New Material and Articles of Manufacture applicable for or for Carding, Combing, Grinding, Abrading, Filing, and other Purposes.
Year: 1891

page_text: Date of Application, 2nd Mar., 1891
Complete Specification Left. 2nd Dec., 1891-Accepted, 27th Feb., 1392
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
A New Material and Articles of Manufacture applicable for or
for Carding, Combing, Grinding, Abrading, Filing, and other
Purposes.
1, GEORGE HENRY CROKER, of 18, Bellevue Road, Seacombe, in the County
of Chester, Carver, do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as
follows:-
According to this invention I produce a material or article or articles composed
of points or nibs of steel or equivalent metal and a backing or means of holding
them of metal, alloy, or hard substance by which said points or nibs are firmly held
and supported.
The points or nibs are disposed at short distances apart (and in the process of
making the material or articles, may be held by any suitable material or means) and
the metal or alloy (or equivalent hard material) is run in between and round them in
a molten state.
In combination or conjunction with the metal (or equivalent hard substance),
other material may be used according to the purposes to which the invention is to
be applied or used. Such a material may be of a soft nature.
The material or manufacture (or articles) according to this invention for carding
or like purposes may consist of nibs or points arranged as in ordinary cards, and held
by a backing of metal or alloy. And in conjunction therewith, a soft material such
as is used in cards, may be employed.
Cards or carding material according to this invention may be employed for
any of the various purposes to which ordinary cards or carding material is or has
been proposed to be put, and to various kinds of machinery employing it.
The material may be used as a bed or surface on which substances or materials
are operated upon, for the purposes of holding or detaining them, that is, to prevent
them slipping or moving too fast when they are being operated upon by moving
appliances or tools.
The material may be used as a means of abrading, scratching, combing, or
similarly treating substances.
The invention according to a modification or application is adapted to serve as a
rasp or file, or in or as cutting tools. When adapted as a rasp or file, the metal
backing may serve as the point or nib holder; whilst in other cases the points or
nibs held in their backing material may be fitted to a separate back, holder, or
frame, having a handle if desired.
According to the purposes to which the invention is put, the points or nibs should
be made stouter or finer, and they may be ground and made sharp in cases where
it is desired.
Some suitable nib or point holding metals (when metal is used) of the material
or manufacture, are alloys such as those known as white metals, of suitable hardness,
iron, steel, brass, copper, or alloys thereof, and others.
In cases where metals or alloys of these natures are not wanted, or where they
would not be suitable, ebonite, vulcanite, and analogous or equivalent substances
may be employed as the means or material for holding the nibs or points.
From the foregoing it will be evident this invention may be applied to a
variety of purposes, and other than those specified; and that it may be adapted or
arranged to act as or serve for various articles of manufacture, and made in different
ways.
Dated the 28th day of February 1891.
CHEESBROUGH & ROYSTON,
15, Water Street, Liverpool, Applicant's Patent Agents.

page_text: COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
or
A New Material and Articles of Manufacture applicable for
for Carding, Combing, Grinding, Abrading, Filing, and other
Purposes.
1, GEORGE HENRY CROKER, of 18 Bellevue Road, Seacombe, in the County of
Chester, Carver, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner
the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement :-
According to this invention I produce a material or article, or articles, composed
of teeth of steel or equivalent metal, and a backing or means of holding them, of
metal, alloy, or hard substance, by which said points or nibs are firmly held and
supported.
The teeth are disposed at short distances apart. (and in the process of making
the material or articles they may be held by any suitable material or means),
while the metal or alloy in a molten state (or equivalent hard material such as
vulcanite, ebonite, zylonite, gutta percha, and the like) is run in between and
round them.
In combination, or in conjunction, with the metal (or equivalent hard substance),
other material may be used, according to the purpose to which the invention is to
be applied or used. Such a material may be of a soft nature.
The material or manufacture, or articles, according to this invention for carding
or like purposes may consist of staples, nibs, or points, arranged as in ordinary
cards, and held mainly by the backing of metal or alloy. And in conjunction there-
with, a soft material such as is used in cards, may be employed.
Cards or carding material, according to this invention, may be employed
for any of the various purposes to which ordinary cards or carding material
is, or has been, proposed to be put, and to various kinds of machinery
employing it.
The material may be used as a bed or surface on which substances or materials
are operated upon, for the purposes of holding or detaining them, that is, to prevent
them slipping or moving too fast when they are being operated upon by moving
appliances or tools.
The material may be used as means for abrading, scratching, combing, or
similarly treating substances.
The invention, according to a modification or application, is adapted to serve as
a rasp or file, or in or as cutting tools. When adapted as a rasp or file, the metal
backing will serve as the tooth holder; whilst in other cases the teeth, held in their
metallic backing material, may be fitted to a separate back, holder, or frame, having
a handle if desired.
According to the purposes to which the invention is put, the teeth should be made
stouter or finer, and they may be ground or made sharp in cases where it is
desired.
Some suitable tooth holding metals (when metal is used) for the material or
manufacture, are alloys, such as those known as "white metals," of suitable
hardness, iron, steel, brass, copper, or alloys thereof, and others. In cases where
metals or alloys of these natures are not wanted, or where they would not be
suitable, ebonite, vulcanite, and analogous or equivalent substances may be run in
round the teeth in a molten state, and be employed as the means or material for
holding them.
From the foregoing it will be evident that this invention may be applied to a
variety of purposes, and other than those specified; and that it may be adapted or
arranged to act as or serve for various articles of manufacture, and made in
different ways.

page_text: Figure 2 is a section shewing a modification of same.
Figure 3 is a section shewing another modification.
ก
Figure 4 is a section shewing a further modification; and
Figure 5 shews another modification.
Figure 6 shews one form of staple of which the teeth are made in some cases.
Figures 7 and 8 shew examples of the application of the invention to hand-files,
rasps, or abraders.
The examples shewn in the drawings represent material which may be used as
cards or carding material for use in various kinds of textile machinery, and
in machines for acting upon granular and other substances, by rubbing or
cleaning the outside surfaces of such granular and other substances, or removing
adhering matter therefrom; and when of the required form and size, may be
also used as or in brushes, files, and rasps, and other analogous abrading articles or
material.
In the figures, a designates the teeth is the metal or other suitable hard
material, which is run in round the teeth and forms their holder or support: c is
the cloth or equivalent material shewn in some of the modifications and d repre-
sents matted wool used in some of the modifications between the tips of the teeth,
on the one hand, and the metal on the other. e denotes the backs or supports for
holding the toothed material as or when applied to files or rasps.
For convenience of description I will assume the lamina 6 throughout to be
metallic.
The material shewn in Figure 1 is carding material, according to this invention,
such as may be used in carding machines and other textile machinery, and other
machinery wherein cards or carding material is or may be used. In this
form, the teeth a may be taken as of the construction and arrangement of
ordinary carding material, namely, staples, set in the usual way, in the textile
material c, d, whilst the metal is at the back and holds the teeth from that
part.
The modification shewn in Figure 2 illustrates a material substantially the same
as that set forth with reference to Figure 1, but with the relative positions of the
metal and cloth lamina and transposed in it, namely, the metal lamina & lies
between the cloth c and the wool material d.
The material represented in Figure 3 is of the same nature as that set forth
with reference to Figure 2 with the exception of the absence of the cloth
lamina (c).
Figure 4 shews a material under this invention having the metal 6 nearest
the tips of the teeth, and at the back a lamina of cloth or equivalent
material c.
Figure 5 shews a modification wherein no cloth or other substance is used in
connection with the metal b. This form or construction, and that shewn in
Figure 4, are applicable for use in all kinds of machinery in which cards or
carding material is employed for operating upon granular or other substances in
the manner previously described, and wherein soft material above the backing and
next the teeth tips is not required. It may also be used in hand (or machine)
rasps and files, as in Figures 7 and 8, in which case it is fitted into a back e having
a handle e¹ and dovetail edges e², the edges of the material being also correspon⋅l-
ingly inclined so as to form a good dovetail fixing. Or, it may be made into the
form of hand rasps and files without backs, in which case the teeth holding material
should be a hard material such as iron, steel, brass, or the like, and provided with
a tang cast on it; or a handle may be cast at the same time as the metal is run in
round the teeth. In these cases the length of the teeth above the surface of the
metal & should be short, say from about 2nd to about ths of an inch, more or

page_text: less, according to the thickness of the teeth and the work which they may be
required to perform. Figure 7 shews a file or rasp having small or fine teeth,
whilst Figure 8 shews one having coarser teeth. This construction could obviously
also be used in machinery used for abrading substances.
These latter forms or constructions of toothed material are also suitable
as a bed or beds or surfaces on which granular material may be operated upon,
in the manner previously described, by moving parts by machinery, and serve
to detain or retard its movement in the machine against the action of the moving
part.
In any case the teeth may be straight or bent and set at any desired angle in the
material in relation to the metal portion b.
The method of making the material or article consists in holding the teeth in the
desired distances apart and then pouring molten metal (such as type metal or
analogous alloys, lead, copper, brass, or other alloys, steel, iron or other suitable
metals or equivalent hard substances) round and about the teeth and allowing it to
set hard against them, whereby the metal and teeth substantially become one
structure. The operation will be performed in a mould or containing vessel
adapted to obtain the metal lamina in the form required, and prevent its escaping.
All this will be well understood to those skilled in the art of moulding, and
. founding metals.
The material may be produced in flat form, or in curved or bent form.
In the case of the material being of the form shewn in Figures 1 and 3, the
carrying out of the method of making the material is effected by first taking a cloth
lamina, or soft material lamina d, or both of them, and putting (by hand or by
suitable machinery) the teeth into and through them, or either of them: then
arranging said teeth in such lamina (which constitutes a support for the teeth in
the process of manufacture) with their back ends standing or projecting out from
the back lamina cor d, as the case may be and then pouring molten metal round
and in amongst those back projecting teeth ends and allowing it to set thereon.
Type metal or the like is very suitable for carding material to be used in ordinary
carding machines.
In the case of the material being of the form shewn in Figure 2, the carrying out
of the method of making the material is effected by first taking two lamina of
cloth or cloth and soft material, such as c and d, and putting the teeth a into and
through them then arranging such lamina a distance apart on the teeth and
then pouring molten metal or hard substance in between said lamina round about
the teeth and allowing it to cool. Or, the teeth may be first put into the material c
(which forms a support for them), then run in the molten metal, and then put the
teeth through the upper lamina d. The carrying out of the method of making
material as shewn in Figure 4 is the same as this method, except that the lamina d
is not employed.
In the carrying out of the method of making material as shewn in Figure 5, the
teeth are first held at their tips (.e. their outer ends in a plate or body with holes
therein of suitable size and pitch; or in a modified way they are held at their
other ends by putting them through a thin layer of paper or other equivalent
material of sufficient depth and strength to support them in the desired way), and
then molten metal or hard substance is run in and about their bases and allowed to
set. The holding material in the latter case may be removed by tearing or burning
it away if desired.
I would remark here that the invention is not confined to the particular manners
or method herein set forth of making the material, or to the different substances
employed for supporting the teeth when the molten metal or hard substance is
being poured round them.
By this invention there is provided a carding material (or material or articles
of an analogous nature for other purposes than carding) of a great rigidity
and strength, and far more rigid and stronger than anything hitherto produced.

page_text: It enables this class of toothed or pointed material to be used for purposes
and under conditions which heretofore has failed through lack of rigidity and
strength.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of this inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I
claim is
1. The herein described toothed or pointed material or article of manufacture,
the same comprising teeth a disposed closely together, and a backing of suit-
able metal or hard material, cast round and about such teeth at or near the base
thereof.
2. The herein described toothed or pointed material or article of manufacture,
the same comprising wire teeth a, disposed closely together, a backing b of suitable
metal or hard substance cast round and about said teeth and by which they are held,
and a soft material such as textile material or paper.
3. The toothed or pointed materials constructed or made as set forth with
reference to Figure 1; Figure 2; Figure 3; Figure 4 and Figure 5,
respectively.
4. Hand files or rasps constructed substantially as herein set forth.
5. The hand files or rasps set forth with reference to Figures 7 and 8 of the
drawings.
IS
“irst day of Decenaira
CHEESBROUGH & ROYSTON, Fels. Chart. Inst. P.A.,
15, Water Street, Liverpool, Applicant's Patent Agents.
CHEESBROUGH & ROYSTON, Fels. Chart. Inst. P.A.,
15, Water Street, Liverpool, Applicant's Patent Agents.