Year: 1884

page_text: I ALEXANDER MELVILLE CLARK of the firm of A. M. & Wm Clark of 53 Chancery
Lane in the County of Middlesex, Fellow of the Institute of Patent Agents seek
leave to amend the Specification of Letters Patent No 8036 of 1884 as shown in
red ink in the copy of the original specification hereunto annexed that is to say :-
with" and again
On page 3 Line 13 adding the word "caustic" after the word
the word "caustic" after the word "other."
"
Line 14 adding the word "caustic" after the word "respective."
Line 19 striking out the words "hydrate or carbonate of lime" inserting the
word "caustic" after the word "other" and striking out the words
carbonate."
" for its
Line 27 substituting the words "mixed with resins which have been hardened"
for the word treated" and striking out the words "in the" at the end of the
line.
Line 28 striking out the words "hardening of resins."
Line 29 inserting the words "(except oils and fats)."
Lines 31. 32, 33 striking out these three lines.
Line 36, striking out the words "or other carbonates."
On page 4, Line 8 adding the word "caustic" after the word "of" and again
adding the word "caustic" after the word "other."
Lines 10 & 11 striking out these two lines.
My reasons for making this amendment are as follows
1st Respecting the alterations page 3 lines 13. 14. 19, & 36. and page 4, line 8.
It has been ascertained that the hardening of resins can only be practically
effected by lime and the alkaline earths in their caustic condition-With the
hydrates and carbonates the temperature of the resins must be raised to so bigh a
degree that the quality of the product becomes deteriorated.
2nd Respecting alteration on page 3 lines 27. and 28.
Through an error on the part of the translator this passage has received a meaning
contrary to the inventors intentions and the sentence as at present expressed is
inaccurate, inasmuch as fats, oils, &c, cannot be hardened by simple treatment with
caustic lime such as is applied to resin; their melting point can only be raised by
mixing them with resin that has previously undergone the hardening operation
It will be seen that the error rests with the translator on examining the German
original document in which the passage runs literally as follows:-"Fats, oils,
different kinds of wax or of pitches and tars and natural or artificial bituminous
ID 621.

page_text: products may be brought to a higher melting point by admixing them with the
hardened resins prepared as previously directed.
3rd Respecting alteration on page 3 line 29.
Whilst tars pitches and natural or artificial bituminous products may be improved
and their melting points raised by first mixing them with unhardened resin and
treating the mixture with an alkaline earth in its caustic state, this cannot be
accomplished in the case of oils or fats. If a mixture of oils or fats and unhardened
resin were treated with a caustic alkaline earth, the latter would not combine with
the resin acid but would saponify the oils or fats, forming soaps which not only do
not harden the mixture but deprive it of its industrial value.
4th Respecting the proposed alterations on page 3, line 31-33, and page 4 lines 10
and 11.
The essential part of the Invention consisting in the chemical combination of
resins with a caustic alkaline earth, the claim cannot fairly be extended to merc
mechanical mixtures of dry resins and an alkaline earth in form of powder. It is
no Invention to mix dry resin and alkaline earths; it is only a preparatory step to
the carrying out of the Invention as described but not an infringement of the
Invention itself. Infringement only commences with the combination of the
alkaline earth with the resin, be it in solution or in a melted condition, because
only under these circumstances the chemical reactions take place upon which the
Invention is based. It follows as a matter of course that an infringement would
occur if any one converted the dry mixture referred to in the old claim 2 into a
chemical combination or its products, be it by the process of fusion or by treatment
with suitable solvents.
In the Matter of the Application made by Alexander Melville Clark for leave
to amend the Specification of Letters Patent No 8036 of 1884:
DEPUTY COMPED COVE D

page_text: АЦ improved Process ΟΙ Hardening Balsams; Resins, and
Resinous Compounds or Products, Fats, Oils, Țar, Pitch,
and Bituminous Products.
OR
I, ALEXANDER MELVILLE CLARK, of the firm of A. M. and Wm. Clark, of
53, Chancery Lane, in the County of Middlesex, Fellow of the Institute of Patent
Agents, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVED
PROCESS OF HARDENING BALSAMS, RESINS AND RESINOUS COMPOUNDS
PRODUCTS, FATS, OILS, TAR, PITCH AND BITUMINOUS PRODUCTS," (a communication
to me from abroad by Wirth and Co; of Frankfort-on-the-Main, in the empire of
Germany, acting as agents for Albert Karl Kissel and the firm of C. Zimmer, both
of Frankfort-on-Main, aforesaid), and in what manner the same is to be performed,
to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement :-
It has been observed that natural pine resins and balsams and the products
obtained from the same as also fresh fossil resins of the recent period and those of
the Dipterocarpus and Cæsalpines, attain a higher softening point when the acids
contained in these resins are made to combine with caustic lime and other caustic
alkaline earths to form salts of the respective caustic alkaline earths, either partially
or wholly. This greater degree of hardness stands in direct proportions to the
amount of alkaline earthy salts introduced into or formed in the resins, &c.
The conversion of the acids of the resins into salts is carried out as follows:-
The resin in a softened, melted, or dissolved state is mixed with caustic lime,
hydrate or carbonate of lime or with any other caustic alkaline earth or its
earbonate. The acid in question is either wholly or partially converted into a salt
by the addition of more or less lime, according to the object for which it is to be
used, or of a mixture of the converted resins and untreated resins, balsams, or
products manufactured from resins.
By these means one is able to obtain resins or mixtures of resins of any desired
degree of hardness.
Fats, oils, different kinds of Tar, pitch, natural or artificial bituminous products
can also be brought to a higher softening point if treated mixed with resins which
have been hardened as above described in-the-hardening of resins. As a matter of
course, the hardening of the natural or artificial mixtures of such substances (except
oils and fats) with balsams, resins, and products from the manufacture of resins,
can be brought about by the bases mentioned above.
Although it is advantageous-in-most-eases-to-add the lime to the melted, softened
or-dissolved-resin, &e, still-a-mixture-of-powdered-resin-and-powdered-lime-may-be
made-and-sold-in-this-form-to the consumer-for-subsequent-treatment. Although,
as already mentioned, other alkaline earths besides lime can be used for the
purposes described above, such for instance as baryta, strontia, magnesia, alumina,
or-other-earbonates; yet on account of economy, lime would have the preference.

page_text: Alkalies must not be applied in this process as they render the mass greasy and
form with the resin a soap soluble in water; in fact do more harm than good in the
process of hardening the resin.
.
The hardened substances may be applied to all kinds of industrial purposes either
alone or in admixture with other substances.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of the said
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what
I claim is
1st The conversion of the acids contained in balsams, resins, and their products,
and compounds or by-products, or in mixtures of resins with other substances, by
means of caustic lime or other caustic alkaline earths into their respective salts in
order to harden such resins, resinous by-products, or resin preparations, substantially
as specified.
and A-mixture of dry resins, balsams, &e.,-with-lime-or-other-alkaline-earths,
substantially-as-herein-described-and-for-the-purposes-set-forth.

page_text: and Bituminous Products.
Communicated from abroad by Wirth and Co, of Frankfort on the Main, in
the Empire of Germany, acting as Agents for Albert Carl Kissel and the
firm of C. Zimmer, both of Frankfort on Main aforesaid.]
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
I, ALEXANDER MELVILLE CLARK, of the firm of A. M. and Wm. Clark, of
53, Chancery Lane, in the County of Middlesex, Fellow of the Institute of Patent
Agents, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVED
PROCESS OF HARDENING BALSAMS, RESINS AND RESINOUS COMPOUNDS OR PRODUCTS
FATS, OILS TAR PITCH AND BITUMINOUS PRODUCTS," a communication to me from
abroad by Wirth and Co. of Frankfort on the Main in the Empire of Germany,
acting as Agents for Albert Carl Kissel and the firm of C. Zimmer both of
Frankfort-on-Main aforesaid to be as follows:-
It has been observed that natural piñe resins and balsams and the products
obtained from the same as also fresh fossil resins of the recent period and those of
the Dipterocarpus and Caesalpines attain a higher softening point when the acids
contained in these resins are made to combine with lime and other alkaline earths
to form salts of the respective alkaline earths either partially or wholly.
The greater degree of hardness stands in direct proportion to the amount of
alkaline earthy salts introduced into or formed in the Resins etc.
The conversion of the acids of the resins into salts is carried out as follows:
The resin in a softened, melted or dissolved state is mixed with caustic lime,
hydrate or carbonate of lime or with another alkaline earth or its carbonate. The
acid in question is either wholly or partially converted into a salt by the addition
of more or less lime, according to the object for which it is to be used, or of a
mixture of the converted resins and untreated resins, balsams or products manu-
factured from Resins.
By these means one is able to obtain resins or mixtures of Resins of any desired
degree of hardness.

page_text: The hardened substances may be applied to all kinds of industrial purposes
either alone or in admixture with other substances.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of the said
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what
I claim is
1st The conversion of the acids contained in balsams, resins, and their products,
and compounds or by-products, or in mixtures of resins with other substances, by
means of lime or other alkaline earths into their respective salts in order to harden
such resins, resinous by-products, or resin preparations, substantially as specified.
2nd A mixture of dry resins, balsams, &c., with lime or other alkaline earths,
substantially as herein described and for the purposes set forth.
D11
TI
100K