Improvements in or applicable to Arrangements or Apparatus for Warming Railway or Tramway Carriages or Vehicles.
Year: 1896

page_text: Date of Application, 1st May, 1896
Complete Specification Left, 28th Jan., 1897-Accepted, 27th Mar., 1897
Improvements in or applicable to Arrangements or Apparatus for
Warming Railway or Tramway Carriages or Vehicles.
We, JAMES GRESHAM, Director of the Firm of Gresham and Craven
Limited, Craven Iron Works, Salford, Manchester, in the County of Lancaster,
Engineer, and HARRY EDWARD GRESHAM of the same place, Engineer, do
hereby declare the nature of the said invention to be as follows:-
Our improvements refer to improved combinations, arrangements and con-
structions of mechanism or apparatus for warming railway and tramway vehicles,
more particularly by steam, and are made upon those described in the Complete
Specification of Letters Patent granted to us numbered 894 of 1895.
Firstly. Our invention relates to an improved construction and arrangement of
storage heaters, namely those vessels or arrangements which when heated up,
reserve the heat and radiate it into the carriage or vebicle to be warmed, and our
improved storage heaters are used as described in our aforesaid Complete Specifica-
tion forming a part of or continuation of the steam train pipe passing in the
lengthway of the vehicle on the floor.
We cast a cylindrical flanged cap and a pipe or storage receptacle in one piece of
cylindrical form except on its lower side, this casting is provided with screw plug
holes, the inner one of which (used for supporting the core in casting) may be
permanently closed, and the outer one is for filling or emptying the receptacle from
the outer or cap end with a non-freezing liquid or mixture.
The inner side of the cylindrical flanged cap of the casting is screwed so that it
can be fitted upon the screwed end of a thin wrought metal cylinder forming the
exterior and radiating surface of the heater.
There are or may be two castings with a cap at one end for each heater, the cap
of one casting screwing on to one end and that of the other on to the other end
of the exterior cylinder. There is a recess formed in the cylindrical part of the
casting near the cap to give space for the tool when cutting the internal thread in
the cap.
There is a slight space between the exterior of the cylindrical part of the
casting and the interior of the outer cylinder of the heater and there is a space
formed on the lower side of the cylindrical part of the casting for a thin metal
tube of brass or copper, which tube is inserted through the screw tapped hole in
the cap to form a continuation of the train pipe to the end of which, each end cap
of the heater is screwed.
Each end of the thin metal pipe has a tongue of metal cut partly out of its side
which when the pipe has been inserted in its place can be bent upwards or outwards
to come into a slight recess formed in each casting so that the pipe cannot rotate
or get out of position.
This thin pipe has holes at intervals to allow part of the steam passing along
it to enter in the small air space left between the exterior of the cylindrical part of
the castings and the interior of the exterior cylinder.
These holes in the pipe also permit any condensed steam in the space provided
for it to pass from such space to the pipe and so on to the train pipe and trap
provided for it. There are projections from the underside of each casting that act

page_text: to hold down the thin metal pipe against the lower underside of the exterior
cylinder.
The cap at one end has a short length of pipe screwed into it which at its outer
end is screwed with a left handed screw, by which means and a short right and left
banded screw pipe coupling, this end of the heater can be readily coupled up with
the train pipe which is to continue from it.
Secondly. Our improvements relate to the construction and application of surface
plates to the train pipes arranged on the floor of the vehicles as described in our
aforesaid specification, to act as radiators of heat therefrom, such radiators being
used when storage heaters are dispensed with and they consist in a series of plates
placed parallel to each other (across the train pipe) with spaces between them,
these plates are secured to a brass saddle that fits the exterior of the train pipe,
which saddle is bedded against and is clamped or secured to the same where
required by screws screwing through the edge of the brass saddle.
With radiators the steam is constant when warming is required but when storage
heaters are used, the steam is only supplied to the train pipes at intervals, the heat
stored being given off between the times the steam is supplied to the train pipes.
Thirdly. Our invention relates to an improved construction and arrangement of
steam trap for condensed steam and any sediment and to thermo valve mechanism
or apparatus connected therewith.
The trap or receptacle is formed in one casting with a cavity on one side for the
hollow "thermo drum." One side of this thermo drum is secured to a disc upon
a stem that can fit and slide in a hole in a lid which is hinged to the casting to one
side of the cavity formed for the thermo drum, and the hinged lid when in position
is secured by a screw bolt which is jointed so that it can be turned on one side
when slacker.ed to release the lid when to be opened.
. The lid thus carries the thermo drum, and in the hole in the lid for the said stem
there is an adjusting screw, the pointed inner end of which comes against the end
of the stem, and this screw when adjusted is locked by a screw on the exterior head
of the adjusting screw.
When the lid is shut and the screw is adjusted the opposite disc side of the
thermo drum comes against and makes a tight joint with an india-rubber or com-
position seating ring secured by a screw cap against a nozzle or projection on the
exterior of the casting coming into the cavity for the thermo drum. The liquid
passing the valve and entering the cavity for the thermo drum escapes from a grid
formed in the lower side of the cavity.
There is the usual spiral spring to come against that face of the thermo drum
forming the valve which spring acts to force that face from the seating to allow
condensed steam to escape when the temperature of the thermo drum diminishes
sufficiently to allow it to act. The valve closes again against the action of the
spring when the increased temperature upon the thermo drums expands it
sufficiently.
The lower part of the casting has a cock or valve secured in it to allow liquid
dirt or sediment to pass out when required and we prefer to make this cock by a
core on a central stem screwing in and out of a seating fitting the casting.
On the opposite side of the casting to that for the cavity for the thermo
druin the coupling cock is attached for connection with the hose pipe coupling
forming the communication between the vehicles.
Fourthly. Our invention refers to improvements applicable to and combined
with the hose pipe couplings more particularly that modification illustrated by
Figs. 1, 14 and 2 of the Complete Specification of Letters Patent granted to
us numbered 7927 of 1895, and consists more particularly in the mode of con-
structing the more or less elastic junction rings and securing them in the bore of
each half coupling, so as to be readily applied to or removed therefrom.
The rings are made of a composition which contracts and is hard when cold, but
which expands with heat, and are each connected with a split or incomplete hoop
of spring steel, brass or other suitable metal having a cross bar extending between

page_text: two sides of the split hoop through holes, in which hoop the ends of the cross bar
pass and into the holes formed in the elastic ring. The hoop has two projections or
prongs from opposite sides of it, each curved at the end.
These prongs or projections are forced into the bore of the coupling until the
composition ring is properly seated in the recess formed for it, when the curved
ends on the projections or prongs from the split steel hoop, will hook upon a
shoulder formed within the bore of the half coupling. The spring prongs or
projections give way to sufficient force both when being pushed in and withdrawn
from the bore of the half coupling, by taking hold of the said cross bar.
PETER J. LIVSEY,
Agent.
Improvements in or applicable to Arrangements or Apparatus for
Warming Railway or Tramway Carriages or Vehicles.
We, JAMES GRESHAM, Director of the Firm of Gresham and Craven Limited,
Craven Iron Works, Salford, Manchester, in the County of Lancaster, Engineer,
and HARRY EDWARD GRESHAM of the same place, Engineer, do hereby
declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement :-
Our improvements refer to improved combinations, arrangements and con-
structions of mechanism or apparatus for warming railway and tramway vehicles,
more particularly by steam, and are made upon those described in the Complete
Specification of Letters Patent, granted to us numbered 894 of 1895.
Firstly. Our invention relates to an improved construction and arrangement of
storage heaters, namely those vessels or arrangements which when heated up,
reserve the heat and radiate it into the carriage or vehicle to be warmed, and our
improved storage heaters, are used as described in our aforesaid Complete
Specification forming a part of or continuation of the steam train pipe passing in
the lengthway of the vehicle on the floor.
We cast a cylindrical flauged cap and a pipe or storage receptacle in one piece
of cylindrical form except on its lower side, this casting is provided with screw
plug holes, the inner one of which (used for supporting the core in casting) may be
permanently closed, and the outer one is for filling or emptying the receptacle from
the outer or cap end with a non-freezing liquid or mixture.
The inner side of the cylindrical flanged cap of the casting is screwed so that it
can be fitted upon the screwed end of a thin wrought metal cylinder, forming the
exterior and radiating surface of the heater.
There are or may be two castings with a cap at one end for each heater, the cap
of one casting screwing on to one end and that of the other on to the other end of
the exterior cylinder.
There is a recess formed in the cylindrical part of the casting near the cap to
give space for the tool when cutting the internal thread in the cap.
There is a slight space between the exterior of the cylindrical part of the casting
and the interior of the outer cylinder of the heater and there is a space formed on
the lower side of the cylindrical part of the casting for a metal tube, which tube
is inserted through the screw tapped hole in the cap to form a continuation of the
train pipe to the end of which, each end cap of the heater is screwed.
Each end of the metal pipe has a tongue of metal cut partly out of its side
which when the pipe has been inserted in its place can be bent upwards or outwards

page_text: to cone into a slight recess formed in each casting so that the pipe cannot rotate or
get out of position.
This pipe has holes at intervals to allow part of the steam passing along it to
enter in the small air space left between the exterior of the cylindrical part of
the castings and the interior of the exterior cylinder.
These holes in the pipe also permit any condensed steam in the space provided
for it to pass from such space to the pipe and so on to the train pipe and trap
provided for it.
There are projections from the underside of each casting that act to hold down
the metal pipe against the lower underside of the exterior cylinder.
Secondly. Our improvements relate to the construction and application of
surface plates to the train pipes arranged on the floor of the vehicles as described
in our aforesaid specification, to act as radiators of heat therefrom, such radiators
being used when storage heaters are dispensed with and they cousist in a series of
plates placed parallel to each other (across the train pipe) with spaces between
them, these plates are secured to a metal saddle that fits the exterior of the train
pipe, which saddle is bedded against and is clamped or secured to the same where
required by screws screwing through the edge of the metal saddle.
With radiators the steam is constant when warming is required but when
storage heaters are used, the steam is only supplied to the train pipes at intervals,
the heat stored being given off between the times the steam is supplied to the train
pipes.
Thirdly. Our invention relates to an improved construction and arrangement of
steam trap for condensed steam and any sediment, and to thermo-valve mechanism
or apparatus connected therewith.
The trap or receptacle is formed in one casting with a cavity on one side for the
hollow "thermo-drum." One side of this thermo-drum is secured to a disc upon a
stem that can fit and slide in a hole in a lid which is hinged to the casting to one
side of the cavity formed for the thermo-drum, and the hinged lid when in position
is secured by a screw bolt which is jointed so that it can be turned on one side
when slackened to release the lid when to be opened.
The lid thus carries the thermo-drum, and in the hole in the lid for the said stem
there is an adjusting screw, the pointed inner end of which comes against the end
of the stem, and this screw when adjusted is locked by a screw on the exterior
head of the adjusting screw.
When the lid is shut and the screw is adjusted the opposite disc side of the
thermo-drum when hot comes against and makes a tight joint with an india-rubber
or composition seating ring secured by a screw cap against a nozzle or projection
on the exterior of the casting coming into the cavity for the thermo-drum. The
liquid passing the valve and entering the cavity for the thermo-drum escapes from
a grid.formed in the lower side of the cavity.
There is the usual spiral spring to come against that face of the thermo-drum
forming the valve, which spring acts to force that face from the seating to allow
condensed steam to escape when the temperature of the thermo-drum diminishes
sufficiently to allow it to act. The valve closes again against the action of the
spring when the increased temperature upon the thermo-drum expands it
sufficiently.
The lower part of the casting has a cock or valve secured in it to allow liquid
dirt or sediment to pass out when required and this cock may be made by a cone
on a central stem screwing in and out of a seating fitting the casting.
On the opposite side of the casting to that for the cavity for the thermo-drum
the coupling cock is attached for connection with the hose pipe coupling forming
the communication between the vehicles.
Fourthly. Our invention refers to improvemente applicable to and combined
with the hose pipe couplings more particularly that modification illustrated by
Figs. 1, 1 and 2 of the Complete Specification of Letters Patent granted to us
Dumbered 7927 of 1895, and consists more particularly in the mode of constructing

page_text: the more or less elastic junction rings and securing them in the bore of each half
coupling, so as to be readily applied to or removed therefrom.
The rings are made of a composition which contracts and is hard when cold,
but which expands with heat, and are each connected with a split or incomplete
hoop of spring steel, brass or other suitable metal having a cross bar extending
between two sides of the split hoop, through holes, in which hoop the ends of the
cross bar pass, and into the holes formed in the elastic ring. The hoop has two
projections or prongs from opposite sides of it, each curved at the end.
These prongs or projections are forced into the bore of the coupling until the
composition ring is properly seated in the recess formed for it, when the curved
ends on the projections or prongs from the split steel hoop, will hook upon a
shoulder formed within the bore of the half coupling.
The spring prongs or projections give way to sufficient force both when being
pushed in and withdrawn from the bore of the half coupling, by taking hold of the
said cross bar.
Fig. 1, is a longitudinal section and elevation of our improved storage heaters.
Fig. 2, and Fig. 3, are cross sections of the storage heater shown by Fig. 1-one
(Fig. 2) shows the lower side of the receptacle for the non-freezing liquid or
mixture, flat, and the other (Fig. 3) curved.
Figs. 4 and 5, are respectively end and side views of couplings between heaters
and pipes.
Fig. 6, is a cross section of the heating pipe, and a flat or end view of one of
the "gills" or plates for conducting and radiating heat from the heating pipe.
Fig. 7, is a plan view showing the edges of the "gills" or conducting and
radiating plates applied to the heating pipe.
Figs. 8 and 9 are sectional elevations, and
Figs. 10 and 11 plan views showing conducting and radiating plates connected
with the heating pipes, intended to be used more especially when these pipes pass
on each side of the vehicle near the doors thereof.
Fig. 12, is a sectional elevation of our improved arrangement of steam trap and
thermo-valve mechanism or apparatus, and
Fig. 13 is a top plan exterior view of the same apparatus.
Fig. 14, is a sectional elevation of our improved combination and arrangement of
hose pipe couplings when connected together more especially intended for conveying
steam or hot water.
Fig. 15, is a top plan exterior view thereof.
Fig. 16, is a section through the line A-B Fig. 17, of one of the composition
junction rings combined with its metal ring and elastic arms shown detached, and
Fig. 17, is a diametrical section of the same.
The storage heater according to the first part of our invention illustrated by
Figs. 1, 2 and 3 is formed by an internal part or receptacle shaped as a cylinder,
but with a flat lower side one end of this internal receptacle a, is cast with a
flange a', upon it, and the outer edges of this flange are inade cylindrical a³, so
that it may be screwed internally, and near this flange a², the receptacle is reduced
in external size for a short length to allow space a³, for the tools when turning and
screw threading the internal flange a³.
There is also a boss a, on the lower side of the flange which is screw threaded
for the end of the steam supply pipe (a) which is coupled to it at one end directly,
and the other end is or may be coupled with the pipe x, by a flange casting a¹, as
shown by Figs. 1, 4 and 5.
At the flange end (a') and at the opposite end of the receptacle a, there are holes
closed by screw plugs a' and a, which can be screwed in and out by a square key
fitting a square recess in each screw plug. There are strengthening ribs a', cast
inside the receptacle a, between its cylindrical sides and flat or curved bottom.
The screw plug holes serve to hold the core upon which the receptacle is cast
and through that plug hole at the flanged end a', the non-freezing liquid or mixture
is filled into or emptied from the receptacle.

page_text: There are or may be two of these flanged ended receptacles for each storage
heater, which are inserted in the ends of a cylinder b, which is screw threaded to
screw into the screwed cylindrical flanges a², so that when the flanges a³, are
screwed up closely upon the ends of the cylinder b, they are fluid tight.
Below the lower sides of the internal receptacles a, for non-freezing liquid or
mixtures, there is a pipe c, which extends from end to end as shown and to keep
this pipe in position when inserted a tongue c', at each end of the pipe formed by
two short longitudinal slits in the pipe forming a piece which is bent upwards to
enter notches a8, formed on the undersides of the receptacle a. There are slight
projections a, from the lower side of the inner ends of these receptacles a, to come
against and hold down the pipe c.
These storage heaters are more particularly intended to be used with steam
pipes passing in the lengthway of the vehicle to be heated, and the storage heaters
are arranged to come by preference under the seats of the vehicles.
The projections a, shown in Figs. 2 and 3, are for conveniently holding the
flange a³, at one end and rotating it at the other end when screwing the receptacles
on or off the ends of the enclosing cylinder b.
There is a small space as will be seen below the receptacles a, and between their
exteriors and the interior of the cylinder b, for steam which can pass freely through
the small holes c, in the sides of the pipe c.
The second part of our invention is illustrated by Figs. 6 to 11 inclusive.
Figs. 6 and 7 show "gills" or thin plates of metal d', attached to the steam
supply pipe for conducting and radiating the heat from the steam supply pipe d.
Several of these thin plates d', which may be made separately stamped if desired
out of thin metal plate, are secured to a cast semi-cylindrical part d, which is
clamped to the heating pipe d, by a set screw d³, screwing through the part d',
the end coming against the pipe d, see Fig. 6.
These semi-cylindrical parts d', have two or more dovetail shaped longitudinal
ribs d', on their exteriors, and the thin plates d', have corresponding dovetailed
openings formed in them. The plates d, are put in the mould when casting the
part d, and thus are held firmly in the part d.
In Figs. 8 to 11 inclusive, there are plates e, which rest upon or are clamped to
the heating pipes especially when such pipes d, pass on each side of the vehicle,
and come near the doors of the vehicles so that the passengers have to step upon or
over them in entering or passing out of the vehicle, these thin plates e, extending
from these pipes d, in the direction across the vehicle, and in the lengthway of the
passage between the seats, and the thin plates e, are inclined from the top of the
heating pipe d, to the level of the floor (represented by the line f,) of the passage
between the seats.
The thin plates e, are supported by wedge shaped pieces of wood e', which are or
may be attached by screws to the thin plates e, or these thin plates may be
formed with suitable supporting ribs on their undersides.
In Fig. 8, the end of the thin plate e, near the steam pipe d, enters and is
secured in a groove e, (being placed in the mould when the casting is made) in a
casting, which is clamped by a set screw e³, to the pipe d, the casting being made
toothed or roughened on its upper side to prevent slipping when the feet of the
passengers pass upon or over it.
In Fig. 9, the thin plate e, is bent over the steam heating pipe d, and is or may
be roughened or corrugated over its entire surface.
Figs. 10 and 11 are plan views showing the thin plate e, where they come upon
the pipe d, with holes or semi holes to give roughness and foothold on the plate
when treading upon it.
The third part of our improvements in steam traps and thermo-valve mechanism
or apparatus is illustrated by Figs. 12 and 13.
9, is a casting forming the chamber for condensed steam and any sediment from
the train pipe h, that forms a junction with its upper part. g', is a flange for

page_text: connection with the coupling cock and hose pipe coupling forming the communication
between the vehicles.
At the lower part of the chamber there is a hole tapped for a seating g³, to be
screwed into for a cone screw plug g³, the inside of the head of which is formed
like a cone valve, and the stem, is screwed at the end to screw into a screw
tapped cap 9, connected by arms 96, with the seating g².
When this plug is screwed out, a rod or other suitable instrument can be passed
into the chamber g, to remove such sediment as will not flow out with any liquid.
there may be in the chamber.
The tapped cap 9: prevents dirt from getting to the screw thread.
On the side of the chamber g, there is a facing g', for a composition seating k
formed with a flange so as to be held in position by a screw threaded ring k', that
screws on to the boss forming the facing for it.
Round the facing for the valve seating k, there is a chamber g8, for the thermo-
drum l, and to one side of this chamber, a door or lid g, is hinged on a vertical
axis 9, (see Fig. 13) and when this lid is shut, it is secured by a screw bolt go,
which can turn on its axis ge, to one side so that the screw nut 9, (when sufficiently
screwed hack) will be clear of the edge of the lid, there being a slot in the lid to.
allow the bolt to turn outwards.
At the lower side of the lid there are a few small holes go, to permit any liquid'
to drain away from the thermo-valve chamber y³.
The thermo-drum l, is of well known construction, and one side at its centre is
secured to the disc head , on a stem 2, that fits and slides in a hole in the lid g³,
the axis of which hole is in a line with that of the valve seating k.
This stem 2, is grooved on its exterior as shown, so as to permit free movement,
and there is a set screw ³, screwed into the outside end of the hole for the stem,.
the end of which set screw comes against the end of the stem, and thus the
distance may be adjusted between the face of the thermo-drums 1, and the valve
seating k, when the lid g, is shut.
The set screw, is or may be rotated by a screw driver, and there is a screw
nut, on the exterior of the head of the set screw for locking it when adjusted.
The screw, may have a sufficiently long screwed head, and then have a head
for a screw key.
, is a well known helical spiral spring acting between the side of chamber 98,.
and the face of the thermo-drum l, to push it away from the valve seating k, when
the temperature acting to expand the drum diminishes sufficiently, and thus allow
condensed steam to escape. There is an automatic valve g', on one side of the
chamber g. (see Fig. 13) similar to that described in our aforesaid Specification
No. 894 of 1895, for automatically discharging liquid when the steam pressure is
not in the chamber g.
The fourth part of our invention is illustrated by Figs. 14 to 17 inclusive.
The two halves of the hose pipe couplings are duplicates.
m, is the tubular part of the coupling to which one end of the hose pipe (not
shown) is connected-at that end where the couplings come together there is a side
arm m' having a hook to hook upon a projection on the other half coupling, and
this half coupling has a similar projection for the hook arm m', of the other half
coupling to hook upon, which couplings are arranged as to the manner in which
they are brought and held together and coupled and uncoupled and with the
automatic valves as described in the Complete Specification of our aforesaid Letters
Patent No. 7927 of 1895 in reference to Figs. 1, 2 and 14.
The junction rings n, one for each half coupling are formed of a well known
composition, conical on their exterior, to fit corresponding recesses m³, in the
junction faces of each half coupling.
These composition junction rings n, are moulded to the form desired, and then
a steel or other suitable metal ring ', is inserted, the ring having two arms n³, ou
opposite sides, bent to the shape shown in Fig. 14, and each steel ring has a cross.

page_text: bar n³, for pulling the composition ring n, from the seating for it in the half
coupling.
The ends of the cross bar n³, pass through holes in the steel ring, and into holes
in the composition ring, being curved before being placed in position, and then
made straight when in position.
The spring arms n², bend inwards when they are forced into the tubular part of
the coupling, and when the composition junction rings n, are fully seated, the
arms n³, spring outwards, and hold against the shoulder within the bore of the
coupling as shown in Fig. 14.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of our said inven-
tion, and in what manner the same is to be performed, we declare that what we
claim is :-
1. Forming the heat storing cylinder with the internal cylinder or part (a) for
the non-freezing liquid or mixture formed in two parts, each part having at one
end a screwed internal flange (a) cast with the other part (a) each internal part (a)
by its threaded internal flange (a) screwing upon the external enclosing cylinder (b)
substantially as and for the purpose hereinbefore described and illustrated by
Figs. 1, 2 and 3 of the drawings.
2. The combination and arrangement of heat storing cylinders substantially as
and for the purpose hereinbefore described and illustrated by Figs. 1, 2 and 3 of
the drawings.
3. The combination, arrangement and construction of "gills" or conducting and
radiating plates with heating pipes above the floors of railway vehicles substantially
as and for the purpose hereinbefore described and illustrated by Figs. 6 and 7 and
Figs. 8, 9, 10 and 11 of the drawings.
4. The combination and arrangement of steam traps and automatic valve
mechanism substantially as and for the purpose hereinbefore described and
illustrated by Figs. 12 and 13 of the drawings.
5. The combination of the thermo-drum with a lid or cover hinged to the casing
of the steam trap substantially as herein before described and illustrated by Figs. 12
and 13 of the drawings.
6. The combination and arrangement of hose pipe couplings with composition
junction rings substantially as and for the purpose herein before described and
illustrated by Figs. 14, 15, 16, and 17 of the drawings.
Dated this Twenty-fifth day of January 1897.
PETER J. LIVSEY,
Agent.