Improvements in Steam Heating Systems.
Year: 1893

page_text: Date of Application, 11th Oct., 1893
Complete Specification Left, 25th June, 1894-Accepted, 18th Aug., 1894
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Steam Heating Systems.
I CLARA HEDWIG MARTINI of Elisenstrasse 45, Leipzig in the Empire of
Germany, Manufacturess, do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as
follows:-
The object of this invention is to produce a steam heating system, which closed
in itself, can by its improved construction hereinafter described be operated, kept
in operation, and set out of action without requiring the air contained in the pipe
and the radiators to be removed at any time or new air allowed to pass therein.
The improvement consists therein, that between the horizontal planes between
which the highest and lowest water levels of the boiler lie, a portion of the pipe is
arranged and fitted in such a manner that during the working of the apparatus the
air originally contained in the circulating pipe and radiators is received in this
portion without disturbing the flowing off process of the condensed water from the
radiators.
This improved steam heating arrangement is illustrated in the annexed drawing
in which K represents the boiler and the dotted line N' N' the plane of the highest
water level, N N' the plane of a middle water level and N'N' that of the lowest
water level. D is the main steam pipe, C the main condensed water pipe connected
with the water space of the boiler, H' H' a number of radiators or heaters
connected by pipes D₁ D* with the main steam pipe D and by pipes R' L' R' L'
with the main condensed water pipe C. U represents a water gauge pipe connected
with the water space of the steam boiler K, and it is widened at U' above the
highest water level N¹ N¹ to receive that portion of water which is contained in
the boiler K and in the circulating pipe between the planes N¹ N¹ and N' N'.
That portion ab of the pipe L which lies between the planes N' N' and N' N*
serves to receive the air contained in the main steam pipe D and in the com-
munication pipe R, which during working of the apparatus is removed out of the
said parts to the part a. b. In a similar manner the portion cd of the pipe L'
lying between the planes N' N' and N' N' serves to receive the air contained in
the radiator H' and the communication pipe R' and finally the portion ef of
pipe L serves for receiving the air contained in the radiator H' and the
communication pipe R'. The portions a b, e d, ef are to be made large enough to
hold the said amounts of air, but the shape of these portions, whether straight or
bent or coiled is of no importance so long as they be led so that the condensed
water can freely flow down without being prevented by the air. V₁ and V*
represent cocks or valves above the radiators H'H'.
Supposing that the valves V1, V2, be open the boiler K, the circulating pipe and
the water gauge pipe U will be filled with water up to the level N' N₁ and above
the latter with air.
If now the boiler K be heated, steam will be developed, and the latter will enter
the main steam pipe D and the radiators H' H', thus forcing forward the air
contained therein in the direction of the arrows. As the steam pressure increases,
the water is under a proportionate increase forced out of the boiler K and the
circulating pipe, and raised into the widening U₁ of the water gauge pipe U.
During this process the water level except in the water gauge pipe U sinks uutil.
it reaches the line N N', when the widening U₁ will be filled. Meanwhile the
water has descended from the portions of the pipes L, L, L, lying between the
planes N'N' and N N and its place is taken by the air which originally filled
the upper parts of the circulating pipe and radiators and which, driven out by the

page_text: steam, sinks owing to its greater specific gravity. Now the portions of the heating
arrangement lying above the plane N' N' are filled with steam, which latter can
be used at all points for heating purpose without being any longer disturbed by
the air.
The portion ab of the pipe L is arranged between the planes N1 N1 and N' N'
in order that, when the boiler is being heated, the main steam pipe D with the
communication pipe R will be first filled with steam before the radiators H¹H'
commence filling. In a similar way, if certain of the radiators say H' etc. are to
be heated first with steam, the respective air receiving portions say ef etc., lying
between the planes N¹ N¹ and N' N³ may be arranged higher than those of the
other radiators.
Each of the radiators, for instance H' can be regulated by means of its valve
for instance V¹ in the usual way for increasing or decreasing the steam supply, or
each of the radiators can also be entirely cut off from the main steam pipe D, in
which latter case the steam contained in the excluded radiator will be condensed
and the vacuum be filled with air from the respective air portion between the
planes N N and N' N', and this latter is again filled up with water.
A similar
process takes place when the whole heating arrangement is set out of action.
It was supposed herein before that the portions a b, c d, ef of the pipes L, L', L'
will be always filled completely with air so long as the heating arrangement is in
action. This is however not to be considered as an absolute and invariable result,
since accidental variations in the water levels during the use of the apparatus are
unavoidable.
Dated this 11th day of October 1893.
K. HADDAN,
Agent for the Applicant.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Steam Heating Systems.
I, CLARA HEDWIG MARTINI, of Elisenstrasse 45", Leipzig, in the Empire of
Germany, Manufacturess, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what
manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained
in and by the following statement :-
The object of this invention is to produce a steam heating plant, which by its
improved construction hereinafter described can be operated, kept in operation,
and set out of action without any inconvenience from the presence of the air
contained in the piping and the radiators.
The improvement consists in the arrangement of a portion of the piping between
the horizontal planes of the highest and of the lowest water level in steam boiler
and pipe system in such a manner that they are filled with water when the plant is
not in use, but are emptied of the water and serve for the storage of the air from
the pipe system when the plant is in use. Thereby every objection and inconvenience
arising from the presence of the air in the heating apparatus and the pipe system
is avoided and every valve arrangement or other means for extracting the air,
before the plant is put in working order, is rendered unnecessary.
In the accompanying drawing a steam heating plant is shown in diagram in
order to better explain the object of this invention.
K denotes the steam boiler preferably placed in the cellar of a house, N' N' the
plane of the highest water level, N' N' that of a middle water level and N3 N³ the
plane of the lowest water level, D the main steam pipe and C the main condensed
water pipe, which are at the ends connected by the pipes RL T. Both
mains D and C are bent and led according to the circumstances, also they may be
divided into branches. The radiators employed in the heating plant may be of
any kind and construction. Of them three are shown and marked H'H' H³, the
first one being on the second floor and the others on the first floor. The radiators

page_text: are connected with the steam main D (or its branches, if there be any) by
pipes D D D³ and may be disconnected therefrom by means of cocks or
valves V VV'. They are also connected with the condensed water main C (or
its branches) by pipes Ŕ' L' T', R' L' T', R³ L³ T'.
The pipe L (connected with the communication or condensed water pipe R) is.
arranged from a to b in an inclined position between the levels N' N' and N' N'
and has such a capacity as is sufficient for receiving and storing the air out of the
steam main D and the pipe R. In a similar manner the inclined pipe L' located
between the levels N' N and N³ N' from c to d has the required capacity for the
storage of the air from the pipe D', the radiator H' and the condensed water
pipe R'. The inclined pipe L' from to fhas equally the capacity of storing the
air out of the pipe D³, the radiator H' and the communication or condensed water
pipe R. The inclined pipe L³ again serves for the storage of the air out of the
pipe D', the radiator H³ and the condensed water pipe R³ and in like manner any
further pipes are arranged that appertain to radiators contained in the plant. It
does not matter what size they are and what shape they have, provided that they
have the contents necessary for storing the aforesaid quantities of air. They may
be straight as L or L' or curved to any extent, also they may be coil-shaped such
as L or L, but they must be so inclined as to allow of the condensed water
flowing off without interference from the air. The boiler K is provided with a
water gauge pipe or open stand pipe U to limit the steam pressure in boiler.
Above the boiler this pipe U is widened out into a tank U' capable of taking up all
the water that is contained in the boiler and in the pipe system between the planes
of the levels N' N' and N' N³.
In order to explain the working of the plant, it is first assumed, that at the
beginning the boiler and the pipe system up to the level N¹ N₁ are full of water,.
while above that level only air is contained in the various pipes and radiators, also-
that all the valves V₁ V* V* are open.
Ou firing the boiler K steam will develope and enter the main pipe D (and its
branches, if there be any) as well as the radiators driving away all the air in the
direction of the arrows. In the same proportion as the pressure of the steam
increases, it expels the water out of the boiler and the pipes and forces it up into
the tank U and the stand pipe U until the water level arrives at the line N' N..
Then the pipes L L' L' L' will be emptied of the water and all the air contained
in the respective parts named above will have sunk into them by reason of its
greater weight. Now all the heating pipes and radiators above the level N' N¹
are filled up entirely with steam, so that the steam is enabled to exert its full
heating power without being impaired by the air.
The air storing pipe L is arranged between the levels N' N¹ and N' N' in order
that the steam main D (or its branches) with the condensed water pipe R may be
first filled with steam before the radiators are filled. In a similar manner any
radiator that is required to be heated in precedence to the others, may have its air
storing pipe arranged higher up than the others.
When a radiator, say H³, is shut out by closing its valve V2, the steam contained
in it condenses and the space is again filled up with the air returning from the it
storing pipe L³, while in the latter the air is replaced by water. A similar
occurrence will take place on putting the whole plant out of use.
It was supposed hereinbefore, that the portions a b, c d, ef, g h of the air storing
pipes L L L L will be always filled completely with air so long as the heating
plant is in action. This is, however, not to be considered as an absolute and
invariable result, since accidental variations in the water levels during the use of
the apparatus are unavoidable.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of the said inven-.
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I
claim is :-
1. In a steam heating plant the arrangement of a portion of the piping having-

page_text: the proper capacity in an inclined position between the horizontal planes of the
highest and of the lowest water level in boiler and pipe system for the purpose of
storing the air originally contained in the piping and the radiators during the
working, the said portion of the piping being filled up again with water, when the
plant is out of use, so as to reduce the capacity left for the air, substantially as
shown and described.
2. In a steam heating plant the combination with each condensed water pipe
from the steam main and the heating apparatus of an inclined pipe of any shape
communicating with the boiler, said pipe being arranged between the horizontal
planes of the highest and of the lowest water level in boiler and pipe system for
the purpose of storing the air originally contained in the parts above it, substantially
as described and set forth.
Dated thin orth dow of Tun 1904
R. HADDAN,
Of the Firm of Herbert Haddan & Co.,
18, Buckingham Street, Strand, London, W.C.