THE PREPARATION OF A CERTAIN COMBINATION OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES, AND ITS NOVEL APPLICATION TO THE TREATMENT OF WOOD OR OTHER FIBROUS MATERIAL IN THE PREPARATION OF PAPER PULP
Year: 1868

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Frederik Bauman, of No. 11, Wellington Street,
Strand, in the County of Middlesex, Gentleman, for the Invention
of "THE PREPARATION OF A CERTAIN COMBINATION OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES,
AND ITS NOVEL APPLICATION TO THE TREATMENT OF WOOD OR OTHER FIBROUS
MATERIAL IN THE PREPARATION OF PAPER PULP."
Sealed the 25th September 1868, and dated the 27th March 1868.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Frederik Bauman at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 27th March 1868.
I, FREDERIK BAUMAN, of No. 11, Wellington Street, Strand, in the
County of Middlesex, Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of the
said Invention for "THE PREPARATION OF A CERTAIN COMBINATION OF CHEMICAL
SUBSTANCES, AND ITS NOVEL APPLICATION TO THE TREATMENT OF WOOD OR
OTHER FIBROUS MATERIAL IN THE PREPARATION OF PAPER PULP," to be as
follows:-
Hitherto the separation of the resin, silica, and other matters from the
fibre of the various plants and fibrous substances from which paper pulp
has been made has been effected by the use of powerful and expensive

page_text: caustics in large proportions acting not only upon the matters which it
is desired to remove, but also to a very great extent upon the fibre itself,
which is thereby much deteriorated.
I propose to separate these matters from the fibre in an inexpensive
manner and with less danger to the fibre itself, by boiling the wood or
other fibrous substance in water into which I introduce a certain per-
centage of a solution composed as follows:-I take 1 lb. of strong lime
and dissolve it gradually in 10 lbs. of cold water; I then add 1 lb. of
strong potash, which I prefer should be American potash, and allow
the potash to dissolve in the solution of lime; or the potash can be
separately dissolved in a part of the 10 lbs. of water and be then added
to the solution of lime; I then intimately mix the solution thus made,
and when dealing with the quantity above given boil it in a copper
during 20 minutes, and however large the scale upon which I am
operating this boiling will not exceed one hour. During the boiling
the solution must be kept in constant agitation, so that the scum which
rises to the top is constantly brought down again into the mass of liquid:
After this boiling the solution is passed to another vessel where it is
allowed to settle. As a certain proportion of the liquid remains in the
sediment of the solution I observe the per-centage of the loss and put
the same quantity of cold water on the sediment, stir it up, leave it to
settle again, and then take this clear solution and add it to the next
boiling in excess of the proportion of water above given.
;
In separating the resinous matter and silicate from wood and other
fibrous substances I introduce from 3 to 10 per cent. of this solution of
lime and potash (according to the quantity of resinous matter and
silicate in the fibrous substances under treatment) into the water in
which the fibrous substance is. to be boiled. The action of this liquid
being gradual, a thorough boiling under constant agitation is necessary
to soften the fibre to the extent usually required in the manufacture of
pulp for paper making. When boiling under high pressure, condensation
taking place, this must be taken into calculation in proportioning the
per-centage of solution.
The relative proportions above given are those which I deem the best,
but I do not absolutely confine myself thereto.

page_text: -SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Frederik Bauman in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 26th September 1868.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, FREDERIK
BAUMAN, of No. 11, Wellington Street, Strand, in the County of
Middlesex, Gentleman, send greeting..
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Twenty-seventh day of March, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight, in the
thirty-first year of Her reign, did for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto me, the said Frederik Bauman, Her special licence
that I, the said Frederik Bauman, my executors, administrators, and
assigns, or such others, as I, the said Frederik Bauman, my executors,
administrators, and assigns should at any time agree with, and no others,
from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term therein
expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend,
within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel
Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "THE PREPARATION OF A
CERTAIN COMBINATION OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES, AND ITS NOVEL APPLICATION TO
THE TREATMENT OF WOOD OR OTHER FIBROUS MATERIAL IN THE PREPARATION OF
PAPER PULP," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, 'the said
Frederik Bauman, my executors or administrators, by an instru-
ment in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals,
should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said In-
vention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause
the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Ofce within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Frederik Bauman, do hereby
declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same
is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by
the following statement :-
Hitherto the separation of the resin, silica, and other similar matters
from the fibre of the various plants and fibrous substances from which
paper pulp has been made has been effected by the use of powerful
caustics in proportions acting not only upon the matters which it is

page_text: desired to remove, but also to a very great extent upon the fibre itself,
which is thereby much deteriorated and the produce of paper diminished.
Now the object of my Invention is to separate these matters from the
fibre in a less expensive manner and with less danger to the fibre itself,
and I effect my purpose by boiling the wood or other fibrous substance
in water into which I introduce a certain per-centage of a solution com-
posed as follows:-I take, say, 1 lb. of strong slaked lime or 10 ounces
fresh lime and dissolve it gradually in 10 lbs. of cold or of lukewarm
water; I then add 1 lb. of strong potash, which I prefer should be
American potash, and allow the potash to dissolve in the solution of
lime, or the potash can be separately dissolved in a part of the 10 lbs. of
water, and be then added to the solution of lime. The use of American
potash is recommended because it contains a certain per-centage of
.caustic, which per-centage should be ascertained by analysis, and may
be deducted from the quantity of lime taken for the mixture. The
American potash should be tested to ascertain that it is pure and free
from any admixture of sand and other substances which are sometimes
mixed with potash to increase its weight in case of such adulteration;
the requisite proportion of kali or caustic strength would be wanting
and the effect of the application considerably lessened. Manufacturers
who are not inclined to permanently undertake such tests should use
"potassium crudum" of a strength of 70 per cent. casbonate of potash
without caustic, but also of pure quality and, if possible, without any
.or with but very a small per-centage of carbonate of soda in it, and mix it
with the proportionate quantity of lime above given. The solution thus
made should be intimately mixed, and when dealing with the quantity
above given it should be boiled in an iron boiler during twenty minutes,
.and however large the scale on which the operation is conducted this
boiling will not exceed one or two hours. During the boiling the
solution must be kept in constant agitation, so that the scum which rises
to the top is constantly brought down again into the mass of liquid
until very little or no scum is to be seen. After this boiling the solution
is passed to another vessel where it is allowed to settle. As a certain
proportion of the strength of the kali or caustic potash and of liquid
remains in the sediment of the solution I observe the per-centage of the
loss of liquid, and put the same quantity of cold water on the sediment,
stir it up, leave it to settle again, and then take this clear solution and
add it to the next boiling in excess of the proportion of water above

page_text: given, or mix it clear with the first-gained solution. I consider a solu-
tion of the strength of 7 degrees "Baumé" the best, and in case the
2nd or a 3rd clearing of the liquid from the settlement is mixed with
the quantity of solution first cleared, the whole solution has a lower
degree than 7 "Baumé." The quantity to be taken for boiling the
wood or other fibres must be regulated according to the degree obtained
after the admixture of the severally cleared solutions, for if the standard
degree should then be instead of 7 only 3, or in similar proportions,
the double or adequate quantity of solution must be taken for boiling
the fibres.
In separating the resinous matter and silicate from wood and other
fibrous substances I introduce from 3 to 10 or 15 per cent. of this solu-
tion of lime and potash, or in some cases a still larger per-centage
(according to the quality of the fibre or the quantity of resinous matter
and silicate in the fibrous substance under treatment, and according
to the efficacy of the boiling apparatus), into the water in which the
fibrous substance is to be boiled.
In my mode of treatment the strong boiling of the fibre being
essentially necessary to produce the desired result, it is requisite that
the fibre be completely covered with the fluid during the boiling process.
The water in the boiler being warmed and mixed with the solution forms
a bath into which the fibre is gradually introduced, the quantity of
fluid necessary to cover the quantity of fibre having been previously
ascertained. After the fibre is well separated from its resinous or
silicated matter and softened to the necessary degree it must be carefully
washed in hot water and drained; it is then ready for treatment in the
usual way to make pulp for paper.
My process in which the compound solution of lime and potash is
used yields both a larger quantity of pulp and produces a stronger paper
than hitherto obtained from the same materials, as the bulk of the fibre
is not weakened by the use of the ordinary strong caustics and the
delicate fibres are preserved, which the processes hitherto used totally
destroy. If wood be under treatment it should be introduced into the
boiling apparatus in the form of fine filaments, and in operating upon
straw, esparto, and other fibrous substances they may be packed in the
boiler in any ordinary or convenient manner, but it is preferable that
all fibrous substances be introduced into the boiler in a cut or diminished
state in order that they may lic closer. The action of the liquid

page_text: employed by me being gradual a thorough boiling under constant
agitation is necessary to soften the fibre to the extent usually required
in the manufacture of pulp for paper making. When boiling under
high pressure condensation takes place, and this must be taken into
calculation in proportioning the per-centage of solution.
The relative proportions above given are those which I deem the best,
but I do not confine myself precisely thereto, neither do I limit myself
to the use of any particular boiling apparatus; the ordinary plant of
paper manufactories may be used, or other apparatus which may in
practice be found to be more suitable for the particular material under
treatment, which may be wood, esparto, straw, or any other fibrous
material suitable for making paper pulp.
Having now described the nature of my said Invention, and the
manner in which I carry the same into practical effect, I would have
it distinctly understood that I lay no claim to the use of lime or of
potash when separately used in the preparation of paper pulp; but what
I claim is, the use of lime and potash in solution, substantially as
described for treating wood and other fibrous material so as to prepare
it for the manufacture of paper pulp.
In witness whereof, I, the said Frederik Bauman, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Twenty-fourth day of September, in
the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-
eight.
Witness,
EPHRAIM SABEL.
F. BAUMAN. (L.S.)