AN IMPROVED MEANS OF AND APPARATUS FOR TRANSMITTING MESSAGES, HANDWRITINGS, AND PRINTED MATTER BY ELECTRICAL CABLES OR WIRES OVER LAND OR BENEATH THE SEA
Year: 1879

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Thomas Arthur Dillon, of 55, Rutland Square West, in
the City of Dublin, Ireland, Gentleman, for the Invention of "AN IMPROVED
MEANS OF AND APPARATUS FOR TRANSMITTING MESSAGES, HANDWRITINGS,
AND PRINTED MATTER BY ELECTRICAL CABLES OR WIRES OVER LAND OR
BENEATH THE SEA.”
Sealed the 30th September 1879, and dated the 4th April 1879.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Thomas Arthur Dillon at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 4th April 1879.
THOMAS ARTHUR DILLON, of 55, Rutland Square West, in the City of Dublin,
Ireland, Gentleman. "AN IMPROVED MEANS OF AND APPARATUS FOR TRANS-
MITTING MESSAGES, HANDWRITINGS, AND PRINTED MATTER BY ELECTRICAL CABLES
OR WIRES OVER LAND OR BENEATH THE SEA."
This Invention consists of an improved method and apparatus whereby the trans-
mission of fac simile copies of messages, writings, printed, engraved, embossed, photo-
graphed subjects, cypher, stenographic, or ordinary messages can be effected through
submarine or other electric cables or wires with greater convenience and despatch, and
recorded either in systematic or invisible ink on chemically prepared paper by
action of electric chemical decomposition, or upon photographically prepared sensitive
flat surface or cylindrical rolls of glass, ebonite, talc, gutta percha, linen, or other
convenient and suitable rigid non-metallic, or flexible non-metallic, or specially
varnished metallic plates, leaves, plates, or cylinders, and whereby such fac simile
or other copies can be printed from photographically, be converted into stereotype
blocks for type or mechanical printing, multiplication, or chemically printed in
manifold in several colours simultaneously or one colour after the other. And
whereby stencil plates can be conveniently and rapidly produced of such writings,
printings, or messages for retransmission on same or other electric cables or wires.
I now proceed to illustrate the principle and details of the Invention by describing,
first, the method and apparatus for transmission of embossed, printed, engraved, or
N

page_text: photographed matter, and will then describe subsequently and successively the
methods and apparatus whereby the transmission of written or printed messages
in fac simile, cypher, stenographic messages, and copies of same is accomplished.
Let it be supposed that a fac simile copy of the New York Herald or London
Times is to be transmitted to New York or London by cable wire with the view of
there being immediately transformed into stereotype plates, from which there inay
be copies printed and published in the usual way.
The operations will be successively as follows.
First. The newspaper to be copied and transmitted is to be evenly laid and pinned
on a sufficiently large drawing board, which latter is to be coated with dark velvet,
india rubber, or such like yielding surface.
A hinged glass door shuts down on the paper and flattens it against the velvet
surface.
The glass must be if possible in one sheet, and preferably should be of thin
polished plate glass, free from scratches, flaws, or strice.
A reduced copy of each page of the paper so placed is taken. by a photographic
camera in the ordinary way practised by photographic operators.
A reduced copy or copies so taken are placed in a sciopticon, Woodward, or Monk-
hoven solar camera or such like enlarging apparatus, and a magnified image of sucli
copy or copies is thrown on a sheet of prepared bichromated gelatine, and allowed
to print itself by light in the manner familiar to photographers who enlarge
photographic pictures.
. This enlarged copy is divided into columns, and each is subjected to the usual
water bath until the bichromate preparation has discharged itself from the surface
in the usual way, that is, from all parts not previously rendered insoluble by
light.
This leaves an embossed or entaglio surface, as is well known to chemists and
photographers.
The parts unacted on by light are conductors because of their aqueous absorption,
and the parts influenced by light being of a resinous nature are dialectric; the
enlarged sheets are tightly fastened on a metallic wheel of good electric conductivity,
which wheel is in connection with line and battery.
By suitabe mechanical appliances the wheel rotates beneath a phonograph style,
also in electric communication with cable or battery. As the style touches the
electric conducting or the dialectrio now conducting surface, the currant passes to
line or is stopped from line.
At the receiving end, a cylinder moving with a synochronous movement and
coated with prepared paper, the latter by contact with the electric style is induced
to change its colour and produce a negative or positive copy of the newspaper.
Because of the enlarged nature of the letters the practical difficulties which
operated against the Bain, Bakewell, Casselli, and Bonetti automatic copying tele-
graph are systems obviated.
The fuzziness of outline is overcome by reducing the enlarged copy to ordinary
Bize, as can be easily understood.
The next operation is also at the receiving end. The now symmetrically reduced
photographic negative is printed by direct superposition printing on prepared
bichromate gelatine, and a cast is taken in plaster from the latter.
The mode of taking the plaster is this:-A printer's chase is laid on the developed
bichromate sheet, plaster is poured into the chase and over the (face upwards)
embossed surface of the gelatine. In a few minutes the plaster sets; the chase is
lifted off the gelatine and laid face upwards until the plaster is dry. As soon as the
plaster is fairly dry a papier mache surface is pressed beneath an india rubber sheet
on the type face of the plaster; the printer's chase prevents the plaster from
breaking, and the india rubber blanket prevents the plaster copy from being crusheḍ
and injured.
The process has thus arrived at the ordinary and well known stereotype stage

page_text: practised in all newspaper offices, which it is not requisite that I should describe
further. The newspaper can be printed from the plates produced.
In cases where the mirror galvanometer is used at the receiving end of the cable
or wire, I adopt the following method either of taking messages, recording messages,
multiplying messages, or producing fac simile copies of subjectes transmitted as
before described by the cable or wire.
Attempts have been made to induce the beam of light which falls on the mirror
galvanometer at the receiving end of a cable or wire to record its motions on a
photographic surface, and whereas hitherto the fuzziness of outline and consequent
imperfection of the image has made such desired results impossible, and whereas the
electric light is now of such a practicable nature. I direct a beam of the latter
light on the mirror, and allow it to fall upon a revolving cylinder carrying a moving
strap or band, or series of plates rendered photographically sensative, and the motion
of which cylinder and apparatus agrees with that of the sending end. It is obvious
that the enlargement of the image while being received, and the subsequend reduc-
tion to sharp outline, gets over the difficulty.
This photographic record or copy in fac simile can be printed from this on gelatine,
as already described, or printed on sensitive paper in the usual way.
When plain simple reading is alone required, I take off the mirror, place. the
needle in the focus of a sciopticon, and cause the motion of the diminution needle
to interrupt the light on the screw and magnify its own microscopic motions.
In this case the receiving clerk need not set in absolute darkness.
Several galvanometers may be worked together when time is an object and rapid
copying requisite.
When practicable or possible I would use a series of insulated and separate wires
in one cable to one place. I also unite as many line wires or cables leading to
separate countries or cities as it may be considered desirable to send messages to.
I bring the ends of such wires or cables into one sending box, from which radiate
simultaneous currents, and thus the fac simile copies above enumerated and described
can be despatched and received.
In sending cypher, stenographic, autographic, photographic, printed, or written
messages in sympathetic, secret, or other ink, I adopt the following method, whereby
the sending or receiving clerks attached to the cable or wire department (trans-
mitting or receiving) will be unable to read the message sent or received, always
excepting the address of the person to whom message sent. The individual desirous
of sending a message in his own handwriting will purchase a sheet of stamped paper,
write upon it with a pencil or stile, and having shown the stamp to the receiving
clerk at the telegraph office, the latter will sponge the face of the paper over with
an india rubber solution, or allow the writer to do so himself. The paper sheet is
then passed through a slit between two india rubber rollers, one solid, the other
hollow. The axle of the hollow roller is itself hollow; this hollow roller takes the
india rubber solution from the face of the prepared paper. Compressed air enters
this hollow elastic cylinder, expands it symmetrically, and at the same time also
expands the india rubber surface which it had taken from the prepared paper; as it
does this it transfers the glutinous diaelectric gum to a metallic conducting cylinder,
as already described, which is in connection with the battery and wire. From this
point the action of the synchronous machines are precisely the same as that which
has been already described. By preference I use an equilbrium potential circuit,
although open or closed circuit, duplex, or quadruplex methods are applicable. In
the equilbrium potential I prefer to let go as it were at the sending end rather
than to push, as, for example, supposing by means of resistance coils and relay
arrangements a balance of potential should be maintained at either end, so that an
unvarying and equal deflection cr position of the galvanometer would be obtained,
then the earthing or reversing of the nearer or sending wire would reduce the
potential of the distant receiving instrument, and thus obviate more perfectly the
cable embarrassment arising from induction, earth currents, and such like,

page_text: The foregoing arrangements may be varied in detail without departing from the
principle of my Invention.
Fac simile and other copies may be produced in different colours by altering the
preparation of the chemically prepared paper, or using ink writers with inks of
various shades.
I sometimes coat the cables with a preparatory coating of bichromated gelatine,
which I exposed to light and thus render insoluble.
The wire is drawn through a bath of the gelatine preparation, allowed to dry, and
then exposed either in detail or in mass to the action of daylight or sunlight, after
which the gutta percha, india rubber, or other coating may be applied.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent and of
an Order of the Lord Chancellor filed by the said Thomas Arthur Dillon in
the Great Seal Patent Office on the 3rd November 1879.
THOMAS ARTHUR DILLON, of 55, Rutland Square West, in the City of Dublin,
Ireland, Gentleman. "AN IMPROVED MEANS OF AND APPARATUS FOR TRANS-
MITTING MESSAGES, HANDWRITINGS, AND PRINTED MATTER BY ELECTRICAL CABLES
OR WIRES OVER LAND OR BENEATH THE SEA."
This Invention consists of an improved method and apparatus whereby the
transmitting of fac simile copies of messages, writings, printed, engraved, embossed,
photographed subjects, cypher, stenographic, or ordinary messages can be effected
through submarine or other electrical cables or wires with greater convenience and
dispatch, and recorded either in sympathetic or invisible ink on chemically prepared
paper by action of electro chemical decomposition or upon photographically pre-
pared sensitive flat surfaces or cylindrical rolls of glass, ebonite, talc, gutta
percha, linen, or other convenient and suitable rigid nonmetallic or flexible non-
metallic or specially varnished metallic plates, leaves, or cylinders, and whereby
such fac simile or other copies can be printed from photographically, be converted
into stereotype blocks for type or mechanical printing, multiplication or chemically
printed in manifold in several colors simultaneously, or one colour after the other,
and whereby stencil plates can be conveniently and rapidly produced of such
writings, printings, or messages for retransmission on same or other electric cables
or wires.
I now proceed to illustrate the principles and details of the Invention by
describing, first, the method and apparatus for transmission of embossed, printed,
engraved, or photographed matter, and will then describe subsequently and succes-
sively the methods and apparatus whereby the transmission of written or printed
messages in fac simile, cypher, stenographic messages and copies of same is accom-
plished. Let it be supposed that a fac simile copy of the New York Herald or
London Times is to be transmitted to New York or London by cable wire, with
the view of their being immediately transformed into stereotype plates, from which
there may be copies printed and published in the usual way.
The operations will be successively as follows:-
First. The newspaper to be copied and transmitted is to be evenly laid and
pinned on a sufficiently large drawing board, which latter is be coated with dark
velvet, india-rubber, or such like yielding surface.
A hinged glass door shuts down on the paper and flattens it against the velvet
surface.
The glass must be if possible in one sheet, and preferably should be of thin
polished plate glass free from scratches, flaws, or strice.
A reduced copy of each page of the paper so placed is taken by a photographic
camera in the ordinary way practiced by photographic operators.
A reduced copy or copies so taken are placed in a sciopticon, Woodward, or
Monkhoven solar camera, or such like enlarging apparatus, and a magnified image
of such copy or copies is thrown on a sheet of prepared bichromated gelatine and
allowed to print itself by light in the manner familiar to photographers who enlarge
photographic pictures.
This enlarged copy is divided into columns, and each is subjected to the usual
water bath until the bichromate preparation has discharged itself from the surface
in the usual manner, that is, from all parts not previously rendered insoluble by
light.
This leaves an embossed or entaglio surface as is well known to chemists and
photographers.
The parts unacted on by light are conductors because of their aqueous absorption,
and that the parts influenced by light being of a resinous nature are dialectric. The

page_text: enlarged sheets are tightly fastened on a metallic wheel of good electric conductivity,
which wheel is in connection with line and battery.
By suitable mechanical appliances the wheel rotates beneath a phonograph style
also in electric communication with cable or battery. As the style touches the
electric conducting or the dialectric nonconducting surface the current passes to
line or is stopped from line in the manner well known to electricians.
At the receiving end a cylinder moving with a synochrous movement and coated
with prepared paper, the latter by contact with the electric style is induced to
change its colour and produce a negative or positive copy of the newspaper in the
usual manner.
Because of the enlarged nature of the letters the electrical difficulties which
operated against the Bain, Bakewell, Casselli, and Bonetti automatic copying
telegraph systems are obviated.
The fuzziness of outline is overcome by reducing the enlarged copy to ordinary
size, as can be easily understood.
The next operation is also at the receiving end. The now symmetrically reduced
photographic negative is printed by direct superposition printing on prepared
bichromate, gelatine, and a cast is taken in plaster from the latter.
The mode of taking the plaster is this,-A printer's "chase" is laid on the
developed bichromate sheet, plaster is poured into the chase and over the (face
upwards) embossed surface of the gelatine. In a few minutes the plaster sets, the
chase is lifted off the gelatine, and laid face upwards until the plaster is dry. As
soon as the plaster is fairly dry_a_papier mache surface is pressed beneath-an-india-
rubber sheet on the type face of the plaster, the printer's chase prevents the plaster
from breaking, and the india rubber blanket prevents the plaster copy from being
crushed and injured.
The process has thus arrived at the ordinary and well known stereotype stage
practiced in all newspaper offices, which it is not requisite that I should describe
further; the newspaper can be printed from the plates produced.
In cases where the mirror galvanometer is used at the receiving end of the cable
or wire I adopt the following method either of taking messages, recording messages,
multiplying messages, or producing fac simile copies of subjects transmitted, as
before described, by the cable or wire.
Attempts have been made to induce the beam of light which falls on the mirror
galvanometer at the receiving end of a cable or wire to record its motions on a
photographic surface, and whereas hitherto the fuzziness of outline and consequent
imperfection of the image has made such desired results impossible, and whereas
the electric light is now of such a practicable nature, I direct a beam of the latter
light on the mirror and allow it to fall upon a revolving cylinder carrying a moving
strap or band or series of plates rendered photographically sensitive, and the motion
of which cylinder and apparatus agrees with that of the sending end. It is obvious
that the enlargement of the image while being received, and the subsequent reduc-
tion to sharp outline gets over the difficulty.
This photographic record or copy in fac simile can be printed from this on gelatine,
as already described, or printed on sensitive paper in the usual way.
When plain simple reading is alone required I take off the mirror, place the
needle in the focus of a sciopticon, and cause the motion of the diminutive needle
to interrupt the light on the screen and magnify its own microscopic motions.
In this case the receiving clerk need not sit in absolute darkness. Several
galvanometers may be worked together when time is an object and rapid copying
requisite.
When practicable or possible I would use a series of insulated and separate wires
in one cable to one place; I also unite as many line wires or cables leading to
separate countries or cities as it may be considered desirable to send messages to.
I bring the ends of such wires or cables into one sending box, from which radiate
simultaneous currents, and thus the facsimile copies above enumerated and described
can be despatched and received.

page_text: In sending cypher, stenographic, autographic, photographic, printed, or written
messages in sympathetic, secret, or other ink I adopt the following method, whereby
the sending or receiving clerks attached to the cable or wire department (trans-
mitting or receiving) will be unable to read the message sent or received, always
excepting the address of the person to whom is message sent. The individual
desirous of sending a message in his own handwriting will purchase a sheet of
stamped paper, write upon it with a pencil or style, and having shown the stamp
to the receiving clerk at the telegraph office the latter will sponge the face of the
paper over with an india rubber solution, or allow the writer to do so himself. The
paper sheet is then passed through a slit between two india rubber rollers, one solid,
the other hollow. The axle of the hollow roller is itself hollow; this hollow roller
takes the india rubber solution from the face of the prepared paper, compressed air
enters the hollow elastic cylinder, expands it symmetrically, and at the same time
also expands the india rubber surface which it had taken from the prepared paper;
as it does this it transfers the glutinous dialectric gum to a metallic conducting
cylinder, as already described, which is in connection with the battery and wire.
From this point the action of the synochrous machines are precisely the same as
that which has been already described. By preference I use an equilibrium potential
circuit, although open or closed circuit, duplex, or quadruplex methods, are applicable.
In the equilibrium potential I prefer to "let go," as it were, at the sending end,
rather than to "push," as, for example, supposing by means of resistance cores and
relay arrangements a balance of potential should be maintained at either end, so
that an unvarying and equal deflection or position of the galvanometer would be
obtained, then the earthing or reversing of the nearer or sending wire would
reduce the potential of the distant receiving instrument, and thus obviate more
perfectly the cable embarrassment arising from induction and currents, and such
like.
The foregoing arrangements may be varied in detail without departing from the
principle of my Invention.
Fac simile and other copies may be produced in different colours by altering the,
preparation of the chemically prepared paper or using ink writers with inks of
various shades.
I sometimes coat the cables with a preparatory coating of bichromated gelatine,
which I expose to light and thus render insoluble.
Sometimes the wire is drawn through a bath of the gelatine preparation, allowed
to dry, and then exposed either in detail or in mass to the action of daylight or
sunlight, after which the gutta percha, india rubber, or other coating may be
applied.
I will now describe more accurately several of the parts of the Invention already
alluded to.
No. 1. That part which enables messages, autographic or otherwise, to be trans-
mitted secretly, that is, without the necessity of being read by the clerks at either
the sending or receiving end. A sheet of paper is covered with thin metal, as
(Betts' metal), thin brass, tin foil, copper leaf, or the new liquid for making capsules.
In many cases paper is not needed, and linen may be dipped in the capsule metallic
preparation, and allowed to dry. Only one side of this metallised paper can be
utilised, as the object of using a metallic coating is that when the words are written
they will remain indented on one side and stand in relief on the other. Let it be
granted that a page so indented by a style or pencil is submitted to a roller coated
with india rubber or such like dialectric composition, the solution will attach itself
to the upper or flat surface, but will not sink into the indented letters of the page.
Similarly if the solution be sponged into the letters the flat surface may be
scraped clean with a straight edge. In either case there will be a representation of
the writing, either in dialectric material, or the letter will be a blank, and the
larger surface will be dialectric coated. As in every instance the object to be
obtained is an enlarged copy of the writing or print the larger the writing or print

page_text: is the better, wherefore I sometimes adapt the following method:-I write or print
on the india rubber page, magnify the writing by stretching the india rubber
symmetrically, and then applying the enlarged page in the manner herein before
and hereinafter described, either to a metal sheet or metal cylinder. In this case
an ink is used of an expanding nature, as india rubber solution, or an ink which
may be subsequently rendered dialectric or conducting:
The method of using a dialectric or conducting ink or coating, and so producing
an enlarged letter or writing from ordinary good sized manuscript writing or print,
may be varied at will without departing from the principle of this Invention, as
can be well understood by practical persons. I sometimes dust over the glutinous or
aqueous ink with metallic or resinous powder, as powdered metallic oxides, as mag-
netic oxide, corundum, bronze powder, or pulverised glass, fine charcoal; sometimes
I write with fluid gelatine, plain or mixed with bichromate of ammonia or potash,
which I dust with any suitable powder which will dry up the moisture, and act
as sand does when shaken over writing, and transform the writing or print into a
conducting or dialectric medium by subsequent exposure, daylight, or actinic
light.
Obviously it is necessary that the letters transferred to the transmitting cylinder
should be read by the clerk in charge, and similarly at the receiving end an ink or
syphon recorder may very readily be charged with any familiar invisible ink which
will be rendered visible by application of certain reagents subsequently. For
instance, if the recorder be charged with a solution of nut galls, an invisible page of
writing will be made visible by a wash of sulphate of iron (common_copperas); if
charged with nitrate of silver, exposure to daylight will render the writing
visible.
If charged with milk a rubbing with charred paper, soot, or exposure to the fire
will render the writing visible. In all cases I prefer prepared chemical paper, so
that any attempt to tamper with the writing, that is, to render it visible will at
once become manifest. For instance, a figured pattern like a water mark easily
destroyed by chemicals or by heat, is that which I consider best, but I do not
consider such extra protection as an essential portion of my Invention, it is a useful
but not indispensable adjunct merely.
When causing the ordinary needle or mirror action in the galvanometer to write
itself, I adopt the following method:-A fine slit is cut in a metal or other suitable
material; in front of the slit the needle plays on the elastic beam of the mirror
galvanometer; a dry plate of the sensitive kind moves by clockwork or electric
action, and on unison with the beam of light in any of the ways usually adopted as
most facile and convenient. The needle or beam action being almost imperceptible
to the eye, yet being recorded on a glass photographic plate, permits the latter to be
placed in an enlarging apparatus, and enlarged or printed with facility; and printed
off either on paper or on gelatine, and converted into stereotype blocks in the manner
hereinbefore described. In like manner I propose to transmit secret messages, as
for example, the enlarged message automatically transmitted, or any other ordinary
message forwarded, may be photographically recorded on a dry plate, which dry
plate can be transmitted to the person for whom the message is intended, and
developed at convenience, as for military purposes the map of an enemy's country.
In such case the sensitive plate should either be coated with a ruby varnish of some
non actinic colour and non chemical action. The film itself could be in many cases
stripped from the glass, and transmitted instead of the glass negative; I use slips
of talc for this purpose as being portable and convenient. I produce the miniature
or thin talc slips for transmission.
When transmitting messages or signals by cable wire I do not forward such by
charging the wire from the sending one, as this would produce the usual wave flow
embarrassment so well understood by electricians, and would not permit of the
slaccato pulsations which are so indispensable, I adopt the following method. The
current at the receiving end is in continuous flow to me, it passes through a

page_text: recording instrument; as it flows any increase or diminution of. itensity of the
current is indicated by that instrument at the receiving end. This current flowing
from the receiving end to me is under my control naturally, in so far that I can by
reversing the current, earthing it, or diminishing or increasing it at my end cause the
galvanometer or recorder at the other end to vibrate in unison with my motions.
But inasmuch as all electric cables suffers from various disturbances of an electrical
nature outside of the battery influence, and which would interfere with such
vibrations, I use a separate recording galvanometer in connection with the cable
only, and which only takes cognizance of the electric disturbance alluded to; and
in exact proportion to the amount and nature of the electric disturbance outside of
the signalling movements, automatically allows for it by supplying a deficiency or
increasing a supply as may be required.
It will help to illustrate my method better if I refer to the case of an aneroid or
mercurial barometer being carried up a mountain. Here the barometer becomes
both a measurer of mountain height and a weather indicator, renders it difficult for
any one to say whether it be an atmospheric depression due to coming storm or
rain, or merely the increasing travel up the mountain, which causes the amount of
movement of the needle or mercury. But if it were practicable or possible to con-
struct a barometer which would separate the influences and induce each to record
its own value, then we should attain to a state of things nearly similar to that
which I would produce in the cable.
It is not requisite to illustrate this method further since the mechanical means of
carrying out are so simple, and can be so easily put in practice by electricians and
other scientific and practical men, and as the details may be so varied without
departing from the principle.
What I claim as novel and useful in the foregoing are,-
The use of photographic enlargement and reductions, substantially for the purpose
and in the manner hereinbefore described.
The use of mechanical symmetrical enlargement and reduction, substantially for
the purpose and in the manner herein before described.
The use of the dialectric or conducting ink for the purpose and in the manner
hereinbefore described.
The use of stenographic enlargements and reductions.
The use of autographic enlargements and reductions.
The use of typographic enlargements and reductions.
The use of cypher writing or printing enlargements and reductions, in the manner
substantially and for the purposes herein before described.
The transmission of messages, writings, or printed matter, engravings, or sketches,
in invisible or sympathetic ink, substantially and in the manner hereinbefore
described.
The photographic recording of messages, printings, writings, engravings, sketches,
in microscopic character, on sensitive plates or surfaces with the view of subsequent
development and enlargement, substantially and in the manner hereinbefore
described.
The method of neutralising the cable embarrassment and conversion of the electric
wave flow into a staccato beat by the means already described, substantially and in
the manner herein before described.
The covering of the electric cable with a preliminary coating of bichromated
gelatine, and subsequent exposure to actinic light, substantially and in the manner
herein before described.
The preparation of the metallised metallic or semi metallised substance, in the
manner hereinbefore described.
The form of needle enlargement and daylight reading of the instrument, sub-
stantially and in the manner hereinbefore described.
The simultaneous duplication of messages and production of fac simile copies,
through the intervention of sensitive photographic plates or surfaces, substantially
and in the manner hereinbefore described.

page_text: The utilisation of the electric light in lieu of sunlight for rendering bichromate
gelatine insoluble, and for producing photographic prints, copies of messages,
gelatine impressions, substantially and in the manner hereinbefore described.
The production of stereoplates from gelatine, substantially and in the manner
herein before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Thomas Arthur Dillon, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this 7th day of October, in the year of our Lord One thousand
eight hundred and seventy nine.
THOMAS ARTHUR DILLON. (L.S.)