Im- PROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR AERATING LIQUIDS
Year: 1863

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Clark, of 53, Chancery Lane, in the County
of Middlesex, Engineer and Patent Agent, for the Invention of "Im-
PROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR AERATING LIQUIDS."-A. communication
from abroad by Frédéric Jean Greffier and Paul Dyé, both of 29,
Boulevart St. Martin, Paris, Manufacturing Chemists.
4.03 1
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Clark at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
26th June 1863..
"I, WILLIAM CLARK, of 53, Chancery Lane, in the County of Middlesex,
Engineer and Patent Agent, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS POR AERATING LIQUIDS," to be as
follows:-
This Invention relates to an improved apparatus for the manufacture of
seltzer water, champagne, and all other gaseous liquids; these apparatus,
which vary in size according to the requirements of each case, consist, 1st, of
a generator'; 2ndly, a washing apparatus; and, 3rdly, a saturator, by means
of which the manufactured liquid may be bottled.
Fig. 1 of the annexed Drawing represents an apparatus of small size;
Fig. 2, an apparatus suited for manufacturing on a large scale; Fig. 3
represents an apparatus for supporting the bottle when filling it with water
or gaseous liquid. The same letters apply to all the Figures.

page_text: b
a, framing of the apparatus; b, generator, consisting of a metal chamber
lined with lead or ceramic material, in the neck or stuffing box of which is
placed a case containing bicarbonate of lime or other carbonate; this case,
which is of metal or ceramic material, is suspended by a rod d, which may be
raised or lowered from the outside. The gaseous acid is placed in the bottom
of generator 6, and by lowering rod d to a suitable extent the bicarbonate dips
more or less into the acid, which decomposes the carbonate in proportion as
it is consumed by being drawn off into the saturator; the case c may also be
withdrawn by means of rod d, in order to renew the supply of carbonate. The
generator is suspended on pivots in frame a, for the purpose of agitating the acid.
The gaseous carbonic acid produced in generator 6 passes by means of pipe e to
a washer f, which consists of a small bottle of transparent glass, furnished with
a grating; this washing apparatus is also furnished with a guage f¹, indicating
the pressure. The gaseous carbonic acid after being washed passes from the
chamber by means of pipe g into saturator h, which consists of a chamber of
ceramic material or metal nearly filled with water, wine, alcohol, or sweetened
liquid, according as it is wished to make seltzer water, effervescing wine, or
lemonade. The carbonic acid dissolves in the liquid, and the gaseous liquid is
then drawn off into syphon bottles i, j, as seen in Fig. 2. The saturator is
also suspended on pivots for the purpose of agitating the liquid; k is the
ordinary apparatus used for corking the bottles. In the small apparatus seen
at Fig. 1 I may, by using the one shown at Fig. 3, make it serve for the
bottling. For this purpose I adapt the pipel of bottle to the nozzle m of the
saturator, when by opening the cocks the liquid will pass from said saturator
into bottle i. In proportion as the water in the saturator is exhausted by the
drawing off a fresh quantity may be introduced by means of a pump which is
worked by the oscillating movement of the saturator h. At the termination
of the operation the saturator will be full of carbonic acid gas, to avoid wasting
which it should be transferred to closed receivers, traversed by the water
passing to the saturator.
C
One of the principal features of this Invention consists of the generator b
with its chamber c dipping more or less by means of rod d into the acid, or
instead of this arrangement I may apply an endless screw, for example, to
supply the bicarbonate which would lodge between the threads of the screw,
and so be carried down into the liquid in the desired proportions. The
saturator may also be furnished with an agitator, and may be of any form
desired.
For the manufacture of seltzer water a little at a time I may dispense with
the saturator, and even with the washing apparatus, and place the bottle in

page_text: I
direct communication with a pipe from the washing apparatus or generator.
may also adopt other arrangements of the generator; thus, instead of
dipping the carbonate more or less into the diluted acid, I may make two
compartments in the generator, one for the salt and the other for the acid,
when by oscillating the apparatus the desired amount of acid will be poured
on the salt or salt on the acid, the latter, for example, being received on a
perforated plate or compartnient.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said William Clark in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
26th December 1863.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM
CLARK, of 53, Chancery Lane, in the County of Middlesex, Engineer and
Patent Agent, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-sixth day of June, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, in the twenty-seventh year of
Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto
me, the said William Clark, Her special licence that I, the said William
Clark, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the
said William Clark, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any
time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter
during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exer-
cise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS
FOR AERATING LIQUIDS," a communication to me from abroad by Frédéric Jean
Greffier and Paul Dyé, both of 29, Boulevart St. Martin, Paris, Manufacturing
Chemists, upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said William Clark,
my executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their,
or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the
nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed,
and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said William Clark, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be. per-
formed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following

page_text: statement, reference being had to the Sheet of Drawings hereunto annexed,
and to the letters and figures marked thereon (that is to say):-
This Invention relates to improvements in the preparation of gaseous liquids,
and in apparatus for the same. These apparatus may be varied in form,
and may be made of any suitable materials. This Invention is illustrated in
the accompanying Drawings.
Fig. 1 shows a single generator. A, vessel of a cylindrical or other form,
into which acidulated water is poured; O, large neck, closed hermetically by
means of a screw plug P, at the centre of which is a stuffing box U; Z re-
presents the packing; this screw plug may be replaced by a part Q, Figs. 10
and 11, or other secure fastening; R, small rod, having a button head S and
hook T. This rod passes through the centre of the stuffing box, in which it slides
with a certain amount of friction. V, cylinder open at both extremities, and pierced
with holes, which is termed the forced distributing cylinder. Figs. 12, 13, and
14 represent the several parts. Fig. 18: V, cylinder, having at one extremity
a cross piece C, with an aperture at its centre, through which slides the rod d
and preserves the vertical position of said cylinder. D, Fig. 14, disc pierced
with holes forming the bottom of cylinder V, and entering freely therein;
d, rod fixed to the disc, sliding in the opening made in the middle of cross
piece c.;.it, also carries, a ring fixed to the hook of stem. R, Fig. 12, represents
the, rod which passes through the stuffing box, Fig. 1. This rod may be
furnished with a rack gearing with a small pinion or screw rod, having an
up-and-down movement.
Action of the generator, Fig. 1.-Acidulated water is first placed in the
vessel A so as to about half fill it; it is then filled up with carbonates, bicar-
bonates, or other substances furnishing carbonic acid; the cylinder V is then
suspended by means of rod R. to hook T, and introduced into the vessel,
which is then firmly closed by means of plug P. In Fig. 1 the rod R is
shown at its highest position, the cylinder not touching the liquid, the level of
which is at a, a, a. In order to produce the gas I press on the button S of
rod R, which forces down the cylinder V into the acidulated liquid. To stop
the production of the gas it is simply necessary to raise cylinder V by means
of knob S. Fig. 2 represents the cylinder V immersed in the acidulated
water, whence it results that the submerged salts in dissolving disengage
carbonic acid, and cause the cylinder V to fall still lower in the acidulated
liquid, while the disc or movable bottom D, Fig. 14, remains fixed, and pre-
serves the substances in the same position in order to produce the gas with
regularity.. Fig. 3 represents the vessel in which the solution is terminated,
showing the frame as descending to the full extent, and nearly touching the

page_text: bottom of the reservoir. This cylinder may be replaced by another which is
closed and perforated with small holes in order to produce only a limited
quantity of gas. Figs. 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 39, and 40 represent other arrange-
ments of forced distributing cylinders on the same principle as the foregoing.
Figs. 16 and 17, cylinder with a small rim, forming a kind of collar, which fits
on the neck of the generating vessel to which it is 'applied; d, small collar
fitted in the interior, and forming a step or bearing; F, screw made in the disc ;
G, rod to which the screw is fixed, this rod is furnished with small branches 9,
herein-after described. The screw F and rod Ġ are introduced into cylinder V,
which screw rests on the inner collar or step d; the cylinder is then filled with
materials, and introduced into the generator; the stem G' is now turned; causing
the screw to crush the substances and force them to 'pass between it and small
arms 9; Fig. 18, rod on which are fixed small chambers in the form of funnels,'
which are movable on rod R. Fig. 19, tube, having a flange at the top end
similar to b' in Fig. 17; through this tube passes the rod G, on which are fixed
disos g, forming stages for receiving" the materials; Fig. 39 represents a tube
having a collar similar to that shown at Fig. 17, with a spiral groove in the
interior, thus by turning rod R the substances fall into BFig. 40, cylinder,
furnished with a flange; R, rod with arms n, n; o, semi-double bottom; P,
perforated bottom; Q, small blades or wings, which' by 'turning crank handle T
cause the materials to fall through opening n; o, Fig. 42, semi-double
bottom; Fig. 41, perforated bottom of aperture N. Instead of 'employing
these cylinders as described, I may prepare the substances with rods or discs,
having a hole at the centre for applying them to fod R, or I may employ
paper cases with or without a hole at the centre Figs. 10 and 11, a cylinder
furnished with pivots B carried in bearings; Q; screw cover for closing the
cylinder; V, chamber 'fixed' to the bottom; the cylinder having small holes T, T,
at its base, and one at its upper part at ; y, movable vessel resembling reser-
voir V; z, perforated tube, placed at its centre, between which and "y the
materials are placed.
:
Action of the apparatus.-The acidulated water is poured into the cylinder,
whence it passes through holes T into reservoir V, except the s
small quantity
which remains between the reservoir and the cylinder. I then place the
chamber y, z, containing the materials in position, and screw down' the cover,
reversing the cylinder, which will then be in the position seen at Fig: 11; the
reservoir of acid is then above, and the acid flows slowly through the small
hole
into chamber y, z, and also between it and the cylinder, entering the
small tube M, impart h, when it comes in contact with the substances; the gas
then disengages and escapes by the small hole of chamber'y, z. "The 'pro-

page_text: duction of gas may be stopped by returning the cylinder to the position seen at
Fig. 10. Fig. 9: A, generator; B, part at which the cylinder before described
is suspended; C, part at which the liquid is placed to be saturated with gas;
d, tube through which the gas passes to part c; said part c instead of being a
saturator may form a washing reservoir for purifying the gas. I have repre-
sented the gas as escaping at the axis, as by this means the generator is
enabled to oscillate. Figs. 27 and 28 represent single generators. A, spherical
vessel; B, screw plugs or covers; V, distributing cylinders; D, union furnished
with an india-rubber tube for the passage of the gases, to which a tap may
be fixed. This may be replaced by the arrangement shown at E, Fig. 28.
Action of the apparatus.-The cover is first unscrewed and the distributing
cylinder removed, the acidulated water being poured in so as to half fill
the vessel at a, a; the distributing cylinder, which is previously charged, is
then placed in position, and the vessel inclined as represented at Fig. 28.
Fig. 31 shows a generator, washer, and saturator. The generator is the same
as that seen at Fig. 30, with the addition of a washer B; C, saturator;
d, pipe for conveying the gas from the generator to the washer; f, pipe for
conveying it from the washer to the saturator. Fig. 29: A, generator;
B, washing vessel; f, pipe for conveying it from the washer to the saturator.
Figs. 44 and 45 represent a cylinder with double bottom A, forming a
diaphragm; B, opening for the introduction of the acid; C, opening for the
introduction of the materials. The double bottom A is pierced with holes on
a portion of its surface.
Action of the apparatus.-The acidulated water is introduced at B, the
quantity of which is calculated so as not to rise as high as the holes in the
double bottom A; the carbonate is then introduced at C, the cover being now
screwed on, and the generator inclined, the acidulated water will pass through
the holes in the double bottom on to the carbonate and produce the gas, which
production may be stayed at any moment by returning the cylinder to the
position seen at Fig. 44. Fig. 26: A, generator.; G, opening for the introduc-
tion of the cylinder; B, washer; C, saturator, which may be furnished with an
agitator H; I, opening for the introduction of the liquids; d, pipes for convey-
ing the gas to the washer; f, pipe for conveying it to the saturator. Fig. 43:
A, spherical generator, with the exception of its variation in form, its method
of distribution and action are the same as that represented at Fig. 1; J, union,
in which is placed a safety valve mounted on a spiral spring, and regulated by
a screw with button head h; K, exit orifice of the gas; l, tube of metal or other
substance conducting the gas to the washer by means of a plunging tube,
which in this case passes through a part m, but may be dispensed with as in

page_text: Fig. 20; a tap may be placed on said pipe for interrupting the communication
between the generator and washer when desired. M, pressure guage;
H, washer ; n, union, to which is fixed a tube n¹ similar to 7; said union may
also be dispensed with, and the tube n² convey the gas to the saturator, being
furnished with a tap if necessary; C, saturator; D, agitator; E, stuffing box;
F, union, to which pipe n' is fixed. Figs. 20, 21, 22, and 23: these four appa-
ratus are similar in arrangement to the preceding, Fig. 20. A, generator as in
Fig. 1; B, arm supporting the generator, having a safety valve at its centre,
which is regulated by a screw c; D, arm also having a safety valve, for which
a tap may be substituted; E, pipe conveying the gas to the washer; F, connec-
tion between pipe E. and part G; G, union to which are screwed the several
parts; H, pressure guage; J, washer; j, tube forming a junction with E for
conducting the gas to the bottom of the washer; K, cylindrical saturator
turning on a pivot L, mounted on part G; n, tap; o, union similar to F.
Action of the apparatus.-The generator being charged, as described with
reference to Fig. 1, and the safety valve regulated, the washing vessel is then
about two-thirds filled with water, and the cylinder completely filled with the
liquid to be saturated; the generator is then set in action, when a noise is mani-
fested on opening tap n, and the gas enters the saturator after passing through
the washer; in order to hasten the saturation of the gas a little water is allowed
to flow, and the saturator then agitated; when the saturation is completed the
production of the gas is stopped and the bottling proceeded with. After a
certain quantity of liquid is withdrawn the pressure becomes diminished, and
the production of gas is again proceeded with until the pressure attains the
desired point. When the saturator is emptied it still contains gas, which it is
necessary to remove; for this purpose the tap n is closed, and the gas con-
tained is allowed to escape, the saturator being then filled with water. When
the generator ceases to produce any gas it is emptied by means of the lower
tap at y, Fig. 2, and the material is removed at the neck, in which position
the valve of arm D acts by closing and retaining the pressure of the washer.
Fig. 23 represents a similar apparatus to the preceding, with the exception
that the metal tubes forming the pivots are replaced by tubes of india-rubber.
Q, valve; R, S, taps, replacing the valve of arm D.; Fig. 21 represents an
apparatus furnished with the generator and washer seen at Fig. 9; q, pressure
guage; r, tap, forming a substitute for the valve of arm D; Fig. 22, Q,
pressure guage. The communication between the generator, washer, and
saturator is effected by means of india-rubber pipes.
Battery apparatus, Fig. 25.-This apparatus is composed of several gene-
rators, washers, and saturators conected together by tubes and taps in any

page_text: suitable manner, which arrangement is for the purpose of obtaining continuous
action. All the parts of the apparatus are the same as have been already
described, with the exception of the pipes.
A, A¹, generator, similar to Fig. 1; B, B¹, safety valve; C, C', washer ;
D, D¹, pressure guage; E, E, saturator; F, F¹, water guage; G, G¹, tubular
pivot; H, H', pipe for conveying the liquid which escapes from the saturator;
I, I, taps for regulating the escape; J, three-way cock; L, L', K, K¹, taps
for admitting and intercepting the gas from the saturators.
Action.-The generator A', washer C, and saturator E¹ being charged I) pro-
ceed the same as for Fig. 20, by placing the generator in communication with
the saturator, the cock L being opened and L closed. When the substances in
the generator are exhausted, and do not produce any more gas; the cock L'
is closed and cock K¹ of generator A opened; which continues to furnish gas.
The generator A¹ is exhausted by opening cock L, which admits the gas into
the saturator E, when the exhausting. action is terminated I then empty the
generator. Immediately the cylinder E¹ is emptied of the liquid, cylinder E
should be saturated, for this purpose the cock I is opened and I¹ closed, as
also the cock for supplying gas to the cylinder, which is again filled with
liquid in readiness to be saturated when the cylinder E is emptied, and so on
in 'succession...
Fig. 24, feed column.-This column is divided into three chambers A; B, C,
by means of double bottoms; these chambers may be more numerous and
arranged in any suitable manner. D, cock, mounted on pipe E, for the
escape of the 'liquid; F, cock, for equalizing the pressure, mounted on pipe G.
The purpose of this column is to prevent waste of the gas.
Action of the column.-Supposing cylinder E¹, Fig. 25, to be void of liquid,
but containing gas at a pressure of 10 atmospheres, the pipe E of the feed
column is screwed on at point M², and the pipe G to the upper orifice N.
The cock F on said pipe is then opened, which causes the gas from the cylinder
to pass into chamber A, and thus equalize the pressure; cock D is then
opened, and the liquid being above the cylinder will fill the latter, and displace
the gas which passes into chamber A. In this operation the liquid by its con-
tact on being agitated absorbs a certain amount of gas. The pipes are then
unscrewed, after having first closed the cocks; after which in order to con-
tinue the contact of the gas in chamber A with the liquid in the cylinder, the
cock o is opened, which by means of pipe R places the saturator in communi-
cation with chamber A, the pressure guage serving as a guide for the proper
conduct of the operation. When the saturation is complete the cock o is
closed. The chamber A is filled from chamber B in the same manner as the

page_text: pressure, while
The chamber B is
cylinder, by opening cock Q of tube S, in order to equalize the
the liquid is introduced by opening cock T of pipe U.
filled in the same manner as C, and from the latter (if there be no greater
number of chambers) the gas is allowed to escape in order to fill the chamber
with fresh liquid in the open air. Fig. 6 represents a similar generator to
that shown at Fig. 27, except that it is furnished with a washer P, to which
is fitted a pipe E for conveying the gas to a saturator. The gas from the
generator passes to the washer from pipe d.
Figs. 35, 36, 37, and 38 represent a portable apparatus for bottling.
Fig. 35: A, small nozzle, having a hole B of such size that the necks of the
syphons will just enter, as seen at Fig. 38; at the centre of this nozzle is a
tube c, which is introduced into the neck of syphon; at the bottom of the
nozzle there is an india-rubber washer d, against which the neck of the
syphon bears; E, pipe for the introduction of the gas and liquid; F, small
pivots fitting in rings B of the gripper. Figs 36 and 37: A, arms of the gripper;
B, rings in which the pivots F are received; H, thumbscrew; i, small cup
fixed at the end of the thumbscrew; J, tie rod. Fig. 88: the syphon K is
introduced into nozzle A and the small cup fixed on the head of said syphon;
the thumbscrew H is then turned, which causes the end of the syphon to bear
against the india-rubber ring. The syphon cock is next opened by bearing on
lever L, which is retained in that position by tie rod J; after which the cock
communicating with pipe E is opened. Figs. 32, 33, and 34 represent a
split metal ring to be applied to the bottles when the syphons are fitted in
position. Fig. 32 represents this ring as closed by the aid of a gripper and
fixed in position.
Method of clarifying and bottling ordinary and sparkling wines.-Carbonic
acid gas possesses the property of weakening wines and clarifying them at a
sufficiently high pressure, but when this pressure ceases the liquid again
becomes disturbed. By means of the improved apparatus herein described I
clarify, decant, and bottle wines at any suitable pressure.
"
Fig. 46 A; A¹, A", A¹ are four receivers formed almost entirely of glass;
B, B', B", B, cocks for filling and emptying said receivers ; C, cock on pipe D,
for conducting the liquid saturated with gas from the apparatus to the receivers ;
E, cock on pipe E¹, for the escape of air contained in the receivers; V, V, V,
V, cocks for effecting partial communication with each receiver. The receivers
being filled I close the cocks and allow the liquid to rest, and then decant it
without contact with the air. G is a receiver placed below those above men-
tioned, and communicating therewith by cocks B, B1, B2, B³, of the liquids,
and V, V, V, V³, for equalizing the pressure; the deposits fall into this

page_text: receiver, and the cocks g, g, being closed, the clarified liquid passing into
receiver K by means of cocks h, h, of the liquid, and h, h, for equalizing the
pressure. The liquid is bottled from receiver K, and on commencing the
operation of clarifying the wines the pressure should be equalized, which is
ensured by fixing a pressure guage. on pipe F, and producing equal pres-
sure in receivers G and K by means of cocks x, x, x, x.
b
Fig. 47 represents. two other arrangements of receivers. A, with a tube
plunger 6 sliding in a stuffing box C; D, emptying cock; F, cock by means
of which pressure is brought to bear on the liquid for causing its escape.
Fig. 48, decanter.-A is a ball of glass, or it may be of other form, to which
are fitted three pipes, each furnished with a cock; the one B serving for the
introduction of the liquid, cock C for the escape of air, and cock D for dis-
charging the liquid to any point.
"Method of bottling spirituous sparkling wines, principally champagne
wines." The difficulties which present themselves in the bottling of sparkling
wines are, 1st, if the bottles are filled with wines charged with an ordinary
amount of carbonic acid gas they cannot be emptied nor more than a third or
half filled; 2ndly, if the wine be charged with a large quantity of gas, in
order to bottle or empty it, it is necessary to give it such an amount of
sparkling properties as to change its natural character.
The improved process of this Invention consists, 1st, in introducing at a
high pressure atmospheric air or insoluble gas in the reservoir containing the
wine, which will not injure the liquid, and effecting the bottling at this pressure,
which causes the wine to pass into the bottles; 2ndly, instead of this arrange-
ment, I may after having filled the bottles inject air or insoluble gases therein,
at the necessary pressure by means of a suitable machine.
66
Preparation of gaseous liquids."-According to this Invention I produce
carbonic acid by fermenting all kinds of saccharine juices; in this manner I
obtain more wholesome gaseous liquids than those produced by the aid of
carbonates, and which I term the hygienic process.
Gaseous lemonades.-I prepare gaseous lemonades when required for
immediate use from pastilles, lozenges, or drops composed of bicarbonate of
soda, citric or tartric acids, and sugar in various proportions, which are flavored
with citron, orange, and others, and instead of tinning the vessels employed, I
use a varnish or gutta percha.
Fig. 49 represents an apparatus complete constructed on the principie
herein described.
Having described the nature of this Invention, and the manner of performing
the same, I declare that what I claim as the Invention to be protected to the

page_text: herein-before in part recited Letters Patent, the several arrangements of appa-
ratus, as also their applications, as herein-before described, together with
the methods of treatment and preparations of gaseous liquids, all as herein
described and illustrated in the Drawings annexed.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Clark, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Twenty-sixth day of December, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-three.
Witness,
W. G. E. SWINNOCK,
53, Chancery Lane,
London.
W. CLARK. (LS.)