Improvements in and in Apparatus for Combustion.
Year: 1899

page_text: Date of Application, 11th May, 1899-Accepted, 11th June, 1900
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in and in Apparatus for Combustion.
I, LOUIS VANDEN DRIESSCHE, of No. 9, Place Masuy, Brussels, in the Kingdom
of Belgium, Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and
in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and
ascertained in and by the following statement:-
This invention relates to improvements in heating devices and is designed for
producing a more complete and economical combustion.
The invention has for its object to provide means for collecting within the
chamber of combustion the evolved heat, and for concentrating this heat around
the focus of combustion, for producing within this focus higher temperatures
and more intense combustion and greater saving of fuel.
It is a fact that the combustion within a heating device becomes more intense
as the temperature of the chamber in which the combustion takes place, is
increased.
The devices forming the object of this invention may be applied to
of combustion and cause the temperature heretofore obtained therein, to rise
any chamber
to a considerably higher degree. The devices consist of casings and similar
means arranged in series around or above any source of heating, such as a fur-
nace, a burner and so forth. The series may be of any available or required
number of casings and similar means as: two, three, four, five, six and so on.
Said casings and similar means admit of the most various forms and may take
any suitable shape and amongst others, may be cylindrical, conical, and so forth.
The cylindrical conical and similar shaped casings are placed concentrically
within or around each other and therefore must be slightly different in cross-
section. Said casings and similar means are perforated, that is to say, have in
heir walls a plurality of very small apertures of any available shape and number
for allowing of the volatile results of combustion to be liberated through them.
These apertures may be distributed over the whole or but a part thereof. It is
essential that the thickness of the walls of said casings and similar means be
educed to its available or required minimum and that there will be between
ach casing or similar means a very narrow space, to permit the casings to be
uickly, thoroughly and strongly heated, so that their walls, by reason of being
hus brought close together, will form a series, cluster or compound of thin
adiating surfaces and narrow heating chambers, forming a whole. This cluster
capable of collecting and maintaining high temperatures and of securing a
onsiderable increase of heat within the combustion chamber. The temperature
roduced and maintained by these means within the chamber of combustion
rovided that it is supported by a suitable air supply is so considerable, that
he formation of smoke will almost be avoided.
Said casings and similar means may be made of fire-brick or any other suitable
bstance preferably of material which is a bad conductor of heat.
Any combustible may be used with this system, gas, hydrocarbon, alcohol,
al, coke, and the like.
The most suitable forms in which the casings and similar means of this
vention may, in the main, be employed, are the following:

page_text: The second arch P' produces its collecting-action of heat on the first arch O
The gases of combustion pass next through a or a¹ (Figures 12 or 15) then enter
the arches and 1', escaping afterwards through the apertures b in the side
walls of said second arch F (Figures 16 and 17); these apertures 6 are preferably
5 in the front part of the bottom, that is to say beside the grate St.
Figure 16 is a vertical section of the second arch P and the apertures b.
Figure 17 is a vertical section on the line 13-13 of Figure 16, seen from the
front, that is to say, the back wall of the arch P.
The third arch R produces its collecting action of heat on the second arch 1'.
The volatile products of combustion after having passed through the apertures b
(Figure 16), pass between the arches P' and R and escape through the apertures c
preferably placed in the bottom and behind the side walls of said third arch R
(Figures 18 and 19).
Figure 18 represents a vertical section of the third arch R and the apertures c.
Figure 19 is a vertical section on the line 14-14 of Figure 18 seen from the
front, that is to say, the back wall of the third arch R, seen from the front.
The aperture c of the third arch R may also be placed in the back wall of this
arch (Figures 20 and 21).
Figure 20 is a vertical section of the arch B without apertures in the side
walls.
Figure 21 is a vertical section on the line 15-15 of Figure 20 seen from the
front, that is to say, the back wall seen from the front with the apertures c¹.
The volatile products of combustion are therefore conducted between the
arches and preferably alternately from the back to the front and reversely.
They are finally discharged in any suitable manner into the chimney, either
directly or after passing through any system of pipes or flues, for the purpose of
utilizing the waste heat. This arrangement for recuperating or collecting heat
by means of enveloping and superposed arches, effects an enormous increase of
temperature in the combustion-chamber, hence a more complete combustion.
In consequence of insufficient space or other causes, the construction of concen-
trical superposed arches as described above, may be difficult or impossible; in
this case, what is required, is to construct a device resembling as nearly as
possible the type above described Figures 12 to 21. Thus for instance, instead
of three complete arches, as shewn in Figures 7, 8 and 9, the first arch O, may
be constructed completely independent and the upper wall of the second and
third arches P and R, may rest on the same side walls P (see Figures 22, 23
and 24).
Figure 22 is a vertical section of such an arrangement.
Figure 23 is a horizontal section on the line 16-16 of Figure 22.
Figure 24 is a vertical section on the line 17-17 of Figure 22, seen from the
front.
The apertures for the escape of the volatile products of combustion are prefer-
bly arranged as indicated in Figures 25 to 28, that is to say, the first arch O
with the apertures a at the base and the back of the side walls (see Figures 12
nd 13) or at the base of the back wall (see Figures 14 and 15). The second
rch with the apertures 6 in front (the side of the grate) and in the lower part
f the upper wall (see Figures 25 and 26). The third arch R with the apertures c
ehind and in the lower part of the upper wall (see Figures 27 and 28).
Figure 25 is a vertical section of the enveloping arch P and the apertures b.
Figure 26 is a vertical section on the line 18-18 of Figure 25, seen from the
ont, that is to say, of the position of the apertures 6 in the arch P.
Figure 27 is a vertical section of the arch R resting on the walls of the arch P
nd of the apertures c.
Figure 28 is a vertical section on the line 19-19 of Figure 27 seen from
he front, that is to say of the position of the apertures c in the arch R.
The upper walls of the three arches O, P, R, may also rest on the same side
alls 0 (see Figures 29, 30 and 31).

page_text: Figure 29 is a vertical section of this arrangement.
Figure 30 is a horizontal section on the line. 20-20 of Figure 29.
Figure 31 is a vertical section on the line 21-21 of Figure 29 seen from the
front.
The apertures for the discharge of the volatile products of combustion are
preferably arranged here in the following manner: The arch O has the aperture a¹
in the lower part of the back wall as shown in Figures 14 and 15; the products
of combustion will next pass through a', then between the back walls and P
(see Figure 29), then between the arches O and P, then through the apertures b
of the arch P placed as shewn in Figures 25 and 26, say in front and at the base
of the upper wall P and finally through the apertures c of the arch R, arranged
at the back as shewn in Figures 27 and 28. These arrangements may be varied
as for instance the arrangement of apertures e in Figure 38.
The examples of different applications will furthermore be described in the
sequel:
10. Application of a series of three complete enveloping arches for an installa-
tion of multitubular furnace (Figures 32 to 37).
Figure 32 is a horizontal section of a series of three arches 0, P and R in follow-
ing the Figures 5, 6 and. 7 and surrounding at the same time the furnace and
the boiler tubes.
Figure 33 is a horizontal section on line 23-23 of Figure 32.
Figure 34 is a vertical section on the line 22-22 of Figure 32 seen from the
front.
Figure 35 shows the arch with the apertures a.
Figure 36 shows the arch P with the apertures 6 and
Figure 37 shows the arch R with the apertures c.
20. Application of a series of three superposed arches for an installation of a
muffle-furnace (Figure 38).
Figure 38 shews a vertical section of such an arrangement in which the series
of arches 01, P1, R¹ surround at the same time the furnace and the muffle or
retort X; it shews furthermore the apertures o' for the passage of the volatile
products of combustion.
The means of collecting within the chamber of combustion the evolved heat
as above described, can be adapted to the most various applications and combina-
tions, amongst others:
1. By employing one or a plurality of series of said arches, bells, cylinders or
like means, surrounding or covering at the same time, as the case may be, the
source of heating and the chamber of combustion (see Figures to 7, 8, 10, 12
to 31) or, at the same time the source of heating and the spaces to be heated,
(see Figure 38).
2. By employing one or a plurality of series of said arches, bells, cylinders
or the like, surrounding or covering at the same time; the source of heating and
those parts of coppers boilers, furnaces, multitubular generators and others,
ovens and so forth, around which parts it is desired to retain and utilise the high
temperatures thus produced, as for instance, in the case of Figures 32 to 37 in
surrounding by a series of arches at the same time the source of heating and
the boiler-tubes of a multitubular furnace.
The apparatus and devices for heating with intense combustion which will be
described below, are based on this system of collecting or accumulating the heat
by means of a series of superposed and perforated bells, cylinders plates and
similar means. The intense combustion thus obtained is still more increased
when the air for combustion is previously and strongly heated.
Figures 39 and 40 shew a standard type of gas-heating apparatus. This
apparatus is placed in a diffuser or distributor of heat (Figures 41 to 44) purposed
to warm rapidly the air of a room while conducting the volatile products of
combustion to the chimney.
The gas-heating apparatus (Figures 39 and 40) forms with the heat diffuser

page_text: Figure 39 shows a vertical section of said gas-heating apparatus.
Figure 40 shows a plan view on line 24-24 of Figure 39.
Figure 41 is a front view of the diffuser.
Figure 42 is a vertical section of the diffuser seen from the front.
Figure 43 is a lateral view of the diffuser.
Figure 44 is a vertical section of the diffuser seen from the side.
The gas-heating apparatus (Figures 39 and 40) consists of a draught pipe X
in which the gas is projected by injector Y: the gas draws the air which enters
into the pipe through the aperture W.
The mixture of air and gas rises up in the pipe X which is inclined, in order
to facilitate the aspiration of air.
The mixture of gas and air passes through the device D¹ which entirely pre-
vents the striking-back of the flames, that is to say, the gas cannot catch fire at
the injector Y. The device D¹ will be described later on. The mixture of gas
and air ascends into the burner 1 and passes through the aperture Z where it is
ignited and consumed.
.
The body of the apparatus is composed of a ring T¹, having a bottom H¹.
The aspiration pipe X is fixed at J on the bottom of the apparatus by means of
screws or otherwise. A ring G' forms the continuation of the tube X and in,
or round this ring is placed the burner 1. In the side of the ring T¹ and in
the bottom H are apertures h more or less large, through which enters the air
which will be consumed in the flame of the burner. In the body of the apparatus
are rings L, M, N¹. which rest on supports l, m, n. On these rings, L¹, M³, N'
are placed the bells A, B, C at a short distance apart. These bells have
apertures in their walls for the passage of the volatile products of combustion
and inlet of secondary air. There may be any number desired of bells and rings.
Experience, however, has proved that in this apparatus three bells produce
sufficient accumulation of heat to obtain a complete combustion.
The device D' placed in the ring G₁ consists of wire-gauze of a convex shape 1)³
supported by a ring D³. A piece of wire-gauze D, placed horizontally beneath
the ring 13, completes the device. The latter piece of wire-gauze D is not
intended to prevent the flame striking-back, but it assists the intimate mingling
of air and gas. This device D₁ completely prevents all return of the flame, in
igniting or extinguishing the burner and moreover does away with the explosion
which frequently occurs. The striking-back of the flame is prevented, because,
by means of this device, it no longer reaches the mixture of air and gas in the
draught-pipe: so as the flame goes backward through the apertures of the
burner, it follows the convexity of the wire-gauze 12, and goes out for want of
air between the ring D3 surrounding the wire-gauze and the sides of the burner.
A special pilot jet apparatus (igniter) is employed for lighting this burner..
The device consists of the piece V fixed on the gas pipe (Figure 40) and which
supplies a small tube V having at its end a burner, with a very small opening V2
in order to obtain a tiny jet of flame projected on the bells. At the place where
this flame strikes the bells, there is an aperture sufficiently large in the bells B¹
and C, so that the jet of flame can easily strike the innermost bell A¹ and
immediately ignite the gas escaping through the burner 1.
To operate this apparatus the pilot-jet is lighted, after which the tap which
conducts the gas to burner 1 is turned on, and the gas lights by contact with
the flame of the pilot jet, which is afterwards extinguished.
The intensity of combustion on the burner I rapidly increases and the
bells A, B, C, soon become red-hot especially the inner bell A. and the
burner 1.
It is to be noted that the intensity of combustion is very great, firstly, because
the mixture of air and gas which ascends through the aspiration pipe X is
carried to a high temperature by its passage through the chamber of the red-hot

page_text: burner 1; secondly, because the combustion of the mixture takes place at a very
high temperature, that of the interior of the red-hot bell A' and finally, because
the air burning at the flame of the burner, which enters into the apparatus
through the apertures h, is likewise carried to a very high temperature by its
passage between the rings L, M, N strongly heated by radiation and by its
passage between the burner and the lower part of the bell A¹.
The device may be made wholly or partly of earthenware, iron, cast-iron, or
any other suitable material.
The diffuser (Figures 41 to 44) is composed of a box H2 traversed by one or
more rows of pipes J2, arranged on an inclined plane, so as to obtain easily
circulation of air from back to front within said pipes. The air from the room
to be heated passes inside these pipes J2 from back to front without coming in
contact with the volatile products of combustion, which pass round these pipes
inside the box H2.
The box H2 may be open at the lower part of the front in order that the heat
from the bells may radiate into the room.
The hot gases produced by combustion ascend from the fire to the interior of
the box H2; these hot gases are retained a long time round the pipes J2 by
means of curtain-walls or partitions K² preferably made of asbestos or other bad
conductor of heat. These deflecting partitions are placed above the rows of
tubes J in the interior of the box H. In order to allow the volatile products
of combustion to escape, these partitions K2, are perforated with apertures ².
This arrangement keeps the heat well round the pipes J2 inside which passes
the air to be heated.
The volatile products, of combustion are finally discharged into the chimney
through aperture P².
A piece or casing 02 is applied to the back of the heat diffuser thus forming.
with the back a chamber only open below. This device conducts the air which
ascends through the pipes J2 and causes it to pass along the back of the heat
diffuser, thus utilising all the heat liberated at the back of the diffuser, warming
the air ascending towards the pipes J2. After having passed through the pipes
from back to front, the air thus heated is distributed over the room.
In order to warm living rooms in a highly hygienic manner, the chamber 02²
is also to be closed at the bottom and air from any outside source is conducted
into it through a pipe. Under these conditions, the air drawn into the rooni
through the pipes J2, will be fresh air warmed.
The fire together with the heat diffuser forms an exceedingly simple, practical
and economical gas-stove.
A slight modification of the gas-fire above described (Figures 39 and 40), will
furnish a cooking stove for boiling or the like (Figures 45 and 46).
Figure 45 is a vertical section of this stove.
Figure 46 is a plan view of Figure 45.
This stove is arranged sulistantially in the same manner as the fire described
above. For instance, the stove has the same draught pipe X, a device D, and
the apertures h: only in this arrangement, the bells A, B, C, are changed inte
any desired number of cylinders of any shape, that is to say, open at the top.
The combustion takes place in the interior of the cylinder E which is sur-
rounded concentrically by the cylinder F1; this latter produces accumulation
of heat around the cylinder E¹ and consequently raises the temperature at the
focus of combustion, hence an intense and complete combustion and economy of
fuel. On the other hand, the air burning at the flame, enters through the
apertures hand is heated by its passage between the rings and between the
cylinders and the burner which still further intensifies the combustion.
The body of the apparatus may have a top T2 with ledges U to support the
vessels that are put to heat on this stove.
The same system for the collection or accumulation of heat by means of a
superposition of a series of bells, cylinders or similar casings, as well as the

page_text: 0
heating of the air for supporting combustion at the flame by its passage through
apertures 2 and between the rings L², M², and the casings may be applied to
any burner (Figure 47) and to any heating or cooking apparatus used in com-
merce, which considerably increases the thermic efficiency of the apparatus.
In fact by placing the burner, now the most in use (Figure 47).into the cooking
stove described and illustrated at and by Figures 45 and 46 the air which burns
at the flame will be previously heated by its passage through h² and between
the plates L2 M² and the corresponding casings. On the other hand, the burner
will become hotter and the mixture of air and gas which evolves from the
chamber of said burner, will rise to a high temperature; hence a more intense
combustion. Finally, this combustion will be rendered still more active, because
it takes place at a focus carried to a still higher temperature by means of the
accumulation of heat produced by means of the superposed casings.
Figure 47 is a vertical section of such an arrangement of a usual burner la
besides casings E2 F2 and of apertures h³.
By modifying accordingly the burners, all the apparatus above described may
serve for all kinds of heating, such as with alcohol, petroleum, hydrocarbon
and so forth.
The arrangement for gas stoves can with certain modifications be adapted to a
stove for solid fuel, such as coal, coke, wood and the like (Figure 48).
Figure 48 is a vertical diagrammatic section of such a stove, seen from the
front.
The combustion takes place in the interior of the bell A2 and the combustible
is introduced in any suitable manner and as in each case may be required.
The bell A2 is provided with apertures through which the volatile products
of combustion escape. Round this bell A2 and a short distance therefrom is a
second bell B2, which produces a further collection of the heat on the bell A².
The volatile products of combustion pass between the bells A2 and B2 and ascend
towards the pipes J3 of the heat diffuser which
the plates K and around the rows of pipes of the diffuser, and passing through
placed above; they flow along
the apertures e³, as has been minutely described for the gas stove. Finally, the
volatile products of combustion are likewise discharged here into the chimney
through P
W2 indicates the grating and X2 the ash-pan.
The bells A and B2 do not touch the grating in order that the soot which may
accumulate above or between the bells, can be discharged through the grate.
This kind of stove produces a very complete combustion by reason that the
accumulation of heat produced by the bells A2 and B2 effects considerable eleva-
tion of the temperature at the focus of combustion.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what
I claim is:-
1. Devices or means designed for collecting around and concentrating within
he chamber of combustion of any source of heating the evolved heat, to raise
nd maintain the temperature within the combustion-chamber to considerable
igher degrees and obtain a much more complete combustion and greater economy
f fuel; said devices or means consist of casings of any suitable forms, as bells,
ylinders, arches and the like, each of them being arranged in series of any
vailable or desired number and surrounding or covering any source of heating,
nd may have in their walls any desired number of very small apertures, which
ay be distributed over the whole or a part thereof; and the walls of which
eing always reduced to their desired or required uttermost thinness and being
ways placed near each other, at very short distances apart for the purposes as
t forth.
2. The combination of cylindrical, conical or similar shaped casings or similar

page_text: means of slightly different diameters, placed in series of any number over or
into each other, substantially as set forth.
3. In a device for promoting combustion, one or more series of said wholly
or partly perforated standard hells or similar means of slightly different diame-
ters, placed at very small distances apart, the larger over the smaller ones and
surrounding or covering any source of heating, substantially as set forth.
4. In a device for promoting combustion, one or more series of said standard
cylinders or similar means of slightly different diameters open at the top and
having wholly or partly perforated walls and placed at very small distances apart
the larger over the smaller ones, and surrounding or covering any source of
heating, substantially as set forth.
5. In a device for promoting combustion, one or more series of said wholly
or partly perforated standard arches, or similar means placed at very small dis-
tances apart, the larger over the smaller ones and surrounding or covering any
source of heating, substantially as set forth.
6. In a device for promoting combustion, the combination of one or more series
of said perforated arches, bells, evlinders, or the like surrounding or covering at
the same time, either the source of heating and the chamber of combustion
(Figures 5-7, 8, 10, 12 to 31), or, at the same time the source of heating and
the spaces to be heated, (Figure 38), substantially as set forth.
7. In a device for promoting combustion, the combination of one or more
series of said perforated arches, bells, cylinders, or the like, surrounding or
covering at the same time the source of heating and certain parts of coppers,
boilers, furnaces, steam-generators, multitubular furnaces, ovens and so forth,
(Figures 32 to 37), substantially as set forth.
8. The several examples of application, heating devices, above described,
(Figures 39 to 48.)
9. In a gas stove (Figures 39 to 44) comprising: a heating apparatus (Figures 39
and 40), the combination of a body having apertures h for the inlet of air; a
combustion chamber formed by superposed bells A, B, C, arranged a short
distance from each other, and having an unlimited number of apertures for
the egress of the volatile products of combustion and inlet of air from above;
an injector Y; an inclined draught pipe X having an opening W for the inlet
of air; a device D¹ preventing the striking-back of the flame: a ring G¹ forming
the continuation of said draught pipe; ring plates L, M, N₁, carrying the bells
and heating the air rising up to the flame; an igniting tube V₁ substantially
as set forth and illustrated in the accompanying drawings; a diffuser or dis-
tributor of heat (Figures 41 to 44) comprising the combination of a box that
may be open at the lower part of the front: one or a plurality of tubes J2 placed
on an inclined plane: inner perforated plates K³, designed to hold the heat
around the tubes J2; a piece or casing 02 provided in connection with the back
wall of the diffuser, a box or up-channel for conducting the air towards the
pipes J; an outlet passage P2 for the volatile products of combustion, sub-
stantially as set forth and illustrated in the accompanying drawings.
10. The combination of the above-described heating apparatus with anv
burner or any source of heating and of the diffuser or distributer of heat with
any source of heating.
11. In a gas cooking device (Figures 45 to 47) the combination of a body
having apertures h¹ or 2 for the inlet of air: a combustion chamber, provided
by superposed perforated casings E, F, or E2, F2, arranged at short distances
from each other; an inclined draught pipe having an inlet for the air; a device
preventing the striking-back of the flame; a ring forming the continuation of
said draught pipe; ring-plates bearing the cylinders and heating the air rising
up to the flame; a top and ledges; substantially as set forth and illustrated in
the accompanying drawings.
12. The combination of the above-described heating devices with any burner
or any source of heating.

page_text: 13. In a stove for solid fuel (Figure 48) comprising the combination of a
combustion-chamber provided by superposed bells A 12 arranged a short distance
from each other, and having an unlimited number of apertures for the passage
of the volatile products of combustion and the evolved gases and the combination
of said stove with a heat-diffuser, substantially as set forth and illustrated in
the drawings.
Doted the 111
1000