IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR CASTING TUBES AND CYLINDERS IN GLASS, FOR ANNEALING GLASS TUBES AND CYLINDERS, AND ALSO FOR CASING OR FITTING SUCH ARTICLES TO PROTECT THEM FROM INJURY."
Year: 1874

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Chedgey, of the Grove, Great Guildford
Street, in the Borough of Southwark, Engineer, for the Invention of
"IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR CASTING TUBES AND CYLINDERS IN GLASS, FOR
ANNEALING GLASS TUBES AND CYLINDERS, AND ALSO FOR CASING OR FITTING
SUCH ARTICLES TO PROTECT THEM FROM INJURY."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Chedgey at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on tho
27th March 1874.
I, JOHN CHEDGEY, of the Grove, Great Guildford Street, in the Borough
of Southwark, Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said In-
vention for "IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR CASTING TUBES AND CYLINDERS IN GLASS;
FOR ANNEALING GLASS TUBES AND CYLINDERS, AND ALSO FOR CASING OR FITTING
SUCH ARTICLES TO PROTECT THEM FROM INJURY," to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to the manufacture in glass of cylindrical and
other tubes to be used mainly for the transmission of mineral and other
acids which have the property of corroding metals..
:

page_text: 2ndly. To the annealing of glass cylinders and tubes.
And, 3rdly. To the fitting of cylindrical glass tubes, whether used simply
as pipes or as barrels for pumps, and also of elbow and other shaped
tubes in cases for the protection of the same from accidental injury.
The disadvantages hitherto experienced in the adoption of glass for
pump barrels and conduit pipes has been the liability of the same to fly
in the manufacture, or to crack when in use; and it is to provide
against these difficulties that my Invention is mainly directed.
When casting glass cylinders of large diameter I use a vertical cylin.
drical mould, by preference of cast iron, composed of two half moulds,
which will admit of being thrown back to release the cast cylinder.
These half moulds I fit on a bed plate, having an opening through it
concentric with the mould. This opening is filled by a hollow core
which stands up concentric with the mould, and is of such diameter as
to leave only between it and the mould an annular space corresponding to
the thickness of the cylinder to be cast. In this space I insert an annular
piston, which forms a false bottom for the mould; and upon this. false
bottom I place a loose ring for the purpose to be presently explained.
The piston is supported by two guides rods which are connected at their
lower ends by a cross bar to a pair of levers, the rocking of which will
raise or lower the piston as desired. The central core is similarly fitted
with rock levers to allow of its being raised and lowered before and after
the casting operation. This core is so fitted to its levers as to allow of
its receiving an axial motion to disengage it from the casting while the
same is cooling. It is passed up through a guide which steadies it in
its motion, and it is held fast in position during the casting by means of
clamping screws. A square is provided at one end of the core to
receive a spanner for giving it an axial motion when desired,.
In order to prepare the mould for casting the half moulds are brought
into position and secured together by clamps. The core is raised and
fixed at a proper elevation; and the plunger or false bottom is also raised
to near to the top of the mould. On this plunger is then placed the loose
ring, and the pouring commences. As the pouring is continued the

page_text: plunger carrying the loose ring gradually is depressed until it arrives at
the bottom of the mould by means of the levers connected with it.
The "metal" is thereby allowed to accumulate in a heated state abovo
the ring, instead of as heretofore cooling during its progress towards the
bottom of the mould. By this means casting without flaws may bo
readily obtained.
When the casting is sufficiently cool to permit of its discharge it is
lifted from the open mould, and carried to the anncaling oven, that
operation being greatly facilitated by the use of the loose ring on which
it rests.
The glass cylinders and conduit pipes I protect by cementing them
into flanged cases of cast iron or other suitable material; and when the.
glass cylinders are to be used as pump barrels they must be bored and
polished, and their ends bedded on rings of india-rubber. To ensure a
proper annealing of the castings they are confined within a close vessel
contained in the annealing oven, and they are thereby protected from
the action of draughts of air.
In casting elbows or T pipes I use a divided core, the parts of which
will admit of being withdrawn from the mould at right angles to cach
other. The parts forming this divided core are supported in guides
attached to the mould, and so constructed as to allow of the cores
receiving an axial motion; and I secure the cores in position by means
of clamping screws, as before explained. These moulds, like the mould
for the cylindrical pipe, are cast in halves, and the halves are held
together by clamping screws applied to their flanges.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said John Chedgey in the Great Scal Patent Office
on the 26th September 1874.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHN
30 CHEDGEY, of the Grove, Great Guildford Street, in the Borough of
Southwark, Engineer, send greeting..

page_text: our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-four, in the thirty-
seventh year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors,.
give and grant unto me, the said John Chedgey, Her special licence
that I, the said John Chedgey, my executors, administrators, and
assigns, or such others as I, the said John Chedgey, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no.
others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term
therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVED AP-
PARATUS FOR CASTING TUBES AND CYLINDERS IN GLASS, FOR ANNEALING GLASS
TUBES AND CYLINDERS, AND ALSO FOR CASING OR FITTING SUCH ARTICLES TO
PROTECT THEM FROM INJURY," upon the condition (amongst others) that
I, the said John Chedgey, my executors or administrators, by an
instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and
scals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said
Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and
cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said John Chedgcy, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by
the following statement, reference being had to the Drawing hereunto
annexed, and to the letters and figures marked thereon (that is to
say) :—
This Invention relates to the manufacture in glass of cylindrical and
other tubes to be used mainly for the transmission of mineral and other
acids which have the property of corroding metals.
2
The Invention relates,-.
E
Firstly. To the construction of the moulds and apparatus in and by
which the cylinders and tubes arc to be cast.
•
Secondly. To the annealing of glass cylinders and tubes.
And, Thirdly. To the fitting of cylindrical glass tubes (whether used
simply as pipes or as barrels for pumps) and also of elbow and other
shaped tubes in cases for the protection of the same from accidental
injury.

page_text: The disadvantage hitherto experienced in the adoption of glass for
pump barrels and conduit pipes has been the liability of the same to
"fly" in the manufacture, or to crack. when in use, and it is to provide.
against these difficulties that my Invention is mainly directed.
When casting glass cylinders, say of three inches diameter and
upwards that are to be bored for pump barrels, I use a vertical
cylindrical mould of peculiar construction, which I will now proceed to
describe.
In Sheet I of the accompanying Drawings Fig. 1 shows in vertical.
section the improved mould and the means for working it; Fig. 2 shews
in clevation the internal fittings of the mould detached; Fig. 3 is a plan
view of the mould; Figures 4, 5, and 6, are views illustrating the mode
of removing the cast cylinder from the mould and transferring it to the
annealing oven.
་
A, A', is the mould made by preference of cast iron. It is composed
of two halves which will admit of being thrown back to the dotted
position to release the glass cylinder when cast and set. These half-
moulds I fit on a guide box B supported by a frame C. This guide box.
has an opening through it concentric with the mould to receive a hollow
core D which stands up concentric with the mould, and is of such
diameter as to leave only between it and the mould an annular space
corresponding to the thickness of cylinder to be cast. In this space I
insert an annular piston E which forms a false bottom for the mould,
and upon this false bottom I place a loose ring F for the purpose to be
presently explained. The piston is supported by two guide rods E'
which are connected at their lower ends by a cross bar E² to a pair of
rock levers E by a joint which passes through lugs with which the cross
bar is provided. These levers are pivotted to jointed hangers E' pendent
from the frame C to allow of their being rocked to raise or lower the
piston as desired. The central core D is similarly fitted with rock
levers D¹ to allow of its being raised and lowered before and after
the casting operation. These levers D₁ are jointed to the forked end
of a central swivel pin D that passes through the bottom plate of the
core D and serves to carry the core. The hollow core D terminates in a
conical top, which form serves to prevent the molten glass from lodging.
thercon and guides it down into the mould. The rock levers D' are.
pivotted to hangers D³ which are pendent from the frame C. The object
of connecting the core to its rock levers by the swivel pin D² is to allow.
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page_text: of its receiving an axial motion to disengage it from the casting while
the same is cooling. The guide box B, through which the corc is
passed, serves to steady it in its vertical motion, and it is held fast in
position during the casting by means of clamping screws b, b. A
square d is provided at the lower end of the core to receive a spanner for
giving it an axial motion when desired.
In order to prepare the mould for casting the half moulds are brought
into position and secured together by clamps G (see Fig. 3). The core
is then raised and fixed at a proper elevation, and the plunger or false
bottom is also raised near to the top of the mould, as shewn at Fig. 1.
On the plunger E is then placed the loose ring F, and the pouring of
the molten glass commences. As the pouring is continued the plunger
carrying the loose ring is gradually depressed (until it arrives at the
bottom of the mould) by means of the levers E³ connected with it.
The "metal" is thereby allowed to accumulate in a heated state
above the ring instead of (as heretofore) falling irregularly down the
mould and partially cooling during its progress towards the bottom of the
mould. By this means castings without flaws may be readily obtained.
When the casting is sufficiently set the core is first lowered and the
half moulds are then thrown back to the dotted position of Fig. 1, at
which time they rest upon the supports a, a, provided for the purpose.
The cylinder may then be lifted off the plunger E. and carried to the
annealing oven. To facilitate this transference of the cylinder I
provide a carrier similar to that shewn at Figures 4 and 5. It consists
of two bars H, H, provided with blocks of wood I which are shaped to
embrace the cylinder, as shewn in the plan view at Fig. 5. Pendent
from these bars at about the middle of their length are hangers K which
are bent up at their ends (see the enlarged sectional view, Fig. 6) to
hitch under the flange of the loose ring F. The bars Ḥ serve as handles
for the attendants to lift the cylinder from the moulds and carry it to
the annealing oven.
When casting cylindrical pipes with a socket I form the core with a
shoulder, as shown at D, Fig. 7, and I give a corresponding shape to the
half moulds A. In this case I use the guide box B, and also the loose
ring. F, but I dispense with the use of a sinking plunger and the
mechanism in connection therewith, and I rest the loose ring (which is
to receive the foot of the pipe) upon the guide box.

page_text: When casting elbow pipes and T pipes I use a divided core, the parts
of which will admit of being withdrawn from the mould at right angles.
to each other.
;
Fig. 8, Sheet II., shows in longitudinal section a mould with divided
core for casting T pipes, or pipes with a branch or coupling piece;
Fig. 9 is a sectional plan view of a mould for casting elbow pipes, with
the divided core placed therein. The parts L, L', forming the divided
core are supported in guide boxes B, which are attached to the mould
by bolts, and so constructed as to allow of the cores receiving an axial
motion therein. The core is held in position by means of clamping
screws b; b, as before explained. These moulds, like the mould for the
cylindrical pipe are cast in halves, and are held together by clamping
screws applied to their lugs a, a.
To ensure a proper annealing of the castings I propose to confine
them within close vessels contained in the annealing oven, and thereby
to protect them from the action of draughts of air. Thus, supposing
a glass cylinder, such as that produced in the mould, Fig. 1, is to bo
annealed I set it up vertically, as shewn at Fig. 10, upon a tray M on
which a layer of sand is laid; and over the cylinder I drop a cover N,
which bedding into the sand on the tray M will maintain an unvarying
atmosphere around the cylinder, and thus ensure the proper annealing
of the glass. When annealing pipes I place them lengthwise on a
tray M, Fig. 11, and shut out the external air therefrom by a cover N,
The trays will conveniently be made of iron, and the covers of iron or
earthenware, as thought most convenient. The importance of this
improvement in annealing will be appreciated when it is understood
that of glass pump cylinders anncaled in the ordinary manner it is not
unusual for three out of four to "fly "under the operation of boring
and polishing; whereas when annealed by my improved method it is
quite an exceptional circumstance for a cylinder to "fly" in the lathe.
In order to protect glass pump barrels and conduit pipes from fracture
by percussion I cement them into flanged cases of cast iron or other
suitable material, and when the glass cylinders are to be used as pump
barrels their ends must be bedded on rings of india-rubber.
Figures 12 and 13 show in longitudinal and cross section a T pipe
enclosed in a divided cast-iron flanged case; and Fig. 14 shows an
clbow pipe, protected by a flanged cast-iron case; Fig. 15 shows in

page_text: 'section a conduit pipe protected in a similar manner.
In these Figures
O is the glass pipe; P, the cast-iron flanged case, the halves of which
are secured together by bolts and nuts; Q is a layer of Keen's or other
cement for connecting the glass and iron together.
* Fig. 16 is a sectional view of a pump barrel suitable for domestic use;
and Fig. 17 shows an embedded pump barrel and its fittings adapted for
the transmission of mineral acids. The cases P, in Figures 16 and 17,
are cast with openings p, which serve as sight holes, and enable the
attendant to watch the action of the valves and examine the glass
lining O, as respects its structural condition; o is the india-rubber ring :
on which the cylinder is bedded to protect its edges from chipping when
the pump is being put together.
Having now set forth the nature of my Invention of "Improved
Apparatus for Casting Tubes and Cylinders in Glass, for Annealing
Glass Tubes and Cylinders, and also for Casing or Fitting such Articles
to Protect them from Injury," and explained the manner of carrying the
same into effect, I wish it to be understood that under the above in part
recited Letters Patent I claim,―
First. The mode of and apparatus for casting glass cylinders, as
described with reference to Figures 1, 2, and 3, of the Drawings.
Secondly. The means described for retaining the cores in position in
the moulds.
Thirdly. The improvements described in annealing glass cylinders and
pipes or tubes, and in protecting the same when annealed from
fracture.
In witness whercof, I, the said John Chedgey, have hereunto set
my hand and scal, the Twenty-fourth day of September, in
the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-
four.
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