IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINES AND APPARATUS EMPLOYED IN THE PRODUCTION REGULATION AND UTILIZATION OF ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FORCES."
Year: 1883

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Joseph Sinclair Fairfax 3 St Pauls Road Camden
Town London in the County of Middlesex Consulting and Electrical
Engineer for an Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINES AND APPARATUS
EMPLOYED IN THE PRODUCTION REGULATION AND UTILIZATION OF ELECTRIC
AND MAGNETIC FORCES."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Joseph Sinclair Fairfax at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 7th November 1883.
JOSEPH SINCLAIR FAIRFAX 3 St. Pauls Road Camden Town London in the
County of Middlesex, Consulting and Electrical Engineer; "IMPROVEMENTS IN
MACHINES AND APPARATUS EMPLOYED IN THE PRODUCTION REGULATION AND
UTILIZATION OF ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FORCES.'
נן
In the Specification to Lettors Patont N° 5000 granted to me and dated the
24th day of October 1882, I described amongst other things the formation of
electrical conductors by stamping bending or otherwise shaping suitable forms of
sheet metal strips or ribbons of copper, and arranging thein upon a core of the
required form and material. A part of this Invention consists in improved methods
of joining together either single or multiple pieces of short or comparitively short
portions of conductors, so as to facilitate the operation of placing them in position
upon any required form or kind of core, and of connecting them to a commutator,
(where one is employed); provision being made for the passage of induced or
transmitted currents in a straight, spiral, helical, or convoluted path, from each coil,
fold, or series thereof, to those adjacent; or to any other point required.
For this purpose the ends of the conductors are so formed or bent as to bring the
upper portion of one coil over the under part of the adjoining one; the ends being
either directly secured to each other as by screwing or riveting; or through the
intervention of a suitably formed coupling or connecting pieco. The conductors
generally are of a U form, but may be bent or shaped so as to make one or more

page_text: complete turns, and any suitable section given to the coils and connecting pieces
according to the position occupied, and work to be done; and also fitted to curved
or irregularly shaped cores.
Conductors are also formed of a single or double gridiron like pattern, in which
there are main conductors, with a series of branches between them to conduct the
current from the positive main to the negative. These conductors may be of sheet
or cast metal, or of woven wire, suitably proportioned; they may be used flatways
or bent so as to wholly or partially enclose the coro; and after being arranged in
parallel may be cut and connected in series.
Another kind of conductor is so shaped as to form a closed circuit in each
separate plate or conductor, or nearly so; threading or arranging the same upon a
straight or curved core. They may be cast, stamped, or made by any suitable
means so as to represent one or more circles, squares, or other convenient figure;
and with or without holes or projections by which the pieces are connected, or the
current received or transmitted. "At a certain part of the conductor the sectional
arca may be reduced to be more readily cut through, and in some cases a known
resistance may be interposed. At a convenient point the positive and negative
connections, rubbers or brushes may be placed, and allowance made for wear in the
latter case. By forming these conductors in pairs they may be used to excite
alternate poles, and where a number of such poles are used closely together the
magnetism of certain poles may be induced by the adjoining conductors only,
without being enclosed. I also make use of two or more lines of conductors of a
waved, or convoluted form, to induce magnetism or convey a current; the currents
flowing in the opposite directions, and operating upon one side of the core only
along the line of the conductors.
For armatures I sometimes arrange or form conductors so that an induced or
transmitted current is caused to pass around two cores, or portions of a single core,
in a direction resembling the way in which the figure eight is written, or an elongated
letter S; the positive and negative connections being placed generally at or near
the centre, or at any other convenient point. A modification for armature winding
is obtained by arranging the conductors so as to take a V form, each arm being
upon opposite sides of the core and the angle varied as may be required. Each of
these forms may also be used in exciting electro magnets, and built up and joined
in the most convenient way.
Any of the above arrangements of conductors may be used upon and adapted
for various forms and kinds of cores, and are preferably made by stamping the
forins out of sheet copper, or by folding or bending strips or ribbons of the same
The coils or convolutions may either be placed in serios, or in parallel circuit to
reduce resistance; or in any combination of the two methods; and the connecting
pieces arranged to make either circuit at will. One or moro layers of conductors
may be used, and if more, variously proportioned and fed from one or several
sources of electricity. For example the electro magnets may be excited in the
manner known as series wound, or by a shunt from the main circuit, or by a
separate current from another machine, from primary or secondary batteries, or by
a combination of any, or all of these methods.
The insulation used may be the same as generally employed, or as described in
the aforesaid specification, by paper, cardboard, cotton, or silk, in sheets or strips;
and to promote cooling it may be perforated, and in some cases pasted or attached
to tho sheet metal previous to the cutting out of the required forms.
The magnet cores I sometimes make of a tubular form tapering towards the poles,
and sometimes of built up bars, plates, or rods, each piece also tapering from the
neutral or central portion towards the poles. These tubes, plates, bars, or rods,
may be of any required section, and combined or not with steel dust as described
in my before named specification; and may have separately formed solid or
laminated pole pieces, fitted within or upon the said magnet cores; or the pole
pieces may be enlarged portions of the same. In some cases tubular cores are cast
in combination with the plate or neutral portion, as for example in the case of

page_text: multipolar machines, and in this way wrought iron cores may be placed in the
mould and the neutral plate or frame cast around them. In some cases also a
hardened steel block or blocks forms the connection between the two arms of a
magnet. Another form of field magnet is that of a cylinder or drum, which is best
adapted for multipolar machines, and in this form the ends are formed or arranged
so as to present notches, projections, or indentations, to receive the windings of the,
conductor as described hereafter. The magnet may be truly cylindrical, or else
have recesses for the conductors, and projecting pole pieces; and of one or more
pieces.
The strength of the field magnets may be regulated to some extent automatically
by the shunt method of winding, as is well known; but in addition, or in lieu
thereof, the method described of exciting them readily permits of portions of the
windings, or the whole of the same, being cut out of circuit, switched in, or an.
augmented or diminished current transmitted. This may be done by hand, or by
the strength of a current acting magnetically upon one or more armatures and
switches; or the attractive or repulsive property shown by conductors conveying a
current, so arranged as to make or break a contact. This contact I prefer to make
by a brush or brushes pressing upon a circular or cylindrical switch, formed of one or
more pieces of insulated copper; to which motion is given by a rack and pinion,
or similar mechanical device; the whole being suitably connected.
The method described of joining together separate portions, layers, coils, and
plates of copper, permits of their ready application to any form of armature, or
magnet; in any mode of winding, or connection.
The armature core in some cases is formed of sheet iron in the shape of an
annulus or Pacinotti ring, built up of insulated plates, which are sometimes
corrugated and perforated with suitablo end pieces formed or arranged so as
to present notches, projections, or indentations; and the conductors placed and
arranged thereon in any way described herein. When used as a motor, or even in
other cases, pole pieces are formed either parallel to the axis, or slightly inclined
thereto in a helical line; or else arranged so that the pole piece is not in a
continuous straight or curved line for more than one half the length, the pole pieces
breaking joint in the centre; and their relative positions kept by means of the
corrugations arranged so as to allow of the plates interlocking with each other in
the required position. Sometimes armature cores are formed by stamped rings or
discs of woven iron wire gauze, or bands or strips of the samo material, built up
with insulation between the layers; and combined or not with iron plates, wood or
cardboard, or other suitable material.
In winding disc armatures the conductor starts from a point upon the periphery,
passed through the central hole to a point upon the periphery and if then returned
in the same manner to the starting point it will appear in section like an elongated
figure eight the two loops being occupied by the opposite portions of the disc. If
the winding were thus continued with a continuous conductor the latter would
accumulate in the centre and be inconvenient, and this may be met by making the
connections across through a commutator, and in other ways; but it is preferred
not to place the conductor exactly opposite the starting point when bending the
conductor around the disc, but to make the chord shorter by a certain amount
eich time, and thus return to the beginning by a continual winding. This same
form of winding may be obtained by bars, rods, stamped plates, or bent strips of
copper; formed in pieces and joined together either at the central portion, or at the
periphery. Rubbing pieces may also be attached to the soveral windings of the
conductor near the centre, to form a commutator; and the said windings may
consist of several layers of conducting material. This figure of eight form of
winding I also employ upon a drum or cylindrical form of armature, two cores
being employed with a space between corresponding to the two sides of the disc
and the central hole; or else the form of armature core described as having polo
picces or projections extending alternately about one half the length of the core, or
in an axial or helical line across the length of the armature, excepting a portion

page_text: cut away in the centre for the conductor to pass. Other forms of windings may
be used upon this description of core, and sometimes the conductor is looped
around the ends of a drum or cylindrical, or upon the sides of a disc, form of
armature; so that it produces areas of alternate polarity upon the same. This
may be done by using a zig zag shaped conductor of the kind shown in my former
specification already referred to; or by winding a series of loops upon the portion
of one polarity, until the whole of the same is wound; thus passing the conductor
over the alternate poles at the ends as though they were to be left unwound. Tho
direction of the currents, however, produces the desired polarity in the alternate
spaces, but these spaces may if desired be also wound in the proper direction for
such polarity. This method of winding armatures I sometimes employ in the
winding of electro magnets; and conversely employ those conductors producing
alternate polarity in magnet cores already described, for the like purpose, or in
similar manner, for armatures.
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Another portion of this Invention consists in so forming and arranging a
conductor that several parts of the same are acted upon, at the same time, by the
magnetic influence of several poles; so disposed as to produce a like kind and
degree of electro motive force in the said several parts. For examplo, suppose a
dynamo machine having four north and four south poles arranged alternately in
pairs of the same name at equal distances around a disc armature. If the figure of
eight form of conductor or winding be applied it will be seen that one completo
conductor of this form may pass before or between the north poles inducing a
current in a certain direction; while a similar conductor passed between the south
poles, induces a current in the reverse direction, at the same time as the former.
That portion of the conductors passing across the centre of the disc, is subjected to
little or no magnetic influence, but if a conductor is formed of a V shape, properly
connected up, and passed between double the number of poles of the same name so
that the complete circuit of tho conductor under induction assumes the form of a
four pointed star; it will be seen that every part thereof is under the same
influence or practically so; and the induced currents may be collected therefrom in
any well known way. The disc may be covered with such conductors, and the
form thereof modified, and also the number of poles increased to as many as may
be convenient; keeping in view that by placing cach turn or fold of the
continuously formed conductor under the same inductive influence, the electro
motive force is urging the induced current at exactly the same rate, throughout
the several portions of the conductor.
Another arrangement for a multipolar electric machine is to form the conductors
of circular platos, or portions thereof, with radial cuts or spaces leaving a zig zag
Bonductor such as is shown in Figure 50 of my before named specification, the
solid portions being spaced so as to bring them before the poles in such a manner
as to induco a current in the same direction, throughout its whole length, at the
same time. A number of these plates are mounted and connected either in series
or parallel, and preferably arranged with one or more pieces of sheet iron or wire
gauze between tho copper plates. The iron may take the same form as the
conductors, or of a disc like shape; or the same general method applied to a drum
form of armature; and some of the forms of conductors already described may be
used instead of those just named. In this type of armature, especially in the disc
form, I prefer to fill up the outer radial spaces with wood, paper, or other suitable
material so as to prevent the armature acting as a fan, and such material may be
fastened to the iron already mentioned. A metallic band may also be used to
surround the exterior of the armature; and the whole mounted upon a drum
having projecting teeth fitting into the inner radial spaces, and constructed of
metal, wood, paper, vulcanized fibre, or other suitable material, and connected to
the axle; the projecting teeth acting also as drivers. The U shaped conductors
already described may also be used for the above form of armature, either singly
as indicated, or as several combined in the waved or convoluted form, also
described herein.

page_text: Machines of the type known as alternating current machines, usually consist of
a number of coils or bobbins, mounted upon a disc form of armature, revolving
between unlike poles placed alternately around the armature. In order to obtain
a current flowing in one direction the bobbins are connected, either in series or
parallel, to two insulated and double notched rings; the notches alternating with
each other, in each ring; and, the two ends of the armature conductor connected,
one to each ring. Two brushes or collectors are applied to each ring, and used so
that they are in contact with each series of notches, of each ring, alternately; and
collecting positive and negative currents alternately therefrom; one brush to each
ring being out of action, while the other pair are in. By another plan I make use
of four rings, with four separate brushes, for the same purpose; the number of
notches in either case, corresponding to the number of pairs of inducing poles, and
allowing of the brushes being placed, if desired, all in line upon one side of the
commutator only; with suitable adjusting devices acting in an axial and circum-
ferential direction. This method of collecting tho currents may be used with
dynamo machines or motors; and where but two pairs of poles are used the rings
are modified so as to present but a portion of a cylinder, and the number of rings
increased or diminished so as to present two rings, or portions thereof to each coil,
with suitable positive and negative brushes to collect the currents. In some cases
I arrange and proportion the contact surface of each ring so that the collecting
brushes may overlap, or short circuit, the two current giving surfaces at the
neutral point, to prevent sparking; and sometimes arrange extra brushes upon the
brush holder, so that in case one wears out, another may instantly be brought into
use; and I also connect the brush holder or holders with a rifled nut, so as to
reverse the direction of the currents by a longitudinal motion of the brush holders;
and this nut is capable of a radial adjustment in or upon a quadrant. The
notched rings, or their equivalent, are sometimes made up of stamped rings or
plates formed like the zig zag conductor described above.
Another form of current collecting apparatus, consists of a wheel or ring of
copper, attached to a pivot or shaft, and caused to bear upon its inner diameter, on
the surface of the commutator slips; encircling the same with a rolling, or part
rolling and part sliding contact; friction or gearing being used in addition when
found necessary. This ring or drum collector being larger in diameter than the
commutator from which it is drivop, has a slower motion, and the current boing
conveyed to an insulated copper cylinder on the pivot or shaft, it is collected by an
ordinary contact brush in the usual way; the rolling ring being made adjustable
in the same way as contact brushes. In this arrangement it is convenient to have
the positive and negative connections at the extreme ends of the armature shaft,
outside the bearings.
By another arrangement of circular rolling collectors, the copper rings or discs
have an outside instead of an inside rolling contact, and are likewise arranged for
a slow central bearing or collecting surface. By this method the commutator may
be placed at the most convenient part of the shaft, and the positive and negative
rollers bearing thercon by flat, bevelled, grooved, or other suitable surface, and also
geared if required; and in some cases the commutator slips or bars are arranged as
teeth and geared into corresponding ones upon the rolling or revolving conductor;
and placed so that the engaged teeth of the commutator are connected to the coils
under induction from which it is desired to collect. In some cases teeth at certain
intervals are formed of some insulating material, and this plan is adaptable for the
inside rolling contact already mentioned.
It is to be understood that the conductors, field magnets, and methods of
arrangement or winding described, will allow of their use in various forms of
dynamo and magneto electric machines and motors, and also for instruments and
apparatus used in connection with electrical or magnetic currents or forces. Some
of the conductors described aro well adapted for multipolar machines in which a
number of poles are arranged closely together, with either like poles, or unlike
poles, adjoining each other; and a form of the figure of eight form of winding may

page_text: be used in either caso. The method described of forming bobbins of sheet
conductors joined or connected in series or parallel, will allow of their use upon
existing types of machines for other purposes; as for example upon Brush
armatures for incandescent lighting. In motors of the multipolar type, and where
the U form of conductor is used to excite a circular shaped magnet case, I prefer
to convey the current to and from the conductors by two insulated rings, or
portions thereof; or straight pieces where straight field magnets are used; and in
some cases also treat the armature coils in the same manner. The same method is
also employed in the case of some forms of generating machines. I also prefer to
start motors through a varying resistance so arranged that through the medium
of a dash pot, spring, or falling weight, and a switch; the resistance is gradually
cut out; and the current increased slowly. In some cases also, I make use of a
small motor to regulate the speed, electro motive force, or current of another
motor, generating machine, or prime mover; arranging the regulating machine to
work in opposition to the machine to be regulated; thus establishing an equilibrium
of forces, as is done in some forms of steam steering gear. The two opposing
forces acting through the intervention of a screw, gear wheels, levers, the pumping
or flowing of a liquid, or such like mechanical equivalent, each tend to produce
motions which alone would move to a maximum extent; but being counteracted
by the other, establish a normal condition in the supply of current or electro motivo
force by acting upon the field magnets and armature; and so by interposing or
cutting out resistances, or short circuiting, movement of the collecting brushes, the
opening or closing of a valve, or similar devices; the object is attained. Two
motors may be used, and the system applied to charging accumulators.
In some cases where quick speed electric motors are employed while a slow, or
comparitively slow motion is desired; I arrange two frictional or bearing wheels
acting upon each side of a smaller wheel or pulley on the armature shaft, and
forced to bear closely upon the same by an enclosing band or bands on the two
large wheels. An eccentric, or radial motion around the central shaft, of one or
both the large wheels, may be used to throw them in or out of working gear, and
sometimes I use a third pulley for the like purpose. The armatures for motors,
like those for generating machines, are sometimes arranged with their conductors
in parallel circuit to reduce the resistanco of the machine.
The resistances already alluded to may be of the usual forms but I sometimes
make them of sheet german silver, or of other metals which are poor conductors of
electricity; or else of some suitable substance covered with amalgam. These
materials are disposed in the shape of some of the conductors described in this and
my, aforesaid specification; and in circular, square, or other oblong or suitable
shapes; in waved, convoluted, and zig zag forms; so as to give the greatest length
within the smallest space; and allow where required, of short circuiting. Two or
more of these plates may be combined together, and the system applied to
resistance coils generally. Any required pattern is stamped out or otherwise
formed, and suitably insulated; and the resistance switches for starting and
reversing motors above mentioned, may thus be readily made.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed
by the said Joseph Sinclair Fairfax in the Patent Office on the 5th May
1884.
JOSEPH SINCLAIR FAIRFAX of 3 St. Pauls Road Camden Town London in
"IMPROVEMENTS
the County of Middlesex Consulting and Electrical Engineer
IN MACHINES AND APPARATUS EMPLOYED IN THE PRODUCTION REGULATION AND
UTILIZATION OF ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FORCES
"
In the Specification to Letters Patent N° 5000 granted to me and dated the
twenty fourth day of October One thousand eight hundred and eighty two I
described amongst other things the formation of electrical conductors by stamping,
bending or otherwise shaping suitable forms of sheet-metal strips or ribbons of
copper, and arranging them upon a core of the required form and material. A part
of this Invention consists in improved methods of joining together either single or
multiple pieces of short or comparatively short portions of conductors so as to
facilitate the operation of placing them in position upon any required form or kind
of core and of connecting them to a commutator, (where one is employed)
provision being mado for the passage of induced or transmitted currents in
a straight, spiral, helical or convoluted path from each coil, fold, or series
thereof to those adjacent or to any other point required. For this purpose
the ends of the conductors are so formed or bent as to bring the upper
portion of one coil over the under part of the adjoining one, the ends being
either directly secured to each other as by screwing or riveting or through
the intervention of a suitably formed coupling or connecting piece, as in Figs.
1. to 8. The conductors generally are of a U form but may be bent or shaped so
as to make one or more complete turns as in Fig. 4. and any suitable section may
be given to the coils and connecting pieces according to the position occupied and
work to be done and also fitted to curved or irregularly shaped cores as in Fig. 9.
Conductors are also formed of a single or double gridiron like pattern in which
there are main conductors with a series of branches between them to conduct the
current from the positive main to the negative Figs. 9. 10, 11. 12 and 13. These
conductors may be of sheet or cast metal or of woven wire suitably proportioned
they may be used flatways or bent so as to wholly or partially enclose the core the
current being directed in the manner indicated in Fig. 12. or in Figs 10. 11. and 13.
and after being arranged in parallel may be cut or otherwise adapted for a series
circuit as indicated in Fig. 43. the portion in dotted lines being cut out. Another
kind of conductor is so shaped as to form a closed circuit in each separate plate or
conductor or nearly so threading or arranging the samo upon a straight or curved
core They may be cast, stamped, or made by any suitable means so as to represent
one or more circles, squares or other convenient figure, and with or without holes
or projections by which the pieces are connected or the current received or
transmitted. At a certain part of the conductor the sectional area may be reduced
to be more readily cut through and in some cases either for a single conductor or a
coil of the same a known resistance may be interposed. At a convenient point the
positive and negative connections rubbers brushes or collectors may be placed and
allowance made for wear in the latter case. By forming these conductors in pairs
or other suitable number they may be used to excite alternate polarity as in
Fig. 18. and where a number of poles are used closely together the magnetism of
certain poles may be induced by the current in adjoining conductors only without
being enclosed as shown in Fig. 20. I also make use of two or moro lines of
conductors of a waved or convoluted form Figs. 14. 15. 16. and, 19. to induce

page_text: magnetism or convey a current the currents sometimes flowing in opposite directions
and operating upon one side of the core only along each line of the conductors as in
Fig. 17. For armatures 1 sometimes arrange or form conductors so that an
induced or transmitted current is caused to pass around two cores or portions of a
single core in a direction resembling the way in which the figure eight is written, or
an elongated letter S Figs 25 and 29. the positive and negative connections being
placed generally at or near the centre but may be at any other convenient point.
By a modification the conductor is made of a V form Figs 23. 24. and 27. cach
arm being upon opposite sides of the core and the angle varied as may be required.
Each of these forms may also be used in exciting electro magnets Fig. 22. and
built up into coils and joined or connected in the most convenient way. Any of
the above described conductors can be used upon and adapted for various forms
and kinds of cores and are preferably made by stamping them out of sheet copper
or by folding or bending strips ribbons or sheets of the same. Coils or convolutions
may be made up of any required number of separate conductors and placed either
in series or parallel circuit to reduce resistance or in any combination of the two
'methods and the connecting pieces arranged to make either circuit at will Fig. 31.
Any desired number of layers of conductors or coils may be used variously
proportioned and fed from one or several sources of electricity and the characteristics
of the above described conductors variously combined with or without flat or sheet
resistances (hereinafter described) in combination with the said conductors. For
example the electro magnets may be excited in the manner known as series wound
or by a shunt from the main circuit or by a separate current from another machine
from primary or secondary batteries or by a combination of any or all of theso
methods and a known resistance interposed between any portion of the conductors
as before mentioned.
The conductors may be insulated in any known way but I prefer to make use
of paper cardboard cotton silk or other good material in sheets or strips as described
in the aforesaid Specification but in order to promote cooling of the conductor the
insulating material may be perforated with small holes and in some cases pasted or
attached to the sheet metal previous to cutting out the required forms. The
magnet cores I sometimes make of a tubular form, tapering towards the poles and
sometimes of built up bars plates or. rods each piece also slightly tapering from the
neutral or central portion towards the poles but sometimes where there are several
opposite poles adjacent to each other I incline the angle much more rapidly at the 3
extreme end in order to direct the lines of force upon the armaturo. These tubes
plates bars or rods may be of any required section and combined or not with steel
dust as described in my before named Specification. The magnet cores are also
formed with solid or laminated pole pieces fitted within or upon the same as shown
by dotted lines in Fig. 39. or the pole pieces may be enlarged portions of the core
itself and of any required form or section at the extreme end. In some cases
tubular cores are cast in combination with the plate or neutral portion as for
example in the case of the multipolar machino shown in Figs 32. and 33. and in
this way wrought iron cores either solid or tubular may be placed in the mould
and the neutral plate or frame cast around them. A hardened steel block or plato 4
is sometimes used at the neutral part or connection between the poles of a magnet.
Another form of field magnet is that of a cylinder or drum, which is best adapted
for multipolar machines and in this type the ends are formed or arranged so as to
present projections as poles with notches or indentations to receive the windings of
the conductors and is shown in Fig. 42. The magnet may be truly cylindrical on 5
the exterior with inwardly projecting pole piecos and recesses formed to receive
the conductors and may be made up of one or more pieces as in Figs 40. and 41.
The strength of the field magnets may be regulated to some extent automatically
by the shunt method of winding as is well known but in addition or in lieu
thereof the method described of exciting them by layers or coils of sheet 5
conductors, readily permits of any portion of the windings being cut out of
circuit switched in or an augmented or diminished current transmitted. This

page_text: may be done by hand or by the strength of a current acting magnetically
upon one or more armatures and switches or the attractive or repulsive property
shown by conductors conveying a current so arranged as to make or break a
contact. This contact I prefer to make by a brush or brushes pressing upon a
circular or cylindrical switch formed of one or more pieces of insulated copper
to which motion is given (or to the brushes) by a rack and pinion or other
suitable mechanical device the whole being properly connected. The method
herein described of joining together separate layers coils or plates forming the
conductors affords every opportunity of their application to the winding of
armatures and magnets however complex their form may be and readily permits
of any desired kind of connection. The armature core in some cases is formed of
sheet or plate iron or thin castings in the shape of an annulus with projections or
Pacinotti ring the plates being insulated from each other and sometimes perforated
or corrugated. The projections may be on the sides of the annulus arranged to
conform to the shape of the conductors as in the disc armature shown in Figs. 35.
and 36. or upon the circumference of the ring in the case of a drum armature as in
Figs. 40 and 41. In the latter case an end plate arranged to present projections
with notches or indentations (similar to the disc plate just mentioned) is added the
projections receiving between them the convolutions of the conductors us before.
When used as a motor or even in other cases the pole pieces upon the armature
cores are formed either in a line parallel to the axis or slightly inclined thereto in
a helical direction but instead of the poles or projecting pieces being continued
from one end to the other as is usual I prefer them to stop at or near the centro
with a spaco between or breaking joint with each other as in Figs 20 and 21. and
when made up of two or more plates interlocking with each other by means of
corrugations and suitable recesses in the required position. I also form armature
cores of rings or discs of iron wire gauze or strips of the same material built up
with insulation between the layers and combined or not with iron plates wood
cardboard or other suitable material as desired. In winding disc armatures the
conductor starts from a point upon the periphery is passed through the central hole
to another point upon the periphery nearly or quite diametrically opposite to the
starting point and thence is returned in the same manner to the original place.
If a section be taken through the disc the conductor will assume the form of the
figure eight the centre of the two loops being occupied by the opposite portions of
the disc as is shown in Fig. 25. If the winding were thus continued with a
continuous conductor, advancing slightly cach time around the circumference the
conductor would accumulate inconveniently in the centre. This is avoided by
leading the conductor along the line of a chord instead of the diameter and
advancing around the circumference of the disc a certain amount each time and
thus return to the beginning as is shown in Fig. 28. This same form of winding
may be adopted for bars rods stamped plates, bent strips of copper, or wire. These
may be joined up or connected in any convenient way either at the centre or at
the periphery. Rubbing or collecting pieces or slips may be attached to tho
several windings or convolutions of the conductor near the centre to form a
commutator and the said windings or convolutions may consist of several layers
of conducting material. This figure of eight form of winding I also employ upon
a drum or cylindrical form of armature two cores (or their equivalent) being
employed having a space between and thus corresponding to the two sides of the
disc and the contral hole this method being shown in Fig. 29. The same method
of winding is also used upon the armature core before mentioned as having
projecting pole pieces with a space in the centre or extending alternately about
one half the length of the core as in Fig. 21. Other forms of windings may also
be used upon this type of core the conductor being sometimes looped around the
ends of a drum or upon the sides of a disc form of armature. For this purpose
I sometimes use zigzag shaped conductors of the kind shown in my former
Specification already referred to or by winding a series of loops upon those
projecting poles so as to expose similar portions of the conductor to a like polar

page_text: influence until the whole of the armature is wound thus passing the conductors
over the alternate poles at the end as if they were to be left unwound. This
method of winding armatures I sometimes employ in the winding of electro-magnets
and conversely employ those conductors producing alternato polarity in magnet
cores already described for the like purpose or in similar manner for armatures.
Another portion of this invention consists in so forming and arranging a
conductor that several parts of the same aro acted upon at the same time
by the magnetic influence of several poles so disposed as to produce a like
kind and degree of electro motive force in the said several parts. For example
suppose a dynamo machine having four north and four south poles arranged
alternately in pairs of the same name at equal distances around a disc armature.
If the figure of eight form of conductor or winding be applied it will be
seen that one complete conductor of this form may pass before or between
the north poles inducing a current in a certain direction while a similar
conductor passed between the south poles induces a current in the reverso direction
at the same time as the former. That portion of the conductors passing across the
centre of the disc is subjected to little or no magnetic influence but if a conductor
is formed of a V shape properly connected up into a four pointed star shaped
conductor as in Figs 24. and 27. and passed between double the number of poles of
the same name it will be seen that every part thereof is under the same inductive
influence or practically so and the induced currents may be collected therefrom in
any well known way. The disc may be covered with such conductors and the
form or angle varied at will thoy may also be made and connected in any of the
ways mentioned herein and also the number of poles increased to any convenient
number keeping in view the fact that by placing each turn or fold of the
continuously shaped or connected conductor under the same inductive influence
the electrive motive force is urging the induced current at the same rato throughout
the several portions of the conductor. Another arrangement for a multipolar
machine is to form the conductors of circular plates or portions thereof with radial
cuts or spaces leaving a zigzag conductor such as is shown in Fig. 50. of my before
named Specification and Fig. 34. herein the solid portions being spaced so as to
bring them before the poles in such a manner as to induce the current in the same
direction throughout its whole length at the same time. A number of such plates
are mounted and connected either in scries or parallel and preferably arranged
with one or more pieces of sheet iron or wire gauze between the copper plates.
The iron may take the same form as the conductors or be in the shape of a disc the
same general method being sometimes applied to a drum shaped armature as
already described and some of the forms of conductors herein described may be
used instead of those just named or combined therewith. In this type of armature
especially in the disc form I prefer to fill up the outer radial spaces with wood
paper or other suitable material so as to prevent the armature acting as a fan and
A metallic
such material may be fastened to the iron disc already mentioned.
band may also be used to surround the exterior of the armature conductors to
resist centrifugal action and the connections or jointings of the said conductors may
also be used for that purpose. The several plate conductors are also mounted upon
an iron disc plate or plates having projecting teeth adapted to fit into the radial
spaces in the conductors Figs 35. and 36. the face of the teeth or projections and
the conductors being upon the same plane or nearly so the whole forming a thin
drum or ring the teeth acting as drivers. Instead of iron wood paper vulcanised
fibre or other suitable material may be employed also single or compound
U shaped conductors arranged in a waved or convoluted form and placed upon tho
armature as represented diagramatically in Fig. 32. or as in Fig. 34. Machines of
the type known as alternating current machines usually consist of a number of
coils or bobbins mounted upon a disc form of armature revolving between unlike
poles placed alternately around the armature. In order to obtain a current flowing
in one direction I connect the bobbins either in series or parallel to two insulated
and double notched rings Fig. 45, the notches alternating with each other in each

page_text: ring and the two ends of the armature conductor connected one to each ring. Two
brushes or collectors are applied to each ring and used so that they are in contact
with each series of notches of each ring alternately and collecting positive and
negative currents alternately therefrom one brush to each ring being out of action
while the other pair are in. By another plan I make use of four rings with four
separate brushes for the same purpose. Figs 47. and 48. the number of notches or
teeth in either case corresponding to the number of pairs of inducing poles. Both
arrangements will also permit of the brushes or collectors being placed all in line
upon one side of the commutator instead of on opposite points of the diameter as
is usual and therefore facilitating adjustment and inspection. These notched rings
or their equivalent may be built up of stamped rings or plates formed like the
zigzag conductors described above the number of the projections or current giving
surfaces being modified according to the number of poles employed from two
upwards with suitable positive and negative brushes to collect the currents. In
some cases I arrange and proportion the contact surface of each ring so that the
collecting brushes may overlap or short circuit the two current giving surfaces at
the neutral point to prevent sparking and this is most conveniently done in the
case of the rings shown in Figs 45 and 48. by making the teeth or notches slightly
tapering instead of being parallel as shown. In this case the brush holders are
arranged with a longitudinal adjustment as well as the usual radial adjustment.
Another form of current collecting apparatus consists of a wheel or ring of copper
or other good conductor revolving upon a pivot or shaft, its inner diameter caused
to bear upon the surface of the commutator as in Figs 49. and 50. with a rolling or
part rolling and part sliding contact frictional surfaces or gearing being used in
some cases to assist in driving. This ring or drum collector being larger in
diameter than the commutator has a slower relative motion and any sliding or
other contact at the centre will have much less wear than if applied directly
to the commutator. The current is therefore conveyed from the rim collecting
surface to the centre by a rod and there connected to the circuit by a brush
collector or by means of an insulated copper cylinder revolving in mercury as shown
in Figs 49 and 50. The rolling contact surfaces are made adjustable relative to
each other and it is more convenient to have the positive and negative connections
at the extreme ends of the armature shaft outside the bearings. By another
arrangement of circular rolling collectors the copper rings or discs have an outside
3 instead of an inside rolling contact and being preferably larger in diameter than the
commutator are likewise capable of a slow central contact or collecting surface.
The commutator may be placed at any convenient part of the shaft and the positivo
and negative collectors have rolling frictional contact therewith assisted by teeth
or gearing if required. Figs 51. and 52. In some cases the commutator slips or
bars are formed as teeth and geared into corresponding ones upon the rolling or
revolving collectors the engaged teeth of the commutator being suitably connected
to the coils under induction. By the insertion of insulated or insulating teeth at
suitable intervals upon one or both of the contact surfaces any desired coil or coils
may be cut out for any length of time or otherwise treated. This plan is shown in
Figs 51. and 52. and is also adaptable for the inside rolling contact already
mentioned. It is to be understood that the conductors field magnets windings and
arrangements described may be used in various forms of dynamo and magnecto
electric machines and motors as well as in instruments and apparatus used in
connection with electrical or inagnetic currents or forces. For instance galvanometer
coils may be made of circular plates of the gridiron type of conductor by which
means many turns of the current may be obtained with low resistance. The
amount of resistance may be regulated by the width of the metal between the
slits the thickness of the plate and its material. A known resistance may be
interposed between the terminals of the conductors so that the current flowing
around the needle shall not exceed a required amount and this method I may apply
to the winding of electro magnets of various kinds. Some of the conductors
described are well adapted for multipolar machines in which a number of poles are

page_text: arranged closely together with either like or unlike poles adjoining each other.
From the facility with which the conductors can be joined up or connected in series
or parallel they may also be used upon existing machines of all kinds as for
example the form shown in Fig. 13. may be used upon armatures of the Brush typo
as well as for electro magnets. In motors or machines of the multipolar kind such
as is shown in Figs. 40. and 41. where I use a bent or U shaped conductor for
exciting the cores the current is preferably led to the conductors by two insulated
rings or portions thereof or straight pieces where straight field magnets are
employed as in Fig. 31. where several conductors are arranged in coils and placed
in either parallel or series circuit at will by suitable connecting pieces. In starting
motors a variable resistance is gradually cut out by means of a falling weight dash
pot or spring which actuating a resistance switch produces the above result to
obviate in great part the burning out of the brushes and gradually overcoming the
inertia. For regulating the speed electro motive force or current of a motor or
generating machino or speed of the prime mover employed I make use of a small
motor and a differential movement working in opposition to the machine to be
regulated as is done in M. M°Farlano Gray's steam steering gear. By arranging
the motor to work a wide toothed wheel engaging with a narrow one connected to
a screw on which is threaded a nut and wheel operated by the machine to be
regulated and working in opposition to the motor an equilibrium of forces is set
up which affects the position of the traversing narrow wheel engaged with the
wide one mentioned and this traversing movement is caused to act upon the field
magnets or armature in any desired manner. The object may be obtained by
interposing or cutting out resistance movement of the collectors the opening or
closing of a valve or other such means which will be readily understood. The
details may vary greatly according to circumstances but the elements employed
will be those described. Two motors may be used and the system applied to
charging accumulators one being worked on a shunt from charging current which
is to keep the circuit open the other operated by the accumulator current interposes
resistance and shuts off the main current and finally its own if required by the a
differential motion described above. To reduce the quick speed of electric motors
to the speed usually required I arrange two frictional or bearing wheels acting
upon opposite sides of a smaller wheel or pulley on the armature shaft and forced
to bear closely upon the same by an enclosing band or bands on the two large
wheels. An eccentric or radial motion around the central shaft of one or both the
large wheels may be used to throw them in or out of working gear or a third
pulley may be used for the liko purpose. The power is taken from either of the
pulleys as desired. Resistance coils are usually formed of German silver or iron
wire or of some other metal of low conductivity but a part of this invention
consists in making resistances of sheet metal or amalgams of low conductivity cut 4
stamped or otherwise formed in any of the shapes of the conductors described in
this or my before named Specification or in any other involved waved convoluted
or intricate form so as to give great length within a small space and allow where
required of short circuiting. The amalgam may be attached to any convenient
substance and I prefer to make these resistances of some regular outline such as 4
circles squares or oblong figures but any other form may be used. Two or more of
these plates may be combined together and suitably insulated preferably with
asbestos paper they may also be used in combination with copper conductors or
for any other purpose or in any manner required. In the following description
of drawings the arrow lines generally indicate the lines of the conductors 5
used as well as the direction of currents and the letters N.S. indicate the
magnetic polarity of the cores when the current flows in the direction shown
frepresents the standard or frame c the conductors m the field magnets i iron or
magnetic material and w wood or other like material Fig. 1. refers to several coils
of conductors connected by screws or rivets two of the coils being slit in gridiron
forin. Fig. 2. shows several coils connected by turned up ends fastened together and
Fig. 3. a similar arrangement with a diagonal joint. Fig. 4. shows a series of ribbon

page_text: coils joined together and Fig. 5. a coil of U shaped conductors connected to an
adjoining one by a diagonal rod of copper or other good conductor. Figs 6. and 7.
show diagonal connecting pieces of simple form and Fig 8. a coil rivetted around a
core. Figs 9. 10. 11. 12. and 13. are various forms of gridiron conductors the first
being arranged for a curved core and in Fig. 13. the several lines of current flow in
a single conductor in a plane at right angles to the core while in the others they are
parallel to the core. In Fig. 12. three layers of conductors are shown upon opposite
sides of a magnetic core. but it will be seen that they may be bent to conform
closely to the section of the core and connected up in any desired manner. Fig. 14.
refers to a convoluted conductor upon one side and a straight lino conductor upon
the other the currents flowing in opposite directions upon opposite sides of the cores
which present like polarity. In Fig. 17. the same arrangement is shown but with
the conductors upon both sides of the tubular cores of wave like or convoluted form
and thus any degree of convolution may be used according to convenience. Figs. 15.
and 16. show unlike poles adjoining in the latter case the poles being bevelled away
from each other to avoid magnetic short circuiting. Fig. 19. is of a similar
character but in this case the connections are made in line with the magnet cores
and the conductors may be readily joined up at the end in either series or parallel
circuit or in any required combination. Figs 18. and 30. show various forms of
conductors which are partially or wholly closed circuits. In Fig. 18. the connections
are made endways between the poles as shown and can be variously arranged at
the end while the conductors can be stamped or otherwise formed and threaded
upon the cores either in single or multiple forms. In Fig. 30. a single and double
complete circuit conductor is shewn with a part so arranged as to be readily cut
through after being fastened up in coils or put upon tho cores. Resistances can be
readily inserted across the terminals of these conductors. Figs. 20. 21. and 22.
show various arrangements of conductors around double or divided polo pieces
which may be used for electro magnets or armatures. Although the poles and
conductors shown throughout these figures are drawn upon straight parallel lines it
is to be understood that any of them can be arranged upon curves or any other
configuration required. Figs 23. 24. 25. 26. and 27. represent various arrangements
and applications of V shaped conductors. In Figs. 24 and 25, the conductors are
shown in the figure of eight form of winding as applied to a disc armature and
further exemplified by straight conductors in the completely wound disc in Fig. 28.
Rubbing pieces or commutator slips may be attached to the conductors near the
contre as shown at A in Fig. 27. The figure of eight form of winding is further
shown in the diagram of a double pole drum armature in Fig. 29. and also in
Fig. 22. The inducing poles are to be arranged around the disc and drum
armatures shown in Figs 28. and 29. to produce continuous or alternating currents
in a manner well understood by Electricians Fig. 31 represents an electro magnet
wound with coils of conductors. These coils are connected by moveable pieces B.
In the lower portion the coils are connected in series while in the upper part they
are connected in parallel circuit. The change from one to the other can be readily
made and both methods may be used at the same time. Figs 32. and 33. is a
general representation of a dynamo machine or motor with multiple tubular poles
and a zigzag armature of stamped plates connected in either series or parallel
circuit. The conductors are mounted upon a disc plate having projecting pieces
shown in two methods of arrangement in Fig. 35. and in section in Fig. 36. The
conductors may also be arranged with insulated sheet iron or wire gauze between
them and secured to a central plate or disc of iron or other material and encircled
by a metallic band or bands C to assist in resisting centrifugal action as shown in
Fig. 33. The conductors for this type of machine is shown in Fig. 34. the left half
of the figure representing two or more layers of conductors breaking joint with each
other corresponding with the projections on the left half of the disc plato in
Fig. 35. This arrangement does not affect the radial portion of the conductors
under induction in which the current is moving in the same direction. The
conductors may have radial cuts or slits made in them as in the gridiron form of

page_text: conductors already described and as shown in the upper part of Fig. 34. in order to
avoid local currents and equalize the area of the conductor. Bolt holes may be
made inside the loops or at any other part of the conductor as is most convenient.
These holes are used for connecting the conductors in series or parallel and for
securing them to the driving disc. The edges of the conductors may be turned,
over as shown in Fig. 37. to secure them in position. Fig 38. refers to thin iron
plates with waved corrugations for armature cores. These are combined with
conductors and the corrugations may take angular or any other form required.
In the half sectional elevation of Fig. 32. the armature zigzag conductors are shown
diagramatically but in a slightly displaced position. This is sometimes done where
two or more layers of conductors are used to allow for the magnetic inertia in a quick
moving armature and the curving of the lines of force. This figure and Fig. 33. show
the tubular magnets forming a portion of the frame or neutral plate but as previously
described the magnets may be of wrought iron oither solid or tubular and attached
to or cast in the frame. Fig. 39. is a section of a tubular magnet excited by three
layers of gridiron conductors inside and outside the magnet with a fitted on polo
piece shown by dotted lines. The tapering of the magnet may be either inside or
outside and may be filled with steel dust as described in my before named
Specification. Fig. 40. is an end elevation and Fig. 41. a part sectional plan of a
dynamo machine or motor. The filed magnets m project inwards from a cylinder
or ring in this case made up of three pieces but which especially for motors may
be made up of stamped iron plates. These magnets are recessed to receive the
conductors the windings and connections of which are shown diagramatically in
Fig. 40. The conductors are of the single gridiron type shown in Fig. 10. and are
shown connected up to two rings the left half in series the right in parallel circuit.
The magnet cylinders or rings are supported in position on the bed plate D by
webs E. The frame or standard f carries the armature shaft the armature being
built up of iron plates or rings having pole projections and end pieces or notches
with a drum support of wood w or other suitable material secured in any desirable
manner to the shaft. The armature conductors are of the zigzag shape shown in
Fig. 55. in my before named Specification either in a continuous or built up form
and of the gridiron variety shown in Fig 43. herein. These are placed winding in
and out upon the projecting poles as shown by the course of the double headed
arrow lines the ends being folded down beneath the projecting end pieces or notches
and still further secured by stud plates F. The commutator is shown at g and
will be described hereafter. The continuous line in Fig 42. represents a cylindrical
multipolar magnet with notched ends or projecting pole picces which are excited
by any of the conductors desired that are named herein. The same portion of the
figure or with the part in light dotted lines I sometimes employ as an armature
especially for motors. The heavy dotted lines represent the windings of the
conductors when used as an armature although the loop winding over alternative
poles previously described may be used instead. In Fig. 43. is represented a
conductor of the gridiron type that may be made from stamped sheets of metal or
woven wire. This may be wound around a drum of suitable form in a continuous
manner and portions indicated by dotted lines cut out at such points as will
correspond with the pole pieces employed. It may also be used to excite magnets.
The horizontal lines indicate slits or cuts made in the sheet metal. Fig. 45. is a
double notched ring the notches alternating with each other as is further shown by
Figs 44. aud 46. in which one half of each end clevation is shown in section
taken on the dotted lines in Fig. 45. It will be seen that if two brushes or
collectors are placed side by side in line-upon this double ring and each bearing
upon the notched part thereof one brush will be in contact with the raised portion
while the other is out of contact. The spaces between are preferably filled with
an insulating material and two of these double rings of a good conducting material
are employed each fitted to a terminal of the arinature conductor and each having
a pair of brushes or other form of current collectors and which may be all in line
upon the same side of the shaft. This arrangement is used for commuting the

page_text: currents of any multipolar machine each ring giving out alternately positive and
negative currents. A brush of each ring is connected together one being out of
action while the other is in and oppositely thus giving a direct current for the
outer circuit. This method is more clearly shown in Fig. 48. where the two double
rings are divided into four single ones shown perspectively in Fig. 47. the dotted
lines representing spaces filled up with a non conductor the same being shown in
Fig. 48. by cross hatching. In the latter figure the four brushes are shown properly
connected the two outside brushes collecting one positive the other negative
currents the other two being out of, action until the revolution of the rings with
the induction coils to which they are attached bring the two inside brushes into
action in their places. The number of induction coils or bobbins correspond with
the number of current giving projections on each ring and each terminal of the
coils which may be in either series or parallel circuit is connected to two of the
rings as shown at h and h¹. Figs 49. and 50. represent a current collecting device
by interior rolling contact. The commutator k is encircled by a ring of copper or
brass p.supported by a central shaft or pivot and having a rolling contact with the
commutator by friction assisted if required by gearing. The current is conveyed
to an insulated cylinder at the centre by the conductor and thence taken up by
brushes as shown in Fig. 50. or a mercury box q or other suitable device. Fig. 51.
is an end and Fig. 52. a front elevation of a current collecting device and
commutator in which a rolling contact is also made but with an outside circum-
ferential contact of the collector or large wheel. The current to be commuted
is conveyed to four small rings n upon the armature shaft similar to those
shown in Figs 47. and 48. and connected in the same manner The four large
contact wheels o correspond to the brushes in those figures the current being
conveyed to the central or slow moving portion of the wheels o as in Fig. 49.
and taken from thence as previously described. Certain portions of the
current giving or collecting rings or wheels or both are cut away and may
be filled with an insulating material as shown by the blackened parts in the
Figs 51. and 52 so that the current may be cut out at any desired point. The
frictional motion may be assisted by gear wheels of any required form one ou each
shaft only being necessary unless independent adjustment is required for the rings
or collectors while the machine is in motion. Fig. 53. is an end elevation of
commutator made up of rings presenting but a portion of a cylinder on its
circumference as shown in Fig. 55. and collectively in front elevation in Fig. 54.
These rings are insulated from each other and may be made to overlap and like
the preceding current collectors used in combination with brush or rolling contact.
Having thus described and particularly ascertained the nature of the said Invention
and the manner in which the same is or may be used or carried into effect I desire
it to be understood that I do not confine myself to the precise details hercin
described or delineated nor do I claim that in all cases the insulation of the several
parts the connections and modes of fastening or the direction of currents position
and polarity of the magnets have been fully and accurately shown and described
but these things are well known to Electricians and therefore not necessary to the
object in view but what I consider to be novel and original and therefore claim as
the Invention secured to me by the herein before in part recited Letters Patent is:
1. The method of joining single and multiple coils of conductors substantially as
described. 2. Joining conductors formed of sheet metal so that provision is made
for the passage of induced or transmitted electric currents in a straight spiral
helical or convoluted path from one or more coils to those adjacent substantially
as described. 3. In an electric current generator or motor the use of conducting
coils mado of sheet metal joined together in the manner and for the purpose
specified. 4 Conductors of a gridiron like pattern having two main portions with
connecting branches substantially as and for the purpose specified. 5. A flat
conductor having two or more branches or channels for electric currents disposed
in a plane parallel with the coro upon which it is placed substantially as described.
6. A flat conductor having two or more branches or channels for electric currents

page_text: disposed. in a plane at right angles with the core upon which it is placed
substantially as described. 7. In an electric machine or apparatus the use of
conductors formed so that a current may be divided into parallel or multiple
circuit in passing from one portion of a flat shaped conductor to another
substantially as described. 8. Combining and arranging a conductor or conductors
in series a part or parts thereof being formed with branches for parallel circuit
substantially as described. 9. The use of parallel circuit conductors in winding
portions or the whole of magnets or armatures substantially as described. 10. Flat
conductors enclosing single or multiple cores with electrical connections at right
angles to the plane of the said conductors substantially as described. 11. Flat
conductors enclosing single or multiple cores with electrical connections in the
plane of the said conductors substantially as described. 12. Flat conductors
forming single or multiple closed circuits and adapted for being cut through after
arrangement substantially as described. 13. The use of resistauces introduced
between the terminals of flat conductors substantially as described 14. The use
of waved or convoluted conductors of a flat section för exciting multiple cores
substantially as described. 15. The use of conductors or windings of conductors
in the figure eight form substantially as described. 16. The combination of a
drum or disc shaped armature with a figure eight form of winding substantially as
described. 17. In armatures the use of two drums or discs with a space between
substantially as described. 18. In armatures the use of pole pieces extending but
partially across the axial length or with a space at or near the centre substantially
as shown and described. 19. Arranging or connecting the separate coils of an
electro magnet so that the circuit may be modified or changed at will substantially
as shown and described. 20. The combination of separate coils of flat conductors
with an electro magnet and one or more sources of electricity substantially as
described. 21. Stamping or otherwise forming sheet conductors when combined
with an insulating material substantially as described. 22. A multipolar electric
current generating machine or motor having tubular magnets substantially as
described. 23. The combination of a zigzag shaped or disposed armature
conductor with four or more tubular magnets substantially as described.
24. In a multipolar electric current generating machine or motor the use
of wrought iron magnet cores cast in the frame or neutral portion thereof
substantially as described. 25. In a multipolar electric current generating machine
or motor the use of an iron disc plate with projections substantially as described.
26. The combination of a zigzag shaped conductor with iron disposed in a disc
form substantially as described. 27. The use of iron wire gauze and corrugated
sheet iron plates for armatures substantially as described. 28. In a disc form of
armature the combination of sheet copper zigzag shaped conductors whose plane is
at right angles with the shaft with iron disposed between the said conductors or
occupying the radial spaces within the convolutions of the same substantially as
described. 29. In a disc form of armature the combination of one or more shoot
copper zigzag shaped conductors with a non magnetic material substantially as
described. 30. The method of arranging and securing zigzag shaped conductors
substantially as described. 31. The combination of two double notched rings and
current collectors for a commutator substantially as shown and described 32. The
combination of four notched rings and current collectors for a commutator
substantially as shown and described. 33. A commutator composed of built up
zigzag shaped plates or rings each presenting but a portion of a cylinder
substantially as shown and described. 34. An inside or outside rolling contact
commutator combined with current collectors substantially as shown and described.
35. The combination of a commutator with a circular or rolling contact collector
either or both having spaces or insulating material upon the contact surface or
surfaces whereby the current may be cut off combined with gearing to ensure a
positive motion substantially as described. 36. A commutator composed of two or
four rings combined with rolling or circular collectors and current transmitting
device substantially as shown and described. 37. A commutator for a multipolar
J
--
L 41
1

page_text: electric current generating machine or motor having its current collectors upon one
side of the shaft substantially as described. 38. Regulating speed current or
electro motive force by a differential motion devico substantially as described.
39. The use of a differential motion device in charging accumulators substantially
as described. 40. The use of bearing wheels and belts for reducing the speed of
quick motors substantially as described. 41. Making resistances of an amalgam or
sheet metal of low conducting power substantially as described. 42. Forming or
stamping sheet metal plates of intricate form for resistances substantially as
described. 43. The combination of two or more stamped plates of low conducting
power having an intricate pattern wherein great length is comprised within a
comparatively small space with means for short circuiting a portion or portions
of the said length of pattern substantially as described 44. An electric current
generating machine or motor having its armature and electro magnets wound with
sheet metal conductors substantially as described. 45. The novel construction and
combination of parts substantially as and for the purposo heroin shown or
described. 46. The novel forms and arrangements substantially as and for the
purpose herein shown and described.
In Witness whereof I the said Joseph Sinclair Fairfax have hereunto set my
hand and seal this fifth day of May in the year of our Lord 1844.