IMPROVEMENTS IN OPENING, CLOSING, AND SECURING WINDOWS, DOORS, AND SHUTTERS, WHICH IMPROVE- MENTS ARE ALSO APPLICABLE TO THE OPENING, CLOSING, AND SECURING THE PORTHOLES OF SHIPS, AND IN THE MACHINERY OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN
Year: 1867

page_text: LETTERS PATENT. to James Carter, of Dunfermline, in the County of
Fife, North Britain, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN OPENING,
CLOSING, AND SECURING WINDOWS, DOORS, AND SHUTTERS, WHICH IMPROVE-
MENTS ARE ALSO APPLICABLE TO THE OPENING, CLOSING, AND SECURING THE
PORTHOLES OF SHIPS, AND IN THE MACHINERY OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED
THEREIN."
Sealed the 13th August 1867, and dated the 16th February 1867.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said James Carter at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
16th February 1867.
I, JAMES CARTER, of Dunfermline, in the County of Fife, North Britain,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN
OPENING, CLOSING, AND SECURING WINDOWS, DOORS, AND SHUTTERS, WHICH IMPROVE-
MENTS ARE ALSO APPLICABLE TO THE OPENING, CLOSING, AND SECURING OF THE PORT-
HOLES OF SHIPS, AND IN THE MACHINERY OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN," to be
as follows, that is to say :-
This Invention, which has for its object the opening, closing, and securing
of windows, doors, and shutters, and is also applicable to the opening,
closing, and securing the portholes of ships, is based upon a somewhat similar
Invention for which Letters Patent were granted unto the said "James
Carter," on or about the 14th day of June 1866, and numbered 1616.

page_text: The present Invention then consists in employing a shaft, the upper part
of which is screwed or has a screw formed on it for raising and lowering the
upper sash, shutter, door, or port shutter; the lower part of the shaft being
plain, and which passes down through a trowser or tube screwed on the
outside for raising and lowering the under sash, shutter, door, or port shutter,
the trowser or tube being only half the length or thereabouts of the solid
screwed shaft, its length, in fact, being sufficient to raise the window sash,
shutter, door, or port shutter. By this arrangement either of the sashes,
shutters, or port shutters. may be raised or lowered, or secured in any position
of their motion; the ends of the screwed shaft and the trowser passing
down through the framing into a wall box, their lower ends being provided
with bevil wheels, which are actuated by a handle, as in the Invention above
referred to.
It is to be understood that the screwed part of the shaft and the trowser or
tube passes through or into correspondingly screwed lugs attached to the
framing of the sash, shutter, door, or port shutter, so that according as the
screws are revolved the sash, shutter, door, or port shutter move upwards or
downwards.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said James Carter in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
15th August 1867.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE
CARTER, of Dumfermline, in the
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Sixteenth day of February, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven, in the thirtieth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me,
the said James Carter, Her special license that I, the said James Carter,
my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said James
Carter, my executors, administrators, or assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the
term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make,.use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel
Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN OPENING, CLOSING,
AND SECURING WINDOWS, DOORS, AND SHUTTERS, WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE ALSO
PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JAMES
County of Fife, North Britain, send

page_text: APPLICABLE TO THE OPENING, CLOSING, AND SECURING THE PORTHOLES OF SHIPS,
AND IN THE MACHINERY OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN," upon the condition
(amongst others) that I, the said James Carter, by an instrument in writing
under my hand and seal, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature
of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed,
and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said James Carter, do hereby declare the
nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed,
to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement,
reference being had to the accompanying Drawings, and to the several letters
and figures marked thereon, that is to say :-
My said Invention, which has for its object the opening, closing, and
securing windows, doors, shutters, and is also applicable to the opening, closing,
and securing the portholes of ships, is based upon a somewhat similar Inven-
tion for which Letters Patent were granted unto the said James Carter on or
about the 14 day of June 1866, and numbered 1616.
The present Invention consists in employing a shaft, the upper part of
which is screwed, or has a screw formed on it for raising and lowering the
upper sash, shutter, door, or port shutter, the lower part of the shaft being:
plain, and which passes down through a trowser or tube screwed on the out-
side for raising and lowering the under sash, shutter, door, or port shutter,
the trowser or tube being only half the length or thereabouts of the solid
screwed shaft, its length being sufficient to raise the under sash, shutter, door,
or port shutter. By this arrangement either of the sashes, shutters, doors, or
port shutters may be raised or lowered, or secured in any position of their
motion, the ends of the screwed shaft and the trowser passing down through
the framing into a wall box, their lower ends being provided with bevil.
wheels, which are actuated by a handle, as in the Invention referred to..
It is to be understood that the screwed part of the shaft and the trowser
or tube-passes through .or into correspondingly screwed lugs attached to the
framing of the sash, shutter, door, or port shutter, so that according as the
screws are revolved the sash, shutter, door, or port shutter moves upwards and
downwards.
And in order that my said Invention may be properly understood I now
proceed more particularly to set forth the system, mode, or manner in or
under which the same is or may be used or practically carried into effect,
reference being had, for the sake of more complete elucidation, to the several

page_text: Figures upon the two explanatory Sheets of Drawings which I have hereunto
appended, that is to say :-
Figure 1 is an inside elevation of a window constructed in accordance with
my present Invention; Figure 2 is a vertical section of the same on the line
a, a, Figure 1; and Figure 3 is a prespective view showing the window thrown
back against the side shutters, leaving the window frame open and clear of
obstruction, as will be seen more particularly in the transverse view, Figure 2:
The window shown under this modification is of the ordinary upper and lower
sash description, and in place of being raised and lowered in the ordinary
manner the screw shaft A is used for raising and lowering the upper sash,
and the screwed trowser or tube B is used for raising and lowering the under
sash. The lower part of the shaft A is not screwed, but passes as a plain
shaft down through the screwed tube B into a bearing formed to receive it in
the wall box C, the lower end of the shaft A as well as the screwed tube B
are provided with bevil wheels D and E, which are actuated by means of the
other bevil wheels F and G, respectively, these wheels F and G being provided:
with sockets for receiving the handle H, which on being turned round in
either a right or left-hand direction causes the revolution of either the shaft A
or the tube B, which passing through the screwed lugs I and K, in the upper
and under sashes respectively cause them to be raised or lowered at will. To
allow the sashes to be well supported upon the screws the ends opposite that to
which the screwed lugs are fixed are provided with guide brackets L and M, so
that as the under sash is raised or lowered the guide M passes up and down
upon the screwed shaft A, and as the under sash is raised or lowered the
guide L passes up and down upon the screwed tube B.
With this arrange-
ment of window no parting bead is necessary, as may be seen on reference
to Figure 2, the lower sash being guided in its proper course by means
of the guide or iron spring bead N, whilst to the upper sash no such guide
is applied, as the side of the sash opposite to the screw has a groove a, a,
formed in it as shown in the prespective view, Figure 3, and shown dotted
at a, a, in Figure 2. On referring to which it will be seen that the groove
takes or fits over a bead placed in the sash frame to receive it; this bead
extends from the point b, Figure 2, to the top of the window frame, so that
the upper sash cannot be turned round upon the screw into the position shown
at Figure 3 until the sash is first lowered to clear the bead that enters
into the groove a, a, the bead acting as a guide to keep the sash fixed in its
sliding position, and therefore rendering the use of a parting bead unnecessary.
The lower sash is kept in place on the side opposite the screw by means of
batten rod o, Figure 1, which when it is required to open the sashes into the

page_text: position shown at Figure 3 is removed in a very simple manner; this batten
rod o is not fixed to the window framing by nails or screws in the ordinary
manner, but by pins shown at Figures 1 and 2, Sheet 2. The pins A in
these Figures are formed of metal, such as iron, brass, or steel, and their
heads have a groove C formed across them like an ordinary. screw to receive
the point of a screwdriver, the inner end of the pin having a cross bar d
placed through it, so that when the batten B is applied to the window frame
the cross bars & pass into the openings c in the metallic plate f fixed to the
framing D to receive them, and when placed in position they are turned round
into the position shown in red lines at Figure 2, Sheet 2, whereby they are
firmly secured to the window frame, and to remove the batten it is only
necessary to apply the screwdriver to the several pins used, turning them into
the position shown at Figure 2 to enable them to clear the holes in the
metallic plates f. Before the upper sash can be thrown into the position
shown at Figure 3, Sheet 1, it is necessary first to lower it to clear the bead
from the groove a, a, after which it may be raised to the position shown by.
turning the screw accordingly.
In heavy windows, doors, or port shutters the arrangement of the gearing.
for actuating the screws is preferred as shown at Figure 4, Sheet 1, in place
of that shown at Figures 1 and 2, Sheet 2, as it can be actuated with more
ease than in the preceeding arrangement.
Figure 3, Sheet 2, is a front elevation, and Figure 4 a section on the
line a, a, Figure 3, of a semicircular or bay window arranged in accordance
with one modification of my Invention; at its central part a screw A,
Figure 4, is placed for lifting or lowering the semicircular sash B, the screw
passing through a screwed lug C screwed to the sash, whilst the ends of the
semicircle work upon a dovetail slide D on each side. The screw is actuated
by bevil wheels, as in the preceeding arrangements, or if it is desired to use a
double sash, that is, an upper and lower one, a screwed shaft and a screwed
trowser may be used for actuating the upper and under sash respectively, as
in the preceding arrangements shown on Sheet 1 of my Drawings. By this
last arrangement great economy in the cost of constructing sash windows is.
effected, as will be at once apparent to any person practically acquainted with
such and similar structures comprised under the present Letters Patent.
Figure 5 is a front elevation, Figure 6 a transverse section, and Figure 7
a horizontal section on the line a, a, Figures 5 and 6, of a factory window
constructed in accordance with this Invention; it is actuated by a central
screw, as in the preceeding arrangement, and being so generally similar to it

page_text: except in the distinction between a flat and semicircular window, need not be
berein further referred to.
. It is evident, without further description, that similar apparatus is adapted
for raising and lowering doors, shutter, and the port shutters of ships and other
similar structures.
Having now described the nature of my said Invention, and the manner in
which the same is or may be used or practically carried into effect, I would
observe, in conclusion, that what I consider novel and original and therefore
claim as the Invention secured to me by the herein-before in part recited
Letters Patent is,―
First, the general arrangement and construction of windows, doors, shutters,
or port shutters, and the mode of actuating them, as herein-before described,
or any mere modification thereof.
Second, the arrangement and construction of the two screws for raising the
apper and under sashes of windows, doors, shutters, and port shutters, as
herein-before described, or any mere modification thereof.
Third, the raising or lowering of semicircular or bay windows by means of
a central screw, and the fitting their ends with dovetail slides to secure their
more, effectual working, as herein-before described, or any mere modification
thereof.
Fourth, the arrangement and construction of factory windows, as berein-
before described and shown on Sheet 2 of the annexed Drawings.
Fifth, the retaining pins, as herein-before described and shown at Figures 1*
and 2, Sheet 2, or any mere modification thereof.
In witness whereof, I, the said James Carter, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Ninth day of August, One thousand eight hundred
and sixty-seven.
Witness,
ST. JOHN VINCENT DAY, C. E.,
Patent Offices,
166, Buchanan St.,
Glasgow.
JAMES CARTER. (L.s.)