IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM AND OTHER ENGINES AND RECIPROCATING MACHINERY, HAVING REFERENCE MORE PARTICULARLY TO THE CONNECTION OF THEIR RECIPROCATING TO THEIR ROTATING PARTS
Year: 1874

page_text: In the Matter of Letters Patent granted to JOSEPH BERNAYS, of
No. 96, Newgate Street, in City of London, for the Inven-
tion of "IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM AND OTHER ENGINES AND
RECIPROCATING MACHINERY, HAVING REFERENCE MORE PARTICULARLY TO
THE CONNECTION OF THEIR RECIPROCATING TO THEIR ROTATING PARTS,"
bearing date at: Westminster the 1st day of August, One
thousand eight hundred and seventy-four, No. 2674.
***DISCLAIMER AND MEMORANDUM OF ALTERATION as proposed to
be entered by the said Joseph Bernays pursuant to the Statute in that
case made and provided.
WHEREAS Her Majesty Queen Victoria by Her Letters Patent under
the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,
bearing date at Westminster the First day of August, One thousand
eight hundred and seventy-four, did give and grant unto Joseph Bernays,
his executors, administrators, and assigns the sole privilege for the term..
of fourteen years thence next ensuing of making, using, exercising, and.
•

page_text: vending within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and the Isle of Man, the said Invention of "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN STEAM AND OTHER ENGINES AND RECIPROCATING MACHINERY, HAVING
REFERENCE MORE PARTICULARLY TO THE CONNECTION OF THEIR RECIPROCATING TO
THEIR ROTATING PARTS: "
And whereas in pursuance of a proviso in the said Letters Patent
contained, the said Joseph Bernays did, within six calendar months
next after the date of the said Letters Patent, cause a Specification or
instrument in writing, under his hand and seal, purporting to describe
and ascertain the nature of the said Invention; and in what manner the 1
same was to be performed, to be duly filed in the Great Seal Patent Office:
And whereas since the filing of the said Specification I, the said
Joseph Bernays, have discovered that part of the said Invention, as
described and claimed in the said Specification, may be objected to on
the ground that as described and claimed it, was not new.
In conse. 1
quence thereof I hereby disclaim and alter parts of the said Specification
and claiming clauses in manner following, that is to say :--
12..
Referring to the Queen's Printers' copy of the said Specification in
page 3, line 35, for the words "such as " I substitute the word
"namely," after the word "pistons" I insert the words." and slides, 2
and in the said line 85 and the following line 861 omit the words “and of
other reciprocating machinery." In the said line 36, for the words
"such as," I substitute the word "namely," and for the word "
or "I
substitute "and." In page 4, line 1, after the word "eccentrics” I
insert the word "respectively.” In page 4, line 31, for the words “can 2
be!! I substitute the words "is according to my Invention." In page 7,
line 2, for the word "my"! I substitute the word "this." In page 7,
lines 21 and 22, I omit the words "according to my Invention." In
pagė 7, line 34, for the last word "an" I substitute the word "such,"
and in line 35 for "engine" I substitute "engines," and I omit the 3
words "arranged according to my Invention." In page 8, line 33, I;
omit the words "according to my Invention." In page 9, line 5, for
the words "modes of applying my Invention" I substitute the words
"such arrangements." In page 9, line 12, between the words "I" and
"claim" I insert the words "hereby declare that I make no general." 3
In page 9, line 13, for the word "first "I substitute "to" In page 9,
line 18, after "such as " I insert "the," and I omit the words “ or two
slide rods." In page 9, line 15, I omit the words "or eccentric," and in"
•

page_text: `filed by the said Josephi Bernays in tho Great Sëal Patent Office on
the 26th January 1875.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOSEPH
BERNAYS, of No: 96, Newgate Street, in the Oity of London, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria; by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the First day of August, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-four, in the thirty-
eighth year of Her reign, did, for Herself; Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto me, the said Joseph Bernays; Her special license
that I, the said Joseph Bernays, my executors, administrators, and
or such others an I, the said Joseph Barnays, my exocutors, administrators, and assigns,
▲
assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time
to time and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within
the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel
Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM
AND OTHER ENGINES AND RECIPROCATING MACHINERY, HAVING REFERENCE
MORE PARTICULARLY TO THE CONNECTION OF THEIR RECIPROCATING TO THEIR
ROTATING PARTS,” upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said
Joseph Bernays, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in
writing under my, or their; or one of their hands and seals, should par-

page_text: ticularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in
what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be.
filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next
and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE that I, the said Joseph Bernays, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement thereof, reference being had to the accompanying
Drawings, and to the figures and letters marked thereon, that is to
say:
•
My Invention relates to a method of connecting the reciprocating
parts, namely, the pistons and slides of steam and other engines, to their
rotating parts, namely, the cranks and eccentrics respectively, and to
the arrangement and construction of engines and machinery having their
parts so connected.
In order that the nature of my Invention may be more clearly
understood I will describe it as applied to a steam engine. I place two
cylinders side by side with their axes vertical and parallel to each other,
and with a horizontal crank shaft between them at right angles to the
line joining the centres of the cylinders, I connect the ends of their
piston rods by links to the extremities of the base of a triangular truss,
the apex of which embraces the crank pin. The truss is provided with
a pivot at or near the middle of its base, this pivot being fitted with
bearings which can slide vertically in guides or can oscillate vertically at
the extremities of radius rods. As the two pistons ascend and descend the
truss also ascends and descends with them, being at the same time
caused to rock on its pivot by its apex moving round with the crank in
the circular path of the latter. Thus the parallel reciprocating move-
ment of the two pistons is converted into the rotary motion of the one
crank, in such manner that there is no dead centre at any part of the
revolution of the latter. Engines thus constructed may be worked in an
inverted or in a horizontal or other position, and the crank shaft may be
mounted at any level between, above, or under the cylinders.
The pivot of the truss may be at the middle of the base of the truss or
at a point on either side of the middle, also the cylinders may be placed
at different distances from the crank shaft on each side thereof, and may
be of different diameters and lengths of stroke,

page_text: Instead of a single truss there may be a truss such as is described
above on each side of the two cylinders working on a double or an
elongated crank. A like method of connecting can be applied in the
inverse manner, so that a rotating crank or eccentric can be caused to
give a reciprocating motion to two pistons or other reciprocating parts of
machinery such as pumps, and in this manner one eccentric on the crank
-shaft of an engine such as is described above is according to my '
Invention applied to work the two slides, or two eccentrics can be
applied to work links for reversing.
Instead of employing a truss as mentioned above, the two pistons or
reciprocating parts may be connected respectively to the ends of a beam
from which projects an arm embracing the crank pin, such arm and beam
being stayed if required by oblique struts or ties.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS.
-
Fig. 1 represents a side view, and Fig. 2 a transverse section of one
form of double cylinder steam engine arranged according to my Inven-
tion. A, A, are two cylinders; their piston rod cross heads B, B, are
.connected by short links C, C, to the respective ends of the base lines
of two triangular trusses or connecting frames D, D, the apex of each
of which embraces a crank E on the main shaft of the engine. The
middle part of the bases of the trusses D are connected together by a
stay bolt F on which are fitted two guide blocks that work in vertical
guides G.
Figs. 3 and 4 shew diagrammatically the working of the connections
from the piston rods to the crank, as arranged in Figs. 1 and 2, Fig. 3
representing eight different positions of the connecting parts during
one-half of a revolution of a crank, and Fig. 4 shewing similar positions
during the other half revolution.
From these diagrams it will be seen that when the crank is at the
highest or the lowest part of its course neither of the two pistons is
quite at the end of its stroke, the one not having reached it, and the
other having already begun its stroke in the opposite direction, and thus
the forces acting on the crank have a resultant directed tangentially.
Again, when the crank in its course comes to such a position that it is
in line with one side of the truss D, which is the case when the piston
linked to that side is at the end of its stroke, the other piston linked to̟ ·

page_text: the other corner of the truss is then nearly at the middle of its stroke,
and exerting its full force to turn the crank. Thus in no position of the
crank can a dead centre occur.
It will be seen that the stroke of the piston is somewhat larger than
double the crank throw, varying according to the proportions of the
crank to the truss. The deviation of the ends of the truss base from a
rectilineal path being very small very little lateral strain is thrown on
the piston rods, and the amount of lateral strain on the guides G corre
sponds to that on the cross head guides of an engine of like power and
proportions.
•
In the arrangement shewn in Figs. 1 and 2 the slides are worked by
links mounted parallel with the-crank shaft. Each of these links is
connected at. its opposite ends to two. reversing eccentrics I placed at
some distance apart on the shaft. The strap of each of these eccentrics
is connected to the two reversing links by rods. ii, the eyes by which
those rods are jointed to the eccentric strap-and the centre of the eccentric
sheave forming the angles of a small triangular truss, corresponding in
its action to the main truss D. The strap of the eccentric is constrained
to move vertically without turning by a radius jointed to it and to a
fixed fulcrum on the framing. ·
This arrangement will be more clearly seen in Fig. 5, which represents.
on an enlarged scale an eccentric and strap I with its guiding radius,
and the two rods i, i, for working cither reversing links for slides or the
slides themselves or their levers.
It is obvious that instead. of guiding the eccentric strap by a radius,
such as it, a point of it between the eyes of the two rods. i might be
guided to move. vertically in a line straight, or. nearly so, by any other
convenient means..
It will be seen from Fig. 5 that the mode of connecting the eccentric
to the two slide rods corresponds with the connection of the crank. with
the two piston rods, and consequently the one eccentric serves to work
the slides of both cylinders, each. of the rods i working the slide of the
cylinder on the same. side of the shaft. When reversing links are
employed two eccentrics, as shewn in. Fig.. 2,. are sufficient, for working
both, links,. the rods i of the forward and: backward eccentrics, on the one
side of the shaft being connected to the one link, namely, that of the
cylinder on the same side of the shaft.

page_text: The nature of these connections will be better understood on reference
to Fig. 17, which is a front, view of a steam winch, having a forward and
backward eccentric with a pair of reversing links, and their rods shewn
in an inverted position as compared with the corresponding parts in
Figs. 1, 2, and 5.
Figs. 6 and 7 represent respectively a side view and an end view of a
double-cylinder steam engine with the shaft immediately above the
cylinders, the crank being connected to the two piston rods by trusses
arranged each with its apex upwards. In this case the crank instead of
being made with two separate throws has a single throw elongated' to
take both trusses.
.
Fig. 8 represents also an arrangement in which the shaft is just above
the cylinders, but a single truss only with a single crank throw is
employed, the truss being arranged to work above the shaft with its apex
downwards. In this Figure the two cylinders are. shewn of different
sizes to indicate the application of this arrangement to compound
engines.. The one cylinder might be placed at a greater distance from
the axis of the shaft by extending the base of the truss, as indicated by
the dotted lines D', thus affording room for a larger cylinder, and' also
at the same time giving it a longer stroke:
In Fig: 9 I have shewn' an arrangement of engine' where the cylinders
are placed sufficiently wide apart to admit of the crank working between'
them, a single truss being required, which is in this case shewn to be
guided in the brackets G near the one end of its base instead of being
guided at the middle' of its base:
Fig. 10 shews an arrangement of steam engine with an overhead.
crank shaft, the truss in this case being made in the form of an inverted
Tin order to illustrate a modified construction thereof.
In Fig.11 I. have shewn a compound engine with four cylinders all
working on to one crank, and having their slide valves operated by links.
worked from two.eccentrics, as previously described.
It is obvious that the relative positions of the high and-the-low, pressure.
cylinders may be varied as desired.
:
Fig. 12 represents a side view, and Fig: 13. part of a transverse section'
of an inverted engine. shewing how a truss. connection. may be applied
thereto, a single crank only, being required:

page_text: 0
Fig. 14 shews an arrangement of engine with truss connection, in
which by permitting the cylinders to oscillate a little the links connecting
their piston rods to the truss may be dispensed with. The amount of
oscillation is so small, as will be understood on reference to the diagrams,
Figs. 3 and 4, that in most cases it will not be necessary to provide
steam passages in the trunnions of the cylinders, the pipes connected to
the jackets being made sufficiently flexible or being provided with sliding,
turning, or elastic joints to allow for the necessary small amount of
movement. Thus solid trunnions may be employed of comparatively
small diameter.
Figs. 15 and 16 represent respectively a part longitudinal section and
a part plan of a screw steamer, shewing the compact arrangement-of such
engines when applied for working a screw propeller.
It will be particularly noticed that while upright cylinders are
employed they are not inverted, and the weight is kept low, and the 1
machinery is protected by being under the water line. At the same time
the cylinder being lowest the engines are well lighted and easily
accessible in all parts.
Fig. 18 represents a compact arrangement for a blowing engine in
which two steam cylinders on the upper part of the framing are applied a
to work two blowing cylinders below, all their piston rods being.
connected by the truss arrangement on to one crank or a double crank.
on the fly wheel shaft. The piston rods of the blowing cylinders being.
in this arrangement connected to the truss at a greater distance from
the centre than those of the steam cylinders have a longer stroke than i
the latter.
Fig. 19 represents the application of the truss connection to a pumping
engine. The two steam cylinders at the top of the well work the fly
wheel shaft by truss connections, but in this case the base members of
the trusses are strengthened to act as beams, their middles being guided
either in vertical guides or by a parallel motion, as shewn in the Figure.
The pump rods extend downwards from a cross head connecting the
beams of the trusses, the whole power being transmitted through these,
cross
A
beams and their connecting head.
•
In Fig. 20 is shewn an arrangement of a direct acting steam pump in
which a single steam cylinder in the middle works a pair of pumps, one

page_text: on each side, connected by a truss of inverted T shape, but which might
be triangular, to a crank on the fly wheel shaft, the steam piston working.
directly on the vertically guided part of the truss. The truss connection
to the pumps has the effect of making them' act as if they were worked
from two cranks placed at right angles, or nearly so, thus equalising the
flow of water.
The framing for supporting the fly wheel shaft, to which the cylinder
and pumps are also fixed, may be made hollow so as to provide a valve
chamber and air vessel for the .pumps.
"
In Fig. 21 I have shewn the inverse application of a truss connection
so as to give reciprocating motion to two pump rods from one rotating
crank, the effect on the pumps being, as above described, equivalent to
that of working them from two cranks at right angles to one another, or
nearly so.
It may be readily understood that the forms and proportions of the
truss connections which I have described, also the arrangements of the
engines or other machinery to which they are applied, can be varied; the
Drawings referred to in the above description being intended only as
examples of various. such arrangements..
⚫ It is also obvious that engines arranged in this manner are generally
applicable to the purposes to which steam engines are usually applied,
and that in this manner the air pumps of condensing engines or other
reciprocating parts of engines can be worked from their shaft or from
any convenient part of the reciprocating truss connections.
Having thus described the nature of my Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, I hereby declare that I make no
general claim to the method of connecting two similarly reciprocating
parts of machinery, such as the two piston rods of a steam engine, and
one rotating part, such as the crank, to a guided rigid truss or frame at
three points, forming the corners of a triangle; but I claim the use in
steam or other engines or pumps wherein a guided truss or connecting
frame, constructed and operating substantially as herein described, is
employed for the purpose of connecting at three points, forming the
corners of a triangle, the piston rods and the crank of similar trusses or

page_text: connecting frames for connecting the slide rods or their levers or links
to the eccentric.
In witness whereof, I, the said Joseph Bernays, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Twenty-fifth day of January, in
the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy- &
five.
"

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Joseph Bernays,. of No. 96, Newgate Street, in
the City of London, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM
AND OTHER ENGINES AND RECIPROCATING MACHINERY, HAVING REFERENCE
MORE PARTICULARLY TO THE CONNECTION OF THEIR RECIPROCATING TO THEIR
ROTATING PARTS."
Sealed the 25th September 1874, and dated the 1st August 1874.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Joseph Bernays at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
1st August 1874.
I, JOSEPH BERNAYS, of No. 96, Newgate Street, in the City of
London, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for." In-
PROVEMENTS IN STEAM AND OTHER ENGINES AND RECIPROCATING MACHINERY, HAVING
REFERENCE MORE PARTICULARLY TO THE CONNECTION OF THEIR RECIPROCATING TO
THEIR ROTATING PARTS," to be as follows:-
My Invention relates to a method of connecting the reciprocating
parts, such as the pistons of steam and other engines and of other
reciprocating machinery to their rotating parts, such as the cranks or

page_text: eccentrics, and to the arrangement and construction of engines and
machinery having their parts so connected.
In order that the nature of my Invention may be more clearly
understood I will describe it as applied to a steam engine. I place two
cylinders side by side with their axes vertical and parallel to each other, 5
and with a horizontal. crank shaft between them at right angles to the
line joining the centres of the cylinders. I connect the ends of their
piston rods by links to the extremities of the base of a triangular truss,
the apex of which embraces the crank pin. The truss is provided with
a pivot at or near the middle of its base, this pivot being fitted with 1
bearings which can slide vertically in guides, or can oscillate vertically.
at the extremities of radius rods. As the two pistons ascend and descend
the truss also ascends and descends with them, being at the same time
caused to rock on its pivot by its apex, moving round with the crank in
the circular path of the latter. Thus the parallel reciprocating move- 1
ment of the two pistons is converted into the rotary motion of the one
crank in such manner that there is no dead centre at any part of the
revolution of the latter. Engines thus constructed may be worked in
an inverted or in a horizontal or other position, and the crank shaft may
be mounted at any level between, above, or under the cylinders. The 2
pivot of the truss may be at the middle of the base of the truss or at a .
point on either side of the middle; also the cylinders may be placed at
different distances from the crank shaft on each side thereof, and may.
be of different diameter and lengths of stroke.
Instead of a single truss there may be a truss such as is described
above on each side of the two cylinders, working on a double or an
elongated crank. A like method of connecting can be applied in the
inverse manner, so that a rotating crank or eccentric can be caused to
give a reciprocating motion to two pistons or other reciprocating parts
of machinery, such as pumps, and in this manner one eccentric on the
crank shaft of an engine, such as is described above, can be applied to
work the two slides, or two eccentrics can be applied to work links for
reversing.
Instead of employing a truss, as mentioned above, the two pistons or
reciprocating parts may be connected respectively to the ends of a beam,
from which projects an arm embracing the crank pin, such arm and
beam being stayed if required by oblique struts or ties.
i

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Joseph Bernays in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 26th January 1875.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOSEPH
BERNAYS, of No. 96, Newgate Street, in the City of London, send..
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her ·
Letters Patent, bearing date the First day of August, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-four, in the thirty-
eighth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto me, the said Joseph Bernays, Her special license
that I, the said Joseph Bernays, my executors, administrators, and
assigns, or such others as I, the said Joseph Bernays, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no
others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term
therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
STEAM AND OTHER ENGINES AND RECIPROCATING MACHINERY, HAVING REFERENCE
MORE PARTICULARLY TO THE CONNECTION OF THEIR RECIPROCATING TO THEIR
ROTATING PARTS," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said
Joseph Bernays, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in
writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should par-
ticularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and
in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to
be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months
next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
"
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Joseph Bernays, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is
to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement thereof, reference being had to the accom-
panying Drawings, and to the figures and letters marked thereon, that
is to say:
:
My Invention relates to a method of connecting the reciprocating
3 parts, such as the pistons of steam and other engines and of other
reciprocating machinery to their rotating parts, such as. the cranks of

page_text: -
eccentrics, and to the arrangement and construction of engines and
machinery having their parts so connected.
-
.
In order that the nature of my Invention may be more clearly
understood I will describe it as applied to a steam engine. I place two
cylinders side by side with their axes vertical and parallel to each other,
and with a horizontal crank shaft between them at right angles-to tho
line joining the centres of the cylinders. I connect the ends of their
piston rods by links to the extremities of the base of a triangular truss
the apex of which embraces the crank pin. The truss is provided with
a pivot at or near the middle of its base, this pivot being fitted with
bearings which can slide vertically in guides, or can oscillate vertically.
at the extremities of radius rods. As the two pistons ascend and descend
the truss also ascends and descends with them; being at the same time
caused to rock on its pivot by its apex moving round with the crank in
the circular path of the latter. Thus the parallel reciprocating move-
ment of the two pistons is converted into the rotary motion of the one
crank, in such manner that there is no dead centre at any part of the
revolution of the latter. Engines thus constructed may be worked in
an inverted or in a horizontal or other position, and the crank shaft may
be mounted at any level between, above, or under the cylinders. The 1
pivot of the truss may be at the middle of the base of the truss or at a
point on either side of the middle; also the cylinders may be placed at
different distances from. the crank shaft on each side thereof, and may
be of different diameters and lengths of stroke.
Instead of a single truss there may be a truss such as is described
above on each side of the two cylinders, working on a double or an
elongated crank. A like method of connecting can be applied in the
inverse manner, so that a rotating crank or eccentric can be caused to
give a reciprocating motion to two pistons or other reciprocating parts
of machinery, such as pumps, and in this manner one eccentric on the a
crank shaft of an engine such as is described above can be applied to
work the two slides, or two eccentrics can be applied to work links for
reversing.
Instead of employing a truss, as mentioned above, the two pistons or
reciprocating parts may be connected respectively to the ends of a beam, s

page_text: DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS.
Fig. 1 represents a side view, and Fig. 2 a transverse section of one
form of double-cylinder steam engine arranged according to my:
Invention. A, A, are two cylinders; their piston rod cross lieads B, B,
are connected by short, links C, C, to the respective ends of the base
lines of two triangular trusses or connecting frames D, D, the apex of
cach of which embraces a crank E on the main shaft of the engine.
The middle part of the bases of the trusses D are connected together by
a stay bolt F, on which are fitted two guide blocks that work in vertical
guides G.
Figs. 3 and 4 show diagrammatically the working of the connections
from the piston rods to the crank as arranged in Figs. 1 and 2, Fig. 3
representing eight different positions of the connecting parts during
one-half of a revolution of a crank, and Fig. 4 showing similar
positions during the other half revolution.
From these Diagrams it will be seen that when the crank is at the
highest or the lowest part of its course neither of the two pistons is
quite at the end of its stroke, the onc not having reached it, and tho
other having already begun its stroke in the opposite direction, and
thus the forces acting on the crank have a resultant directed tangentially.
Again, when the crank in its course comes to such a position that it is
in line with one side of the truss D, which is the case when the piston
linked to that side is at the end of its stroke, the other piston linked to
the other corner of the truss is then nearly at the middle of its stroke
and exerting its full force to turn the crank. Thus in no position of
the crank can a dead centre occur.
It will be seen that the stroke of the piston is somewhat larger than
double the crank throw, varying according to the proportions of the
crank to the truss. The deviation of the ends of the truss base from a
rectilineal path being very small, very little lateral strain is thrown on
the piston rods, and the amount of. lateral strain on the guides G corre-
sponds to that on the cross head guides of an engine of like power and
proportions.
In the arrangement shewn in Figs. 1 and 2 the slides are worked by
links mounted parallel with the crank shaft. Each of these links is
connected at its opposite ends to two reversing eccentrics I placed at

page_text: "
some distance apart on the shaft. The strap of each of these cocentrics
is connected to the two reversing links by rods i, i, the eyes by which
those rods are jointed to the eccentric strap and the centre of the
eccentric sheave forming the angles of a small triangular truss coṛrc-
sponding in its action to the main truss D. The strap of the eccentric
is constrained to move vertically without turning by a radius & jointed
to it, and to a fixed fulcrum on the framing. This arrangement will bo
more clearly seen in Fig. 5, which represents on an enlarged scale an
eccentric and strap I with its guiding radius and the two rods i, i,
for working either reversing links for slides or the slides themselves
or their levers.
.
It is obvious that instead of guiding the eccentric strap by a radius
sucli as a point of it between the cycs of the two rods i might be
guided to move vertically in a line straight, or nearly so, by any other
convenient means.
It will be seen from Fig. 5 that the mode of connecting the eccentric
to the two slide rods corresponds with the connection of the crank with
the two piston rods, and consequently the one eccentric serves to work
the slides of both cylinders, each of the rods i working the slide of the
cylinder on the same side of the shaft. When reversing links are 2
employed two eccentrics, as shewn in Fig. 2, are sufficient for working
both links, the rods i of the forward and backward eccentrics on the one.
side of the shaft being connected to the one link, namely, that of the
cylinder on the same side of the shaft. The nature of these connections
will be better understood on reference to Fig. 17, which is a front view
of a steam winch having a forward and backward eccentric with a pair
of reversing links, and their rods shewn in an inverted position as
compared with the corresponding parts in Figs. 1, 2, and 5.
Figs. 6 and 7 represent respectively a side view and an end view of a
double-cylinder steam engine with the shaft immediately above the a
cylinders, the crank being connected to the two piston rods by trusses
arranged each with its apex upwards. In this case the crank instead of
being made with two separate throws has a single throw clongated to
take both trusses.
Fig. 8 represents also an arrangement in which the shaft is just above g
the cylinders, but a single truss only with a single crank throw is
employed, the truss being. arranged to work above the shaft with its apex

page_text: downwards. In this Figure the two cylinders are shewn of different sizes
to indicate the application of my arrangement to compound engines. The
one cylinder might be placed at a greater distance from the axis of the
shaft by extending the base of the truss, as indicated by the dotted
lines D', thus affording room for a larger cylinder, and also at the same
time giving it a longer stroke.
In Fig. 9 I have shewn an arrangement of engine where the cylinders
are placed sufficiently wide apart to admit of the crank working between
them, a single truss being required, which is in this case shewn to be
guided in the brackets G near the one end of its base instead of being
guided at the middle of its base.
Fig. 10 shews an arrangement of steam engine with an overhead
crank shaft, the truss in this case being made in the form of an
inverted T in order to illustrate a modified construction thereof.
•
In Fig. 11 I have shewn a compound engine with four cylinders all
working on to one crank, and having their slide valves operated by
links worked from two eccentrics, as previously described.
It is obvious that the relative positions of the high and the low pressure
cylinders may be varied as desired.
Fig. 12 represents a side view, and Fig. 13 part of a transverse section.
of an inverted engine, shewing how a truss connection according to my
Invention may be applied thereto, a single crank only being required..
'
:
Fig. 14 shews an arrangement of engine with truss connection, in
which by permitting the cylinders to oscillate a little the links con-
necting their piston rods to the truss may be dispensed with. The
amount of oscillation is so small, as will be understood on reference to
the Diagrams Figs. 3 and 4, that in most cases it will not be necessary
to provide steam passages in the trunnions of the cylinders, the pipes
connected to the jackets being made sufficiently flexible, or being
provided with: sliding, turning, or elastic joints; to allow for the
necessary small amount of movement. Thus solid trunnions may be
employed of comparatively small diameter.
Figs. 15 and 16 represent respectively a part longitudinal section and
a part plan of a screw steamer shewing the compact arrangement of an-
engine arranged according to my Invention when applied for working a.
screw proneller.

page_text: It will be particularly noticed that while upright cylinders are
employed they are not inverted and the weight is kept low, and the
machinery, is protected by being under the water line. At the same
time the cylinders being lowest the engines are well lighted and easily
accessible in all parts.
Fig. 18 represents a compact arrangement for a blowing engine, in
which two steam cylinders on the upper part of the framing are applied
to work two blowing cylinders below, all their piston rods being con-
nected by the truss arrangement on to one crank or a double crank on
the fly wheel shaft. The piston rods of the blowing cylinders. being in
this arrangement connected to the truss at a greater distance from the
centre than those of the steam cylinders have a longer stroke than the
latter.
Fig. 19 represents the application of the truss connection to a
pumping engine. The two steam cylinders at the top of the well.work
the fly wheel shaft by truss connections, but in this case the baso
members of the trusses are strengthened to act as beams, their middles
being guided either in vertical guides or by a parallel motion, as shewn
in the Figure. The pump rods extend downwards from a cross lead
connecting the beams of the trusses, the whole power being transmitted
through these beams and their connecting cross head.
In Fig. 20 is shewn an arrangement of a direct acting steam pump,
in which a single steam cylinder in the middle works a pair of pumps,
one on each side, connected by a truss of inverted T. shape, but which
might be triangular, to a crank on the fly wheel shaft, the steam piston
working directly on the vertically guided part of the truss. The truss
connection to the pumps has the effect of making them act as if they
were worked from two cranks placed at right angles, or nearly so, thus
equalising the flow of water. The framing for supporting the fly wheel
shaft, to which the cylinder and pumps are also fixed, may be made
hollow so as to provide a valve chamber and air vessel for the pumps.
In Fig. 21 I have shewn the inverse application of a truss connection
according to my Invention so as to give reciprocating motion. to two
-pump rods from one rotating crank, the effect on the pumps being, as
above described, equivalent to that of working tliem from two cranks at
right angles to ono another, or nearly so.

page_text: It may be readily understood that the forms and proportions of the
truss connections which I have described, also the arrangements of the
engines or other machinery to which they are applied can be varied, the
Drawings referred to in the above description being intended only as
examples of various modes of applying my Invention. It is also obvious
that engines arranged in this manner are generally applicable to the
purposes to which steam engines are usually applied, and that in this
manner the air pumps of condensing engines or other reciprocating parts
of engines can be worked from their shafts or from any convenient part
of the reciprocating truss connections.
Having thus described the nature of my Invention and in what
manner the same is to be performed, I claim,—.
First. The method of connecting two similarly reciprocating parts of
machinery, such as two piston rods or two slide rods of a steam engine,
and one rotating part, such as the crank or eccentric to a guided rigid
truss or frame at three points forming the corners of a triangle, sub-
stantially in the manner and for the purposes herein set forth.
Second. The use in steam engines or pumps of a guided truss or
connecting frame, constructed and operating substantially as herein
described, for the purpose of connecting at three points forming the
corners of a triangle two similarly reciprocating parts, such as the piston
rods or the slide rods to one rotating part, such as the crank or
eccentric.
In witness whereof, I, the said Joseph Bernays, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Twenty-fifth day of January, in