IMPROVEMENTS IN WORKING, FORMING, ORNAMENTING, AND CUTTING GLASS, IN APPARATUS FOR THE SAME, AND IN THE PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION
Year: 1874

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Thaddeus Hyatt, of No. 66, Gloucester Gardens,
Hyde Park, in the County of Middlesex, Manufacturer of Patent
Lights, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN WORKING, FORMING,
ORNAMENTING, AND CUTTING GLASS, IN APPARATUS FOR THE SAME, AND IN THE
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Thaddeus Hyatt
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition,
on the 8th August 1874.
I, THADDEUS HYATT, of No. 66, Gloucester Gardens, Hyde Park, in the
County of Middlesex, Manufacturer of Patent Lights, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN WORKING, FORMING,
ORNAMENTING, AND CUTTING GLASS, IN APPARATUS FOR THE SAME; AND IN THE
APPLICATION OF SUCH GLASS TO ARCHITECTURAL AND OTHER USES," to be as
follows:-
mondand ambossed
:

page_text: to ornamenting the same; to new processes for subdividing sheet and
plate glass whose surfaces cannot be cut with the diamond; to preparing
such surfaces in other cases so that they may be cut with the diamond;
to making rolled sheet and plate glass with an interior of wire cloth or
equivalent strengthening material; to the manufacture of mosaic glass
plates for illuminating and ornamental purposes from glass pencils and
tesserae; to the employment of blown glass for the manufacture of
illuminating gratings, sheets, plates, and surfaces; to the employment
of hollow reflecting glasses in the manufacture of illuminating gratings,
sheets, plates, and surfaces; to the manufacture and application of glass
plates and sheets as daylight reflectors; to the manufacture and appli-
cation of glass, matched plank, or tongue and groove glass slabs; and
to the manufacture and application of glass planks or plates set in metal
frames with matched or tongue and groove sides.
According to one part of my Invention my improvement consists in
making crimped sheet and plate glass, which I carry into effect by means
of a roller formed with sharp annular rings or circles upon its face,
which match into corresponding grooves or gutters in the casting table,
and which acting together produce sheet and plate glass of a crimped
form.
According to another part of my Invention I make relief and bas-
relief surfaco rolled sheet and plate glass after or upon architectural and
artistic designs, the same being in the nature of an expansion or develop-
ment of the principle of glass-making, with reference to the "self-
protecting" surface glass for illuminating purposes set forth in the
Specification of Patent No. 2755, A.D. 1870; and as an expansion or
development of the principle of glass-making with reference to "self-.
supporting "glass, as set forth in the Specification of my Patent No. 25,
A.D. 1872; the point of my improvement with reference to the self-
protecting glass, consisting in its manufacturo in large sheets and plates
by means of the ordinary sheet and plate glass-making machinery,
adapted, modified, and arranged for the purpose; whilst the point of my
improvement with reference to tho self-supporting glass consists in its
manufacture as an embossed glass made after or upon architectural aud
artistic designs.
According to another part of this part of my Invention my improve-
ment consists in making sheet and plate rolled glass with the aforesaid
improvements upon one surface of the glass in combination with

page_text: diagonal lines or channels upon the other side of the glass to carry off
condensed moisture, as set forth in my Provisional Specification, No. 783,
A.D. 1874.
According to one part of my Invention I make double-surface embossed
glass rolled sheets and plates with a general design, which is produced
by the two surfaces of the glass acting in concert. I also stain or color
those embossed surfaces with reference both to utility and ornament.
According to another part of my Invention I apply the aforesaid
embossed glass, in some cases silvered, as mural ornaments, also as a
decoration in the manufacture of cabinet and other wares, and for
other ornamental purposes.
In carrying out my improvements with reference to daylight reflectors
I use the lens plate glass, and preferably witliout silvering it, the internal
reflection of the glass being sufficient. In this mode the glass may be
used to serve also as the window itself, the only change required being
to place the pano in one case vertically and in the other at an
angle.
According to one plan of reducing to practice that part of my
Invention which relates to cutting sheet and plate glass of irregular
surface by means of the sand blast, I make use of a shield formed to fit
the inequalities of the surface. This shield has an opening or slit across
the plate where it is to be cut, and upon this exposed part of the glass
the sand blast plays. This mode is particularly applicable to cutting
corrugated and crimped plates of glass.
According to another method, applicable to straight glass with
irregular surfaces, I grind away a portion of tho raised faco so as to
form a trough or channel across the sheet or plate with a bottom
sufficiently level and smooth to admit the use of the diamond.
According to that part of my Invention which relates to tho manu.
facture of mosaic sheet and plate glass, my improvement consists in
first grouping together small pencils of colored glass and consolidating
them by means of heat or a backing of clear molten glass. This process
produces "tesserae," which I combine with each other and form blocks.
These blocks I combine with each other, and so on until the final plate
is made. The last plate, like the intermediate ones, is put into an
aunealing oven and tempered or annealed, after which it is ground and
:

page_text: polished like ordinary plate glass. In this way I propose to reproduce
in glass the works which Raphael, Rubens, and others of the old masters
have left on canvas.
According to another part of my Invention my improvement consists
in making sheet and plate glass with a netting of wire cloth, perforated
metal, asbestos lace, or equivalent strengthening and binding material,
which is introduced into and incorporated with the "metal" during its
conversion into glass.
According to another part of my Invention relating to glasses
employed for making illuminating gratings, sheets, plates, and surfaces, 1
my improvement consists in the production of a light, strong, and thiņ
glass, which besides cheapening the product, also renders the illuminating
construction of less weight. These glasses I make upon the plan used
for manufacturing blown glass, the "metal" being blown into the
mould instead of being formed in a press.
.
1
According to another part of my Invention relating to glasses cm-
ployed for making illuminating gratings, sheets, plates, and surfaces, my
improvement consists in making the glasses with reflecting hollow sides,
the glass for this purpose being moulded with a projecting mass below
the main body or head. This projecting portion has a closed bottom 2
but an open side, and is the hollow part of the glass. The side opposite
the opening is inclined to catch and reflect the rays of light which
descend through the upper or main body of tho glass.
According to another part of my Invention my improvement consists
in forming plates of glass with tongue and groove sides to match like
flooring boards. I also produce the same, or nearly the same, effect by
setting a plane glass plate in a metal chase or frame, formed with a
tongue on one side and a groove to match on the other, the utility of this
improvement consisting in the facility thereby given for rapidly forming.
extended illuminating surfaces.
According to another part of my Invention my improvement consists
in a new method of producing the kind of small glasses of which
illuminating gratings and similar illuminating surfaces are composed.
Usually these glasses are made one at a time in moulds by pressure. In
my Specification of Patent No. 3549, A.D. 1869, I proposed to make 3
them in groups as portions of the body of a sheet or plate of glass
nearly cut-through, but owing to the difficulty of handling such sheets

page_text: the Invention has failed to produce the good results anticipated. My
present improvement remedies the defects of that Invention, and consists
in moulding the glasses in mass upon a substantial base or plate of glass
strong enough and thick enough to be handled like other sheets of glass:
After these sheets are annealed by the usual process I cut the small
glasses loose by the diamond, sand blast, or otherwise, the "overplus "
on the bottom of each glass being retained or removed at pleasure.
According to another part of my Invention my improvement consists
in making small glasses for closing the apertures of gratings and other
O illuminating surfaces by reheating sheets or parts of sheets or plates of
glass and then pressing it in suitable dies or moulds. The small glasses
if made in groups are afterwards cut out from the sheet or plate by the
diamond or otherwise.
According to another part of my Invention my improvement consists
5 in making colored glasses for forming ornamental illuminating gratings
and similar illuminating surfaces.
0
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Thaddeus Hyatt in the Great Scal Patent Office
on the 8th February 1875.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, THADDEUS
HYATT, of No. 66, Gloucester Gardens, Hydo Park, in the County of
Middlesex, Manufacturer of Patent Lights, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Eighth day of August, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-four, in the thirty-
eighth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto me, the said Thaddeus Hyatt, Her special license
that I, the said Thaddeus Hyatt, my executors, administrators, and
assigns, or such others as I, the said Thaddeus Hyatt, my executors,
0 administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no
others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term
therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the

page_text: Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
WORKING, FORMING, ORNAMENTING, AND CUTTING GLASS, IN APPARATUS FOR THE
SAME, AND IN THE APPLICATION OF SUCH GLASS TO ARCHITECTURAL AND OTHER
USES," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Thaddeus
Hyatt, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing
under my or their hand and scal, should particularly describe and ascer-
tain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the samo
was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great
Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately.
after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Thaddeus Hyatt, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to bo
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement thereof, reference being had to the accompanying
Drawings, and to the letters and figures marked thereon, that is to say :—
My said Invention relates to improved forms and surfaces of rolled
sheet and plato glass with reference to art and architecture, and with
reference to cheapening the production of certain kinds of glasses
required in the manufacture of illuminating gratings and walking
surfaces; also to improved processes of manufacturing sheet and plate
glass, and improvements in the "plant" of plate glass works for carrying
out such improved processes; also to improvements in cutting or sub-
dividing the aforesaid improved plates and sheets to make their use
commercially practicable; and also to improvements with reference to
reflected light in glasses designed for glazing gratings and walking
surfaces.
"N
. According to one part of my Invention my improvement consists in
making sheet and plate glass with crimps or pointed corrugations formed
by a succession of straight lines inclined to and from one another, as
represented by Figures 1 and 2, the small crimps, Figure 1, being mainly
for the purpose of forming an ornamental "obscured" glass, and the
large crimps, Figure 2, being made for strength as a roofing glass, and
as a daylight reflector glass. The crimped face of the upper side of
the sheet is made by the roller, which is properly shaped for the purpose,
and the crimped face of the under side of the sheet is made upon the
face of the casting table properly engraved or otherwise made suitablo
for the purpose. For some purposes I prefer to " obscure" the crimps

page_text: with flutes, as shewn at Z, Z, Figure 2. This feature of my Invention
I also apply to other forms of corrugated glass.
. According to another part of my Invention my improvement consists
in making glass sheets and plates with bas-relief surfaces with referenco
to art and architecture, that is to say, the figures formed upon the face
or faces of the sheet or plate strengthen the glass, while at the same
time producing an artistic effect. The imprinted rolled plato glass
known in commerce as "fluted,' 3 66
quarry," and "diamond," is in the
nature of an "obscured" glass, the designs being shallow and sunken in
a way to make the surface substantially flat. But by my Invention
glass plates are produced with raised and sunken portions related to each
other in a way which produces an imitation of the lead fillets and quarry
glasses of the old cathedral windows. The imprinted or "rolled flute
of commerce alluded to, although in use for about a quarter of a century,
has as an art remained stationary, owing, as I imagine, to the expensive
modo of making it. By the process usually employed the glass of cach
pattern is made by means of either a roller or a casting table specially
engraved for the purpose, thus unfitting them for other sorts of work.
Being thus expensive the rolled flute is manufactured in light or thin
plates to avoid the risks of the annealing oven, where heavy plates aro
more liable to fracture than the thinner sheets.
"
My improvement in modifying and arranging the machinery or
"plant" of plate glass works to avoid the expense of rollers and casting
tables, useful only for making glass of such special designs, consists in
the use and application of design blocks or their equivalents in other
movable and removable forms or surfaces that may be applied to and
taken from the rollers and casting tables at pleasure, and my improve-
ment to render the manufacture of thick plates of glass as certain as tho
making of thin plates consists in a means or partial means of preventing
the molecular changes from which the danger of fracture springs after
the glass has entered the anncaling oven. The molecular changes
referred to arise, I suppose, from the loss of heat which attends the
pouring out of the "metal" upon the casting table in open air, and its
continuing to loose heat from that moment until placed within the
annealing oven. According to this part of my Invention my im-
provement consists in rolling out the "metal" upon a non-conducting
surface of plaster of Paris or equivalent material, and at the samo
timo protceting the "metal" from the air during the rolling out

page_text: process. For this purpose I use a travelling shield in front of the
roller over the metal in the form of a box made of asbestos, or a box of
other material lined with a non-conductor which shuts off the air, and I
arrange an asbestos blanket behind the roller, which travels with it and
overlays the glass plate as it is made from the metal and appears behind 6
the roller.
The plate being made it is then between the non-conductor
below and the asbestos blanket above it, and so shielded from the
atmosphere. The plate is then removed with its coverings from the
table, and all are placed in the oven, and thus left to be annealed. For
some purposes I subject the glass to a farther process, viz., in the oven I 1
have prepared a bath of molten lead into which I place the glass plate,
preferably with its envelopes, and thus leave it to be annealed.. Any
molten or heated substance other than lead capable of shielding the newly
made glass from the air may be employed in place of the lead if desired.
Figures 3, 4, and 5, Sheet 1, shew the mode of preparing an ordinary 1
roller and table to make imprinted glass according to my improvements.
Figure 3 represents a design block of full size. Figure 4 represents a
casting table A, A, with a number of such design blocks c, c, locked to
the face of the table by the rules b, b, which are shaped to fit the wedge-
shaped grooves a, a, of the blocks. The screw ends b, b, of the rules 2
project through apertures. in the rails B, B, of the table and are there
made secure by nuts, as shewn. Figure 5 represents a roller with
design blocks of curved form to fit the shape of the roller, and which are
locked to it in the manner already described. .
Where the design depends upon an imprint upon both faces of the
glass, such for example, as imitations of the old style windows made
from "quarries" and lead fillets, shaped and combined to producó
either artistic or geometrical figures, I use an interlocked imprinting
roller and table, by which means the figures upon the two surfaces of
the glass plato are caused to properly match. Where the raised parts of a
such glass form unbroken lines across the plate they lend strength to
it, and give it the character of a self-supporting glass.
Figure 1 on Slicet 2 represents a bas-relief glass plato A, A, divided
by the channels b, b, which form squares or quarries a, a, a. Hero
the surface is a double bas-relief, the quarries a, a, being produced
by the channels or depressed parts b, b, while the lenses m, m, upon the
face of the quarries are the actual raised portions. For some purposes

page_text: this style of glass is made without the channels b, b, and the lenses are
differently distributed over the face of the plate. The channeled form
shewn by Figure 1 is designed for being cut up into quarries, as repre-
sented by Figure 2. This method of manufacture furnishes a cheap
mode of obtaining the "cluster lens lights" used in the manufacture
of illuminating gratings; and I adopt the same method to obtain small
"bull's eyes," another style of glass used for the same purpose. The
point of this part of my Invention consists in obtaining these small
lights by the bas-relief process of manufacture, that is to say, the plate
of glass A, A, is sufficiently thick through c, c, below the line d, d, to
afford the requisite strength necessary to handle the plate in removing
it from the casting table to the annealing oven, instead of being so
nearly cut through as to make other means of support necessary. After
the plates are annealed, the quarries or the bull's eyes, as the case may
3 be, are cut loose by the diamond.
i
"
According to another part of my Invention my improvement consists
in utilizing the "sand blast" method of cutting glass as a part of my
system of "working and forming," or shaping and adapting bas-relief
and crimped or corrugated glass plates to practical use in architecturo
and art. All the imprinted rolled glass hitherto manufactured has been
made with one plain face, it being impossible to cut rough or irregular
surfaces with the diamond, and although "corrugated" glass plates.
have been talked about and pictured for many years no rolled corrugated
glass exists to this day as a "manufacture." But by the methods of
my Invention, as herein described and illustrated, the manufacture of
bas-relief and crimped and corrugated glass becomes a commercial
possibility.
"
Figure 3, Sheet 2, illustrates one method of applying the sand blast
to the cutting or dividing into parts of plates of glass of the bas-relief
crimped or corrugated styles. B, B, is a table formed with a shield O, O,
in the center of which is a narrow perpendicular slit e, e, which forms a
cutting line or opening through which the sand reaches the glass. Two
wings D, D', form a funnel-shaped mouth to the slit to give direction to
the sand, the sand engine is not represented, but the sand blast is indi-
cated by the dotted lines seen against the wing D'. E, E, represents.
the plate of glass, ff, being corrugations. The glass plate is held to
the back of the shield by suitable means, and the face of the back of the
shield is made to conform to the face of the glass either by means of a
-

page_text: yielding cushion of some soft material, or by an impression of the glass
face taken in plaster of Paris or other suitable substance.
According to another part of my Invention my improvement consists
in making plates and sheets of glass from colored glass tesserac, the
tesserae being in some cases made up of a number of colored glass
threads or pointed filaments. The Invention consists in backing the
colored filaments with transparent glass to form tesserae, each filament
being pointed to give the molten glass a better hold, as shown by
Figure 4, which represents a single filament. Figure 5 represents a
number of them grouped together in position to form a tessera when the
backing of molten glass is added; Figure 6 represents the same after
receiving the backing F, F, of molten glass, the stem 5 or holdfast
being formed upon the back of the glass tessera for the same purpose
that the filaments are made pointed. To form a quarry a number of tho
tesserae, Figure 6, are grouped together, and molten glass being pressed
upon them the stems are interlocked with the glass and so form the
new combination. Figure 7 represents a quarry. The quarries likewise
are formed with holdfasts or stems g, g, so that when any number of
them are grouped together and molten glass is pressed upon them &
larger quarry or plate may thus be formed. Figuro 8 represents such a
plate, a part only of the design being shown upon its face. During the
stages described the glass at each stage is annealed before entering into a
new combination, and at the end it is ground and polished like plato
glass.
According to another part of my Invention my improvement consists
in making reflecting glasses for closing the openings of illuminating
gratings for deck lights and for other purposes, as represented by
Figure 9, in which G is the top or walking surface; H, II, the two
ends of the prism; and I, the reflecting face of the side which bounds
the hollow. By this formation the light which descends through the
top G and falls upon the face I will be reflected therefrom according to
the angle made by the ray with the glass plane.
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of my
said Invention, and the manner in which the same is or may be carried
into effect, I would observe in conclusion that what I consider to be
novel and original, and therefore claim as the Invention secured to mo
by the herein-before in part recited Letters Patent is,―
10-

page_text: First. Making crimped sheet and plate glass, substantially as and for
the purposes herein described and illustrated by Figures 1 and 2 on
Sheet One of my Drawings.
Second. Making an "obscured" face upon crimped and corrugated
sheet and plate glass, substantially as and for the purposes herein
described and illustrated by Figure 2 on Sheet One of my Drawings.
Third. Making bas-relief or imprinted sheet and plate glass, sub-
stantially as and for the purposes and by the means, methods, and
processes herein described and illustrated by Figures 3, 4, and 5, on
Sheet one, and by Figures 1 and 2 on Sheet 2 of my Drawings.
Fourth. The process of manufacturing sheet and plate glass upon
and within or between non-conductors of heat, and of continuing the
annealing by subsequent immersion in a bath of molten lead or its
equivalent, substantially as herein described.
Fifth. The use and application of the sand blast for dividing or
cutting up corrugated and bas-relief sheet and plate glass, substantially
as and for the purposes herein described and illustrated by Figure 3 on
Sheet 2 of my Drawings.
Sixth. Making mosaic sheet and plate glass substantially as and for
the
purposes herein set forth and illustrated by Figures 4, 5, 6, 7, and §
on Sheet 2 of my Drawings.
Seventh. Making glasses for closing the apertures of illuminating
gratings, for decks of vessels, and for other positions. where light is
required, with reflecting hollow prisms or pendants, substantially as and
for the purposes herein described and illustrated by Figure 9 on Sheet 2
of my Drawings.
PORNDA