IMPROVEMENTS IN THE TREATMENT OR REDUCTION OF IRON ORES FOR OBTAINING IRON OR STEEL THEREFROM
Year: 1883

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Arthur of Cowes Isle of Wight Captain in the
-
Royal Navy for an Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE TREATMENT OR
REDUCTION OF IRON ORES FOR OBTAINING IRON OR STEEL THEREFROM"-
communicated to him from Joseph Pearson Gill a person resident in the City
County and State of New York in the United States of America
"
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Arthur at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents on the 28th August 1883.
.
"
WILLIAM ARTHUR of Cowes Isle of Wight Captain in the Royal Navy
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE TREATMENT OR REDUCTION OF IRON ORES FOR OBTAINING
IRON OR STEEL THEREFROM a communication to me from Joseph Pearson Gill a
person resident in the City County and State of New York in the United States of
America
.
The Invention relates to the treatment and reduction of iron ores by which is
obtained a direct production of metals without the use of the ordinary blast furnace.
By this treatment, iron ores, both oxides and carbonates are converted into wrought
iron or cast iron or into steel of any required grade.
The said Invention consists essentially in the application in measured and
automatically regulated quantities of hydrogen, nitrogen, carbonic oxide and acid
gases and air with hydro-carbon vapours and gases and either with or without steam
to iron ores of any kinds or description in closed muffles retorts or chambers from
which the outside air and the products of combustion are excluded and also to the
treatment of such ores in open hearths in cupolas and in reverberatory furnaces for
the separate steps required in the treatment of the respective ores and metals
Heretofore attempts have been made to reduce ores to sponge by means of
hydrocarbon liquid by introducing the liquid directly into the retort muffle or
chamber which contained the ore to be reduced. By those methods of applying
the bydro-carbon which were without suitable regulation irregular results were
produced materials were wasted and the apparatus was liable to obstructions
[Price di

page_text: Heavy hydro-carbon vapour, and steam havo also been used in the same systematic
manner with the same unsatisfactory results and waste of materials.
I now proceed to describe this Invention in its application to the treatment and
reduction of iron ores both oxides and carbonates.
In the reduction of oxide of iron ore these two steps are necessary; first, that the
ore should be deprived of its oxygen and impurities and second that a sufficient
and determined amount of carbon should be supplied to produce a given quality of
iron or steel.
In carrying out this Invention for the reduction of oxide of iron ore, any suitable
muflle retort or chamber is used made of baked fire clay or other suitable material
and closed to the outside air and to the products of combustion, being heated from
without into which the ore.is introduced ordinarily in its natural condition or after
being roasted or after exposure to atmospheric influences, if the impure condition
of the ore should require such preparatory treatment. To this muffle retort or
chamber pipes are led from any suitable source supplying vapor, gases, air and
steam, by means of automatic regulating and forcing devices and from such muffle
the gaseous and vaporous products are permitted to escapo through suitable pipes
to points of storage or consumption to be used directly for heating or for other
purposes In this connection I may use or prefer to use the forcing and regulating
apparatus described in the Provisional Specification of my application for Letters
Patent of even date herewith or in the Specification of my previous Patent N° 916
in the year of Our Lord 1883 by means of which given proportionate quantities of
vapors, gases steam or air may be varied at will and continously supplied to the
muffle or retort under an automatically regulated pressure. In this apparatus
steam is used produced by any ordinary boiler having a regulated pressure. There
are also led into the muffle pipes from Gas holders or from generators for the
introduction of gases and vapors.
1
The ore having been introduced into the muffle or chamber and brought to a
cherry red heat, hydrogen gas or its equivalent hydrogen and carbonic oxide or
nitrogen and carbonic oxide gases is or are introduced from a holder or other
source under a regulated supply for the purpose of deoxydising the ore by the
union of the hydrogen with the oxygen of the ore forming watery vapor which
passes off and for the removal of impurities such as sulphur phosphorous: Silica
cto: and for the sponging of tho ore Having shut off the hydrogen gas when it
has been sufficiently supplied, super-heated steam under an automatically regulated
supply is passed into a dry vaporizer, preferably such as those described in my
aforesaid Provisional Specifications to which a regulated and definite quantity of
hydro-carbon liquid which may be of any mineral vegetable animal or fish oil and
the commingled steam and vapor is convoyed into the rotort or chamber containing
the ore and by the combination of the carbon with the iron, the sponge is fully
prepared for subsequent treatment if required a mild steel may be produced or a
more highly carburetted steel which may be conveyed to crucibles and formed into
cast steel, a still more highly carburetted iron may be produced which may be
melted in cupolas and poured into moulds for castings-These different degrees of
the carbonization of the metal are produced by the different qualities of the carbon
which has been determined upon and permitted to enter into combination with the
metal The quantity of carbon in the gas vapour or liquid used is known by
analysis and the quantity required for use is automatically supplied by means of
the regulating and forcing dovices herein beforo.referred to.
As the steam being composed in part of oxygen introduces that clement into the
retort which is already in combination with the iron and which it is necessary to
remove it is so far objectionable as a carrier of the hydrocarbon vapour and causes
a loss of the vapour by the union of its carbon with the oxygen of the steain-It
is therefore preferable to use as a rarefier and carrier of the vapour instead of the
steam hydrogen gas which is heated and passed through the vapourizer the
commingled hydrogen gas and vapour are thence conveyed to the muffle, the
hydrogen both acts as a deoxydising agent and facilitates the combination of the
I'

page_text: carbon with the iron or there may be used the hydrogen commingled with carbonic
oxide and with the hydro-carbon vapour with similar results the carbon of the
carbonic oxides combining with the iron may assist in the carburetting thereof,
the resulting carbonic acid gas passing off without any injurious effects, or there
may be used nitrogen gas or nitrogen and carbonic oxide gases commingled with
the hydrocarbon vapour with like result the nitrogen giving a penetrating power
to the carbon in its combination with the iron or in lieu of the above there may
be used commingled hydrogen and nitrogen gases with the bydrocarbon vapour
thus obtaining the benefits of both hydrogen and nitrogen..
There are also used in lieu of the above carbonic oxide gas and hydrocarbon
vapour with like results the carbonic oxide serving to carry and rarefy the vapour
in the saine manner as the superheated steam and other Agents named above, one
of the purposes of this treatment being to obtain a light gaseous vapour of uniform
quality which can be secured by means of automatic regulating apparatus and
which consequently produces uniform results I also used the fixed air gas as
described in one of my aforesaid Provisional Specifications which being composed
of nitrogen carbonic oxide carburetted hydrogen gas and hydrocarbon vapour act
in a manner entirely similar to the agents herein before mentioned In lieu of the
commingled gases and hydrocarbon vapours carburetted hydrogen gas may be used
with the production of similar results.
If the ore is a carbonate of iron it is placed in the closed muffle or retort and
when it is brought to a cherry red heat hydrogen is admitted in a manner similar
to that hereinbefore described which hydrogen uniting with the carbon of the
ore forms a carburetted hydrogen gas which passes from the muffle through the
proper exit pipe leaving the ore in a sponged state: the hydrogen further acts as a
purifier of the ore by combining with the sulphur phosphorous and the like forming
gases which also escape from the muffle, a valuable feature of the hydrogen is that
when it has formed a pure sponge it imparts no injurious element to it-In lieu of
the hydrogen superheated steam may be admitted into the muffle-the oxygen of
the steam uniting with the carbon of the ore forms carbonic acid gas which
escaping leaves the ore in a sponged state; this treatment if too long continued
would oxidize the metal, or air either cold or preferably in a heated state may be
submitted which acts in a manner similar to that of steam, oxygen being one of
its constituents, or carbonic acid gas commingled with hydrogen or steam may be
used for the same purpose, the nascent oxygen which is liberated under the chemical
changes which takes place acting with increased intensity upon the carbonates or
combinations of air and steam, or air and hydrogen may be used if desired-Thé
one having been so far sponged to prepare it for future treatment for puddling
for making different qualities of steel or for cast iron superheated steam and
bydrocarbon vapors are admitted in determined and regulated quantities in the
manner herein before described or preferably hydrogen and hydro-carbon vapor
are used or in lieu thereof hydrogen and carbonic oxide and hydro-carbon vapor or
nitrogen or commingled nitrogen carbonic oxide and hydro-carbon vapor or
carbonic oxide and hydro-carbon vapor or in lieu of the preceding fixed air gas
used as described in the treatment of oxide of iron ore. Carburetted hydrogen
gas may be used also for the purpose of imparting carbon to the sponge. The
action of the vapor and commingled gases on the sponge being in principle and
effect the same as hereinbefore described in connection with the oxide of iron ores.
All the agents employed are used in definite, and proportionate quantities
according to the character of the product desired preferably by means of the
automatic regulating and forcing devices herein before set forth.
is
When the iron sponge obtained in the manuer hereinbefore described contains
but a small per centage of of carbon it may if desired be transferred while in a
heated state in an atmosphere of nitrogen to protect it from oxidation to a puddling
furnace for the purpose of being further treated for conversion into malleable or
wrought iron or it may be allowed to cool in an atmosphere of nitrogen and
transferred while cold.

page_text: When the sponge is transferred in a heated condition to the pudilling furnace
the two furnaces should be connected by a passage way through which the sponge
is transferred without exposure to the atmosphere the said passage way being
capable of being closed when the operation in either or both is being conducted.
Ores may also be treated for their reduction into sponge in the open hearth or in
reverberatory or reheating furnaces atmospheric air being admitted by means of the
automatically regulated forcing devices as described. in one of my aforesaid
Provisional Specifications in the precise quantity for the complete combustion of
the fuel and for the formation of the character of flame required for the purpose
In these furnaces gas or hydrocarbon vapor are preferably used for the fuel although
solid carbon may be used-In this process the products of combustion pass over the
sponge which is heated from the inside by radiation the hydrogen and other gases
and vapors are applied directly to the ore by means of proper tuyeres and their
action in the sponging of the ore is in principle and use analogous to that herein-
before described.
It will be understood that the air for the combustion of the fuel in the furnaces
containing the muffles retorts or chambers is supplied by the automatically regulated
forcing device in order to secure the perfect combustion of the fuel and to obtain a
proper flame which may be either a carbonizing flame or an oxidizing flame or a
concentrated or a diffused flame as the purpose in view may require.
It will also be understood that the hydrocarbon liquid used in the foregoing
treatment is supplied in regulated quantities by means of automatically regulating
and forcing apparatus as described in my aforesaid Provisional Specifications.
The carbonized iron or steel sponge produced by this treatment has imparted to
it a portion of the noncorrodible element generic to my method of treating ores and
metals and the product whether it be crystals of highly carbonized steel or of a
lesser proportion or of iron of the various grades of carbonization has the property
of remaining unchanged in condition in commercial usage from any oxidizing
effects of the atmosphere or of moisture It may therefore become an article of
commerce being produced at or near the mines or at any convenient place and
transported or stored without deterioration in this respect it differs from any sponge
heretofore known to me-It may be distinguished by its partially crystalline
structure by its brilliant surfaces and by its quality of resisting the corrosive effects
of the atmosphere or moisture.
I have described the process carried on in a closed muffle or chamber heated from
without but obviously the same process may be carried on in furnaces heated by
radiation from within In this case the gases pass up into and through the ore
while the products of combustion pass over it without effect otherwise than heating
-It will be understood that the furnace need not be open to the atmosphere the
air being supplied in definito quantities and as consumed

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed
by the said William Arthur in the Patent Office on the 28th February
1884.
"
WILLIAM ARTHUR of Cowes Isle of Wight Captain in the Royal Navy
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE TREATMENT OR REDUCTION OF IRON ORES FOR
OBTAINING IRON OR STEEL THEREFROM a communication to me from Joseph
Pearson Gill a person resident in the City County and State of New York in the
United States of America
The Invention relates to the treatment and reduction of Iron Ores by which is
obtained a direct production of metals without the use of the ordinary blast furnace.
By this treatment Iron Ores both Oxides and Carbonates are converted into wrought
iron or cast iron or into steel of any required grade
The said Invention consists essentially in the application in measured and
automatically regulated quantities of Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Carbonio, Oxide and
Carbonic-acid gases and air with hydrocarbon vapours and gases, and either with,
or without, steam; to iron ores of any kind or description, in closed muffles, retorts
or chambers from which the outside air and the products of combustion are excluded;
and also in the treatment of such ores in open hearths in cupolas and in reverberatory
furnaces for the separate steps required in the treatment of the respective ores and
metals.
Heretofore attempts have been made to reduce ores to sponge by means of
Hydrocarbon liquid by introducing the liquid directly into the Retorts muffles or
chambers which contained the ore to be reduced By those methods of applying
the hydrocarbon which were without suitable regulation irregular results were
produced materials were wasted and the apparatus was liable to obstructions-
heavy hydrocarbon vapour and steam have also been used in the same unsystematic
manner with the same unsatisfactory results and waste of material.
I now proceed to describe this Invention in its application to the treatment and
reduction of iron ores both Oxides and Carbonates
For the reduction of oxide of iron ore these two steps are necessary first: that
the ore should be deprived of its oxygen and impurities and second that a sufficient
and determined amount of Carbon should be supplied to produce a given quality of
iron or steel.
In carrying out this Invention for the reduction of Oxide of iron ore any suitable
muffle retort or chamber is used made of baked fire clay or other suitable material
and closed to the outside air and to the products of combustion it being heated
from without into which muffle retort or chamber the ore is introduced ordinarily
in its natural condition or after being roasted or after exposure to atmospheric
influences if the impure condition of the ore should require such preparatory treat-
ment To this muffle, Retort or chamber, pipes are led from any suitable source
supplying vapour gases air and steam by means of automatic regulating and forcing
devices and from such muffle the gaseous and vapourous products are permitted to
escape through suitable pipes to points of storage or consumption to be used
directly for heating or for other purposes. In this connection I may use or prefer to
use the forcing and regulating apparatus described in the Specifications of Letters
Patent granted to me number 916 dated twentieth February 1883 and Number 4138
dated 28th August 1883 by means of which given proportionate quantities of
vapours gases steam or air may be varied at will and continuously supplied to the
muffle or Retort under an automatically regulated pressure. In this apparatus
steam is used produced by any ordinary boiler having a regulated pressure, there'

page_text: are also led into the muffle pipes from gas holders or from generators, for the
introduction of gases and vapours.
The ore having been introduced into the muffle or chamber and brought to a
cherry red heat hydrogen gas or its equivalent hydrogen and Carbonic Oxide or
Nitrogen and Carbonic oxide gases is or are introduced from a holder or other
source under a regulated supply for the purpose of deoxidizing the ore by the
union of the Hydrogen with the Oxygen of the ore forming watery vapour which
passes off and for the removal of impurities (such as Sulphur Phosphorous Silica
and the like) for the sponging of the ore.
Having shut off the Hydrogen gas when it has been sufficiently supplied Super-
heated Steam under an automatically regulated supply is passed into a heated dry
vaporizer preferably such as those described in my aforesaid Specifications to
which a regulated and definite quantity of hydrocarbon liquid which may be any
mineral vegetable animal or fish oil and the commingled steam and vapour is
conveyed into the retort or chamber containing the ore and by the combination of
the Qurbon with the iron the sponge is fully prepared for subsequent treatment.
If required a mild steel may be produced or a more highly Carburetted steel which
may be conveyed to Crucibles and formed into Cast Steel-A still more highly
Carburetted iron may be produced which may be melted in Cupolas and poured
into moulds for castings These different degrees of the Carbonization of the metal
are produced by the different quantities of the Carbon which has been determined
upon and permitted to enter into combination with the metal. The quantity of
Carbon in the gas Vapour. or liquid used, is known by analysis.and the quantity
required for use is automatically supplied by means of the regulating and forcing
devices hereinbefore referred to.
•
As the steam being composed in part of Oxygen introduces that element into
the Retort which is already in combination with the iron and which it is necessary
to remove, it is so far objectionable as a carrier of the hydrocarbon vapor and
causes a loss of the vapour by the union of its Carbon with the Oxygen of the
Steam It is therefore preferable to use as a rarefier and carrier of the vapour
instead of the steam, hydrogen gas, which is heated and passed through the
vaporizer; The commingled Hydrogen gas and vapour are thence conveyed to the
muffle; the hydrogen both acting as a deoxydizing Agent and facilitating the
combination of the Carbon with the iron Or there may be used the hydrogen
commingled with Carbonic Oxide and with the hydro carbon vapour with similar
results. The Carbon of the Carbonic Oxide combining with the iron may assist
in the Carburetting thereof the resulting Carbonic Acid gas passing off without
any injurious effects; or there may be used Nitrogen gas or Nitrogen and
Carbonic Oxide Gases commingled with the hydrocarbon vapour with a like
result the Nitrogen giving a penetrating power to the Carbon in its combination
with the iron; or in lieu of the above there may be used commingled hydrogen
and Nitrogen gases with the hydro-Carbon vapour thus obtaining the benefits of
both hydrogen and Nitrogen.
There are also used in lieu of the above Carbonic Oxide Gas and hydro carbon
vapour with like results the Carbonic Oxide serving to carry and rarefy the
vapour in the same manner as the superheated Steam and other Agents named
above one of the purposes of this treatment being to obtain a light gascous vapour
of uniform quality which can be secured by means of the automatic regulating,
apparatus which produces uniform. results-I also use the fixed air gas as described
in one of my aforesaid Specifications which being composed of Nitrogen Carbonic
Oxide Carburetted hydrogen gas and hydro carbon vapour acts in a manner,
entirely similar to the Agents herein before mentioned
In lieu of the commingled gases and hydro-carbon vapours carburetted hydrogen
gas may be used with the production of similar results.
If the ore be a Carbonate of Iron it is placed in the closed muffle or Retort and
when it is brought to a cherry red heat hydrogen is admitted in a manner similar
to that herein before described which hydrogen uniting with the Carbon of the.ore,

page_text: forms a carburetted hydrogen gas which passes from the muffle through the proper
exit pipe leaving the ore in a spongy state, the bydrogen further acts as a purifier
of the ore by combining with the Sulphur phosphorous and the like forming gases
which also escape from the muffle-A valuable feature of the Hydrogen is that
when it has formed a pure sponge it imparts no injurious element to it.
In lieu of the hydrogen superheated steam may be admitted into the muffle:
The Oxygen of the steam uniting with the Carbon of the ore forms Carbonic Acid
gas which escaping leaves the ore in a spongy state-This treatment, if too long
continued would oxydize the metal-Or air either cold or preferably in a heated state
may be admitted which acts in a manner similar to that of steam Oxygen being one
of its constituents or Carbonic Acid gas commingled with hydrogen or steam may be
used for the same purpose the nascent Oxygen which is liberated under the chemical
changes which take place acting with increased intensity upon the Carbonates-Or
combinations of air and steam or air and hydrogen may be used if desired. The
ore having been so far sponged to prepare it for future treatment for puddling for
making different qualities of steel or for cast iron, superheated steam and hydro-.
carbon vapors are admitted in determined and regulated quantities in the manner.
herein before described or preferably hydrogen and hydrocarbon vapor are used or
in lieu thereof hydrogen and Carbonic Oxide and hydrocarbon vapour. or nitrogen
or commingled Nitrogen Carbonic oxide and hydrocarbon vapour or Carbonic
Oxide and hydrocarbon vapour or in lieu of the preceding, fixed air gas is used as
described in the treatment of Oxide of Iron ore.
Carburetted hydrogen gas may also be used for the purpose of imparting Carbon
to the sponge. The action of the vapour and commingled gases on the sponge is
in principle and effect the same as herein before described in connection with the
Oxide of iron ores
All the Agents employed are used in definite and proportionate quantities
according to the Character of the product desired preferably by means of the
automatic regulating and forcing devices herein before set forth.
When the iron sponge obtained in the manner herein before described contains
but a small per centage of Carbon it may if desired be transferred while in a heated
state in an atmosphere of Nitrogen to protect it from oxidation to a puddling
furnace for the purpose of being further treated for conversion into malleable or
wrought iron; or it may be allowed to cool in an atmosphere of Nitrogen and
transferred while cold.
When the sponge is transferred in a heated condition to the puddling furnace
the two furnaces should be connected by a passage way through which the
sponge is transferred without exposure to the atmosphere the said passage way
being capable of being closed when the operation in either or both is being
conducted
Ores may also be treated for their reduction into sponge in the open hearth or
in reverberatory or reheating furnaces, atmospheric air being admitted by means of
the automatically regulated forcing devises as described in one of my aforesaid
Specifications in the precise quantity for the complete combustion of the fuel and
for the formation of the character of flame required for the purpose In these
furnaces gas or bydrocarbon vapour are preferably used for the fuel although solid
Carbon may be used. In this process the products of combustion pass over the
charge which is heated from the inside by radiation the hydrogen and other gases
and vapours are applied directly to the ore by means of proper tuyères and their
action in the sponging of the ore is in principle and use analagous to that
hereinbefore described
It will be understood that the air for the combustion of the fuel in the furnaces
containing the muffles retorts or chambers should be supplied by the automatically
regulated forcing device in order to secure the perfect combustion of the fuel and
to obtain a proper flame which may be either a carbonizing flame or an
oxidizing flame or a concentrated or a diffused flame as the purpose in view may
require

page_text: It will also be understood that the hydrocarbon liquid used in the foregoing
treatment is supplied in regulated quantities by means of automatically regulating
and forcing apparatus as described in my aforesaid Specifications
The carbonized iron or steel sponge produced by this treatment has imparted to
it a portion of the non-corrodible element generic to my method of treating ores
and metals, and the product whether it be steel or iron has the property of
remaining unchanged in condition in commercial usage from oxidizing effects of
the atmosphero or of moisture. It may therefore become an article of commerce
being produced at or near the mines or at any convenient place and transported or
stored without deterioration In this respect it differs from any sponge heretofore
known and when highly carbonized may be distinguished by its partially crystalline
structure, by its brilliant surfaces, and by its quality of resisting the corrosive
effects of the atmosphere or moisture
I have described the process as being carried on in a closed mule or chamber
heated from without but obviously the same process may be carried on in furnaces
heated by radiation from within. In this case the gases pass up into and through
the ore while the products of combustion pass over it without effect otherwise
than heating. It will be understood that the furnace need not be open to the
atinosphere, the air being supplied in definite quantities and as consumed-
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of the said Invention
and the manner in which the same is or may be used or carried into effect I
would observe in conclusion that what I consider to be novel and original and
therefore claim as the Invention secured to me by the hereinbefore in part recited
Letters Patent is.―
First. The process of treating oxide of iron ore substantially as herein described
by the direct application of hydrogen gas, superheated steam, carbonic oxide gas
nitrogen gas, atmospheric air, curburetted hydrogen. gas and hydrocarbon vapours
supplied to the ores in a heated state in determinate quantities and proportions by
means of automatic regulators and automatically regulated forcing devices substan-
tially in the manner herein described and for the purpose set forth.
Second. The process of treating carbonate of iron ore substantially as herein
described by the direct application of hydrogen gas, superheated steam, carbonic
acid gas, atmospheric air, carbonic oxide gas, nitrogen gas, carburetted hydrogen
gas and hydrocarbon vapours supplied to the ores in a heated state in determinate
quantities and proportions by means of automatic regulators and of automatically
regulated forcing devices substantially in the inanner herein described and for the
purpose setforth
Third. In the production of metallic sponge for conversion into wrought iron,
steel homogeneous iron and cast iron, the direct application of hydrogen gas,
superheated steam carbonic. oxide gas, carbonic acid gas, nitrogen gas, atmospheric
air, carburetted hydrogen gas and hydrocarbon vapours with a solid liquid,
vaporized or gaseous fuel and air for combustion, all except the solid fuel being
supplied in determinate quantities and proportions the sponge when prepared for
the puddling furnace being conveyed while hot thereto in an atinosphere of
nitrogen to avoid oxidation or cooled in a bath of nitrogen for the same
purpose, substantially in the manner herein described and for the purpose
set forth
Fourth The process of treating iron ores substantially as herein described by
the direct application of hydrogen gas, superheated steam, carbonic oxide gas
carbonic acid gas, nitrogen gas, atmospheric air, carburetted hydrogen gas, either
singly or in combination and with hydrocarbon vapours highly rarefied in a heated
vapourizer and supplied in a gaseous condition to the ores in a heated state in
determinate quantities and proportions whereby an iron or steel sponge of great
purity and of uniform quality and condition is obtained and any given per contage
of carbon imparted to it substantially in the manner herein described and for the
purpose set forth
ง

page_text: Fifth The process of treating iron ore consisting in applying hydrogen gas and
then hydrocarbon vapour or their equivalents in regulated quantities to the ores
heated to a cherry redheat in a muffle or furnace in the manner and for the purpose
specified
Sixth The herein before described article of metallic sponge produced in the
manner herein specified the more highly carbonised of which is commercially
distinguishable by a partially crystalline structure, brilliant surfaces and a
practically non-corrodible quality throughout its structure by which it is able to
resist exposure to the atmosphere or moisture without corrosion substantially as
described
In witness whereof I the said William Arthur have to this my Specification
set my hand and seal this Twentysixth day of February One thousand eight
hundred and eighty four
Signed Sealed and delivered by
the said William Arthur
In the presence of
HC DAMANT
WILLIAM ARTHUR. (L.S.)
Solicitor.
Cowes.