IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CON- STRUCTION AND ARRANGEMENT OF HYDRAULIC AND OTHER PUMPS FOR FORCING LIQUIDS AND FOR OBTAINING PRESSURE
Year: 1859

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Julian Bernard, of the Albany, Piccadilly, in the
County of Middlesex, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CON-
STRUCTION AND ARRANGEMENT OF HYDRAULIC AND OTHER PUMPS FOR FORCING
LIQUIDS AND FOR OBTAINING PRESSURE."
Sealed the 20th December 1859, and dated the 16th July 1859.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Julian Bernard at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
16th July 1859.
I, JULIAN BERNARD, of the Albany, Piccadilly, in the County of Middlesex,
Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION AND ARRANGEMENT OF HYDRAULIC AND OTHER PUMPS
FOR FORCING LIQUIDS AND FOR OBTAINING PRESSURE," to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to an improved construction and arrangement of
bydraulic and other pumps for forcing liquids and obtaining pressure, whereby
these machines are made to perform their functions in a much more efficient
manner than hitherto. According to my said Invention I propose so to
construct the working lover generally used for actuating the pump or pumps
as to admit of the distance between the fulcrum and point of resistance being
varied, whereby the stroke of the pump is either shortened or lengthened.

page_text: This operation is effected by means of a supplementary force pump placed in
any convenient position, and attached to the fulcrum of the working lever.
A communication is then opened between this latter and the cylinder or
receptacle into which the liquid is being forced, so as to subject the plunger
to a corresponding pressure to that being exerted on the ram, the effect of
which is to propel it forwards, and with it the working lever; the joints to
which is attached the pump plunger being free to slide in suitable grooves
formed in the lever; thus, as the pressure is gradually increased in the cylinder,
and but a small quantity of liquid being necessary to keep up that pressure,
the stroke of the pump is shortened by reason of the diminished distance
between the fulcrum and the working centre, thus effectually accomplishing
the required purpose. In order to render this controlling pump perfectly
self-acting and to guard against the stroke of the main pump being lessened
before the required pressure is attained, I connect the piston of the supple-
mentary pump by means of chains or any other suitable method to a number of
weight so arranged, one above the other, that when free from the influence
of the piston, they rest perfectly independant of each other, and are respectively
taken up or deposited according to the motion of the piston.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Julian Bernard in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
16th January 1860.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JULIAN
BERNARD, of the Albany, Piccadilly, in the County of Middlesex, Gentleman,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Sixteenth day of July, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and fifty-nine, in the twenty-second year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said Julian Bernard, Her special licence that I, the said Julian Bernard, my
executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Julian
Bernard, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during
the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel
Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUC-
TION AND ARRANGEMENT OF HYDRAULIC AND OTHER PUMPS FOR FORCING LIQUIDS

page_text: AND FOR OBTAINING PRESSURE," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the
said Julian Bernard, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in
writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly
describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner
the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great
Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately after
the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Julian Bernard, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the follow-
ing statement, reference being had to the accompanying Drawings, and to the
letters and figures marked thereon, that is to say :-
This Invention relates to an improved construction and arrangement of
hydraulic and other pumps for forcing liquids and for obtaining pressure,
whereby these machines are made to perform their functions in a much more
efficient manner than hitherto. According to my said Invention I propose so
to construct the working lever generally used for actuating the pump or
pumps, as to admit of the distance between the fulcrum and point of resistance
being varied, whereby the stroke of the pump is either shortened or lengthened.
This operation is effected by means of a pressure regulator placed in any con-
venient position, and attached to the fulcrum of the working lever.
A com-
munication is then opened between this latter and the cylinder or receptacle
into which the liquid is being forced, so as to subject the plunger to a corre-
sponding pressure to that being exerted on the ram, the effect of which is to
propel it forwards, and with it the working lever; the joints to which is
attached the pump plunger being free to slide along suitable grooves formed
in the lever; thus, as the pressure is gradually increased in the cylinder, and
but a small quantity of liquid being necessary to keep up that pressure, the
stroke of the pump is shortened by reason of the diminished distance between
the fulcrum and the working centre, thus effectually accomplishing the
required end. In order to render this controlling pump perfectly self-acting,
and to guard against the stroke of the main pump being lessened before the
required pressure is attained, I connect the plunger of the pressure regulator
(by means of chains or any other suitable method) to a number of weights so
arranged, one above the other, that when free from the influence of the piston,
they rest perfectly independant of each other, and are respectively taken up or
deposited according to the motion of the piston.
And in order that my said Invention may be clearly understood, I shall now
proceed more particularly to describe the same, and for that purpose I shall

page_text: refer to the several Figures on the Sheet of Drawings hereunto annexed, the
same letters of reference indicating corresponding parts throughout all the
corresponding Figures.
Figure 1 is a front elevation, showing a general arrangement of my Inven-
tion; Figure 2 is an end view of the same; Figure 3 is a partly sectional
plan; Figures 4, 5, 6, and 7 are enlarged views of details pertaining to the
same. A is a framing containing a vessel or reservoir of suitable formation
for holding oil, water, or other liquid for the purpose of supplying the pumps
and forcing rain, which forms a solid base for attaching the various other parts
of the apparatus. The upper portion of it, B, is bolted firmly to the lower by
means of the flanges C, C, the intervening space between these two forming
a guide, in which the working lever is free to slide back wards and forwards;
E, E', are the force pumps firmly fixed exactly opposite to each other,
upon the projecting flanges F, F, and whose plungers G and G' are
connected to each other by the flattened portion G; H is the working
lever of peculiar formation, more particularly referred to hereafter, and
is attached to the pump plungers by the pin 1. At the back or other con-
venient position is placed a pressure regulator J, in which is free to work a
plunger K; in the accompanying Drawings this plunger is shewn prolonged
through the end of the regulator, the prolonged portion L being of smaller
dimensions than the other part of the plunger. The opposite extremity of
this plunger is formed with projecting lugs M, M', which serve to receive the
end of and form the fulcrum of the working lever. To this part of the plunger
is also attached by means of the chains N, N', or other suitable means, a series
of weights 0, 0, 0, which, when not gathered up or supported by the chains,
rest upon the projecting legs P, P, P, P. The working lover H is constructed
with an opening down the centre in the direction of its length, extending to
any required distance; both the sides thus formed are accurately planed out,
and receive respectively metal blocks R, R¹. These blocks are free to slide
the length of the lever, and are bored to receive the pin I, which passes
through the flattened portion G' of the pump plungers G and G. To the
pumps are attached, in the ordinary manner, valves for regulating the flow
and suction of the liquid, as shewn at T, T. U is the suction pipe leading
from the reservoir A to the valve box; V is the discharge pipe conducting the
liquid to the hydraulic ram, or other point of resistance; branching from this
pipe is one shown at W, which connects on to the pressure regulator, so as to
subject this latter to a pressure corresponding with that exerted on the ram
It is well known that at the commencement of the operation of compressing
any substance, or in any other precess of lifting or pressing, the resistance

page_text: offered to the ram is comparitively small. At this stage of proceeding in my
Invention, the weights or other apparatus, as herein-before mentioned, serve
to retain the end of the working lever at the extremity of the slide, the farthest
removed from the pump-centre, but as the pressure in the ram is increased, so
as to overcome the additional resistance, the plunger in the pressure regulator
is subjected to a like pressure, and is propelled forward until it meets with the
obstruction of having to lift an additional amount of weights; by these means
the stroke of the pumps is shortened, and an increased power of leverage is
obtained at the precise time when it is most needed to overcome the increasing
resistance offered to the ram.
Up to the present period in those operations where hydraulic presses have
been required, it has been attempted to obviate the defects of the press as
ordinarily constructed by the use of pumps of different diameters, the larger
size being used at the beginning of the operations, and smaller ones as the
resistance was increased, and when the use of a larger size pump would neces-
sitate a greater expenditure of power than was conveniently attainable. With
this Invention, however, it is palpable that but dimensioned pump is requisite,
owing to the qualities with which it is endowed of proportioning its efforts to
the exigencies of the case; in short it may be said to convert speed into
power, and power into speed.
It will be apparent that this Invention, in addition to its merits as a con-
troller of the application of power, also serves as a safety valve of a most
efficacious description. The maximum pressure wished to be exerted can be
most readily fixed by adding to or diminishing the number and size of weights
attached to the small plunger, so that when the desired pressure is attained in
the ram, and consequently in the pressure regulator, the joint which forms the
fulcrum of the lever is propelled until it arrives directly over the centre of the
pump or pumps, and the lever is merely worked up and down without moving
the pump plungers. The principle of a travelling fulcrum for the purpose of
effecting a change in the power of leverage exerted, or for the purpose of
altering the actual working cubical capacity of a pump or pumps, as herein-
before described, may be used in conjunction with the pressure regulator, as
before described, or other means may be adopted to effect a change in its
position, for example, a screw, &c.
Having now fully explained the object of my Invention, and the method
used in carrying out the same, I would observe, in conclusion, that I do not
limit myself to the particular arrangement of details as herein-before stated, as
there are various ways of carrying the same into effect, which would suggest
themselves to any person conversant with these matters; such, for example,

page_text: as the use of one or more pumps, the substitution of levers or springs in
lieu of weights, for the purpose of retaining back the plunger of the pressure
regulator.
In witness whereof, I, the said Julian Bernard, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Sixteenth day of January, One thousand eight
hundred and sixty.
JULY. BERNARD. (L.S.)