adjustable
stop. Suitable stops are also provided to check its longitudinal movement.
On a

page_text: rear projection of the indicator rod is mounted adjustably a standard carrying a
vertically adjustable weight which being above the centre of motion of the rod
increases the sensitiveness of the scale by exerting an increasing or decreasing
leverage as the rod is deflected upward or downward. The beam and indicator
rod are each stayed against lateral motion by flexible rods or plates fixed to the
stationary frame or case and connected respectively with the weight end of the
Springs are
main beam and with the fulcrum bracket of the indicator rod.
interposed between the platform and its supports to prevent shock.
For filling the pressure chambers with liquid openings are provided and vents to
permit the escape of air displaced by the pressure liquid, the filling openings and
air vents being securely closed by plugs after the pressure chambers are filled.
The invention further relates to improvements in the construction of reducers.
By the term reducer in this specification is meant a device or apparatus by which
pressure from a liquid pressure chamber is transmitted in reduced degree to a
weighing or indicating device through the medium of one or more pressure columns,
and either secondary pressure chambers or levers to the column acting directly or
indirectly on the weigh beam or indicator, the area of pressure surface in the
secondary chambers being greater than that of the pressure surface in the chamber
or chambers from which the pressure is derived or the levers which may be used
in lieu of such secondary pressure chambers being arranged to receive the pressure
at a point nearer the fulcrum and deliver it in reduced degree by connections with
their free ends.
The present invention further consists, in part, in providing the base of a liquid
pressure support or reducer with a continuous lining of sheet metal to avoid danger
of leakage under heavy pressure and further in combining with such continuous
lining a continuous diaphragm on which the pressure support rests, said diaphragm
being permanently connected with the lining plate at their edges so as to form a
tight liquid pressure chamber. With the lining plate is permanently connected a
hollow plug for the passage of the pressure liquid.
The said plug in its preferred form is made with a lateral opening in its bore
formed on the exterior with a countersink or concave seat for the reception of the
convex end of a hollow screw plug which is permanently connected with the liquid
conducting pipe and is screwed into the base against the stationary hollow plug
inserted therein and at right angles thereto, forming a tight joint by the seating of
its convex end in the countersink surrounding the lateral opening in the stationary
hollow plug.
.
In order to produce perfectly tight joints around the openings where the
pressure liquid is introduced or around the entire liquid pressure chamber, in cases
where it is impracticable or undesirable to use the continuous lining plate and
diaphragm permanently connected at their edges, packing rings are employed of
comparatively soft metal confined between concentric rings or annular ledges of
harder metal, the said ledges being by their small area or pressure surface adapted
and caused to yield under the pressure with which the parts are screwed or clamped
together, at points having undue prominence, thus permitting the compression of
the soft metal rings so as to form a perfectly tight joint all round and at the same
time prevent the squeezing out of the soft metal.
The
A pressure gauge for use with the power accumulator as before described and
adapted also for the general purpose of a pressure gauge is constructed with a
system of levers mounted and connected by flexible plate fulcrums. within a case,
preferably cylindrical, the neck of said case being internally screw threaded to
receive a screw plug by which the instrument is coupled or connected to the
receptacle or object in which is the fluid whose pressure is to be measured.
said coupling plug is formed on top with a concave face bearing against a sealing
plug or disc which is confined by it within the neck of the instrument and is formed
at bottom with a convex face of less radius of curvature than the concave face of
the coupling, plug in which it is seated, so that as these parts are pressed together
by screwing the instrument on the coupling plug the surfaces will engage first,

page_text: next the bore, and thence radially outward as increased pressure is applied and a
perfectly tight joint will be formed to prevent the escape of the fluid under
pressure.
The upper face of the sealing plug at or near its periphery clamps between it and
an internal shoulder in the case the outer margin of a flexible diaphragm the inner
margin of which is clamped and sealed to a pressure column which is thus adapted
to transmit the pressure of the fluid upward to the system of levers within the case
the upper end of the column being connected to the load lever or first of the said
system of levers by a flexible thrust or compression plate.
The pressure is resisted by a plate spring attached at one end to one of the
transmitting levers by a slotted plate and screw permitting variation in the
effective length and resistance of said spring and at the other end to a rod
screwed within the case and swivelled to the spring attachment so that the adjust-
ment of the said screw rod, which is effected from the outside without opening
the case, will serve to regulate the pressure of the spring upon the transmitting
levers and adjust the position of the indicator which is connected therewith.
The final lever of the series communicates with a rotary indicator through a
segment rack and pinion. Brackets in which the indicator shaft has its bearings
are fixed on the load lever which simplifies and facilitates the introduction and
securing of the moving parts within the case.
A dynamometer suitable for use in the testing machine and adapted also for the
ordinary purposes of a dynamometer or weighing machine is constructed with a
case, preferably cylindrical, with a cross head and pendant at bottom by which the
load may be applied to said case and a suspension device for the apparatus at top
connecting with a yoke within the case consisting of two parallel beams one above
the other rigidly connected together by rods and each connected to the case by
flexible fixing plates which secure them against lateral movement while permitting
the very slight vertical movement of the case relatively to the yoke. The said
fixing rings serve also as packings to exclude dust and moisture.
To the lower or load beam of the suspension yoke is screwed a plate which may
assist or serve to secure to said beam its flexible fixing plate and has on its
periphery a projecting flange engaging with an internal flange or shoulder in the
case, or in a ring fixed thereto, to limit the relative movement of the case and yoke
when relieved of a load.
Above the aforesaid flanged plate which is fixed to the upper surface of the
lower beam of the yoke, is a pressure column and above this a plate fixed
immovably to the case and termed a chamber base. Above this is a pressure
column connected by a flexible plate with the load lever or first of a system of
levers which are connected together and to the case by flexible fulcrum plates.
The chamber base is recessed on its under and upper surfaces to form chambers
in which pressure liquid is confined by metallic diaphragms fixed and sealed at
their outer peripheries to the chamber base plate and at their inner peripheries to
the respective moving pressure columns below and above said base plate.
The chambers below and above the base plate are connected by a duct through
which pressure produced in the lower chamber by the pressure column beneath is
communicated to the liquid in the upper chamber and to the pressure column
above, which acts on the load lever and transmitting levers connected therewith.
In order to adapt the diaphragm through which the liquid pressure acts on the
column to bear heavy loads without distortion and produce accurate readings of
the indicator the diaphragm is preferably constructed of a thin flat steel plate and
the parts are so proportioned and fitted that the bottom of the column projects
slightly below the surface of the casing or ring to which the periphery of the
diaphragm is clamped causing said diaphragm to exert an initial pressure on the
column before the instrument is loaded and to remain nearly flat throughout the
whole loading of the machine. The periphery of this diaphragm is secured by a
sealing ring of comparatively soft metal interposed between its under surface and
the chamber base and tightly compressed in the fastening of the parts together.

page_text: An annular diaphragm is fixed to the column above the casing ring and clamped
between the upper surfaces of the casing ring and shoulder on the fulcrum
block through which the column works to stay the said column against lateral
motion.
The pressure is partly resisted by a plate spring fixed adjustably at one end to
one of the transmitting levers and at the other end to a screw rod adjustable in
the case to regulate the pressure of the spring as above explained with reference
to the pressure gauge.
The pressure is mainly resisted by a long heavy plate
spring fixed at one end to one of the transmitting levers, preferably the
middle one, and at the other end to the fulcrum block or the primary lever
as may be desired. The resistance of this spring may be regulated by the
clamping plate at either end, being provided with slots to permit the longitudinal
adjustment.
The last transmitting lever of the series is connected by flexible fulcrum and
stay plates to a bracket secured by a screw within the case, thus permitting the
connection of the parts before their introduction into the case. The said final
transmitting lever communicates with the shaft of a rotary indicator through a
band coiled upon a drum on said shaft, the movement of the indicator being
resisted by a hair spring which serves to keep the connections taut and to restore
the indicator to zero when the load is removed.
An adjustable stop is provided against which the final transmitting lever
impinges as the indicator comes to rest and a similar adjustable stop limits the
movement of the said lever in the other direction.
The load and transmitting levers are made double adapting them to receive
fulcrum plates made wide for strength and thin for flexibility and preventing
lateral pressure or strain on said levers.
The flexible thrust plates by which movement is communicated from one part to
another as, for example, from a pressure column to a lever or from one lever to
another, where they are subjected only to compression, are secured to the respective
parts by forcing their ends by pressure into grooves provided to receive them.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed
by the said Albert Hamilton Emery in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
4th December 1883.
ALBERT HAMILTON EMERY of New York in the State of New York one of the
United States of America "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR TESTING THE
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS AND IN SCALES, GAUGES, DYNAMOMETERS, POWER
ACCUMULATORS AND PIPE JOINTS OR COUPLINGS USED IN CONNECTION THEREWITH
AND APPLICABLE TO OTHER USEFUL PURPOSES
"
The testing machine is adapted for producing and indicating strains of either
tension, compression or torsion or transverse loads on metallic bars rods plates and
other structures.
The specimen is held at its respective ends by hydraulic pressure in a holding
beam and a straining beam. The latter is moved in either direction either for
adjustment or for producing a strain of tension or compression at will and is
provided or combined with a double acting hydraulic press which is employed
either for producing the strains or in connection with a gauge or gauges for
measuring the strains which may be produced by the movement of the straining
beam. The motion of the beam either for straining or for adjustment is effected
by screws and nuts rotated by suitable gearing at variable speeds.
For producing strains of torsion the apparatus is constructed with a torsional
straining bar adjusted longitudinally to suit different lengths of specimens and
working in a head by which its rotation is imparted by means of a crank arm or a
wheel and a chain or band connected with the piston of the press or with the
straining beam as the case may be.
A secondary hydraulic press is employed in connection with the straining arm
for the purpose of a brake to regulate the motion or to restore the arm to its
normal position or in some cases for producing light strains.
The torsion bar is adjusted longitudinally by screwe operated by nuts and
sustained against flexure by a bar which is operated simultaneously by secondary
screws so as to keep it at all times midway between the torsion head and the
straining arm.
A hydraulic press is employed in the head to hold the specimen in connection
with three dies which grip it radially on all sides. The torsional strain is trans-
mitted through a stationary holder fixing the specimen in the axis of the machine
constructed with hydraulic gripping jaws and with arms secured against lateral
motion by flexible fixing plates and imparting their pressure tangentially through
flexible plates to supports connected through liquid-pressure chambers with suitable
weighing apparatus to indicate the amount of the strain. By the use of two arms
radial to the specimen holder and projecting in opposite directions therefrom
unbalanced lateral strains are avoided. The supports and liquid-pressure chambers
on which these arms bear communicate through pipes with a weighing apparatus
common to both. The recoil movement of the holders is arrested by adjustable
stops. To show the degree of torsion indicators are attached at different points to
the specimen each indicator consisting of an arm fixed removably to a ring which
is clasped over the specimen and is centered thereon by radial set screws suitably
graduated. The degree of torsion is read on graduated arcs or circular dials
fixed adjustably on one or more supporting rails and set at the proper distances
asunder.
The invention further relates to a power accumulator by which power developed
through a forcing pump or other prime mover may be stored for any necessary

page_text: a
length of time and applied at the will of the operator. The device possesses the
further advantage of applying pressure uniformly without pulsation. Tho
accumulator consists of a series of weights, a frame for guiding them vertically, a
rod or standard passing up through said weights and connected to one or more of
them at will by means of keys and a hydraulic press acting beneath the rod or
standard to raise one or any required number of the weights to store the desired
amount of power.
The press by which the weights are raised and through which
their power is subsequently used is constructed with two or more concentric
cylinders. The inner cylinder constitutes the ram of the outer cylinder and is so
used when low pressure is required. For higher power an inner ram is used
within the inner cylinder. The pressure is communicated from the accumulator to
the holding or straining press of a testing machine through pipes constructed with
peculiar joints consisting of clamps and nuts with packed nipples to permit the
articulation of the pipes and prevent the escape of liquid under beavy pressure.
To adapt the connecting pipes to sustain very heavy liquid pressure they are
connected by joints or couplings one member of which has a convex end or
protuberance and the other a concave seat therefor of greater angle of inclination
or radius of curvature with suitable screws or clamps for forcing the parts together.
The described form of the meeting surfaces causes them to engage first next the
bore and thence radially outward as pressure is applied and inasmuch as the
protuberant or convex end of one member will expand under internal pressure
more freely than the concave seat in which it fits by reason of the greater radial
thickness of the metal in the latter such internal pressure tends to force the
surfaces in closer contact and not to separate the parts or open the joint.
To develop increased pressure when required a multiplier is introduced consisting
of two coupled cylinders of different areas with connected pistons the piston of
larger area receiving liquid from the accumulator and forcing liquid out of the
smaller cylinder with increased pressure. These coupled cylinders are connected
with a system of pipes and valves enabling the direct application of the pressure
from the accumulator to the presses or causing it to be communicated through the
multiplier at the will of the operator.
For the purpose of indicating the pressure in the pipes and presses a suitable
gauge is connected with a liquid pressure reducer consisting of two pressure
chambers of unequal areas connected by a pressure column receiving pressure on
its smaller end from the small chamber and developing reduced pressure on the
liquid in the larger chamber from its larger end, the smaller end being enclosed in
a packing and centreing ring and resting on the flexible diaphragm of a small
pressure chamber which connects either with or without an intervening reducer
with the liquid the pressure of which is to be measured.
The invention further relates to the construction of a scale for weighing and
indicating the strain applied to the specimen and this part of the invention is
applicable to scales for ordinary weighing purposes as well as to testing machines.
The pressure is transmitted through the medium of liquid confined in suitable
chambers from the pressure support of the testing machine or from the load
platform if the scale to which this part of the invention relates is designed for
ordinary weighing purposes. In the latter case the load platform is secured against
horizontal movement by thin flexible plates which are strained by screws and nuts
to adjust and fix the platform in horizonal position. A number of (movable
liquid-pressure chambers under the platform communicate by separate pipes with
an equal number of small chambers with pressure columns bearing on the main
column of the weigh beam. The liquid pressure pipes are coupled to the small
pressure column chambers by hollow screw-plugs attached permanently to the
ends of the pipes and in some cases levers are employed to receive the pressure
from the small chambers and transmit reduced pressure to the column which acts
on the weigh beam. The main column is stayed horizontally by flexible plates
clamped to the top and bottom and to the surrounding casing and for adjustment
and shipping is fixed against vertical movement by set screws. The fulcrum

page_text: joints of the beam are formed of thin flexible plates inserted in gauging notches
and securely clamped at their edges. The stationary pillar surrounding the
pressure column has a removable head with an upwardly projecting lug for the
fulcrum attachment of the beam. The pressure-column has a removable head
surmounted by an intermediate column flexibly connected with it and with the
beam to permit to the latter a slight horizontal play due to the attachment of its
flexible fulcrum and transmitting plates on different levels. To compensate for
changes in the liquid pressure due to variations in temperature the upward
pressure on the column is opposed by a spring and a long rod of more expansible
metal than the column attached adjustably to the main frame. The weigh beam
carries a supplemental weight-rod parallel with the main beam moving in unison
therewith and having separate weights for balancing and weighing.
From the free end of the beam a weight rod is suspended by a flexible plate.
To this rod the primary weighing weights are applied and the said rod is marked
with graduations and numbers so that the number appearing directly above the
uppermost weight will indicate the effect or value on the scale of the whole number
of weights which may be in position on the weight rod at any time. To the
fulcrum end of the weight beam is rigidly secured a supplemental beam projecting
beyond the fulcrum. To the extremity of this supplemental beam is suspended
by a flexible plate a supplemental rod carrying weights which counteract the
primary weighing weights and are removed as required to balance the load on the
platform, the removal of the supplemental weights suspended from the fulcrum
end of the beam and beyond the fulcrum having the same effect as the addition of
weights at the weight end of the beam. The weight end of the beam connects by
flexible plates with an indicator rod or secondary beam having much greater
angular motion carrying a movable weight and working at its extremity within
a guide and in proximity to a graduated indicator plate. The vertical play of
the indicator rod is limited by an adjustable stop. Suitable stops are also provided
to check its longitudinal movement. On a rear projection of the indicator rod
is mounted adjustably a standard carrying a vertically adjustable weight which
being above the centre of motion of the rod increases the sensitiveness of the scale
by exerting an increasing or decreasing leverage as the rod is deflected upward
or downward. The beam and indicator rod are each stayed against lateral motion
by flexible rods or plates fixed to the stationary frame or case and connected
respectively with the weight end of the main beam and with the fulcrum bracket
of the indicator rod.
Springs are interposed between the platform and its supports to prevent shock.
For filling the pressure chambers with liquid openings are provided and vents
to permit the escape of air displaced by the pressure liquid the filling openings
and air vents being securely closed by plugs after the pressure chambers are filled.
The invention further relates to improvements in the construction of reducers.
By the term reducer in this specification is meant a device or apparatus by which
pressure from a liquid-pressure chamber is transmitted in reduced degree to a
weighing or indicating device through the medium of one or more pressure columns
and either secondary pressure chambers or levers to the column acting directly or
indirectly on the weigh beam or indicator the area of pressure surface in the
secondary chambers being greater than that of the pressure surface in the chamber
or chambers from which the pressure is derived or the levers which may be use
in lieu of such secondary pressure chambers being arranged to receive the pressure
at a point nearer the fulcrum and deliver it in reduced degree by connections with
their free ends.
The present invention further consists in part in providing the base of a liquid
pressure support or reducer with a continuous lining of sheet metal to avoid danger
of leakage under heavy pressure and further in combining with such continuous
lining a continuous diaphragm on which the pressure support rests, said diaphragm
being permanently connected with the lining plate at its edges so as to form a
tight liquid pressure chamber. With the lining plate is permanently connected a

page_text: hollow plug for the passage of the pressure liquid. The said plug in its preferred
form is made with a lateral opening in its bore formed on the exterior with a
countersink or concave seat for the reception of the convex end of a hollow screw
plug which is permanently connected with the liquid conducting pipe and is
screwed into the base against the stationary hollow plug inserted therein and at
right angles thereto forming a tight joint by the seating of its convex end in the
countersink surrounding the lateral opening in the stationary hollow plug.
In order to produce perfectly tight joints around the openings where the pressure
liquid is introduced or around the entire liquid pressure chamber in cases where it
is impracticable or undesirable to use the continuous lining plate and diaphragm
permanently connected at their edges, packing rings are employed of comparatively
soft metal confined between concentric rings or annular ledges of harder metal the
said ledges being by their small area or pressure surface adapted and caused to
yield under the pressure with which the parts are screwed or clamped together at
points having undue prominence thus permitting the compression of the soft metal
rings so as to form a perfectly tight joint all round and at the same time prevent
the squeezing out of the soft metal.
A pressure gauge for use with the power accumulator as before described and
adapted also for the general purpose of a pressure gauge is constructed with a
system of levers mounted and connected by flexible-plate-fulcrums within a case
preferably cylindrical, the neck of said case being internally screw threaded to
receive a screw plug by which the instrument is coupled or connected to the
receptacle or object in which is the fluid whose pressure is to be measured. The
said coupling plug is formed on top with a concave face bearing against a sealing
plug or disc which is confined by it within the neck of the instrument and is
formed at bottom with a convex face of less radius of curvature than the concave
face of the coupling plug in which it is seated so that as these parts are pressed
together by screwing the instrument on the coupling plug the surfaces will engage
first next the bore and thence radially outward as increased pressure is applied and
a perfectly tight joint will be formed to prevent the escape of the fluid under
pressure.
The upper face of the sealing plug at or near its periphery clamps between it
and an internal shoulder in the case the outer margin of a flexible diaphragm the
inner margin of which is clamped and sealed to a pressure column which is thus
adapted to transmit the pressure of the fluid upward to the system of levers within
the case the upper end of the column being connected to the load-lever or first of
the said system of levers by a flexible thrust or compression plate.
The pressure is resisted by a plate spring attached at one end to one of the
transmitting levers by a slotted plate and screw permitting variation in the
effective length and resistance of said spring and at the other end to a rod
screwed within the case and swivelled to the spring attachment so that the
adjustment of the said screw rod which is effected from the outside without
opening the case will serve to regulate the pressure of the spring upon the
transmitting levers and adjust the position of the indicator which is connected
therewith.
The final lever of the series communicates with a rotary indicator through a
segment rack and pinion.
Brackets in which the indicator shaft has its bearings are fixed on the load lever
which simplifies and facilitates the introduction and securing of the moving parts
within the case
A dynamometer suitable for use in the testing machine and adapted also for the
ordinary purposes of a dynamometer or weighing machine is constructed with a
case preferably cylindrical with a cross head and pendant at bottom by which the
load may be applied to said case and a suspension device for the apparatus at top
connecting with a yoke within the case consisting of two parallel beams one above
the other rigidly connected together by rods and each connected to the case by
flexible fixing plates which secure them against lateral movement while permitting

page_text: the very slight vertical movement of the case relatively to the yoke. The said
fixing plates serve also as packings to exclude dust and moisture.
To the lower or load-beam of the suspension yoke is screwed a plate which
may assist or serve to secure to said beam its flexible fixing plate and has on its
periphery a projecting flange engaging with an internal flange or shoulder in the
case, or in a ring fixed thereto to limit the relative movement of the case and yoke
when relieved of a load.
Above the aforesaid flanged plate which is fixed to the upper surface of the
lower beam of the yoke is a pressure column and above this a plate fixed immovably
to the case and termed a "chamber-base." Above this is a pressure column
connected by a flexible plate with the load-lever or first of a system of levers
which are connected together and to the case by flexible fulcrum plates.
The chamber base is recessed on its under and upper surfaces to form chambers
in which pressure liquid is confined by metallic diaphragms fixed and sealed at
their outer peripheries to the chamber-base-plate and at their inner peripheries to
the respective moving pressure columns below and above said base-plate. The
chambers below and above the base plate are connected by a duct through which
pressure produced in the lower chamber by the pressure column beneath is com-
municated to the liquid in the upper chamber and to the pressure column above
which acts on the load lever and transmitting levers connected therewith.
In order to adapt the diaphragm through which the liquid pressure acts on the
column to bear heavy loads without distortion and produce accurate readings of
the indicator; the diaphragm is preferably constructed of a thin flat steel plate
and the parts are so proportioned and fitted that the bottom of the column projects
slightly below the surface of the casing or ring to which the periphery of the
diaphragm is clamped causing said diaphragm to exert an initial pressure on the
column before the instrument is loaded and to remain nearly flat throughout the
whole loading of the machine. The periphery of this diaphragm is secured by a
sealing-ring of comparatively soft metal interposed between its under surface and
the chamber base and tightly compressed in the fastening of the parts together.
An annular diaphragm is fixed to the column above the casing-ring and clamped
between the upper surfaces of the casing ring and shoulder on the fulcrum block
through which the column works to stay the said column against lateral motion.
The pressure is partly resisted by a plate spring fixed adjustably at one end to
one of the transmitting levers and at the other end to a screw rod adjustable in
the case to regulate the pressure of the spring as above explained with reference
to the pressure gauge. The pressure is mainly resisted by a long heavy plate
spring fixed at one end to one of the transmitting levers, preferably the middle
one and at the other end to the fulcrum block or the primary lever as may be
desired. The resistance of this spring may be regulated by the clamping plates at
either end being provided with slots to permit the longitudinal adjustment.
The last transmitting lever of the series is connected by flexible fulcrum and
stay plates to a bracket secured by a screw within the case thus permitting the
connection of the parts before their introduction into the case. The said final
transmitting lever communicates with the shaft of a rotary indicator through a
band coiled upon a drum on said shaft the movement of the indicator being
resisted by a hair spring which serves to keep the connections taut and to restore
the indicator to zero when the load is removed.
An adjustable stop is provided against which the final transmitting lever
impinges as the indicator comes to rest and a similar adjustable stop limits the
movement of the said lever in the other direction.
The load and transmitting levers are made double adapting them to receive
fulcrum plates made wide for strength and thin for flexibility and preventing
lateral pressure or strain on said levers.
The flexible thrust plates by which movement is communicated from one part
to another as for example from a pressure column to a lever or from one lever to

page_text: another where they are subjected only to compression are secured to the respective
parts by forcing their ends by pressure into grooves provided to receive them.
And in order that the said invention may be more clearly understood and
readily carried into effect I will proceed aided by the accompanying drawings
more fully to describe the same.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
In the accompanying drawings the invention is illustrated in figures
numberod 17 to 27 inclusive, 17a. 110 to 118 inclusive, 126 to 131 inclusive,
137 to 156 inclusive, 189 to 200 inclusive and in additional detail views; the
drawings forming part of this specification being parts of a series consecutively
numbered and representing connected or allied inventions some of which form the
subject of other applications of mine of even date herewith.
Figure 17 is a front elevation partly in section but omitting the platform and
platform frame of a weighing apparatus for indicating the strains on the specimen
and also adapted for ordinary weighing purposes.
Figure 18 is a side elevation partly in section and on a smaller scale of a
complete weighing apparatus illustrating parts of the invention.
Figure 19 is a plan of the platform-frame and supports thereof also on a smaller
scale omitting the platform.
Figure 20 is a vertical section of one of the platform-supports.
Figure 21 is a vertical section of the base of the beam-frame-pillar and of its
pressure column and its accessories.
Figure 22 is a vertical section of a stay plate and attachments for adjusting and
holding the platform horizontally.
Figure 23 is a front elevation of the two ends of the beam and its accessories
showing parts of the supporting-frame, pillar and pressure-column and the pillar
head and pressure column head.
Figure 24 is an elevation of the weight end of the beam and its attachments.
Figure 25 is an elevation of the indicator-rod guide-plate and indicator-plate.
Figure 26 is a plan of the end of the indicator-rod.
Figure 27 is a plan illustrating a modification in the construction of the rod
with adjustable stops applied thereto.
Figure 17a. represents a front elevation of the weigh frame, beam and
attachments suitable for a scale of very large capacity.
The weigh-case represented in Figures 17, 17a. and 18 is shown in position at
1176 in Figure 146 and at 1212 in Figures 199 and 200.
Figure 216a. is a vertical section of a hydraulic pressure-support adapted for
scales of very large capacity.
Figures 217a. and 218a. are sections showing some details of the said support
on a larger scale.
Figure 116 is a front elevation of a gauge adapted for use in connection with
the power accumulator and testing machine as above described and shown in
position at 1119 in Figure 137 and at 1348 in Figures 199 and 200.
Figure 117 is a central horizontal section of the same.
Figure 118 is a vertical section thereof.
Figure 126 is a front view of the dynamometer shown in position at 1349 in
Figures 199 and 200.
Figure 126a. is a front elevation of part of the internal mechanism thereof
showing an axial section through the liquid-pressure-chamber.
Figure 127 is a side elevation partly in section as indicated by dotted lines in
Figure 126.
Figure 128 is a vertical section of a portion of the chambers in a plane at an
angle of 45 degrees to that shown in Figure 127.
Figure 129 is a front elevation of a similar dynamometer illustrating some
additional details and modifications in construction.
Figure 130 is a vertical section of the same.
Figure 131 is a view of the lower end thereof on a smaller scale.

page_text: Figure 137 is a plan of parts of the testing machine illustrating the invention
as applied to giving and measuring strains of tension and compression.
Figures 138 and 139 are end views of the same.
Figure 139a. is a section on the line 139a. Figure 137.
Figure 140 is an elevation of the torsion end of the machine.
Figure 141 is an elevation of the straining presses and straining arm with some
parts omitted and others shown in section on the line 141, 142 Figure 146..
Figure 142 is a transverse section of the parts omitted in Figure 141 the line
141, 142 Figure 146 indicating the plane of section.
Figure 143 is a front elevation on a larger scale of the indicator and its attaching
ring showing a specimen in transverse section.
Figures 144 and 145 are elevations on a still larger scale of the set screws of the
indicator attaching ring.
Figure 146 is a plan of the torsion end of the machine
Figure 147 is an end elevation of the torsion-head and indicator and operating
mechanism showing a specimen in section on the line 147 Figure 146.
Figure 148 is an elevation of the stationary holder with section of masonry and
specimen on line 148 Figure 140.
Figure 149 is a longitudinal section on a larger scale of a portion of a pillar
block and main screw with buffer springs and straining nuts on line 149
Figure 146
Figure 150 is an elevation on a larger scale of a portion of the graduated
indicator dial or arc.
Figure 151 is a rear view of the hydraulic holder showing a section of the
straining rod.
Figure 152 is a sectional elevation of the same on the line 152 Figure 153.
Figure 153 is a plan of the same.
Figure 154 is a sectional elevation of the torsion-holder head and a portion of
the torsion-bar and specimen.
Figure 155 is a plan of the same.
Figure 156 is a front elevation of the same with the specimen in section.
Figure 189 is a front view of a power accumulator consisting of a vertical series
of weights and a guiding frame.
Figure 190 is a side elevation of the said accumulator.
Figure 191 is a vertical section thereof on the line 191 Figure 192.
Figure 192 is a plan of the same.
Figures 193 and 194 are sectional elevations of flexible pipe joints through which
connection is made between the accumulator and the testing machine.
Figure 195 is a plan of the joint shown in Figure 194.
Figure 196 is an elevation of the base thereof illustrating a slight modification.
Figure 197 is a longitudinal section on the line 197 Figure 196.
Figure 198 is a sectional elevation on a larger scale of a pressure multiplier and
a pressure reducer connected with liquid pipes and couplings and valves. The
line 198 Figure 200 indicates the plane of section.
Figure 198a. is a section of the connecting pipes of the multiplier on the line
a-a Figure 198.
Figure 19Sb. is a section of a portion of the same on a larger scale illustrating
my improved pipe joint or coupling end and showing the parts before they are
tightened.
Figure 198c. is a similar view shewing the parts tightly screwed together.
Figure 199 is a front view of a portion of a testing machine showing the
multiplier applied and the pipe connections of the accumulator.
Figure 200 is a plan of the same.
Figure 17h. is an elevation on a larger scale of a portion of the weigh frame
showing reducer attachments consisting of a system of levers through which
pressure is transmitted from the small pressure chamber to the weigh beam
column.

page_text: Figure 21a. is a section on a still larger scale of one of the small pressure
chambers of the reducer.
Figure 216. is a detail section on a very much larger scale showing the
diaphragm attachments and sealing devices of one of the small pressure
chambers.
Figure 216b. is a vertical section of a support with a two-part column
and with continuous corrugated base-lining and diaphragm connected at their
edges.
Figure 217b. is a detached sectional view of the connected base-lining and
diaphragm forming the support-chamber together with the inlet plug on a larger
scale.
The testing machine proper will first be described in detail with reference to
Figures 137 to 156 inclusive.
In Figures 137 to 139, 1101 represents a holding beam constructed with a bed
plate 1102 and a cap or platen 1103 preferably made in one piece and strengthened
by clamp screws or bolts 1104 and nuts 1105. 1106 is a follower recessed underneath
for the reception of a pair of hydraulic rams 1107 which are connected by a liquid
duct 1108 and operate to force up the follower 1106. In the simple form here
shown the hydraulic holder is adapted for grasping a flat plate. Where bars or
other specimens of round or any other shape are to be held suitable dies to hold
them are placed between the follower 1106 and platen 1103. The holding beam
rests through legs 1109 on ways 1109a. on a stationary bed and is clamped at each
end between a pair of nuts 1110 on screws 1111 to the other end of which the
straining beam 1112 is movably connected by two or more nuts 1113. In the
illustration given in Figure 139 these nuts 1113 are two in number, one at each
end of the beam 1112 and are constructed in the form of worm wheels rotated by
the worm shafts 1114 and train of gearing 1115. The rotation of the nuts by this
means moves the beam back ward or forward on the stationary screws 1111. The
straining beam 1112 contains a hydraulic piston 1116 working in a cylinder and
connecting with a rod 1117 so as to constitute a double acting hydraulic press
either for purposes of applying a strain to a specimen or to gauge a strain which
is applied by the screw gearing 1111, 1113, 1114, 1115. 1118 represent pressure
pipes for conducting liquid to operate the press or for conducting it from the press
to the gauges 1119 by which the strain may be measured or registered. If the
strains are produced by liquid pressure the liquid to operate the press is conducted
through a pipe at bottom. Suitable pipes for this purpose are hereinafter
described. The straining bar 1117 is constructed with a head 1120 which is
provided with a hydraulic or other suitable holding device. It is preferred to hold
the specimens by a hydraulic holder on the straining head substantially such as
is shown in detail in Figures 151, 152, 153. The said holder is provided with a
hydraulic ram 1121 and dies 1122 made to fit the particular specimen which is to
be held consisting in the present illustration of a flat plate 1123. 1124 is the
small pipe for conducting the pressure liquid to the rain. The holder consists of
two beams 1125, 1125a. secured together by bolts 1126 and nuts 1126a. and a
beam or follower 1127 which is operated by the ram 1121 and clamps the specimen
by means of the dies 1122. The holder is connected to the straining head by
pins 1120a, 11206. passing through it and through parts 1127a. 11276. of the
beams 1127 and 1125. In Figures 140, 141 and 146 the adjusting or straining
nuts 1113 of the straining beam 1112 are shown as four in number and driven
directly by a band wheel 1153a. shaft 1153 and cog gearing 1115, 1115a. without
the intervention of the screws 1114. This direct gearing is used for imparting
light strains or for adjusting the straining beam where it is used in connection
with a hydraulic press for producing the strains. When the hydraulic press is
used simply as a gauge the piston rod connected there with is stayed within the
straining beam by flexible fixing plates and the liquid pressure chambers are sealed
so as to operate on separate gauges 1119 without external connection.
To adapt the machino for use for torsional strains the straining bar 1117 is

page_text: extended completely through the straining beam or press 1112 and is connected as
shown in Figures 140, 141, 146, 147 by a link or rod 1128 to a chain 1129 which
passes around the crank arm 1130. The end of this arm may constitute an arc
of any necessary length or it may form an entire wheel when necessary. The
straining beam or press is in this illustration mounted on wheels 1131 running
on rails or ways 1109a. as the beam is moved in either direction by the rotation
of the nuts 1113 on the screws 1111 either ¡for adjustment or straining. The hub
of the crank arm or wheel 1130 receives concentrically within it a hollow
shaft 1134 constituting the torsion bar and turning within bearings in pillar
blocks 1133 which hold the hub against lateral motion. The torsion bar 1134 is
adjustable longitudinally within the crank arm or wheel 1130 and derives rotation
therefrom by splines or keys 1135 which fit in grooves 1132 of the torsion-bar as
illustrated in Figure 141. The adjustable hollow torsion-bar 1134 has keyed to
its extremity a head 1134a. to which is attached by bolts 1134b. a hydraulic
holder adapted to hold a specimen any necessary length of which may be passed
within the hollow torsion-bar. The hydraulic holder is constructed as illustrated
in Figures 154, 155, 156 with two beams 1136, 1136a, tie-rods 1140 and a
follower 1137. 1138 is the liquid pressure pipe. 1139 (Figure 156) are three
opposing dies two of which are mounted in the fixed portion of the holder
beam 1136 while the other is carried by the follower 1137. The relative position
of these dies will be seen to adapt them to grasp with great force a specimen or
rod of round or other form and to centre it within the torsion bar.
The adjustment of the torsion-bar 1134 is effected by means of screws 1141,
Figures 140, 141, 146 fixed to a cross head or beam 1142 which runs on ways 1143
and constitutes the bearing in which the torsion bar 1134 is rotated. The
screws 1141 are moved back or forth by worm nuts 1144 rotated by a transverse
worm-shaft 1145 which may be driven by a band-pulley 1140. The shaft 1145
drives also a second pair of worm-nuts 1147 which are threaded to fit secondary
screws 1148 clamped at their extremities to a transverse beam 1149 which works
on the ways 1143 and is employed to support and stay the torsion-bar 1134, and
screws 1141 at a point midway between the stationary beam 1150 and the moveable
beam 1142. In order to effect the proper relative motion of the beams 1149
and 1142 for this purpose the screws 1148 are made of one half the pitch of the
screws 1141 so that a simultaneous rotation of the two pairs of nuts 1144 and 1147
will move the beam 1142 twice as far as the beam 1149. The latter is thus kept
midway between the beams 1142 and 1150 in all positions of the moving
beam 1142.
In the present illustration the screws 1141 are shown as double threaded and
the screws 1148, as single threaded.
The beam 1112 is moved for straining purposes at variable speeds by a variable
live-head 1115 shown in plan in Figure 137 in elevation in Figure 139 and in
longitudinal section in Figure 139. This live-head is constructed with the
customary connected set of differential cone pulleys 1151 and pinion 1152 running
loosely on the shaft 1153 to which the gear wheel 1154 is keyed and adapted
to be rigidly connected to said wheel at will by a dog 1155 and with an adjustable
back-gear-shaft 1156 carrying the wheel 1157 and pinion 1158 keyed thereto
and gearing with the cone-pulley pinion 1152 and shaft wheel 1154 respectively.
The boxes 1159 of the back gear shaft 1156 are held in either position by keys
1160 to hold the back gears either in or out of mesh with those of the shaft 1153.
In Figure 141, 1161 represents a secondary hydraulic press connected by a
rod 1162 with the crank arm 1130 or to a separate arm if preferred and employed
for various purposes.
It serves as a brake to check the movement of the arm
under the draft of the main straining press also serves as a backing device
to restore the arm 1130 to its normal position. It is also used in some cases for
applying strains when the power of the main press is not required.
The fixed end of the specimen 1163 which is to receive a torsional strain is
secured in a stationary holder 1164 by a hydraulic press 1165, Figure 148 and

page_text: three dies 1166 operating in the same way as those already described in connection
with the straining holder. 1167 represent bolts and nuts by which the two parts
of the stationary holder are secured together against the strain of the press 1165.
1168 is the liquid pressure pipe.
The stationary holder 1164 is formed with projecting arms 1164a. and is
supported by a wide standard or plate 1169 flexibly connected to it by a thin
plate 1170 and resting through the medium of struts 1169a. on a step 1171 which
is formed with suitable seats in which the said struts may turn. Angular collars
11696. on the struts 1169a. permit the turning thereof and they are threaded at.
their upper ends to fit tapped sockets in the plate 1169. 1169c, are lock nuts to
fix the struts relatively to the plate or standard in any position in which they
may be adjusted.
The stationary holder which transmits the strain to the weighing apparatus servos.
also to support and fix the specimen concentrically in the axis of the machine and
is thus clearly distinguished from an arm attached to the specimen only for the
purpose of transmitting the strain of torsion.
The extremities of the arms 1164a. are connected by flexible transmitting
plates 1172 with flanged plates 1173 bolted to the caps of hydraulic pressure
supports 1174 from which the pressure is transmitted through liquid pressure
pipes 1175 to weighing apparatus contained in the case 1176 and hereinafter fully
described. The lower supports 1174 are fixed to a beam 1174a, bolted to bearing
plates set in the masonry 1180. The upper supports 1174 are bolted to a beam 1174b,
and braced supports 1174c, the latter being bolted to the masonry 1180. The
construction of the supports is also described hereinafter in detail.
The weight of the support caps and of the attached plates 1173 is sustained
by a frame-work so as to relieve the moving parts of the support from any vertical
strain. At the upper part of the machine in Figure 148 the support cap and its
connections are shown resting by a flexible plate 1137a on a bracket formed by
the rod 1179a, beam 1178, and a brace or strut 1178a, made in two parts with
right and left screw threads on which works a double screw nut 11786, for
adjusting the brace rod in length. At the lower part of said figure the support
cap and its attachments are shown as sustained by a suspension rod 1173b, and
bracket 1173c, The holder arms 1164a, are adjusted laterally and fixed in position
by double screw rods 1177 and double screw nuts 1177a working thereon as shown
in Figures 140 and 146. 1179. 1179a. Figure 148 represent adjustable stops to
take up the recoil movement of the holder. The upper stop rod 1179a, passes
through the upper holding arm without contact and arrests its backward movement
by means of a nut 11796, The rod 1179a, is adjusted in height by the brace
rod 1178a, and nut 1178b, so as to adapt it to work within the aperture of the
arm 1164a, without friction. The rod 1179 receives the recoil of the lower arm
upon its end as shown. The rod 1179 is set adjustably in the masonry 1180, and
the rod 1179a is fixed in the beams 1178 and 1181. The rod 1179 and nut 11796,
are set nearly in contact with the arms so as to prevent any sensible recoil
movement in the event of the breaking of a specimen.
The angle of torsion produced by the strain is accurately measured by
indicators 1182 applied to the specimen itself. The construction and application of
these indicators are illustrated in Figures 140, 146, 147 and 148 and on a larger
scale in figure 143. Each consists of an arm or index 1183 removeably attached
to a ring 1184 which is hinged at 1185 and fastened by a screw 1186, around the
specimen. It is preferred to apply to the ring three or more equidistant radial
indicator arms in order to correctly show the angle of torsion in the event of the
shaft being deflected. To correctly centre the indicator on the specimen three or
more set screws 1187 are employed, said screws being threaded within seats 1191
fastened by screws 1191a to the ring 1184 said seats being graduated as
represented in Figure 144 to shew the equal insertion of the screws. Figures 144
and 145 show on a larger scale the screw the indicating case thereof and the
graduated sent. The indications of the pointers are read on graduated arcs 1188

page_text: attached adjustably to a rail 1189 by clamps 1190, By the application of two of
these indicators to the specimen at any determined distance apart as illustrated in
Figure 140 the precise amount of torsion produced by a given strain is accurately
shown. By observing the relative deflection of the indicators when applied at
different points on the specimen any weak parts thereof may be discovered. A
portion of one of the indicator arcs is shown in Figure 150. These arcs may each
constitute an entire ring or any part thereof as the capacity or purposes of the
machine may render necessary.
To take up the recoil of the straining beam and its connections in the event of
the breaking of a specimen the device shown in Figure 149 is employed. The
screws 1111, are connected to the housing 1133 by clamp screws 1192. attached
in the ends of the said screws 1111 and passing through boxes 1193, 1194
containing annular springs 1195, 1196, each consisting of a continuous ring of
rubber. The boxes are held to the housings by tap screws 1197, 1198. It will
now appear that in the event of the breaking of a specimen under a torsional strain
the screws 1111 being relieved from the compressive force of the straining beam
the said beam will recoil and by its inertia draw the screws 1111 away from the
housings drawing on the screw 1192 compressing the springs 1195 and drawing
the ends of the screws 1111 away from the boxes 1194 for the instant. The recoil
of the springs 1195 will restore the screws 1111, to contact with the boxes 1194
the springs 1196 yielding under the compression and afterwards restoring the parts
to their normal positions
In Figures 189 to 192 inclusive 1301 represents a vertical frame work to receive
and guide a series of weights 1302, 1303, 1304, 1305 mounted upon base-beams 1300
which are supported when at rest on the transverse beams 1307 of the stationary
frame.
1308 represents a standard resting on a hollow hydraulic ram 1309. 1310
represents a second hollow ram, concentric with the first and constituting the
cylinder in which the said ram 1309 works. 1311 is the cylinder of the hollow
ram 1310. 1312 is a jointed pipe conveying liquid to and from the inner ram 1309.
1313 is a liquid pipe communicating with the outer cylinder 1311. 1314 are keys
passed transversely through apertures 1315 prepared therefore in the standard 1308
and engaging beneath the base beams 1306 of the weights so as to raise any
number of said weights determined by the number of keys which may be applied
for the purpose.
$
A
Swivelled or jointed pipes are provided for conducting pressure liquid from a
hydraulic press or power accumulator to the holding or straining press of a testing
machine or any object in which it is desired to apply the pressure and which is
required to be moveable to a limited extent relatively to the source of pressure.
simple jointed coupling may be employed such as is illustrated in Figure 193. Or
the coupling illustrated in Figures 194, 195 196, 197 is employed. This latter
consists in part of an angular clamp 1316 secured to a base plate 1317 by
screws 1318. The base of the clamp is constructed with a nipple 1319 fitting
within an elbow 1320, a packing 1321 being interposed and tightly clamped by a
flanged nut 1322. The elbow 1320 is further formed with a centering stud 1323
shown in dotted lines in Figure 194 and is forced down upon the nipple 1319 by
the action of the two parts 1316, 1317, of the clamp. The elbow 1320 and the
clamp base 1317 are each tapped for the reception of pipes 1312. The coupling
nozzle of the clamp base 1317 may be horizontal as shown in Figure 194 or
vertical as shown in Figure 196, as preferred.
In Figures 198 and 198a 1324, 1325, represent two cylinders of unequal diameter
constructed with base flanges by which they are clamped together by means of
screw bolts 1326. 1327 represents a duplex piston adapted at its respective ends
to fit the cylinders 1324 and 1325, the piston heads being packed in any suitable
manner. The pipe 1328. Figures 199 and 200 communicates at the will of the
operator through a valve not shown with the high pressure pipe 1312 or the lower
pressure pipe 1313 of an accumulator figures 189. 190. 191 or with a pump if no

page_text: accumulator be used. Said pipe 1328 enters the transverse pipes 1329 of the
multiplier 1324. 1325 under the control of a cock 1330. 1331 and 1332 are pipes
communicating respectively with the large cylinder 1324 and the small cylinder 1325
and themselves connected by the transverse pipes 1329 under control of the valves
1333, 1334. the latter of which is shown in section in Figure 198 to illustrate the
construction of each. They will be seen to shut off the communication of the
transverse pipes 1329 with the respective horizontal pipes 1331, 1332, to which
they are applied without closing the said horizontal pipes themselves. 1335 repre-
sents a cock closing the extremity of the pipe 1331 and permitting the discharge of
water to a cistern when required.
The operation of this device is as follows:-If it be desired to communicate
pressure to the hydraulic straining or holding press from a pump or accumulator
without any increase beyond the pressure developed in the pipe 1312 or 1313, as
the case may be, the valves 1330 and 1334 are opened permitting the pressure to
pass freely from the pipe 1328 to the pipe 1332, which conducts it to the straining
or holding presses. The valve 1333 being closed to shut off communication
between the transverse pipes 1329 and the large cylinder 1324 and the valve 1335
opened to communicate with the cistern, the pressure developed in the cylinder 1325
from the pipe 1332 will force the piston 1327 up, expelling the water from the
large cylinder 1324 into the cistern. If now it be desired to develope an increased
pressure, the valves 1335 and 1334 are closed and the valves 1333 opened. It will
now be seen that the pressure cannot pass from the pipe 1328 to the pipe 1332,
excepting through the multiplying cylinders 1324 1325, The pressure entering
the larger cylinder 1324 will force the piston down and develope pressure in the
cylinder 1325 and conducting pipe 1332 with an increase corresponding to the
greater area of the large cylinder 1324 as compared with the cylinder 1325.
The pipes 1332 communicate with hydraulic presses in the stationary and
moving holders 1355. 1356 as shown in Figures 199 and 200. The pipe or branch
communicating with the weighing holder 1355 has not flexible joints. That com-
municating with the straining holder 1356 is provided with flexible joints at 1358,
1359. 1360.
In order to gauge the pressure in the pipe 1332 a pressure reducer is employed
consisting of a casing which may be made in three parts 1336, 1337, 1338
Figure 198 tightly clamped together by screw bolts 1339 and containing a liquid
pressure base 1340 flexible diaphragm 1341 diaphragm ring 1342, pressure column
1343, 1344, made in two parts, a centering and packing ring 1345, and an annular
diaphragm. The base 1340 for the liquid pressure chamber may be made separately
as here shown or in one piece with the base 1336. The pressure column may be
made in one or in two pieces as preferred.
The centring and packing ring 1345 is made of rubber or other elastic material.
It prevents contact of the column 1343 with the case 1337 or ring 1342 and
permits the slight movement of the pressure column without friction or sensible
resistance. It also forms a packing to prevent any liquid which may ooze through
the diaphragm 1341 from ascending within the case. Such liquid escapes through
the aperture 1342a.
1337a, is an aperture to place the air contained within the reducer in communi-
cation with the atmosphere. The small liquid chamber between the base 1340 and
diaphragm 1341 communicates with the pressure pipe 1332. The larger liquid
chamber above the column 1344 and annular diaphragm 1346 communicates through
a pipe 1347 with a gauge 1348. Figures 199 and 200 described in detail herein-
after so as to act upon the said gauge with reduced pressure.
A very efficient mode of connecting pipe sections where relative internal
movement is not required and adapting them to sustain heavy internal pressure
without leaking is shown in Figures 198. and 198a and in the larger scale sectional
detail views Figures 1986, and 198c,
1332a, represents a concave seat which it is preferred to make in hollow conical
form but it may be of hollow spheroidal or any other concave form. This concave

page_text: seat is formed by boring in the end of one part or member of the desired pipe
joint. The other member is formed with a convex end 1334a, It may be next the
bore, of frusto conical shape of a more, acute angle than the conical seat 1332a,
which receives it so that when the parts are pressed together a tight joint will be
first formed next the bore of the pipe, the seat or tight closing together of the parts
being extended outward from the bore in proportion to the pressure exerted in
forcing them together. The conical surface of the end 1334a, merges into a
spheroidal surface 13346 or the entire convex or projecting end of the pipe may be
of spheroidal or other shape which will adapt it to first engage at its extremity
with the concave seat 1332a, next the bore as described.
The respective members of the joint or coupling may be formed with internal
and external threads to adapt one to screw within the other as shown at 1330a, or
they may be connected and compressed together by a coupling sleeve 1332c, flanged
to confine one member of the joint on which it turns and threaded to receive the
other member on which it is screwed in the well known manner represented in
the Drawings. The convex end may be formed on the end of the pipe section and
the concave seat therefor in the coupling piece or vice versa. The improved
coupling forms a tight joint around the bore of the pipe adapted to resist without
leaking as great a pressure as the pipes it is employed to connect.
It dispenses with the need of washers or gaskets and affords security which is
not attainable with any form of coupling in which it is attempted to produce a
tight joint in the threads of the screw. It is free from liability to leak under
excessive pressure for the reason that the pressure developed within the pipe has a
tendency to expand the extremity 1334a of the pipe where the walls are thinnest
more than the concave seat 1332a where the whole thickness of the walls of the
pipe resists such expansion.
By screwing the parts of the coupling together with the necessary force the
metal is compressed causing the tight joint between the pipe end 1334a, and the
concave seat 1332a, to extend radially outward from the bore of the pipe to any.
required distance and the greater the pressure within the pipe the further will be
the radial extension of such tight joint.
This joint having no packing but being formed by the contact of metal surfaces
can be broken and remade as often as necessary without difficulty and without
becoming impaired.
In Figures 199 and 200 1349 represents dynamometers details in construction
of which are also hereinafter described. Said dynamometers are employed to
sustain the weight of the specimen 1353 under compression so that the test
applied in a horizontal direction as shown may be approximately equivalent
to the strain of compression applied to the specimen in the vertical position
in which it is to be used. Any necessary number of these dynamometers
are applied at proper distances apart. They are provided with adjusting screw.
stirrups or nuts 1350 suspended by swivelled hooks 1351 from a beam or other
support and working on screw stems 1352. Before the strain is applied the
dynamometers are so adjusted as to sustain the weight of the intermediate portion
of the specimen to which they are applied to prevent deflection by its gravity.
The strain being then applied the attendant watches the indications of the
dynamometers and so adjusts them by means of the suspension nuts 1350 as to
keep the indications the same as before the strain was applied so that the gravity
or lateral force of the material may not be used in either direction either to
augment or reduce the proper deflecting effect of the strain of endwise compression
to which the specimen is subjected under test. If the indicator of the dynamo-
meter shows that the downward pressure of the part of the specimen to which it is
applied, increases under the strain of compression, the hanger of the dynamometer
must be lengthened until the initial indication is restored so that the dynamometer
will not resist the proper deflection of the specimen under strain. If on the other
hand the indication of the dynamometer shows a reduction in vertical strain
indicating an inclination of the specimen to bend upward under the strain of

page_text: compression the dynamometer must be raised until the initial indication is restored
so that the weight of material in the specimen may not be used to resist its proper
:deflection under the strain of compression.
The holding or straining screws 1202 may be made each in a single piece as
illustrated in Figures 199 and 200 or in separate pieces spliced or coupled together.
The stanchions or stationary frame-work 1201 may be constructed as here shown
or in any suitable manner.
The holding presses, straining presses and other essential parts and details of the
machinery not described specifically in this application are described and some of
them claimed in the specifications of other patents of mine, of even date herewith.
The specimen holder beams may be connected by tie rods 1354 between the
straining screws 1202 as illustrated in the case of the weighing holder beams 1355.
Figures 199 and 200, or they may be extended as illustrated in the case of the
straining holder beams 1356 and connected by the rods 1357 external to the
straining screws. The latter mode adapts the machine to receive a wider specimen.
1204. 1205 represent coupled beams between which are contained liquid pressure
supports communicating through the pipes 1257 with weighing apparatus contained
in the case 1212 and herein after described. These coupled beams are adapted to
be used interchangeably as the bed and platform of the scale accordingly as a
strain of tension or compression is applied to the specimen, one of the said coupled
beams, having for the time being a fixed bearing on the screws 1202 while the
other receives the strain from the specimen and applies it to the liquid pressure
supports. These coupled beams and the means of adjusting them for alternative
use and other accessory devices are described and claimed by me in the Specification
of other patents of mine of even date herewith.
The details of the weighing machinery are shown in Figures 17 to 27 inclusive 17a,
216a, 217a 218a 176 21a 216 2166 and 217b.
In Figures 18 and 19 161 represents a stationary bed or frame for the reception
of a load platform 162 which rests on four supports (more or less) preferably
constructed substantially as shown in Figure 20 or Figure 216a. This support is
constructed as follows. A base plate 163 receives the nozzle 164 of one of the
liquid conducting pipes 165 in an orifice leading from a liquid chamber formed in
the upper surface of the base-plate and covered by a diaphragm 166 fastened to
the base at its periphery by soldering or otherwise and similarly secured at its
inner edge to the bottom of the support column 167. The upper part of the
column consists of a flanged head 167a, removeable from the base of the column
and permanently secured to the external shell or casing 168 by a thin flexible stay
plate 169 soldered or otherwise secured in grooves formed for it in the column head
and casing as shown. The column head receives on top a solid rubber spring 170
which is encircled by a ring 171 to confine it. A flanged or bell-shaped cap 172
rests on the spring 170 and extends outward and downward over the top of the
casing to shield and protect the working parts
made to
The platform is adjusted horizontally and secured against horizontal movement
by stay plates 173 fastened at their respective ends to lugs 174 and 175 (Figure 22)
one bolted permanently to the platform and the other connected to the frame by a
straining bolt 176 and nut 177 or if preferred the permanent attachment
the stationary frame and the straining attachment to the platform. In some
situations the most convenient access to the nuts 177 can be had by placing them
on the outside of the frame.-If the frame be surrounded by walls so as to be
unapproachable from the outside the nuts can be placed on the inside and reached
through openings in the platform, or by placing the stay plates on the top and the
lugs beneath as shown in Figure 18, the nuts 177 may be approached from below.
The liquid pipes 165 for transmitting pressure from the support columns 167
communicate through screw nozzles 178 (Figure 21) with chambers 179 set
removably in the base 180 of the pillar 181. The chambers are covered by
diaphragms 182 fastened at their peripheries by rings 183 the joint being secured
by a sealing ring 184 on the outside extending beneath the enlarged head of the

page_text: chamber piece. The pressure is communicated to a small column 185 and on these
columns 185 which in the present illustration are four in number (there being one
for each chamber) the base 186 of the main pressure column 187 rests.
The small pressure-chambers, whether in a scale-frame or reducer, may be
introduced in a divided base as illustrated in Figures 17. 17a and 21 or in an
annular base.
The lower end of the pressure column 187 and its base 186 are secured against
horizontal motion by a flexible annular stay plate 188, the inner edge of which is
clamped between said column and its base, while the periphery of the plate is
clamped between the pillar base 180 and pillar 181. The pillar 181 and base 180
are fastened together by bolts and nuts 189 (Figure 17) The column 187 and its
base plate 186 are fastened together by a strong central tap bolt 190, (Figure 21)
which is itself tapped with a central threaded opening to receive a screw 191 which
is fitted loosely within a hollow bolt 192 screwed into the centre of the pillar
base 180. By means of the combined screws 191 and 192 the latter limiting the
descent of the column and the former firmly holding it down, the said column
may be fixed rigidly in position for transportation or in setting up and adjusting
any part of the scale when required.
The column 187 is formed at top with a removeable screw head 193, Figures 17
and 23 which clamps the inner edge of a flexible annular fixing plate 194, the
outer edge of which is clamped between the removeable pillar head 195 and the
pillar 181 which are fastened together by bolts 196.
The removeable pillar head is constructed with an upwardly projecting lug or
standard 197 to which is clamped by a plate 198 a thin flexible compression
plate 199. The lower edge of this plate is clamped by a plate 200 to a fulcrum
block 201 secured by screws 202 to the heel of the beam 203. The fulcrum
block 201 also clamps at its lower edge a flexible transmitting plate 204 connecting
it with an intermediate column 205 which is connected by another thin transmitting
plate 206 with the head 193 of the main pressure column.
207 represents a rod of copper brass, or other metal more expansible by heat
than the material of the column 187 and pillar 181. This rod being fixed at top
in a spring 208 and at bottom in the base 186 of the column exerts a downward
pressure which increases under an increase of temperature so as to resist undue
pressure which the liquid in the pressure chambers would develop from the same
cause. The spring 208 to which the rod is attached is fixed to a stud or standard 209
at its rear end and held at its central part by an adjustable post 210 threaded as
shown and clamped by means of nuts 211. 212 within a slot in the scale frame 213
so that the post may be adjusted horizontally to regulate the stiffness of the
spring.
The scale frame 213 may be cast with or permanently secured to the pillar 181.
At the weight end of the scale a standard 214 rises from the frame affording
attachment for a suspension plate 215 connected through a hanger 216 and second
thin flexible plate 217 with a fulcrum block 218 which is bored to receive the
indicator rod 219 and is attached by thin plate connections 220 to the extremity of
the beam 203. The indicator rod carries ou its projecting rear end an adjustable
block 221a, fixed in position by a set screw 2216 and supporting a standard 221
and vertically adjustable counterweight 222 for regulating the sensitiveness of the
scale and secured in position by a thread on the rod 221 or by a set screw 222c,
223 represents a tare weight sliding on the rod for approximately balancing the
scale. More accurate balancing is effected by the use of the weight 224 sliding ou
a weight rod 225 attached to the main beam. The end of the indicator rod is
notched as shown at 226 (Figure 26) and works within a vertical slotted guide 227
provided with an adjustable stop 228 to limit the vertical motion. It is preferred
to form a thread on the rod as shown in Figure 27 and provide it with a pair of
stop nuts 229. 230 represents a graduated indicator plate to show accurately the
position of the rod.
The main beam is graduated as shown 231 for the purpose of weighing up

page_text: A smaller
to 1000 lbs (for example) by the use of a sliding weight 232.
weight 234 sliding on the rod 225 may be used in connection with the gradua-
tions 233 to indicate pounds and fractions thereof.
A bar 235 suspended from the end of the beam by flexible plates 236 receives
the main weights 237 the value of which may be read by the figures directly at
the top of each as it is placed in position.
For the attachment of the thin flexible plates 220 and 236 the end of the beam
is provided with a block or lug 203b, made wide laterally as shown in Figure 24.
A similar lateral extension is provided at the heel of the beam for the reception of
the fulcrum-block 201 and transmitting plate 204. In these blocks or lateral
extensions the weight-rod 225 is mounted.
To secure the weight end of the beam against lateral motion a flexible rod or
plate 238 is secured at one end to the stationary frame or case and at the other
end by a screw 239, shown in dotted lines in Figure 24, or by other suitable means
to the wide lug or block at the end of the beam 203. A similar rod 238a. secured
at one end to the stationary frame or case and at the other end by a screw 239a.
or other means to the fulcrum-holder 218 of the indicator-rod 219 secures this rod
against lateral motion. These rods or plates may be round, square or flat as
preferred. They are preferably passed through cavities as shown and fixed by
screws 240, 240a. or other means to the frame or case. The attachments are made
at or near the extremities of the rods or plates to give them the necessary freedom
for vertical flexure or torsional motion as the case may be.
The mode of setting the flexible fulcrum-plates in recesses or rabbets in the
clamp-plates which hold them, or in the parts to be connected affords a convenient
and accurate mode of gauging the depth of their insertion. Such plates being
prepared, a large number together of accurately uniform width, have only to be
pressed home on the bottom of the notches and clamped by the clamp-plates to
insure the proper adjustment and proximity of the separated parts.
The interposition of the intermediate column 205 with flexible joints between the
head of the main pressure-column and the beam permits the horizontal play of the
joint 204 which is necessary where the fulcrums 199 and 204 are on different levels.
It is found beneficial to have the fulcrum 199 and transmitting joint 204 at
different heights for the following reasons. Under increased pressure the diaphragms
are found to offer increased resistance to their deflection produced by the motion
of the pressure column under oscillations of the beam. But by placing the fulcrums
of the beam on different levels it will be observed that as the beam is elevated it
becomes a lever of decreasing power by the increase in length of its short arm and
in like manner as it is lowered it becomes a lever of increasing power. This gives
to the predominating one of the two opposing forces increasing power in the
direction in which motion occurs and this increasing power is augmented in corre-
spondence with the increase of pressure and compensates for the increased resistance
of the diaphragms. By this means the sensitiveness of the scale is preserved under
heavy loads.
Figure 17a is a front elevation of a weigh-beam and accessories suitable
for a very large scale, those here shown being for a scale of one million pounds
capacity.
The beam 203 carries at its right-hand end, the poise-rod 235 which has provided
for it weights 237 sufficient to balance 900,000 lbs on the platform.
To the left hand end of the beam 203 is secured the supplementary weigh-
beam 203a. consisting of two parts, one passing in front and the other to the rear
of the fulcrum-block or standard 197 and having attached to their outer ends a
clamp-plate to which the weight rod 235a. is suspended by a thin flexible plate or
plates 236a. On the lower end of the weight-rod 235a. is a platform which
carries weights 237a. sufficient in number and size to balance 100,000 lbs on the
platform of the scale.
The scale is balanced before loading with these weights 237a. all in position on
the weight-rod 235a. when a load of 100,000 lbs placed on the platform will be

page_text: balanced by their removal. This permits the addition or removal of weights to
balance 100,000 lbs or any fractional part thereof without removing or adding to
the weights 237 of the weight-rod 235 so that no disturbance of the weights for
even hundreds of thousands is made for weighing the fractional parts of one
hundred thousand pounds.
The lower ends of the weight-rods are received within recessed plates attached to
the frame and permitting limited lateral movement to the said weight-rods but
without contact in the normal position of the weight-rods.
The beam 203 is provided with a sliding weight 232 with graduations in even
hundreds for 10,000 lbs and with a sliding weight 234 with graduations by pounds
up to 100 lbs.
It will thus be seen that when a load upon the scale is balanced by the weights
237, 237a., 232 and 234, the aggregate amount of such load will be read directly
from the markings on the weight-rods 235, 235a., and beam 203, without any
additions or subtractions, the hundreds of thousands being shown by the figures at
the top of the upper weight remaining on the rod 235, the tens of thousands by the
figures at the top of the uppermost weight 237a. on the rod 235a., the thousands
and hundreds by the position of the weight 232 on the beam 203 and the tens and
units by the position of the weight 234 on the beam 203.
In cases where it is undesirable to apply to the coluinn or columns acting on the
weigh-beam, the full pressure derived from the platform-supports, I interpose an
apparatus termed a reducer consisting of a column or columns mounted by plates
or diaphragms within a suitable casing, so as to receive at one end the pressure,
derived from the platform-supports through the small chambers connected
therewith, and transmit from the other end pressure, reduced in any desired
proportion, through the medium of a liquid chamber or chambers or suitably
arranged levers.
In scales for very heavy loads the liquid-pressure supports may be either
simple as shown in Figures 20, 216a. and 216b. or they may be compound as
described in the Specification of another Patent of mine of even date herewith.
Figure 216a. shows a support with a chamber in its base within which liquid is
confined by an annular lining-plate 1265 and an annular diaphragm 166, bent and
soldered together at their outer edges and to the chamber-base, the inner edge of
the annular lining-plate being soldered to the chamber base and the inner edge of
the diaphragm to the bottom of the pressure column 167.
Figure 217a shows on a larger scale this mode of connecting and attaching the
annular lining plate and diaphragm.
Figure 218a shows a mode of connecting at their edges a lining-plate 1380 and
diaphragm 1264 made continuous instead of annular so that they require to be
soldered together and to the chamber-base at the outer edge only of the connected
plates while the pressure-column may rest on such continuous diaphragm without
attachment.
Figure 216b. shows a support made after this manner. The upper surface of
the chamber-base and the under-surface of the pressure-column being both provided
with grooves or corrugations in which the thin metal of which the plates are
formed will be forced by the pressure,
Figure 217b. is a sectional view on a larger scale of the connected lining-
plate 1380 and diaphragm 1264 after they have thus been pressed into the grooves
or corrugations of the chamber-base and pressure-column.
Figures 217a and 2176 also show the conducting plug 1381 which is permanently
soldered to the lining-plate 1265 or 1380 and is received in the chamber-base 163
and secured there by the coupling-plug 1382 as shown in Figures 216a and 216b.
To this coupling plug the conducting pipe 165 is permanently connected. The
conducting plug is formed with a longitudinal opening communicating through
the lining-plate 1205 or 1380 with the liquid chamber of the support and a
lateral duct from this through which liquid passes to the coupling and sealing-
plug 1382. A cavity in the conducting-plug 1381' receives the convex end of the

page_text: .
coupling-plug 1382 as the latter is screwed in causing it to fix the conducting plug
1381 firmly in position while the openings in the two plugs are brought into
communication. The lining-plate and diaphragm being secured together and to
the chamber-base as described are afterwards securely clamped upon the base by
the casing 168 or 1386 by means of tap screws 1387. In Figure 2166 the two
parts of the pressure-column are indicated by 1385 and 1385a the upper member
being connected by a flexible fixing plate 1388 with the casing 1386 and provided
with a cushion for the reception of the platform as shown at 1389. This cushion
while confined against expansion by its containing recesses permits to the platform
resting on it slight lateral motion thereby securing the free and independent action
of the pressure-supports.
In scales which are required to weigh comparatively small loads the liquid
pipes 165 leading from the bydraulic pressure supports are connected directly to
small chambers resting, as shown in Figure 21, in the base-piece 180 of the weigh-
frame 181, Figures 17, 21 and 17a, the pressure-columns of these small chambers
acting directly against the main pressure-column 187 of the scale which pressure-
column is connected directly to the beam. When the loads and pressures are large
it is preferred to employ the mechanism shown in Figures 17b, 21a and 21b, to
reduce the proportional load on the column by interposing between it and the
small pressure-chambers reducing levers. This mechanism I term.collectively a
"reducer." It consists: First, of a base-piece 1764 of suitable form which is here
shown as secured to the weigh-frame 181 of the scale by the bolts 1766 and 1781.
Connected with this base-piece 1764 are the fulcrum-blocks 1776 secured thereto
by bolts 1777. This fulcrum-block may be made in one piece with the bed-piece
1764 or as part of 181 if preferred, but is preferably made separate of steel as here
shown in which case the fulcrum-plate 1775 may be pressed in grooves at both.
ends which is very desirable. On this bed-piece 1764 are set one or more small
pressure-chambers 179. connecting directly by small pipes 1429a. with the main
supports 168, Figures 18 and 19, or liquid-pressure supports between the coupled
beams 1204, 1205, of which there are 1, 2, 4, 6 or more. In this illustration there
are four. If two only were used the chamber bases 179a. connected therewith
might both be at one end of the reducer one in front of the other, or one at each
end. In the present instance there are two at each end, one of each pair only
being seen, the others being directly behind them. These chambers are secured to
the base-piece 1764 by screws 1765. The chambers themselves consist of a base
or chamber-plate 179a, casing-ring 183a, pressure-column 185a and diaphragm 182a.
The pressure-column 185a is secured to the casing-ring 183a by the diaphragm 924c
securely fastened to both it and the ring. To be sure of sealing the chamber
perfectly the diaphragm 182a may be packed by a lead ring as shown in
Figure 21a.
A vent 299, Figure 21a, permits the escape of air while the pressure-chamber is
being filled with liquid. Such vent is afterwards tightly closed by the screwing
home of the supply-plug in its socket in the chamber-base.
The chamber in the upper side of the base-piece 179a. is extended at the sides
toward the sealing-ring 1763, Figure 21a, until the width of the ledge constituting
the wall of the chamber which separates the chamber from the sealing-ring 1763 is
EO narrow or thin that if of soft steel or other 'suitable metal it will yield so far as
to allow the surfaces of the ledge and sealing-ring to be brought firmly in contact
with the diaphragm 182a, or other sealing surface all around so that the sealing
becomes perfect. In cases where the base-piece is not very soft I prefer the mode
shown in enlarged section Figure 216 where I make use of a bronze or brass ring
1762 and lead ring 1763 both firmly pressed in place and then finely dressed as
shown. If the chamber-base 179a. is of soft steel or soft iron it should be dressed
with a thin lip extending up to the top of the lead as shown in the ring 1762, or if
preferred the packing groove may be made wider and a bronze or brass ring 1761
pressed in and dressed off like 1762. These concentric bronze rings 1761, 1762, are
pressed in before the lead ring 1763, and all are finished together, a very small lip

page_text: extending up each side of the lead which keeps it from flowing out of place when
the case 183a. is firmly secured to the chamber-base 179a. by the screws 184a. the
latter also serving to press the diaphragm 182a. sufficiently on the lead 1763 to
seal the chamber. The pressure-columns 185a. may act directly against the
levers 1774, or there may be interposed between them a fulcrum 1773 and pressure-
block or column 1767 which is fixed against rotation at the bottom by the steel
plate 1768 the latter being secured to the column 1767 by the clamp-piece 1769
and screws 1770 and to the bed-piece 1764 by the screws 1771 and clamp-piece or
lug 1772. The levers 1774 have fixed fulcrums 1775, at one end and a movable
fulcrum 1778 at the free end, this fulcrum connecting with the pressure-column
1779 which is made in one with 205 or compound as here shown where the two
parts 1779-205a. are secured together by the screws 1780. The lever 1774 is best
made of soft steel and grooved for the fulcrums 1775 and 1778 which are pressed
very tightly into their grooves.
The gauge shown at 1119 in Figures 137 and 139 and at 1348 in Figures 199
and 200 and represented in detail on a larger scale in Figures 116, 117 and 118 is
constructed with a cylindrical case 751 provided with a dial 752 and covered by a
glazed front 753 attached in any suitable manner; 754 is a hollow screw-plug by
which the gauge-case is connected with a pipe or receptacle or any object con-
taining fluid under pressure which is to be measured. The said hollow plug bears
upward by a concavo-convex plano-convex or double convex joint of such form as
to bring the pressure at or near the centre, against a sealing-plug 755 which forms
the base of the liquid-pressure-chamber 756 and clamps the periphery of a flexible
metallic diaphragm 757 by which the said chamber is closed. 758 is a pressure-
column resting upon or connected with the diaphragm 757, as preferred, and
connected by a thin flexible plate 759 with a lever 760 which is fulcrumed by a
thin flexible plate 761 to a bracket 761a. projecting upward within the case from
the stationary neck thereof and secured thereto by screws 762. Between the
plates 769 and 761 is a fulcrum-block 760a which, with the clamp-plates 763 and
screws 764, connects these plates to the pressure-column 758, lever 760 and
bracket 761a. The free end of the lever 760 is connected by a thin flexible
plate 765 with a secondary lever 766 fulcrummed to the case by a thin flexible
plate 767 and connected by a long flexible plate or plates 768 with the lever
frame 769. The plates 765, 767, 768 are attached by clamp-plates 770 and
screws 771. The lever-frame 769 is fulcrumed at 769a. to a stationary bracket 769b
and carries at its extremity a segmental rack 769c. gearing with the pinion 772 of
the rotary indicator 772a. 7726 represents a hair-spring attached at one end to
the indicator-shaft 773 and at the other end by a stud 766a. to the lever 766 and
offering such slight resistance to the rotation of the indicator as will serve to keep
the working parts in contact. The pressure is resisted by a plate spring 774. This
spring is connected at one end by a clamp 774a. to the extremity of a rod 7746
screwed within the case 751 and to the said clamp 774a. so as to admit of adjusting
the bearing of the spring up or down as required for setting the needle or indicator
to zero, without opening the case. For this purpose the rod 7746 has threads of
different pitch on its respective ends or right and left threads may be used or the
connection between the screw-rod and spring-clamp may be a simple swivel. The
other end of the spring 774 is fastened adjustably to the lever 766 by a clamp 775
held by a screw 776. The longitudinal adjustment of this clamp on the spring 774
by varying its effective length, regulates its resistance to the movement of the
load-levers.
The rod 7746 is made for a part or the whole of its length of metal either more
or less expansible than the material of the case, in order to counteract the effect of
variations in temperature, the rod being attached to either the top or bottom of
the case as may be required to secure this result.
One or more arms 777 projecting either upward or downward from the lever 769
and provided with an adjustable weight or weights 778, are employed to afford a
variable and either increasing or decreasing resistance to the motion of the levers,

page_text: as may be found requisite in order to adapt the indicator of a given gauge to
work correctly in connection with fixed graduations on the dial. The bearings of
the indicator-shaft 773 are in brackets 779 fixed to the lever 760 by screws 780.
By this means the parts requiring delicate adjustment may be put together and
adjusted in position before they are inserted in the case.
The diaphragm 757 may be of disc form with the pressure-column 758 resting
on it, as illustrated in Figure 116, or it may be in annular form, soldered or
otherwise secured liquid-tight to a clamp plate 780a, the latter being fixed to the
pressure column 758 by a screw 7806, as illustrated in Figure 118. The instrument
is thus adapted for use, either as a pressure-gauge or as a vacuum gauge, indicating
either the pressure on the underside of the diaphragm of fluid in the chamber 756
or the pressure of the atmosphere on the upper side of the diaphragm when the
said chamber is partially exhausted. The indicator scale may be suitably graduated
as shown in Figure 116, to indicate both pressure and vacuum.
A steam gauge is
thus adapted to indicate the existance and extent of a vacuum within a boiler.
When the instrument is intended to indicate vacuum only the diaphragm is curved
in the opposite direction.
The dynamometer which is shown in position at 1349 in Figures 199 and 200
is represented in detail on a larger scale in Figures 126, 127, 128 and 126a.
901 represents a suspension-stem passing through a suspension-beam 902 both of
which have limited vertical play within the case 903 and are fixed from lateral
motion therein by an annular plate 904 which is fastened at its outer edge to the
neck of the case and at its inner edge to the beam. This beam 902 may be secured
against lateral motion with reference to the case 903 by any suitable packing or
other means such that there shall be very slight or no lateral movement permitted
and at the same time the small longitudinal movement shall be but slightly
resisted. A rubber or other elastic ring might be used for this purpose, but the
method here shown of securing them by flexible metallic plates is preferable. Two
rods 905 are fixed to the beam 902 and extend down completely through the case
as shown. A pair of lock nuts 906 fix the stem 901 permanently to the beam 902.
A load-beam 907 is fixed by nuts 908 to the rods 905 being tightly clamped
against shoulders on said rods by the action of the nuts. These beams 902, 907,
and the rods .905 which thus rigidly connect them constitute a fixed yoke which is
suspended by the stem 901. The upper beam 902 of this yoke lies wholly within
the weighing case and is attached thereto by the flexible plate 904 permitting
relative vertical motion of the case to a slight extent but no horizontal motion.
The load-beam 907 thus fixed to the suspension-stem, suspension-beam and
connecting-rod is fixed against lateral movement in the case by a thin flexible
annular plate 909 secured at its outer edge to a casing-ring 910 and at its inner
edge to the load-beam 907. 911 represents a base-plate recessed on both its upper
and under surfaces to form liquid-chambers, as hereinafter described. 912 are
studs screwed into the case 903 and formed with shoulders whereby they fix
rigidly to the case the casing-ring 910 and chamber base 911. It will now be
seen that the case 903 of the instrument is secured to the suspension-yoke at top
and bottom by the flexible plates 904 and 909 so as to prevent relative horizontal
movement between said case and yoke while permitting without appreciable
resistance the slight vertical movement of the case necessary in weighing. 913 is
a load cross-head clamped to the lower ends of the fixing studs 912 by nuts 914
and forming an attachment for a load-stem 915 which is swiveled therein, being
secured by a nut 916 and washer 917. A pin 918 fastens the nut 916 to the
washer 917 so as to cause them to turn together as the stem swivels on the cross-
head. 919 is a stop-plate fastened by a screw 920 to the load-beam 907 and
formed with a projecting flange or shoulder, as clearly shown in Figure 127 to
limit the upward movement of the case by the contact of the said shoulder with
an inwardly projecting flange or shoulder on the casing-ring 910 when the
instrument is relieved of a load. 921 is a pressure-column resting through the
medium of the plate 919 on the beam 907 and secured by a flexible metallic

page_text: diaphragm 922 to the chamber-base 911, a tight chamber being thus formed
between the base 911 and the column 921. A column 923 and flexible
diaphragm 924 cover the liquid-chamber of smaller area on the opposite side of the
double chamber base 911, the two chambers being connected by a liquid-duct 973
shown in dotted lines in Figure 127 and in full lines in Figure 128, so that when
a load is applied to the case 903 pressure on the liquid in the lower chamber
between the base 911 which is fixed to the case and the column 921 which rests
on the suspension-yoke 902, 905, 907, will be communicated through the duct to
the smaller chamber above, developing a pressure reduced in its aggregate by the
proportionately smaller area of the chamber. 925 is a diaphragm ring which bears
upon the outer edge of the diaphragm 924. This separate ring may be dispensed
with, the case 903 being formed to rest directly on the diaphragm 924. 926 are
elastic rings set partly in the load-beam 907 and covering the openings in the
casing-ring 910 around the rods 905. The said elastic rings while covering the
openings permit the slight relative motion of the parts without friction. These
rings 926 may be used in the same manner to exclude air, dust & from the
case 903 in machines where the liquid-chamber-piece 911 is dispensed with, the
case 903 in this instance resting directly on the ring 910, 927, Figure 128, is a
sealing-plug closing the duct 974 through which the liquid-chambers and connecting
duct 973 are filled. 975 is a transverse duct permitting the escape of air from the
chambers while they are filled with liquid. The upper pressure-chamber is
preferably formed in two parts, the upper part 928 being connected by a clamp 931
and a flexible transmitting-plate 932 to the load-lever 933 which is fulcrumed by
the flexible plate 934 and clamp-plate and screw 935 to the fulcrum block 930, the
latter being secured by screws 929 to the case 903. A weight applied to the case
by the load-stem 915 depressing the chamber-base 911 forces liquid up through
the duct 973 into the chamber above developing pressure upward on the column
923, 928, and load-lever 933. From the load-lever 933 pressure is transmitted
through a flexible plate 936 and clamps 937, 938, to a secondary lever 942
fulcrumed by a compound flexible joint formed by thin plates 939, 939a, and
clamp 940. 941 is a clamp which fixes the plate 939 to the transmitting lever 942
and 941a. a clamp which fixes the plate 939a. to the case. 943 represents a fixing
and resisting-plate or plates fastened by an adjustable clamp or clamps 944 to the
fulcrum-block 930 and by a clamp 945 to the load-lever 942. 946 represents a
temperature spring fastened by a clamp-plate 947 to the back part of the secondary
load-lever and to the case by a temperature and adjusting rod 948 which is formed
wholly or in part of metal more or less expansible than that of the case in order to
counteract automatically the effect of changes in temperature as may be necessary.
The rod 948 is screwed within the case as shown in dotted lines in Figure 126
for the purpose of setting it up or down to vary the pressure of the spring on the
lever and to set the indicator hereinafter described. 949 is a transmitting plate
fastened by a clamp 950 to the secondary lever 942 and by a clamp 952 to the
fulcrum-block 951 of a transmitting-lever 953 which is fastened to the said fulcrum-
block by screws 954. A flexible fulcrum-plate 955 is fixed to the fulcrum-block
951 by screws 954 and 954a. and to a fulcrum-bracket 956 by a clamp 957. The
bracket 956 is fastened to a lug 986 on the case by a screw 95S. The fulcrum-
block 951 is connected to the case 903 either directly or through the medium of
the bracket 956, by the thin flexible plate 959 attached to the said fulcrum-
block by a clamp 960 and to the case 903 or bracket 956 by a clamp plate 961.
From the lever 953 rotary motion is imparted to the indicator 966 by a band 962
fastened to the transmitting lever 953 by a clamp-plate 963 and coiled on a
drum 964 on the shaft 965 of the indicator 966. The shaft 965 runs in jeweled
bearings on the brackets or standards 967 and 968 screwed to the block 930.
969 is a hair-spring attached at its respective ends to the indicator-shaft and to a
pin 969a. on the lever 942. The hair-spring offers a slight resistance to the
motion of the indicator and serves to keep the connections taut. 970 is an annular
dial in front of which the indicator works. 971 is a door frame and 972 a glass

page_text: fixed therein. 976 is a stud screwed in the lever 942, constituting an adjustable
stop to limit the downward motion of the transmitting lever 953. 977 is a stud
screwed in the beam 902 projecting downward and constituting an adjustable stop
to limit the upward movement of the lever 953. The fixing-plate 909 may be
fastened to the load-beam 907 by packing, as shown, or by clamping it with the
stop-plate 919 and screw 920. If preferred the stop-plate 919 may be entirely
dispensed with, the pressure column 921 resting directly on the load-beam 907.
Elastic diaphragms may be substituted for the packing 926 so as to seal the
casing without friction.
By fixing the moving parts against lateral motion at their upper and lower ends
they are made steady in their vertical motion. By doubling the levers as shown
and permitting the connections 905 to work between them the strains are taken
centrally without any lateral pressure which would tend to produce unequal wear
and uncertainty in the action of the instrument.
If it be desired to adapt the machine for optional use either horizontally or
vertically a counterbalancing weight must be connected with the lever 953, or
some other moving part to neutralize the action of gravity when the machine is
used vertically, otherwise the indications will vary in the different positions of the
machino.
In Figure 127 the diaphragın 924 is shown annular and secured to the chamber-
base 911 and pressure-column 923 by solder. This diaphragm has been usually
made of brass. When in the annular form shown or when extending over the
whole area of the chamber it has heretofore been made of one or several corrugated
plates of sufficient strength to withstand the pressure of the liquid and by its
bending to communicate motion through various kinds of mechanism to the
indicator-needle. A preferable construction is shown in Figure 126a, where the
main pressure of the liquid from its action on the upper side of its chamber in the
base 911, is transmitted directly to the pressure column 923 through a flat,
tempered, steel plate 924a. which seals the chamber 911 on its upper side and is
combined with the said chamber and column 923 and ring 925 in such a way that
the lower end of the column 923 projects slightly below the face of the ring 925
and thereby gives some considerable pressure on this diaphragm 924a. when the
machine is not loaded as by thus setting it, the diaphragm will remain nearly flat
throughout the whole loading of the machine from the least to the greatest loads,
thereby giving much less strain on the diaphragın and much more uniform reading
of the indicator than is obtained by other forms of diaphragms or methods of
setting. It will be readily seen that by making and setting the diaphragm in this
way I am able to use very thin flat tempered steel plates with very narrow spans
and adapt the machine to endure large pressure acting directly on the pressure-
column and to measure them much more accurately than machines as heretofore
made and with very great uniformity in the readings of the indicator. To seal the
chamber 911 securely without solder a sealing ring or rings 925a. are employed,
usually made of soft brass put in as shown in Figure 126a. which rings must be
sufficient in thickness to prevent the chamber-piece 911 from pressing directly
against the fulcrum-block 930 when secured firmly in its seat by screws not herein
shown.
In using this combination of the plate 924 and pressure-column 923 the latter
must be secured very carefully against lateral motion and without friction which
is here done by means of the steel diaphragm 924b attached to the column 923 by
the screws 923ª or other suitable means. In this case the outer part of this
diaphragm is secured by the pressure between the ring 925 and the fulcrum
block 930 produced by the screws (not here shown) which secure the chamber
base 911 to the fulcrum block 930. In order that this method of making and
setting the diaphragm 924ª shall work with the greatest efficiency it is necessary
to so connect the pressure-column 923 with such parts that even with the largest
pressure from the liquid beneath it, it will have only very slight motion while the
indicator moves throughout its whole stroke and to provide for the accurate

page_text: measuring of the pressure on this column it is best made of one piece of steel and
with connections as shown in Figure 126" where the fulcrums 932, 934 936 and
939 are all of tempered steel and secured against backlash to levers 933 and 942,
933 is a solid steel lever and 942 is a skeleton lever.
Both ends of the movable fulcrum-plate 932 are driven or pressed very tightly
in grooves 932 and 932b cut for them in the pressure-column 923, 928 and lever
933 while the fixed fulcrum-plate 934 has its lower end firmly pressed in a
groove 934 cut for it in the lever 933 and its upper end is firmly secured in a
recess in the fulcrum-block 930 by the clamp plate 935. The fulcrum plates 936
and 939 are secured in a similar manner, 939 figure 126 being a single plate
taking the place of 939, 939 and clamp plates 940 shown in figure 126. The steel
plate 943 shown in figure 126 is firmly clamped at its right hand end to the
lever 942 by the clamp 945 and at its left hand end to the lever 933 by the
clamps 944 instead of the fulcrum-block 930 by clamp 944 as in figure 126. By
making it in this way the action is much better than when it is so short as to
fasten to the said fulcrum-block 930, and it secures the lever 942 against longi-
tudinal and lateral motion equally well. The lever 933 and spring 943 must both
have clearance holes for the rods 905 and the clamp 944ª may be put either to the
right or left of the left hand rod 905. This spring 943 acting through the lever 942
and 933 and their fulcrums receives a large part of the load on the pressure-
column 928-923 from the load on the machine. These improvements are
obviously applicable to pressure gauges and weighing machines as well as to
dynamometers.
A dynamometer similar to that above described in general construction, but
dispensing with the liquid-pressure-chamber and designed for lighter loads, is
illustrated in figures 129, 130 and 131. The suspension stem 901 is here shown
secured by lock nuts 906 to the suspension beam 902, in which are fixed
suspending and connecting rods 905. These rods are formed with shoulders
against which is rigidly clamped by means of nuts 908 the load beam 907. The
base 979 of the pressure column is fixed to the load-beam 907 by a screw 920
and is flanged to constitute a stop plate to limit by contact with the casing ring
910, the upward movement of the case relatively to the suspension yoke when
relieved of a load.
The suspending beam 902 is fixed against lateral motion by the flexible annular
plate 904. The load beam 907 is fixed to the case 903 and ring 910 and secured
against lateral motion by the flexible annular plate 909. The fixing plates 904
and 909 may be secured at their edges as shown in figure 130 by solder or other
soft metal poured or tamped in. The load stem 984 is preferably swivelled within
a moving crosshead 980 being supported thereon by a nut 916 and washer 917
locked together by a pin 918. The moving cross head 980 rests on a spring 981 of
rubber or other material bearing on the load-cross-head 983 which is connected by
nuts 985 and fixing studs 982 to the case 903.
Instead of the compression spring 981 a tension spring of any suitable material
may be placed below the cross head 983 and in this case the moving crosshead 980
may be dispensed with. The load which is thus applied to the case 903 is trans-
mitted to the pressure column 928, 979 and load beam 907, through the medium of
the fulcrum bracket 930, flexible fulcrum plate 934 and the fulcrum block of a
double or skeleton lever 933 constituting the primary load lever and connected
by the flexible thrust plate 932 and clamp 931 to the upper part 928 of the
pressure-column. The double or skeleton lever 933 consists of two parallel bars
connected at their extremities and may be made in one piece as here shown. It is
connected by the flexible plate 934 and clamp-plate and screw 935 to the fulcrum-
bracket 930 the latter being secured by screws 929 to the case 903, from the
primary load-lever 933 pressure is transmitted through a flexible plate 936 (held
by clamps 937, 938) to a second double or skeleton lever 942 fulcrumed by a
compound flexible joint constituted of thin plates 939, 939° and clamps 940.
A clamp 941 fixes the plate 939 to the transmitting lever 942 and a clamp 941ª

page_text: fixes the plate 939* to the case or to a suitable bracket attached thereto.
One or
more flexible plates 943, fastened by an adjustable clamp or clamps 944 to the
fulcrum bracket 930 and by a clamp or clamps 945 to the lever 942, constitute
springs to resist the deflection of the levers under pressure of a load and also stay
the lever 942 against horizontal movement. 946 represents a temperature spring
fastened to the back part of the lever 942 by a clamp plate 947 and to the case by
a temperature and adjusting rod 948 which is formed wholly or in part of metal
more or less expansible than that of the case in order to counteract automatically
the effect of changes in temperature as may be necessary. The rod 948 is screwed
within the case as shown in dotted lines in figure 129 so that it may be set up or
down to vary the pressure of the spring on the lever and to set the rotary indicator.
A flexible transmitting plate 949 is fastened by a clamp 950 to the free end of the
transmitting lever 942 and by a clamp 952 to the fulcrum block 951 of a trans-
mitting lever 953 which is fixed to the said fulcrum block by screws 954. The
fulcrum block 951 is suspended by a flexible plate 955 to a bracket 956 attached to
a lug 986 on the case 903 and forming also the attachment for the flexible fixing
plate or plates 959 by which the said fulcrum-block is secured against horizontal
motion. The fulcrum plate 955 is clainped to the fulcrum block 951 by
screws 954, 954" and to the bracket 956 by clamp 957. The horizontal fixing
plate or plates 959 are attached to the fulcrum-block 951 by clamp 960 and to the
bracket 956 by clamp 961. The use of the bracket is beneficial in enabling the
attaching of the flexible plates to the said bracket and to the fulcrum block before
inserting the whole in the case, after which the setting and securing of the bracket
is readily effected. The fixing spring 959 may be attached directly to a lug on the
case 903 if preferred.
To the free end of the lever 953 is secured adjustably by a clamp 963 one end of
a metallic band 962 the other extremity of which is coiled on a drum 964 on the
shaft 965 of the indicator 966. To the shaft is also fixed one end of a hair-
spring 969 coiled in the opposite direction from the band 962 and attached at its
other end to a pin 969* fixed in the load-lever 942. The hair spring works in
opposition to the band 962 so as to restore the indicator to zero and keep the
parts taut.
The double or skeleton levers enable the use of transmitting plates made wide
for strength and thin for flexibility. By applying the strains centrally within said
skeleton levers lateral or oblique strains are avoided and the accuracy and
durability of the instrument are greatly enhanced
Having thus described the nature of the said Invention and the mode in which
the same may be carried into effect I would have it understood that what
I claim is
1 In a testing machine, the combination of a fixed or stationary bed or
bearing a straining-beam and two or more connecting screws or rods, adapted
and arranged to receive a strain of either tension or compression at the will of the
operator.
2nd A fixed beam or beams, a straining-beam and suitable screws and connections
adapted and arranged to apply at will a strain of tension to the specimen and
compression to the screws, or vice versa.
3rd The combination with the straining-beam and screws of nuts actuated by
suitable mechanism and moving the beam on the screws for applying strains of
tension, or compression, or for setting and locking the beam in any desired position
for receiving a strain applied to the specimen
4th The combination in a testing-machine of a straining-rod, 1117, a straining
beam 1112, screw-gearing for producing the strain, a piston 1116, receiving the
load pressure, a hydraulic pressure-chamber, and a gauge for measuring the
pressure, substantially as set forth.
5th The combination in a testing machine of a straining-beam, screw nuts and
gearing for producing a strain of tension or compression at will, a straining-rod, a

page_text: piston, two hydraulic pressure-chambers, and one or more gauges for measuring the
pressure, substantially as set forth.
6th The construction and combination of the holding-beam 1101, and its
contained holding press or presses 1107, substantially as set forth.
7th The combination with a straining-beam or press, of a shaft, and gearing for
moving the said straining-beam or press at variable speed, as set forth.
8th A torsional straining-bar adjustable longitudinally to suit different lengths
of specimens.
9th The combination with the straining bar of one or more pillar-blocks and a
straining-arm or wheel, adapted to permit the sliding of the bar within it for
longitudinal adjustment, substantially as set forth.
10th The combination with a torsion-bar of a crank-arm or wheel and one or
more hydraulic presses as and for the purposes set forth.
11th The combination of a straining-beam or press, a longitudinally adjustable
torsion-bar, a crank-arm, or wheel and suitable connections, substantially as set
forth.
12th The combination with a torsion-bar and straining-arm or wheel of a
straining-beam or press, suitably connected to said arm or wheel, and screws for
moving the said beam or press to rotate said torsion-bar.
13th The combination with a straining-beam or press, one or more straining
arms or wheels, a torsion-bar and suitable connections, of a secondary press
arranged for obtional use either in conjunction with the main beam or press, or
separately.
14th The combination with a torsion-bar and a straining arm or wheel of a
hydraulic press suitably connected to said arm or wheel for applying heavy
strains, and movable by screws and nuts to apply strains requiring less power or
greater angular motion.
15th The combination with the torsion-bar of a flanged-head adapted for the
attachment of a suitable holder as set forth.
16th The combination with the torsion-bar 1134, of the moveable beam 1142
employed to support the forward end of the bar and move the same as required for
longitudinal adjustment.
17th The combination with the torsion-bar 1134, and supporting and adjusting
beam 1142, of the screws and nuts for moving the said beam.
18th The intermediate supporting beam 1149, and screws 1148, for adjusting
the same in combination with the adjustable torsion-bar 1134, for the purposes
set forth.
19th The combination of the hydraulic holder with the torsion-bar 1134, and
head 1134 substantially as set forth.
20th The combination with the holder, beams, 1136, 1136 and follower 1137,
of the three dies 1139, arranged as shown for holding the specimen.
21 A supporting-holder, stationary or nearly so, deriving torsional strains,
from the specimen under test and transmitting said strains through an arm or arms
to a suitable indicating apparatus to show the torsional strain.
22nd A stationary bolder deriving torsional strains from the specimen under
test substantially as described, and transmitting said strains to an indicator
through the medium of two or more arms projecting from different sides of the
holder.
23rd The flexible supporting-plate 1170, in combination with the holder 1164
substantially as and for the purposes set forth.
24th In combination with the arm or arms of the holder and a suitable
indicating device, one or more flexible plates 1172, for transmitting the strain from
the arm or arms to the indicating device substantially as set forth.
25th The combination of the holder 1164 arm or arms 1164 transmitting
plates 1172, and suitable connections with weighing or measuring apparatus for
indicating the strain transmitted through said holder.

page_text: 26th The combination with the holder of the check-pieces 1179, 1179ª for
arresting any recoil movement of said holder.
27th One or more indicators applied to the specimen under test, between the
holders, to measure the angle of torsion.
28th The method of determining the torsion of any portion or portions of a
specimen by applying two or more indicators to the specimen at different points
between the holders substantially as set forth.
29th In a machine for testing torsional strains, the indicator constructed as
herein set forth with a ring and three or more radial set-screws for centering the
indicator on the specimen.
30th In combination with the ring 1184, and arm or arms applied thereto, three or
more graduated set screws for adjusting the indicator or indicators concentrically
with the specimen substantially as set forth.
31st The combination of the removable arm or index 1183, with the ring 1184,
and set screws operating substantially as set forth.
32nd In a torsion testing-apparatus operating substantially as set forth, the
graduated are 1188, secured adjustably by a clamp or clamps to a supporting rail
or rails as explained.
33 The combination of two graduated arcs, with indicators adapted for direct
application to a specimen at points between the holders to indicate the relative
torsion of different parts thereof.
34th The combination in a testing-machine of a fixed beam or beams and a
double-acting hydraulic press adjustably connected thereto for producing strains of
either tension or compression, as set forth.
35th The combination with the fixed beam or beams, the straining-beam or press,
and the connecting-screws, of the nuts, operating against the straining beam or
press in either direction for straining or for adjustment.
36th The combination of the base 1378, lining plate 1380, and the conducting
plug 1381 attached to the lining-plate, substantially as set forth.
37th The combination of the lining-plate 1380, conducting-plug 1381, and
coupling and sealing-plug, 1382, with the base 1378, substantially as and for the
purposes set forth.
38th The continuous lining 1380, applied in connection with the base 1378, and
diaphragm 1384, substantially as and for the purposes set forth.
39th The packing-ring 1763, in combination with one or more confining ledges
adapted to yield at points having undue prominence and cause an effective bearing
completely around the sealing surface, substantially as described.
40th The sealing-rings 1762, 1763, and chamber base 179a in combination with a
sealing surface, 182 as and for the purposes set forth.
41 The sealing-ring, 1763, and confining rings 1760 and 1762, in combination
with a suitable sealing surface 182ª substantially as and for the purposes set forth.
42 The pressure chamber in combination with the base-piece 1764, lever 1774,
fulcrum 1775, fulcrum 1778 and column 1779, as and for the purposes set forth.
43rd The pressure chamber in combination with the base-piece 176+, lever 1774,
fulcrums 1775, 1778, fulcrum block 1776, and column 1779, as and for the purposes
set forth.
44th The combination of the base 1764, two or more pressure chambers, fulcrum-
blocks 1776, fulcrums 1778, and column 1779, substantially as and for the purposes
set forth.
45th The small pressure-columns 1858 in combination with the transmitting
column 1767, fulcrum 1773 lever 1774 fulcrum 1778 and column 1779 as and for
the purposes set forth.
46th The combination of two or more small chambers with the base piece 1764,
one or more levers, 1774, fulcrum 1778, and column 1779, as and for the purposes
set forth.
47th The combination of the fixing plate 1768, base piece 1764, and column 1767,
as and for the purposes set forth.

page_text: 48th An accumulator consisting of a hydraulic press and a number of superposed
weights so combined therewith that any desired number of the said weights may
be connected directly with the piston rod of the press-ram so as to be raised thereby
at the will of the operator.
49th The combination of one er more weights, a piston rod passing through the
same, and keys for connecting said piston rod with the several weights for lifting
the same substantially as set forth.
50th The combination of a series of weights, a ram for lifting the same and a
rod separable from the ram passing up through the weights for lifting any or all of
them by the action of the ram substantially as described.
51 The combination of a series of weights, one or more rams for lifting them,
and a frame supporting the weights independently on cross beams when at rest and
guiding them when in motion or being lifted as set forth.
52nd An accumulator constructed with two or more concentric rams arranged
for optional use on the same weight or series of weights.
53 The flexible pipe joint consisting of an elbow 1320, nut 1322, packing
1321, clamp-stock 1316, clamp-arm 1317, and nipple 1319, with suitable connections
to operate substantially as set forth.
54th In combination with a holder or straining press of a testing machine the
hinged jointed pipe 1332 connecting said holder or straining press with an accumu-
lator or other source of pressure.
55th In combination with the pump or accumulator, and with the hydraulic
holding or straining press or presses of a testing machine, the coupled cylinders,
1324, 1325, of different areas, with connected pistons acted upon by the liquid
from the pump or accumulator and forcing liquid under increased pressure to the
press or presses.
56th The conducting pipes and valves combined with the differential cylinders,
and with a pump or accumulator and a hydraulic press or presses substantially as
herein set forth, to permit the application of pressure from the pump or accumulator
either directly or through the multiplier at will.
57th The combination of a pressure chamber or pipe, a guage and a reducer
interposed between them to cause the indication of the applied pressure by a reduced
pressure on the gauge.
58th A guage pressure reducer constructed separately from the gauge and
consisting of a base 1336, annular case 1337, cap 1338, pressure column 1343, 1344,
and diaphragms 1341, 1346 forming the two liquid pressure chambers substantially
as set forth.
59th The combination of the base 1336, 1340, diaphragm 1341, ring 1342,
centering and packing ring 1345, and pressure column substantially as set forth.
60th A pipe joint consisting of two members one having a convex end or
protuberance and the other a concave seat therefor, said members being screwed
together either directly or through the intervention of a coupling piece, substan-
tially as set forth.
61 A pipe joint consisting of two members, one having a convex end or
protuberance and the other a seat therefor inclined or curved at a greater angle
or radius so that these seating surfaces will engage first next the bore and thence
radially outward as pressure is applied, said members being screwed together
either directly or through the intervention of a coupling piece, substantially as set
forth.
62nd The fixing-plates 173, secured by keys and solder as described to lugs
174, 175, attached to the platform and bed or frame respectively.
63 The combination with the fixing-plates 173 platform 162, and bed 161 of
the screws 176 for straining the plates or adjusting the platform in horizontal
position as explained.
64th A gauge or scale reducer, secured to the base of a weigh case, in combination
with a pressure-column substantially as set forth.

page_text: 65th In combination with the pressure-column, of a scale or reducer, one or more
transmitting pressure-chambers separately removable and each consisting of a
chambered-piece, diaphragm, ring, and small pressure-column, which transmits
pressure to the said scale or reducer, column either directly or through one or more
intervening levers.
66th The combination of a liquid pressure pipe 105, leading from a hydraulic
support or reducer, the pressure chamber 179, and the coupling and sealing plug 178,
for connecting them as herein set forth.
67th In a hydraulic scale a pipe socket 178 with a vent 299, permitting the
escape of air while the plug is entering as explained.
68th In combination with a scale platform, and the pressure-column, of a
hydraulic support, one or more supporting springs, interposed between the said
platform and pressure-column or columns, substantially as set forth.
69th The screw-head, 193, and the diaphragm 194, attached thereby in
combination with the pressure-column 187, as set forth.
70th The combination with the pillar 181, of the removable pillar-head 195, with
projecting-lug 197 and the thin fulcrum plate 199, adapted to receive compression
and suitably connected to the beam 203 as set forth.
71 The combination with the column-head 193, and the beam 203, and fulcrum-
block 201 of the intermediate column 205, connected by thin plates 204, 206, as
and for the purpose set forth.
72 The combination with the pillar or pillar head 195, pressure-column 187,
or its jointed head 193, and beam 203 of the fulcrum and transmitting plates 199,
and 204 applied on different levels as and for the purpose explained.
73rd The combination with a pressure-column 187, of a rod 207, and a spring 208,
for compensating for changes in temperature as set forth.
74th The combination with the rod 207, and spring 208, for compensating for
changes in temperature of the adjusting-screw 210, for the purpose set forth.
75th The combination with the beam 203, provided with one or more weighing
weights of the supplemental weight-rod, 225, carrying one or more balance weights
and one or more weighing weights, as and for the purposes set forth.
76th In a platform scale in combination with a beam and a weight-rod on which
weights are placed to balance a load on the platform a supplementary weight-rod
suspended from the beam on the opposite side of the fulcrum by thin plate
connections and carrying weights, which are removed to balance a load on the
platform substantially as set forth.
77th In a platform scale the combination of the beam 203, weight rods 235, 235*
and weights 232, 234, 237, 237 said beam and weight rods being graduated
substantially as described, whereby the load which is weighed is read directly
from the weight-rods and beam without addition or subtraction substantially as
set forth.
78th The combination with one or more weight beams or levers of an indicator-
rod connected to one of said beams or levers by one or more thin flexible fulcrum-
plates, and having greater angular motion than the beam or lever to which it is
connected.
79th The combination of the indicator-rod 219, longitudinally adjustable in the
holding-block 218, and the thin attaching-plates, 217, 220, as and for the purposes
set forth.
80th The combination with the indicator-rod 219, of the adjustable attaching-
block 221 standard 221, and vertically adjustable-weight 222, substantially as
and for the purposes set forth.
81 The combination with the pillar head, 195, and beam 203, of the indicator-
rod 219, indicator-plate 230, and guide 227, said indicator-plate and guide being
attached either to the pillar-head or beam, or one to each, as preferred.
82nd The indicator-rod provided with one or more stops to prevent or limit
longitudinal motion as set forth. .

page_text: 83rd The combination with the weight end of the main beam of a flexible rod
or plate 238, attached at one end to the frame or case, and at the other end to the
beam, to secure it against lateral movement as described.
84th The combination with the fulcrum attachment 218, of the indicator rod or
secondary beam 219, of a flexible rod or plate, 238° attached at one end to the
frame or case, and at the other end to the fulcrum attachment of the indicator-rod,
to secure it against lateral movement as described.
85th In a weighing machine the combination of a weight-beam and an indicator-
rod having greater angular motion than said beam.
86th The combination with a weight-beam, of an indicator-rod 219, having
greater angular motion than said beam and a weight counterbalancing said
indicator-rod, substantially as set forth.
87th The combination of the gauge case 751, coupling-plug 754, sealing-plug 755,
diaphragm 757, and pressure-column 758.
88th In combination with one of the load levers, the resisting spring 774,
adjustable slotted clamp, 775, and screw 776, for regulating the resistance of the
spring, substantially as set forth.
89th The combination of the indicator-lever 769 with one or more transmitting
levers 760, 766, flexible connecting-plate or plates, segment-rack 769°, and
indicator-pinion 772, substantially as and for the purposes set forth.
90th The bearings of the indicator-shaft mounted on the load-lever 760,
substantially as set forth.
:
91st In a dynamometer or weighing machine, the combination with the case
thereof, of a suspension yoke consisting of upper and lower beams and rods
connecting said beams.
92nd The combination of a case and yoke, consisting of upper and lower beams
connected by rods and one or more flexible fixing plates to secure either or both
of the beams of said yoke against lateral motion, substantially as set forth.
93rd In a dynamometer or weighing machine, the combination of a case, a yoke
within said case, provided with ineans of suspension, and a packing, excluding dust
and preventing lateral motion, while permitting relative vertical motion between
the case and yoke, substantially as set forth.
94th The combination in a dynamometer of the casing-ring 910, thin flexible
fixing-plate 909, and load-beam 907 as set forth.
95 The combination of the load-beam 907, fixing-plate 909, casing ring 910
screw 920 and stop-plate or flange substantially as shown and described.
96th The combination of the load-beam 907, pressure-column 921, pressure
diaphragm 922, and chamber-base 911.
97th In a dynamometer or weighing machine, the combination of the fixing-
studs 912, casing-ring 910, and case 903.
98th In a dynamometer or weighing machine, the combination of the case, a
load-beam or cross-head and fixing studs securing said load-beam or cross-head to
the case, substantially as set forth.
99 The double-chambered base-plate 911, in combination with the two
pressure-columns 921, 923, diaphragms 922, 924 and casing 910, 903.
100th The combination of the packing rings 926, suspending rods 905,
load-beam 907, casing ring 910 and case 903, either with or without the
intervening chambered plate 911.
101 The combination of the chamber base 911, flexible sealing plate 024*,
pressure column 923, compression fulcrum-plate 932, and load lever 933,
substantially as and for the purposes set forth.
102nd The combination of the chamber-base 911, plate 924*, casing ring 925, and
the load-pressure-column 923, projecting below the face of the casing ring 925, thus
causing initial pressure on the said column 923, for the purpose of obtaining a
uniform action of the gauge or dynamometer.
103rd In a gauge or dynamometer, the sealing ring 925, in combination with

page_text: the chamber-base 911, diaphragm or plate 924 casing-ring 925, and load-pressure-
column 923, as and for the purposes set forth.
104th The diaphragm 924b in combination with the casing-ring 925, and
pressure-column 923, the said diaphragm being secured to the said column, as and
for the purposes set forth.
105th In
weighing machine gauge or dynamometer a flexible fulcrum plate
secured by forcing it at either end under pressure into a groove forming a seat for
it, substantially as and for the purposes set forth.
106 In a weighing machine gauge or dynamometer, the combination of a
flexible fulcrum plate with a pressure column or fulcrum block and a lever, or with
two levers, having grooves adapted to receive and hold the said fulcrum-plate as
set forth.
107th In a gauge or weighing dynamometer, the combination of the lever 933,
fixing and resisting spring 943, and lever 942, as set forth.
108. In a gauge or weighing dynamometer the combination of a flat metallic
sealing-plate or diaphragm 924 pressure-column 923, fulcrum plate 932, lever 933,
fulcrum plate 934, and fulcrum block 930 as set forth.
109 In a weighing dynamometer the combination of the beam 902, connecting
rods 205, and double balancing-levers 933 and 942, substantially as and for the
purposes set forth.
110th The combination of the load-beam 907 connecting-rods 905, beam 902,
one or more load-levers, 933, 942, and case 903 substantially as and for the
purposes set forth.
111th The combination of the attaching-bracket 956, and lug 986, with the
flexible plates 955 and 959 and with the fulcrum-block 951, of the lever 953.
112th The combination of the flexible fixing plate 959, fulcrum block 951,
transmitting-lever, 953, band 962, drum 964, and indicator shaft 965.
In witness whereof I the said Albert Hamilton Emery have hereunto set my
hand and seal this eighth day of November in the year of our Lord One thousand
eight hundred and eighty three.
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