IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF BICARBONATE OF SODA BY MEANS OF AMMONIA, AND IN APPARATUS THEREFOR AND FOR REGENERATING THE AMMONIA
Year: 1883

page_text: ETTERS PATENT to Alexander Melville Clark of the firm of A. M and
W Clark of 53 Chancery Lane in the County of Middlesex Fellow of the
Institute of Patent Agents for an Invention of IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
MANUFACTURE OF BICARBONATE OF SODA BY MEANS OF AMMONIA, AND IN
APPARATUS THEREFOR AND FOR REGENERATING THE AMMONIA communicated
to him from abroad by La Société Anonyme des Produits Chimiques de l'Est,
of Nancy (Meurthe and Moselle) France, represented by Benjamin Didier
Maguin, Administrateur délégué.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Alexander Melville Clark
°
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 27th November 1883.
ALEXANDER MELVILLE CLARK of the firm of A. M. and W. Clark of 53 Chancery
Lane in the County of Middlesex, Fellow of the Institute of Patent Agents,
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF BICARBONATE OF SODA BY MEANS OF
AMMONIA AND IN APPARATUS THEREFOR AND FOR REGENERATING THE AMMONIA "
[communicated to him from abroad by La Soriété Anonyme des Produits Chim'ques
de l'Est, of Nancy (Meurthe and Moselle) France, represented by Benjamin Didier
Maguin, Administrateur délégué.
This Invention relates to improvements in the manufacture of soda by means of
ammonia.
It is well known that when a solution of chloride of sodium is treated with
bicarbonate of ammonia, bicarbonate of soda is precipitated, the hydrochlorate of
ammonia replacing the chloride of sodium of the solution. It is also known
that the same chemical reaction may be produced under special conditions by
bicarbonating the ammonia in the saline solution itself by means of carbonic acid
in a pure or impure condition obtained from any suitable source. The precipitate
of bicarbonate of soda is separated from the liquid by any suitable means, and
when subjected to a certain temperature in calcining apparatus, it gives off a
portion of the carbonic acid gas and becomes transformed into neutral carbonate of
[Price 8d1

page_text: soda. The liquid which chiefly contains hydrochlorate of ammonia, is caused to
give up the ammonia it contains by treatment with lime or other fixed alkali in
special apparatus for use again in the ammoniacal brine.
The practical application of this simple method presents two great difficulties
which are due, 1st to the slowness of the reaction between the carbonic acid and
the ammonia in the brine (especially towards the end of the operation) for
precipitating the bicarbonate of soda; 2nd to the great waste of ammonia both in
the apparatus in which the reaction takes place, and in those used for the recovery
of the ammonia and the preparation of the brine, which objections can only be
completely avoided by the employment of apparatus arranged on a methodical plan
and specially adapted both in detail and general arrangement to suit the end
in view.
In all the processes for applying the above described method, it has been
especially sought to accelerate the reaction and dispense with a costly plant, by
rendering as intimate as possible the points of contact between the carbonic acid
and the ammoniacal brine, either by causing the carbonic acid under high pressure
to traverse the ammoniacal brine contained in towers of considerable height
provided with horizontal perforated partitions; or by causing the gas to circulate
in horizontal cylinders partly filled with ammoniacal brine and furnished with
powerful agitators for mixing the liquid with the gas; or by projecting the
ammoniacal liquid in the form of fine spray into large chambers-containing the
carbonic acid gas.
The novel means which constitutes the principle and essential feature of this
Invention and which is embodied in the apparatus hereinafter described realises
admirably and in a highly economical manner, the conditions of a double intimate
contact and consequently of a very simple, rapid, and energetic reaction, as will be
hereinafter explained; moreover it realises other special advantages of great
practical interest.
If a current of carbonic acid, whether pure or impure, be caused to traverse at a
sufficiently high and uniform velocity, an ammoniacal brine contained in a receiver
of suitable capacity but not completely filled, two absolutely distinct phases of the
reaction will occur (1) absorption of the gas by its passage through the liquid
(2) further absorption by the violent projection of the liquid into the gas at the
upper part of the chamber such projection being caused by the velocity with which
the gas escapes from the liquid. In short the aim of the invention is to utilise the
velocity of the gas escaping from the liquid by causing it to project the liquid
violently into the gaseous medium above it and thus cause a further absorption or
reaction by this second intimate contact.
This method of proceeding presents an enormous advantage inasmuch as the
useful effect is doubled without any increase in the cost of working.
It will be readily understood that this principle may be carried out in practice
in many different ways and I will here only describe three methods which appear
to be most advantageous, reference being had to the accompanying drawings which
illustrate examples of the apparatus employed The apparatus represented in
figures 1 and 2 consists of a series of receivers, A, B, C, D, E, F, G, whose form
and dimensions may vary. The ammoniacal brine to be treated is maintained at a
constant level, in a reservoir R¹ and is supplied thence to the apparatus by a pipe t
and passes downwards in a continual stream through the vessels C, D, E & in
succession by means of the overflow pipes b, c, d & until it reaches the last vessel G
in which the reaction is terminated and from which the liquid may be drawn off
from time to time by means of a cock K. Salt water is supplied to the upper
vessel A from a washer L which is fed from a reservoir R in which a constant
level is maintained.
This salt water serves to deprive the inert gases of the ammonia carried along
therewith out of the apparatus; this water mixes in B with the ammoniacal brine
from R¹, the supply of the water being so regulated that its strength in ammonia
shall be suitable for the mixture entering the reaction apparatus proper.

page_text: The carbonic acid gas which is introduced at a uniform and sufficiently high
velocity circulates in each of the vessels and escapes thence through the washer L
and into the atmosphere by pipe n. The pure carbonic acid direct from the
calcining apparatus is introduced at T and the impure carbonic acid supplied from
any suitable source enters at T2 where it is mixed with the excess of pure acid
escaping from F. In each of the vessels the gas first enters a bell K open at bottom
and deeply notched around its edge as shown in figure 1. The gas by reason of its
pressure and velocity drives out and traverses the liquid (1 absorption and
reaction) and projects it violently into the gas space H (2nd absorption and
reaction) whence the gas passes into the next vessel where the action is repeated
and so on:
Figure 3 represents a modified arrangement of the apparatus. In addition to
the great advantages of the double reaction which is completely realised in this
apparatus the simplicity of its construction and working, the absence of all
machinery, the circulation in inverse directions of the gases and liquids, the
division of the treatment by the pure and impure carbonic acid and the facilities
for cleaning form practical improvements of considerable value. In order to
diminish the number of vessels as well as the expense of maintenance and first
cost it has been sought to increase to a very great extent the useful effect by
multiplying in each vessel the passages of the gas through the liquid the gas
spaces and the projection of the liquid into the gas spaces.
The apparatus represented in section and plan in figure 3 is a closed chamber to
the sides of which are fixed gas pockets of inverted UV or other form notched at
their lower edges and disposed relatively to each other as shown. The carbonic
acid gas arriving under pressure and at a suitable velocity by pipes T. escapes under
the notched edges of chambers CC and passes through the liquid h, h (1st absorption
and reaction) and on entering the gas spaces of said chambers by reason of its
vis viva it projects the liquid violently into said spaces (2nd absorption and
reaction) and so on for each row until it reaches the top of the vessel where it
escapes by pipe M, the series of vessels being arranged as shown in figure 1 and
furnished with overflow pipes t for the passage of the liquid from each vessel to
the next below. This multiplicity of contacts and successive projections allows of a
large amount of useful effect being obtained in an apparatus of small dimensions
and for this reason it is preferred to the former arrangement. The apparatus
represented in figures 4 and 5 is designed on the same principle but possesses a
certain superiority both as regards its general arrangement and details. The
number of vessels is reduced to three; pure carbonic acid is supplied to the lowest
one C to complete the reaction commenced in the other two vessels B A by impure
carbonic acid and the excess pure carbonic acid coming from C. The ammoniacal
brine from reservoir R' mixes with the salt water from washer L fed by the
reservoir R so as to ensure a proper proportion of ammonia as before explained.
The liquids which are supplied continuously pass from A to B and from B to C by
the overflow pipes t¹, to the liquid collecting in C being drawn off from time to
time by cock R when the reaction is completed. The operation is rendered very
methodical by the circulation of the gases and liquids in opposite directions and the
apparatus being very simple ensures regularity of working.
The gas chambers in each vessel of the series are arranged in the most advan-
tageous manner as regards their construction arrangement and cleaning while the
same double reaction takes place as in the apparatus shown in figure 3.
The gas chambers are annular inverted troughs of A or n form simply piled
upon one another without needing any adjustment their edges being notched all
around to allow of the gas escaping the action being the same as in figure 3. These
chambers may also be made of rectangular pyramidal form as in ligure 5. The
vessel to contain a number of these chambers would be rectangular instead of
cylindrical as before.
The Invention thus consists more particularly in the principle of the double
action of the gas upon the liquid by displacement and projection with the aid of

page_text: suitable gas chambers and more particularly those hereinbefore described. In the
regeneration of the ammonia it is of advantage to perform the operation in two
distinct stages on account of the composition of the clear liquids after the
bicarbonate of soda has been separated. These clear liquids in fact contain
ammonia in two different conditions. viz: carbonate of ammonia and hydro-
chlorate of ammonia. Moreover a certain quantity of bicarbonate of soda is held
in solution in the liquids and when the operation is effected under certain
conditions the bicarbonate of soda reacting on the hydrochlorate of ammonia, may
cause carbonate of ammonia to disengage.
It is of advantage to collect the whole of this carbonic acid at the same time as
the ammonia. For this purpose the apparatus represented in figure 6 is used.
This apparatus is based on the same principle as the other and although continuous
in its action separates the operation into two phases and realises all the conditions
of a methodical working. The apparatus is heated by steam supplied by pipe V
and regulated by cock and it comprises three distillatory chambers A B C in
which the whole of the ammonia is driven off together with the carbonic acid two
other chambers D E in which the reaction between the hydrochlorate of ammonia
and the lime takes place, for disengaging caustic ammonia, a condensor separator N
with collector M and two reservoirs OP containing the brine in which the
ammonia and carbonic acid are condensed.
The clear liquid is continuously supplied to the apparatus by the pipe t which is
fed from a reservoir wherein a constant level is maintained and dips in the liquid
contained in the collector M for a purpose hereinafter described.
Thence the
liquid passes into the distilling chamber A by the overflow pipe a and so on to
Chambers B and C by the pipes b and c respectively. The liquid on leaving the
latter chamber no longer contains carbonic acid combined with ammonia, so that
the liquid flowing through pipe & into chamber D contains ammonia only in the
form of hydrochlorate. Milk of lime of the proper strength is constantly pumped
through pipe S into Chamber D. and reacting on the liquid therein produces a
brisk disengagement of caustic ammonia
When the liquid which is continuously supplied to the chamber D has attained
a certain level, a portion is drawn off by cock U, after having previously drawn
off from chamber E a corresponding quantity of the liquid contained therein which
has become completely deprived of ammonia, during the filling of D. The lower
part of chambers D E contain the inverted trough or bell chambers having notched
edges as before described for the purpose of facilitating the liberation of the
ammonia. The steam entering by pipe V into chamber E drives off the last traces
of ammonia contained in the liquid and the mixture of ammonia and steam passes
by pipe e into D where it drives off a fresh quantity of ammonia the mixture
escaping by pipe d being richer in ammonia and less so in steam. This mixture
enters chamber X and traverses the liquid in C becoming further charged with
ammonia and also with carbonic acid, and so on until it reaches G whence the
mixture which is now very rich in ammonia and carbonic acid passes through the
Collector M to the condenser tubes m which are immersed in a continuously
circulating current of cold water. The greater part of the steam there condenses
and the liquid being charged with a certain quantity of ammonia is allowed to
flow back to the collector (the pipes m m being inclined) whence it is returned
to the distillatory apparatus by the overflow pipe a whilst the mixture of ammonia
and carbonic acid, now but slightly charged with steam is conveyed by the pipe H
to the brine reservoirs OP. The collector M is provided with means for forcing the
gases to traverse the whole series of condenser tubes m m in succession and also for
at same time collecting the liquids charged with ammonia flowing therefrom. This
arrangement consists of diaphragms q, q, q which are partially immersed in the
liquid and ensure the circulation of the gases while at same time allowing of the
liquid passing out at overflow pipe a

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed
by the said Alexander Melville Clark in the Patent Office on the 27th May
1884.
ALEXANDER MELVILLE CLARK of the firm of A. M. and W. Clark of 53 Chancery
Lane, in the County of Middlesex, Fellow of the Institute of Patent Agents.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF BI-CARBONATE OF SODA BY MEANS OF
AMMONIA AND IN APPARATUS THEREFOR AND FOR REGENERATING THE AMMONIA "
A communication to me from abroad by La Société Anonyme des Produits
Chimiques de l'Est of Nancy (Meurthe and Moselle) France, represented by
Benjamin Didier Maguin, Administrateur délégué.
This Invention relates to improvements in the manufacture of soda by means of
ammonia.
It is well known that when a solution of chloride of sodium is treated with
bicarbonate of ammonia, bicarbonate of soda is precipitated, the hydrochlorate of.
ammonia replacing the chloride of sodium of the solution. It is also known that
the same chemical reaction may be produced under special conditions by
bicarbonating the ammonia in the saline solution itself by means of carbonic acid.
in a pure or impure condition obtained from any suitable source. The precipitate
of bicarbonate of soda is separated from the liquid by any suitable means and when
subjected to a certain temperature in calcining apparatus, it gives off a portion of
the carbonic acid gas and becomes transformed into neutral carbonate of soda. The
liquid which chiefly contains hydrochlorate of ammonia, is caused to give up the
ammonia it contains, by treatment with lime or other fixed alkali in special
apparatus, for use again in the ammoniacal brine.
The practical application of this simple method presents great difficulties which
are due 1st to the slowness of the reaction between the carbonic acid and the
ammonia in the brine (especially towards the end of the operation) for precipitating
the bicarbonate of soda; 2nd to the great waste of ammonia both in the apparatus
in which the reaction takes place, and in those used for the recovery of the
ammonia and the preparation of the brine, which objections can only be completely
avoided by the employment of apparatus arranged on a methodical plan and
specially adapted both in detail and general arrangement to suit the end in view.
In all the processes for applying the above described method, it has been
especially sought to accelerate the reaction and dispense with a costly plant, by
rendering as intimate as possible the points of contact between the carbonic acid
and the ammoniacal brine either by causing the carbonic acid under high pressure
to traverse the ammoniacal brine contained in towers of considerable height-
provided with horizontal perforated partitions; or by causing the gas to circulate
in horizontal cylinders partly filled with aminoniacal brine and furnished with
powerful agitators for mixing the liquid with the gas; or by projecting the
ammoniacal liquid in the form of fine spray into large chambers containing the
carbonic acid gas.
The novel means which constitutes the principle and essential feature of this
Invention and which is embodied in the apparatus hereinafter described, realises
admirably and in a highly economical manner, the conditions of a double intimate
contact and consequently of a very simple, rapid, and energetic reaction as will be
hereinafter explained; moreover it ensures other special advantages of great
practical interest.
If a current of carbonic acid, whether pure or impure be caused to traverse at a
sufficiently high and uniform velocity, an ammoniacal brine contained in a receiver

page_text: of suitable capacity but not completely filled, two absolutely distinct phases of the
reaction will occur (1) absorption of the gas by its passage through the liquid
(2) further absorption by the violent projection of the liquid into the gas at the
upper part of the chamber, such projection being caused by the velocity with which
the gas escapes from the liquid. In short the aim of the invention is to utilise the
velocity of the gas escaping from the liquid by causing it to project the liquid
violently into the gaseous medium above it and thus cause a further absorption or
reaction by this second intimate contact. This method of proceeding presents an
enormous advantage inasmuch as the useful effect is doubled without any increase
in the cost of working.
in
It will be readily understood that this principle may be carried out in practice
many different ways and I will here only describe three methods which appear
to be most advantageous, reference being had to the accompanying drawings
which illustrate examples of the apparatus employed. The apparatus represented
in figures 1 and 2 consists of a series of receivers A, B, C, D, E, F, G, whose form
and dimensions may vary. The ammoniacal brine to be treated is maintained at a
constant level in a reservoir R¹ and is supplied thence to the apparatus by a
pipe T and passes downwards in a continual stream through the vessels C, D, E, etc
in succession by means of the overflow pipes b c d etc until it reaches the last
vessel G in which the reaction is terminated and from which the liquid may be
drawn off from time to time by means of a cock K.
Salt water is supplied to the upper vessel A from a washer L which is fed from
a reservoir R2 in which a constant level is maintained. This salt water serves to
deprive the inert gases of the ammonia carried along therewith out of the
apparatus; this water mixes in B with the ammoniacal brine from R¹ the supply
of the water being so regulated that its strength in ammonia shall be suitable for
the mixture entering the reaction apparatus proper.
The carbonic acid gas which is introduced at a uniform and sufficiently high
velocity circulates in each of the vessels and escapes thence through the washer L
and into the atmosphere by pipe n. The pure carbonic acid direct from the
calcining apparatus is introduced at T and the impure carbonic acid supplied from
any suitable source enters at T where it is mixed with the excess of pure acid
escaping from F. In each of the vessels the gas first enters a bell K open at
bottom and deeply notched around its edge as shown in figure 1. The gas by
reason of its pressure and velocity drives out and traverses the liquid (1st absorption
and reaction) and projects it violently into the gas space H (2nd absorption and
reaction) whence the gas passes into the next vessel where the action is repeated
and so on.
Figure 3 represents a modified arrangement of the apparatus. In addition to
the great advantages of the double reaction which is completely realised in this
apparatus the simplicity of its construction and working, the absence of all
machinery, the circulation in inverse directions of the gases and liquids, the division
of the treatment by the pure and impure carbonic acid and the facilities for
cleaning form practical improvements of considerable value. In order to diminish
the number of vessels as well as the expense of maintenance and first cost it has
been sought to increase to a very great extent the useful effect by multiplying in
each vessel the passages of the gas through the liquid, the gas spaces, and the
projection of the liquid into the gas spaces.
The apparatus represented in section and plan in figure 3 is a closed chamber to
the sides of which are fixed gas pockets of inverted U, V or other form notched at
their lower edges and disposed relatively to each other as shown. The carbonic
acid gas arriving under pressure and at a suitable velocity by pipes T escapes
under the notched edges of chambers C C and passes through the liquid h h
(1st absorption and reaction) and on entering the gas spaces of said chambers by
reason of its vis viva it projects the liquid violently into said spaces (2nd absorption
and reaction) and so on for each row until it reaches the top of the chamber where
it escapes by pipe M, the series of vessels being arranged as shown in figure 1 and

page_text: furnished with overflow pipes t for the passage of the liquid from each vessel to
the next below. This multiplicity of contacts and successive projections allows of
a large amount of useful effect being obtained in an apparatus of small dimensions
and for this reason it is preferred to the former arrangement.
The apparatus represented in figures 4 and 5 is designed on the same principle
but possesses a certain superiority both as regards its general arrangement and
details. The number of vessels is reduced to three; pure carbonic acid is supplied
to the lowest one C to complete the reaction commenced in the other two
vessels B A by impure carbonic acid and the excess pure carbonic acid coming
from C. The ammoniacal brine from reservoir R¹ mixes with the salt water from
washer L fed by the reservoir R³ so as to ensure a proper proportion of ammonia as
before explained. The liquids which are supplied continuously pass from A to B
and from B to C by the overflow pipes t¹t the liquid collecting in C being drawn
off from time to time by cock R when the reaction is completed. The operation is
rendered very methodical by the circulation of the gases and liquids in opposite
directions and the apparatus being very simple ensures regularity of working.
The gas chambers in each vessel of the series are arranged in the most advantageous
manner as regards their construction arrangement and cleaning while the same
double reaction takes place as in the apparatus shown in figure 3. The gas
chambers are annular inverted troughs of A or n form simply piled upon one
another without needing any adjustment their edges being notched all around to
allow of the gas escaping; the action is the same as in figure 3. The chambers
may also be made of rectangular pyramidal form as in figure 5. The vessel to
contain a number of these chambers would be rectangular instead of cylindrical as
before.
The invention thus consists more particularly in the principle of the double
action of the gas upon the liquid by displacement and projection with the aid of
suitable gas chambers and more particularly those herein before described.
In the regeneration of the ammonia it is of advantage to perform the operation
in two distinct stages on account of the composition of the clear liquids after the
bicarbonate of soda has been separated. These clear liquids in fact contain
ammonia in two different conditions viz: carbonate of ammonia and hydrochlorate
of ammonia. Moreover a certain quantity of bicarbonate of soda is held in solution
in the liquid and when the operation is effected under certain conditions the
bi-carbonate of soda reacting on the hydro-chlorate of ammonia, may cause
carbonate of ammonia to disengage.
It is of advantage to collect the whole of this carbonic acid at the same time as
the ammonia. For this purpose the apparatus represented in figure 6 is used.
This apparatus is based on the same principle as the other and although continuous
in its action divides the operation into two stages and realises all the conditions of
a methodical working. The apparatus which is heated by steam supplied by
pipe V and regulated by cock r comprises three distillatory chambers A B C, in
which the whole of the ammonia is driven off together with the carbonic acid;
wo other chambers D E in which the reaction between the hydro-chlorate of
ammonia and the lime takes place, for disengaging caustic ammonia; a condenser
eparator N with collector M and two reservoirs OP containing the brine in which
be ammonia and carbonic acid are condensed.
The clear liquid is continuously supplied to the apparatus by the pipe t which is
ed from a reservoir wherein a constant level is maintained and dips in the liquid
ontained in the collector M for a purpose hereinafter described: Thence the liquid
asses into the distilling chamber A by the overflow pipe a and so on to chambers B
nd C by the pipes b and c respectively. The liquid on leaving the latter chamber
o longer contains carbonic acid combined with ainmonia, so that the liquid flowing
hrough pipe & into chamber D contains ammonia only in the form of hydro-
hlorate. Milk of lime of the proper strength is constantly pumped through pipe S
ato chamber D and reacting on the liquid therein produces a brisk disengagement
f caustic ammonia.

page_text: When the liquid which is continuously supplied to the chamber D has attained
a certain level, a portion is drawn off by cock U, after having previously drawn off
from chamber E a corresponding quantity of the liquid contained therein which
has become completely deprived of ammonia, during the filling of D. The lower
part of chambers D E contain the inverted trough or bell chambers having notched
edges as before described for the purpose of facilitating the liberation of the
ammonia by the reaction of the lime. The steam entering by pipe V into
chamber E drives off the last traces of ammonia contained in the liquid and the
mixture of ammonia and steam passes by pipe e into D where it drives off a fresh
quantity of ammonia, the mixture escaping by pipe d being richer in ammonia and
less so in steam. This mixture enters chamber X and traverses the liquid in C
becoming further charged with ammonia and also with carbonic acid, and so on
until it reaches G whence the mixture which is now very rich in ammonia and
carbonic acid passes through the collector M to the condenser tubes m which are
immersed in a continuously circulating current of cold water. The greater part of
.the steam there condenses and the liquid being charged with a certain quantity of
ammonia is allowed to flow back to the collector (the pipes m m being inclined)
whence it is returned to the distillatory apparatus by the overflow pipe a whilst
the mixture of ammonia and carbonic acid now but slightly charged with steam is
conveyed by the pipe H to the brine reservoirs O, P. The collector M is provided
with means for forcing the gases to traverse the whole series of condenser tubes m m
in succession and also for at same time collecting the liquids charged with ammonia
flowing therefrom. This arrangement consists of diaphragins 9, 9, 9, which by
being partially immersed in the liquid ensure the circulation of the gases while. at
same time allowing of the liquid passing out at overflow pipe a.
Having described, the nature of the said Invention, and the manner of performing
the same, I declare that what I claim as the Invention to be protected by the
herein before in part recited Letters Patent is :
1 In apparatus for the manufacture of soda by ammonia, the means for
multiplying the passages of the carbonic acid gas through the ammoniacal brine,
and also the number of liquid surfaces and of gas spaces, consisting in the
employment of a number of inverted troughs or bell chambers C, C, having notched
edges and arranged in superposed series in a single receiver substantially as and
for the purpose described and shown.
2nd An apparatus for the manufacture of soda by means of ammonia, consisting
of three vessels A, B, C, containing superposed series of notched chambers as herein
specified, the washer L the reservoirs R¹ R2 and the overflow pipes t¹ t2, the whole
combined and arranged for operation as hereinbefore described and shown in
figures 4 and 5.
3rd An apparatus for regenerating the ammonia employed in the manufacture of
soda by ammonia, composed of two chambers D E containing superposed series of
notched bell chambers as herein before described three distillatory chambers A, B, C,
the condenser separator N, collector M. and two condensing reservoirs O P, the
whole combined and arranged for operation substantially as specified.
In witness whereof I the said Alexander Melville Clark have hereunto set my
hand and seal this Twenty seventh day of May A.D. 1884.