Incandescence Lamps for Liquid Hydrocarbons.
Year: 1895

page_text: Date of Application, 15th M r., 1895--Accepted, 27th Apr., 1895
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Incandescence Lamps for Liquid Hydrocarbons.
I, SIEGFRIED MARCUS of Mondscheingasse No. 4 Vienna VII Austria,
Mechanician, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner
the same is to be performed to be particularly described and ascertained in and by
the following statement :-
In all known constructions of lamps in which liquid hydrocarbon is first
vaporised and the vapour then burnt, one or other of the following three methods
of producing the hydrocarbon vapour is employed. Either a special auxiliary
heating flame is used, which is complicated and expensive; or the vaporization is
effected by means of tubes surrounding a flame jet, in which arrangement a large
amount of the heat is absorbed by the tube; or the flame is made to play upon
coil tubes into which the oil to be vaporised is introduced, in which arrangment a.
still greater useless absorption of heat takes place.
According to my improved construction of lamps for burning bydrocarbon
vapour, for the production of high temperatures more particularly applicable for
incandescence burners, the volatilization of the combustible liquid is effected
mainly by means of radiated heat, which emanates from the incandescence body,
and is conducted to the vaporizing chamber by means of peculiar heat conductors,
whereby the full heating power of the flame is rendered available without loss
for the particular purpose in view.
A further heating of the hydrocarbon vapour is effected by means of a wire
gauze or other grating, introduced into the mouth of the burner and maintained at
a white heat by the combustion, so that the hydrocarbon vapour in passing through
the same becomes heated to a higher degree. Lastly, the burner is made of
peculiar form, being open on all sides, so as to allow of a free supply of air for
effecting the complete combustion of the hydrocarbon vapour.
By these various means a flame temperature is obtained which is equal to that of
the oxyhydrogen flame.
As, now, the rays of light emanating from an incandescence body increase in
intensity in proportion as the temperature of the body rises, the illuminating
power of this construction of lamp is so great, as to approximate to that of an
electric are light.
It is to be particularly noted that the lamp does not require a glass or other
chimney for increasing the draught. The lamp is also so arranged as to be capable
of burning with hydrocarbon liquids of different degrees of density as the supply
of heat necessary for the vaporization can be modified, according to the higher or
lower boiling point of the liquid by moveable heat conductors, while the vessel
containing the liquid remains cool. By this latter device the lamp is rendered free
from danger. Further advantages of the lamp are; simplicity and cheapness of
construction, easy manipulation, and small, consumption of hydrocarbon liquid in
proportion to the illuminating power obtained.
My improved construction of lamp is shewn on the accompanying drawings in
which Figure 1 shews an elevation of the same, Figure 2 a vertical section and
Figure 3 a plan.
I is the body of the lamp for containing the hydrocarbon liquid which is
introduced through the opening 2 closed by a screw stopper. On the cover 3 is
arranged the burner, which is composed of the wick tube 4 with the wick 5
Figure 2) that is coiled over a metal core of cross shaped section as shewn a

page_text: Figure 4. 7 is a screw valve which serves to more or less close the small
passages 8, 9 as shewn at the section Figure 5. 10 is the vaporizing chamber
which contains perforated dises 11, and is closed at top by the nozzle head 12, in
which the rotatable or vertically adjustable heat conductors 13 (Figures 1 to 3
and 5 to 7) are secured by means of screws 14. 15 are metal supports which
connect the annular burner mouth 16 with the vaporizing chamber 10; in the
former is inserted a grating 17 (Figure 8) made of refractory materials, such as
small rods of steatite, kaolin, metallic oxides, or fine platinum or iridium wires,
or of wires coated with metallic oxides, &c., and which are preferably made of
the form shewn at Figure 8. A clamp 18 on the bars 15 serves for fixing the
support 19 of the incandescence body. The perforated tube 20 serves for the
protection of the nozzle 12, and the disc 21, shewn in dotted lines in Figure 1,
serves to protect the lamp body against the heat radiated from the incandescence
body 22.
Figures 6 and 7 shew other constructions of the heat conductors 13; in
Figure 6 the adjustment hereof towards and from the incandescence body 22 is
effected by means of hinges 23, and the accurate setting is effected by means
of the screws 24, and springs 25, while in Figure 7 the adjustment of the peculiarly
shaped conductors 13 is effected simply by turning them by means of the lever 26,
and securing them by screws.
The fork shaped device shewn at Figure 9 serves for lighting the lamps, and
it consists advantageously of two hollow longitudinally slotted tubes 27 filled with
porous refractory material 28, such as powdered clay, animal charcoal, or discs
of asbestos paper, the tubes being fixed to a cross piece 30 with handle 29.
In the above described lamp the burner is arranged directly over the lamp
body 1.
The burner may however be arranged to one side thereof as shewn at Fig. 11,
in which arrangement the above mentioned features are somewhat modified.
The burners shewn on each side of the lamp body 1 in Fig. 11 are each of
somewhat different construction.
There may be a number of burners branching from one lamp body, in which
case a separate wick 5 is led from each burner through a bent metal tube 4 into
the lamp body, to the bottom thereof. In this way a cluster burner giving out a
large quantity of light can be produced.
The action of the lamp is as follows: For lighting the lamp it is necessary to
heat the vaporising chamber 10 somewhat. This is advantageously effected by
means of the forked igniter, described with reference to Fig. 9, which is dipped in
spirit, ignited and then inserted under the burner. After about a minute, the
latter will have attained the temperature necessary for vaporising the liquid.
If now the valve 7 be slightly opened the combustible liquid contained in the
lamp body 1 and raised by the wick 5 passes through the chaunels 8, 9 into
the vaporising chamber 10 where it penetrates through the heated perforated and
preferably dished dises 11 (Fig. 11) and is thus converted into vapour, which
escapes through the nozzle 12 under a certain pressure. The issuing jet of vapou
is easily ignited by a light. If the valve 7 is completely opened, no flame will
appear between the nozzle 12 and the heated grating 17, which is explained by the
fact that the vapour is cooled down to such an extent by the free access of air from
all sides that no ignition can take place; nevertheless the grating 17 in the burner
mouth 16 becomes heated to a white heat by the combustion above, in consequence
of which the vapour and air passing through become heated to a considerable
degree so that above the grating, and within the incandescence mantle 22, the
vapour and air enter into complete combustion, producing a correspondingly high
degree of heat. A further peculiar feature of this burner is, that if the grating 17
⚫ be removed no flame at all can be produced.
The flame produced by the above described means possesses the temperature of
the oxy-hydrogen flame, so that the incandescence mantle surrounding the same,
being heated to a correspondingly high degree, gives out an extraordinarily bright

page_text: light. At the same time the heat radiated by the incandescence mantle is trans-
mitted to the bars 13 serving as heat conductors, and situated in immediate
proximity thereto, and these transmit the heat to the vaporising chamber 10, in
which consequently hydrocarbon vapour is continuously produced so long as the
lamp is burning.
The heating of the chamber 10 is also effected in part by the heat radiated down
from the incandescent grating 17, as also by the heat conducted down in the
connecting bars 15.
When using very volatile hydrocarbons, the heat transmitted from the grating 17
is sufficient for the vaporisation in the chamber 10, while with heavier liquids the
assistance of the conductors 13 is necessary, and these must be adjusted nearer to
or farther from the incandescing body 22 or be made to present a greater or less
surface thereto, according to the lower or higher vaporising temperature of the
liquid employed.
The incandescence mantle employed with this burner is preferably entirely closed
at top. In order to protect it against injury, in particular when being introduced
into the lamp, I provide a protective ring 31 which, as shown at Figs. 10 and 11, is
provided with a clamp 32 that can be adjusted upon the support 19 of the incan-
descence body 22 and be fixed thereon by a screw so that the lower edge of the
body is made to fit over the ring 31, leaving a certain portion of the latter
projecting beyond the said edge.
Thus it will be seen that the incandescence body cannot be injured on being
introduced over the burner, as only the ring 31 can come in direct contact with the
burner.
The ring also protects the mantle when being transported.
For protecting the incandescence body and flame against external or atmospheric
influence, the lamp can be enclosed in a glass globe 33 (Fig. 12) which is provided
at top with a chimney 34 with wind puzzle; and at bottom with a cap consisting of
two cylindrical parts 35 and 36 fitting one into the other, within which the lamp
body is situated leaving sufficient spaces between the parts for the entrance of the
necessary air supply to the burner, as indicated by the arrows; a guard 37 is also
provided over the upper edge of the cylinder 36, in order farther to prevent the
action of wind upon the flame.
In order to protect, the incandescence body against a gust of wind entering from
above, a disc 38 of refractory material, such as asbestos is arranged below the
chimney 34, which disc has the effect of deflecting any entering wind laterally
away from the body 22 so that it will escape through openings 40 at bottom without
injuring the same.
The chimney 34 is connected with the cap 35 by means of rods 39, thus forming
a framing for supporting the globe 33. The necessary supply of air from below is
led to the incandescence body through the hood 41 surrounding the burner.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what
claim is :-
1. In incandescence lamps for liquid hydrocarbons, effecting the vaporisation of
the combustible liquid by radiated heat emanating partly from the incandescence
body, and partly from a refractory grating such as 17 inserted in the mouth of the
burner 16, which grating is maintained at a white heat by the flame of the lamp
substantially as described.
2. A burner for effecting the method of vaporisation referred to in the fisrt claim
consisting of a vaporising chamber 10, in which are perforated plates 11 which after
being heated serve to vaporize the combustible liquid drawn up by a wick 5, the
said vaporising chamber being closed by a nozzle head 12 to which the annular
burner mouth 16 with the incandescent grating 17 is attached at a certain distance
therefrom in such manner, that the air has free access to the nozzle 12 in the
entire space between this and the grating, substantially as described.

page_text: 3. In a burner such as is referred to in the second claim, the provision of bar or
rod-like heat conductors 13 outside the incandescence body 22 which conductors
are connected to the vaporising chamber 10 and are preferably made adjustable in
order to regulate the amount of radiated heat taken up thereby from the incan-
descence body, so as to enable the lamp to be used with liquid hydrocarbons having
different boiling points, substantially as described.
.
4. Constructing the grating 17 referred to in the first claim of refractory material
such as rods of steatite, kaolin, metallic oxides, platinum or iridium wires, or of
wires coated with metallic oxides, substantially as described.
5. The combined construction of a lamp, consisting of a lamp body 1 for con-
taining the combustible liquid, and having a burner composed of the wick tube 4
with wick 5, the channels 8, 9 regulated by a screw valve 7, the vaporising
chamber 10 with the heat conductors 13, the nozzle 12 for the issue of the
combustible vapour, the incandescent grating 17 in the mouth 16 of the burner, and
the heat conducting bars 15 having screw clamps 18 for attachment of the
support 19 of the incandescence body, substantially as described.
6. The use of a guard ring 31 adjustably attached to the support 19 of the
incandescence body 22 for protecting the lower edge of the latter from injury,
substantially as described.
7. In combination with a lamp such as is referred to in the fifth claim, the use of
a protective lantern consisting of a glass globe 33, a, chimney with wind puzzle 34.
and deflecting shield 38 and a bottom cap consisting of two concentric parts 35, 36,
fitting into each other for the reception of the lamp, the upper part 35 having a
guard ring 37 fitting over the part 36 and being connected by rods 39 with the
base of the chimney 34 substantially as described.
Dated this 15th day of March 1895.
ABEL & IMRAY,
Agents for the Applicant.