IMPROVEMENTS IN VENTILATION, AND IN NEW OR IMPROVED APPLIANCES OR APPARATUS THEREFOR OR CONNECTED THEREWITH."
Year: 1877

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Paton Buchan, of Glasgow, in the County of
Lanark, North Britain, Sanitary Engineer and Plumber, for the Invention
of "IMPROVEMENTS IN VENTILATION, AND IN NEW OR IMPROVED APPLIANCES
OR APPARATUS THEREFOR OR CONNECTED THEREWITH."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Paton Buchan at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 30th May 1877.
WILLIAM PATON BUCHAN, of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark, North
Britain, Sanitary Engineer and Plumber. "IMPROVEMENTS IN VENTILATION,
AND IN NEW OR IMPROVED APPLIANCES OR APPARATUS THEREFOR OR CONNECTED
THEREWITH."
or
This Invention has reference to certain improvements in and means
appliances for the better or more efficient ventilation of common sewers, drains,
and the soil and waste water pipes and traps of or connected with waterclosets and
houses, and the ventilation of houses, mines, ships, or other enclosures, and also to
improvements in the construction of cowls, or other ventilating appliances for
the said purposes, part of this Invention being improvements upon the Invention
for which Royal Letters Patent were granted to the petitioner dated the 23rd
April, 1875, and Numbered 1499.
And the nature and novelty of the Invention consist all as follows:-A first
improvement consists in forming on the top of the discharge branch or bend of the
improved discharge soil or waste water syphon trap of my said former Patented
Invention a faucet or plug hole for examination, cleaning, or ventilation, as desired;
and further, in fitting to these said syphon traps, or to other surface air, inlet, or
ventilating traps for drains, above the inlet branch and well, a small inlet air or
nose pipe, preferably led up the side of the house, with its open free end bent down-
wards, so that no dirt can enter, and yet allow a free current to enter the open end
of this pipe, and so descend and ventilate the trap and all pipes connected there-
with, even when it is covered with snow, or otherwise closed at the grating or cleaning.

page_text: mouth, which nose pipe would allow the outer air to enter and prevent a partial
vacuum or down current being formed in the drain or ventilating pipes when the
wind blows across the open surface grating of the trap.
Another improvement consists in fitting and jointing down through the top of
main sewers an open air inlet branch or pipe at intervals near, and of such a length
as to dip down and open into the sewer some distance below the lowest part of the
lateral inlet waste water drain pipes and branches from the houses, and a little
above the surface of the general current in the main sewer, so that the fresh air
would enter by these low open branches, and the foul gases which would all rise
and collect in the upper part of the sewers above these inlet air pipes would
either flow along the sewer or ventilate up the pipes for the purpose fitted to
the drain pipes and led up to the top of the houses or elsewhere for that purpose.
The inlet ends of these new air supply branches to the sewers would have an open
channel or well right up to the level of the street or road, covered with a strong
grating, and the lower parts of these inlet air pipes would preferably be made of a
lozenge or sharp angled shape in the direction of the current of sewage, so as not to
stop or obstruct the flow of solid floating substances when the current rose in the
sewers from wet weather or other cause. These gratings and wells might be made
to answer as the examining and cleaning channels or doorways when desired, and
all other inlet drains from the streets or roads would be fitted with water traps
(and arrangements for cleaning them), so that no noxious gases could escape at
ducts or gratings on the streets or roads from the drains or sewers, as so frequent at
present.
Another improvement consists of a new or improved and more simple construction
of stationary or non-revolving cowl, or drawing-off and discharging top for venti-
lating pipes, fitted above, the roof to the discharge stand and ventilating pipes, and
which consists of a large hollow chamber, or parallel, round, or polygonal head
formed of round, square, or preferably, lozenge-shaped parallel bars, with spaces
between them, surmounted by a close top and hollow conical or converging base
leading to the top or uptake part of the outlet ventilating pipe, the force of the air
rushing through the spaces between the bars; draws the foul gases up the pipe and
out at and between the bars on the opposite side of the cowl to that from which the
wind is blowing. A disc may be fitted in the centre of the wide conical discharge
throat to form a narrow annular discharge orifice near the level of the bottom of the
lozenge-shaped, bars, and either in place of, or along with these bars, á cylinder or
polygonal case of perforated metal may be used.
Another part of the Invention has reference to an important.improvement in
cowls," or ventilators with revolving tops and wind vanes; which require to revolvė
on spindles in the lower stationary part as usual, so as to turn and act in the
direction of the wind, and particularly applicable to those which act by the lateral
action of a jet or current of the outer air directed through.them so as to act on and;
draw the gases up the ventilating pipe, and discharge them, in the direction of the
wind, out through an elongated widening or trumpet-shaped induction and eduction
tube; and the improvement in this class of ventilators consists in, the use of an air-
tiglit joint, not heretofore used, between the stationary and revolving or moving:
parts, by forming an annular-recess or channel all round the upper and outer
stationary-part-of-the-cowl,-and-of-a-deep-rim-or-connecting-part-on-the-outer-
lower part of the revolving top, over and so as to turn freely within the channel
of the stationary part, and which is filled a sufficient height above the dipping
lid with mercury or other liquid, such as oil or glycerine, or other substance;
-such-as-dry-sand,-which-would-form-and-maintain an-air-tight joint-between the
two parts with very little friction, and at the same time not dry up or become
frozen or hard with ordinary temperatures and use, and which would allow a much
better suction or partial vacuum to be formed in the throat or cap, and so draw and
discharge the fluids desired, all in a more powerful and perfect manner than has
ever heretofore been possible with such revolving ventilators for want of the said.
close joint..

page_text: An oil cup may be fitted in the journal bearings, and for the ventilating of sewer
gases the working spindle and bearings may be covered by a tube to prevent their
being acted upon or eaten away by rust.
'
:
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said William Paton Buchan in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
29th November 1877.
WILLIAM PATON BUCHAN, of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark, North
Britain, Sanitary Engineer and Plumber. "IMPROVEMENTS IN VENTILATION,.
AND IN NEW OR IMPROVED APPLIANCES OR APPARATUS THEREFOR OR CONNECTED
THEREWITH."
My said Invention has reference to certain improvements in and means or
appliances for the better or more efficient ventilation of common sewers, drains,
and the soil and waste water pipes, and traps of or connected with waterclosets and
houses, and the ventilation of houses, mines, ships, or other structures, or ventilating.
or chimney shafts, and also to improvements in the construction of inducing cowls
or hoods, or other ventilating appliances for the said purposes, part of this Invention.
being improvements upon the Invention for which Royal Letters Patent were.
granted to me dated the 23rd April, 1875, and Numbered 1499.
And in order that the nature, novelty, and mode of performing my said Invention
may be properly understood, I shall now proceed to describe the several Figures on
the Sheet of Drawings which I have hereunto appended for the purpose of showing.
the best modes and means I am at present aware of for putting the same into effect
or practice, the same reference letters and nuinerals indicating the same or similar
parts in the several Figures where shown.
:
Figure 1 is a transverse section of the two opposite sides of a two-storey house
(with the central part omitted or broken away to save unnecessary Drawing and
economise space on the Sheet), showing a general arrangement of some of my said
improvements in ventilation as applied to the rooms, waterclosets, and soil or drain.
pipes thereof, all in accordance with this Invention; and Figure 2 is a transverse
section of one side of a house showing the application of another improvement and :
mode of ventilating the discharge or soil pipes of waterclosets, all with the soil pipes:
and drain traps outside of the house; while Figure 1 A, shows a plan of a general
arrangement and mode of ventilating the soil pipes, drains, and traps when laid.
under the floor of the house.
The nature, novelty, and mode of performing my said Invention consist all as
follows:-Referring to Figure 1, the first improvement consists in forming on the
top of the discharge branch or bend of the improved discharge soil or waste water,
syphon trap A, B, C, D, of my said former Patented Invention, a faucet or plug hole 1,
for examination, cleaning, or ventilation, as desired, as seen on the right-hand side of:
Figures 1 and 2, and distinguished from that shown on the left-hand side, where.
the faucet is placed in ordinary pipes. And it consists further in fitting to these
said syphon traps or to other surface air, inlet, or ventilating traps for drains above:
the inlet branch and well B, C, a small inlet air or nose pipe 2, led up the side of
the house, with its open free end preferably bent downwards, so that no dirt, can.
enter, and yet allow a free current to enter the open end of this pipe, and so descend.
:
'

page_text: and ventilate the trap and all pipes connected therewith, even when the trap A is
covered with snow or otherwise closed at the grating or cleaning mouth, which nose
pipe 2 would allow the outer air to enter, and prevent a partial vacuum or down
current being formed in the drain or ventilating pipes when the wind blows across
the open surface grating of the trap, all as seen and indicated by the arrows on the
left and right hand side of Figure 1, and in front elevation in Figure 1 B; or
instead of this, the lower end of this ventilating pipe 2 entering the upper part of
the well C of the trap A, it might lead into the inlet branch B of the trap, as
indicated at 2' on the left-hand side of Figure 1.
Referring to the other general improvements in these Figures 1 and 2, it is
preferred to arrange the waterclosets W in chambers over each other outside the
main walls 2, as indicated on the left-hand side of Figure 1, with partitions and
inner doors at 2, between which and the door leading into the house there is a
a space with ventilating windows, the watercloset-chamber-or-chambers 2'-being
fitted with a ventilating pipe and a revolving or a stationary cowl 4', such as
shown in Figures 1 and 2 and 6 to 10, the inner end of which pipe 4 might be
fitted with a regulating valve and hand actuating wire or cord at 411, and the close
trunk or chamber w of the closet W may be fitted with an outlet pipe fi jointed
to its cover, leading direct up through the roof, also fitted with a revolving, or
a stationary cowl, such as shown in the said Figures; or a special pipe 5 may
be led off from the upper bends w¹ of the syphon trap of each watercloset, with
similar hood or cowl above, so as to ventilate these traps and the soil branches leading
from them, and also prevent the flow of water down the soil pipe from emptying the
water out of the traps by its lateral action in passing the branches below, and these
soil pipes B¹ would all preferably be fitted with revolving lateral action hoods or cowls,
and constructed in accordance with my present improvements, as indicated at a,
Figures 1 and 2, and in large sectional elevation in Figure 4, and which will herein-
after be more particularly described. And the inlet pipes f to these trunks or close
chambers w of the closet are preferred to be formed with a nose pipe projecting
slightly beyond the side of the outer wall Z of the closet chambers, as seen on the
left-hand side of Figure 1, and in large detail and side horizontal section in
Figure 1 C, with the nose of the pipe as scooped, on each side at f", f", with a
short vertical plate få in the centre, and rounded at the end with the web of the
pipe or a rim continued round the outer end at f³, so as to deflect the air in through
the pipe f, as indicated by the arrows in this Figure, to ventilate this close chamber w
upwards and outwards through the pipes f.
I also prefer to fit the drain pipes B₁ conducting the water from the roofs and
rhones S, and from the baths and sinks S¹, S¹¹, in the house, with a ventilating
pipe B leading up through the roof, also fitted with a revolving or a stationary
cowl of the improved construction shown in Figures 6 to 11.
Referring to Figure 1 A, the soil and drain or rain water pipes B¹, B", would be
both-carried-up-inside of the house and ventilated through the roof, all as described,
and the trap A, though fitted with the drains inside the house, would be ventilated
by the pipe 2 from the outside of the house, as described and shown in relation to
the traps A in Figure 1,.though.there.shown outside the house, and would have an..
area grating and a pipe B leading into it, while the discharge drain pipe_x_might
lead to a trap and drain outside the house at a¹, leading to the main drain or sewer
of the street, as indicated by the arrows, the direction of the ventilating currents
being-indicated-by-the-darts-in-this-Figure.
:
Referring to Figure 2 A, which is a sectional elevation of the drain or soil pipes x,
laid and passed through below the floor F of the house, when these pipes pass
through below the floor, they would be fitted at intervals with examining and
cleaning out faucets ³, built of bricks with an open vertical channel to the level of
the floor F, as seen on the left-hand side of Figure 2 A, or with a short branch
pipe, as seen on the right-hand side of the Figure, with a strong square floor of
stone, and or iron lifting plate cover at F¹, to give easy access for inspecting
and cleaning these pipes, these branches a¹ being closed by a round piece of slate

page_text: or other equivalent fitted into the faucet at a³, hermetically sealed by a thin layer
of cement, lime, or other cementing material above it, which would prevent the
gases or effluvia from passing this joint into the house from the drain pipes
below.
Referring to Figure 2 B, another improvement consists in making the stones or
fire-clay blocks C₁ of the grating C of the surface drains of wash houses or outer
courts with an under lip or short spigot Cs leading into the faucet or pipe x of the
drains, so as to conduct the water in without the risk or possibility of the water
running over the top of the pipe or leaking under the stone, and permeating or
soaking the soil in the vicinity, as shown particularly in this Figure.
Another improvement, as seen in the general arrangement, Figure 3, and in en-
larged sectional elevation and plan, Figures 3 A and 3 B, consists in fitting and jointing
down through the top of main sewers X an open air inlet branch or pipe pat
intervals near and of such a length as to dip down and open into the sewer X some
distance below the lowest part of the lateral inlet waste water drain pipes a, and
branches from the houses, and above the surface of the general current y in the
main sewer, so that the fresh air would enter by these low open branches p, and the
foul gases which would all rise and collect in the upper part of the sewers above
these inlet air pipes would either flow along the sewer X, or ventilate up the drain
pipes and the vertical pipes 3 leading therefrom to the top of the houses or else-
where for that purpose. The inlet ends of these new air supply branches p to the
sewers would have an open channel P or well right up to the level of the street or
road, covered with a strong grating at P1, and the lower parts of these inlet air pipes
would preferably be made of a lozenge or sharp angled shape in the direction of the
current of the sewage, so as not to stop or obstruct the flow of solid floating
substances when the current rose in the sewers from wet weather or other causes,
as scen particularly in Figures 3 A and 3 B. These gratings and wells P¹, P, might
be made to answer as the examining and cleaning channels or doorways when
desired, and all other inlet drains a from the houses, streets, or roads would be fitted
with water traps (and arrangements for cleaning them), as seen at A and A, so that:
no noxious gases could escape at ducts or gratings on the streets or roads from the
drains, or sewers, as is so frequent in existing arrangements of drains and sewers.
Referring to Figure 4, which is a sectional elevation of one construction or modi-
fication of my improved lateral-action revolving hood or cowl for the tops of pipes,
shafts, flues, or chimneys for the better ventilation of waterclosets, sewers, houses,
furnaces, or fire-places than heretofore, all in accordance with this my said Inven-
tion. This improvement in "cowls" or ventilators, with revolving tops a and wind
vanes V, which require to rovolve on spindles b in the lower hollow stationary
part c, which fits over the pipe or shaft B to be ventilated, indicated by dotted lines
in this Figure, and resting by screws or studs at c², all so that the upper part turns
freely above the part c, and acts in the direction of the wind, and is particularly
applicable to those ventilators which act by the lateral action of a jet or current of
the outer air directed through their front entering funnel b, so as to act on and
draw the gases up the ventilating pipe c, and discharge them in the direction of the
wind out through an elongated widening or trumpet-shape induction and eduction
tube b¹, as indicated by the arrows in this Figure; and the improvement in this
class of ventilators consists essentially in the use of a new or improved air-tight
joint at J, not heretofore used, between the vertical stationary parts c and revolving
or moving parts a by forming an annular case and recess or channel j all round the-
upper and outer stationary part e of the hood or cowl, and with a deep rim or con-
necting part on the outer lower part al of the revolving top a, over and so 'as to
turn freely within the channel of the stationary part c, and which recess or.
channel j is filled to a sufficient height above the lower dipping lip or edge of the
part a¹ with mercury j¹ or other liquid, such as oil or glycerine (or a mixture of
these), or of other substance, such as dry sand,. which would form and maintain a
sufficiently air-tight joint between the two parts c and a with very little friction,
and at the same time not dry up or become frozen or hard with ordinary tempera;;

page_text: tures and use, which improvement would allow a much better suction or partial
vacuum to be formed in the throat or cap a, c, of the hood or ventilator, and so
draw and discharge the gases or other. fluids desired, all in a more powerful and
perfect manner than has ever heretofore been possible with such revolving ventilators
for want of this said close joint, which always destroys the suction or vacuum.
An oil cup may be fitted in the footstep or journal bearings 61, and for the
ventilating of sewer gases the working spindle b and bearings 6¹ may be covered by
a tube to prevent their being acted upon or eaten away by rust, and the upper
open end of the recess or channel i would preferably be covered in on the outside by
a projecting flange or rim a¹, secured to the revolving part a, a², of the cowl, which
would prevent dust or dirt depositing therein, and assist in preventing the evapora
tion of the liquid forming the air-tight joint. This trumpet or cone shaped outer
air current entrance tube 6 of the cowl is preferably fitted at the throat with cross
vancs v, the vertical ones continued forward_to_near_the_point_or_throat_of_the
induction or discharge tube b, and which when desired might have a small curved
or V shaped channel piece formed on or fitted in a socket at the lower edge, as
dotted in at v¹, so as to convey any water blown in with the air into the discharge
tube b¹, and thus prevent it from running down into the ventilated apartment or
enclosure, the direction of the ventilating and outer air induction or suction currents
being indicated by the arrows in the Figure.
Figure 5 is a sectional elevation of an improved revolving down draught
ventilating hood or cowl as fitted with my new or improved joint J between the
revolving inlet trumpet tube part a, b, and the stationary down draught socket or
shaft c, all as described in reference to Figure 4, the open wide inlet air duct b
being preferably counterweighted by a close, hollow, or blind part b* behind, as
shown in Figure 5, to give better balance to the revolving part of the cowl, and
make it turn freely by the wind vane V to admit the air direct to the inlet
orifice b.
.
Figures 6 and 7 are respectively a side elevation, and a horizontal or transverse
section, as taken on the line 6---6,in the former Figure of one modification of fixed
or non-revolving hood or cowl, as constructed in accordance with the improvements
of this Invention as applied thereto, and which consists of a new or improved simple
construction of round or it might be polygonal stationary or non-revolving
ventilating cowl or drawing off and discharging top or hood K, fitted above the
roofs to the tops of the outlet or discharge ventilating pipes, as shown at K, Figure 2,
led up from the soil and drain pipes and their traps or waterclosets W, w, and
their water traps w¹, or of their chambers, and other apartments of houses or ships,
or of chimneys for the thorough ventilation of these.
The improvements in this hood consist of the large hollow parallel chamber or
head K. formed with four or more round, square, or preferably lozenge shaped
parallel bars k, with openings or spaces i, i¹, and plates i¹ between them inside the
case K, all surmounted by the close top K¹ and hollow conical or converging base K"
leading to the top throat part K2 of the up take outlet ventilating pipe Ks, the force
of the wind or outer air rushing through the spaces i, i', between the bars k and
inner case parts i¹ draws the foul gases up the pipe K³, K², and out, at, or through
the spaces, between the bars on the opposite side of the hood or cowl to
that from which the wind is blowing, as indicated by the arrows in these Figuros.
A disc plate may be fitted in the centre of the wide conical discharge throat at K"
when desired to form a narrow annular discharge orifice near the bottom of the
lozenge-shaped barsk, and-cross or division vanes or plates may or may not be used
in the centre space of the cowl or outside of the outlet spaces i, as dotted in¯at v
and v respectively, to insure-the-more-steady and certain rise and outlet of gases or
impure air from within through the centre column and openings i between the
lozenge bars k.
Figures 8, 9, and 10, are horizontal or transverse sections of somewhat different
modifications and polygonal forms of my improved stationary or non-revolving hood
or cowl from that described in reference to Figures 6 and 7.

page_text: Referring to Figures 8 and 9 the outer and upper case K is square; with the
corners cut away in the latter, but both having the openings in the outer case K
at the four corners or angles opposite the inner plates or case ¹ between vertical
bars and their outlet openings i. The two outer vertical faces of the bars k are
angled or of a diamond face shape next the openings i, but the sides receding
inwards from these are nearly radial to the centre as at k¹, Figure 8, or nearly
parallel to their centre radius, as in Figure 9, and either made of solid bars of wood,
as seen at k³, k, and k, k, or of close bars of sheet metal, as seen at k¹¹ and k¹, or open
on the inside, as seen at 3 and 2, all respectively in Figures 8 and 9, and preferably
stopping at the part where they reach the small circumference or diameter of the
central up take channel K³, which may be formed or fitted with radial cross dividing
vanes as indicated at vor not.
In Figure 10 the outer top case K is of a large diamond or lozenge shape, with
the sharp corners cut away at the outer openings i¹, with the inner case or plate 2¹
in this case joining in a sharp angle in the centre of the openings i¹, so that the
outer air when it enters is deflected along the spaces between the outer and inner
cases K and past the lozenge bars and inner outlet openings i between them
and the inner plates i¹¹, and so assist the outward draught and ventilation from the
inside through these openings i, all as indicated by the arrows and darts in this
Figure; in this instance the bars k are shown as formed with a flat face in the centre
on each side opposite the opening i, which assists both the lateral action of the
outer air current, and the exit of the internal ventilating current.
Figures 11 and 12 show a vertical and a horizontal section of a simple and
somewhat improved construction of a stationary or non-revolving lateral action
ventilating cowl or hood formed of a parallel up take branch or socket piece Q for
shipping on to the top of the drain or other pipe to be ventilated, with a conical
deflecting plate Q fixed to it some little distance from the upper end or nozzle Q¹
projecting a little up into the lower end or throat of an inverted conical discharge
cap q considerably larger in diameter than the nozzle Q¹, and perforated above at
the sides and open at the top, but covered with tinned copper or brass wires across
to prevent anything entering the cap to stop the free outlet. The open top q, q',
is secured by the inverted cone q¹, and cross dividing vanes v to and over the
cone Quat sufficient. distance apart to allow the outer air from whatever direction
it comes to be deflected up the space q¹¹ between the cones, and induce a current.
at all times in the pipe Q as it passes the nozzle Q¹, both currents meeting and
passing freely out through the open perforated top q, all as indicated by the arrows
and darts in the Figures.
All these ventilating hoods or cowls Figures 4 to 12 are made portable for being
easily and tightly inserted above the roofs of the houses over the upper end of the
stand pipe as B¹, B", to be ventilated, and for removal for examining and cleaning
these pipes, which I effect by an improved form of cleaner, shown in vertical side
elevation in Figure 13, formed of a circular brusher with a few rows of whalebone,
steel wire, or other strong bristles round it, secured to the lower end of an ordinary
wire or hemp rope with a lead weight below, or it might be above it, and a
buffer of metallic springs, india-rubber, or other soft material 2111 at the lower end
for preventing injury to the knees or bends of the pipes at the bottom, while they
were being cleaned by the passing of this cleaning brush up and down through
them.
Having now described the nature of my said Invention and the manner of
performing the same, I have to state that I do not confine myself to the precise
details herein described or delineated, but what I consider novel and original
and thereofore claim as the Invention secured to me by the herein-before in part
recited Letters Patent, is,-
First. The general construction and arrangement of ventilating and cleaning
fittings, in connection with the waterclosets, soil and drain pipes, traps, and common
sewers of houses and towns, and of the ventilating hoods or cowls therefor, all

page_text: substantially in the new or improved manner herein described in reference to and
shown in the accompanying Drawings, or any mere modification thereof.
Second. The construction and use of any said former improved traps A, B, C, D;
for drain and soil pipes, with a branch or socket 1 at the high part of its discharge
branch D for inspecting and cleaning the same, all substantially as herein described
in reference to and shown in Figures 1 and 2 of the accompanying Drawings, or any
mere modification thereof.
Third. The construction and use of a special inlet air pipe 2 for the ventilation of
the traps, drain and soil pipes, all substantially as herein described in reference to
and shown in the accompanying Drawings, or any mere modification thereof.
Fourth. The application or construction and use of a close jointed dip pipe or
branch p, P, into common sewers X below the inlet branches for the purpose of
ventilating such sewers X, all substantially as herein described in reference to and
shown-in-the.accompanying Drawings, or any mere modification thereof.
Fifth. The construction and use of lateral acting and other revolving hoods or
cowls having an air-tight joint formed with mercury, oil, glycerine, or sand, for the
tops of pipes, hollow shafts, chimneys, or other ducts, for causing a draught in and
ventilating houses, chambers, waterclosets, soil and drain pipes, or sewers and their
traps, all substantially as berein described in reference to and shown in Figures 1, 4,
and 5, of the accompanying Drawings, or any mere modification thereof.
Sixth. The construction and use of fixed or non-revolving hoods or cowls for the
tops of pipes, hollow shafts, chimneys, or other ducts for causing draughts in these,
and ventilating houses, chambers, waterclosets, soil and drain pipes, and their traps
and sewers, all substantially as herein described in reference to and shown in
Figures 6 to 10 of the accompanying Drawings, or any mero modification thereof.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Paton Buchan, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Twenty-eighth day of November, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-seven.
WDDYALAY