Improvements in or relating to Churns.
Year: 1887

page_text: Date of Application, 10th Mar., 1887
Complete Left, 10th Dec., 1887
Complete Accepted, 20th Jan., 1888
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in or relating to Churns.
I THOMAS BRADFORD of the Crescent Iron Works Salford in the County of
Lancaster Engineer do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as
follows:-
My improvements in or relating to churns relate principally to the construction of
the churning vessel and dasher, and secondly to the construction of the frame of the
churn and its adjuncts whereby it forms a complete butter making apparatus.
In the first place I make a vessel of oak or other suitable wood in the form of an
ordinary hooped barrel complete with two ends.
I place this vessel in a lathe and eut it through (preferably at about one third of
its length from either end) so as to form two vessels of unequal size (or they may be
equal if desired) and before entirely detaching one part from the other I turn the
inner edges of the almost divided barrel so as to fit accurately into two metal rings
and these rings are so constructed that the two vessels may be fitted together or taken
asunder as required and when bolted together will form a perfectly water tight joint,
with the addition of india rubber or other suitable packing.
These two metal rings also form binding hoops as well as protecting metal rims to
preserve the edges of the wood from injury, and the smaller vessel when detached
may be used as a butter tub for draining and other purposes.
The breaker, or dasher is stationary and is readily removable when the two parts
of the vessel are separated. It extends the full length of the churn and has a series
of arms radiating from it and touching the inside of the vessel so as to secure the
same without any fixing in the centre of the churn.
I insert in the bottom of the churn an outlet made of glass or other suitable
material but preferably of glass, so that it may serve as a means of admitting light
to the inside of the churn and its contents when the plug is withdrawn, so that the
progress of the churning or butter making can be watched or inspected.
I also propose to mould this glass to a form similar to the neck of a bottle more
especially on the inside so that it may serve a double purpose, vizt.: that of draining
off the contents of the vessel and also that its convex end shall form a central support
for the end of the vertical upright of the dasher.

page_text: The outside of the churn or vessel has secured to it two transverse central studs or
axles one of which is provided with a handle or other gear whereby it may be caused
to rotate, or turn over and over on its transverse axis.
These axles rest and rotate upon friction wheel bearings which are supported upon
a suitable wooden or iron framework, which not only serves as the supporting frame
for the churn, but also forms in itself a complete butter making apparatus.
This frame is provided with a rectangular, or semicircular butter table having a
loose two-handled fluted parallel roller, or a one handled conical fluted roller, the end
not used as a handle serving the purpose of a centre grip whereby to obtain a
purchase for exercising pressure upon the said roller when working the butter.
The framework is also made to serve the purpose of a broad shelf for holding the
detached portion of the churn, an open rack shelf for. placing and drying dairy
utensils upon, and a convenient receptacle for such articles as "Scotch butter hands,”
a butter scoop or a pair of butter knives.
01 Ja of Manch 1807
GEORGE DAVIES,
4, St. Ann's Square, Manchester,
Agent for the Applicant.

page_text: I THOMAS BRADFORD of the Crescent Iron Works Salford in the County of
Lancaster Engineer do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what
manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in
and by the following statement:-
My improvements in the construction of churns relate principally to the construction
of the churning vessel and dasher, and secondly to the construction of the frame of
the churn and its adjuncts whereby it forms a complete butter making apparatus.
The nature of my said invention and the manner in which the same is to be
performed or carried into practical effect will be readily understood on reference
to the two sheets of drawings hereunto annexed and the following explanation
thereof.
Fig. 1. on Sheet 1. of the drawings is a vertical section and Fig. 2 a horizontal
section of the churning vessel and dasher. Fig. 3 is a side elevation, and Fig. 4 a
partial section of the complete apparatus. Fig. 5 upon Sheet 2 of the drawings is a
partial sectional elevation of the churn as adapted to be worked by power.
In the first place I make a vessel of oak or other suitable wood in the form of an
ordinary hooped barrel complete with two ends.
I place this vessel in a lathe and cut it through (preferably at about one third of its
length from either end) so as to form two vessels a, al (Figs. 1. 2 and 3) of unequal
size (or they may be equal if desired) and before entirely detaching one part from the
other I turn the inner edges of the almost divided barrel so as to fit accurately into
two metal rings b, b1 and these rings are so constructed that the two vessels a and a¹
may be fitted together or taken asunder as required, and when bolted together will
form a perfectly water tight joint, with the addition of india rubber or other suitable
packing e, c. These two metal rings b, 61 also form binding hoops as well as protecting
metal rims to preserve the edges of the wood from injury, and the smaller vessel a
when detached may be used as a butter tub for draining and other purposes.
The breaker or dasher d,d is stationary in the vessel and is readily removable when
the two parts of the same are separated. It extends the full length of the churn and
is preferably of the construction shown at Figs. 1. and 2. or it may have a series of
arms radiating from it and touching the inside of the vessel so as to secure the same
without any fixing in the centre of the churn.
I insert in the bottom of the churn an outlet or short tube ee made of glass, or
other suitable material, but preferably of glass so that it may serve as a means of
admitting light to the inside of the churn, and its contents when the plug is
withdrawn so that the progress of the churning or butter making can be watched or
inspected.
I also propose sometimes to mould this glass e to a form similar to the neck of a
bottle more especially on the inside, so that it may serve a double purpose, vizt. that

page_text: of drawing off the contents of the vessel, and also that its convex end shall form a
central support for the end of the vertical shaft of the dasher, when a dasher with
arms radiating from a vertical shaft is employed.
The outside of the churn or vessel has secured to it two transverse central studs or
axles , one of which is provided with a handle h, h or other gear whereby it may
be caused to rotate or turn over and over on its transverse axis.
These axles rest and rotate upon friction wheel bearings i, i which are supported
upon a suitable wooden or iron framework k, which serves not only as the
supporting frame for the churn but also forms in itself a complete butter making
apparatus.
This frame is provided with a rectangular or semicircular butter table 1, 7 having a
loose two handled fluted parallel roller or a one handled conical fluted roller m, mas
shown, the end-not used as a handle serving the purpose of a centre grip whereby to
obtain a purchase for exercising pressure upon the said roller when working the
butter.
The framework is also made to serve the purpose of a broad shelf at for holding
the detached portion of the churn, an open rack shelf for placing and drying dairy
uteusils upon, and a convenient receptacle for such articles as "Scotch butter hands,"
a butter scoop or a pair of butter knives as shown at ².
Fig. 5 Sheet 2 of the drawings shows the apparatus as adapted to be driven by
power for factory purposes.
n, is the driving pulley, o, o a toothed pinion on the same shaft actuating a spur
wheel p, fixed on the axle of the vessel a, a'.
The upper part a a of the vessel is slung by hooks 4, to two chains r, (one of
which only is shown on the drawing) passing over two pulleyss, s keyed on a
shaft t, which may be turned by a handle or a pulley and chain or other convenient
means so as to raise the upper part a, a of the vessel; u, u is a fixed roller, which
when the part a, a is raised causes it to be tilted out of the way as shown by the
dotted lines.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what 1
claim is.
First. The construction of the churning vessel in two separable parts substantially
in the manner and for the purposes hereinbefore set forth.
Secondly. I claim the combination with a churning vessel of a butter working
table substantially as described and illustrated, and
Thirdly. 1 claim the general construction and arrangement of the frame and its
adjuncts whereby it forms a complete butter making apparatus substantially as
herein before described and illustrated by the drawing annexed.
Dated this 9th day of December 1887.
GEORGE DAVIES,
4, St. Ann's Square, Manchester,
Agent for the Applicant.