IMPROVEMENTS RELATING TO ORNAMENTAL COTTON FABRICS HAVING TURKEY-RED GROUNDS
Year: 1861

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to George Graham, Manager of the Dalquhurn Turkey-
red Dye Works, in the County of Dumbarton, North Britain, for the
Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS RELATING TO ORNAMENTAL COTTON FABRICS
HAVING TURKEY-RED GROUNDS."
Sealed the 10th October 1861, and dated the 18th April 1861.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said George Graham at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 13th
April 1861.
I, GEORGE GRAHAM, Manager of the Dalquhurn Turkey-red Dye Works,
in the County of Dumbarton, North Britain, do hereby declare the nature
of the said Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS RELATING TO ORNAMENTAL COTTON
FABRICS HAVING TURKEY-RED GROUNDS," to be as follows, that is to say:-
This Invention comprises means of producing black devices, and means of
producing certain classes of patterns upon Turkey-red goods. The ordinary
mode of producing a black device upon Turkey-red goods is by printing either
directly upon the red fabric, or upon white or other spaces obtained by dis-
charging the red colour, by means of the well-known lead plate press.
According to the first part of the present Invention, however, the black
color is produced in the press, and for this purpose the lead plates being cut
out in the ordinary way, according to the devices wanted, and the goods being
pressed between them, there is passed through the exposed parts of the goods
the mixture of chloride of lime and sulphuric acid commonly used for dis-
charging the red color. This being effected, and the liquor being washed
away by passing pure water through, there is next introduced by preference

page_text: the well-known yellow dye, consisting of acetate of lead and bichromate of
potash, to act as a mordant or base for the black. Logwood liquor is finally
passed through the goods, and in consequence of the preparatory treatment
described, produces a very fast black. Thus, whilst processes analogous to
those used in simple dyeing are adopted, the applying of them by means of the
press confines their effects to the devices constituting the pattern. The black
obtained in this way possesses several advantages over the ordinary printed
black, being faster, rendering the cloth softer, and being more economical in
its application. The black color may be applied to some portions only of the
parts from which the red ground has been discharged, whilst the other portions
may be left white or be dyed yellow, or of other colors in the ordinary way.
Instead of the goods being prepared for the logwood liquor by the chrome dye,
other mordants or bases may be used for that purpose, or other known means
of dyeing black may be adopted..
According to the second portion of the Invention rollers or blocks made to
produce continuous patterns, as for garments, are rendered available for
obtaining certain styles in a novel way, and this whether the continuous
pattern is produced by one or more printings or equivalent processes upon the
Turkey-red goods. In practising this improvement the goods are first printed
as for garments, and devices suitable for handkerchiefs, for example, are then
produced upon them in the discharging press. The discharge liquor commonly
used for plain Turkey-red goods will in most cases not answer satisfactorily
when there are other colors to discharge besides the red, but the object is
obtained by combining with the ordinary discharge treatment of chloride of
lime and sulphuric acid a separate treatment with an alkali, such as potash.
In some cases the alkali may be used alone, the goods being afterwards well
washed with hot water. The parts discharged may be variously colored in the
ordinary way, or they may be dyed wholly or partially black, according to the
first part of the present Invention, or borders or other devices may be super-
added by printing.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said George Graham in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 11th
October 1861.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, GEORGE
GRAHAM, Manager of the Dalquhurn Turkey-red Dye Works, in the County
of Dumbarton, North Britain, send greeting.

page_text: WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Thirteenth day of April, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-one, in the twenty-fourth year
of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant
unto me, the said George Graham, Her special licence that I, the said George
Graham, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I,
the said George Graham, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should
at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times
thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make,
use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS RELATING TO ORNAMENTAL COTTON FABRICS HAVING TURKEY-RED GROUNDS,"
upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said George Graham, my
executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or
their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and
ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same
was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal
Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the
date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said George Graham, do hereby declare the
nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be per-
formed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement in writing, that is to say :-
My said Invention comprises means of producing black devices, and means
of producing certain classes of patterns upon Turkey-red goods. The ordinary
mode of producing black devices upon Turkey-red goods is by printing, either
directly upon the plain red fabric or ground, or upon white or other spaces
obtained by discharging the red color, by means of the well-known lead plate
press.
According to the first part of the present Invention, however, the black
color is produced in the press, and for this purpose the lead plates being cut
out in the ordinary way according to the devices wanted, and the goods being
pressed between them, there is first passed through the press, in the usual
way, and so as to act on the parts of the goods exposed by the configuration of
the plates, the mixture of chloride of lime and sulphuric acid commonly used
for discharging the red color. This being effected, and the liquor being washed
away by passing pure water through the press, there is next introduced, by
preference, the well-known yellow dye consisting of acetate of lead and bi-
chromate of potash, of a strength of about 2 degrees Twaddell, to act as a

page_text: mordant or base for the black. Logwood liquor of a strength of from 2 to 4
degrees Twaddell is finally passed through the goods, and in consequence of
the preparatory treatment described, produces a very fast black. Thus whilst
processes analogous to those used in simple dyeing are adopted, the applying
of them by means of the press confines their effects to the devices exposed by
the lead plates, and which constitute the pattern to be produced. The black
color of the pattern obtained in this way possesses several advantages over the
ordinary printed black, being faster, rendering the cloth softer, and being more
economical in its application. The black color may be applied to some portions
only of the parts from which the red ground, has been discharged, whilst the
other portions may be left white or be dyed yellow or of other colors in the
ordinary way, the lead plates being for this purpose formed with distinct
communications for the separate parts which are to be colored differently, so
that the different liquors or dyes may be passed through the respective parts
without interfering with each other, as is well understood.
Instead of the goods being prepared for the logwood liquor by the chrome dye,
other mordants or bases may be used for that purpose. Amongst these may
be mentioned nitrate of iron, strength from 2 to 3 degrees Twaddell; acetate
of iron, strength from 2 to 4 degrees; muriate of iron, strength about 4
degrees; nitro-muriate of tin, strength about 2 degrees; muriate of tin,
strength about 4 degrees. Prior to using any of these it is beneficial to treat
the goods with a weak solution of shumac or other suitable astringent. Another
preparation that may be adopted consists of a treatment of shumac at a strength
of about 10 degrees. In general any mordants or bases in use for obtaining
black with logwood liquor may be adopted in carrying out my Invention, but
the treatment first herein-before described is that which I find to be the
best.
According to the second part of my said Invention rollers or blocks made
for the purpose of producing continuous patterns, as for garments, are rendered
available for obtaining certain styles in a novel way, and this whether the
continuous pattern is produced by one or more printings or equivalent processes
upon the Turkey-red goods. In practising this improvement the goods are first
printed as for garments, and devices, such, for example, as may be suitable for
handkerchiefs, although not limited to that style of pattern, are then produced
upon them in the lead plate discharging press. The discharge liquor commonly
used for plain Turkey-red goods will in most cases not answer satisfactorily when
there are other colors to discharge besides the red; but the object is obtained by
combining with the ordinary discharge treatment of chloride of lime and sulphuric
acid a separate treatment with an alkali, such as potash, of a strength of from

page_text: 4 to 8 degrees Twaddell. This separate alkali treatment may be effected
either before or after the treatment with the ordinary discharge liquor. The
parts discharged may be variously colored in the ordinary way, or they may
be dyed wholly or partially black according to the first part of my present
Invention; or borders or other devices may be superadded by printing.
Various strengths have been herein-before mentioned as suitable in ordinary
cases for the liquors to be used, but the practical dyer will understand that he
must vary the strengths to suit the condition of the cloth under treatment.
Having thus particularly described my said Invention, and the manner in
which the same is or may be used or carried into effect, I have to state
that I do not restrict myself to the precise details herein-before described,
and that I do not claim to have invented every separate detail herein-before
described or referred to; but that what I consider to be novel and original,
and claim as the Invention secured to me by the herein-before in part recited
Letters Patent, is,-
First, the producing of black devices upon Turkey-red goods in the lead
plate press, substantially in the manner herein-before described.
Second, the superimposing of distinct devices by means of the lead plate
press upon Turkey-red goods originally printed with continuous patterns,
substantially as herein-before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said George Graham, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Tenth day of October, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-one.
5 Witness,
EDMUND HUNT, Patent Agent,
28, St. Enoch Square, Glasgow.
GEORGE GRAHAM. (L.S.)