Improvements in and relating to the Manufacture of Articles of Glass by Moulding, Casting, or Blowing and to Apparatus therefor.
Year: 1899

page_text: Improvements in and relating to the Manufacture of Articles of Glass
by Moulding, Casting, or Blowing and to Apparatus therefor.
I, ADRIEN AUGUSTE MARCHAND, of 126, Route de la Révolte, St. Denis, Seine,
in the Republic of France, Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of this
invention to be as follows:
This invention relates to improvements in the manufacture of articles in
moulded, cast or blown glass, for the purpose of enabling the glass to exactly
fill all the hollow portions or interstices of the mould, whatever may be the form
of the article which it is desired to obtain.
This improvement consists, in principle, in causing the glass to fill all the
hollows or interstices in the mould under the influence of a reduction of pressure
exerted within this mould, either with or without the assistance of mechanical
pressure of some suitable kind.
For this purpose all the hollows in the mould which it is intended that the
glass should fill, are in communication with an apparatus of any suitable kind
which is capable of producing this reduction of pressure.
This improved method of manufacture may be applied to all existing moulds,
whether press or other moulds, the employment of which is not always exempt
from difficulties. It also enables the manufacture of a large number of glass
articles much in demand by manufacturers and traders, the production of which
is at present impossible by known means. and processes.
My improved process is intended to be more particularly applied to the
mechanical manufacture of bottles, and in general of all objects manufactured of
blown glass, for the purpose of forcing the glass to descend within the annular
mould and completely fill this latter under the influence of a reduction of pressure
exerted within this annular mould.
My invention enables shaping to be effected mechanically by pouring the desired
quantity of glass into a shaping mould, and by exerting suction at the lower
portion of the annular mould arranged at the extremity of this shaping mould.
whilst the neck of the object which is being manufactured is formed by means of
a core or mandrel entering the annular and shaping moulds.
Under the influence of this reduction of pressure thus exerted at the lower
portion of the shaping mould, the glass penetrates without any difficulty and
without encountering any obstacle, to the bottom of the annular mould, and com-
pletely fills such mould, in such a manner that the neck of the glass object is
completely formed. with all the beads such as rings, fillets, collars or the like
with which the necks of glass receptacles are made.
In order to obtain uniform cooling of the whole surface of the lumn, I apply a
inetallic disc upon the bottom of this lumn during the moulding of the neck, in
such a manner that when blowing takes place the glass is uniformly distributed
and the article manufactured presents the same thickness at all points.

page_text: The lump thus obtained is conveyed to the finishing mould, and whilst being so
conveyed, a very slight pressure is exerted within the lump by means of the
admission of a small jet of air or of any other compressed fluid, through the neck
which has already been formed, in such a manner as to maintain a small vacant
space in front of the blowing pipe.
The final blowing takes place subsequently, when the lump is completely sur-
rounded by the finishing mould.
My novel method of mechanical manufacture may be applied to by far the
greater number of existing appliances in which the blowing is effected mechani-
cally; it is only necessary to branch off, for example, from the conduit through
which the compressed air is supplied, a pipe which communicates with an appliance
for producing a vacuum, and to provide these two conduits with cocks, in such
a manner as to enable either suction, to be exerted, or air under pressure to be
introduced within the annular shaping mould.
With my novel method for the suction of the air contained within the mould,
the atmospheric pressure, tending constantly to enter through the joints of the
mould, prevents the formation of the beads or ribs which are invariably produced
at the joints of moulds when the ordinary processes are employed.
In order to present a concrete example, I will describe the application of my
invention first with reference to the case of an article manufactured by means of
mechanical pressure. Second to the manufacture of an article moulded by the
compression of the ponty and finally with reference to the mechanical manu-
facture of bottles.
With the means at present at the disposal of the glass industry, a large number
of articles, statuettes for example, can be produced only by means of a moulding
press, even then such articles present at their bases a vacant space produced by
the introduction of the core of the press into the viscous mass, the object of the
said core being to compress this latter in such a manner as to compel it to fill the
hollows of the mould.'
In addition to this, the article to be produced should not present any delicate
portion forming a projection of any extent; thus if a statuette is to be manu-
factured, this latter must have its lower members connected one with another,
and its upper members joined to the body, in such a manner that the whole pre-
sents but a single empty space, having contours, which are irregular but as large
as possible.
if, however, it is desired to form the statuette with an extended arm, or a raised
hand, moulding by the ordinary methods becomes impossible, because the glass
cannot penetrate the narrow passage representing the extended arm or the raised
hand this passage being full of air, a cushion or buffer is formed which opposes
the introduction of the viscous mass.
All these defects and difficulties are obviated by means of my improved method
of manufacture which, as above stated, consists in principle in placing the most
accentuated hollows of the mould in communication with a device of any suitable
kind capable of producing a reduction of pressure.
In the first mentioned arrangement there opens into each of the more accen-
tuated hollows or interstices of the mould a small passage which terminates in a
collector, the section of which is adequate for the rapid discharge of the air;
this collector terminates in a joint provided with a cock and from which branches
a conduit enabling the said mould to be placed in communication with an
appliance of any suitable kind capable of producing a reduction of pressure, for
example a reservoir in which a vacuum is maintained by means of a pump.
It will of course be understood that the diameter of the passages will be such
that the glass cannot enter them, and will vary according to the nature of the
glass.
Under these conditions the moulding of the glass is effected in the following
manner:
The cock being closed, the glass collected upon the blowing pipe or taken

page_text: from the pot with a ponty, is poured into the mould through an upper aperture.
Immediately the upper portion of the mould contains a sufficient quantity of glass
to form an obturator, the aforesaid cock is opened and the operative allows the glass
to continue to run into the mould.
The air contained in the mould is drawn through the passages and the collectors
and the atmospheric pressure, acting upon the viscid glass, forces it to exactly
fill all the recesses of the mould.
My improved process may equally well be applied to the manufacture of solid
glass articles obtained merely by the compression of the ponty upon which the
glass has been collected, a large stopper surmounted by a knob, for example.
In order to produce such an article by means of the ordinary processes, when
the operative allows the glass to flow into the mould, the upper hollow first of all
becomes filled and the glass, arrested by the air imprisoned in the lower hollow,
has a difficulty in passing through the reduced portion which connects the two
spaces and only imperfectly fills the second.
If the operative plunges his ponty into the upper hollow, the glass is then
obliged to pass into the lower cavity or hollow, but the cylindrical body of the
stopper presents a cavity.
In order to obviate this defect, the operative is obliged to arrange above his
mould a reservoir; when the glass has run in such a manner as to fill, the hollows
completely first of all, the operative plunges his ponty into the reservoir and bears
firmly upon it; the glass then completely penetrates the hollow portions of the
mould. This mould being opened, the operative removes his tool to which the
stopper remains adhering, and sitting upon a glass blowers bench, he breaks off
the reduced portion and detaches the stopper.
It follows from this that all the glass projecting from the reservoir is waste;
in addition to this, when the glass stopper is annealed it is necessary to remove
the traces at the extremity of the stopper resulting from the severing which has
been effected by a mechanical operation.
With my form of mould, as represented all these defects are obviated.
At the lower portion of said mould is formed a small passage communicating by
means of a connection with an appliance of any suitable kind capable of producing
a reduction of pressure.
In order to manufacture, by means of my improved process, a stopper con-
stituted in the manner above stated, the operative allows the glass to flow in the
ordinary manner into the upper portion of the mould, the cock of the aforesaid
connection being closed. As soon as a certain quantity of glass has entered the
mould, he opens the cock by any suitable means (whilst still continuing to pour
the glass into the mould) thereby establishing communication between the interior
of the mould and the appliance for producing a vacuum; the atmospheric pressure
then acting upon the viscid glass, forces it to entirely fill the mould, and to pene-
trate all the recesses of the lower hollow without any difficulty.
When the glass has reached the desired level in the upper hollow or cavity, its
flow is stopped the stopper is then finished and there is no need to re-touch it after
annealing, thereby producing, an economy both in glass and labour.
My improved process may be applied not only to the manufacture of moulded
articles, but also to the manufacture of cast articles; for examples tables of glass
presenting grooves and projections of any kind.
It will of course be understood that the number of parts constituting moulds in
accordance with my invention and the manner of articulating them, will vary in
accordance with the form of the objects which it is desired to obtain.
I will now describe the application of my invention to the mechanical manu-
facture of bottles.
The apparatus comprises a frame upon which a hollow shaft terminating in a
cylindrical body is capable of rotation.
At the extremity of this cylindrical body are mounted an annular mould and
a shaping mould.

page_text: The shaft is provided with a fly-wheel enabling the assemblage consisting of
the cylindrical body, the annular mould and the shaping mould to be rotated when
*desired.
The cylindrical body is traversed, in the direction of its length, by a rod which
is under the action of a spring and which terminates in a small tube presenting,
at its upper extremity, one or more orifices;sthis small tube which constitutes the
core serving to enter the lump for the purpose of forming the neck of the bottle,
is also formed with orifices enabling it to communicate with the interior of the
aforesaid cylindrical body.
From the free extremity of the hollow shaft branches a pipe, with which two
further branch pipes are connected. Of these the one is in communication with
an appliance capable of forming a vacuum whilst the other is in communication
with a reservoir, pump or the like, for the supply of the compressed air or other
Huid under pressure. The two conduits are each provided with cocks, the second
pipe or conduit may, in addition, be furnished with a suitable device enabling
the operative to vary at will the pressure of the fluid introduced into the lump
inrough the blowing core.
This arrangement thus enables suction to be exercised within the annular mould,
or air to be admitted thereto under pressure, by means of the hollow shaft and the
cylindrical body.
In order to obtain metallic contact upon the bottom of the shaping mould, the
apparatus is further provided with a metallic disc mounted at the extremity of
a rod, which passes through a lid which is intended to be applied upon the mould.
me dise may be operated in any suitable manner, by means of a number of levers
arranged in any suitable manner.
When the desired quantity of glass has been introduced within the shaping
mould the operative applies the bottom of the disc upon the bottom of the lump,
in such a manner that this latter is in contact with metal upon all its external
surface; he then opens the cock of the first pipe or conduit in communication with
the vacuum apparatus. The cock of the second pipe being closed suction is pro-
duced, by means of the hollow shaft and the cylindrical body, within the annular
mould and the glass is thus compelled to completely enter all the recesses of the
mould and the lower portion of the shaping mould.
The operator then closes the cock of the first pipe in such a manner that suction
is no longer produced, and then causes the core to penetrate the viscous mass, for
the purpose of producing the internal opening of the article to be manufactured,
he then opens the cock of the second pipe so as to produce a slight pressure by
means of the core within the lump, and thus maintain a small vacant space at the
extremity and in front of the said core; then after having removed the metallic
dise the operative introduces the lump into the finishing mould and the manu-
facture is completed in any suitable manner.
Dotal this 27th day of Wh
1000
HASELTINE, LAKE & Co.,
45, Southampton Buildings, London, W.C. Agents for the Applicant.
improvements in and relating to the Manufacture of Articles of Glass
by Moulding, Casting, or Blowing, and to Apparatus therefor.
I, ADRIEN AUGUSTE MARCHAND, of 126, Route de la Révolte, St. Denis, Seine,
in the Republic of France, Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of this

page_text: invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly
described and ascertained in and by the following statement:—
This invention relates to improvements in the manufacture of articles in
moulded, cast or blown glass, for the purpose of enabling the glass to exactly
fill all the hollow portions or interstices of the mould, whatever may be the form
of the articles which it is desired to obtain.
This improvement consists, in principle, in causing the glass to fill all the
hollows or interstices in the mould under the influence of a reduction of pressure
exerted within this mould, either with or without the assistance of suitable
mechanical pressure.
For this purpose all the hollows in the mould which it is intended that the
glass should fill, are in communication with a suitable apparatus which is capable
of producing this reduction of pressure.
This improved method of manufacture may be applied to all existing moulds,
whether press or other moulds, the employment of which is not always exempt
from difficulties. It also enables the manufacture of a large number of glass
articles much in demand by manufacturers and traders, the production of which
by known means and processes, is at present impossible.
My improved process is intended to be more particularly applied to the
mechanical manufacture of bottles, and in general of all objects of blown glass
for the purpose of forcing the glass within the annular mould and completely
filling this latter under the influence of a reduction of pressure exerted within
this annular mould as above stated.
My invention enables shaping to be effected mechanically by pouring the desired
quantity of glass into a shaping mould and by exerting suction at the lower
portion of the annular mould arranged at the extremity of this shaping mould,
whilst the neck of the object which is being manufactured is formed by means of
a core or mandrel entering the annular and shaping moulds.
Under the influence of this reduction of pressure thus exerted at the lower
portion of the shaping mould, the glass penetrates without any difficulty, and
without encountering any obstacle, to the bottom of the annular mould, and com-
pletely fills such mould, in such a manner that the neck of the glass object is
completely formed, with all the beads, rings, fillets, collars or the like with which
the necks of glass receptacles are made.
In order to obtain uniform cooling of the whole surface of the mass, I apply
a metallic disc upon the bottom of this mass during the moulding of the neck, in
such a manner that when blowing takes place the glass is uniformly distributed
and the article manufactured is of the same thickness at all points.
The mass thus obtained is conveyed to the finishing mould, and whilst being so
conveyed, a very slight pressure is exerted within it by means of the admission
of a small jet of air or of any other compressed fluid, through the neck which has
already been formed, in such a manner as to maintain a small vacant space in
front of the blowing pipe.
The final blowing takes place, subsequently, when the mass is completely sur-
rounded by the finishing mould.
My novel method of mechanical manufacture may be applied to by far the
greater number of existing appliances in which the blowing is effected mechani-
cally; it is only necessary to branch off, for example, from the conduit through
which the compressed air is supplied, a pipe which communicates with an appliance
for producing a vacuum, and to provide these two conduits with cocks, in such
manner as to enable either suction to be exerted, or air under pressure to be
introduced within the annular shaping mould.
With my novel method for the suction of the air contained within the mould,
the atmospheric pressure, tending constantly to enter through the joints of the
mould, prevents the formation of the beads or ribs which are invariably produced
at the joints of moulds when the ordinary processes are employed.
in order that my invention may be readily understood I will describe it, first

page_text: with reference to the case of an article manufactured by means of mechanical
pressure, second to the manufacture of an article moulded by the compression of
the ponty and finally with reference to the mechanical manufacture of bottles.
Figures 12 and 3 illustrate my improved form of mould enabling moulding to
be effected by mechanical pressure; Figure 1 is a vertical section, Figure 2 is an
external elevation and Figure 3 a horizontal seotion taken upon the line X-Y
of Figure 2.
Figure 4 represents a vertical section through a mould in accordance with my
invention for moulding or compression of the ponty.
Figure 5 shews the manner in which the mould would have to be arranged if
the same article were manufacture by the ordinary method.
Figure 6 shews an arrangement of the apparatus enabling the application of
my invention to the mechanical manufacture of bottles.
With the means at present at the disposal of the glass industry, a large number
of articles, statuettes for example, can be produced only by means of a moulding
press, and even then such articles present at their bases a vacant space produced by
the introduction of the core of the press into the viscous mass, the object of the
said core being to compress this latter in such a manner as to compel it to fill the
hollows of the mould.
. In addition to this, the article to be produced should not present any delicate
portion forming a projection of any extent; thus if a statuette is to be manu-
factured, this latter must have its lower members connected one with another,
and its upper members joined to the body, in such a manner that the whole pre-
sents but a single empty space, having contours which are irregular but as large
as possible.
If, however, it is desired to form the statuette with an extended arm, or a raised
hand, moulding by the ordinary methods becomes impossible, because the glass
cannot penetrate the narrow passage representing the extended arm or the raised
hand; this passage being full of air, a cushion or buffer is formed which opposes
the introduction of the viscous mass.
All these defects and difficulties are obviated by means of my improved method
of manufacture which, as above stated, consists in principle in placing the most
accentuated hollows of the mould in communication with a device of any suitable
kind capable of producing a reduction of pressure.
In the first mentioned arrangement there opens into each of the more accen-
tuated hollows or interstices of the mould a small passage A which terminates in
a collector B, the suction of which is adequate for the rapid discharge of the air;
this collector terminates in a joint C provided with a cock 1) and from which
branches a conduit enabling the said mould to be placed in communication with
an appliance of any suitable kind capable of producing a reduction of pressure,
for example a reservoir in which a vacuum is maintained by means of a pump.
It will of course be understood that the diameter of the passage A will be such,
that the glass cannot enter them, and will vary according to the nature of the
glass.
Under these conditions the moulding of the glass is effected in the following
manner:
The cock D being closed, the glass collected upon the blowing pipe or taken
from the pot with a ladle is poured into the mould through an upper aperture E.
Immediately the upper portion of the mould contains a sufficient quantity of
glass to form an obturator, the aforesaid cock D is opened and the operative allows
the glass to continue to run into the mould.
The air contained in the mould is drawn through the passages A and the col-
lectors B, and the atmospheric pressure, acting upon the viscid glass, forces it to
exactly fill all the recesses of the mould.
My improved process may equally well be applied to the manufacture of solid
glass articles, obtained merely by the compression of the ponty upon which the
glass has been collected, a large stopper surmounted by a knob for example.

page_text: In order to produce such an article by means of the ordinary processes, when
the operative allows the glass to flow into the mould, the upper hollow F (Figure 5)
first of all becomes filled and the glass, arrested by the air imprisoned in the lower
hollow G has a difficulty in passing through the reduced portion which connects
the two spaces and only imperfectly fills the second.
If the operative plunges his ponty into the upper hollow F, the glass is then
obliged to pass into the lower cavity or hollow C, but the cylindrical body of the
stopper presents a cavity.
In order to obviate this defect, the operative is obliged to arrange above his
mould a reservoir H; when the glass has run in such a manner as to fill the
hollows H and F completely, the operative plunges his ponty into the reservoir H
and bears firmly upon it; the glass then completely penetrates the hollow por-
tions F G of the mould. This mould being opened the operative then removes
the tool to which the stopper remains adhering, and sitting upon a glass blowers
bench, breaks off the reduced portion I and detaches the stopper.
It follows from this that all the glass projecting from the reservoir H is waste;
in addition to this, when the glass stopper is annealed it is necessary to remove
the traces at the extremity of the stopper resulting from the severing which has
been effected by a mechanical operation.
With my form of mould, as represented in Figure 4, all these defects are
obviated.
At the lower portion of said mould is formed a small passage A, communication
by means of a connection C with an appliance of any suitable kind capable of
producing a reduction of pressure.
In order to manufacture, by means of my improved process, a stopper con-
stituted in the manner above stated, the operative allows the glass to flow in the
ordinary manner into the upper portion F of the mould, the cock 1) of the afore-
said connection being closed. As soon as a certain quantity of glass has entered
the mould, he opens the cock 1 by any suitable means (whilst still continuing to
pour the glass into the mould) thereby establishing communication between the
interior of the mould and the appliance for producing a vacuum; the atmospheric
pressure then acting upon the viscid glass, forces it to entirely fill the mould, and
to penetrate all the recesses of the lower hollow G without any difficulty.
When the glass has reached the desired level in the upper hollow or cavity F',
its flow is stopped; the stopper is then finished and there is no need to re-touch
it after annealing, thereby producing an economy both in glass and labour.
My improved process may be applied not only to the manufacture of moulded
articles, but also to the manufacture of cast articles; for examples tables of glass
presenting grooves and projections of any kind.
It will of course be understood that the number of parts constituting moulds in
accordance with my invention and the manner of articulating them, will vary in
accordance with the form of the objects which it is desired to obtain.
I will now describe the application of my invention to the mechanical manu-
facture of bottles.
Figure 6 shews in vertical section such an apparatus comprising a frame a upon
which a hollow shaft terminating in a cylindrical body C is capable of rotation.
At the extremity of this cylindrical body are mounted an annular mould d and
a shaping mould e.
The shaft is provided with a fly-wheel f enabling the assemblage consisting
of the cylindrical body c, the annular mould d and the shaping mould e, to be
rotated when desired.
The cylindrical body e is traversed, in the direction of its length, by a rod m
which is under the action of a spring and which terminates in a small tube o
presenting at its upper extremity one or more orifices p; this small tube o which
constitutes the core serving to enter the mass for the purpose of forming the neck
of the bottle, is also formed with orifices y enabling it to communicate with the
interior of the aforesaid cylindrical body c.

page_text: From the free extremity of the hollow shaft b branches a pipe r with which two
further branch pipes are connected. Of these r¹ is in communication with an
appliance capable of forming a vacuum whilst the other is in communication
with a reservoir, pump or the like, for the supply of the compressed air or other
fluid under pressure. The two conduits 1, 2 each being provided with cocks ³,;
the second pipe or conduit may, in addition, be furnished with a suitable device
enabling the operative to vary at will the pressure of the fluid introduced into
the mass through the blowing core.
This arrangement thus enables suction to be exercised within the annular mould,
or air to be admitted thereto under pressure, by means of the hollow shaft b and
the cylindrical body c.
In order to obtain metallic contact upon the bottom of the shaping mould, the
apparatus is further provided with a metallic disc s mounted at the extremity of
a rod t, which passes through a lid which is intended to be applied upon the
mould e.
The disc S may be operated in any suitable manner by means of a
number of levers arranged in the manner illustrated in the drawing, for example.
When the desired quantity of glass has been introduced within the shaping
mould, the operative applies the bottom of the disc s upon the bottom of the mass,
in such a manner that this latter is in contact with metal upon all its external
surface; he then opens the cock 3 of the first pipe or conduit in communication
with the vacuum apparatus. The cock of the second pipe being closed, suction
is produced by means of the hollow shaft b and the cylindrical body c within the
annular mould and the glass is thus compelled to completely enter all the
recesses of the mould d and the lower portion of the shaping mould e.
The operator then closes the cock of the first pipe 3 in such a manner that
suction is no longer produced, and then causes the core o to penetrate the viscous
mass, for the purpose of producing the internal opening of the article to be manu-
factured, he then opens the cock of the second pipe so as to produce a slight
pressure by means of the core o within the mass, and thus maintain a small vacant
space at the extremity and in front of the said core then after having removed
the metallic disc s the operative introduces the mass into the finishing mould and
the manufacture is completed in any suitable manner.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what
I claim is :
1. The improvement in the manufacture of glass articles whether moulded, cast
or blown (but more especially the latter) for the purpose of enabling the glass to
exactly fill all the recesses in the mould, whatever may be the form of the object
to be manufactured, this improvement consisting essentially in producing within
the mould a reduction of pressure by placing the more accentuated recesses of
the mould in communication with an appliance adapted for producing
this reduction of pressure serving to exhaust the air contained within the mould
and enabling the atmospheric pressure to exert itself upon the liquid glass and to
force it to enter the more accentuated recesses of the mould, the action of the
atmospheric pressure being aided, in certain cases, by a mechanical pressure of
any suitable kind.
a vacuum:
2. The novel method for the mechanical manufacture of bottles in general, and
all blown glass articles, characterised especially by the manner of moulding the
neck of such article under the influence of suction exerted within the annular
mould, for the purpose of forcing the glass to penetrate all the recesses of this
annular mould and the lower portion of the shaping mould whilst the neck of the
article to be manufactured is formed by means of a core entering the annular
mould and the shaping mould; a metallic disc being applied during this moulding
operation upon the bottom of the mass with the object of obtaining uniform
cooling upon the whole of the surface thereof.

page_text: 3. The improved method of manufacturing articles in moulded, cast or blown
glass whereby the glass is enabled to fill all the interstices of the mould substan-
tially as above described, with reference to the drawings.
Dated this 27th day of November 1899.,
HASELTINE, LAKE, & Co.,
45, Southampton Buildings, London, W.C. Agents for the Applicant.