IMPROVEMENTS MACHINERY FOR PREPARING AND SPINNING FIBROUS MATERIALS
Year: 1854

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Yuil Borland, of the City of Manchester and
County of Lancaster, Machinist, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS
MACHINERY FOR PREPARING AND SPINNING FIBROUS MATERIALS."
IN.
Sealed the 23rd January 1855, and dated the 29th July 1854.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Yuil Borland at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
29th July 1854.
I, JOHN YUIL BORLAND, of the City of Manchester and County of Lan-
caster, Machinist, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR PREPARING AND SPINNING FIBROUS MATERIALS,"
to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to mechanism for twisting a sliver or thread, and at
the same time winding it into a cop or bobbin form.
It principally consists in the use of a tube to give twist to a sliver or thread
passing through it. combined with a spindle. The tube here referred to is
conical at one end, to admit of the cone part of the cop, and it is mounted on
two bearings, and to give facility for admission of the thread or sliver into its
interior, a spiral slit is formed in it from one end to the other, and correspond-
ing slits are formed in the bearings. The thread or sliver passes in a direct
[Price 8d.]

page_text: line from the rollers, and through the tube to the end of the cylindrical part of
the tube, where it passes out, and then passes along the conical part, and from
the bottom of it on to the spindle, the end of which revolves in the interior
of the tube, the axial line of both the spindle and tube corresponding. The
tubes are revolved to give twist to the sliver or thread by friction against a
passing strap, or by other suitable means, and the thread or sliver is wound
upon the spindle by "drag," as it is technically termed, or by revolving the
spindle positively, the difference between the speed of the tube and the spindle
effecting the winding on.
At the commencement of the cop the end of the spindle is furthest in the
interior of the tube, and as the cop is formed it is gradually withdrawn from
it. The principal advantages of the tube and arrangement above referred to
are the protection of the thread or sliver from the influence of the air and
centrifugal force, and a continuous twisting and winding on at the same
time.
To wind on the thread by positively revolving the spindle, I propose to use
that motion known as the cone drums or expanding pulleys to vary the speed,
and to produce the changes in the position of the strap on the cones, or changes
in the expansion of the pulley, by a conic cam, revolving in unison with a conic
cam, for working the copping rail (moving the spindles up and down to lay on
the thread or sliver), which conic cams will have a sliding motion in the direc-
tion of their axes, so that after each layer of thread or sliver, new shapes will
be brought to act against the friction bowls, through which motion will be
imparted to effect the changes in the strap of the cones, or in the expansion
pulleys, and to effect changes in the motion or traverse of the copping rail.
The cnd sliding motion of the conic cams may cease when the bottom of the
cop is fully formed, as the extent and variation of the speed of the spindles
and the traverse and speed of the copping rail is the same for the remainder of
the cop, the copping rail requiring only an uniform lowering during the forma
tion of the remainder of the cop.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed.
by the said John Yuil Borland in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
29th January 1855.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE
PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JoпN
YU. BORLAND, of the City of Manchester, in the County of Lancaster, :
Machinist, send greeting.

page_text: WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-ninth day of July, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and fifty-four, in the eighteenth year of Her reign, did,
for Herself, Her heirs and successors. give and grant unto me, the said John
Yuil Borland, Her especial license that I, the said John Yuil Borland, my
executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I. the said John Yuil
Borland, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the
term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make. use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel
Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR
PREPARING AND SPINNING FIBROUS MATERIALS," upon the condition, amongst
others, that I, the said John Yuil Borland, by an instrument in writing
under my hand and seal, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature
of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed. and
cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said John Yuil Borland, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in. what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement and accompanying Drawings (that is to say):-
This Invention relates to a peculiar adaptation and arrangement of mechanism
for continuously twisting a sliver or thread, and at the same time winding it
into a cop or bobbin form, and may be advantageously used for making that
preparation for spinning known as roving or slubbing, and for spinning slivers
of roving or slubbing into threads, or twisting threads or slivers together after
the manner of the operation known as doubling; but it is particularly advan-
tageous for continuously twisting or spinning threads, and at the same time
winding the thread as spun in the cop form. The chief peculiarity of my
Invention, in respect to the parts immediately operating to effect the twisting
and winding up of the thread or sliver, consists in the adaptation and arrange-
ment of a peculiarly formed tube in an independent bearing or bearings, which
has revolving motion given to it to put in the required amount of twist in the
sliver or thread which passes through its interior, in combination with a spindle,
having its axis also in independent bearings, in a line corresponding, with the
axis of the tube, into the interior of which the end of the spindle can enter;
but to clearly explain this, and the modes in which I propose to carry my
Invention into effect, 1 have annexed hereto two Sheets of Drawings for the
purpose of illustration (the same letters and figures of reference will be used

page_text: on the same and corresponding parts in each Figure of the Drawings).. Fig. 9,
Sheet 1, is a detached view (half natural size), showing a tube and spindle,
arranged as before referred to, for twisting a thread and winding it on a
spindle in the cop form. a. a', are rails, which form bearings for tubes b. The
lower end of the tube is formed into two legs b', which are bent to such an
angle as will correspond, or nearly so, with the cone form of the cop, or of
such angle and shape as will suit the form of the bobbin or shape. in which the
thread or sliver is to be wound. The tubes have spiral slits be formed in them
from the bottom to the top, through which the threads or slivers are admitted
into the interior of the tube, corresponding slits being also made in their
hearings (a, a). The spiral cut winds round the tube from the bottom in a
direction opposite to that of its revolving motion, by which arrangement the
spiral direction of the slit assists and facilitates the entrance of the sliver or
thread by revolving the tube, but prevents it getting out. End or longitudinal
motion in the tube is prevented by forming a shoulder at the upper end, and
they are driven or revolved in a manner which will be hereafter explained.
c is the spindle, placed in bearings in the rails c', c, so that its axis and that
of the tube coincide. The spindle rail is made to traverse in the direction of
the axes of the spindles, so that the points of the spindles may be made to pass
into the interior of the tubes, that the material may be wound on the bottom
part of them, and so as to give the necessary traverse to wind the thread or
sliver as it is spun evenly in the cop or bobbin form. It will be understood
that the sliver to be twisted or spun passes from the drawing rollers over a
guide, from which it passes perpendicularly down the interior of the tube, then
along one of the legs (b) at the lower extremity of the tube, and through a
hole or curl formed on it, and then on to the spindle c, or on to a spool or
bobbin. The revolving of the tube will, therefore, spin or put the twist in the
sliver or thread, and at the same time will wind it round the spindle; but it is
evident that if the spindle had no revolving motion the thread or sliver would
break, as the tube or flyer would wind the thread or sliver faster round the
spindle, spool, or bobbin than the drawing rollers would deliver it, and before
sufficient twist was put in; therefore the spindle, bobbin, or spool will require
to be revolved in the same direction as the tube, but at a speed as much less
than that of the tube as will be sufficient to wind up the sliver delivered by
the drawing rollers. or the spindle, bobbin, or spool will have to be left free, so
that the tube may pull it round by the strength of the thread or sliver, which
will be the same mode (in principle) of winding up the thread as spun as that
employed in the spinning frame known as the "throstle frame," and which is
also employed in the spinning and doubling frame, and termed "drag," and

page_text: may be used for this purpose for the spinning or twisting of threads or slivers
which are of sufficient strength to "drag" round or overcome the inertia of
the spindle, bobbin, or spool. as the case may be. It will also be evident, that
the difference between the revolving speed of the spindle and tube will depend
upon the diameter of the surface upon which the thread or sliver is wound,
and it will thus increase in a ratio proportionate to the diminishing diameter
of the surface, and vice versa. In the bobbin or spool, the thread or sliver is
generally laid or wound on in cylindrical layers. so that the speed of the
spindle, spool, or bobbin will gradually diminish from the commencement of
the set to the full bobbin or spool; but in threads or slivers spun continuously
and at the same time wound in the cop form, which may be considered to be
built or laid on in conic layers, the spindle or spool every layer has to change
its speed from one extreme to the other extreme, so that it has been hitherto
very difficult. if not impracticable. to spin threads or slivers and wind them
into the cop form, either on the principle of "drag," or by an arrangement for
positively driving the spindles, especially where the thread is required to be
laid on so as to pass quickly from one end of the cone of the cop to the other.
as in "mules," where it is termed a "crossing." taking place from the small to
large end of the cone of the cop. To spin continuously, and at the same
time wind the thread as spun in the cop form built with "crossings," in the
same manner as cops spun by "mules." the spindles would require to have at
the time of the "crossing" a sudden accession of revolving speed, which it would
be very difficult or almost impossible to add by a motion arranged positively
to drive the spindle. and which would strain or break the threads or slivers if
it had to be communicated by them to the spindles on the drag principle.
especially as the sudden accession of speed would be required when the thread
or sliver would have its least power upon the spindle or spool, by reason of its
then being at the smallest diameter of the cop. To obviate this difficulty, I
effect the "crossing" by passing the thread from the large to the small part of
the cone of the cop, which involves a sudden decrease of the speed in the
spindle. so that, by this mode of building the cop, the increasing speeds are
caused to be slow and gradual, and the decreasing speeds quick. thus effecting
the least strain on the threads or sliver. I consider this mode of "crossing,"
in building a cop in machines for continuously spinning and winding up the
thread as spun at the same time, as very important to the carrying out of my
improvements, especially when the principle of "drag" is used to wind on the
thread, but the advantages of making the "crossing" in the manner above
explained will only be obtained when the flyer or tube is driven in advance of
the spindle; if the reverse of this is the case, then the crossing," to obtain the

page_text: advantages mentioned, will have to be made in the same manner as in a
mule spun cop. When I employ the "drag" principle to wind on the thread or
sliver, especially when wound in the cop form. I use a small break arrangement,
consisting of a piece of string, having a weight attached to it, which string I
cause to press with more or less force against the spindle, bobbin, or spool, so
as to put (as near as possible) an uniform "drag" or strain upon the thread
or sliver it acts to bring down the momentum of the spindle in spinning cops
when the sudden diminution in speed is required, and with less force when the
thread or sliver is winding on the small diameters. and with increasing force
as the winding on progresses to larger diameters. I have now described the
arrangement of the operating mechanism, and the motions to be imparted to
it, to accomplish the purpose herein-before referred to, and it now only remains
for me to explain the manner in which the said mechanism may be arranged
together, and the modes in which the motions required may be obtained and
imparted, for the several purposes referred to. In Sheet 1 I have shewn par-
tially several views of a double-sided cop spinning frame, in which (for the
purpose of making them appear more plain) I have only shown such parts as
are essential to this explanation. Fig. I is a front or side view, shewing some
of the internal mechanism; Fig. 2. sectional end view of mechanism at the
driving end of machine; Fig. 3, a similar view at the opposite end; Fig. 4.
plan view of internal mechanism: Fig. 5, driving end view; Fig. 6, similar
view at opposite end of frame; Fig. 7, front view; Fig. 8. plan view. shewing
mode of imparting motion to tubes. d are fast and loose driving pulleys:
e, first motion shaft. The drawing rollers are of ordinary arrangement, and are
represented in several of the Figures and marked 1. and they receive their
motion from a train of toothed wheels (which it is unnecessary to describe)
from the first motion shaft, at that end opposite to the driving end. a. a', are
rails, in which the tubes b are fixed. a few only being shewn in Fig. 7; they
receive revolving motion by contact with passing strap, which runs along
the back of them, and passes round pulleys fixed on upright shafts at each
corner of the frame. This will be better understood by reference to Fig. 8.
b. pulleys on upright shafts b; 3. strap; b, tubes: 6. small friction bowls.
placed between tubes (carried on a rail secured to the framing), which cause the
strap to be kept against the back of the tubes. This arrangement permits the
thread to be passed through the spiral slit, before mentioned, into the interior
of the tubes from the front. (The tubes may be driven by warfs and separate
bands, in the manner in which spindles of spinning machines are driven; in
which case the spiral slit in the tube will have to be dispensed with. and the
thread, when it requires piccing. will have to be drawn through the interior of

page_text: Levers are
the tube by a hook instrument; but I prefer the mode of imparting motion to
the tubes first described and shewn in the Drawings). Two of the upright
shafts b, having the pulleys b' keyed upon them, receive the necessary
motion from a spur wheel b. on the first motion shaft, which geers on each
side of the frame with two other spur wheels 6s, each placed on one end of.
short shafts, revolving in bearings attached to the framing (A), on the other
ends of which bevel wheels are fixed, which geer with bevels on each of the two
upright shafts b. The spindles c are fixed in the spindle rails c', c, which are
attached to upright rods or bars c³, that are fitted free in eyes c', that answer as
guides to its vertical movements, which are imparted by connecting links c³,
jointed to pivols c, fixed on the bottom spindle rail, and to the ends of arms g',
which are fixed on shafts g, passing on each side of the frame from one end to
the other, and having their bearings on the end framing.
attached to the shafts g, on the ends of which friction bowls g are placed, that
work against a double cam lever g', placed on a vertical axis, which is carried
by a bracket (g, see Fig. 13,) from the end framing. The oscillations of this
double lever cam g' will act simultaneously upon the friction bowls (g) on the
ends of the arms or levers (g), fixed on the shafts g, and thus impart a vertical
oscillatory movement to the spindle rail c¹, c). The cam lever receives its
oscillations from a connecting rod h, jointed with it, and a lever h¹, placed on a
vertical axis . This lever carries a friction bowl h³, in a projection from it,
which works against a cam h', properly shaped and arranged to give the
required motion. For a traverse motion, similar to that required in the ordi-
nary throstle spinning frame, which is the same from one end of the set to the
other, a simple heart wheel or cam is only required, as in the ordinary throstle;
but for building cops the spindle rail requires a varying oscillating movement
till the bottom of the cop is fully formed, after which a uniform descent of the
spindle is all that will be required, in combination with the oscillatory move-
ment obtained from the cam h, which movements I accomplish in the following
manner:- is a conic drum cam, two end views of which are shewn by
Its axis in the arrangement
Fig. 14 and 16. and a front view by Fig. 15.
shewn is placed vertical, in a framing formed of cross bars h³, and vertical
stays ; the cross bars 15 have holes in their extremities, which fit upon
vertical parallel bars h, which form guides for the vertical movements of the
drum cam frame. The cam has revolving motion imparted to it by means of
a spur wheel h8, fixed upon its axis, and a long pinion h, placed on a vertical
shaft ; this shaft receive motion by a bevil wheel at the top, which geers
with a bevil pinion fixed on a short shaft in a bearing secured to the frame,
which forms the axis of an intermediate wheel, conveying motion from the

page_text: first motion shaft e to the drawing rollers. The long pinion is of such length
as will cause it to geer with the spur wheel h³ on the axis of the drum cam h
during the whole of its descent. When the set is commenced, the cam h' is
slided up to its highest position, and is gradually lowered during the formation
of the bottom of the cop in the following manner:e is a worm on the first
motion shaft e, which geers with a worm wheel on an oblique shaft k, having
its bearings in brackets secured to the framing. On the lower end of the
oblique shaft a bevel wheel is fixed, which geers with another one on a hori-
zontal shaft, placed parallel to the front of the frame. On this shaft (¹) a
worm is placed, which geers into a worm wheel () on a short shaft, working
in a bracket secured to the framing; on the other end of which short shaft is
a spur pinion, which geers into a toothed rack fixed or formed on the vertical
stays. The revolving of the several shafts, worms, and wheels referred to,
permit the drum ca'm frame, and thus the drum cam h, to descend by its own
weight, so as to present each revolution another part of its surface to act
against the friction bowl (3) in the lever ; the speed of this descent will
have to be in proportion to the thickness of the thread or sliver, as more
thick the thread is, and more rapidly will the bottom of the cop enlarge,
and this speed may obviously be increased or diminished by changing the
relative proportions between one or more of the wheels employed to convey
the motion. When the drum cam has descended sufficiently to form the
bottom of the cop, it may then remain stationary, as the shape then opposite
the friction bowl on the lever will answer for the remaining part of the cop;
but if the drum cam is made long enough, it may have end motion in the line
of its axis during the whole formation of the cop, which will (if required) give
the means for varying the shape of the cop during its entire formation, by
modifying the shape of it to accomplish this purpose; but I believe the best
mode is that I have shewn, by which the drum cam only descends during the
formation of the bottom of the cop. I have before stated that the drum cam
descends by its own weight, the pinion simply regulating the speed of its
descent, the lowest points of which may be fixed by a screw stop, or by the
frame of the drum cam coming against the floor of the room. To permit this
to take place, the worm wheel on the short shaft is loose, having on its
face the fulcrums of one or more pawls, which take into the teeth of a ratchet
wheel fixed to the short shaft; the weight of the frame and drum cam will
tend to revolve the pinion, the pinion will tend to revolve the short shaft and
ratchet, but the pawls, before referred to, on the face of the worm wheel are
placed to resist the revolution of the ratchet in that direction, which can
therefore only revolve in that direction at the speed the worm wheel is revolved.

page_text: It will now be obvious that when the frame of the drum cam comes against
the floor, or the stop fixed to limit its descent, the pinion and ratchet will have
no further tendency to revolve, the weight being removed; and though the
worm wheel will still continue to revolve. it will have no effect on the ratchet
and pinion, the pawls on the worm wheel being drawn over the teeth of the
ratchet. This arrangement also permits the pinion to revolve the contrary
way when the frame and drum cam is lifted up. at the commencement of a
new set of cops, the pawls and ratchet holding at whatever elevation it may be
lifted. I have now explained the mechanism from which the oscillations are
obtained to lay on the thread in the proper form, but in addition to this motion
the spindle rail requires an uniform descent as it builds during the whole
formation of the cop, which I accomplish by a screw. which receives revolving
motion during the whole formation of the cop, as follows:-92 are levers T formed,
before referred to, which are fast to the shafts when a simple and constant
traverse motion is required, as in the ordinary throstle spinning frames, but in
this case they are loose on the shafts while other levers 9 are made fast on the
shafts g. These levers have socket-formed ends, into which a short bar or shaft
is fitted free to slide in and out of the socket. On the end of this bar a swivel
nut is jointed, into which screws a screw 9', carried in bearings in the T formed
lever g; the socket and swivel nut arrangement (as the lever moves in an arc).
is intended to allow the nut to accommodate itself to the straight line of the
screw. It will now be seen, that when the socket lever is in the position it is
shown in Figure 2. the spindle rails c. c. will be at the greatest height
required: and that, as the screw is revolved, so as to bring the swivel nut
towards its other end, the spindle rails will gradually descend, and at the same
time will partake of the oscillatory movement imparted by the drum cam through
the lever . The screws receive the proper amount of revolving motion from
worm wheels g8, fixed on their ends, which geer with a worm fixed on shafts g³,
which are connected with the horizontal shafts k³, k, by universal joints k*, to
allow them to give way to the oscillation of the levers. When a new
set" of
cops is to commence, the levers g will have to be brought back to the position
in which they are shewn in Fig. 2, by unscrewing the screw g², or by the
following arrangement:-The part answering to the swivel nut, before referred
to, is formed without thread, and another part, with a section of thread formed
on it, is jointed to it in such a manner that it can be readily made to enter the
thread of the screw or be withdrawn from it, and it is kept in the thread of
This latch has an
the screw by a latch. also jointed on the swivel nut part.
arm from its fulcrum, against which the lever g comes when the cop is fully
formed, causing it to unlatch, and allow the jointed section of screw thread to

page_text: leave the thread of the screw g; and as the lever is thus free. the spindle rails
(c', c) will suddenly descend, causing a cam piece fixed to the slide bars (c³) of
the spindle rail at the driving end of the machine to liberate or unlatch the
strap guide, which, by the force of a spring or, weight, as usually employed for
this purpose, will, through the strap on the loose pulley, and stop the
machine. The spindle rails are made to pivot on the jointed connection of the
rod c, so that the points of the spindles may be brought from under the tubes
or flyers when the cops or bobbins are to be "doffed," being held in their
vertical position by a hook latch arrangement at each end of the spindle rails.
The hook latches are jointed on the upper rails c', and hook on projections on
the vertical slide bars c'; pins are placed in the frame ends, which the ends of
the latches come against when the spindle rail descends low enough, which is
the case when the cop is finished and the lever g" is liberated from the screw g².
The manner in which the amount of friction is varied, and put upon cach
spindle or bobbin, to secure an uniform strain or "drag" (or nearly so) on
the spindle or bobbin, when that principle is employed to wind on the thread
as spun, is shewn, and will be explained by reference to Figs. 9 and 10.
Fig. 10 being a plan view. 1 is a rod or bar, passing from one end of the
frame to the other along the back of the spindles (c) or bobbins, and l¹ is
another rod or bar, passing along the front, both rods or bars being supported
from the spindle rails and left free to end motion. To the back rod or bar 1.
and between each spindle or bobbin, a short flexible string band or strap P is
secured to a pin or staple fixed in it, the other end of it passing over the front
rod or bar, and having a small weight secured to it; each band is also
secured by a small staple or pin fixed in the front rod or bar l', to keep it in
its position. When thus arranged, by moving the bars endways each string
will be brought against its spindle, or a warf 1, fixed on each spindle, or against.
the lower edge of the bobbin, in frames arranged after the manner of the
ordinary throstle spinning frame (which must have the rods or bars supported
from the "copping rail"), and by means of the adjusting screws 1, at one end
of the rod or bar 1, (the nuts screwing against an eye 1, fixed to the frame.)
the friction on the spindle or bobbin may be increased or diminished, by causing
the bands to press with a greater or less angle upon the spindles or bobbins;
or the amount of friction may be regulated by proportioning the weights 3,
secured to the end of each string . It will now be seen, that if one or both
rods or bars are moved endways, the "drag" on each spindle may be increased
or diminished; but I prefer to move only the front bar 1, which I do in the
following manner: Attached at right angles to the front rod is a slotted plate
17, the slot being formed to allow free motion to the traverse of the spindle rail.

page_text: Through this slot I cause to pass a bent finger 19, screwed on to the lever g³, the
oscillations of which will cause the bent finger to move the slotted plate (and thus
the front rod) backwards and forwards endways; and according to the shape or
angle in which the finger is bent, so will the degree and amount of movement, and
thus the "drag" be regulated, which for building cops may be also increased or
diminished as the cop builds by the angle which the slot in the plate may make
with the vertical movement of the spindle rails. For ordinary throstle frames,
and for winding the spun thread in the same form as in ordinary throstle
frames, the movement of the front rod will have to be continuously in one
direction from the commencement to the end of the set, in which case the
finger may then be placed on a slide and moved uniformly forward, or at
intervals by a screw, made to revolve at the proper speed from some convenient
moving shaft or wheel in the machine. Fig. 9 shews in dotted line the
modification required in the spindle and lower extremity of the tube b, to adopt
them to spin and wind on a bobbin in the manner of a "throstle." A plate or
disk is fixed on the lower part of the spindle, having pins fixed upright in it,
that take into small holes formed in the bottom of the bobbin, by which means
the spindle will be "dragged " round with the bobbin. The arrangement of the
bands for modifying the "drag" may then be the same as when winding the
thread in the cop form; the movement of the rods being continuously in one
direction, as herein-before explained. In this explanation of the mode of
carrying out my Invention, so far, I have principally referred to the spinning
of threads and winding the same on as spun on the principle of "drag;" and
propose next to explain how I carry out my Invention when driving the
spindles for winding on positively, as such an arrangement is commonly termed.
In this case, convey motion to the spindles c, for spinning or twisting threads,
by a similar arrangement to the one which I employ for driving the tubes,
represented by Fig. 8, (or use bands and warfs, as in ordinary spinning
machines,) the strap passing round the pulleys on upright shafts box, with their
axes in the line of the axes of the upright shafts b, on which the pulleys are
placed to drive the tubes b. Two of the upright shafts bx are driven from a
shaft m, immediately below the first motion shaft e, by geering similar in
arrangement to that described for giving motion to the upright shafts for
driving the tubes from the first motion shaft e. It will be obvious that the
shaft m will require a variable revolving motion to give to the spindles a speed
proportionate to the increasing or decreasing diameters of the surface on which
the thread or sliver is wound. This I accomplish by expanding drums, and in
explaining this I shall refer to Fig. 11, a vertical longitudinal view of some of
the internal parts of the frame; Fig. 12 (Sheet 2), a vertical cross view, and

page_text: Fig. 13, a plan view. An expanding pulley m' is keyed on the shaft m, and
opposite to it another one e² is keyed on the first motion shaft e. These
expanding pulleys are constructed on a well-known principle, which is exhibited
best in section by Fig. 19. m² is one side of the pulley, and the other m³ is
secured to the boss of the first; m' are segments of the pulleys at the smallest
diameter. These segments have projections at the sides, which fit into slots in
the sides of the pulleys m². m³, radiating from its centre. For each segment
there is a bar m, which passes freely through a hole in it, the end of each bar
being fixed in disks m, free to longitudinal movement on the shafts and c,
the bars being arranged in the cone form, so that when end motion is given to
them they will cause the segmental parts m' to be pushed in the radial slots
(which answer as guides) to and from the centre, or cause the diameter of the
pulley to expand and contract. To facilitate the longitudinal movement of the
expanding bars, friction bowls mare placed on studs secured to each disk,
four on each disk, placed at right angles to each other, bearing on the shafts
e and m; and further to facilitate this, in the upper expanding pulley the bosses
of the disks me, in which the ends of the expanding bars m³ are secured, work
in bearings formed in bars m³, which are connected together by cross stays mº,
so that all or a portion of the weight of the expanding bars and disks may be
born on the friction bowls (x). which run on the shafts g (that transmit
motion to traverse the spindle rails), the bowls x revolving on a stud fixed
in the upper end of rods m*, having their other ends secured to the ends of
the bars m. It is not necessary to move the expanding bars of the lower
expanding drum in the working of the machine, except for adjusting the
speed, which is accomplished by a clutch fork, which grasps the boss m* of
the disk, which is connected with a screw in a bracket secured to the frame, by
which the adjustment referred to may be made, the screw preventing the clutch,
and thus the expanding bars from end movement after adjustment. The strap
n (see Fig. 12) round the two expanding pulleys is kept tight by a friction
bowl n', placed in the end of a weighted lever n³, having its fulcrum at n". The
upper pulley is expanded and contracted to give the speeds required by the cam
, which gives motion for traversing the spindle rail c', c; the lever ', carrying
the friction bowl h, which works against the cam, is lengthened, and has a
screw p fixed in bearings on it, which screws into a nut p¹, jointed with a rod
p3, forming a connection between it and an arm mx, descending from one of
the cross bars m8. The expanding bars m³ require movements to correspond
in time and to a certain extent in degree with the traverse motion of the
spindles in forming cops. When the traverse is winding on the thread at the
small diameter of the cone of the cop, the slowest speeds are required, and when

page_text: winding on at the large diameter of the cone, the greatest speeds; and as the
expanding pulleys are arranged (no longitudinal movement taking place in
the expanding bars of the lower pulley), it will be seen that a movement of the
small end of the expanding bars towards the pulley will cause a diminution of
speed in the shaft m, and vice versa. Now, the movement given by the cam is
sufficiently correct for practice, the screw being employed as a compensation to
the diminishing diameter of the spindles (see Fig. 9), which necessitates slower
speeds as the cop builds when winding on at the small end of the cone of the
cop. At the commencement of the set, the nut p', to which the connecting
rod is attached, is screwed or brought back to that end of the screw nearest the
fulcrum of the lever, and as it passes towards the other end it will move through
greater space in its vibrations, and thus impart a greater amount of motion to
the expanding bars; but as this increasing movement is only required to produce
a slower extreme speed each oscillation, (leaving the quick speeds, those given
by the action of the cam simply,) the screw is placed at such an angle as will
cause the increasing length of the vibration to be all on one side of the centre
line of vibration, or nearly so, which is that side which will pull the small end
of the expanding bars nearer the pulley each vibration. The screw P has re-
volving motion imparted to it by a shaft P³, working in bearings on the lever I',
being coupled with the screw by an universal joint P'; on account of the angle
the screw (P) forms with the shaft P³, the other end of this shaft has a worm
wheel P upon it, which geers with a worm on the shaft, before mentioned.
The expanding bars may have motion from another cam similar to h', properly
shaped and placed on the same axis as h, and both may be made to have
longitudinal movement during the whole formation of the cop; but I have
found the method just described as most simple and effective for spinning and
winding on a bobbin by positively driving the spindles; the expanding bars will
require progressively advancing in one direction, the speeds being gradually
reduced as the bobbin fills; in this case the expanding bars may have motion
from a screw properly speeded, the speed depending upon the counts or
thickness) of the thread spun.
I have next to describe my improvements in their application to the prepa-
ration of slubbing or roving, which I shall do by reference to Fig. 17, which is
partly a front view, and Fig. 18 partly an end view, of a frame, and Fig. 19,
a plan view of some of the actuating mechanism. The tubes for putting in the
twist are suspended in bearings secured to the framing of the machine; they
are made double, by the addition of an interior tube, by which arrangement the
thread or sliver is entirely protected from the action of the atmosphere by passing
between the interior and exterior tube. The spiral slit is also formed in the

page_text: external tube that the sliver may be entered, the bearings of the tube having
corresponding slits, which are cut as well through the obliquely-toothed bevil
wheel at the upper end of the tube. The lower extremities of the tube are
made hollow, as in the common roving or slubbing flyer, down which the sliver
or thread passes on to the bobbin or spool. The tubes are revolved to put the
required twist in by oblique bevil geer, similar to the geer used in ordinary
bobbin and fly frames. rare wheels on the horizontal shaft r', geering with the
wheels on the upper ends of the tubes. The spindles have motion imparted
to them by a similar arrangement of geer as that for giving motion to the tubes;
r being wheels on the horizontal shaft r', geering with wheels on the spindles.
care the spindles; c' and c, spindle rails, which have a vertical movement to
traverse the spindles (in the line of their axis) for the purpose of evenly laying
the twisted sliver on the spools or bobbins. I should prefer to wind slubbing
and roving as it is twisted in the cop form. on a spool with a conic bottom, to
dispense with the arrangements and mechanism for forming the bottom of
the cop, in which case a cam h', properly shaped, and having a simple rotatory
motion, would be all that would be required (see Fig. 19), giving motion to a
lever ', having its fulcrum at he, to give the oscillation to the double cam lever
g' for the, traverse motion, and to give motion to the expanding bars, for the
purpose of increasing and diminishing the speed of the expanding pulley, to suit
the cone form of the bobbin or spool, and the screw arrangement g7, fixed in
lever g, for lowering the spindle rails after each layer of sliver. The cam h*
may be revolved by a worm, which may be placed on the axis of one of the
intermediate wheels (see end view, Fig. 18.) geering with a worm wheel on
the upright shaft, forming the axis of the cam. Fig. 18 shows principally the
manner in which the tubes and spindles may be driven, presuming the shaft e
and m are the centres adopted for the first motion shaft (e) and lower expanding
drum shaft m. t' is the pitch line of one wheel on shaft e, giving motion to the
wheels on each side. are wheels on axis of wheels t, giving motion to spur
wheels on shafts r', for imparting motion to the tubes. A similar arrangement
of wheels from the shaft m is employed to impart motion to spindles, the inter-
mediate centre corresponding with the joint of two links 3, . having their
other ends centered respectively on the shaft m and shafts r. This arrange-
ment is for the purpose of keeping the wheels in geer with each other as the
spindle rails ascend and descend to lay on the sliver on the bobbin or spool.
My peculiar arrangement of tube and spindle may be employed for making
roving or slubbing wound in the ordinary form, and as in this case the tubes
require similar motions to the flyer, the spindles similar revolving motion to the
bobbins, and the spindle rails and spindles similar motion to that given to

page_text: bobbins by the "copping rail" in the ordinary bobbin and fly frame, the appa-
ratus and arrangements therein used may be also used for giving motion to my
peculiar arrangement of tube and spindle.
Having now particularly described the nature of my Invention, and the
modes in which it may be carried into effect, I wish it to be understood that I
claim as my Invention,-
Firstly, the peculiar adaptation and arrangement of a tube, having inde-
pendent bearings for giving twist to fibrous materials, in combination with a
spindle, having independent bearings for winding up the thread or sliver as it is
twisted, in the manner herein-before described.
Secondly, I claim. in machines for continuously spinning and winding on a
thread in the cop form, the mode of effecting the crossing, in the manner and
for the purpose herein-before described.
Thirdly, I claim, when used in machines for continuously twisting and
winding on the thread as spun in the cop or hobbin form, the modes herein-
before described of putting "drag" on the spindles or bobbins, to cause an
uniform strain or drag (or nearly so) on the thread during the whole formation
of the cops or bobbins.
Fourthly. I claim as my Invention the application and adaptation of mecha-
nism for positively driving the spindles to effect the winding on in machines
continuously spinning yarn or thread, and winding it up as spun in the cop
or bobbin form, as herein-before described.
Fifthly, and lastly, I claim the general combination, adaptation, and arrange-
ment of the mechanism herein-before described, for continuously spinning and
winding on the thread or yarn as spun in the cop form.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Yuil Borland. have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Twenty-seventh day of January. in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-five.
JOIN YUIL BORLAND. (L.S.)