Improvements in Bakers' and Confectioners' Ovens and Connections therewith.
Year: 1890

page_text: Date of Application, 17th July, 1890
Complete Specification Left, 17th Apr., 1891-Accepted, 13th June, 1891
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Bakers' and Confectioners' Ovens and Connections
therewith.
JOHN ADAIR, Commission Agent, Waterford, Ireland, do hereby declare the
nature of this invention to be as follows :-
-
In my Patent No. 12,234, 1888 I describe an oven with a furnace underneath:
Now as the pipes in such ovens are attended with some difficulty in making good
joints, owing to the expansion and contraction of same, caused by the heat rising
and falling, I use what I term sand boxes.
To explain-At the ends of pipes where they are to be fastened on to girder in
front of oven, or wall at back of oven, I fasten to the girder or wall a metal box
into which the pipe rests-at each end of this box are flanges about one inch
broad, and between these flanges a space of say two inches, thus the box will be
four inches in length and supposing a pipe say of five inches in diameter, passes
through it, I would have box, say eight inches wide and nine inches deep-outside
measurement.
:
Now allowing box to be made of half inch metal, there would be a space of one
inch underneath pipe, and 2 inches over pipe-now to fit in my pipe-I lay it
down in the boxes, which boxes are open in the top to let pipe fall into its
bearings-viz. the inch flanges which take the exact shape of the pipe, and are
just like bearings for a shaft the pipe rests on flanges at each end of box-now
over pipe I place two pieces of metal which run into grooves, in the box, and
which metals have flanges on them to exactly correspond with the flanges in box-
thus the pipe becomes perfectly encased-I then pack into any crevice which may
not exactly fit (though if the castings are made as they ought to be, the fit will be
sufficiently tight to require no packing) asbestos putty or some other like material-
then I fill the box with sand, or any like material-now as there will be one inch
of sand underneath box, and one inch at sides, measuring at the narrowest part also
2 inches over pipe the pipe will be sand-sealed and as the pipe is in no place gripped
in the sand-box it can expand and contract at pleasure.
For some reasons fine dry ashes might be mixed with the sand.
It is not necessary to have a sand box at each end of pipe as pipe might be
bolted at one end to girders.
The furnaces of ovens as at present in use are open to some grave objections.
1st. It is hard to repair them.
2nd. They clinker, and in taking off clinkers furnace is injured.
3rd. As the fire is more inclined to burn at back than front if care be not taken
to keep the bars at end of furnace well covered air will flow into heating chambers
which will get very little heating from the furnace and thus cool oven instead of
heating her.
Now, I propose to use for the purpose of heating ovens-t
s-that which is well
known in gas works as regenerator furnaces, for with these furnaces I can heat
more than one oven with the same furnace, also there is no danger of bars getting
stripped at back, and so letting in air.
Also, such furnaces can be easily repaired.
Further, the present system with bakers ovens is to put a door at front only-I
propose to put a door also at back-the advantage of this is, that I can draw my
trays out of oven (see Patent No. 2750, 1888) at the back and let them go in
at the front. Also by this means, I can have my ovens much longer.
It being a very important matter where I have described the doors to be
4 ft. 6 in. in length and ft. in height and where there are 3 such doors upon the

page_text: front of a 3 decker-oven, that such doors should be non-conducting doors—now to
accomplish this I make my doors with an air-chamber in them about 1 in. wide.
To explain further I make a frame work of metal or iron which frame is to be
the frame of door of oven.
I leave this frame say 14 in. deep and I drill holes all round it the iron or metal
work can be cast in such a manner, as to make the drilling of these holes easy.
I put one thin, plate of iron on one side of frame and one thin plate of iron on
other side of frame and bolt the two plates together through the holes; by single
bolts passing through the holes of frame.
Now the particular novelty in this which I claim, is doors with air-chambers in.
them or if desired I can fill these air-chambers with some non-conducting
material in which I claim non-conducting doors after the manner described.
Also as the doors in my ovens sec Pat. No. 12234, 1888, are 4 ft. 6 in. or more.
in width, and about one foot in height, to open and shut such doors is not easy if
such doors are hinged in the ordinary manner, or made to rise or fall, by means of
levers or weights now I propose a new and novel method viz. the sliding of
doors in grooves, by the means of ball-bearings rollers or wheels running upon
top or bottom grooves-and I lay special claim to the using of ball-bearings as a
means of sliding doors.
Further, as a method of forming fronts of ovens in which it is necessary to have
flues passing around the doors in such metal fronts for the purposes of feeding hot
air to pipes or so forth-I make these flues, by casting two plates say with; six
openings in cacli plate, which openings would be for doors-around these openings.
I put flanges, say 6 in. deep-1 bolt these two plates together, by bolts passing
from plate to plate-the 2 flanges are thus brought tight together and there are by
this means flues passing all round doors--I put a face on these flanges of about
2 inches, so that they may press asbesto putty between them to make a good
joint.
To further explain.--Supposing that I wished to enter trays through these
doors, I may have them 4 ft. 6 inches wide by 1 ft: in height, and if I give a space
between the top of one door and the bottom of the next for pipes of about
10 inches it will take a plate 6 ft. in height by about 11 ft, in width-it will be
readily seen that if I cast 2 such plates and bolt them as described together, I
have an oven front very quickly formed.
As the ascension of heat through crown of oven is a point much to be guarded
against and therefore the arching of ovens with brick is at present the safest
method yet even then a large amount of rubbish or non-conducting material must
be placed over thein. Now in my pipe oven it will be a great. advantage to have
a crown casily removed also an advantage in other ovens of any description as
where repairs inside are necessary it is a quick and easy way of cooling such ovens
to have it removable..
I therefore take a sheet iron cistern say 6 or 9 inches deep and of width and
length sufficient to rest on sides of oven.
I lay this cistern on girders which rest on oven wall and then fill in cistern with
non-conducting material if preferred cistern might be hollow with top-cover
fastened in to make chamber air tight and then some non-conducting material
placed over it.
Such cover could be easily removed by windlass or other arrangements.
Further when the doors of ovens are large sliding doors to prevent them in the
closing of striking too hard against the, frame of door I put in the said frame a
spiral spring or a spring of any construction this can be done by having a hole in
the frame into which the spiral spring can enter with a projecting buffer after-the
manner of a railway buffer.

page_text: COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Bakers' and Confectioners' Ovens and Connections
therewith.
I, JOHN ADAIR Commission Agent Waterford Ireland, do hereby declare the
nature of this invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, to
be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement:-
In the Specification of my Patent No. 12,234, 1888, I describe an oven with a
furnace underneath. Now with the pipes in such ovens there is difficulty in making
good joints, owing to the expansion and contraction of same, caused by the heat
rising and falling, I therefore use according to my invention what I term sand
boxes To explain-
:
At the ends of the pipes where they are to be fastened on to the girder in front
of oven, or wall at back of oven I fasten to the girder or wall a metal box, in which
the pipe rests; at each end of this box are flanges about one inch broad, and
between these flanges is a space of say two inches, thus the box will be four inches in
length and supposing a pipe of say five inches in diameter passes through it,
I would have box, say, eight inches wide and nine inches deep-outside measurement.
Now allowing box to be made of half inch metal there would be a space of one
inch underneath pipe and 24 inches over pipe.-In order to fit pipe in I lay it down
in the boxes which boxes are open on the top to let pipe fall into its bearings . the
inch flanges which take the exact shape of the pipe and are just like bearings for
a shaft the pipe rests on flanges at each end of box.-Over pipe I place two pieces
of metal which run into grooves in the box and which metals have flanges on them
to exactly correspond with the flanges in box. Thus the pipe becomes perfectly
encased. I then pack into any crevice which may not exactly fit (though if the
castings are made as they ought to be, the fit will be sufficiently tight to require
no packing) asbestos putty or some other like material. As there will be one inch
of sand underneath box, and one inch at sides (measuring at the narrowest part)
also 2 inches of sand over pipe-the pipe will be sand sealed. As the pipe is
in no place gripped in the sand box, it can expand and contract at pleasure-for
some reasons fine dry ashes might be mixed with the sand-when very fine sand
cannot be procured, the fine ashes will assist in freeing it.
It is not necessary to have a sand-box at each end of pipe-the pipe might be
bolted at one end to girders.
In cases where the pipes are placed rather close to each other 1 make one long
sand box as it saves extra bolting-In such cases sand boxes may be at each
end of pipe.
The plan of bolting by means of flanges on pipes is a more troublesome method
than sand boxes, especially if fire gets near to the bolts, it will make them very
difficult to remove when repairs are necessary.
It being a very important matter where oven doors are large, that they should be
non-conducting doors-and also that such non-conducting doors should be easily
and cheaply constructed and at the same time be durable and also be of as light
weight as possible-so that in the shutting and opening of such doors, the operation
may not wear or tear or be inconvenient to the person working them-as heavy
doors of necessity are.
I therefore construct doors thus: I take a sheet of iron or steel-of course a
more costly material, as brass, may be used if style is required-and I bend it at
one end to make a lap joint-I bend another sheet at sides and bottom, so as to
make when fastened to the other sheet a case into which, non-conducting material
is placed this is made clear in drawing.
Also, the doors in my ovens, see Patent No. 12,234, 1888-are four feet six inches
or more in width and about one foot in height-to open and shut such doors is not
easy-if such doors are hinged in the ordinary manner-or made to rise or fall

page_text: by means of levers or weights or slide in grooves-now I construct viz.: the
siiding oven doors with ball bearings, rollers or wheels running upon top or bottom
grooves.
This is fully described with reference to drawing attached.
As the ascension of heat through crown of oven is a point much to be guarded
against and therefore the arching of ovens with brick is at present the safest
method yet even then a large amount of rubbish or non-conducting material must
be placed over them.
Now, in my pipe oven it will be a great advantage to have a crown easily
removed also an advantage in other ovens of any description.-As where repairs
inside are necessary it is a quick and easy way of cooling such ovens to have it
removable.
I therefore take a sheet iron cistern, sufficient in length and width to cover over
crown-depth of cistern from 6 to 9 inches-could be made of ordinary iron rivetted
after the usual method.
I fill this cistern first with a portion of sand-so as to give a body in cistern to
contain heat and over this sand I place fine ashes, or some other non-conducting
material I support this cistern on rails laid across from wall to wall of oven-and
to prevent leakage of hot air at sides, I place around the side walls of oven a metal
frame, with a deep groove in it, and at bottom of cistern, I have a rib of light iron
which is a projection only of the sides of cistern below the cistern bottom-and this
rib enters into groove in metal-and the joint is made good with sand or ashes.
I need hardly state here that such a crown as this, will not burst side walls of
oven as I leave ample room in the metal groove for the rib which enters it to
move, as cistern crown may expand.
Compare this crown with the costly cumbersome, unremovable brick crowns-
with tons of rubbish over them-and the advantage of my system obvious, as it
can never crack or leak:
In order to render the description of my invention more complete, I will now
further describe same with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Similar letters of reference refer to like parts in the various figures.
according to my mvention.
G. is the girder in which they slide and
R. is the rail upon which the wheels which carry doors run.
Y. shews the groove plate in which doors slide-of course in this arrangement
the doors do not touch the bottom of this groove, it only holds them in position
and forms a guide.
Fig. II. shews the door, working on ball-bearings.
Fig. III. shews the groove for such ball-bearings.
When I work the door on ball-bearings, the wheels at top of door are not required
consequently the top girder will be differently constructed and will be therefore
as Fig. III. save that it will be reversed-thus permitting the tops of doors to go
up into it.
In this case I would give them at least an entrance of an inch, to prevent leakage
of hot air and have them fitting fairly tight.
Fig. IV. shews the construction of the non-conducting doors.
The plates D. are bent thus lapping into each other as shown when the oven
doors are shut, thereby preventing heat escaping. X is the box-plate, which is
fastened to the door D.
Fig. VII. shews the manner of constructing this box plate, pieces are cut out
of the corners as shewn, and the plate is bent at the dotted lines, and is then
bolted to D.
At the top of the plate-there being nothing.to prevent the plates drawing together

page_text: by the bolts, I put in small bits of pipes, the desired length, through which the
bolts pass.
Fig. V. shews a sectional plan view of the girder G. with the cuttings in it for the
doors to slide in.
Fig. VI. shews the side view of this girder, with the cover B. on it and the
holes H. which are required in order to separate the wheels from the doors-or to
attach them to the doors.
Fig. VIII. is an end view of girder.
Fig. IX. is an end view of groove plate for the doors to slide in.
Fig. X. shews sand box. P. are the pipes-S. S. are metal rests for the sand box
which are cast on the girder to which the sand-box is attached. Kis the girder.-
This girder has circular spaces cut out of it thus permitting the pipes to feed hot
air into flues.
Fig. XI. is a plan view of sand-box. C. are the metal caps which cover the pipes
and make the box complete. The girder K. may be a metal hollow box-which
will thus act as a flue taking all the heat from pipes, or feeding them with heat as
such girder K. may be in connection with chimney or with furnace.
SHEET No. 2.
Fig. I represents cistern cover for oven. A. is cistern and E. is metal groove
which makes the sand joint.
Fig. II. is another view of this metal groove for sand-joint.
Fig. III. is another view of cistern.
No. 1. shews space for the non-conducting covering.
No. 2. shews sand space &
No. 3. lip which enters into sand joint.
Fig. IV. and V. shew the manner in which wheels are attached to oven door.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed- I declare that what I
claim is.
1st. The construction of non-conducting oven doors with lap joint after the
manner described and illustrated by drawings Sheet No. 1. Figs. 4 and 7.
2nd. The construction and arrangement of oven doors with ball-bearings or wheels
after the manner described and illustrated by drawings Sheet No. 1. Figs. 1. 2 & 3.
and Sheet No. 2 Figs. 4 and 5.
3rd. The construction and arrangement of joints or boxes for holding sand or
some other suitable material around oven pipes-as a method of making joints-
after the manner described and illustrated by drawings Sheet 1. Figs. 10 and 11.
4th. The cistern outside crown for oven with lip and metal groove for sand-joint
as described and illustrated by drawings Sheet No. 2. Figs. 1. 2 and 3.
Dated this 15th day of 4 Mo. 1891.
JOHN ADAIK.