IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF COKE AND IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF COKE OVENS%; ALSO IN THE RECOVERY AND UTILIZATION OF RESIDUAL PRODUCTS FROM THE GASES FROM SUCH OVENS, AND IN THE APPARATUS TO BE USED THEREFOR, PART OF WHICH APPARATUS IS ALSO APPLICABLE FOR OTHER PURPOSES
Year: 1883

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Henry Hutchinson, of Moorgate Street, in the City of
London, Metallurgical Chemist, for an Invention of " IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
MANUFACTURE OF COKE AND IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF COKE OVENS%; ALSO
IN THE RECOVERY AND UTILIZATION OF RESIDUAL PRODUCTS FROM THE
GASES FROM SUCH OVENS, AND IN THE APPARATUS TO BE USED THEREFOR,
PART OF WHICH APPARATUS IS ALSO APPLICABLE FOR OTHER PURPOSES
"
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Henry Hutchinson at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 7th June 1883.
THE
HENRY HUTCHINSON, of Moorgate Street, in the City of London, Metallurgical
Chemist, "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF COKE AND IN
CONSTRUCTION OF COKE OVENS; ALSO IN THE RECOVERY AND UTILIZATION OF
RESIDUAL PRODUCTS FROM THE GASES FROM SUCH OVENS, AND IN THE APPARATUS
TO BE USED THEREFOR, PART OF WHICH APPARATUS IS ALSO APPLICABLE FOR
OTHER PURPOSES,"
This invention relates to improvements in the construction of coke ovens 80 as
to greatly improve the manufacture of coke, the recovery of residual products such
as tar, oils, ammoniacal liquors, sulphur, combustible gases, and by novel means
utilizing the same.
It has not been found possible by the methods of coking coal now in use to
generate at will either hard or soft coke, or in any way to regulate the composition
of the evolved residual products, so as to be able to produce as desired tar
containing the benzine series, or tar containing the paraffin series.
To obtain hard and dense coke and tar containing the benzine series during
coking requires a very intense heat and rapid carbonization, and to obtain soft
coke and tar containing the paraffin series a lower and slower carbonization is
required,

page_text: By the present invention I propose to secure the aforesaid quick or slow
carbonization so as to be able to obtain either result as desired, and to accomplish
this by the improved methods herein described.
I take any ordinary coke oven and add chambers or flues through which the
gases burning on the top of the charge can be drawn up or down the back or sides,
and under the back or sides, and underneath the bottom into and through pipes
for the purpose of condensation and after use. The chambers or flues may be
made either with or without perforations for the gases to pass through. At the
top and bottom of the oven I place a pipe connected with a hot air chamber so as
to be able to introduce a hot blast either at top or bottom, or both, as the process
may require, and I further introduce into the top of the oven a pipe to convey gas
to assist carbonization when needed. The effect of causing the gases to burn over
the top in direct contact with the charge; and then to burn around the oven, and
the introduction of hot instead of cold air, is to cause such intense heat as to make
the coke more dense and to work off the charge in less time than with any method
now in use.
The exit flue for the products of carbonization containing tar, oil, sulphur, and
ammoniacal liquors I make of such size as to be able to place therein other pipes
for the inlet of air or exhaust gas, as may be required in subsequent parts of this
invention. By this means I heat the air entering the top, bottom and sides of
the oven by the waste heat of the escaping gases, or by the heat of the ovens
themselves.
To
To secure a rapid and intense carbonization of the coal and to carry off the
large volume of gases generated and evolved, and to avoid back pressure in the
retort or oven, I give the greatest possible egress to the escaping gases.
accomplish this object I cool the escaping gases by passing them through large
iron pipes surrounded by a current of cold water; and to secure the best means of
condensation I take either the ordinary iron pipe condensers used at gas works
and pass showers of water over them, or I construct towers of suitable size of
glazed fire bricks which I connect with the main flues or pipes from the coke
ovens, and on the top of these I place suitable tanks containing tar, creosote, green
oil or residual anthracene oil, or crude naptha or paraffin, or shale oil. I then
connect the tank with the aforesaid iron or brick condensers by means of suitable
pipes passing through the top of the condensers, the ends of the pipes being fitted
with a pair of rose jets, working on a centre pivot so as to be free to revolve, and
placed at right angles to each other. Through these rose jets. I discharge the
aforesaid cold residual secondary product of the rectification of tar, shale or coal
oils. The rose jets are set in motion by the current of liquid hydrocarbons which
issue in the form of a shower or spray, thus effecting a rapid condensation of the
tar or oil products contained in the coke oven gases, owing to the affinity of the
condensing oils for such products.
'
Instead of or in addition to the arrangement of tanks containing tar, shale or
coal oils, and the condensers above described, I may also use coal tar pitch or
pitchy residues from the distillation of shale or coal oils, or vegetable and stearine
pitch, which may be placed in a suitable condensing chamber through which the
coke oven gases are caused to pass so as to expose them to a large condensing
surface of substances having great affinity for their hydrocarbon constituents.
I' may if desired use perforated tanks to shower down the aforesaid condensing
hydrocarbons into the pipe or brick condensers. The condensed liquid tars and
oils may then be received in any suitable tanks, care being always taken that the
liquid products do not seal up the end of the condenser, which would cause
pressure on the retort or oven and retard rapid coking.
My invention further relates to a novel method of effecting the condensation of
the ammoniacal liquors and the greater portion of any remaining tar oils. For
this purpose I take a scrubber or washer of ordinary construction, on the top of
which I place a tank containing purified ammoniacal liquor, or ammoniacal liquor
which has been super-saturated with sulphurous acid gas. I then pass down the

page_text: scrubbers through perforated openings a cold shower of the bisulphite or super-
saturated ammoniacal liquor, or the purified ammoniacal liquor, which by affinity
more thoroughly absorbs the ammonia in the escaping gases, thus dispensing with
the use of water.
My invention further relates to a novel method of effecting the removal from
the gases of the last traces of tar, oils, and ammonia, and for this purpose I take
the ordinary condensing towers, scrubbers or washers, and in the centre of each
condenser used I place a vertical hollow shaft or pipe resting on a foot-step or
other suitable bearing in which it is free to revolve on its centre, and at suitable
distances on the shaft I adjust hollow arms or perforated pipes of an S-shape with
sheet iron vanes. These internal revolving exhauster condensers are either worked
by means of suitable pulleys attached to the top of the hollow shaft outside the
condenser, by any suitable power, or they may be caused to revolve and to work
exhaustively by the current of issuing gases acting on the vanes, or by placing a
tank or pumps above the condensing towers and by means of pipes running a
current of the bisulphite or super-saturated ammoniacal liquor, or the purified
ammoniacal liquor above described through the fan condenser. The force of the
condensing liquid will cause the shaft to revolve, thus distributing the said liquor
in a finely divided shower.
My invention further relates to a novel method of preparing useful condensing
liquors which I use in the aforesaid condensing towers to collect more efficiently
the ammonia evolved from the coke ovens, and at the same time I utilize the
waste product resulting from the combustion of the gases from coke ovens, and
which has hitherto been allowed to pollute the air, such product containing
sulphurous acid gas. To accomplish this object I prefer to use the waste residual
gas usually obtained from the combustion of the gas evolved during the process of
coking coal by the present invention, and utilize it to super-saturate impure or
purified ammoniacal liquors, and convert the ammonia existing therein into an acid
salt of ammonia (bisulphite of ammonia) which I use for condensing purposes to
more efficiently collect the ammonia as above described.
According to another method I return the waste products resulting from the
combustion of gases from coke ovens, and which contain sulphurous acid gas, and
mix them with the issuing gases from the coke ovens, and allow a shower of the
crude or purified ammoniacal liquor to meet the ascending current of mixed gases.
The sulphurous acid gas combines with the ammonia giving a compound more
easily condensed than without its use. It will be readily understood that the
sulphurous acid gas may be made by any known method instead of using the
waste products resulting from the combustion of the gases from coke ovens, and
utilized in the manner above described.
My invention further relates to a novel method of converting sulphurous acid
gas into sulphuric acid gas. To accomplish this object I submit the sulphurous
acid gas to what I term a superheating or super-oxidising process by passing the
gas (and this may be generated from any source, and used for any other purpose in
the manufacture of sulphates) through a series of regenerative towers, chambers,
flues, or ovens of any known form. But what I consider novel in this part of my
invention is that instead of filling the internal space with the ordinary fire bricks
to secure a larger heating surface, I construct special and novel bricks, blocks, or
slabs, which I call chemical regenerative bricks, blocks, or slabs, which may be of
any size or shape, perforated or otherwise to give greater heating and oxidising
surface to the sulphurous acid gas under treatment, during the conversion into
sulphuric acid gas. I construct my chemical regenerative bricks, blocks, or slabs
in the following manner :-
Instead of using fire clay I form porous bricks composed of oxide of iron or
oxide of manganese, or both, with which I mix a small quantity of alkaline salt,
or salt of the alkaline earths, or fire clay, say from 1 to 10 per cent of the oxide of
iron used. The alkaline salts, or the salts of the alkaline earths, or the fire clay,
act as the binding material when the bricks are heated to a high temperature, but

page_text: being only in small quantity do not act as a flux, and thus leave the bricks in a highly
porous condition. I also make bricks, blocks, or slabs, of native iron ores of any
composition, natural or artificial, such as oxide of iron, burnt iron pyrites or
natural iron pyrites. I also use any of the native copper ores, such as the double
sulphides of iron and copper, and I burn the bricks into oxides. I also use the
oxides, carbonates and silicates of copper, and I mix these copper ores with from 1
to 10 per cent of clay, silicate of soda, lime, magnesium lime, cement, or plaster,
and to make such bricks more porous I add broken pumice stone, silica, bricks,
burnt brick ballast, or small coke. I also utilize slags of every kind in the
preparation of my superheating and oxidising bricks, blocks, or slabs, and I mix
any of the known slags with any of the non-fluxing bodies already named. I then
burn the slag bricks to render them porous. I also use silica bricks such as
'Dinas bricks," plaster, magnesia, magnesium lime, sulphate of barytes, asbestos,
cement, pumice stone, bone ash, burnt clay ballast, or any of the above in the form
of perforated bricks, balls, slabs, or blocks, and I soak any of the aforesaid bricks
in any of the following solutions, viz:-Sulphates of iron, copper, manganese, zinc,
chrome alum, magnesia; or in solutions of the chlorides of iron, copper, manganese,
zinc, magnesium, barium, calcium and chrome. I also construct bricks, blocks,
balls, or slabs, from finely pulverized chrome iron ore and the binding substances
already mentioned; or I take the waste chrome alum solution and mix it with an
excess of lime or magnesium line to decompose the aforesaid alum into gypsum
and oxide of chrome.
"
With these bricks I build up a network of regenerative surfaces in the
regenerative heating towers or chambers above mentioned. I then burn these
chemical bricks by consuming a portion of the waste gases from the coke ovens, or
by any other known means, with an excess of air, until the whole of the above
sulphates and chlorides or metallic salts are decomposed into oxides.
Having done this the oxidising towers are now ready to receive the sulphurous
acid gas for oxidisation into sulphuric acid gas, which can be utilized for forming
sulphate of ammonia by combining with the ammonia in the coke oven gases, or it
may be used for any other purposes.
"
My invention further relates to the system of working these towers
regeneratively," that is by alternate heating and cooling of the same, in order to
obtain which result I use one or more of such towers or chambers with suitable
inlets and outlets for the entrance and exit of sulphurous acid gas either alone or
contained in any waste products of combustion, or of coke oven gases containing
sulphur compounds which may be converted into sulphurous acid gas in the towers
themselves. These various sulphuretted gases I burn with an excess of air, in
contact with the aforesaid superoxidising bricks, thus converting the sulphurous
acid gas into sulphuric acid gas, which I combine with the ammonia of the residual
ammoniacal liquor from the coke oven gases, or it may be utilized for any other
purposes.
The invention further relates to the method of slaking or cooling the finished
coke in the coke ovens by forcing in the non-oxidising products of the coke oven
gases purified from the sulphur compounds as above described. These cold non-
oxidising gases I force through the finished coke, which expels a further quantity
of sulphur, and at the same time stops combination and cools off the coke, which
can then be discharged from the oven without disintegrating the coke as is usually
the case when cooled by water. I may also use steam either mixed with the non-
oxidising gases or otherwise, to facilitate the cooling and discharging of the coke,
when necessary or desirable.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said Henry Hutchinson in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 7th December
1883.
THE
HENRY HUTCHINSON of Moorgate Street in the City of London Metallurgical
Chemist IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF COKE AND IN
CONSTRUCTION OF COKE OVENS, ALSO IN THE RECOVERY AND UTILIZATION OF
RESIDUAL PRODUCTS FROM THE GASES FROM SUCH OVENS, AND IN THE APPARATUS
TO BE USED THEREFOR, PART OF WHICH APPARATUS IS ALSO APPLICABLE FOR
OTHER PURPOSES
Since filing the provisional specification I have found certain expressions and
methods described therein to be already known to the public,-I therefore disclaim
such expressions and methods which will be omitted in their proper places.
This invention relates to improvements in the construction of coke ovens so as to
greatly improve the manufacture of coke the recovery of residual products, such as
tar, oils, ammoniacal liquors, sulphur, combustible gases, and by novel means
atilizing the same.
It has not been found possible by the methods of coking coal now in use to
generate at will either hard or soft coke or in any way to regulate the composition
of the evolved residual products, so as to be able to produce as desired tar
containing the benzine series, or tar containing the paraffin series.
.
To obtain hard and dense coke and tar containing the benzine series during
coking requires a very intense heat and rapid carbonization, and to obtain soft
coke and tar containing the paraffin series a lower and slower carbonization is
required.
By the present invention I propose to secure the aforesaid quick or slow
carbonization so as to be able to obtain either result as desired, and to accomplish
this by the improved methods herein described.
I take any of the well known form of coke ovens to which I add suitable flues
as hereinafter to be described (Figure 1) through which I convey hot or cold air,
steam, liquid, hydrocarbons, combustible and noncombustible gases. I also con-
struct an exit flue or gas main of novel form through which I pass the products
of the carbonization of the coal containing tar, oils, sulphur, and ammoniacal
liquors and I make such flue or inain (which I designate the "chemical zone") of
suitable size so as to be able to place therein other pipes for the inlet of air,
steam, hydrocarbon oils or exhaust or non-combustible gases, as may be required
in subsequent parts of this invention. By this means I heat the air, steam, and
other gases entering the various flues by the waste heat, or by the heat of the coke
ovens themselves.
To secure a rapid and intense carbonization of the coal and to carry off the large
volume of gases generated and evolved, and to avoid back pressure in the retort
or oven, I give the greatest possible egress to the escaping gases. To accomplish
this object I cool the escaping gases by passing them through large iron pipes
surrounded by a current of cold water: and to secure the best means of con-
densation I take either the ordinary iron pipe condensers used at gas works and
pass showers of water over them, or I construct towers of suitable size of glazed
fire bricks which I connect with the inner flues or pipes from the coke ovens, and
on the top of these at places suitable tanks containing tar, creosote, green oil or
residual anthracene oil or crude naphtha for paraffin or shale oil. I then connect
the tank with the aforesaid iron or brick condensers by means of suitable pipes
passing through the top of the condensers, the ends of the pipes being fitted with a

page_text: pair of rose jets, working on a central pivot so as to be free to revolve, and placed
at right angles to each other. Through these rose jets I discharge the aforesaid
cold residual secondary product of the rectification of tar, shale, or coal oils. The
rose jets are set in motion by the current of liquid hydrocarbons which issue in the
form of a shower or spray, thus effecting a rapid condensation of the tar or oil
product contained in the coke oven gases, owing to the affinity of the condensing
oils for such products.
Instead of or in addition to the arrangement of tanks containing tar, shale or
coal oils, and the condensers above described, I may also use coal tar,, pitch or
pitchy residues from the distillation of shale or coal oils, or vegetable and stearine
pitch, which may be placed in a suitable condensing chamber through which the
coke oven gases are caused to pass so as to expose them to a large condensing
surface of substance having great affinity for their hydrocarbon constituents.
I may if desired use perforated tanks to shower down the aforesaid condensing
hydrocarbons into the pipe or brick condensers. The condensed liquid tars and oils
may then be received in any suitable tanks, care being always taken that the
liquid products do not seal up the end of the condensers, which would cause
pressure on the retort or oven and retard rapid closing.
My invention further relates to a novel method of effecting the condensation of
the ammoniacal liquors and the greater portion of any remaining tar oils. For this
purpose I take a scrubber or washer of ordinary construction, on the top of which
I place a tank containing purified ammoniacal liquor, or ammoniacal liquor which
has been super-saturated with sulphurous acid gas. I then pass down the scrubbers
through perforated openings a cold shower of the "bisulphite or super-saturated
ammoniacal liquor, or the purified ammoniacal liquor, which by affinity more
thoroughly absorbs the ammonia in the escaping gases, thus dispensing with the
use of water.
"
"
25
My invention further relates to a novel method of effecting the removal from the
gases of the last traces of tar, oils, and ammonia, and for this purpose I take the
ordinary condensing towers, scrubbers or washers, and in the centre of each
condenser used I place a vertical hollow pipe or shaft resting on a foot-step or
other suitable bearing in which it is free to revolve on its centre and at suitable
distances on the shaft I adjust hollow arms or perforated pipes of an 'S" shape
with "sheet-iron vanes These internal revolving exhauster condensers are either
worked by means of suitable pulleys attached to the top of the hollow shaft outside
the condenser, or by any suitable power, or they may be caused to revolve and to
work exhaustively by the current of issuing gases acting on the vanes, or by placing
a tank or pumps above the condensing towers, and by means of pipes running a
current of the "bisulphite or super-saturated ammoniacal liquor" or the purified
ammoniacal liquor above described through the "fan condenser." The force of
the condensing liquid will cause the shaft to revolve, thus distributing the said
liquor in a finely divided shower.
My invention further relates to a novel method of preparing useful condensing
liquors which I use in the aforesaid condensing towers to collect more efficiently
the ammonia evolved from the coke ovens, and at the same time I utilize the waste
product resulting from the combustion of the gases from coke ovens, and which has
hitherto been allowed to pollute the air, such product containing sulphurous acid
gas. To accomplish this object I prefer to use the waste residual gas, usually
.obtained from the combustion of the gas evolved during the process of coking coal
by the present invention, cand utilize it to super-saturate impure or purified
ammoniacal liquors, and convert the ammonia existing therein into an acid salt of
ammonia (bisulphite of ammonia) which I use for condensing purposes to more
efficiently collect the ammonia as above described.
According to another method I return the waste products resulting from the
.combustion of gases from coke ovens, and which contain sulphurous acid gas, and
mix them with the issuing gases from the coke ovens, and allow a shower of the
crude or purified ammoniacal liquor to meet the ascending current of mixed gases.

page_text: <<
The sulphurous acid gas combines with the ammonia giving a compound more
easily condensed than without its use. It will be readily understood that the
sulphurous acid gas may be made by any known method instead of using the
waste products resulting from the combustion of the gases from coke ovens, and
utilized in the manner above described.
My invention further relates to a novel method of converting sulphurous acid
gas into "sulphuric acid gas." To accomplish this object I submit the sulphurous
acid gas to what I term a superheating or super-oxidising process by passing the
gas (and this may be generated from any source and used for any other purpose in
the manufacture of "sulphates") through a series of regenerative towers, chambers,
flues, or ovens of any known form. But what I consider novel in this part of my
invention is that instead of filling the internal space with the ordinary fire bricks
to secure a larger heating surface, I construct special and novel bricks, blocks, or
slabs, which I call "chemical regenerative bricks" blocks, or slabs, which may be
of any size or shape, perforated or otherwise to give greater heating and oxidising
surface to the " sulphurous acid gas" under treatment during the conversion into
"sulphuric acid gas." I construct my chemical regenerative bricks, blocks, or
slabs, in the following manner :-
Instead of using fire clay I form porous bricks composed of oxide of iron or
oxide of manganese, or both, with which I mix a small quantity of alkaline salt or
salt of the alkaline earth's, or fire clay, say from 1 to 10 per cent of the oxide of
iron, etc, used.
The alkaline salts or salts of the alkaline earth's, or the fire clay, acts as the
binding material when the bricks are heated to a high temperature, but being
only in small quantity do not act as a flux, and thus leave the bricks in a highly
porous condition. I also make bricks, blocks or slabs, of native iron ores of any
composition, natural or artificial, such as oxide of iron, burnt iron pyrites or natural
iron pyrites. I also use any of the native copper ores, such as the double sulphides
of iron and copper, and I burn the bricks into oxides. I also use the oxides, car-
bonates and silicates of copper, and I mix these copper ores with from 1 to 10 per
cent of clay, silica of soda, lime, magnesium lime, cement or plaster, and to make
such bricks more porous I add broken pumice stone, silica bricks, burned brick
ballast, or small coke. I also utilize slags of every kind in the preparation of my
superheating and oxidising bricks, blocks or slabs" and I mix any of the known
slags with any of the non-fluxing bodies already named. I then burn the slag
bricks to render them porous. I also use silica bricks such as "Dinas bricks
plaster, magnesia, magnesium lime, sulphate of barytes, asbestos, cement, "puinice
stone," bone ash, burnt clay, ballast, or any of the above in the form of perforated
bricks, balls, slabs or blocks, and I soak any of the aforesaid bricks in any of the
following solutions, viz,-sulphates of iron, copper, manganese, zinc, "chrome-
alum," magnesia; or in solutions of the chlorides of iron, copper, manganese, zinc
magnesium, barium, calcium, and "chrome alum." I also construct bricks, blocks,
balls, or slabs from finely pulverized "chrome iron ore and the binding substances
already mentioned; or I take the waste "chrome alum solution" and mix it
with an excess of lime or magnesium lime to decompose the aforesaid alum into
gypsum and oxides of chrome.
"
"
"
With these bricks I build up a network of regenerative surface in the regenerative
heating towers or "chemical zones or chambers above mentioned. I then burn
these chemical bricks by consuming a portion of the waste gases from the coke
ovens or by any other known means, with an excess of air, until the whole of the
above sulphates and chlorides or metallic salts are decomposed into oxides. Having
done this the oxidising towers are now ready to receive the sulphurous acid gas for
oxidisation into "sulphuric acid gas," which can be utilized for forming sulphate of
ammonia in the coke oven gases, or it may be used for any other purposes, for the
manufacture of sulphates.
My invention further relates to the system of working these towers "regene-
ratively" that is by the alternate heating and cooling of the same, in order to obtain

page_text: which result I use one or more of such towers or chambers with suitable inlets and
outlets for the entrance and exit of sulphurous acid gas either above or contained
in any waste products of combustion, or of coke oven gases containing sulphur
compounds which may be converted into sulphurous acid gas in the towers them-
selves. These various sulphuretted gases I burn with an excess of air in contact
with the aforesaid "super oxidising bricks," and thus converting the sulphurous acid
gas into "sulphuric acid gas" which I combine with the ammonia of the residual
ammoniacal liquor from the coke oven gases, or it may be utilized for any other
purposes in the production of sulphates.
"
The invention further relates to the method of slaking or cooling the finished
coke in the coke ovens by forcing in the "non-oxidising products of the coke
oven gases purified from the sulphur compounds as above described. These cold
non oxidising gases" I force through the finished coke, which expels a further
quantity of "sulphur" and at the same time stops combustion and cools off the
coke which can then be discharged from the oven without disintegrating or
powdering the coke as is usually the case when cooled by water.
.
In order that my invention may be properly understood I now proceed more
particularly to set forth the manner in which the same may be used and carried
into effect reference being had to the accompanying drawings and the figures, etc,
marked thereon, that is to say ;-
Fig 1 is a vertical section of my coke ovens, "A" showing two in a group placed
back to back with my novel flue arrangement between the pair of ovens and
showing hot air pipes, steam-pipes, exhaust waste gas pipes for the conveyance of
waste gases containing SO, to the chemical brick flues as shewn in the centre at Z.
G are the floors of the ovens of fire slabs; B air flues and fire place to start the
ovens; also air and steam flues below the main flues for assisting the fire in
starting the ovens. The other parts will be understood by the names with which
they are marked.
"
Fig 1 shows the main gas and heating flues with hot air pipes, steam pipes,
also water pipes conveying water to one of the steam generators, utilising the
waste heat by forming steam for injecting and other purposes as shewn at W, etc,
etc, by the injector shown in detail in Fig 3 as already described Fig 1B by the
jet fan and spray system of condensation. Fig 1B also shows diagonal shelves A
giving greater power of condensation. F Fig 1B also shows other spray injectors
on the principle of the one illustrated by Fig 3 using the condensing fluids
aforesaid named.
Figure 1C is an end section of condenser and Figure 1D) end section of Figure 1.
Figure 2 shows a pair of vertical coke ovens constructed on the lines of my
present invention each oven having a central vertical blowing shaft. S for injecting
superheated steam into the centre of the incandescent coke. I prefer this form of
coke oven and gas generator when there is no sale for the coke thus made-and it
is desired instead, to produce heating gas and by secondary processes also
illuminating gases, and this I accomplish by filling the vertical coke ovens in the
usual way and when the carbonization is complete, or in other words the coking is
finished, and the residual tarry and ammoniacal gases from such coking have
received the treatment as aforesaid described for their condensation, and the coke
is still in the incandescent state, I blow or inject superheated steam, air and
petroleum, or other hydrocarbon into the aforesaid incandescent mass of coke, and
by this means I am enabled to economize the existing heat in the incandescent
coke, and at the same time convert the whole of the coke or carbon into heating
and if desired into illuminating gases. I also avail myself (in the production of
the latter gas) of the waste beat of the regenerative brick work (in this case filled
with the ordinary fire-brick) to decompose and vaporise liquid or solid hydro-
carbons, such as creosote, petroleum oil, or pulverised coal or bituminous substances;
which I inject into the said coke ovens by the injector already referred to in using
superheated steam and if desired air.
I also construct my coke ovens or shaft furnaces in such a way as to allow of

page_text: the ashes resulting from the coking process or carbonisation of the coal to be
fluxed, and for this purpose I make suitable openings in the bottom of the aforesaid
shaft ovens to allow the fluxed ashes or slag to run away-The openings are
indicated by the letter F in drawing Fig. 2.
I also construct openings K in the bottom of the coke ovens (Fig. 2) for the
removal of the finished coke and ashes into trains when desired.
I also place suitable boilers or pipes in the flues of my coke ovens or shaft ovens
containing petroleum, creosote or other liquid hydrocarbon which being under
pressure is forced into the incandescent coke together with superheated steam and,
if desired, air, as shown in the drawing Fig 2 at D and passing through the pipes J
there to be injected by the assistance of injectors (Fig. 3) into and above the
incandescent coke in the production of illuminating gas.
I may also use my injector (Fig. 3) for the preparation of the bisulphite of
ammonia or "acid sulphites" by means of SO, and purified ammoniacal liquor or
crude ammoniacal liquor. For this purpose the SO, may be blown through one
of the jets there shown meeting a current of the crude or purified ammoniacal
liquor or SO, and water to be used as aforesaid for condensing further quantities
of ammonia from the gas. Although the accompanying descriptions and drawings
refer chiefly to improvements and alterations and mode of working of the well-
known "
Beehive" Coke ovens yet without departing from the object of this
invention and mode of working as herein described the dimensions and form of
construction of my coke ovens inay be altered to suit the nature and composition
of the coal under treatment, and in some cases I prefer to construct my coke ovens
as shown at Fig. 5 with four ovens in a series of less width, thus concentrating the
heat in the walls of the ovens and accelerating the coking.
The matters referred to in my Provisional Specification which I do not now
claim relate to the vague expressions regarding flues and to the use of steam to
cool off the finished coke
Having thus fully described ny said invention and the manner of performing
the same, I wish it to be understood that I claim :-
First-The improved construction of coke ovens by the system of flues and the
injecting of hot air through the coal during carbonisation so as to effect a rapid
coking with the production of tar of the benzine series and hard coke as described.
Second I claim the novel construction of the gas mains as shown in the accoin-
panying Drawings which I designate "The Chemical Zone" and wherein I place
pipes for the conveyance of cold air to be heated by the regenerative chambers and
pipes to convey steam to be superheated as well as the use of the air pipes to
return the non-oxidising gases to stop the carbonisation when the coking is
complete.
Third: I also claim the novel and economical arrangement as per accompanying
drawings with spray injectors as shown in detail in Fig. 3 also rose jets the
revolving fan spray producers, and by their use the more complete condensation of
the tars evolved by the coke oven gas when using liquid hydrocarbons as aforesaid
described by this invention.
Fourth I also claim for the better condensation of the ammonia in the coke
oven gases the use of purified ammoniacal liquid, whether obtained by boiling off
the H. S and CO, by lime or other method, also the supersaturation of the crude or
purified ammoniacal liquor by sulphurous acid gas (SO, into the acid sulphite of
ammonia Bisulphite of ammonia) also the preparation of the aforesaid acid sulphites
of ammonia from the residual gases after the burning of the gases for heating
purposes, as obtained by this invention.
Fifth I also claim the conversion of SO, into SO, by the use of my oxidising
bricks as shown in the drawings and the manufacture of sulphates of ammonia or
other sulphates.
Sixth I claim the use of the non oxidising gases as obtained by this invention
after combustion for heating purposes, to expel a further quantity of sulphur from
the coke and also to cool off the same as aforestated by my apparatus,

page_text: Seventh I also claim as shown in Fig 2 the vertical coke ovens and central
flue arrangement or blowing shaft for injecting superheated steam into the incan-
descent coke for the production of heating and lighting gases and also the
decomposing firebrick zone in this apparatus to decompose liquid or solid hydro-
carbons to increase the illuminating power of the gases obtained by this part of
my invention
Eighth I also claim as shown by Fig. 5 the division of the larger coke ovens
to concentrate and accelerate the coking of the coal as stated.
In witness whereof I the said Henry Hutchinson have hereunto set my hand
and seal this sixth day of December in the year of our Lord one thousand eight
hundred and eighty three.
HENRY HUTCHINSON (L.S.)