MANUFACTURING FACTITIOUS WHOLESOME MILK
Year: 1856

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Marc Antoine Augustin Gaudin, Chemist, and
Eugêne Xavier Choumara, Clerk, both of Paris, in the Empire of
France, for the Invention of "MANUFACTURING FACTITIOUS WHOLESOME
MILK."
Sealed the 20th January 1857, and dated the 21st July 1856.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Marc Antoine Augustin
Gaudin and Eugêne Xavier Choumara at the Office of the Commissioners
of Patents, with their Petition, on the 21st July 1856.
We, MARC ANTOINE AUGUSTIN GAUDIN, Chemist, and EUGENE XAVIER
CHOUMARA, Clerk, both of Paris, in the Empire of France, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention for "MANUFACTURING FACTITIOUS WHOLESOME
MILK," to be as follows:-
Our Invention consists in transforming into milk the juices of meats
composed of fleshy and fatty matters, and the factitious milk produced there-
from is greatly similar to the ordinary milk from cows.
The modus operandi is as follows:-We take any kind of meat, with or
without bones, and we submit it to a powerful cooking with water in a double-
cased boiler, into which casing and around the inner boiler we introduce
steam at a pressure of 4 or 5 atmosphere. The juice produced by this
cooking contains all the animal nutritive principles contained in the meat and

page_text: bones, and as the contents do not fill up entirely the boiler wherein it is
produced, a violent boiling up takes place so soon as the atmosphere is
permitted to communicate with it, through the opening of a small cock placed
at the top of the boiler, the lower tube of which does not dip into the liquid
contained within the boiler; thus the liquid rises up through a suitable pipe
like an emulsion, and so rushes out; thus, whatere this was but the juices
of meat, is, by the treatment described, transformed into milk.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Marc Antoine Augustin Gaudin and Eugêne Xavier Choumara
in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 21st January 1857.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, MARC
ANTOINE AUGUSTIN GAUDIN, Chemist, and EUGENE XAVIER CHOUMARA, Clerk,
both of Paris, in the Empire of France, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-first day of July, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-six, in the nineteenth year of Her reign,
did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto us, the said
Marc Antoine Augustin Gaudin and Eugene Xavier Choumara, Her special
licence that we, the said Marc Antoine Augustin Gaudin and Eugene Xavier
Choumara, our executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as we,
the said Marc Antoine Augustin Gaudin and Eugene Xavier Choumara, our
executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and
no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term
therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend,
within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel
Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention of "MANUFACTURING FACTITIOUS
WHOLESOME MILK," upon the condition (amongst others) that we, the said
Marc Antoine Augustin Gaudin and Eugene Xavier Choumara, by an instru-
ment in writing under our of their hands and seals, should particularly describe
and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the. same
was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal
Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the date
of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said Marc Antoine Augustin Gaudin and
Eugene Xavier Choumara, do hereby declare the nature of our said Invention,

page_text: and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly
described and ascertained in and by the following statement.
This Invention consists in producing artificial nutritious wholesome milk
from any comestible meats, with or without bones, but chiefly when combined
with fresh marrow bones; and similarly also from gelatine and grease, or for oil of
any kind, which may be used for feeding cattle; and also from wax and rosins
when only required for a particular milky liquid, to be applied for various
industrial or manufacturing purposes, and not for human food.
The produce being quite new, as well as the process, it is unecessary to give
a Drawing of the apparatus we make use of, and having in our Provisional
Specification described the apparatus we prefer to employ, it will be sufficient
to state that meat or bones are boiled together during several hours with
water in a tight and double-cased closed boiler, made of sheet iron or tinned
copper, heated with steam at from three to five atmospheres pressure. The
milk is produced by the juice rushing out with violence through the aperture
of a stop-cock suitably disposed at the top of the boiler, which juice has
been previously brought to a tremulous ebulition by the high temperature
to which it is subjected, and is caused to mix so soon as the opening of the
cock for affording the liquid to escape causes the pressure to lessen. For
that purpose the boiler is not quite filled with liquid, and when it is half
emptied the rushing out ceases, the boiling liquid being no longer capable of
reaching the aperture of the cock; then a supply of water and a new charge
and boiling is required to produce a fresh supply of milk, unless it were
continuously fed with sufficiently hot prepared liquid from pumps or adjoining
boilers, which may be caused to supply the milk themselves by opening their
respective cocks at suitable times. The milk rushing out issues through a
cock of small aperture that is screwed fast to the cover of the boiler, but
having a curved pipe at the outside for the purpose of conveying the flowing
milk into suitable receivers, which may be common open metallic or any
other suitable vessels; the smaller the cock for this purpose the better; but
to save time in the process, we prefer using a pipe of about half an inch in
diameter for a boiler containing one hundred gallons. For human food, and
chiefly for preparing coffee, tea, custards, ices, &c., the juice must be deprived
of its flesby smell, by steaming out the boiler through its half-opened cock
during the boiling, and seasoning it by a moderate addition of sweet vegetables,
such as white or yellow beet root, turnips, carrots, or parsnips, together with
a small proportion of common salt. When the flesh or bones and vegetables
are cut into thin slices the boiling time required is much reduced; one hour
at most is sufficient for that quality of milk. The steam must not be raised

page_text: beyond three atmospheres, therefor the conveying pipe must have a steam
valve which will open to such pressure, otherwise the milk would look reddish,.
and assume a burned smell and taste. The required quantities of meat,
marrow bones, &c. comparitively to water is as follows:-One pound of
animal substance to each gallon of water, and which by the boiling process
is reduced to half the quantity of suitably nutritious milk, on account of the
evaporation or steaming away during the rushing out of the liquid. The hot
milk must be allowed to remain quiescent during two hours, and then be
drawn off through a cock below to entirely free it from the fatty matter
swimming at the upper surface.
Having thus far described our Invention, and the method of performing
the same, as also the apparatus we prefer to employ, we wish it to be under-
stood that our Invention is for a novel process for obtaining in a milky state,
fit for human and for animal feeding, useful products from the treatment of
all mixtures of gelatinous and greasy substances; and in certain cases, by the
substitution of oils, wax, and rosins, for animal grease, for the purpose of
producing a milky liquid suitable for industrial purposes; and by which process
also we can turn clotted cow milk into a new fluid of a palatable taste by
boiling it in the same apparatus with a small addition of carbonate of ammonia;
the whole of the herein-before described operations being performed by the
aid of steam, and in an apparatus as herein described, or its mechanical
equivalent.
In witness whereof, we, the said Marc Antoine Augustin Gaudin, and
Eugêne Xavier Choumara, have hereunto set our hands and seals, this
Nineteenth day of January, in the year of our Lord One thousand
eight hundred and fifty-seven.
M. A. GAUDIN.
(L.S.)
Signed and sealed in the presence of
L. D'AUBRÉVILLE, C.E.
E. X. CHOUMARA. (L.S.)