Improvements in Pneumatic Tyres.
Year: 1894

page_text: Improvements in Pneumatic Tyres.
We, FREDERICK WESTWOOD, Manufacturer, and WALLACE HENRY PAULL,
Works Manager, both of 1 Lombard Sticet, in the City of Birmingham, do hereby
declare the nature of this invention to be as follows
Our invention relates to pneumatic tyres having an inner inflatable tube and an
outer removable cover divided along the inner circumference and its object is to
produce a cover of which the edges are caused to grip the rim firmly by contracting
upon the said um whenever the air pressure causes the said cover to be strained or
put in tension. Part of our invention relates to a contracting wire method of
attachment and part relates to aangements of the cover to contain the said
contracting wire or wires.
In one method of carrying om invention into effect we arrange a number of coils
of a continuons wite, cord, gut on any other suitable material which is not too
expansible within the edges of the outer cover so as to give on inflating the tyre a
contracting encumferential movement of the said edges. On each edge we arrange
two pockets or loops one pocket in the extreme edge and the other at a short
distance from it on the bottom or the side of the cover. Within the terminal
pocket of one edge we arrange a number of coils of the wine and pass the wire into
the other pucket in such manner as to form a smaller number of coils We arrange
both edges of the cover with sets of wes in the same manner Our invention
Consists in the arrangement of wines having a greater number of wies or coils in
When the
the terminal pocket than in the porket at a short distance from it.
Cover 18 loose the wnes readily expand to allow the edge to be sprung over the
extreme circumference and when the edge of the cover is laid into the bottom of
the rim to surround the an tube and the au tube is pumped up, then the cover
begins to strain and the outer wires being fewer in number than the terminal wies,
they cause the terminal wires to contract firmly while the outer wires expand.
The effect produced is that of a pan of concentio pulley blocks, and the
contracting pressure depends on the ratio between the number of outer coils and
Inner coils It is to be clearly understood that to obtain this result se divide the
coils on each side of the cover into two unequal sections, that is, if we place in one
section two coils, in the other we place a larger number of coils, the coils in both
sections being of one continuous wire on such coil in the smaller section forms part
of a continuous wire extending to the larger section. The section having the
lesser number of coils we attach to any part of the restraining fabric of the onter
cover in such manner that the strain of inflation falls primarily upon this lesser
number of coils On inflating the tyre with the outer cover so constructed the
strain of inflation enlarges the section having a smaller number of coils, which
contracts the wire forming the large number of coils in a ratio depending upon the
relative number of coils in the two sections. By these devices the edges of the
cover continct powerfully upon the 11m
Part of our invention relates to methods of constructing the outer cover so as to
contain the two sets of we coils. In one method we employ a length of tablic
woven without warp for the greater part or wholly so, the threads lying straight
across the breadth of the cover, and to the edges of this we attach by looping or

page_text: other wise the section having the smaller number of coils The section having the
large number of coils we preferably attach to another layer of suitable fubiic
composed of diagonal threads which may be woven or loose.
In another arrangement we sew a double layer of oppositely diagonal threads
the one layer not being so wide as the other, and in this case we attach the
fewer number of coils to the narrow layer and the larger number to the wider
layer.
In another arrangement we use a similar double layer of oppositely diagonal
threads but have both layers of the same width. We so place them however that
they do not he closely one on the top of the other, but allow one edge to project
free on each side. We attach the fewer coils to the edge nearest to the centre of
the width of each side and the greater number of coils to the outer edges.
In another aitangement se attach the larger number of coils to the edges of any
suitable fabric with tape, strip of woven fabric, strip or leather or a number of
loose threads of similar material and counect the smaller number of coils across
the other fabric by winding on such tape either diagonally or straight across
alternately from one lesser number of coils to the other A special fabric may be
woven also containing two pockets at each edge one at the extreme edge and the
other rather nearer the centre. Two pockets may be arranged in other ways by
sewing on cementing,
Dated this 22nd day of December 1801
MARKS & CLERK,
18 Southampton Buildings, London, W C., and
13 Temple Street, Bumingham, Agents for the Applicauts.
We,
FREDERICK WESTWOOD, Manufacturer, and WALLACE HENRY PAULL,
Works Manager, both of 1 Lombard Street, in the City of Bumingham, do hereby
declare the nature of this invention and in what inammer the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained and by the following
statement.-
Our invention relates to pneumatic tyres having an inner inflatable tube and an
outer removable cover divided along the inner circumference and its object is to
produce a cover of which the edges are caused to gup the rim firmly by contracting
upon the said rim whenever the air pressure causes the said cover to be strained on
put m tension. Part of our invention relates to a particular contracting we
method of attachment and part relates to arrangements of the cover to contain the
Said contracting wire or whes.
In one method of carrying our mnvention into effect we arrange a number of
coils of continuous wire, cord, gut or any other suitable material which is not too
expansible, within the edges of the outer cover so as to give on inflating the tyre a
contracting encumferential movement of the sand edges On each edge we arrange
two pockets or loops, one pocket in the extreme edge, and the other at a short
distance from it on the bottom of the side of the cover Within the terminal
pocket of one edge we arrange a coil or a number of coils of the we, and pass the
wie into the other pocket in such manner as to form a larger or smaller number
of coils. We arrange both edges of the cover with sets of wies in the same
manner. Part of our invention consists in the aangement of wines having
greater number of wies or coils in one pocket than in the other pocket. When
the cover is loose the wires readily expand to allow the edge to be sprung over the
extreme circumference of the um and when the edge of the cover is laid into the
11

page_text: bottom of the m to surround the an tube, and the air tube is pumped up then
the cover begins to strain and the outer wires having less or more coils than the
terminal wires, they cause the terminal wes to contract firmly while the outer
wires expand. The effect produced is that of a pair of concentric pulley blocks,
and the contracting pressure depends on the ratio between the number of outer
coils and inner coils It is to be clearly understood that to obtain this result we
divide the coils on each side of the cover into two unequal sectious, that is, if we
place in one section two coils, in the other we place a larger number of coils, the
coils in both sections being of one continuous wie or cach coil in the smaller section
forms part of a continuous wire extending to the larger section. The section
having the lesser number of coils we attach to any part of the iestraining fabric
of the outer cover, in such a manner that the stram of inflation falls primarily upon
the coils or coil contained in the outer pocket. On inflating the tyre with the
outer cover so constructed the strain of inflation enlarges the section having a
smaller or larger number of coils which contracts the wire forming the large or
smaller number of coils in a ratio depending upon the relative number of coils
in the two sections. By these devices the edges of the cover contract powerfully
upon the rim.
Part of our invention relates to methods of constructing the outer cover so as to
Contain the two sets of wire coils In one method we employ a length of fabric
woven without warp for the greater part or wholly so, the thiends lying stiaight
across the bicadth of the cover, and to the edges of this we attach by looping or
otherwise one of the sections of the coils. The other section of the coils we
preferably attach to another layer of suitable fabric composed of diagonal thiends
which may be woven or loose.
In another arrangement we use a double layer of oppositely diagonal threads
the one layer being not so wide as the other, and in this case we attach the outer
coils to the narrow layer, and the inner coils to the wider layer, or vice versa.
In another arrangement we use a similar double layer of oppositely diagonal
threads, but have both layers of the same width. We so place them however that
they do not lie closely one on the top of the other, but allow one edge to project
free on each side. We attach the mue coils to the edge nearest to the centre of
the width of each side and the outer coils to the outer edges.
In another arrangement we attach the larger number of coils to the edge of auy
suitable fabric with tape, strip of woven fabric, strip of leather or a number of
loose threads of similar material and connect the smaller number of coils across the
other fabric by winding on such tape either diagonally or straight across alternately
from one lesser number of coils to the other A special fabric may be woven also
containing two pockets at ench edge one at the extreme edge and the other rather
nearer the centre Two pockets may be arranged in other ways by sewing on
cementing.
Referring to the two accompanying sheets of drawings which illustrate several
methods of applying our invention,
Figures 1 and 2 are respectively a cross section and part elevation showing our
improved cover in place upon a hollow crescent shaped rim and indicating the
relauve positions of the coils of wire before complete inflation
Figures 3 and 4 are similar views after complete inflation.
Figures 5, 6 and 7 are partial views showing three different arrangements of the
material to secure the object of our invention.
Figues 8, 9 and 10 are diagramatic views of three different arrangements of wie
coils to secure the object of our invention.
Figure 11 shows three alternative shapes of ms which may be applied.
Referring to Figures 1, 2, 3 and 4, A is the material of fabric moxtensible across
the section of the tyre and canying in receptacles on its edges the coils BC;
D is the material or fabric extensible across the section, and callying in receptacles
on its edges the coils B C E is the inner inflatable tube, and the crescent
shaped rim. The coils B Bi me continuous, and cross over at the point G cleaily

page_text: shown in Figures 2 and 4, while the coils C Care distinct from B B, they are
also continuous and cross over similarly to B B' In Figures 1 and 2 the tyre is
only slightly inflated and then the coils B B C Cane in the position shown close
together, but when the tyre is fully inflated the coils separate from each other,
Band C being formed in the extensible material travel radially outwards, and
thus each occupies greater cncnniferential space They can only do this at the
expense of the coils B C which are so caused to contract powerfully in upon
the rim while the coils B and C travel outwards and sideways, and bind upon the
upper portion of the rim. The new position of these coils when thus holding the
tyre is clearly shown at Figure 3
This action thus holds the tyre down firmly at both sides, and in the centre of
the run, which combination decreases the liability of the tyre to roll and permits
the air tube to be in its natural or encular shape upon inflation. This is a
considerable advantage, as great damage is often caused to air tubes when they
are enclosed in covers whose interiois do not take an approximately cuculai
form.
Figures 5, 6 and 7, show several methods of arranging the material so as to give
the required different resultant extensibility to produce the icquued action in the
wire coils or bands
Refering to Figure 5, A is a fabric formed of threads
crossing the tyre at right angles; this gives the required matenal mextensible
across the section, D is a labric formed of thi cads which however cross the tyie
diagonally thus giving a material relatively extensible across the section of the
tyre; we coils are caused in their edges in a similar manner to the example last
described and the gripping action is the saine.
Refening to Figure 6, A is an ordinary woven fabric as shown, canying the
coils BC in its edges. Fixed by solution, cementing, stitching on other like
method, to the outer edges of the fabric A, are two strips of stockingette D, or
similarly easily extensible fabric The fabic A caries the two coils B C while
the strips of stockingette the supplementary coils B'C', thus aangement also
produces a cover which on inflation gives a contracting motion to the coils B¹ C¹,
and expanding motion to the coils BC, and bind the tyre hmly to the im in a
Bimilar manner to the example first described.
Refening to Figure 7, to make this clear we have shown a cross section of the ty re
as well as a side view; A is a fabric composed of threads arranged diagonally to the
section through the tyre, while D is another fabric also aanged diagonally but in
the opposite direction, so that they cross at or about right angles These
fabrics A and D are laid one on the other, but not super posed evenly, so that each
layer overlaps the other at one edge, thus forming four edges H I K K. The
two layers are usually solutioned together so that the overlapping edges form a
material relatively extensible as compared with the part formed of the two layers,
so that when we attach our continued coils B B C C to these edges as shown, the
required gripping action of the coils upon inflation is obtained.
Referring to Figures 8, 9 and 10, these show methods of ananging the wire
coils in the receptacles in the edges of the cover, and are represented diagramatically.
The lines outside the dotted cucle Licpresent the portions of wire contained in
the edges of the transversely extensible fabric, while the lines within the dotted
circle represent the portion of the coils contained in the edges of the transversely
extensible fabric.
Figure 8 shows an arrangement in which two coils M M are attached to the
inextensible fabric. while two balt coils M M³ continuous with M M are attached
to the extensible fabric Then crossing points from one fabric to the other
are at N N. This arrangement gives a contractile movement of M M double the
expansive movement of M M¹.
Figme 9 shows the same arrangement reversed This gives a very powerful
gripp.ug of the contracting coils as they are greater in number than the expanding
ones, and introduces the principle of the pulley block.
Figure 10 shows another arrangement in which only two continuous coils of wire

page_text: are used, these two coils interchanging from one fabute to the other at three
points a, b and c, in their encumference.
Referring to Figur 11 three variations are shown in the formation of the run
which may be applied and the positions of the gripping coils BCB C are shown,
when the tyre is inflated
The special construction of an outer removable cover having two layers of fabie
one inextensible across the section of the tyre, and the other relatively extensible,
gives a tyre with a comparatively narrow trend, which while very firm and
supporting when depressed by the weight of the rider, is yet very yielding over a
small surface of the tread thus rendering the tyre less liable to puncture
To secure an outer removable cover having the required qualities of differing
resultant extensibilities, we may use any suitable fabrics either wholly or partly
woven on kuitted providing we so arrange them as to give two portions of varying
extensibilities
The coils are preferably of wire but may be of any table material not too
casily extensible, such coils may also be varied fist in number, second in relative
number, and third and last in the number of crossing points from the one fabric to
the other without departing from out invention
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of our said
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed we declare that what
we claim 15.-
1. A removable pueumatic tyre cover composed of two layers of material of
different resultant extensibilities the edges of said layers containing coils of wie
or other mextensible bands continued from one adjacent edge to the other adjacent
edge, the whole combination so acting upon inflation as to cause a cucumferential
contraction of the edges of greater extensibility, by means of the outward
movement of the wires o bands contained in the layer of lesser extensibility,
such movement operating to fix the tyre firmly upon the rim, substantially as
hereinbefore described.
2 A removable pneumatic tyre composed of one or more layers having two-
edge strips of material of differing resultant extensibilities, the edges of the said
stups containing coils of wine or other bands continued from one adjacent edge to
the other adjacent edge, the whole combination so acting upon inflation as to cause
a circumferential contraction of the edges of greater extensibility by means of the
wires on bands contained in the layer of lesser extensibility, such movement
operating to fix the tyre firmly upon the rim, substantially as herein before descubed.
3. In a removable pneumatic tyre the combination of the multiple coil
attangements her einbefore described and illustrated at Figures 8, 9, and 10 with a
pneumatic tyre cover composed of two layers of material or of one layer or layers
of material and two edge stups of differing resultant extensibilities as and for the
purpose described.
4. In a removable pneumatic tyre cover providing extensible and elastic material
between the expanding and contracting edges as berembefore described, so as to
enable the wines or bands to act without interference from the cover, and enabling
Buch extensible and elastic material to aid in restoring the wire coils to their
original position upon deflation so that the tyre may be easily removed, substantially
as described.
5 The pneumatic tyre covers composed of fabrics of differing csultant
extensibilities as herembefore described and illustrated at Figures 5, 6 and 7
6. The arrangement of wire or band coils continuing through two pockets on
each edge, one of the pockets having a greater number of coils than the other, as
illustrated at Figures 8 and 9 of the accompanying drawings.
7. The combination of two fabrics of differing resultant extensibilities, with the
coil method of attachment as hereinbefore described and illustrated in the
accompanying diawings, for the purpose of distributing the strain of inflation
between the two layers of fabic so that they may act in different capacities,

page_text: the one taking principally the lateral strain, and the other principally circum-
ferential strain during riding as and for the purpose described.
Dated this 23rd day of October 1895.
MARKS & CLERK,
18 Southampton Buildings, London, W.C., and
13 Temple Street. Bumingham, Agouts for the Applicants.