Improvements in and connected with Hydraulic Piston Pressing and Forcing Tools, and in Means and Apparatus for Operating same, applicable for Solidifying and Shaping Metals.
Year: 1893

page_text: Date of Application, 4th Mar., 1893
Complete Specification Left, 2nd Dec., 1893-Accepted, 10th Feb., 1894
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in and connected with Hydraulic Piston Pressing and
Forcing Tools, and in Means and Apparatus for Operating same,
applicable for Solidifying and Shaping Metals.
I, JAMES ROBERTSON, Engineer, of 18 Corporation Street, Manchester,
Lancashire, do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows:-
My invention relates to hydraulic pressing and shaping tools or presses in
their main parts similar to the ordinary hydraulic press and also relates to
means and apparatus for operating same in its main parts similar to ordinary
reciprocating piston pumps, but instead of the operating water for these presses
being forced at the requisite pressure by pistons or rams working in cylinders
or barrels of small capacity, and by a series of short strokes produced by hand,
or operated by reciprocating cranks by power from any source as ordinarily
required in this way to operate a single stroke of the piston of the press, a new
and improved mode of forcing the requisite water is to make the pump cylinder
or barrel and its operating piston or ram of as large capacity or nearly so as
effect the full stroke of the press to which the water is being led or forced at
one stroke of the pump piston, or ram. The water forcing cylinder and ram
being made much longer than the stroke of the press which the water from it
is being made to operate and also much smaller in diameter than the piston or
ram it is made to operate in order to get the requisite amount of pressing effect
from a much smaller initial force than is required for the purpose the press is
used to accomplish. The water forcing rams working in a suitable pump barrel
are operated in a new and improved way by a toothed or cog gear rack
attached to the piston rod of the water forcing barrel or to a ram into which
toothed or cog gear rack a corresponding cog pinion is made to gear, and in
the larger sizes this cog gear pinion is operated by suitable cog wheel gear
connected with reversing steam engines by preference of the type now generally
used for driving and reversing rolling mills and like purposes, and when a full
stroke of the water forcing piston or ram is effected in this way, the driving
steam engines are reversed and the piston or ram of the water forcing barrel
drawn back by the pinion and rack attached to it, and in its backward stroke
when traversed in this way draws in a fresh charge of water from a reservoir
into this large pump barrel and is secured in it by a check valve and in this
way is again ready for a fresh pressing charge by the forward motion of its
piston or ram to be ejected into the operating cylinder of the pressing or forcing
machine being operated in this way.
In hydraulic presses such as vertical cylinder forging presses the return motion
of the ram of the press may be effected by its own gravity or may be assisted
by a gear from the return rack motion. In the necessary modulations of both
the motion and force of the stroke of the press for these purposes this is done
in a new and improved way by throttling the water in its course between the
pump barrel and the press cylinder by a valve which is used for regulating both
the motion and the force of the stroke in a somewhat similar way to the
instrument known in mechanics as a " cataract." The rack motion and the
intermediate gear between it and the engines being made sufficiently strong so
as the partial closing or closing of this throttling means or by a pass valve
may modify the speed or force or both of the ram of the press on the object

page_text: being operated upon or bring the engines to rest when required without injury
to any of the working parts of the gear. In this way by having the steam
engines and all intermediate gear rightly proportioned much more steady and
effective pressing or shaping action by hydraulic pressing tools is obtained than
can be had when the water is supplied by pumps rams having short strokes
wrought by revolving cranks, and also without the intervention of a hydraulic
accumulator as ordinarily use for like purposes.
'
In another form the rack may be placed lengthwise between two water barrels
fitted with pistons or rams, and the ram of the one working pump barrel coupled
to the one end of the rack, and the ram of the other barrel coupled to the other
end of the rack. The ram of the one barrel may be used for the operating
motion cylinder of the press, and the other barrel and ram of the pumps used
for the return motion cylinder of the press. The water simply being in each
alternate strokes in this modification made to flow between the pump barrels
and their respective cylinder of the press, the barrel of the pumps and press
cylinder so coupled to be of a like capacity or nearly so, and no fresh water
usually required, unless for such leakage as ordinarily arises in the working of
hydraulic presses, or from the occasional escape in the working of hydraulic
presses at the necessary safety valve which each cylinder should have provided.
For this or other expenditure of water a gravitation water inlet connection to
each cylinder with suitable check valve is also provided. One or more forcing
pistons or rams may be coupled to the end of a ram driving rack of this kind
and for use for operating forging and like presses. A suitable arrangement for
each press for some purposes is to have two or more rams each placed in a
separate barrel of its own, and with delivery valve and regulating inlet valve.
Two rams being the most generally useful and the capacity of both barrels and
ranis by preference in this case to be equal to the capacity of the cylinder they
are made to operate. But the one ram to be by preference also made much
smaller than the other, to be used alone as a home, or finishing thrust with
increased pressure on the article being operated on, in the press, the regulating
of the stroke of the press by pass valves being easily controlled to effect this
action by this modification of these pumps, and press, and is one of the advantages
and new and improved modes of and means for pressing, shaping, and forging
articles by this invention.
The same action in an inverse way can be effected by fixing on the pump barrels
or forming them in the rack casting, and retain the rams or pistons stationary.
A new and improved mode and means of intensifying the pressing effect in
hydraulic presses without intensifying the initial force given to the operating gear
or operating means whether by the use of the rack motion or other mechanical
gear or by increasing the pressure of the operating water per square inch of area
from pumps or other source as ordinarily done to increase the pressing effect of a
hydraulic press consists in the use of what I call differential compensating hydraulic
press piston action, by which at the latter part of the stroke of a press where
almost always the greatest pressure is required, the pressure from the operating
hydraulic piston can be intensified without increasing the initial operating force to
almost any required degree. A modification of this differential area hydraulic
piston action in which the press is operated by a pinion and rack motion as the
means for transmitting the initial driving force and where there is no hydraulic
operating pumps or water forcing head of any kind used at all, consists in a
hydraulic press-suitable for the lightest kinds of pressing work, such as for packing
bales of cloth or other very compressible materials, is operated by a cog rack and
pinion only. The hydraulic cylinder by preference to be placed vertically and
bored smoothly to one diameter throughout its length and left open at its upper end,
fitted with an upper and lower ram. The rack to be coupled to the lower ram and
to transmit to this lower ram for example a force of 25 tons. Above this lower ram
is placed in the same press cylinder the upper ram with a space between it and the
lower ram of about equal to the required lift of the press, and on which upper ram

page_text: is formed or placed the lifting plate or operating and pressing end of the ram.
Water is allowed to flow into the cylinder in below both top and bottom rams from
a water cistern with only a few feet of a head, or at such a pressure only as will
fill up vacant space freely. The rack is coupled to the lower piston at its lower
end by means of a piston rod passing through a stuffing box formed in the bottom
end of the press cylinder. The short top piston or ram on which the goods plate
is formed or placed, if to be used as a packing press is packed only with a cup
leather on its lower end. The lower piston is also the same diameter as the upper
one on its piston end, but it is packed with cup leathers on both sides so as to
prevent water from passing it from either side, but is made as short as possible so
as to take up as little space lengthwise in the cylinder as possible, and has its piston
rod formed on it which for illustration may be made only one fourth of the cross
sectional area of the piston to which it is connected, and therefor also only one fourth
the cross area of the upper piston. This piston rod connected to the lower piston
being passed down through a stuffing box formed in the bottom of the cylinder, and
to which the rack.and its driving wheel gear is attached (as before refered to) to
have say-for example with its connected bottom piston a four feet range of a
lift. When starting to lift there is left two and a half feet of space between the
upper and lower piston filled with water, but the lower piston to which the rack is
connected is down to the bottom of the cylinder with only a water pipe connected
to it from a low water head as before refered to. At starting to lift the water
between the upper and lower pistons is cut off by a stop cock from the water
cistern, but the water from this cistern is allowed to flow in between the under
piston and bottom of the cylinder, and as the rack is being made to lift up the
lower piston the water from the cistern flows in below it through its pipe connections
to the water cistern. At the same time from the space between the upper and
lower pistons being filled with water the rack lifts up at the same speed the upper
piston also. Supposing the article placed on the lifting and pressing plate of the
press to be a bale of soft goods, and all the force from the rack being capable only
of lifting 25 tons, the top ram and plate in a press for packing bales of cloth would
usually only require to traverse one and a half feet when this force of 25 tons from
the rack would be unable to compact the bale further. To get the additional force
required to fully compact the bale of cloth, and without pumps or other forcing
apparatus. In a new and improved way I connect a small water pipe to the
chamber containing water between the upper and lower pistons, and to the space or
chamber between the under piston provided with a stop cock. At this point, this
stop cock is opened and the stop cock closing the connection of the water cistern
with the lower end of the lower piston is closed, the rack lifting action being
continued the water flows from under the upper piston connecting pipe, and the
upper piston thereafter only rises at the proportion of its cross sectional area to that
of the cross sectional area of the lower piston, piston rod, or at one fourth the speed
the rack is being raised and consequently gives four times the force of the rack, or
a force of 100 tons, supposed in this example to be the requisite pressure necessary
to pack the bale of cloth being operated upon.
This new and improved differential piston mode of increasing the force of
hydraulic presses and shaping and forging tools and like hydraulic forcing machines
can be operated by these rack motions or other mechanical means, or by the new
and improved mode of forcing water to hydraulic forcing presses as hereinbefore
described, or by water from ordinary pumps, or by gravitation or otherwise, and
the increase of pressure may be rendered almost to any degree by altering the
proportion of the pistons, the traverse speed of the forcing end of the forcing piston
being proportionally diminished, but in forging and stamping and like operations
where the closing of the stroke traverse is short, it forms a convenient mode of
intensifying the force of these rams, without altering the pressure of the water in
the forcing pumps, or other water forcing means, or of requiring to alter the initial
force from racks or other mechanical means used.
Instead of both pistons being in the same cylinder as described they may be

page_text: placed in separate cylinders, and connected by rods or other means outside the
cylinders.
Dated this Third day of March 1893.
JAMES ROBERTSON.
COMPLETE STEIFICATION.
Improvements in and connected with Hydraulic Piston Pressing and
Forcing Tools, and in Means and Apparatus for Operating same,
applicable for Solidifying and Shaping Metals.
I, JAMES ROBERTSON, Engineer of 18, Corporation Street, Manchester,
Lancashire, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner
the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement in writing reference being had to the accompanying
three sheets of drawings and to the letters and figures marked thereon, that is
to say :-
My invention relates to hydraulic pressing and shaping tools or presses, and
means and apparatus for operating same mainly applicable for solidifying and
shaping metals. In their main parts similar to the ordinary hydraulic press,
and also relates to means and apparatus for operating same in the main parts of
these somewhat similar to ordinary reciprocating pumps, but with new and improved
apparatus connected therewith for effecting the necessary water or other liquid
forcing operations by pistons or rams by one stroke of the liquid forcing or
operating ram to a corresponding work accomplishing or operated ram or stroke of
the press effected also in a new and improved way without inlet and outlet self
acting opening and closing valves and new and improved means and apparatus and
combinations of apparatus for effecting with great force swift motion and quick
means of imparting motion and suspending the motion of shaping heads, rams and
tools as is required for solidifying shaping and forging metals in a state made soft
by heat..
There being generally no valves to abrade by wear or intricate details to get out
of order in this invention, much higher propelling liquid pressures are explained as
used than can be used by ordinary hydraulic pressing tools operated by ordinary
short stroke pumps, which pressures may be used with some liquids up to 40 tons
to the square inch area or more, and great force is obtained from, and given out in
this way by rams of small diameters. Hence the cylinders generally shown used
are of steel and requires all working connections of great strength.
I use throughout the following description the same letters and numerals of
reference to indicate like parts in all the figures where like parts are shown, in
order to avoid needless repetition in describing the various modifications shown.
The arrows also indicate under reference letters the directions of the motions of like
moving parts of the apparatus shown used and of the direction of the motions of
the operating liquid.
Fig. 1 is a side elevation partly in section, Fig. 2. also a side elevation partly in
section and Fig. 3 a plan partly in section, of a modification of this apparatus
suited for operating a ram on a hot metal billet by one stroke of a liquid forcing
or operating ram and pressing or shaping ram-head or like tool applicable to a
metal billet being placed in any form of billet holding tool or die. There being no
metal billets shown. The reciprocating motion of the operating and operated rams
and metal shaping tools fixed in these rams being here all that is described. The
operating hydraulic ram A is shown cottered by the cotter A' to a steel cog gear
rack B which is planed on its top and bottom faces and sides and shown placed in
the housing C which housing C is also partly planed out longitudinally to receive
this rack B, a working traversing fit. The housing C being shown in end elevation
with the rack B in cross end section placed in it by Fig. 4 and is shown provided

page_text: with the rack pinion neck bearings C' and C² all of the form of housing bearings
generally used in ordinary rolling mill roll housings and the necks of the rack
pinion D shown placed in same. The joggles B B2 on the rack B, are planed
down to the pitch line of its cogs, and a corresponding toothed steel pinion D
having also its joggles D' and D' turned down to the pitch line of its cogs and the
necks D and D formed on it into which housing C this rack B and its operating
pinion D are shown in section geared to the rack B by Figs. 1, 2, 3, & 4. To
keep the rack B from rising up out of gear with its driving pinion D, two truly
turned plain anti-frictional rolls E and E' having shown necks E² E³ E' and E'
turned on same, and shown placed in the bearings C3 C4 C5 and C shown formed
in the housing C. The surface of these rolls E and E¹ being shown placed in
contact with the planed top surface of the rack B and made of such a degree of
free revolving fit as to roll round by the contact and traverse of the rack B. The
necks D³ and D of the steel pinion D are shown in Figs. 3 and 4 and the pinion D
shown provided on one side with a long body D and out end bearing neck D
being all cast in one piece with the pinion D itself and on its body D is shown
keyed the toothed spur wheel F which is shown geared into a correspondingly
toothed pinion G, which pinion G is shown keyed on the crank shaft of a pair of
coupled inverted cylinder steam engines H of suitable dimensions fitted with link
valve reversing motion all of a common type shown with the piston rods and valve
rods broken off short and need not be here described in detail. These engines H
as ordinarily made can be readily set in motion reversed or stopped by the link
valve reversing motion hand lever H' all of a usual form, and by this hand lever H
easily controlled by an attendant and by these engines H and this gear as explained.
The rack B and the operating ram Á can be moved in either direction its full
length or any shorter distance that may be required and stopped at any point of
its traverse on end in either direction at pleasure by the attendant. The operating
ram A is shown partly in section in Fig. 3. placed in the steel cylinder I shown
provided with a cup leather packing 11 and cover 12 this cylinder I being shown
bolted and jointed to the larger steel cylinder J in Figs. 1 to 3 the operated ram K
of which the ram A is made to operate is shown cast hollow to receive at the end
of its stroke part of the ram A. This cylinder J is also shown provided with a
cup leather stuffing box J¹ and stuffing cover 2 for keeping its ram K water
tight. This cylinder J has shown formed on it in plan by Fig. 3 and in end
elevation by Fig. 5 the strong stay snugs J and J through which the steel tie
stays L and L are shown passed and secured in same by the nuts L2 and L.
These steel tie stays L and L' are shown extending back to the pinion housing C
and are shown. secured in the snugs C² and C³ in same by the nuts L and L
which bind these cylinders I and J in one strong frame along with the pinion
housing C. The forward ends of these stay rods L and L' being shown broken
off but which are intended to be extended at both ends and suited for being
connected to any sort of die holder or metal billet holder required for a forging
tool to operate upon.
A plain ram K2 being shown in Figs. 1, 2 & 3 bolted to
the ram K. The cylinder I is provided with the foot I" and the cylinder J with
the feet J and J for resting on a foundation connected with the foundation of the
rack B pinion housing C. For most purposes in order to make the proportions of
the operating rams and driving gear as light as possible it is best to make the
-length of the stroke of the operating ram A about five times that of the operated
ram K but in this modification the stroke of the operating ram A is shown only
to be three times that of the operated ram K. For effecting the return motion of
the ram K the steel rack B is shown provided with the arm B formed on its after
end shown in section in Figs. 1 and 2 inserted into which is shown an eye bolt B*
to which is attached the chain B which chain extends backwards, and is shown
passed over a pulley in an ordinary single pulley chain pulley block B which
pulley block is shown fixed to a rod B7 made to traverse through the guide
bracket B and extending back is shown fixed in the snug K' formed on the operated
ram K and shown secured in same by two screw nuts on this rod B'.
I

page_text: The chain B' after being passed over its pulley in the pulley block B is shown
led backwards and passed over a pulley in the pulley block B which is. shown
bolted to the cylinder I and the chain 13 returned again and attached to the
toggle end B of the pulley block B all in the ordinary way of a pair of three
power pulley blocks and by this gear as will be readily seen on the rack B being
moved backward the operated ram K is drawn back one third of the distance of
the rack B which is moved backwards and which in this modification is all the
degree of backward motion that is required for the operated ram K. The whole
arrangement of this modification of this invention as will be readily seen giving
one third the traverse and three times the force to the operated rain K than is
imparted to the rack B by the engines H and connecting gear. It is intended and
part of my invention to use in this and like combinations of racks and hydraulic
cylinders to use the rack B directly for long stroke metal shaping and forging
purposes, and the rack B is shown provided with a tool holder B" and a long
metal pressing or shaping tool B12 shown placed in it, shown broken off short.
The main or operated hydraulic ram K is shown provided with the ram K² bolted
to it which may be of any form suited for pressing or other metal shaping work.
The main cylinder J in Fig. 2 has shown formed in it the inlet and outlet water
way J' to which is shown connected the water pipe J³ and conical inlet and outlet
closing valve J with its operating lever J10 and this valve J' connected by the
pipe J to the overhead water cistern J2 which should be of such an inlet capacity
for water or other operating liquid used as when the valve J is open as fill the
cylinders I and J when the rams A and K are drawn full back as shown in section
by Fig. which shows the state and position of all the moving parts of this
apparatus is in when required to take a full operating stroke. In doing this the
operator at the reversing hand lever H¹ of the engines will for most purposes
sufficiently regulate the degree of force and length of stroke required but when
the engines H cannot be stopped or regulated in degree of force in a sufficiently
instant way such as is required in forging some metal articles the inlet closing and
by-pass valve J is opened by the hand lever J10 to allow the operating liquid to
partially or wholly flow back to the cistern J12. The water in the cylinders I
and Jas shown has free passage from the one to the other and a partial vacuum is
formed in both cylinders when the ram A is drawn back by the rack B. Little
force therefore is required to effect the return motion of the ram K. When the
full stroke is effected the rams A and K and gear assume the positions shown
partly in section by Fig. 3.
An ordinary loaded rubber spring safety valve 02 is shown fixed by its by-pass
flange to the cistern J" which is shown connected by its inlet branch by the pipe O,
under branch of the regulating valve J and pipe J³ to the cylinder J which safety
valve O2 is set to the pressure required in the cylinder J, and in case the safety
valve O passes any water it thus flows into the cistern J¹².
For such work by the press as can be regulated sufficiently by the driving steam
engine H which suits for most purposes neither regulating valve J or safety
valve O passes any water to the cistern J and the liquid in the cylinders I and J
remains always in these cylinders and is thus used over and over again. The
forcing stroke motion of the rack B and rams A and K, and in all other moving
parts is as indicated by the arrows a.
With the same form of driving and reversing steam engines as just described in
connection with Figs. 1 to 5 used for propelling and reversing actions. In another
modification of this invention the rack may be placed lengthwise between two
operating water barrels or cylinders fitted with pistons or rams and the operating
ram of the one cylinder used for the main operated ram in the press coupled to one
end of the rack and a return motion ram coupled to the other end of the rack.
The water or actuating liquid being in a new and improved way and part of
this invention as applied to forging and shaping and compressing metals made
to flow in each alternate stroke in this modification between the operating ram
cylinder and operated ram cylinder in the forcing or compressing or working

page_text: side of this apparatus and in a similar way for the return stroke. Each connected
pair of operating and operated cylinders to be of a like liquid containing capacity
and no fresh water required beyond what may occur from leakage. The operating
hydraulic ram at a single stroke producing a corresponding stroke to the operated
ram in the press which may be at the will of the operator the full stroke of the
press or of any degree shorter.
Fig. 6 is a side sectional elevation, Fig. 7 a plan partly in section and Fig. 8 an
end cross sectional elevation of the operating rack housing, rack and gear. These
operating rams A and A³ in this modification are shown of equal diameter and
length shown cottered to the ends of the rack B the operating ram A of the
operated ram K of the forging press shown connected, which in this modification
has shown cogs formed on both its under aud upper surfaces and each side having
shown strong joggles B1 and B2 at the ends of these cogs planed on their faces up
to and in line with the pitch line of these cogs, and shown planed on both the sides
of the body of the rack. Into this double rack B in this modification as shown by
Figs. 6 and 8, there is shown two pinions D and D shown gearing in to this rack.
The under pinion D shown by Fig. 8 having its necks D³ and D set in the
housing C in the bearings C¹ and C. The upper cog pinion D is shown having
its necks D' and D8 set in the bearings and C. These steel pinions D
and D are shown with bosses extended beyond their housing C on one side and
have shown keyed upon them the steel cog pinions F1 and F2 which being of
the same diameters and the rack cogs on both sides being alike in pitch and the
pinions D and De gearing into it also being alike in diameter propels the rack
alike by its cogs on both sides. The under neck of the pinion D is shown
extended into the boss D and coupling M to be coupled to a driving shaft H
and connected to a reversing steam engine as described in connection with
Figs. 1 to 5 from which this gear and rack B is operated, this driving gear
and its housing C being very similar to the housing of ordinary rolls, used for
rolling metals, and may be driven in the same way, and it will be readily seen.
that if the under pinion D through the boss on it D' by being coupled to gear
and driven by a reversing steam engine as described in connection with Figs. 1 to 5
that the rack B and operating rams A and A³ can be readily traversed and placed
in any position in their respective steel cylinders I and 13. As hereinbefore
described this modification is adapted for forging or shaping metals and for using
the operating liquid passing from the operating piston or ram to an operated piston
or ram and without intervening valves, the water or other actuating liquid being
used over and over again. To show this action a forging press of a generally
common form modified to suit for this action and purpose is shown in Figures 6
and 7 having an operated forging ram K formed in one piece with the forging head
piece K³ and movable swaging piece N shown fixed, it being all of an ordinary
form the operated ram K of the press being shown placed in a steel cylinder J and
shown connected by the pipe O to the operating ram cylinder I for the alternate
passage of the water from the one cylinder to the other. The operated ram K
though shown much shorter than the operating ram A. of the cylinder I is of the
same mass or solid content as either of the operating rams A. and A³. The operated
ram K of the forging press being shown by Fig. 6 full up into the cylinder J and
the operating ram A of the cylinder 1 drawn full out of its cylinder I ready to
operate the ram K of the cylinder J down to any length that may be required.
For effecting the return stroke of the forging ram K and forging head K³ and for
supporting same equally from both sides, the steel hydraulic return stroke
cylinders P and PI are shown placed in suitable recesses in the base plate.
casting Q of the forging press and shown connected by bottom water way orifices
by the pipe of the forging press. These return stroke cylinders P and P¹ are
alike in internal and external diameter and length and the length of their stroke:
which is the same as that of the forging ram K and are shown fitted with stuffing
box cup leather packing P2 and covers for same P3 all in ordinary form. Each'
of these cylinders are also shown in the sectional elevation by Fig. 6. The

page_text: cylinder P being shown with the straight cast iron ram P* fitted into it and
fitted into the cylinder P¹ is shown the ram P' which is of the same dimensions
and of the same material as fitted into the cylinder P. These two rams Pt and P
are jointly of equal solid content or liquid displacing capacity as their operating
ram A. These return stroke cylinders P and P¹ have shown bottom orifices P
and P' formed in them and shown connected by the water pipes P8 and P' to their
operating cylinder 13 and also without valves. The forging head K³ simply rests
upon the top of the rams P and P' and is not fixed to them in any way. These
rams P4 and Ps are in Fig. 6 shown pushed out to their full length by the operating
liquid, and the operating ram A³ of the cylinder Is is shown placed by the rack B
full into its cylinder. Thus arranged it will be readily seen on all of these cylinders,
and connecting pipes being filled with water that any movement of the rack B.
effected by this driving engine H as described in connection with Figs. 1 to 5 and
by this gear in the direction of the arrows a will displace the water from the
cylinder I and correspondingly filling further up the main cylinder J will depress
the ram K with its forging cross-head K³ and correspondingly shape down a mass
of metal R such as is shown placed between the swaging piece N and the anvil T
and by a reverse motion of the rack B the return motion rams P4 and Ps and their
operating ram A³ moved along by the rack B will correspondingly raise up the ram
head K. The range of traverse of the rack and mass of the operating rams or
water displacing mass of same affording by the motions of the engines regulated by
the operator ready facilities for giving any length of forging stroke within the
daylight capacity of the forging press. A water branch inlet and closing valve ()¹
is shown placed in the pipe O for filling up these cylinders I and J and pipes of
same with water and is also shown provided with a safety valve O2. A like water
filling up branch and cock Po and safety valve P is shown provided for the
cylinders 13, P and P1 of the return stroke motion and connected pipes P³ and P*
The frame of the forging press is shown mainly of an ordinary.
of same.
form.
This mode and means of producing a return motion on hydraulic rams applied
to the solidifying, shaping, and forging of metals by causing a single stroke of an
operating hydraulic ram to operate an operated ram the stroke required and using
the same operating liquid from an operating to an operated ram over and over
again without the intervention of valves and in pairs of rams for obtaining reversing
action for this purpose in this new and improved way as just described in connection
with Figs. 6 to 8 is effected in another new and improved way by obtaining the
initiatory reversing stroke and force from the piston rod of an ordinary direct
acting single cylinder steam engine. The speed of stroke being either regulated
by self acting gear or controlled by a hand lever like unto the ordinary steam valve
gear of a steam hammer.
The steam cylinder may be made as large diameter and with as long a stroke as
impart sufficient force to operating rams and of sufficient water displacing cubic
content as operate the full stroke of a forging press with a long stroke and with a
corresponding height or "daylight" in the press as just described in connection
with Figs. 6 to 8. But though it is necessary to have the room or "daylight" in
a forging press to take in a heated mass of metal of large diameter, nevertheless
for the forging of most articles a stroke or traverse on the operated forging ram of
about from two inches to eight inches is all the length of stroke on the forging
ram for even forging articles of the largest diameter usually required. And it
being necessary to fill the steam cylinder of a direct acting steam engine with
steam each stroke of the forging press however short the stroke is used to use a
long stroke steam cylinder engine for short stroke forging work causes a great
waste of steam. In a new and improved way and part of my invention a mode and
means of using an ordinary short stroke direct acting steam engine suited for
imparting to operating rams sufficient displacing capacity in its connecting hydraulic
operated cylinder as operate a long ram in a forging press to effect only a short
traverse or stroke, and at the same time possessing ready means of moving the

page_text: 66
forging head or swage of the operated forging ram to any position in the room
or daylight" in the press for either operating on an article of a small or of
a large diameter as may be required in the room or "daylight" of an ordinary
forging press. I show' a modification of this new and improved means of
imparting short strokes to forging presses adapted to be propelled by a direct
acting single cylinder steam engine with only sufficient power as work short
stroke forging action and by a common form of steam engine similar to the steam
engine part of a steam hammer or the steam engine part of a direct acting
steam pump to obtain in another way the stroke for stroke action between the
operated and operating rams effecting a like saving in steam in short stroke forging
by a hydraulic press with facilities of moving to any working point the press
forging head in the working space or "daylight" of the press as just described in
connection with Figs. 6 to 8 on Sheet 1 of my drawings, this modification being
more suitable for light forging work.
Fig. 9 is a side elevation partly in section, Fig. 10 an end elevation partly in
section, and Fig. 11 a plan of an operating ram A and of a return stroke operating
ram A operated by a direct acting steam engine H. The steam engine cylinder
part and operating valve gear of same being similar to that of a common form
used for pumping water and the steam engine part may be of any good form of
these engines which are numerous and need not be particularly described. The
eame letters and numerals of reference and arrows indicating the direction of
motion of the operating liquid and also under like letters of reference for all
working parts as shown in Figures 6 to 8. The operating forging stroke ram A
and its return stroke operating ram A³ being when operated to the full stroke of
the engine H only of one sixth the water displacing mass as the full stroke of the
forging operated ram K of the press, and in like manner the operating ram A³ also
shown of equal mass to the ram A. This return stroke operating ram A³ being
also shown of only one sixth part in mass of that of the return stroke operated
ram P of the press. The cylinder J of the forging press is shown in Figs. 9,
10, & 11 bolted to the standard base plate casting Q in a form somewhat similar
to that of the cylinder of a steam hammer to its standard, and the return stroke
cylinder P of the press shown bolted to the top of it. Its return stroke ram P*
has shown a cross-head formed on it with the bosses P12 and P¹s formed in it into
which the side rods P and P15 are inserted and secured by screwed nuts and
shown depending down to the forging cross-head of the ram K and these rods P¹
and P shown inserted and secured by screwed nuts into same best shown by
Fig. 10 thus securing the rams K and P in their relative working distance from
each other. The cylinder I of the operating ram A has shown coupled to it the
cylinder J of the forging operated ram K by the water pipe O and the return
stroke cylinder 13 of the operating ram A³ shown coupled to the cylinder P of the
return operated ram P is shown coupled by the pipe Ps. In this way the
operated liquid with each corresponding stroke of the engine H whether set to
work automatically or to be operated by the hand lever H causes the operated
liquid to move the rams K and P of the press correspondingly to the rams A
& A by the water expelled from same but at most as hereinbefore described this
can only move these operated rams K and P to about one sixth part of the
daylight" of the press, but the position of the forging swage N wherever it may
be placed affording a forging down range of stroke of about a sixth part of the
daylight of the press. To raise up the position of the ram K and forging ram
head K³ in the daylight" of the forging press beyond the range of the short
stroke thus imparted to it by the operating rams A and A' I effect this in a new
and improved way and which is part of my invention by drawing out a portion
of the water or other operating liquid being used in the cylinders I and J and
connecting pipes O of the operating and operated rams A. and K and forcing same
into the return stroke cylinders I³ and P and connecting pipes P³. To lower
correspondingly the forging ram head K³ in the daylight of the press the operating
liquid drawn is out of the cylinders I and P and connecting pipes P³ of same of
66
B

page_text: the operating and operated rams A³ and P' and forcing the liquid so withdrawn
into the cylinders I and J and connecting pipes O by pumps of any good service-
able kind. For this purpose I show an ordinary set of hydraulic pumps with six
rams S¹ S² S³ S S S with the crank shaft of it S7 shown broken off short which
work continuously but when not used the suction stop cocks S and S" are left
closed. Pumps of this kind are used extensively for hydraulic presses and being
of a very common form require no detailed description. Three of these
rams S S S are shown connected to one suction pipe or channel S8 which is
shown provided with a stop cock S and this suction pipe S8 is shown in Figs. 9
and 10 led and connected to the forcing stroke cylinder J in the press and
correspondingly the forcing pipe U is shown connected to the discharge branch
pipe S of the pump S and is shown in Figs. 9 and 10 led and connected to the
return stroke cylinder P of the press. For effecting this forging ram head K
raising action, the stop cock S is opened and thereafter the liquid flow from the
discharge pipe U of the pumps to the cylinder P in the direction of the arrow d
placed on same and the liquid is correspondingly withdrawn at the same time from
the cylinder J though the suction pipe S as indicated by the arrow e placed on
same to the suction chamber of the pumps S* S* and®.
To effect the reverse or lowering motion of the ram head K³ in the press, the
cock S' is shut, and the cock S14 communicating with the pump rams S¹ S² and S³
is opened, thereafter the liquid in the cylinders I3 and P, and connecting pipes of
same P flows through the discharge pipe of the pumps U¹ in the direction of the
arrow d placed on same to the cylinder J, and the liquid correspondingly drawn at
the same time by the pumps from the cylinder P through the suction pipe S" in
the direction indicated by the arrow e placed on same, to the suction chamber
of the pumps S1 S2 and S3 and on both the stop cocks S and S14 being closed the
position of the forging ram head K³ and the rams K and P are again fixed in the
press. Very small pumps and connecting pipes are required for this purpose and
in forging tapering articles the pumps may be allowed to work continuously.
In another modification of these combined operating and operated hydraulic
rams of a short stroke and suited for a quick succession of strokes wherein the
operating fluid is used over and over again and stroke for stroke action obtained
between the operating and operated rams as just described and also as applied to a
metal forging press.
The stroke of the operating rams is effected by a crank
which may be formed in or placed upon the crank shaft of a single cylinder steam
engine and the necessary modulations of both the motion and force of the stroke
regulated in a somewhat similar way to that effected by the instrument known in
mechanics as a "cataract" which at the will of the operator either reduces the force
of the stroke of the forging ram or in an instantaneous way its motion may be by
the operator entirely suspended although the driving crank of the operating ram is
caused to move on continuously.
Fig. 12. is a side elevation partly in section, Fig. 13 a plan and Fig. 14, an end
elevation of operating gear of this kind for transmitting motion and force to the
operating rams A and A³ and a modification of a forging press in which the
forging ram K has its weight shown balanced to that of the return stroke ram P
by the lever V which is placed on an axis pin V₁ seated in the frame Q of the
press. The operating gear of the rams consisting of a crank shaft W shown broken
off short, fly wheel W₁, crank W³, crank pin W³ neck carriage W, connecting
rod W, and crosshead slide of same We. All shown placed along with the
cylinder I of the forcing operating ram A and return motion cylinder I³ of the
return motion ram A³ all placed on the sole plate Q'. The operating rams A
and A³ are shown connected by the side rods L and L' and the same letters and
numerals of reference are used for all like parts as just described in connection with
Figs. 9 10 and 11. The operating ram cylinders I and 13 also being generally
similar to those shown by Figs. 9 10 and 11 and the pipe connections O and P³ of
these cylinders to the operated ram cylinders J and P in the press are also shown
connected in a similar way as described in connection with Figs. 9,.10 and 11,

page_text: But to effect the modulation of the force and motion of the stroke of the operated
ram K on the article R being forged the pipe orifice 1° shown in section in Fig. 12
of the operating ram cylinder I has shown connected to it a T branch pipe I and
jointed to it a stuff through way by pass cock 110, to the opening and closing plug of
which is shown fixed an operating lever J10. The by-pass cock 110 is further shown
connected to the T shaped pipe I which is shown connected to the water way
branch 18 formed in the cylinder 13 of the return stroke ram A³, all shown in section
in Figs. 12 and 13. The safety valves P P are also shown connected to these
branch pipes 17 and 1º. When the press rams K and P* are being wrought the full
stroke of the operating rams A and A³ which both for time and length of double
stroke is always equal to the revolutions of the crank shaft W in this modification
the cock is kept closed, but in case the stroke of the forging ram K is desired to
be reduced in length or in force this cock 110 is partially opened by the operator by
the hand lever J which allows portion of the operating liquid to pass through to
the operating return stroke cylinder 13 or if both the forging ram K and forging
head K³ as also the motion of the return stroke operated ram P* is desired to be
suspended the cock 110 is by the operator opened fully in which case the operating
liquid simply passes from the operating cylinder I through the branch pipe 16
T pipe Icock I and branch T pipe 1 and through the branch pipe 18 to its
companion ram operating cylinder 13 and the rams of presses K and P being
balance in their weight by the lever V remain at rest although the crank shaft W
and connected gear including the operating rams move continuously. By operating
the hand lever Jo and opening the cock 1" slightly at the commencement of the
stroke of either of the operating rams A and A portion of the operating liquid in
any degree is easily in this way passed from the one pair of ram cylinders to the
other and the position of the forging ram head K³ in the "daylight" of the press thus
easily changed to any position at will required. Or the changing of the position of the
forging ram K in its cylinder can in this modification of press also be effected by a
set of separate pumps for this purpose as just described in connection with Figs. 9
to 11. The masses of metal being pressed or shaped in these presses may be
moved round or on end by hand or otherwise manipulated, or moved round and
endwise by any good mechanism by power as now commonly done in forging by
hydraulic presses and steam hammers. For forging round metal bars it is intended
to use my frictional screwing rolls to move the masses of metal round and end wise
in these presses and to impart to the hot bars a smooth finish for which Letters Patent
of the United Kingdom were granted to me applied in conjunction with forging
presses and steam hammers entitled, "Improvements in Machinery for Treating and
Shaping Metals" numbered 23677 and dated the 20th day of December 1869.
A modification of this new and improved gear for operating liquid forcing
rams as applied to ordinary hydraulic presses for solidifying metals by a press
where the return stroke of its ram is effected by its own gravity and to intensify
the force of the operated ram in the press when near to the end of its stroke.
Consists in having two operating rams of different diameters connected to a cog
rack, and the hydraulic ram coupled to the one end of the rack being of such a
water displacing capacity as nearly effect the full stroke of the press and the
ram coupled to the other end of the rack of smaller diameter, which on the
motion of the rack being reversed, forces water into the press at a much higher
pressure than the water forced from the ram of larger diameter, and by this
second ram so used sufficient quantity of the forcing liquid used obtained to
complete the forcing stroke of the press with at such a degree of force at will as
may be desired.
Fig. 15 is a side elevation partly in section, Fig. 16 a plan partly in section of
gear shown for imparting reciprocating motion to a main operating ram A and a
second operating ram of smaller diameter A³ for intensifying the pressure of the
water used after the ram A has performed its stroke, and shown coupled by pipes
to a press cylinder J of the ordinary form of the cylinder of a hydraulic press to
operate its forcing ram K. The rack gear shown for producing reciprocating

page_text: "
motion on the rams A and A3 shown is of the same general form as that described
on connection with Figs. 1 to 5 and Figs. 6 to 8 on Sheet one of my drawings.
The
and the same letters and numerals of reference referring to like parts.
cylinder I of the ram A is shown connected to a water cistern J12 by the inlet.
pipe X which is provided with an ordinary inlet check valve X' shown carried to
and jointed to the cylinder I in which cylinder its ram A is shown drawn out and
in its drawing out stroke fills its cylinder 1 with water, from the cistern J through
the pipe X and inlet check valve X' as indicated by the arrow f placed on same.
On the forcing stroke of the ram A being taken as indicated by the arrow a on
same the water is forced out of the cylinder I along the pipe O as indicated by
the arrow bon same and through the check valve O³ into the cylinder J. The
operated ram K of this cylinder J being shown raised up. to nearly its full stroke
as shown in Fig. 15 by the dotted lines K* of the ram head K' in the "daylight
of the press at about which position of the ram head K³ the motion of the rack is
reversed. Water having been previously, drawn into the cylinder 13 from the
water cistern J2 through the inlet pipe X and check valve X³ the water in the
cylinder is expelled out of it through the pipe Y, check valve Y' to the cylinder J
and thus completes the pressing stroke of the ram K as shown in elevation in
Fig. 15, and the ram A³ being only shown one fourth of the cross sectional area of
the ram A. and having the same degree of force to operate it as the ram A produces
in the latter part of the stroke of the ram K about four times the intensity of
pressure at this finishing part of the stroke. On the outlet valve J' is shown in
Fig. 15 connected to the cylinder J on being opened by the handle J the water
in the cylinder J flows out of it out through the pipe J" back to the cisterns J12 and
the ram K by its gravity again descends to the bottom of its cylinder J and is again
ready for a fresh pressing operation. This outlet valve J at pleasure may be
used as
a by-pass throttling valve to regulate the degree of pressure in the
cylinder J as described in connection with Figs 1 to 5 on Sheet one of my
drawings.
The same water forcing operation in an inverse way can be obtained as that just
described and part of my invention by fixing on the water cylinder on the rack
casting or casting the water cylinder in one piece with the rack and occupies in this
form much less floor space lengthwise.
Fig. 17 is a side elevation partly in section and Fig. 18 is a plan also partly in
section of this modification of this invention. The rack driving gear and
description of driving steam engine most suitable to be used is the same as
described in connection with Figs. 1 to 5 and also mainly similar to that described
in connection with Figs. 6 to 8 on Sheet one of my drawings and the same letters
and numerals of reference referring to like parts. The form of the rack housing C
being slightly different from the rack housing shown in connection with Figs. 1 to 5
but substantially the same. Fig. 19 showing a cross sectional elevation of this
housing C.
The ram A in the modification shown is of double the cross sectional area of that
of the ram A and both are shown cast hollow. The main operating ram A is
shown seated fixed and jointed in the standard crosshead casting Q which has
formed in it a water way, to the after side of which is shown fixed and jointed the
water pipe O leading to the top and forcing end of the press cylinder J. The
ram A³ of the cylinder 13 formed in the rack casting B and showu in the
cylinder part of it lengthwise being shown extended out to the opposite end
crosshead Q, and this ram A is shown seated and jointed in the crosshead
casting Qin which a water way is formed and to its after side is shown connected
and jointed the water pipe P8. The water pipe P being shown led to the lower
end or to the return stroke end of the press cylinder J. The top end water space in
the cylinder J for the piston K' which piston is shown secured by the nut K is
double that of the cubic space for the water used for forcing it down from that shown
left by the ram part K for raising it up so that, in this way the water space in each
end of the cylinder J is made the same to each other as their respective operating

page_text: rams A and A, namely the upper and forcing space double that of the return
motion space and no fresh water required, the same water being used between them
over and over again.
The water pipe O being shown led and jointed to the cylinder cover J". The
pipe Ps for the return stroke being shown led from the crosshead Q³ to the lower
part of the cylinder J and water way Ps and jointed and fixed to same.
The ram
head K³, forging piece N of same, die piece T and the general form of the press
shown suited for ordinary metal plate embossing purposes.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what I
claim is :-
First. The method of appliances and apparatus and combinations of apparatus
for transmitting force to hydraulic pistons or rams to force and regulate the flow
of a liquid to operate by a single stroke of a liquid forcing piston or ram a stroke
of a piston or ram of a hydraulic press or hydraulic machine for pressing forging
and shaping metals, substantially as herein described in reference to and as
respectively distinguished in the several forms and applications shown in the
accompanying drawings.
Second. The mode of and means for actuating pressing and shaping hydraulic
presses or hydraulic tools for shaping and forging metals by a liquid forced and
regulated to actuate the piston or ram of a hydraulic press without the inter-
vention of valves opened and closed by the liquid being forced or check valves
the forcing liquid remaining in a changed position mainly in the cylinders and
connecting pipes of same after a stroke is completed and by a single stroke from
the liquid propelling or operating ram to the forcing or operated ram in a single
stroke of the press accomplished. The water forcing or operating ram connected
to a cog rack and gear, and propelled by a reversing steam engine substantially
as herein described in reference to and shown in connection with Figs. 1 to 5 of
the accompanying drawings.
Third. The mode of and means for actuating a hydraulic piston or ram tool
with a return motion and without check valves for pressing, forging and shaping
metals having two liquid forcing or operating rams placed in cylinders suited for
a like stroke caused to force a liquid from same alternately to a forcing ram and
return stroke ram of a press alternately of about a like solid content to each
other and to that of the liquid forcing rams the press rams working in suitable
cylinders in a forging press and working stroke for stroke from each operating ram
to its connected operated ram and vice-versa the same liquid passing to and from
these connected cylinders alternately without waste of same whether the stroke
may be full length of the stroke of the press or any shorter degree of stroke.
The operated liquid forcing rams coupled to a toothed rack and gear and to a
propelling and reversing steam engine substantially as herein described in reference
to and shown in connection with Figs. 6 to 8 of the accompanying drawings.
Fourth. The mode of and means for actuating hot metal shaping and forging
hydraulic short stroke presses by forcing a liquid from a pair of coupled operated
rams each of small solid content and small liquid displacing capacity working in
suitable separate cylinders the liquid forced from same caused to operate a forging
ram of a forging press of a longer stroke and return ram of same working in
suitable cylinders and without check valves or loss of the operating liquid with
means of fixing the short reciprocating stroke of the forging ram of the press
in any position in the "daylight" of a long stroke press and with means of
modulating the intensity of the forging stroke or of suspending it at the will of the
operator actuated by a direct acting steam engine substantially as herein described
in reference to and shown connected with Figs. 9 to 11 of the accompanying
drawings.
Fifth. The mode of and means for actuating the ram of a metal shaping or
forging hydraulic press by liquid forcing rams with the liquid forced from same

page_text: effecting the forging stroke and return stroke of the press without intervening
check valves between the operating and operated ram cylinders and without loss
of the operating liquid it simply playing between each operating and operated
ram in their respective cylinders. The operating liquid forcing rams being
propelled from a revolving crank neck placed on or formed in a shaft made to
revolve continuously which for propelling large sized presses may be the crank
shaft of a single cylinder steam engine. With also means of modulating the force
and length of the stroke of the ram of the press and at pleasure also of suspending
its action substantially as herein described in reference to and shown in connection
with Figs. 12 to 14 of the accompanying drawings.
Sixth. The mode of and means for forcing liquids at different degrees of pressure
for the purpose of operating the pistons or rams of hydraulic presses for forging
and shaping metals by liquid forcing rams or pistons coupled to be operated by a
cog gear rack into which a corresponding cog gear pinion is made to gear and to
be propelled by a reversing steam engine or other means of propelling in a
forward or backward direction. The stroke of the press effected mainly by the
main liquid forcing ram and completed at will at increased pressure by an
intensifying ram or piston of smaller diameter than that of the main ram, the
intensity of the pressure of the liquid and force of the ram at will regulated by a
by-pass valve and the return motion of the press effected by the gravity of its
ram substantially as herein described in reference to and shown connected with
Figs. 15 and 16 of the accompanying drawings.
Seventh. The mode of and means for forcing liquids for operating hydraulic
presses for shaping metals by end wise traversing cylinders and stationary pistons
or stationary rams of different cross sectional area the cylinders operated by a
cog gear rack propelled by a reversing steam engine or other propelling means
and gear with reversing motion. The operating liquid forcing ram of the larger
diameter forcing the liquid for the pressing or shaping stroke of the press and
the return motion of the piston of the press effected by the liquid forced from
the smaller cylider formed in the rack casting the liquid passing over and over
again to and from the larger rack cylinder through a pipe to the forcing stroke
side of the piston of the press and vice versa and return stroke of the press
effected from the liquid forced from the smaller cylinder formed in the rack
casting to the underside of the piston of the press and vice versa the liquid being
used over and over again in both forcing and return strokes, substantially as
herein described in reference to and shown by Figs. 17 to 19 of the accompanying
drawings.
Dated this First day of December 1893.