CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPA- BATUS FOR MANUFACTURING PIPES OR TUBES PROM CLAY OR OTHER PLASTIC MATERIALS, PART OR PARTS OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE APPLICABLE TO THE MANUFACTURE OF HOLLOW EARTHENWARE
Year: 1848

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, THOMAS
SPENCER, of Prescot, in the County of Lancaster, Earthenware Manufacturer,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, boaring date at West-
minster, the Tenth day of April, in the eleventh year of Her reign, and in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and forty-eight, did, for Herself,
Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said Thomas Spencer,
Her especial licence, full power, sole privilege and authority, that I, the said
Thomas Spencer, my executors, administrators, and assigns, and such others
as I, the said Thomas Spencer, my executors, administrators, and assigns,
should at any time agree with, and no other, from time to time and at all times
during the term of years therein expressed, should and lawfully might make,
use, exercise, and vend, within England and Wales, and the Town of Berwick-
upon-Tweed, my Invention of "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPA-
BATUS FOR MANUFACTURING PIPES OR TUBES PROM CLAY OR OTHER PLASTIC MATERIALS,
PART OR PARTS OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE APPLICABLE TO THE MANUFACTURE OF
HOLLOW EARTHENWARE;" in which said Letters Patent is contained a proviso
that the said Thomas Spencer shall cause a particular description of the
nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed,
to be enrolled in Her Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said in part
recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference being thereunto had,
will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said Thomas
Spencer, do hereby declare that the nature of my said Invention, and the manner

page_text: in and by the Drawings hereto annexed, and the following explanation thereof,
(that is to say):-
-
My improvements consist,―
First. In the arrangement and construction of machinery or apparatus
whereby I am enabled to employ the direct action of steam pressure upon clay
or other plastic materials for the purpose of manufacturing pipes or tubes, or
other hollow earthenware, and vessels or tubes of other plastic materials.
Secondly. In the method of forming such pipes or tubes or other hollow
earthenware, and vessels or tubes of other plastic materials, with socket or
flange ends attached, for the purpose of more conveniently joining them into
continuous lengths, by means of a suitable construction of die or dies adapted to
such purpose, and employed in connection with the pressing machinery.
Also in the method of forming any description of goods; in the manufacture
of which the inside of the lower die is withdrawn, or when both are separated;
always premising that pipes or tubes are delivered head or socket first.
Thirdly. In certain improved apparatus for turning over the pipes or tubes,
or other vessels, when of large dimensions, after the first part of the process of
manufacture, and also the use of a drum or mandril, for giving internal sup-
port to pipes or tubes (whether with or without sockets), whilst being enpressed
from the material cylinder, in combination with a sliding ring, when the tube is
made with a socket.
Fourthly. In the method of forming or turning curves or bends in such pipes
or tubes, of whatever form, shape, or configuration they may be required.
Fifthly. In the method of forming or making "stilts and feet," and burning
the tubes or pipes thereon.
And, lastly, in the peculiar construction of the kiln employed for burning
the pipes and tubes and other hollow earthenware.
The practical application of my improvements will be readily understood by
referring to the Drawings accompanying these presents, in which I have repre-
sented my improved apparatus in several views, and have marked the same
with letters and figures of reference corresponding with the following descrip-
tion of the same. The Drawings are made upon a scale of about one inch to
the foot, and similar letters of reference are marked upon corresponding parts
of the mechanism in all the Figures.
.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS.
Fig. 1 represents a front elevation of the machinery or apparatus which I
employ in the manufacture of earthenware pipes or tubes, with a socket die
attached. Fig. 2 is a transverse section of the same. Fig. 3 is a plan view

page_text: or my improved die so rar as is additional.
the material cylinder, having dies attached thereto, suitable for manufacturing
an earthenware "crock," and also a carriage for carrying the socket core pin,
or inside conformation of other vessels, having represented upon it a crock core
pin. Fig. 5 is a section, and Fig. 6 a plan view of the same. Fig. 7 represents
the elevation of a cramp or holder, used for turning the pipes or tubes (when
of larger dimensions, as here shewn), or other vessels after the first process of
manufacture is passed; and also a section of the drum or mandril used for
keeping the pipe straight, and causing it to retain a circular or other required
form.
In Figs. 1 and 2, a, a, represent two transverse beams or pieces of timber
used as a frame for supporting the steam cylinder b, b. Into this cylinder is
fitted a steam-tight piston c, c, to which is firmly attached one end of the
piston rod d, d, which works through the steam-tight stuffing box e, e. To
the other end of this rod is attached another piston f.f, which is used for
pressing the clay (or other plastic material of which the pipe or other vessel is.
made) out of the lower or material cylinder g, g, which can be turned out-
wards upon its journals or bearings, to be charged with clay or other materials.
The "dod" or die, h. h, i, i, represents the outside case or mould for forming the
outside of the socket of tube or other vessel, and is worked in the slides k, k,
by means of the lever l, l. m, m, is the core pin which forms the inside of the
socket, and is attached to the core of the "dod" or die h, h, (through which the
pipe is expressed) by a screw or otherwise. The spaces z, z, betwixt the out-
side mould and the core pin must be always made of the precise dimensions
which the socket of the pipe or the size of the vessel is required to be. n, n,
are passages or thoroughfares for the admission and exit of steam to and from
the cylinder b, b. o, o, is a slide valve used for the same purpose, and in the
usual manner as the ordinary steam slide valve, and is worked by means of the
levers p, p. r, r, is the pipe for conveying steam from the boiler to the steam
box 8, s.
t, t, is the exit pipe for the steam after it has performed its office.
u, u, are two steps or blocks fitted into the cross head v, v; these blocks clasp
the piston rod d, and are pressed together by the cam w, w, which is
worked by the lever x, x. The use of this break is merely to restrain the
descent of the piston at will, and to prevent accidents. In Figs. 4 and 5, A, A,
represent slides which are bolted firmly to the floor of the room, and sustain
the core pin carriage B, B. On the top of this carriage is supported
a core pin m, m, used in the manufacture of hollow earthenware, and
which core pin is raised or lowered from its position by means of the screw
D, D, and nut E, which nut is worked by means of the wheel F, F, and the

page_text: handle G, G. In Fig. 7, H, H, represents the cramp or holder fastened to the
wall by a plate and bolts, and secured to the plate in the centre by means of
the round stud pin L, L, on which it is made to work freely. M, M, is the
drum or mandril, which is placed inside the pipe when it is being expressed
from the material cylinder. N, N, is a sliding ring, the outside of which is
made to fit the inside of the socket of pipe C, C, as shewn in section, and fits loose
on the outside of the drum; when the pipe is being made this ring is placed
inside the socket, and slides down the drum, thus preserving the socket in its
proper form. P, P, are "shoards" or boards placed at each end of the drum to
prevent the pipe from sliding off it when handled or turned over. R, R, are
the screws working through the ends of the cramp (which are screwed to
receive them), and are for the purpose of securely holding the pipe whilst it is
being turned over.
Such being the description of the working details of my improved machinery,
I now proceed to describe the mode of carrying the same into practical
effect, and the uses of the means employed in the process of such manufacture.
In manufacturing a pipe or tubo, I first fill the cylinder 9, 9, with clay or
other plastic material; I then insert the core pin m, m, and secure it to the core
of the "dod" or die h, k, and close the outside moulds i, i; I proceed to open the
slide valve o, o, by means of the levers p, p, (as before described), and so admit
steam from the steam box to the top side of the piston; the elastic force of
the steam depresses the piston e, e, and consequently the piston f.f, is forced
down into the material of which the pipe or vessel is to be formed with a
power corresponding to the pressure of the steam: I continue this until the
spaco z,, left betwixt the core pin and outside mould is completely filled.
After the socket of the tube has thus been formed, I raise the slide valve
by the means used for the admission of steam, and the steam which has
been used for pressure is exhausted from the top of the piston and passes
into the atmosphere through the exit pipe t, t. I then open the outside
socket mould by means of the levers 1, 1, and withdraw the inside core pin,
and the socket is left protruding through the upper die or "dod" h, h. I then
place the top side of a drum, similar to that shewn at M, M, in Fig. 7, but
of a suitable size, underneath the core of the "dod" or die h, h, and beneath
this I place the board or "shoard" P, P, Fig. 7, and support the whole by
means of a carriage working on the slides A, A, (or in any other manner which
may be preferred). I then insert the sliding ring N, N, into the socket of the
tube, and again cause the pressure on the piston as before. The clay is then
forced through the "dod" or die h, h, and the sliding ring is carried down the
drum into the pipe or tube is made of sufficient length, when it is severed by
::

page_text: means of a wire or knife. Tubes when made of small diameter may then be
turned over by hand, but when made of a larger calibree they require to be
turned over by a machine, in which case I carry the tube with the "shoard" or
board underneath (the sliding ring still remaining), and place it in the cramp or
holder H, H, with the socket downwards, as shewn in the Drawing Fig. 7: on
the top of this drum or mandril I place a second board or "shoard;" and by
working the screws R, R, the drum is firmly held in the cramp. I next turn
the holder (which is made to revolve on the stud pin L, L, as before described),
until the socket is brought to the top. The scrow is then slackened, and the
whole is removed from the cramp, and placed on the floor, with the socket
upwards. The sliding ring and drum are then withdrawn, and the tube or
vessel is left erect, in a finished state, and the manufacture is complete in that
stage. The bends and curves are made in the same way, being directed to the
required form either with or without curved drums. The dies or moulds for
forming hollow earthenware are made and worked in the same manner as the
moulds above described for making the sockets of tubes or pipes, excepting
that the inside core pin is placed at such a distance from the under side of the
"dod" or dio as is sufficient for the thickness of the bottom of such articles
as represented at Fig. 5. The kiln I employ for burning is circular, and of a
similar kind to those in general uso, built with "goits and bags." My
improvement consists in building arches from bag to bag, which may or may
not be extended, with the arches towards the centre of the kiln, and so covering
either the whole or any part of the kiln in an intermediate space between the
bottom of the kiln and the usual top arch; or it may be done by one arch
only, forming thereby a second bottom, securing a firm standing for the tubes
or other arches, which arches may be repeated or placed one set above another.
The nature and object of my improvements, and also the manner in which
the same are to be performed, having been above described, I desire it to be
understood, in conclusion, that I do not restrict myself to the use of such a
press as described, or to other details, excepting so far as regards the peculiar
construction of the dies or "dods," for the continuous formation of the sockets
and the tube or vessel, as I am aware that other modes of pressure are in use
for the construction of pipes, and might be applied for the purposes herein
described, and other modes of drawing off the outside moulds for forming the
sockets, and forming the hollow earthenware, &c. may be adopted; but the
adoption of them at all with the insertion of the inside conformation or core
pin is absolutely necessary, and also that there must be an outside die, such or
somewhat similar to those described, either to draw off, to turn round, or to
remain stationary, at discretion, and when together, either closed at the bottom,

page_text: or open, or partially so. In all cases, the inside conformation of the socket
flange or vessel must be removed after forming the socket flange or vessel; when
the vessel is constructed, or the pipe continues to coine. out of the required
diameter or the vessel of its proper size, or all may be removed at once, and
separated afterwards. The socket may be made with the pipe, or the socket
may be made separately, and attached afterwards. I find it more convenient
and useful to bring down the larger pipes, especially on drums or mandrils,
formed so as to preserve the shape, and also after the pipes are so formed to
turn them over with a machine, as described in Fig. 7, in order to allow of the
pipe standing on a solid base. The delivery is promoted. by. the use of a little
oil on the inside of the outside socket mould, and on the core pin. In order
to facilitate the insertion of the inside conformation, and to remove them when
requisite, I have in operation a machine as described in Figs. 4 and 5, which
is mostly useful in making large pipes and vessels, and which either may or
may not be used at pleasure, as the inside conformation may be lifted and
screwed up to the inside core of the upper die or "dod." I make the "stilts"
or feet for burning upon the same shape or thereabouts of the vessel or tube
itself, with or without air holes; the former of which I prefer for the admission
of draught, and the better promotion of burning and glazing. A further
improvement consists in the grinding of earthenware pipes, as also turning and
boring them.
In conclusion, I claim under the above-recited Letters Patent,-
First, the application of the direct action of steam pressure upon clay and
other plastic materials, for the purpose of manufacturing pipes or tubes, or
other hollow earthenware, or vessels, or tubes of other plastic materials, by the
use or employment of the machinery or apparatus above described and exhibited
in the Drawings, or other suitable modification of such arrangement having
the dies or "dods" (whether of the ordinary kind or of the peculiar con-
struction above described), for forming the sockets placed underneath the
material cylinder, as shewn in Figs. 1, 2, 4, and 5.
Secondly, I claim the peculiar construction of die or dies for forming pipes of
clay or other plastic materials, with sockets; the socket being formed prior to
the remainder of the tube; and for the construction of hollow earthenware, or
vessels, or tubes, of other plastic materials.
Thirdly, I claim the mechanism for turning over the pipes, as described, and
also the use of the core, drum, or mandril, for giving internal support to pipes
or tubes (whether with or without sockets), whilst being expressed from the
material cylinder in combination with the sliding ring, when the tube is made
with a socket, as best seen in Fig. 7.

page_text: Fourthly, I claim the construction of bends and curves in pipes or tubes,
s described, either with or without drums or mandrils, direct from the
naterial cylinder.
Lastly, I claim the method of forming or making "stilts" and "feet" for
urning upon, and also the peculiar construction of kiln, as above described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Thomas Spencer, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Ninth day of October, One thousand eight hundred
and forty-eight.
THOMAS (LS.) SPENCER.
AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Ninth day of October, in the
welfth year of the reign of Her Majesty Queen Victoria, the said Thoma
Spencer came before our said Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and
acknowledged the Instrument aforesaid, and all and every thing therein
contained and specified, in form above written. And also the Instrument
aforesaid was stamped according to the tenor of the Statute made in the fifty-
ifth
year of the reign of His late Majesty King George the Third.
Inrolled the Tenth day of October, One thousand eight hundred and

page_text: In the Matter of certain Letters Patent granted the Tenth day of April,
in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and forty-eight,
to Thomas Spencer, for an Invention of "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN
MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR MANUFACTURING PIPES OR TUBES FROM
CLAY OR OTHER PLASTIC MATERIALS, PART OR PARTS OF WHICH IMPROVE
MENTS ARE APPLICABLE TO THE MANUFACTURE OF HOLLOW EARTHENWARE."
DISCLAIMER and MEMORANDUM OF ALTERATION entered pursuant
to an Act passed in the fifth and sixth years of King William the Fourth,
entitled "An Act to amend the Law touching Letters Patent for
Inventions."
"
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, THOMAS
SPENCER, of Prescot, in the County of Lancaster, Earthenware Manufacturer,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Tenth day of April, in the
eleventh year of Her reign, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, did give
and grant unto me, my exors, adññors, and assigns, Her especial license, full
power, sole privilege and authority, that I, the said Thomas Spencer, my
exors, admors, and assigns, and such others as the said Thomas Spencer,
should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all
times thereafter during the term of years therein expressed, should and law-
fully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within that part of the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland called England, the Dominion of
Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, my Invention of "CERTAIN
IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR MANUFACTURING PIPES OR TUBES
FROM CLAY OR OTHER PLASTIC MATERIALS, PART OR PARTS OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE
APPLICABLE TO THE MANUFACTURE OF HOLLOW EARTHENWARE:" and whereas I,
the said Thomas Spencer, in pursuance of a proviso in the said in part
recited Letters Patent contained, did particularly describe and ascertain the
nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be
performed, by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal, com-
monly called the Specification, and did cause the same to be enrolled in
Her said Majesty's High Court of Chancery on the Tenth day of October,
in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and forty-eight;

page_text: and whereas, since the inrolment of the said Specification, doubts have
arisen as to the novelty of part of the said improvements, and whether
part of the said Invention is of sufficient practical utility to make it
desirable that the same should be retained, and whether part of the Inven-
tion described in the said Specification is an improvement in machinery or
apparatus for manufacturing pipes or tubes, and also certain errors or
omissions have been detected; and whereas I am desirous, as well for tho
better protection of the rights intended to be secured by the said Letters
Patent, as for the more ample benefit of the public from the same, to remove
such doubts, and for the reasons aforesaid, to enter a Disclaimer and Memo-
randum of Alteration; and whereas I have obtained leave of Sir John
Romilly, Her Majesty's Attorney General, certified by his fiat and signature, to
enter with the Clerk of the Patents of England, pursuant to the Statute in
that behalf made and provided, a Disclaimer and Memorandum of Alteration,
not being such disclaimer or such alteration as will extend the exclusive right
granted by the said Letters Patent:
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Thomas Spencer, do hereby disclaim in
the said Letters Patent that part of the Invention described in the claim of the
said Specification called "Firstly," excepting so far as relates to the direct
action of steam pressure operating in conjunction with dies or dods which are
placed in combination with the "material cylinder;" I therefore erase the
words "placed underneath" in the said claim, and substitute "of pipes or
hollow vessels, and pipes in combination with." Also in that part of the claim
of the said Specification called "Secondly," I make no claim to the die or dod
marked "h, h," in the Drawings which is commonly known, and I declare this
by inserting after the words "die or dies" in the said claim called "Secondly,"
the following words, "or moulds consisting of outside form i, i, and inside
moveable core m." Also in the introductory part called "Secondly," after
the words "which the inside," I insert the words "or core," and near the
same place, after the words "when both," I insert "outside and core." Also
after the words "core of the" in the body of the said Specification, I insert
the word "ordinary;" I also insert the word "ordinary" after the words
"under side of the," and again the said word "ordinary" after the words
"forced through the," and after the words "in its proper form " I insert
"being held in its position during its descent by hand." Also after the
words "down the drum" I insert
'(being evenly supported by the
hand during its descent)," and further, after the words "come out of"
I also insert "the ordinary dod of." Also after the words "of the upper
the words "or ordinary." Also in the introductory part of the said
66
"

page_text: Specification, under the head "Thirdly," I disclaim the use of the drum
therein mentioned, excepting so far as it relates to the manufacture of
curved pipes, for which purpose immediately after the words "and also " I
introduce the following words, "as applied to the manufacture of curved pipes
only;" and also for the same purpose in that part of the claims of the said
Specification headed "Thirdly," immediately after the words "support to " I
alter the word "the" into "bent." Also in the description of the Drawings
of the said Specification, and after the words "for keeping the pipe," I alter
the word "straight into "in shape." I also disclaim the making of bends
when made-plain, that is, without sockets, unless formed by means of a bent
drum, for which purpose in the claim headed "Fourthly" of the said Specifi-
cation, and immediately after the words "tubes as described," I introduce the
words "if with sockets." Also at the end of the said claim termed "Fourthly"
I.insert but if plain, that is, without sockets,, then only when effected by
means of curved drums or mandrils." Also in the body of the said Specifi-
cation, and immediately after the words "with or without curved drum," I
insert. "when made with socket the sliding ring is pressed by hand as much
"more forcibly as is needed on the internal diameter, that is, the lesser radius of
"the curve, so as to keep the end of the pipe at right angles to the curve pro-
"duced, but when-made, without, socket the material is allowed to follow the
direction of the drum, and the square end is obtained by severing the material in
"the right direction." I also disclaim the method of forming stilts excepting for
burning pipes or tubes upon, for which purpose in that part of the claim called
"Lastly," and immediately after the words "for burning," I introduce " pipes
or tubes only." I also disclaim the following words in the said Specification, "A
further improvement consists in the grinding of earthenware pipes, and also
turning and boring them in the usual way." In the introductory part of the
said. Specification called "Thirdly," the word "enpressed" has been written
instead of "expressed," which I amend accordingly. Also in the said intro-
ductory part called "Lastly," and immediately after the word "pipes," the
word "and" has, been written instead of "or," which I amend accordingly.
Also further on in the said Specification the word "through" has been accidentally
omitted; this I therefore insert immediately; after the words "clay or other
materials." Also after the words "made of the precise" "dimensions," has been
written instead of "thickness," which I now substitute. I also strike out
about the same place the words "size of the.". Also further on in the said
Specification the word "into" has been written for "until," which I now
insert in place thereof. Also the word "and" has been omitted after the
words "second bottom," the word "arches" written in place of "articles," and
66

page_text: 66
"object" instead of "objects," which omissions and errors I now amend.
Further on in the said Specification, after the words "remain stationary," I
insert the words, "having an inside core." Also after the words "of the
¡nside,"
," I insert the words "or core," and further on, after "pleasure as the
inside," the words "core or.". Also about the same part of the said Specifica-
tion the word "them" has been written instead of "the same," which I amend
accordingly. In that part of the said Specification which relates to the
making of "stilts," and immediately after the words "tube itself," a line has
been left out which I now insert in the following words, "this may be done
by cutting off a portion thereof, or by throwing upon a wheel and." And I
further declare that the said Specification, as amended, will be as follows:-
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, THOMAS
SPENCER, of Prescot, in the County of Lancaster, Earthenware Manufacturer,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at West-
minster, the Tenth day of April, in the eleventh year of Her reign, and in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and forty-eight, did, for Herself,
Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said Thomas Spencer,
Her especial license, full power, sole privilege and authority, that I, the said
Thomas Spencer, my exors, adñors, and assigns, and such others as I, the
said Thomas Spencer, my exors, admors, or assigns, should at any time
agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times during the term
of years therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within England and Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, my
Invention of "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR MANU-
FACTURING PIPES OR TUBES FROM CLAY OR OTHER PLASTIC MATERIALS, PART OR PARTS
OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE APPLICABLE TO THE MANUFACTURE OF HOLLOW
EARTHENWARE;" in which said Letters Patent is contained a proviso that I, the
said Thomas Spencer, shall cause a particular description of the nature of my
said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be inrolled
in Her Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar months next and
immediately after the date of the said in part recited Letters Patent, as in
and by the same, reference being thereunto had, will more fully and at large
appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Thomas Spencer, do hereby declare that the nature of my said Invention,
and the manner in which the same is to be performed, is particularly described

page_text: and ascertained in and by the Drawings hereto annexed, and the following
explanation thereof (that is to say):-
My improvements consist, first, in the arrangement and construction of
machinery or apparatus whereby I am enabled to employ the direct action of
steam pressure upon clay or other plastic materials for the purpose of manu-
facturing pipes or tubes or other hollow earthenware, and vessels or tubes of
other plastic materials.
Secondly, in the method of forming such pipes or tubes or other hollow
earthenware, and vessels or tubes of other plastic materials, with socket or
flange ends attached, for the purpose of moro conveniently joining them in
continuous lengths by means of a suitable construction of die or dies adapted
to such purpose, and employed in connection with the pressing machinery.
Also in the method of forming any description of goods in the manufacture of
which the inside or core of the lower die is withdrawn, or when both outside
and core are separated, always premising that pipes or tubes are delivered head
or socket first.
Thirdly, in certain improved apparatus for turning over the pipes or tubes
or other vessels, when of large dimensions, after the first part of the process of
manufacture. And also (as applied to the manufacture of curved pipes only)
the use of a drum or mandril for giving internal support to pipes or tubes
(whether with or without sockets) whilst being expressed from the material
cylinder in combination with a sliding ring when the tube is made with a socket.
Fourthly, in the method of forming or turning curves or bends in such pipes
or tubes of whatever form, shape, or configuration they may be required.
Fifthly, in the method of forming or making stilts and feet, and burning the
tubes or pipes thereon.
And, lastly, in the peculiar construction of the kiln employed for burning the
pipes or tubes, and other hollow earthenware.
The practical application of my improvements will be readily understood
by referring to the Drawings accompanying these presents, in which I have
represented my improved apparatus in several views, and have marked the
same with letters and figures of reference corresponding with the following
description of the same. The Drawings are made upon a scale of about one
inch to the foot, and similar letters of reference are marked upon corresponding
parts of the mechanism in all the Figures.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS.
Fig. 1 represents a front elevation of the machinery or annaratus which I

page_text: attached. Fig. 2 is a transverse section of the same. Fig. 3 is a plan view
of my improved die, so far as is additional. Fig. 4 represents an elevation of
the material cylinder, having dies attached thereto suitable for manufacturing
an earthenware "crock," and also a carriage for carrying the socket core pin, or
inside conformation of other vessels, having represented upon it a crock core pin.
Fig. 5 is a section, and Fig. 6 a plan view of the same. Fig. 7 represents the
elevation of a cramp or holder used for turning the pipes or tubes, (when of
larger dimensions, as here shewn,) or other vessels after the first process of
manufacture is passed, and also a section of the drum or mandril used for
keeping the pipe in shape, and causing it to retain a circular or other required
form. In Figures 1, 2, a, a, represents two transverse beams or pieces of
timber, used as a frame for supporting the steam cylinder 6, 6; into this
cylinder is fitted a steam-tight piston c, c, to which is firmly attached one end
of the piston rod d, d, which works through the steam-tight stuffing box e, e.
To the other end of this rod is attached another piston f, f, which is used for
pressing the clay (or other plastic material of which the pipe or other vessel is
made) out of the lower or material cylinder 9, 9, (which can be turned outwards
upon its journals or bearings to be charged with clay or other materials,) through
the "dod" or die h, h; i, i, represents the outside case or mould for forming the
outside of the socket of the tube or other vessel, and is worked in the slides k, k,
by means of the lever l, l; m, m, is the core pin which forms the inside of the
socket, and is attached to the core of the " dod" or die h, h, (through which the
pipe is expressed) by a screw or otherwise. The spaces z, z, betwixt the out-
side mould and the core pin must be always made of the precise thickness
which the socket of the pipe or the vessel is required to be; n, n, are passages or
thoroughfares for the admission and exit of steam to and from the cylinder b, b;
o, o, is a slide valve used for the same purpose, and in the usual manner as the
ordinary steam slide valve, and is worked by means of the levers p, p; r, r, is the
pipe for conveying steam from the boiler to the steam box s, s; t, t, is the exit
pipe for the steam after it has performed its office; u, u, are two steps or blocks
fitted into the cross head v, v; these blocks clasp the piston rod d, d, and are
pressed together by the cam w, w, which is worked by the lever x, x; the use of
this break is merely to restrain the descent of the piston at will, and to prevent
accidents. In Figures 4 and 5, A, A, represents slides which are bolted firmly
to tho floor of the room, and sustain the core pin carriage b, b; on the top of
this carriage is supported a core pin m, m, used in the manufacture of hollow
carthenware, and which core pin is raised or lowered from its position by means
of the screw d, d, and nut e, e, which nut is worked by means of the wheel f, f,
and the handle g, g. In Fig. 7, h, h, represents the cramp or holder fastened

page_text: to the wall by a plate and bolts, and secured to the plate in the centre by means
of the round stud pin l, l, on which it is made to work freely; m, m, is the drum
or mandril which is placed inside the pipe when it is being expressed from the
material cylinder; n. n, is a sliding ring, the outside of which is made to fit
the inside of the socket of pipe c, c, as shewn in section, and fits loose on the
outside of the drum; when the pipe is being made, this ring is placed inside
the socket, and slides down the drum, thus preserving the socket in its proper
form, being held in its position during its descent by hand; p, p, are "shoards"
or boards placed at each end of the drum, to prevent the pipe from sliding off
it when handled or turned over; r, r, are the screws working through the ends
of the cramp (which are screwed to receive them), and are for the purpose
of securely holding the pipe whilst it is being turned over.
Such being the description of the working details of my improved machinery, I
now proceed to describe the mode of carrying the same into practical effect, and the
uses of the nicans employed in the process of such manufacture. In manufacturing
a pipe or tube, I first fill the cylinder g, g, with clay or other plastic material, I then
insert the core pin m, m, and secure it to the core of the ordinary "dod" or die h, h,
and close the outside moulds ii. I proceed to open the slide valve o, o, by means
of the levers p, p, (as before described,) and so admit steam from the steam box to
the top side of the piston; the elastic force of the steam depresses the piston e, e,
and consequently the piston f, f, is forced down into the material of which the
pipe or vessel is to be formed, with a power corresponding to the pressure of
the steam. I continue this until the space z, z, left betwixt the core pin and
outside mould is completely filled. After the socket of the tube has thus been
formed, I raise the slide valve by the means used for the admission of steam,
and the steam which has been used for pressure is exhausted from the top of
the piston, and passes into the atmosphere through the exit pipe t, t.
I then
open the outside socket mould by means of the levers 1, 1, and withdraw the
inside core pin, and the socket is left protruding through the upper die or
"dod" h, h. I then place the top side of a drum similar to that shewn at m, m,
in Fig. 7, but of a suitable size, underneath the core of the "dod" or die h, h,
and beneath this I place the board or "shoard" p, p, Fig. 7, and support the
whole by means of a carriage working on the slides A, A, (or in any other manner
which may be preferred). I then insert the sliding ring n, n, into the socket
of the tube, and again cause the pressure on the piston as before; the clay
is then forced through the ordinary "dod" or die h, h, and the sliding
ring is carried down the drum (being evenly supported by the hand during its
descent) until the pipe or tube is made of sufficient length, when it is severed
by means of a wire or knife. Tubes when made of small diameter
may then

page_text: be turned over by hand, but when made of a larger calibre, they require to be
turned over by a machine, in which case I carry the tube with the "shoard"
or board underneath (the sliding ring still remaining), and place it in the cramp
or holder h, h, with the socket downwards, as shewn in the Drawing, Fig. 7.
On the top of this drum or mandril I place a second board or "shoard," and
by working the screws 7, 7, the drum is firmly held in the cramp. I next turn
the holder (which is made to revolve on the stud pin l, l, as before described,)
until the socket is brought to the top; the screw is then slackened, and the
whole is removed from the cramp and placed on the floor with the socket
upwards; the sliding ring and drum are then withdrawn, and the tube or vessel
is left erect in a finished state, and the manufacture is complete in that stage.
The bends and curves are made in the same way, being directed to the required
form, either with or without curved drum; when made with socket the sliding
ring is pressed by hand as much more forcibly as is needed on the internal
diameter, that is, the lesser radius of the curve, so as to keep the end of the pipe
at right angles to the curve produced; but when made without socket, the
material is allowed to follow the direction of the drum, and the square end
is obtained by severing the material in the right direction. The dies or
moulds for forming hollow earthenware are made and worked in the same-
manner as the moulds above described for making the sockets of tubes or
pipes, excepting that the inside core pin is placed at such a distance from the
under side of the ordinary "dod" or die as is sufficient for the thickness of
the bottom of such articles as represented at Fig. 5. The kiln I employ for
burning is circular, and of a similar kind to those in general use, built with
goits" and "bags." My improvement consists in building arches from bag to
bag, which
may or may not be extended with the arches towards the centre of the
kiln, and so covering either the whole or any part of the kiln in an intermediate
space between the bottom of the kiln and the usual top arch, or it may be done.
by one arch only, forming thereby a second bottom, and securing a firm
standing for the tubes or other articles, which arches may be repeated or
placed one set above another.
The nature and objects of my improvements, and also the manner in which
the same are to be performed, having been above described, I desire it to be
understood, in conclusion, that I do not restrict myself to the use of such a
press as described, or to other details, excepting so far as regards the peculiar
construction of the dies or "dods" for the continuous formation of the sockets
and the tube or vessels, as I am aware that other modes of pressure are in use
for the construction of pipes, and might be applied for the purposes herein
described, and other modes of drawing off the outside moulds for forming the
sockets and forming the hollow earthenware, &c. may be adopted, but the

page_text: adoption of them at all, with the insertion of the inside confirmation or
core pin is absolutely necessary, and also that there must be an outside die,
such or somewhat similar to those described, either to draw off, to turn
round, or to remain stationary, having an inside core, and, when together,
either closed at the bottom or open, or partly so. In all cases the inside con-
formation of the socket flange or vessel must be removed after forming the
socket flange or vessel, when the vessel is constructed, or the pipe continues to
come out of the ordinary dod of the required diameter, or the vessel of its
proper size, or all may be removed at once and separated afterwards. The
socket may be made with the pipe, or the socket may be made separately and
attached afterwards. I find it more convenient and useful to bring down the
larger pipes, especially on drums or mandrils, formed so as to preserve the
shape, and also after the pipes are so formed to turn them over with a machine,
as described in Fig. 7, in order to allow of the pipe standing on a solid base.
The delivery is promoted by the use of a little oil on the inside of the outside
socket mould, and on the core pin. In order to facilitate the insertion of the
inside or core conformation, and also to remove the same when requisite, I have in
operation a machine as described in Figures 4 and 5, which is mostly useful
in making large pipes and vessels, and which either may or may not be used
at pleasure, as the inside core or conformation may be lifted and screwed up to
the inside core of the upper or ordinary die or "dod." I make the "stilts" or
feet for burning upon the same shape or thereabouts of the vessel or tube itself.
This may be done by cutting off a portion thereof, or by throwing upon a wheel
and with or without air holes, the former of which I prefer for the admission
of draught, and the better promotion of burning and glazing.
In conclusion, I claim under the above recited Letters Patent,-
First, the application of the direct action of steam pressure upon clay and
other plastic materials for the purpose of manufacturing pipes or tubes or other
hollow earthenware, or vessels and tubes of other plastic materials, by the use
or employment of machinery or apparatus above described, and exhibited in
the Drawings, or other suitable modification of such arrangement, having the
dies or "dods," whether of the ordinary kind or of the particular construction
above described, for forming the sockets of pipes, or hollow vessels and
pipes, in combination with the material cylinder, as shewn in Figures 1,
2, 4, and 5.
Secondly, I claim the peculiar construction of die or dies or moulds, con-
sisting of outside form i, i, and inside moveable core m, for forming pipes of
clay or other plastic material with sockets, the socket being formed prior to
the remainder of the tube, and for the construction of hollow earthenware, or
vessels or tubes of other plastic materials.

page_text: Thirdly, I claim the mechanism for turning over the pipes, as described, and
also the use of the core drum or mandril for giving internal support to bent
pipes or tubes (whether, with or without sockets) whilst being expressed from
the material cylinder, in combination with the sliding ring when the tube is
made with a socket, as best seen in Fig. 7.' ;* -/
Fourthly, I claim the construction of bends and curves in pipes or tubes; as
described, if, with sockets, either with or without drums, or, mandrils, direct
from the material cylinder, but if plain, that, is, without sockets, then only when
effected by means of curved drums or mandrils.
Lastly, I claim the method of forming or making "stilts" and "feet;" for
burning pipes or tubes only upon, and also the peculiar construction of kiln as
above described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Thomas Spencer, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Twentieth day of March, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-one.
To the Clerk of the Patents of England.
THOMAS SPENCER.
This is to certify that Thomas Spencer, of Prescot, in the County of Lancaster,
Earthenware Manufacturer, has applied to me for leave to enter with you the
above written Disclaimer and Memorandum of Alterations to the Specification
of a certain Invention, for which Letters Patent were granted to him under the
Great Seal, dated the 10th day of April 1848, and to which the Specification
was duly enrolled. An on considering of the application, I directed him to
advertise his said Disclaimer and Memorandum of Alterations in the London
Gazette and the Times, Daily News, and the Liverpool Journal newspapers.
And such application having been made, and no objection having been made
to the said application, I have accordingly granted leave to the said Thomas
Spencer to file his said Disclaimer and Memorandum of Alterations pursuant
to the Statute passed in the 6th year of the reign of His late Majesty,
entitled "An Act to amend the Law touching Letters Patent for Inventions.
Lincoln's Inn, March 25th, 1851.

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Twentieth day of March, in
the year of our Lord 1851, the aforesaid Thomas Spencer came before our said
Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged the Disclaimer afore-
said, and all and every thing therein contained and specified, in form above
written. And also the Disclaimer aforesaid was stamped according to the tenor
of the Statute made for that purpose.
Enrolled the Twenty-sixth day of March, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and fifty-one.