IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF COLORS, OILS, AND VARNISHES, AND IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CHARCOAL, AND ALSO IN TREATING VEGETABLE SUBSTANCES FOR AND IN OBTAINING EXTRACTIVE MATTER THEREFROM
Year: 1848

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, EDWARD
DUNCOMBE LINES, of Chelsea, Soda Water Manufacturer, and SAMUEL LUZ
FREEMONT, of Love Lane, in the City of London, Gentleman, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Eighteenth
day of February, One thousand eight-hundred and forty-eight, in the eleventh
year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her, heirs and successors, give and grant
unto us, the said Edward Duncombe Lines and Samuel Luz Freemont, our
exors, admors, and assigns, Her especial licence, full power, sole privilege
and authority, that we, the said Edward Duncombe Lines and Samuel Luz
Freemont, our exors, admiors, and assigns, or such others as we, the said
Edward Duncombe Lines and Samuel Luz Freemont, our exors, admors, or
assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at.
all times during the term of years therein expressed, should and lawfully might
make, use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick-
upon-Tweed, our Invention of " IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF COLORS,
OILS, AND VARNISHES, AND IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CHARCOAL, AND ALSO IN TREATING
VEGETABLE SUBSTANCES FOR AND IN OBTAINING EXTRACTIVE MATTER THEREFROM;"
n which said Letters. Patent is contained a proviso that we, the said Edward
Duncombe Lines and Samuel Luz Freemont, should cause a particular
lescription of the nature of our said Invention, and in.what manner the
ame is to be performed, by an instrument in writing under our hands

page_text: and seals, or under the hand and seal of one of us, to be inrolled in Her
Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar months next and
immediately after the date of the said in part recited Letters Patent, as in
and by the same, reference being thereunto had, will more fully and at large
appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, we, the said
Edward Duncombe Lines and Samuel Luz Freemont, do hereby declare that
the nature of our said Invention, and the manner in which the same is to
be performed, are fully described and ascertained in and by the following
statement thereof, reference being had to the Drawing hereunto, annexed,
and to the figures and letters marked thereon, that is to say:-
Our improvements in the manufacture of colors consists in the production
and application of certain pigments, and in the manufacture of black pigments.
We precipitate the extract of dye and tan woods and barks, and other materials
used in dyeing and tanning, precipitated with suitable precipitants, as the
salts of iron, copper, and lead, or other precipitants which will produce
a black. or bluish black precipitate. We. use these black pigments for
general purposes, except those obtained from dye woods for. printing
ink color, for which it. has been applied. And we generally precipitate
the tanning and coloring matter of barks and woods,.. containing prin-
cipally tannin, with sulphate of iron and bichromate of potash, for a full
and heavy black, and, with sulphate of iron and sulphate of copper for
a blue black. And in. precipitating the coloring and tanning of such
woods and barks, we find it best to use the extract of several of them mixed
together, as; for instance, marabolimis, oak barks, fustic, terra japonica, and
divi divi, or other admixture. We' produce a blue pigment.by precipitating
the extract of logwood with a salt of lead, or with a salt of lead and an alkali
or other. suitable precipitant, and for this purpose we sometimes deprive the
extract of its tannin, as hereafter set forth. We produce a black for printing
inks and other pigmentary purposes by the admixture of certain colors, as
blue, brown, and, black, or a red, black, and; blue, or a black and green, or
-blue, brown; black; and yellow. For example, gamboge, burnt terra sienna
Tyrian blue, and spirit black, or king's yellow, calcined Prussian blue, indigo
or the blue. pigment last described, and Frankfort black, or ground coal
'vegetable precipitated color, and smoke black. The object in using thes
colors. is to produce a black of any shade, which may be varied at pleasure
We use ground. vegetable charcoal, as black for pigmentary: purposes. Th
matters we generally employ for calcination for this purpose are the refuse dy
cand. the woods and barks, brazile, wood, boxwood; beechwood, and the har

page_text: woods generally; nuts, as areca nut, cashew or monkey nut, fir, pine, and
other nuts; nut shells; the husk of seeds, and seeds; barks, as willow bark and
other barks; grasses, straw, rushes, flags, and sea weeds; cotton, linen; the fibre
of hemp, flax; leaves and herbaceous plants; shrubs and soft twigs of trees;
5 vines, birch, heath, and wicker; decayed woods and dead or dried leaves; and
the excrements of animals; from all of which we condense and save the
products arising during the calcination. We prepare or treat smoke blacks;
with a view of improving their color and texture, as follows, by driving off
certain impurities which they contain by heat; that is to say, we heat them
in a vessel which will allow a free escape of the vapors arising from the
decomposition of the injurious matters which they contain, and we prefer-
quickly cooling them, or allowing them to cool in the dark; and we heat or
calcine them with a resinous, bituminous, fatty, or tarry matter; placed at the
bottom of the retort containing the black, so that the vapors arising therefrom
may pass through the black, and combine with the said impurities, which
consist for the most part of a humus-like substance not hitherto named, a
principle termed absoline, with napthaline, and a resinous substance, as well as
other matters, all of which are injurious to the color, texture, and generally to
the drying and covering properties of the black. In using a tarry matter, we
sometimes mix the black with a wood yielding tar, and heat them together;
when the wood yields its tar, and the black its impurities, which wo condense
together and save. We grind or wash the black in a solution of salt of iron
or copper, with an alkali, or with an acid, or with gall, and then calcine it, or
calcine and then grind or wash it, or wash or grind it without calcining
it, or we wash it with boiling water, when some of the injurious matters
are, separated, and float on the surface thereof; and we sometimes boil
the black in the above solutions, or water, all of which processes more
or less produce the desired effect. And in using a salt of copper or. iron
we sometimes do not wash them out of the black (as, we do with the
other .solutions), as they do not injure, the, oil or varnish into which
the black may be mixed. And in preparing the said blacks we sometimes
mix a small portion of a superior black with an inferior one before the
preparing process. is commenced, whereby the inferior black is considerably
improved by the perfect admixture of the superior color therewith during any
of the processes. And we sometimes vary or repeat the preparing process,
by first subjecting the black to one treatment and then to another; as; for
nstance, calcining and then washing, in which case we sometimes throw.the
black into the solution without previously cooling it. We use soot (which
contains ammonia, and the same as well as other matters which the smoke
I

page_text: blacks contain,) as a black pigment; and in order to render it fit for use we
wash it in an acid, when a salt of ammonia is formed, and may be saved, or
we wash it in an acid and then in an alkali, or in an alkali and then in an
acid, and we find that when washed in an acid without being first or after-
wards washed in an alkali that it will answer the purpose, but not so well as
when washed in an alkali as well as in an acid. We use a light corky black
for pigmentary purposes occurring in the slag of gas retorts, as a black, either
simply ground or prepared as the smoke blacks are prepared, as herein set
forth. We use ground coal, and coke produced from cannel coal, and a
carbonaceous deposit from the distillation of resins, oils, and bitumens and
such other matters, which we dissolve or treat with acids, ground extract of
dye, and tan woods and bark, ground cutch, jute, and terra japonica, as
pigmentary colors, with or without other colors, and we use sulphuret of zinc
for a like purpose, but we prefer using the native sulphuret. We use a
brown earthy matter not known as an article of commerce, but having the
property of reddening when submitted to oxidation, and a slate color when
calcined out of contact with the atmosphere, as a brown pigment, and we
sometimes redden it by oxidation, that is to say, we make it red hot in an
open pot, and pass a current of oxygen or atmospheric air over, or over and
into it, and we convert it into a slate color by calcining it out of contact with
the air. And we use for pigmentary purposes a slate-colored substance,
commonly found in the lead or barytes lodes of Derbyshire. We produce a
brown pigment by calcining Prussian blue in contact with the atmospheric air,
or otherwise oxidise it. We produce various shades of color for pigmentary
purposes, by precipitating the extract of barks and other matters used in
tanning, or matters containing mostly tannin, with suitable precipitants; as, for
instance, extract shumac, precipitated with sulphate of copper and bichromate
of potash, to produce a green drab; extract of oak bark, precipitated with
sulphate of copper, or sulphate of copper and bichromate of potash, to produce
a red brown; extract of cutch, precipitated with sulphate of copper, to produce
a light cinnamon, or precipitated with sulphate of copper and bichromate of
potash, to produce a red brown extract; mimosa bark, precipitated with sulphat
of iron, to produce a blue black, or precipitated with sulphate of copper and
bichromate of potash, to produce a red brown; and other colors, according to
the matter employed and the precipitant used. We produce smoke blacks by
burning the material, as oil, fats, resins, and bitumens, and other such matters
on or by means of a wick, instead of setting fire to material, as is customary
and for this purpose we generally use pitch, tar, asphaltum, or rosin
linseed, or other fixed oils; and we sometimes use a mixture of material

page_text: for this purpose, as on and spirit, gas tar, oil and grease, oil, spirit, and rosin,
&c.; and when the materials are in a solid or too hard a state to burn,
we keep them at their melting points, both in the cistern and burning trough,
when they are used, as hereafter described. And we find that when the
5. materials have a tendency to carbonize the wick, as they mostly have, that the
carbonizing effect is partly prevented if they be distilled; and we prepare the
wick, to prevent the carbonizing, by immersing it in chamber-lye, vinegar, a
solution of chloride of sodium, salt dissolved in vinegar, a solution of alum,
acetic acid, or any or all of the foregoing mixed together, and by imbruing
the wick with subnitrate of bismuth ground in oil. And we use any suitable
material for the wick, but prefer hemp or rope, because it resists the
carbonizing effect longer than most other substances. And in arranging
the wick for burning the material, we take several long rollers which
fit, near the bottom of a box or shallow cistern at equal distances, and
wind as much wick thereon as we conveniently can, and then fix them in
their places, and bring the ends of the wicks from each of the lower rollers up
between two smaller rollers placed above each of them, and which upper
rollers are jagged or roughed, so that as they turn by hand or other power they
shall unwind the wick, aud draw it up as it is consumed; and when it is neces-
sary to snuff the wick, we have a long pair of blunt instruments similar to a
pair of tongues, with this difference, that they are so made that the whole
blade comes into operation at nearly the same time, and
crush the wick, that the carbon deposited thereon may be
can be easily detached with-a slight blow given with a rod.
the rollers are placed, and which we have called the burning trough, is, when
convenient, supplied from a tank or cistern placed above it; and the quantity of
material is regulated by a ball cock or other contrivance, so that the trough is
always kept filled to a given height. In collecting smoke blacks, we pass
steam or other condensible vapours into and among the smoke arising from
the combustion or partial combustion of the material producing them, and
condense the vapour and black together by external refrigeration; and in pro-
ceeding we place the burning material under a metallic vessel or chamber, open
at the bottom, and having an exit pipe for the incondensible gases, and being
provided with a raised rim or ledge, so as to form a V-piece around its base
on the inside, and then pass a jet or current of steam into the chamber, and
apply cold or other means of refrigeration on the outside, when the black and
apour continually condense and fall together, running down the sides of the
essel or chamber into the raised rim, from which they may be drawn off as
nay be convenient. And we sometimes use more than one chamber, in which
between which we
loosened, so that it
The box in which

page_text: case we place a conical vessel or chamber, open at both ends, as before, and
towards or at the top thereof place a pipe, from which issues a jet of steam
towards and into the chamber or chambers placed above it, which chamber or
chambers are provided with suitable receptacles for receiving the condensed
vapours, which are condensed in the same manner as when oue vessel or
chamber is used. And we also collect smoke black by causing the
flame which proceeds from the burning material to play against a
bright metallic surface, cooled on the outside, and as the black is
deposited thereon a scraper or scrapers are made to pass over the
surface, to scrape the black off, which scraper or scrapers are sometimes
followed by a buff leather roller or other contrivance, to rub against the
surface of the metal, and polish it, whereby the heat is more readily absorbed;
and the flame is kept cooled, so that a larger deposit of black of better quality
takes place, or the surface of the refrigerated metal is made to pass over the
flame, and then over a scraper, and then over a polisher, and then again over
the flame, and for this purpose we prefer a hollow circular plate, so that the
black is deposited on it as it passes over the flame, and is removed by the
scraper, and then polished by passing over the polisher, and so on continually.
And we find that the less atmospheric air is admitted to the matter in a state of
combustion, so that it will burn, the greater the quantity of the black produced.
Therefore, to effect this object, we apply means of stopping the air or of pre-
venting the draft; and for this purpose we fix, at the end of or in the exit pipe
for the incondensible gases, a damper, or we fix a door or slide to the box,
trough, or oven in which the materials are placed, so that the workman may
have it under command;-a sliding door, or a ventilator similar to those used in
the top of stoves and in the front of the drawer of an ironing stove,-which
may be opened or partially shut, as the material may require more or less
oxygen. We use a new material called gum cowder or gum cowrie, and the
oils, varnishes, and prepared resins or other matters set forth as being pro-
duced or prepared by our methods and plans, in another part of this Specifi
cation, for the purpose of making smoke blacks. We improve the colo
of black pigments generally, as smoke blacks, soot, charcoal, the precipitated
and other blacks, by grinding them with the salts or oxides of metals, as iodat
of iron or nitrate of iron, which we use generally in the proportion of one par
to twenty by weight of the color treated; or we grind.or wash the pigment with
a solution of the salts; and when we grind the pigment in a solution we gene
rally use such a quantity of the saturated solution as will make the pigment
of a proper consistency for grinding; and in using the solution we employ a lik
quantity, further diluted with a sufficient quantity of water. We use as color

page_text: for pigmentary purposes wood or other vegetable substances, and oily, resinous,
bituminous. matters; or parts thereof, decomposed with concentrated acids;
that is to say, we mix strong acid with wood or' such other matter, when a
decomposition takes place; as, for instance, sulphuric or nitric acid mixed with
sawdust in less or greater quantity, or for a short or longer time, produces
a brown or black, and by being washed from any excess of acid is fit for color
when ground. And in treating vegetable substances we sometimes employ
two acids together, or one before the other; .as, for instance; in the article
mentioned, we sometimes first treat it in fluoric or flu-boric acid.
In preparing the foregoing; or other pigments for pigmentary purposes,
we grind them dry in any convenient grinding apparatus, and then grind
them in water or a spirit, and then transfer them to oil, with the spirit
or water mixed with them, which we drive off by heat; and such colors
as are precipitated, we prefer. using them before they are dried, as they
mostly are, for commerce, and mixing them in oil, and.. then driving the
water off by heat. And that we may be fully understood we proceed to describe
our means of proceeding. In the case of coal, ground extracts, smoke black,
soot, charcoal, other, dry pigmentary colors, we grind them dry as; fine as we
can, and we then mix them with water, a spirit, or gall, and grind them, in a
thick pasty state, and then mix them with the oil or varnish, and drive. off the
water or spirit; and, when necessary, we grind the pigment with the oil or
varnish; and in all cases, before mixing pigments with thick oil or varnish, we
grind them in thin oil, spirit; water, gall, or oil and gall. And in separating
the parts of the pigments which are properly reduced we sometimes use water,
and in proceeding we mix the ground pigment with water, agitate it, and then
allow it to deposit the courser particles, and draw. off the parts in suspension;
and allow them to deposit separately for use. This applies particularly to coal
and charcoal. In the case of the damp pigment herein named, and the
precipitated pigments of commerce, as carmine, Prussian blue, and other damp
pigments, we mix them in the damp state with the oil or varnish, drives off the
water, and, when required, grind them in the oil or varnish, in either case with.
the dry or damp pigmentary.colors. We find that the color ground by these
means cover better, besides producing a more level surface, than when produced
by the ordinary.means, which in the case of the dry pigments, is 'to, grind them
in the oil or varnish direct, and in the case of the damp/pigments to dry them:
first, and then grind them in the oil, whereby in the last instance some
precipitated pigments, lakes, carmine, and other pigmentary colors, are very
nuch impaired in color, and become so hard that it is almost, in some cases,
mpossible to properly reduce them. In grinding pigments in oils or varnishes,

page_text: it is customary to mix them, and then pass them through the grinding
apparatus, and the oil or varnish being thick prevents the pigment from being
properly ground. This we obviate by heating the varnish and pigment, or oil
and pigment, or by heating the grinding apparatus by any convenient means;
as, for instance, when rolls are used, having one or both of them hollow, and
supplied with steam through a pipe passing through a stuffing box in the
spindle thereof, or when bed stones are used, having one of them made of metal,
hollow, and supplied with steam, or heated by a jacket, with steam passed round
them. In grinding some pigments, white lead for instance, the stones become
so hot that the operation is confined to a limited speed. This difficulty we
obviate by refrigerating the stones by a similar arrangement for making them
hot, with this difference, that we here employ a stream of cold water, either
passing through or round the apparatus, or by other convenient means
refrigerate them. In using bed stones it is customary to have the bed or
bottom stone stationary; but we prefer, for the purpose of grinding pigments, to
have them both moving, the one in opposite direction, to the other, and
sometimes at different velocities. We mix colors or pigments with oils or
varnishes, and heat them together at as high a point as we can without
decomposing the oil or injuring the color or pigment, for three or four
hours, by which means the color or pigment does not require so much
grinding, and is more perfectly diffused or mixed with the oil. What
we here claim is,
Firstly, the precipitation of the coloring and tannin of dye and tan woods, and
barks, and other matter used in dyeing and tanning, with suitable precipitants,
for black pigmentary purposes, except those from dye woods for printing ink
purposes, to which they have been applied.
Secondly, the production of a blue pigment from logwood, by precipitating
the extract thereof with suitable precipitants.
Thirdly, the admixture of a blue, brown, yellow, and black, of a blue, brown,
and black, of a green and black, of a red, black, and blue, to produce black
pigments.
Fourthly, the use of ground vegetable charcoal for black pigments.
Fifthly, the calcination of smoke black, with or without resinous, tarry,
bituminous, or fatty substances. Washing or grinding them with a solution of a
salt of iron or copper, with an acid, with an alkali, or with gall, or with boiling
water, or by boiling them in water or the solutions.
Sixthly, the use of soot washed in an acid, or in an acid and in an alkali, as
a black pigment.
Seventhly, the use of a light corky substance occurring in gas retorts as a

page_text: black, either prepared or unprepared, as set forth in our fifth claim, as a black
pigment.
Eighthly, the use of ground coal (and canel coal coke), and a carbonaceous
deposit from the distillation of resins, oils, bitumens, and such other matters,
5 ground extract of dye and tan woods and barks, ground jute, ground terra
japonica, and ground cutch, as pigments, and sulphuret of zinc for a like
purpose.
Ninthly, the use of a substance not known as an article of commerce, but
having the property of reddening when oxidized, and turning to a slate color
when calcined out of contact with the atmosphere, as a brown pigment, either-
oxidized or not, and calcined as a slate color or pigment, and the use of a
substance occurring in the lead or barytis lodes of Derbyshire as a slate colored
pigment.
Tenthly, the use of oxidized Prussian blues as a brown pigment.
Eleventhly, obtaining various colors or pigments from matters used in
tanning, by precipitating the extracts thereof.
Twelfthly, burning materials on a wick, for the production of smoke blacks.
The distillation of the material and the preparation of the wick to prevent the.
carbonizing effect of the material, and the use of hemp as a wick.
Thirteenthly, passing and condensing steam or other condensible vapour in
and among the smoke arising from the material, in the production of smoke.
blacks.
.
Fourteenthly, cooling the flame rising from the matter in the production of
smoke blacks, by causing it to play against a metallic surface, refrigerated on
the outside.
Fifteenthly, regulating or stopping the supply of air in the manufacture of
smoke blacks.
Sixteenthly, the application of gum cowder, the oils, resius, and varnishes,
and other matters produced and prepared as hereafter set forth, for making.
smoke blacks.
Seventeenthly, grinding black pigments with the oxides or salts of the.
metals, or grinding or washing them in a solution of the salts of metals.
Eighteenthly, the use of vegetable matter, oily, resinous, bituminous, and.
fatty matters, or parts thereof, decomposed with strong acids, for pigmentary
purposes.
Nineteenthly, grinding dry colors or pigments in water, gall, or a spirit,
and then transferring them to oils or varnishes, and separating ground or
partly ground pigments by water from their coarser particles. Transferring
colors or pigments in a damp state to oils and varnishes, and grinding pigments

page_text: in thin oil before mixing them in thick oil or varnish. Heating the oil and
pigment, or varnish and pigment, or heating the grinding apparatus, when
pigments are ground in oils or varnishes. Cooling the grinding apparatus by
refrigeration. Moving the bottom stone in an opposite direction to the top
stone when bed stones are used.
Twentiethly, heating colors or pigments in oils or varnishes, that they
In the ordinary
may be more perfectly and readily diffused therein.
manner of making varnishes from copal and other gums of the same
character, they are dissolved in some spirit, and transferred to the oil, in
which they are boiled. Now, as these gums contain several impurities,
as do the oils of which they are for the most part compounded, they are
liable to crack and decay, and contain very little expansible property, which,
on exposure to the atmosphere and in different temperatures, destroys their
face and durability: Common resin, oils, and varnishes are still much more
defective, and are useless for paint, on account of uncertainty and length
of time in drying, the discolouring principles they contain, and when dry
their extreme brittleness. If applied for printing purposes, their odour in
heated workshops is insufferable, and the time they require to dry renders
their use impracticable. After printing; if set aside for from ten to twenty-
four hours, upon being subjected to the hot press they set off as though taken
instantly from the press; and, moreover, if even they stand. this test, they
are liable to be affected after months by damp atmosphere, and will smear over
the
paper.
Having stated what are some of the defects in the manufacture of. oils and
varnishes, we proceed to shew how we have overcome the difficulties.
The first part of our improvements in the manufacture of oils and varnishes
relates to the production thereof by distillation of resins, gum resins, bitu-
minous tars, fixed oils, fats, wax, balsams, animal matter, and seeds, and other
materials containing them or any of them. And the object we generally
have in view is the separation of certain matters which we will hereafter call
impurities, namely, acid, water, spirit, and other matters, amongst which is a
substance similar to mucilage, and which we will for the future designate by
that term. And in separating the said impurities we proceed as follows:-
Firstly, by heating the raw material in an open vessel to the lowest heat at
which vapor rises, which vapor, if it was condensed, would be found to be an
acid with water, and on raising the temperature spirit, and then mucilage
. comes over.
Secondly, by heating the raw material to such a heat that more than one
or all of the impurities come over, when the material is generally found to be

page_text: CORDIONS He case of an the materials except the oils or matters
containing them.
Thirdly, by heating the material in a suitable vessel for and applying a
vaccuum so that the impurities may be removed from the material in vacuô,
whereby they are more easily separable from the material.
Fourthly, by heating the material in a suitable vessel provided with a valve;
so that the impurities may be separated from the material while under pres-
sure, whereby the impurities are also more easily separable from each other;
the pressure serving to hold back the less elastic, while those which rise at a
lower temperature, and are consequently more elastic, escape by the valve
first, and on the temperature being slightly raised the next in elasticity or
volatility passes over, and so on until the material is sufficiently purified.
Fifthly, by heating the material under pressure as last described, and
removing the atmospheric air by 'attaching a vacuum pump to the closed
receiver of the condenser.
Sixthly, by repeatedly distilling the oil obtained from the distillation of the
raw material,' with or without our drugs, so that they will when mixed with
the color, according to the number of distillations, present an opaque or
glossy appearance, and not become brittle or discolored, as does an articlé
hitherto obtained from one of the materials, and known as rosin oil or rosin
greases. In some cases it is not requisite to remove all the impurities; and
when this is the case we separate such of them as are injurious and rise at the
lower temperatures, leaving the others in the material, varnish, or oil; and
when the impurity which is not injurious rises at the lower temperatures,
and the impurity which rises at the higher temperature is injurious, we
proceed as heretofore, separating the whole of the impurities, and adding back
that which is not injurious. And in producing an inferior oil we distil the
materials without first purifying them, or we proceed as follows:-
Seventhly, by distilling the oil from the material, by heating the vessel at
least as high as the material contained therein.
Eighthly, by distilling the oil from the material in vacuo, as described in
our third method of purifying, with this difference, we use a higher tempera-
ture than when the material is subjected to purification, so that a crude oil
runs over.
Ninthly, by distilling the material under pressure, as described in our fourth
method of proceeding, with this difference, that we use a higher heat with the
same results as described in our eighth method of proceeding.
Tenthly, by heating the material under pressure, so that the major part or
the whole of the impurities are retained until the matter.in the vessel is con-

page_text: verted into a thick varnishy state, which is then to be distilled into on, anu wy
this means an oil or grease is produced from gas tar, which can be produced
by most of our processes.
Eleventhly, by heating the material in a suitable vessel, so that the gases
may be made to condense and return therein until the matter is converted into
a varnishy state, as by our tenth method; or the process may be continued till
the material is converted into an oil, and in this process the atmospheric air
may be removed before proceeding.
Twelfthly, by heating the material in vacuo, and refrigerating the top of the
vessel, whereby the gasses are condensed with the same results as in our
eleventh method.
In separating the matters rising during the purification or other of our
distillatory processes, we receive the products in separate receivers, either
under different pressures or not, or under different heats, or in separate
receivers in vacuo with different degrees of vacuity; and in separating the
products we also use a vessel divided into compartments, one above or beyond
the other, and place the material in the lower part of the vessel, and heat it
up to the surface, so that the various matters pass according to their volatility
into different compartments. In making the superior or inferior oils, we find
it advantageous to mix two or more of the materials together, as, for instance,
gas, pitch, and rosin. We mix an oil distilled from animal matter with a greasy
product accuring in the distillation of bituminous matters, for producing an oil
or. varnish; and we produce an oil or varnish by using a spirit with the material
oil or varnish, and running them over, as, for instance, spirit from gas tar mixed
with rosin, or gas tar spirit and rosin oil; and the material may be run quite
off, or stopped. at that part of the process, when the remainder is nearly
a smelless varnish. And we repeat or vary any of the processes, bereto-
fore described in the purification of the materials, as, for instance, our
first and fourth methods, so that the article produced may be more perfectly
purified; and we find that the use of steam assists in most of the purifying
processes heretofore described, and in using it where practicable we pass a je
thereof into or among the material undergoing purification, or else we mix wate
with the material previously to its undergoing the purifying process; and wher
obtaining any of the products by common distillation we pass steam into the
still, or condense it in steam. And we find that some of the matters which w
have called impurities have beneficial effect on the materials, or oils or varnishes
produced therefrom; for instance, the spirits for which other spirits may
substituted assist in deodorizing them, and the acid for which other acid ma
be substituted has the power of lightening their color; and for these purpose
b

page_text: we generally mix them together, and treat them under pressure in vacuum, or
treat them in a vessel where the vapours may rise and condense, so that they
shall pass back into the material under operation for a sufficient length of time
to complete the process; and we sometimes add the whole of the impurities,
except the water, back to the oil or varnish produced from purified materials,
when they do not so far injure the article produced as when the oil is made
from the unpurified matters. And in deodorizing the oils and varnishes we
remove the smell by our first, second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth means of
proceeding, or by the use of animal charcoal, caustic soda, a small portion of
fixed oil, and the use of two or more of the materials together, to destroy each
other's smell; repeated runnings will effect it in like manner, as also will most
of our processes and drugs.
In using any of the apparatus described for producing the oil or varnish,
instead of charging the vessel, and working in batches, we sometimes continue
the processes by continually adding the material in small quantities, and we
frequently heat the vessels beyond the decomposing point, so as to produce an
instantaneous evolution of the vapours. We find that these oils are not
in their composition similar to the fixed oils, and we treat them, with a view
to remedying this disadvantage, by the addition of any other matter redolent
of the element of which they may be deficient, and when we find that they
contain more carbon than the fixed oils do, in order to render them nearer in
composition to the fixed oils, we either abstract a portion of their carbon, or
add thereto compounds rich in hydrogen. And in proceeding we distil them
with sulphur or the vapor thereof, or other suitable matter, or add to them
spirits, as naptha or other matters containing a large quantity of hydrogen;
and in using the hydrogen compounds we either simply mix them with the oil,
or mix them with the oil and treat them under pressure in vacuo, or according
to our eleventh process; the object we have mainly in view being the separation
of impurities, and the addition or subtraction of any quality for their purifi-
cation and improvement; and we treat fixed oils and fats with a like view,
namely, altering their compositions by similar means. The materials we have
called impurities may be used for various purposes, as, for instance, the spirits
for paints, varnishing, burning as solvents, and for scenting the oils or varnishes
when they are of an oderiferous nature, and those which are of the same
character as essential oils, may be used for those purposes to which the essential
oils are applied. The impurities contain an oil which we separate and
treat as heretofore set out. And the impurities from black resins and
bitumens contain a black liquor, which we separate from the other matters, and
it may
be used for ink, or in compounding that article. Amongst the spirits
"

page_text: obtained is a christaline product, which is sometimes produced during the
distillation of gas, tar, and animal oils. This spirit we use as a solvent for.
resins and other matters, by heating it with the matter to be dissolved; and
.we prepare or treat the impurities as heretofore set forth for preparing the oils
and other matters. The chrystaline product may be rendered fluid by mixing
it with oil, or render it fluid by mixing or distilling it with animal, fatty,
or ammonical substances. We purify the superior or inferior oils, var-
'nishes, or materials from which they are produced, by the following drugs,
which we apply before, after, or during the processes heretofore set forth.
And in using them we sometimes apply one and then another in the same
or different ways, or use two or more together. And when we use drugs which
affect the color of the oils, we generally separate the oils therefrom .by.distilla-
tion, as we sometimes do when they do not affect the color. All of which
processes are hereafter set forth..
The following is a list of the drugs; namely, the alkalies, as ammonia,
soda, and potash; the alkaline earths, as lime; the metals, as lead in fine
powder; the minerals, as sulphur and phosphorus ;. the salts of alkalies,
as sulphate, acetate, nitrate, or muriate of soda, and bichroinate and nitrate
of potash; the salts of alkaline earths, as carbonate, sulphate, acetate, nitrate,
muriate, or chloride of lime, sulphate of barytes, and sulphate of alumina
or common alum; the oxides of metals, as red lead, litharge, oxide of tin,
zine, iron, maganese, and alumina; the salts of metals, as sulphates. of iron or
copper and carbonate of lead; the acids, as the nitric, muriatic, sulphuric,
arsenious; the spirits, as naptha, turpentine, and alcohol; the gasses, as
chlorine, hydrogen, and nitrogen; and other matters; tannin, as cutch,
woodashes, the refuse of the manufacture of sulphuric acid; carbon, .as
coke, charcoal, and soot and sand, or other finely divided substances,
which we use in our fourth method of proceeding herein-after set forth.
The term drug, heretofore and herein-after made use of, is, we are aware,
in some instances misapplied, but in making use of the word drug or drugs
we would be 'understood to refer to the above-named articles, and we use
these drugs for the most part according to the effect of their relative pro-
perties. As examples of this we employ the alkalies to neutralize acid, we use
sulphate of iron to precipitate mucilage, and acid to precipitate carbonaceous
matter. We are aware that some of the matters we have called drugs have
been used in the refining of fixed oil, namely, sulphuric acid and water, and
sulphuric acid and lime, therefore we do not apply them as new to that pur-
pose, but we use them in our other manufactures, and by our ways and means
which are different.
.'

page_text: In using the above drugs we proceed as nos
Firstly, with those soluble in water, and with those partly insoluble or quite
insoluble, as soda, lime, and oxide of iron, we use with water, and boil the
matter therein for about six hours, and then cleanse the material. from the
drug by washing, and when unnecessary we do not separate it.
Secondly, or we dissolve those drugs which are soluble in water, and well
mix them with the matter by thoroughly agitating them, and then separate
the matter from the excess of water or solution, and then separate or drive off
any water there may be mixed with the oil, varnish, or material, by heat.
Thirdly, by heating the matter nearly to its boiling point, and then adding
the drug in fine powder. Sulphate of iron may be given as an example of the
drugs used in this way.
Fourthly, by heating the drugs red hot, and adding them to the cold or hot
matter. As an example of the drugs which may be used in this way, lime may
be given..
Fifthly, passing the drugs in a gaseous state into. the matter. As an
example ammonia may be given.
Sixthly, when decomposing the materials, we sometimes bring the gases
arising from them into contact with the drugs in solution, dry heated or in a
gaseous form, and for this last-named purpose we either mix the drug with the
material, or form it into vapour in a separate vessel. Hydrogeny be given
as an example.
Eighthly, we employ fermentation by mixing the material under operation
with saccharine matter in a state of fermentation, to separate the impurities
from the matters, or to facilitate the separation of the drugs when used.
Ninthly, we use intense cold, applied artificially, or by exposing the material
under operation to cold air when the weather permits, with a like view and
end.to those last described.
Tenthly, we employ a current of electricity, with the views and ends to those
last described.
Eleventhly. And we use as intense light as we can obtain with. like
views and ends to those last described. And we generally put the matters
treated with drugs by to deposit them when otherwise not sufficiently
separated.
Having spoken of the oils produced by distillation, we will proceed to
describe our means of producing varnishes therefrom and- from the materials.
And the principal object wo have in view in producing them direct is.to distil
them with the impurities therein, which we do by our second, third, fourth, and
fifth processes, using such a heat that the impurities and varnish pass over

page_text: together, or by heating the vessel all over, or at least to the surface of the
material contained therein, which in all cases we prefer to do. Or-
Firstly, by making the prepared materials or unprepared materials into
oils, and thickening them with resin in the ordinary manner, or by the other
methods, except the second, hereafter set forth.
Secondly, by thickening the impurities first separated from the water
which is mixed with them with rosin in the ordinary manner, and using them
with or without the oils obtained by distillation, or other oils, or by the means
hereafter set forth.
Thirdly, we obtain varnishes by boiling oils obtained by distillation until
they are of the required consistency.
Fourthly, we obtain varnishes by thickening these oils with any of the
materials heretofore named, prepared as for the production of oil therefrom.
Fifthly, we produce varnish by the addition of the thickening material
when solid, in fine powder, without heat, and set the compound by until the
thickener is dissolved.
Sixthly. We thicken these oils by the addition of about one-eighth their
weight of spirit, and setting them by till they thicken to the required
consistency.
Seventhly, we thicken these oils by using any of the salts of metals,
alkaline earths, or alkalies, to thicken these oils by heating the oil, and dissolv-
ing them therein, and repeating the process when not sufficiently stout by first
operation, as sulphate of lime.and sulphate of copper.
Eighthly, we produce varnish by distilling the thickening material along
with the oil.
Ninthly, we produco varnish by distilling the thickening material previous
to dissolving it in the oil.
Tenthly, we produce a varnish which, when cold, is solid, and may be
melted into or spread upon any substance, either wood, metal, or other
material, by heating any resin, gum resin, or bitumen, nearly to its boiling
point, and adding in finely divided vegetable charcoal or coal until it is of the
.required consistency; and for this purpose we prefer using charcoal obtained
from ebony wood; and we use oil and varnish for this purpose, by boiling them
until they are solid, or nearly so. We obtain from the less volatile products
from the before-mentioned matter, and most generally from the spirituous 3
product, an oil, by redistilling it from them, and which we purify as described
herein; and we prefer using this product for making the solid varnish set
forth herein; and for this purpose we use it with finely divided wood, as with
box wood, or any light colored pigment, and then boiling it, till, on cooling,

page_text: it is solid; we also use this oil in our other preparations, and for the like
purposes. The means of ascertaining its consistency is cooling a part of the
product, and the matter evaporated may be collected and rensed.
And in making the foregoing. oils and varnishes, we use, instead of iron or
copper, enamelled clay, platinum, or any other vessels, so that contact with
iron or copper is avoided. And in using the oils and varnishes produced by
distillation we find it advantageous to use them in combination with fixed'
oils and varnishes: produced therefrom; and we produce a quick drying. oil.
or varnish by the addition of spirit to any of our varnishes or oils. We do
not require any particular form of vessel for making any of the oils or
varnishes, but modification of heat in any of the well-known application of
steam, blast, or common fire regulating methods, and the heating of such
vessels, ground up to the height of the material contained therein, or all over
the vessels: And we sometimes heat the vessel by hot air, or pass hot air
over the material, so that it is taken up in vapour thereby, and condensed by
refrigeration. An unerring criterion for producing varnish with the impu-
rities in it is the heating the material so that the condensed product is of a
greenish cream color, which product may be varied in its consistency from
very fluid oil to almost solid varnish, by applying higher or lower temperature,.
or by repeatedly running at the temperature at which it is formed into the
stoutest varnish; or the consistency of the distillate may be regulated by the
manner of applying the heat; the nearer towards the top of the vessel the hoat
is applied the thicker the product will be. When the varnish or oil diverges to a
brown tint, the last-mentioned objects. is not attained, and the decomposition
is carried beyond the proper point. We obtain varnishes for printing inks by
thickening the oils obtained as heretofore set forth, and those treated as here-
after set forth, with resins, gum resins, and bitumens, being other, than rosin, in.'
the ways heretofore set forth. And we use a new resin called gum cowder
for thickening oils generally for the production of varnishes; and we produce-
oḍėriferous oils, paints, printing ink, and varnishes by the use of oderiferous gums,
or otherwise impart an agreeablé odour thereto. The above varnishes or oils may
be used for: the purposes of hat makers generally; but for some purposes we
prefer to continue the process described in the beginning of this part of the Speci-
fication, for separating the matters. from resins and the other materials, and then
mixing them with any oil or varnish, preferring the fixed oils; until the com-
pound is nearly or quite solid: Or we thicken the 'prepared oils with one' or
more of the unprepared or prepared, matérials by any of the means before
mentioned, and for this purpose we use the oil or varnish obtained from india
rubber, gutta percha, or shell-lac, cither thickened or fluid, as we generally.
'

page_text: make them; and when using any of the oils obtained by distillation we prefer
to boil them nearly solid, or to thicken with two of the first-named materials;
and these varnishes or prepared materials may be compounded principally
with spirit, or any of the spirituous substances contained in the impurities, or
with other spiritous substances, as a chrystaline substance produced by the
listillation of tar and animal oil. We obtain and re-use from hatters cuttings
or old hats an old varnish for this and the foregoing purposes, and for other
purposes to which shellac is applied, by dissolving the shell-lac contained
therein in a spirit or ammonia, and evaporate the spirit or ammonia from the
shell-lac so dissolved, or the shell-lae may be used with the spirit or ammonia
therewith as a varnish. We treat the fixed oils by means set forth in our
first method of preparing the materials for oils obtained by distillation, taking
care to heat the vessel to the height of the oil contained therein, and to keep
the heat as low as vapour will rise, when acid and water come off, and on
raising it slightly a kind of stearine and tarry product passes off, and when the
vapours rise they may be ignited at an exit pipe at the head of the vessel. We
also treat fixed oils by our second, third, fourth, and fifth methods of treating
the oils obtained by distillation and by drugs in our way of treating the oils
obtained by distillation with drugs, and these oils are in like manner effected
by light, cold, fermentation, and electricity. And we obtain oils from cashew
nut and plantain seed by pressure in the ordinary way, which we use for
printing ink and other purposes to which the fixed oils are applied. And we
use oils being the parts of fats or oils after the stearine is separated therefrom.
We produce varnishes from these oils, and those prepared in the ordinary
manner, by thickening them by our fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, and
ninth methods of thickening the oils obtained by the distillatioa, and the
ordinary oils by our fourth method.
The foregoing oils and varnishes we use as solvents for resins, gum resins,
and other substance of the same nature. We prepare and manufacture
certain essential oils, as oil of coal, oil of tar, oil of turpentine and naptha, by
the same methods by which we purify the fixed oils, either in a crude or
partly purified state, and then distil them, and when in a crude state we run
the oil off till the residuum is of the consistency of varnish, for which it may
be used, or we continue the process until the material is thick, as is customary,
in which case, as in the ordinary manufacture, we use the material for
producing oil or varnish. Or we refine by mixing them with an oily or fatty
matter, and then distilling them. We produce oil and water color varnish,
having. amongst its objects the preservation of colors, and retaining the
appearance of water or oil color, for printing paper hangings, leather or other

page_text: fabrics, and for such other purposes. The materials we use are resins, betumens,
tars, fats, and resinous, bituminous, tarry, or fatty oils, or other oils or varnishes,
balsams, and such like substances; and we sometimes thicken the oils as here-
tofore or hereafter described, or by boiling or the ordinary means, or by mixing
such resinous or other substances as will yield to the treatment which they are
subjected to. We treat such of the above as are soluble or partly soluble
in carbonates of the alkalies therewith, by boiling them in a solution thereof,
and we prefer the resins boiled in as weak a solution as will render them
capable of mixing with the water; or we add to any of the above, sub-
jected to this treatment, mucilage, gelatine, gluten, or saccharine matter, or
any mixture of them, in quantities according to the consistency required;
and we find that most of the above, which are effected by the treatment
with the carbonates of the alkalies, are in like manner effected by similar
treatment with the salts of the alkalies, and generally with the salts of
the metals and gall; but when carbonates of the alkalies will not effect the
desired end, we use caustic alkalies, but we use the first-named articles in
preference thereto.when we can, and when alkali is left in excess we
sometimes find it necessary to neutralize it. A good varnish of this description
may be made by mixing well together equal quantities of gall and oil, cold or
at about one hundred degrees of heat, and then adding in mucilage, gluten,
gelatine, or saccharine matter, or any mixture thereof, of about the con-
sistency of single size, previously heated to a few degrees higher; and a varnish
may be made by the mixture of oil, balsam, varnish, or fatty matter while hot,
with gluten, gelatine, or mucilage, or a mixture thereof. When vegetable.
and animal gelatine are used together the vegetable should be first mixed in...
Those matters which are not affected by the above solvents, as well as those
which are, may be treated with a spirit, either with or without the aid of the
above solvents, and the spirit may in part be recovered, after the mucilage,..
gluten, gelatine, or saccharine matter is added, by distillation and condensation,..
and more or less prepared material may be added to the mucilage, gelatine,
gluten, or saccharine matter, so as to produce opacity or glossiness, as may be
required. We produce paints and varnishes by the admixture of our oils or.
varnishes with our colors or pigments and the ordinary pigments, or by the...
admixture of our pigments with the ordinary oils and varnishes. These paints....
and varnishes are useful in rendering sails and other textile fabric impervious :
to water, and may be used for painting, printing, and other purposes, to which...
paints and varnishes may be applied.

page_text: fats, fixed oils, wax, balsams, animal matter and seeds, and other matters
containing them or either of them, by distillation, except oil, from rosin which
has been produced.
gas tar.
!
:
pro-
Secondly, the purification of the materials, or oils and varnishes produced
therefrom, by heat, with or without vacuo or under pressure, and the
duction of an oil'or
from
grease
Thirdly, the purification of the materials, or oils and varnishes.produced there-
from, by the "drugs" set forth in the body of this part of our Specification.
Fourthly, obtaining oils and varnishes from the materials under pressure or
in vacuo, or by heating the materials so that the vapours as they rise may
condense and run back, and repeatedly distilling them.
"
Fifthly, receiving the products in different receivers, or under pressure or
in vacuo, or of different temperatures.
Sixthly, distilling or treating two or more of the materials together, and the
admixture of animal oil with a greasy product obtained by the distillation of
bituminous matters, and the use of steam in the processes of purification, and
condensing vapours in steam, and passing steam into the still, and the
production of an oil or varnish by distilling the material, or varnish or oil,
with a spirit.
Seventhly, the lightening the color of the oil or varnish, or materials from
which they are produced, by acid, and deodorising them by suitable means.
Eighthly, adding back the impurities, when separated from the water which
they contain, to the oil or varnish..
Ninthly, supplying the materials for decomposition by degrees or con-
tinuously, and heating the vessels beyond the decomposing point of the
material.
Tenthly, treating oils and varnishes obtained by distillation; and fixed oils
and fats, by suitable means, with a view of altering their composition and the
separation of impurities.
Eleventhly, the use of the spirits obtained in the purification of the materials
for paints, varnishes, and solvents, and the use of a chrystaline spirit obtained
from gas tar and animal oil as a solvent, and the preparation of the impurities
generally, and the rendering of the chrystaline product fluid, and obtaining a
black liquor from resins and bitumens.
.
Twelfthly, the use of light, fermentation, cold, and electricity, to separate
the impurities and drugs, or to assist therein, and in the purification of oils
generally.
Thirteenthly, distilling the materials without separating the impurities, for
the production of varnishes.
:

page_text: Fourteenthly, thickening the impurities, either mixed with oil or not, for
the production of varnishes.
Fifteenthly, boiling oils obtained by distillation to produce varnish.
Sixteenthly, obtaining varnishes by thickening the oils obtained by distil-
lation with any of the materials first prepared, as for the production of oils
therefrom, and preparing the thickening material for the. production of
varnish.
Seventeenthly, the solution of the thickening material without heat.
Eighteenthly, thickening the oils by ȧ spirit.
Nineteenthly, the use of drugs as thickeners for the production of varnish.
. Twentiethly, the production of varnish by distilling the oil and thickening
material together.
.
Twenty-firstly, the distillation of the thickening material previous to adding
it to the oil, and dissolving gums in oil without the intervention of a spirit."
Twenty-secondly, the production of varnishes solid when cold, by mixing
charcoal or coal with resins, gum resins, or bitumens.
Twenty-thirdly, the production of a varnish solid when cold, by mixing
an oil or varnish with a pigment, and boiling them till on cooling they are
solid.
Twenty-fourthly, the use of vessels other than iron or copper, and the use
of oils and varnishes obtained by distillation with fixed oils and varnishes
produced therefrom, and the production of a quick drying varnish or oil by
the addition of spirit to our oils and varnishes, and heating the vessel to the
height of the material contained, and all over, and distilling by means of a
current of hot air.
"
Twenty-fifthly, the use of resins, gum resins, and bitumens other than rosin,
as thickening materials for the production of printing ink, varnishes, and the
use of gum cowder as a thickening material in the production of all varnishes,
and the production of perfumed oils, varnishes, printing inks, and paints.
Twenty-sixthly, the use of shell lac separated from hatters' refuse and old.
hats by a spirit or ammonia, for varnish and other purposes.
Twenty-seventhly, treating the fixed oils, as set forth in our second, third,
and twelfth claims.
Twenty-eighthly, producing oils from the cashew or monkey nut and
plaintain seed, and the use of oils obtained from oils or fat, by the separation
of the stearine prepared for oils, and unprepared or prepared for varnishing
and painting.
Twenty-ninthly, the production of varnishes with the oils prepared as in
our twenty-seventh claim, or prepared as is common by the same means as

page_text: set forth in our fourteenth, sixteenth, seventeenth, eighteenth, nineteenth,
twentieth, and twenty-first claims, and the ordinary, raw oils as in our six-
teenth claim.
Thirtiethly, the use of the foregoing oils and varnishes as solvents for resins,
gum resins, and other such matters, and for blacking.
Thirty-firstly, preparation of essential oils, as oil of coal, naptha, oil of tar,
and oil of turpentine, by the means set forth for the production and prepa-
ration of oils and varnishes, or by mixing them with oily or fatty matters, and
then distilling them.
Thirty-secondly, producing a varnish for printing paper hangings, leather
and other fabrics, and for such other purposes, by treating-resins, bitumens, tars,
fats, oils, varnishes, and balsams with an alkali, gall, spirit, or the salts of
alkalies or metals, so that they may be mixed with mucilage, gluten, or
gelatine or saccharine matter, or by treating resin with the carbonate' of an
alkali, or by mixing oil, varnish, or balsam with gluten, gelatine, or mucilage.
Thirty-thirdly, the use of the oils and varnishes above described for the
compounding of printing inks, paints, and varnishes, and for other purposes to
which fixed oils are applied, except oil obtained by ordinary distillation from
rosin, and known as rosin oil or rosin grease, for cart grease and lubrication,
to which it has been applied.
Thirty-fourthly, the admixture of the pigments and oils and varnishes pro-
duced by us, and the admixture of our pigments with the ordinary oils and
varnishes, and the admixture of our oils and varnishes with the ordinary pig-
ments for compounding paints and varnishes, for rendering textile fabrics
impervious to water, and for painting, printing, and other purposes to which
paints and varnishes may be applied.
"Our improvements in the manufacture of vegetable charcoal consist in the
use of refuse dye and tan woods and barks, sca weed, cotton, and the fibre of
herbaceous plants. And when we use any of the above matters for making
cylinder charcoal, we save the matters arising therefrom by condensation; in
the case of the dye and tan woods and barks, for instance, tar, acid, and
naptha; in the case of sea weeds, iodine and other matters; and in the case of
the other matters the various products which they yield. And we manu-
'facture charcoal under pressure by placing a valve in the exit pipe from the
retort, so that the gasses must lift the valve before they pass into the con-
denser; and we sometimes condense the vapors in vacuo.
Our improvements in the manufacture of animal charcoal consist in the
rendering fit for use the refuse carbonaceous matter resulting from the decom-
position of animal matter used in the manufacture of prussiates of potash and

page_text: which it may contain; and when it contains sulphur or other impurity not
removeable by such washing, we calcine it in order to dissipate or drive off
such impurity. And we manufacture animal charcoal under pressure by
placing a valve in the exit pipe between the retort or still and condenser,
so that the gasses rising therefrom may pass by and lift the suid valve before
they pass into the condenser, whereby the products obtained are improved,
and can be more easily separated from cach other; and we sometimes condense
the
vapors in vacuo.
What we here claim is,―
Firstly, the application of refuse dye and tan woods and barks, sea weeds,
cotton, and the fibre of herbaceous plants, and the manufacture of charcoal
under pressure, and condensing the gasses in vacuo.
Secondly, the application of the refuse of animal matter employed in the
manufacture of the prussiates of potash and soda as a substitute for ivory
black, and the manufacture of animal charcoal under pressure, and the
condensation of the vapors in vacuo. The usual means of reducing woods for
obtaining the extractive matter therefrom are the chipping plate and rasping
machine. The chipping plate is a heavy disc of cast iron, with a spindle
through its centre, on which it turns, thus forming a wheel or circular plate,
aud from towards the centre to towards the edge are placed one or more
knives, and a standing shoot or trough is placed so that as the knives pass the
end thereof they chip or chop the wood as it is held by hand or forced against
the face of the plate by a rack and pinion or screw continually working. The
rasping machine is a roller similar to the barrel of a musical snuff-box, with a
number of points projecting in lines across its surface, and the wood is
scratched, combed, or torn to pieces as it is forced against it by a similar rack
to that used with the chipping plate; and the article thus produced is composed
partly of splinters, which are sifted out and ground under edge stones, and
mixed with the part previously sifted from them. The disadvantage of theso
machines is, that they chop or tear the wood to pieces, instead of cutting it, and
that a great deal of friction is caused by the wood being forced against the face
of the plate, and when the shoot is placed level, as it sometimes is, it requires a
great deal of power to hold the wood, as the knife chops on the wood, and causes
it to jump. We use an hollow drum or cylinder, with knives on its surface, as
shewn in section at Figures 1 and 2, so that as the wood is cut or planed off
it shall pass under the knives into the interior of the cylinder through a slot,
and is discharged at the end or ends of it by passing down an incline, or is,
when sufficiently small, forced out at each end by a right and left handed scr..w

page_text: or worm, fitted round the interior, and running from the centre to the ends
thereof; that is to say, the cylinder is divided in the middle, across its diameter,
and on one side is placed a left-hand screw or worm, and on the other a right-
hand one, as shewn at Figures 3 and 4, and the wood is advanced by a
periodically working rack; that is to say, the wood is advanced as by the
rotation of the cylinder it is cut or planed off, and any required thickness may
be produced by raising the knives from the surface of the cylinder, and
advancing the wood accordingly, which we do by means of a ratchet wheel,
which moves the pinion that advances the rack, which is so arranged that the
wood is pushed forward only just in time for the knife which cuts it to take its
hold and pass through. When it is required to produce a small or finely
divided article, one row of knives are grooved or cut into small channels, and
are followed by a row of plain knives, as shewn at Figure 5, so that the wood
is cut into narrow strips, which being endways of the grain crumble to pieces,
producing an article not dissimilar to coarse or fine sawdust, according
to the width of the grooves on the knives; and in using these knives
we sometimes divide them as shewn at Figure 6. We sometimes use a
knife raised from the surface of a solid cylinder similar in form to a
spoke shave or gouge, and so fixed that as the wood is cut off it shall
pass between the knife and cylinder, as shewn in Figures 7 and 8.
When the wood is not sufficiently fine, we pass it through crushing rolls, and
then grind it in stones similar to color stones; or if the wood is fine enough
for the stones to take hold, we grind it in them, without first, crushing it with
the rolls; and we sometimes move the bed as well as the top stone, as before
claimed, for grinding colors; and we use bed stones for reducing matters
generally from which the extractive matters are to be obtained, as madder
and gentian; and we use the rolls for reducing these matters; and we
sometimes steam the wood, that it may be rendered softer, so that it is cut
casier, and the water in the wood acts as a lubicrator to the knife, and we
sometimes pass steam into the cylinder so that it shall issue out at the
cutting part of the knife, where it also acts as a lubricator. We cut or crush
bark roots and other such like substance intended for extraction, by passing
them through corrugated or fluted rolls, or rolls so cut out that they shall present
edges similar to saw teeth, as shewn in Figures 9 and 10; and we use these
matters either steamed or in a dry state.
framework. We obtain nearly as good results by using, instead of the
cylinder, as first described, a table or plane, or part of a circle, moving in an
horizontal, perpendicular, or inclined position, backwards and forwards, the
object being to cut or plane the wood, instead of chopping or tearing it;
The rolls are to be fixed in suitable

page_text: and we vary the form of the knife in all cases according to the article
required.
.
And that our Invention may be clearly understood, we hereunto annex a
Drawing of a complete machine according to our construction, as.shown at
5 Figures 11, 12, and 13 of the Drawings, which we will now proceed to
describe. a is a shaft to which motion is communicated by steam engine or
other power, which gives motion by means of a pinion 6 to the spur wheel c,
affixed to the cutting, cylinder d, which is fixed on the shaft e, e, which turns.
in bearings ff; attached to the framing 9 of the machine. d' are the knives or
cutters firmly screwed to the cylinder d. h is a cam fixed on the axis e, which
in its revolutions. pushes back the weighted lever i', which by its descent gives
motion to a connecting rod j, which gives motion to an arm k fixed on the axis k¹,
on which is affixed another arm k³, which by means of the link gives motion to.
the lever, which carries a click or pall k³, acting on the ratchet wheel /, which
moves on an axis m, which turning in bearings applied to the top of the troughs.
On the axis m is affixed a pinion n, working into the spur wheel o fixed on an
axis p, on which is also affixed a pinion q, which takes into and moves the.
rack every time the cam h acts upon the lever i; and the number of teeth
taken up on the ratchet wheel is regulated by raising or lowering the link j
in slots in the levers i and k, so that the ratchet wheel moves the rack a
greater or less distance, so that varying thicknesses may be cut, the wood
being advanced at proper intervals to suit the rotation of. the knives. On
the end of the rack r is fixed a plate or piston r, sliding in the troughs,
in which is placed the material to be reduced. The other end of the rack.
is guided by means of a clip r³, embracing the guide rod t, all of which will
be readily understood on examining the Drawing.
What we here claim is,-
Firstly, the use of an hollow drum or cylinder with cutting knives on its.
surface, and the use of knives so fixed on a solid cylinder or drum'that the
wood as it is cut may pass between the knifes and cylinder.
Secondly, advancing the wood by a periodically working or moving rack.
Thirdly, the use of groved and plain knives following each other.
Fourthly, the use of rollers for crushing or reducing cut wood and other
matters from which extracts.are to be obtained.
Fifthly, the use of bed instead of edge stones for grinding wood and barks
and other substances from which extractive matters are obtained.
Sixthly, steaming wood preparatory to cutting it, and lubricating the knifo
with steam.
Seventhly, reducing or crushing barks, roots, and other substances from

page_text: which extractive matter is to be obtained, by passing them through corrugated
or plough rolls, either first, steamed or not.
Eighthly, the use of a table plane or part of a circle, moving in an hori-
zontal, perpendicular, or inclined position, backwards and forwards, or up and
clown.
It is customary in the production of extracts from vegetable substances
which contain coloring or other extractive matters, to boil them in successive
quantities of water, and then to add the liquors together, which for certain
purposes require no further treatment, but for some purposes the extract
requires concentration, which is effected by evaporating such portion of the
water as is necessary to leave the extract of sufficient strength. In order to
do away with the necessity of boiling a large quantity of water, and sometimes
evaporating a large portion thereof, we extract such substances by passing a.
stream of boiling water or other menstrum slowly through them, and we
divide the matter to be extracted into lots or parcels, and place them in a
number of compartments or vessels, which are placed on a level, and so
arranged that the bottom of the first is connected with the top of the second,
and the bottom of the second with the top of the third, and so on in like manner
with any number that may be used, as will be seen at Figures 14, 15, 16, and
17, joining the last with the first, and using such a number of vessels or com-
partments as will produce the extract at the greatest strength at which it can
In the case of logwood, for
be obtained from the substance operated on.
instance, which will not give out any more color when the water contains
from fifteen to twenty per cent., we then find it necessary to use about
twenty six, or we can employ a less number by allowing the water to remain
and boil on the wood in one vessel for a short time before passing it to another;
and in order to do this we have six or eight vessels placed on a level, and only
filled half full of the matter to be extracted, and the middle of one is con-
nected with the bottom of the other, as will be seen in Figure 18; and when
charged, and the connections between them stopped, we just cover the wood in
the first vessel with water, and then boil it for five or ten minutes, and having
stopped the boiling, fill the first vessel full of boiling water not in a state of
ebullition, and then suddenly open the connections between the whole of the
pots, when the water partly saturated in the first pot is pushed out into the
second by the water placed in the first, which acts as it were like a piston; wo
then stop the connection, and boil the pots; then again fill the first full
and open the connection, when that in the first passes to the second
and that in the second passes on to the third, and so on to the last
which discharges itself into a suitable receptacle, and we then again

page_text: Dou and pass the water into the second, and put fresh wood into the first,
and instead of discharging the extract from the vessel which was last.
we pass it into the one in which the fresh wood is placed, and the next time
discharge the extract into the receptacle, and then put fresh wood into the
vessel which was second, and pass the liquor from the one from which we last
discharged into it, and then next time into the receptacle, passing the water
into the one which was third, and so on changing the vessel.
The working of this apparatus will be clearly understood by the above
description, together with the following description of the apparatus, Figures 14,
15, 16, and 17, hereafter given.
To moro explicitly describe our process with the greater number of vessels,
we proceed to state, that when the apparatus is filled with the matter to
be extracted, and the communication stopped between the first and last
vessel, the passage being clear between all the others, and the cock turned
for drawing off from the last vessel (each vessel being provided with a
discharge pipe to draw off from its top), we then pass boiling water into
the first, whence it passes to the second, thence to the third, and so on
through the whole series until it arrives at the last, when a sufficient quantity
is drawn off by the discharge pipe before mentioned; and in the case of log-
wood, for instance, we find that when it contains twenty-two per cent. of
coloring matter, and the water will not take more than fifteen per cent. from
the wood, we draw off one and a half times the weight of wood contained in
cach vessel, so that cach quantity of wood has in fact about forty times its
weight of water over it; and we find in the material instanced that it is
best to empty a vessel every quarter of an hour, so that each pot is under pro-
cess five to six hours; and when a sufficient quantity is drawn off from the last
vessel we empty the first, and fill it with fresh wood, and draw off from it;
passing the water into the second, and so on, continuously changing the vessels,
Irawing off from each successively, as will be clearly understood on examining
the Drawings at Figures 14, 15, 16, and 17.. A, A, are the vessels in
which the materials to be operated on are placed in the basket, Figure 19.
These vessels are heated from the steam main B by the coils C, from which
he condensed water passes off by the waste pipe D. E is a hot-water main,
with a moveable branch on a universal joint E'. F are the connecting pipes
or conveying the liquor from the bottom of one to the top of the other.
are the discharge pipes, for the strong liquors leading into the discharge
nain G. Hare the discharge pipes leading into the discharge main H¹, for
arrying away the spent liquors from A, A.
The foregoing process may be applied to cold infusions, alcoholic infusions,
lkaline extracts, and other extracting processes; and when the extract is not

page_text: sufficiently strong, we concentrate it by evaporation, or in the case of extract of
logwood we sometimes precipitate it with a clear solution of caustic lime, and
separate it from its supernatant liquor, and then neutralize the lime with sul-
phate of ammonia, when sulphate of lime forms, and is precipitated, and the
precipitate is dissolved, and may be freed from the free ammonia by heating
it for a short time at the boiling point of that article or a little higher.
We sometimes prepare the extracts of dye woods by extracting their tannin, by
adding to the fluid extract dissolved gelatine or albumen, as size or the white
of eggs, until no more precipitate falls down, or we remove it by placing the
skins of animals or fish in the extract. The extracts of dye woods contain a
gummy or tarry matter which is deposited when they are allowed to stand for
a long time, and as this gummy or tarry matter is in some instances injurious,
we facilitate the deposit thereof by quickly cooling the hot extract by passing
it over a slanting table cooled by a stream of water passing under its surface,
or by other convenient means quickly cool the extract. We obtain the
extractive matter from soft or pulpy vegetables by pressure, for convenience by
a screw or hydraulic press, that is to say, we subject them, such as carrots,
parsnips, and such like matters, to pressure, when their watery parts pass
away from them; and as the said watery parts sometimes contain salts and
other matters which it is requisite to use with tho said vegetables for some
purposes, we evaporate them to dryness, and mix them back with the pulpy
part, whereby the matters generally lose from fifty to seventy five per cent. of
their weight, so that the expense of their carriage is reduced considerably.
And we also obtain the extractive matter from soft and light vegetable sub-
stances, as hops, safflower, annatto, sarsaparilla, and such like substances, by
treating them with the required menstrum, either hot or cold, as may be neces-
sary, and then subjecting then to pressure, as above set forth, when the extrac-
tive matter passes out with the menstrum; and this may be repeated several
times until they have parted with the whole or nearly the whole of their
extractive matter. And it will be found beneficial in some instances (sarsapa
rilla, for example,) to first steam them, in order that they may be softened; and
this may be done with the vapour of other menstrum, as well as water; and in
order to cause the menstrum or vapour thereof to enter, as it were, more into
the material, we sometimes treat them with the meustrum or vapour thereof
after the air has been extracted, by placing them in a suitable vessel, and
pumping the air out, and then letting the menstrum or vapour thereof into the
vessel. We apply the above methods of proceeding to herbs as well as othe
vegetables; and in such cases, as they contain aromatic principles, we separate
them from the water, and either mix them with the vegetables or preserve them
for separate use. In operating on substances containing an essential oil, aroma

page_text: or volatile principle, we used closed vessels, and condense the vapours therefrom
by refrigeration, and separate the volatile parts from the water when insoluble
therein; but when soluble in water, we use closed vessels for extracting, and
connect them, as well as the evaporator, with' a condenser, and use the con-
densed liquor for extracting other portions of the material, when the extract is
not sufficiently strong, each time leaving the parts which are not volatile-in
the evaporator, and so on until the extract is of sufficient strength, when
the water containing the said principles is added to the matter in the evapo-
rator. And we apply this principle to alcoholic extracts, using the alcohol over
and over again. And for extracting all substances containing volatile principles,
our method will be clearly understood on referring to Figure 20, which represents
a section of the apparatus, in which A is the extractor, of any construction,
from which the extract passes to E, the evaporator, through the cock 1
(which is heated by the coil), and from thence the steam, with the essential oil
or other volatile principle, passes up through the tube 2 into D, the condenser
or refrigerator, and from thence through the worm into the receptacle B,
where it is, when necessary, re-treated (by the steam coil 3), to be passed on to
the same or fresh matter to be extracted in a (through the cock 4), when the
volatile principle is soluble in water, but when it is not it may be removed,
and the said matters separated, and fresh water used for extracting.
What we here claim is,-
Firstly, extracting vegetable substances by passing a stream of running
water or other menstrum continually or periodically through them.
Secondly, the condensation of the volatile parts of such matters during the
process of extraction.
Thirdly, precipitating extract of logwood with quick lime, and neutralizing
the lime with sulphate of ammonia.
Fourthly, precipitating the tannin from extract of dye woods.
Fifthly, precipitating the gummy matter contained in dye wood extracts
by suddenly cooling them.
Sixthly, obtaining the extractive matter from vegetable substances by
mechanical pressure, and, when necessary, first treating them with a suitable
nenstrum or the vapour thereof, either in a vacuum or not.
In witness whereof, we, the said Edward Duncombe Lines and Samuel
Luz Freemont, have hereunto set our hands and seals, this
Eighteenth day of August, in the year of our Lord One thousand
eight hundred and forty-eight.

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Eighteenth day of August,
in the year of our Lord 1848, the aforesaid Edward Duncombe Lines and
Samuel Luz Freemont came before our said Lady the Queen in Her
Chancery, and acknowledged the Specification aforesaid, and all and every
thing therein. contained and specified, in form above written.. And also
the Specification aforesaid was stamped according to the tenor of the Statute
made for that purpose.