matthewleechen/300YearsOfBritishPatents huggingface dataset:
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANU- FACTURE OR PRODUCTION OF ZINC OR SPELTER
Year: 1856

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by George Darlington and John
Darlington, at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their
Petition, on the 9th July 1856.
We, GEORGE DARLINGTON, now of Kingston, Jamaica, West Indies, and
JOHN DARLINGTON, of No. 36, Cannon Street, City of London, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANU-
FACTURE OR PRODUCTION OF ZINC OR SPELTER," to be as follows:-
We take the ores of zinc, either blende (sulphide of zinc), calamine (car-
bonate of zinc), or any of the other varieties of zinc ores, and after pounding
or crushing them to a proper degree of fineness, admix them according to
their several compositions, as it may be found necessary, with any or all of the
following substances, that is to say, lime, limestone, lapcinder, or any natural
or artificial product yielding silicate of iron, silica, or siliceous matter, oxide of
iron, or iron and coke, or any other suitable carbonaceous matter.
The ores and the admixture made of any or of all the foregoing substances
being placed in a reverberatory furnace, or mixed with the fuel of a blast
furnace, are to be exposed to a sufficient degree of heat to effect the chemical
reactions necessary to the production of the oxide of zinc. We then cause
the oxide of zinc to be passed through a fire, either enclosed in a furnace, or
in tubes made of clay or any other suitable material; these tubes to be of
any number or size, and to be placed horizontally, inclined, or vertically, and

page_text: the production of metallic zinc to be effected by causing the oxide to be passed
through such tubes in contact with coke, charcoal, coal, coal tar, vapour, or any
other convenient reducing agent. The temperature necessary for the reduction
may be obtained by the application of external heat, or in such other manner
as may be deemed more fitting; the zinc vapours from the apparatus above
described to be condensed by means of a suitable arrangement for the purpose.
AN IMPROVED LEAVEN
Year: 1856

page_text: by the Act.)
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Maurice Aron at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 2nd September
1856.
I, MAURICE ARON, of No. 39, Rue de l'Echiquier, Paris, in the Empire of
France, and of 4, South Street, Finsbury, London, Gentleman, do hereby
declare the nature of my said Invention of "AN IMPROVED LEAVEN," to be as
follows, that is to say :-
This Invention consists in the manufacture of an improved dried yeast or
leaven, which is applicable for making bread, pastry of all kinds, and for
purposes of distillation.
This yeast which I term "sweet pressed yeast" is composed of the following
ingredients:-
Flour of sprouted barley or malt, flour of white beans or peas, potatoe flour,
of each about eighty-six pounds. These ingredients are well mixed in a suit-
able vessel with water at a temperature of 122° Fahrenheit, a sufficient
quantity being employed to form a soft paste free from lumps; water is then
added till a thin clear paste is obtained, which is gradually raised to a tem-
perature of 167° Fahrenheit; the mixture is then allowed to cool. I now
take about 6 lbs. of gelatine, which is softened or dissolved in the water

page_text: which has been mixed with the thin paste, when the latter is reduced to the
temperature of 117° Fahrenheit. After the mixture has remained eight
or twelve hours, according to the state of the atmosphere, it acquires a rather
sour taste, and is rendered active by being allowed to cool, or by the addition
of water at a temperature of 77° Fahrenheit. I take about eleven gallons of
the clear paste, which I mix with about ten pounds of the yeast produced by
the previous operation, which yeast is mixed with a few quarts of lukewarm
water; fermentation then takes place. When at the maximum of fer-
mentation, which lasts for one or two hours, the whole is mixed with the
remaining thin paste; this causes fermentation again to take place on the
mass, which lasts from twelve or thirteen hours, after which it is transformed
into white sweet yeast. I then clear it by sifting and by rincing in cold water,
in which it remains for twenty-four hours; after which it is withdrawn and
submitted to the action of a press, then dried in the open air, or by other
means, and packed.
AN IMPROVED CON- STRUCTION OF ANCHOR
Year: 1856

page_text: application for Letters Patent was not given within the time prescribed
by the Act.)
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Ebenezer Howes at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 25th July
1856. A communication from Captain Samuel Clarke, of New York, in
the United States of America.
I, EBENEZER HOWES, of Liverpool, in the County of Lancaster, Gentleman,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVED CON-
STRUCTION OF ANCHOR," to be as follows:-
The object of this Invention is to permit of the stocks of anchors being
turned parallel with the flukes, whereby the stowage of anchors, whether on
the forecastle or at the ship's sides, may be readily effected, without the
necessity of unstocking the anchors.
The shank of the anchor is made with a shoulder at its upper part, and
immediately above this the shank is squared to fit the square socket in the
stock.
This squared part of the shank is equal in length to the thickness
of the stock and above it the shank is rounded and slotted to receive a cottar.
When the stock is fitted to the squared part of the shank, a cottar, con-
nected to the anchor by a chain for safety, is driven into the slot, and thus
the stock is held fast in position.
To shift the stock and turn it round parallel with the flukes, it is only
necessary to drive out the cottar and lift the stock off the squared part of the
shank, it will then be free to turn as desired.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF THE POINTS OR SWITCHES AND CROSSINGS OF RAILWAYS
Year: 1856

page_text: by the Act.)
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Clay at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 14th March 1856.
I, WILLIAM CLAY, of Liverpool, in the County of Lancaster, Iron Merchant,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for IMPROVEMENTS IN
THE MANUFACTURE OF THE POINTS OR SWITCHES AND CROSSINGS OF RAILWAYS, to be
as follows:-
The manufacture of the points or switches and crossings of railways is an
operation of considerable labor as at present conducted, as the workman has
to produce a tapering piece of rail, such as is required for the aforesaid
purposes, from a piece of bar iron made with parallel sides.
The present Invention relates to the means of producing these tapering bars
or points with less labor than is usually required, and this may be done in
two ways. I either roll down iron to a taper form in the manner and by
means of machinery, for which I have already obtained Letters Patent, or I
take iron bars of a parallel or nearly parallel form, and by means of circular
saws, or other suitable or convenient contrivances, I cut off one of the angles
of the bars, so as to bring it into the required form for a point or crossing.
AN IMPROVE- MENT OR IMPROVEMENTS IN METALLIC BEDSTEADS, CHAIRS, COUCHES, AND OTHER ARTICLES FOR SITTING, LYING, OR RECLINING UPON
Year: 1856

page_text: application for Letters Patent was not given within the time prescribed
by the Act.)
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Henry Geering at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 28th April
1856.
I, HENRY GEERING, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick, Bedstead
Smith, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVE-
MENT OR IMPROVEMENTS IN METALLIC BEDSTEADS, CHAIRS, COUCHES, AND OTHER
ARTICLES FOR SITTING, LYING, OR RECLINING UPON," to be as follows:-
My Invention consists of the method herein-after described of constructing
the joints of metallic bedsteads, chairs, couches, and other articles for sitting,
lying, or reclining upon.
I will describe my Invention with reference to a metallic bedstead. I cast
upon the upright pillar a corner block, furnished with openings situated in
vertical planes of a form to fit the ends of the side rails, as herein-after
described. The said side rails are made of ordinary angle iron, and the
vertical side is cut away in the following manner:-The end of the said
vertical side is slightly inclined, the upper edge being rather longer than the
lower. I cut away from the vertical side. of the side rail, and at a short
distance from its end, a tongue, so as to leave a division or opening in the said
rail from its lower edge nearly to its top. The side rail tbus fashioned at its
end is connected with the corner block, by the said end being dropped

page_text: vertically into openings in the said corner block, which said openings are the
counterparts of the end of the rails. The application of my Invention to
chair, couches, and other articles for sitting, lying, or reclining upon, differs
in no essential respect from its application to bedsteads herein described.
NOVEL APPLICATION OF CERTAIN SUBSTANCES TO BE EMPLOYED IN PRINTING UPON WOVEN OR OTHER FABRICS AND PAPER
Year: 1856

page_text: application for Letters Patent was not given within the time prescribed
by the Act.)
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Edward Newton at the-
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 13th
May 1856. A communication.
I, WILLIAM EDWARD NEWTON, of the Office for Patents, 66, Chancery Lane;.
in the County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of
the said Invention for THE NOVEL APPLICATION OF CERTAIN SUBSTANCES TO BE
EMPLOYED IN PRINTING UPON WOVEN OR OTHER FABRICS AND PAPER, to be as-
follows:-
In the process of printing upon fabrics, as heretofore practised, the color is:
usually thickened and brought to the proper consistence for working by the
admixture therewith of certain thickening materials, composed principally of
mucilaginous substances. The object of the present Invention is to employ
certain other substances in place of, or in some cases in combination with,
those heretofore employed for this purpose. The thickening material which it
is proposed to employ is composed of the gummy mucilage obtained from the
decoction, or other preparation, of plants of the family of LICHENS, viz.,
Caragheen moss, pearl moss, Irish moss (ficus crispus), Auvergne moss, Swiss
moss, Iceland moss, and generally all the family of mosses or lichens.
The mucilage obtained as above mentioned, or by any convenient process,.
may be advantageously employed as a substitute for the thickening materials

page_text: usually employed in printing fabrics of wool, cotton, wool and cotton, silk,
linen, &c., and generally for all kinds of tissues or fabrics, as also for printing
paper hangings. The thickening materials heretofore employed in the opera-
tion of printing, viz., gum senegal, gum arabic, flour starch, either white or
torrefied, fecula, dextrine, &c., 'may, if required, be mixed with the mucilaginous
matters above mentioned, and used in combination therewith.
IMPROVEMENTS IN STRINGS OR WIRES USED IN OR ON MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS
Year: 1856

page_text: www
by the Act.)
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William John Bisseker at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 19th
September 1856.
I, WILLIAM JOHN BISSEKER, of 13, Ludgate Hill, Birmingham, in the
County of Warwick, Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN STRINGS OR WIRES USED IN OR ON MUSICAL
INSTRUMENTS," to be as follows:-
The objects of my improvements are to render the tone or sound of any
string or wires used for musical purposes of a very superior kind to that
useually obtained from the strings or wires ordinarely used; to encrease their
dureableity as regards wear and atmospherical effects, and at the same time
imparting elegance of appearance.
The improvements consist in depositing by chemical means, or plateing or
coating by any process in which such covering can be produced, a coating of
gold, or gold with its alloys, upon strings or wires used in or on musical
instruments, and also for coating the metal strings used in the pianoforte or
other instruments with gold, silver, or other metals, by depositing by chemical
means, or plateing or coating by any process in which such covering can be
produced; also for covering musical strings or wires with gold wire, or gold
wire and its alloys.
AN IM- PROVEMENT OR IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF THE GUARDS AND HEEL PLATES OF GUNS, WHICH IMPROVEMENT OR IMPROVEMENTS MAY ALSO BE APPLIED TO THE MANUFACTURE OF LASSO RINGS AND MANILLAS
Year: 1856

page_text: application for Letters Patent was not given within the time prescribed
by the Act.)
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Holden Jennings at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 27th
February 1856.
I, WILLIAM HOLDEN JENNINGS, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick,"
Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of the Invention for "AN IM-
PROVEMENT OR IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF THE GUARDS AND HEEL
PLATES OF GUNS, WHICH IMPROVEMENT OR IMPROVEMENTS MAY ALSO BE APPLIED TO
THE MANUFACTURE OF LASSO RINGS AND MANILLAS," to be as follows:-
My said Invention relates to the moulds used in casting; gun furniture, lasso
rings, and manillas. The said moulds are usually made in sand, and the
articles cast therein require to be finished by filing or other manual processes.
My Invention consists in making the said moulds of iron instead of sand.
By making the said moulds according to my Invention, the articles cast
therein have so clear a surface that they do not require the ordinary finishing,
or require it in a less degree than when they are cast in sand moulds; and the
said articles are produced more economically.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF VULCANIZED INDIA-RUBBER THREAD
Year: 1856

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to George Tomlinson Bousfield, of Sussex Place, Lough-
borough Road, Brixton, in the County of Surrey, for the Invention of
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF VULCANIZED INDIA-RUBBER THREAD."
-A communication.
Sealed the 3rd October 1856, and dated the 25th July 1856.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said George Tomlinson Bous-
field at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition,
on the 25th July 1856.
I, GEORGE TOMLINSON BOUSFIELD, of Sussex Place, Loughborough Road,
Brixton, in the County of Surrey, do hereby declare the nature of the
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF VULCANIZED INDIA-RUBBER
THREAD," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in the manufacture of vul-
canized india-rubber thread. For which purposes, the india-rubber compound
having been properly masticated or ground, is, whilst hot, rolled into a sheet
between rollers, and is immediately divided into thread by rollers (one or both
being grooved), and the thread is then vulcanized by heat. Or, in place of
cutting the sheets, whilst still in a hot and plastic state, as above explained

page_text: the rolled-out sheets may be subjected to artificial freezing or cold, so as to set
or harden the sheets, when they may be cut in like manner to that heretofore
practised in cutting india-rubber, and the thread thus produced may be then
vulcanized, as is well understood.
IMPROVEMENTS IN RAILS AND RAILWAY CHAIRS, AND IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF RAILWAYS
Year: 1856

page_text: application for Letters Latent was not given within the time prescrived
by the Act.)
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Henry Alfred Jowett at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 15th August
1856.
I, HENRY ALFRED JOWETT, of Sawley, in the County of Derby, Engineer,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
RAILS AND RAILWAY CHAIRS, AND IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF RAILWAYS," to be as
follows:-
First, as a substitute for the present rails in use, especially the one which is
nearly universal, and known from all others by the term or name of doubble or
H-rail, my Invention consists in the construction of a tubular rail of four
wearing surfaces, square in shape, or slightly roundered, being one-sixteenth of
an inche higher in the centre, and reduced down to nearly a round edge; I do.
not bind myself to the shape of the hole or hollow part passing longitudinaly
through the rail, as by experiment I may determine upon one or more shapes,
either round, square, diamond, oval, octagon, or otherwise, whereby I effect
lightness of material and strength combined, for the object of wheels passing
over the same.
Secondly, I may use more than one description of metal, as it is my intention
to practically experimentalise upon casts, maleable, as well as rolled, wrought
iron, nor do I confine myself to the four square surfaces being equal, as it

page_text: may be requisite to have the height three inches by two and a quarter, instead
of two and a quarter inches square.
Thirdly, in the place of the ordinary cast-iron chair, which forms the support
or hold of the present H-rail, with a wooden key or wedge driven between the
rail and the chair to secure the rail, I propose the employment of a plain
wrought-iron bracket or angle plate forged to the shape of the rail, with two
or more holes in each angle, two holes for spikes or bolts to be driven or
screwed into the transverse wooden sleeper, and the two or more holes in the
vertical angle; I propose to pass through them and the rail a bolt, and the
opposite side screw on a nut joined as in the present fish joint, thereby forming
a chair, as well as joining rail to rail; I do not consider it will be requisite to
place angle plates on each side-of-the-rail-at-each-intermediate sleeper, but one
only on the outside of the rail, to be spiked upon the sleeper and a bolt screwed
into the side of the rail.
Lastly, I propose to cut about a quarter of an inch into the sleeper, the
shape of the bearing surface of the rail, for the purpose of giving the proper
angle to the rail to suit the bevil of the wheels.
IM- PROVEMENTS IN CASES OR HOLDERS FOR MACHINE AND OTHER SEWING NEEDLES
Year: 1856

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Robert Smith Bartleet at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
10th March 1856.
I, ROBERT SMITH BARTLEET, of Redditch, in the County of Worcester,
Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IM-
PROVEMENTS IN CASES OR HOLDERS FOR MACHINE AND OTHER SEWING NEEDLES," to
be as follows:-
Heretofore, for the most part, machine & other sewing needles have been
enclosed in wrappers or cases formed of paper folded over them, the needles in
each wrapper forming a single row, and my improvements consist in sub-
stituting for such paper wrapper, cases or holders formed of glass, china, wood,
horn, cardboard, metal, or other suitable material capable of holding various
quantities without the necessity for such paper enclosures, and with the bottom
or end of the case or holder inclined, or otherwise formed, to cause the needles
placed therein to range in steps one above the other, so that any one needle
may readily be taken from those which for the time range the highest without
disturbing or touching the next below. I also, in some cases, fit the bottom
with cork or other elastic material, so as to hold the points of the needles when
pressed therein, so that one may be removed without the others being thereby
displaced.

page_text: The lids or covers of the cases or holders may be fitted with cork, india-
rubber, or other suitable clastic material, or the enclosing means to the
holders or cases may be formed entirely of such elastic material. To prevent
breakage, such cases or holders may be. fitted into other enclosing cases of
wood, paper, or other material.
:
IMPROVEMENTS IN CONDENSING AND OTHER CARDING ENGINES, BILLIES, AND MULES, FOR CARDING, SLUBBING, AND SPINNING WOOLLEN, COTTON, OR OTHER FIBROUS SUBSTANCES
Year: 1856

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Turner, George Hulme,
and Henry Blackburn, at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents,
with their Petition, on the 16th June 1856.
We, WILLIAM TURNER, of Tunnicliffe, near Rochdale, Woollen Carder, and
GEORGE HULME, of 4, George Street, Rochdale, Machine Maker, and HENRY
BLACKBURN, of Milnrow, near Rochdale aforesaid, Manager, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN CONDENSING AND OTHER
CARDING ENGINES, BILLIES, AND MULES, FOR CARDING, SLUBBING, AND SPINNING
WOOLLEN, COTTON, OR OTHER FIBROUS SUBSTANCES," to be as follows:―
The first part of these improvements relates to condensing and other carding
engines, and consists in adapting thereto a cylindrical brush, fixed on an iron
shaft, so arranged and disposed in the said engine as to turn with the doffers
and other top workers thereof. The bristles of the brush enter the cards of
the doffer, &c., and effect the clearing of the dirt or waste therefrom, by which
the waste arising from the breaking of the yarn, consequent in not keeping
the cards clean according to the methods heretofore practised of carding wool,.
will be avoided, &c. By these improvements the yarn will not be liable to be
obstructed in its passage over the cards.
The second part of these improvements relates to slubbing and spinning
wool, &c., and is designed to prevent breaking of the ends of the yarn by
adapting certain novel mechanism of the following construction to billies or
mules, whereby the operation of piecing the ends is for the most part dispensed

page_text: with; the work produced is more level and of better quality and in larger
quantity in a given time than by the use of billies or mules as heretofore con-
structed. The means by which this part of these improvements is to be and
may be effected is, by adapting a worm wheel to the end of the shaft, which
imparts motion to the billy or mule for the purpose of preventing the surface
drums from overrunning themselves or drawing back, thereby producing more
level yarn or thread, &c., as above stated.
AN IMPROVED STUFFING TO BE USED IN PLACE OF HAIR OR OTHER SUBSTANCES IN WHICH SUCH ARTICLES ARE COMMONLY EMPLOYED
Year: 1856

page_text: (This Invention received Provisional Protection, but notice to proceed with the
application for Letters Patent was not given within the time prescribed
by the Act.)
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Louis Bayer at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 8th July 1856.
I, LOUIS BAYER, of Soho, in the County of Middlesex, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVED STUFFING TO BE USED IN
PLACE OF HAIR OR OTHER SUBSTANCES IN WHICH SUCH ARTICLES ARE COMMONLY
EMPLOYED," to be as follows (that is to say):-
My Invention, which has reference to a substitute for hair or other sub-
stances usually employed in stuffing cushions, chairs, sofas, mattresses, and
other articles of furniture, saddles, or otherwise, consists in the employment, for
the above purposes, of vegetable fibre obtained from the colonial plantain tree
or musa paradisiaca. I cause the fibre to be taken from the tree by any of
the usual methods, and subsequently submitted to the ordinary processes of
dyeing, curling, carding, or otherwise.
Year: 1856

page_text: the ordinary convex shape. The said flat disc or blank fits closely against the
front shell, the material of which the flexible shank is made being grasped
tightly between them.
Our Invention consists, fourthly, in perforating the ordinary metal sewn
through buttons with a series of perforations, in addition to those constituting
the holes by which the button is attached to the garment. We make the per-
forations constituting this part of our Invention by preference near the edge,
and concentric with the centre of the button; and we prefer to give the said
perforations an ornamental figure, but we do not limit ourselves either to their
position or their form.
By the first part of our Invention great economy is effected in the use of
the shell employed in the said buttons; by the second part of our Invention
the wearing of the ornamental fabric covering the button is much diminished;
by the third part of our Invention, buttons with flexible shanks are more
economically manufactured than by the ordinary method; by the fourth part
of our Invention, metal sewn through buttons are, more economically, manu-
factured than by the ordinary method, and at the same time are made
ornamental.
IMPROVEMENTS IN FOLIOS, CLIPS, OR FILES FOR HOLDING LETTERS, INVOICES, AND OTHER DOCUMENTS
Year: 1856

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Bate at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 2nd September
1856.
I, JOHN BATE, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick, Gentleman, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN FOLIOS,
CLIPS, OR FILES FOR HOLDING LETTERS, INVOICES, AND OTHER DOCUMENTS," to be as
follows, that is to say:-
I propose to construct a form of folio or letter clip with an alphabetical
register, in order to facilitate the reference to any particular document without
disturbing the rest; and the manner in which I prefer to carry out this prin-
ciple is by attaching a series of metal plates, say 20, to a back piece, either of
metal or leather, similar to a book back, each plate acting as a guard or loose
fly of an ordinary album. Each of these plates projects slightly in advance of
the former one in a line from the back piece, and to every one is connected a
leaf of pasteboard in such manner as to be capable of being folded back at its
point of junction with the metal guard. A small tongue of metal is left on
each of the guards, and is turned down at right angles, and on this is painted
or otherwise affixed the letter of the alphabet to which that section of the felio
belongs, so that upon a reference to the side of the folio a person will be

page_text: enabled to open it at once at the particular spot in which he will find the
document he requires. The metal guards before alluded to act each of them
as a separate clip, a close contact being maintained by gussets of vulcanized
india-rubber, or any other suitable spring, attached to the sides of the complete
folio.
AN IMPROVED MECHANISM FOR STOPPING RAILWAY TRAINS
Year: 1856

page_text: by the Act.)
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Jacques Hostein, at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his l'etition, on the 26th December
1856.
I, JACQUES HOSTEIN, ainé, of Bordeaux, in the Empire of France, and of 32,
Essex Street, London, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention of
"AN IMPROVED MECHANISM FOR STOPPING RAILWAY TRAINS," to be as follows;
and consists of an improved mechanical arrangement for stopping the wheels
of railway carriages and arresting their progress in a most efficient manner;
and is represented and explained by the annexed Drawing, in which 1 is the
floor of the carriage; 2, 2, the wheels; 3, cog wheel, fixed on the axle of the
carriage; 4, a support, placed under the floor of the carriage and firmly
attached thereto; 5 is a floor or bed plate, having an opening for the com
wheel 6, which it supports. This bed plate works in grooves at the sides, and
bears upon the support 4. It is also caused to approach to or recede from
the axle of the carriage by the screw 7, which communicates to it a backward
and forward motion. The cog wheel 6, following the direction of the bed
plate which supports it, gears with the cog wheel 3, thus operating the crank
8, placed beneath the carriage, and communicating with the wheels 2, 2, by the
lever 9, which works the breaks 10, 10. No. 11 represents a wheel for
working the screw 7. This mechanism can also be applied to locomotive
engines.
IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM BOILERS
Year: 1856

page_text: by the Act.)
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Joshua Murgatroyd at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 25th February
1856.
I, JOSHUA MURGATROYD, of Heaton Norris, in the County of Lancaster,
Millwright and Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM BOILERS," to be as follows:-
The nature of my Invention consists in the application of the improved
system of staying the fire boxes of steam boilers, for which Letters Patent were
granted to me in 1853, to those boilers which are constructed with a part
overhanging the fire grate. This overhanging part may be made of plates
forming inverted arches, or of two or more cylindrical or other shaped parts
united together at the sides and ends to allow the steam and water to circulate,
or the parts may remain unconnected, and a space formed above them for
heated air.
My Invention also consists in the application to boilers having a part over-
hanging the fire grate of one or more tubes or flues for the passage of the
products of combustion, which are brought back through other tubes or flues
also placed in the boiler; in so constructing boilers the ends of the upper part
may be made partly cylindrical, thereby superceding the necessity of stays.

page_text: Another part of my Invention consists in constructing steam boilers of two
or more circular or partly circular compartments united together, and placed
either longitudinally or transversely; these circular or other shaped compart-
ments may be put together in sets of two or more, to facilitate the transport,
& they are connected at the ends by plates or by tubes. When all the com-
partments are united to form one boiler, it is evident that one feed pipe & one
steam dome or nozzle are sufficient, but when they are put together in sets,
there must be a feed pipe & a steam pipe for each set. The improved boilers,
above described, may be used in combination with tubular or flue boilers of the
ordinary construction.
AN IMPROVEMENT IN THE MANUFACTURE OF BOOTS AND SHOES
Year: 1856

page_text: 1700
by the Act.)
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Nicholls at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 27th March
1856.
I, WILLIAM NICHOLLS, of Raunds, in the County of Northampton, Army
Contractor, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN
IMPROVEMENT IN THE MANUFACTURE OF BOOTS AND SHOES," to be as follows:-
In the ordinary manner of making boots and shoes a welt is used, to which
the upper leather is sewn. This allows of bad work passing unseen, and con-
sequently the wear of the boot or shoe is much lessened. My Invention
consists in first sewing the upper leather directly on to the in or inner sole, and
then in stitching the upper leather to the outer sole, whereby all welts and
stuffings are dispensed with, and the work being visible enables the purchaser
to reject any articles not properly made. My Invention is intended principally
to apply to boots for the army.
IMPROVEMENTS IN REDUCING COPPER ORES
Year: 1856

page_text: (This Invention received Provisional Protection, but notice to proceed with the
application for Letters Patent was not given within the time prescribed
by the Act.)
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Clarke Deeley at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
26th December 1856.-A communication.
1, WILLIAM CLARKE DEELEY, of 3, Devonshire Terrace, Westbourne Terrace,
Hyde Park, in the County of Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of the
said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN REDUCING COPPER ORES," to be as follows:-
This Invention consists in taking certain ores containing copper, and first
breaking or crushing them into very small pieces, or into coarse powder;
these pieces, or this powder, is then placed in a vat or vessel, made of wood
or other suitable material. If the ores contain much chalk or lime, then
vinegar (such as is produced from the vinegar plant of Germany) added to
water is thrown upon the powdered ores and mixed with them, thus prepar-
ing these ores for the next process, which is the first process when the vinegar
solution is not required.
The next process is the saturation of the ores in a vessel with muriatic acid;
and water stirrers are fixed in the vessel to agitate the ores and bring all the
particles in contact with the acid solution; after stirring thus for several hours
the contents of the vessel are allowed to settle; the whole of the liquor or
liquid is then run off into a vessel of wood or other suitable material, into
which pieces of iron are introduced. The copper in the liquor passes from it

page_text: on to the iron and adheres thereto, thus forming a coating upon or over the
iron. This coating, which I call copper cement, is then shaken and scraped
off from the iron, and thus the copper is reduced from these ores by this
Invention.
I would here observe, that this Invention is chiefly applicable to poor ores,
which will not return a profit if subjected to the cost of smelting by heat, as
commonly practised. After the iron has been taken out of the vessel the
remaining contents are run into another vessel, in which the acid is purified,
and a great portion recovered, fitted for a similar use in reducing further
ores.
IMPROVEMENTS IN AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS FOR CLEANING, CULTIVATING, AND ROLLING LAND
Year: 1856

page_text: by the Act.)
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Beadon at the Offico.
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 2nd June
1850.
I, WILLIAM BEADON, of Otterhead, Honiton, in the County of Devon, do
hereby declare the nature of the Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN AGRICULTURAL
IMPLEMENTS FOR CLEANING, CULTIVATING, AND ROLLING LAND," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in agricultural implements
for cleaning, cultivating, and rolling land, and the same consists of a peculiar
combination of the parts hereafter mentioned. For these purposes, in the
fore part of the implement are applied several adjustable tynes, suitable to act
as a cultivator; and the fore part of the framing is supported by a wheel.
Behind the cultivating tynes there is a roller, from the axis of which, by
a chain or suitable means, motion is given to an axis having fixed thereto
several bent teeth, such axis being caused to rotate faster than the axis of the
roller. Behind the roller and before the rotating axis with bent teeth
the tynes of an underground harrow are applied, which have inclined pro-
jections on their upper surfaces, by which couch and roots are raised to the
surface of the land. At the hinder part of the implement are the bent teeth.
of a rake for collecting couch and other roots and matters. These teeth can
be raised by a lever from time to time, in order to deposit the couch, roots, and
matters collected thereby. The frame and parts are arranged in such manner
as to admit of the teeth and working parts being lifted out of the land.
AN IMPROVED GAS METER
Year: 1856

page_text: nts Inventio
application for Letters Patent was not given within the time prescribed
by the Act.)
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Alexandre Tolhausen at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 17th January
1856. A communication.
I, ALEXANDRE TOLHAUSEN, of No. 7, Duke St., Adelphi, London, County of
Middlesex, Sworn Interpreter at the Imperial Court of Paris, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVED GAS METER,"
being a communication from abroad, to be as follows:-
The chief inconveniences of the instrument called water gas meter, usually
employed for measuring the lighting gas, consist in the falling of the level of
the liquid, which results from the evaporation caused by the passage of the gas,
& in the freezing of the water, caused by the lowering of the temperature.
The object of the present Invention is precisely to avoid these two incon-
veniences. The following are the means I propose :--
Chemistry furnishes us with a great number of substances whose property is
to attract water, & to hinder the freezing of the water in which they are
dissolved. Such are, for instance, among alkalis, potash, soda, etc.; among
acids, sulphuric, phosphoric, & other acids; among salts, carbonate, acetate,
& phosphate of potash, various other alkaline, terreous, & metallic salts,
chlorides of calcium, of magnesium, of zinc, etc.; among common substances,
"glycerine" (elaiosaccharum), the residue of the saponification of fat
substances.

page_text: All these deliquescent or hygrometric substances put into contact with a
damp gas with lighting gas absorb the water it contains, & increase their
volume until they no longer have any affinity with water. Thus, a concentrated
solution of potash, of soda, of sulphuric or phosphoric acid, of carbonate, of
acetate, of phosphate of potash, of chloride of calcium, of magnesium, of
glycerine, placed in a damp gas atmosphere, dries it completely; but it soon
happens thut the said solution saturated with water is no longer absorptive, &
on that account does not increase its volume. This neutral state of the liquor,
resulting from the equilibrium which is established between the affinity of the
liquid & that of gas, is precisely the cause of the indefinite steadiness of the
level; & if in a gas meter one of the above-mentioned solutions be supposed
to be brought to that point of equilibrium, the gas will be able to pass through
it without causing evaporation. The application of this principle demands,
according to the nature of the liquid used, certain precautions, which will be
pointed out ultimately.
Finally, the principle on which my Invention is based consists in the liquid
placed in the gas meter, showing a resistance against evaporation & freezing, a
resistance inherent to the very nature of the liquid, as for sulphuric & phos-
phoric acids & glycerine, or caused by the substances which it keeps in
dissolution, such as potash, soda, carbonate, acetate, phosphate of potash,
chlorides of calcium, of magnesium, etc., & in general all substances whose
property is to absorb water.
IMPROVE- IN APPARATUS FOR OBTAINING EXTRACTS AND DECOCTIONS
Year: 1856

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION. left by John Aspinall at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 25th March
1856.
I, JOHN ASPINALL, of Limehouse, in the County of Middlesex, Civil
Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
IN APPARATUS FOR OBTAINING EXTRACTS AND DECOCTIONS," to be as
follows:-
My Invention consists in an arrangement of centrifugal apparatus, in which
a liquid is caused to pass through the substanco from which the extract is to
be obtained, to fall into the body of the vessel, and to be again passed through
and returned as long as the centrifugal action is kept up.
Into the bottom of a vessel suitable for containing liquid I fit a step for the
reception of a shaft, which passes through the top or cover of the vessel, and
is connected by gearing to some source of power for imparting rotary motion
thereto; connected to this shaft, by arms or a perforated plate, is a conical
pipe, open at bottom, and provided with vanes on the inside. At the top of this
pipe, and forming a continuation thereto, is a perforated ring, and for some
substances I fit an inner and smaller ring concentric thereto; an annular plate
is placed between the two rings, and forms a bottom, upon which the substances
from which the extract is to be made are to rest. This inner ring is not
essential to the perfect working of the apparatus, as the substances may be
placed in porous bags. Outside of the large ring I place, for such powders as

page_text: coffee, a wrapper of linen or other textile fabric, which will act as a filter, and
prevent any of the powder passing through it. I place inside the vessel three
or more break plates, to prevent the liquid in the body of the vessel being
carried round, and impeding the action of the apparatus. Ieat may be applied
to the bottom of the apparatus.
The action is as follows:-Supposing coffee be the substance from which
the extract is to be made, hot water is placed in the body of the vessel, and
carried by the heat applied under it by a spirit lamp, gas, or otherwise, to the
boiling point. Ground coffee is placed between the two perforated rings, and
rotary motion is communicated to the shaft, whereby the liquid will be drawn
up. The inside of the conical pipe will be forced through the coffee, and will
return from the outside of the large ring into the vessel to be again raised
and returned as long as the rotary action is maintained.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANU- FACTURE OF VINEGAR
Year: 1856

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Henri Gerbaut at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 19th February
1856.
I, HENRI GERBAUT, of Mulhouse, in the Empire of France, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANU-
FACTURE OF VINEGAR," to be as follows:-
Small charcoal, that has previously been freed from its soluble and alcaline
substances, is put in a wooden tub in a dark place of a certain constant tem-
perature. This apparatus, being exposed to the action of the oxygen of air, is
properly rendered acetous by pouring in it several times pure vinegar in
different proportions. A mixture of 12 parts of rain water with one part of
pure alcohol is then filtered at certain intervals through the acetous charcoal,
after which the above process of rendering the charcoal acetous is to be
repeated.
IMPROVEMENTS IN ROTATORY STEAM ENGINES
Year: 1856

page_text: application for Letters Patent was not given within the time prescribed
by the Act.)
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Charles Joseph Graftiaux at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 29th
April 1856.
I, CHARLES JOSEPH GRAFTIAUX, of Molenbeck, St. Jean, by Brussels, in the
Kingdom of Belgium, Mechanician, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN ROTATORY STEAM ENGINES," to be as follows:-
I propose, in constructing a rotatory steam engine, to depart from the usual
mode of feeding the cylinder; I propose to pass the steam through a pipe by
means of a stop-cock, this pipe will, at its extremity, be furnished with a
stuffing box, thence the steam will be passed through a conductor to a drum,
from thence by a small opening to the cylinder, and force the piston past a slide
which is to be simultaneously withdrawn by means of an excentric. The steam
having produced the required effect, will pass on into another compartment of
the drum aforesaid, and from thence be discharged. The whole system may
be reversed for rotation by using the above cited means in an opposite sense,
that is, by making the steam enter at the exit provided for it as above
mentioned.
IMPROVEMENTS IN SEWING MACHINES
Year: 1856

page_text: by the Act.)
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Edward Newton at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 27th
December 1856.-A communication.
I, WILLIAM EDWARD NEWTON, of the Office for Patents, 66, Chancery
Lane, in the County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN SEWING MACHINES," to
be as follows:-
The present Invention consists in forming a new stitch which cannot be
pulled out, each stitch being tied or knotted by throwing a shuttle and thread
through a loop formed from its own thread. In the common chain stitch,
which is formed from a single thread, the stitch is made by passing one entire
loop through another loop formed in a similar manner. By the improved
plan, the thread is, by means of a suitable needle, carried double through the
goods to be sewed, both in passing up and down. A single strand only is
employed, which is carried in a shuttle, and the loop is drawn through the
fabric by the needle. The shuttle passes with the end of the thread through
the loop. In this stitch it will be seen that both strands of the loop do not
pass through the adjacent loops as in the chain stitch, but one strand of the
loop passes through one loop, and the other through the next loop in succession.
The thread is carried double, or in a loop form, by a barbed needle, both in
passing up through the cloth and down through the same, while the shuttle

page_text: carries the thread in a single-strand through the loop, thereby tyeing or
knotting the thread at each stitch in such a manner that it cannot possibly be
drawn out. The mechanical. devices for imparting the necessary revolution to
the barbed needle, and for throwing the shuttle back and forth at the proper
time, it is not deemed essential to set forth in the present description, as these
operations may be effected in a variety of ways. The essential feature of the
Invention is making a stitch of a single thread by throwing a shuttle and
thread through a loop formed from the shuttle thread, as described, thereby
tying or knotting each stitch for the purpose of uniting pieces of cloth or
other material.
IMPROVEMENTS IN SUN BLINDS
Year: 1856

page_text: by the Act.)
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by James Lea at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 24th May 1856.
I, JAMES LEA, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick, Bellhanger, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN SUN
BLINDS," to be as follows (that is to say):-
The object of these improvements is to avoid the use of the projecting
horizontal iron rods used in supporting and extending sun blinds, and which.
frequently cause great obstruction to foot passengers.
Figure 1 of the accompanying Drawings is a transverse section of one of
my improved blinds, extended by means of the chain (a), which is of a peculiar
construction, capable from the form of its links of rolling or winding one way
round the pulley (6), but forming a rigid arc in the opposite direction. The
blind is indicated by the red line (c). To the edges of this is secured a metallic
binding, furnished with small pins or studs, working in slots in the inside of
the links, by which it is caused to take the same sweep as the chain itself.
The blind winds round a roller (d), on which the pulley for the chain is
mounted; and an endless chain or band (e), passing over a second pulley (f),
furnished with a crank, provides for the winding up of the blind and chain.
simultaneously, the friction rollers (9) guiding the latter smoothly round the
pulley

page_text: By employing the simple apparatus shewn in Figure 2, which is merely a
pinion working in the links of a chain, and using the three pulleys seen in
Figure 3, I can, with a suitable connecting rod and crank (which latter may
be fixed at any part of a shop or room), extend the blind from the inside of
a house, the chain (a), Figure 1, having sufficient rigidity to enable this to be
done.
AN IMPROVEMENT IN APPARATUS FOR SUPPLYING WATER TO THE BASINS OF WATER-CLOSETS AND OTHER VESSELS
Year: 1856

page_text: by the Act.)
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Patten at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 22nd August
1856.
I, WILLIAM PATTEN, of 22, Old Fish Street, Doctors Commons, do hereby
declare the nature of the Invention for "AN IMPROVEMENT IN APPARATUS FOR
SUPPLYING WATER TO THE BASINS OF WATER-CLOSETS AND OTHER VESSELS," to be
as follows:-
This Invention has for its object an improvement in apparatus for supplying
water to the basins of water-closets and other vessels. For which purpose
the supply pipe has applied to it a chamber or valve box, which is divided by
a partition in which is a passage covered by a valve, the stem of which passes
through a suitable stuffing box. The other part of this chamber or valve box
is connected with the basin of a water-closet or other vessel. It is preferred
that the valve box or chamber should be in two parts, with flanches screwed
together.