IMPROVEMENTS IN OR RELATING TO TYPE
Year: 1882

page_text: si⭑
LETTERS PATENT to Alfred. Julius Boult of the firm of W: P. Thompson &.
Boult, Agents for Foreign Patent Solicitors of 323 High Holborn in the
County of Middlesex and.6 Lord Street Liverpool in the county of Lancaster
Engineer, for an Invention of IMPROVEMENTS IN OR RELATING TO TYPE
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FOUNDING AND THE, MEANS OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREFOR, APPLICABLE
ALSO TO SOME OTHER KINDS. OF. FOUNDING Communicated to him from
abroad by Heinrich Josef Kolk, Engineer Carl Albert Július Gursch and Carl
Heinrich Julius Klemm all of Berlin in the German Empire.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Alfred Julius Boult at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 7th October 1882.
1.
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5.
L.
ALFRED JULIUS BOULT of the firm, of W. P. Thompson, & Boult,, Agents for
Foreign, Patent Solicitors, of 323 High Holborn in the County of Middlesex
and 6 Lord Street Liverpool, in the County of Lancaster, Engineer, "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN OR RELATING TO TYPEFOUNDING, AND THE MEANS OR APPARATUS
EMPLOYED THEREFOR, APPLICABLE ALSO TO SOME OTHER KINDS OF FOUNDING
[A communication to him from abroad by Heinrich Josef Kolk, Engineer. Carl
Albert Julius Gursch and Carl Heinrich Julius Klemm all of Berlin in the
German Empire.]
21
The corrosion and deterioration of the copper matrices commonly used in type-
founding, is produced by several causes, to obviate which is the object of the present
invention.
In the first place the sulphur, phosphorus, and arsenic contained in the type
metal and mostly derived from the antimony (regulus) is injurious to the matrices
as the so called typémietal when in a molten state gives off its impurities to the
metal of the matrix which is being used and these substances under the influencé
of the highly heated atmospheric air which is compressed by the jet of metal, enter
into chemical combination with the metal of the matrix and destroy the face of
the matrix and render the same useless, such combinations being for instance

page_text: sulphuret of copper or of iron, and the destructive effect of these frequently
continues, even after the matrix has been in use.
The overheating of the typemetal in the melting pot which when the operator
is careless soon rises even to red hent, is a factor which considerably contributes to
the destruction of the matrix as the face or register of the matrix is completely
burnt especially where the jet of metal strikes.
These facts being recognised, the question will arise how the pyrogenic matters
and arsenic contained in the type-ictal are to be rendered innocuous and how
the effect of the overheated metal upon the matrix is to be paralyzed and lastly
to carry away as completely as possible from the matrix the hot air driven into
the "eye" by the jet and by these means to attain a certain success.
To render innocuous or impossible the pyrogenic matters and the arsenic it
would only be necessary to use chemically pure metals for alloying the type metal,
but to such use on a large scale especially in type founding, the high price of such
alloys is opposed, so that this will not.come largely into use.
Instead of this we advantageously use a method of permanently abstracting from
the molten liquid typemetal the impurities (pyrogenic matters and arsenic) which
it contains whilst it is in the melting pot and before it enters the pump and at the
same time use for the mould (natrix or patrix) a metal which will bear without
injury a higher temperature of the typemetal whereby a part of the injurious
matters (such as sulphur, phosphorus, arsenic) will be caused partly. to be burnt,
partly to be volatilized in the melting, pot.
By this means, viz. by raising the temperatures of the typemetal the air.
contained in the casting apparatus and the mould is considerably attenuated and
its injurious effect is reduced in consequence.
The metals or alloys to be used for such moulds must be of such a nature that
they behave neutrally or with but little affinity for the pyrogenic materials and
arsenic; such is for instance platinum, pure or in any desired alloy with the platinic
metals (Palladium, Iridium Osmium) or with Zirconia. Other precious metals, Gold
for instance may also be used in alloys with platinum for this purpose as will
hereinafter more fully appear
For removing the pyrogenic matters and the arsenic from the typemetal
in the first place, I use finely divided metallic iron combined or not combined
with plastic or other coal or carbon by either placing these materials into the
melting pot or crucible either simultaneously with the metal to be melted
or by subsequently adding these materials to the already molten metal. By
.preference I use netallic iron in a fine state of division either in the form of bundles
of wiro, coils of wire gauze, iron filings or turnings, of granulated iron or precipitated
metallic iron in a spongy state (similar to the so called spongy platinum) It is
advantageous to surround the finely divided iron with pulverized coal of any
origin by preference however wood cliarcoal, or to mix it therewith forming there-
from, by the use of an appropriate binding medium, plastic porous bodies whose
shape is either adapted to the melting pot or crucible or otherwise suitably formed
As a binding medium and for producing porosity, amongst others, syrup and
pulverized boracic acid or borax (acid borate of sodiuin) or other bōracie sults may
be used. Thus as one instance, 10 parts of powdered charcoal, 80 parts of iron
finely divided, 2 parts boracic acid and 18 parts of syrup produce an appropriate,
easily moulded compound from which when it is annealed, in which process the
syrup is carbonized and the boracic acid renders the mass, porous, a well colierent
and porous body results. The porous bodies thus obtained, consisting of coal and
finely divided iron. are placed into the liquid metal and permanently remain
therein during the casting the iron finely divided and thus offering a great surface,
may however be used even without combination with coal or boracic acid. or
boracic salts.
The effect of this means, which for distinction, is called "Antipyrogene," is as
follows,. In consequence of the heating of the coal with the molten mietal a part of
the inpure and combustible materials (Sulphur and phosphorus) are burnt with the

page_text: coal and rise in the form of ashes to the surface of the liquid metal. The finely.
divided iron (iron powder or granulated iron) enters partly into chemical combi-
nation with the pyrogenic matters in the typemetal (the liquid metal here exerts
a catalytic action) such for instance as sulphate of iron and then separates as a
greyish black powder on the surface. Another part of the iron, being finely
divided, readily melts and is fused even in the heat of the molten type metal,
becomes alloyed with the same and hardens it. For other purposes of casting, the
described means ("Antipyrogene") is put into the melting pot or crucible. The
effect is exactly the same as with the typemetal and a part of the finely divided.
iron combines with the molten metal and renders it harder.
Besides the advantages to the matrices or patrices above set forth the further
advantage is attained that the wear of the pump piston of typefounding machines
is considerably reduced as it is considerably less attacked by the purified type-
metal and the castings obtained are moreover cleaner, denser and harder, and
consequently more durable
As soon as this porous finely divided mass of iron has become a greyish brown'
soft powder and as such separated upon the surface of the liquid metal, or where
bundles of iron wire are used the wire has become black and brittle, the powder or
the wire ceases to be effective, has to be removed from the melting pot and has to
be replaced by a fresh mass of iron (Antipyrogene).
To render, as hereinabove stated, the eye or face of the copper matrices, in some
cases patrices, unaffected by the overheated liquid metal, even if the metál be at a
bright red heat I use at these parts of the matrix either a metal with a very high
point of fusion which is not oxidisable and neutral to pyrogenic matters and
arsenic or at least cover the face or eye with a thin layer of such metal.
According to experiments only precious metals are suited for this purpose (bý
preference platinium) either pure or alloyed with palladium Iridium Osmium or
Zirconia. Alloys of platinum with other metals are not very injurious, provided
the latter are not very injurious, provided the latter are not present in too high a
percentage, that is to say if the addition or the alloy of other metal, say gold does
not exceed 20°/
The matrices whether solid or galvanoplastic, are produced in the same manner
as heretofore, they are prepared, punched adjusted,
cetera in the usual manner.
Now to provide the eye or face where the letter or symbol is, with platinum or its
alloys a plate of precious metal may either be soldered upon the proper place or it
may be inserted in a dovetailed recess, moreover the precious metal may be
deposited on the face or in the eye of the inatrix by electricity, either by the use of
the battery or by simple immersion Generally in matrices or patrices in which
the part to be protected is to be provided with a plate of precious metal.soldered
on or inserted in a dovetail the letter or symbol & cetera will be struck or stamped
or punched, only after the plate is applied and the adjustment subsequently effected,
whilst in matrices already made or produced by galvanism, the precious metal will
preferably be deposited in the finished eye in a thin layer by means of galvanism
The third element which causes the destruction of patrices and matrices and
particularly of the matrices in typefounding, the hot atmospheric air compressed
by the jet of metal, is removed from the eye of the matrix and from the founding
apparatus, that is from the mould generally, in the following manner
The matrix is provided in appropriate places, viz where the air can most readily
escape from the interior of the matrix eye with apertures or holes starting from
the face of the eye and at the sides of the edges of the eye which openings are at a
suitable distance, say for instance 2 or 3 millimeters from the edge of the matrix
eye or face and pass entirely through the matrix, reaching to the face and at the
At the face of the matrix these vent holes may be widened out similarly to
a countersink for a pin.
Jear.
Now when a number of ventholes according to the size of the matrix have been
drilled, the edge of the matrix is by the shortest way connected with the ventholes
by a groove or chaunel whose depth may vary between '/, and 1 millimeter. The

page_text: WTY
ventholes may pass vertically or obliquely through the metal of the matrix, but
their position is to some extent détermined by the shape of the letter or figure in
the matrix. The connecting channel between the ventholes and the edge of the
matrix eye may moreover be made in a straight line, curved or in zigzag shape.
The small steel plate which in all or most founding apparatus at present in use
serves to make a tight joint between the casting tool and the spout of the melting
pot and therefore is generally known, lins usually an aperture for the passage of the
jet of metal.
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ch
Now I provide a second opening by the side of this first one and connect the
two analogously as described with reference to the matrix by a groove or clinnnel.
Generally only one secondary aperture will be used "but several may be arranged
to allow the air to escape even more quickly; it is likewise not absolutely necessary,
to provide the small steelplate with secondary apertures as one or more grooves or
channels of appropriate depth and width extending to the edge of the plate will
have the same effect. These grooves or channels must always be made on
side of the plate nearest to the founding apparatus.
F.
II
*
on that

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed -
by the said Alfred Julius Boult in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
7th April 1883.
ALFRED JULIUS BOULT of the firm of W. P. Thompson and Boult Agents for
Foreign Patent Solicitors, of 323 High Holborn in the County of Middlesex,
and 6 Lord Street, Liverpool, in the County of Lancaster Engineer "IMPROVE
MENTS IN OR RELATING TO TYPEFOUNDING AND THE MEANS OR APPARATUS
EMPLOYED THEREFOR, APPLICABLE ALSO TO SOME OTHER KINDS OF FOUNDING"
a communication to me from abroad by Heinrich Josef Kolk, Engineer, Carl
Albert Julius. Gürsch, and Carl Heinrich Julius' Klemm; all of Berlin in the German
Empire
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The corrosion and deterioration of the copper matrices commonly used in type-
founding is produced by several causes to obviate which, is the object of the present
invention.
19
:
In the first place the sulphur, phosphorus and arsenic contained in the type-
metal and mostly derived from the antimony (regulus) is injurious to the matrices,,
as the socalled typemetal when in a molten state, gives off its impurities to the
metal of the matrix which is being used, and these substances, under the influence
of the highly heated atmospheric air which is compressed by the jet of metal, enter
into chemical combination with the metal of the matrix and destroy the face of the
matrix and render the same useless, such combinations being for instance sulphuret
of copper or of iron, and the destructive effect of these frequently continues even
after the matrix has been in use.
The overheating of the typemetal in the melting pot, which, when the operator
is careless, soon rises even to red heat, is a factor which considerably contributes
to the destruction of the matrix, as the face (or register) of the matrix is completely
burnt, especially where the jet of metal strikes.
These facts being recognized, the question arises how the pyrogenic matters and
arsenic contained in the typemetal are to be rendered innocuous and how the effect
of the overheated metal upon the matrix is to be paralyzed, and lastly to carry
away as completely as possible from the matrix the hot air driven into the "
by the jet and by these means to attain a certain success.
'eye'
"
To render innocuous or impossible the pyrogenic matters and the arsenic, it
would only be necessary to use chemically pure metals for alloying the typemetal
but the high price of such alloys will not allow the same to come largely into use.
Instead of this the following will be used with advantage: The impurities con-
tained in the typemetal (pyrogenic matters and arsenic) are abstracted therefrom
whilst it is in the melting pot and before it enters the pump and at the same time
a metal is used for the mould (matrix or patrix) which will bear without injury a
higher temperature of the typemetal whereby a part of the injurious matters (such
as sulphur, phosphorus, arsenic) will be caused partly to be burnt, partly to be
volatilized in the melting pot.
By this means, viz: by raising the temperature of the typemetal, the air contained
in the casting apparatus and the mould, is considerably attenuated and its injurious
effect is reduced in consequence.
The metals or alloys to be used for such moulds must be of such a pature, that
they behave neutrally or have but little affinity for the pyrogenic materials and
arsenic; such is for instance platinum pure or in any desired alloy with the platinic
metals (Palladium, Iridium, Osmium) or with Zirconia. Other precious metals, gold
for instance, may also be used in alloys with platinum for this
hereinafter more fully appear.
purpose as will

page_text: "
For removing the pyrogenic matters and the and the arsenic from the typemetal, I
use finely divided metallic iron combined, or not combined, with plastic or other coal
or carbon, by either placing these materials into the melting pot or crucible simul-
taneously with the metal to be melted, or by subsequently adding these materials to
the already molten metal. By preference I use metallic iron in a fine state of
division either in the form of bundles of wire, coils of wire gauze iron filings or
turnings, of granulated iron, or precipitated metallic iron in a spongy state (similar
to the so-called spongy platinum). It is advantageous to surround the finely
divided iron with pulverized coal of any origin, by preference however wood chur-
coal, or to mix it therewith, forming therefrom by the use of an appropriate binding
medium, plastic porous bodies whose shape is either adapted to the melting pot or,
crucible or otherwise suitably formed.
As a binding medium and for producing porosity, amongst others, syrup and
pulverized boracic acid, or borax (acid borate of sodium) or other horacic salts may
be used. Thus, as one instance, 10 parts of powdered charcoal, 80 parts of iron
finely divided, 2 parts boracic acid and 18 parts of syrup produce an appropriate.
easily moulded compound from which when it is annealed (in which process the
syrup is carbonised and the boracic acid renders the mass porous) a well coherent
and porous body results. The porous bodies thus obtained consisting of coal and
finely divided iron, are placed into the liquid metal and permanently remain
therein during the casting; the iron when finely divided, and thus offering a great
surface may however be used even without combination with carbon or boracic
acid or boracic salts.
The effect of this means, which for distinction is called "Antipyrogene" is as
follows: In consequence of the heating of the coal with the molten metal a part of
the impure and coinbustible materials (sulphur and phosphorus) are burnt with the
coal or carbon and rise in the form of ashes to the surface of the liquid metal. The
finely divided iron (iron powder or granulated iron) enters partly into cheinical
combination with the pyrogenic matters in the typemetal (the liquid metal here
exerts a catalytic action) such for instance as sulphuret of iron and then separates
as a greyish black powder on the surface. Another part of the iron, being finely
divided, readily melts and is fused even in the heat of the molten typemetal,
becomes alloyed with the same and hardens it. For other purposes of casting the
described menus (Antipyrogene) is put into the melting pot or crucible. The
effect is exactly the same as with the typemetal and a part of the finely divided
iron combines with the molten metal and renders it harder.
Besides the advantage to the matrices or patrices above set forth, the further
advantage is attained, that the wear of the pump piston of type founding machines
is considerably reduced, as it is much less attacked by the purified type-metal and
moreover cleaner, denser, harder and consequently more durable castings are
obtained.
.
As soon as this porous finely divided mass of iron has become a greyish brown
soft powder, and as such separates upon the surface of the liquid metal, or, whero.
bundles of iron wire are used, the iron has become black and brittle tho powder
or the wire ceases to be effective, has to be removed from the melting pot and has
to be replaced by a fresh mass of iron (or Antipyrogene)
To render as hereinabove stated the eye or face of the copper matrices, or in
some cases patrices, unaffected by the overheated liquid metal, even if the metal be
at a bright red heat, I use at these parts of the matrix either a metal with a very
high point of fusion which is not oxidisable and neutral to pyrogenic matters and
arsenic or at least cover the face or eye with a thin layer of such metal. Experiments
show that only precious metals are suited for this purpose, platinum either pure or
alloyed with Palladium, Iridiumi Osmium or Zirconia being preferable. Alloys of
Platinum with other metals are not very injurious provided the latter are not
present in too high a percentage, that is to say if the addition or the alloy of other'
metal, say gold, does not exceed 20%
The matrices whether solid or galvanoplastic, are produced. in the same manner

page_text: as heretofore; they are prepared, punched, adjusted etcetera in the usual manner.
Now to provide the eye or face where the letter or symbol is, with platinum or its
alloys, a plate of precious metal may either be soldered upon the proper place or it
may be inserted in a dovetailed recess, moreover the precious metal may be deposited
on the face or in the eye of the matrix by electricity applied in any suitable
manner. Generally in matrices or patrices in which the part to be protected is to
be provided with a plate of 'precious metal soldered on or inserted in a dovetail
the letter or symbol etcetera will be struck, or stamped or punched only after the plate
is applied and the adjustment subsequently effected, whilst in matrices already
made, or produced by galvanism, the precious metal will preferably be deposited in
the finished eye in a thin layer by means of galvanism or the like.
The third element which causes the destruction of patrices and matrices, and
particularly of the matrices in typefounding, the hot atmospheric air compressed
by the jet of metal, is removed from the eye of the matrix and from the founding
apparatus, that is from the mould generally, in the following manner.
The matrix is provided in appropriate places, viz where the air can most readily
escape from the interior of the matrix eye, with apertures or holes starting from
the face of the eye and at the sides, of the edge of the eye which openings are at a
suitable distance, say for instance 2 or 3 millimeters from the edge of the matrix
eye or face and pass entirely through the matrix reaching to the face and at the
rear. At the face of the matrix these ventholes may be widened out, similarly to
the countersink for a pin.
Now when a number of ventholes, according to the size of the matrix, have been
drilled, the edge of the matrix is by the shortest way connected with the ventholes
by a groove or channel whose depth may vary between 1 and 1 millimeter. The
ventholes may pass vertically or obliquely through the metal of the matrix but
their position is to some extent determined by the shape of the letter or figure in
the matrix. The connecting channel between the ventholes and the edge of the
matrix eye may moreover be made in a straight line, curved or in a zigzag shape.
The small steelplate which in all or most founding apparatus at present in use
serves to make a tight joint between the casting tool and the spout of the melting
pot and therefore is generally known, has usually an aperture for the passage of
the jet of metal.
Now I provide a second opening by the side of this first one and connect the
two analogously as described with reference to the matrix, by a groove or channel.
Generally only one secondary aperture will be used but several may be arranged
to allow the air to escape still more quickly; it is likewise not absolutely necessary
to provide the small steelplate with secondary apertures as one or more grooves or
channels of appropriate depth and width extending to the edge of the plate will
have the same effect. These grooves or channels must always be made on that side
of the plate nearest to the founding apparatus
Having now described the nature of the said invention and the manner of
performing the same as communicated to me by my foreign correspondents, I wish
it to be understood that what I claim and desire to protect under the hereinbefore
in part recited Letters Patent is.
First: The employment of finely divided metallic iron, combined or not combined
with carbon, in the molten metal for the purpose of removing therefrom the
pyrogenic matters and arsenic substantially in the manner set forth, whereby
the injurious effect of the said pyrogenic matters and arsenic is very greatly
reduced, particularly upon the matrices and patrices employed in type-founding.
Second: The paste or composition of finely divided metallic iron (spongy iron)
and carbon mechanically mixed with boracic acid or its salts and a syrup or
cement, substantially as set forth, whereby the sulphur phosporus and arsenic inay
be eliminated from molten metals, oxidation upon the surface diminished and
the metal alloyed with iron to such extent that harder and more durable castings
may be made from it.

page_text: 170.
Third Protecting the ero register or face of the matrix or patrix by a film of
precious metal or alloys thereof such as pure platinum, or alloys of platinum and
palladium Iridium Osmium or Zirconia, or, forming, them entirely of said metals
or alloys, substantially in the manner described, whereby the said face is rendered
insensible, to the pyrogenic matter and arsenic contained in the liquid metal.
Fourth: Constructing matrices and patrices with ventholes substantially in the
manner and for the purposes, pet, forth and shown.
Fifth:
In the plate between the spout and mould of a type founding machine,
the employment of one or soveral apertures, besides the one for the passage of the
jet of metal; connected with the latter by grooves or the use of grooves or channels
alone, which latter pass to the edge of said plate, substantially as and for the purpose
Bet fort
... 1
115
In, witness, whereof,, I the said Alfred Julius Boult have hereunto set my
hand and seal this, fourth day, of April in the year of Our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and eighty three. J: 3+3
T DARIM