CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN WARMING, IN LIGHTING, AND IN VENTILATING
Year: 1838

page_text: HADDAN AND JOHNSTON'S SPECIFICATION.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, JOHN
COOPE HADDAN, of No. 2, Duke Street, Westminster, in the County of
Middlesex, Gentleman, and JOHN JOHNSTON, of No. 19, Cursitor Street,
Chancery Lane, in the City of London, Lamp Manufacturer, send greeting.
WHEREAS we did by petition humbly represent to Her most Excellent
Majesty Queen Victoria, that we had invented "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN
WARMING, IN LIGHTING, AND IN VENTILATING," and Her Majesty, being willing.
to encourage all useful inventions, was graciously pleased to issue Her Royal:
Letters Patent under the Great Seal of England, bearing date at London, the
Seventh day of June, One thousand eight hundred and thirty-eight, and in the-
first year of Her reign, by which Letters Patent Her said Majesty did, for Her-
self, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto us, John Coope Haddan and
John Johnston, our exors, adiñors, and assigns, Her especial license that we, the
said John Coope Haddan and John Johnston, our exors, admors, and assigns,
and such others as we or they should agree with (and no others), might
lawfully make, use, exercise, and vend our said Invention within that part of
Her Majesty's United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland called England;.
Her Dominion of Wales, and Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, in such manner
as to us, the said John Coope Haddan and John Johnston, or our exors;
admors, or assigns, should seem meet, and should have and enjoy the whole
profit, benefit, commodity, and advantage arising from the said Invention
during the term of fourteen years from the date of the said Letters Patent;
in which said Letters Patent there is contained a proviso, that we, the said
John Coope Haddan and John Johnston, should, within six calendar months
from the date of the said Letters Patent, cause a further description of the
nature of our said Invention, and the manner in which the same is to be
performed, by an instruiment in writing under our hands and seals, to be

page_text: :
inrolled in Her Majesty's High Court of Chancery, as in and by the same
(reference being-thereunto had) will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, we, the said
John Coope Haddan and John Johnston, do hereby declare that the nature of
our said Invention, and the manner in which the same is to be performed,
are described and ascertained in the manner herein-after set forth, and as
represented in the Drawings hereunto annexed.
Our improvements in warming, in lighting, and in ventilating, are applicable
to dwelling houses and other places, constitute a whole when combined, and
are as follows: Firstly, an improved method of warming and lighting one or
more rooms of an ordinary dwelling house or other place, by means of the
heat and light of gas or othes flame or flames; secondly, an improved method
of lighting and ventilating without warming the same; thirdly, an improved
method of warming, ventilating, and lighting the same; fourthly, an improved
method of warming without lighting the same; fifthly, an improved method
of warming and ventilating without lighting the same; sixthly, an improved
method of ventilating without lighting or warming the same; and, seventhly,
an improved method in supplying the said gas or other flame with air taken
from the lower part of the room or other place in which the same may be
made use of.
Our improvements in lighting include an improved apparatus, sometimes
called a candle lamp, and which is altered for the following purposes:-
Firstly, to prevent the spring clogging up; secondly, to render the pressure of
the spring more regular and steady; thirdly, to prevent waste; and fourthly,
to burn a candle of spermicetti or other sufficiently pure material, having no
wick within it, and which will not therefore require snuffing.
The principle of our improvements in warming, in lighting, and in ventilating,
consists in causing the heat of gas or other flame or flames to force various
currents of air to ascend into and out of, and to descend within a room of a
dwelling house or other place, and which currents of air (in conjunction with
the light of such gas or other flame or flames) are the means of warming, of
lighting, and of ventilating such room or other place, either at the same or
different periods of time.
The principle of our improved apparatus in lighting also consists, firstly,
in causing a spring to force a candle up to a nozzle, of such a form as
will prevent any grease or other material from clogging such spring, and
in placing the bottom of such candle in a cup or receptacle to guide the
same, and which will also prevent the remaining portion of the candle, when
heated and rendered liquid, from being wasted; and secondly, in causing the

page_text: steel spring to keep a candle of spermicetti or other material sufficiently
pure, having no wick, forced up against and in contact with a piece of wick of
cotton or other suitable material, which upon being lighted will cause the
combustion of the said candle.
In Figure 1, Figure 2, Figure 3, Figure 4, and Figure 5 of the Drawings
hereunto annexed, which are drawn to the scale of two inches to a foot,
the same letters indicate the same parts. Figure 1 is an elevation of the
improved apparatus to be used in warming, in lighting, and in ventilating
a room or other place; Figure 2 is the same elevation as Figure 1, with
the front part removed to shew the interior; Figure 3 is a vertical section
with parts left in elevation; Figure 4 is a transverse section taken above,
and giving plan of valve for changing currents of air before alluded to;-
Figure 5 is a transverse section through Figure 3. A is the wall of an
ordinary dwelling room, with a flue or groove B, covered over by a plate
of metal C, and made fast by the screws 9, 9, 9, 9, to bond timbers
m, m, m, m, thereby making a case to contain the apparatus hereafter
described;, D, gas burner, with gas pipe a, a', for supplying the same, passing
through hollow bracket E (shewn in section in Figure 3), which is made fast to
and projects out from the metal plate C; F, glass chimney, fitting close upon the
top of bracket E, and also fitting closely into the bottom part of copper smoke
tube G, working in ball and socket H (for the purpose of removing chimney
and glass globe), which is kept tight by steel spring b; c, continuation of
smoke tube, also passing through and made fast to metal plate C; d, further
portion of smoke tube, with its upper end inserted into and standing up
within the lower part of a copper chamber I, into the top of which the copper
smoke tubes e, é, e, e, e, are soldered, having their upper ends also soldered-
into a similar chamber K, from the top of which another smoke tube L is
finally conducted through an aperture M in the wall A, and to the end
of which smoke tube any ordinary contrivance may be applied to prevent the
current of smoke from being checked by wind or otherwise. N, double valve
(having weights T, T;) working on the hinge p (Figure 4), half being
removed to shew the opening which such valve is intended to close, and
which valve, opening upwards by any mechanical means suitable for the
purpose, will allow a current of air to pass, but which being closed will causo
a current of air to find its way through a grating O in the plate C; f, small
pipe for carrying away any water that may collect in the copper chamber I;
k; elbow joint serving to connect a copper tube P with the bracket E, (and
which tube serves to convey air from the lower part of the room to the
flame W); R, R', two ventilátors fixed to a common spindle i, and which are

page_text: moved by the small stud n.
These ventilators serve to change the currents of
Fair which pass-through them into the flue B, as by opening the ventilator R
the other ventilator R¹ will be shut, and vice versa. S, an aperture-leading
through the wall A, from the exterior into the flue B; V, metal plate against
which the ventilator R is worked; X', skirting board of room, (to which the
ventilator R' is attached), and which is capable of being removed; X, that
part of skirting board which is not moveable; Y, flooring of room; Z, glass
globe; W, gas flame, the smoke from which, by heating the smoke tubes
e, e, e, e, e, e, and chambers I and K, will cause them to rarify the air surround-
ing them, and produce the currents of air (represented by the colored arrows
hereafter described.
In Figure 6 and Figure 7 of the Drawings hereunto annexed, which are
drawn to a scale of six inches to a foot, the same letters indicate the same
parts. Figure 6 is an elevation (with part of the exterior removed) of an
apparatus to be used in warming and in ventilating without lighting; Figure 7
is a section of the same, shewing part in elevation. A and B are the same
bracket and gas burner as E and D (Figure 1 and Figure 3), and as B and A
(Figure 8 and Figure 9), of Drawings hereunto annexed. F is a piece of
brass tube, to which is soldered the copper vase Z, resting on a metal ring h,
made fast to the top of bracket A; to the outside of the piece of tube F, a
ring of metal 1, 1, is soldered, which supports the glass chimney H, on the top
of which rests the smoke tube I (the same as G, Figure 3 and Figure 1), and
C, Figure 8); K is a wire gauze tied over the top of the piece of metal F, in
the interior of which the gas becomes mixed with atmospheric air (conveyed
through the bracket A), preparatory to passing through the wire gauze K; g,
glass holder; L, L, apertures in the bottom part of vase Z, through which a
current of air passes in the direction of the arrows.
In Figure 8 and Figure 9 of the Drawings hereto annexed, which are
drawn to a scale of two inches to a foot, the same letters indicate the same
parts. Figure 8 is a section of the ceiling of a dwelling room, with a
modification of the apparatus before described, to be used in warming, in
lighting, and in ventilating, suspended from the same; Figure 9 is a section
of part of Figure 8, taken between air and smoke tubes, looking towards the
wall of room. A is the gas burner, supplied by the pipe e, e, which passes
through the tube B, for conveying air to flame M; C, smoke tube which
slides upon smoke tube d, passing upwards through a copper tube D, which is
a substitute for the flue or groove B, Figure 3; E, E, are two joists sup-
porting floor boards f, f, f, and to which a plank of timber F is secured by the
iron holdfasts h, h, and with which is made flush the lath and plaister G; H

page_text: is a double valve similar to N, Figure 4, and which (being shut) compels the
current of air represented by the arrows to pass out at the openings 0, 0, 0,
into the top of the room; I, metal tube to convey a current of air through it
(when the valve H is open, as shewn in red,) to the opening K in the wall L,
and through which metal tube I, the smoke tube d' is finally conducted to the
exterior of the room; P, glass chimney; R, glass globe.
In Figure 10, Figure 11, Figure 12, Figure 13, Figure 14, and Figure 15
of the Drawings hereunto annexed, which are drawn to a scale of six inches
to a foot, and in Figure 16, Figure 17, Figure 18, Figure 19, Figure 20,
Figure 21, Figure 22, Figure 23, and Figure 24, and Figure 25, which aro
drawn the full size, the same letters indicate the same parts. Figure 10 is a
section of an improved apparatus sometimes called a candle lamp, shewing the
interior; Figure 11 and Figure 12 are modifications of Figure 10; Figure 13,
Figure 14, and Figure 15 are details of parts of Figure 10; Figure 16,
Figure 17, and Figure 18 are an elevation, section, and inverted plan of nozzle
to be used for burning candles without wicks; Figure 19, Figure 20, and
Figure 21 are an elevation, section, and plan of another description of nozzle,
for the same purpose; Figure 22, Figure 23, and Figure 24 are a plan and
two elevations of a piece of wick to be attached to nozzles used for burning
candles without wicks; Figure 25 is a section of the top of a candle without a
wick. A is a brass tube supported by the brass foot B, to which it is attached
by the screw a, a, and to which tube is also attached the glass holder or
gallery b, b, by the screw c, c; within the tube A is another tube C, with two
grooves F cut down opposite sides of the same, to the top of which minor tube
the piece of metal fitting i, i, forming part of the grease cup f, f, Figure 10,
is attached by the screw d, and over which metal fitting i, i, the collar D, D,
of the nozzle E is slipped and made fast by the catch g; 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, the coils
of a steel spring, (working freely within the tube A), which is held fast at
its upper end by small pieces of brass wire h, k, soldered (so as to form the
thread of the screw on the metal tube C), and which being between two of the
coils 0, 0, 0, 0, keep the top of the spring in its place, to the last of which coils
0, 0, 0, 0, of the spring (which must move freely on the tube C), a small piece
of brass g¹ is attached by passing the same through the opposite grooves F, and
fixing the last of the coils o, o, o, o, of the steel wire in the small niches h, h,
of the piece of brass g¹; G is a short tube moving freely down into the tube C,
with its lower end resting on the brass piece g¹, and having a small cup pat
its upper end, into which the lower end of a candle, either with or without a
wick, is to be placed, and to which it will act as a guide. Figure 11 differs
from Figure 10 in dispensing with the tube C, and in substituting the

page_text: nozzle H for nozzle E; the glass holder b, b, is soldered to the brass fitting i, i,
which is attached to the tube A by the screw v, v; the top of the spring is
fastened to the inside of the tube of metal A, instead of the exterior of the
tube C, but by the same means. In Figure 12 a common carriage lamp
spring y, y, y, y, is used in conjunction with the tubes A and C; Y is a piece
of tube similar to the tube G, in which the cup S is shewn in section; m, m,
two small arms or catches (attached to the metal fitting i, i,) which serve to
retain the nozzle H in its place by acting upon the rim w, w; E is a nozzle
or cone made fast to the collar D by the three arms 1, 1, 1, and leaving "three
spaces through which any melted grease or other matter may drop into the
grease cup or receptacle f.f; H, nozzle or conė, made fast or soldered to the
receptacle r, r, (for the melted grease or other matter), having a rim w, w,
round its lower part, with two spaces x, x, to receive the arms m, m; W is a
small piece of copper or brass tube, closed at the bottom and having holes
round it, which is made fast by the arms 2, z, to the top of either of the
nozzles E or H; X is a piece of cotton wick which may be improved by being
slightly covered with common bees'-wax.
The method for using the apparatus for improvements in warming,
in lighting, and. ventilating, is as follows:-Firstly, to warm and light a
room or other place.-Lift the smoke tube G, remove the glasses Z and F,
and apply a light to the burner D; the flame W will (upon replacing the
smoke tube and glasses as before) heat the smoke tube d, copper chambers I
and K, and smoke tubes e, e, e, e, e, e, and by so doing cause them to warm and
consequently rarify the air in contact with them, which will then ascend and
(being stopped by the valve N) pass through the grating O; the air from the
lower part of the room will now flow through the ventilator R¹ into the flue B,
and becoming also warmed by the said smoke tubes and chambers I and K,
will pass out at the grating O into the room. A current of air, represented
by the black arrows, Figure 3,) will be caused, and the room gradually warmned
as well as lighted by the gas flame W, already described.
Secondly, to ventilate and light a room or other place. Apply a light to
the burner D, as before, and open the double valve N, as shewn by the
Drawing in red, Figure 3. The air of the room will now flow into the flue B
at the ventilator R¹ and grating O, and escape at the aperture M in the wall.
A, a current of air, represented by the red arrows, Figure 3, will be caused,
and the room ventilated as well as lighted by the flame of gas W.
Thirdly, to warm, ventilate, and light any dwelling house or other place.―
Apply a light, as before, shut the double valve N, and shift the stud or pin n,
which shuts the ventilator R¹ and opens ventilator R. The exterior air will

page_text: now flow into the flue B through the ventilator R, and out again through
the grating O into the room. A current of fresh air, represented by the blue
arrows, Figure 3,) will be caused, and the room warmed and ventilated as well
as lighted by the gas flame W.
Fourthly, to warm without lighting a room or other place. Lift the
smoke tube G and remove the glasses Z and F, and substitute the apparatus
shewn in Drawing, Figure 6; apply a light above the gauze wire, and place
the chimney glass and smoke tube as shewn in Figure 7, set the ventilators as
described in Drawing, Figure 3; the current of air (represented by the black
arrows, Figure 3) will be again caused, and the room warmed without being
lighted by the flame Y.
Fifthly, to warm and ventilate without lighting a room or other place.-
Substitute the apparatus shewn in Drawing, Figure 6, and proceed as before
directed, and again shift the stud n; the current of air, represented by the
blue arrows, Figure 3, will be again caused, and the room warmed and. ven-
tilated without being lighted by the flame Y.
Sixthly, to ventilate without warming or lighting a room or other place.
Substitute the apparatus shewn in Drawing, Figure 6, and proceed as before
directed; open the valve N, and again change the ventilators to the position
shewn in Drawings, Figures 1 and Figure 3, and the current of air, repre-
sented by the red arrows, will be again caused, and the room ventilated
without being warmed or lighted by the flame Y.
The method of using the modification of the apparatus for improvements in
warming, in lighting, and in ventilating, is similar to that employed in regard
to the apparatus itself, and will not therefore need repeating. This modi-
fication is only capable, firstly, of warming and lighting a room or other place;
secondly, of lighting without warming the same; thirdly, of warming without
lighting or ventilating the same; and, fourthly, of ventilating without lighting
or warming the same.
The method of using the improved apparatus sometimes called a candle
lamp, is as follows:-Remove the nozzle E (Figure 10), place the lower end
of a candle in the cup p at the top of the tube G, force the same down into
the tube C until the small piece of brass g' has reached the bottom of the
grooves F, when the coils 0, 0, 0, 0, of the spring will be extended, as shewn in
red; replace the nozzle E, and the candle is ready for lighting. The tube C,
with the grease cup f,f, and spring, with the nozzle E, may all be lifted out of
the tube A, and a candle inserted as above directed, when they may be again
replaced in the tube A. The short tube G lifts out of the tube C, for the pur-
pose of being cleaned; the cup 2 (in addition to guiding the candle into the

page_text: tube C) holds the heated or liquid grease or other material when the candle is
nearly consumed, until the same shall be quite consumed, which melted grease
would otherwise run down into and clog up the spring, and be wasted. The
spring by being distended, or the distance of the coils increased, will be more
uniform in its contraction, as it will not scrape the sides of the tube in which
it works, except at one point. The nozzle E, by being constructed in the
manner shewn in the Drawings hereunto annexed, will cause any liquid grease
or other matter (which may be formed by the heat of the candle) to flow into
the grease cup ff, instead of running into and clogging up the spring. The
nozzle H,.by being constructed as shewn in the Drawings hereto annexed, will
cause such liquid grease to flow into the receptacle r,, and also prevent the
same from clogging up the spring. In Figure 11, the method of using is
similar to Figure 10; the spring howsoever is fixed, and is only removed by
unscrewing the glass holder b, b. In Figure 12, the action of the spring is
reversed, and is similar to that of a common carriage lamp, the tube C is how-
ever again made use of, and can be lifted out of the tube A with the spring
and nozzle H attached, and a candle inserted, similar to Figure 10.
To use a candle without a wick within it.-Bend a small piece of plaited
cotton wick, Figure 22, (which is better if first covered with bees'-wax), into
the shape shewn at Figure 23, and place the same in the copper tube W (as
shewn at Figure 24), which tube is attached by the arms Z, Z, to either of the
nozzles E or H; supply the candle lamp with a candle without a wick (having
a small indentation S, Figure 25, at the opposite end to that applied to the
cup p, Figure 10, or S, Figure 12), in the same manner as with a common
candle, and then place the nozzle with the piece of plaited wick X, as directed
in regard to a common candle. This piece of wick does not consume, and
requires no snuffing. In using a candle with a wick, the top of the nozzle is
made as shewn in Figure 10 and Figure 12, the tube W being dispensed with.
The several parts of the above descriptions, which are old and well known
by persons acquainted with this business, we disclaim; but we claim the new
combinations of mechanical means by which we produce the several improve-
ments above enumerated and described as our Invention of "improvements in
warming, in lighting, and in ventilating" rooms and. other places.
In witness whereof, we, the said John Coope Haddan and John Johnston,
have hereunto set our hands and seals, the Seventh day of December,
One thousand eight hundred and thirty-eight.
JOHN COOPE (L.S.) HADDAN.
JOHN
(1.S.) JOHNSTON.

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Seventh day of December, in
the year of our Lord 1838, the aforesaid John Coope Haddan and John
Johnston came before our said Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknow-
ledged the Specification aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained
and specified, in form above written. And also the Specification aforesaid was
stamped according to the tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.
Inrolled the Seventh day of December, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and thirty-eight.