IMPROVEMENTS IN BALING PRESSES to be as follows
Year: 1885

page_text: We HENRY SHIELD, of the Firm of Fawcett, Preston and Company, of 17 York
Street, Liverpool, Engineers and JABEZ HOWARTH, of the same place, Mechanical
Draughtsman do hereby declare the nature of our invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN BALING PRESSES to be as follows:-
"
This invention has reference to the construction of baling presses with one or
more preparing rams, one or more finishing rams, a set of deep or long boxes and a
set of frames or shallow boxes, the long boxes being brought successively or some-
times being stationary above the preparing rams, and the frames or shallow boxes
being brought successively first above the preparing ratus and then above the
finishing rams the action or operation being that the preparing rams first force the
material to be pressed (and which is supplied to the long boxes) through a long box
into a frame or shallow box and then the frame or shallow box with the partly or
half pressed material therein having been moved above the finishing rams these
latter give the final or finishing pressure thereto. We will hereinafter call that
side of the press where the preparing ram or rams are situated the "long side" and
that side where the finishing ram or rams are situated the "short side."
The improvements consist in so arranging the press that the boxes of one of the
sets, by preference the long boxes, are brought successively into position over the
corresponding ram or rams by a rolling rectilinear motion on suitable supports,
while the boxes of the other set, preferably the shallow boxes or frames are
brought successively into position by a revolving motion around a column or
support.
Also, in so mounting the revolving boxes or frames that although they all
revolve in the same path, one or more of them may be moved while another box
or boxes or frames of the same set remain stationary, the boxes or frames of the set
being thus independent of each other as regards their motions.
Also, in so arranging and working the press that a bale which has been partly
pressed in the long side of the press shall be waiting to be moved above the
finishing rams while the finishing or preparing rams are acting on the balos which
respectively precede and follow the waiting bale, and that such waiting bale shall
be in position over the finishing rams at or before the moment that the preparing
Dminn In D71

page_text: rams have finished their ascent; while on the other hand one of the shallow boxes
or frames shall always be in position over the preparing rams and ready for their
action at or before the moment that the finishing rams have completed the pressure
of the bale they are acting upon; the inlet valve to the finishing ram cylinders can
thus be opened as soon as the inlet valve to the preparing ram cylinders is shut
and vice versa so that the power for working the rams need never be idle or
unemployed.
Also, in constructing the presses so that there is a means of filling with the
article to be pressed the upper space above the preparing rams that is to say, the
space which corresponds in depth with the depth of the upper frames or boxes; also
in providing a plate or bars to form a temporary bottom for this upper space.
Also, in titting the presses with one or more water cylinders so arranged that by
their means the plate on which the loose material is to be laid can be gradually
lowered independently of the descending of the press rams; the said cylinder or
cylinders being fixed either outside the box or beneath the follower or plate that
has to be lowered, also, in providing for the disconnection of this lowering device
when the material does not require to be carefully laid; so that the plate or
follower can then be lowered by the press ram in the usual way.
Also, in constructing the presses so that the long boxes, or the shallow boxes or
frames, or both, can be moved to their successive positions by the piston of a steam
cylinder or by a hydraulic cylinder made to act on the boxes either directly or
through the intervention of other parts, multiplying gear being employed if
thought necessary.
Also, in providing means whereby a box cannot be moved while a man is in its
path of motion.
Also, in special means of locking the lashing plate into the bottom of the shallow
boxes or frames.
Also, in constructing the press cylinders with a gland so arranged that by a
small movement thereof it is released from the bolt studs or other fastenings that
hold it down to the hydraulic leathers and is then free to be lifted to allow the
leathers to be changed. Also, in fitting the press with a lever or levers and rods or
chains so arranged that when the gland bas been released they will quickly lift the
gland and other parts and again lower them after the leathers have been changed.
We will proceed to describe the construction and operation of a press in which
our improvements are embodied the long boxes being moved to their various
positions by a rolling rectilinear motion while the shallow boxes or frames have a
revolving motion around a column.
The press consists of two main parts, the long side where the first part of the
pressing is done, and the short side where the final pressure is applied. The long
and short sides may stand, in relation to each other, at any angle deemed most
convenient. The material to be pressed when ready in one of the long boxes is
forced up therein, at a rapid and then gradually decreasing speed, into a shallow
box or frame where it arrives at about one half of its final density. At the
moment when this has been done the pressure valve to the finishing rams is opened
and the water from the pumps enters the finishing ram cylinders which now begin
to act upon, and which complete, the compressing of a bale which was ready
waiting in this part of the press. While the finishing rams are so acting, the half-
pressed bale first named, is locked fast within the shallow box or frame by securing
therein the lashing plate which brought up the bale and upon which it now rests.
This half-pressed bale is now moved out in its frame or box to a side position,
where it waits its turn to enter the short side of the press, and while so waiting it
receives the hoops or bands that will finally hold it, when, in its turn, it has
received its full pressure. While the finishing rams are acting on the bule above
them, the hoops or bands are, as usual, being tightened around it by the men; the
empty frame also which contained the last finished bale and which had been moved
out of the short side of the press, is passed into position over the preparing rams,
the lashing plate which it carries is released and those rams having fallen, a new

page_text: supply of impressed material is placed over them, ready to be compressed as before,
so soon as the finishing-rams have given their final squeeze. At the moment when
the bale in the short side of the press has been fully compressed, the valve to the
preparing rams is opened, and another bale then begins to be formed as before.
During the action of the preparing rams, now beginning, the bale just pressed has
its lashing completed, the finishing rams fall, the perfect bale is released by
unlocking the end door, and is pushed out, the empty frame is moved out of the
short side of the press, and the half-pressed and half-lashed waiting bale is moved
into position (in its frame) over the finishing rams, and as soon as the preparing
rams have reached the top, the water is at once diverted to the finishing rains to
act under the bale which has just been placed over them. And thus the action is
continued, the pumping never ceasing; no time is lost in passing a part-pressed
bale into the short side of the press, for a bale is always in place therein ready for
the water as soon as the pumping ceases to the preparing rams; and on the other
hand the preparing rams are always ready for the water whenever the pumping
is finished to the finishing rams; and the half-pressed bale being always in
advance, ready to take its place over the finishing rains, affords ample time for
the needful preparatory hooping or lashing.
°
The ascent of the follower of the preparing rams may be effected in any suitable
way. One good method is to use first a small-diameter hydraulic ram, and to
complete the rise by the help of additional rains; or there may be more than one
small-diameter rain, and only one additional larger-diameter ram. The small rain
or rams pull up the larger ones, and during that time the cylinders of the latter,
are allowed to fill with water from a tank or otherwise; suitable valves are
provided for this action of all the rams at the long side of the press. Or, the
ascent at the long side may be produced by the use of a system of levers worked
by hydraulic power or by engine power; or levers and hydraulic cylinders may be
successively used.
The cotton, jute or other material to be pressed is put into the long boxes through
the upper or open end during the time when the boxes are not in position over the
preparing rams, that is to say, it is done while they are in the waiting or "out"
position. But it may sometimes be found advantageous to fill, or partly fill the
box containing the descending rams during some portion, or the whole of, such
descent. The long box may also be made with a door in its side at or near the
top, so that, such box may be fed or partly fed through this door.
It is also provided that a part of the substance to be pressed may be placed for
that purpose in the topmost part of the space over the long or preparing rains, that
is, immediately under the top lashing plate, in the frame or shallow box which
subsequently carries the part-pressed bale to the finishing rams. One means of
doing this is to provide one of the upper or main doors with an opening through it,
fitted with a small door; through this opening the material can be put into the
space within the frame while the main doors are in their shut position; and one
or both of the upper doors carry at their bottom part a fork, or a plate which when
the doors are shut forms a temporary bottom for the space in the frame or shallow
box, this temporary bottom is moved in and out as required by a lever or other
suitable means. The loose or temporary bottom above named is moved across the
long box so as to support the upper charge as soon as the lower lashing plate has
descended below the bottom of the frame or shallow box. When the upper space
is thus filled, and the long box has been brought into position with its contents
over the preparing rains, the loose bottom is withdrawn, the small door is quickly
closed and bolted, and thus the whole space from the lashing plate on the top of
the preparing rams, up to the top lashing plate is utilized, being full of the loose
material ready to be pressed. This arrangement for filling curtails the length of
the long boxes and the stroke of the preparing rams, thereby the amount of
pumping required is reduced, and the time required for the preparing rams to
fall is less, and these are important considerations in a press intended for great
out-turn.

page_text: In order to allow the follower of the preparing rams to be gradually lowered
when the press is employed for materials (such as jute) which require to be care-
fully and evenly laid on the follower in hanks or such like systematic layers, the
long boxes are each provided with a cylinder and ram of small diameter and of a
stroke suitable to that which is in these cases required of the preparing rams.
Or
more than one such cylinder may be used for each box. When the follower rises,
it pulls up a hanger, which by means of a suitable connexion withdraws the ram
from its cylinder; the cylinder is allowed to fill with water through a clack valve,
from a small tank or otherwise. When this lowering ram is thus lifted to the top
it cannot descend until its cylinder is relieved of water, so that when the preparing
rams begin to go down they leave their follower, carrying its lashing plate, for
these are supported by the hunger, and connection above mentioned. The clack
valve is now eased so as to lower the follower and lashing plate, to be just below
the upper frames or boxes, and when the preparing rams reach the bottom, the long
box is moved out of the press, and the follower and lashing plate are gradually
lowered by the men, who for this purpose case the clack valve little by little as may
be needed; a wheel or handle is for this purpose connected with the valve. A stop
may be provided to receive the weight of the follower and lashing plate and
contents of the box thus lowered until the preparing rams begin to lift the charge.
When the material thus carefully laid in the box is ready for the action of the
preparing rams they, again, force up the material and carry up the ram of the
water cylinder as before. When it is required to change the article to be pressed,
as say from jute, to jute cuttings, which do not require careful or systematic laying,
the water cylinder is easily disconnected by uncoupling its attachment, and
swinging or otherwise moving such attachment, out of the box, the preparing rams
can then act with their full stroke boing free from the lowering cylinder gear. The
water supply pipe to the lowering cylinders has a sliding joint.
The moving of the long boxes may be effected in various ways, either by direct
power from an engine shaft, or by a small hydraulic cylinder or cylinders fed from
the main or a separate pipe and so arranged as to transmit to the boxes a suitable
pressure. Or, the boxes may be moved by the action of a small piston working in
a pipe or cylinder of suitable length; or more than one cylinder may be used; this
cylinder is supplied from the boiler by a small pipe and a cock or valve or more
than one, admits the steam to either end of the cylinder as may be needed and
takes away to a heater or otherwise the spent or exhaust steam-The cylinder if
for steam, is thoroughly clothed and lagged to prevent condensation. The steam
may be used expansively in this cylinder by closing the valve or cock before the
boxes have stopped, and it is convenient and correct in principle to do so as more
power is needed to start the motion than to continue it. Instead of this cylinder
having the whole stroke of the boxes, it may have a shorter stroke and have
multiplying gear. There is a connection made to the opening rod of the cock or
valve, from a space at the bottom of the long boxes, for the purpose of making sure
that while a man is in that space occupied in putting in the cloth for the bottom of
a balc, the cock or valve cannot be opened, nor therefore, the boxos moved. This
connexion comprises a light grating which swivels, opening to a vertical position if
a man enters the space, and upon so opening, a lever and rod connexion causes a
key at the end of a rod to enter the periphery of a disc upon the cock spindle and
thus the cock cannot be opened until the man has left the space and closed the
grating by swinging the latter round to the closed or horizontal position. Or, any
other suitable means may be adopted to prevent the moving of the long boxes while
a man is in the space, as for example, the grating may be connected to and move
a catch that shall enter a recess in the metal of the long boxes and so keep the
boxes from moving until the catch is withdrawn. The long boxes travel upon
beams by means of wheels; or rollers may be used.
The lashing plate brought up each time by the follower of the preparing rams
is locked into the bottom of the shallow box or frame above; this may be effected
in various ways; the special means we adopt consist of two long vibrating bars,

page_text: which when the lashing plate gets to the top are caused by a handle to fall into
angular spaces in the sides of the lashing plate, and so when the rams are allowed
to go down a little, the plate rests upon these bars, which at their under side rest.
in the body of the shallow box or frame, and when the pressing is proceeding in
the long boxes the bars repose bodily in the bottom of that frame and form for
their depth the inner surface of the long box and allow the material which is being
pressed to slide past them.
The part-pressed bale is moved to a waiting position and from thence into the
short side of the press and the empty frame or shallow box is moved from the
finishing rams towards the long side of the press, by swinging or revolving round
the column. Any convenient construction may be adopted for these frames or
shallow boxes, they are structures of sufficient strength to resist the internal
pressure, and are each mounted upon its own separate saddle which grasps the
column and is carried upon a ring secured to the column, and rollers or balls, or
both rollers and balls may be used in the arranging of these revolving frames and
saddles so as to reduce friction. The frames are fitted with the needful end door
so as to release the ends of the bale when pressed. As before stated, each frame
or saddle is free to move about the column independently of any of the other
frames or saddles.
The
In order to permit of rapid changing of the leathers of the hydraulic cylinders we
place the leather in a groove around the cylinder as usual and employ a gland to
keep it down. Around the top of the cylinder a number of studs are tapped into
the metal of the cylinder and each stud has a head which may be circular.
gland has through it the same number of holes as there are studs and these holes
are large enough to just allow the heads of the studs to go through them. Each
hole in the gland has at one side of it a slot of a shape agreeing with the body of
the studs on the cylinder. To secure the leather the gland is dropped down and
allows the heads of the studs to go through it. When the gland rests on the head
of the cylinder a bar is put into one of the holes at the edge of the gland and the
gland is moved round on its axis just a little so as to let the body of the studs
enter the slots prepared for them in. the gland; the heads of the studs now act as
collars on the gland, and a lock can be used to keep the gland in this position secure
against being tampered with. It is obvious that the removing of the gland and
releasing the leather will be a very simple operation. In order to always be ready
to change a leather, say for the finishing rams, a lever is kept always in position.
The upper end of the lever takes rods or chains which can be secured to the
follower. Each gland has two hooks which usually may lie upon it. And pins or
eyes are fixed in the follower to which these hooks may be engaged. When a
leather has to be changed the hooks are fastened to the follower, the lock is
unlocked at the gland, the rods down from the lever are fixed to the follower, the
gland is moved round a little on its axis to bring the large holes concentric with
the heads of the studs, the long lever now lifts the glands and the two rams, the
men pulling the lever down at its long end. When the long end of the lever is
down a chock is put on the top of each of two blocks on which the follower usually
rests at the completion of its down stroke, and the follower is allowed to rest on
these chocks. The rods from the top lever are now hooked on to follower at
another eye on the rods, and another líft by the lever brings the rams clean out;
the leathers are then taken out, new ones put in and the whole lowered back and
the gland relocked. A similar method is adopted for the lower rams, but in this
case the rams themselves are not lifted bodily out.
In a modified construction of the gland and bolts a groove is formed round the
outside of the head of the cylinder, and a number of slots are made from the
groove up to the top face of the head. In each slot a bolt is slipped with a T-head
resting in the groove, and having at the top a hook head. The gland is made with
as many spaces or indents around its outer edge as the number of bolts, and each
indent is long enough to allow the gland to drop down past the hook heads,-when
so dropped, the gland, as in the other case, is moved a little on its axis so as to

page_text: bring the upper surface of the gland quite under the hook. The gland is now
locked in that position and the leather is effectually secured from disturbance. The
mode of changing the leathers is the same as above described.
In the press above described the long boxes are shifted from position to position
by a rectilinear motion while the shallow boxes or frames are shifted by a revolving
motion and this arrangement is what we prefer in most cases. It may however
sometimes be preferred to reverse this arrangement and even to make both sets of
boxes shift by a rectilinear motion. When the shallow boxes have a rectilinear
motion and the long boxes a revolving motion the details of the press will require
to be somewhat modified but the operation or action in the formation of a bale will
remain the same.
The long side of the press may have two main columns around one of which the
long boxes revolve. The long boxes are caused to revolve when needed by a
hydraulic cylinder, or by a steam cylinder, or by power, as before, and the connexion
for revolving may be at any part, as for example, underneath the boxes and may
act on the boxes by a catch or paul taking into a circular disc, the ram or piston
being brought back by a weight, and then for the next pull or push engaging in
another catch in the circle, and so on, or by any suitable means. A stop is provided
to stop and hold the revolving boxes steadily in position when a bale is to be made.
The long boxes are fitted as before with a lowering cylinder or cylinders to allow of
the gradual descent of the follower, and in this case, the water to those cylinders
may be conveyed, or circulate through the grooves or other suitable parts of an
annular ring or rings on one of the columns. The columns of the long side of
press may be disposed in any convenient way; the two main columns are
preferably placed diagonally, on plan, so that the boxes may be simply arranged
around one column; for this purpose the boxes are set at a special angle so as to
come exactly over the preparing rams when moved into the press. A coluinn of
smaller diameter may serve to carry one of the main doors, the other main door
being hung upon the main column. These upper main doors have (in one or both
of them) the small door, and the false or temporary bottom before described, for
feeding the upper space under the lashing plate.
The rectilinear motions of the shallow boxes or frames are as before so arranged
as to provide time for the part-pressed bale to be lashed, ready to enter the short
side of press as soon as a finished bale is tumbled out and the empty frame is ready
to move out. An empty frame when discharged from the short side is moved to
the long side. The frames or boxes may be moved in and out of the press by means
of small cylinders, or by hand, by arranging them with sufficiently large wheels or
rollers; steam also, or other power may be used for these motions, direct or by the
intervention of mechanism, and travelling frames may receive the shallow boxes on
leaving the two sides of the press respectively to facilitate their movements from
one position to another.
J. C. MEWBURN,
169, Fleet Street, London,
Agent.

page_text: We HENRY SHIELD, of the Firm of Fawcett, Preston and Company, of 17 York
Street, Liverpool, Engineers, and JABEZ HOWARTH, of the same place, Mechanical
Draughtsman do hereby declare the nature of our invention and in what manner
the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement :--
This invention has reference to the construction of baling presses with one or
more preparing rams, one or more finishing rams, a set of deep or long boxes, and
a set of frames or shallow boxes, the long boxes being brought successively (or
sometimes being stationary) above the preparing rams, and the frames or shallow
boxes being brought successively first above the preparing rams and then above
the finishing rams, the action or operation being that the preparing rams first force
the material to be pressed (and which is supplied to the long boxes) through a
long box into a frame or shallow box, and then the frame or shallow box with the
partly or half pressed material therein having been moved above the finishing
rams, these latter give the final or finishing pressure thereto. We will hereinafter
call that side of the press where the preparing ram or rams are situated the "long
side" and that side where the finishing ram or rams are situated the "short side."
The improvements consist in so arranging the press that the boxes of one of the
sets, by preference the long boxes, are brought successively into position over the
corresponding ram or rams by a rolling rectilinear motion, on suitable supports,
and the boxes of the other sot, preferably the shallow boxes or fraines, are brought
successively into position by a revolving motion around a column or support.
Also, in so arranging and working the press that a bale which has been partly
pressed in the long side of the press and has then had a lashing plate or its
equivalent secured below it shall be waiting to be moved above the finishing rams
while the finishing and preparing rams are acting on the bales which respectively
precede and follow the waiting bale and that such waiting bale which is partly
lashed while waiting shall be in position over the finishing rams at or before the
moinent that the preparing rams have finished their ascent; while on the other
hand one of the shallow boxes or frames shall always be in position over the
preparing rams and ready for their action at or before the moment that the
finishing rams have completed the pressure of the bale they are acting upon;
the inlet valve to the finishing ram cylinders can thus be opened as soon as the
inlet valve to the preparing ram cylinders is shut and vice versu, so that the power
for working the rams need never be idle or unemployed.
Also, in constructing the presses so that there is a means of filling with the
material to be pressed the upper space above the preparing rams, that is to say,
the space which corresponds in depth with the depth of the upper frames or boxes,
also in providing a plate or bars to form a temporary bottom for this upper space.
Also, in fitting the presses with one or more water cylinders so arranged that by
their means the plate on which the loose material is to be laid can be gradually
lowered independently of the descending of the press rains; the said cylinder or
cylinders being fixed either outside the box or beneath the follower or plate that.

page_text: has to be lowered, also, in providing for the disconnection of this lowering device
when the material does not require to be carefully laid; so that the plate or
follower can then be lowered by the press ram in the usual way.
Also, in constructing the presses so that the long boxes, or the shallow boxes or
frames, or both, can be moved to their successive positions by the piston of a
steam cylinder or by a hydraulic cylinder made to act on the boxes either directly
or through the intervention of other parts, multiplying gear being employed if
thought necessary.
Also, in providing means whereby a box cannot be moved while a man is in its
path of motion.
Also, in special means of locking the lashing plate into the bottom of the shallow
boxes or frames.
Also, in constructing the press cylinders with a gland so arranged that by a small
movement thereof it is released from the bolt studs or other fastenings that hold it
down to the hydraulic leathers and is then free to be lifted to allow the leathers to
be changed, also, in fitting the press with a lever or levers and rods or chains so
arranged that when the gland has been released they will quickly lift the gland
and other parts and again lower them after the leathers have been changed.
We will proceed to describe the construction and operation of a press in which
our improvements are embodied, the long boxes being moved to their various
positions by a rolling rectilinear motion while the shallow boxes or frames have a
revolving motion around a column.
Figure 1 is a front elevation of the press and shows the long side where the first
part of the pressing is done and the short side where the bales are finished.
Figure 2 is an end elevation of the press looking at its long side. from A on the
plan, Figure 3, but with the long columns C removed. Figure 3 is a plan of the
press but with the top girders or heads removed so as to allow parts below to be
more clearly seen. Figure 14. is a detail view showing a valve for releasing the
frame or shallow box from the preparing rams when the half pressed bale has been
locked in the frame. Figure 1B is a detail view showing a method of preventing
dead pumping into the cylinders of presses that use a grid or prongs to carry the
bale in the frames or boxes. Figures 4, 5 and 6 are detail views illustrating a
method of constructing the glands of the hydraulic cylinders so that they can be
readily released from the bolt studs or other fastenings to allow the hydraulic
leathers to be changed.
Figures 7, 8 and 9 illustrate another arrangement for this purpose.
The press consists of two main parts, the long side where the first part of the
pressing is done and the short side where the final pressure is applied. The long
and short sides may stand, in relation to each other, at any angle deemed most
convenient. The material to be pressed when ready in one of the long boxes B is
forced up therein, at a rapid and then gradually decreasing speed, into a frame or
shallow box H, where it arrives at about one half of its final density. At the
moment when this has been done the pressure valve to the finishing rains R" is
opened and the water from the pumps enters the finishing ram cylinders which now
begin to act upon, and which complete the compressing of a bale which was ready
waiting in this part of the press. While the finishing rams are, so acting, the half
pressed bale first named is locked fast within the frame or shallow box H by
securing therein the lashing plate L¹ which brought up the bale and upon which it
now rests and the frame and bale within it are released by suitable means from
the grip of the preparing rams; the main doors D, D¹ are also opened. This half
pressed bale is now moved out in its frame or box to a side position S, where it
waits its turn to enter the short side of the press, and while so waiting it receives
the hoops or bands that will finally hold it, when, in its turn it has received its full
pressure. While the finishing rams are acting on the bale above them in the
frame the hoops or bands are, as usual, being tightened around it by the men ;
the empty frame also which contained the last finished bale and which had been
moved out of the short side of the press, is passed into position over the preparing.

page_text: rams and the lashing plate which it carries is released. When the preparing rams
have fallen, a new supply of unpressed material is placed over them, ready to he
compressed as before, so soon as the finishing rams have given their final squeeze.
At the moment when the bale in the short side of the press has been fully com-
pressed, the valve to the preparing rams is opened, and another bale then begins to
be formed, as before. During the action of the preparing rams, now beginning, the
bale just pressed has its lashing completed, the finishing rams fall, the perfect bale
is released by unlocking the end door and is pushed out, the empty frame is moved
out of the short side of the press to the position e on Figure 3, and the half pressed
and half lashed waiting bale at S is moved into position (in its frame H¹) over the
finishing rams, and as soon as the preparing rams have reached the top, the water
is at once diverted to the finishing rams to act under the bale which has just been
placed over them. And thus the action is continued, the pumping never ceasing,
no time is lost in passing a part pressed bale into the short side of the press, for a
bale is always in place therein ready for the water as soon as the pumping ceases
to the preparing rams; and on the other hand the preparing rams are always
ready for the water whenever the pumping is finished to the finishing rams; and
the half pressed bale being always in advance, ready to take its place over the
finishing rams, ample time is afforded for the needful preparatory hooping or
lashing.
The foregoing description explains the general construction and action of the
press; we will now proceed to describe the various parts and their mode or manner
of working.
The ascent of the follower F of the preparing rams may be effected in any suitable
way. One good method which is that shewn in the drawings is to use, first a small
diameter hydraulic ramn R, and to complete the rise by the help of additional
rams R¹, R. or there may be more than one small diameter rain and only one
additional larger diameter ram. The small ram or rams pull up the larger ones;
and during that time the cylinders Y₁ of the latter, are allowed to fill with water
from a tank or otherwise; suitable valves are provided for this action of all the
rams at the long side of the press. Or, the ascent of the follower F at the long
side may be produced by the use of a system of levers worked by hydraulic power
or by engine power, or levers and hydraulic cylinders may be successively used.
The cotton, jute or other material to be pressed is put into the long boxes B
through the upper or open end during the time when the boxes are not in position
over the preparing rams, that is to say, it is done while they are in the waiting
or out position shown in Figures 2 and 3. But it may sometimes be found
advantageous to fill, or partly fill the box containing the descending rams during
some portion, or the whole, of such descent. The long box B may also be made
with a door in its side at or near the top, so that, such box may be fed or partly
fed through the door. In this case there would be only one long box which would
be stationary above the preparing rams; this plan is suitable for materials that
require a comparatively short box to hold them in their loose state and which
therefore take only a short time for depositing them in the box ready for
pressing.
It is also provided that a part of the substance to be pressed may be placed for
that purpose in the topmost part of the space over the long or preparing rams, that
is, immediately under the top lashing plate L, in the frame or shallow box H which
subsequently carries the part pressed bale to the finishing rains. One means of
doing this is shown in the drawings. One of the upper or main doors D is provided
with an opening through it at T, fitted with a small door T"; through this opening
the material can be put into the space within the frame H while the main
doors D, D¹ are in their shut position; and one or both of the main doors D, D¹
carry at their bottom part a fork or a plate K which, when the doors are shut,
forms a temporary bottom for the space in the frame H, this temporary bottom is
moved in and out as required by a lever, as shown, or other suitable means. The
loose or temporary bottom above named is moved across the long box so as to

page_text: support the upper charge as soon as the lower lashing plate L' has descended below
the bottom of the frame H. When the upper space is thus filled, and the long box
has been brought into position with its contents over the preparing rams, the loose
bottom K is withdrawn, the small door T¹ is quickly closed and bolted, and thus
the whole space from the lashing plate on the top of the preparing rams, up to the
top lashing plate is utilized, being full of the loose material ready to be pressed.
This arrangement for filling curtails the length of the long boxes and the stroke of
the preparing rams, thereby the amount of pumping required is reduced, and the
time required for the preparing rams to fall is less, and these are important
considerations in a press intended for great outturn.
.
Or,
In order to allow the follower of the preparing rams to be gradually lowered
when the press is employed for materials (such as jute) which require to be carefully
and evenly laid on the follower in banks or such-like systematic layers, the long
boxes are each provided with a cylinder and ram Q, of small diameter and of a
stroke suitable to that which is in these cases required of the preparing rams.
more than one such cylinder may be used for each box. When the follower rises,
it pulls up a hanger P and pillar U, which by means of a bar W, or other suitable
connexion, withdraw the rain from its cylinder; the cylinder is allowed to fill with
water through a clack-valve V from a small tank or otherwise. When this lowering
ram is thus lifted to the top it cannot descend until its cylinder is relieved of water,
so that when the preparing rams R¹ R¹ begin to go down they leave their follower,
carrying its lashing plate, for these are supported by the hanger P, pillar U, and
bar W, or other connection. The clack valve V is now eased so as to lower the
follower and lashing plate, to be just below the upper frames or boxes, and when
the preparing rams reach the bottom, the long box B is moved out of the press,
and the follower and lashing plate are gradually lowered by the men, who for this
purpose ease the clack valve V. little by little as may be needed; a wheel or
handle X is for this purpose connected with the valve V. A stop may be provided
to receive the weight of the follower and lashing plate and contents of the box thus
lowered until the preparing rams begin to lift the charge. When the material thus
carefully laid in the box is ready for the action of the preparing rams, they, again,
force up the material and carry up the ram of the water cylinder Q, as before.
When it is required to change the article to be pressed, as say from jute to jute
cuttings, which do not require careful or systematic laying, the water cylinder is
easily disconnected by uncoupling its attachment (the pillar U) and swinging or
otherwise moving such attachment out of the box, as seen in dotted lines at Z,
Figure 3; the preparing rams can then act with their full stroke, being free from
the lowering cylinder gear. The water supply pipe to the lowering cylinders has
a sliding joint M, Figure 2.
The moving of the long boxes B may be effected in various ways, either by
direct power from an engine shaft, or by a small hydraulic cylinder or cylinders fed
from the main or a separate pipe, and so arranged as to transmit to the boxes a
suitable pressure. Or, the boxes may be moved by the action of a small piston
working in a pipe or cylinder of suitable length, as shown at A¹; Figures 2 and 3,
or more than one cylinder may be used; this cylinder is supplied from the boiler
by a small pipe E (Figure 3), and a cock or valve, or more than one admits the
steam to either end of the cylinder as may be needed and takes away to a heater
or otherwise the spent or exhaust steam. The cylinder, if for steam, is thoroughly
clothed and lagged to prevent condensation. The steam may be used expansively
in this cylinder by closing the valve or cock before the boxes have stopped, and it
is convenient and correct in principle to do so, as more power is needed to start the
motion than to continue it. J is the cock with its handle or wheel; the cock or
valve may be arranged to close automatically when the boxes are near the end of
their motion. Instead of this cylinder having the whole stroke of the boxes, it may
have a shorter stroke and have multiplying gear. There is a connexion made to
the opening rod of the cock or valve, from a space t at the bottom of the long
boxes, for the purpose of making sure that while a man is in that space occupied

page_text: in putting in the cloth for the bottom of a bale, the cock or valve cannot be
opened, nor, therefore, the boxes moved.
This connexion comprises a light grating N (Figure 2), which swivels, opening
to a vertical position if a man enters the space, and upon so opening, a lever and
rod connexion causes a key at the end of a rod r to enter the periphery of a disc
upon the cock spindle, and thus the cock cannot be opened until the man has left
the space and closed the grating by swinging the latter round to the closed or
horizontal position. Or, any other suitable means may be adopted to prevent the
moving of the long boxes while a man is in the space t, as, for example, the grating
may be connected to and move a catch that shall enter a recess in the metal of the
long boxes, and so keep the boxes from moving until the catch is withdrawn. The
long boxes travel upon beams by means of wheels; or rollers may be used. In
the drawings wheels are shewn; the construction of the boxes with their wheels or
rollers may be varied as desired. Looking at Figure 3 from A the long box Bat
the right hand was last in the press and is now in course of being filled. The
middle box is in the long side of the press above the preparing rains, and the left
hand box is the one which will next enter the press, and when this left hand box
has had its contents forced up and the rams have fallen all the three boxes are
drawn back by the moving gear so that the right hand box with its charge comes
into the press. Although three boxes are shown there may be any other number
required and they may be placed at any required distance from each other. They
have light doors at the bottom for the introduction of the cloths, or in some cases
they may be made without such doors. The long boxes are securely held in their
positions of rest by a suitable stop or catch shown at y, Figure 1. The opening
required in the upper floor of the press house for the travel of the long boxes can
be easily made good by a sliding floor in one or more parts as shown at k,
Figure 2.
The lashing plate brought up each time by the follower F of the preparing
rams is locked into the bottom part of the shallow box or frame H; this may be
effected in various ways; the special means we adopt consist of two long vibrating
bars n, n (Figure 2) which, when the lashing plate gets to the top opposite to
those bars, are caused by a handle to enter the angular spaces h, h, in the sides of
the lashing plate L³, and so when the rams are allowed to go down a little, the
plate rests upon these bars, which at their underside rest in the body of the
shallow box or frame H, but when the pressing is proceeding in the long boxes,
the bars repose entirely in that frame as shewn and form for their depth the
inner surface of the long box, and allow the material which is being pressed, to
slide past them. Or, we lock the lashing plate by bars mounted or hinged in
other ways then above described, such as, by making the botton bars or beams of
the frane H to move or vibrate partly into the lashing plate so as to hold it up.
As soon as the half pressed bale has been locked in the frame H, and the inlet
valve to the lower rams has been shut; the frame H must be released from the
lower rams by allowing the rams to fall just a little. This can be effected in
various ways, either by slightly opening and at once reclosing the main, or a
separate outlet valve of the rams, or by the use of a release valve, such as that
shown in Figure 1ª, where is the valve, p is a pressure pipe connected to the
long cylinders, s is a rod for opening the valve v, c is a chainber or cylinder
having a piston at j, w is a counter-weight, and q a bar or cover which is secured
to the box u and serves to stop the further rise of the piston j. The action of the
valve v is as follows:-As soon as the part pressed bale is locked in the frame H,
and the inlet valve to the lower cylinders is shut, the valve v is opened, and
water from the lower cylinders enters the chamber c, the piston j is forced up,
overcoming the light weight w and stops at q. The capacity of the chamber c is
made equal to the amount of fall required by the preparing rams, so that they
may release from their grip the frame H, which requires to be moved out of the
press. The capacity of c may be made variable by varying the stroke with
washers or other means. The chamber c empties itself automatically when the

page_text: pressure in the long cylinders becomes less than that caused by the weight w, for
the latter then expels the water back through the valve v, and the apparatus is
ready for the next bale. Or, the frame H may be released from the force of the
preparing rains by providing a light follower immediately underneath the lashing
plate, such follower bringing up with it a long rod or rods which pass through the
press bottom. In this plan when the frame H has to be released the outlet valve
of the preparing rams is opened full and the rams go down, but the light follower
only falls a little, being stopped by a suitable catch acting on the long rods, and
thus the light follower becomes a table upon which the lashing plate in the
in-coming empty frame will be deposited; at the proper time, the catch is released
and the follower and lashing plate go down; the long rods may be braked, or
balance gear may be used to check the descent. Also, in presses fitted with the
water cylinders, or rams Q, for gradual lowering of the follower, as before described,
the frames H may be released by so constructing the attachment of the rams Qas
to allow the main long rams to fall a short distance carrying the follower F, before
the latter is arrested and held up by the water cylinder Q.
The part pressed bale is moved in its frame to a waiting position S and from
thence into the short side of the press and the empty frame (seen at e Figure 3) is
moved from the finishing rains towards the long side of the press, by swinging or
revolving round the column C. Any convenient construction may be adopted for
these frames or shallow boxes, but as seen in the drawings they are structures of
sufficient strength to resist the internal pressure, and each is mounted upon its
own separate saddle which grasps the column and is carried upon a ring secured to
the column; the boxes may be fixed to the saddles either rigidly, or by a loose or
yielding attachment, and rollers or balls or both rollers and balls may be used in
the arranging of these revolving frames and saddles so as to reduce friction. The
frames are fitted with the needful end door d, so as to release the ends of the bale
when pressed. As before stated, each frame or saddle is free to move about the
column independently of any of the other frames or saddles; and any number of
these top frames and saddles may be employed in one press, so that a press may
have the means of lashing more than one bale at a time in side positions such as S,
Figure 3.
The mode of supporting the half pressed-bale in the revolving frame I so as to
allow the long rams to fall and afford facility for the preparatory lashing may be
varied. Another way is to thrust the prongs of a fork or grid across the lower
bars of the frame H, and under the bale, such prongs passing through the spaces
between the teeth of the follower which brings the cotton or other material up
into the frame H. When the lower follower has reached the top and the grid is
thrust across, the inlet valve to the finishing rams is opened and the prepared bale
expands down on to the grid. The inlet valve to the preparing rams being shut
and their outlet valve opened, these rams descend, and the frame H with its grid
and bale are moved out of the press. When the frame with its bale thus carried
is placed over the upper rams a block or liner is required to fill up the empty
space within the frame H between the upper surface of the finishing follower and
the underside of the grid, with a view to avoid dead pumping for so much of the
rise of the rams as is equal to the depth of the bottom bars of the frame H, and
by this means the length of the upper rams is proportionately less (as is the case
when loose lashing plates are used for the bottom of the bale, in the manner
already described). In presses that use a grid or prongs as aforesaid, we therefore
employ a block or thickuoss-piece so as to save the dead pumping into the finishing
cylinders; Figure 1B illustrates this; 20 is the frame and bale over the long-rams,
21 is the side position of the frame when the preparatory lashing is proceeding,
aud 22 is the frame and bale placed over the finishing rams; 13 is a grid thrust
under the bale and supporting it, 17 is a blocker of a depth equal to that of the
bottom bars, 23, of the frame H. This blocker hangs on the levers of the spindle
which has at its end the worm-wheel 14, 15 is a worm actuated by the handle 16.
When the frame has been moved out to tho lashing plate 21, and while the lashing.

page_text: is proceeding the handle 16 is turned and the blocker 17 is revolved down to 18
and then up to the interior of the frame H, to the position 19. In this condition the
frame H goes to the finisher, to 22, and the blocker or liner being thus interposed
between the grid 13 and the upper follower 24, enables the latter to at once
attack the bale. The grid rides up on the blocker as the bale is compressed, and
when the top rams fall the blocker resumes its place on the lever pivots, and the.
empty frame 22 being moved out the blocker is vibrated back to its outer position
prior to the frame again being moved over the long rams. In this plan the grid
inay form the temporary bottom for the upper charge of material which is put in
through the small door T, Figures 1, 2 and 3. Any other convenient plan for the
manipulation of the blocker may be adopted.
The
In order to permit of rapid changing of the leathers of hydraulic cylinders we
adopt the arrangement shown in Figures 4, 5 and 6; Figure 4 is an external view,
Figure 5 a section through the centre of the cylinder, and Figure 6 a plan. We
place the leather in a groove around the cylinder as usual and employ a gland g to
keep it down. Around the top of the cylinder a number of studs aro tapped into
the metal of the cylinder and each stud has a head which may be circular.
gland has through it the same number of holes as there are studs, and these holes
are large enough to just allow the heads of the studs to go through them. Each
hole in the gland has at one side of it a slot of a shape agreeing with the body of
the studs on the cylinder. To secure the leather the gland is dropped down and
allows the heads of the studs to go through it. When the gland rests on the head
of the cylinder a bar is put into one of the holes m, m at the edge of the gland,
and the gland is moved round on its axis just a little so as to let the body of tho
studs enter the slots prepared for them in the gland; the heads of the studs now
act as collars on the gland, and a lock can be used to keep the gland in this position
secure against being tampered with. It is obvious that the removing of the gland
and releasing the leather will be a very simple operation. In order to always be
ready to change a leather, say, for the finishing rams, a lever 1, Figure 1 is kept
always in position. The upper end of the lever takes rods or chains which can be
secured to the follower F¹ at b, b. Each gland has two hooks which usually way
lic upon it at a And pins or eyes are fixed in the follower to which theso looks
may be engaged. When a leather has to be changed the hooks are fastened to
the follower, the lock is unlocked at the gland, the rods down from the lever are
fixed to the follower, the gland is moved round a little on its axis to bring the
large holes concentric with the heads of the studs, the long lever now lifts the
glands and the two rams, the men pulling the lever down at its long end. Whon
the long end of the lever is down a chock is put on the top of each of two
blocks ff, Figure 3 on which the follower usually rests at the completion of its
down stroke, and the follower is allowed to rest on these chocks. The rods
from the top lever are now hooked on to follower at another eye on the rods,
and another lift by the lever brings the rams clean out; the leathers are then
taken out, new ones put in, and the whole lowered back and the gland relocked.
A similar method is adopted for the lower rams, but in this case the rams
themselves are not lifted bodily out.
Figures 7, 8 and 9 shew a modified construction of the gland and bolts. A groove
is formed round the outside of the head of the cylinder, and a number of slots are
made from the groove up to the top face of the head. In each slot a bolt is slipped,
with a T-head resting in the groove, and having at the top a hook-head. The
gland is made with as many spaces or indents around its outer edge as the number
of bolts and each indent is long enough to allow the gland to drop down past the
hook-heads, when so dropped, the gland as in the other case is moved a little on its
axis, so as to bring the upper surface of the gland quite under the hook. The
gland is now locked in that position and the leather is effectually secured from
disturbance. The mode of changing the leathers is the same as above described.
In the press above described the long boxes are shifted from position to position
by a rectilinear motion while the shallow boxes or frames are shifted by a revolving

page_text: motion and this arrangement is what we prefer in most cases. It may, however,
sometimes be preferred to reverse this arrangement, and even to make both sets of
boxes shift by a rectilinear motion. When the shallow boxes have a rectilinear
motion and the long boxes a revolving motion the details of the press will require
to be somewhat modified, but the operation or action in the formation of a bale
will remain the same. Figures 10, 11 and 12 show a press thus arranged.
Figure 10 is a general elevation of the press. Figure 11 is an elevation having the
long side nearest to the observer. Figure 12 is a ground plan. The long boxes are
only shewn in outline, being of the same general character as those in Figures 1,
2 and 3. The long side of the press may have two main columns C and Cui
around one of which the long boxes B revolve, three long boxes are shown but the
number can be varied. The long boxes aro caused to revolve when needed by a
hydraulic cylinder, or by a steam cylinder, or by power, as before, and the
connexion for revolving may be at any part, as, for example, underneath tho
boxes (as seen in Figure 11 where A¹ is the cylinder or motor) and may act on
the boxes by a catch or pawl, taking into a circular disc Z1, the ram or piston
being brought back by a weight, and then for the next pull or push engaging in
another catch in the circle, and so on, or by any suitable means. A stop is
provided at Figure 12, to stop and hold the revolving boxes steadily in position
when a bale is to be made. The long boxes are fitted as before with a lowering
cylinder or cylinders Q, Figure 12, to allow of the gradual descent of the follower,
and in this case, the water to these cylinders may be conveyed, or circulate through
the grooves or other suitable parts of an annular ring or rings on the column Cu
The upper floor at the long boxes is arranged to revolve with the boxes. The
columns of the long side of press may be disposed in any convenient way; the two
main columns are shown placed diagonally, on plan, so that the boxes may be
simply arranged around one column; for this purpose the boxes aro set at a special
angle so as to come exactly over the preparing rains when moved into the press.
A column C of smaller diameter serves to carry one of the main doors D¹
Figure 12; the other main door D may be hung upon the main column C. These
upper main doors have (in one or both of thom) the small door, and the false or
temporary bottom, before described, for feeding the upper space under the lashing
plate, as in Figures 1, 2 and 3.
The rectilinear motions of the shallow boxes or frames H, are, as before, so
arranged as to provide time for the part pressed bale to be lashed, ready to enter
the short side of pross as soon as a finished bale is tumbled out and the empty
frame is ready to move out. An empty frame when discharged from the short side
is moved to the long side. The frames or boxes may be moved in and out of the
press by means of small cylinders O, O¹, or, by hand, by arranging them with
sufficiently large wheels or rollers; steam also, or other power may be used for these 4
motions, direct or by the intervention of mechanism, and travelling frames receive
the shallow boxes on leaving the two sides of the press respectively to facilitate
their movements from one position to another. The top frames, or boxes H,
Figures 10 and 11, follow each other as seen in Figure 12; N¹ is the short side of
the press and contains, say one of the frames in which a bale has just been finished
and is ready to be tumbled out. S is the side or waiting position of a part pressed
bale ready to enter N¹. As soon as the rains in N¹ have fallen the piston rod or
ram of the cylinder O pushes the frame S which then pushes the empty frame in N'
and both frames move at once, S into the short side of press N¹ and the empty
frame enters the traveller Ei, which at that time stands at E¹ ready to receive 5
the empty box. This empty frame is now run by the traveller E to the end of
the long side at E" and of itself couples to the end of the frame which is in tho
long side of the press C. This latter frame is now pulled out of the long side by
the cylinder O and pulls the empty frame into the long side. The frame now
pulled out of G is run forward by the traveller El and takes its place at S where 5
its part pressed bale is now to be lashed ready for N¹. The travellers Em Eli
are of any appropriate construction and may be moved by hand or by hydraulic

page_text: cylinders or steam, or other means; in the drawings they are shewn to be moved by
hand and to run on rollers. They may run on wheels. The action of the rollers
is obvious from the drawing; they run on the top of rails; and upon the rollers
another set of rails is carried, and from these latter a frame containing rails is hung.
The frames H wheel or roll into these hanging-frames of the traveller and are
thereby transferred from one side of the press to the other as required, and
described. The nature of the roller notion causes the traveller to move twice as
far as is traversed by the centre of the rollers and the friction in such an arrange-
ment is small. The three figures show framework for these upper motions. Two
girders M, M are also seen in Figure 12 which are firmly bolted to the upper
heads of the press for stability. The disposition of the long and short sides G and
and N¹ of the press may be varied according to circumstances, and therefore so also
may the motions of the frames or boxes and of the travellers. Turntables, one or
more, may also be used for the upper motions, and the short boxes or frames may
be provided with wheels to enable them to be run upon these turntables without
the intervention of travellers, as shown in Figure 13, in the press shown in this
figure the rails and turntables are overhead, but they may be at a lower level.
Stops and catches are provided to hold the top frames or boxes in position and to
arrest their movements at the exact places required.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of our said
invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, we declare that what
we claim, in respect of presses of the kind herein referred to, is
1. Constructing such presses with the long boxes arranged to be brought
successively into position over the corresponding ram or rams by a rolling rectilinear
motion and with the shallow boxes or frames into which the material is forced
from the long boxes arranged to be brought successively into position by a revolving
motion around a column, or support, substantially as herein before described.
2. Constructing such presses with the long boxes arranged to be brought
successively into position over the corresponding ram or rams by a revolving
motion around a column or support, and with the shallow boxes or frames into
which the material is forced from the long boxes arranged to be brought successively
into position by a rolling rectilinear motion substantially as herein before described.
3. Arranging and working presses as herein before described in such manner that
a bule which has been partly pressed in the long side of the press and has then had
a lashing plato or its equivalent secured below it shall be waiting to be moved
above the finishing rams while the finishing and preparing rams are acting on the
bales which respectively precede and follow the waiting bale and that such waiting
bale, which is partly lashed while waiting, shall be in position over the finishing
rams at or before the moment that the preparing rams have finished their ascent,
while on the other hand one of the shallow boxes or frames shall always be in
position over the preparing rams and ready for their action at or before the moment
that the finishing rams have completed the pressure of the bale they are acting on,
so that the inlet valve to the finishing rau cylinders can thus be opened as soon as
the inlet valve to the preparing ram cylinders is shut and vice versa, and the power
for working the rams need therefore never be idle or unemployed.
4. Constructing presses with means whereby the upper space above the pre-
paring rams, that is to say, the space which corresponds in depth with the depth of
the upper frames or boxes can be filled with the material to be pressed, substantially
as herein before described.
5. Effecting the object referred to in claim 4 by means of an opening fitted with
a door in one of the main doors and a temporary bottom to the said upper space
substantially as hereinbefore described.
6. Constructing presses with one or more water cylinders arranged and working
substantially as hereinbefore described for controlling the descent of the follower of
the long rams for the purpose explained.

page_text: 7. The combination with the controlling apparatus referred to in claim 6 of
means substantially as described whereby it can be disconnected when such control
is not requisite.
8. Constructing presses with one or more bydraulic or steam cylinders for moving
the long boxes to their successive positions substantially as hereinbefore described.
9. Constructing presses with one or more hydraulic or steam cylinders for
moving the shallow boxes or frames to their successive positions substantially as
herein before described.
10. Constructing presses with means substantially such as herein before described
to prevent a box being moved while a man is in its path of motion.
11. Constructing presses with means substantially such as hereinbefore described
for locking the lashing plate into the bottom of the shallow boxes or frames.
12. Constructing presses with a release valve and chamber or cylinder for
relieving the hydraulic cylinders of a portion of the water and causing the rams to
fall a distance less than their full fall substantially as hereinbefore described.
13. In combination with a grid or prongs to be put under the partly pressed
bale, a blocker or thickness-piece to be interposed between the underside of such
grid or prongs and the top of the finishing follower substantially as and for the
purpose described.
14. Constructing press cylinders with a gland so arranged that by a small
movement thereof it is released from the fastenings that hold it down to the
hydraulic leathers and is then free to be lifted to allow the leathers to be changed,
substantially as hereinbefore described.
15. The particular arrangement or construction shown in Figures 4, 5 and 6, for
effecting the object referred to in claim 14.
16. The particular arrangement or construction shewn in Figures 7, 8 and 9 for
effecting the object referred to in claim 14.
17. Fitting presses with a lever or levers and rods or chains arranged substan-
tially as hereinbefore described for the purpose of lifting the cylinder glands and
other parts when the glands are released, and again lowering thom after the
leathers have been changed.
18. Constructing presses substantially as represented in Figures 1, 2 and 3 and
herein before described.
10. Constructing presses substantially as represented in Figures 10, 11 and 12,
and in Figure 13 and hereinbefore described.
D1
012
A T
100°