IMPROVEMENTS IN ENGINE GOVERNORS
Year: 1880

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Herbert John Haddan, of the Firm of Herbert and
Company, Solicitors of Patents, of 67, Strand, in the City of Westminster,
Civil Engineer, for an Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN ENGINE GOVERNORS."
A communication from abroad by Etienne Mas, of Rive-de-Gier, in the
Republic of France.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Herbert John Haddan at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 10th June 1880.
HERBERT JOHN HADDAN, of the Firm of Herbert and Company, Solicitors of
Patents, of 67, Strand, in the City of Westminster, Civil Engineer.
"IMPROVEMENTS
IN ENGINE GOVERNORS." A communication from abroad by Etienne Mas, of
Rive-de-Gier, in the Republic of France.
The Invention relates to governors for regulating the speed of engines, and has for
its object the isochronous motion of the balls on the pendulous levers, where such
are used, and the possibility of applying a governor of a certain size to engines of
various sizes.
The first form of the governor is constructed with two fixed and three loose bevel
wheels, one of the said wheels (No. 1) being fixed on a horizontal driving shaft,
at the base of the governor, and gearing into another bevel wheel (No. 2) mounted
loose on the lower end of the vertical shaft of the governer, and cast in one piece
with the second loose bevel wheel (No. 3), turning loose on the same shaft, the
latter bevel wheel (No. 3) gearing into a bevel wheel (No. 4) mounted loose in a
horizontal shaft opposite the driving shaft, while bevel wheel No. 5 is fixed on the
vertical driving shaft of the governor, and driven by No. 4. Bevel wheel No. 4 is
set in or out of gear by means of a spring or a counterweight. The balls of the
pendulous levers are made hollow, and provided in the direction of the pendulous
levers with an extension for receiving a helical spring, so that the distance between
the balls can be increased to a certain limit without necessitating a rise or fall of
their centre of gravity from its plane of revolution. When the balls are farthest
apart an extension at their top presses on a cap, which then presses on two super-
posed rings, while the whole top of the apparatus tends to raise itself; the said cap
rotates with the vertical driving shaft of the governor, and takes the upper ring

page_text: -
with it, but since the lower face of this ring is provided with inclined planes the
plane of rotation is lowered twice per revolution. The pressure of the upper exten-
sions of the pendulous arm on the cap ceases, whereby the said arms are allowed
to go further apart. A helical spring is applied round the top of the vertical shaft
in order to prevent the latter from being raised with the cap, which carries the
pendulous levers. The valve gear of the engine or equivalent device is controlled
by the shaft of the bevel wheel No. 4. The motion of the pendulous levers does
not act on the valve gear directly, but by putting the bevel wheels in or out
of gear.
By another modification any excess of energy of the balls may be absorbed by
providing one of the balls with a small projecting arm, which impinges against
another arm made elastic by a spring.
A ratchet wheel may be applied to the main driving pulley in order to prevent
the sudden arresting of the balls when the machine stops.
A modification of the governor consists in replacing the bevel wheels No. 3, 4,
and 5 by an endless screw placed in the axis of the vertical driving shaft, a
vertically sliding feather applied to the lower end of the vertical governor shaft, a
screw nut and sleeve applied to the endless screw, and a spiral spring (clock spring)
concentric with the vertical shaft. In this case the valve gear is controlled by a
(horizontal) lever connected with one end to the lower end of the vertical governor
shaft. .
Instead of the former arrangement the nut of the screw spindle may be made to
rise and fall, while the latter does not move along its axis. The pressure of the
upper extension of the pendulous lever when the screw is used takes place on the
above described rings, which however have no inclined planes.
In another modification of the governor the system of bevel wheels is replaced
by two rope pulleys mounted on horizontal shafts placed in the same line under the
vertical governorshaft, an endless rope being laid over the two pulleys and provided
on each side with a weight, the larger one of which is raised by the revolution of
the pulleys, and carries with it the lever which is controlling the valve gear.
of the two pulleys is in one piece with a bevel wheel turning on the same axis, and
gearing into another bevel wheel fixed on the vertical governorshaft.
One
Instead of pendulous levers and balls two wings may be used hinged at one end
to the top of a vertical shaft which is set in quick revolution, in which case the
motion is checked by the resistance of the air. The wings may be connected by a
helical spring. For constructing an hydraulic regulator a paddle wheel may be fixed
to a revolving shaft and dipped into still water, the resistance of which checks the
motion of the shaft.
For constructing a governor with a simple pendulum an endless screw may be
used, set in revolution by the driving shaft, and gearing into a vertical tooth wheel
which drives an anchor wheel, the latter producing the oscillations of an anchor
situated above the wheel, and connected with a pendulum oscillating on the same
axis.
Instead of the set of bevel wheels used in the first form of the governor a set of
spur wheels may be applied.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said Herbert John Haddan in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 8th
December 1880.
HERBERT JOHN HADDAN, of the Firm of Herbert and Company, Solicitors of
Patents, of 67, Strand, in the City of Westminster, Civil Engineer. "IMPROVEMENTS
IN ENGINE GOVERNORS." A communication from abroad by Etienne Mas, of
Rive-de-Gier, in the Republic of France.
The object of this Invention is to regulate the speed of motors without using as
main agent the centrifugal force of the balls, and by means of an isochronous
motion by a simple pendulum or a conical pendulum with one or more balls, or a
paddle wheel, or by a fan, the blades of which are movable by screw or tooth
gearing or pulleys.
The conical pendulum is regulated by friction rings having hollow rubbing parts,
or by rings connected with tappets, or by one or more lateral springs secured outside
the system. The accompanying Drawings serve to illustrate and explain the various
means and the various applications which I claim.
Figure 1 is a vertical section of a pendulous governor having two balls, and
intended for regulating steam engines. A is the cast iron frame (the broken part k
indicates that the whole apparatus may be higher); B is the driving shaft driven
by the pulley b, and setting in motion the bevel wheel C, mounted on the same
shaft; D, Di, two bevel wheels cast or connected together, but mounted loose on
the shaft G; E, another bevel wheel fixed on the shaft f, which is free to turn on
the shaft G by means of the sleeve F; H, a fourth bevel wheel, which is fixed
on the shaft G; I, I, heads of the two pendulous arms provided with balls J, J; a
spring is placed along the rods i in the recesses of the balls J, and allowing the
latter to alter their distance during their revolution around the central shaft of the
governor; K, head of the central shaft, at the lower end of which turns the spindle
G, but which is retained by the pin m; L, a steel ring hollowed out at the bottom,
as shown by Figure 3, the cavities corresponding to a counterpart designated with n
in Figure 3; M, support, on the raised portion e of which rest more or less the
heads u of the pendulous arms (see Figure 2). The feet p, p, of this support com-
municate this pressure to the ring L. The part a, a, c, d, represent the organs of a
weigh lever constructed to increase at will the pressure on the rings L, N; and the
horns h, h, at the heads of the pendulous levers serve to support the balls when not
in motion. A helical spring g lodged in the casing P has a constant tendency to
depress the central shaft G.
By the foregoing description it will be seen that all frictional efforts tend to
connect with each other all the fixed and the loose tooth wheels situated at the
base of the apparatus. The wheel E has a constant tendency during the motion of
the machine to turn the loose shaft f, F, round the central shaft G; this tendency
to rotate is communicated to the point f, to which I adapt the connecting rod or
lever (straight or curved) which is to open or close more or less the admission of
steam to a steam engine or control the flow of water.
Figure 2 is a detached view of one of the pendulous levers, the other being
similar and symmetric. The balls are provided with a tooth striking at each revo-
lution against the spring w, this device being adopted in case the rings L, M, are
omitted. Figure 3, plan and section of the two rings L, M, on which the friction is
produced. Figure 4 represents another kind of contact piece u provided with two
springs, and serving the same purpose as the contact piece or tooth at the lower
part of Figure 2, described above.
Figure 5 represents a ratchet wheel adapted to the driving pulley b (see Figure 1),
if required, to avoid a shock in consequence of the rapid falling of the balls.

page_text: Figure 6, vertical section of a governor provided with a screw motion; this governor
is a variation of that illustrated by Figure 1. The two friction rings L, N, instead
of having hollow contact surfaces, are plain. The whole weight of the revolving
parts rests on M at the base of the cap K, and produces friction on the ring L,
which remains stationary until the projections L', L¹, strike against the arms h, h,
at the heads of the pendulous arms. This motion of L, L, ceases when the balls
come nearer together, and recommences when the balls go sufficiently apart. The
driving bevel wheels are here replaced by an endless screw R, which moves with
slight friction in the axis of the shaft P¹ of the tooth wheel D, which is connected
with the shaft by the key u; this screw can therefore rise and fall during its
revolving motion. The nut S, S, of this screw is encased in the socket O of the
shaft G. A chamber U contains a flat spring attached to hooks t, s; this spring
has sufficient tension to be able to impart by itself a rotary motion to the two
balls J, J.
The vertical motion of the shaft P¹ is communicated to the lever T, pivoted at u,
and from there to the valve gear of the engine to be regulated (not shown in the
Drawing). Figure 7 shows another screw motion. In this case the bevel wheels
are inverted, the spring box A being above the wheel D, while the nut B is
vertically movable, and communicates this motion to valve gear of the engine.
Figure 8 shows the mode of driving a regulator by pulleys, A being the driving
shaft; B, C, differential counterweights which may be replaced by springs; D, a pinion
attached to the pulley; F, an endless rope; E, lever which controls the valve gear.
When the shaft A turns from the left to the right the counterweight C rises, and
takes the lever E with it, the pulley and the pinion D, and consequently the balls,
by means of the pinion H. If A turns too fast the governor shuts the admission of
steam, and if A turns too slowly the admission of steam is opened. Figure 9
shows a pendulum constructed with ventilating vanes; this kind of governors
is to be used for high speed engines, in other cases its application would not be
advantageous.
Figure 10 shows a moderating governor as applied to an hydraulic motor A, B.
In this system the power of resistance of the apparatus is derived from the resistanco
of the water contained in the vessel D, this resistance being encountered by the
blades C mounted on the shaft E (of the water motor represented in the Drawings
by the overshoot water wheel B).
Figure 11 represents a method of applying the simple pendulum to my tooth
gearing, or endless screw, or pulleys. The driving screw E imparts motion to a
clock anchor mechanism A, B, C, D, by means of the toothed wheel F. I suppose
in this case that there exists always an excess of power which keeps the pendulum
in oscillation, for otherwise it would be necessary to start the pendulum by hand.
Figure 12 is a plan and an elevation of spur wheel gearing which may in certain
cases be applied as a substitute for the bevel wheel gearing shown in Figures 1
and 6.
Having now described the Invention as communicated to me by my foreign
correspondent, I wish it to be understood that I do not claim the details or elements
of mechanism illustrated by the Drawings, but what I claim is, the new mode of
applying the same, or the arrangement of these mechanisms in the manner
described, for obtaining a superior governor with isochronous motions, and applicable
to any class of motive power engines.
In witness whereof, I, the said Herbert John Haddan, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Eighth day of December 1880.
H. J. HADDAN. (L.S.)