IMPROVEMENTS IN PAVING STREETS AND PAVING OR COVERING OTHER SURFACES, AND IN COMPOSITIONS TO BE USED FOR THESE PURPOSES
Year: 1871

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Albert Tibbitts, of No. 41, Lansdowne Crescent,
Notting Hill, in the County of Middlesex, Gentleman, and Edward
Fullwood, of No. 8, Newton Terrace, Lec, in the County of Kent,
Cement Manufacturer, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN PAVING
STREETS AND PAVING OR COVERING OTHER SURFACES, AND IN COMPOSITIONS
TO BE USED FOR THESE PURPOSES."
ealed the 20th October 1871, and dated the 7th July 1871.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Albert Tibbitts and
Edward Fullwood at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents,
with their Petition, on the 7th July 1871.
We, ALBERT TIBBITTS, of No. 41, Lansdowne Crescent, Notting
Hill, in the County of Middlesex, Gentleman, and EDWARD FULLWOOD,
of No. 8, Newton Terrace, Lee, in the County of Kent, Cement
Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN PAVING STREETS AND PAVING OR COVERING OTHER

page_text: SURFACES, AND IN COMPOSITIONS TO BE USED FOR THESE PURPOSES, το De as
follows:-
-
This Invention has for its object improvements in paving streets and
paving or covering other surfaces. For this purpose we take coal pitch
or coal tar or other bituminous or asphaltic substance, and having heated
it we stir into it fine sand, burnt iron pyrites, or other such like mineral
matter in fine powder. We use also the lime waste of soap and alkali
works, and soda waste, which from the alkali they contain cause a
better adhesion between the sand and the other materials, and render
the mixture inflammable, or the alkalies themselves may be employed.
We also sometimes use sulphur waste and common salt. Lastly we add
The
burnt or raw gypsum, and this by preference in large proportion.
materials are all stirred together, and the pitchy matter not being in
sufficient quantity to bind the mineral matters together, whilst they
are kept stirred the materials become granulated or remain in the state
of powder. Or if preferred the material may be pressed together into a
mass, in which case the mass is afterwards ground fine.
In laying a pavement the powdered material is made hot, and in this
state it is spread on the roadway, and is well rammed or rolled with
heated rammers or rollers until it binds firmly together, and a hard and
tough surface is formed upon it.
When using pitch, tar, bituminous or asphaltic substance in this way
to make a pavement, the matters mixed therewith may be varied, but
we prefer especially to use gypsum, as it readily takes up the pitching
matter, forming with it a pulverulent mixture which is easily consoli-
dated by ramming, and forms a good, sound, yet slightly elastic roadway.
By laying the mixture to form a pavement in a powdered or pulverulent
state in place of in a melted or doughy state as is now the practice,
when such artificial mixtures are employed, we are able to reduce the
quantity of pitch or tarry bituminous or asphaltic matter in the mixture
and so we obtain a fire-proof roofing or pavement which will not soften
with the heat of the sun.

page_text: employed, the proportion of pitch being larger, and the mixture being
applied in a semi-fluid or doughy state.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Albert Tibbitts and Edward Fullwood in the
Great Scal Patent Office on the 6th January 1872.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, ALBERT
TIBBITTS, of No. 41, Lansdowne Crescent, Notting Hill, in the County
of Middlesex, Gentleman, and EDWARD FULLWOOD, of No. 8, Newton
Terrace, Lee, in the County of Kent, Cement Manufacturer, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Seventh day of July, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-one, in the thirty-
fifth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto us, the said Albert Tibbitts and Edward Fullwood,
Her special license, that we, the said Albert Tibbitts and Edward
Fullwood, our executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as
we, the said Albert Tibbitts and Edward Fullwood, our executors,
administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no
others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term
therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
PAVING STREETS, AND PAVING OR COVERING OTHER SURFACES, AND IN COMPOSITIONS
TO BE USED FOR THESE PURPOSES," upon the condition, (amongst others,)
that we, the said Albert Tibbitts and Edward Fullwood, our executors
or administrators, by an instrument in writing under our or their hands
and scals, or under the hand and seal of one of us or them, should
particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and
in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to
be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next
and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said Albert Tibbitts and Edward
Fullwood, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention, and in

page_text: what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and
ascertained in and by the following statement thereof, that is to say :-
This Invention has for its object improvements in paving streets and
paving or covering other surfaces, and in compositions to be used for
these purposes. For this purpose we take coal pitch or coal tar, or other
bituminous or asphaltic substances, and having heated it we stir into it
fine sand, burnt iron pyrites, or other such like mineral matter in fine
powder. We use also the lime waste of soap and alkali works and soda
waste, which from the alkali they contain cause a better. adhesion
between the sand and the other materials, and render the mixture unin-
flammable, or the alkalies themselves may be employed. We also
sometimes use sulphur waste and common salt. Lastly, we add burnt or
raw gypsum, and this by preference in large proportion. The materials
are all stirred together, and the pitchy matter not being in sufficient
quantity to bind the mineral matters together whilst they are kept
stirred the materials become granulated or remain in the state of powder;
or, if preferred, the material may be pressed together into a mass, in
which case the mass is afterwads ground fine.
In laying a pavement the powdered material is made hot, and in this
state it is spread on the roadway, and is well rammed or rolled with
heated rammers or rollers until it binds firmly together, and a hard and
tough surface is formed upon it.
When using pitch tar, bituminous or asphaltic substances in this way
to make a pavement the matters mixeḍ therewith may be varied, but we
prefer especially to use gypsum, as it readily takes up the pitchy matter,
forming with it a pulverulent mixture which is easily consolidated by
ramming, and forms a good, sound, yet slightly elastic roadway. By
laying the mixture to form a pavement in a powdered or pulverulent
state in place of in a melted or doughy state, as is now the practice
when such artificial mixtures are employed, we are able to reduce the
quantity, of pitch, or tarry, bituminous, or asphaltic matter in the
mixture, and so we obtain a fire-proof roofing or pavement which will
not soften with the heat of the sun.
To form footpaths, roofing, flooring, or for other similar purposes a thin
layer of the pitchy matter and gypseous substances may be emploved.

page_text: semi-fluid or doughy state.
In order that our said Invention may be most fully understood and
readily carried into effect we will proceed to describe more in detail the
processes which we prefer for the preparation of the artificial paving
composition, and its application to a road or other surface to be paved
or covered.
The cauldron
stirrer, or the
Into the hot
Into a cauldron or vessel heated by steam or in other convenient way,
so that its contents may be brought to a temperature of 212° Fahrenheit,
we put one part of coal tar and three parts of pitch. The pitch which
we prefer to use is softer than ordinary coal tar pitch, in consequence of
heavy oil being left in it, the distillatory process by which the pitch is
prepared being stopped at an earlier stage than is usual.
or vessel is by preference provided with a mechanical
mixture of the materials may be effected by hand labor.
pitch and tar, when these are thoroughly mixed, fine sand is stirred,
and then slacked lime, or, by preference, the lime waste of soap makers.
When these materials have been worked in raw gypsum and ground
ironstone are also added. The proportions of the materials used are such
that the mixture in the cauldron has a sandy or pulverulent nature,
so that it will run freely through a sieve with a quarter inch mesh, but
yet when firmly pressed together when thus heated it will cohere into
a mass. When the mixing operation is complete the materials are
removed from the cauldron, and the heated powder may be at once
laid upon the foundation or surface where the paving or covering is
required, and consolidated by heat and pressure in the manner now
commonly practised in laying pavement with natural asphaltic rock
ground to powder, such as is known as the Val de Travers asphalte.
In place of forming the pulverulent composition at once into a pavement
it may be allowed to cool, and reheated when required for usc. The
powder is very conveniently conveyed from place to place in bags, or
when the material is discharged from the cauldron or mixing vessel, it
may, for facility of transport, be pressed together into blocks, in which
case it is necessary to break down and grind the blocks when the
material is required for use. The proportion of pitch and tar to the
other ingredients of the composition is so regulated to give the proper
consistence to the mixture, as already described, and will be between

page_text: ten and twenty per cent. of те поте. The other ingredients may
conveniently be used in the proportions following:-
Fine sand
Soapmakers' lime waste
-
One part.
One part.
Ground ironstone, that found in the neighbour-} Three parts.
hood of Northamptonshire is preferred
Raw gypsum
4 to 6 parts.
In place of soapmakers' waste or slaked lime, soda waste, the lime
waste from gasworks or cement may be used. Burnt pyrites may be
used instead of ironstone, and cement or ground Bath, Portland, or lias
stone may be used in lieu, of gypsum in part or in whole. When it is
desired to render the composition fire-proof salt may be added in the
proportion of, say, one-half per cent. The composition is laid to form
a roadway to a thickness when consolidated of about two inches more
or less according to the weight of the traffic; and for footpaths, roofings,
and other coverings it is laid in a similar manner but thinner; and when
the composition is to be laid in a comparatively thin layer the proportion
of bituminous matter may be somewhat increased with advantage.
If a very thin coating for a footpath, say half an inch in thickness, be
required our system, herein-before described, of combining the materials
so as to obtain a pulverulent composition in the cauldron or mixing
vessel is not applicable, but we then employ a considerably larger pro-
portion of tar, so as to obtain a mixture which is sufficiently fluid to
flow from a ladic, and this composition we lay in the same way that
melted asphalte has heretofore been laid.
Having thus described the nature of our said Invention we would have
it understood that we claim,―
First. The preparation and use in paving streets or covering other
surfaces of a composition consisting of mineral matters mixed with
melted pitch and tar or other bituminous matters in such proportions
as to form a compound which remains pulverulent whilst in the mixing
vessel, but can be consolidated by pressure, substantially as described.
Second. The preparation and use in paving streets or covering other
surfaces of a composition consisting of gypsum combined with pitch
and tar or other bituminous matters and other substances, substantially
as described.

page_text: Third. The preparation and use in paving streets or covering other
surfaces of artificial asphaltic compositions, substantially as described.
In witness whereof, we, the said Albert Tibbitts and Edward
Fullwood, have hereunto set our hands and seals, this Sixth day
of January, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred
and seventy-two.