IMPROVED METHODS OF AND APPARATUS FOR UTILISING THE WASTE AND SPARE OR LIVE STEAM, WASTE AND SPARE HEAT, AND WASTE AND SPARE MOMENTUM OF LOCOMOTIVE AND OTHER STEAM ENGINES
Year: 1870

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Thomas Arthur Dillon, of the City of Dublin,
Ireland, for the Invention of "IMPROVED METHODS OF AND APPARATUS
FOR UTILISING THE WASTE AND SPARE OR LIVE STEAM, WASTE AND SPARE
HEAT, AND WASTE AND SPARE MOMENTUM OF LOCOMOTIVE AND OTHER STEAM
ENGINES."
Sealed the 28th April 1871, and dated the 3rd November 1870.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Thomas Arthur Dillon
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition,
on the 3rd November 1870.
I, THOMAS ARTHUR DILLON, of the City of Dublin, Ireland, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVED METHODS
OF AND APPARATUS FOR UTILISING THE WASTE AND SPARE OR LIVE STEAM, WASTE
AND SPARE HEAT, AND WASTE AND SPARE MOMENTUM OF LOCOMOTIVE AND OTHER
STEAM ENGINES," to be as follows :—
The object of this Invention is by the use of the improved methods
and arrangements of apparatus which constitute the same, to economise
fuel, prevent smoke, arrest the formation of cinders, and preserve the
fire-boxes and tubes of locomotive and other steam engines.

page_text: In the first instance it may be desirable to define the meaning of some
of the terms used in the title of this Invention.
By "waste steam" is meant the steam which ordinarily rushes up the
chimney after it leaves the cylinders, and which is generally used as a
means of causing a draught through the furnace, and also the steam
which is blown through the safety valves or through the cylinder or
-other cocks. By "spare steam" is to be understood that quantity of
steam which can be usefully drawn from the boiler of an engine without
interfering with the duty of the latter in a visible or marked manner or
creating an extra consumption of fuel. For instance, when the steam
pressure gauge shews that there is more steam than is required the
overplus may be termed " spare steam." By "waste heat" is signified
the heat of the furnace, and steam which is now carried off by the
blast or chimney draught and which serves no useful part in the working
of the engine. By spare heat" is meant the heat of the " 'spare
´ steam" above referred to. By “waste and spare momentum" is to be
understood that force which (in railway locomotion) is exercised by the
engine in overcoming atmospheric resistance, and which, if the atmo-
spheric resistance were removed or nullified, would still be needlessly
exercised by the engine.
"
Although it is preferred to combine and utilise the agents above
mentioned, yet conditions may exist in which "live steam" simply
may be used with the apparatus which forms the subject of this Inven-
tion, and which is adapted for such purpose accordingly, as will be well
understood, and it should also be mentioned that the several agents
before referred to may be used separately or in combination with each
other.
In order to carry this Invention into effect, a dozen or more tubes
constructed of suitable metal and of the diameter of boiler tubes or
thereabouts, and about four feet long, are laid side by side, and through
cach of these tubes is passed a length of tube also constructed of any
suitable metal, such tubes being rather longer than the exterior tubes.
The rows of tubes are securely let into and fastened to two or more
chambers formed of suitable metal in such a way that the series of outer
and larger tubes shall have one hollow cross-head chamber common to
them, and that the series of smaller and internal tubes shall have a
similar hollow cross-head chamber apportioned to them. After the
cross-head chambers and tubes are securely attached, each series to its

page_text: 'own cross-head chamber or chambers, both sets of tubes are bent, curved,
widened, or adapted to any form of tube plate, the tubes being pre-
viously softened and properly filled with lead or rosin in order to permit
such operation to be effected, as well known and understood. The larger
cross-head chamber has one or more orifices capable of taking one or
more air pipes, and the smaller cross-head chamber has one or more
orifices capable of taking one or more steam pipes. The apparatus having
been formed and bent as desired, the free ends of the tubes are inserted
tightly, either horizontally or vertically, into a row or rows of the tubes
in the smoke box. Air pipes are arranged to lead through the smoke box
from the air orifices of the larger cross-head chamber either to the front
or side of the engine, where they terminate in bell-mouthed or other
orifices, or the air pipe is placed so as to rise through the engine chimney,
and is so bent that while receiving the "waste heat" of the furnace,
the products of combustion in the furnace do not mingle with the free
atmospheric air which this apparatus causes to rush into the fire-box.
From the steam orifice in the second or smaller cross-head chamber a
steam pipe or pipes leads or lead to the blast pipe or boiler.
The operation of the apparatus in the case of railway locomotive
engines is as follows: --As the engine moves on its force presses against'
the air, a quantity of which is drawn down the air pipes. The blast of
the engine sends steam through the smaller cross-head chamber and
"induces" the air already pressed into the larger cross-head chamber. to
rush through the row of boiler tubes already occupied by the apparatus.
The steam thus sent in parts with its heat to the induced air, and both,
so united, strike the fire, thus acting mechanically by the force of the
steam, and chemically through the double decomposition which ensues.
This apparatus may be made in "comb lengths," and any quantity sawn
off and fitted to any engine or tube plate with great facility and rapidity.
66
As above described two faults are occasioned. Steam is not so easily.
got up" owing to the fact of cold air being readily drawn through the
boiler by the air passages which communicate from the fore part of the
engine through the smoke box cross-head chamber, and so through
the boiler tubes. Again while running into a station and while steam is
shut off cold air rushes in through the boiler tubes by the same orifices,
and so at once cools down the boiler, besides being otherwise unsatis-
factory. To obviate these disadvantages hanging or other suitable valves
are introduced into the air pipes, the same being acted upon, firstly, by

page_text: the indraught of the steam, and secondly, by a direct outside blast of
steam "waste" or "live" but preferably by "waste" steam. The steam
pipe which thus acts so as to open the valve may be carried up or along
the air pipe and recurved "smoke head" fashion, so that the force and
heat of the steam are perfectly utilised. For example, the pipe so
carrying steam tends the more perfectly to superheat the incoming
atmospheric air by going inside the air-pipes and by blowing against the
banging air valve causes it to open and mingling with the cold air which
it drives before it still further heats this cold air and assists the blast.
When desired an additional chamber or chambers of convenient size is
or are attached or added to the air supply pipe or pipes which leads or
lead from the outer air through the smoke box into the air cross-head
chamber, or such additional chamber or chambers may be fixed in the
hollow air cross-head chamber itself. Such additional chamber.or
chambers is or are filled with carbonaceous, bituminous, or hydrocarbon
materials, solid or liquid or in a semi-solid or semi-liquid state, so
that as the heated air rushes through or over the same it carries the
vapour or ignitable portion thereof into the furnace, thereby greatly.
increasing the heat afforded from the latter. Also when desired one
or more such additional chambers may be filled with any substances
capable of generating oxygen, and of imparting the same to the air.
which passes over.
When desired such hydrocarbonised and oxygenated air jointly or
separately, may be utilised in connection and as a part of this Invention
for lighting as well as heating purposes by arranging two small pipes to
lead up through the smoke box so that the vapour may act upon a lime,.
magnesium, or zirconium lamp.
It should be mentioned that sometimes wedge-shaped blocks of fire-
clay or metal are inserted in the fire-box end of the boiler tubes occupied
by the before-mentioned apparatus for the purpose of further dividing
the counterblast of mixed steam and air, and causing the same to mingle
better with the heated gases. The wedge-shaped blocks can be used as.
deflecting plates and may be varied in shape.
It is obvious that this Invention, with such modifications as will be
well known to and understood by persons acquainted with the subject,
is applicable not only to railway locomotive engines, but also to other
kinds of steam engines.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Thomas Arthur Dillon in the Great Seal Patent
Office on the 3rd May 1871.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, THOMAS
ARTHUR DILLON, of the City of Dublin, Ireland, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Third day of November, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy, in the thirty-
fourth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give
and grant unto me, the said Thomas Arthur Dillon, Her special licence
that I, the said Thomas Arthur Dillon, my executors, administrators, and
assigns, or such others as I, the said Thomas Arthur Dillon, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no
others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term
therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Iuvention for "IMPROVED METHODS
OF AND APPARATUS FOR UTILISING THE WASTE AND SPARE OR LIVE STEAM, WASTE
AND SPARE HEAT, AND WASTE AND SPARE MOMENTUM OF LOCOMOTIVE AND OTHER
STEAM ENGINES," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said
Thomas Arthur Dillon, my executors or administrators, by an instrument
in writing under my,, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should
particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and
in what manner, the same was to be performed, and cause the same to
be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months
next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Thomas Arthur Dillon, do hereby
declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same
is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement, reference being had to the annexed Drawing,
that is to say :-
The object of this Invention is, by the use of the improved methods
and arrangements of apparatus which constitute the same, to economise
fuel, prevent smoke, arrest the formation and emission of cinders and
sparks, and preserve the smoke boxes, fire-doors, blast pipes, chimnies,
and tubes of locomotive and other steam engines.

page_text: In the first instance it may be desirable to define. the meaning of
some of the terms used in the title of this Invention.
دو
By "waste steam is meant the steam which ordinarily rushes up
the chimney of high-pressure engines after it leaves the cylinders,
and which is generally-used in locomotives as a means of causing a
draught through the furnace, and also the steam which is blown through
the safety valves, or through the cylinder or other cocks. By "spare
steam" is to be understood that quantity of steam which can be
usefully drawn from the boiler of an engine without interfering with
the duty of the latter in a visible, marked, or injurious manner, or
creating an extrá consumption of fuel. For instance, when the steam
pressure guage shews that there is more steam than is required, the
overplus may be termed " spare steam." By "waste heat" is signified
the heat of the furnace, now wasted, and the heat of the steam, which
is now carried off by the blast or chimney draught, and which serves:
no useful part in the working of the engine. By "spare heat" is
meant the heat of the "spare steam" above referred to. By "waste and
spare'
momentum is to be understood that force which (in railway
locomotion) is exercised by the engine in overcoming atmospheric re-
sistance, and which, if the atmospheric resistance were removed or
nullified, would still be needlessly exercised by the engine, as in engines
running down inclines with steam shut off.
"
Although it is preferred to combine and utilise the agents above
mentioned, namely, those termed " 'waste" and " spare" steam," yet
conditions may exist in which "live steam " simply may be advan- a
tageously used with the apparatus which forms the subject of this
Invention; for example, in marine condensing engines, and which is
adapted for such purpose accordingly, as will be well understood, and
it should also be mentioned that the several agents before referred to
may obviously be used separately or in combination with each other, a
and I claim the right so to use them.
I shall now describe the nature of the apparatus employed to carry
this Invention into effect. A dozen or more tubes (the number being
in accordance with the size of engine), constructed of suitable metal,
and of nearly, but not quite the diameter of ordinary boiler tubes and
about from four inches to four feet long, are ranged side by side in the
first instance, and through each of these tubes is passed a length of
smaller tube, also constructed of any suitable metal; such smaller

page_text: tubes being longer than the exterior tube just mentioned. These rows
of tubes are securely let into and fastened to two or more chambers
formed of suitable metal in such a way that the series of outer and
larger tubes shall have one hollow cross-head chamber common to them,
and that the series of smaller and internal tubes shall have a similar
hollow cross-head chamber apportioned to them also. After the tubes
are securely attached to the cross heads, each series to its own cross-
head chamber or chambers, both sets of tubes are bent, curved, widened,
or adapted to any form of boiler tube plate and mouths of tubes therein
placed, the tubes being previously softened and properly filled with lead'
or other suitable material, or rosin, in order to permit such operation,
namely, the bending or adaptation thereof, as before mentioned, to be
effected, as well known and understood. The larger cross head (or air)
chamber has one or more orifices capable of taking one or more air
pipes and the smaller cross head or steam, chamber has one or more
orifices capable of taking one or more steam pipes. The apparatus.
having been formed and bent as desired, the free ends of the concentric
tubes are inserted tightly, either horizontally or vertically, or both
horizontally and vertically into one or as many of the boiler tubes in
the smoke box end of the boiler as may be found desirable. - Air pipes.
are arranged to lead through the smoke box from the air orifices of the
larger cross-head air chamber either to the front or side or top of the
engine, but preferably to the front, where they terminate in bell-
mouthed or other orifices capable of being reversed when the engine runs
backward, or the air pipe is placed so as to rise through the engine
chimney, as in marine engine chimnies, and is so bent that while
receiving the "waste heat" of the furnace, the products of combustion
in the furnace do not mingle with the free atmospheric air, which, this
apparatus causes to rush into the fire-box. From the steam orifice in the
second smaller cross-head or steam chamber a steam pipe or pipes leads
or lead from the blast pipe or boiler, or from both, as the case may be.
The operation of the apparatus in the case of railway locomotive
engines is as follows:-As the engine moves on, its force presses
against the air, a quantity of which air is naturally driven down or into
the air pipes. The exhaust blast of the engine sends steam through
the smaller cross-head chamber, and "induces" the air already pressed
into the larger cross-head or air chamber to rush through the row of
boiler tubes already occupied by the apparatus. The steam thus sent
in parts with its heat to the atmospheric air thus "induced" or forced,

page_text: and both so united strike the fire, thus acting mechanically by the
force of the steam, and chemically through the double decomposition
which ensues, as if the steam be chemically decomposed and hydrogen
set free, the oxygen of the atmospheric air induced or drawn or forced
by the union of the momentum of the engine and influence of the
steam in a heated state will supply the equivalent of oxygen required
by the hydrogen thus set free. The steam acts mechanically in
repressing the rush of cinders and sparks. This apparatus may be made
in "comb lengths," and any quantity sawn off and fitted to any engine
or tube plate of a boiler with great facility and rapidity.
"
As above described, two faults are occasioned. Steam is not so easily
"got up," owing to the fact of cold air being readily drawn through
the boiler by the air passages which communicate from the fore part of
the engine through the smoke box, cross-head chamber; and so through
the boiler tubes. Again, while running into a station, and while steam
is shut off, cold air rushes in through the boiler tubes by the same
orifices, and so rather cools down the boiler, besides being otherwise
únsatisfactory. To obviate these disadvantages hanging or other suitable
valves are sometimes introduced into the air pipes, the same being acted
upon, firstly, by the indraught of the steam and pressure of the air;
and secondly, by a direct outside blast of steam, "waste" or "live,"
but preferably by "waste" steam.
When desired, an additional chamber or chambers of convenient size
is or are attached or added to the air supply pipe or pipes, which leads
or lead from the outer air through the smoke box into the air cross-head
chamber; or such additional chamber or chambers may be fixed in the
hollow air cross-head chamber itself. Such additional chamber or
chambers is or are filled or sufficiently supplied with carbonaceous,
bituminous, or hydrocarbon materials, solid or liquid, or in a semi-solid
or semi-liquid state, or in the form of powder, so that as the heated air
rushes through or over the same it carries the vapour, or ignitable
portion thereof into the furnace, thereby greatly increasing the heat
áfforded from the latter where the beated air supplies the oxygen, as
just described. Also, when desired, one or more of such additional
chambers may be filled with any substances capable of generating
oxygen, and of imparting the same to the air which passes over.
When desired, such hydrocarbonized and oxygenated air, jointly or
separately, may be utilised in connection, and as a part of this Invention,

page_text: for lighting as well as heating purposes, by arranging two small pipes.
to lead up through the smoke box, so that the vapour may act upon a
lime, magnesium, or zirconium lamp.
It should be mentioned that sometimes wedge-shape blocks of fire-
clay or metal, or perforated plates or gratings of clay or metal, are
inserted in the fire-box end of the boiler tubes occupied by the before-
mentioned apparatus for the purpose of further dividing the counterblast
of mixed steam and air, or mixed steam and carbonaceous material, and
causing the same to mingle better with the heated gases.
The wedge-
shaped blocks can be used as deflecting plates, and, may be varied in
shape.
It is obvious that this Invention, with such modifications as will be
well known to and understood by persons acquainted with the subject,
is applicable not only to railway locomotive engines, but also to other
kinds of steam engines.
The annexed Drawing illustrates the general arrangement of the
apparatus herein before described.
Having thus declared and ascertained the nature of my said Invention,
and in what manner it is to be performed, I would observe in conclusion.
that what I consider novel and original, and therefore claim as con-
stituting the Invention secured to me by the said herein-before in part
recited Letters Patent are the methods and apparatus as and for the
purposes herein-before set forth and described, or any mere modifications
thereof.
In witness whereof, I, the said Thomas Arthur Dillon, have here-
unto set my hand and seal, this Third day of May, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-one.
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