Method and Apparatus for making Weaving-diagrams.
Year: 1896

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Method and Apparatus for making Weaving-diagrams.
We, LUDWIG KLEINBERG Banker and JAN SZCZEPANIK, Engineer, both of
1, Bartensteinstrasse, 16 Vienna, Austria, do hereby declare the nature of this
invention to be as follows:--
This invention has for its object to produce weaving-diagrams directly from
drawings or designs in such a manner that the modes of crossing or intersection
forming several shaded parts will be thereby indicated and the heretofore-necessary
costly and tedious determination of the various crossings that serve to bring out the
outlines, shadings, and shadows will be obviated.
This object is effected by producing by photography a negative or positive copy
of the drawing or design to be woven, together with a superposed or underlying
screen composed of compartments of varying degrees of transparency arranged
alternately. In this manner with continued exposure, there are produced on the
corresponding portions of the copying paper compartments grouped in various ways
according to the shading of the positive or negative, which compartments correspond
in their arrangement with the crossings necessary for producing the shading of the
corresponding portions of the design, and thus a diagram is made from which the
cards can be perforated directly.
Fig. 1 of the accompanying drawings illustrates a screen constructed in accordance
with this invention;
Fig. 2 shows part of the same to a larger scale;
Fig. 3 shows a pattern produced with the aid of this screen; and
Figs. 4 and 5 represent portions of two screens constructed in another way.
The screen shown in Fige. 1 and 2 may be composed of any kind of transparent
material, such as film, glass, tracing-paper, and consists of quadrilateral portions
of, for instance, six different degrees of transparency, which are indicated in Fig. 2
by the numbers 1 to 6.
The compartments 1 are quite opaque (black); the compartments 6 are quite
transparent (white); whilst the compartments 2 to 5 each have a degree of
transparency lying between these limits. The compartments that correspond to
shades 3 and 4 are each arranged in a diagonal row, whilst in the two next diagonal
rows the compartments 1 and 2, and 5 and 6, alternate with one another, as shown in
Fig. 2.
The whole screen thus consists of diagonal rows of compartments 1 and 2, 4, 3,
and 5 and 6, which constantly recur in the order just mentioned.
For the purpose of explaining the mode of operation of this screen in its
application to the method of this invention, we shall first describe the production of
patterns separately for each of the most generally employed modes of crossing or
intersection.
When the screen is copied direct that is to say, is exposed for a longer or shorter
period to the action of the light without a superposed or underlying positive or
negative there is produced the copy shown in Fig. 6 in which white compartments

page_text: (marked I) appear upon a black ground, the former corresponding to the completely
opaque compartments 1 of the screen.
With longer exposure, the light acts upon all those parts of the underlying
copying-paper that correspond to the more lightly shaded compartments 2 to 6 of
the screen, without distinction of shade of these compartments, whilst only those
parts of the copying paper that correspond to the perfectly opaque compartments 1
of the screen, are completely protected from the action of the light.
The compartments I appearing on the copy, have, as shown in Fig. 6, a grouping
exactly similar to satin crossing.
If now a second photograph of the screen be made, after placing upon it a plate
of the high degree of transparency 5, then, as by covering the compartments 2 of
the screen with a plate of the degree of transparency 5 a degree of transparency
corresponding to the shading 1 is produced, those parts of the copying-paper
corresponding to the compartments 2 of the screen will also be protected. By copying,
there is produced the picture shown in Fig. 7, in which the white compartments I
and II appear on a black ground grouped in a manner corresponding to twill-crossing.
If, before taking another photograph, there be placed upon the screen in place of
the plate of the degree of transparency 5, a darker plate (of the degree 4), then the
parts III of the copying paper corresponding to the compartments 3 will also be
protected, and a picture will be produced, which, as shown in Fig. 8, represents
canvas-crossing.
Similarly, by superposing a plate of the degree 3, twill-crossing is again produced
(with dark portions V. and VI appearing on white ground as in Fig. 9); and by
superposing a plate of the degree 2, satin-crossing is again produced (with dark
portions VI appearing on a white ground, as in Fig. 10).
If more modes of crossing are to be produced, the number of degrees of
transparency must be correspondingly increased.
or
In carrying out our method, instead of the plates which have each only one degree
of transparency, the positive or negative of the design picture to be woven is laid
upon or under the screen the positive or negative may he considered as a plate
having different degrees of transparency at different places corresponding to the
shading. If, now, this picture together with the screen be copied (for instance in a
dark chamber or camera obscura) then the equally lightly shaded portions on the
copy will also appear as a grouping of compartiments that will at once indicate the
mode of crossing that is necessary for weaving the same. Also, the equally darkly
shaded portions will appear as a grouping of compartments which corresponds to
another definite mode of crossing; and in a similar manner also the intermediate
degrees of shading will indicate other modes of crossing.
The copy (Fig. 3) produced in this manner may be employed directly as a pattern
for perforating the cards; and when made of a bad conductor of electricity upon a
good conductor thereof, it can be employed for electric looms and for electric card-
perforating machines. A diagram composed of squares that facilitates the taking of
a comprehensive view in perforating the cards, requires, of course, for its production,
a screen divided into squares, which must be provided with a net-work of lines after
the manner of the "carta-rigata" paper, the arrangement being however such that
each line of the network on the screen is double and composed of two parallel lines,
of which one is black and the other white, so that all the black squares of the copy
are shown separated by white lines, and all the white squares of the same are shown
separated by black lines.
The size of the compartments of the screen is determined by the size of the picture
to be woven, or, in the case of recurring designs, by the size of the latter. In the
case of large pictures, they are divided in proportion to the size of the screen, and
each portion is printed or copied by photography.
As large portions of the picture which are equally shaded and quite dark, will
appear quite white on the copy and would not indicate any modes of crossing, this
drawback is preferably obviated in the following manner. Before pointing from or
copying the positive or negative, the screen alone is placed on the copying-paper, and

page_text: the latter is exposed for a short time to the light. By this means, as already men-
tioned in regard to Fig. 6, satin-crossing is indicated on the whole of the sensitive
surface, but not so sharply as with over-exposure. If then the diagram is made as
described, those portions of the diagram that correspond to the equally dark shaded
parts of the positive or negative, show the previously produced satin crossing
indication, which may be taken as the mode of crossing for those portions of the
picture.
Instead of squares, the screen may be composed or comprise compartiments of other
shape, such as stripes or bands (Fig. 4), or circular compartments (Fig. 5); in the
latter case the surface between the circular compartments must be made correspond-
ingly dark (opaque).
We, LUDWIG KLEINBERG Banker and JAN SZCZEPANIK, Engineer both of
1 Bartensteingasse 16 Vienna, Austria, do hereby declare the nature of this invention
and in what manner the same is to be performed to be particularly described and
ascertained in and by the following statement:-
This invention has for its object to produce weaving diagrams directly from
drawings or designs in such a manner that the modes of crossing or intersection
forming the several shaded parts will be thereby indicated and the heretofore-necessary
costly and tedious determination of the various crossings that serve to bring out the
outlines, shadings, and shadows will be obviated.
This object is effected by copying by photography a negative or positive of the
drawing or design to be woven, together with a superposed or underlying screen
composed of compartments of varying degrees of transparency arranged alternately.
In this manner with continued exposure, there are produced on the corresponding
portions of the copying paper compartments which are grouped in various ways
according to the shading of the positive or negative, and which correspond in their
arrangement to the crossings necessary for producing the shading of the corres-
ponding portions of the design, and thus a diagram is made from which the cards can
be perforated directly.
Fig. 1 of the drawings of our provisional specification illustrate a screen constructed
in accordance with this invention;
Fig. 2 shows part of the same to a larger scale;
Fig. 3 shows a diagram produced with the aid of this screen; and
Figs. 4 and 5 represent portions of two screens constructed in another way.
The screen shown in Figs. 1 and 2 may be composed of any kind of. transparent
material, such as film, glass, tracing-paper, and consists of quadilateral portions of,
for instance, six different degrees of transparency, which are indicated in Fig. 2 by
the numbers 1 to 6.
The compartments 1 are quite opaque (black); the compartments 6 are quite
transparent (white); whilst the compartments 2 to 5 each have a degree of trans-
parency lying between those limits. The compartments that correspond to shades 3
and 4 are respectively arranged in diagonal rows, whilst in the two next diagonal rows
the compartments 1 and 2, and 5 and 6, respectively alternate with one another, as
shown in Fig. 2.

page_text: The whole screen thus consists of diagonal rows of compartments 1 and 2, 4, 3 and
5 and 6 which constantly recur in the order mentioned.
For the purpose of explaining the mode of operation of this screen in its applica-
tion to the method of this invention; we shal! first describe the production of diagrams
separately for each of the most generally employed modes of crossing or intersection.
When the screen is copied direct that is to say, is exposed for a longer period to
the action of the light without a superposed or underlying positive or negative-
there is produced the copy shown in Fig. 6 in which white compartments (marked I)
appear upon a black ground, the former corresponding to the completely opaque
compartments 1 of the screen.
With longer exposure, the light acts upon all those parts of the underlying
copying-paper that correspond to the more lightly shaded compartments 2 to 6 of the
screen, without distinction of shade of these compartments, whilst only those parts
of the copying-paper that correspond to the perfectly opaque compartments 1 of the
screen, are completely protected from the action of the light.
The compartiments I appearing on the copy, have, as shown in Fig. 6, a grouping
exactly similar to satin crossing.
If, now, a second photographic copy of the screen be made after placing upon it
a plate of the high degree of transparency 5, then, as by covering the compartments 2
of the screen with a plate of the degree of transparency corresponding to the
shading 1 is produced, those parts of the copying-paper corresponding to the
compartments 2 of the screen will also be protected. By copying, there is produced
the picture shown in Fig. 7, in which the white compartments I and II appear on
the black ground grouped in a manner corresponding to twill-crossing.
If, before making another photographic copy there be placed upon the screen in
place of the plate of the degree of transparency 5, a darker plate (of the degree 4),
then the parts III of the copying-paper corresponding to the compartiments 3 will
also be protected, and a picture will be produced, which, as shown in Fig. 8,
represents canvas-crossing.
Similarly, by superposing a plate of the degree 3, twill-crossing is again produced
(with dark portions V and VI appearing on white ground as in Fig. 9); and by
superposing a plate of the degree 2, satin-crossing is again produced (with dark
portions VI appearing on a white ground, as in Fig. 10).
If more modes of crossing are to be produced, the number of degrees of transparency
must be correspondingly increased.
In carrying out our method, instead of the plates which have each only one degree
of transparency, the positive or negative of the design or picture to be woven is laid
upon or under the screen; the positive or negative may be considered as a plate
having different degrees of transparency at different places corresponding to the
shading. If, now, this picture be copied together with the screen (for instance in a
dark chamber, or camera obscura), then the equally lightly shaded portions on the
copy will also appear as a group of compartments that will at once indicate the mode
of crossing that is necessary for weaving the same. Also, the equally darkly shaded
portions will appear as a group of compartiments which corresponds to another definite
mode of crossing; and in a similar manner also the intermediate degrees of shading
will indicate other modes of crossing.
The copy (fig. 3) produced in this manner may be employed directly as a diagram
for perforating the cards; it can be employed in electric looms and for electric card-
perforating machines, in which case the form shown diagrammatically in the lower
part of Fig. 3 will be composed only of two kinds of squares, those shown in solid
black and in shaded lines in the diagram being made of conducting material whilst
the others, appearing in the diagram in white, are made of non-conducting material.
A diagram composed of squares that facilitates the taking of a comprehensive view
in perforating the cards, requires, for its production a screen divided into squares,
which must be provided with a network of lines after the manner of the "carta
rigata" paper, each line of the network on the screen, however, being double and
composed of two parallel lines, of which one is black and the other white so that all

page_text: the black squares of the copy are shown separated by white lines, and all the white
squares of the same are shown separated by black lines.
The size of the compartments of the screen is determined by the size of the picture
to be woven, or, in the case of recurring patterns, by the size of the latter. In the
case of large pictures, they are divided in proportion to the size of the screen, and
each portion is copied photographically.
As large portions of the picture which are equally shaded and quite dark, will
appear quite white on the copy and would not indicate any modes of crossing, this
drawback is preferably obviated in the following manner: Before printing from or
copying the positive or negative, the screen alone is placed on the copying-paper,
and the latter is exposed for a short time to the light. By this means, as already
mentioned in regard to Fig. 6, satin-crossing is indicated on the whole of the sensi-
tive surface, but not so sharply as with over-exposure. If, then the diagram is made
as described those portions of the diagram that correspond to the equally dark shaded
parts of the positive or negative, show the previously produced satin-crossing indication,
which may be taken as the mode of crossing for those portions of the picture.
Instead of consisting of quadrilateral compartments, the screen may be composed
of or comprise compartments of other shape, such as stripes or bands (Fig. 4), or
circular compartments (Fig. 5); in the latter case the surface between the circular
compartments must be made correspondingly dark (opaque).
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of the said invention
and in what manner the same is to be performed we declare that what we claim is:
1. Making a weaving-diagram by photographically copying the positive or negative
of the design whilst softening or cutting off the light to different degrees by means
of a medium or screen which is arranged in front of or behind the positive or
negative and which is made more or less transparent in parts, so that in consequence
of the cooperation of the softening medium or screen and of the toning or shading
of the positive or negative, there is produced a copy which can be used directly as a
diagram and upon which there appear areas grouped differently according to the
toning or shading and correspondingly to the crossings selected for the several tones
or shades.
2. For cutting off or softening the light in making diagrams according to the
preceding claim, a screen composed of transparent material upon which areas of
different degrees of transparency are arranged alternately in rows or stripes, and are
grouped for each degree of transparency to correspond to the crossing to be
represented.
3. A screen of the kind referred to in claim 2, in which square, round, or other
shaped areas are provided with a network the lines of which separate the areas and
are composed of double lines of unequal transparency.
4. For making diagrams in accordance with claim 1, a screen substantially as
described with reference to and shown in Figs. 1 and 2, in Fig. 4, or in Fig. 5 of the
drawings.