HYDROSTATICAL MACHINE AND BOILER UPON A NEW CONSTRUCTION
Year: 1785

page_text: BRAMAH'S SPECIFICATION.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOSEPH
BRAMAH, of Piccadilly, in the County of Middlesex, Engine Maker, send
greeting.
WHEREAS His most Excellent Majesty King George the Third, by His
Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at West-
minster, the Ninth day of May, in the twenty-fifth year of His reign, did
give and grant unto me, the said Joseph Bramah, His special licence, full
power, sole privilege and authority, that I, the said Joseph Bramah, my exors,
adors, and assigns, should and lawfully might, during the term of years
therein expressed, make, use, exercise, and vend, throughout that part of
His Majesty's Kingdom of Great Britain called England, the Dominion of
Wales, and Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, my invented "HYDROSTATICAL
MACHINE AND BOILER UPON A NEW CONSTRUCTION;" in which said recited Letters
Patent is contained a proviso obliging me, the said Joseph Bramah, by writing
under my hand and seal, to cause a particular description of the nature of
my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be
inrolled in His Majesty's High Court of Chancery within one calendar month
next after the date of the said recited Letters, as in and by the said Letters
Patent, and the Statute in that behalf made, relation being thereunto had,
may more at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, and in pur-
suance of the said Statute, I, the said Joseph Bramah, do hereby declare that
my said Invention is composed and made in manner following (that is to
say).
Hydrostatics and hydraulics are treated by some authors promiscuously, and
are that part of mechanics which consider the gravity and equilibrium of fluid

page_text: bodies, particularly water. Hydrostatical machines or instruments are such
as whereby to measure or determine gravity, density, velocity, force, or other
properties of any fluid. Wherefore I have called this machine hydrostatical,
as in or by it may be ascertained the specific and accellerated powers or force
of all kinds of graviating fluids, and the seeming absurdities of the hydrosta-
tical paradox fully proved; and the said powers or force may be employed in
the said machine, for the purpose of working all sorts of mechanical and other
engines, with the advantages resulting from the law of pressure in fluid sub-
stances. This said machine is likewise particularly well adapted for all kinds of
hydraulic purposes, and from which much of its utility is expected, as it will,
when employed as a pump for raising water and other liquors, much facilitate
that art, and reduce the labour which attends every other sort of machine
heretofore used for that purpose. These advantages principally arise from the
piston's having its motion round a centre in a rotary direction instead of reci-
procating in a straight cylinder, by which the fluid is kept in constant motion,
and the power whereby the fluid is actuated is uniformly applied, so that all
the advantages of accellerated motion or velocity are enjoyed or possessed con-
trary to all pumps on the reciprocating principle, where the water or other
fluid thereby to be raised is always permitted to return or lose its motion
during the retrograde stroke of the piston, so that the power applied. has
always that to regain or a new movement to produce, by overcoming the vice
inertia of the resting fluid in the proceeding stroke of the said piston, similar
to any fly wheel that might be put in motion, yet permitted to stand still every
revolution, from whence it would require much more labour to give it any
required number of revolutions in equal time than it would do provided the
said wheel was keft during the said time in constant motion by an uniform
application of the same power. The merits of this hydrostatical machine or
engine likewise further depend on a slider, valve, or other contrivance so adapted
as to open and shut each revolution the cavity where the piston moves round
the centre, so as to form, as it were, a bottom or partition in the said cavity.
On each side of this slider or valve is an aperture, one for the admission of
any fluid into the said cavity, and the other is for its discharge. The said
slider, valve, or other contrivance is in most cases opened, and shut by the
motion of the machine when turned either way, round its axis or centre, so
that it is, when turned round by any external application at its axis, a com-
plete pump, possessing all the known properties of any common pump for
both drawing and forcing, and the aperture on one side of the slider or other
moveable partition becomes the forcing pipe, and that on the other side of the
said partition, &c. becomes the suction pipe. There is in the bottom part of

page_text: the suction pipe a valve to prevent the fluid from descending back into the
well when the piston is at rest.
When this said valve is opened the fluid con-
tained in the pipe above and below the piston will, by its gravity, cause the
piston to be turned round backwards, or the contrary way, with a force equal
to the gravity of any column of water or other fluid of equal base with the
surface of the piston; and if the said pipes or column of water continued are of
the same base dimensions to its highest altitude, the piston will then be forced
backwards with a force and volocity equal to the accellerated descent of such
column of water or other fluid from any given height, or as the increased
force of any falling body through a like space. The specific force of the
said piston will always be in constant ratio with the altitude of the fluid and
the dimensions of its surface on which the said fluid presses, and the velocity
of the said piston will be in continual ratio with the surface of the said piston
and the dimensions of the pipe or column of water descending from equal
heights; this appears, according to the doctrine of the hydrostatical paradox.
In this said hydrostatical machine may also be employed the expansive
powers of condensed air, steam, or any other kind of elastic vapour, &c. for
the purpose of working all kinds of engines, mills, &c., and to much greater
advantage and at less expence than hath yet attended any other kind of steam
or vapour engine yet in public use, as by the said hydrostatical machine is pro-
duced an uniform rotary or mill motion by the application of any of the above-
recited powers, without the usual steam cylinder, reciprocating piston, working
beam, or crank. These said advantages result from the principle and construc-
tion of this said machine considered in its simple state only, without being
compounded with the conveniences and advantages of my new invented boiler,
which is calculated for rarifying or producing vapour or steam to be employed
in the said machine or engine. The principle of the said boiler, and its pecu-
liar manner of being connected with the said machine, will much increase
the utility of this Invention, as a much greater quantity of vapour or steam
may be produced therein with the same expence of fire that attends any
other steam engine. The superior effects of this said boiler depend on its'
being so constructed as to cause a much greater surface of its bottom and
sides to be exposed to the action of the fire, and also on the fires being obliged,
by being retained, to exercise more of its effects before it can be dissipated
through the chimney or flew prepared to carry off the smoke. This said
boiler and hydrostatical machine is so joined or connected as to produce the
ntended effect without the use or help of any cold water being injected into
any part thereof, for the purpose of condensing or destroying the steam or
vapour after it has done its action on the piston; also, without any air or other

page_text: pump used to draw out such water injected and the condensed liquor. This
said machine and boiler is likewise so connected as to require no constant
supply in the boiler, as in all other steam engines, in proportion to the quan-
tity of steam evaporated. This said new invented boiler is constantly supplied
with the condensed liquor unmixed with any other used for condensation. This
property furnishes this engine with a peculiar and very extraordinary advan-
tage, as, instead of using water for the production of steam, may be used any
kind of spirituous liquor or other fluid that is easier to evaporate or expand,
whereby the engine may be worked at a much less expence than such as uso
water. The vapour or steam is admitted from the boiler to the steam vessel
through an apperture immediately communicating, without any conducting pipe
passing through the open air. The machine or steam vessel is placed partly
in the boiler, and is surrounded with the steam or vapour nearly on all sides.
The steam or vapour is conveyed, after it has done, its office in the steam
vessel, back to the boiler through a tube or pipe, which tube or pipe may be
carried through the open air or any colder medium, with a number of turnings
and windings similar to a distiller's worm or condensing pipe, always preserv-
ing such direction as the condensed liquor may, by its own gravity, return to
the boiler. This said tube or pipe may be conveyed to any unlimited distance,
in order to obtain a thorough condensation, so that the liquor may be returned
to the boiler in its primitive state, which will be done without any loss if the
workmanship, &c. is made perfectly air-tight. The means I have invented for
causing the condensed liquor to return into the boiler is very essential in this
application, and is performed, without any exterior apparatus, in the following
manner The apperture or end of the condensing pipe joined to the boiler is
opened and shut by a valve on the inside of the boiler, so as not to permit any
steam to escape into the said pipe at any time. There is likewise another
valve in the condensing pipe at some distance from that in the boiler, in order
to prevent the condensed liquor from being forced back when descending
towards the boiler. Between these two valves, some distance above that in
the boiler, is inserted or joined to the condensing pipe the end of another pipe,
which pipe communicates to the steam vessel where the piston acts, and about
the part where the steam is admitted. The apperture or end of this pipe is
close shut by a sliding valve or small piston, in order to prevent the condensed
liquor from falling into the steam vessel, and also to prevent the steam from
making its way without forcing back the liquor resting on or beyond the said
sliding valve. When the steam is admitted from the boiler to the steam
vessel, in order to move the piston, it at the same time forces against the
sliding valve with equal power, and as the steam in the boiler and that in the

page_text: steam vessel is then of equal strength, its pressure or force against the sliding
valve and that valve in the boiler will likewise be equal, so that then all the
condensed liquor contained in the pipe, below the sliding valve, endeavours to
descend into the boiler, and forces open that valve; but as the motion of the
sliding valve joined to the steam vessel is limited, the quantity of liquor that
is admitted through the valve in the boiler is thereby limited also, as the
liquor cannot descend after the sliding valve stops without causing a vacuum
or void space in the pipe, which is prevented by the force of the steam in the
boiler. When the steam in the steam vessel is condensed the sliding valve or
small piston is again replaced by the gravity of the liquor in the condensing
pipe. The piston of this engine revolves round a centre with a continued
motion in a circular cavity, as already described; and the steam is admitted at
a certain period of each revolution, and the motion is equalized or rendered
uniform by means of a heavy fly wheel that is fixed on the main spindle, or
some other proper part of the engine, agreeable to the nature of the work to
which the engine is adapted; and to this said fly or equalizing wheel the engine
is indebted for the following advantages, viz, that of counteracting the decreased
force of steam or vapour as it expands or occupies an increased space, without
losing or destroying so much of its elastic force as is always done in every sort
of steam engine yet known, as they have no way of counteracting such varia-
tion; wherefore, as the weight by them to be raised, or the resisting power to
be overcome, is commonly uniform or equal, the force of the steam or vapour
is always required (during the stroke of piston) to be equal or greater than
the said weight or resisting power, so that much of its force must unavoidably
be thrown away when it is condensed or destroyed, as it then possesses a
degree of force adequate to the weight raised, when at the same time the said
steam or vapour might act still farther on the machine, provided the lever of
the working beam was lengthened, and its power increased during its motion
in proportion to the decrease in the force of the steam by its continued
expansion, similar to the fusee of a watch or spring clock, which fusee
always gains or loses power in an exact proportion to the variation in the
power or force exerted by the main spring; by this means the motion wheel
is constantly acted upon by the said main spring uniformly, and the
motion thereby rendered regular till the elastic force of the main spring is
nearly exhausted or spent. Wherefore, it . . . . . [inrolled specification
illegible] from this consideration that this my said new-invented engine
will.
[inrolled specification illegible] its having a continued rotary
motion, assisted by the fore-mentioned heavy
[inrolled specification
illegible], be capable of employing much more of the force of the steam or
vapour than any other engine not possessing such advantages, for the said

page_text: fly or equalizing wheel will continue its rout nearly regular after it is put in
motion, notwithstanding the power of the steam in the steam vessel should be
applied on the piston at any certain period of its revolution, and the said power
to be decreased in a converging series or ratio, so as to be wholly exliausted or
spent at the end of each revolution. A proof of this sufficiently appears in
such engines as are already known to have a rotary motion produced from a re-
ciprocating one. This said engine or hydrostatical machine may also be used (if
required) without the piston's performing continued revolutions round its centre
by reciprocating in any given part of its circle, and will in many instances be
found much superior to any such as reciprocate in a straight cylinder on the
common principle, especially for extinguishing engines, and various sorts of
pumps, &c. This my said machine and boiler, when completed, as described,
for the application of steam or vapour, will be useful for working all sorts of
mechanical and other engine or machines where power is required to give
them motion, and particularly applicable for working ships and other floating
vessels used for conveying or transporting heavy bodies when such vessels as
are moved by sails are becalmed and at a stand for want of wind, and when
fixed for this purpose will, with superior facility, clear or empty such ships or
other vessels of their water when the leak is almost every so considerable.
The apparatus for working or moving the ship is fixed in or beyond the stern
in or about the place where the rudder is usually placed, and its movement is
occasioned by means of an horizontal spindle or axletree conveyed to the
engine through or above the stern end of this ship. This said apparatus, and
the manner of its being moved, is clearly represented in Drawings for that
purpose, where is likewise represented a new principle and method of con-
structing and making cocks to be used in the composing this my said engine,
and also a valve, which I call an equilibrium valve, that is, such as will open and
shut with a small degree of power, notwithstanding the pressure of the incum-
bent fluid is ever so considerable, or the apperture shut thereby of large
dimensions. The Figures and Drawings hereunto annexed will more fully
shew the true nature and intent. of. this my said Invention.
.
In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and seal, this Ninth
day of June, in the year of our Lord One thousand seven hundred
Sealed and delivered (being first duly
stampt) in the presence of
GERMAIN LAVIE,
J. C. MAYNARD,
JOSEPH BRAMAH. (L.S.)
JOSEPH BRAMAH. (L.S.)
Sealed and delivered (being first duly
stampt) in the presence of
GERMAIN LAVIE,
J. C. MAYNARD,
Clks: to Gregg & Potts.

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Ninth day of June, in the year
of our Lord 1785, the aforesaid Joseph Bramah came before our said Lord
the King in His Chancery, and acknowledged the Specification aforesaid; and
all and every thing therein contained and specified, in form above written.
And also the Specification aforesaid was stampt according to the tenor of the
Statutes made for that purpose.
Inrolled the Ninth day of June, in the year of our Lord One thousand
seven hundred and eighty-five.

page_text: at discretion to the machine or engine thereby to be worked.
www maat part of the wheel does not cut the centre in order to give room for the forcing pipe to become the shaft or axle tree by which the Engine is turnd round, and
also on the valve or slider (by which the cavity is opend and shut) being moved by different means and in a different direction. B.B. is the part/or wheel where the water is both admitted and discharged at each centre, and is divided by the partition C. A. F and the apertures or water ways are as usual on each side the piston C. - the slider D is open'd and shut by the
quarter wheel II by means of a lever as at F in the section/ which lever may be moved so as to open and shut the slider, by being connected with some part of the Machinery in a proper manner, which requires no description here, the pipe or hollow Shade E is continued up with its end into the Chamber I where it turns water tight by means represented at L L in the section - to the tube or
hollow shaft E is fixed a Cog wheel M which cog wheel is turn'd round by the other wheel and axle tree K, that is communicated to the working machinery where the Power is applied when the engine is employ'd to raise/water and when it is employd as a power or Water wheel, so as to work any Mill or other Engine, the wheel and axle tree K is then turn'd round by M.and the motion communicated
FIG. 15. Represents another Engine or machine similar to fig. 12. different only in the forcing pipe, and its being fixed horizontally, the water on the forcing side the piston is drove through the aperture A into the centre of the wheel, from whence it is discharged through the pipe B in the Cap or top of the machine. C is the suction pipe which enters the cavity where the
piston mores, close on one side of the partition D at E. when the wheel F is turn'd round to the left hand, the water will be raised through the pipe B. which a velocity equal to the motion/or velocity of the periphery of the wheel, and fan or sliding poston G when the valve in the suction pipe is opend the wheel will than be turn'd the contrary way with a force and relecity as described in the reference to fig.12
FIG. 16. Is only lo shew more at large the manner in which the slider or moveable piston is opend and shut, when it passes the petition in the Cavity where it moves round A is a friction wheel that is fixed on the under rage of the slider. Bis a groove exactly the wealth of the Diameter of the wheel A, in this groove the wheel traverses when the large wheel is turned round, the groove is incurvated
epp site the partition C. so as to form two indind plaires as D and E by which the slider or moveable piston/is opend and shut each revolution, the friction wheel A being obliged to follow the incurvation of the groove, whence it passes by the partition C without/any obstruction or Inconveniency and/continues to sweep before it all the contents of the Cavity where
the water is raised, or employ'd to work the Engine.
FIG. 17. Is the plans of my new Invented boiler whereby, is to be produced steart or vapour for the purpose of working all inds of Engines on the;
rotatory, principal above described is the Grate and fire place BB. is the inside of the Boiler which surrounds the fire place as low as the Grate on all sides excepting the opening at E where the fire is supplied-CC is
a carity left between the outside of the Boiler and the Brickwork, through with cavity the Fire or heated air issuing from this fire place through the opening E Reverberatus all round the outside of the Boiler from the grate as high as its top, up to the bottom of the steam/vessel -I. is an iron frame and door built as set in the brickwork which gives admission to the feel &
when operid, and when shut makes good the cavity & and causes the draft of the fire place to be from below the grate through the opening E and round all the outside of the boiler, till it comes to the Chimney or flew D where the smoke/seis carried off. The grate may be hinged at one side in order that it may be easily let/dows, for the conveniency of~
clearing the fire place, and also for decreasing in an expeditious manner the heat of the fire, and also for clearing the soot out of the cavity.C.C.
FIG. 18. Is the plan of the steam vessel, which is in principle and construction the same as those Machines already discribed - A. A. is the inside of the vessel or box where the piston or fan is turned by the force of ine siteam B is the piston joind to the open Cylinder C.C.-D is a Bridge to receive the spindle or main shaft of the Engines
in the bottom of the Cylinder CC is also another Bridge through which the spindle likewise passes this Bridge is not shown in the section Fig. 19 in order to avoid confusion. E is a valve which opens and shuts the Cavity where the piston or fan B is turned round, F is an operture in the side of the Cylinder CC through which the steam or vapour
is admitted into the cavity of the Box where the piston moves - G shews the end or edge of a valve which opens and shuts the aporture P-h, is the end of a lever, comeing throught the slitt in the Bridge D this lever joined to the valve G and it's bottom and is fixed by a Joint/or Carriage to the side of the Cylinder OC- this lever causes the valve to be opened and shut at some
proper period of each revolution by the upper end of it striking against a projecting part in the top or cover of the vesselVAA. KKK represen's that part in dotted lines, the and nearest the aperture F is sloped of so as to form an inclined plain in order that the lever may be liked up with ease, the other end is continued round as far as it is necessary to keep the valve Fº open f.
this part &is made moveable so that by sliding it round, the time of opening and shutting the valve may be easily adjusted thereby - I is the end of the condensing pipe which will appear plain in the section - M is the sliding valve or small piston that moves back:vards and forwards in the small tube or Cylinder N- this valve or piston M causes the condenced liquor always to
return into the Boiler out of the condensing pipe
means of the shan Won the end of which at Wis fixed a fly wheel which regulates the motion- I is the Spindle that opens and shuts the valve E by the
of
-
FIG. 19. Is the Section or appearance of the machine cut in two by a line from a to a, in the plan also shows its connect with all its :ther componant parts when put together-the parts sun/in the plan is marked with the same letters in the section B.B.B. is the inside of the Boiler-HH. is theinside of the Cylinder CC and the Cap or cover of the steam vessel into these
parts the steam always ascends from the Boiler so that they are as a part thereof O is the return'd end of the condensing pipe who I brings back the condensed liquor to the Boiler P is the valve which shuts the end of the pipe 0 and prevents the steam from forceing into it out of the Boiler Q is the valve which prevents the contlensed/liquor from being forced back
by the small piston or sliding valve M when the steam enters the vessel or cavity where the piston is worked - R is a tub or cist w that may serve as a reservoir when the engine is employd to work a pump, for raising water and if the depth of the well is not more than/can/conveniently be raised by the common pressure of the atmosphere, the pump
may be fixed in the Tub or Cistern Ras at S where the dotted lines represent a rotatory pump that is worked by the E-I is the suction of the pump through this Tub or Cistern- the condensing pipe I may be conveyed with turnings similar to the pipe in a distillers worm lub and brought down to the vulve Q and from thence down to the Boiler
at P, where the condensed liquor is again received into the Boiler I is the main spindle or shaft which is turned round? e force of the steam on the piston B-V is a Cog wheel that gives motion to the pump S, by
working gear YYY to prevent the piston from striking against it when in its rout round the Cavity or box AA. Z is weight hung to the crank I which weight allways shuts the valve B when the piston B has passed/it-by this weight the engine may be regulated, or the power of the steam, instantly withdrawn from the Piston, by preventing its descent to shutf
the valve which will occasion the steam to be discharged through the condensing pipe I without/turning round the Piston Sposing now the Engine ready to be put in motion the air must first be exhausted out of all its parts, either by the force of steam or by means of a small hand pump which may be fixed to some part of steam/vessel, Boiler or condensing pipe, where
it may be allways remain for that purpose in case the work or joints of any part should be so far imperfect as to admit air when the Engine is cold and not at work - when the vacuum is completed, and the steam or vapour in the Boiler, a sufficient strength the Engine by being turned round a little to the left hand will cause the steam valve G to be opened by the end of the lover
h being raised up by the part KK, the steam or vapour will than rush out of the Boiler into the steam vessel or Cavity A-1 between the piston B and the valve E when it will force the piston/ round to the left hand, the steam valve G is kept opere till the end of the lever leaves the pars KKK which part is made longer or shorter as may be required for that purpose - after the steam
valve is shut again the piston continuung its rout by the expansion of the steam passes by the end of the condensing pipe I through which the steam/ or vapour immediately rushes towards the boiler but during its passage, it is condensed, or its expansive force destroy'd by being caposed to the action of a colder medium, through which the pipe L is communi
-cated as in the Tub R. or otherwise as circumstances may require the valve E is than at liberty to be opend which is done by the working gear before the Piston/strikes against it the engine is kept in motion, during the time the piston passes the valve, by a heavy fly wheel on the shaft A at A or may be on the shaft V when so required-when the piston has passed
the valve E the valve is instantly shut by the weight 2 then the steam is again admitted by the opening of the m valve & When the condensed liquor returns down to 0 through the valve Q and rest against the valve P, and the small piston or sliding valve M it will be prevented from running into the Boiler by the pressure of the steam against the
ial to the pressure of the steam against the valve P in the Boiler so that the liquor contained between the valve Q and the Boiler will descend by its own gravity through the valve into the Boiler and when a vacuum is again made in the steam/vessel by
through the valve/Q which is then thereby openid whence the Engine is kept in constant/motion without any injection/or supply to the Boiler. The following examples shew how Engines and pumps may be made on this principle to have
a powr
valve P. but when the steam is again admitted into AA the small piston will be thereby forced back with a
the piston passing the condensing pipe, the small piston M. is replaced by the gravity of the liquor in the condensin
riciprocating motions round a centre
FIG. 20.
A.
"
Is meant to shew how a steam engine may be made to reciprocate round a centre in a rotatory direction AA are two partion or ends formed to the cavity or space between the Cylinder B and the extremity of the box or circle, where the Piston/moves - C is the steam pipe and D the condensing pipe E and F. are the cocks which open and shut
the pipes when required G is the piston faced to B by which it is turned round on the axis I when the air is exhausted and the steam applied through the pipe C the piston will be forced round as far as A the opposite end of the cavity when the steam cock shuts, and the condensing cock D is opend, and the steam rushing out the piston is brought back by a
Counter balance at the axis, the condensing cock is then shut, and the steam cock open'd, which causes the piston to be again forced back to A and so continued reciprocally, the parts of this Engine are made tight by the means already described.
.
FIG.22. Is another extinguishing engine on the same principle which will raise twice the quantity of water with th
up
FIG. 21. Is the end and side section of a machine or Engine, for extinguishing fire which hath a double piston reciprocating round a centre or axis-AA is the end of the Cylinder or box where the pistons have their motion. BB. are the pistons each of which have a valve on the upper side and are moved up and down by the handles DD like a scale beam on are axis, or spindle
passing through the centre as appears in the side section. C.C. are two partitions that separate the part where the Pistons act into two. E is the Cap into which the water is forced when either of the pistons ascends and is prevented from returning by the valves. Fis the air vessel. G is the suction pipe which conveys the water into the Engine through the valves in the bottom
part of the box below the pistons III is part of the wood work on which the Engine is faced when the handles are rais'd or depress'd the water is kept constantly flowing through one of the valves into the Cap E and likewise in the suction pipe.
ame niemoer or sirvices notwithstanding the Glinder or box where the pistons act is exactly of the same dimension A and I are the pistons. BB are the two partitions which divides the box or Gylinder into two parts where the pistons are moved
and down by the handles Dand Y. G Gis a Gylinder to which thePistons are faced, in the middle of this Cyliner is a partition as at H in the side section I and Kare two water ways cut through the sides of the Cylinder GG one above the partition as atI and the other belowas at K, they are so cut as to cross each other and from their openings into the
pumping Gylinder on contrary sides of the Pistons A and X and also on the contrary sides of the partitions BB by which means when the handle D is raised up the valve is open'd and the part I is fill'd with water from the suction pipe and at the same time the part on the opposite side above the piston I is fill'd through the water way I, when the handleDis depressa
and Xis raised, the water in the part I below the pistond is forced through the water way K into the part which together with the water in that part is forced through the valve Q by the ascent of the piston. I and at the same time the part I is filled through the water way I from the valve Rasis also the part so that the whole contents of the parts I and Mare dis-
-charged into the Cap, and forceing pipe both in the ascent and descent of the handles and pistons Pis the air vessel- the joints at each end of the Cylinder GG as at TT in the side section are made air tight as directed in fig. II. CC shows how the Glinder and pistons more on an axis passing through the centre.
FIG. 23. Shews an improved method of making cocks for all purposes not subject to leak or set fast like the common ones, its merits consists on the pin or key which opens and shuts the water way, being much more conical then usual and on its not being rivited at the bottom to keep to its bearing instead of which is a spring A that hath one of it's ends fasten'd to the stumpB with a seren
and its other end is made forked, so as to fall into a groove that is turned in the lower end of the pin or key as at Cthis spring by exerting its force downwards always keeps the pinor key downto its bearing with an uniform force so that as the parts which are in contact wears by use the force of the spring always keeps them dose which cannot be the property of a rivet.
FIG. 24. Shews a method of constructing an equilibrium valve which may be extreemly usefullfor many purposes as the power required to open it, is not increased by the weight or pressure of the fluid which may restupon it and Bare two apertures in the plate CCandthatatAis somewhat larger thanthat atB.DandBarethe two ends of the valve whichturns on the axis or jointFand shuts the two apertures one on the upper side and one on the lower side
of theplate CC-Now supposing the pressure of thefluid to be on the upper side it would endeavour to force down the end.B but would be prevented by the pressure on the opposite end D for the aperture there being larger will consequently occasion that end to have a pressure upon itmore than the end.Bin proportion to the differene in the size of the apertures which difference will determine the power required to open the valve.
FIG. 25. Represents a machine that may be worked by a steam engine for the purpose of rowing or forcing ships, and other vessels in calm mather. A is a wheel of any necessary size required andismade with fans on its extremity like the waterwheel of a mill or Engine this wheelturns on an axletree, supported from the sternend of the ship or vessel, in a vertical direction with its edge towards the ship Bis alog wheel fixed to the same aaletree. Cisa spindle
or shafton which is fixed a spiral pinion which works in the teeth or cogs of the wheelB so that when it is turned round the wheel & will be turned likewise the other end of the Spindle or shaft is carried through the stern part of the ship and is made water proof by the means described in fig 11 in the inside of the ship is ficced a steam engine on the rotataryprincipleby which the shaft or spindle Cis turned round as in fig 19. and causes the wheel A to be turned towards the
ship with its upper part which part must be above water, then the lower part that is in the water, will be turned or move backwards and the Fans will then act as Oars and for cethe ship forwards Instead of this wheeld may be introduced a wheel with indined fans or wings similar to the fly of a smoke jack or the vertical sails of a windmill, this wheel or fly may be fixed on the spindle Calone and may bewholy under water when it would by being turned round either way cause the
shipto be forced backwards or for mards as the inclination of the fans or wings will act as oars with equalforce both ways and their power will be in proportion to heŝize and vedraity of the wheel allowing the fansto have a proper indination Thestramengine will also serve to clear the ship of water with singularexpedition which a circumstance muchomience Mana