Improvements in the Method of Producing Electro-magnetic Inductions for Transformers, Motors or Generators, and in the Apparatus therefor.
Year: 1888

page_text: Date of Application, 2nd Oct., 1888"
Complete Specification Left, 29th June, 1889-Accepted, 2nd Dec., 1889
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in the Method of Producing Electro-magnetic
Inductions for Transformers, Motors or Generators, and in the
Apparatus therefor.
I, LOUIS BOLLMANN, an Engineer, of Vienna II Obere Donaustrasse 93, in the
Empire of Austria, do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows:-
My Invention relates to the induction of electric currents in coils surrounding iron,
in which the magnetism is interrupted or alternatingly reversed by opening and closing
the magnetic circuit, or by a peculiar manner of opening and closing or reversing the
magnetic contact or magnetic continuity of the said iron with a constant electro-
magnet by means of mechanical motion, or by peculiar electromagnetic counter-actions
or repulsions; and it relates also to the construction and adaptation of the apparatus
for transformers, motors or generators according to this method of induction, whereby
no commutator or collector is required.
The Figures 1 to 21 are intended to explain the nature of this invention, and to
show its application for transforming a continuous current into an alternating one of
lower tension.
In Figure 1A is an iron ring having an open space with an iron piece fitted
into it, and a coil B on it, through which flows a continuous primary current.
If the
piece C is removed, the open ring will. be magnetized to a certain degree, depending
on the number of ampère windings in the coils, and on the dimensions and quality of
the iron. If then the piece C is replaced, the closed ring becomes further
magnetized. The difference of the magnetic forces before and after closing the
ring is the higher, the less the iron is saturated thereby.
If a closed secondary coil is placed on the ring, the increase of magnetism,
produced by replacing C, will induce a current in it, which is nearly of the
same intensity as that, which would be induced, if the ring were first closed and
then the primary current started in the coil B. Opening the ring, reduces the
magnetism to its first condition, which causes an induction of the same power, as the
first one, but in opposite direction.
For the transformation of a continuous current into a secondary alternating one
I prefer to use two separate magnets, of which one A (Figs. 2 and 3) is wound with
the primary coils and the other D with the secondary coil, which coils are not shown
in the figures.
One of these magnets (A) is circular and the other (D) oblong, so that they can
be placed into each other, in order that the 4 poles a¹ a¹¹ di d¹¹ may take the positions,
shown in the top view Fig. 6.
ccc (Figs. 4 and 5) are iron pieces, fastened to the rode of brass, so as
to form a cross; the pair c c is situated above those c cv, in order that only
one pair can fill up the spaces between the poles at a time so as to combine the
two magnets A and D into one closed circle. Raising or lowering the bar e,
reverses each time the magnetism of D, while the magnetism remains the same in the
primary magnet A.
These alternations by reversing the magnetism in D, cause it momentarily to
vanish entirely, which greatly increases the energy of the induction.
There appears
little free magnetism, the poles being almost constantly closed and they can therefore
be placed closely near each other, so as to require only small motions of the
parts &c. to open and close them.
To prevent Foucault currents, all the magnets ought to be made of strips or wire
of iron.

page_text: The motions of the pieces c¹ &c. can be produced by many different combinations
of the parts; they may be rotating, reciprocating or vibrating, or the poles or parts
in connection with theih, may be brought directly into contact by short oscillations
or other motions.
Figs. 7 to 13 show a converter with rotating motions having the magnets A and D
also set crosswise as in the previous figures. A has single poles a a³ and D has
double ones d' and d d which are mutually situated as shown in the diagram
Fig. 8 representing the circular parts stretched out flat.
On each side of the primary poles a¹ a" are situated 2 pole faces.d¹ d¹¹ each of
which belongs to a different pole.
C is a brass wheel having 10 iron pieces c fastened on its circumference, which are
shown in Fig. 9; they project alternately at opposite sides, so that, while one covers
the poles a¹ the other covers a¹¹ d¹.
After the wheel has made th of a revolution, these connections will have
changed aand al d¹ being then covered; this reverses the magnetism in D and
causes an alternating induction in its coil.
The wheel C can be rotated by the arrangement shown in Figs. 7, 10, 11 and 12.
R is a brass-wheel fastened to the shaft and carrying 5 iron segments ; J.J KK
are 4 stationary electro-magnets, bent in such form, that their coils pass each other,
and that their poles stand closely to the rotating segments, without being touched
thereby, which is also the case with the poles ad and the pieces C.
Figs. 10 and 11 shew these parts diagrammatically developed, Fig. 10 being a
sideview and Fig. 11 a plan. The coils of the 2 magnets J Jaro connected to the
primary circuit so as to have their poles continuously magnetized their positive and
negative polarities being marked on them by the signs + and
-
The magnets K K are alternately magnetized by the secondary current, and the
segments by the influence of the poles next to them, as marked thereon. Con-
sidering, that the same poles repel, and that opposite ones attract each other, it will
be seen by examination of the + and marks in the figures, that all the iron
segments are urged in the direction of the arrow Z. After 10th of a revolution,
the segments have come into the positions shown in Fig., 12, in which only the
ends of the poles are seen. The magnets K K have now their polarity reversed, but
the pieces are still urged as before by all poles, thereby producing a continuous
rotation.
In other inductors, the induction is caused by breaking the primary electric circuit;
bat according to my invention it is the magnetic circuit that is broken or reversed,
which is attended with far less difficulties, than the reversing of a high-tension current,
especially in a transformer. For the effect produced it is quite the same, whether the
alternations of the magnetism are produced by reversing the current in the primary
coil, or by changing the magnetic circuit.
If accumulators are to be used in connection with such a transformer, they ought
to be joined in parallel to the continuous primary circuit, and may be situated near
the generating dynamo.
F
1 will now describe the method of closing and opening the magnetic circuit by
electromagnetic actions. The high speed and the powerful attraction between the
poles and the parts C, require a clear distance between those parts, so that they
may not glide and rub on each other.
The method now to be described, allows the poles to be firmly connected, and no moving
parts are required between them. I will first call attention to some properties of
electro magnetism.
"
If two narrow coils are placed on a "closed ring of iron diametrically opposite
each other, aud if a continuous current is passed through them in opposite directions,
poles are formed between both coils, which are situated at 90° from the centre of each
coil, if the ampère-windings of both coils are alike; at these points the two north
poles or the two south poles meet and have equal forces, so that they can balance each
other. These equal polarities do not annul or weaken each other, but they repel the

page_text: lines of magnetic force radially. If the ampère windings are increased in one of the
coils, the poles move nearer towards the weaker coil, until they can no further excite an
equal force, to repel the magnetism produced by the stronger coil.
If the thickness of the iron is reduced where it carries one coil, so that for example
its sectional area is there only, the ampère windings of that coil need to be only 1, to
balance the magnetism and to keep the poles in the same places, as they were before,
provided the thicker and the thinner parts meet at these points.
Suppose now a short part of the ring in Fig. 1 to be cut out and a thinner piece of
iron inserted in the open space, around which piece lies a narrow coil; a second
larger coil is situated on the ring-diametrically opposite. Through both coils flow
currents in opposite directions, but the ampère-windings of the thin piece are such,
that the poles are formed at the points of contact of the ends of the thin piece with
the ring. This small inserted electro magnet produces the same effect, as if the closing
piece had been removed from the ring in Fig. 1; it breaks the continuity
of the magnetic circuit and reduces the magnetism.
If the current in the small coil is then reversed, so as to be in the same direction as
the current in the main coil, the magnetic continuity is established again, and the
current in the small coil now assists the full magnetisation of the ring.
I have thus the means of opening and closing, and also, as will be presently
explained, of reversing the magnetic circuit without any motion of the parts, by
simply reversing the current in the small coils, for which the alternating secondary
current may serve. The closing pieces are thus firmly connected to the poles or may
indeed be of one piece with them.
If the two magnets are relatively situated as in Figs. 7, 8 and 9, the primary
poles a (Fig. 14) may be connected with the double poles D D and Dui DIY of
the secondary magnet, by pieces C₁00 CV (which inay term locks), each
carrying a narrow coil, not shown in the figures.
Assuming that the lock C in Fig. 14 are just being magnetized, so that C₁ and CIV
break the magnetic circuit between the poles a¹ and D and between all and DIV, while
those and keep the magnetic circulation between a¹ and D and betweon
a and D open. These conditions are indicated by arrows, marking the directions
of circulation of the magnetic molecule currents, according to the hypothesis of
Ampère where they point in the primary poles a' a" in the same direction as those
in the locks C, the circuit is uninterrupted, and where they point in opposite directions,
the circuit is interrupted or locked.
When D has thus been fully magnetized by the magnetism, which continues
through the open locks Cu Cin, the current is reversed in the coils of all the locks,
which condition is indicated in Fig. 15 by the arrows, showing the locks C₁₁ C now
closed and those ₁₁ open. The magnetism, previously excited in D, has the
tendency to vanish by its own energy, which is now asssisted by the communication
of the magnetism through the locks C₁ Cv, whereby the secondary magnet is
magnetized in opposite sense to Fig. 14.
If all the locks are without current in their coils, they are all open; the
magnetism seeking to communicate itself from one primary pole to the other one
through the open locks C₁ C, will then do this not by the long way through the
body of the magnet D, to reach the opposite primary pole, but by the far shorter way
through the forked parts of the double poles D₁ Du and D Div. This takes place at
the moment when the currents in the lock are changing and while the magnetism
commences to vanish in the body by its own energy, because it can then not be
influenced by the primary magnet. This vanishing, in the body of D induces at once
a powerful current in the secondary coils, part of which is led through the lock coils,
to bring them into magnetic action, so that C C become locked and C₁ C₁y opened,
as above set forth and shown in Fig. 15.
The primary magnet continues the reversing of the magnetisin in D so long as the
induction goes on; but at the latter end, the secondary current dies off, before D is
fully charged, so that the action would soon stop, because the charging would

page_text: become less at every change. Some means must therefore be applied, to com-
pensate for that falling off, in order to get D always charged to the desired
degree, which requires the supply of a small quantity of current at the end of each
induction. Some arrangements are also necessary, to start the action and to regulate
the speed of alternation.
The magnetic force, which the locks require, to be able to lock the circuit, is
insignificant; they have really not to stop the circulation of the magnetism, but only
to guide it in the required direction, because the primary poles have constantly an
open way.
To increase the activity of the apparatus the locks may be made thinner at the
ends in contact with A₁ A₁, as in Fig. 16.
The alternating currents for the locks may be produced and applied in different
ways, one of which consists, in running along the primary cable a small separate
conductor, connected to a secondary commutator on the generating dynamo, by which
the desired alternations are produced. The coils of the locks may then be double,
one part being connected to the secondary circuit, which supplies the greater part of
the current, and the other part to that extra conductor, which supplies only the
current to prolong the magnetisation, until D has been fully charged, for which
only a very small quantity of separate current is required. All apparatus in the
main circuit can then be started and governed from the central station.
Another method consists in laying a separate coil around the secondary magnet D,
which is connected to the coils of a separate closed ring. A solid tube or strong
wire coil of copper is placed on this ring, in which a short circuit current is induced
when the secondary current dies off, which retards the vanishing of the magnetism
previously excited in the ring, a sufficient length of time, to have the locks, through
whose coils that current is conducted, closed, so long as the complete magnetisation of
the magnet D requires. The vanishing and induction can thus be prolonged,
according to experiment to two seconds and more. In this case only about 4th of a
second of retardation is required to produce the desired effect, which time can he
regulated, by altering the length of the copper tubes.
The dimensions of the parts should be such, that the separate ring gets strongly
saturated, its action is that of an accumulator of the current. A chemical accumu-
lator of very small size might be made to serve the same purpose.
This arrangement can be started by connecting first the primary coils with the
main circuit; then letting a part of the primary current pass for a moment through
the said extra circuit, so as to have the magnet D and the extra ring magnetized. If
now the primary circuit is disconnected, the accumulated magnetism vanishes and
thereby induces in the separate-circuit the current for starting the action of the locks.
Yet another method is shown in Figure 16^. The locks Care here fitted into holes
of the poles A and D, so that they can glide to and fro a small distance, to break their
contacts with the poles A¹ A"; their coils are connected to the secondary circuit, and
fixed between the poles in such a manner, that they need not move with the locks.
At the moment, when there is no current in their coils, that is, before the reversing
commences, the locks are all attracted by the poles a a. When the new secondary
current commences, as set forth and shewn in Fig. 15, those locks (CCI), which are
open, are still further attracted, while those (CI (111) which are locked, are now
powerfully repelled and driven out of contact with the primary poles.
As there is never much free polarity, the poles being constantly closed on one side
or the other, a very short distance (say 1 millimeter) will be sufficient to break the
magnetic continuity, the more so, as the magnetic locking also acis after the discon-
nection. When the secondary current dies off, the locks are disconnected, as thoso
CC, thus interrupting the magnetic circuit. The moveable locks are connected to
an adjustable vibrator, as shown, or to any other suitable mechanism, to govern the
motion and speed, the moving power being the repulsions and attractions above
described or any suitable arrangement.
I will now describe the combination of this transformer with an electric motor. As
in this invention no commutator is used, the alternating current, required for the

page_text: armature to act on the magnetic field, must be generated by alternating magnets in
the manner above described. The construction of the apparatus can be varied in
many ways, and almost any dynamo system may be adapted to it.
Figs. 17, 18 and 19 show a dynamo, which I have constructed for this purpose,
the general system and action of which is described in the Patent No. 14779 of 1884
granted to me, to the description of which I hereby refer. Fig. 17 is a longitudinal
central section, and Fig. 18 a front view, with the upper half of the front parts cut
away, to shew part of the armature.
LL are cast iron frames, serving also as field magnets; they are formed circular,
and have large coils N' S', placed around their central cores, through which
flows the continuous primary current. The main shaft rests in bearings, fitted into
the frame, and carries the long and massive iron tube H, which fits closely, but freely
into the inside and partly also around the outside of the two central cores of LL;
it serves as a rotating magnetical connection between the right and left inagnets, -
The
north and south
and forms thus part of the magnetic circuit.
open
poles N and S" of this circuit have the form of flat rings, facing each other.
Two iron discs NHS are fastened to the tube H (Fig. 17 and 19) by brass
pieces T; each has 6 projections n and s, which serve as 12 field magnet poles,
one n and one s always facing each other with opposite polarities.
closely to the sides of the armature disc, which stands stationary between them.
flat faces of the discs N S rotate closely to the circular ring poles N" S", so that
the magnetism is readily transmitted to the rotating pole faces, there being a very
large surface of transit over the entire circle.
Their faces rotate
The
Its
The armature is held stationary on the frames L L, by pieces of brass.
construction and action is fully described in the above mentioned specification. The
radial parts P (Fig 18 and 19) consist each of several copper strips or wires, which are
peculiarly connected by segments R R to form flat coils, which are divided and
arranged into 4 separate circuits.
All parts drawn in Fig. 18 in full black, belong to one circuit, and those drawn
with hatching lines, to another; the white radials P belong to two separate circuits,
which have their segments R R on the other side of the disc.
The advantages of making both the field magnets and the armature stationary and
the separate poles N and S rotating, are firstly, that the connections of the several
circuits of alternating currents of the armature, with the apparatus, producing these
currents, require no rubbing and rotating contacts, and secondly, that no centrifugal-
force acts on the armature, which simplifies and cheapens its construction.
The spaces between the radial parts P of the disc are filled out with thin radial iron
strips, by which the 6 rotating. poles n on one side, are magnetically connected with
the 6 opposite ones s on the other side, and thus the electro motive or dynamical force
is much increased.
The number of poles shewn, require 12 alternations for every revolution in each of
the 4 circuits, and if the shaft makes 10 turns per second, there will be 120 alternations
for one, and 480 for the 4 circuits per second. The changes in the 4 circuits must
follow each other at equal intervals.
The transformers for the 4 separate circuits may act with or without moveable
locks C, in any of the manners above described. Fig. 21 is a plan and Fig. 20 is a
front view (partially in section) of an apparatus, acting without motion, on the system
shown in the Figs. 14 and 15.
The primary magnet consists of a large centre core A¹ and 4 smaller ones A", all
fastened to a bottom plate of iron. The centre core carries the circular iron plate a¹
and the 4 smaller ones carry an iron ring plate a¹¹. Their coils are connected to the
primary circuit in such directions, that a magnet is formed, in which the central
plate a forms the one, and the ring plate at the other pole. There are 4 secondary
magnets D with broad pole pieces d on each leg, which reach over both pole
plates a¹ and all and are connected to the latter by 16 locks C₁, each leg of D
having 2 locks, of which one is fastened to the inside pole and the other to the
outside nole.

page_text: Each magnet D has its coils connected by conducting wires (not shown) to one of
the 4 circuits of the armature. The locks have double-wound coils, of which one part
is connected to the secondary circuit of its own magnet D, and the other part to the
conductor which belongs to the circuit that comes next in succession into full
activity in the dynamo. Every magnet D gets thus fully, charged, and their
succeeding actions are thereby exactly governed by the rotation of the field poles n >
of the dynamo.
To generate a continuous current from an alternating one, requires the reversing of
the above described actions, produced by opening and closing an iron ring, or by
reversing the connection between a primary and secondary magnet. We know, that
an electro magnetic motor can be used as a generator by reversing the actions; so it
is in general with most all other inductive actions, and also in the present case.
It is obvious, that in dynamos the poles s and n may be made with the magnet
or magnets stationary and the armature A D rotating, or vice versa, whereby then the
current must be transferred to the rotating parts by gliding discs. The cores A of
the several systems can be combined into one core, and only one coil might then be
used on the same.
Dated this 2nd day of October 1888
ABEL & IMRAY,
Agents for the Applicant.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in the Method of Producing Electro-magnetic
Inductions for Transformers, Motors or Generators, and in the
Apparatus therefor.
I LOUIS BOLLMANN an Engineer, of Vienna Il Obere Donaustrasse 93, in the
Empire of Austria, do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows:-
My invention relates to the induction of electric currents in coils surrounding iron,
in which the magnetism is interrupted or alternatingly reversed by opening and
closing the magnetic circuit, or by a peculiar manner of opening and closing or reversing
the magnetic contact or magnetic continuity of the said iron in an electromagnet, by
means of mechanical motions, or by peculiar electromagnetic counter-actions or
repulsions, and it relates also to the construction and adaptation of the apparatus for
transformers generators or motors according to this method of induction, whereby no
commutator or collector is required.
The drawings accompanying my Provisional Specification are intended to explain
the nature of this invention and to show its application for the transformation of a
continuous current into an alternating one of lower tension and the application of
this method for a motor driven by a continuous current.
In Fig. 1A is an iron ring having an open space C with an iron piece fitted into it
and a coil B through which flows a continuous primary current. If the piece C is
removed the open ring will be magnetized to a certain degree depending on the
number of Ampère windings in the coil and on the dimensions and quality of the iron.
If then the piece C is replaced the closed ring becomes further magnetized. The
difference of the magnetic forces before and after closing the ring is the higher the
less the iron is saturated thereby.
If a closed secondary coil is placed in the same way on the ring the increase of
magnetism produced by replacing C will induce a current in it which is nearly of
the same intensity as that which would be induced if the ring were first closed and
then the primary current started in the coil B. Opening the ring induces the
magnetism to its first condition which causes an induction of the same power as the
first one in the circuit but in opposite direction.
For the transformation of a continuous current into a secondary alternating one I
prefer to use two separate magnets of which one A (Figs. 2 and 3) is wound with the
primary coil and the other Ď with the secondary coil, which coils are not shown
in the figures.

page_text: One of these magnets (A) is circular and the other (D) oblong, so that they
can be placed into each other in order that the four poles a¹ a" d d may take the
positions shown in the top view Fig. 6.
ccccv (Figs. 4 and 5) are iron pieces fastened to the rod e of brass so as to form
a cross; the pair c¹ c¹ is situated above those cely in order that only one pair can fill
up the spaces between the poles at a time so as to combine the two magnets A and D.
into one closed circuit. Raising or lowering the bar e reverses each time the
magnetism of D while the magnetism remains the same in the primary magnet A.
These alternations by reversing the magnetism in D cause it momentarily to vanish
entirely, which greatly increases the energy of the induction. There appears little
free magnetism, the poles being almost constantly closed, and they can therefore be
placed closely near each other, so as to require only small motions of the parts c¹ &c.
to open and close them. To prevent Foucault-currents all the magnets ought to be
made of strips or wire of iron.
The motions of the pieces c¹ &c. can be produced by many different combinations
of the parts; they may be rotating, reciprocating or vibrating, or the poles or parts.
in connection with them, may be brought directly into contact by short oscillations.
or other motions.
The Figs. 7 to 13 show a converter with rotating motions having the magnets A
and D also set crossways, as in the previous figures. A has single poles al all and D.
double ones d d and d d which are mutually situated as shown in the diagram
Fig. S representing the circular parts stretched out flat. On each side of the primary
poles a¹ a are situated two pole faces d d each of which belongs to a different.
pole.
Cis a brass wheel, having ten iron pieces c fastened on its circumference which
are shown in Fig. 9; they project alternately at opposite sides, so that, while one
covers the poles a "the other covers all d¹.
After the wheel has made th of a revolution theso connections will have changed,
a d" and a d¹ being then covered; this reverses the magnetism in D and causes an
alternating induction in its coil.
The wheel C can be rotated by the arrangement shown in Figs. 7, 10, 11 and 12..
R is a brass wheel fastened to the shaft and carrying five iron segments ; JJ KK.
are four stationary electro magnets bent in such form that their coils pass each other
and that their poles stand closely to the rotating segments without being touched,
thereby, which is also the case with the poles a d and the pieces c.
Figs. 10 and 11 show these parts diagrammatically developed, Fig. 10 being a side.
view and Fig. 11 a plan. The coils of the two magnets J J are connected to the.
primary circuit so as to have their poles continuously magnetized, their positive and
negative polarities being marked on them by the signs + and
-
The magnets K K are alternately magnetized by the secondary current and the.
segments by the influence of the poles next them as marked thereon.
1
Considering that the same poles repel and that opposite ones attract each other, it
will be seen, by examination of the + and marks in the figuros, that all the iron
segments are urged in the direction of the arrow =. After th of a revolution the
segments have come into the positions shown in Fig. 12 in which only the ends
of the poles are seen. The magnets K K have now their polarity reversed but the
pieces are still urged as before by all the poles, thereby producing a continuous rotation..
In other inductors, the induction is caused by breaking the primary electric circuit;
but according to my invention, it is the magnetic circuit that is broken or reversed.
which is attended with far less difficulties than the reversing of a high tension
current, especially in a transformer. For the effect produced it is quite the same.
whether the alternations of the magnetism are produced by reversing the current in
the primary coil or by changing the magnetic circuit.
If accumulators are to be used in connection with such a transformer, they ought
to be joined in parallel to the continuous primary circuit and may be situated near
the generating dynamo.
I will now describe the method of closing and opening the magnetic circuit hy-

page_text: electro magnetic actions. The high speed and the powerful attraction between the
poles and the parts c require a clear distance between those parts so that they may
not glide and rub on each other.
The method now to be described allows the poles to be firmly connected, and no
moving parts are required between them. I will first call attention to some properties
of electro magnetism.
If two narrow coils are placed on a closed ring of iron diammetrically opposite
each other, and if a continuous current is passed through them in opposite directions
poles are formed between both coils which are situated at 90 degrees from the centre
of each coil, if the ampère windings of both coils are alike; at these points the two
north poles or the two south poles meet, and have equal forces, so that they can
balance each other. These equal polarities do not annul or weaken each other but
they repel the lines of magnetic force radially. If the Ampère windings are
increased in one of the coils these poles move nearer towards the weaker coil, until
they can no further excite an equal force to repel the magnetism produced by the
stronger coil.
If the thickness of 'the iron is reduced where it carries one coil so that for example its
sectional area is there only, the Ampère windings of that coil need to be only to
balance the magnetism and to keep the poles in the same places as they were before,
provided the thicker and the thinner parts meet at these points.
Suppose now a short part of the ring in Fig. 1 to be cut out and a thinner piece of
iron inserted in the open space around which piece lies a narrow coil; a second larger
coil is situated on the ring diametrically opposite.
Through both coils flow currents in opposite directions, but the Ampère windings
of the thin piece are such that the poles are formed at the points of contact of the ends
of the thin piece with the ring. This small inserted electro magnet produces the
same effect as if the closing piece e had been removed from the ring in Fig. 1; it.
breaks the continuity of the magnetic circuit, and reduces the magnetism.
If the current in the small coil is then reversed, so as to be in the same direction as the
current in the main coil, the magnetic continuity is established again, and the current
in the small coil now assists the full magnetisation of the ring.
I have thus the means of opening and closing and also, as will be presently
explained, of reversing the magnetic circuit without any motion of the parts, by
simply reversing the current in the small coils for which the alternating secondary
current may serve. The closing pieces are thus firmly connected to the poles or may
indeed be of one-piece with them.
If the two magnets are relatively situated as in Figs. 7, 8 and 9 the primary
poles a a (Fig. 14) may be connected with the double poles D D and D DIV of
the secondary magnet bylpieces C C C CIV (which I may term "locks") each
carrying a narrow coil not shown in the figures. Assuming that the locks c in
Fig. 14 are just being magnetized so that c and ev break the magnetic circuit
between the poles a' and D¹ and between a and DIV while those c¹¹ and c¹¹ keep the
magnetic circulation between a and D and between a¹¹ and D" open. These
conditions are indicated by arrows marking the directions of circulation of the
magnetic molecule currents, according to the hypothese's of Ampère; where they
point in the primary poles a¹ all in the same direction as those in the locks c the
circuit is there un-interrupted and where they point in opposite directions the circuit
is interrupted or locked..
-
When D has thus been fully magnetized by the magnetism which continues through
the open locks cc the current is reversed in the coils of all the locks which
condition is indicated in Fig. 15 by the arrows showing the locks clcl now closed
and those eleopen. The magnetism previously excited in D has the tendency to
vanish by its own energy, which is now assisted by the communication of the
magnetisni through the locks c c whereby the secondary magnet is magnetized in
the opposite sense. to: Fig. 14.
If all the locks c are without current in their coils, they are all open; the magnetism
seeking to communicate itself..from one primary pole to the other one through the

page_text: open locks cc, will then do this not by the long way through the body of the magnet D
to reach the opposite primary pole but by the far shorter way through the forked
parts of the double poles D D and D DY. This takes place at the moment when
the currents in the lock are changing and while the magnetism commences to vanish
in the body by its own energy because it can then not be influenced by the primary
magnet. This vanishing in the body of D induces at once a powerful current in the
secondary coils, part of which is led through the lock coils to bring them into magnetic
action so that cell become locked and c c opened as above set forth and shown
in Fig. 15.
The primary magnet continues the reversing of the magnetism in D so long as the
induction goes on; but at the latter end the secondary current dies off before D is
fully charged so that the action would soon stop, because the charging would become
less at every change. Some means must therefore be applied to compensate for that
falling off in order to get D always charged to the desired degree, which requires
Some.
the supply of a small quantity of current at the end of each induction.
arrangements are also necessary to start the action and to regulate the speed of
alternation.
The magnetic force which the locks require to be able to lock the circuit is
insignificant; they have really not to stop the circulation of the magnetism but
only to guide it in the required direction because the primary poles have constantly
an open way.
To increase the activity of the apparatus the locks c may be made thinner at the
ends in contact with A¹ A" as in Fig. 16.
The alternating currents for the locks may be produced and applied in different
ways, one of which consists in running along the primary cable a small separate
conductor connected to a secondary commutator on the generating dynamo, by which
the desired alternations are produced. The coils of the locks may then be double, one
part being connected to the secondary circuit which supplies the greater part of the
current, and the other part to that extra conductor which supplies only the current to
prolong the magnetisation until D has been fully charged, for which only a very
small quantity of separate current is required. All apparatus in the main circuit can
then be started and governed from the central station.
Another method consists in laying a separate coil around the secondary magnet D
which is connected to the coils of a separate closed ring. A solid tube or strong
wire coil of copper is placed on this ring in which a short circuit current is induced
when the secondary current dies off, which retards the vanishing of the magnetism
previously excited in the ring a sufficient length of time to have the locks through
whose coils that current is conducted slosed as long as the complete magnetisation of
the magnet D requires. The vanishing and induction can thus be prolonged,
according to experiment, to two seconds and more. In this case only about 5th of
a second of retardation is required to produce the desired effect, which time can be
regulated by altering the length of the copper tubes.
The dimensions of the parts should be such that the separate ring gets strongly
A chemical
saturated; its action is that of an accumulator of the current.
accumulator of very small size might be made to serve the same purpose.
This arrangement can be started by connecting first the primary coils with the
main circuit; then letting a part of the primary current pass for a moment through
the said extra circuit so as to have the magnet D and the extra ring magnetized;
if now the primary circuit is disconnected, the accumulated magnetism vanishes
and thereby induces in the separate circuit the current for starting the action of
the locks.
Yet another method is shown in Fig. 164. The locks c are here fitted into holes of the
poles A and D so that they can glide to and fro a sinall distance to break their contacts
with the poles A¹ A"; their coils are connected to the secondary circuit and fixed
between the poles in such a manner that they need not move with the locks. At
the moment when there is no current in their coils, that is before the reversing
B

page_text: commences, the locks are all attracted by the poles a a. When the new secondary
current commences, as set forth and shown in Fig. 15, those locks (c¹ cIV) which are
open, are still further attracted, while those (cc) which are locked are now
powerfully repelled and driven out of contact with the primary poles.
As there is never much free polarity, the poles being constantly closed on one side or
the other, a very short distance (say 1 millimetre) will be sufficent to break the
magnetic continuity, the more so, as the magnetic locking also acts after the discon-
nection. When the secondary current dies off, the locks are disconnected (as
those cc) thus interrupting the magnetic circuit.
The moveable locks are
connected to an adjustable vibrator as shown or to any other suitable mechanism to
govern the motion and speed, the moving power being the repulsions and attractions
above described or any suitable arrangement.
I will now describe the combination of this transformer with an electric motor. As
in this invention no. commutator is used, the alternating current required for the
armature to act on the magnetic field must be generated by alternating magnets
in the manner above described. The construction of the apparatus can be varied in
many ways and almost any dynamo system may be adapted to it. Figs. 17, 18
and 19 show a dynamo which I have constructed for this purpose the general system
and action of which is described in the Patent No. 14779 of 1884 granted to me, to
the description, of which. I hereby refer. Fig. 17 is a longitudinal central section
and Fig. 18 a front view with the upper half of the front parts cut away to. show. part
of the armature.
LL are cast iron frames serving also as field magnets; they are formed circular
and have large coils N¹ S¹ placed around their central cores through which flows the
continuous primary current. The main shaft rests in bearings fitted into the frames and
carries the long and massive iron tube H which fits closely but freely, into the inside
and partly also around the outside of the two central cores of 1. L; it serves as a
rotating magnetical connection between the right and left magnets and forms thus
part of the magnetic circuit. The open north and south poles N" and S" of this
circuit have the form of flat rings facing each other.
Two iron discs N S are fastened to the tube H (Figs. 17 and 19) by brass
pieces T; each has 6 projections n and s, which serve as twelve field magnet
poles one and one s, always facing each other with opposite polarities. Their
faces rotate closely to the sides of the armature disc which stands stationary between
them. The flat faces of the disc N S rotate closely to the circular ring poles
NS so that the magnetism is readily transmitted to the rotating pole faces, there
being a very large surface of transit over the entire circle.
The armature. is held, stationary on the frames L L by pieces ; of brass. Its
construction and action is fully described in the above mentioned specification. The
radial parts (Figs. 18 and 19) consist each of several copper strips or wires which
are peculiarly connected, by segments R R to form flat coils, which.are divided and
arranged into four separate circuits. All parts drawn in Fig. 18 in full black belong
to one circuit, and those, drawn with hatching lines, to another; the white radials P
belong to two separate circuits, which have their segments R R on the other side
of the disc.
The advantages of making both the field magnets and the armature stationary and
the separate poles n and s, rotating are, firstly that the connections of the several
circuits of alternating currents of the armature with the apparatus producing these
currents require no,rubbing, or rotating contacts, and, secondly, that no centrifugal
force acts on, the armature which simplifies and cheapens its construction.
The spaces between the radial parts P of the disc are filled out with thin radial iron
strips by which, the 6 rotating poles n on one side are magnetically connected with
the 6 opposite ones s on the other side and thus the electro motive or dynamical force
is much increased.
The number of poles shown require 12 alternations for every revolution in each, of
the, 4 circuits and if the shaft makes 10 turns per second, there will be 120 alternations

page_text: for one and 480 for the 4 circuits per second. The changes in the 4 circuits must
follow each other at equal intervals.
The transformers for the 4 separate circuits may act with or without moveable
locks c in any of the manners above described. Fig. 21 is a plan and Fig. 20 is a
front view (partly in section) of an apparatus acting without notion on the system
shown in the Figs. 14 and 15.
The primary magnet consists of a large centre core A¹ and 4 smaller ones A" all
fastened to a bottom plate of iron. The centre core carries the circular iron plate a',
and the 4 smaller outside ones carry an iron ring plate a". Their coils are connected
to the primary circuit in such directions that a magnet is formed in which the central
plate a forms the one and the ring plate at the other pole. There are 4 secondary
magnets D with broad pole pieces d on each leg which reach over both pole plates a¹
and all and are connected to the latter by 16 locks c, cach leg of D having two locks
of which one is fastened to the inside pole and the other to the outside pole. Each
magnet D has its coils connected by conducting wires (not shown) to one of the
4 circuits of the armature. The locks have double wound coils of which one part is
connected to the secondary circuit of its own magnet D and the other part to the
conductor which belongs to the circuit that comes next in succession into full
activity in the dynamo. Every magnet D gets thus fully charged and their succeeding
actions are thereby exactly governed by the rotation of the field poles ns of the
dynamo.
I bave described the action of a doubly coiled magnetic ring A, Fig. 1 alternately
opened and closed by the moveable piece C, in converting a continuous primary
current in one of its coils into an alternating secondary current in the other. This
action may be inverted, that is to say, an alternating current passed through one of
the coils may be converted into a continuous current in the other, by timing the
movements of the piece C to the alternations, and employing alternating currents of
the same strength as those which, according to the action first described, would be
induced by the continuous current. It is also necessary that, at the time when the
ring is closed, the alternating current shall be of the same direction as the continuous
current which is induced, and that when the ring is opened the alternating current
shall be in the opposite direction.
I have also described how, instead of opening and closing the ring A by a moveable
piece C, similar effects can be produced by employing magnetic locks. This action
can also be inverted by employing the alternating current to excite the locks and thus
to induce a continuous current in the main coil.
By combining the direct and the inverted actions a continuous current can be
converted into a continuous current of different tension. Thus the primary continuous
current can be employed by the direct action to induce secondary alternating currents
and these by the inverted action can be applied to induce the tertiary continuous
current. For this purposo, the two sets of apparatus described with reference to
Figs. 17 and 18 and Figs. 20 and 21 may be employed in combination.
The above described methods of producing induction currents without interruption
of electrical contacts can be applied in dynamo machines to produce continuous
currents or to utilise continuous currents for producing motive power.
Thus the
dynamo machine described with reference to Figs. 17, 18 and 19 may be combined
with the fourfold transformer Figs. 20 and 21 thus constituting a continuous current
dynamo machine, the continuous currents being generated in the coils A¹ A³ of
Fig. 20.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of this inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what I
claim is:
1. The herein described method of converting a primary continuous electrical current
a secondary alternating current by alternately opening and closing an iron ring or
its equivalent wound with primary and secondary coils. the magnetic force of the

page_text: iron being diminished where the ring is opened and increased when it is closed
and these variations of magnetism inducing alternating currents in the secondary
coils.
2. The herein described method of converting a primary continuous electrical
current into a secondary alternating current by alternately connecting for currents in
opposite directions two magnets, the one wound with the primary and the other with
the secondary coil.
3. The herein described method of converting a primary continuous electrical
current into a secondary alternating current by substituting for pieces moved
mechanically to open and close a ring or its equivalent, coils on parts of the ring
excited by alternating currents so as alternately to weaken and to reinforce the
primary magnetism.
4. The method of converting alternating electrical currents into intermittent or
continuous currents or continuous currents into continuous currents of different
tension, by inverting and combining the actions of the parts referred to in the
preceding claims substantially as herein described.
5. The construction of dynamo machine in which both the armature and the fixed
magnets are stationary, substantially as described with reference to Figs. 17, 18
and 19.
6. The combination of a compound.transformer such as is described with reference
to Figs. 20 and 21 with a dynamo machine such as is described with reference to
Figs. 17, 18 and 19 for the purpose of generating electrical currents or for use as
an electric motor, substantially as described.
Dated this 19th day of September 1889.
ABEL & IMRAY,
Agents for the Applicant.