AN IMPROVED COMBINATION OR IMPROVED COMBINATIONS OF MATERIALS TO BE TORD AS TINET
Year: 1864

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Arthur Wall, of Clapton, in the County of Middle-
sex, Gentleman, for the Invention of "AN IMPROVED COMBINATION OR
IMPROVED COMBINATIONS OF MATERIALS TO BE TORD AS TINET."
Sealed the 9th May 1865, and dated the 15th November 1864.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Arthur Wall at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
15th November 1864.
I, ARTHUR WALL, of Clapton, in the County of Middlesex, Gentleman,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVED COM-
BINATION OR IMPROVED COMBINATIONS OF MATERIALS TO BE USED AS FUEL," to
be as follows:-
The object of my Invention is an improved fuel, which I manufacture by
combining coal, coke, or other carbonaceous matter, or wood, turf, peat,
sawdust, lignite, or other ligneous matter, or both a carbonaceous and a
ligneous matter, or two or more of any of the aforesaid matters, with
manganese or its compounds, or baryta, or lime, chalk, sulphate of lime,
oyster-shell, or other salts or compounds of lime, or other calcareous sub-
stance, or with two or more of these matters; and to these I add tar, pitch,
rosin, oil, naptha, napthaline, styroptines, or other unctuous, oleaginous,

page_text: hydrocarbonaceous, or fatty matters, or two or more such matters. I mi
the ingredients intimately together, sometimes with water or other liquid.
I now proceed to mention certain proportions suitable in some cases :-
1 lb. to 10 lb. per ton.
Peroxide of manganese
Sulphate or chloride of lime
Coal or coke
Hydrocarbon
Rosin, pitch, tar, naptha
Oils
- 5 to 50 per cent.
-
100 lbs.'
7 to 12 lbs. per cent.
-
12 to 20 per cent.
-
7 to 12 per cent.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Arthur Wall, in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
15th May 1865.
TO. ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, ARTHUR
WALL, of Clapton, in the County of Middlesex, Gentleman, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Fifteenth day of November, in the year of our Lord
One thousand. eight hundred and sixty-four, in the twenty-eighth year of
Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto
me, the said Arthur Wall, Her special licence that I, the said Arthur
Wall, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the.
said Arthur Wall, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any
time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter
during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use,
exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain. and
Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for .".A.
IMPROVED COMBINATION OR IMPROVED COMBINATIONS OF MATERIALS TO BE USED:
AS FUEL," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Arthur
Wall, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under
my, or their; or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe
and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the
same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great
Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately after
the date of the said Letters Patent.
• NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Arthur Wall, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be.per-

page_text: formed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement thereof, that is to say:-
My present Invention consists in improvements on my Patent dated
24th February 1864.
The object of my Invention is an improved fuel, which I manufacture by
combining coal, coke, charcoal, or other carbonaceous matter, or wood or
its debris, turf, peat, sawdust, lignite, bog-moss, or other ligneous matter,
or both a carbonaceous and a ligneous matter, with manganese or its
compounds, or baryta, or lime, chalk, sulphate of lime, oyster shell, or
other salt or compound of lime, or other calcareous substance, or with
two or more of these matters; and to these I mostly add tar, pitch, rosin,
oil, naptha, napthaline, styroptines, or other unctuous, oleaginous, hydro-
carbonaceous, or fatty matters, or two or more of such matters. I mix the
ingredients intimately together, sometimes with water or other liquid.
I proceed to mention certain proportions, suitable in some cases :-
Peroxide of manganese
Sulphate or chloride of lime
Coal or coke
1 lb. to 10 lbs. per ton.
- 5 to 50 per cent.. by weight.
Hydrocarbon (say rosin and asphalte)
Rosin, pitch, tar, or naptha
100 lbs.
20 lbs. per cent. by weight.
12 to 20 per cent.
7 to 12 per cent..
"
I do not restrict myself thereto.
Oils or unctuous matter
But these proportions may be varied, and
For fuel for high temperatures, such as locomotive or other steam boilers,
blast furnaces and foundry cupolas, I sometimes proceed as follows:-I take
coal, preferring slack, and to every 112 lbs. I add 7 to 12 lbs. fresh burned
lime (hydrated or mixed with water), and sometimes a little magnesia, burnt
chalk, marl, or barytes, or two or more of these, and I next add. 5 oz. to 1 lb.
manganese (either the protoxide, peroxide, varvacite, carbonate, or other of
its compounds), to this I add 12 oz. of potassa or soda, say the carbonate
black soda ash, sal ammoniac, or muriate in solution, or ammoniacal liquor.
of gasworks, or. sometimes chlorine or some of its compounds. I mix:
the ingredients with the coal and lime, or magnesia or both (and except
when I use coal intended for coking) I add then or previously 12 to 20-
gallons tar, turpentine, paraffine, or other spirit, or spiritous liquor, or 10
to 25 lbs. rosin, pitch, or asphalte, or 1 to 2 lbs. oil or fatty matter, adding
water to complete saturation. When I use large coal or lumps, I saturate
with the lime or alkali, sometimes using also the oils or spirits. I use this fuel.
when mixed or heap it and leave it to sodden; or I burn it in coke ovens or-
sometimes in gas retorts, in which case I obtain a gas for illuminating:

page_text: purposes freed from sulphur and phosphoric and carbonic oxides and acids,
which remain in the fuel. When all the gas is not to be evolved, the fuel is
only subjected to 3 or 5 hours heat sufficient to break up the composition of
the coal and fuse it into lumps when the oven or retort is drawn and the
burning mass cooled by repeated dashes of water. Sometimes, after saturating
coal or coke with paraffine, naptha, napthaline, Canada or palm oil,
petroleum, spirits of turpentine, or their refuse, or pitch, tar, rosin, slush,
tallow, or other unctuous matter in a proportion of 12 to 20 per cent. I
dip the saturated matters into a solution containing lime (or other calcareous
substance or magnesia) and manganese and potash or compounds thereof
mixed together and brought into a pasty consistency (in some proportions
as above). Instead of coke I sometimes use peat turf or bog moss, drying it
before saturating. If wet, I mix it with asphalte, tar, rosin, or other like
substance, mould and dry it, and coke it in retorts, ovens, or pits; when in
retorts, I catch the spirit evolved in a still bead and worm; it comes off free
from tarry impurities (which are left in the fuel) and such spirit is suitable
for illuminating purposes or for saturating materials in manufacturing my
fuel or other fuel, or for being forced into wood. I make a fuel for house
fires and low heats by saturating small coal with lime and water; to these for
stronger heats the other ingredients may be added. For house use I some-
times mix coal, lime, greasy plate washings and water, and put them on the
fire when made up. I prefer to use my improved fuel, not as normal coal is
used, but I recommend that it be scattered a few pounds at a time over any
burning fuel just before or just after every fresh feed, so that in effect a new
fuel is formed in the fire. By the use of my fuel a high electric action is
induced and more oxygen generated than atmospheric air or carbonaceous
matters alone would supply to the hydrogen or inflammable gases evolved from
those bodies when ignited, whereby the composition of the coal is rendered
electro-positive and electro-negative and more perfect combustion is effected;
the sulphur, phosphoric and carbonic oxides and acids are neutralized, and the
smoke which is the product of mechanical combination of hydrogen and other
inflamable gases with carbonic oxide and other uninflammable bodies (which
cool down caloric) is consumed in consequence of the high electric action
induced. It is advisable to stir at every second or third feed to prevent
massing and to admit air; the coked fuel should be forced back and fresh fuel
thrown on in front. In cupolas for melting pig-iron, I generally feed with
my fuel after each feed of limestone. For blast furnaces, my fuel may be
thrown into the crucible say 2 or 3 cwts. immediately after tapping and
before the cinder bed is made up. When roasting copper, the fuel should not

page_text: be mixed with the ore, but used plentifully on the grate when iron will rise
free from copper. In cupola refining, puddling and balling furnaces it may
be mixed with the metal charges. For smith's fires I recommend that 2 or 3
lbs. be placed on the clean hearth, then add small coal and sprinkle more of
my fuel and bank up with small coal or lumps, and leave it before putting on
the blast. For ships on long voyages I sometimes make a fuel by taking the
ingredients mentioned at line 35, page 3 of the printed Specification of my
Patent, dated 24th February 1864, and I grind 100 lbs. of either of them or
all of them in equal proportions into an impalpable powder, or I dissolve
them in naptha, napthaline, paraffine, spirits of turpentine, or spirits of wine
or other spirituous menstruum, and mix them with ten times their weight of
slack or small coal, sawdust, or wood, or other carbonaceous matter.. I add
80 per cent. of newly burnt lime or sulphate, chlorate, or hydrate of lime with
8 to 12 ounces of a compound or oxide of manganese, to these I add a
solution of potash or soda, or soda ash, carbonate or other of the above-named
alkaline bodies and mix well. I throw into the solution charcoal, coke dust,
peat turf, bog moss, or fine coal dust until completely absorbed and dried.
When dry I dip it into a solution of lime, tar, pitch, rosin, or asphalte
(25 lbs. to 1 ton of coal). I sometimes mix lime or other calcareous matter
or magnesia or manganese, or both lime, calcareous matter, or magnesia, and
manganese with coal or other fuel; or I scatter the same over the coal or
fuel, thereby forming an improved fuel and rendering the coal or fuel electro-
negative, preventing the union of the carbon and hydrogen and neutralizing
the sulphur and sulphuric and phosphoric gases or other noxious bodies
formed in the coal or fuel, and I thereby prevent the emission of smoke.
Although I have specified certain proportions and methods of preparing and
applying my fuel, I do not restrict myself thereto as the same may be varied
without departing from the nature of my Invention.
Having now described the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner
the same may be performed, I declare that I claim,-
First, the use of manganese in combination with one or more carbonaceous
or ligneous substances, and with one or more calcareous matters for the pro-
duction of fuel, whereby a high electric action is induced as described.
Second, the use of lime or other calcareous substance or magnesia or man-
ganese, or of lime or other calcareous substance, or magnesia, and manganese,
in addition to coal, wood, or other carbonaceous or ligneous matter before or
after ignition, thereby supplying a large quantity of oxygen, inducing high
electric action, rendering the uninflammable bodies electro-negative, and the

page_text: inflammable gases electro-positive, and consuming or preventing smoke as
described.
Third, the combination or combinations of materials constituting improved
fuel herein-before described.
Fourth, the employment of lime, magnesia or other calcareous bodies
brought into combination with ignited or non-ignited coal, wood, or other car-
bonaceous or ligneous fuel by scattering it thereon or otherwise, whereby an
improved fuel is formed in or out of the fire, electric action is induced, and
smoke prevented substantially as described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Arthur Wall, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Thirteenth day of May, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-five.
ARTHUR WALL. (L.S.)
Witness,
S. E. A. NEWSOME.