IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR PREPARING DOUGH AND PASTE SUITABLE FOR MAKING BREAD, BISCUITS, PASTRY, CAKES, AND SIMILAR ARTICLES
Year: 1862

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Ebenezer Stevens, of No. 139, Cheapside, in the
City of London, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY
FOR PREPARING DOUGH AND PASTE SUITABLE FOR MAKING BREAD, BISCUITS,
PASTRY, CAKES, AND SIMILAR ARTICLES."
Sealed the 13th April 1863, and dated the 24th December 1862.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Ebenezer Stevens at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 24th
December 1862.
I, EBENEZER STEVENS, of No. 139, Cheapside, in the City of London, do
hereby declare the nature of the Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY
FOR PREPARING DOUGH AND PASTE SUITABLE FOR MAKING BREAD, BISCUITS, PASTRY,
CAKES, AND SIMILAR ARTICLES," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in machinery for preparing
dough and paste suitable for making bread, biscuits, pastry, cakes, and similar
articles. For this purpose I employ a mixing vessel made by preference of
sheet metal, galvanized, or enamelled, or cast iron may be employed. The
vessel is mounted on wheels so that it can readily be moved from place to
place; one of these wheels is a pivot wheel, and has a handle connected with
it, by means of which the vessel can be drawn from place to place and readily
guided. The bottom of the mixing vessel is made semicircular interiorly and
double to contain in the space between the two parts warm water to facilitate
fermentation, it should be fitted with a guage and thermometer. In place of

page_text: using water to warm the mixing vessel it may be warmed by steam, hot air,
or otherwise. In hot climates the mixing vessel will need to be cooled in place
of heated. In addition to this mixing vessel I employ a fixed frame consisting
of a bed plate and two standards suitably tied together and at such a distance
apart as to receive the mixing vessel between them and suitable turn buttons
or clamps are provided for securing the mixing vessel in this position. To
effect the mixing of the dough or paste, when the materials have been placed
in the mixing vessel, a horizontal cranked axis or bar with inclined toothed
stirrers upon it is employed; the toothed stirrers may be made either round or
rectangular in cross section, and may be much varied in form. The cranked
axis or bar is of such a length as to be able to be placed in the mixing vessel,
and it is of such a form that when caused to revolve it passes just clear of the
sides and bottom of the mixing vessel, and if this be altered in form (as it may
be, although I believe that the form I have described is the most convenient),
a corresponding alteration should be made in the form of the cranked axis or
bar of the mixer, this axis has a square socket at one end and at the other a
suitable centre on which to turn. The standards of the frame each carry a
stud or axis, the ends of these are opposite the one to the other and by means
of handles with which they are fitted they are capable of being slidden
longitudinally and when the cranked axis or bar with the stirrers upon it is
put in its place the studs or axes are moved inwards and their ends then pass
through holes formed for the purpose in the side of the mixing vessel, and
the end of one of them, which is square enters the square socket at the end of
the cranked axis or bar, whilst the end of the other stud or axis receives the
centre at the other end of the cranked axis or bar. The first of these studs
or axes slides to and fro in a tube which has two spur wheels of different sizes
mounted upon it, by means of which the tube is caused to rotate, and the tube
.carries the stud or axis with it, there being a feather on the one entering a
groove in the other. In place of employing two of these sliding studs or
axes one only may be employed, and the other end of the cranked axis or bar
may be received in a socket at the side of the mixing vessel. The spur
wheels on the tube are driven by pinions on another axis which is turned by
ineans of a crank handle. There are two pinions of different sizes employed
for this purpose, they are connected together by a tube which slides on the axis,
hat is made to revolve therewith by means of a feather and groove. When
it is desired to drive the mixers or stirrers rapidly, as is done whilst the dough
or paste is sufficiently thin to admit of it, the larger pinion is made to gear
with the smaller wheel on the tube before mentioned, but when the dough or
paste becomes stiffer, and it is desired to drive the mixers or stirrers at a slow

page_text: speed, the pinions are shifted along their axis, so as to take the larger pinion
out of gear and to bring the smaller pinion into gear with the larger wheel
on the tube. Also in place of making the stud or axis, which is squared
to enter the socket on the crank axis, to slide through a tube as above
described, I frequently mount it directly in an ordinary bearing so that it
can rotate but not slide longitudinally, and I fix on it the spur wheels which
otherwise are carried by the tube. In order to admit of the cranked axis
being put on the flattened end of the stud or axis and removed therefrom as
required, the socket of the cranked axis is notched, on one side so that it can
drop over the flattened end of the stud or axis, and it is prevented falling off
when during the rotation of the stud or axis, the notch comes uppermost by a
semicircular ledge fixed on the end of the mixing vessel immediately under the
stud or axis, and this ledge serves to support the boss in which the socket of
the cranked axis is formed. The axis with the crank handle and pinions on it
also carries at the further end of the machine a spur wheel which gears with
a pinion fixed on the axis of a fly wheel employed to render the action of the
mixers or stirrers more regular, easy, and steady. Or the fly wheel may be
placed at the back of the machine, and be driven by a bevilled wheel and
pinion in place of by spur gear.
At the top of the machine there is a hopper
which passes from standard to standard over the top of the mixing vessel whon
this is in its place. The hopper contains flour to supply the mixing vessel,
and for dusting the dough or paste to bring it to the proper consistency. The
hopper contains an axis with blades upon it, there is also upon the axis a spur
wheel which gears with one of the spur wheels on the tube driving the mixers
or stirrers, thus the axis is caused to revolve and the blades upon it keep the
flour in motion. The aperture at the bottom of the hopper is closed by means
of a slide made partly solid and partly of wire gauze or other perforated material,
and when dusting is required the wire gauze is brought under the aperture,
and the flour descends in a fine shower through it; when dusting is not required
the solid portion of the slide is made to close the hopper, or the slide
may be drawn out so as to allow the flour to descend freely. In some
cases in place of employing this slide of wire gauze I allow the flour to
fall without impediment from the slit at the bottom of the hopper, and
the stream of flour is then distributed evenly over the surface of the dough or
paste in the mixing vessel by a board placed in the stream and by suitable
gearing caused to vibrate constantly and rapidly as is described in the Speci-
ication of a former Patent granted to me and dated 15th January 1861, No. 121.
When it is desired to sift the flour, before it enters the mixing vessel I place
sieve in the upper part of the hopper, and in place of putting the flour

page_text: directly into the hopper, 1 put it into a snoot waren supplies it to the sieve,
and after passing through this it falls into the hopper and from thence is supplied
to the mixing vessel as before; the sieve I employ is cylindrical, and is placed
on an axis which is slightly inclined, and is capable of being rotated by means
of suitable gearing when required. When the machines are of considerable
size I strengthen the cranked bar or axis of the mixers or stirrers in the
inixing vessel by means of a diagonal stay or stays in the angle of the crank,
but where the machines are very large I find it necessary to duplicate the
driving wheels and pinions so that the cranked mixer bar may be driven from
both ends simultaneously, and in this case I employ connecting rods and levers
so that the movement of one handle may throw the driving pinions at both
ends of the machine in and out of gear as may be required. I also employ
connecting rods and levers so that by means of one handle the studs or axes
of the cranked mixér bar may be drawn back or projected forward as desired.
In this arrangement I mount the fly wheel on the same axis with the crank
handle. When it is necessary to mix very large quantities of dough or paste
at one time I make double machines in which the standards of the frame are
of sufficient length to receive two mixing vessels between them, back to back,
the frame then carries a double set of gear and two dusting hoppers, but the
parts are all driven from the same driving axis. In some cases I do not make
the mixing vessel moveable, but fixed, so that it cannot be removed from the
machine, in this case the frame is no longer required; the bearings of the
several axes and parts being carried by brackets bolted to the mixing vessel.
-In some cases I make the mixing vessel principally of wood, this material is
especially applicable when the machine is not of very large size, also where a
separate mixing vessel is employed. I, in some, cases construct the frame of
.the machine of wood. In order to raise the dough or paste out of the mixing
-vessel I employ a double scoop which when required is put into place and
fixed in the space between two of the inclined toothed stirrers on the cranked
mixer bar or axis. This scoop as the bar or axis revolves takes up portions
of the dough or paste and brings them to such a level that the workman can
readily remove them from the mixing vessel, the two parts of the scoop act in
this manner alternately. In place of this arrangement a straight bar may be
put in the place of the cranked mixer bar and receive a single scoop upon it
so arranged that it can be slidden from end to end of the bar so as to empty
the mixing. vessel completely or nearly so. In machines of small size I dispense
with the hopper and dusting apparatus and perform the dusting operation by
hand. In machines of a size suitable for household use I dispense also with
the fly wheel and its gear, and in such machines I do not obtain the two

page_text: speeds of driving gear for the mixers or stirrers by means of two driving
pinions and two spur wheels on the tube which actuates the cranked mixer
bar, but I only use one pinion and wheel and obtain the faster speed by applying
the crank handle direct to the end of the stud or axis of which the end is fitted
into the square socket of the cranked mixer bar. I make small machines of
this description without legs and suitable to stand on a table. In order to
sift flour for household use for making dough or paste I employ a cylindrical
sieve mounted on an inclined axis within a wooden case. The flour is supplied
by a shoot to the interior of the sieve, and after passing through the sieve falls
into drawers beneath, which are readily pulled out when the flour is required
In order to rotate the sieve a pinion is fixed on its axis, and this is
made to gear with another pinion the axis of which receives a crank handle
the object of this spur gear is not so much to increase or diminish the speed
of rotation of the sieve as to prevent the motion of rotation being too smooth
and regular.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Ebenezer Stevens in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 24th
June 1863.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, J, EBENEZER
STEVENS, of No. 189, Cheapside, in the City of London, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-fourth day of December, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-two, in the twenty-sixth year
of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto:
me, the said Ebenezer Stevens, Her special licence that I, the said Ebenezer.
Stevens, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said.
Ebenezer Stevens, my exécutors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time
agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter.
during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use,
exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,
the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN.
MACHINERY FOR PREPARING DOUGH AND PASTE, SUITABLE FOR MAKING BREAD
BISCUITS, PASTRY, CAKES, AND SIMILAR ARTICLES," upon the condition (amongst
others) that I, the said Ebenezer Stevens, Ebenezer Stevens, my executors or
administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of their

page_text: hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said
Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the
same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months
next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Ebenezer Stevens, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement thercof, that is to say :-
This Invention has for its object improvements in machinery for preparing
dough and paste suitable for making bread, biscuits, pastry, cakes, and similar
articles. For this purpose I employ a mixing vessel made by preference of
sheet metal, galvanized or enamelled, or cast iron may be employed. The
vessel is mounted on wheels so that it can readily be moved from place to
place. One of these wheels is a pivot wheel and has a handle connected with
it, by means of which the vessel can be drawn from place to place and readily
guided. The bottom of the mixing vessel is made semicircular interiorly
and double to contain in the space between the two parts warm water to
facilitate fermentation, it should be fitted with a gauge and thermometer. In
place of using water to warm the mixing vessel it may be warmed by steam,
hot air, or otherwise. In hot climates the mixing vessel will need to be cooled
in place of heated.
In addition to this mixing vessel, I employ a fixed frame consisting of a
bed plate and two standards suitably tied together, and at such a distance
apart as to receive the mixing vessel between them and suitable turn buttons
or clamps are provided for securing the mixing vessel in this position. To
effect the-mixing of the dough or paste, when the materials have been placed
in the mixing vessel, a horizontal cranked axis or bar with inclined toothed
stirrers upon
it is employed, the toothed stirrers may be made cither round or
rectangular in cross section, and may be much varied in form. The cranked
axis or bar is of such a length as to be able to be placed in the mixing vessel,
and it is of such a form that when caused to revolve it passes just clear of the
sidės and bottom of the mixing vessel, and if this be altered in form (as it
may be, although I believe that the form I have described is the most con-
venient) a corresponding alteration should be made in the form of the cranked
axis or bar of the mixer, this axis has a square socket at one end and at the
other a suitable centre on which to turn. The standards of the frame each
carry a stud or axis, the ends of these are opposite the one to the other, and
by means of handles with which they are fitted they are capable of being
slidden longitudinally, and when the cranked axis or bar, with the stirrers upon

page_text: it, is put in its place, these studs or axes are moved inwards, and their ends then
pass through holes formed for the purpose on the side of the mixing vessel, and
the end of one of them, which is square, enters the square socket the end of
the cranked axis or bar, whilst the end of the other stud or axis receives the
centre at the other end of the cranked axis or bar. The first of these studs or
axes slides to and fro in a tube, which has two spur wheels of different sizes
mounted upon it, by means of which the tube is caused to rotate, and the tube
carries the stud or axis with it, there being a feather.on the one entering a
groove in the other. In place of employing two of these sliding studs or axes
one only may be employed, and the other end of the cranked axis or bar may
be received in a socket at the side of the mixing vessel. The spur wheels on
the tube are driven by pinions on another axis which is turned by means of a
crank handle, there are two pinions of different sizes employed for this purpose,
they are connected together by a tube which slides on the axis, but is made to
revolve therewith by means of a feather and groove. When it is desired to
drive the mixers or stirrers rapidly as is done whilst the dough or paste is
sufficiently thin to admit of it, the larger pinion is made to gear with the
smaller wheel on the tube before mentioned, but when the dough or paste
becomes stiffer, and it is desired to drive the mixers or stirrers at a slow speed,
the pinions are shifted along their axis so as to take the larger pinion out of
gear and to bring the smaller pinion into gear with the larger wheel on the
tube. Also in place of making the stud or axis which is squared to enter the
socket on the crank axis to slide through a tube as above described, I
frequently mount it directly in an ordinary bearing so that it can rotate, but
not slide longitudinally, and I fix on it the spur wheels, which otherwise aro
carried by the tube. In order to admit of the cranked axis being put on the
flattened end of the stud or axis, and removed therefrom as required, the
socket of the cranked axis is notched on one side so that it can drop over the
flattened end of the stud or axis, and it is prevented falling off when during
the rotation of the stud or axis the notch comes uppermost by a semicircular
ledge fixed on the end of the mixing vessel immediately under the stud or
axis, and this ledge serves to support the boss in which the socket of the
cranked axis is formed. The axis with the crank handle and pinions on it
also carries at the further end of the machine a spur wheel which gears with
a pinion fixed on the axis of a fly wheel employed to render the action of the
mixers or stirrers more regular, easy, and steady. Or the fly wheel may be
placed at the back of the machine and be driven by a bevilled wheel and pinion
in place of by spur gear. At the top of the machine there is a hopper which
passes from standard to standard over the top of the mixing vessel, when this

page_text: is in its place. The hopper contains Hour to supply the mixing vessel and for
dusting the dough or paste to bring it to the proper consistency; the hopper
contains an axis, with blades upon it, there is also upon the axis a spur wheel
which gears with one of the spur wheels on the tube driving the mixers or
stirrers, thus the axis is caused to revolve and the blades upon it keep the
flour in motion. The aperture at the bottom of the hopper is closed by means
of a slide made partly solid and partly of wire gauze or other perforated
material, and when dusting is required, the wire gauze is brought under the
aperture and the flour descends in a fine shower through it, when dusting is not
required, the solid portion of the slide is made to close the hopper, or the slide
may be drawn out so as to allow the flour to descend freely. In some cases
in place of employing this slide of wire gauze, I allow the flour to fall
without impediment from the slit at the bottom of the hopper, and the
stream of flour is then distributed evenly over the surface of the dough or
paste in the mixing vessel by a board placed in the stream and by suitable
gearing caused to vibrate constantly and rapidly as is described in the Speci-
fication of a former Patent granted to me and dated the 15th January 1861,
No. 121.
When it is desired to sift the flour before it enters the mixing vessel, I place
a sieve on the upper part of the hopper, and in place of putting the flour directly
into the hopper, I put it into a shoot which supplies it to the sieve, and after
passing through this it falls into the hopper and from thence is supplied to the
mixing vessel as before. The sieve I employ is cylindrical and is placed on
an axis which is slightly inclined and is capable of being rotated by means of
suitable gearing when required. When the machines are of considerable
size, I strengthen the cranked bar or axis of the mixers or stirrers in the
mixing vessel by means of a diagonal stay or stays in the angle of the crank;
but where the machines are very large I find it necessary to duplicate the
driving wheels and pinions so that the cranked mixer bar may be driven from
both ends simultaneously, and in this case I employ connecting rods and levers
so, that the movement of one handle may throw the driving pinions at both
ends of the machine in and out of gear as may be required. I also employ
connecting rods and levers so that by means of one handle the studs or axes
of the cranked mixer bar may be drawn back or projected forward as desired.
In this arrangement I mount the fly wheel on the same axis with the crank
handle. When it is necessary to mix very large quantities of dough or paste
at one time, I make double machines in which the standards of the frame are
of sufficient length to receive two mixing vessels between them, back to back.
The frame then carries a double set of gear and two dusting hoppers, but the

page_text: parts are all driven from the same driving axis. In some cases I do not
make the mixing vessel moveable, but fixed, so that it cannot be removed from
the machine, in this case the frame is no longer required, the bearings of the.
several axes and parts being carried by brackets bolted to the mixing vessel.
In some cases I make the mixing vessel principally of wood, this material is
especially applicable when the machine is not of very large size. Also where
á separate mixing vessel is employed, I, in some cases, construct the frame of
the machine of wood. In order to raise the dough or paste out of the
mixing vessel, I employ a double scoop, which, when required, is put into place
and fixed in the space between two of the inclined toothed stirrers on the
cranked mixer bar or axis; this scoop, as the bar or axis revolves, takes up
portions of the dough or paste and brings them to such a level that the work-
man can readily remove them from the mixing vessel, the two parts of the
scoop act in this manner alternately. In place of this arrangement a straight
bar may be put in the place of the cranked mixer bar and receive a single scoop:
upon it so arranged that it can be slidden from end to end of the bar so as to
empty the mixing vessel completely, or nearly so. In machines of small size
I dispense with the hopper and dusting apparatus, and perform the dusting
operation by hand. In machines of a size suitable for household use, I dis-
pense also with the fly wheel and its gear, and in such machines I do not
obtain the two speeds of driving gear for the mixers or stirrers by means of
two driving pinions and two spúr wheels on the tube which actuates the
cranked mixer bar, but I only use one pinion and wheel and obtain the faster
speed by applying the crank handle direct to the end of the stud or axis of
which the end is fitted into the square socket of the cranked mixer bar. I
make small machines of this description without legs and suitable to stand on
a. table. By means of this machinery dough and paste may be prepared
without the materials being handled or touched by the operator, the process
is thus rendered perfectly cleanly, whereas the hand process as ordinarily
practised is the reverse of this. The use of the machinery described also
results in promoting the health of the employed, in a great saving of labour,
and in a great increase in the yield of bread, which also is of a better quality.
And in order that my said Invention may be most fully understood and
readily carried into effect, I will proceed to describe the Drawings hereunto

page_text: Figure 1 is a front view; Figure 2, an end view, and Figure 3 à transverse
section of the machine; Figure 4 is a plan, with some of the parts removed,
and Figure 5 is a front view, with some of the parts removed.
The framing of the machine consists of the two side frames a, a, connected to-
gether by the two longitudinal horizontal frames a' and a³; on the side frames a, a,
are erected the standards a³, a³, which support the hoppers to contain the flour
to be mixed. The upper part 6 of each hopper is of wood, (this part is removed
in Figure 4,) whilst the lower part 6¹ is a trough of cast iron, with a longi-
tudinal slit or opening along the bottom; there is, however, a low partition in
the centre of the hopper, which divides the slit into two parts or lengths, each
of which is fitted with a slide c, by which the slit may be closed; the slide is
supported by guide bars screwed to the under side of the trough 6', and is
provided with handles c¹, and also with turn buttons c³, with which to secure
it. The hoppers are closed at the top by lids & hinged to them, as is shewn,
and in the lid is an opening of sufficient size to admit of sacks of flour being
emptied into the hopper; this opening is fitted with a cover b³. Within the
hoppers are arranged agitators d, d, which are employed to keep the flour in
motion, so that it may run with regularity through the slits at the bottom,
when these are open.. These agitators are blades fixed on the axes d', d',
which are kept in rotation, when required, by having spur wheels e, e, upon
them, which gear with other spur wheels ff, and these latter are driven in a
manner herein-after described. The spur wheels e are capable of sliding on
the axes d', so that they can be drawn out of gear when desired; and with
this view the wheels are fitted with handles e'; the axes d' have feathers upon
The flour
them to prevent the wheels e rotating independently of their axes.
on descending from the hopper falls into the mixing vessels, and to distribute
it evenly over the bottom thereof, or over the dough therein, the dusting
boards g, g, are used, these are mounted on axes g', g¹; g³, g³, are arms on
the axes g', they are connected by rods h with the crank pins i, i, fixed in
arms on the pinions, which gear with spur wheels j on the axes d' of the
agitators; the dusting boards 9 thus have an oscillating motion given to them,
and the flour as it falls coming against these boards is thrown by them first to
one side and then to the other of the mixing vessels. The mixing vessels k
are made by preference of galvanized sheet iron rivetted together; they are
each mounted on three wheels. The stud axes of the two hinder wheels k¹, k¹,
are fixed to the bottom of the vessel, and the axis of the third or front
wheel is carried by a fork at the lower end of a vertical spindle ³, which is
capable of turning in a bracket piece rivetted to the mixing vessel, as is
shewn. The upper end of the spindle ³ is squared to receive a handle, shewn

page_text: partly in the Drawing Figure 3, and marked k', by means of which the
mixing vessel can be drawn from place to place, and by directing the handle
to one or other side a corresponding direction will be given to the leading
wheel, and the vessel will thus be steered or guided. The bottom of the
mixing vessel k is made double, and the space enclosed is employed to contain
warn water to keep the dough at the proper temperature for fermentation,
when the mixing is complete. The water is poured in at the opening ³, and
run off when done with by the cock k; or steam may be employed to warm
the mixing vessel, or gas may, be laid on under it. In very hot climates it is
necessary to cool, in place of to heat, the mixing vessel; 7 is a portion of the
front of the mixing vessel, which is removeable to facilitate the taking the
dough or paste out of the vessel; at other times it is held in its place by the
catches k. The mixing vessels are kept in their places in the machine
during the mixing process by bars l, which bear on the front of these vessels.
The bars bave eyes at their ends, which pass over screws projecting from the
side frames a, and they are secured by the hand nuts . Within the mixing
vessels are the mixers m, they are teeth made of wrought iron, and set in
inclined positions on the cranked axes or bars m³, m¹; these bave sockets
formed at their ends, which are made square interiorly. The way in which
these mixers are carried and are actuated, as shewn in these Drawings, and
as is suitable for machines of very large size, is as follows:-n, n, arc
standards, which carry in suitable bearings tubular axes o, through each of
these axes a bar
P passes; it is also further supported by a bearing p³, and
is squared at the end. These bars p are capable of sliding within the tubular
axes, but are made to turn with them by means of feathers or otherwise.
The squared ends of the bars p fit into the sockets at the ends of the mixers,
so that when the four tubular axes o are driven they carry the mixers with
them. Simultaneous motion is given to these four axes by the four large
spur wheels ff, mounted upon them; the two wheels which are at one end
of the machine gear together, as do also the two wheels at the other'; r is a hori-
zontal axis at the back of the machine, it is carried in bearings on the frames a,
and is driven either by power or by a crank handle applied at its end, and
actuated by manual labour; with this machine, however, power is more
commonly employed. The axis r bas at each end a pinion ', which gears with
one of the spur wheels f, and from them, as has already been traced, the mixers.
receive motion. The pinions r¹ are not fixed on their axis, but are capable of
sliding on a feather. This arrangement is made in order that the speed
of driving may be varied; to effect which there are also other larger pinions
,, similarly mounted on the axis r, and those when the pinions 1, 7, are

page_text: out of gear can be made to gear with the spur wheels s, s, of which there are
two, one at each end of the machine; they are mounted on two of the
tubular axes o. The axis r has also a fly wheel upon it to keep the speed
of rotation as nearly uniform as may be. When the machine is desired to
run fast, that is to say, when only a part of the flour has been let down and
mixed with the water, and before the dough is stiff the larger pinions ³ are
made to gear; but as soon as the dough stiffens these are thrown out, and the
smaller pinions 1 thrown into gear, so that the machine may be driven at a
slower speed. In order to throw these pinions in and out of gear there is
a collar on each pair of pinions, ³, which is embraced by a fork t capable
of sliding to and fro in guides in the frame. These forks are each attached
to connecting rods u, u, and these are pin jointed to a lever mounted on a
fixed centre v¹. This arrangement causes the pinions at the opposite ends of
the machine to move in unison. w is the handle by which the pinions are
thrown in and out of gear, it is mounted on the fixed centre w¹, and at its
inner end is pin-jointed to one of the forks t, as is shewn. This lever can be
locked to the frame by a pin w³, either in position to retain in gear the
pinions,, or the pinions 73, 73, as may be required. When the dough or
paste is completely mixed it becomes necessary to remove the mixers from the
mixing vessels, and for this purpose the bars or axes p have to be drawn back.
To effect this each of the axes p has a collar on it at p³, which is embraced
by a fork on one of the levers a. These levers are mounted on fixed centres
at a, and each of them at its inner end is pin-jointed to one of the connecting
rods y. These rods are connected in pairs to the levers 2, ; one of these
levers serving for the axes p, p, of one of the mixing vessels, and the other
lever z for the axes p, p, of the other mixing vessel. A, A, are the handles by
which this gear is worked, they are fixed on horizontal axes A¹, A¹, and at their
inner ends they each have an arm A³ projecting downwards and entering a
slot in one of the rods y; thus it will be seen that by turning one of the
handles A the axes p, p, of one of the mixing vessels can be withdrawn or
protruded out as may be required. There are holes in the sides of the mixing
vessels through which the axes p, p, can pass freely.
Another method of carrying and actuating the cranked mixer axes m², and
which is preferable, except where the machines are of very large size, is

page_text: These Drawings shew another machine in which also the mixing vessel
is fixed, and serves for the frame of the machine, but in this case the mixing
vessel is made of wood, and the hopper and parts in connection therewith are
dispensed with, the flour being put into the mixing vessel by hand; .Figure 9,
is a front view; Figure 10, an end view; Figure 11, a plan; and Figure 12,
a transverse section of the machine. The mixing vessel k is mounted on:
four feet k; k*, and is as before mentioned constructed of wood, the semi-
circular false bottom of the mixing vessel is however of sheet metal fitted
tightly to the side of the vessel the space between the two bottoms is as before
for containing warm water, and suitable apertures are provided for the,
introduction and withdrawal of the water. The axes p of the mixers are
carried in bearings on the castings a³, fixed to the ends of the vessel' k, and
they are arranged and act in the manner already described except that the:
two axes cannot be drawn back simultaneously, gear for this purpose not being:
provided, each of them has however a separate lever handle w, which is forked.
at the end, and embraces a collar on the axis, and these handles serve to draw
the axes in and out. The axis r has also its bearings on brackets of the:
castings it has but two pinions r³, 7, upon it, and these are permanently
fixed, the two speeds of driving being in this case obtained in a different manner
from that herein-before described; the axis has also a fly wheel upon it,
and the fly wheel has a crank handle by which the axis can be turned. The
pinions r³ gear with and drive the wheels f, and thus, the mixers are actuated.

page_text: the axis r. This arrangement as it causes the fly-wheel to revolve more
rapidly than the axis r allows of a lighter wheel being used without any loss
of efficiency. In order to give sufficient strength to the mixer bar to allow
of its being driven from one end only I strengthen it in the angle by means
of a diagonal tic. Figure 14 is a side view of a mixed bar m¹ thus
strengthened; m* is the diagonal tie, it extends as the Drawing shews from
the square driving socket of the mixer bar to the horizontal portion thereof;
Figures 15 and 16 are end views of the mixer bar shewn at Figure 14; and
Figure 17 is a transverse section of the same; it will be seen that the form of
the mixer m, is somewhat varied, that indicated in these Figures is very
effective. In this case in order that the mixer bar m³, may be moveable as
is required, the driving socket of the bar is notched on one side as is shewn
by the end view, this allows it readily to be but in or removed from the axis p;
and to prevent it falling off this axis, when in the course of each rotation, the
notch is uppermost, a semicircular lip is formed in the mixing vessel imme-
diately under the axis, and this receives and supports the boss, or exterior of
the driving socket of the mixer bar, the end of the driving axis p I do not
in this case make square in section, but I make it to correspond in form with
the notch in the mixer bar, into which it is to fit. The mixer bar may also
be prevented falling off the axis p, by means of a ring made to slide over the
point of junction. If desired the mixing vessel may be divided into two
compartments by a central partition, and then two mixer bars are used, ono
in each compartment. In the partition there is a bearing carrying a short
axis, which receives at each end the end of one of the mixer bars, which it:
retains as already described either by means of a lip or by means of a sliding,
ring. When the axis p is turned both mixer bars will be driven, and they
are arranged so that when the mixers m of one bar are in the dough those of:
the other are up out of it, consequently the power required to drive two:
mixed bars so arranged will be more uniform than when one bar only is used.
In some cases when employing a flour hopper above the mixing trough I
dispense with the vibrating dusting board g, and in place thereof I make a.
portion of the slide c of perforated metal or gauze the motion of the stirrers
within the hopper will ensure the passage of a continuous shower of flour
through the perforated portion of the slide; Figure 18 is a front view, and:
Figure 19 a vertical section of a portion of a flour hopper thus constructed.
In making the best bread it is customary always to sift the flour, when this is
desired I mount a rotatory sieve in the hopper. over the mixing vessel, and in
place of putting the flour direct into the hopper, I put it into a shoot at the
side from whence it passes through the sieve. and into the hopper; Figure 20:

page_text: is a vertical section of the upper part of a hopper, with a rotatory screen com-
bined with it; D is the shoot, into which the flour is placed; E is the axis on.
which the rotatory screen F is fixed, this screen is conveniently made of per-
forated metal or wire guaze, or it may be made of woven fabric. The axis
E is caused to rotate by means of a pinion G at its end, which gears with
another pinion H, which is either turned by means of a crank handle or it
may be thrown into gear with the wheel e, if sifting and mixing be required
to go on simultaneously; I is an inclined propeller mounted on the axis E,
within the shoot D to draw the flour forward into the screen.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS E.
These Drawings shew apparatus which I employ to raise the dough or
paste in the mixing vessel, in order that it may be removed therefrom.
Figure 21 is a side view; Figure 22 a front view; and Figure 23 an under
side view of such apparatus; Figure 24 is a bar, which is placed in the mixing
vessel' on the axes p, p, in order to receive the lifting apparatus, which consists
of a scoop formed by two side plates a, a, and a bottom plate a¹ on the
bottom plate is the sliding bolt 6, and the fixed stops c, c, c¹, c¹. In putting
the scoop on to the bar, Figure 24, it is applied, so that the stop c come on
one side of the bar, and the stops c¹ on the other, then by shooting the
bolt 6 the apparatus is secured. The bar, Figure 24, is made to turn in a
direction to bring the face of the plate a¹ of the apparatus against the dough
or paste in the mixing vessel, and a piece of the dough or paste is thus
scooped up and brought to such a level that it can readily be taken out
of the scoop and carried away by the workman.
Figure 25 is a side view, Figure 26 a front view, and Figure 27 an under
side view of another arrangement. The scoop is formed of side plates a, a,
and a bottom plate a³, as before, but the method of securing it to the bar is
different in these Figures; the bar is marked b, and it has a frame C fixed
upon it. To the bottom of the scoop lugs d, d, are fixed at the back, and a
single lug e at the front. In putting the scoop into its placo the lugs d, d, are
passed through the frame c, and slid up towards the axis b, the lugs d, d, then
catch the projections c', c¹, of the frame, and the lug e at the same time
catches the front bar of the frame, and the set screw f when screwed down
hold the parts securely in this position. In place of these arrangements, I in
some cases employ a scoop, which is fixed on the mixer bar when it is
required to discharge the dough. Figure 28, see Sheet G, is a side view, and
Figure 29 is a plan of a scoop suitable to be so employed. a, a, are two side
plates; b, a bottom plate; and c, a central partition; these parts form a double

page_text: the mixer bar entering into the notches c', c', of the scoop. The scoop is
secured by a bolt passing through it and through the ends. of two of the
mixers m; the double scoop raises two pieces of dough at each rotation, one on
the plate b,. and the other on the plate c.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS F.
These Drawings shew a machine for mixing dough or paste of smaller size
and simpler construction than those shewn in the Drawings A, B, C, and D.
Figure 30 is a front view; Figure 31 an end view; Figure 32 a plan; and
Figure 33 a transverse section of the machine. In this case, as in the
Drawings D, the hopper and parts in connection therewith. are dispensed with,
the flour being put into the mixing vessel k by hand. This vessel being also
in this case constructed of wood, with the exception of its inner or semi-
circular false bottom, which is made of sheet metal. The mixers m and
their bar m' are as before, except that at one end of the bar m', a stud m³
is fixed to enter a circular hole or bearing in the end of the vessel k, there
being in this machine but one axis p employed. One of its bearings is in the
end of the vessel E, and the other is formed on the casting a fixed to the side
of the vessel; the axis p is arranged in all respects like one of the axes p in
the Drawings C. The axis r has a bearing at one end on the casting a³, and
at the other a bearing on a bracket bolted to the end of the mixing vessel.
The axis has on it but one pinion r³, and this is fixed upon it, the axis is
capable of sliding in its bearings, as before, to throw the pinion r¹ out of gear.
On the axis r is a fly wheel, and this has a crank handle upon it, by which
the axis can be turned, and the other end also is squared to receive another
crank handle, if more power should be required. There is in addition a square
at the end of the axis p for the faster speed.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS G.
These Drawings shew a machine still smaller and more simple in its con-
struction than that shewn in the Drawings F, it is such a machine as is
adapted for use in small households; it is made with the axis p fixed, as
described, in respect to Figure 13. Figure 34 is a vertical section ;
Figure 35 an end view; and Figure 36 a portion of a plan of the machine;.
the mixing vessel is arranged as in the machine last described, but is smaller
and not provided with feet, as this machine is intended to stand on a table.
The casting a³, which is bolted on to one end of the machine, is so made as
to case in the wheels fand,¹; the wheelf is fixed directly on the axis p, one

page_text: bearing of which is carried by the bracket as, and the other by the side of the
mixing vessel. A front view of the bearing within the mixing vessel is shewn
separately at Figure 37, and a plan of the same at Figure 38. In the same
Figures a portion of the axis p, and also of the mixer bar m', is shewn, as will
be seen; the bearing has a semicircular lip k upon it; this, as already men-
tioned, is to prevent the mixer bar m² falling off the axis p when the notch in
the boss of the mixer bar is uppermost. By making the axis p stationary, that is
to say, so that it cannot slide endwise, I am enabled, as the Drawing shews, to
bring the spur wheels close up to the side of the mixing vessel, and this is the
case whatever be the size of the machine where a fixed mixing: vessel is
employed. The axis r is carried in bearings, one of which is in the casting as
and the other in a bracket fixed to the back of the mixing vessel. No fly
wheel is employed in machines of the small size, shewn in these Drawings,,
and for the sake of simplicity of construction the pinion is not made to slide-
in and out of gear.
In witness whereof, I, the said Ebenezer Stevens, have hereunto set.
my hand and seal, this Twenty-third day of June, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-three.