IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF STOVES AND LAMPS FOR CONSUMING PETROLEUM AND OTHER OILS, AND OF BURNERS APPLICABLE TO THE SAME AND SIMILAR STOVES AND LAMPS, AND ALSO IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF APPARATUS, FOR COOKING AND OTHER ANALOGOUS PURPOSES, SUITABLE FOR USE IN CONNECTION WITH THE SAID STOVES AND LAMPS "
Year: 1882

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Frederick Jones Duggan, of Ellbroad Street, in the City
and County of Bristol, Lamp and Stove Manufacturer, for an invention
of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF STOVES AND LAMPS FOR
CONSUMING PETROLEUM AND OTHER OILS, AND OF BURNERS APPLICABLE TO
THE SAME AND SIMILAR STOVES AND LAMPS, AND ALSO IN THE CONSTRUCTION
OF APPARATUS, FOR COOKING AND OTHER ANALOGOUS PURPOSES, SUITABLE
FOR USE IN CONNECTION WITH THE SAID STOVES AND LAMPS "
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Frederick Jones Duggan
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 6th May 1882.
"
FREDERICK JONES DUGGAN. of Ellbroad Street, in the City and County of
Bristol, Lamp and Stove manufacturer, IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION
OF STOVES AND LAMPS FOR CONSUMING PETROLEUM AND OTHER OILS, AND OF
BURNERS APPLICABLE TO THE SAME AND SIMILAR STOVES AND LAMPS, AND ALSO
IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF APPARATUS, FOR COOKING AND OTHER ANALOGOUS
PURPOSES, SUITABLE FOR USE IN CONNECTION WITH THE SAID STOVES AND LAMPS,"
This Invention relates to improvements in the construction of stoves and lamps
whereby the same are rendered more suitable for burning petroleum and other oils,
than similar stoves and lamps as ordinarily constructed, and also in the construction
of burners to be employed in connection with such improved and similar stoves
and lamps and by means of which the actuation of the wick is greatly facilitated
and the action thereof rendered more regular than is the case when burners of
ordinary construction are employed. This invention further consists in improve-
ments in the construction of apparatus for cooking and other analogous purposes
whereby the same are rendered specially suitable for use in connection with stoves
and lamps made in accordance with this invention or constructed in a similar
manner.
I will now procced to describe the said improved burners which are constructed
and arranged in the following manner. A roller or ratchet wheel or wheel with a

page_text: smooth periphery formed of metal or other suitable material, is mounted on a
pinion so as to be capable of turning freely thereon or therewith, and such pinion
is arranged on the opposite side of the wick case or holder to that on which the
actuating ratchet wheel or wheels is or are placed The said roller or ratchet wheel
or wheels slightly protrudes or protrude within the wick case or holder, so that the
wick is pressed back by the actuating ratchet wheel, against the same instead of
against the side of the case or holder thereby obviating the friction of the wick,
when actuated, against the latter. The said roller may be either smooth or grooved,
and when required a series of rollers or ratchet wheels or smooth wheels fixed or
loose upon a pinion, and of the same size and in the same relative positions as
those upon the actuating pinion or pinions are employed, the wick in this case
being held between the series of rollers and ratchet wheels or between the two
series of ratchet wheels, as the case may be. The pinion of the said rollers or
ratchet wheels is, in some cases, placed into gear with the actuating pinion so that
one pinion cannot be moved without moving the other. This arrangement is
preferred where the stove or lamp may be subjected to a shaking motion and, also
where it is desired to hold the wick more infexibly in its required position, when
wicks of large breadth are employed the ratchet wheels or grooved roller will be
found most suitable as they assist in raising or lowering the whole width of the
wick with great accuracy
When it is rendered desirable, owing to the depth of the oil vessel or the
heaviness of the oil, or to other causes, to put feeder or auxiliary wicks to the wick
from which the flame is supplied, I arrange the roller or series of ratchet wheels a
little further back and place a feeder wick between it or them and the wick for
burning, each end of the feeder wick coming down into the oil. In many cases it
will be found advantageous to employ the said feeder wick in the form of an
endless band, so that it may be caused to travel, on the actuation of the other
wick, without reference to its position. In some cases instead of arranging the
feeder wick as hereinbefore described I find it more suitable for some purposes to
make the wick case or holder or lower portion thereof of a conical shape so as to
admit two wicks for the greater part of its height whilst at the top sufficient space
is only allowed for the passage of the burning wick. In this arrangement the
feeder wick travelling up as far as the width of the case or holder will allow, is
pressed firmly against the burning wick and imparts its auxiliary oil thereto.
114
that it imparts oil to the burning wick. In some cases the several wicks employed
are so arranged that they ascend to the top of the case, the flame burning directly
from all of them.
In constructing circular or round burners I employ the same arrangements for
actuating and facilitating the movement of the wicks as herein before described,
and I employ two wicks and two wick cases, which are made straight at the base,
or that part where the pinions are situated from which point they are gradually
curved until each becomes semi-circular in form, and the two thus represent a
complete circle at the top; ample space for air to pass to the inside of the circle is
formed by the edges of the two wick cases and the air is impinged on the inside
and outside of the flame as usual.
In constructing burners to give two flames, commonly known as duplex burners,
I make the lower part of the wick case or holder sufficiently large to receive two
wicks laid flat together and arrange the actuating and other ratchet wheels far
enough apart to admit of the two wicks passing between them.
A little way above the pinions I divide the wick case into two parts each part
diverging from the other so that at the required height they are sufficiently fur
apart froin each other.
The wicks upon being raised by the pinion pass respectively into the separate
parts of the wick case the pressure of the wicks upon each other causing them to
move simultaneously by turning either pinion
In order to enable the separate adjustment of each flame I provide each pinion

page_text: with a handle usually putting the handle on the opposite ends of the respective
pinions.
In using large size petroleum burners there is usually considerable difficulty in
trimming the wick so as to raise a uniform height of flame at the ends and centre,
and in order to obviate this difficulty the burner, which is made of the required
width, is constructed to take several wicks arranged in a line with each other the
edges thereof being brought as near to each other as is possible without acting
detrimentally to the regular and independent working of each wick. It is usually
sufficient to make the total width by employing two wicks of equal width but
when very large burners are required I employ three wicks the outside wicks
being as a rule narrower than the centre one, but any number of wicks may be
arranged on the same principle and burners of any aggregate width may be so
constructed. In order to ensure each section of the wick remaining in its proper
position I place a slight partition or partitions in the wick case or holder, or upon
the pinion or a separate case may be constructed for each wick and the several
cases fixed edge to edge, or half of each case may be made separate the other halves
of the several wick cases being made in one piece and the several separate halves
attached to it.
In order to actuate the respective sections of wick I arrange a series of pinions
to work inside each other, the smaller pinion is made of solid wire and the others
are made tubular fitting easily over each other. Upon one end of each pinion is
placed a button or handle and on the opposite end is placed one or more ratchet
wheels for actuating the various sections of the wick, and opposite such ratchet
wheels I arrange rollers grooved or plain or a series of ratchet wheels as herein-
before described
In some cases I substitute two or more plain or grooved rollers for the actuating
ratchet wheel or wheels.
The improvements in the construction of lamps and stoves and the method of
applying the improved burner, above described, to the same are as follows.
By the employment of the before described improvements in burners for winding
the wick and applying auxiliary wicks I am enabled to employ wick cases of
sufficient length to keep the flame sufficiently high above the top of the oil vessel
to ensure the heat not being imparted thereto. I use the ordinary dome or cone
for impinging air upon the flame but the rim of metal around the cone is made to
slope outwards and downwards so as to allow the place, where the glass globe or
other contrivance for draught rests, to be considerably lower than the base of the
said cone. By arranging the said rim to slope downward at a sharp angle the
shadow thrown by it is much reduced in area and the flame is brought nearer to
the centre of the glass globe (or other contrivance for creating a draught) thereby
diminishing the risk of breakage of the same by the heat of the flame. Around
the upper part of the wick holder is arranged a slotted dome or cone for impinging
air on the flame, the said dome or cone is fixed to, or rests on, a circular or conical
rim the lower edge of which is turned upwards for the purpose of receiving the
glass globe, cone or other contrivance for causing and guiding the required current
of air. The said circular or conical rim rests on the edge of a lower perforated rim
or support the lower portion of which is provided with an aperture for the wick
holder and is arranged on the top of the oil reservoir. The base of the wick holder
is maintained in the required position in an aperture in the top of the oil reservoir
by means of a socket formned thereon and which rests upon a counterpart socket
formed on or connected to the top of the reservoir. In some cases the upper part
of the perforated rim is formed for receiving the lower part or edge of the glass
globe or other contrivance.
If the oil vessel be made of glass or other material that does not admit of attach-
inents being soldered or rivetted to it I fix upon the counterpart of the socket that
is to be fixed thereto a perforated rim or other support or supports suited to hold
the cone or dome (needed for impinging air upon the flame) the upper part of
such support or supports being formed so as to receive and hold the glass globe

page_text: cone or other contrivance required to cause the needful current of air to pass
through the slot in the said cone or dome. The said perforated rim or support is
arranged so as to allow the air to circulate freely around the wick holder and space
within the rim or supports.
The arrangement of the base of the cone or the rim may be varied so as to be
continued down and allowed to rest, without the intervention of the said lower
rim or other supports, upon the counterpart socket fixed on the oil reservoir, or
upon the oil reservoir itself, in this arrangement 1 arrange for the air to pass
freely through the said extension of the cone or rim as it would do if a separate
perforated rim were attached, as hereinbefore described, to the counterpart socket.
The shape of the lower perforated rim, when employed, may also be varied as
desired.
The oil may be supplied to the reservoir in any suitable manner.
When lamps constructed as herein before described are required for workshops or
for other purposes where a glass globe or cone, liable to be broken, would not be
suitable, I make a metal frame constructed with upright bars having a groove at
each edge as hereinafter described, into which glass of the required thickness will
readily slip, whereby the frame can be glazed with strips of glass cut sufficiently
narrow to prevent breakage by irregular expansion. I find that frames glazed in
this way can be used with scarcely any breakage of the glass from heat.
The metal frame of the lamp is provided at the top with a number of fine
perforations in order to spread the outflow of rarefied air over as large an area as
possible in order to counteract any local check. The upright bars, one of which is
arranged at each corner of the lamp, are formed of strips of metal so bent that
two U shaped recesses or grooves, situated at right angles or other needful angle
to each other are formed in each bar, one of the grooves so formed being brought
back to cover the edge of the other, these recesses or grooves receive the edges of
the sheets or strips of glass with which the lamp is glazed. The said frame is in
connection with the upper rim or support of the dome for impinging air, or it may
be made separate therefrom and arranged to fit to it or to the lower perforated rim
as desired. I close the top of the said metal frame with a metal cover in which
an opening or openings of the required size is or are made to allow egress of air
from the interior of the lamp, the openings being protected by shields or wind
baffles in the usual way. When a glass globe, cone or other contrivance is used I
arrange a canopy or a perforated plate placed by support or suspension over the
top of the said globe, cone or other contrivance so as to ensure the easy and regular
outflow of the rarefied air from the lamp.
Lamps constructed as hereinbefore described may be made to stand on feet or
pillars or they may be suspended or otherwise arranged.
When such lamps are required to be proof against wind and rain I place them
inside another glazed frame of any required size and shape into which air is freely
admitted through openings at the top and bottom, and I place a plate or plates
above the lower air openings and below the upper air openings, arranging the same
so as to allow of the free passage of air into, and out of, the lanp, and the angles
are made of larger hollow tubes than are usually employed, and I connect the lower
and upper air spaces by means of the said angle tubes so that a pressure of air in
the upper air space communicates itself to the lower air space by ineans of the said
tubes and vice versa.
A suitable perforated top or chimney having an inclined or conical wind guard
or baffle arranged in it, is employed, and in some cases, in order to facilitate the
egress of rarefied air it will be found advantageous to employ a perforated inverted
cone extended downwards from the top of the case towards the Hame, and having
an opening in its apex. At the bottom of the case are formed a number of per-
forations for admitting the external atmosphere to an air chamber, which is
separated from the body of the interior of the case by a perforated plate situated
around the oil reservoir, which is of any desired shape or size. Within the interior
of the perforated top or chimney, I place a conical metal lining as a wind guard

page_text: so as to prevent the wind blowing directly down into the lamp but not to prevent
the egress of air from the same. Ordinary double or cross wind baffles may be
used at the top of the lamp instead of the perforated top or chimney.
The hereinbefore described method of fitting the wick holder to the lamp
independently of the cone and glass globe or other arrangement for creating
draught, permits of the opening in the said globe or other contrivance being much
smaller than is the case with the ordinary method of construction. The method of
permanently fixing the glass holder and the supports of the cone to the oil reservoir
gives much greater firmness than is usually the case, and the isolation of the wick
holder and other parts of the lamp tends greatly to prevent the accumulation of
heat in those parts and also the transmission of heat to the oil reservoir.
For purposes where a greater surface of light in regard to its height is required,
than can be produced by one flame 1 construct the lamp with a series of burners
placed parallel to each other and cach burner rising above that arranged in front a
sufficient distance to cause the bottom of the flame of such burner to be nearly level
with the top of the flame of the burner in front so that a continuous surface of
flame is displayed. The oil reservoir is arranged for each flame at the required
level to supply the same at its respective height, and, when preferred, I place a
small reservoir under each burner, feeding it, by means of a pipe, from a larger
reservoir arranged in any required position. The glazed metal frame, the rims and
other parts of the lamp, as herein before described, are all arranged to suit the
respective elevation of each cone and wick holder. It is not necessary to employ
a separate glazed metal frame for each flame as one frame will suffice for the series
of burners.
In making a glazed metal frame to be used with a stepped lamp as lastly
described I provide a metal horizontal bottom to the frame and make steps in it
corresponding to the steps formed by the tops of the several reservoirs, holes are
cut in the said bottom of a suitable size and shape to allow the bottom to drop
over the cones round the wick holders and fit down on the rims attached to the
said cones. The said bottom may be attached to, or separate from, the glazed
metal frame, and it may be formed of one or more pieces.
When the lamp is provided with an outer glazed case as herein before referred
to, if the size of the burners require a large quantity of air to pass through the
outer lamp, I make the openings into the upper and lower air spaces as ample as
possible and in order to prevent an excessive pressure of wind from affecting the
proper burning of the light I suspend plates of metal or other material in front of
the openings, such plates hanging by their own gravity so that when the wind is
only moderate they are sufficiently far from the openings to admit the free ingress
and egress of the air, whilst upon the pressure of air becoming excessive on any
side the plates are pressed against the openings on that side so as to close them
against the ingress of wind, and the plates, on the opposite side, being connected
to the first mentioned plates by wires or other suitable contrivances, are pushed
further away from the openings, thus allowing freer ingress and egress of air at
that side, thereby equalising the diminished ingress and egress on the other side.
In applying the improved burners hereinbefore described to stoves for cooking
and heating I observe the same arrangements as with ordinary burners, the shape
and size of the stoves requiring no special modifications. In arranging stoves for
heating and also large size stoves for cooking I arrange the burner in connection
with the oil reservoir by means of a socket and counterpart socket. I make the
cone or dome of the required size and place around it a rim of metal sufficiently
high to reach slightly above the top of the cone, I then fix the cone with the rim
attached at its required height above the top of the wick case by means of a
hinge arranged at the longer side of the cone and working upon a wire the ends
of which are carried down to the top of the oil reservoir and attached thereto, and
I strengthen the attachment with metal stays and arrange the other side of the
cone to rest upon a metal stay or stays. I arrange the bottom of that part of the
stove body in which the flame burns, sufficiently high above the bottom of the

page_text: stove itself to admit of the oil vessel with the cone and rim slipping under into
its place, a slot being cut in the part of the bottom of the body of the stove in
which the flame burns, such slot being of sufficient length and width for the flame
to pass through it into that part of the body. I find this arrangement to be
simpler and more economical than the usual way of fitting the flame part of stoves
to the other part of the stove, and the flame is made more perfect by having to
pass through a second slot in which the air is a second time impinged upon it.
In stoves for heating purposes it is advantageous to form a considerable part of the
body of glass which I arrange in metal grooves constructed to hold the glass
somewhat loosely, the glass is employed in narrow strips to prevent breakage and
by using variegated glass a pleasing effect is produced. The metal grooves are
formed of the back edges of a recessed frame made of sheet brass or other suitable
metal, and I fix the front of the recessed frame to the body of the stove by means
of grooved strips of the same metal.
In order that the quantity of oil contained in the reservoir may be readily
ascertained when the latter is made of metal or other opaque material I make an
opening in the top of the reservoir and fix to the edge of such opening and within
the interior of the reservoir an inverted conical lining with open end into the
lower end of which I fix a conical glass tube having an opening at the apex, the
oil rises into this glass tube and readily shows the height of oil in the vessel.
In order to utilise, to the greatest extent possible, the heat generated by burners
constructed as herein before described or by other means for boiling liquids and
general purposes of cooking, construct tea kettles, and other vessels in the
following manner. I take a metal plate of about the size of the bottom of the
kettle making it slightly convex over the whole area, I then take a flat plate of
metal and form round the outer edge a rim which will reach from the flat plate to
the convex plate when the former is placed over the latter. I make a depression
in the centre of the flat plate to meet a corresponding rising in the convex plate
and I cut a hole through both the depressed and raised portions of the plates and
unite the edges of such holes. The outer edges of both the said plates being united
a water tight vessel is thus formed.
Near the outer diameter of the said flat plate I form two or more risings and in
the bottom of the kettle I form a corresponding number of depressions, so that
when the risings and depressions are placed together over each other the body of
the flat plate is a short distance from the bottom of the kettle there being a space
between them. In the centre of each depression and rising I cut a hole and unite
the edges of each hole in the flat plate with the edges of the corresponding holes in
the bottom of the kettle and so join the capacity of the vessel formed by the flat
and convex plates to the capacity of the kettle. One of the said holes joining the
kettle to the vessel is arranged near the edge of the said vessel directly under the
spout of the kettle so as to facilitate the pouring out of the liquid from the vessel
as well as from the kettle, the water from the vessel passing out through the kettle.
In applying the modifications lastly described to kettles constructed for medical
purposes I arrange a flue or flues to surround or nearly surround the whole
of the vessel for boiling, and I place the said flue or flues so as to receive the air
from the flame or flames after such air has passed through the hole in the convex
and flat plates and through the space between the flat plate and the bottom of the
main boiling vessel or kettle.
When large stoves for boiling are made in the manner lastly described, a tap
for drawing off the liquid may be placed in the vessel formed of the flat and
convex plates or in the main boiler.
In some cases I find it more advantageous to dispence with the vessel formed by
the convex plate and flat plate with rim and I construct the tea kettle or other
vessel for boiling liquid in the following manner. I make a tube, of the same
material as the vessel and of about half the width of the bottom of the same, the
said tube is made shallow, for instance, it may be in depth about of its width.
I insert this tube into openings made in the body of the tea kettle or other vessel

page_text: a slight distance above the bottom of the same the parts being connected together
in a water-tight manner. In the centre of the lower side of the tube I make an
aperture and depress the edge thereof to any required depth and in the centre of
the bottom of the vessel I make a corresponding aperture the edge of which is
raised or bent in so as to come into contact with the depressed edge of the aperture
in the tube, and the two edges are connected together. The ends of the said tube
are open at the respective sides of the kettle so that the heat after striking on the
bottom of the vessel is drawn through the hole in the centre of the same into the
tube which being surrounded by liquid the heat is readily absorbed. I effect by
this method a great saving in the time and fuel required to boil a given quantity
of liquid. In vessels such as saucepans, I form, instead of employing the said tube,
deep corrugations in the bottom so as to increase the heating surface as much as
possible.
I, in some case, construct and employ kettles, specially applicable to medical
purposes, in the following manner. The body of a kettle is mounted on a suitable
stand between the bottom of which and the bottom of the kettle is fixed a plate
carrying the dome or cone for impinging air on to the flame, such dome or cone
being situated beneath the hole leading to the tube in the lower part of the kettle
or into the space between the flat and the convex plates. The said plate extends
slightly beyond the last mentioned hole and sufficient space is left between the
said plate and the bottom of the stand to allow of the oil reservoir with the burner
being placed in position. I provide each end of the tube through the lower part
of the kettle with a flue, which flues extend up the respective sides of the kettle.
When desired, an aperture in the said stand is suitably arranged and is provided
with talc in order that the flame may be readily observed.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said Frederick Jones Duggan in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
6th November 1882.
FREDERICK JONES DUGGAN of Ellbroad Street in the City and County of
Bristol Lamp and Stove Manufacturer "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION
OF STOVES AND LAMPS FOR CONSUMING PETROLEUM AND OTHER OILS AND OF
BURNERS APPLICABLE TO THE SAME AND SIMILAR STOVES AND LAMPS AND ALSO
IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF APPARATUS FOR COOKING AND OTHER ANALOGOUS
PURPOSES SUITABLE FOR USE IN CONNECTION WITH THE SAID STOVES AND LAMPS,"
My said Invention relates to improvements in the construction of stoves and
lamps whereby the same are rendered more suitable for burning petroleum and
other oils, than similar stoves and lamps as ordinarily constructed, and also in the
construction of burners to be employed in connection with such improved and
similar stoves and lamps and by means of which the actuation of the wick is
greatly facilitated and the action thereof rendered more regular than is the case
when burners of ordinary construction are employed. This Invention further
consists of improvements in the construction of Apparatus for cooking and other
analogous purposes whereby the same are rendered specially suitable for use in
connection with stoves and lamps made in accordance with this Invention or
constructed in a similar manner.
I will now proceed to describe the said improved burners which are constructed
and arranged in the following manner. A roller or ratchet wheel or wheels formed
of metal or other suitable material is mounted on a pinion so as to be capable of
turning freely thereon or therewith. The ratchet wheel or wheels or roller or
rollers is or are affixed to the pinion so as to revolve therewith. The pinion and
ratchets here referred to is shown at A. Figure 1. and such pinion is arranged on
the opposite side of the wick case or holder to that on which the actuating ratchet
wheel or wheels A¹, Figure 1. is or are placed. The said roller or ratchet wheel or
wheels A². Figure 1. slightly protrudes or protrude within the wick case or holder
as shown Figure 2 A. so that the wick is pressed back by the actuating ratchet
wheel A. against the same instead of against the side of the wick case or holder
thereby obviating the friction of the wick usually caused when actuated, against
the latter. The said roller may be either smooth or grooved. I employ a roller or
series of rollers or ratchet wheels fixed upon a pinion, and of the same size and in
the same relative positions as those upon the actuating pinion or pinions as shown
Figure 1. The pinions and ratchet wheels being so arranged that the wick passes
between the series of rollers and ratchet wheels or between the two series of
ratchet wheels as the case may be. The said ratchet wheels being so placed as to
pass sufficiently into the substance of the wick as shown in Figures 2 and 3. The
pinion of the said rollers or ratchet wheels I place into gear with the actuating
pinion as shown Figure 1 B' B so that one pinion cannot be moved without moving
the other. By this arrangement the movement of the actuating pinion and ratchets
either to raise or lower the wick causes the other series of ratchets or rollers to
move in the direction the wick is desired to travel so that the ratchet on each side
of the wick will impel it in the desired direction. By this arrangement of two
sets of ratchet wheels the wick is held more inflexibly in its required position so
that wicks of large breadth may be conveniently employed as the ratchet wheels
or grooved or other rollers secure the raising or lowering of the whole width of the
wick with great accuracy.
When it is rendered desirable, owing to the depth of the oil vessel or the
heaviness of the oil or to other causes, to put feeder or auxiliary wicks to the wick

page_text: from which the flame is supplied I arrange the roller or series of ratchet wheels a
little further back and place a feeder wick between it or them and the wick for
burning as shown in Figure 4 each end of the feeder wick coming down into the
oil. In most cases it will be found advantageous to employ the said feeder wick in
the form of an endless band as shown in Figure 4 so that it may be caused to
travel on the actuation of the other wick, without reference to its position. In
some cases instead of arranging the feeder wick as hereinbefore described I find it
more suitable for some purposes to make the wick case or holder or lower portion
thereof of a conical shape so as to admit two wicks for the greater part of its
height whilst at the top sufficient space is only allowed for the passage of the
burning wick. In this arrangement the feeder wick travelling up as far as the
width of the case or holder will allow, is pressed firmly against the burning wick
and imparts its auxiliary oil thereto. I sometimes fix the feeder wick in or to the
wick case or holder, arranging it so that it imparts oil to the burning wick. In
some cases the several wicks employed are so arranged that they ascend to the top
of the case the flame burning directly from all of them.
In constructing circular or rouned burners I employ the same arrangements for
actuating and facilitating the movement of the wicks as hereinbefore described,
and I employ two wicks and two wick cases which are made straight at the base
or that part where the pinions are situated as shown in Figure 5 at A. A from
which point they are gradually curved until each becomes semi-circular in form,
and the two thus represent a complete circle at the top, as shown in Figure 5
at B B ample space for air to pass to the inside of the circle is formed by the edges
of the two wick cases and the air is impinged on the inside and outside of the
flame as usual
In constructing burners to give two flames commonly known as Duplex Burners
I make the lower part of the wick case or holder sufficiently large to receive two
wicks laid flat together and arrange the actuating and other ratchet wheels far
enough apart to admit of the two wicks passing between them as shown in
Figure 6. A little way above the pinions I divide the wick case into two parts
each part diverging from the other so that at the required height they are
The wicks upon
sufficiently far apart from each other as shown at A A Figure 6.
being raised by the pinion pass respectively into the separate parts of the wick
case the pressure of the wicks upon each other causing them to move simultaneously
by turning either pinion.
In order to enable the separate adjustment of each flame I provide each pinion
with a handle usually putting the handle on the opposite ends of the respective
pinions.
In using large size petroleum burners there is usually considerable difficulty in
trimming the wick so as to raise a uniform height of flame at the ends and centre,
and in order to obviate this difficulty, the burner, which is made of the required
width, is constructed to take several wicks arranged in a line with each other the
edges thereof being brought as near to each other as is possible without acting
detrimentally to the regular and independent working of each wick. It is usually
sufficient to make the total width by employing two wicks of equal width but
when very large burners are required I employ three or more wicks the outside
wicks being as a rule narrower than the centre one but any number of wicks' may
be arranged on the same principle and burners of any aggregate width may be
constructed. In order to ensure each section of the wick remaining in its proper
position I place a slight partition or partitions in the wick case or holder or upon
the pinion or a separate case may be constructed for each wick and the severa!
cases fixed edge to edge as shown in Figure 7 or half of each case may be made
separate the other halves of the several wick cases being made in one piece and
the several separate halves attached to it as shown in Figure 8.
In order to actuate the respective sections of wick I arrange a series of pinions
to work inside each other as shown. Figure 9 the smaller pinion is made of solid
wire and the others are made tubular fitting easily over each other. Upon one

page_text: end of each pinion is placed a button or handle and on or near the opposite end is
placed one or more ratchet wheels for actuating the various sections of the wick,
and opposite such ratchet wheels I arrange corresponding ratchet wheels or rollers
grooved or plain as hereinbefore described and corresponding in position with the
respective section of the wick separately.
In some cases I substitute two or more plain or grooved rollers for the actuating
ratchet wheel or wheels.
The improvements in the construction of lamps and stoves and the method of
applying the improved burner, above described to the same are as follows.
By the employment of the before described improvements in burners for winding
the wick and applying auxiliary wicks I am enabled to employ wick cases of
sufficient length to keep the flame sufficiently high above the top of the oil vessel
to ensure the heat not being imported thereto. In making lamps or other
apparatus for the purpose of giving light I use the ordinary dome or cone for
impinging air upon the flame and I place a rim of metal around the cone and
make it to slope outwards and downwards as shown Figure 10 A. A and
Figure 11 A A A A so as to allow the place where the glass globe or other
contrivance for draught rests to be considerably lower than the base of the said
cone. By arranging the said rim to slope downward at a sharp angle the shadow
thrown by it is much reduced in area and the flame is brought nearer to the centre
of the glass globe (or other contrivance for creating a draught) thereby diminishing
the risk of breakage of the same by the heat of the flame.
Around the upper part of the wick holder B Figure 10 is arranged a slotted
dome or cone C. Figure 10 for impinging air on the flame the said dome or cone is
fixed to or rests on a circular or conical rin A Figure 10 the lower edge of which
is turned outward and upwards for the purpose of receiving the glass globe cone or
other contrivance for causing and guiding the required current of air. The said
circular or conical rim rests on the edge of a lower perforated rim or support D
Figure 10 the lower portion of which is provided with an aperture for the wick
holder B and is attached to the top of the oil reservoir. The base of the wick
holder is maintained in the required position in an aperture in the top of the oil
reservoir by means of a socket E formed upon the wick holder and which fits into
a Counterpart socket formed on or connected to the top of the Reservoir.
In some
cases the upper part of the perforated rim D Figure 10 is formed for receiving the
lower part or edge of the glass globe or other contrivance.
If the oil reservoir be made of glass or other material that does not admit of the
attachments being soldered or rivetted to it I fix upon the counterpart of the
socket that is to be fixed thereto the perforated rim D Figure 10, or other support
or supports suited to hold the cone or dome (needed for impinging air upon the
flame) the upper part of such support or supports being formed so as to receive
and hold the glass globe cone or other contrivance required to cause the needful
current of air to pass through the slot in the said cone or dome. The said
perforated rim or support is arranged so as to allow the air to circulate freely
around the wick holder and space within the rim or supports, and I arrange the
Counterpart socket so that it may be mounted upon the oil vessel in the usual
way.
The hereinbefore described method of fitting the wick holder to the lamp
independently of the cone and glass globe or other arrangement for creating
draught, permits of the opening in the said globe or other contrivance being
much smaller than is ordinarily the case. The method of permanently fixing the
glass holder and the supports of the cone to the oil reservoir gives much greater
firmness than is usually the case, and the isolation of the wick holder and other
parts of the lamp tends greatly to prevent the accumulation of heat in those
parts and also the transmission of heat to the oil reservoir.
The arrangement of the base of the cone or the rim may be varied so as to be
continued down and allowed to rest without the intervention of the said lower rim or
other supports upon the counterpart socket fixed on the oil reservoir or upon

page_text: the oil reservoir itself, in this arrangement I arrange for the air to pass as freely
through the said extension of the cone or rim as it would do if a separate
perforated rim were attached, as hereinbefore, described to the counterpart socket.
The shape of the lower perforated rim and the other parts may also be varied as
desired.
The oil may be supplied to the Reservoir in any suitable manner.
When lamps constructed as herein before described are required for workshops or
for other purposes where a glass globe or cone, liable to be broken would not be
suitable, I make a metal frame constructed with upright bars having a groove at
each edge as hereinafter described into which glass of the required thickness will
readily slip from the top whereby the frame can be glazed with strips of glass cut
sufficiently narrow to prevent breakage by irregular expansion. I find that frames
glazed in this way can be used with scarcely any breakage of the glass from heat.
The metal frame of the lamp is provided at the top with a number of perforations
in order to spread the outflow of rarefied air over as large an area as possible,
thereby counteracting any local check. The upright bars one of which is arranged
at each corner of the lamp are formed of strips of metal so bent that two U shaped
recesses or grooves situated at right angles as shown in Figure 12 or other needed
angle angle to each other are formed in each bar, one of the grooves so formed
being brought back to cover the edge of the other, these recesses or grooves receive
the edges of the sheets or strips of glass with which the lamp is glazed. The said
frame is in connection with the upper rim or support of the dome for impinging
air, or it may be made separate therefrom and arranged to fit to it or to the lower
perforated rim as desired. I close the top of the said metal frame with a metal
cover in which an opening or openings of the required size is or are made to allow
egress of air from the interior of the lamp, the openings being protected by
shields or wind baffles in the usual way. When a glass globe cone or other con-
trivance is used I arrange a canopy or a perforated plate placed by support or
suspension over the top of the said globe cone or other contrivance so as to ensure
the easy and regular outflow of the rarefied air from the lamp.
Lamps constructed as hereinbefore described may be made to stand on feet or
pillars or they may be suspended or otherwise arranged.
When such lamps are required to be proof against wind and rain I place them
inside another glazed frame of any required size and shape into, and from, which
air is freely allowed to pass through openings at the top and bottom as shewn in
Figure 14 and I place a plate or plates A A Figure 13 above the lower air
openings and below the upper air openings arranging the same so as to allow of the
free passage of air into, and out of, the lamp, and the angles are made of larger
hollow tubes than are usually employed as shown at B B B B in Figure 15 and I
connect the lower and upper air spaces by means of the said angle tubes so that a
pressure of air in the upper air space communicates itself to the lower air space by
means of the said tubes and vice versa. A suitable perforated top or chimney
having an inclined or conical wind guard or baffle arranged in it is employed as
shown in Figure 13 at CC, and in some cases in order to facilitate the egress of
rarefied air it will be found advantageous to employ a perforated inverted cone
extending downwards from the top of the case towards the flame, and having an
opening in its apex. At the bottom of the case are formed a number of perfo-
rations for admitting the external atmosphere to the lower air chamber and at the
top of the case a number of corresponding perforations are provided for the egress
of part of the rarefied air from the upper air chamber which, as well as the lower
chamber, is separated from the body of the interior of the case by the perforated
plates A. A. A central or other opening is made in the upper plate A. A of
Sufficient size to allow the heated air from the Lamp to pass rapidly into the upper
air chamber from the same. Ordinary double or cross wind baffles may be used at
the top of the lamp instead of the perforated top or chimney.
For purposes where a greater surface of light in regard to its height is required
than can be produced by one flaine I construct the lamp with a series of burners

page_text: placed parallel to each other and each burner rising above that arranged in front
a sufficient distance to cause the bottom of the flame of each burner to be nearly
level with the top of the flame of the burner in front so that a continuous surface
of flame is displayed. The oil reservoir is arranged for each flame at the required
level to supply the same at its respective height, and, when preferred, I place a
sinal reservoir under each burner, feeding it by means of a pipe, from a larger
reservoir arranged in any required position. The glazed metal frame, the rims and
other parts of the lamps as herein before described, are all arranged to suit the
respective elevation of each cone and wick holder. It is not necessary to employ
a separate glazed metal frame for each flame as one frame will suffice for the series
of burners.
In making a glazed metal frame to be used with a stepped lamp as lastly
described I provide a metal horizontal bottom to the frame and make steps in it
corresponding to the steps formed by the tops of the several reservoirs, holes are
cut in the said bottom of a suitable size and shape to allow the bottom to drop
over the cones round the wick holders and fit down on the rims attached to the
said cones.
The said bottom may be attached to or separate from the glazed metal
frame and it may be formed of one or more pieces.
When the lamp is provided with an outer glazed case as herein before referred to,
if the size of the burners require a large quantity of air to pass through the outer
lamp, I make the openings into the upper and lower air spaces as ample as possible
and in order to prevent an excessive pressure of wind from affecting the proper
burning of the light; I suspend plates of metal or other material in front of the
openings, such plates hanging by their own gravity so that when the wind is only
moderate they are sufficiently far from the openings to admit the free ingress and
egress of the air whilst upon the pressure of air becoming excessive on any side
the plates are pressed against the opening on that side so as to close them against
the ingress of wind, and the plates on the opposite side being connected to the
first mentioned plates by wires or other suitable contrivances are pushed further
away from the openings, thus allowing free ingress and egress of air at that
side and thereby equalising the diminished ingress and egress on the other side.
In applying the improved burners hereinbefore described to stoves for cooking
and heating I observe the same arrangements except as otherwise specified as with
ordinary burners, the shape and size of the stoves requiring no other special
modifications. In arranging stoves for heating and also large size stoves for
cooking I arrange the burner in connection with the oil reservoir by means of a
socket and counterpart socket, I make the cone or dome of the required size and
place around it a rim of metal sufficiently high to reach slightly above the top of
the cone as shown Figure 17 marked A. A. A. I make the edge of the rim shallower
on the side that slides first into the stove as shown Figure 17 and I make the
bottom of stove body to which it fits on the same inclined plane as the rim so that
the rim does not touch the bottom of stove body until it reaches its place thus
enables the lamp part of the stove to be much more readily placed in position or
withdrawn than it could be if the rim were parallel. I then fix the cone with the
rim attached at its required height above the top of the wick case by means of a
hinge arranged at the longer side of the cone and working upon a wire the ends of
which are carried down to the top of the oil reservoir and attached thereto, and I
strengthen the attachment with metal stays and arrange the other side of the cone
to rest upon a metal stay or stays. I arrange the bottom of that part of the stove
body in which the flame burns sufficiently high above the bottom of the stove itself
to admit of the oil vessel with the cone and rim slipping under into its place, a
slot being cut in the part of the bottom of the body of the stove in which the
flame burns such slot being of sufficient length and width for the flame to pass
through it into that part of the body. I find this arrangement to be simpler and
more economical than the usual way of fitting the flame part of stoves to the other
part of the stove, and the flame is made more perfect by having to pass through a
second slot in which the air is a second time impinged upon it. In order to provide

page_text: considerably increased surface for the radiation of heat I make an opening of any
required size in the back and front of the stove body as shown in Figure 18, and
Figure 19 at A. I keep the opening sufficiently high in the body not to impede
the proper burning of the flame or flames and I place a metal tube or lining of the
same size and shape as the openings described and reaching from the front to the
back, and fitting to the edges of the openings and attached thereto in the usual
way by rivets or otherwise. If needed the opening described may be made at the
ends instead of in the back and front.
In stoves for heating purposes it is advantageous to form a considerable part of
the body of glass which I arrange in metal grooves constructed to hold the glass
somewhat loosely, the glass is employed in narrow strips to prevent breakage and
by using variegated glass a pleasing effect is produced. The metal grooves are
formed of the back edges of a recessed frame made of sheet brass or other suitable
metal, and I fix the front of the recessed frame to the body of the stove by means
of grooved strips of the same metal.
In order that the quantity of oil contained in the reservoir may be readily
ascertained when the latter is made of metal or other opaque material I make an
opening in the top of the reservoir and fix to the edge of such opening and within
the interior of the reservoir an inverted conical lining with open end into the
lower end of which I fix a conical glass tube having an opening at the apex
the oil rises into this glass tube and readily shows the height of oil in the vessel.
In order to utilise, to the greatest extent possible, the heat generated by burners
constructed as herein before described or by other means for boiling liquids and
general purposes of cooking, I construct tea kettles and other vessels in the
following manner. I take a metal plate of about the size of the bottom of the
kettle making it slightly convex over the whole area at shown at A. A in
Figure 20 1 then take a flat plate of metal B Figure 20 and form round the outer
edge a rim C Figure 20 which will reach from the flat plate to the convex plate
when the former is placed over the latter. I make a depression D, Figure 20 in the
centre of the flat plate to meet a corresponding rising E, Figure 20 in the convex
plate and I cut a hole through both the depressed and raised portions of the plates
and unite the edges of such holes, and the outer edges of both the said plates being
united a water tight vessel is thus formed.
Near the outer diameter of the said flat plate I form two or more risings F
Figure 20 and in the bottom of the kettle I form a corresponding number of
depressions G, Figure 20 so that when the risings and depressions are placed
together over each other the body of the flat plate is a short distance from the
bottom of the kettle there being a space between them. In the centre of each
depression and rising I cut a hole and unite the edges of each hole in the flat plate
with the edges of the corresponding holes in the bottom of the kettle and so join
the capacity of the vessel formed by the flat and convex plates to the capacity of
the kettle. One of the said holes joining the kettle to the vessel is arranged near
the edge of the said vessel directly under the spout of the kettle so as to facilitate
the pouring out of the liquid from the vessel as well as from the kettle, the water
from the vessel passing out through the kettle. For some purposes instead of the
arrangement lastly described I insert a number of curved tubes into the bottom of
the kettle each end of the tubes being inserted into the bottom of the kettle so
that the fluid in the kettle passes into the tubes. In applying the modifications
lastly described to kettles constructed for medical and other purposes I arrange a
flue or flues to surround or nearly surround the whole of the vessel for boiling, and
1 place the said flue or flues so as to receive the air from the flame or flames after
such air has passed through the hole in the convex and flat plates and through the
space between the flat plate and the bottom of the main boiling vessel or kettle.
When large stoves for boiling are made in the manner lastly described, a tap for
drawing off the liquid may be placed in the vessel formed of the flat and convex
plates or in the main boiler.
In some cases I find it more advantageous to dispense with the vessel formed by

page_text: the convex plate and flat plate with rim and I construct the tea kettle or other
vessel for boiling liquid in the following manner. I make a tube of the same
material as the vessel and of about half the width of the bottom of the same, the
said tube is made shallow for instance, it may be in depth about of its width.
I
insert this tube into openings made in the body of tea kettle or other vessel a
slight distance above the bottom of the same, the parts being connected together
in a water tight manner. In the centre of the lower side of the tube I make an
aperture and depress the edge thereof as shown at A A in Figure 21 to the
required depth and in the centre of the bottom of the vessel I make a corresponding
aperture the edge of which is raised or bent in as shown at B. B in Figure 21 so as
to come into contact with the depressed edge of the aperture in the tube, and the
two edges are connected together. The ends of the said tube are open at the
respective sides of the kettle so that the heat after striking on the bottom of the
vessel is drawn through the hole in the centre of the saine into the tube which
being surrounded by liquid the heat is readily absorbed. I effect by these methods
a great saving in the time and fuel required to boil a given quantity of liquid. In
vessels such as saucepans, I form, instead of employing the said tube, or other
described arrangements deep corrugations in the bottom so as to increase the
heating surface as much as possible.
I will now proceed to describe the accompanying Drawings in which
Figure 1. is a plan of burner constructed as herein before described. A'. is the
ordinary actuating pinion and ratchet wheels. A³ is the additional pinion with
ratchet wheels thereon against which the wick is pressed by A¹. B'. and B². are
cog wheels by which the pinions A¹ and A2 are geared together.
Figure 2 Is a vertical transverse section of burner constructed on my improved
method and shows the relative position of A¹ and A² as in Figure 1.
Figure 3 Is a section similar to that shown in Figure 2. showing A² con-
structed with a roller or rollers instead of with ratchet wheels.
Figure 4-Is a similar section to the foregoing showing the arrangement of
auxilliary wicks formed as an endless band and placed in position upon the
roller A².
Figure 5-Is a plan of the wick cases as herein before described in connection
with making circular burners. A. A. show the base of the two wick straight. B. B.
show the top of the same wick cases formed into semi circles and together making
a complete circle.
Figure 6-shows a vertical transverse section of a burner as arranged when
made as a Duplex or double burner. A. A. show the divergence of the wicks and
wick holders.
Figure 7. shows an arrangement of wick cases when two or more separate wick
cases are employed for the purpose of making burners of the required aggregate
width.
Figure 8 shows the arrangement when one half of the wick case is made of the
full required width and the other half is made in several sections.
Figure 9. shows the arrangement of the pinion as constructed to wind the wick
when several wicks are used to form the required aggregate width. A. shows the
central solid pinion provided with a handle and passing through a tubular pinion
also provided with a handle which tubular pinion is shown passing through
another tubular pinion each one of such pinions is supplied with a ratchet wheel
or a roller as may be desired.
Figure 10 shows an improved burner as applied for lamps, lanterns and so on.
A. is a rim of metal fitting or fixed to the cone. B. is the wick case or holder
C. is the cone for impinging air on the flame, D. the rim for supporting A and C.
-E. the socket formed on the wick holder. B. for fitting to the counterpart
socket attached to the oil reservoir.
Figure 11-is a plan showing relative position of the rim A to the cone C.
Figure 12. Shows a horizontal section of the metal bar used in making glazed
frames for lamps and lanterns.

page_text: Figure 13. shows vertical section of the glazed case with plates A A forming an
air chamber and a conical lining to the perforated chimney of the case.
Figure 14 is an elevation of the last figure.
Figure 15 shows an arrangement of tubes B. B. B. B. at corners of case as
shown in Figures 13. and 14.
Figure 16. is a plan of the plates A. A. showing perforations and the opening in
the centre.
Figure 17. shows an arrangement of metal rim A placed around the cone and
reaching slightly above it as applied for stoves and lamps and similar purposes,
part of the rim is shown broken away for the purpose of showing the relative
position of the cone.
Figure 18. shows an elevation of a stove made with an opening A. in body
thereof, the top, bottom and sides of the opening are cased round and form
additional heating surface.
Figure 19. shows a central horizontal section of a stove body. A. shows the
horizontal extent of the opening made in the stove body.
Figure 20 shows a vertical section of a tea kettle or other vessel made with a
convex plate A. and a flat plate B. connected together near the centre by means
of the edges of the holes, the edge of A. being raised as shown at E. and the edge
of B depressed as shown at D. the outer edges of the plates are connected together
by means of the rim C. the vessel so formed is connected to the bottom of the
kettle by means of risings formed in the plate B. and corresponding depressions in
the bottom of the kettle G. H. H. shows a space intervening between the flat
plate B. and the bottom of kettle.
Figure 21 is a front view of a kettle or other vessel made with a tube A. A.
inserted in it from side to side of the body thereof. Part of the body of the kettle
is shown broken away in order to show sections of the tube A. A shows the
lengthway of the tube with the depression in the centre B. B shows the rising in
the bottom of the kettle by means of which the edges of the holes in A. A. and B. B
are connected together.
Figure 22. is a side view of Figure 21, part of the body is shown broken away
in order to show a section of the width of the tube with the depression in the
same and the rising in the bottom of the kettle and the junction of the edges of
each.
Figure 23. is a plan of the kettle bottom and tube A. A with the hole A. B. in
the centre of each.
Figure 24. is plan of the flat plate B showing the hole A in the centre and the
risings in the same and the depressions B. B. in the bottom of the kettle.
Figure 25. shows a section of the lower part of the kettle or other vessel
constructed with horizontal tubes A. A. the ends of which tubes are curved up and
inserted into the bottom of the vessel.
Figure 26 shows transverse section of the same vessel with transverse sections of
tubes A.
Figure 27. is plan of the bottom of the same vessel showing the arrangement of
the tubes.
Figure 28. shows a vertical section of a glazed case similar to that shown in
Figure 13. but with a tube A' placed at the top and another tube A³ placed at the
bottom of the case for the purpose of passing air into, and out of, the case.
The
tubes are shown, in transverse section, with parallel sides but round tubes are
equally suitable. The top of A¹ is perforated as shown in Figure 30, and the
bottom of A². is also perforated as shown in Figure 31.
Figure 29. shows a side elevation of the same case showing ends of tubes A',
and A²
Figure 30 is a plan of the perforated top of the tube A'.
And Figure 31. is a plan of the perforated bottom of the tube A².
Having thus described and ascertained the nature of the said Invention and the
manner in which the same is to be performed I would observe in conclusion that

page_text: what I consider novel and original and therefore desire to claim as constituting
the Invention secured to me by the said herein before in part recited Letters
Patent, are:-
First. The improvements in the construction of wick-holders for facilitating the
winding of the wicks, substantially as herein before set forth and described.
Secondly The improvements in the construction of the glazed metal frames of
lamps, substantially as and for the purposes herein before set forth and described.
Thirdly-The improvements in the construction of stoves for the reception of
the lamp or lamps, substantially as hereinbefore set forth and described.
Fourthly. The improvements in the construction of stoves whereby an increased
heating surface is obtained, substantially as, and for the purposes, herein before set
forth and described.
Fifthly The improvements in the construction of kettles and other cooking
utensils, substantially as and for the purposes hereinbefore set forth and
described.
And Sixthly-The improvements in the construction of wick holders and
appliances connected therewith by means of which several wicks may be
arranged in a line and separately actuated, substantially as hereinbefore set forth
and described.
In witness whereof I the said Frederick Jones Duggan have hereunto set
my hand and seal this sixth day of November in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and eighty two.
FREDERICK JONES DUGGAN. (L.S.)