CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINES OR APPARATUS FOR WEIGHING SUBSTANCES OR FLUIDS, AND FOR CERTAIN ADDITIONS APPLICABLE TO OTHER PURPOSES
Year: 1838

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM
HENRY JAMES, late of Birmingham, but now of London, Civil Engineer, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at
Westminster, the Eighth day of May, in the, first year of Her reign, did, for
Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said William
Henry James, Her especial license, full power, sole privilege and authority,
that I, the said William Henry James, my exors, admors, and assigns, or
such others as I, the said William Henry James, my exors, adiñors, or assigns,
should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all
times during the term of years therein expressed, should and lawfully might
make, use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and the Town of
Berwick-upon-Tweed, my Invention of "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINES
OR APPARATUS FOR WEIGHING SUBSTANCES OR FLUIDS, AND FOR CERTAIN ADDITIONS
APPLICABLE TO OTHER PURPOSES;" in which said Letters Patent is
contained a proviso, that I, the said William Henry James, shall cause a
particular description of the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner
the same is to be performed, to be inrolled in Her said Majesty's High
Court of Chancery within six calendar months next and immediately after
the date of the said in part recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same,
reference being thereunto had, will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
William Henry James, do hereby declare the nature of my said Invention,
and the manner in which the same is to be performed, are fully described

page_text: and ascertained in and by the following description thereof, reference being
had to the Drawings hereunto annexed, and to the figures and letters marked
thereon, that is to say:-
My improvements in machines or apparatus for weighing substances or
fluids consist in. the peculiar construction of machines or apparatus as herein-
after described, and the adaptation herein-after mentioned, and the additions
thereto applicable to other purposes consist of certain apparatus, tables of
calculation, and graduated scales for denoting the values in money of articles
suspended thereto, certain weights of which articles possess a previously
determined price or rate of value; such. additions may be employed singly
or in conjunction with weighing apparatus, so as to denote both the weight
and amount in value at one operation; they may also be employed. for
denoting the weights of fluids in terms or degrees of specific gravity.
Having thus declared the nature of my improvements in weighing machines,
I proceed to describe how the same are to be performed.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS.
Figure 1 represents the face of a portable weighing machine of my Invention,
consisting of a dial plate (a), a hand or pointer (6), attached to an axis (c),
running through the centre of such dial plate, and capable of moving freely
therein, so as to allow the hand or pointer (b) to traverse around a circle of
divisions marked thereon. A ring (e) is fixed to the upper part thereof, by
which the machine is suspended for use. Figure 2 represents the internal
view of the same machine, in which (f, f, f, f.) represent the section, of a
casing of sufficient depth to contain the working parts; (9) represents the rod,
to which the scale for containing any articles to be weighed is suspended; to
the upper bent part of this rod a rack is fixed, or a set of teeth are formed
on the edge thereof, which correspond and fit into the teeth of a pinion (h),
which is fixed upon the axis (c); there is also fixed upon this rod (g)
cross piece (i), to the ends of which are jointed swinging rods (j, j,) which
rods are also jointed at their other ends to bent levers (k, k,) which bent
levers rest upon knife edge centres in bearings at (1, 1,), and to the lower
extremities of which bent levers are attached weights (m, m.). "Although
I have described this apparatus as constructed in the Drawings, I sometimes
use segments attached to the upper parts of the levers (k, k,) as shewn at
Figure 4, where (9) represents the rod, to which the scale is suspended to
the cross piece, at the extremities of which, instead of connecting the swinging
rods (j) I attach steel straps or chains, which pass over and are affixed
to the upper portion of the segments at (p. p.) upon which the straps work.

page_text: The object of this arrangement is to produce a more uniform and equal
action on the bent levers described. There are two projections or stops (0, 0,)
fixed to and within the casing (f, f, f, f,) to prevent the weights being
forced beyond them. I have (for example) marked upon the dial plate,
Figure 1, a series of divisions, exhibiting from one to eight pounds and also
the intermediate avoirdupois ounces. The mode by which these divisions
are obtained is as follows:-The scale being attached to rod (9), as shewn
in Figure 1 and 2, the hand or pointer (b) is fixed upright upon the axis (c),
a mark is then made opposite thereto, which is figured 0 or zero; one hundred
and twenty-eight ounce weights are then placed in succession into the scale,
and similar marks made at each addition, which, as each ounce weight is
added, will cause the weighted bent levers (k, k,) to diverge to a greater and
greater extent until the whole number are placed in the scale. These series
of divisions so obtained will represent ounces, every sixteen of which may
be marked and numbered to represent pounds avoirdupoise. It is evident
that a single bent lever, weighted in proportion and connected with a rack,
and pinion, and pointer, and dial face, as before described, would answer. a
similar purpose, though not as perfectly as two bent levers.
Figure 3 represents the internal parts of another machine of nearly a
similar description (the like parts of which are similarly lettered to those in
Figure 2), excepting that instead of the weights being attached to the
bent levers (k, k,) as shewn in Figure 2, at (m, m,) rods (p, p,) are jointed
to the lower extremities thereof, and the lower ends of such rods are made
to meet nearly together (as shewn in the Drawing), and there jointed to the
rod (2), which is made to work freely upwards and downwards within a forked
opening in the rod, marked (9), the lower ends of which fork are attached
to a ring at () (to which the scale is suspended), through which the rod
(9) passes, and to which rod (1) a weight (s) is shewn suspended, to produce
similar effects upon the bent levers (k, k.) the rack and pinion, and the hand
or pointer, as produced by the weights (m, m,) shewn in Figure 2. The
object of this arrangement being to afford the facility of increasing or dimi-
nishing the weight or resistance (s), so as to allow the degrees marked upon
the dial plate to correspond in proportion with the aliquot parts of any weight
that it may be found advisable to adapt the machine to weigh, or to denote
the value in money of the aliquot parts of any substance at various prices or
rates of value, when such weights are proportioned to a given weight of such
substance, the value of which is known or previously determined, and to
which the strength and power of the machine has been adapted. The mode
of obtaining the degrees upon the dial plate will be similar to that described

page_text: in Figures 1 and 2. Similar effects may be produced by suspending various
weights to create variable resistances at the end of a single bent lever.
I have also invented two other modes of producing similar effects by
single bent levers, as shown at Figures 5 and 6, which I have delineated to
exhibit the method of adapting bent levers to indicate, by means of degrees
marked upon the arcs of circles, the values in money of the aliquot parts of
substances, as before mentioned.
I will
Figure 5 represents a bent lever (a), suspended upon knife edge centres in
bearings (6), between the upright supports (c), upon which is fixed the arc of a
circle (d); to this bent lever there is attached a hand or pointer (e), and also a
scale (f), suspended from the upper part thereof at (g), for containing the
substances to be valued. Upon the lower arm of this bent lever there is
appended a sliding weight (h), which is made to adhere to any part thereof by
means of a spring within it, which presses against the bent lever, and to this
weight there is a small hand or pointer fixed, which is bent round one of the
upright supports (c), so as to indicate any division marked thereon.
suppose, for example, that the are of a circle (d) is divided into one hundred
and twenty divisions, which shall represent so many pence, which may be
obtained by a similar method to that described for obtaining ounces upon the
face plate in Figure 1, excepting that proportionate weights must be employed
to the sliding weight (h), when such sliding weight is placed a certain short
distance from the centre at (b), this weight (h) being such that the one
hundred and twenty weights placed in the scale (f) shall cause the hand or
pointer to indicate the last division upon the arc (d); and further, I will
suppose that their weight altogether shall amount to ten pounds avoirdupois,
so that each pound weight shall agree with one shilling or twelve pence upon
the arc (d), so that any number of pounds under ten placed in the scale will
cause the pointer to indicate twelve times the number of pence upon the
are (d), therefore any substance under ten pounds being placed in the
scale (f), will have its value in pence indicated upon the arc (d), at the rate
of one shilling per pound. I then mark a line upon the upright support (c),
opposite the pointer upon the sliding weight (h), which I number one shilling
or twelve pence per pound, I then divide the same support (c) into pro-
portioned divisions, so as to shew eleven pence, ten pence, nine pence, eiglit
pence, seven pence, six pence, five pence, four pence, three pence, two pence, one
penny, or any other division to correspond with the pounds put into the scale,
and the diversions in pence upon the arc above, by which means it will be
perceived that any substances placed in the scale, of any weight under ten
pounds, will have its value denoted in pence upon the arc, to whatever

page_text: pence per pound the small hand fixed to the sliding weight indicates upon
support (c).
Figure 6 exhibits another mode of effecting the same object as last
described, the similar letters being made to refer to the same parts in both
Figures, the only difference between the two methods being that, instead of
using a sliding weight upon the arm of bent lever, I suspend an horizontal
lever or steelyard, lettered (m) thereto, by means of the jointed rod (n), this
steelyard has its fulcrum at (o); (p) represents a sliding weight upon this
steelyard, so as to vary the amount of weight upon the bent lever. There
are divisions also marked thereon, so as to represent various rates of value,
which are discovered by a similar method to that last described in reference to
Figure 5.
Figure 7 represents another weighing machine of my Invention, whereby.
the aliquot parts of any given weights may be ascertained without the
necessity of using small weights, for instance, the aliquot parts of a pound
avoirdupois can be shown in ounces without the necessity of employing
corresponding ounce weights, the same being indicated by a hand or pointer
moving in the arc of a circle, with degrees marked thereon corresponding
with the ounces, the modes of obtaining which will be herein-after described..
(a, a), represents a box, which answers the purpose of a stand; (b) an upright
stem or standard, formed of a tube fixed therein, upon the upper part of which
are fixed in a vertical position two steeled rings (c, c,) between and within
which a scale beam (d, d), of equal arms, and formed of two plates fixed a
short distance assunder, which beam rests upon knife edge centres (e, e);
(f, f), are two scales suspended from the ends of the beam also by two knife
edge centres; (y) is another knife edge, centre, fixed in an inverted position
between the plates, forming the scale beam, and placed exactly underneath the
other centres (e, e). Upon this knife edge centre a rod (h) hangs by means
of a ring upon its upper part, which rod passes downwards through the
upright stem or tubes (b), the lower end of this rod is suspended by knife edge
bearings or lever (i), resting against a fulcrum (), with a weight (k) at its
other extremity for purposes herein-after mentioned; (7) is an arc of a circle,
fixed by supports upon the top of the upright tube (b); (m) is a band or pointer,
fixed upon the centre of the scale beam, which, as it vibrates upon its knife
edge centres, causes the same to pass over the arc so as to point to any degree.
or marks that may be made thereon.
Now, suppose it is required, for example, to shew the aliquot parts of a.
pound avoirdupois in ounces of an article placed in either of the scales (f.f),
it is necessary in the first place to draw a line in the centre of the arc (1), when

page_text: the scale beam is perfectly balanced, which line of division may represent 0 or
zero, then a weight (k) is affixed upon the lever (i), sufficient that when a
pound weight is placed in either scale it shall raise such weight (k), by means
of rod (h) and centre (g), so as to bring the hand or pointer nearly to the
extremities of the arc (1), where marks are made to indicate 1 lb. each, then
weights from one to fifteen ounces are placed successively in each scale, and
corresponding divisions marked upon the said arc (1), it then follows that any
substances or fluids under one pound weight being placed in either scale, the
weight thereof will be indicated in ounces by the divisions upon the arc (1);
and if any heavier substances are required to be weighed, it is only necessary
to place as many pounds weights in the opposite scale as will correspond with
the pounds such substances may contain, the difference or extra weights being
indicated in ounces on the are above, on the same side of the arc as the
substance is weighed. It is evident that instead of the lever (i) and weight (k)
a spring of corresponding strength may be employed in a similar manner, as
shewn in Figure 10, which spring, without any inconvenience, might be placed
within the stem or tube nearer the centre of the scale beam.
Figures 8, 9, 10 exhibits three forms of apparatus for denoting at one view,
by means of divisions, the weight of fluids in terms or degrees of specific
gravity, and also for denoting the value in money of the aliquot parts of any
substance suspended thereto, the value of the whole being previously known or
determined, so that the amount in degrees and power of the spring or weight
may be adapted thereto. Figure 8 represents the interior view of a spring
weighing machine, (nearly the same as is at present in common use,) in which
(a) represents the spring; (b), a rod connected therewith, and by which the
scale to contain any substance or the bottle containing the fluid is suspended,
upon which rod is placed the rack or teeth, which work into a pinion (c),
giving motion to a dotted hand or indicator on the other side of the dial plate,
around which dial plate are marked a series of divisions denoting the specific
gravity of any fluid suspended thereto in a bottle of given capacity, between
the first division, which is marked 500, and the division marked 2,000, the
division marked 1,000 indicates the gravity of distilled water at 60° of
temperature by Farhenheit's thermometer, contained in the bottle when filled
up to a certain level. The manner in which the divisions are obtained is effected
by weighing this quantity of water, and then dividing such weight into one
thousand five hundred parts, then adding these weights in succession into the
bottle, and marking off the degrees indicated by the hand or pointer. When
the bottle being filled with any description of fluid possessing a specific gravity
within these limits will have its specific gravity instantly indicated on the "dial

page_text: plate. In like manner may the aliquot values of any substance be immediately
ascertained, the total value of which is known or previously obtained in the
same manner, as before fully described in reference to Drawings, Figures
4, 5, 6.
Figure 9 represents another form of machine for similar purposes, in which
(a) denotes a stand; (b), a stem or standard fixed thereon; (c), the section of a
circular box on the top thereof, and containing a weight (d), which is fixed to.
the lower part of a bent lever (e), moving upon a knife edge centre in circular
ring bearings (f); an arc of a circle (9) is fixed by supports on the top of this
box, on the exterior of or through which box the hand or pointer moves so
as to indicate any degrees of specific gravity or values in money marked
upon the said arc (9). For example, suppose the weight attached to the bent
lever in the circular box be proportioned so that one hundred pieces of coin,
say sovereigns, placed in the scale shall cause the hand or pointer to pass
through a certain distance along the surface of the divided arc, say from 0 to
100, as marked thereon, which divisions have been accurately obtained by the
successive addition of each and every sovereign, in like manner as described
before in Figure 1 for obtaining ounces, by which it is obvious that the value
of any number of sovereigns will be given by the action of the indicator upon
the arc above.
Figure 10 represents another machine for similar purposes, the only
difference between this and the last being that the bent lever (a), instead of
being attached to a weight, as shewn in Figure 9, is jointed to the rod (6) by
means of a ring and knife edge centre, which rod extends into box (c), where
it is fastened to a spring (d), instead of which spring a lever and weight may
be used, as shown in Figure 7.
Figure 11 represents the interior view of another machine of my Invention,
for denoting both the weight and value of the aliquot parts of any substance
suspended thereto, the price in proportion to a given weight thereof being
previously known or determined. In the first place, for the purpose of
determining the weight of such substance, I cause the rod (a,) by which the
whole is suspended to ring (b), to be attached to a spring (c), which is fixed to
the dial plate, and which rod has a rack or set of teeth (d), which are mado
to work into teeth of pinion (e), so as to cause the motion of a pointer attached
thereto, (when properly adjusted for allowing for the weight of the whole
apparatus,) to indicate the weight of any substances placed in the scale below,
by degrees marked upon the dial plate, the face of which is shewn in Figure
12. (This is nothing more than the common dial spring weighing machine
inverted,) to which I have added the following apparatus for denoting the..

page_text: values in money of the substances weighed by means of another circle of
degrees (ffff.) marked upon the dial plate, and placed concentrically with
that for shewing the weight thereof, so as to be indicated by another hand or
pointer (g), the axle of which runs through and turns within the axis com-
municating with the other hand or pointer for denoting the weight, which
is made hollow or tubular for this punpose. Upon this axle is fixed a pinion,
situated behind the other pinion (e). This second pinion, with its pointer, is
caused to revolve by means of another rack or set of teeth placed upon another
rod (i), to which the scale for containing the substance to be weighed is
suspended. Upon the rod also is fixed a cross piece (j), jointed at each end
to swinging rods (k, k,) which are again jointed to extremities of straight
springs (,,) to which springs the whole of this last described apparatus,
except the piniun (h), is suspended. These springs (1, 1,) are fixed firmly at
their other extremities to the inside of the casing at (m, m). Upon these
springs are two sliding pieces (n, n,) which accurately fit and slide thereon..
(0, 0,) represents a long screw, which has two threads, one to the right and the
other to the left, and extending through the bearings at (p, p,) and (r, r,) one
thread of the screw being also continued upon that part reaching from (p) to
(p), which corresponds with and works into the wheel (7), which.it causes
to revolve. This long right and left threaded screw also takes into and passes
through the sliding pieces (n, n,) so as to cause, by its rotation in its bearings,
the motion of these sliding pieces simultaneously upon the springs, either
nearer to or farther from the extremities thereof, so as to weaken or strengthen
them at pleasure in any required proportion. There is fixed to the axle of the
small wheel (9) another smaller hand or pointer, which revolves in a small
circle, similar to the second hand of a watch, as shewn upon the face in Fig. 12.
The object of this wheel, hand, and circle is to indicate by divisions the propor-
tionate rates of value of any substance to be weighed and valued. (a, a, a, a,)
Figure 12, represents a circular series of divisions denoting, for example,
shillings and pence, and (b, b, b, b,) a similar series placed concentric there-
with for exhibiting weights in pounds and ounces, which I have shewn to
the amount of twenty pounds avoirdupois, and twenty shillings in money;
(c) represents the hand or pointer for indicating the weights, and (g)
the hand or pointer for indicating the value; (e, e, e,) represents the
small circle of divisions for exhibiting the price per pound; and (f), the
small band or pointer to indicate the same. The mode by which the
several divisions upon this face are obtained is as follows:-The hands or
pointers (c, g, and f.) being all adjusted so as to stand upon their axles
in vertical positions, which may be marked to represent 0 or zero, and

page_text: the sliding pieces (n, n,) being so situated upon the springs (1, 1) that
twenty pounds placed in the scale may cause the hands or pointers (c and d)
to indicate the last divisions upon the axles (a, a, a,) and (b, b, b). Then, if
twenty pounds avoidupois be divided into three hundred and twenty equal
parts or ounces, and each of these ounces be placed in the scale below in
succession, and marks made, as denoted by the hand or pointer, upon the
addition of each ounce upon the circle (b, b, b, b,) in a similar manner to that
described at Figure 1, and the pounds and ounces figured thereon, and then if
the same twenty pounds which correspond with the shillings be again sub-
divided into two hundred and forty equal parts or weights, and then placed
in the scale in a similar manner, (the other weights being first taken out,)
and then marks made upon the circle (a, a, a, a,) in a similar manner, as
indicated by the pointer (g), and shillings and pence being lettered thereon, it
follows that any substance under twenty pounds being placed in the scale will
have both its weight and value indicated upon the dial in pounds and ounces
avoirdupois, and in shillings and pence, at the rate or price of twelve pence or
one shilling per pound. My next object will be to describe how the divisions
upon the small circle (e, e, e,) are obtained, indicative of prices per pound or
rates of value. This is effected by strengthening or weaking the straight
springs (b, b,) by the screw and sliding pieces (n, n,) in such a manner that
when twenty pounds weight avoirdupois be placed in the scale, the hand or
pointer (d) should denote in shillings and pence the various values of such
twenty pounds weight at the various rates per pound that it may be thought
proper to give the machine the power of indicating. It will be perceived that
the same rotation of the screw which strengthens or weakens these springs for
causing these various values to be denoted, at the same time causes the rota-
tion of the small wheel (9), and consequently the small hand or pointer f,
opposite to which pointer a mark must be made as each value is obtained, and
figured accordingly, so as to indicate. the rate per pound. Thus, by turning
the screw at pleasure to any rate so indicated, if any substance under twenty
pounds weight be placed in the scale, it will have its weight and value denoted
at such rate per pound.
My next improvement consists in adding scales of prices and values to
correspond with any given weights which may be indicated by the weighing
machine. Figure 13 represents a weighing machine, with the apparatus for
denoting the values of substances or fluids weighed at given rates per pound,
or in proportion to any other description of weight. Letter A represents a
shelf, fixed to a wall by means of brackets, and to one of which brackets is.
suspended a steelyard, resting on its fulcrum in two steel rings at the lower

page_text: part of such bracket, for the purpose of indicating pounds or any other
description of weight by divisions marked on the face thereof. b represents
a rod, to which a scale is attached, and which hangs to the short arm of the
lever by centres c; d is a tube or cylinder, fixed under the longest arm of the
steelyard, having a slit or opening / formed in the front thereof, as shewn in
the Drawing. Within this tube rests another cylinder, having axles at each
end, so as to admit of its being made to revolve freely therein by means of the
small wheel with milled periphery, as shewn at f. Upon the surface of this
inner cylinder are formed a series of scales or divisions, the lengths of which
are made to correspond with the total length of the divisions representing
weights on the steelyard above O. The lower divisions represent a series of
values at any required rate per pound, or any other description of weight,
the values of which are made to agree with the weights above, which is
more fully shewn in the accompanying Drawing of graduated scales, the price
per pound corresponding to each scale is read off through the slot g, and forms
a separate series of numbers around the end of the cylinder.
.
Having shewn the construction of this apparatus, I will now describe in
what manner the weight and values of any articles required are ascertained:
any article of weight suited to the machine being placed in the scale, the
sliding piece h, with its weight, being moved so that the apparatus is brought
into a state of equilibrium, like the common steelyard, any value per pound
that is placed upon the article, being made to appear by the figure through the
slot g. The weight and value will be denoted at that rate per pound against
the left side or shamfered edge of the sliding pieces whenever it is required to
weigh and value any articles exceeding the degrees shewn upon the apparatus.
Another weight may be used, suspended to the lower part of the ring i, for the
purpose of producing an effect equal to the greatest weight or value denoted
by the machine, which weight and value is then to be added to the weight and
value found by the sliding piece, when the wholo is thereby again brought into
a state of equilibrium.
Having described the application of a scale of prices upon the surface of a
moveable cylinder adapted to a stillyard, I will now proceed to describe another
apparatus for effecting the same object by a series of concentric proportionate
scales of prices upon the face of a moveable circular plate, to correspond with
a circular scale of weights upon the same plate. To effect this object, I con-
struct an apparatus similar to that shown in Figures 2, 3, and 9, the graduated
plate of values and weights being fixed on the same axis carrying the pinion,
which receives motion from the weight being placed in the scale attached to
the apparatus. The manner in which the weight and corresponding values are

page_text: ascertained is as follows:-The apparatus being so adjusted that the fixed
index is in a right line with 0 or zero for all the weights and values, the articles
to be so weighed and valued are placed in the suspended scale, the. weight of
which, as before described in Figures 2, 3, and 9, will cause the plate to
revolve sufficent for the corresponding weight and value to be shewn under
the fixed index upon drawing back the sliding piece which has the price
per pound marked upon it, such slides having the required series of prices
marked upon them, so as to correspond with the circular scales of values they
agree with.
Having now fully described the nature of my said Invention, and the manner
in which the same is to be performed, I wish it to be understood that I claim
as my Invention, in the first place, the general combination and arrangements
and adaptations of the various apparatus, as set forth in the foregoing descrip-
tion and Drawings hereunto annexed, when applied to the particular purposes
therein mentioned.
And, secondly, I particularly claim the application and use of bent levers,
weighted as described in reference to Figures 2, 3, and 4, and connected with
racks and pinions, which communicate motion to hands or pointers, for the
purpose of indicating the weights of substances or fluids by means of divisions
marked upon lace plates or arcs of circles.
Thirdly, I also claim particularly the application and use of weighted bent
levers, described in reference to Figures 5, 6, and 9, when connected with
pointers for indicating by divisions the values in money of substances pos-
sessing certain rates of value in proportion to given weights thereof; and
also the application of bent levers connected with pointers, as described in
reference to Fig. 9, for the purpose of denoting by divisions the specific
gravities of fluids.
Fourthly, I also particularly claim, in reference to Figure 7, that part of the
machine which relates to the ballancing of ounces, as indicated by the pointer
upon the arc above, by means of proportionate weights operating upon the end
of the rod which passes through the upright tube or standard.
Fifthly, I also claim the application and use of springs, in connexion, as
before described, with pointers moving upon face plates or the arcs of circles,
with degrees marked thereon, for the purpose of indicating the specific gravity
of fluids, or the values of substances in money. And I also claim the method
of ascertaining at one operation the weight of any substance and its value in
money, at any rate of value, by means of regulating screws, racks, and pinions,
connected with hands or pointers upon corresponding divisions, representing
the proportionate values in money and weights of such substances.

page_text: Sixthly, and also in reference to-Figure-13, I claim the particular appli-
cation and use of cylinders, upon the surfaces of which are marked graduated
scales of weights and values proportionate to given weights, which weights may
be marked in degrees, either upon such cylinders or other parts of the weighing
apparatus, so as to correspond with such graduated scales of value. An appa-
ratus for performing this is described in reference to Figure 13.
Seventhly, I also claim the use of graduated scales or tables of value
marked upon circular areas or plates in series of concentric circles proportioned
to given weights, which weights, in a similar manner as last described, may be
marked in degrees, either upon such circular areas or plates, or upon other parts
of weighing apparatus, so as to correspond with such graduated scales of value.
An apparatus for effecting this is described in reference to Figure 14.
Ilaving thus described my general and separate claims of Invention, I wish
further to be distinctly understood that I do not limit myself to the precise
forms or proportions of parts as herein described in reference to the Drawings
hereto annexed, nor to the particular amounts or proportions indicated in the
different scales or tables described in the Drawings hereto annexed; but I
claim the right of making such deviations therefrom as are not inconsistent
with the main principles of my Invention, as herein-before described; and I
lay no claim to any of the respective parts used in the machines or apparatus,
herein-before described, separate and in an uncombined state, but only when
arranged and combined for the purpose or purposes herein set forth and
described.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Henry James, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Eighth day of November, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and thirty-eight.
W. H. (L.S.) JAMES.
AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Eighth day of November, in
the room of our Land 1920 the aforesaid William Hannu Lamos came before