IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CANDLES AND LAMPS, AND SHADES OR CHIMNEYS
Year: 1845

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM
PALMER, of Sutton Street, Clerkenwell, in the County of Middlesex, Manufac-
turer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at
Westminster, the Second day of June, in the eighth year of Her reign, did, for
Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said William
Palmer, my exors, admors, and assigns, Her especial licence, full power, sole
privilege and authority, that I, the said William Palmer, my exors, admors,
or assigns, or such others as I, the said William Palmer, my exors, admňors,
and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time
and at all times during the term of years therein expressed, should and lawfully
might make, use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and the Town
of Berwick-upon-Tweed, my Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE
OF CANDLES AND LAMPS, AND SHADES OR CHIMNEYS;" in which said Letters Patent
is contained a proviso that I, the said William Palmer, should cause a particular
description of the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is
to be performed, to be inrolled in Her said Majesty's High Court of Chancery
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said
in part recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference being thereunto
had, will more fully and at large appear.

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
William Palmer, do hereby declare that the nature of my said Invention, and
the manner in which the same is to be performed, are fully described and
ascertained in and by the following statement thereof, reference being had to
the Drawings hereunto annexed, and to the figures and letters marked thereon,
that is to say:-
My Invention consists,―
First, of improvements in applying wicks to moulds used in moulding
candles.
Secondly, my Invention consists of arranging the nozels of candle moulds,
so that several of them are fixed to the same bar, and thereby they are made
capable of simultaneous adjustment, and for movement in driving out the
candles.
Thirdly, my Invention consists of moulding the lower end of candles of a
clifferent figure to the other or upper parts of the candles, so that the lower
ends may enter small sockets without cutting or melting.such ends.
Fourthly, my Invention relates to apparatus for forcing candles out of
moulds, so that several candles are simultaneously forced out of a series of
moulds at one operation when the apparatus is so arranged as to allow of the
moulds being cooled or heated to facilitate the release of the candles from the
moulds.
Fifthly, my Invention consists of applying iced water as a means of cooling
moulds when making mould candles.
Sixthly, my Invention consists of forming the rod which holds the wicks in
making candles with three or more straight wicks, in such manner that the rod
shall have three or more sides, flat or grooved, according to the number of
wicks.
Seventhly, my Invention relates to improvements in the machinery or appa-
ratus for which Letters Patent were granted to Charles Brown, of Woolwich,
Surgeon Dentist, on the Fifth day of October, One thousand eight hundred and
forty-three, for improvements in the manufacture of dip candles.
Eighthly, my Invention consists in applying a blower or fan to cool dip
candles as they are raised out of the melted tallow or other material.
Ninthly, the Invention consists of a mode of constructing and arranging the
parts of candle lamps, so as to prevent the melted matter coming to the interior
surface of the candle tube, or to the spring when placed below the candle.
Tenthly, my Invention consists of applying the power to raise candles in
tubular candle lamps, external of the tubes containing the candles.

page_text: Eleventhly, my Invention consists in applying tubes or openings to lamps as
hereafter explained, and also openings through the chimneys or shades of lamps,
so as to conduct air against one side of the flame of a candle or oil lamp, as
hereafter described.
And in order that my Invention may be most fully understood and readily
carried into effect, I will proceed to describe the means pursued by me.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS.
Figure 1 shows a front view, and Figure 2 a vertical section of machinery
or apparatus arranged according to the first, second, and third parts of my
Invention for applying wicks to moulds used in making mould candles, whereby
the wicks are each drawn through a series of moulds, placed one above tho
other, at one operation. a, a, is the framing of the machinery, which is
arranged for receiving three rows of moulds b, b, but-the number of rows.may
be varied, and two rows or more rows or tiers.of moulds may be employed in a
machine properly arranged for the purpose, according to my Invention. The
moulds of each row are accurately placed, so that they will stand in a direct
line with those above and below them, and in such manner that each needle or
instrument by which the wicks of several moulds are drawn through (placed
one below the other) may descend in a straight line down the several moulds,
and draw the wick through the several.moulds. The moulds.b,b,,are fixed in
frames c, c, as shewn in the Drawing, and these frames have slotted openings
at d, d, through which the pins e, e, enter, the pins having enlarged ends, so
that when the frames are suspended on the pins, they will be secure from
movement, and they will not come off the pins without being lifted. The
moulds shewn in the machine are for making short candles of large diameter
compared with their length, but the sizes.of.the.moulils and the arrangement
of the machine will be varied according to the sizes of candles to be made.
The nozels b', 6', of the moulds are made.to slide within.the moulds in order
-to be the means of pushing the candles out of the moulds, as has before been
-practised; but it will be seen that several of these nozels. are fixed to.the.same
bar f, so that the nozels may be simultaneously moved, as herein-after explained,
and the positions of the several nozels will depend on the bar f, and not as
heretofore, where each nozel has been controlled by instruments applied thereto,
and where each nozel has been independent in its movement of all other
of the nozels. The bar f is supported at f', f¹, by the straps f, as is
shewn; and if it be desired in any machine to make candles a little different
in length at different times in-the same mould, then the straps will be made

page_text: capable of adjustment, or the straps being fixed the height or position of the
harf may be regulated by screws passing through the straps f', or by any
other convenient means. The wicks are placed on bobbins g, g, as shewn,
and they pass under the bar g', which ranges correctly with the centre of the
moulds. h, h, are a series of needles or instruments for drawing the wicks
through the rows of moulds. These needles or instruments are placed in the
bar i, which is capable of sliding up and down in the frame a, a, of the machine,
the ends of the bar being guided by grooves a', a¹, formed in the uprights a, a.
The bar and the needles are supported or balanced by weighted cords j, j
passing over pulleys. Each needle or instrument h is capable of moving up
and down in the bar i, i, there being a weight fixed on the upper end of each
of the needles h. By this arrangement, in case of either of the needles not
entering the moulds correctly when the bar is caused to descend, that or those
needles will rise through the bar i, and the workmen will observe the same
and guide such needle or needles correctly into the moulds below. k is a
plate fixed across the machine, having holes through it for the needles or
instruments; the object of this plate is to guide the needles and prevent them
springing on one side. The workman, in using this machine, causes the
frames of moulds to be placed in the frame a, a, he then brings down the bar i
by which the needles or instruments will descend through the moulds below,
and then the workman will introduce a wick into the eye or hook of each
needle. The bar i will then be moved up, by which the wicks will be drawn
through the several moulds, each wick passing through the two or more moulds
one above the other, and the wicks will be held in a straight line through the
moulds, when the tallow or other matter will be poured into the moulds in
the usual way; and when sufficiently cooled, the wicks will be cut and the
mould frames removed, and the candles forced out as hereafter explained.
The bobbins on which the wicks are placed are either to move stiffly on their
axis, or they are to be weighted. It will be seen that each candle made by
this machine will at its lower end be formed of a different size to the upper
parts thereof; and this is accomplished by having a moveable plate x, with
projections fitting into the ends of the moulds, so as to fill up part of the
diameter thereof, by which means candles will be moulded to the shape
Figure 3, the lower end being different to the other parts.
I will now describe the fourth part of my Invention, which relates to forcing
out candles from moulds. Figure 4 is a plan of apparatus arranged according
to this part of my Invention. Figure 5 is a section of this apparatus; is a
table or bench; m is an axis having a handle m³, by which the axis can be

page_text: turned in its bearings. To the axis m there are fixed projections m³, to which
the connecting rods n are attached by pin joints, and the other ends of the
rods n are attached by pin joints to the sliding bar o, which is guided by the
straps or guides p; hence, by moving the handle m¹ the bar o can be slided to
and fro on the table or bench. The bar f, to which the nozels of the candle
moulds are fixed, is received between the projections o', o³, formed on the
plate o fixed to the bar o, so that when the bar o is slided through the moulds,
the barf will be forced towards the moulds, and the candles will be forced out
of the moulds by the nozels, and by moving back the handle the bar o will
move from the moulds and draw back the bar f, and consequently all the nozels
and the moulds will be in a condition to again receive wicks, and have candles
moulded therein, as described in respect to previous parts of my Invention.
But it is important to remark that I do not claim the simple act of forcing out
several candles from several moulds at one operation, unless that arrange-
ment is combined with means of sufficiently enclosing the moulds that they
may be operated on by steam, so as to release the candles, and thus allow the
candles being more readily removed by the apparatus, or unless combined with
apparatus wherein the moulds are inclosed in a vessel suitable for receiving
heated or cold water, to act externally on the moulds as herein-after explained.
There is an opening through the table or bench, and there is a steam box or
vessel fixed under such opening; p² being the steam pipe to conduct steam
from a steam boiler or generator. The frame of moulds is placed over such
steam box or vessel, and it is retained from movement by pins a fixed on the
table or platform which pass through the holes formed for suspending the
frame of moulds, as before described; or other modes of retaining the moulds
may be used if the frame of moulds operated on are not such as are used in
carrying out the other parts of my Invention as herein described. On the upper
surface of the mould frame is placed a board or cover r, so that the moulds
are all enclosed, and when the steam is allowed to flow into the steam box or
vessel the moulds will be in an atmosphere of steam, and immediately that takes
place the handle of the forcing apparatus is moved so as to drive out the
candles from the moulds. Figure 6 is a plan of apparatus for operating on
mould frames which are enclosed in a vessel suitable for receiving cold water
or refrigerating fluid to cool the mould, and warm water to release the candles
after they have become hard. Figure 7 shews, a side view, and Figure 8 an
end view of this apparatus. The moulds are made with sliding sockets, but
in this case the sockets are not fixed to the bar f, the sockets being each inde-
pendent of the other, as has been practised. The arrangement of mould

page_text: frames for receiving fluids outside of the moulds is similar to that for which,
Amongst other things, Letters Patent were granted to me on the Twenty-ninth
day of September, One thousand eight hundred and thirty-two, and the only
novelty of the present Invention is the application of apparatus for forcing out
the several candles simultaneously from the moulds. The frame of moulds A
is, as before, suspended on necks or axes A³, so as to turn in a horizontal
position to push out the candles. The necks or axes move in bearings on the
standards B; B, which are fixed to the floor, or on a foot suitable for carrying
the apparatus, and on such standards are formed projections C to receive the
bent ends of the rods of which the frame D is composed. E is a handle
which moves on the part C³ of the frame, and the workman holds the part C
when using the frame C. The handle E is connected by the link F to the
forcing plank G, by means of the necks H, as is shewn; by this arrangement
the workman, by forcing the outer end of the handle towards the mould, will
force out by the forcing planks all the candles at one time, such process being
simultaneously aided by warm water placed in the frame.
The fifth part of my Invention consists in applying iced water to cool
moulds when making mould candles; and this part of my Invention consists of
an improvement in working, when using apparatus arranged according to my
said former Patent; where the moulds were fixed in vessels suitable for receiving
water or other refrigerating mixtures; and I have now discovered that by
using ice to cool the water a more beneficial result is obtained, the iced
water is run into the vessel surrounding the moulds; and for this purpose
I cause the water to be placed in a suitable vessel with ice, and thus to cool
the water as inuch as possible, and then I run the water so cooled into the
vessel surrounding the moulds, and thus obtain a greater effect of cooling than
when using water or other refrigerating fluids such as I have before used, and
where no ice was used.
I will now describe the sixth part of my Invention:-Figure 9 shews a rod
suitable for receiving three straight wicks in order to make a candle with three
wicks; and it will be seen that this rod has three sides, one for each wick, so
.that there is no liability of the separate wicks getting out of their proper places
as they have heretofore been liable to do when using cylindrical rods. I would
however remark; that cylindrical rods may be used according to this part of my
Intention, but in such case the rod would have three or more grooves pro-
duced therein for receiving three or more wicks; but I prefer the rod shown at
Figure 8*, when for making candles with three wicks; and when four or more
. wicks are to be placed in a candle, then I make the rod with four or more

page_text: surfaces: by these means large candles may be made with many wicks, the
wicks being kept separate.
I will now describe the seventh part of my Invention, which has for its
object improvements in the construction of parts of machinery for shaping or
guaging dip candles, and the improvement consists of means of constructing
the plates o, p, and 9, and the improvement consists in casting such parts o, p,
and 9, with holes through them, in place of-casting the part o hollow and the
parts p, q, solid, as described in the said Patent of Mr. Charles Brown. In
casting the parts o, I can make the desired holes through by using suitable
cores, and such is the case when casting the holes through the parts p and q;
but I prefer to lay iron tubing into the moulds and run the metal on. such
tubes, so that the tubes will be fixed into the parts o, p, q, and thus offer holes
or openings through the parts o, p, q, through which steam may flow to heat
the same.
It is not necessary to enter into a description of the working of
this machinery, as it was fully explained in the Specification enrolled to
Brown's Patent, and the Drawings Z show the nature of the improvements,
and as the nature of each Figure is written on the Drawing it will not be
necessary to repeat the same here. z, z, in all the Figures shows the intro-
duced tubes or steam ways which are formed in the parts o, p, q, of Brown's
machinery, as described in his said Specification. I would remark, that when
plates p and q are heated with steam according to this part of my Invention,
I dispense with the use of the plate o, and the plate o is only used, according
to this part of my Invention, when the parts p and q are not otherwise heated.
I will now describe the eighth part of my Invention, which consists of
applying a blower or fun to cool the upper parts of dip candles as they are
made. In making dip candles it is well known that several rods are placed
parallel side by side with wicks suspended therefrom, thus making several rows
of candles at the same time, and I have found that it is desirable to agitate
the air so that cool air may circulate against the inner candles as well as
against the rows of candles which are externally placed. There are, various
arrangements of apparatus or machines for raising and lowering the several
rods when dipping; but whatever be the arrangement of apparatus for such
purpose, I suspend a flat board over the rods, and by preference at right angles
to the rods, so that the lower edge of the board comes nearly to the rods; and
I cause such board to swing to and fro as the candles rise out of the melted
tallow, by which the melted matter becomes quickly set on the upper surfaces
of the candles, and with care the workman may by such means regulate the
thickness of the upper part of the candles.
I would remark, that although I have described, and have only used a board

page_text: for such purpose, and believe it to be the least costly and most readily applied
instrument for obtaining the necessary agitation of the air, yet I do not confine
myself thereto so long as the air is put in motion over dip candles as they rise
out of the melted matter, as above described.
I will now proceed to explain the nature of my Invention, so far as the
same is applicable to candle lamps. Figure 10 shows the section of a lamp
constructed according to this part of my Invention. Figure 11 is a plan
thereof, and Figures 12 and 13 show some of the parts separately. The
object of this part of my Invention is to prevent any melted matter running
on to the interior surface of the lamp or to the spring. This lamp is shown
suitable for a short candle intended for night lamps, but the arrangement is
equally applicable for lamps made to receive other sizes of candles. a is the
nozel of the lamp which is fixed on the gallery for the chimney or glass b;
the nozel is fixed on a plate c, through which there is an opening d, having a
short tube d fixed, of such a diameter as to allow the candle to pass through
it; hence, in case of any melted matter flowing down the upper part of the
candles, it would either flow on to the plate c, or if it flowed through the
opening d it would still in most cases remain against the candle; but should it
be so fluid as to drop, then it would fall on to the stool or disc e, on which the
socket f, for receiving the candle is placed, and which is removeable to allow
of being readily cleaned, and such disc e may if desired be cupped or hollow,
but I have not found it necessary to do so. By this means the melted matter
does not flow against the interior surface of the pillar or tube h of the lamp,
nor can it descend to the spring g. It will be seen that by this arrangement
only the nozel with the plate c and disc e and socket f will require cleansing
from time to time. Figure 14 shows a section of another improvement in
candle lamps.
In the construction of candle lamps, where the candle is placed within a
tube and raised up to a nozle it has been usual to place the spring below the
candle, by which arrangement the tube is required to be of much greater
length than the candle in order to receive the spring below it. Now the
object of this part of my Invention is to apply the power for moving candles,
which are contained in candle lamps, exterior of the tube in which the candle
is placed. This part of my Invention may be carried out by various arrange-
ments of apparatus, using springs or weights, but I believe the most simple
means of carrying out this part of my Invention is shewn at Figure 14, where
the candle is raised up in the tube constituting the stem of the lamp by means
of a lever and spring. a is the tube which contains the candle, and it is
fitted with a nozel and made into a candle lamp. is the disc of metal on
.

page_text: which the candle rests. The construction of this lamp may be according to
the means of construction heretofore resorted to, or made according to the
arrangement just described. The metal disc 6 is by a stem 6' combined with
another disc, by the use of which the disc b is caused to move truly in the
tube a. The candle is raised by means of the lever c, which works through
a slit formed in the tube a, as is shown, and the lever is pressed up by the
spring d, as is shown; or the lever might be operated on by a weight suspended
to the lever so as to cause it to rise, and raise the candle; by thus moving
the power to the external in place of retaining it to the interior of the candle
tube of a candle lamp, the candle tube will only be required of a length
slightly more than the candle.
Another part of my improvements in candle lamps is shown at Figure 15,
where a tube is shewn placed at one side, so as to bring in a current of
air to cross the flame, the object being to burn candles without snuffing in
cases where the candle wicks are not so prepared as to turn out of the wick;
and it will be found that by thus introducing a current of air on one side
of the flanie, tending to cross the flame, the wick will be operated on by the
current of air so as to be snuffed in like manner to what is effected when
the wick turns out of the flame.
And another part of my Invention consists in perforating the glass chimney
or shade on one side, as is shewn at Figure 16 at x, in place of having a tube to
conduct the current of air only on one side. The air entering the chimney or
shade at will tend to cross the flame, and will operate to snuff or remove the
top part of the wick, and thus render other means of snuffing unnecessary.
The mode of introducing air on one side of a candle in candle lamps is
also applicable to pipe or flat wick lamps, particularly when consuming low-
priced oil; and for such purpose I apply tubes to such lamps where chimneys
are used, so as to cause a current of air to rush through the side tube, with
a tendency to cross the flame, by which it will be found that the same will be
less liable to smoke, as the material will be better consumed. I would
remark, that in thus applying a tube on one side, so as to conduct air to lamps
to cross the wick from one side, I have found it desirable to have air admitted
into the chimney besides that which comes in through the tube or opening x,
and such additional air is admitted through an opening or openings r¹, below
the opening, and on the same side of the flame where the air tube x is
placed. The object of the tube or opening is to produce such a current of
air across the flame that it will drive the flame away from and thereby be
enabled to act on the top of the wick in a like manner to what takes place
when the wick turns out of the flame, and the currents of air coming in at

page_text: I find to give brilliancy to the flame, the currents of air at a being
admitted below the wick as is shown.
Having thus described. the nature of my Invention, and the best means I
am acquainted with for performing the same, I would have it understood that
I do not confine myself to the details shown, provided the peculiar character!
of either part of my Invention be retained; but what I claim is,―
First, the mode of applying wicks to moulds for moulding candles, as
described in respect to Figures 1 and 2.
Secondly, I claim the combining several nozels of candle moulds, where
they are so arranged as to be the means of forcing out the candles from the
moulds as described in respect to Figures 1 and 2..
Thirdly, I claim the so arranging apparatus with candle moulds that the
'lower end of each candle may be formed of a different size to the other parts,
'as.described in respect to Figures 1, 2, and 3.
Fourthly, I claim the arranging of apparatus for forcing candles out of
"moulds, in such manner that several candles are simultaneously forced out
of a series of moulds, so arranged in combination with apparatus as to allow
of hot or cold water or steam being applied to moulds.
Fifthly, I claim the application of iced water to cool moulds when making
.candles.
Sixthly, I claim the mode of constructing rods for introducing three or
more wicks into candles, as herein described.
Seventhly, I claim the mode of constructing the parts o, p, q, of Brown's
'patent machinery, as above described.
Eighthly, I claim the mode of cooling the upper parts of dip candles by
agitating the air.
Ninthly, I claim the mode of arranging the parts of candle lamps to prevent
the melted matter flowing to the spring, and from coming against the interior
of the candle tube, as above described, and the stool on which the candle
rests being removeable.
Tenthly, I claim the applying the power to move the candles of candle
'lamps exterior of the tubes containing the candles. And,
Eleventhly, I claim the applying air on one side of the wicks in candle
'lamps and of oil lamps, as herein described.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Palmer, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Second day of December, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and forty-five.
W (Ls.) PALMER.

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Second day of December, in
the year of our Lord 1845, the aforesaid William Palmer came before our
said Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged the Specification
aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained and specified, in form
above written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped according
to the tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.
Enrolled the Second day of December, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and forty-five.