A MACHINE OR MACHINES FOR THE FORMING AND MOULDING OF BRICKS AND OTHER BODIES USUALLY MADE FROM CLAY, PLASTIC, OR ANY USUAL MA- TERIALS PROM WHICH BUILDING AND FIRE BRICKS ARE COMMONLY MADE
Year: 1825

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, ALEXANDER
GALLOWAY, of West Street, in the City of London, Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Пis present most Excellent Majesty King George the Fourth,
by His Letters Patent, bearing date at Westminster, the Fourteenth day of
May, One thousand eight hundred and twenty-five, in the sixth year of His
reign, did, for Himself, His heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said Alexander Galloway, His especial licence that I, the said Alexander
Galloway, my exors, adñiors, and assigns, or such others as I, the said
Alexander Galloway, my exors, adiñors, and assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times during the term of
years therein mentioned, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, my
Invention of "A MACHINE OR MACHINES FOR THE FORMING AND MOULDING OF
BRICKS AND OTHER BODIES USUALLY MADE FROM CLAY, PLASTIC, OR ANY USUAL MA-
TERIALS PROM WHICH BUILDING AND FIRE BRICKS ARE COMMONLY MADE;" in which
said Letters Patent there is contained a proviso obliging me, the said Alexander
Galloway, by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal, particularly to
describe and ascertain the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner
the same is to be performed, and to cause the same to be inrolled in His
Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar months next and
immediately after the date of the said in part recited Letters Patent, as in and
by the same, reference being thereunto had, will more fully and at large
appear.

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Alexander Galloway, do hereby declare that the nature of my said Invention,
and the manner in which the same is to be performed, are particularly
described and ascertained in and by the following description thereof (reference
being had to the Drawing annexed), that is to say :-
Fig 1 is a combined view of a double machine, both of which
may be put
into operation by one moving power. . A, A, A, A, represent the main frame,
to which the principal parts of the machines are attached. B, B, B, are the
standards which support and carry the shaft N, on which the drum wheel C
is fixed: I recommend this shaft to be turned by a strap from the first moving
power instead of toothed wheels; although the latter will answer, yet I prefer
the former. D is the bevil pinion which turns the shaft N, and by the clutch
apparatus M being thrown into geer with the pinion D, it revolves with the
shaft N, and thus gives motion to the bevil wheel K, which in its rotation
turns the other bevel pinion L, which by its clutch apparatus m on the shaft O,
being thrown into geer with the pinion L, turns the shaft, and thus performs
the duties assigned to that shaft. The bevil wheel K must be double the
diameter of the pinions D and L. E, E, are the two circular fixed beds or
tables, in each of which there are two appetures or openings a, a, and b, b, as
shown in Fig 2, one of which appertures in each table allow the clay or other
plastic substance to pass from the supply hoppers in the wheels F, F, as they
come opposite to these apertures a, a, in the beds or tables E, E, to deposit
their contents by passing through the beds into the pump chambers T, T,
while the other apertures or openings b, b, in the tables E, E, permit the
formed or moulded bricks to be discharged from their moulds upon a con-
venient platform for removing the bricks or other bodies away as they are
discharged from the moulds. Each of the moulding wheels F, F, under the
arrangement laid down in the combined view of the double machine, shewn by
Fig. 1, must be of equal diameters and of a sufficient area to allow three sets
of brick moulds, each set of moulds forming six ordinary bricks, to be inserted
in each of these wheels, one of which is represented by Fig. 3, and Fig. 5
the table E, the wheel F being lifted off for the purpose of shewing the
apertures, &c. in the tables, and which three sets of moulds must be placed at
equal distances from each other, and at equal distances from the centres of
the wheels F, F, and a sufficient distance must be allowed from one set of
moulds to the other, to allow the hoppers or openings Y, Y, Y, in the
wheels F, F, of adequate capacity to receive at once a sufficient supply of
suitable materials for the proper feeding of the pump chambers T, T,
by which each pamp will discharge at a stroke a sufficient quantity

page_text: of materials to fill all the brick chambers in any one set of moulds. G is the
spur wheel, fixed on the upright shaft HI, II, and which receive their motion
by the agency of the bevil wheel K. The spur wheel G has one third of its
teeth or enggs left out, which form two blank spaces or indents below the
bottom of the teeth or coggs, so as to allow no contact with the moulding
wheels when these blank spaces or indents are opposite to those wheels, &
which blank spaces are each one sixth of the circumferenco of the wheel G at
the bottom of its teeth, and which blank spaces are opposite to each other, so
as to leave each way a complete third of the wheel toothed from one blank
space to the other.
Fig 3, 4, and 5, shew the top view of the moulding wheels F, F, one
of the wheels being lifted off for the purpose before described, with their
moulds X, X, X, and the hopper openings Y, Y, Y, (as shewn only at Fig. 3),
with the wheel G placed in between the wheels F, F, the three wheels
forming the desired line of intersection with each other. The wheels F, F,
are fixed on their spindles J, J, one end of each spindle turning in the
bearing I, I, which have cach a screw placed above the spindle on the top of
the main frame A, A, A, A, by which each wheel may be risen or lowered and
kept down at any required distance from the tables E, E, as may be desired;
and the other end of spindles pass through the centre of the fixed tables, and
are supported by a screw apparatus below each, which regulates the elevation
or depression of the wheels F, F, with the fixed tables E, E. The wheel G
turns each of the wheels F, F, one third of a revolution at a time, then, by the
blank spaces in G, it allows each of the wheels F, F, to resist such a period
of time as the wheel G takes to perform one sixth of its revolution, conse-
quently G must make a revolution and a half to produce one revolution in
each of the wheels F, F. To each of the shafts N and O are attached either
an eccentric or a crank, as at P, P, for the purpose of rising and lowering the
pistons S, S, in the pump chambers T, T, by their rodds R, R, moving in the
standard guides Q, Q.
Fig. 6 represents a section of one of the pump's pistons and moulds, with
the discharging plates, springs, and apparatus, when the pistons S, S, have
formed the bricks in the moulds. Each brick chamber has a discharging
plate that fits it correctly, yet allows any air to pass out at the top of the
moulds as the pistons ascend; and the face of cach plate has a protuberance,
or any other design that may be desired, which forms an impression in the
upper face of the bricks by the pressure of the pistons of the pumps forcing
the clay or other suitable materials against the discharging plates, when the
pistons S, S, recede from the tables or beds E, E, the wheel G terminates

page_text: pressure
the period of rest to the moulding wheels F, F, by coming into geer with these
wheels, which carry the moulding frames, in which the bricks were last formed,
up against the scrapers V, V, as shewn at Fig. 5; and in the traversing of the
wheels F, F, the whole bottom surface of the moulds and bricks pass over:
the scrapers, which are placed up against one side of the openings a, a, in the
tables E, E, and which scrapers project a little above the surface of the
tables E, E, and by this.means the under faces of the bricks are made smooth,
flat,, and, uniformly of one thickness; and the surplus material that may be;
forced up against the moulds, X, X, X, is discharged by the scrapers, and thus:
keep the under surface of the moulding wheels clean. Such an apparatus, as
shewn at Fig. 6, is connected to tlie top of each sett of mould frames X, X, X,
in-cach of the moulding wheels F, F, and when each set of moulds have had
their contents of bricks formed, and when they have reached the discharging
openings b, b, in the tables E, E, and which must be sufficiently large to
admit the free and easy discharge of the bricks, then the top of the dis-
charging plates pass under an inclined plane U, U, and are thereby forced
down, by which they drive out the bricks through the openings b, b, in the
tables E, E, on a convenient platform for removal. When the bricks are thus
discharged, and the discharging apparatus has been relieved from the
of the inclined plane U, U, then the springs W, W, W, lift up the discharging.
plates, and thus render that sett of moulds ready in their turn for another
creation of bricks when they shall have arrived again in their proper situations
for the pumps to act upon them. Fig. 7 shews the discharging plates, forced
down to the under side of moulds, having previously driven out the bricks from
the moulds, the bevil pinions D and L must have half the number of cogs of
the bevel wheel K, by which it which it will require two revolutions of D to
turn K once, and one revolution of K will move the pinion L twice. By
this arrangement both the shafts N and O will move at the same velocity.
The spur wheel G moves at the same rate as the bevil wheel K, but as G
has one third of its periphery blank it consequently in one revolution is only
-enabled to move the moulding whicels F, F, two thirds of a revolution, they
being of the same diameter as G, and thus it requires that G should make one
revolution and a half to produce a revolution of each of the wheels F, F; this
modification makes the shafts N and O turn three times for every revolution
that the moulding wheels make, and thus enables the cranks or eccentrics to
make the pistons of pumps recede from the moulds when the moulds are in
motion, and to force and press the clay or other suitable substance into the
moulds when the moulding wheels are at rest. This arrangement and con-
trivance when the hoppers are properly fed with materials will convey such

page_text: materials in proper order into the pumps, and the operations of supplying
materials, forcing it into the moulds and forming it into bricks, and then dis-
charging them from the moulds, will go in in each machine in a constant
regular succession of these duties as long as the machine or machines are in
operation.
Having explained the distinct parts, and some of the combinations of the
machine or machines, as shewn in the seven foregoing Figures, I shall now
explain the mode of working the whole. When the clay or plastic, or other
suitable materials for making any particular sort of bricks, tiles, or other
bodies shall have been provided and brought close to the machines, and tho
materials in a proper condition for working, it will be necessary to supply each
hopper in proper time with a sufficient quantity of such materials to make the
exact number of bricks that any set of moulds may contain, taking caro that
the external surface of such materials must be covered lightly with proper
sand to prevent the materials adhering too closely, either to the tops of
pistons, the pump, chambers, or moulds. When everything is ready for
starting the machines, the clutch M on the shaft N must be thrown into geer
with the bevel pinion D, and the clutch M on the shaft O must be thrown also
into geer with its pinion L. When these preparations are made, and the first
moving power is ready to communicate its force by the strap Z, Z, to the drum
wheel C on the shaft N, then the whole will be put into action, and the
result will be found to produce superior and better formed bricks, and with
less moisture or water in them than in the common mode of making bricks,
besides producing a considerable saving of expence, and the important
advantage of making all sorts of bricks as to quality and form during every
season of the year.
My Invention consists in so arranging, modifying, and combining various
common mechanical members and implements by which the foregoing effects
are produced; but I do not confine myself to the use of a double machine,-
more or less machines may be used and put into action by one first moving
power; nor do I confine myself to place three setts of moulds in one moulding
wheel, more or less may be so placed; nor do I confine myself to contain six
bricks in each mould,-more or less will do; but the principal proportions of
the essential parts of my machine or machines must be regarded when such
deviations are adopted from the particular machines which I have described,
and all such deviations which may be made according to circumstances, while
the primary principles and modifications are preserved; I hold any such
machine or machines for the purposes described essentially and substantially
my Invention. The summary of the essential properties of my machine is,-

page_text: First, employing a fixed table or tables, with suitable openings or apertures
in them to allow the pump or pumps to force the suitable materials through
such openings into the moulds; and when the bricks or tiles or other
bodies are formed or moulded then to discharge them through their proper
openings in the fixed table or tables. .
Secondly, employing a moulding wheel or wheels to revolve or move by
intervals and to have intervals of rest while the moving power is continuous,
and which intervals of motion and rest facilitate and assist the operations of
filling, pressing, forming, and discharging, as before described.
Thirdly, for applying and directing the functions of a piston or pistons-in a
pump chamber or chambers to produce and assist some of the before-
mentioned absects. Although my machine or machines may be made of wood
or metal, or a combination of both, yet I should recommend as much of them
as possible to be made of metal to prevent friction and to secure durability
and accuracy of performance.
In witness whereof, I, the said Alexander Galloway, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Fourteenth day of November, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and twenty-five.