IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRIC LAMPS, IN ELECTRODES THEREFOR, AND IN FITTING UP THE SAME
Year: 1881

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Shackleton Hallett, of 1, Hare Court, in the Inner Temple,
in the City of London, Esquire, Barrister at Law, for an Invention of.
"IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRIC LAMPS, IN ELECTRODES THEREFOR, AND IN
FITTING UP THE SAME."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Shackleton Hallett at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 17th September 1881.
SHACKLETON HALLETT, of 1, Hare Court, in the Inner Temple, in the City of
London, Esquire, Barrister at Law. "IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRIC LAMPS, IN
ELECTRODES THEREFOR, AND IN FITTING UP THE SAME."
This Invention relates to certain improvements in electric lamps, in electrodes,
therefor, and in fitting up such electrodes and the lamps for the same, the object.
being to provide lamps of the incandescent kind of improved construction, and the
electrodes for such lamps, and in fitting up such electrodes.
In "incandescent lamps" it is difficult or almost impossible to obtain a perfect
vacuum within the bulb or globe wherein is mounted the filamentous carbon.
electrode, and the circulation of the residual atmospheric or other gases around
the electrode causes the rapid wearing away of the electrode, thus necessitating
frequent renewals, and such lamps also set up very considerable resistance in the
circuit.
In carrying this Invention into practice I provide a light or slender electrode or
series of them, and support the same by a core or foundation of lime mounted
between two carbon discs platinized by solution of platinum, and cover the incan-
descent portion by a shell or coating of silicon, whereby a gaseously, impervious
coating is provided against the action of the circulating currents of residual or other
atmospheric gases, or the silicon is employed inside a cylinder of lime.
In practice this Invention is open to some modifications of the primary elements
thereof, which are merely mechanical, and one structural illustration would not fully
record the knowledge I am in possession of for effecting the practical adoption of
the Invention.

page_text: The vacuum covers, chambers, or bulbs for the light are in shape of globes, bulbs,
cylinders, or of tube fused into or onto the conductor at one end, and the other end,
after having been exhausted by the Sprengel pump in the same way as Geissler or
vacuum tubes, is hermetically sealed, and these vacuum chambers will be mounted
upon standards or hung in and held by spring arms or clips upon standards, brackets,
or holders for swinging or hanging lamps, and each lamp is provided with a
resistance switch to put the lamp in or out of circuit, or to increase or diminish the
intensity of the light as required.
According to a modification of this I employ two electrodes or carbons in the one
lamp within the vacuum globe, bulb, or cylinder, one of which will be employed to
exhaust the oxygen contained in the globe, bulb, or cylinder, and complete the
vacuum, and this is connected with a switch to transfer the current to the light or
filamentous carbon.
The electrodes with the lime core or foundation will be made with the lime as a
cylinder of large or small diameter according to the light required, which cylinders
may be hollow or solid, and are covered over their whole surface or in strips longi-
tudinally and regularly with plumbago or carbon mass, which will be moulded
with the lime, and such strips will be made with lumps or enlargements at the
ends thereof connecting them with each other; or in the case of the lime being
covered, then in thin or thick layers of the plumbago or carbon mass according to
the light required, and such cylinders are then carefully dried, and they are brought
to a heat just short of white heat, the lime of the cylinder forming support or
foundation for the plumbago or carbon mass portions of the cylinder, which said
portions will serve as the electrodes, and during the burning of the lamp the lime
will retain the heat and add to the brilliancy of the light.
These cylinders are mounted between two end plates or discs of carbon dished to
receive the cylinders, which carbon discs are platinized by a solution of platinum,
and the connections of the electrical conducting wires pass through the said carbon
discs into holes in the ends of the electrode cylinders. In one arrangement of this
the conductors will pass through ends of the bulb, which will carry discs furnished
with concavities or hollows into which the ends of the spring holder clip of the
lamp mount will take.
The cylinders will be covered with amorphous silicon applied to the outside of
the electrode, and a current of electricity is then to be passed through the same
before being set up in the lamp, whereby the silicon will be fused, thus forming a
complete covering or case of silicon upon the electrode, which will preserve the same
from contact with the atmospheric gases, at the same time that the light will not be
diminished. This covering of silicon may be applied to a simple carbon electrode
as at present used in incandescent lamps, and will effect the exclusion of the contact
of residual gaseous matters.
In using a hollow cylinder of lime fitted up with the end carbon discs or blocks,
as before described, I employ graphitoidal silicon, which in granular form is filled
into said hollow, and it may be mixed or not with carbon mass or plumbago and
moulded into the hollow, the result being, as before with the amorphous silicon,
that it becomes fused upon passing a current through the electrode.
The carbon mass before referred to in the making up of the electrodes is a
mixture of molasses and pulverized carbon reduced to an impalpable powder, the
molasses and carbon powder being worked together to the consistency of a pasty
mass and then roasted or dried, as before described, and for this purpose I claim
the use of petroleum carbon, that is, the carbonaceous residue from the distillation
of petroleum.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed
by the said Shackleton Hallett in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
17th March 1882.
SHACKLETON HALLETT, of 1, Hare Court, in the Inner Temple, in the City of
London, Esquire, Barrister at Law. "IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRIC LAMPS, IN
ELECTRODES THEREFOR, AND IN FITTING UP THE SAME."
This Invention relates to certain improvements in electric lamps, in electrodes
therefor, and in fitting up such electrodes and the lamps for the same, the object
being to provide lamps of the incandescent kind of improved construction, and the
electrodes for such lamps, and in fitting up such electrodes.
In "incandescent lamps" it is difficult or almost impossible to obtain a perfect
vacuum within the bulb or globe wherein 'is mounted the filamentous carbon
electrode, and the circulation of the residual atmosphere or other gases around
the electrode causes the rapid wearing away of the electrode, thus necessitating
frequent renewals, and such lamps also set up very considerable resistance in the
circuit.
In carrying this Invention into practice I provide a light or slender electrode or
series of them, and support the same by a core or foundation of lime mounted
between two carbon discs platinized by solution of platinum, and cover the incan-
descent portion by a shell or coating of silicon, whereby a gaseously impervious
coating is provided against the action of the circulating currents of residual or other
atmospheric gases, or the silicon is employed inside a cylinder of lime.
In practice this Invention is open to some modifications of the primary elements
thereof, which are merely mechanical, and one structural illustration would not fully
record the knowledge I am in possession of for effecting the practical adoption of
the Invention.
The vacuum covers, chambers, or bulbs for the light are in shape of globes, bulbs,
cylinders, or of tube fused into or onto the conductor at one end, and the other end,
after having been exhausted by the Sprengel pump or other available means for
exhausting the aeriform or gaseous contents, is hermetically sealed, and these
vacuum chambers will be mounted upon standards or supports or hung in and held
by spring arms, jaws, or clips upon standards, brackets, or holders for swinging or
hanging lamps, and each lamp or set of lamps is provided with a resistance switch
to put the lamp or set of lamps in or out of circuit, or to increase or diminish the
intensity of the light as required.
According to a modification of this I employ two electrodes or carbons in the one
lamp within the vacuum globe, bulb, or cylinder, one of which will be employed to
exhaust the oxygen contained in the globe, bulb, or cylinder, and complete the
vacuum, and this is connected with a switch to transfer the current to the light or
filamentous carbon.
The electrodes with the lime core or foundation will be made with the lime as a
cylinder of large or small diameter according to the light required, which cylinders
may be hollow or solid, and are covered over their whole surface or in strips longi-
tudinally and regularly with plumbago or carbon mass, which will be moulded
with the lime, and such strips will be made with lumps or enlargements at the
ends thereof connecting them with each other; or in the case of the lime being
covered, then in thin or thick layers of the plumbago or carbon mass according to
the light required, and such cylinders are then carefully dried until they are brought
to a heat just short of white heat, the lime of the cylinder forming support or
foundation for the plumbago or carbon mass portions of the cylinder, which said

page_text: portions will serve as the electrodes, and during the burning of the lamp the lime
will retain the heat and add to the brilliancy of the light.
The cylinders are mounted between two end plates or discs of carbon dished to
receive the cylinders, which carbon discs are platinized by a solution of platinum,
and the connections of the electrical conducting wires pass through the said carbon
discs into holes in the ends of the electrode cylinders. In one arrangement of this
the conductors will pass through ends of the bulb, which "bulb" will carry discs
furnished with the concavities or hollows into which the ends of the spring holder
clip of the lamp mount will take.
The cylinders will be covered with amorphous silicon applied to the outside of
the electrode, and a current of electricity is then to be passed through the same
before said electrode is set up in the lamp, whereby the silicon will be fused, thus
forming a complete covering or case of silicon upon the electrode, which covering of
silicon will preserve the said electrode from contact with the atmospheric gases, at
the same time that light will not be diminished. This covering of silicon may be
applied to carbon electrodes used in incandescent lamps, and will effect the exclusion
of the contact of residual gaseous matters.
In using a hollow cylinder of lime fitted up with the end carbon discs or blocks,
as before described, I employ graphitoidal silicon, which in granular form is filled
into said hollow, and it may be mixed or not with carbon mass or plumbago and
moulded into the hollow, the result being, as before with the amorphous silicon,
that it becomes fused upon passing a current through the electrode, or I use the
graphitoidal silicon without the surrounding cylinder of lime.
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The carbon mass before referred to in the making up of the electrodes is a
mixture of molasses and p
ཟupབཅསམཐོས pངས " ཕ༠) ཡང་
molasses and carbon powder being worked together to the consistency of a pasty-
mass, and then, when applied, roasted or dried, as before described, and for this
purpose I claim the use of petroleum carbon, that is, the carbonaceous residue from
the distillation of petroleum for electrodes, such as herein referred to.
Having now described the nature and particulars of the said Invention, and the
manner in which the same may be carried into practical effect, I claim,-
The improvements in electric lamps and electrodes and the fitting up of the same,
as and for the purposes herein before described.
.
In witness whereof, I, the said Shackleton Hallett, have hereunto set my hand-
and seal, this Fifteenth day of March, in the year of our Lord One thousand
eight hundred and eighty two.
SHACKLETON HALLETT. (L.S.)
In presence of
ALFRED E. WELSH,.
Clerk to Walter A. Barlow,
Patent Agent & Engineer,
6, St. Paul's Churchyard,
London, E.C.