CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR MAKING OR MANUFACTURING PINS, OF THE KIND WHICH ARE COMMONLY USED FOR FASTENING WEARING APPAREL
Year: 1833

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, 1, GEORGE
BEALE BROWN, of New Broad Street, in the City of London, Merchant, send
greeting.
WHEREAS I did, by Petition, humbly represent to His most Excellent
Majesty King William the Fourth, that, in consequence of a communication
made to me by a Foreigner residing abroad, I was in possession of "CERTAIN
IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR MAKING OR MANUFACTURING PINS, OF THE
KIND WHICH ARE COMMONLY USED FOR FASTENING WEARING APPAREL," and His
said Majesty was thereupon graciously pleased to issue his Royal Letters
Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at Westminster,
the Twenty-seventh day of June last, in the fourth year of His reign, by
which Letters Patent His said Majesty did, for Himself, His heirs and
successors, give and grant unto me, the said George Beale Brown, my
executors, administrators, and assigns, His especial licence, full power, sole
privilege and authority, that I, the said George Beale Brown, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, and every of them, by myself and themselves, or by
my and their deputy or deputies, servants or agents, or such others as I or
they should at any time agree with, (and no others), from time to time and at
all times during the term of fourteen years from the date of the said Letters
Patent, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend the said
Invention, within England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed,

page_text: and also in all His Majesty's Colonies and Plantations abroad; in which
Letters Patent there is also a proviso obliging me, the said George Beale
Brown, particularly to describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention,
and in what manner the same is to be performed, by an instrument in writing
under my hand and seal, and to cause the same to be enrolled in His Majesty's
High Court of Chancery within six calendar months next and immediately
after the date of the said Letters Patent, as in and by the same (reference
being thereunto had) will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that, in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
George Beale Brown, do hereby declare that the nature of the said Invention,
and the manner in which the same is to be performed, is particularly described
and ascertained in manner following, and by the aid of the eleven Sheets of
Drawings hereunto annexed, that is to say:-
The said Drawings represent two complete machines, which are constructed
according to the said improvements, for the purpose of making or manufac-
turing pins for fastening wearing apparel, which pins are of a similar
description to those commonly known in trade by the name of London Patent
Pins, that is to say, the heads of the said pins are formed of curls of fine wire,
applied around the strong wire whercof the stems are formed, the said heads
being fashioned to a correct form, and fastened in their places on the stems
by compression between dies, which act on the head in the direction of the
length of the pin whilst producing the said compression. All the moving
parts of each of the said machines are actuated by giving a continuous rotative
motion to an axis or handle. They feed themselves by drawing in the requisite
supplies of wire of two sizes, viz., strong wire for making the stems and fine
wire for forming the heads, and they fashion the said wires into complete
pointed pins which, after leaving the machines, only require polishing and
whitening, which operations may be performed in the manner commonly
practised for pins made by hand. I shall first explain the structure and
operation of the said machines, and then, at the conclusion of these Presents,
I will specify the particular improvements or items of new invention, whereof
the exclusive use is granted to me by the said Letters Patent.
DESCRIPTION OF THE MACHINE REPRESENTED IN SHEETS I. TO VI. OF THE
DRAWINGS.
The machine, which is represented complete in perspective in Sheet I.,
derives the movements of all its various parts from a continuous rotatory
motion, which is given to the main axis B either by a person turning the same
round by a winch handle A, or else by the power of millwork applied by means

page_text: of an endless strap to a pulley fixed on the axis B in place of the handle A,
with a loose pulley close by the side of it to shift the said strap upon when the
machinery requires to be stopped. The machine draws in the requisite supply
of wire, and fashions the same into complete pins by a series of operations which
are performed in succession by the different parts of the machine, three pins being
in progress of formation at the same time, but at different stages of that progress,
viz., first, for cutting the fine wire which is to form the head around the large
wire which is to form the body or stem of the pin; secondly, for giving the
proper form to the said head, and fixing it fast on the end of the stem, by pres-
sure between suitable steel dies; and thirdly, grinding and forming the sharp
point of the pin. The said pins are completely formed before they leave 't: e
machine, and at every revolution of the axis B one completely formed pin is
delivered by the machine. The two sorts of wire whereof the pins are to be
made must be properly prepared and straightened, according to the usual
5 processes of wire drawing and pin making, and then wound in large coils
around suitable reels (which are not represented in the Drawings), so that the
wire will unwind readily from off those reel, when the machine draws it in, as
is shewn at a and b. The fine wire for the heads of the pins should be
annealed, to render it very soft and susceptible of forming its curls into the
required shape by compression between the dies. The strong wire a for the
stems of the pins must be drawn hard and properly straightened (as is
usually done in preparation for making pins of the best quality), before it is
coiled around the said reel, the coils being of such a size, in proportion to the
size and stiffness of the wire, that the same will not acquire any permanent
flexure by the coiling, but will become quite straight again when it is uncoiled
and left at liberty. At every revolution of the main axis B the machine
draws in the proper length of each kind of wire to make one pin, but (as
before mentioned) three different pins are in progress of fabrication at once.
Thus a short portion at the end of the small wire (which portion is not yet cut
off or detached from the rest of the wire) is in progress of being curled around
a suitable part of the strong wire at a distance equal to the length of a pin
from the extreme end thereof, in order to furnish matter for the head of a
future pin, whilst other like curls which were made and cut off at the preceding
turn of the axis B, are in progress of formation by pressure between the dies,
in order to give those curls the shape of a head and fix the same fast in the
extreme end of the stem of strong wire. These two stages of the operation
are performed before that stem is cut off or detached from the rest of the
strong wire. Also at the same time another pin, whereof the head had been
completed and the proper length of strong wire for its stem had been cut off

page_text: at a previous turn of the axis B, is undergoing the grinding of the cut end of
the stem, in order to form a sharp point thereto, which being done, the
completely-formed pin is dropped out of the machine, and then each of the
aforesaid three pins which are in progress changes its place amongst the parts
of the machinery, in order that it may undergo the succeeding operation to that
which was last performed upon it. The strong wire a is introduced hori-
zontally into the machine by means of the pair of revolving rollers o, e,
between which that wire passes, and which are pressed towards each other,
during a proper interval of the revolution of the axis B, with sufficient force
to hold the wire between the said rollers, so that it will be drawn off from the
reel by their revolving motion. At each turn of the axis B the rollers o, e,
draw off and unwind from the reel as much of the strong wire as the length
of a pin, and thereby they move the strong wire so much forward endways
with a sudden advancing motion through the hollow of a tubular axis or
revolving winder D, and then the rollers separate, so as to leave the wire
motionless until the next turn of the axis B. The office of the winder D is to
curl the small wire for the head, in spiral turns around the strong wire a,
for the stems. At coming out through the inner end of the axis or winder D,
the strong wire a passes between the cutting edges of the cutters c, c, which
edges are formed on two blades of cast steel placed one over the other in a
vertical plane and crossways to the length of the wire. The upper blade c is
moveable over the under blade c in its vertical plane, so as to open the cutting
edges wide from each other, in order to allow. the extreme end of the strong
wire to be advanced endways (by the action of the rollers o, e) between those
edges until that end is protruded just the proper length for an intended pin
beyond them, and then the rollers o, e, are separated so much from each other
that they cease to hold the wire between them, whereby the advancing motion
of the wire ceases for the present, and then the upper blade of the cutters is
forced down on the wire so as to bite the same at the place where it must be
afterwards cut off, in order to detach a proper length for the stem of a pin.
By that biting the strong wire is held fast without being cut off until
after the previously formed curls of fine wire have been fashioned into a head
and fastened on the extreme end of the stem, and also until after other curls
of fine wire have been lapped around the strong wire close behind the
cutting edges of the cutters, in preparation for the head of another succeeding
pin; which lapping being done, the cutters are then quite close, in order to
cut off both the wires at once, and detach the pin whereof the head has just
been formed and fixed. And in an instant after so cutting off, the cutters
are suddenly separated to release the cut ends of both the wires which have

page_text: been cut off, and then the strong wire is again advanced suddenly forwards
endways as much as the length of a pin by a repetition of the advancing
action of the rollers o, e. During that advance of the strong wire, it carries
forwards upon its extreme end those curls of fine wire which were last made
and cut off, and immediately after the said advancing motion ceases the said
curls are enclosed between the dies by which the head is to be formed by
pressure. The fine wire h is drawn off from its reel and introduced into the
machine in a direction slightly inclined from the perpendicular by means of a
small feeder 5, which presents the fine wire with its extreme end upwards in
an oblique direction between the cutting edges of the separated cutters and
close by the side of the strong wire, so as to be laterally in contact therewith,
and crossing the same with as much obliquity from a right angle thereto as is
suitable for commencing the spiral curls, which the end of the small wire is
required to make around the strong wire in order to furnish the matter for
forming the head. After the cutters have been closed to cut off both wires at
once and have been then opened again as aforesaid, and at the same time
that the strong wire a begins to advance endways between the opened cutting
edges (carrying forward the curls of fine wire upon the end of it), as above.
mentioned, the feeder 5 for the fine wire advances the end of that wire
obliquely upwards between the said cutting edges, at the same time that the
strong wire is advanced horizontally endways between the same, and thereby
as much length at the end of the fine wire is caused to project upwards by
the side of the strong wire as is requisite to make the curls for one head.
Both wires having thus made their advance at the same time with simul.
taneous sudden motions, and those motions having ceased, the upper cutter is
pressed so far down towards the lower one as to bite and hold fast both wires
at once at the places where they are afterwards to be cut off, but without
cutting them off at present, and in this situation of the parts the curling of
the fine wire around the strong wire, in order to provide matter for the head,
is begun by a revolving motion which is given to the tubular axis or winder D
for that purpose. The said axis D stood motionless whilst the two wireş
were advanced forwards, its innermost extremity being close to the flat
surfaces of the blades of the cutters c, c, and a notch which is cut out in the
end of the axis D in a suitable direction admits the fine wire to pass between
the flat surface of the upper cutter and the end of the axis D, when that fine
wire is advanced obliquely upwards as aforesaid, wherefore, when the upper
cutter is put down in order to bite and hold the two wires fast as aforesaid,
the portion at the end of the small wire which projects up by the side of the
strong wire and beyond the cutting edges will be lodged within the said notch

page_text: in the end of the axis D, so that when the said axis turns round its notch will
wind or curl the end of the fine wire around the strong wire in spiral curls,
the number of spiral turns so made depends upon the length at the end of the
fine wire which is protruded up above the cutting edges of the cutters, and is
usually as much as will make about three spiral turns, which are commonly
sufficient for the head of a pin. The axis D revolves with a rapid motion to
curl the fine wire, and it makes four revolutions for that purpose, after which
it stops and remains motionless whilst the two wires are cut off and then
advanced anew their respective distances, and whilst other operations are
performed and then at the proper period in the next succeeding turn of the
axis B, and when the cutters are closed to hold and bite the wires, the axis D
resumes its revolving motion for the purpose of winding another portion of
fine wire for the head of another succeeding pin. When the strong wire is
advanced, as before mentioned, the recently made curls of fine wire which
are upon its extreme end are carried in between the two steel dies E, E, of
the heading vice, which dies are at that time opened and separated from each
other, but they are closed together around the stem an instant before the
cutters are closed for biting and holding the wires without cutting them; when
the dies are thus closed, the curls of fine wire are beyond them occupying a
small concavity which is properly shaped for moulding the under part of the
head to its intended forni. Immediately after the new head is thus enclosed
between the dies, the cutters close so as to bite and hold both the wires, but
without cutting them, and then the sliding steel punch F is advanced
horizontally endways in the direction of the length of the stem of the pin
in order to press forcibly upon the top part of the head and the extreme
end of the punch, having a small concavity excavated in it, and which
corresponds with the before-mentioned concavities in the dies; the curls
of fine wire are solidified and moulded by the compression of the punch
into the form of a neat and smooth head, and they grasp tight round
the stem so as to become fastened thereon. After having made the said
compression the punch F is withdrawn in the direction of its length so as
to quit contact with the head which it has just completed, and then it is
removed from its position opposite to the head by a lateral movement,
its length continuing horizontal and parallel to itself, and during that
lateral movement the dies E, E, open and separate widely from each
other, leaving the finished head of the pin detached at the end of its' stem,
which is not yet cut off from the rest of the strong wire, although it is still
held fast between the cutters. The same lateral movement which removed
the punch F from its aforesaid position opposite to the head of the pin, also

page_text: brought a pair of pincers G between the opened dies E, E, and the mouth of
the pincers G, being opened like the beak of a bird, takes the position which
the punch occupied before. The horizontal axis I, on the end of which the
pincers are formed, being then in continuation of the length of the pin, and
the open beak of the pincers having the head of the pin included between them,.
that beak closes suddenly by the action of a spring and seizes the head
with a sufficiency of the stem to enable the beak to hold the pin firmly.
and straight in the direction of the centre line of the axis L of the pincers.
The cutters are also closed completely by a simultaneous action with the
seizing of the pin, and thereby both wires are cut off at once so as to detach
the stem and leave the pin entirely held in the pincers which then begin to
return in their lateral movement in a contrary direction to that in which they
came to seize the pin, and in so returning they carry it away from between the
opened dies towards the grinder or mill K, which is to grind and form a
sharp point to that end of the stem which has been just cut off. The punch F
partakes of the same returning lateral movement as the pincers G, and
is thereby brought back to its original position opposite to the end of the
strong wire, which has in the meantime been advanced suddenly endways in
the direction of its length with the last made curls of fire wire on the end of it,
the cutters having been opened wide in order to permit that advance, the
instant after they were closed, and had cut off the wires to detach the preceding
pin. When the advance of the wire ceases, the dies E, E, close together
around the stem behind the said last made curls, and by the time that the
punch F regains its original position, the said curls are enclosed between the
dies ready to receive compression from the punch, as before described
respecting the preceding pin. Also by that time the pincers having arrived
at the extent of their lateral movement, will have carried the said preceding
pin (which is held by them) into contact with the circumference of the
revolving grinder K, but the horizontal axis L of the pincers begins to turn
round a moment before the extremity of the stem of the pin is brought in
contact with the grinder K, in order to turn the pin slowly round so as
to prevent every side of the extremity of its stem in succession to the
grinding action, and thereby form a truly round point to the pin. The
lateral motion of the pincers ceases and their axis L continues in. the same
place all the time, whilst it is turning round for forming the point, and during
a part of that time the punch is employed in repeating its action as before
described, but on the head of another succeeding pin; and likewise during
another part of that time the winder D is employed in again repeating its
action to wind new curls of fine wire in preparation for the head of a future

page_text: pin. The revolving grinder K is turned continually round by suitable band-
work with a very rapid motion. It is composed of two circular plates of steel,
cut with teeth like those of a file around their circumferences, which plates
being put together on the axis with their flat surfaces in contact, their cutting
or grinding circumferences form between the two an angular circular groove
into which the extremity of the stem of the pin is pressed when the grinder is
revolving rapidly, and the pin is thereby cut and ground by both the said
circumferences at one; and the pin being turned round at the same time a sharp
point is formed very truly and quickly because one of the said grinding surfaces
reduces the end of the stem to a tapering form, whilst the other sharpens the
extreme point or nib of that tapered form. A sharp point being obtained by
that means the pen is completely formed, and then the pincers begin to move
laterally again, so as to carry the completed pin away from the grinder K,
the turning motion of the pincers then ceases, and the beak of the pincers opens
whilst they are moving laterally, in order to release or let go the completely-
formed pin, and in preparation for receiving the next succeeding pin whereof the
head as been recently formed by the aforesaid action of the punch, but which
punch was removed from its acting position by a lateral movement coincident
with that of the pincers. And note, in order to ensure that the complete pin
shall be taken out of the pincers when their beak opens, it is caught by the
closing of a trap 21, into which it was carried by the lateral motion of.the pincers.
The trap 21 was then open, but it is suddenly closed by a lever to catch the
pin at the same moment when the back of the pincers opens to release the pin.
After this period the operation above described is repeated in the same order
as before, viz., the pincers continue their lateral movement with their beak
remaining open after the complete pin which they held is caught in the
trap 21, and the dies E, E, separate and open wide during the lateral move-
ment, so as to leave the recently-formed head of the next succeeding pin
sufficiently exposed to be seized by the pincers as soon as they arrive at the
limits of their lateral motion, and there they pause for an instant exactly
opposite to the pin, with their opened beak including the head thereof (that
opened beak being included between the still wider opened dies E, E), in
which position the cutters are suddenly closed to cut off both wires at once
and detach the pin, and also the beak of the pincers closes by a simultaneous
action to seize the pin which is so detached. Immediately after that seizing
the pincers return in their lateral motion, carrying away the pin in order to be
pointed. The winding of the aforesaid new curls for the future head, which
was begun during the former operation of pointing, is completed immediately
before the said cutting off takes place, and the cutters open wide immediately

page_text: after having cut off, so as to leave both wires at liberty to be advanced
simultaneously their proper respective lengths, after which the dies E, E, close
around the stem behind the new curls which are upon the end of it, and which
advanced therewith, and the punch, having regained its acting position, begins
to advance in order to compress and mould the head. The cutters close
sufficiently to bite and hold the wire without cutting, and then the winder D
begins to turn again in order to form curls of fine wire for a new head.
Also by this time the pincers have carried the pin which they seized in contact
with the grinder, and have begun to turn that pin round in order to form its
point; wherefore all the three operations are going on simultaneously in
concert, although upon different pins, viz., curling fine wire for a future head,
compressing the preceding set of curls between the dies, by the action of the
punch, to give them the form of a head, and forming a sharp point to a
preceding pin which has been cut off and detached. The above description of
the different movements comprizes three revolutions of the main axis B,
during which time all the operations above described are repeated three times;
for it requires three revolutions to complete one pin; but as the machine
operates upon three pins at once at different stages of their formation, one
complete pin is produced at every revolution.
The mode of operating on the wires being now explained, I shall proceed to
describe the whole of the machinery in detail by the aid of the Drawings
Sheets I. to VI., the subject being divided into descriptions of several
systems of parts, each of which operates in concert for the performance
of a distinct portion of the operation above described, and each of which
systems forms a complete combination of parts, which are distinguished
in the Drawings by being tinted with the same colour, the fixed framing
and immoveable parts of the machine being tinted with Indian ink; and in
all the said Drawings the same letters and figures for reference denote the
same parts.
) The principal frame or carcase of the machine is made of cast iron, the four
columns at the angles, with the horizontal square frame at top, and the cor-
responding frame at bottom, being all in one piece. Two upright standards
are fitted in between the said top and bottom frames to support the bearings
for the main axis B, which passes horizontally through the machine, its bearing
brasses fitted into upright grooves in the said standards, with setting screws to
level the axis B. Two upright square bars are also fixed between the top and
bottom frames, and a crooked bar which extends from one of them to the
other across over the main axis B supports several interior parts. On the
middle part of the bottom horizontal frame a small standard is erected to

page_text: support the bearing for one end of the horizontal axis J of the carriage I, I, in
which the sliding punch F and the pincers G are borne, and on which axis J
the carriage oscillates in the manner of an inverted pendulum, in order to pro-
duec the lateral motion above mentioned of the punch and the pincers. The
bearing for the other end of the axis J is supported in one of the upright standards
before mentioned. The axis J is beneath the main axis B, and parallel thereto,
and the bearing in the middle standards held between four setting screws, so as
to be capable of precise adjustment. Another fixed part of the framing is an
inverted bridge m, m, which extends across over the main axis B, and through
the interior of the carriage I, I; it is fastened at each end by screws beneath
the sides of the upper horizontal frame, and the middle part of the bridge
m, m, descends towards the main axis B, being forked to receive and support
the two bearings for the short axis of the pinion 25, and crank 23, 70, by
which the said oscillating lateral motion is given, the said short axis being
supported within the interior of the carriage I, by the bridge m, and over the
main axis B. The hollow axis D of the winder is supported in a frame of its
own, which is fastened by screws upon one of the sides of the upper horizontal
frame so as to project out from that side over the main axis B; the inner end
of that frame turns downwards to rest upon the crooked cross bar before
mentioned, and is fastened thereto, and the same end also projects upwards,
forming a vertical surface against which the cutters c, c, and the heading vice
are both firmly fixed. The axes of the band wheelwork for turning, the
grinder K, are supported in projecting brackets which are fixed to the frame.
The upright axis of the grinder K is mounted in a small frame of its own,
which is supported by a bracket screwed to the upper horizontal frame of the
machine, the frame for the axis K being supported by four setting screws
which admit of precise adjustment of the position of the grinder K in order
that it may be made to act correctly in forming the point of the pin. The
oscillating carriage I, I, although a principal moving part of the machinery,
serves in lieu of a fixed support for the punch F, and the pincers G, with their
accessary parts, because the lateral movement of the carriage ceases, and it
remains motionless during the time whilst those parts are performing the most
important functions of heading one pin and pointing another preceding pin.
The carriage has two principal upright cheeks I, I, with three horizontal
pillars i, i, i, all in one piece. The horizontal axis J is fixed across through
the lower ends of the cheeks I, I, and assists the pillars i, i, to unite them;
also in the upper end of the cheeks I, I, a platform is fastened by screws to
serve as a basis for small standards, in which the sliding punch F, and the
horizontal axis L of the pincers are mounted.

page_text: DESCRIPTION OF THE APPARATUS FOR INTRODUCING THE STRONG WIRE INTO
THE MACHINE.
The strong wire a, a, is drawn into the machine by the action of the
revolving rollers o, c, from off a large reel, around which a considerable
quantity of such wire is coiled. The roller o is fixed on the upper end of an
axis which is turned continually round by means of a pair of bevil wheels /
from the end of the main axis B. The other roller e is fixed on another like
axis situated parallel to the former, and turned by means of spur wheels 29.
The two axes for the rollers are mounted in a frame of their own, 81, which
is fastened by screws to brackets which projects from the upper main frame of
the machine, and the lower end of the frame 81 is steadied by fitting upon a
pivot at the extreme end of the main axis B. The bearing socket for the
upper end of the axis of the roller e is fitted to the frame 81 of the rollers in
the manner of a slider, with setting screws to adjust its position, and a
spring which tends constantly to press the roller e towards the roller o. Both
the rollers o, e, revolve continually by means of their bevil and spur wheels k
and 29, but they do not hold the wire between them continually because there
is another corresponding pair of rollers 80 and 83, fixed on the same axis just
beneath them and the rollers 80 and 83, being a very little larger than the
rollers o and e; the latter are kept so much apart as to leave the wire at
liberty between them, except when a portion of the circumference of the roller
80, which is cut away, comes opposite to the circumference of the roller
e, and
so long as that deficient part continues opposite, the spring causes the rollers e
and o to hold the wire between them with sufficient force to advance it
forwards into the machine by their revolving motion. See Sheet III. of
the Drawings. The wire is thus advanced with a rapid and sudden motion,
which continues until the said deficiency of the circumference of the roller
39 has passed away from opposite to the roller 40, and then the full-sized
circumference of the roller 39 comes into contact with the circumference of
the roller 40; and thereby the rollers o and e are separated so that they
cease all at once to hold and advance the wire until the next revolution
of the axis B, when the deficient part of the roller 39 comes round again.
The extent of the said deficient part must be suitable for advancing the exact
length of strong wire which is requisite for making one pin, and it must come
into action to begin advancing the wire when the cutters c, c, open after
having cut off both the wires, as before mentioned, and they must have com-
pleted the requisite advance before the returning lateral motion of the carriage
is completed, so as to bring the punch into its acting position opposite to the dies.
The interval during which the said advance is going on is about one twelfth

page_text: part of one revolution of the main axis B. The strong wire, after having
passed between the rollers o, e, passes through the central hollow of the
revolving axis or winder D, and at issuing from the opposite end thereof the
wire passes between the cutting edges of the cutters c, c, which are opened
wide whilst the aforesaid advance of the wire by the rollers o, e, is going on,
but the cutters c, c, are closed so as to bite and hold the wire without cutting
it in the interval when the rollers o, e, do not act upon it.
DESCRIPTION OF THE CUTTERS FOR HOLDING AND CUTTING OFF THE WIRES,
WITH THE MECHANISM FOR ACTUATING THEM.
One end of the tubular axis or winder D, through which the strong wire a
passes, is fitted into a socket 84, which is supported between the points of
two opposite centre screws 27, 29, tapped through the sides of the fixed
frame wherein the axis D is contained. The middle part of the axis passes
through an upright notch in a cross bar of the said frame, and the extreme
end applies against the flat vertical surfaces of the blades c, c, of the cutters,
which are mounted one over the other in an upright groove formed between
two upright pieces which project from the end of the frame wherein the
axis D is contained. The lower blade c is immoveable, being lodged in the
bottom of the said groove, but the upper blade c is moveable about a fixed
centre piece at one end of it, and it is raised up or put down by means of a
short link which extends up to the middle part of a lever p, p, whereof one
end is moveable about a fixed centre pin supported by the frame, and from
the other end a link q descends to one end of a long lever P, P, whereof the
other extremity is moveable about a fixed centre pin, and the middle part of
the lever P carries a small roller g to apply beneath the circumference of a
circular wheel or camm d, d, which at intervals is turned round so as to make
one complete revolution, and then it remains at rest for a time before it it
begins to move again. A notch is cut out in one part of the circumference
of the camm d to receive the roller g, as is shewn in Figure 6, Sheet V., and
and then the spring 13 lifts up the lever P, which by the link g and upper
lever, raises the upper cutter c about its centre pin so much as to leave the
wires quite at liberty between the cutting edges. Whilst the roller is thus
lodged in the notch it serves to retain the camm d steadily in the same position
all the time that its wheelwork leaves it at rest, but as soon as that wheelwork
causes the camm d to begin to turn, the roller g of the lever P is dis-
lodged from the notch in the camm d, and the lever P being depressed in
opposition to its spring 13, the upper cutter c is pressed down towards the
lower one so much as to bite and hold fast the wires which are between their

page_text: cutting edges, but without cutting the wires off. The camm d, d, being truly
circular nearly all round its circumference, the upper cutter is steadily retained in
the same position, bolding the wires securely until the camm has nearly completed
its revolution, and then a small prominence in its circumference comes round
to the roller g of the lever P, and presses the same suddenly down, together
with the upper cutter, so as to completely cut off both the wires which are
between the cutting edges. The said action of the lever P and upper cutter
is only an instantaneous movement, and the notch in the circumference of the
cam following immediately after the prominence it allows the roller and
I
the lever P, together with the upper cutter, to rise up by the effort of the
spring 13, so as to open the cutters with their cutting edges wide apart, as in
Figure 6, in an instant after they have been closed and have cut off the wires.
The wheelwork for turning the camm ceases to impel it, at the same instant
that the notch comes round to the roller, which, by entering the notch, tends
to stop the camm and hold it motionless until the wheelwork resumes its
action, as will be hereafter explained.
DESCRIPTION OF THE APPARATUS FOR INTRODUCING THE FINE WIRE INTO
THE MACHINE.
The fine wire b which furnishes the matter for the heads of the pins is
pushed obliquely upwards between the opened cutters by means of a feeder 5,
which pinches the wire with a sufficient hold to pull the wire off its reel, and
introduce the end of the wire between the cutters when the feeder is moved
upwards; but nevertheless the wire will not be moved by the feeder 5 when
it descends in order to get hold of a fresh portion of wire, because it is
held fast between the cutters c, c. The feeder 5 is borne by a small slider 11,
which is guided at the upper end in a support fixed beneath the lower cutter.
The lower end of the slider 11 is connected by a crooked link r to one end
of a lever R, whereof the other end is mounted on a fixed centre pin, and
the middle of the lever R carries a small roller u, which is occasionally acted
upon by an excentric camm / fixed upon the main axis B. A spring 17
tends constantly to move the lever R upwards whenever the excentric will
permit, or until the further ascent is stopped by the adjusting stop screw z.
At every revolution of the main axis B, the excentric pushes down the
roller and lever R, with the crooked link r and slider 11, and likewise the
feeder 5 which is affixed to it, and which holds the fine wire; but the upper
end of the wire being at that time held fast between the cutters it cannot
be drawn downwards with the feeder 5, but slips through the same, and at
the moment when the cutters open wide, after having cut off the wires as

page_text: before mentioned, the excentric 1 begins to retreat from the roller u and
allows the spring 17 to raise up the lever R, and the slider 11 and feeder 5,
with a sudden motion whereby the upper end of the wire which has been
recently cut off is darted up between the opened cutters until the ascent is
stopped by the crooked link meeting the adjusting screwz. The feeder 5
is made of a piece of thin metal plate folded so as to include the fine wire
between two surfaces, which spring together in order to pinch the wire gently,
and the force of that springing together can be regulated by a small screw
and thumb nut, which binds the folded parts towards each other. The fecder
is formed to stride upon the slider 11, and is fastened thereto by a screw
with a small thumb nut, so that it can be easily detached in order to insert.
the wire, and then replaced on the slider with the upper end of the wire
projecting up between the cutting edge of the cutters. The length of wire
which will be introduced at each time can be regulated exactly to what is
required for the head of pin, by setting the screw z so as to stop the ascent
of the crooked link at the proper place. And note, the end of the wire
is guided by passing behind a small plate or lip of brass which is held
by two small screws against the surface of the lower blade of the cutters, its
upper edge being a very little below the level of the cutting edge. A notch
is cut in the said plate at that side which is in contact with the cutter, so as
to leave a sufficient oblique passage for the wire to conduct it over the
cutting edge. The oblique direction in which the fine wire is introduced
nearly follows the bevel of the cutting edge, which bevil in both blades is
on the side towards the feeder 5, the other side of the blades against which
the end of the axis D applies being flat vertical surfaces. By passing through
the said notch behind the brass plate the fine wire is guided when it is
advanced obliquely upwards, that its end will be sure to pass close by the side
of the strong wire, the end of which is advanced horizontally endways
out of the hollow axis D, at the same time that the fine wire is advanced
obliquely upwards. The said axis D stands still whilst the wires are ad-
vancing, and a notch in the end of it admits the fine wire to cross the strong
wire with a suitable lateral contact and obliquity of direction for commencing
the spiral coils which the fine wire is afterwards required to make around
the strong wire when the axis D begins to turn round, but that is not until
the cutters are closed to bite and hold the wires. The feeder 5 remains at
rest in its elevated position until after the axis D has commenced curling the
end of the fine wire, and then the excentric acts as before to pull the
feeder 5 downwards, in order that it may slip down on the wire to get hold of
a new length thereof.

page_text: DESCRIPTION OF THE REVOLVING AXIS OR WINDER D FOR CURLING THE FINE
WIRE FOR THE HEAD AROUND THE STRONG WIRE FOR THE STEM, WITH
THE WHEELWORK FOR PUTTING IT IN MOTION.
After the upper end of the fine wire has been introduced obliquely between
the opened cutters, the strong wire having at the same time been introduced
horizontally between the same, the camm d begins to revolve with a gentlo
motion at first, whereby the roller g is dislodged from the notch in the camm d,
and the cutters are closed so much as to bite and hold the wires without cut-
ting them off, as before mentioned. The revolving axis D begins to revolve at
the same time, but with four times the speed of the camm, because a toothed
pinion 12, which is fixed upon the axis D, is turned round by a spur wheel N
of four times the size and number of teeth, which wheel is fixed on the same
axis M as the camm d. The axis M, with the camm d and wheel N, after
beginning to turn makes one complete revolution before it stops, and that
produces four complete revolutions of the axis D. When the axis D begins
to turn it moves gently at first, and that end of the fine wire which projects
obliquely up between the cutting edges being lodged in the notch at that end
of the axis D which applies to the flat vertical surfaces of the cutters, the
turning motion of the axis bends or curls the said end of the fine wire circu-
larly (or rather spirally around the strong wire which occupies the central
hollow of the axis D, and which in fact serves as an axle or centre of motion
to that end of the axle D, for the strong wire is held fast between the cutters,
and the axis turns round upon it. The said notch at the end of the axis D
continues to curl the fine wire spirally in that manner, but with a quicker
revolving motion than at first, until all the end of the fine wire is curled up.
The length of fine wire which has been previously introduced, as before men-
tioned, is usually suitable for making three turns, but a little more or less than
that may be introduced as the size of the head requires; the axis making four
complete revolutions continues to move after the curling is completed, and.
thereby tends to smooth the extreme end of the curls. The camm d and
wheel N on the axis M, together with the revolving axis D, are put in motion
when required by means of a toothed quadrant Q on the main axis B, which
operates at intervals in the teeth of a pinion O on the axis M to turn the same
round. The quadrant Q is formed with a curve S at the part which moves
5 foremost, which curb subtends an angle of ninety degrees about the centre of
the axis B, from the part where the curve begins to project out from the central
boss of the quadrant to the part where it joins into the toothed part of the quad-
The pinion O has likewise a curve T projecting outwards from its centre
beyond the circle of its teeth, which curve also subtends an angle of ninety
rant.

page_text: degrees about the centre of the axis M, and the teeth of the pinion which
fall within that angle are cut away. The curve S on the quadrant Qis
adapted to meet the curve T of the pinion O, so as to begin to turn the pinion
with an easy motion before the teeth come into gear. Whilst the camm d is
retained motionless by the roller g lodging in the notch in the camm, the
curve T stands pointing downwards towards the main axis B; and when in
course of the revolution of the quadrant Q its curve S meets the curve T, the
first contact is by the interior extremity of the curve S near to the centre of
the axis B pressing against the exterior extremity of the curve T, at three
times further from the centre of the axis M. Consequently at the first action
of the curve S it will communicate only one third of its own rotative speed to
the curve T, but as the action goes on the place of contact between the two
curves varies continually by getting further off from the axis B and nearer to
the axis M, wherefore the curve S communicates a more and more rapid
motion to the curve T, whilst the axis B is moving one fourth of a revolution
after the first contact began; by that time the curve T will also have been
turned round one fourth (and the revolving axis D one whole turn), and then
the place in the curve S, which touches the curve T, will be three times further
off from the centre of the axis B than from the centre of the axis M. Con-
sequently the action of the curve S will then communicate three times its own
rotative speed to the curve T, which proportion of motion having been attained
without abruptness by the said action of the curves, it is afterwards continued
by the teeth of the quadrant Q coming into gear with those of the pinion O,
and turning the same in the manner of ordinary toothed wheelwork until
the main axis B has completed another fourth of a revolution, by which
time all the teeth of the quadrant Q and of the pinion O will have
passed in contact with each other, and will have produced three-fourths
of a turn of the pinion (and three whole turns of the axis D) thereby
completing one entire revolution of the camm d, and four entire revo-
lutions of the winder D since the first contact of the curve began,
consequently the notch in the camm d will have come round again to the
roller g of the lever P, the prominence in the circumference of the camm
having preceded the notch and depressed the roller suddenly in order to
cut off the wires, as before explained. When the roller g lodges itself
in the said notch it tends to stop the revolving motion of the camm and
winder D at the moment when the teeth of the quadrant Q quit those of the
pinion O, as well as to detain the said parts motionless in their proper positions,
until they are required to resume their motions. The motion which is
communicated by the aforesaid wheelwork to the axis D, is at the rate of four

page_text: complete turns thereof in the time whilst the main axis B makes half a turn,
but no motion is communicated whilst the other half turn is making. The
motion which is communicated to the two axes M and D begins gently,
and accelerates by a very rapid law during the first half of the time of
the communication, but during the latter half of that time uniform motion
is communicated in continuance of the quickest motion which was acquired
by the acceleration, that is to say, whilst the main axis B makes one fourth of
its revolution with uniform speed, the curves S and T turn the axis M one
fourth a revolution, and the wheel N and pinion 12 turn the winder D a whole
revolution with accelerated motion by the aforesaid operation of the curves;
but whilst the main axis B continues to perform the next fourth of its revo-
lution with uniform speed, the quadrant Q and pinion O turn the axis M
three fourths of a revolution, and the wheel N and pinion 12 turn the axis D
three whole revolutions with uniform speed, in addition to the previous turn
which was made with accelerated motion.
DESCRIPTION OF THE CARRIAGE I, I, WHICH SUPPORTS THE PUNCH F AND
THE PINCERS G, WITH THE MECHANISM FOR MOVING IT.
The carriage must be moved backwards and forwards with a lateral motion
as herein-before stated in order to remove the punch F immediately after it
has fashioned the head of a pin, and the same movement of the carriage
brings the pincers G with their beak open into the place of the punch; having
arrived in that position, the carriage makes a very slight panse, whilst it seizes
the pin at the moment when the wires are cut off, and then the carriage
returns in order to carry away the pin to the revolving grinder K which is to
form its point. The same return carries back the punch to its original posi-
tion, and there the carriage waits motionless whilst the punch and the pincers
perform their respective offices of fashioning the head of one pin and forming
the point of another, which being performed, the carriage begins to move
laterally again. At every turn of the main axis B, the carriage makes one
such lateral movement, and and returns again, which is effected by means of
a revolving crank pin 70, projecting horizontally out from the flat surface of a
circular wheel 23, which is fixed fast on the extreme end of a short axis
mounted horizontally in the forked part of the bridge m, m, as before men-
tioned, with a toothed pinion 25 fixed on the middle part of that axis. The
said axis, together with the wheel 23, and crank pin 70, is turned round at
intervals by means of a toothed sector 24 upon the main axis B actuating the
pinion 25. The sector 24 has a curve 14 formed on that part of it which
moves foremost, and the pinion 25 has a curve 15 projecting out from it in
B

page_text: order to receive the first action of the curve 14, and give a gradual commence-
ment, to the turning motion of the crank pin 70 in the same manner as
before described respecting the curves S and T, which motion is accelerated
as the curve 14 proceeds to press against the curve 15 at a greater distance
from the centre of the axis B, and at a less distance from the centre of the
pinion 25; and when by that means the proper speed of the pinion 25 is
attained, the teeth of the sector 24 engage with those of the pinion 25, and
they continue to turn it uniformly at the rate of two and a half times quicker
than the main axis B turns. In this way the pinion 25, wheel 23, and crank
pin 70 are turned exactly once round for every turn of the main axis B, but the
time occupied in so turning is only about two-fifths of the time of one turn
of the main axis B, the remaining three-fifths being an interval of rest.
The crank pin 70 is carried round in a circular orbit by the rotation
of the wheel 23, and in so doing it moves the carriage alternately
backwards and forwards with a lateral motion or oscillation about its
axis J, because the end of the pin 70 enters and fits into a vertical groove
or slit 72, which is cut out in a flat steel plate fastened by screws to one
of the sides I of the carriage. The wheel 23 is detained motionless in
the interval whilst the teeth of the sector 24 and pinion 25 are disengaged
by means of a tooth which projects out from the circumference of the
wheel 23, and which tooth is then locked in a suitable notch cut in a
latch or lever 10, which is applied edgeways upwards over the wheel 23, by
the side of the bridge m. It is moveable about a fixed centre pin at one end,
and the other end has a slot in it to receive a fixed guide pin which projects
out sideways from the bridge so as to retain the latch in place, but allowing it
to rise and fall by the action of the tooth of the wheel 23 when the same
comes round to the notch in the latch 10.
Whilst the wheel 23 is thus
Jocked the curve 15 of the pinion 25 points downwards towards the main
axis B, and the crank pin 70 stands nearly on a level with the axis of the
wheel 23, so as to place the carriage at the full extent of its lateral motion,
where it is to be retained at rest, with the punch F and pincers G in their
proper acting positions, until they have performed their respective offices of
heading and pointing, after which, when the crank pin begins to move again
in its circular orbit by the action of the curves 14 and 15, it proceeds slowly
upwards therein from its said resting position at first, and then its motion
accelerates, whereby it gets into motion without any shock. The first action
of the crank pin 70 in its groove 72 causes the carriage to begin its lateral
motion very quietly, and then it accelerates very rapidly in consequence of
the aforesaid accelerating motion of the crank pin 70 in its circular orbit,

page_text: combined with the augmented action of that crank pin to move the carriage
laterally as the pin ascends toward the higher parts of its orbit. When the
crank pin 70 has thus run through the upper semicircle of its orbit and
completed half a turn from its said resting position, it will have moved the
carriage the full extent of its lateral motion, and brought the pincers G into
the place of the punch F, that is, opposite to the head of the pin which the
punch has recently fashioned, and which pin is about to be detached by
cutting off the wire, and seized by the pincers. A momentary pause is made
in the lateral motion of the carriage when it reaches its full extent, in order to
allow time for the pincers to seize the pin. This is done by a curvature in the
vertical groove 70, at that part thereof which the crank pin 70 will then
occupy, and which curvature being conformable to that part of the circular
orbit through which the crank pin is then moving, the crank pin will give
no motion to the carriage until it has passed out of that curved part and
descended into the straight vertical part of the groove 72, below the said
curved part thereof, and then the crank pin 70 begins to return the carriage
in its lateral motion, which is completed and the carriage is brought back to
its resting position by the time that the crank pin 70 has run through the
lower semicircle of its orbit and regained the resting position from which it set
out, where it is detained at rest by the notch in the latch 10 locking the tooth
of the wheel 23. The teeth of the sector 24, having quitted the teeth of the
pinion 25 at that moment, leave the pinion at rest until they come round again.
DESCRIPTION OF THE HEADING VICE E, E, AND THE PUNCH F, WHICH
FASHIONS AND FIXES THE HEAD BY COMPRESSION, WITH THE MECHANISM
FOR ACTUATING THE SAID PARTS.
The two jaws E, E, of the vice are mounted on one centre pin, their
tail parts being included between two flat plates, which are screwed together
parallel to each other to form a box for the tails of the jaws, and which box
is fastened by screws in a vertical plane against the vertical surface of the end
of the frame containing the winder D, and the box is also secured by a screw
to the crooked cross bar of the fixed framing, which bar supports the said end
of the winder frame, as before mentioned. The extremities of the jaws E, E,.
which project out from the box of the vice, stand opposite the blades of the
cutters, and have small steel dies 6, 6, fixed into them, which dies, when the jaws
are closed together, join around the stem of the pin, behind the curls of fine
wire which are to form its head, like one die. Each die has a small groove cut
in its interior surface to form a lodgment for the said stem when the dies close
around it, and that groove is enlarged at the end of each die to leave a small con-

page_text: cavity suitable for giving form to the under part of the head of the pin towards
its stem. The two jaws E, E, are separated from each other, in order to
open their dies 6, 6, by means of a small turning button applied within the box,
between the two jaws, the said button being fixed on a short axis, which comes
through to the outside of the box, and has a small lever x fixed upon the end of
it to turn the button by, so as to cause it to force the two jaws apart, in order
to open the dies whenever the end of the lever x is raised, but when it is let
fall the internal button leaves the jaws at liberty to be closed, which is done
by another like interior button applied within the box, between the tails of the
jaws beyond their centre pin, the axis of which latter button is turned by a
small lever 20 on the end of its axis, outside the box. The end of the first-
mentioned lever x is raised, in order to open the jaws, by a small inclined'
plane y, y, which is fixed to the platform on the top of the carriage, and, as
the carriage moves laterally from its resting position, the said inclined plane y
acts to turn the interior button and open the jaws, so as to separate the dies
6, 6, widely, in time for the pincers G to come between them, in preparation
for seizing the pin, and they continue so open whilst the wires are advanced
endways, which is done whilst the carriage is returning. The inclined plane y
quits the lever a when the carriage is nearly returned, and leaves the jaws E, E,
at liberty to be closed, which is done by a regulating screw 72, in a bracket
projecting out from the platform of the carriage. When the carriage has
returned very nearly to its resting position, the screw 73 strikes the lower
end of the lever 20, so as to turn the interior button and suddenly close the
jaws E, E, with the dies 6, 6, around the stem of the pin which has been just
before advanced between the opened dies. When the carriage gets to its
resting position the end of the punch F is brought exactly opposite to the
dies 6, 6. The extreme end of the punch has a small concavity excavated
in it, to correspond with the concavity in the end of the dies, which latter
forms the mould for the under part of the head of the pin, towards its stem,
whilst the concavity in the end of the punch forms the mould for the upper
part or crown of the said head. The punch is accurately fitted in the manner
of a horizontal slider into a socket, which is held between the points of suitable
setting screws in small standards erected upon the platform of the carriage I, I.
The opposite end of the punch is jointed to an end of a short link t, whereof
the other end is jointed to a second short link v, which is mounted at its
extreme end in a joint supported by a bracket erected upon the platform of
the carriage. The same joint pin which unites the two short links t and v
together also unites them to a third short upright link 3, which is alternately
pushed upward and let down again by means of an upright sliding bolt 2,

page_text: which has a roller at its lower end to bear upon an excentric camm n on the
main axis B. The upright sliding bolt 2 is supported in a perpendicular.
position in sockets fixed to the inside of the carriage I, and a spring is applied
to the bolt to pull it downwards when the camm n quits the roller of the
bolt 2. When the bolt descends it bends down the two short links t and v
into an angle, and then they withdraw the punch F away from the dies after it
bas performed its office, in preparation for removing it by the lateral motion
of the carriage; but when the camm n comes round again beneath the roller
of the sliding bolt 2, and raises the same endways upwards, its link 3 elevates
the joint which unites the two links t, v, so as to move those links towards a
straight horizontal line in continuation of the centre line of the punch F.
whereby the punch is moved horizontally endways towards the intended head
of the pin, which is previously lodged between the dies. The advance motion.
so given to the punch is rapid at first, whilst the links t and v make a considerable.
angle with each other; but when the end of the punch is thus brought nearly into
contact with the head, the links t and v being then near to a straight line, they
push the punch F endways with a great augmentation of force, it order that it
may act upon the head of the pin with a sufficient compression to mould the curls
of fine wire into the form of a neat and smooth head, and make the same fast
upon the end of the stem. A strong adjusting screw 8 is tapped through a solid
stump, which projects up from the upper fixed frame of the machine and the
end of the screw, and bears behind the bracket before mentioned, which supports
the joint at the extreme end of the short link v. The use of the screw 8
is to fortify the said brackett and prevent it from yielding to the reaction
occasioned by the force of compression which the punch is required to
exert on the head of the pin. After the dies 6, 6, are closed together.
around the stem of the pin behind the curls which are to form its head,
as before stated, they are securely retained together from separating by
the force used for compressing the head, by means of a steel ring or short
sliding tube 7, which is fitted on the extreme end of the punch F, so as
to slide freely thereon, and a spiral spring which is coiled around the.
punch behind the sliding tube 7 urges the same along the punch towards.
the dies, so that the extreme end of the tube overhangs the end of the
punch considerably. The interior parts of the said sliding tube 7, which.
so overhangs, is adapted to fit over the outside of the two dies 6, 6, which
project out from the jaws E, E, the projecting parts thereof being made
round on the outside so that the two dies 6, 6, when shut together around.
the stem of the pin, form a conical muzzle which is exactly fitted to the
interior of the tube 7, at the extreme overhanging end thereof. Consequently,

page_text: at the first commencement of the advance of the much endways towards
the closed dies 6, 6, the open end of the sliding tube 7 is applied over
the outside of the dies, and by the conical form of that outside, and the
corresponding conical form of the interior of the tube 7, the tube comes
into very close contact with the dies, in order to retain the two dies very
securely together so that they cannot separate in the least. As the punch
advances further towards the dies, in order to produce the compression,
the spring yields; but by its elasticity it holds the sliding tube 7 formerly
in its place on the outside of the dies whilst the punch is producing the
compression, which being done the punch draws back by the action of the
spring of the upright bolt 2 as aforesaid, and when it has withdrawn a
little, it begins to draw back the sliding tube 7 with it, by means of a
small link which is fixed to the punch by a screw and reaches out over
the outside of the sliding tube 7 with a slit in it to receive a screw screwed
into the outside of the tube 7; the said slit allows of as much motion as the
sliding tube is intended to have, and causes the tube 7 to draw off from
the dies 6, 6, so as to become quite detached therefrom when the punch F
is quite drawn back, leaving the dies at liberty to open when the jaws E, E,
of the vice are opened. As soon as the punch is drawn back and the sliding
tube 7 is quite detached from the dies, the carriage I, I, begins to move
laterally in order to carry away from the punch F from its acting situation
opposite to the head of the pin which it has just formed, and in order to make
way for the pincers G, which the same lateral motion brings with their beak
open to seize the head of the pin. At an early period of this lateral motion
of the carriage, the screw 73 quits the lever 20, whereby the internal button
belonging to it leaves the jaws E, E, at liberty to be opened and nearly at the
same time when the carriage has only moved a little further, its inclined plane
raises the end of the lever and opens the jaws E, E, of the vice, thereby
separating the dies 6, 6, so as to expose the head of the pin which has been
recently fashioned by the action of the punch, but the stem of that pin is not
yet cut off, to detach it from the rest of the strong wire. By the time
that the jaws E, E, of the vice are fully opened, the lateral motion of the
carriage will have brought the pincers G, with the beak ready opened,
between the opened jaws E, E, and then dies 6, 6, and the lateral motion
of the carriage terminates when the open beak of the pincers G gets
exactly opposite to the head of the pin. The carriage makes a momentary
pause before it begins to return, in order to allow time for cutting off the
stem by the cutters, and seizing the pin by the pincers the instant that it is
detached. The revolving axis or winder D will have just completed the

page_text: curling for a future head at the period when the cutters close, to cut off
the wires, but they open wide immediately after having cut off the wire;,
then the carriage begins to return, and the pincers to carry away the pin:
which they have just seized. And note, a sufficiently deep notch must
be cut in a horizontal direction across the front of the fixed standard
forming the groove wherein the cutters c, c, are lodged, in order to
permit the end of the stem of the pin which has just been cut off to
pass when it is carried away in the pincers; likewise the trap 21, which
is provided as before mentioned to catch the complete pin, and take it
out of the pincers after its point has been formed, must bave its upper
immoveable lip placed close below the line which the pin traverses in, being
carried by the pincers towards the revolving grinder K, in order to allow the
said end of the pin which is now carrying away to pass over the said trap
without impediment. At the moment when the carriage begins to return,
after the pincers have seized the pin, the fine wire begins to advance obliquely
upwards between the opened cutters by the action of the parts e, R 17, and 5,
also the strong wire begins to advance horizontally endways by the action of
its rollers o, e, through the hollow axis D, carrying the newly-formed curls on
the extreme end of it between the opened cutters. But note, at the instant
when the cutters opened widely, after having cut off the wires, the extreme
end of the axis D was lifted up as much as is necessary to raise the newly-
formed and newly-cut curls over the cutting edge of the lower blade c, so that
there may be no impediment to their advancing along with the strong wire
and on the end thereof as the same advances. It is for this purpose that the
bearing socket 84, for one end of the axis D, is mounted between the points
of centre screws 85, 85, as before mentioned, for that mode of mounting it
permits the extreme end next the cutter to be lifted up or let down in the
upright notch in the cross bar of the frame, where it is retained laterally.
The lifting is done when required by a small loop from a springy support 9,
which is fixed upon the uppermost jaw E of the vice. So long as that jaw
is depressed and the dies are closed, the support 9, descending therewith, allows
the extremity of the axis D to assume the position which the strong wire will
give to it, when the same is held between the dies 6, 6, and cutting edges c, c;.
and when, as before mentioned, the said wire forms the centre of motion on
which the end of the axis D revolves. When the jaws E are opened, the
springy support 9 rises with the upper jaw, and then by its elasticity tends to
lift the end of the axis D by the suspending loop, and although that end
cannot rise so long as the strong wire continues entire, it will be raised by the
springy support 9 the instant that the wires are cut off and the-cutters opened:

page_text: The height to which it will so rise is regulated to what is sufficient for allowing
the wire to advance freely between the cutters with the new made curls on the
cut end of it, by a stop screw in the cross bar of the frame for the axis D
over the upright groove, wherein the end of the axis is lodged, so as to be
capable of rising and falling a little at that end without lateral deviation.
When the jaws E, E, of the vice are closed, the upper jaw lets down the
support 9, leaving the axis at liberty to descend and take the place which the
strong wire requires the axis to have, when the dies 6, 6, close around that
wire, and before the cutters close upon the same. The said newly-formed and
newly-cut curls of the fine wire are advanced in the newly-cut end of the
strong wire as the carriage is returned, but the advance of both wires is com-
pleted before the return is completed, and then by the return of the carriage
the screw 73 presses the end of the lever 20, and by turning the button of
that lever the two jaws E, E, and their dies 6, 6, are closed together around
the strong wire or stem of the pin behind the curls of fine wire which are on
the extreme end thereof, so as to embrace the said stem within the grooves
which are cut within those dies, the curls being at the same time lodged
within the concavity at the ends of those dies in a position ready to receive
the compression from the punch, which is brought into operation immediately
after the carriage arrives at the extent of its lateral motion and has brought
the punch and the pincers into their relative positions for action, and then
the carriage remains stationary until they have performed their respective
functions, viz, fashioning the curls of fine wire which have been just lodged
between the dies into a head by compression with the punch, and grinding
the cut end of the pin, which has been carried away by the pincers, into a
tapering and sharp point by the revolving grinder K.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PINCERS G FOR SEIZING AND HOLDING THE PIN, AND
OF THE REVOLVING GRINDER K, FOR SHARPENING THE POINT OF THE PIN,
WITH THE MECHANISM WHICH MOVES THE PARTS.
The pincers G are formed at the end of an horizontal axis L, which is
mounted in bearings at the upper end of small standards which are, erected on
the platform of the carriage I, I, with setting screws to adjust those bearings.
The beak of the pincers, which resembles the beak of a bird, is closed by the
force of a spring applied under the tail 4 of the said beak, the opposite side
of the centre of motion or joint pin, by which the said beak is united to
the axis L. When the carriage I, I, is at rest in its proper position, as
seen in Figures 1 and 2, the pin which is held by the pincers G bears
against the edge of the revolving grinder K in order to form and sharpen the

page_text: point of the pin, and in that position of the carriage a roller 16, which is
fitted on the axis L of the pincers G, is caused to bear against the circum-
ference of another corresponding roller Y, and by means of the contract of
the roller 16 with the roller Y the pincers G are turned around with their
axis L in order to present every part of the end of the pin in succession to
the revolving grinder K, so as to form on it a correctly round tapering
point. The revolving grinder K is made of two round plates of steel, which
are cut with fine teeth like a file around their circumferences to form the
grinding surfaces. The two plates are put together on their upright axis with
their grinding surfaces facing each other so as to form an angular.channel
between them, the inside of which channel is file cut, suitably for grinding a
conical point to the pin. One of the said grinding surfaces reduces the end of
the stem to a tapering form, and the other, the extremity of the taper, to
a sharp pricking point. The axis of the grinder K is supported upon its
own hardened steel points which enter corresponding sockets in the ends of
two screws, on which points it can revolve very freely, and it is turned round
with a very rapid motion by an endless band which passes round a small
pulley on the vertical axis of the grinder K, and also around a larger band
wheel 38, that endless band being conducted over small guide pulleys 27, 25.
The band wheel 38 is fixed on a horizontal axis, which is supported in
bearing brackets attached to the frame, and which is turned round by an
endless band applied on a pulley, and also around a wheel W. The
wheel W is mounted upon a horizontal axis X, which has a small pulley V
fixed on at its extreme end, and which is turned round by another endless
band from a large wheel U, which is fixed on one end of the main axis B.
By means of this band wheelwork the grinder K is turned regularly round at
the rate of from sixty to eighty turns for every turn of the rotary axis B,
according to the different grooves around the several band wheels and pulleys
whereon the several bands are applied. The bearing screws between the
sockets of which the axis of the grinder K is supported are held in a frame
of their own, which is connected by a supporting bracket, which is fixed to
the frame of the machine by means of adjusting screws, whereby the position
of the grinder K can be adjusted with precision in respect to the axis L
of the pincers, so that it will act properly on the end of the pin to form
and sharpen the point thereof by grinding it truly round and conically taper-
ing and sharp pointed. The conical or tapering form is given to the end of
the stem by the grinding surface of the lowermost circular plate which is file
cut on its flat surface near to the circumference, whilst the sharpening of the
extreme point is performed by the grinding surface of the upper circular plate,

page_text: which is file cut around the cylindrical surface of its edge or circumference.
The file cut surfaces of the two plates when put together form between them
an angular groove, whereof the angle may be a right angle or a little more
or less than a right angle; and when the end of the pin is carried by the
traversing motion of the carriage into the said angular groove, so as to bear
and press therein with adequate force, both the grinding services will act at
once to reduce the end to a tapering form, and to make a sharp pricking
point to that tapering form. The axis of the roller Y is mounted in a frame
28, which is poised upon an axis of motion supported by the main frame in
order that the roller Y may give way a little when the roller 16 on the
axis L of the pincers G is brought into contact with the circumference of the
roller Y, and by the operation of a spring which is applied to the frame 28,
the roller Y is pressed with sufficient force against the corresponding roller 16
to cause the latter to turn the axis L of the pincers regularly round with
a uniform rotary motion all the time that the carriage remains in its resting
position.
DESCRIPTION OF THE MACHINERY FOR OPENING AND SHUTTING THE PINCERS G
IN ORDER THAT THEY MAY LET GO THE FINISHED PIN AND SEIZE THE SUC-
CEEDING PIN WHEN IT IS CUT OFF AND DETACHED FROM THE REST OF THE
WIRE.
When the carriage I, I, begins to move laterally and to carry away the
pincers G from the revolving grinder K towards the vice E, E, in order to
fetch another pin, the beak of the pincers G must be opened to release the
completely-formed pin whereof the point has been just formed and sharpened;
and after that is got rid of the beak must be kept wide open in preparation
for seizing the next pin as soon as the carriage gets to its proper position for
that purpose, but as soon as the carriage I, I, begins to move, the pincers G
cease turning, because the roller 16 quits the roller Y, and then the axis L
stops, but in all cases with the moveable beak of the pincers downwards. To
ensure that the pincers shall stop in that position, two small excentric pins are
formed at the extreme end of the axis L, which pins revolve therewith in a
small circular orbit; and they revolve within a heart-shaped opening made in
a vertical slider or plate w, which is supported edgeways upwards in standards
erected upon the platform of the carriage. The slider w is always urged
horizontally by springs in the direction of its length, so that the interior edge
of the heart-shaped opening 26 will bear against the two excentric pins at the
end of the axis L, and stop them and the axis L from revolving, and hold them
to such a position that the moveable beak of the pincers G will be downwards,

page_text: but whenever the carriage arrives at its resting position with the end of a pin
in contact with the revolving grinder K, the extremity of the slider w comes
into contact with a small roller 75, which is mounted in a bearing socket
fixed to the frame, and that contact causes the slides to be pushed back in
opposition to its springs so far that the edge of the heart-shaped opening 26
will quit the two excentric pins at the end of the axis L, leaving them at
liberty to be turned round freely within the clear aperture of that opening by
the aforesaid contact of the roller 16 on the axis L, and the roller Y. As
soon as the carriage set out on its lateral movement, the slider w returns by its
springs, and the interior of its heart-shaped aperture acts upon the two
excentric pins to cause them to stop the axis L with the beak of the pincers
downwards, and then the tail of the beak being also downwards, it is in a
proper position for being raised, so as to open the beak by means of a lever 18,
Figure 8, whereof one extremity is poised on a centre of motion supported by
a brackett erected on the platform of the carriage, and the middle of the lever
is situated across and beneath the tail of the beak of the pincers G, and the
lever 18 is provided towards its extremity with a little roller, which by the
movements of the carriage I is brought in contact with a small inclined
plane 19, mounted in a brackett supported by the fixed frame. By the time
that the carriage I, I, has arrived near to the middle of its course of lateral
motion, its roller, by passing over the inclined plane 19, will have lifted the
lever 18 high enough to raise the tail of the beak of the pincers G, and to
open the beak in opposition to its spring, releasing the completely-formed pin,
which is at that moment caught in the trap to ensure that it shall quit the
5 pincers without depending upon merely dropping out of their opened beak.
The instant that the tail is thus raised, and the beak opened, a notch at the
upper side of a detent s comes beneath a stud pin which projects out from the
lever 18, so that the detent s will prop up the lever 18 so as to keep open the
beak of the pincers G, and hold it open in opposition to the elasticity of its
0 spring after the roller of the lever 18 has been carried by the motion of the
inclined carriage over and beyond the inclined plane 19, and until the carriage
reaches the full extent of its lateral course, when it makes a very short pause
by the means and in the manner herein-before described; and then the
pincers G (whereof the beak still continues open) will have arrived between
5 the opened dies 6, 6, of the vice exactly opposite the head of the pin which
the beak is to seize, and which has just been fashioned and fixed on the end
of the stem by the recent action of the punch F, but which punch has since
been carried away (by the lateral movement of the carriage) to make way for
the pincers; and also during the same lateral movement the jaws E, E, of the

page_text: vice (by the receding of the inclined plane y from the end of the lever X, x
and by the action of the screw 73 against the lever 20 of the internal turn-
ing button of the vice in the manner herein-before described) in order that the
dies 6, 6, in separating, may quit the completed head of the pin, and leave it
free and unsupported at the end of its stem in order that the pincers G
may enter with their beak open between the said dies 6, 6, to seize
the head of the pin. The carriage I and the pincers G having paused in this
position with the beak of the pincers opened and downwards beneath the
axis L, the cutters c, c, begin to close, as before described, in order to cut off
the wires, and the extremity of the lever P, which causes the cutters to close
bears down the end of a lever 1, 1, which is poised at the middle of its length
on a centre pin, supported by a brackett fixed to the cross bar of the framing,
and the other extremity of the lever 1 raises the horizontal arm of the detent s,
which is mounted on a centre of motion fixed into the standard I of the
carriage, and which detent is the upright arm of an elbow lever, and by that
action of the lever the notch at the upper end of the detent s is removed from
under the stud of the lever 18, and then that lever drops down by its own
weight, and in quitting the tail n of the beak of the pincers it allows that
beak to close by the operation of its spring, in order to seize the head of the
pin which is already the proper place above the open beak of the pincers to be
so seized. The centre pin of the lever 1, 1, is so disposed that the seizing of
the pin by the pincers G will take place before the cutters c, c, have entirely
cut off the wires, and separated the pin. The instant that the pincers G have
thus seized the pin by its head, the carriage I, I, begins to return to carry
away that pin toward the revolving grinder K, but when the stud of the s
lever 18 meets the inclined plane 19 in returning, the same gives way and
allows the stud to pass without lifting the lever 18, as it did when moving in
the former direction, because the inclined plane 19 is mounted in its support
after the manner of the blade of a pocket knife, so that it will yield easily in
one direction, and will not yield at all in the opposite direction. The trap 21, 3
which is provided to catch the pin and take it out of the pincers as soon as
their beak is opened, consists of two small lips, whereof the upper one is fixed
to the frame, and the under one slides up and down by means of a cross
lever 91 which is borne up by resting across the end of another lever 22,
the middle part of which has a screw to be actuated by a
small g
lateral projection 92 from the spur wheel N, which projection 92, when
it comes round beneath the lever 22, lifts it up and shuts the trap 21, and
as soon as the projection 92 passes by it allows the trap 21 to open again
suddenly.

page_text: RECAPITULATION OF THE MOVEMENTS OF ALL THE PARTS OF THE MACHINE
HEREIN-BEFORE DESCRIBED, SO AS TO EXPLAIN THE ORDER OF SUCCESSION
AND CONCERT OF ACTION, WHICH IS SUITABLE FOR THE OPERATION OF
THE MACHINE.
Suppose that the machine regularly is at work making a pin at every
revolution of the main axis B, and operating upon three pins at once, each pin
being in a different stage of its fabrication. This recapitulation is supposed to
commence at the period when the several parts of the machine are in the
positions represented in Sheets I., II., III., and VI., then one of the three pins
is held by its head, and about half the length of its stem in the pincers G,
which are revolving by the action of their rollers 16 and Y, and as they turn
round they present the end of the pin which has been recently cut off to the
cutting surfaces of the revolving grinder K, in order to grind a tapering and
sharpened point thereto, which point is in progress of formation. Another
pin is also in progress, but it has not yet been detached by cutting off from
the strong wire a; its head has been already fashioned, and fixed on by the
action of the punch F, but that head still remains between the dies 6, 6, of
the jaws E, E, of the vice. The punch F, which has just operated on the
head of that pin still continues opposite to that head, but it is withdrawn by
the receding of the exentric n, from from the roller of the sliding bolt 2, and
by the action of its spring, which then draws the links t and v down into
an angle, as shewn in the Figure, except that the ring 7 is withdrawn quite
clear from the outsides of the dies 6, 6. The cutters c, c, remain still quite
open, having the two wires a and b free between their open blades, because
the roller 9 of the lever P is lodged by the force of its spring in the
notch of the camm d, whereby that camm and also the turning axis D
are kept motionless. The toothed wheelwork Q, O, and the curves S, T,
are out of gear, but are just ready to begin their operation. The third or
future pin is not yet begun, except that the portion of strong wire a, which is
to form its stem, has been introduced further along within the hollow of the
turning axis D whilst the stem of the preceding pin was advancing by the
rollers o, e, between the edge of the opened blades c, c; and except also
that a suitable portion at the end of the fine wire, which portion is to
form the material for the head of this future pin, has been introduced
5 obliquely upwards by a recent action of the feeder 5, between the open
edges of the cutters c, c, across the side of the strong wire, with the cut
end protruded upwards within the notch in the end of the axis D, all the
parts being in these positions, and the axis B turning with an uniform motion
in the direction indicated by the arrows. The revolving grinder K turning

page_text: round very rapidly, is, in the midst of its operations of tapering away the cut
end of that pin which is held by the pincers G, and they are turning the said
pin regularly round by the action of the roller 16 against the roller Y, whereby
all sides of the end of the pin is presented in succession to the action of the
revolving grinder K, one of its grinding surfaces tapering the cut end of
the pin, and the other grinding a lesser taper at the extreme end thereof,
which will ultimately, by continuance of the grinding action, form the sharp
pricking point to the pin. At the time chosen for commencing this recapi-
tulation the interior extremity of the curve S begins, by the motion of the
axis B, to press against the interior extremity of the curve T, so as to push
it forward and turn the axis M with the camm d, d, and by means of the
wheel M and the pinion 12 to turn the axis D, which turning begins with
a slow motion, and thereby the roller g of the lever P is dislodged out of the
notch of the camm d, d, and by the connection 7, p, the upper blade of the
cutters c is brought down on the two wires, so as to hold them fast between
the blades, but not to cut them, so long as the plain circular circumference
of the camm d acts on the roller g. As soon as the roller D begins to cir-
culate round the strong wire a, which serves as its pivot or centre of motion,
the curling of the fine wire begins by the notch and beak fat the end of the
axis D in which the end of the fine wire was introduced whilst that axis
was at rest, and which notch and beak frested at the same side of the
strong wire a where the fine wire 6 crosses it, the notch with the beak f,
including the end of the fine wire b within it, acts upon the same close to the
place where it crosses the strong wire a, so as to curl or bend the fine wire in
spiral coils around the strong wire by the motion of the turning axis D. The
first revolution of the axis D is made with an accelerating motion, beginning
gently and going on quicker and quicker by the increasing influence of the
curve S upon the curve T, until the axis D, having completed one revolution,
has acquired the requisite relative velocity, by which time the teeth of the
sector Q begin to take into the teeth of the pinion O, whereby the axis D is
caused to continue revolving uniformly during three more turns, making
four turns in all. The operation of the notch of the axis D curls the fine
wire around the strong wire in spiral circumvolutions, making about three
times, more or less, according to the length of the fine wire b, which was
previously introduced by the feeder 5 between the cutters c, c, whilst they
were open, and the winder D at rest, the actual length depending upon the
regulation of the setting screw z. A little after the middle of the time
occupied by the axis D in making its four turns, the pointing of the pin which
is held by the pincers, being completed, the carriage I, I, begins to move

page_text: sector 24 begins to push the
before it, in order to turn the
laterally, because the curve 14 of the
corresponding curve 15 of the pinion 25
said pinion gently at first with the wheel 23, which carries the excentric
crank pin 70, and then the tooth of the wheel 23 liberates itself from
the latch 10, which had previously held the wheel 23 steady (and
which by that means held the carriage steady, because its backwards
and forwards motion is produced and governed by the action of the
excentric pin 70 in the groove 72); but the motion of the crank pin 70,
in its circular orbit, being thus commenced gently, it begins to move the
carriage laterally with a gentle motion, whereby the pin that is held
by the pincers G, and which is now completely formed, is removed from
further contact with the grinder K, and the roller 16 quitting the roller Y
the pincers cease to revolve except by the operation of the slider w, which is
moved by its springs, when the end of it quits the roller 73, and its heart-
shaped opening operates on the two pins of the double crank or fork at the end
of the axis L so as to place the same with the beak of the pincers downwards,
and retains it in that position. As the carriage I, I, continues to move
laterally the pin is carried in between the two lips of the trap 21, which is
open, and by that time the roller of the lever 18, coming upon the inclined
plane 19, raises that lever, and it lifts up the tail of the beak of the pincers G
so as to open the said beak in opposition to its spring, leaving the finished pin
at liberty, and at the same instant the trap closes suddenly by the lateral
projection 92 from the wheel N lifting up the lever 91 and lower lip of the
trap, so as to catch the pin which is already between the lips of the trap, and
ensure that it shall quit the pincers, without depending upon the chance of
merely dropping out. As soon as the lever 18 is raised the notch at the upper
end of the detent S catches under the stud pin of the lever 18 to prop it up in
that raised position and keep the beak of the pincers G open after the roller of
the lever 18 has passed, by the motion of the carriage, over and beyond the
inclined plane 19. The revolving motion of the pinion 25 and the crank
pin 70, which began very gently by the operation of the curve 14 against the
curve 15, accelerates as it advances, and then it is continued uniformly by the
teeth of the sector 24 engaging with those of the pinion 25. During the said
lateral motion of the carriage the screw 73 quits the lever 20 of the interior
button of the vice, which has closed its jaws E, E, leaving them at liberty to
open, and then the inclined plane y, y, arriving beneath the end of the other
lever a, lifts it up so much that its interior button, acting between the
jaws E, E, of the vice, will open them, and separate the dies 6, 6, so that they
will quit the head of the pin which was lately headed between them, and

page_text: leave it detached at the end of its stem, which remains still held between the
cutters, but not yet cut off. The jaws E, E, and dies 6, 6, being widely
opened, they leave room between them for the pincers G, which by the lateral
motion of the carriage enter with their beak open between the opened
dies 6, 6, until the pincers get exactly opposite to the head of the pin, and
there the carriage pauses for an instant because the spring 70 enters into the
curved part of its vertical groove 72, the curvature corresponding to the
circular orbit which the crank 70 is describing. Note; the same lateral
motion of the carriage which thus carries the pincers G towards the pin which
they are to seize also carries away the punch F, that it may leave its place
opposite the head of the pin, and make room for the pincers G. During the
aforesaid short pause that the carriage I, I, makes with the pincers opposite
the head of the pin, the axis D has come to the end of its four turns, and the
camm d, d, presents its prominence h to the roller g of the lever P so as to
depress the same with a sudden motion, which causes the upper blade c of the
cutters to descend with momentary action and cut off the two wires a and b
which are between their cutting edges; and the same motion of the lever P,
by means of the cross lever 1, 1, lifts up the extremity of the horizontal arm
of the elbow detent, whereby the notch at the upper end of the said detent is
removed from beneath the stud pin of the lever 18, leaving that lever
unsupported, and then the spring of the pincers G shuts the beak suddenly
to seize the head of the pin at the same instant that its stem is detached by
cutting off the wire. The cutters open instantly after cutting off the wires,
because the notch in the camm d, d, following very closely after its promi-
nence h, the roller g of the lever P rises up into that hollow by the force of
the spring 13, and by the ascent of the lever P the upper cutter is raised in
order to leave the wires a and b free to be introduced between the edges of
the cutters. When the cutters open, that end of the axis D which is next to
the cutter is lifted a little by the operation of its spring support 9, which,
being fixed on the upper jaw E of the vice was lifted up when the jaws
were opened; after which, the spring 9 exerted its elastic force to lift up the
axis D, and does so lift it the moment that the cutters opened, so that the
curls of fine wire round the end of the strong wire which have been just
formed and cut off are raised up clear above the edge of the lower cutter, in
preparation for being advanced between the opened cutters on the end of the
strong wire when it is advanced. The action of cutting the wires is performed
in an instant, and immediately that the cutters are open, the centre pin 70,
arriving at the straight and vertical part of the groove 72, begins to return
the carriage, in order to carry away the pin that the pincers have just seized,

page_text: and present it to the grinder for making its point. Note, the trap which
caught the last completely-formed pin opens immediately afterwards, in
consequence of the lateral prominence of the wheel N quitting its lever and
letting fall the lower lip of the trap, and the pin then drops in a suitable recep-
tacle under the machine. Immediately that the carriage begins to return, the
strong wire a begins to advance by the action of the revolving rollers o, e,
which begins at that moment to hold the wire between them, and simul-
taneously the fine wire 6 is advanced by the apparatus 5. The advance of the
strong wire lasts while that part of the plate or roller 80 which is cut away
is opposite to the corresponding roller e, and the distance which the strong
wire is thus advanced must be sufficient for the length of the stem of a pin.
As the strong wire a advances in the direction of its length, it carries forwards
the curls for a new head on its end, which curls are thereby placed between
the opened dies 6, 6. During the return of the carriage its inclined plane y
quits the end of the lever x, leaving the vice at liberty to be closed; after
which, as the carriage continues its return, the screw 73 presses the lever 20,
and closes the dies around the strong wire just behind the curls of fine wire
on the end of it. The dies are thus closed immediately after the advance of
the strong wire is completed, and just as the carriage has returned and has
stopped at the end of its course by the action of the crank pin 70, which
having completed its revolution, the teeth of the sector 24 quit those of the
pinion 25, and then the tooth of the wheel 23 catches into the notch of the
latch 10, to detain it at rest all the time, whilst the end of the pin which is
held by the pincers and which is brought in contact with the grinder K, is
pointed, and also whilst the new curls at the end of the strong wire which
are already lodged between the dies of the vice are formed and fixed by the
action of the punch. As soon as the lateral motion of the carriage is
terminated, the punch F having arrived in its proper place opposite the
closed dies, the excentric n raises the roller of the sliding bolt 2, and by the
rod 3, the joint which unites the two links t and v together, is raised, to bring
those links towards a horizontal direction in continuation of the punch F,
whereby the punch is caused to advance at first rapidly towards the pin, and
then the sliding tube 7 applies over the conical exterior of the dies 6, 6, so as
to hold them firmly together; after which, as the links t and v approach
nearer to a straight line, the punch F advances with great force to press against
the curls of fine wire and mould them into a proper form for the head of the
pin, which becomes fixed on the end of the stem. By the compression of the
spiral spring around the end of the punch behind the sliding tube 7, said tube
gives way as the punch advances to act upon the head. The operation of the

page_text: punch F being finished, the excentric n passes away from beneath the sliding
bolt, which then descends suddenly by the action of its spring, and by drawing
down the rods t and v into an angle, they withdraw the punch F away from
the head of the pin, and the sliding tube 7 is withdrawn from off the dies 6, 6,
of the vice by the link which is fastened to the ring 7, and connected to a
screw fixed in the end of the punch. During all the said action of the
punch F the pincers G continue to turn the other pin round, whilst they hold
its extremity in contact with the cutting surfaces of the grinder, and begin to
make a tapering point thereto. The punch F, having finished its operations,
and being withdrawn so as to detach the sliding tube 7 from the dies 6, 6, of
the vice, all the parts of the machine have resumed the positions they were in
at the beginning of this recapitulation. During this recapitulation the axis B
has made a complete revolution, and a completely-formed pin has been
dropped from the trap into the receiver. The head of another pin has been
formed and fixed on the stem, the wires for a third pin having been
previously advanced into their places, to be treated in turn like the preceding
ones.
DIRECTIONS FOR ADJUSTING AND WORKING THE MACHINE.
The revolving axis or winder D is first to be properly adjusted in its own
frame, to be level and square across the machine, and then the adjust-
ment of the other parts made conformable to it, viz., the axis M of the
camm d and cog wheel N is to be levelled by the setting screws under its
bearings, and set at a suitable distance for turning the pinion 12 on the axis D.
The main axis B is then to be set level by the setting screws under and over its
bearings, and at a suitable height for the teeth of the quadrant Q to act properly
with those of the pinion O on the axis M. The axis of the pinion 25 must be
adjusted by the setting screw at its bearings, so that the teeth of the pinion
will be properly acted on by those of the sector 24 on the main axis B. The
curve T of the pinion O must be suitably fixed on the main axis M, in respect
to the camm d for the notch in that camm to admit the roller g of the lever P
at the exact time when the teeth of the quadrant Q quit those of the pinion.
The curve 15 of the pinion 25 must be suitably placed in respect to the crank
pin 70 and tooth of the wheel 23, that when the latter gets round to be
detained by the notch in the latch 10, the teeth of the sector 24 will have just
quitted those of the pinion 25, and also that the crank pin will then stand
nearly on a level with the centre of wheel 23, at the side of that centre which
is nearest to the grinder K. The steel plate for the slot 72, in which the crank
pin 70 is to move, must be so fastened by its screws against the flat, upright.

page_text: surface of the carriage, that, when the crank pin 70 enters the curved part
of the said slot, the curvature thereof shall then correspond with the circular
orbit in which the pin moves.
The curve 14 of the sector 24 must be suitable
placed on the main axis relatively to the position of the quadrant thereon,
in order that the latter may finish its action on the pinion O when the crank
pin 70 is moving in the curved part of the slit 72, in order to give a
momentary pause to the returning motion of the carriage whilst the pin is
cut off and seized by the pincers. The socket through which the punch F
slides, and the bearing sockets for the axis L of the pincers G, must each be
adjusted by its respective setting screws, so that the centre lines of both the
punch and the axis L shall coincide with the centre line of the hollow axis D,
when the carriage has brought either the one or the other of them to its
position opposite said axis D, by moving to its extreme limits each way, and
is about to return. The heading vice E must be so placed that when its
jaws E, E, are closed the grooves formed within the two dies 6, 6, shall
correspond with the central line of the hollow axis D. The two feeders o, e,
and 5, must be adjusted so as to introduce respectively the proper quantities
of wire for the stem and the head of a pin. As much strong wire must be
introduced each time as the length of the pin, and as much fine wire as will
fill the concavities in the dies and puuch, and produce a proper shaped head
by the compression. The length of the strong wire can be regulated by
altering the length of the notch in the roller or plate 80; or the adjusting
roller may be composed of two circular plates, put together upon the axis of
the roller o, with their flat surfaces in contact (being secured by a binding
screw), each one having a notch cut out in its circumference, and those notches
being disposed so that the end of one will overlap the end of the other,
so that the compound notch which is left open between the two may be
rendered longer or shorter as may be required. The length of fine wire b
which is introduced is regulated by the setting screw 3, according as more or
less of the fine wire is wanted to form a proper sized head. The feeders o, c,
and 5, must be regulated so as to begin the advance of the two wires simul-
taneously, and at the inoment when the cutters open wide, after having cut off
the ends of both wires. This is done by fixing the camm d on its axis, so
that its notch will come into action at the moment when the teeth of the
quadrant quit those of the pinion O; also the camm 7 must be fixed on
the main axis B, that its prominence will begin to retreat from the roller u
of the lever R at the said moment. The rapidity wherewith the wires
are advanced when they are introduced must be such, that the advance
beginning at the said moment, will be finished before the carriage has

page_text: completed its returning lateral motion, and the vice is closed. This
rapidity depends upon the size of the roller o, compared with the length
of the pin, the bevil wheels by which that roller is turned being equal;
also upon the rapidity wherewith the prominence of the camm allows
the roller u to retreat. The action of the upper blade c of the cutters is
regulated by shortening or lengthening the connecting link 9 between
the lower lever P and the upper lever p, p, by means of the screw, and two
nuts which unite the two parts whereof that link is composed. The steel
dies 6, 6, which, being hardened and tempered, are fitted into dovetailed
notches formed across the adjacent edges of the jaws E, E, and are retained in
those notches by a screw through each side into the jaws. The two dies must
fit very truly to each other to form like one when closed, leaving between them a
small cylindrical tubular aperture just large enough to receive the strong wire,
that aperture being enlarged at the extreme end to a conical concavity suitable
for the female or inferior die for forming the under side of the head of the pin.
The outsides of the projecting parts of the two dies must be of a conical or
tapering form adapted to the interior of the open end of the sliding ring 7
on the punch; a small pin is fixed into one die, so as to project out from the
interior surface to enter into a corresponding hole in the other die, and an
angular notch is cut across the end of that stud pin to gather the strong wire
properly into the channel within the dies when they close around the wire.
The setting screw 73 is regulated to close the dies by the time that the
carriage has completed its return and brought the punch exactly opposite to
the dies. The strong adjusting screw 8 must be regulated to give compression
to form the head by the action of the punch. The pullies 27 or Y should
have several grooves that the endless band may be applied upon that one which
will cause the revolution of the axis L of the pincers to terminate with the
moveable beak of the pincers downwards, so that the heart-shaped opening in
the sliding plate will not fail to set the beak the right way for opening.
The support for the inclined plane 19 must be adjusted by its setting screws,
so as to begin to open the beak immediately after the sliding plate has set the
beak the right way. The beak must be quite opened by the time it gets
opposite to the trap, and by regulating the lateral prominence 92 on the
wheel N. The trap must be made to close the instant that the beak releases
the pin. The position of the inclined plane 7 on the platform of the carriage,
and the position of the lever x, on its axis, must be regulated so as to open
the vice and separate the dies just in time for the open beak of the pincers to
enter between the dies 6, 6. The moveable beak of the pincers is united to
the fixed beak (which is the extremity of the axis L) by a joint pin passing

page_text: across the axis. The interior adjacent surfaces of the beaks are channelled to
suit the pin, and the moveable one has a stud pin projecting into a hole in the
other beak, with a notch across to gather the pin into the channels, the same
as in the dies. The position of the revolving grinder K must be adjusted by
means of the setting screws which support its frame, so that the end of the
stem of the pin shall be pressed against its grinding surfaces with such a
moderate force as is suitable for the cutting action, and so that one of its two
grinding surfaces shall taper away the end in a suitable angle with respect to
the length of the pin, whilst the other shall rub or sharpen the extreme point to
a suitable angle with that tapering part, so that each shall give the proper
taper to that part of the point of the pin which it forms. The angle of taper
which will be given to the end of the pin by the flat grinders' surface is
regulated by inclosing the axis of the grinder K in a greater or less degree to
the shaft of the pin, and the nib or extreme point of the tapering end of the
pin may be made more or less delicate by bringing that end in contact with
the other grinding surface (viz., that on the edge of the grinder) so that the
stem of the pin will make a greater or lesser angle to that radius of the grinder
whereon the point of the pin forms the said contact, which is done by setting
the grinder nearer to or removing it farther from the carriage I, I. Any
required position can be given to the grinder by means of the regulating
screws by which its frame is supported; but the proper position, which
requires considerable accuracy, can only be obtained by carefully observing the
effects of the grinding and shifting its position as may be found necessary until
the desired effect be produced. About half the length of the pin should be left
projecting out of the pincers, and the pincers must be fixed in their bearings
accordingly.
DESCRIPTION OF ANOTHER MACHINE, REPRESENTED IN SHEETS VII. TO XI.
OF THE DRAWINGS, WHICH PRODUCES TWO COMPLETELY-FORMED PINS AT
EACH REVOLUTION OF ITS MAIN Axis B. (Note. Some parts of this
description refer to the six preceding Drawings.)
The difference between this machine and that herein-before described
consists (in addition to the arrangements by which it produces two pins at each
revolution of its main axis) in having solid female dies in lieu of the vice E,
and its dies 6, 6. The parts which are immediately operative for introducing
the two kinds of wire o, e, and 5, for curling the small wire around the large
wire D,f, for cutting off both wires at once, c, c, and also the parts for forming
the points of the pins G and K, are such as have been herein-before described,
with only such alterations in the concert and manner of their movements and
actions as the different relations in which they are placed require.
Hence, it

page_text: will only be necessary to describe particularly those parts of this machine
in which it differs from the former. The two feeders o, e, and 5, for the wires
a and b, also the parts employed in curling the fine wire for the head of the
pin, and likewise for cutting off both wires at once, are as in the former
machine, except that they repeat their actions twice during each revolution of
the main axis B. The machine contains duplicate sets of other working parts,
each of which sets alternately operates upon and complete the pin which has
been begun by the head winding apparatus, each of the said sets performing
its operation once during each revolution of the main axis.
Before tracing the actions of this machine I will describe those parts of it
which are not contained in the machine herein-before described, and I will
explain its combination and arrangement. It has a fixed frame of cast iron,
similar to that herein-before described. The fixed parts connected with this
frame, which do not belong to the other machine, are two iron arches or
bridges 33, shewn in the plan, Sheet VII., and in the side elevation,
Sheet VIII. One of those arches is shewn entire in the plan, and the other
partly removed by a horizontal section; they extend in a direction parallel
to the main axis B, across the upper horizontal part of the fixed frame, and
are fastened at each end by screws to its upper surface. The machine has
also two inverted wedges of cast iron m, m, similar to corresponding parts of the
other machine; they are attached at each end by screws, to the lower surface
of the upper horizontal part of the fixed frame, and extend from one side
to the other across the direction of the main axis. There are also several
fixed parts, which will be noticed in the description of the moving parts which
they support.
DESCRIPTION OF THE MOVING PARTS OF THIS MACHINE WHICH DIFFER FROM
CORRESPONDING PARTS OF THE OTHER MACHINE HEREIN-BEFORE DESCRIBED.
The feeding rollers o, e, (Sheets I., II., III.,) which introduce the strong
wire for the stem of the pin are constructed as herein-before described, but have
two notches in the plate 80, and two adjusting plates 79, instead of one notch
and one adjusting plate, as herein-before described, those two notches being
opposite to each other on its periphery so as to allow the feeding rollers o, e,
to act twice to introduce wire (at equal intervals) during each revolution of
the main axis B. Also the camm 7 upon the main axis has two prominences
(instead of one, as herein-before described) for actuating the feeder 5, so as to
cause the said feeder to act twice to introduce small wire (at equal intervals)
during each revolution of the main axis B. Also, instead of the quadrant Q,
with one curve S thereon, as hérein-before described, a wheel having two
toothed segments Q, Q, Sheet IX., each with its curve S to act upon the
.

page_text: corresponding curve T of the pinion O, which segments Q, Q, with their
curves S, S, will act twice (at equal intervals) upon the curve T and pinion O
during each revolution of the main axis B, thus giving to the axis M two
con.plete revolutions during each revolution of the main axis B; the intervals
of rest between those revolutions being about one tenth of the revolution of the
main axis B. The radius of the segment Q is two and a half times the
radius of the pinion O. The moving parts N 12, Dd, P q, pc, which are
put in operation by the said revolutions of the axis M are such as have been
herein-before described, but in consequence of the duplication of the segments
Q, Q, those moving parts repeat their operations twice (at equal intervals)
during each revolution of the main axis B. A notch is cut in each side of
that part of the frame for the axis or winder D which forms the groove for the
cutting blades c. c, those notches being on a level with the cutting edges, so as
to allow the pin to be carried away horizontally froin either side, instead
of from only one side, as herein-before described. The spring support q for
lifting the axis or winder D is attached to the lever p for the upper
cutting blade c, instead of being fixed to the upper jaws of the vice E.
The present machine has a carriage 30, 31, which consists of a single plate of
metal bended at right angles so as to form a horizontal platform 30, with a
vertical part 31 standing edgeways downwards from the platform 30, and
This carriage
which vertical part moves edgeways when the carriage moves.
is supported by two steel rulers 32, 32, fixed in one horizontal plane crossways
to the main axis B, and parallel to each other, each ruler 32 having a long
narrow slit extending nearly its whole length to receive sliders 34, on which
the carriage is suspended. The rulers 32, 32, are fastened by screws to the
under sides or edges of the arches 33 before mentioned, each of which has
notches cut out in its lower edge to permit the slide 3 to pass along the slits
in the rulers 31 when the carriage moves. On the top surface of the plat-
form 30 of the carriage two adjustable sockets 35 are erected to support two
sliding punches F 1, F 2, each of which punches is perforated up the centre
of its working end with a small tubular aperture of a size just large enough to
receive the strong wire of which the stem of the pin is formed. The said
tubular perforation is enlarged to a concavity at the extreme end of the
punch suitable for the female or inferior die for forming the under part of the
5 head of the pin towards its stem. A mortice or slit is cut through the punch,
commencing at a short distance from the extremity of the punch (say one
fourth the length of the pin formed by the machine therefrom), and the
length of that mortice extends back about the length of the pin. In this
mortice a small sliding cross stud is fitted, and serves, when the punch is
O retracted (after having formed the head), to push the pin so far out of the

page_text: open end of the tubular aperture of the punch as to allow the pincers to take
hold of it. The two ends of the said sliding stud are fixed in a ring 36
which slides on the outside of the end of the punch F1 and F 2, with a slende
spiral spring coiled round the punch to urge the ring 36 towards the end
thereof. The said ring is connected with the bearing socket for the punch by
a short link affixed thereto (see Sheet VII.), and which link has a slit in one
end of it to receive a screw fixed into the ring 36; wherefore when the punch
is pushed forwards the said screw or pin in the ring 36, by coming to the end
of its slit in the link, prevents the ring 36 from advancing further along with
the punch, and when the punch is retracted so far as to bring the front extre-
mity of its mortice back against the sliding stud before mentioned, that stud,
with the ring 36, is carried back along with the punch, overcoming the
resistance of the spiral spring which is coiled around the end of the punch
behind the ring, which spring (when it is not drawn back with the punch)
always keeps the ring 36 as far forward on the end of the punch as the screw
and slit in its link will permit it to go. Around the back end of the punch a
strong spiral spring is coiled, acting between the bearing socket of the punch
and a collar on the end of the punch to retract the punch whenever the force
by which it has been advanced will permit. There are likewise two male or
superior dies E, suitable for forming the upper part of the head, which dies
co-operate with the inferior or female dies above described. They are each
fixed between the points of three setting screws in sockets formed upon each
of the two arches before mentioned, as shewn in Sheets VII, VIII., and IX.
On the outside surface of the vertical plate 31 of the carriage 30, 31, two
upright sliding wedge pieces 41, 41, are applied so as to slide endways up
and down, each of which wedge pieces 41 carries a short horizontal sliding
bolt 42, 42, passing through across the upper end of the wedge piece 41, which
short sliding bolt 42 becomes interposed between the end of the sliding
punch F and the end of the screw 8, (by which the compression is to be
produced) whenever the wedge piece 41 is raised up sufficiently high. The
inner end or head of the bolt 42 then bearing against the tall end of the
punch F, the sliding wedge pieces 41 are each connected with the vertical
plate 31 of the carriage by two pins or studs projecting from them, and
passing through vertical slits formed in said plate 31, having heads or nuts
upon the ends of those studs at the inner side of the said plate. By this
arrangement the two sliding wedge pieces 41, 41, are allowed to move
up and down against the plate 31, and the two wedge pieces 41, 41,
are connected with each other by a cross lever 48, which is poised upon
a centre pin fixed to the vertical plate, one of the said wedge pieces 41
being connected with each end of that lever 43 by a pin fixed in the 4

page_text: sliding wedge piece 41, and passing through a slit in the end of the
lever 43, so that, by the connection of the cross lever 43) when one of
the wedge pieces 41 is raised up the other will be depressed. A spring 44,
with a crooked end, bears constantly against a stud projecting out from one
arm of the cross lever 43, and tends to retain that lever towards either side of
the horizontal position to which it may be inclined, and thus serves to retain
the two sliding wedge pieces 41 in the position in which they are left by the
double camm 45 on the main axis B, by which their up and down movements
are produced. At one end of each of the arches 33, see Sheets VII., VIII.,
and IX., a quick screw 8 is applied and supported in suitable bearing sockets
formed in parts which project down from the under part of the arches, each
screw 8 having its nut fixed in a socket at the lower side of the arch. There
is a cord 37 attached to the inner end of the spindle of each screw 8, 8,
which cord is wound once or twice around said spindle in such a direction as
to turn out said screw 8 whenever said cord is drawn off from it. The cord
37 descends, and is attached to a treadle lever 38. At the outer end of each
screw 8 a pulley is fixed to receive a cord 39, which being fixed to the pulley
is wound once or twice around the same in such a direction as to turn and
force in the screw, when the cord 39 is drawn off from said pulley. A weight
is suspended from the cord 39 in order to turn in the screw. On the main
axis B is the double camm 45 to act on each of the sliding wedge pieces 41,
and it raises up first one and then the other of them alternately (at equal
intervals) once during each revolution of the main axis. Two snails 49,
upon the main axis B, depress the treadle levers 38 so as to draw off the
cords 37 from the spindles of the screws 8, and consequently turn the screws
8 out, winding up the cords 39 upon the pullies of the screws and drawing up
their weights. The snails 49 release the levers 38 alternately, allowing the
weights by falling to turn and force in the screws 8, thereby bringing the screws
8 alternately into action (at equal intervals), each screw acting once during
each revolution of the main axis. The carriage 30, 31, has a double reci-
procating horizontal movement, that is it moves two steps towards the right
and two steps towards the left alternately once during each revolution of the
main axis B. The intervals of rest between those movements are just equal
to the time taken up in performing the movements, and each step of the
movements, and each interval between them, occupies one eighth of the revo-
lution of the main axis. These movements are produced by a spur wheel 50,
acting upon and turning two pinions 51 of half its size, and, therefore, going
to each of said pinions two revolutions for one of the main axis. Two
revolving hearts 52, 52, are fixed upon the horizontal axis of the two pinions

page_text: 51, and the hearts 52 revolve between the parallel straight edges of large
openings in two upright leading levers 53, and are so formed that by their
revolving motion they alternately hold the said levers 53 steadily at rest
during the first fourth of a revolution of the pinion 51, and then during the
next fourth they move them laterally through a given space, and then they hold
then steadily at rest again during another fourth of the revolution, and then
they move the levers 53 back again during the remaining fourth of the revolu-
tion of said pinions 51. The upright leading levers or leaders 53 move upon
horizontal axes fixed across their lower extremities, and each lever 53 has a
pin or stud projecting out sideways from its upper extremity towards the
vertical plate 31 of the carriage. Each of the leaders 53 makes two reci-
procating movements by the hearts 52 during one revolution of the main axis;
and as the leaders 53 recede from and approach towards each other simulta-
neously they alternately occupy first one and then the other of the two positions
on which they are shewn in Sheet X., assuming each of those positions twice
during each revolution of the main axis. A connecting lever link 54 is poised
on a centre pin which projects out from the vertical plate 31 of the carriage,
and near each extremity of the lever link 54 a deep notch is formed on its
upper edge to slip easily on and off the projecting pins at the upper ends of
the leaders 53, 53. Whenever the two leaders 53, 53, stand at rest in the
position shewn in the lower Figure in Sheet X., then the connecting lever 54
being tilted at one end, its notch at that end will catch the pin of one leader
53, and its other notch will quit the pin of the other leader 53, and
vice versa when it is tilted the other way. In this manner the connecting
lever link 54 connects the carriage alternately, first with one of the leaders
53 and then with the other leader 53, but the lever 54 always catches
one pin before it lets loose the other. This alternate connection between the
carriage and one leader 53 takes place during one half of each revolution
of the main axis, and with the other leader 53 during the other half of that
revolution. The link 54 is alternately tipped up, first at one end and then at
the other, by an upright slider 55, which is supported by a fixed upright on
the bridge m, and which upright has a vertical slit to receive pins projecting
out of the slider 55, said pins having made on the opposite side of said
upright. A fork, at the upper end of the slider 55, receives between its prongs
a pin projecting out from one arm of the lever link 54, and two arms at the
lower end of the slider 55 carry trucks to be acted upon by a camm 56 on
the main axis, which camm 56 at every half turn of the main axis changes.
and reverses the connection between the two leaders 53, 53, and the carriage;
the carriage being made at each time when the carriage has placed the

page_text: punches in their acting positions, which positions of the leaders are shewn at
the lower part of Sheet X. A small dettent lever 57, which is borne by a
spring towards an arm 58 of the lever link 54, tends to retain the link 54.
when tilted either way, after the camm 56 and slider 55 have tilted it as
before stated. But note, the fork at the upper end of the slider 55 permits
the projecting pin of the lever links 54 to partake of the motion of the
carriage in either direction, and although the pin is by that motion carried
out beyond the reach of the said fork, the dettent 57 retains the lever link 54
until the return of the carriage brings the pin again into the fork. The
slider 55 is retained motionless by its camm 56 whenever the carriage is not
at its middle position, which position is shewn at the lower Figure, Sheet X.
The camm 56 moves the slider 55 up or down when the carriage is in that
middle position, and also holds the slider 55 up motionless when the carriage
departs one way from that position, and holds it down when the carriage
departs the other way therefrom. The two sets of parts for pointing the pins
are disposed one at each side of the head winding apparatus, as shewn in
Sheets VII. and IX. The pointing apparatus is the same as that herein-
before described, excepting a slight variation in the method of unlatching the
lever 18, in order to allow the pincers to seize the pin, and likewise in shutting
the trap 21, which catches the completed pin out of the opened pincers,
the revolving grinders K, K, being turned and the rotation being given to
the axes L, L, of the pincers G, by similar band wheelwork to that herein-
before described. The pincers G are each mounted upon a carriage I, I,
Sheets VII., VIII., and IX., similar to the carriage I, I, herein-before
described. Each of the said carriages has an intermitting reciprocating
movement given to it when required by means of a revolving excentric triangle,
which triangle also detains its carriage motionless during the time when the
point of the pin is being formed. The said excentric triangles 60 revolve
between parallel straight edges of an opening in one of the upright sides of
each carriage. The reciprocating movement is communicated alternately (at
equal intervals) to each of the carriages I, I, once during each revolution of
the main axis, for which purpose each of the triangles 60 is turned round by
an excentric curve 14 and toothed segment 24, acting upon the excentric
curves 5, 15, and toothed pinions 25, 25, which pinions are disposed one
on each side of the main axis B on a horizontal line with it, and on the axes
of those pinions the triangles 60 are fixed; wherefore each of the said
triangles makes one revolution for each revolution of the main axis. The
description herein-before given of the means of holding the axis of the pinion
25 steadily at rest applies to each of the pinions 25, 25, now described..

page_text: The radius of the segment 24, Sheet IX., is three times that of the pinion 25
to one of the pinion 25. The lever 18 which opens the beak of the pincers
is propped by a dettent lever, as is herein-before described; but when the
pincers G are to close and seize the pin at the proper time, a stud which pro-
jects out from the triangle 60 acts upon the short arm of the dettent levers, as
is shewn in Sheets VIII. and IX., to remove the upper end that it may cease
to prop the lever 18. A small trap 21, Sheet VIII., similar to that herein-
before described, is provided for taking the pin out of the open pincers. The
trap 21, Sheet VIII., is so placed that the pincers as they move laterally,
after having been opened, lift up an arm connected with the lower moveable
lip of the said trap 21, so as to close the said lip upon the pin.
DESCRIPTION OF THE ACTIONS OF THE MACHINE.
I shall refer to the description herein-before contained in respect to all
those actions of this machine which are similar to those of the previously
described machine. The wire is drawn in, the small wire for the head
curled around the strong wire, the two wires cut off and the end of the
strong wire with the loose coil of fine wire upon it is protruded through
between the cutting blades c, c, by actions which have been herein-before
described in preparation, to be further acted on in the succeeding stages of
the operation of the machine. Hence I commence by describing the move-
ments of the carriage 30, 31, and the actions of the two sliding punches F¹, F².
The carriage 30, 31, and the parts employed in producing its movements
having arrived at the position shewn in the transverse vertical section at the
lower part of Sheet X., the carriage being then connected by the lever
link 54 with the leader 53, by the action of the revolving hearts 52,
the two upright leaders 53 proceed to make their mutual receding movement
until they acquire the position shewn at the top of sheet X. The carriage 31,
being connected with the leader 53, is moved by it into the position shewn
in the upper Figure, Sheet X. The next half revolution of the hearts 52
will bring that two leaders 58 (53), with the carriage 30, 31, back into
the position in which they are seen in the lower Figure; but the camm 56,
on the main axis, having arrived at the lower truck of the upright slider 55,
will put down the slider, which, acting on the pin of the lever link 54 (which
pin is in its fork), tilts the lever link 54, so as to cause it to leave its
connection with the leader 53, the other end of 54 at the same time
connecting the carriage 30, 31, with the other leader (53), so that, when
the two leaders 53 and (53) again recede from each other, (53) will then
draw the carriage along with it, in a direction opposite to that in which

page_text: it had been drawn by the other leader 53, and, returning the movement
of (53), will also bring the carriage back again to its central position, when
all the parts connected with its movements, as well as the carriage itself,
will have again required the position represented at the bottom of Sheet X.
above referred to. By the continued rotation of the main axis B, the
same series of movements will be repeated once during each of its revolutions.
By the proper adjustment of the two sliding punches F and F on the
carriage 30 relatively to the central head winding apparatus and the adjust-
ment of the two superior dies E, E, which are fixed under the arches 33, 33,
and the adjustment of the two pointing pincers G, G, relatively to the lateral
movements and points of rest of the two punches along with the carriage, each
of the said punches F, F, is brought in turn opposite to the end of the
winder D, to line therewith whenever the carriage gets to the extent of its
motion either way, the other punch being at the same time in the position
where it is met by the pincers G, which at this time advance to receive
the pin from it, which has been last headed; and whenever the carriage is at
its middle position both punches F1, F2, are opposite to their superior dies
respectively. In tracing the movements and actions of the two punches
supposed them to have arrived at the position shewn in Sheet VII, the
punch is seen fully retracted opposite to the winder D, the central
perforation in said punch F2 being on a line with the cut end of the strong
wire a, which is projected in between the cutters c, c, having the coils of small
wire for forming the head of the pin upon its extremity. The punch F¹ is
seen partially advanced with the pin projecting about half its length from the
tubular perforation at the end thereof. The sliding wedge piece 41 being in
its elevated position applies the sliding bolt 42 against the back end of the
punch F. But one of the prominences of the double camm 45 now elevates
the other sliding wedge picce (42), and, in rising, its wedglike form pushes
the punch F forward about half the length of the pin. The end of the strong
wire a entering into the tubular perforation of the punch F, the loose
coils of small wire are lodged in the conical entrance of said aperture,
sliding along the strong wire a, as the punch pushes them. While the
two punches are in this situation the pincers G 1 will close to receive that
pin which is presented to it by the punch F 1, those pincers G 1 having
advanced from the position occupied by them in forming the pin to meet the
punch F 1, for the purpose of receiving the pin from it. As the sliding wedge 41,
by which the punch F 1 had been retained in its partially advanced position, is
put down by its lever 43, at same time when the other sliding wedge
piece (41) was raised, therefore the punch F 1 will be drawn back by its strong

page_text: spiral spring, so as to leave the pin which had been seized by the pincers
entirely free to be carried away by the pincers to their revolving grinder K,
whereby the point will be formed in the manner already described. These move-
ments of the two punches having been performed, and the operation of winding
on the fine wire for the head of another succeeding pin to the one which has just
been received into the punch F 2 being now completed, the two wires are cut
off, and then the carriage 30, 31, commences the lateral movement by which
the punch F 2 is to be brought opposite to its superior die E. The two wires
are again advanced while the carriage is moving, and the operation of winding
on the head for another succeeding pin commences immediately after the
introduction of the wires. The punch F 2 being brought by the movement
of the carriage opposite to its superior die E, the snail 49 leaves the treadle
lever 38 (which it had depressed in order to draw off the cord 37 from the
screw 8, and turn the said screw back, thereby winding up the cord 89 on its
pulley, and drawing up the weight attached to the cord 39). The weight falls as
soon as the snail 49 leaves the treadle lever 38, and forces in the screw, which,
acting at the end of the sliding bolt 42 in the sliding wedge piece 41, the
same is thrust forward behind the tail end of the punch F, and the working
end of the said punch is forced towards the superior die E with sufficient
force to compress and form the head of the pin between the concavity at the
end of the punch and that of the superior die. The snail 49 begins again to
depress the treadle lever 38, in order to turn the screw sufficiently back to
allow the spring on the tail of the punch to withdraw the punch from the
superior die before the next movement of the carriage commences. By the next
movement of the carriage the punch F 2, with the pin which it has just headed,
is carried to the position at which it is met by the pincers G 2, in order that
they may seize that pin in the manner herein-before described, and the
punch F 1 is brought opposite the head winder D, to receive another succeeding
pin, by a similar action to that before described respecting the punch F 2.
The pincers G 2 having seized the pin, the sliding wedge piece 41 is elevated
by the prominence of the double camm 45 pushing forward the punch F 1
by its wedglike form, and by the simultaneous descent of the other sliding
wedge piece (41) the punch F 2 is retracted by its own spring leaving its headed
pin in the pincers G 2. The punch F 1 receives from the winder D another
pin, whereof it is next to form the head, and then the winding of the head
for another pin being finished the wires are cut off, and the carriage com-
mences the movement which is to bring the punch F 1 opposite its own
superior die E; then the wires advance again, and the operation of head
winding recommences. When the movement of the carriage is finished, the

page_text: punch is brought opposite to its own superior die E. The snail 49 then quits
the treadle lever 38 (by which the screw had been turned out and its weight
drawn up), and the weight descending, the punch is forced towards the die
to compress and form another head in the manner already described. The
screw 8 begins to recede by the recommencement of the action of the snail 49,
and the punch F1 withdraws from the die by its own spring. The carriage
now performs the last of its series of movements, bringing the two punches
F1 and F 2 again into the position they were supposed to occupy when
the above description commenced, and as represented in Sheet VII. Each
revolution of the main axis produces a repetition of the above-described
series of movements and operations. The order of adjusting the several
relative axes of the double machine is the same as herein-before directed
for the single one, and the manner of adjusting the other parts will be
understood by attending to the order of their actions as they are explained
in the description herein-after given, reference being had to the directions
herein-after given for adjusting the single machine. It will be necessary to
regulate the length of the cords 39, by which the screws 8 are connected with
the treadle levers 38 (by which the screws are turned back), so that the
snail 49 shall begin to depress the treadle levers 38 within a tenth or twelfth
of a revolution of the main axis, after the treadle levers 38 have been drawn
up by the reaction of the weights upon the screws 8, in order that the punch
may be allowed to leave the die before the carriage starts or begins to remove
the punch laterally from opposite to its die.
Having now explained the structure and operation of machines constructed
according to the said improvements, I, the said George Beale Brown, do
hereby declare that the particular improvements or items of new invention,
whereof the exclusive use is granted to me by the said Letters Patent, are as
follows:-
Firstly, the two combinations of various parts or pieces of mechanism
constituting the two self-acting machines herein-before described, for making
or manufacturing pins with heads formed of curls of fine wire, applied round
the strong wire whereof their stems are formed; and I make no claim to any
individual parts of the said combinations if detached therefrom, nor to any
minor or subordinate combinations into which either of the said two combi:
nations may be subdivided for performing portions of the total operation of
the said combinations, excepting as follows:-
Secondly, the minor or subordinate combination herein-before described of
parts for curling the end of the fine wire around the end of the strong wire
before either of those wires are cut into the portions requisite for forming
distinct pins, which parts are marked in the Drawings with the letters and

page_text: figures Q, S, T O, N, 12, and D, f; the essential character of which minor
combination is, that the tubular or hollow axis D, which admits the strong
wire through its centre, has a notch and a beak f at that extremity of the
said hollow axis which is in contact with the flat surface of the cutting
blades, and which axis with its beak is caused to revolve with an intermitting
motion, by means of suitable wheel-work and gearing, in order that, after the
said beak has effected the curling of the fine wire, it may then remain motion-
less in a proper situation whilst fresh portions of wires are introduced in a
suitable direction before recommencing its curling operation.
Thirdly, the minor or subordinate combination herein-before described, of
parts for disposing and holding fast the said ends of the wires, so that they
cross each other between the edges of the cutting blades in proper relative
positions for undergoing the curling which is to be performed by the aforesaid
second minor combination. And after the said curling has been performed,
the said parts for so holding the said wires then cut off from the end of the
fine wire so much thereof as has been curled, and likewise by the same cutting
action cut off so much from the end of the strong wire as is sufficient to form
the stem of one pin, leaving the said curls of small wire on that extremity
of the strong wire from which the aforesaid portion thereof has just been
detached, the said curls being ready to be pushed forwards with the strong
wire when the same is again advanced, and which third minor combination of
parts is marked in the Drawings with the letters and figures of reference
c, c, p, q, P, 13, g, d, h, f, and 9.
Fourthly, the particular kind of revolving grinder K, for forming the
points of the pins, as herein-before described, which has two grinding surfaces
forming an angular groove around the circular grinder, both of which grinding
surfaces cut the end of the stem at the same time, but with different degrees
of tapering, one of the said grinding surfaces forming a tapering end to the
stem, and the other grinding a nib or pricking point thereto, which part is
marked in the Drawings K. And I make no claim to the application of a
revolving grinder other than the above, nor to the revolving pincers for
presenting the pin to the grinder. Neither do I make any claim to the
feeding rollers o, e, for the strong wire; nor to the feeder 5 for the fine wire;
nor to the mode of fashioning the head between dies by compression acting in
the direction of the length of the stem.
In witness whereof, I, the said George Beale Brown, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Twenty-fourth day of December, in the year One
thousand eight hundred and thirty-three.
GEORGE (L.s.) BEALE BROWN.

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Twenty-fourth day of December,
in the fourth year of the reign of His Majesty King William the Fourth, the
said George Beale Brown came before our said Lord the King in His
Chancery, and acknowledged the Instrument aforesaid, and all and every
thing therein contained and specified, in form above written. And also the
Instrument aforesaid was stamped according to the tenor of the Statute made
in the fifty-fifth year of the reign of His late Majesty King George the
Third