IMPROVEMENTS IN THE of for MANUFACTURE OF IRON AND THEREWITH." STEEL. AND IN THE APPARATUS CONNECTED
Year: 1868

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Bernhard Samuelson, of Banbury, in the County
the
for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
of "Oxford, Engineer, for
MANUFACTURE OF IRON AND
THEREWITH."
STEEL. AND IN THE APPARATUS CONNECTED
Sealed the 9th March 1869, and dated the 31st December 1868.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Bernhard Samuelson
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 31st December 1868.
I, BERNHARD SAMUELSON, of Banbury, in the County of Oxford,
Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of my said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF IRON AND STEEL, AND IN THE APPARATUS
CONNECTED THEREWITH," to be as follows:-
The object of the Invention is, first, to produce a superior quality of
wrought iron from pig or cast iron containing phosphorus, silicon,
sulphur, or other impurities; second, when iron or steel is melted in a
reverberatory furnace and run into moulds to prevent sand, slag, and
other extraneous substances from running into the moulds.

page_text: And it consists as to the first part of my said Invention in purifying
such pig or cast iron in a reverberatory furnace having by preference
what is ordinarily known as a cinder bottom, and by preference
suspended for the convenience of discharging its contents. Such purifi-
cation may be effected by such appropriate re-agents as will dispense
with the necessity of using a blast. I carry on the purification until the
iron approximates as to its per-centage of silicon to that contained in
ordinary refined iron, during which operation a large proportion of the
other impurities will also have been removed. The purified iron is then
tapped out and subsequently puddled in a puddling furnace. By this
method it is easy to produce from cast iron containing one and a half
per cent. of phosphorus wrought iron in which the ultimate per-centage
of phosphorus shall not exceed one-tenth to two-tenths per cent. I
prefer to run the purified metal into moulds and to remove it from the
moulds while still hot to a furnace, in which it is kept hot until it is
required for use by the puddlers.
Secondly. I have found that iron and steel as it flows from the mouth
of a reverberatory furnace carries with it impurities which float on the
surface of the molten metal together with portions of the stopping from
the tapping hole; these impurities attach themselves to the sides of the
moulds, and in some instances become encased in the metal when the
latter is run direct into the moulds from the furnace mouth. Now I
fix or suspend in front of the furnace and below the tapping hole a
reservoir or ladle which receives the fluid metal but allows the scum, &c.
to separate and float on the surface thereof within such reservoir or
ladle. The bottom of this reservoir or ladle has an orifice closed by a
moveable plug or valve as in ladles used in the Bessemer process.
I further provide a carriage running on a tramway upon which I place
the moulds which are to be filled, and bring them successively under the
orifice of the ladle, and this part of my Invention consists in the com
bined arrangement of ladle or reservoir and moveable carriage so that
the former shall intercept the slag, sand, &c., but shall not require to
be removed from the furnace during the operation of casting.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Bernhard Samuelson in the Great Seal Patent
Office on the 30th June 1869.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, BERNHARD
SAMUELSON, of Banbury, in the County of Oxford, Engineer, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Thirty-first day of December, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight, in the
thirty-second year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and succes-
sors, give and grant unto me, the said Bernhard Samuelson, Her special
license that I, the said Bernhard Samuelson, my executors, adminis-
trators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Bernhard Samuelson,
my executors, administrators, or assigns, should at any time agree with,
and
I no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the
term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise,
and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,
the Chaunel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
THE MANUFACTURE OF IRON AND STEEL, AND IN THE APPARATUS CONNECTED THERE-
WITH,
upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Bernhard
Samuelson, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing
under my hand and seal, should particularly describe and ascertain the
nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be
performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent
Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the date
of the said Letters Patent.
"
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Bernhard Samuelson, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention; and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement, reference being had to the accompanying Drawings,
and to the letters and figures marked thereon, that is to say:-
My said Invention has for its object, 1st, to produce a superior quality
of wrought iron from pig or cast iron containing phosphorus, silicon,
sulphur, or other impurities; second, to prevent sand, slag, and other
extraneous substances from running into the moulds when iron or steel
is melted in a reverberating furnace and run into moulds.

page_text: According to the first part of my Invention I propose to purify pig or
cast iron in a reverberatory furnace having by preference what is
erdinaily known as a cinder bottom, and being by preference suspended
for the convenience of discharging its contents. This purification may
be effected by such appropriate re-agents as will dispense with the
necessity of using a blast, and I carry on the purification until the iron
approximates as to its per-centage of silicon to that contained in
ordinary refined non, during which operation a large proportion of the
other impurities will also have been removed. The purified iron is then
tapped out and subsequently puddled in a puddling furnace. By this
method it is easy to produce from cast iron containing one and a half
per cent. of phosphorus wrought iron in which the ultimate per-centage
of phosphorus shall not exceed one-tenth to two-tenths per cent. The
metal when purified or refined is run into moulds, and the ingots or
blocks are whilst still hot removed from the moulds and placed in a
furnace by preference situated in close proximity to the puddling
furnace, where they are removed in a heated state for the
purpose of
being puddled. As I have found great economy to accrue from the
employment of refined iron in a heated state when transferred to the
puddling furnace I propose to apply this intermediate heating process
to metal refined or purified either in accordance with my Invention or
otherwise. I prefer to run the purified metal into moulds and to
remove it from the moulds whilst still hot to a furnace in which it is
kept hot until it is required for use by the puddlers. It is obvious that
other refined metal after it has been run into moulds may be kept hot
in a similar manner by a separate furnace until required for use by the
puddlers. I have found that iron and steel as it flows from the mouth
of a reverberatory furnace carries with it impurities which float on the
surface of the molten metal together with portions of the stopping from
the tapping hole; these impurities attach themselves to the sides of the
moulds, and in some instances become encased in the metal when the
latter is run direct into the moulds from the furnace mouth.
Now according to the second part of my said Invention I fix or
suspend in front of the furnace and below the tapping hole a reservoir or
ladle which receives the fluid metal but allows the scum to separate and
float on the surface thereof within such reservoir or ladle. The
bottom of this reservoir or ladle has an orifice which is closed by a
moveable plug or valve as in the ladle used in the Bessemer process.

page_text: I further provide a carriage running on a tramway upon which I place
the moulds which are to be filled, and bring them successively under the
orifice of the ladle.
And in order that my said Invention may be fully understood I shall
now proceed more particularly to describe the same, and for that pur-
pose shall refer to the several Figures on the annexed Sheet of Drawings,
the same letters of reference indicating corresponding parts in all the
corresponding Figures.
Figure 1 of the Drawings is a side elevation of a reverberatory furnace
constructed and arranged for carrying out the first part of my Inven-
tion; Figure 2 is a transverse section taken along the line 1-2 in
Figure 1; Figure 3 is an end elevation of the reverberatory furnace; and
Figure 4 is a plan of the furnace corresponding to Figure 1. I prefer
to suspend or pivot the main body A of this furnace upon a supporting
bracket B and a trunnion C, the neck of the furnace resting in the con-
cave surface of the bracket B, whilst the trunnion C rests in a bearing
in the standard D. The throat E of the furnace leading to the
chimney F remains a fixture, the junction between the moveable and
fixed portions being effected by the ring G. The inclination or tipping
of the furnace for the facility of discharging its contents through the
tapping hole H may be effected by various mechanical contrivances, but
I prefer to employ a cylinder I, within which works a piston connected
by links K to a rigid arm or bracket L secured to the side of the
furnace, such piston being acted upon by hydraulic pressure.
Figure 5 represents a carriage on which I mount the ingot moulds to
be filled, and Figure 6 is an end elevation of the same showing also the
reservoir or ladle which is supported underneath the tapping hole of
the furnace. A is a long carriage composed of wrought-iron girders or
ctherwise, and provided with the requisite number of running wheels
B, B, which run along the rails or tramway C. This carriage may be
moved or propelled along its rails by any suitable or well-known
mechanical contrivance, but I prefer to propel it by means of hand
wheels D, D, situate at or near each extremity, the axles of such wheels
carrying spur pinions E, E, which gear into the spur wheels F, F,
mounted on the shafts G, G, which rotate in bearings in the support-
ing frames or standards H, H. The wheels F, F, gear into correspond-
ing spur. wheels I, I, fast on the axles of the running wheels, hence on
turning the hand wheels the carriage with the moulds K, K, upon it

page_text: may be caused to travel along its rails and bring each mould in succes-
sion underneath the discharge opening in the bottom of the reservoir
or ladle L. This ladle is suspended or otherwise supported (by a frame
M for example) immediately under the tapping hole, and is provided
with a plug or stopper for closing or opening the discharge aperture
made in the bottom of the said ladle or reservoir L. By this mode of
filling the moulds the slag, sand, and other similar matters are inter-
cepted and the ladle is not required to be removed from the furnace
during the operation of casting.
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of my
said Invention, and the manner in which the same is or may be used or
carried into effect, I would observe in conclusion that what I consider
to be novel and original, and therefore claim as the Invention secured
to me by the herein-before in part recited Letters Patent is,-
First. Purifying pig or cast iron in a reverberatory furnace, from
which it is tapped out when purified, and subsequently puddled before
being allowed to cool, substantially as herein-before described.
Second. The construction and use of a reverberatory furnace sus-
pended or mounted on trunnions or bearings, substantially as and for
the purpose herein-before described and illustrated by my Drawings.
Third. The running of purified metal from a reverberatory furnace
into moulds, from which moulds the metal is removed whilst still hot
and placed in an intermediate furnace, where its temperature is main-
tained until required for use by the puddlers, substantially as herein-
before described.
Fourth. The combination of a reservoir or ladle fixed or suspended
below the tapping hole of a reverberatory furnace with a moveable
carriage containing the moulds to be filled, substantially as and for the
purpose herein-before described and illustrated by my Drawings.
In witness whereof, I, the said Bernhard Samuelson, have to this
my Specification set my hand and seal, the Twenty-sixth day
of June, One thousand eight hundred and sixty-nine.
BERNHARD SAMUELSON. (L.S.)