CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE METHOD OF DYEING FUSTIANS AND OTHER TEXTILE FABRICS, AND IN THE MACHINERY OR APPARATUS CON- NECTED THEREWITH
Year: 1853

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to James Worrall, junior, of Salford, in the
County of Lancaster, Dyer and Finisher, for the Invention of
"CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE METHOD OF DYEING FUSTIANS AND
OTHER TEXTILE FABRICS, AND IN THE MACHINERY OR APPARATUS CON-
NECTED THEREWITH."
Sealed the 11th April 1854, and dated the 11th October 1858.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said James Worrall at.
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 11th October 1853.
1, JAMES WORRALL junior, of Salford, in the County of Lancaster,
Dyer and Finisher, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE METHOD OF DYEING FUSTIANS AND
OTHER TEXTILE FABRICS, AND IN THE MACHINERY OR APPARATUS CONNECTED
THEREWITH," to be as follows:-
My improvements in the method of dyeing fustians and other textile
fabrics consists, firstly, in passing two or more pieces simultaneously
through the apparatus; secondly, in carrying the pieces upwards over
a geered roller placed some feet above the cistern, between each of the
becks; thirdly, in employing a heated steam pipe to separate the

page_text: pieces previously to their passing over the said geered roller, so as to
admit air to both sides of each piece, and also to heat the same
fourthly, in employing a perforated pipe to separate the picces after
they have passed over the said geered roller, through which the dyeing
liquor or mordaunt is injected forcibly on to and into the cloth, so as
more perfectly to saturate the same; and, fifthly, in the introduction
of a steam cylinder in one or more of the "becks," for the purpose of
heating the cloth, and also the dyeing liquor through which it passes.
The machinery or apparatus connected therewith is as follows:-Firstly,
I construct a long cistern divided by transverse partitions into several
water-tight compartments called "becks" (say about ten). In cach
of these becks" is placed transversely a guide roller, being a few
inches above the bottom of the cistern, except in the last one, in which
a steam cylinder is similarly placed. This said steam cylinder answers
the purpose of a guide roller, as well as for heating the cloth and the
dyeing liquor. At one end of the above-mentioned cistern is a frame
for supporting two or more rollers, upon which the pieces are wound
previously to their passing through the apparatus; at the other end of
the said cistern is placed a smaller cistern divided into similar com-
partments, but fewer in number (say about four). The "becks" in the
larger cistern contain the "saddening" or dyeing liquor, whilst the
"becks" in the smaller cistern contain a solution of copperas or other
suitable mordant liquor to fix the dye in the cloth immediately after
its having been saturated with the dyeing liquor in the first cistern.
Above both cisterns, and at an elevation of, say, not less than six feet,
is a strong frame carrying a series of geered rollers, which I call the
"drawing through" rollers, one of the said "drawing through" rollers
being placed over each partition of each cistern. These said "drawing
through" rollers are each to be driven at the same speed and in the
same direction by means of a revolving shaft and bevil wheels or other
suitable gearing. About a foot below the first "drawing through"
roller, aud in a right line between the circumference of the said roller
and the circumference of the guide roller in the first "beck" below, a
copper or other suitable steam pipe is placed, being parallel with the
said rollers. Ou the other side of the said roller, about the same

page_text: stance below it, and in a right line between the circumference of the
drawing through" roller and that of the guide roller in the next
beck," is another pipe perforated with small holes, through which
me water or other suitable liquor is to be injected into the cloth.
t will be observed that the steam pipe is fixed upon that side of the
drawing through" roller upon which the cloth ascends from the
beck" below, and the perforated pipe upon that side of the said roller
pon which the cloth descends to the next "beck." Each of the
drawing through" rollers (except the last one of the first cistern) is
upplied with a steam pipe and a perforated pipe, one upon cach side;
ut through all the perforated pipes (except the first) dyeing liquor is
njected into the cloth, being pumped out of the "beck" below by
means of a force pump attached to the side of the cistern, and worked
by means of a crank fixed to the axis of the "drawing through'
roller. Both the steam pipes and the perforated pipes are placed
between the two pieces of cloth, and I would here remark that when
more than two pieces of cloth are passed through the apparatus at one
time a steam pipe and a perforated pipe must be placed between each
two pieces, each pipe having one piece of cloth in contact with each
side of its circumference, the said pipes separating the pieces from
contact with each other. At the end of the first or larger cistern com-
taining the "saddening" or dyeing liquor, and in the last "beck"
thereof, is fixed an apparatus for measuring and registering the quantity
of dyeing liquor as it flows into the "beck," and attached thereto is a
float or ball tap to shut off the supply of liquor when the "beck" is
full. I may here observe that the force pump which injects the dye
liquor through the perforated pipes is supplied with liquor from this
The stroke of the said pump can be increased or
diminished by lengthening or shortening the crank, so as to cause the
said pump to lift one, two, three, or more gallons of the dye liquor
cach stroke (as may be required) according to the nature of the cloth
under operation. By the above-described method of dyeing fustians
and other textile fabrics, and by the use of the above-described machi-
nery or apparatus connected therewith, I am enabled more effectually
to saturate the cloth, and fix the dye therein with much less expendi
last "beck."

page_text: ture of manual labor and material, and in a much shorter space of
time, than by the methods now or heretofore in ordinary use and
practice.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent
filed by the said James Worrall in the Great Seal Patent Office on
the 11th April 1854.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I,
JAMES WORRALL junior, of Salford, in the County of Lancaster, Dyer
and Finisher, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Eleventh day of October, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-three, in the seven-
teenth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto me, the said James Worrall junior, Her especial
license that I, the said James Worrall jr, my executors, administra-
tors, and assigns, or such others as I, the said James Worrall junior,
my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during
the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exer-
cise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "CER-
TAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE METHOD OF DYEING FUSTIANS AND OTHER TEXTILE
FABRICS, AND IN THE MACHINERY OR APPARATUS CONNECTED THEREWITH,"
upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said James Worrall
junior, by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal, should par-
ticularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in
what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be
filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next
and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
"
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said James Worrall jr, do hereby 3
declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same
is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement (and accompanying Drawings):

page_text: My improvements consist in the method of dyeing fustians and other
texile fabrics, and in the machinery or apparatus connected therewith,
the object and purposes of the said improvements being to economize
labor, prevent loss and waste of the dyeing material, and to saturate
and fix the dye into the cloth more effectually than has hitherto been
done by any of the ordinary methods or processes. These improve-
ments are effected, first, by passing two or more picces simultaneously
through the apparatus; secondly, in carrying the pieces upwards over a
geered or drawing through roller placed above the cistern and in a
perpendicular line with the partitions forming the "becks; " thirdly,
in employing a pipe heated by steam or other suitable means to separate
the picces previous to their passing over the said geered or drawing
through rollers, and at the same time to admit air to the inner sides of
each piece, and also to heat the same; fourthly, in employing a
perforated pipe to separate the pieces before or after (as may be desired)
they have passed over the said geered or drawing through rollers,
through the holes in which the dyeing liquor or mordant is forcibly
injected on to and into the cloth, so as the more effectually to saturate
the same; and, fifthly, in the introduction of a cylinder into one or
more of the becks into which steam or any other suitable heating
product is admitted for the purpose of heating the cloth, and at the
same time also dyeing liquor which surrounds it.
In order more fully to describe the particular nature and processes
of my improvements, and the machinery or apparatus connected there-
with, I have attached to these Presents two Sheets of Drawings illus-
trative of the same, and have marked thereon letters of reference corre-
sponding with those in the following description, reference being made
thereunto.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS.
Fig. 1, Sheet 1, is a sectional elevation of the general arrangement
of the machinery or apparatus, shewing the direction or course given to
the cloth during the process of dyeing successively under and over the
various rollers. Fig. 2, Sheet 2, is a plan view, shewing a part of the

page_text: connecting the steam pipes, and also the perforated pipes supplying the
dyeing liquor or mordant. Fig. 8, is a plan view of part of the cistern,
shewing the becks or divisions; and Fig. 4, is a transverse section taken
through the steam cylinder and the service pipe leading to the steam
pipes.
In Fig. 1, a, a, are the rollers upon which the cloth has been pre-
viously wound; a roller over which the several pieces of cloth are
first passed next under the guide roller c, and then upwards, passing on
opposite sides of the steam pipe and running in contact over the
gecred or drawing through roller e; it afterwards passes downwards on
cither side of the perforated pipe f, and in like manner of succession
under a guide roller and over a geered or drawing through roller, until
the cloth arrives at and is passed under the steam cylinder g, which
also serves as a guide roller; the pieces are next brought in contact, and
pass over and under the succeeding rollers in the manner previously
described. h, is a pipe supplying the pipes d, d, with steam; i, the
hanging frame, having bearings at j, j, in which the geered or drawing
through rollers revolve during the traverse of the cloth while under-
going the process of dyeing. k, k, are the becks or divisions separating
and containing the saddening or dyeing liquor. 1, 1, is another cistern
placed end to end of the previously described one, containing a solution
of copperas or other suitable mordant liquor in order to fix the dye in
the cloth immediately upon its passing out of the first-described or
dyeing cistern in Fig. 2. d, d, d, are the steam pipes supplied by the
main pipe h. e, e, e, are the geered or drawing through rollers, the
hanging frame in which they revolve not being represented in the
Drawing in order to shew more clearly the arrangement of the pipes d, d.
ff, are the pipes through which the dyeing liquor is injected on and
into the cloth, and which is pumped out of the "becks" k, k, also the
mordant becks 1, 1, by means of force pumps that may be attached to
the side of the cistern and worked by a crank fixed upon any of the
axes of the geered or drawing through rollers. The stroke of the said
pumps should be capable of being increased or diminished by length-
ening or shortening the throw of the crank, and thus cause any of the
said pumps to lift any quantity of the dyeing liquor that may be

page_text: required, according to the nature of the cloth under operation. The
steam pipes will be most conveniently fixed upon that side of the geered
or drawing through rollers upon which the cloth ascends from the
becks, and the perforated pipes upon that side of the said roller upon
which the cloth descends to the next beck, but in some cases the
perforated pipes will be required on each side of the said roller. m, m,
is the line of shafting carrying the bevil wheels or other suitable geering,
working into and driving corresponding bevil wheels fixed upon the ends
of the axes of the geered or drawing through rollers, which must revolve
at an uniform rate of speed. Fig. 8, is a plan view, showing the larger
cistern divided into becks, and which contain the saddening or dyeing
liquor., one of the rollers on which are wound the pieces of cloth to
be dyed; c, c, c, the guide rollers; and g, the steam cylinder. Fig. 4,
is a transverse section taken through the centre of the beck in which is
placed the steami cylinder g, also shewn in section. h, is the inter-
mediate pipe through which the steam is conveyed into the steam
pipes d, d. At the side of the cistern, and communicating with the beck
containing the steam cylinder, I fix an apparatus for measuring and
registering the quantity of dyeing liquor as it flows into the beck,
having connected therewith a float or ball tap to shut off the supply of
liquor when the beck is full. Each of the geered or drawing through
rollers over the first-described cistern (excepting the last one) is sup>-
plied with a steam pipe, and also a perforated pipe parallel with it, one
on each side. Through all the perforated pipes over the becks k, k,
(except the first.) dycing liquor is injected into the cloth by the means
herein-before described, and into the first only lime water or other
suitable liquor is injected, and by that means on to and into the cloth,
and also through the perforated pipes over the mordant liquor bocks I, 1.
The mordant liquor is injected into and up to the cloth by means herein-
before described. When more than two pieces are passed through the
apparatus at one time a steam pipe, as also a perforated pipe, must be
placed between every two pieces, each pipe having one piece of cloth
in contact with either side of its circumference, and thereby separating
the pieces from contact with each other.

page_text: Having thus described the nature and object of my said improve-
ments, together with the manner of carrying the same into practical
effect, I would remark, in conclusion, that I claim as my Invention,
firstly, the passing of two or more pieces of fustian and other textile
fabrics simultaneously through the dyeing liquor, and then over geered
or drawing through or other rollers; secondly, the employing a heated
steam pipe to separate the pieces previously to their passing over the
said rollers; thirdly, the employing a perforated pipe to separate the
pieces either previous to or after they have passed over the said
rollers; and, fourthly, the introduction of a steam cylinder in one or
more of the becks to heat the dyeing liquor and the cloth as required.
In witness whereof, I, the said James Worrall junior, have
hereunto set my hand and seal, this Tenth day of April, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-four.
JAMES WORRALL jr. (L.S.)