IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CANDLES, IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED FOR THAT PURPOSE
Year: 1870

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Arthur Field, of the Firm of John Charles and
John Field, of Upper Marsh, Lambeth, in the County of Surrey,
for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CANDLES,
33
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Arthur Field at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
30th December 1870.
I, ARTHUR FIELD, of the Firm of John Charles and John Field, of
5 Upper Marsh, Lambeth, in the County of Surrey, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE
OF CANDLES, AND IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED FOR THAT PURPOSE," to
be as follows:-
―:
One part of my Invention consists in manufacturing candles with one
or more spiral or helical passages in the interior thereof extending from
one end of the candle to the other, both for the purpose of receiving any
surplus of melted material, and for effecting a more perfect combustion

page_text: by forming lateral holes into such spiral passages at or near the lower
end of the candle for the introduction of air according to the Invention
described in the Specification to J. K. Field's Patent, No. 2513, of 1870.
For this purpose I introduce into the candle mould, either from the upper
or from the lower end, one or more spiral or helical wires (either solid or
hollow) so as to surround the wick, and after running in the candle material
I remove the said wires by imparting to them by any suitable contrivance
a combined rotary and longitudinal or screw-like motion, thus leaving
spiral or helical passages in the candle as aforesaid, I prefer to introduce
and remove the said spiral wires from the lower end of the mould in
which case they are made to pass through corresponding apertures in
the moveable piston which forms the mould for the tip of the candle,
and by which the candle is afterwards pushed out of the mould. The
spiral wires are attached by their lower ends to a spindle which has
either a screw thread formed upon it in gear with which is a friction
roller pinion or other equivalent contrivance for imparting to the spindle
and consequently to the wires a combined rotary and vertical motion, or
I impart to the spindle merely a rotary motion by means of a pinion
sliding on a feather on the spindle and in gear with another pinion im-
parting rotary motion thereto, the vertical motion of the wires being
effected by the screw-like action of the wires themselves as they pass
through the bottom of the mould. I prefer to make the wires hollow
and open at the lower end so as to introduce steam into them for
facilitating their removal from the candle.
Another part of my Invention consists in an improved mode of and
apparatus for making candles with an inner core or cores of a different
material from that of the outer surface. For this purpose according to one
arrangement I introduce through the lower end of the candle mould two
or more straight metal cores or rods somewhat similar in arrangement
to those described in Palmer's Patent, No. 2339, of 1864, and Urbain's
Patent No. 1698, of 1869, and after running in the material for the
outer surface of the candle I withdraw the cores from below, leaving
the ends thereof inserted in the apertures of the mould for the tip
of the candle through which they pass (the said ends being for this
purpose constructed with a configuration corresponding with that of the
mould for the tip) and into the hollow spaces thus formed in the candle
by the withdrawal of the cores I then run the melted material for
forming the interior of the candle.

page_text: According to another arrangement I construct the core as a cylindrical
rod passing through the usual hollow rod or mandril connected to the
moveable tip of the mould, which mandril is for this purpose made of an
enlarged diameter. This core has a central hole through which the wick
passes from the bobbins, it is extended downwards below the hollow
mandril, and upon such extension is formed a toothed rack in gear with
which is a pinion turned by a spindle carried by the moveable platform.
For making the candle the core is first moved up by the pinion through
the mandril into the candle mould, and after the material for the outer
coating has been run in and solidified the core is drawn down until the
upper end thereof corresponds with and forms part of the mould for the
tip of the candle. The material for the inside of the candle is then run
in and after it has solidified the mandril together with its internal core
is raised up by the moveable platform so as to push the candle out of
the mould.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Arthur Field in the Great Seal Patent Office on
the 27th June 1871.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, ARTHUR
FIELD, of the Firm of John Charles and John Field, of Upper Marsh,
Lambeth, in the County of Surrey, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Thirtieth day of December, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy, in the thirty-
fourth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give
and grant unto me, the said Arthur Field, Her special licence that I,
the said Arthur Field, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or
such others as I, the said Arthur Field, my executors, administrators,
and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to
time and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands,
and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANU-
FACTURE OF CANDLES, AND IN MACHINERY AND APPARATUS EMPLOYED FOR THAT
PURPOSE," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said

page_text: Arthur Field, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in
writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should
particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention,
and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the
same to be filed in the Great Scal Patent Office within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Arthur Field, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by
the following statement thereof, reference being had to the accom-
panying Sheet of Drawings, and to the figures and letters marked
thereon, that is to say:-
One part of my Invention consists in manufacturing candles with
one or more spiral or helical passages in the interior thereof extending
from one end of the candle to the other, both for the purpose of
receiving any surplus of melted material, and for effecting a more
perfect combustion by forming lateral holes into such spiral passages at
or near the lower end of the candle for the introduction of air, according
to the Invention described in the Specification to J. K. Field's Patent,
No. 2513, of 1870. For this purpose I introduce into the candle mould,
either from the upper or from the lower end, one or more spiral or
helical wires (either solid or hollow) so as to surround the wick, and after
running in the candle material I remove the said wires by imparting
to them by any suitable contrivance a combined rotary and longitudinal
or screw-like motion, thus leaving spiral or helical passages in the
candle as aforesaid. I prefer to introduce and remove the said spiral
wires from the lower end of the mould, in which case they are made to
pass through corresponding apertures in the moveable piston which
forms the mould for the tip of the candle, and by which the candle is
afterwards pushed out of the mould. The spiral wires are attached by
their lower ends to a spindle, which has either a screw thread formed
upon it, in gear with which is a friction roller, pinion, or other equi-
valent contrivance for imparting to the spindle and consequently to the
wires a combined rotary and vertical motion, or I impart to the spindle
merely a rotary motion by means of a pinion sliding on a feather on
the spindle and in gear with another pinion, imparting rotary motion

page_text: thereto, the vertical motion of the wires being effected by the screw-like
action of the wires themselves as they pass through the bottom of the
mould. The wires may be made hollow and open at the lower end, so
as to introduce steam into them for facilitating their removal from the
candle.
Another part of my Invention consists in an improved mode of and
apparatus for making candles with an inner core or cores of a different
material from that of the outer surface. For this purpose, according to
one arrangement, I introduce through the lower end of the candle mould
two or more straight metal cores or rods, somewhat similar in arrange-
ment to those described in Palmer's Patent, No. 2339 of 1864, and
Urbain's Patent, No. 1698 of 1869, and after running in the material for
the outer surface of the candle I withdraw the cores from below, leaving
the outer ends thereof inserted in the apertures of the mould for the
tip of the candle through which they pass (the said ends being for this
purpose constructed with a configuration corresponding with that of the
mould for the tip) and into the hollow spaces thus formed in the candle
by the withdrawal of the cores I then run the melted material for
forming the interior of the candle.
According to another arrangement I construct the core as a cylindrical
rod passing through the usual hollow rod or mandril connected to the
moveable tip of the mould, which mandril is for this purpose made of
an enlarged diameter. This core has a central hole, through which the
wick passes from the bobbins, it may be extended downwards below the
hollow mandril, and upon such extension is formed a toothed rack, in
gear with which is a pinion turned by a spindle carried by the moveable
platform, or the core may be arranged and actuated as herein-after
described. For making the candle the core is first moved up by the
pinion through the mandril into the candle mould, and after the material
for the outer coating has been run in and solidified the core is drawn
down until the upper end thereof corresponds with and forms part of
the mould for the tip of the candle. The material for the inside of the
candle is then run in, and after it has solidified the mandril together
with its internal core is raised up by the moveable platform, so as to
push the candle out of the mould.
Having thus set forth the nature of my Invention I will now proceed
more particularly to describe the manner of performing the same, for

page_text: '
which purpose I shall refer to the accompanying Sheet of Drawings,
shewing the arrangements of apparatus which I prefer to employ in
carrying my Invention into practice.
Figure 1 shews a vertical section, and Figure 2 shews a cross section
on line X, X, of my improved apparatus for making candles with
internal spiral passages according to my Invention.
A is the candle mould with rising piston B enclosed in the water
chamber of candle machines of the construction now generally employed;
C is the tube or hollow piston rod carrying the piston B, through which
the wick passes from the bobbins below, and which is carried by the
platform D worked up and down by racks and pinions in the usual
manner, for removing the candles from the moulds. Surrounding the
rod C are two helically-formed wire rods or tubes E somewhat tapered
at the upper ends, as shewn, which upper ends pass through corre-
sponding helical holes formed in the mould A. and piston B. The lower
ends of the wires are fixed on the tube F fitted over the piston rod C
and arranged to turn with a collar F' loosely in the plate G, which
serves to connect together all the said tubes F in the machine. The
tube F has a spiral groove F formed upon it of exactly the same pitch
as that of the helical wires E. It passes through a guide H fixed to the
frame of the machine, having a stud or screw thread H¹ which takes
into the groove F of the tube F, so that if this latter is made to rotate
it is at the same time caused to rise up through the guide H, and to
screw the helical wires E up through the piston into the mould A. The
rotation of the tube F for this purpose is effected by means of a skew
bevil pinion I fixed on the lower end thereof, in gear with which is the
skew bevil pinion J upon a spindle K carried in brackets K' upon the
plate G. The spindle K passes along the whole length of the machine
and carries the pinions for actuating all the tubes F to one row of
moulds, it is rotated by means of a crank handle K at the one end of
the machine.
1
The operation of making candles with this machine is as follows :-
The tube F being rotated as described it, and consequently also the
helical wires E, are thereby screwed up into the position shewn in red
lines, the extent of travel being by preference such as to cause the upper
ends of the wires to project some distance beyond the top of the mould,
and they may if necessary be there held in the exact required position

page_text: centrally in the mould by means of a guide plate L hinged to the side of
the trough, which has two holes as shewn, into which the tips of the
wires enter. The melted candle material is then run into the mould,
and after it has been solidified in the usual manner the helical wires are
screwed down again by a reversed motion of the pinion J until they
again assume the position shewn in black lines, thereby producing a
candle having two helical passages, as shewn at Figure 3, such passages
being either of the sectional form shewn in the cross section at Figure 4,
or circular, or of any other desired form according to the sectional form
given to the wires E. As before stated these wires may be formed
hollow and steam be introduced into them from the lower end of the
tube F for facilitating their withdrawal from the candle. The removal
of the candle from the mould and the raising thereof into the clamps
above is effected by raising up the platform D carrying the pistons in the
usual manner. The platform D at the same time pushes up the plate G,
tubes F, and wires E, and leaves these in the raised position ready for
making the next candle as it moves down again after pushing out the
candle. The piston rod C is carried loose in the platform D by means of
collars C¹, so that it, as also the piston B, may rotate with the spiral
wires as they move up together. Before pushing up the candle the
guide plate H (if used) is turned back out of the way.
Figure 5 shows a vertical section, and Figure 6 shews a cross section
at Y, Y, of my before described improved apparatus for forming two
straight hollow longitudinal passages in candles to be filled in with
candle material of a different quality from the outer surface of the
candle. For this purpose two semicylindrical cores M. are fixed at the
lower ends to a plate G (carrying all the said cores in the machine) and
pass with their upper ends through corresponding apertures in the candle
mould A and piston B, into which they fit accurately, and their upper
ends are formed to correspond with the configuration of the moulds for
the tip of the candle in the piston B. The cores M are formed with a
space between them, as shewn in Figure 6, so as to leave sufficient metal
in the middle of the piston B for the attachment of the hollow piston
rod C, and they have also longitudinal grooves between which the piston
rod fits. The plate G works in guides on the framing of the machine,
and has attached to its sides racks N passing below the platform D
carrying the piston rods C, in gear with which racks are pinions O, fixed.

page_text: on a spindle P, carried in brackets Q from the under side of the
platform D, and rotated by a crank handle at the end of the machine.
For making candles with this machine the cores are first pushed up into
the position shewn in red in the mould A by raising the plate G by
means of the racks N; the candle material for the outer surface of the
candle is then run in and solidified in the usual manner, after which the
cores are drawn down again out of the mould by reversing the motion of
the pinions O, thus leaving a candle in the mould with internal longi-
tudinal passages as shewn at the cross section at Figure 7. A small
quantity of the liquid material for the outer coating is now poured into
these passages so as to close up the holes in the tip of the candle and the
passages are then filled in with melted candle material of inferior quality.
When this is solidified the platform D is raised in the usual manner for
pushing out the finished candle, the plate G with the cores being at the
same time pushed up thereby, so that on the descent of the platform
after pushing out the candles the cores are left in the raised position in
the mould ready for making the next candle. For retaining the cores
in such raised position while the platform descends fixed catches or
pawls may be provided on the framing taking into the racks N on the
plate G, which catches are released when it is desired to lower the cores.
Figure 8 shews a vertical section, Figure 9 shews a side elevation, and
Figures 10 and 11 shew respectively cross sections on lines Z, Z, and
W, W, of my improved arrangement for forming a central hollow
cylindrical space in candles to be filled in with inferior candle material.
For this purpose a cylindrical core R is fixed by means of lugs R¹ at the
lower end to the plate G, and passes up through the enlarged tubular
piston rod C and piston B, the latter being consequently of an annular
form, while the upper end of the core receives a configuration corre-
sponding with the central portion of the mould for the tip of the candle,
as shewn. The enlarged piston rod C is formed with two wide slots
extending from the lower end up to the point where it enters the
mould A, as shewn more clearly in Figures 9 and 10, through which
slots the lugs R¹ of the core project, and the plate G has an aperture G¹,
through which the lower end of the piston rod passes down to the
platform D, to which it is attached. The core R has a central longi-
tudinal hole R², through which the wick passes up from the bobbins
below into the mould A. The plate G is provided, as in the previous
arrangement with racks N actuated by pinions O carried from the

page_text: under side of the platform D so as to raise the core R up through the
piston rod into the position shewn in red inside the mould. When the
core is in this position the candle material for the outer surface of the
candle is run into the annular space left in the mould, and after it has
been solidified the core is drawn down again, leaving a hollow candle in
the mould, as shewn in the section at Figure 12. Into this hollow space
thus formed a small quantity of the material for the outer surface of the
candle is now poured so as to fill the mould for the tip in the end of the
core, after which the hollow space is filled in with inferior candle
material. When this has solidified the candle is pushed up out of the
mould by raising the piston by means of the platform D, which at the
same time pushes up the plate G and core R and this latter is retained in
the raised position in the mould on the descent of the platform D and
piston ready for making the next candle, as described in the previous
arrangement.
Having thus described the nature of my Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, I wish it to be understood that
I do not claim generally the forming of hollow spaces in candles by the
introduction of a central cylindrical core into the mould through the
lower end of the same, as I am aware that this has already been
described in the Specification to Stainthorpe's Patent, No. 740 of 1860;
but what I claim is,―
First. Making candles with one or more internal helical passages,
substantially as herein-before set forth, cither with or without lateral
holes for the introduction of air into such passages.
Second. Constructing machinery or apparatus for producing candles
with helical passages, wherein one or more solid or hollow helical wires
are raised up into the mould, substantially in the manner hercin-before
described with reference to Figures 1 and 2 of the accompanying
Drawings.
Third. Constructing machinery or apparatus for forming hollow
longitudinal spaces in candles to be filled in with inferior candle
material, wherein one or more cores are arranged to pass up through
the moveable piston of the candle mould, substantially as herein-before
5 described with reference to Figures 5 and 6 of the accompanying
Drawings.

page_text: Fourth. Constructing machinery or apparatus for forming a central
hollow space in candles to be filled in with inferior candle material
wherein a cylindrical core is arranged to pass up centrally through the
piston to the candle mould, substantially as herein-before described with
reference to Figures 8 to 10 of the accompanying Drawings.
In witness whereof, I, the said Arthur Field, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Twenty-seventh day of June, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-one.