IMPROVEMENTS IN TREATING FATTY MATTERS
Year: 1846

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JEAN
MARIE DURNERIN, of Paris, in the Kingdom of France, Doctor of Medicine,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent. Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent, bearing date at Westminster, the Thirteenth day of
January, in the ninth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and
successors, give and grant unto me, the said Jean Marie Durnerin, my
exors, adiñiors, and assigns, Her especial licence, full power, sole privilege
and authority, that I, the said Jean Marie Durnerin, my exors; adiňors,
or assigns, or such others as I, the said Jean Marie Durnerin, my exors,
admors, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time
to time and at all times during the term of years therein expressed, should
and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales,
and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, my Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN
TREATING FATTY MATTERS;" in which said Letters Patent is contained a
proviso that I, the said Jean Marie Durnerin, should cause a particular
description of the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same
is to be performed, to be inrolled in Her said Majesty's High Court of
Chancery within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of
the said in part recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference being
thereunto had, will more fully and at large appear,

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Jean Marie Durnerin, do hereby declare that the nature of my said Invention,
and the manner in which the same is to be performed, are fully described and
ascertained in and by the following statement thercof, reference being had to
the Drawings hereunto annexed, and to the figures and letters marked thereon,
that is to say :-
This Invention consists of improvements in the apparatus and processes
employed for separating the oleine from the stearine of tallow and other fatty
matters, and for separating oleic acid from stearic acid. In order to separate
the oleine from the stearine, I place it into bags of suitable material, and place
them in the apparatus shown in the Drawing, which represents a cast-iron or
other metallic cylindrical vessel, having its surfaces pierced with a number of
holes. Around the internal part of this cylinder I apply a thick filtering
material of felted wool or other suitable filtering material. Upon the inner
surface of the filtering material I apply a thin sheet of metal, perforated with
small holes; this plate of metal is to facilitate the pressure to be given to the
surface of the filtering material, and also to facilitate the passage of the bags
through the cylinder. Between each of the bags I place a series of gratings,
arranged in the following manner:-First, a sheet of felted cloth, over which
is placed a sheet of perforated zinc or other metal, then a sheet of wire cloth,
then another sheet of perforated metal, and then another sheet of felted cloth.
The apparatus is thus arranged as shewn in the Drawings at Figure 1. The
cylinder is to be filled with the bags containing the matter to be pressed in the
following manner :-First, one of the plates with gratings z is placed on the
plate of the press, then what has been called the grating (consisting of two
perforated plates, two thicknesses of felted woollen fabrics, and a sheet of
woven wire cloth). The bag containing the fatty matter is then placed on the
'grating," and then a second grating, and then a second bag of tallow or
fatty matter and a third grating, and so on until the cylinder is filled. Upon
.the top of the upper bag of tallow or fatty matter, at the top, I place a bag of
sawdust, and over that a wooden block. When pressing, either in the winter
or in the summer, I prefer to place my apparatus in an atmosphere heated to
about eighteen degrees of Reaumer, and I make the first pressure at this
temperature. I then, for. the second operation, use a temperature of from
twenty-six to thirty degrees of Reaumer, which is sufficient thoroughly to dry
the stearine. To separate from the stearine the portion of oleine that runs
away with it in the two previous processes of pressing, I place it in a vessel
to get cold, 'and press it as low temperature as I can obtain, so that the oleine
may be separated-in perfectly limped state.
"
0

page_text: DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS.
Fig. 1: A is a metallic cylinder held together by strong bands of iron a; the
cylinder is perforated with small holes, as shown in the Drawing. Bis the
felted material which covers the inner side of the cylinder. C is a metal
perforated plate of zinc or other suitable metal placed inside of the felt.
E, E, E, are the gratings composed of the parts above mentioned, which are
placed between each of the bags containing the fatty matters. F are the bags
of coarse linen or other suitable material into which the fats are placed. G, a
bag of sawdust placed at the top of the cylinder. I is a block of wood in the
upper part. of the cylinder and upon which the press acts; the lower grating
rests upon the plate of the press shewn in the Drawing Figure 2 by the
letter K. When it is desired to raise the cylinder to discharge the contents
the blocks of wood are first removed and the cylinder raised by means of two
chains fixed to the upper part of the press, and which are passed through the
hooks n.
Below the cylinder is placed a support of wood or other suitable
material upon which the cylinder rests by the four projections m. The pres-
sure commences, the bags containing the fatty matter will be forced down and
the fluid matter will flow out of the cylinder.
Figure 2 is a modification of Figure 1: A is a cylinder of wood, having
bands of iron a, a, placed around. L, L, are grooves placed in the inner part
of the cylinder. D is a perforated plate of metal placed in front of the groove
L. B represents the felt placed between the plate D and another plate C.
In this Figure, instead of wire cloth as a part of the grating, I have used
cords. The Drawing Figure 2 shows the three layers: (1) being the cords;
(2), the perforated metal plate; and (3), the felted cloth. F, the bags of
fatty matter, and G, the bag of sawdust placed on the top of the press. H, tho
block of wood. K, K, the plate of the press. The other Figures are the
same as those shewn in Figure 1. It will be evident that various modifications
may be made in the arrangements of the apparatus, the object being to extract
the oil in a perfectly limpid state, free from. acid.
•
Second, to obtain the stearine perfectly dry and fusible at 34° of Reaumer,
when a candle may be made as dry as a wax one.-In separating the fatty
acids I find it of great advantage to employ alcohol, which I add to the fatty
acids when they have been decomposed and melted; I employ from two to
six per cent. of the alcohol. Under the cold press, and when the mixture is
cold, the oleic acid will flow easily, and the stearic acid may then be com-
pletely deprived of its oleic acid, and there will be a greater quantity of stearic
acid remaining in the bag; the alcohol will run away with the oleic acid, and
"

page_text: it may be re-obtained by distillation. In separating fatty bodies it is very
important that they be thoroughly cleaned, as by that the separation between
the stearine and the oleine is more easily effected.
The apparatus for filtering employed by me is shown in the Drawing
No. 3, and the following is a description of the different parts, and the mode
of working it. This apparatus is formed in two parts, bolted together by means
of the bolts Q, Q, and closed at the lower part. K, H, and E, show the
interior of the vessel divided into three compartments. E is the compartment
wherein the liquid is placed to be filtered. O is a tube leading from another
-vessel not shewn in the Drawing, but placed above the filtering vessel, and by
which pressure is obtained to the liquid in the compartment E. H is the
filtering media, which may be of sawdust, pulp of paper or cotton, or other
suitable material. This rests upon a plate I, over which is a surface. of clotli,
shewn by a line drawn across. On the upper part of this filtering material
is another washer of cloth, over which is a perforated plate J. N is a screw,
which moves in the cross piece M, and presses upon the plate J, by which
the filtering material is pressed close together, as shewn in the Drawing.
The liquor will rise up through the filtering material, as will be described,
into the compartment K, and flow away through the pipe L into a receiver
suitably arranged. G is a small cock which is left open at the commence-
ment of the operation to allow the atmospheric air in the compartiment F
to escape. When the liquor begins to run out at this cock it must be shut.
F is another cock which communicates with the compartment E, by which it
may be cleared out. B is a double bottom filled with water, which is heated
by means of steam passing through pipes D, shown in the plan, as is well
understood. A is the framing to support the apparatus. The mode of
operation with the filter is as follows:-In the vessel, above the filtering vessel,
is placed the tallow or stearine in a liquid state to be operated upon. The
water in the double bottom is first to be boiled by means of steam passing
through the pipes-D; after boiling some little time a small quantity of vapour
will arise in the compartment K. The cock of the vessel above the filter is
then to be opened, the tallow will then flow from the upper vessel through
the tube O-into the compartment E, when the air will be driven out through
the cock G, and the liquid will pass up through the filtering media into the
compartment-K, and goes out through-the-tube L. I would remark, that I
do not claim filtering fatty matter by pressure generally, the peculiarity of this
apparatus being the means of keeping the apparatus heated.
.
I will now describe the method of bleaching and disinfecting tallow before
'subjecting it to the processes of filtration bercin described. Tallow is

page_text: generally of a yellow colour, and at all times very impure. I find by
submitting it to a quantity of animal charcoal in following proportions:-For
every hundred parts of tallow I add five parts of animal charcoal in a state of
powder, and boil the mixture for an hour and half, and then allow it to
rest for some hours, when the greater part of the animal charcoal will be
deposited at the bottom of the vessel. To clean this fatty matter of the
remaining part of the charcoal, I pass it through the filter last above
described. Tallow thus treated will be found in two or three days in a puro
and bleached condition.
Having thus described the nature of the Invention, and the manner of
performing the same, I would have it understood that I do not confine myself
to the precise details herein shewn, so long as the character of the Invention
be retained. But what I claim as this Invention is,―
First, the mode of arranging the apparatus for separating the oleine from the
stearine of tallow and other fatty matters, and also for separating the oleic
and stearic acids. I also claim the adding to fatty acids a quantity of alcohol
to facilitate their separation by pressure through fabrics; and I also claim
the application of the double bottom B, as a means of heating the liquids
when being filtered by pressure. And,
Secondly, I claim the bleaching and disinfecting tallow by mixing there-
with animal charcoal, and subjecting the same to a pressure filter, as herein
described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Jean Marie, Durnerin, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Eleventh day of July, in the year of our
J. M. DURNERIN. (L.S.)
AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Eleventh day of July, in the
year of our Lord 1846, the aforesaid Jean Marie Durnerin came before our
said Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged the Specification
aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained and specified, in form
above written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped according
to the tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.
Enrolled the Thirteenth day of July, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and forty-six.