IMPROVE- MENTS IN MACHINERY FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER, AND OF THE VARIOUS KINDS OF BOARDS PRODUCED PROM FIBROUS SUBSTANCES
Year: 1863

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Clark, of 53, Chancery Lane, in the County
of Middlesex, Engineer and Patent Agent, for the Invention of "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN MACHINERY FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER, AND OF THE
VARIOUS KINDS OF BOARDS PRODUCED PROM FIBROUS SUBSTANCES."-A com-
inunication from abroad by John Franklin Jones, of Rochester, Monroe
County State of New York United States of America.
Sealed the 18th September 1863, and dated tho 28th April 1863.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Clark at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 28th
April 1868.
I, WILLIAM CLARK, of 53, Chancery Lanc, in the County of Middlesex,
Engineer and Patent Agent, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER,
AND OF THE VARIOUS KINDS OF BOARDS PRODUCED FROM FIBROUS SUBSTANCES," to be
as follows:-
The objects of this Invention are to economize room, to save labor, and to
prevent waste of stock in the manufacture of paper, and of such boards as are
produced from fibrous materials.
My Invention consists, first, in the combination and arrangement of two or

page_text: more cylinder moulds in such manner as to deliver their webs of pulp one
upon another for the purpose of being pressed together to form a board of a
required thickness, and in the arrangement of drying, and calendering appa-
ratus for drying and calendering such board while in a continuous length
and before it is cut into sheets, so that the board is made and finished ready
for the market by one continuous operation. The same arrangement of
machinery may, by slight additions, be adapted for the manufacture of several
distinct and separato webs of paper at the same time.
It also consists in a certain novel system of troughs or spouts, connecting
pipes, and valves, whereby a properly regulated supply of pulp and water to
each of the several machines, and the carrying away of the back water there-
from, are provided for.
It also consists in the employment, in combination with two or more paper
machines combined as described, or with a single machine, of an improved
"save-all," composed of a vat for the collection of the back water from the
machine or machines, a reticulated cylinder like that of a cylinder paper-making
machine, working in the said vat for the extraction of the pulp from the water,
a coucher for receiving the pulp from the said cylinder, and a scraper for
removing the pulp from the coucher and depositing it in a suitable receptacle.
It also consists in certain arrangements of the press rolls and of the drying
cylinders and calendering rolls for drying and calendering either boards or
paper.
It also consists in the employment, in combination with machinery for pro-
ducing and finishing a continuous web of paper or board, of a cutter or cutters
for cutting the said web or board into sheets as fast as it is delivered from the
calendering rolls, a flyer or lay-boy for taking away the said sheets, and a piling
table on which the said sheets are deposited and piled up by the said flyer or
lay-boy.
And it further consists in an improved construction of the cylinder moulds
used in the manufacture of paper and boards, whereby provision is made for
carrying away the water from their interiors through hollow journals, thereby
dispensing with the use of packing inside of the vat by the substitution of
stuffing boxes outside, thereby facilitating the repacking, and obviating much
of the waste of stuff which is unavoidable with inside packing. I arrange and
combine (say) seven single cylinder paper-making machines, either to manu-
facture boards or paper; the vats are arranged side by side at short distances
apart and supported at some distance above the lower floor of the mill in a
suitable framing erected upon said floor; each vat is furnished with a rotating
reticulated cylinder mould, which may be of the usual or any suitable con-

page_text: struction, and packed at their ends in the usual or any suitable manner, but
which I prefer to construct and pack in the improved manner, which will be
herein-after described. Pumps for drawing water from the cylinders, and
producing a partial vacuum therein, have their suction pipes connected with
the vats and their delivery pipes connected with an elevated horizontal or
slightly inclined covered spout which extends along the back of the whole series.
of vats. This spout is divided by transverse partitions into a number of com-
partments corresponding with the number of vats, and its several compartments
are connected with the several vats, one with cach, by means of pipes for the
return to the vats of as much as desirable of the back water which has been
drawn out by the pumps and forced up into the said spout; the stuff chest con-
taining the pulp for the supply of the vats is suitably disposed, and has an open
spout running from the stuff chest along the back of the whole series of vats,
with pipes leading to the several vats. This spout is fitted near the stuff chest
with a gate connected by a lever with a float, which is arranged in a box at the
back of and in communication with the said spout to regulate the depth of pulp
in the spout, the said float rising with any increase in such depth, and so
lowering and reducing the opening of the gate, and thereby regulating the
supply of pulp from the stuff' chost. The pipes of supply are severally fitted at
their junction with the spout with gates or v's adjustable by hand to regu-
late the quantity of pulp passing from the said bro 'o the vats, and the said
pipes are connected with the pipes for the return of the back water of their
respective vats, so that the pulp and the returned back water enter the vats
together, and the back water keeps the mouth of the pulp pipe clear; a pipe
runs along the back of the whole serios of vats, receives water under a suitable
pressure from an elevated reservoir or by other means for the supply of two
series of shower pipes. The one series of shower pipes are arranged to throw
showers upon the several cylinders in the same manner as the shower pipes of
other cylinder paper-making machines, and the other scries are arranged oppo-
site the rotary felt beaters to wash the felts of the several machines. Directly
under the spout before mentioned there is another covered spout, which also
extends along the back of the whole series of vats, and this spout is connected
with the several compartments of the first-mentioned spout by a series of
upright pipes, one opposite to each vat, and each of thesc. pipes is fitted at its
junction with the bottom of the spout, first with a valve which is attached to a
lever, and the said lever is connected by a rod having a float working in a
box attached to the back of and communicating with its respective vat, the
object of the said floats and valves being to regulate the height of the water
in the several vats. While the water remains below a certain level in any

page_text: one of the vats, the height of its respective float keeps its respective valvo
closed, and prevents the water in the first spout from running down the
pipe opposite to the said vat, and so keeps up the supply of returning back
water through its respective pipe, but when the water rises up to or above
that level the float is raised, and the valve thereby opened to permit the
water to escape from the first spout into the lower spout, whence it escapes
to the save-all. Couchers are applied in relation to the cylinders as in
other cylinder paper-making machines, and having endless felts running
around them in the usual manner. In order to obtain the requisite length
for the felts, and yet bring the vats very near together; the felts are
severally arranged to pass down between their respectivo vats, and the next
vats in advance of them, and to run back and forth one, two, or more times
under the latter on felt-carrying rolls; to permit this arrangement of the felts
the vats are raised some distance from the floor instead of being placed directly
upon the floor as heretofore; the felt beaters are also arranged below the vats
opposite the shower pipes, the wet press rolls, and the second press rolls are
suitably arranged with respect to the felts. The latter rolls are covered
with felt; carrying rolls are arranged in the same frames as the crouchers;
carrying rolls are also arranged in hangers suspended from the floor above
the vats.
This machinery, as far as I have described it, will be recognized by the prac-
tical paper-maker as composed of a series of distinct cylinder paper-making
machines, each of which is capable of producing a separate and distinct web of
paper. The several webs thus produced may be either united or finished
separately as may be desired, as will be herein-after explained after the con-
struction and arrangement of the rest of the machinery and apparatus have
been described.
The save-all vat is arrangel behind the vat last of the series, which is the
furthest from the stuff chest; a reticulated cylinder rotates in the said vat, as
also a coucher running directly in contact with the said cylinder. The reticu-
lated cylinder may be fitted and packed to one end of the vat in the same
manner as the cylinders of cylinder paper machines, and havo a suction pipe
applied in the same manner to produce a partial vacuum within the cylinder.
A scraper is set by adjusting screws in a suitable fixed position above the
coucher to scrapo the surface of the latter. The back water containing a
greater or less quantity of pulp escaping by the lower spout is delivered into
the save all vat, and by the action of its cylinder and its attached suction
apparatus the pulp is extracted and taken up on the surface of the said
cylinder, whence it is taken by the coucher. The revolution of the coucher

page_text: in contact with the scraper causes the pulp to be scraped off from it and depo-
sited in a suitable box or other receptacle. The water passes off by the suctio..
pipe in the same manner as from a cylinder paper-making machine. This
save-all may be used in connection with a single cylinder paper-making
machine or with a Fourdrinier machine.
I arrange two tiers of steam-drying cylinders, in suitable bearings, in a
framing erected on the upper floor over the series of machines herein-before
described, the upper tier of cylinders being arranged over the spaces between
the lower ones; an endless apron running under the lower series of drying
cylinders upon a system of carrying rolls is so arranged as to keep it pressing
against a large portion of the circumference of each of said cylinders, for the
purpose of holding the paper or board in contact therewith as it passes under
the said cylinders. Calender rolls are arranged above the upper drying cylin-
ders to operate in combination with the upper series of drying cylinders; a
calender roll is also arranged above the last drying cylinder of the lower series
to operate in combination therewith. Calender rolls are further arranged in
pairs, the number of pairs corresponding with the number of cylinder machines
on the lower floor, four pairs being arranged above the drying cylinders, and
the other three pairs beyond the end of the series of drying cylinders, between
it and the apparatus by which the paper or board is cut into sheets, and which
will not be described until after the operation of making the paper or board
bas been described. Carrying rolls are also arranged above the upper calender
rolls, which are only used in making paper. At the one end of the machine
I arrange an improved system of second press rolls, which press rolls belong
properly to the last machine of the series on the lower floor, but are arranged
on the upper floor and have a separate felt.
The improvement consists in the use of three instead of two, one arranged
above the other two, which are arranged at such distances apart that the
upper one may press upon both of them, and the web passing between the
upper one and both the lower ones and receiving two pressures with the use
of but three rolls. The several cylinder paper-making machines and the
several pressing rolls, drying cylinders, and calender rolls are driven by a
suitable system or systems of gearing having motion communicated by water,
steam, or other power..
The manufacture of board, which is the principal purpose for which this
machinery is designed, is performed in the following manner:-Each of
the machines upon the lower floor produces a separate web, as though it were
separately used for the manufacture of paper. The web from the first
machine, after leaving its felt and passing between the second press rolls, is

page_text: deposited upon the web from the second machine while the latter is upon its
falt and before it passes between its wet press rolls, and both of these webs
pass together and are pressed between the latter rolls and between tho press
rolls of the second machine and are deposited upon the third web, after which
the three together pass between the press rolls of the third machine and on to
the next machine to bo deposited on the fourth web, and so on throughout
the whole series of machines to the last wet press rolls, by which all the webs
are pressed together, and from which they pass upward through the floor to
the second press rolls. The successive pressing operations to which the webs
or layers are subjected after each additional web or layer is applied causes
them to be united by the natural adhesiveness of the pulp, and the several
webs or layers are thus combined to form one thick web or board, which only
requires to be dried and calendered to be fit for the market, being either cut
up into sheets or not, according as may be desired. The drying of the com-
bined web or board is performed by its passing alternately over the upper
steam-heated cylinders and under the lower ones, being calendered on one side
in the drying operation by the rollers, on the opposite side by a roll bearing
on the last drying cylinder, and afterwards subjected to a final calendering
operation on both sides by passing between the several pairs of rolls, whence
it may pass to a roll to be rolled up or to the cutting machinery herein-after
described, to be cut into sheets.
In manufacturing paper the webs from the several machines on the lower
floor, instead of being laid and pressed together as they leave the machines, as
described with reference to tho manufacture of boards, are only pressed
separately between their respective wet press rolls and second press rolls, and
from the second press rolls they pass singly to the carrying rolls, and thence
to the drying cylinders. The several webs pass together round and over the
two series of drying cylinders. The upper web of paper is separated at the
third of the upper series of drying cylinders to pass singly over the carrying
rolls and thence to the pairs of calender rolls (at the end of the machine),
where it is calendered. The other webs all pass together to the 4th cylinder,
where another web of paper is separated to pass to the calender rolls (also at
the end), and the rest soverally pass onward between the cylinders till at
suitable points in the train of cylinders are separated to pass respectively
between the several pairs of calender rolls above the drying cylinders; the
lower web only passing through the whole train of cylinders, and passing singly
to between the rolls nearest the end of the machine. The webs, after passing
from their respective calender rolls, are brought together at the pair of delivery
rolls, which carries them all together to the cutting apparatus to be cut into

page_text: sheets, or delivers them to rolls, upon which they may be separately romed up
as desired.
The cutting apparatus, which may be used for either paper or boards, is com-
posed of a stationary horizontal blade and a vertically moving horizontal blade,
which works in stationary guides in the framing. The paper or board is
delivered by the rolls over the stationary blade and under the moving one, and
cut by the descent of the latter at regular intervals into sheets of uniform length,
which may be varied by making the cutter descend more or less frequently.
The moving blade is driven by two cranks at opposite ends; a shaft and two
rods connecting it with the said cranks. The shaft derives rotary motion through
a pair of eccentric gears through gearing from a shaft which carries one of a
pair of cone pulleys, the other of said pulleys being upon a shaft which derives
motion through a belt or gearing at a uniform speed relatively to the calendering
rolls and the delivery rolls. The eccentric gears produce an accelerated motion
of the upper blade as it comes in contact with the board or paper, and thereby
enable it to ent easily through any desirable thickness of board or paper. The
belt running round the cone pulleys has applied to it a shifter, operated by a screw,
by which the frequency with which the cutter d ends relatively to the velocity at
which the paper or board is delivered may be.justed to regulate or varied to
vary the length of the sheets. In front of the cutters there is a horizontal frame,
in which run a series of endless moving tapes or bands, which receiving the
sheets one at a time as they are cut off carry them forward on to a swinging
flyer or lay-boy, which by making half a revolution turns them over and
deposits them upon the piling table, which descends a distance equal to tho
thickness of one sheet every time a sheet has been placed upon it. The flyer
or lay-boy derives a horizontal reciprocating motion from two cranks on oppo-
site ends of the shaft, which are connected with its own shaft by two con-
necting rods, and its turning over is effected by means of two pinions on a
shaft working in racks or the framing. To enable the points of the flyer
arms to pass under the sheet as the flyer moves back, and to prevent them
from catching the front edge of the sheet, the horizontal frame before men-
tioned is made capable of a slight tipping motion by having the end next
the cutters arranged upon a horizontal shaft. As the flyer moves toward
the cutters to take the sheet the turned up points of its arms pass under
inclined projections on the horizontal frame, and so lift it up high enough to
insure the arms passing under the sheet. After the points of the arms
have passed the projections the horizontal frame drops on to a fixed rest
arranged below it, and in returning with the sheet the arms of the flyer pass
over the said projections.

page_text: The descent of the piling table is effected by means of two upright screws
of similar pitch attached to its under side, and passing through nuts secured
firmly in the hubs of two spur wheels of similar size, which are geared
together by an intermediate wheel. The pair of spur wheels are prevented
from moving vertically, and hence by turning them they are caused to pro-
duce a vertical movement of the screws and of the table. One of theso
wheels has applied to it a vibrating friction dog, which is connected by a rod
with the arm of a horizontal wrought shaft, which derives motion by being
connected by a rod with the flyer. The dog is so fitted to a projecting flange
on the
gear that it will turn the gear in the direction to press its screw, but
not in the other direction. The two gears or spur wheels being geared
together are caused to be turned uniformly, and hence the table is kept
perfectly level.
I will here remark that in carrying out the above described improvement
there may be, instead of a single cylinder, two or more cylinders working in
each vat.
Improvement in the cylinder moulds.-I construct these cylinder moulds at
the one end, and attach them to the shaft in the usual manner, but the opposito
end or head I construct with a hollow journal for the passage through it of a
suction pipe, and with an inner concentric hub attached only by diagonal or
oblique arms or braces for the reception of one end of the shaft, which by
this arrangement of the hub is permitted to be shortened at that end suffi-
ciently to permit the suction pipe to be turned downward within the cylinder,
while at the same time both cylinder heads are enabled to be secured to the
shaft, and the whole cylinder enabled to be kept in line therewith. The sides
or circumferential portion of the cylinder, which is covered with wire cloth,
may be constructed and secured to the shaft in the usual manner. The solid
end of the shaft which protrudes through the ordinary head of the cylinder is
supported in a bearing within the vat. The hollow journal works in a box at
the opposite side of the vat, and is supported outside of the vat on friction
rollers or any other suitable bearing, and outside of this box there is applied
around the said journal a leather or india-rubber ring, which is secured and com-
pressed around the journal by means of a plate and screws passing through the
said plate, and screwing into the said vat in such manner as to prevent leakage
between the box and journal. At the outer end of the journal there is a
stuffing box to prevent leakage around the exterior of the suction pipe. The
portion of the suction pipe outside of the stuffing box may be turned down to
form a syphon, or be connected with a pump, both of which plans are common.
When the old method of packing the cylinder inside the vat is used, the

page_text: cylinder nay, if desired, have both ends constructed with hollow journals and
otherwise as described with reference to the head, to permit the introduction
of suction pipes in the same manner at both ends.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said William Clark in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
24th October 1863.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM
CLARK, of 53, Chancery Lane, in the County of Middlesex, Engineer and
Patent Agent, send greeting.
WHEREAS Iler most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-eighth day of April, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, in the twenty-sixth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said William Clark, IIer special liceuce that I, the said William Clark, my
executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said William
Clark, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the
term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel
Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR
THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER, AND OF THE VARIOUS KINDS OF BOARDS PRODUCED FROM
FIBROUS SUBSTANCES," a com". to me from abroad by John Franklin Jones,
of Rochester, Monroe County, State of New York, United States of
America, upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said William
Clark, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my,
or their, or one of their bands and scals, should particularly describe and
ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was
to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent
Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the
said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said William Clark, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be per-
formed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement, reference being had to the Sheet of Drawings hereunto annexed,
and to the letters aud figures marked thereon (that is to say) :—
The objects of this Invention are to economize room, to save labor, and to

page_text: prevent waste of stock in the manufacture of paper and of such boards as arc
produced from fibrous materials.
This Invention consists principally in the combination and arrangement of
two or more cylinder moulds in such manner as to deliver their webs of pulp
one upon another for the purpose of being pressed together to form a board
of a required thickness, and in the arrangement of drying and calendering
apparatus for drying and calendering such board while in a continuous length
and before it is cut into shects, so that the board is made and finished ready
for the market by one continuous operation. The samo arrangement of
machinery may, by very slight additions, be adapted for the manufacture of
several distinct and separate webs of paper at the same time.
It also consists in a certain novel system of troughs or spouts, connecting
pipes, and valves, whereby a properly regulated supply of pulp and water to
each of the several machines, and the carrying away of the back water there-
from, are provided for.
It also consists in the employment, in combination with two or more paper
machines combined as described, or with a single machine, of an improved
"save-all," composed of a vat for the collection of the back water from the
machine or machines, a reticulated cylinder, like that of a cylinder paper-
making machine, working in the said vat for the extraction of the pulp from
the water, a coucher for receiving the pulp from the said cylinder, and a
scraper for removing the pulp from the coucher and depositing it in a suitable
receptacle.
It also consists in certain arrangements of the press rolls and of the drying
cylinders and calendering rolls for drying and calendering either boards
or paper.
It also consists in the employment, in combination with machinery for pro-
ducing and finishing a continuous web of paper or board, of a cutter or cutters
for cutting the said web or board into sheets as fast as it is delivered from the
calendering rolls, a flyer or lay-boy for taking away the said sheets, and a
piling table on which the said sheets are deposited and piled up by the said
flyer or lay-boy.
And it further consists in an improved construction of the cylinder moulds
used in the manufacture of paper and boards, whereby provision is made for
carrying away the water from their interiors though hollow journals, thereby
dispensing with the use of packing inside of the vat by the substitution of
stuffing boxes outside, thereby facilitating the repacking, and obviating much
of the waste of stuff which is unavoidable with inside packing.
Fig. 1 in the accompanying Drawings exhibits a vertical sectional view of

page_text: two floors of a paper mill, showing a longitu.linal section of the machinery;
Fig. 2 is a plan of the machinery on the lower floor; Fig. 3 is a plan of a
portion of the machinery on the upper floor; Fig. 4 is a transverse vertical
section in the plane indicated by the line a, a, in Fig. 1; Fig. 5 is a vertical
section of the improved save-all. Similar letters of reference indicate corrc-
sponding parts in all of these Figures.
Figs. 1 and 2 represent seven single cylinder paper-making machines
arranged and combined either to manufacture boards or paper.
A¹, A³, A³, A, A, A, A', are the vats arranged side by side at short
distances apart, and supported at some distance above the lower floor of the mill
in a suitable framing B, B, erected upon said floor; C', C³, C³, C, C³, C³, C²,
are the rotating reticulated cylinders or cylinder moulds, which may be of
the usual or any suitable construction, and packed at their ends in the usual
or any suitable manner, but which I prefer to construct and pack in the
improved manner which will be herein-after described; D, D, are the pumps,
of which there may be one for each vat, though one is represented as serving
for the two vats A, A, for drawing water from the cylinders and producing a
partial vacuum therein, having their suction pipes a, a, connected with the
vats, and their delivery pipes b, b, connected with an elevated horizontal or
slightly inclined covered spout E, which extends along the back of the whole
series of vats. This spout E is divided by transverse partitions into a number
of compartments corresponding with the number of vats, and its several com-
partments are connected with the several vats, one with each, by means of
pipes m for the return to the vats of as much as desirable of the back water,
which has been drawn out by the pumps and forced up into the said spout.
F is the stuff chest, containing the pulp for the supply of the vats, and G is
an open spout running from the stuff' chest along the back of the whole series
of vats, with pipes c leading to the several vats. This spout G is fitted near
the stuff chest F with a gate d, connected by a levere with a float f, which
is arranged in a box g at the back of and in communication with the said
spout, to regulate the depth of pulp in the spout, the said float rising with any
increase in such depth, and so lowering and reducing the opening of the gate,
and thereby regulating the supply of pulp from the stuff chest. The pipes c
are severally fitted at their junction with the spout G with gates or valves h, h,
adjustable by hand to regulate the quantity of pulp passing from the said
spout to the vats, and the said pipes connect with the pipes m of their
respective vats, so that the pulp and the returned back water enter the vats
together, and the back water keeps the mouth of the pulp pipe clear. H is a
pipe running all along the back of the whole series of vats, and receiving

page_text: water under a suitable pressure from an elevated reservoir or by other means
for the supply of the two series of shower pipes i, i, and j, j.
The first-mentioned series of shower pipes i are arranged to throw showers
upon the several cylinders in the same manner as the shower pipes of other
cylinder paper-making machines, and the other series j are arranged opposite
the rotary felt beaters v, v, to wash the felts I, I, I, I, I, I, I, of the several
machines. Directly under the spout E before mentioned there is another
covered spout J, which also extends along the back of the whole series of vats,
and this spout is connected with the several compartments of the spout E by a
series of upright pipes k (Fig. 4), one opposite to each vat, and each of these
pipes is fitted at its junction with the bottom of the spout E with a valve ?,
which is attached to a lever A, and the said lever is connected by a rod with
a float working in a box P, attached to the back of and communicating with
its respective vat; the object of tho said floats and valves being to regulate the
height of the water in the several vats. While the water remains below a
certain level in any one of the vats, the weight of its respective float keeps
its respective valve closed, and prevents the water in the spout E from running
down the pipe k opposite to the said vat, and so keep up the supply of return-
ing back water through its respective pipe m; but when tho water rises up to
or above that level the float is raised, and the valve thereby opened to permit
the water to escape from the spout E into the lower spout J, whence it escapes
to the save-all. K', K³, K³, K', K', K, K', are the couchers applied in
relation to the cylinders as in other cylinder paper-making machines, and
having the endless felts 1', 12, 13, 1, 1, 1, 1', running around them in the
usual manner. In order to obtain the requisito length for the felts and yet
bring the vats A', A³, &c. very near together, the felts are severally arranged
to pass down between their respective vats and the next vats in advance of
them, and to run back and forth one, two, or more times under the latter, as
shown in Fig. 1; and it is to permit this arrangement of the felts that the vats
are raised some distance from the floor instead of being placed directly upon
the floor, as bas heretofore been the common practice. n, n, n, n, are the
carrying rolls carrying the felts; v, v, are the felt beaters arranged below
the vats opposite the shower pipes j, j; I, I, L, L, L, L, L', are the wet
press rolls; and M², M³, M³, M*, M³, M, M', the second press rolls suitably
arranged with respect to the felts. The latter rolls are covered with felt. p
are carrying rolls arranged in the same frames p' in which the couchers are
arranged; 9 are carrying rolls arranged in hangers suspended from the floor
above the vats. This machinery, as far as I have described it, will be recog-
nized by the practical paper-maker as composed of a series of distinct cylinder

page_text: paper-making machines, each of which is capable of producing a separate and
distinct web of paper. The several webs thus produced may be either united
or finished separately, as may be desired, as will be herein-after explained after
the construction and arrangement of the rest of the machinery and apparatus
have been described. N, Figs. 2 and 5, is the save-all vat arranged behind
the vat A', which is the furthest of the series A', A3, &c. from the stuff chest;
N is the reticulated rotating cylinder running in the said vat, and N³ is the
coucher running directly in contact with the said cylinder. The cylinder N¹
may be fitted and packed to one end of the vat in the same manner as the
cylinders of cylinder paper machines, and have a suction pipe r applied in the
same manner to produce a partial vacuum within the cylinder. O is a scraper
set by adjusting screws s, s, in a suitable fixed position above the coucher to
scrape the surface of the latter. The back water, containing a greater or less
quantity of pulp escaping by the spout J, is delivered into the vat N, and by
the action of the cylinder N¹ and its attached suction apparatus the pulp is
extracted and taken up on the surface of the said cylinder, whence it is taken
by the coucher. The revolution of the coucher in contact with the scraper
causes the pulp to be scraped off from it and deposited in a suitable box O' or
other receptacle. The water passes off by the suction pipo r, in the same
manner as from a cylinder paper-making machine. This save-all may be used
in connection with a single cylinder paper-making machine or with a Four-
drinier machine.
P, P, P, P, P³, P,P, P, and Q, Q, Q, Q, Q, Q, Q, Q, are two
tiers of steam drying cylinders arranged in suitable bearings in a framing R,
erected on the upper floor over the series of machines herein-before described,
the upper tier of cylinders being arranged over the spaces between the lower
ones. V is an endless apron running under the lower series of drying cylinders
upon a system of carrying rolls v, v, so arranged as to keep it pressing against a
large portion of the circumference of each of said cylinders, for the purpose of
holding the paper or board in contact therewith as it passes under the said
cylinders.
S', S, S³, S, S, S, S', S³, are calender rolls arranged above the upper
drying cylinders to operate in combination with the said cylinders, and S' is a
calender roll arranged above the last drying cylinder Ps to operate in combi-
nation therewith; T, T, T, T, T, To, T, are calender rolls arranged in pairs,
the number of pairs corresponding with the number of cylinder machines on
the lower floor; four pairs being arranged above the drying chambers, and
the other three pairs beyond the end of the series of drying cylinders, between

page_text: it and the apparatus by which the paper or board is cut into sheets, and which
will not be described until after the operation of making the paper or board
has been described. t, t, t, t, are carrying rolls arranged above the calender
rolls T, T, T, Ts, and only used in making paper.
At the left-hand upper corner of Fig. 1 there is represented an improved
system of second press rolls M', M7, M'. The press rolls belong properly to
the last machine of the series on the lower floor, but are arranged on the
upper floor, and have a separate felt U. The improvement consists in the use
of three instead of two; one arranged above the other two, which are arranged
at such distances apart that the upper one may press upon both of them, and
the web passing between the upper one and both the lower ones, and receiving
two pressures with the use of but three rolls. The several cylinder paper-
making machines and the several pressing rolls, drying cylinders, and
calender rolls are driven by a suitable system or systems of gearing having
motion communicated by water, steam, or other power.
The manufacture of board, which is the principal purpose for which this
machinery is designed, is performed in the following manner :-Ench of the
machines upon the lower floor produces a separate web, as though it were
separately used for the manufacture of paper. The web w', from the first
machine, after leaving its felt I, and passing between the second press rolls M',
is deposited upon the web w from the second machine, while the latter is
upon its felt 1, and before it passes between its wet press rolls L, and both
of these webs pass together and are pressed between the latter rolls and
between the second press rolls M', and are deposited upon the third web w³,
after which the three together pass between the press rolls L³ and on to the
next machine to be deposited on the fourth web w', and so on throughout the
whole series of machines, as shown in red color in Fig. 1, to the last wet press
rolls L, by which all the webs are pressed together, and from which they
pass upward through the floor to the second press rolls M. The successivo
pressing operations to which the webs or layers are subjected after each addi-
tional web or layer is applied causes them to be united by the natural
adhesiveness of the pulp, and the several webs or layers are thus combined to
form one thick web or board, which only requires to be dried and calendered
to be fit for the market, being either cut up into sheets or not according as
may be desired. The drying of the combined web or board y is performed by
its passing alternately over the upper steam heated cylinders P', P, &c., and
under the lower ones Q', Q, &c., as illustrated in the upper part of Figure 1,
being calendered on one side in the drying operation by the rollers S¹ to S³,

page_text: and on the opposite side by the roll S, and afterwards subjected to a final
calendering operation on both sides by passing between the several pairs of
rolls T, T, and T, whence it may pass to a roll to be rolled up or to tho
cutting machinery herein-after described, to be cut into sheets.
In manufacturing paper the webs w', w³, w³, w², w³, w³, w³, from the several
machines on the lower floor, instead of being laid and pressed together as they
leave the machines, as described with reference to the manufacture of boards,
are only pressed separately between their respective wet press rolls and second
press rolls, and from the second press rulls they pass singly, as shown in
blue color in Fig. 1, to the carrying rolls 9, 9, and thence to the drying
cylinders. The several webs pass together round the drying cylinders Q', P¹,
Q, Ps, and over Q, and at the latter cylinder the upper web of paper is
separated to pass singly over the carrying rolls t, t, to the calender rolls T',
where it is calendered. The other webs all pass together to the cylinder Q',
where is separated to pass over the carrying rollers t, t, to the calender
rolls T, and the rest severally pass onward between the cylinders till at suit-
able points in the train of cylinders w³, w', w³, and w² are separated to pass
respectively between the calender rolls T, T, T, and T, the lower web w'
only passing through the whole train of cylinders, and passing singly to and
between the rolls T. The webs w³, w', w³, w', pass from their respective
calender rolls over the rolls t, t, and thence down under the rolls T* and 'T',
and the whole of the webs are brought together at the pair of delivery rolls X,
which carries them all together to the cutting apparatus to be cut into sheets or
delivers them to rolls, upon which they may be separately rolled up as desired.
The cutting apparatus, which may be used for either paper or boards,
is composed of a stationary horizontal blade and a vertical moving
horizontal blade z, which works in stationary guides 10, 10, in the framing R.
The paper or board is delivered by the rolls over the stationary blade x, and
under the moving one z, and cut by the descent of the latter at regular
intervals into sheets of uniform length, which may be varied by making the
cutter descend more or less frequently. The blade is driven by two
cranks 11 at opposite ends, a shaft 12 and two rods 13 connecting it with
the said cranks. The shaft 12 derives rotary motion through a pair of
eccentric gears 23, 24, through gearing from a shaft 14, which carries one
of a pair of cone pullies 15, 16, the other of said pullies being upon a
shaft 17, which derives motion through a belt or gearing at a uniform speed
relatively to the calendering rolls and the delivery rolls X. The eccentric
gears produce an accelerated motion of the upper blade as it comes in
contact with the beard or paper, and thereby enable it to cut casily through

page_text: any desirable thickness of board or paper. The belt 18 running round the
cone pulleys has applied to it a shifter 19, operated by a scrow 20, by which
the frequency with which the cutter descends relatively to the velocity at
which the paper or board is delivered may be adjusted to regulate or varied
to vary the length of the sheets. In front of the cutters there is a horizontal
frame Y, in which run a series of endless moving tapes or bands 21, which,
receiving the sheets one at a time as they are cut off, carry them forward on
to the swinging flyer or lay-boy 22, which, by making half a revolution, turns
them over and deposits them upon the piling table 25, which descends a
distance equal to the thickness of one sheet every time a sheet has been
placed upon it. The flyer or lay-boy derives a horizontal reciprocating
motion from two cranks 28 on opposite ends of the shaft 14, which arc
connected with its own shaft 22* by two connecting rods 27, and its turning
over is effected by means of two pinions 29 on the shaft 22*, working in
racks 30 on the framing R. To enable the points of the flyer arms to pass
under the sheet as the flyer moves back, and to prevent them from catching
the front edge of the sheet, the frame y is mado capablo of a slight tipping
motion by having the end next the cutters arranged upon a horizontal shaft 31.
As the flyer moves towards the cutters to take the sheet the turned up points
of its arms pass under inclined projections 32 on the frame y, and so lift it up
high enough to insure the arms passing under the sheet. After the points of
the arms have passed the projections 32, the frame y drops on to the fixed
rest 33 arranged below it, and in returning with the sheet the arms of the
flyer pass over the said projections. The descent of the piling table 25 is
effected by means of two upright screws 34 of similar pitch attached firmly to
its under side, and passing through nuts secured firmly to the hubs of two
spur gears 35 of similar size, which are geared together. by an intermediato
gear 36. The gears 35 are prevented from moving vertically, and henco by
turning them they are caused to produce a vertical movement of the screws
and of the table. One of these gears 35 has applied to it a vibrating friction
dog 37, which is connected by a rod 38 with the arm 89 of a horizontal rock
shaft 40, which derives motion by being connected by a rod 41 with the flyer.
The dog 37 is so fitted to a projecting flange on the gear that it will turn the
gear in the direction to depress its screw, but not in the other direction. The
two gears 35 being geared together are caused to be turned uniformly, and
hence the table is kept perfectly level. 1 will here remark that in carrying
out the above described improvement there may be, instead of a single cylinder,
two or more cylinders working in each vat.
The improvement in the cylinder moulds is illustrated in Figs. 6, 7, and 8.

page_text: Fig. 6 is a central longitudinal section of a cylinder mould constructed
according to this Invention; Fig. 7 is a right-hand end view of the same;
Fig. 8 is a transverso vertical section of the cylinder on the line x, x, of
Fig. 6, looking in a right-hand direction. Similar letters of reference indicate
corresponding parts in these Figures. A, R¹, represent the cylinder heads.
of which the left-hand one A is of the usual construction, and attached to the
shaft B in the usual manner, but A' is constructed with a hollow journal a for
the passage through it of the suction pipe b, and with an inner concentric
hub c, attached only by diagonal or oblique arms or braces i, i, for tho
reception of one end of the shaft B, which by this arrangement of the hub c
is permitted to be shortened at that end sufficiently to permit the suction pipo
to be turned downward within the cylinder, in the manner represented at b
in Fig. 6, while at the same time both cylinder heads are enabled to be
secured to the shaft, and the whole cylinder enabled to be kept in line there-
with. The sides or circumferential portion of the cylinder, which is covered
with wire cloth, may be constructed and secured to the shaft in the usual
manner. The left-hand end of the shaft B, which protrudes through the
head A of the cylinder, is supported in a bearing d within the vat C, the
other end is supported by the hub c. The hollow journal a works in a box j
in the right-hand end of the vat, and is supported outside of the vat on
friction rollers e, e, or any other suitable bearing, and outside of this box
there is applied around the said journal a leather or india-rubber ring k, which
is secured and compressed around the journal by means of a plate f and
screws g. 9, passing through the said plate and screwing into the said vat in
such manner as to prevent leakage between the box and journal. At the
outer end of the journal there is a stuffing box h, to prevent lonkage around
the exterior of the suction pipe b. The portion of the suction pipe outsido
of the stuffing box may be turned down to form a syphon or be connected
with a pump, both of which plans are common when the old method of
packing the cylinder inside of the vat is used. The cylinder may, if desired,
have both ends constructed with hollow journals, and otherwise as described
with reference to the head A', to permit the introduction of suction pipes in
the same manner at both ends.
Having described the nature of this Invention, and the manner of performing
the same, I declare that what I claim as the Invention to be protected by the
herein-before in part recited Letters Patent is,-
First, the arrangement and combination of two or more cylinder moulds
and vats in such manner as to deliver continuous webs of pulp one upon
another, either for the purpose of being pressed together to form board, or of

page_text: being dried and calendered separately to form paper, substantially as herein
specified.
Secondly, the combination of such a system of cylinder moulds as herein-
before specified, and a continuous series of drying cylinders and calendering
rolls, in such manner that tho manufacture of boards or of several webs of
paper may be carried on by a continuous process, substantially as herein
described.
Thirdly, the arrangement of a cutter in combination with a system of
cylinder moulds, drying cylinders, and calendering rolls substantially such as
herein specified, whereby the boards or paper after having been dried and
calendered, and completely finished in a continuous web, and on their delivery
from the calendering apparatus, are cut into sheets of any size, as herein
described.
Fourthly, the arrangements of the several vats containing the cylinder
moulds, and the several endless felts which receive the separate webs of palp
from the said moulds, in such manner that the said felts pass under the vats
substantially in the nanner herein specified, whereby a desirable length of
felt is obtained, and yet the vats are allowed to be brought very near
each other.
Fifthly, the arrangement of the several spouts G, E, J, pipes c, m, and j,
valve l, and self-acting feed gate d, in combination with each other and with
the several vats, substantially as and for the purposo horein specified.
Sixthly, the save-all, composed of a vat, a cylinder mould, a coucher, and a
scraper, combined and applied in connection with one or more paper-making
machines, substantially as herein specified.
Seventhly, the combination of press rolls, illustrated by M', M', M', Fig. 1,
to obtain two pressures from three rolls, as horein described.
Eighthly, the employment of calender rolls on the top of drying cylinders,
substantially as herein described, to equalize the water in the board, and make
it of uniform dryness as it passes over the dryers, and partially effect the
glazing and calendering process while the board is being dried.
Ninthly, the employment, in combination with machinery for producing and
finishing a continuous web of paper or board, of a cutter or cutters for cutting
the said web or board into sheets as fast as it is delivered from the calondering
rolls, a flyer or lay-boy for taking away the said sheets from the cutter or
cutters, and a descending piling table on which tho said sheets are piled up
by the said flyer or lay-boy, the whole operating together substantially as
herein set forth.
Tenthly, a cylinder mould having one or both cylinder heads constructed with

page_text: a hollow journal a, an inner hub c, and arms or braces i, i, the wholo com-
bined with each other and with a shortened shaft substantially as described
with reference to Figures 6, 7, and 8, for the purpose herein set forth.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Clark, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Twenty-fourth day of October, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-three.
Witness,
W. G. E. SWINNOCK,
53, Chancery Lane, London.
W. CLARK. (L.B.)