IMPROVEMENTS IN WATERCLOSETS AND SEWERAGE AND SANATORY APPARATUS OR APPLIANCES
Year: 1860

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Walter Macfarlane, of Glasgow, in the County of
Lanark, North Britain, Engineer, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS
IN WATERCLOSETS AND SEWERAGE AND SANATORY APPARATUS OR APPLIANCES."
Sealed the 24th August 1860, and dated the 22nd June 1860.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Walter Macfarlane at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 22nd June 1860.
I, WALTER MACFARLANE, of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark, North
Britain, Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for IMPROVEMENTS IN WATERCLOSETS AND SEWERAGE AND SANATORY APPARATUS
OR APPLIANCES," to be as follows, that is to say :-
This Invention relates to the arrangement, construction, and working
of what may be termed dry waterclosets, or receptacles for focal and
other refuse matters of a generally similar nature.
The apparatus consists of a cast-iron trough fitted with the discharge
valve at the end or side as may be most convenient, the bottom line
of which is in a line with the bottom of the trough, or slightly dipping
or inclined, one surface of the valve being of a hard or inelastic sub-
stance, whilst the corresponding surface is of a soft or elastic substance.
The valve is fitted with a hinge and lock. The actuating parts of the

page_text: valve are placed on the outside of the closet or receiver, and also on
the outside of the house or building; it may also be applied on the inside
of the trough, if deemed preferable.
The Invention also relates to the application of a lock or levers, or
hooks, pins, screws, or other fasteners to such valves, for the purpose
of keeping the discharge valve water-tight, the said fasteners being
applied either on the inside or outside of the trough proper. A slide
valve is fitted inside or outside of the trough, to the same kind of dis-
charge opening in the end of the trough as already described. The
bearing surface of the actuating or moveable part of the valve being
elastic, whilst the corresponding surface is inelastic, or vice versa, the
same being actuated by levers, screws, or other details.
This Invention also relates to the system or mode of arranging and
constructing waterclosets, so that they can be emptied of their contents
by the common dustman or attendant, without his having access to the
interior, the shape being such as that he can have complete control over
the interior from the outside of the closet or building. It is preferred
to discharge the contents of such receptacles into a common bucket,
with the aid of a small raker or other such implement, and thereafter
empty the same into the soil cart, thus entirely dispensing with sewers
for such purposes.
The Invention also relates to the herein-before described watercloset
to dustbins, whereby their contents are discharged into the dustbin
for the purpose of storing the combined results, and apply the same as
manure on the ground in connection with the house. No water supply
is intended to be attached to the watercloset, but water or any
deodorizing material may be applied, if preferred.
The Invention also comprehends the application of the herein-before
described apparatus to soil or ordure tanks, being fitted in connection
with the usual watercloset system of towns for the purpose of separating
the solid from the liquid matters, whereby the former may be emptied
in the same way as the herein-before described watercloset, whilst the
liquid is discharged to the sewers in the following manner-The ordure
tank is of cast iron, of a size dependent upon the number of water-
closets in connection with it; in one of the sides at the bottom is a
discharge apparatus similar to that already described, whilst the inlet
pipe to the tank dips down to near the bottom, whilst a perforated
plate or division divides off a corner of the tank, the holes in this plate
only allowing the liquid to pass off through them, and be discharged
to the sewers, whilst the solid matter is emptied into a bucket, and
thence to a soil cart, as already described; a check valve being placed
in the inlet pipe to prevent spasmodic discharges into the tank at the

page_text: time when it may be in process of being emptied. Cast-iron ash-bins,
with lock-fast discharge apparatus at their end, side, or bottom, are
so fitted that the dustman or attendant may be able to empty their
contents without requiring to have access from the premises inside.
On the inside is an angular or other opening for admitting the ashes
and other matters, one leading feature being; that no person can have
access to the interior premises by this dust-bin.
Another part of these improvements relate to the arrangement of
gutters for the roofs of buildings. There is attached to the sides of
the cast-iron centre or valley roof gutters, a bracket or other attachment
for fixing or suspending the beams or astragals of the skylight in such
a manner as the water of condensation on the inside of the sash may
drop or flow into the gutter, and at the same time provide a passage for
fresh air being admitted into the apartment. The said bracket may
either be cast on to the gutter, or otherwise attached to it without bolts
or screws.
The Invention also comprehends the application to rain water or other
external pipes of a "pedestal" at the bottom of each stalk of pipes, the
general figure of the said pedestal piece being of a base-like shape, and
larger in its diameter than the pipes comprising the stalk, and made
either square or angularly sided, having a socket in the upper end for
receiving the spigot of the pipe. Attached to the outside of the socket
there is a batt for fastening to the wall whilst at the lower part there
is a spigot end, the outside diameter of which is equal to the diameter
of the pipe above for connecting it to the drains. A. door may also be
fitted in the front of the pedestal for affording access to the interior of
the pipes.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Walter Macfarlane in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 22nd December 1860.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WALTER
MACFARLANE, of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark, North Britain,
Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Twenty-second day of June, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty, in the twenty-
fourth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto me, the said Walter Macfarlane, Her special
license that I, the said Walter Macfarlane, my executors, admini-

page_text: "
strators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Walter Macfarlane,
my executors, administrators, or assigns, should at any time agree with,
and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the
term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise,
and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,
the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN WATERCLOSETS AND SEWERAGE AND SANATORY APPARATUS OR AP-
PLIANCES, upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Walter
Macfarlane, by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal,
should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Inven-
tion, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the
same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Walter Macfarlane, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement, reference being had to the accompanying Drawings,
and to the letters.and figures marked thereon, that is to say:-
My said Invention relates to the arrangement, construction, and
working of what may be termed dry waterclosets or receptacles for focal
and other refuse matters of a generally similar nature.
The apparatus consists of a cast-iron trough fitted with the discharge
valve at the end or side, as may be most convenient, the bottom line
of which is in a line with the bottom of the trough or slightly dipping
or inclined, one surface of the valve being of a hard or inelastic sub-
stance, whilst the corresponding surface is of a soft or elastic substance.
The valve is fitted with a hinge and lock. The actuating parts of the
valve are placed on the outside of the closet or receiver, and also on
the outside of the house or building; it may also be applied on the inside
of the trough, if deemed preferable.
My Invention also relates to the application of a lock or levers, or
hooks, pins, screws or other fasteners to such valves, for the purpose
of keeping the discharge valve water-tight, the said fasteners being
applied either on the inside or outside of the trough proper. A slide
valve is fitted inside or outside of the trough, to the same kind of dis-
charge opening in the end of the trough as already described, the
bearing surface of the actuating or moveable part of the valve being
elastic, whilst the corresponding surface is inelastic, or vice versa, the
same being actuated by levers, screws, or other details.
My said Invention also relates to the system or mode of arranging and
constructing waterclosets, so that they can be emptied of their contents
by the common dustman or attendant, without his having access to the

page_text: interior, the shape being such as that he can have complete controul over
the interior from 'the outside of the closet or building. It is preferred
to discharge the contents of such receptacles into a common bucket
with the aid of a small raker or other such implement, and thereafter
empty the same into the soil cart, thus entirely dispensing with sewers
for such purposes.
My Invention also relates to the application of the herein-before
described waterclosets to dust-bins, whereby their contents are dis-
charged into the dust-bin for the purpose of storing the combined
results, and applying the same as manure on the ground in connection
with the house. No water supply is intended to be attached to these
waterclosets, but water or any deodorizing material may be applied, if
preferred.
My Invention also comprehends the application of the herein-before
described apparatus to soil or ordure tanks, being fitted in connection
with the usual watercloset system of towns for the purpose of separating
the solid from the liquid matters, whereby the former may be emptied
in the same way as waterclosets as herein-before described, whilst the
liquid is discharged to the sewers in the following manner:-The ordure
tank is of cast iron, of a size dependent upon the number of water-
closets in connection with it; in one of the sides at the bottom is a
discharge apparatus similar to that already described, whilst the inlet
pipe to the tank dips down to near the bottom, whilst a perforated
plate or division divides off a corner of the tank, the holes in this plate
only allowing the liquid to pass off through them, and be discharged
to the sewers, whilst the solid matter is emptied into a bucket, and
thence to a soil cart, as already described; a check valve being placed
in the inlet pipe to prevent spasmodic discharges into the tank at the
time when it may be in process of being emptied. Cast-iron ash-bins,
with lock-fast discharge apparatus at their end, side, or bottom, are
so fitted that the dustman or attendant may be able to empty their
contents without requiring to have access from the premises inside.
On the inside is an angular or other opening for admitting the ashes
and other matters, the leading feature being that no person can have
access to the interior premises by this dust-bin.
Another part of these improvements relate to the arrangement of
gutters for the roofs of buildings. There is attached to the sides of
the cast-iron centre or valley roof gutters, a bracket or attachment
for fixing or suspending the beams or astragals of the skylight in such
a manner as that the water of condensation on the inside of the sash may
drop or flow into the gutter, and at the same time provide a passage for
fresh air being admitted into the apartment. The said bracket may

page_text: either be cast on to the gutter, or otherwise attached to it without bolts
or screws.
My Invention also comprehends the application to rain water or other
external pipes of a "pedestal" at the bottom of each stalk of pipes, the
general figure of the said pedestal piece being of a base-like shape, and
larger in its diameter than the pipe comprising the stalk, and made
either square or angularly sided, having a socket in the upper end for
receiving 'the spigot of the pipe. Attached to the outside of the socket,
there is a batt for fastening to the wall, whilst at the lower part there
is a spigot end, the outside diameter of which is equal to the diameter
of the pipes above for connecting it to the drains; a door may also be
fitted in the front of the pedestal for affording access to the interior of
the pipes.
And in order that my said Invention of improvements in waterclosets
and sewerage, and sanatory apparatus or appliances, may be properly
understood, I shall now proceed to describe the several Figures on the
two explanatory Sheets of Drawings, which I have hereunto appended
for the purpose of showing certain modifications under which my
improvements may be judiciously carried out in practice, that is to
say:
Figure 1, on Sheet 1 of the accompanying Drawings, is a longitudinal
elevation partially in section of one modification of an ordure closet, or
receptacle, constructed according to my improvements; Figure 2 is an
end view of the same, corresponding to the left-hand end of Figure 1;
Figure 3 is a plan corresponding to Figures 1 and 2, and Figure 4 is
an enlarged view showing the internal arrangement of the lock for
fastening the tubular outlet of the ordure receptacle. This receptacle
consists of an oblong rectangular trough A, formed by preference of cast-
iron and standing upon feet which are cast thereon. The bottom of the
trough A slopes downwards towards one end, or, if preferred, it may
all be of one depth where it opens into the projecting tubular part B,
through which the ordure is withdrawn. Snugs are cast on the upper
part of the opening B, to admit of the end cover C being hinged thereto.
This end cover consists of a double plate, as delineated in Figure 1;
the annular recess formed by the projecting edge of the inner plate
serves to receive a ring or washer of india-rubber, leather, or other
suitable yielding material D, which coming in contact with the edge of
the opening B, prevents the escape of any fluid when the end cover is
closed. The front of the end cover is formed with a projecting rim,
and screw holes E are made in the cover to admit of the attachment
thereto the keyhole plate F. A sufficient space is thus provided between
the end cover C and the plate F for the reception of a lock, in order

page_text: that the cleansing of the receptacles may be under the control of the
proper person appointed for the duty. The lock consists simply of the
bolt G, which fastens the end cover by passing down into the catch H,
that is bolted to the lower part of the tubular opening B. The bolt is kept
down in its place when not otherwise acted upon, by means of an
india-rubber spring I, which is passed round a snug J cast on the end
plate C, and over the grooved upper end of the bolt G. The key is
inserted through the keyhole in the front plate, and the nib on the end
of the barrel of the key enters the circular recess K, which is formed
in the face of the end cover. The key is thus steadied whilst it is
partially turned round to raise the bolt G, which is done by the end
of the laterally projecting part of the key coming under the projection L
on the side of the bolt, and so raising it as the operator continues to
turn the key. When the bolt G is free of the catch H, the cover is drawn
away from the lower part of 'the tubular opening B, and thrown back
on the upper part. As the pressure of the spring I is continuous on the
bolt G, it is necessary to raise it before the end cover can be closed, and
for the same reason the bolt must be kept up by means of the key while
the lower part of the end cover is drawn out clear of 'the catch H. The
discharge end may be placed either to the right or left hand, or to the
back or bottom according to the locality where it is to be placed. These
receptacles are arranged for public use in retiring places, similar to that
delineated in Sheet 2 of the accompanying Drawings. Figure 1 on the
said Sheet of Drawings is a front elevation of one modification of these
public conveniences; Figure 2 is an elevation of 'the back or inner front,
and Figure 3 is a transverse section of the same, but drawn to a smaller
scale. In this arrangement a better system of ventilation or deodoriza-
tion of the effluvia is obtained that what is described in the Specification
of former British Letters Patent granted to me. To obtain this improved
mode of ventilating, the cast-iron plates B, which form the inclosure,
are highly enriched externally with ornaments in relief in the upper
and lower panels C; these ornaments are perforated with minute slits
or oblong openings D. These apertures are very numerous, and are
abundantly sufficient to admit of a large body of air passing to and
fro. The current of cold air enters the apertures in the lower panels,
passes upwards in the direction of the arrow, and flows out, through
the openings in the upper panel. To permit the free circulation of the
air in this way, the receptacle A is not placed close up to the plates B;
space is also left between them and the back guard plate E, shown in
Figure 2, on Sheet 2.
In this modification of my improvements the convenience is arranged
for four separate closets, each of which is closed by a door F. An opening

page_text: is also left at the top and bottom of the doors for the purpose of obtaining
a thorough circulation of air. A hook or peg G is fixed inside the door
near the top, for the purpose of suspending any article of clothing.
The discharge valve opening projects out through the side plate of 'the
inclosure, and is sufficiently high from the ground to admit of a suitable
receptacle being placed beneath to receive the discharged contents. Any
portion of the ordure that may not flow out of the receptacle A is
removed or drawn out by means of the scraper, which is delineated in
Figures 8, 9, and 10, on Sheet 1 of the accompanying Drawings. These
ordure receptacles are also arranged for accommodating any number of
persons or for single closets, and constructed in connection or not with
bins for the reception of dust or refuse matters. An ordure receptacle
of this kind is delineated in Figures 5, 6, and 7, on Sheet 1 of the
accompanying Drawings. Figure 5 is a longitudinal vertical section
of the receptacle; Figure 6 is a transverse vertical section; and Figure 7
is a plan of the arrangement with the seat partially broken away, to
show the discharge valve, which is of a more simple kind than that
herein-before described. The receptacle A is similar in its general
contour to that shown in Figures 1, 2, and 3; the tubular discharge
opening B is in this case closed by a sliding valve C, which slides up
and down in the grooves D, which are cast on the inner end face of the
receptacle; the sliding valve C may be made water-tight by means of
an elastic substance, if desirable. In order to raise the sliding valve C,
the seat N is lifted and thrown back. These ordure receptacles may be
arranged either to discharge the contents into a moveable receptacle or
into a dust bin; both systems are delineated in the horizontal transverse
section, Figure 6, on Sheet 2 of the accompanying Drawings. As
arranged in this Figure, the closet shown to the right hand is a single
one, and the discharge valve opens into the dust-bin H. The conveni-
ence to the left is a closet for two persons, with the discharge valve
opening outside for the removal of the contents by the appointed
attendant. The arrangement and construction of the dust-bins used in
connection with these closets, or arranged in proximity therewith, are
shown in Figures 4 and 5, on Sheet 2; Figure 4 is an elevation of the
bin partially in section, and Figure 5 is a plan of the same. The bin
consists of a cast-iron sole plate or base I, at the angles of which are cast
four sockets to receive the columns J; two vertical grooves are formed
in each column to receive the side plates K of the bin. The lower edge
of the bottom plate slips into a groove formed in the sole plate I,
which effectually prevents the escape of any liquid or other matters below
the edges of the plates. The upper side plates are formed with a
beading along their lower margins, which beading is grooved longitu-

page_text: dinally on the under side so as to admit of its slipping over the edge
of the lower side plate, and thus form a good and firm joint.
An important feature in my present Invention is, the means provided
for preventing the ordure of cities and towns percolating into the sub-
stratum of the buildings and from passing into the sewers, and so avoid
to a considerable extent the contamination of the sites of towns and also
of the rivers into which the sewerage otherwise would flow. Figures 12
and 13 represent an arrangement suitable for this purpose; it consists
of a receptacle constructed for arresting the ordure, but admitting of
the fluids flowing away. Figure 11 is a vertical sectional elevation of
the receptacle, and Figure 12 is a plan of the arrangement. The
apparatus consists of a cast-iron rectangular box P, the bottom of which
is rounded, but it may be made of various shapes, and the upper part
is closed by a lid, in the centre of which is fitted the inlet pipe Q. The
lower part of this pipe descends some distance down into the receptacle
P, and it has fitted in it the valve R, by means of which the pipe Q may
be closed, when required, from the outside; this is done by a box-ended
key fitting the projecting end of the valve spindle. Across one corner
of the receptacle P is arranged the perforated partition S, and the
bottom of this divided space opens into the liquid discharge pipe. T,
which communicates with the common sewer or other suitable receptacle.
The ordure is conveyed from the closets of the house into the receptacle
P; the water used for cleansing the closet flows away down the pipe T.
The contents of the receptacle, that is, the ordure, is removed as often
as required through the tubular opening U, the arrangement of which
is similar to that shown in Figures 1 to 4 on the same Sheet. The ordure
receptacle is placed in some place external to the house, so that it may
be regularly emptied by the proper attendant. Another mode of
arranging household conveniences having the same object as the fore-
going is delineated in Figures 13 and 14, on Sheet 1 of the accom-
panying Drawings, of which Figure 13 represents a partially sectional.
elevation of the arrangement, and Figure 14 is a transverse horizontal
section of the same.
According to this mode of arrangement the closet A corresponds
except in length with the receptacle shown in Figures 1 to 4 on the
same Sheet. The closet is partially enclosed by the cast-iron wall V,
at the back of which is the dust-bin W; this is nearly covered at the
top, a comparatively small angular opening W' only being left at the
end, as shown in Figure 13. The dust-bin is fitted at the other end
with a door X, which opens into the recess Y; this recess is formed in
the outer wall or other convenient part of the premises, and it is closed
by means of the door Z, which affords access to the proper attendant

page_text: for the due removal of the contents, without requiring access to the
building. By means of these several improvements the ordure of
populous places is prevented from percolating the substrata of buildings,
and from polluting the waters of contiguous rivers, and when it com-
bined with ashes and other refuse matters, it is effectually utilized, and
forms a valuable fertilizing agent.
Another sanatory appliance to which my present Invention has refer-
ence is an improved mode of ventilating workshops, wards of hospitals,
poorhouses, factories, weaving sheds, and other generally similar places
where a number of persons are congregated together, or where noxious.
manufactures are carried on. As delineated in the accompanying
Drawings, the system of ventilation is shown as applied to a roof, a
large portion of which is glazed on one side.
Figure 15 is a transverse vertical section, showing the general arrange-
ment of the roof; Figure 16 is a corresponding section of a small portion
of the roof, drawn to a large scale; and Figure 17 is a similar longi-
tudinal section taken through the gutter. The supporting pillars a,
the joists b, the rafters c, and the cast-iron gutter d, are arranged in
the ordinary manner. On the edge of the gutter d are hung the
brackets e; these are arranged equidistantly apart, so as to partly
rest upon every alternate rafter c, or upon each one, if found requisite.
The former modification is delineated in Figure 17. The brackets e
are made with an overlapping part in front, to receive the longitudinal
pieces of wood, which form the sole of the window. The astragals g
are dovetailed or otherwise secured to the window sole /; and the spaces
between these transverse ribs are filled in with large sheets of glass h.
This arrangement of the brackets e, and the window sole f, leaves a
longitudinal opening between the gutter d and the overhanging window
sole f; this provides for the free admission of a current of air from the
outside of the building. The inflowing current of air presses the warm
vitiated internal air upwards, and it flows out by louvre or other similar
openings provided for the purpose in the upper part i of the roof. The
water of condensation as it collects' on the glass flows gradually down
and out at the longitudinal opening into the gutter d. At the same
time the overhanging portion of the window sole f effectually prevents
the admission of rain from the exterior. The pure air thus introduced
into the building produces a constant circulation without the inconveni-
ence of drafts, which are generally attendant upon the introduction of
the cold air from below.
Figure 18 on Sheet 1 of the accompanying Drawings represents two
portions of a rain water pipe for the fronts of houses, which modification
is arranged so as to harmonize better with the architecture of the

page_text: building than those in ordinary use. The drip pipe of the gutter, which
conveys the rain water into the vertical rain pipe, shown in Figure 18,
is provided with a cylindro-spherical grating, similar to that delineated
in Figure 17. This grating j is in the form of an open cylinder at the
lower part, and it is slightly bevelled on the exterior, so that it fits
tightly into the opening of the drip pipe, and forms a firm junction.
The grating prevents the admission of straw, pieces of wood, or other
matters, which frequently stop up the rain water pipe. The main
portion of the pipe shown in Figure 18 is of a cylindrical figure. The
lower part of each stalk of pipes at m is formed of a rectangular figure,
similar to 'the pedestal of a column, being larger in its diameter than
the pipes comprising the stalk, and made either square or angularly-
sided, having a socket in the upper end for receiving the spigot of the
pipe. Attached to the outside of the socket there is a batt for fastening
to the wall, whilst at the lower part there is a spigot end, the outside
diameter of which is equal to the diameter of the pipes above, for con-
necting it to the drains. A door n, fitted in the lower part of the base,
affords access to the interior when required. By means of the several
improvements herein-before described, the sanatory welfare of the
community may be geratly promoted, and thus produce a corresponding
improvement in the public health of crowded districts.
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of my
said Invention, and the manner in which the same is or may be used
or carried into effect, I would observe, in conclusion, that what I con-
sider novel and original, and therefore claim as the Invention secured
to me by the herein-before in part recited Letters Patent, is,-
First, the general arrangement and construction of sanatory apparatus
and appliances, as herein-before described, and shown in the two
accompanying Sheets of Drawings.
Second, the system or mode of arranging and constructing ordure or
dry waterclosets with discharge pipes and valves, as delineated in
Figures 1 to 4 on Sheet 1 of the accompanying Drawings, or any mere
modification of the said arrangement, as herein-before described, and
shown in the said Figures.
Third, the system or mode of arranging and constructing ordure or
dry waterclosets with discharge pipes and sliding valves, as herein-
before described, and shown in Figures 5 to 7 on Sheet 1 of the accom-
panying Drawings, or any mere modification of the said arrangement, as
herein-before described.
Fourth, the system or mode of arranging and constructing the cast-
iron sections which form the walls of public conveniences with minute

page_text: perforations in the panels, for the purpose of obtaining better-ventila
tion, as herein-before described, and shown in Figures 1 and 2 on Sheet 2
of the accompanying Drawings.
Fifth, the system or mode of arranging and constructing cast-iron
bins for receiving ashes or other refuse matters, and to be used in con-
junction or not with my improved ordure closets, as herein-before
described, and delineated in Figures 4 and 5 on Sheet 2 of the accom-
panying Drawings.
Sixth, the arrangement and construction of ordure tanks, shown in
Figures 11 and 12 on Sheet 1 of the accompanying Drawings, or any
mere modification of the said arrangement, as herein-before described.
Seventh, the system or mode of arranging and constructing ordure
closets for .dwelling houses and other similar places, as delineated in
Figures 13 and 14 on Sheet 1 of the accompanying Drawings, and herein-
before described, or any mere equivalent for the said modification.
Eighth, the system or mode of applying loose brackets hung on the
edges of the gutters on the roofs of buildings, by means of which the
window or skylight sole is supported, as herein-before described, and
delineated in Figures 15, 16, and 17 on Sheet 1 of the accompanying
Drawings.
Ninth, the system or mode of forming rain water pipes with a pedestal
base, as herein-before described, and delineated in Figure 18 of the
accompanying Drawings.
In witness whereof, I, the said Walter Macfarlane, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Twentieth day of December, One
thousand eight hundred and sixty.
WALTER MCFARLANE. (L.S.)