IMPROVEMENTS IN MANUFACTURE OF PAPER, AND IN THE APPARATUS AND MACHINERY USED THEREIN, PART OF WHICH APPARATUS OR MACHINERY IS APPLICABLE FOR REGULATING THE PRESSURE OF FLUIDS FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES
Year: 1849

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, CHARLES
EDWARDS AMOS, of the Grove, Southwark, in the County of Surrey, Engineer,
and MOSES CLARK, of Saint Mary Cray, in the County of Kent, Engineer,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date
at Westminster, the Tenth day of November, in the thirteenth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto us, the
said Charles Edwards Amos and Moses Clark, Her especial license, full
power, sole privilege and authority, that we, the said Charles Edwards Amos
aud Moses Clark, our exors, adñiors, and assigns, and such others as we, the
said Charles Edwards Amos and Moses Clark, our exors, admors, or assigns,
should at any time agree with and no others, from time to time and at
all times during the term of years therein mentioned, should and law-
fully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and the
Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, our Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN
MANUFACTURE OF PAPER, AND IN THE APPARATUS AND MACHINERY USED THEREIN,
PART OF WHICH APPARATUS OR MACHINERY IS APPLICABLE FOR REGULATING THE
PRESSURE OF FLUIDS FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES;" in which said Letters Patent is
contained a proviso obliging us, the said Charles Edwards Amos and Moses
Clark, by an instrument in writing under our hands and seals, or under the
hand and seal of one of us, particularly to describe and ascertain the nature
of our said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, and
to cause the same to be inrolled in' Her Majesty's High Court of Chancery
.
7

page_text: within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said in
part recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference being thereunto
had, will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, we, the said
Charles Edwards Amos and Moses Clark, do hereby declare that the nature
of our said Invention, and the manner in which the same is to be performed,
is particularly described and ascertained in and by the following description
thereof, reference being had to the Drawings hereunto annexed, and to the
letters and figures marked thereon (that is to say):-
1 making writing or other papers where Sinalt's ultramarine or othe:
colours are used, considerable difference is generally found in the tint of the
paper when the two sides are compared; thus the under side will appear of
darker colour than the upper surface, by reason of the colouring matter sink-
ing to the lower side by the natural subsidence of the water, or from the
extraction of the water by the suction box. To obviate this imperfection in
the manufacture of colored or tinted papers, we employ in place of the
common upper couch roll (or working against the upper surface of the paper)
a hollow roll perforated on its surface, and having a suction box within the
inside acted upon by an air pump. The mode of making this hollow roll, and
the method of applying the suction, as so well understood, that we think it
needless to describe them here.
We claim under this head of our Invention, the application of a perforated
hollow roll, having a suction within it for the purpose of drawing off water
from the upper side of the paper, and therebyequalizing the tint on both sides
of the paper.
The second head of our Invention, which consists of an improved knotter.
or pulp strainer, is shewn in Figures 3, 4, 5, and 6, Sheet No. I., of the
accompanying Drawings, forming a part of this our Specification. Fig. 3 is
an end elevation of the pulp strainer. Fig. 4 is a front elevation of the same.
Fig. 5 is a transverse section on the line A, B, Fig. 4; and Fig. 6 is a trans-
verse section on the line C, D, Fig. 4, the sieve plate being removed. The
letters of reference apply to the same parts in all these Figures. The sieve
plate or knotter with its frame may be made in the..usual manner. Our
Invention consists entirely in the mode whereby we are enabled to get the
pulp through the plates in a more efficient manner than has yet been done.
a is the outer frame or box resting on the end frames b, b. c is a belt of
vulcanized india rubber, passing all round the outer frame or box a, projecting
some little distance within its frame. The belt crests upon a sheet d of gutta
percha, leather,or of vulcanized india rubber; the latter having plies of canvas

page_text: the
worked within it. The belt c, and the sheet of gutta percha d, are held fast
and made water-tight to the outer frame or box a, by the bar e, having bolts
passing through the whole of them. A piece of wood f is fastened beneath
the box, having a pipe g passing through it for the purpose of carrying off
the strained pulp to the vat. Two boards of wood or clappers, h and i, are
fastened to and beneath the flexible sheet d, and the two clappers are united
together by means of two bars j and j', which are bolted to them. Connect-
ing rods, attach the clapper bars and j', to the levers k, k¹, and an alternate
rising and falling motion is given to them from the shaft 7, through a crank m
on the face of the fly wheel, which crank is coupled by the connecting rod o
to the lever . The radius of the crank m can be raised at pleasure. P is a
flat horizontal spring bolted to the framing b, and intended to balance the
weight of the levers, . From the end of this spring a rigid rod. q is pen-
dant, for the purpose of connecting the spring P with the lever k¹. The sieve
plate or knotter A, with its frame S, is placed in the outer frame or box a,
and is fastened down by the bolts 7, 1, upon the elastic belt c, and thus a
water and air-tight joint is formed. The pulp to be strained is admitted on
upper side of the sieve plate A (Fig. 5) as usual, and a partial vacuum
and plenum is alternately produced beneath the sieve plates by the rising and
falling of the clapper boards h, i. The pipe g is carried into the bottom of
the vat which is usually placed before the "wire" of the paper machine, and
we usually place a cock of common construction in this pipe between the
sifter and the vat, for the purpose of regulating the degree of vacuum required
beneath the sieves. Under this head of our Invention we claim the combi-
nation of the parts as herein described, whereby pulp may be sifted in a more
expeditious and satisfactory manner than heretofore, and lumps and blue spots
will be in great part avoided in the manufacture of paper. We also claim
the drawing off of the stuff or pulp at the lowest part of the knotter, when
the bottom of such knotter is made moveable for the
above described.
purpose
And, lastly, we claim the mode of fastening the sieve frame down upon a
flexible material, which mode enables us to readily remove the sieve and its
frame from the outer box when the sieve requires cleansing. In heating the
drying cylinders for drying the paper by steam, it is known that this operation
is better effected when a varying pressure is given to each cylinder; thus
the cylinder which receives the paper first is preferred to be cooler than
the following one, the second cylinder cooler than the third, and so on.
The character of the paper, when dried under such circumstances, approaches
more nearly to the "loft-dried paper," it being tougher in quality, and
without the harshness of machine-made papers when dried in the usual

page_text: way. The usual mode of regulating the steam pressure in the cylinder
has been by the common steam cocks; but as this is attended with much
uncertainty, we have invented the following apparatus, which we term a
pressure regulating, valve," for regulating at pleasure the pressure in the
cylinders.
In Sheet I., Fig. 1 is a sectional elevation of the pressure-regulating valve,
and Fig. 2 is a sectional plan of the same; the letters of reference apply to
the same parts in both Figures. A is a cylinder, having a piston B, nicely
ground and fitted, working within it. C is the piston rod passing loosely
through the crown of the cylinder, and carrying a weight D. Eis the valve
seat, being a hollow cylinder having four or more ports or openings in its
periphery; three of them a, a, a, are seen in Fig. 1. F is the valve, being
a cylindrical ring of metal, which is made to slide on the valve seat E by
means of the connecting rods G and G!, which couple it with the piston B
by the cross pin b. H is a cylinder or steam box, having the upper cylin-.
der A bolted to it; and the cylinderor valve seat E passing through it, is secured
in its place by the,unt e. The valve seat E is attached by the pipe J to the
pipes leading from the steam boiler, and the pipe I leads from the steam
box H to the drying cylinder. One of these regulating valves is required for
each, drying cylinder. When the weight D is in its lowest position, as in
Fig. 1, the sliding valve F is also at its lowest position, and the ports a, a, a,
are open, thus allowing the steam to pass from the boiler into the drying
cylinder in the direction of the arrows.. When the pressure in the drying
cylinder and in the steam box exceeds the resistance offered by the
weight D to the piston B, the piston will be raised by the pressure of the
steam, and thereby carry up the sliding valve F, and close the ports a, a, a,
to the proper degree for the pressure required, which is, when that pressure
and the resistance from the weight D are in equilibrium. When the piston B
rises sufficiently to bring the surfaces c, c¹, of the sliding valve F in contact
with the surfaces d, d, of the valve seat E, the openings a, a, a, will be closed,
and no steam can pass from the boiler through the pipe. I, to the drying
cylinder in connection therewith. By placing weights of different sizes upon
the pressure-regulating valves of each drying cylinder, any required pressure
of steam can be maintained therein. This "pressure-regulating valve" is
useful for and may be applied. to various purposes, as, for instance, where
stean of any high or varying pressure is required to be reduced to an
uniformly low pressure. This "pressure-regulating valve" will be also use-
ful in reducing the pressure of columns of water (as when attached to a high
service main) and obtaining an uniformly low.pressure. The pressure of air,

page_text: gas, and other fluids may be in like manuer regulated by this valve when
required. Under this head of our. Invention we claim the construction and
arrangement of valve as above described, and shewn in the Drawing for the
purpose of regulating the supply of steam to the drying cylinders of paper
machinery. And we also claim the application of this improved construc-
tion of regulating valve for the purpose of regulating the pressure of fluids
generally.
As an improvement in the manufacture of paper sized by the machines now
in use, we conduct the web of paper after it has been either partially or
completely dried through a trough of cold water, then pass it through a pair of
pressing rolls, and afterwards dry it on reels or over hot cylinders. The paper
thus treated will be found to "bear" much better, and erasures may be made
on the surface of such paper, and written over without the ink running in the
way it does when sized and dried in the usual manner.
We claim under this head of the Invention. the dipping or passing of
machine-sized paper through cold water, after being dried or partially dried
for the purpose above set forth.
We have also found; that when paper is
dried after sizing, by the sizing machine in present use, the paper is. very
harsh, and until it stands some time to get weather, as it is technically termed,
great difficulty is experienced in glazing the paper, this difficulty we overcome
by passing the paper partially round a hollow cylinder through which a small
stream of cold water is continually running. By this means the heat in the.
paper is carried off, and the paper is rendered more t: actable, and brought to
a proper state for undergoing the glazing operation..
..
We claim under this head of our Invention the passing of papers (after
they have gone through the drying machine) partly round a cylinder through
which cold water is made to run, for the purpose above set forth....
:
The many improvements that have lately been effected in the paper-making
machines, enable them to work at a much greater velocity than heretofore;.
hence great difficulty has been experienced with the paper-cutting machines in
general use, as they cut the sheets of paper in very irregular lengths when
working at the velocity necessary to keep up with the paper-making machine:
To overcome this difficulty we have invented a paper-cutting machine, the.
construction of which is shewn in Sheet II. of the Drawing; and will be clearly
understood from the following description thereof :-
Fig. 1 shews a side elevation of our improved machine; Fig. 2 is an eleva.
tion of the opposite side thereof; Fig. 3 is an end.view taken at the back part
of the. machine where the paper is delivered; and Figures 4 and 5 are
diagrams shewing the gathering roll, and the action of the parts in connection

page_text: the rewith. The letters of reference apply to the same parts in all these
figures. Motion is given to this machine by the shaft A from any prime
mover, and the shaft B is driven by a strap passing round the conical drums
C and D, mounted respectively on these shafts. The shaft B carries
the crank a, the eccentric and 61, and the rigger or band wheel E,
which latter is for the purpose of driving the fly-wheel E°, and thereby
steadying the motion of the machine. This rigger E has a plate with staple-
headed projections cast on its outer sile, and through these projections the
crank arm passes, and is retained in any required position by the set
screws d, . This gives a means of altering the radius of the crank so as to
cut sheets of paper to any length required. The rotary motion of the shaft B
gives a reciprocating motion to the gathering drum F, through the connecting
rcde, which is coupled to the crank pin of the crank arm Z at one end, and
to the lever fon the other, which lever is keyed upon the shaft of the drum F.
Above the gathering drum F the rollersg and g' work in bearings in the cross
head G. An alternate rising and falling motion is given to these cross heads
and rollers by the eccentrics 6 and 61, on the shaft B, through the connecting
rods and 21, the levers h, h, and the vertical bars i, i, which bars work
through guides fastened upon the side frames of the machine. A presser '1[
is suspended to the side frames of the machine by the right-angled levers
jand, and an alternating motion is given to it in order to make it approach
to and recede from a stationary presser board T, see Fig. 4, and lay hold of
the paper as it descends from the drum F, to be divided into sheets by the
cutters. When the levers h descend, a pin k on each side of the machine
presses upon the forked ends of the connecting rods, and thereby causes the
end m of the right-angled levers; and 1, to descend and carry the presser H
away from the presser board T. When the levers h ascend, the presser H is
brought back by the springs n (one placed on each side of the machine), and
connected to the presser by the connecting rods o. I is the fixed horizontal
knife fastened to the side frames, and the moveable knife K is suspended to
the side frames by the rods P and P¹. Motion is given to this knife by the
crank a, the connecting rod q, the levers, r, r, and the connecting rods 3, 31.
The combined motion of these rods and levers admits of the moveable knife
remaining nearly quiescent for a given time, then, speedily closing, it moves
over the edge of the fixed knife I, cutting whatever may be between the knife
edges, in the same manner as a pair of shears would. The sections, Figures
4 and 5, shew more clearly the gathering drum F, the rollers g and g¹, the
guide roller t, the moveable presser II, and a fixed presser board T, which
forms with H the press for holding the paper. The paper to be cut passes

page_text: over the front rollers 1 and 2, between the circular knives 3; and beneath the
tension roll 4, in the usual manner; it then passés over the gathering drum F,
and beneath the rollersg and g', which press upon the drum when the paperis
being carried forward, then under the guide roll t, and between the pressers
H and T, which, during the progress of the paper, are open to receive it.
The operations peculiar to this machine will be best understood by reference
to Figures 4 and 5. The arrow, Fig. 4, shews the direction the paper
is travelling. When the crank arm arrives at the line of centres, as
shewn in Fig. 2, the pressers H and T are closed, the rollers g'and g" have
begun to rise, and the motion of the gathering drum F is reversed, it being
made to turn in the direction of the arrow, Fig. 5. During the time that the
pressers H, T, are closed, the moveable knife K is drawn inwards, and the
length of
paper pendent from the pressers is cut off. As the gathering drum
makes its backward movement in the direction of the arrow, Fig. 5, it smooths
out the paper upon its surface, which is now held between the pressers H
and T, and the tension roll 4 takes up the slack in the paper until the motion
of the drum is again reversed. Motion being now communicated to the
drum F'in the direction of the arrow Fig. 4, and the rollers 9, 9', being again
brought into their lowest position, a further length of paper will be drawn
forward ready in its turn to be laid hold of by the pressers, and finally cut off
into a sheet. When it is required to cut a short sheet to bring the water
mark more into the centre of the sheet of paper, the action of the tension roll
4 is stopped by the pallu being brought into contact with the ratchet wheel v;
this is effected by the handle w. The handle a, shewn in Figures 1 and 2, is
for moving the strap on the conical drums; and the board y is merely a
stage to enable the attendant to pass the paper through the machine more
readily.
Having now described the construction and mode of working our improved
paper-cutting machine, we wish it to be understood that we claim under this
head of our Invention,―
First, the conveying the paper to the cutters by means of the reciprocating
gathering drum F, and the rising and falling rolls; and gl; and
Secondly, the mode of preventing the paper from being drawn back by the
return motion of the drum F, and of presenting it to the action of the cutters, to
be divided into sheets, as above described. In glazing papers with copper plates,
we find that, through the curvature of the rolls, the pile of paper between the
copper plates is sometimes disturbed, and the edges become frequently
blackened in consequence. To obviate this defect we use a machine of the
following construction :-Fig. 7, Shect I., is a section of three pairs of hollow

page_text: pressing rolls, but more or fewer pairs may be used if required. Between
these rolls, which are suitably mounted, a wrought-iron plate for carrying the
pile of papers to be glazed is made to traverse by means of a reversing motion
with which the rolls are provided. a, b, c, d, e, and f, indicate the three pairs
of rolls; g is the metal plate, and h,i, shew the piles of paper with their layers
of copper plates or glazed boards as usual; j, k, l, are three wheels keyed upon
the rolls, and driven by the pinion m (from any prime mover); the wheel is
keyed on the roll a, the wheel k on the roll e, and the wheel on the roll c.
The pinion m works into the wheel on the opposite side of the machine (but
not shewn in the Drawing); other wheels of similar diameters are placed on
the rollersb, d, and f, and a similar pinion to m, and keyed on the same shaft,
works into the wheel keyed on the roll f, by which arrangement the whole of
the rolls are driven in the proper direction.
Under this division of the Invention we claim the glazing of paper by the
employment of a traversing horizontal table in conjunction with two or more
pairs of rolls as above described.
In witness whereof, we, the said Charles Edwards Amos and Moses
Clark, have hereunto set our hands and seals, this Tenth day of May,
in the year of our Lord One Thousand eight hundred and fifty.
C. E. (L.S.) AMOS.
MOSES
(L.s.) CLARK.
AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Tenth day of May, in the year
of our Lord 1850, the aforesaid Charles Edwards Amos and Moses Clark
came before our said Lady tlie Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged
the Specification aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained and
specified, in form above written. And also the Specification aforesaid was
stamped according to the tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.
Enrolled the Tenth day of May, in the year of our Lord One thousand