IMPROVEMENTS IN HYDRAULIC HOSE AND THE METHOD OF MANUFACTURING THE SAME
Year: 1878

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Seth William Baker, of the City and County of Pro-
vidence, and State of Rhode Island, United States of America, for the
Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN HYDRAULIC HOSE AND THE METHOD OF
MANUFACTURING THE SAME."
Sealed the 23rd August 1878, and dated the 5th March 1878.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Seth William Baker at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 5th March 1878.
SETH WILLIAM BAKER, of the City and County of Providence, and State of
Rhode Island, United States of America. "IMPROVEMENTS IN HYDRAULIC HOSE
AND THE METHOD OF MANUFACTURING THE 'SAME."
This Invention relates to improvements in hydraulic hose known as woven fabric
hose, in which a tubular woven fabric is lined with india-rubber or other elastic
inaterial impervious to liquids or gases, and the said Invention consists partly in
improvements in weaving the tubular fabric on a flat loom, and also in weaving two
or more lengths on the same loom simultaneously.
It further consists in the peculiar manner of laying the warp threads to produce
a tubular woven fabric, combining great strength with elasticity and pliability.
It consists further in so weaving the same as to give to the inner surface of the
tube a fine smooth surface to facilitate the lining of the same and diminish the
frictional resistance of the liquid or gases flowing or forced through it, and a coarse
strong outer surface to resist the wear on the hose.
It also consists in so weaving the tubular fabric that it will present in its normal
condition a flattened cross section, and thus allow the winding and storage of the
hose for a long time without strain on the weft thread or the weakening of the fabric
by such storage.
It consists further in lining such woven tubular fabric with india-rubber or other
suitable material to fit the same for use under any usual or peculiar conditions.
To clearly describe the Invention it should be observed that no matter what the
number of ply of which the same consists the warp threads are so arranged in
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page_text: the harnesses as to be divided into two parts by an imaginary horizontal line, which
is the line between the inner face of the fabric when woven; that is to say, this
tubular woven fabric when made of four ply consists of eight sets of warp threads so
arranged that four sets of warp threads are above, and four sets of warp threads
below an imaginary horizontal line, and four sets of warp threads on each edge are
so arranged in the harnesses that the edges are interwoven and the complete fabric
is formed of four sets of warp threads surrounding a central slit or opening. And
to firmly secure the upper and lower portions of the fabric and strengthen the
edges, the warp threads are more closely packed together along these edges, or
stronger warp threads are interwoven with the same. It may therefore be con-
sidered that to operate the warp threads in this fabric and open the sheds four sets
of harnesses are required; in a four-ply tubular woven fabric two harnesses for each
-ply of the upper and two harnesses for each ply of the lower portion of the fabric,
arranged so as to open the sheds for the weft shuttle to pass through successively
and lay the weft or filling in a helical line through all the warp around the central
slit by passing around the slit through the shed of one ply, crossing over to the next,
and so on, through the shed of the warp of all the plys, and then back again, laying
all the weft or filling by one shuttle, producing a strong durable yet pliable fabric
well adapted for hose or other tubular articles requiring strength and pliability,
such as mail bags, which can be woven on a flat loom, and two or more lengths at
the same time on the same loom.
Having thus disposed of the weft or filling thread it will be apparent that there
is no difference in the laying of the same between a three and six or any other
number of ply fabric more than a three ply, and the peculiar lay of the warp threads
can now be considered.
One half of the warp forming the outer ply is laid in nearly a straight
line over and under the weft, and forms with the weft nearly the whole
of the outer surface of this tubular fabric; and one half of the warp of the
inner ply is also laid nearly straight over and under the weft, and forms with the
weft nearly the whole of the inner surface of the tubular fabric.
When this fabric is to be used for hydraulic hose or other similar purpose, by
using in the weaving strong and coarse yarn for the one half of the outer warp
forming the outer surface, or for all the warp of the outer ply, a surface is produced
that will withstand the rough usage and wear incidental to the fabric and its use,
and by using fine even thread for the warp of the inner ply a fine even surface is
produced on the inside of the fabric which can be better lined with india-rubber or
similar material, producing a smoother interior surface, by which the loss by friction
in water passing through hose is diminished, and as the finer thread is more closely
packed the rubber lining will be able to resist greater pressure, as the pressure is
not so liable to force the elastic lining through the interstices between the threads
and thus rupture the same, as is the case with coarse interior surfaces in which the
spaces between the centres of the thread are larger, and the elastic lining is liable to
be pierced by the internal pressure.
The other half of the warp of both the outer and inner plys is laid diagonally
from one ply to the other, and from one surface towards the other, so that all the
plys, no matter what their number, if three or more are tied together by the warp
so as to form thoroughly interwoven, strong, durable, and still yielding fabric, which
is woven on a flat loom in tubular form, and well adapted for hydraulic hose.
When this tubular woven fabric is lined on the inner surface with india-rubbor
or other similar material and used for hydraulic hose under pressure it will be of a
cylindrical section the same as other hydraulic hose, but when stored or reeled or
relieved of the internal pressure it is of an oval or flat cross section, and being then
in its normal condition with every thread as laid in the loom it is not injured by
such storage; and no matter how long it is so stored it will be able to withstand the
usual pressure.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said Seth William Baker in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 5th
September 1878.
SETH WILLIAM BAKER, of the City and County of Providence, and State of
Rhode Island, United States of America. IMPROVEMENTS IN HYDRAULIC HOSE
"
AND THE METHOD OF MANUFACTURING THE SAME."
This Invention relates to improvements in hydraulic hose known as woven fabric
hose, in which a tubular woven fabric is lined with india-rubber or other elastic
material impervious to liquids or gases.
According to this Invention the tubular fabric is woven on a flat loom and in
two or more lengths on the same loom simultaneously. The warp threads are laid
in a peculiar manner to produce a tubular woven fabric, combining great strength
with elasticity and pliability. The weaving is performed in such manner as to give
to the interior of the tube a fine smooth surface to facilitate the lining of the same
and diminish the frictional resistance of the liquid or gases flowing or forced through
it, and a coarse strong outer surface to resist the wear on the hose. The tubular
fabric is so woven that it will present in its normal condition a flattened cross
section and thus permit the winding and storage of the hose for a long time without
strain on the weft thread or the weakening of the fabric by such storage. And I
line such woven tubular fabric with india-rubber or other suitable material to fit
the same for use under any usual or peculiar conditions.
In the accompanying Drawing,
Figure 1 is a perspective view of a loom adapted to weave eight lengths of tubular
fabric, and shewing clearly the peculiar and essential portions arranged to produce
this result.
Figure 2 is a section of a three-ply fabric, and shows the path of the shuttle in
laying the weft thread in this fabric in a helical line passing through the upper shed
of the outer warp, thence back through the lower shod of the warp forming the
outer ply, thence crossing over to the shed made in the upper central ply and back
through the lower central ply, again crossing over to the inner ply of the upper half
and returning through the lower half of the same inner ply, and back again to the
central and outer ply, laying all the weft or filling in the three upper and lower plies
by one shuttle in a continuous belical line, and thus producing a tubular woven
fabric.
Figure 4 represents the path of the shuttle in laying the weft thread in a four-
ply tubular fabric so that one weft thread is laid in a helical line through all the
upper and lower plies of a four-ply tubular woven fabric.
Figure 6 represents the path of the shuttle in laying a continuous weft thread in
a helical line through and between the warps of a six-ply tubular woven fabric.
Figure 8 is a cross section showing the position of the warp threads in a six-ply
tubular woven fabric.
Figure 3 is a longitudinal sectional view along the axis of the tubular three-ply
fabric showing the positions of the warp threads and the peculiar manner in which
the outer and inner surface warp is laid, so that half of the outer warp and half of
the inner warp will be laid nearly straight and form nearly the whole of these sur-
faces, and all the other warp will be so laid as to securely tie all the plies together,
forming one strong and yet yielding tubular woven fabric.
Figure 5 is a longitudinal section of my improved tubular four-ply woven fabric
shewing the position of the weft and the lay of the warp threads.
Figure 7 is a longitudinal sectional view of a six-ply woven fabric.
Figure 9 is a view of a portion of the surface of my improved tubular woven fabric
showing how one half of the outer warp threads 1 is laid nearly straight over and
under the weft threads 3, while the remaining portions of the warp threads 2 are
shewn as passing over one weft thread and then under the three adjacent threads,
and so-on throughout the entire fabric."
:

page_text: Figure 10 is a view of the edge of the improved tubular woven fabric where the
two sides are united, and preferably, strong warp threads are inserted to strengthen
this portion of the fabric.
Figures 11 and 12 shew devices herein-after described.
The longths a of tubular woven fabric are delivered from the loom and woven
simultaneously on the same; p represents the positive motion shuttle carrier; c, the
- harnesses, by means of which the different sheds are made in the warp to allow the
shuttles to pass through the same and lay the weft.
To clearly describe this Invention it should be observed that no matter what may
be the number of plies of which the same consists, the warp threads are so arranged
in the harness as to be divided into two parts by an imaginary horizontal line,
which is the line between the inner face of the fabric when woven, that is to say,
this tubular woven fabric when made four ply consists of eight sets of warp threads
so arranged that four sets of warp threads are above, and four sets of warp threads
below an imaginary horizontal line, and four sets of warp thread on each edge are
so arranged in the harness that the edges are interwoven, and the complete fabric
is formed of four sets of warp thread surrounding a central slit or opening. And to
firmly secure the upper and lower portions of the fabric and strengthen the edges,
the warp threads are more closely packed together along these edges, or stronger
warp threads are interwoven with the same than with the other parts of the fabric.
It may therefore be considered that to operate the warp threads in this fabric and
open the sheds four sets of harnesses are required in a four-ply tubular woven fabric,
two harnesses for each ply of the upper, and two harnesses for each ply of the lower
portion of the fabric, so arranged as to open the sheds for the weft shuttle to pass
through successively and lay the weft or filling in a helical line through all the warp
around the central slit by passing around the slit through the shed of one ply,
crossing over to the next, and so on through the shed of the warp of all the plies,
and then back again, laying all the weft or filling by one shuttle; I thus produce a
strong and durable yet pliable fabric, well adapted for hose or other tubular articles
requiring strength and pliability, such as mail bags, which can be woven on a flat
loom, and two or more lengths at the same time on the same loom.
Having thus disposed of the weft or filling thread it will be obvious that there
is no difference in the laying of the same between a three ply and a six ply, or other
fabric more than a three ply, as shown in Figures 2, 4, and 6, and the peculiar lay
of the warp threads may now be considered.
In Figures 3, 5, 7, and 9, 1 represents one-half of the warp forming the outer ply,
and one-half of the warp of the inner ply. This half of the outer ply is laid in
nearly a straight line over and under the weft, and forms with the weft nearly the
whole of the outer surface of this tubular fabric. The half of the warp of the inner
ply is also laid nearly straight over and under the weft, and forms with the weft
nearly the whole of the inner surface of the tubular fabric. The remaining half, 2, of
the outer and inner plies passes over the weft of the outer and inner plies, and then
extends inwardly beneath and beyond the adjoining lines of weft of the said outer
and inner plies and over and under the central line of weft, and thence in a
diagonal direction outwardly to the outer and inner surfaces of the fabric, and over
the line of weft or filling therein, thus effectually tying or binding the plies
together.
When this fabric is to be used for hydraulic hose or other similar purpose, by
using in the weaving strong and coarse yarn for one-half of the warp forming the
outer surface, or for all the warp of the outer ply, a surface is produced that will
withstand the rough usage and wear incidental to this fabric when in use, and by
using fine even thread for the warp of the inner ply a fine even surface is produced
on the inside of the fabric, which can be easily lined with india-rubber or similar
material, producing a smooth interior surface, by which the loss or retardation by
friction of water passing through the hose will be diminished. Moreover, as the finer
thread is very closely packed, the rubber lining will be capable of resisting great
pressure, as the pressure is not so liable to force the elastic lining through the

page_text: interstices between the threads, and thus rupture the same, as in the case with
coarse interior surface in which the spaces between the centres of the thread are
large, and the elastic lining is liable to be pierced by the internal pressure.
The above description of the manner of laying one-half of the outer and one-half
of the inner warp by the harnesses to form the surfaces of the said fabric being
understood, an examination of Figures 3, 5, and 7 will clearly shew how the other
half of the warp of both the outer and inner plies laid diagonally from one ply to
the other, and from one surface toward the other, so that all the plies, no inatter
what may be their number (three or more), are tied together by the warp so as to
form thoroughly interwoven strong, durable, and still yielding fabric, which is woven
on a flat loom in tubular form, and well adapted for hydraulic hose.
When this tubular woven fabric is lined on the inner surface with india-rubber
or other similar material, and used for hydraulic hose under pressure, it will be of a
circular transverse section the same as other hydraulic hose, but when stored or
reeled, or when relieved of internal pressure, it will have an oval or flat transverse
section, and being then in its normal condition with every thread as laid in the
loom, it is not injured by such storage, and no matter how long it is so stored it will
be able to withstand the ordinary pressure.
Tubular woven fabric hose, as usually woven in a circular loom, is injured by
reeling, as the thread at the sides is cramped, the inner portion compressed, and the
outer portion stretched, and when after long storage it is to be used under pressure,
these sides having been injured will split open, thus frequently causing the
destruction of the property, which would have been safer had the hose consisted of
a tubular woven fabric which in its normal condition has a flattened cross
section.
It should be remembered that hydraulic fire hose is commonly kept for years in
this flattened condition to be used at any time in an emergency, and that woven
fabric hose frequently bursts at a critical moment.
The
Figure 11 is a former made of wood or other suitable material, oval in cross
section, and wedge shaped: This former d is inserted into the tubular woven
fabric to guide the warp threads and lay the helical weft around the same.
lay lends up close against this wedge-shaped former, and the same is held by a
clamp provided with rollers f, f, as shewn in Figure 12.
In a tubular woven fabric to be used for hydraulic hose the helical weft must be
layed, so that when under strain the tension on all the weft is uniform. The loom
is therefore provided with an automatic tension device, by which the strain on the
weft is increased as it approaches the outer surface and decreased towards the
inner surface, and when under strain the pressure will be exerted equally on all
of the weft threads.
Having thus fully described my said Invention and the manner of performing
the same, I wish it understood that I claim,-
First The process herein described of weaving tubular fabric of three or more
plios in one or inore lengths, simultaneously passing the warp of each upper and each
lower ply through two separate harnesses, and springing the same to form sheds for
the passage of positive motion shuttles to lay the weft or filling helically through
all the plies from one shuttle, as and for the purpose set forth.
Second. A tubular woven fabric consisting of three or more plies in which the
warp of the inner and outer plies is interwoven with the other plies, so that half of
this warp passes nearly straight over and under the weft, and the other half of this
warp and all of the warp of the other plies passes diagonally from the outer towards
the inner surface, and "vice versa," producing a tubular fabric without seam or
joint, as and for the purpose described.
Third. A tubular woven fabric consisting of three or more plies in which the
warp of the outer ply is made of thick and strong thread, and the warp of the
inner ply of fine thread, and in which one-half of the outer and half of
the inner warp is so laid so as to form with the weft the surface of the fabric,
and the other half of such warp and all of the other warp is laid diagonally,

page_text: and the weft is laid helically between all of the plies, as and for the purpose
described.
Fourth. A tubular woven fabric of three or more plies in which the weft or
filling is laid successively through each ply, and crossing from the inner ply to
the outer ply, and vice versa, is laid helically between the warp throughout the
whole fabric by one shuttle, as and for the purpose described.
Fifth. A tubular woven fabric of three or more plies in which the warp is laid
diagonally from one surface to or toward the other, and the weft is laid
helically between the successive plies, and which in its normal condition presents a
flattened transverse section, as and for the purposes specified.
Sixth. A tubular woven fabric woven in a flat loom in which the upper and
lower parts are united at both edges by weaving the same together, when these edges
are strengthened by warp threads made stronger and larger or of stronger material
than the other parts, as and for the purpose set forth.
Seventh. The combination with the tubular woven fabric as specified in the
second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth claiming clauses of an interior lining of india-
rubber or other suitable material, for the purpose specified.
In witness whereof, I, the said Seth William Baker, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Fifth day of August, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and seventy-eight.
In presence of
JOSEPH A. MILLER, C.E.,
Providence,
R.I.
SETH W. BAKER. (L.S.)