IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF HOES SPADES ADZES AND GRAFTING OR DRAINAGE TOOLS AND PROVISIONAL SPATIONRY ORARATUS EMPLOYEDRE
Year: 1883

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Daniel Smith junior of Wolverhampton in the County of
Stafford, mechanical engineer for an Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
MANUFACTURE OF HOES SPADES ADZES AND GRAFTING OR DRAINAGE TOOLS
AND
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Daniel Smith junior at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 28th September 1883.
DANIEL SMITH, junior, of Wolverhampton in the County of Stafford, mechanical
engineer, "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF HOES, SPADES, ADZES AND
GRAFTING OR DRAINAGE TOOLS, AND IN THE MACHINERY OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED
THEREIN
"
The object of this invention is to produce, by means of rolling, blanks which
shall have the blades formed to, or about to, the finished dimensions intended for
the tools mentioned in the title, and with lumps thereon from which the eyes may
be formed in the ordinary or any convenient manner, or with shanks thereon to
which the sockets or straps are afterwards attached, and also with any ribs thereon
as may be required for the finished tools; and also, when the blades of such blanks
have not been reduced by such rolling to the finished thickness, to further roll
such blanks (either before or after the eyes are formed thereon, in the case of tools
requiring eyes, but preferably after) so as to reduce the blades to such finished
thickness and produce an extra smoothness and "finish" of the surface thereof.
By this invention the operation of plating the blades is dispensed with, and the
tools are made more economically than in the ordinary manner.
i
In carrying this invention into effect, the bar from which the blanks are to be
produced is first rolled to about the width of the intended blanks and to the
thickness of the maximum depth of the blank occasioned by any lump, shank or
rib thereon; or the bar may be rolled of the width as aforesaid, but with a band
down the middle of a depth and width sufficient to allow of the formation of the
lumps, or shanks, and ribs, to be produced by the after process. In this case
the width on either side of the band is rolled preferably to about the thickness of
the intended blades.
The bar, of either form as described, or of other suitable section, is next passed
through a pair of rolls one of which has recessed parts in the face thereof around
its circumference corresponding in shape to the lumps, or shanks, and ribs to be
All...מ

page_text: formed upon the blanks, and of the proper distance apart as will be presently
explained. The rolls are spaced apart to leave about the thickness of the intended
blades between their plain surfaces, and the bar is thus rolled to about the
thickness of the blade, and with lumps, or shanks, and ribs thereon of the proper
distance apart to allow of the blanks being cut from the bar without unnecessary
waste of material. The roll having the recesses therein is formed also at the
proper places around its circumference so as to bring the surface of such roll at
such places nearer the surface of the other roll, and thus roll the surfaces of the
metal which will afterwards be cut away as scrap around the shoulders of the
blanks as thin as may be conveniently done to minimise the quantity of such scrap,
and such recessed roll is formed to taper or thin down the lower ends of the blanks
as may be required.
The bar thus rolled as last described is cut into blanks, and, in the case of blanks
the blades of which have not already been rolled to the finished thickness, such
blanks (preferably after the eyes are formed thereon, in the case of tools requiring
eyes) are passed singly between a pair of finishing rolls, which reduce the blades
to the finished thickness and give a better surface and finish thereto.
The finishing rolls are formed, one of them plain, and the other recessed and
shaped excentrically, as required, to produce the desired finished surface of the
blade, and of any rib thereon, as the rolling is performed. The last-mentioned roll
has a considerable gap or hollow around part of its circumference which is
inoperative, and, by this means, an open space occurs between the two rolls, during
part of the revolution, which enables the operator to push the blank between such
rolls froin the side towards which the metal is to be rolled, against a gauge which
fixes the proper position of the blank endways. In the caso of hoe blanks the gap
or hollow, aforesaid, is shaped at one end into the body of the metal of the roll
to receive the eye as the blank is held in position between the rolls, and the
remaining surface of the roll is shaped to roll over the entire surface of the blade,
including the shoulders thereof, right from the junction of the eye therewith, and
also over any rib upon the blank.
It will be seen that by this last-described method of rolling the blanks there is
no danger of the operator entering the blank wrongly, or of getting his tongs
drawn in between the rolls.
In cases where it is desired to have ribs or other projections on both sides of
the blanks, both the rolls of either of the descriptions of rolling mechanism
referred to must be, of course, suitably recessed or shaped to correspond thereto,
and each pair of rolls must be geared to ensure their revolving together. In this
case, the bar to be passed between the first pair of such rolls, may have a band
rolled thereon below as well as above, if desired.
If it is desired to produce an initial depression in the lumps, aforesaid, to
facilitate the after formation of the eyes, in the case of tools requiring eyes, this
may readily be done by forming corresponding prints in the recesses of the roll
or rolls.
In order to avoid unnecessary multiplicity in the first pair of rolls to meet
various sizes of blanks, adjustable guides may be fixed to suit various widths of
blanks; and the rib recesses and corresponding parts to form the blanks may
alternate on opposite sides of the recesses to forin the shanks, or the lumps for tho
eyes, so that the blade of one blank can be cut longer and the adjoining one
correspondingly shorter, if desired. The gauge or pitch of the different recesses
and other parts around the roll or rolls may also, if desired, vary to give two or
more different lengths of blank.
The second-described pair of rolls of course lengthen the blanks as well as thin
them, and may thus be employed to produce blanks of different lengths, as may
be desired, from blanks which leave the first described pair of rolls all of the
same length.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed
by the said Daniel Smith junior in the Patent Office on 28th March 1884.
DANIEL SMITH, junior, of Wolverhampton in the County of Stafford, mechanical
engineer, "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF HOES, SPADES, ADZES AND
GRAFTING OR DRAINAGE TOOLS, AND IN THE MACHINERY OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED
THEREIN
"
The object of this invention is to produce, by means of rolling, blanks which
shall have the blades to, or about to, the finished dimensions intended for the tools
mentioned in the title, and with lumps or thickened part thereon from which the
eyes may be formed in the ordinary or any convenient manner, or with shanks
thereon to which the sockets or straps are afterwards welded or otherwise attached,
and also with any ribs thereon when such are required for the finished tools; and
also, when the blades of such blanks have not been reduced by such rolling to the
finished thickness, to further roll such blanks (either before or after the eyes are
formed thereon, in the case of tools requiring eyes, but preferably after) so as to
reduce the blades to such finished thickness and produce an extra smoothness and
finish of the surface thereof.
In carrying this invention into effect, the bar from which the blanks are to be
produced is first rolled to a form as shewn in cross section figure 1, to about the
width of the intended blanks and to about the thickness of the maximum depth of
the blank occasioned by any lump, shank or rib, desired thereon; or the bar may
be rolled to a form as shewn in cross section figure 2, to the width as aforesaid,
but with a band or thickened part A down its middle of a depth and width
sufficient to allow of the formation of the lumps or shanks and ribs to be produced
by the after process. In this case the metal on either side of such band or
thickened part is rolled, preferably, slightly thicker than the thickness of the
intended blades. The bar, of either form as described, or of other suitable section,
is next passed through a pair of rolls shewn in elevation by figure 3, and in
transverse section (taken on line xx of figure 3) by figure 4. This pair of rolls
is shewn as constructed specially for rolling hoe blanks. The roll B has
sinkings a a etc. and bb etc. around its circumference corresponding in shape to
the lumps and ribs to be formed upon the blanks. The shading around this roll
is omitted on figure 3 to avoid unnecessary confusion of lines. The rolls are
placed apart to leave about the thickness of the intended blades between their plain
surfaces, and the bar is thus rolled to about the thickness of the blade and with
lumps and ribs thereon in proper position along the bar to allow of the blanks
being cut from the bar without unnecessary waste of material; but in order to give
the blades a tapering thickness at their lower ends, as is usually desired, the
surface of the roll B is shaped in a series of eccentric curves d d etc. circum-
ferentially so as to give the tapering thickness as desired to these parts of the
blanks.
Figure 5 represents a flat view, and figure 6 a longitudinal section on line yy of
figure 5, of a bar rolled from either of the sections shewn by figure 1 or figure 2
by means of the rolls illustrated by figures 3 and 4. The parts c c etc., forming
scrap to be cut away from the blanks, are rolled to as thin as is practicable, so us
to minimise the quantity of scrap, by means of projecting faces c¹ c¹ etc; on the
surface of the roll B. CC etc. are the lumps for the eyes, and, in order to produce
any initial depression in these lumps to facilitate the after formation of the eyes,
prints e e etc. are fixed or formed within the recesses a a etc, of the roll. When
strong eyes are desired, however, the lumps C C are preferably left solid without
any initial depression. The bar illustrated by figures 5 and 6 is cut into blanks

page_text: by shearing across along the lines ff etc. The cyes are then formed out of the
lumps C C etc. in the ordinary or any convenient manner, leaving each blank as
shewn by figure 7, the dotted lines of which simply indicate the shape to which
the shoulders may be cut.
The blanks are next passed between a pair of finishing rolls which reduce the
blades to the finished thickness and give a better surface and finish. These finishing
rolls are illustrated by figures 8 and 9, of which figure 8 is a front elevation and
figure 9 is a section taken on line xx of figure 8. The roll D, which may be
either the upper or the lower of the pair, is a plain cylindrical roll and the roll E
is unequal sided in section as shewn, one side being considerably reduced around its
circumference from the general section of the roll. The other side is formed full,
as shewn, and has a recessed part g to receive the rib of the hoe and an eccentrically
curved part extending circumferentially as far as may be necessary to form the
part of the hoe blade which tapers in thickness. F is a hoe blank held in position
between the finishing rolls and against a gauge G. j is a shoulder in the roll E.
kk are two surfaces of the roll standing up on either side of a recess which runs
partially around the roll from the root of the shoulder j. The inner sides m m of
the surfaces slaut sideways, as shewn at figure 8, so as to act as guides to the
eye and ensure that the blank is held in proper position before its compression
takes place between the two rolls. To finish the blank between this pair of rolls it
is pushed between them and against the gauge G as the reduced side of the roll E
is passing around opposite to the roll D. The blank is then held in such position
until the shoulder j comes against the inner side of the socket n when the blank is
carried forwards towards the operator, the recess g rolling upon and finishing the
rib of the blank, and the other surfaces of the roll over the other surfaces of the
blank rolling upon such latter surfaces reducing them and finishing them as
required. Figure 10 is a face view of the under side of the roll E in the position
in which such roll is shewn by figure 9. The lower parts of the surfaces press
upon the shoulders of the blank on each side of the eye, and thus the entire
surface of the hoe blade, including the shoulders thereof, right from the junction
of the eye therewith, and also any rib upon the blank, is shaped and finished by
these rolls.
It will readily be seen that by this method of finishing the blanks there is no
danger that the operator will enter the blank wrongly or that he will get his tongs
drawn in between the rolls. Each blank may be rolled in this pair of rolls as
many times as may be desired and can thus have the blade thinned down and
lengthened as may be necessary. The roll E will of course require to be driven,
but the roll D may ruu loose if desired.
Figure 11 illustrates, in transverse section, a modification of roll which may be
employed for finishing the hoe blanks, instead of the roll E already described, in
cases chiefly where the blanks have to be passed once only between the finishing
rolls. In figure 11 H is a recess running partially around the circumference of the
roll and F is a hoe blank. This roll is worked preferably as the lower of the pair.
The recess H is made to the width to just admit the eye n easily therein, and as
the roll rotates in the direction indicated by the arrow a blank is hooked on as
shewn with its eye n within the recess. The other roll of the pair is a plain
cylindrical roll, and the blank is carried therefore between these rolls and finished.
o is a recess in the surface of the roll corresponding to the recess in the roll E.
The scrap at the shoulders of the blank is cut away, preferably, after the eye is
formed.
This invention has becu described hitherto specially with reference to the
manufacture of hoes, but spades and the other articles mentioned in the title may
be made in an analogous manner. In the case of spades, the bar from which the
blanks are to be cut off may be rolled first to a section as shewn at figure 12,
having a rib down the centre from which the ribs and shanks for the blades are
formed in rolls corresponding to those shewn by figures 3 and 4, but one of such
rolls (corresponding to that lettered B) being properly recessed and shaped so as to

page_text: roll the bar to the shape shewn by figures 13 and 14, which are respectively a. flat
view and a section taken on line y¹¹ of figure 13. The parts C' C are the shanks
to which the sockets or straps are afterwards welded or otherwise attached, and the
parts pp form scrap to be cut away and are consequently rolled as thin as
practicable similarly as the parts c c figure 5. The bar is cut into blanks, each as
shewn at figure 15, by shearing across the lines f¹ f¹ (figure 13) and the blanks
are then transferred to finishing rolls analogous to those illustrated by figures 8
and 9, the blank being rolled towards the operator as in the case before described.
The roll E will of course be modified to suit this purpose.
The modification of roll shewn by figure 11 I do not consider suitable for
employment, except in the case of hoes or articles having such a projecting part
thereupon as to enable them to be placed within the recess H after the manuer in
which the eye n is shewn to be placed therein.
The other articles mentioned in the title, besides hoes and spades, may be
manufactured in an analogous manner to that already described, by the mechanism
illustrated therefor, modified as may be required, and as will be readily understood.
In cases where it is desired to have ribs or other projections on both sides of the
blanks, both the rolls of each of the descriptions of rolling mechanism, referred to
must of course be suitably recessed or shaped to correspond thereto, and each pair
of rolls must be geared to ensure the two rolls revolving together. In this case
the bar to be passed between the first pair of such rolls may have a band or rib
rolled thereon below as well as above, if desired. Such a section of bar is
illustrated, as for employment in the manufacture of spades, by figure 20.
In order to avoid unnecessary multiplicity in the first pair of rolls, to meet
various sizes of blanks, adjustable guides may be fixed to suit various widths of
blanks, and the rib recesses and corresponding parts to form the blanks may
alternate on opposite sides of the recesses to form the shanks or the lumps for the
eyes, so that the blade of one blank can be cut longer and the adjoining one
correspondingly shorter if desired. A short length of bar as rolled in this manner
is illustrated by figures 16 and 17, of which figure 16 is a flat view and figure 17
a section taken on line of figure 16. It will be seen that the line a¹ a¹, across
which the bar is sheared to divide the two blanks A' A¹, may be in any desired
position so as to leave one of such blanks shorter than the other. The gauge or
pitch of the different recesses and other parts around the roll or rolls may also, if
desired, vary to give two or more different lengths of blank. A variation also may
be obtained in the length of the blanks by rolling the bars from which they are to
be cut off of greater thickness as may be desired so that as the blanks are rolled to
the finished thickness, by the finishing rolls, they will be drawn out also to the
desired lengths
The same pair of finishing rolls may be used, as will be readily understood, for
various widths and lengths of blanks, and, in order to avoid an unnecessary
number of rolls corresponding to that lettered E, for operating upon blanks having
different sections of ribs or shanks, that part of the roll requiring to be altered in
shape may be removable, if desired, as a loose tool.
It will readily be seen that, by the use of this invention, the operation of plating
the blades may be entirely dispensed with, and that the tools are made more
economically than those ordinarily employed. The blades, however, may be partly
formed by rolling in the first pair of rolls and may be plated or stamped to finish
them.
The bars and blanks are of course operated upon by the rolling mechanism
whilst in a heated condition.
It is not essential to finish the blades in the second pair of rolls if they have
been rolled to the proper shape and thickness in the first pair, but it is preferred
to pass them between the second pair of rolls to give an extra finish, in which case
they need not be materially reduced in thickness.
In the case of manufacturing hoes, according to this invention, it is not necessary
to roll lumps thereon from which to form the eyes, as the blanks may be simply

page_text: rolled sufficiently thick at their upper ends to allow of the eye being formed
therefrom. A bar with the blanks rolled in this manner is illustrated by figures 18
and 19, of which figure 18 is a flat view and figure 19 a section taken on line ¹¹
of figure 18. If ribs are required they are rolled as shewn and thus, as the eyes
are formed, the parts all all of the ribs bend up and are compressed into the eyes
forming in fact part of the metal thereof.
In the illustrations the detached views of bars and blanks are shewn, for the
sake of convenience, to a larger scale than the views of the rolls.
Having now stated the nature of my said invention and particularly described
and ascertained the manner of performing the same, I declare that I do not limit
myself to the exact details described and shewn, but what I claim as my invention
and desire to secure by the herein before in-part-recited letters patent, is :-
1. The berein before described improvements in the manufacturo of hoes, spades,
adzes and grafting or drainage tools, according to which the blanks for the same
are rolled together lengthways in bars substantially as herein described.
2. The herein before described improvements in the manufacture of hoes, spades,
adzes and grafting or drainage tools, according to which the blanks for such tools,
with any desired lumps thereon from which eyes or shanks are to be afterwards
formed, and with any desired ribs thereon, or with either such lumps or ribs, are
rolled lengthways in bars from which they are afterwards cut off and further
reduced (if necessary) and finished in the ordinary or any convenient manner.
3. The bereinbefore described improvements in the manufacture of hoes, spades,
adzes and grafting or drainage tools, according to which the rolled blanks for such
tools have the metal forming scrap around the shoulders of the blades reduced
during the rolling of such blanks to as thin as practicable substantially as and for
the purpose set forth.
4. The herein before described improvements in the manufacture of hoes, spades,
adzes and grafting or drainage tools, according to which blanks for the same are
rolled together lengthways in bars in the manner referred to in the first claim and
completed in the manner referred to in the second claim.
5. The hereinbefore described improvements in machinery or apparatus employed
in the manufacture of hoes, spades, adzes and grafting or drainage tools, consisting
of a pair of rolls constructed and operating to produce blanks rolled together
lengthways in bars with any desired lumps and ribs thereon, or with either such
lumps or ribs thereon, substantially in the manner herein described and shewn.
6. The hereinbefore described improvements in machinery or apparatus employed
in the manufacture of hoes, spades, adzes and grafting or drainage tools, consisting
of the finishing rolls constructed and operating substantially as herein described
and shewn, and also the special modification thereof capable of employment in the
manufacture of hoes and any of the other tools, aforesaid, having suitable projections,
thereon, substantially as described
In witness whereof I the said Daniel Smith junior, have hereunto set my
hand and seal this twenty sixth day of March in the year of Our Lord
Ons thousand right hun)
DANIEL SMITH JNR. (L.S.)
Witness:-
ROBERT M. LISTER
Clerk to M Stephen Watkins, Assoc. M. Inst. C.E.
Office for Patents,
Wolverhampton.