Improvements in Explosive and Pressure, Elastic and Non-elastic, Fluid Turbine Engines.
Year: 1893

page_text: Date of Application, 23rd Mar., 1893-Accepted, 24th June, 1893
COBIT LEIE DI VITICATION.
Improvements in Explosive and Pressure, Elastic and Non-elastic,
Fluid Turbine Engines.
ROBERT COOKE SAYER of 11 Clyde Road, Redland, Bristol Civil Engineer,
do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the same is
to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement :-
The object is
(a) To utilise the full power of cylinder and piston engines, throughout their
stroke, and obtain high or low powers with them.
(b) To start them momentarily
(c) Automatically adjust them to the desired speed, and
(d) Should the speed be exceeded to regulate it by a governor actuating a throttle
valve and should it still increase, the power shall automatically be reversed, and
when at the point of stop, the power shall be shut off, and the brake put on,
(e) Act similarly to (d) should it start with the power off.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION.
:
That these objects may obtain, one or more pairs of cylinders are fixed below,
or grouped round a turbine: each cylinder of a pair has a piston, these are con-
nected by a rod and work synchronously motion is given to the pistons by means
of explosives, or any pressure, acting alternately on the inner side of each, so that
one piston sucks a fluid or fluids into its cylinder, while the other thrusts it or them
out, after the heat caused by the explosions has expanded it, and deprived the
cylinder walls of their heat, into an annular supply chamber that surrounds, more
or less the turbine, and so through adjustable valve or valves against the vanes of
the turbine, in either direction.
(b) The engine is started momentarily, by the last stroke of the pistons having
compressed the explosive charge, in one of each pair of cylinders, and it is fired
by actuating an elastic switch that causes sparks to pass between electrodes in
contact with the charge: the continuance of the motion obtains by the second
piston being drawn in by the first and compressing its charge, which also acts as a
cushion to receive and stop the pistons at the end of the stroke: then the second
charge is fired electrically, and returns the pistons, the first cylinder is opened to
exhaust, and as its piston returns, clears it of burnt gas, air is then admitted to
purify it the cylinder being closed, the explosive charge is admitted, compressed
and fired, and so on successively in each cylinder of each pair.
(c) and (d) Automatic adjustment is obtained by a governor fixed on the side of
the turbine, or its drum, or wheels, that works a throttle and regulates the supply
and strength of the explosive mixture.
Upon undue accelleration of speed the governor also acts upon a wheel frictionally,
this gives motion to the valves, that admit the fluid to the vanes, so that they are
simultaneously closed to the one and opened to the other direction when the
turbine is stopped the starting lever returns, cuts off the power from the cylinders,
and admits compressed air to a cylinder that works an annular brake, which encircles
a groove, upon the side of the turbine, and holds it until the air pressure is reversed
and takes the brake off.
When an elastic fluid is used to work the turbine, one of each pair of cylinders,
or alternate pairs, is, or are of smaller diameter than the others and the large
cylinders compress the fluid and sends it to the smaller ones, during their suction
stroke, and the returning small pistons compress it more highly, and sends it to an

page_text: intermediate reservoir or direct to the vanes of the turbine: where a still higher
pressure is required a second smaller cylinder is attached, tanden fashion, on
the same piston, or another pair of smaller cylinders raise it to the required pressure.
The high pressure cylinders are provided with a spray of water, during the suction
stroke, to assist in carrying away the heat of the cylinder walls, and prevent the
contraction of the fluid, until after it has acted upon the vanes of the turbine: it
is then cooled, by a water jacket on its way to the first large cylinder, but not
below liquifaction. When the pressure required is so great, that the ultimate
expansion of the fluid cools it to freezing point, part of the heat of the explosions,
and compression is conducted to a jacket surrounding such passages as would be
stopped and prevents congelation. Each clastic fluid cylinder is fitted with a tight
piston fixed at the end of the outer stroke, with a spring between it and the cover,
so that the moving pistons meet the fixed ones, and avoids clearance spaces, and as
it meets, actuates an electric switch and fires the charge in the other cylinder. The
turbine vanes are enclosed, and made air tight, so that the fluid is forced through
them, and sucked out from them: the governors and other rotating parts are carried
by the sides of a drum or wheels, by which the power of the engine is utilised.
Fig. 17 details of governors.
Figs 26 and 27 sections of clastic fluid fixed pistons.
Fig. 28 details of turbine.
Fig. 30 an electric diagram.
The engine shown by the drawings is arranged for being worked by the explosive
energy of gas diluted with air compressed before use, and the turbine acted upon
by a non-elastic or elastic fluid, it has cylinders A and B Figs. 1 to 5 representing
one pair of any number, they are water jacketed at A. B, provided with pistons A A 3
and B B, piston rod C, which passes through a gland, and actuates the supply
and exhaust valves, by known means.
The cylinders A and B are connected at either end by the pipes D to suction
valves E, that support the bridge pipes F, these carry by means of friction balls G,
the turbine H also the air reservoir L: they also connect with the delivery a
valves J these support an annular chamber K, that passes, more or less, round
the turbine H, and supplies it with fluid in either direction by one or more valves M,
and passages N also the gas reservoir N A and connecting pipes N B, and carries
the air chambers K A.
:
The cylinders A and B have tap valves O for supply: P throttle: Q exhaust: 4
and auxiliary R, actuated by levers OA, PA, QA and quadrant R B.
The supply tap valve O Figs. 5 and 9 to 12 is formed of two chambers that
occupy the passages O BE for air and O B D for gas, its spindles meet and are
connected by the tangent screw O BJ, Fig. 7, through the levers O B G and O B H,
so that their relative positions may be changed by turning O B J, and a lead of 4
air, more or less, given.
The throttle tap valve P, Fig. 5, is of usual form but made in two parts, fixed
in the passages OBD and O BE, their spindles are similarly provided to those
of the valve O, so that the proportions of gas and air may be regulated.
The exhaust tap Q is of known construction its positions are shown at Figs. 13 5
to 16.
The auxiliary tap R, Figs. 5 and 6, is worked by the spindle of the tap O
through the toothed quadrants O B and R B, its office is to supply power to the
cylinders toward the end of the piston strokes from the reservoir T Figs. 1 and 3.
When the explosion occurs in a cylinder A or B its energy acts simultaneously 5

page_text: upon the piston AA or B B and one of the two valves TA and supplies the
reservoir T through the passages T B and T C, and when the valve R is opened,
it is returned to the same cylinder A or B through passages T D and TB: thus
the first shock of the explosion is modified and ultimately ntilised the valves TA
open against the springs T F.
Vaporiser V. The exhaust is lead Figs. 1 to 4 from the cylinders A and B,
through passages QR and valve Q to the vaporiser V, and it circulates through
the coil V A, heats and vaporises the oil that is supplied through the pipe V B
Fig. 1 and tap VC: the oil is drawn down and forced into V through the spray VD,
Fig. 3, by air from the pipes V E and L A and tap V F: the generated gas is
drawn away through the pipe V G by the pump V H Fig. 2 where it is compressed
and sent to its reservoir N A.
The turbine H is formed in two halves, connected by the bolts HA, Figs. 1 to 4,
22 and 28, and keys H B its side plates carry trunnion passages H D having
openings HE, and they are produced beyond its bearing balls &, on one or both
sides, and carries one or more drums or wheels H. F. Its vanes H G, Fig. 28, are
carried by the bolts H A, and H H, that are able to traverse slots H J formed in
spokes HK: upon the central part of H K the diverting key H B is fixed: the
vanes are flexible and normally radiate from the centre, but when the pressure of
the fluid meets them they hinge upon the bolts HA, draw the bolts H H to the
extremity of their slots H J and form cup shaped receivers for the pressure: the
additional plates H L give a flattened return to their curvature, and enables
suction to draw the fluid against them, and the key chamber H L, and it is diverted
to the passages H D, openings H E, pipes F, suction valves E and cylinders A
and B to be used again, after being cooled and contractel: should the valves M be
reversed the fluid impinges against the vanes H G in the reverse direction,
straightens them, as the bolts H H traverse the slots H J, and bends them in the
same form as before, but in the opposite direction and causes the turbine to first
stop, then reverse. The one side HC of H carries a projection H M, having
Tshaped head Figs. 2, 20 and 21, the radii of which varies and gives the throw
of the pumps L H and Y H, by means of the wheels H N, that are connected by
their spindles to the piston rods HO of the pumps, and they receive as shown,
three strokes in each revolution of the turbine H.
:
it
The governor U actuates the throttle tap P, Figs. 1, 17 and 22 it is formed in
three or more duplicate parts attached to the side H C of the turbine H, at equal
distances apart; inclines U A form part of the side H C the head U B has a
conical sectioned segment, it is hinged in two places UD by slotted projections U C
to the side HC: U B is normally retained by the spring U D D, but when H
rotates, U B is projected centrifugally, climbs the incline UA and each successively,
comes in contact with the wing U E, Figs. 1 and 3, that forms part of one lever of
the bell-crank U F, the spindle being a rocking shaft, so that one head U B
affects U F, before the previous leaves it, thus proportionately to the speed of the
turbine H the heads U B rise upon the incline U A, and depress the lever U F
and stirrup link U G, and the lever PA, Fig. 5, works the throttle P, through the
spindle Was UG passes from its normal position, Fig 8, to that of UGA,
where the throttle is closed the wedge U J on the side of U G, takes against the
spindle W and disengages itself from U H which is returned by the spring W A
and again opens the throttle: meanwhile with increasing speed, the heads U B
have been thrust into the friction groove U K of the wheel U L Figs. 3 and 22,
and rotary motion given it in the same direction as the turbine H, upon its bearing
wheels UM: this by means of a cord or strap, and pitch chain X B, Fig. 23,
rotates the wheels X and X A: X and X A carry the pawls XJ and X K, and
are loose upon the axles X G and X H, but the ratchets X C and X D, X E and
XF, Figs. 24 and 25 are fixed upon then and they also carry sleeves X L
and X M, to which are attached the rings X N and X O, by arms XP, so that
when in the positions shown the pawls X J and X K are depressed by X N
and XO, but when free from X N and X O, the reverse ends of the pawls are

page_text: depressed, by weight or spring, and take into the ratchets XC and XE: the
axles X G and X H also carry mitre pinions XQ and X R that rotate pinions X T
and X S and with them the screw spindles X U and X V, that carry trunnion
nuts XW and X X, these carry the ends of the bell cranks X Y that centre
at X Y A, and the ends of the links Y: the other ends of the cranks X Y hold.
the ends of the springs X M A, that connect them with the sleeves X M and X L:
the links Y connect the nuts X X and X W with all the levers Y A and Y B,
Figs. 2, 4 and 23, through the rods Y C and Y D and the levers Y B through the
spindles YG, levers Y E and rods Y K give motion to one end of the valves M
as dotted at M M, Fig. 2, and allows the fluid to go to the turbine in the direction
of the arrow head through the passages N and the levers Y A, through the tube
spindles YH, that pass over Y G, the levers Y J and rods YL give motion to
the other end of the valves M, and sends the fluid through the other passages N :
or should one end of M be out it is drawn in, and the other thrust out simultaneously
thus the governor U through the wheel U L, and other parts, whichever way it
may be rotating, reverses the power against the turbine and brings it to a stand
still, and as explained below stops the turbine and puts on the brake.
Starting gear. The wheel X may be rotated by its handles and thereby work
the valves M in a similar manner to the governors, as explained. A lever Z,
Figs. 1, 2, 3 and 20 to 25 is carried by the rocking shaft Z B: Z B has attached
the electric switch Z A, the levers ZJ and Z K, Figs. 3 and 19: Z K carries the
curved slotted levers Z L, that whichever way Z is moved, the links Z L give
motion to the bell crank Z M, so that it raises the rod Z N, and actuates the
taps VC and V F, Figs. 1 and 3, that supply oil and air to the vaporiser V,
through the bell-crank ZV F, and rod Z V C.
A wheel Y Z is carried by the chamber K, so as to be rotated by the turbine H
through the continuous lug H P, formed on the projection H M Figs. 20 and 21,
so that slotted radial side pieces Y A Z, that are normally held in the positions
shown by the springs Y B Z, are thrust out centrifugally, come in contact with
the segmental base of the lever Z and thrusts it aside or if Z has been placed
diagonally, they enter one of the concave spaces Y CZ in the wings of 4, and
prevents it returning, until the turbine H is stopped: then the springs Y BZ
withdraw YAZ, release Z and balance weights or springs, return Z centrally,
simultaneously it stops the engine, by stopping the electric current.
The lever ZJ, Fig. 3, when central, keeps the tap ZO, Figs. 1 and 18 open to
admit air from the reservoir L to the brake cylinder Z R, while the exhaust port
is closed the tap Z P being closed to pressure and open to exhaust, and the brake
is on but when Z and Z J are placed diagonally the reverse obtains.
The brake, Figs. 1, 3, 22 and 29, is annular and fits into the groove Z S upon
the turbine H, and is composed of curved, hinged links Z T and supported by the
diagonal hinged links Z U, part being in one direction, the others in the reverse,
so that the ends of the brake connections may be drawn towards one another while
the central part is neutral, so that when the piston rod of the cylinder Z R is
thrust out, and acts upon the bent lever Z V, that centres at Z Y, and to which
the rods Z W and Z X are attached on either side of Z Y and connects it to the
ends of the links Z T, Z T are thrust by the links Z U against the sides of the
groove Z S and puts the brake on and when the piston is drawn back it takes off
the brake links Z T.
Electric. The compressed explosive charge always left in one of the cylinders A
or B Figs. 1 and 2 is exploded by electric sparks passing between electrodes, not
shown, fixed in the cylinders:
Electric switches Z F and Z G are fixed in recesses formed in guides in which
the slides SQ, Fig. 30, work, and actuate the supply valve O, Fig. 5, or other
suitable place, at or near each end of the stroke of the slide S Q, and an insulated
projection fixed upon the slide, causes the switches Z G and Z F, to make contact
with their terminals alternately.
When an elastic fluid is used to drive the turbine H, fixed fluid tight pistons AZ,

page_text: Figs. 26 and 27, are secured at the ends of the cylinders A and B by bolts A Y
against suction, and a volute or other spring A X against compression, so that A X
and AZ are not affected by the pressure of the fluid, but should the moving
pistons strike them, they are thrust back: D are suction passages. I supply valves
grouped round the annular space A W: the throw of J is regulated by the screw
bolts J A fixed in the hand-hole covers J B: K supports the annular chamber K,
but it is closed from the passage A W by the diaphragm K B, so that the power
passes by the pipe K C to a smaller high pressure cylinder, through a cooling
jacket, supply, and suction valves, and is there more highly compressed by the
return stroke of the piston, and mingling with a spray of water, not shown, but
drawn into the cylinder at the suction stroke abstracts the heat from the walls of
the cylinder, and is passed on to the vanes of the turbine H in a hot state through
the valves M, Fig. 2, as before. The piston rod C is reduced in size C Z, for
passing through the glands A Y, carried by the piston A Z, and A. U and
actuates the valves O and Q as before.
The piston AZ also carries an electric switch that is actuated by the advancing
pistons, and fires the charge in the other cylinder, and withdraws the other piston.
The turbine H is enclosed by the sides of the chamber K, Figs. 1 and 3, and made
tight so that the fluid cannot escape except through the vanes H G, Figs. 28 and 3,
it then completes its circuit through the trunnions H D and pipes F to the largest
cylinder passing through jacketed pipes to cool and contract the fluid and condense
the vapour, trap, and remove it by known means: except in cases where the
compression is so great that its ultimate expansion would reduce it to freezing
point, the jacketing is then so connected with the heat of the cylinders, that it is
prevented from congelation.
:
The governors U, Figs. 3 and 17, are fixed upon the drum, or wheels H F,
Fig. 4, and the governor wheel U L, Fig. 1, is fixed concentrically, as before to
be acted upon by them, so that the functions of each may obtain as for non-elastic
fluids. The wheel Y Z Figs. 20 and 21, and also the pumps LH and V H are
also worked as before, but by the drum or wheel H F. For engines of greater
power the large cylinders are in pairs, and also the smaller ones that send the high
pressures to the turbine vanes.
The working is as follows:-
To start the engine from rest, as shown, say to the right, the wheel X is
turned to the right and causes the pawl XJ, Figs. 1, 22 and 23, that is
depressed by the sleeve ring X N to slip over the ratchet XD, Fig. 25,
and does not turn the axle X G: but the wheel X, through the chain X B,
rotates the wheel X A to the left, and causes the pawl X K to take into the
rachet XF, which is depressed by the ring XO, and turns the axle X H and
mitre wheels XR and XS and screw spindle XV to the left, and so thrusts out
the trunnion X W, and arm of the bell-crank X Y which through the sleeve X M
withdraws the ring XO from the pawl X K, the bite of the pawl retaining the
ratchet until reversed: simultaneously through the links Y and rods Y C, all the
levers YB round the chamber K that are carried by the spindles Y G are thrust
out, which through the levers Y E and rod Y K, Fig. 4, depress the one end of the
valves M, which directs the fluid, when the engines are started, from K to the turbine
vanes HG, Fig. 28 the other end of the valves M is held firmly by their
rods Y I, so that either end acts as a fluid tight hinge, even as a heel post in a
hollow quoin.
Starting the pistons, obtains by passing the lever Z to either side, this
(a) Sends the electric current, Fig. 30, from the battery ZE: to its switch ZA:
electrodes B: switch Z F, fixed either on the slide guide or fixed piston in the
cylinder A and back to Z E thus firing the compressed charge in the cylinder B:
(b) Takes the brake off by reversing the taps Z P and ZO of the cylinder Z R,
Fig. 18, and
(c) Admits air and oil to the vaporiser V, Fig. 1, by the taps VC and V F.
When the charge in the cylinder 13 is fired its first excessive force is divided,

page_text: THE GOVERNORS U,
these successively act laterally upon the wing UE, Figs. 1, 3 and 17 so that
one takes upon it before the other leaves it, and thus through the levers and
links U F, UG, U H, works the throttle tap P, and reduces the supplies for the
explosive charges: but upon continued accession of speed after the throttle has
been closed, it is again opened by the link U G, Fig. 8, being thrust clear of the
hinge pin-socket W B,
Should the turbine H be going to the right, the governor heads U B, take into
the friction groove U K, Figs. 3, 22 and 23, of the wheel U L, causes it to rotate to
the right, and through the cord or strap the wheel X is turned to the left, this
causes the pawl to take into the socket X D, turn the spindle X G, to the left,
and through the mitre wheels XQ and X U and nuts XX, thrusts out the
crank XY, links Y and all the levers and rods Y A and Y. D, and opens the euds
of the valve or valves M against the motion of the turbine H, through the tube
spindles YH, Fig. 4, levers YJ, and rods YL: simultaneously the wheel X
turns the wheel X A to the right and brings the pawl X K to act against the
ratchet XE, the ring XO being clear of XK: and so rotates the spindle X H
to the right, and as before, through similar wheels, nuts, levers, rods and inner
spindle YG, closes the ends of the valves M from which the turbine was turned to
the right, thus stopping the turbine Hwhen stopped the lever Z automatically
returns centrally, by the withdrawal of the sides Y AZ of the wheel Y Z,
Figs. 20 and 21: the electric current and pistons being stopped by the return

page_text: of the switch Z A, Fig. 30: the brake ZT put on, by the taps Z P and ZO
being reversed Fig. 18: and oil and air cut out from the vaporiser V by the
taps VC and VF being closed, Fig. 1:
To reverse when the turbine is going to the right, the lever Z remains diagonally
the wheel X is turned by its handles to the left and the valves M are reversed,
as just explained, but the lever Z is retained in its position, by hand, at the point
of "stop," so that the pistons are not stopped: the fluid has an escape to the
turbine vanes during the reversing of the valves M.
To restart in the same direction, the lever Z is again passed to its diagonal
position, and the charge in the cylinder A or B is exploded, the pistons are started
and the fluid flows as before, the valves M being in place.
In the case of an elastic fluid actuating the turbine H the action is the same, as
for non-elastic fluids, except that by reason of its elasticity clearance spaces in the
cylinders A and B are avoided, Figs. 26 and 27 by grouping the delivery valves .J
round a fluid tight piston A Z, so fixed at the ends of the strokes of the moving
pistons AA and B B as to resist suction, but give, should the moving pistons
over-run their strokes, and upon their being withdrawn, the fixed pistons A Z
resume their positions.
The maximum pressure of the fluid is obtained as described and repeats its cycle:
passing through jacketed pipes to heat or cool it as the case may be.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what
I claim is
1st. The engine described and shown by the drawings whereby any number of
pairs of cylinders are so formed that a piston fixed in each of a pair are connected
by a piston rod, which passes through a gland and keeps each cylinder separate,
yet enables the pistons to work synchronously for sending through proper taps or
valves of such engines an explosive mixture of any kind into one of the cylinders
behind its piston when at or near the end of its inner stroke, exploding it,
electrically by electrodes, and with it or any other suitable power, thrusting
both pistons to the other end of their stroke, the exhaust port of the other cylinder
being open for diverting a part of the explosive energy, or other suitable power,
through a proper valve to a reservoir, and at any part of the stroke, readmitting it
to the same cylinder and so distributing the energy more equably over the stroke :
for clearing the second cylinder of such engines of burnt gas by the advance of
its piston thrusting it out through the exhaust port, and further purifying it by a
lead of air, which also goes to exhaust, and when the exhaust port is closed
sending the explosive charge to the same cylinder, and so form a cushion to
receive and stop the pistons and compress the charge, until at or near the end of
the stroke an electric switch is actuated, which passes an electric current through
the electrodes, which spark, and explode the charge and cause the pistons to return,
and so on alternately in each cylinder: for securing inside and at the end of each
cylinder a fixed fluid tight piston, secured by bolts against suction, and a spring
against pressure; prolonging the moving piston rod, reduced in size, through
glands on the said fixed piston, so that when the moving pistons have thrust the
fluid on its way to the turbine, through valves grouped round the fixed piston, and
met the fixed piston, it simultaneously actuates an electric switch and fires the
charge in the other cylinder, and withdraws the moving piston: in the above
described engine; for cylinders of differing sizes, so that when using elastic fluids
for actuating the turbine the larger cylinder shall compress the fluid into the next
smaller, or its intermediate chamber, and that the fluid shall enter the smaller one
during its suction stroke, together with more or less, of one or more, other elastic
or non-elastic fluids, and, by the return stroke of the piston, shall together be
compressed to a higher pressure: and also similarly be advanced to a second
smaller piston, when desired to raise the fluid to a still higher pressure: it is then
sent either direct to the vanes of an enclosed turbine, or to an intermediate.

page_text: chamber on its way to the turbine: and that after acting upon the vanes, it is
conducted through the turbine trunnions and other pipes, that conduct it again
to the largest cylinder, to repeat the cycle but that on its way
passes through
jacketed pipes, heated with a part of the heat of the explosions in the cylinders,
and that of the compression of the fluid, and so prevents congelation, by the
expansion of the fluid: but when elastic fluids of low pressures are used and
congelation would not obtain, and it is required to contract the fluid, cool it,
and condense its vapour, trap it, by known means, and lead it away; the said
jacketing is supplied with cold water, or other refrigerant and similar means are
provided between the several compression cylinders to condense the fluid, before
being raised to a higher pressure, substantially as described.
:
2nd. For so working the cylinder pistons, by compressed explosive charges, fired
by electricity, that the previous discharge causes the succeeding explosive mixture
to enter the other cylinder, be compressed by, and form a cushion to stop the
pistons, and also opens itself to exhaust: and should the electric current be stopped,
the pistons are stopped at the end of the stroke in operation except that the
admitted explosive charge expands, until equilibrium of forces obtains, and causes
them to travel part of their stroke; thus a somewhat expanded explosive, is always
left in one of the cylinders, and enables the pistons to be started momentarily, by
passing the electric current, and causing the incomplete stroke, to be completed,
and the motions to obtain as above substantially as described.
3rd. For so connecting the ends of cylinders of equal or unequal size, that a
non-elastic fluid or fluids may be drawn into one cylinder through suction valves,
and thrust from the other cylinder through supply valves, and similarly alternately
with both cylinders: so that the heat of compression and the explosions, expands
the fluid, and the fluid abstracts and carries away the heat and keeps the cylinders
cool as it is thrust on through an annular chamber surrounding, more or less, a
turbine, to the vanes of which it is lead through a circumferential valve, or valve,
and passages fixed at one or any number of equidistant points, that direct it so as
to turn the turbine in either direction. The fluid passes on between the vanes, and
is diverted to the suction valves and chambers, and sucked into the cylinders and
assists the work of the fluid against the vanes substantially as described.
:
4th. For the turbine the vanes of which are made flexible, or hinged so that
each hinge upon peripheral bolts, that connect the halves of the turbine, and when
required are hinged together at or near their centres, and that at the inner ends,
the vanes are carried by bolts able to traverse radial slots formed in the spokes of
the turbine, so that whichever direction the fluid is received by the vanes, they are
bent over into a cup shape or concave form into which it impinges: the said spokes
connect with a central key chamber, that with other keys keep the halves of the
turbine in place, this chamber diverts the fluid to either side through hollow
trunnions or pipes and out through apertures formed in the trunnions: the trunnions
are prolonged into axles, by which the turbine is carried and rotates on rollers or
ball bearings the axles carry on one or both ends, drums or wheels for utilising
the power of the engine for fixing on the side of the turbine, or that of the drum
or wheels by which its power is utilised, an annular projection carrying a terminal
ring of varying radii parallel to them, so that as it rotates, it thrusts in and out a
piston rod, or rods, by means of friction wheels placed on each side of the terminal
ring, and so that the difference of the radii give the strokes of the pumps: for the
centrifugal wheel and giving it motion by means of an endless annular lug fixed
upon the said projection: so that when the turbine is rotated the lug rotates the
centrifugal wheel, and causes its side centrifugal parts to fly out radially, and
frictionally give motion to a lever, by the sides meeting its circular base and so
thrusting it aside, until a concave recess in said base comes over said wheel, and
allows its sides to rotate within said recess, without further movement of the lever:
but upon the turbine and wheel being stopped, the centrifugal sides of the latter
collapse centrally, being assisted by springs and by weights, or springs, the lever
returns to its original central position substantially as described.

page_text: 5th. For the gearing and valves by which the fluid to the turbine is admitted to
ite vanes in either direction: whereby the handled wheel, that in the event of undue
speed is under the control of the governor, Claim 7, being rotated by hand, gives
motion to a double pawl, that when the valves are closed, one pawl is depressed
into a tooth of a ratchet wheel, the other raised clear of another reverse acting,
ratchet wheel, by means of a ring that acts upon the back of the pawl so that
motion is given through a pair of mitre wheels, to a screw spindle, upon which is
carried a double truunioned nut, the nut carries an arm of a bell crank, that
through a sleeve, withdraws the ring from the pawl: the nut also through levers
and rods gives motion to one end of the valves, by means of spindles that enter the
fluid chambers through proper glands the spindle is a tube, and it has a rod
spindle passing through it that actuates, similarly, the other ends of the valves:
and this second spindle is similarly connected by other levers and rods, screw
spindle, double trunnioned nut, mitre wheels and bell-crank, sleeve ring, double
pawl and pair of ratchet wheels, and a driving wheel which is not handled, but
connected by a pitch chain to the said handled wheel: so that when the latter
turns one way, the former turns the other; thus when the valves are closed the
rings depress the pawls, and enables the handled wheel to rotate either pair of
mitred wheels, and by them to open either end of all the valves according to the
direction in which it is turned and that when the handled wheel is turned in the
reverse direction the end of the valve or valves opened is closed, and the other end
opened, simultaneously, so that the fluid continues to flow to the turbine, there
being throughout the motion an outlet to it: thus the turbine is arrested, and its
direction reversed, substantially as described.
6th. For the brake that acts upon, more or less, of the length of an endless
conical groove, fixed upon the turbine, drum or wheels: it is formed of curved
hinged links of a section suitable to take against the sides of the groove, and is
carried by other lateral diagonal links hinged to it, and a fixed support, so that
half their number are inclined in one direction, the others in the opposite: the end
connections of the brake are attached to a lever, on opposite sides of its fulcrum,
and the lever is connected to the piston rod of a double acting cylinder: when
power is sent to the back of the piston, and the front exhausted, the lever is thrust
over, the end connections of the brake approach each other: the central part being
neutral annularly, but the hinges of the central pair of lateral links are slotted,
and enable their annular links, with the others, to be thrust by the lateral links
into the groove and so arrest the turbine: when the power to the cylinder is
reversed the brake is taken off and clears the annular groove substantially as
described.
7th. For fixing on the side of the turbine, drum, or wheel, three or more
governors, each formed of a head having a conically sectioned segment, and two
slotted tail pieces, through which bolts pass, and so connect it to the turbine or
wheel, that the head hinges on the bolts: the head takes against an incline formed
on the side of said turbine or wheel, and a springs retains it, until the speed of the
turbine unduly increasing causes the heads to be centrifugally thrust up the incline
radially, and out laterally, and the heads of all successively meet, and laterally
thrust out a wing that hinges on a rocking shaft, so as to form one lever of a bell-
crank, that through a stirrup link and lever gives motion to a throttle valve and
closes it upon increase of speed beyond the control of the valve, the stirrup link
is thrust out, by a projection upon it meeting an obstruction, and enables a spring
to again open the throttle valve: simultaneously, the conical heads of the governors
enter a frictional recess, in an independent wheel, fixed upon wheel bearings con-
centrically with the governors, and causes the wheel to rotate with the turbine: and
a cord or other gearing connecting the said wheel with the hand wheel, that has
control of the valves regulating the direction of the fluid to the turbine vanes,
gives it, the hand-wheel, motion: so that the turbine vanes are reversed, and the
full power turned against the turbine and it is stopped the above centrifugal
wheel, Claim 4, also stops with the turbine, and allows the lever to return centrally,
:
B

page_text: and stops the engine pistons by cutting out the electric current, through a switch
on its spindle, and puts on the brake by reversing the power on the brake cylinder
substantially as described.
Dated this 2nd day of March 1803
ROBERT COOKE SAYER.