CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PROCESS OP PREPARING, REFINING, AND EVAPORATING SUGAR
Year: 1827

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, 1,
WILLIAM CLELAND, of the City of Glasgow, Gentleman, send greeting.
WHEREAS His present most Excellent Majesty King George the
Fourth did, by His Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great
Britain, bearing date at Westminster, the Fourth day of July, in
the eighth year of His reign, give and grant unto me, the said
William Cleland, His especial licence that I, the said William Cle-
land, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I,
the said William Cleland, my exors, adñiors, or assigns, should at
any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all
times during the term of years therein expressed, should lawfully
might make, use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and the
Town of Berwick upon Tweed, and also in all His said Majesty's Colo-
nies and Plantations abroad, my Invention of "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS
IN THE PROCESS OP PREPARING, REFINING, AND EVAPORATING SUGAR;" in which
said Letters Patent there is contained a proviso, obliging me, the said
William Cleland, by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal,
particularly to describe and ascertain the nature of my said Invention,

page_text: and in what manner the same is to be performed, and to cause the same
to be enrolled in His Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said in
part recited Letters Patent, reference being thereunto had, will more
fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso I, the
said William Cleland, do hereby declare that the nature of my afore-
said improvements, and the manner in which the same are to be
practised and carried into effect, are herein-after fully set forth and
described (that is to say):
They are applicable only in those cases where the sugar, syrup, or
other fluid to be evaporated is heated, in order to produce that evapo-
ration, by means of steam, as shewn in the annexed Drawing, where
a, a, shews a section of a pan or boiler containing the fluid to be evapo-
rated, and which is heated by the steam and proximity of the water b, b,
contained in the close boiler c, c, the top of which is formed by the
bottom of the pan, which may be flat or curved like the top of an
ordinary waggon boiler of a steam engine when inverted. This lower
boiler containing water only, may be larger or less than the evaporating
pan above it, and may be heated by fire applied in any of the ordinary
manners. I make no claim under my aforesaid Patent to the apparatus
above described, except only so far as the under close boiler is the
means of affording the hot steam which I require in the use of the
apparatus now about to be described, and which I do claim as new and
forming the essential part of the Invention and improvement referred
to in my herein-before in part recited Letters Patent. This apparatus
consists of a hollow tube formed of pewter, copper, tin, or tinned copper
or iron, or other suitable metal, bent or wound in a screw-like form, so
as to have the appearance of a cylinder, or in the manner of the worm
of a common still, except that the circles of tube are much nearer
together, and consequently a much greater length of tube is made use
of as shewn at d, d. This cylinder, formed of tube as aforesaid, is sup-
ported, mounted, or fixed upon a central axis e, f, by means of arms or
radii placed at proper distances upon such central axis to render the
whole stiff and firm, and the central axis has proper turned bearings at a

page_text: Its two ends, upon which that axis, with its cylinder of tube fixed as
aforesaid, may revolve on its proper centre whenever the handle g is
turned. The two ends of the central axis are made hollow or tubular,
and of the same bore as the surrounding tube for a few inches at each
end, and the two ends or terminations of such surrounding tube are
introduced and fixed by soldering or otherwise into such tubular parts
of the axis, so as to leave a clear and uninterrupted passage from such
tubular parts of the axis to the inside of the surrounding or coiled tube.
The bearer or support of the axis at h is also tubular, and opens into
the upper part of the close boiler c, c, while its upper end e is equipped
with a pair of brasses or other metallic box so formed that while it
receives one of the turned bearings of the central axis, and permits it to
turn round, it also permits the steam arising from the close boiler c, c, to
pass through holes made in that bearing into its tubular inside, and from
thence into the surrounding coiled pipe d, d, and eventually to escape
at the other end of the axis. The more effectually to produce this
end, the box or brasses at e must be so constructed as to let little or no
steam escape, but conduct the whole into the coiled pipe d, d; but it is
unnecessary to describe the particular form and construction of this kind
of steam tight joint or bearing, as the same is well known to workmen.
i, is a rigger or pulley fixed upon the axis for giving a continuous rotary
motion to the apparatus by a band or strap instead of using the handle y.
The bearing for the other end of the axis is solid, and of the ordinary
kind. The effect of my above described apparatus will be that while
the fluid to be evaporated is kept hot by the steam boiler underneath it,
the superfluous steam will rise up the pipe h, and pass through the
coiled pipe d, d, until at length it escapes at f. During this time it
will keep the coiled pipe very hot, and as that pipe is so adjusted as to
height, as just to dip a little more than its own diameter into the fluid
to be evaporated, so of course as the axis e, f, is turned round, every
part of the coiled pipe will be wetted with the fluid under evaporation,
and the great heat of that pipe will produce an exceedingly rapid
evaporation from every part of its surface that is above the fluid, and
consequently exposed to the air. In the above described apparatus
the boiler for producing the steam may be detached, instead of under

page_text: the evaporating pan, and the end of the coiled pipe next to f need not
enter the tubular axis; but there will be advantages in constructing it
as above described, not only on account of the economy in heating the
fluid, but likewise from the ease with which the waste steam may be
carried away up a flue, or be used for other purposes. Any number
of coils. or cylinders of pipe may be made to revolve in the same
evaporating pan where expedition is an object, and other means may
be devised for producing the same end, but these I consider to be
included in the leading principle of my Invention, which I hereby
declare to consist in the exposing of fresh surfaces of fluid in continual
succession to the evaporating power of air by means of a revolving coil
of metal pipe heated with steam.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Cleland, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Thirty-first day of December, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and twenty-
seven
WILLIAM (L.S.) CLELAND.
Inrolled the Fourth day of January, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and twenty-eight.