IMPROVEMENTS IN COOLING AND REFRIGERATING APPARATUS
Year: 1875

page_text: En the Matter of a Patent granted to Harry Frank Stanley, of No. 2, Stanley
Villas, Summerhill Road, Tottenham, in the County of Middlesex, for
the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN COOLING AND REFRIGERATING
APPARATUS," bearing date the 10th day of November 1875, No. 3907.
DISCLAIMER AND MEMORANDUM OF ALTERATION proposed to be
entered by the said Harry Frank Stanley as such Patentee as aforesaid.
WHEREAS I have been advised that my Specification does not distinguish with
sufficient clearness amongst the parts described those which are novel to cooling
and refrigerating apparatus from those which had before been in use, and does
not sufficiently distinguish the features of the Invention from points of detail which
are incidentally referred to.
I therefore for these reasons desire to disclaim and alter the said Specification,
and I do hereby disclaim and alter the same by inserting at page 6 of the
Specification, as it is printed by Her Majesty's Printers, at line 3, after the words
using it" the words "The application of steam heat by pipes in the generator is
however not novel."
Also by inserting at page 7, line 20, after the words "The condenser," the words
"is not novel; it."
Also on page 7, at line 26, by striking out after the words "The receiver" the
word "being," and inserting in the place thereof the words "which is also not
novel, is."
Also by inserting on page 7, at line 32, after the words "reduces friction" the
words "This is a detail to which I make no claim."
Also by inserting on page 8, line 32, after the words "and rectifier" the words
"This absorber is not novel, it resembles substantially that described in the prior
Specification already referred to."
Also by inserting on page 9, at line 14, after the words "connected therewith" the
words "These are details of construction which I do not claim."
Also by inserting on page 9, at line 15, after the words "heater is " the words
"not novel; it is."
Also by inserting on page 9, at line 24, after the words "is prevented" the words
These are details of construction which I do not claim."

page_text: Also by inserting on page 9, at line 29, after the words "at Figure 13" the words
"These are details of construction which I do not claim."
And in order that the effect of this Disclaimer and Memorandum of Alteration
may be better understood, I annex copy of the Specification as it will appear
when such Disclaimer and Memorandum of Alteration has been made as afore-
said.
"
"
"
"
<6
" TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, HARRY
"FRANK STANLEY, of No. 2, Stanley Villas, Summerhill Road, Tottenham, in the
County of Middlesex, send greeting. WHEREAS Her most Excellent
Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters Patent, bearing date the Tenth day
" of November, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and
seventy five, in the thirty ninth year of Her reign did, for Herself, Her
" heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said Harry Frank Stanley,
"Her special license that I, the said Harry Frank Stanley, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Harry Frank
Stanley, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during
"the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
"vend within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel
Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN COOLING AND
" REFRIGERATING APPARATUS," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the
"said Harry Frank Stanley, my executors or administrators, by an instrument
" in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly
"describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner
"the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal
"Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of
"the said Letters Patent.
«
" NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Harry Frank Stanley, do hereby declare
"the nature of the said Invention and in what manner the same is to be performed,
"to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement
"thereof, that is to say :-
This Invention relates to improvements in the apparatus patented by Rees
"Reece, No. 2891, 1870, November 2nd, for the production of cold, and has for its
object the increased efficacy and simplicity in the working of the apparatus
"and economy of fuel..
"
«
«
"
*
cr
"
"In the annexed Drawings Figure 1 is an elevation partly in section, Figure 2 is
a plan, and Figure 3 is an end view of the apparatus in the form in which I
prefer to construct it. The Drawing is to the scale of half an inch to the foot, and
represents a machine adapted to eliminate 360.000 Fahrenheit heat units per hour.
In place of applying fire heat to the generator a I introduce into it a coil of
"steam pipes a¹ for evaporating the ammoniacal vapour. I use in this machine
"18 pipes 2 inches in diameter and 12 feet long exposing a surface of, say, 120
square feet. The advantage of this is that I am able to regulate the pressure
and temperature in this generator much more easily than by fire heat. The
generator contains ammonia dissolved in water, and this part of the apparatus is
"intended to separate the ammonia from the water. Now the ammonia separates
"from the water better at a low temperature, and an even temperature is very
"essential to the good working of the apparatus, and cannot so well be obtained
"by a fire. I prefer to use a number of straight pipes connected together by
"bends. By this means I get a very large heating surface. The heat of the
" exhaust steam from the engine which is made to work against a back pressure
" of about 40 lbs. per square inch is sufficient, and a very great saving in fuel
is effected by using it. The application of steam heat by pipes in the generator
"is however not novel.
"
"I prefer to place the analyser b upon the generator, thereby economising space
"and doing away with all connecting pipes. The analyser is intended to separate

page_text: (5.
46
<
"
ammonia
A
" ammonia gas from its solution in water; it receives the vapour produced in the
generator, and also a continuous stream of a solution of ammonia enters it at the
top from the absorber by the pipe b¹. I prefer to make the analyser cylindrical
"in form having a series of dishes or trays with passages so arranged that the
vapour and gases impinge on the bottoms of the trays and traverse the head
"without passing through the liquid. For this purpose the dishes or trays are
provided each with an overflow pipe, which is raised above the level of the
"bottom of the dish or tray so as to keep some liquid in the plate, but always
below the top of the vapour outlets. The construction of these dishes or trays is
"shown in detail by the Figures 4 and 5. As the vapour of is driven
"from the solution of ammonia and water by the heat of the vapour rising from
"the train below, it passes through the vapour outlets into the rectifier without
passing through the liquor on the plate above. The advantage gained by this
arrangement is considerable, as water has such a strong affinity for ammonia that
"the vapour of ammonia which has been separated from the liquor on one plate is
"absorbed again by the liquor it has to pass through on the next plate. This is
"repeated by all the plates to the top one, from which the vapour passes straight
"into the rectifier. A great saving in fuel is obtained by allowing the ammonia
"when once separated from the water on each plate to pass at once into the
" rectifier. The analyser in the machine shown contains 20 plates with 30 holes
inch diameter in each plate.
"
«
"
"The rectifier is marked c. It receives ammonia gas with some vapour of water
"from the analyser, and it is intended to separate the water and allow the ammonia
"in a practically pure state to pass on.
"
"I prefer to place the rectifier on the condenser d, the condenser and the rectifier
"being one vessel. The advantage of this is that the same condensing water does
" for both rectifier and condenser, the water passing in at the bottom of the con-
denser, where the coldest water is wanted, and up the outside of the coil into the
rectifier, and from thence passing into the absorber. The rectifier contains 144
" feet run of 2 inch pipe, say, 83 square feet of surface. The condenser contains
"420 feet run of 3/4 inch pipe, say, 100 feet of surface.
"
"
"The ammoniacal gas passes from the analyser into the top of the coil in the
rectifier, and the coil is fitted at intervals with pockets to carry off the water
"which is condensed from the vapour coming from the analyser, so that directly
"any condensation takes place the liquor passes at once out of the coil, so that the
"ammoniacal vapour does not come in contact with the water after being separated
"from it. These pockets are provided with cocks or valves to adjust the apparatus.
"The advantage of this is that if the ammoniacal gas came in contact with the
"water condensed from it in the coil it would reabsorb some of it, and would not
"therefore pass into the condenser in a perfectly or very nearly anhydrous state,
"which is necessary to the economical working of the apparatus.
"
"The detail of one of the pockets is shewn by the Figures 6. Four pockets are
provided, but usually it will be sufficient that two should be in operation. The
"cocks in connection with the others are turned off; the liquid entering the pockets
" is returned to the top of the analyser.
"The condenser is not novel; it is intended to liquify the ammonia gas, which
"it does by cooling the gas until it condenses at the pressure under which it is
" contained in this part of the apparatus.
<<
"The condenser coil is contained in a cylinder of cast or wrought iron.
"I prefer to place the condenser on the receiver e for simplicity and to save
space. The receiver, which is also not novel, is a plain wrought or cast iron
"vessel to store the anhydrous ammonia before it goes into the coolers. It is
capable of containing about 60 gallons, and is furnished with a glass gauge or
"float gauge to show contents.
«
44
"
"The float gauges I make with revolving spindles in place of spindles or rods
working vertically through the stuffing boxes in the usual way. This prevents
leakage, and reduces friction. This a detail to which I make no claim.

page_text: "
Figures 7 and 8 show the details of the float gauge on the generator. The
stuffing box is contained in a cistern of water, so that if there be any leakage it.
" is absorbed.
С6
"The cooler or refrigerator is the vessel in which the liquid ammonia is allowed
I again to assume the gaseous state, in consequence of the pressure to which it is
subjected in the condenser being relieved. In assuming
the
gaseous condition
the ammonia takes up heat from a solution of chloride of calcium, which circulates
"through pipes contained within the cooler or refrigerator.
«
"The cooler or refrigerator f which I use (two are shown in the Drawings) does
"not differ materially from that now employed, excepting that I fit to it a self
closing glass gauge in case of breakage. It contains in the apparatus shown in
"the Drawings 173 feet run of 2 inch pipe, say, 100 square feet of surface. The
"absorber is the part of the apparatus in which the gaseous ammonia liberated
". in the cooler or refrigerator is again dissolved in water.
*
warm
A
" I prefer to make the absorber g of smaller pipes, and use a greater number
" than hitherto employed. Thus for a given content I get a very much larger
"surface exposed to the cold water which surrounds the pipes. I prefer to make
"the pipes of wrought iron. I effect another saving in the condensing water used
by having a few of the top pipes above the top of the water cistern, letting
" the
water coming from the rectifier drip over the outside of these top pipes.
The heat due to the ammoniacal gas being absorbed by the weak liquor and given
"off from the inside is sufficient to vaporize a portion of the water, and a large
quantity of heat becomes latent in the vapour producing a refrigerating effect.
The absorber shown in the Drawing has 24 pipes, 2 inches in diameter,
exposing a surface of, say, 140 square feet. These contain each of them a
1/inch pipe with numerous perforations of a 1/16 th of an inch wide. The arrange-
"ment is shewn by the Figures 9, 10, and 11.
"
"
8
pipes
A
"The water for the supply of the absorber is drawn from the generator, and is
"made to pass through the heater on its way to the absorber.
"The water for cooling the exterior of the pipes of the absorber is that previously
"used for cooling the condenser, and rectifier. This absorber is not novel, it
" resembles substantially that described in the prior Specification already
" referred to.
"
"In some cases I use an auxiliary absorber, as shown in Drawing at X. This
" is a cylinder of cast or wrought iron in which are coils of pipe through which
condensing water is passed. The weak liquor from the generator passes into the
top of the cylinder in a shower or spray, and the gas from the cooler passes in at
"the side near the top.
«
"
"The shower of weak liquor absorbs a certain quantity of the ammonia and
" attains a certain degree of saturation, and then passes in the absorber pipes
below where it is cooled and becomes thoroughly saturated. The latent heat
given off is taken away by the water passing through the coils of pipe in the
cylinder. By this means the concussion caused by the weak liquor absorbing
suddenly a quantity of gas in the confined space of the absorber pipes is got
"
"
:
"
"
"
over.
"The pumps h used for drawing the strong solution of ammonia produced in the
"absorber and forcing it through the coil of pipe in the heater into the analyser
against the pressure I construct with the least possible clearance, so that the
"whole contents may be discharged at each stroke, preventing expansion of gas,
on the return stroke keeping the suction valves closed. Figure 12 shows a
"section of this valve and the parts connected therewith. These are details of
"construction which I do not claim. There are two pumps, each with plungers
"
**
2 inches in diameter and 6 inch stroke. The heater is not novel; it is intended
pump
A
"to heat the ammonia solution drawn by the from the absorber before it
"enters at the top of the analyser, and also as before mentioned to cool the water

page_text: "drawn out of the generator. The heater shown in the Drawing contains 128 feet
"run of 1 inch pipe, having, say, 42 square feet of surface.
"I place water containers on the pumps, cocks, valves, and gauges, so that if
st any leakage of ammonia through the stuffing box should occur the water will
"absorb it, and when the water becomes saturated it may be put back into the
apparatus, and so waste is prevented. These are details of construction which I
"do not claim.
"I construct the stuffing box cocks with a guard and adjustable clamp screw
"which holds the key to its seat, preventing leakage from compression of the
"packing, and admitting the stuffing boxes being repacked while in work. The
arrangement of one of these cocks with the parts connected with it is shown at
Figure 13. These are details of construction which I do not claim.
"
<
"
"In working the apparatus the ammonia solution of commerce is first put into
"the generator, and by applying steam heat to the coil the ammonia separated
"from it is passed through the analyser into the rectifier where it is purified, and
"thence into the condenser, where it is condensed by its own pressure and the
cooling effect of the water outside the coil; it then runs into the receiver and
"is drawn off from there into the cooler as required. From the cooler it is allowed
to evaporate again into a gas absorbing heat (which becomes latent in the gas)
"from whatever it is desired to cool. The gas then passes into the absorber
"where it meets a stream of the weak liquor from the generator and is absorbed
by it, thus making a strong solution of ammonia, which is drawn from there by
"the ammonia pumps and forced through the heater into the analyser, where the
"ammonia is again separated from it, and the same process goes on again and
again.
"
"
The working pressure in the generator under ordinary circumstances is about
"105 lbs. per square inch, and is nearly the same in analyser, rectifier, condenser,
"and receiver. In the cooler it varies with the temperature, and in the absorber
" is about 5 or 10 lbs. per square inch.
<<
"The steam pressure required in the generator coil to evaporate the ammonia is,
say, 40 lbs. per square inch, and the working temperature in the generator is
"from 250° to 280° Fahrenheit.
*
"
"
"Having thus described the nature of my said Invention and the manner of
performing the same, I would have it understood that I claim,—
"My several improvements in cooling, and refrigerating apparatus, substantially
as described.
"I also claim the construction of cooling and refrigerating machines, substantially
as described."
In witness whereof, I, the said Harry Frank Stanley, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Thirteenth, day of August, in the year of our Lord One
hondand and richt
HARRY FRANK STANLEY: (L.S.)
HARRY FRANK STANLEY: (L.S.)
To the Commissioners of Patents for Inventions.
I hereby grant my fiat, giving leave to the above named Harry Frank Stanley
to file in the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with the Specification to
which the same relates, the above written Disclaimer and Memoranduin of
Alteration.

page_text: This Disclaimer and Memorandum of Alteration was; upon the 12th day of September
1888, Amended under Sections 18 to 21 of the Patents, Designs, and Trade
Marks Act, 1883.
DISCLAIMER AND MEMORANDUM OF ALTERATION proposed to be
entered by the said Harry Frank Stanley as such Patentee as aforesaid.
WHEREAS I have been advised that my Specification does not distinguish with
sufficient clearness, amongst the parts described, those which are novel to cooling
and refrigerating apparatus, from those which had before been in use. And does
not sufficiently distinguish the features of the Invention from points of detail which
are incidentally referred to.
I therefore for these reasons desire to disclaim and alter the said Specification
and I do hereby disclaim and alter the same by inserting at page 6 of the
Specification as it is printed by Her Majesty's Printers at line 3 after the words.
using it" the words "The application of steam heat by pipes in the generator is
however not novel."
<<
Also by inserting at page 7 line 20 after the words "The condenser" the words
"is not novel it."
Also on page 7 at line 26 by striking out after the words "The receiver" the
word "being
and inserting in the place thereof the words "which is also not
novel is."
Also by inserting on page 7 at line 32 after the words "reduces friction" the
words "This is a detail to which I make no claim."

page_text: Also by inserting on page 8 line 32 after the words "and rectifier" the words
"This absorber is not novel, it resembles substantially that described in the prior
Specification already referred to."
Also by inserting on page 9 at line 14 after the words "connected therewith" the
words "These are details of construction which I do not claim."
"
Also by inserting on page 9 at line 15 after the words "heater is" the words
not novel, it is."
Also by inserting on page 9 at line 24 after the words "is prevented" the words
"These are details of construction which I do not claim."
Also by inserting on page 9 at line 29 after the words "at Figure 13" the words
"These are details of construction which I do not claim."
And in order that the effect of this Disclaimer and Memorandum of Alteration
may be better understood I annex a copy of the Specification as it will appear
when such Disclaimer and Memorandum of Alteration has been made as afore-
said.
"
«
AC
"TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME I HARRY
"FRANK STANLEY of No. 2 Stanley Villas Summerhill Road Tottenham in the
County of Middlesex send greeting. WHEREAS Her most Excellent
"Majesty Queen Victoria by Her Letters Patent bearing date the Tenth day
" of November in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and
seventy five in the thirty ninth year of Her reign did for Herself Her
"heirs and successors give and grant unto me the said Harry Frank Stanley
"Her special license that I the said Harry Frank Stanley my executors
"administrators and assigns or such others as I the said Harry Frank
Stanley my executors administrators and assigns should at any time agree
"with and no others from time to time and at all times thereafter during
"the term therein expressed should and lawfully might make use exercise and
"vend within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland the Channel
"Islands and Isle of Man an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN COOLING AND
"REFRIGERATING APPARATUS" upon the condition (amongst others) that I the
"said Harry Frank Stanley my executors or administrators by an instrument
"in writing under my or their or one of their hands and seals should particularly
"describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention and in what manner
"the same was to be performed and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal
"Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of
"the said Letters Patent.
"NOW KNOW YE that I the said Harry Frank Stanley do hereby declare
"the nature of the said Invention and in what manner the same is to be perforined
to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement
"thereof that is to say
66
"This Invention relates to improvements in the apparatus patented by Rees
"Reece No. 2891-1870 November 2nd-for the production of cold and has for its
"object the increased efficacy and simplicity in the working of the apparatus
" and economy of fuel.
66
"
"6
.
"In the annexed Drawings Figure 1 is an elevation partly in section Figure 2 is
a plan and Figure 3 is an end view of the apparatus in the form in which I
prefer to construct it. The Drawing is to the scale of half an inch to the foot and
represents a machine adapted to eliminate 360,000 Fahrenheit heat units per hour.
"In place of applying fire heat to the generator a I introduce into it a coil of
steam pipes a¹ for evaporating the ammoniacal vapour. I use in this machine
18 pipes, 2 inches' in diameter and 12 feet long exposing a surface of say 120
square feet. The advantage of this is that I am able to regulate the pressure
and temperature in this generator much more easily than by fire heat. The
generator contains ammonia dissolved in water and this part of the apparatus is
" intended to separate the ammonia from the water; now the ammonia separates
66
"
"

page_text: "from the water better at a low temperature and an even temperature very
"essential to the good working of the apparatus and cannot so well be obtained
"by a fire. I prefer to use a number of straight pipes connected together by
"bends. By this means I get a very large heating surface. The heat of the
"exhaust steam from the engine which is made to work against a back pressure
"of about 40 lbs. per square inch is sufficient and a very great saving in fuel
"is effected by using it. The application of steam heat by pipes in the generator
"is however not novel.
66
b
ammonia
"I prefer to place the analyser 6 upon the generator thereby economising space
"and doing away with all connecting pipes. The analyser is intended to separate
"ammonia gas from its solution in water; it receives the vapour produced in the
generator and also a continuous stream of a solution of ammonia enters it at the
top from the absorber by the pipe 6¹. I prefer to make the analyser cylindrical
"in form having a series of dishes or trays with passages so arranged that the
" vapour and
gases impinge on the bottoms of the trays and traverse the head
"without passing through the liquid. For this purpose the dishes or trays are
"provided each with an overflow pipe which is raised above the level of the
"bottom of the dish or tray so as to keep some liquid in the plate, but always
"below the top of the vapour outlets. The construction of these dishes or trays is
"shown in detail by the Figures 4 and 5. As the vapour of 1S driven
"from the solution of ammonia and water by the heat of the vapour rising from
"the train below, it passes through the vapour outlets into the rectifier without
passing through the liquor on the plate above. The advantage gained by this
arrangement is considerable as water has such a strong affinity for ammonia that
"the vapour of ammonia which has been separated from the liquor on one plate is
"absorbed again by the liquor it has to pass through on the next plate. This is
"repeated by all the plates to the top one, from which the vapour passes straight
"into the rectifier. A great saving in fuel is obtained by allowing the ammonia
"when once separated from the water on each plate to pass at once into the
"rectifier. The analyser in the machine shown contains 20 plates with 30 holes
inch diameter in each plate.
"
"
«
.
The rectifier is marked c; it receives ammonia gas with some vapour of water
"from the analyser, and it is intended to separate the water and allow the ammonia
"in a practically pure state to pass on.
"I prefer to place the rectifier on the condenser d, the condenser and rectifier
"being one vessel. The advantage of this is that the same condensing water does
"for both rectifier and condenser, the water passing in at the bottom of the con-
"denser where the coldest water is wanted, and up the outside of the coil into the
" rectifier and from thence passing into the absorber. The rectifier contains 144
"feet run of 2 inch pipe, say 83 square feet of surface. The condenser contains
" 420 feet run of 3/4 inch pipe, say 100 feet of surface.
66
"The ammonical gas passes from the analyser into the top of the coil in the
"rectifier, and the coil is fitted at intervals with pockets to carry off the water
"which is condensed from the vapour coming from the analyser so that directly
any condensation takes place the liquor passes at once out of the coil, so that the
"ammonical vapour does not, come in contact with the water after being separated
"from it. These pockets are provided with cocks or valves to adjust the apparatus.
"The advantage of this is that if the ammonical gas came in contact with the
"water condensed from it in the coil it would reabsorb some of it; and would not
"therefore pass into the condenser in a perfectly or very nearly anhydrous state,
"which is necessary to the economical working of the apparatus.
*
"The detail of one of the pockets is shewn by the Figures 6; four pockets are
provided but usually it will be sufficient that two should be in operation; the
"cocks in connection with the others are turned off; the liquid entering the pockets
"is returned to the top of the analyser.
"The condenser is not novel it is intended to liquify the ammonia gas which

page_text: It does by cooning the gas until it condenses at the pressure under
"contained in this part of the apparatus.
$6
"The condenser coil is contained in a cylinder of cast or wrought iron.
WHICH
"I prefer to place the condenser on the receiver e. for simplicity and to save
space. The receiver which is also not novel is a plain wrought or cast iron
"vessel to store the anhydrous ammonia before it goes into the coolers; it is
"capable of containing about 60 gallons, and is furnished with a glass gauge or
"float gauge to show contents.
"The float gauges I make with revolving spindles in place of spindles or rods
"working vertically through the stuffing boxes in the usual way; this prevents
leakage and reduces friction. This a detail to which I make no claim :-
"
"
"Figures 7 and 8 show the details of the float gauge on the generator; the
stuffing box is contained in a cistern of water, so that if there be any leakage it
is absorbed.
"The cooler or refrigerator is the vessel in which the liquid ammonia is allowed
"again to assume the gaseous state in consequence of the pressure to which it is
the
"subjected in the condenser being relieved. In assuming
A gaseous condition
"the ammonia takes up heat from a solution of chloride of calcium, which circulates
through pipes contained within the cooler or refrigerator.
66
"The cooler or refrigerator f which I use (two are shown in the Drawings) does
"not differ materially from that now employed, excepting that I fit to it a self
closing glass gauge in case of breakage; it contains in the apparatus shown in
"the Drawings 173 feet run of 2 inch pipe, say 100 square feet of surface. The
"absorber is the part of the apparat is in which the gaseous ammonia liberated
"in the cooler or refrigerator is again dissolved in water.
"I prefer to make the absorber g of smaller pipes, and use a greater number
"than hitherto employed. Thus for a given content I get a very much larger
"surface exposed to the cold water which surrounds the pipes. I prefer to make
"the pipes of wrought iron. I effect another saving in the condensing water used
"by having a few of the top pipes above the top of the water cistern letting
warm
A
* " the
water coming from the rectifier drip over the outside of these top pipes.
"The heat due to the ammonical gas being absorbed by the weak liquor and given
"off from the inside is sufficient to vaporize a portion of the water and a large
quantity of heat becomes latent in the vapour, producing a refrigerating effect.
The absorber shown in the Drawing has 24 pipes 2 inches in diameter
"
th
pipes
A
"exposing a surface of say 140 square feet. These contain each of them a
inch pipe with numerous perforations of a 16 of an inch wide. The arrange-
"ment is shewn by the Figures 9. 10 and 11.
"The water for the supply of the absorber is drawn from the generator and is
"made to pass through the heater on its way to the absorber.
"The water for cooling the exterior of the pipes of the absorber is that previously
"used for cooling the condenser and rectifier. This absorber is not novel, it
"resembles substantially that described in the prior Specification already
" referred to.
"In some cases I use an auxiliary absorber as shown in Drawing at X. This
" is a cylinder of cast or wrought iron in which are coils of pipe through which
"condensing water is passed. The weak liquor from the generator passes into the
"top of the cylinder in a shower or spray and the gas from the cooler passes in at
"the side near the top.
"The shower of weak liquor absorbs a certain quantity of the ammonia and
"attains a certain degree of saturation and then passes in the absorber pipes
"below, where it is cooled and becomes thoroughly saturated. The latent leat
given off is taken away by the water passing through the coils of pipe in the
cylinder. By this means the concussion caused by the weak liquor absorbing
<

page_text: "
suddenly a quantity of gas in the confined space of the absorber pipes is got
over.
88 The pump h used for drawing the strong solution of ammonia produced in the
"absorber and forcing it through the coil of pipe in the heater into the analyser
66 against the pressure I construct with the least possible clearance so that the
"whole contents may be discharged at each stroke, preventing expansion of gas
on the return stroke keeping the suction valves closed. Figure 12 shows a
" section of this valve and the parts connected therewith. These are details of
"construction which I do not claim. There are two pumps each with plungers
"2 inches in diameter and 6 inch stroke. The heater i. is not novel it is intended
"
pump
"to heat the ammonia solution drawn by the, from the absorber before it
"enters at the top of the analyser and also as before mentioned to cool the water
"drawn out of the generator. The heater shown in the Drawing contains 128 feet
run of inch pipe having say 42 square feet of surface.
66
"I place water containers on the pumps, cocks valves and gauges so that if
" any leakage of ammonia through the stuffing box should occur the water will
"absorb it, and when the water becomes saturated may be put back into the
"apparatus and so waste is prevented. These are details of construction which I
"do not claim.
"
"I construct the stuffing box cocks with a guard and adjustable clamp screw
"which holds the key to its seat; preventing leakage from compression of the
"packing and admitting the stuffing boxes being repacked while in work. The
arrangement of one of these cocks with the parts connected with it is shown at
"Figure 13. These are details of construction which I do not claim.
"
“In working the apparatus the ammonia solution of commerce is first put into
"the generator and by applying steam heat to the coil the ammonia separated
" from
is passed through the analyser into the rectifier where it is purified and
"thence into the condenser where it is condensed by its own pressure and the
"cooling effect of the water outside the coil; it then runs into the receiver and
"is drawn off from there into the cooler as required. From the cooler it is allowed
"to evaporate again into a gas absorbing heat (which becomes latent in the gas)
"from whatever it is desired to cool. The gas then passes into the absorber
"where it meets a stream of the weak liquor from the generator and is absorbed
"by it thus making a strong solution of ammonia which is drawn from there by
"the ammonia pumps and forced through the heater into the analyser where the
"ammonia is again separated from it and the same process goes on again and
" again.
"The working pressure in the generator under ordinary circumstances is about
"105 lbs. per square inch and is nearly the same in analyser, rectifier condenser
"and receiver.
In the cooler it varies with the temperature and in the absorber
" is about 5 or 10 lbs. per square inch.
"
"The steam pressure required in the generator coil to evaporate the ammonia is
say 40 lbs. per square inch and the working temperature in the generator is
"from 250° to 280° Fahrenheit.
"
66
"Having thus described the nature of my said Invention and the manner of
performing the same I would have it understood that I claim :-
" My several improvements in cooling and refrigerating apparatus substantially
as described, that is to say, referring to my specification as amended by disclaimer
"and as printed by Her Majesty's inters No. 3907* the improvement in the analyser
"described at page 3 lines 4 to 21 and illustrated in detail by the Figures 4 and 5 of
"the drawings; and the improvement in the rectifier described at page 3, lines 32 to 45
"and illustrated in detail by the Figures 6. But I make no separate claim to the
"improvement respecting the generator described from page 2 lines 40 to 53. And I
"make no separate claims to the several improvements in the condenser, the receiver, the
"cooler or refrigerator, the absorber, the pumps and auxiliary parts described from
page 3 line 46 to page 5 line 12."

page_text: "6
"I also claim the construction of cooling and refrigerating machines consisting
of the combination of parts substantially as described, and illustrated by Figures 1, 2
"and 3 of the drawings annexed."
In witness whereof I the said Harry Frank Stanley have hereunto set my
hand and seal this Thirteenth day of August in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and eighty one.
HARRY FRANK STANLEY. (L.S.)
HARRY FRANK STANLEY. (L.S.)
To the Commissioners of Patents for Inventions,
I hereby grant my fiat, giving leave to the above named Harry Frank Stanley
to file in the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with the Specification to.
which the same relates, the above written Disclaimer and Memorandum of
Alteration.

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Harry Frank Stanley, of No. 2, Stanley Villas,
Summerhill Road, Tottenham, in the County of Middlesex, for the
Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN COOLING AND REFRIGERATING APPARATIS "
Sealed the 21st January 1876, and dated the 10th November 1875.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Harry Frank Stanley
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition,
on the 10th November 1875.
I, HARRY FRANK STANLEY, of No: 2, Stanley Villas, Summerhill
5 Road, Tottenham, in the County of Middlesex, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN COOLING AND REFRI-
GERATING APPARATUS," to be as follows:-
:
This Invention relates to improvements in the apparatus patented by
Rees Reece, No. 2891, 1870, November 2nd, for the production of cold,
and has for its object the increased efficacy and simplicity in the working
of the apparatus and economy of fuel.

page_text: The first improvement is in the generator. In place of applying fire
heat to the generator I introduce into it a coil of steam pipes for
evaporating the ammoniacal vapour. The advantage of this is that
I am able to regulate the pressure and temperature in this generator
much more easily than by fire heat; the ammonia separates from the
water better at a low temperature, and an even temperature is very
essential to the good working of the apparatus, and cannot so well be
obtained by a fire. I prefer to use a number of straight pipes connected
together by bends. By this means I get a very large heating surface.
The heat of the exhaust steam from the engine is sufficient, and a very
great saving in fuel is effected by using it.
The second improvement relates to the analyser, which I prefer to
place upon the generator, thereby economising space and doing away
with all connecting pipes. This I prefer to make cylindrical in form,
having a series of dishes or trays with passages so arranged that the
vapour and
gases impinge on the bottoms of the trays, and traverse the
head without passing through the liquid for this purpose. The dishes
or trays are provided each with an overflow pipe, which is raised above
the level of the bottom of the dish or tray so as to keep some liquid in
the plate, but always below the top of the vapour outlets. As the
vapour of ammonia is driven from the solution of ammonia and water
by the heat of the vapour rising from the tray below it passes through
the vapour outlets into the rectifier without passing through the liquor
on the plate above. The advantage gained by this arrangement is
considerable, as water has such a strong affinity for ammonia that the
vapour of ammonia which has been separated from the liquor on one
plate is absorbed again by the liquor it has to pass through on the next
plate. This is repeated by all the plates to the top one, from which the
vapour passes straight into the rectifier. A great saving in fuel is
obtained by allowing the ammonia when once separated from the water
on each plate to pass at once into the rectifier.
The rectifier I prefer to place on the condenser, the condenser and
rectifier being one vessel. The advantage of this is that the same
condensing water does for both rectifier and condenser, the water passing
in at the bottom of the condenser where the coldest water is wanted, and
up the outside of the coil into the rectifier, and from thence passing into
the absorber.

page_text: The ammoniacal gas passes from the analyser into the top of the coil
in the rectifier, and the coil is fitted at intervals with pockets to carry
off the water which is condensed from the vapour coming from the
analyser, so that directly any condensation takes place the liquor passes
at once out of the coil, so that the ammoniacal vapour does not
come in contact with the water after being separated from it. These
pockets are provided with cocks or valves to adjust the apparatus. The
advantage of this is that if the ammoniacal gas came in contact with
the water condensed from it in the coil it would reabsorb some of it,
and would not therefore pass into the condenser in a perfectly
anhydrous state, which is necessary to the economical working of the
annaratus.

page_text: The pump used for drawing the strong solution of ammonia produced
in the absorber, and forcing it through the coil of pipe in the heater into
the analyser against the pressure, I construct with the least possible
clearances, so that the whole contents may be discharged at each stroke,
preventing expansion of gas, on the return stroke keeping the suction
valves closed.
I place water containers on the pumps, cocks, valves, and gauges, so
that if any leakage of ammonia through the stuffing box should occur
the water will absorb it, and when the water becomes saturated it may
be put back into the apparatus, and so waste is prevented.
I construct the stuffing box cocks with a guard and adjustable clamp
screw, which holds the key to its seat, preventing leakage from com-
pression of the packing, and admitting the stuffing boxes being repacked
while in work.
As in course of time the solution of ammonia may become weakened
to some extent I provide a small vessel or still in connection with the
generator, from which I draw the weaker solution and evaporate the
ammonia off at a low temperature into the apparatus where the least
pressure exists. By this means I restore the original strength of the
solution.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Harry Frank Stanley in the Great Seal Patent
Office on the 10th May 1876.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, HARRY
FRANK STANLEY, of No. 2, Stanley Villas, Summerhill Road, Tottenham,
in the County of Middlesex, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Tenth day of November, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-five, in the
thirty-ninth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and suc-
cessors, give and grant unto me, the said Harry Frank Stanley, Her
special license, that I, the said Harry Frank Stanley, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Harry
Frank Stanley, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at

page_text: any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all
times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully
might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN COOLING. AND REFRIGERATING APPARATUS,"
upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Harry Frank
Stanley, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing
under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly
describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what
manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed
in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and
immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Harry Frank Stanley, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same
is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement thereof, that is to say:-
This Invention relates to improvements in the apparatus patented by
Rees Reece, No. 2891; 1870, November 2nd, for the production of cold,
and has for its object the increased efficay and simplicity in the working
of the apparatus and economy of fuel.
In the annexed Drawings Figure 1 is an elevation partly in section,
Figure 2 is a plan, and Figure 3 is an end view of the apparatus in the
form in which I prefer to construct it. The Drawing is to the scale of
half an inch to the foot, and represents a machine adapted to eliminate
360,000 Fahrenheit heat units per hour.
In place of applying fire heat to the generator a I introduce into it a
coil of steam pipes a¹ for evaporating the ammoniacal vapour. .I use in
this machine 18 pipes, 2 inches in diameter and 12 feet long, exposing a
surface of, say, 120 square feet. The advantage of this is that I am
able to regulate the pressure and temperature in this. generator much
more easily than by fire heat. The generator contains ammonia dissolved
in water, and this part of the apparatus is intended to separate the
ammonia from the water; now the ammonia. separates from the water
better at a low temperature, and an even temperature is very essential
to the good working of the apparatus, and cannot so well be obtained by
a fire. I prefer to use a number of straight pipes connected together by
bends. By this means I get a very large heating surface. The heat of

page_text: the exhaust steam from the engine, which is made to work against a
back pressure of about 40 lbs. per square inch is sufficient, and a very
great saving in fuel is effected by using it.
;
I prefer to place the analyser upon the generator, thereby
economising space and doing away with all connecting pipes. The
analyser is intended to separate ammonia gas from its solution in water
it receives the vapour produced in the generator, and also a continuous
stream of a solution of ammonia enters it at the top from the absorber
by the pipe b. I prefer to make the analyser cylindrical in form,
having a series of dishes or trays with passages so arranged that the
vapour and gases impinge on the bottoms of the trays, and traverse the
head without passing through the liquid. For this purpose the dishes
or trays are provided each with an overflow pipe, which is raised above
the level of the bottom of the dish or tray so as to keep some liquid in
the plate, but always below the top of the vapour outlets. The con-
struction of these dishes or trays is shown in detail by the Figures 4
and 5. As the vapour of ammonia is driven from the solution of
ammonia and water by the heat of the vapour rising from the tray below
it passes through the vapour outlets into the rectifier without passing
through the liquor on the plate above. The advantage gained by this
arrangement is considerable, as water has such a strong affinity for
ammonia that the vapour of ammonia which has been separated from
the liquor on one plate is absorbed again by the liquor it has to pass
through on the next plate. This is repeated by all the plates to the top
one, from which the vapour passes straight into the rectifier. A great
saving in fuel is obtained by allowing the ammonia when once separated
from the water on each plate to pass at once into the rectifier. The
analyser in the machine shown contains 20 plates, with 30 holes inch
diameter in each plate.
The rectifier is marked c; it receives ammonia gas with some vapour
of water from the analyser, and it is intended to separate the water and
allow the ammonia in a practically pure state to pass on.
I prefer to place the rectifier on the condenser d, the condenser and
rectifier being one vessel. The advantage of this is that the same
condensing water does for both rectifier and condenser, the water passing
in at the bottom of the condenser where the coldest water is wanted,
and
up the outside of the coil into the rectifier, and from thence passing

page_text: The cooler or refrigerator is the vessel in which the liquid ammonia is
allowed again to assume the gaseous state in consequence of the pressure
to which it is subjected in the condenser being relieved. In assuming
the gaseous condition the ammonia takes up heat from a solution of
chloride of calcium, which circulates through pipes contained within the
cooler or refrigerator.
The cooler or refrigerator f which I use (two are shown in the
Drawings) does not differ materially from that now employed, excepting.
that I fit to it a self-closing glass gauge in case of breakage; it contains
in the apparatus shown in the Drawings 173 feet run of 2-inch pipe, say,
100 square feet of surface. The absorber is the part of the apparatus in
which the gaseous ammonia liberated in the cooler or refrigerator is again
dissolved in water.
0
I prefer to make the absorber g of smaller pipes, and use a greater
number than hitherto employed. Thus, for a given content I get a very
much larger surface exposed to the cold water which surrounds the
pipes. I prefer to make the pipes of wrought iron. I effect another
saving in the condensing water used by having a few of the top pipes
above the top of the water cistern letting the warm water coming from
the rectifier drip over the outside of these top pipes. The heat due to
the ammoniacal gas being absorbed by the weak liquor and given off
from the inside is sufficient to vaporize a portion of the water, and a
large quantity of heat becomes latent in the vapour, producing a
refrigerating effect.
The absorber shown in the Drawing has 24 pipes 2 inches in diameter,
exposing a surface of, say, 140 square feet. These pipes contain each of
them a ¼-inch pipe with numerous perforations of aeth of an inch
wide. The arrangement is shown by the Figures 9, 10, and 11.
The water for the supply of the absorber is drawn from the generator,
and is made to pass through the heater on its way to the absorber.
The water for cooling the exterior of the pipes of the absorber is that
previously used for cooling the condenser and rectifier.
In some cases I use an auxiliary absorber, as shown in Drawing at X
This is a cylinder of cast or wrought iron, in which are coils of pipe
through which condensing water is passed. The weak liquor from the
generator passes.into the top of the cylinder in a shower or spray, and
the gas from the cooler passes in at the side near the top.

page_text: The shower of weak liquor absorbs a certain quantity of the ammonia
and attains a certain degree of saturation, and then passes in the
absorber pipes below, where it is cooled, and becomes thoroughly
saturated. The latent heat given off is taken away by the water passing
5 through the coils of pipe in the cylinder. By this means the concussion
caused by the weak liquor absorbing suddenly a quantity of gas in the
confined space of the absorber pipes is got over.
The pump h used for drawing the strong solution of ammonia pro-
duced in the absorber, and forcing it through the coil of pipe in the
O heater into the analyser against the pressure, I construct with the least
possible clearance, so that the whole contents may be discharged at each
stroke, preventing expansion of gas, on the return stroke keeping the
suction valves closed. Figure 12 shows a section of this valve and thé
parts connected therewith. There are two pumps, each with plungers
2 inches in diameter and 6-inch stroke. The heater i is intended to heat
the ammonia solution drawn by the pump from the absorber before it
enters at the top of the analyser, and also as beforè mentioned to cool
the water drawn out of the generator. The heater shown in the Drawing.
contains 128 feet run of 1½-inch pipe, having, say, 42 square feet of
surface.
I place water containers on the pumps, cocks, valves, and gauges, so
that if any leakage of ammonia through the stuffing box should occur
the water will absorb it, and when the water becomes saturated it may
be put back into the apparatus, and so waste is prevented.
I construct the stuffing box cocks with a guard and adjustable clamp
screw which holds the key to its seat, preventing leakage from com-
pression of the packing, and admitting the stuffing boxes being re-packed
while in work. The arrangement of one of these cocks with the parts
connected with it is shown at Figure 13.
In working the apparatus the ammonia solution of commerce is first
put into the generator, and by applying steam heat to the coil the
ammonia separated from it is passed through the analyser into the
ectifier, where it is purified, and thence into the condenser, where it is
condensed by its own pressure and the cooling effect of the water outside
he coil; it then runs into the receiver, and is drawn off from there into
he cooler as required. From the cooler it is allowed to evaporate again
to a gas, absorbing heat (which becomes latent in the gas) from

page_text: whatever it is desired to cool. The gas then passes into the absorber,
where it meets a stream of the weak liquor from the generator, and is
absorbed by it, thus making a strong solution of ammonia, which is
drawn from there by the ammonia pumps, and forced through the heater
into the analyser, where the ammonia is again separated from it, and the 5
same process goes on again and again.
The working pressure in the generator under ordinary circumstances
is about 105 lbs. per square inch, and is nearly the same in analyser,
rectifier, condenser, and receiver. In the cooler it varies with the
temperature, and in the absorber is about 5 or 10 lbs. per square inch.
The steam pressure required in the generator coil to evaporate the
ammonia is, say, 40 lbs. per square inch, and the working temperature
in the generator is from 250° to 280° Fahrenheit.
Having thus described the nature of my said Invention, and the
manner of performing the same, I would have it understood that I
claim,―
My several improvements in cooling and refrigerating apparatus, sub-
stantially as described.
I also claim the construction of cooling and refrigerating machines,
substantially as described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Harry Frank Stanley, have here-
unto set my hand and seal, this Fifth day of May, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-six.
HARRY FRANK STANLEY. (L.S.)