An Act to amend the Law touching Letters Patent for Inventions
Year: 1857

page_text: En the Matter of a Patent granted to AMORY FAIRBANKS SHERMAN, of
the City of Roxbury, in the County of Norfolk, in the State
of Massachusetts, in the United States of America, but lately
residing in Liverpool, in the County of Lancaster, Civil Engineer.
DISCLAIMER AND MEMORANDUM OF ALTERATION proposed to be filed
in the Great Seal Patent Office by JOSEPH HARGER, of Oxton, in the County
of Chester, Gentleman, Assignee of the said Letters Patent, pursuant to
the provisions of an Act passed in a Session of Parliament held in the
fifth and sixth years of the reign of His late Majesty King William the
Fourth, intituled "An Act to amend the Law touching Letters Patent
for Inventions," and also the "Patent Law Amendment Act, 1852."
WHEREAS Her most Gracious Majesty Queen Victoria was pleased to
grant unto the said Amory Fairbanks Sherman Her Letters Patent,
bearing date the Twenty-first day of April, in the year of our Lord One
housand eight hundred and fifty-seven, whereby she did, for Herself, Her
eirs and successors, give and grant unto the said. Amory Fairbanks Shermau,
Her special license that he, the said Amory Fairbanks Sherman, his executors,
dministrators, and assigns, or such others as he, the said Amory Fairbanks
Sherman, should at any time agree with, during the term therein expressed,
hould and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Treland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of
Man, au Invention intituled "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR THE MANUFACTURE

page_text: OP ROPES, STRANDS FOR ROPES, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES," and he, the said Amory
Fairbanks Sherman, having, in compliance with a condition contained in the
said Letters Patent, duly filed in the Great Seal Patent Office an instru-
ment in writing under his hand and seal, particularly described and ascertained
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be
performed.
Since filing the said Specification, it hath appeared to me, the said Joseph
Harger, and I now beleive, that the said Amory Fairbanks Sherman was not
the first Inventor of that portion or portions of the said Invention which
relates to so much of the descriptive portion of the Specification of the said
Invention as relates to the use or application of the self-acting expanding
and contracting tube therein described, for drawing through and forming
strands for ropes and other purposes when applied otherwise than in combi-
nation with the other parts of the said Invention, and which are contained in
the following words:-Figure 7 shews an enlarged side elevation of one
modification of my improved expanding and contracting drawing or forming
tube, having a sliding tongue picco acted upon by a spring; Figure 8 is
"a top view, and Figure 9 an horizontal section of the same. Figures 10
and 11 shew another modification of my improved drawing or forming
tube, which consists of two suitably formed pieces of metal enclosed within
a small box, one of the metal dies being acted upon by a spring, which
can be regulated from the outside of its enclosure by a small set screw acting
against the spring. The openings on the tops of these tubes are enlarged
sufficiently to admit the shank of a trumpet-mouthed collar or ring through
which the yarns pass through and down the expanding portion of the tube;
and also the Drawings annexed thereto, which are marked Figure 7, Figure 8,
Figure 9, Figure 10, and Figure 11, to which the foregoing words relate, and
the following reference thereunto contained therein.
Y (Figuers 8 and 9), sliding tongue in drawing the tube, which is pressed
inward by Z, a curved spring.
a' and a (Figures 10 and 11) are two dies or pieces of metal, forming a
drawing tube, and fitted within a small enclosure on the top of the rotating
tables, a being acted upon by &, a set screw.
I, the said Joseph Harger, do hereby disclaim and withdraw the following
claim contained in the Specification of the said Patent, namely,―
66
Fourthly, the use of self-acting expanding and contracting tubes for
forming strands, as herein-before described, or any mere modification of
the same."
Now I, the said Joseph Harger, having now withdrawn and disclaimed such

page_text: portions of the said Invention which I now beleive were not new at the time
of granting tho said Letters Patent, do hereby declare that the said Specifi-
cation, when so amended, will read as follows (that is to say)
This Invention consists in the application of certain simple arrangements of
machinery for making strands and rope of the kind called "formed rope," and
which can be used for making similar strands to be used for other purposes,
where hemp, cotton, or any fibrous or other material or materials are used,
and whether there is one or more layers or yarns or other material or materials
required to be used or not, and which may be formed with or without a
"core" or "heart." The usual method of forming such strands is by mounting
the bobbins containing the yarn upon spindles or axles, so that they turn on
their own centres in stationary frames or racks, by which arrangement the
yarns are left to run off very loosely when hauled down. The yarns are then
passed through the holes of a guage plate fitted at the back of the tube, which
is used to form the strand. The yarn then being passed through the tube on
to the hook or forelock of the spindle of the machine, used for the purpose of
putting in the turns or twist whilst it is being hauled down the walk or ropery
previous to laying what is called half hard, by which the bobbins running on
their own centres, allow each thread to retain its own individual twist or
tortion. In the ordinary way of manufacturing and forming strands, or
"hauling down," the yarn or other materials in the centre portion does not
obtain sufficient twist or lay to obtain the greatest amount of strength
obtainable from the material used, and it is requisite to have a long building
or rope walk to perform the operation.
Now, the object of this Invention is to obviate the necessity of the use of a
long building or rope walk, and to obtain the requisite amount of twist in the
strands and formed ropes, to insure the greatest amount of strength from the
material or materials used, and adapting the machinery to produce rope and
strand for rope of any required size.
These improvements I accomplish by mounting the bobbins, upon which the
hemp or other material is wound upon spindles projecting from rotating
tables, which are mounted upon hollow shafts, and placed one above another
when placed horizontally, or one at the back of the other when the faces of
the tables are placed vertically. As many bobbins are placed on the spindles
of each table as will be required in each layer of yarns or other material,
according to the size of strand or rope to be made. The ends of the yarns !
then pass through the holes of a draw plate fixed above the opening in the
hollow shaft of the table, thence through a tube in the centre of the table,
which I make to correspond with quantity of material going through, and the

page_text: size of the strand required; I then pass the yarn through a suitably sized hole
in the centre of the draw plate of the second table, aud into and through the
centre of the tube of the second table. The ends of the yarn on the bobbins
of the second table I then carry through the holes of the draw plate and
tube to be fitted thereto, and thence I convey them through a like draw plate
and tube connected to the third table, which is also supplied with yarn
bobbins in the same way as the others; the finished strand being drawn
from the tubo of the last table, and wound upon a reel ready for use. Any
number of tables with their appurtainances may be used, and they can be
driven at various speeds and in reverse directions, and it is preferred to drive
the first table faster than the second, and the second faster than the third, and
so on, as by that arrangement a greater number of turns or twists can be put
into the smaller layers of yarn, thereby securing the greatest amount of
strength from a given quantity of material, and by causing the first table or
tables to revolve one way and the others in the reverse direction, a strand or
rope will be formed that will not be liable to knot up or kink.
To lay strands into rope I take as many recls containing the strands as are
necessary to form the rope, and place them in the fliers of a solar system
machine, or in a stationary machine, and put in the after turn or lay with a
flyer having a reel attached. The strands may be formed and laid into a rope
at the same time and in the same way by putting in the "half hard" when
the strands are formed, and then putting in the additional turns required to
form "hard," by passing the strands through a flier having drawing rolls
attached before being laid into rope, which can be done either by "stationary"
or solar system machine. In some cases I prefer to use several of the rotating
tables mounted upon one shaft, having only one guage plate and drawing tube
for passing through the whole of the yarn from all the tables.
That my said improvements may be the more readily seen and understood,
I have hereunto annexed Drawings of so much of the machinery as will be
requisite to illustrate the practical application of the Invention. Like letters
and figures marked thereon have references to similar parts.
Figure 1 is an elevation of one of the modifications of my improved machine
for forming strands for ropes and other purposes, having two sets of tables for
the yarn bobbins (of four tables each), and which revolve in opposite direc-
tions; Figure 2 shows a sectional side elevation of the same, and a side
elevation of the frame, upon which large reels are mounted to receive the
finished strands; Figure 3 is a plan of the top of the machine, with two of
the reel, tables removed to expose the wheels by which they are worked;
Figure 4 is an horizontal sectional plan of the same, taken on a line from A

page_text: to B, Figures 1 and 2; Figure 5 is a sectional elevation of two of the
rotating bobbin tables, showing the directions taken by the yarn through the
guage plates and drawing tubes'; Figure 6 is an elevation of three tables
mounted upon one shaft, and having only one guage plate and drawing
tube.
A, framework; B, main shafts; C, bevel wheels on main. shafts, which
gear into D, bevel wheels on the bottom of E, upwright shafts, on the top of
which is F, driving wheels, which take into G, intermediate wheels, each of
which, according to this modification, actuate two tables, and gear into H,
wheels on the hollow shafts, which carry the rotating tables; I, the rotating
tables, shown with six yarn bobbins mounted on each; K, the yarn bobbins,
which are loose on their spindle; L, the yarn, the ends of which are passed
through M, circular draw plates in the centre of the tables, and down through
N, forming or drawing tubes, and O, hollow shafts upon which the revolving
tables are mounted, and out of the lower ends of which passes P, the partially
formed strands, which pass down through the centre of the hollow shafts of
the lower tables, where they are surrounded by an additional layer of yarns
from the reels on the lower table; Q, formed strands, which pass over R,
capstan pullies formed with polygonal rims, and having a V-shaped groove cut
in the face of the edge to receive the finished strands.. The two outer ones of
the sets of four run loose on their axis; S, pinion wheel on the end of driving
shaft, which actuates T, intermediate wheels and pinion, which actuate V, the
driving wheels on the end of the capstan shafts; W, the large reels upon
which the finished strands are wound for use; X, small trumpet-mouthed
collar or ring on the top of the drawing tubes.
Having now fully described my said Invention and how the same may be
performed, I wish it to be understood that I do not confine myself to the
precise details, as the same may be variously modified without departing from
the Invention; but what I do claim is,―
Firstly, the use of rotating tables carring the yarn bobbins, for the purpose
of forming strands for ropes and other purposes, as herein-before described.
Secondly, the forming of strands by layers of yarns, each layer of which have
various aniounts of twist or turn, as herein-before described.
Thirdly, the forming of strands from layers of yarns running in reverso or
different directions, as herein-before described.
Fourthly, the use of capstans for drawing down the strands from the forming
tubes, which have V-shaped grooves on the edges of pullies having polygonal
rims, as berein-before described.
Fifthly, the "hardening" of strands from "half hard" to "hard" in the

page_text: laying of ropes, as herein-before described, by means of an additional flier,
having drawing rolls attached thereto.
And, lastly, the combinations of the various parts herein-before described
for making ropes and strands for ropes, and other. purposes.
In witness whereof, I, the said Joseph Harger, have hereunto set my
hand and affixed my seal, this Twenty-sixth day of February, in tho
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-nine.
JOSEPH (L.s.) HARGER.
Witness,
WILLIAM WALKER,
of 44, Castle Street, Liverpool, and
16, Norfolk Street, Strand, London, W.C.

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Amory Fairbanks Sherman, of the City of Roxbury,.
in the County of Norfolk, in the State of Massachusetts, in the United
States of America, but at present residing in Liverpool, in the County
of Lancaster, Civil Engineer, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN
MACHINERY FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF ROPES, STRANDS FOR ROPES, AND FOR
OTHER PURPOSES."
Sealed the 10th July 1857, and dated the 21st April 1857.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Amory Fairbanks Sherman
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
21st April 1857.
I, AMORY FAIRBANKS SHERMAN, of the City of Roxbury, in the County of
Norfolk, in the State of Massachusetts, in the United States of America, but
at present residing in Liverpool, in the County of Lancaster, Civil Engineer,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
MACHINERY FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF ROPES, STRANDS FOR ROPES, AND FOR OTHER
PURPOSES," to be as follows:
This Invention consists in the application of certain simple arrangements of
machinery for making strands and rope of the kind called "formed rope," and

page_text: which can be used for making similar strands to be used for other purposes,
when hemp, cotton, or any fibrous or other material or materials are used, and
whether there is one or more layers of yarns or other material or materials
required to be used or not, and which may be formed with or without a core or
heart.
The usual method of forming such strands is by mounting the bobbins
containing the yarn upon spindles or axles, so that they turn on their own
centres in stationary frames or racks, by which arrangement the yarns are left
to run off very loosely when "hauled down." The yarns are then passed
through the holes of a gage plate fitted on the back of a tube, which is used
to form the strand. The yarn is then passed through the tube on to the hook
or "forelock" of the spindle of the machine used for the purpose of putting in
the turns or twists whilst it is being hauled down the walk or ropery previous
to laying what is called half-hard, by which the bobbins running on their own
centres allows each thread to retain its own individual twist or tortion.
In the ordinary way of manufacturing and forming strands or "hauling
down," tho
yaru or other materials forming the centro portion does not obtain
sufficient twist or lay to obtain the greatest amount of strength obtainable
from the material used, and it is requisite to have a long building or rope
walk to perform the operation. Now, the object of this Invention is to ob-
viate the necessity of the use of a long building or rope walk, and to obtain
the requisite amount of twist in the strands and formed ropes to insure the
greatest amount of strength from the material or materials used, and adapting
the machinery to produce rope and strands for rope of any required size.
These improvements it is proposed to accomplish by mounting the bobbins
upon which the hemp or other material is wound upon spindles projecting
from rotating tables which are mounted upon hollow shafts, and placed one
above another when placed horizontally, or one at the back of the other when
the faces of the tables are placed vertically. As many bobbins are placed on
the spindles of cach table as will be required in each layer of yarns or other
materials, according to the size of strand or rope to be made. The ends
of the yarns are passed through the holes of a draw plate fixed over the
opening in the hollow shaft of the table, thence through a tube in the centre
of the table, which corresponds with the quantity of material going through,
and the size of the strand required. This yarn is then passed through a
suitably sized hole in the centre of the draw plate of the second table, and into
the centre of the tube of the second table. The ends of the yarn on the
second table are then passed through the holes of the draw plate and tube

page_text: fitted 'thereto, and thence carried through a like draw plate and tube connected
to the third table, which is also.supplied with yarn bobbins in the same way as
the others; the finished strand being drawn from the tube of the last table,
and wound upon a reel ready for use. Any number of tables with their apper-
tainances may be used, and they can be driven at various speeds and in reverse
directions, and it is prefered to drive the first table faster than the second,
and the second faster than the third, and so on, as by.that arrangement a
greater number of turns or twists can be put into the smaller layers of yarn;
thereby securing the greatest amount of strength from a given quantity of
material; and by causing the first table or tables to revolve one way and the
others in the reverse direction, a strand or rope will be formed that will not.
be liable to knot up or kink..
To lay strands into rope, take as many reels containing the strands as are
necessary to form the rope, and place them in the fliers of a solar system
machine, or in a stationary machine, and put in the after turn or lay, with a
flier having a reel attached. The stands may be formed, and laid into a rope
at the same time and in the same way, by putting in the "half-hard" when
the strands are formed, and then putting in the additional turns required to
form "hard" by passing the strands through a flier with drawing rolls before
being laid into rope, which can be done either by a stationary or solar system
machine.
It may be found of advantage in some cases to use several tables mounted
upon one hollow shaft, having only one gage plate and drawing tube for passing
the yarns on all the tables through.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Amory Fairbanks Sherman in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 21st October 1857.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, AMORY
FAIRBANKS SHERMAN, of the City of Roxbury, in the County of Norfolk, in
the State of Massachusetts, in the United States of America, (but at present
residing in Liverpool, in the County of Lancaster,) Civil Engineer, send'
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters:
Patent, bearing.date the Twenty-first day of April, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven, in the twentieth year of Her reign, did,

page_text: for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said Amory
Fairbanks Sherman, Her special licence that I, the said Amory Fairbanks
Sherman, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the
said Amory Fairbanks Sherman, my executors, administrators, and assigns,
should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all
times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might
make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IM-
PROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF ROPES, STRANDS FOR ROPES,
AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said
Amory Fairbanks Sherman, my executors or administrators, by an instrument
in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should par-
ticularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what
manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the
Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately
after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Amory Fairbanks Sherman, do hereby
declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by tho
following statement (that is to say) :-
"
This Invention consists in the application of certain simple arrangements
of machinery for making strands and rope of the kind called "formed rope,'
and which can be used for making similar strands to be used for other purposes
where hemp, cotton, or any fibrous or other material or materials are used, and
whether there is one or more layers or yarns or other material or materials
required to be used or not, and which may be formed with or without a core
or heart. The usual method of forming such strands is by mounting the
bobbins containing the yarn upon spindles or axles, so that they turn on their
own centres in stationary frames or racks, by which arrangement the yarns
are left to run off very loosely when hauled down. The yarns are then passed
through the holes of a gage plate fitted at the back of the tube which is
used to form the strand. The yarn then being passed through the tube on
to the hook or forelock of the spindle of the machine used for the purpose
of putting in the turns or twist whilst it is being hauled down the walk or
ropery previous to laying what is called half hard, by which the bobbins
running on their own centres allows cach thread to retain its own individual
twist or tortion. In the ordinary way of manufacturing and forming strands,
or "hauling down" the yarn or other materials, in the centre portion does not

page_text: obtain sufficient twist or lay to obtain the greatest amount of strength obtain-
able from the material used, and it is requisite to have a long building or
rope walk to perform the operation.
Now, the object of this Inventiion is to obviate the necessity of the use of
a long building or rope walk, and to obtain the requisite amount of twist in
the strands and formed ropes to ensure the greatest amount of strength from
the material or materials used, and adapting the machinery to produce the
rope and strand for rope of any required size. These improvements I accom-
plish by mounting the bobbins upon which the hemp or other material. is
wound upon spindles projecting from rotating tables which are mounted upon
hollow shafts, and placed one above another when placed horizontally, or one
at the back of the other when the faces of the tables are placed virtically.
As many bobbins are placed on the spindles of cach table as will be required
in each layer of yarns or other material, according to the size of strand or
rope to be made. The ends of the yarns I then pass through the holes of a
draw plate fixed above the opening in the hollow shaft of the table, thence
through a tube in the centre of the table, which I make to correspond with
quantity of material going through, and the size of the strand required. I then
pass the yarn through a suitably sized hole in the centre of the draw plate of
the second table, and into and through the centre of the tube of the second
table. The ends of the yarn on the bobbins of the second table I then carry
through the holes of the draw plate and tube fitted thereto, and thence I con-
vey them through a like draw plate and tube connected to the third table,
which is also supplied with yarn bobbins in the same way as the others; the
finished strand being drawn from the tube of the last table, and wound upon a
reel ready for use. Any number of tables with their appurtenances may be
used, and they can be driven at various speeds and in reverse directions; and
it is preferred to drive the first table faster than the second, and the second
faster than the third, and so on, as by that arrangement a greater number of
turns or twists can be put into the smaller layers of yarn, thereby securing the
greatest amount of strength from a given quantity of material; and by causing
the first table or tables to revolve one way, and the others in the reverse
direction, a strand or rope will be formed that will not be liable to knot up or
kink.
To lay strands into rope, I take as many reels containing the strands as are
necessary to form the rope, and place them in the fliers of a solar system
machine, or in a stationary machine, and put in the after-turn or lay with a
flier having a reel attached. The strands may be formed and laid into a rope

page_text: at the same time and in the same way by putting in the "half-hard" when
the strands are formed, and then putting in the additional turns require to
form hard by passing the strands through a flier having drawing rolls attached
before being laid into rope, which can be done either by a stationary or solar
system machine. In some cases I prefer to use several of the rotating tables
mounted upon one shaft, having only one gage plate and drawing tube for
passing through the whole of the yarn from all the tables.
That my said improvements may be the more readily seen and understood,
I have hereunto annexed Drawings of so much of the machinery as will be
requisite to illustrate the practical application of the Invention. Like letters
and figures marked thereon have references to similar parts.
Figure 1 is an elevation of one of the modifications of my improved
machine for forming strands for ropes and other purposes, having two sets of
tables for the yarn bobbins (of four tables each), and which revolve in opposite
directions; Figure 2 shews a sectional side elevation of the same, and a side
elevation of the frame, upon which large recls are mounted to receive the
finished strands; Figure 3 is a plan of the top of the machine, with two of the
reel tables removed to expose the wheels by which they are worked; Figure 4
is 'an horizontal sectional plan of the same taken on a line from a to b,
Figures 1 and 2; Figure 5 is a sectional elevation of two of the rotating
bobbin tables, shewing the directions taken by the yarn through the gage
plates and drawing tubes; Figure 6 is an elevation of three tables mounted
upon one shaft, and having only one gage plate and drawing tube; Figure 7
shows an enlarged side elevation of one modification of my improved expanding
and contracting drawing or forming tube, having a sliding tongue piece acted
upon by a spring; Figure 8 is a top view, and Figure 9 an horizontal section
of the same; Figures 10 and 11 shews another modification of my improved
drawing or forming tube, which consists of two suitably formed pieces of metal
encloses within a small box, one of the metal dies being acted upon by a
spring, which can be regulated from the outside of its enclosure by a small
set screw acting against the spring. The openings on the tops of these tubes
are enlarged sufficiently to admit the shank of the trumpet-mouthed collar or
ring, through which the yarns pass through and down the expanding portion
of the tube.
A, framework; B, main shafts; C, a bevel wheel on main shafts, which
gear into D, bevel wheels on the bottom of E, uprights shafts, on the top of
which is F, driving wheels which take into G, intermediate wheels, each
of which, according to this modification, actuate two tables and gear into H,

page_text: wheels on the hollow shafts which carry the rotating tables; I, the rotating
tables, shewn with six yarn bobbins mounted on each; K, the yarn bobbins,
which are loose on their spindles; L, the yarn, the ends of which are passed
through M, circular draw plates, in the centre of the tables and down
through N, forming or drawing tubes; and O, hollow shafts, upon which the
revolving tables are mounted, and out of the lower ends of which passes P,
the partially formed strands, which pass down through the centre, of the
hollow shafts of the lower tables, where they are surrounded by an additional
layer of yarns from the reels on the lower table Q, formed strands, which
pass over R, capstan pullies, formed with polygonal rims, and having a
V-shafted groove cut in the face of the edge to receive the finished strands.
The two outer one of the sets of four run loose on their axis. S, pinion
wheel on the end of driving shaft, which actuates T, intermediate wheels and
pinion, which actuate V, the driving wheels on the end of the capstan shafts ;
W, the large reels, upon which the finished strands and wound for use; X,
small trumped-mouthed collar or ring on the top of the drawing tubes
(Figures 8 and 9); Y, sliding tongue in drawing tube, which is pressed
inwards by Z, a curved spring; a¹ and a² (Figures 10 and 11) are two dies
or pieces of metal forming a drawing tube, and fitted within a small enclosure
on the top of the rotating tables, a' being acted upon by 1, a set screw.
Having now fully described my said Invention, and how the same may be
performed, I wish it to be understood that I do not confine myself to the
precise details, as the same may be variously modified without departing from
the Invention; but what I do claim is,―
Firstly, the use of rotating tables carrying the yarn bobbins, for the
purpose of forming strands for ropes and other purposes, as herein-before
described.
Secondly, the forming of strands by layers of yarn, each layer of which
have various amounts of twist or turns, as herein-before described.
Thirdly, the forming of strands from layers of yarns running in reverse or
different directions, as herein-before described.
Fourthly, the use of self-acting expanding and contracting tubes for
forming strands, as herein-before described, or any near modification of the
same.
Fifthly, the use of capstans for drawing down the strands from the forming
tubes, which have V-shaped grooves on the edges of pullies having polygonal
rims, as herein-before described.
Sixthly, the "hardening" of strands from "half-hard" to "hard" in the

page_text: laying of ropes, as herein-before described, by means of an additional flier
having drawing rolls attached thereto.
And, lastly, the combinations of the various parts herein-before described for
making ropes, and strands for ropes, and other purposes.
set
In witness whereof, I, the said Amory Fairbank Sherman, have hereunto 5
my hand and affixed my seal, this Twentieth day of October, in
the year of our Lord Ono thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven.
Witness,
WILLIAM WALKER,
AMORY FAIRBANKS (L.S.) SHERMAN.
of 44, Castle Street, Liverpool.