AN IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR OBTAINING AND APPLYING MOTIVE POWER.
Year: 1871

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Alfred François Osselin, of Paris, France,
Architect, for the Invention of "AN IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR OBTAINING
AND APPLYING MOTIVE POWER.".
Scaled the 12th September 1871, and dated the 18th March 1871..
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Alfred François Osselin
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition,
on the 18th March 1871.
I, ALFRED FRANÇOIS OSSELIN, of Paris, France, Architect, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVED APPARATUS
FOR OBTAINING AND APPLYING MOTIVE POWER," to be as follows:-
My Invention is based upon a new law, which I propose to designate
the law of differentials, and on its application integrally.
This law is a synthesis of "Mariotte's law" and of its inversion, that
is to say, I obtain simultaneously in a receiver furnished with a piston,
two gaseous pressures, one, due to the inversion of "Mariotte's law," is
directly proportional to the volumes, the other, on the contrary, is in
inverse ratio to the volumes.
A

page_text: I obtain these pressures by means of the movement of the receiver C
from A¹ towards Z¹ (see Fig. 2 of the accompanying Sheet of Drawing),
and also of the elasticity, the gravity, the vis viva, and, finally, the
reaction of the gases, as herein-after explained.
The directly proportional pressure, the extent of which is represented
by the trapezium m-l-p-u (Fig. 1), is greater than that in inverse
ratio represented by m-1-2-3-u-p-l, because the one has for limit the
right m-u, and the other the branch of the hyperbola m-1-2-3-u,
which express the mathematical relations of the direct and inverse
pressures.
The difference D, represented by the portion struck off from Fig. 1, is
the differential resultant.
The two pressures are developed within the receiver C; the one on
the piston is in direct ratio to the volumes of the gas which I introduce
for this purpose into the receiver in such a way as to utilise to the
maximum extent the before-mentioned properties of the gases to which
the penetration of the outer gas gives rise; the other pressure develops
itself on the bottom part of the receiver; it is in inverse ratio because
of the journey of the piston resulting from the movement of the receiver
from A¹ towards Z' determined by a transmission or communication of
movement.
I thus obtain two parallel forces, unequal and in contrary directions,
which act on any mass M, moving it from A¹ to Z¹ by the aid of the
arrangement of levers to - o¹ t¹, and as one of them gives the useful
resistance at o, o¹, their dynamic resultant upon M is independent of 2
the general conditions of practical mechanics, and by reason of this
independence the application of my apparatus will be universal and the
motive power very economical.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Alfred François Osselin in the Great Seal Patent 30
Office on the 15th September 1871.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I ALFRED
FRANÇOIS OSSELIN, of Paris, France, Architect, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Eighteenth day of March, in the year 35

page_text: of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-one, in the thirty-
fourth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto me, the said Alfred François Osselin, Her special
licence that I, the said Alfred François Osselin, my executors, admi-
nistrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Alfred Francois
Osselin, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time
agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times there-
after during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might.
make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Inven-
tion for "AN IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR OBTAINING AND APPLYING MOTIVE
POWER," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Alfred
François Osselin, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in
writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should
particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention,
and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the
same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Alfred François Osselin, do hereby
declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same
is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement :-
My Invention has for basis a novel law and a combination of a series
of natural phenomena in a recipient, the result of which is a difference
of gaseous pressure. This difference acts as a resultant on a piston,
and is independent of the general conditions of applied mechanics. On
account of this independence the application of my apparatus which
I term the "dynamogene" is both economical and universal.
Sheet I. of the accompanying Drawings illustrates the theory of my
Invention, Figure I. being the graphic expression of my novel law;
Figure 2, a demonstration by two cylinders; Fig. 3, an example by one
cylinder; and Fig. 4, a diagram of what I herein-after term the
"integral mode."
Force is a result the cause of which is a previous rupture of equili-
brium. Consequently, the production of a mechanical force consists in
provoking, cither by physical or chemical means, a rupture of equilibrium,
the subsequent reconstitution of which naturally produces force: thus a
A

page_text: weight in a state of equilibrium being pulled up and allowed to fall
produces a useful effect; or the equilibrium of a liquid being disturbed
by the action of heat it is transformed into steam, and has a tendency
to assume the equilibrium of its new condition. Hence the limits of
economical progress are, 1°, the choice and proper use of the matter, the
transformation of which produces the rupture of equilibrium; 2°, the
diminution of the passive resistances.
These limits do not constitute an obstacle to progress, in fact, such a
choice and use of matter may be conceived as will allow the residues
to preserve a commercial value, or that by a series of transformations
of the features of force (I mean by features or aspects of force the
corelation of physical forces according to the theory of Mr. W. R. Grove,
Fellow of Royal Society of England), the circulus which is the secret of
nature may be realised.
This conception is now the ideal of thinkers, but without denying its
value I believe that progress may be more simply obtained by the
application of a law which I have discovered, and which I term Law
of Differentials.
Law of Differentials (see Sheet I. of the Drawings).-Take p¹ to be
the pressure of a volume of air S 1, larger than that of the pressure p,
which is S, we shall have, Mariotte's law, Sl: SP:: p¹ p, hence
p. We know that it would be the same with the successive pressures
of the larger volumes S ¹¹, S ¹¹¹. . .
... and that repre-
pp
111
•
senting these pressures, which are in the inverse ratio of the volumes by
ordinates raised on the axis of the abscissae L (sec Sheet I., Fig. I.), their
limit is an equilateral branch of an hyperbola -m-1-2-3-u. But
if at the same time that the expansion takes place under a successive
increase of the volumes I produce a counter expansion by means of an
introduction of gas into the receiver, I also obtain at the same time
pressures directly proportional to the volumes of gas introduced, and con-
sequently the limit of the ordinates measuring these pressures will be
a straight line. Thus, D being the area formed by the branch of the
hyperbola of the inverse pressure, and by the right line m
pressure, it will be seen that // represents the mean of the differences of
the pressures due on the one hand to the expansion and on the other to
the counter expansion, and as (as will be herein-after explained) I make
the introduction of gas depend upon a successive increase of the volumes
of my receiver it follows that the law of the difference of pressures
-
u of the direct

page_text: represented by is the synthesis of "Mariotte's law," and of its
inversion. The discovery of this law, which I believe new, is the basis
of my Invention.
And, firstly, it frees applied mechanism from the dependence upon
fulcrums or external obstacles, on which the useful resistance of
mechanical working is based.
than
-
Independence of Fulcrums.-Suppose, for instance, two cylinders and
their pistons (see Fig. 2, Sheet I.,) to be parallelly connected by a same
rod, if steam or compressed gas is introduced at the dead point c of one
of the cylinders C the stroke of the two parallel pistons will cause in
the other cylinder C¹ a negative pressure at c¹ of the air therein contained,
which will equilibrize the positive pressure in the cylinder C. But if,
conformably to the differential law, the negative pressure of C¹ should
spread unequally, if remaining equal to p on one of the internal
faces, that of the piston, for instance, it became equal to p', larger
p, that is to say, more negative on the bottom of the cylinder C³,
it follows that the excess of ambient or atmospheric pressure would
cause the body on which these two cylinders would be fixed to move,
and this independently of any fulcrum, since the excess of pressure
would accompany the same in the manner of a rocket. Now this is
what I have firstly obtained by producing simultaneously the expansion
and counter-expansion in the same receiver; their resultant, equal
to 1, which I term the differential, acts statically on the body of the
mass M which it is intended to move; it is consequently independent of
any external fulcrum, that is to say, of the mediums.
This end having been attained, I endeavoured to realise the mode
ruling natural phenomena by the integral utilisation of all the vis-viva,
and I have obtained my object by a serial ordonnance of the features
or aspects of force, which I term integral mode, and the result of which
is independent of any transformation of the matter.
Independence of Transformation.-It is known that two forces at the
same time equal, parallel, and contrary, applied at two points of the arm
of a lever, have no resultant, or more exactly, that the latter being equal
to zero is situated ad infinitum. This being admitted, let us suppose a
5 cylinder C (see Fig. 3, Sheet I.) and its piston c suspended in the air,
the levers l, o, t-, o¹, t, being connected with the cylinder by means
of the connecting rods o, o¹, and with the piston by the sectors, which
tooth with the rod at t, t. It is obvious that the movement of the

page_text: cylinder from A to Z¹ will cause the levers to oscillate round their
extreme points situated ad infinitum, and consequently the result will
be, 1°, the stroke or movement of the piston c in the same direction;
2°, a lowering of the initial pressure of the dead point, which becomes
equal to
- p; 3°, an excess of the ambient and contrary pressure on
the external surfaces of the bottom and of the piston; 4°, and lastly,
two equal parallel and contrary forces acting at the points to, t¹ o¹,
resultant of which will be equal to zero.
-
the
But let us conceive in conformity with the law of differentials a
difference in the internal pressure, the extreme points of the levers cease
to be necessarily ad infinitum, the resultant of the parallel and contrary
forces becomes effective; and, lastly, no transformation of the gas used
corresponds to the dynamic effect.
In fact, the external pressure being constant, it suffices that the
internal pressure be the centre of the necessary variations, that, for
example, the inverse pressure be on the bottom of the cylinder and the
direct pressure be on the the face of the piston or reciprocally. Therefore,
P being the external pressure and the piston being first in its initial
position its stroke produces the expansion of the gas contained at the
dead point, that is to say, a pressure equal to p in the inverse ratio
of the volumes. Then, and during the stroke of the piston which causes
and maintains the expansion, I produce the counter-expansion by
causing the ambient gas to enter the cylinder.
-
From my experiments and the following theoretical considerations I
have taken the piston as the centre of pressure in the direct ratio of the
volumes, equal to p', and the bottom of the cylinder as centre of
pressure the inverse ratio equal to
-
-
P.
My mode of admitting the ambient gas fulfils the above conditions,
and in such a manner as to obtain (P—p)—(P—p²)=
with my differential law.
in accordance
During the double action of expansion and counter-expansion the
pressures are maintained below zero, more or less negative, according to
the speed of the piston; these pressures yield to the penetration of the
ambient gas, which penetration is due to the natural action of gravity.
Thus I avail myself of the phenomenen of gravity.
Differential Mode.-Take P-p to be the excess of the atmospheric
pressure over the negative internal pressure, the air will enter the

page_text: cylinder with a speed V which for an excess of pressure P-p equal, for
instance, to 1/10th of an atmosphere, becomes equal to 109 metres.
Now this speed relatively excessive under this slight excess of pressure,
and which is the obstacle to the dynamic use of the reacting pressures,
is here the substance of the integral mode of the differential, because I
avail myself of its product M, V2.
In fact, the vis-viva is never lost. It engenders the transformations
of the matter of which it is the serial ratio, or it immediately transforms
itself into work, as is the case in this instance, and it will be seen that
its value is the differential of my law.
Given the work developed on a piston of surface S during its journey L
under an excess of pressure=0,076 denoted by mercury. This work
T=S L 1032** (1), and as $ L represents the volume of air admitted
into the cylinder during the journey of the piston at the speed V, the
work of the vis-viva T₁=Y (Id).. -(2) (d being the mass of
gas which has penetrated into the cylinder air, for example).
2 g
Eliminating SL factor common to both expressions (1) (2), replacing.
1.293
9.81'
=
T1
331
by its numerical value = and taking into account the experimental.
coefficient = 0.65, there results for the work of the vis-viva T₁=331 km;
now that of the piston being 1,032 m, the relation T = 1032 Say.
Thus the real work of the piston while accomplishing its stroke is
equal to T minus that restored to it by the vis-viva T₁; and as the speed
of penetration is in proportion to the square root of the excess of
pressure the relation equal to that of the difference (D) is constant.
T¹
According to my experiments this theoretical relation is submitted to
a coefficient of correction depending upon the profile of the piston and
the shape of the orifice of admission.
That which I have adopted has given me P-P for the useful effect
5
of (P being the atmospheric pressure, -p the negative pressure on the
internal face of the bottom of the cylinder).
Before passing to the application of my Invention I will sum up the
preceding and complete it by an explanation of what I have previously
termed the integral mode.
Integral Mode (see Fig. 4, Sheet I.).-Take the cylinder C, provided
with its non-hermetical piston c, travelling towards a body of which M
forms part.

page_text: It is obvious that its movement in the direction A³, Z', produces the
oscillation around the points 1, 1, of the levers lot, □ o¹ t¹, with
which the cylinder is connected at o, o³, and the extremities of which
are fastened to the body on which the cylinder is supposed to be rolling;
further, that the difference in length of the arms of the lever produces
a difference of speed between the cylinder and the piston; lastly, that
the latter drawn by the oscillation of the levers travels from its initial
position (at the dead point) with a speed proportional to that of the
cylinder; and, further, that this movement of the piston causes a
rupture of equilibrium of both the internal and external pressures. The
internal pressure becomes more or less negative according to the speed
of the piston, and naturally the weight of the atmosphere determincs
an admission or penetration of the ambient air into the cylinder, of
which the piston is for this purpose made non-hermetical. Therefrom,
in accordance with the preceding theory confirmed by my experiments,
a difference of pressure; thus P being the atmospheric pressure we have
on the bottom P-p>P-p¹ on the piston.
By constructing the arms of the levers 1o, 1 t, l¹ o³, 1 t, in inverse
proportion to the components P-p and P-p¹, the equality of the
momentiil, o (P—p)=1 t, (P—p¹) produces the dynamic equilibrium.
Thence two unequal components, the resultant of which is in the centre
of oscillation 7 M 7 termed centre of action, that is to say, at the
fulcrum as regards the system, a system which I term dynamogene,
because its functions generate motion. In fact, it is like a focus in
which phenomena of a physical order produce immediately the dynamic
equivalent which phenomena of a chemical order produce mediately,
in these foci of heat, or otherwise it is a substratum of the movement.
The difference of pressure termed differential is the synthesis of these
physical phenomena.
The final result is independence: 1°, of all fulcrums external to the
bodies in motion on which the levers act statically at -1; 2°, of any
transformation of the matter.
Now, as in steam engines, we condense in order to avoid the resistances
to the return stroke, so I provide large openings or valves for the escape
of air from the cylinder, while the dynamogene comes back to its initial
position, and therefore the resistance offered by the compression is very
slight. Nevertheless, whatever it may be, both it and the passive
resistances must be equalibrized; lastly, the effort f must also be taken into

page_text: account, it being capable of overcoming the inertia of the dynamogene,
and of communicating thereto the necessary speed in the element of
time t. This may be accomplished by a fly wheel borrowing the requisite.
amount of motion from any motive power, either mediately or from the
body M on which the dynamogene acts. But the direct action of the
differential will suffice.
P-P
I
5
P-
5
For example:-The quantity - being that of its useful effort, it is
in reality = P+P + ; now the arms of the levers of its components,
inversely proportional, being arranged for a differential only equal to
it is evident that the overplus remains at disposal and counter-
balances the passive resistances. Hence we have corresponding
to MV of the body of the mass M, and
2
H
5
.
.
.
to mv of the
dynamogene. This being admitted, dividing PP into two parts, one for
the motion in one direction and another for the return, during which
the work of the differential equals=0, it is evident that will com-
municate in the first case an excess which a fly wheel or a spring
will restore to it when the return takes
the go and
P-P
2 I
for the return.
m v
2 '
H
P-
place, therefore finally for
-
0,0152
-
2 1
I propose to make P-p equal to one tenth of an atmosphere, but
more or less may be obtained in accordance with the speed of the piston
and the difference being always = (P-p) - (P-p¹), if this speed made
P-p equal, 16, or 3, of an atmosphere, the useful effect of the
differential obtained is expressed by the column of mercury by one of
the three following values, namely, 0,0076
0,0304. But
5 whatever may be the value of P-p it cannot exceed a fraction of the
atmospheric pressure, because it is the excess of this pressure which I
employ to engender the penetration of air into the cylinder and the vis
viva resulting therefrom; further, as the useful effort or differential is
itself but a portion of P-p, it would always be necessary to employ
O cylinders of much greater diameter than those of steam engines if it
were not for the following combination, with which I terminate the
exposition of my theory. This combination consists in placing my
dynamogene in a receiver containing air under high pressure which will
permit the use of cylinders of small diameter, because the useful effort

page_text: wise in proportion to the nigu pressure of the artificial atmo-
sphere maintained in the receiver.
In all cases the variations of speed of the piston must be as variable
as the amplitudes of expansion in steam engines.
I shall herein-after set forth the conditions of these variations as well
as those of the counter-expansion, namely, the penetration of the ambient
air into the cylinders.
Having now set forth the theory of my Invention I will proceed to
describe its practical application, premising that the apparatus herein-
after described is given only as a type embodying the combination
essential to my purpose, but the details of which may be varied to suit
particular circumstances.
This apparatus is represented Sheets II. and III. of the accompanying
Drawings, Fig. 5 (Sheet II.) being a plan view of a dynamogene
embodying my Invention; Figs. 6, 7, and 8 detached parts; and Fig. 9
(Sheet III.) a section of same. It may be made mainly of wood or of
metal but any suitable material may be used, it is composed of two
couple of cylindrical recipients, and their pistons differential, to each
couple is given separately and alternately, the whole constituting what
is termed an alternateness binary. Each of these recipients resembles a
basin inasmuch that the surrounding surface is inclined like a truncated
cone, and consists of a circular surface C with a metal rim C c.
Surfaces similar to the preceding but without rims form the piston P
bound to the upper edge of the metallic band C c, by a flexible mem-
brane Cm, they come and go in relation to the lower surface C and
produce the same effect as ordinary pistons. The penetration of air
necessary for the counter-expansion which might also be obtained by a
reduction of the diameter of the pistons or openings made in the latter,
is to be effected in the apparatus shown with more precision and
regularity by means of a contrivance, an auxiliary or appendage 13
lp of the membrane which is combined with the side of the piston P
like an annular tue-iron, this [angular tue-iron may be so regulated as
to limit the air passage to a hundredth of a millimetre. Every recipient
comes and goes with the piston and while the upper binary couple (see
section, Sheet III.) comes down toward the middle line A, Z, the lower a
binary rises to it, these both retire from each other, again re-approach
together the line A, Z, and so on, in accordance with the oscillations
-

page_text: of the guide sectors acting as levers S, occupying the bisectrix of the
surrounding equilateral triangle, and as the reciprocating motion produces
strokes of the piston internal negative pressures or relative vacuums
result therefrom, and consequently efforts to be compensated, not only
with regard to the guide sectors, but also on all the points of the
circular lower surfaces and pistons. To attain this end, to totalise these
efforts, and spread them in the plane of every one of the bisectrices I
have adopted steel triangles which I herein-after term "trigles" Ctr,—
Ptr. The trigles of the pistons Ptr, are fixed on uprights passing
through their summits (see Figs. 5 and 6, Sheet II.) and carry in
the middle the corbels forming the framework of the pistons, so that the
largest portion of the circular surface remains comprised between the
circumference of the basin and the trigle. As all the points of the piston
are equally loaded, the smallest portion in the centre has evidently a
tendency to rise, and would rise if an additional load which has its
function did not constantly re-establish the equilibrium necessary for
the maintenance of the piston surface P. This load in consideration of
which the ties of the trigle have been thus distributed is produced by
a valve P & placed in the centre, and the function of which is either
to close or to open access to the recipient. In fact the valve closes
forcibly while the piston is accomplishing its stroke, and this is done.
by means of three levers P 7 placed like the sectors S in the plane of
the bisectrix. On the return stroke of the piston it is the reverse, and
while the piston surface P comes back to the bottom the air contained
in the cylinder C-C c escapes freely through a central opening. The
bottom trigles Ctr also carry corbels, their summits being more distant
from the centre are connected with the uprights on which the axes of
the oscillation of the sectors S are fixed. These sectors act at the same
time as guide bearers, as levers, and as cogs. But I propose to replace
the cogs by pliable sheets of steel.
Lastly, three guiding bars B d passing through the summits of the
perimeter or outer triangle B c are used as rails for the sectors, and
connecting rods regulate the reciprocating motion of the binaries.
If the dynamogene be placed either on the circumference of the fly-
wheel of a factory or on the fore carriage of a vehicle or of a plough,
it will be evident that the guiding bars will communicate to this fly-
wheel or any other mass the effort of the differential. It would be the
same in a vertical direction.

page_text: Sheets II. and III.).
FRAMING. The parallel guiding bars Bd at the angles of an equi-
lateral triangle and strengthened by T iron B c form the actual frame-
work of the machine, these guiding bars have grooves and projections
corresponding with those of the sectors S.
SECTORS. The sectors S consist of two parallel checks between which
pass the uprights of the cylinder carriage Tc as well as the connecting
rods b 8 herein-after referred to; the functions of the sectors are, firstly,
to carry and guide the cylinders C-C c and their pistons; secondly,
to transmit to the pistons the efforts of the cylinders as well as the
resultant of these two efforts to the framing B d of the machine. These
sectors S are connected with these different parts by means of steel
bands, e le m replacing and performing the office of cogs, so that both
the guiding bars B d and the upright of the piston carriage Tp are like
racks into which gear the sectors S. With this object ties S t unite the
cheeks and receive the gearing bands at each end of the sectors (sce
Fig. 6, Sheet II.), namely, two lateral bands e 7 transmitting the efforts,
and a third e m in the middle bears the sectors and gives to the trans-
mission the rigidity of a toothed gearing; finally, the axles of the
sectors are keyed on the framing T c of cylinder carriage. Under these
conditions it is obvious that the oscillation of the sectors S determines
the differential course of the parallel uprights Tp which are the
uprights of the piston carriage, and it will also be evident that the
motion of the pistons is the result.
I would here observe that the transmission is effected by means of a
steel sliding bar g, and that this sliding bar is provided with a bracket g a
on which the gearing bands el are fixed and stretch.
PISTON SURFACES.-P indicates piston surfaces on circular planes and
consisting of parallel circumferences (see Fig. 5, Sheet II.) connected by
radii Pr c—Pr 8 with parallelled intervals. The whole may be made of
wood covered with leather or other suitable material. In the centre of
each piston surface P is a valve P s (see Figs. 5 and 9, Sheets II. and III.)
intended for the free issue of air during the journey of the piston back
to its primitive position. Nine radii Pre-Pre concur in the resistance
of each surface to the outward pressure and they transmit the pressure
externally on the sectors by means of the trigles herein-after described.

page_text: 66
"
Three of these radii termed "joists," Pr 8, are situated in the planes of
the bisectrices of the external triangle, the six others, Pr c, termed
corbels are maintained by straps stretched over branches Ptr of the
trigles, these corbels carry the central rim or ring and the %%ths only of
the circumference, the remainder of the circumference being borne by
the plates tp which unite the branches of each trigle. The eduction
valve P & rests on the centre of the piston surface upon a caoutchouc
washer cr, which washer is compressed by the valve itself under the
action of the levers P 7 while the piston is receding. After the stroke of
the piston has been accomplished this action ceases by the rising of the
levers actuated by the metal band P m passing round the valve which
therefore rises with it..
The caoutchouc is compressed in order to preserve the relative vacuum
of the cylinder while the piston recedes. The effect of this compression
in the centre of the piston surface is equilibrized as before stated.
CYLINDER SURFACES.-The cylinder surfaces C-C c are constructed
in a similar manner to those of the pistons. These surfaces (same
Figures) are, however, not provided with valves, and the diameter of the
central rim or ring is very large. This last point is a necessity of equi-
librium since the trigle Ctr is larger than that of the piston P tr,
and because these surfaces have no load to compensate in the centre,
there being no valve. A metallic band C c shaped like a truncated cone
surrounds the surface and is fixed to it by means of screw bolts bx (see
Figs. 7 and 8, Sheet II.) In order to complete the cylinder so that
the play of the piston may produce the expansion as in a pneumatic
cylinder, a membrane C m unites the upper edge of the truncated cone
with the circumference of the piston surface P.
COUNTER EXPANSION.-(see Figs. 7 and 9, Sheets II. and III.) 'My
experiments have led me to the conclusion that this counter expansion
is owing to the pistons not being hermetical which is to be attributed
to the difference between the diameter of the cylinders and that of their
pistons or to openings made tangentially to the same.
But the practical difficulty of obtaining a suitable air inlet by a
difference of the diameter which I have found must be, so to say, infini-
tesimal, las led me to seek other means, the one which I have adopted
gives me the maximum and constant results, but I do not limit myself
to its use as experience may provide some equivalent device for obtaining
the same object.

page_text: The means I have adopted comprise the choice and arrangement of a
membrane C m and of its fittings.
l
Membrane (see Cm, Fig. 7, Sheet II.).-The membrane with which
I originally experimented was of leather, but it may be of caoutchouc
or any material impervious to the ambient air and otherwise available
for this purpose. Cut like a truncated cone, I turn it down in order to
fix it on the upper edge of the conical band Cc of the cylinder where
the external circle c¹ encloses and compresses it, the compression
increasing because the pressure of the screws tends to cause the circle
to pass by successively increasing diameters of the cylindro-conical band.
I also propose to use a metal or an india-rubber band 6 K (Fig. 8) to
hold hermetically the upper edge of the membrane. Two other circles
1, □, fastened to the piston by the cramps lp, embrace the lower edge
of the membrane and constitute with the circumference of the piston,
well profiled, an annular twyer or air inlet L. Lastly, cramps p
regulated by the screws c v¹, or by nuts, permit the opening of the air
inlet to be varied at pleasure. I thus obtain a permanent regular air
inlet, the minimum opening of which may be as little as the one-
hundredth of a millimetre; and since the speed of the stroke of the
piston is in accordance with the speed of penetration of air multiplied
by the relation of the surfaces of the openings of the holes with that of
the pistons, it is obvious that the minimum to which the breadth of the
opening can be reduced at ¹ permits but very slight speed of stroke.
Thus, for the pistons of the dynamogene herein described having a
surface equal to 0*255 and a circumference of 1*79, the relation of the
surfaces may come down to 14,000, which for a penetration speed=70
metres, gives for that of the stroke of the piston 0,005, and for that of
the cylinder 4 times 0,005 or 0*,02. Hence the force ƒ capable of
communicating to the dynamogene mass M the speed V will be very
weak.
1
"Trigles."-The trigles Pt c-Ctr (Sheets II. and III.) consist of
three branches, the union of which forms an equilateral triangle. These
branches fastened to the surfaces of piston and cylinder tp are con-
nected with the upright T c of the cylinders and T p of the pistons. The
cylinder surfaces C called into action by the excess of ambient pressure
on the internal negative pressure, caused by the stroke of the piston,
transmit this excess through the trigles Ctr to the uprights T c, and
consequently to the axis of the sectors wedged on those uprights.

page_text: Hence the oscillation of the sectors, the movement of the piston
surfaces P lifted by their trigles, and the folding back of the membrane
Cm (as shown in the upper binary, Figs. 6, 8, and 9). Consequently,
the surfaces connected by the trigles are fixed on moveable carriages
between the sectors, and these latter receive, transmit, and distribute in
the same direction, the excess of ambient pressure with proportional
speed and power. But while the sectors are receiving excess of ambient
pressure through Tc they transmit it to the pistons P by means of
slide bars (see Fig. 9, Sheet III., and more particularly Fig. 6,
Sheet II.), fitted in a slide bar of the upright T p, the function of which
slide bar is to cause the levers P 1 to oscillate.
Levers P(Fig. 9, Sheet III.).-These levers are keyed on the
uprights Tp; they receive the strongest portion of the effort due to
the excess of ambient pressure, while the guide bars Bd receive the
remainder of the effort. They oscillate and cause the valves P s to be
lowered and kept on the central rim or ring, and by means of their axes
these levers remove the uprights T p from the piston carriage P. At
the end of the stroke the opposite effect is produced, and the consequence
is, that the air which penetrated into the interior of the cylinders escapes
through the opening, which the removal of the valves P & leaves free.
The levers lifted up by the sliding bars g keep the valves suspended by
means of the belting P m, into which they penetrate.
excess
H
Connecting rods 68 (see Fig. 9, Sheet III.).—The function of these
connecting rods is, firstly, to compensate the weight when the dynamo-
gene acts vertically, and, in all cases, to regulate the reciprocating
motions; then to transmit the initial motion, which is communicated
externally to the ensemble of the pieces; and, finally, to receive the
P of the differential. In setting forth the principle of my
Invention I have shown that this excess was divided into two parts;
the one PP intended to overcome the passive resistances, the other to
overcome the inertia of the parts and to communicate to the same the
speed V in a time t when the reciprocating motion begins. To this
effect two springs, which, for greater simplicity, I will suppose to be
pieces of caoutchouc, being fastened to the extremities b₁ of each
lever of the connecting rods of the sectors, and to the tie e q of the
lower belting B c, namely, the first piece starting from A, and previously
stretched with a force namely, sufficient to overcome the inertia of
22
M V
८

page_text: 2 1
every binary and to impart a speed V to it in a time t; the second piece,
on the contrary, is not stretched; it starts from 6'. The stretched piece
causes the lever b¹ to turn in the direction of the arrow (see Fig. 8),
this motion communicated to the cylinders by the connecting rods and
sectors draws them to the median line A Z, and produces the stroke
of the pistons, while it also produces the negative internal pressure and
the differential = PP ++; now the first member being its
useful effect; the second, the equivalent of the passive resistances; the
third is stored in the second piece, which becomes stretched the same
as the first was, when the motion-first began, while the latter assumes
the undulated state of the second piece. Hence the reciprocating
motion of the binaries. Consequently, the motive power to be com-
municated to the system is reduced to the primitive tension of the first
piece, a tension--P-MV
x
Variation of Speed.-The reciprocating uniform motion being secured,
we must be able to modify its speed, which implies the variation of the
differential; now the latter being a fraction of the excess of the ambient
pressure on the internal pressure, it will vary the same as this excess
P-p, which itself depends on the speed of the stroke of the pistons,
namely, of the element of speed communicated by the springs, it
follows that the variation of speed depends, lastly, on the initial tension
of these springs. Therefore, it will suffice to regulate this tension for
the desired speed at each variation, and I regulate it at pleasure and in
accordance with the nature of the springs used, springs to which I have
given the generic name of "systoles."
Finally, if, as proposed in the preceding statement of my theory, I
place the dynamogene in a receiver containing air or any other gas
under high pressure, in order to attain a greater excess P-p without
having recourse to cylinders of large diameter these "systoles" would
remain in communication with the exterior by means of an appendage
I would add that the receiver
in the form of a stop cock or of a slide.
in which the air would be maintained at high pressure would act in a
similar manner to the guiding bars B d, and would receive interiorily
the statical action of the differential, which it would transmit to the
body on which it would be fixed.

page_text: tangentially thereto the pressure of the differential and will consequently
add to it the motive function. A regulator fixed in the centre of the
fly wheel and communicating with the " systoles" by means of the
radii is sufficient for the transmission of the initial motion and its
variation; also to its stoppage by a reversion in the tension of the
"systoles."
To Locomotive Engines.-As the dynamogene effects the trajectory
force in the same manner as a rocket it may be attached or harnessed to
any kind of carriage, wagon, or plough. When fixed, for instance, on
the shafts, between the arms of which it may be caused to oscillate
round a vertical axis used as a pole, it will cause the traction to take
place in every direction the same as if it were pulled by a well-broken
horse. When fixed in the plane of the keel of any ship it will also
effect traction.
To Ascensional Engines. When the dynamogene is fixed vertically
and its guiding bars B d sufficiently lengthened, a platform is suspended
to the guiding bars on either a circular or a polygonal plane; this gives
me the general form of a kiosk borne in the air by the statical action of
the differential, and the apparatus ascends or descends by means of its
varying action; and since the ascensional force acts in this case, what-
ever be its powen, in a parallel direction, with the axis of the kiosk, it
is obvious that any deviation from this axis will cause a drift to take.
place, and the apparatus will follow the direction of the deviation.
Suppose, for instance, that I trace a mariner's card on the lower
flooring; since the kiosk can be divided into several stories, and that I
cause a weight guided by hand to stop at pleasure, while turning on
any point of the card, the effect will be that the axis will incline to the
same side, and that the aerial kiosk, which I term "airviator," will
follow the desired direction with a speed proportional to the sinus of the
inclination; and as the size of the sinus will depend on the eccentricity
of the deviating weight it will be found that the ascensional difference
is sufficient for the exigencies of airation. Thus the problem of aorial
locomotion is solved.
I would here remark that in those applications, on account of the
independence of external fulcrums or mediums, the dynamogene is not
subject to the general conditions of relative speed between the point of
application of the motive power, and the centre of useful resistance;
the consequence being that the trajectory speed of the masses on which
13

page_text: the dynamogene acts, depends solely on the force of the differential.
Accordingly its unit of mechanical effect will not be a product or
dynamic momentum, but a mere statical unit which I purpose designating
"dynamode," meaning to convey by that expression the equivalent of
a statical power of a thousand kilogrammes.
To conclude. Starting from an astronomical hypothesis, which I need
not reproduce here, the first result of my labours bas been the discovery
of the law of differentials; according to which the successive pressures
of a gas, submitted at the same time to expansion and counter-expansion,
by a successive increase of the volumes accompanied by a proportionate
gascous admission, are at the same time in inverse and in direct ratio
to these volumes. Their difference, statical or differential, is represented
by a segment formed by the curve of an equilateral hyperbola and by
a straight line, that is to say, by the limits of the variable ordinates
which measure these inverse and direct pressures.
The knowledge of the law of differentials led me to the study of its
manifestations, and after having found in the gravity, the vis-viva, and
the re-action so many particular cases by which this law is manifested,
I discovered that the differential virtually indicated by the law is its
resultant or function; and I have arrived at the application of the law
by co-ordinating, 1°, the gravity, generatrix of the penetration of the
gases into a rarefied medium; 2°, the vis-viva; 3°, the transformation
of the vis-viva into work, in the form of gaseous re-action or statical
pressure. The serial co-ordination of these particular cases and their
integration constitute the synthetical mode to which I have given the
name of integral mode.
The integral mode, which is the basis of my Invention, realizes
mechanical working independently, 1°, of all exterior fulcrums; 2°, of
any transformation of the moving matter.
Having now described and ascertained the nature of my said Invention,
and in what manner the same is to be performed, I would have it
distinctly understood that I do not confine myself to the precise details
herein set forth and described, as such may be greatly varied while
retaining the essential features of my Invention, and that I claim,―
The priority of application of the law of differentials, namely,―
1°. The physical combination of the various methods of being, or
successive aspects of force (co-relation of physical forces) within gases
to obtain a dynamic effect.

page_text: 2°. The mode of application termed herein integral mode, which
consists generally in a production of two unequal pressures in a recipient,
and particularly in a production of useful effect by means of a cylinder,
the piston of which is systematically non-hermetical, which is dia-
metrically opposed to everything hitherto admitted and practised in view
of a useful effect, and is conscquently characteristic of my Invention.
3°. The general type herein-before described, which I term " dyna-
mogene," that is to say, generator of force, and I claim it as well in its
entire combination as in the essential parts; namely, the cylinder C—C c;
the piston (systematically non-hermetical) P; the admission duct Lt―
C m—l, l'—l p—c¹, v¹—b x; the escape valve P 8-P m, placed in the
centre of the piston, with the levers P 1, the action of which is regulated
automatically so as to prevent the passage of the ambient gas during the
working of the piston, and to permit it on the return of this latter
towards its initial position; the sector guides S with their system of
gearing e le m-g-g a; finally the equivalents of these various
pieces, constructed and arranged substantially as and for the purposes
herein-before set forth.
4°. The combination, by means of which I obtain, firstly, the pro-
portional come and go of the pistons by the come and go of the cylinders
of the dynamogene; secondly, the equilibrium between the different
pressures external and internal, which result from the stroke of the
piston; thirdly, the transmission of the efforts due to these different
pressures on to fixed points Tc-T p-B d, so as to utilise the differential,
which transmission is realised by means of the following pieces :-
:-Tho
trigles," C tr—P tr; the "corbels" and the joists Pr c-P r 8, and
the sector guides S or their equivalents, substantially as herein-before
set forth,
5°. The combination represented by the "systoles," and the connecting
rods a b—e q—b s― b¹, by means of which the excess of the differential
is stored and utilised so as to regulate and feed the movement of the
dynamogene with variable and uniform speed, on the sole condition of
an initial impulsion, or the equivalent of this combination, substantially
as and for the purpose herein-before set forth.
6°. The combination by which I obtain differentials proportionate to
the high pressure of a recipient casing, in which I propose placing the

page_text: dynamogene or the equivalent of this combination, substantially as and
for the purpose set forth.
In witness whercof, I, the said Alfred François Osselin, have here-
unto set my hand and seal, this Eighth day of September,
in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-
ane.