IMPROVEMENTS IN PRINTING AND DYEING TEXTILE FABRICS AND FARMS
Year: 1866

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Alfred Paraf, of the City of Manchester, in the
County of Lancaster, Chemist, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN
PRINTING AND DYEING TEXTILE FABRICS AND FARMS
Sealed the 24th October 1866, and dated the 26th April 1866.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Alfred Paraf at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 26th
April 1866.
I, ALFRED PARAF, of the City of Manchester, in the County of Lancaster,
Chemist, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN PRINTING AND DYEING TEXTILE FABRICS AND YARNS," to be as follows:-
Chromic acid has only hitherto been used as an oxydizing agent in dyeing
and printing in the state of bichromates or chromates of the alkaline earth, and
as in this state the chromic acid is almost immediately evolved in presence of
colors or bodies to oxydize, and forms immediately the insoluble color wanted in
the fibre, it could not be used in one operation, but had always to be either first
fixed in the fibre, and afterwards passed through the coloring matter; or the
coloring matter had to be fixed first in the fibre and then oxydized in passing
through a solution' of the' chromate or bichromate.
My Invention consists in the use of insoluble binoxide of. chromium or
insoluble or soluble chromate salts capable of evolving chromic acid, either
slowly in the presence of water or certain acids or alkalies, or simply by ageing
or steaming, and I find it of great use in the production of aniline or its homo-

page_text: logous black or grey colors, in which I mix a salt of aniline and the brown
binoxide of chromium, either alone or in conjunction with a chlorate, and such
mixtures printed upon cloth produce fast aniline black by ageing.
The following proportions have given me very good results:-First, 12 oz.
of chloride of aniline, three pounds of water, and one pound of starch, boiled
together; second, 8 oz. of brown binoxide of chromium in paste, 4 oz. of
chlorate to one gallon of thickening. The color for printing is a mixture of
one part of the first and one part of the second; but if I want to dye or print
very heavy objects I can easily produce the necessary quantity of binoxide of
chromium in the fibre by padding or dyeing first in a solution of a sulphate or
chloride of chromium, and then passing the goods through a solution of mono-
chromate of potash, then dye in a salt of aniline. The chlorate hastens the
production of the color, but the binoxide of chromium and the salt of aniline
can be used alone and give very good blacks; but in this I find an advantage
in introducing in the color from three to five per cent. of arsenic acid, which
in this case assists the decomposition of the binoxide of chromium...)
I have mentioned the binoxide of chromium because it gives very good
results; but I would have it understood that, I claim all the chrome : salts,
both soluble and insoluble, capable of evolving chromic acid in the conditions
above mentioned, and therefore can be used as oxydizing agents, either
with the coloring matter to oxydize, or which are able to be precipitated in
the cloth or yarn, and then dyed in an aniline salt solution, or print upon with
a thickened aniline salt, such, for instance, as chrome salts, chromate of copper,
chromate of chromium (herein-before called binoxide of chromium), 'chromate
of sesquioxide of iron, dichromate of lead, and similar salts, and as soluble
salts the chromate of chromium and manganese, chromate of manganese, and
similes solte
(
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Alfred Paraf in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 25th
October 1866.
1
J
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE, PRESENTS SHALL, COME, I, ALFRED,
PARAF, of the City of Manchester, in the County of Lancaster, Chemist, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most, Excellent, Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing, date the Twenty-sixth day of April, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-six, in the twenty-ninth year of Her

page_text: reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said Alfred Paraf, Her special license, that I, the said Alfred Paraf, my,
executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Alfred.
Paraf, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the
term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend,,
within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel
Islands, and Isle of Man, an, Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN PRINTING AND
DYEING TEXTILE FABRICS AND YARNS," upon the condition (amongst others),
that I, the said Alfred Paraf, my executors or administrators, by an instru-
ment in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should
particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in
what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be.
filed .in, the Great Seal Patent Office within six, calendar months next and,
immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent..
NOW KNOW, YE, that I, the said Alfred Paraf, do hereby declare the
nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed,
to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement,
(that is to say):
Chromic acid has only hitherto been used as an oxydizing agent in dyeing.
and printing in the state of bichromates or chromates of the alkaline earths, and
as in this state the chromic acid is almost immediately evolved in presence of
colors or bodies to oxydize, and forms immediately the insoluble color wanted
in the fibre, it could not be used in one operation, but had always to be either
first fixed in the fibre and afterwards passed through the coloring matter, or the
coloring matter had to be fixed first in the fibre and then oxydized in passing,
through a solution of the chromate or bichromate.
My Invention consists in the use of insoluble binoxide of chromium or
insoluble or soluble chromate salts capable of evolving chromic acid, either
slowly in the presence of water or certain acids or alkalies, or simply by
ageing or steaming; and I find it of great use in the production of aniline or
its homologous black or grey colors, in which I mix a salt of aniline and
the brown binoxide of chromium, either alone or in conjunction with a chlorate,
and such mixtures printed upon cloth produce fast aniline black by ageing.
The following proportions have given me very good results:-First, twelve
ounces of chloride of aniline, three pounds of water, and one pound of starch,
boiled together; secondly, eight ounces of brown binoxide of chromium in
paste, four ounces of chlorate to one gallon of thickening. The color for
printing is a mixture of one part of the first and one part of the second; but

page_text: if I want to dye or print very heavy objects I can easily produce the necessary
quantity of binoxide of chromium in' the fibre by padding or dyeing first in a
solution of a sulphate or chloride of chromium, and then passing the goods
through a solution of monochromate of potash, then dye in a salt of aniline!
The chlorate hastens the production of the color, but the binoxide of chromium
and the salt of aniline can be used alone and give very good blacks;
but in
this I find an advantage in introducing in the color from three to five per cent.
of arsenic acid, which in this case assists the decomposition of the binoxide
of chromium.
I have mentioned the binoxide of chromium because it gives very good
results; but I would have it understood that I claim all the chrome salts, both
soluble and insoluble, capable of evolving chromic acid in the conditions above
mentioned, and therefore can be used as oxydizing agents, either with the
coloring matter to oxydize,' which are able to be precipitated in the cloth or
yarn and then dyed in an aniline salt solution, or print upon with a thickened
aniline salt, such, for instance, as chrome salts, chromate of copper, chromate
of chromium (herein-before called binoxide of chromium), chromate of sesqui-
oxide of iron, dichromate of lead, and similar salts, and as soluble salts the
chromate of chromium and manganese, chromate of manganese, and similar
salts.
In witness whereof, I, the said Alfred Paraf, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Tenth day of October, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-six.
ALFRED PARAF. (L.S.)