IMPROVE- MENTS IN LOOMS FOR WEAVING PILE FABRICS SUCH AS "FUR WARP" OR "IMPROVED PATENT AXMINSTER" CARPETING, AND IN WEAVING THE SAME
Year: 1861

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Stewart Templeton, of Glasgow, in the County
of Lanark, North Britain, Manufacturer, for the Invention of "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN LOOMS FOR WEAVING PILE FABRICS SUCH AS "FUR WARP" OR
"IMPROVED PATENT AXMINSTER" CARPETING, AND IN WEAVING THE SAME."
Sealed the 24th October 1861, and dated the 25th April 1861.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Stewart Templeton at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
25th. April 1861.,
I, JOHN STEWART TEMPLETON, of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark,
North Britain, Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN LOOMS FOR WEAVING PILE FABRICS SUCH AS.
"FUR WARP" OR "IMPROVED PATENT AXMINSTER" CARPETING, AND IN WEAVING
THE SAME," to be as follows, that is to say:-
This Invention relates to pile fabrics of the class of that described in the
Specification of Letters Patent granted to James Templeton, and dated the
18th day of April 1855, (No. 816), and the improvements aim at the weaving
of such fabric by power in a satisfactory manner.

page_text: A first improvement relates to the picking of the catcher or binding and
ground wefts, and consists in picking these two wefts simultaneously whenever
the former has to be picked, which is once for every four or other number of
picks of the latter. The shedding action is arranged to correspond with this
system of picking. The picking mechanism preferred is contrived so that the
stroke of each picking stick is occasioned by the interposition at the proper
intervals of a detail in the path of a lever which vibrates regularly every stroke
or beat of the loom.
A second improvement relates to the arranging and working of the catcher
or binding warp in relation to the ground and dead or stuffer warps. The shed
of the binding warp is kept full open until after the first succeeding beat up of
the lathe, in consequence of which the binding weft is carried forward to the
fell, being thereby prevented from laying the fur. The catcher warp is made
to rise and sink about double the distance of the ground and stuffer warps,
whereby it is made to combine with both the binding and ground wefts.
A third improvement is designed to prevent the ground weft threads from
tending to draw together in pairs, which would render the back of the fabric
irregular and so defective. This object is effected by arranging each binding
warp thread between two threads or combinations of threads of the stuffer warp
and separated from the ground warp threads.
A fourth improvement consists in applying a kind of mechanical finger at
one or both selvages contrived to enter the angle of the stud at the proper
periods, and by opening and clearing it to insure the weft being properly
drawn or tightened and a good selvage being formed.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said John Stewart Templeton in the Great Seal Patent Office on
the 24th October 1861.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHN
STEWART TEMPLETON, of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark, North Britain,
Manufacturer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-fifth day of April, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and sixty-one, in the twenty-fourth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me;
the said John Stewart Templeton, Her special licence that I, the said John

page_text: Stewart Templeton, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as
I, the said John Stewart Templeton, my executors, administrators, and assigns,
should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all
times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might
make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "Iм-
PROVEMENTS IN LOOMS FOR WEAVING PILE FABRICS SUCH AS "FUR WARP" OR
"IMPROVED PATENT AXMINSTER" CARPETING, AND IN WEAVING THE SAME,"
upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said John Stewart
Templeton, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing
under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly
describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner
the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great
Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately after
the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said John Stewart Templeton, do hereby
declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is
to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by tho
following statement in writing, reference being had to the accompanying
Drawings, and to the letters and figures marked thereon, that is to say :-
My said Invention relates to pile fabrics of the class of that described in the
Specification of Letters Patent granted to James Templeton, and dated the
13th day of April, 1855, (No. 816), and the improvements aim at the weaving
of such fabrics by power in a satisfactory manner.
And in order that my said Invention may be properly understood and carried
into effect, I have hereunto appended two Sheets of explanatory Drawings..
Figure 1 being a front elevation; Figure 2 a plan, and Figure 3. a vertical
section of a power loom presenting an example of the practical application of
the improvements; Figure 4 is an enlarged sectional diagram of the fabric;
Figure 5 is an enlarged view of a portion of the reed showing the relative
positions of the warps as they pass through it, and Figures 6 and 7 aro
sectional side elevations explanatory of parts of the mechanism, and are herein-
after more particularly referred to. Many well known details of the loom
are omitted in the Drawings as unnecessary to the explanation of the present
improvements.
The composition of the fabric to which the present Invention relates may
be varied as regards the number and kinds of warps and wefts comprised in
it, but in the present example there are three warps in addition to the "fur"

page_text: warp.
In Figure 3, which shows these warps in longitudinal section, they
are distinguished by differently coloured lines. The fur warp A, coloured red,
is drawn off a beam a placed above the middle of the loom, and descends to
a guide roller 5, from under which it passes forward through the heddles and
reed. The guide roller 5 may be either plain or grooved circularly, the
grooves serving in some cases to prevent the fur threads from twisting. The
fur warp is unactuated by any heddle, and in passing through the reed
(Figure 5) it is entered through alternate spaces and above bridges separating
the upper from the lower portions of such spaces, as explained in the earlier
Specification herein-before referred to. The second warp is the catcher or
binding warp B, coloured green, which is drawn off a beam b-mounted at the
upper back part of the loom, whence it passes forward to the front heddle
by which it is actuated, being represented in Figure 3 as lifted above the fur
warp A in order to catch the catcher or binding weft just shot, or about to be
shot, above the fur warp. The third warp is the ground warp C, coloured
yellow, which is drawn off a beam c at the lower back part of the loom,
passing upwards round a pair of stretching and guiding rollers 6, and thence
forward to the heddles c, c, by which it is actuated. The fourth warp is the
dead or stuffer warp D, coloured blue, which is drawn off a beam d in front of
the beam c, and passes up round a pair of stretching and guiding rollers 7,
and thence forward to the heddle d' by which it is actuated. This dead
warp D is held at considerable tension in the loom by means of the usual
appliances, and serves to give body or thickness to the fabric. Two wefts are
employed, each having its separate shuttle box upon the lathe frame E, that, F,
for the catcher or binding weft, being above the line of, the fur warp A, whilst
that, G, for the ground weft, is below that line. In this arrangement of the
shuttle boxes at different levels advantage is taken of the bridges of the reed
and the support they give to the fur warp A to use this warp as a bed or race
for the upper shuttle, and to this end the guide roller 5 is so placed as to
render the fur warp A horizontal, or nearly so, between that roller and the
fell, whilst the reed and the upper shuttle boxes F are so adjusted that the
surface of the fur warp coincides, or nearly coincides, with the bottoms of
those shuttle boxes. The stretching and guiding rollers 6, 7, are so placed
that the normal line of the ground and stuffer warps crosses through the reed
so far below the fur warp as to about bisect the portion of the reed below the
bridges. The "fur" thread to be used may be such as is made according to
the Specification of Letters Patent for England granted to James Templeton
and-William Quiglay, and bearing date on or about the 25th July, 1839 (No.

page_text: 8169), but I by no means confine myself to such material, as various kinds of
"fur," "fringe," or "pile" threads may be used as warps in practising my
Invention.
A first improvement comprised in this Invention relates to the picking
of the catcher or binding (F), and the ground (G), wefts, and consists in
causing these two wefts to be picked simultaneously whenever the former
has to be picked, which, in the present example, is once for every four shots
of the latter, but which may in other cases be at other intervals. The shedding
action is of course arranged to correspond with this system of picking. Picking'
mechanism of the kind I prefer for this purpose is shown upon the Drawings,
but the practical machinist will understand that other kinds of picking
mechanism may be modified so as to obtain the desired action.
The picking sticks or levers H which actuate the lower shuttle (G), are
jointed on the outer projecting end of the shaft or axle e on which the
lathe E vibrates, and are worked by straps h connecting them to levers h¹ loose
on horizontal shafts I, mounted one on each side of the loom, and within and
parallel to the side frames J. The upper shuttle (F) is actuated by means of
pickers and straps k, from picking levers K, mounted within the side frames J
in such a way as to vibrate with the lathe as well as transversely, being jointed
upon stud pins fixed to the inner face of the front frame piece M, and also
having jointed to them pulleys L, straps fixed on which are connected to crank.
levers loose on the side shafts I, already referred to as carrying the loose
levers h¹ for the lower packing motion. Each shaft I has fast on its back end
a lever i, provided with an antifriction pulley, which bears against the outer
face of a disc cam N, fast on the crank shaft O of the loom, and the cams N
have on their faces projections n, which in revolving cause the shafts I to
vibrate at every tura of the crank shaft O. Each shaft I has fast on it at a
point between the loose levers h, k, a lever P, which on the vibrating of the
shaft actuates each loose lever if in a position to be caught by its T-shaped
end. The levers h¹, k', are severally moved into or out of the way of the
levers P by rods q, connecting them to levers Q. which are acted upon by
cams R, against which they are kept by springs S, in consequence of which
arrangements the picking movements are made to depend on the forms of the
cams R. These cams R are fixed on a transverse horizontal shaft 7, driven
from the crank shaft O by wheels, indicated by red circles in Figure 3, in such
a way as to make one turn for eight of the crank shaft, eight shots in the
present example constituting the cycle of picking movements. It will be
observed that as the levers h, k, are on opposite sides of the lever P, it is the

page_text: projecting part of one cam R which puts the former in gear, whilst it is the
indented part of the other cam R which causes the latter to be in gear. With
the parts in the positions shown in Figure 3, both levers h¹, k¹, are in gear, so
that the next vibration of the shaft I will cause both picking levers H, K, on
one side of the loom to be actuated. The cams R are, however, so shaped
and set that the next three shots will be performed by the lower shuttle only,
whilst the fifth shot will be performed by both shuttles simultaneously, but
from opposite sides of the loom; and the sixth, seventh, and eighth shots will
be confined to the lower shuttle, this completing the cycle, which is similarly
repeated as the weaving proceeds. To insure the satisfactory working of the
shuttles the protecting contrivances shown in Figure 7, Sheet 1, are employed,
this Figure being a side elevation, partly in section, of parts in connection with
these contrivances. There is applied to the hinged back of each shuttle-
box F, G, a cranked lever f, g, fast on a horizontal spindle extending across
the back of the lathe, and made to press inwards the backs of the shuttle
boxes by springs in the usual way. The horizontal arms of the levers f, g,
project forward, and their points are brought to one level, so as when not
lifted, by the shuttles coming properly home, to be carried by the lathe motion
against the upper spurs of catches 11, fast on the horizontal spindle 12, by
means of which the loom's motion is stopped in the ordinary way. The
catches 11 are formed with horizontal limbs, which become turned up against
the solid frame of the lathe at 13, and sustain the concussion of the lathe on
stopping, instead of the light levers f, g. And further, in order to moderate
the concussion on stopping, the shaft 12 is carried in arms 14, arranged to
slide in sockets formed in the loom framing, and to bear against powerful
springs 15.
A second improvement relates to the arranging and working of the catcher
warp B in relation to the ground warp C and dead warp D. The shed of
the catcher warp, formed for the reception of the catcher weft, as shown in
Figure 3, is kept full open until after the first succeeding beat up of the lathe,
and the catcher weft is in consequence carried forward to the fell, and thereby
prevented from laying the fur. In addition, the catcher warp is made to rise
and sink double the distance of the ground and stuffer warps, whereby it is
made to combine with both the catcher and ground wefts. The heddle leaves
1, 2, 3, 4, are stretched between upper and lower levers T, t, some of which
are merely indicated by red lines in Figure 1. These levers T, t, are con-
nected by links U at the side of the loom, and are actuated by horizontal
levers or treadles V, made to operate by cams W, fixed on the shaft », which

page_text: receives motion from the crank shaft O of the loom. This arrangement is, in
its general features, of a kind already in use, but for the purposes of the
present Invention the cam acting on the heddle leaf 6' is formed so as to keep
that leaf elevated during at least two picks of the loom. And in order that
this heddle leaf b¹ may have the extended movement required to make it com-
bine with both the catcher and the ground wefts, the levers T, t, actuating it are
mounted on separate centres nearer to the actuating links U than the centres
of the other levers. It will be obvious, however, that these effects may be
obtained in various other ways.
A third improvement is designed to prevent the ground weft threads from
tending to draw together in pairs, which would render the back of the fabric
irregular and so defective. This object is effected by arranging each binding
warp thread between two threads or combinations of threads of the dead or
stuffer warp, and separated from the ground warp threads. The manner of
doing this in practice will be understood from Figure 5, the enlarged view of
a portion of the reed, shewing the warp threads as passing through. The reed
being formed with alternated narrow and wide spaces, there is passed through
each narrow space a catcher warp thread, and through each wide space
beneath the bridge two dead warp threads with two ground warp threads
between them, the catcher warp threads being thus separated from the
ground warp threads by the dead warp threads. To correspond with this, in
entering" or drawing-in the warps through the heddles, the succession is as
follows: First, a catcher warp thread B, through the front heddle ';
second, a dead warp thread D through the back heddle d'; third, a ground
warp thread C through heddle c²; fourth, a ground-warp thread C, through
heddle ; fifth, a dead warp thread D through heddle d'. Next follows
number one of the repetition, and five threads are entered in the order named
for every single fur warp thread A.
66
A fourth improvement consists in applying a kind of mechanical finger at
one or both selvages, contrived to enter the angle of the shed at the proper
periods, and by opening and clearing it to insure the weft being properly.
drawn or tightened, and a good selvage being formed. These mechanical
fingers are shown at X in the plan, Figure 2, and in side elevation in Figure 6.
They are centred upon pins upon the opposite extremities of the inner edge
of the plate Y, over which the fabric passes just as it is woven, and they are
acted upon by springs x, which tend to turn them with their points directed
inwards into the angle of the shed formed above the fur warp by the catcher
warp. As the lathe comes forward for the beat-up, projections Z upon it

page_text: come in contact with tails formed upon the fingers X, and cause them to turn
so as to take their points out of the shed, the springs. making them return
inwards again when the latho recedes. To assist the fingers in attaining the
desired result, a wire a¹ is at each side fixed at its front end to the under side
of the plate Y. Each wire passes through or across the end of the reed, and
has it's back end entered into an eye in a bracket projecting inwards from the
side frames. The wires a¹ are shaped as shown in Figure 6, and when the
catcher. weft is shot, and is carried forward by the next beat-up of the lathe,
the descending curvature of the wire prevents it from catching above the
finger X, and carries it downwards, so that it becomes caught in the indentation
shown near the front end of the wire, thereby preventing its moving back with
the succeeding back movement of the lathe, during which time the catcher
warp shed remains open. as already stated.
Having thus particularly described my said Invention, and the manner in:
which the same is or may be used or carried into effect, I have to state,
in conclusion, that I do not restrict myself to the precise details herein
described or delineated, and that I do not claim to have invented every
separate detail herein described, or delineated, but that what I consider to
be novel and original, and claim as the Invention secured to me by the
herein-before in part recited Letters Patent is,―
First, generally the herein-before described improvements in weaving pile
fabrics, and the herein-before described combination of power-loom mechanism
for weaving the same.
And moro particularly, second, the combined picking of the ground and
catcher wefts, the former at every stroke of the loom, and the latter at more
remote periods, but jointly with the former at such periods, substantially as
herein-before described.
Third, the working of the shuttles at different levels, and the arranging of
the warps to correspond, advantage being taken of the support given to the
fur warp by the reed to use such warp as a race for the upper shuttle, sub-
stantially as herein-before described.
Fourth, the keeping of the catcher warp shed open until after, at least, the
first beat up of the lathe succeeding the shooting of the catcher weft above
the fur warp, and the arranging of the loom mechanism therefor, substantially
as herein-before described.
Fifth, the causing of the catcher warp to rise and sink about double the
distance of the ground and dead warps, substantially in the manner and for
the purpose berein-before described.

page_text: Sixth, the "entering" or disposing of the warp threads in relation to each
other, so as to lessen the tendency of the ground weft threads to draw together
in pairs, substantially as herein-before described.
Seventh, the applying of mechanical fingers to enter the angle of the shed
formed by the fur warp and catcher warp, substantially in the manner and
for the purpose herein-before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Stewart Templeton, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Seventeenth day of October, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-one.
0
Witness,
EDMUND HUNT, Patent Agent,
28, St. Enoch Square,
Glasgow.
J. S. TEMPLETON. (L.S.)