IMPROVED MODES AND MEANS, AND APPARATUS OR VESSELS, FOR HEATING PURPOSES IN RAILWAY AND OTHER CARRIAGES AND VEHICLES.”
Year: 1879

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to James Templeman, of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark,
North Britain, Chemical Manufacturer, for the Invention of "IMPROVED
MODES AND MEANS, AND APPARATUS OR VESSELS, FOR HEATING PURPOSES IN
RAILWAY AND OTHER CARRIAGES AND VEHICLES.”
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said James Templeman at .the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 21st February 1879.
JAMES TEMPLEMAN, of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark, North Britain,
Chemical Manufacturer. "IMPROVED MODES AND MEANS, AND APPARATUS OR
VESSELS, FOR HEATING PURPOSES IN RAILWAY AND OTHER CARRIAGES AND
VEHICLES."
This said Invention has reference to certain improvements upon the Invention
for which the petitioner obtained Provisional Protection, No. 5317, and dated 30th
December 1878, and consists, as in the former Invention, in the use of close
metallic vessels, preferably portable, but which might be made of earthenware or
other suitable material, for containing a charge or quantity of unslaked calcined.
lime (either mixed or not with stone, fire-brick, or iron, to retain heat), preferably
ground or broken small, for ease of charging or filling into the vessel through a
screw or other fluid-tight securing mouth or door, and having a close vessel within
or above the former for containing and distributing the desired quantity of water
over the charge of lime to slake it within the lime vessel below; or this water
might be supplied by hand into a filler or orifice above the lime vessel, and be
distributed by a perforated plate or tube over the charge of lime to slake it and
produce the-chemical beat, all so far much the same as described in the Provisional
Specification of the said former Invention. But under or by this Invention a
surrounding or outer close casing or covering is fitted round the outer surface of,
or over one, two, or more of the sides of the lime heat-producing vessel, so as to
contain water to be heated, or this vessel may be a dry vessel or jacketed recess
only to contain air, sand, brick dust, or other equivalent dry material combined or
not with water, and which in either case would receive and contain the heat
077

page_text: produced within the lime vessel (and prevent it from coming directly in contact
with the person or article to be heated) by absorbing, equalizing, and distributing
the heat equally through this casing, and which it takes up or receives as it is
generated in the lime vessel, but gives it off more or less slowly, and at a lower
temperature as desired to suit the particular heating purposes for and to which the
vessels are constructed and applied, and the nature of the material contained in the
heat receiving casing. Air as a general rule will suit for most purposes and in
most cases for filling tho space within the heat accumulating and distributing
casing, but this space may be partially or wholly filled with water, sand, brick
dust, or other equivalent material, which would receive or accumulate a considerable
amount of heat, and give it off slowly and regularly without inducing an ab-
normal or irregular degree of temperature or pressure within either the lime vessel
or outer casing to cause waste of heat or risk of fire or danger. But in case of
careless management or otherwise such undue heat, and pressure should be
generated in either of these vessels, either or both would preferably be fitted with
a spring regulated or other equivalent safety discharge valve; and a tap might be
fitted in the lime vessel, and opening from the outside to allow of the escape of
steam generated therefrom, either into the air or into the cased chamber, or a
special expansion chamber for the purpose, from which it could as condensed flow
back into the lime chamber. The vessel containing the water for slaking the lime,
when it is used, would be fitted with a tap or valve worked by a spindle from the
outside of the vessel, and with a perforated plate or conduit below which would let
the water down and distribute it over the lime as desired to produce the heat, and
at the same time allow of the admission of sufficient air from the outside, or air or
steam from the lime vessel, to enter the water vessel, and allow the water to flow
down out of the vessel over the lime, and so generate the heat by chemical action
in the lime vessel to be utilized by the improvements of this Invention for heating
railway and other carriages or vehicles. And although the heat accumulating and
giving off casing or vessel has been described as close it might in some cases be
made with perforations to allow of the air heated within it flowing into or up from
the interior of this casing when desired, as when these lime heating vessels are
desired to be used for heating the feet, or seats and compartments of railway
carriages, instead of hot water pans or fuel or gas stoves or steam pressure, or hot
water pipes heretofore employed for such purposes.
The now or improved shape and construction of the said lime heating vessels
with their accompanying slake water chambers or arrangements, and protecting
and heat receiving and distributing casings, will be made to suit the purposes and
situations or circumstances where they are to be applied; as for warming-pans for
the feet in railway cars or carriages or other vehicles in cold weather, or for heating
the compartments of such vehicles, or for warming the seats or beds in these
vehicles. The improved vessels might for feet-warmers be much of an ordinary
outward shape and size to be easily transported or removed and replaced by hand,
and have the lime spread over the greater part of the bottom of its compartment,
with space left above for containing the heating steam generated when the water is
run on to the lime, and also space for the water vessel above when that is used for
containing the water to slake the lime and produce the heat all as berein described,
which heat would be radiated or conducted through the upper side and edges all
round this lime vessel, which also forms the inner shell of the heat receiving jacket
chamber, which need not be very wide for this purpose; the air or other material
contained in this jacket space heating its outer shell so equalized or reduced in
temperature that the feet can be placed on it as on ordinary hot-water warming-
pans; or their outer surface may be covered with woollen or other fabric or sub-
stance to equalize the temperature; and when considered desirable the jacket might
be placed round or under the lower side also to prevent the escape of heat there, or
the danger of burning the material on which the vessel was laid; or feet might be
formed on the under side of the lime heat-producing vessel to prevent its under
surface from injuring anything upon which it rests. These vessels would also be

page_text: very suitable for portable heating vessels for heating the compartments of railway
carriages or other vehicles, in which case the lime chambers would be made deeper
to contain sufficient lime to give the greater heat required for heating the air of
the compartment, or the seats, when placed under these; and they would preferably
be made of such a size that one, two, or more could be put conveniently under the
seats of the carriage, according to the coldness of the weather and length of journey
between the stations at which the vessels are to be replaced, and according to the
heat required to be generated; the guards, attendants, or passengers being in-
structed how and when to let the water flow on to the lime as the heat gets
exhausted. For these heating purposes, as for being placed under the seats, a
cylindrical construction of the internal lime and heat producing vessel with annular
casing or heat receiving vessel all round it would also answer well, and be very
safe against contact with surrounding objects, or abnormal heat or pressure within
the lime vessel, which has internal sectional water supply vessels or pipes fitted
within the upper part thereof supported by stays from the sides or underside, as
also would be the case with the feet or other warming. pans or vessels made
according to this Invention, so as to allow the steam generated from the slaked
lime to rise up freely all round the water vessel or pipe fittings, and act directly on
the upper surface and sides of the lime vessel to heat the air or other material in
the heat-receiving casing or space outside. In some cases the lime vessel might be
made separate and portable for ease of removing and emptying them, and replacing
them with fresh filled ones inserted by an opening or door in the lower part or
sides of the heat receiving and giving off outer casing, which would preferably be a
fixed chamber under the seats or other part of the carriage or vehicle, and the
vessel for containing the water for slaking the lime may be either fixed to the
removing and portable lime vessels, or within the stationary heat-receiving and
surrounding chamber, and connected to the former by tubes or otherwise after its
insertion into the outer casing; and by making the air or steam space above the
lime within the lime vessel large enough to prevent excessive heating, and contain
water vessel and pipe fittings for slaking the lime, this single vessel might be made
to answer for heating railway carriages and feet-warmers without the surrounding
outer receiving and distributing heat chamber or casing described in the former
arrangement. And these lime vessels, when desired, might be made fixed or
portable within the carriage, and have the limo inserted in bags, or in perforated
cases for ease of insertion and removal of the lime within the close vessel through a
Screwing up door or other equivalent, all so that the water would enter
through the porous bag or case into the lime, and so slake it and produce the heat
as in the arrangements herein-before described, room being left for the expansion of
the lime within the porous bags or perforated casings. Although this lime vessel
has been described as close it may be open or fitted with a cock to allow the steam
to escape before placing it in the compartment to be heated; or when inserted
into an outer casing the lime vessel may be open or perforated, and this outer
casing fitted with a lid or door for the insertion and removal of the lime vessel.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said Jaines Templeman in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 20th August
1879.
JAMES TEMPLEMAN, of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark, North Britain,
Chemical Manufacturer. "IMPROVED MODES AND MEANS, AND APPARATUS OR
VESSELS, FOR HEATING PURPOSES IN RAILWAY AND OTHER CARRIAGES AND
VEHICLES."
My said Invention has reference to certain improvements upon the Invention for
which Letters Patent were granted to me dated 30th December 1878, and
Numbered 5317, and as in the said former Invention has reference to the use of
close metallic vessels (preferably wholly or partially portable), but which might be
made of earthenware or other suitable material when desired, for containing a
charge or quantity of unslaked, calcined, or quick lime, for generating the heat
required, either mixed or not with stone, fire-brick, or iron, as a medium to retain
the heat. The lime is preferably ground or broken small, for ease of charging or
filling it into the close vessels, through a screw or other fluid-tight securing mouth
or door; and having a close vessel fitted within or above the lime vessel for
containing and distributing the quantity of water over the charge of lime required
to slake it, within the lime vessel below; or otherwise this water might be supplied
by taps or by hand from separate vessels, through tubes or fillers formed or placed
above the lime vessel, and which in either case would preferably be distributed by
a perforated plate or rose tube ranged over the charge of lime so as to slake it,
and produce the required heat chemically, all so far substantially as described in
the Specification of my said former patented Invention. And in order that the
nature and novelty of my said Invention may be properly understood, and the
mode and means of performing or putting the same into effect or practice, I will
now proceed to describe the several Figures on the two Sheets of Drawings which
I have hereunto appended for that purpose, the same letters of reference indicating
the same or like parts in all the Figures where shown. Figures 1 and 2 on
Sheet are a sectional elevation and a transverse, section respectively of one end
and compartment of a passenger railway carriage Z, as fitted with a fixed arrange-
ment or modification of my new or improved lime heating vessel and foot warmer,
and fittings connected therewith, all in accordance with and illustrative of the
nature and application of my said Invention or improvements as applied for the
heating of such carriages and the passengers feet. And Figures 1 A, and 2 A on
Sheet 2 arc an end and a longitudinal section respectively of the feet and
carriage heating lime vessel, corresponding to that shown in Figures 1 and 2 on
Sheet 1, but to a large scale detached, to show the construction and fittings more
clearly than in those general arrangements. Figures 3 and 4 on Sheet 1 are
longitudinal and transverse sections respectively of a part or one compartment of a
passenger railway carriage Z, as fitted with arrangements of portable lime heating
vessels and the fittings connected therewith, all in accordance with and illustrative
of the application of my said Invention or improvements as applied to and for
the heating of such carriages. And Figures 3 A, 3B, and 4 A on Sheet 2 are an
end elevation and section, and a longitudinal section respectively, of the portable
heating lime vessel, corresponding to that shown in Figures 3 and 4 on Sheet 1, to
a large scale detached, to show the construction and fittings more clearly than in
those general arrangements. Figures 5 and 6 on Sheet 1 are longitudinal and
transverse sections respectively of a part or one compartment of a passenger
railway carriage Z, as fitted with a fixed arrangement or modification of my new
or improved lime heating vessels and fittings connected therewith, all constructed
in accordance with and illustrative of the nature and application of my said
Invention or improvements as applied to the heating of such carriages. And
Figures 5 A and 6 A on Sheet 2 are transverse and longitudinal sections

page_text: respectively of the fixed or stationary heating lime vessels, corresponding to that
shown in Figures 5 and 6 on Sheet 1, to a large scale detached to show the
construction and fittings more clearly than shown in those general arrangements.
Figures 7, 8, and 9, on Sheet 2 are respectively a longitudinal section and a
transverse end elevation and a section taken on the line 8--8 on Figure 7 of an
arrangement of my new or improved lime heating vessel and its fittings, constructed
in accordance with, and illustrative of one modification of my said Invention or
improvements as applied for a portable foot warmer or pan for use in railway or
other carriages or steamboats.
Referring to these Figures generally, and especially those shown on Sheet 2, it
will be seen that in this my present Invention the inner vessel A contains the
charge of quick lime L to a half or two thirds of the full of the vessel A, which is
preferred to be portable, for ease of putting in the fresh and removing the spent
lime, and removing and replacing this heat generating lime vessel for that purpose
within the outer heat receiving or accumulating and slow conducting distributing
vessel B, B¹, b, which, by the improvements of this my present Invention, is
formed-of- an inner and an outer shell or case B and B', forming a narrow_close
jacketed space or vessel b, preferably fitted fluid pressure tight all round the sides
or the ends also, where the doors B₁ are not required for the said removal of
the lime vessel A. The lime vessels A are made of nearly the same shape
and sectional size as the inner main chamber a of the outer case B, B¹, to
be easily slipped out and in by an end handle A" through an end door
and opening at B"; and they are formed with a loosely secured removable
perforated top A' all over the lime to scatter the water admitted to slake the lime
L equally through the whole vessel A. The inner main chamber a of the outer
double cased vessel B, B', for containing the lime vessel A is fitted with a portable
cover B at one or both onds, as required, for the convenient removal and replace-
ment of the lime vessel A, this door being secured by screws and a sheet india-
rubber joint at 61, 62. This jacketed outer casing b of these new or improved lime
heaters is preferably filled or nearly filled with water through the sunk screw plug
b¹, or other equivalent for the purpose, by preference in a heated state, so that any
vapour or air left above the water would be expanded and rarified before screwing
the plug b¹ down fluid tight, and thus equalize the pressure within this chamber b
to near a mean between that due to what it would be between the highest and
lowest working temperature it would be subject to, and so reduce the risk of explo-
sion from abnormal internal or external pressure on the sides B, B', of the vessel,
even without the use of spring pressure or other suction and safety valves, which
might however be fitted on this chamber b and the internal lime chamber a also
when desired. But it will be understood that other substances beside water might
be filled into the cased chamber b by the plug b', as air, or other gases, or vapours,
or it might be wet or dry sand, brick dust, or other equivalent heat retaining
material. This water or other material, so placed and always retained within the
cased chamber b, would always receive and accumulate a considerable amount of
the heat, as generated from the slaked lime, and conduct or give it off again at a
lower temperature slowly and regularly without inducing an abnormal or irregular
degree of temperature or pressure within either the lime vessel A, a, or the outer
casing b, to cause waste of heat or risk of fire or danger, according to the quantity
and quality of lime used in the vessel, and its size and power of storing and giving
off the heat by conduction, and the nature of the material contained in the heat
receiving casing, to suit the particular circumstances and heating purposes for and
to which the vessels are intended to be applied. Referring particularly to the
general arrangement and application of my said improvements shown in Figures 1
and 2 on Sheet 1, the outer case or vessel B, B', is of a D shape in transverse
section, and of a length to be fitted and secured in the middle of the floor & or
bottom of the carriage Z between the seats and side frames opposite the door of
each compartment, for the ease of taking off the end covers B₁ to withdraw and
insert the separate portable lime vessels or chambers A, A', one at each end. Each

page_text: lime vessel A. is fitted with a perforated top A¹ for distributing the water for slaking
the lime equally all along, and which is led into the perforated cover A³ by the long
perforated or rose pipe d, fitted along the top within the chamber a over the lime
vessels A, A'. The water in this arrangement is supplied from a close water chest
C, placed on the top of the carriage Z outside, or it might be from one compartment
of a chest with many equivalent chambers, each containing sufficient water to slake
the lime of each heater within the carriage. From the lower part of the chest C
the water is led by the pipe c at one end of the carriage outside to a chamber or
duct formed or fitted in the one end of the case B, B', of the heater, joined by a
branch at to the rose pipe & before mentioned. And the pipe c is fitted with a
controlling cock C', c', fitted with a turning spindle c¹¹ to turn the key c' from
either side of the carriage Z convenient for the attendants turning on the water at
the platform of the stations where that is required to heat the carriage or feet of
the passengers. A small second pipe e, communicating with a duct or branch e¹ at
the upper part of the internal lime chamber a is led or carried up to the top of the
water chest C to allow of a free passage of air or vapour up from the chamber a,
so as to equalize the pressure in these vessels, and allow the water to flow freely
down to slake the lime and generate the heat, all as herein-before described, the
water cistern C being fitted with a screw plug C₁ for the filling in of the water
from time to time as required, sufficient space being always left above the lime L
(in its chamber A, and the chamber a containing the vessel A) for containing the
steam and vapour or heat evolved, and the free expansion of the lime within these
vessels. And it will be understood that the same or equivalent arrangements of
water fittings, pipes, and cocks c, C', c', might be applied at one or both ends either
outside or inside the carriage, for each lime heating vessel within the carriago Z,
and that the vessels might be placed in other positions than in the floor z, between
the seats. Although these new or improved lime heating vessels A, B, B', C, have
only been so far described and shown as of a D form or construction in cross section,
laid on its side (thus ), it will be quite understood that they might be made of
rectangular or other polygonal shapes, or of a cylindrical construction, and all in
accordance with these my said improvemonts, having an intermediate lime heating
vessel A, u, and an outer protecting heat receiving and distributing vessel B, B¹, b,
with a supply water vessel and fittings or other means of slaking the lime for pro-
ducing the heat chemically within these warming pans or vessels, for heating the
apartments of railway or other carriages and vehicles, or steamboats, and the pas-
sengers while travelling by these. Figures 3 and 4 on Sheet 1 show a general
arrangenſent and section of these new or improved lime heating vessels, thus applied
for the heating of the compartments of a railway carriage Z, preferably of a rectangular
form in cross section, and of a portable and short construction, placed three in a
line on the floor under the seats 21, especially for heating the air of the compart-
ment or the seats ¹. The vessels A and B, B', are constructed generally substantially
as described in reference to the former Figures, and as shown particularly in the
enlarged sectional views 3 A, 3B, and 4 A, on Sheet 2, the parts being all similarly
lettered accordingly, except that in this portable arrangement cach heating vessel
B, B, has two pipes c, c¹, e, e³, of its water supply fittings connected to its end
cover B¹¹, and coupled by hand screw coupling branches c', c³, and e', e², for ease in
disconnecting and connecting the vessels when they have to be removed to be
recharged with lime. And each vessel is fitted with strips or bars 611 across the
underside to keep them up off the floor % and allow of the free escape of the
heat from the underside without injury to the wood. The three sets of pipes
c, e, are shown as led down the inside of the partition to the three heating vessels
ranged under the seat fixed to the partition; and each water pipe c is led down
from one water cistern C above, but it might be from a water chamber for each, to
measure the quantity led into each vessel by the action of a tap C¹, c', on each
pipe c, opened and controlled by a spindle c', from either side of the carriage (all
as seen particularly in Figure 4), when the water is required to be let down to
slake the lime and generate the heat within any or all of the vessels at the same or

page_text: different times or stations as found necessary. When these new or improved lime
heating vessels A, B, B¹, are thus applied for heating the compartments of railway
carriages or other vehicles the lime chambers A would preferably be made deeper
to contain sufficient lime to give the greater heat required for heating the air of the
compartment or the seats z¹, and be made of such a size that one, two, or more could
be conveniently placed under the seats 2¹ of the carriage Z, as described, according
to the coldness of the weather and length of journey between the stations at which
the vessels are to be replaced, and according to the heat required to be generated,
the guards, attendants, or passengers being instructed how and when to let the
water flow on to the lime of another vessel as required, or the heat gets exhausted
in other heating vessels.
Referring to Figures 5 and 6 on Sheet 1 this shows an arrangement of fixed
or permanent large lime heating vessel A, B, B', secured and fitted on the floor
under the seat of the compartments, and of a length to be nearly the whole
width of the carriage Z, the sides of which are fitted with outer hinged
doors Z¹ for removing the end covers B¹¹ of the vessels B, B', for the with-
drawal and insertion of fresh charged lime vessels A when required, otherwise it
will be seen that these vessels are constructed substantially as described in referenco
to the former Figures and lettered accordingly, and particularly as shown in the
enlarged sectional views, Figures 5 A. and 6 A, on Sheet 2, but with three short
portable lime vessels A, with handles A" for withdrawing these from either end of
the vessels B, B¹, when the covers B" are removed by loosening their screw or
swivel bolts, or other gland fixings, through the end doors Z', before mentioned,
without disturbing the passengers. The water supply pipe c and vapour circulating
or pressure equalizing pipe e for each heating vessel A, B, B₁, are led down from a
single cistern C close to the end partition at the back of the scat 2¹ and heating
vessel A, B, B¹, and which they are carried and connected by screw couplings in
front, as seen particularly in Figure 6, and the enlarged sectional views, Figures 5 A
and 6 A on Sheet 2, so as to leave the end doors B¹¹ free for removal, each water
pipe c being fitted with its opening and closing tap C, c, fitted with the controlling
band spindle cl for being actuated from either side of the carriage Z, on the up or
down platform as the case may be, all otherwise as described in reference to the
other Figures. In this fixed arrangement of heater there are three internal lime
heating vessels A, A, A, all removed and charged with fresh lime and replaced from
either end B of the case B, B¹, and the end cover secured on again all ready for
letting on the water from the cistern C above by the one pipe cand cock C¹, c¹, to
the single rose pipe & inside and over the lime chambers A, A, A, to slake the lime
in the whole three at once, which would thus generate a great amount of heat, to
be stored or accumulated within the inner chamber a containing the lime vessels,
and in the outer cased vessel B, B¹, and in the water or other material contained in
this vessel, to be given off more slowly and regularly by mere conduction from the
surface of the outer shell or case B, which (as in the former modifications described)
is provided with bars bill on the under side, or it might be feet, to keep the hot vessel off
the floor z and allow of the free escape of the heat from the under surface of the vessel
also. Although not shown in the Drawings the fixed or permanent vessels B, B¹, might
be fitted with small tubes and taps at the lowest part of the cased chamber b or the
inner chamber a to draw off all water therefrom, or relieve the pressure when desired.
Instead of these lime heating vessels being made of the rectangular section, as
described in reference to Figures 5 and 6, they might be made of a cylindrical construc-
tion with an annular outer casing or heat receiving vessel B, B¹, all round the inner
portable lime vessel A, especially for the fixed or permanent form of these for being
placed under the seats &¹ for the heating of these, and the air of the compartiment,
and be very safe against contact with surrounding objects or abnormal heat or
pressure within the lime vessel A, which might have the water supply rose pipes d
fitted within the upper part thereof supported by stays from the sides in an equiva-
lent manner to that described in reference to the other Figures. The internal lime
vessels A, having a section cut off the top to allow room for the rose pipe above it.

page_text: and space for the steam generated from the slaked lime to rise up freely all around
the lime vessel to act on the internal surface of the heat receiving annular
vessel B, B¹. These new or improved lime heating vessels A, B, B¹, may also be
made and used in a portable form and construction as a foot warmer and such like
purposes in railway and other carriages, or in steam-boats, or other places. The
outward double case B, B¹, might be made much the same as an ordinary warming
pan of a D shape, and of a size to be easily transported or removed and replaced
by hand, having the lime L inserted within the inner chamber a in a separato
portable vessel A, or spread over the greater part of the bottom of the chamber a,
with a sufficient space left above the lime for containing the heat and steam
generated when the water is run on to the lime, and also space for the water vessel
above, when that is used within the chamber a for containing the water to slake
the lime and produce the heat, all as hereinbefore described, which heat would be
radiated or conducted through the upper double surface and sides or edges B, B¹, all
around this inner lime vessel A or a, which may also form the inner shell B of the
heat receiving jacket b, which need not be more than from a half inch to an inch
wide for this purpose. The water, air, or other material contained in this jacket
space b, heating its outer shell B¹, so equalized and reduced in temperature that the
feet can be placed on it as on ordinary hot-water warming pans. But when desired
the outer surface or case b¹ may be covered with woollen or other fabric or slow
conducting and heat retaining substance to equalize the temperature and prevent
loss of heat. Referring to the modification of my improvements or lime heating
vessels A, B, B¹, illustrated in Figures 7, 8, and 9, on Sheet 2, this shows a con-
struction or combination of the parts as adopted for a portable lime heating vessel,
suitable also as a foot warmer, stove, or pan having the water vessel O for slacking
the lime secured on it inside of the removable end cover B₁, so that it can be filled
with water by the screw plug C₁ each time that is removed for the withdrawal of
a spent lime vessel A and the insertion of a fresh charged one A, which, in this case,
is made of the same ☐ shape as in transverse section, as the outer cased heat
receiving and radiating or conducting vessel B, B¹, all round its close sides, but
with a perforated removable cover A on its top end, under the water vessel C,
which is fitted with a tap C, c', turned by a key from the outside, and inserted on
the square head of its spindle c¹¹, sunk in the cover B". This tap C¹, c², is opened
when the vessel is set on end to slake the lime L just before it is to be used and
put into the carriage Z, the water running down the internal tube c from the
lower part of the vessel C into the perforated cover A³ of the lime vessel A so as to
spread or scatter it properly over the lime, while the air or vapour passes up the
small channel or tube e to the top of the water vessel to allow of the free flow of the
water therefrom, both passages cand e being opened and shut by the same turning
of the spindle and tap C³, c³, to one side or the other. It will be quite understood
that, although in the former modifications shown in the Drawings the water
vessels C are shown as placed on the top of the carriage, that this water vessel C
might, when desired, be mounted in the vessels B, B¹, over the lime chamber A,
and have a tap or valve C¹, c', equivalent to that shown and described in reference
to Figures 7 to 9, actuated by a key from the outside of the vessel, and be filled
with water by a special tube and closing screw plug as C¹¹ or 6' when desired; or
otherwise, when preferred, the water for slaking the lime L might be supplied by
hand to either the portable construction or fixed form of heaters without the use
of these fixed water vessels C, simply the use of ordinary water cans, which would
supply the water through tubes or plug holes as C, 61, in the vessel by the use of
fillers. Although the heat accumulating and giving off casing or vessel B, B¹, b,
has been described and shown in the Drawings as close, it might in some cases be
made with perforations in the inner shell B¹ to allow the heat and vapour to flow
up into it from the interior heat producing chamber a and vessel A more quickly.
Although I do not prefer this, it will be evident that a single cased lime heating
vessel B might be used (that is, without the jacketed space b) by making the internal
chamber space a large enough to contain all the steam or vapour and heat generated

page_text: from the slaked lime, and also the vessel C for containing the water for that
purpose when desired, all without creating dangerous abnormal heat or pressure
within the vessel; and in this case the vessel might be covered in with a covering
of safe material, as asbestos or other fabric or material, such as used for covering
steam pipes.
Instead of charging the fresh lime into these heating vessels in the portable
cases A as described and shown in the Drawings, or spreading it into the inder
chamber a only, the lime might be first placed loosely in porous bags or in
perforated cases for ease of insertion and removal of the lime within the close
internal chamber a through the end doors B¹ or other equivalent, all so that the
water would enter through the porous bag or case into the lime, and so slake it and
produce the heat as in the other arrangement herein-before described, room being
left for the expansion of the lime within the said porous bags or perforated casings.
Although this lime-vessel has been described as close it may be fitted with an open.
tube or cock to allow the steam to escape before placing it in the compartment to
be heated or when inserted into an outer casing; the lime vessel may be open or
perforated, and this outer casing fitted with a lid or door for the insertion and
removal of the lime vessel.
Having now described the nature of my said Invention, and the manner of
performing the same, I have to state that I do not confine myself to the
precise details herein described or delineated, but what I consider novel and original,
and therefore claim as the Invention secured to me by the herein-before in part
recited Letters Patent is,-
First. The general construction or combination of the parts of lime hoating
vessels and slaking water fittings, all substantially as and for the purposes herein
described and distinguished under the several modifications or arrangements in
reference to and shown in the accompanying Drawings or any mere modification
thereof.
Second. The construction and use of lime heat generating vessels, stationary or
portable, and their fittings for the said heating of railway and other carriages, cars,
and other vehicles, or the seats thereof, and the passengers' or travellers' feet, all
substantially as herein described in reference to and shown in the accompanying
Drawings or any mere modification thereof.
Third. The construction and use of lime heat generating vessels with outer
double lined or jacketed case for containing water, air, or other substance for the
better and safe accumulation and conduction of the heat produced, all substantially
as and for the heating purposes herein described in reference to and shown in the
accompanying Drawings, or any modification thereof.
Fourth. The heating of railway or other carriages, cars, or other vehicles, or the
seats thereof, and the travellers' feet in cold weather, by lime heat generating
vessels, all substantially as herein described in reference to and shown in the
accompanying Drawings.
In witness whereof, I, the said James Templeman, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Nine-teenth day of August, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and seventy nine.
JAMES TEMPLEMAN. (L.S.)