IMPROVEMENTS. IN THE METHOD AND MEANS OF CLEANSING ⚫ TEXTILE, AND OTHER FABRICS AND MATERIALS, ALSO IN THE METHOD AND MEANS OF CLEANSING AND PREPARING · TEXTILE. AND, OTHER FABRICS AND MATERIALS TO BE DYED, OR PRINTED AND DYED
Year: 1866

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Stevenson Macdonald, of the City of
Manchester, in the County of Lancaster, Practical- Chemist, for the
Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS. IN THE METHOD AND MEANS OF CLEANSING
⚫ TEXTILE, AND OTHER FABRICS AND MATERIALS, ALSO IN THE METHOD AND
MEANS OF CLEANSING AND PREPARING · TEXTILE. AND, OTHER FABRICS AND
MATERIALS TO BE DYED, OR PRINTED AND DYED."
Sealed the 24th April 1867, and dated the 13th November 1866.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Stevenson Mac-
..donald at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition,
on the 18th November 1866.
I, WILLIAM STEVENSON MACDONALD, of the City of Manchester, in the
County of Lancaster, Practical Chemist, do hereby declare the nature of the
said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE METHOD AND MEANS OF CLEANSING
TEXTILE AND OTHER FABRICS AND MATERIALS, ALSO IN THE METHOD AND MEANS
OF CLEANSING AND PREPARING TEXTILE AND OTHER FABRICS AND MATERIALS TO BE
DYED, OR PRINTED AND DYED," to be as follows:-
My Invention is applicable to the cleansing and preparing of textile and
other fabrics, or the materials of which they are made, whether of cotton,

page_text: linen, woollen, and silk, or any mixture of these, to be finished white, or dyed
or printed into one or more colours, and of preparing and fixing the basis or
mordants of colours to be dyed or printed by any of the well-known arts of
dyeing and printing.
In performing my Invention I take the fabric or material which may or
may not have been previously scoured or bleached, and I immerse or padd it
in a bath of cold, hot; or warm water, in which has been dissolved animal
blood simply or in mixture with any suitable metallic or alkaline solution.
The proportion of ingredients and the temperature and length of time employed
in performing the operation must be regulated according to the effect which it
is desired to produce the heat should not exceed 156 Fahrenheit. For many
colors the fabrio may be padded or immersed in animal blood simply or mixed,
and dried in as the basis or mordant before being dyed; the heat required
for drying will be about 212° Fahrenheit. For colors which require mordants
of vegetable, metallic, or earthy basis, or any of these in combination after
being padded or printed and properly dried in the fabrio; and sufficiently
cooled and aged, I pass such fabric through a solution of the animal blood
Jissolved in water alone or in mixtüfe with any metallic or alkaline solution
suited to the nature of the colours féquired; the time required for the operation,
the quantity of material used; and the temperature about 150° Fahrenheit
must be regulated according to the lint; depth; and shade of colors which it
is desired to produce; then the fabric must be well washed before being put
into the dye bath to receive the colouring matter. The mixtures with the
animal blood may consist of metallic acids, such as arsenic or arsenous acid;
alkaline arseniates, silicates, muriates, sulphates, nitrates, acetates, tartarates,
or chromates; the temperature must be suited to the nature of the basis or
mordants and tint of color wanted. The mordants for padding or printing to
be fixed by the animal blood may consist of any of the metallic, mineral;
earthy, and vegetable solutions, or a mixture of these, and of such strength
and proportions as may be necessary for the side of depth of color
required.
2
The object and effect of my Invention is to economise dye materials, as the
fabrics and other materials when prepared in the manner above described are
in a better condition to absorb and retain the dye materials.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said William Stevenson Macdonald in the Great Seal Patent
Office on the 8th May 1867.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAN
STEPHENSON MACDONALD, of the City of Manchester, Practical Chemist, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Thirteenth day of November, in the year of QHr
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-six, in the thirtieth year of Her
reign did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said William Stephenson Macdonald, Her special license. that I, the said
William Stephenson Macdonald, my executors, administrators, and, assigns,
or such others as the said William Stephenson Macdonald, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, should, at any time agree with, and no, others, from
time to time and at all times, thereafter during the term therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of
Man, an Invention for IMPROVEMENTS IN THE METHOD: AND MEANS OF CLEANSING
TEXTILE AND OTHER FABRICS, AND MATERIALS, ALSO IN THE METHOD AND MEANS,OF
CLEANSING AND PREPARING TEXTILE AND OTHER FABRICS AND MATERIALS, TO BE
DYED, OR PRINTED AND DYED," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the
said William Stephenson Macdonald, my executors or administrators, by.ap
instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals.
should particularly, describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention,
and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to
be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and
immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
;
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said William Stephenson Macdonald,,do
hereby declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same
is to be performed, to be particularly described and, ascertained;in and by the
following statement (that is to say).:—
The nature of my Invention consists in the application and use of animal
blood.or of animal blood in combination with, a mineral, metallic, or vegetable
acid, or with other substances, possessing similar.or.suitable properties for the
following purposes, namely, first, for scouring and cleansing textile, and other
fabrics,aud, materials; secondly, for preparing textile and other fabrics and

page_text: materials for dyeing and printing; thirdly, for fixing colors on fabrics that
have been dyed or printed; and, fourthly, for fixing and cleansing the mordants
or fabrics that are to be dyed and printed.
.
In performing the first part of my Invention I take the fabrics to be
operated upon, which fabrics may be either of vegetable or animal fibres, or a
combination of both, and I subject them to a scouring process in a mixture of
blood and water, or in blood and water combined with arsenous acid. The
arsenous acid should be dissolved in the blood and water at a temperature of
about one hundred and ten to one. hundred and twenty degrees of Fahrenheit
until the gum or greasy matters in the fabric have been removed. When the
scouring is completed the fabrics are to be well washed in clean water. The
proportions of water, blood, and arsenous: acid which I have found most
advantageous in practice are as follows, namely, one gallon of blood to sixteen
gallons of water, and one ounce of arsenous acid to one gallon of blood. The
arsenous acid should be added to the blood while it is being stirred warm from
the animal, and the stirring should be continued until the blood is cold to keep
it in a liquid state, the proportions given may be varied according to
circumstances.
7. i.
i
1.
In performing the second part of my Invention I take the fabrics to be
operated upon either in a dry or wet state, and immerse them in a solution of
blood and water, or of blood combined with arsenous acid and water, and of
the temperature of from one hundred to one hundred and twenty degrees
Fahrenheit, and the fabrics must be worked in this solution in a gigger or
padding: trough until they are completely saturated with the blood or arsenified
blood; the fabrics are then rung out or passed between squeezing rollers,
or placed in a hydro-extractor to expel and remove superfluous moisture;
they are then passed through a steam chest, or steam is blown or forced
through the fabrics, or the fabrics are passed through hot or boiling water;
either of the above described modes of treatment causes the animal matter in
the fabric to become fixed. The blood or arsenified.blood. and water for thus
preparing fabrics may be in the proportion of one gallon of blood. to eight
gallons of water, but a rather stronger or weaker solution may in some cases
be desirable. When the fabrics have been prepared in the manner above
described they are in a condition to be dyed or printed of any color according
'to the nature of the base or mordant employed, and the color base or mordant
may be of mineral, vegetable, or animal origin, or a mixture of the same.
For light shades of color it may be necessary to submit the fabric to a
bleaching process before it is-dyed or printed, but for dense dark colors the

page_text: dye astringements, or mordants may be, applied alternately with the animal
matter two or more times.
"
3. In performing the third part of my Invention, which is particularly applicable
in fixing spirit and steam colors and colors dyed with wood extracts, and colors
derived from aniline, the colors are fixed or rendered more permanent by being
finally treated after the colors have been raised with a solution of blood or an.
arsenified solution of blood, as herein-before described in reference to the first
or second part of this Specification.
The fourth part of my Invention is particularly beneficial in treating colors
which require to be dyed after the mordants are padded or printed and dried
in the fabric, and sufficiently cooled and aged (or kept in a wet state).
It has heretofore been customary to fix and wash off the superfluous mordant
in water alone, or in a solution of dung, or dung substitutes, or mixtures
of them; now my Invention consists in fixing and cleansing the mordants
on fabrics in a solution of blood or blood mixed with arsenous acid at any
temperature between one hundred and one hundred and fifty degrees
Fahrenheit, according to the nature of the color under operation. The
strength of the solution of blood or blood and arsenous acid must depend
upon the strength of the mordant to be fixed and cleansed. This mode
of treatment applies to all colors derived from madder or madder extracts,
of whatever nature the bases may be, whether mineral, vegetable, or
animal, or combinations thereof, and to fabrics of cotton or linen to be dyed
Indian red, Adrianople red, or Turkey red, and to all colors that receive or
require an oleagenous treatment preparatory to receiving the mordants.
The acids or other substances to be used in combination with animal blood
are mineral, such as carbolic acid or metallic acids, such as arsenous or
arsenic acid, and alkaline arseniates, silicates, muriates, sulphates, nitrates,
chromates, acetates, and tartarates, the relative proportions depending upon
their strength and the object to be attained, and the temperature at which
the operations are performed is varied according to the nature of the bases or
mordants and the color to be produced. The vegetable astringents used
simply as or in combination with the mordants or blood are or may be
decoctions of sumac, galls, catechu, or any solutions of vegetable matter which
are precipitated with blood. The metallic solutions to be used as mordants
are acid solutions of alumina, iron, lead, copper, tin, and zinc, in the proportions
necessary for the depth and shade of color required.
Having thus stated the nature of my Invention, and described the manner
of performing the same, I wish it to be distinctly understood that I do not

page_text: limit myself to the proportions, temperatures, or other details given, nor to
the particular acids or ingredients mentioned, as others. possessing the same
or suitable properties,may be substituted, but what I do claim is, the application
and use of animal blood, either alone or in combination with a mineral or
metallic acid or other substances for scouring, cleansing, and preparing
textile and other fabrics and materials, and for fixing colors on fabrics and
fixing and cleansing the mordants. on fabrics to be dyed or printed, as
described.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Stephenson Macdonald, have here-
unto set my hand and seal, the Seventh day of May, One thousand
eight hundred and sixty-seven.
W. S. MACDONALD. (L.S.)