IMROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR MIXING, KNEADING, AND OTHERWISE TREATING VARIOUS SUBSTANCES."
Year: 1880

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Paul Pfleiderer, of 37, Farringdon Street, in the City of
London, Engineer, for an Invention of "IMROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR
MIXING, KNEADING, AND OTHERWISE TREATING VARIOUS SUBSTANCES."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Paul Pfleiderer at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents on the 1st December 1880.
PAUL PFLEIDERER, of 37, Farringdon Street, in the City of London, Engineer..
MIXING, KNEADING,
IN
MACHINERY
"IMPROVEMENTS
TREATING VARIOUS SUBSTANCES."
FOR
AND OTHERWISE
Whereas since the granting to me of certain Letters Patent, No. 4116 (1875),
No. 2953 (1876), and No. 5330 (1879), I have found that the utility of the
several forms of machines therein described may be greatly extended and the
number of adaptations greatly increased, but such extension of utility and increase
in the various adaptations involve numerous novelties in their construction. Now
the object of this present Invention is to make the said machines more useful to
such purposes as the manufacture of maccaroni, biscuits, lozenges, to adapt them
for the purposes of sifting, mixing, crushing, granulating, and otherwise treating
and preparing meal, flour, sugar, and other dry, fluid, and semi-fluid, plastic, and
liquid materials, and materials analogous thereto.
"My Invention consists in the first place in so fitting the troughs or containers
of the large sized machines with suitable hinged racks, screws, or toothed segments
and pinions, worm wheels or screwed bevil gear supported by bearings which are
fixed to the framework or foundation of the machine in such a manner as to
facilitate the automatic lifting up and tilting of the machine, and lowering it down
again by frictional conection with its own driving shaft in order to utilize the
forward and backward motion of the latter.
My Invention consists, in the second place, in supplying a new kind of moveable
scrapers, which in combination with the reversing action assist the emptying of
the machine and reduce to a minimum the resistance which is sometimes caused by
well fitting blades as at present made, and by allowing sufficient clearance between

page_text: '
the blades and the trough. These scrapers revolve with the blades, but strike
against the latter in two positions, or against abutments in the trough, so as to be
carried round by the blades in order to scrape the sides or bottom of the trough
against which they are pressed, being allowed or caused to move freely through
part of the revolution of their respective blades when the motion of the latter is
reversed.
And my Invention consists in the third place in varying the form of the blades
or mixers, and thereby increasing the facilities for emptying and rendering more
convenient as well as simplifying the construction of the machines, especially those
in which the length of the axis is increased without a corresponding increase
of diameter. For this purpose in the case of a single machine I cut the
blade somewhere near its centre line, connect the driving shaft to one part
in the centre of this intersection and the journal pin to the other part, and
rejoin the so altered blade by its ends, while in the case of a machine of greater
axial length I arrange the blade at the suitable angle, and add thereto a
supplemental blade or portion of a blade; or I form a combination of one or more
parts with a fully formed blade. I also use whole flights of screws in the
fundamental shape of my blades, and sometimes cut gaps thereout, such as or
similar to those which I cut out of my elliptical or ellipsis-like blades, thereby
making them somewhat resemble ships' propellers. When I employ such screw or
helical blades in my mixing machines with multiple axes, I usually set and move
them so as to propel the material in opposite directions, but in machines for
continuous action I sometimes make them all act so as to drive the material in
one and the same direction. I also make blades consisting partly of a screw and
partly of an ellipsis or modified elliptical or other suitable form, combining such
blades in a single forging or casting.
And my Invention consists in the fourth place in providing those surfaces or
parts of the circumferences of the blades or scrapers which touch the walls of the
trough with suitable elastic or yielding packings or projections of the nature of
knives, or brooms, or brushes, which sweep or scrape the walls of the trough in
order to clear them of any adhering material under operation, and which may be
easily replaced when worn out.
And my Invention consists in the fifth place in constructing the blades of a
smaller diameter than the trough in which they work, but causing their shaft to
make an excentric gyrating and reciprocating motion by arranging the respective
bearings in the manner of a pair of excentrics, so as to produce a state of
differential revolution in such a manner as to allow the blades to sweep the trough
gradually as their bearings revolve, but not to touch the trough with any larger
part of their periphery, thereby avoiding all jamming and undue friction between
the blades and the trough.
And my Invention consists in the sixth place in lining the trough with an elastic
lining or perforated sheet wire netting or bolting cloth, so as to force the material
under operation to pass through the same before it can fall or be forced through
any opening or outlets which may be provided in the solid walls of the trough,
thereby ensuring its being properly sifted or strained before it leaves the mixer.
My Invention consists in the seventh place in arranging the last mentioned
lining in such a manner as to fit the blade or blades more closely as an elastic
false bottom, while the actual bottom of the trough may be of larger diameter.
By the motion of the blades this false bottom is constantly kept in a species of
wave motion to prevent any possible caking or clogging of dry or damp material,
and thereby securing a more active and perfect treatment of the material operated
upon.
And my Invention consists in the eighth place in cutting the gaps mentioned in
my Patent, No. 5330 (1879) in a straight line or polygonally, and fixing the piece
or pieces so cut away to the blades by means of hinges in such a manner that
when the blades revolve in one direction the material operated upon shall have a
tendency to keep these hinged pieces in such a position as to make the blade

page_text: practically become and operate as a complete blade; and when the blade revolves
in the contrary direction these hinged portions cau fall back and obstruct the
passage past the blade of the mass of the material under operation, thereby
assisting in discharging the latter from the machine.
And my Invention consists in the ninth place in arranging the trough of the
machine so as to be able to lower it away entirely from the blades, which may
remain fixed and firmly mounted in the machine proper, by having suitable slots
in the sides of the trough for the shafts of the blades to pass up and down, and by
fitting sliding pieces against these shafts which fill up such slots during or after
the mixing operation, or by placing the blades with their shafts in a vertical
position and driving the same from above.
My Invention consists in the tenth place in attaching to the mixing machine a
suitable receptacle into which the finished dough or other material is discharged,
and in which it is rolled or kneaded into shape, either by running a roller over it'
to mould it in order to obtain the necessary form and prepare it for further
treatment either in the stamping machine or press; this object may also be
obtained by passing the lumps of dough or other material from the mixing machine
by means of a hopper between guides through two or more pairs of rollers.
which last mentioned apparatus may be attached to and driven by means of the
same reversing gear which drives the kneading and mixing machine from which
the dough or other material so treated is discharged.
All
And my Invention consists in the last place in connecting every two of the
herein before named scrapers with one another and with the bushes of their
adjoining bearings, and let them rotate concentrically or excentrically relative to
their corresponding blades.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said Paul Pfleiderer in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 1st June
1881.
AND
PAUL PFLEIDERER, of No. 37, Farringdon Street, in the City of London,
Engineer. "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR MIXING, KNEADING,
OTHERWISE TREATING VARIOUS SUBSTANCES."
Whereas since the granting to me of eertain Letters Patent, No. 4116 (1875),
No. 2953 (1876), and No. 5330 (1879), I have found that the utility of the several
forms of machines therein described may be greatly extended and the number of
adaptations greatly increased, but such extension of utility and increase in the
various adaptations involve numerous novelties in their construction. Now the
object of this present Invention is to make the said machines more useful for such
purposes as the manufacture of maccaroni, biscuits, lozenges, and also to adapt
them to the purposes of sifting, mixing, crushing, granulating, and otherwise
treating and preparing meal, flour, sugar, and other dry fluid, semifluid, plastic and
liquid materials, and materials analogous thereto.
My Invention consists in the first place in so fitting the troughs or containers
of the large sized machines with suitable hinged racks, screws, or toothed segments
and pinions, worm wheels, or screwed bevil gear supported by bearings which are
fixed to the framework or foundation of the machine, in such a manner as to
facilitate the automatic lifting up and tilting of the machine, and lowering it down
again by frictional connection with its own driving shaft in order to utilize the
forward and backward motion of the latter.
My Invention consists in the second place in supplying a new kind of moveable
scrapers, which in combination with the reversing action assist the emptying of
the machine, and reduce to a minimum the resistance which is sometimes caused
by well fitting blades as at present made, and by allowing sufficient clearance
between the blades and the trough. These scrapers revolve with the blades, but
strike against the latter in two positions, or against abutments in the trough, so as
to be carried round by the blades in order to scrape the sides or bottom of the
trough against which they are pressed, being allowed or caused to move freely
through part of the revolution of their respective blades when the motion of the
latter is reversed.
My Invention consists in the third place in varying the form of the blades or
mixers, and thereby increasing the facilities for emptying and rendering more
convenient as well as simplifying the construction of the machines, especially those
in which the length of the axis is increased without a corresponding increase of
diameter. For this purpose in the case of a single machine I cut the blade
somewhere near its centre line, connect the driving shaft to one part in the centre
of this intersection and the journal pin to the other part, and rejoin the so altered
blade by its ends, while in the case of a machine of greater axial length I arrange
the blade at the suitable angle and add thereto a supplemental blade or portion of
a blade; or I form a combination of one or more parts with a fully formed blade.
I also use whole flights of screws in the fundamental shape of my blades, and
sometimes cut gaps thereout, such as or similar to those which I cut out of my
elliptical or ellipsis like blades, thereby making them somewhat resemble ships'
propellers. When I employ such screw or helical blades in my mixing machines
with multiple axes I usually set and move them so as to propel the material in
opposite directions, but in machines for continuous action I sometimes make them
all act so as to drive the material in one and the same direction. I also make
blades consisting partly of a screw and partly of an ellipsis or modified elliptical or
other suitable form combining such blades in a single forging or casting.
My Invention consists in the fourth place in providing those surfaces or parts of
the circumference of the blades or scrapers which touch the walls of the trough
with suitable elastic or yielding packings or projections of the nature of knives, or
brooms, or brushes, which sweep or scrape the walls of the trough in order to clear

page_text: them of any adhering material under operation, and which may be easily replaced.
when worn out.
My Invention consists in the fifth place in constructing the blades of a smaller
diameter than the trough in which they work, causing their shafts to make an
excentric gyrating and reciprocating motion by arranging the respective bearings in
the manner of a pair of excentrics, so as to produce a state of differential revolution
in such a manner as to allow the blades to sweep the trough gradually, as their
bearings revolve, but not to touch the trough with any larger part of their
periphery, thereby avoiding all jamming and undue friction between the blades
and the trough.
My Invention consists in the sixth place in lining the trough with an elastic
lining or perforated sheet wire netting or bolting cloth, so as to force the material
under operation to pass through the same before it can fall or be forced through
any opening or outlets which may be provided in the solid walls of the trough,
thereby ensuring its being properly sifted or strained before it leaves the mixer.
By combining several of such sieves of different mesh a sorting machine is
produced.
My Invention consists in the seventh place in arranging the last mentioned
lining in such a manner as to fit the blade or blades more closely as an elastic false
bottom, while the actual bottom of the trough may be of different shape and of
larger diameter. By the motion of the blades this false bottom is constantly kept
in a species of wave motion to prevent any possible caking or clogging of dry or..
damp material, and thereby securing a more active and perfect treatment of the
material operated upon.
My Irvention consists in the eighth place in cutting the gaps mentioned in my
Patent, No. 533079, in a straight line or polygonally, and fixing. the piece or pieces
so cut away to the blades by means of hinges in such a manner that when the
blades revolve in one direction the material operated upon shall have a tendency
to keep these hinged pieces in such a position as to make the blade practically
become and operate as a complete blade, and when the blade revolves in the
contrary direction these hinged portions can fall back and obstruct the passage
past the blade of the mass or material under operation, thereby assisting in
discharging the latter from the machine.
My Invention consists in the ninth place in arranging the trough of the machine
so as to be able to lower it away entirely from the blades, which may remain fixed
and firmly mounted in the frame by having suitable slots in the sides of the trough
for the shaft of blades to pass up and down, and by fitting sliding pieces against
these shafts which fill up such slots during or after the mixing operation, or by
placing the blades with their shafts in a vertical position and driving the same
from above.
My Invention consists in the tenth place in combining with the mixing machine
a suitable receptacle into which the finished dough or other material is discharged,
and in which it is rolled or kneaded into shape, which may be effected either by
running a roller over it to mould it in order to obtain the necessary form and
prepare it for further treatment in the stamping machine or press; or by passing
the lumps of dough or other material from the mixing machine by means of a
hopper between guides through two or more pairs of rollers.
All which last mentioned apparatus may be attached to and driven by means of
the same reversing gear which drives the kneading and mixing machine, from
which the dough and other material so treated is discharged.
And my Invention consists in the last place in connecting any two of the above
named scrapers with one another and with the bushes of their adjoining bearings,
and allowing or causing them to rotate in the axis of their corresponding blade.
Having thus stated the nature of the said Invention I will proceed to describe
more particularly in what manner the same is to be performed, by the aid of
the accompanying Drawings in which are represented the parts of machines above
referred to.

page_text: DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS.
Fig. 1 shows a sectional elevation of one of my larger machines fitted with
automatic tilting gear. Figures 2 and 4 respectively shew sections, and Figures
3 and 5 side elevations of this gear in detail. The arrangement is clear from these
Drawings. Pulley P is connected by a slack endless belt with a similar pulley
fixed on the driving shaft of the machine. By means of a hand or foot lever a
roller can be forced against the belt so as to tighten it up and transmit the
motion from the driving shaft to pulley P; with pulley P is connected a bevil
wheel w which gears into another bevil wheel W, the latter being fixed to a screw
spindle, the nut for which is fixed to the kneading trough, or to a nut the spindle
for which is fixed to the kneading trough, so that either the spindle. revolves or
the nut revolves, in both cases both nuts and spindles are so connected with the
trough T and frame work F respectively as to swing on two fixed axes a and a¹.
If, therefore, the nut or spindle be caused to revolve by the gearing from pulley P
so as to unscrew, the trough is tilted, a being forced to move away from a¹; as
soon however as the direction of the motion of the driving shaft is reversed the
screwing operation forces a to approach a'. These arrangements therefore enable
the attendant by handling the reversing gear in connection with the lever acting on
the tightening roller which tightens up the belt to put the kneading trough in
any desired position for cleaning, emptying, or mixing, with the greatest ease.
The same object can be obtained by a toothed rack A, Figures 6 and 7, gearing
into a spur wheel, which obtains its movement through suitable gearing, as, for
instance, worm wheel and worm from the driving shaft by a belt, in the same
manner as above, and as is shewn in the diagram Fig. 8; or it may be done as
illustrated in Fig. 9 by having a large worm wheel fixed to the trough with its
centre coinciding with the tilting axis of the trough, and transmitting motion to a
worm by similar gear as above, or by connecting it with a clutch.
Figures 10 and 11 shew how I arrange scrapers s to blades without central bosses.
By having a large clearance between the blade arms and the sides of the trough
all undue friction is removed, while the scraping of the sides is equally well
performed by the separate scraper or scrapers which occasionally fill up such
clearance.
Figures 12 to 17 and Fig. 34 on Sheet III. are illustrations of the blades of forms
contained under the third head of my Invention.
In Sheet II. Figures 1 and 2 are side and front elevations shewing in what
manner elastic packings or projections of the nature of knives, strips of leather, or
india rubber or bushes b may be applied under the fourth head of my Invention;
while Fig. 3 shews sections of one way of attaching the same to my mixing blades
or discs.
Figures 4, 5, and 6 shew in what manner the object of the fifth head of my
Invention may be obtained. A and B are the wheels of different number of teeth
gearing into each other and forming an essential part of my machines under former
Patents; they are loose on bearing bush c, on which are fixed worm wheels D
and D'. By means of the worms and worm wheels the bearing bushes with
excentric holes are turned and cause the gyrating action of the blade shafts a and b,
which are carried round by the wheels A and B by means of the sliding
carriers E, which fit loosely in slots or between cheoks F cast or fixed to the wheels.
Figures 7, 8, 9, and 10 shew illustrations of some of the ways in which my mixing
machine can be made to serve also as a sifting machire or strainer, as described under
the sixth head of my Invention.
Figures 11 to 16 shew combined arrangements of the apparatus for sifting and
mixing and also for sorting either intermittently or continuously.
Figures 11 and 12 are sections of such a machine with mixing blades and conveyers
so arranged that the material to be treated is first mixed and sifted or strained, the
product is more mixed, conveyed forward, mixed again, and finally discharged while
sifting it once more if required.

page_text: Figures 15 and 16 shew an arrangement for mixing and sorting, the bottom of
the first pair of mixers being fitted with the coarsest, that of the lowest pair with
the finest sieve.
Sheet III., Fig. 17, illustrates a plan of carrying out the seventh head of my
Invention.
Figures 18 and 19 illustrate the eighth head of my Invention.
'
Fig. 20 illustrates the ninth head as applied to a machine with horizontal axes;
Figures 21, 22, and 23 as applied to machines with vertical axes, T being the walls
of the troughs which may be lowered away.
Figures 24 to 32 are diagrams illustrating various contrivances under head
tenth.
Fig. 24 is a side view, and Fig. 25 is a cross section of one; Fig. 26 is a longi-
tudinal, and Fig. 27 a cross section of another; Fig. 28 is a sectional elevation, and
Fig. 29 a plan of another; Fig. 30 is a sectional elevation of another; Fig. 31 is a
sectional elevation of another; Fig. 32 is a sectional elevation of another.
Fig. 35, Sheet I., shews an example of two scrapers s, Figures 10 and 11, being
united into one scraper z, Fig. 33, touching the bottom and sides of the trough.
Having thus described the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the
same is to be performed, I hereby declare that I do not claim as of my Invention
any of the parts or details of construction herein before described otherwise than as
applied to and forming further improvements and modifications of my previously
patented machinery or parts of machinery for kneading, mixing, and otherwise
treating various substances, except as hereinafter stated, but what I do claim as of
my Invention is,―
First. The particular combination above described under the first head of my
Invention for tilting the troughs in connection with my previously patented
machinery herein before referred to, and also for other purposes.
Secondly. The application of elastic or yielding extensions of surface or
projections of the nature of knives or brooms or brushes to revolving blades, discs,
or arms, as hereinbefore described, or to blades, discs, or arms, as described with
reference to either of my former Patents herein before referred to, or with
reference to machines with two or more revolving blades or blade axes but with
differently shaped troughs.
Thirdly. The arrangement of any one or more of my mixing blades above referred
to so as to cause its or their axis or axes to make an excentric or reciprocating
movement for the purpose described.
And, Lastly. The arrangement of my said machine fitted with any of the mixing
blades above referred to, and so combined with sieves or strainers so as to produce
a perfect mixing and at the same time crushing of lumps and thorough sifting or
straining of the material under operation, especially for the manufacture of either
powdered or liquid or semiliquid material of an uniform and homogenous nature
out of more or less heterogeneous components, which hitherto has only been done with
great difficulty by repeated treatments between rollers or edge-runners or other mills
or disintegrators and separate sifting or straining machines.
In witness whereof, I, the said Paul Pfleiderer, have hereunto set my hand
and seal, this First day of June, in the year of our Lord One thousand
eight hundred and eighty one.
Witness,
WILLIAM SPENCE,
8, Quality Court,
Chancery Lane.
PAUL PFLEIDERER. (L.s.)