IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF IRON AND STEEL, AND IN THE APPARATUS TO BE USED THEREFOR
Year: 1877

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Samuel Richard Smyth, of the City of Manchester, in
the County of Lancaster, Engineer, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN
THE MANUFACTURE OF IRON AND STEEL, AND IN THE APPARATUS TO BE
USED THEREFOR."
Sealed the 27th October 1877, and dated the 7th May 1877.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Samuel Richard Smyth at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 7th May 1877.
SAMUEL RICHARD SMYTH, of the City of Manchester, in the County of Lan-
caster, Engineer. "IMPROVEMENTS IN. THE MANUFACTURE OF IRON AND STEEL,
AND IN THE APPARATUS TO BE USED THEREFOR.'
دو
This Invention relates to improvements founded wholly or in part on those
described respectively in the Specifications of Letters Patent granted to Samuel
Richard Smyth and Joseph Simpson, No. 3840, dated November 7th 1874, and of
Letters Patent granted to the said Samuel Richard Smyth, No. 3353, dated 24th
September 1875, the subject matter of the said Letters Patent being substantially
improvements in the production and manufacture of iron and steel, and in the
apparatus employed therein.
The present improvements relate,―
First. To the construction of the metal receiver, wherein a chamber is employed
to receive chemical agents which are introduced into the molten metal by means of
descending channels. Two chambers and as many feeding or introducing pipes or
tuyeres as are necessary are used. Each chamber with its pipes is placed at the side
of the receiver, and the direction of the pipes is made inclined instead of being
vertical. The position of inlet and outlet or tapping hole for the metal will be
such as not to interfere with the position of the introducing pipes or channels.
Second. To the heater and generator referred to in the above-mentioned Specifi-
cation of the 1874 Patent. I construct them with domed chamber tops instead of
flat tops, and substitute for the segmental tanks round the upper part of the
generator tanks of a cylindrical form, and substitute for the steam jacket internal
steam coils, and pipes to heat the compounds, if required.
Third. To the vacuum furnace referred to in the above-mentioned Specification of

page_text: the 1874 Patent. I surround some convenient part of the furnace with a chamber or
chambers and pipes for introducing the purifying chemical agents similar to those
which surround the improved metal receiver referred to in the first claim herein.
Tuyeres or pipes of equal or various lengths are employed to introduce the chemical
agents at such an angle as will best suit the depth of the metal. This improvement
is also applicable to other furunces or cupolas.
Fourth. In order to enable the chemical agents, such as are above referred to, to
be used with certainty and success in purifying iron to the method of employing
those that are requisite in treating known qualities of iron, for instance, Cleveland
iron, which is well known to contain above 8 per cent. of impurities, consisting of
phosphorus, sulphur, and silicon, the molten inetal is kept at an intense heat by the
introduction of petroleum, about one quart in quantity, a mixture of muriatic acid
and wood naptha in proportion according to the strength of the acid, from one-
third to one-half of the wood naptha to two-thirds or one-half of the acid. Caustic
leys, that is, lime held in suspense in water of the utmost strength obtainable
mixed with caustic soda or caustic potash in suitable proportions and condensed, so
as to reduce the compound to the greatest possible strength; this compound is used
in quantities of about 4 quarts. The quantities before mentioned are given when
a 6-ton charge is under treatment, and the time to which this quantity of metal is
subjected to the effect of the several agents in the order above mentioned is, for the
petroleum, one minute, acid and wood naptha, two minutes, caustic leys, three
minutes; these times slightly vary, and are controlled by the judgment of the
operator and the indications of the spectrum.
Fifth. To improvements in the construction of the heating, annealing, and balling
furnace, as described in the said Specification of the 1874 Patent, and in the com-
bination stack of furnaces described or referred to in the Specification of the 1875
Patent. I form the furnace hearths of an oblong shape. I further introduce into
the combination stack of furnaces two or more boilers, to utilize the waste fuel and
heat from the furnaces.
Sixth. To improvements in the hydraulic press described in the said Specification
of the 1875 Patent. I employ two or more cylinders and rams, so as to work inde-
pendently of the large ram or in conjunction therewith, for squeezing and
operating upon the mass of iron under treatment on all its external parts or
sides.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Lettera Patent filed by 3
the said Samuel Richard Smyth in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 5th
November 1877.
SAMUEL RICHARD SMYTH, of Manchester, in the County of Lancaster. "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF IRON AND STEEL, AND IN THE APPARATUS TO BE
USED THEREFOR."
My present improvements are founded wholly or in part on those described
respectively in the Specifications to the Letters Patent granted to me and Joseph
Simpson, No. 3840, and dated 7th November 1874, and to the Letters Patent
granted to me No. 3353, dated 24th September 1875, and refer,
4
1st. To the construction of the metal receiver described in the above-mentioned 4
Specification No. 3840, A.D. 1874.
2ndly. To the construction of the heater and generator referred to in the said
Specification No. 3840, A.D. 1874.

page_text: 3rdly. To the construction of the vacuum furnace referred to in the said Speci-
fication No. 3840, A.D. 1874.
4thly. To the use of the chemical agents employed in the purification and refining
of iron by the methods described or referred to in the said Specification No. 3840,
A.D. 1874.
5thly. To the construction of the heating, annealing, and balling furnaces described
in the said Specification No. 3840, A.D. 1874, and also referred to in the above-
mentioned Specification No. 3353, A.D. 1875.
6thly. To the construction of the squeezing press described in the said Specification
No. 3353, A.D. 1875.
First. The construction of the metal receiver is described in the Specification to
the said Patent No. 3840, A.D. 1874, by reference more particularly to the Drawing
No. 3, referred to in the said Specification.
The improvements in the construction of this receiver relate to the substitution
of two boxes or chambers for introducing the requisite compounds for one chamber.
place one of these chambers on cach side of the metal receiver. The orifices in
which the descending pipes are fixed, when such pipes are used, being connected
with the chambers, are made in the sides instead of through the crown of the
receiver. A depressed direction towards the bottom of the receiver is given to
these orifices, the object being to discharge the compounds in this position more
effectually when a lower pressure is used, so as thereby to utilize the ordinary blast
pressure in use in existing blast furnaces; then blasts of comparatively low pressure
are used. I change the position of the charging aperture by placing it at the end
of the receiver, instead of at the front or side thereof, and in my new arrangement
I employ a charging trough which, when not in use, is kept properly secured; I fix
one blow-off outlet at the top of the receiver; I change the position of the tapping
hole from the side to the end of the receiver; and I furnish the receiver with
suitable slagging holes.
In Drawing Number 1, Figure 1 is an elevation with part of the compound
chamber in section; Figure 2 is an end elevation, and Figure 3 is a transverse
section of my improved metal receiver.
In these Figures (A) is the outlet for the waste gases with the pressure relief
valve and weighted lever, shewn in Figures 1 and 2; (B) in all the Figures is the
chainber or receptacle for receiving and discharging the impregnated blast; (C), shewn
in Figure 2, is the tapping hole or outlet for the metal.
The chambers are constructed of strong wrought iron and are connected with the
receiver; they are lined with suitable refractory material, and are provided with
suitable valves and weighted levers (D) at the end of the chamber opposite to that
in which the compounds enter it through the pipe (E). The chamber (B) is fitted
with covering doors of adequate strength which are properly secured. The use of
these covers is to enable the chamber lining and the tuyeres or descending pipes
next referred to, when used, to be removed or replaced at will.
(G) in Figures 1 and 3, are the descending pipes or tuyeres. These descending
pipes or tuyeres are of varying lengths, some being inclined towards one end and
some towards the other end of the receiver, so that the blasts may be made to cross
each other, if desired. These pipes may be sometimes dispensed with and the
compounds introduced through the orifices or channels. When this mode is adopted
the inclination of the orifices may be usefully further depressed, so as to impinge the
saturated blast on the metal at the bottom of the receiver.
When necessary the
orifices are provided with a moveable lining of refractory or fire-resisting material,
which can be readily removed when necessary for repairs.
Second. The heater and generator described in the Specification of the said
Patent No. 3840, A.D. 1874, and shewn in the Drawing, No. 4, therein referred to,
is improved by the substitution of domed tops for flat tops, in combination with
cylindrical tanks heated by a vertical steam pipe, which are employed instead of
tanks or compartments of a segmental shape heated by a steam jacket.

page_text: By the use of domed tops to the heater and generátor space is provided in a
convenient manner, without sacrificing strength, for a constant supply of heated air
in the former and of saturated blast in the latter, so that either may be maintained
under the requisite pressure for supplying a continuous stream of such blast from
the generator to the pipe leading to the receptacle in which the molten metal under
treatment is contained.
By the substitution of cylindrical tanks heated in the manner herein described
for tanks of a segmental shape heated by a steam jacket, a more perfect or water-
tight chamber is secured, with fewer joints, and the heated steam may be applied at
pleasure to one or more instead of to the whole of the tanks containing the compounds
at the same time, the cylindrical tanks are moreover more easily removed for repair
or other cause.
Drawing No. 2 represents the improved heater and generator, part in elevation
and part in section, with plans of the same.
Figure 1 in this Drawing is an elevation, part of which is in section of the improved
heater (A) shews the improved domed top.
Figure 2 in the same Drawing is an elevation, part of which is in section, of the
improved generator. (A¹) in this Figure shews the improved domed top; (B, B,)
are the cylindrical tanks, having a vertical steam pipe (C) which may or may not be
connected with a worm passing through the middle of the tank for the purpose of
heating such of the compounds as may be desired.
Figures 3 and 4 of this Drawing are plans, partly in section, of the heater and
improved generator, shewing in Figure 4 the position of the cylindrical tanks (B),
and the perforated pipes (b) communicating therewith, through which the contents
of the different tanks are discharged into the coke or other granulated material.
Figure 3 is introduced into the Drawing merely for the purpose of shewing the
connection of the heater and generator, but is not necessary to illustrate or explain
my said improvements.
-
Third. The construction of the vacuum furnace is described in the Specification to
the said Patent, No. 3840, A.D. 1874, by reference more particularly to the Drawings
Nos. 5 and 50 referred to in the said Specification.
My present improvements relate to the application of a belt or chamber con-
structed as herein described round the dam of the vacuum furnace for the purpose
of supplying the purifying agents referred to in the said Specification.
The improved vacuum furnace is shewn in Drawings 3 and 4. In Drawing
No. 3, Figure 1 is a sectional elevation of the domed dam or receiver and piers of
the vacuum furnace with arches above. The pier next to the domed dam being the
one in which the retort stack referred to in the said Specification No. 3840'is placed,
and this pier is so constructed as to afford access to the belt or chamber (D) under
this improved arrangement.
In Drawing No. 4, Figure 2 is a sectional plan of the same at letters A and B,
and Figure 3 is a front elevation of the domed dam. (D) in these three Figures,
contained in Drawings 3 & 4, shews the belt or chamber, and (E) in the Figures 1
and 3 in the same Drawings, shews the conduct pipe with its branches through
which the compounds are passed into the chamber, and thence into the metal.
In Figures 1, 2, & 3 on the said Drawings 3 & 4 (a, a,) are the slagging holes at
different levels; (b) in Fig. 2 shews the position in dotted lines of the tapping hole,
and (c) in Figures 1 and 3 is the charging hole for coke. The belt or chamber is
constructed and lined as herein-before described in the description of the improved
metal receiver, it is furnished with openings which are continued through the
furnace lining to the dam of the furnace, and which openings are fitted when required
with tuyeres fixed in suitable position. These tuyeres or channels are marked (F) in
Figures 1 and 2.
The conduct pipe (E) communicates with the generator, and through it the blast
saturated with the compounds is conveyed into the belt or chamber (D) and thence
into the metal.

page_text: In Figure are also shown the pier in which the retort stack is or may be
placed, and the positions of the flues (b, b,) when the retorts are used. The position
of the retort arrangement is shewn in this Figure 1.
These arrangements may be applied when the compounds herein referred to are
used either to blast furnaces for the smelting of ore or metal, or to cupolas, or air, or
any other furnaces for the melting of iron, thereby enabling the purification and
refinement of the metal to be effected in such furnaces.
The domed dam, Figure 1, Drawing 3, with the conduct pipe (E) and the
chamber (D) may be erected in front of any existing blast or other smelting furnace,
so as to receive the metal direct from any such smelting furnace, and in the dam of
which constructed and worked as specified herein, the metal may be purified, refined,
or converted into steel, by treating it as herein described or referred to.
Fourth. In order to enable the chemical agents, such as are above referred to, to
be used with certainty and success in purifying and refining certain kinds of iron, I
will describe the method of employing those which are requisite in treating known
qualities of iron; for instance, Cleveland iron, which is known to contain from five
to eight per cent. of impurities, consisting principally of phosphorus, sulphur, and
silicon. I take by way of example, a six ton charge of molten Cleveland metal,
and treat it in the following manner in the improved metal receiver constructed as
herein described :-
The blast, which is a low-pressure blast of about from two to four pounds, is turned
on; a mixture composed of muriatic acid and a hydrocarbon, such as wood naphtha,
is then introduced, the quantity will vary according to the kind of iron desired to be
produced; e.g., for grey iron, say about four quarts, applied for from two to three
minutes; for mottled iron, say about four quarts, applied for about two to three
minutes; and for white iron, say about four quarts, applied for about three or four
minutes.
The proportions of the acid and the hydrocarbon vary according to the strength
of the acid, say from one-third to one-half of the hydrocarbon or wood naphtha and
two-thirds or one-half of the acid.
The requisite quantity of the hydrocarbon or wood naphtha can be ascertained in
practice by mixing a test quantity of it with the acid, and leaving in the mixture
for a period of twenty-four hours some pieces of iron, brass, or gun metal; and if
these pieces remain unaffected by the corrosive action of the acid its corrosive
action is sufficiently neutralized, and a mixture in these proportions can be employed
without danger to the metal parts of the apparatus.
After treating the molten iron with the acid and hydrocarbon mixture, as above
described, I introduce petroleum, say, about from two to five quarts applied for about
two to five minutes for producing grey iron; about four to eight quarts applied for
about five to seven minutes for producing mottled iron; and about seven to ten
quarts applied for about seven to ten minutes for producing white iron, the
quantities being increased as may be found requisite until the slag is rendered.
sufficiently liquid by the intense heat generated. I then introduce caustic leys,
that is, lime held in suspense in water boiled down with dry steam to the greatest
strength obtainable, and mixed with caustic soda or caustic potash in suitable
proportions, and condensed so as to reduce the compound to the greatest possible
strength; of the leys I introduce about three to five quarts, applied for about three
to five minutes, for producing grey iron; about three to five quarts, applied for about
three to five minutes, for producing mottled iron; and about eight to ten quarts,
applied for about eight to ten minutes, for producing white iron.
It should be noted that both as to quantity of materials used and the duration of
the time of operation, it is impossible to give general directions which are in all cases
exactly applicable. Allowances must be made, which will readily be ascertained after
experience in my method of treatment, by competent persons who may follow the
above directions, and who will without difficulty modify them as they may find
necessary, having regard to the colors of the flames produced, and the quality of the
ores or metal treated, and the kind of iron desired to be made. For instanco, if

page_text: instead of using as in the improved receiver above mentioned a low-pressure blast,
a high-pressure blast should be used, say of about eighteen pounds, as in the metal
receiver described in the former Specification, the quantities of materials and
the times of operation should be reduced; thus for producing grey iron about
three quarts of the mixture above referred to, composed of muriatic acid and wood
naphtha should be used, applied for from one to three minutes; for producing
mottled iron, say about three quarts of the mixture, applied for from one to three
minutes; and for producing white iron, say about three quarts of the mixture,
applied for from two to three minutes; of the petroleum about one to three quarts,
to be applied for about one to three minutes, for producing grey iron; about three
to six quarts, applied for about three to six minutes, for producing mottled iron; and
about six to eight quarts applied for about six to eight minutes for producing white
iron; and of the caustic leys about two to four quarts, to be applied for about two to
four minutes, for producing grey iron; about two to four quarts, applied for about
two to four minutes, for producing mottled iron; and about six to eight quarts,
applied for about six to eight minutes, for producing white iron.
In treating under a low-pressure blast of about two to four pounds in my said
improved metal receiver, a five-ton charge of Lincolnshire iron, which contains
about one and a half per cent. of phosphorus together with other impurities, if it be
desired to produce grey iron the quantity of the said mixture of muriatic acid and
wood naphtha to be used will be, say about two to three quarts to be applied for
about two to three minutes; the quantity of petroleum about three to four quarts to
be applied for about three to four minutes; the quantity of the caustic leys mixture
about three to five quarts to be applied for about three to five minutes; for pro-
ducing mottled iron the quantity of the acid and hydrocarbon mixture will be three
to four quarts applied for about three to four minutes; petroleum, about four quarts,
applied for about four minutes; and the caustic leys, about three to six quarts,
applied for about five to seven minutes; for producing white iron the quantity of
the acid and hydrocarbon will be about three quarts, applied for about two to three
minutes; petroleum, about four to six quarts, applied for about four to six minutes;
and the caustic leys, about six to eight quarts, applied for about six to eight
minutes.
In treating Lincolnshire iron under a similar high-pressure blast, as before-men-
tioned, of about eighteen pounds for the purpose of producing grey iron, the
quantity to be used of the mixture of the muriatic acid and hydrocarbon will be,
say, about two quarts, to be applied for about one to three minutes; the quantity
of petroleum, about three quarts, to be applied for about two to four minutes; the
quantity of the caustic leys mixture, about two to three quarts for, say, from two to
three minutes; for producing mottled iron under the said high-blast pressure, the
quantity of the acid and hydrocarbon will be about two to three quarts, applied for
about one to three minutes; petroleum, about three to four quarts, applied for about
three to four minutes; caustic leys, about four to six quarts, applied for about
three to five minutes; for producing white iron from Lincolnshire iron under the
before-described high-preseure blast the quantity of acid and hydrocarbon mixture
will be about two to three quarts, applied for about one to three minutes; petroleum,
about four to six quarts, applied for about four to six minutes; and of the caustic
leys mixture, about four to six quarts, applied for about four to six minutes.
Fifth. The construction and arrangement of furnaces suitable for being used for
processes analagous to those usually termed heating, puddling, balling, and annealing,
are respectively described in the Specification to the said Patent, No. 3840, A.D. 1874,
by reference more particularly to the Drawings, Nos. 6 and 7, therein referred to, and
in the Specification to the said Patent, No. 3353, A.D. 1875, by reference more
particularly to the Drawing No. 1, referred to in the said last-mentioned Specification,
where combined furnaces are shewn, two of them being for annealing purposes,
working in connection with a single boiler.
In consequence of the expansion of the melted metal under the treatment in the
said furnaces, I have found that the circular-formed moveable truck ladle bottom of

page_text: the size described in the Specification to the said Patent, No. 3840, is not sufficient
when manipulating masses of melted metal in quantities of about one ton, which is
one of the objects of my Invention.
In order to obtain increased space I modify the construction of the said furnaces,
and form the hearths and furnaces of an oblong shape, by which means I obtain a
form of ladle bottom which, whilst holding the requisite quantity of metal for
producing a ball of about one ton in weight, will at the same time secure the
greatest economy in the consumption of the necessary fuel, and not unduly increase
the width of the framework. Inasmuch as a ball of incandescent metal of the
weight referred to cannot be conveniently moved about or dealt with by manual
labor, I employ hydraulic apparatus, by means of which the moveable truck ladle
bottoms can be run into and out of the furnaces, and the balls, when produced, can
be transported to the place required for further treatment.
In Drawing 5 Figure 1 is an elevation, and Figure 2 a plan shewing the
improved moveable truck ladle bottoms or furnace hearths and the hydraulic
apparatus for moving them into and out of the furnace, and afterwards of raising
the balls in a heated state out of such bottoms for transportation to other parts of
the iron works. (A, A, A, A,) in Figures 1 and 2 are the furnaces, and (B, B, B¹, B¹,)
are the moveable truck ladle bottoms; of these bottoms those marked (B, B,) are
shown in position in the furnace ready for lifting by the hydraulic ram; those
marked (B, B¹) are shewn in position outside the furnace, the one in elevation in
Figure 1 having a ball in position for lifting by means of a pair of grippers worked
by hydraulic power from the cylinder overhead.
The connection between the hydraulic drawing-out cylinder and the moveable
truck ladle bottom is by self-acting gear, the construction of which is well known,
and to the use of which for this purpose Do claim is made.
For the purposes of securing a solid foundation for the moveable truck ladle,
which, in addition to its cbarge, is of itself of considerable weight, and in order to
keep the ground adjoining the furnace as clear of machines as possible, I have found
it convenient to fix the hydraulic cylinder for pushing out and returning the ladle
bottom in a pit of suitable depth at the back of the furnace, and the ladle bottom
is made to run into a pit immediately in front of the furnace in a line with the
hydraulic cylinder. This pit is covered with a moveable iron platform (C), which
is constructed of two plates or covers, which are so arranged that when the ladle
bottom is brought from the furnace into the pit, as shown in Figure 1 (B¹), by the
hydraulic cylinder, one of these plates being attached by self-acting apparatus to
the frame of the ladle is moved by and with it, either over or under the other plate,
and thereby the ladle bottom is brought uncovered into position in the pit under
the overhead hydraulic lift, and the ball can then be grasped, raised, and removed
from the ladle bottom by the grippers at pleasure.
The products of combustion from these furnaces, worked either as single furnaces
or as the improved combination stack, are utilized by leading them through properly
constructed flues round a boiler or boilers (as described in the said Specification,
No. 3353, A.D. 1875), by raising steam therein for providing motive power for
machinery in the iron works.
The waste gases from two of the moveable ladle bottom furnaces and the
annealing furnace are produced in sufficient quantity to furnish the requisite heat
for supplying one boiler, and therefore in the combination stack I have modified and
altered the arrangement of the furnaces by introducing two of such boilers placed
between the two sets of furnaces, and placing the furnaces farther apart than is
shewn in the said former Specification, Number 3353, A.D. 1875, so as to admit of
the boilers being more conveniently erected. I am thereby enabled to utilize all the
waste heat in a convenient manner, a result which could not be successfully obtained
by increasing the size of a single boiler without making it take up too much space.
Sixth. The construction of the squeezing press is described in the Specification to
the said Patent, No. 3333, A.D. 1875, by reference more particularly to the
Drawing, No. 2, referred to in the said Specification.

page_text: My present improvements relate to the addition of a third cylinder, and the
alteration of the position of the piston and cylinder marked (D) in Figure 1 in the
said Drawing No. 2, from a position above the large ram to the side thereof, which
thus in my present improved arrangement has one of the cylinders on each side.
By the altered position of the cylinder, marked (D) in the said Figure 1,
additional power is gained by the third or additional cylinder, and the following
advantages are secured, increase of speed in the movement of the large ram, which
is drawn back by the side cylinders, greater certainty in the action of the large
ram, as the pressure on both sides of it are equalized, and an increase in the power
of the stroke or pressure by making, when required, all three act together to give
pressure; these improved means enable one to squeeze and operate on the mass of
iron under treatment on all its external parts at one operation without re-heating
with perfect equality of pressure.
In Drawing No. 6 to this Specification, Figure 1 is an elevation, Figure 2 is a
plan, and Figure 3 a transverse section of my said improved squeezing press.
In Figure 1 A is the bed plate, which may be formed either straight or elliptical;
B is the large rain; C is one of the side cylinders or rams; and D, D, shew
part of the system of pipes and valves for supplying the water either to the side
rams or to the large ram, or to the whole together.
Figure 2 in the said Drawing hereto, No. 6, is a detail plan of the arrangements
for working the improved squeezing press, shewing the network of pipes and valves
by which the combined and separate action of the three rams are effected.
When in employing the press I desire to use the combined force of the three rams
for pressing the metal, I open the valves b and a, and when I desire to use the side
rams only to draw the large ram back, I open the valve c and the pilot valve d, and
keep the valves a and b closed. In Figures 1, 2, and 3 corresponding parts are
indicated by the same letters of reference.
Having described the nature of my improvements I desire to be understood that
I claim,
First. The construction of the improved metal receiver, wherein are arranged and
combined the chambers and pipes or tuyeres, substantially as described herein with
reference to Drawing No. 1.
Second. The construction of the improved generator, wherein a domed top is used
in combination with cylindrical tanks for holding the compounds, substantially as
described herein with reference to Drawing No. 2.
Third. The construction of the improved vacuum furnace, having a circular
chamber provided with openings, pipes, or tuyeres arranged round the dam, substan-
tially as herein described with reference to Drawings Nos. 3 and 4.
Fourth. The use in the manufacture of various kinds of iron for the purpose of
removing the impurities contained in the various ores or metals of the above-
mentioned chemical agents in about the proportions and for the periods substantially
as herein described.
Fifth. The construction of the improved moveable truck ladle and furnace, as
herein described, in combination with the apparatus for moving the ladle and its
load, substantially as shewn in Drawing No. 5.
Sixth. The construction of the improved squeezing or pressing apparatus, wherein
three rams are employed, with a suitable arrangement of pipes and valves to provide
for their working separately or together, substantially as herein described and shown
in Drawing No. 6.
In witness whereof, I, the said Samuel Richard Smyth, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Third day of November, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and seventy-seven.
SAMUEL RICHARD SMYTH. (L.S.)