Improvements in the Means of Preparing Metallic Surfaces for the Reception of Non-adhesive Electro-deposits in the form of Tubes, Cylinders, Pans, and like Metal Wares.
Year: 1888

page_text: Date of Application, 25th Aug., 1888
Complete Specification Left; 25th June, 1889-Accepted, 24th Aug., 1889
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in the Means of Preparing Metallic Surfaces for the
Reception of Non-adhesive Electro-deposits in the form of Tubes,
Cylinders, Pans, and like Metal Wares.
We, FRANCIS EDWARD ELMORE, and ALEXANDER STANLEY ELMORE, both of
Armaside, Cockermouth, in the County of Cumberland, Electro-metallurgists, do
hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to improved means for the coating, covering, or pre-
paration of metallic surfaces for the reception of a subsequent non-adhesive Electro-
deposit..
If a metallic body, upon which it is intended to bring a non-adhesive removable
coating or shell of metal by means of Electrolysis, is attacked by the Electrolyte in
which it is submerged, it is usual to prepare the surface of that metallic body against
such attack by applying thereto a preliminary protective coating of some material
unacted upon by the Electrolyte in which it is to be submerged.
As an instance of the above, the case of the electro-deposition of copper in the
form of tube upon an iron or steel core, mould or mandrel may be cited. If such
iron or steel mandrel were submerged in an electrolyte of sulphate of copper, the
iron or steel would be rapidly attacked and by reason of such attack, the quality of
the resulting deposited tube would be much deteriorated, if not entirely spoilt.
To prevent the above action it has been the almost universal practice to apply a
preliminary protective coating of copper to the surface of the iron or steel core,
mould or mandrel; such thin preliminary coating of copper having been deposited
upon the iron or steel core, mould or inandrel by means of the electrolysis of an
alkaline solution.
The surface of said thin protective coating has to be further prepared in any well
known way-such for instance as by the use of oil, a solution of sulphide of potash or
other means, applied to the surface as is well understood, to prevent the subsequent
electro-deposit from adhering to the preliminary protective coating.
There are many disadvantages attendant on the use of this preliminary protective
coating of copper as obtained from an alkaline solution, among others, the want of
adhesion to the underlying metal; the extremely brittle nature of such deposits, and
the considerable expense necessary to produce a sufficiently thick coating to act as
an efficient protective to the underlying metal.
It is to the production of a more durable, adhesive and cheaper, yet efficient pre-
liminary protective coating that our Invention chiefly applies.
In carrying our Invention into effect, we proceed as follows:-The surface of the
metallic core, mould, or mandrel is first brought to the necessary mechanical con-
dition for receiving such protective coating, by means of turning, grinding, filing or
otherwise, and is then thoroughly cleaned by the aid of chemical re-agents, such for
instance, as a solution of potash or dilute sulphuric acid as is well understood. The
surface of the said core, mould or mandrel as above prepared, is then to receive a
coating of lead or alloy of lead and tin, or alloy of lead and other metal or metals,
but in the event of alloys of lead and tin or alloys of lead and other metal or metals
being used, the lead must be in such preponderance as to prevent the free acid or
other constituent of the electrolyte in which the said core, mould or mandrel, with its
aforesaid protective coating, is subsequently to be submerged, from attacking the tin
or any or all of the other metals with which the lead may be alloyed.
This preliminary protective coating may be applied by any one of the several
methods, or by a combination of two or more of the methods hereinafter set forth,
naniely
Firstly —By electro-deposition of lead from a suitable electrolyte, as for instance,

page_text: by the electrolysis of an electrolyte prepared by dissolving oxide of lead in an
aqueous solution of caustic potash as is well understood.
Secondly-By the above first mentioned means used in combination with a
burnishing device as set forth in the specification of Letters Patent No. 4499, dated
11th April 1885, granted to Francis Edward Elmore; and referred to in the
specification under application for Letters Patent No. 11,778 dated 15th August 1888,
made by Alexander Stanley Elmore --The action of such burnishing hammering cr
other device being for the purpose of compressing and rendering more protective
in its action, the electro-deposit of lead obtained as hereinbefore firstly set forth.
-
Thirdly By a coating of lead or alloys thereof obtained by bringing the surface
of the core, mould or mandrel into contact with a bath of molten lead or alloys
thereof, such surface of core, mould or mandrel having been properly cleaned and
prepared as previously set forth and such bath of molten lead or alloys thereof having
been supplied with the necessary flux or fluxes, such for instance as Chloride of Zinc
or Salamoniac.
:
Fourthly By a coating of tin or alloy of same first applied in like manner as
set forth in the third method for obtaining a coating of lead.
This first coating of tin or alloy of same, is then to receive a secondary coating
of lead.
:-
"
malleablizing" to the
Fifthly By the application of the process known as
surface of cast iron articles and subsequent treatment with fluxes and a molten bath
of lead as hereinbefore set forth in the third method.
The electro-deposit of lead obtained as first described may, after drying, be sub-
jected, together with the core, mould or mandrel, to a sufficiently elevated temperature
to cause the lead to melt and so render it less porous than it would be in its first
condition.
It is to be understood that this lead or alloy coating is also intended to fill up any
pin holes, blow holes, or other defects in the original core, mould or mandrel, (which
a deposit of copper obtained from an alkaline solution as herein before described, would
not do), thus enabling the subsequent deposit to be more readily detached from the
core, mould or mandrel as well as serving as a protective thereto.
This Invention also provides means by which the separate portions of a mandrel
composed of several parts, (such for instance as a mandrel upon which it is intended
to make a flanged tube) may all be brought into continuous metallic contact, that
is to say if a tubo mandrel be prepared with a lead or alloy coating as above set
forth, and it is intended to make a flanged tube thereon, it will be necessary to attach
to said core, mould or mandrel, a flange or flanges of the shape necessary; and such
flange or flanges, according to our invention should be coated with lead or alloy, in
like manner to the core, mould or mandrel and when all the necessary parts of such
core mould or mandrel have been placed together and fixed in position by means of
bolts, cramps or other means all the joints are to have a coating of load or alloy
applied by means of dipping, or by re-dipping in a molten bath of lead or alloy; or
by means of a blow pipe, soldering iron or the like as will be readily understood, which
shall entirely fill up and cover all interstices caused by the two or more separate
pieces coming together.
By the application of this particular part of our invention, the difficulty of obtaining
a deposit over a joint, of equal strength to the deposit which is not traversed by a
joint is thus overcome.
Datel the 24th Anost 1888
FRANCIS EDWARD ELMORE.
ALEXANDER STANLEY ELMORE.

page_text: COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in the Means of Preparing Metallic Surfaces for the
Reception of Non-adhesive Electro-deposits in the form of Tubes,
Cylinders, Pans, and like Metal Wares.
We, FRANCIS EDWARD ELMORE and ALEXANDER STANLEY ELMORE, both of
Armaside, Cockermouth, in the County of Cumberland, Electro-metallurgists, do
hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what mauner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement:
This Invention relates to improved means for the coating, covering or preparation
of metallic surfaces for the reception of a subsequent non-adhesive electro-deposit in
the form of a tube, cylinder, ring, pan, boiler, container, receptacle and so forth.
If a metallic body upon which it is intended to bring a nou-adhesive removable
coating or sheet of metal by means of Electrolysis, is attacked by the electrolyte in
which it is submerged, it is usual to prepare the surface of that metallic body against
such attack by applying thereto a preliminary protective coating of some material
unacted upon by the electrolyte in which it is to be submerged.
As an instance of the above, the case of the electro-deposition of copper in the
form of a tube upon an iron or steel core, mould or mandrel may be cited..
If such iron or steel mandrel be submerged in an electrolyte of sulphate of copper,
the iron or steel would be rapidly attacked and by reason of such attack, the quality
of the resulting deposited tube would be much deteriorated.
To prevent the above action it has been the almost universal practice to apply a
preliminary protective coating of copper to the surface of the iron or steel core,
Juould or mandrel, such thin preliminary coating of copper having been deposited
upon the iron or steel core, mould or mandrel by the electrolysis of an alkaline
solution. The surface of said thin protective coating has to be further prepared in
any well known way-such for instance as by the use of oil, a solution of sulphide
of potash or other means applied to the surface as is well understood-to prevent the
subsequent electro-deposit from adhering to the preliminary protective coating.
There are many disadvantages attendant on the use of this preliminary protective
coating of copper as obtained from an alkaline solution, among others, the want of
adhesion to the underlying metal; the brittle nature of such deposits and the con-
siderable expense necessary to produce a sufficiently thick coating to act as an efficient
protective to the underlying metal.
It is to the production of a more durable, adhesive and cheaper, yet efficient
preliminary protective coating that this invention chiefly applies.
In carrying our Invention into effect we proceed as follows:-
The surface of the metallic core, nould or mandrel is first brought to the necessary
mechanical condition for receiving such protective coating by means of turning,
grinding, filing or otherwise and is then thoroughly cleaned by the aid of chemical
re-agents, such for instance as a solution of potash or dilute sulphuric acid as is well
understood. The surface of the said core, mould or mandrel as above prepared, is
then to receive a coating of lead or alloy of lead and tin, or alloy of lead and
other metal or metals, but in the event of alloys of lead and tin or alloys of lead
and other metal or metals being used, the lead must be in such preponderance as
to prevent the free acid or other constituent of the electrolyte in which the said
core, mould or mandrel with its aforesaid protective coating is subsequently to be
submerged, from attacking the tin or any or all of the other metals with which
the lead may be alloyed. This preliminary protective coating may be applied by
either of the methods or by a combination of the methods hereinafter set forth;
namely:-
Firstly. By a coating of lead or alloys of lead obtained by bringing the surface
into contact with a bath of molten lead or alloys thereof, such surface of core,
mould or mandrel having been properly cleaned and prepared as previously set

page_text: orth and such bath of molten lead or alloys thereof having been supplied with the
necessary flux or fluxes such for instance as Chloride of Zine or Salamoniac.
Secondly. By a coating of tin or alloy of same first applied in like manner as
set forth in the first method for obtaining a coating of lead. This first coating of tin
or alloy of same, is then to receive a secondary coating of lead.
With reference to the First method hereinbefore set forth-the coating and the
method of obtaining same may be taken as analogous to the coating of Iron plates
with tin in the manufacture of what are known as "Tin plates"-that is to say; a
receptacle of suitable material (for instance, cast iron) is provided with means and
apparatus for maintaining a temperature at least sufficiently high to melt lead and to
keep same in a molten condition. The size of such receptacle will be regulated
according to the size of the articles to be coated,-that is to say; it shall be of suffi-
ciently large internal dimensions to allow of the article to be coated being entirely
submerged in the molten lead or alloy thereof contained therein.
This molten bath of lead or alloy thereof, is to be provided with a suitable flux,-
for instance; chloride of zine-for the purpose of keeping both the surface of the
article to be coated and the surface of the molten bath, clean and free from oxide.
If the article to be coated consists of cast iron, and the molten bath be of lead
only, a great difficulty will be experienced in coating such cast iron articles with lead
only. No difficulty however, is experienced in the case of coating cast iron with tiu,
as it will be found on submerging the cast iron into the molten tin with suitable fluxes,
such for instance as Chloride of Zine or Salamoniae, that the cast iron readily receives
a coating of tin.
Therefore it is set out in the second method hereinbefore referred to, that a pre-
liminary coating of tin may be applied in similar manner to the coating of lead, and
that after this first coating of tin, a coating of lead or a number of successive
coatings of lead are to be applied. The object in carrying this part of the invention
into effect, should be the complete covering of the tin coating, that is to say-the tin
is intended to act only as a medium for the purpose of assisting the adhesion of the
subsequent lead coating.
It is to be understood that this lead or alloy coating is also intended to fill up any
pin holes, blow holes, or other defects in the original core, mould or mandrel (which
a deposit of copper obtained from an alkaline solution as hereinbefore described would
not do), thus enabling the subsequent deposit to be more readily detached from the
core, mould, or mandrel as well as serving as a protective coating thereto.
We wish it also to be understood that we do not confine ourselves to the use of the
cores, moulds, or mandrels in the state in which they leave the coating bath as
herein before set forth, as we may subject such cores, moulds or mandrels to such
mechanical treatment as for instance, turning, rolling, grinding, filing or burnishing
as may be necessary to produce a smooth and regular surface thereon after having
received their coating of lead or alloy as herein before set forth.
After having been treated by either of the above described methods or combination
of the above described methods, the surfaces of the said cores, moulds or mandrels
will want no further preparation, other than cleaning, to fit them for the reception of
a non-adhesive electrolyticly formed tube, pan or similar article.
:
This invention also provides means by which the separate portions of a mandrel
composed of several parts (such for instance as a mandrel upon which it is intended
to make a flanged tube) may be all brought into continuous metallic contact. That is
to say If a tube mandrel be prepared with a lead or alloy coating as above set
forth, and it is intended to make a flanged tube thereon, it will be necessary to attach
to said core, mouid or mandrel, a flange or flanges of the shape necessary, and such
flange or flanges, according to our invention should be coated with lead or alloy in
like manner to the core, mould or mandrel and when all the necessary parts of such
core, mould or mandrel have been placed together and fixed in position by means of
bolts, cramps or other means, all the joints are to have a coating of lead or alloy
applied by means of dipping or re-dipping in a molten bath of lead or alloy, or by
means of a blow pipe, soldering iron or the like as will be readily understood, which

page_text: shall entirely fill up and cover all interstices caused by the two or more separate
pieces coming together.
If this operation be carried into effect by means of a blow pipe, soldering iron or
other suitable source of heat, together with a thin stick of lead or alloy, it will be
found that the two or more separate pieces have been brought into continuous
metallic contact by virtue of the lead or alloy applied for the purpose of filling
and covering the interstices before mentioned having become alloyed, amalgamated
or fused to the lead or alloy coating previously applied to the various parts to be
joined.
By the application of this particular part of our invention, the difficulty of obtaining
a deposit over a joint of equal strength to the deposit which is not traversed by a
joint, is thus overcome.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of our said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed, we declare that what
we claim is
Firstly. In the manufacture of tubes, cylinders, pans and like metal wares, the use
of Iron or steel cores, moulds or mandrels coated with lead or alloys of lead and
tin or alloys of lead and other metal or metals as and for the purposes herein set
forth.
.
Secondly. In the manufacture of tubos, cylinders, pans and like metal wares, the
preparation of Iron or steel cores, moulds or mandrels for the reception of a non-
adhesive electro-deposited tube, pan or like article, by covering the surfaces of such
cores, moulds or mandrels with a preliminary coating of tin or alloy of tin upon
which is to be afterwards brought a protective coating or successive coatings of lead or
alloys of lead and other metal or metals as and for the purposes herein set forth.
Thirdly. In the manufacture of tubes, cylinders, pans and like metal wares, the
use of iron or steel cores, moulds or mandrels having a coating of lead or lead alloy
for the purpose of preventing adhesion between the deposited tube pan or like article
and the metal core, mould or mandrel as herein set forth.
Fourthly. In the manufacture of tubes, cylinders, pans and like metal wares, the
use of a coating of lead or alloy of lead and tin, or alloy of lead and other metal or
metals, for the purpose of filling up all holes or defects in the original surface of the
core, mould or inandrel as herein set forth.
Fifthly.—In the manufacture of tubes, cylinders, pans and like metal wares, the
use of a coating of lead or alloy of lead and tin, or alloy of lead and other metal or
metals for the purpose of protecting the surface of said core mould or mandrel from
the action of the electrolyte as herein set forth.
Sixthly. In the manufacture of tubes, cylinders, pans, and like metal wares, the
preparation of metallic cores, moulds, or mandrels, composed of a number of parts,
for the reception of a non-adhesive electro-deposit; the joining up of such separate
parts and covering or coating the joints of such cores, moulds or mandrels with a
coating of lead or alloy applied by means of dipping or re-dipping same in a
molten bath of lead or alloy, or by means of a blow pipe, soldering iron or the
like, so as to fill up and cover all interstices caused by the several parts of said
core, mould or mandrel coming together and bringing same into continuous metallic
contact as herein set forth.
FRANCIS EDWARD ELMORE.
ALEXANDER STANLEY ELMORE.