CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR BREWING
Year: 1841

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM
LITTELL TIZARD, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick, Brewer, send
greeting.
WHEREAS I did by petition humbly represent unto Her present most
Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, that after considerable application and
expence I had invented "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR BREWING,"
and Her said Majesty being willing to give encouragement to all arts and
inventions which may be for the public good, was graciously pleased by Her
Royal Letters Patent, under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Fifth day of April, One
thousand eight hundred and forty-one, in the fourth year of Her reign, for
Herself, Her heirs and successors, to give and grant unto me, the said
William Littell Tizard, my exors, adñiors, and assigns, Her especial licence,
full power, sole privilege and authority, that I or they, by myself or them-
selves, or by my or their deputies, servants, or agents, or such others as I or
they should agree with (and no others), during the term of fourteen years from
the date of the said Letters Patent, should and lawfully might make, use,
exercise, and vend my said Invention within that part of Her Majesty's
Dominions called England, Her Dominions of Wales, and Town of Berwick-
upon-Tweed, in such manner as to me, my exors, adñiors, and assigns, shall
seem meet, and as that I or they shall enjoy the whole profit and advantage
arising by reason of the said Invention, during the said term of fourteen years,

page_text: and for that end Her said Majesty requires and strictly commands all Iler
subjects whatsoever within England, Wales, and Berwick-upon-Tweed afore-
said, that they shall not, neither directly nor indirectly, make, use, or put in
practice my said Invention, or any part thereof, nor in anywise counterfeit,
imitate, or resemble the same, nor make any addition thereto, or substraction
therefrom, whereby to pretend himself or themselves to be the Inventor or
Inventors thercof: And whereas the said Letters Patent also contain a
proviso, obliging me, the said William Littell Tizard, particularly to describe
and ascertain the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same
is to be performed, by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal, and
to cause the same to be enrolled in Ifer Majesty's High Court of Chancery
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said in
part recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same (reference being thereunto
had) will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
William Littell Tizard, do hereby declare that my said Invention is described
and ascertained in the manner following, and by the aid of eleven Sheets of
Drawings hereunto annexed, that is to say :-
My improvements in "apparatus for brewing" relate first to the mash tub,
of which Sheet 1 is vertical elevation. The mash tun is shewn as resting
upon the under bank, which is also shewn in vertical elevation.
A, A, is the mash tub; B, B, the under back; C, C, C, C, are standards
of iron fixed to the vertical sides of the mash tub, for the purpose of supporting
the cross bar D, D. A vertical shaft E, E, is situated in the centre of the
cross bar D, D, which is also the centre of the mash tub; the shaft E, E,
(which is hollow), revolves by means of the bevil wheels F, F, when motion is
communicated to the shaft I through the medium of a belt working on the
farst pulley G; the pulley II is a loose pulley, on the periphery of which the
belt works when the shaft. I is required to remain in a stationary or quiescent
position. The chairs J and K, in which the shaft I revolves, aro supported
by the cross bar D, D. The hollow shaft E, E, which passes through the
mash tub and occupies its center, carries a moveable cross bar L, L, which
moves in a horizontal circular path on the top edge of the mash tub when the
shaft E revolves. The center of the hollow shaft E is occupied by a pipe
M, for the conveyance of hot water, and N is also a pipe occupying the center
of the mash tub, by which the water escapes when it has performed its required
offices, as will be hereafter explained.
Sheet is a vertical elevation of the mash tub of the under bark and hop
convertor.

page_text: Sheet 3 is a sectional plan of mash tub through the line a, a, Sheet 4, and a
plan of under bark...
Sheet 4 is a vértional elevation of mash tub (and an end elevation of the
under bark through the line a, a, on the plan, Sheet 3.
Sheet 5 is a sectional elevation of the mash tub, shewing the "attem-
perator" in its proper position for working.
Sheet 6 is a sectional elevation of the mash tub, shewing the "hystricon"
in its proper position for working.
Sheet 7, Figures 1, 2, 3, and 4, shews the particular construction of the
"attemperator."
Sheet 8, Figures 1, 2, 3, and 4, shews the particular construction of the
"bystricon."
Sheet 9 shews my improvement in mills for crushing malt.
Sheet 10 shews my subterraneous fermenting cavern.
Sheet 11 shews the construction of lamp which I propose to use for light-
ing the subterraneous cavern, and also absorbing the heat, and warning when
carbonic acid gas has accumulated to a dangerous extent in the fermenting
room.
:
Sheet 11, Fig. 3, also shews what I call a trepidator. The mechanism
which causes the cross bar D, D, to traverse round the mash tub is shewn full
size on Sheet 11, Fig. 4.
Having described generally the Drawings on Sheets 1 to 11 inclusive, I.
shall now particularly describe the action of my improved mashing machine,
reference being made to the Drawings, Sheets 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and the references.
thereon.
Firstly, my mashing machine is a cylindrical vessel, having on its upper
edge a circular rack, into the teeth of which an endless screw is made to work
by the following contrivance:-A bevil wheel O fixed on the hollow shaft Ei
Sheet 1, works into another bevil wheel, which is fixed on the shaft P; the
shaft P has a worm at the opposite end, which works into a worm wheel
carried by the box Q; the axle which is carried by the box Q is placed at
right angles to the shaft P, and on the same shaft which carries the worm
wheel a worm is also fixed; by the rotation of this worm wheel through the
medium of the shaft P the worm contained in the box Q is made to revolvo
on the teeth of the circular rack which is fixed on the top edge of the mashi
tub;' the worm by its rotation causes the cross bar D, D, to revolve in a
horizontal path round the center of the mash tub; (the mechanism which
produces this effect is more particularly shewn on Sheet 11, Fig. 4. To
the cross bar D, D, the "attemperator" is fixed.

page_text: Sheet 7 shews; the construction of the. "attemperator; it consists. of
a frame supporting two rows of vertical zig-zag pipes, and a certain
arrangement of machinery for giving these pipes. a lateral motion: to and
from the center of the mash tub, so that the "atfèmperator "has.a.motion
compounded of the motion in a vertical plano round the. center of the
mash tub, by virtue of its connection with the cross bar D, n, when that bar
is in inotion, and of the inotion to and from the center of the mash tub, by the
following mechanism:-The horizontal shaft P, Sheet 1, has a bevil wheel S
fixed upon it and revolving with it; this bevil wheel S works into a bevil
wheel T of the " attemperator," Sheet 7, Figure 12 and 4. The wheel T is
fixed on the top of a vertical cranked shaft, shewn at A, Figures 2, 3,.and 4.
The bevil wheel T causes this shaft to revolve and give motion to the con-
necting rod U, which gives motion, to the two bars V, V, in the arc of a circle,
round their centers a, a.
Two other bars b, b, are connected at right angles to
the bars V, V, by joints or pivots, c,,c, c, c. There are two pairs of the bars
V, V, one pair under the other pair. On one of the lowermost bars V a piyot
or pin a is fixed, which is moved backwards and forwards by the crank U. To
the bars b, b, b, b, zig-zag pipes a, a, are fixed, one row of zig-zag pipes to
one set of parallel bars b, b, and another set of zig-zag pipes to another and
opposito set of parallel bars b, b; these zig-zag pipes are connected together
and formed into one system or pipe, in the manner following:-The end of thic
pipe Z, Shect 7, Figure 2 and 3, is connected by a piece of elastic hose to the
end of the pipe Y, Figure 3, and is then formed into one continuous pipe of a
zig-zag form, the entrance being at X and the oxit at W, or vice versa. Tho
object in connecting the two series of pipe by a piece of elastic hose is to allow
the parallel bars b, b, to approach cach other as the bars V, V, qnillate round
their centers of motion, by means of the mechanical arrangement now described
and shewn on Sheet 7. The series of zig-zag pipes X, Y, Figure 3, move in
a contrary direction to the series Z, W, so as to pass and repass each other:
The "attemperator" when in use for mashing is fixed to the cross bar. D, D,
and to the square box 4, 4, and is shewn in its proper position on Sheet 5. Tho
mash having been placed in the mashing machine, and the time having arrived
for mashing up, motion is communicated by a belt to the attemperator by
means of the previously described machinery. The mash reposes on a per-
forated false bottom of the mashing tub, and the "attemperator" is buried in
it. Hot water (or steam) is conveyed from the pipo 1, Sheet 5, by a elastic
hose to the entrance W of the "attemperator;" it passes through the zig-zag
pipes, and makes its exit by another clastic hose attached to the pipe X,
Sheet 7, of the attemperator, and finally leaves the mashing machine by

page_text: passing of at the pipe 2, Sheet 3. The velocity of the current of hot water or
steam passing through the "attemperator," and also its temperature, admit of
regulation, so as to retain the mash at the proper degree of heat for any length
of time, at the will of the brewer. The mash is kept at the required tempera-
ture by means of the hot water or steam which flows in a regulated current
through the "attemperator," the latter giving off heat to the mash as it travels
in a circle round the center of the mash tub, and also backwards and forwards
in a radial line to the center. The " attemperator" being buried in the mash
communicates heat to all parts of it, and at the same time, by virtue of its
combined motion, serves the office of a mashing machine. When the operation
of washing has been performed, and the wort drawn off by the cork *, Sheet 2,
the "attemperation" must be removed from the mash tub and the elastic hose
removed from the pipes 1 and 2, Sheet 5, which latter operation can be readily
performed by elevating the screw 3, Sheet 1, 2, and 4, until the box 4, 4, and
pipes 1 and 2, Sheet 5, are above the surface of the goods, the tube E sliding
through a stuffing box in the bottom of the mash tub. The pipes 1 and 2,
Sheet 5, are fixed into one side of a square box; the side opposite to the pipe 1
and 2 is moveable, and when the "attemperator" is removed, this plate must
also be removed, by unscrewing the nut 3 of the lid or side of the box 4, 4,
and the "hystricon" attached to the cross bar D, D, as shown on Sheet 6.
"The construction of the "hystricon" is exhibited on Sheet 8, Figures. 1,
2, 3, and 4. Figure 1 is a plan of the "hystricon," which consists of a
nioveable apparatus for sparging the mash with hot water, and removing
the surface of the goods, so as to expose a fresh surface continually to
the action of the sparging apparatus, and an endless belt for the purpose of
discharging the goods from the mash tun. The end A, A, of the " "hystricon"
is attached to the square box 4, 4, in the centre or the mash tub, and also to
the cross bar D, D, Sheet 6, and revolves with it. The hystricon and square
box have also a downward motion communicated by the screw situated under
the bottom of the mash tun, Sheets 1, 2, and 4. The center round which the
hystricon revolves in a horizontal direction is shewn at B; Sheet 8, Figure 1,
and when at work it revolves in the direction shewn by the arrow; the front
part being a conductor of iron, travelling just under the surface of the grains;
as the hystricon revolves the goods asceul the inclined surface of the conductor,
and pass on to an endless webb, which discharges the grains down the hollow
shaft which forms the center of the mash tub. Immediately behind the
endless web is a sparger or hollow pipe C, C, into which hot water is brought
by a flexible hose, screwed on to the end of the pipe C; C, at D. The pipe is

page_text: perforated with small holes, out of which the hot water issues on to the surface
of the mash, for the purpose of washing out the saccharine. The sparger is
followed by an agitator or porcupine, for the purpose of disturbing and exposing
the surface of the goods to the action of the sparger C, C. The agitator or
porcupine has a rotative reciporating motion given to it by the ram wheel F
and connecting rod G moving the agitator or porcupine along the toothed
surface of a stationary rack H; the action of the apparatus is more clearly
shewn at Figure 4. The center round which the porcupine moves in the arc
of a circle being shewn at I, a backward and forward rotary motion is thus
communicated to the shaft E, E, and to the arms fixed at right angles to it.
The upright shaft II, Sheet 8, gives motion to the cam wheel F, and also to
the worm I; the latter gives motion to one of the rollers J, on which the
endless web moves; the other roller, on which the endless band moves, is scen
at K, Figure 2: the endless web is shewn, Figure 2, by dotted lines, and the
direction in which it moves is pointed out by arrows, and an apparatus is
shewn at K, Figure 2, Sheet 8, for the purpose of tightening the endless band.
The particular construction of the "hystricon " having now been explained,
its mode of action will be better understood by reference to Sheet 6, whero it is
shewn at the bottom of the mash tun, having in its passage from the top down-
wards sparged the goods, agitated the surface, and finally expelled the grains
(except sweepings) from the mash tun through the aperturo formed in the
square box.
When the door 4, 4, on Sheet 4, is removed, as previously
described, the grains fall down the hollow pipe E, the small pipe a, a, Sheet 4,
forming the bottom of E, being removed for this purpose, the use of the small
connecting pipe a, a, being to conduct the hot water or steam to the pipe N,
when the attemperator is at work; motion is given to the vertical shaft II by
means of a spur wheel M fixed into it and working into another spur wheel
L fixed on to the hollow shaft E, Sheet 6; (this shaft H is shewn on a larger
scale on Sheet 8.) Another vertical shaft N passes through a hole in the end o
of the cross bar D, D, and is connected at the bottom by a screw to the
hystricon. The bar N moves freely up and down, as may be required, in the
hole O, and its use is to cause the hystricon to revolve when the cross bar
D, D, revolves, by connecting the hystricon and cross bar D, D, together; the
shaft II merely gives motion to the endless web for discharging the grains,
and to the poreupine for agitating their surface. Two friction rollers are fixed
at the end of the cross bar D, D, which run on the edge of the tub, and
reduce the friction which would otherwise exist there; the mechanism for
giving motion to the cross bar D, 1), being fixed in the box at the opposite end

page_text: "
of the cross bar, as previously described. The hot water which supplies the
sparger (forming part of the hystricon) is brought from an elevated reservoir
down the pipe N, Sheet 4, to the pipe 1; an elastic hose is screwed into the
pipe 1, the other end being screwed on to the end D of the pipe C, C, on
Sheet 8. The pipe 2, Sheet 4, has a cap screwed on to it, to prevent the
hot water, which is used in sparging, from passing down the pipe E instead
of through the perforated bottom of the mash tun. It will be found by
attending to the preceding part of this description that the "attemperator
has its motion confined to one horizontal plane, that the "hystricon," instead of
moving in a horizontal path, has a spiral motion depending on the pitch of the
screw 3, situated under the bottom of the mash tun and shewn at 3 on Sheet 4.
The hystricon commenced its spiral path on the top surface of the goods,
descending at each revolution round the centre of the tub a distance equal to
the space between two continguous threads of the screw, and ending its spiral
course when it arrives at or nearly to the bottom of the mash tun, which latter
position is indicated by Sheet 6, the grains having been removed from the
mash tun as it travelled downwards; but the same effect might have been
produced by causing the perforated bottom of the mash tun to rise vertically
upwards, the bystricon or similar apparatus revolving in one uniform plane
for the purpose of removing the grain, sparging, and agitating, but the one is
such an evident modification of the other that I shall not further describe it.
Sheet 2 shews what I call the hop convertor, and it is so marked on the
Drawing; it consists of two perforated plates, the lower one situated at a
distance of about twelve inches from the bottom of the under bark, and the
upper situated at about 24 inches from the aforesaid bottom; between these
two plates the hops are placed, and before the wort is let down into the under
back, the hops in the hop converter are saturated with water, and the water
and hops are heated by means of a steam pipe Z, Z, so as to place the hops in
a favourable condition for having their virtue extracted by the hot wort as it
passes through the hop converter into the fermenting tun. The tap leading from
the under back to the fermenting tun is marked X on Sheet 2. By the use of
my improved mashing machine I avoid many of the defects in the common modes
of brewing, and my hop convertor superseding the necessity for boiling worts,
the great waste and injury incurred by the ordinary practice is prevented, the
whole virtue of the hops being washed out by the hot wort after the hops have
been marcerated in the hop converter by means of water and steam from the
pipe Z, Sheet 2, as previously described.
Sheet 10, Figure 1 is a plan of a subterraneous fermenting room; Figure 2

page_text: is a sectional elevation or side view of the same; Figure 3, a sectional end
view of the same, cut through at 4, 5, on Figure 1. The same letters and
figures describe and refer to the same parts in each plate; a, a, a, a, are the
lining walls of the room; b, b; b, b, the fermenting slate squares, tuns, or
vessels; c; c, c, c, stone or iron pillars, on which the fermenting vessels b aro
clevated; d, d, an upright strong petition, made of either iron plates or
masonary, reaching in heighth to within about one inch of the upper edge of the
tuns b, and extending from one side of the room to the other; e, e, a similar
petition to, d, but not standing higher than the bottoms of fermenting vessels
or top part of pillar c; f, g, h, a tinned copper pipe, through which the worts
run after leaving the coolers or cooling floors to the fermenting vessels b, b, b, b ;
i, k, k, k, k, brass stop taps; 1, 1, racking cocks; m, steps leading to stage
n, n; o, o, the crutch handles, by which the stop cocks h, k, k, k, are turned
either on or off; p, p, metallic covers, tinned copper is prefered, with ledges
about three inches deep, fitted loosely to each fermenting tin; 9, 2, 2, 2, space
Qccupied by water (to be described) between, under, and around each ferment-
ing fun,, à perforated iron floor, elevated about 12 inches above the solid
natural-floors, s; s. s, 8, s, the solid natural floor or shield, supported on pro-
jecting stays u, u, which stays are fixed in the side walls a, a, a, a. The cavern
or subterraneous fermenting room, Sheet 10, is to be sufficiently deep as to
possess an uniform temperature of from 45° to 52° by Fahrenheit's thermometer,
which uniformity will depend on the situation and latitude of the place, and
other local circumstances generally, not less than 70 nor more than 90 feet
below the surface in Great Britain. It is desirable that fermenting rooms, so
situated, should be supplied with water from their own interior walls, roof, and
floor. The partition d, d, is for the purpose of damming or preserving a pool
of such exuding waters, equal in depth to the full heighth of the partition d, d,
by which contrivance the fermenting vessels b, b, b, b, are continually sur-
rounded by water, the superfluous water running over the top edge of d, d, and
down its outside, passing under the iron floor r, r, and away either down a drain
if the room is situated in a mountain, or into a cavity, and through a pump if
situated on or under a plain, and where no fall or drainage can be obtained.
In this latter case a pump or other suitable contrivance will be necessary for
the extraction of the carb nic acid gas emitted by the contents of the
fermenting tuns. The worts having remained on the cooling floors a given
time is allowed to pass through the pipe f, g, h, through either of the taps
k, k, k, k, into the fermenting vessel prepared for its reception; during the
passage of the worts through f. g, h, they (the worts) impart their superfluous

page_text: heat to the running stream escaping over d, d, under the floor, and crveloping
the refrigerating pipe f, g, h; during the time the pipe f, g, h, acts as a
refrigerator, the tap i must be opened more or less so as to expedite or retard
the flow of wort according to its rate of cooling by passing through the cold
water. The end h of the conveying and refrigerating pipe f, g, h, is closed.
The whole of the worts being pitched are thus set to ferment. (either with or
without yest) at a temperature corresponding with the waters through which
it passed; the tap must be turned off, also the tap k belonging to such recently,
filled square. The contents of the squares b, b, b, b, can be either, covered or
left open during the fermentation; if covered, they will be rendered air-tight
because the ledges or covers p, p, are sufficiently deep to enter the water that
surrounds the fermentating vessels 6, and occupying the.space q, 7, 7, 7, thus
forming an hydraulic valve; this provision may be considered necessary under
certain circumstances to prevent too great an absorbtion of the oxgyen of the
atmosphere, or an extravagant evaporation of the alcohol and other most
volatile properties of the fermenting worts. The carbonic acid gas escapes
under the ledge of the covers p, and through the waters q, q, q, q, after clastic
force of the gas exceeds the pressure of the water in which the ledges of p
are immersed. The gas thus emitted is either pumped out of the cavern or
flows away with the running waters that pass under the floor 2, r. The
dripping waters from the roof of the cavern fall on a netallic shield t, t
and are conveyed to the side walls a, a, a, a, down which the water trickles
and contributes to the pool q, q, q, q. The shield t, t, is supported by brackets
u, t, inserted in the walls a, a, a, a. The worts having fermented the
necessary time, and become quite bright. and fit for sale and consumption
(for the process of fermenting, cleansing, and fining is commenced and
finished in the subterraneous fermenting vessels) is to be removed as follows:
The casks (pipes or hose) to be filled aro to be placed under the racking
taps 1, 1, and the tap & belonging to the square to be emptied, and turned on
by the crutch o, which crutch stands out of the water, and above the stage u, u.
The steps and stage n, n, n, are for the purpose of racking and communicating
with the crutch handles o, o, and also the interior of the fermenting squares
b, b, b, b. In order not to disturb the bottom; or grounds or lees of the
articles to be racked, the end of the tap that is inserted in the fermenting
vessell 6 is furnished with a racking tube, which floats in the liquor. This
racking tube is shewn on Sheet 10, Figure 3, at 6, 7, 8, 10, and it moves
round the center of the tube 10, as an axis of motion; at the time of racking,
a stratum of beer directly under the surface is continually running into the
racking tube at the whole 8, and down the tube 7, into the tap K. The

page_text: racking taps 1, 1 being turned on, the finest of the beer is by this means
racked off without forming a current in the body of the beer.
The subterraneous fermenting room is lighted by a peculiarly constructed
lamp, shewn in plan and sectional elevation on Sheet 11, Figure 1 and 2; the
object attained in the construction of this lamp is to light the subterraneous
fermenting room without heating it, and for this purpose water is made to pass
through the concentrix glass cylinders to absorb the heat while some portion of
the light is transmitted through the water contained in the glass concentric
cylinders; the entrance of the water is shewn at a, and its course is indicated
by arrows until the heated water finally escapes at c; the tube 6 which
supplies the lamp with air passes down to within a few inches of the floor
of the subterraneous cavern, and is intended also as a safety lamp, by indicating
when the carbonic acid gas in the cavern has risen so high as to stop the end
of the tube 13, and put out the lamp, but long before the lamp went out the
state of the atmosphere would be indicated by the flickering light of the lamps.
My improvement in mills for crushing malt are shewn on Sheet 9, Fig. 1.
A represents the common plan of mounting rolls; B, the improved plan;
C, half of a spring, with its flexible end working on a sliding rod D, which
rod keeps the carriage E close up to the end of the regulating screw F.
The object and merit of B over A are as follows:-The rolls can be kept at
a certain distance assunder by the screw F, by which separation the crushing
of every hard or gritty substance, such as stones, however small, and such as
usually accompany the barley or malt, is avoided, as is also the consequent
indentation of the face of the rolls. In case a pebble or nail, or any other
substance that is either harder or larger than the grain, should find its way
between the rolls, the spring C will give way, and the small roll will recede
from the larger one, so as to allow the substance to pass through without
injury to the rolls, or risk of breaking an axle or other part of the machine.
Fig. 3 is an end view of Fig. 1. Fig. 2 shews my improved method, and
Fig. 5, the common method. Fig. 4 shews my improved method where a
weight and toggle levers supersede the spring C, Fig. 1.
Having now described my Inventions, I proceed to what I claim as my
exclusive privilege. I claim the improved mashing apparatus, and attempc-
rator, shewn on Sheets 1 to 8, where the attemperator is made hollow for the
purpose of diffusing heat uniformly through the mash by moving therein; and
I claim constructing mashing machines with hollow spaces for the conveyance
of hot fluids.
I claim as of my Invention the hystricon described in this my Specification
as a means of removing the grains from the surface of the goods, and sparging