Improvements in the Manufacture of Solid or Hollow Metal Bars, Wires, and Tubes.
Year: 1894

page_text: Date of Application, 23rd Nov., 1894-Accepted, 4th May, 1895
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in the Manufacture of Solid or Hollow Metal Bars,
Wires, and Tubes.
I, ADOLPHE FRANÇOIS EUGÈNE Dupont, of 9, Avenue Malakoff, Paris, in the
Republic of France, Retired Naval Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly
described and ascertained in and by the following statement :-
This invention relates to the manufacture of solid or hollow bars, wires and tubes
whether plain, galvanized or tinned from all metals or alloys, except lead, tin and
bismuth and their alloys with one another, by the direct compression of the fused
material which is kept at a constant temperature.
The chief feature of my new process is the permanency of the temperature of the
material to be treated. It necessitates the use of the following apparatus:-
(1) A feed reservoir in communication with a source of heat and arranged in
such a manner that it can be kept at a constant temperature.
(2) Electric currents for reheating momentarily the material that may have
accidentally cooled at any part of its course.
(3) A casting canal for casting upwards or downwards provided with an optional
circulation of cooling air.
(4) A nozzle in which the material more or less fluid is moulded according to
the profile and dimensions desired.
(5) A refrigerator in which the material is cooled at its exit from the nozzle
in one or several stages according to the requirements of the material to be
treated.
(6) A system of rollers or other arrangement for supporting the weight of the
material at its exit from the nozzle.
(7) The addition when possible of a certain proportion of aluminium in the
material to be treated.
In the accompanying drawings,
Figure 1 is a longitudinal section of an apparatus for the manufacture of hollow
bars, tubes and pipes and
Figures 2 and 3 are transverse sections on the lines and m n respectively of
Figure 1.
A indicates a suitable apparatus (such as a reverberatory furnace) in which the
metal or alloy to be moulded has been manufactured or more or less fused; B is its
hearth, C its arch, D a large opening in the side wall which puts the body A of
the furnace in communication with the casting canal H. a, b, c is the normal level
of the molten material; it should be maintained as far as possible constant. F is a
valve by means of which, in case of necessity, A may be shut off from H. This
fusion apparatus may be of any kind but it is preferably so arranged that the
temperature may be regulated as desired and maintained at a fixed point;
apparatuses continuously charged and heated by means of a gasogene or gas
apparatus are particularly suitable in this case.
In this combination the feed reservoir is composed of the portion a, b, d, e
of fused material in the canal D but increases to a, c, d, f when the valve F
is open.
The constancy of the temperature of this reservoir a, b, d, e is a condition
essential to the success of the operation. To ensure this constancy I recommend

page_text: that the valve F be left partially open under normal working in such a way
that the communication between the furnace A and the reservoir D is half open,
for instance as far as b, e, as long as the temperature remains constant in A;
there is then another temperature, also constant, in D. If the temperature rises
accidentally in A or H, 1 lower the valve F and in case of necessity I close it
completely. If on the contrary the temperature falls accidentally in H 1 open the
valve F to enable heat to pass from the source A.
To
The remedy is more difficult when the temperature falls accidentally in the
furnace A as occurs, for instance, when it is charged with the material to be fused
(if the charge is not continuous) or when the molten material is worked, etc.
guard against these accidents, I arrange graphite electrodes J, J and J" which
serve as terminals for the electric reheating currents (the electrode J being
insulated from the metallic supports R by means of the insulating rings K);
when the valve F is closed I can send a reheating current between J and J" to
maintain the temperature of the canal H constant. I regulate the intensity of this
reheating current by means of any suitable known apparatus.
This arrangement permits a reheating current to be sent as may be desired
between J and J', or between J and the portion of the tube that has already
left the ozzle at Y; this operation recovers the normal state of affairs in
case of local cooling in the annular canal or in the nozzle or finally when
it is necessary to start again after stoppage, during which the metal has set in the
nozzle.
The casting canal H has an interior lining of refractory material I, a metallic
envelope G, a movable cover J that carries the electrode J" and is sufficiently
large to permit of the replacement from above of the mandrel N without it being
necessary to take to pieces the lower part of the canal. E is a door for over-
hauling. Na mandrel or core exactly centred by the segmental projections that
it carries laterally; the molten metal is divided into separate streams by these
segments, but these streams unite to form a single stream under the double action
of pressure and temperature before arriving at the nozzle M.
The length and section of this canal are regulated so as to have at the passage
of the nozzle M the temperature and speed of flow necessitated by the nature of
the metal or alloy under treatment.
When it is not possible, on account of local arrangements or for any other
reason, to produce by means of the casting canal alone, the pressure necessary
for the flow of the metal in the nozzle, recourse can be had to one of the
apparatuses of compression described in my former application for a Patent
dated the 21st July 1894 No. 14078.
Or a compressed gas apparatus, pump with two differential pistons or pump
with three differential pistons or pump with spring counter-piston could be used.
The employment of these apparatuses will be particularly suitable in the case
where the variation of the speed of the flow of the material will be useful.
When pumps are used I can pass an electric current between the pistons and
their cylinders or 1 can cause a fused metal or alloy to circulate between the
different parts of the apparatus as and for the purpose set forth in my application
for a Patent No. 14078 of 21st July 1894.
A space P¹ may be left between the refractory lining and the metallic
envelope G for the purpose of causing the circulation, if required, of a cooling
current of air. This current would be obtained by opening the doors 1" and ".
M is the nozzle. For metals that melt at very high temperatures I make it of
hard refractory material; the amount of friction to which it is subjected may be
reduced by diminishing the charge, which produces the flow in this nozzle, to the
limit absolutely necessary for avoiding blow holes and other defects of the material
under treatment.
L is an insulating washer and O a tightening packing.
I am aware that a certain number of metals or alloys should not be cooled too
suddenly at the moment of their exit from the nozzle and I cool these in two

page_text: successive stages. In the first stage I effect a preliminary partial cooling
sufficiently slight not to produce, by repercussion, any derangement in the nozzle
and the annular passage next to it; then in the second stage I complete the
solidification and the cooling of the stream.
"
For putting in practice this method of cooling it suffices to remove the
refrigerator further from the nozzle. I designate the space between the nozzle
and the refrigerator the "interposed chamber even if this space remains freely
open to the air; it is then an open chamber as opposed to the closed chambers
that I employ when the preliminary cooling is to be effected in a vacuum or in a
particular fluid.
Figures 1 to 3 represent the arrangement when the interposed chamber is open.
Qis a tubular ring pierced with a number of holes for sending a current of air on
the stream issuing from the nozzle when it is necessary to increase the action of
convection; it could be replaced by nose pipes such as are shewn at Q, Figure 7.
Instead of air, a gas that has no chemical action on the incandescent material (for
instance products of combustion obtained from a chimney and cooled or not) or a
vapour or water in a fine state of division or any other fluid suitable to the nature
of the material under treatment, may be projected on to the material.
As to the refrigerator properly so called it frequently need only be a reservoir
of flowing water placed beneath the nozzle in which the level of the water is
raised until the distance from the nozzle is that suitable to the form required and
to the nature of the material to be shaped as shewn in Figures 6, 14 and 15.
When the nearly stagnant water produces vapours prejudicial to the product in
course of manufacture I employ one of the refrigerating apparatuses operating by
direct contact with a gaseous current or with water or other fluid or with fused
metal or alloy which completely encloses and isolates the stream to be cooled
which have been described in the Specification of my Patent No. 14078 of 1894;
or instead of these apparatuses I can employ, as shewn in Figure 1, a refrigerating
apparatus X in which a current of water circulates, that enters by the inlets U,
flows to the annular passage V spreads itself through the annular space comprised
between the envelope of the refrigerator and the tube in course of construction,
then flows into the passage VI and issues by the annular space W' and the outlets U¹.
It may also be caused to flow in the opposite direction. When the leakages of
water at W and W₁ would be injurious, the water is sucked in at U' instead of
being forced in at U. Finally when the direct contact of the water would be
mjurious to the metal or alloy of which the tube is composed, thin strips of paper,
cotton, silk or other thin material are interposed between the water and the stream
of metal; the pressure of the water forces these strips against the stream and they
are carried along by the latter. Figures 7 and 7quat shew how this may be
carried out. The passage V may also be replaced by a simple funnel filled with a
solid body that melts at a relatively low temperature.
In this system the distance from the nozzle to the refrigerating apparatus
properly so called is one of the elements having the greatest influence on the
manufacture, it must vary according to the nature of the metal or alloy to be
worked and according to the shape of the product desired. To facilitate the
regulation of this distance I cause the refrigerator X to be carried by the casing G
of the feed canal H by means of the screwed rods R. These rods are fixed at one
end to the packing-ring O and to the casing G of the canal H by means of the
nuts P and S. The refrigerating apparatus is connected to each of them by a
nut S carrying a bevel wheel which gears with a bevel wheel S" actuated by a
crank. Toothed wheels, with which a chain gears, connect the various nuts SI
together. This arrangement permits of the rapid and easy alteration of the
distance 7. The distance will be increased when the material passing in the nozzle
is cold, and diminished when the contrary is the case.
Rollers W or other equivalent arrangement, placed below the apparatus,
conduct the solidified tube when it issues from the refrigerator X and support it,
so as to avoid rupture which might be caused by the weight of the length of tube,

page_text: up to Y where a part is still in a pasty condition. These rollers are not shewn in
Figure 1 but they are shewn in the other figures.
Figures 4 to 10 and Figure 18 are sections shewing different modifications which
may be substituted for the apparatus for heating the molten material shewn in
Figure 1.
Instead of having, as shown in Figure 1, a single canal for the passage of the
heat passing from the furnace A to heat the liquid contained in the casting canal H,
the said canal may be divided into two, as shewn in Figure 4, in which the one D¹,
provided with its valve F, enables the canal H to be heated simply by the molten
material contained in the furnace A, whilst the other canal D" provided with its
valve F enables the canal H to be heated simply by radiation of heat from
the walls of the furnace A and by the incandescent gases issuing from its
hearth
This division is also seen in Figure 5 in which the canal D is simply a lateral
flue instead of being a canal constructed in the side walls of the furnace.
In Figure 6 the heating is effected simply by the canal D" provided with the
valve F which directs to the top of the casting canal the heat radiated from
the walls of a furnace or of a flue as well as that of the hot gases contained in the
furnace or flue.
In certain cases the normal heating could be effected by an apparatus having
only a single passage with its valve which conducts to the casting canal the heat
of the molten metal contained in the furnace. This arrangement is obtained by
dispensing with the passage D" of Figures 4 and 5.
Similar letters in Figures 4 to 6 refer to similar parts in Figure 1.
In Figure 7 the source of heat is a crucible E situated immediately over the
canal H. This crucible is placed in a furnace A, of which B is the lateral
refractory wall, C the metal casing, B' the removable cover, I the refractory lining
of the bottom which is continuous with that of the casting canal and may form the
bottom of the crucible, G the metal casing of the casting canal, F a shutter carried
by a rod passing through the cover B' and actuated by D. It permits the heat
transmitted to the canal H to be moderated when the latter is too hot. The
electrode Jenables the system to be reheated in case of necessity.
In Figure 8 the crucible E is shifted to the side of the canal H which is then
closed at the top by a plug J carrying the electrode J". E is a lateral
overhauling door. 11 is a layer of cooling air in the canal H.
In Figure 9 the heating of the molten material is effected by the combustion of a
layer of charcoal, or other combustible, floating above the surface a, of the
molten material. I regulate the temperature of the canal II by the three following
methods, viz., 1st. The plug K carried by the rod K¹ enables the heat transmitted
to the canal H by the molten material contained in the reservoir A to be moderated
or even to be completely cut off in case of necessity. 2nd. Admission of air through
the orifices L enables the combustion of the floating combustible material to
proceed and, if necessary, to be rendered more active; the air arrives by the
annular passage L' and the products of combustion escape by the annular canal L".
3rd Electric current passing between the electrodes J and J". D is a removable
cover for charging; it carries the plug J1 through which passes the electrode Ju
enabling a reheating current to be passed in case of necessity through the mass,
which current issues by the electrode J. B is the refractory lining of the
reservoir A.
In certain cases, if required, the above stationary apparatus may be replaced by
a movable ladle A, shewn in Figure 10 as it appears at the end of the operation of
charging. Its cover E carries the pipe L for the admission of air; the pipe is
loose in the passage L which opens into the enlargement L111 for the exhaustion
of the products of combustion. Bis the refractory lining of the ladle, G its metal
casing, J a door carrying the electrode J. P is the axis of rotation. This
ladle is connected to the casting canal formed of the various essential elements
wihch bear the same reference letters as the other figures, notably Figure 1.

page_text: Figures 6b, 7, 8 and 11 to 17 are sections illustrating various modification>
which may be adopted for cooling the material issuing from the nozzle.
The apparatus shewn in Figures 7b, 7ter, 7quat is similar to that shewn in Figure 1
but it is arranged for the manufacture of solid bars and wires and it has no special
arrangement for rapidly altering the position of the cooling apparatus X.
Figure 7 is a longitudinal section; it forms a continuation of Figure 7;
Figure 7er is a transverse section on the line p q of Figure 7; Figure 7quat is a
section on the line t-u of Figure 7. Q, Q are the tuyères for supplying the
cooling air. S and S are nuts which attach the cooling apparatus X to the
screwed rods R. A' is a strip of paper. The other letters of reference refer to
the same parts as in Figure 1.
Figure 11 shews how the nozzle and the cooling apparatus of Figure 1 may be
modified when the nature of the metal allows the casting to take place upwards.
In this case the casting canal is provided with an elbow in two pieces held together
by bolts in the plane of the diameter. It shews also how the interposed chamber Y
may be closed. This chamber is provided with two nozzles Z and Z' which permit
either the formation of a vacuum in the chamber or the passage of a current of
fluid; it is provided also with an envelope or jacket T containing cooling water
which enters by the neck T and issues by another neck T. This envelope or
Jacket T may be broken by the insertion of a door Z in the interior wall of
the chamber Y. The letters of reference of this figure, not mentioned above,
refer to the same parts as the same letters in Figures 1, 2, 3; the same observation
applies to the following figures.
Figure 12 shews likewise the method of modifying the nozzle and cooling
apparatus of Figures 7 and 7 ter for casting upwards. This figure shews, as a
modification, a telescopic closed interposed chamber to illustrate how the distance
between the nozzle M and the cooling apparatus X may be varied whilst still
keeping the chambers closed, and how the cooling of this closed chamber may be
ensured if required. The chamber T, which cools the part of the jacket next the
nozzle, is cooled by a current of water which arrives by the tube T' and issues
by T, whilst the chamber T cools the other part of the jacket by means of the
current of water that, arriving by the tube U, traverses this chamber T before
forming the cooling layer interposed between the stream of metal to be cooled and
the cylinder X and issues partly by the tube U₁ and by the annular space
existing between the exterior surface of the stream and the interior lips of the
chamber V1.
Figure 6, which forms the continuation of Figure 6, shews the case where
the stream is cooled in two stages of which the second consists simply in the
immersion of the stream in a reservoir of cooling water, the level r, s of which is
regulated by means of a movable sluice valve in order to arrange it at the suitable
distance from the nozzle. The cooling water enters the reservoir at X.
Figure 15 is simply a modification of the preceding and only differs from it in
that the entire apparatus is movable with respect to the reservoir of cooling
water. The apparatus may therefore be moved with respect to the reservoir
instead of varying the level of the water in the reservoir. This arrangement may
be used with advantage in connection with the apparatus shewn in Figure 10.
Figure 13 represents an arrangement for cooling in three stages. The first is
effected in a closed chamber Y, analogous to that shewn in Figure 11 and in
Figure 12, but which is here shewn without a cooling jacket; the second is effected
in an open chamber Y1; the third in the refrigerating apparatus X. This
arrangement is particularly suitable for the manufacture of tinned and galvanized
tubes as I shall explam hereafter. The glands W₁ secure, if required, the
tightness of the passage of the manufactured tube in the bottom of the
refrigerating apparatus X.
Figure 14 is another modification of the method of cooling in three stages
which differs from the preceding in that the movable cooling apparatus is here
replaced by a receptacle containing the refrigerating material. In this case the

page_text: surface level r, s of the cooling material is regulated so that its distance from the
nozzle is that which is suitable. This arrangement is particularly well suited
to the case in which the cooling material is a solid body and melts gradually and
in which the overflow escapes after fusion by the waste pipe s. It is suitable for
the manufacture of tinned and galvanized wires.
Figures 8, 16 and 17 shew the arrangement to be adopted for cooling the
stream in one single stage by the direct contact of this sticam with a gaseous
current, a current of dry or saturated vapour or a liquid curent, or a current of
molten material or a current of a solid body that melts at a low temperature.
A reservoir a, with circulation of water by the short tubes b, c, is arranged on
the metal jacket G of the casting canal H of Figure 81, as an example of the
employment of water as the refrigerating medium of the casting canal.
In Figure 18 the reservoir H₁ is shewn distinct from the casting canal H and it
may be insulated from it by the electrode J" when it has the position shewn by
the dotted lines after the cover JIV, that covers the top of the reservoir, has
been removed. I recommend this modification when working those metals that are
to be superheated during their fusion and which must be therefore cooled more
than the others before they arrive at the nozzle. In this case when the closing of
the valve F is not sufficient, the cover J may be slightly raised or removed; if
this is not sufficient the cover JIV may be raised or removed; as a final resource
the orifice of the casting canal H may be closed by means of the electrode J".
This would afford an efficient means of counteracting the variable flow of heat
which might be produced by the superheating of the metal. The figure shews this
installation in connection with a crucible furnace, as an example. It could be so
connected in all the other cases.
I have found that the process is often facilitated by the addition of a certain
proportion of aluminium to the fused material. It is known that this addition, in
minimum quantity, deoxidizes the material under treatment, purifies it and renders
it homogeneous; but I have found also that in exceeding the quantity absolutely
necessary for bringing about this result a sensible lowering of the melting point
and a considerably less sudden passage from the liquid to the solid state are
obtained. This result aids considerably the passage in the nozzle of a certain
number of metals or alloys, which, in their natural state, pass rapidly from the
liquid to the solid state.
I employ this new system of manufacture for galvanizing bars, wires and tubes
at the moment of their formation. I cool, in this case, in three stages as illustrated
by Figures 13 and 14. The first is effected in the interposed chamber Y
hermetically closed in which a current of chlorine or of hydrochloric acid
sufficiently dilute is caused to circulate, which forms on the interior surface of the
tube or wire the superficial layer of chloride necessary to obtain a good result.
The second cooling is effected in the open chamber Y¹ situated between the first
chamber and the cooling apparatus X. This second chamber Y₁ is freely
open and the wire may be seen passing and the defects on the surface of the stream
may be repaired by means of sal-ammoniac. The wire or tube, thus prepared,
enters the cooling apparatus ✗ in which zinc, previously melted, is caused to
circulate; this latter enters at U and issues at U. The stuffing-box W prevents
the molten zinc from leaking and serves at the same time as a collar for smoothing
the exterior surface of the wire or tube manufactured. On its exit from the
stuffing-box Wit is cooled by water projected on to it. In Figure 14 the cooling
apparatus is a simple galvanizing crucible filled to the level r, s with molten zinc.
On its arrival at the bottom of the crucible the wire is bent upwards and leaves
the zinc bath at the surface. The same arrangement may be used for tinning
tubes, bars and wiles instead of galvanizing thein; but in this case the chlorine
and hydrochloric acid may be dispensed with and in their place a curent of a
gas, having no chemical action on the exterior surface of the material issuing from
the nozzle, may be used.
I reserve to myself also the application of the normal heat of the material

page_text: contained in the reservoir, for the manufacture of solid or hollow bars composed of
two concentric layers, in using the arrangements described in the Specification of
my Application No. 14078 of 1894, such as the apparatus of compression described
in the said Patent or a compressed gas apparatus or a pump with two or three
differential pistons or a pump with spring counter-piston.
When the solid or hollow bars are obtained by the method of compressing the
fused material herein before described they are not fatigued, as is usually the case,
by the ordinary mechanical operations (welding, forging, rolling, drawing and the
like) nor by the repeated reheating necessitated by these operations. They retain
their qualities of softness and ductility and they are free from accidental defects
produced by the ordinary processes. Furthermore, the compression that the
material undergoes when passing the nozzles is moderate and constant and renders
the material homogeneous, non-porous, and compact.
The products obtained by my process have therefore special properties especially
from the point of view of their resistance, toughness and conductibility and can be
hammered and drawn cold if it is desired to render them hard or if they are
required to be of accurate dimensions.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what [
claim 18:-
1. A process for the manufacture of solid or hollow bars, wires and tubes of all
sections and sizes and tinned or galvanized or not from all metals or alloys except
lead, tin, bismuth and their alloys with one another, which consists in the storing,
in the reservoir of the apparatus and in its canal, of a certain quantity of molten
material maintained at a constant temperature and serving to regulate the accidental
variations of heat with the compression brought to bear upon this material for
forcing it through a nozzle where it is moulded and at the exit of which the
material is cooled in two or more successive stages of which the first is effected
open to the atmosphere or in a closed chamber and the last in a movable cooling
apparatus, the normal distance of which from the nozzle is regulated according to
the nature of the material under treatment and the size of the product, but which
is altered in the course of the operation for re-establishing, if required, the normal
temperature of the material at its passage in the body of the nozzle, the material
being guided and sustained at its exit from the nozzle, substantially as set forth.
2. In the manufacture of bars, wires and tubes by the process claimed in Claim 1,
the application of the following special means or the application of a part of them
simply or of any one of them separately, viz. :-
(a) The permanent communication of the molten material with a source of
heat as regular as possible, which may be, for example, a mass of the
material in course of melting or already molten and which may pass into the
apparatus in its turn, or the body of the cupola or furnace or crucible where
the fusion is taking or has already taken place, or this mass of material and
the corresponding body together, or a layer of combustible material floating
on the surface of the bath of molten material, etc.; this communication
being furnished with fittings (register, sluice valve, valve, etc.) enabling the
communication to be cut off partially or totally in case of overheating,
cooling, obstruction, stoppage or the like.
(b) The cooling, optional, total or partial of the molten material contained in
the canals, this cooling being effected either by the aid of a current of air
set up between the refractory lining and its metallic sheathing and regulated
by doors or by registers, or by means of a layer of water partially or
completely enveloping this casing.
(c) The progressive cooling in two successive stages of the material issuing
from the nozzle; the first cooling being effected in air with optional
insufflation or being effected in a closed chamber, telescopic or not, cooled or
Dot, with or without a circulation of gas; the second being effected in &

page_text: cooling apparatus more or less removed from the nozzle and in which the
stream to be cooled is in direct contact with a current of cooling material
(water, liquid, molten metal or alloy, solid metal or alloy capable of being
fused at a relatively low temperature).
;
(d) The variation of the distance of this cooling apparatus from the nozzle
this distance being regulated for the normal condition according to the
nature of the material treated and of the calibre of the required product,
but being modified in the course of the operation for re-establishing, if
required, the normal temperature of the material at its passage in the body
of the nozzle; this variation being effected by displacing the cooling
apparatus or by varying the surface level of the cooling material in its
reservoir or finally by the movability of the casting apparatus with respect
to the cooling apparatus or to its reservoir.
(e) The interposition between the incandescent stream to be cooled and the
liquid current of its cooling apparatus of strips of paper, cotton, silk or other
thin material, when the direct contact of the stream and of its cooling liquid
would be injurious.
(f) The progressive cooling of the stream at its exit from the nozzle in three
successive stages, the first partial cooling being effected in a closed chamber,
situated immediately at the mouth of the nozzle, and which chamber is
telescopic or not, cooled or not, with or without a circulation of gas; a
space freely open to the air, where a second cooling is effected, separating it
from the movable cooling apparatus where the cooling of the stream 15
completed.
(g) The addition of a small proportion of aluminium to the material to be
treated, all substantially as set forth.
3. The use in carrying out my improved process of the special means above
escribed in combination with the various special means described in my former
pplication dated the 21st July 1894 No. 14078 as follows, rs. :-
(a) The passage of electric reheating currents in the various parts of the
molten material to be treated.
(b) The compression necessary to cause the passage of the molten material
through the nozzle, this compression being realised by means of a sufficiently
long casting canal; or of compressed gas apparatus such as a pump with two
differential pistons, a pump with three differential pistons, a pump with
spring-counter-piston, the employment of these pumps being particularly
suitable in the case where the variation of the speed of flow of the material
is to be employed.
(c) The passage of electric reheating currents between the pump-pistons and
their cylinders or the circulation between the organs of a metal or alloy
fused separately.
(d) The direct contact of the stream to be cooled with a jacket formed of a
broad current of water or other fluid or of metal or alloy already fused
which completely encloses and isolates it from the exterior metal casing of
the jacket.
4. For carrying out my process the construction and employment of the various
paratuses herein before described and illustrated in the accompanying drawings
examples of the application of my improved process as specified in Claims 1, 2
d 3.
5. The system of manufacture, by means of the apparatus hereinbefore described
d illustrated in the accompanying drawings, of galvanized solid or hollow bars,
res or tubes of all metals and alloys, except lead, tin and bismuth and their alloys
ith one another.
6. The system of manufacture, by means of the apparatus herein before described
d illustrated in the accompanying drawings, of tinned solid or hollow bars, wires
d tubes from all metals or alloys, except lead, tin and bismuth and their alloys
th one another.

page_text: 7. The manufacture, by means of the apparatus herein before described and
illustrated in the accompanying drawings, of solid or hollow bars, wires, tubes and
pipes from all metals or alloys, except lead, tin and bismuth and their alloys with
one another, whether galvanized, tinned or not, or homogeneous or of two concentric
3 metals or alloys; the products obtained by this process possessing special
properties, especially from the point of view of their resistance, of their toughness
and of their conductibility which result from the fact that they are not subjected,
during the course of their manufacture, to superficial oxidation and molecular
fatigue which are occasioned by the present methods of manufacture, the products
obtained by this system of manufacture being also either finished or rough more or
less unfinished objects.
Dated this 23rd day of November 1894.
G. F. REDFERN & Co.,
4, South Street, Finsbury, London, Agents for the Applicant.