IMPROVEMENTS IN GENERATING AND APPLYING THE ELECTRIC CURRENT AND IN PRODUCING MOTIVE POWER, AND IN THE APPARATUS NECESSARY FOR CARRYING THE SAME INTO EFFECT
Year: 1876

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Edward Henry Cradock Monckton, of Fineshade, North-
amptonshire, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN GENERATING AND
APPLYING THE ELECTRIC CURRENT AND IN PRODUCING MOTIVE POWER, AND IN
THE APPARATUS NECESSARY FOR CARRYING THE SAME INTO EFFECT."
Sealed the 23rd February 1877, and dated the 28th November 1876.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION filed by the said Edward Henry_Cradock
Monckton at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 28th November
1876.
EDWARD HENRY CRADOCK MONCKTON, of Fineshade, Northamptonshire. "Iм-
PROVEMENTS IN GENERATING AND APPLYING THE ELECTRIC CURRENT AND IN
PRODUCING MOTIVE POWER, AND IN THE APPARATUS NECESSARY FOR CARRYING THE
SAME INTO EFFECT."
Firstly. I construct complete magnetic circles of either permanent or electro
horse-shoe magnets with their coils joined together by placing them in juxta-
position round two circular frames, each pole of each magnet being consecutively
placed so as to face the opposite pole of the next magnet, thus, N to S and S to N
all round; this is effected either by placing the magnets laid flat round the
peripheries of the frames or by bending the magnets or by making them in pieces
to be joined together in any desired form, so as to be arranged vertically with their
poles turned aside. By making the magnets flat instead of round they can be
packed closer, the same consecutive polar arrangement being made. By separating
the poles a sufficient distance one or more plain iron or magnetised steel discs can
be introduced packed side by side almost in contact, which arrangement will also
unite into one large magnet the entire circle of smaller ones. These discs can be
arranged so as to revolve in any way desired, they may also be made to break
contact by being slotted from the circumference towards the middle. By sub-
stituting for this disc an electro-magnet formed like a reel with slotted ends or poles
or in lieu of it a revolving wheel formed of electro-magnets, both wheels being
insulated from their axles, and by revolving. either in contact with the poles of the
magnets arranged in circles, as above described, the electro-magnetic circles will be
alternately completed and broken, and by a suitable arrangement any current
generated can be drawn off.

page_text: Secondly. I construct all my circular electro-magnets by coiling insulated wire
with thin sheet iron interposed between every successive two or more coils over a
hollow central iron tube; by preference the two polar ends of this tube are made
very large, somewhat resembling those of a reel for winding thread on, except that
they are by preference dished or carved, either outwardly, so that their rims or
edges project outwardly beyond the centre of the magnet tube, or inwardly, so as to
pass over the top of the coil and to face inwards towards its centre, and thus the
two magnetic poles are formed cup-shaped; these polar discs or cups are by
preference slotted, so that as they pass the poles of the magnets forming the circles,
they alternately unite them into one complete circle and disunite them. Where I
use a series of electro-magnets, I unite by preference the coils on them from magnet
to magnet so as to form one complete circle of magnetic coils, and in this manner I
form two distinct and complete magnetic circles, the one fixed, the other rotating;
the poles of such magnetic circles can be changed by using proper commutators.
Thirdly. I vary the form of ordinary permanent and electro horse-shoe magnets
by curving their ends inwards so as to make them face each other, and by applying
to them my novel bowl-shaped poles dished by preference inwardly, by which
means the magnetic force is caused to lie chiefly in the outward edges or rims of the
bowls and less in their centres which are least prominent, and I also when desired
cut slots in the edges or rims to these bowls, so as to cut off magnetic contact at
those parts. I cause my globular magnet above described to revolve with its semi-
circular poles curved inwards facing and lying within the hemispherical poles of a
large magnet so constructed, the axle being arranged so as to pass through the centre
of the former and between the poles of the latter, and I vary this construction by
making the poles of the large magnet curved hollow and shaped semi-cylindrically,
and the rotating magnet with each of its poles curved round semi-cylindrically, so
that they can rotate within the former.
Fourthly. I attach also straight or curved electro or permanent magnets, as the
case may be, by their centres in a circle round the periphery of a metallic disc or
ring, making them to face outwardly in the former and inwardly in the latter case,
and I also insert their ends circularly into the sides of discs, uniting their coils
together all round, and thus form a complete magnetic circle. I further construct a
novel form of engine by placing a fixed circular or other shaped electric fluid
reservoir or condenser between two electro-magnet cylinders, cach rotating opposite
to a similar fixed magnet circle, the axletree common to both passing through its
centre; these rotating magnets are arranged with their commutators so that their
poles attract those of the magnets attached to the fixed circles, while simultaneously
the poles of the magnets on the rotating circle repel the poles of the magnets
attached to the fixed circle placed opposite to them; just as the poles are passing
the centres of attraction, a rotating cominutator changes the direction of the current,
and those magnets which before attracted now repel, while those that previously
repelled now attract, so that by this means the power is applied continuously all
round the circle, one commutation serving for each entire circle. The poles may be
similarly changed and with the same effect on each circle. In addition to the
condenser I sometimes add an intensity coil, so that the currents from the battery
have to pass first through the condenser and then through the tension coil prior to
entering the magnets, the condenser acting as a reservoir already charged from the
battery, while the tension coil gives to the current the degree of intensity calculated
to produce the best and strongest effect on magnets always in the closest possible
proximity. It must be borne in mind that we are here dealing with a power vastly
different from ordinary mechanical ones, and that the velocity produced by
intensifying the current is in its own action an element of great power, especially
where the magnet poles as in the present instance are always in the closest possible
approximation.
Fifthly. I further improve the above construction by causing the poles of each
magnet to act doubly, that is, to attract at the one side while repelling at the other
side, which I effect by placing the circle of rotating horse-shoe magnets with their

page_text: poles opposite to those of the fixed ones, in such a position that half their poles is
simultaneously attracting while the other half of their poles is simultaneously
repelling one the other, whereby loss of power is rendered impossible, all back pull
is avoided, and the electro-magnetic force is exercising simultaneously attraction and
repulsion to its fullest possible extent. The method of effecting this will be easily
understood by a reference to Fig. 24, and its explanation.
Sixthly. By preference I use circular condensers, which I construct by coiling
together two strips of tin or other suitable foil with a non-conducting material, as
varnished silk or paper interposed, the sides of the foils forming the poles being
made to project on either side where they are afterwards united together, or else I
use plumbago applied to paper; the foil and paper by being previously wound on
to reels affords great facility for their construction. I construct induction coils in a
similar manner with thin sheet iron interposed between these foils with a non-
conducting material placed between, such as paper and silk sulphurised by my
patent processes, and apply them as substitutes for coils in electro-magnets, which
method gives greater facility for construction, I also wind the foils and paper as
above described, but without allowing them to come in contact by projecting on
either side, and as they are coiled I insert pieces of foil or wire on each side so as to
act as to be united and to form conductors, thereby saving a great and needless
expenditure of foil.
Seventhly. I make carbon points and slips for burning in order to produce the
electric light, and also for the construction of carbon crucibles and crucible linings
for experimental purposes and for electrodes and porous cells, by uniting together
pulverized carbon with clay in sufficient quantity to bind it. I prefer to use where
procurable the purest clays, such as the Cornwall and other China clays; these
mixtures I also subject by preference to hydraulic pressure previous to being baked.
I further combine clay and plumbago with powdered carbon and metallic filings,
precipitates, or deposits, or powdered minerals in the same manner, in order to effect
certain objects.
Eighthly. I cause the wheels of locomotives to bite or adhere more firmly to the
rails by attaching powerful electro-magnets, horse-shoe by preference, to their
frames, with their poles placed in close proximity along the surface of rails, and in
order to prevent accidents by contact with rough surfaces I apply small iron rollers
or wheels to the poles, so that on touching they can run over instead of scraping
along the fail; the axles of these wheels are fixed, by preference, into small iron
frames that can move up and down in slots cut in the magnet, so that they would
instantly rise if they met with any inequality in the rails. These frames are
pressed down by small coiled springs. I effect the same purpose by simply causing
the magnet itself to play up and down at the points of attachment to the carriage,
small bevelled guards being placed in front and rear of the magnet arms, so that on
meeting any obstacle these guards would slide on to it and cause the magnet
to rise.
Ninthly. I further cause the wheels to bite the rails by making reel electro-
magnets, as already described, on a large scale, these I fix across the locomotive
frame so that their circular ends or poles which are in this case dished somewhat
outwards by preference and not slotted shall run the one on the one rail, and the
other on the other rail; the peripheries of these poles are by preference formed like
locomotive wheels, and are secured to and made to rotate round the ends of the
bar magnet which here forms their axle, and which is in this case stationary. I
apply electricity however generated to magnetise these coils, these magnetic reels
may, if preferred, be arranged so as to revolve, their dished ends or wheels being in
this case fixed on to the magnet bar or tube instead of being loose. Another
advantage resulting from the having the dished poles or wheels constructed as above
is that the flange of the wheel forming one piece with the periphery gives a con-
siderably larger attracting surface than where the periphery without any flange
alone attracts, for it can only do so at one point. Where steel rails are used I
magnetize them by running magnetized wheels over them, by which means they

page_text: soon acquire polarity and become permanent magnets, and when their ends are cut
diagonally and they are properly and continuously laid they aid themselves in
attracting the wheels to them; I further magnetize rails prior to laying them
down.
Tenthly. In all cases I construct my electro-magnets, by preference, however
they may be applied with thin sheets of iron interposed between one, two, or more
insulated wire coils which are lapped over at the ends in order to take up all latent
electricity in the coil, as described in my previous Patents. The dished or bowl
ends of these magnets I secure, by preference, afterwards on to the magnet bar by
screws or otherwise, by which arrangement the winding of the coils and the placing
them on the magnet arms previously so prepared in separate pieces is greatly
facilitated.
Eleventhly. In lieu of magnetic reels, as above described, I also use revolving
magnet cylinders constructed with small, straight, or horse-shoe magnets formed on
the same principle as those on the outer fixed circle, and by this means I am able
more easily to balance as much as possible the attractive magnetic force or power of
the outer fixed circle of magnets against that of the inner magnetic revolving wheel,
placing magnets of equal or nearly equal power against each other. Another
advantage that I gain by using small magnets is, that metal suitable for their con-
struction is more easily procured, they are also cheaper to work, handle, and coil,
and when united produce the same effect as large ones, besides which they can be
more easily repaired, separated, carried about, and joined together again. To
enable magnets to pack closely round my cylinders and wheels, whether fixed or
rotating, I by preference make them flat and broad so that the coils can thus lie
flat and occupy less space than they would if coiled on round magnets, and I
further place flat and wide straight magnets round this wheel and connect their
poles on each side together, so that the whole of the north poles are united into one,
and the south poles into one by means of flat iron or steel rings, and I connect their
coils also where desired.
Twelfthly. I construct my propelling wheels for locomotives on railways with.
and without expansion spokes and tyres, in such a nanner as to admit of their
biting the rails over a largely extended surface, and I further lay down a boad
central road of stone, iron, or other suitable material specially for these wheels,
which I construct of as great a size and diameter as the space will admit of; I
apply the electric current or not at pleasure to these wheels. The construction of
the wheel with expanding tyre is as follows:-Round a central metallic core
forming the base into which the axle box is inserted are secured pairs of spokes
made of thin flat pieces of plate steel which are fixed in contact with each other,
their ends being secured by means of clips, as shown in Figs. 14 and 15 respec-
tively, to the periphery or tyre and the central core; these pieces of steel when
separated at their centres and curved outwards from the elastic spokes. The
periphery or tyre into which these spokes are inserted and fixed is also constructed
of plate steel, these all, both tyre and spokes, being properly tempered act as springs;
the elastic tyre yielding to the pressure on the axle contracts vertically and expands
horizontally, thus forming an oval or ellipse, while the spokes yielding to the
pressure take all round the form assumed by the tyre, and either separate centrally
still further or approach closer to each other; as they are they become placed in
either a vertical or horizontal position by turning the wheel, when some of them
will be forced together lengthways and become nearly if not quite straight, closely
approaching each other; while those in a vertical position will have their sides
curved outwards and be separated according to the force of pressure applied almost
into circles; the wheel itself when not weighted will be circular and the spokes
equally curved out, the spaces between them being equidistant, or nearly so, from
each all round. By increasing the diameters of these wheels and the breadth
of their tyre the surface of their bite on existing rails or on my proposed new
central road will be very great without the application to them of electricity. I also
apply these expansion wheels for attracting the rails instead of using dished poles

page_text: or common wheels to my electro-magnetic wheels above described; where I do not
use expansion wheels for propelling I use large cylindrical wheels made of iron or
of iron and wood, or paper; these have their peripheries surrounded by cords made
in the ordinary way, or with lengths of solid or tubular vulcanized india-rubber
coiled round or across the tyre; these cylinders are made of the greatest possible
width and diameter so as to occupy a large road surface, and thus reduce the
friction on any part of the wheel's circumference to a minimum.
Thirteenthly. I make electrical wire brushes for curative purposes, and for giving
a healthy tone and action to the body. I prefer however to make them circular
and rotating in the manner now applied to brushing hair, and to brushing horses
and other animals, though they may be made of any other shape and be applied for
this object in any suitable manner; these brushes being insulated one pole of the
battery is applied by preference to the metallic centre to which the wire forming
the brush is attached, while the other pole is applied to some part of the animal, as
to, say, its leg; by this means the animal is not only groomed but is simultaneously
subjected to the curative and strengthening influence of the electric current.
same system can be applied to the human frame, the brushes being made finer and
the wire forming these brushes being in this case by preference electro-plated.
The
Fourteenthly. I further apply electricity to the human body by conveying it in
the first instance through the bodies of healthy animals, say, for example, through
the bodies of a series of cows or horses insulated, on boards or otherwise. I also do
the same through the bodies of healthy persons, substituting them for animals. The
pole on one side of the battery is connected with a row or chain of animal or human
bodies, and thence with the brush or plate, or is conveyed from the animals to the
body of a healthy person, who would then form the end of this animal chain, and
who may apply his hand, if preferred, or the brush or plate in lieu of the hand, as
the case may be, to the part of the patient's body affected, who is placed either in
direct communication with the other pole, or, if preferred, with another similar
animal chain similarly arranged, and interposed between him and the battery pole
on the other side.
Fifteenthly. I further convey the electrical current to the human body after
passing it through medicinal baths of various sorts, such as solution of iron and
steel, with or without the introduction of the animal chain above described.
Sixteenthly. I use to produce a current an improved form of annular coiled
magnet as follows:-On a ring, composed either of soft iron or of coiled iron wire, I
coil at right angles to it a layer of insulated copper wire round a section of it, and
interpose between each layer of coil or between 3 or 4 layers of coil a very thin
sheet of iron, the thickness of paper; and over this section I continue to wind round
it another layer or coil or a few layers or coils of the same wire, and place over it
another fold of thin sheet iron, and so on alternate layers of insulated wire and
folds of sheet iron continuously till I have obtained the thickness required for one
section. I thus make as many sections as are desired to complete the circle, and I
finish off by preference by placing a thin casing of iron so as to cover the wire.
This ring, the wire coiled on which is continuous, as all the sections are joined up, I
use as a substitute for and an improvement on the magnetic ring as now prepared
in Gramme's electro-magnetic machine, and 1 apply it with the same object and in
the same way, the wires from each section being placed in connection with the
commutator or break in the same manner. The improvements consist, firstly, in
causing all the electric current latent in the coils to be taken up by means of the
sheet iron interposed; and, secondly, in causing the iron forming this circular ring
magnet to rotate in close proximity with the poles of the fixed one, which in
Gramme's magnetic ring cannot be effected except at a considerable disadvantage,
owing to the interposition of the entire thickness of the copper wire coil between
the iron wire magnetic coil lying within it and the poles of the magnet without.
Seventeenthly. I make use of the following improved method of commutating
and reversing the poles of the coils on electro-magnets and batteries for generating
electro-magnetism by placing two metal rings, say, of brass, one on each side of

page_text: a drum or cylinder made of non-conducting material, such as wood. Across the
top of the periphery of this drum immediately between these metal rings are placed
wires or pins, which are by preference inserted into the periphery of the drum, so
as to lie flat and evenly with its surface. These wires are made to alternate the
one with the other, the one proceeding from the metal ring on one side so as to
approach the metal ring on its opposite side, but leaving a space between them, the
next wire or pin being similarly made to come from this last ring and approach
without touching the first one, and so on alternately all round. The terminals of a
coil on an electro-magnet are then inserted apart into a frame of non-conducting
material, which is fixed over this revolving disc so that the terminals of the coils
on the magnets as they rotate come in contact simultaneously with two of these
alternate pins or wires, negative and positive, lying across the periphery of the
drum, and thus the poles are alternately changed, and an electric current is pro-
duced. I prefer to adopt this method where batteries or substitutes for them are
used, as by the facility afforded for rapidly changing the poles, as well as by the
close approximation of the magnet's poles, the entire electric current is utilised.
Eighteenthly. I further improve the induction of my electro-magnetic machine,
see Figures 13 and 20, by introducing a circular commutator on the outer edge of
the axle supporting the rotating magnet, in addition to and on the same construc-
tion and principle as the commutator which I place round this latter; this I place
in communication with the terminals of the coil on the fixed magnet, so that this
commutator also in rotating causes an instantaneously consecutive commutation of
the current to and from the poles of the fixed magnet, so that by passing the
current consecutively or simultaneously, as the case may be, through both magnets a
greater magnetic induction as well as a more continuous flow of the electric current
is produced. I further rotate my bar reel electro-magnet with semicircular poles
curved inwardly over the coil between the semiglobular poles of a fixed permanent
or electro-magnet placed facing, so that the coil on the rotating magnets is always
at right angles to the poles of the fixed magnets, the axle of the former being secured
to it at right angles to the centre of the magnet bar, and passing through the centre
of its coil.
Nineteenthly. I employ air and water in proportion of about 30 parts by space of
air to from 2 to 5 of water forced simultaneously by pumps through a fine wire
gauze into a tubular, by preference, receiver, where they come in contact in a
vaporous form with red-hot platinum heated by a current generated by a battery
or a magneto-electric or thermo-electric apparatus, or otherwise, and utilize it for
communicating power to an engine. I further employ similarly a mixture of air,
coal gas, and vapour from water, and use the electric spark.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS.
Fig. 1, W, W, represents a section through two circular frames attached to a
stand S, S, S, S, surrounded by either permanent or electro-magnets 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
&c. A is the axle formed of metal, and runs on an insulated bearing I, I, attached
to these frames and stand.
Figure 2 represents an outside or bird's-eye view from above of W, W, Fig. 1.
Here 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, &c., represents permanent magnets arranged round their
respective frames F, F, F, F, and F, F, F, F,-D, d, d, d, d; D represents a circular
iron disc referred to above, which is secured to the axle A, B, and insulated from it
at I, I, Fig. 1. The circular frames sustaining the magnets are also insulated from
the stand, and the stand from the ground. The magnets 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, &c., are so
arranged that their poles are placed N and S, and S and N consecutively, so as to
form a continuous magnetic circle from magnet to magnet, all round the wheel.
The discs D, d, d, d, d, D, revolves almost in contact between these two circular
frames of magnets, so as to enter between and unite in one their respective poles,
illustrating a new principle of construction.
--
Figs. 3 and 4 show another form of constructing the same machine. Here the

page_text: magnets 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, &c., instead of being placed respectively on separates frames
W, W, are placed diagonally, connecting the two frames, so that the poles of the
magnets 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, &c., are placed consecutively SN, SN, SN, SN. The
poles may also be turned sideways, or be constructed so as to carry out this
arrangement in a variety of ways, the disc D, d, d, d, d, D, Fig. 2, revolving between
them, and connecting all their poles into one complete magnetic circle, which is made
to take the place of the above iron disc.
Fig. 5 shows a circular electro-maguet, C, C, being an insulated coil wound round
a thick iron tube secured to but by preference insulated from its axle A, B, by insu-
lating material, as shown at I, I, I, I; this iron tube with its coil on it has two iron
cups a, a, a, a, and a, a, a, a, secured one to each end at I, I, I, I, which form the
magnetic poles. Surrounding the margins of these cups are rims p, p, and p, p, which
revolve within the poles a, a, a, a, see Fig. 6, of the circle of inagnets or electro-
magnets as they may happen to be in lieu of the iron disc. E represents a handle
for turning the disc.
Fig. 6 represents the same form of construction as Fig. 5, only that the cups a, a, a, a,
and a, a, a, a, forming the poles are turned so as to face inwards instead of outwards,
the pins or poles consequently are placed much nearer together and the machine so
constructed occupies much less space.
Fig. 7 represents the magnets M, M, M, M, &c., placed round a frame not drawn,
their poles placed as above described running NS, NS, NS, NS, consecutively all
round, with the addition of two iron or steel rings A, A, A, A, A, &c., and B, B, B, B, B,
&c., uniting into one their respective poles, so that these rings throughout their
circles act also as magnetic mediums, while leaving an annular space between them.
Figure 8 represents the same construction as Figure 7, only from another point
of view; the frame is not drawn.
Figures 9 and 10 represent two views of a circle of straight magnets or electro-
magnets placed with their ends inserted into and supported by two circular rings or
discs, metallic or otherwise, as wood or paper, supported by an axle A from which
it is insulated; this magnetic wheel is turned by the handle H or by power.
Figs. 11 and 12 represent another construction of the magnetic wheel, one circle
of the permanent or electro-magnet being fixed round, say an iron disc D, D, which
is secured to but insulated from the axle A, A, which is turned by the handle H,
while the outer circle of permanent or electro-magnets are secured to a metallic or
other ring C, C, C, C, secured to the frame L, L.
Fig. 13 represents a large electro-magnet having its poles curved inwards at T, T,
to which are secured 2 cups C, C, and C, C, which form the respective poles, and
between which an iron disc or an electric-magnetic wheel D, d, d, D, is made to
revolve by a handle at H or by power, its axle passing through the centres of these
cups. The outer end of the axle is shewn carrying a revolving commutator R, R,
with its commutating wires a, a, a, and b, b, b, and its frame L, detailed more fully
under Fig. 20.
Figs. 14 and 15 represent a wheel, the spokes SS, SS, SS, SS, SS, and
tyre t, t, t, t, of which expand and contract as it revolves. Fig. 14 represents this
wheel stationary and unweighted; Fig. 15 represents it weighted and as it appears
when in motion; Figs. 16 and 17 shew the manner in which the ends of the spokes
are respectively secured to the tyre t, t, t, t, and nave N of the wheel by the
pieces A and B, Figs. 16 and 17, which hold the outer ends of the spokes S, S,
together by means of the screws. and nuts S and S¹, the difference being that Á is
by preference rivetted to the tyre t while B is secured to the nave N by being
screwed by preference into a nut inserted sideways into N.
Fig. 18 represents an insulated coil c wound on a solid iron-bar magnet which is
fixed at a, a, solidly to a locomotive frame, not drawn, by brass or gun-metal
fastenings, but placed a sufficient distance from it not to interfere with the attraction;
at each end or pole of this magnet is attached an ordinarily shaped wrought-iron
railway wheel W, W, but of lighter construction, by means of which the magnetism
of the poles is conveyed to the rails and the wheels W, W, and W, W, are by this

page_text: arrangement made to bite or hold the rails firmly; by another construction the
wheels W, W, and W, W, are fixed solidly to the ends of the magnets, and the
magnet revolves with them; the coil is then also wound on the magnet so as to lie
up and be packed against the wheels W, W, which are centrally made in a disc form
so that the coil shall fit close against it.
Figure 19 represents a horse-shoe electro-magnet secured to the side of the
frame of a locomotive, so as to approach close to and attract the rail; M is the
magnet which is placed between the two wheels W, W, of the frame F, F, of a
locomotive to which it is secured, so as to not to interfere with its magnetic action;
the poles of these magnets are by preference furnished with small wheels W, W, W,
and W, W, W, which are secured in boxes made to slide up and down grooved or
bevelled slots, B B, B¹ B', cut in the magnet poles, and are kept downwards by the
coiled springs S, S, fixed above them in the same slot; these wheels S, S, S, may be
either placed or secured within the poles of the magnets by dividing them, or else
they may be fixed outside them. By another arrangement the magnet is so attached
to the locomotive frame that it can itself move up and down on meeting obstacles,
the sides of the poles being furnished with guards.
Fig. 20, M, M, represents a magnet on which there is wound an insulated coil R, R;
D, D, is a drum or disc made of wood, ebonite, or other non-conducting material,
having two brass rings attached to it, one on each side; from these rings project the
pieces of wire or metal a, a, a, a, a, a, and b, b, b, b, b, b, respectively, which are
imbedded in the drum D, D; these wires are placed alternately apart, so as both to
avoid touching each other and the ring opposite to them; the terminals of the
coil R, R¹, are attached to the rollers d and di which are secured in a frame of non-
conducting material which is fixed over the drum D, D, so that the roller d, as
shewn in the Figure, rests on the wire or slip of metal b, while the roller d' rests
on the wire a. The rings are respectively placed in connection with the poles of a
battery by means of the wires t, t, and t¹, t; as the drum revolves by turning the
handle E the wires on it will advance forward and the rollers & and d¹ will run on
to the next pair of wires, and the roller d which before was resting on the wire b will
now thus rest on the wire a, while the roller d¹ will rest on the wire b, and thus as
the drum rotates there will be a constant change of the poles of the magnet M, M.
Fig. 21 represents a ring flattened by preference, composed of a core either of
solid iron or of strong iron wire and of a coil of insulated copper wire built up
with alternate layers of thin sheets of iron wound round it, the shaded line in the
lower Figure, drawn in section, represents this sheet iron; the spaces between them
represent the wire.
In the upper Figure the iron wire A, B, is shown drawn
longitudinally, while the insulated copper wires c, d, and the iron sheets lying
between them are shewn cut across. The whole of the magnetic ring R, R, is
incased in thin sheet iron; by this means as it revolves between the poles of a
magnet constructed so as to embrace it the whole magnetic influence is exercised,
owing to the iron forming the magnet being brought into close contact instead of
being removed from the poles of the magnet within which it revolves by the
distance of the space occupied by the copper wire, which defect in the grammes'
clever and otherwise perfect electro-magnetic machine it is hoped that this arrange-
ment may rectify.
Figure 22, M, M, M, represents a large electro-magnet with its coils C and C¹ and
its saucer or semi-globular-shaped poles t, t, t, t, and t¹, t¹, t¹, t¹, within which poles
the semi-globular poles b, b, b, b, and d, d, d, d, of the electro-magnet D, D, revolve
almost in contact with them, the insulated wire on this latter is coiled round its
body in the direction D, D. The semi-globular-poled magnet D, D, is supported on
the axle a, a, and is turned by the handle H, or by a pulley if an engine is used.
Commutators such as are shewn at Figure 20 are applied to the terminals of the
coils on either or both magnets in conjunction with a galvanic battery.
Figure 23, M, M, represents a large permanent or electro-magnet with its curved
arms C, C; a, a, a, a, a, a, a, a, are small straight electro-magnets secured by one
end into a common centre consisting of an iron disc D; the other ends are made

page_text: large and curved, so as to lie almost in contact within the circle formed by the
arms of C and C¹ of the large maguet M, M; the disc D is supported by and affixed
on to an axle from which it is insulated, and is turned by a handle or by a pulley.
The coils on the magnets a, a, a, a, a, a, a, a, are all joined up together, their
terminals being joined up to a break or commutator in connection with the poles of
a battery.
Figure 24, magnets 1 and 3, are fixed in a circle and are stationary, whilo
magnets 2 and 4 which are fixed on a wheel rotate past them and their poles in
close proximity, as shown in the Figure. The magnets and their poles are all made
of the same size and width, the poles occupying the same space as the distance
between the poles of each magnet; it is obvious that the poles S' and S₁ of magnets
1 and 2 are repelling each other while simultaneously the poles S₁ and N of the
same magnets 2 and 1 are attracting each other. In like manner poles N¹ and N of
magnets 1 and 2 are repelling each other while poles N¹ and S of magnets 2 and 3
are attracting each other; and in like manner poles S' and S of magnets 3 and 4
are repelling each other while poles St and N of magnets 4 and 3 are attracting each
other while poles N' and N of magnets 3 and 4 are simultaneously repelling each other,
and so on all round the circle; when the poles c, c, c, c, of the rotating magnets pass
the centres of attraction of the poles c, c, c, c, of the fixed magnets the current is
reversed, and the poles which previously attracted now repel each other and the
poles that previously repelled now attract. It is also obvious that the motion of
the rotating magnet cylinders can be reversed by reversing the electric current,
which will at once change attraction into repulsion and repulsion into attraction in
the opposite direction; as many rotating magnetic wheels as may be desired may
be similarly applied to the same axletree to be actuated by corresponding fixed
magnets, and the distance of the polar attraction or repulsion be thereby diminished
and sub-divided. The advantages are that every magnet is doing its utmost duty
without loss of current in the closest possible.proximity, and thus utilising profitably
and to the utmost both the quantity and intensity of the clectro-magnetic currents.
The magnetic circles shewn in Figures 1, 2, 3, and 4, can be thus utilised by removing
the discs.
I disclaim to knowingly make use of the Inventions of others, and I claim
without confining myself to any particular form of construction, so long as the
principles of the Invention are adhered to, my improvements in generating and
applying the electric current and in producing motive power, and in the apparatus
necessary for carrying the same into effect, substantially as herein-before described
and shewn in the Drawings.
In witness whereof, I, the said Edward Henry Cradock Monckton, have here-
unto set my hand and seal, this Twentieth day of November, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-six.