Improvements in and Means for the Manufacture of Cement.
Year: 1890

page_text: Date of Application, 15th Apr., 1890
Complete Specification Left, 15th Jan., 1891-Accepted, 21st Feb., 1891
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in and Means for the Manufacture of Cement.
I WILLIAM ROWLAND TAYLOR of 2 Star Hill Villas Rochester in the County
of Kent Engineer do hereby declare the nature of my invention to be as
follows:-
The ordinary way of mixing the raw cement forming materials together in the
semi-dry state is by adding water to them.
According to my invention I use for the purpose liquid fuel in conjunction or
not with solid fuel which will aid and assist in the ultimate burning of the cement
material.
The ordinary way of burning cement material is to place it in blocks or lumps
of all sizes together with fuel into a kiln. It has also been proposed to effect the
burning of the cement material by feeding it in a pulverized state into a rotating
chamber heated by combustion within it of powdered coal and air.
According to my invention I take the cement making materials in the semi-
dry state either mixed with water or liquid fuel and as they are non-conductors of
heat, I mould them into suitable sized bricks or pieces which bricks or pieces are
perforated and corrugate externally or equivalently formed so as to present as
much surface as possible to the action of the heat that is employed to burn them
into clinker.
The ordinary process of burning now in use is to charge the kiln with first a
layer of wood, then a layer of coke, then a layer of blocks or lumps of cement
material in uneven sizes; and then layers of coke and cement material alternately
until the kiln is filled. The fire is then lighted and when the kiln is burned out
it is only half full of clinker the remaining portion having been given off in carbonic
acid and moisture.
According to my invention I sprinkle the coke or portions of it with liquid fuel
and I place the cement making materials in the kiln in the shape of the aforesaid
bricks or picces with large heating surfaces. After ignition of the kiln (which
may be done in the usual way) gas is generated from the liquid fuel and the whole of
the kiln is alight at the same time. I then feed the kiln (which may be done by
elevators from above) with fuel and cement making materials in the aforesaid form
so that when the kiln is burnt out, the kiln is full of clinker instead of being half
full.
I may use gas, vapour or spray produced from coal water or liquid fuel in com-
bination with air for burning the cement making materials. I introduce the gas
vapour or spray at the bottom of the kiln and as soon as the perforated bricks have
run into clinker I withdraw the clinker from the kiln from below and fresh supplies
of the said bricks or pieces formed as described are introduced into the kiln at the
top. The kiln thus made continuous in its working can be either a vertical
cone or a cylindrical rotating horizontal one in which latter case the gas vapour
or spray is introduced at the lower end. This rotary cylindrical kiln I can set or
regulate to any angle so that as it rotates the cement making materials are caused
to travel gradually from the end at which they are introduced to the outlet end.
By my process I make a perfect. clinker as I expose the whole surface of the
cement making materials to the action of the heat and as I have control of the
heat I can burn the clinker to any hardness required.
Dated this 15th dore of A mai 1900

page_text: COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in and Means for the Manufacture of Cement.
I WILLIAM ROWLAND TAYLOR of 2 Star Hill Villas, Rochester in the County
of Kent Engineer do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what
manner the same is to be performed to be particularly described and ascertained
in and by the following statement :-
The ordinary way of mixing the raw cement forming materials together in the
semi-dry state is by adding water to them.
According to my invention I use for the purpose liquid fuel in conjunction or not
with solid fuel which will aid and assist in the ultimate burning of the cement
material.
A suitable liquid fuel for the purposes of my invention is liquid hydrocarbon
obtained from the manufacture of coal gas; or petroleum residue or the like.
The ordinary way of burning cement material is to place it in blocks or lumps
of all sizes together with fuel into a kiln. It has also been proposed to effect the
burning of the cement material by feeding it in a pulverized state into a rotating
chamber heated by combustion within it of powdered coal and air.
According to my invention I take the cement making materials in the semi-dry
state either mixed with water or liquid fuel and as the said cement making materials
are nonconductors of heat I mould them into bricks or pieces of suitable size which
bricks or pieces are perforated and corrugated or equivalently formed so as to
present as much surface as possible to the action of the heat that is employed
to burn them into clinker.
The ordinary process of burning now in use is to charge the kiln with first a
layer of wood, then a layer of coke, then a layer of blocks or lumps of cement
material in uneven sizes, and then layers of coke and cement material alternately
until the kiln is filled. The fire is then lighted, and when the kiln is burned
out, it is only half full of clinker, the remaining portion having been given off in
carbonic acid and moisture. According to my invention I sprinkle the coke or
portions of it with liquid fuel and I place the cement making materials in the kiln
in the shape of the aforesaid bricks or pieces with large heating surfaces. After
ignition of the kiln (which may be done in the usual way) gas or vapour is generated
from the liquid fuel and the whole of the kiln is alight at the same time. I then
feed the kiln (which may be done by elevators from above) with fuel and cement
making materials in the aforesaid form so that when the kiln is burnt out, the kiln
is full of clinker instead of being half full.
I may use gas, vapour, or spray produced from coal water or liquid fuel in
combination with air for burning the cement making materials. I introduce the
gas vapour or spray at the bottom of the kiln and as soon as the perforated or
equivalently formed bricks have run into clinker, I withdraw the clinker from the
kiln from below and fresh supplies of the said bricks or pieces formed as described
are introduced into the kiln at the top. The kiln thus made continuous in its
working can be either a vertical cone or a cylindrical rotating horizontal one, in
which latter case the gas vapour or spray is introduced at the outlet end. This
rotary cylindrical kiln I can set or regulate to any angle so that as it rotates the
cement making materials are caused to travel gradually from the end at which they
are introduced to the outlet end.
By my process I make a perfect clinker as I expose the whole surface of the
cement making materials to the action of the heat and as I have control of the heat
I can burn the clinker to any hardness required.
And in order that my said invention may be fully understood I shall now proceed
more particularly to describe the manners in which it can be carried into practical
effect and for that purpose shall refer to the several figures of the annexed
drawings the same letters of reference indicating corresponding parts in all the
figures.

page_text: Figures 1 and 2 are elevations at right angles to each other of apparatus for
grinding mixing and forming into blocks or bricks the cement making material
and
Figure 3 is a side elevation of an inclined rotatory kiln for burning the
material.
Figures 4 and 5 are sectional views illustrating the ways of carrying out my
invention in connection with ordinary kilns.
Referring to Figures 1 and 2 A. is an edge runner mill which may be of usual
construction in which the chalk or limestone is ground. From this mill the reduced
material falls into a well B from which it is raised by an endless chain of elevator
buckets C and fed into inclined rotating sieves D. Any of the material that is not
sufficiently reduced to pass through the meshes of the sieves returns to the mill A
by the shoot A2 to be further reduced while the material which passes through the
meshes of the sieves enters a trough E in which works a screw feeder which passes
the material into a mixing chamber G'. The clay is put into the blunger K (which
is an octagonal vessel containing vertical heaters) where it is mixed with hot water
or liquid fuel to make it of a thick creamy consistence. Two of these machines
should be used side by side so that whilst one is running off the other is being
filled. The clay so treated is delivered by the screw I (or other suitable means)
into the mixing chamber G into the opposite side of which the ground chalk is
delivered and the chalk and clay are blown together by jets of superheated steam.
The materials thus mixed fall into the cylinder G which is provided with stirrers
or arms for thoroughly amalgamating the materials. At this point if required coal
dust may be admitted by the hopper H to mix with the materials before they enter
the pug mill to be made into bricks the materials passing from the mixer G
through a shoot L and hopper M into the horizontal pug mill N from which they
are forced through a mould or die of a shape to give the desired perforated or
corrugated shape to the blocks formed. For instance the mould or die may be
provided with rods, so as to give to the materials as they pass from the pug mill the
form of a perforated fluted bar. This bar passes from the mould onto a table O
provided with a hinged frame O2 containing cutting wires h and by these wires the
rod of material is cut into blocks or bricks of the required size and say of the shape
shewn in Figure 2ª. These bricks or blocks as they are cut are fed by an endless
band or feeder P or other suitable means into the kiln for instance it may be passed
into the tunnel or flue Q leading to the interior of the rotating kiln R (Figure 3)
which tunnel or flue may be surrounded by a circulation of water so that the
otherwise waste heat may be utilized to provide hot water for the blungers K or
for boilers or for other purpose.
When gas or vapourized fuel is used the rotary kiln is ignited at the lower end
by the gas or vapour jet at S and air to support combustion is admitted to the
interior of the kiln through the fire bars u and a pipe T passing through a hollow
screw U by which the perforated retort cover V is held in position. The retort
turns on rollers W and is actuated by a worm gearing with worm teeth Y on the
retort.
The necessary amount of coke or coal may be fed automatically through the
hopper Z into the kiln the clinker being drawn at the lower end by means of the
screw U connected with the fire bars which are mounted to run on guides.
When I employ an ordinary cone kiln I feed by means of the elevator C, the
blocks of cement making material, into the kiln by a passage a provided with a
self closing door or valve b as shewn in Figure 4 to prevent loss of draught the
clinker when the kiln is burnt out being drawn therefrom through the passage or
opening c at the bottom of the kiln. In this case I prefer to add liquid fuel to the
coke employed in the kiln. Figure 5 shews in longitudinal section an ordinary
kiln.
In the flue or passage d leading to the chimney e I stack the aforesaid
blocks or bricks so that the otherwise waste heat from the burning kiln will partly
burn them and when the kiln is burnt out, the said bricks or blocks are thrown
into the kiln when it is recharged in the usual way. The blocks or bricks may be

page_text: fed into the flue d through the opening a by means of an elevator or otherwise and
then be stacked.
It is to be understood that I have shewn these kilns as being what I consider
best for the purposes of my invention but do not limit myself to the use of the
precise forms of kilns shewn.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what I
claim is
1. In the manufacture of cement the employment of liquid fuel for mixing the
raw cement making materials together previous to burning them.
2. In the manufacture of cement, moulding the raw cement making materials in
admixture with a hydrocarbon or other liquid into blocks or pieces which are
perforated and fluted or equivalently formed so as to offer an extended surface and
then burning them substantially as hereinbefore described.
3. The method of burning cement making materials consisting in the use of
coke or other solid fuel sprinkled with liquid fuel and cement making materials
formed as hereinbefore described and claimed.
4. In the manufacture of cement the use of a gas vapour or spray introduced
into the lower part of a kiln charged with raw cement making materials formed
with extended heating surface substantially as herein before described and claimed.
5. In the manufacture of cement, the use of a rotating inclined kiln into the
upper end of which the raw cement making materials are introduced together with
coke or coal or with gas vapour or spray which can be admitted at the other end
the cement making materials being caused to pass gradually through the kiln as it
rotates substantially as hereinbefore described.
6. The combination of apparatus for the manufacture of cement substantially as
hereinbefore described and illustrated in Figures 1, 2 and 3 of the drawings.
T
J. H. JOHNSON & Co.,
Agents.