CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CEMENT
Year: 1853

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Benjamin Fullwood, of 28, Abbey Street
Bermondsey, in the County of Surrey, Manufacturing Chemist,
for the Invention of "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE
OF CEMENT."
Sealed the 18th April 1854, and dated the 14th December 1858.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Benjamin Fullwood
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition'
on the 14th December 1853.
I, BENJAMIN FULLWOOD, of 23, Abbey Street, Bermondsey, in the
County of Surrey, Manufacturing Chemist, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANU-
FACTURE OF CEMENT" to be as follows, that is to say :-
That I use, in addition to chalk and coals or other fuel for dissipating
the carbonic acid and other gases which are contained in the chalk;
certain proportion of sulphate of copper or iron,
Do. of zinc,
barytis,
Do.
Do.
manganese,
Do.
lead,
'Do.
antimony,
Do. sulphures pyrites,
Do. sulpher, or brimstone,

page_text: and all other sulphates capable of dissipating the gases contained in
the chalk.
In describing the way in which I carry the said improvement into
effect, I first lay about one ton of chalk at the bottom of the kiln, over
which I spread about 1 cwt. and of either of the above sulphates
previously pulverized into powder. Then I spread a sufficient layer of
coke for the purpose of burning on the top of the sulphate, and then
add another layer of chalk and another layer of sulphate and coke or
breese, and continue the same until the kiln is charged to the top.
Having now described the nature of my Invention, I wish it to be
distinctly understood that I do not confine myself to the precise
quantities of material used or the exact mode of laying them together,
so long as I keep within the general terms herein set forth.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Benjamin Fullwood in the Great Seal Patent
Office on the 14th June 1854.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I,
BENJAMIN FULLWOOD, 28, Abbey Street, Bermondsey, in the County of
Surrey, Manufacturing Chemist, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victorin, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Fourteenth day of December, in
the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-three,
in the seventeenth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and
successors, give and grant unto me, the said Benjamin Fullwood,
Her special licence that I, the said Benjamin Fullwood, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Benjamin
Fullwood, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any
time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times
thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully
might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an
Invention for "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CEMENT,"

page_text: upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Benjamin Full-
wood, by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal, should
particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention,
and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the
same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Benjamin Fullwood, do hereby
declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the
same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained
in and by the following statement thereof, that is to say :-
My Invention consists in manufacturing cement by calcining with
breese, coal, coke, or other like fuel, chalk or other carbonate of lime,
and a metallic or earthy sulphate, or a sulphuret or sulphur, or a
substance containing sulphur or sulphuric acid, in combination with a
metallic or carthy base. The sulphates which I employ are those of
copper, iron, zinc, manganese, lead, antimony, barytes, alumina, and
others capable of yielding up their combined sulphuric acid to lime
under the application of heat. I more usually employ the sulphates or
sulphurets of iron or copper.
The manner in which my Invention is performed is as follows:-I
make use of a kiln somewhat similar to a lime kiln, having a wide
orifice at top to facilitate the dispersion of the evolved carbonic acid. I
first lay about one ton of chalk or limestone at the bottom of the kiln,
over which I spread about one and a quarter hundredweights of either
of the above-named sulphates, or a quantity of sulphuret of iron or
copper, or of sulphur chemically equivalent thereto, such substance
having been previously reduced to powder. I then spread a layer of
about 1 cwts. of coal, coke, breese, or other like fuel on the powdered
substance, and then add another layer of chalk and another layer of
sulphate and fuel, and I continue this succession of layers until the
kiln is charged to the top, when I kindle the fire in the kiln and allow
the charge to calcine in the manner practised when burning limestone.
When the materials have been sufficiently calcined they are drawn from
the kiln, ground, sifted, and packed for use.
Instead of proceeding as before described, I sometimes, when a

page_text: sulphate is used, dissolve it in water and immerse the chalk therein, so
as to cause it to become saturated with the solution before placing it in
the kiln for calcination.
I do not confine myself to the use of the exact proportions of materials
above specified, although I consider those laid down to be, perhaps,
the best for ordinary purposes.
And having now described the nature of my said Invention, and
in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I
claim as my Invention is,―
The manufacture of cement by calcining with breese, coal, coke, or
other like fuel, chalk, or other carbonate of lime, and a metallic or
carthy sulphate, or a sulphuret or sulphur, or a compound of sulphur
or sulphuric acid, with an earthy or metallic base, as herein-before
described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Benjamin Fullwood, have here- 1
unto set my hand and seal, this Fourteenth day of June, One
thousand eight hundred and fifty-four.
BENJ FULLWOOD. (L.S.)