IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF SUGAR AND IN APPARATUS THEREFOR."
Year: 1874

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Edmund Hunt, of Glasgow, in the County of
Lanark, North Britain, Patent Agent, for the Invention of
"IMPROVEMENTS
IN THE MANUFACTURE OF SUGAR AND IN APPARATUS
THEREFOR."-A communication from abroad by Jacob Charles
Lionarous and John Peter Prass, residing at Paramaribo, Surinam.
Sealed the 3rd February 1875, and dated the 4th August 1874.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Edmund Hunt at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 4th August 1874.
:
I, EDMUND HUNT, of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark, North
Britain, Patent Agent, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF SUGAR AND IN
APPARATUS THEREFOB," which Invention has been communicated to me
from abroad by Jacob Charles Lionarous and John Peter Prass,
residing at Paramaribo, Surinam, to be as follows, that is to say :-
This Invention relates to the construction and working of sugar-
making apparatus, and consists in substituting for the open pans in

page_text: present use a series of improved vessels which are closed, and by means
of which the processes are greatly simplified, and a considerable lessening
of the plant required effected.
In carrying out the Invention a pump attached to the engine of the
rolling mill (which may be of the usual construction) elevates the juice
or liquor expressed by the rollers to a clarifier heated by the exhaust
steam of the engine. On being clarified or defecated the liquor is
admitted to a receiver heated by steam passing from a boiler through
pipes in the liquor, and thence by an elbow pipe into a space under the
receiver, forming a double bottom to it.
When the liquor has become concentrated to 28 or 30 degrees Beaumé
it is transferred into the upper compartment of an evaporating vessel
divided by a horizontal partition, in which it is heated to the boiling
point. A valve in a pipe communicating with the lower compartment
admits the liquor thereto after the boiling process has been continued]
for a sufficient time; and in this lower compartment the liquor is
concentrated to what is termed the "striking point," after which it is
run out into coolers. A pipe passing through the partition carries the
vapor to the upper compartment, the vapor from which last is led by a
pipe to a condenser.
The upper and lower compartments have soparate sets of steam pipes
for heating the liquor, and steam is supplied to them by an ordinary
steam boiler, which also supplies the pipes of the receiver.
In some cases the evaporating vessel may be formed with three
compartments instead of only two, so as to further subdivide the stages
of concentration; and when proposing to make the finer sugars a
fan or fans may be arranged in connection with the evaporating
compartments for the purpose of more rapidly expelling the vapor
therefrom.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Edmund Hunt in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 3rd February 1875.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, EDMUND
HUNT, of Glasgow, in the County -of-Lanark; North-Britain, Patent"
Agent, send greeting.
-
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Fourth day of August, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-four, in the
thirty-eighth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and suc-
cessors, give and grant unto me, the said Edmund Hunt, Her special
licence that I, the said Edmund Hunt, my executors, administrators,
and assigns, or such others as I, the said Edmund Hunt, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no
others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term
therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise,
and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN.
THE MANUFACTURE OF SUGAR AND IN APPARATUS THEREFOR," being a com-
munication to me from abroad by Messieurs Jacob Charles Lionarous
and John Peter Prass, residing at Paramaribo, Surinam, upon the
condition (amongst others) that I, the said Edmund Hunt, my executors
or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or
one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain.
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was
to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent.
Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the date
of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Edmund Hunt, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement in writing, reference being had to the accom-
panying Drawings, that is to say :-
The said Invention relates to the construction and working of sugar.
making apparatus, and consists in substituting for the open pans hitherto

page_text: most commonly in use a series of improved vessels which are closed, and
by means of which the processes are greatly simplified, and a considerable
lossening of the plant required effected.
And in order that the said Invention and the manner of performing
the same may be properly understood, I hereunto append two Sheets of
explanatory Drawings to be hercin-after referred to and representing
apparatus as mado with the improvements. In theso Drawings the
same reference numerals are used to mark the samo or like parts
wherever they are repeated.
bo
Figure 1, on Sheet 1 of the Drawings, is a general plan showing the ]
steam boilers 1, the steam engine 2, the rolling mill 3, all which may
of any suitablo known construction. Also an intermediato distributing
vessel 4 and a set of three clarifiers 5. These clarifiers 5 are shown in
clevation in Figure 2, and one of them is shown in vertical section in
Figure 3.
1
In carrying out the Invention a pump 6 attached to the engine 2
elevates the juice or liquor expressed by the mill 3 to the vessel 4, from
which it is distributed by pipes 7 to the threo clarifiers 5. These
clarifiers are heated by the exhaust steam from the engine, or by steam
direct from the boiler 1, the steam in each case first passing through a 2
serpentine or coiled pipe 8 in the upper or liquor compartment, and then
through a space covered by a false bottom 9. The exhaust steam from
the engine passes through a pipe 10 (partly shown) to a supply pipe 11
fitted with separate stop valves for each clarifier 5, and a branch 12
admits the steam to this supply pipo direct from the boilers when 2
required. On being clarified or defecated the liquor is drawn off into a
receiver 13, shown in horizontal section in Figure 4, Sheet 2, of the
Drawings, in sectional end elevation in Figure 5, and in sectional side
elevation in Figure 6. This receiver is constructed with steam
casings 14, 15, at the ends, and horizontal tubes 16 are fixed from one 8
to the other. One end casing 14, into which the steam (from tho
boilers) is admitted by a stop valve, is divided into two compartments
by a partition, and the steam passes through one half of the tubes 16 to
the other end casing 15, and returns through the other half of the tubes.
The steam next passes by an elbow pipe 17 into a bottom casing 18. 8
The liquor is kept in the receiver 13 until it becomes concentrated to
28 or 30 degrees Beaumé.

page_text: The liquor is next transferred to the upper compartment 19 of an
evaporating and concentrating vessel of the kind shown in vertical
section in Figure 7, in side elevation in Figure 8, and in horizontal"
section in Figure 9. In this compartment 19 there are steam pipes 20
extending horizontally. between steam casings 21 at the sides, the latter
being arranged as in the receiver 13 to cause the steam to pass in one.
direction along one half of the pipes, and to return by the other half.-
The vessel is fitted with a dome 22 and pipe 23 to lead the vapor from
the liquor to a condenser 24. In the upper compartment 19 of this
vessel the liquor is maintained for some time at a temperature of 218 or
220 degrees Fahrenheit, and is then allowed to descend by an elbow
pipe and stop valvo 25 into the lower compartment 26. This lower
compartment is like the upper one crossed by horizontal steam pipes 27,
and is in addition provided with a bottom casing 28, into which the
steam passes from the side casings of the pipes 20, 27. The liquor is in
this lower compartment concentrated to what is termed the "striking
point," after which it is run out into coolers. A pipe 29 projecting up
through the upper compartment 19 leads the vapor from the lower
compartment 26 to the steam dome 22, and this dome is fitted with a
safety or escape valve 30.
In some cases the compound evaporating vessel may be formed with
three compartments, as shown in Figures 10 and 11, the former being a
side elevation, and the latter an elevation with the covers of the steam
side casings removed, so as to show the tubes 16, 20, 27. This modified
vessel may be used for further subdividing the stages of the concentration,
or the uppermost compartment 13 may be used instead of the separate
receiver shown in Figures 4, 5, 6. The vapor from the lower com-
partments 19, 26, is led off by a side pipo 31 joining the pipe 23 from
the steam dome 22 at the top. When it is wished to make the finer
sugars a fan or fans may be arranged in connection with the evaporating
compartments, and particularly the last one 26, for the purpose of more
rapidly exhausting the vapor-therefrom.
The tubes 8, 16, 20, 27, within the various vessels are by preference
to be made of copper, whilst malleable iron should be used so far as
conveniently possible in the construction of the pans or vessels, and of
their steam casings.
The various pipes and branch connections are fitted with stop valves,

page_text: compartments; and the closed compartments are provided with gauge
tubes to show the heights of their contents, and with man-hole doors for
giving access to clean their interiors.
Having thus particularly described the said Invention and the manner
of performing the same, I have to state that what I believe to be novel 5
and original, and claim as the Invention secured to me by the herein-
before in part recited Letters Patent is,—
1. The manufacturing of sugar in a continuous manner by means of
exclusively steam heated apparatus arranged and combined in the
manner herein described and delineated.
2. The heating of the clarifiers (5) and the receiver (18) by means of
horizontal steam pipes combined with bottom steam casings, as herein-
before described. .
1
3. The arranging and combining together of the parts of compound
evaporating or concentrating vessels in the improved manner herein- 1
beforo described with reference to Figures 7 to 11 of the accompanying
Drawings.
In witness whereof, I, the said Edmund Hunt, have hereunto
set my hand and scal, this Second day of February, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy- 2
five.
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