IMPROVEMENTS IN MATERIAL FOR COVERING OR PACKING ARTICLES, AND IN THE PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR MANUFACTURING THE SAME.
Year: 1875

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to James Alfred Turner and James Tolputt Stone-
ham, both of West Gorton, in the County of Lancaster, for the
Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN MATERIAL FOR COVERING OR PACKING
ARTICLES, AND IN THE PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR MANUFACTURING THE
SAME.
"
Sealed the 29th June 1875, and dated the 5th May 1875.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said James Alfred Turner
and James Tolputt Stoneham at the Office of the Commissioners of
Patents, with their Petition, on the 5th May 1875.
We, JAMES ALFRED TURNER and JAMES TOLPUTT STONEHAM, both of
West Gorton, in the County of Lancaster, do hereby declare the nature
of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MATERIAL FOR COVERING OR
PACKING ARTICLES, AND IN THE PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR MANUFACTURING THE
SAME," to be as follows: :-
Our Invention relates to the manufacture of a material suitable for.

page_text: purposes. Fabrics for these purposes have bitherto been produced by
uniting together with waterproofing material two or more thicknesses of
paper or woven fabric, or a thickness of paper with a thickness of woven
fabric, and in some cases by the use of a single thickness of paper
strengthened in one direction with parallel threads.
The object of our Invention is to produce at a cheap rate a material
or fabric which is strengthened in both directions without the use of
fabric previously woven, which we effect in the following manner :- _We
cause a continuous web of paper to travel in the direction of its length,
serving or covering it in any known manner with waterproofing or water
repelling material in a fluid or semi-fluid condition, as for example,
drying oil, resinous, or bituminous material, caoutchouc, gutta percha,
and the like.
From a beam or set of bobbins we supply a number of threads which
are laid or passed over and on the served paper longitudinally; and from
other bobbins we supply other threads, which by means of oscillating
levers or bars have a transverse movement imparted to them while the
paper travels onwards, by which means these threads are laid in a
diagonal or zig-zag manner over and on to the paper and longitudinal
threads. The whole then passes between rollers which press the paper
and threads firmly together, the waterproofing or water repelling material
causing the whole to cohere.
Sometimes we employ fine wires instead of or along with the threads,
either the longitudinal or the transverse, or both; and sometimes also we
pass another thickness of paper through the pressing rolls so as to cover
the threads or wires.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said James Alfred Turner and James Tolputt Stoneham
in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 26th October 1875.

page_text: WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Fifth day of May, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-five, in the thirty-
eighth year of Her reign, did for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto us, the said James Alfred Turner and James
Tolputt Stoneham, Her special license, that we, the said James Alfred
Turner and James Tolputt Stoneham, our executors, administrators,
and assigns, or such others as we, the said James Alfred Turner and
James Tolputt Stoneham, our executors, administrators, and assigns,
should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and
at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and
lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle
of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MATERIAL FOR COVERING OR
PACKING ARTICLES, AND IN THE PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR MANUFACTURING THE
SAME, upon the condition (amongst others) that we, the said James
Alfred Turner and James Tolputt Stoneham, our executors or admi-
nistrators, by an instrument in writing under our or their hands and
seals, or under the hand and seal of one of us or them, should par-
ticularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and
in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same
to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
"
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said James Alfred Turner, on behalf of
myself and the said James Tolputt Stoneham, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement thereof, reference being had being had to the
accompanying Drawings, and to the figures and letters marked thereon,
that is to say:
-
Our Invention relates to the manufacture of a material suitable for
covering or packing articles, for lining packing cases, and other
purposes. Fabrics for these purposes have hitherto been produced by
uniting together with waterproofing material two or more thicknesses of
paper or woven fabric, or a thickness of paper with a thickness of woven
fabric, and in some cases by the use of a single thickness of paper
strengthened in one direction with parallel threads,

page_text: The object of our Invention is to produce at a cheap rate a material
or fabric which is strengthened in both directions without the use of
fabric previously woven, which we effect in the following manner :- -We
cause a continuous web of paper to travel in the direction of its length,
serving or covering it in any known manner with waterproofing or water
repelling material in a fluid or semi-fluid condition, as for example,
drying oil, resinous, or bituminous material, caoutchouc, gutta percha,
and the like.
From a beam or set of bobbins we supply a number of threads which
are laid or passed over and on the served paper longitudinally, and from
other bobbins we supply other threads, which by means of oscillating
levers or bars have a transverse movement imparted to them while the
paper travels onwards, by which means these threads are laid in a
diagonal or zig-zag manner over and on to the paper and longitudinal
threads. The whole then passes between rollers which press the paper
and threads firmly together, the waterproofing or water repelling material
causing the whole to cohere.
Sometimes we employ fine wires instead of or along with the threads,
either the longitudinal or the transverse or both; and sometimes also
we pass another thickness of paper through the pressing rolls so as to
cover the threads or wires.
Fig. 1 respresents an end view, and Fig. 2, a side view of apparatus
for the manufacture of material according to our Invention.
A is a roller which is made to revolve in the direction of the arrow in
a tank or vessel B containing the waterproofing or water repelling
adhesive material in a fluid or semi-fluid condition. When the material
'employed is of a kind that is rendered fluid by heat, the tank B is kept
hot by a steam jacket, and A is made as a steam roller. A continuous
web of paper P is drawn from a beam C passed over the roller A under
a deflecting rule D and over a knife or scraper E, so that it receives a
coating of the adhesive material from the roller A, and has this coating
scraped and equalized by the knife E. The paper then passes
round a
guide roller F and between two pressing rollers G, G, whence it is led
to drying rollers, which being of the ordinary construction are not shewn
in the Figures. A number of longitudinal yarns L derived from a beam

page_text: or from bobbins pass with the paper between the rollers G, G. Also a
number of other yarns T, T¹, are passed through holes in plates H, H',
which are caused (by means which we will presently describe) to
reciprocate rapidly to and fro across the paper, and these yarns T, T¹³,
pass also between the rollers G, G, along with the paper. The
plates H, H, reciprocating transversely while the paper travels onwards.
have the effect of laying each of the yarns T, T¹, upon the paper in a zig-
zagiform, and by arranging the motions of the two plates H and H' so as
to make their strokes in opposite directions, the yarns T of the one set are
made to cross those of the other set T', so that when the two sets are laid
on the paper they appear arranged as a network in the form of a number
of successive diamonds.
The plates H, H¹, may be caused to reciprocate by cranks, cams, or
eccentrics driven from any convenient motor. We prefer however to
effect their movement in the following manner :-On the axis of the
roller A we fix a toothed wheel K, which by an intermediate wheel and
pinion M drives a roller N having an undulating cam path cut in its
periphery. In this cam path is inserted an antifriction roller n mounted
on an arm projecting from a vertical spindle O. Another arm o on this
spindle is jointed to one of the plates H. A like arrangement of gearing
with a cam roller and upright spindle at the opposite side of the machine
is provided to work the other plate H¹, and both plates being filled to
slide horizontally in guides their reciprocation is effected by the action
of the cam paths N causing the spindles O to rock. The cams N are so
set that the plates H, H¹, are made to reciprocate always in opposite
directions.
The intermediate gearing M by which the roller A is connected to
the cams N may be made in any desired proportions, and several sets
of such gearing in different proportions may be provided like the change
wheels of a lathe, so that the velocity of the cams in relation to that
of the roller A may be varied. In this manner the obliquity of the
yarns T, T, as they are laid on the paper may be altered at pleasure.
In some cases we dispense entirely with the longitudinal yarns L or
employ only a few of these at or near each edge of the paper to form a
selvage strengthening the edges. Also we sometimes employ only one set
of the transverse yarns T, T¹, and in such a case one of the plates H, H',
being kept stationary can serve to guide longitudinal yarns if required.

page_text: Both the zig-zag yarns T, T, and also the longitudinal yarns L, when
these are employed, in passing with the coated paper between the
rollers G, G, are caused to adhere to it, strengthening it longitudinally
and transversely, so that when the adhesive material dries or sets the
whole forms a waterproof paper strengthened as with a woven fabric,
the preliminary weaving of the latter being dispensed with.
Sometimes we lead from another beam or roller a web of thin paper
on to the paper P at a point beyond the rollers G, G, passing both
between pressing rollers, so that the thin paper is caused to adhere to
the main web P and to cover the yarns laid upon it, forming a lining to
the material.
The yarns L and T, T¹, may be threads of any suitable material or
fine wire may be used when great strength and stiffness is required.
Having thus described the nature of our Invention and in what
manner the same is to be performed, we hereby declare that we make
no claim to the manufacture or use of a material for covering or packing
articles, when such material consists of one or more thicknesses of paper
served with adhesive waterproofing or water repelling material and
strengthened either by parallel warp threads or by fabric previously
woven, but we claim,―
First. The use for covering or packing articles of a material con-
sisting of paper covered with adhesive waterproofing or water repelling
substance, and strengthened by yarns, threads, or wires laid in a zig-zag
manner upon the paper and caused to adhere thereto, substantially as
herein described.
Second. The use of material such as is above referred to having longi-
tudinal warp threads, yarns, or wires in combination with those laid in
zig-zag form.
Third. The use of materials, such as are referred to in the preceding
claims with an additional thickness or lining of paper applied thereto.
Fourth. The method of manufacturing a material for packing or
covering articles by applying to travelling paper, yarns, threads, or wires
guided through transversely oscillating bars, so that they are laid in
zig-zag form on the paper, substantially as herein described.
Fifth. In apparatus for manufacturing material for covering or
packing articles, the combination of the pressing rollers G, G, travelling

page_text: continuously in one direction with the reciprocating guide plates H, H³,
substantially in the manner and for the purpose herein' set forth.
In witness whereof, I, the said James Alfred Turner, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Twenty-second day of October,
in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-
five.