matthewleechen/300YearsOfBritishPatents huggingface dataset:
IMPROVE- MENTS IN SMOKE-CONSUMING GRATES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Auguste Jules Hennart at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 21st August
1861.
I, AUGUSTE JULES HENNART, of Tournay, Kingdom of Belgium, Manu-
facturer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN SMOKE-CONSUMING GRATES," to be as follows:-
This Invention consists in the combined form or shape and arrangement of
the grate bars of furnaces. My improved bars are composed of three pieces
cast together, so as to form a single one, leaving many open spaces between
each component bar to give free passage to the atmospheric air. This com-
bination will economise fuel, and the bars being equally light and solid, the
fire may be kept up with great facility.
IMPROVEMENTS IN LAMP GLASSES FOR LAMPS BURNING PARAFFINE AND OTHER LIGHT MINERAL OILS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Charles Miles at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 21st
December 1861.
I, WILLIAM CHARLES MILES, of Railway Place, Shoreditch, in the County
of Middlesex, Lamp Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN LAMP GLASSES FOR LAMPS BURNING PARAFFINE
AND OTHER LIGHT MINERAL OILS," to be as follows:-
My improvements in lamp glasses relate to the glasses used for lamps
burning paraffine, petrolene, Belmontine, and other light mineral oils. In
lamps of this class globes or shades and glass chimnies are used, which latter
descend and enclose the flame from the globe or shade surrounding it, but in
consequence of the proximity of the chimnies to the flame they are very liable
to break. Now according to my Invention I use a glass globe and also a
glass chimney, but instead of the chimney descending within the globe it
terminates at the top of the globe, on which it may be fitted to remove as
desired. I sometimes make the globe and chimney in one piece, the chimney
being simply a tube prolonged from the upper part of the globe. In lotus
shades or globes, or it may be other shaped shades, I make the glass chimney
separate from the shade and fit it thereto so as to form a prolongation from
the most contracted part of the shade towards the top; these chimnies, or the
prolongation of the shade representing the chimney, may be parallel, taper, or
of other suitable form. The lamps are likewise arranged much as usual, the

page_text: greater part of the air entering through the dome, & so close to the wick and
within the wick or argand burner. I prefer to fit the globes close round the
dome piece, the perforated gallery to admit air within the globe otherwise
than as before mentioned being unnecessary, although it may be preferable.
The globe or shade and chimney, constructed according to my Invention, may
be said to represent a chimney with a large distension around the flame, which
prevents the prejudicial action of the heat thereon, at the same time retaining
the utility of the ordinary chimney in steadying the flame by means of
the contracted continuation constituting the chimney proper.
IMPROVEMENTS IN LOOMS FOR WEAVING
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left Robert Heaton and James Stocks
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their Petition, on
the 13th May 1861.
We, ROBERT HEATON, Worsted Spinner and Manufacturer, and JAMES
STOCKS, Overlooker, of Silsden, near Leeds, in the County of York, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN LOOMS
FOR WEAVING," to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to looms for weaving checks or plaids, and consists in
means or apparatus applied which enable us to work eight leaves or heddles
without the employment of a jacquard engine for such purpose. We employ
a small cylinder at the loom end, with peg-lags and jacks for working four of
the heddles. Underneath the heddles we place four levers at each end thereof,
hinged in their middles to fixings attached to the loom framing. The said
levers are connected at their ends respectively by cords and pullies to the
heddles, in such manner that when one of the four heddles which are con-
nected to the jacks is raised thereby, one of the other four heddles is lowered,
and so on with respect to the other three, and when the connected heddles
are lowered, the others are raised by springs.
IMPROVEMENTS IN PLOUGHS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Busby at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 5th December
1861.
I, WILLIAM BUSBY, of Newton-le-Willows, near Bedale, in the County
of York, Agricultural Implement Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature.
of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN PLOUGHS," to be as follows:
This Invention is designed to obviate the necessity for shifting the mould
board of ploughs from one side to the other in ploughing right and left, as
commonly practised with Kentish ploughs, and in which only one mould board
has heretofore been used. I propose to effect this improvement in ploughs by
employing two plough boards or plates of metal of the shape of a plough
board fixed together, and projecting each side of the shoe of the plough to
which they are hinged in front; the opposite ends of said plough boards or
metal plates are connected together by a cross piece of metal,. into which one
end of a lever rod takes. The fulcrum of said lever rod being upon a pin
connected to a cross piece of metal fixed to the handles of the plough. I also
connect another lever to the first-mentioned lever, for the purpose of moving
the coulter from side to side, according to which of the mould boards are
brought into action, and which may be effected by moving the before-mentioned
lever handle from left to right, or right to left, as required:
Another improvement in ploughs consists in connecting the land and furrow
wheels of ploughs together, in such manner as that they are capable of being
raised or lowered readily as required, and adapt themselves either to the
furrow or land in ploughing either right or left.
IMPROVEMENTS IN OBTAINING ELECTRIC CURRENTS FOR TELEGRAPHING PURPOSES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Desmond Gerald FitzGerald at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 18th
May 1861.
I, DESMOND GERALD FITZGERALD, of Cambridge Street, in the County of
Middlesex, Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN OBTAINING ELECTRIC CURRENTS FOR TELEGRAPHING PURPOSES,"
to be as follows:-
In forming a voltaic series for the purpose of obtaining an electric current
for telegraphic purposes, I use the earth as one of the battery cells of the
arrangement; I therefore place in electrolytic contact with the earth a positive
and a negative voltaic element at any required distance from each other, and
Iemploy this voltaic couple in conjunction with an ordinary or any galvanic
battery in the following manner:-I connect the positive element in the earth
with the positive terminal of the battery, and I connect the negative element
in the earth with the negative terminal of the battery. One of these connec-
tions is established by means of the wire through which signals have to be
transmitted. I prefer connecting the positive element in the earth to the
positive terminal of the battery. The elements in contact with the earth may
be similar to those contained in the battery cells, and similarly excited by
means of porous vessels containing the exciting fluid. I occasionally employ
a voltaic battery in connection with the earth couple at both instead of at one
of the stations. I claim the use of the voltaic battery in combination with a
voltaic couple in electrolytic connection with the earth.
AN IMPROVED COMPOSITION OR PREPARATION FOR HARDENING AND PRESERVING STONE AND CEMENT
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Jesse Rust at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 6th June 1861.
I, JESSE RUST, of Lambeth Glass Works, Carlisle Street, Lambeth, in the
County of Surrey, Glass Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of the
said Invention for "AN IMPROVED COMPOSITION OR PREPARATION FOR HARDENING
AND PRESERVING STONE AND CEMENT," to be as follows:-
The Invention relates to the making and applying a solution of caustic
baryta, or bi-carbonate of magnesia and fluoride of silica, otherwise fluo-silicic
acid or flouride of alumina to stone and cement, to harden the same and
preserve them from decay.
My Invention consists in preparing the solutions Numbers 1 and 2,
hereafter mentioned, and applying them to the above purpose, and rendering
stone and cement better able to resist the effects of water and the atmosphere
and the acids therein. The plan I adapt is as follows:-
I first prepare a solution of caustic baryta or bi-carbonate of magnesia or
both, which I call Number 1; I then prepare a solution of fluoride of silica,
otherwise fluo or hydro-fluo-silicic acid, or a fluoride of alumina, which I call
No. 2. I can also use potash or soda as a solvent for the silica, or alumina,
but I prefer using hydro-fluoric acid as a solvent for the silica or alumina, or
both, and I claim the using and adapting hydro-fluoric acid for this purpose
as part of my Invention.

page_text: Having prepared my two solutions I proceed first to wash or saturate the
stone or cement to be operated on with solution No. 1; when I use the caustic
baryta solution, I prefer using it hot, I then proceed to wash or saturate the
same with solution No. 2; solution No. 1 forms a base, and by adding solution
No. 2, a decomposition takes place, and an insoluble substance or fluo-silicate
of baryta, or fluo-silicate of magnesia, whichever is used is formed in the pores
of the stone or cement. These operations I repeat until the pores are filled up,
when the surface being hardened, weak acids have no action upon it.
CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM ENGINES AND IN VALVES FOR STEAM AND OTHER FLUIDS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by James Hesford at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 2nd October
1861.
I, JAMES HESFORD, of Cunliffe Street Works, Bolton-le-Moors, in the
County of Lancaster, Millwright and Engineer, do hereby declare the nature
of the said Invention for "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM ENGINES AND IN
VALVES FOR STEAM AND OTHER FLUIDS," to be as follows:-―
My improvements in steam engines consist in dispensing with the usual
eccentric for working the slide or other admission valve, and in working such
valves by means of a double lever connected to the piston rod of the steam
cylinder and to the spindle of the valve.
My improvements in valves consist in fixing a taper plug to a screwed
spindle, which spindle works through a stuffing box. When the spindle is
turned round to open or close the valve the plug is lifted partly out of or
pressed into the socket; and as the plug is fixed to the spindle the opening or
closing of the valve turns the plug round or partly round, and thus removes
the impurities adhering to it.
IMPROVE- MENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ENVELOPES AND OTHER COVERS, AND IN PART APPLI- CABLE TO THE GUMMING OF SHEETS OF PAPER
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Clark at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 26th August
1861.
I, JOHN CLARK, of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark, North Britain,
Stationer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention of "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ENVELOPES AND OTHER COVERS, AND IN PART APPLI-
CABLE TO THE GUMMING OF SHEETS OF PAPER," to be as follows, that is to say:-
This Invention comprises improvements in gumming the closing flaps or
tongues of envelopes or similar parts of other covers, (such, for example, as
those used for newspapers,) the same being also applicable for gumming sheets
of paper together, with improvements applicable in cutting out envelope blanks
and similar articles.
In carrying out the improvements in gumming, a "cut" or pile of envelopes
or other blanks is placed upon a table, with the tongue resting upon and pro-
jecting slightly over a projecting part of the table edge, whilst adjustable stops
at the back keep the blanks in position. A kind of "doctor" is placed and rests
with its weight, or is pressed by springs or otherwise, upon the flaps of the
blanks, leaving exposed beyond it as much of the tongue as is to be gummed.
The gum in a liquid state is allowed to drop regularly upon the exposed part
of the tongues, and is also applied at starting to the front of the doctor. The
blanks are drawn singly and in rapid succession from under the doctor from
behind, and are thereby gummed in a superior and uniform manner.
In the modification of this apparatus suitable for gumming sheets of paper,

page_text: the doctor is either straight or more or less curved or angulated, and is made
to extend across the pile of sheets, being placed so near the back edge thereof
as to leave only sufficient behind to catch hold of the sheets by for the purpose
of drawing them through. The part so left will, of course, be ungummed, and
may be completed by hand, but for many purposes this will not be required.
Side guides may be provided to prevent disarrangement of the sheets. The
fountain tube supplying the gum or equivalent is contrived to drop it at
numerous points along in front of the doctor, to insure a uniform distribution.
In cutting envelope blanks and similar articles from a pile of sheets, it is
ordinarily the practice to have the sheets disposed quite loosely in the pile, and
the cutting action of the die or cutting tool causes the sheets to be disarranged,
so that on taking a second cut considerable margin has to be allowed to
prevent defective cutting. According to the present Invention, however, the
sheets comprising the pile are clamped firmly together at any convenient point
by means of a small screw clamp, for example, before taking the first cut, and
this prevents the disarrangement referred to, and permits of the successive cuts
being taken much more closely together than hitherto, so that much less paper
is wasted.
IMPROVEMENTS IN HATS OR COVERINGS FOR THE HEAD
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Louis Sideman, and Samuel
Phillips, at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his
Petition, on the 26th February 1861.
We, LOUIS SIDEMAN and SAMUEL PHILLIPS, of the City of Manchester, in
the County of Lancaster, Hat, Cap, and Bag Manufacturers, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN HATS OR COVERINGS
FOR THE HEAD," to be as follows:-
Our Invention consists in combining a felt, velvet, silk, alpacca, tweed,
cloth, or calico brim with a body formed of a horse-hair fabric, or a fabric
containing horse-hair either in the warp or weft, and woven open so as to allow
a free escape of perspiration and access of air, but exclude rain, and our
Invention also consists in making the body of such hats of a shape approaching
to that of the dome or hemisphere.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF HORSE HOES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Smith at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 6th December
1861.
I, WILLIAM SMITH, of Kettering, in the County of Northampton,
Agricultural Implement Maker, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF HORSE HOES," to
be as follows:-
This Invention relates to certain details of construction in the horse hoe
whereby the efficiency of that implement will be greatly increased, particularly
as respects the maintenance of the hoe stems in position (without a tendency
to work loose) and the adjustment of the position of the hoes on the hoe bars.
These bars I propose to make with double flanges thus I, and the lever stems
I notch to fit on to the double flanges. The hoe stems are to be secured to
their bars by clips formed with two eyes to receive the stem, and a binding
screw, tapped into the stem, bears against the side of the bar, thus holding the
notched stem close up to the flanges. The notches being on the stems instead
of, as is usual, on the transverse bars, allows of the adjustment of the former at
any required distance apart, and permits also of their being fitted to either
side of the bars. The transverse bars, of which I propose to use two, as usual,
are connected together near their extremities by bracing cross pieces, the ends
of which are rivetted to the bars. To remove all interference to the nice
adjustment of the hoes on their bars, I make the handles adjustable, attaching
the handle irons to the back bar by means of clips, and I am then enabled to

page_text: hift the position of the handles laterally to suit the varying position of the
hoes on the bars. To give increased strength to the double handle irons, I
insert therein a solid stay piece, rivetting the same to the iron. When the
horse hoe is intended to carry an extra hoe, whether at back or front, I form
the crank arm which carries that hoe with notches, which fit on the flanges of 5
the transverse bar to which it is to be applied, and by means of a clip I secure
the arm in position.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF MUSIC PLATES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Joshua James Watts and Samuel
Harton at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their Petition,
on the 21st February 1861.
We, JOSHUA JAMES WATTS and SAMUEL HARTON, of 61, Shoe Lane, in the
City of London, Pewterers, do hereby declare the nature of the Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF MUSIC PLATES," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in the manufacture of music
plates. Heretofore it has been usual when manufacturing plates for printing
music, to employ an alloy of tin and lead, the proportion of lead being very
small as compared with that of the tin used in the alloy, and although the
proportions may to some extent have been varied, they have generally been
about five parts of lead to fourteen of tin, and it is found that if the pro-
portion of lead be materially increased the alloys cannot be cast into sound
thin sheets in moulds such as are used in casting music plates, and at the
same time the addition of lead, even to a small extent beyond the proportions
above given, materially softens the cast sheets produced so as to render them
less and less suitable for music plates in proportion to the larger and larger
proportions of lead used in the alloy.
Now we have found that by introducing a small quantity of regulus of
antimony the proportion of lead may be considerably increased, and a valuable
alloy for the manufacture of music plates may be obtained, and so far as our
present experiments go, it is believed although the proportions may be slightly

page_text: varied, that an alloy composed of about seven parts of tin, seven parts of lead,
and one part of regulus of antimony, produces the best music plates.
In casting music plates it has been usual to employ two round plates or
discs of metal kept apart the required distance for the thickness of a music
plate, and closed all round the edges except at the top where the metal is
poured into the mould; and it has been necessary to face one side of each of
such music plates in a lathe in order to obtain the desired smoothness for
engraving or stamping. Part of our Invention consists in using for one of
the surfaces of a mould a smooth polished metal surface, preferring steel, so
as to cast music plates each with one true, polished, or bright surface suitable
to be engraved or stamped without having, as heretofore, being first faced in a
lathe; and in place of employing circular moulds we employ rectangular moulds,
and pour in the metal at or near one edge in place of the middle, allowing the
air to flow out at the middle or other convenient part of the mould, and when
such moulds are used without one bright or polished surface to each mould,
the cast music plates are faced by planing in place of in a lathe.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CARTRIDGES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Thomas Parry Hawker at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
22nd April 1861.
I, THOMAS PARRY HAWKER, of Plymouth, in the County of Devon, Gentle-
man do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CARTRIDGES," to be as follows:-
I form that part of a cartridge which is to be the receptacle for powder
of gutta-percha, or similar material, and line it with paper so that the recep-
tacle may not only be waterproof but also sufficiently stiff to prevent the
collapsing of the receptacle, which is made of a tubular form.
I also form that part of a cartridge which is to contain the ball, or other
projectile, of paper, and of a tubular form of such a diameter that the open end
of it, after the projectile has been put into it, will allow one end of the powder
receptacle to be introduced into it, when I cause the two receptacles to be
secured together by any suitable cement.
IMPROVEMENTS IN METAL CASING OR ARMOUR FOR THE DEFENCE OF SHIPS AND BATTERIES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Cave Thomas at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 14th
June 1861.
I, WILLIAM CAVE THOMAS, of No. 6, Wells Street, Oxford Street, in the
County of Middlesex, Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN METAL CASING OR ARMOUR FOR THE DEFENCE OF
SHIPS AND BATTERIES," to be as follows, viz.-
The use of laminated plates in the defence of ships and batteries, which I
effect either by simple lamination, that is, by laminated plates of a single
metal, such as iron, steel, copper, or lead, or by compound lamination, in which
iron, steel, or copper plates will be alternated with leaden layers or strata, or
with some flexible material, such as leather; or by diagonal lamination, simple
and compound; in which the layers or strata of metal or material will be inclined
to the longitudinal and vertical axes of ships and batteries; or by the applica-
tion of lead to armour plates; or by the application of hexagonal concentric
blocks, concentric to points within the ship or battery covered with a skin
plate of metal. Or, by the application of hexagonal parallel metal blocks
free to move within each other backed by sand or earth; or by any mere modi-
fication or modifications of the above.
RENDERING PILLS TASTELESS BY MEANS OF A COATING OF ALBUMEN
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Robert Charles Furley at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 15th
April 1861.
I, ROBERT CHARLES FURLEY, of Edinburgh, in- the County of Mid Lothian,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "RENDERING PILLS
TASTELESS BY MEANS OF A COATING OF ALBUMEN," to be as follows:-
The pills, after being made in the usual way are covered or to be covered
by albumen (the substance above-mentioned), which substance is found in all
animal matter, although not always in such a condition as, without a process
of extraction or preparation, to be capable of being used as the applicant has
been using it, in the coating of pills. More particularly the Petitioner has
been using the said albumen as it is found and appears in the white of an
egg; but his diffinition or Specification is to be understood as including all
matters whatever in which albumen may be found.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PRINTED SHIRT FRONTS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Simon Oppenheim at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 25th October
1861.
I, SIMON OPPENHEIM, Merchant, of Paris, (Empire of France,) 2, Rue
Ste. Appoline, and 4, South Street, Finsbury, London, do hereby declare the
nature for my said Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF
PRINTED SHIRT FRONTS," to be as follows, that is to say :-
My Invention consists in printing on calico, linen, or any other stuff the
middle fold, and also the arrangement of the folds of the front at the same
time, so that the whole is and remains of a single piece to avoid tearing and
having to adjust the middle fold as is the case with the folds printed until now.
The design to be printed is disposed so that the stuff which forms the upper
part of the fold, that is to say, the part which is seen, should be alone printed,
the stuff under the fold remaining plain, and does not receive any impression.
By this mode of printing the formation of the fold disposes the design regu-
larly, and gives to the fronts of the shirts thus printed a very fine appearance.
In other words, the designs are only printed on the stuff at the parts which
are to form the top of the folds, the other part of the stuff has no design upon
it; thus when the folds are formed by hand or otherwise the whole has a
regular appearance, and the white parts are not in any way altered by the
effects of the transparency.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF DRAWING BOARDS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Edwin Aaron Penley at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 9th
July 1861.
I, EDWIN AARON PENLEY, of Cheltenham, in the County of Gloucester, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
CONSTRUCTION OF DRAWING BOARDS," to be as follows:--
The object of this Invention is to strain sheets of paper upon drawing boards
without the necessity of using glue or other cement. I propose running an
acute angular channel around the back of the board a short distance from the
edge, over which the edge of the paper is to be brought; wooden flaps are
hinged on to the back of the board, and are provided with angular strips of
wood to fit the before-mentioned channels. Thus it will appear that as theso
hinged flaps are pressed down upon the edges of the paper which are turned
over from the front, the entire-sheet becomes tightly strained without the use
of paste, gluc, or cement. Metal pins or pegs may be placed beneath the
flaps, to which the edges of the paper may be hooked before pressing down
the flaps.
IMPROVE- MENTS IN FOOT & KNEELING STOOLS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Daniel Holder, at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 16th July
1861.
I, DANIEL HOLDER, jr., of Thornhill Road, Barnsbury, in the County of
Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN FOOT & KNEELING STOOLS," to be as follows:-
My Invention relates to stools principally applicable for devotional purposes
in churches. I furnish these stools with two or more surfaces or faces, and
mount them on axes, whereby either of the faces can at pleasure be presented
for use. In general I believe two faces will be sufficient, one presenting a
soft cushion, stuffed, & more or less ornamental, for the purpose of kneeling,
while the other presents a harder and more suitable surface for resting the
feet. In this way the kneeling cushion is not subjected to the dust or dirt of
the feet, & is therefore kept clean for kneeling purposes, and at same time
may be easily altered, so as to present a foot stool. I apply suitable stops at
the ends of the rotating part to stop and fix it in position suitable for kneeling
or resting the feet, which I render noiseless by india-rubber or other suitable
packings or contact pieces. The axis I mount in stands from the floor by
brackets or otherwise, as may be most convenient.
IMPROVEMENTS IN COP TUBES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Simon Cockett at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 7th November
1861.
I, SIMON COCKETT, of Blackburn, in the County of Lancaster, Commission
Agent, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN COP TUBES," to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to that description of cop tubes which are made of
sheet steel, and which have hitherto required rings and buttons on the spindles
to prevent the tubes from slipping down.
My improvements consist in bending inwards the bottom of the tube, so as
to obtain increased strength at that part and clip the spindle at the bottom of
the tube as well as at the top, and thereby dispense with the rings and buttons
on the spindles. I also cause the exterior of the tubes to be rough, either
with small points or stamped with any desired pattern, in order to obtain a
greater hold upon the cop.
THE ADDITION TO HORSES' SHOES OF CERTAIN MATERIAL TO PREVENT SLIPPING
Year: 1861

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Allen Thomas Carr, of Carlisle Street, Soho, in the
County of Middlesex, Gentleman, for the Invention of "THE ADDITION
TO HORSES' SHOES OF CERTAIN MATERIAL TO PREVENT SLIPPING."
Sealed the 18th February 1862, and dated the 5th December 1861.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Allen Thomas Carr at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition,, on the 5th
December 1861.
I, ALLEN THOMAS CARR, of Carlisle Street, Soho, in the County of Middle-
sex, Gentleman; do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention of "THE
ADDITION TO HORSES' SHOES OF CERTAIN MATERIAL TO PREVENT SLIPPING," to be as
follows:-
I take a fibrous material, such as cocoa-nut fibre or any other fibre suffi-
ciently strong to bear the pressure of a horse's foot, and make a layer of it of
the shape of a horse's shoe, and in preparing such layer it may be made of
threads of the material employed, plaited or laid side by side together, or the
fibres may be in any other manner formed into a layer of the shape above
mentioned. I then apply the layer of material thus made to the ground or
wearing surface of a shoe on a horse's foot, and secure the layer in that

page_text: position by means of wires passing round both the shoe and the whole or a
portion of the layer of material in several places.
In order to facilitate the application of a layer of material to a shoe in this
way, I prefer to form the shoe with transverse recesses across that surface of it
which is placed in contact with the horse's foot, through which the wires for
securing a layer of material to the shoe may be passed.
IMPROVEMENTS. IN REEFING AND STOWING THE SAILS OF VESSELS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Goudie at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 25th November
1861.
I, JOHN GOUDIE, of Everard Street, Hartlepool, in the County of Durham,
Master Mariner, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS. IN REEFING AND STOWING THE SAILS OF VESSELS," to be as
follows:-
I propose to perform the aforesaid manoeuvres from the deck of a ship or
other vessel. As an example, I will describe my improvements as applied to
the maintopsail of a ship. In or near the centre of the sail I propose to
place longitudinally and parallel to the main and topsail yards a boom or extra
yard. On each end of this boom I place a casing to protect and guide the
operation of the rolling tackles and downhaul hereafter described. The rolling
tackles passing through blocks or sheaves at the ends of the topsail yard descend
to the ends of the boom before mentioned, round which they wind. The
downhaul leads thence to blocks or sheaves at the ends of the main yard, thence
to blocks attached to and under the centre of the topsail yard, from whence
the downhaul descends to the deck, to be belayed in the usual manner in any
convenient position.
The operation of my Invention on the sail may be thus described:-Suppose
the sail to be set and the rolling tackles hauled taut; it is desired to take
in a reef, (or, in other words, to reduce the superficies of the sail,) the topsail

page_text: yard is lowered more or less as required for single, double, or close reefing;
the downhaul is then hauled taut and belayed, and the reefing of the sail is
complete. If the sail is to be stowed, I lower the yard in the usual manner,
haul tight the downhaul, and belay it; I then let go the sheets and haul on
the rolling tackles, which rolls the sail on the boom close up to the yard, and
the stowing is complete.
IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR PROPELLING VESSELS
Year: 1861

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to George Baxter, of Govan, in the County of Lanark,
North Britain, for the Invention of "IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR PROPELLING
VESSELS."
Sealed the 19th September 1861, and dated the 21st March 1861..
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said George Baxter at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 21st.
March 1861.
I, GEORGE BAXTER, of Govan, in the County of Lanark, North Britain, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVED APPARATUS
FOR PROPELLING VESSELS," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for object the propelling of vessels at greater speed with
a given power, or with less power for a given speed, than hitherto; and for
this
purpose a reciprocating direct-acting propeller is adopted, such propeller
being so constructed or contrived as to offer a great resistance to motion.
through the water in one direction, with a very slight resistance when moving
in the opposite direction. One, two, or more of the propellers may be fitted
to each vessel, either at the bow, sides, or stern, or at two or more parts,
being carried on one or more horizontal shafts, to which a longitudinal reci-
procating motion is imparted by means of a steam or other motive engine.

page_text: Each propeller consists of a central boss fixed on the shaft, the front part of
which is pointed or inclined to offer little resistance in moving forward. To
such boss there are jointed a number of blades, which when expanded fill up a
circular area of a size depending on the size of vessel, power of engines, and
other conditions. Each blade is connected by a rod to a collar capable of
sliding on the shaft, in such a way that when the propeller moves in one
direction the pressure of the water causes the blades to open or expand, whilst
on the return stroke the collar slides back and allows the blades to fold
inwards into a conical form, offering very little resistance to the motion of the
propeller. To enable the blades to fold inwards into small compass, they are
by preference arranged so that each alternate one overlaps the intermediate
ones on both sides of it, whereby the edges of each blade can be brought up to
those of the blades second in distance from it, instead of to those of its imme-
diate neighbour. The details of the arrangement may, however, be modified
in various ways.
IMPROVEMENTS IN REFINING AND PURIFYING IRON, AND CONVERTING THE SAME INTO STEEL
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Edward Newton at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 29th
May 1861. A communication from abroad by Ebenezer Green Pomeroy,
of the City of New York, in the United States of America.
I, WILLIAM EDWARD NEWTON, of the Office for Patents, 66, Chancery Lane,
in the County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of
the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN REFINING AND PURIFYING IRON, AND
CONVERTING THE SAME INTO STEEL," to be as follows:-
The process for refining and purifying iron may be carried on in a smelting
furnace, and is conducted in the following manner:-After each charge of
fuel has been put in and become well lighted, a charge of zinc or zinc or zinc ore
is put in upon it, and then the iron or iron ore is charged in on the zinc. When
it is desirable to increase the beat a small jet of steam or water is admitted to
the furnace through tuyeres along with the blast. The refining or purifying
of iron may. be effected by means of zinc and steam or water applied to a
subsequent melting of pig or cast iron which has been smelted in the usual
manner.
In order to convert the iron into steel a reverberatory furnace somewhat
resembling a puddling furnace is employed, but modified in some particulars to
suit the purpose. The working door, for instance, is arranged directly under
the flue; the basin is made of sufficient size to hold the charge, and the flue
and stack are placed at the end of the furnace opposite to the fire-place.

page_text: The reverberatory furnace is so arranged that the melted iron can be run
direct from the smelting furnace into it through a suitable opening, but if found
more convenient the iron may be charged in a solid state. The converting
substances, viz., crude potash or other alkali, carbonate of lime, oxide of
manganese and charcoal are introduced and spread over the hearth before the
iron is run in, if in a molten state, but if the iron is introduced in a solid
state the converting materials may be added and stirred in when the iron bas
melted.
IMPROVE- MENTS IN TEMPLES FOR LOOMS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Abraham Tweedale, John Tweedale,
and Samuel Taylor at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with
their Petition, on the 9th April 1861.
We, ABRAHAM TWEEDALE, of South Cottage, Healey, near Rochdale, in the
County of Lancaster, Wool Carder, JOHN TWEEDALE, of Healey Hall, in the
said County, Manufacturer, and SAMUEL TAYLOR, of Rochdale aforesaid, Clock
Maker, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN TEMPLES FOR LOOMS," to be as follows:-
We propose to employ two, three, or more conical or parallel rollers, armed
with teeth, and extending inwardly from the edges of the cloth which passes
around them. These rollers or one of them we form in two or more detached
portions, which are capable of revolving independently of each other, and to
these and other temple rollers we apply ratchet wheels and clicks, such clicks
being for the purpose of preventing the said rollers from turning in one
direction, but slipping over the teeth so as to allow them to turn in the other
direction.
Also, we propose constructing temples by placing conical or other rollers
with spikes upon axes at right angles or thereabout to the cloth, and providing
them with ratchets and clicks, as above mentioned.
IMPROVEMENTS IN BATTERIES, & IN BREECH-LOADING ORDNANCE & PROJECTILES FOR THE SAME
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Clark at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 17th June 1861.-
A communication from abroad by Mr. Mathieu Castay, of 29, Boulevart
St. Martin, Paris, Priest, and Baron Henri de Rivière, Member of the
Council General, Department of the Gard, both in the Empire of
France.
I, WILLIAM CLARK, of 58, Chancery Lane, in the County of Middlesex,
Engineer & Patent Agent, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN BATTERIES, & IN BREECH-LOADING ORDNANCE & PROJECTILES
FOR THE SAME," to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to improvements in apparatus of warfare, and
consists, first, of a portable battery formed of plates of iron, connected together
by bars and bolts countersunk in ribs on the plates. This structure is made
of dimensions suitable for holding several persons, & is provided with a shot-
proof roofing, and has also port holes in the sides for the muzzles of the guns.
The whole battery may be made to run upon lines of rails by means of any
suitable dynamic engine.
The second part of this Invention relates to a breech-loading cannon adapted
for these improved portable batteries either for land or sea service. The breech-
piece is formed of a plate engaging in a mortice made in the back end of the
gun; when this plate is raised it leaves an opening for the free passage of the
shot or charge, and when lowered it again closes the breech as before. This

page_text: breech-piece is handled by levers or other gearing; it may also carry a pin or
striker for igniting the charge.
The third part of this Invention relates to improved projectiles to be used
with the foregoing breech-loading ordnance, which are of a cylindro-conical
- form; the conical part carries a screw thread which engages in the grooves of
the gun, the head of the cone is formed of a steel cap for penetrating objects,
while the cylindrical part is hollow, and varies in diameter in order to prevent
windage. The whole is encased with a sheathing of lead. The hollow part
of the projectile is filled with powder, which ignites-by the percussion of the
steel head of the cone when striking an object, and causes the cylindrical part
to burst.
For the purpose of directing the flight of the projectile horizontally, a series
of grooves are arranged at its back end on which a chain passes; one end of
this-chain-is-attached to the rear end of the projectile, and the other end
carries metal wings of a spiral form, having the same twist as the rifling of
the gun, the whole is folded against the back end of the projectile, & when
the projectile is discharged, the grooves act upon the chain from one end to
the other, & thus form a rigid rod, which will continue by means-of-the-spiral-
wings to impart a rotary motion to the projectile after it has left the gun.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF STEAM BOILERS, AND IN THE ARRANGE- MENT OF THE FLUES OF STEAM BOILERS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Hugh Rigby and Peter Warburton
Lowe at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their Petition,
on the 6th June 1861.
We, HUGH RIGBY and PETER WARBURTON LOWE, of Salford, in the County
of Lancaster, Engineers, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF STEAM BOILERS, AND IN THE ARRANGE-
MENT OF THE FLUES OF STEAM BOILERS," to be as follows:-
Our improvements consist, first, in making the internal flues of steam boilers
of a taper form, that is to say, we make them wider at the firing end than at
the other end, in order that the products of combustion in passing through the
flue may be absorbed by the water in the boiler more advantageously than
they are in the cylindrical flues now in use.
The second part of our Invention is particularly applicable to two-flued
boilers, in which the fire-grates are placed within the flues, and it consists in
connecting the two fire-grates by a passage, through which the products of
combustion pass from one fire-grate to the other alternately. Each internal
flue is connected by external flues to the chimney, and a damper is placed
between each external flue and the chimney. Each fire-grate is also provided
with a damper to exclude the air from the space under the fire-grate. When
fresh coal is supplied to one grate the corresponding damper near the chimney
is closed, thereby causing the smoke from the fresh fuel to pass through the
passage above referred to, over the incandescent fuel on the other fire-grate
where it is effectually consumed; the damper in front of the incandescent

page_text: fire is also closed, and air is admitted over the said fire, which, combining with
the smoke, increases the combustion thereof. When fresh fuel is supplied to
the fire that had been in an incandescent state, the positions of the dampers
are reversed, and the smoke is then conveyed over the other fire.
The second part of our Invention may be considerably modified in its con-
struction, and it may be applied to boilers having a single flue, or to other
boilers having more than two flues; the main feature consisting in conveying
the smoke direct from a fresh fire to a red fire instead of causing it first to
pass through the flues.
IMPROVEMENTS IN TELESCOPES, AND IN COVERS FOR THE OBJECT GLASSES THEREOF
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Browning at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 19th February
1861.
I, JOHN BROWNING, of the Minories, in the City of London, Optician, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
TELESCOPES, AND IN COVERS FOR THE OBJECT GLASSES THEREOF," to be as
follows:-
The object of my Invention is to construct a telescope to answer both as a
night and a day glass, for which purposes it has hitherto generally been
necessary to resort to two different telescopes.
My Invention consists in the employment of a larger object lens than would
be used in a day telescope of the ordinary construction, and in adding to the
usual "drawer" or "drawers," whereby the focus is adjusted, an additional
slide which is only to be used at daytime when a high power is advantageous,
and when the atmosphere is clear. The additional size of the object lens
allows of sufficient light within the instrument to enable the high power to be
used. When the atmosphere is thick or cloudy, and at night, the telescope
must be used as an ordinary glass, without the additional slide being drawn
out. The slide is under no circumstances to be used in adjusting the glass.
My improvement in covers for the object glasses of telescopes consists in
surrounding the ordinary metal spring cover with a strip of leather or other
suitable material, and in connecting it by a loop to the strap by which the
glass is carried, so that the loop may run thereon.
IMPROVEMENTS IN TREATING FATTY AND OILY MATTERS OBTAINED FROM WASH WATERS TO DEPRIVE THEM OP THEIR SMELL
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Louis le Paige at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 8th August
1861.
I, LOUIS LE PAIGE, of Merxem, near Antwerp, in the Kingdom of Belgium,
do hereby declare the nature of the Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN TREATING
FATTY AND OILY MATTERS OBTAINED FROM WASH WATERS TO DEPRIVE THEM OP
THEIR SMELL," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in treating fatty and oily
matters to deprive them of their smell; for this purpose I subject them to the
action of gases or vapours obtained from nitric and sulphuric acids. This I
prefer to do in the following manner :-The fatty or oily matter to be treated
is placed in an open vessel constructed by preference of lead, into another
closed leaden vessel are placed equal quantities of sulphuric and nitric acids;
from the top of this vessel a pipe passes to the bottom of the vessel containing
the fatty and oily matter when it terminates in a perforated coil; another pipe
also enters the top of the closed vessel, and through this pipe a current of air
is constantly forced, heat is applied to the closed vessel containing the acids,
and the gases or vapours thus produced are carried off by the current of air
and escape with it through the perforated coil into the fatty matters, and pass
up through them.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF THE FIRE-BOXES OF LOCOMOTIVE AND OTHER TUBULAR BOILERS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Alexander Parkes at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 12th February
1861.
I, ALEXANDER PARKES, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick, do
hereby declare the nature of the Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
MANUFACTURE OF THE FIRE-BOXES OF LOCOMOTIVE AND OTHER TUBULAR BOILERS," to
be as follows:-
I
This Invention has for its object improvements in the manufacture of the
fire-boxes of locomotive and other tubular boilers. For these purposes, when
making such fire-boxes of copper, I, in place of using rolled copper plates, con-
struct a suitable mould of the ordinary founders' sand, or sand and lime, and
cast a fire-box of the desired form, with or without openings for receiving the
tubular flues. When using copper 1 employ a mould composed of sand com-
bined with lime, but when the copper has a small quantity of phosphorous
melted therewith founders' sand alone may be used, but I prefer to make the
moulds with sand and lime. Or, in place of making such fire-boxes of cast
copper, as above explained, I sometimes make them of cast steel, preferring to
use steel melted with a small quantity of phosphorous, and to employ moulds
of founders' sand and lime, though moulds of sand may be used. The fire-
boxes thus cast may when desired be subjected to hammering over the
surfaces.