Year: 1887

page_text: Date of Application, 4th Nov., 1887
Complete Specification Left, 4th Aug., 1888
Complete Specification Accepted, 14th Sept., 1888
1, EDMUND LIONEL PONTIFEX, of Farringdon Works, Shoe Lane, London, S.E.,
Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows:-
To cool down water to the lowest practicable point without freezing it and without
risk of freezing the water within the interior of pipes and so bursting them and
destroying the apparatus. I cool the water by allowing it to trickle down over the
exterior of pipes through which a flow of cold brine is maintained.
The pipes I set horizontally in layers one above the other with their ends entering
into hollow chambers so divided by horizontal partitions that the brine can be supplied
to the lowest row of horizontal pipes and pass from them to the row above and so on
from row to row until it passes away from the uppermost row.
The end doors of the
chambers are made readily removeable to allow of the ends of the tubes being readily
got at.
The water to be cooled is allowed to drop down on to the top pipe of each row of
pipes from a horizontal water supply pipe placed above it-the water issues through
perforations formed along the top of this pipe and drops from the pipe from the
points of a serrated blade or comb which is secured all along the underside of
the pipe.
To maintain a steady flow of cold brine through the pipes of this and other apparatus
cooled by the flow of cold brine through pipes the cold brine has to be delivered to
the apparatus under a certain amount of pressure. To avoid the necessity of carrying
up a stand pipe to the height necessary for the pressure required we place a loaded
safety valve upon the delivery pipe from the circulating pump and allow the water
which passes off from this valve, should the pressure exceed the limit required to flow
into an open brine tank which also receives the brine that passes off from the pipes of
the refrigerator. The suction of the circulating pump is supplied with brine from
this tank.
The brine delivered by the pump passes to the top of the cooler and from the
bottom of the cooler to the bottom of the system of pipes in which the cooled brine
is to be employed for cooling purposes.

page_text: When a stand pipe is used for maintaining a sufficient head of brine and the brine
flows away from the cooler faster than it enters air is sometimes drawn into the cooler
through the stand pipe. To prevent this I make the branch pipe which passes from
the stand pipe to the cooler to arch upwards so that a certain amount of brine always
remains in the stand pipe above the level of the outlet from it and so cuts off all
access of air to the cooler.
In water cooling machines in which water is cooled by being made to flow down-
wards through a coil of pipe cooled externally by ammonia as in the "Cooler" or
Refrigerator of the Stanley Refrigerating Machines we not only provide an inlet cock
at the top of the coil by which the supply can be turned on or cut off but we also
provide a cock on the outlet pipe by which the flow through the pipe can be controlled
but never entirely closed-so that the user of the cooled water can control the flow by
this cock but never entirely cut it off. In order also to prevent water being retained
within the coil whenever the upper cock is for any purpose closed we provide an air
inlet pipe at the top of the coil so that the water can flow off from the coil. I also
provide the exit pipe from the coil with a glass gauge rising from it to above the top
of the coil so that the level of water in the coil can at all. times be seen.
Dated this 3rd day of November 1887.
CARPMAEL & Co.,
Agents for the Applicant.

page_text: COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Apparatus for Cooling and Refrigerating.
1, EDMUND LIONEL PONTIFEX Of Farringdon Works, Shoe Lane, London, E.C.
Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner
the same is to be performed to be particularly described and, ascertained in and by.
the following statement :-
To cool down water to the lowest practicable point without freezing it and without
risk of freezing the water within the interior of pipes and so bursting them and
destroying the apparatus. I cool the water by allowing it to trickle down over the
exterior of pipes through which a flow of cold brine is maintained.
The pipes I set horizontally in layers one above the other with their ends entering
into hollow chambers so divided by horizontal partitions that the brine can be supplied
to the lowest row of horizontal pipes and pass from them to the row above and so on
from row to row until it passes away from the uppermost row.
The end doors of the
chambers are made readily removable to allow of the ends of the tubes being readily
got at.
The water to be cooled is allowed to drop down on to the top pipe of each row of
pipes from a horizontal water supply pipe placed above it-the water issues through
perforations formed along the top of this pipe and drops from the pipe from the points
of a serrated blade or comb which is secured all along the underside of the pipo.
To maintain a steady flow of cold brine through the pipes of this and other
apparatus cooled by the flow of cold brine through pipes the cold brine has to be
delivered to the apparatus under a certain amount of pressure. To avoid the necessity
of carrying up a stand pipe to the height necessary for the pressure required, I
place a loaded safety valve upon the delivery pipe from the circulating pump and
allow the water which passes off from this valve, should the pressure exceed the limit
required to flow into an open brine tank which also receives the brine that passes off
from the pipes of the refrigerator. The suction of the circulating pump is supplied
with brine from this tank.
The brine delivered by the pump passes to the top of the cooler and from the bottom
of the cooler to the bottom of the system of pipes in which the cooled brine is to be
employed for cooling purposes.
When a stand pipe is used for maintaining a sufficient head of brine and the brine
flows away from the cooler faster than it enters air is sometimes drawn into the cooler
through the stand pipe. To prevent this I make the branch pipe which passes from
the stand pipe to the cooler to arch upwards so that a certain amount of brine always
remains in the stand pipe above the level of the outlet from it and so cuts off all access
of air to the cooler.
In water cooling machines in which water is cooled by being made to flow downwards
through a coil of pipe cooled externally by ammonia as in the "Cooler" or Refrigerator
of the Stanley Refrigerating Machines I not only provide an inlet cock at the top of
the coil by which the supply can be turned on or cut off but I also provide a cock on

page_text: the outlet pipe by which the flow through the pipe can be controlled but never entirely
closed so that the user of the cooled water can control the flow by this cock but never
entirely cut it off. In order also to prevent water being retained within the coil when-
ever the upper cock is for any purpose closed I provide an air inlet pipe at the top of
the coil so that the water can flow off from the coil. I also provide the exit pipe from
the coil with a glass gauge rising from it to above the top of the coil so that the level
of water in the coil can at all times be seen.
In order that my said invention may be most fully understood and readily carried
into effect I will proceed to describe the drawings herounto annexed.
Figure 1 is an end elevation Figure 2 is a plan and Figure 3 is a longitudinal and
vertical section of apparatus arranged in accordance with my invention and intended
to cool water to the freezing point.
Figure 4 is an end elevation one half in section on the line 44 in Figure 2 and to
a larger scale Figure 5 is a vertical section of the tube plate and cover.
Figure 6 is a plan of the perforated tubes at the top of the apparatus by which the
water is delivered on to the cooling pipes.
a a are the cooling pipes are standards into which they are set ce are cover
plates fixed to the standards; they enclose spaces which by the transverse partitions 16
in the standards are divided into a series of chambers connected only through the
pipes a so that the cold brine which is admitted at d has to traverse the pipes in a
zigzag course to reach the outlet at e. ffare four perforated pipes which convey
the water to be cooled; it issues from them by perforations along the top and drips
from the points of sheet metal combs ff". Such a comb is fixed to the under side
of each of the pipes f. The water drips from these combs on to the pipes and descends
from pipe to pipe until it reaches the trough or cistern g in the base of the apparatus.
is a pipe by which the cold water passes away from the cistern for use as may be
required. If ice cold water be desired the quantity of water descending over the
pipes is adjusted so that ice may commence to be formed upon them but will not
unduly accumulate. 22 are projections on the standards to which boards are fixed to
intercept splashing from the dropping water.
Figure 7 shows the general arrangement of circulating apparatus so contrived as to
dispense with a stand pipe.
is the refrigerator already described but in the place of this any other arrangement
of cooling pipes may be substituted for cooling water or air or other matter. is the
pipe which supplies it with cold brine from the lower part of the cooler of the ice
machine.
is the pipe which leads the brine away from the refrigerator into the cistern m.
m is a pipe leading from the bottom of the cistern to the suction of the circulating
pump n. o is a rising main into which the pump delivers the brine. is a pipe which
connects the main o with the top of the cooler, it leads in the brine which after passing
through the cooler is supplied to the pipes of the refrigerator. q is a loaded valve at
the top of the main o and is a pipe which leads any brine which passes the valve
into the cistern m.
Figure 8 shows the arrangement where a stand pipe is employed.
The rising main o is continued upwards to the requisite height at o' to form a stand
pipe high enough to contain a column of brine equivalent to the pressure desired.
This figure shows also the way in which, when a stand pipo is used, I connect the
pipes o and p, with a view to prevent the entrance of air into the cooler.
Figure 9 shows a water cooler or refrigerator which works direct with ammonia in
place of brine being employed (as in the previous arrangements) as a carrier between
the expanding vapor or gas and the water to be cooled. * is a vessel filled with coils
of pipe t to which the water to be cooled is admitted by the cock u. v is a cock at the
lower end of the coils, it is so constructed that it cannot be completely closed so as
totally to arrest the flow, which nevertheless it serves to regulate; in the use of the

page_text: apparatus this cock is so far closed as to cause the water to be delivered at the
temperature required. is an aperture to which a pipe is adapted to lead the liquified
ammonia into the vessels; the flow is regulated by a valve which is so set as to
maintain a suitable level within the vessel. s is a pipe at the top of the vessels by
which the ammonia gas or vapour passes away to the absorber of the ice machine.
tc is an air tube on the water supply pipe it rises to such a height as the pressure of
the water may render necessary. This pipe allows air to escape freely but the water
never ascends to the top of the air pipe. is a glass gauge tube connected with the
coils below the bottom of the vessel s. When the small tap y is opened water will
stand in the gauge at the same level as in the coils or if the coils are full will flow out
at the top.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what I
claim is
1. Cooling and refrigerating apparatus substantially as described in respect to
Figures 1 to 6 in which the liquid to be cooled is caused to drip over a series of
horizontal pipes through which a circulating fluid cooled by an ice machine flows
entering at the bottom and passing away from the top of the series.
2. The combination of apparatus substantially as described in respect to Figure 7 in
which a circulating pump keeps brine (or other liquid which does not easily freeze)
in motion in a closed system of pipes provided with a loaded relief valve such system
of pipes passing through the cooler of an ice machine where the brine is cooled and
through a chamber where the brine is employed to reduce the temperature of water,
air or other matter.
3. The arrangement described in respect to Figure 8 to obviate the risk of air
entering the cooler of the ice machine.
4. The water cooler or refrigerator described in respect to
that the coil empties itself when the inlet is closed and that the
can be accurately regulated, the coil kept full and free from air.
Dated this 3rd day of August 1888.
Figure 9 so arranged
flow through the coil
CARPMAEL & Co.,
Agents for the Applicant.

page_text: I, EDMUND LIONEL PONTIFEX of Farringdon Works, Shoe Lane, London, E.C.,
Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows:-
In bacon curing works and other places where rooms or chambers on different
stories or at different levels are cooled by pipes supplied with brine from one system
of brine mains it is much easier to keep the chambers at the lowest level cool than
the upper
chambers as it is difficult to prevent the main circulation from flowing
through the lower pipes-I avoid this by leading the brine supply main first to the
upper storey and letting the brine flow to the pipes in this storey and leading off the
supply for the lower stories from a higher level so that the pipes in the upper storey
have first chance of the brine circulating through them.
Horizontal pipes of cooling apparatus which are kept cool by the flow of cold brine
through them I supply with cold brine through an opening formed through the
bottom of one end cover and lead it off through an opening at the top of the other end
cover so that the brine may drive before it all air from the pipe.
For readily fascertaining the temperature of the brine in the brine mains I screw
into the upper side of the main a pocket or tube of brass which is closed at the bottom
and dips down into the main. A small quantity of brine or other liquid which will
not freeze is filled into the pocket and a thermometer is dipped down into this liquid.
The same appliance is also available for use as an air relief valve as any air accumu-
lating in the pipe can readily be allowed to escape by partially unscrewing the pocket
so that the joint between it and the main remains no longer air tight and the air
escapes when the joint can again be remade by again screwing up the pocket.
17.
Nan 1987

page_text: COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Apparatus for Cooling and Refrigerating.
I, EDMUND LIONEL PONTIFEX of Farringdon Works, Shoe Lane, London, S.E.
Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the
same is to be performed to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement :—
In bacon curing works and other places where rooms or chambers on different
stories or at different levels are cooled by pipes supplied with brine from one system
of brine mains it is much easier to keep the chambers at the lowest level cool than
the upper chambers as it is difficult to prevent the main circulation from flowing
through the lower pipes. I avoid this by leading the brine supply main first to the
upper storey and letting the brine flow to the pipes in this storey and leading off the
supply for the lower stories from a higher level so that the pipes in the upper storey
have first chance of the. brine circulating through them.
Figure 1 of the annexed drawings is an elevation partly in section. A is the upper
room or floor and B the lower; and a and bare the cooling pipes contained in these
rooms respectively. Figure 2 is a plan of a set of cooling pipes. c is the cooler of
the ice machine; the brine from the circulating pumps enters at c¹ and passes out
at into the standing main d which is open at the top. e is the supply main for the
upper floor, it connects with the stand pipe at d whilst the supply main f for the
lower floor is connected with the stand pipe at that is to say at a point above d¹.
a¹ are the connections between the cooling pipes a and the main e and a² are the
outlets from the pipes a by which the brine passes back to the circulating pumps.
is the corresponding inlet of the pipes b.
Horizontal pipes of cooling apparatus which are kept cool by the flow of cold
brine through them I supply with cold brine through an opening formed through the
bottom of one end cover and lead it off through an opening at the top of the other
end cover so that the brino may drive before it all air from the pipe.
Figure 3 shows the connection at the inlet end. g is a portion of one of the
cooling pipes and the pipe introducing the cold brine."
Figure 4 shows the connection at the outlet end and is the outlet pipe.
It will be understood that the cold brine traverses the length of the building
several times in passing from the inlet to the outlet. The pipes are so laid as to
incline slightly upwards from the inlet to the outlet. The outlets also incline
upwards until they reach the cisterns into which they discharge and from which the
circulating-pumps draw their supply. By these means the accumulation of air in the
pipes is prevented.
For readily ascertaining the temperature of the brine in the brine mains I screw
into the upper side of the main a pocket or tube of brass which is closed at the bottom
and dips down into the main. A small quantity of brine or other liquid which will
not freeze is filled into the pocket and a thermometer is dipped down into this liquid.

page_text: The same appliance is also available for use as an air relief valve as any air accumu-
lating in the pipe can readily be allowed to escape by partially unscrewing the pocket
so that the joint between it and the main remains no longer air tight and the air
escapes when the joint can again be remade by again screwing up the pocket.
Figure 5 is a section of the brine main and shows the thermometer pocket k screwed
into it. Figure 6 is a plan of the thermometer pocket. is the thermometer, its
guard has a flange which serves as a cover to the pocket.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said invention
and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what I claim is :-
1. In cooling apparatus applied to rooms or chambers on different stories or on
different levels, so connecting the cooling pipes with the main that those on the upper
story are first supplied whilst those on the lower storey afterwards take their supply
from the main at a higher level.
2. The arrangement of cooling and circulating pipes substantially as described in
respect to Figures 1, 2, 3 and 4 by which the accumulation of air in the pipes is
avoided.
3. The combination with a brine main of a thermometer pocket k and thermometer /
as illustrated by Figures 5 and 6.

page_text: Date of Application, 4th Nov., 1887
Complete Specification Left, 4th Aug., 1888
Complete Specification Accepted, 14th Sept., 1888
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Apparatus for Making Pyramidal and other
Blocks of Ice.
I EDMUND LIONEL PONTIFEX of Farringdon Works, Shoe Lane, London, E.C.,
Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows:-
For making pyramidal and other blocks of ice I use moulds of thin metal made
to dip down into a tank containing cold brine. The tank I make of metal and
surround it with a wooden casing an isolating air space filled with sawdust or other
non conducting material being left between the tank and the casing. In order that
the blocks of ice formed in the moulds may be clear and free from air bubbles,
I pass a spindle downwards through the centre of the cover by which the mould is
covered over.
The portion of the spindle which is immersed in the water in the
mould I form as a quick threaded screw or twisted blade and as the water is being
cooled and frozen I cause the spindle to be revolved thereby causing an upward or
downward flow of the water in the centre of the mould and an opposite flow at the
sides so keeping up a circulation of the water which brings all air bubbles to the
surface and allows of their escape. The spindle may be balanced so that it will rise
readily as ice forms at the bottom of the mould or a number of spindles of different
lengths may be used in succession one after the other, commencing with the longest
and using shorter and shorter ones as ice accumulates at the bottom.
Dated this 4th day of November 1887
E. LIONEL PONTIFEX.

page_text: COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Apparatus for Making Pyramidal and other
Blocks of Ice.
1, EDMUND LIONEL PONTIFEX of Farringdon Works, Shoe Lane, London, S.E.,
Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the
same is to be performed to be particularly described and ascertained in and by
the following statement :--
For making pyramidal and other blocks of ice I use moulds of thin metal made to
dip down into a tank containing cold brine. The tank I make of metal and surround
it with a wooden casing an isolating air space filled with sawdust or other non
conducting material being left between the tank and the casing. In order that the
blocks of ice formed in the moulds may be clear and free from air bubbles. I pass a
spindle downwards through the centre of the cover by which the mould is covered
over. The portion of the spindle which is immersed in the water in the mould I form
as a quick threaded screw or twisted blade and as the water is being cooled and frozen
I cause the spindle to be revolved thereby causing an upward or downward flow of
the water in the centre of the mould and an opposite flow at the sides so keeping up
a circulation of the water which brings all air bubbles to the surface and allows of
their escape.
The spindle may be balanced so that it will rise readily as ice forms at
the bottom of the mould or a number of spindles of different lengths may be used in
succession one after the other, commencing with the longest and using shorter and
shortor ones as ice accumulates at the bottom.
In order that my said invention may be fully understood and readily carried into
effect I will proceed to describe the drawings hereunto annexed.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS.
Figure 1 is a side elevation partly in section of apparatus for making pyramidal
and other blocks of ice in accordance with my invention.
Figure 2 is a transverse section of the same. a is a metal tank, it is divided by
transverse partitions and a²; at one end cold brine is admitted at and at the other
end the brine (now not quite so cold) passes away by a pipe c. The partitions a¹
and a ensure the brine being retained in the tank until its temperature has been raised
so far as to render it unserviceable and it is then taken back to the cooler. d is a
wooden casing around the tank a; it encloses a space e which preferably is filled
with sawdust. ff are thin sheet metal moulds rectangular in plan; they are supported
in the tank as shown and are provided with covers f¹. In each cover is a bearing
a vertical spindle g terminating in a screw blade gl. The spindle g also projects
through the outer cover d (which is made in parts) and above this it carries a pulley g².
h is an horizontal axis driven in any convenient manner and having upon it
pulleys h. Endless cords pass around the pulleys g² and hand so the screw blades
are driven,
for

page_text: Usually in working the apparatus the moulds having been filled with filtered water
are placed in the tank and the blade gl is set in motion within it. The screw causes
a regular circulation of the liquid within the mould and the ice forms clear against
its sides. This is allowed to go on until the spindle shows signs of being set fast by
the ice forming around it. The mould is then removed and emptied.
Sometimes the small cavity remaining in the centre of the mould is left void;
at other times it is filled with clear or colored water and frozen before the ice is
discharged.
When an ice block is required perfectly solid and clear throughout I arrange the
screw blades in the manner shown by Figure 3 so that as the ice forms they may
automatically rise until finally they are ejected completely from the moulds.
Here it will be seen that the pulley g² is not fixed directly on the spindle g but upon
a sleeve surrounding the spindle. The blade g¹ is able to rise through this sleeve but
is compelled to rotate with it by screws passing through the sleeve and abutting upon
the blade.
The spindle g is attached by a swivel by a cord which passes up over a pulley and
receives a counterbalance. Or the cord may pass to a small roller on which it is
very slowly automatically wound.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I
claim is:
1. In apparatus for making pyramidal and other blocks of ice, the combination of
apparatus substantially as described and represented by the Figures 1 and 2.
2. In apparatus for making blocks of ice, the combination of the pyramidal or other
moulds and the spindles and screw blades g¹ and apparatus for driving the
same substantially as described.
3. In apparatus for making blocks of ice, the combination of the pyramidal or other
moulds ff and the spindles and screw blades g¹ so mounted as to be free to rise
automatically as the ice forms within the moulds substantially as described.
Dated this 3rd day of August 1888.
I
CARPMAEL & Co.,
Agents for the Applicant.