IMPROVEMENTS IN LUBRI- CATING THE AXLES AND BEARINGS OF RAILWAY ROLLING STOCK AND OTHER MACHINERY
Year: 1866

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Thomas James Smith, of Twickenham, in the County
of Middlesex, Gentleman, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN LUBRI-
CATING THE AXLES AND BEARINGS OF RAILWAY ROLLING STOCK AND OTHER
MACHINERY." A communication from abroad by François Haeck, of
Brussels, Belgium.
Sealed the 3rd August 1866, and dated the 6th February 1866.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Thomas James Smith
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
6th February 1866.
I, THOMAS JAMES SMITH, of Twickenham, in the County of Middlesex,
Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN LUBRICATING THE AXLES AND BEARINGS OF RAILWAY ROLLING STOCK AND
OTHER MACHINERY," to be as follows:-
This Invention consists in several methods of lubricating the axles and
'bearings of railway carriages and wagons, and other machinery.
The first method is as follows:-Under the journal of the axle I place a
trough closed by a cover in the form of a basin. The trough contains water,
which is kept agitated by the shocks of the wheels against the rails, by the
shocks of the bearing against the shoulders of the axle, and by the other shocks
produced by the movement of the carriage. This agitation of the water pro-

page_text: duces ripples which rise against the longitudinal sides of the trough. At the
upper part of these sides holes are formed, through which the water of the
ripples passes into the basin. To facilitate the rising of the ripples towards
the holes swellings may be formed in the sides and corners of the trough. In
the basin a fabric is placed composed of greased wool or other greased fila-
mentous material. The wool is kept damped by the water in the basin or by
the water which enters the basin through the holes before named. When
the carriage is in motion the wool is kept damped by the water which the
journal in its revolutions brings back to the fabric after having taken it up
therefrom. To ensure permanent contact of the journals and fabric, in order
to keep up a continuous damping of the journal, a spring is fitted under the
fabric, and another spring under the trough. Any water in excess which
enters the basin immediately returns to the trough through holes formed so
that the water level in the basin can never rise beyond a certain point. Two
sides of the basin are enclosed by pieces of leather concentric with the journal,
and surmounted if required with a fabric of greased wool or analogous material.
These pieces of leather assist in forming the water reservoir of the basin. At
"the upper part of each side of the basin a spring is attached carrying a pad
for greasing the journal. These greasing pads touch the sides of the journal
for the whole length comprised between the two shoulders; each of the pads
is curved so as to bring towards the middle of the journal the water stopped by
the pad, whether this water has just been raised from the greased fabric by
the rotating journal or whether it is brought down by the journal from the
bearing. The pads have a triple action:-First, they keep the surface of the
journal greased, and thereby preserve it from oxidation; second, they leave
only as much water on the journal as is strictly required for the lubrication of
the rubbing parts; and, third, they prevent the water accumulating against
the shoulders of the axle, from which it would be thrown out of the basin.
The pads are formed of any soft substances capable of preserving the grease
supplied thereto for a great length of time. To prevent the shoulders throwing
the water which may accumulate against them to a distance I fix pieces in
the form of a funnel on the axle on both sides of the journal; these pieces
revolve with the axle. After the water which has been thrown therein by the
centrifugal action of the shoulders has been received in the funnel these pieces
return it into gutters formed right and left at the ends of the basin con-
centrically with the shoulders of the axle; these gutters lead the water to
cups or funnels, which pass it on to the trough to be again admitted into the
basin, and so on. The trough may be supplied with water either intermittently
or continuously. It may be fed intermittently by pouring water from time to

page_text: time into a funnel at the side of the axle box. It may be fed continuously by
a reservoir placed at the top of the axle box; this reservoir is of conical form,
narrow at the bottom and wide at the top, and the water is drawn therefrom
either by wicks acting as a syphon or by a filter pipe, which will only allow
the water to pass in drops. According to the number of wicks or the diameter
of the filter the supply of water may be regulated so as to feed the trough or
the basin with a fixed quantity to replace that lost by the play of the rubbing
parts. Any excess of water in the trough issues therefrom by the cups before
mentioned, and is allowed to run to waste. The lower part of the supply
reservoir should be as near the top of the bearing and journal as possible, so
that in winter the first heat produced, by the rubbing parts may melt the ice
in the filter. Sometimes, in order to raise the water into the basin or to the
lower part of the journals, I employ a sponge, the lower part of which is in the
water in the trough, and the upper part touches the journal and keeps it
constantly damped. A spring keeps up the contact of the sponge and journal.
Instead of sponge any other material capable of raising water by capillary
action may be employed. This capillary action of sponge or other material
may be applied in conjunction or not with the action of the ripples produced
in the trough, as before explained.
The second method of lubricating consists in keeping the surface of the
journal greased by means of two pads placed longitudinally in reference to the
journal at both sides of the bearing, but so as not to entirely cover the lower
part of the journal, in order that this lower part may be put in contact at one
or more points with a roller of cylindrical, spherical, conical, or other form,
circular in section. This roller revolves partly in the water in the bottom of
the axle box. It is kept in permanent contact with the journal by means of
two springs acting against the axes of the roller, or by a single spring acting
against the middle of a cap, in arms of which the axes of the roller turn, or by
four springs fitted outside the axle box and supporting in pairs transverse bars,
on which the axes of the roller rest, or by a weighted lever, or by the buoyancy
of the water in which the roller is partly immersed. By the contact of the
roller with the journal the roller revolves at the same time as the journal, and
thereby supplies the journal with a part of the water in which the roller is
partly immersed. The greasing pads are kept pressed against the journal by
springs attached to the bearing or having their point of support either against
the sides or at the bottom of the box. The two pads may if desired be in
one piece, provided space is left for the damping roller to come in contact with
the journal; or the pads may be in the form of rollers, each turning on axes
and actuated by the movement of the axle. If it is desired not to have direct

page_text: contact of the roller with the journal, the water can be raised by the shoulder
of the axle, which will then act upon the roller placed immediately below it
and cause it to revolve in the water; but in this case it is necessary to stop
the water on the shoulder. The water can be stopped on the shoulder in
either of two ways:-1st, by a scraper held vertically by stays attached to the
bearing or to the cover of the axle box; 2nd, by two scrapers placed on both
sides of the shoulder at the same height. The two scrapers are attached to
levers movable round a fixed point attached to the cover of the box. The
water stopped by the scrapers immediately passes laterally either into a pad in
the form of a circular basin, similar to that first herein-before described, placed
under the journal and pressed against it, or into two small troughs open at the
bottom and annexed to the greasing pads, from which the water will run
continuously and wet the journal. Gutters, lead the water.from the scrapers
to the basin under the journal or to the troughs annexed to the greasing pads.
These gutters are formed in the casting of the box, or are fitted to the
scrapers themselves.
The third method of lubricating consists in fitting at the front of the axle
a circular disc, acting as a roller, partly immersed in water at the bottom of
the axle box, which serves as a reservoir for the water used for lubricating.
The water raised by the revolutions of this roller is stopped at the circumference
either by a scraper at the top of the roller or by two scrapers, as before
explained. The water stopped by the scrapers passes laterally either into a
basin under the journal or into troughs annexed to the greasing pads, as before
.described. Sometimes I dispense with the scrapers and form one or more
gutters round the chamber in which the roller turns, and against the sides of
which the roller throws the water which it raises from the reservoir. The
water passes from the gutters either to the basin under the journal or to the
troughs annexed to the greasing pads. If required to increase the capability
of the roller to raise the water I form a circular groove or recess in the
periphery of the roller, and divide it here and there so as to form cups for
raising the water. The axle box may be constructed in two pieces bolted
together, the roller which raises the water being divided from the joint by a
guard. The water reservoir should be lower than the bottom proper of the
box under the journal. The portion of the box under the journal may be
divided from the water reservoir by a perforated plate.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Thomas James Smith in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 6th August 1866.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, THOMAS
JAMES SMITH, of Twickenham, in the County of Middlesex, Gentleman, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Sixth day of February, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-six, in the twenty-ninth year of
Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant
unto me, the said Thomas James Smith, Her special licence that I, the
said Thomas James Smith, my executors, administrators, and assigns,
or such others as I, the said Thomas James Smith, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others,
from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term therein
expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within
the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands,
and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN LUBRICATING THE
AXLES AND BEARINGS OF RAILWAY ROLLING STOCK AND OTHER MACHINERY,"
(a communication from abroad by François Haeck, of Brussels, Belgium),
upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Thomas Jaines
Smith, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under
my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe
and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the
same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great
Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the
date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Thomas James Smith, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is
to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement thereof, reference being had to the Drawings hereunto
annexed, that is to say :-
This Invention consists of several methods of lubricating the axles and
bearings of railway carriages and waggons and other machinery.
The first method is shewn in Figures 1 and 2. Figure 1 represents an
axle box of a railway carriage in vertical axial section; Figure 2 is a transverse
vertical section of the same. Under the journal of the axle I place a trough A

page_text: closed by a cover B in the form of a basin. The trough A contains water Y,
which is kept agitated by the shocks of the wheels against the rails, by the
shocks of the bearing against the shoulders of the axle, and by the other.
shocks produced by the movement of the carriage. This agitation of the water
produces ripples or waves which rise against the longitudinal sides of the
trough. At the upper part of these sides holes C are formed, through which
the water of the ripples or waves passes into the basin B. To facilitate the
rising of the ripples or waves towards the holes swellings may be formed in
the sides and corners of the trough, as shewn at D. In the basin B a fabric or
pad B is placed composed of greased wool or other greased filamentous
material, or a sponge greased or not on its upper surface. The pad is kept
damped by the water in the basin or by the water which enters the basin
through the holes C. When the carriage is in motion the pad is kept
damped by the water which the journal in its revolutions brings back to the
pad after having taken it up therefrom. To insure permanent contact of the
journal and pad, in order to keep up a continuous damping of the journal, a
spring E is fitted under the pad B', and another spring E' under the trough.
Any water in excess which enters the basin B immediately returns to the
trough A through holes F formed so that the water level in the basin B can
never rise beyond a certain point. Two sides of the basin B are enclosed by
pieces of leather H concentric with the journal, and surmounted, if
required, with a pad I of greased wool or analogous material. These pieces of
leather H assist in forming the water reservoir of the basin. At the upper part
of each side of the basin a spring G is attached, carrying a pad K for greasing
the journal. These greasing pads K touch the sides of the journal for the whole
length comprised between the two shoulders; each of these pads K is curved
towards the centre line L, L, as shown by dotted lines at K¹, Figure 1, so as to
bring towards the middle of the journal the water stopped by the pad, whether
this water has just been raised from the greased pad B¹ by the rotating
journal or whether it is brought down by the journal from the bearing. The
pads K have a triple action :-First, they keep the surface of the journal greased,
and thereby preserve it from oxidation, and at the same time isolate the
water passing between the journal and the bearing; second, they leave only so
much water on the journal as is strictly required for the lubrication or isolation
of the rubbing parts; and third, they prevent the water accumulating
against the shoulders M of the axle, from which it would be thrown out of
the basin B. The pads K are formed of any soft substance capable of pre-
serving the grease supplied thereto for a great length of time. To prevent the
shoulders M throwing the water which may accumulate against them to a

page_text: distance I fix shields or pieces N on the axle at both ends of the journal; these
shields revolve with the axle. After the water which has been thrown therein
by the centrifugal action of the shoulders M has been received in the shields,
these latter return it into gutters O formed right and left at the ends of tho
basin B concentrically with the shoulders of the axle. These gutters lead the
water to funnels or spouts P which pass it on to the trough A to be again
admitted into the basin, and so on. According to what has been said the
system works as follows:-Firstly, the water contained in the trough A rises
in oscillating waves because of the irregularities of the road and the rolling
and thumping of the carriage, and next, as soon as the journal has once been
moistened at its lower circumference it carries the water with it in its rotation
and in between the frictional parts (the journal and the bearing). Further,
the water is continually returned to the basin B or the trough A after it bas
been carried round with the journal from the pad B', and on its way it has
lubricated and by its interposition isolated the frictional parts. The trough
may be supplied with water either intermittently or continuously; it may be
fed intermittently by pouring water from time to time into a funnel Q at the
side of the axle box. The trough A or the basin B, (either of them, because
the water in excess in the basin B falls into the trough A through the holes F'),
may be fed continuously by a reservoir R placed at the top of the axle box.
This reservoir R is of conical form, narrow at the bottom and wide at the top
to prevent its bursting in the winter if the water should freeze within it, and
the water is drawn therefrom either by wicks acting as a syphon or by a filter
pipe T, which will only allow the water to pass iu drops. According to the
number of wicks, or the diameter of the filter pipe, the supply of water may be
regulated so as to feed the trough A or the basin B with a fixed quantity to
replace that lost by the play of the rubbing parts. Any excess of water in
the trough A issues therefrom by the spouts P before mentioned, and is allowed
to run to waste. The filter pipe T forming the lower part of the supply
reservoir R should be as near the top of the bearing U and journal as possible,
so that in winter the first heat produced by the rubbing parts may melt the
ice. Figures 1 and 2 represent this method of lubricating applied to an
old oil axle box altered to a water axle box, but it is clear that the lower
part S of the axle box may be cast in the shape of the trough A, the place of
which it would take in relation to the basin B.
The second method of lubricating consists in the following:-In order to
raise the water into the basin B or to the lower part of the journal I employ
a sponge, the lower part of which is in the water in the trough, and the
upper part touches the journal and keeps it constantly damped. A spring

page_text: .or weighted lever keeps up the contact of the. sponge and journal. Instead
of sponge any other material capable of raising water by capillary attraction
may be employed. This capillary attraction of sponge or other materia
may be applied in conjunction or not with the action of the waves or ripples
produced in the trough as before explained.
The third method of lubricating is represented in Figure 3, which is e
vertical longitudinal section, and in Figure 4, which is a vertical transverse
section, of an axle box. This method consists in keeping the surface of the
journal C greased by means of two pads K placed longitudinally in reference
to the journal at both sides of the bearing, but so as not entirely to cover the
lower part of the journal, in order that this lower part may be put in contact
at one or more points with a roller B, of cylindrical, spherical, conical, or
other form, circular in section. This roller B revolves partly in the water Y
in the bottom of the axle box; it is kept in permanent contact with the
journal by means of two springs R acting against bearings of the ends of the
spindle D of the roller B, or by a single spring acting against the middle of a
bracket, in arms of which the spindle of the roller turns, or by four springs
fitted outside the axle box and supporting in pairs transverse bars P, on
which the axes of the roller rest, as shewn in Figures 3, 3 A, 4, 4 A, 4 B, and
4 C, or by a weighted lever, or by the buoyancy of the water in which the
roller B is partly immersed. In Figure 3 the central position of the roller
B is shewn as maintained by a bracket with upright slotted standards I,
which keep it from shifting sideways. The whole lubricating apparatus
consisting of the roller B, the springs R, and the bracket I, which serves as a
support and guide for the roller and the springs is kept in its place under the
journal (Figures 3 and 4) either by wedges in the bottom. part of the box
behind and in front, or by other obstacles. sideways in the bottom of the
box. The bracket I is by preference made of malleable cast iron. By the
constant contact of the roller B and the journal every movement of rotation
of the latter causes rotary movement to the former on its axis, and as the
lower part of the roller B dips in the water. Y, the roller R in rotating
carries the water to the journal C, to which it supplies a portion of it, it then
causes it to pass under the greasing pads K in order to be interposed between
the rubbing surfaces (the bearing U and the journal C).and prevent metallic
contact of the same. The springs R which support the roller B, and keep
it in contact with the journal, may rest on platforms E, placed as bigh up as
possible, so as to keep the upper part of the springs R out of the water and
preserve their working in winter. To keep the springs in good order for a
long time they may be made of brass. The greasing pads K are kept pre-şed

page_text: against the journal by springs having their point of support either against
the bearing U, or against the sides or at the bottom of the box. In countries
where the water is liable to become frozen the roller B should consist of some
material that is a good conductor of heat. The two pads K may if desired
be in one piece, provided space is left for the damping roller B to come in
contact with the journal C, so as to supply it with water; or the pads K may
be in the form of rollers, each turning on a spindle and actuated by the
movement of the axle. Small furrows or grooves m may be turned in the
surface of the roller B for facilitating the elevation of the water to the
journal C. The roller B is made of malleable cast iron or gun metal or any
other material which will resist the action of water. and ice. If it is desired
not to have direct contact of the roller, with the journal the water can be
raised by the shoulder F of the axle (Figures 5 and 6), which will then act
upon the roller placed immediately below it and cause it to revolve in the
water; but in this case it is necessary to stop the water on the shoulder F.
The water can be stopped on the shoulder F in either of two ways, 1st, by a
scraper e (Figure 7) held vertically by stays attached to the bearing U or to
the cover S of the axle box; 2nd, by two scrapers e (Figure 8) placed on
both sides of the shoulder at the same height. The two scrapers are attached
to levers p movable round a fixed point fattached to the cover S of the box.
The water stopped by the scrapers e iminediately passes laterally either into
a pad in the form of a circular basin, similar to that shown in Figure 2, placed
under the journal and pressed against it, or into two small troughs I (Figure 9)
open at top and bottom and annexed to the greasing pads K (Figure 9),
from which the water will run continuously and wet the journal. The rotary
notion of the journal serves as in the preceding case to carry the water to
the rubbing surfaces (the journal and the bearing). Gutters lead the water
from the scrapers e to the basin under the journal or to the troughs I annexed
to the greasing pads K; these gutters are formed in the casting of the box
or are fitted to the scrapers themselves. The scrapers e may consist either of
metallic obstacles arranged so as to stop the water at the shoulder of the
journal and lead it to the gutter, from which it goes into the troughs I or
under the journal of the axle, or of sponges which absorb and accumulate the
water in their cells until they are saturated with it. and pass that in excess
into the gutter and thence into the troughs I or under the journal, or of any
other non-metallic substance capable of stopping the water at the shoulder.
When the shields N (Figure 1) cannot conveniently be used for the purpose
of preventing slight escapes of water the same object may be attained by
giving the shaft behind the shoulder the form of a truncated cone, the larger

page_text: base of which is against the bearing and the smaller against the boss of the
wheel. The centrifugal force of this truncated cone will continually throw
any water which might have come behind the axle in the box back towards
the shoulder again. The same object may be attained by means of a conical
shield V (Figure 3) fixed to the back of the bearing. The rotary motion
of the journal of the axle causes a draught of air from both sides to the
centre of the journal. The air current which rushes into the shield V
coming from behind the axle box not only prevents the water from being
hurled away from the shoulder of the journal towards the shoulder of the
wheel, but this same current of air also on rushing into the shield V causes
the spray of water proceeding from its own projections to return constantly
towards the journal. With certain constructions of axle boxes both the
sponge and the roller B may be simultaneously employed; the former
immersed in water acts by its capillary attraction, and the roller by mechanically
lifting the water to the surface of the sponge. By this double action the
water comes to the lower part of the journal, which carries it to the rubbing
surfaces. If preferred, the grease pads K attached to the bearing may be
dispensed with by placing in the bottom of the axle box a grease cup E,
Figure 3, perforated all round, and containing grease or a filamentous body
or other grease absorber. The grease cup E is placed in the water Y of
the reservoir. If by reason of the absence of grease between the rubbing
surfaces of the journal and the bearing the same become heated this will
immediately cause an elevation of temperature of the water and likewise
that of the grease in the cup E; this grease will melt, flow out, and mix with
the water, and be carried to the rubbing surfaces by means of the roller B;
the rubbing surfaces are thus, whenever required, supplied with a thin layer
of grease, which is indispensable for the success of water lubrication. The
grease pads K therefore become unnecessary as such.
of the axle box and the shoulders on the axle permit it, that is to say, if the
water keeps in the box without the use of the pads K, they may be done
away with, as well as the scrapers. The pads K are then quite dispensed
with, and the interior of the box is then as shown in Figure 3*, in which
E represents the grease cup containing grease or a filamentous body or other
grease absorber. The advantage of the first, second, and third methods of
water lubrication as herein-before described is the adapting them with great
facility and at small cost to existing oil and grease. cups of railway rolling
stock.
If the arrangement
The fourth method of lubricating is shewn in Figure 10, which represents a
vertical section of the axle box, and in Figure 11, which is a vertical cross

page_text: section. This method consists in fitting at the front of the axle a circular disc,
acting as a roller, partly immersed in water at the bottom of the axle box,
which serves as a reservoir for the water used for lubricating. The water
raised by the revolutions of this roller is stopped at the circumference either
by a scraper at the top of the roller or by two scrapers, as before explained.
The water stopped by the scrapers passes laterally either into a basin under
the journal or into troughs annexed to the greasing pads, as before described.
One of the practical advantages of the above arrangement for carrying the
water to the journal consists in the facility with which water lubrication may
be adapted to railway rolling stock, making use of the old bearings or brasses,
and without the necessity for special ones. Another advantage of this arrange-
ment is that it does away with great accumulations, of water above the journal
and bearing or brass, which would cause the water to fall out behind the box
unless special means for preventing it are adopted. Sometimes I dispense
with the scrapers e and form one or more gutters 9 at a sufficient elevation
round the chamber in which the roller a turns, and against the sides of which
the roller throws the water Y which it raises from the reservoir. The water
passes from the gutters either to. the basin under the journal, as shown in
Figure 2, or to the troughs I annexed to the greasing pads K, as already
explained with reference to Figure 9. If required to increase the capability
of the roller a to raise the water I form a circular groove or recess d in the
periphery of the roller, and divide it here and there so as to form cups / for
raising the water. The axle box may be constructed in two pieces bolted
together, as shewn in Figures 10 and 11, the roller a which raises the water
being divided from the joint o by a guard q. The water reservoir should be
lower than the bottom proper of the box under the journal. The portion of
the box under the journal may be furnished with perforated plates for the
purpose of preventing the water put in motion by the lateral shocks of the
carriage from splashing out of the box. The compartments thus formed in
the bottom of the box communicate by means of the holes in the lower part
of each plate, so that the water may always find its way towards that part of
the box where it is to be lifted to the journal of the axle by one of the methods
herein-before described.
As a general observation applying to all the boxes shewn in Figures 1 to 11
I may state that the outer shape and the best shape for the box are sub-
ordinate to and depending upon the arrangements of the guard or horn plates
and springs of the carriage to which they are applied. I apply to all the axle
boxes a reserve grease box M, Figure 10, similar to those attached to axle
boxes for oil now in use on many railways. The advantage of this grease box

page_text: is that it offers an additional security for the working of the axles if for some
unforeseen reason the mechanism of the water lubrication should cease to
work well between two stations or points where it is examined. The fact of
the grease having melted in the reserve grease box will give the attendant
who examines the axle boxes a visible proof that the water lubricating appa-
ratus in the interior of the box requires putting in order before the carriage
can proceed with perfect safety. N is a channel filled with sulphur, which
prevents the grease in the box M passing to lubricate the journal as long as
the degree of heat produced by the rubbing parts is not sufficient to fuse or
melt the sulphur.
I now proceed to describe how the methods of lubricating before described
may be applied to stationary and other engines and machinery generally. It is
always best to adopt the method which is most suitable for the particular case.
Generally speaking the easiest way of applying the lubricating apparatus consists
in placing the water-lifting apparatus against the side of the surface to be lubri-
cated. The water is first raised to the desired height, and then arrested by one
of the metallic or other scrapers above described or received in the gutters fitted
against the sides of the box. The water arrested at this place or received in
the gutters flows in a continuous stream towards the rubbing surfaces, passing
in between and separating the same; from thence it falls down in a uniform
stream into the water reservoir to be again lifted up to the rubbing surfaces,
and so on.
The apparatus for raising the water may be driven either directly
from the shaft to be lubricated or by any other intermediate movement driven
by the shaft or otherwise.
And having now described the nature of the said Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, I declare that I claim as the "Improve-
ments in Lubricating the Axles and Bearings of Railway Rolling Stock and
other Machinery,"-
First, the several methods or arrangements, substantially as berein-before
described and represented in the accompanying Drawings, for drawing the
lubricating water from its reservoir and putting or carrying it into contact
with the lower part of the journal.
Second, the employment, substantially as berein-before described, of the
mechanical attraction or drawing inherent in the surface of the journal while
revolving, for the purpose of lifting the water up to the rubbing surfaces and
passing it between them, that is to say, between the journal and the bearing
or brass.
Third, the greased pads K, Figure 1, placed along the journal on each side
of the bearing U and attached thereto or to the trough A by springs which

page_text: press them against the journal, all substantially as and for the purpose herein-
before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Thomas James Smith, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Fourth day of August, One thousand eight
hundred and sixty-six.