Improvements in the Manufacture of Metal Tubes, Tubular and Hollow Articles, Plates, Rods, Bars, Wires, and the like, and in Means and Apparatus therefor.
Year: 1893

page_text: Date of Application, 14th Oct., 1893-Accepted, 27th Jan., 1894
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in the Manufacture of Metal Tubes, Tubular and
Hollow Articles, Plates, Rods, Bars, Wires, and the like, and in
Means and Apparatus therefor.
I, JAMES ROBERTSON, Engineer of 18, Corporation Street, Manchester,
Lancashire, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the
same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by
the following statement in writing, reference being had to the accompanying
four sheets of drawing, and to the letters and figures marked thereon, that
is to say-
:-
My invention relates mainly to the drawing out and finishing of metal rods,
bars, tubes, tubular articles, plates and wires through dies in a cold state, and
consists mainly in placing and leading these through a closed vessel or container
and pressing, lubricating, and propelling same through dies or shaping and
drawing tools from these closed vessels directly by the contact and pressure of
a liquid in motion under a great degree of pressure. Effecting thereby this drawing
and finishing process in this new and improved way now commonly accomplished
by dies operated by chain or hydraulic piston and other like forms of draw-benches.
All of which necessitate a return motion involving complication and increased
expense, which this new and improved forms of dies and mode of propelling metal
parallel articles to be operated upon through the dies obviates. This new and
improved mode of propelling and compressing metal parallel articles through dies
in this way and improved dies for same also affords better means of keeping
drawing dies and mandrels cool, and a better means of lubricating same than is
obtained as used and operated by ordinary draw benches which new and improved
cooling, lubricating and compressing processes is also part of my said invention.
In my ram pushing drawbenches (which in common with this new and improved
drawing process most of its modifications avoids the complications connected with
the use of drawing tongs) these older metal drawing contrivances by pushing have
a tendency to injure the after ends of the tube mandrels and rods being operated
upon which this new and improved mode of propelling these through dies directly
by the contact and motion of a liquid obviates and besides this in the drawing of
tubes over an ordinary long mandrel, both the mandrel and the tube blank itself
is propelled by this new and improved mode of propelling parallel metal articles
through dies, the tube blank being propelled at a slower rate of speed than the
mandrels. The pressure and support thus given to the tube blank also tends
greatly to avoid the breaking across of the metal in the die which frequently
occurs in drawing tubes by an ordinary drawbench, and with this advantage and
the advantages of having the die and articles being operated upon kept cool or not
heated beyond the temperature of the propelling or compressing liquid and the
improved facilities of lubrication afforded, greater and swifter drawing effect is
obtained than by the use of an ordinary drawbench. Great pressure in the operating
liquid is necessary and particularly so in articles being operated upon of small
cross sectional area. But the pressure to the square inch on the operating liquid
should generally be less than is necessary to crush up the metal being operated
upon. The suitable degree of pressure in the operating liquid varying to a
considerable extent with the nature of the dies used, and the work to be done.
For the purpose of explaining the manner in which I carry out into effect or
practice my said invention I append four sheets of drawings or diagrams showing
the various modifications of my improved metal drawing apparatus which requires to
be modified more or less to suit the different forms of the bars, tubes and plates
A

page_text: being operated upon. I show it mainly as applied to the drawing of round rod
and round tubes, round metal rods and tubes being chiefly required cold drawn in
this way, but metal parallel articles of any form of cross section oval, square, angl
or flat bars or sheets may be passed through dies in this way with more or les
advantage, round hard dies always besides being the form mostly required being a
the same time the most easily kept in order.
I use throughout the following description the same letters and numerals of reference
to indicate like parts in all the figures shown, in order as far as possible to avoid
needless repetition in describing the various modifications shown. The arrows
placed on like parts also indicating the direction of the motion of the mandrels and
of the tube blanks, and other parallel articles shown being drawn. The motion of
the propelling liquid being indicated also by a like reference arrow and letter or
numeral for a like purpose in all the figures where used.
Fig. 1. is a sectional longitudinal plan, and Fig. 2 a side external elevation of this
new and improved metal drawing apparatus and drawbench in its most simple form,
shown applied to draw down a metal tube blank of copper over an ordinary form of long
steel mandrel. The closed vessel or container A which is shown containing the tube
blank C is in this example of cast-iron and of a round form externally in all its
parts and cored out internally throughout its length with a round hole slightly
larger in diameter than the tube blank C shown inserted into it, shown in longi-
tudinal section in Fig. 1, and showing also fitted to it in cross section a tube
drawing die B which is generally of an ordinary form, but shown fitted to this
container A by a water tight leather ring joint B¹.
mandrel D being shown placed in the container A with the tube blank C placed
An ordinary steel long tube
loosely over it, part of it C¹ being shown forced and projected through the die B
into part of the tube C¹ intended to be finished out of the tube blank C. The steel
die B is shown secured to the front end flange A of the container A by the over-
lapping disc ring casting E shown in sectional plan in Fig. 1, in end elevation in
Fig. 3 and in external side elevation in Fig. 2, shown also secured to the flange A
of the container A by the bolts E' in Figs. 2 and 3.
container A is shown formed with a screwed breach piece seat opening, for inserting
The after end of the
the article to be drawn A², and shown with a screwed breach piece screwed into
it. This breach piece F has formed in it a joint leather washer seat and provided
with a joint leather washer in it F' which keeps it when hard screwed up water tight.
This breach piece F being also shown provided with a square end F³ to allow of its
being screwed in and out of its place quickly by an ordinary hand screw key which
is the means provided for the insertion of the mandrel Ď and tube blank C to
be drawn. The container A. has shown formed on it the pap A³ and bored and
tapped, and a water pipe G connected to it which is by preference connected
to an ordinary hydraulic accumulator loaded to give the requisite pressure and
with a suitable regulating inlet tap, which tap being of an ordinary form and
may be placed in any convenient position is not shown. This tap and pipe G
is made sufficiently large to give the requisite drawing speed on the mandrel
and tube blank C. The container A is also shown provided with a larger
pap A and correspondingly larger pipe H provided also with a regulating tap
which is connected to a water cistern or other head of water at a low pressure
for filling up the vacant space in the container A before the propelling liquid
from the pipe G is admitted. The standard feet castings I and 11 and intercepting
return water tray J which by the return water pipe K returns the water or other
actuating liquid that may be used back to an ordinary supply cistern to be used
through the pumps or other means used for supplying the water or other liquid
at the requisite pressure thus completing the essential parts of this modification
of this tube drawing apparatus. The feet brackets 1 and I are shown in end
elevation by Fig. 5 provided with angular ready fitting seats 12 in same for the
container A and correspondingly formed covers 13 for same which is shown
secured to the feet brackets 1 and I by the cover bolts 1. The nature of this
rectangular seat in same 12 allowing these to suit various containers within a

page_text: considerable range of different external diameters it being part of the economy
of working this drawing apparatus to have several sizes of containers adapted
or as many varieties of work and readily interchangeable to be placed in the
brackets I and I¹ as may be required the container A itself particularly in the
maller sizes being but of small expense. In this example the container A is
hown cored out in round form to 4 inches in diameter throughout its length for
the reception of the tube blank C and mandrel D. The mandrel D which is of an
ordinary form with an ordinary catch neck point D' formed on it for fixing the tube
blank C. The mandrel D) is turned smoothly to 3 inches diameter in body.
The die B is shown 3 inches internal diameter and the tube blank Cis
shown made narrow at the point as ordinarily done to catch on the shoulder
of catch point D' of the mandrel all in the usual way of these things and
except at the point D₁ the tube blank C placed loosely over the mandrel D
so as the water and lubricating matter has free way into it. The tube blank C
having an external diameter of about 3 inches and a mass of metal in it about
sufficient to draw out into a tube of about double its length. The cross sectional
internal diameter of the die B being as stated 3 inches, the cross sectional
area therefor for the actuating liquid to exert its force is a little over eight square
inches. A small portion of the tube blank is shown pushed through the die B into
a finished portion of the tube C₁ shown in Fig. 1. The propelling surface area
that the actuating liquid in this example has to act upon being thus eight square
inches and admitted through the pipe G, say at five tons pressure to the square
inch exerts a propelling force of forty tons on the mandrel D and the tube blank C
in the direction of the arrow shown on the mandrel, and arrow a shown on the
tube blank C but at a somewhat slower speed than on the mandrel and speedily
forces out the mandrel D and the tube blank C out of the container through the
die B the tube blank C being formed into the finished tube C¹ as shown on the
mandrel D by Fig. 6 to be removed from the mandrel D for a fresh operation.
Fig. 7 is a longitudinal sectional plan, and Fig. 8 an external side elevation of a
similar container A, die B, breach piece F and connections as just described and
the same letters and numerals referring to like parts, but the container A is in this
example of smaller diameter and shown applied to drawing a solid rod of iron-it is
nevertheless the same form of round die B that is used and the same operations so
far as relates to the forcing operation generally to be gone through as that just
described in connection with Figs. 1 to 6. The container A in this example is
cored out to 1 inches in diameter, the blank rod shown to be drawn is 1 of an inch
in diameter, the bore of the die 1 of an inch in diameter or only equal to one
square inch of cross sectional area. As the crushing resistance of wrot-iron is
about 18 tons to the square inch the operating liquid by preference should be used
from the liquid forcing pumps at about 16 tons pressure to the square inch admitted
by the pipe G. For more complete lubrication than can be had by greasing or
oiling the rod C before it is placed in the container A the operating liquid used can
be oil and at this great pressure the oil would penetrate or permeate into the
rod C to some extent insuring thereby very complete lubrication in the rod C in
the die B. The rod C being only as stated one square inch of cross sectional area
there is by the operating liquid only a force of sixteen tons exerted by the liquid
to force it through the die, but this force of sixteen tons with the very effective
lubrication thus obtained would by the blank rod C being sized to give a sufficient
finishing reduction in diameter only would answer for finishing rods for most
purposes in this way.
In this modification however I show a pulling assisting force applied to assist the
force of the actuating propelling liquid to pass the blank rod C through the die B
and which is part of my said invention. Pulling force by any means as used in
ordinary drawbenches will answer this purpose but I show the force desired
obtained from a pulling piston hydraulic cylinder N as the best operating means
for this purpose. In Fig. 7 the forward end of the blank rod C2 to be drawn
is shown smalled down and screwed to pass through the die B and a drawing

page_text: shackle M placed upon it. The pulling bydraulic cylinder N of the ordinary
form is shown broken off short, is shown connected to the container A. by a
snug As formed on same and a corresponding snug N' formed on the hydraulic
cylinder N as shown by Fig. 8 in side elevation and in Fig. 9 in end elevation
and shown connected to the container A by the stay O. The hydraulic piston
rod N2, hydraulic pulling chain N³ and stay O being shown broken off short shows
this arrangement' of these parts. The supporting brackets for this modification
are the same as described for supporting the container A described in connection
with Figs. 1 to 6 and need not be shown.
Fig. 11 is a longitudinal sectional plan and Fig. 12 an external side elevation,
Fig. 13 an end elevation of the die end, and Fig. 14 an end elevation of the after
end of a container A. It is adapted to be set in the same description of feet
brackets as described in connection with Figs. 1 to 6 and all the parts of the
container A, die B, and breach piece F are also the same as shown in Figs. 1 to 6
and the same letters of reference and numerals referring to like parts, but is shown
made to act on the tube blank C in a different way than as described in connection
with Figs. 1 to 6. Before the tube blank C is put into the container to be drawn
the point of it is made water tight from the inside which may be variously effected,
but is shown in sectional plan in Fig. 11 effected by its forward end being
contracted and tapped for a water tight plug and a plug C³ screwed into it as
shown. Then before being put into the container A if to be operated by water to be
smeared over with tallow or other lubricating matter both externally and internally
as also over the mandrel D. The mandrel D is shown of the well known short self
adjusting form which by the die B being proportioned to contract the tube in
diameter considerably enables this short mandrel D to be put down into the far end
of the tube blank C freely, and afterwards by the die B being too small diameter
to allow the mandrel D to enter into the die beyond the working bevelled steeled
and hardened end of it D³ it finds its proper place end wise before the die Bas
shown in Fig. 11 and serves in this to grip and draw and smooth the walls of the
tube blank without other means of holding it in its operating position. To allow
the operating liquid to get to the front end of the tube blank C and plug C3 which
is in this example the main propelling surface a small hole D is bored down
through this short plug mandrel D and this water channel D₁ in order to put any
required degree of strain on the mandrel inwards can be done by throttling the flow
of the propelling liquid and this shown done by the small conical regulating
valve D' shown placed in its after end and also shown on a larger scale by Fig. 15
in end elevation of the conical short mandrel D. The propelling liquid passes
down the small channels in this screw valve D D its conical inside end by
screwing it closer or wider off the bottom end of its seat, regulating the flow of the
propelling liquid in through the mandrel D to any degree required.
Fig. 16 is a longitudinal sectional plan, Fig. 17 an external elevation, and Fig. 18
a forward end elevation, of a container A, die B, fixing piece E of the die and tube
blank C all of the same general form as just described in connection with Figs. 11
to 15 and the same letters of reference, referring to like parts, but with a difference
in the form and different mode of using the mandrel D, necessitating also a
difference in the form of breach piece F. The mandrel D in this example is also
made of steel and hardened, and is formed with a long tensional stem rod D
which extends back through the breach piece F screwed at its outer end D' and a
screw nut D placed on it for regulating its position in the die B lengthwise. The
breach plug F being shown in Figs. 16, 17 and 19 with a hole up through it and a
leather washer stuffing box F1 with stuffing nut for do. to keep it water tight F.
The operating liquid is admitted and regulated in this example as is described in
connection with Figs. 11 to 15 and flows down through the mandrel D through the
small holes D to the forward end of the tube as indicated by the arrow e, but the
bulb D of the mandrel is allowed to be placed in the centre of the length of
the die B in this case and its position there fixed by the nut D8 at the out end of
the mandrel stem rod D°.

page_text: for same.
A convenient arrangement for propelling through a tube blank through a cold
drawing die and over a mandrel without any preparation being necessary at its
forward end as is just described in connection with Figs. 11 to 19 is obtained by
using the propelling liquid under as great a pressure as produce the requisite force
on its cross sectional area as do the necessary work though the tube is left open at
both ends. In an ordinary lap-welded iron boiler tube 3 inches in diameter its
cross sectional area is usually about equal to two square inches, and by using the
propelling liquid at a pressure of sixteen tons to the square inch a drawing force
end wise on the tube of 32 tons is in this way obtained which along with forced
lubrication is sufficient to cold draw moderately well finished iron lap-welded tubes.
Fig. 20 shows a longitudinal sectional elevation, Fig. 21 an external plan, Fig. 22
an after end elevation, and Fig. 23 a forward end elevation of a container A and
connections and a wrot iron tube of the dimensions above stated placed in it to
be cold drawn in this way. The container A, die B, tube blank C, and die fixing
dise piece E are generally similar to these parts shown in the foregoing figures
described, and the same letters and numerals referring to like parts, but the tube
blank C is left just as it is when usually ready to be placed in a boiler, open at both
ends. In this container A also the breach piece is made of a form suited for
larger diameters of tubes than the foregoing modifications described of this improved
metal tube and bar drawing apparatus, and the container A at its breach charging
end is formed with a seat A2 bored out for a leather packed breach piece F of a
hydraulic piston form turned a working fit for its scat A3 and shown in section in
Fig. 20 fitted with a cup leather packing F¹ with joint ring F and securing bolt F
The breach picce F in this modification is shewn held in its place by an
interposing piece P and a disc crosshead Q which is held in its place by the two
strong stay rods R and R' which secures and holds it apart to the required distance
the die crosshead E and the breach piece crosshead from each other and which
are shown passed loosely through holes formed in a pair of snugs formed on each
end of the container A5 and A at its breach and shown in Fig. 22 and A' and A
at its forward or die end shown in Fig. 20. These stay rods R and R' are also in
Fig. 20 shown passed through the die fixing piece E and secured by suitable screw
nuts R and R³ and the fixing crosshead Q of the breach piece F secured
in its place by the corresponding screw nuts R and Rs. These nuts R* and R
when there is no propelling liquid admitted to the container A leaves
the interposing piece P interposed between the crosshead Q, and the
breach piece I leaves this interposing piece P free to be drawn aside, and
it is shown in Figs. 20, 21 and 22 of a balanced lever form with a balanced
weight piece end P₁ all cast in one piece with the piece P itself and shown
left free to oscillate on a pivot pin 1 shown in Figs. 20 to 22 fixed in the
foot bracket I. When the tube to be drawn is put into the container A this
oscillating interposing piece P being always loose when there is no liquid in the
container is swung on its pivot 1' from the vertical normal position it is shown
in over to the position shown by the dotted line g, and dotted outline g¹ when
removed out of the way of the breach piece F shown in Fig. 22 of the interposing
piece itself leaving the breach piece F free to be drawn out of its seat
through the round hole Q' in the crosshead Q which hole is a little larger
diameter than the breach piece F shown in Fig. 22. After the tube blank C
is put in its place in the container and the breach piece F in its seat in same,
the interposing piece P is thereafter swung back to its normal position and all
is thereafter ready for the propelling liquid to be admitted to the container A
and tube blank C. When the propelling liquid is admitted from the low pressure
liquid reservoir to fill up the vacant space in the container A at the end, and
around, and in the tube C, the breach piece F being of a somewhat larger
diameter than the joint B₁ of the die B the propelling liquid moves out the
hydraulic piston breach piece F a short distance (about a quarter of an inch)
and the crosshead Q, stay rods R and R' and die fixing piece E tightens up the
breach piece itself and the die B making all water tight ready for the tube

page_text: drawing operation. A steel and hardened mandrel D is also shown used in this
modification and also placed in the tube C opposite the die B, which mandrel D
is shown socketed on to a steel stem rod D' which is carried back to an abutting
bracket foot piece I which besides being fixed to the same base as the feet
brackets I and I of the container A as shown also connected together by its
snugs 1 and 16 by the strong stays O and O' and screw nuts on same to the
corresponding crosshead A' formed on the container A. This mandrel abutting
bracket 18 has a central seat I turned out in it, set centrally to the centre of
the container A suitable for interchangeable mandrel end abutting pieces to be
placed in it, and a mandrel abutting piece D10 placed in it shown with a socket in
it formed to suit the end of the stem rod D of the mandrel D. Thus prepared
and a propelling liquid being admitted at the requisite pressure to the container A
through the pipe G the tube blank C is forced out through the die B and over
the mandrel D ou upon its stem rod D and all left ready for a repeat of the
operation. To further relieve the friction of the tube C on the mandrel D, the
mandrel D may be revolved by gear connected to the stem rod De but this
involves considerable more outlay on this modification of this machine and the
necessary drawing effect for most purposes can be effected without my now well
known friction relieving effect caused by revolving a tube mandrel. Instead also
of using a propelling liquid at as high a pressure as to give the necessary force
to the tube end wise to pass through the die and over the mandrel, the con-
tainer A by being bored out to a diameter slightly greater than the tube to he
drawn and a piston piece fitted with a leather or other packing of an external
diameter to just pass freely through the die A, and of an internal diameter to pass
over the mandrel and push out the tube blank C before it, enables the drawing
action to be effected with a propelling liquid used at a much lower pressure.
Fig. 24 is a sectional plan of a container A, and tube blank and all other
parts the same as just described in connection with Figs. 20 to 23 and the same
letters and numerals referring to like parts, but with this intermediate propelling
piston piece S shown in section and shown with its stroke completed and the
finished tube C¹ propelled out of the container complete, and its forward end
remaining in the die B and over the mandrel D from which place by its forward
motion it had from the force of the propelling liquid being expelled and finished in
the form of the tube C¹. This new and improved mode of propelling tubes,
tubular, or solid parallel articles through compressing, drawing, and finishing dies
by reason of there being no additional length or part of same at the ends required
to be left for laying hold of by drawing pincers or tongs or ends left unfinished for
being pushed through the dies by hydraulic rams or other means which have
usually to be cut off in finishing the articles. Is of great advantage for such work
as the placing of copper printing rollers and like rollers on their mandrels or axis
and the drawing out of same. The propelling liquid used at any high degree of
pressure ever likely to be required doing the ends of such articles as these no harm
in the way of bending, staving up or abrading their forward or after ends, and all
sorts of overlaying and casing work, such as the casing of hydraulic rams, pump
plungers and other like engineering work. As also the casing or overlaying of rods
or tubes or overlaying of any moderately rigid substance such as wood of any form
of cross section with thin metal. Tubes and tubular articles requiring generally to
be closed at the propelled ends or propelled by a cup leather or piston piece as
described in connection with Fig. 24 or closed up by any means when tubes or
tubular or porous articles are being thus cased.
Fig. 25 is a longitudinal sectional plan, Fig. 26 an external side elevation and
Fig. 27 an after end external elevation of a modification of this metal article
drawing apparatus generally similar to that just described in connection with
Figs. 20 to 24 and the same letters and numerals of reference, referring to like
parts, but is modified to suit better for heavy work, there being no breach piece to
take out by hand and no intermediate breach piece to manipulate. A printer's
roller C is shown being forced through the die B. The breach piece F in this

page_text: modification is shown kept water tight by the flat leather washer ring F¹ and is
only made to enter its seat A2 in the end of the container A about one quarter of
an inch. To effect this motion by a corresponding forward motion of the tie
rods R and R¹ as described in connection with Figs. 20 to 24 in the direction
of the arrows and f¹ shown on same by the pressure of the actuating liquid
in the container A as also to close the joint B' of the die B water tight as
described effected by Figs. 20 to 24 by the end wise motion of the breach piece F.
The die end of this container A has a seat A' bored out to a slightly larger
diameter than the seat A2 of the breach piece F in the end of the container A and
an end wise sliding piece A10 fitted into same made water tight by the cup leather
packing A arranged as shown to allow for about an inch of motion on end. The
sliding piece A which is shown bored out to the same diameter as the container A
itself, and has shown formed in it the seat A' and leather packing washer of the
die B¹ and the die B. Thus arranged when the actuating liquid is admitted to
the container this sliding piece A" noves out a short distance carrying the die B
and its holding piece E before it and carrying forward also the connecting stay
rods R and R' in the direction of the arrows and f¹ placed on same and thereby
also tightens in water tight the after end breach piece F and makes all ready for
the admission of the high pressure propelling liquid. A printer's roller boss D is
shown in the container with a copper sheath C being overlaid or drawn over it
with its end just entered into the die B, the propelling water as above referred to
will have no tendency to injure the projecting axis D12 as will be readily seen.
When the roll has been forced through the die B, and its copper sheath C' drawn
on to it, and all expelled from the container to make it ready for a fresh operation.
A hand screw T with hand levers T¹ are shown provided and tapped into the breach
piece Fin Figs. 25 and 26, with its abutting point T2 set against the end of the con-
tainer A which on being operated by hand draws back the breach piece F itself
until it is drawn out of its seat A2 in the container A (about one quarter of an
inch sufficing for this as shown) drawing back with it the rods R and R' die
holder E, die B, and sliding piece A10, and in this position the breach piece becomes
out of contact with the container A and free to be moved aside. This breach
piece F is adapted to be swung to the one side to allow clear way for the insertion
of articles into the container. The breach piece F is shown pivoted on the end of
the stay rod R and the other end of the breach piece shown provided with a gab
slot seat F for the other stay R' in which position when the breach piece is drawn
out of the container A as described it is free to allow by its gab end F10 to be
oscillated down as indicated by its dotted centre line y, and dotted outline glas
shown by Fig. 27 in which position it is allowed free way to place afresh by hand
another article in the container A to be operated upon. To make this form of
breach piece F easily operated, its oscillating action is shown balanced by the
balance weight F and suspending rod to same F12.
A convenient arrangement for drawing short articles and of large diameter
particularly of this drawing apparatus, consists in an arrangement for inserting the
tube blank or other article to be drawn at the die end of the container and
dispensing with the after cud charging breach piece as shown hereinbefore used.
Fig. 28 is a longitudinal sectional plan, Fig. 29 an external side elevation,
Fig. 30 a sectional end elevation and Fig. 31 an external after end elevation of
this form of this apparatus showing it forcing through a die B a square solid bar
of metal. The same letters of reference and numerals refer to like parts, and the
container A is also of a round form internally and externally as the foregoing
other modifications of this apparatus described. The form of the cross section of
the tube, rod, or bar being operated upon being necessarily only a matter of the
internal shape of the die B used and of suitable guiding pieces leading the article
being drawn into the die-Oval, square, angle, tee, Hat bar, or plate form of
article unless for some speciality shaped large size articles in cross section to be
drawn being best accomplished by having both the external and internal shape of
the container A of a round form as hereinbefore described and as also shewn used

page_text: in Figs. 28, 29, 30 and 31. On the after end of the container A a parallel turned
short boss A is shown formed and on it is shown placed the short hydraulic
cylinder cap piece U having formed on it the cored and bored snugs U and U³
through which are shown passed the end of the stay rods R and R by Fig. 28.
This cap piece U is bored out a working fit for the boss A" and has formed in it
the seat U³ for a cup leather packing ring and a cup leather U placed in it to
make it water tight. It is also shown provided with a pap Us and inlet and outlet
water pipe U. This cap piece U being shown with about one inch of traverse on
the end of the container A. The pipe U is shown broken off short but is fitted in
a suitable position with a suitable inlet and outlet ordinary regulating water tap for
water at a high pressure.
When water is admitted at the requisite pressure
through the pipe U6 this cap picce U moving outwards and carrying with it through
the rods R and R' draws up the die holder E and die B tightly water tight in
which condition all is as shown the apparatus is ready to take a drawing stroke by
water being admitted through the pipes G and H and on the blank billet C being
expelled and drawn out in its finished state C' as is shown partly done in Fig. 28.
The outlet tap of the water pipe U is opened and the cap piece U traversing and
securing stays R and R' die holder E being drawn back a short distance and
released out of its seat A¹ in the container A by the set screw B2 thereafter the
die B is taken out and freeway thereby afforded for a fresh insertion of another
article to be drawn, the die B being again afterwards replaced for a fresh
operation.
Figs. 32, 33, 34, and 35 are external end elevations of the steel dies used showing
the commoner forms or shapes of these externally and internally. In this as in
almost all die drawing processes it suits best for round or rounded edged forms
of bars, tubes or plates but obviously can be very varied in cross section and the
container A can be made of any required length or form.
Two or more tube or rod blank containers can be formed in one casting and for
the lighter descriptions of rods and tubes, and a bench of these containers may
consist of a number of wrot iron or steel tubes fitted with after end breach pieces
for entering in the blanks and with dies in the way described in connection with
Figs. 1 to 6 on Sheet One of my drawings or otherwise. Where a tube blank of
small diameter has to be passed through several sizes of dies it will be most con-
venient to allow each die to remain in its place the container itself being of small
expense and have a container for each particular size of die.
In drawing tube blanks into tubes over mandrels of the long parallel type as
described in connection with Figs. 1 to 6 on Sheet One of my drawings a new and
improved mode and means of removing the tube formed or drawn in this from
way
the mandrels when this is required and part of my said invention, consists in
causing the operating liquid or liquid at a high pressure to push off the tube so
formed by preference immediately after the drawing operation is completed. Or
to expand and loosen the tube while on the mandrel, the operating liquid by
causing it or water or other liquid to flow at a high pressure in between the
internal surface of the tube and surface of the mandrel and out at its out end and
to so loosen the tube on its mandrel as to make it easily removed from same by
hand.
Fig. 36 is a sectional longitudinal side elevation of a tube blank container A,
die B, charging breach piece F, with a mandrel D, and tube blank C shown in
section on it placed in a container A all in position for making a drawing stroke,
the stay being shown broken off. These parts are similar to that described in
connection with Figs. 1 to 6 on Sheet One of my drawings and the same letters and
numerals referring to like parts. This mandrel D like mandrels of this kind in
use for most forms of tube drawbenches is made with a slight degree of taper
being made slightly smaller at the forward working end than at its after end, so
that after the tube is forced off it a few feet it can thereafter be easily for the rest
of its length removed from the mandrel by hand, and the point piece D' is here
shown made of as great a length as would sufficiently loosen the tube C' on the

page_text: mandrel were it forced off its position on the mandrel to the proportions lengthwise
shown and would thus loosen off the tube C¹ of its mandrel D as would sufficiently
enable it to be freely drawn off by hand in this way. The fixing die piece E of
the die B for the purpose of removing the tube C from its mandrel D is here also
shown formed with a long tubular guiding end E2 which is bored out to a slightly
larger diameter than the die B so as the tube B' may pass through it freely. There
is also shown provided in this modification an after end abutting foot bracket [³
for obstructing the passage of the mandrel D somewhat similar in both its use and
form to that described in connection with Figs. 20 and 21 on Sheet Two of my
drawings and the same letters and numerals of reference referring to like parts.
The abutting piece D10 for intercepting the passage out of the mandrel D being
shown for a long form, and the bracket 18 shown provided with a series of double
snugs open at their top side and open centrally along the course of the tube C'
and mandrel suited for the drawing of exceptionally long tubes. The abutting
piece Do being easily placed before any of the pairs of snugs 1°. The arrange-
ment of this out-end abutting foot piece I and of these snugs I being best shown
by Fig. 37. A sliding packing ring S' is shown placed on the mandrel Da short
distance behind the tube blank C, preferably made of leather which is placed on it,
before the mandrel D and tube blank C is placed in the container A to be drawn
which as the extension on the tube blank C takes place and the drawing stroke lies
close up to the end of the tube and is of a diameter to pass along with the tube C
through the die B without. injury to itself. When the drawing stroke is completed
the position of this packing ring S₁ tube C¹ mandrel D being shown by Fig. 37
the forward end being made to rest in the mandrel abutting piece D¹º. Then
thereafter ensues the forcing off of the tube C' off its mandrel the forcing in of
the propelling liquid being continued into the container A and the packing ring S¹
remaining a tight joint at the end of the tube C¹, the tube C¹ is forced off the
mandrel by the passage of the leather ring S¹ through the bore of the tubular
piece E on the die holder E its position being changed as shown by Fig. 38 and
thereafter on the mandrel end holding piece D10 being removed the mandrel D
with its tube C¹ on it in a state to be easily removed by hand is taken out and ali
again thereafter in a state for a fresh drawing operation.
Another and somewhat similar mode of removing a tube drawn over a long
mandrel and also part of my said inventions applicable to the same form of tube
blank and mandrel container as just described only that the long tubular piece E³
formed on the die holder E therewith shown is dispensed with and instead of using
a leather packing ring on the mandrel for pushing off the tube off the mandrel a
piece of tube by preference of steel of as large external diameter as the internal
diameter of the die and diameter of the tube to be formed and of a slightly larger
internal diameter, the length of it being as long as it is desired to have the tube
being formed pushed off its mandrel. This modification being much handier for
drawing thick tubes than the mode of removing the tube from its mandrel just
described.
Fig. 39 is a sectional side elevation, Fig. 40 a generally similar longitudinal
plan of a tube blank and long tube mandrel container A and details and the same
letters and numerals to that just described in connection with Figs. 36 to 38 but
instead of a packing ring being used to push off the tube C¹ a piece of tube S' is
shown placed on the mandrel D of a diameter that will pass tightly through the
die B and as long as found necessary to push off the tube off the mandrel and
is shown used for this purpose. It may be used of a form closed at the out end
as is described in connection with Figs. 20 and 24 on Sheet Two of my drawings
but is here shown open at both ends which for the drawing of thick tubes is the
handiest form of this thing. In Fig. 39 it is shown in position in the container A
all ready for taking a drawing stroke. In Fig. 40 it is shown with the drawing
stroke completed and pushed through the die B with the drawn and finished tube C
before it is forced off the working part of the tube mandrel D to about the same
distance as is described in connection with Figs. 36 to 38. In this modification ią
B

page_text: the use of the open ended piece of tube S¹ a great pressure of water is necessary
to produce the requisite force, but the operation may be aided by forming the end
of the tube S¹ next to the tube so as to enable the operating liquid to pass in
between the internal surface of the finished tube C¹ and the surface of the mandrel
which thereafter by passing along the tube and out at its forward end expands
the tube C¹ slightly and further loosens it on its mandrel and thereby renders the
tube C still more easily taken off its mandrel D by hand.
In drawing some metals such as aluminium into tubes, bars, wires or sheets which
in cast thick blanks is very brittle and in the process of being drawn by an ordinary
drawbench is very liable to break crosswise, and to obviate this defect this method
of pushing the article wholly or partially through the drawing die used along with
forced lubrication is of great advantage. Aluminium and some other metals also
draws in an improved way at a temperature of about 180° degrees Fahrenheit
and it is part of my invention to get a temperature of about this degree by heating
the propelling liquid to about this degree of temperature either before it is forced
in to the hydraulic container or by the application of external heat to it. In
drawing round rods, tubes or wires in this new and improved way it is part of my
invention in conjunction with this direct hydraulic propelling action and forced
lubrication to revolve these when being drawn in the die so as to reduce the
frictional resistance of the die used to the passage of the rod, tube, or wire being
drawn through it by what is known as cross surface frictional motion a process of
which Letters Patent of the United Kingdom were granted to me entitled
"Improvements in Frictional Screw Gearing and Apparatus for Drawing, Rolling,
Straightening, Shaping, and Smoothing Wires, Rods, Bars, and Tubes" dated the
22nd day of October 1878 and numbered 4201.
Fig. 41 is a longitudinal sectional plan and Fig. 42 a side elevation of a
container A with a round metal blank rod C shown placed in it and gear all
shown connected to impart rotary motion to this rod C at the same time as it is
being forced out through the die B out of the container A by the propelling liquid.
The container A is of the same general form as that described in connection with
Figs. 1 to 6 on Sheet One on my drawings and also described in connection with
Figs. 7 to 10 on Sheet One of my drawings and the same letters and numerals refer
to like parts. The means used to impart rotary motion is a pair of my frictional
screwing rod straightening rollers V V₁ which I show without their housings, but
these rolls are extensively in use and well known a modification of them is
shown in the Patent above referred to and in the Patent granted to me of the
United Kingdom entitled "Improvements in Machinery for Treating and Shaping
Metals" dated the 20th December 1869 and numbered 3677. These rollers are
shown in several forms and all have the property of imparting to round bars
rotative helical motion and to any pitch of screw or helix desired with considerable
force for drawing the bar on end regularly to the pitch of screw thread to which
they are set as well as to impart to it rotary motion. They are here shown in
position for imparting rotary drawing helical motion to a round bar N2 in the
direction shown by the helical arrow h shown on it. This bar N2 has shown
formed in its after end a right handed internally screwed seat N* and the round
bar C is shown with a small portion of its length screwed externally. Portion of
the bar C is first pushed out by the propelling liquid without revolving action to
about the distance shown by Figs. 41 and 42. The rolls V V are made to impinge
on and grasp the bar N2 firmly and on these being revolved in the direction of the
arrow shown placed on same the bar N2 in a self acting way gets speedily
screwed and bound to the bar C and both thereafter revolves together. The
rolls V V should be set to an angle to produce a helix about 1" pitch on the bar N2
which pitch of screw suits best for straightening purposes and also diminishes the
frictional hold of the die B on the bar C sufficiently for all practical purposes. To
straighten the bar C₁ as it emerges from the die B an antifrictional roller V2 is
shown placed on an axis and placed in bearings V4 V5 to the same degree of
screwing angle and to screw in the same direction as the rollers V V¹. This roller

page_text: is made to impinge up against the rod C with a sufficient force to straighten it as
it emerges from the die B and for all practical purposes makes the rod C' thus
sufficiently straight for shafting and like purposes, the pitch of thread used in the
rolls V V and V2 number of revolutions imparted to the bar C¹ regulate its
endwise drawing speed which should be about 20 feet per minute. The rollers V V₁
may be placed near to the die B and made to grasp the bar C itself directly
being drawn but this tends to mark the bars which emerge from the die by this
process with a very fine finish. Any other mode of revolving the bar C being
drawn will suit for relieving its frictional resistance in the die. My invention in
this modification being mainly the combination of the direct hydraulic means of
propelling the rod or tube C through the die B and assisting this action by
external revolving means. In drawing tubes over long mandrels in this way two
setting rolls should be used close to the die B to impinge and grasp the tube firmly
to expand it over its mandrel to loosen it sufficiently on same to make the tube
easily removed from its mandrel by hand. It is part of my invention to use the
propelling liquid at such a degree of pressure above the resisting strength to
crushing action of the metal articles being operated upon as to become what I
shall term a hydraulic die suited for compressing, drawing and treating metal tubes,
tubular and hollow articles, rods, bars, wires and plates. Unless in conjunction
with steel or very hard dies or with mandrels this hydraulic die has little tendency
to smooth or improve the uniformity of the diameter of the tube blank operated
upon, but has a greater tendency than an ordinary die to improve the uniformity of
thickness or guage of a tube subjected to its action circumferentially. All of the
tube blank and solid bar containers herein before described in connection with
Figs. 1 to 42 without any material alteration in form either in the container itself
or dies and connections shown can be used in this way but unless for tubes rods and
bars of small diameters these containers are all shown too weak in their walls
though formed of cast steel to stand the requisite pressure, and to increase their
strength to the requisite degree for being used as an hydraulic die would, for most
drawing purposes render them clumsy and over expensive which arises from
conditions in this way. There is not much drawing or pressing effect obtainable
from a hydraulic die unless the propelling or surrounding liquid is used at about
one half greater pressure than is required to partially crush the metal it is made to
surround and draw. Take for example the most prominent metal to be dealt with
in drawing tubes, which is steel the crushing weight of which is say 20 tons to the
square inch, then one half more margin of pressure to produce the requisite
compressing squirting or drawing effect or say 30 tons to the square inch, this
great end pressure on a die of large internal cross area produces more end pressure
than the best ordinary steel dies are usually found to stand against abrasion and
expansion, but take a die of only 14" internal diameter which is equal only to one
square inch and when placed in a suitable container as described with the propelling
liquid used at the necessary drawing pressure of 30 tons to the square inch the
propelling effect on end is therefor also only 30 tons or just about the requisite
degree of force that this size of ordinary steel drawing die will stand so that whilst
this form of container suits for the modification of container I hereinbefore designate
as a hydraulic die whilst it suits for small diameters of tubes and rods, is not so
suitable for those or articles of large diameters in the forms of those tube and rod
containers hereinbefore described.
Fig. 43 is a sectional longitudinal plan, Fig. 44 an external side elevation,
Fig. 45 a die end elevation and Fig. 46 an after end elevation of a container A,
die B, tube blank C, mandrel D, and die fixing piece E to which I show
connected and cast in one piece the liquid die A" this said part of my invention
which with its internal space A for the compressing liquid I designate a
hydraulic die. The bore of the die B is shown three inches diameter having
a cross sectional area of seven inches so that a liquid pressure of eight tons to
the square inch producing therefore a propelling effect in the container A on
the tube blank C and mandrel D of 56 tons which is about the force a good

page_text: ordinary tube die of this size will fairly stand tear and wear. On the after
end of the container A, I show another form of charging breach piece which
is of importance for drawing long small rods and long wires as well as the
hydraulic die and both contrivances can be better understood connected with
the drawing of large size tubes though to be hereinafter referred to and shown
applied for the drawing of long wires. The internal part of the breach piece
end A2 is shown bored out to 34" inches diameter to allow the tube blank C
of the diameter required and mandrel D to be entered into the container A
freely, and the outer end is shown formed with a stuffing box suited for an
ordinary hydraulic cup leather F4 and cover F13 and fixing bolts F14 for same
all suited for the free outward and inward passage by hand of the plain turned
solid steel breach piece F shown placed in this seat A2 with the tube blank C
and mandrel D shown placed before same ready with its forward end entered
into the die B ready to take a drawing stroke. To secure this plain breach
piece F in its place a gab obstructing or retaining casting Q is shown con-
nected by the stays R, R₁ to the container A formed with a crosswise gab
seat Q2 in it and which is shown placed in same immediately behind the breach
piece F to secure it in its place against motion outward by the pressure of the
propelling liquid is shown the cross gab piece Q³. The resistance to end motion
outwards makes it by means of the leather cup washer F readily water tight and
when the pressure is removed leaves this breach piece F and its cross retaining
piece Q free to be removed quickly by hand. The second hydraulic container or
hydraulic die A1 is formed of cast steel and shown formed in one piece with the
die retaining piece F which is shown bored out to about one quarter of an inch
larger diameter than the die B and shown jointed to it. Beyond the hydraulic die
space A is shown a second steel die B secured to the hydraulic die A" by the
holding piece E4 by bolts quite in the same way as the die B is fixed to the
container A the liquid space lengthwise A15 between the dies B and B lengthwise
constituting the hydraulic die. The die liquid is led to this space A in the
hydraulic die A by the small pipe H at a pressure for the drawing of a steel tube
as referred to of say 30 tons to the square inch but there is no expenditure of the
compressing liquid at this high pressure beyond what may leak through the dies or
into the pores of the metal of the tube or die itself the object being drawn, acting
as its own entering breach piece for the retention of the drawing liquid the
expenditure of the die liquid is therefor small. Thus arranged and operated as
described in connection with Figs. 1 to 6 on Sheet One of my drawings the tube
blank C and its long mandrel D in it is expelled from the container A by the
endwise propelling liquid from the pipe G through all three dies. The office of
the compressing liquid form the pipe H' being only to compress or diminish in
diameter and thickness lubricate and treat the tube C₁ shown on its mandrel the
finished part of the tube C as it passes through this hydraulic die space A" which
it does although thus subjected to great pressure with almost no frictional resistance
to the end wise motion of the tube C. The mandrel D for this purpose of the
smaller diameter should be formed of the best or handiest quality of cast steel, the
larger ones formed of cast iron.
14
Instead of hard steel dies being placed at the entering and exit ends of this new
and improved hydraulic die to retain in it the compressing and drawing liquid while
the article being drawn passes through it. The drawing effect for some purposes
can be improved by using at the ends of same or at the exit end particularly a cup
leather or stuffing box instead of a die which will within a small range of diameter
accomodate itself to any reduction of diameter that may be effected by the com-
pressing liquid without allowing it to leak out along with the tube or other article
being passed through it, and this hydraulic die also may be operated by this new
and improved hydraulic drawbench as just described or by any ordinary drawbench
or metal drawing apparatus.
Fig. 47 is a sectional longitudinal plan of this hydraulic die similar in all respects
to that just described in connection with Figs. 43 and 44 and the same letters and
4

page_text: numerals of reference referring to like parts except that referring to the out end
die B in same. Instead of a hard steel die I here show (in Fig. 47) at its delivering
end a stuffing box X by preference filled with a stuffing X' by preference composed
of a series of leather washes. Any sort of packing can be used in this stuffing
box X that will stand a sufficiently high pressure and accomodate itself slightly to
the diameter of the tube or rod being passed through it. A cup leather washer is
the most suitable for the entering end of this hydraulic die. When this form of
die is used in a separate way or connected with any ordinary form of drawing
bench and for use also for overlaying, casing, or like purposes an ordinary cup
leather packing suits best as whilst there is no pressure on it. it allows of a tube,
rod, or other parallel article to be pushed through it freely by hand, yet when the
article to be drawn or compressed is pushed through it, through this entering die
or stuffing box and entered into the after end packing or delivering end die there-
after on the compressing liquid being admitted to the liquid space A of the
die the pressure makes the packing used at both the entering and exit ends liquid
tight and a small amount of force only when this die is so formed is requisite to
pull or force a smooth article through it.
The drawing of soft steel wire say of one quarter of an inch in diameter which
when drawn down and reduced by about one sixth part in its diameter by one
passage through the die as usually done requires about 530 lbs. of force to draw it
through the ordinary die and one circular quarter of an inch diameter being about
21 part of a square inch it follows the propelling liquid must be used at lowest at
a pressure of five tons to the square inch but to ineet the risks of extra or unusual
hardness or other want of uniformity in the wire blank to propel it through the die
with little risk of meeting with stickers the propelling liquid should be used for
this purpose at about a pressure of ten tons to the square inch when drawing
straight wire from straight blanks and depending on sufficient drawing force on the
propelling liquid alone. Then the container must also be used of a bore only
slightly larger in internal diameter than the external diameter of the wire blank to
be drawn down to keep it from deflecting under the great end pressure of the liquid.
Fig. 48 is a sectional longitudinal plan. Fig. 49 an external side elevation,
Fig. 50 an external die end elevation, and Fig. 51 an external breach piece
end elevation of a long container A constructed out of pieces of wrought
iron tube shown broken off short. The wire blank C contained in it is also
shown broken off short. It will be obvious that from the smallness of its
internal diameter the container A can be made in this way at small expense
and can be had readily of any required length by coupling pieces of wrought
iron tube together to stand easily the very high pressure required in the
propelling liquid. The same letters and numerals of reference refer to like
parts as described in connection with Figs. 7 to 1 on Sheet One of my
drawings and the drawing action on the wire blank C being also similar and
need not be further described. This modification of this wire drawing apparatus
is mainly serviceable only where considerable lengths of wire is required in a
straight state or to be cut up in straight shorter lengths. The drawing action
of the propelling liquid in the container may be assisted by pulling through
action as described in connection with Figures 7 to 10 on Sheet One of my drawings
or by an ordinary chain drawbench or like means even where the wire is desired
straight but this addition complicates the apparatus very much.
In drawing metal wire from long wire blanks in a long coil to be unwound
off reels as usually done in drawing and finishing wire by ordinary wire blocks
and where the finished wire is frequently required a mile or more in length.
It is part of my invention to use one or more hard or steel dies along with
apparatus for forced lubrication as also along with one or more hydraulic dies and to
make the wire blank itself throughout its whole length act continuously as its
own breach closing in entering piece. It is part of my invention also to treat
metal wire by the lubricating matter or oils used and mainly so in the hydraulic die
spaces between the steel dies used where so great pressure can be used as tend

page_text: to crush up the metal laterally to some degree and elongate it proportionately.
For which purpose the rooling treating and lubricating liquid in the drawing of
iron and steel wire would have to be very effective to be used at about a pressure
of 40 tons to the square inch at which pressure the liquid would at least penetrate
the wire to some extent if it would not permeate wire of small guages entirely and
such liquids as boiled linseed oil or any oil or liquid or semi liquid in which pitchy
or gummy matter formed part which would dry and harden readily would in this
way tend to protect iron and steel wire against corrosion in a very effective way.
The modification of this invention suited for drawing wire is mainly similar to that
described in connection with Figs. 43 to 46 and the same letters and numerals of
reference refer to like parts. In this modification there are two hydraulic dies shown
of which Fig. 52 is a longitudinal sectional plan Fig. 53 a side external elevation
Fig. 54 a forward or wire entering end elevation and Fig. 55 a cross sectional
elevation through the centre of its length showing the liquid die A" and liquid dic
space A with the wire blank C in it and the high pressure liquid pipe G¹
connected and liquid way G2 formed leading in to the liquid die space A¹. A set
of three steel dies B, B and B is shown of the usual form and proportions for
drawing wire and connected and by water tight joints B¹ B' to the steel hydraulic
die casting A. This modification is shown for drawing wire blanks off a coil
down to one quarter of an inch in diameter but this diagram shows also the relative
proportions of parts generally for all diameters or guages of wire and for all like
combinations of this improved wire drawing die or set of dies showing the main
central hydraulic steel die casting A4 and its hydraulic die space A1 which has
shown on it the snug feet A1 and A" suited for bolting it to a wire drawing bench.
Between the wire entering steel die B and the second steel die B is shown formed
the first hydraulic die space A18 the main hydraulic die space A is shown placed
between the steel die B₁ and the after or finishing end die B. The direction of the
motion of the wire pulled through it is as indicated by the arrow a placed on it.
The first die B which is adapted to take only a sufficiently tight hold of the wire
as clean it, and reduce it a little and to make the succeeding hydraulic drawing
cooling and lubricating space water tight. The succeeding die B is adapted also to
reduce the diameter of the wire to a greater degree. The main reduction on
the diameter of the wire and main or further drawing action on it is accomplished
in the hydraulic die liquid space A which is suited for a pressure of about 40 tons
to the square inch. The after finishing die B also reducing the diameter of the
wire. The main hydraulic die space A is shown bored out to about half inch
diameter and is shown provided with a small liquid channel G2 and pipe G¹. The
die B has also shown formed in it a liquid channel H2 and connected to it the
pipe H. There is no expenditure of the cooling drawing and lubricating liquid in
the hydraulic die spaces other than from the passage and attrition and porousness
of the wire passing through it and can be easily supplied from a small liquid
accumulator loaded to the requisite pressure and regulated by a stop cock to each.
These dies are shown jointed to each other by leather washers in suitable locked
spaces B', B', B', B', and shown all held together by the four strong bolts E¹
passed through holes in the hydraulic steel die casting A" and through the steel
die holding castings E and E4 and all shown constructed in such a way for the steel
dies to be readily changed as required.
In applying this combination of these dies or any modification of such a
combination of steel wire dies and hydraulic dies as just described in connection
with Figs. 52 to 55 to a wire bench this combination of dies can be applied to the
ordinary form of wire bench, wire block pulling drum and coil reel and all its other
ordinary appurtenances. This wire die being simply fixed on the top of the wire
bench in about the same relative positions to the wire drum and wire coil or reel
as an ordinary wire die.
Fig. 56 is an external plan and Fig. 57 an external elevation of a wire drawing
bench I, and wire coil reel Y and wire pulling drum Z shown set in same and also
a combination set of steel and hydraulic dies A" as described in connection with

page_text: Figs. 52 to 55 shown fixed on same. The motions of the wire reel Y and of the
wire drum Z being as indicated by the arrow a a a placed on same.
As herein before shown these improved hydraulic metal parallel article drawing
machines are all shown set to operate the articles being drawn in a horizontal
direction which for long articles is most suitable but they may be set vertically or
angularly to a floor line and with advantage over this horizontal position for short
articles and articles of soft metal as in that case the weight of the article in the
container tends to enter the point of the blank to be drawn into the die.
Fig. 58 is a sectional elevation and Fig. 59 an external elevation of a container A
placed in a vertical position and shown adapted for drawing soft metals such as
lead and tin into tubes. The container A is shown provided with two snugs A¹³ A13
suitable for being placed on an upper floor, W and a plain straight mandrel D is
shown used suitable for drawing a lead tube blank C but all the other parts of this
modification of this improved hydraulic metal parallel article drawing apparatus
for this purpose is the same as described in connection with Figs. 16 to 19 on
Sheet One of my drawings and the same letters and numerals referring to like parts.
For drawing these soft metals into tubes or overlaying or casing rods, telegraph
cables or other articles with these soft metals the mandrel, telegraph cable or other
parallel article can be made to move in the same direction at the same time as
described in connection with Figs. 1 to 6 on Sheet One of my drawings and as
described in connection with Figs. 25 to 27 on Sheet Two of my drawings.
I have shewn the containers for the metal blanks of a straight form, as that form
utilizes the propelling action of the liquid best. But for drawing metal wire
blanks in coils which may be placed on reels or inserted in spiral coils as also thin
bars or sheets compacted up in volute coils-the containers should be of a short
cylindrical form, and the die or dies placed in same in a position to lead and draw
off these tangentially. The essential apparatus of this invention consisting mainly
of a strong vessel into which a metal bar, rod, tube blank, tube, wire blank, or
plate can be placed and closed into it securely to stand a great degree of liquid
pressure and means to force the liquid into same. To be fitted with a die or dies
in a position and of a suitable drawing form for these articles to be led and entered
into, and forced through this die or dies by the direct contact pressure and motion
of a liquid or partly forced in this way and partly drawn or wholly drawn through
the die or dies. The actuating liquid at same time keeping both the die or dies
and articles being drawn at a low temperature and forcing in the lubricating matter
in between the surface of the die or dies and article being drawn all as hereinbefore
described.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what I
claim is :-
First. The method of and appliances and apparatus for making and drawing,
elongating, smoothing and finishing, overlaying and treating metal rods, bars, tube
blanks, tubes, tubular and hollow articles, plates and wires by enclosing, compressing,
and propelling these in and out from containing closed vessels through dies by the
direct compressing and propelling contact and lubricating action of a liquid at a
high pressure substantially as herein described in reference to and shown in the
accompanying drawings.
Second. The method of and appliances for enclosing a tube blank placed on a
long mandrel or other long metal rod, plate or parallel article in a hydraulic
container fitted with a tube drawing die at one end and breach opening and closing
piece at the other end and means and apparatus for propelling the tube blank and
mandrel or other long or parallel article contained in it through a die and drawing
same substantially as described in reference to and shown in connection with
Figs. 1 to 6 of the accompanying drawings.
Third. Method of and appliances for enclosing a rod, bar, tube blank, tube or
plate in a hydraulic container for in part propelling the same through a die by a

page_text: liquid out through a die and connected with pulling apparatus for assisting the
propelling force, of the liquid, substantially as described in reference to and shown
in connection with Figs. 7 to 10 of the accompanying drawings.
Fourth. The mode of and means for enclosing a tube blank in a hydraulic
container and propelling it by a liquid through a die and over a short self endwise
adjusting mandrel substantially as described in reference to and shown in connection
with Figs. 11 to 15 of the accompanying drawings.
Fifth. The mode of and means for securing a tube mandrel by an after
tensional stem rod and enclosing a tube blank in a hydraulic container and
drawing and finishing the tube blank by propelling it through a die and over a
mandrel so held by a liquid at a high pressure substantially as described in
reference to and shown in connection with Figs. 16 to 19 of the accompanying
drawings.
Sixth. The mode of and means for opening inserting and securing a metal rod,
bar, tube blank, tube, tubular article or plate into a hydraulic container_and_for
drawing a tube blank over a mandrel held in its position from the out end and by
forcing it by a liquid at a high pressure in the container through a dic and over a
mandrel substantially as described in reference to and shown in connection with
Figs. 20 to 24 of the accompanying drawings.
Seventh. The mode of and means for fixing a die on a hydraulic metal drawing
container and of attaching, opening and closing a breach piece for the insertion of
a metal rod, bar, tube blank or plate to be drawn by being propelled wholly or in
part through a drawing die by a liquid at a high pressure and the mode of and
means for drawing and fitting on tightly a copper casing on printing rollers or
metal casing rollers for any purpose on its mandrel, or on its boss, and for overlaying
or casing bars or rams or tubes, which overlaying and casing can be done with
any of these forms of hydraulic containers as mainly described substantially in
reference to and shown in connection with Figs. 1 to 27 of the accompanying
drawings.
Eighth. The mode of and means for taking out the die of a hydraulic container
and entering in and closing in the metal rod, bar, tube blank, tube, tubular or
hollow article, wire or plate by the die end for being propelled and drawn through
a die by a liquid at a high pressure all suitable for drawing a rod, bar, tube blank
or plate of any form of cross section with any of these forms of hydraulic
containers herein shown described for angular forms substantially as described and
shown in connection with Figs. 28 to 35 of the accompanying drawings.
Ninth. The mode of and means for taking off a finished metal tube off an
ordinary form of long steel mandrel after the drawing operation is effected in these
improved tube drawing hydraulic forcing machines suitable mainly for copper and
brass tubes substantially as described in reference to and shown in connection with
Figs. 36 to 38 of the accompanying drawings.
Tenth. The mode of and means for taking tubes off an ordinary form of long
steel mandrel after they have been forced through a die and finished from these new
and improved hydraulic containers chiefly suitable for tubes made of iron and steel
substantially as described in reference to and shown in connection with Figs. 39
and 40 of the accompanying drawings.
Eleventh. The mode of and means for drawing and straightening round metal
rods and tubes by revolving them in a die combined with a hydraulic container aз
described in connection with Figs. 1 to 28 and chiefly as described in connection
with Figs. 41 and 42 of the accompanying drawings.
Twelfth. The mode of and means for inserting and enclosing metal parallel
articles in a hydraulic container for propelling, conipressing, treating and drawing
metal rods, bars, tube blanks, tubes, tubular articles, wires and plates from a
hydraulic container through both metal dies and a second hydraulic container or
what I term a hydraulic compressing and drawing die which makes the article
being propelled through it form its own entering and enclosing breach piece for
the retention of the compressing and drawing liquid substantially as described in

page_text: reference to and shown in connection with Figs. 43 to 47 of the accompanying
drawings.
Thirteenth. The mode of and means for drawing and treating long straight
pieces of metal wire and bars substantially as herein described and shown mainly
in connection with Figs. 48 to 51 of the accompanying drawings.
Fourteenth. The mode of and means for compressing reducing in diameter and
drawing and treating metal bars, rods, tubes, tube blanks, tubular articles, wire,.
and plates, by what I designate a hydraulic die in which the articles being com--
pressed and drawn from its own entering and enclosing breach piece for the retention
of the compressing liquid the rods or tubes to be forced and drawn through it to
be operated by any means substantially as described in reference to and shown in
connection with Figs. 43 to 47 and Figs. 52 to 55 of the 'accompanying drawings.
Fifteenth. The mode of and means for lubricating and drawing and treating
metal wire by a combination of steel dies and of means of keeping same cool and
of a combination of steel dies and these new and improved hydraulic dies substan-
tially as described in reference to and shown in connection with Figs. 49 to 57 of
the accompanying drawings.
Sixteenth. The mode of and means for drawing soft metal into tubes such as
lead and tin by propulsion through a die or dies by direct contact and propulsion
by a liquid from a closed container and of overlaying and casing with same rods,
telegraph cables or like articles with same substantially as mainly described in
reference to and in connection with Figs. 58 and 59 of the accompanying.
drawings.
Deted this Eleventh day of October 1893.