Improvements in and Apparatus for Heating and Distilling Water, Milk, and other Liquids, for Sterilizing or other purposes.
Year: 1898

page_text: Date of Application, 13th Dec., 1898-Accepted, 11th Mar., 1899
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in and Apparatus for Heating and Distilling Water,
Milk, and other Liquids, for Sterilizing or other purposes.
I, JAMES YATE JOHNSON, of 47, Lincoln's Inn Fields, in the County of London,
Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of this invention (which has been com-
municated to me from abroad by William Smith Forbes, of 901, Pine Street,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Surgeon), and in what
manner the same is to be performed to be particularly described and ascertained
in and by the following statement:-
This invention has for its object to provide improved means to be used in
heating water, milk, and other liquids, for the purpose of destroying disease
It also
germs, or for producing chemical effects or for other useful purposes.
relates to the distillation of liquids where large volumes have to be treated, in
order to extract comparatively small volumes of contained elements.
The object of the invention is to provide an apparatus which possesses, inde-
pendently of valves, or mechanism, the elements necessary for automatically
heating liquids to any predetermined temperature for sterilizing, or other useful
purposes.
Attempts have been made to provide automatic sterilizers whereby milk, or
other liquids, could be heated to a predetermined temperature, but in these cases
the flow of the liquid was regulated by means of valves, or other mechanical
contrivances, which possessed the inherent defects peculiar to mechanical con-
trivances, or the positive objections to valves, on the score of leakage, corrosion
and unreliability. It is obvious, as in the case of sterilising milk, that if it be
overheated its virtues are impaired; and on the other hand if it be not raised to a
sufficient temperature its disease germs and natural bacteria will survive the
treatment, and if the smallest amount of leakage can occur (which is an inherent
defect in valves) from the unsterilized, to the sterilised, milk, then the treatment
fails to give the results desired, and worse, for the treatment promises an im-
munity which it does not secure and leaves no trace by which the danger can be
detected, and at the same time causes neglect of other precautions that might
otherwise be observed.
Therefore the leading object of this invention is to provide an apparatus which
shall possess the inherent elements necessary for automatically performing the fol-
lowing functions:-1st. Heating all of the liquid being treated to any determined
temperature. 2nd. For preventing any of the liquid being treated from passing
through the apparatus, by leakage, or otherwise, until it has been raised to the
desired temperature. 3rd. For preventing the liquid being treated from being
overheated.
The invention further consists of appliances for transferring the heat imparted
to the liquid, while on its way from where heat is applied, to the cold liquid to
be treated, while on its way to where heat is applied; and also consists of certain
details and parts belonging to, and adapted for the carrying out of the invention;
and also means for extracting the vapours, or gases, liberated from the heated
lianid

page_text: In order to make the invention perfectly clear reference is made to the accom-
panying drawings in which;
Fig. 1, shews, diagrammatically an apparatus embodying the different features
of the invention;
Fig. 2, shews a form adapted for heating fluids under various pressures;
Fig. 3, shews a form of apparatus for operating at any desired temperature;
Fig. 4, is a modified form of apparatus
Fig. 5, is a practical form of apparatus shewn diagrammatically;
Figs. 6 and 7, shew practical forms of apparatus;
Figs. 8, 9 and 10, are forms adapted for treating liquids on a large scale;
Fig. 11, is a detail of Fig. 10;
Fig. 12, is a detail belonging to Figs. 6 and 7;
Fig. 13, is a section of part of a temperature exchanger;
Fig. 14, is a section of part of Fig. 13;
Fig. 15, shews a modified form of temperature exchanger;
Figs. 16 and 17, show forms of part of a heat exchanger.
In Fig. 1a represents the source from which the liquid to be treated is sup-
plied; is a receiving weir, or funnel; c is a stand pipe having a stuffing box cl
allowing for the adjustment of the pipe; E is a temperature exchanger divided
into two water-tight compartments d, and 2, by the metallic partition R; e is a
stand pipe extending from compartment d, to the tank g, in which the pipe e,
terminates by the funnel-shaped air weir f. Around the pipe e, is a water, or
steam, jacket M, adapted for holding fluid which can be heated by the stove H
which is connected to the jacket M at its extremes by circulating pipes H² and H³.
Covering the tank g is a closed hood G, from which extends a vapour pipe G₁
provided with a condensing worm G2 situated in the cooling vat G³.
Extending from the bottom of tank g, is an insulated pipe
top of the compartment i of the temperature exchanger E.
which enters the
From the lower part of the compartment i extends a pipe j having a discharge
opening k.
In operation, the liquid to be treated enters from a, into the weir b, and passes
down the pipe c, and up through the compartment of the heat exchanger E and
then up the stand pipe e to the liquid level S, where it stops, for any more liquid
entering from a into b will overflow the rim of the weir b which is also at the
liquid level S; so normally no liquid can pass through the apparatus beyond, or
above, the level S in the pipe e. If, at this stage, the burner H¹ be lighted
and the stove H, and consequently the fluid in the jacket M be heated, it will heat
the liquid in the stand pipe e so that the said liquid will be expanded and as its
specific gravity will then be lessened, it will take a higher column of hot. liquid in
the pipe e to balance the column of cold liquid in the pipe c, so if enough heat
be applied, or if any fixed, or limited, degree of heat be applied, it will raise the
level of the fluid in the pipe e a proportionate amount above its normal level. If,
at this stage, the height of the pipe c and its weir b, be adjusted so that the
hot liquid in the pipe e will just run over its weir f, then the liquid that enters
in its place, if it be not heated up to the same degree, will not expand enough to
run over, and if too much heat be applied, it will run over faster, and not remain
in the pipe e long enough to become overheated; so by adjusting the height of
the weir b, to the overflow level T of the weir f, the flowing over temperature of
the liquid can be regulated to correspond to any predetermined degree of heat.
The sensitiveness of this form of apparatus is proportional to the length, or
height, of the pipes c, and e, when the expansive effect of heat below the boiling
point is used.
At the boiling point the sudden rise due to ebullition dispenses
with the need of any considerable heights in the pipes c and c.
When the liquid passes over the weir f it falls into the tank g, it then passes
down the insulated pipe h into the top of the compartment i of the temperature
exchanger E and its heat is conducted through the partition R into the cold liquid

page_text: that is rising through the compartment d so that this cold liquid is heated by the
time it reaches the top of the temperature exchanger E while the hot liquid in
the compartment is cooled by the time it reaches the bottom of the temperature
exchanger E where it is drawn off through the discharge of the pipe j.
The result attained is that no liquid can pass through the apparatus in its nor-
mal state, but must depend upon its temperature being raised to a predetermined
legree of heat; and the liquid entering cool is raised to the required temperature
and then cooled off, so that it leaves the apparatus at about the same temperature
as it had while entering.
In case it is required to heat and cool the liquid several times, as in sterilizing
milk, several of these apparatus can be used so that the discharge k of one will
become the source of supply for the second as indicated at X.. As the heat from
the liquid passing away is transmitted to the cold liquid entering, the same heat
is used over and over again, so that after the initial supply of heat is once furnished,
very little additional heat is required to keep the apparatus in operation; and
as large volumes of liquid can be treated at a slight expense of fuel it is often
profitable to treat liquids having a small percentage of volatile matter, such as
ammonia, for these products if liberated by heat in the form of vapour are
secured, as they arise from the hot overflowing liquid in the tank g, by the hood G,
and condensing worm G2, or if combustible gases be produced they can be con-
ducted to a receptacle, or used direct for maintaining the heat at the stove H, or
otherwise.
e
Fig. 2, shews a modified form of apparatus adapted for heating liquids under
any pressure, either above, or below, their atmospheric boiling points. This is
similar to Fig. 1, except that the supply of liquid enters the closed tank a¹ having
a float and valve to maintain the liquid level. The overflow tank g is also closed
and the two tanks a¹ and g are connected by the passage gl so that whatever
pressure may be created, by the pump g², or otherwise, in the one tank, that
pressure will be communicated to the other; therefore the liquid level in the pipe
will normally remain the same as that in the tank a¹ as at S, while the boiling
point of the liquid which overflows the weir f will be changed to correspond with
the pressure, and be subject to effects of heat in causing it to overflow its weir f as
described with regard to Fig. 1. In this case the pressure in the tank
is pre-
vented from forcing all of the liquid out of tank g by the discharge k of the
pipe being adjusted to balance the pressure in the tank g. This pressure can
be created in other ways than by the pump g², such, for instance, as by using
the heat imparted to the liquid being treated, to expand air, or produce vapours
from more, or less, volatile Huids.
Fig. 3 shews a form adapted for heating liquids above, or below, the boiling
point by inserting a closed chamber L, in the pipe e, for liquid where it gains its
highest degree of heat. The chamber L is filled with air, gas, or liquid, of a more,
or less, volatile nature, and is connected by means of a pipe L' to the closed supply
tank a¹. The float and valve in a¹ maintain the liquid level S which normally
rises to the same level in the pipe e, or around the chamber L. As this liquid
is heated, the heat expands the air, or gas, or vapourizes the liquid in the
chamber L and creates a pressure on the surface of the liquid in the tank a' which
raises the liquid in the pipe e, and causes it to rise from level S and overflow the
weir f and as the pressure which causes this overflow is entirely dependent upon
the degree of heat directly imparted to the liquid in the pipe e through the medium
of the pressure that such heat imparts to the air, gas, or liquid in the chamber L,
therefore the resultant overflow of liquid at the weir f will correspond to the
degree of heat imparted to such liquid. In practice when air is used as an expand-
ing medium in the chamber L a single tube L' will suffice to connect the cham-
ber L with the tank a¹. A charging pump L² may be used to produce any
required initial pressure in the chamber L and tank a¹. When liquid is used in
the chamber L it will be necessary to employ a vapour trap, which will allow the
pressure of vapour in the said chamber L to exert a pressure on the surface of

page_text: the liquid in the tank a¹ without coming in contact with such liquid, which would
otherwise condense it.
Fig. 4 shews a form of apparatus in which the normal liquid level S is the same
both in the tank a¹ and the pipe e irrespective of any opposing pressure which
may exist between the pressure at the source of supply a and the opposing uniform
air pressure in both the tank a¹ and the pipe e. The effect of heat would disturb
this normal level by bringing the liquid in the pipe e to the boiling point which
would vary, or could be varied by changes in the air pressure in the tank a¹ and
pipe e.
The act of boiling would cause the liquid in its ebullition to pass
into the pipe h as indicated by the arrow at f.
over
The liquid in the compartment and pipe j would be prevented from being
forced out by the air, or other pressure, in the tank a¹ and pipes e¹, h and h¹ by
means of the stand pipes j¹ and through which the sterilized liquid passes on its
way to the discharge k.
The level of the liquid in the pipe jas at X, will vary to correspond to the
pressure in the pipe e so that the column of liquid in the pipe 3 will counter-
balance such pressure and prevent the liquid from passing out below the tank.
Fig. 5 shews, diagrammatically, a form of apparatus more particularly adapted
for domestic purposes for sterilizing water, by raising its temperature to the boil-
ing point. The water to be treated is supplied from the bottle a by inverting it in
the cup b, so that the water will pass from a to b, as it recedes from the cup 6 and
allows air to enter the bottle a, but no faster; so the water line S is maintained
constant in the cup b.
The water in the cup 6 passes down the pipe cand up through the compart-
ment of the heat exchanger E, then through the pipe e into, and up through,
the annular space e¹ to the water level S, where it stops.
by the lamp H2 to the stove H, the flame passing up through the central tube H³
When heat is applied
boils the water in the space e¹ and causes it to rise up and flow over through the
weir pipe into the cup f¹, and then down through the compartment
temperature exchanger E where its heat is transferred to the cold water entering
the compartment d of the temperature exchanger E, then out through the pipe j
into the receiving bottle k¹. If hot water be required, it can be had by stopping
the discharge and causing the water to overflow at the cup f¹ before it has been
cooled by passing through the temperature exchanger E.
of the
Fig. 6 shews a practical form of apparatus similar to Fig. 5.
In this case a Bunsen burner H¹ is used for heating the stove H.
ture exchanger E, bottle a and all the parts are held by the standard W which
The tempera-
is supported by the stand W.
Fig. 7 shews a form similar to Fig. 6 except that a tank b, having a float and
valve, is used to maintain the water level. This form is adapted for continuous
runs and can be attached direct to a water supply pipe a¹.
So far the invention has been illustrated in forms more especially applicable
to small apparatus adapted for domestic purposes but the same can be used for
large plants such as are adapted for sterilizing all the water furnished for a city's
supply, or for treating liquids on a large scale. For such purposes different forms
of apparatus are used, one of which is represented by Fig. 8, consisting of a long
horizontal temperature exchanger E divided into two compartments d and i by the
partition R.
The liquid flows through these compartments, or passages, in
opposite directions, as shewn by arrows, by entering at the pipe
passage d, then passing along, as shown by the arrow, until it enters, by the
c into the
pipe e, the boiler H, where its temperature is raised, which causes it to boil over
or rise above, the water level S, and flow out through the pipe f, into the
passage i then along, as shewn by the arrow, and out through the discharge pipe j.
The heat from the liquid passing from the boiler H is conducted through the 5
partition R to the liquid passing to the boiler as hereinbefore described.
practice a number of partitions can be placed parallel in the same temperature
In

page_text: exchanger, or pipes may be used so that the liquid outside and that inside of them,
will flow in opposite directions. The whole exchanger E may be placed hori-
zontally as shewn, or in an upright or other position.
The apparatus shewn in Fig. 9 is similar to Fig. 8 except that the boiler H is
placed below the level of the temperature exchanger E so that the liquid in the
boiler H is under a greater pressure than in the exchanger E. The effect of this
is that the boiling point is raised above 2.120 (if water is being treated) to an extent
dependent upon the difference between the levels of the exchanger E and boiler H,
or the amount of pressure the water is under while in the boiler H, as for instance
if the boiler H be thirty feet below the exchanger E, the pressure of water in the
boiler H would be about fifteen pounds, which would require about 250° Fahrenheit
to boil it, but if 230° of heat were supplied it would expand the water and cause
it to rise in the pipes f¹ until it arrived at where the pressure was lower, then it
would begin to boil, and pass over the weir f, at the point of discharge above the
level of the water in the exchanger E, so in this way a higher degree of heat than
2120 can be applied, and both the expansive effect, and the boiling effect, of heat,
can be used, for causing the liquid to pass over a weir above the level of its source
of supply.
Fig. 10 shews a form of apparatus consisting of an outer case, or conduit, d, into
which the liquid being treated enters at a, and flows through it until it reaches
the part H, where heat is applied at H2, the liquid is then boiled, or passed over
the weir f, by means of the heat applied, into an inner case, or conduit, i, through
which its heat is transferred to the liquid in the conduit while the fluid in the
conduit is passing along its length from which it is discharged through the
spout j.
Fig. 11 is a detail shewing the inner case, or conduit, belonging to Fig. 10.
This inner case, or conduit, is composed of folded sheets R, which form an upper
set of passages, or grooves, i, i, and a lower set of passages, or grooves, d, d, the
upper set i, i, being closed at each end by the metal P, P, so that each groove i, i,
forms a water-tight trough, so that if the whole be placed in a case, or conduit,
as shewn by dotted lines, and if it be filled with liquid up to the line S, the liquid
can pass through the lower set of grooves d d and cool the liquid held by the
upper set and in this way the metal which forms this part of the apparatus
acts as the partition R hereinbefore described.
The advantage of the form of apparatus shewn in Fig. 10, is that it can be
taken apart for cleaning by lifting out the cone H3 with its overflow pipe H and
the part shewn in Fig. 11.
Fig. 12 is a section of the form of stove shewn in Figs. 6 and 7 and consists
of an outer shell H having an open top with a concave bottom which forms the
dome H2 where heat is applied as represented by the flame H¹.
The liquid enters the shell H near its bottom by the way of the pipe e and
rises to the liquid line S. Inserted loosely into the shell H is the conical
shell which surrounds the dome H2 and leaves a film of liquid between the
dome H2 and shell H³.
The pipe H extends from the shell H3 and up over the rim of the shell H. The
effect of the heat applied at the dome H2 boils the liquid between the domo H³
and the shell H³ and causes it to rise in the pipe H and pass over f and out at,
f. He is a cover placed loosely on the top of the shell H and surrounding the
pipe H. In the construction of this apparatus several important details are in-
volved, one leading feature being the temperature exchanger represented by E in
most of the drawings. Several forms of them are shewn. These exchangers should
be made so as to produce the greatest practical surface in the partition R, or its
equivalent, so as to facilitate the transfer of heat from the liquid in one com-
partment to that in the other, and the said partition, or its equivalent, should
be formed so that if any leaks occur, owing to imperfect joints, these leaks will
occur from the compartments outward through the joints of the external shell and
not from one compartment to the other. The external shell should be compact so

page_text: as to possess the least possible surface through which heat can be lost into the
surrounding air, and, in case of small apparatus, or where they are made in short,
or compact, form, the compartments should be formed so that the movement of the
liquid through them will meet with the least possible resistance and that agitation
may be avoided and the liquid be allowed to stratify so that each part will take a
level according to its temperature ranging so that the hottest will be on top and
the coldest at bottom; or so that the hot liquid in one compartment will sink, as
it gradually gives up its heat, until it passes out cold at the bottom, while the
cold liquid of the other compartment will rise, as it gradually absorbs heat, until
it passes out hot at the top.
Fig. 13 shews a sectional end or top view of a temperature exchanger E con-
structed with these objects in view. Its outer shell is composed of two light
sections E and E placed together as shewn with the intervening partition R, so
that it will extend from the joint E³, across the interior space formed by these
shells until it reaches the joint E. The partition R is in the form of many
counterfolded sheets so that it crosses from E to E in a zigzag direction and
offers a large surface compared to the shells E¹ and E. These three parts are
all held together by a flanged joint, or rivets, at the joints E3 and E, and then
dipped in melted metal such as zinc, or tin, so that the joints are closed and the
metal is coated. This partition R, divides the inner space into two compart-
ments d and i. If there be any leak from the joints E3 or E, from either com-
partment it will be outward through the outer shell, or through these joints, and
not from one compartment to the other.
The liquids enter at the extremes of the compartments d and i and have a
straight passage in a direction longitudinally to the folds of the partition R.
Fig. 14 is a sectional elevation of a part of Fig. 13 with part removed shewing
the folded partition R. One of the ends of this temperature exchanger is shewn,
which is closed by means of cement, or metal, cast or moulded while in a liquid
state, in the form shewn at P', which stops off all the openings at the ends of the
partition R, and also completely closes each end of the two compartments formed
on each side of the partition.
In
Fig. 15 shews a cross section of a temperature exchanger in which E' represents
a case enclosing two sides and the top and bottom of the partition R. The ends,
not shewn, are closed by metal cast in as described with regard to Fig. 14.
this form the two compartments are made accessible by removing the front and
back plates E2 and E³.
Figs. 16 and 17 shew different ways of constructing the partition R by joining
by means of strips. plates having a single bend, or by joining separate flat plates.
the strips R being used in the place of bends.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of the said
invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what
I claim is:-
1. In an apparatus for heating liquids, means for preventing passage of liquid
through the apparatus, beyond the place where heat is applied, independently of
the pressure, or level, of its source of supply, and without the use of valves, or
like mechanism, and means for causing the liquid to pass through the apparatus
as a result of it being heated to a predetermined temperature, substantially as
herein before described.
2. In a liquid heating apparatus, wherein the liquid being treated is stopped
by gravitation at a point within the apparatus, independently of the level, or
pressure, of its source of supply, means for employing the expansive effect of the
heat applied to the liquid being treated, for causing said liquid to continue ou
through the apparatus from the point reached by gravitation, substantially as
hereinbefore described.
3. In a liquid heating apparatus, the combination of means whereby the force
of gravitation is-employed for causing, and limiting, the flow of the liquid through

page_text: the apparatus to a part at, or near, where heat is applied, independently of the
pressure, or level, of its source of supply, means for applying heat at, or near,
the part whereto the liquid is forced, and stopped, by gravitation, and means for
employing the force of the heat applied to the liquid for raising such liquid above
the level it had reached by gravitation, thereby causing it to complete its flow
through the apparatus, substantially as herein before described.
4. In a liquid heating apparatus wherein the liquid is normally stopped by
gravitation from passing beyond the part at, or near, where heat is applied, the
means described of balancing a column of heated liquid against a column of
cold inflowing liquid and employing the greater height attained by the heated
column as a sole, or partial, means for causing the liquid in the heated column to
flow beyond where it was stopped by gravitation, and to pass through the apparatus,
substantially as hereinbefore described.
5. In a liquid heating apparatus, the combination of means for stopping by the
force of gravitation, the liquid at, or beyond, the part where heat is applied, with
means for employing the heat applied to the fluid being treated for expanding
air, or the equivalent, whereby mechanical energy is produced, and employing
such energy as the sole, or partial, means for causing the heated liquid to complete
its course through the apparatus, substantially as herein before described.
6. In a liquid heating apparatus, the combination of means for employing the
force of gravitation for preventing the flow of liquid through the apparatus beyond
the point where heat is applied, with means for employing the pressure of air, or
the equivalent, upon the surface of the liquid within the apparatus, and upon
the surface of the liquid supplied to the apparatus, for varying the boiling point,
or temperature, at which the liquid is compelled to complete its passage through
the apparatus, substantially as hereinbefore described.
7. In a liquid heating apparatus, the combination of means whereby the force
of gravitation is employed for preventing the flow of the liquid through the
apparatus beyond a part at, or near, where heat is applied independently of
the pressure, or head, of such liquid, with means for employing the force of the
heat applied to such liquid for causing it to complete its course through the
apparatus, and with means for transferring from the liquid while on its way
from the part where heat was applied the heat so applied to it to the inflowing
liquid while on its way to where heat 'is applied, substantially as hereinbefore
described.
8. In an apparatus for heating liquid as herein before described, means for
collecting the vapours, or gases, liberated from the liquid being treated, near
the part where heat is applied, and between it and where the heat of the outflowing
liquid is transferred to the inflowing liquid, substantially as herein before described.
9. The method of distilling vapours, or gases, from liquids, consisting of means
for causing the liquid to pass from its source of supply, into, and preventing it
from flowing beyond, a certain part of the apparatus, means for applying heat
to the liquid at, or near, the said part, means for employing the force of the
heat 'so applied to the liquid for causing it to complete its course through the
apparatus, means for securing the vapours, or gases, liberated from the liquid at,
or near, where heat is applied, and means for transferring the heat of the liquid
passing from where heat is applied, to the liquid while on its way to where heat
is applied, substantially as hereinbefore described.
10. In aliquid heater, the combination of means for limiting the flow of liquid
in the apparatus to a part where heat is applied, and means for employing the
force of the applied heat for causing the liquid to complete its course through the
apparatus, with a temperature exchanger adapted for transferring the heat, sub-
stantially as hereinbefore described.
11. In a liquid heater, means for preventing the overheating of the liquid by
causing it to pass over a weir above the level of its source of supply, as fast as
such liquid is heated to a predeterred temperature, while passing up a stand

page_text: pipe, or column, in which the heated liquid is balanced against a column of
unheated liquid on its way from its source of supply, substantially as hereinbefore
described.
12. In a liquid heating apparatus as hereinbefore described, means for adjusting
the difference between the supply and overflow levels, 'substantially as, and for
the purposes, herein before set forth.
13. The process of treating liquids by heat, consisting of the means described
for employing the combined effect of boiling and expansion due to heat, for
causing the liquid to overflow a weir above the level of its source of supply, sub-
stantially as hereinbefore described.
14. In a liquid heating apparatus, the method of causing the liquid being treated
to pass through the apparatus at a predetermined temperature through the effect
of the heat applied, by extending the columns, or heights, of the pipes containing
the unheated and heated liquids respectively, so that the expansive effect of the
required degree of heat, in the one will raise it to the required levei above its
source of supply, substantially as hereinbefore described.
15. In a liquid heater as described, the combination of a closed supply tank
provided with means for maintaining a constant level of the liquid supplied
thereto, a closed expansion 'chamber having a passage leading from the same to
the surface of the liquid in the supply tank, and means for conducting heat from
the liquid being treated, to air, gas, or liquid, in the expansion chamber, whereby
the pressure, caused by the expansive effect of heat within the expansion chamber,
will force the heated liquid within the apparatus to a level above its normal point,
and cause the same to pass through the apparatus, substantially as hereinbefore
described.
16. In a liquid heater, the combination of the cup b adapted for receiving the
inverted bottle, or supply holder a, with the temperature exchanger E, heater H,
and pipes and parts in connection therewith, substantially as hereinbefore described
with reference to Figures 5 and 6 of the drawings.
17. In a liquid heater, an outer shell H, with open top and lower inlet e, and a
concaved dome shaped bottom H2 to which heat is applied, with an inner shell Hs
formed as a hollow cone fitting loosely around the dome shaped bottom H2, and
having a projecting pipe H adapted for conducting the liquid from the shell H
to the discharge opening f2, substantially, as and for the purposes herein before
described with reference to Figures 6, 7 and 12 of the drawings.
18. A temperature exchanger composed of a closed outer shell divided into two
separate compartments by a folded partition, substantially as hereinbefore
described.
19. A temperature exchanger composed of the shell E, partition R, and the
sealing metal, or cement l', substantially as herein before described.
20. A temperature exchanger divided into two compartments d and i provided
with inlet and outlet passages at their two extremities, a zigzag or backward and
forward partition R, and cement, or metallic ends P, substantially as herein before
described.
21. In a temperature exchanger the combination of the two half shells E¹
and E2, the partition R extending out through the joints E3 and E, and the
sealing metal P, substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to
Figures 13 and 14 of the drawings.
22. In a temperature exchanger the partition R united by the strips R¹, sub-
stantially as herein before described.
23. The temperature exchanger as herein before described, consisting of a closed
outer case divided into two separate compartments, with inlet and outlet openings
at their two extremities, by means of a partition extending in a backward and
forward, or zigzag, course across the interior of the said case and having the
straight sides, or lines of its bends, extending longitudinally with the said case,
substantially as and for the purposes, herein before set forth.
24. In a liquid heating apparatus as hereinbefore described, the combination of

page_text: a temperature exchanger, with a liquid heater placed below the level of the tem-
perature exchanger, substantially as and for the purposes herein before set forth.
25. In apparatus for heating liquids, the combination of casings for two
communicating columns of liquid, one higher than the other, means for supplying
liquid to the shorter casing and for conveying it away from the upper end of the
longer casing, and provision for heating the liquid in the longer casing, sub-
stantially as hereinbefore described.
26. In apparatus for heating liquids, the combination of casings for two com-
municating columns of liquid, one higher than the other, means for supplying
liquid to the shorter casing and for conveying it away from the upper end of
the longer casing, and provision for heating the liquid in the longer casing, and
means for carrying away vapour or gas from the heated column of liquid, sub-
stantially as hereinbefore described."
27. Apparatus for heating or sterilizing liquids, substantially as hereinbefore
described and illustrated in the 'accompanying drawings.
Dated this 10th day of December 1898.
JOHNSONS & WILLCOX.
47, Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, W.C., Agents.
JOHNSONS & WILLCOX.
47, Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, W.C., Agents.