IMPROVEMENTS IN COM- POUNDS FOR PRESERVING, DEODORIZING, AND FERTILIZING
Year: 1856

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to George Warriner, of Withernsea, in the County of
York, Operative Chemist, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN COM-
POUNDS FOR PRESERVING, DEODORIZING, AND FERTILIZING."
Sealed the 24th February 1857, and dated the 25th August 1856.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said George Warriner at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
25th August 1856.
I, GEORGE WARRINER, of Withernsea, in County of York, Operative
Chemist, do hereby further declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN COMPOUND3 FOR PRESERVING, DEODORIZING, AND FERTILIZING."
to be as follows:-
What I intend to claim as this Invention, is the use, for the above purposes,
of glycerine, or sugar of fat, (or any substance or substances having the same
attributes as glycerine, or sugar of fat,) combined with certain hydrogeneous
substances,).e, water, alcohol, vegetable, animal, and mineral oils, oleaginous
substances, gelatine, gelatinous substances, or osmazone,) one or more of
them, as the case may be; to which, in some cases, may be added charcoal,
or other carbonaceous substances, and lime and ammonia, or some or one of
them.

page_text: I
may illustrate how I intend to carry this Invention into effect, thus:-
For preserving. I place the meat, fish, fowl, or vegetable substance in an
air-tight vessel, and exhaust the air from the same, and the inject through
this vessel into the meat, &c., the preservative compound composed of the
glycerine and the suitable hydrogenous substance or substances before men-
tioned (to which sugar and salt may be added). Upon removing the meat,
&c., from the injection vessel, I immerse the same in the same preservative
compound aforesaid; or after the injection process, I tie the meat, &c. up
in a cloth, skins, or bladders, saturated with the above preservative compound.
And I pack the meat, &c., in sheet tin or other suitable packing; or after the
injection process I proceed by packing the meat, &c., in casks, cases, or tins
containing the said preservative compound, with or without powdered charcoal
or corbonaceous substance added thereto; or Imakea mixture of glycerineaud
fat, or osmazome, or gelatine, or some or one of them, and coat the surface of
the edible substance therewith. And I can further treat the edible substances
so treated by drying or smoking in some known manner. In the case of eggs, I
should coat the eggs with the preservative compound before named, adding lime,
and surrounding the whole with powdered charcoal or lime. And I pack
various substances treated as abovein powdered charcoal instead of injecting.
For deodorizing-I mix charcoal, either pulverized or not, with the
glycerine, water, lime, ammonia, all or any of them, and use the same for the
purpose of deodorizing impureliquids bymixing them with the water or liquid
to be purified; or, I filter the water through the above. And for deodorizing
impure air, I place the same in open vessels, or burn the same in places
where the impure air exists.
For fertilizing. I use the above deodorizing compounds, either before or
after they had been used to purify the water or air, as a fertilizer of the
ground, either in a pulverized state or not.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters l'atent, filed
-by the said George Warriner in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
25th February 1857.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, GEORGE
WARRINER, of Withernsea, in the County of York, Operative Chemist, send
greeting
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
.Patent, bearing date the Twenty-fifth day of August, in the year of our Lord

page_text: One thousand eight hundred and fifty-six, in the twentieth year of Her reign,
did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said
George Warriner, Her special licence that I, the said George Warriner, my
executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said George
Warriner, my executors, administrators, and assigns, shouid at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the
term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel
Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN COMPOUNDS, FOR
PRESERVING, DEODORIZING, AND FERTILIZING," upon the condition (amongst others)
that I, the said George Warriner, my executors or administrators, by an instru-
mentin writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should par-
ticularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what
manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the
Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately.
after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said George Warriner, do hereby declare the
nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be per-
formed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement :-
This Invention consists, 1, in the use and application for the preservation
of meat, fish, fol, vegetable and animal substances, of a compound of what is
termed glycerine, or sugar of fat, (or of any substance or substances having
the same attributes as s glycerine or sugar of fat, such as elaines, oils, treacle,
when in such a state as not to be liable to oxidation,) in combination with
certain substances, viz, water, alcohol, vegetable, animal, and mineral oils, or
oleaginous substances, and gelatine, gelatinous substances, and osmazome, one
or more of them, as the case may be. To which, in some cases, may be
added charcoal, or other carbonaceous substances, limeand ammonia, or some,
or one of them. In carrying out this part of this Invention, I proceed as
follows:-
For all alimentary substances, I first subject such substances to a vacuum
in a close vessel, produced by an air pump or other suitable means, for a
longer or shorter period according to the size of the thing under treatment
whilst in vacuuo. I cover it with glycerine mixed with either water and
common salt, or alcohol, or gelatine, or osmazome, varying these according to
the thing to be preserved, animal flesh or "butchers' meat" requiring more
glycerine than fowls, fish, or vegetables. When properly impregnated with
the above, I pack the thing so treated in casks, cases, or tins, with some of

page_text: the above mixture; or I dry them by any known plan, and cover them with
either cloth, skin, bladder, tinfoil, osmazome, and glycerine, or gelatine and
glycerine, and pack them in casks or boxes with powdered "bog-head"
charcoal produced in close retorts, or other carbonaceous or antiseptic sub-
stances, or in melted fat mixed with glycerine, or in air-tight cases. And the
meats may be cooked previous to packing.
To illustrate the manner of performing my Invention, I will mention a leg
of mutton. I take the leg of mutton, and I break the knuckle bone; I cut
round the chump bone, and make a small cut with a fine saw into the leg
bone I, then, with a very fine pointed silver skewer, make an incision as
far as the kernel, or "pope's eye," and insert a quill, cut open at both ends,
into the hole thus made. I then place the leg of mutton into a covered trough,
or iron pan, or any vessel that is air-tight, and to which is attached a mercury
gauge, at least 29 inches long. I then procure a vacuum, either by an air
pump, or any other means, and maintain it until the mercury rises and remains
at 28 inches for one hour at least. I then admit the preservative or antiseptic
liquid mixture hereafter described by a small hole with a tap, until the
meat is covered, keeping up the vacuum in the mean time, and allowing
it to remain in the vacuum for about one hour. Or in summer, and very
hot weather, I proceed by making a liquid mixture, such as above described,
and I immerse the thing to be treated in it in an air-tight vessel, and [
press out all the liquor, and allow it to remain in vacuuo; and when I am
ready to proceed with the process, I add fresh liquor, and proceed as herein-
before described.
This liquid mixture I produce thus:--I take the blood of the animal subject,
when it has just been killed, and the juices of the vegetable or fruit, and try
their specific gravity by any hydrometer. I do this, because the blood and juices
of all animals, fowls, fish, fruit, and vegetables differ in their specific gravity,
even in the same animal at different ages. I then take of pure distilled
glycerine, made from any fatty matters, sufficient, when added to water, to
make it two-thirds of the specific gravity of the blood; the remaining third
part, or a little more in weight, (for I prefer the liquid to be slightly heavier
than the blood er juice), I make heavier, either by salt or the concentrated
essence of the meat, or gelatine, according to the object or taste of the parties
requiring it. In some cases with vinegar, and in others with pyroligneus acid;
as for instance, herrings are good with glycerine and water alone, or with
glycerine and water combined without salt, when they will eatas fresh herrings
when cooked; but for bloaters, I add a small quantity of salt, according to
taste, but for highly dried herrings, I add pyroligneous acid, or Westphalia

page_text: essence, according to taste; and in some cases, where the flavour of onions, or
garlic, or any aromatic herb is approved of, I add the essences of those roots
or herbs. I then pack the thing treated as above in casks, with some of the
fresh liquid, made as before; but care must be taken that after so packed, the
cask be full of liquid, and that it should not be exposed to too great a heat, so
that the albumen and osmazome of the meat become extracted into the liquid,
for it differs from salt very essentially, the salt causing the fibrine and
albumen to become hard, whilst this liquid keeps the fibrine soft.
As, in some cases, very delicate things have to be preserved, such as sweet-
breads, lambs' fry, or that which is known as fowl's ragout, veal cutlets, &c.
I prefer, when the air is extracted, to add to a sufficient quantity of the melted
fat of the animal or fowl which I am preserving, a similar quantity of
glycerine as I would have added had the melted fat been water, and to
apply it to the thing to be preserved, so that it is covered and thus pre-
served. I keep it immersed till required for use.
For poultry, I prefer to have the fowl or bird properly trussed, the leg
bone broken, a few puncturations made in the broken part of the leg by a
larding needle, and, if larded, the fat should have been subjected previously
to the above-mentioned process. To save room, the fowl might be dressed
as for boiling, and in that way packed, in which case I would use fat to
immerse it in, with pieces of bacon between each fowl.
In some cases I cook these things previously; for instance, queuelles of
all kinds, either decorated or not decorated, cutlets decorated, calves' heads
for "made dishes,"ox palates, calves' brains, and similar things too numerous
to mention, but required in first-rate cookery; these I either surround with
melted fat or a very strong jelly made with glyceriue. For very choice
fruit I likewise immerse and pack in a similar jelly.
As there may be difficulties at times existing in carrying a weight of liquid
for preserving when drying would answer the purpose, I add in such cases
to the thing to be preserved, at the time the vacuum is formed, a strong
jelly made from glycerine, gelatine, and essence of the meat, fish, fowl, or
vegetable without salt, to be added very hot, and when taken out to be hung
in a drying chamber varying from 80° to 120° Faht, until fit to pack. When
dry, I cover it with either skin, bladder, gutta percha, or tin foil, or any
similar substance, and place the same in a box, case, or cask, containing
finely powdered "bog-head" charcoal, produced in close retorts impregnated
with glycerine, and highly dried, or any other well-know carbonaceous and
antiseptic substances; or I bone the meat, and subject it to a great pressure
after it is dried, and pack it as before. When cooked, I prefer to soak it in

page_text: a liquid made from the osmazome of the meat by the ordinary chemical
process of making osmazome.
In order to save space in the preservation of vegetables, I prefer, after
they have been subjected to the process before described, to dry them by
any known or suitable process; but I prefer that described by John Greefer,
in his Patent No. 1275, Anno Domini 1780, and then subject them to
pressure by any known means; but I prefer that method described by
Vallence in his Patent, No. 4480, Anno Domini 1820.
There are some occasions, as with some kinds of wild fowl, where the
slighest flavour of sweetness resulting from the glycerine would be objec-
tionable; in such cases I mix a small quantity of alcohol or spirits, such as
the rectifiers use, along with the glycerine and gelatine, and adopt the
vacuum process herein-before described, when required, and immerse the
same in the jelly thus made; and in some cases with particular kinds of fish
wished to be preserved raw, I mix the glycerine with either fish or vegetable
oils, and use the same as before indicated.
With some raw vegetables, mushrooms, for instance, I impart an acid
flavour, either with juice of lemons or vinegar, and before submitting them
to the action of the glycerine, but very slightly, so that the whiteness to
be preserved be retained.
For milk or cream, either to use alone, or to make into butter or cheese,
I make a mixture of glycerine, with a small quantity of carbonate of soda,
half an ounce to one gallon of milk, so that when mixed with the milk, it
shall be of the same specific gravity as the blood of the animal before
described, and I place it in a vessel, into which the milk is coming from
the cow; I.then put the milk into bottles, and cork them by tying down
the corks, and place them in a vessel of water, and subject them to a boiling
heat for a short time; ten minutes, for instance.
For eggs,
I make a mixture of gelatine and glycerine of the specific
gravity that an egg cau fleat in, which I find to be same specific gravity as
the whites of eggs just broken. I either immerse them in this liquid, or
coat them with it, and pack in dry powdered bog-head charcoal.
For hides, I place them in a mixture of glycerine, water, and salt, and
allow them to remain for some days previous to packing or drying them.
For seeds and bulbous roots intended for agricultural or horticultural pur-
poses, in order to preserve them for removal to distant countries, or to preserve
them from too great a desiccation and restore their vitality, I make a mixture
composed of half glycerine and half powdered charcoal, and coat the surfaces
with the same and pack them in this substance; I also use it for covering all

page_text: seeds and roots previous to sowing or planting, to prevent them being
destroyed by birds or vermin, and for stimulating their growth.
For preserving animal, fish, and vegetable matters to be thereafter used for
manure or other purposes, I immerse them in a strong liquid of glycerine and
water,double the specific gravity of that used for eatables, and after a week or
more take them out, and pack them in casks, with some of the liquid on the
top; they will thus preserve all their ammonia and gases until such time as
they are placed on the land, pulverized or not; or I make a mixture of the
powdered charcoal, (as before described,) with glycerine, and cover the
matters with it, and thus pack it.
2ndly, as to that part of my Invention which consists in improvements in
compounds for deodorising.
For purifying water or other impure liquids,deodorizing and preventing its
decomposing and putrifaction, I make a mixture of glycerine and charcoal,
powdered or not, and mix it with the water, or allow it to filter through it,
for which purpose it can be used to purify the waste water of a farmyard,
house, or town, so as to combine or absorb the ammonia that may be in the
said, water, and use it for manure.
The quantities of glycerine and charcoal depend entirely on the nature of
the water, that having a slight smell but muddy, will take but a small quantity
of glycerine but more charcoal, whilst that having a very putrid smell, but not
muddy, will take more glycerine and less charcoal. As water must vary con
tinually, it is impossible to give an exact formula on which to act; but I have
found that for the first-named waters 1 pound avoirdupois of charcoal to
an ounce of glycerine is sufficient, and for the last-named waters 1 pound
avoirdupois of charcoal, and 2 ounces of glycerine is sufficient.
For deodorizing and purifying impure air, I make a mi-ture of powdered
charcoal, with a small quantity of gelatine or gummy substance, if required,
and give it any scent with essences or essential oils or acids from either
plants, flowers, shrubs, fruits, or vegetables, and form them into cakes or
cones, or any shapes convenient to burn like pastiles, and burn the same
where impure air exists.
And, 3rd, improvements in compounds for fertilizing; and to prevent the
ill effects arising from the too rapid decomposition of animal matters, and the
escape of the ammonia into the atmosphere, I make a mixture of glycerine
and charcoal, powdered or not, which charcoal I prefer to procure from the
bog-head coal produced in close retorts, but also use that from schale,alumina,
waste shells, lime, turf, or wood; I also use it to mix with other well-known

page_text: manures, in order to fix the ammonia and increase their utility, and likewise
as a fertilizer of the soil; as, for example, I make a mixture of charcoal and
glycerine, 84 parts in measure of charcoal to 16 parts in measure of glycerine;
with this I cover the dung heap, consisting of any matters, as stable manures,
night soil, &c., which will give off ammonia, by which covering it is prevented
escaping; and with other manures that are too strong to use to the land alone,
such as guano, sulphate aud muriate of ammonia, carbonate, sulphate, and
nitrate of potash, nitrate and sulphate of soda, superphosphate of lime and
other phosphates, common sulphur, and nitrogeneous substances, I mix the
glycerine and charcoal in the above proportions, according to the strength
of the manure; as, for example, I mix with the ordinary Peruvian guano
from 5 to 6 bushels of the mixture to 1 bushel of guano; and as a
fertilizer alone, I use on an average 20 bushels of the compound to the acre;
the charcoal being thus mixed remains moist, combines with the oxygen
and carbon of the atmosphere, and emits carbonic acid.
There are some flowering shrubs and other things which require added to
the charcoal a greater amount of glycerine or glycerated water as it comes
from the soap boilers or stearine makers; amongst thee are pine apples,
melons, cucumbers, pumpkins, vegetable marrows, and onions; also roses,
rhododendrons, hydrangeas, camelias, and orchidaceous plants.
To prevent the disease in the potatoe as well as the grape and the hop, I
mix with the above compound powdered sulphur or the refuse of auychemical
works where sulphur is used in a powdered state,in proportions of part of
pure sulphur to 1 of charcoal and glycerine; these I prefer placing near the
roots of the plant; or I mix the sulphur with the glycerated water, in
average proportions of of sulphur to 1 part of glycerated water, and syringe
the vine or hop, or haulme of the potatoe, or any shrub or plant exhibiting
a somewhat similar disease; or for turnips or such like roots, I use it in a
state of liquid, mixed with the ammoniacal liquor from the gas works or
any other made ammoniacal liquor, in the proportion of of ammoniacal
liquor to 1 part of glycerine mixed with 3 parts of water, sometimes
mixing sulphur with it; and I use this with the water drill, or watering pot
or syringe for standard and wall trees and shrubs.
Having now described the nature of the said Iuvention, and in what manner
the same is to be performed, I declare that I do not claim the immersion
of substances in glycerine, that having been already used ; but I claim as
myInvention the improvements in compounds with glycerine for preserving,
described as the first part of my Invention; also the improvements in com-

page_text: pounds with glycerine for deodorizing, described as the second part of my
Invention; and likewise the improvements in compounds with glycerine for
fertilizing, as herein-before described as the third part of my said Invention.
In witness whereof, I, the said George Warriner, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this 25th day of February, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven.
Signed and sealed in my presence,
F. W. CAMPIN, Patent Agent,
156, Strand.
GEORGE WARRINER. (L.S.