Year: 1895

page_text: Date of Application, 14th May, 1895--Accepted, 7th Dec., 1895
A communication by JULIUS SEDLAOEK, of 1 Martin-Richterstrasse, Nuremberg,
in the Empire of Germany, Engineer.
I, WILLIAM PHILLIPS THOMPSON, F.C S., M.I.M.E., of The Agency for
Foreign Patent Solicitors, 6, Lord Street, Liverpool and 6, Bank Street,
Manchester, both in the County of Lancaster, 118 New Street, Birminghamı
in the County of Warwick and 31 High Holborn in the County of Middlesex,
Civil Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner
the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by
the following statement
This invention has for its object an improved refrigerating machine, which, when
constructed on a large scale, is provided with a compressor having an arrangement
for utilizing the expansive force of the gases flowing from the condenser to the
evaporator also a condenser and refrigerator with an arrangement for exchange of
heat between the air and the water, and further when carried out on a small scale,
a refrigerating machine operated either mechanically or by hand according to
whether it is to be employed for producing clear ice or for cooling chambers, and
finally with an arrangement for utilizing the cooling action of the suction gases
flowing to the compressor.
Sheet I of the accompanying drawing shows a cold vapour machine of this con-
struction. The peculiarity of this consists in the loss of work being utilized, which
loss results from the difference of pressure in the condenser and the refrigerator
(evaporator) on the conversion of the compressed gas from a liquid into a gaseous
condition. For this object the double-acting compressor 18 constructed in such a
way that the condensed gas (liquid) may pass out of the condenser alternately
behind the piston faces of the compressor ends in order first to yield work through
expansion, a portion of the cold thereby produced serving to neutralize the heat
produced during the compression The gases which are expauded from the
condenser pressure to the refrigerator pressure (suction pressure) are carried off
into the refrigerator in order to there produce cold.
In the accompanying drawings
Figure 1 is a section of the improved refrigerating machine on the line - of
Figure 2;
Figure 2 is a longitudinal section of the machine,
Figure 3 a section on the line y-y of Figure 2;
Figures 4 and 5 show the arrangement and mode of action of the shaft and gear
for operating the inlet and outlet valves;
Figure 6 18 a diagram of the cylinder, whilst
Figures 7 and 8 show a peculiarly suitable stuffing box.
The compressor consists of two cylinders separated by a partition 1, each of
which cylinders has a piston 2 and 2', which pistons are connected with one another
by means of a piston 10d 3 and are set in motion by the crank of the machine or
other suitable means.
The ends 4 and 4' of the cylinders (see also Figure 6) are connected on the one
hand with the refrigerator by means of suction valves 5, (Fig. 2) and 5' (Fig. 3) and
pipes 6, 6 and on the other band with the cylinder casing 8 by means of pressure
valves 7, 71, and finally by the pipe 9 (Figure 1) with the condenser of a
refrigerating machine

page_text: The parts 10 and 10 of the cylinders are connected with the condenser by
means of inlet valves 11, 11', passage 12 and pipe 13, and with the refiigerator
of the freezing machine by means of outlet valves 14, 14' passage 15 and
pipe 16.
Thus the two onter ends 4 and 4' of the cylinder with the suction valves 6, 51
and the pressure valves 7, 7' form the compression chambers, whilst the inner
parts 10 and 10' form the expansion chambers which are connected with the inlet
valves 11, 11 and the outlet valves 14 and 14'.
Gas is alternately drawn from the refrigerator through the suction valves 5 5¹ in
order on the return of the piston 2 or 2¹ to be compressed and forced through the
pressure valves 7, 7' into the vapour casing 8, and from thence into the condeuser
through pipe 9 in order to be liquefied, at the same time, on the commencement of
the compression, the liquefied gases coming from the condenser pass through the
passage 13 alternately, in consequence of the opening of the regulated valves 11
and 11, into the cylinder 10 and 10. They expand there from the pressure
of the condenser to the pressure of the refrigerator and thus produce or deliver
"work."
On the rotuin of the piston these gases are forced through passage 15 and
the regulated valves 14 and 14' into the refrigerator, in order there to produce
cold.
The cylinder-casing 8 in which the hot compressed gases enter directly has for
its object to cool the hot gases before their entrance into the condenser by means
of the cold unavoidably produced by the expansion of the gases in the chambers 10
and 10'.
Further by the preliminary cooling of these expanded gases a saving of cooling
water in the condenser is obtained, and in the case of carbonic acid, for instance,
the rising to a critical point of the temperature 18 prevented, that is to say an over-
heating of the gas 18 impossible.
The inlet and outlet for the expansion cylinder ends may be effected by means of
valves, slides, ball valves, cocks or the like by means of the usual mechanism such
as eccentrics, levers or the like. In the drawing, valves are supposed to be used
which are opened by means of the shaft 17 (Figures 1, 4 and 5) eccentrics or
cams 18 and 18 thereon, rods 19' and 19' and elbow levers 20' 20', and closed by
springs 21 21'.
The movement of the inlet valves 11 and 11' and the outlet valves 14 and 14'
takes place by means of a rotary shaft 17 which lies along the compression cylinder
(Figure 1) and is operated from the driving wheel by means of bevel geating.
Two cain discs 181 and 182, coe for each valve, are mounted on this shalt, the
cams of which at the time for the opening and shutting of the valves for the letting
in or out of the gases iespectively operate the rods 19 and 19' and keep open the
respective valves 11,11' or 14, 14' a sufficient length of time until the course x or y
(Figures 4 and 5) has been completed.
I
The inlet period for the compressed gases is very short, whilst the outlet
(as shown in the drawing by the different lengths and y respectively of the cam
faces) corresponds in duration to a halt revolution of the shaft or the movement
outward and inward of the piston.
In order to specially open more or less the inlet valves 11 and 11' so that the
valve plug allows more or less gas to enter, the ends at which the rods 191 192 bear
on the levers 20' 20' may be adjusted on said levers to vary the leverage so that a
greater or lesser extent of movement of the valve may be obtained Each valve is
provided with its own operating mechanism, that is to say a cam for each, so that
they may be closed or opened at a certain time, and as the period for allowing the
gases to enter in refrigerating machines working with high pressure gases 18
extremely short, the degree to which the entering of the gases takes place
may be easily and readily effected by adjusting the valve connections as just
described.
1
In order to render the front stuffing box quite tight against any existing 'high

page_text: piessure, and to avoid losses of gas, a small piston 23 (Figure 2) 18 employed, on
which the pressure of compression or condensation always acts by means of a
pipe 24. The space under the piston 23 in combination with the chamber 25, which
is formed by the slotted metal casing 26, and the sleeve 27 forced on the compression
piston rod 3, is always filled with a sealing liquid, glycoune, oil on the like, which
may be supplied at the point 28 and withdrawn at the point 29 if it should become
thick and unfit for use The scale 30 allows the condition of the sealing liquid to
be exactly ascertamed.
Tho feed through the tube 28 takes place by means of a small pump operated if
desired from the regulating shaft (this pump is not shown) and such supply may be
continuous or intermittent according to requirements.
Figures 7 and 8 show a modified toim of construction of the stuffing box, which
here is divided into several chambers tightly shut off from one another by means of
sleeves with the object of avoiding as far as possible loss of gas, and the friction
of the piston rods arising from long packings, and to prevent a consequent braking
action.
The stuffing box shown in section in Figure 7 is divided into chambers I, II, III
which are shut off tightly from one another by means of simple sleeves.
In chamber which is in communication with the suction pipe 32 (suction
chamber or refugerator) by means of a valve 31 (which may also be a ball valve)
a limited greater pressure than the suction pressure can be endured which pressure
is determined by the diameter of the valve (Figure 8) and which suction
pressure has to be shut off (or washered off) against the compressing pressure in
tue cylinder 4 (Figure 2)
If however chamber is only to remain tight against half the pressure of
chamber I, then chamber III will hold tight against half the pressme of
chamber 11, and this reduced pressure of chamber III may be easily rendered
Light against atmosphene pressure from the outside.
As now one chamber
exhibits only slight difference in pressure to the next, a sumple sleeve is sufficient
for producing a perfectly tight joint (instead of the long metal and cotton packings
hitherto employed) and thus a baking action is entirely excluded One of the
chambers is also utilized for supplying lubricant.
Sheet 2 of the accompanying diawings shows the refrigerator and condenser for
the efigerating machine, the arrangement of which has for its object an energetic
cooling of an whilst simultaneously purifying the same, and utilization of the cold
which otherwise would be lost by radiation through the casing of the refrigerator,
and further the cooling of the water employed for cooling the condeuser.
Figme 9 is a vertical section ;
Figure 10 a section through the outer casing,
Figure 1 shows the apparatus employed for the re-cooling of the water
employed for cooling the condenser
The air cooler consists of a casing 33, arranged in a wood box 34 (Figure 9) and
concentrically surrounding the refrigerator 35.
The refrigerator consists of a vessel filled with a refugerating liquid (for
instance chloride of calcium solution or salt water) in which spial tubes are
inserted
In these latter, liquid carbonic acid or ammonia is ovaporated with the
object of producing cold.
The chamber between the outer and inner casing is divided by means of plates 36
into several chambers connected by openings 37 By means of a circulating
pump 38 a constant falling over of the cold liquid in the duection indicated by the
arrow effected. Upper channels 39 distribute the cold liquid which flows
round the chambers and giadually collects at the bottom in order to be again forced
into the refrigerator.
In order to utilize as far as possible the cold of the liquid trickling down and to
afford the air sufficient points of contact, wire network 40 18 inserted.
The air is then blown in at the bottom in a direction of movement contrary to
that of the cooling liquid, by means of fans 41, it passes through the cooling

page_text: chamber 36 in the direction of arrow 2, is cooled in contact with the cooling liquid
and by the cold casing sui faces of the refrigerator, and is then died by the part of
the refrigerator worm which projects above the level of the refrigerating liquid, all
suspended particles of liquid being deposited in the form of une o snow on the
worm coils 42, which are provided with discs cast on them, and it finally comes
into use in the refrigerating chamber as punified, cooled and dried an
A similar arrangement is employed in order to cool down the water for cooling
the condenser, which otherwise is allowed to run away, and to utilize it afresh for
condensing the carbome acid or ammoniacal vapour
The condenser 43 (Figure 11) is for this object. concentrically arranged in a
cooling appnatus formed by the casing 33 and the chambers 36 A cuculating
pump 38 causes the cooling water to constantly fall over it, which water distributed
by channels passes over the chambers 36 and the network 40 in order gradually to
collect below and to be again forced into the condenser
The cooling water tickling down is cooled by the an flowing in from below in
the direction of the arrow 3 which an is drawn by a fan 41 from the condenser 43
and forced into the refrigerator 35 (Figure 9).
The air employed for cooling the water for cooling the condenser may either be
atmosphene an, or may be drawn from a cooling chamber, (for instance a neat
chamber) in which case a constant circulation of au is produced. The air is for
instance drawn from the cooling chamber, passes through the condenser 43 and
enters the refugerator 35 from which it is forced into the cooling chamber again
and so forth.
Sheet 3 shows a refrigerating machine on a small scale for mechanical and
manual operation, and which serves, according to the choice of the refrigerators,
for producing clear ice or for cooling 100ms, ot in connection with the retiigerator
shown on Sheet 2 for cooling and drying air.
In the drawings,
Figure 12 is a section of the machine with a refugerator 35 anlanged for
producing clear ice,
Figures 13, 14 and 15 are details,
Figure 16 is a refigerator, 35, arranged for cooling a chamber,
Figure 17 the same refrigerating machine with a driving shaft lying above the
cylinder and the condenser,
Figue 18 shows a modification of the refrigerating machine.
According as the hecmbefore described refrigerating machine 18 intended for
producing clear ice, for cooling a chamber, or for cooling and drying an, it is either
brought in communication with the refrigerator 35° (Figme 12) or refrigerator 35b
(Figure 16) on refigerator Figures 9 and 10, Sheet II.
The machine cousists (1) of the compressor (Figures 12, 17, 18) built in the
condenser 44, (2) of the regulating or inlet valve 46 directly operated from
the shaft 45, (3) and of the rehigeintor This machine is driven by means of
fly wheel 47 and cranks 48 which are connected with the piston roda 19.
For the object of producing a better washering of the piston by means of
internal gas pressure, and for maintaining a given even tension or pressure behud
the piston 50, the annular chambers 51, 51, aie connected with the refrigerator by
menna of the space 52, Figunes 12 and 17. A glycerine pump is shown in
Figure 13, by means of which pump glycerine or other suitable neutral lubricating
fluid may be pumped into the aunulai chamber 51 (Figues 12 and 17) so that the
chamber is filled with a sealing liquid and the stuffing box (Figure 12) or
the piston (Figure 17) remains always covered with liquid in order to produce a
better joint.
This pump, which is in communication at 53
glycete by means of piston 54 into the vacuum
valve 55 and pipe 56 into the annulai chamber 51.
takes place by hand and only intermittently
with a glycerine vessel, draws
produced, and forces it through
The movement of the piston 54
If the chamber 51 has been filled with glycerine, the ball reducing valve 57

page_text: (Figure 15) maintaining the auction pressure rises and closes at the top (towards
the refrigerator) so that an overflowing of the glycerine in the refrigerator 18
avoided, and at the same time it is ascertained when the chamber 51, 51 15 filled.
In this operation the gas lost through lack of tightness in the piston is again
1ecovered in the efiigerator, while the ball reducing valve 57 only commences to
close upwards when all the gas is forced out and the liquid raises the same.
The gas which is to be compressed is drawn in front of the piston 50 from the
refrigerator placed in communication with the refrigerating machine, though
valves not shown in the drawing, in order on the return of the latter to be
compressed, and to be forced through pressure valves into the condensei 44.
As regulating taps or cocks are not applicable in complessing machines moie
particularly carbonic acid machines, and further as the regulating device must
always be adjusted to correspond to the number of revolutions or the stroke of the
compressor (more particularly in machines worked by hand) in order to allow
gradually to flow into the refrigerator as much as was previously compressed in
this machine, a regulating valve 46 (Figures 12 and 14) is inserted in this improved
machine for manual operation where an unequal number of revolutions takes place,
which valve is regulated precisely from the crank shaft 46. For this object a
disc 58 with projections on cams 59 18 mounted on the shaft 45, which projections
encounter a bai 61 carried by a ring 60 and thus move the lever 02 with the
valve 46 which 18 exactly closed by the pressure of the spring 63. By adjusting
the point of engagement of the bar 61 on the lever 62 by means of a screw 64 the
stroke and thereby the inflow may be exactly regulated. Valve 46 may of course
be operated by other mechanisins which work exactly and precisely (such as
eccentrics, or the like).
The refrigerator 35* serving for producing clear ice consists of pipes which are
immersed in a salt water vessel which is surrounded by a vessel 65 containing fresh
water. An ice cell 66 which is set in rotation by the shaft 45 by means of bevel
gearing 67 and revolving disc 68, is inserted in the salt water vat, whilst above,
a fixed but adjustable vane 69 18 anspended, in order to gradually de-aerate in the
usual manner the water which is to be frozen.
In order not to impede the formation of ice, which (formation) proceeds from
the outside to the inside, the vane 69 is adjustable by means of a handle 70 in a
slot of the fixed lid or cover 71, and may finally be entirely removed
The refrigerator 35° (Figure 16) employed for directly cooling a chamber
consists of a wrought iron tube on which iron discs 72 ale cast in order to increase
the negative heating surface of the refrigerator tubes in which carbonic acid or
ammonia is evaporated and to afford more cooling surface to the air which is to
be cooled. These ridges 72 inay of course be formed as a spiral or the like and
form so called ridge cooling bodies.
In Figure 17, the driving shatt lies above the cylinder and the condenser in
contrast to Figure 12, whilst all the other parts work or are in communication in a
similar mauuer to that herein before described.
Figure 18 showe a modification of the machine shown in Figures 12 and 17,
and the suction (returu) pipe in this case is formed as a cooling spal in order to
assist the cooling action of the water entering at 73 and being discharged at 74
(see Figures 12, 17 and 18). This machine is particularly suitable for cases where
Little cooling water or only cooling water of a high temperature is available for
conveying the cold return gas first though the spiral 75 instead of directly into
the compressor.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of the said inven
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed, as communicated to me
by my foreign correspondent, I declare that what I claim is
1. In a
1efrigerating apparatus a compressor with an arrangement for utilizing
the expansive force of the gases flowing from the condenser to the evaporator,
characterized by a partition (1) arranged in the compression cylinder, which

page_text: partition forms between it and a double piston (22) two cylindrical chambers (10
and 10') in which the condenser gases entering alternately through pipe (13) and
the regulated valves (11 and 111) (in order to assist the driving machine of the
compressor) act by expansion, and are theu only discharged through the regulated
valves (14 and 14) and the pipe (16) into the evaporator, whilst the gases drawn
from the evaporator through pipe (6, 6') and valves (5, 5') are alternately
compressed between the cylinder ends and discharged by means of a tube (9) to
the condenser through the pressure valves (7, 7) after having been preliminarily
cooled in the cylinder casing (8) substantially as described and illustrated.
2. In a refrigerating apparatus a stuffing box for the compressor, characterized
by the actual bighest pressure of compression (condenser pressure) being always
conveyed to a piston (23) by means of a pipe (24) and to a chamber (8) thus
pressing on the sealing liquid (glyccine, oil or the like) contained in the stuffing
with the object of preventing any loss of gas, substantially as described and
illustrated.
3. In a refrigerating apparatus a stuffing box with several chambers (Figure 7)
for the compressors, characterized by the chambers lying close or next to the
cylinder ends, being connected with the suction valve of the compressor forming
the cylinder casing in such a way that a given pressure is constantly maintained
in the chamber by means of the difference of the valves (31) substantially as
described and illustrated.
4. In a refrigerating apparatus an arrangement for preliminary exchange of
heat between the air and the water characterized by a worm or spiral tube (35 or 43)
being surrounded by a cooling apparatus consisting of cooling chambers (36),
through which apparatus au passes hom below upwards so that for cooling air,
the water cooled by the cooling medium evaporating in the woun (35) and flowing
over the edge of the cooling apparatus cools the air passing through the chambers,
whilst for cooling the water, the warm water flowing from the condensing
worm (43) 15 cooled by the current of air conveyed in an opposite direction in the
chambers, substantially as described and illustrated.
5. A refrigerating machine operated mechanically or by hand, characterized by
a simple-acting pump concenti ically built in the condenser, the annular chainbers (51)
of which pump are connected with one another by a space (52) and with the
refrigerator by a ball reducing valve (57) with the object of producing a better
Joint of the piston by means of a gas pressure, for recovering lost gas, and for
Avoiding the overflow of the glycerine into the refiigerator, substantially as
described and illustrated.
6. lu stuffing boxes such as described in Clauns 2 and 3, and cooling or
} efrigerating machines as described in Claim 5, the arrangement of a glycerine
pump consisting of a piston (54), valve (55) and vent or pipe (56) with the
object of forcing the glycerine (entering at 53) into the annular chamber (51),
so that the stuffing boxes and pistons remain covered with this liquid and a better
Joint is obtained, substantially as described and illustrated.
7. In refrigerating machines such as described in Claim 5, the arrangement
of a regulating valve (46) with a device for regulating the same, which device
consists of a disc (58) fixed on the crank axle (45) and having projections (59)
which engage a bar (61) carried by a ring (60) and connected with a lever (62),
a spring (63) and a screw (64), with the object of opening the valve (46) on the
rotation of the shaft (45), whereby the spring (63) closes the valve, and the
screw (64) renders possible the adjustment of the spring or movement of the valve (46),
substantially as described, and illustrated.
8 In refrigerating machines such as described in Claim 5, the arrangement of
ance cell (66, Figure 12, Sheet III) provided with adjustable vanes (69) which
has a revolving plate (68) and bevel gearing (67), with the object of accelerating
the freezing of the water by the rotation of this plate, and gradually to agitate
by means of the vanes (69) the freezing water, substantially as described aud
illustrated.

page_text: 9. In refrigerating machines such as described in Claim 5 the arrangement of
a cooling worm (75, Figure 18 Sheet III) with the object of conveying the cold
returning gas first through the worm (75) instead of directly into the condenser,
and thus assisting the cooling action of the cooling water which is flowing out
substantially as described and illustrated.
Dated this 13th dow of Max 1805
WM. P. THOMPSON & Co.,
Agents.