IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER
Year: 1858

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Louis Jullion, Paper Maker, of Stoneywood
Works, Aberdeen, N.B., for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
MANUFACTURE OF PAPER."
Sealed the 6th May 1859, and dated the 9th November 1858.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Louis Jullion at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
9th November 1858.
I, JOHN LOUIS JULLION, Paper Maker, of Stoneywood Works, Aberdeen,
N.B., do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER," to be as follows (that is to say)
My Invention, which has reference to improvements in the manufacture of
paper with the view of filling up the instertices of the fabric and rendering the
paper hard' and compact, consists in employing for the above purposes pre-
cipitated sulphate of lime, or precipitated silicate of lime, either separately or
together, or a combination of either or both of the above with oxychloride of
zinc or oxide and chloride of zinc, together with feculent or glutinous
substances; the above materials being either added to the prepared paper
pulp or used in combination with the gelatine or other size employed in the
process of "sizing" the paper.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said John Louis Jullion in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
7th May 1859.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHN
LOUIS JULLION, Paper Maker, of Stoneywood Works, Aberdeen, N.B., send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Ninth day of November, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-eight, in the twenty-second year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me,
the said John Louis Jullion, Her special licence that I, the said John
Louis Jullion, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as
I, the said John Louis Jullion, my executors, administrators, and assigns,
should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all
times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might
make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER," upon the condition (amongst others)
that I, the said John Louis Jullion, my executors or administrators, by an
instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should
particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in
what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed
in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and imme-
diately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said John Louis Jullion, do hereby
declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is
to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement (that is to say) :-
My Invention consists in a method or methods of filling up with a substance
of a light specific gravity the interstices of the fibres composing paper, so as
to consolidate and harden the same; to effect this object I make use of
compounds of the metals aluminium, calcium, magnesium, and silicium, either
in the metallic or oxydized state, and the acids I combine with these bases to
produce a substance suitable to my purpose are commonly known to chemists
as sulphuric, fluorie, fluosilic and silicic, but I employ only such combinations
of these bodies as are sparingly soluble or nearly insoluble in water.
When silicic acid is used a base is not absolutely requisite, as that substance
alone when artificially prepared furnishes a body well suited to my purpose;

page_text: in all cases it is absolutely essential in the first instance that the ingredients
be dissolved so as to admit of purification. This being done, and desired
combination made between the earthy materials (or in the case of silicic acid
its separation effected), the resulting product has to be thoroughly washed with
water to remove all foreign substances. I next take the compound thus
formed and mix it with any description of farinaceous or other matter of a
glutinous nature in solution, and when the earthy body is well incorporated
with such substance I add chloride or oxychloride of zinc in sufficient quantity
to precipitate from its state of solution the whole of the organic compound
(that is to say)
I first prepare the earthy matter by any of the ordinary means that are
described and set forth in the generality of works on chemistry; these may
consist of the sulphates, silicates, fluosilicates, or fluorides of the earthy bodies,
and I prefer the compound of lime with sulphuric acid, known as sulphate
of lime. This may be prepared by dissolving fifty-six pounds weight of
chloride of calcium in one hundred gallons of water in a suitable vessel, and
in another such vessel seventy-two pounds weight of dry sulphate of soda in a
like quantity of water; the solutions after a careful filtration are to be mixed
together, and the resulting precipitate washed with clean water until it is
tasteless, after which it is ready for use, but any combination of the before-
mentioned elements or mixture of combinations that are or may be known to
chemists formed of such constituents can be used with equal success; and I
next take one pound weight of starch, dextrine, gum, rosin, or other matter of
a glutinous nature, and having dissolved it in an alkaline ley or in plain water,
and carefully filtered the solution by any known means, I mix therewith six
or eight ounces of chloride of zinc, or the same weight of chloride and
exyide of zinc mixed together, and when the same is well incorporated with the
precipitated organic matter, and thoroughly washed with a plentiful supply of
water to cleanse and purify it, I cause the resulting product to be mixed in
the rag engine, or otherwise with the paper pulp in the proportion of about
thirty pounds weight of the chemical preparation to each hundred pounds
weight of rag or other pulp. Various proportions of chemical matter and pulp
may be used to suit the different kinds of paper that are made, and it will be
found advantageous to adjust the relative ratio of the earthy and organic
chemical ingredients to the quality of paper required, so that it may be more
or less sized when first dried.
This will be better understood by paper makers when I say that in papers
that are intended to be sized with gelatine or other glutinous size after they
have been partially or wholly dried, the organic matter may be used in a

page_text: relatively small quantity to the earthy substances or entirely omitted, whereas
in papers that are intended to be engine sized, and this process only is used to
effect that object, the reverse must be the case. In illustration of this, I
mention that a hard well closed paper may be made by using the earthy con-
stituents alone with the pulp, or a hard well sized paper may be made by
using the precipitated organic matter in the same way, or any degree between
these two may be produced by mixing the ingredients in such proportions as
to produce the desired result. The purified earthy compound with the solution
of organic matter, or the latter substance alone, can be added to the paper
pulp, and the zinc compound mixed afterwards, as engine size. The pulp
containing the organic and chemical bodies may be made into paper, and
the zinc salt used in the ordinary way as a sizing agent, or the paper may be
made in any usual manner, and sized with the mixture of glutinous matter
combined with chloride or oxychloride of zinc in place of gelatine or other
size. For the finer kinds of papers that are sized with glutinous substances
after they are made the first or before-mentioned part of my process may
be used.
And, secondly, I mix a large proportion of inorganic matter with the glutinous
substance used as a sizing agent, and I prefer prepared silicic acid for this
purpose, but any combination or mixture of combinations of the inorganic
bodies before mentioned may be advantageously used in order to break the
continuity of the waterproofing film, and thus render the paper more absorbant
to writing and printing media. In order to carry out this part of my Invention,
I take the ordinary gelatine size, (but any other sizing agent may be employed
as a substitute), and having ascertained the amount of dry glutinous matter
therein contained, I take an equal weight of the aforesaid inorganic preparation
or preparations (either alone or mixed with precipitated glutinous matter),
and cause it or them to be intimately blended with the size; this should be
done at a temperature of about 120° F., and when the whole is thoroughly
incorporated it is ready for use. Care must be taken to prevent the earthy
body from subsiding in the size, or the paper will be unequally coated with it.
An intimate and uniform mixture may be maintained by using what is known
as a hog, kept briskly revolving in the size vat or furnishing vessel, or other
known means may be resorted to in order to maintain the necessary agitation
requisite for producing a uniform result.
Having now fully described the nature of this my said Invention, and in
what manner the same is to be performed, I would have, it clearly understood
that I do not confine myself to the precise details herein described, as the
same might be varied without departing from the general principle of this my

page_text: said Invention, and I do not claim the exclusive use of these before mentioned
inorganic compounds, unless they have been dissolved and precipitated from
such solutions as herein-before set forth; but what I do claim as new and of
my Invention is,-
Firstly, the use of compounds prepared by precipitation from watery or
other solutions of the earths and acids before mentioned to consolidate and
barden paper.
Secondly, the use of chloride or oxychloride of zinc with glutinous matter
as a size for paper.
And, thirdly, the use of any of the before-mentioned prepared inorganic
bodies mixed with the sizing agent to facilitate the absorption of writing and
printing ink.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Louis Jullion, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Fifth day of May, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-nine.
Witness,
ROBERT GROUNDWATER,
Stoneywood, Aberdeen, N.B.
JOHN LOUIS JULLION. (L.B.)