IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF HOLLOW CAST-IRON COOKING UTENSILS, AND IN THE MEANS OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREFOR OR CONNECTED THEREWITH, PART OF WHICH APPARATUS IS APPLICABLE TO THE MOULDING OF OTHER ARTICLES
Year: 1870

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Neilson, of the Firm of "S. H. Dobbie
and Company," Founders, of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark,
North Britain, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
MANUFACTURE OF HOLLOW CAST-IRON COOKING UTENSILS, AND IN THE
MEANS OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREFOR OR CONNECTED THEREWITH,
PART OF
WHICH APPARATUS IS APPLICABLE TO THE MOULDING OF OTHER
ARTICLES."
Sealed the 3rd May 1870, and dated the 9th March 1870.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Neilson at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 9th March 1870.
I, JOHN NEILSON, of the Firm of "S. H. Dobbie and Company,"
5 Founders, of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark, North Britain, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN THE MANUFACTURE OF HOLLOW CAST-IRON COOKING UTENSILS, AND IN THE
MEANS OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREFOR OR CONNECTED THEREWITH, PART OF
A

page_text: WHICH APPARATUS IS APPLICABLE TO THE MOULDING OF OTHER ARTICLES," to be as
follows, that is to say :-
"
This said Invention has reference mainly to a new or improved manner
of constructing the moulding boxes and the moulds and cores for forming
and casting or manufacturing "hollow ware or cast-iron cooking
utensils, namely, pots, pans, and kettles, of the various shapes and sizes
in use, and requiring to be formed in two, three, and four parts or
moulds and boxes, according to the shape of the article, whereby these
and such cast-iron articles are made or moulded and cast more perfect
and economically, or mere equal and concentric in their annular
thickness, besides being made quicker, and with less skilled labour than
heretofore.
And one improvement of this said Invention consists in making or
turning the bearing parts of the moulding boxes with annular fitting
edges or with truly turned grooved and projecting edges fitting on to each
other at their "parting" edges without any room to shake, although
quite "easy" of separation and replacement whether the boxes are
round or oval, the same or equivalent partings being all the same size
and shape, so that any "drag" would fit the bearing edge of any middle
box of its particular size or kind, and so on, the top edge of any middle
box fitting the bearing edge of any top box.
65
And another or second improvement consists in completely forming
every particular "part" of the mould within the said corresponding
"parts" of the boxes so fitted to each other (of, say, for a three "part"
box and mould for forming any particular size of a common barrel or
"bilge" shaped pan) individually over or upon a particular cast-iron
ramming or bed plate turned with a grooved or projecting annular ring
to suit the bearing edges of the said boxes, or it may be the turned
outer or inner edge or a flange of the boxes. The part of the pattern for
forming the outer surface of these parts of the moulds is placed on or
attached to the centre of the said plate, or if loose fitted also by a turned
groove flange, projecting rim, or equivalent bearing concentric ring to the
groove or rim fitting the box so that they will all be in the same true axial
line at right angles to the edges of the box and "parting."
66
Thus all the
drags" or under "parts" of the moulds and boxes are successively
filled and rammed with the sand (in any usual manner) upon the said
ramming and "parting" surface forming plate, corresponding in shape
to the "parting" between it and the middle "part" or mould and the

page_text: The "
"
resting surface of the core.
removed are turned over on a
up, each box having a truly bored parallel or tapered hole formed
through the centre in a cross bar or other equivalent for the purpose of
receiving and carrying the turned steadying stem of the core.
A screw
or lever spindle in the centre of the closing bench or plate is worked by
hand or foot up through the said hole in the "drag" to receive and lower
the core by its stem on to the “drag” as will hereafter be more fully
described. At the time the "drag parts" are being thus formed at one
bench by one or two persons the middle outer parts of the mould and
their boxes are also similarly rammed and formed in succession over
another bench and parting plate, forming a ramming and parting bearing
surface corresponding to that of the "drag," having the open hollow
pattern of the upper part of the pot resting in or by an annular groove
or flange in the plate or pattern. When a stem or ears (or other
projecting equivalent, such as feet) are to be formed near the upper part
of the pot or the lower side of the "mid part" of the mould for
attaching the handle to, the parts of the pattern forming these are
inserted and withdrawn through and from the inside of the hollow
pattern. The "bead" or hollow rounded lip of the mould forming the
upper strengthening edge of the pot is formed by a half-round ring or
"bead" formed or set on the ramming plate of the "drag," and the other
half of the hollow "bead" at the lower edge of the "mid parts " is formed
by a similar half ring loose and removable at the corresponding edge of
the pattern for forming the "mid parts" or moulds. The hollow pattern
is then withdrawn from the "mid part" of the mould or the mould from
it, when each part as thus finished is removed and placed or
"closed"
over the last formed drag part" on the closing table. While the
drag" and "mid-parts" of the moulds are being so formed and closed
as described, the cores are formed or rammed in the core box placed
concentrically on a correspondingly or similarly shaped plate, ramming,
parting, and core resting surface to that of the " drag parting." The
fixing stem of one of the core pins with a good large surface steadying
and carrying or supporting collar both truly turned is inserted into a
centre hole made to fit it of the said core forming and ramming plate or
box, and having an upper large spreading or long core sand holding head
or end rammed well within the core box, which is formed by preference
in two annular parts for this barrel shape of core parted in the centre or
"bilge part," the lower ring in some cases when preferred being made in
drag parts as thus formed and
closing bench with the "parting” side
"
68

page_text: two parts through the axial line for removal laterally from the core.
The core being thus rammed the top part or ring of the box is first
removed upwards from the core, when the lower ring part of the core box
is removed downwards through the ramming plate or laterally, as before-
named when made in two parts, which are released by the removal of the
upper ring, and when the lower part of the core box is thus made in two
parts to be removed laterally from the core it may be rammed and formed
on or along with the "drag part" of the mould, or by preference the
core may be raised and removed out of the lower solid ring of the core
box by its carrying large head and stem, by a screw or lever spindle
carrying the same and worked in the centre up through the core box and
ramming plate and bench for the purpose actuated by the hand or foot
of the moulder. Each core thus finished is removed by the hand and
stem and placed on the lowering and setting spindle of the closing table
before referred to, passing up and down through the central eye or socket
formed for receiving the stem of the core in the centre of the "drag
part" and box, and into which it is lowered by the hand screw, wheel, or
lever, as the case may be, after the "mid part" has been already finished
and placed in position over the "drag" and closing table, all as before
described, when the core is fixed down firmly by a cotter or other
equivalent passed through its stem below the drag box. The upper parts
of the boxes and moulds are rammed, formed, and finished separately.
by themselves in succession in like manner to the former "drag" and
middle "part" by placing each top box over the bottom part or half of the
pattern of the pan set or fixed on the centre of the ramming "parting "
plate for this upper "part," all constructed and arranged substantially
as before described, so that the boxes by their ring edges or flanges are
held concentric to the pattern all in the same axial line. The gate part
of the pattern is placed above the bottom of the pattern of the pan in the
usual manner and rammed in this upper "part" and box of the mould,
or into an upper **
gate," box, and "part" rammed separately for the
purpose in a similar way to the other "part." Each top "part" as thus
in succession finished is lifted off the said half pattern and the ramming
plate carefully, or the pattern removed down through the plate by a lever
or screw arrangement attached to the table and plate, each part being
then closed over the core and middle boxes, also so far finished and
closed in succession as herein-before described, and the "gate part" and
boxes when used separately are each closed and placed on the top part
of each whole mould so closed. Each part of the mould as closed on the

page_text: $6
"
drag " and other "parts" in succession is guided by a large semi-
circular or segmental plate fixed vertically and concentrically to the
centre of the closing table termed a closing guide" or plate, against
which the round turned flanges of each part of the boxes made by
preference all one size or to the same sized circle, oval, or curve as the
guide plate on which they bear, and are steadied in closing so as to come
down fair into their grooved edges or seats with each other, without
touching the cores however thin the space for this motion and the
thickness of the metal. A similar guide may be attached to each
moulding bench and ramming “parting" plate when desired so as to
guide the boxes in drawing them off the pattern. These closing guides
are also equally applicable for and may be applied to the removal and
closing of moulds for casting many other kinds of articles. The moulds
may get a twist round to smooth the surface in their removal from the
pattern or be placed on again after being dusted with blacking so as to
make the smooth pattern "sleek" or smooth the surface of the mould;
and the ramming plates in some cases may be raised with the mould
(off the pattern, which in this case may be fixed) by a lever or screw
arrangement instead of drawing down the pattern through the plate.
The parts of the boxes when closed may be held tight for casting by
any of the ordinary means, or by special duplex snugs formed for the
purpose at three or other number of equal divisions or parts round the
parting flanges, the one snug of each pair projecting over the other so
that when the boxes are closed a slight turn of each would by a taper or
wedge action on the holding surface of the snugs tighten the last closed
part to the former in succession at all the points round them where the
snugs are formed.
By another means instead of these snugs simple pinching screws
might be screwed through the overlapping rim or "fawcet" bearing
edge of the one box so as to tighten on to the inserted or "spigot" edge
of the other box, and thus tighten the two boxes together.
When spouts are required on any of these utensils they would be:
formed essentially in the same manner as at present, and when large, as
for kettles, by detachable parts of the pattern and side or pocket parts.
and partings of the moulding box and moulds, or otherwise according to
the sizes and form of the spouts required.
In some cases the "drag or lower "parts" of the mould may be a
simple cast-iron plate having its surface of the same or corresponding

page_text: shape required to suit the "parting" of the "mid" box resting on it
and the resting surface of the core, the plate having a central eye or
socket to receive and hold the stem-holding piece of the core, and the
plate could also have an annular or a hollow disc groove formed in it to
be filled up and flattened over quickly and simply with a layer of sand
at the parts exposed to the molten metal, the back part being perforated
with small holes to draw off the air and gases and vapour arising in
casting, or these grooves may be filled up with loam, dry sand, fire-clay,
plumbago, or other substance which would stand the hot metal and
serve for a great many castings, being always dry and hot at the time of
casting, and would not chill the metal on the "drag" surface, whether
that might be the edge of the vessels or bottom, as when casting them
with their mouths upwards. In this case having the cores hung by
their before-mentioned stems passed through and attached to the top
box instead of the "drag," the core-carrying stem in either case being
preferred to be hollow so as to form a vent tube for carrying off all the
air, gases, or vapours from the core in the operation of casting. Over
each ramming "parting" plate or core box bench or platform an annular
and a flat faced rammer may be worked by motive power, and set on or
actually worked by the moulder either to raise and lower or only raise
it when it falls; when he has filled the box with sand the annular one
first entering the space between the pattern and box, and the flat one
last, the box being filled with the loose sand to a regulated height in
and above the box respectively to insure the proper hardness by self-
acting rammers. The complete moulds and boxes all as so closed
attached and finished on the closing platform are removed to a long
bench running alongside a line of rails, by preference running right
round it with trucks or carriages passing along one side towards the
smelting cupola, with the moulds placed on them from the said bench so
as to be carried and cast at the cupola; after which the parts of the
moulding boxes are separated and the hot vessels and sand removed
from them, when the emptied moulding boxes are placed on the returning
carriages, from which they are lifted down to the moulders at their
moulding platforms as they reach them; or the hot metal may be
carried by ladles hung on swivels, on carriages, or travelling cranes, and
poured into the moulds in succession ranged along the long bench as
the ladle and carriage reach them, in which case the train of carriages
would carry the hot castings and moulding boxes to the end of the shop
(where they were to be emptied and the sand re-prepared and dressed),

page_text: and bring the empty boxes back again to the moulders' platform, and
also the prepared sand ready for use in open convenient troughs on the.
adjacent sides of the carriages to the moulders; or the sand may be
raised by elevators, where it is prepared, up into long screw troughs
running along the upper part of the two sides of the moulding shop so
that the revolution of the conducting screw would carry the sand along
and over the moulders' platforms so as to be conducted to these at
will by pendant or angular spouts controlled by slides, much in the same
manner as grain is conveyed in grinding mills and other places, all so
that the several operations of moulding, casting, cleaning the boxes,
re-dressing the sand, and returning the same and the boxes to the
moulders in the manufacture of such 'hollow ware " would go on
regularly throughout the day, and produce a greater amount of good.
castings with much less expenditure of time and labour than heretofore.
"
This Invention has also reference to a new or improved arrangement
of the various workshops for the several operations or processes and
the construction and arrangement of parts of the apparatus and
mechanism employed in these operations, which consists, first, in
arranging the workshops and other buildings in shed houses in a course
or line in regular order of the operations to be performed throughout
the manufacture, having a line of rails laid through their centre
line for the carrying and transmitting purposes necessary to the
manufactory.
The arrangement preferred is, that the main shed workshops should be
of a U shape, or form three sides of a square or right angle with the main
open front, parallel or facing a main line of railway, road, canal, or
river, from which the end of the foundry would enter on the one side,
leading successively to the sanding shop, annealing shed, and furnaces,
and annealing store being the range on that side, with the long turning
shop forming the extreme close or rectangular end of the range of
buildings, while the tinning shop, japanning room, and oven, and the
main finished goods store successively form the other parallel side of the
range of buildings,, with its front end facing the said main thoroughfare
for the convenient despatch of the finished wares or goods in the same.
manner as the foundry is at the other for taking in pig iron, coke,
et cetera. The front space of the rectangle between the foundry and
the finished goods store is filled up next the foundry with the large
store of the goods not required to be annealed or tinned, and on the

page_text: other side next the finished goods store with the general store for
materials required in the manufactory, while the space behind
these is filled up respectively with the smith's shop and the cover-
making shop, the whole forming four ranges with their ends facing
the front. Two lines of railway run up from the main thoroughfare
through the centre of each of the said four ranges of buildings, one line
for the entrance and sending out of the materials and manufactured
goods and for the return of the empty carriages, so that in the foundry
range the cast iron and coke are taken in by the one centre line on to
the cupolas at the extreme end of the foundry, while the slag and other
refuse are taken out by the other; the moulding and casting going on
along the two sides of the building. The hot castings are conveyed on
carriages into the sanding shop, and when dressed on to the annealing
sheds and furnaces, and then to the annealing store, from which they
are transported as required to the turning shop, and so on, the other
line of rails bringing back the empty carriages.
Another improvement consists in utilizing the escaping heat from the
annealing furnaces by conveying it to the japanning oven so as to heat
it by hot flues, or by superheated steam raised and superheated in
boilers erected over the said furnaces, and carried by pipes to a cased
sheet-iron shell or chamber surrounding and forming the sides and roof
of the japanning oven or stove so as to heat it in a steady and easily
regulated manner for the japanning of the goods regularly as produced,
and the steam from the same boilers is also made to drive the motive
engines for blowing the cupolas, smiths' and turners' fires, and also the
motive gearing of the turning shop.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said John Neilson in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 7th September 1870.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHN
NELLSON, of the Firm of "S. H. Dobbie and Company," Founders,
of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark, North Britain, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Ninth day of March, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy, in the thirty-

page_text: third year
of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give
and grant unto me, the said John Neilson, Her special licence that I,
the said John Neilson, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or
such others as I, the said John Neilson, my executors, adminis-
trators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others,
from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term therein
expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend
within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel
Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
MANUFACTURE OF HOLLOW CAST-IRON COOKING UTENSILS, AND IN THE MEANS OR
APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREFOR OR CONNECTED THEREWITH, PART OF WHICH
APPARATUS IS APPLICABLE TO THE MOULDING OF OTHER ARTICLES," upon the
condition (amongst others) that I, the said John Neilson, my executors
or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one
of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the
nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be
performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the
said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said John Neilson, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement in writing, and by the said explanatory Figures,
reference letters and numerals on the two Sheets of Drawings which
I have hereunto appended for the purpose of showing the nature of
my said Invention, and best modes and means I am at present aware
of for carrying it into effect or practice, the same reference letters and
numerals indicating the same, equivalent, or like parts in all the Figures,
that is to say :—
My said Invention has reference mainly and firstly to a new or
improved manner of constructing the moulding boxes and the moulds
and cores for forming and casting or manufacturing "hollow ware" or
cast-iron cooking utensils, namely, pots, pans, and kettles of the various
shapes and sizes in use and requiring to be formed in two, three, and
four "parts" or moulds and boxes according to the shape of the article,
whereby these and such cast-iron articles are made or moulded and cast

page_text: annular thickness besides being made quicker and with less skilled
labour and less loss in bad and defective castings than heretofore.
On Sheet 1, Figures 1 to 22 show various detailed sections and plans
of moulding and core boxes and their other parts and appliances con-
structed in accordance with and illustrative of these said improvements
under this first part of my said Invention, and referring particularly to
Figures 1 to 15 one improvement consists in making or turning the
bearing parts of the moulding boxes A, B, C, and core boxes D, D', with
annular fitting edges a, b, b', c, or with equivalent truly turned, grooved,
and projecting edges d, d¹, fitting on to each other at their "parting"
edges a, b, b, c, d, and d', without room to shake although quite easy
of separation and replacement, whether the boxes are formed or turned
of a round or oval shape; the same or equivalent partings or edges are
made all of the same size and shape, so that the parting edge a of any
drag part A or plate Aº, A', would fit the bearing lower edge 6 of
any middle box B of the size or kind for making a particular size and
shape of pot or article, and so on, the top edge b¹ of any middle box B
being made to fit the bearing lower edge c of any top box C, Figure 14.
And another or second improvement under this first part of my said
Invention consists in completely forming every particular "part" of the
mould A*, B*, C*, within the said corresponding "parts" of the boxes
A, B, C, so fitted to each other (of, say, for a "three part" box and
mould for forming any particular size of a common barrel or "bilge"
shaped pan), Figures 4, 8, and 13, individually and respectively over or
upon particular cast-iron ramming or parting bed plates e, f, 9, turned
with grooved or projecting annular rings e, f, g, to suit the bearing
edges a, b, c, of all the said boxes A, B, and C, respectively, or the
turned outer or inner edges or flanges of these boxes. The parts E, F, G,
of the pattern for forming the outer surface of these parts A*, B*, C*, of
the mould are placed on or attached to the centre of the said plates
e, f, g, respectively, or if loose fitted also by a turned grooved flange
projecting rim e", f", 9", (or equivalent bearing concentric ring to the
groove or rim fitting the box) so that all the parts of the patterns,
boxes, and moulds would thus be in the same true axial line at right
angles to the edges of the box and parting surfaces, indicated by the
red line 1-1 in these Figures. Thus all the "drags" or under parts A
of the moulds and boxes are successively filled and rammed with the
sand (in any usual manner) either by hand or machinery upon the said

page_text: 68
"
111
ramming and parting surface a¹¹ of the plate e (fixed to a convenient
ramming bench or table H, Figures 4 and 13b) corresponding in shape
to the "parting" surface 6", Figures 8 and 14, between it and the middle
part or mould B* and the resting surface d" of the core D*, by
preference nearly flat when possible, so that the parting surface 6" of
the part B* may be formed upwards on a plane with the edges b, ƒ³, of
the box B and pattern F, as in Figure 8b; or the parting a" may bo
formed on or by a plate Aº, A¹, Figures 14ª, 16, and 16*, instead of by
the drag part A*. The drag parts A* as thus formed, Figures 4 and 5,
are removed and turned over on a closing bench I, Figures 14, 14ª, 16,
16, and 21, with the parting side a¹ up, each box and plate A, Aº, A³,
having a truly bored parallel or it may be tapered hole A" formed
through the centre in a cross bar A¹ or other equivalent for the pur-
pose of receiving and carrying the correspondingly turned steadying
stem D of the core D*. A screw or lever spindle J, J', in the centre
of the closing bench or plate I is worked by hand, or it may be by the
foot, up through the said hole A" in the drag A*, Aº, or A³, so as to
receive and lower the core Dx by its stem D" on to the "drag" A* or
plate A, A, as will hereafter be more fully described in reference to
Figure 16. At the time the “ drag parts" A* are being thus formed at
one bench H, as Figures 4 and 13b, by one or it may be two persons,
the middle outer parts B* of the complete moulds, Figures 8 and 14,
and their boxes B are also similarly rammed and formed in succession
over another similar bench H', Figures 8* and 13b, and its parting plate f,
forming the ramming and parting bearing surface 6" corresponding to
that a" of the "drag" A*, A°, having the open hollow pattern F of the
upper part of the pot resting in or by an annular groove or flange f" in
the plate for pattern F. When a stem F¹ (or ears, or it may be other
projecting equivalent, such as feet) are to be formed near the upper part
of the pot or lower side of the "mid part" of the mould for attaching
the handle to the part as F" of the pattern forming these (as has here-
tofore been done) is inserted and withdrawn through and from the inside
of the hollow pattern F, as shown in Figures 8, 8, and 8°. The "bead"
or hollow rounded lip A² of the mould forming the upper strengthening
edge of the pot is formed by a half round ring or "bead" at E formed
or it might be set on the ramming plate e of the drag A*, Figures 3
and 4, and the other half of this hollow "bead" or lip E at the lower
edge of the mid parts B* is formed by a similar half ring at E¹, either
similarly fixed on the plate f, or made loose and removable on the

page_text: corresponding edge f of the pattern F or plate f for forming the "mid
parts" B* or moulds, as shown at Figures 8 and 8*. The hollow pattern.
F is then withdrawn from the "mid part" B* of the mould, Figures 8
and 8*, or the mould B* from the pattern F, according to the side 6 or b¹
of the mould formed on the ramming plate f, and the pattern F may
either be drawn up out of the mould or down through it and its ramming
plate and bench, as shown in Figures 8, 13ª, and 13. Each part B*
thus formed and finished is removed from the ramming tables H‚ Ð³‚ H",
and placed or "closed" over the last formed "< drag part "A* on the
closing table I, Figures 14, 14, 16, or 16*. While the "drags" A* and
"mid parts" B* of the moulds are being so formed and closed, as
described, the cores D* are formed or rammed in the core box D, D¹,
in two halves, placed concentrically on each other, and it may be a
ramming parting plate corresponding in shape similar to the core
resting surface a" of the "drag parts" A*, or otherwise the lower
surface of the part D¹ of the core box may be made in one with the
ramming plate, and of the same shape d¹¹ as the said bearing surface a"
of the drag, as shown in Figures 9, 10, and 10%. The fixing stem D" of
one of the core pins D", D², with a good large surface steadying and
carrying or supporting collar D' both truly turned is inserted into the
centre hole d of the said core forming and ramming plate d" or box D'
made to fit it and all the stems, and to the same size as the holes A¹
in the " drag parts" A* or plates Aº, A¹. This carrying pin and
collar D, D, has in some cases an upper large separating or long
core sand holding head or end D³, which is rammed well within the
core and sand in the box, which is formed by preference in two annular
parts for this barrel shape of core, Figures 9 and 10, parted in the
centre or "bilge" part d, d', the lower ring in some cases when preferred
being made in two parts through the axial line for removal laterally
from the core and ramming plate in this case. When the core is thus
rammed the top part or ring D of the box is first removed upwards from
the core and lower ring part D', either by hand, Figure 10, or by the
lever arrangement K, K¹, Figure 10%, and the core then raised and
removed out of the lower solid ring D¹ of the core box D by its
carrying large head D and stem D, by the lever J¹ and spindle J arrange-
ment, Figure 10*, carrying it by the stem J" (or it might be a screw
spindle J) worked in the centre up through the core box D, D³, or
ramming plate d" and bench H* for the purpose, actuated by the hand
or foot of the moulder. When a ramming plate d¹¹ is used below the

page_text: core box D, D¹, the lower part D' can be drawn downwards through it
or removed laterally when made in two parts, as herein-before stated,
and which would be released by the removal of the upper ring D, and
when the lower part of the core box is thus made in two parts D¹, D¹,
they could be removed laterally from the core D*, which might be
rammed and formed on or along with the drag part A*, or on the drag
plates A°, A', without the necessity for a stem D", D; or the whole
core box may be made in two halves, and removed laterally with a loose
ring D at top to hold them together, as for stewpans and other articles,
all as shown in Figure 22. After the mid box and part B, B*, have
been finished and rammed and placed in position over the drag A* or
plate A° or A¹ on the closing table I, Figure 16*, all as before described,
each core D* finished and raised out of the core box D, D', is removed
from the lifting spindle J, J", of the core ramming table H' by the
moulder's hand and the stem D", Figure 10%, and placed on the upper
end J of the lowering and setting spindle J before referred to worked
up and down through the centre of the closing bench or table I,
Figure 16, and the eye or socket A" formed for receiving the stem Du
of the core-D*-in-tho-centre of the "drag-part" A* and-box-A-and-
into which it is lowered by the hand lever J¹ held up by the sliding
catch J³ or other equivalent, or when desired a screw and screw wheel
might be used instead of the spindle J and lever J¹. The core thus
placed in position is or may when desired be fixed firmly down in the
socket A¹¹ of the drag box or plate A, Aº, A¹, (as the case may be) by
the cotter Du passed through its stem D" below, or by other equiva-
lent fastening. The upper parts C* of the boxes and moulds are rammed,
formed, and finished separately, by themselves in succession in like
manner to the former "drag" A* and middle "part" B* described by
placing each top box C over the bottom part or half G (of the whole
O pattern E, F, G, for forming the pan) set or fixed on the centre of the
ramming "parting "plate g for this upper "part "O of the mould, all
constructed and arranged as shown in Figures 11, 12, 13, 13ª, and 136,
substantially as herein-before described and shown in reference to the
drag and middle parts A*, B*, Figures 1 to 8, and 8ª, 8b, so that
the boxes C by their ring edges c and g¹ or flanges i are held
concentric to the pattern G, all in the same axial line 1-1, before
referred to, and indicated in red at Figures 4, 8, and 13. The part
of the pattern G₁ for forming the gate G" of the mould, Figures 13,
13, 13, and 20, is placed above the bottom of the pattern G of the

page_text: g
pan in the usual manner, and rammed into this upper "part" C*
and box C of the mould; or it might be rammed as sometimes done
into an upper gate box and part C° rammed separately for the
purpose in a similar way to the other parts, and fitted so as to be placed
concentrically on the upper edges of the boxes C, as indicated in red
in Figure 21. Each top part C* as thus in succession finished on the
ramming plate g and table Hu, Figures 13, 13%, and 13b, is carefully
lifted off the half pattern G and plate g, either by hand or by a lever
arrangement K, K', as shown and described in reference to the core
ramming table H³, Figure 10%, either with or without the truly turned
segmental guide plate j fitting the turned parts i, i, ", of the boxes.
A, A¹, C, D, and secured to the ramming tables H, H³, H", as also to
the closing table I, Figures 10%, 13, 14, 15, 16, 16, 19, and 21, set
concentric to the moulds and boxes A*, B*, O*, D*, and A, B, C, D, D',
or otherwise. The half pattern G is made so as to be drawn down
through the plate g and table Hч by the spindle and lever arrange-
ment J, J', attached to the pattern G and ramming table H", to which
the plate 9 is also fixed, all essentially as described and shown also in
reference to the ramming and forming of the middle parts B* of the
moulds, Figures 8, 8%, 8b. And in some cases when the moulds A*, B*, C*,
are preferred to be lifted off their patterns and ramming plates e, f, g,
they may be made to lift the top or parting ramming surface part ƒº, g",
(Figures 8b, 13ª, 13%,) to which they are fixed by the same pinching
screws h and grooves h³, h³, or other equivalent fastenings which secure
the boxes to each other and to the ramming parting plates e, f, g, while
the moulds are being rammed. These upper loose plates fƒº, gº, being
afterwards removed from their respective moulds when turned over for
being "sleeked" and finished are replaced over their pattern and
ramming plate ready for forming the next similar part or mould. These
top parts C as they are so finished are then closed or replaced over the
core D* and mid box and part B, B*, Figures 14, 14ª, 16, 16ª, or 21,
on the closing table I (and steadied in closing by the segmental guide
plate secured thereto), all so far finished and closed in succession ready
to receive them, as herein-before described, Figure 16%. The "
part" and boxes C° when used are each successively similarly rammed,
closed, and placed on the top parts C* of each whole mould so closed
and indicated in Figure 21. Each part B*, C*, D*, or other parts
of each mould as closed on or over the " drags" A* (A° or A¹) in
succession are guided by the large semicircular or segmental plate j
gate

page_text: (fixed vertically and concentrically to the centre of the closing table I
and termed a closing guide or plate) against which the round turned
flanges and snugs i, i, i", of each box A, B, C, bears, all the bearing
parts of the boxes being made, by preference, to the same sized parallel.
radial circle, oval, or curve as the guide plate j on which they bear, so
as to be steadied in closing, and thus come down fair into the grooved
edges or seats of the others without touching the cores D*, however
thin the space m for this motion and the thickness of the metal m. A
similar guide may also be attached to each moulding bench H, H', Hª, H³,
and ramming parting plate e, f, g, as shown at Figures 10% and 13b when
desired, so as to guide the boxes in drawing them off the core or pattern.
These steadying or closing guides ; are also equally new and applicable
for and may be applied to the removal of moulds from their patterns,
and closing of the parts of moulds for casting many other kinds of
articles than hollow ware. The parts A, B, C, of the moulds may
get a twist round to smooth the surface in their removal from the
pattern, or be placed on again after their surfaces are dusted with
blacking so as to make the smooth pattern "sleek" or smooth the
surface of the mould. The ramming plates e, f, g, or rings or parts
of them as fo, 9º, as before referred to, Figures 8, 13, 13, (in some
cases) may be made loose and raised with the rammed mould (off the
pattern For G, which in this case may be fixed) by the lever (or a
screw) arrangement as K, K¹, Figure 10ª, applied to the ramming
bench Hu, Figure 13b, instead of drawing the pattern G down through
the plate g.
The parts A*, B*, C*, of the boxes when closed may be
held tight for casting or for being rammed by any of the ordinary means,
as by snugs and clamps L, L³, Figures 4, 5, 10, and 10%, or by special
duplex snugs M, M¹, Figure 18, formed for the purpose at three or
other number of equal divisions or parts round the parting flanges, the
one snug M of each pair projecting over the other M³, so that when
the boxes D, D¹, are closed a slight turn of each by a taper or wedge
shape and action on the holding surfaces of the snugs M, M¹, would
tighten the upper or last closed part of the moulding or core box to
the under or former closed one in succession at all the points round
them where the snugs are formed. By another means instead of these
snugs simple pinching screws h might be screwed through the over-
lapping rim or "fawcet" bearing edge i, 2, of the boxes or snugs on
these edges, so as to tighten on to the inserted or spigot" edges b, b¹,
of the other boxes or annular angled grooves ¹ formed on these edges,

page_text: into which the conical ends of the pinching screws h would act as
wedges, and thus tighten the two boxes or boxes and plates together
as shown at Figures 13*, 13, 14ª, 16, 17, 19, and 20.
When spouts are required on any of these utensils, as for the making
of kettles, Figures 17 to 21, the spouts would be formed essentially in
the same manner as at present by detachable parts of the pattern as N,
in the form of a half or whole spout, loose in the ramming plates fand g,
Figures 17 and 20, and side or pocket parts B³, C³, with guides B" to the
moulding box and moulds (or otherwise, according to the sizes and
form of the spouts or projections required) namely, as at present and
heretofore done, only the new respective parting ramming plate f, g, for
forming the different parts of the moulds must have a reverse corre-
sponding part n to the spout pattern N on it, which may either be loose
upon the part n or not according as found most suitable for the shape
and mode of withdrawing the mould from the main pattern or the pattern
from it, which will be evident to the practical moulder.
In some cases the "drag" or lower parts A* of the mould may be a
simple cast-iron plate A° or A¹, Figures 14ª, 16, 10, and 21, having its
surface a" of the same or corresponding shape required to suit the
'parting" 6" of the "mid" box B* resting on it and the resting
surface d" of the core D*, the plate having a central eye or socket A" to
receive and hold the stem D" of the holding piece D³, D³, D', of the
core D*, and the plate Aº or A' can have an annular (or a hollow disc
shaped) groove a' formed in it to be filled up and flattened over quickly
and simply with a layer of sand at the parts exposed to the molten
metal, the back part of these plates A°, A¹, and grooves a³ being
perforated with small holes a³ to draw off the air and gases and vapour
arising in casting, or these grooves a³ may be filled up with loam, dry
sand, fire-clay, plumbago, or other such suitable substance (which would.
stand the hot metal) shaped with the lip or bead A² by a separate
ring pattern piece made to be placed concentrically on the plate Aº, A',
before the groove was filled with the sand or after it, in which case
the ring could be simply pressed into the sand to form the hollow
"bead" A², and thus serve for a great many castings, being always dry
and hot at the time of casting, so as not to chill the metal on the
drag" surface exposed, whether that might be the edge of the vessels
or bottom, as when casting them with their mouths upwards, in which
case a disc surface would be required filled with sand, instead of the
"

page_text: annular groove a³, and with the core hung by its stem D¹, D², D³, D³,
before mentioned, passed through and attached to the top box C, instead
of to the drag box A. The core carrying stem D", D³, in either
case is preferred to be hollow, as shown in Figures 14, 14, 16, so
as to form a vent tube for carrying off all the air, gases, or vapours from
the core D* in the operation of casting, and having a large hollow head
perforated as shown at D³, Figures 10ª, 14ª, 16, 16ª, or with spreading
arms D', Figure 21, for the purpose of holding the core D* from breaking
or moving. Over each ramming "parting" plate or core box, bench,
or platform an annular and a flat-faced rammer may be worked or
reciprocated by motive power, and set on or actually worked by the
moulder, either so as to be raised and pressed down, or only raised, when
it would fall by its own weight when the mould box was filled with
loose sand, all so that the annular rammer first enters the space between
the pattern and box and rams the sand therein and then the flat one
last, after the box had again been filled with the loose sand to a regulated
height into and above the box respectively to insure the proper hardness
of sand desired by the use of such self-acting rammers. The complete
moulds and boxes, as shown at-Figures-14, 14, 15, 16, and 21, all as so
formed and closed, fixed and finished on the closing platform I,
Figure 16, are removed from it by hand for being cast.
By one arrangement the moulds so finished are placed on a long
bench as O, or on short three-footed stools o, shown at Figure 14*, both
having holes or slots o¹ in them for the stems D" to pass down through ;
a line of rails p passes, by preference, right round or along the one side
of the row of boxes, and the trucks or carriages P pass down one side
of the finished boxes and rails towards the smelting cupola Q with the
moulds z placed on them from the said bench O or row of stools o, so as
to be carried and cast in succession at the cupola Q, after which the
parts A, B, C, of the moulding boxes are separated, and the hot vessels
and sand removed from them at q, when the emptied moulding boxes
are placed on the returning line of carriages P', from which they are
lifted down to the moulders at their moulding tables or platforms H, H¹,
H", H, I, and so on, as they reach them, corresponding to where the
different parts A*, B*, C*, D*, of the moulds are being made in
succession respectively, or otherwise the hot metal may be carried to
the row of finished moulds by ladles hung on swivels on carriages as P,
on the rails p, or on travelling cranes overhead, and poured into the
B

page_text: moulds in succession (so ranged in a line on the long bench O) as the
ladle and carriage reach them. When a train of carriages are used they
could carry the hot moulding boxes and castings to the end q, q, of the
shop or foundry, where they are to be emptied, and the sand prepared and
dressed ready for use again, and then bring the empty boxes back again
to the moulder's platform, as before described, and also the prepared
sand ready for use in open convenient alternate trucks or troughs P" on
the adjacent sides of the carriages P carrying the boxes to the moulders.
Or the sand may be raised by angled elevators or a screw trough S, S,
(where it is dressed and prepared) up into long screw troughs S¹, S',
running along the upper part of the two sides of the moulding shop or
foundry 2, shown on Sheet 2, all so that the revolution of these con-
ducting screws S¹ would carry the sand along and over the moulder's
tables or platforms H, H³, H, H³, I, so as to be conducted to these
tables and the moulds at the will of the moulder by pendant or angular
spouts controlled by slides, much in the same manner as grain is con-
veyed in grinding mills and other places; all so that the several
operations of moulding, casting, and cleaning the boxes, re-dressing the
sand, and returning the same and the boxes to the moulders in the
manufacture of such "hollow ware" would go on regularly throughout
the day, and produce a greater amount of good castings with much less
expenditure of time and labour than heretofore.
My said Invention under the second or last part has reference to a
new or improved arrangement of the various workshops for the several
operations or processes, and in the construction and arrangement of
parts of the apparatus and mechanism employed in these operations and
manufacture of hollow ware, which consists, first, in arranging the
workshops and other buildings in shed buildings on the ground level
in the course or sequential line or order of the operations to be per-
formed throughout the manufacture of the "hollow ware "and their
parts, and in having a line or lines of rails R, R', R", R³, laid up
through the middle of the workshops or buildings for the carrying and
transmitting purposes necessary in the business of manufacturing and
dealing in "hollow ware."
Referring to Sheet 2 of the accompanying Drawings, which is a
plan of these new or improved arrangements of works constructed in
accordance with and illustrative of this last part of my said Invention,
the new or improved arrangement of the main sheds or workshops pre-

page_text: ferred is that they should be of an inverted U shape (n) in outline, or
forming three sides of a square or rectangle with the main open ends of
the sheds to the front, parallel to or facing a main line of railway, as
along the red line 1-1, or it might be a main road, canal, or river, from
which the end of the foundry 2 would enter on the one side, leading
successively to the sanding shop 3, annealing shed 4 (with its kilns or
furnaces 5), and the anncaling store 6, forming the range of sheds on
that one side, with the turning shop 7 forming the extreme close or the
second angle of the rectangular end of the main range, while the turning
shop 8, japanning room 9, with its ovens 10, and the main finished
goods store 11 successively form the other or second parallel side of the
main outer range of the buildings, having its front end facing and
entering from the said main thoroughfare 1 for the convenient despatcli
of the finished hollow ware goods, in the same manner as the foundry 2
enters at the other side for taking in pig iron, coke, et cetera, required
in the foundry. The main front space of the rectangle left between the
foundry 2 and finished goods store 11 is filled up on the side next the
foundry with the large store 12 of the goods not required to be annealed
or turned, and on the other side next the finished goods store 11 with
the general store 13 of materials required in the manufactory, while the
space behind these is filled up respectively with the smiths' shop 14, and
on the foundry side with the cover making shop 15, the whole forming
four parallel ranges of building with ends facing and opening to the
front main road with the gatehouse 16, offices 17, and private rooms 18
divided off from the front part of the central buildings 12 and 13. A
line of railway R, R', R", respectively is run up from the main front
railway or thoroughfare 1 through the middle of the foundry 2 and
stores 12 and 13 and two lines R², R², through the main outside ranges
of buildings from the annealing shed 4 right round to the front of the
finished goods warehouse 11 for the transmitting of the goods through
the works and the sending out of the materials and manufactured or
finished goods to and from the main line 1, and for the return of the
empty carriages. Thus in the foundry range 2 the cast iron and coke
are taken in by the one centre line of carriages R on to the cupola Q
near the extreme inner end of the foundry, and the slag and other refuse
either taken out and away to the main line 1 by the same line of rails R,
or by another or outgoing line, all while the moulding and casting are
going on along the two sides S¹ of the foundry without stoppage or
interruption during the entire day. The hot castings are conveyed on

page_text: carriages from both sides of the foundry 2 at the space q behind the
cupola Q into the sanding shop 3, from which when sanded and dressed
they are transported in the same manner on to the annealing shop 4,
where after being annealed and cooled in the usual manner they are
similarly carried by one or both of the lines of railway R' into the
annealing store 6, where they are ranged or stacked away on the shelves
or racks r, r, filling the spaces on each side of the line of rails R³, R³,
which convey the goods as they are required to be turned in carriages to
the turning shop 7, and so on by one or other of the lines of rails R²,
which answer as well for bringing back the empty carriages.
Another improvement consists in utilizing the escaping heat from
the annealing furnaces 5 by conveying it to the japanning ovens 10, so
as to heat them by hot flues, or by superheated steam from the boilers T
superheated by the waste heat from the said furnaces conveyed or
carried by pipes T₁ to the cased sheet iron shells or chambers 10
surrounding and forming the sides and roof of each japanning oven
or stove 10 (on each side of the japanning room 9 having the japanning
table U in the centre), so as to heat them, in a steady and easily
regulated manner for the japanning of the goods on shelves within, all
regularly as produced or required, and the steam from the steam boilers
is also made to drive the motive engine 19 for blowing the cupola Qor
cupolas, smiths' and tinners' fires, and the engine 20 for driving the
motive gearing 21 of the turning shop, grinding wheels, clipping,
punching, and "forcing" or other machines, and which engines may
be otherwise placed convenient to the respective shops where they drive
the machines, and to the steam boilers which supply them.
Having thus particularly described my said Invention, and the manner
in which the same is or may be used or carried into effect, I may
observe in conclusion that I do not confine or restrict myself to the
precise details, modifications, or arrangements which I have had occasion
to describe, delineate, and refer to, as many variations of and from
these may be made without departing from the main or essential features
of my said Invention; neither do I claim to have invented the general
construction or form of moulding boxes or many parts connected
therewith which I have had occasion to describe and refer to by them-
selves separately, such as the making of hollow ware cores in a somewhat
similar and separate construction of core box, as these may have been
used in the same or a somewhat similar form for the same or other

page_text: purposes, except in so far as these are distinguished, or form an essential
part of my said Invention; but what I consider to be novel and original,
and therefore claim as the Invention secured to me by the herein-before
in part recited Letters Patent is,―
First. The moulding, casting, and manufacturing of hollow ware in
or by the new or improved apparatus or mechanism and means sub-
stantially in the new or improved manner and for the purposes herein
described and shown in the accompanying Drawings.
Second. The turning and fitting the adjacent edges of the respective
"parts" of moulding boxes for hollow ware the same size and fitting
cach other, so that the respective "parts" of the moulds can all be
made over one corresponding ramming plate and bench in annular parts,
and fit each other concentrically in parting and closing in one true
vertical axial line, all substantially in the manner and for the purposes
herein-before described and shown in the accompanying Drawings.
Third. The ramming and forming the different "parts" of hollow
ware moulds over separate ramming parting plates and patterns fitted
and turned all concentrically at their edges and either lifted off these
or having the pattern drawn down out of the mould and plate in their
vertical axial line, all substantially in the manner and for the purposes
herein described and shown in the accompanying Drawings.
Fourth. The construction and use of ramming parting plates or rings
for forming the different parts of hollow ware moulds having the moulds
lifted off them or along with them off the ramming bench or having
the pattern drawn down, all substantially in the manner and for the
purposes as herein described and shown in the accompanying Drawings.
Fifth. The construction and use of drag plates instead of drag boxes
and "parts" in the making of hollow ware moulds and castings, all sub-
stantially as hercin described and shown in the accompanying Drawings.
Sixth. The making the cores of hollow ware moulds on concentrically
fitted or turned drag "parts or drag plates at once by a separate core
box fitted or turned to suit these concentrically, substantially in the
manner and for the purposes described and shown in the accompanying
Drawings.
"
Seventh. The construction and use of parting and closing guides
turned or fitted to suit the " parts" of sets of moulding boxes and
fixed to the ramming or closing plates or benches, so that the parts

page_text: of the moulds can be raised or lowered steadily without pins or guides
on the boxes themselves, all substantially in the manner and for the
purposes herein described and shown in the accompanying Drawings.
Eighth. The general construction and arrangement of a hollow ware
foundry with the respective ramming benches for the different parts
of the moulds and the complete moulds required alongside a line of
carriages for taking the moulds to the cupola to be cast, and bringing
back the empty boxes and having the redressed sand either brought
back by these or by carrying screws, all substantially in the new or
improved manner and for the purposes herein described and shown
in the accompanying Drawings.
Ninth. The general arrangement of all the different workshops of a
hollow ware foundry or manufactory in sheds in the sequential order
of the processes in the manufacturing of hollow ware with railways and
carriages for the conveyance of the metal and goods required and the
hollow ware castings and finished goods or wares throughout the works,
all substantially in the new or improved manner herein described and
shown in the accompanying Drawings.
Tenth. The erecting the steam boilers of hollow ware foundries or
manufactories over the annealing kilns, so as to be heated by these
and by the waste and superfluous heat therefrom, and the using the
same for heating the japanning ovens by flues or by superheated steam,
all substantially in the new or improved manner and for the purposes
herein described and shown in the accompanying Drawings.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Neilson, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Sixth day of September, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy.
Witness,
W. R. M. THOMSON,
Patent Agent,
20, Buchanan Street,
Glasgow.
JNO. NEILSON. (L.S.)