Year: 1887

page_text: Date of Application, 12th Nov., 1887
Complete Specification Left, 12th Sept., 1888
Complete Specification Accepted, 12th Oct., 1888
We, JOHN ADDY HOPKINSON and JOSEPH HOPKINSON, both of the firm of
J. Hopkinson & Co., of Huddersfield, in the County of York, Engineers, do hereby
declare the nature of this invention to be as follows
Our invention relates to churns, and is designed to provide for the manufacture of
butter or cheese in a more efficient manner than heretofore, and to enable this result
to be effected without the use of dashers, beaters or similar distributors or breakers of
the cream or milk.
Our improved churn is a vessel having ends of a conical or other suitable shape and
suspended or supported in such a manner that it may be easily oscillated or partially
rotated alternately in either direction through an angle of about one hundred and
eighty degrees, to throw the cream or milk, or cause the same to fall, from end to end
of the said vessel, the object being to continually or repeatedly throw or direct the
mass of liquid from the upper to the lower end of the vessel so that it comes in
contact with the enclosed air, that is to say, by causing the liquid to impinge against
the conical end of the vessel and thus concentrating the said liquid, it necessarily
effects a compression of the air which breaks and distributes the liquid into the form
of spray and causes a separation of the fatty matter from the watery portion of the
cream or milk. One of the pointed ends of the said vessel is an air-tight lid or
cover.
In the operation of churning, it is necessary to carefully regulate the temperature
of the contents of the churn. And an important feature of our invention consists in
providing means for effecting such regulation.
For this purpose we construct the said vessel with an inner chamber enclosed or
partially enclosed in a casing or jacket, leaving a space between the inner chamber
and the said casing for the introduction of water or other fluid, and we provide
We sometimes make the
suitable means for admitting and discharging the same.
trunnions or axles hollow to permit the introduction into the said space, or the
circulation through the same of either steam, hot or cold air, or hot or cold water, or

page_text: for the introduction of ice to impart to the liquid in the inner vessel the temperature
required in churning without mixing the heating or cooling medium with the contents
of the inner chamber or vessel. The heating or cooling liquid can be admitted
through one trunnion and ejected through the other trunnion at the opposite side of
the casing.
Suitable means are provided for the discharge of the contents of the said inner
vessel or chamber, and the said inner chamber is provided with a tap or valve for
injecting air therein or ejecting it therefrom as may be required.
In some instances we make the cylinder or vessel of corrugated metal.
HASELTINE, LAKE & Co.,
45, Southampton Buildings, London, W.C.,
Agents for the Applicants.

page_text: Improvements in Churns.
We, JOHN ADDY HOPKINSON, and JOSEPH HOPKINSON, both of the firm of
J. Hopkinson & Co., of Huddersfield, in the County of York, Engineers, do hereby
declare the nature of the said invention and in what manner the same is to be
performed to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement:-
Our invention relates to churns and is designed to provide for the manufacture of
butter or cheese in a more efficient manner than heretofore, and to enable this result
to be effected without the use of dashers, beaters or similar distributors or breakers
of the cream or milk.
Our improved churn is a vessel having ends of a conical or other taper or contracted
form and suspended or supported upon trunnions in such a manner that it may be
easily oscillated or partially rotated alternately in either direction through an angle of
about one hundred and eighty degrees. The object of such partial rotation or
oscillation of the said vessel is to continually or repeatedly throw or direct the entire
mass of cream or milk from the upper to the lower end of the vessel, so that it
comes in contact with and displaces the air enclosed in the conical or contracted
end, that is to say, the liquid, by its concussion or impingement against the conical
end of the vessel, is concentrated and necessarily effects a compression of the air
which breaks and distributes the liquid into the form of spray. A speedy separation
of the fatty matter from the watery portion of the cream or milk and the granu-
lation of the cream so essential in butter-making are thus more effectually ensured
than in churns as heretofore constructed. One of the pointed or conical ends of
the said vessel is an air-tight lid or cover.
In the operation of churning, it is necessary to carefully regulate the temperature
of the contents of the churn, and an important feature of our invention consists in
providing means for effecting such regulation.
For this purpose we construct the said vessel with an inner chamber enclosed
or partially enclosed in a casing or jacket leaving a space between the inner
chamber and the said casing for the introduction of water or other fluid, and we
provide suitable means for admitting and discharging the water or other fluid.
We sometimes make the trunnions or axles hollow to permit the introduction into
the said space or the circulation through the same of either steam, hot or cold
air, or hot or cold water, or the introduction of ice to impart to the liquid in
the inner chamber or vessel the temperature required in churning, without mixing
the heating or cooling medium with the contents of the said inner chamber or
vessel. The heating or cooling liquid can be admitted through one trunnion and
ejected through the other trunnion at the opposite side of the casing or jacket.
Suitable means are provided for the discharge of the contents of the said inner
vessel or chamber and of the jacket or casing, and the said inner chamber is
provided with a tap, valve or plug for admitting air thereto or discharging it
therefrom as may be required.

page_text: In the accompanying drawings
Figure 1 is a side elevation of one form of our improved churn, shewing in
section a device for facilitating the filling of the jacket or casing.
Figure 2 is a vertical central section on the line x, x, Figure 1.
Figure 3 is a side elevation partly in vertical section, and
Figure 4 a vertical central section on the line x1, x¹, Figure 3, illustrating a
modified construction of the said churn.
Like letters indicate corresponding parts throughout the drawings.
A is the barrel or body of the churn, which, in the apparatus shown in the
drawings, is cylindrical and is formed with a conical end A¹ and provided with a
conical air-tight lid or cover A².
B is the outer jacket or casing enclosing a space or cavity C around the said
body to receive the water or other medium for reducing or increasing the tem-
perature in the churn. The churn is provided with trunnions D, D₁ whereby it
is supported in a frame E, and which are made hollow for the admission of the
liquid or other heating or cooling medium into the space C and its discharge
therefrom.
F is a receiver or funnel to facilitate the filling of the space or cavity C.
This funnel is fitted in a bracket F through which is passed the hollow trunnion D',
tight joints being made at each side of the said bracket by means of suitable
stuffing-boxes or otherwise. The funnel F will, therefore, remain stationary to
receive the liquid whilst the churn is in motion for the purpose of churning.
G is a tap for regulating or controlling the egress of the water or other liquid
from the cavity C. H, H are screws which are passed through nuts I pivoted
at I to the cylinder A, one on each side thereof, for securing the lid when
closed and making the joint air-tight.
K is a ventilating tap for the admission and escape of air when necessary
during the process of churning. It is desirable that this tap should be opened
from time to time to prevent any accumulation of pressure in the churn. L is a
plug which may be withdrawn to permit the draining of the cylinder when the
butter is being cleansed or washed therein; M is a plug which may be withdrawn
to permit the emptying of the cavity C. N is a window or "bulls-eye" for per-
mitting the examination of the contents of the cylinder when churning. P is a
bandle whereby oscillatory motion upon or about its trunnions may be imparted to
the churn. A suitable catch or other device (not shown in the drawing) is provided
for retaining the churn in an upright position, for the purpose of filling it with cream
or milk or for facilitating the removal of the butter or other product therefrom.
In the modified construction of our churn shown in Figures 3 and 4, the jacket or
casing B is made with an extension B' which surrounds the end A¹ of the churn,
and a jacket or casing B2 is formed around the lid or cover A³, and is provided with
a plug Q which may be withdrawn to permit the filling and emptying of the said
casing.
The churn may be made of metal, wood, glass, earthenware or other suitable
material or combination of materials. In some instances, we make it of corrugated
metal.
The ends, instead of being conical, may be pyramidal, wedge-shaped or of other
taper or contracted form so as to ensure the distribution or breaking up of the cream
or milk when the churn is oscillated, as above specified.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of the said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed we wish it understood
that we do not claim an oscillating churn having a cylindrical body and conical
ends otherwise than in combination with our several improvements as herein set
forth, that is to say, we claim ;-
First. An oscillating churn having its body and ends shaped substantially as
herein described and provided with means for maintaining a supply or circulation of

page_text: water or other heating or cooling medium around the same or a part or parts of the
same, for the purposes specified."
Second. A churn constructed with an outer casing or jacket and provided with
suitable means for admitting water or other fluid into and discharging it from the
said casing or jacket during the process of churning, for the purpose above specified.
Third. The improved churn having the conical or contracted ends and provided
with means for the admission and discharge of air and having the outer jacket or
casing and the hollow trunnions, substantially as described with reference to
Figures 1 and 2 or to Figures 3 and 4 of the accompanying drawings and operating
as described.
Dated the 11th day of September 1888.
JOHN ADDY HOPKINSON.
Haseltine, Lake & Co.,
45, Southampton Buildings, London, W.C.,
Agents for the Applicants.