in the apparatus for lighting by gas
Year: 1887

page_text: Date of Application, 12th May, 1887
Complete Left, 13th Feb., 1888
Complete Accepted, 16th Mar., 1888
I DAVID YYILLIAM DUGG OT vincent Street in the City of Westminster, Engineer
do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows :-
-;
This invention relates to certain improvements in the apparatus for lighting by
gas for which I obtained Letters Patent dated 8th May 1883, No. 2335.-In this
patent an inverted argand burner is used, two separato and distinct currents of air
to support combustion being provided, one inside and the other outside the flame,
and the flame turns inwards round the sharp edges of a bell-mouthed central chimney.
This apparatus, although giving wonderful results as to illuminating power,
requires careful attention and regulation, and an extremely sensitive governor, for if
the flame unduly elongates, it licks up against the straight sides of the chimney, and
sinokes, as the sharp edges of the chimney do not present sufficient surface to keep
the air in proper contact with the extreme end of the flame, to ensure proper
combustion at that part.
The heat of the flame is also so great that the enclosing glass globe rapidly
becomes discolored, besides which, the cost of production of the lamp is somewhat
high, and to a great extent stands in the way of its general adoption.
Now the object of this invention is to obviate the difficulties above referred to,
and to simplify the construction of the lamp.
In carrying out my invention, I form the body of the lamp of a hollow cylindrical
casting, having two annular concentric passages, of unequal depths, formed in the
walls thereof, and an external flange....
The outer and shallower of these two passages forms a gas space in which a
steatite burner is secured, as hereafter explained, and the inner passage forms an air
passage to the inside of the flame, air entering thereto by radial slots or passages at
its upper end.
The inner wall of the gas space is shorter than the outer wall, and its face is
turned down smooth to receive the correspondingly smooth face of the steatite
burner, which forms therewith a tight gas joint. The steatite burner, the construction
of which will be hereafter explained, is secured in position by a metal ring, which
is screwed into the outer wall of the gas space.

page_text: The air supply to the outside of the flame enters by a series of holes in the
flange, and it is deflected onto the flame by a deflector secured in any convenient
manner to the flange outside the row of holes.-Outside the deflector, and also in
the flange, is a row of small holes for the admission of a second current of air,
which is intended to keep the glass globe cool, and free from discoloration.
At the bottom of the hollow cylindrical casting is secured a ring of steatite,
plumbago, or other suitable material. This ring is made up of small sections,
having a cross section somewhat like the figure 6, the bowl portion being below
the end of the casting, and the upper part being screwed into the same.
The upper
inner face of this ring is bell-mouthed, for the purpose hereinafter to be explained.
The annular argand burner is made up of sections having vertical inner faces, with
outer faces for a short distance parallel with the inner faces, and then bevelled or
splayed outwards. The gas ways, of which there will be two or three in each
section, are formed parallel to the inner face for nearly the whole of the depth of the
section, and then take a direction ontwards at an angle of about 45°, so that the gas
will issue at an angle.
This ring gas burner is secured in position by means of a metal ring formed with
a bevel corresponding to that on the burner, and arranged to screw inside the outer
wall of the gas space.
The gas is supplied to the burner space in the manner described in my former patent,
or in any other convenient or suitable manner. As the gas issues from the burner,
it at once takes an outward direction, by reason of the position of the holes.
The inner current of air is also given a similar direction by the form of the
steatite or other ring. This current of air enters at considerable speed, and tends, at
first, to drive the flame outwards and downwards. As the air becomes heated, its
tendency is to rise, and it naturally moves in the direction where the least obstruction
is to be found, that is to say, it passes round the curved bottom of the steatite ring
(the flame being caused by the draught to follow in the same direction), keeping
the flame away from contact with the ring.-This stratum of air rises with the
flame, and keeps the latter well away from the ring and the chimney, being assisted
therein by the curved or bell mouthed form of the ring. By this means the smoking
of the flame is entirely avoided, notwithstanding the elongation of the flame, under
certain circumstances, within reasonable limits.
Dated this 19th day of May 1987

page_text: I DAVID WILLIAM SUGG of Vincent Street in the City of Westminster, Engineer,
do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the same is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement:
This invention relates to certain improvements in the apparatus for lighting by gas
for which I obtained Letters Patent dated 8th May 1883, No. 2335.-In this patent
an inverted argand burner is used, two separate and distinct currents of air to support
combustion being provided, one inside and the other outside the flame, and the fa.ne
turns inwards round the edge of a bell-mouthed central chimney.
This apparatus, although giving wonderful results as to illuminating power,
requires careful attention and regulation, and an extremely sensitive governor, for if
the flame unduly elongates from any cause, it licks up against the straight sides of
the chimney, and smokes.
The heat of the flame is also so great that the enclosing glass globe rapidly becomes
discolored, besides which, the cost of production of the lamp is somewhat high, and
to a great extent stands in the way of its general adoption.
Now the object of this invention is to obviate the difficulties above referred to, and
to simplify the construction of the lamp.
In the accompanying Drawings:
Fig. 1 is a sectional elevation, full size, of my improved lamp adapted to burn
15 cubic feet of gas per hour, and
Fig. 2 is a cross section on the line x x of Fig. 1.
The body of my improved lamp consists of two simple castings A and B, which
are connected together by simple means, as hereafter explained. The part A consists
of a hollow cylinder a provided externally, near its upper edgo, with a flange a',
and into the cylinder a is screwed a tube a³ of suitable length, which forms the
chimney of the lamp. The length and diameter of the chimney, and the diameter of
the cylinder a, vary according to the size of the lamp, but for a lamp of the size
shewn in the drawing, the chimney may be about 16 inches long.
The part B consists of two concentric cylinders 6 6 connected at bottom so as to
form an annular trough of larger diameter than, but concentric with, the cylinder a.
This trough, the inner wall b¹ of which is of less depth than the wall b, and has its
end or edge turned down true, is provided externally, near its open end, with a
flange 62, and at bottom with two, three, or more lumps or projections 63. The space
between the two cylinders forms a gas space or chamber into which the gas enters
through the projections 63, which are bored to form gas passages.
These projections 63 are threaded internally to receive bosses c, by which the
part B is secured in an inverted position to the flange a¹ of the part A, with a space
between the flange a¹ and the part B by which air can enter the annular space 6*
formed by the cylinders a and b¹
-

page_text: d is a gas ring in connection with the supply pipe, and provided with linings d'
corresponding to the bosses c, with which they are connected by caps in the manner
of ordinary gas unions.
The body of the lamp thus formed is of the simplest construction, and can be
readily taken to pieces when necessary.
As mentioned in my former patent (No. 23358³), I provide two separate and
distinct currents of air to support combustion, one to supply the inner side of the
flame, and the other the outer.—The inner supply passes through the space b* above
referred to, while the outer supply enters by holes in the flange 63 in the manner
described in the specification of my patent No. 370784.
The burner e, which is of the argand type, I form of steatite, in small sections or
blocks. Each section has a vertical inner face, and an outer face partly parallel
to the inner face and partly splayed outwards, as seen in the drawing, and the
proper shape is given to these sections in any convenient manner.
The gas ways, of which there may be two or more in each section, may be made
parallel to the inner face for the whole depth thereof, or may take, at the exit end, a
direction outwards at an angle of 45 degrees, so that the gas may issue at that angle.
The sections of steatite are fitted together and secured by a piece of wire, and the
steatite ring thus formed is forced into a metal ring e¹, which securely holds the
sections together. This ring el, one edge of which is bevelled to correspond with the
splayed portion of the burner, is threaded externally, and screws inside the cylinder b,
which is threaded to receive it. The bottom edge of the steatite burner e fits
accurately against the end of cylinder b¹ when the ring e¹ is screwed up, and makes
a perfectly tight gas joint.
The mode above described of constructing steatite argand burners is simple, and
allows for the removal of any damaged section and its replacement by a perfect one.-
Each section also is solid with the exception of the separate gas ways, and I can
therefore, without fear of fracture, use considerable pressure when forcing them into
the rings e¹, and thereby ensure the perfect fitting of the sections together.
In lamps of the class in question, it is necessary that what I may term the central
chimney should extend some distance below the burner, so as to draw out the flame,
in order to take the greatest advantage of the illuminating portion thereof.
The heat generated is however so intense, that ordinary metal, if used for this
extension of the chimney, which I term the deflector, would be rapidly oxidized, and
therefore in my former patent I employed a platinum deflector.
Ι
Although platinum
is the best material that could be used for the purpose, it is objectionable on the
ground of expense, and I now prefer to use for this deflector steatito, plumbago,
earthenware, porcelain, and similar materials.
These materials are made up (if steatite, in a manner similar to that described
above for the burner) into a ring, which is secured by pins to a metal ring 1.-This
ring is attached to the cylinder a by a bayonet joint, or by any other convenient
arrangement of fastening.
The deflector I make of the section shown in the Figure, that is to say, preferably
convex, or bulged on its outer side, but concave or recessed on its inner side.―The
external convex or bulged form of this deflector serves to deflect the inner current
of air, which enters at considerable speed by the annular passage b, onto the
inner side of the flame, and drive the flame outwards away from the deflector.―
The inner current of air is counterbalanced by the outer current, and the two
currents of air drive the flame downwards, and draw it out at the same time,
supplying the full amount of oxygen required to support combustion.
As the air in the lamp becomes heated, it naturally rises, and establishes a
draught up the chimney fa a-The draught once established, the flame and its
accompanying currents of air are drawn round the edge of the deflector f, also up
the chimney. It is here that the internal concave or recessed form of the deflector
comes into play, to effect the object I have in view, viz., to prevent the flame
smoking when it lengthens under certain circumstances.-The highest illuminating
power of the flame is obtained when the tip of the flame just turns up the chimney,

page_text: as shown in the drawing.-If it could be certain that the flame would always retain
the same length, it would not come into contact with the interior of the deflector,
if made of the shape shown in my former patent, but as the pressure in the gas
main, and the quality of the gas, is ever varying, the flame, from either cause, is
liable to lengthen, in which case it will lick up against the deflector, and smoke.
Now if the interior of the deflector be made to recede, so to speak, from the tip of
the flame, it will be evident that the flame will be prevented from striking against
the deflector, and it will not smoke so long as the increase in the length does not
exceed reasonable limits.
This form of deflector does not contract or throttle the entrance to the chimney,
which I have found by experiment is objectionable, but it should be so made that the
diameter of the chimney will be practically the same for the entire length.
The current of air to supply the outside of the flame enters by the row of holes g
in the flange 62, as before mentioned, and outside of this row of holes 9, is a
deflector 1, to deflect the outer current of air onto the flame.
This deflector h, which may be cast with the flange b³, is provided with a lower
curved portion h¹, which is adjustably fitted to the main portion h, so that the point
at which the current of air shall strike the flame, may be regulated to a nicety.
Outside the deflector a second row of holes g' is formed in the flange 62, to admit a supply
of cold air, the principal effect of which will be to keep the glass i cool. The glass i
will be held in position by a wire j in a manner now well understood.-k represents
a wire gauze or perforated metal baffle, the use of which is well known.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I
claim is :-
1. The simplified construction and arrangement of lamp body herein shown and
described, and consisting essentially of the castings or parts A and B, which are
connected together, and with a gas supply pipe, as d d¹ d², by bosses c as set forth.
2. An argand burner for inverted gas lamps constructed as herein shown and
described, and consisting of a ring or cylinder of steatite made up of a number of
small sections, each section pierced with two or more gas ways, and formed with a
splayed portion on its outer face, and a metal ring formed with a corresponding
bevel, and into which the steatite ring or cylinder is forced, said metal ring having
an external thread, by which it is secured to the body of the lamp as set forth.
3. In an inverted argand gas lamp having a central chimney, the use of a
deflector having preferably a convex or bulged outer face with a concave or
recessed inner face, as herein shown and described, and for the purpose set forth.
4. In an inverted argand gas lamp, the combination with a deflector as f, of a
second deflector h h¹ arranged between the rows of holes g g¹ in the flange 6 of the
part B of the body, as and for the purpose set forth.