A NEW OR IMPROVED PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR THE PRODUCTION AT WILL OF HEAT AND COLD, DRY OR MOIST, BY THE COMPRESSION AND RAREFACTION OF THE AIR OR OF CASES
Year: 1885

page_text: I CHARLES MARQUIS DE MONTGRAND of St Menet near Marseilles in the
Republic of France do hereby declare the nature of my said Invention for
A NEW OR IMPROVED PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR THE PRODUCTION AT WILL
OF HEAT AND COLD, DRY OR MOIST, BY THE COMPRESSION AND RAREFACTION OF
THE AIR OR OF CASES and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be
particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement :-
My process consists in mechanically producing heat and cold either by way of
aeration or by way of transmission by means of a particular combination of
simultaneous compression and rarefaction of atmospheric air or other gases and in
the application of this heating, of this cooling or this aeration specially to-public
or private edifices, churches; hospitals, theatres museums, public offices, hotels,
dwelling or banking houses; public or private carriages, railway carriages for
passengers or merchandise, saloons, cabins and holds of ships, stoves and ice houses.
or cold chambers for the preservation of fermentable matters, subterranean or
submarine works, tunnels, mines and borings, for the treatment of sugars and'
syrups in refineries and sugar houses and generally to any industry whatever in
which it may be required to raise or to lower the natural temperature up to
150° Centigrade and higher or: to. liquids already heated at least to + 200°
Centigrade which it is important not to allow to lose their heat by the blowing
therein of a foreign gas necessary to their treatment.
My invention therefore relates to heating or cooling, according to requirements
atmospheric air and all compressible gases, maintaining them at a desired and
precise determined temperature, in any vessel or place whatever.
Heat and cold being obtained at the same time in the apparatuses that I am
about to describe, it therefore: follows that they may be employed separately or
simultaneously.
Of all compressible gases; air is here taken as the type; if therefore the
demonstration of the operation of the apparatus is made on the employment of.
atmospheric air, it is not to be said that I renounce the employment of other gases
for the working of my apparatus.
-

page_text: Air has been alone chosen because it is the gaseous fluid which is the most
usually compressed.
My invention is based upon the law of Mariotte or of Boyle, according to which
the compression of air causes it to give off heat; whilst its rarefaction causes it to
absorb it.
This admitted, if two determined volumes of exterior air are the one compressed,
the other dilated, and in this condition brought to relative tensions, if they are
placed in mutual and mediate contact, the heat given off by the first will be
absorbed by the second, until they shall have acquired a common temperature.
But arrived at this common temperature under very different tensions, if they are
both, separately restored to their primitive tension, the first will be deprived of the
heat which it has given up to its neighbour, whilst the latter will have the same
quantity of heat in excess.
The latter will diffuse upon that which surrounds it, that excess of heat which
it cannot reserve.
The former will re-absorb from its surrounding that which it lacks.
It is by basing my ideas upon these considerations that I have invented an
apparatus composed of two distinct parts; the one destined to put in mediate
contact two given weights of atmospheric air which are to be, the one compressed,
the other dilated. I will call it the "Compensator" the other having for its object
to take from the atmosphere determined weights of air, to cause them to enter the
'compensator" and to cause them to leave it each in the desired conditions.
$6
65
I have not given the latter any particular name and I will describe it after the
compensator" having regard to the accompanying drawing.
This "compensator" which is represented at Figure 1, consists of a metallic
case a, b, c, d, surrounded with an insulating envelope.
In the interior of this case is a series of vertical metallic tubes I of like
dimensions equally divided, communicating freely amongst themselves both at the
upper and lower parts.
The interior of this series of tubes and the space which effects their communi-
cation are intended to receive the compressed air; for this reason I have given it
the name of "Catapièse" or space of compression.
The rest of the space G of the case is intended for the dilated or expanded air;
for this reason I have given it the name of "diastole or space of rarefaction.
"
Its capacity is calculated in such manner that a given weight of air shall remain
in it the same time as in the "catapiese."
These two parts taken together form the "compensator."
This receives four tubular connections A, B, A' and B¹, which for facility of
description I have represented two at the upper part and two at the lower part of
the "compensator."
The first A conducts the air into the "catapièse," the second B into the
"diastole"; the third A¹ is the outlet for the air from the first; the fourth B¹, to
that from the second.
The bottom of the "compensator" is provided with two small receivers R
and R¹, separated from each other but in communication, the 'one with the
"catapièse," the other with the "diastole."
Each of these receivers communicates by means of a valve with a water
reservoir K which is submitted to atmospheric pressure.
With respect to the apparatus employed for causing the circulation of the air,
it is composed of two pairs of cylinders C, C, and D, D¹ as shown at Figures 2.
and 3.
The first forms part of the system of the "catapièse "; the second part of that
of the "diastole."
'
All the four are double acting, connected to the same motive shaft and their
pistous have the same stroke.. The three cylinders C, C¹, and D have the capacity
required by the maximum of their production; the fourth D', a capacity also
proportional. The two first of each pair C and D have for their sole function to

page_text: measure determined volumes of atmospheric air and to cause them to enter each
into one of the two parts of the "compensator" by the passages A, A³, and B, B³
the air being admitted into these cylinders C and D by the pipes P.
For the two other cylinders C¹ and D¹ it is necessary to examine them
separately.
1
Let us suppose the air of the "Catapièse" at the tension of the outer air.
When the piston of the cylinder C¹ commences to move in one direction, the
communication of the space of the cylinder which it uncovers with the "catapièse "
by A1, A3 is open.
"
The air of this part of the "compensator" with the tension which is proper for .
it, therefore enters and fills it. But as soon as the piston has arrived at the "cut
off," this communication is closed and this air expands and transmits its action to
the piston, exactly as steam acts in a "cut off" or expansion steam engine.
It therefore follows that the communication of the "catapièse with the
cylinder C should be regulated as in these classes of steam engines.
However it may be, during the first part of the stroke and whilst the air of the
I catapièse has access to this cylinder, this volume of air is smaller than that which
the cylinder C, introduces into it. Each stroke of the piston will cause to leave
the "catapièse" a quantity of air less than that which enters it, until that the
weight of the air withdrawn and that of the air introduced into this compartment
be in proportionate quantity..
The action of the two cylinders C and C¹ will therefore have for effect to increase
the tension of the air in the "catapièse " to the desired degree.
On the side of the "diastole," the action of the two pistons of the cylinders D
and D', will produce an analogous but inverse effect.
.
Let us here again suppose that in this part of the "compensator" the air is at
the atmospheric pressure. In proportion as the piston of the cylinder D¹ moves in
one direction, the "diastole " is in communication by B', B³, with the space which
it leaves free behind it, which is filled with air coming from that source.
This communication remains open during the entire stroke of this piston which
thus opens out a larger space than that of the cylinder D; at each stroke of the
piston the cylinder D¹ will therefore give issue to a larger volume of air than that
to which the cylinder D gives access.
The rarefaction of air in the "diastole" will therefore go on continuously,
increasing until it arrives at the point previously fixed, when the volume of air,
expelled by the cylinder D' will be equivalent to that which the cylinder D,
introduces.
With respect to the mode of expulsion of this air, when the piston of the
cylinder D¹ moves in the inverse direction to that which had given, behind it,
access to the air of the " diastole" the communication of the latter with this side
of the cylinder D, being closed this piston commences by acting upon that air to
compress it, and this, until it shall have regained the atmospheric pressure; after
which the continuation of the stroke expels it from the cylinder by the tube E' and
compels it to go in the direction where the heat is required.
Since the motion of the piston in each direction regulates the quantity of air
from the "diastole" which is placed behind it, if this piston had always the same
stroke, the volume of the cylinder D¹ being proportional to that of the cylinder D,
the dilatation of the atmospheric air in this part of the "Compensator" would be
always the same whatever might be the compression produced in the other part.
The cold, occasioned by this dilatation of the atmospheric air in the "diastole "
could no longer be in harmony with the heat developed by the compression of the
air in the "catapiese" and, consequently, the equilibrium of the temperatures
between one and the other is established much below 0° Centigrade, which might
bave serious inconveniences.
It is of importance therefore to be able to modify at will the stroke of the
piston of the cylinder D' according to requirements.

page_text: For this purpose in place of causing the crank of the motive shaft a which puts
this piston in motion, to communicate directly with it, I connect this piston only
through the intervention of a slide b one of whose extremities is connected to the
connecting rod c which receives from the crank an oscillating motion; and the
other is connected to a fixed point d, which is no other than the attachment of a
raising rode which is regulated by means of a band wheelf and rods g (see
Figures 4 and 5). This bar, this slide, and this connecting rod are in the plane of
revolution of the middle of the crank and the slide is rectilinear; its slot h
regulates the length of stroke of the piston.
As soon as the air, compressed by the piston of the cylinder D¹ has regained
the atmospheric tension, which takes place when this piston reaches the middle
of the cylinder, the continuation of its stroke by increasing this tension of it,
causes it to raise a valve by which it escapes into the conduits arranged for it.
دو
In another arrangement of the circulating apparatus, whilst continuing the use
of the two cylinders C and D₁ to measure the air which enters the "cata pièse
and that which leaves the "diastole," I dispense with the two other cylinders C¹
and D and I can, at will, replace them by two micrometric valves, the one
measuring the escape of the air from the "catapièse," the other the admission of
the exterior air into the "diastole."
These two volumes of air leave, the one by the valve of the "catapièse " to pass
directly into the distribution tubes, the other by the cylinder D' whence it is also
forced into the tubes provided for it. Both, in these tubes have only to overcome
the atmospheric pressure. Two pressure gauges showing at every instant the
pressures existing in the two parts of the compensator" indicate the degree
of escape and of admission which are suitable to be given to the two valves.
There only remains for me to explain the use of the two small receptacles R
and R¹, placed below the "catapièse" and the " diastole."
Atmospheric air always contains a certain proportion of aqueous vapour. This
vapour under the pressure to which it is submitted in the " catapièse" and,
consequently temperature which it there encounters, condenses against its sides
and runs down to its lower part; it there condenses into water, and not into icicles,
nor even snow, because by the effect of the proportions in which the tensions are
regulated between the parts of the "compensator" the temperature which this
water will encounter in this organ, will be always sensibly above 0° Centigrade.
It is also, in order to attain this result important to be able to regulate according
to requirements the tension of the air of the "catapièse" and the escape of that of
the "diastole."
If also it happened that some flakes were to be formed, the tubes being vertical,
they would necessarily fall into the water and would be there dissolved.
Further, from this condensation of vapour into water, it results that the liquid
might rise in this organ to the point of intercepting its communication between
the tubes which compose it and to reduce the space devoted to the compression.
To avoid this inconvenience the small receptacle of the "catapièse" is provided
at its bottom with a valve which opens when the level of the water has arrived at
a height which it should not pass.
Immediately under the interior pressure the air escapes towards the reservoir
open to the air until this level, having fallen, the valve again closes this orifice.
On the other part, if the exterior air is cold, it can contain but a small proportion
of moisture, and when rarefied in the "diastole " it shall become charged with the
heat disengaged by its neighbour, the portion of moisture which it shall have
brought will no longer be in harmony with its tension and its temperature, and
restored in this condition to the atmospheric tension, it will be too dry to be
respirable.
.;
It will be able nevertheless to be utilized in this condition when very dry heat
is required.
.J
In the contrary case, the receptacle of the "diastole" will furnish to the rarefied
air the moisture which it may lack, by the evaporation of the water which iit

page_text: contains; and in order that this water may never be wanting in it, the bottom of
this receptacle is provided with a valve communicating with the reservoir K which.
is open to the air.
When in consequence of an evaporation thus more or less prolonged, the level of
the water falls in it to a certain limit and opens the valve, the water from the
reservoir open to the air pressed by the weight of the atmosphere enters this small
receptacle until the level of water in rising shall have reclosed the valve.
I would here remark that I do not confine myself to the details above described
but reserve to myself the right to modify at my convenience, first, the forms, the
dimensions and the arrangements of the " compensator" of its parts and of its
connections; second the means of distribution of the air in all the parts of the
apparatuses.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what
I claim is
1. The combined process consisting of causing a volume of dilated air or gas to
absorb the heat produced by the compression of a volume of atmospheric air, or of
equivalent gas; then, immediately after having extracted them both from the
"compensator" to conduct them, that which was first compressed and which is now
deprived of its heat, into the cooling place, by the tube E; that which was first
dilated, and which is now surcharged with heat, into the heating place by the
tube El; substantially as herein described.
2. The employment of the apparatus intended for heating cold, dilated air and
for cooling hot compressed air, substantially as herein shown and described.
3. The two methods of regulating the circulation of the air in the entire
apparatus, either by means of four cylinders C, C, D, D¹ or by means of two of
these cylinders and two micrometric valves substantially as herein described.
4. The combination employed for obtaining the condensation into water in the
receptacle R, of the excess moisture in the compressed air of the "catapièse" and
the evaporation from the receptacle R' of the water necessary to the condition of
dilatation of the air in the "diastole" substantially as herein shown and described.
5. The means of modifying the stroke of the piston of the cylinder D' sub-
stantially as herein shown and described and for the purpose stated.