IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CASKS
Year: 1852

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to George Green, of the Mile-end Road, in the
County of Middlesex, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
MANUFACTURE OF CASKS."
Sealed the 8th January 1858, and dated the 1st October 1852.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said George Green at the
office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his petition, on the
1st October 1852.
I, GEORGE GREEN, of the Mile-end Road, in the County of Middle-
sex, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CASKS," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object several Improvements in the Manu-
facture of Casks, and consists,-First, of improvements in the saw-mill
used for dividing the wood into parts suitable for staves, whereby the
saws and turning apparatus heretofore used at one end of the wood for
the purpose of turning the wood, so that in cutting the cuts may follow
the, windings of the wood, in place thereof causing the wood to be
pressed up to the saws by a moving frame and interposed presser, the
wood being held upright (notwithstanding it is winding in its length) near
the saws and against a moveable fence by lever and roller: Secondly,
of improvements in saw-mills, by which the saw or saws are stretched
in a saw frame or gate, which turns on axes within a second frame

page_text: which can move to and fro in another or third frame, which third frame
has movement up and down, and together therewith the moving of the
fences by means of cross levers: Thirdly, of improvements in machinery
for backing staves, whereby the rotatory cutters are put on to separate
axes in place of..the same axis, so that the wood towards one edge may
be thereby removed more extensively than at the other edge, the wood
being supported below, and acted on by a roller above to keep its one
surface horizontal: Fourthly, of improvements in cutting the parts of
heads of casks, whereby each piece of wood is subjected to the action of
rotatory cutters, the wood being held securely to a moving bench or
table which passes under the rotatory cutter employed, the rotatory
cutter rising and falling to a fixed extent (or a variable extent by a
template,) each time the wood is passed under it: Fifthly, of improve-
ments in turning the heads of casks so that they may be slightly oval,
to allow for unequal shrinkage; the heads are held against a plate by
a bent bar, in which the back centre of the lathe enters, the other sur-
face of the head being pressed against a disc or plate (by such bent bar
and wedges when necessary,) fixed to a mandril within which slides a
centering point pressed outwards by a spring; the mandril and the
back centre are caused to rock or vibrate, by which fixed cutter will
cause the head to be turned somewhat oval: Sixthly, of improvements in
trussing casks, by which two rollers are employed to wind up a band,
chain, or cord, which embrace the set-up staves and contract the diameter
till a hoop can be placed on the end of the cask, or in place of one, two
bands, cords, or chains may be used: Seventh, of improvements in
punching the holes in hoops, by having two eccentrics, moved by the
same axis, the one being fixed, the other capable of sliding on the axis,
the moveable one being moved to or from the fixed one by a screw, by
which the distances apart of the two holes on a hoop may be regulated
with great nicety: Eight, of improvements in rendering hoops conical,
(called splaying,) whereby the hoop-iron is to be passed between conical
rollers to get splay, and by another roller is formed into the proper curve
for a hoop; or in place of conical rollers, cylindrical rollers inay be used.
acting on the edge of the iron.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters
Patent filed by the said George Green, in the Great Seal Patent
Office, on the 31st March 1853.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I GEORGE
GREEN, of the Mile End Road, in the County of Middlesex, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the First day of October in the year of our
Lord, One thousand eight hundred and fifty-two, in the sixteenth year
of Her reign, did for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant
unto me, the said George Green, Her special licence, that I, the said
George Green, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others
as I, the said George Green, my executors, administrators, and assigns,
should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at
all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and law-
fully might, make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an In-
vention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CASKS,"
upon the
condition (amongst others), that I, the said George Green, by an instru-
ment in writing under my hand and seal, should particularly describe
and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the
same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great
Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately
after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said George Green, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement thereof (that is to say):
This Invention has for is object several improvements in the manu-
facture of casks; and consists,—
First, of improvements in the saw-mill used for dividing the wood
into parts suitable for staves, whereby the saws and turning apparatus
heretofore used at one end of the wood for the purpose of turning the
wood, so that in cutting the cuts may follow the windings of the wood,

page_text: and in place thereof causing the wood to be pressed up to the saws by a
moving frame and interposed presser, the wood being held upright (not-
withstanding it is winding in its length) near the saws and against a
moveable fence by lever and roller..
Secondly, of improvement in saw-mills, by which the saw or saws are
stretched in a saw frame or gate, which turns on axes within a second
frame which can move to and fro in another or third frame, which third
frame has movement up and down, and together therewith the moving
of the fences," by means of cross levers.
Thirdly, of improvements in machinery for backing staves, whereby
the rotatory cutters are put on to separate axes in place of in the same
axes, so that the wood towards one edge may be thereby removed more
extensively than at the other edge, the wood being supported below and
acted on by a roller above to keep its one surface horizontal.
Fourthly, of improvements in cutting the parts of heads of casks,
whereby each piece of wood is subjected to the action of rotatory cutters,
the wood being held securely to a moving bench or table which passes
under the rotatory cutter employed, the rotatory cutter rising and falling
to a fixed extent (or a variable extent by a template,) each time the
wood is passed under it.
Fifthly, of improvements in turning the heads of casks so that they
may be slightly oval, to allow for unequal shrinkage. The heads are
held against a plate by a bent bar, in which the back centre of the lathe
enters, the other surface of the head being pressed against a disc or plate
(by such bent bar and wedges when necessary,) fixed to a mandrel within
which slides a centering point pressed outwards by a spring. The man-
drel and the back contro are caused to rock or vibrate, by which a fixed
cutter will cause the head to be turned somewhat oval.
Sixthly, of improvements in trussing casks, by which two rollers are
employed to wind up a band, chain, or cord, which embrace the set-up
staves and contract the diameter till a hoop can be placed on the end
of the cask, or in place of one, two bands, cords, or chains may be
used.
Seventhily, of improvements in punching the holes in hoops, by
having two eccentries, moved by the same axis, the one being fixed, the

page_text: other capable of sliding on the axis, the moveable one being moved to
or from the fixed one by a screw, by which the distances apart of the
two holes on a hoop may be regulated with great nicety.
Eighthly, of improvements in rendering hoops conical, called
"splaying," whereby the hoop-iron is to be passed between conical
rollers to get "splayed," and by another roller is formed into the proper
curve for a hoop; or in place of conical rollers, cylindrical rollers
may be used, acting on the edge of the iron. And in order that the
Invention may be most readily understood and readily carried into
effect, I will proceed to describe the means pursued by me.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING, Sheet No. 1.
This drawing shows so much of a saw-frame as will enable me to
describe the first part of my Invention.
Figure 1, is a front view; Figure 2, a plan; Figure 3, a side view;
Figure 4, a side view of fence and section of bar; Figure 5, a section of
fence and bar.
A, A, is part of the side frames; B, B, angle guide-bars, upon which
the gate C, works up and down; D, D, are two saws strained in the
usual way; E, E, are two pieces of wood in position to be sawn; F, F, are
two press or binding rollers of the ordinary description on weighted
levers, which keep the wood up to the fences, so that it will only require
to be moved up to the saws by the moving frame and racks H, without
any of the apparatus heretofore used for turning the wood, so as to
cause it to keep a true face to the fence, and thus to ensure a parallel
cut. G, is a transum, such as is usual in saw-frames for cutting deals;
H, is a rack; I, I, are two fences, each having a socket J, on its lower
end, which sockets are bored truly to fit the cylindrical bars K, K, and
they are respectively fastened to them..
In these fences are dovetail grooves, into which the ribs I*, I*, are
slid; these ribs I make of various thicknesses, so as to enable the
workmen to "cant" the timber to any required extent. K, K, are two
cylindrical bars turned truly to fit the sockets J, J; at one end of each
bar it slides in a bearing, and at the other end there is a screw working
in nut L, clearly seen in Figure 5. L, L, are two nuts, which are also

page_text: the bearings for the screwed end of the bars K, K; these nuts are free
to turn in their bearings, but not to move endways. M, M, are two
spanners or handles, for the purpose of turning the nuts L, L, when
required to set up or set back their fences; and it will be seen that by
turning these nuts L, L, in one direction or the other, the shoulder or
fence board may be made thicker or thinner, and unequal pieces of
timber may also be divided without disturbing the saws.
I have not thought it necessary to show a complete saw-mill for
cutting wood for staves of casks to this part of my Invention, as the im-
provements only relate to certain parts, and it will only be desirable to
state in regard to this part of my Invention that the pieces of wood are
put into the saw-frame in succession, that is, when one is nearly com-
plete in its cut, the rack and frame H, is moved back and another piece
of wood placed behind the previous piece, so that as it approaches the
saw it will force forward the previous piece of wood. Between the end
of the frame and the fresh piece of wood a chock of wood is introduced,
no claws or holders on rotating apparatus being necessary.
part of my
A, A, are the
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS, Sheet No. 2.
Figure 1, is a front view of a saw gate, according to this
Invention; Figure 2, is a plan, and Figure 3, a side view.
angle guide-bars, such as are ordinarily used in saw-mills. B, is a gate
composed of four cylindrical bars as shown. C, is a middle or second
gate, having straps or sockets D, D*, sliding on the top and bottom bars
of the frame or gate. B, D*, is another gate with a saw E, strained in
it; this gate has cylindrical side-bars to slide freely up and down in
sockets or guides F, F. On the top and also at the bottom of the
gate D*, there is a hollow gudgeon or axis G, G, through which pass the
screws H, H, for tightening up the saw or saws; these gudgeons G, G,
are sustained in their position by the straps or supports I, I; on the gate
C, E, is the saw, but more than one may be used. F, F, are two sockets
or guides through which the sides of the saw-gate D*, pass; these
sockets or guides at their lower ends pass through slots in the sliding
pieces J, J; on the bottom end of each socket or guide is a nut, J*, J*,
which fixes the socket to the sliding piece J, and prevents its following

page_text: the up-and-down motion of the saw gate D*. G, G, are the two.gud-
geons on the top and bottom bars of the saw-gate D; these gudgeons
move in the straps or supports I, I, and upon the ends of these gudgeons
rest the nuts G*, G*. H, H, are the screws, having a hook on one end
and a nut G*, at the other; by turning the nut in one direction the
saw E, will be strained. I, I, are two straps or supports on the top and
bottom of the gate C, for the purpose of supporting. the saw gate D*,
which is thus free to turn on its axis G, G. J, J, are two sliding pieces,
each having a slot in one end through which the lower end of the
sockets F, pass; these pieces slide in the standards K, K, and are
capable of being secured by means of the set-screws L, L. M, M, M, M,
are the fences for the purpose of keeping the wood in its required posi-
tion; on the ends of these fences are dovetail slides N, N, N, N, in these
slides are pins 0, 0, which govern the dovetail slides N, N, N, N. P, is
a transum which supports the timber while being sawn. Q, is a plate
having two slots Q, Q, through which the two pins 0, 0, pass; on
the under side of this plate Q, two of the four dovetail pieces N, N, slide;
in the upper side of this plate is a fixed pin R, upon which the lever S,
vibrates; on each end of this lever is a pin T, T, by which the two
connecting rods or links U, U, are attached thereto, and at their oppo-
site ends the connecting rods or links are attached to the pins 0, 0, thus
connecting them with the fences M, M. There are similar arrange-
ments made underneath the lower transum plate P, for working the
lower fences M. V, V, are two levers; these levers may be acted upon
by weight or springs. W, is the timber in position to be sawn.
It will readily be understood that when a piece of wood to be operated
upon is placed between the fences M, M, M, M, the centre of any
irregular shaped piece will be constantly presented to the saw by the
action of the levers V, V.
The wood being in position to be sawn, the workman, by taking
hold of the socket or sockets F, F, is enabled to guide the saw in the
direction required.
Figures 4, and 5, Sheet 5, show a variation in the method of
arranging the fences so as to produce a like result to the arrangement
of fences above explained.

page_text: X, X, are two fences operated upon by racks Y, Y, and a pinion Z, Z.
These racks Y, Y, work in guide pieces a, a, a, a, a, a; the pinion Z, is
keyed on shaft b; this shaft is operated upon by a lever, and it will easily
be perceived that when the pinion that when the pinion Z, is turned
in one, direction the fences will be closed, and by moving the pinion Z,
in the reverse direction they will be separated.
7
с
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING, Sheets Nos. 3, and 4.
Figure 1, is a side view of a machine for backing staves; Figure 2,
is a plan thereof; Figure 3, is an end view; and Figure 4, shows a sec-
tion (through the centre of the machine) of one of the cutter frames
separately; (Figure 5, is a section of one block and cutter.) A, is the
framing; B, is a roller over which the stave C, passes; C, is a stave; D,
is a grooved feeding roller, which moves the stave through the machine;
E, is a spur-wheel on the axis of the feed roller D; F, is another spur-
wheel, which takes into and drives the wheel E; G, is a worm-wheel
fixed on the axis of the wheel F; H, is a worm working in worm-
wheel G, and giving motion thereto; I, is a pulley on the worm-wheel
shaft, which receives motion by a hand; J, is a pulley which by a band
drives the pulley I; K, is a lever which offers pressure to the feeding
roller D; L, is a weight for putting the required pressure on the
roller D; this weight may be fixed on the lever K, in any required
position by means of the set-screw L*. M*, M*, are the cutter blocks,
which are independent of each other, in order that their cutters may
act differently towards the two edges of the stave according to regularity
or want of regularity; N, N, are the pulleys which drive the cutter
blocks M*, M*, by means of the bands O, O, which work on the pul-
lies N, N, and are driven by the drums P, P. Q, Q, are the carriages in
which the cutter shafts M, M, are supported and turn; on the sides of
these carriages are projections R, R, R, R, which work in circular grooves
T, T, T, T, struck from the outer corners S, S, of the adzes or cutters
Mo, Mo, as a radius. U,U, U, U, are four brackets having circular grooves
T, T, T, T, on their sides, which support and in which the carriages Q, Q,
move; V, V, are projections from the bottoms of the cutter carriages Q, Q;

page_text: W, W, are two swivel nuts in the ends of the projections V, V; X, is a
shaft with a right-hand screw (cut on one part and a left-hand screw
cut on the other) working in the nuts W, W. Y, is a collar on the
screw-shaft X, working between the lugs Z, Z; this collar and lugs
prevent the screw-shaft X, moving endways, but permit it to rise and
fall; a, is a hand-wheel on the screw-shaft X. It will be readily
understood that when the machine is put in motion and the stave is put
to its place, which is between the grooved feed roller D, and the roller B,
the
upper surface of the stave will be brought into a horizontal position
as it passes over the cutters, all the irregularities being forced down by
the roller D, and they will be cut off by the adzes or cutters Mo, Mo;
thus both edges of the stave will be brought to an equal thickness, which
is important. The screw-shaft X, being turned in one direction or the other
will raise or fall the outer edges of the cutters M, Mo, and thus increase
or diminish their amount of cut. By these means the edges of staves
of varying thicknesses may be passed over and equalized by the
same, thus rendering it unnecessary to change the cutters for different
staves.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING, Sheets No. 5 and 6.
Figure 1, is a side view of a machine for adzing or cutting pieces for
forming the heads of the casks; Figure 2, a plan; Figure 3, an end
view; Figure 4, an end view of a cutter and block on an enlarged
scale. A, is a bed similar to the bed of (an) iron planing machine;
B, B, are frames or standards, upon which the bed A, is supported; C, is
a sliding carriage, upon which the wood F, is to be firmly fixed; D, is
a fence, against which the wood is firmly pressed. E, E, are dogs or
cramps for pressing, and so holding the wood against the fence D;
these cramps move in a dovetail groove a, to suit any length of heading;
F, is a piece of heading, resting upon two or more pieces of wood G, to
support it at any required height; H, is one of two (seen in Figures 2,
and 3) pieces of framing for carrying the sliding plate I; I, is the sliding
plate for carrying the brackets N, N; J, J, two screws working in nuts
on the ends of the sliding plate I, (seen in Figures 2, and 3); K, K, are
two mitre wheels on the ends of screws J, J, (seen in Figures 2, and 3);
L, L, two other mitre wheels, gearing into the mitre wheels K, K, seen

page_text: in Figures 2, and 3; M, the shaft upon which the mitre wheels L, L, are
keyed; N, N, are two brackets in which the spindle of the cutter O,
revolves; O, is the cutter block; O*, is the pulley for driving the cutter
block; Q, is a screw working in the nut Q*, on the bottom of the
sliding carriage C; R, R, are two bearings in which the screw Q
revolves; S, S, S, are one fast and two loose pullies, upon which work
alternately a straight and a cross band, in like manner to similar
pullies and bands of planing machines, but which are not shown in the
drawing.
sup-
To put this machine in operation, a piece of heading, is to be
ported by two or more pieces of wood or chocks G, placed underneath
it sufficiently thick to raise the upper surface of the piece of heading to
be operated upon above the fence D; the dogs E, E, are to be slid in the
dovetail groove to suit the length of heading to be operated upon, which
is then to be firmly cramped up; the cutters O, may then be raised or
lowered (by turning the shaft M, in one direction or the other), so as to
cut the surface of the wood to a plane; if another cut should be required,
the cutters may be sufficiently lowered, so as to perfect the surface of
the wood in its next passage under the cutters.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING, Sheet No. 5.
Figure 1, is a side view of a machine for turning the heads of casks;
Figure 2, is a plan; Figure 3, is an end view; Figure 4, is a section of
the mandrel, the sliding centre, and the spring; Figure 5, is a front view
of the plate H; Figure 6, is a back view of the plate H, the boss H*,
and the roller N; A, is the bed upon which the slide-rest L, is carried;
B, is a mandrel head (F, is a mandrel) having a sliding centre F*, within
it, but constantly pressed outwards by a spring (as shown in section,
Figure 4,) for the purpose of enabling the workman more quickly to
centre the head on the mandrel. C, is a lathe-head, carrying the back
centre K. D, is a bar upon which the mandrel-head B, and back-head C,
are fixed; 'at each end of this bar is a gudgeon M, M, resting in bearings
E, E, which allows the heads B, and C, to vibrate together to the extent
required, as hereafter described. F, is a mandrel upon which is keyed
a three (more or less) speed pulley G; one end of this mandrel F, has a

page_text: male screw upon it, on which the face plate II, is fixed; this end of the
mandrel is bored up some distance to allow a spiral spring and sliding
centre F*, to be introduced, as before mentioned. When the cask head
I, is out of the machine, the sliding centre F*, is pressed out, and is
caused to protrude a distance. H, is a plate having circular grooves
turned on its face; various sizes of such plates are to be used for heads of
different dimensions. Upon the back of the plate is a boss II*, which is
made of such shape as to act, when in motion, as a double cam. I, is a
cask head in the machine; J, is a bent bar pressed against the head I,
by the back centre K, entering into a recess or hole formed in the bar;
K, is the back centre, similar to those used in other lathes; L, is the slide
rest; H, is a double cam boss on back of the plate H; this boss is to
be made in conformity with the required shape of the head to be
operated upon. N, is a circular roller, keyed on to the shaft O, as
shown in Figure 2; P, P, are two bearings of the shaft O; these bear-
ings are to be fixed to the bed of the machine as shown, or in any
other permanent manner; Q, is a cutting tool fixed in the slide rest
(similar to those used by wood turners); R, is a bow spring screwed to
the under side of the mandrel-head B, and pressing on bed A, of the lathe.
The object of this machine is to turn the heads of casks of an oval form,
such heads to be given a diameter greater across the grain of the wood
than in a line with it, as is well understood, and is usually done by
coopers.
I would however remark, that it has before been proposed to mount
the rough head of a cask in a lathe suitable for turning it oval, but the
machinery so proposed was different from that now under description.
The action of this machine is as follows: The rough head of a cask
is first to be centered and marked; this centre mark is to be applied to
the point of the sliding centre F, the bent bar J, is then to be placed
against the head I, and pressed up to it by means of the back centre K,
whereby it is firmly held against the face plate H; the head is now in
a position to be operated upon by a suitable cutting tool, which may be
either fixed or worked by hand.
In some cases it is necessary to place wedges between the bent bar J,
5 and the pieces of the head intermediate of the parts of the head on

page_text: which the ends of the bar J, press, so that the intermediate parts of the
head
may also be held securely against the plate H. When the machine
is put in motion the face plate II, (with its boss H*,) will revolve rapidly,
and being constantly pressed up against the roller N, by the spring R,
or by other mechanical means, it will cause the required shape to be
given to the head, by reason of the boss II*, being oval to an extent
equal to that desired to be produced to the head of a cask.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS, Sheets 8 and 9.
Figure 1, is a front view of a machine for trussing casks; Figure 2, is
a plan, and Figure 3, is an end view of the same. A, A, is the framing;
B, B, two rollers; C, C, are two worm-wheels keyed on gudgeons of
rollers B, B; D, D, are two worms working in the worm-wheels C, C;
E, is a shaft on which the worms D, D, are keyed; F, is a fly-wheel
keyed on worm-shaft E; G, is a handle fixed to the fly-wheel F,
for the purpose of putting the machine into action by hand when not
driven by power; H, is a plate upon which the fire, or "cresset," can be
placed when required; I, is a cask with the staves raised up, but placed
with head hoop down ready for being trussed up; J, J, are two ropes or
bands or chains coiled round the roller at one end and hooked to
slings K, K, at the other; this rope or chain may be applied to the cask
in various ways.
The working of this machine is as follows:-
The cask being first fired is then placed upon the plate H, with the
head down, as shown in the drawing, but if required the head hoop may
be upwards; the metal ropes, bands, or chains are then applied to the
staves, and by giving motion to the rollers B, B, the ends of the staves
will be drawn together into their required form, when a hoop is to be
placed upon them; the motions of the rollers are then reversed, which
loosens the ropes, chains, or bands, when the cask may be removed. In
place of using slings K, a rope, chain, or band may pass round the set-
ap staves and then to the rollers.

page_text: Figure 2, is a plan, and Figure 3, an end view of the same; Figure 4, is a
hoop with the holes punched. A, is the top of the framing for supporting
the machine; B, is a bed similar to a lathe bed; C, is a carriage sustaining
the bar D, the guide E, E, and the bolsters F, F, which carriage C, is
capable of being moved endways of the bed B; C*, is another carriage
sustaining the same parts as C, but it is a fixture. E, E, E, E, are guides
for the punching and rivetting tools; these tools are arranged so as to
punch at one side of the machine and to rivet at the other side of the
machine; F, F, F, F, are the bolsters for the same. G, G, G, G, G, are the
bearings for the bar D; H, is a slot in the bar D, for the key of the
eccentric J, to slide in; I, is a spur-wheel keyed on to the bar D, and is
driven by means of the fast pulley L; J, is an eccentric bored to slide
freely endways on the bar D, and to be driven it, but is prevented
turning on it by a key which is fixed in the eccentric, but slides in the
slot H; K, is an eccentric fixed permanently on the bar D; L, L, are
fast and loose pulleys; M is a hand-wheel keyed on the screw N; this
screw N, works in a female screw on the under side of the sliding
carriage C; this screw is for the purpose of moving the carriage C,
nearer to or further from the carriage C*, according to the distance the
holes in a hoop are required to be apart. 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, are forks for
supporting the hoop iron in its required position when being punched;
these forks may be raised or lowered by means of nuts or otherwise so
as to suit iron of any width. P, is a stop-piece for determining the
distance of the hole from the end of the hoop. Q, Q, are two hoops
being rivetted; R, is a hoop punched.
The action of the machine is as follows: When the machine is put in
motion the bar D, revolves, and with it the eccentrics J, and K, which
cause the punching and rivetting tools to act alternately. I would re-
mark, that similar punching tools have been used separately, but it is the
combining two to act on the same hoop at one time, such two being
readily moved to a greater or less distance apart, which constitutes the
peculiarity of this machine; and I would also remark, that I do not claim
the rivetting by pressing tools, such as are shown, similar tools having
been used for such like purposes before.

page_text: DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING, Sheet No. 11.
Figure 1, is a front view of a machine for splaying and turning up
hoops for casks; Figure 2, is a plan; Figure 3, is an end view; Figure 4,
is a section of rollers and guides; Figure 5, is a front view of splaying
rollers H, and H; and Figure 6, is a plan of the hoop-iron partly splayed.
A, A, are the two side frames; B, is the foundation plate; C, is a spur-
wheel on the shaft of the roller H; D, is a pinion taking into and
driving the wheel C; this pinion is driven by a fast pulley E, keyed on
the shaft E F, is a loose pulley; G, G, are two pinions working into
each other, one on the end of the roller-shaft H, and the other on
end of shaft of roller H; H, is the upper compressing roller, which
may be a cylinder or a cone; H, is the under compressing roller which
is conical; these rollers should be made of steel hardened, or cased with
steel and hardened, so as to prevent wear; I, is a roller for giving a cir-
cular shape to the hoop-iron as it comes from the splaying rollers; .J is
the hoop-iron being operated upon; K, is a guide-piece through which
the hoop-iron passes on its way to the rollers H, and H*; by moving this
guide-piece to the right or left, it will so present the hoop-iron to the
rollers as to cause it to be more or less compressed or splayed; L, is a
bearing for the roller I; by moving this bearing nearer to or further from
the compressing rollers H, and H*, a hoop will be formed of smaller or
larger diameter.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING, Sheet No. 9.
Figure 1, is an end view of another arrangement of machinery for
splaying hoops for casks; Figure 2, is a plan; Figure 3, is a side view;
Figure 4, is a section of the collar end; Figures 5, and 6, are a side and
and a front view of the loose collar. A, is the foundation plate; B, B,
are two side frames, in which the shafts E, F, and H, work; C, is a fast
Figure 1, is an end view of another arrangement of machinery for
splaying hoops for casks; Figure 2, is a plan; Figure 3, is a side view;
Figure 4, is a section of the collar end; Figures 5, and 6, are a side and
and a front view of the loose collar. A, is the foundation plate; B, B,
are two side frames, in which the shafts E, F, and H, work; C, is a fast
pulley; D, is a loose pulley; ", is a pinion on the shaft of driving
pulley C; F, is a pinion driven by the pulley E; on the end of this shaft
is one of the driving and splaying rollers J. G, is a pinion driven by the
pinion F; H, is another pinion driven by the pinion G; on the end of

page_text: this shaft is the other driving and splaying roller J*; a, is the shaft; b,
is a loose collar like that of a saw spindle, but having a projecting piece,
C, on its face; d, is a nut; e, is a sunk key upon which the loose collar
b, passes, but which key prevents the collar 6, turning round on the spindle
when in work; K, is a pin or axis (passing through a slot L, having
a splaying roller I,) revolving freely on it; M, is a piece of hoop-iron,
part of which has passed between the rollers J, I, and J*, and is partly
splayed.
When this machine is put in operation, the hoop-iron intended to be
splayed is passed between the rollers as before described, and it will be
seen that by fixing the roller I, nearer to or further from the rollers J,
and J, any required splay may be given to the hoop-iron.
Having thus described the nature of my Invention, and the manner
of performing the same, I would have it understood, that I do not con-
fine myself to the details herein shown and described, as the same may
be varied without departing from my Invention, so long as the peculiar
character of any part of my Invention be retained; but what I claim is,
First, the improvement in saw-mills herein described, in respect to
Sheet No. 1;
Secondly, I claim the mode of constructing or combining the parts
of a sawgate and parts combined therewith, as described in respect to
Sheet No. 2, part of which is shown in Sheet 6;
Thirdly, I claim the improvements in machinery for backing staves,
described in respect to the Sheets Nos. 3, and 4;
Fourthly, I claim the mode of arranging mechanical apparatus for
cutting or adzing parts of heads for casks as described by reference to
Sheets Nos. 5, and 6;
Fifthly, I claim the mode herein described of combining mechanical
parts into a machine for turning heads for casks, shown by the Sheet
No. 7;
Sixthly, I claim the mode of trussing casks, described in respect to
Sheets Nos. 8, and 9;
Seventhly, I claim the combining punching and other apparatus for
producing two holes in a hoop at the required distance apart, as ex-
5plained by reference to the Sheet No. 10; and,

page_text: I
"
Eighthly, claim, the, combining machinery, as, described by
reference to the Sheets. Nos. 11, and 12, for splaying hoops for casks.
In witness whereof, I; the said, George Green, have hereunto, set
my hand and seal, this Twenty-sixth day of April in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-three... :.
.
GEORGE: GREEN. (L.S.)
Witnss; W. GOBEY...
I: