Improvements in the Spinning, Doubling, Twisting, or Winding of Hemp and other Vegetable Fibres, and in Means or Apparatus employed therein.
Year: 1893

page_text: Date of Application, 11th Jan., 1893
Complete Specification Left, 20th Sept., 1893-Accepted, 21st Oct., 1893
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in the Spinning, Doubling, Twisting, or Winding of
Hemp and other Vegetable Fibres, and in Means or Apparatus
employed therein.
A communication from abroad by JAMES PIM STRANGMAN, of Sarno, in the
Province of Salerno, in the Kingdom of Italy, but at present residing at
28, Rue Desbordes-Valmore, Paris Passy, France, Gentleman.
ALFRED GEORGE BROOKES of 55 and 56 Chancery Lane, in the County
of London, Chartered Patent Agent do hereby declare the nature of this inven-
tion to be as follows:-
This invention relates to what is now called "pirn spinning" but it can also
be applied to bobbin spinning by means of certain alterations or modifications
being made upon the bobbins at present in use for bobbin spinning, this inven-
tion consists of the application of a tube or sleeve made of a specially prepared
paper or cardboard or piece or portion of prepared paper or cardboard without
being made or formed into the shape of a tube or sleeve to be applied to and used
on or upon the pirn tube bobbin or other form of wood, metal or other material
upon which the yarn is spun. 1 take unsized paper sometimes called "water leaf"
paper or unsized or partially sized paper or cardboard and I saturate same with a
solution of dextrine, starch, cold water starch, British gum, German gum or other
vegetable gum which is easily made soluble or capable of being dissolved in hot
water or by means of a damp heat or atmosphere say steam for instance, after being
saturated with the gum solution the paper or cardboard is dried without being hot
pressed or passed through heated calender the paper or cardboard is then ready for
use or for being made into tubes or cut into squares of suitable sizes.
The paper tube is placed upon the pirn or other form which may be used for
spinning and the operation of spinuing proceeded with, the wet or damp yarn
usually hot, dissolves to a certain extent the dextrine or other gum contained in
paper rendering it soft and plastic so that the tension of the yarn moulds the paper
tube to the form or shape of the pirn or other appliance upon which it has been
placed the first layer of yarn being indented or embossed upon the surface of the
plastic material of which the tube is composed when full of yarn this pirn is
removed from the spindle and the yarn is dried by any suitable method the spinning
pirn is then removed, in the process of drying the paper tube resumes its original
rigidity having or bearing upon its surface the corrugations, grooves or indentations
which may have been upon the surface of the spinning pirn or form, these corruga-
tions or indentations serve to hold or retain the yarn in its proper position upon the
rigid paper tube and prevent to a great extent the yarn from being displaced during
the subsequent process of weaving.
65
When spinning wet coarse numbers of hemp or flax yarns especially those known
as carpet yarns" often made from hemp or flax tow I prefer to use a square or
obloug piece of my prepared paper or cardboard in place of the tube before
described this piece or square of prepared paper or cardboard is cut to a size
suitable for making a tube and is placed around the pirn or spinning tube of the
spinning frame, it is kept in position by means of an india-rubber band or by
a metal ring and by placing one end in a recess or groove cut into the bottom
of the spinning pirn, or this piece of paper or cardboard may be retained in a
suitable position by any other known means, when spun the pirn of yarn is
removed from the spindle and then dried in the usual manuer, after drying the

page_text: pirn or spinning form is removed or taken out leaving the paper or cardboard
in the form of a rigid cylindrical core with an open space or cut on one side
*down the full length forming a core or support for the yarn, although this
cylindrical core is now rigid such a formed or shaped cylinder has a greater
tendency to expand than to contract, and the opening at the side will be found
most beneficial when the cop is placed in the shuttle for weaving as the spring or
tongue of the shuttle opens or expands the cylindrical core and forces it against the
interior of the cop of yarn thus keeping the yarn firm and in its place and com-
pensating for the elongation of the yarn during the drying process, the paper
cylinder will have impressed upon its surface the corrugations or indentation
which may be on the spinning pirn or form these corrugations will prevent the
yarn from slipping off during the process of weaving,
In order to facilitate the process of drying wet spun yarns especially coarse
numbers perforate the paper or cardboard squares and I prefer to have the
corrugations or flutes on the spinning pirn or form placed or made longitudinally or
vertical instead of horizontal as generally used at present.
For dry spun hemp flax or jute yarns, I usually damp or steam the paper or
cardboard squares or tubes before or after placing them upon the spinning pirn
or other form and if necessary I pass a current of heated air through the cops of
finished yaru after the spinning pirns have been removed from the cop of spun
yarn.
In certain cases a coating or layer of a waterproof or water repellent composition
placed upon the interior surface of the paper tube paper or cardboard squares will
be found to be an advantage especially when perforations are used, a layer or lining
of thin cotton cloth "scrim or light cotton cloth such as is used for hat foundation
is also beneficial in certain cases.
";
These paper tubes and squares of prepared paper or cardboard will be found well
suited for using upon copping, pirning or winding machines that is to say when the
dried yarn is wound or made into cops or other form upon tubes or pirns intended
to be used in weaving or sometimes used for doubling or twisting the dried yarn is
made into cops &c. upon the aforesaid machines from the bobbin or other form
upon which it has been spun and subsequently dried or often these cops are made
or wound from dry or dried yarn which has been wound into hanks or other form
by reeling these hanks or other form of yarns are placed in or upon the copping or
pirning or winding machine I place my paper tubes, squares of paper or cardboard
upon the pirns or other form upon which the cop is usually made and I damp or
steam them so as to render them plastic and soft before or after (as may be found
most desirable) being placed upon the copping pirn or form, when the cops of yarn
are wound or made they are removed from the copping or pirning spindle and if
necessary a current of heated air may be passed through the cops so as to dry the
paper tube or core and render it rigid and stiff.
In certain instances that is to say when winding or making cops of certain classes.
or descriptions of dry or dried yarns it has been considered objectionable to place
these dry yarns upon the wet paper tubes or squares to remedy this I emboss or
raise upon the surface of the paper or cardboard whilst the same is in a soft or
plastic state any desired pattern or corrugations which will appear upon the exterior
surface of the paper or cardboard in relief I treat tubes made of the aforesaid
prepared paper in the same manner by placing them upon a matrix and so moulding
them in a mould or form to any desired shape in this manner I can produce say
longitudinal flutes or corrugations or a spiral corrugation may be placed in relief
upon the exterior surface of the paper tube.
The dextrine, starch, gum or other substance easily made soluble in warm or hot
water or steam may be added to the paper or cardboard during the process of
manufacture of the paper, but I prefer to saturate the paper or cardboard after it
has been made as a rule so doing produces better results.
The dextrinized millboard or paper for my purpose may be prepared by
saturating it with a hot solution of dextrine to which an alkali has been added, for

page_text: surgical purposes borax is preferred, the proportions vary say dextrine 25 to 30-
water 60 to 70-borax 2 to 3 by weight, this is more alkali than is absolutely
necessary but such excess acts as an antiseptic.
In addition to paper &c., any thin or loosely woven undressed, textile material,
made from vegetable fibre, thin cotton, muslin, "scrims" from hemp, flax or
jute would be suitable or could be made use of as a support or core for cops i.e.
when said material has been previously treated with dextrine or the like but 1
prefer to use paper on account of its cheapness and lightness, I take advantage
of the property possessed by alkalis of liberating the gluey matter contained in
starch flour amylon or amylum, without attacking or impairing the natural
properties for the said material.
Paper or like material when saturated with even a solution of flour, which has
been treated with a portion of caustic alkali, to which a small percentage of mineral
acid, nitric or sulphuric, has been added the paper or like material will upon the
application of hot water, or steam become plastic to a certain extent, and will also
resume, on being dried, nearly all its original rigidity, this flour treatment however
often renders the paper or like material too brittle and not sufficiently tenacious,
so of all the substances which at present have been tried by my correspondent
dextrine gives the best result.
The embossed or corrugated tubes or paper squares can also be used upon the
spinning pirns bobbins or other forms upon which certain classes of dry spun or
cold water spun yarn are spun or made; especially dry or damp spun yarns
intended for shoe thread.
A small proportion of glycerine added to the dextrine solution intended for
saturating the paper or like material will render the paper or cardboard more
pliable or yielding without impairing to any great extent the plastic or rigid
qualities of the paper or cardboard.
My paper tubes or squares may also be applied in the spinning doubling winding
or making of cops or other forms of cotton yarns twist or cotton sewing threads.
Dated the 11th day of January 1893.
WM. BROOKES & SON,
55 & 56, Chancery Lane, London, Agents for the Applicant.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in the Spinning, Doubling, Twisting, or Winding of
Hemp and other Vegetable Fibres, and in Means or Apparatus
employed therein.
A communication from abroad by JAMES PIM STRANGMAN, of Sarno, in the
Province of Salerno, in the Kingdom of Italy, but at present residing at
28, Rue Desbordes-Valmore, Paris Passy, France, Gentleman.
1 Alfred GEORGE BROOKES of 55 & 56 Chancery Lane in the County of
London, Chartered Patent Agent, do hereby declare the nature of this invention
and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and
ascertained in and by the following statement :-
This invention relates to what is now called "pirn spinning" but it can also be
applied to bobbin spinning by means of certain alterations or modifications being
made upon the bobbins at present in use for bobbin spinning, this invention consists
of the application of a tube or sleeve made of a specially prepared paper or card-
board or piece or portion of prepared paper or cardboard without being made or
formed into the shape of a tube or sleeve to be applied to and used on or upon the
pirn, tube, bobbin or other form of wood, metal or other material upon which the
yarn spun. I take unsized paper sometimes called "water leaf paper or
unsized or partially sized paper or cardboard and I saturate same with a solution
of dextrine, starch, cold water starch, British gum, German gum or other vegetable
"

page_text: gum which is easily made soluble or capable of being dissolved in hot water or by
means of a damp heat or atmosphere say steam for instance; after being saturated
with the gum solution the paper or cardboard is simply dried or preferably is passed
through heated calenders or otherwise hot pressed the paper or cardboard is then
ready for use or for being made into tubes or cut into squares or other suitable shapes
of suitable sizes.
The paper tube is placed upon the pirn or other form which may be used for
spinning and the operation of spinning proceeded with the wet or damp yarn usually
hot dissolves to a certain extent the dextrine or other gum contained in paper
rendering it soft and plastic so that the tension of the yarn moulds the paper tube to
the form or shape of the pirn or other appliance upon which it has been placed the
first layer of yarn being indented or embossed upon the surface of the plastic
material of which the tube is composed when full of yarn this pirn is removed from
the spindle and the yarn is dried by any suitable method the spinning pirn is then
removed, in the process of drying the paper tube resumes its original rigidity having
or bearing upon its surface the corrugations, grooves or indentations which may
have been upon the surface of the spinning pirn or form, these corrugations or
indentations serve to hold or retain the yarn in its proper position upon the rigid
paper tube and prevent to a great extent the yarn from being displaced as when in
use in the shuttle during weaving.
•
as
"
When spinning wet coarse numbers of hemp or flax yarns especially those known
carpet yarns" made from hemp or flax tow I prefer to use a square or oblong
piece of my prepared paper or cardboard in place of the tube before described this
piece or square of prepared paper or cardboard is cut to a size suitable for making
a tube and is placed around the pirn or spinning tube of the spinning frame, it is
kept in position by means of an india rubber band or by a metal ring and by placing
one end in a recess or groove cut into the bottom of the spinning pirn, or this piece
of paper or cardboard may be retained in a suitable position by any other known
means, when spun the pirn of yarn is removed from the spindle and then dried in
the usual manner, after drying the pirn or spinning form is removed or taken out
leaving the paper or cardboard in the form of a rigid cylindrical core with an open
space or cut on one side down the full length forming a core or support for the yarn
although this cylindrical core is now rigid such a formed or shaped cylinder has a
greater tendency to expand than to contract, and the opening at the side will be
found most beneficial when the cop is placed in the shuttle for weaving as the
spring or tongue of the shuttle opens or expands the cylindrical core and forces it
against the interior of the cop of yarn thus keeping the yarn firm and in its place
compensating for the elongation of the yarn during the drying process the paper
cylinder will have impressed upon its surface the corrugations or indentations which
may be on the spinning pirn or form these corrugations will prevent the yarn from
slipping off during the process of weaving.
The drawing shews in Fig. 1 a delineation of the character of indentations
produced on a soft core, or support for yarn, as at a and also the split tube;
a being the line of division. Fig. 2 indicates by side view partly in section such a
core, or support in position for winding, with one layer (2) of winding being applied
on such split tube a. a² indicates an india rubber band to hold the support to the
spindle. Fig. 3 shews the split cylinder as it appears in end view with the split a¹
indicated.
In order to facilitate the process of drying wet spun yarns especially coarse
numbers I perforate the paper or cardboard squares and I prefer to have the
corrugations or flutes on the spinning pirn or form placed or made longitudinally or
vertical instead of horizontal as generally used at present..
For dry spun hemp flax or jute yarns, I usually damp or steam the paper or
cardboard squares or tubes before or after placing them upon the spinning pirn or
other form and if necessary I pass a current of heated air through the cops of
finished yarn after the spinning pirns have been removed from the cop of spun
yarn.

page_text: In certain cases a coating or layer of a waterproof or water repellent com-
position placed upon the interior surface of the paper tube, paper, or cardboard
squares will be found to be an advantage especially when perforations are used, a
layer or lining of thin cotton or flax cloth "scrim or other light cotton or flax
cloth is also beneficial in certain cases and which paper tubes may also be strengthened
or stiffened by inserted or applied stiffening layers or sheets.
"
These paper tubes and squares of prepared paper or cardboard will be found
well suited for using upon copping, pirning or winding machines that is to say
when the dried yarn is wound or made into cops or other form upon tubes or pirns
intended to be used in weaving or sometimes used for doubling or twisting the dried
yarn is made into cops etcetera upon the aforesaid machines from the bobbin or other
form upon which it has been spun and subsequently dried or often these cops are
made or wound from dry or dried yarn which has been wound into hanks or other
form by reeling these hanks or other form of yarns are placed in or upon the
copping or pirning or winding machine I place my paper tubes, squares of prepared
paper or cardboard upon the pirns or other form upon which the cop is usually
made and I damp or steam them so as to render them plastic and soft before or
after (as may be found most desirable) being placed upon the copping pirn or form,
when the cops of yarn are wound or made they are removed from the copping or
pirning spindle and if necessary a current of heated air may be passed through the
cops so as to dry the paper tube or core and render it rigid and stiff.
In certain instances that is to say when winding or making cops of certain
classes or descriptions of dry or dried yarns it has been considered objectionable to
place these dry yarns upon the wet paper tubes or squares to remedy this, I
emboss or raise upon the surface of the paper or cardboard whilst the same is in a
soft or plastic state any desired pattern or corrugations which will appear upon the
exterior surface of the paper or cardboard in relief I treat tubes made of the afore-
said prepared paper or other material in the same manner by placing them upon a
matrix and so moulding them in a mould or form to any desired shape in this manner
I can produce say longitudinal flutes or corrugations or a spiral corrugation may
be placed in relief upon the exterior surface of the paper tube.
The dextrine, starch, gun or other substance easily made soluble in warm or hot
water or steam may be added to the paper or card board during the process of
manufacture of the paper, but I prefer to saturate the paper or card board after it
has been made as a rule so doing produces better results:
The dextrinized paper or like material for this purpose is prepared by saturating
it with a hot solution of dextrine to which an alkali as borax has been added.
Proportions which have been found suitable are; dextrine 28 lbs.-water
6 gallons-borax 2 lbs. but these proportions will or may be subject to slight
variation without materially prejudicing the result.
Thin or loosely woven or felted vegetable material, treated with dextrine or the
like as described may be used in place of or in addition to paper or the like but I
prefer to use paper on account of its cheapness and lightness, I utilize the property
of alkalis of liberating the gluey matter contained in starch flour or like matters
without changing the character of such material.
The embossed or corrugated tubes or paper squares can also be used upon the
spinning pirns bobbins or other forms upon which certain classes of dry spun or
cold water spun yarn are spun or made; especially dry or damp spun yarns intended
for shoe thread.
A small proportion of glycerine added to the dextrine solution intended for
saturating the paper or like material will render the paper or cardboard or
equivalent material more pliable or yielding without impairing to any great extent
the plastic or rigid qualities of the paper or cardboard or like material.
My paper tubes or squares may also be applied in the spinning doubling winding
or making of cops or other forms of cotton yarns, twist or cotton sewing threads.
To avoid the inconvenience that might arise from the yarn absorbing dissolved
starch, gum, dextrine or other sizing material from the paper forming the tube

page_text: thereby causing the yarn to stick thereto in some cases the paper or equivalent
material may before drying or when partially dried be covered with granular,
powdered or equivalent material adapted to prevent such adhesion I am aware that
thin paper has been used as a vehicle or tubular support for yarn wound thereon
also that such thin paper has been used in the form of a tube, split, more or less
from end to end so that similar thin paper tubes have been used over corrugated
pirns, the corrugations of which have been embossed on the thin paper by moisture
and tension of the enwrapped yarn, but I make no claim to either of these methods
separately considered.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of the said inven-
tion as communicated to me by my foreign correspondent and in what manner the
same is to be performed, I declare that what I claim is :-
The manufacture and use of tubes, or sleeves formed of squares or other forms
of paper, or other suitable material prepared by impregnation with a solution of
matters such as described and when softened by heat indented or formed with an
irregular surface by the pressure of the wound yarn without the aid of any corrugated
pirn placed within for use as temporary supports' for windings of hemp, or other
vegetable fibres, in spinning, doubling, twisting, or winding the same or until the
use thereof in weaving as set forth.
Dated the 20th day of September 1893.
WM. BROOKES & SON,
55 & 56, Chancery Lane, London, Agents for the Applicant.