IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANU- FACTURE OF RAILWAY BARS, GIRDERS, AND OTHER ARTICLES REQUIRING GREAT iSTRENGTH AND STIFFNESS TO RESIST, PRESSURE, CONCUSSION, OR STRAIN."
Year: 1857

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Charles Sanderson, of Sheffield, in the County of
York, Merchant, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANU-
FACTURE OF RAILWAY BARS, GIRDERS, AND OTHER ARTICLES REQUIRING GREAT
iSTRENGTH AND STIFFNESS TO RESIST, PRESSURE, CONCUSSION, OR STRAIN."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Charles Sanderson at
.
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 24th June 1857.
I, CHARLES SANDERSON, of Sheffield, in, the County of York, Merchant;
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
THE MANUFACTURE OF RAILWAY, BARS, GIRDERS, AND OTHER ARTICLES REQUIRING
GREAT STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS TO RESIST PRESSURE, CONCUSSION, OR STRAIN,"
to be as follows:-
My Invention of improvements in the manufacture of railway bars,
girders, and other articles requiring great strength and stiffness to resist
pressure, concussion, or strain, relates to certain improved methods of
making these articles of a combination of iron and steel, or of steel only,
and afterwards.hardening and tempering the articles, for the purpose of
increasing their strength. . By these means I am I am enabled to produce
bars for the permanent way of railways of greater strength and durability
than those usually employed for the purpose.
In carrying out my Invention I propose to make either solid or hollow

page_text: bars, as may be desired or preferred; and one plan of effecting this object
consists in "converting " a thick bar of iron, and then rolling it into the
desired form, and consequently hardening and tempering it. By this means
a very strong and durable rail will be produced, having a hard steely sur-
face, capable of resisting wear to a greater extent than a common rolled
iron rail, and internally the rail will be composed of tough iron, as the
"conversion" would not reach the centre of the bar.
Another mode consists in taking the bloom of iron and adding thereto at
one side thereof a bloom of steel, of suitable dimensions, and then rolling out
the combined metals into a bar of the required form and dimensions. The
rail thus produced must also be subjected to the processes of hardening and
tempering. If a railway bar or girder is rolled from a bar of steel or from
an ingot of cast steel, it must be subsequently hardened and tempered, as
without undergoing these processes much of the advantage resulting from the
use of steel for the above purposes will be lost. I propose to make hollow
rails, bars, or other articles of steel, or steel and iron combined.
This object may be effected in a variety of ways. One mode consists in
rolling out the metal into a sheet of the required thickness, and then turning
up into the desired form, and passing it between rollers or dies, so as to com-
plete the article; or I make an iron tube and cast steel around it in a metal
mould; I thus form a cylinder of iron coated with steel on the outer surface;
or I cast steel upon an iron core or mandril, and obtain a cylinder of steel.
These are rolled and drawn like Jocomotive tubes to any given length, so as to
produce a tube of the required thickness. This tube is then passed between
dies or rollers, and a rail of the double-headed or any other form desired, will
be produced. The rails, bars, girders, or other articles, by whatever process
they may be produced, are then hardened and tempered, after which they
will be ready for the various purposes for which they may be applicable.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Charles Sanderson in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 24th December 1857.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, J, CHARLES
SANDERSON, of Sheffield, in the County of York, Merchant, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-fourth day of June, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven, in the twenty-first year of Her

page_text: reign,did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said Charles Sanderson, Her special license that I, the said Charles Sanderson,
my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Charles
Sauderson, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during
the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise,
and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
THE MANUFACTURE OF RAILWAY BARS, GIRDERS, AND OTHER ARTICLES REQUIRING
GREAT STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS TO RESIST PRESSURE, CONCUSSION, OR STRAIN."
upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Charles Sanderson,
by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal, should particularly
describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner
the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great
Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately after
the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Charles Sanderson, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement, reference being had to the Drawing hereunto annexed,
and to the letters and figures marked thereon (that is to say) :-
:-
"
My Invention of "Improvements in the Manufacture of Railway Bars,
Girders,and other Articles requiring Great Strength and Stiffness to Resist
Pressure, Concussion, or Strain," relates to certain improved methods of
making these articles of a combination of iron and steel, or of steel only, and
afterwards hardening and tempering the articles, for the purpose of increasing.
their strength. By these means I am enabled to produce bars for the per-
manent way of railways of greater strength and durability than those usually
employed for the purpose. When girders, beams, and other similar articles
requiring great stiffness and rigidity are made according to my Invention,
either of steel alone or steel combined with iron, it will be found that by
hardening and tempering such articles their stiffness and rigidity will be
greatly increased.
By thus increasing the strength, stiffness, and rigidity of girders, beams,
or rails for railways, and other similar articles, I am enabled to make them
much lighter than heretofore, and of superior strength.
In carrying out my invention I propose to make either solid or hollow bars,
as may be desired or preferred; and one plan of effecting this object consists
in "converting" a thick bar of iron, and then rolling it into the desired form,

page_text: and subsequently hardening and tempering it. By this means a very strong
and durable rail will be produced, having a hard steely surface, capable
of resisting wear to a greater extent than a common rolled iron rail, and
internally the rail will be composed of tough iron, as the "conversion "
would not reach the centre of the bar. Girders, beams, and other analogous
articles may be made in a similar manner, and as articles made by my im-
proved plan will possess greater strength and stiffness than others. of much
greater weight inade on the old plau, it will be seen that a great economy in
material may be effected.
Another mode consists in taking a bloom of iron heated to a white heat,
and adding thereto cast steel in a fluid state. These blooms of combined
metal are then rolled out into a bar of the required form and dimensions, as
described in the Specification of a Patent granted to me, and bearing date
November Fourth, One thousand eight hundred and forty-five.
It must be understood that all kinds of articles manufactured according to
my present Invention, whether of steel alone or steel combined with iron
must be subjected to the processes of hardening and tempering, so as to give
them a certain amount of strength and elasticity, which will prevent them
from "setting" to any undue strain put upon them. Whether, therefore, a
railway bar or girder be rolled from a bar of steel or from an ingot of cast
steel, or from a combination of steel and iron, as above mentioned, it must be
subsequently hardened and tempered, as without undergoing these processes
much of the advantage resulting from the use of steel for the above purposes
will be lost.
Hollow rails, bars, or other similar articles, or sheets, or plates, may be
made of steel, or steel and iron combined. Either of these articles may be
made from a bloom of metal, consisting either of steel alone, or steel combined
with iron, rolled or reduced into the form of a sheet, of the required width
and thickness. Sheets made of steel, or steel and iron combined in this
manner may, when rolled to the required thickness and properly hardened
and tempered, be employed either for constructing tubular bridges or for ship
building or boiler making, or other purposes to which such material may be
applicable.
When hollow railway bars or girders are required, the bloom must be rolled
out into a sheet of the required length and thickness, and then the edges must
be turned up into the desired form, and afterwards passed between rollers.or
dies, so as to bring the article into the required form.
In the accompanying Drawings I have shewn different plans of making
hollow rails for railways,

page_text: Fig. 1 is a side elevation, and Fig. 2 a cross section, of a hollow rail and
bridge chair, and which I denominate the jacket or saddle rail.
The part
marked a, a, represents the hard metal jacket, made from steel, or steel and
iron combined. This hard metal jacket, properly hardened and tempered,
forms the bearing surface of the rail. b, b, is a chair, which may be made
of cast iron, or common malleable or wrought iron, and forms a continuous
chair, as shevn in the Drawing. The hardened and tempered jacket is
secured in its place on the continuous chair by cross bolts or pins c, c.
If
desired, the chair b, b, may be cast solid.
Fig. 3 is a side elevation, and Fig. 4 a transverse section, of another form
of hollow rail. The edges of the rails a, a are fitted in between the flanges
of the chair b, b, and are secured together by means of an internal plate d
(Fig. 4), through which pass the bolts c, c, whereby the rails are held in
the chair.
Fig. 5 is a side elevation, and Fig. 6 a transverse sectional view, of a
modification of the above. In this instance the hollow rail is placed over an
internal rail d, which is formed on and forms part of the chair, which may be
either continuous, as shewn in Fig. 1, or may be made and used in lengths or
sections placed at convenient distances apart. The chairs may be made either
of cast iron, or wrought, rolled, or malleable iron, but the rails a, a, must be
made either of steel or steel and iron combined, and subsequently hardened
and tempered to strengthen them, and prevent them from bending.
Another mode of manufacturing a hollow rail consists in making an iron
tube, and casting steel around it in a metal mould; I thus form a cylinder of
iron coated with steel on the outer surface; or I cast steel upon an iron core
or mandril, and obtain a cylinder of steel. These tubes or cylinders are rolled
and drawn like locomotive tubes to any given length, so as to produce a tube
of the required thickness, as shewn in Figures 7 and 8. This tube is then
passed between dies or rollers, and a rail of the double-headed Trail, or any
other form desired, will be produced, as shewn at Fig. 9. Tubes formed of
steel or steel and iron combined, as above described, or round bars made of
steel cast round an iron core, may be made into axles, but all the rails, bars,
tubes, axles, girders, or other articles, by whatever process, and in whatever
form they may be produced, must be hardened and tempered, after which
they will be ready for the various purposes for which they may be applicable.
Having now described my Invention of "Improvements in the Manufacture
of Railway Bars. Girders, and other Articles requiring Great Strength and
Stiffness to Resist Pressure, Concussion, or Strain," and having explained the
means of carrying the same into effect, I would observe that I am aware that

page_text: railway bars or rails, axles, sheets, or plates,and other articles have been here-
tofore made of steel, or of steel and iron combined in various ways, in order
to increase the strength of such articles; I do not therefore mean or intend
to claim the application of steel or steel and iron combined to any such
purposes, except when used and applied in the manner herein-before set
forth; nor do I intend to claim hardening and tempering bars, rods, or sheets
of steel, or steel and iron combined, when such bars, rods, or sheets are used
or applied for the manufacture of articles of cutlery or other small articles;
but that which I consider to be new in the above improvements, and therefore
desire to claim as the Invention secured to me by Letters Patent, as afore-
said, is, the manufactu re of railway bars, girders, axles, and other articles,
as above mentioned, of steel or steel and iron combined, and subsequently
hardened and tempered for the purpose of increasing their strength and
stiffness, thereby enabling them to resist pressure, concussion, or strain.
In witness whereof, I, the said Charles Sanderson, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, the Twenty-second day of December, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven.
Witness,
JOHN FIELD,
Sheffield.
CHARLES SANDERSON. (L.S.)