IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS AND ARRANGEMENTS FOR MECHANICALLY COOLING AIR, AND FOR APPLYING THE SAME IN HOLDS, SALOONS, AND CABINS OF SHIPS, AND IN RAILWAY VEHICLES, HOTELS, THEATRES, HALLS, FACTORIES, HOSPITALS, SLAUGHTER-HOUSES, AND OTHER INTERIORS
Year: 1879

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to James Bell and Joseph James Coleman, both of Glasgow,
in the County of Lanark, North Britain, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS
IN APPARATUS AND ARRANGEMENTS FOR MECHANICALLY COOLING AIR, AND
FOR APPLYING THE SAME IN HOLDS, SALOONS, AND CABINS OF SHIPS, AND
IN RAILWAY VEHICLES, HOTELS, THEATRES, HALLS, FACTORIES, HOSPITALS,
SLAUGHTER-HOUSES, AND OTHER INTERIORS."
Sealed the 13th April 1880, and dated the 16th October 1879.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said James Bell and Joseph
James Coleman at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 16th
October 1879.
JAMES BELL and JOSEPH JAMES COLEMAN, both of Glasgow, in the County of
Lanark, North Britain. "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS AND ARRANGEMENTS
FOR MECHANICALLY COOLING AIR, AND FOR APPLYING THE SAME IN HOLDS,
SALOONS, AND CABINS OF SHIPS, AND IN RAILWAY VEHICLES, HOTELS, THEATRES,
HALLS, FACTORIES, HOSPITALS, SLAUGHTER-HOUSES, AND OTHER INTERIORS."
This Invention relates to the application in various interiors and for various
purposes of mechanically cooled air, that is, air cooled by reexpanding, so as to
yield motive power after having been compressed and cooled whilst in a state of
compression. The mechanical cooling apparatus employed in carrying out the
present Invention is, by preference, of the kind described in the Specifications of
Patents No. 1034, of 1877, and No. 3862, of 1878, granted to Henry Bell and the
present applicants; the present improvements, or some of them, are however also
applicable with other kinds of mechanical air cooling apparatus.
The air discharged from apparatus of the kind referred to (as in use in several
transatlantic steamers and elsewhere) is generally at a temperature lower than
zero, Fahrenheit, and sometimes as much as 50 degrees below zero, and notwith-
standing the use of appliances for preventing its formation, and when there is
difficulty in obtaining cold water for cooling the coin pressed air, some little snow is
carried forward in the current of such discharged air. One object of the present
Invention is to facilitate the removal of such snow, and another object is to effect
the distribution of the cooled air in the ship's hold, meat room, store, saloon, or
1.1

page_text: other interior, in such a way as to approximate as nearly as possible to uniformity
and regularity of temperature throughout such interior.
For the purpose of removing the snow the freshly expanded air is first led into a
chamber formed in the bed frame of the engine, such chamber being lined with wood,
cork, or other material which conducts heat imperfectly, and being fitted with one
or more man holes for the periodical removal of the snow. The cold air is next,
according to one modification, led along metal pipes, which are made in straight
lengths wherever conveniently possible, and with doors or covers at the ends,
admitting of any snow being completely and easily removed. Where the successive
pipe lengths lie in the same direction they are connected to each other at the sides
near the ends so as to leave the ends clear, and when lengths lie at right or other
angles to each other, doors are formed in one length opposite the communicating
ends of the lengths connected to it.
By another modification the air trunks or ducts are made of wood, with air
spaces between, or of solid wood, which is by preference two or three inches thick,
and they are made of a square, round, or other cross-section as may be convenient
in each case, doors for removing snow being formed at frequent intervals.
When the cold air reaches the interior or apartment to be cooled it is applied in
different ways. According to one plan it is admitted into the interior so as to inter-
mingle with or displace the air therein, or according to another plan it is passed
through metallic pipes, cylinders, casings, or any convenient hollow metallic vessels, so
that the air in the interior may be cooled by contact with the metallic surfaces cooled
by the cold air passing through them. In many cases a combination of the two
plans is advantageously applicable, as moisture in the air of the apartment will
be deposited on the cold metallic surfaces and thereby separated from the air.
When regularity and equality of temperature are desirable, as for example for
the preservation of meat, the air ducts or the cooling metallic surfaces are arranged
at or near the roof or ceiling of the apartment, as otherwise layers of cold air (fully
10 degrees lower in temperature than at the upper parts) will be found to accu-
inulate at the lower parts. When discharging the cold air into the apartment the
main trunk or duct is by preference arranged to terminate at the centre of the
apartment, or as near thereto as practicable, and radiating branch pipes are
connected thereto, such branch pipes either having open ends and being of different
lengths, or being formed with openings at suitable intervals along them. In the
case of ships' holds it is generally more convenient to arrange the branch pipes
along the beams, and to connect them to a longitudinal trunk.
According to another modification the cold air is applied at the sides of the
apartment or interior, being led through vertical metallic or other cylinders, or
horizontal, or vertical pipes, or hollow metallic or other casings of any convenient form,
and the air is afterwards discharged from such casings through perforations or
through transverse branch pipes at the roof, or the roof may be made hollow and
the air be discharged from perforations therein.
When for any purpose it is desired to have the lower part of the apartment or
interior colder than the upper part, then the cold air may be applied and
distributed by the agency of a hollow floor, with or without perforations, accordingly
as the cold air is to mix or not with the air in the apartment. In a preferable
arrangement the cold air is first led into one or more central main flues or passages,
and thence into radiating or parallel transverse branch flues.
By the present Invention non-conducting walls and partitions for the interiors or
spaces in which a low temperature is to be maintained are economically and effec-
tively made by building or combining hollow brick-like blocks formed of rough
wood coated with pitch or other suitable bituminous matter, the walls being made
impervious to air by being treated with similar bituminous matter after being built.
Non-conducting walls otherwise constructed may also with advantage be coated
with bituminous matter to prevent the absorption of moisture, which is always
deposited on cold surfaces exposed to the atmosphere. In a similar way the satura-
tion of floors and ceilings with moisture may be prevented by applying coatings of

page_text: pitch or other bituminous matter, such matter being covered in the case of the
floors, and also in other cases if wished, with thin wood, or with sawdust or
sand.
The present Invention also comprises an arrangement of the apparatus specially
designed for the preservation of meat and other articles of diet for passengers use,
or for the use of the crews of sea going vessels, and which may be applied also to
establishments on shore for storing and preserving ment and other provisions, and
for cooling or freezing water or other liquids, or for other purposes where cold air
is required.
This arrangement comprises a single compressing cylinder and a single re-
expansion cylinder, the pistons of which are connected to a transverse horizontal
crank shaft, the shaft and the cylinders, which are horizontal, being carried on a
rectangular hollow bed frame, whilst a vertical steam cylinder for driving the
machine is secured to the bed frame at one side, and acts on an overhung crank on
the shaft. At one part of the hollow bed frame are placed the cylinders or chests
fitted with perforated diaphragmns for the application of water to the compressed air,
and for its subsequent separation. The remainder of the hollow bed fraine forms a
chamber into which the cooled air is first discharged from the reexpansion cylinder,
and on one side of the bed frame, which is adjacent to the wall or partition of the
cold room or store, one or more hollow casings, which may be termed cold ovens,
are formed so as to project into the cold room. The top of a cold oven thus pro-
jecting into the cold room forms a cold plate for receiving glasses and vessels
containing liquids or substances to be frozen, and may be made with circular or
other depressions or openings for such vessels; or the substances to be frozen may
be placed inside of such cold ovens, being introduced and withdrawn through doors
provided for the purpose. The cold expanded air having thus acted in the cold
oven or ovens passes on to distributing pipes, by which it enters the cold room or
store.
Provision is also made for the deposit of moisture from the compressed air, or in other
words for "drying" the air, by arranging in the cold room a series of pipes through
which the compressed air passes on its way to the reexpansion cylinder, according
to the system described in the earlier Specifications hereinbefore referred to; or,
instead of separating the moisture from the cooled air in the manner referred to, an
improved process or system is adopted, wherein the extra or additional cooling of
the compressed air employed to cause the separation of moisture from it is effected
by using water which is specially cooled below the temperature of the sea water or
other water available for removing from the compressed air the heat rendered
sensible by the compression. The water may be specially cooled for the purpose
indicated in various ways; thus all or part of the air from the cold room, and which
is at a temperature below that of the atmosphere, may be drawn through the water
by the action of the compressing cylinder; or a small portion of the intensely cold
air just issuing from the reexpansion cylinder may be similarly drawn through the
water. The artificially cooled water may be made to act on the compressed air
either by mingling with it in apparatus of the kind described in the earlier Specifi-
cations herein before referred to, or the compressed air may be passed through tubes
arranged as in a surface condenser, and cooled externally by the water, or the water
may be inside of the tubes and the air outside of them.
The above described process for drying the compressed air by acting on it with
artificially cooled water is applicable to any modifications of apparatus made other-
wise, as described in the earlier Specifications herein before referred to.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said James Bell and Joseph James Coleman in the Great Seal Patent
Office on the 15th April 1880.
JAMES BELL. and JOSEPH JAMES COLEMAN, both of Glasgow, in the County of
Lanark, North Britain. "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS AND ARRANGEMENTS
FOR MECHANICALLY COOLING AIR, AND FOR APPLYING THE SAME IN HOLDS,
SALOONS, AND CABINS OF SHIPS, AND IN RAILWAY VEHICLES, HOTELS, THEATRES,
HALLS, FACTORIES, HOSPITALS, SLAUGHTER-HOUSES, AND OTHER INTERIORS."
Our said Invention relates to the application in various interiors and for various
purposes of mechanically cooled air, that is, air cooled by reexpanding so as to yield
motive power after having been compressed and cooled whilst in a state of com-
pression. The mechanical cooling apparatus employed in carrying out our present
Invention is by preference of the kind described in the Specifications of Patents,
No. 1034 of 1877, and No. 3862 of 1878, granted to Henry Bell and us. Our
present improvements, or some of them, are however also applicable with other
kinds of mechanical air cooling apparatus.
The air discharged from apparatus of the kind referred to (as in use in several
transatlantic steamers and elsewhere) is generally at a temperature lower than zero,
Fahrenheit, and sometimes as much as 50 degrees below zero, and notwithstanding
the use of appliances for preventing its formation, and when there is difficulty in
obtaining cold water for cooling the compressed air, some little snow is carried
forward in the current of such discharged air. One object of our present Invention
is to facilitate the removal of such snow, and another object is to effect the distri-
bution of the cooled air in the ship's hold, meat room, store, saloon, or other interior
in such a way as to approximate as nearly as possible to uniformity of temperature
throughout such interior.
And in order that our said Invention and the manner of performing the same
may be most readily understood we proceed to particularly describe our improve-
ments with the aid of six Sheets of explanatory Drawings or diagrams, which are
hereunto appended, and in which the same reference numerals are used to mark the
same or like parts wherever they are repeated.
One of our improved arrangements to facilitate the removal of snow is shown in
Figures 1 and 2 on Sheet 1 of the accompanying Drawings, these Figures being
respectively a sectional plan and elevation showing the air-compressing and re-
expanding machinery. For the purpose of removing the snow the freshly expanded
air is first led into a chamber or enlarged passage in the bed frame 21 of the engine,
such chamber or passage being lined with wood, cork, or other material which
conducts heat imperfectly, and being fitted with one or more manhole doors for the
periodical removal of the snow. The cold air is next (according to the modification
shown in Figures 1 and 2) led along metal pipes 22, 23, 24, which are made in
straight lengths wherever conveniently possible, and with doors or covers 25 at the
ends, allowing of any snow being completely and easily removed. Where the suc-
cessive pipe lengths, as 23, lie in the same direction, they are connected to each
other at the sides near the ends, as shown, so as to leave the ends clear, and when
lengths lie at right or other angles to each; doors; 25 are formed in one length
opposite to the communicating ends of the lengths connected to it.
By another modification the air trunks or ducts are made of wood with air spaces
between, or of solid wood, which is by preference two or three inches thick, and
they are made of a square, round, or other cross-section, as may be convenient in
each case, doors for removing snow being formed at frequent intervals, and, amongst

page_text: others, at all points opposite branch or other pipes or continuations made at right or
other angles.
When the cold air reaches the interior or apartment to be cooled we apply or
distribute it in different ways. According to one plan it is admitted into the interior
or apartment so as to intermingle with or displace the air therein; or, according to
another plan, it is passed through metallic pipes, cylinders, casings, or any con-
venient hollow metallic vessels, so that the air in the interior or apartment may be
cooled by contact with the metallic surfaces cooled by the cold air passing through
them. In many cases a combination of the two plans is advantageously applicable,
as moisture in the air of the interior or apartment will be deposited on the cold
metallic surfaces, and thereby be separated from the air. When regularity and
equality of temperature are desirable, as for example for the preservation of meat,
the air ducts or the cooling metallic surfaces are arranged at or near the roof or
ceiling of the interior or apartment, as otherwise layers of cold air (fully 10 degrees
lower in temperature than at the upper parts) will be found to accumulate at the
lower parts.
Figure 3 (Sheet 1) is a sectional plan, and Figure 4 is a vertical section, showing
a general arrangement comprising some modifications of our improved details. In
this example the reexpanded and cold air proceeds from the reexpansion cylinders
into an enlarged passage in the bed frame 21 of the engines, and thence by pipes
22 into a trunk 26 made of thick wood and placed along the bottom of one side
of a chamber or compartment 27 constructed along the centre of the interior or
apartiment 28 that is to be cooled, and which may be the meat room of a trans-
atlantic steamer for example. This compartment 27 may extend along more or less
of the entire length of the space 28. The main air trunk 26 is fitted with one or
more doors 29 for removing snow, and for distributing the cold air there are
connected to it a series of vertical pipes 30, to the tops of which are connected
horizontal pipes 31 projecting into the space 28 on both sides and made of different
lengths. These horizontal pipes 31 deliver the air from their outer open ends at
different points in the space 28, or they may be made with discharge openings at
various points along them. Doors 25 are provided at their inner onds to facilitate
the removal of snow if necessary. When the main trunk 26 is not continued to
the further end of the space or apartment 28 a larger vertical pipe 32 is
connected to the end of it with radiating horizontal pipes 33 at the top. In the
same compartment 27 are placed the tubes 34 for the extra cooling and drying of
the air whilst in a state of compression, these tubes 34 being horizontal or nearly
so and constructed in sections, the tubes of each section being fixed in flanged
vertical casings which are bolted together, and which are provided with internal
partitions to direct the compressed air so that it may pass through one portion of
the tubes to the further end and return through another portion. The tubes 34
may be cooled externally in various ways, as for example by the waste cold air
from the space 28 being drawn through the compartment 27 (through suitable
valved inlets) on its way to the engine, or by means of a little freshly cooled air
adınitted into the compartment 27 from the trunk 26, or simply the coldness due
to the presence of the trunk 26 in the compartment may be sufficient. Instead of
the described arrangement of tubes (34) any of the arrangements described in the
earlier Specifications hereinbefore referred to may be used.
Figure 5 on Sheet 2 of the accompanying Drawings is a section of one arrange-
ment for applying the cooled air, in which such air is led through metallic piping 35,
which may
be placed either in the chamber to be cooled or in a partition space
formed in the walls or in the ceiling or floor of the chamber. The air may circulate
through the pipes 35 and return by them to the engine, or it may be discharged
into the apartment to be cooled after traversing a considerable length of them.
When the air in the space in which the pipes 35 are situated is charged with
moisture, such moisture will be deposited on the metallic surfaces of the pipes and
the air be dried thereby. With the view of removing moisture in this way com-

page_text: paratively large cylinders 36 or any conveniently shaped vessels of metal may be
employed, as shown in Figure 6, for the cold air to pass through, and the intense
coldness of the air being thereby moderated the air may be finally discharged or
distributed by means of a pipe 37 with openings in its side, or by means of any
other of our distributing arrangements.
Figure 7 is a horizontal section at the roof of a meat room or other apartment
to be cooled, showing our arrangement for distributing cold air by main ducts 38
at the tops of the sides with horizontal branch pipes 31, this arrangement being, as
hereinbefore described, for the purpose of avoiding the excess of cold sometimes
experienced at the lower part of the chamber when the main ducts are at the
bottom.
When discharging the cold air into an apartment we prefer, wherever it is
conveniently possible, to adopt a distributing arrangement such as is shown in
horizontal section in Figure 8. In this example we place a longitudinal main
duct 39 central, and lead the air into it by a pipe 40 proceeding to the middle
of it, whence the air proceeds partly backwards and partly forwards, and issues
by branch pipes 31 at different lengths. Or we lead the cold air first into
a central box 41, as shown in Figure 9, and distribute it thence by radial branch
pipes 31 of different lengths. The branch pipes 31 may have open ends, or
they may be made with openings at suitable intervals along them.
In the case
of ships' holds, it is generally more convenient to arrange the branch pipes 31
along the beams, and to connect them to longitudinal or other trunks or main
ducts.
Figure 10, on Sheet 3 of the accompanying Drawings, is a section of a distributing
arrangement which will be suitable for some cases. In this example a main duct
43 is placed along the middle of the apartment at or below the floor, and has
connected to it horizontal branch pipes 44 with vertical delivering pipes 45 at their
ends. In another modification, shown in vertical section in Figure 11, the cold air
is applied at the sides of the interior or apartment, being led into casings or
partition spaces 46, and afterwards discharged from such casings through perforations.
Or the roof or floor of the interior or apartment, or both, may be made hollow, as
shown in vertical section in Figure 12, and the air be discharged from perforations
therein.
When for any purpose it is desired to have the lower part of the interior or
apartment colder than the upper part, then the cold air may be applied or distributed
by the agency of a hollow floor, with or without perforations, accordingly as the
cold air is to mix or not with the air in the apartment. In a preferable arrange-
ment, shown in sectional plan in Figure 13, the cold air is first led into one or more
central main flues or passages 43, and thence into radiating or parallel transverse
branch flues 44, returning by other longitudinal flues 47.
By our present Invention non-conducting walls and partitions for the interiors
or spaces in which a low temperature is to be maintained are economically and
effectively made by building or combining together hollow brick-like blocks formed
of rough wood coated with pitch or other suitable bituminous matter, the walls
being made impervious to air by being treated with similar bituminous matter after
being built. Non-conducting walls otherwise constructed may also with advantage
be coated with bituminous matter, to prevent the absorption of moisture which is
always deposited on cold surfaces exposed to the atmosphere. In a similar way the
saturation of floors and ceilings with moisture may be prevented by applying
coatings of pitch or other bituminous matter, such matter being covered in the case
of the floors, and also in other cases if wished, with thinwood or with saw dust
or sand.
Our present Invention also comprises an arrangement of the apparatus specially
designed for the preservation of meat and other articles of diet for passengers' or
crews' use on board sea going vessels; and which may be applied also to establish-
ments on shore for storing and preserving meat and other provisions, and for

page_text: cooling or freezing water or other liquids, or for other purposes where cold air is
required.
This arrangement is shown on Sheets 4, 5 and 6 of the accompanying Drawings,
Figure 14 being a sectional plan, Figure 15 a front elevation, and Figure 16 a
vertical section as at right angles to Figures 14 and 15. The arrangement comprises
a single pump or compressing cylinder 50, and a single reexpansion cylinder 51,
placed horizontally and the pistons of which are fixed to the same rod or a continuation
thereof, connected to a transverse horizontal crank shaft 52, the shaft 52 and the
cylinders 50, 51, being carried on a rectangular hollow bed frame 53, whilst a
vertical steam cylinder 54 (or it might be a pair of steam cylinders inclined or
placed so as to be at right angles to each other) for driving the machine is secured
to the bed frame 53 at one side, and acts on an overhung crank 55 on the shaft 52.
At one part of the hollow bedframe 53 are placed the chests 56 (or it might be
cylinders) fitted with perforated diaphragms for the application of water to the
compressed air, and for its subsequent separation. The hollow bed-frame 53, so far
as not occupied by the chests 56 or other parts, forms a chamber into which the
cooled air is first discharged from the reexpansion cylinder 51; and on one side of
the bedframe 53, which is adjacent to the wall or partition 57 separating the
engine room or compartment from the cold room or store 58, a casing 59 or it
might be more than one) which may be termed a cold oven or flue is formed so as
allow bed frame
to extend into the cold room, and is in communication with the
53. The top of the cold oven or flue 59 forms a cold plate 60 for receiving glasses
or vessels containing liquid or substances to be cooled or frozen, and may be made
with circular or other depressions or openings for such vessels. Part of the top of
the cold oven or flue 59 is represented as formed with such openings, and as having
vessels 61 adapted thereto to hold water to be frozen, such vessels being made with
tapering sides to allow of the easy removal of the blocks of ice formed in them, and
a cover 62 being provided to protect them from dust or radiation whilst the
freezing action is in progress. Substances to be frozen may be placed inside of the
oven or flue 59, or in a separate cold oven or compartment 63 formed therein, and
to which access is obtainable by a door 64. The cold reexpanded air having thus
acted in the cold oven or flue 59, passes thence by distributing pipes 65, by which
or by branches from which, arranged in any of the ways bereinbefore described, it
enters the cold room or store 58. In this way the cold air is made to act in two
ways; firstly, for freezing or extra cooling, and secondly, when its cooling action
has been partly utilised, and the intensity of its coldness somewhat moderated, it is
led into a chamber or space to mingle with the air therein. In a similar way the
cold air after being partly utilised for freezing purposes, or for acting in a cold room,
or for both purposes, may afterwards be led to saloons, cabins, or other apartments
where a comparatively small cooling action is desired.
Provision is also made in connection with the apparatus shown in Figures 14, 15,
and 16 for the deposit of moisture from the compressed air, or in other words for
"drying" the air, by arranging in the cold room a series of pipes through which
the compressed air passes on its way from the compression cylinder 50 (which it
leaves by a pipe 66 after passing the chests 56) to the reexpansion cylinder
(which it approaches by the pipe 67), according to the system described in the
earlier Specifications hereinbefore referred to. Or instead of separating the moisture
from the cooled air in the manner referred to, we adopt an improved process or
system wherein the extra or additional cooling of the compressed air employed to
cause the separation of moisture from it is effected by using water which is artificially
or specially cooled below the temperature of the sea water or other water available
for removing from the compressed air the heat rendered sensible by the compression.
The water may be artificially or specially cooled for the purpose indicated in various
ways. Thus all or part of the air proceeding from the cold room, and which is at
a temperature below that of the atmosphere, may be drawn through the water by
the action of the compressing cylinder; or a small portion of the intensely cold air

page_text: just issuing from the reexpansion cylinder may be similarly drawn through the
water. The artificially or specially cooled water may be made to act on the com-
pressed air either by mingling with it in apparatus of the kind described in the
earlier Specifications hereinbefore referred to, or the compressed air may be passed
through tubes or spaces arranged as in a surface condenser, and cooled externally by
the water; or the water may be inside of the tube, and the air outside of them. It
may be found sufficient for only a portion of the water used to remove heat from
the compressed air to be artificially or specially cooled, the bulk of the heat being
removed by water of about atmospheric temperature, and the air being subsequently
treated with the artificially or specially cooled water. It must be understood that
the artificial or special cooling is not applied to water which has become heated by
already acting in the apparatus, but to water freshly obtained from the sea or other
natural source.
"
Figure 17 is a vertical section of a convenient and effective modification of
apparatus for artificially cooling the water by means of the "waste or returning
cold air from the cold room. This apparatus is arranged to act in the same way as
a scrubber used for purifying illuminating gas, the water being admitted by a pipe
68 at the top, upon the uppermost of a series of horizontal diaphragms having
openings through them at opposite sides alternately. The water finds its way
downwards by passing over the diaphragms in succession, and is drawn off by a
pipe 69 at the bottom, whilst the cold air enters by a pipe 70 at the bottom, and
proceeding in the opposite direction to the water, passes off by a pipe 71 at the top;
the diaphragms may be perforated so that the water may pass downwards in
showers. Another modification of apparatus, shown in vertical section in Figure 18,
is in the form of a simple surface condenser or heat exchanger, the water being led
through a helical coil of piping whilst the air is outside thereof. Figure 19 is a
horizontal section, and Figure 20 is a vertical section of another form of surfaco
condenser or heat exchanger that may be used for carrying out this part of our
Invention. In this example the water passes through a number of vertical tubes
whilst the air is on the outside of them. Any of the modifications of heat exchang-
ing apparatus shown in Figures 17 to 20, the construction of which is well under-
stood, or any other suitable known or equivalent form of such apparatus, may be
used in carrying out our Invention, and either for artificially or specially cooling
the water or some of it, or for applying such artificially or specially cooled water to
cool the compressed air.
Our above described process for drying the compressed air by acting on it with
artificially or specially cooled water is applicable to any modification of apparatus
made otherwise, as described in the earlier Specifications hereinbefore referred to,
or in other words, to any apparatus for cooling air by reexpanding it, so as to yield
motive power after having been compressed and cooled whilst in a state of
compression.
Having thus particularly described our said Invention, and the manner of per-
forming the same, we have to state that we do not restrict ourselves to the precise
details herein described or delineated, but that what we believe to be novel and
original, and claim as the Invention secured to us by and in terms of the herein-
before in part recited Letters Patent is,-
1. The improved apparatus, constructed or arranged substantially as hereinbefore
described with reference to Figures 1 and 2 of the accompanying Drawings, for
preventing the obstruction of air passages and for facilitating the removal of snow
therefrom.
2. The arranging of' apparatus for distributing mechanically cooled air, substan-
tially as herein before described with reference to Figures 3 and 4 of the accompanying
Drawings.
3. The combination of the main cold-air trunk (20), vertical and horizontal dis-
tributing branches (30, 31), having doors (25, 29) in the same compartment (27),

page_text: with the pipes (34) for drying the compressed air, substantially as herein before
described with reference to Figures 3 and 4 of the accompanying Drawings.
4. The applying of mechanically cooled air, substantially in the manner herein-
before described with reference to Figure 5 of the accompanying Drawings.
5. The applying of mechanically cooled air, substantially in the manner herein-
before described with reference to Figure 6 of the accompanying Drawings.
6. The improved apparatus for applying or distributing mechanically cooled air,
hereinbefore described with reference to Figure 7 of the accompanying Drawings.
7. The improved apparatus for applying or distributing mechanically cooled air,
hereinbefore described with reference to Figure 8 of the accompanying Drawings.
8. The improved apparatus for applying or distributing mechanically cooled air,
hereinbefore described with reference to Figure 9 of the accompanying Drawings.
9. The improved apparatus for applying or distributing mechanically cooled air,
hereinbefore described with reference to Figure 10 of the accompanying Drawings.
10. The improved apparatus for applying or distributing mechanically cooled air,
hereinbefore described with reference to Figure 11 of the accompanying Drawings.
11. The improved apparatus for applying or distributing mechanically cooled air,
hereinbefore described with reference to Figure 12 of the accompanying Drawings.
12. The improved apparatus for applying or distributing mechanically cooled air,
hereinbefore described with reference to Figure 13 of the accompanying Drawings.
13. The making of non-conducting walls by building hollow brick-like blocks
formed of rough wood coated with pitch or similar matter, substantially as and for
the purposes herein before described."
14. The arrangement or combination of parts hereinbefore described with reference
to Figures 14, 15, and 16 of the accompanying Drawings, and comprising the hollow
bedframe (53), steam cylinder or cylinders (54), compressing cylinder (50), reexpan-
sion cylinder (51), and their immediate accessories.
15. The combination of the cold oven or flue (59), with or without freezing vessels
(61) or compartments (63), with the mechanical air-cooling apparatus, substantially
as herein before described.
16. The arranging or combining together of the parts of mechanical air-cooling
apparatus, of a cold oven or freezing chamber, and of cold-air distributing apparatus,
so that the cooled air may be first partly utilised for freezing or for a greater degree
of cooling action, and subsequently be distributed in an interior or apartment
wherein a less degree of cooling action is required, as hereinbefore described.
17. The system or mode of drying the compressed air in connection with
mechanical cooling apparatus, wherein the freshly supplied water used to remove
the heat from the compressed air, or a part of that water, is artificially or specially
cooled below the atmospheric or its natural temperature, substantially as herein-
before described.
18. The artificial or special cooling of all or part of the freshly supplied water
used to cool the compressed air, by causing it to pass through or in contact with
the return or "waste" cold air, substantially as and for the purposes herein before
described.
19. The artificial or special cooling of all or part of the water used to cool the
compressed air by means of a small portion of the intensely cold air leaving the
reexpansion cylinder or cylinders, substantially as and for the purposes hereinbefore
described
20. The artificial or special cooling of all or part of the water used to cool the
compressed air, by causing fresh or waste cold air to act on it in heat exchanging
apparatus of the surface-condenser kind, as herein before described.
21. The treatment of the compressed air by artificially or specially cooled water
in heat-exchanging apparatus, substantially such as is herein before described with
reference to Figure 17 of the accompanying Drawings.
22. The treatment of the compressed air by artificially or specially cooled water

page_text: in heat-exchanging apparatus of the surface-condenser kind, substantially as and
for the purpose hereinbefore described.
In witness whereof, we, the said James Bell and Joseph James Coleman, have
hereunto set our hands and seals, this Fourteenth day of April, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and eighty.
Witness,
EDMUND HUNT,
Patent Agent,
Glasgow.
JAMES BELL.
(L.S.)
JOSEPH JAMES COLEMAN. (LS.)