A SUBSTITUTE FOR AND A PREPARATION THAT WILL ANSWER ANY PURPOSE FOR WHICH CERUSE, COMMONLY CALLED WHITE LEAD, AND MINIUM, COMMONLY CALLED RED LEAD, OR CALCINED LEAD, OR ANY OTHER PRE- PARATION OF LEAD OF THE LIKE NATURE, IN AND ABOUT THE GLAZING AND ENAMELLING ALL MANNER OF CREAM-COLOURED EARTHEN WARES, COMMONLY CALLED QUEEN'S WARE, WHITE EARTHEN WARES, AND WHAT ARE COMMONLY CALLED CHINA GLAZED WARES, AND ALSO PORCELAIN AND CHINA WARES OF EVERY KIND, IN THE GLAZING AND ENAMELING OF WHICH, CERUSE OR WHITE LEAD, AND MINIUM OR RED LEAD, OR CALCINED LEAD, HAD THERETOFORE BEEN DEEMED NECESSARY AND USED, AND WHICH IS ALSO A SUBSTITUTE FOR THE SAID ARTICLES OF CERUSE OR WHITE LEAD, AND MINIUM OR RED LEAD, OR CALCINED OR ANY
Year: 1796

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, 1, JAMES
KEELING, of Hanley, in the County of Stafford, Potter, send greeting.
WHEREAS His present Majesty King George the Third, by His Letters
Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at Westminster,
the Twentieth day of June, in the thirty-sixth year of the reign of his
reign, did give and grant unto me, the said James Keeling, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, special licence, full power, sole priviledge and
authority, for and during the term of years therein expressed, to make, use,
exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-
Tweed, my Invention of "A SUBSTITUTE FOR AND A PREPARATION THAT WILL
ANSWER ANY PURPOSE FOR WHICH CERUSE, COMMONLY CALLED WHITE LEAD, AND
MINIUM, COMMONLY CALLED RED LEAD, OR CALCINED LEAD, OR ANY OTHER PRE-
PARATION OF LEAD OF THE LIKE NATURE, IN AND ABOUT THE GLAZING AND
ENAMELLING ALL MANNER OF CREAM-COLOURED EARTHEN WARES, COMMONLY CALLED
QUEEN'S WARE, WHITE EARTHEN WARES, AND WHAT ARE COMMONLY CALLED CHINA
GLAZED WARES, AND ALSO PORCELAIN AND CHINA WARES OF EVERY KIND,
IN THE GLAZING AND ENAMELING OF WHICH, CERUSE OR WHITE LEAD, AND
MINIUM OR RED LEAD, OR CALCINED LEAD, HAD THERETOFORE BEEN DEEMED
NECESSARY AND USED, AND WHICH IS ALSO A SUBSTITUTE FOR THE SAID ARTICLES
OF CERUSE OR WHITE LEAD, AND MINIUM OR RED LEAD, OR CALCINED OR ANY

page_text: OTHER PREPARATION OF LEAD OF THAT NATURE, IN AND ABOUT THE MAKING OF
GLASS AND ENAMEL OF EVERY SORT OR KIND, AND ALSO FOR EVERY PURPOSE FOR
WHICH THE ARTICLE COMMONLY CALLED GLASS OF LEAD WAS OR MAY BE USED;"
in which said Letters Patent there is contained a proviso, obliging mc, the
said James Keeling, to describe and ascertain the nature of my said Inven-
tion, and in what manner the same is to be performed, by an instrument in
writing under my hand and seal, and cause the same to be inrolled in His
Majesty's High Court of Chancery within one calendar month next and immo-
diately after the date of the said Letters Patent, as' in and by the same
(relation being thereunto had) may more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said James
Keeling, do hereby declare that my said Invention is lead ore, which is to be
used as herein-after mentioned. The following is one method of making use of
the same as a substitute for ceruse or white lead, and minium or red lead, or
calcined lead, in making and preparing glazes, that is to say:-Take lead oro
and pulverize or grind it to a powder, or grind it with water or other liquid to
a fine liquid state, to which add such quantities of the same ingredients as are
usually used, and added to white and red lead, in the preparation of glazes, and
mix up the same in the common and usual manner, and dip or plunge the
wares or articles to be glazed in the said. mixture, according to the common
method of dipping to glaze the same. Before, the wares are put into the
crucible or firing vessel; or what is commonly called the saggar, to be fired,
prepare a strong wash made of lime and water and whitewash the inside of
the crucible, firing vessel, or sagġar therowith, then proceed in placing and
firing the wares in the common way, only observing not to, lute or stop, the
firing vessel containing the wares close, as..leaving some convenient apperture
ór appertures may often be found useful to admit the evaporation thercout of
any fumes or vapour that may arise from the said substitute or lead ore, in the
act of firing, that may happen riot to. be. absorbed: or takou up by the wash,
By observing the foregoing directions, the said substitute will in general be
found to answer the purposes of white and red; lead in the making glazes for
glazing the several goods and wares herein-before mention, but the said. wares
will be liable to be much injured and disfigured..in the glaze by the action
thereon of the said fumes and vapour which. will ariso in the firing, the same
from the use of the said substitute in the state above-mentioned, as it may
frequently happen that the said wash will not absorb the whole of the same
fumes and vapour, and the same inay not have opportunity to ovapouruto as

page_text: it shall arise from the ssaid wares, nor will the glazes..prepared with the said
leadi ores, or substitute,.in: the state above mentioned; .be. so entirely harmless to
the workmen employed in using the same, as such: like. glazes prepared with
the lead ore or substitute after it has undergone the process. herein-after.next
mentioned, that is to say In order to prepare the said orė or substitute.for.use,
instead of white or red lead in marking glazes for the goods and wares:herein-
before mentioned, and also for enamels, glass, and glass of lead, take a quantity
of lead ore and put it into a reverbatory or other oven, kiln, or furnace, and
roast or fire the same to what is ually called a white heat, in which process it
will be observed to emit and send forth a considerable quantity of fume and
vapour; such firing must be kept up and continued untill such fuming and
vapour ceases and is gone, and when the mass has grown cool, it may be taken
from the furnace or firing place, and pulverized or ground as herein-before
mentioned with respect to the crude lead ore, and will then be fit to be used
in the stead of white or red lead in the making of glazes of every kind for the
goods and ware herein-before mentioned, and also for enamels of every kind,
and either with or without the grinding in the making of glass and glass of
lead, and will be found to prevent the injuries and mischiefs occasioned to the
worknien employed in the said manufactures by the use of white and red lead
therein; and the said substitute or preparation of lead ore last-mentioned is
to be added to and used with the materials heretofore made use, or which may
be used for making glazes, enamel glass, and glass of lead, in such propor-
tions, manner, and form as white or red lead are or have been usually used or
may be used therein; and the glazes and enamels so prepared with the said sub-
stitute are to be made use of in like manner as glazes and enamels wherein
white or red lead, or either of them, are or may be used in the common and
ordinary way. Although the said substitute may be said to be sufficiently
roasted and prepared when all the fume and vapour has subsided, yet as it is
of importance that all the injurious qualities should be thrown off in the said
process, it would be advisable to continue the roasting or firing the same for the
space of an hour or two after the vapour has visibly subsided, as such a con-
tinuance of the firing can be no ways injurious to the substitute or mettle, and
it may prevent a possibility of the said article being short fired.
In witness whereof, I, the said James Keeling, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, the Fourteenth day of July, in the year of our Lord
One thousand seven hundred and ninety-six.
JAMES (L.s.) KEELING.

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Nincteenth day of July, in the
year above written, the aforesaid James Keeling came before our Lord the
King in His Chancery, and acknowledged the Specification aforesaid, and
all and every thing therein contained, in form above written.
Specification aforesaid was stamped according to the tenor
in that case made and provided.
And also the
of the Statute 5
Inrolled the same Nineteenth day of July, in the year above written.