CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF COTTON AND OTHER FIBROUS MATERIALS, AND FABRICS COMPOSED OF SUCH MATERIALS
Year: 1850

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, JOHN
TATHAM and DAVID CHEETHAM, of Rochdale, in the County of Lancaster,
Machine Makers, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at
Westminster, the Second day of November, in the fourteenth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto us,
the said John Tatham and David Cheetham, Her especial license, full power,
sole privilege and authority, that we, the said John Tatham and David
Cheetham, our exors, admors, and assigns, and such others as we, the said
John Tatham and David Cheetham, our exors, admññors, or assigns, should at
any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times during
the term of years therein mentioned, should and lawfully might make, use,
exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-
Tweed, our Invention of "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF
COTTON AND OTHER FIBROUS MATERIALS, AND FABRICS COMPOSED OF SUCH MATERIALS;"
in which said Letters Patent is contained a proviso obliging us, the said
John Tatham and David Cheetham, by an instrument in writing under
our hands and seals, or under the hand and seal of one of us, particularly to
describe and ascertain the nature of our said Invention, and in what manner
the same is to be performed, and to cause the same to be enrolled in Her
Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar months next and imme-
diately after the date of the said in part recited Letters Patent, as in and

page_text: by the same, reference being thereunto had, will more fully and at large
appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, we, the said
John Tatham and David Cheetham, do hereby declare that the nature of our
said Invention, and the manner in which the same is to be perform.ed, is
particularly described and ascertained in and by the following description
thereof, reference being had to the Drawings hereunto annexed, and to the
letters and figures marked thereon (that is to say) :-
Our improvements in the manufacture of cotton and other fibrous materials
and fabrics relate,-.
Firstly, to the scutcher, and consist in the application of an extra pair or
pairs of delivering rollers placed underneath those usually employed, and
within the case in which the beaters revolve.
Secondly, to the lap machine, the improvement being, firstly, the application
of a concave, surface or surfaces, placed underneath one or more of the lapping
or calender rollers, and between which rollers and concave surfaces the
material is caused to pass. Secondly, the application of a perforated pipe for
the purpose of supplying oil to the bat or sheet of wool, previously to its being
wound upon the lap roller.
Thirdly, to the drawing frame, such improvements consisting, firstly, in
the combination of coiling apparatus, for which Letters Patent were granted
to us on or about the Fourteenth day of March, One thousand. eight hundred
and forty-four, with the principle of traversing cans. Secondly, in a method of
applying a pair of delivering rollers placed above the can, or other receptacle
which receives the drawn slivers, such rollers having, independently of their
rotation, a reciprocating motion imparted thereto so as to effect a distribution
or coiling of the sliver, the can or other receptacle at the same time being
caused to traverse. Thirdly, in the application of a trumpet or other
suitably formed orifice placed beneath the ordinary delivering rollers, which
orifice receives the drawn slivers, and has a reciprocating motion imparted
thereto, so as to distribute. them into the can or other receptacle, in place of
the extra rollers of our last-mentioned improvement. Fourthly, in the employ-
ment of apparatus for lifting simultaneously the whole or a series of the
weights which are suspended from the drawing rollers, so as to liberate them
from pressure, this part of our improvement being also applicable to other
preparing and spinning machines where weighted rollers are used. Fifthly, in
two methods of constructing the bearings for the "spoons"
of the "stop
motion," one of such consisting in casting them in series to be subsequently
attached to the framework of the machine, and the other in forming such

page_text: bearings within the back-plate itself. Sixthly, in the application of a plate to
the under front drawing roller; for the purpose of preventing the broken ends
of livers from lapping around the rollers. Seventhly; in the application of
the stop motion, as a medium for separating the feed rollers, in order to faci-
litate the operation of piecing up. Eightly, in forming the revolving bar of
stop motions in one piece, instead of employing detached vanes as usual.
Ninthly, in causing the "feeler" to vibrate so as to be capable of arriving in
contact with either side of a "tumbler" or "spoon." Tenthly, in improve-
ments upon the tumblers for which Letters Patent were granted to James
Green Gibson on or about the Twenty-seventh day of January, One thousand
eight hundred atid forty-nine."
Fourthly, to the oiling of wool, this improvement consisting in placing the
wool and oil within a vessel, which is either caused to revolve so as to effect
an incorporation, or within a stationary vessel' furnished for the same pur-
pose with moveable arms or other agitating apparatus.
Fifthly, to the roving frame, this part of our improvements consisting, firstly,
in the adaptation to flyers of roving and slubbing frames of a presser spring
placed within the leg of the flyer, and so arranged as to act on the principle of
torsion. Secondly, in forming the spindles of cast metal hollow, this part of
our improvements being also applicable to other spindles of preparing and
spinning machines.
Sixthly, to the throstle frame. And. firstly, in such division our improve-
ments consist in a method of driving the spindles by the use of a peculiar
arrangement.of drums. Secondly, in causing the yarn to pass through an eye
or under a hook-shaped part formed in the upper part of the flyer, previously
to its being coiled around the leg thereof, the object of this part of our
Invention being to prevent the material in progress of being spun from
running in contact with the flange of the bobbin. Thirdly, in the employment
of apparatus placed beneath the ordinary guide wires for the purpose of
breaking the yarn when it has become snarled in its passage to the flyer.
Fourthly, in the application of partitions placed between the spring beanis of
the frame, extending downwards from the bolster to the step rail, and also
from the latter to the floor. Fifthly, the application of an annular guide
capable of traversing the length of the bobbin so as to distribute the yarn
thereon, the bobbin, according to this arrangement, revolving upon a fixed rail.
Sixthly, in a peculiar construction of bobbin, the outward parts of the flanges
thereof being formed so as to possess different areas of frictional surface, for
the purpose of obtaining a varied amount of. drag. by turning the said bobbin
end for end towards the rail upon which it revolves..

page_text: Seventhly, the application of a bristle or other light elastic substance, extending
from the spindle for the purpose of preventing dirt or other extraneous matter
from falling on to the foot bearing this improvement being also applicable to
other spinning and also, preparing machines...
Eighthly, the application of a pipe extending the length of the series of
spindles, or a part. of them, such pipe being in connection with a reservoir of
lubricating material, which may be supplied to the bearings of the, spindles at
pleasure, this part of our improvements being also applicable to other, spinning
and also preparing machines.
Ninthly, in coiling yarns upon a plate or other surface as they are spun,.
instead of winding the same upon bobbins or spindles, and in a general
arrangement of machinery. for spinning.
Tenthly, to winding. yarns for weaving. This improvement consists in
winding several threads from as many bobbins or spindles simultaneously on to
one bobbin of the winding frame or other suitable arrangement of parts, and
subsequently by another winding process transferring a number of such com-
pound bobbins into a ball bobbin, or other suitable form, so as to constitute a warp.
Eleventhly, to looms for weaving.. This division of our improvements
relates, firstly, to Jacquard weaving, and consists in connecting the warp
threads to two or more sets of hooks, each set capable of being selected and
raised by one of a like number of "knife boxes," which move independently of
each other. By this arrangement the shed is opened alternately by each set of
hooks (or as many of them as may be in position to be selected), by their
respective "knife box," one only being raised at every pick of the loom. By
thus dividing the government of the warp threads, the one set will be falling
while the other is rising, and, therefore (supposing two sets of .hooks em-
ployed), the lingoes will move at half the usual speed only for a given number
of picks. It must be observed, however, that as a portion only of the warp is
raised for each throw of the shuttle, the pattern which appears on the upper
surface of the fabric must be produced by the weft thread. Secondly, in a
method of giving motion to the harness in order to shed the warp,, such
method consisting in connecting the "shafts," or other parts which govern the
motion, of the warp threads, to a series of cranks or excentrics, which by their
rotation effect the required movement. Thirdly, in the employment of a
roller cut with grooves which cross each other, as a medium for effecting the
taking up of the woven fabric. Fourthly, the employment of a fluted roller
for distending the cloth previously to its passing on to the surface roller which
effects the taking up. Fifthly, in a method of using the weft thread as a
means of effecting the taking-up motion, and also in constructing strands

page_text: used for detecting the weft thread of gutta percha, leather, or varnished yarn,
and in a general combination of machinery. Sixthly, in a method of arresting
the motion of the loom, and also preventing the continued action of the work
beam when the weft thread fails, by means of a vibrating grate, and also for
the like purpose in the employment of a series of rigid forks instead of strands.
Seventhly, in the employment of a grating for constituting a portion of the
shuttle race when weft detectors are applied, in which an upright grid is used.
Eighthly, our improvements apply to that construction of loom in which the
warp threads are let off at intervals by the pressure of the reed against the
work, and consists in availing ourselves of the absence of that pressure by
reason of the .weft failing for the purpose of arresting the motion. of the
machine.
Twelfthly, to machinery for cutting terry or looped fabrics. This we accom-
plish in two ways:-Firstly, by the use of a cutter or cutters which operate
upon the fabric as it is produced in the loom. Secondly, by the use of a
peculiar arrangement of cutters designed to operate upon the fabric after-its
removal from the loom.
Thirteenthly, to machinery for dressing or finishing hat plush, this division
being an improvement upon an Invention for which Letters Patent' were
granted to David Cheetham and Edward Briggs, dated the Sixth day of June,
One thousand eight hundred and forty-four.
Figure 1, Sheet 1, represents a partial section of a scutching machine with
our improvement applied. The material is carried as usual by the travelling
apron a to the ordinary feed rollers b, b; there, having been scutched by the
revolution of the beaters, it is driven into a recess c, formed by a portion of
the casing of the machine, within which an additional pair of rollers d, d, are
mounted. These rollers receive a rotatory motion by means of gear actuated
by any of the usually employed wheels, and deliver the material from the
recess c, to be again scutched by the revolving beaters. We have shewn' in
the Drawing one pair of extra rollers, but, if desired, more may be employed,
situated in the same recess, or in others formed in like manner to that shewn.
Figure. 2, Sheet 1, represents our improvements in lap machines. a' repre-
sents the lap of material in process of being wound by means of the two surface
rollers b; b; beneath: one of these is placed a dish-formed surface c. The
sheet of material passes in the usual manner through the machine, and is
then conducted between. the roller, and the dish-formed surface c, where,
having become consolidated, it is wound on to a lap in the ordinary manner.
We have in the Drawing shewn our principle. of calendering, as applied to
one of the lapping rollers; if desired, however, the 'concavé surface may be

page_text: used with both or with one or more of the calender rollers, ordinarily used;
or may be placed in any position where rollers can be employed for delivering
the sheet of material, and, if thought necessary, weights may be used for
effecting a greater pressure. Our mode of applying oil to wool is also shewn
in the last described Figure, d representing a "perforated pipe supplied with
oil from any convenient source, so as to pass through the orifices and drop
upon the wool 'as it proceeds to the lap.. This pipe we have shewn in
combination with our last-described improvement, but it may be used in
conjunction with any ordinary lapping apparatus, and placed in any covenient
part thereof.
1.
*
Figure 3, Sheet 1, represents a partial elevation in section of, a drawing
frame, with our first improvement in that machine applied thereto. The slivers,
having passed as usual through the drawing rollers, are received between the
delivering rollers a, a, and from thence through the coiling plate at b. The can c
is of an oblong form with rounded ends, and mounted upon a plate d capable
of sliding in guides. To the under side of the plate d is affixed a pin e, which
projects into a spiral groove cut upon a longitudinal shaft f, as shewn in
Figure 4, at one end, of which is mounted a bevil wheel taking into the 'teeth
of a pinion which is affixed to a shaft g. This shaft derives rotary motion from
the wheelwork of the, frame, as, shewn in, the Drawing, and thus comniuni-
cates a like motion to the shaft f. The spiral groove is formed with two
channels cut in opposite directions, and will therefore cause the plate d and
can c to move to and fro, as, is well understood, by which operation, combined
with that of the coiling plate at b, the slivers of material will be deposited in
coils distributed in the direction of the traversing motion of the can.. The
spiral grooves may be formed upon the shaft throughout the length thereof,
the extent of motion for each can of the series being determined by plugging
up the grooves, so as to cause a return motion at the desired part, or they
may be formed upon distinct bosses of the required, length, or an excentric or
other suitable motion may be used in place thereof..
!
Our second improvement in the drawing frame is shewn in Figure 5,
Sheet 1, which is a partial section of a drawing frame, and also in Figure 6,
which is a top view of the novel arrangement of parts: To the framework
of the machine is fixed a bracket h, upon the upper side of which is a
standardi, capable of moving thereon in parallel guides. On the standard i
are mounted two rollers j,j, which are geared together, the axle of one of
them at the other end being provided with a pinion. k, taking into the teeth of
another mounted upon a cross shaft l. This shaft receives rotary motion from
a pinion m mounted upon a stud n, the lower end of which carries a. pinion

page_text: driven by the ordinary shaft o.. Upon the stud n there is affixed an excen-
tric p, working within a slot q, the rod of which is connected to a stud projecting
from the under side of the standard i, such pin passing through a slot formed
in the bracket h, the rod being enclosed by a plater. The cross shaft is pro-
vided with a groove, within which a pin attached to the boss of its pinion pro-
jects; the standard is therefore free to carry the said pinion to and fro upon
its shaft, although it at the same time is caused to revolve. The can, which
is of an oblong form, is shewn at c, c, and is mounted upon a sliding plate.
which has a traversing motion imparted to it by the means described in
reference to Figure 3. The slivers, after leaving the usual delivering.
rollers a, a, are guided between the rollers'j, j, and. fall from thence through
an aperture formed in the bracket h and plate r into the can c below, during
which the revolutions of the excentric p, by causing the standard i, and con-
sequently rollers j, to move to and fro, distribute them in the direction of the
width of the can; at the same time, the shaft f,' through the agency of its
spiral grooves, causes, by the traversing of the can, a distribution in the other
direction.
Figure 7 shews our next improvement in the drawing frame. In this instance,
instead of the rollers j,j, of the last-described Figure, we employ a funnel-
shaped piece s, to the under part of which is affixed a pin, which, after passing.
through a slot formed in the bracket h, is connected to the rod 7 of the excen-.
tric p, which, being caused to revolve by the arrangement of gearing shewn in
Figure 5, causes the funnels to move to and fro, and so distribute the sliver
across the can placed for its reception, a traversing motion of which, being
effected by the shaft f before described, completes the required coiling.
Our fourth improvement in the drawing frame is shewn in Figure 3, Sheet 1,.
of the accompanying Drawings. At one end of each head of the frame there
is a cross shaft t, capable of turning in suitable bearings, and provided with
a winch handle u. Upon this shaft are formed two-worms v, v, the threads
of which take into the teeth of two worm wheels w, w, mounted upon
shafts x, x, which extend along the width of the frame head. These shafts
carry excentrics, two of which are shewn at y, y, a pair, however, being placed
upon these shafts coincident in position with each line of weights of the draw-
ing head. Upon the upper parts of the excentrics are placed bars, z, such
bars passing through slots formed in the straps by which the weights 1, 1, 1,
are suspended, and having notches cut in their under sides to prevent them
from moving in a cross direction... When it is desired to liberate the drawing
rollers from pressure, the attendant will turn the handle u, by doing which
the shafts.t will be caused to turn upon their centres, and by bringing the

page_text: greater diameters of the excentrics upwards, raise the bars, 2, and with them
the weights 1, 1, 1. Instead of employing bars t, t, and their corresponding
excentrics for each line of weights, the former may be connected together so
as to form a continuous framework, and occupy the position shewn in the
Drawing, or be placed under the weights so as to constitute a cradle, in which
cases but two excentrics at each end of the drawing head will be required.
Other methods also may be adopted without departing from the principle of
simultaneous lifting, which constitutes this part of our Invention.
Our fifth improvement in drawing frames is shown in Figures 8 and 9, and
also in Figures 3 and 10, Sheet 1. The two first of these exhibit our first.
mode of constructing the bearings for the levers of. the ."spoons," the former
being a detached view of part of a "back plate," and the latter a top view
of the same. Instead of casting the bearings and applying them separately,
we form them in series of any convenient number and place, such casting
within a slot formed in the back plate securing the same by means of screws
or otherwise; the "spoons" are then passed through apertures formed to
receive them, their centre pins resting upon suitably shaped bearings, as shewn
in the Drawings. Our other mode will be explained by reference to Figures 3
and 10. In this case the apertures 3, for the spoon levers to pass through, are
formed in the back plate, by casting or otherwise, and the slots for the bearing
of their centre pins subsequently worked out by drilling or otherwise.
Our sixth improvement in drawing frames is shewn in Fig. 3, Sheet 1.
Upon the "roller beam of the machine is placed a plate of metal or other
suitable material 4, which extends upwards, and is situate so as to be near
the periphery of the bottom front roller 5. This plate may extend either across
the whole width of the drawing head, or from stand to stand only, and is
designed to prevent a broken end or ends from becoming entangled by the
revolution of the rollers, its position guiding such broken end on to the roller
beam, there to accumulate until pieced up by the attendant.
Our seventh improvement is shewn in Figs. 1 and 2, Sheet 2, the former
being a partial section of a drawing frame, and the latter a back view thereof.
At the centre of the feed rollers a, b, there is a portion formed of reduced dia-
meter, upon the bottom one of which is placed loosely a cam c, formed in two
parts for the convenience of mounting it in that position, and confined together
by a screw d. This cam is provided with a slot e on one side, and on the
other with a circular groove f, within which is placed one end of a bell-crank
lever g, g. The lever g turns upon a fixed centre at h, and is provided with a
projecting part i supported during the ordinary operation of the machine
by a bar j, carried by a pink upon the ordinary setting-on rod 7. The other

page_text: end of the bar j is connected to the usual lever m, which is employed through
the agency of the feeling shaft n to liberate the bell-crank lever n*, so as to
shift the driving strap of the machine. When, therefore, this feeling shaft
by the ordinary movement comes into operation, the bell-crank lever g will
withdraw the bar j from under the projecting part i, and allow the bell-crank
lever g, by reason of. its weight, to turn upon its centre, which movement will
cause the cam c to slide upon the roller until the revolution of the latter shall
have brought a pin o, fixed thereon, opposite to the slot e, which slot will then
pass thereon, and the two will become locked so as to revolve together by the
momentum of the machine; by this action the larger diameter of the cam will
be brought in contact with the upper roller, and thus raise it from its working
position. During this operation it will be necessary for the setting-on rod 7 to
move sufficiently far to shift the driving strap, although the bar j will merely
slide from under the projecting part i. In order to provide for this a slot p is
formed upon the bar j along which the pink will pass. The upper roller
baving been thus raised, and the piecing up effected, the attendant will shift
the driving strap to the fast pulley, as usual, in doing which a projecting pin q,
slightly elastic and affixed to the setting-on rod 7, will force forward the upper
arm of the bell-crank lever, and thus throw the cam again clear of the pin o,
into the position shewn in the Drawing. Upon the plate r is affixed a pro-
jecting piece s, which, according to the position shewn in the Drawing, projects
into a cavity t formed in the cam c, and extending from the groove thereof;
when, however, by the before-mentioned means, the cam is slidden to lock the
slot e on to the pin o, the piece s will occupy a position in the circular groove f
so as to admit of the revolution of the cam with the roller; and as it will not
then be coincident with the notch t, but in contact with the side of the circular
groove, the cam will be securely held in gear with the pin o during the lifting
of the roller. Upon the setting-on rod being brought into operation the cam c
must therefore perform the remainder of the revolution to restore a coincidence
of position between the pieces and notch t, so as to allow the cam to slide
upon the roller b, and it is for this purpose that the pin q is made elastic, so as
to press the side of the circular groove f, through the medium of the lever g,
against the pieces, until its coincidence with the notch t is restored; this will
have been effected when the smaller diameter of the cam is upward, and the
roller again lowered, and at which time the elasticity of the pin q will slide the
cam into the position shewn in the Drawing. We have mentioned the use of
one cam only, but if desired, as in the case of a great length. of roller
to be lifted, two or more may be employed in the length. In concluding the

page_text: description of this part of our improvements, we would observe that, although
we have described the top roller as being raised, the same effect may be pro-
duced by lowering the bottom one, the object being to cause a separation of
the two by the action of the stop motion.
Our eighth improvement is shewn in Figs. 3 and 4, the former being a
section, and the latter a longitudinal view of our improved revolving bar for
bringing the strap motion into operation, by which it will be perceived that
it is constructed so as to take in the length of the whole of a set of tumblers
or spoons. This bar may be mounted and used precisely in the ordinary
manner, the only difference from those in general use being that the projecting
parts which are desired to arrive in contact with the dropped spoon or tumbler
are formed in one piece. The Drawing shews the bar of a triangular form, but
it may, if desired, be of any other shape the section whereof is suitable to the
purpose.
Figs. 5 and 6 are partial views of drawing frame, representing our ninth
improvement in that machine; the construction of tumbler being that for
which Letters Patent were granted to James Green Gibson on or about
the Twenty-seventh day of January, One thousand eight hundred and
forty-nine. a, a, is the vibrating' bar, which effects the stoppage of the machine
through the usual apparatus. According to the ordinary arrangement this bar
is caused to move upon its centre, so as to throw off the driving strap by
arriving in contact with one side of the ". spoon" or tumbler," or some part
connected thereto. According to our improvement its extent of vibration is
increased so as to move equi-distant on each side thereof, by which arrange-
ment its capability of effecting the stoppage of the machine will take place
twice for one vibration, and therefore the machine will be sooner prevented
from continuing its operations with a missing end.
Our tenth improvement is also shewn in the last-mentioned Figures, in
which b; b, are the tumblers, upon the patent plan of the aforesaid James
Green Gibson, according to the usual arrangement of which the slivers pass
along the under surface, or by the side. Our improvement consists in causing
them to pass over the said surfaces, as shewn by the red color in Fig. 5.
We
also place the tumblers much nearer to the ordinary back rollers, as seen in the
sectional view, Fig. 5, by which means a greater power of the sliver is obtained
for giving their action, and according to which position also the weight of a s
sliver, heavier than that on the opposite side of the tumbler, will be borne
by the back plate, so as to prevent the said tumbler from falling over suffi-
ciently far to stop the machine unless an end be absent. Thus, should the

page_text: sliver passing over the surface A be heavier than that on B, the tumbler will
turn upon its.centre until the sliver shall rest upon the plate, and thus
continuing until the equilibrium is again gained.
Our improvements in oiling wool for the manufacturing processes is shewn
under two modifications, in Figs. 1 and 2, Sheet 3, of the accompanying
Drawings, Fig. 1 being an end elevation, and Fig. 2 a longitudinal section,
of one form of the apparatus. a, a, is a cylindrical vessel of metal or other
suitable material, provided with a door b, capable of being opened and closed
at pleasure. This vessel is furnished inside with projecting points c, c, c, and
upon its ends there are axes which are mounted to turn in bearings of a frame-
work d, d; the axes are hollow, and through them is passed a pipe e, e, one
end being connected to a reservoir of oil. The pipe is bent so as to occupy a
position in the upper part of the cylinder, in which situation it is provided
with a number of perforations. The wool to be oiled is placed within the
cylinder à through the door b, and the cylinder is then put in motion by means
of a strap passing around its periphery, or by any other ordinary arrangement.
The points c, c, will then agitate the locks of wool, so as to incorporate thein
equally with the oil which flows from the perforations of the pipe e, e. In the
modification represented at Fig. 3, the cylinder a is stationary, and within it
is placed a revolving agitator b. The wool to be oiled is placed in the case
through an opening c, there being a shield d above to prevent its being thrown
out by the revolutions of the arms b. The perforated pipe for supplying oil is
shewn at e, and at f there is a door through which the wool may be removed
when the process shall have been completed.
.
Our first improvement in roving frames is shewn in Figs. 11, 12, 13,
Sheet 1, Fig.11 being an elevation of a flyer (with one leg in section) constructed
upon our principle; Fig. 12, an edge view of the same; and Fig. 13, a section
of one leg thereof. To the upper part of the leg of the flyer, and within the
same, is brased, or otherwise attached, a spring a of steel or other suitable
material, the lower end of which passes through an eye formed in a piece 6,
which occupies a portion of the area of the leg so as to constitute a guide
or bearing, beyond which the presser is formed of the usual construction. The
bottom part of the leg is cut away at c, in order to admit of the necessary
motion of the presser, and prevent it from being turned too far. Upon the
presser being forced outward the tendency will of course be to turn the spring
piece a upon its centre; but as it is secured at its upper end to the leg of the
flyer, it will become twisted, and thus act as a torsion spring for affording
the necessary.pressure to the bobbin. We have described the presser as being

page_text: formed [in the same piece with the spring; but if desired it may be manu-
factured separately and of different materials, provided the necessary shape be
kept, and material used for giving an action upon the bobbin by the resistance
of elastic torsion. We have shewn our improved spring as applied to a single
presser; it is however, of course, equally applicable to flyers on the double-
presser principle.
Our second improvement in roving frames is shewn at Fig. 14, Sheet 1,
which is a sectional elevation of a spindle. It is of cast metal, solid at the
lower end, to form the step upon which it runs, but hollow above that portion.
The flyer may be attached in any convenient manner; but the method we adopt
is to fit it within the hollow part of the spindle, and confine it to its position
by means of a pin, for the passage of which a hole, as at a, is provided.
Our first improvement in spinning is represented in the accompanying
Drawings, at Fig. 15, Sheet 1, which is a partial cross section of a throstle.
a is the driving tin drum, the band from which passes over one side of an
intermediate guide drum b, and from thence to the warve c of one of the
spindles; after passing around this it is conducted to one d on the opposite side
of the frame, and returns to the drum a, passing this time over the other side
of the guide drum b. In order to keep the band in a direct course, the
drum is provided with wires, attached by soldering or otherwise, so as to
form guides, as shewn in the partial longitudinal view, Fig. 16. By this
arrangement it will be perceived that one band only is used for driving two
spindles, and that it passes on to and leaves the warves in a line nearly at right
angles to the spindles.
Our second improvement in spinning is represented at Figs. 17 & 18,
Sheet 1, which are two views of a throstle flyer constructed according to our
plan. At the bend of the flyer there is drilled or otherwise formed a hole a,
from which to the outside edge is cut a narrow slit through one of these, and
into a corresponding hole a the yarn is passed previously to its being coiled
around the leg of the flyer; by this arrangement it will always be kept from
contact with the flange of the bobbin.. Figs. 19 and 20 represent a modifica-
tion of this part of our improvement. In this instance there are formed at
each bend of the flyer two hooked-shaped projections c, c, under one of which
the yarn is conducted, as shewn by. the red line, instead of through the holes of
the firstly-described arrangement.
Our third improvement in spinning is shewn in the partial view of a throstle
frame at Fig. 4, Sheet 3. Beneath the guide-wire board there is a series of
projecting studs, as at a, one for each of the spindles of the frame. If the yarr.

page_text: should become snarled it will, when sufliciently elongated, arrive in contact with
its corresponding stud a, and will then immediately become severed, and thus
prevent a further accumulation of yarn.
Our fourth improvement in spinning is also shewn in the last-mentioned
Figure. b, *, are partitions extending from spring beam to spring beam, the
one enclosing the spindles between the bolster rail and step rail, the other
extending from the latter to the floor. By the application of these partitions
much dirt and other impurities will be prevented from entering the machine;
they are both provided with doors which may be opened at pleasure to inspect
the parts which they enclose.
Our fifth improvement in spinning machinery is shewn in Figs. 5 and 6,
Sheet 3, the former being a view in elevation of a throstle spindle and its
immediate appendages, and Fig. 6 a sectional plan view. The bobbin of the
ordinary construction is shewn at a, a, running upon a fixed rail b. The
copping rail is at c, c, through which the spindle freely passes, and to it are
affixed rods d, d, the upper ends of which carry a ring e, e, the internal
diameter of such ring being large enough to allow the bobbin when full to
revolve therein without contact. The yarn proceeds as usual through the curl
of the flyer, is thence conducted behind an additional leg 2, as shown by the
red line, and from thence over the surface of the ring e to the bobbin which
revolves upon the stationary rail b. The copping rail c, in rising and falling,
will carry with it the ring e, e, by which means the yarn will be. distributed
upon the bobbin. By. this arrangement it will be seen that we are enabled
to use a spindle much shorter than those usually employed, there being
merely a necessity for a length above the bolster rail equal to that of the
bobbin.
Our sixth improvement in spinning will be explained by reference to
Fig. 7, Sheet 3, which is a view in elevation of a throstle bobbin. By
inspecting the Drawing it will be perceived, that the flanges thereof are
hollowed out in two diameters, the distance from a to 6 being greater than
that from c to d. . By shifting this bobbin therefore, end for end, a greater or
less surface will be brought into contact with that upon which it revolves, and
a proportionate amount of drag effected.
Our seventh improvement in spinning, applicable also to preparing and
other operations where, revolving spindles are employed, is shewn at Fig. 21,
Sheet 1, which is a view of a portion of a throstle spindle. The spindle a is
drilled or otherwise provided with a small perforation, into which we place a
bristle, as shewn at b, b, and confine it in that position by means of plugging,
cement, or other convenient means. This bristle revolving with the spindle

page_text: will prevent waste, dirt, or other impurities from falling on to the foot bearing.
We have mentioned particularly the use of a bristle for this purpose, as it
possesses sufficient rigidity, and will at the same time yield to any obstacle,
but other substances may be employed in place thereof.
Our eighth improvement in throstle frames, applicable to other spinning and
also preparing machines, as is shewn in Figs. 1, 2, and 3, Sheet 4. The
spindle a is shewn running as usual in its foot bearing, to the rail of which is
attached (but so as to be removed readily at pleasure) a longitudinal pipe b.
This pipe extends throughout the range of spindles, opposite to each of which
there is a projecting spout c, the outward orifice of which is near the footstep
bearing. At one end of the pipe 6 there is a vessel d, the construction of
which will be seen by inspection of the detached sectional view upon an
enlarged scale, Fig. 3. This vessel is to be charged with the lubricating
material through the aperture e, which may then be closed. f is a piston, the
rod of which is formed as a screw, by turning which therefore the piston will
be moved downwards, and force the lubricating material through filters g, g, g,
and from thence through the channel into the pipe b, from whence it will be
expressed through the spouts c on to the footstep bearings, which will be thus
simultaneously lubricated. It will readily be perceived that this part of our
Invention may be applied in a similar manner to other machines where
revolving spindles are used, and that it may be adopted, not only for lubricating
the footstep bearings, but also those of other parts.
Our ninth improvement in spinning, applicable also to doubling, is shewn in
the several Figures of Sheet 5 of the accompanying Drawings; and as this
part of our improvements consists in a novel mode of producing and winding
yarns, we will first describe the principle of action by which one end is spun
and wound, and subsequently the application of a series to constitute an entire
frame. The arrangement of parts for winding on the yarn as spun is sub-
stantially the same as that of our coiling machinery, for which, as applied to
drawing frames, we obtained Letters Patent, bearing date on or about the
Fourteenth day of March, One thousand eight hundred and forty-four, and
which apparatus is now well known. The detached sectional view of one
spindle, and its immediate appendages, is shewn at Fig. 1. a, a, is a tube, the
bottom part whereof is enlarged into a boss b, within which there is formed a
cavity, excentric to its centre, as shewn in the bottoni view of the said boss at
Fig. 2. Within this circular cavity there is placed, so as to run freely therein,
a piece c, within which a channel d is formed, that communicates with the
interior of a tube e. This tube is provided with a warve f, and at its lower end
is furnished with a pinion g placed in geer with an internal pinion h, fórmed on

page_text: the interior periphery of the upper part of the piece c. Beneath the piece, c-is
placed a plate i, the boss of which is mounted so as to slide freely upon
a spindle j, but is caused to revolve therewith by means of a pin which projects
into a longitudinal grove k. The boss of the plate i is capable of sliding in a
rail 7, from which there extends a bracket m, such bracket being, bent at its
under part, so as to project under and form an abutment for a spiral spring n.
The rail l, during the operation of the machine, is forced upwards by means of
weighted levers, and will therefore press the plate i against the under surface
of the coiling plate c, through the medium of the spring n. The material to
be spun passes in the roving state through the usual drawing rollers, and
into the tube e; from thence it is conducted through the channel d, and
between the revolving piece cand plate i. Motion being communicated to the
tube a, the piece c being placed excentric thereto will be carried round, and in
so doing convey with it the material which has passed from the drawing rollers
into the tube e, and thus the necessary twist will be effected; at the same time
the pinion in the bottom of the tube e will, through the wlieel h,, cause the
piece c, which is the coiling plate, to turn upon its own centre, such motion, in
conjunction with a rotation of the plate i at a speed slightly varying from that
of the tube a and boss b, causing a coiling of the yarn to take place around the
spindle j, similar to the effect produced by our coiling machine, for which the
Letters Patent were granted to us, as aforesaid. As the coils of yarn. accu-
mulate, the plate i will be forced downward, carrying with it the weighted rail
through the intervention of the spring m, the spindle remaining in the same
position, and forming a centre around which the coils are deposited.
We will now proceed to describe the arrangement we adopt for operating
with a series of these springs and coiling tubes. Fig. 4 is a front elevation of
the machine; Fig. 5, a section; and Fig. 6, a plan view of the same.
On
the right-hand side of Fig. 5 we have omitted the spindles, in order more
clearly to shew some other parts, and on the left-hand side thereof we have,
for greater clearness, exhibited the spindles only; both sides of the frame,
however, when complete, being precisely similar in arrangement and con-
struction. The fast and loose driving pullies are shewn at A, upon the axle of
which is mounted a tin drum m, similar to that of an ordinary throstle frame,
communicating motion by means of geer to another n, so as to revolve at the
same speed. From the drum n an endless band proceeds to the warve o of
the tubes a, which run in rails p, p, the lower turn of such band being guided
by the upper part of the drum m, from which another band in like manner
communicates motion to the set of tubes on the opposite side of the frame,
which, as before stated, are not shewn in the Drawing. The warve o is formed

page_text: with two grooves, the upper one of which is provided with a band which com-
municates rotatory motion to a short shaft r, which carries at its lower end a
warve for the purpose of driving the spindle j. Upon the axle of the drum m is
a pinion t taking into a wheel u, which, through the intervention of wheels
v, w, communicates motion to the front delivering roller . This roller on the
opposite side of the machine is provided with a pulley y, over which a band
passes to another pulley, the shaft thereof carrying a small drum 1, connected
by gear to a similar drum 2, each of which are furnished with bands, which pass
over the warves f, for the purpose of driving the tubes e at either side of the
machine. The spindles turn in footstep bearings mounted in the rails 3, 3,
capable of sliding up and down in guides, and below them are placed shafts
4, 4, upon which are mounted cams 5; by turning therefore the shafts 4, 4,
the cams 5, and consequently spindles j, j, can be lowered at pleasure. The
rail 7, in which the boss of the plate i slides, extends across the machine, and
is capable of sliding up and down in guides, but is continuously pressed
upwards by weighted levers 6, 6, which turn upon a centre at 7, as seen in
Fig. 4. The weights for effecting this are not sliewn in the Drawing, but they
may be applied in any ordinary manner. We would also observe too, in
reference to this Figure, that the spindles are shewn without the springs n
and brackets m, they being omitted for the sake of shewing the levers 6, 6:
At each side of the frame, but shewn at the right hand only of Fig. 5, are
levers 7, 7, capable of turning only a fixed stud 8; the inward ends of these
levers are in contact with springs 9, 9, and, when in the position shewn in
the Drawing, lie in parts of the springs, which are slightly bent inwards.
Upon turning the levers 7, therefore, upon their studs the one way or the other,
the inward ends thereof will arrive in contact with a projecting part of the
spring; and, their outward ends being brought in contact with the plain surface
of the warve for boss b, they will act as a break upon the revolution of the
tubes e or a respectively, for which purpose it will be observed that there are
two tiers, each being on a level with the surface upon which it is intended to
operate. The operation of this machine is as follows:-The material, after
passing through the usual drawing head, is passed through the guides 10, and
from thence into the tube e, where it receives the necessary twisting, as
described in reference to Fig. 1, and is deposited upon the plate i. As the
coil accumulates the plate i is forced away from the surface of the coiling
plate e, carrying the rail with it against the pressure of the weighted levers 7, 1,
through the intervention of the spring k, and so the operation proceeds until
the desired thickness of coil shall have been effected. This having been
accomplished, and the machine thrown out of motion, the shafts y, y, are to be

page_text: turned so as to allow the rails x, a; and their series of spindles to be with-
drawn, and the coiled yarn doffed. In order to keep the coiling piece c in its
socket, when the plate i is withdrawn and the yarn doffed, it is provided with
a circular grove, within which are placed two pins 11, driven through the boss
6 of the tube a. In concluding the description of this part of our improve-
ments, we would remark that the same arrangement of novel parts,may be
used for doubling; the usual alterations: in the drawing head being made:
Our improvement in preparing yarns or threads for weaving is shewn.in
Figs. 4 and 5; Sheet 4. In the ordinary process of winding it is customary,
in the first operation; to transfer singly the yarns from the bobbins or spindles
upon which they are spun. According to our improvement we cause a number
of them to be wound together upon the same bobbin.. In order to effect this;
we place the bobbins or spindles in a frame as usual, a, Fig! 4, representing
one in such a position: The desired number of ends (say eight) are then
passed through a guide, as at b, and from thence to a bobbin c, this, bobbin
being one of a series, to each of which 'a like number of yarns from as many
bobbins or spindles are to be passed precisely after the manner of an ordinary
winding frame, excepting that in such known machine one end only" is', wound
upon each bobbin: The guide b has a traversing motion imparted to it, and
the winding on is effected after the manner of the usual machine above
mentioned, 'or those motions: may be effected by other ordinary apparatus, the
novelty of this 'part of, our process consisting: in winding a number of ends
at once upon the bobbin: This having been accomplished, the next' operation
will be that of getting the:' requisite quantity of yarns together to constitute
the required warp. In order to effect this, the bobbins. (each containing
several ends) are placed in a creel, and the yarns conducted therefrom through
a pair of rollers; as: shewn at d; in Fig. 5. Here they are divided into two
tiers, and alternately pass over and under rollers e; e, and from; thence through
healds ffff, to be subsequently wound upon a bobbin at;g; which, has
rotatory motion communicated to it by a surface.roller 9* driven from any
convenient part of the machine, or into a ball or other 'form that' be:
required. The division of the threads.at e will enable the attendant readily,
to detect a missing end, and in order that such imperfection may not pass
into the wound warp, aj stop motion apparatus.may be employed by allowing
the yarns to pass over and support apparatus similar to the "spoons" of stop
motions in drawing frames, and other well-known machines, which contrivance,
may also be applied to the first-described machine! of this 'part of our improve.
ments. The leash may be taken at the heald f, f, f, f, and the warp separated'
into the desired number of biers" at the "wraith" h:
may

page_text: Our first improvement in looms is shewn in Sheet 6. Fig. 1 is a partial
side elevation of a loom with the improved apparatus applied; Fig. 2 is a
back view of the same; and Fig. 3 is a representation of the hooks, needles,
and "knife boxes" detached. To the crank shaft a of the loom is attached
an outside crank a* to which a rod b, b, is connected, this rod being jointed
at its upper end to a lever c affixed to a transverse shaft d, d, which shaft
carries the levers e, e, connected at their upper ends to links f, f. These
links are jointed by pins to an arm that extends from the swinging frame g, g,
in which the ordinary perforated barrel is mounted, and over which the
pattern cards pass. Thus, by the revolution of the crank, the transverse
shaft d, d, will vibrate upon its centre, and, through the intervention of the
leverse and links f, cause the frame g to swing to and fro upon its centre.
The perforated barrel is formed, as usual, with corner studs, which are succes-
sively held by the hook h, so as to effect a change of the pattern cards, as
ordinarily practised, governed, however, as to the periods of its operation, as
hereafter to be described. The knife boxes are shewn at i, i, each one
mounted, independently of the other, upon guides j, j. To the upper end of
each of them is connected a lever k, such lever turning upon a fixed centre 1,
and carrying at its other end a rod m, which rod is affixed to the strap of an
eccentric n. These two excentrics are mounted at opposite sides of the centre
upon a shaft o, which derives rotatory motion from the crank shaft by means
of toothed wheels, by which arrangement the rods m, m, will be alternately
lifted, and, by turning the levers k, k, upon their centres l, will necessarily
raise and lower their respective "knife boxes." The shaft o is so geared as to
revolve at half the speed of the crank shaft; for every pick therefore of the
loom but one "knife box" will be raised, the other during such motion
being brought down, and vice versa. The pattern cards are pierced, as usual,
for the entire number of needles, that is, for both sets as divided by our
improvement; such piercings, however, represent two patterns, the alternate
rows belonging to respective sets of needles and hooks, inasmuch as each set is
to come into operation at separate picks of the loom, and as the knife boxes rise
alternately, the same card must advance twice in succession, instead of chang-
ing at each vibration as usual, that is to say, its first action upon the needles
must bring into operation one half of its piercings (or blank parts corre-
sponding thereto), so as to select the desired hooks of one knife box, and its
second effect, by the alternate rows of piercings or blank places, the selection
of the other. In order to effect this double action, the following contrivance
is adopted-To one of the levers k (say k*) a cord p is attached, which cord
passes under a guide pulley 9 and over another r, its lower end being affixed

page_text: to the hook h. By this arrangement the hook will be raised so as to be
prevented from holding a stud upon the pattern barrel at every motion of the
lever ; and as such motion takes place once for two vibrations of the
swinging frame g, the barrel will be prevented from revolving at every
alternate advance towards the needles. The warp threads are connected to
the hooks precisely in the same manner, and have lingoes applied, as in
ordinary Jacquard looms. According to the position of the parts shewn in the
Drawing, the pattern has been selected by alternate rows of piercings acting
upon the set of hooks A, the knife box belonging to which is ascending so as
to effect the shedding of the warp; the pattern barrel is, therefore, by means
of the crank a, retreating from the needles, and would, according to the
usual operation, turn upon its centre so as to bring a fresh card into operation
at the next selection; the vibration of the lever k* has, however, drawn up-
wards the cord p so as to lift the hook out of operation. The shed having been
opened, and the shuttle passed through the warp, the same card will there-
fore again advance towards the needles and select them in the usual manner,
by which time the knife box A will have commenced its descent, and that.
denoted by B will rise so as to carry up those hooks which have been selected,
and thus form a shed for another pick of the weft, during which operation
the pattern barrel will again retreat from the needles; but as that end of the
lever *, to which the cord p is attached, is then in a depressed position, the
hook h will be left down so as to lay hold of a stud, and thus effect a change
of card for the next selection of hooks A. We have stated that alternate
rows of piercings upon each pattern card belong respectively to the knife'
boxes A and B; by the foregoing description, however, it will be perceived
that both sets of needles are selected at each pick of the loom, nevertheless:
such selection is only available for shedding the warp as regards one such set,
inasmuch as but one knife box is ascending while the hooks are in position
to be lifted. We have in the foregoing description and Drawings referred to
certain arrangements of part for effecting the necessary motions of the machine;
we do not, however, intend to confine ourselves thereto, as the same may be
considerably varied without departing from the spirit of our Invention. We
would also observe that, if desired, our novel mode of working a Jacquard
apparatus may be altered, as occasion may require, so as to operate in the
usual manner, it being merely necessary for that purpose to remove the cord p,.
connect the two levers k, k*, and actuate them from one excentric placed
upon the crank shaft a; the two knife boxes will then rise simultaneously for
each pick of the loom, and the whole of the hooks be under command, as

page_text: usual. In effecting this change it will be necessary, however, to, alter the,
speed of the loom,, the chief advantage of our improvement being, that we
are enabled to work considerably, faster, than, is now practised.
Our second improvement in looms is, shewn in Figures 4 and, 5, Sheet 6,.
of the accompanying Drawings; the former being a partial section of a,loom,.
with the improvement applied; and Figure 5. a detached plan view of, the
same. The tappet shaft is shewn at a, a, upon which is mounted a pinion.b;
taking into another c mounted upon a short shaft d. This shaft has, two
cranks, e, e, formed thereon at opposite sides of the centre, and to either of
these is attached. one end of a strap f; f, which strap, after passing,over guide,
pullies g. 9, capable of turning loosely, upon a centre. pin h;. are, connected, at
their other ends to the "shafts" i, i;. the heddles j, j, are, suspended. by.cords.
upon a, pulley k. Motion being communicated through the tappet shaft aito
the shaft d, the straps attached thereto will cause the "shafts." i, i, alternately;
to. rise and fall, and so perform the necessary shedding of the warp by, an
uninterrupted action. We have shewn and described. our improvement.as.
applied to operating upon two sets of harness only, but it will be evident. that
the warp of fabrics requiring a greater number may be worked in the same
manner by using, a suitable number of cranks.or. excentrics,.similar to those
shewn at e, e..
Our third improvement in looms is shewn in Figures 6: and 7, Sheet 6,. in
which a is the work beam, and 6 the taking-up surface roller; against which
the work is to be pressed. by any of the usual methods. The roller b, it will.
be perceived; is fluted in two directions, and, will therefore, possess, by its
uneven surface, a firm hold of the fabric. Motion may be communicated.to
the roller by any of the usual taking-up apparatus.
Our fourth improvement in looms is shewn in Figure 4, Sheet 6, in. which
I is the breast beam over which the work passes, and from thence partly
around.a fluted roller in, and also in the contrary direction over the surface of
a plain roller n, to be wound upon the work beam 0,,which is mounted in a
slot formed in the framework of. the machine, and pressed upwards by..means
of any ordinary weight apparatus. The rollers m, n, are mounted. in fixed.
bearings, and are geared together so as to revolve at an uniform speed, and to
the upper one is connected the necessary taking-up motion. By this arrange-
ment the work will be wound upon the cloth.beam:
Our fifth improvement is shewn in the several, Figures of Sheet 7, Figure 1
being a partial section of a loom; Figure 2, a front view of one .side; and
Figure 3, a partial plan view. To one side of. the loom, and outside the reed,

page_text: is affixed a wire grating a, through which are passed a series of strands of
gutta percha, leather, or varnished yarn, or other material, b, b. These
strands are each of the form shewn in Figure 1, and are kept distended at
one end by means of a stretcher e, to which is connected, through a rod d, a
lever e, which turns upon a centre pin f, capable of moving in fixed centres.
Upon the rod fis connected a lever g, weighted at one end, and projecting at
the other over the "shafts" h. The strands 6 are connected beyond the
grating a to a bell-crank lever i, one arm of which is attached to a rod j,
which carries at its lower end a ball k. This ball occupies a position between
flanges formed upon two levers 7 and m, detached views of which are shewn
in Figures 4 and 5. The lever l is mounted loosely upon the axle of the
taking-up ratchet wheel 'n, and carries at its upper end a click o. The
lever m is also mounted loosely upon the same axle, and is provided at the top
with a projecting stud p. The ordinary tappet shaft is shewn at q, and upon
it there is a cam r, which, as it revolves, communicates a reciprocating motion
to a rod s, s, which rod is furnished with a projecting piece t. The operation
is as follows:-Should the weft thread be duly present, it will, upon being
thrown by the shuttle, be laid across the strands b, b, and upon the grating a, a,
moving forward with the slay, will afford a resistance so as to constitute a
medium for carrying forward the strands to the end of the beat, which motion
will turn the bell crank i upon its centre, and thereby lower the ball k' to a
position coincident with the bent end 1* of the lever. The rod s, then
advancing, will (through the medium of the said ball) cause the lever to turn
upon its centre, and thereby thrust forward the click o so as to effect the
taking-up motion. By this movement of the strands 6 the lever g will have
been turned upon its centre, the downward' motion of the "shafts" h³ per-
mitting such vibration. The return upwards, however, of the "shafts" will
restore the parts to the position' shewn in the Drawing, and thus the operation
will continue as long as the weft is duly present. Should it, however, be
broken, or otherwise absent, then, not being laid across the strands b, there
will be no medium by which the gratingla can carry them forward, but it will
advance along their divisions; and they will remain unmoved. The effect of
this will be, that no motion will be imparted, to the bell crank i, and therefore
the, ball will not descend, but occupy a position opposite to the lever m.
Upon the moving forward this time of the rod s the ball k will become a
medium for turning the lever m upon its centre of motion, and 'thereby bring
the projecting stud in contact with the ordinary spring lever n; and by
throwing it out of its notch, stop the operation of the machine in the usual
manner: At tlie same time that this effect has taken place, the failing of the

page_text: ball to act between the rods and lever will have prevented the click o from
moving, and thus, by the same operation, the motion of the work beam is
arrested.
Our sixth improvement is shewn in Sheet 8, Figure 1 being a partial
section of a loom; Figure 2, a front view of the same; and Figure 3, a
partial plan view. In this instance the strands b, b, before described are used.
Instead, however, of the grate a, which operates therewith, being stationary as
regards the slay, it is mounted in a framework which is attached to the upper
part of a lever c, a detached view of which, full size, is shewn at Figure 4.
This lever is capable of turning upon a centre pin d affixed to the sword of
the loom, upon which pin is also mounted a catch piece e. The strands are
not designed, according to this arrangement, to be carried forward by the
grate, and they are attached at one end to a stationary part of the frame-
work f; the other ends, passing over pullies 9, 9, are weighted as shewn in
Figure 1. The taking-up ratchet wheel is shewn at h, and the catch which
operates upon the same at i. It is mounted at one end of a lever j, which
lever turns upon a centre k, and is caused to vibrate by the action of a cam 7,
mounted upon the tappet shaft. From the framework of the loom is suspended
an arm m, carrying at its lower part a notched piece m*, upon which there is
also a projecting pin n, occupying a position immediately before an elongation of
the taking-up catch. The operation is as follows:-The shuttle is thrown, as
described with reference to our former arrangement, between the strands; and
as long as the weft thread is duly present, it will form an obstruction to the
grate a upon the beating up of the loom so as to turn the said grate upon its
centre of motion d. This vibration will raise the catch e, which will then pass
on clear of the notch m*. Should, however, the weft be absent, the grate
will pass beyond the junction of the strands b, and will not be turned upon its
centre d, by failing in which the catch e will not be raised, but move onward,
so as to arrive in contact with the notch piece m*, the pin n of which will
consequently cause the catch i to turn upon its centre, so as to be removed
from the ratchet wheel, and thus prevent a continuance of the taking-up
motion. At the same time, by this action the upper part of the catch i will
have been brought into a recess p, formed by one arm of a bell-crank lever g
which turns loosely upon a stud r, its upper end being furnished with a pro-
jecting pin s. The catch being in this position, that is, in the recess p, the
revolution of the tappet shaft will cause the catch i to be lifted, which motion,
instead of effecting a taking-up of the work, will cause the bell-crank lever q
to turn upon its centre, so as to bring the pin s in contact with the ordinary
spring lever A, which, being thus shifted from its notch, will effect the stopping

page_text: of the loom. In order to prevent any injury to the strands, should the shuttle
become trapped while in them, they are passed over pullies, and weighted as
described, so as to yield to the pressure.
Figure 5 shews a modification of the foregoing plan. In this instance,
instead of the strands of gutta percha, or such like material, a series of rigid
forks t, t, are employed, a detached plan view of which is shewn in Figure 6.
The grate a also, instead of turning upon a centre below, has its point of
vibration above, as it u.
Figure 7 represents a view of the grate detached. The series of forks t are
mounted so as to slide in the frame should the shuttle become trapped in
them, but are held sufficiently tight in their bearing to effect the vibration of
the slay during the proper working of the loom.
Our seventh improvement is shewn at Figures 8, 9, and 10, Sheet 8, which
represent a grating formed of metal or other suitable substance.
This grating
is to be placed in the shuttle race, at that part which is usually cut out for
the action of the "weft-detector apparatus," and is designed to form a bearing
for the rollers of the shuttle to run on, and at the same time admit the action
of the ordinary "fork," or the strands before described, by allowing them to
pass through its spaces.
Figure 6, Sheet 4, shews our eighth improvement in looms, it being a par-.
tial view, sufficient to shew the novel arrangement. a is a shaft upon which
the escapement wheel (shewn in elevation at Figure 7) is mounted for giving
off the warp in that class of looms where such motion is effected by the resis-
tance of the work to the reed, either on the vibrating reed or other principle.
On the under side of the ratchet wheel 6 (in this instance mounted on a vertical
shaft) are formed a series of inclined planes c, which, as they revolve, cause a
lever d to turn upon its centre at e. A portion of the sword arm is shewn at f,
to which a projecting piece 9 is attached. At every beat of the loom this
piece will arrive in contact with the boss of a click h, which is mounted upon
a stud carried by an arm i, capable of turning upon a centre pin j. The
click h takes into the teeth of a rack k, formed upon the bent part of a lever l,
so that at each motion of the slay the said lever is caused to turn upon a centre
at m, and is brought back at stated times, hereafter to be mentioned, by a
spring n, the click h being lifted to admit of this motion by the vibrations of
the lever d, the rising of which will also lift the detaining click o from the
rack. Suppose the arrangement to be so made that the ratchet wheel b is
caused to unwind the yarn at every fourth pick, the lever d will then be
caused to vibrate at corresponding intervals; but as the click h is driven
forward at every motion of the sword, the rack k will be advanced four teeth,

page_text: and the lever, turned upon its centre correspondingly, after which, the lever d
will come into .operation, so as, by lifting the catch, to allow the return of the
rack k. If, however, owing to the absence of weft, there should not be suffi-
cient resistance executed by the work upon the reed to effect a partial revo-
lution of the ratchet wheel b.at the proper time, then the lever d will not be
raised, so as to allow the return of the rack k, and the next vibration of the
sword will bring a pin p on the lever 7 in contact with the ordinary, spring
lever A, thereby thrusting it from its notch, and arresting the motion of the
loom.
..
Our improved method of cutting terry or looped fabrics we shall explain by
reference to the several Figures of Sheet 9 of the accompanying Drawings, of
which Figure 1 is a partial side elevation of a carpet loom, with the cutting
apparatus applied. Figure 2 is an end of the same; and Figures 3, 4, and 5
are detached views, drawn upon a larger scale, in order to shew the con
struction of the parts which operate immediately upon the fabric, Figure 3
being a cross section, Figure 4 a top view of the same, and Figure 5 a view
looking towards the left-hand side of Figure 3. To either side of the loom
framing is affixed a bracket a, to which is attached a transverse V-shaped
bar 6. Upon this bar is placed a piece c, so as to be capable of sliding freely
to and fro thereon. To this sliding piece is attached a bar d, d, which has
bosses e, e, e, formed thereon, such bosses being provided with,slots, through
which a series of cutters f,f,f, are passed. The form of these cutters will be
seen best by inspecting Figure 5. They are securely held in their proper
position, and are at the same time capable of adjustment, by means of
screws 9, 9, 9, which work in the bosses e, e. To the upper part of the
sliding piece c is affixed an endless strap h, which strap, after passing under
guide pullies i, i, is conducted over a drum j, j, which is mounted so as to be
capable of turning in bearings affixed to the upper part of the framework of
the loom. Upon one side of the drum j is affixed a toothed pinion k, the
teeth of which are in gear with those of a sector rack 1, formed upon one end
of a lever m. This lever turns upon a fixed centre n, and its other end is
connected to a rod o, o, which at its lower extremity is jointed to a lever p,
which lever turns upon a centre at q, and is provided with a stud projecting
into the groove of a cam r, mounted upon the tappet shaft of the loom.
Thus, by the ordinary revolution of the tappet shaft, the cam r will depress
and raise the lever p, which, through the intervention of the rod o, will cause.
the lever m to vibrate upon its centre, and thereby cause the toothed seg-
ment to impart a backward and forward partial rotatory motion to the pinion
k and drum i, which, carrying with it the strap h, will cause the knife carrier c.
l

page_text: to travel to and fro upon the fixed bar b. The work, woven in the ordinary
manner, either on wires or by other means, is passed over a stationary beam s;
from thence around a roller t to the work beam u; the loops, as they are
formed,, will therefore be brought successively under the range of the series of
cutters, which, starting from the outside of the selvage, will enter them at
intervals corresponding to each pick of the loom, and separate them at top, so
as to effect the required cutting. We apply one or more cutters to the
sliding piece.c, in order to prevent those loops which may be bent out. of the
right line from escaping their action, and they may be adjusted by washers.so
as to occupy lines parallel to each other, but at a slight distance.apart. In
some cases, however, one cutter only may be found to answer the purpose:
We have described this part of our improvements as applied to.a carpet loom.
It will be evident, however, that the same principle may be.adapted to those
of other constructions employed in the production of terry or other looped
fabrics. A modification of this part of our improvements is shewn at Fig. 6.
In this instance a cutter is employed similar to a pair of shears, v, v, being a
fixed jaw attached to the sliding piece c of the former machine, and carried in
like manner across the loom by a strap h. The bar a is, in this instance,
formed with corrugations on its under side, in contact with which there is a
pin w that projects from the upper jaw x, which jaw is capable of turning
upon a centre pin y. Upon the cutter being drawn across the fabric, as
described in reference to Figs. 1, 2, 3, the part will enter the line of loops,
and, as it moves onward, the pin w will traverse along the corrugations of the
bar b, by which means the upper jaw a will be caused to vibrate quickly upon
its centre of motion, so as to effect a cutting precisely similar to that of a pair
of shears, the pin w being kept in contact with the bar b by the pressure of a
spring.
We will now proceed to describe our method of cutting such fabrics as
aforesaid in the direction of their length. Our first plan of accomplishing
this is by means of a rotatory cutter, the form of which is shewn at Fig. 7:
It consists of a barrel a, upon which a series of cutters are mounted in a spiral
form, one of which is shewn with a portion of the barrel upon an enlarged
scale at Fig. 8. This apparatus is placed above a table, over which the
woven fabric is stretched previously to being wound upon the cloth beam, and
it has a rapid rotatory motion communicated to it from any suitable part of the
loom, by which means each loop will be taken by one or other of the blades.
and be severed as required.
Fig. 9 shews another made of cutting the fabric in the direction of its
length. In this instance a series of blades, one of which is shewn ata,

page_text: Fig. 9, are attached to a bar b, which bar slides at either side of the loom
upon an inclined plane piece c. To the under side of the bar 6 are connected
two bell-crank arms, one of which is seen at d, d. These arms at their other
ends are jointed to the sword of the loom, the vibrations whereof will therefore
cause the bar b, and consequently cutters a, to move to and fro, rising as they
advance, according to the angle of the inclined plane pieces c, c. The fabric,
as woven, passes over a flat-breast beam e, and during its progress comes
under the operation of the series of cutters, by which the loops will be severed.
The cutters a may be placed in one line across the width of the loom, or
a greater number may be employed by arranging them in several lines, each
one of a backward tier, occupying a position coincident with the space between
those of the forward series.
Our other improvement in cutting fabrics we effect by the employment of
the rotatory drum with spiral cutters, already described in reference to Fig. 7.
The fabric to be cut is wound upon a roller, and caused to pass over a table
upon which it is evenly distended, and from thence to another roller which has
a slow rotatory motion, through the agency of any ordinary machinery. The
rotatory cutter is mounted in bearings so as to occupy a position above the
table over which the fabric is distended, and by being caused to revolve
rapidly effects the required cutting. On commencing the operation the web of
cloth may be drawn on to the taking up roller by means of cords attached
to the fabric, a similar provision being made at the end thereof, so that the
cutting may extend throughout the length.
Our Invention relating to dressing or finishing hat plush is shewn at
Fig. 8, Sheet 3, and is an improvement upon a method of performing such
operation, for which a Patent was granted to David Cheetham and Edward
Briggs, bearing date on or about the Sixth day of June, One thousand eight
hundred and forty-four. The plush to be dressed or finished is wound upon a
cylinder a, from thence it passes around a hollow cylinder b, heated by gas,
steam, or other convenient means. During its passage along this surface it is
brushed by a rotatory brush of wire c, subsequently by one of bristle d, and
then operated upon by a revolving "lewer" e, after which it still proceeds along
the surface of the cylinder b, until arrived at the position of a guide roller f
around which it then passes, and, proceeding upwards, is conducted between a
heated cylinder g and a concave surface h, also heated by steam, gas, or other
means. Between these two surfaces it therefore becomes ironed, and thence
passes over a guide pulley i on to the table j, where it is again brushed
or "lewered" by revolving apparatus k, k, and finally passes on to a roller l.
The method of giving motion to the various rollers described may be arranged

page_text: in any ordinary manner. In the Drawing we suppose the driving shaft to be
at m, which, by means of a strap, communicates motion to the rollers c, d, e.
The revolving iron is driven from a pulley on the main shaft through the inter-
vention of a strap n, and the heating cylinder 6 by a strap o. The two brushes
or lewers k, k, are also actuated by a strap p, and we have represented the
roller l, upon which the finished work is wound, as s being put in motion by
means of a surface roller q, which is caused to revolve by a strap passing
around a pulley upon the shaft of the rotatory iron g.
We claim, in scutching machines, the application of an extra pair or pairs
of rollers for delivering the material in succession to the action of the scutcher.
In lap machines,―
Firstly, the application of a concave surface or surfaces, between which and
a roller the material passes previously to its being wound into a lap.
Secondly, the employment of a perforated pipe or other suitable apparatus
for conveying oleaginous substances or substitutes therefor to wool in process
of being wound into a lap.
In drawing frames,―
Firstly, the combination of our patent coiling tube, with a traversing can or
other receptacle for receiving the slivers.
Secondly, distributing the slivers into cans or other receptacles by means of
rollers traversing as described in reference to Figs. 5 and 6, Sheet I.
Thirdly, distributing the slivers into cans or other receptacles by means of a
reciprocating funnel, or otherwise suitably-shaped guide.
Fourthly, the employment of apparatus for raising simultaneously the whole
or a series of the weights used for giving pressure to the rollers. Also we
claim this part of our improvements as applied to other machines used in the
preparation and spinning of fibrous substances.
Fifthly, constructing the bearings for the "spoons" of "stop motions" in
series by casting or otherwise, also constructing such bearing within the "back
plate."
Sixthly, the application of a plate to the front drawing roller, for the purpose
above set forth.
Seventhly, the employment of the action of the stop motion, as a medium for
separating the feed rollers.
Eighthly, forming the revolving bar of stop motions in one piece, in place of
the ordinary moveable vanes.
Ninthly, causing the "feeler" of stop motions to vibrate, so as to be capable
of arriving in contact with either side of a "tumbler" or "spoon."

page_text: Tenthly, as applied to the patent "tumblers," of the aforesaid James Green
Gibson, causing the slivers to pass along the upper surface thereof, and also
placing the "tumblers" in such a position that the back plate will receive a
heavy sliver so as to relieve the tumbler from the weight thereof.
In oiling wool, we claim effecting such process within a revolving vessel, or
within a stationary vessel provided with moveable arms, or other agitating
apparatus.
In roving or stubbing frames,---
Firstly, the application of a presser spring placed within the leg or legs of
the flyer, and acting upon the principle of torsion.
Secondly, making the spindles of cast metal hollow, this part of our
improvements being also applicable to other preparing and spinning machines.
In throstle frames,-
Firstly, the arrangement for driving the spindles described with reference to
Fig. 15, Sheet 1.
Secondly, causing the yarn to pass through an eye or slot formed in the
upper part of the flyer.
Thirdly, the employment of apparatus for breaking off a snarl when formed
above the flyer.
Fourthly, the application of partitions in front of the frame in throstle or
doubling frames.
Fifthly, performing the copping of the yarn, by means of an annular guide
traversing the length of bobbin to be formed.
Sixthly, forming the flanges of bobbins of different areas, as regards their
frictional surfaces.
Seventhly, the application of a bristle or other substance, extending from
the spindle for the purpose above set forth. We claim also the application
of this part of our Invention to other spinning and also to preparing
machinery.
Eightly, the use of a pipe extending the length of the range of spindles, or a
portion of them, for the purpose of simultaneously lubricating the bearings.
Also, we claim the application of this part of our improvements to other
spinning and to preparing machines.
Ninthly, the coiling of yarns, either in spinning or doubling upon a plate, or
other receptacle, instead of winding the same upon bobbins or spindles, as
ordinarily practised; also the general arrangement of machinery for spinning
the yarns, as described therewith.
In winding yarns for weaving, transferring several threads into one bobbin,

page_text: and subsequently, winding or balling a number. of such compound bobbins,
in order to form a warp,, also winding a warp on to a bobbin. by surface
motion, described in reference to Fig. 5, Sheet 4.
.
In looms for weaving,-
Firstly, with reference to Jacquard machines, the use of two or more "knife
boxes," or other. apparatus moving independently of each other, and capable of
effecting a shedding of the warp alternately.
Secondly, as applied to looms generally, effecting a shedding of the warp by
means of cranks or excentrics.
Thirdly, the employment of a roller cut with grooves in cross. directions, for
effecting the.taking up of the work.
Fourthly, for the like purpose, the arrangement of rollers, shewn and
described in reference to Fig. 4, .Sheet 6.
Fifthly, and in reference. to the Figures of Sheet 7, the employment. of
a series of cords or strands, between which and a vibrating grate the shuttle
passes, for the purpose of enabling the weft thread to effect the taking-up
motion; also, as applied to the detection of the weft thread, constructing the
strands of gutta percha, leather, or varnished yarns; also, the general
arrangement and construction of machinery, described..with, reference to the
Figures of Sheet 7.
Sixthly, in reference to Figures of Sheet 8, the use of a grate vibrating
upon its own centre for the purpose of arresting the motion of the loom, and
preventing the continued taking up of the cloth in the absence of the weft;
also the use of the rigid forks t, described in reference to Fig. 5, Sheet 8.
Seventhly, the use of a grating for constituting a portion of the shuttle race
when "weft detectors are applied, in which an upright grid is used.
Eighthly, with reference to looms in which the letting off of the yarn is
effected by the pressure of the reed against the work, we claim the application
of a diminished amount of such pressure arising from the absence of weft
thread to the purpose of stopping the loom.
In cutting terry or looped fabrics,-
Firstly, the use of a cutter or cutters which operate upon the fabric as
it is produced in the loom, whether the loops of such fabric be formed by
terry wires or by other means. If by the former method we make no claim
to cutters unless distinct from and moving independently of the wires.
Secondly, the use of a series of cutters, arranged in a spiral form,
operating upon the fabric after it is removed from the loom, such spirally-
arranged cutters being also applicable as a modification of our firstly-claimed
method.