matthewleechen/300YearsOfBritishPatents huggingface dataset:
AN IMPROVED POCKET TIME-INDICATOR
Year: 1881

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Edward Nayler at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents on the 17th May 1881.
EDWARD NAYLER, of Dudley, in the County of Worcester. "AN IMPROVED
POCKET TIME-INDICATOR."
The object of this Invention, which relates to improvements in time-indicators,
is to produce a card or small dial of such a form and size as can be easily folded
and carried in the pocket, and by the aid of which, when illumined by the sun's
rays, the correct time can be ascertained.
To enable this object to be attained I provide the dial, which may be made of
cardboard, wood, metal, ivory, or any other suitable material, with an inclined
gnomon made of brass, copper, or other suitable metal or material, and which is
hinged or otherwise attached and fitted to the face of the dial, so that it can be
turned or folded down flat thereon when it is desired to place the time-indicator in
the pocket, or it can be raised up at right angles with the dial when it is required
for use in ascertaining the time.
The dial is formed with markings indicating the hours and parts thereof in
fractions of, say, one-twelfth equal to 5 minutes of time, these markings being
of any required extent, indicating, say, from four o'clock a.m. to eight o'clock p.m.,
the hours during which the apparatus would be of utility, that is, when the sun
is above the horizon; and the markings are made at such different angles or
inclinations with respect to each other as that when the card is in proper position
for ascertaining the time, and the said inclined gnomon is vertically set up thereon,
they shall each be in alignment with the shadow cast by the inclined front edge of
the gnomon by the shining of the sun at the times they respectively indicate, each
principal marking line being marked numerically with the time it indicates.
In using the apparatus for the purpose of the Invention, it is held or placed
horizontally with the gnomon and its meridian directed due north, the gnomon
being in its raised or vertical position with respect to the dial, the shadow of the
gnomon on the dial caused by the sun's rays will then indicate the correct time.
The apparatus by an inverse use of it will act or serve the same purpose as a
compass, and for this purpose the dial is also marked with the principal divisions
of a compass dial, and the required direction is indicated by the shadow cast
at the particular time; thus at twelve o'clock a.m. the shadow will be directed due
north, and any other desired direction is of course indicated by the appropriate
markings.
CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN PRINTING PHOTOGRAPHS JN RELIEF
Year: 1881

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Henri Adrien Bonneville at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents on the 31st May 1881. A communication
from William Henry Guillebaud, of Marion, County and State of New Jersey,
United States of America, Artist.
HENRI ADRIEN BONNEVILLE, of the British and Foreign Patent Offices, 18, Rue
de la Chausseé d'Antin, Paris, France, and 90, Cannon Street, in the City of
London, Patent Agent. "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN PRINTING PHOTOGRAPHS
JN RELIEF." A communication from William Henry Guillebaud, of Marion,
County and State of New Jersey, United States of America, Artist.
This Invention has for its object an improvement in embossed photographs which
can be produced in a rapid and comparatively cheap manner in bold rounded relief
instead of the flat relief so far obtained, and consists, 1, in producing moulds of
gelatine or other equivalent medium by transferring the picture to a pane of ground
or translucent glass, then applying thereto a sheet or layer of sensitized gelatine or
equivalent medium, then exposing this sensitized medium to diffused light through
the ground or translucent glass, and then treating the sensitized medium with
water or other suitable liquid; 2, in producing moulds of gelatine or other equivalent
medium by transferring the picture to a pane of ground or translucent glass, then
adjusting a sheet or layer of sensitized gelatine or equivalent medium at a suitable
distance from the picture, then exposing the whole to the action of light, and finally
treating the sheet or layer of gelatine or equivalent medium with water or other
suitable liquid.
3, in exposing in a vertical position a sensitized medium, such as gelatine, in a
liquid or semiliquid state to the rays of light or sun through a transparent picture
at right angles by confining the said medium in a suitable frame or receptacle,
admitting of a vertical position without spilling the liquid medium; 4, in making
rounded moulds, dies, or matrices, by first obtaining a preliminary mould by actinic
action of light upon a sensitized medium through a translucent or transparent
picture, then obtaining a plastic cast from such mould, then applying this plastic
cast to a border frame or backing, then modeling the cast in the desired manner;
.מ
71

page_text: 5, in producing a photographic picture showing the principal figure in rounded
relief by first making by actinic action a mould of gelatine or equivalent medium
with rounded and slanting edges, then producing from this mould a plastic cast,
then rounding this plastic cast to correspond to the natural object, then producing
from this rounded plastic cast a concave electrotype and a counterdie, and finally
embossing the photographic print by the combined action of the said electrotype
and die.
IMPROVE- MENT OF CARRIAGE BREAKS
Year: 1881

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Gordon Mainwaring at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 19th November 1881. A com-
munication from abroad by Julius Höfken, of Hagen, Westfalen, Prussia.
JOHN GORDON MAINWARING, of 814, Old Kent Road, London. THE IMPROVE-
MENT OF CARRIAGE BREAKS." [A communication from abroad by Julius Höfken,
of Hagen, Westfalen, Prussia.]
"
The Invention is a contrivance or break to be attached to carriages and other
vehicles for the purpose of more effectually and quicker breaking and stopping such
carriages and vehicles, especially in hilly country and during the winter months, and
which does not act on the wheels of the vehicles but upon the ground. The break
itself consists of a rod or rods of wood or metal serrated in the lower part, and fixed
at one end in a nearly vertical position to the floor of the hinder or other convenient
part of the vehicle by means of a bolt, upon which it revolves. This break rod is
so connected by means of other rods, levers, cogwheels, and screws with a break
handle at the front, rear, or other convenient part of the carriage or vehicle, that
upon the handle being turned the break rod is drawn or pushed into a more
verticle position, and being fixed to the bottom of the carriage by means of the
before mentioned bolt presses the bottom end of the rod upon or into the ground,
and so breaks, slackens, and finally stops the vehicle. This contrivance is modified
and varied in sundry ways as to the mode of applying it, the principle of the break
always remaining the same.
IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR REFRIGERATING.
Year: 1881

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Gwynne, of the Firm of John and Henry Gwynne,
of Hammersmith, in the County of Middlesex, Engineer, for an Invention of
"IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR REFRIGERATING.,"
pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent.)
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Gwynne at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents on the 22nd January 1881.
JOHN GWYNNE, of the Firm of John and Henry Gwynne, of Hammersmith,
in the County of Middlesex, Engineer. "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR
APPARATUS FOR REFRIGERATING.”
The object of my Invention is to produce a compact and economical arrangement
of dry air refrigerating machinery.
In my improved machine the air compressing and cold air cylinders are arranged
overhead and vertically, so that they are kept dry and free from dirt and oil, and
long pipes for connecting the cylinders with the cold chamber are dispensed with. All
the cooling is effected by surface contact, so that water has not to be mixed with
the air and afterwards withdrawn.
After compression the air is taken down to the bottom of the cooler which is
below the air cylinders, then rises up through the series of tubes, depositing all
moisture previous to its admission to the cold cylinder. Water is circulated in the
cooler by means of a centrifugal pump giving rapid change of large volumes of
water and consequently efficient cooling. The water traversing the cooler is caused
also to pass round the sides and ends of the cold pressing cylinder. The
compression cylinder and cold cylinder are so relatively arranged that the colder
side of the compression cylinder and the least cold side of the cold cylinder are
in juxtaposition, thus avoiding radiation.
The upper part of the receiver that contains cooled air prior to its admission to
the cold cylinder, also the cold cylinder itself, are placed in a large wooden box well

page_text: lagged and in direct free communication with the cold chamber, so that the cold
cylinder instead of being surrounded by the high temperature of the engine room
is enveloped in air below the freezing point, thus enhancing the value of the cold
producing powers of the machine.
The inlet and outlet valves of the compression cylinder are piston valves
actuated by eccentrics, thus I obviate the liability to breakage as also the noise
incidental to the working of conical valves closed by springs as usual in com-
pressing cylinders. For the inlets and outlets respectively of the cold or
expanding cylinder, I use independent piston valves actuated by eccentrics
arranging the inlet and outlet valves on opposite sides of the cylinder, so that the
comparatively warm incoming air does not come in contact with the outlet
passages. The outlet valves are arranged to discharge the cold air directly into
the large wooden box hereinbefore referred to, without the intervention of tortuous
passages or long lengths of small piping, which by friction raise the temperature
of the air.
For working the apparatus I use an engine with compound cylinders to
economise fuel and give steady driving power.
IMPROVEMENTS IN AUGERS AND SIMILAR BORING TOOLS
Year: 1881

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Porter Amos Gladwin, of Boston, in the County of
Suffolk and State of Massachusetts, United States of America, for an
Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN AUGERS AND SIMILAR BORING TOOLS."
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION filed by the said Porter Amos Gladwin at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 1st November 1881.
PORTER AMOS GLADWIN, of Boston, in the County of Suffolk and State of
Massachusetts, United States of America. "IMPROVEMENTS IN AUGERS AND
SIMILAR BORING TOOLS."
This Invention applies to augers, gimlets, bits, and similar boring tools, and its
object is to prevent the groove or channel in the screw or point (in which the
auger or gilet terminates) from becoming clogged or filled up, and it consists in
providing an extension groove or channel, which connects with the shank-channel
and extends downward across the thread of the terminal screw or point, as below
set forth.
In the accompanying Drawing, in which similar letters of reference indicate
like parts, Figure 1 is an elevation of an auger-bit embodying my improvement;
Figure 2 is an enlarged view of a portion of the same; Figure 3 is a view of a
portion of an auger constructed in the ordinary manner. A is the shank, and B
the screw or point. In using augers constructed as shown in Figure 3 it is
found that the channel of the screw B is extremely liable to become clogged and
filled up, thus making it impossible to bore into certain very hard woods. I have
therefore provided the groove or channel C, which connects with the shank-channel,
and extends downward from its lower end, following its general direction across
the thread and channel of the screw B. This channel C is so hollowed out as to
have cutting edges, and it enables the screw B to clear itself into the said channel C
and thence into the shank-channel, the extension channel C conducting the chip
from the screw-channel into the shank-channel, and thus enabling the auger to
enter the hardest wood without clogging; either one or two such channels may be

page_text: used as desired. The same principle may be carried out in gimlets and other
boring tools. The channel C may extend any distance down toward or even to
the lower end of the point B if desired.
Having thus fully described my Invention, what I claim is,―
An auger or similar boring tool having a gimlet point and a spiral shank-
channel provided with the groove or channel C constructed as described, and
extending from the lower end of the shank-channel downward across the thread of
the screw B, and following the general direction of said shank-channel toward the
gimlet point of said screw B, substantially as and for the purpose set forth.
PORTER ANOS CLADIVIN
rel
Boston, October 7th, 1881.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PRODUCTION OF ELASTIC COTTON FOR UPHOLSTERY PURPOSES, AND IN THE MEANS EMPLOYED THEREFOR."
Year: 1881

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by George Gordon de Luna Byron at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 30th April 1881.
GEORGE GORDON DE LUNA BYRON, of Brunswick Square, Brighton, in the
County of Sussex. "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PRODUCTION OF ELASTIC COTTON
FOR UPHOLSTERY PURPOSES, AND IN THE MEANS EMPLOYED THEREFOR."
The object of this Invention is rendering cotton elastic by a peculiar treatment
hereinafter described, which will enable it to be employed as a stuffing for beds,
cushions, padding, and general upholstery.
In carrying out my Invention I take a quantity of clean cotton and place it in a
closed vessel provided with a false bottom and hollow sides, forming an annular spaco
around the vessel or chamber containing the cotton. Pipes are arranged for the
entrance of superheated steam to the annular space of the said vessel, as also are
other pipes for the entrance thereto of chemical solutions, such as alkalies. Potash-
alum or other like salts, which entering with the steam, thoroughly impregnate
the same, in which state the steam thus chemically prepared passes through suitablo
openings into and amongst the cotton, so as to permeate the whole of its fibres,
causing them thereby to interlace in a manner which gives a permanent elasticity
to the cotton so acted upon; but in order to finish or make the cotton suitable for
the purposes desired, I then place it in a second chamber or vessel, where it is dried
by hot air or other suitable heat, after which it is formed into sheets for use; or
the drying process may be effected by placing the cotton on endless aprons which
are arranged to carry it over and around cylinders heated with steam or hot air,
which during the traverse the cotton is dried and finally delivered from the apron
in a continuous sheet, in which state it is ready to be cut into sizeable shapes, and
placed one on the other to form a thickness suitable for bed, cushion, or other
article for which it is intended to form the stuffing.
The cotton thus chemically prepared is rendered permanently soft and elastic,
and is in a condition which prevents it "matting" or becoming lumpy; it will
always remain perfectly sweet and wholesome, and is proof against moth, insects,
and dust.
IMPROVEMENTS IN PLOUGHS
Year: 1881

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Robert Way U'ren at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents on the 10th August 1881.
ROBERT WAY U'REN, of Plymouth, in the County of Devon, Engineer.
"IMPROVEMENTS IN PLOUGHS."
The object of this Invention is certain improvements in ploughs for tilling land.
The first part of my Invention relates to the construction of "shares," in which
the mould board has in combination a couple of wheels, one at or near the point,
and one at or near the rear, so that a cutting action into the ground by the leading
wheel shall induce the point of the share to enter and follow the cut to the desired
depth, the rear of the share or mould board end, and also the rear wheel, following
to bring the whole of the ploughing portion to a level under the weight of an
adjustable frame, by which the plough share is carried. The wheels have sharp
cutting edges (plain or serrated), or are of such a thickness as to cut the surface
and enter the ground.
The second part of my Invention relates to fitting two, three, or any other
number of such fore and aft wheeled shares in the same line on or to the adjustable
frame, the share being at such a distance apart that the earth turned over by one
share is not thrown against the back of another share or of its mould board. The
adjustable frame can be raised and lowered by a screw or other mechanical
appliance from an upper frame or platform which has two or any other number of
bearing wheels to run upon the land, the depth to which the plough share or
shares enter the ground being regulated thereby.
When two adjustable frames are fitted to one platform they may be coupled, and
the points of the shares on each be arranged towards the centre, so that on the
arrival of the plough at one "headland," the working set can be raised, and the
other set be lowered for the return.
The cutting wheels at the point and also at the tail end of each share may be
adjustable if desired.
The upper frame or platform has preferably a seat on which an attendant may
sit, he having command of the horses and of the lifting and lowering gear.
In some cases the rear wheels of the mould boards may be dispensed with, and
one set of point wheels may be arranged to two sets of ploughs.
The Invention is applicable to steam or other power if desirable.
IMPROVEMENTS IN GALVANIC BATTERIES
Year: 1881

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Frank Wirth at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents on the 28th February 1881. A communication
from Erwin Moriz Reiniger, Mechanician of the University of Erlangen, in the
Empire of Germany.
FRANK WIRTH, of the Firm of Wirth and Company, Patent Solicitors, at
Frankfort on the Main, in the Empire of Germany. "IMPROVEMENTS IN GALVANIC
BATTERIES." A communication from Erwin Moriz Reiniger, Mechanician of the
University of Erlangen, in the Empire of Germany.
The Invention relates to galvanic batteries designed for therapeutic purposes,
but is also applicable to other galvanic batteries, and has for its object to facilitate
their transport.
The Invention consists first in making the cells of batteries angular in section,
with a recess of such size that the external fittings (binding screws, &c.,) are
included in the recess and thus protected, the cell being closed on all sides,
preferably made square or rectangular in section, and the recess formed at one of
the upper corners.
The Invention consists further in combining any number of cells or elements to
form a battery, preferably by placing all cells in one row where contiguous elements
are separated by a partition.
The Invention consists also in providing each of the partitions between the
elements with an aperture, through which the exciting liquids or chemicals of the
said elements can communicate when the battery is out of action, the aperture
being preferably made in the upper corner of the partition, opposite the recess in
which the outer fittings of the element are situated, so that no liquid passes
through while the battery is in action, but that communication takes place as
soon as the battery is turned on edge, thereby bringing the upper corner to the
bottom.
IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR TRANSMITTING MOTION AT VARIABLE RATES AND WITH VARYING POWER
Year: 1881

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Ferguson Haskins at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents on the 12th May 1881.
JOHN FERGUSON HASKINS, of Bucklersbury, in the City of London, Mechanical
Engineer. "IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR TRANSMITTING MOTION AT VARIABLE RATES
AND WITH VARYING POWER."
The chief object of this Invention is to impart pressure through or by means of
a body which has a rectilinear reciprocating motion, such transmitted force being
comparatively rapid at its commencement and increasing in energy as its speed of
motion declines, or vice versa.
Supposing, for example, it is required to apply the brakes of the fore and. hind
wheels of a railway carriage, I provide a vertically sliding wedge shaped piece
which receives a reciprocating motion, say, from a pneumatic lever, and is furnished
at its opposite inclined sides will rack teeth. Into each of these racks I cause an
epicycloidal rack to gear, such epicycloidal racks being mounted on fixed centres
and connected at their tail ends through links, rods, and swinging frames with the
brake blocks to be actuated. As the wedge shaped sliding piece is drawn up by
the action of the pneumatic lever, it will rock the epicycloidal racks, and thereby
draw the brakes into contact with their respective wheels, the advance of the
brakes being at first rapid and then decreasing in speed with a proportionate
increase of power as the brakes come into their acting position.
When the pneumatic lever ceases to act, the apparatus will by its own weight
draw the brakes clear of the wheels.
form;
In the above mentioned example the transmitting motion apparatus is in a duplex
but when applying it, say, for moving the platten of a printing machine, or
follower of a bookbinder's arming press, the sliding wedge shaped piece will carry
but one rack, a fixed guide being provided for it to slide against.
The mode of connecting the epicycloidal rack with its work will vary according
to the nature of its application. Thus, in the case of a jobbing press with a
vertical type bed, the epicy cloidal rack may be keyed to a rock shaft which carries
the platten, and thus impart directly to the platten a variable advancing motion
terminating in a nip.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE METHOD OF PROPELLING TRICYCLES AND OTHER VEHICLES, AND IN ARRANGEMENT OF HYDRAULIC APPARATUS THEREFOR.
Year: 1881

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Henry Howorth at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 16th July 1881.
WILLIAM HENRY HOWORTH, of Cleckheaton, in the County of York, Architect.
46 IMPROVEMENTS IN THE METHOD OF PROPELLING TRICYCLES AND OTHER
VEHICLES, AND IN ARRANGEMENT OF HYDRAULIC APPARATUS THEREFOR.'
"
My Invention relates to improvements in the method of propelling tricycles and
other vehicles, whereby greater speed and power is attained with little exertion.
To an ordinary tricycle or vehicle I attach a small reservoir of water or other
liquid, and connect the same by pipes and valves to a pump or ram, single or
double acting, as may be preferred. The ram or pump is connected to a turbine
which it rotates. The water after passing through the turbine returns to its
reservoir, the turbine driving on to any convenient wheel or part of the
tricycle.
The pump or ram is worked by means of either double acting levers or wheels
as found convenient.
This apparatus may be applied either to new machines or to the existing ones.
IMPROVEMENTS IN COOL CHAMBERS OR APARTMENTS WHEREIN A LOW TEMPERATURE IS MAINTAINED FOR STORING FOOD AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES ON BOARD SHIP OR ON SHORE
Year: 1881

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Gwynne at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents on the 28th May 1881.
JOHN GWYNNE, of Hammersmith Iron Works, in the County of Middlesex, and
89, Cannon Street, in the City of London, Engineer. "IMPROVEMENTS IN COOL
CHAMBERS OR APARTMENTS WHEREIN A LOW TEMPERATURE IS MAINTAINED FOR
STORING FOOD AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES ON BOARD SHIP OR ON SHORE."
A cool chamber according to my Invention is constructed, and has a low
temperature maintained in it as follows:-I construct a chamber with corrugated
walls of material that is a good conductor of heat, around this I construct a second
or outer chamber, and I so connect the two that there is formed between them a
space or jacket wherein guides or deflectors may be arranged. This space I connect
with a refrigerator or cooling apparatus in such manner that air cooled in such
apparatus is conducted into and caused to circulate, within the space or jacket
between the corrugated inner chamber and the outer chamber, which may with
advantage be constructed of or covered with non-conducting material. Thus the
air within the inner chamber by contact, with the extensive surface presented by
its corrugated walls will be kept at a low temperature that may be regulated
according to the temperature at which the cooling air is fed into the surrounding
space or jacket. As the temperature of this air is raised by contact with the
corrugated walls of the inner chamber, it passes out of the surrounding space or
jacket and may be cooled again for re-use.
As is obvious, various arrangements of apparatus may be constructed to operate
on the principle of my Invention as above set forth, and in some cases the walls of
the inner chamber may be not corrugated.
IMPROVEMENTS IN SCREW STEAM SHIPS
Year: 1881

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Thomas Frederick Irwin
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 3rd January 1881.
THOMAS FREDERICK IRWIN, of Liverpool, in the County of Lancaster, Engineer.
"IMPROVEMENTS IN SCREW STEAM SHIPS."
Hitherto steam ships of large size have not been constructed in such manner as
to possess to the fullest extent the advantages of rapid sailing, easy steering, large
carrying capacity, and great strength, some one or more of the qualities above
mentioned having to be more or less abandoned according as speed, strength, or
cargo space was the great desideratum.
Now the object of my Invention is to provide screw steam ships so constructed
that engines of great power may be employed and high speeds obtained in vessels
of great carrying capacity and additional strength.
For that purpose I construct screw steam ships from the bow to the waist or
amidship portion with a single body in any desired manner and of any usual and
advantageous form; from the waist or amidships aft the hull is divided at the keel
into two gradually separating portions, each terminating in a stern of any ordinary
form. The central portion where the hull divides gradually rises, so that from the
stern to the waist there is a gradually contracting channel or way.
Each stern is
fitted with a screw propeller and rudder of any approved form or make, and
the two screws are driven by engines placed amidships or in any other convenient
position.
Submerged or other propellers suitable for use at the stern of ships may be
employed as the equivalents of the screw propellers above mentioned, and motive
power other than steam may give motion to the said propellers.

page_text: same in such manner that others will be enabled to carry my improvements into
effect, I claim,―
Screw steam ships constructed substantially in the manner herein setforth.
In witness whereof, I, the said Thomas Frederick Irwin, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Twenty ninth day of June, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and eighty one.
THO. F. IRWIN. (L.S.)
AN IMPROVEMENT RELATING TO MARKERS SUCH AS ARE NOW USED AMONG TAILORS, WHICH IMPROVEMENT IS ALSO APPLICABLE TO OTHER USEFUL PURPOSES
Year: 1881

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Taylor at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents on the 12th September 1881.
JOHN TAYLOR, of Broad St. Corner, Birmingham, in the County of Warwick,
Tailor. "AN IMPROVEMENT RELATING TO MARKERS SUCH AS ARE NOW USED
AMONG TAILORS, WHICH IMPROVEMENT IS ALSO APPLICABLE TO OTHER USEFUL
PURPOSES."
This Invention has reference to an improvement relating to markers such as are
used by tailors, dress-makers, and others, for marking the cloth or material
previously to cutting it out or shaping it for its intended use.
There has hitherto been used for this purpose a piece of pipe-clay, crayon, or
similar brittle and quite unprotected substance, which is usually made in the form
of a heart, and the edges of which, having no protection or support, constantly
break away, and require frequent paring down to form an even edge in order to
prevent the undue and uneven marking and the spoiling of the material being
marked, and this unnecessarily takes up the user's time and involves a great waste
of the marking substance.
This waste of time and of the marking substance is completely avoided, and there
will be an even marking edge always kept, according to this Invention, by forming
the marking substance preferably of a square or rectangular tablet form, and by
combining therewith a correspondingly shaped shield, case, or protecting receptacle,
preferably formed of thin metal, and by which the marking substance is held, from
which it projects when in use, and within which it can be returned for the
protection of its marking edge when not in use. This improved method and
combination also allows of the marking substance being more economically used, as
it can be used almost completely up without any waste, there always being a good
and even edge not requiring any paring. The case may be replenished from time
to time with a new piece or tablet of pipe clay or other marking substance.
IMPROVEMENTS IN OR CONNECTED WITH PUMP VALVES
Year: 1881

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Jasper Wetter at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents on the 23rd April 1881. A communication from
abroad by Jean Isidore Edouard Florentin, of Morville-sur-Seille, in the
Republic of France.
JASPER WETTER, of the Firm of Herbert and Company, Solicitors of Patents, of
67, Strand, in the City of Westminster, Civil Engineer. "IMPROVEMENTS IN OR
CONNECTED WITH PUMP VALVES." A communication from abroad by Jean Isidore
Edouard Florentin, of Morville-sur-Seille, in the Republic of France.
This Invention relates more particularly to ball-valves, and consists in making
the valve of lead, copper, leather, marble, or gutta-percha, with a lead core, and
making the water or air passage conical above the valve, while the passage below
the valve is preferably cylindrical. In case of bucket pumps, the ball may be about
in the centre of the bucket resting on the top edge of the cylindrical part of the
water or air passage, from where the upper part of the passage extends conically
outward to a height which may be two or three times the diameter of the ball
valve.
IMPROVEMENTS IN DRIVING GEAR FOR VELOCIPEDES
Year: 1881

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William George Hammon at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 24th August 1881.
WILLIAM GEORGE HAMMON, of Coventry, in the County of Warwick.
"IMPROVEMENTS IN DRIVING GEAR FOR VELOCIPEDES."
This Invention has for its object the construction of driving gear for velocipedes,
so that speed may be attained for racing purposes or power obtained for hill
mounting. The driving wheel is loose on a spindle, and has attached to it a ratchet
wheel. On the said spindle I place a plate carrying a pawl with an upward
tooth.
A clutch box or drum carries inside a helical or "clock" spring attached to said
spindle, the drum being loose on the spindle, and having a alot on its circumference
into which the upright tooth on the pawl clutches.
On the barrel of the drum is coiled a chain or cord adjustable as to its leverage
on a pivoted treadle or plate.
When this is alternately raised and depressed by the rider the drum and pawl
are carried round and then released, always running the driving wheel in one
direction. Thus, by varying the leverage, power or speed may be obtained.
IMPROVEMENTS IN TRACTION AND LOCOMOTIVE ENGINES IN WHICH FIRE IS USED TO PRODUCE THE MOTIVE POWER
Year: 1881

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Henry Tasker at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents on the 18th August 1881.
HENRY TASKER, of Waterloo Iron Works, near Andover, in the County of
Hampshire, Mechanical Engineer. "IMPROVEMENTS IN TRACTION AND LOCOMOTIVE
ENGINES IN WHICH FIRE IS USED TO PRODUCE THE MOTIVE POWER."
My Invention relates to improvements in traction and locomotive engines in
which fire is used to produce the motive power, and it consists of an arrangement
whereby the upper part of the chimney (which by preference may be formed some-
what in the shape of a cowl or hood) may be readily turned in any direction at the
will of the attendant without stopping the engine, and so escape the direct current
of wind which may be at the time blowing, and also may be so set as to direct
the sparks and smoke away from any objects in its vicinity which would be liable
to be damaged by them.
The
upper part may also contain various partial partitions or baffles so arranged
as to arrest or check the upward passage of sparks without unduly checking the
draught, and deliver the same down the sides of chimney to any suitable point or
receptacle. One method of collecting sparks is by forming a double chimney, so
that sparks may pass down the space between the two chimneys.
The movement of the upper part of the chimney may be effected by a worm and
worm wheel, or other suitable mechanical arrangement.
If desired the upper portion of the chimney may be connected to the other part
of the chimney by a joint for lowering down in any of the ordinary ways.
AN IMPROVED METHOD OF UTILIZING A STREAM OF WATER AS A MOTIVE POWER OR AS A BREAK, AND IN APPARATUS CONNECTED THEREWITH
Year: 1881

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Alfred Galland at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents on the 8th September 1881. A communication
from abroad by Gustave Falconnier, of Nyon, near Geneva, Switzerland.
ALFRED GALLAND, of Leadenhall Street, in the City of London. "AN IMPROVED
METHOD OF UTILIZING A STREAM OF WATER AS A MOTIVE POWER OR AS A
BREAK, AND IN APPARATUS CONNECTED THEREWITH." (A communication from
abroad by Gustave Falconnier, of Nyon, near Geneva, Switzerland.)
The object of this Invention is to apply the motive force of a stream of water so
as to propel vehicles, or a train, or boats, in a contrary direction to the current of
a stream, or for such current to act as a break when such vehicles are travelling in
the same direction as the current, or to regulate the speed or effect stoppages, as
required, whether ascending or descending.
In carrying out this Invention the wheels of the said vehicles are preferably
made to run on rails, and to the axle or axles of such wheels is or are keyed one
or more undershot wheels, and between the rails or on either side thereof (according
to the position of the undershot wheel or wheels) a channel for the water to run
in and actuate the undershot wheel or wheels in a reverse direction to the current,
and thus propel the vehicle or train up the incline. In order to slacken the speed
or produce a backward action, I employ a sluice balanced vertically, butterfly
fashion, mounted on the arbor, or other suitable mechanical contrivance may be
employed for this purpose. In order to propel boats according to this Invention, I
moor a cable or chain extending the whole of the distance to be traversed, and
provided with suitable stops at such distances, as may be required, in order that only
a certain length of chain may be exposed to tension at one time. The cable is
then passed round a drum affixed to the shaft of the undershot wheel or wheels.
In the case of a chain a cog wheel must be used instead of a drum in order to take
up the links.
This Invention is particularly applicable to mountain railways.
IMPROVEMENTS IN PRESERVING MEAT AND OTHER ARTICLES OF FOOD, AND IN HOT AIR APPARATUS THEREFOR
Year: 1881

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Carlo Reina and Giuseppe Betti at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 2nd August 1881.
CARLO REINA, of Milan, in the Kingdom of Italy, Merchant, and Giuseppe Betti,
of Milan, in the Kingdom of Italy, Engineer. "IMPROVEMENTS IN PRESERVING
MEAT AND OTHER ARTICLES OF FOOD, AND IN HOT AIR APPARATUS THEREFOR."
This Invention relates to a method of preserving meat or other articles by
means of heated dry air in contradistinction to the methods hitherto employed in
which steam or water had to be used for the purpose; it also comprises a novel
arrangement of known apparatus for this purpose.
In carrying this Invention into practice the meat or other articles are placed in
suitable vessels, and subjected to such a degree of heat as may be required for
completely destroying the vitality of the germs which would injuriously affect the
keeping properties of said articles, and at the same time all injurious gases are
expelled therefrom.
The apparatus consists of a closed chamber heated by one or more stoves or
heating devices. This chamber is fitted with removable trays or supports for the
vessels containing the articles to be treated; it has also suitable inlet and outlet
apertures for the removal of the hot air, and also with a thermometer.
The vessels may be closed either before being placed in the heating chamber,
or after being removed therefrom, although I prefer to close the same before
introducing them therein. These vessels may be made of any suitable material,
size, and shape.
IMPROVEMENTS IN TRICYCLES AND OTHER VELOCIPEDES
Year: 1881

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by George Illston at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents on the 20th January 1881.
GEORGE ILLSTON, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick, Manufacturer.
"IMPROVEMENTS IN TRICYCLES AND OTHER VELOCIPEDES."
My Invention consists of the improvements hereinafter described in those parts
of tricycles and other velocipedes by which the motion of the crank shaft is
transmitted to one or both of the travelling wheels. My improvements are
especially applicable to tricycles, but are also applicable to other velocipedes.
I will describe my Invention in connection with a tricycle.
On the end of the crank shaft I fix a bevil pinion; this bevil pinion gears with
a second bevil pinion fixed on the lower end of a shaft situated in a vertical plane,
but so inclined that while its lower end terminates near the end of the crank shaft,
its upper end terminates near the end of the shaft of the principal driving or
travelling wheel. The upper end of the said inclined shaft carries a bevel pinion
which gears with a similar bevil pinion on the shaft of the principal driving wheel.
The rotary motion of the crank shaft is thus transmitted to the principal driving
wheel by means of the inclined shaft and bevil pinions described. In order to
counteract the tendency which the tricycle has to be deflected from a rectilinear path
in consequence of the propelling power acting upon one of the travelling wheels, I
gear the principal driving or travelling wheel with the other or secondary travelling
wheel in the following manner :-Crossing the tricyle underneath the seat, and at
about the same level as the shafts of the travelling wheels, is a light horizontal
shaft, the ends of which terminate respectively over the inner ends of the shafts of
the travelling wheels. That end of the said horizontal shaft terminating over the
end of the shaft of the principal travelling wheel is geared thereto by means of
spur pinions. That end of the said horizontal shaft which terminates over the end
of the shaft of the other travelling wheel is geared thereto by means of friction
gearing.
This friction gearing is capable of transmitting the motion of the horizontal
shaft to the secondary travelling wheel when the tricycle travels in a rectilinear
path, but is capable of yielding when the tricycle is guided so as to describe a
curve. My improvements may be used either conjointly or separately, that is, the

page_text: method described of transmitting the motion of the crank shaft to the principal
driving wheel may be used independently of the method of connecting the two
travelling wheels, and the method of connecting the travelling wheels may be
used in tricycles and velocipedes not provided with my method of transmitting the
motion of the crank shaft to the principal travelling or driving wheel.
IMPROVEMENTS IN BICYCLES
Year: 1881

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Richard Hurrell Froude at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents on the 9th September 1881.
RICHARD HURRELL FROUDE, of Courtland Terrace, Kensington, in the County
of Middlesex. "IMPROVEMENTS IN BICYCLES."
My Invention relates to an improved construction of the seat or saddle of a
bicycle and of its supporting spring, so as to enable the rider to change readily the
position of bis centre of gravity according as he is moving up hill or down hill.
For this purpose I extend the flat or hinder part of the saddle backwards, so that
the rider can by pushing against the steering handle move his body back to rest on
this extension, the front part of the saddle in that case forming support for his
thighs, or he can draw himself forward to the normal position on the saddle. For
supporting the saddle thus extended, whatever be the position occupied by the
rider thereon, I provide a bow spring which arches upwards from the back bone of
the bicycle to which it is attached by joints at both its ends. On the crown of the
arch I fix a block on which the saddle is mounted, and according as the weight of
the rider is mostly on the front or the hind part of the saddle, the bow spring by
its change of form gives the elasticity required. The backward extension of the
saddle affords space under it in which can be conveniently accommodated a valise
or other package.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF KID OR OTHER SKIN GLOVES
Year: 1881

page_text: A
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Arthur Charles Henderson at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 16th November 1881.
communication from abroad by Tasso Pierre Labrousse, Glove Manufacturer,
of Grenoble, in the Department of Isère, in the Republic of France.
ARTHUR CHARLES HENDERSON, of 6, Southampton Buildings, Holborn, in the
County of Middlesex. "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF KID OR OTHER
SKIN GLOVES." A communication from abroad by Tasso Pierre Labrousse,
Glove Manufacturer, of Grenoble, in the Department of Isère, in the Republic of
France.
The improvements referred to consist in a novel method of cutting the kid or
other skin.
Fig. 1 represents a glove seen from the inside of the hand.
Fig. 2, the same seen outside the hand.
Fig. 3 shows the method of cutting the kid or other skin for the whole glove,
with the exception of the thumb, which is shown separately by Fig. 4.
The principal features of novelty in the cutting, and which are claimed as
constituting the Invention are,—
1st. The general form or cut.
2nd. The peculiar cut of the thumb, the base of the thumb descending lower
than in any other kind of glove, as far as the slit or opening of the glove.
3rd. The bottom of the thumb a, b, is cut with a projection or finger b, b, which
does away with the gusset piece inside the thumb and first finger, which is often
very irregular.
4th. The slit or buttoning part of the glove f, d, which reaches from the base
of the thumb to the wrist of the glove, and which opening is at the side of the
glove instead of in the centre, as at present is the custom.
The buttons, of which the first, k, is quite close to the thumb, completely closes
the glove, and entirely covers the hand.
5th. The festoon f, d, is made at the edge of the glove opening to allow the
glove to cross over, which makes it more elegant and also to fit more closely to the
hand.

page_text: The customary stitching from the apex of the little finger to the wrist of the
glove is done away with.
The novel features being the glove opening commencing from the bottom of the
thumb and reaching to the wrist of the glove the festoon at the edge of the glove
opening for more completely closing the glove, doing away with the stitching
running the length of the little finger to the wrist.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF METALLIC TUBES AND RODS
Year: 1881

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Jerome Valentine Jones at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents on the 14th July 1881.
JEROME VALENTINE JONES, of Saltley, near Birmingham, in the County of
Warwick, Manufacturer. "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF METALLIC
TUBES AND RODS."
.
My Invention has reference principally to the manufacture of metallic tubes,
but may also be applied as herein after explained to the manufacture of metallic
rods.
I will describe my Invention with reference to the manufacture of metallic
tubes.
In the ordinary manufacture of metallic tubes a short, thick, seamless tube or a
brazed or soldered tube is operated upon at a draw bench, the tube being drawn
through a series of holes of progressively diminishing size until it has attained the
required diameter.
The tube thus made has a rough exterior, and before being made up into
manufactured articles requires to be made smooth and polished or burnished.
The object of my Invention is to produce metallic tubes and rods having so
smooth an exterior that in being made up into manufactured articles and smoothing
and polishing processes referred to may be wholly or in part dispensed with.
In manufacturing metallic tubes according to my Invention I employ a draw
bench of the ordinary kind, and draw the tube under manufacture through the
holes in the draw plate in the ordinary way. But in front of the draw plate I fix
by means of set screws a chuck or collar, through which the tube passes after it
leaves the hole in the draw plate. This chuck may be made of steel and provided
with an internal surface similar to a file or float, so that the tube in being drawn
through it is operated upon mechanically in a way somewhat resembling hand
filing or floating. Or the chuck or collar may be supplied with emery or other
grinding or polishing material, so that the tube in passing through it will receive
the particular kind of smoothing or polishing which the emery or other material
employed bas the property of giving.
The chuck or collar may be elastic, and by means of screws or equivalent

page_text: adjusting mechanism may be made to press with the required degree of pressure
upon the tube being operated upon.
In order to equalize the action of the chuck or collar a rotary motion may be
given to it.
The application of my Invention to the manufacture of metallic rods differs in no
essential respect from its application to the manufacture of metallic tubes as berein
before described.
MENTS IN LAMPS."
Year: 1881

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Thomas Robert Dix at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents on the 4th March 1881.
THOMAS ROBERT DIX, of High Wycombe, in the County of Bucks.
MENTS IN LAMPS."
"IMPROVE
This Invention relates to improvements in mechanism for raising and lowering
lamp wicks, the object of the improvements being to do away with the present
rack and pinion arrangement now generally employed and which is objectionable,
owing to its frequently getting out of order and from its injuring or tearing the
wick.
In carrying out my Invention I employ a wick carrier formed with a quick screw
thread or spiral on its exterior, and constructed to work in suitable guides. The
wick tube is made so that it may be revolved, and is provided with a female
thread corresponding with the thread on the herein before described wick holder.
The wick is placed in the said wick holder, and by turning the wick tube, the
wick holder, and with it the wick will be raised or lowered according to the
direction in which the wick tube is turned.
The improvements are specially applicable to benzoline lamps.