CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN MANUFACTURING CAST STEEL
Year: 1857

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Charles Pauvert, of Chatellerault, Town in the French
Empire, Ecclesiastic, for the Invention of "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN
MANUFACTURING CAST STEEL."
Sealed the 28th July 1857, and dated the 2nd March 1857.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Charles Pauvert at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
2nd March 1857.
I, CHARLES PAUVERT, of Chatellerault, Town in the French Empire,
Ecclesiastic, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "CERTAIN
IMPROVEMENTS IN MANUFACTURING CAST STEEL," to be as follows:-
The object of this process is to decarbonize cast iron by prepared oxide of
iron, and to free it from gaseous and solid metalloids. I crush cast iron heated
to a red heat under rolls, or under a tilt hammer or broad-faced forge hammer.
The portion of the cast iron reduced to a fine powder serves for the preparation
of the oxide, while that which is in coarser particles serves for reguluses or
metal.
To render the oxydation complete, the powdered cast iron is wetted with
pure acidulated or alkalized water.
To obtain cast steel, I have recourse to the processes and apparatuses now
used for fusing. I place in a melting pot from 33 to 40 parts, by weight, of.
oxide, prepared as just stated, to 100 parts by weight of crushed cast iron;

page_text: to every hundred parts cast iron, 8 or 10 parts of the following composition
are added (which must be kept as free as may be from exposure to the air):-
4 parts, by weight, dry carbonate of soda.
wood ashes.
4
"
"
"
dry carbonate of potash.
3
"
"
""
2
borax.
"
"
"
3
"
"
4 to 7"
"
oxide of manganese.
hydrogenated carbon, soot, or lamp black.
These ingredients should be carefully mixed, but the number and pro-
portions may be varied according to the product desired.
Instead of oxydized cast iron, iron filings or iron raspings may be used, the
same being oxydized by the same process.
Instead of 4 parts dry carbonate of potass, 2 parts caustic potass may be
employed.
The numerous reactions of these ingredients produce the following effects:-
1. Electric currents.
2. Complete reduction of the manganese and oxide of iron (produced by the
oxydized cast iron or iron filings), which unite with the steel.
3. Reduction of the earthy and alkaline metals and borax, which absorb the
metalloids.
4. Disappearance of the nitrous gases, because potassium, sodium, and
calcium, reduced in presence of steel and of carbon in an incipient state, absorb
nitrogen, and form cyanides of potassium, sodium, and calcium.
5. Formation of larger crystals in the steel, when it cools down, than have
hitherto been produced in steel.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Charles Pauvert in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
1st September 1857.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, CHARLES
PAUVERT, of Chatellerault, Town in the French Empire, Ecclesiastic, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most
Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Second day of March, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven, in the twentieth year of Her reign,
did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said
Charles Pauvert, Her special licence that I, the said Charles Pauvert, my.

page_text: executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Charles
Pauvert, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the
term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel
Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN MANU-
FACTURING CAST STEEL," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said
Charles Pauvert, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in
writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly
describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner
the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great
Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the
date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Charles Pauvert, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement thereof, that is to say:-
The object of this Invention is to decarbonize cast iron by prepared oxide of
iron, and to free it from gaseous and solid metalloids.
I crush cast iron heated to a red heat under rolls, or under a tilt hammer or
broad-faced forge hammer. The portion of the cast iron reduced to a fine
powder serves for the preparation of the oxide, while that which is in coarser
particles serves for reguluses or metal.
To render the oxydation complete, the powdered cast iron is wetted with
pure acidulated or alkalized water.
To obtain cast steel I have recourse to the processes and apparatuses now
used for fusing. I place in a melting pot from 33 to 40 parts (by weight) of
oxide, prepared as just stated, to 100 parts (by weight) of crushed cast iron;
to every hundred parts cast iron, 8 or 10 parts of the following composition
are added (which must be kept as free as may be from exposure to the
air):
4
"
"
3
"
4 parts (by weight) dry carbonate of soda.
وو
dry carbonate of potash.
wood ashes.
2
borax.
"
39
3
"
"
oxide of manganese.
4 to 7
"
"
hydrogenated carbon, soot, or lamp black.
These ingredients should be carefully mixed, but the number and proportions

page_text: Instead of oxydized cast iron, iron filings or iron raspings may be used, the
same being oxydized by the same process.
Instead of 4 parts dry carbonate of potass, 2 parts caustic potass may
be employed.
The numerous reactions of these ingedients produce the following effects:-
1. The generation of numerous electric currents.
2. Complete reduction of the manganese and oxide of iron, produced by the
oxydized cast iron or iron filings), which unite with the steel.
3. Reduction of the earthy and alkaline metals and borax, which absorb the
metalloids.
4. Disappearance of the nitrous gases, because potassium, sodium, and
calcium, reduced in presence of steel and of carbon in an incipient state, absorb
nitrogen, and form cyanides of potassium, sodium, and calcium.
5. Formation of larger crystals in the steel, when it cools down, than have
hitherto been produced in steel.
And having now described the nature of my said Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, I declare that I claim the manufacture
of cast steel by the means and in manner herein-before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Charles Pauvert, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Twenty-seventh day of August, One thousand eight
hundred and fifty-seven.
C. PAUVERT. (L.S.)