IMPROVEMENTS IN AND RELATING TO SPINNING MACHINE SPINDLES AND PARTS CONNECTED THEREWITH, AND IN MEANS FOR MANUFACTURING SUCH SPINDLES
Year: 1880

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Robert Lake, of the Firm of Haseltine, Lake,
& Co., Patent Agents, Southampton Buildings, London, for an Invention
of "IMPROVEMENTS IN AND RELATING TO SPINNING MACHINE SPINDLES
AND PARTS CONNECTED THEREWITH, AND IN MEANS FOR MANUFACTURING
SUCH SPINDLES." A communication from abroad by Charles Henry Chapman,
of Shirley, Massachusetts, United States of America.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Robert Lake at
ΤΟ
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 23rd October 1880.
WILLIAM ROBERT LAKE, of the Firin of Haseltine, Lake, & Co., Patent Agents,
Southampton Buildings, London. "IMPROVEMENTS IN
AND RELATING
SPINNING MACHINE SPINDLES AND PARTS CONNECTED THEREWITH, AND IN MEANS
FOR MANUFACTURING SUCH SPINDLES." [A communication from abroad by Charles
Henry Chapman, of Shirley, Massachusetts, United States of America.]
This Invention relates to improvements in spinning machinery, and comprises the
various features hereinafter set forth.
One part of this Invention has for its object to provide certain improvements in
spindles, whereby a sliding of such spindles longitudinally on their standards (as
in the operation of doffing the bobbins), will, by a pump-like action cause an
upward flow of oil from a reservoir to lubricate the bearing surfaces of the spindle
and the fixed standard on which it rotates; this part of my said Invention
comprises the combination of an oil reservoir, a cap therefor, a standard rising from
within said reservoir, a bearing on said standard for the spindle, a spindle supported
in said bearing and movable longitudinally so as to produce a vacuum above the
standard, causing an upward flow of oil from the reservoir, and a stop on
said spindle acting in conjunction with the cap to limit the movement of the
spindle.
This part of my Invention also comprises improvements in the means for oiling
spindles having an oil reservoir, a grooved standard, and the live spindle supported
upon such standard, which means consist in raising the oil from the reservoir to
งา

page_text: the bearing surfaces of the spindle by atinospheric pressure superinduced by a
longitudinal sliding motion of the live spindle on the standard consequent upon
doffing the bobbin.
Another part of my Invention has for its object improvements relating to
spinning machines, whereby the spindle can be loosely banded and therefore run
lightly, or with the minimum expenditure of power without liability of the bands
slipping on the drum which drives the spindles, and according to this part of the
said Invention I may connect two series of spindles with a drum placed between
them by a single band passing around the druin a sufficient number of times to
prevent the band from slipping and passing one or more times around the whirls
of each spindle. This part of my Invention also comprises a peculiar form and
arrangement of the spindle whirls, whereby the convolutions of a band wound
twice around each whirl are kept separate and prevented from chafing or rubbing
against each other. This Invention has for its further object to enable a standard
and the spindle rotating thereon to be centred and kept steady by centripetal force
when the spindle is rotating, and according to this part of my Invention I may fit
the standard loosely and adapt it to vibrate in its support.
This Invention also relates to tubular braided bands for running spinning machine
spindles, and has for its object to provide an improved method of splicing or
connecting the ends of a piece of tubular banding so as to make an endless band
without forming a knot or protuberance, and without materially enlarging the band
at the point of connection.
This Invention further relates to spinning machine spindles which may be
composed of a hollow cylindrical shell to receive a dead spindle or standard; a step
in the interior of the shell at one end to run on the end of the standard, and a tip
to receive the bobbin. In the manufacture of spindles of this class great difficulty
has been experienced in securing the following results :-
1st. Making the outer surface of the shell true and concentric with the bore or
inner surface,
2nd. Locating the point of the step in the exact longitudinal centre of the shell, and
making the step exactly concentric with the outer and inner surfaces of the shell;
and, 3rd. Locating the point of the tip in line with the step and in the exact
longitudinal centre of the shell; unless all these results are attained the spindle
will not run steadily and is useless. This part of my Invention has for its object
to so improve the method of manufacturing shell spindles as to ensure the
attainment of said results in every spindle manufactured according to this method,
and to this end it comprises improvements in the making of shell spindles, which
will be hereinafter described.
In carrying one part of this Invention into practice, I provide a fixed standard
rising from a cylindrical base which is suitably attached to the rail of a spinning
machine and is chambored out around the aforesaid standard so as to forin an oil
reservoir. The said standard has a longitudinal groove or channel extending from
its lower to its upper end, and is provided with an oil-cup at its upper end.
The live-spindle is socketed in the oil-cup of the standard, and its lower end
extends below the whirl, and projects into the oil reservoir herein before mentioned,
and nearly to the bottom thereof when in its normal position, the said oil reservoir
being rather deeper, and the live spindle rather longer than usual. The spindle
is provided with a step having an oval or rounded end fitting into a socket in
the end of the said standard, this socket being preferably composed of a ring or
tube to steady the step laterally. The lower end of this step or pivot rests on a
hardened steel plate or bearing, the said ring and bearing being held in a socket in
the standard, the upper part of said socket forming the hereinbefore mentioned oil
cup. By this construction of spindle-bearing the spindle is caused to run with but
little friction as compared with the usual V-shaped stop and bearing.
The said ring may be omitted and the oil-cup may extend entirely down to the
bearing. The oil-cup will always contain oil enough to lubricate the stop, as will
presently appear. The cylindrical base of the spindle is provided with a cap

page_text: which covers the top of the oil-reservoir, and is constructed so as to form an outside
bearing which surrounds and fits snugly against the lower portion of the spindle
below the whirl, and assists in steadying the former and prevents its vibration
when the same is rotating rapidly, said outside bearing being preferably an
externally threaded brass sleeve screwed into the cap bereinbefore mentioned.
The spindle is movable longitudinally on the standard, and its upward movement
is limited by a stop formed on or near its lower end, which stop abuts against the
cap above referred to when the spindle is raised.
When the spindle is raised, the upper end of its socket which receives the
standard will be raised above the upper end of said standard, thereby forming a
space which is practically a vacuum, and can only be filled by way of a groove or
channel provided for the purpose on the side of the standard, the socket of the
spindle having no opening, excepting at its lower end. It follows, that an upward
flow of oil through the said groove will be induced by atmospheric pressure or a
pump-like action, so that the space between the spindle and its standard will be
instantly filled with oil, and when the spindle is allowed to descend, all the oil
excepting that in the oil-cup above specified will be pressed down through the
groove in the side of the standard, and the interstice between the bearing surfaces
of the standard and spindle, thereby effectually lubricating said bearing surfaces,
whilst the oil not consumed in lubricating returns to the reservoir. In practice,
the described upward movement of the spindle is effected by the act of doffing the
bobbin or raising the bobbin from the spindle for any cause, as the bobbin adheres
so closely to the spindle that both will move together when the bobbin is lifted,
until the movement of the spindle is arrested by its stop abutting against the cap
as described. The constant lubrication of the bearing surfaces is therefore insured,
the lubrication being practically automatical.
Oil is supplied to the reservoir through orifices in the above described cap, said
orifices being surrounded by a flange, which permits a quantity of oil to accumulato
above the cap, and to pass from thence into the reservoir. These orifices also
supply air to the reservoir to take the place of the oil raised by atmospheric
pressure. The whirl is provided with a downwardly projecting flange which
protects the cap from dust when the spindle is in its normal position.
I do not limit myself to the formation of a vacuum at the top of the standard by
raising the spindle, as the same result may be produced by depressing the standard
without moving the spindle, and to this end several standards may be moved
simultaneously by suitable mechanism operated by an attendant whenever it is
desirable to lubricate the spindles.
The next part of my Invention is carried into practice as follows, that is to say:-
I provide a spinning frame and a drum which drives the spindle, said drum being
a plain, preferably horizontal, cylinder, driven by any suitable means. The spindles
are arranged in two series placed at opposite sides of the drum. I prefer to make
each spindle vertical and to provide it with a whirl of a tapering or conical shape.
The whirls on one series of spindles are arranged reversely to those on the other,
that is to say, the whirls on the spindles of one series have their larger ends at the
top, and the whirls on the spindles of the other series have their larger ends at the
bottom. This peculiar form of whirl is preferable, because it enables the driving
band to be wound twice around the whirl and when the band moves so as to
approach the whirl upon its larger end, the tapering form of the whirl keeps the
convolutions of the band separate from each other, so that they will not rub or
chafe one another. The reverse arrangement of the whirls in the different series
enables the convolutions of a band or bands passing from the drum to the whirls of
both series to be kept separate on all the whirls, the band or bands being delivered
upon the upper ends of the whirls in one series and upon the lower ends of the
whirls in the other series.
In connection with the drum, spindles, and whirls arranged as set forth, I may
also employ an improved mode or system of banding, which constitutes another

page_text: important feature of my Invention. This mode of banding consists in connecting
the spindles of both series with the drum by a single endless band which is
arranged as follows, that is to say:-
:
Suppose the band to commence at a point at or near the periphery of the drum,
the band extends from this point to the upper end of the whirl of the first spindle,
around which it is wound one or more times, and then returns to the drum, passing
under the latter, then over and back to the upper end of the whirl of the next
spindle, and so on until it has passed around any desired number forming one
series, the number being preferably four, although it may be more or less. From
the last spindle of one series the band passes under the drum and across to the whirl
of the corresponding spindle in the opposite series. These spindles have their
whirls arranged with the larger ends downward, hence the band passes on to the
larger end of each whirl is wound one or more times, and passes over the top of the
drum, then under the latter to the whirl of the next spindle, and so on until it has
passed around an equal number of spindles forming this second series. From the
last spindle the band passes to the starting point, and the two ends are suitably
connected to form an endless band.
By this arrangement the band has so extended a bearing on the drum that there
is no liability of the band slipping on the drum. The form of the whirls and their
reverse arrangement on the opposite sides of the drum enable the band to pass
twice around each whirl without rubbing or chafing, and to drive both series of
spindles in the same direction. The extended bearing of the band upon the drum
also enables the band to be very loose without slipping on the drum, and the two
fold passage of the band around each whirl gives the band a sufficiently firm hold
on the whirls to prevent it from slipping on the same, excepting when the spindle of
any whirl is stopped for any cause, when the band will slip readily on the whirl of
the arrested spindle. I am thus enabled to band lightly, and thereby run with the
minimum of power, and, at the same time, with all the necessary strength; by this
improved method I am enabled to employ a band so loose that the pressure, when
the band is first applied, is not over two ounces to a spindle, or about twenty
pounds to a frame of a hundred and sixty spindles, while with the ordinary method
of banding, using a separate band for each spindle, the usual pressure is four
pounds to a spindle and over six hundred pounds to a frame. The result of my
improvement is, therefore, a great saving in power as well as in the wear of the
spindles. There is another objection to single banding in spinning frames, viz., the
shrinkage of the bands by damp atmosphere and their subsequent relaxation in dry
weather. The result of this is that the bands are first too tight and then too loose.
In the latter condition single bands are liable to slip on the drum or whirl, and
unless they are cut and tightened slack twisted yarn is the result. This difficulty
I entirely obviate, the band being originally so loose that it cannot be materially
affected by moisture or dryness.
It is obvious that with so loose a band there is great liability of the bund
juinping off the whirls. To prevent this I place a pin or guard by the side of each
whirl in such close proximity to the flanges of the whirl that the band cannot pass
between the pin and the whirl. The pins are suitably attached to the step in
which the standards of the spindles are supported, or to the rail of the spinning
frame.
I have found in a shell spindle, supported by standards, that if the standard is
allowed to have some lateral play in its base or support the spindle will run more
steadily than when the standard is rigid, I therefore construct a spindle embodying
another part of my Invention with a standard which is inserted in a base having a
socket of sufficient size to receive the standard and permit its play laterally. To
secure the standard in the base so that it will not rotate with the spindle nor
be pulled out when the bobbin is doffed, I drill a hole in the standard, insert a pin
in the hole, and then force the standard down into its base, the pin being of such
length that its ends will bind tightly against the interior of the socket and prevent

page_text: the withdrawal of the standard. The said hole is of such size that it will permit
the lateral play of the standard. When the spindle is rotated on the standard, the
centripetal force centres it and keeps it steadily in a vertical position.
The tubular banding material for spindles of the class above specified is usually
made of cotton or linen woven into a small seamless tube. In splicing these ends
according to the part of my Invention referring thereto, I first perforate one part
an inch or more from its extremity and pass the other part through such perforation,
allowing it to project an inch or more through the perforation; I then perforate the
part thus projecting close to the point where it passes through the part first
mentioned, and pass the projecting end of the first part through the perforation of
the second part; I then perforate one side of each of these parts, and turn the
projecting ends back and insert them in the corresponding perforations, each
projecting end being pushed into and covered by a portion of the part of the band
to which it belongs. A loop is thus formed on each part, which loop passes through
and is interlocked with a similar loop on the other part, the loops being somewhat
elongated by exerting a strain on the band, so that they form a compact splice,
which does not materially increase the size of the band, nor form injurious knots or
protuberances such as would be likely to chafe and injure other portions of the
band with which they might come in contact. The splice thus formed is tightened
by any strain that may be exerted on the band, so that there is no liability of the
parts becoming disconnected at the splice excepting by breakage.
A band spliced in the manner described is adapted to be wound twice around a
spindle whirl, the compactness of the splice preventing it from striking the other
portions of the band when it is passing around the whirl.
In carrying out that part of my Invention which relates to the manufacture of
spindles as hereinbefore referred to, I take a cylindrical rod of iron or steel and
bore it longitudinally from end to end to form a tubular shell. As it is impossiblo
to drill a hole longitudinally through a cylindrical rod with a certainty that the
inner surface formed by the drill will be absolutely concentric with the outer surface
(a point that is very important in shell spindles), I make the shell of such a
diameter that it will bear reduction by grinding. I next place. the ends of the
shell on two studs or centres, said studs being in line with each other and fitting
accurately in the bore of the shell, so that the latter remains steady thereon.
Suitable means are provided to rotate the shell, the aforesaid stud being the axis or
centre of rotation, and while the shell is rotating, a grinding-tool, preferably a
rotary wheel, is brought to bear upon its outer surface, and moved from end to end
of the shell until the entire periphery is uniformly reduced. By this operation the
outer surface of the shell is made exactly concentric with the inner surface, as will
be readily understood. The next step is to cut a screw thread on the inner surface
of the shell at one end, and screw in a tip. Or, if desired, the tip may be secured
by other suitable means. The tip is formed to project into the shell far enough to
afford a blank, which forms the step when properly pointed and reduced. Such
pointing and reduction is next effected by means of tools which I denominate mills,
and construct as follows, that is to say:-Each of these tools has a cylindrical body
which fits closely in the interior of the shell, the latter acting as a templet guiding
the tools, so that they respectively locate the point of the step in the exact longi-
tudinal centre of the shell, and make the surface of the step concentric with the
outer and inner surfaces of the shell. The pointing of the step is effected by a mill
which has a bevelled cutting edge at the end of its body, which is cylindrical, this
mill being inserted in the shell, and rotated until it makes the end of the blank on
the tip conical with the apex in the exact centre of the shell. I also provide a
tubular mill having a longitudinal socket, which is concentric with its periphery.
At the end of the tubular body thereof are teeth which are adapted to reduce the
blank for the step, and make the latter perfectly concentric with the inner and
outer surfaces of the shell. The distance to which the two last named mills can
enter the shell, and therefore the length of the step, is determined by adjustable

page_text: collars on the shanks of the mills, said collars abutting against the end of the shell,
hence uniformity in the length of the steps is secured. The tip is removed from
the shell after the step is formed, to enable the step to be hardened and polished,
after which the tip is screwed into the shell from which it was taken.
The last operation is the pointing and tapering of the tip; and before effecting
this operation, the shell is journalled and adapted to rotate by means of a stud or
centre at one end, and a bearing at or near the other, said stud and bearing fitting
the shell so closely that it remains steady. The said sleeve is then rotated, and a
bevelling tool, preferably a bevelled rotary wheel, is brought to bear upon the outer
end of the tip, bringing the latter to a point, which is exactly in the longitudinal
centre of the shell, and in line with the point of the step. This is due entirely to
the initial grinding of the outer surface of the shell, whereby its outer and inner
surfaces were made concentric, and if the outer surface of the shell were not true
and concentric with the inner surface, it would be impossible to locate the centre of
the tip as described, and when it is considered that the tip is the part that holds
the bobbin, the importance of its centre being in line with the step and with the
longitudinal centre of the shell will be readily understood. The centre of the tip
having been found and formed at its end, it is an easy matter to properly taper
and reduce the body of the tip by grinding while the tip is rotating.
By the above described method, exact uniformity in all the spindles is secured,
and all the spindles are made perfectly true, no straightening being required, as is
the case with the ordinary spindle.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said William Robert Lake in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 23rd
April 1881.
WILLIAM ROBERT LAKE, of the Firm of Haseltine, Lake, & Co., Patent Agents,
Southampton Buildings, London. "IMPROVEMENTS IN AND RELATING TO SPINNING
MACHINE SPINDLES AND PARTS CONNECTED THEREWITH, AND IN MEANS FOR
MANUFACTURING SUCH SPINDLES." A communication from abroad by Charles
Henry Chapman, of Shirley, Massachusetts, United States of America.
This Invention relates to improvements in spinning machinery, and comprises
various novel features in the construction of the same, as hereinafter described.
The first part of the said Invention has for its object to provide certain improve-
ments in spindles, whereby the sliding of such spindles longitudinally on their
standards (as in the operation of doffing the bobbins) will by a pump-like or
vacuum action cause an upward flow of oil from a reservoir to lubricate the bearing
surfaces of the spindle and the fixed standard on which it rotates.
This first part of the said Invention consists in the combination of an oil
reservoir, a cap therefor, a standard rising from within the said reservoir, à bearing
on the said standard for the spindle, a spindle supported in the said bearing and
movable longitudinally so as to produce a vacuum above the said standard, causing
an upward flow of oil from the reservoir, and a stop on the said spindle acting in
conjunction with the cap to limit the movement of such spindle.
It also consists in improvements in the method of oiling spindles of the class
having an oil-reservoir, a grooved standard, and a live spindle supported upon such
standard, which method or means consists in raising the oil from the reservoir to
the bearing surfaces of the spindle by atmospheric pressure superinduced by a
longitudinal sliding motion of the live spindle on the standard consoquent upon
doffing the bobbin.
The second part of the said Invention has for its object to provide certain
improvements relating to spinning machines, whereby the spindle can be loosely
banded, and therefore run lightly or with the minimum expenditure of power
without liability of the bands slipping on the drum which drives the spindles, and
this part of the said Invention consists in connecting two series of spindles, with a
drum placed between them, by a single band, passing around the drum a sufficient
number of times to prevent the said band from slipping, and passing one or more
times around the whirls of each spindle. This part of the said Invention also
consists in the peculiar form and arrangement of the spindle whirls, whereby the
convolutions of a band wound twice around each whirl are kept separate and
prevented from chafing or rubbing against each other.
The third part of the said Invention has for its object to enable a standard and
the spindle rotating thereon to be centred and kept steady by centripetal force
when the spindle is rotating, and this part of my Invention consists in fitting the
standard loosely and adapting it to vibrate in its support.
The fourth part of this Invention relates to tubular braided bands for running
or driving spinning machine spindles, and has for its object to provide an improved
method of splicing or connecting the ends of a piece of tubular banding so as to
make an endless band without forming a knot or protuberance, and without
materially enlarging the band at the point of connection, the feature of this part of
the said Invention consisting in the improved splice hereinafter described.
The fifth part of the said Invention relates to spinning machine spindles com-
posed of a hollow cylindrical shell, which receives a dead spindle or standard, a
stay in the interior of the shell at one end to run on the end of the standard, and

page_text: a tip to receive the bobbin. In the manufacture of spindles of this class great
difficulty has been experienced in securing the following results, namely:-First,
making the outer surface of the shell true and concentric with the bore or inner
surface; secondly, locating the point of the step in the exact longitudinal centre of
the shell, and making the step exactly concentric with the outer and inner surfaces
of the shell; and, thirdly, locating the point of the tip in line with the step and in
the exact longitudinal centre of the shell. Unless all these results are attained the
spindle will not run steadily, and is useless. This part of my Invention has for its
object to so improve the means for manufacturing shell spindles as to ensure the
attainment of such results in every spindle manufactured according to this Inven-
tion, and to this end it consists in the improvements in the making of shell spindles
which will be hereinafter described.
In the accompanying Drawings,
Figure 1 represents a longitudinal section of a live spindle and its support,
embodying the first part of my Invention; and
Figure 2 represents a similar view, shewing the spindle raised; and
Figure 3 is a horizontal section on the line x, x, Figure 1, drawn to an enlarged
scale.
The remaining Figures are hereinafter described.
In carrying this part of my Invention into practice, I provide a fixed standard a,
extending upward from a cylindrical base b, which is suitably attached to the rail c
of a spinning machine, and is chambered out around the standard a so as to form
an oil reservoir d. The said standard a has a longitudinal groove or channel e
extending from its lower end to its upper end, and is provided with an oil cup B
at its upper end. frepresents the live spindle, which is socketted in the oil-cup B
of the standard, and whose lower end extends below the whirl i and projects into
the oil reservoir d nearly to the bottom thereof when in its normal position, as
shewn in Figure 1. The said oil-reservoir is rather deeper and the live spindle
rather longer than usual. The spindle is provided with a step f¹, having an oval
or rounded end fitting into a socket in the end of the standard a, the said socket
being preferably composed of a ring or tube P to steady the step f¹ laterally. The
lower end of this step or pivot f' rests on a hardened steel plate or bearing R, the
said ring P and bearing Ŕ being held in a socket in the standard a, the upper part
of said socket forming the oil-cup B. By this construction of spindle-bearing, the
spindle is caused to run with but little friction as compared with the usual V-shaped
step and bearing. The ring P may be omitted and the oil cup B may extend
entirely down to the bearing R. The oil-cup always contains oil enough to
lubricate the step f₁, as will presently appear. The cylindrical base b is provided
with a cap g which covers the top of the oil reservoir, and is so constructed as to
form an outside bearing which surrounds and fits snugly against the lower
portion of the spindle f below the whirl, and assists in steadying the said spindle
and preventing it from vibrating when rotating rapidly; the said outside bearing
consists preferably of an externally threaded brass sleeve screwed into the cap g.
The spindle is movable longitudinally on the standard a, and its upward
movement is limited by a stop formed on or near its lower end, which stop abuts
against the cap g when the spindle is raised, as shown in Figure 2. It will be
seen that when the spindle is raised, the upper end of its socket which receives the
standard a will be raised above the upper end of the said standard, thereby forming
a space which is practically a vacuum, and can only be filled by way of the
groove or channel c, the socket of the said spindle having no opening excepting at
its lower end. It follows therefore that an upward flow of oil through the groove e
will be induced by atmospheric pressure or a pump-like action, so that the space k
will be instantly filled with oil, and when the spindle is allowed to descend all the
oil excepting that in the oil-cup B will be pressed or forced downwardly through
the groove e and the interstice between the bearing surfaces of the standard and
spindle, thereby effectually lubricating the said bearing surfaces, the oil not
consumed in lubricating returning to the reservoir. In practice the aforesaid

page_text: apward movement of the spindle is effected by the act of doffing the bobbin, or
raising the bobbin from the spindle for any cause, as the bobbin adheres so closely
to the spindle that both will move together when the bobbin is lifted, until the
movement of the spindle is arrested by its stop j abutting against the cap gas
above described. The constant lubrication of the bearing surfaces is therefore
ensured, the lubrication being practically automatic.
Oil is supplied to the reservoir d through orifices 1, 2, in the cap g, the said
orifices being surrounded by a flange h' which permits a quantity of oil to
accumulate above the cap and to pass from thence into the reservoir. These orifices
also supply air to the reservoir to take the place of the oil raised by atmospheric
pressure. The whirl i is provided with a downwardly-projecting flange n which
protects the cap g from dust when the spindle is in its normal position as shewn
in Figure 1.
I do not limit myself to the formation of a vacuum at the top of the standard a
by raising the spindle, as the same result may be produced by depressing the
standard without moving the spindle, and to this end several standards may be
moved simultaneously by suitable mechanism operated by an attendant whenever
it is desirable to lubricate the spindles.
I am aware that it has been proposed to construct a spindle with a grooved
standard and a tube or shell surrounding and inclosing such standard, the two
forming a dead spindle to receive a live spindle, and to provide a bearing for such
live spindle in the upper end of the said standard to which oil is supplied by a
fountain containing a column of oil acting upon the known principles of hydrostatic
pressure.
I am also aware that a dead spindle has been made with a circumferential spiral
groove and an internal passage communicating with an oil reservoir, and that to
oil the live-spindle bearing at the top of the dead spindle, the rotation of the
live-spindle is depended upon to force the oil up the spiral groove, whence it
returns to the oil reservoir through the internal passage in the dead spindle,
maintaining as it were a constant circulation, but I am not aware that heretofore
a grooved dead spindle or standard and a surrounding live-spindle of ordinary
construction were so arranged as to admit of lubrication by atmospheric pressure
after the manner of a pump or vacuum as above described.
Figure 4 represents a plan of a portion of a spinning frame embodying the second
part of my Invention ; and
Figure 5 is an end view partly in section of the same.
In these Figures, A² represents a portion of a spinning frame; and B³, the drum
which drives the spindles, the said drum being a plain horizontal or nearly horizontal
cylinder driven by any suitable means. The spindles are arranged in two series,
those in one series being designated by the letters C², C², C, C, and those in the
other series by the letters C¹, C¹, C, C, the said series being placed at opposite
sides of the drum, as shown in Figures 4 and 5. Each spindle is substantially
vertical, and is provided with a whirl D of a tapering or conical shape, as shewn
in Figure 5. The whirls on one series of spindles are arranged reversely to those
on the other, that is to say, the whirls on the spindles C have their larger ends at
the top, and the whirls on the spindles C¹ have their larger ends at the bottom.
This peculiar form of whirl is adapted for the reason that it enables the driving
band E to be wound twice around the whirl, as shewn in Figure 5, and when the
band moves, as indicated by the arrow, so as to approach the whirl upon its larger
end, the tapering form of the whirl keeps the convolutions of the band separate
from each other, so that they will not rub or chafe one another.
The reverse
arrangement of the whirls in the different series is adopted for the reason that it
enables the convolutions of a band or bands passing from the drum to the whirls of
both series to be kept separate on all the whirls, the band or bands being delivered
upon the upper ends of the whirls in one series, and upon the lower ends of the
whirls in the other series, as shewn in Figure 5.
In connection with the drum, spindles, and whirls arranged as shown, I employ

page_text: an improved system of banding, which constitutes an important feature of my
Invention. This system or mode of banding consists in connecting the spindles of
both series with the drum by a single endless band, which is arranged as follows,
that is to say-Suppose the band to commence at the point marked in Figure 4.
The band extends from this point to the upper end of the whirl of the first
spindle C, around which it is wound one or more times, and then returns to the
drum passing under the latter; then over and back to the upper end of the whirl
of the next spindle C², and so on, until it has passed around any desired number
of the said spindles C, the number being preferably four, although it may be more
or less if desired. From the last spindle C the band passes under the drum, and
across to the whirl of the corresponding spindle in the opposite series C¹. These
spindles have their whirls arranged with the larger ends downward, hence the
band passes on to the larger end of each whirl, is wound one or more times, and
passes over the top of the drum; then under the latter to the whirl of the next
spindle C, and so on, until it has passed around an equal number of spindles C¹.
From the last spindle C¹ the band passes to the starting point x, and the two ends
are suitably connected to form an endless band.
It will be seen that by this arrangement the band has so extended a bearing on
the drum that there is no liability of the band slipping on the said drum. The
form of the whirls and their reverse arrangement on the opposite side of the drum
enable the band to pass twice around each whirl without rubbing or chafing, and
to drive both series of spindles in the same direction. The extended bearing of the
band upon the drum also enables the band to be very loose without slipping on
the drum, and the two-fold passage of the band around each whirl gives the band
a sufficiently firm hold on the whirls to prevent it from slipping on the same,
excepting when the spindle of any whirl is stopped for any cause, when the band
will slip readily on the whirl of the arrested spindle. I am thus enabled to band
lightly, and thereby run with a minimum of power, and at the same time with all
the necessary strength. By this improved method I am enabled to employ a band
so loose that the pressure when the band is first applied is not more that two
ounces to a spindle, or about twenty pounds to a frame of one hundred and sixty
spindles; while with the ordinary method of banding, using a separate band for
each spindle, the usual pressure is four pounds to a spindle and over six hundred
pounds to a frame. The result of the said improvements is therefore a great saving
in power as well as in the wear of the spindles. There is another objection to
single banding in spinning frames, namely, the shrinkage of the bands by a damp
atmosphere and their subsequent relaxation in dry weather. The result of this is
that the bands are first too tight and then too loose. In the latter condition single
bands are liable to slip on the drum or whirl, and unless they are cut and tightened
slack twisted yarn is the result. This difficulty I entirely obviate, the band being
originally so loose that it cannot be materially affected by moisture or dryness.
It is obvious that with so loose a band there is great liability of the band to
jump off the whirls. To prevent this I place a pin or guard P2 at the side of each
whirl in such close proximity to the flanges of the said whirl that the band cannot
pass between the pin and the whirl. The pins are suitably attached to the step
in which the standards of the spindles are supported, or to the rail of the spinning
frame.
I have found in a shell spindle supported by a standard, that if the standard is
allowed to have some lateral play in its base or support the spindle will run more
steadily than when the standard is rigid. In Figure 61 have shown a spindle
having a standard S3 which is inserted in a base Ï³ having a socket of sufficient
size to receive the standard and permit it to play laterally. To secure the standard
in the base so that it will not rotate with the spindle nor be pulled out when the
bobbin is doffed I drill a hole U³ in the said standard, insert a pin V³ in the said
hole, and then force the standard down into its base, the pin being of such length
that its ends will bind tightly against the interior of the socket and prevent the
withdrawal of the said standard. The hole U³ is of such size that it will permit

page_text: the lateral play of the standard.
When the spindle is rotated on the standard the
centripetal force centres it and keeps it steadily in a vertical position.
Figures 7, 7, 8, and 9 illustrate the fourth part of the said Invention.
Figure 7 represents a side view of two ends of a piece of tubular banding showing
the first step in the operation of splicing.
Figure 7 represents a top view of the same.
Figure 8 represents a sido view showing the second step; and
Figure 9 represents a similar view showing the third step and the completed
splice.
The tubular banding material is usually made of cotton or linen, woven into a
small seamless tube. a, a, represent two parts or ends of a piece of banding.
In splicing these ends I first perforate the part a an inch or more from its
extremity, and pass the part a' through such perforation, allowing the said part a¹
to project an inch or more through the perforation, as shewn in Figure 7. I then
perforate the part a³ close to the point where it passes through the part a, and
pass the projecting end of the part a through the perforation of the part a¹, as
shewn in Figure 8. I then perforate one side of the part a' at c¹, and one side of
the part a at c¹, and turn the projecting end of the part a' back and insert it in
the perforation at c, and turn the projecting end of the part a' back and insert it
in the perforation at c', as shown in Figure 9, each projecting end being pushed
into and covered by a portion of the part of the band to which it belongs. A loop
is thus formed on each part, which loop passes through and is interlocked with a
similar loop on the other part. The loops being somewhat elongated by exerting
a strain on the band, so that they form a compact splice, which does not materially
increase the size of the band nor form injurious knots or protuberances such as
would be likely to chafe and injure other portions of the band with which they
might come in contact. The splice thus formed is tightened by any strain that
may be exerted on the band, so that thero is no liability of the parts a', a', becoming
disconnected at the splice excepting by breakage.
A band spliced in the manner above described is adapted to be wound twice
around a spindle whirl, as shown in Figures 4 and 5, the compactness of the splice
preventing it from striking the other portions of the band when it is passing
around the whirl.
The fifth part of the said Invention is illustrated in Figures 10 to 15 of the
Drawings.
Figure 10 represents the shell and the means employed for making its outer
surface true and concentric with the inner surface.
Figures 11 and 12 represent the operation of pointing and forming the step.
Figures 13 and 14 and 13 and 14 represent side and end views of the tools
employed in pointing or forming the said step.
Figure 15 represents the operation of pointing the tip of the spindle.
In carrying into practice this part of the said Invention, I take a cylindrical
rod of iron or steel for the shell, and bore it longitudinally from end to end to
form a tubular shell A. As it is impossible to drill a hole longitudinally through
a cylindrical rod with a certainty that the inner surface formed by the drill will
be absolutely concentric with the outer surface (a point that is very important in
shell spindles) I make the shell of such a diameter that it will bear reduction by
grinding. I next place the ends of the shell on two studs or centres B5, B6, as
shown in Figure 10, the said studs being in line with each other and fitting
accurately in the bore of the shell so that the latter cannot wobble. Suitable
means are provided to rotate the shell, the studs B5, B³, being the axis or centre
of rotation, and while the shell is rotating a grinding tool, preferably a rotary
wheel C, is brought to bear upon its outer surface, and moved from end to end of
the shell until the entire periphery is uniformly reduced. By this operation the
outer surface of the shell is made exactly concentric with the inner surface, as
will be readily understood. The next step is to cut a screw thread on the inner
surface of the shell at one end and screw in the tip C³, or if desired, the tip may

page_text: be secured by other suitable means. This tip is formed to project into the shell
far enough to afford a blank which forms the step when properly pointed and
reduced. Such pointing and reduction is next effected by means of two tools D³
and E, which I denominate mills. Each of these tools has a cylindrical body
which fits closely in the interior of the shell, the latter acting as a templet for
guiding the tools, so that they respectively locate the point of the step in the
exact longitudinal centre of the shell, and make the surface of the step concentric
with the outer and inner surfaces of the said shell. The pointing of the step is
effected by the mill D³, which has a bevelled cutting edge at the end of its
cylindrical body, as shown in Figures 11 and 13; this mill being inserted in the
shell and rotated until it makes the end of the blank on the tip C³ conical with
the apex in the exact centre of the shell. The mill E³ is tubular, having a longi-
tudinal socket es which is concentric with its periphery. At the end of the
tubular body are teeth e', which are adapted to reduce the blank for the step and
make the latter perfectly concentric with the inner and outer surfaces of the shell.
The distance to which the mills D³ and E³ can enter the shell, and therefore the
length of the step, is determined by adjustable collars F, G, on the shanks of the
mills, the said collars abutting against the end of the shell, as shown in Figures 11
and 12, hence uniformity in the length of the steps is secured. The tip is removed
from the shell after the step is formed to enable the step to be hardened and
polished, after which the tip is screwed into the shell from which it was taken.
The last operation is the pointing and tapering of the tip; and before effecting
this operation the shell is journalled and adapted to rotate by means of a stud or
centre B at one end, and a bearing G at or near the other end, the said stud and
bearing fitting the shell so closely that it cannot wobble. The sleeve is then
rotated, and a bevelling tool, preferably a bevelled rotary wheel H* is brought to
bear upon the outer end of the tip, bringing the latter to a point which is exactly
in the longitudinal centre of the shell and in line with the point of the step. This
is due entirely to the initial grinding of the outer surface of the shell, whereby its
outer and inner surfaces were made concentric, and if the outer surface of the
shell were not true and concentric with the inner surface, it would be impossible
to locate the centre of the tip, as described; and when it is considered that the tip
is the part that holds the bobbin, the importance of its centre being in line with
the step and with the longitudinal centre of the shell will be readily understood.
The centre of the tip having been found and formed at its end, it is an easy matter
to properly taper and reduce the hody of the tip by grinding while the tip is
rotating.
By the above described method of manufacture exact uniformity in all the
spindles is secured and the same are made perfectly true, no straightening being
required, as is the case with the ordinary spindle.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Robert Lake, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Twenty-third day of April, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and eighty one.