IMPROVE- MENTS IN PREVENTING OR REMOVING AFFECTIONS OF THE CHEST
Year: 1850

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JULIUS
JEFFREYS, of Bucklersbury, in the City of London, Gentleman, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Twenty-eighth day of
February (One thousand eight hundred and fifty), in the thirteenth year of
Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me,
the said Julius Jeffreys, my exors, admors, and assigns, Her especial license.
full power, sole privilege and authority, that I, the said Julius Jeffreys, my
exors, admňors, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Julius Jeffreys,
my exors, admors, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others,
from time to time and at all times during the term of years therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within England,
Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, my Invention of "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN PREVENTING OR REMOVING AFFECTIONS OF THE CHEST," in which said
Letters Patent is contained a proviso, that I, the said Julius Jeffreys, should
cause a particular description of the nature of my said Invention, and in
what manner the same is to be performed, by an instrument in writing
under my hand and seal, to be inrolled in Her Majesty's High Court of
Chancery within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of
the said in part recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference being
thereunto had, will more fully and at large appear.

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, 1, the said
Julius Jeffreys, do hereby declare that the nature of my said Invention, and
the manner in which the same is to be performed, are fully described and
ascertained in and by the following statement thereof, reference being had to
the Drawings hereunto annexed, and to the figures and letters marked thereon,
that is to say:-
My Invention comprises certain improvements in respirators. A respirator
being an instrument for giving warmth and moisture to the fresh inhaled
breath derived from the exhaled breath in each act of respiration, for this
purpose it is essential that the operating part of a respirator should be made
of metal, and that the same spaces or channels should be employed for giving
passage both the exhaled and inhaled breath. Metallic action is needed for
conducting warmth and condensing moisture from the outgoing breath, and
the same passages in common to both currents, that the entering air may
receive the precipitated moisture from the surfaces on which it is deposited.
These essential characteristics of the instruments for which I intended the
name "respirators."
My first improvement is in the front covering or screen of the wire respirator.
In place of the usual woollen gauze fabric, through which the currents of the
breath pass from and to the instrument behind it, I substitute a front screen,
Figures IV. and V. (Figure V. is an upright section) formed of narrow slips
of metal or other firm material, a, a, a, a, &c. covered with silk or other fabric,
and overlapping each other like the leaves of a venetian blind, but not so as to
touch. A small fissure c, c. c, c, &c. exists under each of the leaves (which
vary from four to eight in number, according to the size of the instrument) for
giving passage to the breath, the leaves keeping themselves apart owing to
the arched form given to them. Each leaf or slip is fixed along its concave
edge to a horizontal bar of the metal "lattice," or frame b, b, b, b &c. which is
sewed into the front silk drapery. The pleats of silk which enclose the slips
are continued on at each end f.9.f.9, &c. to the extremity of the front
drapery for the sake of symmetry, to give to the whole a pleated appearance.
Figure IV. is a section of a venetian front; down the middle along the
line a, a, a, a, &c. Figure V. b, b, b, b, &c. is the lattice or frame to which the
venetian leaves a, a, aro fixed. f, g,f,g is one end of the drapery, the other
end being cut off with half the venetian frame.
Figure V. is a front view of a venetian front complete. The portion f,a,f,
being the venetian part over the respirator, and f, g,f,g, at either end being
merely silk pleats carried on to the end of the drapery.
Figure VI. is a section of an oral respirator down the middle, with a

page_text: venetian front on it. 3, s is the section of the packet of gold wire skeins
forming the body of the instrument; f, g, gif, the drapery; h, the left-hand ring;
i, i, the lip tucks.
My second Invention consists in a modification of the metal work or
operating part itself of the instrument. In this form the metal work does
not consist of lamina of wire work, or of perforated plates; through which
the currents of the breath travel transversely or across 'the plane of the layers,
passing through the several layers in succession, as in the usual instruments,
and as seen in the direction of the arrows, Figure VI., but the metal work in
this form consists of plates or rods or tubes, placed parallel and near to each
other; and the currents pass in and out longitudinally in the direction of and
parallel to the metallic surfaces, as seen by the arrows, Figure I. If plates
are employed, as in the Figures, the currents alternate lengthways through
the fissures between them; if solid rods or wires, the currents pass over their
surfaces lengthways along the interstices left between them; and if hollow rods
or tubes are used, the currents travel both through them and along their outer
surfaces; in all cases the same channels being employed for the passage of
both the exhaled and the inhaled breadth. Figures I., II., and III., exhibit
this longitudinal respirator.
.
Figure I. is a vertical section down the middle, dividing the instrument
across, along the line a, e, a, b, Figure II.
Figure II. is a view of the concave surface, or that which is applied to
the face..
Figure III. is a view of the instrument from below, looking upon the
edge h, h, Figures I. and II. The letters denote the same parts in all the
Figures. a, a, a, a, are the concentric layers of thin metal forming the
instrument, placed a minute distance apart and kept at that distance by
embossing the plates, so as to produce projecting points or edges, or by placing
wires or cords between them. a, b is the outermost plate extending in the
middle an inch above the rest, and convex at its upper edge c, c, c, c, while
all the rest are curved downwards along their upper edges, as seen at g, a, g,
Figure II., so as to meet the back plate at their upper corners i, i, and to
form the mouth piece i, g, a, g, i, c, c, c, c. A soft roll of velvet or leather
c, c, c, c, lines the upper edge and rests on the upper lip. The surface
g, a, g, e, e, e, is covered with soft cloth or leather, and rests against the lower
lip and chin. The convex front of the instrument is covered with silk, cloth, or
leather d, d, d, Figures I. and III. f,f,f,f, &c., are wires or threads binding
the plates together. The instrument is suspended to the face by attachments
fixed to the ends f, if, i. The arrows between a and c, Figure I., show the

page_text: current of the expired breath as it leaves the mouth to enter between the
plates, and the arrows below at a, b, its exit from the instrument. The arrows
if reversed would show the current of the inspired breath, both currents
passing alternately by the same channels, which is essential to the principle of
a real respirator. In this longitudinal respirator I claim such an arrange-
ment either of flat or corrugated or pierced plates, or of solid rods or of wires,
or of hollow tubes, as that numerous longitudinal channels shall be formed
along all the surfaces of the material employed, through which channels the
exhaled breath shall pass out and the inhaled breath shall enter, so that
all the same surfaces shall be traversed over by both the outgoing and the
entering current, and the latter current shall therefore receive from the
surfaces moisture as well as warmth deposited upon them by the former
current. This alternate flow of the two currents of the breath through the
same channels will take place in an instrument constructed as in the
Drawings, with a parallel arrangement of any of the above forms of matter,
videlicet, plates, rods, wires, or tubes, provided the currents are allowed to
take. their own course, unobstructed by valves. The employment of any of
these forms of matter without valves falls therefore under my Invention.
When this principle of longitudinal action is applied to the construction of a
hand respirater I employ it, not only in the exterior flat form of the usual
hand respirator, but also in a cylindrical form, as shewn in Figures 7 to 10.
a, a, is the mouth piece, either of soft material, as padded leather or velvet, &c.
or of firm material, as ivory, bone, wood, tortoiseshell, &c. 6, b, is a hollow
tube of thin metal, bone, ivory, or other hard material, on which the mouth
piece a, a, is firmly fixed above, and into which a handle c, c, c, is fixed or
socketed below. The portion of the hollow tube between 6' and 6' carries the
acting metal work of the instrument, which may be given any of the forms
mentioned above, as flat plates or rods, wires, tubes, or it may be a coil of flat
metal rolled in a loose spiral f, f, Figure 8, and filling the space b' to 6' of the
tube. The small portion of the tube below the acting metal and marked d, d,
is freely perforated all round to let the breath enter and pass out to and
from the bottom of the fissues of the acting metal. Below d, d, a portion of
the tube marked e, e, carries a sponge for receiving condensed moisture, and
below the sponge the handle C, C, is fixed on. This handle may be of any
convenient length, as a foot long, or it may be made long enough, when the
instrument is removed from the mouth and held down by the side, to reach
to the ground and be used like a stick.
Figure 7 is a front longitudinal section of this hand respirator, Figure 9,
the tube b, b, and spiral metal within seen from below when the handle is

page_text: removed and the sponge taken out. The acting metal is supported in the
tube by cross pins or a wire frame resting on the top of the handle.
Figure 10 is a side view of the instrument, the letters corresponding with the
other Figures. In Fig. 10 the handle C, C, is shewn supported on the handle
H, H, of a parasol by the sliding and jointed bracket 9, 9, which is convenient
for females, as employing one hand only for both. In this instrument I
claim not only the longitudinal action of both currents of the breath along
all and the same metallic surfaces, but also the general construction of this
instrument in all its points of mouth piece, tube, handle, &c., should any other
kind of acting metal be introduced into it as coils of fine wire, &c.
My third Invention consists in springs fixed to respirators for suspending
them on the face. These springs are of various kinds, similar to those of
spectacles, but stouter. Some are made to curve upwards so as to rest over
the ears; and others to pass below the ears and embrace the neck. They are
also made of sliding pieces that they may be lengthened and shortened, and
with hinges to fold up. Though the soft and elastic attachments at present
employed are in general much to be preferred as more comfortable and less
projecting, there are cases in which the spring suspenders are convenient, on
account of the quick suspension and removal they permit.
In witness whereof, I, the said Julius Jeffreys, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Twenty-first day of August, One thousand eight
hundred and fifty.