IMPROVEMENTS IN AXLE BOXES FOR RAILWAY CARRIAGES
Year: 1866

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Edward Adolph Hermann Beuther, of Achen, in
the Kingdom of Prussia, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN AXLE
BOXES FOR RAILWAY CARRIAGES."
Sealed the 3rd August 1866, and dated the 6th February 1860.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Edward Adolph Hermann'
Beuther at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition,
on the 6th February 1866.
I, EDWARD ADOLPH HERMANN BEUTHER, of Achen, in the Kingdom of
Prussia, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN AXLE BOXES FOR RAILWAY CARRIAGES," to be as follows:-
This Invention consists in various improved arrangements and additions to
the axle boxes employed in railway rolling stock for the following purposes :—
firstly, for excluding dust and preventing leakage and waste of oil; secondly,
for enabling rapid inspection and repair; thirdly, for the separation of the
spent or used-up oil from the pure portion, thereby allowing the former to be
again clarified; fourthly, for obtaining the utmost simplicity of construction
by the absence of such parts as may be easily injured; and, above all, for
ensuring the certainty of the oil feed; fifthly, for enabling the axle bed or
bearing to make the pressure of the burden weigh equally on all parts of the

page_text: axle journal; and sixthly, for enabling the oil reservoir to be of sufficient
capacity for allowing a greatly increased distance to be run over before a fresh
supply of the lubricant is required.
Firstly. For excluding dust and preventing leakage.and waste of oil, I cause
the oil chamber round the axle to be tightly and impermeably closed by means
of two wooden discs having holes exactly corresponding with the diameter of
the respective axletree, the said discs being in all their parts of the samo
thickness. A flat spring is fastened to the bottom of one disc, and the ends
of the spring are in contact with the bottom of the other disc, and this spring
is constantly tending to pull down one disc and to push up the other disc; and
by this means the said discs are continually pressed round the axle, whilst an
india-rubber ring let into one disc presses the sides of the discs against the
sides of the axle box, thereby forming a perfect hermetical joint, which will
render it impossible for the oil to escape from the axle box, and entirely exclude
the intrusion of dust and filth.
Secondly. For enabling rapid inspection and repair, I connect the upper and
lower parts of each axletree by two bolts, by the unfastening of which the
separation of the said upper and lower parts may be easily and rapidly effected.
In order to obtain access to the axle journal and axle bed or bearing it is
only requisite to remove the lower part of the box, then place a jack under-
neath the upper box, and raise the ordinary spring 1 inch, when the bed or
bearing may be lifted from the axle journal for the purpose of being repaired,
as the case may be, or replaced by a fresh one if required; and in order to
prevent the spontaneous unscrewing of the bolts and nuts they are double
threaded right and left and packed with sap wood.
Thirdly. For the separation of the spent or used-up oil from the pure portion,
so as to allow the former to be again clarified, I form in the bottom of the
axle box two receptacles separate from each other, one for containing the pure
oil, and the other for collecting the impurities. The top or cover of the pure
oil receptacle is inclined downwards, so that the oil oozing from the axle
journal and bearing can only flow into the receptacle for collecting the impuri-
ties, from whence, after depositing all the filth and metallic particles with
which it is charged, it will strain off through small holes, and return to the
pure oil receptacle in a clarified state, in order to serve again for lubricating.
The oil flowing from the wooden discs is clarified in the same way, as it flows
on the inclined surface of the cover and into the receptacle for collecting the
impurities, and ultimately into the pure oil receptacle.
Fourthly. For obtaining the utmost simplicity of construction by the absence
of such parts as may be easily injured, and, above all, for ensuring the certainty

page_text: of the oil feed, I cast on the lower walls of the box slanting cheeks or lips
for the purpose of receiving cast brass cushion bearers employed as oil suckers.
These cushion bearers are made to correspond with the diameter of the axle,
and are coated with felt or plush, and crossed by ordinary lamp wicks. The
suckers when placed in the cliceks or lips slip down to the axletree and press
against it with the full stress of its weight.
Fifthly. For enabling the axle bed or bearing to make the pressure of the
burden weigh equally on all parts of the axle journal I form in a bearing
on the top of the axle a semicircular cavity, into which is fitted a convex rib
on the cap of the box, so that the bearing can oscillate on the rib in the
longitudinal direction of the axletree, thereby enabling the pressure of the
burden to act uniformly on all parts of the axle journal; but the said bearing
is debarred of any lateral motion so as to obviate the possibility of the axle's
assuming an oblique position.
Sixthly. For enabling the oil reservoir to be of sufficient capacity for allowing
a greatly increased distance to be run over before a fresh supply of the lubri-
cant is required, I form the oil reservoir partly within the walls of the box,
and make the cover inclined downwards towards the middle, so as to obtain
a greatly increased capacity for holding the oil. The vibrations or oscillations
of the oil in the reservoir whilst the vehicle is in motion are kept within bounds
by the slanting position of the cover, thereby preventing the oil from becoming
thick; and I may here state that I prefer the use of rapeseed oil to any other
lubricant. Oil cups or funnels are altogether dispensed with, as the supply of
the lubricating material to the axles only requires to be periodically renewed
in the workshops and whilst the carriages are being inspected and examined.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Edward Adolph Hermann Beuther in the Great Seal Patent
Office on the 3rd August 1866. .
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, EDWARD
ADOLPH HERMANN BEUTHER, of Achen, in the Kingdom of Prussia, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Sixth day of February, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-six, in the twenty-ninth year of Her.
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me,
the said Edward Adolph Hermann Beuther, Her special licence, that I, the said.

page_text: Edward Adolph Hermann Beuther, my executors, administrators, and assigns,
or such others as I, the said Edward Adolph Hermann Beuther, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from
time to time and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man,
an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN AXLE BOXES FOR RAILWAY CARRIAGES," upon
the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Edward Adolph Hermann
Beuther, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under
my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe
and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same.
was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent
Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the
said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Edward Adolph Hermann Beuther, do
hereby declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the
same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement, that is to say:-
This Invention consists in various improved arrangements and additions to
the axle boxes employed in railway rolling stock for the following purposes :-
First, for excluding dust and preventing leakage and waste of oil; secondly,
for enabling rapid inspection and repairs; thirdly, for the separation of the
spent or used-up oil from the pure oil, thereby allowing the former to be
clarified; fourthly, for obtaining the utmost simplicity of construction by the
absence of such parts as may be easily injured; and, above all, for ensuring the
certainty of the oil feed; fifthly, for enabling the axle bed or bearing to make
the pressure of the burden weigh equally on all parts of the axle journal; and
sixthly, for enabling the oil reservoir to be of sufficient capacity for allowing
a greatly increased distance to be run over before a fresh supply of the lubri-
cant is required.
This Invention will be clearly understood by the following particular descrip-
tion thereof, reference being had to the figures and letters on the accompanying
Sheet of Drawings, in which Figs. 1 and 2 are front and side elevations of
one of my improved axle boxes for railway carriages; Fig. 3 a back elevation
of the same, with the axle in section; Fig. 4 are upper and lower views of the
upper box or cover; Fig. 5 an inside view of the lower box; Fig. 6 a section
of the axle bearing and axle box complete at the line a, b, Fig. 2; Fig. 7 an
external view of part of the axle, and section. of the bearing and axle box
complete at the line c, d, Fig. 1; Fig. 8 a section of the axle box only

page_text: at the line c, d, Fig. 1; Fig. 9 a section of Fig. 8, at the line g, h; Fig 10
a section of Fig. 8, at the line e, f; Figs. 11 and 12 are front and side views
of the axle bed or bearing; and Figs. 13 and 14 are detached views.of a part
of the improvements.
First. For the purposes of excluding dust and preventing leakage and waste
of oil, I cause the oil chamber round the axle to be tightly and impermeably
closed by means of two wooden discs f and f', Figs. 7, 8, and 10, the said
discs having holes exactly corresponding with the diameter of the respective
axletree, and being in all their parts of the same thickness. A flat spring p,
Figs. 7, 8, and 10, is fastened to the bottom of the disc f by means of the
angle piece q, and the ends of the spring are in contact with the bottom of
the other disc f', and this spring is constantly tending to pull down one disc
and to push up the other disc; and by this means the said discs are continually
pressed round the axle e, whilst an india-rubber ring let into the disc f'¹ presses
the sides of the discs against the sides of the axle box, thereby forming a
perfect hermetical joint, which will render it impossible for the oil to escape
from the axle box, and entirely exclude the intrusion of dust and filth.
.
Secondly. For enabling rapid inspection and repair I unfasten and remove
the two bolts c, Figs. 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, and 10, which connect the upper and lower
parts of the axle box together, and the separation of the parts may be easily
and rapidly effected, even whilst the vehicle is travelling at full speed. In
order to obtain access to the axle journal and axle bed or bearing it is only.
requisite to remove the lower part of the box, then place a jack underneath the
upper part and raise the ordinary spring about one inch and a half, when the
bed or bearing may be lifted from the axle journal for the purpose of being
repaired, as the case may be, or replaced by a fresh one if required; and in
order to prevent the spontaneous unscrewing of the bolts and nuts c they are
double threaded right and left, and packed with sap wood.
Thirdly. For the separation of the spent or used-up oil from the pure oil,
so as to allow the former to be clarified, I form in the bottom of the axle.
box two receptacles m and n, Figs. 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9, separate from each other,
the receptacle m containing the pure oil, and the other receptacle 'n for
collecting the impurities. The top or cover i of the pure oil receptacle m is
inclined downwards, so that the oil oozing from the axle journal and bearing
can only flow into the receptacle n for collecting the impurities, from whence,
after depositing all the dirt and metallic particles with which it is charged, it
will strain off through small holes in the receptacle n, and return to the pure
oil receptacle m in a clarified state, in order to serve again for lubricating.
The oil flowing from the recess made for the wooden discs is clarified- in the

page_text: same way, for as the inner surface x, Figs. 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9, of the said recess is
half an inch lower than the outer surface z, the oil can only flow into the interior
of the box and along the inclined cover i to the receptacle n, and from thence
in a clarified condition to the. pure oil receptacle m. The receptacle n is a
separate vessel, and can be easily lifted out of the box for the purpose of
being cleaned of its foul deposits, and then be replaced in the box for further
use; and in order to prevent the vessel n from shifting it is keyed to the inclined
cover by the wedge x.
Fourthly. For obtaining the utmost simplicity of construction by the absence
of such parts as may be easily injured, and, above all, for ensuring the certainty
of the oil feed, I cast on the walls of the lower box slanting cheeks or lips 1,
Figs. 5, 6, 8, and 9, for the purpose of receiving cast brass cushion bearers 8,
Figs. 6, 13, and 14. These cushion bearers are made to correspond with the
diameter of the axle e, and are coated with felt or plush, and crossed by
ordinary lamp wicks o, Figs. 6 and 7, for the purpose of acting as oil suckers,
the ends of the wicks being immersed in the pure oil in the receptacle m. It
is evident that when the oil suckers are placed in the inclined cheeks or lips r
they will slip down to the axle and press against it with the full effect of their
weight, but at the same time they are prevented from falling off in consequence
of being held in the cheeks; and if the suckers are damaged or destroyed
new ones may be introduced into the inclined cheeks when after unfastening
the screws e the lower box is removed from the cap or cover.
Fifthly. For enabling the axle bed or bearing d, Figs. 6, 7, 11, and 12, to
make the pressure of the burden weigh equally on all parts of the axle journal,
I form in the top of the bearing d, Figs. 6, 7, 11, and 12, a semicircular
cavity, into which is fitted a convex rib d¹ on the cap of the box, so that the
bearing can oscillate on the rib in the longitudinal direction of the axle,
thereby enabling the pressure of the burden to act uniformly on all parts of
the axle journal, and as the bearing is debarred from any lateral motion there
is no possibility of the axles assuming an oblique position.
Sixthly. For enabling the oil reservoir to be of sufficient capacity for allowing
a greatly increased distance to be run over before a fresh supply of the lubricant
is required, I form the oil reservoir m partly within the walls of the box and
make the cover incline downwards towards the middle, so as to obtain a
greatly increased capacity for holding the oil. The capacity of the said reservoir
is 72 cubic inches, and consequently able to hold two and a quarter pounds of
oil, which is far more than sufficient for a run of 14,040 English miles. The
vibrations or oscillations of the oil in the reservoir whilst the vehicle is in
motion are kept within bounds by the slanting position of the cover, thereby

page_text: preventing the oil from becoming thick; and I may here state that I prefer
the use of rapeseed oil to any other lubricant. Oil cups or funnels are alto-
gether dispensed with, as the supply of the lubricating material to the axles
only requires to be periodically renewed in the workshops and whilst the
carriages are being inspected and examined; and thus the services of men for
lubricating will not be required.
Having now fully described the nature and particulars of my said Invention,
and the manner in which the same may be performed, I desire it to be under-
stood that I claim the improvements in axle boxes for railway carriages as
herein described and illustrated in the accompanying Drawings.
In witness whereof, I, the said Edward Adolph Hermann Beuther, lave
hereunto set my hand and seal, this Twenty-fifth day of July, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-six.
EDWARD ADOLPH HERMANN BEUTHER. (L.S.)

page_text: the sole privilege to make, use, exercised, and vend the Invention of
"IMPROVEMENTS IN AXLE BOXES FOR RAILWAY CARRIAGES," within the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and the Isle
of Man, during the term of fourteen years then next ensuing:
And whereas the said Edward Adolph Hermann Beuther, on the Third
day of August One thousand eight hundred and sixty-six, within the
time prescribed by the said Letters Patent, caused a Specification in
writing under his hand and seal to be filed in the Great Seal Patent
Office:
And whereas, by an Indenture of Assignment, bearing date the Ninth
day of March One thousand eight hundred and seventy-one, and made
between the said Edward Adolph Hermann Beuther of the one part, and
me, the said Matthias Neuhaus of the other part, and duly registered in
the Great Seal Patent Office, the said Letters Patent and Invention were
duly assigned to and are now vested in me, the said Matthias Neuhaus,
for all the residue of the said term of fourteen years:
And whereas after the date of the application for the said Letters
Patent, and since the filing of the Specification in pursuance thereof, I
have ascertained and been advised that the description of the said
Invention in too broad, and contains matter which was not new and
original at the date of the said application for Letters Patent, particularly
the matter secondly, fourthly, fifthly, and sixthly, described in the said
Specification.
And in order to render the said Specification more definite, clear,
and distinct, I propose to make the several alterations, erasures, and
corrections therein as herein-after mentioned contained.
NOW KNOW YE THEREFORE, that I, the said Matthias Neuhaus,
by and with the leave of Her Majesty's Solicitor-General, do hereby for
the reasons aforesaid, and in order more clearly to define and limit the
true nature of the said Invention and the means of carrying it into
practical effect, make the following alterations and erasures in the said
Specification, that is to say :-
I strike out at lines 21 and 22, page 4, of the said Specification, as
printed by Her Majesty's Printers, the words "secondly, for enabling
rapid inspection and repairs," and in line 22 I strike out the word
thirdly," and substitute for it the word "secondly."
<<
66
At lines 24 and 25, page 4, of the said Specification I strike out the

page_text: words "fourthly, for obtaining the utmost simplicity of construction by
"the absence of such parts as may be easily injured," and at line 25
I strike out the words. "above all," substituting for them the word
"thirdly," and at line 26 I strike out the word "fifthly," and all the
words following down to the end of the paragraph at line 30.
C
At line 33, page 4, of the said Specification, I strike out the words
Figures 1 and 2," and all the words following down to and inclusive of
the words "upper box or cover" at line 36; and in the same line 36 I
strike out the figure "5" and substitute for it the figure and word
"1 is;" and I also strike out the figure "6" in the same line and
At the next line 37 in the same
substitute for it the figure "2."
page I strike out the words "at the line a, b, Figure 2;" and I also
strike out the figure "7" in the same line and substitute for it the
figure "3."
At line 39 of the same page I strike out the words "at the
"line c, d, Figure 1," and I substitute the figure "4" for the figure
"8" in the same line. I strike out the last word "only" in the same
line, and the words "at the line c, d, Figure 1," following on line 1,
page 5. I strike out at line 1, page 5, the figures "9, "8," and "10,"
and substitute for them respectively the figures "5," "4," and "6;" I
also strike out the words "at the line g, h;" from the same line
I strike out the word "a" and insert the word "another" before the
word "Section" at line 2, page 5, and substitute the figure "4" for the
figure "8," so that the phrase may read "another section of Figure 4;"
and I strike out from the same line and that following it the words
"at the line e, f, Figures 11 and 12 are front views of the axle bed or
bearing;" and at line 3, page 5, I strike out the figures "10" and
"14," and substitute for them the figures "7" and "8" respectively.
I strike out at line 5, page 5, the word "First" and all the sentence
following down to the full stop after the word "thickness" in line 9;
and I insert the word "Firstly" before the words "a flat spring p" in
the same line. I also strike out the figures "7," "8," and "10" in
line 10, and substitute for them the figures "3," "4," and "6."
I strike out from line 14, page 5, the words "whilst an india-rubber
ring," and all the words following down to the end of line 28.
I strike out from line 29, page 5, the word "Thirdly," and substitute
for it the word "Secondly;" and I strike out in line 31 the figures "5,"
6," "7," "8," and "9," and substitute for them the figures "1,"2,
66

page_text: "3, "4," and "5," respectively. I also strike out from line 1, page 6;
the figures "5, "6, "7, "8," and "9," and substitute for them the
figures "1, 2, 3, "4," and "5," respectively.
<<
"L
I strike out at lines 9 and 10, page 6, the words " Fourthly, for
obtaining the utmost simplicity of construction by the absence of such
parts as may be easily injured, and above all;" and I insert the word
Thirdly" in line 10 before the words "for ensuring." I strike out at
line 12, page 6, the figures "5, "6, "8," and "9," and substitute for
them the figures "1, "2, "4," and "5," respectively; and I also strike
out from line 13 the figures "6, "13," and "14," and substitute for
them the figures "2, "7," and "8," respectively. I also strike out the
figures "6" and "7" from linc 15, and substitute for them the figures
"2" and "3."
I strike out all the two paragraphs contained in and between line 23,
page 6, and line 6 of page 7 containing the description of the parts 5thly
and 6thly mentioned.
I would also crave leave to file a Sheet of Drawings with this my
Memorandum of Alteration, which shall contain the figures marked
"6, " 7, "8, "9, "10, "13," and "14" of the Drawings annexed to the
said Specification which I now propose to call Figures "1, "2, "3, "4,
"5, "6," and "7," respectively, with the omission of the letters of reference
referring to those parts which I desire to remove from the Specification.
And I do hereby declare that the said Specification as amended by
this present Memorandum of Alteration shall read as follows:-
"SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
"filed by the said Edward Adolph Hermann Beuther in the Great
Scal Patent Office on the 3rd August 1866."
66
"TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, EDWARD
"ADOLPH HERMANN BEUTHER, of Achen, in the Kingdom of Prussia,
" send greeting.
"WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters, bearing date the Sixth day of February, in the year of our
"Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-six, in the twenty-ninth
year of Her reign, did, for Herself, heirs and successors, give and
grant unto me, the said Edward Adolph Hermann Beuther, Her
special license that I, the said Edward Adolph Hermann Beuther,
"
"

page_text: CE
«
my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said
"Edward Adolph Hermann Beuther, my executors, administrators, and
assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to
"time and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed,
"should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the
"United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands,
"and the Isle of Man, an Invention" for IMPROVEMENTS IN AXLE BOXES
"FOR RAILWAY CARRIAGES,' upon the condition (amongst others) that I,
"the said Edward Adolph Hermann Beuther, my executors or adminis-
"trators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of
"their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the
"nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to
"be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent
"Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the date
"of the said Letters Patent.
"NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Edward Adolph Hermann
"Beuther, do hereby declare the nature of my said Invention, and
"in what the same is to be performed, to be particularly described
"and ascertained in and by the following statement thereof, that is to
say:-
"The Invention consists in various improved arrangements and
"additions to the axle boxes employed in railway rolling stock for the
"following purposes:-First. For excluding dust and preventing leak-
age and waste of oil. Secondly. For the separation of the spent or
"used up oil from the pure oil, thereby allowing the former to be
"clarified. And, thirdly. For ensuring the certainty of the oil feed.
CE
"This Invention will be clearly understood by the following particular
description thereof, reference being had to the figures and letters on
"the accompanying Sheet of Drawings, in which Figure 1 is an inside
"view of the lower box; Figure 2, a section of the axle bearing and
"axle box complete; Figure 3, an external view of part of the axle,
"and section of the bearing and axle box complete; Figure 4, a section
"of the axle box; Figure 5, a section of Figure 4; Figure 6, another
"section of Figure 4; Figures 7 and 8 are detached views of a part of
"the improvements.
Firstly. A flat spring p, Figures 3, 4, and 6, is fastened to the bottom
of the disc f by means of the angle piece g, and the ends of the spring
"are in contact with the bottom of the other disc f', and this spring is

page_text: 6
66
66
66
constantly tending to pull down one disc and to push up the other
disc, and by this means the said discs are continually pressed round
the axle e.
*
Secondly. For the separation of the spent or used up oil from the
pure oil, so as to allow the formerly to be clarified, I form in the
bottom of the axle box two receptacles mand n, Figures 1, 2, 3, 4,
and 5, separate from each other, the receptacle m containing the pure
oil, and the other receptacle n for collecting the impurities. The top
or cover of the pure oil receptacle m is inclined downwards, so that
the oil oozing from the axle journal and bearing can only flow into
the receptacle n for collecting the impurities, from whence, after
depositing all the dirt and metallic particles with which it is charged,
it will strain off through small holes in the receptacle n, and return
to the pure oil receptacle m in a clarified state in order to serve again
for lubricating. The oil flowing from the recess made for the wooden
discs is clarified in the same way, for as the inner surface x, Figures
1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, of the said recess is half an inch lower than the
outer surface z, the oil can only flow into the interior of the box and
along the inclined cover i to the receptacle n, and from thence in a
clarified condition to the pure oil receptacle m. The receptacle is a 1
separate vessel, and can be casily lifted out of the box for the purpose
of being cleaned of its foul deposits, and then be replaced in the
box further usc, and in order to prevent the vessel n from shifting it
is keyed to the inclined cover i by the wedge y.
for
A
Thirdly. For ensuring the certainty of the oil feed I cast on the s
walls of the lower box slanting cheeks or lips r, Figures 1, 2, 4, and 5,
for the purpose of receiving cast brass cushion bearers s, Figures 2, 7,
and 8. These cushion bearers are made to correspond with the
diameter of the axle e, and are coated with felt or plush, and crossed
by ordinary lamp wicks o, Figures 2 and 3, for the purpose of acting
as oil suckers, the ends of the wicks being immersed in the pure oil in
the receptacle m. It is evident that when the oil suckers are placed
in the inclined cheeks or lips r they will slip down to the axle and
press against it with the full effect of their weight, but at the same
time they are prevented from falling off in consequence of being held a
in the cheeks, and if the suckers are damaged or destroyed new ones
may be introduced into the inclined cheeks, when after unfastening
the screws c the lower box is removed from the cap or cover.