matthewleechen/300YearsOfBritishPatents huggingface dataset:
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF SULPHURIC ANHYDRIDE
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Edward Sonstadt at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 3rd May
1875.
I, EDWARD SONSTADT, of No. 69, Highgate Road, in the County of
Middlesex, Analytical Chemist, do hereby declare the nature of the
said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF SULPHURIC
ANHYDRIDE," to be as follows :—
The principal method hitherto employed for making sulphuric
anhydride is by subjecting what is known as ferric sulphate to a red or to
a sufficient heat, and condensing the resulting vapor in a cool vessel. The
process above mentioned and other known processes furnish a product at
an inconveniently high temperature, or in an otherwise inconvenient or
costly manner.
The object of this Invention is to obtain a product of great purity, at
a cost which is economical in comparison with that of other processes.
This Invention consists, firstly, in operating with sulphate of mag-
nesium in the anhydrous state instead of with the said ferric sulphate,

page_text: and in a similar manner for the purpose of manufacturing sulphuric
anhydride.
This Invention consists, secondly, in operating with the ordinary
magnesium sulphate (Epsom salts) for the same purpose. In this case
the water of crystallization is first completely driven off, and then the
process is continued as in the first part of the Invention.
The advantages of this process or processes are that the said mag-
nesium sulphate can be rendered anhydrous at a temperature below a red
heat. At a sufficiently high temperature (say the melting point of cast
iron) the anhydride is completely driven off and may be condensed in
the usual manner. The completeness of the operation is characteristic,
and the resulting magnesia is a material that under heat has no
fluxing power upon the clay retort or other vessel employed in the
operation.
Another advantage is secured by the fact that as magnesium has a
low atomic weight the anhydride sulphate yeilds about two-thirds of its
weight of sulphuric anhydride from a given amount of anhydrous
magnesium sulphate; the ordinary ferric sulphate yields a far less pro-
portion.
IMPROVEMENTS IN GAS FITTINGS AND BURNERS
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Henry Carter at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 4th
September 1875.
I, HENRY CARTER, of Manchester, in the County of Lancaster, do.
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
GAS FITTINGS AND BURNERS," to be as follows:-
'
t
My Invention relates in the first place to the ordinary water. slide
gaseliers, and has for its object to lessen the liability to accidents
arising from the escape of gas resulting from a deficiency of water in
the tubular shafts of the said gaseliers; to this end I adapt a whistle
or double whistle to be sounded by the escaping gas; the "cup" or
the upper end of the shaft containing the water is formed or fitted with
a cover, which is formed or fitted with a stuffing box which slides on
the pendant tube; a whistle or double whistle is fixed on the said
cover, or on the upper end of the said shaft, so that any gas escaping
through the water issues through the whistle and sounds an alarm;
the said stuffing box may be of a simple character as absolute tightness
is not necessary.

page_text: A second part of my Invention relates to gaseliers or lights which
are fitted with reflectors; brackets fitted with burners are arranged
around a silvered glass reflector of a globular form, the gas pipes
passing through orifices in the reflector to the said brackets; a hori-
zontal concave reflector is arranged above the globular reflector.
A remaining part of my Invention relates to the burners, and consists
in electro-plating them with gold, silver, or other suitable metal, and
also in fixing a square or cubical piece of earthenware in the interior of
each burner in order to contract the passage for the flow of gas, and
thereby to effect economy in the consumption thereof.
AN IMPROVED STEAM GENERATOR WITH BOLLER OR VAPORIZATOR RIVETS
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Amédée Collot at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 1st June
1875.
I, AMÉDÉE COLLET, of Landerncau (France), Manufacturer, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVED STEAM
GENERATOR WITH BOLLER OR VAPORIZATOR RIVETS," to be as follows:-
The object of this Invention is a more complete and economical
transmission of the heat evolved from the furnace to the liquid within
boilers and steam generators than is at present effected.
The Invention consists in inserting into the boiler casing at that part
of it near the furnace, and at regular intervals a number of metal rivets
of such a shape that one portion of the rivets projects into the furnace,
while the other projects some little distance into the interior of the
boiler. The rivets becoming heated at their outer portion in the furnace
will at once conduct the heat evolved by the latter to the interior of the
boiler without any appreciable waste either of time or caloric. The
metals preferred for the construction of the rivets are those which are
the least fusible and are the best conductors of heat, such as iron and
copper, and it is preferred that they should be plated.

page_text: When the rivets are alternately of different metals a thermo-electric
current will be established within the boiler, which will decompose the
calcareous material precipitated by the vapourization and throw them to
the bottom in the form of an earthy powder which will never cake or
become adherent, and can be very easily removed.
The inner portions of the rivets may be hollowed out and holes bored
through the stem crosswise to meet the hollowing, and thus a liquid
current caused to pass through them so as to aid the ebullition within
the boiler.
IMPROVEMENTS IN PITCH CHAINS FOR TRANSMITTING MOTION
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Edward Steele at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 16th
December 1875.
I, EDWARD STEELE, of Salford, in the County of Lancaster, Chain
Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
" IMPROVEMENTS IN PITCH CHAINS FOR TRANSMITTING MOTION," to be as
follows:-
My Invention relates to the pitch chains which are employed to
transmit motion from one chain or spur wheel or pinion to another or
to others. In a description of pitch chains which has been employed
previously to my said Invention links of metal have been connected
together by means of pins, and short lengths of tube have been mounted
upon the said pins, and it is to this class of chain that my said Invention
more particularly relates.
In lieu of the said tubes I employ metal washers, the number of
washers mounted upon each pin being made suitable to the required
width between the links and to the thickness of the washers. I prefer
to form the said washers by punching the same out of sheets of metal,

page_text: care being taken that the holes are centrally situated, and that the edges
are "clean cut."
For some purposes I punch the said washers out of steel plates, and
when extra durability is required I also make the other parts of the
chain of steel. I consider that in addition to certain facilities of
manufacture the employment of the said washers enables me to use
pins of smaller diameter as compared with the pins used with the said
rollers, when the use of such smaller pins is desirable, and to obtain a
better fit upon the said pins, and also to employ a more durable material
when extra durability is required.
An IMPROVEMENT IN SOLDIERS' EQUIPMENT
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Edward Heinson Huch at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
9th July 1875.
:
I, EDWARD HEINSON HUOH, at Brunswick, in Germany, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "An IMPROVEMENT IN SOLDIERS'
EQUIPMENT," to be as follows:-
The apparatus consists in a sack made of waterproof stuff or cloth. I
generally take the so called dowlas because it is strong and cheap, yet
any other impermeable stuff will serve for the purpose. The sack is of
such a size that the same if filled with the folded cloak just covers the
back of the haversack or knapsack; it may however be made a little
smaller or larger. The sack with the cloak must be affixed or stringed
or buckled above the knapsack, and if it is to serve as a shield against
shot, the thong which holds it fast in the lower middle on the knapsack
is to be unbuckled, then it must be unbound or unbuckled on one side,
placed before the breast, again fastened or buckled, and attached with

page_text: way the first strong rain will make it heavier by some pounds, so that it
is only after a considerable lapse of time that it will get sufficiently dry
to be worn again.
Figure D. is expressly made for the English (troops) soldiers, cavalry,
3 and officers.
PREVENTING THE KNIVES OF GRASS MOWING MACHINES & REAPING MACHINES FROM BECOMING CLOGGED
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Goode at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 27th July
1875.
I, WILLIAM GOODE, of Hendon, in the County of Middlesex, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "PREVENTING THE
KNIVES OF GRASS MOWING MACHINES & REAPING MACHINES FROM BECOMING
CLOGGED," to be as follows:-
The Invention is an addition to the mowing machines now in use,
and is simply a continuous washing of the knife & cutter bar with water
during work, which is conveyed by a metal tube from a tank fixed under
the driver's seat, and spurts from holes in that part of the tube which
runs along the whole length of the cutter bar. About 18 in of flexible
tube is inserted near the lunge shoe to allow the cutter bar to be shut
up when off work or travelling.
The water may be turned on or off by means of a stop cock which is
fixed in the tube within reach of the driver A water cart should be
placed in a convenient part of the field to supply the tank as required.
The mowing machine I have in use is a combined mower & reaper by
Burgess & Key.

page_text: All practical farmers using grass mowers (by whatever maker they
may be made)' are well aware that the clogging of dirt & particles of
grass between the knife & cutter bar causes a serious loss of time
(particularly where mole & ant hillocks abound), & that the frequent
backing of horses is trying to the temper of both driver & horses
I have always found that carly in the morning when the dew is on
the grass the knife clears itself without much attention. I therefore by
way of experiment when the grass became dry in the more advanced
time of day filled a common watering can with water with the rose
attached, & followed the machine, pouring the water, & found the
washing a complete success
IMPROVEMENTS IN APPA- RATUS FOR PLEATING FABRICS
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by James Smith at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 23rd
November 1875.
I, JAMES SMITH, of Oldham, in the County of Lancaster, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPA-
RATUS FOR PLEATING FABRICS," to be as follows:-
This apparatus is intended to be used as an attachment to ordinary
sewing machines, and consists principally of a framing to be fixed by
screws or otherwise to the head of the machine, and carrying a blado to
which a suitable movement is given to carry the fabric operated upon
in plaits beneath the presser foot.
The movement of this blade is accomplished as follows:-In the
framing is fixed a central stud which serves as the fulcrum for a lever
having at its extremity a slot which fits as a yoke over the screw which
tightens the needle in the needle bar. Centred upon the same stud is a
ratchet wheel, kept in position by a pawl attached to the framing, and
having on its face an S shaped cam. Another pawl carried by tho
above-mentioned lever also acts upon the ratchet wheel, and so it will

page_text: be evident that at each stroke of the needle bar one or more teeth of tho
ratchet will be taken up by the second pawl and retained by the
first.
A second lever having its fulcrum at the top of the framing and
extending downwards, carries at its lower extremity the pleating blade,
the edge of which rests upon the fabric to be operated upon. Through
this lever passes a set screw, which is kept tightly pressed against the
$ shaped cam by means of a spring. Thus, as the ratchet wheel and
consequently the cam is turned round, the blade is slowly carried back
by the lever until, as the set screw passes over one end of the cam, the
lever is brought suddenly forward by the spring, and the blade carries a
pleat of the fabric beneath the presser foot, the length of which pleat
can always be varied by manipulating the set screw.
IMPROVEMENTS IN BRACES OR DRESS SUSPENDERS
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Edward Lawley Parker at tho
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
6th April 1875.-A communication from abroad by Stephen Wilbur
Fisk, of the City of New York, United States of America.
I, EDWARD LAWLEY PARKER, trading as Bent and Parker, of
Birmingham, in the County of Warwick, Manufacturer, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN BRACES OR
DRESS SUSPENDERS," to be as follows :-
This Invention has reference principally to that part of the brace or
dress suspender commonly called the tab plate, that is, that part by
which the tabs or ends engaging with the buttons are connected to the
buckle or other fastening or adjusting mechanism of the brace or
suspender
The object of the said Invention is to permit of a ready play of the
strap between the tabs in the said tab plate, and thereby to facilitate the
adjustment of the brace and tabs to any position of the body of the
wearer. The said tab plate is made by preference of sheet brass, but
other sufficiently strong sheet metal may be employed. The upper part

page_text: of the tab plate is made of a hook form when the buckle or fastening is
provided with an eye, or is made of an eye form when the buckle or
fastening is provided with a hook, so that the said tab plate can be
readily connected with and disconnected from the buckle or adjusting
mechanism of the brace or suspender. The lower part of the tab plate
consists of a curved tube, that is, a tube forming a portion of a hollow
or tubular ring, the radius of curvature being an inch or thereabouts ;
the curvature of the tube may be varied; the lower side of the said
curved tube is its concave side. Through this curved tube the strap
connecting the tabs is passed, and any inequality of pressure on the said
tabs causes the connecting strap of the tabs to ride smoothly and with
great freedom in the said curved tube, and thereby to restore the
equilibrium of pressure on the said tabs. The said tab plate is made by
preference from sheet metal by cutting out blanks by cutting tools, and
bending and fashioning the hook or eye part and the tubular part by:
dies and pressure. The said tubular part is not completely closed, the
opposed edges in the first instance being sufficiently distant from each
other to permit of the introduction of the tab strap; the tube is
afterwards closed sufficiently to prevent the tab strap escaping from the
tube.
A tubular tab plate of the kind described may also be applied to the
tabs at the back of the brace or suspender In this case the tab plate
may be made by the folding of a blank, between the ends of which the
ends of the webs of the brace or suspender are fixed by rivetting or cyc-
letting.
The tube is made from the bent or doubled part of the blank, and the
tab otron 10 inconted tharain hafove th
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CRANKED SHAFTS AND AXLES
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Edward Reynolds at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 25th
June 1875.
I, EDWARD REYNOLDS, of the River Don Works, Sheffield, in the
County of York, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CRANKED SHAFTS AND AXLES,” to be as
follows:-
In the manufacture of cranked shafts, especially such as have double
cranks, as in locomotive and marine engines, the forging of the parts
where the cranks have to be formed, and the turning and finishing of
those parts, present considerable difficulties.
In order to facilitate the workmanship such cranks have been built
up in various ways of separate pieces shrunk and keyed on, or otherwise
fixed on the shafts and pins.
My Invention relates to a method of forming the cranks in pieces in
such a manner that at the time when the pieces are put together, the
main shaft or axle on which the cranks are to be remains entire and

page_text: forms a guide for accuracy. For this purpose I prepare a shaft of the
required size, entending the whole length including the cranks, in one
piece, and I turn upon it beds for the slabs that are to form the sides of
the cranks. I prepare these slabs separately and I bore them out each
with two holes one to fit the bed on the shaft, and the other to take the t
end of the crank pin. I also prepare the crank pin or pins, turning their
ends to suit the holes in the slabs. I pass one slab over one end of the
shaft on to its bed, and I insert into this slab the one end of the crank
pin; I then pass the other slab of the crank on to its bed on the shaft,
taking the other end of the crank pin.
1
The slabs may be either shrunk on the shaft and crank pin or may be
forced on by pressure. In the former case I prefer to make the beds
for them on the shaft, and also the ends of the crank pin with shoulders
which come about the middle of the thickness of the slab, so that
when the latter shrinks it may do so equally on each side of the said 1
shoulder. When the slabs are forced on by pressure I prefer to make
their beds on the shaft, and the ends of the crank pin slightly taper
with or without shoulders to determine their position.
For small shafts the two slabs of the crank with the pin may be first
shrunk or pressed together, and the whole put on the shaft in one piece. S
After the slabs and pin are thus put in their place I cut or slot out that
part of the shaft which presents itself between the two slabs of the
crank, and I may then, if requisite, subject the shaft and crank pin to a
finishing lathe cut to render them true.
The keys for preventing the cranks or their pins from turning may be 2
driven after they are put together into chases previously provided for
them. I prefer however to bed the keys in their places before putting
the parts together, and then to shrink or press the slabs upon them.
IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR CUTTING AND PASTING PAPER
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Henry George Youard at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 15th December 1875.
I, HENRY GEORGE YOUARD, of Blackburn, in the County of Lancaster,
Clerk in Holy Orders, do hereby declare the nature of the' said Inven-
tion for "IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR CUTTING AND PASTING PAPER," to be as
follows:-
This Invention relates to improved apparatus to be employed for
cutting and pasting paper hangings or wall papers, by the use of the
apparatus herein-after described the operations are performed - with
expedition and regularity. The paper is first wound upon a roller (the
bearings or supports of which admit of lateral adjustment), from thence
it passes under a circular pasting brush to a bearing board having a
central groove for purpose herein-after explained. The circular pasting
brush is caused to rotate by means of a handle, and from the other end
of the axis of the said brush by means of a crank and rod or other.
connection; motion is transmitted to a knife or cutter which cuts off
the margin of the paper; on the leading end of the paper passing under

page_text: the pasting brush there is attached thereto a clip and weight, and a
pulley or runner connected to the clip and weight is received within
the central groove of the bearing board, whereby the paper is drawn
straight and evenly under the pasting brush and through the machine.
On a sufficient length of paper being pasted and its margin cut off it is
cross cut and a light loose frame of the bearing board admits of the
pasted and cut length of paper being lifted thereby and carried to the
wall upon which it is to be placed.
IMPROVEMENTS IN GEAR TACKLE FOR LIFTING, LOWERING, OR MOVING HEAVY WEIGHTS
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Morgan-Brown at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition,
on the 24th December 1875.-A communication from abroad by
George Stacy, Engineer, of Nanuet, New York, United States.
of America.
I, WILLIAM MORGAN-BROWN, of the Firm of Brandon and Morgan-
Brown, Engineers and Patent Agents, of 38, Southampton Buildings,
London, and 13, Rue Gaillon, Paris, do hereby declare the nature of
the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN GEAR TACKLE FOR LIFTING,
LOWERING, OR MOVING HEAVY WEIGHTS," to be as follows:-
These improvements consist in mounting in a frame one or more
combined series of gears with a driving chain and pulley and a lifting
chain and its pulley for the purpose of lifting or moving heavy
weights.
According to one arrangement the tackle will consist in an open
frame traversed by two horizontal shafts placed parallely one over the
other, on the lower one of which is placed a chain pulley and pinion
.

page_text: cast in one, and running loose on the same; this pulley is called the
driving pulley. On the shaft above is keyed in the first place a spur wheel
gearing in the above mentioned pinion, and in the second place a pinion
which gears into a spur wheel keyed on the lower shaft; on this lower
shaft, preferably towards its central part, is keyed a chain lifting pulley,
or this spur wheel and lifting pulley may be solidary and runloose on
the shaft. By means of an endless hand chain or a rope passed over
the driving pulley is imparted rotary motion to the same, which motion
is transmitted at a very reduced speed to the lifting pulley, which
carries the chain to which the weight to be raised or hauled is
attached.
For the purpose of obtaining greater speed when the weight to be
raised is relatively light I disengage either of the above-mentioned spur
wheels and re-engage others of smaller diameter with larger pinions, as
is well-known, by simply sliding either the upper or the lower shaft
longitudinally in the frame, or again, without changing the positions of
the different parts of the tackle I adopt a second driving pulley on the
upper shaft and pass the driving chain over this pulley, or for the
purpose of lifting more rapidly still lighter weights I key a similar
pulley fast on the other extremity of the lower shaft and work the
tackle with the hand chain passed over this pulley.
For the purpose of increased purchase I form or I attach a hook or
its equivalent to some part of the frame, to which I attach one
extremity of the lifting. chain, which after falling a certain distance is
brought over the lifting pulley. In the loop thus formed by the chain
I place an ordinary pulley block, to which the weight to be raised is
suspended.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR STRETCHING HAT BODIES
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Ralph Eaton and John Eaton
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their Petition,
on the 18th September 1875.
WC, RALPH EATON and JOHN EATON, both of Stockport, in the County
of Chester, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR
STRETCHING HAT BODIES," to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to the construction of a machine for stretching
felt hat bodies after the planking or fulling operation has been
completed.
The machine is constructed as follows:-A frame supporting a table
carrying two inclined standards, to which are hinged wooden blocks of a
semi-conical form. The standards are inclined towards each other at
the top, one being a fixture on the table, and the other mounted in a
slide, and capable of moving to and fro: The hat body being placed
over the two semi-conical blocks, the movable onc is caused to recede
from the fixed one, and thus the stretching is effected.

page_text: The frame supports in suitable bearings a horizontal shaft, to which
rotary motion may be given either by hand, foot, or power, and at
one end of this shaft is keyed a face plate in which a crank pin is
fixed.
The_under_side_of_the_slide_which carries the movable standard is
provided with a toothed rack, into which gears a toothed pinion keyed
upon a short shaft under the table, at one end of which is keyed a
curved slotted lever. An adjustable pin in this slot is connected by an
adjustable link with the crank pin on the face plate, and thus as the latter
revolves an oscillating movement is given to the curved slotted lever,
and thus a horizontal to-and-fro movement is communicated to the
movable block so long as the shaft of the machine is kept revolving.
The extent of this to-and-fro movement, and hence the amount of
stretch given to the hat body, may be regulated by altering the position
of the pin in the curved slot of the lever and by lengthening or
shortening the connecting link.
The semi-conical blocks can also be so adjusted on the inclined
standards to which they are hinged as to have more or less slope to suit
the varying form or cone of the hat bodies.
IMPROVEMENTS IN LETTER BALANCES
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Hiscock at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 6th April
1875
I, WILLIAM HISCOCK, of Soho, in the County of Middlesex, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN LETTER
BALANCES," to be as follows:-
My Invention relates to a letter balance of the class known as bent
lever balances, in which the scale pan or platform on which is placed
the letter or other article to be weighed is supported on a stem pivoted
to the short arm of a bent lever, to the other or long arm of which is
attached a constant weight, the movement of which is indicated by an
index moving over a graduated quadrant or dial, said index being fixed
on an axis, on which is fixed an arm jointed to the lower end of the
scale pan or platform stem, whereby the index is moved at the same
time that the parallel motion of the platform is ensured.
As the length of the quadrant or dial over which the index moves is
limited, and as the graduations must necessarily be somewhat wide apart
to enable the weight indicated to be readily ascertained at a glance, the

page_text: Now by my
range of these balances has hitherto been confined to 4 oz.
Invention I am enabled to double or still further increase the weighing
capacity of the balance without the use of any loose weights, which are
liable to be mislaid or lost.
My Invention consists in jointing one or more arms, cach having a
weight at its extremity, to the counterpoise weight (or to the long arm
of the bent lever above mentioned), the said weighted arm or arms
being jointed in such a way that when it is not required to weigh
articles over 4 oz. the arm or arms may be folded back over the axis of
the bent lever, so as to have no appreciable effect thereon, but when
required to weigh over 4 oz. the said arm or arms are thrown outwards
so as to form a weighted extension of the bent lever, the leverage of
which is consequently greatly increased so as to counterpoise a greater
weight in the scale pan, the amount of which is indicated by a second
index fixed on the same spindle with the index above mentioned, but
moving over another quadrant or dial graduated from 4 oz. upwards.
An ink pot may be contained in the base of-the frame, the lid of
which is opened and shut by the movement of the counterpoise weight
in such a way that when not required for use, by simply placing a pen-
holder or penholders on the scale pan the ink pot will be closed and
held open on removing the pen or pens. This is effected by a spur on
the counterpoise acting on an car on the lid.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE TREATMENT OF SUBSTANCES CAPABLE OF BEING EMPLOYED FOR THE PRODUCTION OF PAPER PULP
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Henry Johnson, at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
10th July 1875.-A communication from abroad by Charles Juron
and Joannes Juron, both of Paris, in the Republic of France.
I, JOHN HENRY JOHNSON, of 47, Lincoln's-Inn-Fields, in the County
of Middlesex, Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE TREATMENT OF SUBSTANCES CAPABLE OF
BEING EMPLOYED FOR THE PRODUCTION OF PAPER PULP," a communication to
me from abroad by Charles Juron and Joannes Juron, both of Paris, in
the Republic of France, to be as follows:
This Invention relates to a new mode of treating wood, Esparto grass,
alfas, straw, jute, and other fibrous substances suitable for the manu-
facture of paper pulp, and consists in treating fibrous substances by
first steeping them in a cold instable caustic solution, in which they are
allowed to remain until they are impregnated and completely saturated,
and after having separated the caustic lye from them, then submitting
the fibrous materials contained in a closed vessel to the action of dry
steam or of superheated steam, and then finally washing the same and
passing them through the pulping engine.

page_text: The caustic solutions employed for such purposes may be varied, but
the following have been found to give good results in practise :-A
quantity of quicklime is taken and partially slaked, after which there
are added flowers of sulphur in the proportion of about from 8 to 10 per
cent. of the weight of the lime, the whole is then stirred, whilst to the
mixture is gradually added the requisite amount of water, so that the
temperature produced by the slaking of the lime is maintained, and in
order to promote the preparation of the liquid, which is to serve as a
lye.
Lime and liquid ammonia may be advantageously employed in lieu of 1
lime and sulphur, in which case a milk of lime is first made, and liquid
ammonia then added in the proportion of from about 15 to 25 per cent.
of the lime employed, so as to obtain a lye suitable for the purposes
herein-before mentioned.
In operating upon the fibrous substances under treatment the said 1
fibrous substances are steeped in the cold caustic lye employed until they
are thoroughly impregnated with the same, after which the fibrous
substances are separated from the lye and are treated in a closed vessel
with dry or with superheated steam, the fibrous substances under treat-
ment are then washed and passed through a pulping engine in order to 2
form the half stuff, which may be subsequently bleached by any of the
known processes.
It should be understood that it is not essential to employ steam at an
elevated pressure, but steam at a pressure of from 2 to 5 atmospheres
has been found sufficient. When it is desired to submit the fibrous 2
substances to a higher temperature the steam may be superheated
either by means of a lead bath or by any other suitable superheating
apparatus.
■ The residue of the lyes may be utilized for agricultural purposes as
IMPROVEMENTS IN VAPOR GAS GENERATORS AND BURNERS
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Joshua Kidd at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 21st
September 1875.
I, JOSHUA KIDD, of 12, Dartmouth Street, in the City of West-
minster and County of Middlesex, Engineer, do hereby declare the nature
of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN VAPOR GAS GENERATORS AND
BURNERS," to be as follows:-
My improvements in vapor gas generators consist in forming the
generator of a series of trays placed below one another, and enclosed in
a suitable case so arranged that any liquid placed upon the top tray will
fall from tray to tray downwards until it reaches the lowest tray.
Under the lowest tray I form a well or recess to receive any excess of
liquid that is not evaporated. Upon each tray I place flannel or other
like material for absorbing or holding back the liquid. I supply the
petroleum spirit to the vessel drop by drop by capillary tubes from a
small vessel fixed upon the case containing the trays. This vessel is
made like the self-feeding oil cups used for lubricating purposes. I
form an aperture open to the atmosphere in the top of the case con-

page_text: taining the trays, and an outlet for the mixed air and vapor below the
trays. This generator must be connected to suitable fittings, and
clevated above the jets it is required to supply with vapor gas. The
vapor being heavier than the air will fall down the pipes by its own
gravitation, and draw down also sufficient air for its saturation. A by- 5
pass to admit more air when the gas is too rich may be attached-to-the-
side of the generator. The burners most suitable for burning this gas
are of the Argand form, and must be so constructed that the draft
of the glass chimney will have a drawing or sucking action on the vapor
gas. This is accomplished by enlarging the gas outlet, and contracting 1
the air inlet. This method is adopted in all petroleum lamps having
wicks.
The lamp burner patented by Albert M. Silber, December 20th 1870,
No. 3325, modified by making the centre air tube solid, is well adapted
for burning this gas. When using this burner I cause the gas to issue ]
from the annular space now occupied by the wick.
Gas is generally supplied to burners under considerable pressure, so
that there is no necessity for increasing the gas supply by the suction
power of the glass chimney placed on the burner, but in my apparatus
the pressure of gas is so weak that it requires assistance, and burns 2
much better, and gives a larger flame when drawn or exhausted by the
chimney draught.
AN IMPROVEMENT IN PEN AND PENCIL CASES AND OTHER SIMILAR ARTICLES
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Francis Cook at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 14th April
1875
I, FRANCIS COOK, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVEMENT
IN PEN AND PENCIL CASES AND OTHER SIMILAR ARTICLES," to be as follows:-
My Invention relates to the construction of pen and pencil cases and
other similar articles, such as toothpick cases, of that description in
which the outer case is made telescopic and the action is such, that by
elongating the case the pen or pencil is projected, and on the reverse
movement the pen or pencil is withdrawn.
According to my Invention, which I will describe as applied to a
pencil case, I make the two tubes forming the telescopic case to screw
the one upon the other by fluting the same in a helical direction, in
such manner as to act as a screw thread, and at same time serve to
ornament the case.
this motor movement of the two

page_text: to project from or is withdrawn into the case For this purpose I fix
within the top end of the case a tube, having a straight longitudinal
slot, in which works a pin on a helically slotted tube of smaller
diameter, which is received in the first-mentioned longitudinally slotted
tubc. The helically slotted tube in its turn receives another longi-
tudinally slotted tube, which is a fixture to the pencil end of the outer
case, and within which slides the lead holder, which has a projecting
pin travelling in the longitudinal and helical slots of the two last-
mentioned tubes.
As a modification of the above I may substitute for the straight
slotted tube first mentioned a tube slotted helically, but in the roverse
direction to that of the other helically slotted tube, and to the thread of
the outer case.
Year: 1875

page_text: Sealed the 9th December 1875, and dated the 28th September 1875.

page_text: rendered necessary in the sifting of cinders, and increased facilities for
the preservation and utilisation of them as fuel.
To attain these objects I proceed as follows:-I construct a metal ash
pan of any suitable design and dimensions, the hinder portions of the
two sides and end of which are provided with a broad rim or flange 5
about two inches in depth, so as to prevent the dust and ashes escaping
therefrom. The inside of such broad rim is provided about midway with
a projecting metal ledge on each side. Such ledge serves as a rest or
support to receive a second metal pan, herein-after called the sifter,
which is made of suitable dimensions, so that it slips easily in and out 1
of the metal ash pan first described, the sides and rear end of which are
likewise provided with a metal rim of about half the depth of that of the
ash pan. The bottom of this second pan or sifter is formed of a wire
network of a suitable thickness, which thereby renders it an automatic
sifter.
When it is desired to use this apparatus it is only necessary to slip
the sifter inside the ash pan and place them under the grate, and as tho
fuel therein consumes, the cinders fall on to the sifter, whist the ash
and other residuum fall through the interstices thereof into the ash pan
beneath. The sifter can then at any convenient opportunity be lifted
out, and the cinders contained therein thrown on the fire, whereby all
trouble of removing them for the purpose of sifting is avoided, it being
only necessary to take away the lower portion or ash pan containing the
ashes for the purpose of emptying and cleansing it when necessary.
When designed for use under kitchen ranges or in similar positions I
dispense with the metal ash pan, and simply confine myself to the sifter,
which I then raise on three metal legs, so as to allow a sufficient space
for the ashes and other refuse to drop through the wire network thereof
on to the hearthstone beneath, whilst the cinders remain preserved upon
such wire network.
If preferred the broad rim at the rear end of the sifter may be
omitted, as by so doing one is enabled to pour out the cinders contained
therein as from a shovel.
In manufacturing grates my Invention may be so combined as to
form a part of the grate itself, and be made to slide in and out in a

page_text: placing plates and other articles upon.
The fronts of both the ash pan and sifter are provided with suitable
handles.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF FIRE GUARDS AND METHOD OF ADJUSTING THE SAME TO OR IN FRONT OF THE FIRE-PLACES OF PUBLIC OR PRIVATE BUILDINGS
Year: 1875

page_text: .
· PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Michael Henry Brown at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
30th January 1875.
I, MICHAEL HENRY BROWN, of New Cross, in the County of Kent,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF FIRE GUARDS AND METHOD OF ADJUSTING THE SAME TO OR
IN FRONT OF THE FIRE-PLACES OF PUBLIC OR PRIVATE BUILDINGS," to be as
follows:-
-
This Invention relates to fire guards for protecting ladies' clothes from
coming into contact with the fire in a grate, and also to prevent the
escape of red hot cinders or coals beyond the fender on to the floor of
the room which has frequently resulted in the burning of a house.
The mode commonly practised of adjusting fire guards for the above
purpose has been to make the guard with two hooks which are placed
over the top bar of the stove or grate, and the improvement which
constitutes this Invention consists :-In permanently connecting a fire
guard to the chimney piece, or to the upper part of the stove, or to the
inside of the fender thereof,
о
י

page_text: The following are examples of the means by which this Invention
may be effected.
One method consists of a sheet of wire gauze or chain work capable
of being wound round a roller suitably placed, which may be a spring
roller so to be drawn down or moved across the fire grate from side to 5
side thereof.
Another method consists in adapting a kind of Venetian blind which
may be lowered and raised as desired.
Another method consists in adjusting the guard to the front of a
fender so as to roll or fold or slide up and be concealed from view when 1
not required to be used, and when required to be capable of being.
unrolled or unfolded and raised up and supported in that position by any
suitable means.
By this Invention the fire guard is always ready for use instead of
having to be removed and taken away when not required, as is at present 1.
practised in using fire guards of the ordinary kind.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF WHEEL OR ROLLER SKATES
Year: 1875

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Joseph Ralph Chislett, of Plymouth, in the
County of Devon, Machinist, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS
IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF WHEEL OR ROLLER SKATES."
Sealed the 21st January 1876, and dated the 20th November 1875.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Joseph Ralph Chislett
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition,
on the 20th November 1875.
I, JOSEPH RALPH CHISLETT, of Plymouth, in the County of Devon,
Machinist, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF WHEEL OR ROLLER SKATES," to be as
'follows:-
-
This Invention relates to certain improvements in the construction of
wheel or roller skates, and whereby the performance of any desired
evolutions with the same is greatly facilitated, whilst strength and
steadiness of action are imparted to the skate.

page_text: shaft.
The operation of the mechanism herein-before described is as
follows: Upon the skater canting or listing to either side the transverse
bars or the wheel or roller bearings partially rotate upon the before-
mentioned shaft, thus compressing the spring and allowing the skater
to continue his evolutions as he may desire, any too great compression
of the springs being prevented by means of stops or wedge-like pro-
jections which are attached to or connected with the under surface of
the sole or footboard, and upon which the ends of the before-mentioned
transverse plate or of the transverse bar of the wheel or roller bearings
(if the transverse plate be dispensed with, as in some cases it may be)
impinge when sufficient pressure is exerted to produce that result, and
thus arrest the further compression of the springs.
India-rubber pads or blocks may be used in any convenient manner
IMPROVEMENTS IN FURNACE GRATES AND IN APPARATUS CONNECTED THEREWITH
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Robert Lake at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
8th February 1875.-A communication from abroad by John
Bernard Larkin, of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, United States of
America.
I, WILLIAM ROBERT LAKE, of the Firm of Haseltine, Lake, & Co.,
Patent Agents, Southampton Buildings, London, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN FURNACE GRATES
AND IN APPARATUS CONNECTED THEREWITH," a communication, to be as
follows:-
This Invention relates to the construction of end supports for sliding
or canting grate bars, and to the means for vibrating the same, and
consists in supporting the ends of the grate bars placed either laterally,
longitudinally, or diagonally, upon a cross bar which has tongues,
grooves, or ridges, running in the direction of the grate bars and forming
continuations of the same, and in providing a device for vibrating the
bars, and thereby regulating the draft. Or I use a bar grooved, rigid, or
honeycombed in the direction of the grate bars, so as to allow the ends

page_text: of the latter to move in and out. Or the bars may be hollow and the
tongues slide inside them.
In order to permit the agitating or canting of movable grate bars,
space must be kept between their ends and the walls of the grate, and
through this space quantities of unconsumed fuel pass and are wasted,
while the opening may at any time become clogged with clinkers or
large cinders. To obviate this difficulty I use the following con-
struction: The grate bed is composed of a series of moveable bars of
any shape or form, placed longitudinally, laterally, or diagonally. Under
each end of the bars and supporting the same, are tongues (or their
suggested equivalent) extending out on one side or both sides of the
cross bars, so that in the oscillating or vibrating of the grate bars the said
tongues will form continuations of the bars respectively, and effectually
prevent coal, cinders, or other substances from passing through into
the ash-pit during the movement of the grate bars, whilst at the same
time the tongues (or equivalent) form a guide and support for the
bars.
The alternate rocking or canting in opposite directions of the bars I
accomplish by placing a pivoted rocking bar at the middle or at one end
of and crosswise under the grate bars, and attaching it to the latter by
pins or pegs entering recesses in the grate bars, and so arranged loosely
that by vibrating the end of the rocking bar its. two ends pass each on a
different side of a transverse line, and thus produce an alternaté and
reciprocating motion of the bars, which move both in the direction of
their length for the purpose of working out the ashes, and laterally for
regulating the admission of air to the fire. The rocking bar is pivoted
at or near its middle point by a pin or peg, which may serve also as a
support.
IMPROVEMENTS IN DOG CARTS AND OTHER TWO-WHEELED CONVEYANCES
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Osmond at the Office of.
the Commissioners of Patents, with their Petition, on the 15th
February 1875.
I, JOHN OSMOND, of Breakspeare Road, New Cross, in the County
of Kent, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
“IMPROVEMENTS IN DOG CARTS AND OTHER TWO-WHEELED CONVEYANCES," to be as
follows:-
"
My Invention has for its object to maintain the body of a dog cart or
other two-wheeled vehicle in its horizontal position when the horse falls,
and thus to prevent the persons from being thrown out. For this
purpose I mount the body of the dog cart upon trunnions supported by
brackets carried by the shafts, the said trunnions being at a point
above the centre of gravity of the body so that when the shafts aro
inclined on the falling of the horse the body in swinging on the
trunnions remains in a horizontal position. Within the body I mount
a heavy pendulum the lower end of which is made to act in such a
manner upon two pawls carried by the body, and in gear with a curved
toothed rack on the shafts, that when the shafts are in the horizontal

page_text: position the pawls are both in gear with the rack, and thus lock the
body to the shafts; but when by the falling of the horse the pendulum
swings forward somewhat, it will release the one ratchet so as to allow
the shafts to move down into an inclined position, while the body
remains horizontal; again, on raising the shafts from their inclined
position the pendulum in moving back somewhat releases the other pawl
and so allows the body to remain horizontal while the shafts are being
raised.
In the arrangement of ratchets which I prefer to employ I form the
two ratchets into one solid piece of triangular shape with pins at each end 1
resting in vertical slots in the body of the vehicle. When the shafts are
horizontal the pendulum is situated over the middle of the double ratchet,
and prevents either end from rising, but on the pendulum moving
forward or backward owing to the shafts being inclined in one direction
or the other, it will move over to the one end of the double ratchet, and
thus in allowing the other end to rise in its slot will permit of the before
described relative motion between the body and the shafts.
Instead of supporting the body on trunnions carried in brackets as
described it may be supported by means of small rollers at the bottom
running on curved paths formed on the shafts, and the before-described:
trunnions may in this case simply act as guides working in forks in the
brackets.