CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM ENGINES
Year: 1860

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to James Stead Crosland, of Johnson Brook, near Hyde,
in the County of Chester, Engineer, for the Invention of "CERTAIN
IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM ENGINES,"
Scaled the 30th April 1861, and dated 14th November 1860.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said James Stead Crosland
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 14th November 1860.
I, JAMES STEAD CROSLAND, of Johnson Brook, near Hyde, in the County
of Chester, Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM ENGINES," to be as follows:-
The nature of my Invention consists, firstly, in the arrangement and com-
bination of a pair of angular steam engines working upon one crank pin, and
applied to the outer end of the crank shaft of a condensing engine, the said
pair of engines having oscillating cylinders or fixed cylinders with single or
forked connecting rods, and the said pair of cylinders may singly or collec-
tively receive its or their steam from the boiler, or they may receive their
steam singly or collectively from any high-pressure cylinders contiguously
placed, or one of the said pair of cylinders may receive its steam from the
other cylinder and exhaust its steam into the condenser of the condensing
engine; or otherwise one of the said cylinders may receive its steam from the
other cylinder, which is made to supply also the cylinder of the condensing
engine to which it is connected; both of these cylinders are in connection with
Price 8d.]

page_text: the same condenser or an auxiliary condenser, the original air pump being
common to both, or the steam from the angular engines may both be ex-
hausted into the cylinder or into the condenser of the original engine.
Secondly, the arrangement and combination of a pair of angular or hori-
zontal oscillating steam engines connected by gearing to a condensing engine,
and working their steam, as before described.
Thirdly, in the arrangement and combination of a pair of angular fixed
cylinders with forked or single connecting rods, and working upon one
crank pin; these engines are coupled by gearing to the original engine to
be aided or compounded; the steam may enter the cylinders in any of the
methods before described.
Fourthly, in applying a drag link to the crank pin of a condensing engine
for the purpose of obtaining the necessary lead of cranks (or lead of exhaust
steam) in coupling a high-pressure engine to any condensing engine for com-
pounding the same; the length of the said drag link being the difference of
lead of cranks or exhaust, except only when the lead is somewhat corrected
by placing the high-pressure engine at an angle.
Fifthly, in the mode of constructing the journals or ends of links or con-
necting rods, or other journals of steam engines of every class, I make use of
one or more plates, wedges, or cotters acted upon by screws, springs, india-
rubber, or by another series of wedges, which are for the most part self-adjust-
ing; these plates, wedges, or cotters press against the brasses or bushes of
the journal upon which a gentle pressure is always secured. In some cases I
make the ends of links or connecting rods in the form of a fork, at the extre-
mity of which and between its jaws I place a block upon which the wedges
act, and the block is secured in its place by a dovetail in the fork, and also
by one or two strong through bolts, or by a bridle adjusted or screwed upon
the ends of the fork, and which keep the fork ends secure to the block.
Sixthly,in the arrangement and combination by which I make one airpump
and condenser available for two angular or horizontal oscillating engines,and
working the said air pump by an eccentric or by a crank at either of the outer
ends of the crank shaft these engines may be condensing or compound.
Seventhly,in applying a friction roller or rollers upon anyeccentric working
the air pump of steam engines for reducing the friction upon such eccentric.
And, lastly, in constructing the framing of a pair of angular engines in
oue main girder frame, thereby securing the trunnions of the two cylinders
and the bearing of the crank shaft together.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said James Stead Crosland in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 13th May 1861.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JAMES
STEAD CROSLAND, of Johnson Brook, near Hyde, in the County of Chester,
Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Fourteenth day of November, in the year of our
Lord Onethousand eight hundred and sixty,in the twenty-fourth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said James Stead Crosland, Her special licence that I, the said James Stead
Crosland, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the
said James Stead Crosland, my executors, administrators, and assigns,should
at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times
thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make,
use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for
IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM ENGINES," upon the condition (amongst others) that
I, the said James Stead Crosland, my executors or administrators, by an
instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals,
should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Inven-
tion, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the
same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
" CERTAIN
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said James Stead Crosland, do hereby
declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same
is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement:-
And in order that my Invention may be fully understood and readily
carried into effect, I will proceed to describe the means pursued by me,
reference being had to the accompanying six Sheets of Drawings, and to
the figures and letters marked thereon.
Figure 1, on Sheet No. 1, is a longitudinal elevation; and Figure 2 is a
plan of the same, shewing one of my improved arrangements and com-
binations of angular oscillating steam engines, and also my improved
method of applying the same to a condensing engine or engines.
A,B,A,and B 1,represent respectively a pair of oscillating cylinders braced
together by my improved main girder frames G, G, securing the trunnions

page_text: 9, 9, 9, 9, of the two cylinders, and the bearing of the crank shaft F together.
The piston rod caps c and d are connected to either of the crank pins c
or e¹, in the cranks for f, upon the outer ends of the crank shafts For
F1 of the condensing engine, of which C is the condensing cylinder, and
in some cases the said condensing engine may have other cylinders con-
nected to it or compounded with it; D is the original crank. In those
cases when it is required to place the improved engines to the right, or in
the position R, I apply the crank shaft F¹, f, f; f being the crank to which
the improved engines are connected; the crank 2 is coupled to the original
crank D by the crank pin a passing through the cranks D and 2, or other-
wise, by means of a separate pin in each crank, and coupled by a drag link.
In other cases when it is required to place the improved engines to the left
or in the position L, I connect to the crank f¹ upon which a bevil, spur, or
fly wheel may be formed, being the end of the main crank shaft F of the
original condensing engine, or in cases where there are two condensing
engines coupled together, I connect them as before described.
In the pair of improved engines shewn in position R, 6 is the steam pipe
from the boiler, or from any high-pressure cylinder or cylinders; this pipe
supplies the cylinder A, which in this case is shewn supplying the cylinder B.
through the pipe b¹, and after working the cylinder B, is exhausted through
the pipeb³ into the original condenser E,or into any auxiliary condenser. The
cylinder A also supplies the original condensing cylinder C, and any other
contiguous cylinder or cylinders through the pipe 62, or otherwise; the cylinder
C may continue to receive its steam in its original manner, in which case the
pipe b is not required; H is the air pump, and in cases where found not
sufficiently effective,this air pump must be replaced by one of larger capacity.
In the pair of improved engines shewn in position L, b, b, are steam pipes
from the boiler or from any high-pressure cylinder or cylinders; this pipe
supplies both the cylinders A 1 and B'. The cylinder Al is here shewn supplying
the original condensing cylinder C, and it may also supply any other cylinder
or cylinders that may be in connexion with or contiguous to the said con-
densing cylinder C, through the pipe 64, and the other improved engine B¹
exhausts its steam through the pipe 63 into the original condenser E of the
condensing engine or into an auxiliary condenser. In some cases both the
improved cylinders A' and B¹, may exhaust their steam into the original or
into an auxiliary condenser,in which case the pipe 64 will be connected to the
condenser E, in place of being connected to the condensing cylinder C; this
method is better shewn in reference to Figure 6; or in some cases, the
improved engines A and B may exhaust their steam into their own separate

page_text: and independent condenser and air pump; and in other cases, both the im-
proved cylinders A 1 and B¹ may exhaust their steam into the cylinder or
cylinders of the condensing engine or engines; this method is shewn by
position L in Figure 4.
Figure 3 is an elevation,and Figure 4 is a plan showing one of my improved
modes of applying a pair of angular steam engines, having fixed cylinders
with single connecting rods working upon one crank pin applied to the outer
ends of the crank shaft of a condensing engine; the manner of applying and
the modes of working the steam, are precisely similar to those shewn and
described in reference to Figures 1 and 2, only in the present case the
cylinders are fixed, having slide bars i, i, i, i, and connecting rods k, k; the
same letters and figures refer to similar parts.
Figure 5 is an elevation, and Figure 6 a plan, shewing another of my
improved modes of applying a pair of angular steam engines, and these
differ from those shewn and described in reference to Figures 1, 2, 3, and 4,
only in that the connecting rods k 1, k 1, are double or forked rods; the
manner of applying and the mode of working the steam is precisely similar
to that shewn and described in reference to Figures 1 and 2; these engines,
and those shewn in Figures 1, 2, 3, and 4, may have their angle reversed,
as shewn by the dotted lines R1 and R2, in Figures 1, 3, and 5.
On Sheet No. 2, Figure 7 is a longitudinal elevation; Figure 8, a sectional
elevation; Figures 9, 10, and 11, transverse sections; and Figure 12 a plan,
shewing my improved arrangements and combinations of angular or horizontal
oscillating steam engines, and also my improved mode of applying the same.
These engines are connected by gearing to a pair of condensing engines, and
work their steam as described in reference to Figures 1, 2, 3, and 4, on Sheet
No. 1; this pair of engines are either angular, working upon one crank pin e.
or horizontal, and working upon separate crank pins e and e²; G, G, are the
improved main girder frames. The Figures above described have their angle
in elevation, and these have their angle in depression, but either may be sub-
stituted for the other without departing from the peculiar character of the
combination and application, or their advantages. A and B are the improved
oscillating cylinders working upon one crank and pin e,in an angular or hori-
zontal position, or a cylinder A 2 shewn in dotted lines, may be applied to another
crank f2 at right angles to the crank f; F 1 is the crank shaft with its main
driving wheel I, here shewn working into the pinion J, which works into the
main driving wheel K of the original condensing engine, or the wheels I and K
would in some cases work better together, as shewn in Figures 13 and 14, and
in either case it is preferable that these wheels should be so constructed as to

page_text: cause the improved engines to make the same number of revolutions, as those
of the condensing engine or engines Cand C, having their cranks set to give
the
proper
lead of exhaust steam, for supplying the said condensing cylinders
if so arranged, but in other cases when the improved engines are only in con-
nexion with the condenser of the original engines, it is immaterial as to the
number of revolutions of the improved engines, and in like manner when the
improved engines have their own air pump and condenser, in which case E' is
the condenser, 1, the eduction pipe connecting the cylinders and condensers,
and one of my improved modes of working the air pump of oscillating engines
is here shewn; L, the air pump; m, m, is a triangular frame to which the
air pump rod o is attached, which is worked by the rod n, this rod receives
motion from the improved crank P, which is constructed with an intermediate
throw or crank pin producing the usual half or any desired stroke; this crank
is shewn on an enlarged scale on Sheet No. 3, Figures 21 and 21a.
Figure 10 shews another of my improved methods of working the air pump
of oscillating engines. I apply a shaft o for this
purpose, which may likewise
work the valves from eccentrics r, r; motion is given to the shaft o by a
crank Po, coupled to the main crank pin e; n is the connecting rod to the air
pump rod o; s, s, are guides or parallel motion against the strain of the con-
necting rod; in some cases the triangular frame m, m, may be used, and in
others a forked rod t, as shewn on Sheet No. 3, Figure 24.
Figure 11 shews another of my improved methods of working the air
pump for oscillating engines. I apply a crank P o, at the outer end of the
main crank shaft F 1 for this purpose, which gives motion to the con-
necting rod n, coupled to the cross head t, which is guided by slide bars 8, 8,
or by the parallel motion hereafter described, or by a forked rod, as shewn
in Figures 28 and 29, on Sheet No. 4.
Figures 7 and 12 on Sheet No. 2, shew one of my improved modes of
supplying a pair of condensing steam engines with steam from a pair of
oscillating or fixed cylinders at the proper intervals of time; in this case I have
shewn a pair of oscillating cylinders A³and B³, and theyare coupledrespectively
direct to the crank pins of a pair of condensing engines in which C and C are
their cylinders. I place the oscillating cylinder A3 at a slight elevation above
a horizontal line determined by the amount of lead required, and this cylinde
A3 will then supply its opposite condensing engine cylinder C¹ with steam a
the required period; in like manner, the cylinder B3 will supply its opposite
engine cylinder C at the proper intervals, always provided that the pair o
engines C and C work in the usual manner of coupled engines, namely wit
their cranks at right angles. My improved method, however, would not b

page_text: materially altered by placing the high-pressure cylinder quite horizontal,
nor is it at all important that the coupling pipes 6 5 and 6 6, between the
high-pressure and condensing engines should be kept separate, but they
may be united and arranged in any manner found convenient, as each pair
of engines, under this improved arrangement, will necessarily draw off the
supply of steam due (at the interval) to it.
Figure 13 is a longitudinal elevation, and Figure 14 a plan shewing
another of my improved arrangements and combinations of angular steam
engines having fixed cylinders with double or forked connecting rods k¹, k¹.
and these give motion to a double crank shaft v, v; w, w, are the crank pirs
to which the connecting rods of the horizontal and also the vertical engine
are coupled, thus forming a pair of angular steam engines working on the
same crank pins, and they are here shewn coupled by gearing to a pair of
condensing engines C and C 1,in the manner before described in reference to
Figures 7 and 12. I pursue the same modes of working the steam with this
pair of engines as described in reference to all the former Figures.
The peculiar and improved features of this engine consist in its having
a double-acting air pump L', which is worked direct from an elongation of
the piston rod of the vertical engine. The crank shaft v, v, is placed suffi-
ciently aside from the centre of the engine to make room for the air pump
rod o, which works through the stuffing box x in the cylinder bottom; E¹is
the condenser. I also apply this improved arrangement of engine singly, and
placed horizontally as indicated by the dotted lines R' in Figure 13, and
shewn in full at R'in Figure 14. Or it may be applied vertically as indi-
cated by the dotted line R2 in Figure 13. In these cases I prefer the use
of a drag link y, to couple the crank to the original crank D of a con-
densing engine, for the purpose of obtaining the necessary lead of exhaust
steam, but this method is more fully exemplified in reference to Figures 15,
16, and 17 on Sheet No. 3.
On Sheet No. 3, Figure 15 is a longitudinal elevation, Figure 16 a cross
section, and Figure 17 a plan shewing my improved method of applying a
drag link y to the crank pin a, in the crank D of a condensing engine C for
the purpose of obtaining the necessary lead of cranks (or lead of exhaust
stram.) In coupling a high-pressure engine A, which is an oscillating engine
to any condensing engine for compounding the same, the length of the said
drag link y being the difference of the lead of cranks, or exhaust, except only
when the lead is somewhat corrected by placing the high-pressure engine at
an angle as shewn, and in cases where not placed quite horizontal, it is pre-
ferable to place the cylinder Ain the angle of depression shewn by the dotted

page_text: line R3, when the condensing engine revolves in the direction indicated by
the arrow, but when the engine revolves in the opposite direction, it is pre-
ferable to place it in the angle of elevation R4. The condensing engine to
which this improved method is shewn applied is an ordinary beam engine,
but it is also applicable to horizontal or any other kind of condensing
engines, and the high-pressure engine A, although shewn as an oscillating
engine, may have fixed cylinders as shewn at R1 and R2, Figures 13 and 14,
on Sheet No. 2.
Figure 18 and 18 are elevations; Figure 19 an end elevation in part; Figure
20 a plan, shewing another of my improved arrangements and combinations of
either angular, horizontal, or vertical oscillating, condensing, or compound
steam engines; they are here shewn as two pairs combined, that is to say
an horizontal and a vertical cylinder A and B, or A¹ and B¹, constitute one
pair, working upon one crank pin as shewn in Figures 18 and 19, or they
form an independent pair of horizor tal engines, as B and B', in Figure 20, or
vertical oscillating engines with their piston rods working downwards in like
manner as at A and A', shewn in Figures 24, 25, and 26, and they may in
each case be used as condensing or compound engines, making any of the four
cylinders into high-pressure cylinders as may be required. The air pump L
may be worked by an eccentric x, or by a crank P or Po, at either of the
outer ends of the crank shaft F. My improved crank P o, is shewn in
Figures 21 and 21', on an enlarged scale, and in another case the air pump
may be worked by my improved eccentric a, which is cast or fixed upon the
main crank Dorf; the eccentric a shown on an enlarged scale in Figures 22
and 22ª, differs from ordinary eccentrics, its eccentricity being from the
crank pin of the engine and not necessarily from the shaft, and thus the
requisite diminished stroke for the air pump is obtained; an ordinary eccentric
rod, or an eccentric rod with friction rollers Y, Y, as shewn in Figures 23
and 23 is then attached, and gives motion to the air-pump rod o, the angular
strain of this connecting rod will be corrected by the use of the parallel
motion, with its radius bars m, m, and its lever and socket clip N, which is
connected to the air-pump rod o, the radius rods work upon radius pins
firmly secured to the engine frame or to the walls.
Figure 24 is a front elevation; Figure 25 an end elevation; and Figure 26
a plan shewing another of my improved arrangements and combination of
condensing or compound oscillating engines, placed vertically, with their piston
rods working downwards, and they differ from those shewn and described in
reference to Figures 18, 18, 19 and 20, only in that the improved main
framing G, G, supporting the cylinders has another improved feature being

page_text: made available as fixings for sustaining the principal driving shaft 3 and
pinion 4, and the frames G, G, have tie beams 1, 1, for bracing it together;
G¹, G', are the main sleeper frames, also bracing together the main frames
G, G. The air pump may be worked in any other of the improved methods
before described, or as shewn.
On Sheet No. 4, Figure 27 is an elevation in part sectional; Figures 28
and 29 are cross sections; and Figure 30, a plan shewing another of my
improved arrangements and combinations of angular or vertical oscillating
engines, in which I work the air pump by my improved eccentric or by my
improved method of placing a crank P at either of the outer ends of the crank
shaft F, and these engines may be condensing or compound. The air-
pump L' is here shewn worked direct from the main crank pin e, and is double
acting, having the same stroke as the engine, but in the cross sections
Figures 28 and 29, single-acting air-pumps are shewn applied, and worked
in either of the various improved methods described in reference to the
former Figures, and the same letters and Figures refer to similar parts.
Figure 31 is an elevation; Figure 32 is a transverse section, and Figure #3
a plan shewing another of my improved arrangements and combinations
of oscillating engines; they are placed vertically and differ from those shewn
and described in reference to Figures 18, 19, 24, and 2, in that their
crank shafts F are placed above the cylinders, with their piston rods working
upwards from the cylinder tops, whilst those of the former figures work down
wards from the cylinder bottoms, and the airpump L is worked from the main
crank pin e by a connecting rod n, which gives motion to a bell crank lever
n and rocking shaft n²,or in place of a bell crank lever a straight lever may
be used, as shewn by dotted lines in Figure 32, and the main crank shaft
which in the former Figures is supported by my improved frames G, G, is in
this case supported by the walls G4, G4, of the engine house. I also make use
of my improved method of wall box frames G5, G5, and the whole are braced
together by bolts G, G. The fly wheel and principal driving wheels I and
K are placed between the walls G and G4, that is to say, when two engines
and two walls are made use of.
On Sheet No. are shewn enlarged views of my improved oscillating cylin-
ders, valves, valve gear, and other apparatus and contrivances, which are also
necessary to render complete and carryinto effect my improved arrangements
and combinations. Figure 34 is a cross section of one of my improved oscilla-
ting cylinders taken through the working trunnions 7, 7, the steam pipe 8,
exhaust pipe 9, valve chest 10, slide valve 11, and the exhaust steam belt 12,

page_text: which is carried over the upper side of the cylinder A. 13, 13, are my im-
proved condense water cylinder taps, of which Figure 35 is an enlarged section
and Figure 36 is the stopper of one of the taps. Figure 35 shews the tap as
closed; but there are one or two small holes, 14, 14, which allow a little
steam and water to escape at every stroke of the piston, and thus the accumu-
lation of water in the cylinder is rendered impossible; but I do not take
this precaution with the taps at both ends of the cylinder, except it is an
horizontal one; when angular or vertical cylinders are used, it is only neces
sary in the lower tap, or a pipe of very small bore may be used for this
purpose, or the escape may be otherwise effected.
Another important feature in applying oscillating engines to general pur-
poses is to get rid of the water which accumulates in the cylinders previous
to starting, as well as when at work, and in order to render that feasible
without blowing the steam and water from the cylinder taps about the
engine house or premises, I pass it into the exhaust steam trunnion 7 or ex-
haust belt 12, where it is disposed of. I also connect a valve 15 and its pipe
16 to the exhaust steam pipe or belt 12 for blowing away the water from the
bottom of the steam chest 10 previous to starting the engine. The small pipe
from the cylinder blow-off taps may be connected to the pipe 16, as this pipe
is connected to the exhaust steam side of the engine. 16ª is the junction of
the cylinder tap pipes with the blow-off pipe 16; 17 and 17 are handles
and rods working the cylinder taps, although one tap only, made as des-
cribed, will be sufficient, with vertical cylinders.
Figure 37 is an elevation; Figures 38, 39, 40, and 41, sectional plans,
shewing my improved oscillating cylinder, with its steam chest cast on between
the cylinder and the trunnion, having the valve face at right angles to the
centre line of the trunnions, with exhaust steam belt carried over the upper
side of the cylinder and cast in a piece with it.
Figure 38 shews my improved gear for working the valves of oscillating
engines; 18 (also shewn in Figure 42), is the sweep to which the eccentric
rod 19 is coupled on the pin 20. The coupling of the valve spindle 21 to
the sweep 18 is effected by a projection or socket pin 22, secured by cotter
or screwed to the valve spindle 21, which works the slide valve 11, a guide 24
supports the outer end of the valve spindle, and it also forms a guide for the
projecting or socket pin 22 upon the valve spindle; r, r, is the eccentric, which
in this case is fitted upon a boss of the main crank / of the engine. 23, 23,
are the guides for the sweep 18.
Figure 39 differs from Figure 38 only in that the projecting or socket pin

page_text: which gives motion to the valve spindle 21 is elongated, so as to place the
sweep 18 near the centre of the trunnion, which greatly shortens the radius
and length of the sweep 18.
Figure 43 is the sweep designed for this engine; 23, 23, are the sweep
guides. Pr is a lever and shaft, with throw crank or eccentric Pa upon
it for giving motion to the eccentric rod 19; the elongated projecting or
socket pin 22 slides upon a guide bar 25, which takes the strain of the
sweep 18 from bearing upon the valve spindle 21.
Figure 41 differs from Figure 39 only in its eccentric motion for working
the slide valve, of which Figure 44 is an elevation; this slide valve motion is
so arranged that the travel or stroke of the slide valve 11 may be increased or
diminished at pleasure, for which purpose an additional sweep or link motion
is attached to the pin 20. Upon the original sweep of oscillation 18 I apply
two eccentrics 27, 28, and the eccentric 27 has double the throw or stroke of.
that of 28; by this means half the stroke is given to one end of the link 26 by
the connecting rod 19ª of the eccentric 28, as compared with the stroke of
the other end of the link to which the rod 19 is attached, and by elevating or
depressing the link 26, the length of travel or quantity of steam admitted to
the cylinder is adjusted at pleasure, or the elevation or depression of the link
26 may be under the command of the steam-engine governor, hereafter
described.
Figure 45 is a sectional elevation and Figure 40 a sectional plan, shewing
another of my improved modes of working the slide valves of oscillating steam
engines. I substitute a lever 29 in place of the valve spindle 21, which gives
motion to the slide valve 11. The lever 29 is formed in a piece with its
rocking shaft 30 passing through the stuffing box 31,and is steadied at the end
by the bracket 32; motion is given to the rocking shaft 30 by the lever 33,
which is keyed, as may also be the lever 29 upon the rocking shaft; motion is
given to the lever 33 by the ball and socket jointed rod 34 shewn on an enlarged
scale in Figures 46, 47, and 48; the end of the lever 33 being ball or
spherical in form, and the rod 34 spherically concave to receive it. The bell
crank lever 35, to which the eccentric rods are also coupled, gives motion to
the rod 34, and thus motion is imparted to the slide valve 11. Both ends of
the bell crank lever 35 are spherical, the eccentric rod, as well as both ends
of the rod 34 are also spherically concave, to match; by this means the oscilla-
tion of the cylinder are the arcs described by the levers and eccentric rod or
rods are compensated for. The link motion, as described in Figures 41 and 44,
may be applied upon the bell crank lever 35; 36 is the stud or pivot, and may
be in one piece with the bell crank lever 35, or the bell cranks may be.

page_text: formed in two separate levers.
or pivot 36.
37 is the support or bracket for the stud
Figure 34° shews my improved piston rod cap for oscillating engines, the
improved feature of which consists in its having solid ends, and being fitted
and cottered upon the piston rod.
On Sheet 6 is shewn my improved mode of applying the governor to regulate
the stroke or travel of the slide valve, or quantity of steam admitted to the
cylinder. Figure 49 is an elevation, Figure 50 an end view, and Figures 51
and 52, plans, shewing the governor and its connecting gear to the link motion
before described; the governor 38 rising or falling moves the clip 39, the lever
40, the clip 41, and the rod 42, which moves the tappet wheels 43, 43, by the
through cotters 44, 44. In rising or falling, one of the tappet wheels 43 will
come in contact with the single tooth or tappet 45 upon the bosses of the
wheels 46, 46, which are in constant motion, but revolving in opposite direc-
tions. When the steam engine is running too slow, the governor falis and
rises the rod 42 and tappet wheels 43, 43, then the lower tappet wheel comes
in contact with the revolving tappet 45, and is set in motion and turns the
hollow screwed spindle 47, which will be raised or depressed, dependent upon
the direction in which the wheels 46, 46, are arranged to revolve, and which
is immaterial, and may be corrected by coupling the proper eccentric rod
to the upper or lower end of the link motion 26, and the stroke of the valve
will be increased or diminished accordingly.
In like manner when the steam engine is running too quick, the governor
rises and depresses the opposite or upper tappet wheel 43, and is brought in
contact with the upper revolving tappet 45, which is also always in motion;
but turning in the opposite direction to the lower one, thus the link is moved
in the opposite direction to that described when the engine is running too slow;
a socket with a projecting pin 45, upon which the pendulum or lifting link 49
The socket 48 is fitted loosely upon the hollow screwed spindle 47,
which, being set in motion, elevates or depresses the link motion, thus regulat-
ing by self-acting mechanism the expansion of the steam in the cylinder. .
rocks.
Figures 53, 54, 55, and 56 are elevations shewing my improvements in the
mode of constructing the journals or ends of links orconnecting rods or other
journals of steam engines; 50,50, are wedges acted upon by the screws 51,51,
or by the springs 52, 52, or by both conjointly. These wedges or cotters
press against the brasses or bushes of the journal, upon which a gentle pressure
is always secured. In some cases I make the ends of links or connecting rods
in the form of a fork, as in Figures 53 and 54, and at the extremity of which
and between its jaws 53, 53, I place a block 54, upon which the wedges 50,

page_text: 50, act. This block is secured in its place by a dovetail 55, 55, and also
by one or two strong through bolts 56, 56, or a bridle may be used to keep
the jaws together. In some cases the open ends will not be required, and
solid euds, as shewn in Figures 55 and 56, may be used.
Having thus stated the nature of my Invention, and described the manner
of performing the same, I wish it to be understood that I do not limit myself
to the precise details herein set forth, as the sime may be varied without
departing from the peculiar character of the Invention, but what I do
claim is,―
Firstly, the application of a pair of angular oscillating steam engines
working upon one crank pin,and coupled to the crank shaft of any condensing
engine or engines, and in all cases of the said condensing engine or engines
having other compound cylinders or engines working into or connected with
the said condensing engine or engines in any manner whatsoever, as shewn
and described in reference to Figures 1 and 2.
Secondly, the application of a pair of angular fixed steam engines with
single or forked connecting rods working upon one crank pin, and coupled
to the crank shaft of a condensing engine or engines, and in all cases of the
said condensing engine or engines having other compound cylinders or
engines working into or connected with the said condensing engine or
engines, in any manner whatsoever, as shewn and described in reference to
Figures 3, 4, 5, and 6.
Thirdly, the application of a pair of angular, horizontal, or vertical oscillating
steam engines, connected by gearing to any condensing engine or engines,
and in all cases of the said condensing engine or engines having other
compound cylinders or engines working into or connected with the said
condensing engine or engines, in any manner whatsoever, as shewn and
described in reference to Figures 7 and 12, Sheet No. 2, and in Figures
18, 19, 20, 24, 25, and 26, Sheet No. 3.
Fourthly, the application of a pair of angular fixed cylinders with single
or forked connecting rods, and working upon one crank pin, as shewn and
described in reference to Figures 3, 4, 5, and 6, Sheet No. 1, and also to be
connected by gearing to any condensing engine or engines, and in all cases
of the said condensing engine or engines having other compound cylinders
or engines working into or connected with the said condensing engine or
engines in any manner whatsoever, as shewn and described in reference to
Figures 13 and 14, Sheet No. 2.
Fifthly, the peculiar arrangement and combination of oscillating and other
steam engines respectively, as shewn and described in reference to Figures 1,

page_text: 2, 5, and 6 on Sheet No. 1, in Figures 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14 on
Sheet No. 2, in Figures 18, 18, 19, 20, 24, 25, and 26 on Sheet No. 3,
and in Figures 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, and 33 on Sheet No. 4.
Sixthly, the mode or method of working the steam in compounding a
pair of condensing steam engines as shewn and described in reference to
Figures 7 and 12 on Sheet No. 2.
Seventhly, the application of a drag link to any condensing engine, for
the purpose of obtaining the necessary lead of exhaust steam in coupling a
high-pressure oscillating or other steam engine, for compounding the said
condensing engine, as shewn and described in reference to Figures 13 and
14, Sheet No. 2, and in Figs. 15, 16, and 17 on Sheet No. 3.
Eighthly, the several modes or methods of working the air pump, as applied
to oscillating, condensing, or compound engines, as shewn and described
in reference to Figures 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14 on Sheet No. 2, in
Figures 18, 18, 19, 20, 23, 24, 25, and 26 on Sheet No. 3, and in Figures 27,
28, 29, 30, 31, 32, and 33 on Sheet No. 4, or any mere modification thereof.
Ninthly, working the air pump of oscillating steam engines direct from
the main crank pin, as shewn and described in reference to Figures 27, 28,
and 30 on Sheet No. 4.
Tenthly, constructing and forming in the main crank or in an auxiliary
crank of any steam engine an intermediate throw or crank pin for the purpose
of working the air pump, as shewn and described in reference to Figures 8,
9, and 12 on Sheet No. 2, and in Figures 18, 18, 19, 20, 21, 24, and 25 on
Sheet No. 3.
Eleventhly, constructing or forming an eccentric upon the main crank,
the eccentricity being from the crank pin, and not necessarily from the shaft,
for the purpose of working the air pump of steam engines, as shewn and
described in reference to Figures 22 and 22ª on Sheet No. 3.
Twelfthly, theapplication of friction rollers to any eccentric, for the purpose
of working the air pump of steam engines, as shewn and described in reference
to Figures 23 and 23ª on Sheet No. 3.
Thirteenthly, placing the crank shaft of a vertical or horizontal engine
out of the centre line of the cylinder, for the purpose of allowing an air
pump rod to work, as shewn and described in reference to Figures 13 and 14
of Sheet No. 2.
Fourteenthly, constructing the working trunnion of oscillating engines upon
the slide valve chest, and casting the whole in one piece with the cylinder,
as shewn and described in reference to Figures 34, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, and
45 on Sheet No. 5.

page_text: Fifteenthly, connecting the pipes of the blow-off cylinder taps to the
exhaust side in oscillating steam engines, as shewn and described in reference
to Figures 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, and 39 on Sheet No. 5.
Sixteenthly, placing and connecting a condense water valve or pipe to
the bottom of the valve chest of oscillating steam engines, for blowing the
condense water into the exhaust side pipe ortrunnion, as shewn and described
in reference to Figures 34, 37, and 38 on Sheet No. 5.
Seventeenthly, the use and application of a permanent escape from the
ends of the cylinders, and connected to the exhaust side pipe or trunnion
of oscillating steam engines, as shewn and described in reference to Figures
34, 35, 36, 37, 38, and 39 on Sheet No. 5.
Eighteenthly, the several modes or methods of connecting the sweeps of
oscillation to the valve spindles of oscillating engines, as shewn and described
in reference to Figures 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, and 44 on Sheet No. 5.
Nineteenthly, the mode or method of placing the eccentric for working
the valves upon the boss of the main crank of oscillating steam engines, as
shewn and described in reference to Figure 38 on Sheet No. 5.
Twentiethly, the several modes or methods of working the valves of
oscillating steam engines, as shewn and described in reference to Figures 38,
39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, and 45 on Sheet No. 5, or any mere modification
thereof.
Twenty-firstly, the mode or method of working the valves of oscillating
steam engines by a lever and rocking shaft, and the use of ball-and-socket
jointed lever ends and rods, as shewn and described in reference to Figures
40, 45, 46, 47, and 48 on Sheet No. 5, or any mere modification thereof.
Twenty-secondly, the application of a link motion with eccentrics of varied
throw to oscillating steam engines, as shewn and described in reference to
Figures 40, 41, 44, and 45 on Sheet No. 5.
Twenty-thirdly, the arrangement and combination of gear regulated by
the governor, and its application to the link motion, as shewn and described
in reference to Figures 49, 50, 51, and 52 on Sheet No. 6.
Twenty-fourthly, constructing and forming the journals or ends of con-
necting rods and links, and other journals, as shewn and described in
reference to Figure 34ª on Sheet No. 5, and to Figures 53, 54, 55, and 56
on Sheet No. 6.
Twenty-fifthly, the mode or method of securing a condensing or compound
oscillating steam engine to an engine house wall, as shewn and described
in reference to Figures 31, 32, and 33 on Sheet No. 4.
Twenty-sixthly,constructing and forming the framing of oscillating steam

page_text: engines, as shewn and described in reference to Figures 1 and 2 on Sheet
No. 1, in Figures 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12 on Sheet No. 2, in Figures 18, 19,
20, 24, 25, and 26 on Sheet No. 3, and in Figures 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32,
and 33 on Sheet No. 4, or any mere modification thereof.
In witness whereof, I, the said James Stead Crosland, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Tenth day of May, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-one.
J. S. CROSLAND. (L.S.)