IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PROCESS OR METHOD OF AND IN APPARATUS FOR "FORMING" OB PREPARING PLATES OR ELEMENTS FOR USE IN SECONDARY BATTERIES
Year: 1883

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Herbert John Haddan, of Kensington, Middlesex for an
"
Invention of IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PROCESS OR METHOD OF AND IN
APPARATUS FOR "FORMING" OB PREPARING PLATES OR ELEMENTS FOR USE
IN SECONDARY BATTERIES communicated to him from abroad by Charles
Francis Brush of Cleveland United States
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Herbert John Haddan at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 9th October 1883.
"
HERBERT JOHN HADDAN, of Kensington, Middlesex, "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
PROCESS OR METHOD OF AND IN APPARATUS FOR "FORMING' OR PREPARING
PLATES OR ELEMENTS FOR USE IN SECONDARY BATTERIES," a communication to
me from abroad by Charles Francis Brush of Cleveland United States,
The present invention relates to certain improvements in the "forming," as it is
technically termed, of electrodes, elements or plates, for use in secondary batteries,
and the nature of it consists chiefly and in general terms, in a process or method
of operation, wherein the lead plate, or other form of battery element, is alternately
heated and cooled, after and during or in the intervals of an electro-chemical
charging action, substantially as hereinafter set forth and claimed.
"
"
The use of lead plates, frames, diaphragms, &c., of various shapes and
constructions, whereon to
form"
& peroxide coating, is already, to a certain
extent, known in the art; and various processes have been described and patented
relative to such "forming" operations. So much of such "forming" operation as
results from the passage of an electric current through the battery, from any
suitable electric generator, with reference to the production of such peroxide, is
commonly known in the art as charging," and it will be designated by that term
herein; and as regards this "charging" operation, any suitable means, apparatus
or process, adapted to electro-chemically produce a peroxide surface on the electrode
or element, may be employed; and such operations are now so well understood in
the art that I do not deem it necessary to describe them, or any of them, in detail.
But in general terms it may be stated that in such charging operations, two or
more lead plates, of any suitable form, immersed in dilute sulphuric acid, and
properly associated and coupled, are subjected to the action of the current of an
electric generator, in such manner as to produce on the surface of one, called the
oxygen element, or on more than one, if properly coupled, a coating of peroxide of
lead. In this operation, water is decomposed, hydrogen is occluded by, or combines

page_text: with one or more of the lead plates, which are hence called hydrogen elements, and
the oxygen combines with the lead of the other plate or plates, or oxygen element,
or elements, to form the peroxide coating. Now, if the exciting current be cut off,
it will be found that the apparatus has become a powerful battery, giving a current
in a direction opposite to that of the exciting one, but this current is of short
duration. Repeated or long-continued charging of the apparatus increases
somewhat its capacity, but the latter will remain small. It has been found,
however, that the capacity of the apparatus may be greatly increased by reversing
the charge from time to time, frequently during the first few days, and more rarely
afterwards. Also an increase of capacity has been secured by alternately charging
and discharging, the peroxide coating being a little thicker or deeper after each
discharge and re-charge. And still further, the work of charging has been done
intermittently; the battery being allowed to lie idle or rest for a time after one
charging operation, and before the next. Any of these, or other kindred operations,
come within the meaning of what I term "charging" or "re-charging." And as
regards the lead plate, or other battery element employed, I prefer the use of
plates made of cast lead, with surfaces so ribbed, grooved or corrugated, as to give
a large surface exposed to a peroxidizing action. I have found that cast lead is
peculiarly adapted to this purpose, partly at least for the reason that it is more
porous or more permeable to the peroxidizing action referred to than when it is
compacted by rolling. But sheet, rolled or wrought lead, may be employed, or lead
in granulated, or spongy, or porous, or other suitable form, and the shape or form of
the plates or elements may also be varied at pleasure.
In the processes of "forming" secondary battery elements, as above referred to,
or in any other processes known to me prior to the date of the present invention,
the same as
a long time is required, say several months, to so completely "form
to secure economic commercial results. A peroxide coating once secured over the
surface of the sheet, itself constitutes a partial barrier or protection as against a
deeper oxidation of the lead plate by the charging current, if the latter be
continued. If now, the current be cut off for a time, "local action," somewhat
similar to that in ordinary galvanic batteries, and electrical in its nature, com-
mences between the peroxide of lead and the backing or support of metallic lead
with which it is in contact. By this local action the peroxide of lead is gradually
reduced to a lower state of oxidation and more of the metallic lead back of or
beneath it is oxidized by the oxygen thus made available. Then if the current be
again turned on, such oxidized coating, deeper or thicker than before, will be
brought up to the state or condition of peroxide, with perhaps some little
peroxidizing action on the metallic lead beneath the already oxidized coating. In
order to secure good results, these operations, so alternated, must, as heretofore
practised, be continued for a long time.
My present invention is chiefly directed to the facilitating or hastening of the
"local action" above referred to, so as thereby to shorten materially the time
required therefor. And this I do by alternately heating and cooling the battery
element or plate after each charging operation. This I repeat as often as may be
necessary or desirable, and finally I re-charge so as to bring the entire oxodized
coating up to a peroxide state or condition. And the useful results I secure are, as
I now believe, due, in part at least, to the unequal or ununiform expansion and
contraction of the metallic lead and the peroxide coating, under the different and
varying temperatures employed, whereby the metallic lead along the plane of union
of the peroxide therewith, is more perfectly or completely opened up or perhaps
slightly disintegrated, so as to be more completely and more quickly subjected to
the "local action" above referred to. And by thus facilitating, hastening and
deepening the "local action," I correspondingly facilitate, hasten and deepen the
peroxidizing work or effect sought for.
The lead element adopted, being placed in a “forming" cell or battery, and
properly associated with a counter-electrode, acid bath, &c., is charged in any
suitable way continuously or intermittently a greater or less length of time, or

page_text: till the electro-chemical action of the charging current shall have produced a
considerable coating of peroxide, or such or about such a coating as can be
economically produced in that way and under such conditions. Such coating is
formed rapidly at first, and more slowly as the work goes on, and hence the point
at which it may be best arrested, preliminary to the next step of the process, may
be left largely to the discretion of the skilled operator, but preferably as heavy a
coating should be made as can be secured advantageously or with due regard to
economy. Then the lead element still in the cell, but with the charging current
cut off, or suspended, or weakened if previously heavy, is heated in any suitable or
desired way to a temperature of about 200° or 212° Fah., more or less, though
some benefit will follow from an elevation of temperature much less than that thus
indicated.
The battery element or elements thus heated are preferably kept at or approxi-
mately at the temperature thus indicated for a few hours, say for a period of about
six or eight hours, though beneficial results will follow even if the plates be allowed
to cool in a less time, or even if allowed to cool down immediately after heating.
Care should be taken that they are not kept at a high temperature so long as to
produce any material peeling or loosening of the peroxide, or other injurious
results, and within this limit the length of such time may be varied at pleasure.
Next the battery element or elements are allowed to cool down, or are by artificial
means cooled down by preference to or nearly to, or even below, atmospheric
temperature, and are then again subjected to the action of the charging current.
One such series of operations, that is heating (after the primary charging), cooling
and re-charging will give a beneficial result, by increasing the thickness of the
peroxide coating to a much greater extent than would be possible by a continuation
of the primary charging operation, during the same length of time; but it will be
better to repeat the process one or more times, that is by again heating, cooling
and re-charging, and so on with these operations following each other in regular
orderly succession, until the desired thickness or depth of peroxide coating is
obtained.
As already stated, any suitable apparatus or means may be employed in the
heating operation above described, and also for cooling; but in the accompanying
drawing, I have shown one which I have found to be suitable for the purpose, and
one which I include herein as a part of the present invention.
Referring to the drawing forming part of this Specification, Fig. 1 is a longi-
tudinal vertical section of an apparatus illustrative of my present invention;
Fig. 2 is a transverse vertical section thereof; and
Fig. 3 shows a modification of the heating apparatus.
In the drawing, A represents a box, case or retort of any desired size or capacity,
and provided with a cover or lid A', either removable or secured by hinge g, and
key g¹. The lower edges of the sides and ends are flared inward as at a; and
immediately beneath these flanges a pan-shaped bottom B is secured by bolts or by
hinges h, and keys h¹, and the lead lining c of the box has a downward flange c¹, to
make a seal or water trap. The box is provided with any suitable seats or.
supports b, of insulating material, and the battery cells R, with the lead plates,
acid, &c., therein, are arranged side by side on such supports, but out of contact
with the sides of the box, and kept from coming in contact with each other by
Deans of interposed racks d, also of insulating material. And in order that the
charging, heating and cooling may be done, without the necessary removal of the
cells R, from and back to the box A, I provide for charging by coupling up the
positive and negative electrodes, by wires or other suitable conductors e, e, and
connect the circuit charging terminal wires e¹ therewith in any suitable way. In
order to do the heating as described, I make use of free steam, and admit the same,
at the proper times directly or indirectly from any suitable steam generator, by a
suitable pipe, entering at any desired point, as at 8.
In operation, with an apparatus thus constructed, the cells with their plates, &c.,
properly arranged and coupled, and placed on the insulating supports, are charged,

page_text: until peroxidized as may be desired. The charging current is then cut off or
stopped, or (as may be done) so far weakened that practically it will be inoperative
as regards any rapid peroxidizing action or result, and then steam is turned on
through the port 8. The steam passes freely all around and between the cells R,
and at first is condensed somewhat rapidly, so that the water of condensation,
accumulating in the pan-shaped bottom B, forms a seal or water trap around the
lower edges of the flange c¹; and if the bottom pan becomes full, the excess flows
out at the joint of the bottom pan B, and box A. The steam heats up the cells
and their contents to about the temperature specified. As soon as this is done, or
after a few hours as above stated, the steam is shut off, the bottom B is removed
(if bolted) or dropped down (if hinged), and the lid or cover A' is raised, so that
external air may pass freely up, around, and between the cells, and so cool them
down rapidly. I consider that rapid cooling is desirable, and hence artificial means
of refrigeration of any known or suitable construction may be added. As soon as
the cooling is done, the battery element may be again charged, and if further
treatment is desired, the box should be reclosed and the battery elements be again
heated, cooled and charged, and so on as often as may be desired.
In this description I have assumed that the cells R are made, as I commonly
make them, of lead, and in such case I so couple them with the battery element or
elements therein, that they shall constitute the counter-electrode hereinbefore
referred to. But with other forms or kinds of cells, the arrangement of the
elements and the coupling should be suitably changed.
I have described the plates or electrodes or battery elements as remaining in
their cells during all the operations described; but while charging must of course
be done under such conditions, it is also true, that for heating and cooling purposes,
they may be removed from their cells, placed in a suitable box, retort or chamber,
and heated by steam in the manner set forth. And in this connection steam is
especially beneficial, since it has the capacity of keeping the plates moist while
being heated or kept in a heated state." But when the plates are thus treated
while in the acid of the cells, hot air or other hot fluid or other manner of applying
heat may be used. Or instead of using free steam, the steam or other hot fluid may
be passed through a coil or coils of pipe arranged in the box, as at n, fig. 2, or even
in the cells themselves, as in fig. 3. Such of the plates thus treated or "formed
as are intended to be used as the negative or hydrogen elements of a secondary
battery, are of course to be subsequently treated by an electric current in a reverse
direction, so as to reduce the oxide to a metallic sponge, as is well understood in
the art. In such case, re-charging, after the last cooling, may be unnecessary.
Also, without departing from the present invention, other steps or features of
secondary battery "formation may be added or interjected as desired, such as
discharging the battery, reversing the current, &c.
"
"
While I have described the operations of primary charging, heating, cooling, and
recharging, as going on or being performed separately and in orderly succession,
and while I believe that to be the best manner of working the invention, and for
that reason have so described it, the process may in some respects be modified
without any material departure from the scope of the invention; as for example,
the re-charging current may be allowed to act during all or a portion of the time
occupied in heating and cooling, provided such current be so weak, or if previously
strong, be so weakened that its peroxidizing effect is inappreciable or even slow as
distinguished from rapid; for I have found that a rapid peroxidizing action, during
the heating and cooling operations, tends to defeat the object in view. Or the
re-charging operation may lap somewhat on to the cooling, or on to the heating,
when the latter is prolonged so that re-charging may begin at an earlier stage of
the operation, thus economizing time if found desirable.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said Herbert John Haddan in the Patent Office on the 8th April 1884.
HERBERT JOHN Haddan, of Kensington, Middlesex, "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
PROCESS OR METHOD OF AND IN APPARATUS
$
FOR FORMING OR PREPARING
PLATES OR ELEMENTS FOR USE IN SECONDARY BATTERIES," a communication to
me from abroad by Charles Francis Brush, of Cleveland, United States,
The present invention relates to certain improvements in the "forming," as it is
technically termed, of electrodes, elements or plates, for use in secondary batteries,
and the nature of it consists chiefly and in general terms, in a process or method
of operation, wherein the lead plate, or other form of battery element, is alternately
heated and cooled, after and during or in the intervals of an electro-chemical
charging action, substantially as hereinafter set forth and claimed.
The use of lead plates, frames, diaphragms, &c., of various shapes and
constructions, whereon to "form" a peroxide coating, is already, to a certain
extent, known in the art; and various processes have been described and patented
relative to such "forming" operations. So much of such "forming" operation as
results from the passage of an electric current through the battery, from any
suitable electric generator, with reference to the production of such peroxide, is
commonly known in the art as "charging," and it will be designated by that term
herein; and as regards this "charging" operation, any suitable means, apparatus
or process, adapted to electro-chemically produce a peroxide surface on the
electrode or element, may be employed; and such operations are now so well
understood in the art that I do not deem it necessary to describe them, or any of
them, in detail.
But in general terms it may be stated that in such charging operations, two or
more lead plates, of any suitable form, immersed in dilute sulphuric acid, and
properly associated and coupled, are subjected to the action of the current of an
electric generator, in such manner as to produce on the surface of one, called the
oxygen element, or on more than one, if properly coupled, a coating of peroxide of
lead. In this operation, water is decomposed, hydrogen is occluded by, or combines
with one or more of the lead plates, which are hence called hydrogen elements, and
the oxygen combines with the lead of the other plate or plates, or oxygen
element, or elements, to form the peroxide coating. Now, if the exciting current
be cut off, it will be found that the apparatus has become a powerful battery,
giving a current in a direction opposite to that of the exciting one, but this current
is of short duration. Repeated or long-continued charging of the apparatus
increases somewhat its capacity, but the latter will remain small. It has been
found, however, that the capacity of the apparatus may be greatly increased by
reversing the charge from time to time, frequently during the first few days, and
more rarely afterwards. Also an increase of capacity has been secured by
alternately charging and discharging, the peroxide coating being a little thicker or
deeper after each discharge and re-charge. And still further, the work of charging
has been done intermittently; the battery being allowed to lie idle or rest for a
time after one charging operation, and before the next. Any of these, or other
kindred operations, come within the meaning of what I term "charging" or
"re-charging." And as regards the lead plate, or other battery element employed,
I prefer the use of plates made of cast lead, with surfaces so ribbed, grooved or
corrugated, as to give a large surface exposed to a peroxidizing action. I have
found that cast lead is peculiarly adapted to this purpose, partly at least for the
reason that it is more porous or more permeable to the peroxidizing action
referred to than when it is compacted by rolling. But sheet, rolled or wrought

page_text: lead, may be employed, or lead in granulated, or spongy, or porous, or other
suitable form, and the shape or form of the plates or elements may also be varied
at pleasure.
In the processes of "forming" secondary battery elements, as above referred to,
or in any other processes known to me prior to the date of the present invention, a
long time is required, say several months, to so completely "form" the same as to
secure economic commercial results. A peroxide coating once secured over the
surface of the sheet, itself constitutes a partial barrier or protection as against a
deeper oxidation of the lead plate by the charging current, if the latter be
continued. If now, the current be cut off for a time, "local action," somewhat
similar to that in ordinary galvanic batteries, and electrical in its nature,
commences between the peroxide of lead and the backing or support of metallic
lead with which it is in contact. By this local action the peroxide of lead is
gradually reduced to a lower state of oxidation and more of the metallic lead back
of or beneath it is oxidized by the oxygen thus made available. Then if the
current be again turned on, such oxidized coating, deeper or thicker than before,
will be brought up to the state or condition of a peroxide, with perhaps some little
peroxidizing action on the metallic lead beneath the already oxidized coating. In
order to secure good results, these operations, so alternated, must, as heretofore
practised, be continued for a long time.
My present invention is chiefly directed to the facilitating or hastening of the
"local action " above referred to, so as thereby to shorten materially the time
required therefor. And this I do by alternately heating and cooling the battery
element or plate after each charging operation. This repeat as often as may be
necessary or desirable, and finally I re-charge so as to bring the entire oxodized
coating up to a peroxide state or condition. And the useful results I secure are,
as I now believe, due, in part at least, to the unequal or ununiform expansion and
contraction of the metallic lead and the peroxide coating, under the different and
varying temperatures employed, whereby the metallic lead along the plane of union
of the peroxide therewith, is more perfectly or completely opened up or perhaps
slightly disintegrated, so as to be more completely and more quickly subjected to
the "local action" above referred to. And by thus facilitating, hastening and
deepening the "local action," I correspondingly facilitate, hasten and deepen the
peroxidizing work or effect sought for.
The lead element adopted, being placed in a "forming " cell or battery, and
properly associated with a counter-electrode, acid bath, &c., is charged in any
suitable way continuously or intermittently a greater or less length of time, or till
the electro-chemical action of the charging current shall have produced a
considerable coating of peroxide, or such or about such a coating as can be
economically produced in that way and under such conditions. Such coating is
formed rapidly at first, and more slowly as the work goes on, and hence the point
at which it may be best arrested, preliminary to the next step of the process, may
be left largely to the discretion of the skilled operator, but preferably as heavy a
coating should be made as can be secured advantageously or with due regard to
economy. Then the lead element still in the cell, but with the charging current
cut off, or suspended, or weakened if previously heavy, is heated in any suitable
or desired way to a temperature of about 200° or 212° Fah., more or less, though
some benefit will follow from an elevation of temperature much less than that
thus indicated.
The battery element or elements thus heated are preferably kept at or
approximately at the temperature thus indicated for a few hours, say for a period
of about six or eight hours, though beneficial results will follow even if the plates
be allowed to cool in a less time, or even if allowed to cool down immediately after
heating. Care should be taken that they are not kept at a high temperature so
long as to produce any material peeling or loosening of the peroxide, or other
injurious results, and within this limit the length of such time may be varied at
pleasure. Next the battery element or elements are allowed to cool down, or are

page_text: by artificial means cooled down by preference to or nearly to, or even below,
atmospheric temperature, and are then again subjected to the action of the charging
current.
One such series of operations, that is heating (after the primary charging),
cooling and re-charging will give a beneficial result, by increasing the thickness of
the peroxide coating to a much greater extent than would be possible by a
continuation of the primary charging operation, during the same length of time;
but it will be better to repeat the process one or more times, that is by again
heating, cooling and re-charging, and so on with these operations following each
other in regular orderly succession, until the desired thickness or depth of peroxide
coating is obtained.
As already stated, any suitable apparatus or means may be employed in the
heating operation above described, and also for cooling; but in the accompanying
drawing, I have shown one which I have found to be suitable for the purpose, and
one which I include herein as a part of the present invention.
Referring to the drawing forming part of this Specification, Fig. 1 is a
longitudinal vertical section of an apparatus illustrative of my present invention;
Fig. 2 is a transverse vertical section thereof; and
Fig. 3 shows a modification of the heating apparatus.
In the drawing, A represents a box, case or retort of any desired size or capacity,
and provided with a cover or lid A¹, either removable or secured by hinge g, and
key g¹. The lower edges of the sides and ends are flared inward as at a; and
immediately beneath these flanges a pan-shaped bottom B is secured by bolts or by
hinges h, and keys h³, and the lead lining c of the box has a downward flange c¹, to
make a seal or water trap. The box is provided with any suitable seats or
supports b, of insulating material, and the battery cells R, with the lead plates,
acid, &c., therein, are arranged side by side on such supports, but out of contact
with the sides of the box, and kept from coming in contact with each other by
means of interposed racks d, also of insulating material. And in order that the
charging, heating and cooling may be done, without the necessary removal of the
cells R from and back to the box A, I provide for charging by coupling up the
positive and negative electrodes, by wires or other suitable conductors e, e, and
connect the circuit charging terminal wires e¹ therewith in any suitable way. In
order to do the heating as described, I make use of free steam, and admit the
same, at the proper times directly or indirectly from any suitable steam generator,
by a suitable pipe, entering at any desired point, as at 8.
In operation, with an apparatus thus constructed, the cells with their plates, &c.,
properly arranged and coupled, and placed on the insulating supports, are charged,
until peroxidized as may be desired. The charging current is then cut off or
stopped, or (as may be done) so far weakened that practically it will be inoperative
as regards any rapid peroxidizing action or result, and then steam is turned on
through the port 8. The steam passes freely all around and between the cells R,
and at first is condensed somewhat rapidly, so that the water of condensation,
accumulating in the pan-shaped bottom B, forms a seal or water trap around the
lower edges of the flange c¹; and if the bottom pan becomes full, the excess flows
out at the joint of the bottom pan B, and box A. The steam heats up the cells and
their contents to about the temperature specified. As soon as this is done, or after
a few hours as above stated, the steam is shut off, the bottom B is removed (if
bolted) or dropped down (if hinged), and the lid or cover A' is raised, so that
external air may pass freely up, around, and between the cells, and so cool them
down rapidly. I consider that rapid cooling is desirable, and hence artificial means
of refrigeration of any known or suitable construction may be added. As soon as
the cooling is done, the battery element may be again charged, and if further
treatment is desired, the box should be reclosed and the battery elements be again
heated, cooled and charged, and so on as often as may be desired.
In this description I have assumed that the cells R are made, as I commonly

page_text: make them, of lead, and in such case I so couple them with the battery element or
elements therein, that they shall constitute the counter-electrode hereinbefore
referred to. But with other forms or kinds of cells, the arrangement of the
elements and the coupling should be suitably changed.
I have described the plates or electrodes or battery elements as remaining in
their cells during all the operations described; but while charging must of course
be done under such conditions, it is also true, that for heating and cooling purposes,
they may be removed from their cells, placed in a suitable box, retort or chamber,
and heated by steam in the manner set forth. And in this connection steam is
especially beneficial, since it has the capacity of keeping the plates moist while
being heated or kept in a heated state. But when the plates are thus treated
while in the acid of the cells, hot air or other hot fluid or other manner of applying
heat may be used. Or instead of using free steam, the steam or other hot fluid
may be passed through a coil or coils of pipe arranged in the box, as at n, fig. 2, or
even in the cells themselves, as in fig. 3. Such of the plates thus treated or
"formed "as are intended to be used as the negative or hydrogen elements of a
secondary battery, are of course to be subsequently treated by an electric current
in a reverse direction, so as to reduce the oxide to a metallic sponge, as is well
understood in the art. In such case, re-charging, after the last cooling, may be
unnecessary.
Also, without departing from the present invention, other steps or features of
secondary battery "formation" may be added or interjected as desired, such as
discharging the battery, reversing the current, &c.
While I have described the operations of primary charging, heating, cooling, and
re-charging, as going on or being performed separately and in orderly succession,
and while I believe that to be the best manner of working the invention, and for
that reason have so described it, the process may in some respects be modified
without any material departure from the scope of the invention; as for example,
the re-charging current may be allowed to act during all or a portion of the time
occupied in heating and cooling, provided such current be so weak, or if previously
strong, be so weakened that its peroxidizing effect is inappreciable or even slow as
distinguished from rapid; for I have found that a rapid peroxidizing action, during
the heating and cooling operations, tends to defeat the object in view. Or the
re-charging operation may lap somewhat on to the cooling, or on to the heating,
when the latter is prolonged so that re-charging may begin at an earlier stage of
the operation, thus economizing time if found desirable.
1st. In the operation of " forming" plates, elements or electrodes, for secondary
battery use, and as preparatory to further treatment by re-charging or reversal of
the current, the described process of treatment which consists in successively
charging, heating and cooling the same, substantially as set forth.
2nd. The process of "forming" plates, elements or electrodes, for secondary
battery use by successively charging, heating and cooling the same, and re-charging,
substantially as set forth."
3rd. The method of "forming" plates, elements or electrodes, for secondary
battery use, by repeatedly charging, heating and cooling the same in regular
succession, and finally re-charging, substantially as set forth.
"
4th. As a step in the process of "forming" plates, electrodes or elements, for
secondary battery use, heating and cooling the same after the action of a
peroxidizing current, substantially as set forth.
5th. As an apparatus for the "forming" of elements for secondary battery use, a
box, case or retort, having in combination means for alternately heating and cooling
the elements while contained in their cells, suitable supports of insulating material

page_text: for receiving the cells, and charging circuit terminals, through which to charge and
re-charge the elements without the necessary removal thereof from their cells,
substantially as set forth.
In witness whereof I the said Herbert John Haddan have hereunto set my
hand and seal this 26th day of March. A.D. 1884.