IMPROVEMENTS IN SPINNING AND MACHINERY FOR PREPARING AND SPINNING FIBROUS MATERIALS
Year: 1855

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Yuil Borland, of the City of Manchester, in
the County of Lancaster, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN SPINNING
AND MACHINERY FOR PREPARING AND SPINNING FIBROUS MATERIALS."
Sealed the 8th February 1856, and dated the 12th November 1855.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Yuil Borland at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
12th November 1855.
I, JOHN YUIL BORLAND, of the City of Manchester, in the County of
Lancaster, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention of "IMPROVE.
MENTS IN SPINNING AND MACHINERY FOR PREPARING AND SPINNING FIBROUS
MATERIALS" to be as follows:-
They principally consist of improvements in the working parts, and some
new applications and modifications of machinery which I have applied to my
former Patent, N° 1676, dated Twenty-ninth July, One thousand eight hundred
and fifty-four,and sealed Twenty-third January, One thousand eight hundred
and fifty-five, intituled "Improvements in machinery for preparing and
spinning fibrous materials," in which a tube working in independent bearings,
and having a spiral slit in it and its bearings, through which the thread is
passed to its interior, this tube putting in the required twist, combined with a
[Price 8d.1

page_text: spindle passing into the interior of tube, to receive the spun yarn and form it
into a cop, spool, or bobbin by the oscillation of the spindle frame, worked for
that purpose by a conic cam of a peculiar shape, which commences at lowest
end, the said cam being lowered by wheel-work, always presenting new shapes
until the bottom of the cop is sufficiently built, and working at the top end
until the entire cop, spool, or bobbin is formed.
My present improvements are chiefly, firstly, a large disk pulley at the end
of frame close to the driving pulley on main shaft, which by means of a band
or strap drives the twist tubes in direct communication. Secondly, these tubes
are mounted with warves as. large as room will admit to render their speed
more certain, each warve having a slit towards the centre to admit the thread
into the tube. Thirdly, on one side of the above disk is attached an expansive
disk of twelve segments, or any convenient number, expanded and contracted
by a spiral-threaded plate, radiating from the centre, and geeredinto the twelve
segments, which form the expanding disk. The expanding plate has a long boss
with aspiral notch lengthwise, over which another boss moves lengthwise with
a bead fast on it working in the said spiral notch; this last boss is connected
to the conic cam lever, which works the coping rail, and partakes of the move-
ments given by its drawing the boss backwards and forwards, causing the
spiral plate to revolve each stroke, and consequently expand and contract the
disk, which by means of a cord or band drives the receiving spindles, thus
giving more or less drag to the yarn. Fourthly, on each spindle is a long small
drum, tapered a little towards the top end, to accommodate the speed in some
measure to the taper of spindles; as the coping rail descends, the driving band
is always changing its position. Fifthly, in the application of an universal
drag compensator, composed of a small light tube with a disk on its lower end.
This compensator is put on the spindle, which has a disk fast on it, and which
carries the compensator, and as the spindle revolves is kept in motion merely
by its own weight or friction on spindle disk; by this means, if any difference
arises in the co-relative speed of spinning tubes and taking-up spindles, the
dragcompensator will accommodate itself thereto without the thread suffering,
and tight enough to form a good cop spool or bobbin. Sixthly, in the applica-
tion of a revolving ring to put twist in the yarn, the thread passing from the
rollers through a slit, and lower down through a small spiral ring, and then
through a small hook on inside of revolving ring, then passing to the receiving
tube or spindle to be wound into cop form or on a bobbin, the ring being
driven in a similar manner as the tubes, thus preventing the oil from staining
the yarn. Seventhly, in improvements on the system of spinning on bobbins,
the bobbin resting on a disk which is fast on the spindle and which is revolved

page_text: positively by a band or cord from the expanding disk, the twist being put in
by a ring, or a modification of my tube, with two arins, to balance and wind the
thread on the bobbin, which is speeded something less than tube sufficient to
give the drag for winding on. Eighthly, the whole of the tubes and spindles
are arranged by tens, or a greater convenient number, in a crescent form, the
inside being convex, by which means the driving band presses sufficiently on
each warve to drive them, thus rendering it. only necessary to have a supporting
warve at the termination of each crescent of spindles or tubes on convex or
inside, it being understood that the driving cord or band proceeding from the
disks runs the whole length of frame, and returning to the disks on opposite
sides, driving the whole of the spindles or tubes on its route, thus preservingan
uniform motion. Ninthly, by the above improvements and position of the
working parts, the rollers being only a few inches from the twist tubes, a
smoother,stronger, and more regular twisted thread can be made than has yet
been done on mules out of the same materials, effecting all the winding and
crossings to build cops, and spinning continuously, applicable for doubling
and winding machines, all by the same mechanism nearly.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said John Yuil Borland in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
30th April 1856.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHN
YUIL BORLAND, of the City of Manchester, in the County of Lancaster, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twelfth day of November, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-five, in the nineteenth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said John Yuil Borland, Her special licence that I, the said John Yuil
Borland, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as 1, the
said John Yuil Borland, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at
any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times there-
after during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make,
use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVE.
MENTS IN SPINNING AND MACHINELY FOR PREPARING AND SPINNING FIBROUS

page_text: MATERIALS," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said John Yuil
Borland, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under
my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and
ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was
to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent
Office within six calendar montbs next and immediately after the date of the
said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said John Yuil Borland, do hereby declaro
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement :-
up
This Invention relates to a peculiar adaptation and arrangement of mecha-
nism for continuously twisting a sliver or thread, and at the same time winding
it into a cop or bobbin form, and may be advantageously used for making that
preparation known as roving or slubbing, and for spinning slivers of roving or
slubbing into threads, or twisting threads or slivers together, after the manner
of the operation known as doubling; but is particularly advantageous for
continuously twisting or spinning threads, and at the samo time winding the
thread as spun in the cop' form. The chief peculiarity of my Invention in
respect to the parts immediately operating to effect the twisting and winding
of the thread or sliver consists in the adaptation and arrangement of a
peculiarly formed tube in an independent bearing or bearings, which has
revolving motion given to it to put in the required amount of twist in the
required amount of twist in the sliver or thread which passes through its
interior, in combination with a spindle, having its axis also in independent
bearings in a line corresponding with the axis of the tube, into the interior
of which the end of the spindle can enter. But to clearly explain this, and
the modes in which I propose to carry my Invention into effect. I have annexed
hereto one Sheet of Drawings for the purpose of illustration, (the same letters
and figures of reference will be used on the same and corresponding parts
in each Figure of the Drawings.)
Fig. 9, Sheet I., is a detached view (half natural size), shewing a tube and
spindle arranged, as before referred to, for twisting a thread and winding it on
a spindle in the cop form. a, a¹, are rails which form bearings for tubes b.
The lower end of the tube is formed into two legs 61, which are bent to such an
angle as will correspond or nearly so with the cone form of the cop, or of such
angle and shape as will suit the form of the bobbin or shape in which the
thread or sliver is to be wound. The tubes have spiral slits be formed into
them from the bottom to the top, through which the threads or slivers are

page_text: admitted into the interior of the tube, corresponding slits being also made in
their bearings (a, a¹). The spiral cup winds round the tube from the bottom
in a direction opposite to that of its revolving motion, by which arrangement
the spiral direction of the slitassists and facilitates the entrance of the sliveror
thread by revolving the tube, but prevents it getting out; end or longitudinal
motion in the tube is prevented by the wharve & forming a shoulder at the
under rail a', and they are driven or revolved in a manner which will be
hereafter explained. c is the spindle, placed in bearings in the rails c', c², so
that its axis and that of the tube coincide. The spindle rail is made to
traverse in the direction of the axis of the spindles, so that the points of the
spindles may be made to pass into the interior of the tubes, that the material
may be wound on the bottom part of them, and so as to give the necessary
traverse to wind the thread or sliver as it is spun evenly in the cop or bobbin
form. It will be understood that the sliver to be twisted or spun passes from
thedrawing rollers over a guide, from which it passes perpendicularlydown the
interior of the tube b, then along one of the legs at the lower extremity of
the tube, and through a hole or curl formed on it,and then on to the spindle or
compensator d, or on to a spool or bobbin D'. The revolving of the tube bor
ring H will therefore spin or put twist in the sliver or thread, and at the same
time will wind it round the spindle d'or compensator d or bobbin D'; but it is
evident that if the spindle c had no revolving motion the thread would break,
as the tube or flyer b, b', would wind the sliver or thread faster round the
spindle, spool,bobbin, or compensator than thedrawing rollerswoulddeliver it
and before sufficient twist was put in; therefore the spindle, spool, bobbin, or'
compensator will require to be revolved in the same direction as the tube, but
at a speed as much less than that of the tube as will be sufficient to wind up
the sliver delivered by the drawing rollersf, or the spindle, bobbin,or spoolwill
have to be left free, so that the tube may pull it round by the strength of the
thread or sliver, which will be the same mode in principle of winding up the
thread as spun as that employed in the spinning frame known as the "throstle
frame," and which is also employed in the spinning and doubling frame, and
termed "drag," and may be used for this purpose for the spinning or twisting
of threads or slivers which are of a sufficient strength to "drag" round or
overcome the inertia of the spindle, bobbin, or spool,as the case may be. It will
also be evident that thedifference between the revolving speed of the spindle
and tube will depend upon the diameter of the surface upon which the thread
or sliver is wound, and it will thus increase in a.ratio proportionate to the
diminishingdiameter of the surface, and viceversa for the bobbin or spool.The
thread or sliver is generally laid on in cylindrical layers, so that the speed of

page_text: the spindle,spool.or bobbin will graduallydiminishfroin the commencement of
the sett to the full bobbin or spool; but in threads or slivers spun continuously:
and at the same time wound in the cop form, which may be considered to be
built or laid on in conic layers, the spindle or spool every layer has to change
its speed from one extreme to the other extreme, so that it has been hitherto
verydifficult, if not impracticable, to spin threads or slivers and wind them into
the cop form, either on the principle of "drag," or by an arrangement for
positivelydriving the spindles,especially where the thread is required to be laid
on so as to pass quickly from one end of the cone of the cop to the other, as in
"mules," where it is termed "crossing," taking place from the small to large
end of the cone of the cop. To spin continuously and at the same time wind the
thread as spun in the cop form, built with "crossings," in the same manner as
cops spun by "mules," the spindles would require to have at the time of
crossing a sudden accession of revolving speed, which itwould be very difficult
or almost impossible to add by a motion arranged positively todrivethespindles,
and which would strain or break the threads or slivers if it had to be communi-
cated by them to the spindles on the drag principle, especially as the sudden
accession of speed would be required when the thread or sliver would have its
least power upon the spindle or spool, by reason of its then being at the small
diameter of the cop. To obviate this difficulty, I effect the "crossing" by
passing the thread from the large to the small part of the cone of the cop,
which involves a sudden decrease of the speed in the spindle, so that by this
mode of building the cop, the increasing speeds are caused to be slow and
gradual, and tho decreasing speeds quick, thus effecting the least strain on the
threads or sliver. I consider this mode of "crossing" in building a cop in
machines for continuously spinning and winding up the thread as spun at the
same time as very important to the carrying out of my improvements,
especially when the principle of "drag" is used to wind on the thread; but
the advantages of making the "crossing "in the manner above explained will
only be obtained when the flyer or tube is driven in advance of the spindle; if
the reverse of this is the case, then the "crossing," to obtain the advantages
mentioned, will have to be in the same manner as in a mule-spun cop, as it is
verydifficult or almost impossible the co-relative speeds of the tube and spindle
at the time of "crossing."
Firstly, I have invented and applied an universal compensator, which is
made of a long tube tapered like the spindle, with a disk on its lower end;
this is put on top end of spindle, and rests on a disc which is fast on the
spindle, which is driven positively and partakes of the motion of the spindle
merely by its own weight or friction of the two discs; consequently if the

page_text: spindle revolves too quickly, the compensator will be held by the thread, and
revolve without breaking it. This I consider likewise very important to the
carrying out of my Invention.
Secondly, when driving the spindles positively with a bare spindle, I put a
disc on the lower end of the spindle, which rests on another disk pulley or
wharve, revolving on a centre pin or stud fixed in, bottom rail c², as shewn in
Fig. 16; o, the stud, being something shorter than the pulley P, allows the
spindle point to rest in the centre or eye of disc pulley or warve P, which
revolves the spindle merely by the friction of the two discs b¹; consequently
when the thread is drawn too tight, the spindle will slip in the same manner
as the compensator. This method of winding up the thread by positive motion,
by means of a compensator or a spindle resting on discs, which give them
motion by a positive speed, I consider as extremely important to the carrying
out of iny. Inventions.
The disc pulley or warve, revolving on a fast pin or on the short or long
spindle,receives its impulsefrom the expansive largedisc pulleyonmain shafte,
in the same manner as the tubes for putting in the twist. To suit or accommo-
date fine or weak yarns, or rovins or slubbing, I make the spindles hollow, to
make their weight or inertia easier overcome, as the occasion may require.
A common mule spindle cut in two, and having an extra step to support the
short or bottom end of the spindle, as shewn, in Fig. 16, will answer the
above purpose, and is likewise another modification of the same system of
winding up by friction.
I have now described the arrangement of the operating mechanism and the
motions to be imparted to it to accomplish the purpose hereiu-before referred
to, and it now only remains for me to explain the manner in which the said
mechanism may be arranged together, and the modes.in which the notions
required maybe obtained and imparted for the several purposes referred to. In
Sheet. 1, I have shown partially several views of a double-sided cop spinning
frame, in which (for the purpose of making them appear more plain) I have
only shewn such parts as are essential to this explanation.
Fig. 1 is a front or side view, shewing some of the internal mechanism;
Fig. 2, sectional end view of mechanism at the driving end of the machine;
Fig. 3, a similar view at the opposite end; Fig. 4, plap view of internal
mechanism, and shewing mode of imparting motion to tubes; Fig. 5, driving
end view; Fig. 6, similar view at opposite end of frame; Fig. 7, front view;
Fig. 8, plan view, shewing mode of imparting motion to rings; Fig. 9, view
of spindles and tubes in their working position; Fig. 10, section of tubes;
Fig. 11, top and bottom end view of conic cam to impart motion to the spindle
'

page_text: frame; Fig. 12, section of compensator; Fig. 13, view of expansive disc
pully; Fig. 14, view and section of spiral boss to expand disc pully.
dare fast and loose driving pulleys; e, first motion shaft. The drawing
rollers are of ordinary arrangement, and are represented in several Figures,
and marked f, and they receive their motion from a train of toothed wheels
(which it is unnecessary to describe) from the first motion shaft at that end
opposite to the driving end. a, a¹, are rails in which the tubes bare fixed, a
few only being shown in Fig. 7. They receive revolving motion by contact
with a passing strap or band, which runs along the back of them, and passes
round puileys or studs at each corner of the frame. They are arranged in
a crescent form, convex at the back side, thereby requiring only one small
friction bowl at the termination of each crescent to keep the strap up against
the back of the tubes. This arrangement permits the thread to be passed
through the spiral slit, before mentioned, into the interior of the tubes from the
front. (The tubes may be driven by warfs and separate bands, in the manner
in which spindles of spinning machines are driven, in which case the spiral
slit will have to be dispensed with, and the thread when it requires piecing
'will have to be drawn through the interior of the tube by a hook instrument;
but I prefer the mode of imparting motion to the tubes (first described and
shewn in the Drawings).
The spindles c'are fixed in the spindle rails c1, c2, which are attached to
upright rods or bars c³, that are fitted free in eyes c4, that answer as guides
to its vertical movements, which are imparted by connecting links c³, jointed
to pivots fixed on the bottom spindle rail, and to the ends of the arms g¹,
which are fixed on shafts g, passing on each side of the frame from one end to
the other end, and having their bearings on the end framing. Levers g³ are
attached to the shafts g, on the ends of which friction bowls g3 are placed,
that work against a double cam lever g', piaced on a vertical axis which is
carried by a bracket 95, see Fig. 1, 2, and 4, from the end framings. The
oscillations of this double lever cam 74 will act simultaneously uponthefriction
bowls g³, on the ends of the arms or levers g² fixed on the shaft g, and thus
impart a vertical oscillatory movement to the spindle rail c',c. The cam lever
receives its oscillations from a connecting rod jointed with it, and a lever h¹
placed on a vertical axis 2; this lever carries a friction bowl ³ in a projection
from it, which works against a cam h4 properly shaped and arranged to give
the required motion. For a traverse motion, similar to that required in the
ordinary throstle spinning frame, which is the same from one end of the set
to the other, a simple heart wheel, a cam is only required; but for building
cops the spindle rail requires a varying oscillating movement till the bottom of

page_text: the cop is fully formed, after which a uniform descent of the spindle is all that
will be required in combination with the oscillatory movement obtained from
the cam h4, which movements I accomplish in the following manner :- is a
conic drum cam, two end views of which are shown by Fig. 11 and 4, and a
front view at Fig. 1; its axis in the arrangement shewn is placed vertical in
a framing formed of cross bars h³ and vertical stays h; the cross bars h³ have
holes in their extremities, which fit upon vertical parallel bars ho, which form
guides for the vertical movements of the drum cam frame. The cam has
revolving motion imparted to it by means of a spur wheel h³ fixed upon its
axis, and a long pinion placed on a vertical shaft x; this shaft receives
motion by a bevil wheel at the top, which gears with a bevil pinion on a short
shaft in a bearing secured to the frame, which forms the axis of an intermediate
wheel conveying motion from the first motion shafte to the drawing rollers +;
the long pinion is of such a length as will gear with the spur wheel 48 on the
axis of the drum cam h'during the whole of its decent. When the set is com-
menced, the canh' is slided up to its highest position, and is gradually lowered
during the formation of the bottom of the copin the following mauner:-elisa
worm on the first motion shaft e, which geers with a worm wheel on an
oblique shaft K, having its bearings secured to the framing; on the lower end
of the oblique shaft a bevil wheel is fixed, which geers with another one on a
horizontal shaft K',placed parallel to the front of the frame; on this shaft (K')
a worm K² is placed, which geers into a worm wheel K³ on a short shaft
working in a bracket secured to the framing, on the other end of which short
shaft is a spur pinion K. The revolving of the several shafts, worms, and
wheels referred to permit the drum cam frame and thus the cam h' to decend
by its own weight, so as to present each revolution another part of its surface,
to act against the friction bowl (3) in the lever . The speed of this descent
will have to be in proportion to the thickness of the thread or sliver, as more
thick the thread is and more rapidly will the bottom of the cop enlarge, and
this speed may obviously be increased or diminished by changing the relative
proportions between one or more of the wheels employed to conveythe motion.
When the drum cam has descended sufficiently to form the bottom of the cop,
it may then remain stationary, as the shape then opposite the friction bowl on
the lever will answer for the remaining part of the cop; but if the drum cam
is made long enough, it may have end motion in the line of its axis during
the whole formation of the cop, which will (if required) give the means for
varying the shape of the cop during its entire formation by modifying the shape
of it to accomplish this purpose; but I believe the best mode is that I have
shewn, by which the drum cam onlydescends during the formation of the bottom

page_text: of the cop. I have before stated that the drum cam descends by its ownweight,
the pinion K' simply regulating the speed of its descent, the lowest points of
which may be fixed by a screw stop; or by the frame of the drum cam coming
against the floor of the room. To permit this to take place, the worm wheel K
on the short shaft. is loose, having on its face'the fulcrums of one or more pawls;
which take into the teeth of a ratchetwheel fixed to the short shaft; theweight
of the frame and drum cam will tend to revolve the pinion, the pinionswill tend
to revolve the short shaft and ratchet, but the pawls before referred to on the
face of the worm wheel are placed to resist the revolutions of the ratchet in
that direction, which can therefore only revolve in that direction at the speed
the worm wheel is revolved. It will now be obvious that when the frame
of the drum cam comes against the floor, or the stop fixed to limit its descent,
the penion and ratchet will have no further tendency to revolve, the weight
being removed, and though the worm wheel will continue to revolve, it will
have no effect on the ratchet and pinion, the pawls on the worm wheel being
drawn over the teeth of the ratchet; this arrangement also permits the pinion
to revolve the contrary way when the frame and drum cam is lifted up at the
.commencement of a new set of cops,the pawls and ratchet holding at whatever
elevation it may be lifted.
I have now explained the machanism from which the oscillations are
, obtained to lay on the thread in the proper form, but in addition to this motion
the spindle rail requires an uniform descent as it builds during the whole
formation of the cop, which I accomplish by a screw which receives revolving
motion during the whole formation of the cop as follows:-2 are levers,
T-formed, before referred to, which are fast to the shafts when a simple and
constant traverse motion is required, as in the ordinary throstle spinning
frames, but in this case they are loose on the shafts, while other leversy are
made fast on the shaft g. These levers have socket-formed ends, into which
a short bar or shaft is fitted, free to slide in and out of the socket. On one end
of tliis bar a swivel nut is jointed, into which screws a screw 9', carried in
bearings in the T-formed lever g². The socket and swivel nut arrangement
.(as the lever moves in an arc) is intended to allow the nut to accommodate
itself to the straight line of the screw. It will now be seen that when the
socket lever is in the position it is shewn in Fig. 2, the spindle rails c', c', will
be at the greatest height required, and that as the screw is revolved so as to
bring the swivel nut towards the other end, the spindle rails will gradually
descend, and at the same time will partake of the oscillatory movement
imparted by the drum cam through the lever g. The screw receives, the
proper amount of revolving motion from worm wheels g³ fixed on their ends,

page_text: which geer with a worin fixed on shafts g³, which are connected with the
horizontal shaft K', K', by universal joints K*, to allow them to give way to
the oscillations of the levers. When a new "set" of cops is to commence, the
levers g will have to be brought back to the position in which they are shown
in Fig. 2, by unscrewing the screw 97,or by the following arrangement :-The
part answering to the swivel nut before referred to is formed without thread
and another part with a section of a thread formed on it is jointed to it in such a
manuer that it can be readily made to enter the thread of the screw or be with-
drawn from it, and is kept in the thread of the screw bya latch, also jointed
on the swivel nut part. The latch has an arm from its fulcrum, against
which the lever 96 comes when the cop is fully formed, causing it to unlatch
and allow thejointed section of screw thread to leave the thread of the screw
97, and as the lever is thus free, the spindle rails (c1, c2) will suddenly descend,
causing a cum piece fixed to the slide bars (c³) of the spindle rail at the driving
end of the machine to liberate or unlatcb the strap guide, which, by the force
of a spring or weight as usually employed for this purpose, will throw the
strap on the loose pully and stop the machine. The spindle rails are made
to pivot on the jointed connection of the rod e8, so that the points of the
spindles may be brought from under the tubes or fliers when the cops or
bobbins are to be "doffed," being held in their vertical position by a hook-
latch arrangement at each end of the spindle rails. The hook latches are
jointed on the upper rails c', and a hook ou projections on the vertical slide
bars c. Pins are placed in the frame ends, which the ends of the latches
come against when the spindle rail descends low enough, which is the case
when the cop is finished, and the lever g' is liberated from the screw g. The
manner in which the tubes are revolved is by contact with a passing strap,
which runs along the back of them, and passes round pulleys fixed on studs at
each corner of the frame; this strap circulates round both sides, receiving its
On first driving
motion from the large dist pully, shewn at Fig. 1, 4, and 5.
shaft e the strop is lapped round this pully, and carried over the small
carrying pully f, g, Fig. 5, and passes on both sides round the frame. The
arms of this pully B, B, are peculiarly shaped at the rim, to act as guides to
the expansive disc, beingV-formed, running parallel from the rim towards the
navel of disc. The segments of the expansive pulley have projection pieces on
its riin, which are well fitted to slide betwixt the V-shaped arms of the fast
disc, and the long arms next to the boss slide in notches in the ring, cast on
the arms of the large dise; these arms have teeth which geer into the spiral
plate A', Fig. 14, which contracts and expands them, shewn at Fig. 4, 13,
and 14. This disc being set to the diameter necessary to take up the yarn at

page_text: bare of spindle, is enlarged in diameter (as the thread is moving towards the.
thick cone of cop) in the following manner :-The revolving of the shaping
cam, see Fig. 1 & 4, causes the. lever h' to oscillate the rod S, which is con-
nected to the lever t by a stud u, which can be shifted in a slot nearer or
farther from its centre to regulate the quantity of its motion; this draws the
spiral boss cout, and in causing the pulley to expand and contract, c¹ has a
spiral grove on its surface, and B₁ a bead which fits into it, which makes
it revolve; therefore the vibrations of lever h¹ will expand the pulley E, E,
and drive the spindles at the required speed to wind up the yarn giving
out by the drawing rollers. The strap from the expanding pulley to drive the
spindles positively is arranged exactly in the same manner as for the tubes
from large disc B, B, see Fig. 4; as the spindles are tapered towards the point,
it is necessary if they are in the head of the tubes to run faster, and if following
then slower. When the spindle frame is raised to begin the set, the thread will
be lapped round the thick part of spindle or compensator; consequently they
will take up quicker if the first case is in action, and when the spindles are
working at their points they will take up too little. To obviate this difficulty I
make a long small pulley on the spindles of a tapered shape,see Fig. 7 and 9;
m, m', in this case the driving band, will have to pass over pullies fixed on the
corners of the framing A, A; but when the spindles are.driven on the drag
principle, a simple warve, as shewnat n', n', will be all that is necessary; butas
the band must follow the spindle frame, the corner pullies must be fixed on it,
and for the elongation of the driving band it must pass over an extra pulley F
Fig. 7, pulley at driving end being fast on the spindle frame. a,a,Fig. 12'
is a section of the compensator with its disc 6', shown in dotted lines on the
spindles Fig. 9, resting on spindle disc c', c¹; the dotted lines D' and E' shew
shape and position of bobbin and fly for spinning on the throstle system; b
shews the warve as fitted on the tube, having a corresponding slit in it and
tube to admit, the thread when piecing up, shown at 68, Fig. 10, and 67, Fig. 9
In next describing the ring system of putting twist in the yarn, it may be.
considered merely across section of the tube on a larger diameter, the hollow
of the ring being large enough to admit the cop when spinning, andhaving no
friction, requires no oil; they are driven in a similar manner as the tubes, bya
passing band K, Fig. S; and on the front side a small pulley fits in the groove,
shewn at Fig. 15, and Fig. S. His rings; ', groove; i, small pulley, whose axe
revolves in small projections from frame behind the rings; a small cut in the
ring Pallows the thread to be conveyed to the cop compensator or spindle. A
short distance above the rings are fixed a spiral hook q, to keep the thread
rom oscillating, made of a curled wire, like a throstle fly end, to admit the

page_text: thread; the size of the eye of hook is large enough to admit the spindle and
compensator through it in commencing at bottom of cop in the same inanner
as when the tubes are used..
Fig. 16 is a modification of driving the spindles positively to compensate
without a tube. is a small pin or stud fixed in rail c²; P is a small warve or
pulley revolving on studio; b' is a disc on bottom end of spindle resting on P;
the stud o being shorter than warve P, allows the end of the spindle to enter
the centre of P, and the disc bl turning the spindle c, d, by friction' to wind
up
the yarn. Fig. 17 is the same, with a short spindle, the upper end being
held in a vertical position in inside of the tube. Fig. 18 is a long tapered pin or
studo fixed on the rail, with a revolving pulley P,and the light compensator a®
with its disc 3' resting on pulley P.
Fig. 19 is another modification of Fig. 16; P being fast on the spindle o,
with a disc c on its top end, disc 3' fast on the spindle c resting on it, and is
turned by friction. Each of these modifications compensates equally well in spin-
ning rovings or slubbings..I make the bottom end of the compensator conical,
see Fig. 12, a', a', which facilitates their formation.. It is evident that if the
large disc pulleyhad teeth on its rim geer'd into a pinion on the end of a small
shaft running parallel with the frame behind the tubes, and each of the tubes
mounted with a small conical or bevil wheel, with a slit in it to admit he
thread,and corresponding bevels on the parallel shaft fitted so as to clipwhen
the tube is held fast in piercing, and the spindles geer'd in the same manner
by a pinion on the end of parallel shaft into the disc wheel, this pinion being
made a change pinion to suit the drag wanted on the spindle on compensator;
this system would admit of tubes and spindles being placed in a straight line,
and would suit the spinning of fixed numbers, and for these would do away
with the necessity of the expansivo pulley..
Having now particularly described the nature of my Invention, and the
modes in which it may be carried into effect, I wish it to be understood that
1 claim as my Invention for the purpose of spinning cops continuously,-
Firstly, the adaptation and arrangement of a large disc pulley to give direct
impulse to the twist tubes, combined with a large expansive disc pulley,
working and sliding on its face to impel the taking-up spindles or compensator,
in the manner herein-before described, contracting and expanding by means
of a spiral-threaded plate radiating from its centre.
Secondly, I claim the mode of putting warves or small pullies on the tubes
with slits in them to admit the threads in piecing up.
>
Thirdly, I claim the arrangement of the long tapered pulleys on the spindles,
for the purpose herein-before described.

page_text: Fourthly, I claim the application and adaptation of a tube compensator,
with a disc on its lower end resting on a disc which is fast on the spindle, for
the purpose herein-before described, of slipping when the co-relative speed of
twist tube and spindle vary, Fig. 9, 12, 15, 18.
Fifthly, I claim the modifications of a spindle cut in two and mounted with
a disc on its lower end, resting on another disc which is impelled and receiving
motion by friction, as shewn in Figs. 16, 17, 18, 19, and 20.
Sixthly,I claim the twist ring, Fig. 8 and 15, for the purpose herein-before
described, as a cross section of my twist tube.
Seventhly, I claim the impelling or speeding the tubes and receiving
compensator or spindles separately, the compensator and spindles bymeans of
friction discs, as herein-before described, for spinning continiouslyin the form
of cops with self-acting mule crossings.
Eighthly, I claim the arrangement of the tube and spindle in a crescent
form, as shewn in Fig. 4.
Ninthly,I claim the spinning of cops bycontiniously spinning, winding, and
crossing, similar to self-acting mules, simultaneously by stationarymachinery,
and the twist tubes being onlyafew inches from the rollers, therebyobtaining
superior yarns equal to water twist, which cannot be done on mules.
Tenthly, I claim the general combination, adaptation, and arrangement
of the mechanism herein-before described for continiouslyspinning, crossing,
and winding on the yarn as spun in the cop form, and for doubling and
twisting fibrous materials.
Eleventhly, I claim the conic cam for working the spindle rail, as described
on the lines Fig. 11, for effecting the crossings in continuous spinning and
winding machines.
Twelfthly, I claim the oscilating of the spindle frame to form the crossings
in one-sixth or one-eighth of the length necessary to form one layer of the cop
cone (being equal to one stretch of the mule) for stationary spinning.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Yuil Borland, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Thirtieth day of April, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-six.
JOHN YUIL BORLAND. (L.S.)
JOHN YUIL BORLAND. (L.S.)