IMPROVEMENTS IN MANUFACTURING AND CONNECTING GLASS LINED PIPES OR TUBES to
Year: 1884

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
I HENRY DUDLEY COOPER of 33 Wimpole Street in the Parish of St Marylebone
in the County of Middlesex, Gontleman do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for IMPROVEMENTS IN MANUFACTURING AND CONNECTING GLASS LINED
PIPES OR TUBES to bo as follows:-
This Invention relates to the manufacturing and connecting glass lined pipes or
tubes for the conveyance of water and chemical solutions and also for sustaining and
protecting wires rods ropes and cords of any materials which are drawn backwards
or forwards up or down and are usually supported by friction wheels or rollers or
by other pipes or tubes which not being glass lined create much more friction than
results from the use of the said glass lined pipes or tubes.
I take any suitable length of iron or other metal pipe or tube and screw the
lower end into a cap or socket of iron or other suitable metal or material I then
pour into the pipe or tubo a cement suitable for the purpose to which the pipe or
tube is to be applied A piece of glass tube of the same length as that of the outer
pipe or tube, and of any required thickness is mounted on a mandrel or rod very
slightly smaller in diameter than the inside of the glass tube.
The end of the mandrel is protruded through the glass tube and a semicircular
fronted head or a minié bullet shaped head is screwed on the projecting head of the
mandrel so that the larger circumference of the head is exactly of the same diameter
as the outside of the glass tube.
The mandrel carrying the glass tube is inserted into the iron or other metal pipe
or tube and guided as carefully as possible into the centre of the cement and
pressed or screwed down until the semicircular fronted or minié bullet shaped head
is exactly buried in a suitable recess in the said cap or socket.
If a sufficient quantity of cement has been poured into the iron or other metal
pipe or tube the pressure of the semicircular or minié bullet shaped head of the
mandrel will have pressed the cement so as to firmly fill up the annular space
between the metal pipe or tube and the glass tube If the composition of the
cement is such as to set rapidly, the head of the mandrel may be grasped by the
forceps forming part of the recess in the cap or socket and the mandrel may be at
once unscrewed and withdrawn and on taking off the cap or socket the metal

page_text: pipe is found lined with the glass tube both being connected by a strongly pressed
body of cement.
In some cases I prefer to fit the metal pipe or tube and the glass tube into a
double nozle with an annular space corresponding to the annular space between
the two tubes, and screw the other end of the double nozle to a powerful com-
pressing cylinder which either by screw or by hydraulic power or by steam or by
compressed air forces the current throughout the annular space between the metal
pipe and the glass tube-For water pipes and pipes to carry chemical solutions,
I prefer to use a cement composed of diatomacious earth, such as is used in the
manufacture of dynamite, with just sufficient linseed or other drying oil to bind
it together and if the annular space is desired to be very small a small quantity of
turpentine may be added to enable the cement to be pressed between the glass
tube and metal pipe or tube.
Instead of diatomacious earth china clay or gypsum may be used and for certain
chemical purposes I take broken asbestos fibre or slag wool to form the body and
add one part of powdered glass to two parts of powdered fluor spar mixing in
sufficient silicate of soda or potash to give the proper consistency The silicate of
potash I prefer is made by taking 10 parts of carbonate of potash 15 parts of
powdered quartz and one part of charcoal all these are to be fused together and
dissolved in sufficient boiling water to render the whole cement just moist enough
to be pressed between the glass and the metal tubes.
For the carriage of other chemicals in solution through glass lined pipes I take
15 parts of black resin 4 parts of paraffin wax and 21 parts of diatomacious earth,
melting the resin and paraffine wax together and stirring in the diatomaceous
earth. In applying the cement the metal pipe or tube should be kept heated in
an oil or water bath while the cement is put in and rammed down as well as when
the glass tube on the mandrel is being inserted.
In some cases I use cement composed of 25 parts of india-rubber 5 parts of
paraffin wax or bees wax, and, if required 10 parts of linseed or other drying oil.
These ingredients are melted together and quicklime is gradually stirred in until
the desired combination is produced; this should also be applied hot with the metal
pipes heated in an oil, water, or steam bath-For the same purposes shell-lac and
Venice turpentine in equal proportions melted into the hot metal pipe or tube
forms a very suitable cement.
These 5 various cements are those which I generally find to be suitable in
composition for the several uses to which the glass lined pipes are adapted but
I do not limit myself to the proportions mentioned as these proportions may be
somewhat varied according to the temperature, mode of filling, or convenience.
According to the amount of pressure required to force the cement between the
glass and metal pipes or tubes, I use the various forms of head to the mandrel.
For those cements which are easily forced between the tubes I prefer the semi-
circular form of head and when greater pressure is required the shape of the head
should approach that of the most perfect conoidal bullet, that form having the
least resistance and forces its way through the cement with the least expenditure
of power.
The cap or socket into which the iron or other metal pipe or tube is screwed is
provided with a strong pair of forceps which form the recess or part of the recess
into which the head of the mandrel is sunk, when the mandrel carrying the glass
tube has been pressed home.
The pair of forceps may have a screw attachment so as to compress them firmly
on the head to hold it while the mandrel is unscrewed and withdrawn.
To connect the various lengths of glass lined iron or other metal tubes or pipes
I take the ordinary screw-sockets or couplings, and use as washers annular rings
of hard india rubber gutta percha, ebonite, or celluloid where it is of importance
that the continuity of internal surface shall be as smooth as possible, and I am
very careful to adjust the washers as exactly as possible to the interior surface of
the glass tube, so that they shall neither project nor recede-To ensure this

page_text: I prefer making the washers of rather smaller interior diameter than that of the
glass tube and to bore them true to the glass by a suitable boring instrument after
the couplings have been screwed up.
I prefer to use the harder of these washers such as ebonite or celluloid with
a small quantity of paraffine wax or bees wax between each pair of ends of the
glass lined iron or other metal pipes which ends should be ground nearly true
when the glass lined pipe or tube is used to carry or support long lines of wire or
wirerope which have to be drawn through the glass lined pipe either for bell pulls
or for signalling on railways or other works I also prefer to use the hard washers
when it is desired to use the glass lined pipe for the protection of covered or
insulated telegraph and telephone wires either underground or along the sides of
walls buildings or other supports-By this means the heavy haulage in dragging
the coverered or insulated wires through the tubes and pipes as now in use will be
reduced to a very great degree.
Where signal wires to move semaphores and lights and to sound bells and gongs
and other signalling operations by drawing a rod or wire or wire rope backwards
or forward up or down are to be passed through the glass-lined metal pipe I take
special care that the smoothest continuity of surface is maintained by connecting
the ends of the glass lined tube with hard washers and wax as aforesaid and after
screwing up all the couplings sockets and connections and boring out the washers
as previously described I take the slightest possible back turn of the screw to allow
for the expansion of the metal and the possible squeezing up of the washers which
would cause some little friction.
For connecting glass lined water pipes and similar pipes for other purposes I use
washers of asbestos cord, or of asbestos millboard, which has been subjected to
a high degree of heat so as to burn out all the decomposable matters introduced
in the process of its manufacture-In many cases I dispense with washers altogether
by mixing diatomacious earth or broken asbestos fibres or slag-wool with paraffine
wax or beeswax so as to form a kind of putty to spread on each of the two ends
of the glass lined pipe to be coupled together so that when screwed up all possible
spaces between the ends are filled up Sometimes I use for this purpose paraffine
wax or beeswax alone or a mixture of paraffine wax and beeswax.
To enable pieces of glass lined metal pipe to be unscrewed without the necessity
of taking down long lengths of the connected piping I usually insert at intervals
short lengths of glass lined pipe having the threads of the screw ends continued
sufficiently far back to admit of the screw couplings and sockets being screwed
back their entire length, and a little more where it is found advisable to use
backnuts-By this means a short length can be removed and the glass lined pipe
disconnected within a short distance of any required alterations and repairs.

page_text: "
I HENRY DUDLEY COOPER, of 33 Wimpole Street, in the Parish of Marylebone,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
MANUFACTURING AND CONNECTING GLASS LINED PIPES OR TUBES and in what
manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained
in and by the following statement :—
This invention relates to the manufacturing and connecting glass lined pipes or
tubes for the conveyance of water and chemical solutions and also for sustaining
and protecting wires, rods, ropes and cords: of any materials which are drawn
backwards or forwards, up or down, and are usually supported by friction wheels
or rollers, or by other pipes or tubes, which not being glass lined, create much more
friction than results from the use of the said glass lined pipes or tubes.
I take any suitable length of iron or other metal pipe or tube and screw the
lower end into a cap or socket of iron or other suitable metal or material. I then
pour into the pipe or tube a cement suitable for the purpose to which the pipe or
tube is to be applied.
A piece of glass tube of the same length as that of the outer pipe or tube, and
of any required thickness is mounted on a mandrel or rod very slightly smaller in
diameter than the inside of the glass tube.
The end of the mandrel is protruded through the glass tube and a semi-circular
fronted head or a Minié-bullet shaped head is screwed on the projecting head of
the mandrel, so that the larger circumferenco of the head is exactly of the same
diameter as the outside of the glass tube.
The mandrel carrying the glass tube is inserted into the iron or other metal pipe
or tube and guided as carefully as possible into the centre of the cement and
pressed or screwed down until the semi-circular fronted or Minié-bullet shaped
head is exactly buried in a suitable recess in the said cap or socket.
If a sufficient quantity of cement has been poured into the iron or other metal
pipe or tube the pressure of the semi-circular or Minié-bullet shaped head of the
mandrel will have pressed the cement so as to firmly fill up the annular space
between the metal pipe or tube and the glass tube. If the composition of the
cement is such as to set rapidly, the head of the mandrel may be grasped by the
forceps forming part of the recess in the cap or socket, and the mandrel may be at
once unscrewed and withdrawn, and on taking off the cap or socket the metal pipe
is found lined with the glass tube, both being connected by a strongly pressed body
of cement.
In some cases I prefer to fit the metal pipe or tube and the glass tube into
a double nozzle with an annular space corresponding to the annular space between
the two tubes, and screw the other end of the double nozzle to a powerful
compressing cylinder which either by screw or by hydraulic power or by steam or
by compressed air forces the cement throughout the annular space between the
metal pipe and the glass tube.

page_text: For water pipes, and pipes to carry chemical solutions I prefer to use a cement
composed of diatomaceous earth such as is used in the manufacture of dynamite
with just sufficient linseed or other drying oil to bind it together, and if the
annular space is desired to be very small, a small quantity of turpentine may be
added to enable the cement to be pressed between the glass tube and the metal
pipe or tube.
Instead of diatomaceous earth, china clay or gypsum may be used, and for
certain chemical purposes I take broken asbestos fibre or slag-wool to form the
body and add one part of powdered glass to two parts of powdered fluor-spar
mixing in sufficient silicate of soda or potash to give the proper consistency. The
silicate of potash I prefer is made by taking 10 parts of carbonate of potash
15 parts of powdered quartz and one part of charcoal; all these are to be fused
together and dissolved in sufficient boiling water to render the whole cement just
moist enough to be pressed between the glass and the metal tubes.
For the carriage of other chemicals in solution through glass-lined pipes,
I take 15 parts of black resin, 4 parts of paraffin wax, and 21 parts of diatomaceous
earth, melting the resin and paraffin wax together and stirring in the diatomaceous
earth. In applying this cement the metal pipe or tube should be kept heated in
an oil or water bath while the cement is put in and rammed down, as well as when
the glass tube on the mandrel is being inserted.
In some cases I use cement composed of 25 parts of india-rubber, 5 parts of
paraffin wax or bees wax and if required 10 parts of linseed or other drying oil.
These ingredients are melted together and quicklime is gradually stirred in until-
the desired combination is produced. This should. also be applied hot with the-
metal pipes heated in an oil, water, or steam bath. For the same purposes shellac
and Venice turpentine in equal proportions melted into the hot metal pipe or tube
forms a very suitable cement.
These 5 various cements are those which I generally find to be suitable in
composition for the several uses to which the glass-lined pipes are adapted, but
I do not limit myself to the proportions mentioned as these proportions may be
somewhat varied according to the temperature, mode of filling, or convenience.
According to the amount of pressure required to force the cement between the
glass and metal pipes or tubes, I use the various forms of head to the mandre!.
For those cements which are easily forced between the tubes, I prefer the semi-
circular form of head, and when greater pressure is required the shape of the head
should approach that of the most perfect conoidal bullet, that form having the least.
resistance and forces its way through the cement with the least expenditure of
power.
The cap or socket into which the iron or other metal pipe or tube is screwed is
provided with a strong pair of forceps which form the recess or part of the recess
into which the head of the mandrel is sunk, when the mandrel carrying the glass
tube has been pressed home.
The pair of forceps may have a screw attachment so as to compress them firmly
on the head to hold it while the mandrel is unscrewed and withdrawn.
To connect the various lengths of glass-lined iron or other metal tubes or pipes,
I take the ordinary screw sockets or couplings and use as washers annular rings
of hard india-rubber gutta-percha, ebonite, or celluloid where it is of importance
that the continuity of internal surface shall be as smooth as possible, and I am
very careful to adjust the washers as exactly as possible to the interior surface of
the glass tube so that they shall neither project nor recede.
To ensure this I prefer making the washers of rather smaller interior diameter
than that of the glass tube, and to bore them true to the glass by a suitable boring.
instrument after the couplings have been screwed up.
I prefer to use the harder of these washers such as ebonite or celluloid with
a small quantity of paraffin wax or bees wax between each pair of ends of the
glass-lined iron or other metal pipes, which ends -should-be ground nearly true

page_text: when the glass-lined pipe or tube is used to carry or support long lines of wire or
wire rope which have to be drawn through the glass-lined pipe either for bell pulls
or for signalling on railways or other works. I also prefer to use the hard washers
when it is desired to use the glass-lined pipe for the protection of covered or insu-
lated telegraph and telephone wires either underground or along the sides of walls,
buildings, or other supports. By this means the heavy haulage in dragging the
covered or insulated wires through the tubes and pipes as now in use will be
reduced to a very great degree.
!
Where signal wires to move semaphores and lights, and to sound bells and gongs
and other signalling operations by drawing a rod or wire or wire-rope backwards
or forwards, up or down are to be passed through the glass-lined metal pipe I take
special care that the smoothest continuity of surface is maintained by connecting
the ends of the glass-lined tube with hard washers and wax as aforesaid, and after
screwing up all the couplings, sockets, and connections and boring out the washers
as previously described, I take the slightest possible back turn of the screw to
allow for the expansion of the metal and the possible squeezing up of the washers
which would cause some little friction.
For connecting glass-lined water pipes and similar pipes for other purposes I use
washers of asbestos cord or of asbestos millboard which has been subjected to
a high degree of heat so as to burn out all the decomposable matters introduced in
the process of its manufacture.
In many cases I dispense with washers altogether by mixing diatomaceous earth
or broken asbestos fibres, or slag-wool, with paraffin wax or bees wax, so as to form
a kind of putty to spread on each of the two ends of the glass-lined pipe to be
coupled together, so that when screwed up all possible spaces between the ends are
filled up. Sometimes I use for this purpose paraffin wax or bees wax alone or
a mixture of paraffin wax and bees wax.
To enable pieces of glass-lined metal pipe to be unscrewed without the necessity
of taking down long lengths of the connected piping, I usually insert at intervals
short lengths of glass-lined pipe having the threads of the screw ends continued
sufficiently far back to admit of the screw couplings and sockets being screwed
back their entire length and a little more where it is found advisable to use back-
nuts. By this means a short length can be removed and the glass-lined pipe
disconnected within a short distance of any required alterations and repairs.
Having set forth the nature of my invention of improvements in manufacturing
and connecting glass-lined pipes or tubes for the supply of water, and chemical
solutions, and also for protecting wires, rods, ropes and cords of any materials
which are required to be drawn backwards or forwards, up or down or are usually
supported by friction wheels or rollers, or by pipes or tubes, which not being glass-
lined, create much more friction than results from the use of the said glass-lined
pipes or tubes, and explained the manner of carrying the same into effect, I wish
it to be understood that under the above in part recited letters patent I do not
claim any particular method of pressing or screwing down the rod or mandrel
carrying with it the glass tube into or through the cement contained in the metal
pipe or tube, but I do claim
First. The head of the mandrel for these purposes being made to screw on or off.
Secondly. The shape of the fronts of the heads of the mandrels being made
substantially of the shape of a semi-circle or more or less of the shape of a conoidal
Minié-bullet.
Thirdly. The cap or socket having the recess formed by a pair of forceps to
grasp the head of the mandrel to enable it to be unscrewed.
Fourthly. The double nozzle with an annular space corresponding with the
annular space between the glass and metal tubes and the compressing cylinder by
which the cement is forced through the double nozzle so as to fill the space
between the glass and the metal tubes with cement at a high pressure,

page_text: Fifthly. The five different kinds of cement substantially as described including
any variation of the proportions according to the use to be made of the glass-
lined pipe.
Sixthly. The various kinds of washers described as most suitable for certain uses
in connecting glass-lined pipes.
Seventhly. The boring out of the washers after screwing up the couplings to
make the internal surface level and continuous.
Eighthly. The use of diatomaceous earth, asbestos fibre, and slag-wool in making
the cements, and the mixture of these or any of them with paraffin wax or bees
wax, to form a kind of putty, also the use of paraffin wax or bees wax, or any
mixture of the two, to form another kind of putty, to close the joints of the glass-
lined pipes within the screw couplings.