IMPROVEMENTS IN REAPING, AND CUTTING VEGETABLE SUB- STANCES AS FOOD FOR CATTLE
Year: 1841

page_text: PHILLIPS' SPECIFICATION.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I,
CHARLES PHILLIPS, of Chipping Norton, in the County of Oxon, En-
gineer, send greeting:
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by
Her Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing
date at Westminster the Twentieth day of May, in the fourth year of
Her reign, did for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant
unto me, the said Charles Phillips, my executors, administrators,
and assigns, or such others as I, the said Charles Phillips, my exe-
cutors, administrators, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no
others, from time to time and at all times during the term of years therein
expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend,
within within England, Wales, and the town of Berwick upon Tweed,
my Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN REAPING, AND CUTTING VEGETABLE SUB-
STANCES AS FOOD FOR CATTLE;" in which said Letters Patent is contained
a proviso that I, the said Charles Phillips, should cause a particular
description of the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the
same is to be performed, to be inrolled in Her said Majesty's High Court
of Chaucery, within six calendar months next and immediately after the
date of the said in part recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same,
reference being 'thereunto had, will more fully and at large appear.

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the
said Charles Phillips, do hereby declare the nature of my Invention,
and the manner in which the same is to be performed, are fully de-
scribed and ascertained in and by the following statement thereof,
reference being had to the drawings hereunto annexed, and to the
figures and letters marked thereon, that is to say:
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS.
Drawing No. 1, is a representation of my invention for reaping:
Figure 1, is a left-hand elevation; Figure 2, is a plan; Figure 3, is a
part of the plan shown separately from Figure 2, to avoid indistinct-
ness. This part of my Invention consists of a novel combination of
parts into a machine for the above purpose of reaping: a is the framing
of the machine, which may be made of any suitable material, but I
consider iron to be preferable: b, and 6', are the two wheels on which
the machine moves, one end of the spindle of each working in the
framing, the other end of the spindle of b, working in the curb c, and
the other end of the spindle of 6', working in the curb c'; the parts
b, b, c, and c', are all shown in Figure 2; the part b, is shown in
Figure 1: d, is a toothed or cog wheel affixed to the wheel b, and turning
with it as the machine moves: e, is a small toothed wheel or pinion
shown in Figure 1, but this pinion is driven by the wheel d, and thereby
gives motion to the spindle f, shown in Figure 2, on which are affixed
a series of bevel wheels, which give motion to the cutting apparatus
in manner hereafter to be described: g, is the upper of two plates
giving bearings to the upper ends of the vertical spindles of a series
of horizontally working circular shears or cutters; g', is the lower
plate giving bearings to the lower end of the same spindles; these
plates have points projecting forwards in the direction in which the
machine moves, in the course of which points are the bearings of the
spindles of the cutters, and betwixt which are the spaces in which the
stalks of the corn are cut the circular cutters; the points of the lower
plate project beyond the points of the upper plate: h, h, h, h, h, h, h, h,
are wires connecting the tips of the points of the plate g, with the
tips. of the points of the plate g', in order that, the stalks of the corn

page_text: shall enter the machine in the proper manner; they also extend upwards
and backwards to a web, hereafter to be described, for the purpose of
assisting to conduct on to the web all the corn which is cut by the
cutters, in order that the whole of it may pass into the receptacle here-
after also to be described. To protect the machinery of the cutting part
from being clogged with weeds. and dirt, it is desirable to connect each;
point of the plates g, to the point directly under it in the plate.g!, by
means of a tin or other suitable casing, with suitable openings for the
projection of the circular cutters; the wires h, h, h, h, h, h, h, h, may be
very conveniently fixed to this casing: 1, is another small toothed wheel
or pinion, shown in Figure 2, and shown in dotted lines through the
framing in Figure 1, driven by the wheel d, and thereby giving rotation
to the spindle j, and to the wheel block or pulley k, around the cir-
cumference of which are points working into the links of the endless
chain . This chain l, by means of appropriate wheels with points.for
its links to take hold of, gives rotation to the spindles m, and m', and
these two spindles; by similar contrivances to that on the spindle j,
drive the two endless chains n, and n'. These endless chains run round
the spindles m, m', and m², and carry with them an endless web, which
is not here shown, but which is omitted for the purpose of showing
the last described parts. This web, if shown, would occupy in Figure 2,
the space included betwixt the Numbers 1, 2, 3, 4; in Figure 1, it would
follow the course of the endless chain n, its motion when at work being
indicated by arrows there shown. To prevent this web from flapping on
the outer sides of the chains n, and n', it requires to be stayed with
transverse spars of wood, iron, or other suitable material secured to
it at sufficiently frequent intervals, three or four inches being a very
suitable distance for this purpose. The use of this web is to convey
the corn when cut backwards into the receptacle which it has been
before said will be hereafter described. To secure this web drawing
the corn back with certainty it is desirable that it should be provided
with some kind of roughness; this purpose is answered very well by
making the transverse spars before mentioned of sheet iron, with a
narrow edge standing in a direction. perpendicular to the surface of the
web, this edge being serrated somewhat like a hand-saw, but with teeth

page_text: somewhat deeper than those of hand-saws usually are.
Of the parts,
last described, the spindles j, m, and m', and the chains 1, and n', are
shown in Figure 2, but not in Figure 1, but their positions are sufficiently.
indicated in Figure 1, by the position of the toothed wheel or pinion i,
and the course of the chain n: o, is a wheel with points on the circum-
ference, for the purpose of working in the links of and driving the
endless chain p; this chain is shown in Figure 1, but not in Figure 2;
it drives the wheel which has points similar and for a similar purpose
to those previously described in connexion with the previously described
endless chains; it is by this wheel g, that the part A, which I call the
gatherer, is made to rotate; this part is shown in Figure 1, but it is
the part before referred to as shown in plan at Figure 3, instead of
being shown in the plan of the machine at Figure 2. This is similar in
construction to a kind of reel not unfrequently used for reeling thread,
cotton, worsted, and such like substances, or to the paddle wheel of a
steam vessel. From its axis branch out six pairs of radii or arms, at the
ends of which are fixed six boards similar to the float-boards of a paddle
wheel; there is, however, one material difference betwixt this and a
paddle wheel, which is, that, being subject to much less violence, it is
made comparatively very much lighter. The boards at the ends of the
radii or arms are numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, the numbers on the boards
in Figure 1, corresponding with those on the same boards in Figure 3.
The use of this part (the gatherer) is to give the corn such an inclina-
tion, that when the stalks are cut by the cutters the corn shall fall on
the web, to be carried away to the proper receptacle: ", and ", are two
handles of the machine by which its course is directed; these are
connected together by the board's, against which it is intended that the
workman should push, when the machine is made of a size adapted to
be worked by human power. B, is a floor or receptacle, suspended by
appropriate bearings from the handles 1, and 2, in such manner that
the corn, when thrown by the web before described; shall fall thereon:
t, and u, shown in Figures 1, and 2, and t! and u', shown in Figure 2, are
rods of iron or other suitable material forming triangular projections,
for the purpose of directing leaning corn into its proper course; these
will be more effective if the triangular space which they enclose be filled

page_text: up with some kind of drapery or other suitable material. The extreme
right-hand point g', should be connected to the rod t', in manner shown,
by wire or other suitable means, for the purpose of preventing the
stalks of corn getting betwixt them; in like manner the extreme left-
hand point g', should be connected to the rod t. To prevent the corn,
when cut, from falling on the wheels of the machine, it is necessary
that they should be protected by some kind of casing; this is not shown
in the drawing, but the position of a suitable construction for this
purpose is shown in dotted lines in Figures 1, and 2: the letters v, w, x, y,
are placed in each of the two Figures 1, and 2, at corresponding points
of this part, and from a comparison the position will be readily under-
stood. The construction here shown is intended to work with the right-
hand side towards the standing corn; it is therefore necessary that some
protection should be used on that side, to prevent the corn catching
against screws and other similar projections. This machine may be
made of dimensions to be worked either by human or by horse power.
When actuated by human power, the mode of doing it has been
described; when actuated by horse power, it is very conveniently done
by attaching the horse on the left-hand or stubble side of the machine
by long ropes or traces to the framing at or near the point z, the
machine being directed by human power applied to the handles. The
direction in which the machine moves, if not sufficiently obvious from
the foregoing description, will be understood by reference to the arrow
marked C.
Drawing No. 2, is a representation of the cutting apparatus of
my Invention for reaping; shown full size; the letters e, f, g, and g'
in this drawing represent the same parts as are represented' by the
same letters in drawing No. 1. Figure 1, is a left-hand elevation.*
Figure 2, is a plan in which the upper plate g, is removed; the
spindles of the cutters, and the distance bars by which the plates are
secured at a proper distance apart, are shown in section; and the
right-hand portion is broken away from the right-hand cutter of the
fourth pair in the longitudinal course of the machine: a, a, b, b', c, c',
d, d', arc circular shears, such as have been for a long time in use for
cutting, metals; it will be seen that they are arranged in two tiers; a

page_text: front tier. and a back tier, and the series here shown admits of
indefinite extension; it is desirable that the edges of these cutters
should be cut in the same manner as single cut files, for the purpose
of preventing the slipping of the straw: e, is a small toothed wheel or
pinion driven by the main driving wheel of the machine, fixed on the
spindle of and communicating rotation to it: h, h, are bevel wheels:
i, i, are other bevel wheels driven by the bevel wheels h, h: k, k, are spur
wheels: 1, 1, are other spur wheels driven by the wheels k, km, m, m, m,
are spindles driven by the motion of the wheels just described; on
these spindles are the bevel wheels n, n, n, n, which, working with the
bevel wheels o, o, o, o, give motion to the back tier of cutters; under
these circumstances the cutter a, cuts with the cutter a', and the
cutter c, with the cutter c'; then, on the under side of each cutter in
the back tier, is a spur wheel, shown in the drawing in dotted lines,
and on the upper side of each cutter in the front tier is the spur wheel
wheels on the under side of the cutters in the back
p; the spur
tier working into the spur wheels p, motion is given to the front tier
of cutters, the cutter b, then cuts with the cutter b', and the cutter d,
with the cutter d, and in like manner to-that now described a series
containing any odd number of pairs of cutters may be made to work,
the plan described requiring any odd number of pairs of cutters, the
extreme right and left hand pairs being in the back tier: q, q, are
distance bars, whereby the plates g, and g', are bolted together: r, r, are
set screws, whereby the upper cutter of each pair is set down on the
lower cutter to secure their cutting effectively. In the drawing here
shown a screw of this kind will be required to each right-hand cutter
in the back tier, and each left-hand cutter in the front tier; but this
order of placing these screws may be reversed, the relative position of the
cutters in each pair being reversed accordingly. The direction in which
this apparatus progresses when at work is indicated by the arrow A..
Drawing No. 3, represents part of my Invention for cutting hay,
straw, and such like substances, as. food for cattle; this part of my
Invention consists in a novel combination of parts into a machine for
this purpose; the trough or box of this machine, and the rollers by
which the hay, straw, or other substance is propelled, are similar to

page_text: those used in existing machines for the same purpose; the drawing is
a front elevation: a is the mouth of the box: b, is the upper, c, the
lower roller, by which the straw or hay is propelled in this machine;
it is desirable, if not necessary, that the rollers should be worked by
means of a ratchet, in a manner similar to machines made by
Messrs. Ransome of Ipswich, and other manufacturers, and not by
an endless screw, as many machines are, the reason for which is, that
the straw or hay should be stationary, whilst the cutter is acting on
it: d, is a toothed or cog wheel firmly secured to the machine in a
fixed position, and not intended to rotate: e, is a fly-wheel, by turning
which the workman actuates the machine: f, is a circular cutter rotating
on a spindle on the fly-wheel e; the cutter f, has a keen cutting edge
all round its circumference, and should be sufficiently concave on that
side towards the mouth of the machine to give the greatest possible
relief from friction whilst cutting; as the fly-wheel rotates this cutter
is carried across the mouth of the box, and severs the protruding
portion of hay or straw; it will be seen that to this cutter is affixed a
toothed wheel or pinion g; the teeth of this toothed wheel or pinion
work into the teeth of the wheel d, and the spindle of the fly-wheel e,
working through the centre of the wheel d, it follows that when the
fly-wheel is put in motion the circular cutter not only revolves with it,
but it also rotates on its own centre, producing when at work a long
run of cutting edge, and consequent increased keenness of cut.
Drawings Nos. 4, and 5, represent another part of my Invention for
cutting hay, straw, and such like substances, as food for cattle; this
part of my Invention also consists of a novel combination of parts into
a machine. Drawing No. 4, is a front elevation, not with respect to
the position in which the workman stands, but is that elevation in
which the mouth or front of the box presents itself. Drawing No. 5,
is a side elevation showing the opposite side to that on which the fly-
wheel is fixed in this machine, as well as in the one last described;
the trough or box and the rollers are similar to those at present in
use: a, is the mouth of the machine through which the hay or straw
passes: b, is the upper, and c, the lower roller, by which the hay or
straw is propelled; the parts b, and c, are only seen in drawing No. 4:

page_text: d, is a long straight bar of cast-iron or other suitable material, to
which is bolted the straight steeling or cutter e; this bar d, is pinned to
the recipricating bars f, and f'; f, is only seen in drawing No. 4; these
bars réciprocate on the centres g, and g', and with them reciprocates
the bar d, passing across the mouth of the machine, thereby cutting
off the protruding portion of hay or straw with a long run of cutting
edge, and consequent keenness of cnt; the centre g, is only seen in
drawing No. 4; the reciprocating motion of the part d, is produced by
the motion of the fly-wheel h, by means of the crank i, and the con-
necting rod; the crank i, is seen only in drawing No. 4: 1, 1, are
two rollers, the use of which is to keep the cutter up to the mouth of
the box; this machine also requires that the motion of the straw
should be intermitting, and that it should be stationary during the
time the cutter is in operation.
C,
I will now describe a method of propelling the hay or straw, parts of
which are shown in both the drawings Nos. 4, and 5, but are more dis-
tinctly seen in drawing No. 5 m, and m', are two toothed wheels or
pinions by which the lower roller c imparts motion to the upper roller
b, the parts b, and as has been before said, being only seen in drawing
No. 4 n, is a lever connected by the connecting rod o, to the lever p,
at one end of which is the counterpoise q, and at the other end the
click r; this click 2, works into the teeth of the ratchet wheels; by this
arrangement motion is given to the hay or straw in manner following,
that is to say, as the reciprocating bar d, descends below the mouth of
the box it compresses the end of the lever n, which would otherwise,
through the action of the counterpoise or weight q, be in a more
clevated position than that shown; the depression of this lever depresses
the click, which acting on the ratchet wheels, gives motion to the
lower roller, and by means of the pinions m, and m', to the upper roller
also;
then as the bar d, re-ascends across the face of the box, the counter-
poise q, occasions the lever n, to ascend to the height allowed by the
stop t, into a position to be acted upon by the bar d, on its next descent;
the position of the stop t, regulates the length to which the hay or straw
is cut; if that stop be raised the length is increased, if it be depressed
the length is decreased.

page_text: Drawing No. 6, represents another part of my invention for cutting
vegetable substances as food for cattle. This part of my Invention consists
of a combination of parts into a machine for cutting. turnips, mangel-
wurzel, and other similar substances. I will first describe some of its parts
separately, and then the manner in which they are combined into a
machine. Figure 1, is a representation of the plate which carries the
cutters or knives; this in many respects is similar to the cutter-plates of
existing machines, having a central spindle on which it rotates in ap-
propriate bearings on each side of it; the parts a, a, are in one continuous
plane, and in that plane also are the large slicing knives, one of which
is shown and marked b; the other is shown by dotted lines, for the pur-
pose of showing more distinctly the construction of this part of the.
machine.
It will be seen that this plate is open under the large slicing knives;.
and betwixt the close parts a, a, and the cutting edges of the large
knives it is partly open, that part being composed of ribs which are con-
centric circular segments having intervening spaces between them;
these ribs, it will be seen, on that side where the large knife is shown in
dotted lines, pass a short distance under the cutting edge of the knife;
and there terminate, the other ends being those only by which they join
to the rest of the plate; near the unattached ends of each of these ribs
are small cutters, marked c, standing somewhat in advance of the cutting
edge of the large knives; the faces of the ribs shown in this figure are
in a plane with each other, that plane being parallel with the plane of
the large knives b, and as deep below it as it is desired that the thickness
of the slices of the turnips should be; this plate is placed horizontally,
and when the machine is working moves round in the direction indi-
cated by the arrow A. It is evident, therefore, that if turnips rest on the.
surface of the ribs indicated by the letter B, and are restrained by any
means from revolving with the plate, that the small knives or cutters
marked C, will pass through that portion of the turnips which rests on
the ribs, and the large knife b, will slice off that portion through
which the cutters c, have passed, forming, if the cutters c, stand high
enough, a number. of narrow slips which will fall down from the under
side of the knife b, the remaining portion of the turnips from the

page_text: motion of the machine will pass over the knife b, and the adjoining close
portion a, of the plate to descend, as the plate progresses, upon the surface
of the other set of ribs at C, to be again dealt with by the other set of
cutters in the same manner as that last described. There is one other parti-
cular not shown here, which I will now point out, and which will be shown
more fully at Figure 6, in this drawing. The openings betwixt the ribs
already described are continued in the same continuous circular course
under the close portions of the plate a, a, and these openings not only con-
tinue round that portion, but pass a greater distance into it from the
under side than the plane of the face of the ribs, which is here shown, thus
admitting of points passing up through the openings from the under
side of the plate above the surface of the ribs, without interfering with
or impeding the rotation of the plate. Figure 2, is a full-sized repre-
sentation of a portion of the rib D, in Figure 1, presenting the same
view of that rib as is given in Figure 1. Figure 3, is a view of that side
of this rib which is farther from the centre of the plate, or towards the
rib E, Figure 1. The object of these Figures 2, and 3, is to show the
mode of fixing the small knives, marked c, in Figures 1, 2, and 3; these
knives are inserted in small mortices of a shape adapted to receive
them, that portion of the knife which is first inserted in these mortices
being smaller than the other portions which are held in the mortices,
and the size gradually increasing from that part, as shown in Figure 4;
these knives are readily removed and replaced for the purpose of
remedying defectiveness in the knives themselves, or of varying the size
of the slices cut to suit different kinds of cattle, the variation in the
size of the slices being produced by removing some cutters and leaving
others. I will now explain Figures 5, and 6, which show the mode of
combining the parts already described into a machine: Figure 5, is a
plan; Figure 6, a vertical section through the axis of the machine, or
in the course of the line A', B', shown in Figure 5, the parts divided
by the plane of section being represented by oblique parallel lines in
the customary manner: a', is a portion of the machine, having a central
portion, in which the upper end of the spindle of the cutter-plate moves,
and a circular rim, to which are attached three flaps 6', 6', 6', by which
that part is bolted to a portion of the machine of similar dimensions on

page_text: the under side of the cutter plate, and in a centre of which the lower end
of the spindle of the cutter..plate moves: a, a, is the cutter plate already
described in Figure 1: c', c', c', c', c', c', c', c', c', c', are the ribs already de-
scribed: d, d, is the portion of the machine on the under side of the cutter
plate, in which the lower end of the spindle of the cutter plate moves; this
portion d, 'd, is shown in Figure 6, but the only parts of it seen in Figure 5,
are the four flaps e, e, e, e, by which it is bolted to a wood frame or stand;
as shown in the drawing, the legs of that frame being broken off at
the lower extremity in Figure 6, and also of this part d, d; there are
shown; both in Figures 5, and 6, points or projections, marked f, passing
up through the openings betwixt the ribs c', as will be hereafter more
fully described: g, is the spindle which carries the cutter-plate, and upon
which it rotates: h, is the larger of two bevel wheels fixed on the spindle
g, as shown in Figure 6: i, is a spindle driven by the motion of the fly-
wheel ; on this spindle i, is the smaller of two bevel wheels 1; this
smaller wheel 1, driving the larger wheel h, gives motion to the cutters.
and cutter plate: m, is an inverted pyramidal shoot attached to the
framework on the under side of the machine, for the. purpose of
directing the turnips, mangel-wurzel, or other substance (when cut)
into a convenient receptacle. It will be seen on inspection of the
drawings, especially of Figure 5, that the part a' in that figure, which is
the hopper in which the turnips, mangel-wurzel, or other substances
are placed to be cut, is divided into five distinct compartments by the
five divisions 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, passing from the circumference to the centre;
in each of these compartments the substances to be cut are deposited.
It will be seen that the divisions 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, are placed in an oblique
position, inclining in the opposite direction to that in which the cutters
and cutter-plate move; this position favours their confining more
securely the substances to be cut to the action of the cutters. The
cutter-plate has been before described at Figure 1, in this drawing, but
there is one novel peculiarity in its construction which is plainly shown
at the right-hand side of the section, Figure 6. The line A2, is the level
of the upper face of the ribs; the line B2, the level of the bottom of the
grooves already described; the line C², the level of the upper surface of
the cutter-plate and of the large cutters: the part d₁d, in which moves

page_text: the lower end of the spindle of the cutter-plate, is divided into five
compartments by five vertical or perpendicular divisions; from each of
these divisions pass up the points or teeth f; through the openings
betwixt the ribs and into the grooves of the close part of the cutter
plate. In Figure 5, the position of these divisions and their points or
teeth is clearly seen behind the oblique divisions 2, and 4 others
occupy the same relative position with regard to the other divisions
1, 3, and 5, but those behind 5, are hidden by the knife marked b,
and those behind 1, and 3, are hidden under the close part of the cutter-
plate. These points form a kind of rakes, the use of which will be
hereafter described.
I will now describe the objects to be attained by the peculiarity of
construction on which the novelty of this machine depends. The
advantages to be gained by the mode of fixing the knives C, described
in Figures 1, 2, and 3, are a new mode of regulating the size of the slices
of the substances to be cut to suit different kinds of cattle, and it also
admits of blunt or injured knives being readily removed and others
replaced. The mode of driving the cutter-plate by a smaller wheel on
the spindle, than that on the spindle g, occasions the cutter-plate and
cutters to move at a slower speed than would be the case if the handle
by which the machine is worked were applied directly to the spindle
of the cutter-plate; there are two advantages resulting from this реси-
liarity of construction; the knives, the small ones especially, are less
liable to injury in cutting frozen substances, and from the decrease of
speed there is a less tendency to give a spinning motion to the turnips;
wherever any considerable spinning motion is given, a profusion of
small chippings. results therefrom, a small portion only of these chip-
pings are eaten by the cattle, and consequently they occasion great
waste; the division of the hopper into a number of compartments obviates
the decreased quantity of work that would otherwise result from the
slow speed of the cutters and cutter-plate; it is evident that were the
cutter-plate not grated in the manner described, and were the rakes
which pass through the openings betwixt the ribs absent, there would
be a residual portion of each turnip, less in thickness than the space
betwixt the ribs of the cutter-plate and the divisions of the hopper,

page_text: which would have no tendency to pass the cutters unless accidentally,
forced there by the other turnips; these last slices would remain on the
faces of the ribs of the cutter-plate, and offer a very considerable ob-
struction to the descent of the turnips, but the rakes or points passing
up through the spaces betwixt the ribs force the residual slices to the
knives, and with the other turnips assist in forcing them past the
knives, and thus this residual slice is cut up into narrow slips.. In
all other rotary machines this last slice of each turnip passes from
the machine without being slit; it is of inconvenient, shape and dimen-
sions to be eaten by the sheep, therefore, is rejected till it becomes
withered and dirty, and is eventually thrown away as waste.
Having thus described the nature of my Invention, and the manner
in which the various improvements are to be performed, I would remark
that I do not confine myself to the precise details used, so long as the
peculiar mode of action of any of my improvements be retained; and
I would have it understood that what I claim as my Invention is,
first, the mode of combining machinery for reaping, whereby a series
of rotatory shears are employed, as described in respect to drawings
Nos. 1, and 2; secondly, I claim the mode of applying a circular cutter f,
rotating on its own axis to obtain length of cutting edge, when such
circular cutter is forced through the matter to be cut by a further
motion, which I prefer to be a rotatory motion of a fly-wheel, as de-
scribed in respect to, drawing No. 3; thirdly, I claim the mode of
combining a rotatory motion with the reciprocating action of a cutting
edge, as described in respect to drawings Nos. 4, and 5, whereby I am
enabled to obtain the advantages of the length of cutting edge of hand
machines in combination with a rotatory motion; and, fourthly, I
claim the mode of constructing rotatory machines for cutting turnips
and other roots, by combining a series of ribs with projecting points
between them in order to ensure the cutting up of every part of the
turnips or other roots, as described in respect to the drawing No. 6;
and I also claim, in respect of the machinery shown by this drawing,
the mode of affixing the small cutters c, whereby the separate cutters
may be removed and replaced with facility, and more or less of them
used, according to the size of slices it is desired to obtain; and I also

page_text: claim, in respect to the construction of rotatory machines for cutting
turnips and other roots, the reducing the speed of the revolving cutters,
in respect to the speed of the crank axis.turned by hand; and I. also
claim the dividing the hopper or receiver of the turnips or other roots
into three or more compartments, in order that in one revolution of the
cutters their operation may be repeated as many times as there are
compartments, and thus, notwithstanding. the reduction of speed of
the axis of the cutters in respect to the crank axis, the product of the
machine will not be reduced, and when the speed of the axis of the
cutter is not reduced the product of the machine, will be encreased by
the additional compartments.
In witness whereof, I, the said Charles Phillips, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Twentieth day of November in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and forty-