IMPROVEMENTS IN CARRIAGES, SCAFFOLDINGS, AND LADDERS, WHICH SCAFFOLDINGS AND LADDERS ARE USED AS CARRIAGES
Year: 1853

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Marcus Davis, of 52, Gray's Inn Lane, in the
County of Middlesex, Silent Carriage Maker, for the Invention of
"IMPROVEMENTS IN CARRIAGES, SCAFFOLDINGS, AND LADDERS, WHICH
SCAFFOLDINGS AND LADDERS ARE USED AS CARRIAGES."
Sealed the 4th January 1854, and dated the 5th July 1853.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Marcus Davis at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 5th July 1853.
I, MARCUS DAVIS, of 52, Gray's Inn Lane, in the County of Middle-
sex, Silent Carriage Maker, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN CARRIAGES, SCAFFOLDINGS, AND LADDERS,
WHICH SCAFFOLDINGS AND LADDERS ARE USED AS CARRIAGES," to be as
follows:-
I use iron or other metal tubes, as described in a Patent granted
to me on 1st October 1852. One of the improvements consists in
galvanizing the metal of which these carriages, scaffolds, or laddersare
made, by Crawford's or Simmond's patent process, or any other method,
patented or uupatented, at the present time in public use; or I cover
the iron tube and other iron work with tin, zinc, lead, or compound

page_text: metals, which, adhering to the iron, renders it in a great measure rust-
proof; or I cover the iron with a thin coating of gutta percha, or a
solution of gutta percha, or combined with india-rubber or other like
materials at the present time in public use for preserving the iron from
oxydation or decay. I also, in the construction of four-wheel carriages,
children's carriages, three-wheel carriages, and four and three wheel
trucks or waggons, drawn by horse or man, use the ball and socket
motion, or cup and ball motion, for the pivot on which the under car-
riage turns, and also for the semicircular motion of the handle or
shafts.
The handle or shafts can be attached to the outer surface of the cup
or socket, which is made in two halves. The slot B, Fig. 1, is to allow
of the semicircular motion on the pin a, of the ball B, Fig. 2. The
axle is also affixed by any of the usual mechanical contrivances to the
socket, Fig. 1, at right angles to the handle or shafts.
The ball B, I make of cast iron, cast into a wrought iron pin a,
Fig. 2. I also use the ball and socket motion for axle arms, and stock
or centres of wheels, the ball being on the axle and cup on the centre
of the wheel.
The stock and box of a carriage wheel I also make of cast iron, in
two halves, with fourteen or sixteen semicircular and equidistant hollow
places or grooves,radiating from the centre, cast therein to fit and clasp
into as many spokes. The spokes, being first secured to an outer ring or
band, which I make of angle iron, curved and welded into a circle, are
laid in these semicircular beds in one half of the stock and box, and the
other half is laid over, and the whole pinned or rivetted together. The
spokes of cart, van, and all other kinds of carriage wheels for common
roads I make of gas tubing, and the outer circle attached to the
spokes is composed of angle iron, curved and bent into a circle. The
hollow is partially filled with cork, over which I place prepared india-
rubber to run on roads. One of the methods I employ for fastening
the india-rubber in its place is by making holes or a slot across the
rubber, as A, Fig. 11. Pieces of metal, Fig. 12, pass through A,
Fig 11; and pins P, Fig. 12, pass through holes in the bottom or
inner edge of the circled angle iron. I also cause the india-rubber to

page_text: be prepared with pendulous pieces at several places to give additional
strength to the material; or I use string,cloth, or any convenient similar
material, to pass through the cross holes for tying or bracing the rubber
in the angle iron. I also employ cast iron wheels,grooved as a pulley,
for hand trucks and carriages of slow motion, and fasten the rubber in
a similar manner. And I use that description of rubber known as
rocket washers for such purpose.
1
In the formation of the horizontals orparts for the workmen to stand
on of scaffold work, I curve or bend the tube to follow the direction of
the buildings or works, as Figs. 3, 4, and 5; the other parts A, A, &c.,
being tube, and the cross bars flat or bar irou, curved round and
fastened to the tube. Sockets are fastened by soldering or usual
mechanical means to the horizontal tube; these sockets fit on the
vertical tubing, and, if necessary, may be further secured by a pin or
bolt passing through the socket and upright tube or uprights on which
the horizontal scaffold lies. Or the tubing, Fig. 3, 4, and 5, may be
divided and joined or screwed with the tees or crosses and connecting
pieces usually used in gas barrellings.
The material can also be formed in varieties of curves and figures
to accommodate itself to the form of the building.
Fig. 6, is a portion of vertical scaffoldings, connected by screws and
nuts A, B, C, D. The tubes have long screws formed on their ends.
If the nut A, is screwed down and the pieces of tube on each side
E, F, held firmly, and the uut A, turned to unscrew, as it screws from
E, it will screw on to F, and hold it securely on the under tube E;
and if this be done with the several tubes it will join the framework
of the scaffold firmly together. I also make several portions of the
scaffold where strength is not material to its stability ofcorrugated iron,
or iron made into the form of the section of a tube. I also form scaffold
poles or bearings for scaffolding in curves, as Fig. 8, by bending the
tube in any required direction, when in one length, or join with short
bent pieces with screws formed on their ends, as Fig. 9, and 10.
The steps of ladders I make of iron tube, fitted and fastened into two
lengths of flat or hoop iron the length of the ladder or "tier of
ladder" (these ladders being made up of several lengths of short
ladders which I call "tiers").

page_text: This iron is corrugated, curved, or hollowed up the centre to fit and
fasten on the tube of which the sides of the ladder are made; or I bend
the ends of the steps of the ladder to form two flat sides to fasten on
the tubular sides of the ladder; or I make the sides of the ladder of
corrugated iron, or iron made into the form of a section of a tube. It
is not necessary that the tube be round in any of these improvements,
as I also use tube half round, with a flat side, and of other figures. I
make one tier of the ladder to clip, hold, or screw on the tiernext below.
A ladder fifty feet in length, by being divided into tiers, would make
two ladders for scaffolding, as A, Fig. 9.
I make a separate carriage, boxes, or machines, with grooved wheels
attached thereto, to run up the sides of the ladder by means of a pulley
attached to the top, and a line therefrom to attach to such carriages,
boxes, or machines, which can carry up lime, brick, or any materials
used by bricklayers, painters, &c.; and, if necessary, from the position
of the ladder or nature of material to be drawn up, I make such car-
riages, &c., to act under as well as over the tubular sides of the iron.
I also apply the same principle of constructing carriages, boxes, or
machines with grooved wheels to run up the sides of a ladder, to the
wooden ladders now in use; and I use one tier of the ladder as a loco-
motive on wheels, and a portion of the scaffold for the like purpose.
Part of the scaffolding forms a carriage, which may be either drawn
by men or horse
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Marcus Davis in the Great Seal Patent Office, on
the 5th January 1854...
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I,
MARCUS DAVIS, of 52, Gray's Inn Lane, in the County of Middlesex,
Silent Carriage Maker, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Fifth day of July, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-three, in the Seven-
teenth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and succes-
sors, give and grant unto me, the said Marcus Davis, Her special

page_text: licence that I, the said Marcus Davis, my executors, administrators,
and assigns, or such others as 1, the said Marcus Davis, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no
others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term
therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise,
and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,
the Channel Islands, and the Isle of Man, an Invention for "Im-
PROVEMENTS IN CARRIAGES, SCAFFOLDINGS, AND LADDERS, WHICH SCAFFOLD-
INGS AND LADDERS ARE USED AS CARRIAGES," upon the condition (amongst ·
others) that I, the said Marcus Davis, by an instrument in writing
under my hand and seal, should particularly describe and ascertain
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same was
to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal
Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately after
the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Marcus Davis, do hereby de-
clare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same
is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement thereof (that is to say):
My Invention consists of improvements in carriages, scaffoldings, and
ladders. The axle-trees of carriages I make of tube, of any shape, and
fasten thereon by any of the usual modes a ball or sphere of metal or
wood at each end, see Fig. 1, as bearings for the wheels to run on.
When additional safety or strength is required in railway or common
carriage axles, I insert in such tubular axles thin pieces of metal, such
as are used for washers, either separately or with a piece of wire or
other material passed through the hole in the centre Fig, 1x, at A. :
These may be kept at their several convenient distances from each
other; thus, after the first one is passed on the wire or rod A, A, Fig. 2,
a piece of wood or metal tube a, or anything to answer a suitable
purpose, is passed on to the rod close to A, Fig. 1. The next washers:
are then brought up the rod and are stopped at such place or position':
thereon corresponding with the length of the pieces a, a, Fig. 2.
These rings are kept on the rod by means of nuts on the ends A, A,
or burred over or a pin thro' the ends' A, A, of the rod, or by any

page_text: other convenient means; or I pass into such tubular axles a slip of flat
bar or hoop iron for the like purpose of making a thin light tube
capable of sustaining great horizontal pressure; or, for the same purpose
of imparting strength and supportingpower totubes when laid horizon-
tally, I prepare a narrow slip of iron, and at various intermediate
distances apart I cut notches A, Fig. 2*, to about the middle of the
slip, as shewn. I then cut similar notches or slots B, to about the
centre of the several washers, to fit on the slip of iron; and, when thus
arranged, I pass such rod and washers through the tubes in such wise
that edges of the iron shall be presented to such part of the tube that
is expected to sustain the greatest pressure. For monkeys or trucks,
such as are used in warehouses or for merchandise carriages, I make
the axle of square, bar, or round rod iron, either tubular or solid, either
terminating cylindrically for the wheels to run on, or spherical, as pre-
viously described. The wheels of suchtrucks, monkeys,orsmallcarriages
I form of metal or wood in halves, Figs. 3, 4, 5, and 6. Similar letters
refer to similar parts. A, is an inverted hemisphere. B, B, &c., are
holestoboltorfastentwocorresponding parts togetherto form wheels. If
I use the ball and socket motion to these wheels, I first weld or fasten
a ball A¹, on the axle Fig. 1. I then introduce on this axle two halves of
the wheels Figs. 3, 4, 5, & 6,in the position that the spherical cavity A,
shall go over the balls A, A, Fig. 1; when the half wheels are thus placed
the ball A, is welded or secured on the other end of the axle. In each
wheel, Figs. 3, 4, 5, and 6, is formed a groove or recess C, to contain oil
or other lubricating fluid, and another groove D, branches from C, and
leads to the axle. A piece of sponge or straining material may be
placed in D, for clarifying oil, in passing from C, through D, to the
axle. The oil may be poured in from a hole B, Fig. 5, or E, Figs. 3,
and 6, which may then be stopped by a screw; or a piece ofindia-rubber
or leather may be placed, or a spiral or other spring, which, forcing
against the hole from the inside, will close it after the hole has received
the oil and conveyed it to the recess. If I use the common or cylin-
drical axle, I place cork or india-rubber in the inverted hemisphere A,
or in such axle there is no necessity for the hollow hemisphere, as the
hole in the wheel might be bored or cast cylindrically in the usual

page_text: manner; or, if I make the wheel of wood, with spherical axle, a piece of
metal might be stamped or formed of a shape corresponding with the
hemisphere and fastened in the wood; or, if the axle be cylindrical,
then I use a plain cylindrical bush or axle box placed in the wood in
the usual manner. In each Fig. 3, 4, 5, and 6,is a groove or hollow E,
formed on an angular inclination; each half of a wheel is in every
respect similar, therefore when the two halves aro screwed together a
longitudinalor cross section of the groove would represent a dove-tail,
Fig. 8; or, as I do not confine myself to this particular figure, the
halves may represent, when placed together, a form similar to Fig. 9,
or any shape convenient for hugging, by biting or clasping a soft
material placed therein. In each Fig. 5, 8, 9, are grooves G, or
undercuts: these are also for the purpose of hugging the india-rubber
or material employed for a buffer, tyre, or periphery of the wheel.
I,Fig. 5, is a bearing parallel with and revolving on the shaft or arm
of the axle B, Fig. 1, to cause the wheel to revolve in a plane
corresponding with the axle arm; or, to cause the wheels to revolve
in the same plane as the axle, I form the sphere thereon with a
groove X, (Fig. 3*,) in the middle thereof, and a print or collar to fit
therein is formed on the wheels. The wheel, or that part that fits on
the axle, may be formed of three parts, one part being the print or
collar to fall and play round, and in it, at X, (Fig. 3*,) and an inverted
hemisphere to play on each side of the axle (Fig. 3x). Or I form the
sphere with a print or collar X, Fig. 4*, standing in the centre thereof.
The wheel box, or that part playing on the axle, maybeintwoparts, and
each part contain an opening about half the thickness of X, Fig. 4*, to
allow the two parts, when fastened together, to revolve freelyround the
flange or collar X. The globular form may be the best for the purposes
herein-described, although I do not strictly confine myself to a perfect
ball, the outer part being equidistant at all points from a centre,as the
sphere may be oblated or any other convenient figure, or the wheel and
under carriage might turn on cones or double cones, or similar Figures,
as Fig. 5. Fig. 10, is a band of india-rubber, prepared by Hancock's
patent, or any other process that alters the original nature of the india-
rubber, so that if any strain or pressure is applied, the material re-

page_text: assumes the figure it was moulded from or formed to on removal of
the pressure. The extremity or outer surface, Figs. 10, 11, is rounded,
or of such a form that no edges or angles shall revolve on or come
in contact with the road. Fig. 11, is a cross section of the same,
showing the shoulders which lie on the bearing above the dove-tail F,
Figs. 3, 4, 6, or a, a, Fig. 5. B, Figs. 10, and 11, is a lip in the
centre or between the two shoulders. This band of india-rubber, or
preparation of india-rubber or similar material, is slipped on to a half
of a wheel, Figs. 3, 4, 5, 6. One shoulder of the rubber lying on the
bearing of the wheels Figs. 3, 4, 5, & 6, and the lip B, Fig. 10, 11, falls
below and over the dove-tail or hollow F, in the wheel. The corre
sponding half of the wheel is then slipped under the other shoulder C,
of the rubber; the wheel is then screwed or fastened together, and, as
the two halves of the wheel are drawn towards each other by screwing
or other means, they hug the rubber on its sides C, C, Fig. 11, and
bite the lip B, forcing it and retaining it by its grip into the dove-tail
or recess formed by the wheel; or I employ such bands of rubber, with
pendulous pieces, to go into recesses in the wheel; and, in addition to
being hugged as previously described, such bands of rubber are also
fastened in the wheels by pins passing through pendants, see H, H,
Fig. 12. Another method is, instead of making a wheel in halves, to
form it in one piece of metal,similar to Fig. 8, in shape, with or without
the dove-tail F. The sides forming an acute angle with the base, the
india-rubber is then laid in in a soft or somewhat fluid state, and then
vulcanized in the wheel by Hancock's patent, or prepared by any other
process or patent in use. Or I use the wheel in one piece, and the
india-rubber, hardened by any of the processes now in use, on the part
lying on the wheel and projecting into the dove-tail, and the outer part
that runs on the road is prepared of soft rubber, combined with or
joined to such hard material or rubber as previously described; or I
use india-rubber combined with gutta-percha, cork, cotton, or any
material with which india-rubber is combined; or I use asphalte, or any
combination of asphalte or similar material, laid in the grooves of
wheels as described. Or for wheels for steamers, basket and other car-
riages used in warehouses and in other places, I use and form a wheel

page_text: with two inverted hemispheres A, A, one on each outer side of the
wheel Fig. 8x. A similar construction is also useful for barrows and
one-wheel carriages. For larger wheels for waggons, carts, carriages,
or for fast work, I make the spokes of wrought iron or round gas tube, as
described in my Patent of Oct. 1852. The box of the wheel I make
in sections, each being a hemisphere formed of wood or metal and
fitted to a spherical axle, as previously described. These heini-
spheres have bearings parallel with and revolving on the shaft or
arms of the axle ; or I make or fasten on the axle a double sphere,
Fig. 14. The box of the wheel I then make in three parts; one con-
taining two hemispheres revolving between the two spheres of the axle,
and two other parts one on each side of the spheres, the three parts are
then bolted or fastened over the spheres, to revolve thereon parallel
with the axle. In the hemispheres for a single spherical axle are
formed sections of hollow beds, Fig. 15, corresponding with the number
of round tubular spokes, as described in my Patent of Oct 1852.
The spokes are laid in their beds, and the opposite corresponding
section of the hemisphere or box being laid over the spokes are bolted
or fastened therein; or I form the axle box in two parts, Fig. 16,
being one of such parts, and which is the reverse of Fig. 15; that is,
instead of the recesses for the spokes being in halves, they are formed
with socket holes and the tubular spokes fitted therein, and the sphere
bolted or fastened together over the spherical axle. If I make the
wheel in three parts with a double spherical axle, Fig. 14, then I fasten
the spokes on the double spherical plate between the two spheres.
The metal outer circle of the wheel, or that circumference near the
road, I make of angle iron compressed at the sides, and curved into au
acute angle for the purpose of better retaining the india-rubber or
material employed; or I form the outer circle of irou or metal, com-
pressed by any of the usual processes adopted by iron manufacturers,
into a hollow or tubular three-sided figure, as Fig. 17; or I form the
outer circle of two bars of angle iron, bolted or fastened together at
various places in the base; a cross section is similar to Fig. 17, form-
ing an acute angle and slightly curved at G, G, for the purpose of

page_text: retaining the rubber or material employed. When I form the outer
circle of a wheel of two bars of angle iron, as described, about a
quarter of an inch more or less from the edges G, G, nearest the road
I affix or fasten a piece or pieces of metal following round in the
circular direction of the wheel, as shown in cross section, Fig. 18, or
the part. C, may be of wood, in which case the side 1), when it is
fastened to the angle iron, should be thicker, as Fig. 19; letters of refer-
ence being the same in both Figures. A buffer band of india-rubber,
Figs. 10, 11, is slipped on to its bearing or shoulder C, Figs. 18, 19,
and the lip falling below the point C, a similar corresponding half is
brought up to and passed under the opposite shoulder of the rubber C,
Fig. 11, and the angle iron bolted or rivetted together by means of
bolt holes in its base B, Fig. 17, or sides. The points C, 18, 19,
approach near enough to bite into the lip of the rubber B, Fig. 11,
and also hugs the side C, to prevent its springing or moving from its
position in the wheel, as Fig. 20. When I use a single rod or bar of
angle iron, or a single bar of three-sided iron, angled as Fig. 17, and
curved into a circle for a wheel, I place in the hollow of such iron a
bed of cork from the point A, to about the height of the dotted line B,
Fig. 21, or lying on the base B, Fig. 17, to about a quarter of an inch
from the edges G, G; or I place in such hollow a bed of asphalte or
similiar material, and over this bed, to lie thereon, I place a band or
rim of india-rubber or caoutchouc, or preparation of such material, as
before described, and I form pieces of metal Fig. 22, of a circular
figure similar to the wheel these pieces may be formed of two sides,
a section of one of which is shown Figs. 23, and 24, of two such sides
fastened together. The lip B, of the rubber Fig. 11, is placed between
the two sides 22, and 24, which are then fastened together to compress
or bite into the lip of the rubber. Fig. 22, may be in a complete
circle or in parts of a circle, and, when the india-rubber is gripped by
as many of such parts as are requisite to form a ring, it is passed
into its place in the hollow tubular or angle iron, the india-rubber
stretching by reason of the disjointed pieces, Fig. 22. When the pieces
are in their places they are fastened together by bolts, rivets, or other

page_text: means passing through the angle iron, and two such pieces as Fig. 22,
one overlapping the other, are united by the bolts A, A, and this joint-
ing is repeated in each segment till the ring is complete; or I make a
ring to go completely round the wheel, but open in one part to spring
in the angle iron, and then bolted therein. An opening is made in the
bed of cork or other material to allow these rings to pass down to the
point A, Fig. 21. For further security, when required, I aflix on the
sides metal clasps similar to Fig. 23, to hug the sides c, c, of the band
Fig. 11; or, in addition, I fasten the rubber in the iron ring by pin-
ning through the pendants H, H, Fig. 12; or I fill the hollow of these
rings of angle iron or three-sided iron, or iron of any hollow figure,
with asphalte, or a composition or combination of asphalte or similar
material, to the height or above the height of the points G,G,Figs. 17,
21, for the purpose of forming a bearing to revolve on the road, and
preserve the edges G, G of the hollow or tubular iron, Figs. 17, 21,
employed in the construction of a wheel; the asphalte being used
instead of india-rubber for purposes of economy; or I make the outer
circle of a wheel of two bars of angle iron, Fig. 25. The rubber lying
on the part A, A, and the lip falling into B, the iron is bolted to bite
or hug such lip. This iron may have flanges in the sides A, A, or curved
as Fig. 26. In lieu of the ordinary perch bolt on which the under
carriage of a four-wheeled vehicle turns, or the axis on which the
castors or frames of the wheels in steamers, basket or other carriages
turn, I use the ball and socket motion. On the stem A, Fig. 27, of a
four-wheeled carriage I affix a sphere B, &c. C, C, D, D, is the
under carriage in two parts; the part C, C, has formed therein an
inverted hemisphere, to revolve on the perch ball B, and a cylindrical
hole E, to guide the under carriage horizontally; a similar hemisphere
is formed in the block D, which also may have formed therein a cylin-
drical hole F, revolving on the pin of the perch ball. Fig. 27, is repre-
sented as being made of wood,the axles G,being bolted or buried therein.
The hemispheres and cylindrical holes may, if necessary, be lined with
metal, and one half C, C, of the under carriage being placed over
the perch ball, the other part D, D, is then bolted by the bolts H, E

page_text: to C, C, which also serves the purpose of bolting the axle on D, D,
passing through which by nuts H, H, are screwed together ove rthe
sphere B, on which the under carriage turns; or this under carriage
may be made wholly of metal, stamped or cast to a figure similar in
principle to that shown in Fig. 27. On the stems on which castors of
steamers, warehouse and other similar carriages turn, I form a sphere A,
Fig. 9. The frame that contains the wheel Fig. 10*, is in halves, with
an inverted hemisphere A, in each half to fit and turn when bolted or
fastened together on the stem Fig. 9*. B, is a hemisphere on which
the inverted hemispheres of the wheel Fig. 8x,revolve. A pin may pass
through the frame or wheel, if required; or the order may be inverted,
viz., the hemisphere formed in the wheel and the inverted hemisphere
in the frames. C, Fig. 10x, is an inverted hemisphere, turned in a
corresponding hemisphere to cause the castor or framework to turn
smoothly on its bearing. I form an inverted sphere on the top of the
block C, to revolve round a hemisphere on the body of the carriage.
The body, bed, and framework of a carriage I make of tubing, round
or oval, closed or open, along the parallel line transverse to its axis.
The horizontal base, bottom, or ground plan of an omnibus, waggon,
or other long carriage, I form oftube, curved as Fig. 28: the edges A, A,
are angle iron, or T-iron, or bar or hoop iron or the base of such
carriage may be formed of two or more such figures of tube, a rod or
bar of iron or wood, or a length of tube, passing between B,B, Fig. 29,
to connect such tubular curvilinear figures, and tubular or flat iron
rods c, c, c, are affixed between the arched figures forming the base of
the carriage. The two upright sides of a carriage parallel with the
wheels, and the other two upright sides at right angles thereto, I also
forin of tube curved in a similar manner. This arrangement gives
considerable strength and lightness to the roof of a carriage such as an
omnibus, by reason of its being supported on tubular arcs A, A,
.&c., Fig. 30; and for additional strength upright bearings B, B, &c.,
formed of tube, are affixed by the usual mechanical contrivances
between the several arcs. C, C, Fig. 30, is a rod of angle iron, two
or three sided; a three-sided section is shown Fig. 31, which may be

page_text: made of two two-sided bars joined at the base B. This is for the
framework for the glass windows to rest or be supported on. If I use
two-sided angle iron, Fig. 32, the side A, being towards the road,
and B, the part against which the window lies, the passenger, by pull-
ing the window by the loop or contrivance attached to the frame, as
generally used in omnibus windows, will draw the window towards
him till it pass beyond the point D; where it will fall below in the
manner usually contrived in building or making such carriages. Or, if
I use three-sided iron, Fig. 31, the window will slide instead of drop
in the way often contrived in such public vehicles. The roof of an
omnibus I contrive in a similar manner to the base, and when addi-
tional strength and lightness are required. When the tube I employ
is subject to lateral or horizontal pressure, I prepare such tubes in
various parts in the manner previously described, and shown in
Figs. 1, 2, and 2x. I also make trucks or two-wheeled carriages on
the same principle of tubular arched groundwork and sides. The side
view of a two-wheeled carriage, Fig. 33. I also make the ground plan
of a carriage or waggon of straight tube work, the tube of an oval or
round figure. If of an oval figure, its supporting power should be on
the short axis, or the weight on the longest diameter of the tube; or I
make such framework of tube of any figure, close or open along the
length of such tubes; or I make such frame or ground plan of a car-
riage or waggon of round tubes, prepared in the manner previously
described in the making of tubular axles, Figs. 1, 2, and 2x. A plan
of groundwork of carriage with straight tubes is shown Figs. 34, and
35. Or I make the framework of a carriage of angle iron, two or three
sided, or T-iron; and all such carriages as described therein are, when
necessary for utility or appearance, covered or partly covered with wood,
leather, or such materials used for external and internal decorations
in the construction of carriages. The horizontal parts that workmen
stand on in scaffolding I make of tube, prepared as Fig. 1×, 2, and 2*,
curved and bent to follow the direction of the building or works,
Figs. 34, 35, 36, and 37; the outer part A, A, being tubes, and the cross
bar flator bar iron, curved or fastened to the tube by the usual mechani-

page_text: cal means. I also form this tubing in varieties of curves or figures, to
accommodate itself to the form of the building. The entire frame-
work of scaffolding is supported by upright lengths of tube framed
together. The steps of ladders I make of iron tube, fitted and fastened
into two lengths of flat or hoop iron the length of the ladder or tier
of ladders (these ladders being made up of short lengths which I call
tiers). The flator hoop iron sides are corrugated, curved, or hollowed up
the centre to fit and fasten on the tube of which the sides of the ladders
are made ; or I make the sides of ladders of iron in the form of a
section of a tube. It is not necessary that the tube be round in any of
these improvements, as I also use tubes half round with a flat side or
other figures. I make ouc tier of ladder to clip hold or screw to the
tier next below, by usual mechanical means. A ladder fifty feet long,
by being divided, into tiers, would make two ladders and scaffolding,as
A, Fig. 36. To a box to contain building materials, I attach grooved
wheels to be drawn by a pulley up the sides of a ladder; I use one of
these tiers of ladder, or a portion of a scaffold work, as a carriage for
conveying the materials or other portions of the scaffolding and ladders
by attaching the wheels herein described thereto; I also galvanize, if
desirable, theiron used in the construction of the various articles herein
mentioned. I also make a wheel without india-rubber, the outer circle
that runs on the road being wrought T-iron, and the round tubular
spoke being fastened to the lip or under part of the T.
I claim the method, as herein described, of imparting strength to
tube for axles for common or rail roads, and tube employed in the con-
struction of carriages and scaffoldings. The spherical axle and the
double spherical axle and the combination thereof, herein described,
for all kinds of wheel and under carriage work. The making of
wheels in halves, formed with a dovetail contrivance for biting and
hugging the india-rubber, and the reservoir for feeding; and the for-
mation of the india-rubber with the lip or pendant, by which it is
gripped by the wheel or the dovetail contrivance, with combination of
hard and soft rubber, or hard material and soft rubber combined or
affixed together; and the adaptation of the wheels for the application

page_text: of asphalte or other materials, as herein described. The arched serpen-
tine form of tubing in the construction of carriages, as herein described.
The making of a noisy wheel of wrought T-iron, as herein described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Marcus Davis, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Fifth day of January, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-four.
MARCUS DAVIS. (L.S.)