Year: 1872

page_text: b
Ha
&c.
working chamber by a grate, the object whereof is to obtain a thorough
process
s of rendering and drawing off the oils has been effected.
Fourth. In the employment in such an apparatus of a steam blast
within the sewer for the purpose of keeping the grate free and un-
interrupted.
Fifth. In the introduction of steam into the working chamber during
the process of rendering the matter through the sewer connection with
the said chamber, and thereby saving the necessity of making separate
10 openings in the vessel and effecting a great saving in expense, while the
grate furnishes a large area for the distribution of steam within the
working chamber.
Sixth. In the employment of the said sewerage connection with the
working chamber for the introduction of water therein at the com-
15 mencement, cooling down, elevating, and decanting the oils or fatty
matter.
Seventh. In the combination with an apparatus for rendering and
drying animal matter, of a condensing pump, the operation and effect
of which embraces the several purposes and functions of reducing the
20 pressure in the working chamber when necessary, deodorizing the
noxious gases, forcing water into the said chamber after the operation
of rendering and decanting the oils, and indicating by the stoppage of
the pump the completion of the process of dehydration.
Eighth. In combining with an apparatus for conducting the process
25 of rendering, drying, and deodorizing, or either of them a pump that
will perform the functions above stated automatically, that is to say, a
pump that will be made operative by the power of the steam generated
in the working chamber, and escaping therefrom under pressure into
said pump, such a pump for example as that known as the "Hall con-
30 densing pump."
35
Ninth, In the method of relieving the pressure within the working
chamber during the distinct operations of rendering, elevating, and
decanting the oils or fatty matters by the employment of a condensing
pump having free communication with said working chamber.
during the operation of dehydrating.
Tenth. In the method of deodorizing the noxious gases generated

page_text: ,&c.
assume 5
Eleventh. In the employment in a combined rendering and drying
apparatus for animal matter of a series of agitators so arranged upon a
Ishaft as to have a movement thereon independent of the motion of the
same, in order that when the shaft is at rest while charging the vessel
or rendering the material, the agitators will automatically
vessel unobstructed for the free reception of the raw material in
pendent positions from the shaft, and thus leave the entire area of the
fragments or carcass; but upon using the machine as a drier and giving
Imotion to the shaft, the several agitators will assume their proper radical
positions and functions.
Twelfth. In a receiving box for the fatty matter located and arranged
on the outside end of the vessel, projecting outwardly and inwardly, and
communicating with the working chamber at the top thereof, and con-
stituting an outside oil decanting box having perpetual communication
with the working chamber, and which may be applied to rendering 1
vessels now in use with slight expense.
Thirteenth. In the arrangement of a drain box or chest for sewerage
purposes, outside of and projecting both inward and outward from the
head of the vessel, and having open communication with the bottom of
the working chamber by a strainer, thereby obtaining a thorough and
practical drainage for the working chamber after the processes of
rendering and drawing off the oils have been effected.
Fourteenth. In the employment in combination with an apparatus
for rendering animal matter of a receiving tank or reservoir located and
arranged above the rendering vessel, and communicating therewith by
means of a tube or column, whereby the entire displacement of the oils
from the rendering vessel is effected by the force of an inflowing stream
of water, the said reservoir serving also to hold the settlings from the oil
and return them by direct gravitation to the rendering vessel to be again
treated with the next charge.
Fifteenth. In the employment in such an apparatus of a glass tube or
column located and arranged between the generating vessel and an
upper receiving and settling tank, by which the advantage of fine lines
of separation between the outward flow of oil and inward flow of water
can be observed and controlled.
Sixteenth. In the arrangement within the dome of the discharging
I column of a perforated diaphragm or filter, the object of which is to

page_text: 5
prevent the escape of any floating material from the rendering vessel
without interrupting the free escape of the oils.
And finally. In a new process of treating animal blood for rendering
it insoluble and granular for agricultural and fertilizing purposes.
The apparatus shewn in Figures 1 and 2 consists of a jacketed vessel
or cylinder A, the intermediate annular space constituting a steam
heating chamber B and the interior chamber C, to receive the matter
to be treated. It is provided with man-holes D, D¹, at the top and
bottom thereof, the upper one D for the introduction of animal matter
to the rendering vessel, and lower one D¹ for the removal of the dried
matter, bones, and the like. The working chamber C has a central
armed shaft E mounted in suitable stuffing boxes, and extends outside
of one end of the vessel for connecting it with the driving power, for the
purpose of agitating the residuum of the matter during the process of
drying. The arms or stirrers of this agitator I prefer to make in fixed
and movable sections F, F¹, as shewn in Figures 6 and 8, the movable
agitators being arranged upon the shaft E so as to have a movement or
partial movement thereon independent of the shaft when a turn of the
latter is made in a direction opposite to their regular motion, the object
being to fold the movable agitators F¹ beneath the shaft E, as shewn in
Figures 8 and 9, to obtain the full area of the working chamber for the
reception of the raw material, and thereby admit larger masses and free
distribution of the same throughout the entire cylinder. This movement
of the agitators to fold out of the way is effected by mounting them on
sleeves f, one end of which fits into a recess or shoulder g on the shaft.
They thus form stops to hold the agitators open when in operation,
as shewn in Figures 6 and 7, but allow them to automatically turn
and hang down from the shaft by simply reversing its motion. The
treatment of the matter is conducted within the working chamber, first,
under the process of rendering; second, of elevating and decanting the
oils or fatty matter; and third, the drying of the residuum or solid
matter, thereby producing and perfecting these several operations in one
and the same apparatus, and accomplishing thereby a very great saving
in the cost of machinery, time, and labor. The deodorization of the
5 noxious gases is effected outside of said chamber during the said
processes. The method by which this latter process is effected, consists
in the employment of a condensing pump G with the apparatus, the
objects of which are to receive by a free communication with the working

page_text: chamber C the noxious vapors forced therefrom by pressure, and to
utilize the pressure of the steam from said chamber to work the con-
densing pump G to supply the water to the apparatus when required, or
for other purposes, thereby using the same pump which supplies the
chamber C with water as a condenser and deodorizer, as will be more
fully explained hereafter.
The rendering process is effected by steam admitted both to the inner
and surrounding chambers C, B, its admission to the latter being at any
convenient point as at H, and to the former by a pipe I, I', leading
as in Figure 1 from the steam boiler to a sewer opening J, the
chamber C being first charged and partially filled with water. As a
renderer no continuous stirring or agitation of the matter is required.
and when it has been cooked a sufficient time to insure a thorough
separation of the fatty matters the steam is cut off from the inner and
outer chambers. Cold water is then forced into the inner chamber
through the pipe I or K until the chamber is filled to elevate the oils
for decantation, the pipes I, I', and K, leading from the boiler and
pump having stop cocks a and b, Figure 1, by which to control the flow
of either steam or water. In apparatus heretofore used for rendering
it has been found difficult to obtain an easy and effective means for
drawing off the oils or fatty matter, for in such apparatus the oil or
fatty matter is floated upon a broad surface from which it has been
found difficult to collect it and direct it to a single outlet. This
difficulty would be increased by the use of horizontal tanks, because of
the increased area of floating surface. Moreover in decanting the ou
from such a broad surface a large amount of water must pass out with
it before all the oil is run out, and the process is therefore necessarily
slow and at best imperfect, as a portion of the oil will remain in patches
or pools upon the broad surface. Again the surface contains more or
less light material which absorbs and holds in suspension by capillary
attraction quantities of oil or fatty matter which is lost without some
means of expelling it therefrom.
I obviate the difficulties mentioned by making the vessel or shells at
the top at L a departure from a true cylindrical form, which departure
may start from a horizontal line or at any point above said line that
will produce a tapering space or inverted wedge-like trough M from the
smallest to the largest end thereof. Into this trough-like space the

page_text: oil or fatty matter wiII
be forced from the broad surface by the
incoming water, and I thus insure a thorough separation of the oil and
water, and cause the oil to be pushed through this collecting space M
lengthwise of the cylinder to the discharging opening. This opening c
5 is provided with a strainer d extending from the crown in an inclined
position to the head, so as to cover and protect said opening c from
stoppage by floating matter and leave the oil gate N or outlet free. As
the water rises to the crown of the working chamber the oils will be
separated and forced out at the enlarged end in a continuous stream or
O column from the trough. Another advantage of this feature is that the
strainer can be arranged above and out of the way of the revolving
agitating arms.
The light floating matter is also compressed against
the crown or strainer of the chamber, and thus a more complete
separation of the oils from both the material and the water is effected, as
shown in Figures 1 and 2.
To obtain a thorough drainage of all fluids from the working
chamber I arrange a sewer J at the end, and outside of the cylin-
drical line of the working chamber C, and provide it with a grate
or strainer O, flush with the inner walls of the chamber C, which
while preventing the escape into the sewer J of solid matter allows
the free passage of fluids. The sewer J has an outer gate P for drawing
off the water. To relieve the sewer grate O in case of clogging the
steam pipe I is connected with the said sewer, by which to let in a
blast of steam under pressure and blow out all obstructions from the
grate and keep it open, as shewn in Figure 1. This blow out however is
only used while emptying the chamber of fluid matter. During the
process of rendering the foul air or gases pass off by the pressure of the
steam through the pipe Q, and into the condensing pump G, where they
are condensed and thoroughly mixed with the water and rendered
innoxious and non volatile, the said communication is regulated by the
attendant, as there may be times during the process when it would be
expedient to keep the entire pressure in the working chamber uninter-
rupted. The pump G when the communication is open receives the
noxious vapors and steam within its two chambers alternately, the one
filling with water while the steam enters and condenses in the other
In this way the steam and noxious vapors from the vessel furnish the
motive power for the said pump, the force of the steam carrying out the
foul air from the vessel being the remote, and the condensation of the sam

page_text: the pump
power.
within the chambers of the pump being the approximate motive
The aforesaid "Hall steam condensing pump" is well adapted for sueli
purpose, but any other pump with like functions may be used. After
the rendering process is completed the pump is used for filling the
chamber C to displace therefrom the oily and fatty matter, in which case 5
is kept working by the pressure of the steam in the chamber
until such pressure is reduced by the filling of the said chamber, when
the displacement is continued by steam from the boiler by a pipe R
communicating with the said pump. It will be seen therefore that the
condensing pump is combined with the apparatus not only for filling the 10
chamber but for the special and useful purpose of deodorizing the
noxious gases which has hitherto been the objectionable part of treating
matter with heat. After the steam is cut off from the inner and sur.
rounding chambers the reduction of the pressure in the working
chamber is effected by first letting out the steam and gases to work the 15
pump, and second by cold water forced by the pump into the chamber.
This operation it will be seen entirely obviates the necessity for expensive
separate condensers heretofore used in blowing off the pressure, for it
will be understood by those skilled in the art that it is impossible to
extract oils from vessels while the oil is under steam pressure, and as a 20
high pressure is left in the chamber after the process of rendering it is
necessary to reduce it before the oils can be drawn. This I do without
blowing off by using the condensing pump direct, and at the same time I
utilize the escaping pressure to work the said pump. After the grease
and water have been drawn off steam is again let into the jacket 25
chamber B for the purpose of heating and drying the residuum or solid
matter which is put in motion by the revolving agitators. In this
process the condensing steam pump is again brought into requisition for
the purpose of deodorizing the steam or gases that pass from the inner
chamber under pressure during the dehydration of the mass. It will be 30
understood that the heat from the jacket will liberate and vaporize the
moisture from the mass, thereby again producing a pressure in the
Ivessel. During this operation, and as long as there remains any
Imoisture in the material, so long this pump will continue its functions
and be a reliable indicator of the completed dehydration of the mass,
because when there is not sufficient expansive power in the steam or
gases generated it will be apparent that the expansion or vaporization e
the gases within the chamber has ceased, as the condensing pump w
work with from three to five pounds pressure.
of
will

page_text: It has been found by experiment that the exhaustion of the gases and
steam cannot be facilitated or hurried by the action of a vacuum pump,
for the reason that the extreme heat of the outer chamber produces such
expansion and force of the steam and gases within said chamber that
5 a vacuum cannot be created, and therefore a vacuum cannot facilitate
the drying, but by the use of the condensing pump I simply keep
pace with the process of drying within the tank, and deodorize the
liberated gases until the pressure in the vessel is reduced to a degree
that will not work the pump. It is thus rendered apparent that
O vaporization has ceased, and consequently dehydration is completed.
The action of the pump is thus not only rendered automatic to deodorize
and pump water, but serves as a hydrometer.
I have described a particular form of vessel for obtaining a collecting
and discharging channel or wedge shaped space for the oils, but I do not
intend to confine myself to such specific means; the vessel may occupy
an inclined position to form such channel or inequality in the surface
line between the water and the top, in which case the sewer would be
located at the opposite end, and the agitators correspondingly arranged
to prevent the accumulation of the mass at the lower end from the
o inequality of the lines of the lower side of the vessel.
Figures 3, 4, and 5, show the projecting boses for effecting the decan-
tation of the oils, and the sewerage or drainage of the working chamber.
The grease receptacle S is secured to the end of the vessel so as to
project therefrom and extend through the intervening heating space to
5 the head of the working chamber C, with which it communicates by
perforations e in its inner end, so that between the working chamber and
the receiving box there is a perpetual opening. This box forms a
projecting pocket and is secured within an opening either in a single or
double head in any suitable manner, so that as the oils or fatty matters
0 are elevated by the inflowing water to the crown of the vessel they will
pass into the pocket S, and be drawn off by a suitable gate or valve h,
the top of this pocket for this purpose being on a line with the crown
of the working chamber. The oils are forced into this pocket by
the pressure of the water in the chamber, and the strainer e serves to
5 keep the pocket free from clogging. This projecting pocket forms
also a very convenient and comparitively inexpensive means for
attaching a glass tube T to conduct the oils to a receiving tank U above
the said tube T, serving to indicate when the oil is expelled from the

page_text: SHOW
working chamber as the glass tube T will show the
separates
the oil from the water. The drain or sewer consists also of a box or
chest V, arranged to project from the outer end of the vessel in a line
and communicates with the working chamber C by a strainer i, flush 5
with the bottom thereof; it extends through the intervening chamber B,
with the head of the working chamber so as to be always open to drain
off the fluids when required. It is provided with an outlet gatej placed
in a pipe leading therefrom to effect this purpose, and in order to keep
its strainer i or communicating end from clogging by matter it has a
pipe I leading to the steam boiler, through which to let in a blast of 10
steam which rushes through the strainer i, and frees it completely when-
ever found necessary. It is located when desired vertically beneath the
oil receiving box S, and may be secured in any suitable way either to
the inner or outer heads of the vessel.
15
As shown in Figure 3 the pipe I from the steam boiler may be con-
nected with two small jet pipes k, arranged upon the bottom of the
working chamber on either side of the man-hole D¹, with their jet
openings down to prevent their being filled with water. A valve or
cock / may if desired be arranged in the opposite end of the vessel from
the oil receiving box to serve as a supplementary means for decanting 20
the oils. The oil and drain boxes may be arranged on opposite ends and
secured by suitable packing to a single or double head.
Figures 6, 7, 8, 9, show the agitators both folded and extended, and
the oil reservoir with its indicating tube. From the middle of the tank
rises a dome W, which communicates with the working chamber C; a 25
pipe X extends therefrom upward, and connects with the reservoir U,
into which the oil is expelled after the operation of rendering is com-
pleted. In this modification a condensing pump is not shewn, but the
condensation of the steam is effected by filling the vessel with cold
water and thereby removing the steam pressure within the vessel, and 30
effecting the elevation of the oil to the top thereof and its expulsion
therefrom through the vertical column T into the settling tank U above,
by the direct pressure of the inflowing column of water within the
vessel. In order to determine when the oil is expelled from the cylinder
the vertical column X is provided with a glass section T, to render 35
distinct the fine line of division, and as that line approaches the top
the indicating tube, rendering certain the effectual displacement of the
fatty matters, the attendant cuts off the water supply to the cylinder by
of

page_text: closing the cock m of the vessel. During this operation the oil is forced
into and retained in the upper tank. To prevent the passage of hair or
other clogging matter which will float upon the surface up the column X,
I arrange in the enlarged base thereof a perforated diaphragm n which
5 may be removable if desired for facility in cleaning. Cocks are inserted
in the column both above and below the glass indicating tube to draw
off the oil from the column and cut off the communication of the vessel
with the outlet column during the process of drying. The water in the
rendering vessel is then drawn off, the covers in the apertures Y, Z, in the
0 ends of the cylinder are then removed and dry heated air is introduced
under pressure at one end, and the moistened air in the vessel expelled
through the opening Z in the other end by the same force, whence it is
carried if necessary to the furnace to be consumed. Steam is then again
admitted into the surrounding chamber B, and the apparatus is changed
5 from a rendering tank to a drier of animal matter, the only addition
necessary to the accomplishment of which is giving motion to the
agitating shaft. When the matter is sufficiently dried it is removed
through the man-holes, which are then clased. In the meantime the
oil from the settling tank has been drawn off leaving the settlings in the
bottom and in the columns; they are now admitted into the rendering
vessel by opening the stop cocks in the column, and rendered over with
the next charge in the cylinder. In this way the coarser portion of
the fatty matter expelled by the force of the water is fed back again
by its gravity into the cylinder from the settling tank, and so on at
each alternate expulsion of the oil and charging of the vessel.
It will be observed that the enlarged area of the base of the column
facilitates the free flow of oil into the column from the rendering vessel,
and the diaphragm can be easily reached from the upper man-holes for
cleaning it of hair and other matters. It will also be observed that the
oil can be forced out of the base of the column above the diaphragm in
case any thing should contraindicate the use of the upper tank or
receiver.
In Figures 10 and 11 I have illustrated the method of and apparatus
for treating animal blood by the impinging action of steam or hot air or
of both combined, while the blood is in motion to the delivering and
drying stage within a pipe tube or conduit arranged between the head or
reservoir and the point of delivery; the steam and blood are introduced
into one end of the same pipe so that the direct impingement of the

page_text: steam is obtained upon a comparatively small stream of blood, and the
steam striking it in blast form dissipates and disintegrates its clotted
particles, producing granulated blood. The force of the blast is also
utilized to drive the blood through the conduit in constant and direct
heating contact, until it is discharged into the drying receiver. A screw 5
may be arranged with the conduit and operated automatically by the
force and pressure of the steam blast, serving to whirl the blood into
a continuous thin sheet to receive fully and entirely the action of the
steam.
Figures 10 and 11 shew this apparatus, A¹ being the trough, conduit, 10
or pipe, about twelve feet long. It is located and arranged between the
supplying receptacle B' for the blood, and the receiving vessel for the
insoluble granulated matter, and connects at one end by a pipe C¹ with
the supply vessel. The steam pipe D¹ from the boiler connects with the
same end of the conduit as the supply pipe, and the steam striking the 15
blood with great violence and with its concentrated heat produces an
almost instant insolubility of the fluid, and carries it out of the opposite
open end of the conduit in grains. The screw E¹ is mounted in suitable
bearings a¹, b¹, so as to revolve freely; and the action of the steam upon
its vanes causes it to spread out the blood while in transit through 20
the conduit, and while thus in motion change its character to insoluble
granules deprived of the character of coagulated blood.
Having thus fully described the said Invention as communicated to
me by my foreign correspondent, and the manner of performing the
same, I wish it understood that I claim,-
First. In the treatment of animal matter for the extraction of the fat
and water, and the production of a fertilizing scrap, the process of
subjecting the material to a cooking or rendering operation in water,
a decantation of the oils, and dehydration of the residuum in a closed
vessel, and by separate and distinct operations.
Second. In apparatus for the treatment of animal matter for the
extraction of the oils and fats, a vessel having an interior collecting
channel or wedge-shaped space M, to facilitate the decantation of the
oils and fatty matter from the working chamber.
30
Third. In combination with a longitudinal interior collecting channel $5
or wedge-shaded space M, the inclined strainer D, arranged within the
said channel or space as described.

page_text: separated from but connected with it by a grate O, as described.
vessel A,
Fifth. In a rendering and drying apparatus the combination with a
sewer therein of a pipe I for introducing through the said sewer both
5 water and steam directly into the working chamber.
Sixth. As a means for keeping the grate O of the working chamber C
free and unobstructed, the introduction of a blast of steam into the sewer,
as described.
Seventh. The introduction of steam into the working chamber C
10 through the grate O of the sewer connection to obtain a large area for
the distribution of steam into the said working chamber.
Eighth. In apparatus for treating animal matter to extract the oils or
the like and dry the residuum, the combination therewith of a con-
densing pump, the operation of which will effect the reduction of the
5 pressure in the working chamber, deodorize the noxious gases, supply
the chamber with water to decant the oils, and indicate the absence of
pressure when dehydration is completed.
Ninth. The method of relieving the pressure within the working
chamber by means of a free communication of the chamber with the
20 condensing pump during the distinct operations of rendering the matter
and elevating and decanting the oils.
25
Tenth. The method of deodorizing the noxious vapors and gas
dividing the operation of dehydration by means of an automatic con-
densing pump.
Eleventh. A box or chamber S, arranged upon the outer end of the
vessel and projecting therefrom on a level with the crown of the
chamber to receive the oil or fatty matters from the working chamber,
essentially as described.
Twelfth. A drain or sewer box J, arranged upon the outer end of the
30 vessel, and projecting therefrom on a level with the bottom of the
working chamber to drain the said chamber, essentially as described.
Thirteenth. The oil box S, and the drain or sewer box J, arranged one
above the other upon the outside end of the vessel, essentially as
described.

page_text: gc.
Fourteenth. The outside oil box S, and the outside drain or sewn
the jacketed vessel, and open into the working chamber, as described
Fifteenth. In such an apparatus the outside oil box, and the outside
drain or sewer box having perpetual communication with the working
chamber, as described.
Sixteenth. In a combined rendering and drying apparatus for the
treatment of animal matter, the hinged or pivoted agitators capable of
independent motion upon the shaft which carries them to fold or
pendent therefrom, essentially as and for the purposes herein set forth.
hang
Seventeenth. In a combined rendering and drying apparatus having a
revolving shaft of agitators, the said agitators connected therewith in a
manner to allow them to perform their functions when turned in one
direction, and to automatically assume pendent positions when the shaft
is partially turned in the opposite direction, as described.
Eighteenth. The arrangement of the indicating glass section T
between the vessel A and the receiving tank U, whereby to determine
when the oil has been expelled, and to prevent the passage of the water
into the tank with the oil by bringing to view the line of separation,
substantially as described.
Nineteenth. In combination with the receiving tank U, and con-
ducting column X, the perforated diaphragm n arranged within the
vessel A, at the base of the said column to prevent the ascent of hair
and the like with the oil from the renderer.
Twentieth. In combination with a combined rendering and drying
apparatus for animal matter, the column X and receiving tank U,
through and into which the oil is forced by the pressure of the inflowing
water within the vessel, and the sediment of the oil in the tank
returned to the vessel by gravitation, essentially as described.
Twenty-first. The process substantially as herein described for render
ing animal blood insoluble and granular, as and for the purpose
described.
Twenty-second. The process of rendering blood insoluble and granular
while the fluid is in transit from the supply to the drying receiver
or delivery point.

page_text: Witness,
WM. ROBT. LAKE,
8, Southampton Buildings,
London.
GEORGE HASELTINE. (L.S.)