AN IMPROVED METHOD OF UTILIZING HEAT AS A MOTOR THROUGH THE MEDIUM OF ELASTIC FLUIDS AND APPARATUS PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION
Year: 1882

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Hermann Gruson, Councillor of Commerce of Buckau
near Magdeburg in Prussia and Richard Handrick, Engineer, of Buckau
aforesaid for an Invention of "AN IMPROVED METHOD OF UTILIZING HEAT
AS A MOTOR THROUGH THE MEDIUM OF ELASTIC FLUIDS AND APPARATUS
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Hermann Gruson and
Richard Handrick at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the
27th September 1882.
HERMANN GRUSON, Councillor of Commerce of Buckau near Magdeburg in
Prussia and RICHARD HANDRICK, Engineer of Buckau aforesaid "AN IMPROVED
METHOD OF UTILIZING HEAT AS A MOTOR THROUGH THE MEDIUM OF ELASTIC FLUIDS
AND APPARATUS THEREFOR
1
This Invention relates to an improved method of utilizing heat which bitherto
has been wasted, for driving engines, or the like, whereby the heat is so completely
converted into mechanical power that only the amount incidental to the construction
of such engines is lost.
According to this invention we employ an injector for forcing into a receiver
the elastic vapour (after it has spent itself in driving an engine or motor) not
in a condensed state, but in an elastic or gaseous form and thus render again
useful the heat, which hitherto escaped unused from the engine for the further
maintenance of the same. It will thus be seen that this invention is constructed
upon the mechanical principle which forms the basis of the "Giffard" injector, that
is to say, the application of this injector for the suction and forcing of vapours and
gases.
In the "Giffard" injector, vapour (generally steam) at a greater or less, pressure,
flows over a vessel in which there is a liquid (generally water) whose temperature
is so regulated that the said vapour is condensed on coming into contact with the
liquid. In consequence of this condensation the volume of the vapour is diminished
D31

page_text: whilst its velocity or momentum remains unaltered, and thereby the fluid particles,
formerly gaseous, are able not only to force themselves into a vessel or boiler in
which there is steam at a high pressure, but also to carry with them into the same,
other fluid particles.
In "Giffard" injectors, as hitherto constructed, this principle was made use of only
for the suction of a liquid for the purpose of feeding a boiler; but theoretically
it may be seen that an elastic or gaseous fluid under certain conditions will follow
the given impulse and be driven into a receiver or vessel under pressure when the
main condition of diminution of volume of the gaseous fluid is fulfilled. This is
the case when the vapour working the injector is of such a temperature that it
condenses on coming into contact with the vapour used for the working of the
engine; an apparatus constructed upon this principle works upon the condition,
that two sorts of vapours, condensing at different temperatures, are made use of for
the injector, and the motor such that the vapour of the injector condenses on
contact with the vapour of the motor. It is thus clear that under such conditions
the vapour emerging from the engine without being condensed can be forced into
the receiver and again used for driving an engine, or the like.
The correctness of these conclusions is ascertained by analytic searches as well
as by practical trials made on a steam-engine
In constructing apparatus for carrying this invention into practice we provide
a receiver for holding vapour for working the motor; a boiler for generating vapour
for working the injector; and an injector. The vapour for working the engine is
conveyed to the cylinder through a pipe, and through another pipe the exhaust-
vapour is conveyed to the injector, and thence again to the said receiver.
The injector may, on account of its conducting the vapour back to the receiver,
and at the same time regenerating it be called a regenerating injector.
The construction of the apparatus will vary according to the nature of the
two kinds of vapour which are used, but the main principle remains the same in
all cases.
Should, for instance, the regenerating injector be required to conduct the exhaust
steam of a common steam engine, back to the receiver, the injector would have
to be worked by means of a vapour which condenses on contact with steam,
for instance with mercury or some other vapours that condense at a high
temperature.
Practically the invention would be of little use under these circumstances on
account of the high temperatures of condensation and the disadvantage attendant
upon the production of such temperature. It is much more preferable to work the
engine with vapours condensing at a lower temperature than steam, and to use
steam or vapours of similar nature to work the injector. For instance, for working
the motor or engine ether, alcohol, acetone, chloroform, chloride of carbon, sulphuret
of carbon, ammonia, sulphuric acid, and the like can be employed, because on
contact with the vapour of these steam condenses.
The source of actual heat and work is the injector boiler, inasmuch as the injector
restores the heat which is thus again converted into work in the engine or motor;
it also restores that which is lost through radiation and this theoretically keeps up
the vapour in the receiver to its proper pressure without its being necessary to
conduct more heat to the said receiver.
The working of the apparatus is regulated by the pressure and low temperature
of the boiler vapours which latter must be of such a temperature as to allow the
injector vapours to condense on coming into contact with it; it follows that instead
of the boiler vapour, an incondensable gas can be taken if it be mechanically
compressed at a low temperature into the receiver.
If atmospheric air is to be used, the boiler of an engine of any ordinary con-
struction, which in this instance corresponds with the receiver, is filled by hand-
pumps or other suitable means with compressed air which has a pressure equal to
the steam pressure before used. In the injector boiler steam is generated. Through
a pipe the compressed air is conveyed to the cylinder of the engine, and through

page_text: another pipe the exhaust air reaches the injector where it condenses the st.am
and is again compressed by the said injector into the receiver. The condensed
vapour that enters the receiver at the same time gathers at the bottom of the
vessel and is pumped out by means of a pump into the injector boiler.
As the injector, in consequence of its not being perfect in its action requires more
steam than should theoretically be conducted to it during its operation to ensure
permanency, it is necessary to get rid of the superfluous beat which it' generates;
this is accomplished by means of a cooling apparatus from which the exhaust pipe
is constantly watered. The apparatus is simplified, if, instead of the exhaust air,
fresh air is continuously fed into the receiver through the injector and the exhaust
air allowed to escape. In this case the exhaust-pipe and the cooling apparatus
can be dispensed with and in their stead openings are formed in the injector and
in the motor for the admission of the fresh, and expulsion of the exhaust, air, the
other parts of the apparatus being unchanged. Another modification of the
apparatus is advantageous under certain circumstances; it consists in assisting
the cooling capacity of the air in the receiver by injecting water.
In this case
a more rapid condensation of the steam, and a quicker development of pressure in
the said receiver, results, whilst, on the other hand, there is a larger quantity of
water to pump out of the said receiver.
A certain loss of pressure on account of imperfect construction is unavoidable.
This can be restored by means of a small force-pump to be driven from the crank-
shaft of the engine.
If ammoniacal gas is to be the driving vapour of the engine or motor, the
receiver is filled with a solution of sal ammoniac which latter is heated by means
of a steam pipe from the boiler, to such a temperature that ammoniacal gas is
formed. The condensed water is taken away by means of a pump. The com-
pressed gas reaches the cylinder of the engine through a pipe, and the exhaust
gas is conveyed through another pipe to the injector which returns it to the said
receiver. The small unavoidable loss of gas is replaced by a pump forcing some
sal ammoniac into the receiver.
Instead of the ammoniacal gas, as already stated, any other gas of similar
properties can be made use of.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said Hermann Gruson and Richard Handrick in the Great Seal. Patent
Office on the 27th March 1883.
:
HERMANN GRUSON, Councillor of Commerce, of Buckau, near Magdeburg, in
Prussia, and RICHARD HANDRICK, Engineer, of Buckau aforesaid; "AN IMPROVED
METHOD OF UTILIZING HEAT AS A MOTOR THROUGH THE MEDIUM OF ELASTIC FLUIDS,
AND APPARATUS THEREFOR
"
Our invention relates to an improved method of, and apparatus for, utilizing heat
for driving engines or the like, whereby the heat is so completely converted into
mechanical power that only the loss incidental to the imperfections in the
construction of such engines is incurred.
According to our invention we employ an injector for forcing back into a
receiver, the vapour which has been used for driving an engine or motor, not in
a condensed state, but in an elastic or gaseous form, so that the heat, which
hitherto escaped unused from the engine, can be utilized for the further working
of the same.. It will therefore be seen that this invention is based upon the
same mechanical principle as the Giffard injector, that is to say, it comprises the
application of an injector for the suction and impulsion of vapours and gases, as
hereinafter set forth.
In the Giffard injector, vapour (usually steam), at a greater or less. pressure, flows
through a vessel in which there is a liquid (generally water) whose temperature
is so regulated, that the said vapour is condensed on coming into contact with the
liquid. In consequence of this condensation, the volume of the vapour is
diminished, whilst its velocity or momentum remains unaltered, and the liquid
particles, formerly gaseous, can therefore not only enter a vessel or boiler in which
there is steam at a high pressure but can also carry with them into the said
vessel or boiler other fluid particles.
In Giffard injectors as hitherto constructed this principle is made use of only
for the suction of a liquid for the purpose of feeding a boiler; but theoretically
it will be seen that an elastic or gaseous fluid, under certain conditions,
must follow the given impulse and be driven into a receiver or vessel under
pressure, when the main condition of diminution of volume of the gaseous fluid is
fulfilled. This is the case when the vapour operating the injector is of such nature
that it condenses on coming into contact with the vapour used for driving the
engine; an apparatus constructed upon this principle will operate if two sorts of
vapours, condensing at different temperatures, are employed, one for operating the
injector and the other for driving the engine or motor. It is evident that, under
such conditions, the vapour emerging from the engine, can, without being
condensed, be forced into the receiver, and again used for driving the engine or
the like. The correctness of the conclusions before mentioned has been ascertained
by analytical researches as well as by numerous practical trials made with a steam-
engine.
Suitable apparatus for carrying our invention into effect is illustrated in the
accompanying drawing, in which
Figure 1 represents, in sectional elevation, apparatus chiefly designed for use
with compressed air as the motive power.
´ Figure 2 represents, in sectional elevation, apparatus for use with ammoniacal gas
as the motive power.
A represents the receiver for holding vapour for driving the engine or motor;
B the boiler for generating vapour for operating the injector, and C the injector.

page_text: The vapour for driving the engine is conveyed to the cylinder through the pipe D;
and the exhaust vapour is conveyed through the pipe E to the injector, and thence
to the receiver A.
The injector, as it conducts the vapour back to the receiver, and, at the same
time, regenerates it, may be called a regenerating injector.
The construction of the apparatus will vary according to the nature of the two
kinds of vapour employed, but the main principle remains the same in all cases.
For example, if the regenerating injector is required to conduct the exhaust steam
of an ordinary steam engine back to the boiler, the said injector would require to
be operated by means of a vapour which condenses on coming into contact with
steam, such as mercury or some other vapours that condense at a high temperature.
Practically the invention would be of little use under these circumstances on
account of the high temperatures of condensation, and the disadvantages attendant
upon the production of such temperature. It is preferable to drive the engine by
means of vapours which condense at a lower temperature than steam and to use
steam, or vapours of similar nature, to operate the injector. For instance, for
driving the engine or motor, ether, alcohol, acetone, chloroform, chloride of carbon,
sulphuret of carbon, ammonia, sulphuric acid, and the like can be employed,
because steam condenses on coming into contact with the vapour of either of these
substances.
The actual source of heat and work is therefore the injector boiler B, inasmuch
as the injector replaces the heat which is converted into work in the engine or
motor, and also that which is lost through radiation and this theoretically maintains
the vapour in the receiver A at its proper pressure without a further supply of heat
being necessary.
As the working of the apparatus is regulated by the pressure and low tem-
perature of the vapour for driving the engine, which vapour must be of such
temperature as to allow the injector vapour to condense on coming into contact
with it, it follows that instead of the vapour for driving the engine, an uncondensable
gas can be employed if it is mechanically compressed, at a low temperature, into
the receiver A.
Figure 1 represents an apparatus in which atmospheric air can be used. The
boiler or receiver A of an engine of any construction is filled by hand pumps or
other suitable means with compressed air, which, like the steam above described, is
maintained at a uniform pressure. In the boiler B, steam is generated. The
compressed air is conveyed through the pipe D to the cylinder of the engine and
the exhaust air is conducted through the pipe E to the injector where it condenses
the steam passing through the pipe F and is again compressed or forced by the
said injector into the receiver A. The condensed vapour that enters the receiver
A at the same time gathers at the bottom of the vessel, and is withdrawn by
means of the pump G and fed into the boiler B.
As the injector, by reason of its not being perfect in its action, requires more
steam than should theoretically be conducted to it during its operation to ensure
its continuous action, it is necessary to get rid of the superfluous heat from such
steam; this is accomplished by means of a cooling apparatus H from which water
is caused to flow over the exhaust pipe E. The apparatus is simplified if, instead
of the exhaust air, fresh air is continuously fed into the receiver through the
injector, and the exhaust air is allowed to escape. In this case, the pipe E and the
cooling apparatus are dispensed with, and openings are formed in the injector and
in the motor; for the admission of the fresh air, and for the expulsion of the exhaust
air, the other parts of the apparatus being unchanged. According to another
modification of the said invention which is advantageous under certain circum-
stances, the cooling capacity of the air in the receiver is assisted by injecting
water. In this case, on the one hand a more rapid condensation of the steain and
development of pressure in the receiver A are obtained, whilst, on the other hand,
there is a larger quantity of water to pump out of the said receiver.
A certain loss of pressure, on account of imperfect construction, is unavoidable.

page_text: This can be restored by means of a small force pump J driven from the crank-shaft
of the engine.
In Figure 2 is illustrated an apparatus in which ammoniacal gas can be employed
as the driving vapour of the engine or motor. The receiver A is connected with
the boiler B and these are similar in construction to the receiver and boiler A and
B Figure 1. The receiver A' is filled with a solution of sal ammoniac, which is
heated by means of a steam pipe from the boiler B' to such a temperature that
ammoniacal gas is formed. The water formed is removed by means of a pump G.
The compressed gas is conducted to the cylinder of the engine through a pipe D¹
and the exhaust gas is conveyed through the pipe E¹ to the injector C¹ which
returns it to the receiver A¹. The small amount of gas unavoidably lost is
replaced by means of the pump J¹ which forces some sal ammoniac into the
receiver.
Instead of the ammoniacal gas, any other gas of similar properties can be
employed.
Having thus fully described our said Invention and the manner of performing
the same, we wish it understood that we Claim
:
First The employment of two elastic fluids which condense at different tem-
peratures, one of the said fluids being compressed in a receiver for driving an engine
or motor, whilst the other fluid is brought, by means of an injector, into contact
with, and is condensed by, the exhaust fluid from the engine or motor, or an elastic
fluid of similar nature, and forces the same into the receiver, substantially as, and
for the purpose, set forth.
Second. In combination with an apparatus for driving an engine or motor by
the use of two elastic fluids as herein before set forth, the means for cooling and
condensing the exhaust vapour before it enters the injector, substantially as
described.
In Witness whereof we the said Hermann Gruson and Richard Handrick
have hereunto set our hands and seals this twentieth day of March in the
year of Our Lord One thousand eight hundred and eighty three