Improvements in Combined Steam and Vapour Engines.
Year: 1893

page_text: Date of Application, 27th Apr., 1893
Complete Specification Left, 26th Jan., 1894-Accepted, 27th Apr., 1894
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Combined Steam and Vapour Engines.
I, ELIAS GOTTLieb Behrend, of 6A Welckerstrasse, Hamburg, in the Empire
of Germany Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as
follows:-
In the Specification of Letters Patent No. 22422 A.D. 1891 is described a
method of providing in connection with a steam engine a closed motive power
engine working by cold vapours. This has for its object, besides an increase in the
difference of temperature downwards to about 20 degrees centigrade, the utilization
of a large part of that steam which in the steam engine is used more than in the
theoretically perfect engine. Accordingly a portion of the heat still contained in
the steam is rendered available and transformed into work. As this operation may
take place in a descending line it may also in like manner take place in the
ascending line, if I arrange in front of the steam engine one or more closed engines
working with such vapours as are generated at a temperature above that at which
steam is produced. For this purpose are adapted for instance vulcan oil having a
boiling point of about 300 degrees, benzoic ether having a boiling point of about
209 degrees, turpentine oil having a boiling point of about 159 degrees, petroleum
having a boiling point of about 150 degrees. Thus I obtain a multiple regenerative
engine by which not only the difference of temperature is increased considerably
further than in the ordinary steam engine, namely from about 350 degrees to
20 degrees, but where also every following engine utilizes the greatest part of the
heat of that steam working in the preceding engine which in the same exceeds the
theoretical use of steam of the equivalent theoretically perfect engine. In lieu of
steam I may also employ other vapours adapted for closed engines, such as for
instance vapour from alcohol having a boiling point of 78 degrees.
Dated this 27th day of April 1893.
HASELTINE, LAKE & Co.,
45, Southampton Buildings, London, W.C., Agents for the Applicant..
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Combined Steam and Vapour Engines.
1, ELIAS GOTTLIEB BEHREND, of 64 Wolckerstrasse, Hamburg, in the Empire
of Germany, Engineer do hereby declare the nature of this invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained
in and by the following statement :-
In the Specification of Letters Patent No. 22422 A.D. 1891 is described a
method of providing in connection with a steam engine a closed motive power
engine working by vapours developed from liquids having a low boiling point.
This has for its object besides an increase in, the difference of temperatures
downwards to about 20 degrees centigrade, to make use of the latent heat of the
exhaust steam of the steam engine in a more efficient manner than by condensation,
so as to more closely approach the theoretically perfect engine. Accordingly a
portion of the heat still contained in the steam is rendered available and transformed
into work. As this operation may take place in a descending line it may also in
like manner take place in the ascending line, if I arrange in front of the steam

page_text: engine one or more closed engines working with such vapours, as are generated at
a temperature above that at which steam is produced.
In steam engines these temperatures in general do not exceed the limits of
+ 200 degrees centigrade and 60° Ce. respectively, because it is not practicable to
construct steam-boilers which would reliably resist to such a high tension and
because the lower or final temperature does not lie at the temperature of the waste-
water, but at the temperature corresponding to the vacuum of the air-pump.
The present invention however has for its object to increase the initial as well as
the final temperature in such combined engines which are driven by steam and
other vapours in such a manner, that the temperature of the expanded vapours
are re-used for evaporating a liquid of lower boiling temperature. Thereby it is
rendered possible to arrange one or more closed engines working with vapours of
different boiling temperatures in a series with and precedent to a steam or cold
vapour engine so as to act with the latter upon a common driving shaft. It is
further obvious that also the steam engine may be worked as a closed engine or
that in lieu of steam other suitable vapours, such as those from acetone or alcohol
having a boiling temperature of 58 and 78 degrees C. respectively may be adapted
for closed engines.
After the first liquid to be used has been vapourized in a tubular boiler by means
of suitable fuel, its vapours having a moderate tension expand in the cylinder or
cylinders of the first engine performing thereby a certain amount of work. The
expanded vapours are then used to evaporate another liquid having a lower boiling
point. Hereby the expanded vapours will be condensed whereupon they are
conveyed back, in the form of liquid by means of a feed-pump into the first
evaporator. The second vapour, also of a moderate tension, expands in the
cylinder of a second engine and having performed its work therein, it is used for
evaporating a third liquid of a still lower boiling point and so on, until the
condensation of the lastly produced vapour having a temperature of about + 55° Ce.
takes place at a temperature of from + 15° to 20° Ce.
In this manner a large and closed series of temperatures of moderate tensions is
obtained, which is converted into work.
The surplus of heat passing through the first engine more than should theoretically
pass therethrough, being a very considerable quantity, is thus also converted into
work by the subsequent engines, so that the total effect of the whole series of
engines approaches closer to the Carnot's cycle than has been formerly obtained
by a steam engine.
A further very important advantage is based on the fact that the necessary
quantity of condensing water is far smaller than in a steam engine of the same
effect, because a far greater portion of the heat has been previously transformed
into work.
In the said closed engines pure condensed vapours may be used which possess
the necessary different condensing and boiling-points and which, do not affect the
metal of the parts of the machinery. Particularly adapted for this purpose are
for instance the various fractions of petroleum, which may be produced, by suitable
distillation so as to boil at different temperatures, further benzine, benzoic ether,
acetone, alcohol, sulphurous acid, ammonia, methylic ether, chloride of ethyl and
the like may be employed.
The following series of liquids may advantageously be used: Ethylic hydride of
phenylxylyl, chinoline, cresol, xylol, acetone, aldehyd and methyl-ethyl-ether,
having, their boiling points at + 290°, 235°, 195°, 135º, 56°, 21° and 11° Ce.
respectively.
In the accompanying drawings
Figure 1 is a longitudinal vertical section of a multiple vapour motor constructed
in accordance with my present invention;
Figure 2 is a top view of the multiple vapour motor; and
Figures 3 and 4 show details of the same.
Similar letters of reference denote like parts throughout the several views.

page_text: The first liquid having the proportionately highest boiling point is evaporated
in the boiler and the vapours thus raised conveyed through the pipe a to the
cylinder I, where they will expand and perform their work in a well known manner.
The exhaust vapours from this cylinder are then conducted through the pipe 6*
into the condensing-vessel or condenser C¹ in order to condeuse the exhaust.
vapours and to evaporate at the same time the second liquid of a somewhat lower
boiling point contained in the serpentine pipe s' within the said condensing vessel.
The condensated liquid is then forced back into the boiler K by means of a suitable
pump P connected to the condenser and the boiler through a suction pipe c' and a
delivery pipe d¹.
The vapours formed in the serpentine coil s¹ enter through the pipe a' into the
cylinder II whence, after having performed their work, they will escape through
the exhaust pipe 6 into the condenser C, in which under the action of the
condensating vapours the third liquid contained in the serpentine coil is
evaporated. The condensated second liquid is then forced back into the serpentine
coils of the condenser C¹ by means of a pump P³, a suction pipe c' and a delivery
pipe d².
The vapours of the serpentine coils are caused to pass through the admission
pipe a to the cylinder III and they escape through the exhaust-pipe 63 into the
condenser C, whence they are conducted back into the serpentine coil s³ by means
of the pump P and the pipes a³ and d³.
The vapours of the fourth liquid raised in the serpentine coil & pass through the
admission pipe at into the cylinder IV, whilst the exhaust vapours of this cylinder
are discharged to the serpentine coil of the condenser C by means of the exhaust
pipe 6. The exhaust vapours which have been condensated by waste-water
entering the condenser C* through the inlet w and escaping through the over-flow-
pipe wo, are forced back into the serpentine-coil sª by means of the pump P* and the
conduit of pipes c, d.
The pistons of the four cylinders are preferably connected to a common shaft E,
by which is driven by means of suitable pulleys and an endless belt e the
intermediate shaft F actuating the pistons of the pumps P1, P2, P3, P which are
adapted to force back the condensed vapours into their serpentine evaporators.
The vapour collector K¹ of the boiler K is provided with a safety valve g
(Figure 3) arranged within a closed casingh and loaded with weights f. The
valve may be lifted by hand by actuating the arm k attached to a spindle i and
engaging a suitable slot of the valve rod m. The operating arm k is under
ordinary circumstances turned back in the position shown by dotted lines (Figure 3)
in which it is out of gear with the valve rod. The vapours passing through the
safety valve are conducted by the pipe n into the enlarged pipe o surrounded by a
tank
p through which passes the waste-water, coming from the condenser C. The
vapours thus condensated may be forced back into the boiler K through the pipe g.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what
I claim is:-
1. In thermo-dynamics the mode of obtaining high working temperatures from
motive vapours of low or comparatively low tension, which consists in converting
into work the expansive power of the vapours of fluids having successively
decreasing boiling points, the ratio of decrease being such that work can be
performed at any desired initial temperature and with a final temperature of
about 15° C., substantially as set forth.
2. In thermo-dynamics the mode of obtaining high working temperatures from
motive vapours of low or comparatively low tension, which consists in converting
into work the expansive powers of vapours of fluids having successively decreasing
boiling points, the ratio of decrease being such that work can be performed at any
desired initial temperature and with a final temperature of about 15° C. and
utilizing the heat of the exhaust vapours from the liquids of higher boiling points

page_text: in the vaporization of the liquid of lower boiling point, substantially as and for
the purpose set forth.
3. A multiple vapour motor comprising four working cylinders, a corresponding
number of condensers the first three of which are respectively connected with the
exhaust of their respective cylinders and with the suction part of a pump, the
terminals of the coil in the condenser for one of said cylinders being respectively
connected with the vapour supply port of a pump, the terminals of the coil of
the condenser for the last cylinder being connected with the exhaust of said
cylinder and with the suction part of a pump respectively, means for supplying a
cooling agent to said condenser and a boiler connected with the vapour supply of
the first named cylinder, substantially as and for the purpose set forth.
4. A multiple vapour comprising four working cylinders, a single motor shaft
connected with the cylinder pistons, a corresponding number of condensers the first
three of which are respectively connected with the exhaust of their respective
cylinders and with the suction part of a pump, the terminals of the coil in the
condenser for one of said cylinders being respectively connected with the vapour
supply port of the next succeeding cylinder and with the delivery port of a pump,
the terminals of the coil of the condenser for the last cylinder being connected
with the exhaust of said cylinder and with the suction port of a pump, respectively,
means for supplying a cooling agent to said condenser, and a boiler connected
with the vapour supply of the first named cylinder in combination with a counter-
shaft for operating all the pumps, driven from said motor shaft, substantially as
and for the purpose set forth.
5. In a vapour motor the combination with the vapour generator of a safety
valve a suitable housing therefor provided with an escape pipe and a condenser
connected with said escape pipe and with the boiler, for the purpose set forth.
6. In a multiple vapour engine, the combination with the last of a series of
condensers and the first of a series of vapour generators of a supply valve for said
generator, a housing for the valve, an escape pipe for said housing, a condenser
connected with the aforesaid pipe and the boiler, and a pipe connection between the
cooling spaces of the two condensers for the purpose set forth.
Dated this 26th day of January 1894.
HASELTINE, LAKE & Co.,
45, Southampton Buildings, London, W.C., Agents for the Applicant.