IMPROVEMENS IN THE MANU- PROAL
Year: 1852

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Edward Newton, of the Office for
Patents, 66, Chancery Lane, in the County of Middlesex, Civil
Engineer, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENS IN THE MANU-
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Edward
Newton at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his
Petition, on the 29th December 1852.
I, WILLIAM EDWARD NEWTON, do hereby declare the nature of the
said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CABPETS,
to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to certain improvements in the manufac-
ture of three ply, two ply, and single ply printed carpets.
The first branch of the Invention relates to the manufacture of
three ply and two ply printed carpets, and may be described as
follows:
In the fabrication of ingrain carpets, it has been customary, in
order to produce the figure, to use different colored yarns in the
warp and weft; a Jacquard apparatus and a series of shuttle boxes
being also employed. To produce a carpet by means of Brussels or
raised woollen warps, combined with linen warps and filling threads
woven without the figure being brought out in the process of

page_text: new.
weaving, but afterwards stamped or printed on the fabric, is not
Nor is it new to stamp or print bocking or felted fabrics.
The present improved carpet is made by the process of in-
graining or weaving together uncolored warps and wefts in
what is termed "plys" (whether two or more plys be ingrained),
and subsequently printing the figures in colors on either one or
both surfaces of the cloth (that is to say): The cloth is woven plain
or without a colored pattern or figure, and thoroughly ingrained;
no pattern, except that produced by the process of ingraining
uncolored yarns, appearing on the cloth. This done, the figure or
design is next to be stamped or printed on the cloth by means of
blocks or cylinders, the number of which being in accordance with
the number of colors required in the pattern or figure to be
stamped or imprinted on the fabric. An ingrained printed carpet
so made, is an entirely new article of manufacture. It possesses
many very important advantages, not only over the common
ingrain carpets, whose figures are produced in the process of
weaving the fabric, but also over other kinds of printed carpets or
floor cloths; for, in the first place, and particularly when three plys
are used, it admits of a figure of one kind, and composed of any
colors, being stamped or printed on one side of it, while a figure of
an entirely different kind, or one having entirely different colors,
is stamped or printed on the opposite side or face of it; for the
plying or ingraining process produces, as it were, two or more
layers of cloth, which are simply connected together at many
points or spots. The manner in which the cloth is woven (that is
to say), the plying of it, operates to prevent the colors imprinted
on to the external surface of one of the plys or layers, from
striking into and entirely through the other ply or layer, so as
to appear on its outer surface as a printed figure; or colors when
produced on one side of a felted cloth or fabric, will strike through,
and show on the opposite side thereof. Only one side of the cloth
in tapestry, Brussels weaving-viz., that on which the pile is
raised-can be printed, as the opposite side has no raised woollen
warps, and exhibits the binding linen warps.

page_text: When three or more plys are used, the middle one, or those
situated between the outside plys, may be made of any other
material or materials that can be converted into yarns; and thus
should.
lany colors be used for the figure of one side that might, by
any possibility, be likely to run_through the opposite outer ply, the
middle ply might be made of a material and woven in such manner
as would effectually prevent such striking through of the color to
any practically injurious degree.
The improved manufacture of ingrained ply printed carpeting
made with a printed figure on one side or surface, and another or
the same, or a different figure printed on the opposite side or
surface, affords to the user the advantage of turning the carpet
after it has been worn or injured on one side, and using the
opposite side uppermost, and either with the same or an entirely
different figure from the first in accordance with the character of
the figure on the two sides of the fabric; such a carpet, when made
with different figures on its opposite sides, presenting an advantage
beyond the ordinary ingrain carpet made by weaving different
colored yarns, as the figure on one side of the latter kind of carpet
is governed by and is generally a similar one to that of the other
side. It may be said to be essentially like it in form, and differs in
being of an opposite color. In the improved carpet there may be a
difference in both form and color in the patterns or figures on its
opposite sides; thus producing varieties of patterns on its opposite
sides, that cannot be effected in the ordinary process of weaving
and ingraining plys with colored yarns of various colors.
The second branch of the Invention relates to the manufacture of
single ply printed carpets.
In the manufacture of single ply carpets and other fabrics, it
has heretofore been found impracticable to print upon more than
one side of the stuff, the colors invariably passing through to
the opposite side, disfiguring the fabric to an extent which pre-
cludes the printing upon the opposite side of the same or any other
figure. The process by which this carpet is produced, is as fol-
lows:- . I take strong stout cotton or other twine for the warp;

page_text: this is stretched tightly in the loom, so as just to yield sufficiently
to allow the necessary motion of the harness; over this is then
thrown uncolored woollen filling where the carpet is to be printed
on one or both sides, or the filling may be of some light color,
over which the figure is printed in heavier colors, or the fabric may
be woven of uncolored filling and printed upon one side, where a
uniform white color is desired upon the other. The filling is beat
up very hard over the stretched warps, and the latter are thus
entirely concealed from view, while they serve to prevent the passage
of the coloring matter from one side of the carpet to the other,
and greatly increase the strength of the carpet. The fabric thus
produced, is then printed upon one or both sides as above described,
and a carpet is produced having all the strength due to the heavy
cotton warp, which is entirely concealed between two woollen
surfaces, and all the beauty upon both of its surfaces due to the
present improved methods of printing, while in body it is heavier,
and must prove more durable than the ordinary two ply or Brussels
carpets, its cost being far below that of either of these articles.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters
Patent, filed by the said William Edward Newton in the Great
Seal Patent Office on the 29th June 1853.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I,
WILLIAM EDWARD NEWTON, of the Office for Patents, 66, Chancery
Lane, in the County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Twenty-ninth day of December, in
the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-two, in
the sixteenth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and suc-
cessors, give and grant unto me, the said William Edward Newton,
Her special licence that I, the said William Edward Newton, my
executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said

page_text: William Edward Newton, my executors, administrators, and assigns,
should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and
at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and
lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle
of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF
CARPETS," being a communication from a foreigner residing abroad,
upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said William Edward
Newton, by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal, should
particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention,
and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the
same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said William Edward Newton, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner
the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascer-
tained in and by the following statement thereof (that is to say):
This Invention of Improvements in the Manufacture of Carpets
has been communicated to be by my foreign correspondent as
follows:
The first branch of the Invention relates to the manufacture of
three ply and two ply printed carpets.
In the fabrication of ingrain carpets, it has been customary, in
order to produce the figure, to use different colored yarns in the
warp and weft; a Jacquard apparatus and a series of shuttle
boxes being also employed and adapted to the loom. Carpet fabrics,
such as are generally known as Brussels carpets, are produced by
means of loops or raised woollen warps combined with linen warps
and filling threads. These may be woven either with or without
the figure being brought out in the process of weaving; but when
a plain looped fabric is produced, the figure or pattern is afterwards
stamped or printed on the fabric. The production of figured
carpets by this process is not new, nor is it new to stamp or print
stocking or felted fabrics.

page_text: The improved fabric or carpet produced according to the present
Invention is made by the process of ingraining or weaving together
uncolored warps and wefts in what is termed "plys" (whether two
or more plys be ingrained), and subsequently printing the figures
in colours on either one or both surfaces of the cloth; that is to say,
the cloth is woven plain or without a colored pattern or figure,
and thoroughly ingrained, no pattern except that produced by
the process of ingraining uncolored yarns appearing on
the
cloth. This being done, the figure or design is next to be stamped
or printed on the cloth by means of blocks or cylinders, the number
of which are in accordance with the number of colors required in
the pattern or figure to be stamped or imprinted on the fabric.
An ingrained printed carpet so made possesses many very important
advantages, not only over the common ingrain carpets, whose
figures are produced in the process of weaving the fabric, but also
over other kinds of printed carpets or floor-cloths; for, in the first
place, and particularly when three plys are used, it admits of a
figure of one kind, and composed of any colors, being stamped or
printed or one side of it, while a figure of an entirely different kind,
or one having entirely different colors, is stamped or printed on the
opposite side or face of it; for the plying or ingraining process
produces, as it were, two or more layers of cloth, which are simply
connected together at many points or spots. The manner in which
the cloth is woven - that is to say, the plying of it operates to
prevent the colors imprinted on the external surface of one of the
plys or layers from striking into and entirely through the other
ply or layer, so as to appear on its outer surface, whereas a printed
figure or colors, when produced on one side of a felted cloth or
fabric, will strike through and shew on the opposite side thereof
without more or less exhibiting the figure of the first side. Only
one side of the cloth in tapestry, Brussels weaving (viz.), that on
which the pile is raised, can be printed, as the opposite side has no
raised woollen warps and exhibits the binding linen warps.
-
From the above it will be seen that it is a very important discovery
on which this new manufacture is based; that is to say, that

page_text: colors imprinted on a plyed carpet, or "two" or "three ply" carpet,
as the same is termed, will not strike from one ply into and through
to such extent as to materially injure the exterior surface of such
other ply, or so as to prevent it from receiving the same or a dif-
ferent design in the same or different colors. This very important
discovery in the art of manufacturing carpets enables me to effect
a great improvement in the manufacture, and to produce a carpet
having the advantages herein-before or herein-after particularly
stated.
When three or more plys are used, the middle one or those
situated between the outside plys may be made of any other mate-
rial or materials that can be converted into yarns; and thus should
any colors be used for the figure of one side that might by any
possibility be likely to run through the opposite or outer ply, the
middle ply might be made of a material and woven in such manner
as would effectually prevent such striking through of the color to
any practically injurious degree. The common process of plying
and ingraining seems, however, to render such a precaution unne-
cessary, as the colors do not appear to go entirely through the
cloth to any injurious extent even in a two ply carpet.
An ingrained printed carpet can be made, according to the present
improvement, with many colors in its figure, and generally speaking
at very little expense, in comparison to what such figure can be pro-
duced at by the process of weaving and ingraining colored yarns in
a loom; consequently more beautiful patterns of ingrained printed
carpets can be brought into the market, and afforded at a less cost
to the consumer or buyer than that for which the ordinary woven
ingrained carpets can be purchased and sold.
The improvement or improved manufacture of ingrained ply
printed carpeting made with a printed figure on one side or surface,
and another, or the same, or a different figure printed on the oppo-
site side or surface, affords to the user the advantage of turning the
carpet after it has been worn or injured on one side, and using the
opposite side uppermost, and either with the same or an entirely
different figure from the first, in accordance with the character of

page_text: the figure on the two sides of the fabric; such a carpet, when made
with different figures on its opposite sides, presenting an advantage
beyond the ordinary ingrain carpet made by weaving different
colored yarns, as the figure on one side of the latter kind of carpet
is governed by and is generally a similar one to that of the other
side. It may be said to be essentially like it in form, and differs in
being of an opposite color. In the improved carpet there may be a
difference in both form and color in the patterns or figures on its
opposite sides, thus producing varieties of patterns on its opposite
sides, that cannot be effected in the ordinary process of weaving
and ingraining plys with colored yarns of various colors.
The second branch of the Invention relates to the manufacture of
single ply printed carpets, and may be described as follows:
In the manufacture of single ply carpets and other fabrics, it has
hitherto been found impracticable to print upon more than one side
of the stuff, the colors invariably passing through to the opposite
side, disfiguring the fabric to an extent which precludes the print-
ing upon the opposite side either the same or any other figure. It
has however been found that a single ply carpet of the peculiar
character which will be hereafter described, may also be printed
upon both sides with the same or different figures, thereby producing
an entirely "new article of manufacture" (viz.), a single ply printed
fabric, with a perfect figure upon each side. I am also enabled, by
making use of the fabric above mentioned, to print any desired figure
upon one side of the carpet, while the other side remains entirely
uncolored and undisfigured by the penetration of the coloring
matter from the other side. Or by making the ground of the carpet
of any light color, over which heavier colors for the figure are laid,
and by printing upon one side, I am enabled to produce a carpet
figured upon one side, and having a uniform light or red ground
upon the other; and thus a variety of effects never before accom-
plished in printed fabrics, is or may be attained. The process by
which the improved carpet is produced, may be described as
follows: I take strong stout cotton or other twine for the warp,
which is stretched tightly in the loom so as just to yield sufficiently

page_text: to allow the necessary motion of the harness; over this is then thrown
uncolored woollen filling, when the carpet is to be printed on one
or both sides, or the filling may be of some light color, over which
the figure is printed in heavier colors; or the fabric may be woven
of uncolored filling, and printed upon one side, where a uniform
white color is desired upon the other. The filling is beat up very
hard over the stretched warps, and the latter are thus entirely con-
cealed from view, while they serve to prevent the passage of the
coloring matter from one side of the carpet to the other, and greatly
increase the strength of the carpet. The fabric thus produced is
then printed upon one or both sides as above described, and a carpet.
is produced having all the strength due to the heavy cotton warp,
which is entirely concealed between two woollen surfaces, and all
the beauty upon both of its surfaces due to the present im-.
proved methods of printing, while in body it is heavier, and must
prove more durable than the ordinary two ply or Brussels carpets,
its cost being far below that of either of these articles.
With regard to the manner in which the carpet is woven pre-
paratory to printing, I will remark that the advantages resulting
from its use are many, independently of its great economy in com-
parison with any other woollen carpet of equal body and beauty;
the heavy ground warp enabling me to "beat up" much closer
than can be accomplished in any other carpet with which I am
acquainted, and giving unusual strength in the direction of the
length, while the large amount of woollen filling beat in imparts
equal strength to the fabric across or transversely.
Having now described the Invention that has been communicated
to me as aforesaid, and the best means with which I am acquainted
for carrying the same into effect, I lay no claim to the Invention of
making a carpet by the process of plying and ingraining, or con-
necting together the plys or different layers of cloth, whether
woven either with plain (or uncolored) or colored yarns; nor do
I claim the process of producing figures by printing them in colors;
nor do I claim to weave a carpet with an uncolored pile or warp in
he Brussels process of weaving, and afterwards printing the figure

page_text: thereon in colors; but what I do claim as new in the present
Invention or improved manufacture is,―
An ingrained plyed printed carpet, made by a combination of the
processes of weaving in two or more plys, and ingraining the same,
and subsequently printing the figure or figures on both sides of
the same, as described; the discovery having been made by the
inventor of the present process, that the plying process prevents the
colors printed on one ply from penetrating through to the other
ply so as practically to injure its other surface to an extent which
renders it unfit for the reception of colors and use as a carpet,
as herein-before stated.
Second, I claim a single ply carpet, woven as above described, and
printed upon one or both sides in manner substantially as herein
set forth.
In witness whercof, I, the said William Edward Newton, have
hereunto set my hand and seal, this Twenty-eighth day of
June, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred
and fifty-three.
Witness,
J. W. MOFFATT,
66, Chancery Lane.
W. E. NEWTON. (L.S.)