Improvements in and relating to Kilns for Baking Bricks, Pottery, Cement, and the like.
Year: 1898

page_text: Date of Application, 14th Jan., 1898-Accepted, 6th Aug., 1898
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in and relating to Kilns for Baking Bricks, Pottery,
Cement, and the like.
We, HUGO BEYER, Consulting Engineer, and FRIEDRICH RECKE, Master Brick-
maker, both of 12, Holzmarktstrasse, in the City of Berlin, in the Kingdom of
Prussia, German Empire, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and
in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and
ascertained in and by the following statement:-
Our invention has for its object a kiln for baking bricks, tiles, pottery, Portland
cement and the like, and enables the maximum utilisation of the fuel, whilst
ensuring great uniformity of baking.
The kilns at present ordinarily in use require that the materials to be
baked are set in high stacks, ascending vertically, through which the gases
of combustion pass, making a short, straight passage and then escaping to the
chimney.
Our kiln differs essentially from such kilns, the gases of combustion being led
in a spiral manner through the kiln. This is effected by providing the kiln with a
central column, and with a smaller laterally situated pillar, said column (which also
forms the chimney) and pillar having obliquely ascending openings or passages
in them. The materials to be baked are arranged in a number of superimposed
layers of spiral form around the central column, spaces being left between for
the gases of combustion to pass through. The gases ascend from one layer, to
the next higher, through the oblique passages in the column and pillar alternately;
thus ascending from the base of the kiln with a spiral course, until they reach the
chimney flue and escape.
In order to utilize the gases of combustion to a maximum extent, it is
advantageous to work several of such kilns in conjunction.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS.
Fig. 1 is a sectional plan view of three kilns arranged together, taken on the
line Q-R (Fig. 2).
Fig. 2 shows a vertical section on the line J-G (Fig. 1), looking towards the
front of the kilns, the column or chimney a' being removed.
Fig. 2 and 2 are detail view to be hereinafter referred to.
Fig. 3 is a vertical section to an enlarged scale through the column a, showing
the spiral arrangement of the materials to be baked.
Fig. 34, 38 and 3° are detail diagrammatic views to be hereinafter referred to.
Fig. 4 is a vertical section on the line D E F (Fig. 1) looking towards the
right.
Fig. 5 is a front elevation of the kilns, the hearths M M' being shown in
section.
Fig. 6 is a sectional plan view showing the construction of the upper part of the
kilns.

page_text: In Fig. 1 a system of three round kilns A, B, C is shown, such circular con-
struction being rendered necessary on account of the spiral form in which the
material to be baked is arranged.
The fire-places M, M1, M2 consist of the fire chambers e, e¹ e², the fire bars d,
d¹, d², the draught holes c, c1, c2 and the cavities f, f¹, f2 which serve also as ash
pits. At about the centre of each kiln is a massive column a, a¹, a², forming at
the same time the chimney. At the inner wall of each kiln are the narrow pillars
b, b1, b2. Both columns and pillars are provided with obliquely ascending openings
i, 11, 12, h, h1, h2 respectively, for conducting further the gases of combustion which
enter through e e¹ e² into the intermediate spaces s (Fig. 3), of the first or lowest spiral
formed by the material to be baked, as will be described in reference to Figs. 3, 34, 3B,
and 3. The course of the lowermost spiral in the kiln A (Fig. 1) is shown in dotted
lines. The two horizontal passages g, g¹, for enabling the three kilns to be worked
together, lead to the draught holes c, c¹, c² through exits o o¹ 02, and are shown in
dotted lines, whilst the vertical suction passage m is seen in full lines. 9 9¹9 2
indicate the feed doors.
The vertical section, Fig. 2, shows the kiln B and A, the column or chimney a
with its oblique openings i, and the chimney flue k, being seen in section. 61
indicates the narrow pillar of the kiln B, the oblique openings h¹ being shown
dotted. e e¹ indicate the fire chambers of the kilns A, B. The sets of vertical:
dotted lines within the kilns show the various spirals, to be described (Fig. 3).
Fig. 2ª is a detail view showing a side elevation of the column a, with obliquely
ascending openings i. Fig. 2 shows a similar side elevation of the pillar b' with
openings h¹.
Fig. 3, 34, 3B, 30 show the spiral manner in which the materials to be baked are:
arranged in the kiln A, when used for baking bricks.
The arrangement in the other kilns is the same.
The first or lowermost brick spiral commences at d (Fig. 3A) and is formed
(Fig. 3) of five rows of three bricks standing on edge, with the necessary
intermediate spaces 8 for the passage of the gases of combustion. On the top of
the five rows bricks are laid flatwise to form a closing and to give more stability
to the whole stack. In the same manner another spiral layer is then formed upon
the first one; through the round form of the kiln, a spiral being obtained which
ends at the bottom of the lowermost passage i. At the opposite and upper end of
the passage i, begins the second spiral (Fig. 3), which is likewise formed of two
layers, and ends at the bottom of the passage h, in the side pillar b. At the
opposite and upper end of the passage h commences the third spiral (Fig. 3c),
which ends at the bottom of the next higher passage i. In this manner the
spirals are continued, until at length, with the fifth spiral, the last and uppermost
oblique opening i in the column a is attained, which then ascends vertically
forming the chimney flue k. The gases of combustion which at d enter the
intermediate spaces s of the rows of bricks, are, by reason of the draught through
the draught holes c and chimney flue, drawn in through the various spirals and
oblique openings of the column a and pillar b. One single continuous spiral is
thus formed, impinged upon on all sides by the gases of combustion, whereby
uniform baking of the bricks is attained. This long spiral passage, which the
gases of combustion must travel along-on the scale given, nearly 200 metres-
brings about the thorough utilization of the gases in a most practical manner. The
single molecules of the gases passing along the spirals, are being continually
thrown aside from a straight path, the frictional movement thus caused ensuring
their fullest utilization.
The arrangement of connecting kilns together by suction passages, for the
purpose of working jointly, is best seen in Fig. 4. This view shows a section of
the column a²; chimney flue ² with the connecting pipes, joining the vertical
suction passage m with the chimney flues ², k¹; the horizontal suction passage g
with exit o; and the arrangement of the fire-place M with fire bars d, draught
hole c and cavity f.

page_text: This fire-place assures, in practical manner, the supply of a warm, rapid and
strong current of air, whereby complete combustion of the material and maximum
development of heat is attained.
If after completing the baking in the kiln C, it is desired to utilize the
remaining waste gases by conducting them over to the kiln A, to effect a further
baking there, the damper 2 in the chimney flue 2 (Fig. 4) must be closed,
and the damper p² of the conducting pipe 12 opened. The gases then pass down
the vertical suction passage m, to the horizontal passage g, and leaving at o, are by
the suction power of the chimney a drawn through f and e into the kiln A, and are
carried along through all the spirals of this kiln. In traversing this long passage
they intimately impinge upon the individual brick spirals and are thus utilized in
an economical manner, so that the maximum amount of warmth is attained.
In proceeding in the last named manner it is necessary to wall up the draught
hole c, the fire door e and exit o¹, and likewise close the dampers p p (Fig. 5) of
the conduction pipes l, I, so that no bye-draught may arise and so that a waste of
the heating gases may be avoided.
A particular advantage of this suction system is that the supply of combustion
gases is under complete control, so that the smoking of the bricks may be effected
in regular manner.
Further, it is clear from such utilization of the superfluous gases of combustion,
that after completion of the baking in the first kiln no additional smoking and
half-firing is at all necessary. A continuous working of the kiln is also attained
by this system.
Fig. 5 shows clearly the arrangement side by side of the pits fƒƒ³, fire holes e, e¹,
passage g and exits o o¹.
Fig. 6 shows the construction of the roof, which, however, if preferred, needs no
brickwork supports, but can rest on specially walled in iron girders.
Each of the kilns is open above and is covered with bricks, as to-day common
with Dutch kilns. This is the most practical manner, for should the arrangement
of the bricks be altered, the total height of the spiral will also be changed.
This system of kilns is also suitable for all the purposes of the pottery and
cement industries, being adaptable for any quantity of material, alteration of the
internal arrangement of each kiln being also easy.
Any number of kilns can be arranged side by side, or in double rows, by suitable
arrangement of suction and connecting pipes.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of our said inven-
tion, and in what manner the same is to be performed, we declare that what we
claim is :-
1. A kiln for baking bricks, pottery, cement and the like, consisting of one or
more round kilns of the form shown (A B C), round columns or chimneys (a, a', a²),
with obliquely ascending openings (i, 1, 2), pillars (b, 61, 62,) with obliquely
ascending openings (h, h1, h2,) fire-places (M M¹ M²), vertical suction passage (m),
horizontal suction passages (g g¹) with exits (o 01 02) to the fire-places, all sub-
stantially as above described.
2. Construction of the kiln as claimed in Claim 1, consisting of one or several
round kilns of the form shown (A B C), of any desired size and in any position.
Construction of the columns or chimneys (a a¹ a²) with obliquely ascending
openings (2); of the pillars (b b1 62) with obliquely ascending openings (h h¹ h²);
of the fire-places (M M² M²); of the vertical suction passage (m); of the horizontal
suction passages (g g') with exits (o o¹) to the fire-places, of any desired diameter
and in any position, all substantially as above described.
3. Application of the spiral manner of arrangement of the materials to be
baked, with intermediate spaces (s), in connection with the obliquely ascending
openings (2), the columns or chimneys (a a¹ a²), and the obliquely ascending
openings (hh h²) of the pillars (b 61 6²), changeable in any way desired, all
substantially as above described.

page_text: 4. Application of the system of suction, cousisting of the horizontal suction
passages (g g¹) with exits (o o¹) to the fire-places (M M' M²), the vertical suction
passage (m) with connecting pipes (12) to the chimney flues (k k¹ k²), in combi-
nation with the spiral manner of arranging the materials to be baked, as claimed in
Claim 3, of any desired diameter in any position and of any number, all substantially
as above described.
5. Construction of the fire-places (M. M¹ M²), consisting of the fire
chambers (e el e²), the ash pits (fff), the draught holes (c c¹ c²), in combination
with the spiral manner of arranging the materials to be baked, as claimed in
Claim 3, of any desired size and in any position, all substantially as above
described.
Dated his 19th
1000