in Self-Winding Clocks
Year: 1886

page_text: Date of Application, 7th July, 1886.
Complete Left, 7th Apr., 1887.
Complete Accepted, 10th May, 1887.
I, JAMES GRIEVE LORRAIN, of Norfolk House, Norfolk Street, London W.C.,
Consulting Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as
follows:-
My invention relates to improvements in Self-Winding Clocks wherein electricity is
employed to wind up the driving spring or weight.
The only practical form of electrical mechanism for self-winding clocks that I know
of is one in which what is known as a rotary electromotor is employed, that is an
electromotor which, when a current of electricity is passed through it, rotates con-
tinuously in one direction. This form of mechanism for self-winding clocks is open
to certain serious objections. It involves the use of a commutator and contact brushes
or springs; and such devices invariably entail a considerable loss of electrical energy
through sparking or the formation of arcs between the contact brushes or springs and
the conducting segments of the commutator. These arcs cause a burning away and
oxidation of the brushes or springs and of the conducting segments, in time preventing
electrical contact from being made, and the electromotor from acting. Another
drawback to the use of a commutator and contact brushes in an electromotor is that
their continued rubbing causes their surfaces to be abraded, and minute particles of
metal to be disengaged, which gradually bridge over the spaces between the conducting
strips or segments of the commutator, and cause short circuiting, thereby rendering
the electromotor useless for a time and perhaps destroying it. But this is not the
only effect of the minute particles of metal so disengaged. These are apt to get into
the working parts of the clock and so clog and impede its action. The working parts
of a clock require cleaning too frequently as it is without having an additional source
of fouling introduced. Yet another drawback in the use of a commutator and contact
brushes or springs lies in the fact that if any dust gets between a contact brush and a
conducting segment of the commutator electrical contact is not established when
required and the electromotor does not act. Still another and very serious drawback
lies in the fact that the continuously rotating electromotor hereinbefore referred to

page_text: cannot be relied upon to wind on a spring or weight to the exact amount required,
inasmuch as it cannot be relied upon to make a given number of revolutions. In the
mechanism for self-winding clocks to which I am referring the electric circuit is
closed for a given period of time at given intervals, and it is assumed that
if the periods during which the circuit is closed are always the same the number
of rotations and consequently the amount of winding up of the spring or weight
will always be the same. This however is not the case in practice. The number
of rotations which the electromotor makes in a given time depends upon the
load or resistance offered to free movement by the mechanism to be driven, so that as
the works get dirty, which those of all clocks do, the load or resistance becomes
greater, and consequently a fewer number of revolutions is made, and a less amount
of winding up effected within the given time that the circuit is closed. Again the
speed of revolution of a rotary electromotor varies with the electrical energy passing
through it; and it is practically impossible to keep this constant, more especially
under such circumstances as those at present under discussion. The electromotors in
self-winding clocks require in practice to be driven by primary batteries, and the
electrical energy furnished by these gradually diminishes as they remain in use, so
that the number of rotations within the given time during which the circuit is closed
becomes less, thus lessening the amount of winding up of the driving spring or
weight.
In the provisional specification accompanying my Application for Letters Patent
dated the 3rd day of July 1886 and numbered 8751 I described the nature of an
invention for improvements in self-winding clocks wherein the objections and draw-
backs hereinbefore referred to are met and overcome. My present invention has
reference to other means of meeting and overcoming these drawbacks.
In carrying my present invention into effect I employ, as in my previous invention
above cited, currents of electricity furnished by any convenient source or reservoir of
electrical energy, generally a primary battery, and I cause these currents to flow through
the electromotor in alternately opposite directions. This alternation of direction I effect
by means of a circuit closing rheotrope or current reverser actuated by the mechanical
clock mechanism. This rheotrope may be either a revolving one or a recriprocating
one; and when the latter it may reciprocate either in a straight line or in an arc.
Any suitable form of rheotrope may be employed; and one convenient form consists
of a disc or drum or the like formed of non-conducting material against which press
four conductors preferably springs. Two of these are in connection with the battery
or other source or reservoir of electrical energy used to feed the electromotor, and
the other two in connection with the electromotor. The said disc or drum has con-
ducting pieces attached to it. These are arranged in such manner that as the disc or
drum revolves they come under the conductors just referred to so as to complete the
circuit between the battery and the electromotor. When there are only two sets of
conducting pieces affixed to the disc or drum one set is arranged and its parts con-
nected so as to cross the circuit in the manner employed in a well known form of
current reverser. When more than two sets of conducting pieces are affixed to the
said disc or drum each alternate set is crossed, the number of sets being of course an
even one. Thus as the disc or drum revolves the circuit is closed and a current of
electricity transmitted to the electromotor each time the conducting strips come
under the conductors; and as each alternate set of conducting pieces is crossed so
each alternate transmission of the electric current will be crossed, so that each
transmission will be in the reverse direction to that which preceded it, that is, the
transmissions will be alternately positive and negative.
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The electromotor which I employ is one which for convenience I may call
step by step" electromotor, that is, one in which the movable part of the electro-
motor moves round its axis through a definite angle, then comes to rest, then moves
on again in the same circumferential direction as before through a definite angular
distance, comes to rest again, and so on. This "step by step" electromotor consists 5
of a fixed and movable part. The movable part is mounted on a central axis round
which it makes a definite angular movement at each passage of the electric current

page_text: through the electromotor, and is then held in its new position by electromagnetic
attraction for a short period so that the movement cannot be either greater or less in
extent than what is required. I shall naw briefly explain one form of this electro-
motor and then refer to the modifications to which it is susceptible. In one form the
fixed part consists of an electromagnet, straight or curved into any convenient shape,
whilst the movable part consists of a permanent magnet also either straight or curved
into any convenient shape. For example I may curve either the electromagnet or
the permanent magnet or both into the form of the letter S; and I may furnish
them when desired with soft iron pole pieces. The action of this form of
electromotor is as follows:-As has been already mentioned the electromotor
receives a current of electricity at intervals, each such transmission of the
electric current being alternately in the reverse direction to that which preceded it,
that is, alternately positive and negative. The direction of the current at each passage
through the electromotor is such that it develops in the electromagnet, or fixed portion
of the electromotor, poles of the same name as those of the permanent magnet, or
movable part of the electromotor, which are at the time nearest to them. The poles of
the permanent magnet are therefore repelled by those poles of the electromagnet which
they are next to and which are of different name. Movement therefore takes place
and the permanent magnet makes an angular movement through 180 degrees, or half
a revolution, till the respective poles of the permanent magnet and of the electro-
magnet having different names come together, and the permanent magnet is brought
to rest by the attraction between the said respective poles. The current may be
allowed to continue to flow for a second or two so as to keep up this attraction in
order to maintain this relative position of the parts, a kind of electromagnetic brake,
as it were, being thus constituted. The next passage of the electric current being in
the opposite direction reverses the polarity of the electromagnet, what was a north
pole becomes now a south pole and what was a south pole becomes now a north pole,
whilst the poles of the permanent magnet of course remain the same as before.
Poles of like name are therefore again in juxtaposition so that repulsion again takes
place, the permanent magnet again turns round its axis through an angle of 180
degrees, or half a revolution, and so on, each movement of the movable part of the
electromotor taking place in the same circumferential direction. It will be seen that
this form of electromotor is free from the objections existing in a continuously rotating
electromotor, inasmuch as it has neither commutator nor contact brushes, and inas-
much as its movable part will always make the same amount of movement, so winding
up the clock always to the same extent, independently of the duration of the current,
and independently of variations in its strength. It is also more economical of the
electric current as it reduces the possible sources of loss to a minimum.
In order to keep the moveable part of the electromotor in the proper position for
again starting after the electromagnetic brake has ceased to act I may employ a
mechanical device, which I may call a mechanical brake; and it may consist of a spring
or springs pressing against the spindle of the permanent magnet which may be flattened
or provided with a projection so as to cause the said spindle to be held by the said
spring or springs. In some cases instead of having a single projection I may have
several so as to constitute in fact a ratchet wheel, and the spring may then act as a
pawl. In other cases instead of having the flattening of the projection or pro-
jections on the spindle of the movable part of the electromotor, I may have such on
the movable part itself or on any convenient part in mechanical connection therewith.
This mechanical device or brake may also serve to prevent movement in the wrong
direction and may aid the electromagnetic brake hereinbefore mentioned in preventing
the momentum acquired by the movable part of the electromotor from carrying it
beyond the required point.
To utilise the movement of the movable part of the electromotor for the purpose
of winding up the spring or weight I may employ any convenient known mechanical
movement or device, such for example as a spindle, endless screw or worm and worm
wheel or pinion, train of wheels or the like to transmit the said movement to any
convenient part of the mechanical clock mechanisui,

page_text: The rheotrope which I have hereinbefore referred to is one which serves to close
the electric circuit as well as to change the direction of the current, but I may in
some cases employ a circuit closing device independent of the current reversing device,
though it may when desired be mounted on the same support.
I shall now refer to some modifications in the form of electromotor hereinbefore
mentioned. Instead of the fixed part being an electromagnet and the movable part
a permanent magnet the movable part may be an electromagnet and the fixed part
a permanent magnet the reversed currents in this case passing through the movable
part and changing its polarity. Or both the fixed and the movable parts of the
electromotor may be electromagnets in which case the current may not be reversed
through both of them at the same time, but through one only. To reverse the current
in one of the electromagnets and not in the other I may either introduce a second
rheotrope of any convenient form into the circuit between the two electromagnets
(that is between the fixed and the movable parts of the electromotor) or in the case
where the circuit closing device is independent of the current reversing device I may
have the coils of the electromagnet whose polarity is not to be reversed in a shunt or
branch circuit from that part of the circuit which is between the circuit closing
device and the current reversing device.
I may when desired multiply the parts of the electromotor and alter the amount of
angular movement made by the movable part of the electromotor at each transmission
of the electric current.
The mechanical brake hereinbefore refered to is not always necessary though as
a safeguard it is frequently a useful adjunct especially when the clock is liable to
shaking or jarring.
To shield the electromotor from external magnetic effects I may enclose it or the
whole clock in an iron case.
By mechanical clock mechanism I mean the ordinary mechanism existing in
ordinary clocks.
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page_text: COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Clocks and Apparatus for Winding the same by
Electricity.
I, JAMES GRIEVE LORRAIN, of Norfolk House, Victoria Embankment, London, W.C.,
Consulting Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what
manner the same is to be performed to be particularly described and ascertained in
and by the following stateinent :-
My invention relates to improvements in clocks and apparatus for winding the
same by electricity.
The only practical form of electrical mechanism for self-winding clocks that I know
of is one in which what is known as a rotary electromotor is employed, that is, an
electromotor which when a current of electricity is passed through it rotates con-
tinuously in one direction. This form of mechanism for self-winding clocks appears
to be open to certain serious objections, chief amongst which is the fact that the
continuously rotating electromotor cannot be relied upon to wind up a spring or
weight to the exact amount required, inasmuch as it cannot be relied upon to make a
given number of revolutions. In this form of mechanism the electr circuit is closed
for a given period of time at given intervals, and it is assumed that if the periods
during which the circuit is closed are always the same the number of rotations and
consequently the amount of winding up of the spring or weight will always be the
same. This however is not the case in practice because the number of rotations which
the rotary electromotor will make in a given time will vary, first, with the load or
resistance offered to free movement by the mechanism to be driven, and second, with
the electrical energy passing through it. Now the load or resistance will not remain
constant, but (as the works get dirty, which those of all clocks do), will become
greater and consequently a fewer number of revolutions will be made and a less
amount of winding up be effected within the given time during which the circuit is
closed. Neither will the amount of electrical energy passing through the electromotor
remain constant, for in practice the electromotors in these self-winding clocks are
driven by primary batteries, and the electrical energy furnished by these gradually
diminishes as they remain in use, so that the number of rotations of the electromotor
within the given time during which the circuit is closed becomes less, thus also
lessening the amount of the winding of the spring or weight. The object of my
invention is to overcome these drawbacks.
In the complete specification accompanying my Letters Patent dated the 3rd day of
July 1886 and numbered 8751 I described the nature of an invention for improve-
ments in self-winding clocks and in what manner the same was to be performed
wheren the drawbacks hereinbefore referred to are met and overcome. My present
invention has reference to other means of meeting and overcoming the said drawbacks
and of attaining the same end as my said previous invention.
In carrying my invention into effect I employ, as in the previous invention above
cited, currents of electricity furnished by any convenient source or reservoir of

page_text: electrical energy, generally a primary battery, and I cause these currents to flow
through the electromotor in alternately opposite directions. This alternation of
direction I effect by means of a circuit closing rheotrope or current reverser actuated
by the mechanical clock mechanism. This rheotrope may be either a revolving one
or a reciprocating one, and when the latter it may reciprocate either in a straight line
or in an arc. Any suitable form of rheotrope may be employed; and one convenient
form consists of a disc or drum or the like formed of non-conducting material against
which press four conductors preferably springs. Two of these are in connection with
the battery, or other source or reservoir of electrical energy used to feed the electro-
motor; and the other two are in connection with the electromotor. The said disc or
drum has conducting pieces attached to it. These are arranged in such manner that
as the disc or drum revolves they come under the conductors just referred to, so as to
complete the circuit between the battery and the electromotor. When there are only
two sets of conducting pieces affixed to the disc or drum one set is arranged and its
parts connected so as to cross the circuit in the manner employed in a well known
form of current reverser. When more than two sets of conducting pieces are affixed
to the said discs or drum each alternate set is crossed, the number of sets being of
course an even one. Thus as the disc or drum revolves the circuit is closed and a
current of electricity transmitted to the electromotor each time the conducting strips
come under the conductors; and as each alternate set of conducting pieces is crossed
so each alternate transmission of the electric current will be crossed, so that each
transmission will be in the reverse direction to that which preceded it; that is, the
transmissions will be alternately positive and negative.
The electromotor which I employ is one which for convenience I
66
"
may call પી step
by step" electromotor, that is one in which the movable part of the electromotor
moves round its axis through a definite angular distance, then comes to rest, then
moves on again in the same circumferential direction as before through a definite
angular distance, comes to rest again, and so on. This step by step" electromotor
consists of a fixed and a. movable part. The movable part is mounted on a central
axis round which it makes a definite angular movement at each passage of the electric
current through the electromotor, and is then held in its new position by electro-
magnetic attraction for a short period, so that the movement cannot be either greater
or less in extent than what is required.
I shall now briefly explain one form of this electromotor and then refer to the
modifications of which it is susceptible.
In one form the fixed part consists of an electromagnet, straight or curved
into any convenient shape, whilst the movable part consists of a permanent magnet,
also either straight or curved into any convenient shape. For example I may
curve either the electromagnet or the permanent magnet or both into the form
of the letter S; and I may furnish them when desired with soft iron pole pieces.
The action of this form of electromotor is as follows. As has been already
mentioned the electromotor receives a current of electricity at intervals, each
such transmission of the electric current being alternately in the reverse direction
to that which preceded it, that is, alternately positive and negative. The direction of
the current at each passage through the electromotor is such that it develops in the
electromagnet, or fixed portion of the electromotor, poles of the same name as those
of the permanent magnet or movable part of the electromotor which are at the time
nearest to them. The poles of the permanent magnet are therefore repelled by those
poles of the electromagnet which they are next to and which are of the same name.
Movement therefore takes place, and the permanent magnet makes an angular
movement through 180 degrees, or half a revolution, till the respective poles of the
permanent magnet and of the electromagnet having different names come together,
and the permanent magnet is brought to rest by the attraction between the said
respective poles. The current may be allowed to continue to flow for a second or two,
so as to keep up this attraction, in order to maintain this relative position of the parts,
a kind of electromagnetic brake as it were being thus constituted. The next passage
of the electric current being in the opposite direction reverses the polarity of the

page_text: electromagnet-what was a north pole becomes now a south pole, and what was a south
pole becomes now a north pole whilst the poles of the permanent magnet of course
remain the same as before. Poles of like name are therefore again in juxtaposition so
that repulsion again takes place, the permanent magnet again turns round its axis
through an angle of 180 degrees or half a revolution, and so on-each movement of
the movable part of the electromotor taking place in the same circumferential direction
as the one preceding it.
In order to keep the movable part of the electromotor in the proper position for
again starting after the electromagnetic brake has ceased to act I generally employ a
mechanical device which I may call a mechanical brake; and it consists of a spring
or springs pressing against the spindle of the permanent magnet which may be
flattened or provided with a projection so as to cause the said spindle to be held by the
said spring or springs. In some cases instead of having a single projection I have
several so as to constitute in fact a ratchet wheel; and the spring may then act as a
pawl or a separate pawl may be employed the spring keeping it in position against
the ratchet wheel. In other cases instead of having the flattening or the projection
or projections on the spindle of the movable part of the electromotor I may have
such on the movable part itself, or on any convenient part in mechanical connection
therewith. This mechanical device or brake in some cases also serves to prevent move-
ment in the wrong direction, and aids the electromagnetic brake hereinbefore mentioned
in preventing the momentum acquired by the movable part of the electromotor from
carrying it beyond the required point.
To utilise the movement of the movable part of the electromotor for the purpose of
winding up the spring or weight I employ any convenient known mechanical move-
ment or device, su or example as a spindle, endless screw or worm and worm wheel
or pinion, train of wheels, or the like, to transmit the said movement to any convenient
part of the mechanical clock mechanism.
The rheotrope which I have herein before referred to is one which serves to close
the electric circuit as well as to change the direction of the current; but I may in
some cases employ a circuit closing device independent of the current reversing
device, though it may when desired be mounted on the same support.
I shall now refer to some modifications in the form of electromotor hereinbefore
mentioned. Instead of the fixed part being an electromagnet and the movable part a
permanent magnet, the movable part may be an electromagnet and the fixed part a
permanent magnet; the reversed currents in this case passing through the movable
part and changing its polarity. Or both the fixed and movable parts of the
electromotor may be electromagnets, in which case the current must not be reversed
through both of them at the same time, but through one only. To reverse the current
in one of the electromagnets and not in the other I either introduce a rheotrope into
the circuit between the two electromagnets, (that is between the fixed and the movable
parts of the electromotor): or in the case where the circuit closing device is
independent of the current reversing device I. place the coils of the electromagnet
whose polarity is not to be reversed in a shunt or branch circuit from that part of the
circuit which is between the circuit closing device and the current reversing device.
I may when desired multiply the parts of the electromotor and alter the amount of
angular movement made by the movable part of the electromotor at each transmission
of the electric current.
The mechanical brake hereinbefore referred to is not always necessary though as a
safeguard it is frequently a useful adjunct especially when the clock is liable to jarring
or shaking.
To shield the eletromotor from external magnetic effects I may enclose it or the
whole clock in an iron case. By mechanical clock mechanism I mean the ordinary
mechanism existing in ordinary clocks, and which indeed may be looked upon as
constituting an ordinary clock.
Having now in a general manner described my Invention I shall proceed to explain
an illustrative case, and for that purpose shall refer to the accompanying sheets of
drawings.

page_text: Figure 1 illustrates an improved clock constituting a form of my Invention and
consisting of a mechanical clock mechanism combined with an electrical self-winding
mechanism. In this figure A is the spring which drives the mechanical clock
mechanism shown in dotted lines behind the plate W. B is the winding spindle and C
a toothed wheel fixed thereon, and gearing with pinion D which is on the same arbor
as the worm wheel E. The latter is driven by a worm F fixed on the spindle L of the
electromotor M. This electromotor is shown as consisting of a fixed electromagnet J
and a movable permanent magnet K. Two springs NN press against the spindle of
the electromotor which has flats filed upon it as shown in figure 2, so that the springs
press it in such manner as to place the permanent magnet in a slightly advanced
position from its central position, whenever the current is not passing. These springs
also retain the spindle, and with it the movable part of the electromotor, in this
position against accidental vibration or concussion. To insure lightness of action the
lower end of the spindle L is pointed and hardened, and runs upon a flat ended
hardened steel screw Y, whilst its upper end runs in a bracket Z attached to the plate W.
The electromotor is attached to the plate W by the bent strips XX. It will be seen
that the movement of the movable part of the electromotor winds up the driving
spring A by means of the movement transmitted through the spindle L, worm F,
worm wheel E, pinion D, toothed wheel C, and driving spindle B, the other end of the
driving spring A being attached to a wheel forming one of the train of wheels of the
mechanical clock mechanism.
In figure 2 the electromotor is shown in plan, together with the springs N N
constituting the mechanical brake. In this figure the movable part of the electro-
motor is shown in its central position; and it will be seen that the springs acting on
the flats of the spindle L will tend to place it a little in advance of the central position.
Any convenient form of circuit closing rheotrope (or separate rheotrope and circuit
closing device) may be employed, such for example as one of those set forth in the
complete specification and drawings accompanying my Letters Patent Number 8751
of the year 1886.
Figures 3 and 4 show in side elevation and plan respectively a form of electromotor
in which both the fixed and the movable parts consist of electromagnets. In this form
it is necessary to use a commutator and contact springs for the purpose of reversing
the polarity in one of the electromagnets without reversing that in the other. In this
form the commutator may conveniently be flattened so that it along with the contact
springs may constitute the mechanical brake hereinbefore referred to. In figure 4 the
commutator and contact springs are not shown.
The electromotor and circuit closing rheotrope (or rheotrope and separate circuit
closing device) may be connected together and placed in circuit with the battery or
other source of electrical energy in any convenient manner as for example in any of
the manners set forth in the complete specification and drawings accompanying my
Letters Patent Number 8751 of the year 1886.
The action of the above described and illustrated form of my invention will be readily
understood from what has preceded.
In the cases wherein electromagnets are employed both for the fixed and the
movable parts of the electromotor the current may vary in strength within much wider
limits than in the cases wherein one of the parts is an electromagnet and the other a
permanent magnet. In this latter case the current should not be so strong as to allow
of the polarity of the electromagnet reversing the polarity of the permanent magnet,
nor so weak as to be unable to produce a polarity in the electromagnet opposite to that
induced by the permanent magnet.
It will be seen that the apparatus constituting my invention is free from the
objections existing in the known form of self winding clock hereinbefore referred to,
inasmuch as the movable part of the electromotor will always make the same amount
of movement, so winding up the clock always to the same extent independently of the
duration of the current, independently of variations in its strength and independently
of variations in the load-so long of course as the current is not too weak or the load
too great to admit of movement taking place at all.

page_text: In some cases I employ only one source or reservoir of electrical energy to supply
the reversed currents necessary for a number of self-winding clocks. In such cases I
join up the electromotors of the different clocks in circuit in any convenient manner,
as for example in series or in parallel. In such cases only one circuit closing
rheotrope (or separate rheotrope and circuit closing device) is necessary, and it may
conveniently be actuated by the mechanism of the first clock, (that is by the one
nearest to the source or reservoir of electrical energy), and be in the circuit between
it and the said source or reservoir of electrical energy.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said Invention
and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what I claim is
1. The improvement in clocks consisting in the combination of a mechanical clock
mechanism and an electrical self winding mechanism substantially as and for the
purpose set forth.
2. The improvement in clocks and apparatus for winding the same by electricity
consisting in the combination of a mechanical clock mechanism and a step by step
electromotor actuated by reversed currents substantially as set forth.
3. The improvement in clocks and apparatus for winding the same by electricity
consisting in the combination of a mechanical clock mechanism a step by step
electromotor actuated by reversed currents and a mechanical movement for transmitting
the movement of the movable part of the electromotor to any convenient part of the
mechanical clock mechanism for the purpose of winding up the spring or weight
substantially as set forth.
4. The improvement in apparatus for winding clocks by electricity consisting in the
combination of a step by step electromotor actuated by reversed currents and a circuit
closing rheotrope (or a rheotrope and separate circuit closing device) substantially as
specified.
5. The improvement in apparatus for winding clocks by electricity consisting in the
combination of a step by step electromotor actuated by reversed currents a circuit
closing rheotrope (or separate rheotrope and circuit closing device) and an electro-
magnetic brake substantially as specified.
6. The improvement in apparatus for winding clocks by electricity consisting in the
combination of a step by step electromotor actuated by reversed currents a circuit
closing rheotrope (or separate rheotrope and circuit closing device) and a mechanical
brake substantially as specified.
7. The improvement in apparatus for winding clocks by electricity consisting in the
combination of a step by step electromotor actuated by reversed currents a circuit
closing rheotrope (or separate rheotrope and circuit closing device) an electromagnetic
brake and a mechanical brake substantially as specified.
8. The method of employing a single source or reservoir of electrical energy and a
single circuit closing rheotrope (or separate rheotrope and circuit closing device) for
the purpose of supplying reversed currents of electricity to the electromotors of a
number of self-winding clocks substantially as and for the purpose described.
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