WARMING, COOLING, AND CONDUCTING AIR IN HOUSES AND OTHER BUILDINGS, AND ALSO OF WARMING, COOLING, EVAPORATING. CONDENSING, AND TAKING THE RESIDUUM FROM LIQUIDS, AND TO OTHER USEFUL PURPOSES
Year: 1817

page_text: THE MARQUIS DE CHABANNES' SPECIFICATION.
TO ALL TO WHOM THE PRESENTS SHALL COME. I, JEAN FREDERICK
Marquis DE CHABANNES, send greeting.
WHEREAS His present most Excellent Majesty King George the Third,
did, by His Royal Letters Patent, under the Great Seal of Great Britain,
bearing date at Westminster, the Nineteenth day of December, in the fifty-
eighth year of Flis reign, give and grant unto me, the said Jean Frederick
Marquis de Chabannes, my executors, administrators, and assigns, His especial
licence, full power, sole privilege, and authority, that 1, the said Jean
Frederick Marquis de Chabannes, my executors, administrators, and assigns,
during the term of years therein expressed, should and lawfully might make,
use, exercise, and vend, within that part of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland called England, the Dominion of Wales, and Town of
Berwick upon Tweed, and also within the Colonies and Plantations abroad,
my improvements upon the Invention for which Letters Patent were granted
to me, the first bearing date the Sixteenth day of January, in the fifty-fifth
year of Elis present Majesty's reign, and the second bearing date the Fifth day
of December, in the fifty-sixth year of the same King, which improvements
are applicable to the purposes of "WARMING, COOLING, AND CONDUCTING AIR IN
HOUSES AND OTHER BUILDINGS, AND ALSO OF WARMING, COOLING, EVAPORATING.
CONDENSING, AND TAKING THE RESIDUUM FROM LIQUIDS, AND TO OTHER USEFUL
PURPOSES," and are partly of my own invention and partly communicated to
ne by a foreigner residing abroad, in such manner as to me, the said Jean
Frederick Marquis de Chabannes, my executors, administrators, and assigns,
should in our discretion seem meet; in which said Letters Patent is contained
a proviso that if 1, the said Jean Frederick Marquis de Chabannes, should
not particularly describe and ascertain the nature of my said improvements.

page_text: and the manner in which the same are to be performed, by an instrument in
writing under my hand and scal, and cause the same to be inrolled in His
Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar months next and
immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent, that then the said
Letters Patent, and all liberties and advantages whatsoever thereby granted,
should utterly cease, determine, and become void, as in and by the said
recited Letters Patent, relation being thereunto had, may more fully and at
large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Jean Frederick Marquis de Chabannes, do hereby declare that my said
improvements are particularly described and ascertained in the Drawings
hereunto annexed, and the following description thereof and references thereto
(that is to say)-
My improvements upon the conducting of air consist in making use of any
lamp operating as an air pump for ventilating bed rooms or other apartments,
(not as hath already been done in different lamps by a single tube, to take off
merely the smell and smoke of the burner itself.) but by employing the heat
produced by it so as to obtain a rarefaction, and cause a current of air thro
a double box or other contrivance to that effect. This rarefaction breaking
the equilibrium of the atmosphere, establishes a current which affords sufficient
ventilation for a single apartment. See Plate 1, Fig. 1; (a), lamp, reflecting
light into the chamber; (b), aperture thro' which the vitiated air passes
into the Hue or tube conducting it out; (c). passage for the smoke of the lamp;
(d), tube in which the rarefaction is occasioned by the heat of the lamp, and
drawing off the impure air of the apartment thro' the aperture (b). Also in
placing a box in the upper part of the apartment. having a communication
with the flue, which I denominate a ventilating box. See Plate 1, Fig. 2;
(a), damper, moving at will, so as to give more or less draught in the chimney
or more or less ventilation; (b), damper, to prevent the smoke coming into the
apartment when the tire is first lighted; (c), the damper down, shutting up the
flue when there is no fire. The effect of this part of my improvements is to
procure a very powerful ventilation when fire is lighted in the chimney below,
and affording the means of regulating at pleasure the size of the said opening
for ventilation, so as to increase or diminish its power. For ventilating
apartments wherein fire is not lighted, and for drawing the air in any chimney,
which is also a remedy against the effect of the wind, I make use of the
chimney ventilator described in the Specification of my former Patent, with
either a single or double cone, or of the improvement thercon shewn in Plate 1,
Fig. 3; (a), chimney flue; (b), arrow indicating from what quarter the wind blows;

page_text: (c, c, c, c), arrows shewing the direction the wind takes after it comes in contact
with the inclined plane (d), by which means a vacuum is caused at (e), which
facilitates the issue of the smoke or air, and causes it to go off' in the direction
shewn by the arrows (f). This ventilator, from its construction, draws a
current of air thro' any opening made from the upper part of the apartment
into the chimney flue or thro' any opening or tube having a direct communica-
tion with the said ventilator, and when there is not wind sufficient to make it
act I adopt, either in the chimney flue or in the tube attached to the said
ventilator, a fire or lamp for the purpose of forcing a current of air upwards at
all times, as see in Plate 1, Fig. 4. (a), inclined plane; (b, c), arrows, as in
Plate 1, Fig. 3. For all large buildings I make use of a voutilating furnace,
operating as an air pump, see Plate 1, Fig. 5; (a), fire-place; (b), pyramid
for supplying the coal; (c), ash pit; (d), flame and smoke acting on the cir-
cumference of the air pipes (e, e, e), which are in immediate contact with the
fire; (f), flue for the smoke to pass off; (h), recipient to receive the air from
any part of the building before it enters the pipes (e, c, e); (7), flue in which
the foul air passes off, and is aided in its ascent by the heat of the smoke
flue (f) which envelopes it. The object of this part of my improvements is
to draw off the impure air from any part by means of the rarefaction produced
in the pipes which compose the furnace by the heat of the, fire acting upon
their circumference, and may be effected either by one single conductor leading
from the part to be ventilated to the air chamber of the said furnace (let the
distance be ever so great), or by various conductors leading to the same point from
the clifferent situations where more than one are required to be ventilated. The
above-described furnace and the conductors leading to it may be used either
collectively or separately for ventilating mines, &c. For ventilating ships I make
use of the kitchen, cabin, or any other fire-place, which I cause to act as an air
pump, adapting to it the principle of the conductors by drawing the foul air from
the lower part of the vessel and causing a constant renewal of fresh air to
replace it. See Plate 1, Fig. 6; (a), fire-place; (b), tube carrying off the
smoke; (e), double tube in which the rarefaction is procured, and by means of
a pipe (d), carried down the side of the ship to any part where ventilation
is required, drawing the foul air up and consequently procuring a constant
renewal of fresh air to replace it. The mechanical power that I employ or
make use of to draw the air out, and which I denominate (a ventilating air
pump), is similar to a winnowing machine, and for which I only claim
its application as an air pump for the ventilation of all buildings or places
where men or animals respire. I do also claim the application of the winnow-
ing machine to draw out air from any chimney, flue, or any place where smoke

page_text: is caused to pass, which principle I have already specified in my former Patent.
And in drawing the air by this means I conduct it either under ground or in
any required direction or places, to any extent, and by causing it to pass thro
a rain or any cold. medium the smoke it contains is condensed and falls to the
bottom. My improvements upon warming air consist in applying my appa-
ratus to different purposes to which they may be applied, and which are not
mentioned in the Specification of my former Patent. 1st, to kilns for drying
corn, malt, hops, &c.. I make use of a calorifere fumivore furnace similar
in construction to the ventilating. furnace above described, which with the
additions hereunder described is applicable to the warming of buildings, and
which may be applied to a drying kiln, as in Plate 2, Fig. 1; (a), fire-place;
(6), pyramid for supplying coal; (c), ash pit; (d), flame and smoke acting on
the outer tubes; (e), tubes in which the grain is contained and dried;
(f), inner tubes pierced with small holes into which a current of air.is
admitted at (9), evaporating and carrying off the steam from the grain in the
tubes (e); (g). admission of cold air to the tubes; (f), (h), valves which are
open to discharge the grain underneath when dried, and which are shut.during
the time the grain is drying; (i), double tube affixed to the pipes nearest the
fire to prevent the effect of too powerful heat on the grain; (k), floor from
which the grain is thrown into the tubes (e). The same effect may also. he
produced by employing pipes heated by liquid or steam instead of fire:
2nd for ovens in general, I make use of the calorifere fumivore air furnace,
and construct them in brick or iron, upon the plan of that seen in Plate 2,
Fig. 2; (a), fire-place; (b), pyramid for supplying of cual; (c), ash pit;
(d), flame and smoke acting on the air pipes in its passage to the oven
flue (f), thro' which they pass over the oven into the main flue (9); (e), tubes
thro' which the hot air is admitted into the body of the oven; (h), body of the
oven; (), plate on which the loaves and articles to be baked are placed, and
introduced into the oven at one end and taken out at the other at (m);
(), chamber for admission of air to the pipes; (l), small valve for evaporation
of steam from the bread, &c., and to proportion the quantity of warm air in the
boily of the oven; (m, m), door at each end of the oven to introduce and draw
but the bread, &c. For warning carriages, rooms, and various situations
where fire cannot be made, I make use of a calorifere box placed in different
ways, according to the objects for which it is intended, see Plate 2, Fig. 3;
(a), the lamp (b), pipes of air warmed by the circulation of heat and 'smoke
from the lamp among them, as seen by the arrows which indicate their passage.
Another object of my improvements in the warming and conducting of air is
in applying warm air in lieu of vapour or steam, and which. I denominate

page_text: warm air bath, in which the temperature may be raised to a degree or heat
which vapour and steam would not admit of without affecting the skin of the
patient. The warm air bath may be used as a means of administering
remedies thro' the pores, which the state of the stomach will not permit to
be administered internally. And, 4thly, for warming air by steam, I make use
of cylinders or boxes containing a number of air pipes, which present a larger.
surface to the contact of caloric than the double cylinder in present use.
Sec
Plate 2, Fig. 4; (a), cylinder or box into which the steam is introduced;
.
(b), air pipes. Another part of my improvements in conducting of air is by
placing what I denominate an air purifier at the place where the cold air
enters; this purifier is composed of a box containing several slides of wire-
work, each finer than the other, the bottom having the largest openings, by
which means the air deposits in its passage thro' them the greatest part of the
particles of dust with which it is loaded; see Plate 2, Fig. 8; (a), box with
three slides; (b), one of the slides. My improvements upon warning liquids.
are applicable to boilers of every description; I place a tube attached to the
upper part of the boiler, into which the more rarefied water will ascend, and
carry this tube to any distance, according to the purpose intended, and return
it at the lower part of the boiler, as seen in Plate 8, Fig. 1; (a), boiler;
(b), tube by which. the water ascends; (c), tube communicating with the
bottom of the boiler at one end and with the tube (b) at the other, by which,
after the water has been conducted to the parts wanted, it returns to the
boiler, thereby producing a continual circulation of water thro' the boiler and
the various apparatus for different purposes which may be connected with it;
the idea of this part of my improvements is what was communicated to me
from abroad, but which I have subsequently improved in a very considerable
degree by my own experiments. Also to heating a greater quantity of liquid
from the same fire, and procuring from it a power of steam for other purposes,.
I make use of the said boiler and tubes, and cause the upper tube, into which
the rarefied water ascends, to communicate with a main tube or cylinder
above, and connected with a number of additional boilers, either of the same
or different shapes, and these boilers being joined to a main tube or cylinder
below, from whence the tube or the continuation of the tube originally issuing
from the upper part of the main boiler, is returned to the lower part, as before
described, for the purpose of effecting a constant circulation of water thro' the
boiler immediately in contact with the fire and the different apparatus which
are or may be connected to it. Plate 3, Fig. 2: (a), pipe communicating from
the top cylinder to the boiler; (b). five separate boilers, on the entire circum-
ference of which the flame and smoke act, and connected to the top cylinder

page_text: by five separate pipes (c, c, c, c, c), and by the pipes (d, d, d, d, d.) to the bottom
main (e), which has a communication with the boiler at its lower part;
(f), chimney flue; (g), damper to regulate the draught; (h), damper kept
open till the fire is perfectly lighted; when it is shut it causes the smoke to
descend at (i) and to ascend at (k), and thence pass into the flue (f). Also
for boilers of every kind, according to their situation and purpose, I make use
of the reversed flame, as described in the Specification of my former Patent,
and introduce it into the liquid by employing an independent boiler, which
from its construction forms the pyramid or box containing the coal; I also
make use of a moveable air grate, raised or lowered by means of a rack or
otherwise, so as to lessen or increase the body of fire at pleasure, which has
never before (to my knowledge) been practised in a boiler; see Plate 3, Fig. 3;
(a), boiler surrounding the fire; (b), second boiler, forming and in lieu of
the pyramid; (c), fire-place; (d), issue to the flue; (e), rack joined to the
grate, which by means of a pinion (f) may be raised or lowered at pleasure;
(9), opening underneath the boiler to clean out the ashes; (h), opening by
which the fire is lighted and air may be admitted when wanted; (), pipe
by which the heated liquid escapes, and re-enters thro' pipe (k) at the
bottom of the boiler; (4), pipe by which the heated liquid from the pyramid
escapes to re-enter by the pipe (m), and descending to the bottom causes
the same circulation described in the other boilers. I also make use of
a boiler, with or without the reversed flame, composed of different pipes con-
nected together, either forming a square. round, or oval stove or fire-place,
and by the fire acting on the circumference of the pipes composing the stove,
stoves, or fire-place, I introduce more heat into the pyramid than a boiler
which presents only a flat surface. In case I want to apply it to produce
steam as a power, I place another vessel over the same or in any way or
position that may be deemed the most convenient for the purpose wanted, into
which I introduce the heated liquid, and at the bottom I place a pipe com-
municating with the bottom of the boiler, but in some cases I omit this pipe,
as may be thought proper, both of which I believe will be perfectly understood
by the following description, sec l'late 3, Fig. 7, 8, and 9; (e), tubes or pipes
surrounding the fire and communicating with each other by the boxes (b),
seen in each corner; (e), pipe in which the heated liquid ascends into the
vessel; (d), (e), pipes by which the liquid returns to the boiler at the bottom;
(f), floater which acts upon the valve (9) to supply the water; (h), cistern to
supply the boiler; (i), pipe communicating to the bottom of the boiler;
(k), grating (), ash hole; (m), flue by which the smoke goes off'; (n), door
to supply the fire with coal when the steamer (d) is applied; (0), case of cast.

page_text: iron, brickwork, or any other proper materials, forming the outside coating of
the boiler. Fig. 8, side view of the boiler without its outside coating; Fig. 9,
ground plan of the same. The coal is either supplied by the top when the
vessel (d) is not made use of, or by the side, by suppressing of the upper pipes,
or others, to leave a sufficient opening 'for the supply of coal at (n). For
small boilers behind kitchen ranges or otherwise, I make use of different pipes,
so placed as to form a boiler or boilers of themselves, as seen in Plato 3,
Fig. 4; (a), section of the pipes; (b), pipes; (c), tube by which the rarefied
liquid goes out; (d), tube by which the liquid re-enters, and I place the same
either behind or at the side, top, or bottom of a kitchen range or any other
fire-place in lieu of boilers of the present shape. The tube herein-before
described, and issuing from the upper part of the said boiler and returning to
the bottom, and causing a continual circulation of the water, may be used
or not at pleasure. This pipe returning to the lower part of the boiler may
also be applied to various apparatus for various purposes. For heating liquids
in different boilers or pipes which are not in contact with the fire or connected
to the main by the upper pipe, but which are placed above and serve as
reservoirs for supplying the main boiler, I make use of the heat and smoke
escaping into the flue, and which would otherwise be lost, by placing these
different boilers or pipes in the flue, which obstructing the passage of the
smoke extract from it the greater part of the caloric with which it is charged.
These boilers should be gradually elevated one above the other, so as to cause
a continal fall of water, that before it reaches the main boiler it may be
nearly in a boiling state; see Fig. 5, Plate 3; (m), flue in which are placed
the boilers (a, b, c, d, e), cach supplied the one from the other, and in which
the liquid acquires by degrees more heat as it approaches the main boiler, or
I place a plate on the top of the flue in which I place pipes, connected or
independent of each other, which when filled with water produce a damp heat
very favorable to the growth of plants; see Plate 3, Fig. 6; (a), a common
flue; (b), pipes placed in the flue at will. My improvements upon evapo-
rating, condensing, cooling, and taking the residuum from liquids are as
follow: For evaporating liquids, if the fire is continued, or for cooling liquids,
if the fire has ceased to act upon them, 1 cause a current of air to pass thro'
the liquid, either drawn up by a pump, as seen in Plate 4, Fig. 1, or forced
thro' the liquid by a pair of bellows, as seen in Plate 4, Fig. 4, hereafter
described. Plate 4, Fig. 1; (a), vat containing the warm liquid; (b), tube
communicating with a mechanical air pump; (c), vessel to which this tube
is attached and in which the vacuum is caused by the action of the pump,
which draws the cold air from the aperture (d), and causes it to pass thro' a

page_text: tube (e) with several divisions in it pierced full of small holes (f), so as to
divide the air into small portions, and thereby causing it to come into contact
with a greater surface of liquid, from which it extracts the caloric. Or I make
use of the apparatus, 'as seen in Plate 4, Fig. 2, to divide it into a sort of rain,
so as to cause it to pass thro' a current of air; (a), evaporating and cooling
vessel. The liquid being admitted at (6), its own weight causes it to issue at
(c) in a kind of mist or rain; (d), opening to let the liquid into the reservoir
(e), from whence the pump (f) returns it into the vessel (b). For taking the
residuum from liquids I make use of a receiver below the pipe returning to
the bottom of the principal boiler; this receiver is connected with the said
pipe by a cock, which being open, the liquid as it passes deposits the residuum
or heavier parts into this receiver, from whence such parts are drawn off by
another cock; see Plate 4, Fig. 5; (a), end of the pipe coming from the top
of the boiler or boilers; (b), end conducting it to the bottom of the same;
(c), cock to shut off the communication with the boiler when you want to
draw out the residuum from the receiver (d) by the cock (e). I also make
use of a reservoir below the tube returning to the boiler to draw off the
residuum of such liquid, as seen in Plate 4, Fig. 4; (a), pipe communicating
to the top of a boiler; (b), pipe communicating with the bottom of the boiler;
(c), a pipe communicating with a pair of bellows or air pump, by means of
which the air is forced into the liquid at (9). (d, d, d, d), division plates pierced
with small holes to divide the air into small portions, so as to bring the
greatest quantity of air in contact with the water or liquids; (e). bottom of
the receiver, in which the residuum of the liquids remains; (f), cock to draw
it off when the cock in the pipe (b) is shut. For cooling wines or other
liquors in casks, bottles, or other cases, I cause a current of air to strike upon
the casks, &c. intended to be cooled, as seen in Plate 4, Fig. 6; (a), wind
machine to procure a rapid current of air in the box (6), in which the objects
to be cooled are placed. For the cooling of the air in any place whatever
I force it either to pass thro' water or to come in contact with a shower of rain
similar to that described in Plate 4, Fig. 2, or I introduce a shower of rain or
mist into any part of an apartment or place intended to be cooled; then
make use of the air pump to draw out the air or to cause its admission, in
which case I cause it to pass thro' a shower of rain or in contact with ice
or any other cold medium.
In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and seal, this Eighteenth
lay of June, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and
eighteen
:
(L.S.) CHABANNES.

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Eighteenth day of June, in the
fifty-eighth year of the reign of His Majesty King George the Third, the said
Jean Frederick Marquis de Chabannes came before our said Lord the King
in His Chancery, and acknowledged the instrument aforesaid, and all and
everything therein contained and specified, in form above written. And also
the instrument aforesaid was stamped according to the tenor of the Statute
made in the fifty-fifth year of His said Majesty's reign.
Turolled the Eighteenth day of June, One thousand eight hundred and