Improvements in Thermodynamic Machines, and in Apparatus and Appliances connected therewith.
Year: 1891

page_text: Date of Application, 21st Aug., 1891
Complete Specification Left, 21st May, 1892-Accepted, 30th July, 1892
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Thermodynamic Machines, and in Apparatus and
Appliances connected therewith.
I, WILLIAM HENRY WATKINSON, of 37 Albany Road, Sharrow, Sheffield, in
the County of York, M.I.M.E., M.I.E.E. Lecturer in Engineering at the Central
School Sheffield, do hereby declare the nature of my said invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THERMODYNAMIC MACHINES, AND IN APPARATUS AND APPLIANCES
CONNECTED THEREWITH," to be as follows:-
My invention is applicable with suitable modifications hereinafter described, to
steam engines, hot-air engines, and the various kinds of internal combustion engines,
and the objects of my invention are:-
First. To improve the means of communicating the energy of steam, hot-air,
gas, or gaseous mixture, (hereinafter called the working fluid), to the shaft of the
engine thus simplifying the engine, rendering it more steady in its motion, and more
efficient in its action.
Secondly. To improve the means of generating and utilizing steam for the
production of motive power for use in such engines, likewise applicable to other
types of engines.
Thirdly. To improve the design and general arrangements of internal combustion
engines.
Fourthly. To improvements in a combined form of steam and gas engine.
In my improved means of communicating the energy of the working fluid, in a
heat engine, to its shaft I cause the working fluid to act on a body of oil or other
suitable liquid, contained in a suitable cylinder, hereinafter called the motor
cylinder instead of on a piston in the ordinary way. The oil is thus forced from
the motor cylinder, through automatic valves, into a reservoir, which may be of the
air-vessel type; from this reservoir the oil flows through a turbine, or other
suitable liquid motor, and in this way the energy is communicated to the main shaft
of the engine. After passing through the turbine the oil may pass into another
reservoir, in which the pressure is sufficient to force it back, through a suitable
valve or valves, into the motor cylinder (during this time the spent working fluid is
being discharged therefrom either into a condenser or into the atmosphere through
a suitable exhaust valve) to be again forced into the high pressure reservoir by the
working fluid.
By suitably proportioning the motor cylinder the working fluid may be used
expansively as the inertia of the moving oil will enable some of it to flow into the
reservoir even after the pressure of the working fluid has fallen below the pressure
in the reservoir. The expansion of the working fluid may be further extended by
causing the oil as it flows from the high pressure reservoir to the turbine, to assist
the flow of the oil from the motor cylinder after the manner adopted in the
hydraulic jet pump.
The two reservoirs may be conveniently arranged in the cast iron foundation of
the engine.
Two or more motor cylinders may be used, each discharging oil into the same
high pressure reservoir and each being charged with oil from the same low pressure
reservoir.
Instead of the above described arrangement I may dispense with the reservoirs
and use two motor cylinders; the oil as it is being discharged from one of them
passing directly through the turbine, while the other motor cylinder is at the same
time being charged with oil. This other motor cylinder is then discharged, the oil
passing either through the same turbine or through another one keyed on the same

page_text: left-handed.
L230 one of the turbines may be right-handed and the other
In another modification I use only one turbine, but its vanes are movable so that
when the oil is being forced in one direction, it acts like a right-hand turbine and
when it is being forced in the other direction it acts like a left-hand turbine; the
shaft being thus urged continually in the same direction.
Instead of a turbine I may use any other suitable form of hydraulic motor, but
wherever the working fluid is of a very high temperature I protect the working
parts of the motor by the interposition of a body of oil, where necessary or desirable,
e.g. in using an engine of the ordinary piston type, as a gas engine, I arrange it so
that a considerable body of oil is interposed between the hot working mixture and
the piston, thus enabling it to work without a water jacket to keep it cool. In this
case the diameter of the part of the cylinder in which the working fluid acts, may
be larger than the diameter of the piston, so that the distance through which the
surface of the oil moves may be much less than the piston's stroke, and the area
of contact between the working fluid and the cylinder walls may thus be greatly
reduced.
In every case the oil may be protected by a suitable shield which may float on
the surface of the oil.
The liquid on which the working fluid acts may be dense mineral oil or any other
suitable liquid.
In another modification of my gas or hot-air engine I cause the heated gas to act
directly on the turbine, which may be of the compound type and in order to reduce
the velocity of flow of the gas, I may ballast it by a spray of oil, by air, or by
other suitable fluid, as and for the purposes described in my Provisional Specifi-
cation No. 45961 the oil being afterwards separated from the exhaust gas and
used over and over again.
The air, or the air and gas may be compressed by an ordinary pump or by means
of a compound turbine acting as a fan. In the latter case the compressing turbine
and the motor turbine may be respectively right and left handed and fixed on the
same shaft. The combustion of the compressed mixture, in the case of a gas
engine, may be effected in a vessel between the compressing and the motor turbines,
and in the case of a hot-air engine the air may be heated in this intermediate
vessel.
When used as a steam engine the motor cylinder may be supplied with steam in
the ordinary way, or superheated water at a high pressure may be admitted from
a suitable heater, a portion of this water will (owing to reduction of pressure) be
converted into steam, and the oil will be ejected from the motor cylinder as before..
The surplus water is pumped back into the heater.
I
In another modification I generate the steam in or near the motor cylinder, as it
is required, by injecting a suitable quantity of water into a quantity of oil main-
tained at a high temperature by a suitable furnace. In applying this modification
may heat the oil which drives the turbine to a suitable temperature by fire-tubes
passing through the low pressure reservoir and when the motor cylinder is fully
charged with this hot oil I force a suitable quantity of water into it, and this being
rapidly converted into steam causes the discharge of the oil into the high pressure
reservoir, from thence it returns through the turbine into the low pressure reservoir,
where it is reheated prior to being used again.
When the engine is without reservoirs the heating apparatus may surround
the conducting pipes or other suitable parts of the engine through which the oil
passes.
When this method of generating steam is used in connection with an engine of
the ordinary type, I may employ a separator to prevent the oil being carried along
with the steam.
The fuel used may be either solid, liquid, or gaseous, but in any case the rate of
combustion is automatically regulated according to the amount of work being done
by the engine. This may be done by causing the expansion, due to increase of

page_text: temperature of any suitable substance to act through suitable links so as to vary
the fuel supply if that be automatic, or to act on the damper and at the same time
ring a bell so as to give warning to the attendant. One way of doing this is to
place a vessel containing mercury in the reservoir in which the oil is being heated,
and then allow the mercury to expand along a pipe of comparatively small diameter,
in which is a plunger connected either with the fuel supply, a damper, or both. In
another modification two strips of metal whose co-efficients of expansion are
different are fastened together so that a change in the temperature causes the
compound strip to bend and in doing so to regulate, through suitable links, the rate
of combustion.
The power of the engine is regulated by causing a governor to vary the length
of stroke of the pump which injects the water into the hot oil thus varying the
amount of steam generated. This governor may act by varying the position of an
eccentric cone, as hereinafter described in connection with the governing of my
internal combustion engine.
The spent steam in passing to the condenser or into the chimney is caused to give
up part of its heat to the feed water.
Instead of steam I may use any other suitable vapour or gas, e.g, petroleum
spirit, ether, or aqua-ammonia may be injected into a suitable circulating liquid
heated as hereinbefore described.
When used as a gas engine the gaseous mixture is supplied to the motor cylinder
by a suitable pump, or pumps, either directly, or, it may be first compressed into
a reservoir. In either case the mixture passes through a regenerator before it is used
in the motor cylinder, the spent gases being sent through this regenerator on their
way to the exhaust pipe.
valves may
The reservoir for the compressed mixture may surround the motor cylinder in
the form of a jacket, so that the heat escaping through the walls of the said
cylinder may be used in raising the temperature of the compressed mixture.
The pump
be of the ordinary automatic type and the pressure of the
mixture in the reservoir may be regulated by a valve, which, when the pressure in
the reservoir exceeds a given amount, automatically opens and allows some of the
mixture to flow back into the pump on the return stroke of its piston, thus keeping
the pump suction valve closed during part, or, the whole of the stroke.
In order to prevent premature ignition of the mixture taking place in the
reservoir, the mixture may be caused to pass through oil on its way from the
reservoir to the motor cylinder.
In another modification I use two pumps and two reservoirs, one for the air and
the other for the gas, and in this case I may prevent premature ignition by
admitting first a quantity of air and then the mixture of air and gas to the motor
cylinder. I may also arrange to cut off the supply of gas before the supply of
air, so that the clearance space in the regenerator is filled with only air during
the working stroke, the waste of gas which would otherwise take place being thus
prevented.
The combustion may be effected either at constant pressure or at constant volume.
In the first case the mixture will burn as it enters the motor cylinder, during a
portion of the stroke and in the second case the mixture will be admitted during a
portion of the stroke and then ignited, the ignition in either case being effected by
any of the usual methods.
In both cases the power of the engine is regulated by varying the amount of the
combustible mixture admitted to the motor cylinder.
The exhaust and admission valves connected with the motor cylinder are operated
by suitable levers or rods actuated by cams, or their equivalents, on either the
main shaft or on a countershaft. The quantity of mixture admitted to the motor
cylinder is varied by the governor bringing more or less of the cam into action, for
example, the cam may consist of an eccentric cone free to slide along the shaft but
rotating with it: the governor varying the position of the cone regulates the amount
of the mixture admitted.

page_text: The amount of oil passing through the turbine may be varied by allowing the
pressure in the high pressure reservoir, to vary according to the rate at which oil
is pumped into it, i.e. by reducing the velocity of flow, or, the velocity of flow may
be maintained constant and the quantity be varied in the manner usual in ordinary
turbines.
In order to prevent the circulating oil in my internal combustion engine getting
overheated I arrange the engine to work as a combined gas and steam engine by
arranging that, say, every third stroke shall be effected by steam instead of gaseous
mixture, the steam being generated by injecting water into the oil in the motor
cylinder as hereinbefore described in connection with my steam engine. Or, I
use, say, three motor cylinders all forcing oil into the same high-pressure reservoir
and all being fed from the same low-pressure reservoir, two of these may be worked
by gas and the third by steam generated by water, being injected into the hot oil
as above described.
may
The herein before described combination of motor cylinder and high-pressure
reservoir may be used for pumping purposes and by interposing a body of oil
between the fluid being pumped and the steam or gas, loss of heat is greatly
reduced. Instead of interposing a layer of oil, the length of the motor cylinder
may be such that a considerable quantity of the liquid is always left in it even at
the end of the stroke, and in this way the steam or hot gas will be kept out of
contact with the cold liquid being pumped.
The non-automatic valves in this combination may be actuated by floats in the
motor cylinder, or from the shaft of a small turbine driven by part of the liquid
being pumped.
Dated this 20th day of August 1891.
R. HEBER RADFORD,
Agent for the Applicant.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Thermodynamic Machines, and in Apparatus and
Appliances connected therewith.
I, WILLIAM HENRY WATKINSON, of 37 Albany Road, Sharrow, Sheffield,
in the County of York, M.I.M.E., M.I.E.E., Lecturer in Engineering at the
Central School Sheffield, do hereby declare the nature of my said invention for
IMPROVEMENTS IN THERMODYNAMIC MACHINES, AND IN APPARATUS AND
APPLIANCES CONNECTED THEREWITH
" and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement:-
My invention is applicable with suitable modifications hereinafter described, to
steam engines, hot-air engines, and the various kinds of internal combustion engines
and the objects of my invention are:-
First. To improve the means of communicating the energy of steam, hot air,
gas, or gaseous mixture, (hereinafter call the working fluid), to the shaft of the
engine thus simplifying the engine, rendering it more steady in its motion, and
more efficient in its action.
Secondly. To improve the means of generating and utilizing steam for the
production of motive power for use in such engines, likewise applicable to other
types of engines.
Thirdly. To improve the design and general arrangements of internal combustion
engines.
Fourthly. To improvements in a combined form of steam and gas engine.
In my improved means of communicating the energy of the working fluid, in
heat engine, to its shaft I cause the working fluid to act on a body of oil or
other suitable liquid, contained in a suitable cylinder, hereinafter called the
motor cylinder instead of on a piston in the ordinary way. The oil is thus
forced from the motor cylinder, through automatic valves, into a reservoir, which

page_text: may be of the air-vessel type: from this reservoir the oil flows through a
turbine simple or compound, or other suitable liquid motor, and in this way the
energy is communicated to the main shaft of the engine. After passing through
the turbine the oil may pass into another reservoir, in which the pressure is
sufficient to force it back, through a suitable valve or valves, into the motor
cylinder to be again forced into the high pressure reservoir by the working fluid.
During this time the spent working fluid is being discharged from the motor cylinder
either into a condenser or into the atmosphere through a suitable exhaust valve.
By suitably proportioning the motor cylinder the working fluid may be used
expansively as the inertia of the moving oil will enable some of it to flow into
the reservoir even after the pressure of the working fluid has fallen below the
pressure in the reservoir. The expansion of the working fluid may be further
extended by causing the oil as it flows from the high pressure reservoir to the
turbine, to assist the flow of the oil from the motor cylinder after the manner
adopted in the hydraulic jet pump.
The two reservoirs may be conveniently arranged in the cast-iron foundation
of the engine.
Two or more motor cylinders may be used, each discharging oil into the
same high pressure reservoir and each being charged with oil from the same
low pressure reservoir.
Instead of the above described arrangement I may dispense with the reservoirs
and use two motor cylinders; the oil as it is being discharged from one of them
passing directly through the turbine, while the other motor cylinder is at the
same time being charged with oil. This other motor cylinder is then discharged,
the oil passing either through the same turbine or through another one keyed
on the same shaft, back into the first motor cylinder. In the latter case
of the turbines may be right-handed and the other left-handed.
one
In another modification I use a turbine having movable vanes so that when
the oil is being forced in one direction, it acts like a right-hand turbine and
when it is being forced in the other direction it acts like a left-hand turbine:
the shaft being thus urged continually in the same direction.
Instead of acting on a turbine the oil may actuate a piston engine, or any
When the motor is of the piston type
other suitable form of hydraulic motor.
I prefer to dispense with the intermediate reservoir and cause the pressure of
the working fluid to be transmitted directly through the oil to the piston. By
means of the large body of oil which I interpose between the working fluid
and the piston, the latter is protected and is enabled to work at a much higher
temperature than is possible under ordinary conditions where a mere film of oil
is used to lubricate the piston, and the gumming or clogging of the piston
which often causes trouble in petroleum and similar engines is obviated.
The diameter of the part of the cylinder in which the working fluid acts,
may be equal to, smaller, or larger than the diameter of the piston. When larger,
the distance through which the surface of the oil moves is less than the pistons
stroke and in this way the area of contact between the hot working fluid and
the walls of the cylinder may be greatly reduced.
In every case the oil may be protected by a suitable shield which may float on
the surface of the oil, or which in some cases may be attached to the piston.
The liquid on which the working fluid acts, may be dense mineral oil or any
other suitable liquid.
In another modification of my gas or hot-air engine I cause the heated gas to
act directly on the turbine, which may be of the compound type and in order to
reduce the velocity of flow of the gas, may ballast it by a spray of oil, by air,
or by other suitable fluid, as and for the purposes described in my Provisional
Specification No. 45961 the oil being afterwards separated from the exhaust gas
and used over and over again.
The air, or the air and gas may be compressed by an ordinary pump which may
be driven from a countershaft the velocity of which has been reduced by worm

page_text: gearing or other suitable means, or by means of a compound turbine acting as a
pump. In the latter case the compressing turbine and the motor turbine may be
respectively right and left handed and fixed on the same shaft. The combustion of
the compressed mixture, in the case of a gas engine, may be effected in a vessel
between the compressing and the motor turbines, and in the case of a hot-air engine
the air may be heated in this intermediate vessel.
When used as a steam engine the motor cylinder may be supplied with steam in
the ordinary way, or superheated water at a high pressure may be admitted from a
suitable heater, a portion of this water will (owing to reduction of pressure) be
converted into steam, and the oil will be ejected from the motor cylinder as before.
The surplus water is pumped back into the heater.
In another modification I generate the steam in or near the motor cylinder as it
is required, by injecting a suitable quantity of water into a quantity of oil maintained
at a high temperature by a suitable furnace. In applying this modification I
may heat the oil which drives the turbine to a suitable temperature by fire-tubes
passing through the low pressure reservoir and when the motor cylinder is charged
with this hot oil 1 force a suitable quantity of water into it, and this being rapidly
converted into steam causes the discharge of the oil into the high pressure reservoir,
from thence it returns through the turbine into the low pressure reservoir, where it
is reheated prior to being used again.
When the engine is without reservoirs the heating apparatus may surround the
-conducting pipes or other suitable parts of the engine through which the oil passes.
When this method of generating steam is used in connection with an engine of the
ordinary type, I may employ a separator to prevent the oil being carried along
with the steam. I prefer however to allow free communication between the vessel
in which the steam is thus generated and the working cylinder not even using a
valve between them.
The fuel used may be either solid, liquid, or gaseous, but in any case the rate of
combustion is automatically regulated according to the amount of work being done
by the engine. This may be done by causing the expansion, due to increase of
temperature of any suitable substance to act through suitable links so as to vary the
fuel supply if that be automatic, or to act on the damper and at the same time ring a
bell so as to give warning to the attendant. One way of doing this is to place a vessel
containing mercury in the reservoir in which the oil is being heated, and then allow
the mercury to expand along a pipe of comparatively small diameter, in which is a
plunger connected either with the fuel supply, a damper, or both. In another
modification two strips of metal whose co-efficients of expansion are different are
fastened together so that a change in the temperature causes the compound strip
to bend and in doing so to regulate, through suitable links, the rate of combustion.
The power of the engine is regulated by causing a governor to vary the length
of stroke of the pump which injects the water into the hot oil thus varying the
amount of steam generated. This governor may act by varying the position of an
eccentric cone, as hereinafter described in connection with the governing of my
internal combustion engine.
The spent steam in passing to the condenser or into the chimney is caused to give
up part of its heat to the feed-water.
Instead of steam I may use any other suitable vapour or gas, e.g., petroleum,
spirit, ether, or aqua-ammonia may be injected into a suitable circulating liquid
heated as herein before described.
When used as a gas engine the gaseous mixture is supplied to the motor cylinder
by a suitable pump, or pumps, either directly, or, it may be first compressed into a
reservoir. In either case the mixture passes through a regenerator before it is
used in the motor cylinder, the spent gases being sent through this regenerator on
their way to the exhaust pipe.
The reservoir for the compressed mixture may surround the motor cylinder in
the form of a jacket, so that the heat escaping through the walls of the said
cylinder may be used in raising the temperature of the compressed mixture.

page_text: The pump valves may be of the ordinary automatic type and the pressure of the
mixture in the reservoir may be regulated by a valve, which, when the pressure in
the reservoir exceeds a given amount, automatically opens and allows some of the
mixture to flow back into the pump on the return stroke of its piston, thus keeping
the pump suction valve closed during part, or, the whole of the stroke.
In order to prevent premature ignition of the mixture taking place in the
reservoir, the mixture may be caused to pass through oil on its way from the
reservoir to the motor cylinder.
This is accomplished in the engines herein particularly described and illustrated
in Figs. 5 and 6, Sheet, 2, and in Figs. 10, 11, 12, and 13, Sheet, 5, by arranging that
the gaseous mixture is admitted into the working cylinder below the surface of the
oil contained in such cylinder.
In another modification I use two pumps and two reservoirs, one for the air and
the other for the gas, and in this case I may prevent premature ignition by
admitting first a quantity of air and then the mixture of air and gas to the motor
cylinder. I may also arrange to cut off the supply of gas before the supply of
air; so that the clearance space in the regenerator is filled with air alone during
the working stroke, the waste of gas which would otherwise take place being thus
prevented.
The combustion may be effected either at constant pressure or at constant
volume. In the first case the mixture will burn as it enters the motor cylinder,.
during a portion of the stroke and in the second case the mixture will be admitted
during a portion of the stroke and then ignited, the ignition in either case being
effected by any of the usual methods.
In both cases the power of the engine is regulated by varying the amount of the
combustible mixture admitted to the motor cylinder.
The exhaust and admission valves connected with the motor cylinder are
operated by suitable levers or rods actuated by cams, or their equivalents, on
either the main shaft or on a countershaft. The quantity of mixture admitted
to the motor cylinder is varied by the governor bringing more or less of a cam
into action, for example, this cam may consist of an eccentric cone free to slide
along the shaft but rotating with it; the governor varying the position of the
cone regulates the amount of the mixture admitted.
The amount of oil passing through the turbine may be varied by allowing the
pressure in the high pressure reservoir, to vary according to the rate at which oil is
pumped into it, i.e., by reducing the velocity of flow, or, the velocity of flow may
be maintained constant and the quantity be varied in the manner usual in ordinary
turbines.
In order to prevent the oil in my internal combustion engine getting overheated
I arrange the engine to work as a combined gas and steam engine by arranging that,
say, every second or third stroke shall be effected by steam instead of gaseous
mixture, the steam being generated by injecting water into the oil in the motor
cylinder as herein before described in connection with my steam engine, or, I may
use two motor cylinders both forcing oil into the same high-pressure reservoir and
both being fed from the same low-pressure reservoir, one of these may be worked
by gas and the other by steam generated by water being injected into the hot oil as
above described. In this case the relative volumes of the cylinders are suitably
proportioned to the amount of work to be done in each.
The hereinbefore described combination of motor cylinder and high-pressure
reservoir may be used for pumping purposes, and by interposing a body of oil
between the fluid being pumped, and the steam or gas, loss of heat is greatly
reduced.
The nou-automatic valves in this combination may be actuated by floats in the
inotor cylinder, or from the shaft of a small turbine driven by part of the liquid
being pumped.
The nature of my invention will be better understood by reference to the

page_text: accompanying five sheets of drawings in which the same letters refer to similar
parts throughout the several views.
The four figures on Sheet 1 represent one forin of my improved means of com-
inunicating the energy of steam, hot-air, gas or gaseous mixture to the shaft of the
engine.
Fig. 2. a longitudinal section.
Fig. 3. an end elevation and
Fig. 4. a plan.
and
, is the main foundation of the engine and in it are two compartments, 7,
which serve as air-vessel reservoirs for the circulating liquid, which may be dense
mineral oil. These reservoirs are shewn of rectangular form but generally they
will be made cylindrical and in this case they may be arranged concentrically.
C, is the cylinder in which the working fluid acts on a. column of oil, instead of
on a piston of the ordinary type, forcing a portion of the oil at each stroke through
the automatic valves v' into the high pressure reservoir, r'.
From this reservoir the oil, under pressure of the air above it, flows continuously
up the pipe, p', through the turbine, t, which is keyed to the main shaft, S', and down
the pipe, p², as indicated by the arrows, into the low pressure reservoir, ². From the
low pressure reservoir the oil, under pressure of the air above it, flows through the
automatic valves, v2, up the pipe, p³, and back into the cylinder, c, during the time
the working fluid is being exhausted from, C.
When using this type of engine as a steam engine, I may heat the oil as shewn
in Fig. 2, Sheet, 1, by a series of "fire tubes," n, passing through the low pressure
reservoir. The steam for each stroke may then be obtained by injecting, by means
of the pump p, the requisite quantity of water into the cylinder, C, when it is
charged with hot oil.
", is the furnace from which the hot gases pass through the fire tubes, n, on their
way to the chimney, m.
p, is the feed water pipe.
3, is the plunger of the injecting pump.
el, is an eccentric cone which rotates with the countershaft, S2, but is free to slide
along it under the action of the centrifugal governor, g.
In this way the stroke of the feed-water pump plunger, ³, is regulated according
to the amount of steam required.
The exhaust valve contained in the valve box, a, is operated by a cam, e², acting
through the valve rod, r.
2 is the exhaust pipe.
The return strokes of the pump plunger and of the exhaust valve are accom-
plished by springs or other suitable means. The governor may also be caused to
operate a valve regulating the flow of oil through the turbine.
The temperature of the oil in the low pressure reservoir is kept practically
constant by regulating the rate of combustion by the automatic regulation of the
draught by means of a damper in the chimney, m, Figs. 3 and 4 Sheet, 1, and the
automatic regulation of the supply of fuel to the furnace, f', when that is either
liquid or gaseous, as hereinbefore described on page 6, ante.
Fig. 5, Sheet, 2, shews a modification of the above engine in which the reservoirs are
dispensed with, C, and C'are two cylinders in which the working fluid acts alternately,
and from both of which the oil is forced through the turbine t, always in the same
direction, as indicated by the arrows, and as automatically directed by the
valves v2 v3 v1. In the figure the working fluid is supposed to be acting in
the cylinder C', forcing the oil through the valve v², thence through the turbine, t,
up the pipe p2 and through the valve into the cylinder C. When the working
fluid acts in the cylinder C, it forces the oil back into the cylinder, C¹, as indicated
by the dotted arrow.
By this arrangement the expansion of the working fluid is assisted by the turbine

page_text: W, the feed-water pipe.
When the cylinder, C, is charged with the hot oil the pump, P, forces a suitable
amount of water along the pipe W, and out, through a number of small holes in
the said pipe, into the midst of the hot oil. Steam is thus rapidly generated and a
portion of the oil is thereby forced from the cylinder, C, through the automatic
valve, v, into a high pressure reservoir r, from whence it may flow to drive any
suitable form of motor.
Fig. 9, Sheet, 4, shews this method of generating steam applied to a piston engine
without the use of an intermediate reservoir. The oil is heated in two separate
vessels, hand, and the feed water is injected into each of these alternately
through the pipes W and W¹. When water is injected into, h, steam is generated
which flows through the open passage p¹ into the cylinder, C, where it acts on th
piston, p, in the usual way. The oil which is carried up by the steam into the
cylinder, C, drains back into the vessel, h.
Steam for the other end of the cylinder is similarly obtained by injecting water
into the vessel, h¹. e and e', are the exhaust ports for the steam.
Figs. 10, 11, 12 and 13 Sheet 5, illustrate one form of my combined gas and.
steam engine.
The general arrangement is similar to that adopted in the steam engine illustrated
by Figs. 1, 2, 3, and 4 Sheet, 1, herein previously described hence it will not be
necessary to again describe all the details of the arrangement.
C, is the cylinder in which the gas acts, and,
C¹, that in which the steam acts.
P, is the pump in which the mixture of gas and air is compressed, the automatic
feed, delivery and regulating valves for which are contained in the boxes m and n.
The compressed mixture is forced by the pump along the pipe 9 into a reservoir
which surrounds the cylinder, C. From this reservoir the mixture is admitted into
the cylinder, C, by means of the valve contained in the box a¹, the quantity admitted
being regulated by the governor, g', and the eccentric cone e', as already described.
The pipe connecting the gas reservoir and the valve box a¹ is not shewn in the
fimures

page_text: The regenerator has also been omitted.
The mixture is ignited in the cylinder, C, by any one of the usual methods.
28, is the exhaust pipe for the products of combustion.
The cylinders C and C¹ when in action both discharge oil into the high pressure
reservoir, and are both charged with oil from the same low pressure reservoir r³.
On first starting the engine, only the cylinder, C, is in action, but as soon as the
oil has become sufficiently heated by contact with the burning mixture the
cylinder C, is brought into action by causing the eccentric cone e to operate
the feed-water pump a*, which then injects water into the heated oil contained in the
cylinder C¹.
pe, is the feed water pipe and p², the steam exhaust pipe.
A separate governor g², is shewn for regulating the amount of water injected
into the cylinder C', but the governor 9', may be caused to regulate this as well as
the quantity of gas admitted into cylinder, C.
In another modification of my combined steam and gas engine I use the same
cylinder for the action of both the steam and gas, the steam being generated by the
injection of water into the body of oil in the cylinder. This may take place every
second or third stroke. When steam is used in this way every second stroke the
gas admission valve and water force pump are actuated by the same eccentric cone
which is mounted on a shaft making half the number of revolutions of the main
shaft. The rods through which the eccentric cone actuates the gas admission valve
and the water injection pump are arranged on diametrically opposite sides of the
eccentric cone so that in one complete revolution of this shaft the whole cycle of
operations is performed.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what I
claim is
1. In thermodynamic machines, the particular arrangement and combination of
parts and appliances for communicating the energy of the gas or vapour to the
shaft of an engine, in the manner and for the purposes substantially as herein
described and illustrated in Figs. 1, 2, 3 and 4 of the accompanying first sheet of
drawings.
2. In thermodynamic machines, the particular arrangement and combination of
parts and appliances for communicating the energy of the gas or vapour to the shaft
of an engine, in the manner and for the purposes substantially as herein described
and illustrated in Fig. 5 of the accompanying second sheet of drawings.
3. In thermodynamic machines, the particular arrangement and combination of
parts and appliances for communicating the energy of the gas or vapour to the
shaft of an engine, in the manner and for the purposes substantially as herein
described and illustrated in Fig. 6 of the accompanying second sheet of drawings.
4. In thermodynamic machines, the particular arrangement and combination of
parts and appliances for communicating the energy of the hot air or gas to the
shaft of an engine, in the manner and for the purposes substantially as herein
described and illustrated in Fig. 7, of the accompanying third sheet of drawings.
5. In thermodynamic machines, the particular arrangement and combination of
parts and appliances for generating and utilizing steam for the production of motive
power in the manner and for the purposes substantially as herein described and
illustrated in Fig. 2, Sheet, 1, Fig. 8, Sheet, 3, and Fig. 9, Sheet, 4, of the accom-
panying drawings.
6. In thermodynamic machines, the particular arrangement and combination of
parts and appliances for utilizing gas for the production of motive power in the
manner and for the purposes substantially as herein described and illustrated in
Figs. 10, 11, 12, and 13 of the accompanying fifth sheet of drawings, so far as they
relate to the gas engine only.
7. In thermodynamic machines the particular arrangement and combination of
parts and appliances forming a combined steam and gas engine, in the manner and

page_text: for the purposes substantially as herein described and illustrated in Figs. 10, 11, 12
and 13 of the accompanying fifth sheet of drawings.
8. In thermodynamic machines, the particular arrangement and combination of
parts and appliances in a combined steam and gas engine, in which a body of oil is
employed to protect the piston whereby say every second or third stroke is effected
by steam generated by injecting water into the protecting body of oil (the other
two strokes being effected by gas) thus preventing the temperature of the oil
becoming too great and at the same time utilizing the heat which would otherwise
be wasted, in the manner and for the purposes substantially as herein described.
9. In thermodynamic machines, the method of automatically regulating the
supply of fuel according to the amount of work being done by maintaining an
approximately constant temperature in the furnace, in the manner and for the
purposes substantially as herein described.
10. In thermodynamic machines, of the gas engine type in which the mixture is
compressed into a reservoir prior to being sent into the working cylinder, the means
of preventing premature ignition of the mixture in the reservoir, by causing it to
pass through oil or other liquid on its way from the reservoir to the working
cylinder, substantially as herein described.
T
100 SM 1900
R. HEBER RADFORD,
Agent for the Applicant.