IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINES AND APPARATUS EMPLOYED IN THE PRODUCTION COLLECTION AND UTILIZATION OF ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC CURRENTS OR FORCES " PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION
Year: 1882

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Joseph Sinclair Fairfax of No. 3 Saint Pauls Road
Camden Town London in the County of Middlesex Consulting Engineer for
an Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINES AND APPARATUS EMPLOYED IN
THE PRODUCTION COLLECTION AND UTILIZATION OF ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC
CURRENTS OR FORCES "
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Joseph Sinclair Fairfax at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 24th October 1882.
JOSEPH SINCLAIR FAIRFAX of N° 3 Saint Pauls Road Camden Town London
in the County of Middlesex Consulting Engineer "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINES
AND APPARATUS EMPLOYED IN THE PRODUCTION, COLLECTION AND
OF ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC CURRENTS OR FORCES."
This Invention relates to :—
UTILIZATION
1 The general arrangement and construction of machines for producing and
utilizing electric and magnetic forces; as electro magnets and magneto-electric
machines.
2nd The formation or construction of magnets suited to the requirements of the
above machines and also adaptable for telegraphic, telephonic and other instruments
and apparatus
Permanent and electro magnets are frequently constructed of thin plates, small
bars rods and wires, because they are found more powerful and act more quickly
than solid ones of equal size.
By this Invention the principle of sub-division is carried to the utmost possible
extent by making use of iron and steel dust in the construction of magnets and
armatures, the dust being formed by the pulverizing of iron and steel borings,
turnings or shavings.
By another method, following out Webers theory of magnetism, I arrange the
molecules of iron or steel; or influence their arrangement by the passage or
transmission of electric or magnetic currents either as in, or during the electro

page_text: deposition of iron in a suitable solution; or by subjecting molten iron or steel while
in the mould, or during the operations of hardening cooling, tempering, or
annealing, to the influence of the magnetizing currents; whereby the poles of the
molecules are arranged or disposed symmetrically along the lines of force and
therefore in their most efficient position.
In constructing magnets of iron or steel dust cases or shells of any suitable
form or material may be employed, the magnet being excited by exterior coils in
the usual manner or by means of electric or magnetic currents conveyed through
suitably arranged wires or permanent magnets imbedded in the midst of the
metallic particles or connected to the shell or case itself, if constructed of suitable
material This case may also be made to contain a suitable liquid so as to
reduce the specific gravity of the dust and allow it to more readily assume tho
polar direction; or the case may be so shaped as to constitute one or more pole
pieces, charged with a suitable solution of salt of iron and formed into a permanent
magnet of the required polarity by the electro deposition of iron in any way
known to electro-metallurgists.
These magnets may be combined with solid bars tubes rods plates or pole
pieces in any convenient and appropriate manner and arranged to produce
consequent points.
In making permanent magnets by electro plating or deposition of iron the
material upon which the same is deposited may be of any suitable conductor of
non conductor prepared for the plating process in any well known way The
material acted upon may be solid, tubular or in the form of thin' plates, and the
surface acted upon may be indented corrugated or hellcally formed and may be
wound with wire or a conducting tape or band placed in the indentations or
grooves so that the second or other layers may be coiled upon the ridges or
_ projections thus bringing the exciting current into closer proximity with the
magnet than when wound in the usual way. Instead of winding a conductor
upon a magnet or armature in the manner just described, the copper may be electro.
plated upon the prepared surface in any form required thus avoiding the difficulty
arising in winding irregular shapes; and this method of constructing magnets may
be combined with that first.described.
In acting upon molten or highly heated iron or steel the current may be
conveyed to the metal in the desired manner by means of an iron chill or mould
in which the cooling or tempering process may be carried out or the current may
be conveyed through a steel or iron rod or tube inserted in the mould and the metal
cast around it during the flowing of the current.
Where the ring or drum form of armature is employed and if constructed of
iron they are made of malleable cast iron annealed very soft, cast hollow, the space
being filled with soft iron dust, or if stamped sheet iron and similarly treated.
Instead of iron plates sheets of copper, stamped or corrugated may be used, or
alternato sections or segments of iron and copper may be employed: Tubes of
copper either single or compound-may be inserted in the armature rings and
combined with iron dust or solid bars; and the latter may be threaded at each end
for screwing into the tubes, and drawn down flat in the centre to be more readily
bent into a horse shoe form. The frame of the armature itself may also be of
tubes suitably connected together:
In addition to the copper plates and tubes already described the armature
conductors may be formed by corrugating or stamping suitable forins out of flat
sheet metal and arranged in or upon the armature with thin plates of soft iron and
a non conductor between them or continuous strips of copper treated in a similar
manner. By another plan I may deposit copper upon a suitable material in various
forms, and arrange the same upon the armature in any appropriate manner or
electro-plate copper or silver directly upon the armature itself in any desired form.
The armature may also be wound with a tape or band composed of several copper
or copper and iron wires woven or imbedded in a suitable non conducting material.
In some cases I prefer to employ two armatures revolving upon one axial line in

page_text: opposite directions; two arrangements being employed. By one method I hang the
arinatures side by side preferring to use the form where alternate sections of iron
and copper are made use of; the second having the two armatures liung one
within the other, suitable driving gear being used. The armatures may be
shrouded with suitable guard rings to prevent injury to the conductors and
constructed with grooves for cooling purposes, and to facilitate the connection of
the conductors:
In the general arrangement and construction of magneto electric machines I
prefer in most cases to make use of the frames as pole pieces, forming the same
hollow of annealed iron and filling the space with soft iron dust excited by a
current or currents, or permanent magnets as previously mentioned in describing
the construction of magnets. Or instead of using the iron or steel dust permanent
magnets made by electro deposition of iron may be employed instead, where no
reversal of magnetism is required, and thus all, or nearly all the winding usually
required for electro-magnets is avoided. It will also be seen that alternate current
machines and consequent points, or varying poles: may be conveniently produced;
and that this system of construction is available for all existing forms of the
machines under notice. This method also lends itself readily to new forms of
machines as any desired shape may be adapted without considering the con-
venience of winding. The field magnets also may be constructed so as to be of
pedestal or other form and independent of each other or capable of being joined
up wholly or partially by a suitable commutator and automatic switch so that
an equal quantity or intensity of electricity may be produced or used. The power
of the machine may be added to at will by tubular or otherwise formed magnets
being slipped over, or added to those in use, the current being conveyed to the
interior by suitably connected rings or studs upon the exterior, and the poles of tho
field magnets reversed by the commutator when iron dust magnets are employed.
Instead of the poles in a revolving iron armature ring being induced they may bo
fixed by a current conveyed through the iron dust in the ring always in the
required direction; and the electric current induced in plates or conductors
combined with permanent or electro magnetic plates or dust forming the field
magnets. A series of armatures placed closely together on a shaft or shafts, may
revolve in an intense field of force by thin pole plates placed between them and
having their polarity produced in a more convenient and ready manner than at
present.
A powerful and compact machine may be made by arranging three shafts
parallel to each other, the outer ones carrying a double set of armatures near cach
end. These armatures revolve between the poles of the field magnets which may
bo hollow and enclosing each shaft Suitable friction or bearing wheels are
mounted upon the said outer shafts, which engage with and drive one or more
friction wheels on the centre shaft. An armature revolving between the poles of
a permanent magnet is mounted upon the centre shaft, and serves to excite the
electro magnets.

page_text: m pursuance of the conditions of the Letters ratent nied
by the said Joseph Sinclair Fairfax in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
24th April 1883.
JOSEPH SINCLAIR FAIRFAX of No. 3 Saint Pauls Road Camden Town London
in the County of Middlesex Consulting Engineer. "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINES
AND APPARATUS EMPLOYED IN THE PRODUCTION, COLLECTION AND UTILIZATION
OF ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC CURRENTS OR FORCES."
This Invention relates to.
1. The general arrangement and construction of machines for producing and
utilizing electric and magnetic forces; as electro magnetic and magneto-electric
machines.
2. The formation and construction of magnets suited to the requirements of the
above machines, and also adaptable for telegraphic, telephonic and other
instruments and apparatus.
Permanent and electro magnets are frequently constructed of thin plates, small
bars rods and wires because they are found to act more quickly and powerfully
than solid ones of equal size used under similar conditions.
This result appears to arise from the magnetic inertia being greater in the solid
mass; and that having fewer cross currents, the thin plates or small bars afford a
greater opportunity for mutual induction and for the flow of the magnetic current
upon parallel lines. The molecules therefore are more readily polarized or disposed
symmetrically along the-lines of force.
According to Webers theory of induced magnetism the molecules of iron are
always magnets but in ordinary iron the magnetic axes of the molecules are turned
indifferently in every direction, so that the iron generally exhibits no magnetic
properties. When a magnetic force acts upon the iron it tends to turn the axis all
in one direction and thus to cause the iron as a whole to become a magnet. It
follows therefore that if the axes of all the molecules were set parallel to each other,
or to the lines of force the iron would then exhibit its maximum magnetic force.
By this invention the principle of sub division and excitation is carried to the
utmost extent by mechanical, chemical, or physical means; whereby permanent and
electro magnets of great variety of form may be constructed, for various purposes.
In forming permanent and electro magnets, I either make use of the dust or
other small particles of magnetizable material, excited or polarized by suitably
deposed electric or magnetic currents, or else deposit or influence the arrangement
of magnetic molecules while in a free or comparatively free condition physically, so
that their magnetic axes are absolutely, or approximately, disposed symmetrically
along the lines of force.
In the construction of magnets of iron or steel dust, cases or shells of any suitable
form or material may be employed, but preferably of such shape as will conform to
the magnetic lines of force as they are found to flow under the working conditions
of the apparatus for which they are designed. For dynamo electric machines the
case or shell may either be of soft iron or hardened steel according to whether a
high magnetic power or a permanent inductive effect be desired but for either
method I prefer the pole pieces to be laminated and made of thin soft iron plates;
or else a combination of the same with electrically deposited iron.
Magnets thus formed may be excited by exterior coils in the usual manner of
.electro magnets; by the permanent magnetism of the case itself or its contents by
magnets connected to the case or shell or surrounded by the metallic particles by
electric currents conveyed through the mass by means of conductors suitably
arranged and insulated or by a combination of these methods,

page_text: Where electric currents are used to excite the magnets I may either employ the
main current of the machine itself, or some other source of electricity by passing it
around or through the magnet in a single conductor; or else employ two or more
currents of equal or unequal powers; derived wholly or partially from the machine
or from an external source.
In using two or more currents the insulated conductors may be wound upon the
outside of the magnet they may be passed through the interior; or both methods
may be combined; the several conductors being coupled up in various ways so that
either the full magnetic power exerted by all the currents may be used or a portion
only according to the amount and character of the work to be performed.
The rogulation of the magnetic effect of the several currents may be done either
automatically by the shunting of the current into other portions of the circuits or
magnets; by an exterior apparatus, by hand, or by a combination of any of these
methods.
The exciting conductor or conductors being suitably arranged within the magnet
case (where this method of excitation is adapted) and properly connected, the caso
is filled with the particles of magnetizable material. If a quantity of steel dust be
mixed with iron dust the steel will become permanently magnetized, and by the
induction of magnetism in the iron it will be seen that a magnet of a permanent
quality and capable of a high degree of saturation has been formed. Tho caso in
addition may contain a suitable liquid such as oil glycerine or a salt of iron, so
as to reduce the specific gravity of the dust and allow it to more readily assumo
the polar direction.
Where the field magnets of dynamo electric machines are composed largely of
soft iron dust it is preferable to make the containing case (excepting the polo
pieces) of hardened steel cast or cooled in a chill or mold under magnetic influence.
This method of casting or cooling will be explained hereafter but it is apparent
that in magnets composed of fine particles of magnetizable material, the containing
case or the plate or shell to which the dust is attached may be of any fitting
material for the purpose in view such as glass wood copper brass paper porcelain
or vulcanite. It may also be arranged so that the magnetizable material and the
exciting conductors may not be exposed to air or moisture and the cases or shells
forined into any desired shape or arranged to produce consequent points either
longitudinally or transversely.
These magnets or magnetizable materials may be combined with platos bars
tubes rods wires or pole pieces of iron or steel in any convenient and appropriate
manner.
In order to obtain the needful quality and quantity of inaguetizable material for
filling the magnet cases or shells just described, I make use of the turnings, horings,
shavings filings grindings scales or other small particles of iron or steel of a
known quality of softness or hardness sifting out dust of the requisite fineness for
the purpose. Portions of shavings or cuttings of a coarse description may be used
with or without fine dust to fill up the interstices; but it is preferable to use the
finest material and this may be readily obtained from the turnings or borings of
soft cast iron and the grindings of hardened steel cutlery, saw blades and the like.
Coarser material may be cut up, pulverized, annealed hardened or otherwise
treated for the purpose while for sensitive instruments or apparatus such as
telephones, the finest dust may be sifted upon a magnetized metallic; or non-metallic
surface in the form required and fixed by a suitable gum or mordant. The dust of
nickel or cobalt may also be used but owing to their greater magnetic power, iron
or steel are to be preferred. Magnets thus formed may be applied to the purposes
already named as well as to telegraph relays and instruments; to induction coils,
to regulating the carbons of arc lamps; and to other apparatus.
It has long been known that Iron can be electro deposited from a solution of
salt of iron and when deposited under powerful inagnetic influence, in a solution
containing sal-ammoniac the iron thus deposited develops high magnetic properties
of great permanence It is also well known that iron though lacking the permanent

page_text: quality of steel is capable of much higher magnetic effect; and it is desirable
therefore to combine the greater magnetic force of iron, with the permanence of
steel.
For the purpose of this invention then, magnets are made by electrolysis whereby
the molecules of iron are deposited under magnetic influence in their polar position;
upon or combined with any suitable conducting or non-conducting magnetizable
or non-magnetizable material which has been properly prepared for the electrolytic
process.
The material to be treated may be in the form of bars, tubes or thin plates and
the surface acted upon may be indented, corrugated or hellically formed. Dr. Gore
states that iron may be deposited in a reguline state from various solutions, of
which may be mentioned the saturated aqueous solution of sal ammoniae; and a
solution of two parts of a protosulphate of iron with one of sal-ammoniac. Professor
Von Beetz found that iron electro deposited under the influence of powerful
magnets from a solution containing sal-ammoniac was capable of permanent
magnetism to a very high degree
It is to be noted however that iron deposited in this manner has a relatively
greater magnetic effect when deposited in a thin layer only, and that its force is
weakened by a reversal of the poles first established. By combining permanent
maguets thus formed with thin plates wires tubes or small particles of iron or
steel, a high inductive magnetic effect may be produced, to which may be added if
desired the magnetic effect of an electric current conveyed by an external or
internal conductor, or both combined; in any convenient way.
Magnets formed by the electrolytic process may be constructed either by
depositing iron directly upon a metallic or non metallic disc tympanum or
armature or by attaching the magnet thereto As in the case of the dust magnets
_ already described any desired form or polarity may be given to magnets so made,
and they may be used likewise for -telegraphic. telephonic or other apparatus in
which permanent magnets are employed.
In casting iron or steel intended for magnets the magnetizing current may be
conveyed to the metal by a helix or coil around the chill or mould in which the
metal is cast; or the electric conductor may be otherwise arranged according to the
position and kind of polarity desired and the form of the casting or mould which
is used. The same general inethod may be applied to the casting of the dust
magnet cases when made of iron or steel. Permanent or electro magnets may be
employed and it may be more convenient by this method to insert rods or tubes
within orifices or spaces formed in the inould and arranged in such a manner as to
produce the desired poles. Care must be taken to protect the inducing magnets or
coils from the heat by sand loam, asbestos or cooling currents of air or water.
This mode of treatment is applicable to the operations of hardning cooling or
tempering, the magnetizing current being continuously applied until the metal
has become cold. In casting or otherwise preparing iron shafts intended for solid
electro-magnets the iron is formed with a deep helical groove corrugation or
convolution in order to bring the exciting electric current into closer proximity to
the body or central portion of the magnet, the exciting current being conducted by
any of the means described hereinafter.
Where the ring or drum shape of armature is employed and when constructed of
iron, I sometimes make the armatures of mailcable iron cast hollow and annealed
very soft (filling up the space with soft iron dust) or of sheet iron plates stamped
out in the form required and similarly softened. Upon the body or frame so con-
structed are suitably mounted any of the conductors, named in this Specification,
properly insulated. A modification of this plan is made by fixing the conductors
to the frame of the machine and by producing a definite polarity in the iron dust
in the rim the latter thus becomes a revolving frame of field magnets and induces
electric currents in the fixed conductors. The electric current which induces
polarity within the dust is conveyed through the same by means of suitable con-
ductors combined with a copper ring or rings upon the shaft which carries the field

page_text: magnets. Permanent or electro deposited magnetic iron plates may be combined
with the dust forming the field magnets:
In the hollow ring type of armature the rim is either cast or formed in one
continuous hollow space or is cut into segments so as more readily to permit of
the coils being threaded upon the rim.
Instead of iron plates sheets or strips of copper stamped corrugated or folded
may be used which may be treated as simple conductors mounted directly upon
the armaturo shaft and combined with suitable insulating material.
These sheets or strips when combined with suitable commutators are capable of
furnishing continuous currents by two methods of arrangement described under the
head of conductors.
I also employ a form of armature in which alternate sections or segments of iron
and copper are used and where two armatures are mounted so as to revolve in
opposite directions this form is preferable. The copper and iron plates or rods are
so stamped formed or arranged as to interlock or alternate with each other in a
radial and axial direction thus presenting to the action of the poles sections or
segments of each metal alternately. As this method permits of very thin armatures
being made two can be hung upon the same shaft and caused to revolve oppositely
within an intense magnetic field. The iron is used partly for constructional
purposes and partly to concentrate the magnetic influence upon the insulated
conductor but in some cases wood or othen non-magnetizable substance may bo
substituted for the iron.
Copper tubes are sometimes connected to or arranged in two rings or discs
preferably they are secured together in such a manner as to represent the coiling
of a simple conductor the tubes themselves forming the main portion of the frame
or body of the armature. These tubes may also be of silver or phospher bronze:
screwed together or insulated and fastened by iron rods or bolts and the interior
either filled with iron dust to concentrate the magnetic influence upon the con-
ductors or left open for the circulation of air to avoid heating.
By another plan the armaturo is accurately formed of a suitable material such as
ebonite and upon this I deposit by the electrolytic process silver or copper in any
desired form. The configuration of the conductor may be obtained by gilding or
by otherwise attaching a metallic substance to the surfaces of the ebonite, according
to the desired pattern and upon this metallic base the silver or copper is electro
deposited by means of any suitable solution of those metals. It will be apparent
that the commutator (should one be required) may be made in one piece with the
ebonite disc or ring and the slips plated upon it in the same way as the con-
ductors. This method is best suited for the construction of small and delicato
machines or motora and these may be used for the testing of currents.
Two armatures are sometimes mounted closely together either side by side or
one within the other revolving in opposite directions by suitable driving gear.
The type preferred for this purpose is that in which segmental spaces or sections
are alternately presented of iron and conductors
Armatures so arranged are mounted upon one central axial line a pulley being
attached to the central shaft upon which one armature is secured; and another
pulley to a sleeve carrying the second armature; this sleeve revolving upon the
shaft just named.
The armatures employed may also be constructed with suitable grooves, so
arranged as to readily receive the stamped or plated conductors used and permit of
the circulation of air and the conductors may be protected or shrouded with
suitable guard rings plates or projections to prevent the displacement of or injury
to the conductors. The coils or conducting plates may be clamped within the
grooves or recesses or otherwise secured to the armature and the latter constructed
of any suitable material.
The conductors employed take the form of wire flat sheets or strips bars tubes
or electro deposited copper or silver. The wire used is wound or arranged in
the ordinary way, or else several wires are woven or imbedded in any suitable

page_text: nonconducting material so as to form a tape by means of which an armature or
electro magnet is more readily wound. These wires may be of the same or of
various sizes or conducting power and with or without iron wire in combination.
Copper plates or narrow strips of the same material are corrugated stamped
cut folded or arranged in such suitable forms and manner as to represent the
windings of ordinary wire they may take various shapes or sections whereby they
may be more readily secured upon a revolving armature or fixed before the poles
of revolving magnets. Conductors so formed and arranged can be used in the
production of continuous or alternating currents and when the conductor used
has been rolled quite thin it will allow a larger amount of conducting material to
be placed upon an armature than if wire wero used of the same sectional area
These plates or strips may be cut or stamped either in straight angular or curved
forms and to avoid undue waste of material it is preferred to adopt such shapes as
will leave the same pattern or form as nearly as may be upon the remaining
portion of the sheet copper from which the pattern adopted has been cut or
stamped. Sheet iron may also be similarly treated, and after being properly
insulated and otherwise prepared copper or silver is then deposited upon the
same in any suitable solution of those metals in a way well known to electro
metallurgists.
These sheets plates or strips may be arranged in or upon an armature so that
the ends may be extended in opposite directions; or threaded coiled or folded and
the ends connected in a manner analogous to the usual coil winding of wire. _ In
the latter case the ordinary method of connecting various sections of the coils to
suitable commutator slips with two or more collecting brushes placed upon opposite
sides of the commutator is followed for the production of continuous currents.
In the foriner case where the ends are not joined up two commutators with their
collecting brushes are used thus completing the circuit and also producing
continuous currents. Any convenient form of commutator and number of brushes
may be used according to the number of conductors under the influence of the
poles, the remaining conductors being out of circuit and free from induction.
These conductors may be in the form of tubes bars rods or plates, stamped cut or
arranged in any desirable form, and they may either be in one continuous piece
from end to end or in two or more portions suitably jointed They may also bo
insulated by flat sheets or strips of paper calico silk or other good insulating
material and combined with sheets or strips of soft iron bent folded or used in
such manner as to concentrate the inagnetic lines of force upon the conductors, and
assist in securing the same to the armature.
In the general arrangement and construction of magneto-electric machines it
will be seen that the methods described of forming the magnets and conductors is
available for many of the oxisting types of such machines. But in addition this
system of construction lends itself readily to new forms for any desired shape may
be adapted without considering the convenience of winding,
I prefer however generally to make use of the frames both as poles pieces and
field magnets by casting the whole in one hollow piece (either of iron annealed
suft or of steel hardened) filling up the interior space with iron or steel dust
and exciting the inass either by a current or currents or by permanent magnets
made by the electro deposition of iron upon plates where no reversal of magnetism
is required.
The field magnets may also be of pedestal or tubular form, independent of each
other and capable of being joined up wholly or partially or the poles may be
reversed by a suitable commutator or automatic switch; so that an equal quantity
or intensity of electricity may be produced or used. Alternating currents may be
conveniently produced in this way and the power of the machine increased at
will by tubular or otherwise formed magnets being slipped over, or added to those
in use the current being conveyed to the interior (if of iron dust) by suitably
connected rings or studs upon the exterior leading to the interior exciting coils.
The poles of the field magnets when of iron dust, may be reversed by a suitable

page_text: U Commutator.
Figure 1 is a front elevation shewing two dynamo machines arranged upon one
bed plate with a fast and loose pulley between them. In this type each field
magnet encloses the armature conductors upon three sides. Any convenient form
of coils named herein may be used and additional armatures employed; suitable
recesses being formed in the field magnets.
Figure 2 is a side elevation and Figure 3 a partial transverse section of the same
shewing the interior of one of the magnet cases containing iron dust with the
exciting conductors or solenoids radiating through the same upon the armature.
Solid bars or tubes may be placed in the centre of these solenoidal coils, as shown
at a or the dust allowed to fill up the space.
Figure 4 is a partial elevation of a compound segmental bar form of armature; the
commutator being shewn partly in end elevation and section. Figure 5 is a partial
longitudinal section and elevation of the same shewing alternate bars wound with
coils of ribbon conductors, the ends of the coils being placed in a slit in the
insulated copper distance pieces b from which the current is led by a strip of
copper to the commutator the plates being fastened together by suitable screws or
rivets. Figure 6 is a partial plan of segment bars of the armature, the conductors
being wound or threaded upon the same.
Figures 7 and 8 shew the way in which a folded conductor formed of stamped
sheet copper, is threaded upon a segment bar armature the folded portion being
placed outwards.
Figures 9 and 10 shew a partial elevation and section of an armature having
two recesses or grooves to receive the conductors. The coils may be threaded upon
segmental plates bolted or clamped to the armature and of any desired form, the
recess being shaped to receive the same. The shroudings or projections may either
be in the form of separate plates or rings or formed in the solid with the rest of
the armature.

page_text: Figures 11 and 12 show a partial elevation and section of a hollow ring shaped
armature the interior space being filled with soft iron dust through holes closed by
the screws c.
Figure 13 shews a folded strip of copper through which may be threaded a strip
of cardboard insulated iron or other suitable material and it then represents the
ordinary form of continuous winding around a single core and may be called coil
winding. If this core be withdrawn from the interior and the copper flattened
close, the current is short circuited and the strip is analogous to the cut form
shewn in Figure 14 which may be termed the zigzag form of conductor or winding
as it describes a line passing partly over two cores. Instead however of cutting
out this form I may simply bend or fold a parallel strip of copper as in Figure 15,
obtaining the samne result. In Figure 16 is shown a parallel strip of copper with
portions stamped or cut out at right angles to the line of the strip, extending
partly across and cut from each side alternately. This will deflect an induced
current in a manner equivalent to the zigzag form but with the current flowing
along parallel lines though opposito in direction. By folding corrugating or
bending or threading these forms or others of like character we revert to the
continuous or coil winding produced from flat conducting material and it is
immaterial to the object in view whether straight or curved forms be used.
Figures 17 and 18 show a strip or band of iron or any suitable material folded or
threaded through alternate portions of the conductor thus forming a continuous
coil winding and bringing together upon each side of the core the parts in which
the current flows in the same direction. Figure 19 represents a stamped or cut
strip of conductor having larger spaces than that in Figure 16 which when folded
in alternate directions at the dotted lines becomes the continuous coil shown in
Figure 20 and again in Figure 7 the folded end being placed to fill up the increased
circumferential space.
--Figures 21, 22-23-and-24-show-tape conductors in which two or more wires are
embedded or woven in any suitable insulating material.
=
Figures 25 and 26 are diagrams representing the concentration of the magnetism of
solenoids upon internal and external points of the armature and Figure 27 is a
diagram indicating an annular magnet case or revolving field magnet frame
the consequent points being regulated by the winding of the exciting coils
or solenoids placed within iron dust; the poles of which may be readily
changed so as to bring all the north poles to one end and the south to the
other.
Figure 28 refers to a solid magnet formed with a deep helical groove in which an
exciting conductor is wound. For this purpose the tape shewn in Figures 21 and 22
is preferred.
Figures 29, 30, 31 and 32 refer to a form of dynamo electric machine in which the
field n.agnets and body or frame of the machine is cast in one piece of a hollow
form. Figure 29 is an elevation and Figure 31 a plan in which internal magnets are
shewn; the armature revolving between them and the pole pieces of the frame or
principle field magnets. The exciting conductors are arranged and placed within
the case or shell in such a manner that the magnetic influence due to these coils or
solenoids is concentrated upon the pole picces and the space filled up with
magnetizable material as previously described. In Figure 30 one side of the case is
removed and the arrow lines are supposed to indicate the direction of the magnetic
force deflected so as to pass across the path traversed by the arinature A. An
alternative plan is shown at Figure 32 and various forms and methods of arranging
the exciting conductors E are indicated in these figures and also in Figures 3 and 33.
Where two or more exciting coils are used a switch shown in Figure 29 may be
used for coupling up or combining them in any suitable manner.
Figures 33, 34 and 35 denote a similar machine but in this case the field magnets
are placed horizontally the conductors (of which two forms are shown in Figures
33 and 35) revolving between them. The armature shewn in Figures 33 and 34

page_text: is of the hollow rim type filled with iron dust but with solid portions at those
places where it is bolted together and attached to the arms or hub.
In these various machines two commutators are shewn because in using the
thin sheet metal conductors a greater quantity of copper or number of turns may
be used than usual; and it may be inconvenient to mount a large number of slips
upon one side of the armature only although this arrangement or the internal
magnets shewn in Figures 29 to 32 are not essential to the working of the machines.
Figures 36, 37, 38 and 39 aro elevations and plans respectively of two forms of
machines in which tho exciting or field magnets are composed mainly of electro
deposited or magnetic iron plates in combination with or without iron or steel
plates or dust. These machines are also shewn with ordinary electro magnets
combined with the magnetic iron plates the latter being arranged in any suitablo
frame in such a manner as to concentrate their magnetism upon the armature. In
Figures 36 and 37 the armature carries coil conductors as already described and
one commutator therefore is only necessary to obtain continuous currents.
Figures 38 and 39 are shewn an armature in which a conductor having extended or
open ends is used. This method is more clearly shewn in the diagram Figure 40
where straight conductors are revolved before the poles of a magnet and the
circuit in which the current is induced is closed at the extended ends of the
armature conductor by two sets of brushes the commutator and armature being
combined in this case as also in Figures 38 and 39. In many cases however it may
be preferred to so form the armature that its conductors may describe a greater
angular velocity than the ends closed by the brushes and in that case the strip of
copper may be bent or folded as shewn in the upper portion of Figure 41 or of
stamped plates of the shapes indicated by the three following forms.
In
In order to have more than one line of conductors in circuit at one time tho
number of brushes in contact must either be increased as shewn in Figure 38 or the
conductors so arranged as to allow of one brush making contact with several
conductors under induction and this is done by bending or corrugating the
conductors as shewn in the central armature in Figure 62. Conductors for this form
of armature may be made of stamped platos strips rods or tubes as before
described or a suitable insulated material prepared and the conductor electro
deposited in grooves or upon its surface in the desired manner.
Figure 42 is a diagram indicating the magnetic influence of a number of solenoids
concentrated upon conductors secured by sliding guard plates and Figure 43 of
conductors secured by clamping bolts and under the influence of electro deposited
magnetic iron or steel plates. Grooves are formed to admit air to keep the
conductors cool.
Fig. 44 is an end elevation partly in section and Fig: 45 a front elevation of
a tube armature the tubes being suitably secured together and forming both
conductor and frame-These tubes may be open to the air for cooling purposes
or insulated within and filled with iron dust. Two side blocks or cheeks screwed
up against a central one and cut to fit around the tubes are secured to the shaft
so as to revolve the tube frame
Fig 46 is a plan and Fig. 47 a side elevation of four distinct sets of the
stamped plate conductors shewn in Fig. 55 insulated and interlocked with each
other so as to bring those parts together in which the induced current moves in
the same direction an iron band & being threaded through the centre as shewn
and the whole placed upon a drum shaped armature of any suitable material as
indicated by Figs 48 and 49.
Figs 50. 51. 52. 53 and 54 show armatures in which alternate sections or
segments of iron and copper are exposed to magnetic influence. The upper and
lower portions of Fig 50 show respectively stamped or cut plates of copper and
iron d and when interlocked or threaded with each other are as represented in.
Figs. 51 and 52 One or both of the plates are bent or corrugated and cut to allow
the two to be threaded together and afterwards securely fastened
Figs. 53 and 54 show an axial arrangement of the same kind, The iron in this

page_text: case is in the form of rods or tubes d so disposed as to corrugate or bend and keep
in position the stamped copper plate Fig. 55 at the points marked by dotted lines
and shewn more clearly by the diagram Fig. 56 thus producing as in the former
cases the continuous winding of a coiled conductor
Figs. 57 and 58 are curved and angular formed conductors of stamped strips of 5
sheet copper which when bent corrugated or folded at the dotted lines in alternate
directions produce a continuously wound conductor forming coils upon edge of
the forms shewn in Figs: 59 and 60
Fig. 61 indicates a mould or receptacle in which a casting is made of iron
or steel cooled under the magnetic influence of an electric current derived from a 1
suitable source of electricity
Fig. 62 is a plan and Fig. 63 an elevation of a dynamo electric machine in
which there are three parallel horizontal shafts the two outer ones carrying two
pairs of armatures revolving in opposite directions and being surrounded by
hollow magnets filled with steel or iron dust and suitable pole pieces The upper 1
horizontal field magnets are removed from the plan to show the arrangement more
clearly. The centre shaft carries an armature of the type indicated by Fig. 40
but the ends of the conductors are bent so that the bushes may bear upon two
or more of those under magnetic influence. This armature revolves between the
poles of a permanent magnet its shaft being driven by friction or bearing wheels e a
from the outer shafts or sleeves f which carry the large outer armatures A the
central shaft g driving the shafts h that carry the inner armatures A'. The
horizontal magnets may be of the usual kind of electro magnets and capable of
being removed Straight belts are used to drive the pulleys shewn
Having thus described and particularly ascertained the nature of the said
Invention and the manner in which the same is or may be used or carried into
effect I desire it to be understood that I do not confine myself to the precise details
*berein described or delineated but what I consider to be novel and_original_and
therefore claim as the Invention secured to me by the herein before in part recited
Letters Patent is:
1. The use of a magnet caso or shell of any suitable material or form containing
or holding a magnetizable substance in a finely divided state substantially as
described
2. The construction of permanent or electro magnets of particles of steel and iron
for the field magnets of magneto-electric and dynamo-electric machines substantially
as described
3. In a magnet, the combination of steel and iron dust substantially as
described
4. In a magnet the combination of iron or steel in the form of bars, plates,
wires, rods or tubes with particles of iron or steel dust substantially as
described.
5. The induction of magnetism within a case or shell containing particles of
iron or steel by means of one or more permanent or electro magnets substantially
as described
6. The induction of magnetism within a case or shell containing particles of iron
or steel by the passage of a current or currents of electricity through an exterior
conductor or conductors substantially as described.
7. The induction of magnetism within a case or shell containing particles of iron
or steel by the passage of a current or currents of electricity through an interior
conductor or conductors substantially as described
8. The combination of an electro or permanent magnet caso or shell containing
particles of iron or steel with a liquid whereby the specific gravity of the
magnetizable material is reduced substantially as described
9. The induction of electric or magnetic currents or forces by means of a solenoid,
helix or other suitable form of conductor wholly or partially surrounded by iron or
steel in small portions substantially as described
10. The induction of electric or magnetic currents within a suitably formed

page_text: conductor, by means of a field or primary exciting magnot containing small portions
of iron or steel such magnet and conductor having a relative motion to or from
each other substantially as described.
11. The production of consequent points or alternate poles in iron and steel dust
substantially as described
12. The use for magnetic purposes of particles of iron and stoel produced or
obtained from the turnings borings, shavings, scales or grindings of iron or stoel
substantially as described
13. In electric current generating machines or motors the use of electro deposited
iron possessing magnetic properties in combination with soft iron plates or steel
or iron dust substantially as described
14. The use of permanent or electro magnets formed by the electrolytic deposition
of iron, or of steel or iron dust, for producing vibrations or pulsations inducing or
affecting electric or magnetic currents or forces, substantially as described.
15. In a machine or apparatus in which electric currents are induced or trans-
mitted the use of an electric conductor formed by the electrolytic process upon a
suitable base and disposed or arranged so as to direct the current in a spiral
helical straight or convoluted path substantially as described
16 The casting or cooling of iron or steel intended for magnetic purposes under
magnetic influence whereby the molecules of heated metal assume or tend to assume
a polar position substantially as described
17. The construction of an armaturo or revolving field magnet having a space
or spaces in the rim thereof filled with iron or steel dust substantially as
described
18. The use of an armature having one or more recesses upon the periphery or
sides of the rim adapted to receive conducting coils or plates of flattened or sheet
metal substantially as described
19. Clamping threading or securing a conducting coil of sheet or folded strips of
metal upon an armature substantially as described
20. In a machine in which electric currents are induced or transmitted the
construction of conductors formed. of sheets strips or plates cut stamped folded
corrugated or convoluted substantially as described
21. The formation of an open or closed conductor in or upon an armaturo by the
electrolytic process substantially as described
22. The formation of a continuous conducting coil by cutting, stamping folding
or arranging so that an induced current is caused to traverse a spiral or helical
path, substantially as described
23. The combination of iron with a tubular conductor substantially as described
24. The threading folding or bending of a waved convoluted or zig zag shaped
conductor so that a current induced therein is caused to travel in a spiral or helical
path substantially as described.
25. The combination of strips, sheets or plates of flat magnetizable or insulating
material, with cut, folded or stamped conductors substantially as described
26 The winding of an armature or electro magnet with an insulated tape or
band containing two or more conductors of equal or unequal capacities, in combi-
nation with one or more iron wires substantially as described
27. The combination of iron in the form of plates strips or sheets with an
electric conductor substantially as described
28. The method of bending, threading corrugating or interlocking iron with an
electric conductor whereby magnetic influence is concentrated upon or distributed
between the folds or coils of an electric conductor substantially as described
29. The forms and arrangements of electric conductors constructed from sheet
metal shewn or indicated in Figures 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 40. 41. 46. 47. 50.
51. 52 55. 56. 57. 58. 59 and 60 substantially as shewn and described
30. The method of arranging and securing electric conductors in or upon an
armature, as shewn or indicated in Figures 4. 5. 7. 8. 9. 10. 42. 43. 44. 45. 40. 47.
48. 49. 53 and 54 substantially as shown and described

page_text: 31. The method of closing the circuit of conductors having extended or open ends
substantially as shewn and described
32. The general arrangement and construction of dynamo electric machines or
- motors as indicated or shown by Figures 1. 2. 3. 29. 30. 31. 33. 34. 36. 37. 38. 39.
62 and 63 substantially as shewn and described.
In witness whereof I the said Joseph Sinclair Fairfax have hereunto set my
hand and seal this twenty third day of April in the year of Our Lord 1888.
JOSEPH SINCLAIR FAIRFAX (L.S.)