IMPROVED MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR MANUFACTURING BLANK BOLTS AND SET SCREWS, AND FOR PARTIALLY MAKING UNTAPPED HEXAGON, SQUARE, OR OTHER SHAPED NUTS FOR SCREW BOLTS
Year: 1875

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Edward Davies, of Atherton, in the County of
Lancaster, Bolt and Nut Manufacturer, John Leyland, of the same
Place, Foreman Mechanic, and George Partington, of Atherton
aforesaid, Foreman Bolt Maker, for the Invention of "IMPROVED
MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR MANUFACTURING BLANK BOLTS AND SET
SCREWS, AND FOR PARTIALLY MAKING UNTAPPED HEXAGON, SQUARE, OR OTHER
SHAPED NUTS FOR SCREW BOLTS
"
Scaled the 18th January 1876, and dated the 20th July 1875.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Edward Davies, John
Leyland, and George Partington at the Office of the Commissioners
of Patents, with their Petition, on the 20th July 1875.
We, EDWARD DAVIES, of Atherton, in the County of Lancaster, Bolt
and Nut Manufacturer, JOHN LEYLAND, of the same Place, Foreman
Mechanic, and GEORGE PARTINGTON, of Atherton aforesaid, Foreman
Bolt Maker, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"Improved MachinERY OR APPARATUS FOR MANUFACTURING BLANK BOLTS AND

page_text: SET SCREWS, AND FOR PARTIALLY MAKING UNTAPPED HEXAGON, SQUARE, OR OTHER
SHAPED NUTS FOR SCREW BOLTS," to be as follows
-
This Invention relates, first, to the description of mechanical hammer,
known as the "Oliver hammer,' used for bolt, nut, and other forgings,
to be worked partially by manual labour or entirely by power, and con-
sists in various improved arrangements of mechanical contrivances for
enabling the various articles to be made more efficiently and economically
than has hitherto been attained.
In one arrangement when the hammer is worked partially by manual
labour we employ a friction pulley fixed to a shaft working in bearings at
the upper part of the framework-and pass over the pulley a friction belt
or strap, having one end fastened to a lever fixed on the same shaft or
centre as that to which the hammer shaft working the hammer is keyed
or fixed in the ordinary way, and the other end of the friction belt is
fastened to a lever or treadle.
In the ordinary machine with the block and uprights detached the
workman has to bring or pull down the hammer by his own weight or
strength only, but in our improved machine with the block and uprights
in one piece the friction strap or belt, or strap on the pulley which is
turned by power, gives great assistance to the workman, thereby enabling
him to give a heavier blow if required or work a heavier hammer.
In another arrangement we work the hammer entirely by the friction
belt or strap by fastening both ends of the belt to a two-armed lever
fixed to the ordinary hammer centre shaft, the belt passing over a friction
pulley formed slightly eccentric, to which pulley is cast or fixed another
pulley or wheel formed concentric. Both pulleys are placed loose on a
shaft having eccentric ends fitted loose into holes or bearings at the
upper part of the framework, and on one of the eccentric ends we fix a
lever at the outside of the framework for enabling the eccentric shaft to
be slightly turned in either direction
The concentric pulley or wheel is driven either by a strap or gearing,
and turns with it the eccentric friction pulley, and according to the
position in which the eccentric shaft is adjusted and held by the lever
more or less friction is given to the friction belt, thereby exerting more
or less power on the hammer, the lever being worked by hand or by a
treadle, as may be desired, and when the hammer is required to be

page_text: stopped the workman turns the eccentric shaft to such a position that
the fiction belt is slack on the friction pulley, the hammer being lifted
and held up in the ordinary way by a spring.
In another arrangement we work each hammer by causing a loose
friction disc on a shaft to be placed near a disc fast on the same shaft,
which is caused to revolve by a pulley and strap, or by gearing
On
one side of cach loose disc there is a cam or projection in contact with a
cam or circular incline abutting against a stationary collar, and carrying
a two-armed lever having one end connected by a rod to a treadle or lever
and the other end to a spring, and to cach loose disc is fastened one end
of a belt or strap, the other ends of both being connected to levers fixed to
the hammer contre shaft When a hammer is required to be at rest its
corresponding loose disc is out of contact with the fast revolving disc,
but when the workman moves the two-armed lever in the required
direction the cam connected with it presses the loose disc firmly against
the fast revolving disc, so that it may obtain motion to work the lever on
the hammer centre shaft.
press the fast disc
When desired, instead of causing the loose discs to be pressed against
the fast disc we reverse the operation by giving to-and-fro motion to the
shaft and fast disc by means of a grooved collar and lever worked by a
treadle or by a fixed cam or projection coming in contact with loose
cams or circular inclines on the same shaft, so as to
against one or other of the loose discs, and when the operations aro
required to be self-acting one of the loose cams is so held by a lever that
the fast cam or projection can come in contact with it at cach revolution,
so as to cause the shaft to move endways and cause the fast disc to press
firmly against one or other of the loose discs
In another arrangement for working a hammer we fix a disc on the
hammer centre shaft in contact with a loose disc, which revolves by
means of a strap or gearing, and on the outside of the loose disc there
is a cam in contact with one side of a double cam, the other side of
which is in contact with a cam or projection on the framework, against
which the double cam is pressed more or less by partially turning it by
means of a lever.
The next part of our Invention relates not only to the "Oliver
hammer," but to other descriptions in which the hammers move up and
down, and consists in the employment of a back ram or tool attached

page_text: to a lever connected by a rod to the hammer centre shaft, so that as the
hammer moves up and down the ram or tool moves to and fro hori-
zontally for the purpose of pressing the head or nut at the same time as
the hammer strikes it.
The swages in the hammer block and hammer are formed with one
end open to admit the entrance of the ram or tool and at the other end
the shank of the bolt or the mandril with the nut on it, and the top and
bottom swages are shaped to correspond with the required shape of the
sides or edges of the nut or head of the bolt, each swage having a
shoulder to correspond with the under side of the head of the bolt or
with the cupped or champfered side of the nut.
When forgings intended for bolts and set screws have to be made having
hexagon or square heads the workman places the heated bar between
clamps or dies on the machine, to be held fast, and then a heading tool
fixed in a lever moved by a revolving cam on a shaft working in bearings
in the framework partially forms the head, after which if required the
bar is removed to another pair of clamps and heading tool, and then
removed to the swages, when it is finished by the descent of the hammer,
and the horizontal ram or tool which is connected to the hammer centre
shaft is carried by an upright lever fixed to a shaft working in bearings
at the lower part of the framework, or the ram or tool may work in
guides in the block or solid part of the framework
When nuts have to be made the workman takes the partially-formed
nut in the usual way and places it on the mandril and between the
swages, so that as the hammer is descending the back ram pushes the
nut against the shoulders formed in the swages, and the hammer striking
the edges at the same time encloses the nut as it were in a box, and keeps
the nut in a straight and well formed position.
In another arrangement of swages instead of having shoulders the
ends are left open, and a loose collar on a mandril is used instead of the
shoulders. The mandril is held in beanings open at the top, and it is
agamst one of these bearings the loose collar is pressed when the nut is
pressed by the back ram, and at the same time the end of the mandril
held by the workman is pressed against an abutment in the other open
bearing, and when desired the clamps used for holding the shanks of the
bolts may be used for holding the mandril and for cupping one side of
the nut, and the heading tool for cupping the other side of the nut.

page_text: After the nut is finished in the swages the mandril is pushed out of tho
nut by a second flat heading tool, the mandril being hold either in the
clamps or in open top bearings.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Edward Davies, John Leyland, and George
Partington in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 20th January
1876.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, wc, EDWARD
DAVIES, of Atherton, in the County of Lancaster, Bolt and Nut
Manufacturer, JOHN LEYLAND, of the same Place, Foreman Mechanic,
and GEORGE PARTINGTON, of Atherton aforesaid, Foreman Bolt Maker,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victora, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Twentieth day of July, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-five, in tho
thurty-ninth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and suc-
cessors, give and grant unto us, the said Edward Davies, John Leyland,
and George Partington, Her special license that we, the said Edward
Davics, John Leyland, and George Partington, our executors, admini-
strators, and assigns, or such others as wc, the said Edward Davies,
John Leyland, and George Partington, our executors, administrators,
and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from
time to time and at all times thercafter during the term therein
expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend,
within the United Kingdom of Great Butain and Ireland, the Channel
Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVED MACHINERY OR
APPARATUS FOR MANUFACTURING BLANK BOLTS AND SET SCREWS, AND FOR
PARTIALLY MAKING UNTAPPED HEXAGON, SQUARE, OR OTHER SHAPED NUTS FOR
SCREW BOLTS," upon the condition (amongst others) that we, the said
Edward Davies, John Leyland, and George Partington, our executors or
administrators, by an instrument in writing under our, or their, or one
of our or their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to
be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Scal

page_text: Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately after
the date of the said Letters Patent
•
NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said Edward Davics, John Leyland,
and George Partington, do hereby declare the nature of our said
Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be
particularly described and ascertained in and by the following state-
ment, reference being had to the Figures on the accompanying three
Sheets of Drawings, and to the letters of reference marked thercon (that
is to say) :—
-
This Invention relates, first, to the description of mechanical hammer
known as the "Oliver hammer," used for bolt,-nut, and other forgings, to
be worked partially by manual labour and partially by power, and con-
sists in various improved arrangements of mechanical contrivances for
enabling the various articles to be made more efficiently and economically
than has hitherto been attained.
In the side elevation Fig 1, and plan Fig 2, Sheet 1, we represent
one arrangement of our improvements applied to a hammer worked
partially by manual labour, and Figs 3 and 4, Sheet 1, and Figs 5, 6,
and 7, Sheet 2, are enlarged views of parts of the same In this case we
employ a friction pulley a fixed to a shaft b working in bearings at the
upper part of the framework c, and pass over the pulley a a friction
belt or strap d having one end fastened to a lever e fixed on the same
shaft or centre as that to which the hammer shaft ƒ working the
hammer is keyed or fixed in the usual way, and the other end of the
friction belt is fastened to a lever or treadle h.
In the ordinary machine with the block and upright detached tho
workman has to bring or pull down the hammer by his own weight or
strength only, but in our improved machine with the block and uprights
in one piece the fiction belt or strap on the pulley which is turned by
power gives great assistance to the workman, thereby enabling him
to give a heavier blow if required or work a heavier hammer
In another arrangement, shewn in Figs. 8 and 9, Sheet 1, we work the
hammer entirely by the friction belt or strap d by fastening both ends
of the belt to a two-aimed lever / fixed to the ordinary hammer centro
shaft the belt passing over a friction pulley a formed slightly
eccentric, to which pulley is cast or fixed another pulley or wheel

page_text: formed concentric. Both pulleys are placed loose on a shaft m having
eccentric ends n fitted loose into holes or bearings at the upper part of
the framework c, and on one of the eccentric ends wo fix a lever or
handle o at the outside of the framework for enabling the eccentric
shaft to be slightly turned in either direction.
The concentric pulley or wheel is driven either by a strap or gearing
and turns with it the eccentric friction pulley a, and according to the
position in which the eccentric shaft is adjusted and held by the lover
more or less friction is given to the friction belt, thereby exerting more
or less power on the hammer, the lever o being worked either by hand
or by a treadle as may be desired, and when the hammer is required to be
stopped the workman turns the eccentric shaft to such a position that
the friction belt is slack on the friction pulley, the hammer being lifted
and held up in the ordinary way by a spring.
X
In another arrangement shewn in Figs. 10 and 11, Sheet 2, when two
hammers are used we work each hammer by causing two loose friction
discs r, s, on a shaft to be placed near a disc u fast on the same shaft
which is caused to revolve by a pulley and strap or by gearing. On the
outer side of each loose disc there is a cam or projection v in contact
with a cam or circular incline w, each abutting against a stationary
collar and carrying a two-armed lever y having one end connected by
a rod to a treadle or lever, and the other end to a spring a', and to
cach loose disc is fastened one end of a belt or strap 6¹, the other ends of
both being connected to levers c¹ fixed to the hammer centre shaft f.
When either hammer is required to be at rest its corresponding loose disc
is out of contact with the fast revolving disc u, but when the workman
moves one of the two-armed levers y in the required direction the cam
connected with it presses the loose disc firmly against the fast revolving
disc, so that it may obtain motion to work the lever c' on the hammer
centre shaft.
When desired instead of causing the loose discs to be pressed against
the fast disc we reverse the operation by giving to-and-fro motion to the
shaft and fast disc, by means of a grooved collar and lever worked by a
treadle or by a fixed cam or projection coming in contact with loose
cams or circular inclines on the same shaft, so as to press the fast disc
against one or other of the loose discs, and when the operations are
required to be self-acting one of the loose cams is so held by a lever that

page_text: the last cam or projection can come in contact with it at each revolution,
so as to cause the shaft to move sideways and cause the fast disc to press
firmly against one or other of the loose discs.
In another arrangement for working a hammer, shown in Figs. 12
and 13, Sheet 2, we fix a disc a' on the hammer centre shaft ƒ in
contact with a loose disc ' which revolves by means of a strap or
gearing, and on the outside of the loose disc there is a cam c¹ in contact
with one side of a double cam d, the other side of which is in contact
with a cam or projection e' on the framework, against which the double
cam is pressed more or less by partially turning it by means of a
lover-ft.-
$
-The next part of our Invention, shewn in Figs. 1, 2, and 3, Sheet 1,
and Figs. 5 and 6, Sheet 2, relates not only to the ."Oliver hammer,"
but to other descriptions in which the hammers move up and down, and
consists in the employment of a back ram or tool ¹ attached to a
lever & connected by links U, Figs. 1 and 2, to the hammer shaft or
arm m³, so that as the hammer moves up and down the ram or tool
moves to and fro horizontally for the purpose of pressing the nut or the
licad of a bolt at the same time as the hammer strikes it, or the lover k¹
is pushed forwards by a bowl n¹ on the hammer shaft or arm m³, as
shewn in Fig 5, and brought back by a spring or weight, and this
horizontal ram can be used in steam hammers for pressing, finishing,
or cupping the nut or head of the bolt.
The swages o', Figs 1, 2, 3, and 4, in the hammer block and hammer
are formed with one end open to admit the entrance of the ram or tool ¹
and at the other end the mandril with the nut on it or the shank of a
bolt, and the top and bottom swages are shaped to correspond with the
required shape of the sides or edges of the nut or head of the bolt, cach
swage having a shoulder to correspond with the cupped or chamfhered
side of the nut or with the underside of the head of the bolt, and one
swage will answer used in combination with a flat-faced Oliver
hammer.
When nuts have to be made the workman takes the partially formed
nut in the usual way and places it on the mandril p₁ and between the
swages, so that as the hammer is descending the back ram ¹ pushes the
nut against the shoulders formed in the swages o¹, and the hammer g

page_text: striking the edges at the same time encloses the nut as it were in a box
and keeps the nut in a straight and well formed position.
When forgings intended for bolts and set screws have to be made
with hexagon or square heads we employ on the machine clamps or
dies q', Figs. 1 and 2, Sheet 1, and Figs 14, 15, and 16, Sheet 3, between
which clamps the workman places the heated bar to be held fast, and
then a heading tool ² fixed to a lever s¹ moved by a revolving cam ť¹
on a shaft a¹ working in bearings in the framework partially forms the
head, after which if required the bar is removed to another pair of
clamps v¹ and heading tool w³, and then removed to the swages o³, where
it is finished by the descent of the hammer g and the forward movement
of the horizontal ram or tool h¹, Figs 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 14, 15, and 16,
worked by the upright lever k¹ fixed to a shaft working in bearings at
the lower part of the framework, or the ram or tool may work in guides
in the back or solid part of the framework.
.
In another arrangement of swages, instead of having shoulders, the
ends are left open, as shown in Figs. 5 and 6, and a loose collar a³ on
the nut mandril p¹ is used instead of the shoulders. The mandril is
held in bearings open at the top, and it is against one of these bearings
the loose collar is pressed when the nut is pressed by the back ram, and
at the same time the end of the mandril held by the workman is pressed
against an abutment in the other open bearing c², Figs 1, 2, 3, and 6,
and when desired the clamps used for holding the shanks of the bolts
may be used for holding the mandril and for cupping one side of the
nut and the heading tool for cupping the other side of the nut, as shewn
in Fig. 2. After the nut is finished in the swages the mandril is pushed
out of the nut by a second flat heading tool d², Figs. 2 and 7, Sheet 1
and 2, the mandril being held either in the clamps or in open top
bearings.
In Figs. 17 and 18, Sheet 3, we represent two modifications, in which
the hammers are worked partially by friction pulleys connected to
driving pulleys, both placed loose on the hammer centre shafts, and in
both Figures the friction pulleys are marked e², the hammers g, and the
hammer centre shaft f. In Fig. 17 the hammer g is fixed to the
hammer centre shaft f, to which is also fixed the two-armed lever ƒ³
carrying the friction belt g², one end being jointed at the back and then
brought under the friction pulley and passed over a small roller or

page_text: pulley carried on a stud at the front end of the lever and then attached
to the treadle m³, which when pressed down by the foot of the workman
forces the friction belt into close contact with the friction pulley to give
the required movement to the hammer.
In the arrangement shewn in Fig. 18, Shect 3, there is a one-armed
lever fixed to the shaft and carrying at one end a stud, to which is
jointed the friction lever n² connected at the outer end by a rod o² to the
treadle p³, which when pressed down by the workman forces the friction
lever against the friction pulley to pull down the hammer for giving the
required blow.
Having now described the nature and particulars of our said Invention
we desire it to be understood that in "Machinery or Apparatus for
Manufacturing Blank Bolts and Set Screws, and for Partially Making
Untapped Hexagon, Square, or other Shaped Nuts for Screw Bolts," we
claim,-
First. The friction pulleys driven by power mounted with friction
belts or straps connected to a one-armed lever or to a two-armed lever
on the hammer centre shaft, and tightened as required by the workman,
acting on a treadle for enabling the hammer to be worked partially by
manual labor and partially by power.
Secondly. The employment of an eccentric friction pulley mounted
with a friction belt or strap connected at both ends to a two-armed lever
on the hammer centre shaft, and tightened by a handle and eccentric
for enabling the hammer to be worked entirely by power.
Thirdly. The employment of a friction disc or discs in connection with
cams shifted as required by treadles or handles for enabling the hammer
to be worked partially or entirely by power.
Fourthly. The employment of a back ram or tool for the purpose of
pressing the nut or the head of a bolt at the same time as the hammer
strikes it.
Fifthly. The formation of the swages in the hammer block and
hammer open at one end to admit the ram or pressing tool, and at the
other end to admit the mandril with the nut on it, or the shank of a
bolt, and also the employment of a loose collar on the nut mandril to
be used instead of shoulders,

page_text: And, Sixthly. The open topped bearings for holding the mandril
whilst it is being pushed out of the nut by the flattening tool, as all
such improvements are herein described and illustrated on the accom-
panying three Sheets of Drawings.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Leyland, for and on behalf
of myself and the said Edward Davies and George Partington,
have hereunto set my hand and seal, this Nineteenth day of
January, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred
and seventy-six.
Signed, sealed, and delivered
by the within-named John
Leyland, in the presence of
G. SEPTIMUS HUGHES,
Patent Agent,
Manchester.
JOHN LEYLAND.
(L.S.)