MENTS IN MACHINERY FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF BOLTS, NUTS, SPIKES, AND RIVETS, AND ALSO IN FURNACES FOR HEATING BLANKS TO BE FORMED INTO SUCH ARTICLES."
Year: 1863

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Francis Watkins, of the London Works, near
Birmingham, in the County of Warwick, for the Invention of
MENTS IN MACHINERY FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF BOLTS, NUTS, SPIKES, AND
RIVETS, AND ALSO IN FURNACES FOR HEATING BLANKS TO BE FORMED INTO
SUCH ARTICLES."
Birmingham, in the County of Warwick, for the Invention of
MENTS IN MACHINERY FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF BOLTS, NUTS, SPIKES, AND
RIVETS, AND ALSO IN FURNACES FOR HEATING BLANKS TO BE FORMED INTO
SUCH ARTICLES."
Sealed the 26th April 1864, and dated the 21st November 1863.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Francis Watkins at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 21st
November 1863.
I, FRANCIS WATKINS, of the London Works, near Birmingham, in the
County of Warwick, do hereby declare the nature of the Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF BOLTS, NUTS, SPIKES,
AND RIVETS, AND ALSO IN FURNACES FOR HEATING BLANKS TO BE FORMED INTO SUCH
ARTICLES," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in machinery for the
manufacture of bolts, nuts, spikes and rivets, and also in furnaces for heating
blanks to be formed into such articles.
In constructing machinery according to this Invention, I combine together
on one bed plate and frame two machines, either of which can be arranged so
as to make at different times either bolts, nuts, spikes, or. rivets. For this
purpose the frame of the machine is composed of three vertical standards
carried by a bed plate; the standards at their upper end carry the bearings of
the main shaft; these bearings are capable of rising in guides on the frame,
but are kept in their lowest position by springs, by preference of vulcanized'

page_text: india-rubber. In each of the spaces between the standards the shaft ha
formed upon it an excentric; each excentric by a connecting rod give
motion to a slide that works vertically in guides carried by the standards
Each slide at its lower end is formed into a socket to receive the upper o
moving portion of the die; the shaft projects beyond the two outer standards
and on one end of. the shaft is a toothed wheel by which the axis can be
driven, and also a fly wheel that is made fast on the shaft by friction surfaces
so that if any undue strain comes on the dies the fly wheel may turn round
on the shaft. Around the fly wheel a band passes which gives motion to a
shaft on which are circular cutters for finishing or taking off any burrs from
nuts or other articles; this shaft turns in bearings carried by standards from
the same bed plate as the other parts of the machine. On the opposite end
of the main shaft is an excentric which gives motion to a slide that carries a
cutter for cutting rods into suitable lengths to form blanks. In each portion
of the machine for forming bolts, nuts, spikes, or rivets, the lower portion of the
die is received into a socket in a block which can slide horizontally in guides
carried by the frame from back to front of the machine. The block is con-
nected by a horizontal rod to a cross head that is at the back of the machine;
this cross head can be slid to and fro by a lever that receives motion from a
hand lever at the front of the machine. By this means, by moving the hand
lever, the block that carries the lower die can be slid forward in its guides
towards the front of the machine. When bolts, spikes, or rivets are to be
formed, the sliding block is formed with a hole vertically through it; the
lower die is formed with a hole through it to correspond with the shape of the
stem of the bolt, spike, or rivet, whilst the upper die that is carried by the
slide that receives motion from an excentric on the main shaft, as before
mentioned, is for shaping the head of the bolt, spike, or rivet. The length of
the stem of the bolt, spike, or rivet is regulated by the length of a plunger
that passes up through the bottom of the hole in the sliding block; this
plunger at its lower end rests on a bar that is at one end hinged to the bottom
of the sliding block, and at its other end passes through a slot in a rod that
is connected to the slide that carries the upper die. The end of the bar that
passes through this slot is formed with an incline upon it, so that when the slide
is by means of the lever handle moved forwards, the incline or the bar coming
against the bottom of the slot moves that end of the bar upwards, so moving
up the plunger, and raising the spike or other article out of the die. When
either portion of the machine is to be arranged to form nuts, then the slide
that carries the lower die is replaced by a slide carrying a die suitably formed
for shaping the exterior of the nut; this slide is, like the former slide, formed

page_text: with a hole passing vertically through it. Through this hole a plunger rises;
the top of this plunger forms the bottom of the mould in which the nut is
shaped. The plunger has also a hole formed vertically through it; through
this hole a rod passes that at its upper end is formed into a punch for punch-
ing the hole in the centre of the nut. The lower end of this rod is attached
to the bed of the machine, and is arranged so that it can be raised or lowered
to adjust the height of the punch that is at its upper end; the punch that
cuts the hole in the centre of the nut is thus stationary in place of being
moveable as heretofore. The lower end of the hollow plunger is connected to
a lever that is at one end hinged to a short standard from the framing; the
other end of the lever embraces a rod projecting upwards from a plunger, and
is pressed downwards by a spiral spring on to a collar on the plunger. The
plunger works in a cylinder, at the bottom of which is a spring of vulcanized
india-rubber; by this means if any undue strain comes on the parts of the
die, the lever that supports the plunger gives way by compressing the spring,
and thus prevents the breakage of any parts of the machine. The lever
passes through a slot in a rod that is connected to the slide that carries the
upper die, so that when the slide rises it causes the end of the lever that rests
on the plunger to rise also, thus raising the hollow plunger that forms the
bottom of the die, and forcing the nut up out of the die, so that the nut can
readily be removed. The upper die that is carried by the slide which receives
motion, as before described, from an excentric on the main shaft, is composed of
a hollow punch; into the hollow of this punch the upper end of the stationary
solid punch before mentioned enters, when the upper die is moved down-
wards. The portion of metal thus removed from the metal blank by the solid
punch is received into the hollow punch, and ultimately passes away through
a hole formed for that purpose in the slide; a small passage is also formed in
the slide leading to the passage through the hollow punch, through which
water may be caused to run on to the punch to cool it.
In constructing furnaces for heating blanks to be formed into bolts, nuts,
spikes, or rivets, the flue leading from the fire-place is formed of fire-bricks
or tiles through which holes are formed into which holes the rods or blanks to
be heated are inserted.
According to one arrangement, the fire-brick flue leading from the furnace
passes in a horizontal direction to the chimney, and it is in the sides and also at
the ends of this horizontal portion that the holes for inserting the rods or
blanks are formed. The fire-place is made of about double the width of the
furnace, so that the area occupied by the fire-bars shall be considerably
greater than the area of the flue in cross section; the heat necessary for

page_text: heating the blanks can thus be obtained without the use of blast. The area
of the flue should be about 75 per cent. less than the area of the fire-bars.
When a furnace is required for heating fewer blanks than would be heated by
a furnace having a horizontal flue, as above described, the fire-place may be
provided with a short vertical flue of fire-brick through which the holes for
introducing the blanks are formed; the area of the space occupied by the fire-
bars is also in this case considerably greater than the area of the flue in cross
section, in order to be enabled to obtain the requisite degree of heat without
the use of blast.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, file
by the said Francis Watkins in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
21st May 1864.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, FRANCIS
WATKINS, of the London Works, near Birmingham, in the County of
Warwick, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-first day of November, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, in the twenty-seventh year
of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant
unto me, the said Francis Watkins, Her special licence that I, the said
Francis Watkins, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others
as I, the said Francis Watkins, my executors, administrators, and assigns,
should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all
times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might
make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF BOLTS, NUTS, SPIKES,
AND RIVETS, AND ALSO IN FURNACES FOR HEATING BLANKS TO BE FORMED INTO SUCH
ARTICLES," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Francis
Watkins, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under
my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe
and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the
same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great
Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately after
the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Francis Watkins, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be

page_text: performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement thereof, that is to say :-
This Invention has for its object improvements in machinery for the manu-
facture of bolts, nuts, spikes, and rivets, and also in furnaces for heating blanks
to be formed into such articles.
In constructing machinery according to this Invention I combine together
on one bed plate and frame two machines, either of which can be arranged so
as to make at different times either bolts, nuts, spikes, or rivets. For this
purpose the frame of the machine is composed of three vertical standards
carried by a bed plate. The standards at their upper end carry the bearings
of the main shaft; these bearings are capable of rising in guides on the frame,
but are kept in their lowest position by springs, by preference of vulcanized
india-rubber. In each of the spaces between the standards the shaft has
formed upon it an eccentric, each eccentric by a connecting rod gives motion
to a slide that works vertically in guides carried by the standards. Each slide
at its lower end is formed into a socket to receive the upper or moving portion
of the die. The shaft projects beyond the two outer standards, and on one
end of the shaft is a toothed wheel, by which the axis can be driven, and also
a fly wheel that is made fast on the shaft by friction surfaces, so that if any
undue strain comes on the dies, the fly wheel may turn round on the shaft.
Around the fly wheel a band passes, which gives motion to a shaft on which
are circular cutters for finishing or taking off any burrs from nuts or other
articles. This shaft turns in bearings carried by standards from the same bed
plate as the other parts of the machine. On the opposite end of the main
shaft is an eccentric, which gives motion to a slide that carries a cutter for
cutting rods into suitable lengths to form blanks. In each portion of the
inachine for forming bolts, nuts, spikes, or rivets, the lower portion of the die
is received into a socket in a block, which can slide horizontally in guides
carried by the frame from back to front of the machine. The block is
connected by a horizontal rod to a cross head that is at the back of the
machine; this cross head can be slid to and fro by a lever that receives motion
from a hand lever at the front of the machine. By this means by moving the
band lever the block that carries the lower die can be slid forward in its guides
towards the front of the machine. When bolts, spikes, or rivets are to be formed
the sliding block is formed with a hole vertically through it; the lower die is
formed with a hole through it to correspond with the shape of the stem of the
bolt, spike, or rivet, whilst the upper die that is carried by the slide that
receives motion from an eccentric on the main shaft, as before mentioned, is

page_text: for shaping the head of the bolt, spike, or rivet. The length of the stem of
the bolt, spike, or rivet is regulated by the length of a plunger that passes up
through the bottom of the hole in the sliding block; this plunger at its lower
end rests on a bar that is at one end hinged to the bottom of the sliding block,
and at its other end passes through a slot in a rod that is connected to the
slide that carries the upper die. The end of the bar that passes through this
slot is formed with an incline upon it, so that when the slide is by means of
the lever handle moved forwards, the incline or the bar coming against the
bottom of the slot moves that end of the bar upwards, so moving up the
plunger, and raising the spike or other article out of the die. When either
portion of the machine is to be arranged to form nuts, then the slide that
carries the lower die is replaced by a slide carrying a die suitably formed for
shaping the exterior of the nut; this slide is, like the former slide, formed
with a hole passing vertically through it; through this hole a plunger rises;
the top of this plunger forms the bottom of the mould, in which the nut is
shaped; the plunger has also a hole formed vertically through it; through this
hole a rod passes that at its upper end is formed into a punch for punching
the hole in the centre of the nut; the lower end of this rod is attached to the
bed of the machine, and is arranged so that it can be raised or lowered to
adjust the height of the punch that is at its upper end. The punch that cuts
the hole in the centre of the nut is thus stationary in place of being moveable,
as heretofore. The lower end of the hollow plunger is connected to a lever
that is at one end hinged to a short standard from the framing; the other end
of the lever embraces a rod projecting upwards from a plunger, and is pressed
downwards by a spiral spring on to a collar on the plunger. The plunger
works in a cylinder, at the bottom of which is a spring of vulcanized india-
rubber. By this means if any undue strain comes on the parts of the die, the
lever that supports the plunger gives way by compressing the spring, and thus
prevents the breakage of any parts of the machine. The lever passes through
a slot in a rod that is connected to the slide that carries the upper die, so that
when the slide rises it causes the end of the lever that rests on the plunger to
rise also, thus raising the hollow plunger that forms the bottom of the die, and
forcing the nut up out of the die, so that the nut can readily be removed. The
upper die that is carried by the slide which receives motion, as before
described, from an excentric on the main shaft is composed of a hollow punch.
Into the hollow of this punch the upper end of the stationary solid punch
before mentioned enters, when the upper die is moved downwards. The
portion of metal thus removed from the metal blank by the solid punch is

page_text: received into the hollow punch, and ultimately passes away through a hole
formed for that purpose in the slide. A small passage is also formed in the
slide leading to the passage through the hollow punch, through which water
may be caused to run on to the punch to cool it.
In constructing furnaces for heating blanks to be formed into bolts, nuts,
spikes, or rivets, the flue leading from the fire-place is formed of fire-bricks or
tiles, through which holes are formed, into which holes the rods or blanks to
be heated are inserted.
According to one arrangement the fire-brick flue leading from the furnace
passes in a horizontal direction to the chimney, and it is in the sides and also
at the ends of this horizontal portion that the holes for inserting the rods or
blanks are formed. The fire-place is made of about double the width of the
furnace, so that the area occupied by the fire-bars shall be considerably greater
than the area of the flue in cross section; the heat necessary for heating the
blanks can thus be obtained without the use of blast; the area of the flue
should be about 75 per cent. less than the area of the fire-bars. When a
furnace is required for heating fewer blanks than would be heated by a furnace
having a horizontal flue, as above described, the fire-place may be provided
with a short vertical flue of fire-brick, through which the holes for introducing
the blanks are formed; the area of the space occupied by the fire-bars is also in
this case considerably greater than the area of the flue in cross section, in order
to be enabled to obtain the requisite degree of heat without the use of blast.
Having thus stated the nature of my Invention, I will proceed to describe
more fully the manner of performing the same.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS.
Figure 1 is a front elevation; Figure 2, a horizontal section through the
line A, A; Figure 3, a vertical section through the line B, B; and Figure 4,
a vertical section through the line D, D; Figure 5 is a top view; Figure 6,
a section through the line C, C, showing bed plate; and Figure 7, a section
at D, D, drawn to an enlarged scale, showing spring over crank shaft journal.
The machine is, as shown in the Drawings, made double as above described,
so that two operators can work at the same time. Like letters refer to
corresponding parts in all the Figures.
A is the main frame, which may be constructed in any convenient form,
and supported by the legs a, a, a, which are screwed to the bed plate B, or
any other suitable device. The driving shaft C having its bearings in the
brackets b, and the standard c receives its motion through the tight and loose
pulleys, D, D. This shaft is provided with a fly wheel E, and pinion F,

page_text: working into the spur wheel G, so as to give a slow motion to the crank or
'excentric shaft F¹; this shaft has its bearings on the main frame A, and is
secured by the cap pieces d, d; d, said shaft being cut or turned down between
the bearings so as to form wrists excentric with the shaft for the purpose of
giving motion to the connecting rods H, H', and through them a vertical
reciprocating motion to the slides I, I'. The slides I, 1', work in the adjust-
able guides e, e, e, e, having at their upper ends projections as shown at f
Figure 3, and at the lower ends mortices, into which the changeable dies J, J,
are secured, said dies having in their lower surfaces recesses countersunk,
or cavities corresponding with the heads of the required article. K, K¹, are
moveable carriages, having large recesses in their upper ends, in which the
adjustable changeable heading tools L, L', are secured. The heading tools L, L,
are made of suitable materials and shape, and have a hole through near their
centre corresponding with the body or shank of the bolt or article required. The
sliding carriages K, K¹, are each connected to the cross heads L", L", by the
rods 9, 9. The cross heads L", L", Figure 3, working in the guides h, h¹,
and being operated upon by the arm i of the rock shaft j, and the rock
shaft being connected to the arm k, and that by the connecting link to the
handle lever M', a reverse motion is given to sliding carriage K, each half of
the machine being worked in the same manner. The lever N', Fig. 3, is
hung to the carriage K. at m, has a projection at n, and works through the
slot in the stirrup o¹, the stirrup o¹ being connected to the slide I; P is a
puppet, made of proper length to extend from the lever N to the bottom end
of the bolt or article being operated upon, said puppets being changeable to
adapt them to different length bolts. Figure 7, x is a rubber cushion or
spring placed over the journals of the excentric shaft, secured in its place by
flanges on the cup of the box p, and the main frame at the cap piece d.
R, R, R, R, are adjustable set screws, with check nutts 9, 9, 9, 9, to stop the
carriages K, K' as required; d¹ is a band from fly wheel E to shaft f¹, working
two frasers or finishers e', for the purpose of removing any frase or burr that
may be left on bolts, nutts, spikes, &c.; y' is a fly wheel; h¹ is a rest or support
for the article to be finished. The whole is supported upon standards i¹ and c,
and firmly secured to bed plate B; ¹ is a moveable cutter or bottom blade;
kis the upper blade. These cutters can be adapted to round or flat iron.
The bottom one is bolted to a continuation of frame A, and the upper is fixed
in ram I by means of set screws, for the purpose of cutting iron to be worked
by the said machine. Figure 4 (a cross section on lines marked D, D), repre-
sents my improved method of making nuts, washers, tangs, &c. The same
letters up to and including R, refer to like parts in all the other Figurs. The

page_text: figures or letters marked in red, refer to the parts that are new in this machine.
S is a cut-off punch for stamping out and shaping the nuts, or otherwise, and
is screwed into the adjustable box T by means of a key U. This box is
firmly secured and adjusted in ram I by means of set screws; V is the die,
secured in its seat, and adjusted to suit punch S by means of four set screws;
W is a fixed punch for punching the nuts, and remains always in the same
position, the punch S in its descent receiving or passing over it to the depth
of wad; it is firmly secured and rendered adjustable by means of double nuts
to suit any required thickness of iron; Y is a moveable bottom punch that is
lifted after the nut is.punched by means of lever Z and stirrup O, to a level
with the face. of die, thereby forcing up the nut to enable the person attending
to clear it away. This stirrup is connected to ram I' by means of an arm, and
is bolted thereto at f, and receives upward motion from the return of the ram.
The lever Z is forced back by means of a spring t; u is a tool carrier, into which
the moveable bottom punch Y is fixed by means of a key, and is fixed to yielding
lever Z by connecting pieces 6' in detail; W is a compensating rest for end of
lever Z, while the nuts or otherwise are being punched, and is supported in
place by an india-rubber cushion or spring. The purpose of this cushion X is
to guard against any undue pressure that may arise from any irregularity in
thickness of iron, used, or should there be two nuts by accident between
punch S and punch Y, thereby saving breakage of machine. The cast-iron
ram I has an aperture d', to admit a stream of water into the interior of
punch. S to keep it cool. The punch S in its descent receives into the aper-
ture c¹ the wad of the iron being punched, and as each successive one
enters, it gradually forces the previous wads up until they fall away from the
machine. The aperture being made slightly to increase in size beyond the
diameter of wad, admits of a free passage, but leaves no room for them to fall.
The Drawings represent one portion of the machine ready with tools for
making nuts, and the other for making bolts. By removing the tools for
making nuts, and placing in the machine the bolt tools, both parts of the
machine can be employed in making bolts, and vice versa.
I will now proceed to describe the Drawings hereunto annexed of furnaces
for heating blanks constructed according to our Invention.
Figure 1. is a side view; Figure 2, an end view; Figure 3, a vertical.
longitudinal section through the centre marked A', A¹; Figure 4 is a plan;
Figure 5, a half transverse section on lines marked B, B', on plan Figure 4;
Figure 6, a half transverse section on lines marked B³, B³, on plan Figure 4;.
Figure 7, horizontal section through the centre on lines marked C¹, C',.
Figuro 3; Figure 8, section of chimney cap and damper; Figure 9, half.
-

page_text: section of chimney, shewing man-hole, and iron bearers. Like letters
refer to like parts in each Figure.
A, Figure 3, represents the ash-pit; B, fire-bars resting on bars C; D
represents fire-bricks which line or cover the whole interior of the furnace and
chimney. Above the fire-bars B, Figure 6, is an opening E, through which
the fire is fed; F are perforated fire-bricks through which that which is to be
heated is introduced into the furnace. These perforations extend in rows
from one end of the furnace to the other, and are also continued at and
marked F for the purpose of heating iron up to ten feet long, or as long as
the furnace is made. The outsides of the furnace are protected by cast-iron
retaining plates H, H, and secured in their placed by bolts I, I, I, I, and
passing through them from side to side. In Figure 1, the upper cast-iron
plates marked H', H', have holes corresponding to the perforations in the
fire-bricks F to admit the iron for heating. J, in Figures 1, 6, and 7; are flat
iron clamps with rods passing through them at ends, and bolted together in
position, fire-bricks D¹, D', forming roof of furnace. Figures 1, 3, 4, and 6,
are held together with wrought-iron clamps K, and can be removed in sections
and renewed when required; L is a groundwork or filling-in of earth under
the furnace; M are shelves (Figure 4) or ledges formed for convenience, on
which to keep a supply of iron ready for heating. The chimney N, Figure 2,
is made of iron plates lined with fire-bricks, and stands upon a cast-iron bed
plate O (Figure 8), inside of a circular flange P. This plate O projects
inside the chimney sufficient to sustain all the brickwork above it; it is
bolted to cast-iron bearers Q (Figure 1), that have flanges R at their ends
and which lap over the top ends of the cast-iron standards S, upon which
these bearers rest and are recessed, thereby holding them in position. These
standards S are placed upon brickwork or concrete. The passage T, Figures
2 and 3, is an aperture through which the chimney is cleared of the melted
slag, &c. U, Figures 1 and 4, are pieces of angle iron plates bolted and
secured to the corners of the face plates or retaining plates H to hold them
together. Upon the top of the chimney N there is a damper V, Figure 8,
and by opening or closing it by means of the rod or chain W, and lever Z
the heat is increased or decreased. In Figure 9, X is a plate covering the
man-hole, and Y are 4 irons to carry the brick lining D, so that part may be
removed without the whole. Figures 10 to 17 shew various views of a
furnace for heating blanks made with a vertical flue; Figure 10 is a side
elevation of the furnace; Figure 11, a longitudinal vertical section; Figure 12,
a transverse vertical section; Figure 13 a horizontal section through the
perforated iron plate H, H; Figure 14, a horizontal section above fire-bars,

page_text: Figure 15, a plan of bed plate for chimney; Figure 16, a vertical section
through chimney cap, shewing damper; and Figure 17, a half section and
part elevation of chimney, shewing man-hole and iron bearers.
A, Figure 12, represents the ash-pit; B are the fire-bars resting on bars C;
5 D represents fire-bricks which line or cover the whole interior of the furnace
and chimney. Above the fire-bars B is an opening E, through which the fire
is fed. F, Figure 11, are perforated fire-bricks, through the perforations G of
which the iron that is to be heated is introduced into the furnace. These
perforations extend in rows on either side of the furnace in order to utilize the
heat from the fire (see Figure 11). The outside of the furnace is protected
by cast-iron retaining plates H, H, (see Figures 11, 12, and 14,) and secured
in their places by the chimney standards S. The upper cast-iron perforated
plates H', H, Figure 10, have holes G¹ corresponding to the perforations in
fire-bricks F to admit the iron for heating; J, Figure 13, are flat iron clamps
with rods passing through them at their ends, and bolted together in position.
M are shelves (Figure 13) or ledges formed for convenience, on which to keep
a supply of iron ready for heating. The chimney N (Figure 11) is made of
iron plates lined with fire-bricks. It stands upon a cast-iron bed plate O
inside a circular flange P. This plate O projects inside the chimney sufficient
to sustain all the brickwork above; it is bolted to cast-iron bearers Q that
have flanges R at their ends (Figures 10 and 12), and which lap over the
top of the cast-iron standards S, upon which these beams rest and are recessed,
thereby holding them in position. Upon the chimney N, Figure 11, there
is a damper V, Figure 16, and by opening it or closing it by means of the
rod or chain W, and lever Z, the heat of the fire is increased or decreased.
In Figure 17, X is a plate covering the man-hole in the chimney, and Y are
irons to carry the brick lining D, so that part may be removed without the
whole.
In witness whereof, I, the said Francis Watkins, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Nineteenth day of May, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-four.
FRANCIS WATKINS. (L.S.)