IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION, FITTING, AND SECURING OF TENTS, MARQUEES, AND OTHER LIKE STRUCTURES, AND IN THE CONSTRUCTION AND ARRANGEMENT OF HAMMOCKS, COTS, BEDSTEADS, AND CAMP AND OTHER TRAVELLING EQUIPAGE FOR THE USE OF TROOPS AND OTHERS IN CAMP, BARRACKS TENTS HOSPITAL ON BOARD SHIP ATD CAULED Tono
Year: 1874

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to George Turner, of 72, Asylum Road, Peckham,
in the Parish of Camberwell, in the County of Surrey, for the Inven-
tion of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION, FITTING, AND SECURING OF
TENTS, MARQUEES, AND OTHER LIKE STRUCTURES, AND IN THE CONSTRUCTION
AND ARRANGEMENT OF HAMMOCKS, COTS, BEDSTEADS, AND CAMP AND OTHER
TRAVELLING EQUIPAGE FOR THE USE OF TROOPS AND OTHERS IN CAMP,
BARRACKS TENTS HOSPITAL ON BOARD SHIP ATD CAULED Tono "
.:
.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said George Turner at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
16th July 1874..
I, GEORGE TURNER, of 72, Asylum Road, Peckham, in the Parish
5 of Camberwell, in the County of Surrey, do hereby declare the nature
of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION, FITTING,
AND SECURING OF TENTS, MARQUEES, AND OTHER LIKE STRUCTURES, AND IN THE
CONSTRUCTION AND ARRANGEMENT OF HAMMOCKS, COTS, BEDSTEADS, AND CAMP
AND OTHER TRAVELLING EQUIPAGE FOR THE USE OF TROOPS AND OTHERS IN CAMP,

page_text: १
BARRACKS, TENTS, HOSPITALS, ON BOARD SHIP, AND OTHER USES," to be as
follows:-
This Invention relates to further improvements on the Invention
patented by me in Patent No. 1367, dated May 22nd 1871, and
consists in arranging marquees, tents, and other similar structures
so that they may be erected and used without a central pole, and
so that the weight of the parts on which the canvas or other material
used as a covering is placed may be considerably reduced, and in
arranging and constructing hammocks, cots, and other camp equipage
and fittings so as to be more convenient and serviceable in use.
apex
In constructing marquees or tents without central poles or supports,
and so as to reduce the weight and number of the wood frames,
rafters, or supports as ordinarily used, I employ wire rope applied as
tension rods to the same, so fitted and arranged by means of set
screws and spurs, or their equivalents, that each pair of rafters or
ribs may be firmly braced and connected together at their when
required by wire ridge ropes in place of timber or other heavy or
bulky material. I also employ wire rope as stays in combination with
and between such frames in order to reduce their number, and support
the canvas or other covering in the same manner as when a central
pole or poles or support is or are used, and set up, strengthen, and
tie together the whole framework in a similar way by lateral ties of the
same material.
In order further to increase the holding power of the screw and
driving pegs described in my former Patent herein-before alluded to,
I fit to the eyes in the upper ends of the same a lever or bar so
arranged as to fall down alongside of the shank of the peg when out
of use, and to stand out at right angles, or nearly so, with the shank
when the peg is in use, an eye, or its equivalent, at the end of the lever
or bar which is not in connexion with the shank, affording the means
of attachments of the line, stay, or other part requiring the aid of the
peg to secure it, in place of attaching the same to the eye or ring
in the end of the peg shank, as is done in the ordinary arrangement,
心
and thereby convert the action of the same into that of an anchor.
I also construct another kind of peg of angle or T iron or steel
tapered to a point and curved like a scimitar, fitted with a lever or
bar at its upper end, similar to that in the screw peg, for driving into

page_text: the soil, which is an improvement on the barbed peg. These pegs
are most convenient for attaching the hammock lines, tent stays, or
lines for picketing horses, mooring boats or barges, and all those cases
where a speedy means of securing such matters and great holding
powers, as well as a ready means of detachment, are required.
D
I also further improve my hammocks by expanding the head and
foot of each by means of a rod or rods of wood or other suitable
materials, which may be sewn or otherwise conveniently attached to
the canvas or other material out of which the hammock is formed
in order to prevent the gathering up at the ends by the clews, as
is the case when they are fitted in the ordinary manner; and these
rods or rod may be jointed to allow of the hammock when suspended
taking a trench or trough-like form, and so form a smooth springy
couch, and obviate the necessity of using either a mattrass or a bed.
By this means or arrangement I am able to reduce the number of clews
or lines required for slinging the hammock.
'
I also arrange my hammocks, especially in connection with their
use as ambulance litters by supporting the strut or spur, or struts
or spurs, to which the same is suspended, as described in my former
Patent, No. 823 of 1855, on two tripods by suitable attachments, such
tripod legs being stayed at the bottom by jointed stays arranged to
fold upwards, or by any other suitable or convenient method to enable
a patient being placed in hospital without removing him from the
hammock. To give the hammock sufficient clearance from the strut
or spar I adopt a spur jointed on to the same, and connected with
a short piece of line or chain fitted to its end; at the junction with the
spur with the line or chain I hang the hammock, and by that means
obtain a lower point for suspension, and I adopt the same method where-
ever the hammock may come into close proximity with the surface or
object under which it is suspended.
In addition to the methods of suspending hammocks or cots shewn
in Fig. 1, Sheet 2 of my Patent, No. 1367 of 1871, herein-before
alluded to, I employ a rod of metal, or bar of wood, or a combination
of the same, of the required length with cross pieces or bearers at
or near the ends of the same, such cross pieces or bearers being
fitted with a pin through them and the rod or bar, or in any other
convenient manner, so as to enable them to turn round in a line
2

page_text: It is not essential that the frames should be of the shape described;
as both ends may be curved or square, or oval, or any other shape or
shapes that may be preferred, provided that they are jointed together so
as to act in the manner described, and have no centre bar or pin con-
necting the two framics together, and running through so as to obstruct
the centre space, and prevent the proper suspension of either hammock
or cot between the upper ends of the frames when opened, such cot or
hammock being suspended to or hung from and between the top ends by
clews fitted in the manner herein-before described.
.
It is not essential that castors or wheels and rockers should be fitted
to the lower ends of the frames, as the rockers may be fitted without
the castors or wheels, or the latter employed without the former, or both
'may be dispensed with and the frame rest on knobs or on its lower bar
or ends.
An awning or curtain or curtains may likewise be fitted to these
stands on any of the principles or plans herein-before described,, or from
straight or curved stancheons or pillars fitted with eyes or sockets, or by.
screws on or to the tops of the frames, or by a bow or other shaped half
frame secured to and working on the same or joints as the two frames,
at their junction, such half frame when the others are opened to be
arranged so as to keep in a vertical position above them or thrown back
towards the head or foot of the hammock or cot, as may be desired.
The hammock herein-before described, to which the stretchers at the
ends are fitted, I arrange as a bedstead, but the stretchers are not jointed,
and hammock clews are not fitted, and I support each stretcher on cross
or vertical legs, each leg being attached to the same by means of a rope
grummet or other suitable connection, and secured at the lower ends
into a shoe of wood, metal, or other suitable material to connect and
secure them from slipping, and also prevent their sinking into the earth
or surface when used in the field; and in order to spread the canvas or
other material forming the hammock, and give it sufficient tension to
bear the weight it has to carry, I use lines or wire rope, or chains secured
round to or at the ends of the stretchers and through the material of
the hammock, and thence passing through a thimble, bull's eye, or
pulley, fitted either to a hook, toggle, or other convenient means of
attaching it to a hook, eye, or ring, screwed into or otherwise firmly
attached to a floor, or screw or driving peg into the ground, and the
"

page_text: :
;
ends or bight secured or spliced round or to another thimble, bull's eye,
or pulley. A lanyard is then to be rove through the latter, and another
thimble, bull's eye, or pulley fitted to the centre of each stretcher, and
this arrangement forms a powerful runner and lanyard purchase for
tightening the canvas, sacking, or other material used; and when
crecting such bedstead and to stretch it more effectually I place the legs
at a slight angle inwards, and after tightening the purchase pull the
legs outwards into a more vertical position, thereby considerably
increasing the tension and raising it further from the ground. -
:
In addition to the awning or covering for hammocks or cots for use
out of a tent or marquee, as described in my Patent, No. 1367, of 1871,
herein-before referred to, I arrange a covering for the same to form a
"tente d'abri," such covering being of waterproof or other suitable or
convenient material as a protection from the weather, which may be
fitted over a framework of bamboo, cane, or other material, such framing
consisting of an upright rod or rods stepped through an eye or other t
suitable appliance on the loose head and foot spreaders and on to the
ends of the hammock, with another rod or rods fitted across the head
or heads of the upright rod or rods, such cross heads liaving one or two
hinge joints near the centre to enable the ends to be brought down and
'secured to the sides of the hammock when required for closing the
covering at night. The joints may be fitted with bolts or slip rings or
other suitable arrangements to hold them in a horizontal position when
the covering is required to be used as an awning, or the cover or "tente
d'abri roof may be supported on a flexible rod of whalebone, cane, or
other suitable material bent across the hammock and the ends of the
same may be secured into beckets or sockets sewn to or otherwise fitted
on the sides of the same.
The same description of framework and covering may also.be fitted to
the hammock valise, to the bedstead, or to the framework of the box
bedstead or cot herein described. The latter may also have a covering.
or roof fitted over it by micans of a frame or separate rods hinged to the
joints of principal frame, and stayed into an upright position when the
boxes or bag receptacles are open and in use as a bed or otherwise
attached to such principal frameing.
The covering forming a coat or garment, and which is described in my
former Patent herein-before`alluded to, may be used over these kind of
frames or supports.

page_text: In making the waterproof covering for tents and cots, and at the:
same time to form a coat or garment, as described in my former Patent
herein-before alluded to, the same may be made by joining two pieces of
the material out of which it is to be made across by the neck and by:
fitting loose pieces as cape sleeves instead of cutting them out of the
main piece, but in all other respects maintaining the shape and make of
the coat as therein described.
f
In order more effectually to utilise the various articles of camp and
travelling equipage I convert the hammock or bedstead sacking into a.
valise for the stowage of clothing and other necessaries by fitting.thereto
flaps and pockets of serge, flannel, or other suitable materials for holding
the clothing, &c., when packed, such flaps and pockets being sewn or
otherwise securely attached to the edges of the same and forming also a
covering or bed clothes when used for sleeping in, the pockets being
closed by loops or holes and buttons, straps, strings, or lacings to keep
the clothing or other articles from falling out, and the edges. of the flaps
similarly fitted to admit of their being fastened across the occupant of
the valise or bedstead when used as bed clothing.
"
I also arrange another form of bed and packing case, or portmanteau
combined, by the use of two metal or wood frames, or a combination of
the same, open at one end, and to each of which I affix a receptacle for
clothing in the form of a solid box, or a collapsible bag of leather,
canvas, or other suitable material attached to the same. The frames
having each only one end I join them together by rule hinges or other
convenient joints, one on cach side, with a joggled metal rod to connect.
them and keep them apart, the ends of such rod forming the pins of the
hinge joints.
:
To form the sacking of the bed I form the lids of the boxes, bags, or
receptacles for clothing of other frames, and on which I stretchi canvas
or other suitable material, and fit the same into a groove in the other
frames, and hinge them on to the same pin as the hinge of the outer
frame so that the two may work together on the same centre and fold
together, as in closing one box, bag, or receptacle will shut up on the
other like a portmanteau with the lids in the centre. To prevent the
inner ends of the boxes when framed of wood, and where they join
being in the way of the sacking of the lids when used as a bed, I make
them of canvas, leather, or other suitable material fitted sufficiently.

page_text: slack at the upper part next the lids so that they may not project above
the joggled bar or cross frame, and I also fit the ends of the collapsible
bags in like manner, and tighten them by means of straps or lacings
wlien packed as cases for transport. The boxes, bags, or receptacles
thus fitted when opened out may be slung as a cot by means of clows
fitted to the ends and supported off the ground by any of the means
herein-before described as used for the hammocks, or used as a bedstead
by supporting it on legs fitted to the sides, and made to fold up alongside
the framework when not required in the same manner as for a folding
iron bedstead, or otherwise fit into sockets or cyes on the same, to ship
and unship as required. To strengthen the centre and prevent the same
from collapsing when the bag receptacles are fitted to the frameing, and
the same are used as a cot or bedstead, I use a strut or spur, such strut
or spur being fitted to and forming part of the hinge joint, and projecting
downwards, and I affix to the same tension rods or lines of wire rope,
such rods or lines being set up or tightened to the outer ends of the
main frameing by set screws or other suitable means, and readily
detached when out of use, the strut or spur also folding under the
frameing. When the receptacles are solid boxes the inner end frames
are secured at the bottom by screws or other suitable or convenient
fastenings, and obviate the use of tension rods, lines, spurs, or struts.
In camp ovens or canteens I effect a further improvement on the
method described in my former Patent, herein-before alluded to (No. 1367
for the year 1871), by enclosing the brazier or fire-pot in an outer case,
such outer case having a doorway fitted to it, and the brazier projecting
a sufficient distance below the bottom of the outer casing to obtain a
thorough draught for the fire. The outer casing may also be perforated
to allow of the admission of air and prevent the fire being blown out
by the wind.

page_text: : WHEREAS Hér most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by. Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Sixteenth day of July, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-four, in the thirty-
eighth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors;
give and grant unto me, the said George Turner, Her special licensé
that I, the said George Turner, my executors, administrators, and
assigns, or such others as I, the said George Turner, my executors;
administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no
others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term
therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise,
and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ircland,
the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION, FITTING, AND SECURING OF TENTS, MARQUEES,
AND OTHER LIKE STRUCTURES, AND IN THE CONSTRUCTION AND ARRANGEMENT OF
HAMMOCKS, COTS, BEDSTEADS, AND CAMP AND OTHER TRAVELLING EQUIPAGE FOR
THE USE OF TROOPS AND OTHERS IN CAMPS, BARRACKS, TENTS, HOSPITALS, ON
BOARD SHIP, AND OTHER USES," upon the condition (amongst others) that
I, the said George Turner, my executors. or administrators, by an in-
strument in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and
seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said
Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and
cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said George Turner, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement thereof, that is to say :-
This Invention relates to further improvements on the Invention
patented by me in Patent No. 1367, dated May 22nd, 1871, and consists
in arranging marquees, tents, and other similar structures so that they
may be erected and used without a central pole, and so that the weight
of the parts on which the canvas or other material used as a covering is
placed may be considerably reduced; and in arranging and constructing
hammocks, cots, and other camp equipage and fittings so as to be more
convenient and serviceable in use.
In constructing tents or marquees without central poles or supports,
as shown in Figures 1, 2, and 3, Sheet 1, and so as to reduce the weight

page_text: and number of the wood frames or rafters a, a, and supports b, b, as
ordinarily used I employ wire rope, applied as tension rods c, c, d, d, to
the same, so fitted and arranged by means of set screws and spurs (e), (e),
or their equivalents, that each pair of rafters or ribs may be firmly
braced and connected together at their apex when required by wire ridge
ropes in place of by timber or other heavy or bulky material; I also
employ wire ropes as stays f, f, in combination with and between such
frames in order to reduce their number and support the canvas or other
covering in the same manner as when a central pole or poles or support
is or are used; and set up, strengthen, and tie together the whole frame-
work in a similar way by lateral ties of the same material when required.
In order further to increase the holding power of the screw and
driving pegs, Figures 7 to 12, Sheet 3, and described in my former
Patent herein-before alluded to, I fit to the eyes in the upper ends of the
same a lever or bar a, a, so arranged as to fall down alongside of the
shank of the peg b, b, when out of use, and to stand out at right angles,
or nearly so, with the shank when the peg is in use, as shewn in
Figures 7, 9, and 11, Sheet 3, an eye c, or its equivalent, at the end of
the lever or bar, which is not in connection with the shank, affording the
means of attachment of the line, stay, or other part requiring the aid of
the peg to secure it in place of attaching the same to the eye or ring in
the end of the peg shank (d), (d), as is done in the ordinary arrange-
ment, and thereby convert the action of the same into that of an
anchor.
I also construct another kind of peg of angle or T shaped iron or
steel, tapered to a point b, b, Figures 11 and 12, and curved like a scimitar,
fitted with a lever or bar (a), (a), at its upper end, similar to that in the
screw peg for driving into the soil, which is an improvement on the
barbed peg, Figures 9 and 10. A combination of the screw and driving
pegs may be used by making one the lever or bar of the other. These
pegs are more convenient for attaching the hammock lines, tent stays,
or lines for picketing horses, mooring boats or barges, and all those
cases where a speedy means of securing such matters and great holding
powers as well as a ready means of detachment are required.
I also further improve my hammocks by expanding the head and foot
of each by means of a rod or rods of wood or other suitable material,
which may be sewn into or otherwise. conveniently attached to the

page_text: canvas or other material out of which the hammock is formed, as shewn
at a, a, a, in' Figures 1 and 2, Sheet 2; in order to prevent the gathering
up at the ends by the clews, as is the case when they are fitted in the
ordinary manner; and these rods or rod may be jointed to allow of the
hammock when suspended taking a trench or trough-like form, as shewn
in the end elevation, Figure 2, and so form a smooth springy couch or
bed, and obviate the necessity of using either a mattrass or a bed, and.
at the same time by the flexibility of the joints of the rods allow of easy
stowing away. By this arrangement I am able to reduce the number
of clews or lines required for slinging the hammock, as will be seen by
the holes in Figure 1, and the clews in Figures 2 and 3. Hooks, or
eyes, or other convenient means for attaching the clews may be used
and fastened to or through the stretchers in lieu of the holes through
the canvas or other material of which the hammock or cot is formed.
.
I also arrange my hammocks, especially in connection with their use
as ambulance litters, as shewn in Figures 4 and 5, Sheet 1, by supporting
the strut or spar a, or-struts or spars, to which the same is suspended,
as described in my former Patent herein-before alluded to, on two
tripods b, b, by suitable attachments, such tripod legs being stayed at
the bottom by jointed stays c, c, arranged to fold upwards, or by any
other suitable or convenient method, to enable a patient being placed in
hospital without removing him from the hammock. To give the ham-
mock sufficient clearance from the rod I adopt a spur, jointed on to the
same, shewn at d, d, Figure 4, and connected with a short piece of line or
chain as a pennant or lanyard e fitted to its end; at the junction of the
spur with the line or chain I hang the hammock, and by that means
obtain a lower point for suspension; and I adopt the same method when-
ever the hammock may come into close proximity with the surface or
object under which it is suspended. A modification of this arrangement
of spur d, d, is shewn at Figures 13 and 14, Sheet 1, as applied to a ship's
deck, ceiling, or platform; a, a, representing the under side of such
deck, ceiling, or platform, and d, d, the spurs; e, e, being the lanyard
or pennant; and f, f, steadying lines or guys, which may be used as
required.
:
In addition to the methods of suspending hammocks or cots, shewn in
Figure 1, Sheet 2 of my Patent, No. 1367, of 1871; herein-before alluded
to, I employ a rod, bar, or tube of metal, or bar of wood, or a combina-
tion of the same of the required length a, Fig. 4; Sheet 2, with cross

page_text: pieces or bearers b; b, at or near the ends of the same, such cross pieces
being fitted with a pin ¹ through them and the rod, bar, or tube, or in
any other convenient manner, so as to enable them to turn round in line
with the rod or bar when stowed away, or to take off and give facility in
packing. The rod, bar, or tube may also be jointed and fitted with a
bayonet joint or other convenient arrangement, as shewn at c, to enable
the length to be reduced when packed away for transport or for stowing
away when out of use. The cross pieces b, b, may have castors or
wheels d, d, fitted on the ends, and the whole arranged to form a portable
framework or stand, the hammock or cot being suspended on either of
the plans shewn in my former Patent, herein-before alluded to; or it
may be slung from pedestals or standards e, e, fitted into sockets f, f, at
or near the ends of the rod, bar, or tube a, and properly stayed
or secured by spurs, struts, or knees g, g, to prevent them bending
by the strain of the hammock or cot when a person is lying in the
.
pieces or bearers b; b, at or near the ends of the same, such cross pieces
being fitted with a pin b¹ through them and the rod, bar, or tube, or in
any other convenient manner, so as to enable them to turn round in line
with the rod or bar when stowed away, or to take off and give facility in
packing. The rod, bar, or tube may also be jointed and fitted with a
bayonet joint or other convenient arrangement, as shewn at c, to enable
the length to be reduced when packed away for transport or for stowing
away when out of use. The cross pieces b, b, may have castors or
wheels d, d, fitted on the ends, and the whole arranged to form a portable
framework or stand, the hammock or cot being suspended on either of
the plans shewn in my former Patent, herein-before alluded to; or it
may be slung from pedestals or standards e, e, fitted into sockets f, f, at
or near the ends of the rod, bar, or tube a, and properly stayed
or secured by spurs, struts; or knees g, g, to prevent them bending
by the strain of the hammock or cot when a person is lying in the
4
same.
.
An awning or curtain may be fitted to the stand on a support or
supports, as described in my former Patent, herein-before alluded to,
or to a rod or rods i, i, arranged as a continuation of the pedestal, and
either screwed or let into the tops of the same. and secured by pins, or
else by a socket joint. They may also be made to slide up and down in
the pedestals, which may be made hollow for the purpose, and the rod.
or rods, when raised to the required height, secured by a set screw or
other convenient means for the purpose. The hammock may also be
slung without the pedestals by means of the modification at Figures 5.
Figures 15 to 18, Sheet 1, shew modifications of the manner in which
the framework and mosquito and other curtains may be arranged; a is
the outline of the curtains, which may be of gauze network or other
_suitable or convenient material, which passes over the framework con-
structed on a similar principle to that I employ for the tente d'abri,
hereafter described, but need not be provided with the jointed bar, and
encloses the hammock, cot, or bedstead in on all sides to the ground
level, where it it is attached to or connected with a mat 6 of canvas or
other convenient material on which a person can stand to dress or
-undress before getting into or after getting out of the same. This
⚫curtain may be closed at the ends by draw strings or other convenient
arrangements to close it tightly round the clews, beckets, lanyards, rods,

page_text: bars, or pedestals, or small openings may be made in the ends and fixed
with drawstrings for the like purpose. For ordinary metal or wood.
bedsteads the curtain or curtains may be fitted to the posts or tester, or
suspended from the ceiling of a room or deck of a ship, or by frames
fitted to stump posts in such a manner as wholly to enclose the bed-
steads; and holes may be fitted in the corners of the mat or bottom parts
of the curtain or curtains for the castors or nobs at the bottom of the
posts to go through, such holes or openings being secured by draw-
strings or other convenient and effective means round the castors, ends,.
or knobs of such posts.
At c, Figure 15, Sheet 1., is provided an opening, which may be
formed as a bag mouth or neck, capable of being drawn up or otherwise
tightly closed after the person has entered inside or passed through the
said opening. If preferred the mat b need not be used, as the lower
edges of the curtains may be weighted by means of sand, small shot, or
other convenient arrangement, so as to always rest on and keep close
to the floor or ground, and prevent flies or insects getting under; and
if desired the bag mouth or neck may be dispensed with and ingress or
egress obtained by lifting up the edge or bottom of the curtain. The
curtain if desired may be arranged so as to be used over the awning or
tente d'abri, or under, or attached to, or connected with the same if
required. I also employ another means or arrangement for suspending
hammocks or cots on a portable stand, consisting of two frames of wood
or metal, or both combined, a, a, Figures 6 and 7, Sheet 1., arranged so
as to be readily put together and taken to pieces, and to fit one within
the other; and the parts forming each frame are attached or connected
together at the sides or near the middle by a pin or other suitable joint b,
so as to act like a pair of shears, but the pin or joint does not extend or
continue across the centre of the frames and connect the two together,
as each frame and joint are separate, and each frame independent of the
other, except so far as to their junction by the pins or other suitable
connections at the sides or near the middle. The upper part of cach
frame may be arched or bow shaped, as shewn, and the lower ends
square, with suitable castors or wheels c, c, and movable rockers when
desired may be fitted thereto, the rockers being so constructed that they
may work on joints at the sides of each frame, and provided with suitable
stops in order that when required for use they may be turned downwards
under the castors or wheels, so as to take their place as feet or bearers

page_text: to the stand, and when not required turn upwards and leave the frames
supported on the castors or wheels.
It is not essential that the frames should be of the shape described, as
both ends may be curved or square or oval, or any other shape, or
shapes that may be preferred, provided that they are jointed together as
at b, so as to act in the manner described, and have no centre bar or pin
connecting the two frames together and running through so as to
obstruct the centre space and prevent the proper suspension of either
hammock or cot between the upper ends of the frames when opened,
such cot or hammock being suspended to or hung from and between the
top ends by clews d, d, fitted in the manner herein-before described.
It is not essential that castors or wheels and rockets should be fitted
to the lower ends of the frames, as the rockets may be fitted without the
castors or wheels; or the latter may be employed without the former, or
both may be dispensed with and the frames rest on knobs or on its lower
bar or ends.
An awning or curtain or curtains may likewise be fitted to these
stands on any of the principles or plans herein-before described, or from
straight or curved stancheons or pillars fitted with eyes or sockets, or by.
screws on or to the tops of the frames, as shewn in the other hammock
arrangements, or by a bow or other shaped half frame secured to and
working on the same or joints of the two frames at their junction, such
half frame when the others are opened to be arranged so as to keep in a
vertical position above them or thrown back towards the head or foot of
the hammock or cot, as may be desired.
t
The hammock herein-before described and shewn in Figures 1 to 3,
Sheet 2, to which the stretchers at the end are fitted I arrange as a
bedstead, as shewn in Figures 8 to 10, Sheet 1, but the stretchers are not
jointed and hammock clews are not fitted, and I support each stretcher
a, a, on cross or vertical legs b, b, such legs being attached to the same
by means of a rope grummet c, c, or other suitable connection, and
secured at the lower ends into a shoe of wood, metal, or other suitable
material d, d, to connect and secure them from slipping, and also prevent
their sinking into the earth or surface when used in the field; and in
order to spread the canvas or other material forming the hammock or
bedstead and give it sufficient tension to bear the weight it has to carry
I use lines or wire rope or chains e, e, secured round to or at the ends of

page_text: the stretchers and through the material of the hammock, or to eyes or
hooks or other suitable connections fitted to or through the stretchers,
and thence passing through a thimble, bull's eye, or pulley f,f, Figures
9 and 10, fitted with or to a hook, toggle, or other convenient means of
attaching it to a hook, eye, or ring screwed into or otherwise firmly
attached to a floor, or screw, or driving peg 9, 9, into the ground, and
the ends or bight secured or spliced round or to another thimble, bull's
eye, or pulley. A lanyard is then to be rove through the latter, and
another thimble, bull's eye, or pulley h, Figure 9, fitted to the centre of
each stretcher, and this arrangement forms a powerful runner and
lanyard purchase for tightening the canvas, sacking, or other material
used; and when erecting such bedstead, and to stretch it more effectually,
I place the legs at a slight angle inwards, and after tightening the
purchase pull the legs outwards into a more vertical position, thereby
considerably increasing the tension and raising it further from the
ground, as shewn in Figure 8.
The stretchers for bedsteads may be jointed like those for the hammook
if preferred, in which case the cross or vertical legs must be fitted or
attached to the central portion.
In addition to the awning or covering for hammocks or cots for use
out of a tent or marquee, as described in my Patent, No. 1367, of 1871,
herein-before referred to, I arrange a covering for the same to form a
tente d'abri a, Figures 6 and 7, Sheet 2, such covering being of water-
proof or other suitable or convenient material as a protection from the
weather, which may be fitted over a framework b, b, of bamboo, cane, or
other material, such framing consisting of an upright rod c or rods
stepped through an eye or other suitable appliance on the loose head
and foot spreaders 6, Figure 2, Sheet 2, and on to the ends of the
hammock, or on to the ground with another rod or rods d, d, Figures 6
and 7, fitted across the head or heads of the upright rod or rods, such
cross head having two hinge joints near the centre to enable the ends to
be brought down and secured to the sides of the hammock, cot, or bed-
stead when required for closing the covering at night. The joints e, e,
Figures 9, 9ª, and 9b, may be fitted with bolts f,f, Figure 9, on an enlarged
scale, or slip rings or other suitable arrangements to hold them in a
horizontal position when the covering is required to be used as an
awning, or the covering or tente, d'abri roof a may be supported on a
flexible rod of whalebone, cane, or other suitable material b, b, Figures

page_text: 10 and 11, bent across the hammock, and the ends of the same may be
secured into beckets or sockets sewn to or otherwise fitted on to the sides
of the same.
The same description of framework may also be fitted to the hammock
valise, Figure 1, Sheet 2, to the bedstead, Figure 8, Sheet 1, or to the
framework of the box, bedstead, or cot, Figure 1, Sheet 3, herein
described. The latter may also have a covering or roof fitted over it by
means of a frame or separate rods hinged to the joints of principal frame
and stayed into an upright position when the boxes or bag receptacles
are open and in use as a bed, or otherwise attached to such principal
framing.
The covering forming a coat or garment, and which is described in
my former Patent herein-before alluded to may be used over these kinds
of frames or supports.
In making the waterproof covering for tentes d'abri, hammocks and
cots, and at the same time to form a coat or garment, as described in
my former Patent herein-before alluded to, the same may be made by
joining two or more pieces of the same material out of which it is to be
made across by the neck, and by fitting loose pieces as cape sleeves
instead of cutting them out of the main piece, but in all other respects
maintaining the shape and make of the coat, as herein described.
In order more effectually to utilise the various articles of camp and
travelling equipage I convert the hammock or bedstead sacking, Figure 1,
Sheet 2, into a valise for the stowage of clothing and other necessaries
by fitting thereto flaps and pockets of serge, flannel, or other suitable
material for holding the clothing, &c., when packed, such flaps b, b, and
pockets 6¹ being sewn or otherwise secured or attached to the edges of
the same, and forming also a covering or bed clothes when the valise is
used for sleeping in, the pockets being closed by loops or holes and
buttons, straps, strings, or lacings to keep the clothing or other articles
from falling out, and the edges of the flaps similarly fitted to admit of
their being fastened across the occupant of the valise or bedstead when
used as bed clothing. Another pocket c is fitted at the foot, and serves
also as a covering for the occupant's feet.
I also arrange another form of bed and packing case or portmanteau
combined, as shewn in Figures 1, 2, 3, and 4, Sheet 3, by the use of two
metal or wood frames, or a combination of the same, open at one end,.

page_text: and to each of which I affix a receptacle for clothing in the form of a
solid box or collapsible bag of leather, canvas, or other suitable material
attached to the same. The frames having each only one end I join them
together by rule hinges or other convenient joints a, a, Figures 1, 2, 5,
and 6, one on each side, with a joggled metal rod b, Figure 2, to connect
them and keep them apart, the ends of such rod forming the pins of the
hinge joints a, a.
To form the sacking of the bed I form the lids of the boxes, bags, or
receptacles for clothing of other frames c, c, Figure 6, and on which I
stretch canvas or other suitable material, and fit the same into a groove
in the other frames or over a tongue on same, and hinge them on to
the same pin b as the hinge of the outer frame, so that the two may
work together on to the same centre and fold together, as in closing one
box, bag, or receptacle will shut up on the other like a portmanteau
with the lids in the centre. To prevent the inner ends of the boxes
when framed of wood and where they join being in the way of the
sacking of the lids when used as a bed I make them of canvas, leather,
or other suitable material fitted sufficiently slack at the upper parts next
the lids so that they may not project above the joggled bar or cross
frame, and I also fit the ends of the collapsible bags in like manner, and
tighten them by means of straps or lacings when packed as receptacles
or cases for transport, as shewn in Figure 3. Lacings or straps are also
fitted to the leather or canvas ends of the solid boxes for the like
purpose. The boxes, bags, or receptacles thus fitted when opened out
may
be slung as a cot by means of clews fitted to the ends, and supported
off the ground by any of the means herein-before described as used for
the hammocks, or used as a bedstead by supporting it on legs c, c,
Figures 1 and 2, fitted to the sides and made to fold up alongside the
framework when not required in the same manner as for a folding iron
bedstead. To strengthen the centre and prevent the same from collapsing
when the bag receptacles are fitted to the framing, and the same are
used as a cot or bedstead, I use a strut or spur d, Figures 1 and 2, such
strut or spur being fitted to and forming part of the hinge joint, and
projecting downwards, and I affix to the same tension rods or lines e, e,
Figures 1 and 2, such rods or lines being set up or tightened to the outer
ends of the main framing by set screws or other suitable means and
readily detached when out of use, the strut or spur also folding under
the framing. When the receptacles are solid boxes the inner end
n

page_text: frames are secured at the bottom by screws or other suitable or con-
venient fastenings, and obviate the use of tension rods, lines, spurs, or
struts.
In camp ovens or canteens I affect a further improvement in the
method described in my former Patent herein-before alluded to by
enclosing the brazier or fire-pot a, a, Figures 11 and 12, Sheet 1, in an
outer case b, b, such outer case having a doorway'c fitted to it provided
with legs or supports d, d, if desired, and the brazier projecting a suffi-
cient distance below the bottom of the outer casing to obtain a thorough
draft for the fire. The outer casing may also be perforated to allow of
the admission of air, and prevent the fire being blown about by the wind:
The brazier may fit loosely into the outer casing, and be kept in its place,
as shewn at Figure 11, by means of studs, pins, or other suitable and

page_text: and tightened by means of lanyard pullies fixed to a hook or eye in a
floor or screw or driving peg in the ground; Figure 9 is an end elevation
of the same, and with Figure 10 shews more clearly the arrangement
of the pullies.
Figures 11 and 12 are elevation and plan of brazier and outer casing.
Figures 13 and 14 shew the method of hanging a hammock or cot
under a ship's deck, platform, or a ceiling to give greater clearance from
the same by means of the spurs d, d, which may be fitted thereto by
hinge joints or other suitable or convenient means.
Figure 15 is an elevation of a bedstead shewing the method of fitting
the mosquito curtain or net to same. a, a, is the outline of the top
supported on uprights d, d, and cross heads é, e, the sides and ends of
which are attached to the mat or floor piece b. c is the opening to same;
drawn up. It is not essential that the opening should be of the shape
or in the position shewn, and more than one may be used if required;
neither is it essential that frames should be used at both ends, as at one
end the top may slope down to the edge or stretcher of the bedstead, as
at Figure 17; Figure 16 is an end view of the same.
Figure 17 is an elevation shewing the manner of fitting the curtain
or net to a hammock or cot, the ends being drawn up round the clews,
and with framing at one end only, and Figure 18 is an end view of the
same.
Figure 1, Sheet 2, shews the arrangement of the hammock sacking
with the flaps and pockets for the valise, and the head and foot
spreaders; Figure 3 is a view of the end of side, and Figure 2 a cross:
view of end, shewing how the clews are fitted.
Figures 4 and 5 shew the manner of fitting hammocks or cots to
portable stands, and Figures 4ª and 5ª are end views of the same.
Figure 6 shews a hammock valise with the jointed framework for
tente d'abri; and Figure 7 is an end view of same, one side or part of
the frame being attached to the side of the hammock, the other standing.
out, and being kept in that position by the internal bolt, and, shewn.
more clearly by the enlarged Drawing, Figure 9, where one bolt is
shewn shot through the hinge joint; and Figures 9 and 9' the halves
of each hinge, the section of bolt being shewn at 9; and Figures 10:

page_text: (
and 11 shew the method of framing by nextvi
or cane.
Figure 1, Sheet 3, shews a box, trunk, portmanteau, or other
receptacle for clothing opened out and fitted as a bedstead; Figure 2 is
a cross section of Figure 1 at centre; and Figures 3 and 4 shew the
same when closed up. for transport, Figure 3 being a collapsible, and
Figure 4 a solid framed structure.
Figures 7 to 12 shew the method of fitting levers to the various kinds
of pegs, Figures 11 and 12 also shewing the construction or form of
the new kind of driving peg.
Having thus described the nature of my said Invention, and the
manner in which the same is to or may be performed or carried into
practical use, I would remark in conclusion that I do not limit or
confine myself to the précise details of the combination of parts hercin
described and illustrated in the accompanying 3 Sheets of Drawings,
às the same may be varied or modified without departing from the
nature and object of my Invention; nor do I claim as new the use of
wire framework or rope in the construction of marquees, tents, or
similar structures, or frames of wood or other material in lieu of central
poles to support the covering; nor the use of screw pegs as fastenings
for the same; nor do I claim the use of braziers in connection with
camp ovens or canteens; nor the use of sleeping arrangements with
hammocks or cots; but what I do claim as new and as my Invention
and desire. to have secured to me by Letters Patent is,-
Firstly. The mode of arranging marquees, tents, and other similar
structures, so that they may be readily constructed by fewer and lighter
frames or ribs, when centre, poles are not used, by aid of tension rods or
ropes and spurs or their equivalents to strengthen such frames or ribs
in combination with intermediate stays and ridges of -wire or other rope
or chain, substantially as herein-before described, illustrated, and
specified.
Secondly. Constructing screw and driving pegs to have what I term
an anchor action by the addition to the same of the lever or bar a, a,
as shewn in Figures 7 to 12, Sheet 3, for use with tents, marquees,
hammocks, and other purposes, or any near modification to the same,
substantially as herein-before described, illustrated, and specified, and
for the purposes specified...

page_text: Thirdly. Arranging and fitting hammocks or cots with rods or
spreaders at head and foot to expand them, and cause them to take a
trough-like form;, applying to the spar, rod, or bar used in supporting
the hammock or cot used for ambulance purpose a spur or spurs, strut
or struts, from which the hammock or cot is suspended so as to give
greater clearance below the spar, rod, or bar, and the tripod supports
for the same; the arrangement of portable and other frames and stands
for supporting hammocks and cots, and awnings, and curtains applied
thereto, and the mode of fitting mosquito curtains to cots and hammocks
when not supported on portable or other stands; arranging hammocks
with end stretchers, both jointed and not jointed, and supported on cross
legs or frames, inclined or vertical, and set up as shewn in Figures 8 to
10, Sheet 1; arranging the tents d'abri for use with hammocks and cots,
as shewn in Figures 6 to 11, Sheet 2; arranging hammocks or cots so as
to form a valise, as shewn in Figure 1, Sheet 2; arranging boxes or
travelling trunks so as to be used as a bedstead or cot, as shewn in
Figures 1 to 6, Sheet 3; applying struts or spurs to be used for
suspending hammocks or cots under the deck of a ship or elsewhere
under a platform or ceiling, as shewn in Figures 13 and 14, Sheet 1;
making the waterproof covering to form a garment of more than one
piece; arranging the brazier or fire-pot of camp oven or canteen, as
shewn in Figures 11 and 12, Sheet 1, or near modifications of the same,
substantially as herein-before described, illustrated, and specified, and
for the purposes specified.
Lastly. The combinations and arrangements of parts, none of which
parts individually are new, in the manner and for the purposes herein-
before described, illustrated, and specified, and for the purposes
specified.
In witness whereof I, the said George Turner, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Sixteenth day of January, in the