IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR SHAPING AND REDUCING METAL BARS AND IN HORSE SHOE NAILS MANUFACTURED BY SUCH MACHINERY OR OTHERWISE."
Year: 1880

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Robert Lake, of the Firm of Haseltine, Lake,
& Co., Patent Agents, Southampton Buildings, London, for an Invention of
IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR SHAPING AND REDUCING METAL BARS
AND IN HORSE SHOE NAILS MANUFACTURED BY SUCH MACHINERY OR
OTHERWISE."
$1
A communication from abroad by George Joseph Capewell, of
Cheshire, Connecticutt, United States of America, Manufacturer.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Robert Lake at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 20th March 1880.
WILLIAM ROBERT LAKE, of the Firm of Haseltine, Lake, & Co., Patent Agents,
"IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR SHAPING
Southampton Buildings, London.
AND REDUCING METAL BARS AND IN HORSE SHOE NAILS MANUFACTURED BY SUCH
MACHINERY OR OTHERWISE." [A communication from abroad by George Joseph
Capewell, of Cheshire, Connecticutt, United States of America, Manufacturer.]
This Invention relates to machines for reducing and shaping bars of metal to
form horseshoe nails and other articles; also to certain improvements in horseshoe
nails which may be produced thereby, and by other means.
To
One part of the said Invention consists in devices for feeding the blanks to a
pair of pressure-rolls having die-grooves arranged in registering series of diminishing
pairs, and in mechanism for returning the blanks through the rolls and retaining
them on the receiving side thereof until the die-grooves come round again.
effect these results two series of tubes are employed, each having plungers; and a
The tubes which
peculiar construction is given to the die-grooves themselves.
supply the blanks to the rolls are fixed, their plungers are spring-pressed, and the
lower ends of said plungers are conically recessed to hold the blanks in proper
position to enter the die-grooves. The other series of tubes travel back and forth
from one pair of die-grooves to another, and their plungers are actuated positively
so as to force the blanks back through the dies to the upper tubes and plungers.
The die-grooves are made considerably larger at one end than at the other to allow
such return of the blanks, but to prevent their falling back between the rolls until
the large ends of the die-grooves come round again. The forward end of each
the larger. The tubes vibrating or travelling
groove (in the direction of rotation)
as aforesaid, are free to turn in their supporting-block, and have gear-wheels
attached to them which mesh with a relatively fixed rack so as to give said tubes a
partial rotation at each vibration. This ensures the turning of the blanks before

page_text: each impression, and the consequent equal compression of all their sides. The
vibration of these tubes is preferably produced by a rock-shaft with suitable arms
operated by the alternate action of a cam and a spring. The plungers of said
vibrating or travelling tubes are preferably operated by a succession of suitable
levers actuated by a cam and spring. The travelling or vibrating tubes are
ordinarily held up in their proper position by the pressure of a spring against a
notched suspending rod; but a lever is attached to their supporting-block in such
manner that they can be forced down out of their working position to facilitate
inspection.
Another part of this Invention consists in means for automatically stopping the
machine when a blank is improperly presented to the rolls, or when the end of a
bar fed to the machine is reached. In the former case the fins on the blank strike
one of the vibrating or travelling tubes, force downward its supporting-block and
attached lever, and thereby free a sliding bar which engages with said lever. This
sliding bar is connected at one end to a shipping lever which clutches or unclutches
the balance-wheel on the driving-shaft, and a retracting spring operates the sliding
bar when thus freed so as to cause the unclutching. The machine then stops as
soon as power is cut off from the driving-shaft.
When the end of a fed-bar is reached a bar or lever resting thereon is suddenly
drawn by a spring so as to operate through a connecting-rod a second lever which
frees the sliding bar aforesaid, and thus unclutches the balance-wheel through the
action of mechanism above described.
Any suitable mechanism may be employed for cutting the fed-bar into suitable
lengths and supplying them to the guide-tubes above described. The first tube of
one series and the last tube of the other series are left without plungers, as they
serve only to receive and discharge the blanks respectively before and after the
operation of the pressure rolls. The operating cams are preferably carried by the
driving shaft. The same block serves to support the tube-turning rack to allow
the attachment of the suspending rod, and to receive the rock-shaft before referred
It has a sleeve for said rock-shaft within it. By means of this sleeve the
rocking of the said shaft actuates the arm which vibrates the travelling tubes; but
said sleeve allows the said block to slide over the rock-shaft in the direction of the
length of the latter.
to.
The blanks pass from the last of the travelling tubes through a supplementary
guide-tube which is pivotally suspended and provided with devices whereby it is
swung out of the way whenever the block containing the travelling tubes is removed
from the rolls, as set forth. This supplementary tube delivers the blanks to a
pivoted quadrant-shaped dropping block which receives the blank in an upright
channel, and then rocks into such a position that the channel is horizontal. A
slide covering the outer side (subsequently the bottom) of said channel is auto-
matically removed from said channel during this rocking movement, so that the
blank is deposited where a slide delivers it to griping devices, which move it into
proper position for heading and point-trimming plungers to operate thereon.
The trimming plunger is actuated by a thrusting bevelled blade acting at right
angles against the bevelled rear end of said plunger, instead of by a toggle as
heretofore. The other plungers are worked by toggles, and two of them receive
their motion through levers like walking beams, which are suspended below the
bed-plate of the machine. Suitable levers, cams, and rods rock the quadrant-shaped
block, and a fixed curved plate or bar forming a stop engages with a finger on the
pivoted slide or plate which covers the channel to automatically remove said slide
from said channel.
The machine may be upright, horizontal, or inclined. I describe it as vertical for
convenience in explanation.
Another part of my Invention consists in providing such nails with barbs,
serrations, or the like, to make clenching unnecessary, and to prevent dislodgement
from the hoof.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said William Robert Lake in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 20th
September 1880.
WILLIAM ROBERT LAKE, of the Firm of Haseltine, Lake, & Co., Patent Agents,
Southampton Buildings, London. "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR SHAPING.
AND REDUCING METAL BARS AND IN HORSE-SHOE NAILS MANUFACTURED BY SUCH
MACHINERY OR OTHERWISE." A communication from abroad by George Joseph
Capewell, of Cheshire, Connecticut, United States of America, Manufacturer.
This Invention relates to machines for reducing and shaping bars of metal to
form horse-shoe nails and other articles, also to improvements in horse-shoe nails
which may be produced thereby, or by other means.
One part of the said Invention consists in devices for feeding the blanks to a pair
of pressure-rolls having die-grooves arranged in registering series of diminishing pairs,
and in mechanism for returning the blanks through the rolls and retaining them
on the receiving side thereof until the die-grooves come round again. To effect
these results two series of tubes are employed, each having plungers, and a peculiar
construction is given to the die-grooves. The tubes which supply the blanks to
the rolls are fixed, their plungers are spring-pressed, and the lower ends of said
plungers are conically recessed to hold the blanks in the proper position to enter
the die-grooves. The other series of tubes travel to and fro from one pair of die-
grooves to another, and their plungers are actuated positively to force the blanks
back through the dies to the upper tubes and plungers. The die-grooves are made
considerably larger at one end than at the other to allow such return of the blanks;
but to prevent their falling back between the rolls until the large ends of the die-
grooves come round again. The forward end of each groove (in the direction of
rotation) is the larger. The tubes vibrating or travelling as aforesaid are free to
turn in their supporting block, and have gear-wheels which mesh with a relatively-
fixed rack so as to give the said tubes a partial rotation at each vibration. This
arrangement ensures the turning of the blanks before each impression, and the
consequent equal compression of all of their sides. The vibration of these tubes is
preferably produced by a rock-shaft with suitable arms, operated by the alternate
action of a cam and a spring. The plungers of the said vibrating or travelling
tubes are preferably operated by a succession of suitable levers actuated by a cam
and spring. The travelling or vibrating tubes are ordinarily held up in their
proper position by the pressure of a spring against a notched suspending rod, but a
lever is attached to their supporting block in such manner that they can be forced
down out of their working position to facilitate inspection.
Another part of this Invention consists in means for automatically stopping the
machine when a blank is improperly presented to the rolls, or when the end of a
bar fed to the machine is reached. In the former case the fins on the blank strike
one of the vibrating or travelling tubes, force downward its supporting block and
attached lever, and thereby free a sliding bar which engages with the said lever.
This sliding bar is connected at one end to a lever which clutches or unclutches the
balance-wheel on the driving shaft, and a retracting spring operates the sliding bar
when freed to effect the unclutching. The machine then stops as soon as power is
cut off from the driving shaft.
"
When the end of a bar fed to the machine is reached a bar or lever resting
thereon is suddenly drawn by a spring to operate through a connecting-rod a second
lever, which frees the aforesaid sliding bar, and thus unclutches the balance-wheel
through the action of the mechanism above described.
Any suitable mechanism may be employed for cutting the
lengths, and supplying them to the guide-tubes above described.
-
bars into suitable
The first tube of

page_text: one series and the last tube of the other series are left without plungers, as they
serve only to receive and discharge the blanks respectively before and after the
operation of the pressure-rolls. The operating cams are preferably carried by the
driving shaft. The same block serves to support the tube-turning rack to allow
the attachment of the suspending rod and to receive the aforesaid rock-shaft. It
has a sleeve for the said rock-shaft within it. By means of this sleeve the rocking
of the said shaft actuates the arm which vibrates the travelling tubes, but the
sleeve allows the said block to slide over the rock-shaft in the direction of the
length of the latter.
The blanks pass from the last one of the travelling tubes through a supplementary
guide-tube which is pivotally suspended and provided with devices whereby it is
swung out of the way whenever the block containing the travelling tubes is removed
from the rolls. This supplementary tube delivers the blanks to a pivotted quadrant-
shaped dropping block, which receives the blank in an upright channel and then
rocks into such a position that the channel is horizontal. A slide covering the
outer side (subsequently the bottom) of the said channel is automatically removed
therefrom during this rocking movement, so that the blank is deposited where a
slide delivers it to griping devices which move it into the proper position for heading
and point-trimming plungers to operate thereon. The trimming plunger is actuated
by a thrusting bevelled blade acting at right angles against the bevelled rear end
of the said plunger, instead of by a toggle as heretofore. The other plungers are
worked by toggles, and two of them receive their motion through levers which are
suspended below the bed-plate of the machine. Suitable levers, cams, and rods
rock the quadrant-shaped block, and a fixed curved plate or bar engages with a finger
on the pivotted slido or plate which covers the channel to automatically remove
said slide from said channel, as set forth.
The machine may be upright, horizontal, or inclined. I describe it as vertical
for convenience in explanation.
Another part of my Invention consists in providing such nails with barbs to
make clenching unnecessary, and to prevent dislodgement from the hoof.
In the accompanying Drawings,―
Figure 1 represents a perspective view of my improved machine, the feeding,
discharging, and heading and trimming devices being removed.
Figure 2 represents a rear elevation of the same.
Figure 3 represents a vertical cross section through the improved machine; and
Figures 4 to 16 inclusive represent detail views of various parts of the machine.
In these Figures A designates the bed of my machine, having upper and lower
platforms A1, A2, an interposed wall A³, legs A', and supported walls a, a¹, a², and
a. A supplementary platform A5 for the feeding devices rests on the first three
walls. The rolls turn in the space between the walls a² and a³.
The said feeding devices consist of a carriage or slide for the long metal bar
which is to be operated on, a feeding lever which receives both horizontal and
vertical vibration from suitable cams on the driving shaft opposed by a spring and
a cutting arm actuated by a suitable cam on the driving shaft so as first to bite
into the feed-bar and hold it while the carriage recedes, and afterward to cut
through the said bar, severing a suitable length for a blank. The next forward
movement of the bar forces the said blank down a curved guide-tube to the first
pair of die-grooves in the rolls.
B designates the driving shaft of the machine, carrying the balance-wheel C and
gear-wheel D. The latter meshing with the gear-wheel D₁ drives roll-spindles E, E¹,
and rolls F, F. The gudgeons of said rolls turn in bearing blocks f, f, which may
be adjusted toward or from each other by screws f², and move in guide-ways A"
in the walls a³, a³. These bearing blocks and screws facilitate the removal of said
rolls.
11
Each pressure-roll F, F', is provided with a series of overlapping die-grooves F
(Figure 6), and also with a series of channel-grooves F3, Figure 6. These channel-
grooves are arranged side by side, and are one less in number than the die-grooves.

page_text: The
Each channel-groove is in line in the direction of rotation with one of the
die-grooves. The rolls are arranged to register so that the dic-grooves and channel-
grooves respectively form pairs as the rolls rotate. The die-grooves gradually
decrease in size in cross-section while retaining the same general shape, so that the
blank is stretched and kneaded into the desired form. The channel-grooves serve
to allow the blanks to be passed back through the rolls after each compression.
Each channel-groove is larger at the forward end than at the rearward one.
large forward ends of the said channel-grooves afford space for the passage of the
blanks through the rolls while the said blanks are returned to the receiving side of
the rolls. The small ends of the said channel-grooves, however, will not allow the
blanks to slip back into the rolls, when the device for returning the blanks, as
aforesaid, is withdrawn. The blanks remain on the receiving side of the rolls,
(shewn in the Drawings as the upper side) until the die-grooves come round again.
Various forms of mechanism may be used to pass the blanks through the rolls.
I prefer a fixed receiving series of tubes G, G¹, G, and a vibrating series of tubes
H, H, H, the former being above the rolls, and the latter below them. The
vibration of the lower series carries each tube forward and backward over the space
between each pair of die-grooves and the next pair of channel-grooves. This
vibration is caused by the alternating action of spring; and cam J on an arm i of
a rock shaft I, which rock-shaft is connected by another arm i to the block I'
which carries the said tubes H, H¹, H2. The upper tube G first receives the blanks
and guides them to the first and largest pair of die-grooves which grasp the blanks
and compress and shape them, finally delivering them to the tube H; the latter
tube after receiving each blank travels to the next pair of channel-grooves as
stated. A pointed plunger h then works up through the said tube and forces the
blank, point foremost, through said channel-grooves to the other side of the rolls,
and into the second upper tube G'. The point of the blank there enters a conical
recess in the lower end of a plunger or follower which is forced down by a
spring g. The shape of the recess ensures the holding of the blank in a properly
centred position head foremost for a second presentation to the rolls. When the
second pair of die-grooves comes round, the spring gå forces the blank between
them. This operation is repeated until the tube H³ is reached and the blank passes
finally from the rolls.
The longitudinal reciprocation of the said plungers h is preferably caused by an
oscillating bent-lever L which is operated through link and doubly-curved lever K,
and alternately by the cam J' and spring K¹. The cams J and J¹ are carried by
driving-shaft B, and may be made in one piece.
To ensure the proper action on the blanks it is necessary to turn them partly
round as they pass from one pair of die-grooves to another. This turning is effected
by the engagement of gear-wheels h (Figure 4) on the upper ends of tubes H, H¹,
with a rack M. At each vibration of the block I¹ the said tubes are caused to
turn as required, and the blanks which they contain turn likewise. The rack M is
attached to a block I which is suspended by means of a vertical rod N and a
spring n engaging with a recess n¹ of the said rod. The arm which is on
prismatic sleeve I³ of rock-shaft I, extends across from block 12 to block I¹ (sleeve
Is being fast to block I) and compels said blocks to have common vertical motion
when either moves vertically. The rod N and spring n are the only suspending
devices of these blocks. The block 12 and sleeve 15 are free to slide on rock-shaft I,
though said sleeve turns with this shaft which is partly prismatic in cross-section.
Whenever a sufficient downward pressure or draft is applied to block I' carrying
the tubes H, H1, H2, to overcome the resistance of the spring n, this lower series of
tubes will be forced down some distance below the rolls. This operation may be
performed (for inspection, cleansing, and repairing) by lowering a hand lever O
which is pivotted at one end to a standard o on the bed A, aud has at the other
end a handle O¹; but other means may obviously be employed for the same
purpose.
It is desirable to have the machine stop automatically whenever a blank has

page_text: This
been wrongly presented to the rolls, or the end or bar fed to the machine has been
reached. To accomplish this result a clutch-collar Q is sleeved prismatically upon
or attached in any equivalent manner to the driving shaft B, and adapted to lock
with balance wheel C when shifted into engagement therewith. A pin b, and
corresponding recess in the opposing faces of the wheel and collar may be employed
to effect this locking. The balance-wheel when not clutched turns freely on the
driving-shaft without operating the latter; hence the machine will be stopped
whenever the clutch-collar Qis shifted away from said balance-wheel.
shifting is effected by a lever R, a sliding bar S, a spring 8, and the aforesaid
lever O. The bar S has a recess s¹ which engages with lever O when the latter is
in its highest position. Whenever a blank is improperly presented to the rolls
they form fins on its sides or edges, which fins strike the edges of one of the lower
tubes and force block I downward, depressing lever O and liberating the sliding-
bar S therefrom. Spring & then draws on bar S operating lever R (connected to
said bar) so as to shift collar Q away from the balance-wheel C. The said lever R
is preferably constructed with a bifurcated upper end which embraces a grooved
part of the collar. A guard plate or bar p protects and guides sliding bar S; the
latter has a handle S' for restoring it to its normal position.
A lever T provided with a short curved end lifts bar S out of engagement with
lever O whenever the long end of said lever T is depressed. A long vertical link-
rod connects this long end to the movable end of a bar U, which pivotted at its
farther end to a fixed part of the machine, and rests at its middle upon the bar
which is fed to the cutting arm and rolls, as hereinbefore described. A spring V
draws down the moving end of said bar U when the rear end of the metal bar
thus fed passes from under the said bar U. The result of this action is to allow
the spring a to unclutch the balance-wheel, as before described.
The lower ends of the lower plungers are connected by a plate or sleeve. A
suitable stop 83 limits the downward motion of har S, and a metal block or frame I¹
guides rod N, but these minor features need no special explanation.
When a blank passes down from tube H2 it enters a supplemental guide-tube V¹,
which conducts it to a suitably-channelled quadrant-shaped block W. The latter
serves to lay the blanks in proper horizontal position preparatory to the final
heading and pointing. The said supplemental tube V₁ must be removed auto-
matically whenever block I¹ is displaced, as hereinbefore specified. To effect this
removal said tube V₁ is hung by an army from a pivot in lugs V2 attached to
block 1. A finger extends at right angles from said arm above said pivot so as
to engage with a fixed stop V3 whenever block I' descends, thereby swinging tube V¹
laterally from beneath said block. When said block is replaced a spring V replaces
tube V also. Other devices for automatically removing the supplementary tube
when the block is displaced may be employed instead of those above described.
The quadrant-shaped block W is pivoted to bed A so that its channelled side
may occupy alternately a vertical and a horizontal position. The channel w is
closed on its outer side by a plate or slide W¹. This plate is provided with an
arn w¹ whereby it is pivotally attached to block W in such manner that said plate
may vibrate laterally across the channel. When the blank enters the said channel
the latter is vertical and closed by said plate; but the rocking of the block while
it carries the channel toward a horizontal position also causes a finger u² on arm w¹
above the pivot of the latter to strike a fixed curved bar W%, which operates to
gradually move the slide or plate away from said channel; the blank falls through
the same in a horizontal position and a spring replaces the plate. The rocking
motion of the dropping-block W is caused by a cam Ws on the driving shaft, an
upright lever W* operated by said cam, a bell-crank lever W³ actuated by said
lever W, and a connecting rod or bar w, pivotted at one end to block W, and at
the other end to the long arm of said bell-crank lever. Other actuating devices
for said block may be substituted for those above described. Lever W serves also
to operate the heading plunger through a suitable toggle.
A slide having longitudinally-reciprocating motion next advances under block W

page_text: (being impelled by the L-shaped lever W7 and a cam on the driving-shaft), and
thrusts the blank along a channel to the front of a griping plunger X, Figures 8
and 11. This griping plunger is operated by toggle ³, walking-beam lever X³
below bed A, a rod connecting said toggle and lever, and an upright lever or
rod X, which receives motion from an excentric on a driving-shaft. Plunger X is
opposed by a yielding spring-pressed griper block .
The trimming-plunger X2 receives motion from a bevelled bar or blade Z, which
is thrust up through bed A against the similarly bevelled rear end of the trimming
plunger by a walking beam lever X6, which derives motion from upright lever X5
and a cam on the driving shaft. The cutting or trimming end of this plunger X²
is opposed by a co-operating stationary trimming blade Z', and is provided with a
spring-pressed clearer Z³ which prevents the adhesion of particles of metal to the
trimming edge. When the heading and point-trimming are completed the several
plungers recede, and the pressure of spring Z³ on griper-block x forces the blank
back over an opening, through which it falls into any suitable receptacle.
Many articles may be made by this machine. One of its commonest uses is in
the manufacture of horse-shoe nails. Such nails as hitherto made have been driven
up through a horse's foot and there clenched by hammering after twisting off, the
point. This procedure injures the hoof and causes pain to the animal. Moreover,
the nail is often more or less loosened by the twisting, and soon bocomes still more
loose while travelling over hard roads.
To remedy this evil I provide horse-shoe nails with barbs, serrations, or the like
to prevent the dislodgement of the nail and make clenching unnecessary. Some of
the many forms which may be adopted are shewn in Figures 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22,
and 23, but a plain nail with barbs only will generally serve very well.
Figure 17 represents a horse-shoe nail having barbs B in its edges for a part of
its length, the part A near its point being smooth. The barbs have transverse
ridges or serrations b on their inclined faces for increasing the hold of the nail
on the hoof. After driving the nail through the hoof the protruding point is
filed off.
Figure 18 represents a shorter nail barbed to the point, which will not protrude,
This nail will hold better than a full length clenched nail of the ordinary sort.
Figure 19 represents a nail serrated on its edges, and having portions of its body
bent into alternating undulations E, F, to secure a firmer hold.
Figure 20 represents a nail having a head A, a point a, and an intermediate
serrated portion B curved at b.
Figure 21 represents a serrated nail having two curves b.
Figure 22 represents a serrated nail having swells C.
Figure 23 represents a serrated nail having recesses D.
Having thus fully described the said Invention as communicated to me by my
foreign correspondent, and the manner of performing the same, I wish it understood
that I claim,―
First. In combination with a lever resting against the metal bar or rod, and
operated by the withdrawal thereof, a sliding trip-bar S and suitable connections
and operating devices, whereby the automatic action of the said lever causes"
the unclutching of the balance-wheel to stop the machine, substantially as set
forth.
Second. The combination of pressure-rolls, a driving shaft and suitable gearing,
a detachable clutch connecting the said shaft with the balance-wheel, and devices
which unship the said clutch whenever a blank has been improperly presented to
the said rolls, substantially as set forth.
Third. The set of guide-tubes displaceable at will without separation from the
machine, substantially as and for the purpose set forth.
Fourth. In combination with the pressure-rolls the devices for returning the
blanks through the same, substantially as set forth.
Fifth. The rolls having die-grooves shaped to prevent the blanks thus returned

page_text: from entering the grooves until the larger end thereof comes round again, sub-
stantially as set forth.
Sixth. In combination with the rolls and receiving tubes the vibrating series
of tubes and devices for moving them, substantially as and for the purpose set
forth.
Seventh. In combination with the rolls and vibrating series of tubes the plungers
which work through them, substantially as and for the purpose set forth.
Eighth. The conically-recessed spring-pressed plungers in the stationary tubes,
as and for the purpose set forth.
Ninth. The rotary tubes forming the vibrating series and provided with gear-
wheels, in combination with a relatively-fixed rack, substantially as and for the
purposes set forth.
Tenth. In combination with the block carrying the tubes and the block carrying
the rack the spring-pressed rod which suspends the said blocks, and the sleeved
rock-shaft which operates the said tubes, all substantially as and for the purpose
set forth.
Eleventh. In combination with the discharge-tube a supplementary guide-tube,
arranged to be automatically displaced whenever the discharge-tube is withdrawn
from the pressure-rolls, substantially as and for the purpose set forth.
Twelfth. In combination with the discharge-tube, the fixed stop, and the
retracting spring, a supplemental guide-tube, hung to the block of the said discharge-
tube, and having a finger for engaging with the said stop, substantially as and for
the purpose specified.
Thirteenth. A pivotted dropping block having a channel and sliding plate in
combination with devices for rocking the said block and moving said plate, sub-
stantially as and for the purpose set forth.
Fourteenth. In combination with a bevelled trimming plunger a similarly
bevelled blade or bar and devices for thrusting the same up, as and for the purpose
set forth.
Fifteenth. A pair of pressure-rolls provided with die-grooves and channel-grooves,
for the purposes set forth.
Sixteenth. A pair of pressure-rolls provided with die-grooves and with channel-
grooves which have their forward ends larger than their rearward ends, as and for
the purpose set forth.
Seventeenth. A horse-shoe nail provided with barbs, serrations, or the like, to
prevent its accidental loosening or dislodgement.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Robert Lake, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Twentieth day of September, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and eighty.
TIM DODT TITZ