Improvements relating to the Copying of Works of Sculpture, and to Apparatus therefor.
Year: 1893

page_text: Date of Application, 8th Aug., 1893-Accepted, 21st Oct., 1893
COME LEID DI MUITICATION.
Improvements relating to the Copying of Works of Sculpture, and to
Apparatus therefor.
I, PEHR HASSELBERG, of 2B Östermalmsgatan, Stockholm, in the Kingdom of
Sweden, Sculptor, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what
manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained
in and by the following statement :-
My invention relates to a new method of and apparatus for copying sculptural
works.
By the use of this method the work of copying will be materially facilitated, so
that it will take place in a much shorter time than is the case with the methods
now employed. According to my invention the holder for the tools necessary for
the copying such as piercers or drills chisels, grinding rolls and the like is fixed in
any suitable manner directly over the model of a certain part of it.
The tools, which are movable in the holder but at the same time guided in it, are
brought down until their points impinge upon the surface of the model. In this
manner a number of points ou the model are obtained, the distance of which from
a fixed surface, the upper or lower plane of the holder is exactly settled and
consists in the lengths of the spindles of the tools from the points to one of the two
planes mentioned. Those lengths are exactly marked out, which can be done in
several ways, for instance by graduating the spindles of the tools or by bringing
down collars arranged around the spindles until they impinge on the upper
plaue of the holder and fixing them in this position by means of screws or
the like.
The holder with the tools inserted therein is then removed and fixed over and at
a suitable distance from the block out of which the copy is to be formed so that the
lower ends of the tools will impinge on the outlines of the block. By this means
every tool is raised in relation to the holder to an extent equal to the extent to
which the point of the block against which the end of the tool abuts is nearer to
the plane of the holder than the corresponding point of the model. It is therefore
only necessary to lower every tool on the block so that the distance from the lower
end of the tool to the plane of the holder, when the latter is placed over the block
will be equal to this distance, when the holder is placed over the model. If the
spindles are graduated, the tool is brought down to a line marked out before hand,
and if they are provided with collars it is brought down until the collar impinges
on the plane of the holder. If the tool is a piercer or drill or a grinding roll, a
rotating motion is given to it by hand or by suitable mechanism, but if on the
other hand a chisel is employed the spindle will of course be reciprocated. In all
cases a number of points are in this manner obtained within the block, the distance
of which from the fixed surface of the holder is equal to the distance of the corre-
sponding points of the model from the same surface. It is therefore only necessary
to chisel away the material between the bore or chisel-holes till the bottom of
every hole is reached. The holder is then fixed over another part of the model
and the same procedure is repeated. It is evident that an apparatus for carrying
the method above described into practice can be carried out as regards its details
in many ways.
In the accompanying drawings I have shown one form of apparatus by which
the above described method can be carried into effect.
Figure 1, is a plan of the apparatus.
Figure 1 shows the arrangement of the piercers in the holder when taking the
contour of the model.

page_text: Figure 13 a similar view showing the piercers in the act of forming a copy of
the said model from a rough block.
Figure 2 is a sectional view to an enlarged scale of the left hand part of the
holder, with the rod fastened thereto.
Figure 3 is a side view of the same.
Figure 4 is a plan of the holder partly in section with the connecting rods applied
thereto.
Figures 5 to 8 show the clamps in which the connecting-rods are inserted and,
Figures 9 and 10 show the clamps and pins, by means of which the holder is fixed
over the model or the block.
a Figures 1 to 4 is a cube shaped holder the upper and lower sides of which have
a great number of holes, placed one above the other, into which the piercers that
are to be used for the puncturing are inserted and guided. On two opposite vertical
sides of the tube there are taps d, fastened to the sides by means of clamp plates c,
which by tightening the screws are pressed against the foot-flange of the eye
pieces. The said pieces d are movably jointed to the forked ends of two rods e e',
the free ends of which are inserted in clamps f. f. Those clamps f, f' Figures 7
and 8 are made in two parts pivotted to each other and each consisting in a cap
with set-screw. In the upper caps are as before said the rods e inserted, whilst the
lower clamps clasp round the ends of two other rods g g'. In consequence of
the inovability of the aforesaid connections the rods g, y' and the rods e, el with the
cube a linked between them can be adjusted so that they form a triangular frame
as shown in Figure 1 with the ends projecting outside the crossing points. The
rods gare fastened to each other at the crossing point, the ends being inserted in
the clamp caps of a clamp h made in two parts pivotted to each other.
In conse-
quence of the arrangement now pointed out all the rods may be turned and adjusted
in relation to one another, when the set-screws are loosened, but when these screws
are secured the rods are jointed to an inflexible whole. On both the free ends of
the rod and on the one end of the rod three nails k, k¹, k2 vertically adjusted
are also fixed by clamp-caps as shown in Figures 1, 9 and 10. The employment of
the apparatus is as follows:
If the model, that is to be copied be small compared with the apparatus, three
fixed points made of small plaster-blocks with metal trunnels moulded in
them (Figure 10) are placed outside the same on the plane on which it is lying, if
not on suitable points of the model itself, which fixed points are placed in a
distance one from the other corresponding to the dimensions of the apparatus. The
apparatus is then placed above the model after the loosening of the set-screws in
such manner that the cube may be right above a certain part of it, whereby the
nails are inserted into the trunnel pans where they are kept by spring
catches, Figure 10. After having by turning and adjusting the several parts of
the apparatus given the cube the position desired in relation to the model it is
fixed by tightening of all the screws. Such blocks with trunnels as before
described are placed with the same reciprocal distance as the aforementioned ones
upon or outside the marble or the like, out of which the copy is to be formed. The
cube as mentioned before is provided with a great number of holes, which are
numbered as shown in Figure 4. The piercers or drills of different fineness, that
are to be inserted in these holes also have corresponding numbers and adjustable
collars, which cannot pass through the holes in the cube.
The puncture now takes place in such a manner that a piercer is inserted into
the holes of the cube until the point impinges on the point of the model right
beneath the hole. The collar of the piercer is then brought down so far that its
lower edge abuts against the upper plane of the cube and is fastened there by
means of a set-screw. The other piercers or drills are arranged in the same manner
and thus a great many points of the model is obtained at the same time, the distance
of which points from a fixed surface (namely the upper plane of the cube) is settled
and measured, consisting in the length of the piercer up to the said surface. The
apparatus is then transported to the material and the nails k are put down into the

page_text: trunnel pans, placed upon or outside the same. All the piercers will then impinge
on the material whereby the collars are lifted over the upper plane of the cube a
distance corresponding to the difference between the height of the plane of the cube
over the point in question on the material and the height of the same plane over
the corresponding point of the model. The piercers or drills have therefore only
to be turned round by hand or machine and thus brought down into the material
until the collars again abut against the upper plane of the cube, when the distance
from the bottom of the bored hole to the upper plane clearly will be equal to the
distance between the same plane and the point of the model, on which the piercer
or drill impinges when the apparatus is placed above the model.
All the other piercers or drills are treated in the same way whereupon the
apparatus is removed and the parts of the material between the holes are chiselled
away. By replacing the apparatus above the model and adjusting the cube right
over another part of the model new points can be marked which in the afore-
mentioned manner can be fixed in the material. This apparatus affords considerable
advantages compared with other apparatus of the same kind. Because a great
number of points can be marked at the same time the troublesome and time-wasting
puncturing by use of these apparatuses being here to an essential degree facilitated.
The cube-shaped holder also can have a number of holes bored through two opposite
vertical sides, in which holes the piercers are to be inserted. It is not necessary that
the holder should be cube-shaped. It can have the shape of a thick disc or any
other shape suitable for receiving the piercers.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I
claim is :-
1. The method of copying sculptural works, consisting in the bringing down of
a number of tools, (piercers or drills, chisels, grinding rolls or the like) inserted in
holders, fixed above the model so that the ends of the tools will impinge on the
outlines of the model, thereupon placing the tools and holder above the material
and driving down the tools into it to such depth that the respective lengths of the
spindles of the tools below the holder will be equal to the same lengths, when
the tools impinge on the model and finally in ordinary manner chiselling away
the material, until the bottoms of the holes or grooves thus formed are reached.
2. For carrying out the method above described in Claim 1 an apparatus
consisting in a frame composed of a set of rods or tubes laid over and crossing each
other and connected with and adjustable relative to each other in combination
with a holder having many holes to receive and guide the tools, such holder being
jointed to and upheld by some of said rods substantially as shown and set forth.
Dated this 8th day of August 1893.
HASELTINE, LAKE & Co.,
45, Southampton Buildings, London, W.C., Agents for the Applicant.