IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF WHEELS FOR RAILWAY ROLLING STOCK
Year: 1874

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Lloyd Wise, of Chandos Chambers,
Buckingham Street, Adelphi, in the County of Middlesex, Patent
Agent, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF
WHEELS FOR RAILWAY ROLLING STOCK."-A communication from abroad
by Francis Cowell Pratt and Frederick Parsons, both of Moscow,
Russia, Engineers.
Sealed the 17th April 1874, and dated the 21st February 1874.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Frederick Lloyd Wisc
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition,
on the 21st February 1874.
I, WILLIAM LLOYD WISE, of Chandos Chambers, Buckingham Street,
Adelphi, in the County of Middlesex, Patent Agent, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE
OF WHEELS FOR RAILWAY ROLLING STOCK," (a communication to me from
abroad by Francis Cowell Pratt and Frederick Parsons, both of Moscow,
Russia, Engineers), to be as follows:-
In wheels for railway rolling stock it has been proposed to secure the
tyre to the rim or felloe of the wheel by making the tyre with a recessed

page_text: flange on its inner periphery at one side or lateral part, and with a
recess or recesses in the lateral part of the tyre at the other side. It
has also been proposed to make tyres with a recess or recesses at each
side in the lateral parts of the tyre, and such tyres when made with a
flange at one side and recessed at the other side, as above explained, have
been proposed to be used in combination with a flanged ring or flanged
plates or washers on the recessed side, and when such tyres have been
proposed to be recessed at both sides, and made without a flange on the
inner periphery, it has been proposed to use a flanged ring at cach side
for the purpose of keeping the tyre to the rim or felloc of the wheel.
Now it is to wheels provided with tyres of this class that this Invention
has reference, and the improvements have for object to effect the attach-
ment of such tyres. to the rims or felloes of the wheels in a cheap and
simple manner, and more substantially and effectually than has been
effected in practice by methods heretofore proposed.
The purposes of this Invention are effected by expanding the tyre
formed, as described, evenly throughout in a bath of boiling water, and
afterwards when such tyre has been shrunk on to the rim or folloc
securing it (the tyre) and the parts adjacent to it in their proper relative
positions on the rim or felloc of the wheel body by rivets disposed and
arranged as herein-after particularly explained, whereby the weakening
of the tyre and of the rim or felloe is practically obviated, and the tyro
is rendered capable of being readily removed and refixed as may from
time to time be necessary without injury to itself or to the rim or
felloc.
In the accompanying Drawings, Figs. 1 and 2 illustrate this Invention
as applied to the cast iron centre or body of an ordinary wagon wheel
when the tyre a is made at one side of its inner periphery with an inside
flange recessed at c, so that the projecting part & shall overlap the
inner periphery of the rim or felloc e, the other side of the tyre being
formed with an annular recess in its lateral face to receive one flangeƒ'
of a doubly flanged ring whose other flange f overlaps the other side
of the inner periphery of the wheel rim; i are the rivets.
Figs. 3, 4, and 5 illustrate the application to the body of an ordinary
wrought-iron spoke engine wheel.
:
Figs. 6, 7, and 8 shew the application to an ordinary wrought-iron
spoke wagon wheel body in which to avoid weakening the spokes a

page_text: portion of the projecting part d of the tyre as well as a portion of the
flange of the ring fis removed opposite to each spoke,
Figs. 9, 10, and 11 illustrate the Invention as applied to the body of
an ordinary wrought-iron spoke engine driving wheel when curved plates.
or washers g formed with flanges g¹, 9, are substituted for the flanged
ring shewn in the preceding arrangements.
Figs. 12, 13, and 14 illustrate the application of the Invention to the
body of an ordinary wrought-iron spoke engine driving wheel when
separato rings, plates, or washers are dispensed with by forming the
heads of the rivets with flanges h³, 13, like the separate plates or
washers already mentioned.
Figs. 15, 16, and 17 shew the Invention as applied to the body of an
ordinary wrought-iron spoke engine driving wheel when the tyre a has
no internal flange, but is formed at cach side with an annular recess
in its lateral face, and at each side is secured and held to the rim or
felloe of the wheel body by a ring f formed with flanges f', f³, like the
ring already referred to with reference to previous arrangements.
In carrying out the Invention, working Drawings having been made.
of the particular size and design of wheel, and stiff gauges of the defined.
dimensions having been prepared and hardened on their measuring.
points and surfaces as usual to prevent their wearing out of truth, the
wheels and tyres are turned in a lathe so as to fit such gauges and
thereby to ensure accuracy of fit between the parts, and to make all the
parts of each kind interchangeable counterparts of each other as far as
the perfection of the manufacture of the wheels will allow, regard being
had to the fact that usually the pitch of the spokes is not perfectly equal.
This making the various parts alike greatly facilitates the execution of
the work in the most perfect manner, at the least expense, and in the
shortest time. The wheel body upon which a tyre is to be fixed is set.
(either before or after it has been mounted on its axle) to run truly in
an ordinary wheel lathe, and the periphery of such wheel body is turned
on the face to the defined diameter or diameters according to whether
the body is to be cylindrical or conical in cross section on its outer face,
and it is made to fit the caliper gauge or gauges. The side edges or
lateral faces of the wheel are then turned to a gauge of the defined form
and size.

page_text: ring is then removed from the wheel and the necessary rivet holes are
then drilled and countersunk, which operations are performed under a
horizontal drilling machine. The tyre is heated in order to expand it
sufficiently for putting it in place on the wheel body. This heating is
effected in a circular vessel of sufficient diameter to receive tyres of the
largest size intended to be operated upon. The tyre is suspended hori-
zontally from a suitable lifting crane by means of a tripod with chains
and hooks or clamps that will not disengage themselves from the tyre on
tho slackening of the lifting chain, nor present any impediment to the tyre
passing on to the wheel. Before passing the tyre on to the wheel body
the wheel body is placed by the above mentioned crane, or by another
crane, in a horizontal position in readiness to receive the heated tyre.
The vessel for heating the tyre must contain as much water as will
cover the tyre when it is placed within the vessel near the bottom
thereof. The tyre being thus immersed in the water within the vessel
the water is heated by the introduction of steam into it, which steam is
conducted by a pipe not exceeding two inches in diameter from a
steam generator, preferring to take the steam from the nearest generator
where there are several, or the water may be heated by the products of
combustion in a suitable furnace situated beneath or having fluos
passing under the said vessel. The water is caused to boil and is kept
boiling for about twenty minutes with the tyre immersed in it. This is
found to be a sufficient time to expand the tyre to the extent of about
a one-thousandth part of its diameter so as to admit of its being passed
freely on to the wheel body, even when the heated tyre has to be exposed
whilst being placed on to the wheel to a severe frost, causing a com-
paratively rapid cooling. This cooling however has not been found to
take place so rapidly as to create any difficulty in adjusting the tyre in
its place. In about five minutes after having been so adjusted the tyre
by contact with the cold wheel body contracts firmly on to it, the
shrinkage being evenly distributed in consequence of the previous even
heating throughout of the tyre by the boiling water. By this method
unequal strains and the tendency to transverse breakage of the tyre are
obviated. This equal shrinkage is not obtained by the ordinary method
of heating the tyre by direct contact with the fire in a furnace or open
fire, even with a gas jet.

page_text: tyre not being either overheated or put on to the wheel body too tightly,
that is, so tightly as to produce undue tension of the tyre. The limited
expansion a one-thousandth part of the diameter of the tyre above
specified demands correct workmanship on the part of the turner and is
therefore a test of good work, as the parts unless turned correctly to
gauge will not go together, and any defects in the workmanship are thus
brought under observation.
The drilling of the recesses for the rivets through the periphery of the
wheel body flush with its outer face as above described instead of being
effected before the tyre is shrunk on, may be effected after the tyre has
been shrunk on to the wheel body, and the recesses for the rivets in the.
inside flange 6 of the tyre may be drilled at the same operation. These
recesses are drilled whilst the wheel bodies are properly fixed or mounted
on their axles by a horizontal drilling machine.
When it is desired to drill two wheels at a time, or to simultaneously
drill more than one hole in a wheel at a time, two or more such drilling
machines may be used. The wheel or wheel bodies is or are placed upon
antifriction rollers to facilitate its or their adjustment, so that the part
or parts to be drilled can be brought near to the position or positions of
the drill or drills. Each drill is made readily adjustable to drill the
recess truly and to execute the work expeditiously. The recesses or
holes are countersunk in the inside flange of the tyre at the same
timc.
When the wheel body is drilled before putting on the tyre, a segment.
of tyre hardened on its face is cramped to the wheel body opposite the
position of the recess to be drilled, so as to prevent the drill working out
of truth.
When the wheel bodies with the tyres on are not mounted on their
axles, the rivet holes or recesses for the rivets are drilled with a vertical
drilling machine, and at the same time the recesses or holes are
countersunk on the flange b of the tyre to receive the heads of the
rivets.
The rivet heads are made to fit the countersinks, and their stems or
bodies are made to correspond with the diameters of the holes or recesses
through which they are to pass. The points of the rivets are made of a
slightly tapering form to ensure the rivets passing freely into the holes,

page_text: which tapering points are heated in the usual way for rivetting. Each
rivet after having been heated at its pointed end and placed in the hole
passing through the inside flange 6 of the tyre a through the periphery
of the wheel body, and through the flanged securing ring f, is at its
heated end rivetted down into the countersink. The same mode of
rivetting is adopted as to the pointed ends of the rivets in wheels where
flanged plates or washers, or flanged rivet heads, or two flanged rings
instead of one ring and an inside flange on the tyre are used.
It is evident that in wheels having the tyres secured to them according
to this Invention as above described (excepting designs Figs. 15, 16, 17),
the tyre, even when excessively heated by the application of brakes or
otherwise, will be prevented by the peculiar methods of fastening from
revolving on the rim or felloe of the wheel body, and that in the event
of a tyre breaking the separate parts (even also in the design shewn in
Figs. 15, 16, and 17), of such broken tyre will by the same methods of
fastening bo held firmly to the rim or felloc, thereby keeping the wheel
and the engine or vehicle to which it belongs on the lines of rails along
which the same may at the time of such breakage be running.
It is also obvious that these objects are by this Invention effected
without the objections pertaining to methods which have heretofore been
proposed, such for example as the subjecting the metal of the tyre to
violence, the use of dovetails, the interposing intermediate substances
between the tyre and the rim or felloc of the wheel, the so forming the
bolt holes or recesses in the tyre and in the rim or felloc as to materially
weaken the tyre and the rim or felloo by breaking their continuity, all
such objections being obviated by this Invention, which furthermore
enables tyres as described to be readily and effectually secured to the
rims or felloes of ordinary railway wheel bodies at present in use without
necessitating any alteration in or weakening of their structure.
Finally, it will be seen that the improvements hercin-before described,
be they employed in the construction of new wheels, or be they applied
to the bodies of existing wheels, will in either case afford great facility
for fixing and removing the tyres as occasion may require by ordinary
labor without necessitating the aid of special skill.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said William Lloyd Wise in the Great Seal Patent
Office on the 21st August 1874.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM
LLOYD WISE, of Chandos Chambers, Buckingham Street, Adelphi, in
the County of Middlesex, Patent Agent, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-first day of February, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-four, in the thirty-
seventh year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto me, the said William Lloyd Wisc, Her special
license that I, the said William Lloyd Wise, my executors, adminis-
trators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said William Lloyd.
Wise, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time
agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter
during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make,
usc, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF WHEELS FOR RAILWAY ROLLING
Srock," being a communication to me from abroad by Francis Cowell
Pratt and Frederick Parsons, both of Moscow, Russia, Engineers, upon
the condition (amongst others) that I, the said William Lloyd Wise, my.
exccutors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my,
or their, or one of their hands and scals, should particularly describe
and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner
the same was, to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the
Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and imme-
diately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
f
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said William Lloyd Wisc, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same
is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement thereof and the Drawings therein referred to
(that is to say) :-

page_text: flange on its inner periphery at one side or lateral part, and with a
recess or recesses in the lateral part of the tyre at the other side. It
has also been proposed to make tyres with a recess or recesses at cach
side in the lateral parts of the tyre, and such tyres when made with a
flange at one side and recessed at the other side, as above explained,
have been proposed to be used in combination with a flanged ring or
flanged plates or washers on the recessed side; and when such tyres
have been proposed to be recessed at both sides and made without a
flange on the inner periphery it has been proposed to use a flanged ring
at each side for the purpose of keeping the tyre to the rim or felloe of
the wheel. Now it is to wheels provided with tyres of this class that
this Invention has reference, and the improvements have for object to
effect the attachment of such tyres to the rims or felloes of the wheels
in a cheap and simple manner, and more substantially and effectually
than has been effected in practice by methods heretofore proposed.
The purposes of this Invention are effected by expanding the tyre
formed as described evenly throughout in a bath of boiling water, and
afterwards when such tyre has been shrunk on to the rim or felloo
securing it (the tyre) and the parts adjacent to it in their proper relative
positions on the rim or felloe of the wheel body by rivets, disposed and
arranged as herein-after particularly explained, whereby the weakening
of the tyre and of the rim or felloc is practically obviated, and the tyre
is rendered capable of being readily removed and refixed as may from
time to time be necessary without injury to itself or to the rim or folloc..
In the accompanying Drawings Figs. 1 and 2 illustrate this Invention
as applied to the cast-iron centre or body of an ordinary wagon wheel
when the tyre a is made at one side of its inner periphery with an inside
flange recessed at c so that the projecting part & shall overlap the
inner periphery of the rim or felloc e, the other side of the tyre being
formed with an annular recess in its lateral face to receive one flange f¹
of a doubly flanged ring f, whose other flange f overlaps the other side.
of the inner periphery of the wheel rim; i are the rivets.
Figs. 3, 4, and 5 illustrate the application to the body of an ordinary
wrought-iron spoke engine wheel.

page_text: portion of the projecting part à of the tyre, as well as a portion of the
flange f of the ring is removed opposite to each spoke.
Figs. 9, 10, and 11 illustrate the Invention as applied to the body of
an ordinary wrought-iron spoke engine driving wheel when curved
plates or washers g formed with flanges g¹, y, are substituted for the
flanged ring shown in the preceding arrangements.
Figs. 12, 13, and 14 illustrate the application of the Invention to the
body of an ordinary wrought-iron spoke engine driving wheel when
sepárate rings, plates, or washers are dispensed with by forming the
heads of the rivets with flanges 2, 3, like the separate plates or
washers already mentioned.
Figs. 15, 16, and 17 shew the Invention as applied to the body of an
ordinary wrought-iron spoke engine driving wheel when the tyre a has
no internal flange, but is formed at each side with an annular recess in
its lateral face, and at cach side is secured and held to the rim or felloo :
of the wheel body by a ring f formed with flanges f¹, ƒ³, like the ring
already referred to with reference to previous arrangements.
In carrying out the Invention working Drawings having been mado
of the particular size and design of wheel, and stiff gauges of the defined
dimensions having been prepared and hardened on their measuring points a
and surfaces as usual to prevent their wearing out of truth, the wheels
and tyres are turned in a lathe so as to fit such gauges and thereby to
ensure accuracy of fit between the parts, and to make all the parts of
cach kind interchangeable counterparts of each other as far as the
perfection of the manufacture of the wheels will allow, regard being had a
to the fact that usually the pitch of the spokes is not perfectly equal.
This making the various parts alike greatly facilitates the execution of
the work in the most perfect manner at the least expense and in the
shortest time. The wheel body upon which a tyre is to be fixed is set
(either before or after it has been mounted on its axle) to run truly in a
an ordinary wheel lathe, and the periphery of such wheel body is turned
on the face to the defined diameter or diameters according to whether
the body is to be cylindrical or conical in cross section on its outer face,
and it is made to fit the caliper gauge or gauges. The side edges or
lateral faces of the wheel are then turned to a gauge of the defined form a
and size.

page_text: The rivet recesses in the rim or felloc of the wheel body are drilled
near to the outer periphery of the rim or felloe, so that when the rivets
are in position that part of the periphery of each rivet which is situated
the farthest from the axis of the wheel will be flush with the outer
periphery of the rim or felloc of the wheel body; and when the wheel
body is made with spokes a rivet recess is formed therein near tho
periphery, as above described, opposite to the end of each spoke, so that
the rim or felloc is not weakened at any point between the radial centre
lines of the outer ends of the spokes.
The tyre a is rolled in the usual way of manufacturing tyres for
railway wheels, but except when a flanged ring is to be used at each
side the tyre is made with an inside flange b on the outer edge of its
inner periphery. The tyre is set or fixed to run truly on the face plate
of a lathe of suitable dimensions for turning out the inside of the tyre to.
a gauge / less in diameter than the wheel on which it is intended to
be shrunk, care being taken that the inside face of the tyre is turned so
as to fit over the turned face of the wheel body. The inside flange b of
the tyre is also turned to a gauge corresponding with that part of tho
The work is to bo
wheel body which the said flange is intended to fit.
exccuted accurately, so that the tyre when heated to the proper tem-.
perature (say about 205° Fahrenheit) will pass freely on to its place.
The inside securing ring f is made of channel iron rolled for tho
purpose, or it may be made of ordinary rectangular iron of suitable.
dimensions bent to the defined radius and diameter, the ends being.
welded together so as to form a ring of the proper size to admit of the
annular projections or flanges f¹, f, being turned on a lathe to the
defined diameters and gauges corresponding to the recess in the tyre and
to the part of the wheel body which the ring is intended to fit. After
the ring has been properly turned it is cut so as to pass it over the axle
(assuming the wheel to be already mounted on the axle), and is placed
against the lateral face of the wheel body with its axis in line with the
axis of the wheel, and the proper positions for the rivet holes are then
marked on the ring, and the position of the ring is marked in relation to
the wheel. The ring is so adjusted that the division in the ring will
5 come opposite to the centre of one of the rivet holes, so as to ensure the
meeting points of the ring where it has been cut being secured by the
rivet. The ring is then removed from the wheel, and the necessary rivet
holes are then drilled and countersunk, which operations are performed

page_text: г
under a horizontal drilling machine. The tyre is heated in order to
expand it sufficiently for putting it in place on the wheel body. This
heating is effected in a circular vessel of sufficient diameter to receive
tyres of the largest size intended to be operated upon. The tyre is sus-
pended horizontally from a suitable lifting crane by means of a tripod
with chains and hooks on clumps that will not disengage themselves
from the tyre on the slackening of the lifting chain, nor present any
impediment to the tyre passing on to the wheel. Before passing the
tyre on to the wheel body the wheel body is placed by the above-
mentioned crane or by another crane in a horizontal position in readiness
to receive the heated tyre. The vessel for heating the tyre must contain
as much water as will cover the tyre when it is placed within the vessel
near the bottom thereof. The tyre being thus immersed in the water
within the vessel the water is heated by the introduction of steam into
it, which steam is conducted by a pipe not exceeding two inches in
diameter from a steam gencrator, preferring to take the steam from the
nearest generator where there are several; or the water may be heated
by the products of combustion in a suitable furnace situated beneath or
having flues passing under the said vessel. The water is caused to boil,
and is kept boiling for about twenty minutes with the tyre immersed in
it. This is found to be a sufficient time to expand the tyre to the extent.
of about a onc-thousandth part of its diameter, so as to admit of its
being passed freely on to the wheel body even when the heated tyre has
to be exposed whilst being placed on to the wheel to a severe frost,
causing a comparatively rapid cooling. This cooling however has not
been found to take place so rapidly as to create any difficulty in adjusting
the tyre in its place. In about five minutes after having been so
adjusted the tyre by contact with the cold wheel body contracts firmly
on to it, the shrinkage being evenly distributed in consequence of the
previous even heating throughout of the tyre by the boiling water. By
this method unequal strains and the tendency to transverse breakage of
the tyre are obviated. This equal shrinkage is not obtained by the
ordinary method of. heating the tyre by direct contact with the fire in a
furnace or open fire, even with a gas jet.
An additional important advantage arising from the method of heating
the tyre in boiling water above described is that it ensures the tyre not
being either overheated or put on to the wheel body too tightly, that is
so tightly as to produce undue tension of the tyre. The limited expansion

page_text: (a one-thousandth part of the diameter of the tyre) above specified
demands correct workmanship on the part of the turner, and is therefore
a test of good work, as the parts unless turned correctly to gauge will not
go together, and any defects in the workmanship are thus brought
under observation.
The drilling of the recesses for the rivets through the periphery of the
wheel body flush with its outer face as above described, instead of being
effected before the tyre is shrunk on, may be effected after the tyre has
been shrunk on to the wheel body, and the recesses for the rivets in the
inside flange 6 of the tyre may be drilled at the same operation. These
recesses are drilled whilst the wheel bodies are properly fixed or mounted
on their axles by a horizontal drilling machine.
When it is desired to drill two wheels at a time, or to simultaneously
drill more than one hole in a wheel at a time, two or more such drilling
machines may be used. The wheel body or wheel bodies is or are placed
upon antifriction rollers to facilitate its or their adjustment, so that the
part or parts to be drilled can be brought near to the position or positions
of the drill or drills. Each drill is made readily adjustable to drill the
recess truly and to execute the work expeditiously. The recess or holes
are countersunk in the inside flange of the tyre at the same time.
When the wheel body is drilled before putting on the tyre a segment
of tyre hardened on its face is cramped to the wheel body opposite the
position of the recess to be drilled so as to prevent the drill working out
of truth.
When the wheel bodies with the tyres on are not mounted on their
axles the rivet holes or recesses for the rivets are drilled with a vertical
drilling machine, and at the same time the recesses or holes are counter-
sunk on the flange 6 of the tyre to receive the heads of the rivets.
The rivet heads are made to fit the countersinks, and their stems or
bodies are made to correspond with the diameters of the holes or recesses
through which they are to pass. The points of the rivets are made of a
slightly tapering form to ensure the rivets passing freely into the holes,
which tapering points are heated in the usual way for riveting. Each
rivet after having been heated at its pointed end and placed in the hole
passing through the inside flange b of the tyre a through the periphery
of the wheel body and through the flanged securing ring f is at its
heated end rivetted down into the countersink. The same mode of
"
:

page_text: rivetting is adopted as to the pointed ends of the rivets in wheels, where
the flanged plates or washers, or flanged rivet heads, or two flanged rings
instead of one ring and an inside flange on the tyre are used.
It is evident that in wheels having the tyres secured to them according
to this Invention as above described (excepting designs, Figs. 15, 16, 17),
the tyre even when excessively heated by the application of brakes or
otherwise will be prevented by the peculiar methods of fastening from
revolving on the rim or felloe of the wheel body, and that in the event,
of a tyre breaking, the separate parts (even also in the design shewn in
Figs. 15, 10, and 17) of such broken tyre will by the same methods of
fastening be held firmly to the rim or felloc, thereby keeping the wheel:
and the engine or vehicle to which it belongs on the lines of rails along.
which the same may at the time of such breakage be running.
It is also obvious that these objects are by this Invention effected.
without the objections pertaining to methods which have heretofore been
proposed, such for example as the subjecting the metal of the tyre to.
violence, the use of dovetails, the interposing intermediate substances
between the tyre and the rim or felloo of the wheel, the so forming the
bolt holes or recesses in the tyre and in the rim or felloe as to materially
weaken the tyre and the rim or felloc by breaking their continuity, all
such objections being obviated by this Invention, which furthermore
enables tyres, as described, to be readily and effectually secured to the
rims or felloes of ordinary railway wheel bodies at present in use without
necessitating any alteration in or weakening of their structure.
Finally, it will be seen that the improvements hercin-before described,
be they employed in the construction of new wheels, or be they applied.
to.the bodies of existing wheels, will in either case afford great facility
for fixing and removing the tyres as occasion may require by ordinary
labor without necessitating the aid of special skill.
And having now described the nature of the said Invention of "Im-
provements in the Manufacture of Wheels for Railway Rolling Stock,".
and having explained the manner of carrying the same into practical
effect as communicated to me by my foreign correspondents, I hereby
declare that I do not claim as of the said Invention or the exclusive use
of any of the several parts herein-before described or referred to, except
when the same are used in and for the purposes of the said Invention, as
herein-before described; and furthermore I wish it to be understood that-

page_text: I do not claim separately the expanding a wheel tyre in a bath of boiling
water, but what I consider to be novel and original, and therefore claim
as the Invention secured to me by the herein-before in part recited
Letters Patent is, the manufacture of wheels for railway rolling stock, in
which the attachment of the tyres is effected, as herein-before described
and shewn respectively in Figs. 1 and 2, Figs. 3, 4, and 5, Figs. 6, 7,
and 8, Figs. 9, 10, and 11, Figs. 12, 13, and 14, and Figs. 15, 10, and 17
of the accompanying Drawings.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Lloyd Wise, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Twenty-first day of August, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-
four.