Improvements in Apparatus for Refrigerating Purposes.
Year: 1886

page_text: Date of Application, 27th Feb., 1886.
Complete Left, 26th Nov., 1886.
Complete Accepted, 25th Feb., 1887.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Apparatus for Refrigerating Purposes.
I FRANZ WINDHAUSEN Engineer of Brumen Strasse Berlin in the Kingdom of
Prussia and German Empire do hereby declare the nature of this Invention to be as
follows:-
Since the production or manufacture of liquid carbonic acid offers no longer any
difficulty, and as it has already become an article of export, and its transport by
railway as well as its keeping in inhabited rooms in sufficiently strong vessels is
permitted, there is no longer any obstacle to the introduction of machines for
producing cold with the application of liquid carbonic acid.
The advantages which the application of liquid carbonic acid as a medium to produce
cold offers, among others are the following:-
By the evaporation of liquid carbonic acid, cold, of almost any low degree, can be
produced.
Liquid carbonic acid is at present already much cheaper than nearly all chemicals
used as yet in ice-machines as the means to produce cold.
Carbonic acid, besides, can by the means of carbonic-acid-machines for producing
cold be produced almost without expense in the state of a fluid, by condensing it in
the known apparatuses for producing carbonic acid, for instance, by the action of
muriatic acid on carbonate of lime, and the purification and transmission of the
carbonic-acid-vapours into the refrigerator or the forcing pump.
What remains in the producing vessel is liquid chloride of calcium which is used in
the ice-machine itself as a cold transmitting fluid and therefore covers the most of
the expense for producing carbonic acid.
The apparatuses for this kind of cold-producing-machines, especially the forcing
pump are considerably smaller than the apparatuses used as yet with other cold-
with this
producing-machines, as for the same production of cold the forcing pump
machine has to compress about 15 as large a steam volume of 20° Cels. as with
ammonia ice machines, and 2 and 3 respectively as large a steam volume as
with ice machines in which sulphurous acid and other respectively are used for the
same production of cold.

page_text: Like all evaporating cold machines the one described here after consists of three
principal parts.
The refrigerator, in which the liquid carbonic acid evaporates at a low temperature
and a corresponding tension, and thereby withdraws warmth from the liquid which
surrounds the pipes of the refrigerator (solution of chloride of calcium) or from the
air passing through the pipes used for cooling spaces, respectively refrigerates them.
The forcing pump which sucks the carbonic acid vapours from the refrigerator,
compresses them in an adequately high degree, so that they become liquid again in
the condensor through refrigeration by contact with water of an ordinary temperature
and flow back gradually in this state into the refrigerator by a corresponding
regulating apparatus.
The forcing pump is of steel or iron and arranged in the shape of a syphon. In
the one side a piston moves up and down, under the piston, and in the other side of
the pump there is a pressure of fluid over which the vapours that are to be compressed
are sucked by a suction valve, compressed at the going down of the piston and then
driven by the delivery valve into the condensor.
The quantity of the pressure fluid is to be so supplied that at the lowest position of
the piston the space is filled with pressure fluid up to close under the valves, and thus
the vapours are driven away through the delivery valve. Should any pressure fluid
besides have come through the delivery valve, it collects in a chamber and flows
continually or periodically through a channel which can be shut by means of a screw
into the chamber which is above the suction valve, and from this through the suction
valve back into the pump.
The pressure fluid consists of mercury (but may also consist of another fluid which
absorbs little of the carbonic acid) on which below the piston there is oil of such a
quantity that it stands beyond the lower border of the partition of the syphon.
The annular room between the cylinder and the piston-rod is destined to receive
the pressure fluid escaping through the piston and at the return of the piston to lead
it back under the latter through a valve and channel which is placed in the piston.
In order to lead back to the pump oil which may escape through the uneven,
imperfect packing of the piston rod, the piston rod has a double packing and between
these a free annular room into which the shut ont fluid comes, and eventually escapes
through the packing. At the going down of the piston the shut out fluid is
periodically or continually sucked back from the annular room through the channel
and open stop valve and the suction valve and at the going up of the piston it is
pressed again under the piston in the described way. The annular room is in
communication with the atmosphere by channel which can be shut by means of a
cock for the purpose of filling the pump.
In order that any air having been sucked through the valve may not get under the
piston, the annular room is of such a height that at the highest position of the piston
there remains still so large a space that the air above the piston has always a
smaller pressure than the smallest pressure under the piston is.
From the preceding it will be seen that the piston and piston rod always work in
oil and therefore want no special oiling, that none of the pressure fluid as well as of
the carbonic-acid vapours can escape, that besides, the carbonic acid vapours remain
always pure as they come into contact only with the surface of the mercury and not
directly with the piston.
Finally it must be observed that for the purpose of continually cooling the forcing
pump, the latter is surrounded by a case inside which cooling water circulates.
The motive mechanism of the pistons of one or more forcing pumps can be effected,
either working directly from cranks or from beams. The condensor and refrigerator
consist each of a reservoir which is open at the top, each having two strong pipes of
cast steel or wrought iron, which are screwed into the top and the bottom of the
reservoir and are in communication with a corresponding number of coiled or spirally
bent pipes in which the carbonic acid circulates as vapour or as a liquid.
The condensor and refrigerator communicate with each other by means of a
regulating reversible cock or tap.

page_text: For regulating and shutting off communication there is a screw valve, and three
way cock which is periodically placed in different positions, and thus puts in com-
munication alternately the chamber with the condensor and refrigerator respectively.
At the first position of the cock the condensed carbonic acid flows from the condensor
into the vessel, and from this at the second position of the cock into the refrigerator
so that into the latter chiefly liquid carbonic acid flows without any essential change
of the difference of pressure in the condensor and refrigerator. The turning of the
cock is done by the machine by means of a wheel or lever. For pouring out and
filling up of the carbonic acid, there is on the vessel a screw valve with corresponding
pipes.
By means of two pipes the condensor and refrigerator are in communication with
the spaces over the delivery valve and suction valve respectively of the forcing pump.
The coiled pipes are easily and readily coupled or uncoupled by means of female
screws and slits in the pipes giving means of communication.
JOHN E. WALSH,
Crossley Street, Halifax,
Agent for the Applicant.

page_text: COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Apparatus for Refrigerating Purposes.
I FRANZ WINDHAUSEN, Civil Engineer of Koniggratzer Strasse 41 Berlin,
Germany, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the
same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement :-
The advantages which the application of liquid carbonic acid as medium to produce
cold, offers, are among others the following.
1st. By the evaporation of liquid carbonic acid cold of almost any low degree one
pleases can be produced.
2nd. Liquid carbonic acid is at present much cheaper than nearly all chemicals used
as yet in ice-machines as the means to produce cold.
3. Carbonic acid, besides can by the means of carbonic acid-machines for producing
cold be produced without expense in the state of a fluid, by condensing it in the
known apparatuses for producing carbonic acid, for instance by the action of muriatic
acid on carbonate of lime, and the purification and transmission of the carbonic-acid-
vapours into the refrigerator or the forcing pump. What remains in the producing
vessel is liquid chloride of calcium which is used in the ice-machine itself as cold
transmitting fluid, and thus for the greater part covers the expense for producing
carbonic acid.
4th. The apparatuses for this kind of cold-producing-machines, especially the forcing-
pump are considerably smaller than the apparatuses used as yet with other cold producing
machines as for the same production of cold the forcing pump with this machine has
to compress only about 1 as large a steam-volume of 20° Cels., as with ammonic
ice-machines, and 25 and resp. as large a steam volume as with ice machines
in which sulphurous acid and ether resp. is used for the same production of cold.
Like all evaporation-cold-machines the one described hereafter consists of three
principal parts.
1st. The refrigerator, in which the liquid carbonic acid evaporates at a low temperature
and a corresponding tension, and thereby withdraws warmth from the liquid which
surrounds the pipes of the refrigerator, (solution of chloride of calcium or of an
equivalent) or from the air passing through, which is used for cooling spaces resp.
refrigerates them.
2nd. The forcing pump which sucks the carbonic acid vapours from the refrigerator,
compresses them in an adequately high degree, so that:
==
3rd. They become liquid again in the condenser through refrigeration by contact
with water of an ordinary temperature and flow back gradually in this state into the
refrigerator by a corresponding regulating apparatus.
In the accompanying drawings Fig. 4 represents a vertical section of the forcing
pump. In Figs. 3, 2 and 1. the same in view and in connection with the refrigerator
and condenser. The forcing pump must, at the high tension of the carbonic-acid-

page_text: vapours, which are sucked according to the requirements out of the refrigerator at
about 17 to 20 atmospheres and at 20° Cels. to 6° Cels. of temperature and after
having been compressed according to the temperature of the cooling water in the
condenser, to 60 to 70 atmospheres are driven into the condenser in order to bo
condensed there by refrigeration of contact with water, as much as possible answer
the conditions, that during the working no vapours escapes that they are not
contaminated, that the access of atmospheric air is kept off and the detrimental space
in the pump is reduced to a minimum. The forcing pump is represented in a vertical
section by Fig. 4 is of steel or wrought iron and arranged in the shape of a syphon.
In the one side A, the piston B moves up and down.
Under the piston and in the other side A', of the pump there is a pressure fluid or
liquid that serves to transmit the pressure over which the vapours that are to be com-
pressed, are sucked by the suction valve a, compressed at the going down of the
piston and then driven by the delivery valve 6 into the condenser Fig. 1.
The quantity of the pressure fluid is so to be supplied, that at the lowest position of
the piston the space A is filled with pressure fluid up to close under the valves a and b
and thus the vapours are driven away through the delivery valve b. Should any
pressure fluid as well have come through the delivery valve, it collects in the room.c
and flows continually or periodically through the channel e into the room a, which is
under the suction valve a. The said channel e can be shut and opened by the screw d..
From the room a, the pressure fluid flows through the suction valve back into the
pump. The pressure fluid consists of a fluid little absorbing carbonic acid. Upon
this Huid next below the piston there may be a smearing or lubricating mass of such a
quantity that at the lowest position of the piston it stands still above the lower border
of the partition wall c.
The annular room A 2 between the cylinder and the piston-rod is destined to receive
the pressure-fluid.escaping through the piston eventually joining imperfectly, and at
the return of the piston to lead it back under the latter through the valve 7, which
is placed in the piston and through the channel h.
In order to lead back to the pump also pressure fluid which may escape through
the eventually imperfect packing of the piston rod, the piston rod has a double
packing at i and k and between these a free annular room m, into which the fluid
comes which eventually escapes through the packing i.
At the going down of the piston the fluid is periodically or continually sucked back
from the annular room m, through the channel p, and the opened screw-valve O and
the valve n, and at the going up of the piston pressed again under the piston in the
described way. The annular room m is in communication with the atmosphere by
the channel n, which can be shut and resp. opened by micans of a cock 9. In order
that any air eventually having been sucked as well through the valve n, may not get
under the piston, the annular room A 2 is of such a height, that at the highest position
of the piston B there remains still so large a space that the air above the piston has
always a smaller tension than the smallest tension under the piston is. From the
proceeding it will be seen that the piston and piston rod always go in pressure fluid or
lubricating fluid and therefore want no special oiling; that nothing of the pressure
fluid as well as of the carbonic-acid-vapours can escape; that, besides, the carbonic acid
and vapours remain always pure, as they come into contact only with the surface of
the pressure fluid and not directly with the piston. Finally it must be observed, that
for the purpose of a continually cooling of the forcing pump, the latter is surrounded
by a case D inside which cooling water circulates. The moving mechanism of the
pistons of one or more forcing pumps can be effected either working directly similar.
to what is represented in view by Fig. 3 or also in the known way by means of
a beam.
The condenser and refrigerator. In Figs. 1 & 2 the condenser and refrigerator are
represented in vertical sections. They consist each of a reservoir E which is open at
the top, each of two strong tubes F & F 1 of cast steel or wrought iron, which are
screwed into the top and the bottom of the reservoir, and are in communication with a
corresponding system of serpentine or of spirally bent pipes G in which the carbonic

page_text: acid as vapour or as a liquid moves. The condenser and refrigerator communicate
with each other in their under parts by the regulating apparatus L. For regulating
the pressure in the condenser and the refrigerator serves the regulating screw valve L
on the other side the valve N, which by the more or less suitably compressed spiral
spring is pressed upon its seat.
The suitable compression of the spiral spring is to be effected from outsido by
turning the screw M. When the pressure in the refrigerator plus the pressure of the
spiral spring is less than the pressure in the condenser, then the valve N opens and
an overstreaming into the refrigerator takes place, so that the corresponding pressures
in the refrigerator and in the condenser will be automatically regulated. The said valve
N can also at the same time, serve as safety valve for preventing too high pressure
in the condenser; but for all events also a separato safety-valve may be provided
on the condenser. With the collecting pipe F 1 of the condenser the receptacle R is
connected and in communication by the thin and flexible pipe 1. This receptacle R
is destined for receiving the liquid carbonic acid, and from it the necessary quantity
of such acid streams over according to the position of the threeway cock R 1. either
through the pipe into the condenser or through the pipe 2. into wrought-iron-
transport bottles, if the machine not only for producing cold, but also for producing
liquid carbonic acid shall be used. For this purpose with the machine a separate
apparatus for evolving carbonic acid is connected, from which the latter in the form of
gas through the pipe U streams over into the refrigerator. From there it is then
sucked out by the forcing pump and forced into the condenser to be liquified therein.
The liquid carbonic acid, being collected in the condenser, is then by turning
accordingly three-way-cock R 1 to be let out through the pipe 1 in the receptacle R
and from there periodically through the pipe 2 in the wrought-iron-transport-bottles.
For regulating the temperature of the carbonic acid in the receptacle R, the latter is
surrounded by a mantle leaving an annular space, in which through the pipes, t and ti
a stream of suitable tempered water flows in and out.
The receptacle R is suspended on a spring or weight-balance in order to see,
without using a water guage, approximately the weight of the carbonic acid contained
in the said receptacle.
By the pipes P and Q the condenser and refrigerator are in visible communication
with the spaces over delivery valve and suction-valve respectively of the forcing-pump.
At last it must be observed, that the serpentine pipes G of the condenser and
refrigerator are arranged in such a manner, that the same penetrate with their ends,
joining closely, the collecting tubes F and F 1. and are fixed therein outside the said
reservoirs by the female screws H, whilst through slits in the pipes G inside the tubes F
and F 1. communication with the latter is effected. In this way, the serpentine pipes G
can easily be taken out, eventually changed and put in again.
Finally I observe, that the shape of the U shaped inner room of the forcing-pump,
without altering the principle of construction can also be arranged in such a manner
that the cylinder room, in which the piston moves up and down, is enclosed by an
annular room which communicates with the cylinder-room. In the annular room
corresponding to the stroke of the piston, the neutral pressure-fluid moves up
down, and by that sucks the carbonic acid into the annular room compresses it and
drives it into the condenser. All the other organs of the forcing pump thus modified
in form remain the same as described.
and
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said Invention
and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I claim is :-
The whole of the arrangement of the represented and described machine for com- 5
pressing and condensing carbonic acid and producing cold with the application of
liquid carbonic acid. . In particular with reference to the annexed drawing;
1. The arrangement of a forcing-pump with U shaped inner-room or a cylinder
with an annular room surrounding the latter, in which the piston is protected from
direct contact with the gases which are to be compressed, especially carbonic acid, by 5
a neutral pressure fluid and an eventual smearing fluid, that is to say, lubricating oil

page_text: eventually to be used which is between the carbonic acid and the piston, and thereby
a loss of gases, i.e. carbonic acid through the packing of the piston joining badly, is
absolutely prevented.
2. The arrangements for bringing back the neutral pressure fluid, and smearing
fluid or lubricating fluid escaping through bad joining of the packing of the piston,
consisting in:
a. The use of the annular room A. 2. immediately above the piston between the
piston rod and the cylinder for receiving the neutral pressure and lubricating fluid,
escaping eventually through the packing of the piston, and the arrangement of the
valve g in the piston, through which the entered pressure fluid is driven back under
the piston at the going back of the latter.
b. The annular room A 2 surrounding the piston-rod of the forcing-pump and
working similarly as a suction pump.
c. The arrangement of the channel e and the regulating screw valve d, in order to
make flow back into the room above the suction-valve as the pressure fluid eventually
entered through the delivery valve b, and thus to lead it back into the forcing pump.
3. At the condenser and refrigerator: a, The communication of the serpentine
pipes G with the collecting pipes F and F. 1. in such a manner that the ends provided
with slits, of the former penetrate the latter in two corresponding apertures and are
shut out from the out side by means of female screws H. b, The automatically working
regulating and safety valve N.
HUGHES & SON,
58, Chancery Lane, London, W.C.,
Agents for the Applicant.