IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MEANS OR APPARATUS FOR CONTROLLING AND REGULATING THE PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRICITY
Year: 1881

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Charles Ashley Carus-Wilson of Grenville Place in the
County of Middlesex for an Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MEANS
OR APPARATUS FOR CONTROLLING AND REGULATING THE PRODUCTION AND
DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRICITY"
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Charles Ashley Carus-
Wilson at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 27th December
1881.
CHARLES ASIILEY. CARUS-WILSON of Grenville Place in the County of
Middlesex "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MEANS OR APPARATUS FOR CONTROLLING
AND REGULATING THE PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRICITY
"
This Invention has reference to means or apparatus for controlling and regulating
the production and distribution of electricity.
One part of the Invention consists in a method of acting upon the generating
machine, water, steam, gas or other engine in addition to the ordinary governor ;
I permit the governor to regulate the motion of the engine in the usual way but
supplement its action so that it regulates the cut off with respect to the electro
motive force produced. The manner in which I may effect this is as follows:-I
arrange that a force, preferably a weight, shall be brought to bear upon the
governor as it rotates and that this force shall be under the control of two electro
magnets, one to apply the force and another to take it off. These magnets are
respectively brought into action by currents whose circuit is made and broken by
a galvanometer needle. I arrange that when the engine is producing the desired
electro motive force the galvanometer needle shall be stationary between two stops,
a short way apart, the weight or other force meanwhile keeping the governor down
a little, and that when the electro motive force rises the needle shall be deflected
against one of the stops, making circuit through one of the magnets and this will
alter the force on the governor causing a decrease of speed and hence a decrease

page_text: of electro-motive force. On the other hand, if the electro motive force fall, the
needle will touch the other stop and thereby cause the other magnet to act and the
weight or other force to be applied to the governor in the other direction, which
will increase the electro motive force in the main-I set the apparatus for any
given electro motive force; if it be desired to alter it, this can be done by shifting
the stops on the galvanometer relatively to the needle, or by shifting the magnets;
or I may use differential coils and alter the proportion of the resistances. To make
it more sensitive I may alter the relative position of the stops or of the magnets
or alter the resistance of the apparatus-I also arrange that any required adjust-
ment for electro motive force may be made automatically by mechanism which has
motion varying with the resistance in circuit, thus for instance, I may use a
galvanometer arranged with resistances as a Wheatstone's bridge or differential
coils and so contrived that when its needle is deflected consequent upon an increase
or decrease of resistance in circuit an auxiliary circuit is brought into play which
actuates mechanism to put in more or less resistance in tho regulator to balance
that in the circuit, the result being that a movable piece can be got to have a
certain definite position for a certain resistance in circuit.
By the means above described I allow the governor to act just as usual with
respect to the speed, but as already stated I supplement its action so that it
regulates the cut off with respect to the electro motive force produced, and I am
also able by keeping the engine working ordinarily under its full power, to vary
the electro motive force according to the resistance in circuit, either arbitrarily or
automatically.
Another part of my Invention consists in employing_electro-magnets to actuate
a force upon the governor such magnets-being directly excited by the main circuit
current or a shunt-of-the same and whose power varies with the electro motive
-force in the main. Thus upon an increase in electro motive force a force is applied
to the ordinary governor which diminishes the speed and vice versa.
Another method consists in acting upon the ordinary governor by means of
apparatus whose motion varies directly with the resistance in circuit.
In such apparatus as these the galvanometer or any part not directly connected
with the governor may be situated in any convenient position, not necessarily on
the engine.
Another part of this Invention consists in regulating those generating engines
whose motion is caused by a series of impulses, as gas engines, by causing the
action to which the impulse is due to put a certain resistance in the circuit or in the
electric generator, so that while the speed is above the normal, owing to the sudden
impulse, a resistance is in circuit which keeps the electro motive force in the main
down to what it ought to be, and as the extra speed due to the sudden impulse
diminishes, the resistance is taken out and the electro motive force thus kept
approximately constant; the amount of resistance thus put in may be made to
vary arbitrarily or automatically; or I may introduce secondary batteries between
the main and the earth instead of the resistances, and arrange for the sudden
impulse to go towards charging the batteries, or I may make it do other useful
work.
Another arrangement for obtaining a constant electro motive force in the main
circuit is as follows:-I make the main circuit act upon one or more electric motors,
which are reversible and I make these motors do work which gradually gets
greater, so that at last the work to be done is too great for the motors, thus a
position of equilibrium is arrived at; now I arrange that directly this position is
attained the main current is stopped and the work that has been done by the
motors then tends to drive the motors in the contrary direction and thereby
generate an electric current, but they cannot do so unless circuit is made through
the terminals of the motor-I also arrange that no current can pass back from the
motors through the original generating machine; when circuit is made to the
motors through lamps &c. the work is given out again in the form of useful
current, which stops directly the circuit is broken. Now when the work begins to

page_text: be given out from the motor in this way I arrange for the original circuit to be
remade and the current from the first generating machine again to flow into the
motors, or now practically through the lamps &c., but if there is more current than
is wanted, it goes to do work in the motor. Instead of using an electric motor
which is reversible I employ secondary batteries, and arrange that when charged to
a certain degree the circuit is broken, so that the generating machine stops sending
current into the batteries and so that no current can flow back from the batteries
to the generating machine; I then arrange that when circuit is made through the
batteries the current will flow at the required electro motive force and the
generating machine will recommence charging the batteries-By such means as
the above I can arrange apparatus analogous to a hydraulic accumulator, or to a
gasometer. I charge the batteries through a kind of electric valve, so that the current
can pass from the generating machine to the batteries but not back. I arrange to
stop the generating machines or the supply, when the batteries are sufficiently full.
I arrange that the batteries shall discharge through the circuit, keeping the electro⚫
motive force constant automatically or not, at the same time that the generating
machine is again recharging the batteries-I also attach an indicator which
indicates in convenient units the amount stored. In one method of doing this,
I employ a double meter which records the amount that has passed into the
batteries, and that, that has passed out to the circuit, giving the result as the
difference of the two which is the amount in the batteries at the time.
If any district or house be supplied with batteries charged from a distance
I combine with the meter, which registers the amount used, an arrangement for
denoting the amount of electricity in the batteries at any given time, and I also
place such a recording instrument at the generators so as to afford an opportunity
to the engineer to see how full the batteries are, to give alarm if they are too
empty or full, and if necessary to set mechanism in motion to stop or make the
supply as required.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed
by the said Charles Ashley Carus-Wilson in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 27th June 1882.
CHARLES ASHLEY CARUS-WILSON of Grenville Place in the County of
Middlesex. "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MEANS OR APPARATUS FOR CONTROLLING
AND REGULATING THE PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRICITY."
This Invention has reference te means or apparatus for controlling and regulating
the production and distribution of electricity.
One part of the Invention consists in a method of acting upon the generating
machine, water, steam, gas or other engine in addition to the ordinary governor;
I permit the governor to regulate the motion of the engine in the usual way
but supplement its action so that it regulates the cut off with respect to the
electro motivo force produced. The manner in which I may effect this is as
follows I arrange that a force preferably a weight shall be brought to bear upon
the governor as it rotates, and that this force shall be under the control of
two electro magnets or solenoids, one to apply the force and another to take it off-
These magnets or solenoids are respectively brought into action by currents whose
circuit is made and broken by a galvanometer-needle. I-arrange that when the
engine-is-producing the desired electro motive force the galvanometer needle shall
be stationary between two stops a short way apart, the weight or other force
meanwhile keeping the governor down a little and that when the electro motive
force rises the needle shall be deflected against one of the stops, making circuit
through one of the magnets or solenoids and this will alter the force on the
governor causing a decrease of speed and hence a decrease of electro motive force.
On the other hand if the clectro motive force fall, the needle will touch the other
stop and thereby cause the other magnet or solenoid to act and the weight or
other force to be applied to the governor in the other direction, which will increase
the electro motive force in the main-I set the apparatus for any given electro
motive force, if it be desired to alter it this can be done by shifting the stops on
the galvanometer relatively to the needle, or by shifting the magnets or solenoids,
or I may use differential coils and alter the proportion of the resistances. To make
it more sensitive I may alter the relative position of the stops or of the magnets or
solenoids or alter the resistance of the apparatus.
By the means above described I allow the governor to act just as usual with
respect to the speed, but as already stated, I supplement its action so that it
regulates the cut off with respect to the clectro motive force produced, and I am
also able by keeping the engine working ordinarily under its full power, to vary
the electro motive force according to the resistance in circuit, either arbitrarily or
automatically.
The manner in which I prefer to carry this part of my Invention into effect will
be understood on reference to Figures 1 and 2 of the annexed Drawings.
In Figure 1 a is the shaft on which the governor rotates. b is part of the
c is a weight
rotating gear of the governor which rises upon an increase of speed.
resting on b which rises and falls with the governor. d is a lever with fulcrum at e
of which the end f is forked and fits into a groove in c so that c can turn round
and move d up and down; g' g² are two solenoids fixed on a frame h with a common
core j. j is held by the fork k at the end of d; l is a spring fixed to d and h and
capable of being adjusted; the ends m n of the solenoids gg2 are joined together
and go to the negative cable from the machine-In Fig: 2 a is a solenoid with

page_text: core b which extends right through and rides in bearings at each end and of which
the portion shaded is iron. c is a pointer pivoted atd and working on a pin e fixed
on b; is an adjustable spiral spring-gh are two stops of metal to which are
joined the wires p q of Figure 1; the wire of the solenoid a is in direct circuit
between the positive and negative cables; the pointer c is of metal and is connected
to the positive cable-Now I adjust f Figure 2 so that at any desired electro
motive force the pointer is between the two stops g h, and I also adjust Figure 1
so that the weight c is raised sufficiently off the governor to allow the engine to
attain its proper speed; now if from any reason the electro motive force exceeds
the proper amount, the core b Figure 2 is drawn in, c Figure 2 touches h and makes
a circuit between the positive and negative through the solenoid g² Figure 1,
hence c Figure 1 gets lifted and the governor rises and the speed is diminished and
vice versd-In Figure 2 kk are 2 screws with milled heads for regulating the
position of the stops g and h; to make the apparatus more or less sensitive I bring
the stops more together or apart, whilst of course, after having regulated for the
electro motive force required by means of f, theroby moving the pointer, the stops
must be placed at equal distances from the pointer.
A further development of this principle is shewn in Figure 3-Here a is one of
the rods connecting the governor with the valve gear and it moves in bearings
at bb up and down with the governor; c d e are three toothed wheels, d and e
driven by c and all working in fixed bearings; & and e move in bearings f g; the
centres of ƒ and g are large enough to let pass the rod a with a key at h and
another key at k fixed on a; d and e carry small collars and m attached to them
respectively and having a row of teeth; two pieces n o ride on a and have slots
inside to take the keys and k so that a moves freely up and down but is turned
round if n or o turn round; a fork p at the end of a lever 7 pivoted at q sustains
nand o so that the rows of teeth on n and o are just clear of those on d and e; at
the other end of is an arrangement with two solenoids as in Figure 1 actuated by
apparatus as in Figure 2; c Figure 3 is turned by being connected to part of
moving gear of the engine. Above and below the bearings bb are connections as
shown in Figure 4-a in this Figure is the shaft a Figure 3; b is a stirrup-shaped
piece cut to take the screw on a, the other end of b forms a continuation of the
gear between the valve and the governor and there is an apparatus below similar
to b except that the screw is cut the other way. Now upon an increase or decrease
of electro motive force one or other of the coils in Figure 1 is brought into play
and the top or bottom teeth in Figure 3 engage, the result being that a is turned
round one way or another and the two pieces b Figure 4 above and below are
separated or drawn together and the necessary regulation is effected at the throttle
valve or expansion gear, thus I permit the governor to regulate in the ordinary way
but supplement its action according as the electro motive force varies.
Another part of the Invention consists in employing electro magnets to actuate
a force upon the governor such magnets being directly excited by the main circuit
current or a shunt of the same and whose power varies with the electro motive
force in the main. Thus upon an increase in electro motive force a force is applied
to the ordinary governor which diminishes the speed and vice versa.
For this means I employ apparatus similar to that illustrated in Figure 1 but I
now make the core ja natural magnet with the north pole just inside the bobbin g¹
and the south just inside the bobbin g² and I wind the bobbins so that their south
poles are opposite one another, thus j is forced up, I adjust to allow the engine to
attain its proper speed and I put m and n to the negative and p and q to the
positive cable, thus the weight c gets raised or lowered according to a decrease
or increase in the electro motive force; in this case a raising of c would have
to communicate an increase of speed so that the governor would have to be
reversed.
Another part of this Invention consists in regulating those generating engines
whose motion is caused by a series of impulses, as gas engines, by causing the action
to which the impulse is due to put a certain resistance in the circuit or in the

page_text: electric generator so that while the speed is above the normal owing to the sudden
impulse, a resistance is in circuit which keeps the electro motive force in the main
down to what it ought to be, and as the extra speed due to the sudden impulse
diminishes, the resistance is taken out and the electro motive force thus kept
approximately constant; the amount of resistance thus put in may be made to
vary arbitrarily or automatically, or I may introduce secondary batteries between
the main and the earth instead of the resistances and arrange for the sudden
impulse to go towards charging the batteries, or I may make it do other useful
work.
The manner in which this part of the Invention may be carried into effect is
represented in Figure 5. a is porcelain cup partially filled with mercury x, at the
bottom of a is a pivot b bearing on a standard c and onto b is keyed a toothed
wheeld which gears into another toothed wheel e, e is keyed on a shaft f which
has motion derived from some moving part of the gas or other engine. a is fitted
with a metal cover g in the centre of which a screw is placed carrying a carbon
rod of suitable diameter- is a rolling contact at the edge of the cover supported
on an insulated stand-m is a binding screw, fixed to the standard c; c is insulated
from what it stands on and the shaft f has a joint insulating c from the machine
altogether, the current through the field circuit of the electric generator is led by
wires to the two terminals l m and passes through the carbon rod and mercury.
Now when the machine is running, the mercury in the cup assumes a paraboloidal
shape; I adjust the length of carbon in the mercury by the set screw; now the
smallest variation in the speed alters the shape of the paraboloid; if the speed
increases more carbon is left above the mercury and vice versd; thus I obtain a
very delicate regulator for keeping the electro motive force constant with small
variations in speed.
Besides employing a resistance in the ordinary electrical sense_of_the_word-I_|
_also_employ-a-counter-electro-motive force brought into play by the increased
current which is the result of a variation in the speed. When running at the
ordinary speed I put a certain electro motive force in the field magnet circuit
opposed to that of the machine; when the electro motive force of the machine
increases I arrange for the counter electro motive force to increase also and resist
that of the machine and when the electro motive force of the machine diminishes,
I arrange for the counter electro motive force to diminish also and resist the
electro motive force of the machine to a less degres. This I contrive in the
following way. In the field magnet circuit of the machine I place a small electric
motor, so that the whole current through the field circuit goes through the motor ;
I make the wire in the motor sufficiently large so as to be practically of no
resistance and not to heat with the current. Now I fit the motor with a fan, a
brake or other contrivance so that I can set it for a certain number of revolutions-
When the machine is working and the current passes through the field circuit and
motor, the motor is made to rotate, and in doing so an electro motive force is
generated in the motor which is opposed to that of the machine and which varies
with the rate at which the motor turns being greater on an increase of speed and
vice versa. Now by means of the fan I fix the number of revolutions so that the
opposing electro motive force of the motor lets sufficient current past to excite the
fields; now if from any cause the electro motive force of the machine rises, it drives
the motor faster thereby increasing the opposing electro motive force and keeping
down the current in the field, and a reverse action takes place when the electro
motive force of the machine diminishes-The motor may also be placed in any
circuit where it is necessary to keep the current free from fluctuations due to
variations in the speed of the machine or other causes. I thus obtain an electric
cock for admitting just so much current as it is set for (by means of the fan or
brake) and no more or less within certain limits.
The manner in which I employ a resistance in the form of counter electro motive
force as just described is illustrated in Figure 6. a is the electric motor in the
field magnet circuit of the machine or any other circuit. is a wheel on the shaft

page_text: of the motor; on this wheel is a brake strap which is acted upon by means of a
handle so as to set the motor for a certain number of revolutions. d is an
absolute galvanometer with scale or index registering amperes to enable the
number of revolutions of the motor to be set for a certain given amount of current.
The current passes through the main binding screw e to the motor and after
passing through the motor goes through the galvanometer.
I also employ resistance in the form of a counter electro motive force to regulate
the electro motive force in the circuit of a single lamp, or a series of lamps. This
I arrange as follows:-I include in the derivation to a lamp, between the positive
and negative cables, a small electric motor so that the current to the lamp goes
through the motor; the motor is consequently made to rotate and the counter
electro motive force generated varies with the number of revolutions other things
being the same; I regulate the rate of rotation so as to allow a certain current to
pass through the lamp, and if the clectro motive force in the mains increases or
decreases within certain limits the counter.clectro motive force also increases or
decreases so that the current remains the same, now I apply a small brake with a
convenient screw or handle so that by screwing up or down I can increase or
diminish the number of revolutions i.e. the counter electro motive force and hence
the current. The general arrangement is illustrated in Figures 7 and 8. In
Figure 7 a is the lamp mounted on a stand b shewn half in section; c is the motor
mounted on two plates de screwed onto the inside of b; g is a sinall wheel keyed
onto the shaft on which the brake acts and h is the nut applying it; in Figure 8
a is the brake wheel in plan, b is a small steel band pivotted at c; d is an angle
piece pivoted at e; b is hinged to one end of das also is a spring f; a screw g goes
through the case and has the nut h at its end; being hinged to d on screwing
up the speed is diminished and the light increased-In order to obtain a
perfectly uniform light on all sides from any shaped carbon in the lamp I arrange
for the lamp to be pivoted on the axis of the motor the rapid rotation of which
presents a uniform ball or cylinder of incandescent material when viewed from any
position In a modification of the arrangement in Figure 7 I place a small fan
above the brake wheel and arrange so that a current of air continually circulates
between the lamp and the globe which may surround it. In Figure 8 I arrange
that when screwed up to a certain degree the motor is short circuited so that the
lamp burns full, and when unscrewed to a certain degree circuit is broken
altogether.
In order to obtain a constant electro motive force in the main circuit I employ
secondary batteries or electrical accumulators and arrange that when charged to a
certain degree the circuit is broken, so that the generating machine stops sending
current into the batteries and so that no current can flow back from the batteries
to the generating machine; I then arrange that when circuit is made through the
batteries the current will flow at the required electro motive force and the generating
machine will recommence charging the batteries. By such means as the above I
can arrange apparatus analogous to a hydraulic accumulator, or to a gasometer-I
charge the batteries through a kind of electric valve so that the current can pass
from the generating machine to the batteries but not back. I arrange to stop the
generating machines or the supply when the batteries are sufficiently full-I
arrange that the batteries shall discharge through the circuit keeping the electro
motive force constant automatically or not, at the same time that the generating
machine is again recharging the batteries-I also attach an indicator which
indicates in convenient units the amount stored-In one method of doing this, I
employ a double meter which records the amount that has passed into the batteries
and that which has passed out to the circuit, giving the result as the difference of
the two which is the amount in the batteries at the time.
The apparatus I employ in the circuit to prevent the current returning into the
generating machine is illustrated in Figure 9-u is a solenoid wound with thin
wire giving a resistance of about 500 ohms. bis the core of which the shaded part
is iron; the end of b is terminated by a head with a slot which works on a pin x

page_text: fitted on a wheel c so that when b moves it moves c; the wheel c rotates on an
axis d, and the non shaded part is metallic, the rest insulating material. eis a
strong steel spring which presses against b and can be adjusted by a set screw f;
h are two rolling contacts pressing against c; the positive wire from the machine
is shewn at k, it is joined to g, and is the wire to the positive pole of the accu-
mulators joined to h; mis a derivation to the solenoid and thence to the negative
wire n joining the negative poles of machine and accumulator. The action is as
follows I break the circuit at the machine and make the circuit at the accu-
mulators; at the same time (the accumulators are supposed to have a small charge)
I release the spring e and pull back b making circuit between g and h, thus a
current passes through the solenoid and b is drawn in; now I screw up f so that
the wheels g and h just make contact, then I break the accumulator circuit and b
is pushed forward by the spring. Now I screw fup a little more and clamp it the
result being that if the accumulator current could pass through the solenoid it
would be unable to draw bin far enough to bring g and honto the metal of c.
Now I make the circuit at the machine and at the accumulators, the current
passes from the machine through the solenoid; when the electro motive force has
risen above that of the accumulators, bis dragged in sufficiently to bring g and h
in contact with the metal of c thus making the circuit between the machine and
accumulators, the machine then begins to charge the latter; and if from any cause
the electro motive force of the machine drop below that of the accumulators the
circuit is broken, if it rises again it is made again; arrangement is made for
limiting the forward motion of b by a conveniently arranged stop
In order that the batteries may not be injured by the occurrence of a "short
circuit" and also for obvious reasons of safety, I introduce the apparatus illustrated
in Figure 10.
a is a solenoid through which the main circuit current_flows; b.is.a.core-having-
-the shaded portion of iron, c is a slot cut in b; d is a movable picce shewn in plan
in Figure 11 which has bearings at e and f. d is shaped so as to allow b to come
through it (as seen in Figure 11). is a wheel on an axis h of which the shaded
portion is insulated and the rest, metallic. d has a pin & fixed as shewn which
goes through a slot in g so that as d noves in its bearings to and fro g turns round
on its axis. I and m are two rolling contacts, the main current passes through the
Bolenoid, thence to m and through the metal of g to and so on. n is a strong
spring with adjusting screw hearing on b-p is another spring which presses d
against b as shewn in Figure 11. q is a lever pivoted at q' with a disc q" at one
end. The other end bears on d; r is a rod and handle bearing on q-s is a screw
stop for b-To set the instrument I pass through the solenoid the maximum
current that may ever be allowed in the circuit and adjust n so that the slot c
in bis just above the hole in d; then if at any time a short circuit occurs the
pulling power of a is very greatly increased and d falls into the slot c (by means
of p); this action breaks the circuit between m and li. e, the main circuit and
keeps it broken at the same time it throws forward the disc q" and throws out the
handler; when the short circuit has been rectified if r is pressed in it releases b
which falls back at the same time the main circuit is made through g.
The apparatus I employ for shewing how full the accumulators are is illustrated
in Figure 12. a is a rectangular vessel; it is shewn in section in the Figure. b is
a porous earthenware partition cemented into grooves in a and made to separate a
into two compartments water tight from one another as far as the joints are
concerned. a is made of glass or other insulating material. c is a glass globe or bulb a
fixed above a and glass tubes de go from c to the bottom of the two partitions
respectively. f is a second glass bulb attached to c; inside c is a light shaft g on
frictionless bearing and carrying a paddle (or series of paddles) ; inside f, g is
attached to a small counting apparatus. klare two prepared lead or other plates
forming together a simple form of secondary battery, i. c. when a current passes
from one to the other, a being filled with acidulated water, the ordinary phenomena
of a secondary battery take place-m n are two cocks fitted onto the top of c by

page_text: which any gas which accumulates can be removed. The action is as follows:-
I fill a with acidulated water, I open both m and n and from a syphon so as to fill
the tubes de also c and completely with water. I then close m and n. Now I
join and to the wire that comes from the machine to the accumulators so that
the current goes through a as shewn diagrammetrically in Figure 13; now whilst
the current passes from to through 6 the liquid in the left partition tends to
rise in consequence of a force proportional to the strength of the current but since
the two partitions are connected by a syphon through dc and e, the liquid flows
through c and turns the shaft g thereby turning the counter in f; hence for any
given meter of this description the number of revolutions is directly proportional
to the amount of current that has passed through to the accumulators. Now I
arrange the counting apparatus to mark coulombs and by calculation or experiment
I know how many coulombs must be sent into the accumulators to charge them
fully-say x coulombs; then starting the counter at zero, I begin to charge having
set the counter to x coulombs (as explained afterwards); when the counter has
recorded coulombs an auxiliary circuit is made which breaks the machine circuit
and keeps it broken; now when circuit is made to the lamps the current flows
from to and the water from e through c to d and the counter begins to turn
back and counts the coulombs that pass out so that at any moment the dial gives
the amount still in the battery plus what has escaped by leakage Upon the
pointer leaving the ordinary circuit is broken and the machine recommences
charging.
Figure 14 illustrates an improved construction of the globe c Figure 12. Here a
is the globe containing a wheel b with straight radial paddles and b is nearly as
broad as a, a being a section of a cylinder; c d are the two tubes to the cell; e is a
third tube with two cocks fand g; h is the axis of the paddle; to set the meter I
open both cocks and arrange a syphon to suck the water up c and d; when the
water begins to pass through e I close f and let the water in e run off; then I
close and open so that the water in a comes down to the level of the top of e
as shewn; I empty e again and leave g closed and f open; then I have just the
bottom of the paddle in water and the axle and all the counting apparatus also out
of water but still inside the glass--The tube e must be sufficiently large to let the
water escape when g is open and ƒ shut.
Figures 15 and 16 illustrate the method of setting the counter. a is the axis and
b the pointer of the last of say 3 dials. c is a section of the globe f Figure 12. d
is a glass disc moved from without by a screw e in an air tight bearing. f is a
metal stop fixed on d and in metallic connection with e; a is connected by a wire
to a solenoid similar to that shewn in Figure 9 which works a make and break in
the main circuit; e is connected to the positive wire from the accumulators-I turn f
round opposite 6, say, where I want the current to stop and when b comes round and
touches fa contact is made which actuates mechanism to break the machine circuit
and keeps it broken until b moves back out of contact with ƒ when the circuit is
again made.
.
In order to record the total amount which has passed into and out of the accu-
mulators, I introduce an arrangement shown in Figure 17. a is the shaft g
Figure 12; a is geared to two wheels b and c which rotate on, but not with, two
shafts d e f g are two wheels with teeth fixed on d and e-b and c each have a light
pawl on them gearing onto the teeth on ƒ and g and pressed by a very light spring.
d and e each work a separate counting apparatus; when a rotates in a direction
contrary to clockhands e is turned round and when in the other direction d is
turned round thus marking the amount that has altogether passed into or out of
the accumulators. In order to know how to set the meter properly by the
apparatus illustrated in Figures 15 and 16, I employ the following method.
Between the positive and negative terminals of any one of the cells making up a
battery I insert a galvanometer of very high resistance and obtain a deflection
proportional to the electro motive force and internal resistance of the cell; I adjust
the galvanometer so that the needle is very nearly at the zero. Now on charging the

page_text: series of accumulators the needle slightly alters its position but resumes it imme-
diately the charging stops, but when the charging has continued for a sufficient
time the battery begins to polarize resulting in a rapid movement of the needle in
the direction of the original deflection, when this movement has reached a certain
limit I arrange for the needle to indicate the position it has attained by making
contact to an electric bell; when the charging circuit is broken the needle resumes
its position at the zero. Similarly in the discharging when the series begins to get
empty polarization in the other direction takes place resulting in a rapid movement
of the needle in the contrary direction to the original deflection when the needle
makes another circuit giving warning of the state of the accumulators. Thus I can
see how many coulombs ought to be sent into the accumulators to charge thein
properly and set the meter accordingly; or I may arrange for the galvanometer
itself instead of giving signals to open and close to circuit by acting on convenient
apparatus such as that illustrated in Figure 18.
Figure 18 illustrates an apparatus for enabling the engineer to make and
break any circuit at any position without having the whole current brought to a
commutator close by him, which in some cases necessitates a great expenditure of
cable.
In this Figure, a is a solenoid with core b. c is a brass wheel with four segments
of insulating material c¹ c², c rotates on an axis d; fixed to c is a set of teeth e, 8 in
number arranged in a circle; a paul f engages these teeth and is made of a steel
spring so that it presses against e. f is screwed on to a lever g pivoted at hand
moved by b; l'are two rolling contacts; m and n are two set screws adjusted so
that just plays a distance of one tooth-p is a spring keeping g against m. ™ is
a commutator handle, s a metal piece; the main circuit passes from the machine
to through c to and so on; the resistance of a is about 60 ohms; a derivation
is taken from the positive wire to a thence_to_s_(which-may-be-at-any-distance-off-
-and-connected by thin wire) and another. derivation is taken from the negative
cable to Upon turning r from "off" to "on" (that is from y to) r touches 8
making a circuit for an instant through the solenoid thereby pulling c round and
bringing in metallic contact; a contrary movement of brings an insulating
segment opposite k and thereby breaking the circuit-Suitable provision is made
Bo that c is not swung round more than one tooth at a time.
Having now described the nature of my said Invention and in what manner
the same is to be performed I declare that I claim as iny Improvements in the
Means or Apparatus for Controlling and Regulating the Production and Distribution
of Electricity
First. The combination with the governor of an engine which works a dynamo
electric machine or electric generator, of an electro motive force dynamometer and
solenoids or electro magnets for supplementing the action of the governor
substantially as hereinbefore described and represented in Figures 1 and 2.
Second. The combination with the governor of an engine which works a dynamo
electric machine or electric generator, of an electro motive force dynamometer,
solenoids or electro magnets, and revolving gear actuating the connecting rod
between the governor and the valve gear so as to supplement the action of the
governor substantially as hereinbefore described and represented in Figures 3
.and 4.
Third. The combination with the governor of an engine which works a dynamo
electric machine or electric generator of electro magnets or solenoids actuated or
excited by the main current or a shunt of the same so as to act upon and supplement
the action of the governor, substantially as herein before described with reference to
Figure 1.
Fourth. The combination with a gas or other engine which works a dynamo
electric machine or electric generator of means such as that hereinbefore described
and represented in Figure 5 for putting in resistance when the speed of the engine
is above the normal and thereby keeping the electro motive force approximately
constant, substantially as set forth.

page_text: Fifth. The placing of an electric motor in a circuit to keep the amount of
current passing therein constant by means of the counter electro motive forco
generated in the motor, substantially as hereinbefore described.
Sixth. The placing of an electric motor in a circuit as an electric cock so as to
admit more or less current through that circuit as desired, substantially as
hereinbefore described.
Seventh. The employment of apparatus such as that herein before described with
reference to Figure 9 for preventing the current returning from accumulators to
the machine by which they are charged, substantially as and for the purpose set
forth.
Eighth The combination with apparatus such as that referred to in Claim 7 and
employed in the manner therein referred to, of apparatus for indicating the
presence of a short circuit, with adjusting arrangement, the whole constituting an
automatic safety cut off, substantially as herein before described and represented in
Figures 10 and 11.
Ninth. The combination with accumulators employed in the manner hereinbefore
described of a meter which registers the difference between the electricity which
has passed in and that which has passed out so as to show the amount of electricity
in the accumulators at any given time, substantially as herein before described and
represented in Figures 12 to 16.
Tenth. The combination with accumulators employed in the manner hereinbefore
described of a meter to record the amount of electricity that has passed into them
and the amount which has passed out to the circuit, substantially as herein before
described and represented in Figures 12 to 17.
Eleventh. The combination with a series of accumulators employed in the
manner herein before described of a galvanometer of high resistance to indicate the
presence of a counter electro motive force due to polarization and apparatus for
making and breaking the circuit to the accumulators by the movement of the
galvanometer needle substantially as and for the purpose hereinbefore described.
Twelfth. The employment of apparatus such as that herein before described and
represented in Figure 18 for the purpose of making and breaking a circuit to
accumulators at a distance.
In witness whereof the said Charles Ashley Carus-Wilson have hereunto
set my hand and seal this Twenty sixth day of June One thousand eight
hundred and eighty two.
CA CARUS WILSON (L.S.)