Improvements in or relating to Tread-attachments for Boots, Shoes, Clogs, and the like, and Means and Apparatus for Securing them thereto.
Year: 1895

page_text: Date of Application, 23rd Sept., 1895
Complete Specification Left, 23rd July, 1896-Accepted, 23rd Sept., 1896
TROYINIONAT
Improvements in or relating to Tread-attachments for Boots, Shoes,
Clogs, and the like, and Means and Apparatus for Securing them
thereto.
I RALPH RAWLING MADDISON of No. 7 Regent Street Barnsley in the
County of York, Patentee, do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be
as follows:
This my present invention is the result or outcome of study and experiments
that I bave devoted myself to in connection with my previous inventions for which
Letters Patent have been granted to me as follows:-No. 12084 of 1891 No. 13170
of 1891 and No. 2001 of 1893 and is I consider in some particulars an improvement
upon them.
The object of the invention is to so construct wearing surfaces, or wearing
materials for the soles and heels of boots et cætera (which in this specification I call
studs or protectors) and to so construct the soles and heels in connection with
which they are used, as to secure to all classes of wearers of the articles advantages
that are calculated to meet various needs.
Part of the invention consists in making the holes or recesses in which renewable
protectors are held, with parallel or nearly parallel sides; or serrated sides, in
connection with cement; or sides that are nearer together than the sides or
peripheries of the protectors to be held in them are, when not in position for use;
or strengthening the retaining webs by upright webs placed at right angles to
them; or making a small web in the side; or making a recess or holes in the side
for the lodgment of Portland or Roman or any other suitable cement; or making
a vertical or other slot in the side for the insertion of an instrument to aid in
extracting them. Or beveling the sides of metallic or other heel top pieces in
which protectors are held.
And building up the protectors that fit into such holes or recesses, by lifts added
at the under or inner side, or end, or root.
Lifts of india-rubber or similar substances, or vulcanized fibre, for this purpose,
may be stamped or otherwise cut out of sheets; or moulded and cemented together;
or built up under mechanical pressure, in a manner hereinafter to be described; or
they may have corrugated or otherwise extended surfaces on one side, and corre-
sponding surfaces on the other side, and be cemented together, or built up, without
mechanical pressure. They may have smooth sides or peripheries; or irregular
or serrated sides or peripheries; or sides or peripheries with indentations in them
for receiving the web of metallic or other extensions (like rings) to the wearing
surface; or they may have indentations for the lodgment of cement corresponding
with those in the seats in which they are held.
Lifts of leather forming built-up protectors for fitting into the said holes may
be cemented together; or pegged together with plain or cemented wooden or other
light pegs; or light springs; or brass or iron nails, or gimp pins may be used in
building them; and the number used may serve to regulate the fit of the protector
in its seat. Steel or other heavy and wear-resisting nails, as wrought steel sparrow
bills or cast steel pins, et cætera may be driven into their wearing surfaces, as may
be desirable from time to time. They may be cut the required shape singly by
hand with knives of suitable shape, or in quantities by rollers, or stainping machinery,

page_text: and may have holes put into them for pegs et cætera in patterns designed to cross
each other in building them into protectors. Or pegs or nails may be put into
them by nailing machines for this purpose..
Built-up protectors may be passed through such knives as the lifts are cut with
in order to make them the proper size for fitting the holes or seats in which they
are intended to be worn. The part of their sides that is exposed to view may be
covered with an elastic band for hiding the jointings of the lifts. And they may
have a plate of say aluminium temporally attached to the last lift added, for the
purpose of holding them in position by means of cement, or nails or spikes. They
may have margins to rest on.
Lifts of metal (as aluminium or alloy largely composed thereof) or any cast
or moulded material, may have one or more projections with serrated or roughened
surfaces extending from the wearing side; and corresponding recesses in the
reverse side adapted to receive projections on the adjacent lift. These lifts are
held together by any waterproof cement, or Messrs. Alfred Jeffery & Co.'s patent
marine glue for example. They may have tapered wooden plugs too for use in
dislodging them, or for binding them together.
In driving built-up protectors into position in the heel I find it very convenient
to use a piece of wood that can be put into the boot et cætera so as to support the
heel firmly on a table; but an iron last is better, and I have designed one in which
various sizes of soles may be fixed to a standard, and in which the heel bearing
portion oscilates on a moveable fulcrum, and can he readily wedged so as to hold
boots of a variety of sizes quite firmly with little trouble. Means analogous to
those used for drawing or otherwise displacing corks from bottles may be used
for dislodging built-up protectors from their seats for the purpose of adding new
lifts. One or more tapped nuts used for belt screws in Patent No. 12084 of 1891
or other nut let into the bottom of the protector may be used for securing a firm
hold in doing this. And one or more like nuts let into the lift below the protector
may be used for holding it securely in position by means of a screw or screws
passed through, and resting on the last lift added.
I also apply the principle of building up lifts by adding them at the underside;
along with other improvements; to such protectors as were patented in 1878 and
described in Specification No. 1 of that year. In this case I am enabled to produce
a lighter and otherwise more desirable arrangement than it by substituting rings
for the disc, making these rings only sufficiently large to effectually protect the
part most exposed to wear in use, and thus allow space for any description of stud
at the corner or corners. The rings are preferably in pairs, new ones being added
below the one that will next be discarded. They have projections slanting down-
wardly from their inner edges, so that a concave disc of stamped aluminium or
platinoid, or a steel spring for instance, may engage with the top one, and hold
them in position in connection with a nut and screw in the centre. Films of
cement may be used to prevent jarring or jingling.
Or the rings may be dipped in tar while hot, or in Messrs. Jeffery's marine
glue. Slight projections and corresponding recesses may be used to prevent them
turning round. The frames may be of aluminium, or alloy thereof. The same or
practically the same arrangement may be applied to oval rings. Ordinary heel
plates may too be held on frames or top pieces with the belt screws described in
Patent No. 12084 of 1891.
In using built-up protectors in soles or heels that are removable I make the
diameter of each new lift that is about to be added greater than those already
forming the protector, and bevel that part of the new lift which is to project
from the periphery of the protector, so that it may, fit into a countersunk hole.
Then, when another lift has to be added to this last one, I cut off the previously
beveled part so that the periphery of the lift is brought into line with the others,
that it previously served to retain in position, by means of the countersunk recess.
Making these protectors hexagonal in plan view secures economy in using the
material of which they are made.

page_text: "
When lifts are half ovals, or approaching the half oval shape i pran
ike tips, (in pairs) for the heels; one or more dovetails may be formed in or on
he material, and corresponding upright recesses or extensions are formed in an
luminium top piece, or top piece of aluminium alloy, or other top piece. Cement
r wedges; or both cement and wedges, spikes or screws, may be used for retaining
hese and all forms of built-up protectors in position. And plain or barbed spikes
or screws may be permanently fixed in the seat on which the base of the protector
rests. I also sometimes dispense with the metallic top piece, and dovetails, and
with the spikes; and in lieu thereof use any of the strong cements that are used
for cycle tyres, or the kind of cement known as Kaselum pulver, manufactured by
Messrs. Tanner & Baumgartner of St. Gallen, or similar cement.
When making the protectors of oval form in plan view (so that they can be
turned half way round from time to time, so as to make the wearing surface wear
level and thus avoid waste) I cast the top pieces in which they are retained in the
heel of aluminium, or an alloy largely composed thereof; and as an additional
security against their coming out of position when in use, I tap the said top piece
in one or more places with a female screw; into which I insert a male screw with
a point that can be made to dig or press into the side, or periphery of the pro-
tector, in such a manner as to secure the end in view. Or fixed nails may stand up
for them to be empaled upon. I also sometimes use a thin band of metal held in
position by screws, in such a manner that it can be drawn tightly against the side
or periphery of the protector, so as to squeeze it, and thus effectually hold it in
position, with but a very slight thickness of material surrounding the side or
periphery that it is desirable should be as nearly in line with the edge of the
heel as possible. Or I make such a thin band of steel a fixture, and trust to
retaining the built-up protector in position by varying its size or form.
In extending the wearing surface of the protectors by the addition of rings
attached to their peripheries, I sometimes notch the peripheries so that the rings
may be got into position more easily; and I take care to make the sides of the
ring that is not much exposed to wear in use as light as is compatible with the
strength required. By this device I gain an additional advantage for those that
are worn near the toes; because were the hindmost part of a ring in this position
not thinner than the front part; then the ring would be tilted in the act of walking.
I also sometimes make the part of the ring that is most exposed to wear in use
as thick as other considerations will allow. This device is especially serviceable
under the toes, and for this reason I sometimes make the studs worn there
with one or more straight sides, and the ring adapted to fit these sides.
I also use any of the metallic rings that have bevelled sides, or that are
provided with a web, in connection with the screws described in Patent No. 12084
of 1891, either by direct contact, or through the interposition of a pad.
I may too fasten metallic rings with nails, or with spikes extending from them
into renewable foundations bedded in say cycle tyre cement, and may lodge
resilient material in the centre of these rings.
I cast the rings for extending the wearing surface of protectors of malleable
iron, and sometimes reduce the holding web by abrasion on a wheel of say emery;
or corundum, or the like; and sometimes clean or fettle the inside with a small
wheel of like material. I sometimes retain these rings in position without a web,
by making the wearing surface of the stud that they surround of greater diameter
than the surface that rests on the sole or heel; and the inner side of the ring to
I sometimes also
correspond with this. Such rings may be of steel stamped hot.
cast or stamp the rings without any retaining web, and without any retaining
bevel; in which case I trust to such strong cement as is used for cycle tyres, and
this may be in conjunction with corrugations, or wrinkles, that extend the surface
in contact with the cement. I also make the rings with a web for holding
them, by casting metal round a ring of L section, stamped out of tinned steel
or iron (with the outside leg in an upward position) and I do not always have them
annealed. These rings do not require cleaning or fettling.

page_text: Metal rings may in like manner be cast round the top of perforated thimbles of
tinned steel, thus forming protectors. These are primarily intended for clog
soles into which they are sunk and held by cement. Or metal may be cast
round the tops of shallow cups which are also to be let into the sole; but
instead of being held by cement are to be screwed to a renewable base or
foundation. Portland or Roman cement may be used for such a base or foundation,
also Kaselum pulver or a mixture of the two. These may also serve for holding
the thimbles. When rubber and like studs are cemented into position (whether
their heads are surrounded by metallic rings or not) I may save material and
secure increased firmness by making recesses in the roots, and filling these recesses
with solid cores that can be used repeatedly. But in applying the rings to clogs I
prefer to hold them in position by wooden or other solid studs of cheap material
fastened into recesses, or holes, by waterproof cement. Or by discs of any
suitable material fitting their centres, and either nailed onto renewable bases, or
foundations, that may be held by say cycle tyre cement, or let into recesses and
fastened by cement in such a way that the recesses serve to protect the edge of
the cement from abrading influences. Or they may be held by movable metallic
discs locked in position by a bayonet joint, or a catch; and a peg or cement or
both.
I also use metallic rings of 1 section (with the outside leg in a downward
position) to put round the heads of resilient or other protectors; and retain them
in position by either Messrs. Jeffery's marine glue, or such cement as is used for
cycle tyres; or by means of dished discs of light material (as thin steel, or
aluminium) held in position by the nut of a screw; the head of the screw being
sunk in or near the centre of the protector in such a manner as to enable it to be
protected from wear in use by the section ring. But I also sometimes extend
the wearing surface of a ring inwards, so that it becomes more like a dish, thus
dispensing with a separate dished disc. Such wearing material I propose to either
cast in malleable or other iron, or to stamp out of the steel iron et cætera that is
refuse in the manufacture of such articles as shovels, for example. When metal
in this form is worn on a protector of resilient material I may for instance have
the very hardest case-hardened steel exposed to wear, along with the cushioning
advantages that are gained by the use of the resilient material to which the hard
wearing surface is attached; and rests upon; and without the resilient material
being worn or seriously deteriorated. Another form of protector that may be
made of refuse metal or of wire coiled into a wearing surface, has one or more
shanks that are let into, and retained in a hole or holes that may slant down-
wardly into the side of the heel. The outer end of each shank is connected with
the protecting part by a link or continuation that rises from the edge of the
wearing surface.
In applying rings of india rubber as extensions to the heads of rubber or like
protectors, I make them of such a size that they must be stretched while being
put into position, so as to tightly grasp the heads which carry them; and I use
rubber solution, or cement of a like nature for attaching them. Wire or metallic
bands may be put round these rubber extensions to give them support.
"
In order to prevent the weight of the wearer causing metallic rings to sink in
the sole or heel on which they are worn, I sometimes employ extended metallic
surfaces for them to rest upon, in the form of washers of say thin steel, or tinned
steel, or "golden steel or aluminium or platinoid; plain or perforated. These
thin washers also serve to prevent the sole or heel being worn when the heads of
studs are not renewed so soon as they ought to be; or when they become very
much worn on one side, as is frequently the case under the toes. Their centres
may be made to project into the holes that they surround so as to prevent them
from moving laterally. These washers may have their peripheries turned up so as
to surround the edge of metallic rings when these are placed round the heads of
studs, they may too (by nails et cætera near the edge) serve to hold sockets in
position; and they may, where no socket is used, be permanently held in position

page_text: by being bedded on washer-like rings of Chatterton's or other cement: or by nails,
or screws; or they may have projections extending from them and formed by
stamping; or they may be slipped onto the protector before it is put into position,
very readily, by being let into a recess in any suitable material (a hole for the root
of the stud being formed in the centre of the recess) and the root passed through
them. Or they may be split radially so as to be turned into a radial slit
head of the stud, and so under it, while it is in position for use, rather like the way
that a key is put onto a key-ring.
the
I cover the top pieces of aluminium or alloy thereof with porcelain enamel; or
other enamel, as silico enamel, or Crease's enamel paint. Or I coat the aluminium
with copper by Professor Neesen's process, and then oxodise this where it is
exposed to view. Should the black surface thus formed chance to become
damaged, I apply ordinary boot blacking to the exposed aluminium, and allow
it to dry before applying a polishing brush; otherwise blacking is of little use
on aluminium in the way that it is usually used on leather. But in order that
ordinary blacking, or other polishing material, may be used quite effectively; I
sometimes cover the edge of the top pieces of aluminium or alloy thereof with
leather, or with a band of iron, shrunk on, or put on in the casting mould, or
otherwise. The leather is stretched round onto its place while wet, and securely
fastened by small sprigs or nails of iron driven into holes made for the purpose.
In order to make the aluminium or other metallic top piece as light as possible
I make recesses in them, and fill these recesses with gutta percha mixed with
cork, or with any preparation of cork that can be moulded for the purpose; but
I also close these recesses by providing for a thin sheet of material of which
the top pieces are made, being formed over them in the process of casting. Or
the top piece may be a sheet of aluminium on leather, or gutta-percha, et cætera :
the necks of the studs being in the aluminium, and their roots in the leather
et cætera.
A web that surrounds an undercut recess (as in my Patents Nos. 13170 of 1891
and 2001 of 1893) cannot be used for retaining studs that are made of very ridgid
material. I therefore propose to cut a slot in the web provided for round studs of
such materials; and a slot in the roots of the said studs, and to twist the studs into
position by means of the slots. When the webs are in leather, I facilitate this
operation by keeping pieces of wet sponge in their recesses, until the webs are
sufficiently pliable to allow one end of each to be pulled into a position favourable
I propose to use studs of
for receiving the root of the stud that is intended for it.
vulcanized, or partially vulcanized asbestos graphite, in this manner.
As it is sometimes difficult to turn these studs with unaided fingers I have
devised a pair of cheap forceps for the purpose. The roots of round studs of
resilient material more readily spring into position, in the recesses in which they
are retained, when they are given a turn or two by their heads; for which purpose
forceps are also useful. They are too available for turning the toe studs part
way round when they need to be so turned, because of being worn on the most
exposed side.
In making undercut recesses, so as to form webs for retaining the roots of
replaceable studs in leather et cætera; I take care that the leather shall be of
uniform thickness throughout, by rolling it under pressure; or by putting it
through a splitting machine, or other well known means, as may be most
convenient. And in making the recesses I now use an improvement on the auger
O that Mr. Forstner patented in the United States in 1874 and 1886 (Nos. 155148
and 336709) which is attained by making the cutting band and the cutting lip, or
lips, of such an auger (with which I either wholly make or only finish the
recesses) all in the same horizontal plane, so that the cutting band cannot leave
any useless and weakening cut where the web joins the solid material out of which
5 it is formed. In order to prevent the auger penetrating too far, I put a metallic
ring round it provided with a lip or flange that rests upon the top of the cutting
band. The ring is held down by a device clamped to the stem with sufficient

page_text: security to withstand the strain of mechanical power in using the auger. may
too, as an alternative, secure a casting to the stem of the auger, and turn or bore
the bottom of the casting so as to fit round the cutting band; ample room being
provided for the exit of the shavings. When I make the recesses with this
improved auger only, I also use a punch fitted with a solid core that prevents it
penetrating beyond the depth required. Such a punch is also of service in
locating the positions that the recesses are to occupy a template, or lithographed
or other drawing being used to indicate them on either side of the material.
When I wish to secure the most perfect accuracy in locating the position of the
studs I mark it on the side of the sole, or heel, on which they are intended to be
worn, and punch or bore the central hole (i.e. the hole to be occupied by the necks
of the studs) first. Into this hole I then put a gauge, the stem of which fits it,
while the head (which is quite thin) fits into the before named punch. I then
strike a blow on the head of the punch, and thereby secure a mark that indicates
the position that the recess is to occupy. Having taken the gauge out of the hole,
I may then use the punch to cut the side of the intended recess to its proper
depth. Then I may use one of Mr. Forstner's augers to cut cut the recess, and
finish with my improvement on his auger; or I may perform the whole of the
cutting with the improved auger. I also use the auger in the form my improvement
has given it, for making shallow recesses into which discs of leather or of resilient
material may be cemented, without the cement being seriously exposed to abrading
influences. In order that the web shall be firmer than the material out of which
it is formed, I may cover it with a sail or sacking eyelet and rings; but I prefer
to punch or bore the hole that passes through its centre, of less diameter than is
required for the neck of the stud for which the hole is intended, and to then force
a. tapered drift (that is provided with a head the size of the recess) through it,
thus swelling the hole out to the desired size, and by exerting powerful pressure
on the head as it rests upon the web, the latter may be compressed as much as
may be desired. By using hydraulic or other powerful pressure the recesses may
be thus formed without the employment of an auger. But it is important that
leather should be steeped in water before it is thus treated: and then a core of
Darcey's alloy, or other alloy, or metal may be inserted for it to dry upon. When
the web is moulded advantage may be taken of the opportunity to make its inside
slightly concave; thus securing a condition that, when the leather is dry again,
greatly facilitates the entrance of the roots of the studs into position. Indeed so
desirable is this arrangement that I sometimes keep a piece of wet sponge within
a web long enough to enable me to draw it slightly outwards, thus attaining this
object in a finished boot. Or the roots of studs may be made of slightly less
thickness, or depth, than the depth of the sockets in which they are held.
the underside of the wearing surface of studs so that they fit tightly over a concave
surface, if one is formed for them. Studs thus dished are also held more tightly at
the periphery when the surface on which they are used is flat, and to attain this
end more securely, I may form a lip on their peripheries so as to enter a crevise in
the sole. I also make the necks of studs both shorter, and of greater diameter,
than the holes they pass through; in order that by being stretched when in
position, the heads are drawn tightly onto their seats; while the holes are so
tightly filled through the neck being compressed that dirt is excluded. For
putting the studs into position I use an instrument that would be somewhat like a
blunt screw driver in appearance, were it not that it is slightly curved near the
point. Though I have confined myself to a description of the formation of one
bole, and one recess, it should be observed that when steam or other mechanical
power is available, a number of holes can be punched or bored at one operation,
and a number of recesses made likewise. But I may make the sole in two
thicknesses. The holes for the necks of the studs being say punched in one, and
holes to serve as recesses for the roots in the other. The outer of the two
thicknesses may be of superior quality to the inner one.
dish
In using metallic sockets (either instead of webs and recesses cut out of the

page_text: olid sole or heel, or to replace them if they should he accidently damaged)
sometimes make the sockets for round studs of stamped aluminium, in two pieces,
lenched and held together without solder; and I countersink the holes or recesses
nto which they are to fit, so that their outer surfaces may be quite, or nearly
uite, level with the surface of the sole or heel in which they are placed. I also
nake sockets of other metals, such as Bessemer steel or "golden steel," or other
teel, or brass, Silvadi metal, or Silvadi bronze, the outer and stronger part of
which may be stamped in a drop stamp, or a fly or power press, or stamped hot, or
cast; the inner and lighter cup-like part being stamped ; and soldered or braze 1,
or locked or elenched to the other. When the outer and stronger part is made with
radial projections to fasten it in position by, then the part that forms these
projections; together with that part that is within them and extends beyond the
outside of the cup-like part, may be reduced in thickness, if need be, by a tool
that may be described as a rose of tempered steel, thus these parts are made
lighter than they could be cast satisfactorily. In fastening sockets into holes with
short rivets, I use thin washers or discs of steel or platinoid or aluminium for the
rivets to be clenched upon. Sockets of aluminium for oval studs may be made by
stamping in the same way as round ones. Oval sockets may too be made of other
metals, the outer part being cast or stamped, and the inuer part stamped, the two
being soldered or brazed or locked or clenched together. For the strongest and
beaviest boots I prefer to have a web formed on the outer part of oval sockets, so
as to form an Lor a T in section. Such a web may have nail like projections
extending from it for the purpose of holding the socket to which it is attached in
position. When the section is shape I fasten the socket into position by means
of nails, and the like, passing through the bottom of the inner part. When the
section is T shape I sometimes make the outer flange wide enough, all round,
to enable holes to be made in it for nails or screws to fasten it in position by.
And for determining the position of the fasteuings quickly and accurately,
in both the bottom and in the flange, I have a gauge or template cast in
common iron, which serves also as a drift with which the sockets may be
tightly hammered into position without injury. Nails for holding sockets may be
placed outside them; but with heads turned over onto their edges. But I some-
times dispense with nails et cætera for holding sockets in position, and use cycle
tyre cement in lieu thereof; for which reason I sometimes make them of perforated
material. I may too imbed them in heels or top pieces of wood, or wood-pulp, or
other pulp, or "Ossalith," or Hornite," or the like. I sometimes form on one
side of oval sockets in which studs with protruding lips are to be worn, a wide
flange extending considerably outside the row of fastening nails or screws, so as to
form a firm rest for the protruding lip of the stud to lie upon. The periphery of
this flange I reduce to a thin edge, and mould the protruding lip of the stud so as
to fit the periphery of the flange; thus preventing it being seen when in position
In order to add to the wear resisting qualities of the protruding lips of
studs (or the wear resisting qualities of lifts) I sometimes fit metal plugs or screws
into countersunk or other holes in them. The protruding lip may be cut off, and
the wear resisting part of the metallic or resilient rings, already referred to,
attached to its root. When partially worn oval studs require turning over, I
avoid the trouble of packing the seats or sockets with cement before replacing
them; by the use of a piece of rubber, or similar substance, moulded for the
Or the bottom of the sockets may be bulged
purpose hitherto served by cement.
in so as to serve that purpose. When the outside of a socket has to be formed in
the shape of half ovals, or approaches to the half oval, i.e., the shape of a heel
tip, (in pairs) I stamp the inside in a drop stamp, or fly, or power press; and thus
get the corners produced with satisfactory results. The outside of a half oval
socket may be made with a web forming an [section along the straight side,
and a T section along the curved side, or the section may be carried all
round it.
for use.
"
In order to introduce a spatula or other instrument for forcing down the lip that

page_text: runs along the straight side for a protector, that is formed like a heel tip, with
facility; I sometimes have a recess or slot extending from the wearing surface to
the lip; but this is not necessary. When sockets for renewable heel tips are
formed in, or are a part of, top pieces formed of metal, I make a deep slot along
the straight side of the half oval recess, in order that a deep lip may project from
the root of the protector into it, so that I am thus able to put the protector into
position with facility however thick and ridgid the wearing portion may be.
:
I secure economy in the use of renewable studs by adding to their wearing
surfaces from time to time in the following manner. Taking for example round
studs having heads an inch in diameter, the necks half an inch in diameter, and
a sixteenth of an inch long; and the roots three quarters of an inch in diameter, and
an eighth of an inch thick. I put say a dozen holes of half an inch in diameter
through a slab of any suitable material a sixteenth of an inch thick; and I put
the roots of say a dozen studs through these holes, so that their necks fit into
them I then make a dozen holes, each three quarters of an inch in diameter, and
an eighth of an inch deep, for the roots to rest in, in another slab of any suitable
material and place the two slabs together in such a manner that the studs
occupy a position analogous to that which they have when placed in a boot sole.
I now punch discs (that may be round or hexagonal or other form in plan view) of
rubber an inch in diameter, out of a sheet of suitable thickness, and quality, and
having carefully cleaned one side of each of these discs with a file, or sand paper,
or both; and what has been the wearing surfaces of the studs likewise: I smear
these two cleaned surfaces with india-rubber solution, or the like, and put them
together, and then put the frame in which they are held into a letter-copying or
other suitable press. I also manufacture studs by joining three discs together
after this manner. When however the surface of the protector that has to receive
an addition is not even (as may be expected when it is in the form of a heel tip or
top piece) I then place it in a suitable hole, and so regulate the hight at which
it stands, that, by shaving off the part that protrudes I get a level surface
parallel with the base on which it rests. Having cemented a new wearing piece
onto this level surface in the manner above described, I put it under pressure and
leave it there so long as may be convenient. An arrangement similar to the
above can be used to prevent an added lift sliding out of its correct position when
the protector to which it is cemented is under pressure. In building up protectors
of india-rubber by lifts added at the underside, or end, or root; I join each new
lift to the protector by cement, and put it under pressure as described. But
oval and other protectors that are held by an undercut web, or otherwise may be
formed in halves analogous to lifts. These may be cemented together without
pressure, by having their cemented surfaces extended in the form of one or more
projections on one side; and corresponding recesses in the other side, adapted for
receiving the projections of the adjacent lift. Or gutta percha solution may be used
in the usual way with heat. Each lift added to these protectors serve as a root;
until another lift is added to it, when it becomes the wearing surface; and so on,
ad infinitum: the whole of each successive lift being in turn completely worn away.
And as
a handy press, suitable for use when thus repairing the removable
protectors of a pair of boots, is almost indispensible to those who use boots fitted
with them I have devised one that is cheap and handy, in which one or more
thumb screws suffice to produce the pressure required: and in order that the
advantages afforded by heat in the process may be available, 1 sometimes make
these presses of metal.
:
In making studs of very soft rubber I score the wearing surface with one or
more furrows, radiating from the centre, so as to prevent them clinging to smooth
or wet surfaces through the formation of a vacuum, when in use. But I some-
times make the wearing surface of studs convex, in which case scoring is
unnecessary.
I adopt vulcanite or vulcanized fibre as an inner sole for the roots of the studs
to rest upon, as being practically waterproof, very thin, and pliable; but other

page_text: substances may be used. When using such a substance as vulcanite, or vulcanized
fibre, for a middle sole that I do not wish to be waterproof, I perforate it. But I
sometimes ceinent patches of any suitable material over the recesses in lieu of a
middle sole. With soles that are waterproof I may use a sock of woven aluminium
wire.
It should also be understood that machinery may be used for making the holes
in the soles of clogs et cætera; also that it is important that the seats of the round
roots of studs situated at the corners of heels should fit them as accurately as
possible; for which reason I rime or bore the seats out, with a rose or other drill
of tempered steel, when they are formed in top pieces of metal: and that the
invention embraces the various combinations that can be arranged with the several
devices, devised for the purpose of attaining the end in view; those for instance
that are applicable to the heel being sometimes applicable to the sole, and
.
vice versa.
Dated this 20th day of September 1895.
RALPH RAWLING MADDISON.
Improvements in or relating to Tread-attachments for Boots, Shoes,
Clogs, and the like, and Means and Apparatus for Securing them
thereto.
I, RALPH RAWLING MADDISON, of No. 7 Regent Street, Barnsley, in the
County of York, Patentee, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in
what manner the same is to be performed to be particularly described and ascer-
tained in and by the following statement:-
This invention consists in improvements in or relating to tread attachments
(hereinafter called protectors or studs) for boots, shoes, clogs and the like and to
means and apparatus for securing them thereto.
In the application of renewable protectors or studs of elastic material according
to this invention, the holes or recesses in which the protectors or studs are to be
held, are made with parallel or nearly parallel sides that are nearer together than
the sides or peripheries of the protectors to be held in them are before being put
into the said holes or recesses in other words, the protectors are made so much
larger in plan than their holes, that their resilience will cause the sides of the
protectors and the sides of the holes to be pressed together when the protectors are
in position. It has been found that after rendering perfectly clean the bottom and
sides of protectors and holes of this kind by the use of a file, sand-paper, or the
like, then smearing them with a cement such as the Boston Blacking Company's
"Herculean Rubber Cement" or other cement used for putting rubber soles on
leather, and placing the protectors in position, the protectors bear the strain of
ordinary wear quite satisfactorily. The protectors that fit into such holes or
recesses are according to this invention built up of layers or lifts and when a
protector has been worn down nearly to the surface of the sole in which it is held,
it is taken out of its hole and a new layer or lift is added to its under or inner side
and secured thereto with the aid. of india rubber solution and pressure or other
suitable means.
It is then ready to be secured. in position for use in the same
manner as at first. All the india rubber or other wearing-material that is used in
building up. protectors in this manner, becomes worn away in due course without
any injury to the permanent sole or. heel.and with great economy in the use of the
wearing material employed.
Lifts of india rubber or similar. substances may, for this purpose, be stamped or
otherwise cut out of sheets, or be moulded, and then cemented together, or built up,
B

page_text: under mechanical pressure, in a manner hereinafter to be described; or they may
have corrugated or otherwise extended surfaces on one side, and, corresponding
surfaces on the other side, and be cemented together, or built up, without
mechanical pressure. They may have smooth sides or peripheries; or irregular or
serrated sides or peripheries, in which case the sides or peripheries of their holes
will be similarly serrated or irregular in plan; or sides or peripheries with
indentations in them for receiving the web of metallic or other annular extensions
of the wearing surface; or they may have indentations for the lodgment of cement
corresponding to similar indentations in the seats or holes in which they are to be
held.
In manufacturing lifts of india rubber in quantities, it is preferred to mould the
rubber of which they are to be formed into bars of the section that it is desired to
give the lifts and then to slice these bars into pieces of the proper thickness to
form the lifts.
Leather
Lifts of leather may be built up likewise, but it is preferred to secure them
together with plain or cemented wooden or other light pegs, or light sprigs, or
brass or iron-nails, or gimp-pins, the number of these pegs or the like being varied
it may be, so as to regulate the fit of the protector in its seat, and the pegs or the
like securing each lift preferably passing into the next lift but one. Sparrow bills
or the like may be driven into their wearing surfaces, as may be desired.
lifts may be cut to the required shape singly by hand with knives of suitable
shape, corresponding in plan to that of the lifts to be cut or in quantities
by rollers, or stamping machinery, and may have holes made in them for pegs
and the like in such a manner as to cross one another when they are built up into
protectors.
In manufacturing built-up studs of leather in quantities, I sometimes soften the
lifts with water, press them together firmly in a metal mould (accurately gauged to
the size required) by means of a fly or other suitable press, and drive the pegs and
sparrow bills into them before they are taken from the mould.
When making built-up protectors by hand it is advantageous to pass them
through such knives as the lifts are cut with in order to make them the proper size
for fitting the holes or seats in which they are intended to be worn.
The part of the sides of protectors that is exposed to view may in each case be
covered with an elastic band for hiding the joints of the lifts. The band may be
held in place partly by its own elasticity and partly by cement.
Lifts of metal (as aluminium alloy) or any cast or moulded material may have
one or more projections with it may be, serrated or roughened surfaces extending
from the wearing side; and a corresponding recess or corresponding recesses in the
reverse side adapted to receive the projection or projections on the adjacent lift.
These lifts may be held together by any waterproof cement or glue such for
example as Messrs. Alfred Jefferey & Co.'s patent marine glue which should be
applied with the lifts in a heated condition. Fig. 1 of the accompanying drawings
is an underside view and Fig. 2 a corresponding longitudinal section of a moulded
lift provided with a number of projections 2 on its wearing side and a number of
recesses 3 in its reverse side adapted to receive the projections 2 of the adjacent
lift shewn in Fig. 2. When such a protector is new the projections 2 of the top
lift may be cut off; all the other projections are worn away in use. In some cases,
especially where the lifts are of metal, tapered wooden plugs 3b may be driven
through the lifts in order to bind them together and to facilitate their dislodgment,
which may then be effected by means of a screw 3° provided as shewn with an eye-
adapted to be engaged by a book or lever. The inner ends of these plugs may be
impaled on spikes projecting from the bottom of the socket containing the
protector. When such protectors are held in place by cement that will melt in
the heat, heat may be applied to them.by means of a cook's salamander in order to
enable them to be extracted the more easily.
In driving built-up protectors into position in the heel, I find it very convenient
to use a support A of wood or metal such as shown in Fig. 24 that can be put.into.

page_text: he boot or the like so as to support the hee! firmnly on a table; but an iron last is
etter, and I have designed one shown in sectional elevation in Fig. 2B in which
arious sizes of soles B may be fixed to a standard C, and in which the
djustable heel bearing portion A oscillates on a movable fulcrum D, and can be
eadily wedged so as to hold boots of a variety of sizes quite firmly with little
rouble.
Means analogous to those used for drawing corks from bottles may be used for
lislodging built-up protectors from their seats for the purpose of adding new lifts,
One or more tapped nuts such as the sockets described as used for bolt-screw
protectors in the Specification of Letters Patent No. 12084 of 1891, or other nuts
may be let into the bottom of the protector and the extracting instrument screwed
into such nuts in order to secure a firm hold. One or more such nuts let into the
lift below the protector i.e. when the boot is turned upside down, may be used for
holding it securely in position by means of a screw or screws passed through, and
resting with its head or their heads on the last lift added, a suitable hole or holes
being made through the other lift to allow the said head or heads to pass there-
through.
•
I also apply the principle of building up protectors by lifts added at their under
or inner sides to protective devices such as that described in the Specification of
Letters Patent No. of 1878. Figs. 3 and 4 are respectively an underside view
and a cross section of a metallic heel top-piece (preferably of aluminium alloy)
For the disc described in
provided with a protector according to this invention.
the specification just mentioned there are substituted two or more (preferably
three) rings 4, which are only large enough effectually to protect the part most
exposed to wear in use, and thus allow space for studs 5 of any description at the
corners. They have projections 6 slanting downwardly from their inner edges, so
that a concave disc 7, which may be stamped out of aluminium or platinoid or
constitute a steel spring, may engage with the top one, and hold them in position
Films of cement
in connection with a nut 8 and screw or bolt 9 in the centre.
may be used to prevent the rings 4 from jarring or jingling; or the rings may be
dipped hot in tar, or in Jefferey's marine glue. Slight projections and corre-
sponding recesses, as shown at 10, may be used to prevent the rings from turning
round. In repairing such a protector by adding a new ring 4, the latter is placed
so as to be innermost, i.e. nearest to the top piece. Instead of being circular, as
shown in full lines in Fig. 3, the rings may be oval as indicated by the dotted line
therein.
In constructing built-up protectors for soles or heels that are removable I make
the diameter of each new lift that is about to be added greater than those already
forming the protector, and bevel that part of the new lift which is to project from
the periphery of the protector, so that it may fit into a counter sunk hole. Then,
when another lift has to be added to this last one, I cut off the previously
beveled part so that the periphery of the lift is brought into line with the others,
that it previously served to retain in position, by means of the counter sunk
recess.
When heel-lifts are half ovals, or approach the half oval shape in plan, as shown
in Fig. 5, which is an underside view of such a lift 11, one or more dovetail
recesses 12 may be formed therein and corresponding upright extensions 13 formed
in the corresponding aluminium alloy, or other top-piece 14, as shown in underside
As will be obvious, the
view in Fig. and in longitudinal section in Fig. 7.
dovetail recesses may, if desired, be made in the top piece and the extensions on
the lift. Cement or wedges, or both cement and wedges, spikes, or screws, may be
used for retaining in position built-up protectors of this and other forms. Plain or
barbed spikes or screws (barbed spikes are shown in Fig. 7) may be permanently
I also sometimes dispense
fixed in the seat on which the base of a protector rests.
5 with the metallic top piece and dovetails in attaching together and to a heel the
lifts of a protector and in lieu thereof use a cycle tyre cement such as Chatterton's
or Jefferey and Co.'s marine glue, always taking care that the metal is clean and

page_text: as hot as it can be without burning the cement and that the surface that is
cemented is extended considerably by projections 15* (shewn in section in Fig. 74)
on each lift entering corresponding recesses in an adjacent lift or in the heel.
These projections may, as shewn, be made hollow so that a peg 15b (also cemented)
can be driven through the whole series of lifts and project into a hole 15° smeared
with cement and made either in the heel 15ª, or as is preferable in a plug of
⚫ rubber 15° embedded in the heel the better to hold the peg 15°. The protectors
are put into position for use while sufficiently warm to render the cement on them,
on their seats, and in the hole 15° of the nature of a lubricant. Fig. 7B is a section
of a heel which. for the purpose of holding a built-up protector in position has
screwed to it a plate 15' provided with spikes 15 at the back and vertical pins 158
which take the place and serve the purpose of the dovetail projections or
supports 13 on the top piece 14.
Fig. 8 is an underside view and Fig. 9 a longitudinal partial section of a boot
showing a protector 16 built-up of three lifts of leather 17 and impaled upon
spikes 15 that project from a metal plate 18 secured, at the bottom of the hole
containing the protector 16, by means of a rivet 19 to the middle sole 20. The
plate is coated while hot with cement before being put into position. 21 are
wooden pegs that fasten together the several lifts 17, and 22 are sparrow-bills. Io
order that fresh cement may adhere more firmly to the plate 18, spikes 15, and
sides of the hole, as well as to the bottom and sides of the protector 16, these are
made sufficiently hot by the application of an instrument illustrated in longitudinal
section by Fig. 10 and in end view by Fig. 11. This instrument receives heat and
stores it in a large metal boss 23 and this heat is transmitted to the plate 18,
spikes 15, and the sides of the hole, by a smaller boss or disc 24, which has
recesses or holes 25 in or through it for the spikes 15 to enter. 26 is a wooden
handle, which is connected to the boss 23 by a screw-threaded rod 26ª as is the
boss 23 to the disc 24. When intended for securing button-like studs in position,
a smaller working end such as shown in side view in Fig. 12 may be substituted for
that shown in Figs. 10 and 11.
The heel shown in Figs. 8 and 9 is provided with a metallic top piece 27
preferably of aluminium alloy containing two hexagonal protectors 27ª and an oval
protector 27, each of the protectors 27 being built-up of three lifts of leather in
the way hereinbefore described and the hole receiving the protector 27" which is
built up of three lifts of india rubber having a recess 27° for the insertion of an
extracting instrument. The top-piece 27 is bevelled at the edge as shown at 27.
Half oval heel-lifts may, especially when consisting of india rubber or the like,
be in the case of each heel secured on a dovetail top-piece of the kind shown in
Figs. 6 and 7 by means of a metal bar such as 28 shown in dotted lines in Figs. 6
and 7 secured by set-screws passing through the dovetail-projections 13 and
screwing either into them or into nuts let into the upper side of the top-pieces, the
said heel-lifts being, of course, originally of sufficient thickness to be compressed
and thereby gripped by the bar 28. By inserting a lift of malleable iron or other
suitable metal between the bar 28 and the india rubber or like lifts so as to cover
and protect the latter, the economy that results from the use of metal as a wearing
surface can be obtained whilst retaining the cushioning advantages of rubber or
the like.
When making the protectors of oval form in plan (so that they can be turned
halfway round from time to time in order to make the wearing surface wear level
and thus avoid waste), I prefer to cast the top-pieces in which they are retained in
the heel of aluminium alloy, and as an additional security against their coming out
of position when in use, I tap each top-piece in one or more places with a feinale
sorew, into which. I insert a male screw with a point that can be made to dig or
press into the side or periphery of the protector, in such a manner as to secure
the end in view. Fig. 13 is an underside view of a top-piece 28 provided with two
male screws 28 passing into the periphery of an oval protector 28° for this purpose.
To the same end I sometimes impale a built-up leather protector ou fixed upright

page_text: nails. I also sometimes use a thin band of metal 28ª (Fig. 13^) held in position by
screws 28 in such a manner that it can be drawn tightly against the side or
periphery of the protector 28°, so as to squeeze it, and thus effectually hold it in
position with but a very slight thickness of material surrounding the side or
periphery, which it is desirable should be as nearly in line with the edge of the
heel as possible; or I make such a thin band of steel a fixture, and trust to
retaining the built-up protector in position by varying its size or form.
When the wearing surface of protectors is to be extended by the addition of
rings attached to their peripheries as described in the Specification of Letters
Patent granted to me and numbered 2001 of 1893, I sometimes notch the
peripheries, so that the rings may be got into position more easily; also I take care
to make the side of the ring that is not much exposed to wear in use as light as is
compatible with the strength required. By this means I gain an additional
advantage for those protectors that are worn near the toes; because were the
hindmost part of a ring in this position not thinner than the front part, the ring
would be tilted in the act of walking. I also sometimes make the part of the ring
that is most exposed to wear in use as thick as other consideratious will allow.
This device is especially serviceable under the toes, and I sometimes make the
studs worn there with one or more straight or flat sides, and the ring adapted to fit
these sides. Fig. 14 is an underside view and Fig. 14ª a cross section of a metal
ring 29 for a toe-stud and Figs. 8 and 9 show the ring 29 and its stud 30 in position
on a boot. It will be seen that the ring 29 is thicker at the front than at the back
and has three straight or flat sides 31 for its recess, which is formed by a web 32
and into which the stud 30 fits.
I also use metallic (such as just referred to) rings with bevelled sides as shewn
at 29 Fig. 9 or with webs (as 32 Figs. 8 and 9) in connection with fastening
screws described in the Specification of Letters Patent No. 12084 of 1891, either
by direct contact, or through the interposition of a pad such as 43 shown in Fig. 19
hereinafter described.
I may too fasten metallic rings with nails, or with spikes extending from them,
into renewable foundations embedded in, say, cycle-tyre cement, and may lodge
resilient material in the centre of these rings.
I cast these rings for extending the wearing surface of protectors of malleable
iron, and sometimes clean or smooth the inside with a small wheel of emery or
corundum or like material. I sometimes retain these rings in position without a
web, by making the wearing surface of the stud that they surround of greater
diameter than the surface that rests on the sole or heel and the inner side of the
ring to correspond with this-i.e. by making the contact surfaces of the stud and its
ring conical or bevelled as shown in Fig. 94 with reference to the ring 29ª and
stud 30. Such rings may be of steel stamped hot. I also make the rings with a
web for holding them, by casting metal round rings of L-section, which are
stamped out of tinned steel or iron and are arranged with their outside legs in an
upward position as shown in Fig. 15, which is a cross section of such a ring 33
being the ring of section and 34 the metal cast round it. Composite rings made
in this way may or may not be annealed and they do not require cleaning or
smoothing internally.
Metal rings may in like manner be cast round the top of perforated thimbles of
tinned steel, thus forming protectors. These are primarily intended for clog soles
into which they are sunk and held by cement as represented in section in Fig. 16,
in which 35 indicates a perforated thimble, 34 the metal ring cast round it, and
36 the cement part of which passes through the perforations of the thimble and
adheres to the wooden sole 37 of the clog. Or, as shown in section in Fig. 17,
metal 34 may be cast round the tops of shallow cups 38 which are also to be let
into the sole; but instead of being held by cement are to be screwed, as shown, to
a renewable base or foundation 37. Portland, Roman or other suitable cement,
or a plug of wood fastened with Käseleim-pulver (a well known cement made of
skimmed-milk cheese and quick lime), may be used for such a base or foundation.

page_text: These may also serve for holding the thimbles 35. When rubber and like studs
are cemented in position (whether their heads are surrounded by metallic rings or
not) material may be saved and increased firmness secured by making recesses in
the roots, and filling these recesses with solid cores that can be used repeatedly.
Such an arrangement is shown in Fig. 9, where a stud 40 is represented provided
with a recess filled with a wooden core 41. In applying the rings to clogs I prefer,
however, to hold them in position by wooden or other solid studs 42 (Fig. 18) of
cheap material fastened into recesses or holes in the soles by waterproof cement;
or by discs 43 (Fig. 19) of any suitable material fitting their centres, and either
nailed or screwed on renewable bases or foundations 44 that may be held in position
by say cycle-tyre cement, or let into recesses 45 (Fig. 20) and fastened by cement
in such a way that the cement will be protected from abrading influences; or, in
the case of rings cast upon L-shaped rings of stamped tinned steel, by movable
metallic discs locked in position by bayonet joints, the discs being prevented from
turning by pins or cement, or both-Fig. 21 shows a ring 34 held in position in a
clog-sole 37 by means of a disc 46 (shown in plan in Fig. 22) provided with a
number of key-hole like openings 47 adapted to allow of the passage of the heads
of pins or screws 48, which, when the disc 46 has been suitably turned, are forced
down upon the disc. Fig. 23 shows a handle provided with pins 49 adapted to
enter holes 50 in the dise 46 to enable the latter to be turned, and thereby unlocked,
by the said handle.
I also (as shown in section in Fig. 24), use metallic rings 51 of section (with
the outside leg in a downward position) to put round the heads 51 of resilient or
other protectors, and I retain them in position by either Jefferey's marine glue,
or such cement as is used for cycle tyres, or, as shown, by means of dished discs 51
of light material (as thin steel, or aluminium) held in position by the nut 51° of a
screw, the head 514 of which is sunk in or near the centre of the protector in such
a manner as to enable it to be protected from wear in use by the _ section ring.
I also sometimes extend the wearing surface of a ring 51 inwards as shown in
Fig. 244, so that it becomes more like a dish, thus dispensing with a separate dished
disc. Such wearing material I propose either to cast in malleable or other iron, or
to stamp out of the iron for example wasted in the manufacture of such articles as
shovels. When metal in this form is worn on a protector of resilient material
1 may have the very hardest case-hardened steel exposed to wear, along with the
cushioning advantages that are gained by the use of the resilient material to which
the hard wearing surface is attached and rests upon, and which completely protects
the resilient material from wear and serious deterioration.
In order to prevent the weight of the wearer from causing metallic rings to sink
into the sole or heel on which they are worn, I sometimes employ extended metallic
surfaces for them to rest upon, in the form of plain or perforated washers of, say,
thin steel or tinned steel, or "golden steel," or aluminium, or platinoid. These thin
washers also serve to prevent the sole or heel from being worn when the heads of
the studs are not renewed so soon as they ought to be; or when they become very
much worn on one side, as is frequently the case under the toes. The centres of
the washers may be made to project into the holes that they surround so as to
prevent them from moving laterally.
Figs. 25 and 26 are respectively an underside view and a longitudinal section of
the toe portion of a boot in which is secured an extended metallic surface or
plate 52 of the kind just mentioned. This plate is provided with holes to receive
the necks of studs 53, which are surrounded by metal rings 30.
provided on the plate 52, which are intended to support the rings 30 at the back
Projections 54 are
when they are kicked against any obstacle in walking; the projections 54 may, as
shown in Fig. 25, be formed by the heads of screws serving to hold the plate 52 in
position. The roots of the studs 53 are received in recesses made in the sole 55
behind the plate 52 and the inner side of the plate 52 is coated with cement in
order that the roots of the studs may be the better held. In order to give increased
holding power and to prevent water from getting in between the plate 52 and the

page_text: sole 55, the inner and peripheral sides of the plate 52 are coated while hot with
cement and the plate is put into position in a warm condition.
As shown in Fig. 27, rings 56 of the kind just referred to may have their
peripheries turned up so as to surround the edges of, in such a manner as to
support, the studs or metallic rings 30, when these are placed round the heads of
studs; they may, too be fastened down by nails, prongs 56, or the like at or near
their edges and may serve to hold sockets in position; and they may be embedded
on Chatterton's or other suitable cement. Projections for securing such washers to
soles may be formed on them by stamping. Such a washer may be slipped upon a
protector before it is put into position, it being put into a recess in any suitable
material with a hole for the root of the stud at the centre of the recess, and the
root being then passed through it; or the washer may be placed on the stud when
the latter is in position for use, the washer being then split radially so as to be
passed into a radial slit in the head of the stud, and then turned so as to pass under
the head in a manner similar to that in which a key is put upon a key ring.
Top pieces of aluminium alloy may be covered with porcelain-enamel, silico-
enamel, or any other suitable enamel, or Crease's enamel paint; or they may be
coated with copper according to Professor Neesen's process, the copper be then
oxidised where it is exposed to view; should the black surface thus formed happen
to become damaged, ordinary boot-blacking may be applied to the exposed surface
but the blacking must be allowed to dry before being polished by means of a
brush; blacking treated as it usually is on leather is of little use on aluminium
alloy. But in order that ordinary blacking, or other polishing material, may be
used quite effectively, I sometimes, as shown in underside view in Fig. 28, cover
the edge of a top-piece of aluminium alloy with a band 57 of leather, or of iron,.
shrunk on.
The leather is stretched round into its place while wet, and securely
fastened by small sprigs or nails of iron driven into holes made for the purpose.
In order to make the aluminium alloy or other metallic top-picces as light as
possible, I make recesses 58 (Fig. 28) in them and I close these recesses by forming
over them in the process of casting thin sheets of the material of which the top-
pieces are made.
The web 59 of the oval hole of the top-piece shown in Fig. 28 is provided with
small webs 59 placed at right angles to it for strengthening purposes.
This
device is of especially value where the oval hole is placed as near the edge of the
top-piece as may be in order that the stud may be in line or thereabouts with the
heel.
In some cases I make recesses in the walls of the holes of protectors to receive
any suitable cement, whether these walls are formed by top-pieces or not.
Figs. 29 and 30 are respectively a section and a plan representing a composite
top-piece consisting of a sheet 60 of aluminium alloy and a sheet 60* of leather,
gutta-percha, or the like; the necks of the studs are in this case located in the
sheet of aluminium alloy and their roots in that of leather or the like.
A web that surrounds an undercut recess, such as described in the Specifications
of Letters Patent granted to me and numbered 13170 of 1891 and 2001 of 1893,
cannot be used for retaining studs that are made of very rigid material. I therefore
propose to cut a slot 61 in a web 62 provided for round or button-like studs of
such material, as shown in Fig. 31, and a slot 63 in the root of such a stud, as
shown in plan in Fig. 32, and to twist the stud into position by means of the slots.
When the webs are of leather I facilitate this operation by keeping pieces of wet
sponge in their recesses until the webs are sufficiently pliable to allow one end of
each to be pulled into a position favourable for receiving the root of the stud that
is intended for it. A mark 64 may be made, as indicated by a dotted line in
Fig. 32, in the head of the stud to indicate the relative positions of the 'slots.
I propose to use studs of vulcanized, or partially vulcanized, asbestos graphite, in
this manner.
The device just described for fastening studs in position is particularly valuable
in the case of a clog having a retaining web formed by a sheet of metal secured:

page_text: on the sole or heel. As it is sometimes difficult to turn the studs with unaided:
fingers I have devised for the purpose a pair of cheap forceps which are shown in
plan and side elevation in Figs. 33 and 34 respectively; they are either cast or
stamped out of sheet metal and are provided with a simple pin-joint. 65 such as is
used for ordinary scissors. The roots of round studs of resilient materials more
readily spring into position in the recesses in which they are retained, when they
are given a turn or two by their heads, and the forceps just referred to are useful
for this purpose also. They are, too available for partially rotating toe-studs when
they need to be so turned on account of being worn on the most exposed side
i.e. when these are not fastened with cement.
When making undercut recesses in leather aud like material, so as to form webs
for retaining the roots of replaceable studs, I take care that the material shall be
of uniform thickness throughout, by. rolling it under pressure, or by putting it
through a splitting machine, or other well known means, as may be most convenient;
and in making the recesses I sometimes now use a new form of auger of the kind
described by Mr. Forstner in the Specifications of the United States Patents
Nos. 155148 and 336709, in which the edges of the cutting band and the cutting
lip, or lips, of the auger are all in the same horizontal plane, so that the cutting
band cannot leave any useless and weakening cut where the web joins the body of
the solid material out of which it is formed.
Figs. 35 and 36 are elevations partly in section and taken at right angles to each
other, showing an auger according to this invention, 66 indicating the cutting band
and 67 the position of the cutting lips. In order to prevent the auger from
penetrating too far, I put a metallic ring 68 round it provided with a lip or
flange 68 that rests upon the top of the cutting band 66. The ring 68 is held
down by a device 69 clamped to the stern 70 by means of bolts 71, with sufficient
security to withstand the force used in turning the auger. As an alternative, a
casting 72 (see Fig. 37) may be secured to the stem 70 of the auger, the bottom
of which casting is turned or bored so as to fit round the cutting band, ample
room being provided for the exit of the shavings. When I make the recesses
with this improved auger only, I also use a punch or annular knife fitted with a
solid core that prevents it from penetrating beyond the depth required; Fig. 38 is
a sectional elevation of this punch, 73 indicating the annular operative edge
and 74 the core. Such a punch is also of service in marking the positions that
the recesses are to occupy, a template, or a lithographed or other drawing, being
used to indicate these positions with respect to either side of the material. When
I wish to secure the most perfect accuracy in locating the positions of the studs,
I indicate them on the side of the sole, or heel, on which the studs are intended to
be worn, and in each case first punch or bore a central hole for the neck of the
stud. Into this hole I then put a gauge (shown in section in Fig. 39) the stem 75
of which fits the bole, while the head 76 (which is quite thin) fits into the punch
shown in Fig. 38. I then strike a blow on the head of the punch, and thereby
secure a mark that indicates the position that the recess is to occupy. Having
taken the gauge out of the hole, I may then use the punch to cut the side of the
intended recess to its proper depth. Then I may use an auger such as described
by Mr. Forstner in the specifications of the United States Patents herein before
referred, to, to cut out the recess and then finish with one of the improved augers
herein before described; or I may perform the whole of the cutting with one of
the last mentioned augers.
The improved augers hereinbefore described are also suitable for making shallow
recesses, into which discs. of leather or resilient material may be cemented in such
a manner that the cement shall not be seriously exposed to abrading influences.
In order, that the web for securing a protector shall be firmer than the material
out of which it is formed, I may as shown in vertical section in Fig. 39 cover the
web 82 with a sail or sacking eyelet 82ª with or without a ring 82b which may have
an upwardly extending flange 82° and is clamped between the eyelet and the web.
But according to the method I prefer for making stud holes in leather or the like-

page_text: I first punch or bore the hole for the neck of a stud, making it of less diameter
than that of the neck for which it is intended (e.g. for a half inch neck I first
make a quarter inch hole). I then soak the leather sufficiently and force through
the hole 77 (Fig. 40), the leather 78 resting on a suitable support 79, a tapered
drift 80 provided with a head 81, the size (in plan) of the recess to be formed,
thus swelling the hole 77 out to the desired size, and, by exerting powerful
pressure on the head 81 of the drift as it rests upon the web 82, compressing the
web to the extent desired. By using hydraulic or other powerful pressure, the
recesses may be thus formed without the employment of an auger. In some cases
the recess for the root may be partly made by means of the punch shown in Fig. 38
and one of the augers hereinbefore mentioned before making the neck hole, and in
these cases a washer of suitable size is inserted in the recess so made to serve as a
guide in boring or punching the neck hole. When a hole has been made or finished
by compression, as just described, there may be inserted into it a core (adapted to
fit the hole) of Darcey's alloy or other suitable alloy or metal for the leather to
dry upon. In moulding the web in this way it is advantageous to give the inside
or bottom, of the recess a slight concavity, which, when the leather is dry again,
greatly facilitates the entrance of the root of the stud into position.
Fig. 40 shows a slightly modified arrangement for forming a stud-hole according
to this method, 78 being the leather in which the hole is being formed, 79* a
tubular support having its upper end 79* of suitable shape to form the concave
bottom of the recess and being adapted to fit the upper cylindrical part 80° of the
drift 80, whose lower part is tapered. 79 a plate to support the leather and 79° a
metal plate resting on the leather 78 and provided with a slight depression 79d to
assist in forming the concavity in the bottom of the stud hole or recess. If, in a
finished boot, a web made in this way (but not bushed with an eyelet) expand, in
consequence of being wet, so as to render the neck-hole too small, a metal plug
such as shown in Fig. 41, having a tapered screw-threaded end 82, may be screwed
into the neck hole so as to expand it, and the web be then dried with the plug
therein. Such a plug may also be used for pulling a web outwards so as to render
its inner side concave in order to give abundant room for the root of a stud to
So desirable is the concavity in
expand therein when placed in position for use.
the bottom of a recess that I sometimes put a piece of wet sponge into a recess in
a finished boot or the like and keep it there long enough to soften the leather
sufficiently and I then draw the web slightly outwards and thereby form the.
concavity. But instead of making the bottoms of recesses concave, the roots of
studs may be made of slightly less thickness than the sockets or holes in which
they are held where this is convenient, as in the case of metallic top pieces.
I sometimes dish the undersides of the heads or wearing surfaces of studs so that
they will fit tightly over the flat surfaces that they rest upon. Studs thus dished
are held more tightly in position. Fig. 41 is a section of a stud the underside 82
of the head of which is dished as just referred to, and, as I prefer, is made less
concave, as shown, than the wearing surface 82b is convex, so that when the neck
of the stud has drawn the concave side flat against the sole, the wearing surface
will still be convex. I also make the necks of studs both shorter and of greater
diameter than the holes they pass through, in order that by being stretched when
in position the heads will be drawn tightly against their seats and the holes will-be
so tightly filled in consequence of the compression of the necks that by these
combined influences the studs will be more firmly held in position, and dirt will be
effectually excluded from the holes. For putting the studs into position I use an
instrument resembling a blunt screw-driver slightly curved near the point, as
shown in side view, in Fig. 42.
Though I have confined myself to a description of the formation of one hole
and one recess, it will be understood that when steam or other mechanical power
and suitable apparatus are available, a number of holes can be punched or bored,
at one operation, and a number of recesses made likewise.
. Instead, however, of making holes or sockets in the way herein before described,
C

page_text: I may construct a sole of two thicknesses, lifts, or layers, and punch or otherwise
make holes in, one of the layers for the necks of the studs, and holes to serve as
recesses for the roots in the other. The outer of the two layers may be of superior
quality to the inner one.
Metallic sockets may be used in lieu of webs and recesses cut out of the solid
sole or heel for holding round studs (whether in the case of new boots or the
like, or as substitutes for webs that have become damaged) and I sometimes make
them of two pieces of stamped aluminium, which are clenched and held together
without solder.
Fig. 43 is a section of such a socket; one piece 83 is of cup-like form and
provided with a wide flange 84, which is turned over, as shown, and clenched
upon a thin peripheral portion 85 of the other anpular piece 86 the body of which
is thicker than the piece 83. I countersink the holes or recesses into which
these sockets are to fit, so that the outer surfaces of the sockets may be even, or
nearly even, with the surface of the sole or heel in which they are placed. When
this may be advantageously done-as, say, when the holes for the sockets will
be a quarter of an inch or more in depth-I bore or punch the holes for such
sockets in leather soles, to a somewhat less diameter than that of the sockets
(making, say, ag inch hole for a 8 inch socket), then soak the leather in
water, expand the holes by means of a tapered drift and finally insert the
sockets, which will be more firmly retained in position by the tendency of the
leather to regain its original form. I also make sockets of other metals, such as
Bessemer steel, "golden steel," or other steel, brass, Sivadi metal or Sivadi
bronze. When the sockets are of materials that can be soldered or brazed
together the outer part 87 of these sockets, which are illustrated in section in
Fig. 44 and in underside view in Fig. 45, may be stamped either hot or cold or
cast, the inner cup-like part 88 being stamped, and soldered or brazed, to the
former. The outer part 87 may be made with radial projections 89 for fastening
it in position by means of rivets or screws, and may, together with these projec-
tions, be reduced in thickness in a lathe so as to be made lighter than it could
be cast satisfactorily. The exposed part of such a socket forms a suitable
surface for a metallic wearing ring such as 29 (Fig. 9) to rest upon.
fastening sockets into soles with short rivets, I use thin washers or discs of tinned
steel, platinoid, or aluminium for the rivets to be clenched upon.
In
Sockets of aluminium for oval studs may be made by stamping in the same
way as round ones. Oval sockets may, too, be made of other metals, the outer
part being cast or stamped and the inner stamped, the two being soldered,
brazed or clenched together, as hereinbefore described with reference to sockets
for round studs.
For the strongest and heaviest boots a web may be formed on the outer part or
flange of oval sockets, so as to form an L or a T in section. Such a web may
have nail-like projections extending from it for the purpose of holding the socket
to which it is attached in position. When the section is L-shaped I may fasten
the socket into position by means of nails or the like passing through the bottom
of the inner or cup-like part. When the section is T-shaped I sometimes make
the outer portion of the flange wide enough to enable holes to be made in it for
nails or screws for fastening it in position; and for determining quickly and
accurately the position of the holes for the fastenings in both the bottom or cup-
like part and the flange, or in the flange alone as the case may be, I employ a gauge
or template of common cast iron, which fits the neck-hole of the flange and has a
shoulder adapted to bear against the latter and which serves also as a drift with
which the socket may be tightly hammered into position without injury.
Nails for holding sockets may be placed outside them, but with their heads over-
lapping the edges of the sockets. I sometimes dispense with nails or the like for
holding sockets in position, and use cycle-tyre cement in lieu thereof, and in this
case I sometimes make the sockets of perforated material so as to give the cement
a better hold thereon. In the case of oval sockets in which studs with protruding

page_text: ps are to be worn I sometimes make the flanges to extend considerably outside
be rows of fastening nails or screws so as to form firm rests for the protruding lips
f the studs to lie upon. The periphery of such a flange I sometimes reduce to a
hin edge, and mould the protruding lip of the corresponding stud so as to fit the
eriphery of the flange and thus prevent the latter from being seen when the stud
s in position for use."
Fig. 45 is a longitudinal vertical section of a heel provided with a socket of
alf oval form in plan, having a flange 90 that extends outwards to a considerable
extent so as to support the protruding lip 90* of the stud 90' held by the socket;
he edge portion of the flange 90, which is nailed to the boot, is reduced to a thin
edge and corresponds in shape to that of the lip 90. By filling up with leather
the space 90° between the stud 90° and the stud or studs 90° and around the latter,
the heel may be made to look almost like an ordinary boot heel, when new.
In order to add to the wear resisting qualities of the protruding lips of studs,
I sometimes fit metal plugs into countersunk or other vertical holes in the studs.
The unexposed stems or parts of these plugs may be made hollow and the plugs
may be secured in holes that are of less diameter than the stems, partly by the
pressure thus obtained and partly by means of Jefferey's marine glue or other
suitable cement, which is applied to the plugs when they are in a suitably heated
condition and also to the holes. A portion of the protruding lip of such a stud
may be cut off, and a metallic ring attached to the stud as shown in Figs. 46
and 47, which are respectively a plan and an end view of a metallic heel top-
piece 91 containing an india rubber stud 92 which has a rear portion of its lip cut
off and has attached to it a metallic ring 93, which, like the rings 29 herein before
described, has an inwardly projecting flange and gradually reduces in thickness
from the part most exposed to wear (in this case the rear part, which may be
made of the same depth as the stud 92) to the part least exposed to wear (in this
case the front part) and which ring is provided at the back with a projection 94
that fits in a corresponding recess in the top piece 91 in order to prevent the
ring 93 from being forced forward by the impact of the heel upon the ground in
the act of walking.
In order to avoid the trouble of packing the seats or sockets of partially worn
oval studs with cement before replacing them after taking them out and turning
them over, I use in the place of the cement, a piece of rubber, or similar substance,
moulded to suitable form, Fig. 48 is an underside view and Fig. 49 a longitudinal
section of such a packing piece, 95 being an oval boss thercon to fit a recess in a
stud the bottoms of the sockets may be bulged in so as to serve an analogous
purpose as shown at 96 in Fig. 50, which is a section of a socket 97 holding such a
stud 98.
When the outside or flange part of a socket has to be made of half oval or
approximately half oval, shape, so as to be suitable for a heel tip or stud, I form
the inside or cup-part by stamping-preferably by means of a drop stamp-as I
The outside or
thereby get the corners produced in a highly satisfactory manner.
flange-part 99 of a half oval socket may, as shown in Fig. 51, which is a section of
such a socket, be made with a web 100 forming an L section along the straight
side (as shown on the left hand side of Fig. 51) and a T-section along the curved
side (as shown on the right hand side of Fig. 51) or the part 99 may be omitted so
that there will be an L section all round; the cup part 101 of the socket is secured to
the part 100 by soldering or brazing. A very advantageous way of using such a
socket as that shown in Fig. 51 is to embed it in a heel-lift with its upper and
under surfaces flush with the upper and under surfaces respectively of the lift (so
that there may be no need to reduce the periphery of such a flange to a thin edge
and to so mould the protruding lip of the corresponding studs that they shall fit
the periphery of the flange thus thinned, as bereinbefore described), and to arrange
5 this lift as near as possible to the split-lifts in order that the stud that is held by
the socket may be as thick as possible.
In order to introduce with facility a spatula or other instrument for forcing

page_text: down into position the lip that runs along the straight side of the root of a
protector of the half oval type, I sometimes have a recess or slot extending from
the wearing surface to the lip, but this is not necessary.
When sockets for
renewable heel tips are formed in, or are a part of, top-pieces formed of metal,
I make a deep slot along the straight side of the half oval recess, in order that a
deep lip may project from the root of the protector into it, so that I am thus able
to put the protector into position with facility however thick and rigid the wearing
portion may be.
I secure economy in the use of renewable studs by adding to their heads or
wearing surfaces from time to time in the following manner. Taking for an
example round studs having heads an inch in diameter, necks half an inch in
diameter and a sixteenth of an inch long, and roots three quarters of an inch
in diameter and an eighth of an inch thick, I make, say, a dozen holes of half an
inch in diameter through a slab of any suitable material a sixteenth of an inch
thick, and I put the roots of a dozen studs through these holes, so that their necks
'fit into them; I then make a dozen holes, each three quarters of an inch in
diameter and an eighth of an inch deep, for the roots to rest in, in another slab of
any suitable material; and I place the two slabs together in such a manner that
the studs occupy a position analogous to that which they would have when placed
in a boot-sole. I now punch out of a sheet of rubber of suitable thickness and
quality, discs one inch in diameter and round or hexagonal or of other suitable
form in plan, and, having carefully cleaned one side of each of these discs and
what have been the wearing surfaces of the studs, with a file, or sandpaper, or
both, I smear these two cleaned surfaces with india rubber solution or the like, and
put them together; I then make a dozen holes, each one inch in diameter, in
another slab of any suitable material and thickness and place this slab on the first
mentioned slab so that the heads of the studs protrude through it to about half
their thickness, and I finally put the frame in which the studs are held
into a letter-copying or other suitable press and subject the studs to pressure
therein.
Fig. 52 shows a partial section of a frame such as just described, with one of the
inserted studs in position, 104 indicating the root-slab, 105 the neck slab, and
.106 the head-slab, 104ª the root of the stud, 105* its neck, 106° its head, and
106 the disc added to the wearing surface. I also manufacture studs by joining
three discs together after this manner. When, however, the surface of a protector
that has to receive an addition is not even or parallel to the underside, I fix it
firmly in a hole in such a manner that the uneven part protrudes. This I then
shave off so as to get a flat surface. It will be readily understood that the flat
edge of the hole guides the knife used in the operation and that the surface is
consequently parallel to the base on which it rests. Having cemented a new
wearing piece to this flat surface in the manner just described, I put it under
pressure, and leave it there as long as necessary. A frame similar to that
described for adding to the heads or wearing surfaces of protectors may be used
for attaching a new lift to the root side of a protector in building it up according
to the method set forth in the earlier portion of this specification.
In making studs of very soft rubber, I score the wearing surface with one or
more furrows radiating from the centre, so as to prevent them from clinging when
in use, to smooth or wet surfaces in consequence of the formation of vacua,
1 sometimes, however, make the wearing surfaces of studs convex in which case
scoring is unnecessary.
I sometimes adopt vulcanite as an inner sole for the roots of studs to rest upon,
as being practically waterproof, very thin, and pliable. In the case of a middle
sole that I do not wish to be waterproof, I sometimes use perforated vulcanized
fibre or vulcanite. I sometimes, however, cement patches of leather or any other
suitable material, which should be waterproof and flexible and strong enough to be
used over (i.e., on the inside of) the recesses for the studs or sockets in lieu of a
middle sole.

page_text: It will be readily understood that some of the devices hereinbefore descrive
plicable to heels may be also applied to soles, and vice versa.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of the said inven-
n and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what I
im is:-
1. Building up a removable protector composed of lifts or layers of wearing
aterial such as leather, india rubber or metal, to compensate for wear by
moving the protector from the hole, socket, or recess in a boot or the like in
hich it is normally held, fastening a lift or layer of wearing material to what has
een the inner or underside of the protector and securing the protector in its hole,
ocket or recess with the new lift or layer innermost, substantially as hereinbefore
escribed.
2. For building up a protector for a boot or the like as referred to in the
receding claim, a lift or layer of cast or moulded material having a projection
r projections extending from one side and a recess or recesses in the reverse side
dapted to receive the projection or projections of a similar lift, substantially as
erein before described.
3. A built-up boot protector composed of lifts or layers of material having
heir adjacent surfaces provided with corresponding projections and recesses the
one fitting into the other and secured together by the aid of cement, substantially
as described.
4. In a boot or the like, a protector built up of layers of resilient material and
held in place in a hole in the boot or the like by the aid of cement substantially as
described.
5. In a boot or the like, a protector built up of layers of inelastic material and
held in place in a hole in the boot or the like by spikes and cement substantially as
described.
6. A protector comprising a number of superposed rings secured to a boot or
the like by means of a central disc and bolt, substantially as hereinbefore
described.
7. A protector held in position on the heel of a boot or the like by means of a
vertical projection which is fixed to the heel and on which the protector is slid,
spikes screws or cement being used as additional holding means, substantially as
described.
8. A protector held in position on the heel of a boot or the like by means of
vertical dovetails, substantially as hereinbefore described.
9. The combination of a metallic heel top piece, a protector of elastic or yielding
material inserted therein, and screws extending through the said metallic heel top
piece and into the periphery of the said protector so as to fix the same in place,
substantially as described.
10. The combination of a metallic heel top-piece, an oval protector inserted
therein, and a thin band of metal secured to the said top piece and bearing against
the periphery of the protector so as to hold it in position, substantially as
hereinbefore described.
11. Providing the retaining web of a socket or holding device containing a
renewable boot protector with short webs or ribs arranged at right angles to the
web substantially as herein described for the purpose specified.
12. A metal ring secured to the sole or heel of a boot or the like and made with
the portion more exposed to wear thicker than the portion less exposed to wear
0 substantially as hereinbefore described.
13. A metal protector ring for boots and the like consisting of a thin tinned stee
or iron ring of L section, perforated thimble, or shallow cup and metal cast around
the same substantially as described and shown.
14. A washer secured in position on the sole or heel of a boot or the like an
55 provided with a turned up edge, and a protector having its head supported i
position by said edge substantially as described and shown.

page_text: :
'
"
15. A top-piece of aluminium alloy for a boot or the like coated with porcelain
enamel, substantially as described.
16. An aluminium alloy top-piece for a boot or the like, coated with oxidized
copper, substantially as herein before described.
17. An aluminium alloy top-piece for a boot or the like, provided with a band of
leather or iron, substantially as herein before described.
18. A protector having a root provided with a slot so as to enable the said
root to enter a slot made in a retaining web of a sole or heel and to be brought
into position below the said web by twisting the protector, substantially as herein-
before described with reference to and shewn in Figs. 31 and 32 of the drawings
annexed.
19. For making recesses for protectors in the soles of boots or the like, an auger
of the kind herein before referred to having all its cutting edges in the same plane,
substantially as described and shown.
20. My improved auger for making recesses for protectors in the soles or heels
of boots and the like; constructed and arranged substantially as hereinbefore
described with reference to and shown in Figs. 35 and 36, and as modified according
to Fig. 37, of the accompanying drawings.
21. In the sole or heel top piece of a boot or the like, providing a recess for the
root of a protector with a retaining web strengthened by an eyelet with or without
a ring clamped between the eyelet and the web, substantially as described and
shown.
22. In a sole or heel top piece of a boot or the like a recess for the root of a
protector provided with a retaining web that has been consolidated by pressure
while wet and strengthened by an eyelet with or without a ring clamped between
the eyelet and the web substantially as hereinbefore described.
23. In making a hole in leather or the like for receiving a boot or like
protector, punching or boring a hole for the neck of the protector and then
expanding the said hole and compressing the leather or the like to form a
retaining web by means of a tapered drift, substantially as herein before
described.
24. Making the retaining webs formed in leather soles and top-pieces of boots
and the like for holding renewable protectors, of concave form on their inner
surfaces substantially as described for the purpose specified.
25. A socket for a boot or like protector, made of two pieces of aluminium or
other suitable metal clenched together at the edges and thereby held without
solder, substantially as described and shown.
26. A metal socket for a boot or like protector, made of two pieces of metal of
which one is of cup-like form and thinner than the other, to which it is soldered,
brazed or clenched, substantially as described and shown.
27. My improved metallic sockets for boot or like protectors_constructed as
herein before described with reference to and shown in Fig. 43 and Figs. 44 and 45
respectively of the accompanying drawings.
28. A half oval metal socket for a boot or like protector, formed of two parts
the outer of which is provided with a flange forming an L or T in cross section,
whether the said flange have or have not projections extending from it for
holding the socket in position, substantially as herein before described.
29. A socket of approximately half oval form in plan adapted to be embedded
in a heel lift and formed with a rim or flange, and a protector or stud also of
approximately half oval form in plan and having a lip moulded to fit over the said
rim or flange and also the lift on which the rim or flange rests so as to hide the
latter substantially as described.
30. The combination with the heel of a boot or the like of a half oval metal
socket provided with a rim or flange through which pass nails or screws that
secure the socket to a lift of the heel and a protector fitting in the said socket,
extending over and moulded to fit the periphery of the said flange, and with or
without metal plugs, substantially as hereinbefore described.

page_text: 31. The combination of an oval metal socket provided with a flange through
which pass nails or screws that secure the socket in a boot or the like, and a
protector fitting in the said socket, extending over the said flange having a
portion of its lip cut away, and being provided with a metal ring thicker at the
part most exposed to wear, substantially as described and shown.
32. A metal top-piece provided with a half oval recess fitted with a protector
having a thick or rigid wearing portion or head and having a deep slot along its
straight side adapted to facilitate the putting into position of the said protector
substantially as hereinbefore described.
33. Building up protectors of lifts under pressure by means of cement and
frames, substantially as hereinbefore described.
34. For use in securing protectors to boots and the like, a last having a heel
bearing portion mounted to oscillate on a movable fulcrum substantially as described
and shown.
35. The improved arrangements and combinations of parts hereinbefore described
with reference respectively to and shown in Figs. 1 and 2; in Figs. 3 and 4; in
Figs. 5, 6 and 7; in Figs. 8, 9, 94, 14 and 14^; in Fig. 16; in Fig. 17; iu
Fig. 18; in Figs. 19 & 20; in Figs. 21 and 22; in Figs. 24 & 24^; in Figs. 25
& 26; in Fig. 27; in Fig. 28; in Fig. 41; in Fig. 45^; and in Fig. 51 of the
drawings annexed.
+ .
1000