IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBONS FOR INCANDESCENT ELECTRIC LAMPS
Year: 1881

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to James Scott and William Hopkin Akester, both of
Number Seven, Gloucester Road, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Gentlemen, for an
Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBONS FOR
INCANDESCENT ELECTRIC LAMPS."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said James Scott and William
Hopkin Akester, at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the
31st March 1881.
JAMES SCOTT and WILLIAM HOPKIN AKESTER, both of Number Seven, Gloucester
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE
Road, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Gentlemen.
OF CARBONS: FOR INCANDESCENT ELECTRIC LAMPS."
We employ the fibre which brush makers use for the manufacture of brushes
called in the, trade kitool, and called also coir or bass, not being however, as we
believe these latter.names more specifically describe, either cocoa nut fibre or made
from the inner bark of the linden tree, but being a distinct fibre in itself. We
select by preference the fibres which are the most ripe and most uniform in section.
We coil this fibre to any desired shape, and dry and heat it so as to set it in that
shape, and we then carbonize by exposure to high heat in a close vessel without
access of air. We surround the fibre before and during carbonization with fine
sand or powdered charcoal, or other suitable material, so as to retain it in its
position and prevent warping, and protect it from injury.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed
by the said James Scott and William Hopkin Akester in the Great Seal
Patent Office on the 29th September 1881.
JAMES SCOTT, and WILLIAM HOPKIN AKESTER, both of No. 7, Gloucester Road,
Newcastle upon Tyne. "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBONS FOR
INCANDESCENT ELECTRIC LAMPS."
We employ the fibre which brush makers use for the manufacture of brushes
called in the trade kitool, and called also coir or bass, not being however; as we

page_text: believe these latter names more specifically describe, either cocoa nut fibre or made
from the inner bark of the linden tree, but being a distinct fibre in itself. We
select by preference the fibres which are the most ripe and most uniform in section.
We coil this fibre to any desired shape, and dry and heat it so as to set it in that
shape, and we then carbonize by exposure to high heat in a close vessel without
access of air. We surround the fibre before and during carbonization with fine
sand or powdered charcoal, 'or, other suitable material, so as to retain it in its
position and prevent warping, and protect it from injury.
Having thus described the nature of our Invention, we proceed to describe in
detail the manner of operating the same.
The fibre we especially prefer to employ amongst those before mentioned as
used for brush making is the piasiva fibre, and altho' it may be employed exactly
as already described, we prefer to condense it and reduce it to somewhat uniform
section by drawing it through a conical tube with knife edge at the smaller end,
the smaller end of this conical tube being of less diameter than the fibre to be
compressed. After this process of condensation has been gone through once or
more times in one or more tubes of different diameters, we draw the fibre the
reverse way through the smallest tube it has passed through, so as to shear off by
the knife edge any protuberances not effectually reduced by the previous com-
pression, and we thus produce a condensed and approximately uniform thread of
fibre. When the fibre is thus prepared we bend a convenient number of fibres
into any convenient selected shape, and secure them in that shape in an adjustable
mould or otherwise, and while so secured we expose them to such heat as
thoroughly to bake but not to carbonize them; by this process the fibres set into
the shape selected. We then transfer them to a retort, crucible, or box capable of
sustaining a high degree of heat, and pack them therein with finely powdered
charcoal, so as to prevent warping and to avoid access of air during carbonization,
and we expose them thus protected to great and continued heat until the volatile
constituents are dissipated and carbonization is quite completed. We allow them
to cool before exposing them to the air, and then separate them from the powdered
charcoal, which is saved for subsequent similar operations.
In witness whereof, we, the said James Scott and William Hopkin Akester,
have hereunto set our hands and seals, this First day of September, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and eighty one.
Witness to the signatures of
James Scott and William
Hopkin Akester,
HARRY FOX,
5, Belgrave Terrace,
London. S.E
Witness to the signatures of
James Scott and William
Hopkin Akester,
HARRY FOX,
5, Belgrave Terrace,
London. S.E.
L.S.)
JAMES SCOTT.
(L.S.) WILLIAM HOPKIN AKESTER.

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, DAVID GRAHAM,
junior, Telegraphic and Telephonic Engineer, of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark,
North Britain, send greeting:-
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Royal Letters
Patent bearing date the Thirty first day of March, One. thousand eight hundred and
eighty one, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto James
Scott and William Hopkin Akester, both of number Seven, Gloucester Road,
Newcastle-on-Tyne, Gentlemen, her special license, that the said James Scott and
William Hopkins Akester, their executors, administrators, and assigns, or such
others as they, the said James Scott and William Hopkin Akester, their executors,
administrators, and assigns should at any time agree with, and no others, from
time to time and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man,
an Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBONS FOR
INCANDESCENT ELECTRIC LAMPS," upon the condition (amongst others) that the
said James' Scott and William Hopkin Akester, by an instrument in writing under
their hands and seals, or under the hand and seal of one of them, should par-
ticularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what
manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great
Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next, and immediately after the
date of the said Letters Patent.
"And whereas the said James Scott and William Hopkin Akester, by an instru-
ment in writing, being a Specification under their hands and seals, did particularly
describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the
same was to be performed, and caused the same to be filed in the Great Seal
Patent Office on the Twenty ninth day of September, A.D. 1881: And whereas
by indenture bearing date the Fourteenth day of October, A.D. 1881, made between
the said James Scott and William Hopkin Akester, of the one part, and me, the

page_text: said David Graham, junior, of the other part, the said James Scott and William
Hopkin Akester have assigned unto me, the said David Graham, junior, the right,
title, and interest in and to the said hereinbefore in part recited Letters Patent,
and all rights, powers, authorities, privileges, advantages, profits, emoluments, and
benefits to the said Letters Patent appertaining or belonging: And whereas since
the date of the said assignment I, the said David Graham, junior, have been advised
and have ascertained that the said Specification may be construed as claiming
matter which was not new at the date of the said Letters Patent, and I, the said
David Graham, junior, am therefore desirous of amending the said Specification by
inserting therein a disclaiming clause, and by otherwise altering and amending the
said Specification in the manner hereinafter set forth:
<<
NOW KNOW YE that I, the said David Graham, junior, by and with the leave
of Her Majesty's Solicitor General, for the reasons aforesaid, do alter and amend
the said Specification in manner following, that is to say :-I insert after the words
operating the same," which occur at line 10 of page 2 of the Queen's Printers
copy of the said Specification, published in 1881, the words "and it is to be noted
"that no claim is made or intended to be made to any use of fibres other than
"those which are, before being bent into shape and then carbonized, treated by a
condensing and shearing process, so as to make them uniform in texture, as
"hereinafter described." I also enclose within brackets the words
altho' it may
"
"
"be employed exactly as already described," which occur at lines 12 and 13. of the
said page 2. I also strike out the words "prefer to " which occur at the said
line 13 of the said page 2.
And in order that the effect of the Disclaimer and Memorandum of Alteration
as aforesaid may be clearly understood I annex hereto a copy of the said Specifi-
cation, as it will appear when so altered and amended, the preamble and testing
clause being omitted.
We
We employ the fibre which brush makers use for the manufacture of brushes,
called in the trade kitool, and called also coir or bass, not being, however, as we
believe these latter names more specifically describe, either cocoa nut fibre or made
from the inner bark of the linden tree, but being a distinct fibre in itself.
select by preference the fibres which are the most ripe and most uniform in section.
We coil this fibre to any desired shape, and dry and heat it so as to set it in that
shape, and we then carbonize by exposure to high heat in a close vessel without
access of air. We surround the fibre before and during carbonization with fine
Band or powdered charcoal, or other suitable material, so as to retain it in its position
and prevent warping, and protect it from injury.
Having thus described the nature of our Invention, we proceed to describe in
detail the manner of operating the same, and it is to be noted that no claim is
made or intended to be made to any use of fibres other than those which are, before
being bent into shape and then carbonized, treated by a condensing and shearing
process so as to make them uniform in texture, as hereinafter described.
The fibre we especially prefer to employ, amongst those before mentioned as used
for brush making, is the piasiva fibre, and (altho' it may be employed exactly as
already described) we condense it and reduce it to somewhat uniform section by
drawing it through a conical tube with knife edge at the smaller end, the smaller
end of this conical tube being of less diameter than the fibre to be compressed.
After this process of condensation has been gone through once or more times in
one or more tubes of different diameters we draw the fibre the reverse way through
the smallest tube it has passed through so as to shear off by the knife edge any
protuberances not effectually reduced by the previous compression, and we thus
produce a condesed and approximately uniform thread of fibre. When the fibre
is thus prepared we bend a convenient number of fibres into any convenient
selected shape, and secure them in that shape in an adjustable mould or otherwise,
and while so secured we expose them to such heat as thoroughly to bake, but not
to carbonize them, by this process the fibres set into the shape selected. We then

page_text: transfer them to a retort, crucible, or box capable of sustaining a high degree of
heat, and pack them therein with finely powdered charcoal so as to prevent
warping and to avoid access of air during carbonization, and we expose them thus
protected to great and continued heat until the volatile constituents are dissipated
and carbonization is quite completed. We allow them to cool before exposing them
to the air, and then separate them from the powdered charcoal, which is saved for
subsequent similar operations.
In witness whereof, I, the said David Graham, junior, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Thirtieth day of December, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and eighty one.
I hereby grant my fiat, giving leave to the above named David Graham
(the now legal and equitable owner of the herein before recited Letters Patent),
5 to file in the Great Seal Patent, with the Specification to which the same relates,
the above written Disclaimer and Memorandum of Alteration.
Dated thin in STL
1000