and Securing the same in Position.
Year: 1885

page_text: and Securing the same in Position.
I PHILIP MIDDLETON JUSTICE of 55 and 56 Chancery Lane in the County of
Middlesex, Fellow of the Institute of Patent Agents do hereby declare the nature
of this invention to be as follows:-
This invention is intended to cheapen the cost, to enhance the durability, safety
and security and to improve the working of submarine cables. They are also
adapted to the other uses of electrical cables and are available for either aerial or
subterranean lines. It also partakes of the character of the insulated wire described
in an application for a Patent of even date herewith. The methods of insulation
therein described being to some extent similar. The objects attained by the
improvements in the cables hereinafter described, are the diminishing of the
inductive influences between the several conductors of a series, the lessening of
the retardation resulting therefrom and from the earth's proximity; and the
cheapening of the cost while at the same time increasing the durability of such
cables. These objects are accomplished by improving the structure, cheapening the
insulation without lowering the character thereof, and by new methods of operation ;
suitable appliances and apparatus being also described for the securing and
preserving of the cables when laid. In the application for a Patent before referred
to will be found described an insulated wire surrounded by a metal sheath or jacket.
In some instances such sheathing has been employed as a return conductor, making
with the interior wire, a complete metallic circuit.
A conductor or cable thus constructed however presents many of the qualities
and conditions of a condenser, with the result that rapid working over such a line
is impeded by the retardation which is produced, particularly when the cable is
Jaid on or under the surface of the earth. With the double object of preventing
induction from outside influences and retardation from the objectionable features
of cables hitherto constructed a cable consisting of two insulated conductors
forming a round wire circuit enclosed in an insulated sheathing or screen of metal
has been devised. This cable has been found to give the most satisfactory results
which are attributed to the following reasons
When two wires are enclosed in the same metallic sheathing, and used
respectively as the leading and return conductors, the effect of the opposite

page_text: :
:
polarities is to cancel or neutralize any inductive electrical disturbances in the
sheath, producing in the same what may be termed an electrical equilibrium.
By this means not only is dynamic induction, but also retardation due to
electro-static charge prevented. If the sheathing be insulated so that it does not
form a conductor or medium for the transmission of primary electrical currents
which it might otherwise receive from other conductors, or receptive surface upon
which an electrical charge might be collected from the earth, it is evident that the
neutralizing effects of the currents in the interior wires will be much more complete,
while the retarding effects of the earth charge will be greatly diminished. When
two parallel wires are employed, both are insulated preferably by strips of paper
or other like material wound spirally, or otherwise wrapped around them. The
manner of preparing the paper will be hereinafter described.
Around the insulated wires is then applied a sheathing of metal which it is
preferred to form, by winding spirally around said wires a metallic ribbon such as
tin-foil, copper, or the like, over this, and in an opposite direction is wound a strip
of prepared paper and finally the exterior coating of the cable is applied. This
latter may be of any suitable material. There is thus produced a conductor or
cable in which two insulated wires are enclosed in an insulated sheath of metal,
and in using the cable the two interior wires may be connected with opposite
battery terminals, and so constitute a round wire circuit. The wires in lieu of
being parallel, may be twisted together to produce a rounder cable. When a cable
containing a metallic sheath is insulated by layers of textile or fibrous material, it
is convenient and economical to use strips of metal foil wound spirally upon the
core in forming the sheaths, and to lay such strips so as to form a continuous layer
or sheathing. When the layers of insulating material however, are not of this
nature but are composed of plastic compounds, the entire separation of the layers
by continuous sheathings of metal foil and the difficulty of causing a perfect
adherence between the metal and the plastic compounds lessens the compactness
and flexibility of the cable. Instead therefore of the metal foil, a spirally wound
wire may be used in those cables in which a plastic compound is employed for
insulating. Each of the wires whether parallel or otherwise, which are used for
the circuit, is insulated by a spirally wound strip of prepared paper, and a coating
of bituminous or resinous varnish described in the application before referred to.
The two insulated wires are brought together and enclosed in a mass of gutta percha,
or any other plastic insulating material, which is applied by a die or former in any
well known manner and which is preferably round in cross section. Upon this
insulating material is wound spirally the wire which is preferably of copper, over
the wire is applied a second layer of insulating material, and the whole is then
enclosed if necessary by a serving of twine and a metallic armour.
With the wire applied under the conditions specified a great advantage is gained.
The two coats or layers of insulating material unite, and form practically one in
which the wire is embedded. Any arrangement of the conductors may be used
with this insulated sheath. In the process of preparation of the insulated
conducting wires, or in the construction of cables such as have been just described
it is frequently found necessary to splice the wires. Methods of splicing heretofore
used are unsatisfactory when applied to these structures. Therefore the following
means and appliances have been devised. The objects being first to improve the
joint, and to provide means whereby the continuity of the circuit can be maintained
in cases when the joined wires shall have become accidentally separated and
secondly to provide facilities for preparing the ends of wires to be joined. It has
been found that when a bevelled joint is soldered with the compound of silver and
brass usually denominated silver solder the joined portions become rigid because
of the stiffness of the alloy. When such joints are subjected to a bending strain
they are liable to become severed.
These difficulties are obviated by using a solder compounded of one third copper,
and two thirds silver or in about that proportion. This solder is soft, and as
flexible as the copper of the conducting wires. There is not therefore the rigidity

page_text: nor the tendency to part in the joint which are the concomitants of the ordinary
practice of soldering such joints. When two ends are required to be united they
are bevelled off by any suitable method but it is preferred to use a swaging tool
consisting of a piece of steel having a hole drilled through its entire length and
bevelled in such a manner that one extremity of the bevel is coincident with the
bottom of the hole. An open slot is thus produced of which one end is of the full
vertical diameter of the wire, the bevelled surface of the steel block is then cut to
angles terminating at the slot. A wire is inserted at one end, passed through to
the bevelled end, and then swaged to the requisite bevel, any surplus forced over,
being cut off by the corners at the upper edge of the bevelled surfaces. Previously
to uniting the wires, a slotted tube is slipped over the end of one of them and after
they are united is slipped along so as to cover the joint where it may be left to
maintain electrical continuity by simple contact. The pressure of the covering
being sufficient to make it fit snugly on the wire. This tube is made of bullion
silver so that it will be soft, little likely to oxydize and but little metal is needed
because of the conductivity of the material, whereby the diameter of the conductor
is but slightly increased. In lieu of being previously formed and slipped over the
joint, the metal may be wound spirally around the wire at the joint. A joint thus
formed is flexible and adds but little to the diameter of the conductor which may
therefore be passed through an insulating machine suitable for covering the wire.
In some cases it is preferred to adopt the following method, which is preferable for
very long circuits because the resistance of the conductor in the latter is only one
halt of that in the former.
In this method the two conductors enclosed within a metallic sheath and exterior
envelopes, are grounded at their extremities There are two batteries used, one for
each wire Oue wire has no instrument in circuit. It is used for the purpose of
inducing current in an opposite direction in the second wire.
This second wire is provided with translating devices. The constant current
through the first wire induces a state of tension in the second. As this tension is
in the direction in which current would pass through the second wire when
employed in signalling, the retardation is reduced to a minimum and thus the
sending of signals is facilitated. In forming heavy cables the metallic screens and
strengthening jackets or servings are combined in such a manner as to produce a a
durable, highly flexible and very cheap cable. The central conductor may be
composed, as has been usually the case of a number of comparatively fine strands
or wires of copper, twisted together Upon this conductor are laid two parallel
strips of plastic material such as gutta percha, or of soft strips of paper which have
been previously saturated with paraffine.
These are con pressed into the corrugations of the core, and over these is then
applied a coating of resinous varnish, compounded of a concentrated turpentine or
of rosin with an admixture of a sufficient percentage of concentrated linseed oil to
preserve its viscosity. This is applied hot; over the coating while still soft is
wound spirally a second strip of paraffined paper, upon which is laid a second
coating of the resinous varnish. Upon this is wound a strip of tin foil such as has
been already described, which is then covered with another layer of the resinous
varnish, and thereupon is spirally wound a third layer of the paraffined paper
Upon the latter is laid another coating of the resinous varnish, and while it is yet
soft a second layer of tin foil is wound. This is in turn covered by a coating of
the resinous varnish, into which a fourth spirally wound layer of the paraffined
paper is laid and then another coating of the resinous varnish is applied.
After this follows a third layer of metal foil which in its turn is coated with the
resinous varnish whereupon a fifth spirally wound coating of the paraffined paper
is laid into it; over the paper is applied a coating of a bituminous compound
rendered permanently. viscous by the addition of some proper substance and into
this coating is wound and embedded a serving of twine For the protection and
strengthening of the cable is then applied suitable armour of wire. A cable is thus
produced composed of layers of plastic insulating and fibrous materials and metal
.

page_text: the order of the layers and their specific character being as follows. Paraffined
paper surrounding the central conductor a resinous coating, a layer of paraffined
paper, a resinous coating, a layer of tin foil, a coating of resinous varnish, a layer
of paraffined paper, a resinous coating, a layer of tin foil, a coating of resinous
varnish, a layer of paraffined paper, a resinous varnish, a layer of tin foil, a coating
of resinous varnish, a layer of paraffined paper, a bituminous coating, a serving of
twine and the armour or exterior jacket of wires. This cable presents certain
important advantages, due to the materials entering into its composition, and the
relations in which they are used. Fibrous materials have heretofore been saturated
with resinous compounds and used in the construction of cables; it has been found
however that a fibrous material saturated with paraffine and coated with a resinous
varnish, produces a combination which possesses a much higher specific insulation
than any of its components. For bringing these materials into the most efficient
relations, for the fibrous material is used a strong manilla paper 004 in. in thickness.
This is saturated with paraffine in the usual way The varnish or plastic compound
that is used in conjunction with this paper is composed wholly or in part of any
resinous substances though a varnish is preferred which is liquid only when hot.
This discovery is taken advantage of by applying the coating of resinous varnish
to paraffine paper, wherever an insulating layer is needed in the cable Sometimes
the resinous varnish is applied to only one side of each layer, and in cases where
a strip is to be applied over a coating of varnish it is desirable that this be dono
before the varnish has become hard or dry, as by this means a perfect adherence of
the two is effected, the layer being practically embedded in the coating of varnish.
In forming the several layers on the cable it is preferred to wind narrow strips
of paper, and of tin foil spirally around the central core, the successive layers also
should be oppositely wound in order to give greater strength and flexibility to
the cable.
The metal used for the layers may be of various kinds. For the inner layers
ordinary tin foil will answer, for the layer next to these however it is desirable to
use pure tin because it affords better protection against borers and water, and is not
easily corroded by the mineral substances commonly found in solution in water.
For the bituminous coating which is applied over the fifth layer of paper, is used
refined Trinidad asphalte rendered permanently viscous by the addition of some
substances which maintains it in a slightly plastic condition, such as linseed oil or
the residuum of the petroleum still, the latter being preferable. It results from
this that when the serving of twine is applied, it is embedded in the bituminous
coating which when warm permeates the twine, binding it firmly together and
causing it to adhere closely to the cable, or a cable may be formed in which the
armour consists of iron or steel wire which is coated with an insulating material
formed of about 90 parts of refined asphalte and about 10 parts of residuum of the
petroleum still. This covered by a layer of twine or hempen strands, which is
in turn coated with the insulating compound just described, and in order to
prevent this coating from adhering to the reels or convolutions of the cable, it is
coated or dusted over with a fine powder of slaked lime. Having described in
detail the methods of obviating induction and retardation in cables I will now
describe a submarine cable in which these principles are applied to cases in which
great tensile strength, more perfect insulation and greater precautions against
retardations are necessary; the cable consisting of two insulated conductors
forming or adapted to form a complete or round wire circuit and surrounded by
a sufficient number of layers or sheaths of insulating material, and metal to afford
the desired strength and protection from electro-static and inductive disturbances.
The copper conducting wires have spirally wound coatings of paper around
them, which are first saturated with paraffine and then coated with a resinous
varnish. In order to obtain a core as nearly round as possible the two wires are
twisted together.
Around them is then applied a layer of insulating material composed of
oppositely laid strips of an adhesive insulating material, preferably gutta percha

page_text: or an equivalent plastic material such as caoutchouc, or thick soft paper, prepared
for the purpose and saturated with an insulating compound. These strips must
be capable of being embedded in the depressions in the uneven surface of the core
formed by twisting the conductors together so that a smooth and round surface is
obtained upon which the subsequent layers may be wound. Over the strips, a
layer of metal is formed by spirally winding a strip of tin foil into a layer of soft
resinous varnish. The subsequent steps in the formation of the cable need no
repetition here, having been hereinbefore fully explained. The inner metallic
layer acts in conjunction with the two wires, forming the path for the current, to
establish an electrical equilibrium as it is equally but oppositely affected by the
current passing in the said wires in opposite directions. Inductive disturbances
and retardation are thus materially lessened. By adding a second sheathing of
metal, the deleterious effects of retardation are still further decreased, while the
third sheathing diminishes these effects to a minimum. The distinctive features of
this cable are, that the two insulated conductors are enclosed by a sheathing of a
plastic material compressed around them so as to form a round core upon which
the layers of insulating material are wound, and also that the two insulated wires,
or in other words metallic or round wire circuit enclosed or insulated by metallic
sheaths, is enclosed and protected by a flexible insulating jacket and armour.
The
construction and arrangement of the component parts of this cable may be varied
in certain particulars without departure from the invention; for instance it is not
necessary to use only a single pair of insulated conductors nor need the specified
manner in which they are formed into the core be rigidly adhered to, also in lieu
of the paper strips similar strips of other like materials may be employed, and for
the metal sheaths may be used various kinds of foil or instead of the metallic
circuit the induction circuit hereinbefore described may be employed.
For the outer metallic sheath however, pure tin is desirable from the greater
protection which it affords against borers and its property of resisting corrosion.
To produce a flexible compound cable, that is, a cable containing a number of
circuit wires, which embraces similar means to those herein before described for
preventing inductive reactions and electrical retardation, the following method of
working is employed.
The desired number of pairs of insulated electrical conductors are brought
together, each being enclosed in an insulated metallic screen, preserving as far as
possible the parallelism both of the wires of each pair and that of the several pairs.
Around this assemblage of conductors as a core, is then applied a flexible
insulating and protecting covering containing one or more insulated and flexible
metal layers or sheaths.
The arrangement adopted is to lay a given number of the elliptical cables, such
as the one first described one upon the other with their major axes parallel, and
then to lay on each side of this series the remaining cables, of the number required
at varying angles in order to round out the bundle. The cables thus grouped are
enclosed in an external covering of insulating material and metal substantially as
indicated herein before.
These elliptical conductors are insulated by the paraffined paper and resinous
varnish already described. Any good insulating varnish that is liquid when hot
and slightly plastic or viscous when cold may be used in the construction. The
exterior covering may be of a hempen jacket of braided twine which will be
hereinafter mentioned.
When two of the insulated wires are twisted together into a round strand, a
series of such strands may be twisted into a rope which is then insulated and
protected by the method before described.
It is frequently desirable to construct cables in which provision is made in a
simple and economical manner for several circuits, and in this case, as many pairs
of insulated conductors are used as there are circuits, but to more perfectly
neutralize or counteract the effect of the several pairs of these conductors upon one

page_text: another and upon the sheath, they are twisted together, and then the strands are
twisted into a rope..
In this way each conductor is brought into a great variety of juxtaposition to
the others, and to the insulated metallic sheath.
In these cases the two layers of metal before described, may be used and com-
bined with the strips of paraffined paper the resinous varnish, the bituminous
covering layer, the serving of twine and the wire armour, or as previously
described in another form, the hempen jacket may be substituted for the armour.
In the latter form, the core covering consisting of two parallel plastic strips are
employed to form a round and smooth insulating surface upon which the metal
strip is wound. In this form also with a braided jacket consisting of strong cord
or twine of any sort, is combined serving twine spirally wound into a layer of soft
bituminous material rendered permanently viscous as before described. This
covering is particularly advantageous, when so large a number of conducting wires
are combined into a submarine cable, that the armour is not required to give the
proper strength for paying out the line or when a cable is to be laid on a soft
bottom comparatively free from abrasions.
It is often the case that submarine cables must be laid on a hard bottom in a tide-
way where swift currents are apt to cause their destruction. Under such circum-
stances it becomes desirable to anchor them, that is to secure them to the bottom,
as otherwise they are liable to collect large quantities of sea weed and acquire such
bulk in this way that a strong current may break them. The means which have
heretofore been used for anchoring cables have not been constructed with a view to
keeping the cable close to the bottom, but merely confining it in one position,
weights have been used which are attached to the cable and let down with it.
The objections to this are that the cable must be exceptionally strong in order to
sustain a heavy weight in the course of laying, and also that there is no certainty
that the weights will hold the cable close to the bottom. To overcome these
objections, a weight or anchor is employed that is adapted to be applied to the
cable after it is laid or is to be let down by a rope independent of the cable itself.
These weights or anchors have one side flat, so that they will lie in one position
on the bottom and not be liable to shift their position. In the flat side is a groove
in which the cable is confined, and on the rounded side are holes or other means by
which the weight is connected to the rope by which it is lowered. These weights
are placed over the cable by divers after it has been laid or they are secured to the
cable and lowered with it by suitable machinery and tackle on the same ship from
which the cable is paid off or from another.
Heavy iron weights are employed having a flat side and being preferably of
elliptical shape.
As the weights lie with their longer dimensions in line with the current, they
will not be liable to turn or be displaced when made of this shape. In the rounded
side are two holes, into which a tool is inserted when the weights are lowered.
Across the face or flat side of the weight is a groove. These weights or anchors
are applied in the following manner. The cable is first laid in the usual manner
the weights are then lowered to the bottom at the required points and placed by
divers over the cable. They serve to confine it to the bed of the river or channel
and thus prevent it from being shifted by the tides or currents and from accumu-
lating sea weed. It is of course possible to apply weights in other ways but that
described is the best.
The weights, or anchors need not be secured to the cable but simply laid over it,
the cable being held in place by entering the groove. It is easy however to fasten
them to the cable if necessary. The invention is obviously applicable more
particularly to wires or sea ways where the depth of water is not very great, and
where the cable would be exposed to injury from currents and the other causes
enumerated. The size and material of the anchors or weights will depend upon
circumstances and preferences. Iron, is perhaps the most suitable material, and
each anchor may be several hundred pounds in weight. Another class of cases to

page_text: be provided for, is, where cables are to be laid in shallow water upon a soft
bottom. In these cases it is preferred to bury the cable and thus protect it from
accidental injury. Cables so laid may be very lightly armored, or be covered with
hempen jackets as described.
For laying the cables it will be necessary to employ a plow or an apparatus which
when dragged along by the ship forms a furrow or trench along the bottom, and
with this is combined means for laying the cable in this furrow as it is formed.
Mechanism for a like purpose has heretofore been employed or suggested, but from
certain inherent defects in the manner of its construction and consequent mode of
action no useful or practical results have as yet been secured from its use. This is
mainly due to the fact that no provision has been made for carrying the apparatus
over obstacles in its path such as rocks or other hard material. The apparatus
employed in laying these cables consists of a frame carrying a wide roller or pair
of heavy wheels that maintain the same in its proper position, and assist in regu-
lating the depth of the furrow. Back of this roller the blade or share is pivoted to
the frame, and a weighted arm extends from it which keeps it in the furrow until
it encounters some obstacle when the weights and pivot allow the blade to swing
backward and upward, and pass over the obstruction. The frame also carries a
guide or tube of desired length through which the cable runs, and by which it is
laid in the trench cut by the blade.
The frame carries one or more wide rollers; and is provided with a head by
means of which it is connected by a hawser with the ship that drags it. Back of
the roller is pivoted a blade or share, the rear portion of which is extended in two
arms that carry heavy weights, adjustable if so desired. From the frame extend
two tail pieces with bent ends that in the movement of the plow, drag along the
bottom and serve to steady and guide it and together with the roller determine the
depth of the furrow or trench. A tube is pivoted to a set of strong braces on
the frame. This tube should be of sufficient length to extend down into the furrow
formed by the plow. The cable which is paid out from the ship runs through
this tube and is delivered by the same into the trench behind the plow.
The ship from which the cable is laid is provided with the usual rollers or drums
for delivering the cable from the hold over the stern. Upon the drums, bear brake
shoes on levers, that are operated by toggle levers and link controlled by a bar or
lever. These devices are for regulating the tension of the cable and its rate of
delivery.
In using this apparatus for laying a cable, the plow is attached to the ship's stern
by a hawser, and is thus dragged after it, the cable being passed through a guide.
It is desirable in starting from the land to place the plow a short distance from
shore and drag it along into the water, so that the cable will be buried above bigh
water mark. So in reaching the opposite shore, the cable and the hawser are
carried to a stationary windlass on shore, and the plow dragged up out of the
water. The arrangement of the paying out apparatus on the ship for conjoint
action with the plowing apparatus renders the laying of the cable an easy and
speedy operation.
500
1
2

page_text: and Securing the same in Position.
I, PHILIP MIDDLETON JUSTICE of 55 and 56 Chancery Lane in the County of
Middlesex Fellow of the Institute of Patent Agents do hereby declare the nature
of this invention (a communication to me from abroad by Henry Curtis Spalding
of Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Electrician) and in what
manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained
in and by the following statement:―
This invention is intended to cheapen the cost, to enhance the durability, safety
and security and to improve the working of submarine cables. They are also
adapted to the other uses of electrical cables and are available either for aerial or
subterranean lines.
The cable partakes somewhat of the character of the insulated wire described in
an application of even date herewith. The methods of insulation therein described
being to some extent similar. The objects attained by the improvements in the
cables hereinafter described are the diminishing of the inductive influences between
the several conductors of a series, the lessening retardation resulting therefrom and
from the earth's proximity, and the cheapening of the cost while at the same
time increasing the durability of such cables. These objects are accomplished
by improving the structure; cheapening the insulation without lowering the
character thereof and by new methods of operation.
Further objects are to
provide appliances and apparatus for the securing and preservation of cables
when laid.
To clearly explain the invention reference is made to the accompanying drawings
which form part of this specification.
In the application for a Patent before referred to will be found described an
insulated wire surrounded by a metal sheath or jacket. In some instances such
sheathing has been employed as a return conductor, making with the interior
wire a complete metallic circuit. A conductor or cable thus constructed, however,
presents many of the qualities and conditions of a condenser, with the result that
rapid working over such a line is impeded by the retardation which is produced
particularly when the cable is laid on or under the surface of the earth.
With the double object of preventing induction from outside influences and
retardation from the objectionable features of cables hitherto constructed, I have
produced a cable consisting of two insulated conductors forming a round wire
circuit enclosed in an insulated sheathing or screen of metal. This cable I have
found to give the most satisfactory results, which I attribute to the following
reasons
When two wires are enclosed in the same metallic sheathing and used respec-
tively as the leading and return conductors, the effect of the opposite polarities
is to cancel or neutralize any inductive electrical disturbances in the sheath,
producing in the same what may be termed an electrical equilibrium. By this
means not only is dynamic induction, but also retardation due to electrostatic
charge prevented,

page_text: If the sheathing be insulated so that it does not form a conductor or medium for
the transmission of primary electrical currents which it might otherwise receive
from other conductors or receptive surface upon which an electrical charge might be
collected from the earth, it is evident that the neutralizing effects of the currents in
the interior wires will be much more complete, while the retarding effects of the
earth charge is diminished, and, with other of my improvements added thereto, is
effectually prevented.
In the accompanying drawings I have illustrated this invention-Figs. 1, 2, 3,
being views of two cables of somewhat different construction, with parts of the
insulating material and metal sheaths removed for illustrating the plan of their
construction, Fig. 4 also showing in detail such an insulated wire as I have
described in the case herein before referred to. In Fig. 1, a, a¹, designate two
parallel wires, both insulated preferably by strips of paper b, 61 or other like
material wound spirally or otherwise wrapped around them. The manner of
preparing the paper will be hereinafter described. Around the insulated wires is
then applied a sleathing of metal which I prefer to form by a winding spirally
around said wires a metallic ribbon c such as tin-foil, copper or the like, over this
and in an opposite direction I wind a strip of prepared paper d, and finally the
exterior coating e, of the cable is applied. This latter may be of any suitable
material.
There is thus produced a conductor or cable in which two insulated wires are
enclosed in an insulated sheath of metal, and in using the cable the two interior
wires may be connected with opposite battery terminals as shown in Fig. 1, and so
constitute a round wire circuit.
The wires a, a¹, in lieu of being parallel may be twisted together as shown
in Fig. 5.
Figs. 2, 3, illustrate a method of using a wire instead of the metallic ribbon
above described. When a cable containing a metallic sheath is insulated by layers
of textile or fibrous material, it is convenient and economical to use strips of metal
foil wound spirally upon the core in forming the sheaths, and to lay such strips so
as to form a continuous layer or sheathing. When the layers of insulating material,
however, are not of this nature but are composed of plastic compounds, the entire
separation of the layers by continuous sheathings of metal foil and the difficulty of
causing a perfect adherence between the metal and the plastic compounds lessens
the compactness and flexibility of the cable. I therefore use, instead of metal foil,
a spirally wound wire in those cables in which a plastic compound is used for
insulating. The letters a, a¹, designate the wires which are used for the circuit;
each is insulated by a spirally wound strip b, b1, of prepared paper, and a coating f,
of bituminous or resinous varnish described in the case referred to previously.
The two insulated wires are brought together and enclosed in a mass g, of gutta-
percha or any other plastic insulating material which is applied by a die, or former,
in any well known manner and .nade round in cross section as illustrated in Fig. 3.
Upon this insulating material is wound spirally the wire h, which is preferably of
copper. Over the wire is applied a second layer of insulating material gl, and the
whole is then enclosed, if necessary, by a serving of twine and a metallic armour.
With the wire h, applied under the conditions specified a great advantage is gained.
The two coats or layers g, g¹, unite and form practically one, in which the wire is
embedded. Any arrangement of the conductors a, a¹, may be used with this
insulated sheath.
In the process of preparation of conducting wires insulated in the manner shown
in Fig. 4, or in the construction of cables, such as have been just described, it is
frequently found necessary to splice the wires. Methods of splicing heretofore used
are unsatisfactory when applied to these structures. Therefore I have devised the
means and appliances indicated in Figs. 6, 7, 8, 9. My objects are first to improve
the joint and to provide means whereby the continuity of the circuit can be
maintained in cases when the joined wires shall have become accidentally
separated. Secondly, to provide facilities for forming the ends of wires to be joined.
}

page_text: In the drawings a* are the wires, a³, the bevelled joints thereof, j, j, are sleeves
covering the joint. I have found that when a bevelled joint is soldered with the
compound of silver and brass, usually denominated silver solder, the joint portions
become rigid, because of the stiffness of the alloy. When such joints are subjected
to a bending strain they are liable to become severed. I remove these difficulties
by using a solder compound of one third copper, and two thirds silver, or in about
that proportion.
This solder is soft and as flexible as the copper of the conducting wires. There
is not therefore the rigidity nor the tendency to part in the joint which are the
concomitants of the ordinary practice of soldering such joints. The letters a³
designate the wires that are to be united Their ends are bevelled off by any
suitable method but I prefer to use the swaging tool illustrated in Figs. 8, 9, the
latter being a side elevation and the former being a perspective view. A piece of
steel has a hole k, k¹, drilled through its entire length, whereupon it is bevelled as
shown in Fig. 9, in such a manner that one extremity of the bevel is coincident
with the bottom of the hole. An open slot is thus produced of which one end is of
the full vertical diameter of the wire, the bevelled surface of the steel block is then
cut to angles terminating at the slot. A wire inserted at k and passed through
to k may then be swaged to the requisite bevel and any surplus forced over will be
cut off by the corners at the upper edge of the bevelled surfaces.
Previously to uniting the wires a tube; which is slotted as shown at is slipped
over the end of one of them, and, after they are united, is slipped along so as to
cover the joint, where it may be left to maintain electrical continuity by simple
contact, the pressure of the covering being sufficient to make it fit snugly on the
wire. This tube I make of bullion silver so that it will be soft, little likely to
oxidize, and but little metal is needed because of the conductivity of the material,
whereby the diameter of the conductor is but slightly increased.
In lieu of being previously formed and slipped over the joint it may be wound
around the wire at the joint in the manner shown in Fig. 7, where a³, is the joint
and the spirally slotted tube.
A joint thus formed is flexible and adds but little to the diameter of the
conductor which may therefore be passed through an insulating machine suitable
for covering the wire in the manner shown in Fig. 4.
In some cases I prefer to adopt the method shown in Fig. 10, instead of that
already described and indicated at Fig. 1. This is preferable for very long circuits,
because the resistance of the conductor in the latter is only one half of that in the
former. In this method the conductors a, a³, enclosed within the metallic sheath o,
and the exterior envelopes d, e, are grounded at their extremities.
There are two batteries used, one for each wire. The wire a, has no instrument
in circuit. It is used for the purpose of inducing current in an opposite direction
in the wire a¹, as indicated by the arrows. The wire a¹ is provided with translating
devices C, C. The constant current through the wire a, induces a state of tension
in the wire a¹. As this tension is in the direction in which current would pass
through a when employed in signalling; retardation is reduced to a minimum and
thus the sending of signals is facilitated.
Further developments of the methods of constructing the cables hereinbefore
described will be taken up in their order in the following pages.
Fig. 13, illustrates in detail the methods which I prefer to use in constructing
cables. By means thereof great economies are effected. These objects I attain by
the application of insulating materials under certain novel conditions and by the t
employment of metallic screens and strengthening jackets or servings combined in
such a manner as to produce a durable highly flexible and very cheap cable.
In the drawings I have illustrated in its successive stages of manufacture a
practicable and effecient form of cable constructed in accordance with my invention.
In Fig. 13, D designates the central conductor composed, as has been usually the 5
case of a number of comparatively fine strands or wires of copper twisted together,
Upon the conductor D is laid two parallel strips of plastic material such as gutta".

page_text: percha or of soft strips of paper E which has been previously saturated with
paraffine. These are compressed into the corrugations of the core, and over these
is then applied a coating 1 of resinous varnish such as I have described in a
contemporaneous case, compounded of a concentrated turpentine or of rosin with
an admixture of a sufficient percentage of concentrated linseed oil to preserve its
viscosity. This is applied hot, over the coating while still soft is wound spirally
a second strip of paraffined paper E' upon which is laid a second coating of the
resinous varnish . Upon this is wound a strip of tin-foil F, such as has been
already described which is then covered with another layer of the resinous
varnish and thereupon is spirally wound a third layer G, of the paraffined paper.
Upon the latter is laid another coating of the resinous varnish 7, and while it is
yet soft a second layer H of tin foil is wound. This is in turn covered by a
coating of the resinous varnish 7, into which a fourth spirally wound layer J, of.
the paraffined paper is laid and then another coating of the resinous varnish lis
applied. After this follows a third layer K of metal foil which in its turn is
coated with the resinous varnish 7, whereupon a fifth spirally wound coating L, of
the paraffined paper is laid into it. Over the paper L, is applied a coating of a
bituminous compound M, rendered permanently viscous by the addition of some
proper substance and into this coating is wound and embedded a serving of
twine N. For the protection and strengthening of the cable is then applied the
armour O. A cable is thus produced composed of layers of plastic insulating and
fibrous materials and metal, the order of the layers and their specific character
being as follows-
Paraffined paper surrounding the central conductor, a resinous coating, a layer
of paraffined paper, a resinous coating, a layer of tin foil, a coating of resinous
varnish, a layer of paraffined paper, a resinous coating, a layer of tin foil, a coating
of resinous varnish, a layer of paraffined paper, a resinous varnish, a layer of tin
foil, a coating of resinous varnish, a layer of paraffined paper, a bituminous coating,
a serving of twine, and the armour or exterior jacket of wires. This cable presents
certain important advantages, due to the materials entering into its composition
and the relations in which they are used. Fibrous materials have heretofore been
saturated with resinous compounds and used in the construction of cables. I have
found, however, that a fibrous material saturated with paraffine and coated with a
resinous varnish, produces in combination which possesses a much higher specific
insulation than any of its components.
For bringing these materials into the most efficient relations I use for the
fibrous material a strong manilla paper 004 in. in thickness.
This is saturated
with paraffine in the usual way. The varnish or plastic compound that is used in
conjunction with this paper is composed wholly or in part of any resinous
substances, though I prefer a varnish which is liquid only when hot.
This discovery I take advantage of by applying the coating of resinous varnash
to paraffine paper, wherever an insulating layer is needed in the cable. Sometimes
I apply the resinous varnish to only one side of each layer and in cases where a
strip is to be applied over a coating of varnish, it is desirable that this be done
before the varnish has become hard or dry, as by this means a perfect adherence
of the two is effected, the layer being practically embedded in the coating of
varnish.
In forming the several layers on the cable I prefer to wind narrow strips of
paper and of tin foil spirally around the central core. The successive layers also
should be oppositely wound in order to give greater strength and flexibility to the
cable. The metal used for the layers may be of various kinds.
For the inner layers ordinary tin foil will answer. For the layer next to these,
or that designated by the letter K, however it is desirable to use pure tin because
it affords better potection against borers and water, and is not easily corroded by
the mineral substances commonly found in solution in water.
For the bituminous coating which is applied over the fifth layer of paper,
I use refined Trinidad asphalt, rendered permanently viscous by the addition of some

page_text: substance which maintains it in a slightly plastic condition such as linseed oil or
the residuum of the petroleum still, the latter being preferable. It results from
this that when the serving of twine is applied, it is embedded in the bituminous
coating which, when warm permeates the twine, binding it firmly together and
causing it to adhere closely to the cable.
In Fig. 13 is shown a cable in which the armour A is formed of iron or steel
wire which is coated with an insulating material B, formed of about 90 parts of
refined asphalte and about 10 parts of residuum of the petroleuin still. This is
covered by a layer of twine or hempen strands C, which is in turn coated with
the insulating compound just described and here marked D, and in order to
prevent this coating from adhering to the reels or convolutions of the cable, I coat
or dust it over with a fine powder E of slaked lime.
Further exemplifications of my method of applying my said invention to
practical purposes are to be found in Figs. 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18.
Having described in detail my methods of obviating induction and retardation
in cables, I will now describe a submarine cable devised by me in which these
principles are applied to cases in which great tensile strength, more perfect
insulation and greater precautions against retardations are necessary. In this
form of cable these qualities are present, and in its construction I have taken
advantage not only of the principle to which I have alluded but also of certain
other matters discovered by me and which will be now more fully explained.
This part of my invention, therefore consists of a cable for submarine or similar
uses, in which two insulated conductors forming or adapted to form a complete
or round wire circuit are surrounded by a sufficient number of layers or sheaths
of insulating material and metal to afford the desired strength and protection
from electrostatic and inductive disturbances and further in certain details in the
character and assemblage of these parts which will be more particularly set forth.
Fig. 14 is a view of the cable showing the central core and parts of the
successive layers or sheaths. Fig. 3 is a cross section of the core and the first
envelope.
The letters a, a¹, designate copper conducting wires, 6, 61, spirally wound
coatings of paper which is first saturated with paraffine and then coated with a
resinous varnish, like that shown in Fig. 4. In order to obtain a core as nearly
round as possible, the wires a, a, are twisted together in the manner represented
in Fig. 5. Around them I then apply a layer of insulating material composed of
oppositely laid strips m, m, of an adhesive insulating material, preferably gutta-
percha or any equivalent plastic material, such as caoutchouc, or thick soft paper,
prepared for the purpose and saturated with an insulating compound. These strips
must be capable of being embedded in the depressions, in the uneven surface of the
core formed by twisting the conductors a, a', together so that a smooth and round
surface is obtained, upon which the subsequent layers may be wound.
Over the strips m, m, a layer of metal is formed by spirally winding a strip of
tin foil n, into a layer of soft resinous varnish.
The subsequent steps in the formation of the cable need no repetition here,
having been fully explained in the description of Fig. 13.
The inner metallic layer or that designated by the letter n, acts in conjunction
with the two wires, forming the path for the current to establish an electrical
equilibrium, as it is equally but oppositely affected by the current passing in the
said wires in opposite directions. Inductive disturbances and retardation are thus
materially lessened. By adding a second sheathing n¹ of the metal the deleterious
effects of retardation are still further decreased while the third sheathing n³,
diminishes these effects to a minimum. The distinctive features of this part of my
invention as compared with those which I have hereinbefore described are that
the two insulated conductors are enclosed by a sheathing of plastic material
.compressed around them so as to form a round core upon which the layers of
insulating material are wound and also that the two insulating wires or in other

page_text: words the metallic or round wire circuit enclosed or insulated by metallic sheaths,
is enclosed and protected by a flexible insulating jacket and armour.
I may vary the construction and arrangement of the component parts of this
cable in certain particulars, without departure from the invention. For instance
I am not confined to the use of a single pair of insulated conductors, nor to the
specific manner in which they are formed into the core. I may also employ in
lieu of paper strips similar strips of other like materials, and for the metal sheaths
I may use various kinds of foil or I may instead of the metallic circuit use the
induction circuit hereinbefore described, as illustrated in Fig. 10. I would state
however that for the outer metallic sheath or that designated as n³, pure tin is
desirable from the greater protection it affords against borers, and its property of
resisting corrosion. One of the variations of structure of my newly invented
cable is to be found illustrated in Figs. 16, 17, 18. The object of this part of my
invention is to produce a flexible compound cable, that is a cable containing a
number of circuit wires, which embraces similar means to those hereinbefore
described, for preventing inductive reactions and electrical retardation.
To this end I bring together a desired number of pairs of insulated electrical
conductors, each enclosed in an insulated metallic screen, preserving, as far as
possible the parallelism both of the wires of each pair and that of the several pairs.
Around this assemblage of conductors as a core, I then apply a flexible insulating
and protecting covering containing one or more insulated and flexible metal layers
or sheaths. The arrangement which I have adopted is to lay a given number of the
elliptical cables Figs. 1, 10, one upon the other with their major axes parallel, and
then to lay on each side of this series the remaining cables, of the number required
at varying angles in order to round out the bundle. The cables thus grouped are
enclosed in an external covering of insulating material and metal substantially as
indicated herein before.
Fig. 16, is a view of this cable showing the general arrangement of conductors
and parts of the layers or coatings surrounding the same.
Fig. 17, is an enlarged view showing in detail the manner in which the
conductors forming the core are insulated and protected.
Fig. 18 is a cross section of the same also showing the disposition and arrange-
ment of the several pairs at varying angles in their relation to one another. The
letters a, a¹, designate the conductors. They are insulated by the paraffined paper
and resinous varnish already described. Any good insulating varnish that is
liquid when hot and slightly plastic or viscous when cold may be used in the
construction of these cables. The exterior covering may be of a hempen jacket of
braided twine which will be hereinafter mentioned. The several letters of
reference indicate the parts described in detail in Fig. 1.
The series of illustrations designated by Figs. 4, 5, 11, 12, 15, illustrate other
methods of applying some of the features of my system. As before explained, two
of the insulated wires, Fig. 4, are combined into a strand Fig. 5.
A series of such strands are then twisted into a rope Fig. 12, which is then covered
with my system of insulation and protection, as illustrated in Figs. 11, 13, 15.
Reference to the description of Fig. 13, will supply explanations in detail of most
of these features, and I will now proceed to describe the others.
It is frequently desirable to construct cables in which provision is made in a
simple and economical manner for several circuits and in this case I use as many
pairs of insulated conductors as there are circuits, but to more perfectly neutralize
or counteract the effect of the several pairs of these conductors upon one another
and upon the sheath, I twist them together and then twist the strands into a rope.
In this way each conductor is brought into a great variety of juxtaposition to the
others and to the insulated metallic sheath. In these cases I may use the two
layers of metal p, p', Fig. 11, combined with the strips of paraffined paper q, q¹,
q, q, the resinous varnish, the bituminous covering layer M, the serving of
twine N, and the armour O, or as in Fig. 15, I may substitute the hempen jacket
for the armour.

page_text: In the latter figure also the core covering consisting of two parallel plastic
strips v, v, described in Fig. 14, are employed to form a round and smooth
insulating surface upon which the metal strip w, is wound. In the latter Fig. 15,
I combine with a braided jacket a consisting of strong cord or twine of any sort
the serving twine N, spirally wound into a layer M of soft bituminous material
rendered permanently viscous as before described. This covering is particularly
advantageous when so large a number of conducting wires are combined into a
submarine cable that the armour is not required to give the proper strength for
paying out the line or where a cable is to be laid on a soft bottom comparatively
free from abrasions.
It is often the case that submarine cables must be laid on a hard bottom in a
tide way where swift currents are apt to cause their destruction. Under such
circumstances it becomes desirable to anchor them, that is to secure them to the
bottom, as otherwise they are liable to collect large quantities of sea weed and
acquire such bulk in this way that a strong current may break them. The means
which have heretofore been used for anchoring them have not been constructed
with a view to keeping the cable close to the bottom, but merely to confining it in
one position, weights have been used which are attached to the cable and let down
with it. The objections to this are that the cable must be exceptionally strong, in
order to sustain a heavy weight in the course of laying and also that there is no
certainty that the weights will hold the cable close to the bottom. To overcome
these objections I use a weight or anchor that is adapted to be applied to the cable
after it is laid or is to be let down by a rope independent of the cable itself.
These weights or anchors have one side flat so that they will lie in one position on
the bottom and not be liable to shift their position. In the flat side is a groove in
which the cable is confined and on the rounded side are holes or other means by
which the weight is connected to the rope by which it is lowered. These weights
are placed over the cable by divers after it has been laid, or they are secured to the
cable and lowered with it by suitable machinery and tackle on the same strip from
which the cable is paid off or from another.
In the drawings Fig. 20 is a top view of one of the weights, Fig. 21 is a section
of the same on line Y, Fig. 22, is a section on line Z, Fig. 23 is an under plan view
of the weight and Fig. 19 is the section of the bed of a stream or channel showing
a cable in position.
I use heavy iron weights B having a flat side and prefer the elliptical shape
shown. As the weights lie with their longer dimensions in line with the current
they will not be liable to turn or be displaced when made of this shape. In the
rounded side are two holes B¹ into which a tool is inserted when the weights are
lowered. Across the face or flat side of the weight is a groove B³. These weights
or anchors are applied in the following manner :-
The cable A, is first laid in the usual manner, the weights are then lowered to
the bottom at the required points and placed by divers over the cable as shown in
Fig. 19. They serve to confine the cable to the bed of the river or channel and
thus prevent it from being shifted by the tides or currents and from accumulating
sea weed. It is of course possible to apply weights in other ways, but that shown
is the best. It will be observed that the weights or anchors need not be secured to
the cable but simply laid over it, the cable being held in place by entering the
groove B. It is easy however to fasten them to the cable if necessary.
The invention is obviously applicable more particularly to wires or sea ways
where the depth of water is not very great, and where the cable would be exposed
to injury from currents and the other causes enumerated.
The size and material of the anchors or weights will depend upon circumstances
and preferences. Iron is perhaps the most suitable material and each anchor may
be several hundred pounds in weight. Another class of cases to be provided for, is
where cables are to be laid in shallow water upon a soft bottom. In these cases
I prefer to bury the cable, and thus protect it from accidental injury. Cables so
laid may be very lightly armoured or be covered with hempen jackets like those

page_text: illustrated in Figs. 15 and 16. In carrying out this part of my invention I make
use of a novel form of plow, or an apparatus which when dragged along by the
ship forms a furrow or trench along the bottom, and I combine there with means
for laying the cable in this furrow as it is formned.
Mechanism for a like purpose has heretofore been employed or suggested but
from certain inherent defects in the manner of its construction and consequent
mode of action, no useful or practical results have as yet been secured from its use.
This is mainly due to the fact that no provision has been made for carrying the
apparatus over obstacles in its path such as rocks or other hard material. In the
apparatus designed by me I employ a frame carrying a wide roller or pair of heavy
wheels that maintain the same in its proper position and assist in regulating the
depth of the furrow. Back of this roller the blade or share is pivoted to the frame
and a weighted arm extends from it which keeps it in the furrow until it encounters
some obstacle when the weights and pivot allows the blade to swing backward and
upward and pass over the obstruction.
The frame also carries a guide or tube of desired length through which the cable
runs and by which it is laid in the trench cut by the blade. These and other
features will be more clearly understood by reference to the drawings in which
Fig. 24 is a plan view of the apparatus. Fig. 25 is a side elevation thereof and
Fig. 26 is a view showing the mode of using the device in laying cables. The
frame carries one or more wide rollers R, and is provided with a head T by
means of which it is connected by a hawser T¹ with the ship that drags it. Back
of the roller R is pivoted a blade or share U, the rear portion of which is extended
in two arms that carry heavy weights Ui, adjustable if so desired. From the
frame Q extend two tail pieces Q with bent ends, that in the movement of the
plow drag along the bottom and serve to steady and guide it and together with
the roller R, determine the depth of the furrow or trench. A tube V is pivoted
to a set of strong braces Q' on frame Q. This tube may be of any length between
that shown and that sufficient to extend down into the furrow formed by the
plow. The cable V which is paid out from the ship, runs through this tube and is
delivered by the same into the trench behind the plow. In Fig. 26, the ship W
from which the cable is laid, is shown as provided with the usual rollers or druins
for delivering the cable from the hold over the stern. Upon the drums 8, bear
brake shoes on levers t that are operated by the toggle levers and link o con-
trolled by a bar or lever u. These devices are for regulating the tension of the
cable and its rate of delivery.
The plow is designated by the letter I and the other parts by letters corre-
sponding to those employed in Figs. 24 and 25. In using this apparatus for laying
a cable, the plow I, is attached to the ships stern by the hawser T¹, and is thus
dragged after it, the cable being passed through the guide V¹. It is desirable in
starting from the land to place the plow a short distance from shore and drag it
along into the water so that the cable will be buried above high water mark.
So in reaching the opposite shore the cable V and the hawser T are carried to a
stationary windlass on shore and the plow dragged up out of the water.
The arrangement of the paying out apparatus on the ship for conjoint action
with the plowing apparatus readers the laying of the cable an easy and speedy
operation. While I am aware that some of the appliances hereinbefore described
have been employed in other relations than those described wherein they have
often proved of little utility yet I believe that the combinations described by me
are new and useful.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of the said
invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed as communicated to
me by my foreign correspondent, I declare that what I claim is-
1. In a cable the combination with two insulated conductors forming a complete
metallic or round wire circuit of an insulated metallic sheath or jacket enclosing
said conductors as set forth.

page_text: 2. A cable composed of two conductors forming a complete or round wire
circuit and insulated by a covering of paper and an insulated metallic sheath,
enclosing or surrounding the two conductors as and for the purpose set forth.
3. A cable composed of two conductors insulated by a covering of paper, a
metallic sheath around said conductors and a paper covering around the sheath
substantially as herein set forth.
4. The combination with two insulated conductors, forming a complete or round
wire circuit of a spirally wound wire between layers of plastic insulating material,
surrounding said conductors as and for the purpose set forth.
5. The combination in an electrical cable of the two separately insulated wires,
the coating of plastic material, the spirally wound wire and the coating of plastic
material surrounding the same substantially as herein set forth.
6. The combination of two separately insulated conductors enclosed within an
insulated metallic sheath, one of said conductors carrying a practically constant
dynamic current of opposite polarity to the other of said conductors, the same
being arranged substantially as and for the purposes set forth.
7. The combination, as described of two conductors insulated from one another,
and enclosed within an insulated metallic sheath and separately grounded, the
said conductors being connected to independent sources of electrical energy sub-
stantially as and for the purposes hereinbefore set forth.
8. An electrical cable wherein two conductors insulated from one another are
separately grounded carrying currents in opposite directions, and enclosed within
an insulated metallic sheath, substantially as and for the purposes set forth.
9. The combination with conductors the ends of which are joined by solder,
of a slotted metal tube surrounding the joint, as and for the purpose set forth.
10. The combination with conductors, the ends of which are joined by solder,
of a spirally slotted tube surrounding the joint, as and for the purpose specified.
11. The combination with conductors the ends of which are joined by a solder
composed of copper and silver, of a slotted tube surrounding the joint as described.
12. The solder herein described for uniting electrical conductors, composed of
copper one part, and silver two parts or substantially these proportions as set
forth.
13. A flexible composition composed of copper and silver as a solder for electrical
conductors substantially as described.
14. The swage for forming the bevelled ends of electrical conducting wires
constructed and used in the manner substantially as set forth.
15. An electrical cable having a central conductor insulated by layers of fibrous
material saturated with paraffine and coated with resinous varnish, substantially
as set forth.
16. An electrical cable having a central conductor insulated by one or more
layers of paper, saturated with paraffine and coated with a resinous substance,
substantially as set forth.
17. An electrical cable having a central conductor insulated by one or more
layers of paper saturated with paraffine and coated with a resinous substance us
set forth.
18. In an electrical cable the combination with an insulating material composed
of layers of fibrous material saturated with paraffine and coated with a resinous
substance, or a serving of twine wound in a viscous bituminous coating substantially
as set forth.
19. An electrical cable consisting of a central wire or wires, a layer of insulating
material, composed of paper saturated with paraffine and coated with a resinous
varnish, sheathings of metal insulated from one another and an external insulation
as set forth.
20. The combination in an electrical cable with a conducting wire or wires, of
sheaths or layers composed of paper saturated with paraffine and coated with a
resinous varnish and of metal, the latter being interposed between the layers of
paper so as to be completely insulated thereby as set forth.

page_text: 21. The combination in an electrical cable with a conducting wire or wires, of
a layer of paper saturated with paraffine and coated with a resinous varnish, layers
or sheaths of metal insulated from one another, and a protective jacket or armour
surrounding the same as described.
22. An electrical cable consisting of a central conducting wire or wires, a layer
of insulating material composed of paper saturated with paraffine and coated with
a resinous varnish, two sheathings of metal insulated from one another and from
the central core, a serving of twine or cord wound in a bituminous coating, and a
protective armour or jacket surrounding the whole, substantially as set forth.
23. In an electrical cable the combination with a central conducting wire, or
wires of sheathings of metal insulated from one another and from the conducting
wire or wires the outer sheathing being of non corrosive metal such as pure tin, as
and for the purpose set forth.
24. In an electrical cable the combination with an assemblage or bundle of paira
of insulated wires, each pair forming or adapted to form a complete or round
wire circuit and enclosed in an insulated metallic sheath of a flexible covering
surrounding said bundle and composed of two or more layers of insulating
material with an intermediate layer or layers of metal, as and for the purposes
specified.
25. In an electrical cable the combination with an assemblage or bundle of pairs
of insulated wires, each pair forming or adapted to form a complete or round wire
circuit and enclosed in an insulated metal sheath of a flexible covering composed
of two or more layers of paper with intermediate coats of varnish and an
intermediate layer or layers of metal foil, substantially as and for the purpose
set forth.
26. A compound cable composed of insulated pairs of conductors forming minor
cables elliptical in cross section a portion of such cables being laid upon one
another in line and the remainder being grouped about them at varying angles,
and an insulating and protective covering enclosing the cables in substantially the
manner set forth.
27. In a compound electrical cable the combination with a number of insulated
pairs of wires or minor cables, elliptical in cross section, and grouped in a sub-
stantially circular bundle, of a covering composed of layers of insulating material
and metal sheaths or screens as herein set forth.
28. The insulating compound herein described consisting of resin and a vegetable
oil, as set forth.
29. In an electrical cable, the combination with a core composed of twisted
strands, each consisting of two insulated wires, forming or adapted to form
a complete or round wire circuit of one or more insulated metallic sheaths
substantially as set forth.
30. In an electrical cable, the combination with a core composed of twisted
strands each consisting of two insulated wires forming or adapted to form a
complete or round wire circuit of one or more insulated metallic sheaths and a
protective armour, as set forth.
31. In an electrical cable the combination with a core composed of twisted
strands each consisting of two insulated wires forming or adapted to form a
complete or round wire circuit of one or more insulated metallic sheaths, and an
armour composed of spirally wound strands of wires all as set forth.
32. In an electrical cable the combination with the conductors and insulating
layers or coatings, of a coating of viscous insulating material, a serving of spirally
wound twine embedded therein, and an enclosing jacket of braided twine, substan-
tially as set forth.
33. The combination with an electric cable having an armour or jacket of
metallic wires, of an insulating or protective coating composed of a fibrous wrapping
between layers or coats of a plastic insulating material applied over or around the
armour, as set forth,

page_text: 34. The combination with an electric cable having an armour or jacket of
metallic wires, of an insulating or protective coating composed of a layer of a
compound of asphalt and petroleum residuum, a spiral wrapping of twine, and a
second layer of the said compound all applied to or around the armour in the order
named as set forth.
35. The combination with an electric cable having an armour or jacket of
metallic wires, of an insulating or protective coating composed of a layer of a
compound of asphalt and petroleum residuum, a spiral wrapping of twine and a
second layer of the said compound all applied to or around the armour in the order
named and the outer layer of the said compound having its surface covered with a
dry powder such as slaked lime to prevent it from sticking to the reels or coils of
wire as set forth.
36. The method of operating or using two wire or double conductor cables which
consists in passing a continuous current through one of said conductors, and
signalling through the other conductor by an intermittent current of opposite
direction as herein set forth.
37. In a system for the transmission of electric signals the combination with
the conductor of the working circuit and a generator and signalling device con-
nected therewith, of an idle conductor associated with the working conductor and
a generator for producing a continuous current through the same in an opposite
direction to that in the working circuit as, and for the purpose specified.
38. In a system for the transmission of electric signals the combination with a
cable containing two insulated wires or conductors grounded at their ends and
enclosed in an insulated metal sheath, of a generator for producing a continous
current connected with one of said conductors signalling instruments and a generator
connected with the other conductor, the generators being connected to send currents,
so that the currents passing therein shall be in opposite directions, as and for the
purpose specified,
39. In a system for the transmission of electrical signals the combination with a
cable or conduit, two or more pairs of insulated conductors and sheathings of
insulated material and metal surrounding the same, of means for passing a con-
tinuous current through one of each pair of conductors and means for signalling
through the others by intermittent currents of opposite direction to the continuous
currents, as and for the purpose set forth.
40. An anti-induction and anti-retardation cable, constructed, arranged, and
operated substantially as and for the purposes herein before set forth.
41. The hereinbefore described methods or system of constructing and operating
electrical cables.
42. An anchor or weight for sub-marine cables consisting of a heavy body of
approximately elliptical shape having one flat side for resting on the bottom and
adapted to be placed over a cable as set forth.
48. An anchor or weight for sub-marine cables consisting of a heavy body
having one flat side for resting on the bottom and formed with a groove in which
the cable is confined when the weight is placed over the same as set forth.
44. An anchor or weight for sub-marine cables composed of a heavy body
adapted to rest on the bottom and confine the cable thereto and provided with
means for connecting the lowering rope or cable to it as set forth.
45. The combination with a cable of anchors or weights laid over the cable but
not connected therewith, for the purpose of confining the same to the bed or bottom
of the river or channel in which it is laid.
46. The combination with a cable of anchors or weights having a flat side
containing a groove, the said weights being laid over the cable upon the bottom
with the cable passing through the grooves as described.
47. The combination with a submarine plow having a guide for a cable and
means for connecting the plow to a ship, of a cable delivering or paying out
apparatus placed on the ship and arranged to operate in conjunction with the plow,
as set forth.

page_text: 48. A submarine plow consisting of a frame and means for connecting the same
to a ship in combination with a pivoted blade or plow share as set forth.
49. A submarine plow consisting of a frame and means for connecting the same
to a ship in combination with a pivoted blade or plow share having weighted arms
extending rearwardly therefrom, as set forth.
50. A submarine plow consisting of a body or frame and means for connecting
the same to a ship in combination with a pivoted share with weighted arms
extending rearwardly from the same, and a roller or rollers journaled in the frame
for supporting the same and the curved tail pieces Q3, Q³ which with the roller form
a means of regulating the furrow, as set forth.
51. The combination with the frame of a submarine plow, of a pivoted blade or
share and a tube or guide for the cable pivoted to the frame, as set forth.
52. The combination with the frame of a submarine plow, of a blade or share
pivoted thereto, a roller for supporting the frame and means for connecting the same
to a ship as set forth.