THE DRAUGHT OR MOVING OF CARRIAGES OF ALL. DESCRIPTIONS THAT MOVE ON WHEELS, OR ANY THING THAT MAY BE..USED FOR THE DRAUGHT OR MOVING OF. CARRIAGES, ADDING OR DIMINISHING MORE, OR LESS WHEELS THAN THE PRESENT MODE, AXLE TREE, LINS- PIN, AND EVERY PART OF THE CARRIAGE, BEING ON A NEW PRINCIPLE: THE POWER WHICH IS. IS. EQUALLY APPLICABLE TO MILLS OF ALL DESCRIPTIONS, BARGES AND BOATS ON CANALS, PRINTING AND CALLENDERING OF LINEN, AND APPLIED TO VARIOUS OTHER USEFUL PURPOSES
Year: 1798

page_text: TO ALL TO. WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, STEPHEN
HALLADAY, of the Parish of Saint Martin in the Fields, in the County of
Middlesex, send greeting.
WHEREAS His most Excellent Majesty King George the Third did, by His
Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at West-
minster, the Third day of August; in the thirty-eighth year of His reign,
give and grant, unto me, the said Stephen Halliday, His especial licence that I,
the said Stephen. Halladay, during the term of years therein mentioned, should
and lawfully might use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and
the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, my new Invention for "THE DRAUGHT
OR MOVING OF CARRIAGES OF ALL. DESCRIPTIONS THAT MOVE ON WHEELS, OR ANY
THING THAT MAY BE..USED FOR THE DRAUGHT OR MOVING OF. CARRIAGES, ADDING OR
DIMINISHING MORE, OR LESS WHEELS THAN THE PRESENT MODE, AXLE TREE, LINS-
PIN, AND EVERY PART OF THE CARRIAGE, BEING ON A NEW PRINCIPLE: THE POWER
WHICH IS. APPLIED FOR THE ABOVE ACTION IS ENTIRELY NEW, AND OF MY OWN CON-
TRIVANCE, AND MAY BE APPLIED TO THE ABOVE BY THE ASSISTANCE OF MEN OR
HORSES, AND IS. EQUALLY APPLICABLE TO MILLS OF ALL DESCRIPTIONS, BARGES AND
BOATS ON CANALS, PRINTING AND CALLENDERING OF LINEN, AND
APPLIED TO VARIOUS OTHER USEFUL PURPOSES;" in which said Letters Patent there
is contained a proviso obliging me, the said Stephen Halladay, by an instru-
ment in writing under my hand and seal, to cause a particular description of
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be per-
formed, to be inrolled in His Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six
calendar months after the date of the said recited Letters. Patent, as in and

page_text: by the same, (relation being. thereunto had,) may more fully and at large
appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Stephen Halladay, do hereby declare that my said new invented method and
methods of producing a mechanic power, momentum, impetus, or potentia, in
its proper physical principle, is herein-after described, with references to Plans
and Drawings, accurately laid down and faithfully described; to elucidate the sys-
tem to every one conversant in mechanics and the multifold calculations which
may be made in properly combining pinions, wheels, levers, flys, and all other
powers to produce a desired effect in important and difficult matters of mecha-
nical operation. The fly wheel, I believe, has seldom been used in any other
manner than that of either regulating or assisting a main axis or spindle in
his rotary motion, as in the case of a common roasting jack, or as frequently
used, fixed, and applied to one end of the barrel or beam over a well for
drawing water, and there, as in most cases where the fly wheel has been
appointed, it moves round with the beam or spindle itself, but neither faster
or slower than the barrel, axis, or spindle to which it is affixed. But in my
Invention, which I believe was never before attempted in like manner, by a com-
bination of toothed wheels, pinions, levers, and powers, from one to any number,
as well as a wheel or wheels of any number, without teeth, which may be termed
rollers or pullies, put in motion by the efforts of a man or men, a horse or
horses, water, steam, wind, quicksilver, tar, pitch, rosin, air, gas, shot, weights,
springs, ropes, chains, or any other matter or material whatsoever as may be
best adapted to the machines to be set in motion, or any machine or thing
that shall give power to any simple or compound machine or machines, as well
as mill or mills of any description whatever. My main fly wheel or fly wheels
being removed to any necessary distance from the main axis, spindle, axle tree,
or beam, by the conjunctive application of any number of other wheels,
pinions, levers, pully or pullies, fly or flys, roller or rollers, is or are set in
motion by any hand lever, swinging beam, winch, crank, or other apparatus,
in any position whatever, from the center, fixed or not fixed; and while any
main axis, axle tree, beam, or spindle, either of a mill carriage or any other
machine, makes one revolution, I send the fly wheel or fly wheels round from
three to a hundred times, or any other number of times possible, as necessity
and discretion may direct. And the fly wheel or fly wheels being so removed
by my Invention, they thereby become so many volatile and self-acting fly
levers of immense power, of any proportionate diameter, to act either hori-
zontally, vertically, or in any other. position that they can be fixed, either for
lifting, forcing, or for draught. And these volatile fly levers may be made of

page_text: either iron, brass, copper, or of other metals or compound of metals, in straight
bars or circular wheels, or of wood, consisting of a beam or beams, from one
to any number, and of any length required, the momentum of which being
rightly ascertained, duly understood, and properly managed, its impetus is
applicable to every purpose where force is required of any kind, whether
great or small; for any wheel, engine, or machine whatever may be put in
motion and kept at constant work thereby, with great ease and convenience.
This Invention is applicable to carriages of every description, to the effect of
making light ones travel without horses from four to sixteen miles an hour,
and to ease the draught and lessen the number of horses used in drawing
heavy ones. In agriculture it is not only applicable to carts and waggons,
but to ploughs, harrows, rolls, hoes, and rakes, as well as large and heavy rolls
for bowling greens, lawns, gravel walks in pleasure grounds and gardens,
without the use or treading of a horse. Labor by this Invention is reduced
to a meer shadow, and one man upon light land will plough and perform with
ease what has hitherto required the strength of horses; and in the heaviest
soil, with the necessary attention of a man and a boy, with the assistance of
one horse, the driver may do what in the usual way would be hard work for
four; and with a broad wheel a plough might be made to turn up marshy
ground where horses cannot go without sinking. It is applicable to all kinds
of field carriages, for guns, howitzers, light and heavy artillery, and ordnance
of every description, boaring canon and pump trees with the greatest
It would be found useful in driving piles, cutting logwood,
making paper, draining marshes, manufacturing starch, silk, cotton, worsted,
thread, tobacco, raising water from deep wells, and conveying the same in any
direction to any given distance whatever, as well as raising coals from pits of
any depth, working the largest water engines for extinguishing fire by one
man only, as well as ships pumps, to the effect of discharging from three to
nine barrels of water in a minute, according to the capacity of the pumps
appropriated, and pumps of every other denomination. It may be converted
to navigate timber rafts, barges, craft, and shipping in a calm, as well as to
conduct carriages on wheels, to pass over rivers and canals without the
possibility of sinking or the probability of oversetting, also to assist in
breweries, printing and calendering of linen, spinning cords and twisting
ropes and cables of every description. And with respect to carriages of con-
venience and pleasure, although gentlemen in general might not choose to
commit and exhibit themselves by travelling without horses, yet surely it
would be desirable for all who properly regard those noble animals to ease
their labor and their draught by every thing that art and fertile genius
exactness.

page_text: can invent. And to make this power and principle of my Invention that is
hereafter described and which admits of a manifold variety both in its
formation and appropriation according to the manner by which any force is
intended to be produced, and to make it plain enough for any mechanic to
make, form, or construct the same, I shall now refer him to my Drawings
subjoined hereto for necessary information and proper explanation how this
momentum and power is to be constructed, both simple, compound, doubly
compounded, &c. &c.
In Figure the First is a simple power to assist the working of hand mills
and water draughts of every description, and the wheel A, consisting of sixty-
four equal teeth or cogs, having a spindle or beam through the center, with a
crank, winch, handle, or hand lever fixed thereto to send it round, and the
teeth of my wheel A catching upon the pinion B of eight cogs or teeth, is sent
round eight times while my crank and main wheel make but one revolution;
and the pinion B being fixed upon the same spindle, shaft, or axis as my
volatile fly lever C, of any necessary weight and diameter, C is consequently
sent round eight times while my crank and main wheel go round but once;
and as soon as I strike or turn my crank or hand lever once round the labour
is lost and done away by the velocity and force acquired by my volatile fly
lever C, and any hand mill for boulting, grinding corn, malt, starch, or any
other article, as well as splitting beans, peas, breaking oats, cutting chaff, &c.,
as well as threshing machines, will be worked thereby with the greatest ease,"
and totally without that hard labor so justly and loudly complained of.
Drawing the 2d contains all the different parts of a compound power
necessary for a carriage, waggon, coach, chariot, phaeton, chaise, artillery
carriage, or carriage of any other description, moving upon four or more or
less wheels, with an explanation of all the parts of my new invented under
carriage, such as axle tree, gudgeons with rollers, linchpin, and all the wheels,
pinions, levers, and cranks necessary to make the above, travel without horses,
with the liberating striker requisite to detach the power applied at pleasure,
and an explanation how in a method entirely new the atmospheric air is intro-
duced to prevent heat from friction either in carriages, mill work, or any
other heavy mechanical work of any description whatever, as well as my new
invented method for any carriage or other piece of mechanism perpetually to
grease her own arms, gudgeons, and rollers by her own motion, and all of
which I describe in the following manner-G & H on the several parts
and wheels mean Gilbert and Halladay. A and B are, the two ground
wheels. C, C, are two different kinds of axles, and either the one or the other
may be used, as may be required; or a third, with one crank only, may be used,

page_text: either in two or more separate parts or pieces. d is a square arm fast fixed in
the wheel A. e is the round arm upon which the wheel B revolves; and the
parts numbered 1 & 2, turned perfectly round, move upon a roller or rollers in
gudgeons. F, F, are the gudgeons, of my own formation and contrivance; and
G, G, are the rollers upon which the axle turns round as well as the wheels,
by which all obstructing frixion is diminished. H is a toothed wheel fixed.
upon any convenient part of the axle communicating with the pinion I, which
turns the wheel K; and the wheel K, catching upon the pinion L, which is
fixed on the same shaft as my volatile fly lever M, M, is driven round thereby."
N is my new constructed linchpin, that is not likely to be lost or in paired in
travelling. O is a small apparatus for driving and supplying atmospheric air,
to be placed wherever necessary: it is light, and easily fixed, invisibly, to any
part of the under carriage. P, P, are two different kinds of pipes for con-
veying the same. Q, Q, are two different kinds of shafts, that may be applied,
if necessary, to assist my volatile fly lever M; but this will be as occasion may
require, for hard labor or for hills. R is my discharging shaft or liberating
striker, to throw off the power applied at pleasure. S is the steerage or guide,
to turn and lock the fore wheel or fore wheels. T is a rod to work the air
driver O. U is my winch, crank, or hand lever, to set the whole in motion, and
may be placed in any position whatever to strike with, and any kind of crank
may be used for the same, either fixed or not fixed. V is the perpendicular
part to my steerage; W is the handle to the same; and X is my perpetual
greasing tube, with a worm spring inclosed, which will supersede the use of oil
in mills, as well as the filthy daubing grease in common use for carts and
coaches.
In Figure 3d the straight line A is a main beam, axis, or axle tree, with one
arm round like the common axle tree, and the other arm square and firmly
fixed in the ground wheel B, the round arm of which axis revolves in my
own peculiar box or boxes, in the nave, and in the gudgeons placed under-
neath my under carriage, and while the ground wheels make their rotative
motion upon a roller or rollers of my own inventing fixed therein, excepting
the one made fast, as before described; and any carriage will be easier turned to
right or left in a short compass or space by the wheels thus counteracting each
other in the attempt of turning; and upon the square of the axle the toothed
wheel C is fixed, consisting of 48 equal cogs, having a communication with the
pinion D, of 16 teeth, upon the same shaft, spindle, or axis as the wheel E
revolves upon, and from the center of which, for example, I have fixed my
winch, crank, striker, driver, hand beam, swinging beam, or hand.lever, which
turns the wheel E, having 64 cogs or equal teeth; and while the ground wheel

page_text: and the wheel C are sent round three times by one revolution of the center
wheel E, that wheel of 64 teeth catches upon the pinion F of 16, which is
fixed upon the same shaft or spindle with my volatile fly lever G; and, while
the center wheel E goes once round, the pinion F, with my volatile fly lever G,
will have four revolutions, and that number multiplied by 3, the number of
revolutions made by the ground wheel B in the same time, produces 12;
hence it follows that my volatile fly lever G has twelve revolutions while my
main axis, revolving beam, axle trec, and ground wheel B have but one,
and the velocity acquired by the weight and force of my volatile fly
lever G takes off the labor immediately after I first strike by my hand
lever two or three times; and if the stroke be moderately followed up
its power will be found equal to the draught, upon a proper calculation, of two
good horses; and if my pinion F had only 8 cogs instead of 16, one revolution
of the wheel C would send the volatile fly lever G round 24 times while my
ground wheel B would have but one revolution, which would force a carriage
along at a double increased rate; and so, in any other proportionate calcu-
lation, might the draught of any number of horses be thus mechanically
supplied, either to carriages or mills, or any machinery whatever, even to 40 or
more, if required; and the ground wheel H turning upon the round arm, on a
roller or rollers, as before described, with the wheel B, these two wheels will
drive the fore wheels I & K, fixed on round arms, with rollers and gudgeons,
as before described, with the axle running round as well as the wheels; and by
this Invention any light chariot, chaise, or phaeton would be found to travel at
any convenient pace, and this power would upon this calculation do the labor
and the work of a good pair of horses properly affixed to either the plough,
harrows, or heavy land roller, or any light carriage whatever. What I have
said in regard to carriages of convenience and pleasure, and why I was induced
to fix my power upon my main axle behind, was because the present mode of
building such carriages is most favorable for its application there; but, with-
out calling in question either the taste or sagacity of coach builders in general,
I venture to assert that carriages of more convenient construction might be
formed, and my Invention and power is equally applicable to the fore axle
as the hind one, and might be put to both, if necessity should require it, and in
such a manner that the one should set the other in motion.
In Figure the 4th, for a large and heavy mill, the wheel A of 48 equal cogs
is fixed upon the main beam or axis communicating with the pinion B of 16.
cogs, which turns the wheel C of 64 cogs, having a communication with the
pinion D of 16 cogs, which turns the wheel E of 64 cogs likewise, and E being
connected with the pinion F of 16 cogs, which is fixed to and drives my volatile

page_text: fly lever G, and my volatile fly lever G, after the same manner of calculating as
before, will be found to make 48 revolutions while my main beam made only
one; but this is carrying the calculation higher than perhaps might be wanted,
and yet I believe it might be made practicable, though I should prefer to work
my volatile fly lever G with a pinion of 32, producing only 24 revolutions.
This principle, upon a small scale, is applicable to organs to blow the bellows
without incommoding the performer, and without the assistance of any other
person standing by to do the same, in church organs as well as all other
organs and organized instruments of every denomination.
In Figure 5th I claim as my Invention the formation of a piece of work
which I call an endless bar, and which may be made to set a variety of pinions,
wheels, flys and volatile fly levers, in motion, in different rooms in any manufac-
tory at the same time, either vertically, horizontally, or any other position that
it can be possibly fixed to act in, and my to-and-fro driving pillars will answer
the same purpose. The methods above mentioned may be used for as many
different wheels and pinions as may be necessary, and as many different
numbers in right calculation as may be requisite to put in practice to produce
any intended given or required power; but I hope enough has been shewn fully
to prove the justness, truth, and infallibility of my Invention with my volatile fly
lever, which, if properly proportioned to the intention of any force required,
will never fail to produce the desired effect, as I have proved by much experi-
ence; and what I have now brought forward are undoubted truths, acknow-
ledged by the first mechanics of the present age, as well as engineers of the
first abilities. In fine, this Invention, rightly managed, will supersede
the laborious application of a multiplicity of horses to many valuable purposes,
as well as expensive machinery and superfluous mechanism in mill works. Its
simplicity and its certainty, wherever tried, will constitute its value; and above
most other considerations for mill holders in general, the enormous, extrava-
gant, and constant expenditure in coals, &c., requisite in working steam
engines may be done away, for this power may be made not only to equal
but to far excel and go beyond them, for a comparative trifling sum. And it
is to be observed that all steam engines require the constant attendance
of a professed engineer to keep them in order; but this power, on account of its
simplicity, and not being liable to be out of order, will likewise exempt the
proprietor of any mill or other works of magnitude from such an unnecessary
and eternal expensive charge, besides all charges for oil, tow, &c., amounting to
from 20 to one hundred pounds a year, according to the magnitude of the works
concerned. I shall here observe, that this potentia or power is applicable to

page_text: all mills subject to the casual want of either wind or water, and at a very small
expence it may be so managed as to be detached or thrown off in one
moment, either on the blowing of a proper breeze, or the unexpected flow of
any necessary tide or stream.
Drawing the 6th represents and explains the necessary parts of my new
invented plough. A is the coulter, which by teeth or notches slips up and
down, and may be fixed to any height, and is made perfectly steady under-
neath. B is the directer, guide, or gauge, to plunge the ploughshare any
necessary, depth, with notches likewise, to fix it certain for the, exact depth
intended; and the ploughshare is made to take off from the stock to which it
is affixed, to be replaced by any other, suitable to any kind of work intended
to be done; or, by another invention, my coulter and ploughshare are both
made.together, for the hardest of labor, in strong and stony land. C is a wheel
that will not clog, to go in the furrow, which keeps the stock from dragging
heavily behind. These ploughs are perfectly steady in the land; and by the
draught piece D shifting before, where the soil requires the use of a horse, he
will always go in the furrow; and the encouragement already given by men
of scientific and practical knowledge and experience induces me to say that
these ploughs need but to be seen to convince every intelligent farmer, and
every gentleman who may be a judge of agriculture, of their perfect utility
and decided superiority and preference over every other invention for tilling land
before in use; for, on my plough carriage or main center piece, which supports
and guides the material part, is a swivel hook or catch, as at E, which detaches
the ploughshare, and the harrows and the roll in proper turns may be attached
to the main mechanism for each of their respective uses in one minute of time;
and my.
new invented heavy land, gravel, and grass roll, being divided into
two or more equal parts, running upon internal rollers, as before described,
these parts will counteract each other in turning in such a manner as to avoid
tearing and grinding up the soil, gravel, or sod, as experienced by turning the
common roll. E & F are two different kinds of harrows, to hook to the main
mechanism of the plough whenever necessary. G, G, is a large roll for the
same purpose. H is a hand skim or single-wheeled hoe, to clean the furrows in
corn land and all regular spaces between peas, beans, and potatoes, hop
plants, &c. &c., I is a check wheel, which may be used whenever necessary,
either for a plough or any kind of carriage whatever; and K is my half check
wheel for the same purpose.
Although my Drawings do not contain the specific quantity of teeth men-
tioned above, they are each of them marked or figured with the respective

page_text: number which they ought to contain, to correspond with the examples and
positions given; and I believe that all will be found sufficiently clear for any
artificer to work from.
In witness whereof, I, the said Stephen Halladay, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Thirty-first day of January, in the year of our
Lord One thousand seven hundred and ninety-nine.