Improvements in Baking Ceramic Pastes and Pottery.
Year: 1891

page_text: Date of Application, 25th Aug., 1891
Complete Specification Left, 25th Sept., 1891-Accepted, 21st Nov., 1891
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Baking Ceramic Pastes and Pottery.
I, CAYETANO GARCÉS LOSADA of Peñuelas 21, Seville, Spain, Potter, do hereby
declare the nature of this invention to be as follows:-
The present processes of baking ceramic pastes are tedious, laborious and
uncertain. An oven for biscuit-ware, brick-ware, stoneware, earthenware, porcelain,
or china, requires slow and costly charging, and is. lighted only after it has been
closed, in order to raise the temperature to the required degree for baking.
Furthermore when the baking has been effected, it is necessary to allow the baked
articles to cool slowly, and afterwards to remove them from the apparatus ; whilst
the result depends largely on chance rather than on the actual knowledge and
experience of the manufacturer. The first baking consequently results generally
in the production of a great number of wasters. The "biscuits" which have been
baked satisfactorily however, are dipped into enamel and subjected a second time
to the baking operation in the intermittent oven. In this operation of baking the
enamel, as in the first baking, the objects are seldom finished in a perfectly satis-
factory manner; in any case the process is very long, very laborious, and
consequently very expensive.
According to this invention a continuous oven is employed with the view of
obviating the various drawbacks referred to and it possesses the following
advantages
.
1. The baking is usually perfect and the goods are in the oven only when the
latter is in proper condition for melting the enamel, and can be inspected during the
baking.
2. The oven when once heated to the desired degree, can be maintained at
the said temperature at small cost, and a considerable economy of fuel is thus
obtained.
3. Saggers and rests are no longer required and a saving is consequently effected
in these items.
4. Great perfection in the products obtained, the goods being capable of
inspection at any time by the manufacturer who can give to each article the desired
baking, without disturbing the general working of the oven.
The accompanying drawings illustrate by way of example, an oven constructed
according to my invention.
Fig. 1 is an elevation,
Fig. 2 is a side elevation, and
Fig. 3 is a horizontal section through the fire place of an oven constructed
according to this invention.
Fig. 4 is a vertical section on a larger scale.
Fig. 5 is a part vertical section shewing the arrangement of the chambers, and
Fig. 6 is another part vertical section at right angles to the preceding shewing
the devices for conveying the tables that serve to carry the goods into the chambers,
also drawn to a larger scale.
Figs. 7 and 8 shew in elevation and in plan a modified arrangement of the con-
tinuous system for a trial oven.
1,1 are the chambers for baking the biscuits, 2, 2 are the chambers for baking
enamels and gildings, and 3, 3 are the chambers for baking glazed pottery or
ceramic ware. 4. is the opening of the furnace of which 5 is the fireplace. Under
the grate 6 is an ashpit 7. The chambers 1, 1 for baking biscuit ware and the
chambers 2, 2 for enamels are arranged longitudinally, and extend from the front

page_text: to the rear of the oven. The chambers 3, 3 for baking glazed goods are arranged
below the chambers 1, 1 and extend from one side to the other of the oven.
All these chambers are open at their ends. The hot gases coming from the fire-
place circulate round the baking chambers in flues 10, 10, as indicated by arrows,
and escape through the chimney 11.
In the baking chambers there are arranged grooved channels or supports 9, 9 in
which are arranged to roll refractory balls 8 for carrying the movable tables 12
upon which are placed the goods to be subjected to the action of the oven.
A metallic platform 13, 13, supported by columns 14, 14 is arranged at the
front and at the rear of the oven and allows of effecting ready access to the
baking chambers 1, 1 and 2, 2 for introducing or removing goods to be treated.
The raw goods are introduced at one end of the chambers, and are removed,
when baked, at the other end. The chambers 3, 3 arranged below the chambers 1, 1
and 2, 2 are readily accessible and they are at a height above the ground such that
a platform for serving the same, is not required.
Figs. 7 and 8, shew in elevation and in plan, the arrangement of a trial oven
constructed on the same principle as the large oven, and comprising a single baking
chamber.
Dated this 25th day of August 1891.
C. GARCES LOSADA.
By L. W., per F. B.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Baking Ceramic Pastes and Pottery.
I, CAYETANO GARCÉS LOSADA of Penuelas 21, Seville, Spain, Potter, do
hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the same is to
be performed to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement :-
The present processes of firing or baking ceramic bodies are tedious, laborious
and uncertain. An oven for biscuitware, whether brick, stone, earth, porcelain, or
china requires to be charged slowly and is lighted only after it has been filled and
shut, in order to raise the temperature to the required degree for baking. Further-
more, when the baking operation has been effected, it is necessary to allow the oven
to cool slowly and afterwards to remove the fired articles from the apparatus ;
whilst the result depends largely on chance rather than on the actual knowledge
and experience of the manufacturer. The first firing or baking consequently
results generally in the production of a great number of wasters. The green
bodies which have been baked satisfactorily as biscuits, are dipped into glaze and
subjected a second time to the baking operation. In this operation of firing the
glaze, as in the first firing operation, the goods are seldom finished in a perfectly
satisfactory manner ; in any case, the process is very long, very laborious, and con-
sequently very expensive.
According to this invention, a continuous oven is employed with a view of
obviating the various drawbacks referred to and it possesses the following
advantages
1. Perfect baking is insured, the goods only being introduced into the oven when
the latter is in proper condition for melting the glaze.
2. The oven, when once heated to the desired degree, can be maintained at that
temperature at small cost, and a considerable economy of fuel is thus obtained.
3. Saggers and so called stilts are no longer required and a saving is consequently
effected in these items.
4. Great perfection in the products is obtained, the goods being capable of
inspection at any time by the manufacturer who can bake each article to the desired
extent, without disturbing the general working of the oven.

page_text: Referring to the drawings filed with my Provisional Specification,
Fig. 1 is a front elevation,
Fig. 2 is a side elevation, and
Fig. 3 is a horizontal section through the fireplace of an oven constructed
according to this invention.
Fig. 4 is a vertical section on a larger scale.
Fig. 5 is a part vertical section showing the arrangement of the chambers, and
Fig. 6 is another part vertical section at right angles to the preceding, showing
the devices for carrying the trays or tables that convey the goods into the chambers,
also drawn to a larger scale.
Figs. 7 and 8 show my invention embodied in a trial oven; Fig. 7 is an
elevation and Fig. 8 a plan.
1,1 are the chambers for baking the green or raw ceramic bodies; 2, 2 are the
chambers for hardening enamels and gildings; and 3, 3 are the chambers for
baking glazed pottery or ceramic ware. All these chambers are built of refractory
material, as is usual in the construction of ordinary ovens. 4 is the opening of the
furnace. 5 is the fireplace. Under the grate 6 is an ashpit 7.
for baking the biscuit-ware and the chambers 2, 2, for glazed
longitudinally and extend from the front to the rear of the oven.
for baking glazed goods are arranged below the chambers 11 and extend from one
side to the other of the oven.
The chambers 11
ware are arranged
The chambers 3, 3,
All these chambers are open at their ends, so that the goods therein contained
can be inspected at all times. The hot gases coming from the fire-place circulate
round the baking chambers in flues 10, 10, as indicated by arrows, and escape
through the chimney 11.
In the baking chambers are grooved channels or supports 9, 9 in which are
arranged to roll refractory balls 8 for carrying movable refractory trays or
tables 12 upon which are placed the goods to be subjected to the action of the
oven.
A metallic platform 13, 13 supported by columns 14, 14 is arranged at the front
and at the rear of the oven and allows of ready access to the baking chambers 1, 1,
and 2, 2, for introducing or removing goods to be dealt with.
The raw goods are introduced preferably at one end of the open ended chambers,
and are removed when baked, at the other end. The chambers 3, 3 arranged below
the chambers 1, 1 and 2, 2 are readily accessible and they are at a height above the
ground such that a platform for serving them is not required.
The oven shown in Figs. 7 and 8 only differs from the oven described with
reference to Figs. 1 to 6 by the number of baking chambers. Here there is but
one single chamber; it is shown as containing two tables which are arranged to
slide upon balls and upon which are placed the articles to be dealt with all as in
the previously described arrangement. The parts 4, 5, 6 and 7 are the same as the
equivalent parts of Figs. 1 to 6. Both ends of the single chamber are open as in
the oven previously described.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of the said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what 1
claim is:
1. The herein before described method of firing or baking pottery ware, ceramic
bodies and such like, consisting in subjecting the same to the action of an oven
having one or more baking chambers open at both ends, substantially as described
and shown.
2. An oven for baking pottery ware, ceramic bodies, and the like, comprising
one or more chambers, or series of chambers 1, 2 and 3, as described, the same
being heated by the hot gases coming from a furnace 5 below, all substantially as
herein before described and illustrated in the accompanying drawings.
3. In an oven for baking pottery ware, ceramic pastes and such like, the
arrangement in the interior of the baking chambers, of movable trays or tables 12,

page_text: designed to receive the goods to be baked, and carried upon balls or rollers 8
mounted in suitable channels or supports 9, fixed to the walls of the chambers,
substantially as herein before described with reference to the accompanying
drawings.
4. The improved oven for baking pottery ware, ceramic pastes and such like,
constructed substantially as described with reference to Figs. 1 to 6 or to Figs. 7
and 8 of the accompanying drawings, for the purpose specified.
Dated this 24th day of September 1891.
CAYETANO GARCÉS LOSADA.
By L. W., per F. B.