A NEW METHOD OF APPLYING HEAT TO LIQUORS USED IN THE PROCESSES OF BREWING, DISTILLING, AND SUGAR REFINING
Year: 1816

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, PHILIP
TAYLOR, of Bromley, in the County of Middlesex, Merchant, send greeting.
WHEREAS His most Excellent Majesty King George the Third, by His
Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at West-
5minster, the Twenty-fifth day of May, in the fifty-sixth year of His reign, did,
for Himself, His heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said
Philip Taylor, His especial licence, that I, the said Philip Taylor, my exors,
adiňors, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Philip Taylor, my exors,
adors, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from
time to time and at all times during the term of years therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within England,
Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, my Invention of " A NEW
METHOD OF APPLYING HEAT TO LIQUORS USED IN THE PROCESSES OF BREWING,
DISTILLING, AND SUGAR REFINING;" in which said Letters Patent there is con-
tained a proviso, obliging me, the said Philip Taylor, by an instrument in
writing under my hand and seal, particularly to describe and ascertain the
nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed,
and to cause the same to be inrolled in His Majesty's High Court of Chancery.
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said
recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference being thereunto had,
will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Philip Taylor, do hereby declare that the nature of my said Invention, and the

page_text: manner in which the same is to be performed, is described and ascertained in
the following explanations thereof:-
For the better understanding the nature of my said Invention, I shall begin
by adverting generally to modes in which steam has heretofore been employed
in heating fluids.
In the first place, fluids have been heated by causing atmospheric steam, or
steam subject only to the ordinary pressure of the atmosphere, to pass through
pipes immersed in them, but with an orifice or orifices terminating the said
pipes on the outside of the vessel, and left open, in which case the steam con-
tained in the pipes is subjected to no extraordinary pressure, and the
surrounding fluid will not be brought into a perfect state of ebullition. This
application of steam is therefore of very limited utility.
In the second place, steam with a degree of heat and pressure, somewhat
above atmospheric steam, has long been employed to heat fluids, by conveying
it from the boiler in which it is produced through a pipe with one or more
orifices, terminating under the surface of the fluid to be heated, and discharging
therein the steam and the water produced by its condensation. As the
pressure on this plan can be but slight, the heat can never.be employed to boil
any fluid requiring a high degree of temperature, and as all the steam employed
is condensed in and mixed with the fluid to be heated, its application is limited
to such operations as admit of a constant addition of: water, and cannot properly
be applied to those that require the evaporation of the fluid...
In the third place, high pressure steam, that is to say, steam compressed, and
consequently heated much above the temperature of atmospheric steam, has
been employed in heating fluids, and the mode that has been adopted is some
such as follows, that is to say, the steam is conveyed from the boiler in which
it is produced through a pipe provided with a stop-cock, by which it is suffered
to pass between the vessel containing the fluid to be heated and a strong.external
case, so as to surround the former, the water produced by the condensation of
the steam being carried off by a pipe properly placed for that purpose: This
plan, although effectual to a certain extent, cannot be conveniently or safely
employed in conveying high degrees of heat to fluids.in vessels of large capacity,
such as brewers' coppers, distillers' vessels, &c. . In all operations in which a
high temperature is requisite, the expansive force of the steam must be main-
tained to so great a degree as to occasion eminent risque of bursting in external
cases where these surfaces are large. Vessels also on this plan are extremely
difficult to be made and maintained steam-tight, on account of the extent of the
joints, the expansion and contraction of the materials, and the great force of
the steam exercised upon them. The above modes of applying steam have been

page_text: varied or modified according to the purposes for which they have been applied,
but the preceeding general description will make them sufficiently understood.
Having in the course of much practice in the construction of vessels for
heating fluids by high-pressure steam encountered many of the aforesaid incon-
veniences, and contemplated the dangers; and disadvantages, of its application
in the usual modes, and having made many attempts to obviate them, and
being convinced of the great utility of a safe and easy mode of using high-
pressure steam for such purposes, I have, after many experiments, invented
and discovered a mode of effecting it, which I shall herein proceed to
describe.
For the purpose of obtaining the requisite ebullition and evaporation of the
worts, washes, syrups, or other liquors employed in the said several processes
of distilling, brewing, and sugar refining, which liquids require a heat above that
of boiling water to maintain them in such state of perfect ebullition and
evaporation as is necessary for the proper management of the different pro-
cesses, I employ certain reservoirs so constructed that the surface of such
reservoirs is very great compared with their capacity, and these I charge and
supply with high-pressure steam, that is to say, steam compressed and heated
above the temperature and expansive force of common or atmospheric steam,
and I adapt these reservoirs to the utensils or vessels employed in the said
several processes in such a manner that they may during the operation be
immersed in the liquors to be heated, and capable, therefore, of communicating
to them the heat of the steam which the said reservoirs contain; and I con-
struct these reservoirs so that a supply of high-pressure steam can be conveyed
into them at pleasure by means of proper apertures furnished with cocks or
valves; and I maintain the requisite heat and expansive.force of the steam in
the said reservoirs by means of other cocks, valves, or apertures so constructed
and regulated that the water produced by the condensation of the steam,
together with the air or superfluous steam, may pass off without reducing the
force and temperature of the steam contained in them below the point which
is requisite.
The advantages of my said Invention, as compared with the modes formerly
used and herein-before described, must be obvious from what has been already
stated. By the above method I maintain and regulate high-pressure steam of
a temperature much above boiling water in the reservoirs immersed in the
fluid to be heated, by which a great degree of heat may be produced and
kept up, and the most dense saccharine liquors kept in a state of perfect
ebullition; and I render the use of high-pressure steam for heating fluids in
vessels of the largest required capacity safe and easy. In constructing my

page_text: reservoirs containing the high-pressure steam, I prefer a combination of pipes
or cylinders of small diameters and of considerable length (though other forms
may be adapted), by which I obtain sufficient strength to resist the expansive
force of the steam, thereby avoiding all danger from explosion, at the same
time that the extension of surface may be made to any required degree to
enable the steam to communicate its heat rapidly to the surrounding fluid.
I do not, however, claim the invention of such vessels or reservoirs which
have been before used for other purposes. These reservoirs may be adapted
to any stills, coppers, pans, or utensils as previously used without altering
their form, material, or situation. The case with which high-pressure steam
may be confined in such pipes, and the facility of making and keeping the
joints perfect, I consider to be great advantages. Further, by the complete
immersion of the reservoirs filled with high-pressure steam in the body of the
liquid to be heated, and therein duly maintained and regulated, as by my said
Invention is made known, the high degrees of heat are communicated to the
surrounding fluids in the most perfect and economical manner, the whole or
nearly the whole heat passing to the fluid to be boiled or heated, and little or.
more being wasted or given off to parts not in contact with the fluid, as in the
case when steam is applied to the outside of a vessel and confined there by an
external covering. Further, as according to my said Invention the capacity
of my reservoirs for the high-pressure steam is very small compared with their
surface, I obtain thereby great facility in producing, regulating, or stopping
ebullition, which facility of regulation is of the greatest use in boiling sugar
syrups, and of high importance in all processes, particularly of distillation.
And I do further declare, that, as the properties of high-pressure steam, and
its power of conveying higher degrees of heat than can be be given by common
or atmospheric steam, are well known to all persons conversant in these matters,
I do not think it necessary to describe these properties, or the difference:
between this and common steam, or the modes of producing high-pressure
steam in a manner applicable to my said Invention; nor do I think it needful
to describe the pipes, valves, cocks, &c. which I make use of to convey or
regulate the steam, because such properties and modes of producing steam of
this kind, and likewise the construction of pipes to convey it, and proper valves,
cocks, and apertures, are well known to all persons conversant in these
matters; and I do not claim by these Presents any exclusive right to any s
mode of producing high-pressure steam, or of regulating its conveyance, except
as above described. And I further declare that I believe the above description
of my said Invention, and of the principle which I adopt, is sufficient to enable
any one practically acquainted with the nature and use of high-pressure steam to

page_text: put the same into action, and to use it advantageously, and that it contains all
it would be necessary for persons conversant in such matters to know, in order
to apply and use it for the purposes I have stated. But as it is my desire,
in pursuance of the right meaning and intention of these Presents, to make
my Invention as completely and fully understood as possible, I proceed to
describe more particularly an apparatus for boiling any of the said liquids,
and this apparatus I point out as one which may be advantageously used in
these processes; but I declare I do not hereby mean to limit my claim of
exclusive right to the use of any particular form or arrangement of parts for
carrying my Invention into effect, because the form and arrangement may be
varied in a number of ways, which will be obvious to practical men, and others
conversant with these subjects, and my Invention may be accordingly applied in
various methods, according to the will or option of those who adopt it.
In the first place, the still, or pan, or vessel for containing the liquid to be
heated, the particular construction of which is no part of my Invention, may
be made in the usual form, and of the usual materials, or any other that may
be preferred, and may be placed in any convenient situation. I then construct
in any such vessel my reservoir to receive the supply of high-pressure steam,
and I place this by preference at the bottom of the vessel, or so near to it that
it may be either wholly or for the most part covered and buried in the liquor
which is to be heated or boiled, and the said reservoir I make of such size, and
presenting such a quantity of heating surface to the liquor, as may be neces-
sary for the proper degree of boiling or evaporation. When, as is most
usually the case, such a reservoir is to be adapted to vessels, utensils, or stills
as are of a circular form, I have found it most convenient to make it of a suf-
ficient quantity of copper or lead pipe, which may be coiled or wound so as to
form a flat volute or spiral of pipe that may rest on and cover the bottom of the
vessel or utensil; and this may be so coiled, by leaving the spaces between
cach turn of pipe larger or smaller, as to introduce a greater or less quantity of
the pipe, by which and by taking pipe of greater or less diameters, the requisite.
quantity of heating surface may be regulated; and in general I prefer to
connect the induction pipe for the steam (that is, the pipe which conveys the
steam from the boiler,) with the central part of the coil, volute, or spiral, by
which means the heat is more directly conveyed to the middle of the liquor to
be boiled, and the water produced by the condensation of the steam is forced
off towards the outer circumference.
The induction pipe which conveys the steam from the boiler to this reservoir
or volute, and also the eduction pipe which takes off the condensed water, air,
or-waste steam from the other end of it, may be conveniently carried over the

page_text: edge of the copper, pan, or utensil containing the liquid to be heated, or, if
preferred, may be carried into and out of them through the sides or bottom,
by securing them with a solder or other proper joint. I place upon the pipe
which admits the steam an index cock, such as is usually employed for the
regulation of steam, and which is not of my Invention, by which the quantity
admitted is easily governed, and the whole shut off, and the boiling if required
instantly stopped; and I likewise place upon the pipe, at the other extremity of
the reservoir, which serves to convey away the water produced by the condensa-
tion of the steam, together with the air or superfluous steam, a similar index
cock, but of smaller dimensions, and by adjusting this cock the degree of heat
and.
1.pressure of steam in the reservoir is regulated, which is essential to the
proper management of the apparatus, and the way of doing which will be
obvious to any person acquainted with such operations. In a copper of about
eight feet.diameter, and in which about ten barrels of malt worts have usually
been boiled, I have employed two hundred and eighty feet of lead pipe of one
five-eighths of an inch exterior diameter, coiled or wound, as aforesaid, so as to
cover and rest on the bottom of the copper, this being supplied from a proper
steam boiler, and the pressure maintained in the reservoir by the adjustment of
the cock at the other extremity, whereby the water produced by the conden-
sation of the steam is suffered to pass off. It has been found possible in this
manner to bring into a state of strong ebullition ten barrels of such worts in
fifteen minutes, and to evaporate the same so as to reduce it to the quantity of
six.barrels.in the space of an hour, by the use of steam compressed so as to
exert a force of about forty pounds on each square inch in lifting a safety valve
of the usual.construction, and which steam indicates a degree of heat of about
two hundred and eighty degrees of Fahrenheit's, scale, as shewn by a thermo-
meter inserted in the main steam pipe.
The above example may serve as an instance of the proportion of pipe, and
consequent.heating surface, successfully used with steam of a given pressure
upon a liquid quoted., But, as different kind of liquid will require different
degrees of heat, and the forms of vessels differ, and the steam employed may be
of various temperatures, it is impossible to lay down rules that will apply to
every case, where each circumstance differs so much. I would further state it
as my.belief and opinion that it is most economical to employ, for the purposes of
heating liquids, steam of not less than about forty pounds pressure on each
square inch, as measured by the lifting a safety valve of the usual construction,
and which is not of my Invention, or of about two hundred and eighty degrees
of temperature according to Fahrenheit's scale. Further, I proceed to
describe a mode in which one of my reservoirs may be formed to be conve-.

page_text: niently used in any square or rectangular vessel in which it may be required to
boil worts or other liquids.
In such a case I prefer constructing the reservoir of a number of pipes laid
parallel to each other; and which may be conveniently made of cast iron: By
connecting the ends of these by small bent or curved pipes, and suffering the
whole to rest on the bottom of the vessel, or utensil, a complete reservoir may
be formed, and which may be supplied with steam, as before. described, by a
pipe at one end connected with the steam boiler, furnished with a proper cock,
and the water produced by the condensation of the steam, together with air
or superfluous steam, must be allowed to pass off at the other extremity by
another pipe, furnished with a cock to regulate and maintain the pressure of
the steam.
I have described the above apparatus merely as examples of the modes in
which my Invention may
be applied, for it is evident that it would be im-
possible to describe all the different forms and combinations which may be
used for this purpose, which may be almost infinitely varied.
And I do further declare that I do not claim as any Invention of mine or to
have any exclusive right to the application of high-pressure steam for the
purposes of brewing, of distilling, or sugar refining when the same is done by
causing the said steam to act on the outside of the utensils or vessels which
contain the liquids, and when the steam is confined there by exterior cases or
vessels, or by other known modes; neither do I claim any exclusive right to
the use of such modes of heating liquors by steam when the effect is produced
by conveying the steam into the body of the liquors and being therein fully
and freely discharged so as to mix therewith together with the water produced
from the condensation of the steam; neither do I claim any exclusive right
to any mode whereby steam of atmospheric pressure may be applied to
warming liquids by suffering it pass freely through pipes or worms covered
by the liquid, where it is unconstrained in its passage, and no contrivance
adopted to raise the pressure and temperature of the steam above the pressure
and temperature of atmospheric steam.
In witness whereof, I, the said Philip Taylor, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Eighteenth day of November, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixteen.
PHILIP (L.S.) TAYLOR.

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Eighteenth day of November,
in the year of our Lord 1816, the aforesaid Philip Taylor came before our said
Lord the King in His Chancery, and acknowledged the Specification aforesaid,
and all and every thing therein contained and specified, in form above
written. And also the Specification aforesaid as stampt according to the tenor
of the Statute made for that purpose.
Inrolled the Twenty-third day of November, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and sixteen.