IMPROVE- MENTS IN STORING & PRESERVING GRAIN, & IN APPARATUS CONNECTED THERE. WITH
Year: 1860

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Clark, of 58, Chancery Lane, in the County
of Middlesex, Engineer & Patent Agent, for the Invention of " IMPROVE-
MENTS IN STORING & PRESERVING GRAIN, & IN APPARATUS CONNECTED THERE.
WITH." A communication from abroad by Mr. Charles Joseph Emile
Pavy, of 29, Boulevart St. Martin, Paris, Agricultural Proprietor.
-
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Clark ast
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
16th June 1860.
T, WILLIAM CLARK, of 53, Chancery Lane, in the County of Middlesex,
Engineer & Patent Agent, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for IMPROVEMENTS IN STORING & PRESERVING GRAIN, & IN THE
APPARATUS CONNECTED THEREWITH," to be as follows:-
86
The improved arrangement of granary for the preservation of grain,
forming the subject of the present Invention, is as follows:-I take the
corn after it has been threshed, and clean, reclean, and store it by the
motion of the threshing machine, and almost without any extra expense.
Put it immediately into sacks, where it is measured, weighed, and regis-
tered exactly, all of which operations are effected mechanically. I also
completely preserve it from weevils, mice, waste, dust, and from theft,
and immediately improve its condition by means of an incomparable
property of this Invention. It occupies little room, and may be placed in
the open air, and requires very little driving power, which may be either
derived from steam, water, wind, or hand power.

page_text: These improved graneries or stores may be varied in form and material,
but I will here describe only those to which 1 give preference, and which
appear to me the most advantageous. The granary consists of a reservoir
divided into several compartments, or of a number of cylindrical reservoirs
placed vertically side by side like a number of immense organ pipes on a
single floor, or on a double bottom, where each reservoir empties itself
into the winnowing machine, or into sacks.
When the granary is composed of several cylindrical reservoirs
juxtaposed, the grain is housed in the spaces left between the cylinders.
In order to preserve and clean the corn, I open the sluice of the reservoir
containing it; the corn then falls into the winnowing machine, which
purifies it and delivers it on to a chain of buckets, by which it is raised to
the highest part of the granary to fall into another reservoir.
The principle of the preservation which I wish to protect is based
chiefly on an energetic ventilation repeated several times in a year of
the integral mass of grain, more frequently for wheat than for other grain,
by means of a winnowing or other equivalent machine, so that every
grain of the total contents of the granary passes periodically from one
compartment to another.
Besides the square and cylindrical wooden reservoirs, I can also build
them of baked clay, which appears to me in every point preferable; and
I also desire to protect the system of housing grain in immense amphoras,
with pyramidal bases, which would be impracticable if built in any other
manner, of baked clay, except in segments, and of which principle I am
the Inventor. The segments of clay may be either hollow or not, and of
various thicknesses. They are united together by means of strips of hoop
iron painted or galvanized, connecting every two courses of superposed
segments, and so on, unitl they are severals hoops per yard in height.
Each reservoir has a bottom inclined at an angle of 45 degrees, and a
cover also of baked clay. A large projecting covering embraces the
whole of the cylinders or reservoirs, so as to protect them from rain &
inclement weather. Further, I apply open bars similar to those of
belfries, round the exterior of the granaries for the same purpose as
above. The reservoirs are placed flat on horizontal floor, resting solidly on
beams forming part of a frame supported by strong posts. A wall of
bricks, stones, or of planking will consolidate the frame, and form the
base of the granary, consisting of a room, with doors and windows. I
then add St. Andrew's crosses to give solidity to the whole. In the centre
of the chamber or near it is placed a post, which supports the principal
weight, and contains the Jacob's ladder which conducts the wheat from
the winnowing machine to the sumit of the granary. The winnowing
machine is placed between the central post and the wall, in a position for

page_text: throwing out the husks and dust. In the space which supports the
reservoirs and the ceiling of the room are concealed the beams and joists,
and the different tubes which serve to empty the reservoirs into a common
receptacle, from whence the contents are directed either to the winnow-
ing machine or into a sack. This latter is effected by passing the grain
through an apparatus, which being connected with a weighing
machine, weighs the wheat and sounds an alarm, which gives warning
that the valve is closed, and that the sack is full. The apparatus also
registers the various amounts of grain delivered by the granary from the
threshing machine, without losing a single pint during the different
operations of cleaning and storing the wheat in the open air from the
period of its extraction from the ear.
Besides the weigher and register just described, the granary is also fur-
nished with a measurer, through which the wheat passes from the granary
before falling into the sacks. The meter consists of a capacity of sheet
iron, glass, or wood, either round or square, capable of containing from
3 to 5 gallons, according to the measure of the country where it is
employed. It is placed under the collecting vat into which the reservoirs
empty themselves. When the upper valve of the meter is open it fills
with grain, and when this valve shuts the lower valve opens for the wheat
to fall into the sacks. This operation is effected in a few minutes, but
it may be more rapidly effected with a double meter with double action,
which fills one of its capacities during the time the other is emptying, &
vice versa.
A single lever will regulate the two operations simultaneously when
the meter has only one capacity, and one balance rod operates the two
valves by placing it under the meter; the wheat is prevented from falling
during the motion of opening and shutting the valves simultaneously; at
each stroke of the balance rod the figure or number appears on the dial
indicator.
I have thought of a revolving meter with two capacities turning on an
axis so as for one to discharge while the other is loading, marking as in
the other at each revolution the quantity delivered.
I also claim the numerous modifications which may be made on the
principle of measuring, weighing, and counting the grain during the time
it passes from the granary to the sack, as also the principle by which the
wheat in falling from the granary into the sack which is presented to it
by the weighing machine regulates itself; the exact weight required fills
the sack and marks and indicates at the same time the weight and
measure delivered so that no grain can leave the granary without being
indicated by the indicator. The kind of valve I employ is similar to a
chimney damper, or it may be a ball or weight heavier than the corn,

page_text: which is held by a cord placed on a small pulley and raised to the required
height; when the cord is pulled it intercepts in falling the passage of the
tube, which is so disposed as to permit the ball or weight to be raised
when it is wished for the wheat to run. A collective valve may regulate
all these small valves; the fan or ventilator may be either of wood or iron.
When one reservoir is full the corn instead of falling over the principle
receptacle, and into the casing which would choke it, escapes by a shoot
and falls into the hopper of the winnowing machine, and in falling it
rings an alarm. On the ceiling or wall of the chamber a table indicates
the direction of the corn in the granary, and by a very simple apparatus
it is directed into one or other of the reservoirs. This distributing appa-
ratus consists of one or several movable plates placed at the bottom of
the vat so as to close the orifices of the reservoirs. These plates carry
the number of holes necessary for distribution into each separate granary,
the others being closed; when there is but one plate it is moved from
below by means of a rod fixed at its centre; when there are two they are
also moved from underneath by rods, but in this case one is hollow and
the other slid into it. I also in some cases effect the distribution by more
simple means by making the upper vat movable, that is to say, turn it on
its axis, so that a shoot may be adapted to this vat which guides the
wheat into all the reservoirs. This vat is movable at bottom always by
a central rod.
Besides the table indicating the direction of the wheat, the age, date,
the state in which it has been received, and the nature of the cereals of
grain is indicated. Another table is adapted for guages which instan-
taneously indicate the contents of each reservoir. The following is the
arrangement I adopt for my out-door granaries:-On one side is placed
the steam engine or horse machine, in the centre the granary, and on the
other side the thrashing machine actuated by the same motor as the
granary which delivers the wheat and cleans it, or if cleaned, subjects it
to a second similar operation. The apparatus, however, may be dif-
ferently placed according to circumstances; motion is transmitted to the
thrashing machine by means of a large pulley, and also to the granary,
by a much smaller one; there are besides other pullies for driving the
winnowing machine and the Jacob's ladder, and other machines, which
may be added to the granary, such as mills for grinding, sorting, mechani-
cal kneading troughs, or other applicable apparatus. By this Inven-
tion I not only treat the grain already cleaned by the thresher, but I
also collect it while yet in the husk, and with the short straws on its
delivery from a preliminary threshing operation, & then clean and reclean
it by means of the motion of the thresher almost without additional expen-
diture of force.

page_text: Different modes of employing cylindrical reservoirs of baked clay.-
Besides the graneries composed of several cylinders I can employ a
single cylindrical reservoir of several yards in diameter divided in the
interior into several vertical compartments by means of a central column
having as many grooves as these are to be compartments, corresponding
grooves being made in the sides of the cylinder; the cylinder and com-
partments are formed of baked clay, & the separations by means of divi-
sions placed on edge and fitted into the grooves, having somewhat the
appearance of a wneel laid down on its nave.
It will not be necessary here to describe all the modifications in the
application of this improved system, but I reserve the right of making
any variations thereof.
When the granary consists of but one reservoir with interior divisions
it should be of considerable diameter; the chain elevator will then occupy
but little space in one of the compartments; each division has at its base
à tube through which the corn runs either to the winnowing machine
or to the small fan or ventilator to be cleaned, or to the weighing machine
and meter. When a fan or ventilator is substituted for the winnowing
machine a vat is placed above its orifice as near to it as possible for receiv-
ing the grain which falls from the thresher, or which is poured out of
sacks to be ventilater or stored. The reservoirs at the angles are con-
nected with the others by means of mechanism, or they may be emptied
and filled independently. The improved granaries herein-before described
are intended chiefly for large military, civil, and commercial establish-
ments, or for large agricultural works. I will now proceed to describe
the apparatus which I intend for application on a smaller scale. I place
four reservoirs or a single one divided in the interior of proportions suit-
able for the quantity of grain they are to contain; I place these reser-
voirs on an elevated frame about five or six feet above the ground, instead
of ten or twelve feet, as before, and I make the cylinders of the reduced
height of about six feet so as to shorten the chain by one half, conse-
quently reducing its weight, as also its width & capacity.
Instead of the winnowing machine, which alone requires one man to
work it, I adapt to the granary a ventilator or fan of small dimensions,
sufficiently easy for a child to work; the crank which actuates this ven-
tilator drives the only hydraulic machine in the granary, hence one man
is sufficient to ventilate and store successively from thirty to forty bushells
per hour.
The weighing machine, the meter, the indicator and registering appa-
ratus, may also be applied to this granary. It may also be worked by
means of a horse machine or by steam, and take the corn on its exit from
the threshing machine & subject it to a preliminary cleaning. This ven-

page_text: The
tilation may also be effected by means of a bellows or blower.
granary may be placed in the open air; it may also be placed in any kind
of barn, and thus obviate the necessity of a covering, which would be the
case were it in the open air. It may also be worked by a windmill or fall
of water, or in other ways.
1 will now describe a simple and economical arrangement of granary,
such as I have imagined for the use of poorer persons in the country. It
consists of a single reservoir of baked clay of suitable height and dimen-
sions, and costing about three or four shillings, at most, per bushel for
one containing from 3 to 30 bushels, and about two shillings per bushel
for one holding about 1,800 bushels. This reservoir may be placed,
according to its size, either in the open air, in a barn, or in an inhabited
room. It is filled by pouring the corn in at the top, and emptied by open-
ing a valve, closed by means of a key, by turning which the corn will fall
already measured into the sack. The reservoir is always placed from
3 to 5 feet from the ground, so that the grain may be emptied with ease,
either into a sack or into a winnowing machine. The segments of which
the clay cylinders are composed are made so exactly by a dod plate, or
moulded, that no trouble is required to unite and mount them in the
circles in which they laid; they are handled like bricks, and, when hollow,
are much lighter than bricks; they are also made to fit ino one another
so as to render the work more solid and impervious to the rain; the spaces
left in their thicknesses will obviate any inconvenience arising from con-
densation.
Lastly, the multiplicity of the segments is regulated according to the
amount of aeration required for the grain; (this aeration may be pre-
vented, in damp weather,) by means of small holes made in the top of
the cylinders, a current of air will thus freely circulate throughout the
thickness of the hollow segments. The thickness of the segments is
varied according to the purposes required, and they are joined with
plaster, cement, Roman cement, hydraulic lime, bitumen, and other
matters.
In the annexed Drawing I have represented the different arrangements
of granaries according to this Invention. Fig. 1 shows a central vertical
section of one of the simplest of the granaries, which may contain about
forty bushels of corn; Fig. 2 is a plan of the same; Fig. 3, a central ver-
tical section of another form of granary constructed on the same principle,
capable of containing about one hundred and sixty bushels of corn; Fig.
4 is a horizontal section of this granary on line 1, 2, Fig. 3, and Fig. 5, a

page_text: horizontal section of the same on line 3, 4, Fig. 3; Fig. 6 shows an eleva-
tion of a second modification of this improved granary, to contain about
1600 bushels of grain; Fig. 7 is a central vertical section of the same;
Fig. 8, a horizontal section on line 5, 6, Fig. 7, and Fig. 9, a horizontal sec-
tion on line 7, 8, Fig. 7; Fig. 10 represents in elevation a third modifica-
tion of a granary for holding about 1500 bushels of corn. The disposition
of the winnowing machine of the transmission of motion of the small
chain or Jacob's ladder, is the same as for the granary represented at
Fig. 6. In this granary the spaces between the reservoirs are also filled
with grain. Fig. 11 is a central vertical section of this opening; Fig. 12,
a horizontal section of the same on on line 9, 10, Fig. 11; Fig. 13, a hori-
zontal section on line 11, 12, Fig. 11; Figs. 14 & 15 shows sections of
two arrangements of meters, but which are to be inclined to an angle of
about 50 degrees.
The following Figures represent details in the construction of improved
graneries of baked clay in hollow segments curved according to the dia-
meter of the reservoir. These segments are united together by means of
grooves, and each course is joined to the next one above it by means of a
band of iron.
Fig. 16 represents a central vertical section of the bottom of a reser-
voir, showing the connection of the parts forming the lower conical part;
Fig. 17 is a plan of the same, showing the junction of the segments by
means of the grooves; Fig. 18 is a central vertical section of the cone
forming the bottom, and also the cover for the reservoirs; Fig. 19 is a
plan of the same; Fig. 20 is a front view of a segment forming part of a
cover for reservoirs of about 3 feet diameter; Fig. 21 is a section of a seg-
ment taken on a radial line; Fig. 22, an end view of the same; Fig. 23,
front view of a segment, forming the base for reservoirs of about 3 feet in
diameter; Fig. 24 is a section of the same on a radial line; and Fig. 25,
an end view of said segment; Fig. 26 shows an elevation of a segment
forming the cylindrical part of the reservoir of about three feet in dia-
meter; Fig. 27 shows a section of this segment; Fig. 28 shows an end
view of the same; Fig. 29 is an elevation of a segment forming the cylin-
drical part of a reservoir 6, 10, or 12 feet diameter, or more; Fig. 30
shows a section of this segment; Fig. 31 is an end view of the same, the
height, width, thickness, and grooves of which can be varied as required;
Fig. 32 shows an elevation of a segment having the cylindrical part of a
reservoir of 6, 10, or 12 feet diameter, or more; Fig. 33 shows a section
of the same; Fig. 34 also shows an end view of this segment; Fig. 35
shows a central vertical section of the centre column for reservoirs of 6,
10, or 12 feet, or more; this column may be simply a post furnished with
grooves; lastly, Fig. 36 shows a horizontal section of this column. In

page_text: all the Figures the same letters represent the same parts seen in the dif-
ferent positions. a, reservoir, of any form, number, and dimensions,
serving as a granary, constructed of sheet iron, wood, earthenware, straw,
or cardboard, or other materials; b, guage for indicating the quantity of
grain contained in a granary; c, fan or distributor, set in motion at the
under part by levers or a handle d; this distributor or fan is intended
to direct the wheat into one or other of the granaries; e, winnowing
machine, which cleans simultaneously the wheat which comes from the
threshing machine, and also that from the granaries; f, shoot for con-
ducting the corn into the sacks; g, weighing machine, which weighs the
wheat in falling from the granary into the sack; it also stops the supply
when the sack is of the proper weight, by means of a small spring, which
by a valve stops the fan blast, and at the same time the weighing machine
sounds an alarm, and causes a figure to appear on the dial corresponding
to the number of sacks weighed; h, overflow passage, by which the corn
escapes when one of the granaries is full. The corn in falling turns a
small mill, placed at i, which sounds an alarm, see Fig. 11; j, common
receptacle, into which the Jacob's ladder delivers the corn from the
threshing machine, and that not operated on by the machine; k, small
Jacob's ladder, enclosed in a sheath and sometimes supplied with small
teeth, intended to remove the short straws, to prevent choking; 1, outlet
for the hopper of the winnowing machine; n, large Jacob's ladder, col-
lecting the wheat on its exit from the winnowing machine, & carrying
it to the top of the granary; o, common receptacle, in which the large
chain delivers the wheat, whence it is directed at will below into one or
other of the graneries; p, tube for housing the wheat from the granary
into the sack; this meter works a register, which indicates on the dials
the number of gallons and bushels taken from the granary; 7, pulley or
crank, receiving motion from a portable engine, horse machine, or other
motion, and communicating it to the whole system; s, t, pulley, working
the large Jacob's ladder; ", tube conducting the corn from the winnow-
ing machine to the bucket chain or Jacob's ladder; v, tube conducting the
wheat from the granary into the hopper of the winnowing machine;
ladder for reaching the top of the granaries; z, central column, in which
the large Jacob's ladder works.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said William Clark in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
15th December 1860.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM
CLARK, of 53, Chancery Lane, in the County of Middlesex, Engineer &
Patent Agent, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Sixteenth day of June, in the year of our Lord.
One thousand eight hundred and sixty, in the twenty-third year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me,
the said William Clark, Her special licence that I, the said William
Clark, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I;
the said William Clark, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should
at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all
times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully
might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN STORING AND PRESERVING GRAIN, AND IN APPA-
RATUS CONNECTED THEREWITH, a communication from abroad by Mr. Charles
Joseph Emile Pavy, of 29, Boulevart St. Martin, Paris, Agricultural Pro-
prietor, upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said William
Clark, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under
my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe
and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the
same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great
Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately after
the date of the said Letters Patent.
"
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said William Clark, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement, reference being had to the Sheets of Drawings here-
unto annexed, and to the letters and figures marked thereon (that is to
say):
The improved arrangement of granary for the preservation of grain
forming the subject of the present Invention is as follows:-I take the
corn after it has been threshed, clean it, reclean it, and store it the
motion of the thresher, and almost without any extra expense, & put it
instantly into sacks, where it is measured, weighed, and registered
exactly, all of which operations are effected mechanically; I also com-
pletely preserve it from weevils, mice, waste, dust, and from theft, and
promptly improve its condition by means of an incomparable property of

page_text: this Invention; the granary occupies very little space, may be placed in
the open air, and requires very little driving power, which may be derived
from steam, water, wind, or hand power.
These improved granaries may be varied in form & material, but I will
here describe only those to which I have. given preference, and which
appear to me the most advantageous. The granary consists of a reservoir
divided into several compartments, or of a number of cylindrical reservoirs
placed vertically, side by side, like a number of immense organ pipės, on
a single floor, or on one with a double bottom, where each reservoir
empties itself into the winnowing or corn-cleaning machine or into sacks.
When the granary is composed of several cylindrical reservoirs,
juxtaposed, the grain is housed in the spaces left between the cylinders.
In order to preserve and clean the corn of the reservoir containing it, the
corn then falls into the winnowing machine, which purifies it and
delivers it on to a chain of buckets, by which it is raised to the highest
part of the granary to fall into another reservoir. The principle of the
preservation which I wish to protect is based chiefly on an energetic
ventilation, repeated several times in a year, of the mass of grain, more
frequently for wheat than for other grain, by means of a winnowing or
other equivalent machine, until every grain of the total contents of the
granary has passed periodically from one compartment to another.
Besides the square and cylindrical reservoirs I also build them of seg-
ments of baked clay, which appears to me in every particular preferable,
and I also desire to protect the system of housing grain in immense
amphoras, with pyramidal bases, which would be impracticable if built
in
any other way of baked clay, except in segments, and of which principle
I am the inventor. The segments of clay may be either hollow or not,
and of various thicknesses; they are united together by means of strips
of hoop iron, painted or galvanized, connecting every two courses of
superposed segments, and so on, until there are several hoops per yard
in height. Each reservoir has a bottom inclined to an angle of 45 degrees,
and a cover also of baked clay. A large covering, projecting considerably,
embraces the whole of the cylinders or reservoirs, so as to protect them
from rain and inclement weather. Further, I apply open bars, similar
to those of belfries, round the exterior of the granaries for the purposes
above-mentioned. The reservoirs are placed flat on a horizontal floor
resting solidly on beams, forming part of a frame supported by strong
posts; a wall of bricks, stone, or of planking will consolidate the frame
and form the base of the granary, consisting of a room with doors and
windows; I then add St. Andrew's crosses, to give strength and solidity to
the whole. In the centre of the chamber, or near it, is placed a post,
which supports the principal weight, and contains the large Jacob's

page_text: ladder, which conducts "the wheat from the winnowing machine to the
summit of the granary." The winnowing machine is placed between
the central post and the wall, in a position for throwing out the husks
and dust. In the space between the floor which supports the reservoirs
and the ceiling of the room are concealed the beams and joists, and the
different tubes which serve to empty the reservoirs into a common
receptacle, whence the contents are directd either into the winnowing
machine or into a sack. This latter is effected by passing the grain
through an apparatus, which being connected with a weighing machine,
weighs the wheat and sounds an alarm, which gives warning that the
valve is closed, and that the sack is full. The apparatus also registers
the various amounts of grain delivered by the granary from the threshing
machine without losing a single pint during the different operations of
cleaning and housing the wheat in the open air from the period of its
extraction. Besides the weigher and counter just described, the granary
is also furnished with a measurer, through which the wheat passes from
the granary before falling into the sacks. The meter consists of a capacity
of sheet iron, glass, or wood, either round or square, capable of con-
taining from three to five gallons, according to the measure of the country
where it is employed; it is placed under the collecting vat, into which the
reservoirs empty themselves. When the upper valve of the meter is
open, it fills with grain, and when this valve shuts, the lower valve opens
for the wheat to fall into the sacks. This operation is effected in a few
minutes, but it may be more rapidly effected with a double meter with
double action, which fills one of its capacities during the time the other
is emptying, and vice versa. A single lever will regulate the two
operations simultaneously. When the meter has only one capacity, and
one balance rod operates the valves, by placing it under the meter, the
wheat is prevented from falling during the motion of opening and shutting
the valves simultaneously; at each stroke of the balance rod the figure or
number appears on the dial indicator. I have thought of a revolving
meter with two capacities turning on an axis, so as for one to discharge
while the other is loading, marking as in the other case at each revolution
the quantity delivered. I also claim the numerous modifications made in
the principle of measuring, weighing, & counting or registering the grain
during the time it passes from the granary to the sack, as also the
principle by which the wheat in falling from the granary into the sack
which is presented to the weighing machine regulates itself the exact
weight required, fills the sack, and marks and indicates at same time the
weight and measure delivered, so that no grain can leave the granary
without being indicated by the indicator. The kind of valve I employ is
similar to a chimney damper, or it may be a ball or weight heavier than

page_text: the corn, which is held by a cord placed on a small pulley, and raised to
the required height; when the cord is pulled it interrupts in falling the
passage of the tube, which is so disposed as to permit the ball or weight
to return to its position when it is wished for the wheat to run through;
this ball should be furnished with india-rubber, or fall on a similar elastic
body. A general valve, under lock and key, may regulate all these small
valves. The fan or ventilator may be either of wood or iron or a special
stop-cock. When one reservoir is full, the corn instead of falling over
the principal receptacle and into the casing, which would choke it, escapes
by a shoot, and falls into the hopper of the. winnowing machine, and in
falling it rings an alarum. On the ceiling or wall of the chamber a table
indicates the direction given to the corn in the granary, and by a simple
apparatus it is directed into one or other of the reservoirs. The dis-
tributing apparatus consists of one or several movable plates placed at
the bottom of the vat or hopper, so as to close the orifices of the reservoirs.
These plates carrying the number of holes necessary for the distribution
of each separate granary, all the others being closed. When there is but
one plate it is moved from below by means of a rod fixed at its centre;
when there are two, they are also moved from below by means, but in
this case one is hollow, and the other slides in it. I can also, in
accordance with some cases, effect the distribution by more simple means
of making the upper vat movable, that is to say, to turn it on its axis so
that a shoot may be adapted to this vat, which guides the wheat into all
the reservoirs. This vat is movable at bottom always by a central rod.
Besides the table indicating the direction given to the wheat, the age and
date, and the nature of the cereals or grain, another table is adapted for
guages, which indicate instantaneuosly the contents of each reservoir.
The following is a method of arrangement I adopt for my out-door
granaries-On one side is placed the steam engine or horse machine, in
the centre the granary, and on the other side the threshing machine,
actuated by the same motor as the granary, which delivers the wheat and
cleans it, or, if cleaned, subjects it to a second similar operation. This
apparatus, however, may be differently placed according to circumstances.
The motion is transmitted to the threshing machine by means of a large
pulley, and also to the granary by a much smaller pulley. There are
besides other pullies for driving the winnowing machine, and the Jacob's
ladder, and other machines which may be added to the granary, such as
mills, sorters, mechanical kneading troughs, or other apparatus applicable
thereto. By this Invention I not only treat the grain already cleaned by
the thresher, but I also collect it while yet in the husk and with the short
straws on its delivery from a preliminary threshing operation, and then

page_text: clean & reclean it by means of the motion of the thresher with little
additional expenditure of force.
Different modes of employing cylindrical réservoirs of baked clay.--
Besides the granaries composed of several cylinders I can employ a single
cylindrical reservoir of of several yards in diameter, divided in the interior
into several vertical compartments by means of a central column, having
as many grooves as there are to be compartments, corresponding grooves
being made in the sides of the cylinder; the cylinder and compartments
are formed of baked clay, and these partitions placed on edge and fitted
into the grooves have somewhat the appearance of a wheel turning upon
its nave.
It will be unnecessary here to describe all the modifications in the
application of this improved system, but I reserve the right of making any
variations thereof. When the granary consists of but one reservoir with
interior divisions, it should be of considerable diameter; the chain will
then occupy but little space in one of the compartments; each division has
at its base a tube, through which the corn runs either to the winnowing
machine or to the small fan or ventilator to be cleaned, or to the weighing
machine and meter.
When a fan or ventilator is substituted for the winnowing machine, a
vat is placed above its orifice, as near to it as possible, for receiving the
grain which falls from the thresher, or which is poured out of sacks, to be
ventilated and stored. The reservoirs at the angles are connected with
the others by means of mechanism, or they may be emptied and filled
independantly. The improved granaries herein-before described are in-
tended chiefly for large military, civil, & commercial establishments, or
for large agricultural works.
I will now proceed to describe the apparatus which I intend for applica-
tions on a smaller scale. I place four reservoirs or a single one divided
in the interior and of proportions suitable for the quantity of grain they
are to contain; I place these reservoirs on an elevated frame about five
or six feet above the ground instead of ten or twelve feet as before, and
I make the cylinders of the reduced height of about six feet, so as to
shorten the chain by one half, consequently reducing its weight, as also its
width & capacity. Instead of the winnowing machine, which alone
requires one man to work it, I adapt to the granary a ventilator or fan
of small dimensions, sufficiently easy for a child to work. The crank
which actuates this ventilator drives the only hydraulic machine in this
granary, therefore one man is sufficient to ventilate & store simultaneously
from 30 to 40 bushels per hour. The weighing machine, the meter, the
indicator, and counter or registering apparatus, may also be applied to
this granary; it may also be worked by means of a horse machine or by

page_text: steam, and take the corn in its exit from the threshing machine and
subject it to a preliminary cleaning. This ventilation may also be effected
by means of a blower. The granary may be placed in the open air; it
may also be placed in any kind of barn, and thus obviate the necessity of
a covering, which would be the case if it were in the open air; it may also
be worked by a windmill or fall of water, or in other ways.
I will now describe a simple and economical arrangement of granary
which I have devised for the use of poorer persons in the country; it
consists of a simple reservoir of baked clay of suitable height and
dimensions, and costing about three or four shillings at most per bushel
for one containing from three to thirty bushels, and about two, shillings
per bushel for one holding about one thousand eight hundred bushels.
This reservoir may be placed, according to its size, either in the open air,
in a barn, or in the living rooms. It is filled by pouring the corn in at
the top, and emptied by opening a valve closed by means of a key, by
turning which, the corn will fall, already measured, into the sack. The
reservoir is always placed from three to five feet above the ground, so that
the grain may be emptied with ease into a winnowing machine. The seg-
ments of which the clay cylinders are composed are made so exactly by
expressing them through a dod plate or mould, that no trouble is required
to unite and mount them in the circles in which they are placed; they are
handled like bricks, and when hollow are much lighter; they are also
made to fit into one another, so as to render them more solid and im-
pervious to the rain; the spaces left in their thicknesses will obviate any
inconvenience arising from contraction. Lastly, the multiplicity of the
segments is regulated according to the amount of aeration required for
the grain, which aeration may be prevented in damp weather by means
of small holes made in the tops of the cylinders; a current of air will freely
circulate throughout the thickness of the hollow segments. These im-
proved segmental earthen cylinders may be of the largest as well as the
smallest dimensions, and may also be applied to other industrial uses, such
as large drain pipes, sewer pipes, shafts, arches, kiosks, cottages, vats,
tubs, & other uses, which applications form part of the present Invention.
The thickness of the segments is varied according to the purposes re-
quired, and they are joined with plaster, cement, Roman cement,
hydraulic lime, bitumen, and other matters.

page_text: granaries, which may contain about forty bushels of corn; Fig. 2 is a plan
of the same; Fig. 3, a central vertical section of another form of granary
constructed on the same principle, capable of containing about one
hundred and sixty bushels of corn; Fig. 4 is a horizontal section. of the
same, on line 3, 4, Fig. 3.
Fig. 6 shows an elevation of a second modification of this. improved.
granary, to contain about one hundred and sixty bushels of corn; Fig. 7 is
a central vertical section of the same; Fig. 8, a horizontal section on line.
5, 6, Fig. 7; and Fig. 9, horizontal section on line 7, 8, Fig. 7.
1:
Fig. 10 represents in elevation a third modification of a granary for.
holding about one thousand five hundred bushels of corn. The disposi-
tion of the winnowing machine, of the means of transmission of motion;)
and of the small chain or Jacob's ladder is the same as for the granary.
represented at Fig. 6. (In this granary the spaces between the reservoirs
are also filled with grain.) Fig. 11 is a central vertical section of this:
granary; Fig. 12, a horizontal section of the same on line 9, 10, Fig: 11;.
Fig. 13, a horizontal section on line 11, 12, Fig. 11.
Figs. 14 & 15 show sections of two arrangements of meters inclined to
an angle of about fifty degrees.
of
The following Figures represent details in the construction of improved
granaries of baked clay in hollow segments, curved according to the
diameter of the reservoir. These segments are united together by means
grooves, and each course is joined to the next one above it by means of
a band of iron. Fig. 16 represents a central vertical section of the bottom
of a reservoir, showing the connection of the parts forming the lower
conical part; Fig. 17 is a plan of the same, showing the junction of the
segments by means of the grooves; Fig. 18, is a central vertical section of
the cone forming the bottoms, and also the cover for the reservoirs;
Fig. 19 is a plan of the same; Fig. 20 is a front view of a segment forming
part of a cover for reservoirs of about three feet in diameter; Fig. 21 is a
section of a segment taken in a radial line; Fig. 22 is an end view of the
same; Fig. 23, front view of a segment forming the base for reservoirs
of about three feet in diameter; Fig. 24 is a section of the same on a
radial line; & Fig. 25, an end view of said segment; Fig. 26 shows an
elevation of a segment forming the cylindrical part of a reservoir of about
three feet diameter; Fig. 27 shows a section of this segment; Fig. 28
shows an end view of the same; Fig. 29 is an elevation of a segment
forming the cylindrical part of a reservoir of six, ten, or twelve feet in
diameter, or more; Fig. 30 shows a section of this segment; Fig. 31 is an
end view of the same, the height, width, thickness, and grooves of which
can be varied as required, as also the spaces; Fig. 32 shows an elevation
of a segment forming the cylindrical part of a reservoir of six, ten, or

page_text: twelve feet diameter, or more; Fig. 33 shows a section of the same; Fig. 34
also shows an end view of this segment; Fig. 32*, 33*, & 34*, show views
of a segment of an undulated form on the inner face, to facilitate the
partition of the cylinders, which is effected by means of plates sliding in
grooves made in bars of wood attached to the hollows on the inner face
of said segments; Fig. 35 shows a central vertical section of the centre
column for reservoirs of six, ten, or twelve feet diameter, or more; this
column may be simply a post furnished with grooves; lastly, Fig. 36 shows
a horizontal section of this column. In all these Figures the same letters
represent the same parts seen in different positions.
a, reservoir of any form, number, and dimension, serving as a granary,
constructed of sheet iron, wood, earthenware, straw, or cardboard, or
other materials; b; guage for indicating the quantity of corn contained
in a granary; c, distributor, set in motion at the under part by levers,
or a handle d. This distributor is intended to direct the wheat into one or
other of the granaries. e, winnowing machine; which cleans simul-
taneously the wheat which comes from the threshing machine, and also
that from the granaries; f, shoot for conducting the corn into the sacks;
g, weighing machine, which weighs the wheat in falling from the granary
into the sack'; it also stops the supply when the sack is of the proper
weight; the part of the weighing machine which supports the weights in
rising lifts a spring, which, on delivery, instantly shuts the valve or'sluice,
at the same time the weighing machine sounds an alarum, and causes
a figure to appear on the dial corresponding to the number of sacks
weighed., overflow passage, by which the corn escapes when one of
the granaries is full; the corn in falling turns a small mill placed at i,
which sounds an alarm, see Fig. 11; thus the wheat is directed by a turn-
cock in another direction, and the bell ceases to ring. j, common re-
ceptacle, into which the Jacob's ladder k delivers the corn from the
threshing machine and that not operated on by the winnowing machine;
k, small Jacob's ladder enveloped in a casing, and sometimes fitted with
small teeth; intended to: remove the short straws and prevent choking;
Z; outlet for the dust; m, passage directing the wheat from the small chain
to the hopper of the winnowing machine; n, large Jacob's ladder col-
lecting the wheat on its exit from the winnowing machine. and carrying
it to the top of the granary; o, common receptacle, in which the large
chain delivers the wheat, whence it is directed at will below into one or
other of the granaries; p, tube for housing the wheat; q, meter fixed on
the tube, which conducts the wheat from the granary into the sack. This
meter works a register, which indicates on the dial the number of gallons
and bushels taken from the granary; the weigher works on the same
principle. pulley or crank receiving motion from a portable engine

page_text: or horse gin or other motion, and communicating to it the whole system;
8, t, pulley working the large Jacob's ladder; u, hopper, conducting the
corn from the winnowing machine to the Jacob's ladder; v, tube conduct-
ing the corn from the granary into the hopper of the winnowing machine;
x, ladder for reaching the top of the granaries; 2, central column in which
the large Jacob's ladder works.
The following is a description of another arrangement of granary in
cases where a large amount of grain is to be housed (see Sheet 3, Figs.
1, 2, 3, & 4.) The reservoirs are made, as before, of baked earth, in
hollow segments, with one or two spaces according to the thicknesses,
which is regulated by the diameter, the latter varying from one to six
yards and upwards. These segments are connected by grooves and
tongues which fit exactly together, and are maintained in a cylindrical
form by iron hoops. These hoops also connect two rows of segments in
width. The bottoms of the reservoirs are in the form of a funnel, con-
structed specially of small pieces of baked earth for reservoirs of small
diameter, or filled with concrete and paving for the larger ones. The
covers of the cylinders of small diameter are made of separate pieces,
while for those of large diameter may be either of wood, or wood with
thin sheets of metal, or of any other coating. In cases where large
quantities of grain are to be stored such as at a commercial depot, I place
four, eight, twelve, sixteen, or more cylinders of large size, and of suitable
height, side by side, in a double row on the ground with a cover in the
form of a truncated cone; on this cover rests a flooring, to which access
is gained by means of a circular staircase. A roofing, supported by posts
or by the reservoirs themselves, shelters the whole, and the fronts are
closed in either by planks or bricks laid edgewise or flat, always reserving
the necessary openings for communicating with the interior and for
ventilation. In certain cases it would be unnecessary to close the
cylinders by partitions, and in all cases two sides may be economised.
A subterraneous passage under the centre of the whole, and having issue
from without, permits of emptying the reservoirs either for delivering
grain, or simply for manipulation; a Jacob's ladder is necessary where
there are four reservoirs, & an additional one for every four extra
reservoirs. The Jacob's ladders or chains consist of a strap running on
drums, enclosed either in a casing of wood or a cylindrical sheath of metal.
The four reservoirs placed near each chain communicate with the lower
part of this chain by earthenware or metal tubes; a branch made to each
of these tubes permits of these reservoirs being emptied either into sacks
or other receptacles for the grain. These tubes having closing parts,
consisting either of stop-cocks, valves, or ball cocks, the upper ones being
connected with the lower ones, and participating in their motion. A

page_text: carriage running on rails is set in motion by a windlass placed outside,
which permits of the more convenient exit of the grain, and also for
raising it to the level of a cart; on the upper platform is fixed the winnow-
ing machine, running on rails for travelling from one Jacob's ladder to
another. From the Jacob's ladder the grain falls into the winnowing
machine, & from thence it falls into endless screws and channels, which
conduct it to the reservoirs intended to receive it. The endless or
archimedian screws can be replaced by endless webs, turning on drums,
Figs. 1 & 2, Sheet 3. The corn generally being in sacks, is emptied into
a hopper placed between two reservoirs, and at the exterior (Figs. 3 & 4,
Sheet 3) of this hopper the grain passes through a channel to the Jacob's
ladder, which raises it to the upper part, and distributes it in the winnow-
ing machine, on its exit from which, by means of the endless screws or
webs, it is transported to the reservoir for which it is intended. The
winnowing machine screws or webs, the windlasses, and the Jacob's
ladders are all actuated by a shaft placed horizontally under the platform
when employing screws on the platform in the case of endless webs. This
horizontal shaft receives the movement from an intermediate shaft placed
in any suitable position, and actuated by any suitable motive power. The
endless screws or webs may be replaced by metal tubes inclined to an
angle of forty to fifty degrees from a general vat placed, as in the first
arrangement, at the outlet of the winnowing machine above the reservoirs,
only in employing webs the whole is required to be of a greater height
above the reservoirs. In cases where the granary is intended to be used
as a store instead of the large reservoir, I make use of reservoirs of various
sizes, and fill them (by means of screws, webs, and inclined metallic tubes)
from the distributing vats placed at the top of these reservoirs near the
screws or webs. When employing tubes, I fill these reservoirs by means
of tubes from the small vat at the top of said reservoirs. The emptying of
these reservoirs is also effected by tubes running to the bottom of the
reservoirs at the foot of the Jacob's ladder, or by tubes connecting to the
latter, and emptying the grain into the sack or other receptacle.
Apparatus for regulating the supply is also added to these tubes; these
small reservoirs can be added in every case. If required, all the apparatus
herein-before described may be equally adapted to this last improvement,
that is to say, the weighing, measuring, guaging, and counting or regis-
tering apparatus. I also add to the whole a drying apparatus placed
under one group of four reservoirs, and so that the corn from all the
reservoirs can pass into it; large quantities may be thus dried and stored
when required. The principal advantage of these new apparatus is the
considerable economy resulting, inasmuch that it requires no stone,
timber work, or other erection, and permits of the establishment of

page_text: similar stores at a price from one shilling to one shilling and six pence
per bushel. If granaries are established on a quay they are furnished
with Jacob's ladders, which are lengthened and shortened at will to
allow of the approach of the vessel to unload the corn either in heaps, or
into a large hopper placed at the foot of the granary, which method of
unloading may be effected as easily as if from waggons or carts. This
hopper gradually delivers the corn to a tube inclined to forty-five degrees,
which conducts it to the larger reservoir, or it may be delivered by endless
screws or webs, which answers the same purpose, without much expense.
In proportion as the corn enters it is -conducted into the winnowing
machine at the top of the granary, and from there, by means of tubes or
endless webs, it falls into a scale or automatic weighing machine, to which
is fitted a counting & registering apparatus, by which means the corn is
measured by its own weight during its passage to the storehouse. The
measuring may also be effected still more simply by allowing the corn to
fall from some fixed point into a reservoir whose capacity is accurately
guaged, the natural level assumed by the grain indicating the quantity
contained. The arrangement herein above described, which consists in
using the earth as the base of the reservoirs, and applying the cleaning
machines at the top, which arrangement is equally applicable to all
granaries used for storing grain, or agricultural purposes on a large scale.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Clark, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Fifteenth day of December, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty.
5
Witness,
JAMES DAISH,
53, Chancery Lane, London,
W. CLARK. (L.S.)