A CERTAIN IMPROVEMENT OR CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PALISADES, GATES, AND FENCES, THE WHOLE OR PART OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS MAY BE APPLIED TO OTHER PURPOSES
Year: 1844

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, CHARLES
HENRY CAPPER, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick, Engineer, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at
Westminster, the Tenth day of July, in the eighth year of Her reign, and in
the Year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and forty-four, did, for
Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said Charles
Henry Capper, my exors, admors, and assigns, Her especial licence, full power,
sole privilege and authority, that I, the said Charles Henry Capper, my exors,
admiors, and assigns, and such others as I, the said Charles Henry Capper, my
exors, adñiors, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from
time to time and at all times thereafter, during the term of years therein men-
tioned, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within that part
of the United Kingdom called England, our Dominion of Wales, and Town
of Berwick-upon-Tweed, my Invention for "A CERTAIN IMPROVEMENT OR CERTAIN
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PALISADES, GATES, AND FENCES, THE
WHOLE OR PART OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS MAY BE APPLIED TO OTHER PURPOSES;" in
which said Letters Patent is contained a proviso that, I, the said Charles
Henry Capper, shall particularly describe and ascertain the nature of my
said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, by an

page_text: instrument in writing under my hand and seal, to be inrolled in Her said
Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar months next and
immediately after the date of the said in part recited Letters Patent, as,
reference being thereunto had, will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Charles Henry Capper, do hereby declare that the nature of my said Invention,
and the manner in which the same is to be performed, is particularly described
and ascertained in and by the following instrument in writing, reference
being had to the letters and figures contained therein, and to the Drawings
hereunto annexed, that is to say :-
My improvements consist,-
Firstly, in using bars for palisades, gates, and fences made out of drawn
skelps brazed or soldered in the joint, and ornamenting the same with cast
iron.
Secondly, in a mode of uniting the cast iron and wrought iron parts together
in the manufacture of palisades, gates, and fences on my plan.
Thirdly, my improvements consist in a combination of wooden rails with
my said iron bars to be used in the construction of palisades, gates, and
fences on my plan. And,
Lastly, in other combinations, which do not require the application of my
aforesaid second improvement.
The inode of uniting wrought and cast iron in the manufacture of palisades,
gates, and fences on my plan will be perceived by reference to the accom-
panying Drawings. In the first place, to form my bar, I take a piece of sheet
iron of a proper width and thickness, according to the intended diameter and
strength of the bar required, and which is drawn (in the usual manner) from
what is technically called a skelp, taking care to have the edges of the sheet
iron even, and to draw them more carefully together, Figures 1 and 2, so that
they may afterwards be soldered or brazed in the joint. I make these bars of
any shape, dependent on the dies or swages through which the skelp is drawn;
for instance, either round, square, or octagonal, or any other shape; see
sections ff. ff. f, Figures 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11. The end of the bar is then
forced out so as to be slightly bell-mouthed (Figure 3), which increases the
diameter of the orifice (6); and having tinned (in the usual manner) that
portion of the bar which comes in contact with the melted iron, when and
where the juncture of the wrought and cast iron is formed, as seen at b,
Figure 4, it is then inserted in a mould or device made by the method usually
adopted by founders. The melted iron is then poured into the mould. The tin
on that portion of the bar which has been introduced into the mould becomes

page_text: fused. This fusion creates adhesion, and effectually unites the two metals,
which are no longer liable to become loose, as is the case when the tinning
process is not adopted. It is then fixed with a wrought-iron top or bottom
rail c, or with both. Figure 4 represents the wrought-iron top rail only.
. The end
I shall now proceed to describe one or two other methods for constructing
palisades, gates, fences, &c., which may be made with or without applying the
principle of making the metals adhere. Figure 5 represents an elevation (A)
and section B of palisading. a, a, is an ornamented cast-iron top rail, and b, b,
one of my wrought-iron bars. When making the head rail a, a core is put
in the mould for the purpose of admitting the end of the bar (b) at the point
(c), which forms a recess represented by the black mark thus
of the bar (6) is then inserted at the point (e) of the rail (a), and the vacant
space round the end of the bar (b), caused by the introduction of the core in
the mould, is filled with melted tin, spelter, lead, or any other metal or alloy
suitable for the purpose, and, if found necessary, it is caulked, which makes the
metal joint much firmer: Figure 6 represents an elevation (C) and section (D)
of another method. I cast a palisade head (d) of any device, and core out the
inside, as seen at (a)
which done I rymer or clean out the hole to
such a dimension that it will admit the bar (e) tight into the orifice
which is then driven on until the head (d) and tube (e) are firmly fixed together.
In all cases where it is practicable I diminish the weight of the palisade by
coring the cast-iron head, as seen at (s), Figures 4, 5, and 6.
Figures 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, represent elevations G and sections II of another
mode of making palisading with a wrought or cast iron top rail, the bars being
firmly fixed at the top. These palisades shew various shaped bars, as seen at
sections f. ff.ff. In Figures 7, 8, and 9 are represented ornaments y, Y, Y; Y,
on the bars, which I propose to put on any part, either cast or loose. If cast
upon the bar, that portion of it to which the ornament is united must be
turned as before described. I also propose to use stamped ornaments made
of wrought iron, and fasten the same on the bar with rivets, or by any other
effectual method. .
Figure 12 represents an elevation (E) and section (F) of a palisade or pillar
made of three or more bars, and which may be fastened with wrought or cast
iron bands, as seen at g, h, and section i. Any suitable ornament is then fixed
on the top by any of the methods herein-before described.
Figure 13 represents my third improvement, which consists of modes very
similar to those herein-before described, and represented in Figures 7, 8, 9,
10, and 11, with this exception, that I apply wooden rails (j,j) instead of

page_text: :
wrought or cast iron ones. Cast or wrought iron ornaments, or both, may be
fixed on any part of the bars, or on the wooden rails, as seen at k, l, m.
Figures 14 and 15 represent the modes or methods by which I propose to
make either foot or carriage gates with a combination of wood and iron and
the bars before described, or with wrought or cast iron and the bars only.
Figures 16 and 17 represent a wrought iron wall cover, or, as it is usually
called, "coping," seen at (v), Figure 16, and w, Figure 17, on which the end of
my bars are to be fixed. I propose to make this coping of wrought iron of a
proper width and thickness to cover the wall, and to draw or roll the same in
dies or rolls to any shape or form required, which "coping" may be used for
other purposes. And to prevent oxidation on the palisades, gates, fences, and
copings, I propose to coat with zinc (or, as it is commonly called, galvanize,)
the whole or any part of the same by any of the processes by which the said
galvanizing may be effected.
Having now described the nature of my said Inventions, and the manner in
which the same is to be performed, I hereby claim as my improvements
aforesaid,
First, the using of brazed or soldered bars for gates, palisades, and fences,
made out of drawn skelps, as herein-before described.
Secondly, the fastening of the wrought-iron parts of my palisades, gates,
and fences to the cast-iron parts thereof by tinning the same, as herein-before
described.
Thirdly, the ornamenting of my said bars in their central and other parts, or
by uniting two or more together, as herein-before shown; and,
And lastly, the combining of my said iron bars with wooden rails, in some
cases, to make palisades, gates, and fences, and drawing or rolling the said
wrought-iron coping, as herein-before described.
And such my Invention being, to the best of my knowledge and belief,
entirely new and never before used within that part of Her said Majesty's
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland called England, our Dominion
of Wales, and Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, I do hereby declare this to be
my Specification of the same; that I do verily believe this my said Specification
doth comply in all respects, fully and without reserve or disguise, with the
proviso in the said berein-before in part recited Letters Patent contained;
wherefore I hereby claim to maintain exclusive right and privilege to my said
Inventions.
In witness whereof, I, the said Charles Henry Capper, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Fourth day of January, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and forty-five.
CHARLES H (L.S.) CAPPER.

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Fourth day of January, in the
year of our Lord 1845, the aforesaid Charles Henry Capper came before our
said Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged the Specification
aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained and specified, in form
above written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped according
to the tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.
Enrolled the Seventh day of January, in the year of our
thousand eight hundred and forty-five.