Improvements in and relating to Socketted Pipes.
Year: 1895

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in and relating to Socketted Pipes.
I, EDWARD ALBERT GREEN, of 16, Rock Street, Sheffield, Building Surveyor
to Urban Authority, do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as
follows:-
My invention relates chiefly to improvements in the construction and mode of
use of socketted pipes to be employed in the construction of sewers and drains,
but I do not limit the relation of my improvements in connection with socketted
pipes to this purpose as the improvements may be associated with socketted pipes
for any other purpose to which such pipes are suited.
The object of my invention is to give greater facility, in laying, jointing,
inspecting, and substituting socketted pipes.
The improved pipes are made of vitrified and glazed earthen or stoneware, cast
irou, or any other suitable material, and of any required size.
The improved pipes for sewers or drains are made of the usual or any suitable
or required length, and of a circular, oval, triangular, or other suitable transverse
section.
The improved pipes of a circular transverse section are formed with a socket
rim at one end of each pipe incorporated with the body of the pipe in the usual
manner.
The socket rim does not extend around the entire circle as a narrow dovetailed
slit is formed through what I term the top of the socket rim down to the body of
the pipe and in the direction of the length of the pipe the widest part of the
dovetailed slit being at the body of the pipe.
In laying the pipes the slits are placed at the top of the pipes and the purpose
of the slits is to allow of a grading rule being placed along the top of the body of
the pipes for their adjustment to the required position, and also to allow of
inspection to ascertain whether the spigot end of the pipes which are placed within
the sockets have been forced as closely as possible to the socket shoulder with the
jointing material between.
The interior of the socket rim is made of a varying length from its outer edge
to the shoulder of the socket which is formed by the end of the body of the pipe
the lowest part of the socket rim which is diametrically opposite to the dovetailed
slit at the top of the socket rim being made of the greatest length. From the
lowest part of the socket rim the outer circular edge of the socket rim slopes
gradually upward towards the body of the pipe to the position of the slit where
the socket rim is of its least length. The transverse section of the interior of the
socket rim at its junction with the end of the body of the pipe which forms the
socket shoulder is circular and only slightly larger in diameter than the diameter
of the outside of the circular spigot end of the pipe to be inserted into the socket,
which ensures that when the spigot end of one pipe is forced well home into the
socket of the next pipe the bore of the two pipes will be coincident with each
other. The transverse section of the interior of the socket rim at its outer sloping
edge is circular and somewhat larger in diameter and eccentric in relation to the
interior transverse section of the socket rim at the socket shoulder the whole of
the eccentricity being upward. This eccentric arrangement and construction
causes the interior of the socket rim to be gradually and variably tapered outward
from the socket shoulder to the outer sloping edge of the socket and all round
except at the lowest part of the socket the greatest angle of the tapering being at
the slit at the top of the socket rim. Thus the interior of the socket is larger in

page_text: transverse section at its outer sloping edge than at the socket shoulder. The
purpose of this formation of the sloping, eccentric, and tapering socket rim is to
allow of the spigot end of. the pipes being laid on to the jointing- material placed
on the lower and most important part of the interior of the socket rim, where
experience often proves the jointing to be defective with the old forms of socketted
pipes owing to the jointing material being pushed out of its place by the insertion
of the spigot end of the pipes into their receiving sockets, and because the small
space existing between the spigots and sockets hinders the jointing material being
afterwards tucked in, and also prevents a satisfactory inspection being made of the
internal jointing. On account of the difficulty of jointing, the old forms of socketted
pipes are often laid as is termed dry that is without any jointing material being
placed between the spigots and sockets which makes it less difficult to get the
spigot end of the pipes well into the sockets.
The tapering form of the interior of the sockets of the improved pipes also gives
room for the jointing material to be well tucked into the space provided between
the spigot and the socket especially around the upper part of the pipes, and the
sloping form of the outer edge of the socket rim. holds the cement or, other
jointing material when collaring the joints much better than the vertical outer
edge of the socket riin in connection with the old forms of pipe from, which the
cement often drops off...
A small conical notch is made in the end of the: body. of the improved, pipe
which forms the socket shoulder and immediately under. the slit formed in; the top
part of the socket rim the widest part of the notch being highest or at the outside
of the body of the pipe. The purpose of this, notch is to admit of inspection being
made of the interior of the pipes when laid as if the lighted end of a tar band is
lowered through the notch into the interior of the pipes it may be seen whether
the bore of the pipes. is coincident at their lower and most important part;. whether
the jointing material has been properly inserted between the socket shoulder
and the spigot end of the pipes, and whether a ridge of cement or other jointing
material has been left by a careless workman at the joint; in the interior. of the
pipes which would prevent the free flow of the: drainage and probably cause a
stoppage in the drain..
A chisel bent or otherwise may also be inserted through the inspection notch to
scrape or knock away any jointing material that may have been left at the joint
in the interior of the pipes and which after being loosened a good flush through
the drain will carry away.
In laying the improved pipes the joints are made and collared with the jointing
material except at the dovetailed slit and conical notch at the top of the pipes.
These are left open until the inspector has examined and approved the drain after
which the slit and notch are filled with the jointing material and the collaring of
the joint completed the pipes being thus hermetically sealed at. the joints. The
conical formation of the notch prevents the jointing material from falling into the
interior of the pipes, and the dovetailed formation of the slit prevents the jointing
material being displaced and enables this part of the joint to withstand any
pressure that may be exercised within the pipes. In this way a perfectly airtight
and watertight joint is made with the improved pipes. by the use of the jointing
material merely and without any lids or covers as required with some of the old
forms of pipe.
The sloping, eccentric, and tapering socket rim of the improved pipes also
allows of the removal and substitution of the pipes such as the replacing of a
broken pipe or the insertain of a junction pipe after the sewer or drain has beer
laid much better than with the old forms of pipe, as with the improved pipe two
pipes only need be bared and disturbed instead of three pipes as required with the
old forms of pipe.
Dated this Eleventh day of April 1895.

page_text: Improvements in and relating to Socketted Pipes.
I, EDWARD ALBERT GREEN, of 16, Rock Street, Sheffield, Building Surveyor
to Urban Authority, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what
manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained
in and by the following statement :-
My invention relates chiefly to improvements in the construction and mode of
use of socketted pipes to be employed in the construction of sewers and drains, but
I do not limit the relation of my improvements in connection with socketted pipes
to this purpose as the improvements may be associated with socketted pipes for any
other purpose to which such pipes are suited.
The object of my invention is to give greater facility in laying, jointing,
inspecting, and substituting socketted pipes.
The improved pipes are made of vitrified and glazed earthen or stone ware, cast
iron, or any other suitable material, and of any required size. Junction pipes and
bends are made either right or left hauded.
The improved pipes for sewers or drains are made of the usual or any suitable
or required length, and of a circular, oval, triangular, or other suitable transverse
section.
In order that my invention may be fully understood it is illustrated on the
accompanying sheet of drawings the same being marked with figures and letters of
reference corresponding with those in the following description, like reference
letters indicating like parts in all the figures.
Figure 1, is an elevation of the socket end of the circular pipes of 4 inch bore..
'Figure 2, is a longitudinal vertical section of the circular pipes in the line A. B.
at Figure 1.
Figure 3, is a longitudinal horizontal section of the circular pipes in the line C. D.
at Figure 1.
Figure 4, is a downward view of the socket end of the circular pipes.
'
The improved pipes of a circular transverse section are formed with a seket
rim at one end of each pipe incorporated with the body of the pipe in the usual
manner, as shown at Figs. 2. and 3.
Referring to Fig. 1. The socket rim E. does not extend around the entire circle
as a narrow dovetailed slit F. is formed through what I term the top of the socket
rim down to the body of the pipe G. and in the direction of the length of the pipe
as shown at F. in Fig. 4, the widest part of the dovetailed slit being at the body
of the pipe, as shown in the Fig. 1.
Referring to Fig. 2. In laying the pipes the slits are placed at the top of the
pipes and the purpose of the slits is to allow of a grading rule H. being placed
along the top of the body of the pipes for their adjustment to the required position-
as regards both alignment and fall, and also to allow of inspection to ascertain
whether the spigot end of the pipes which are placed within the sockets have been
forced as closely as possible to the socket shoulder G', with the jointing material
between. The interior of the socket rim E. is made of a varying length from its
outer edge to the shoulder G¹, of the socket which is formed by the end of the
body of the pipe G. the lowest part of the socket rim which is diametrically
opposite to the dovetailed slit at the top of the socket rim being made of the
greatest length. From the lowest part of the socket rim the outer circular edge
of the socket rim slopes gradually upward towards the body of the pipe to the
position of the slit where the socket rim is of its least length.
Referring to Fig. 1. The transverse section of the interior of the socket rim E.
at its junction with the end of the body of the pipe G, which forms the socket
shoulder is circular-with a trifling eccentricity downward in relation to the bore
2

page_text: of the pipe to give room for a sufficiency of jointing material between the spigot
and the lower part of the interior of the socket as shown at I,-and only slightly
larger in diameter than the diameter of the outside of the circular spigot end of
the pipe to be inserted into the socket, which ensures that when the spigot end of
one pipe is forced well home-both downward and laterally, into the socket
of the next pipe-with the jointing material between, the bore of the two pipes
will be coincident with each other. The transverse section of the interior of the
socket rim at its outer sloping edge is circular and somewhat larger in diameter and
eccentric in relation to the interior transverse section of the socket rim at the
socket shoulder the whole of the eccentricity being upward, as shown at J. J. in
the figure.
Referring to Fig. 2. This eccentric arrangement and construction causes the
interior surface K. K¹, of the socket rim to be gradually and variably tapered
outward from the socket shoulder G¹, to the outer sloping edge of the socket and
all round except at the lowest part K', of the socket-which forms the level
bearing for the spigot end of the pipes,-the greatest angle of-or formed by,-
the tapering being at the slit at the top of the socket rim, as shown by the dotted
line L. in the figure. From and on both sides of the straight level bearing K¹, at
the lowest part of the interior surface of the socket rim E. the tapering of the lower
part of the interior surface of the socket rim gradually assumes a convex form in
a line corresponding with the horizontal diameter of the pipe, and as shown at M. M',
in Fig. 3. From the convex form in the line corresponding with the horizontal
diameter of the pipe the tapering upper part of the interior of the socket rim on
both sides gradually assumes a concave form at the slit at the top of the socket, as
shown at K, in the Fig. 2.
Thus the interior of the socket is larger in transverse section at its outer sloping
edge than at the socket shoulder, and the purpose of this formation of the sloping,
doubly eccentric, and tapering socket rim is to allow of the spigot end of the pipes
being laid on to the jointing material placed on the lower and most important part
of the interior of the socket rim, where experience often proves the jointing to be
defective with the old forms of socketted pipes owing to the jointing material being
pushed out of its place by the insertion of the spigot end of the pipes into their
receiving sockets, and because the small space existing between the spigots and
sockets hinders the jointing material being afterwards tucked in, and also prevents
a satisfactory inspection being made of the internal jointing. On account of the
difficulty of jointing, the old forms of socketted pipes are often laid dry, that is ;
without any jointing material being placed between the spigots and sockets which
makes it less difficult to get the spigot end of the pipes well into the sockets. The
tapering form of the interior of the sockets of the improved pipes also gives room
for the jointing material to be well tucked into the space provided between the
spigots and the sockets especially around the upper part of the pipes-and this
space within the upper part of the socket also allows of the spigots being lifted up
within the sockets for the insertion of jointing material under the lower part of the
spigots when found necessary after a length of pipes have been laid, and the
sloping form of the outer edge of the socket rim holds the cement or other jointing
material when collaring the pipes much better than the vertical outer edge of the
socket rim in connection with the old forms of pipe from which the cement often
drops off, and the jointing material is manipulated much easier in collaring the
sockets of the improved pipes.
A small conical notch N, Fig. 1, N, Fig. 2, and N, Fig. 4, is made in the end of
the body of the improved pipe which forms the socket shoulder and immediately
under the slit formed in the top part of the socket rim the widest part of the
notch being highest and at the outside of the body of the pipe, as shown at
Figs. 1, and 2.
The purpose of this notch is to admit of inspection being made of the interior of
the pipes when laid as if, the lighted end of a thin tar band is lowered through the
notch into the interior of the pipes it may be seen through the notch whether the

page_text: bore of the connected pipes is coincident at their lower and most important part,.
whether the jointing material has been properly inserted between the sicket
shoulder and the spigot end of the pipes, and whether a ridge of cement or other
jointing material has been left by a careless workinan at the joint in the interior of
the pipes which would prevent the free flow of the drainage and probably cause à
stoppage in the drain.
A chisel, bent or otherwise, may also be inserted through the inspection notch
to scrape or knock away any jointing material that may have been left at the joint
in the interior of the pipes, and which after being loosened a good flush through
the drain will carry away.
In laying the improved pipes the joints are made inside and collared outside the.
sockets with the jointing material except at the dovetailed slit and conical notch at
the top of the pipes. These are left open until the inspector has examined and
approved the drain after which the notch and slit are filled with the jointing
material-preferably clay to allow of future inspection, and the collaring of the
joint completed the pipes being thus hermetically sealed at the joints. The
conical formation of the notch prevents the jointing material from falling into
the interior of the pipes, and the dovetailed formation of the slit prevents the
jointing material being displaced and enables this part of the joint to withstand
any pressure that may be exercised within the pipes. In this way a perfectly
airtight and watertight joint is made with the improved pipes by the use of the
jointing material merely and without any lids or covers as required with some of
the old forms of pipe.
The sloping, eccentric, and tapering socket rim of the improved pipes gives
liberty of action, and also allows of the removal and substitution of the pipes such
as the replacing of a broken pipe or the insertion of a junction pipe at any part
of a sewer or drain which has been laid, much better than with the old forms of
pipe, as with the improved pipes two pipes only need be bared and disturbed instead
of three pipes as required with the old forms of pipe.
Figure 5 is a longitudinal vertical section showing by full lines part of a drain
constructed with the improved pipes, and by dotted lines the direction of the
upward movement necessary for the removal of two pipes from the drain, the
contrary downward movement being necessary in inserting substituted pipes into
the drain.
In connection with the improved pipes having a bore of not more than 4 inches
in diameter, there is sufficient play or liberty of movement in the joints between the
socket shoulder and the end of the spigot of the pipes, to allow of the pipes being
removed and substituted by the movement indicated by the dotted lines at Fig. 5,
but with the improved pipes having a bore of more than 4 inches in diameter, the
bottom part of the circular butting spigot end of the pipes is bevelled off, as shown
in section at O, in Fig. 2, and in elevation at P, in Fig. 6, where the bevelled
portion of the spigot end of the pipe is shown to take the form of a crescent.
This formation prevents the socket shoulder and spigot end of the pipes binding
against each other at their lower part, and allows with the larger sized pipes the
necessary movement for removing and substituting them.
I do not in the construction of the improved pipes confine myself exclusively to
the full combination of the various and novel details as hereinbefore described and
illustrated in Figs. 1 to 6, as I might prefer to make the improved pipes with the
dovetailed slit only partly through the top of the socket rim, uamely-from. the
outer end of the socket to the extent indicated and showu in vertical section by
the dotted line R. in Fig. 5, and in this case I might prefer also to do away with
the conical notch in the socket shoulder and continue the socket shoulder all
round the body of the pipe. With this modified form of the improved pipes the
pipe layer in laying the pipes can see that the socket shoulder and spigot end of
the connected pipes are close together, aud that the top of the body of one pipe is
in line with the top of the body of the adjoining pipe. The only difference as to
use with this modified form of the improved pipes is that a grading rule cannot be

page_text: placed along the top of the body of the pipes for their adjustment, and an inspection
of the interior of the pipes cannot be made as with the full form of the improved
pipes. Otherwise I might prefer to make the improved pipes without the dove-
tailed slit by making the socket rim solid all round the entire circle, and also
omitting the conical notch as before mentioned. The modified forms of the
improved pipes are adapted for the same purposes of laying, jointing, inspecting,
and substituting, as the full form of the improved pipes hereiubefore described and
illustrated in Figs. 1 to 6.
The improved pipes with a bore of more than 4 inches in diameter have their
various parts increased in size proportionally to the increase in the size of the
*pipes..
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said inven-
tion and in what nianner the same is to be performed I declare that what I
claim is ;-
_
1. My improvements in and relating to socketted pipes, which consist of the
combined arrangement and construction of the several parts, namely: :-- the sloping,
doubly eccentric, variably tapered, and dovetailed slit socket rim, the conical
socket shoulder notch, and the bevelled spigot end of such pipes, and of the
combined arrangement and use of such improved pipes and any suitable jointing
material whereby the said pipes are laid, jointed, inspected, or substituted, more
easily, accurately, and quickly, and perfectly airtight and watertight joints made
in joining such pipes, substantially as and for the purposes described and illustrated
herein.
2. In socketted pipes, the sloping, doubly eccentric, and variably tapered socket
rim, substantially as and for the purposes described and illustrated herein.
3. In socketted pipes, the bevelled spigot end, substantially as and for the
purposes described and illustrated herein.
Dated this Eleventh day of December 1895.