IMPROVEMENTS IN AND APPERTAINING TO THE EXTRACTION OF FATTY MATTERS FROM BONES LETTERSTIONS FROMNES & OTHER SUBSTANCES BY MEANS OF SOLVENTS, AND IN AND APPINING TO APPARATUS THEREFOR
Year: 1881

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Phillips Thompson, of the Firm of W. P.
Thompson & Co., Agents for Foreign Patent Solicitors, of 6, Lord Street,
Liverpool, in the County of Lancaster, and of 323, High Holborn, in the
County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, for an Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS
IN AND APPERTAINING TO THE EXTRACTION OF FATTY MATTERS FROM BONES
LETTERS PATENT to William Phillips Thompson, of the Firm of W. P.
Thompson & Co., Agents for Foreign Patent Solicitors, of 6, Lord Street,
Liverpool, in the County of Lancaster, and of 323, High Holborn, in the
County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, for an Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS
IN AND APPERTAINING TO THE EXTRACTION OF FATTY MATTERS FROM BONES
& OTHER SUBSTANCES BY MEANS OF SOLVENTS, AND IN AND APPERTAINING
TO APPARATUS THEREFOR.' A communication from abroad by Friedrich
"
Salteam of Farahhaim in the mming of Clansman
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Phillips Thompson
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 7th July 1881.
WILLIAM PHILLIPS THOMPSON, of the Firm of W. P. Thompson & Co.,
Agents for Foreign Patent Solicitors, of 6, Lord Street, Liverpool, in the County of
Lancaster, and of 323, High Holborn, in the County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer.
"IMPROVEMENTS IN AND APPERTAINING TO THE EXTRACTION OF FATTY MATTERS
FROM BONES & OTHER SUBSTANCES BY MEANS OF SOLVENTS, AND IN AND
APPERTAINING TO APPARATUS THEREFOR." A communication from abroad by
Friedrich Seltsam, of Forchheim, in the Empire of Germany.
The present Invention refers to the extraction of fat from bones and other
substances, which has hitherto been done in a very imperfect manner.
The oldest known method of extracting fat from bones is that by means of
boiling in water followed by treating with superheated steam, which however was
subject to disadvantages in the getting out of the fat arising from various causes.
Extraction by means of sulphuret of carbon or liquid carburetted hydrogen was
then tried, and also in a few places carried on permanently. This method has the.
disadvantage that a great deal of the solvent is required if it is to act direct and
in a liquid condition on the bones. Several attempts were next made to make the
vapour from the said solvents act on the bones from which the extraction was to be
made, and these vapours were used under pressure; but still none of these processes.

page_text: have hitherto come into general use, because the dangerous nature of the materials
to be employed requires measures of precaution which interfere considerably with
the practical working.
Now my Invention consists in a so called circular process, in which the bones
are kept in closed apparatus subject to the action of high pressure vapour from
sulphuret of carbon, benzine, ligroine, or similar substances, so that the solvent is
constantly being completely recovered without leaving the apparatus, and thus
there is no danger to the health or safety of the workman. I proceed as
follows:-
I use an upright extraction apparatus of cylindrical or other form, of sufficient
strength to withstand an internal pressure of eight to ten atmospheres, which
apparatus is provided at the top with an opening for putting in the bones, and at
the lower end with a smaller opening for emptying. Both of these openings can
be closed quite tight by means of doors, so that the expended vapours of the
solvents cannot escape through the joints. On the bottom of the apparatus a worm
is laid, the ends of which are carried tight through the sides of the apparatus, and
provided with opening pipes for the steam to be led in and out for the heating of
the contents of the vessel. At a very short distance from this heating worm there
is placed above it on a few cross bearers a diaphragm or plate with fine holes to
support the bones which are put into the apparatus, so that they cannot touch the
worm. In the first place this apparatus is filled with the bones from which the fat
is to be extracted. It is most conveniently made of such a size that it will contain
about six tons, but may be made larger or smaller. Then the lower door is tightly
closed, so that none of the solvent can escape through the joints. This solvent is
passed into the apparatus from a reservoir which is near at hand. I use an air
pump preferably for the purpose of passing the benzine, et cetera, from the said
reservoir, which, for reasons to be stated further on, I place slightly lower than the
extraction apparatus, because by means of this pump I can force air into the closed
reservoir, and thus compel the benzine in it to rise to the apparatus, with which it
is connected by means of a pipe. The quantity of benzine which I require to
extract the fat from a charge of bones is about one ton, but more or less can be
employed; still I have found that this quantity answers the purpose best. Tho
benzine vapour forces its way into the interstices between the bones and into their
pores, and drives on before it the air which is present, forcing it to escape through
the filling opening (feed door), which is still left open, whilst the benzine itself
rises to about one fourth of the height of the apparatus. When there is a sufficient
quantity of benzine in the apparatus, which can be controlled by means of a level
indicator in the reservoir, the air pump is shut off and the cock in the connection
pipe between the reservoir and the extraction apparatus is closed. Next a valve
(or a cock) in the steain pipe is opened and steam is allowed to rush through the
heating worm, by which the benzine in the apparatus is heated. Ordinary benzine
boils at about forty degrees Celsius. I however use a kind that has a boiling point
of sixty to eighty degrees, and thus vapour is obtained from it very quickly, and
the air is completely driven out of the apparatus. Until this has been done the
filling door at the highest point of the apparatus continues open; as soon however
as a smell of benzine vapour is observable there, I close this door in the same way
as the lower door. In practice I do not wait till the smell of benzine vapour can
be felt, but close the apparatus a certain time after the steam has been let into the
heating worm, which time has been learnt by experience. I prefer to act thus in
order to prevent the loss of benzine that might otherwise result.
The interior of the apparatus communicates by means of a pipe leading from its
highest point with a condensing apparatus for the vapours of the solvent (benzinc,
et cetera). This apparatus may be of any known construction. For my purpose I
use a cooling worm made of iron tubing, which is, washed round by cold water on
the countercurrent principle. When the upper door of the apparatus is closed a
quantity of air is still contained in the upper part of the apparatus and the pipes
are still filled with it. The vapours of benzine developped in the apparatus drive

page_text: this air before them however, and after a while it can be observed that liquid
benzine runs out of the condensation pipe which discharges into a reservoir, from
which it is sent back to the reservoir, as described further on.
When all the air has been driven out a valve (cock) in the pipe between the
extraction apparatus and the condenser is closed, and the benzine vapours which
are developped in the apparatus by means of the continued heating being now
confined, attain to a greater pressure, which is raised to one and a half atmospheres.
This pressure is ascertained by means of a manometer on the apparatus. I will
not however confine myself to an exact employment of the said pressure, although
I employ it in the process and consider it to be the best, because I have found that
when the pressure is under one atmosphere the whole of the fat is not removed,
and that a pressure above one and a half atmospheres is unnecessary and often
prejudicial, because the high atmosphere alters the lime substances in the bones, and
makes the bones less advantageous for the later process for obtaining the animal
charcoal.
When the pressure of one and a half atmospheres has been reached the supply of
steam is cut off, and the apparatus is left to itself for the next seven to eight hours.
During this time a needful condensation of the benzine vapours takes place within
the extraction apparatus by the action of the atmosphere on the walls of the
cylinder. For this reason I do not cover them with bad conductors of heat, which
might of course be employed to effect a saving in steam when heating. The time
required for condensation could be considerably shortened if the apparatus were
sprinkled with water on the outside. This is not advisable however, because
experience has shown that the time mentioned is necessary to effect the thorough
extraction of the fat from the bones. As the condensation proceeds, the benzine,
which is impregnated with the fat extracted from the bones, drops down in the
apparatus, and the solution of fat in benzine collects exclusively in the lowest part
of the apparatus. When the condensation is completed, that is to say, after seven
or eight hours, steam is let into the heating worm again in order to produce a less
pressure (say, one half atmosphere) in the apparatus once more, and to keep this up
until the end of the distilling process, which pressure tends to facilitate the passage
to the condenser of the benzine vapours which are thus again developped from the
solution. After this is done the communication between the extraction vessel and
the condenser is again opened by means of the opening of the valves or cocks.
The escaping benzine is now condensed, and thus the condensing pressure is
continued until mere traces of benzine appear at the discharge opening of the
cooling pipe. Then the supply of steam to the heating worm is cut off by means
of the closing of the cocks or valves, and the solution is next driven off into a
special distilling apparatus. Through another steam pipe, which discharges into
the bottom of the vessel direct, steam is next blown into the extraction apparatus.
The effect of this steam is that it carries away with it the benzine that has
remained in the bones, and takes up the last traces of the benzine in its passage
through the bones.
The steam laden with benzine thus reaches the condenser, where it is condensed.
The regained benzine, being of less specific gravity, then swims in the reservoir on
the top of the water, to which the steam has been condensed. The water is run
off from time to time at the bottom by means of a cock. The benzine, however,
flows through a pipe, which is placed higher, into a benzine reservoir, which is
placed for this purpose lower than the extractor and the condenser, as was
mentioned before. By means of a level indicator one can observe exactly how
high the water rises in the reservoir and how high the benzine stands, because there
is a sufficient difference in the clearness of the two bodies to show a sharp line of
division in the glass.
The benzine is somewhat cloudy owing to its being not quite pure, while the
water is clear.
This concludes the extraction Drocess and the first
distilling aff of
the

page_text: The solution of fat driven into the distilling apparatus still contains about one
third of benzine. This is driven out by boiling, steam being let into a heating
worm at the bottom of the distilling vessel. The benzine vapours thus
developped are also conducted to the condenser by means of special pipes and
there condensed.
When only a little benzine appears at the discharge opening of the cooler direct
steam is introduced into the distilling apparatus above the level of the fat solution,
and thus steam escapes at great speed to the condenser, causing a suction, by means
of which the fat solution is partly discharged, so that the distilling off of the
benzine is better carried on.
In the first place the last trace of benzine is driven off by means of direct steam,
which is let in in a fine spray among the fat solution by means of a finely perforated
worm at the bottom of the distilling apparatus. This produces an active mechanical
agitation of the liquid, and the steam carries away with it the very smallest remains
of benzine.
The extractor is a cylindrical vessel, but can be made of any desirable form,
provided it allows of the bones being piled up in it in the form of a column, and
permits the employment of a sufficiently strong internal pressure. I prefer the
cylindrical form, and provide the cylinder with arched ends. In the upper end
there is a feed opening, which is provided with a door closing air tight. This door
consists of an outer frame, which is fastened airtight by means of rivets or screws,
and a valve or door which is attached by a hinged joint on which it turns. Screws
are used to close the door. These are fastened by means of bolts on which they
turn in order that they may be turned back when the nuts are loosened to leave
the door free for opening. The door has a projection running round it, which
enters a corresponding groove in the frame. A twist of hemp steeped in fat is laid
in this groove to make the closing tight. This makes a perfectly close joint when
the screws are tightened up. Although I prefer this means of stopping as the most
convenient and the cheapest, I still reserve the right to employ any other, such as
india rubber, lead, woody material, et cetera.
A door of exactly similar construction is fitted to the lower end of the
extraction vessel. This is, for the emptying of the apparatus after the extraction is
completed.
Immediately above the bottom of the extraction vessel is laid a heating worm
through the which steam is passed for warming the contents of the apparatus.
This steam is brought to the worm by means of a pipe provided with a cock or
valve, and is carried away by a similar pipe. Above this heating worm and
resting on bearers and on angle iron rings is a sieve or sink bottom of copper or
other suitable metal, which is in no way distinguishable from similar sieve plates
as used in the mashing apparatus of breweries, et cetera.
The frame of the upper door of the extraction apparatus has a side piece, to
which a pipe, which can be closed by means of a cock or valve, is attached for
the purpose of carrying the benzine vapours developped in the apparatus to the
condenser.
The benzine holder is provided with a man hole, a safety valve, a manometer to
control the tension of the air forced in, and a level indicator. Besides these sundry
. tubes, whose purpose has already been mentioned above, and which will be again
referred to more fully, open into it. A pipe carries compressed air into the holder,
from an air pump which can be of any construction that may be preferred. This air
presses on the benzine contained in the holder and drives it through a pipe to the
extraction vessel. This pipe goes as far as an expansion in the bottom of the
benzine holder in order that by this means the whole of the contents may be forced
towards the extracting apparatus.
The condenser is a wooden vessel, into which cold water from the reservoir at a
higher level flows at the bottom when the proper cock is opened. This water
takes up the warmth from the benzine vapours, which pass through the cooling
worm, and then, being itself warmed, passes out into the open air. A pipe

page_text: coming from the extraction vessel opens into the condenser and runs into the
cooling worm, which becomes narrower and narrower as it approaches the bottom.
The benzine, condensed in the cooling worm, runs off along with the water
which was condensed from the water vapours produced from the moisture contained
in the bones.
Although I give the preference to the condenser described here, any otherwise
formed surface condenser can be employed.
This
A pipe attached to the condenser leads to the reservoir or Woulff's bottle.
vessel consists of a strongly made little case of sheet metal or other suitable
material, closed all round and provided with a pane of glass in order that the
condensed benzine may be observed as it flows in from the bent pipe. A cover
serves to close tightly an opening which is in the cover of the apparatus, the object
of which is to let out of the apparatus the air, which is first driven out of the
extraction vessel, as described above. A pipe, which is capable of being closed,
serves the same purpose, and opens into the outer air. The level indicator serves
to show the height of the condensed water and of the benzine which swims on the
surface of it.
The heavier water, which collects below, is let out at a tap. The benzine
returns through the pipe to the reservoir after it has served for removing the fat,
as described.
The distilling vessel is connected on the one side with the extraction vessel
through a pipe, and on the other side with the condenser through another pipe, and
also with the steam pipe, which serves, by means of the heating worm which is on
the bottom of the distilling apparatus, to warm the inixture of fat and benzine
coming from the extracting apparatus. The distilling vessel is so constructed that
it is able to withstand a pressure produced inside and may be made of any
convenient shape. A level indicator serves to show the level of the mixture of fat
inside it, which mixture enters through a pipe and is freed by the application of
heat from the benzine that still remains in it. This benzine escapes in the form of
vapour through another pipe to the condenser and is there condensed in exactly the
same manner as the benzine vapours which come direct from the extraction vessel
and carried back to the holder. Direct steam is blown direct through a pipe and
rose into the mass of fat to stir it up and cause the benzine to escape. Direct steam
is blown through another pipe into the upper part of the distilling apparatus, which
steam, passing away with the benzine vapours, produces a discharging effect on the
surface of the fatty substance to enable the last traces of benzine to escape.
On the top of the distilling apparatus there is a hood, which serves to collect
the benzine vapours and prevent any piece of fat that may froth up during the
distillation from being carried off along with the benzine vapours.
A funnel is provided to allow of any samples that may be taken out of the
apparatus being poured back again.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said William Phillips Thompson in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
7th January 1882.
WILLIAM PHILLIPS THOMPSON, of the Firm of W. P. Thompson and Co.,
Agents for Foreign Patent Solicitors, of 6, Lord Street, Liverpool, in the County of
Lancaster, and of 323, High Holborn, in the County of Middlesex. "IMPROVEMENTS
IN AND APPERTAINING TO THE EXTRACTION OF FATTY MATTERS FROM BONES AND
OTHER SUBSTANCES BY MEANS OF SOLVENTS, AND IN AND APPERTAINING TO
APPARATUS THEREFOR." A communication from abroad by Friedrich Seltsam,
of Forchheim, in the Empire of Germany.
The present Invention refers to the extraction of fat from bones and other sub-
.stances, which has hitherto been done in a very imperfect manner.
The oldest known method of extracting fat from bones is that by means of
boiling in water, followed by treating with superheated steam, which however was
subject to disadvantages in the getting out of the fat, arising from various causes,
Extraction by means of sulphuret of carbon or liquid carburetted hydrogen was
then tried, and also in a few places carried on permanently. This method has the
disadvantage that a great deal of the solvent is required if it is to act direct and in
a liquid condition on the bones.
Several attempts were next made to make the vapour from the said solvents act
on the bones from which the extraction was to be made, and these vapours were
used under pressure, but still none of these processes have hitherto come into
general use, because the dangerous nature of the materials to be employed
requires measures of precaution, which interfere considerably with the practical
working.
Now my Invention consists in a so called circular process by which the bones
are kept in closed apparatus subject to the action of high pressure vapour from
sulphuret of carbon, benzine, ligroine, or similar substances, so that the solvent is
being constantly completely recovered without leaving the apparatus, and thus
there is no danger to the health or safety of the workmen. I proceed as
follows:-
I use an upright extraction apparatus, of cylindrical or other form, of sufficient
strength to withstand an internal pressure of eight to ten atmospheres, which
apparatus is provided at the top with an opening for putting in the bones, and at
the lower end with a smaller opening for emptying. Both of these openings can
be closed quite tight by means of doors, so that the expended vapours of the
solvents cannot escape through the joints. On the bottom of the apparatus a
worm is laid, the ends of which are carried tight through the sides of the apparatus,
and provided with opening pipes for the steam to be led in and out for the heating
of the contents of the vessel. At a very short distance from this heating worm
there is placed above it on a few cross bearers a diaphragm or plate with fine holes
to support the bones which are put into the apparatus, so that they cannot touch
In the first place this apparatus is filled with the bones from which
the fat is to be extracted; it is most conveniently made of such a size that it will
contain about six tons, but may be made larger or smaller; then the lower door is
tightly closed, so that none of the solvent can escape through the joints. This
I use
solvent is passed into the apparatus from a reservoir which is near at hand.
an air pump preferably for the purpose of passing the benzine, et cetera, from the
said reservoir, which, for reasons to be stated further on, I place slightly lower
than the extraction apparatus, because by means of this pump I can force air into
the closed reservoir, and thus compel the benzine in it to rise to the apparatus,
the worm.

page_text: with which it is connected by means of a pipe. The quantity of benzine which I
require to extract the fat from a charge of bones is about one ton, but more or less
can be employed; still I have found that this quantity answers the purpose best.
The benzine vapour forces its way into the interstices between the bones and into
their pores, and drives on before it the air which is present, forcing it to escape
through the filling opening (feed door), which is still left open, whilst the benzine
itself rises to about one fourth of the height of the apparatus. When there is a
sufficient quantity of benzine in the apparatus, which can be controlled by means
of a level indicator in the reservoir, the air pump is shut off, and the cock in the
connection pipe, between the reservoir and the extraction apparatus, is closed.
Next a valve (or a cock) in the steam pipe is opened and steam is allowed to rush
through the heating worm, by which the benzine in the apparatus is heated.
Ordinary benzine boils at about forty degrees Celsius; I however use a kind that
has a boiling point of sixty to eighty degrees, and thus vapour is obtained from it
very quickly and the air is completely driven out of the apparatus. Until this has
been done the filling door at the highest point of the apparatus continues open;
as soon however as a smell of benzine vapour is observable there I close this door
in the same way as the lower door. In practice I do not wait till the smell of
benzine vapour can be felt, but close the apparatus a certain time after the steam
has been let into the heating worm, which time has been learnt by experience.
I prefer to act thus in order to prevent the loss of benzine that might otherwise
result.
The interior of the apparatus communicates, by means of a pipe leading from its
highest point, with a condensing apparatus for the vapours of the solvent (benzine,
et cetera). This apparatus may be of any known construction. For my purpose
I use a cooling worn made of iron tubing, which is washed round by cold water,
on the countercurrent principle. When the upper door of the apparatus is closed
a quantity of air is still contained in the upper part of the apparatus, and the
pipes are still filled with it. The vapours of benzine developed in the apparatus
drive this air before them however, and after a while it can be observed that liquid
benzine runs out of the condensation pipe which discharges into a reservoir, from
which it is sent back to the reservoir, as described further on.
When all the air has been driven out a valve (cock) in the pipe between the
extraction apparatus and the condenser is closed, and the benzine vapours which
are developed in the apparatus by means of the continued heating being now
confined, attain to a greater pressure, which is raised to one and a half atmospheres,
This pressure is ascertained by means of a manometer on the apparatus. I will
not however confine myself to an exact employment of the said pressure, although
I employ it in the process and consider it to be the best, because I have found
that when the pressure is under one atmosphere the whole of the fat is not
removed, and that a pressure above one and a half atmospheres is unnecessary
and often prejudicial, because the high atmosphere alters the glue substances in
the bones, and makes the bones less advantageous for the later process for obtaining
the animal charcoal..
When the pressure of one and a half atmospheres has been reached the supply of
steam is cut off, and the apparatus is left to itself for the next seven to eight hours.
During this time a natural condensation of the benzine vapours takes place within
the extraction apparatus by the action of the atmosphere on the walls of the
cylinder. For this reason I do not cover them with bad conductors of heat, which
might of course be employed to effect a saving in steam when heating. The time
required for condensation could be considerably shortened if the apparatus were
sprinkled with water on the outside. This is not advisable however, because
experience has shewn that the time mentioned is necessary to effect the thorough
extraction of the fat from the bones. As the condensation proceeds the benzine,
which is impregnated with the fat extracted from the bones, drops down in the
apparatus, and the solution of fat in benzine collects exclusively in the lowest part
of the apparatus. When the condensation is completed, that is to say, after seven

page_text: or eight hours, steam is let into the heating worm again in order to produce a less
pressure (say, one half atmosphere) in the apparatus once more, and to keep this
up until the end of the distilling process, which pressure tends to facilitate the
passage to the condenser of the benzine vapours; which are thus again developped
from the solution. After this is done the communication between the extraction
vessel and the condenser is again opened by means of the opening of the valves or
cocks. The escaping benzine is now condensed, and thus the condensing pressure
is continued until mere traces of benzine appear at the discharge opening of the
cooling pipe; then the supply of steami to the heating worm is cut off by means of
the closing of the cocks or valves, and the solution is next driven off into a special
distilling apparatus. Through another steam pipe, which discharges into the
bottom of the vessel, direct steam is next blown into the extraction apparatus.
The effect of this steam is that it carries away with it the benzine that has
remained in the bones; and takes up. the last traces of the benzine in its passage
through the bonės.
The steam laden with benzine thus reaches the condenser where it is condensed.
The regained benzine, being of less specific gravity, then swims in the reservoir on
the top of the water to which the steam has been condensed; the water is run off
from time to time at the bottom by means of a cock. The benzine however flows
through a pipe which is placed higher into the benzine reservoir, which is placed
for this purpose lower than the extractor- and the condensor, as was mentioned
before. By means of a level indicator one can observe exactly how high the water
rises in the reservoir; and how high the benzine stands, because there is a sufficient
difference in the clearness of the two bodies to show a sharp line of division in the
glass.
The benzine is somewhat cloudy, owing to its being not quite pure, while the
water is clear.
This concludes the extraction process and the first distilling off of the benzine.
The solution of fat driven into the distilling apparatus still contains about one
third of benzine. This is driven out by boiling, steam being let into a heating
worm at the bottom of the distilling vessel. The benzine vapours thus developped
are also conducted to the condenser by means of special pipes, and there
condensed.
When only a little benzine appears at the discharge opening of the cooler, direct
steani is introduced into the distilling apparatus above the level of the fat solution,
and thus steam escapes at great speed to the condenser, causing a suction, by means
of which the fat solution is partly discharged; so that the distilling off of the benzine
is better carried on.
In the last place the last trace of benzine is driven off by means of direct steam,
which is let in in a fine spray ainong the fat solution by means of a finely perforated
worm at the bottom of the distilling apparatus. This produces an active mechanical
agitation of the liquid, and the steam carries away with it the very smallest
remains of benzine.
In order to make my process and the apparatus employed in the same better
understood; I have represented the latter in the adjoining Drawings. Sheet one
shows a complete plant; and Sheet two the principal parts of the apparatus in
detail.
On Sheet 1 Fig. 1 represents a longitudinal section, Fig. 2 a plan, and Fig. 3 a
cross section through the building enclosing the apparatus, in order that the same
may be seen from every side and also from above. In Fig. the cover of the feed
and discharge openings of the extraction vessel A are separately shewn in side view,
cross section, and plan on a larger scale.
In these Figs. 1, 2, and 3,
A is the extraction vessel; B, the distilling apparatus; C, the benzine holder;
D, the condensef; E; the water reservoir for the cool water; F, the air pump;
G, the Woulff's bottle or the reservoir for the liquid coming from the condenser.
Also the following indicate:-1, the pipe from the air pump to the benzine

page_text: holder; 2, the pipe for the benzine from its holder to the extraction vessel; 3, the
pipe for direct steam to the extraction vessel; 4, the pipe for direct steam to the
worm in the extraction vessel; 5, the pipe for direct steain to the worm in the dis-
tilling apparatus; 6, the pipe for the steam leaving the worm in the extraction
vessel; 7, the pipe for the steam leaving the worm in the distilling apparatus;
8, the pipe for the fat from the extraction vessel to the distilling apparatus; 9, the
pipe from the extraction vessel to the condenser; 10, the pipe from the water
reservoir to the condenser; 11, the pipe from the condenser to the benzine holder
through the reservoir (Woulff's bottle); 12, the pipe for benzine from the extraction
vessel to the benzine holder; 13, the pipe from the distilling apparatus to the
condenser.
'
On Sheet 2 the various parts are shown separately on a larger scale, and the
Figures indicate the following:-Fig. 1 is the extraction apparatus A, front view;
Fig. 2 is a view from above of the heating worm, which is placed on the bottom
of A; Fig. 3 is a cross section through the lower part of A, from which the fine
holed bottom is to be seen, which separates the bones which are to have the fact
extracted from the heating worm; Figs. 4, 5, and 6 show various sections of the
benzine condenser; Figs. 7 and 8 the benzine holder; Figs. 9, 10, 11, and 12 the
distilling apparatus; Figs. 13 and 14 the reservoir (the so called Wouff's bottle)
into which the condensed benzine and water flow, and spread according to
their different specific gravities. In Fig. 15 finally the sieve like bottom of A is
further shown separably.
The extractor A, Fig. 1, Sheets 1 and 2, is a cylindrical vessel, but can be made
of any desirable form, provided it allows of the bones being piled up in it in the
form of a column, and permits the employment of a sufficiently strong internal
pressure. I prefer the cylindrical form, and provide the cylinder with arched ends.
In the upper end there is a feed opening which is provided with a door T closing
air tight, represented separately on Fig. 4, Sheet 1. This door consists of the outer
frame a, which is fastened air tight onto A by means of rivets or screws, and
the valve or door b which is attached to a by the hinged joint c, on which it turns.
The screws d, d¹, d¹¹, d¹¹¹, are used to close the door. These are fastened to a by
means of bolts e, on which they turn, in order that they may be turned back when
the nuts are loosened to leave the door free for opening.
The door b, as can be
seen in the cross section Fig. 4, Sheet 1, has a projection running round it which
enters a corresponding groove in the frame a. A twist of hemp steeped in fat is
laid in this groove to make the closing tight. This makes a perfectly close joint
when the screws d, d¹, d¹¹, d, are tightened up. Although I prefer this means
of stopping as the most convenient and the cheapest, I still reserve the right to
employ any other, such as india rubber, lead, wood, pulp, et cetera.
The door, of exactly similar construction, T¹ is fitted to the lower end of the
extraction vessel A. This is for the emptying of the apparatus after the extraction
is completed.
Immediately above the bottom of the extraction vessel is laid a heating worm S,
through the which steam is passed for warming the contents of the apparatus.
This steam is brought to the worm by means of a pipe provided with a cock or
valve, and is carried away by the similar pipe 6. Above this heating worm and
resting on the bearers t, t¹, ti, t, and on the angle iron rings is a sieve or sink
bottom s of copper or other suitable metal, which is separately represented in
top view and cross section in Fig. 15, Sheet 2, and is in no way distinguishable
from similar sieve plates as used in the mashing apparatus of breweries, et
cetera.
The frame of the upper door T of the extraction apparatus A has a side piece s, t,
to which the pipe 9, which can be closed by means of a cock or valve h, o, is
attached for the purpose of carrying the benzine vapours developped in the apparatus
to the condenser D.
The benzine holder C is shewn in Figs. 7 and 8, Sheet 2. It is provided with
a manhole m, a safety valve s, a manometer s¹, to control the tension of the air

page_text: forced in, and a level indicator n. Besides these the tubes 1, 2, 11, and 12, whose
purpose has already been mentioned above, and which will be again referred to
more fully, open into it. The pipe 1 carries compressed air into the holder C
from the air pump F, which can be of any construction that may be preferred.
This air presses on the benzine contained in C, and drives it through the pipe 2
to the extraction vessel A. The pipe 2 goes as far as an expansion a¹ in the bottom
of the benzine holder C in order by this means the whole contents of C may be
forced towards A.
The condenser D, Figs. 1, 2, and 3, Sheet 1, and Figs. 4, 5, and 6, Sheet 2, is a
wooden vessel into which cold water from the reservoir at a higher level flows at
the bottom at W, when the proper cock is opened. This water takes up the
warmth from the benzine vapours which pass through the cooling worm K, and
then being itself warmed passes out at W₁ into the open air. The pipe 9 coming
from the extraction vessel A opens at i into the condenser and runs into the
cooling worm K, which becomes narrower and narrower as it approaches the
bottom. At the benzine, condensed in the cooling worm K, runs off along with
the water which was condensed from the water vapours produced from the moisture
contained in the bones.
Although I give the preference to the condenser described here, any otherwise
formed surface condenser can be employed.
At the pipe 11 is attached to the condenser, and this pipe leads to the reservoir
(Woulff's bottle) G, which is separably shewn in Figs. 13 and 14, Sheet 2. This
vessel consists of a strongly made little case of sheet metal or other suitable
material closed all round and provided with a pane of glass g in order that the
condensed benzine may be observed as it flows in from the bent pipe 11. A
cover serves to close tightly an opening which is in the cover of the apparatus,
the object of which is to let out of the apparatus the air which is first driven out
of the extraction vessel as described above, and along with this air all bad smells
arising from the bones. The pipe 14, which is capable of being closed, serves the
same purpose and opens into the outer air. The level indicator n, z, serves to
show the height of the condensed water and of the benzine which swins on the
surface of it.
The heavier water which collects below is let out at the tap h. The benzine
returns through the pipe 11 to the reservoir C after it has served for removing the
fat as described.
The distilling vessel B, Figs. 9-12, Sheet 2, is connected on the one side with
the extraction vessel A through the pipe 8, and on the other side with the con-
denser through the pipe 13, and also with the steam pipe 5, which serves by means
of the heating worm h, s, which is on the bottom of B, to warm the mixture of
fat and benzine coming from A. The vessel B is so constructed that it is able to
withstand a pressure produced inside, and may be made of any convenient shape.
A level indicator N³ serves to show the level of the mixture of fat inside B, which
mixture enters through 8 and is freed by the application of heat from the benzine
that still remains in it. This benzine escapes in the form of vapour through 9 to
the condenser, and is there condensed in exactly the same manner as the benzine
vapours which come direct from the extraction vessel A, and carried back to C.
d, r, is a pipe through which direct steam is blown through a rose br, into the
mass of fat to stir it up and cause the benzine to escape. b, l, is a pipe through
which direct steam is blown into the upper part of B, which steam passing away
with the benzine vapours through 13 produces a discharging effect on the surface
of the fatty substance to enable the last traces of benzine to escape.
On the top of the distilling apparatus there is a hood h, b, which serves to collect
the benzine vapours, and prevent any piece of fat that may froth up during the
distillation from being carried off along with the benzine vapours.
The funnel t, r, is to allow of any samples that may be taken out of the apparatus
being poured back again..
After having given above, as communicated to me from Germany, a detailed

page_text: description of the process for the extraction of fat from bones by means of liquid
carburetted hydrogen, et cetera, and the apparatus employed for the same, in such
manner that any person acquainted with the subject can make use of the Invention,
I wish it to be understood that I make no claim for any matter set forth and fully
described in the Specification of the Patent granted to Frank Wirth, No 3125, of
1880, a communication from the said Friedrich Seltsam, though the present
Invention, being a series of improvements on the said Invention patented to Frank
Wirth, I have been obliged to practically incorporate it with this, and that what I
believe to be new and desire to protect by the present Letters Patent is,-
First. In the process of extracting fat from bones or other substances by means
of solvents, placing the articles in a chamber connected with a separate space below
provided with a steam coil or other apparatus for supplying heat, passing a
sufficient quantity of solvent into the lower space, and raising the temperature
until the vapour of the solvent rising through the materials to be treated expels
most of the air from the upper chamber, then closing the top of the chamber and
allowing the remaining air to escape to the condenser, by which means the imperfect
action of a mixture of hydrocarbon and air is avoided.
Second. In the process of extracting fat from bones or other substances by means
of solvents, treating the fat-containing substances by placing a solvent, such as
benzine, in a chamber supplied with heating apparatus, and separated from the
bone chamber from above by a perforated bottom, expelling the air and raising the
temperature and pressure to the degree requisite for the vapour of the solvent to
thoroughly permeate the fat containing substances, then allowing the whole to
slowly cool, again heating so as to get up a pressure of, say, half an atmosphere,
and with that pressure on running out the fat and liquid solvent contained in it
to the distillery apparatus.
Third. In the process of extracting fat from bones and other fat containing
substances by means of solvents, drawing off the combined fatty matter and solvent
while the extracting chamber is filled with the vapour of the solvent under
pressure and thus preventing the admission of air, then driving out the solvent
vapour by means of steam, and condensing the mixed steam and vapour till no
more solvent comes off.
Fourth. In the process of extracting fat from bones or other substances by means
of solvents, forcing the solvent into the extracting cylinder by pumping air into
the holder above the solvent till the increase in pressure causes the solvent to pass
through the pipe and open cock into the extracting cylinder, and when the required
quantity has passed through closing the cock.
Fifth. The combination of a chamber A with frame a securely fixed thereto, the
valve or door bloosely hinged thereto, and the hinged or pivotted bolts d, d₁,
d, d, used to hold fast the same but capable of being thrown back when the
nuts are loosened so as to leave the door free to turn for the purposes described.
Sixth. The method of forming a joint easily remade yet proof against the vapour
of benzine under pressure, consisting in forming the lid with a projection running
round it and entering into a corresponding groove in the frame, laying in this
groove a twist of hemp or other like material steeped in fat and then tightening
up the joint.
Seventh. In a condensing apparatus the combination of the worm K, getting
smaller in diameter as it approaches its exit, and the containing vessel arranged
with partitions as shown, so that the condensing water has to traverse along over
the entire length of the condensing worm before escaping but in an opposite
direction, so that the fresh cold water shall meet the worm at its exit or coldest
end and traverse round its exterior to the other end, and thus while continuously
taking up heat it shall come gradually towards the entrance point or hottest end
of the worm, all substantially as described.
Eighth. The combination of the solvent holder (C), pump (F), exit pipe (2)
passing down to the very bottom of the holder, and level indicator (n), substantially
as and for the purposes specified.

page_text: Ninth. The improved arrangement and combination of the extracting (A),
the reservoir (C), pump (F), condenser (D), distilling apparatus (B), and connecting
pipes, arranged and operated substantially as herein described and shown.
Tenth. The combination of reservoir (G) with gauge glass (n, z,) to ascertain
relative heights of water and solvent, entrance pipe from condenser and exit pipe
to solvent holder, cock at or near the bottom to extract the water and keep it
below the height of the exit pipe (11) and the air escape (14 or k) to allow the air
and foul smells to escape, substantially as and for the purposes described.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Phillips Thompson, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Sixth day of January, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and eighty-two.