A CERTAIN PROCESS OR PROCESSES, METHOD OR METHODS, OF COMBINING VARIOUS MATERIALS SO AS TO FORM STUCCOES, PLAISTERS, OR CEMENTS, AND FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIPICIAL STONES, MARBLES, AND OTHER LIKE SUBSTANCES USED IN BUILDINGS, DECORATIONS, OR SIMILAR PURPOSES
Year: 1834

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, RICHARD
FREEN MARTIN, of Hercules Buildings, Lambeth, in the County of Surrey,
Gentleman, send greeting.
WHEREAS His present most Excellent Majesty King William the Fourth,
by His Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at
Westminster, the Eighth day of October, in the fifth year of His reign, did, for
Himself, His heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said Richard
Freen Martin, His especial licence, full power, sole privilege and authority,
that I, the said Richard Freen Martin, my exors, adñiors, and assigns, or such
others as I, the said Richard Freen Martin, my exors, admors, or assigns,
should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all
times during the term of years therein mentioned, should and lawfully might
make, use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and the Town of
Berwick-upon-Tweed, my Invention of "A CERTAIN PROCESS OR PROCESSES,
METHOD OR METHODS, OF COMBINING VARIOUS MATERIALS SO AS TO FORM STUCCOES,
PLAISTERS, OR CEMENTS, AND FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIPICIAL STONES,
MARBLES, AND OTHER LIKE SUBSTANCES USED IN BUILDINGS, DECORATIONS, OR SIMILAR
PURPOSES;" in which said Letters Patent is contained a proviso that I, the
said Richard Freen Martin, shall cause a particular description of the nature
of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed,

page_text: to be inrolled in His said Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said in part recited
Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference being thereunto had, will
more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Richard Freen Martin, do hereby declare the nature of my said Invention, and
the manner in which the same is to be carried into effect, are fully described and
ascertained in and by the following description thereof (that is to say) :-
:-
My Invention consists in producing certain hard cements of combinations
of the powder of gypsum, of powder of lime stones, and of the powder of
chalk, with other matters or materials, such combinations, when produced
according to my Invention, being (subsequently to their mixing) submitted to
the action of heat, as will be hereafter fully described, whereby cement, so pro-
duced, will become highly useful as stucco or plaister, and for manufacturing of
artificial stones, marble, and other like substances used in buildings, decora-
tions, or similar purposes. In order that my Invention may be fully described
and carried into effect, I will proceed to describe the methods or processes
which I have pursued and found to answer, and are the best I am acquainted
with.
First, for a cement from gypsum.-I take any quantity of gypsum which I
reduce to a fine powder, either by grinding or by the ordinary methods pursued
for the manufacture of plaster of Paris of commerce, or I take any quantity of
moulds or other articles which have been formed of plaster of Paris, and
reduce them by the action of heat, and grinding or crushing (or only grinding
or crushing) into fine powder similar to plaster of Paris. With the above-
described plaster of Paris, I mix a solution of the following matters or
materials Dissolve one pound of strong alkali (for instance, best American
pearlash) in one gallon of water; this solution is to be neutralized with acid (sul-
phuric acid is best for the purpose), keeping the solution in agitation, and adding
the acid gradually until effervescence ceases, then add the additional quantity of
seven gallons of water, making in the whole eight gallons (if other alkali is
used, then the quantity must be varied in proportion to its strength), which are
to be mixed with a quantity of the powder till the same is of a consistence or
state suitable to be cast or moulded, as the case may be, into cakes, bricks, or
other forms, which are to be permitted to dry, and then submitted to such
degrees of heat in reverberating furnaces, kilns, iron retorts, such as are used in
gas works, or such other means as will bring them to a red heat throughout.
If the above materials be not heated red throughout, such parts as are not
sufficiently burned will be ultimately less hard and durable than the cement

page_text: properly burned.
The solution necessary for admixture is about half the
measure of the powder so treated.
Secondly, for a cement from lime stones and chalk.-I take any quantity
of lime stone or chalk, which I grind or subject to the usual process of burning
or calcination to lime, and if by the latter process, reduce this lime to powder,
either by exposure to air or by the application of water in the ordinary way in
which limes are slacked (air slacking is best), and treat it with solution of alkali
and sulphuric acid, in the manner described for plaster of Paris (but as it re-
quires less fluid for admixture, the solution must be proportionably stronger).
Dissolve one pound of alkali (best American pearlash) in one gallon of water,
which neutralize with sulphuric acid in the manner described for plaster of
Paris; then add the additional quantity of four gallons and two parts of water,
making in the whole five gallons and two quarts; work up the solution with
the powdered lime into cakes, and when dry, burn them after the method
directed for gypsum cement; the solution necessary for admixture is about one
third of the measure of lime powder so treated. If powder of gypsum or powder
of lime stones or chalk are used uncalcined, then calcination must be made
as regards the strength of the liquid in reference to the less quantity required
for the purpose. The solution of alkali, without the addition of the acid, may
be used for the manufacture of a cement from powder of gypsum, provided the
subsequent burning be adopted; but such cement will not be so good as those
made by the other methods described. Cement may also be made from the
powder of lime stones and chalk with the solution of acid, say one quarter of a
pound of sulphuric acid dissolved in four gallons of water, and afterwards
burned, as before described; but cement so made will not be so good as those
made by the other methods described. The processes of incorporation and
burning both for this and alkali cement from gypsum are the same as previously
described.
Having described the methods or processes of manufacturing hard cements
by admixture with alkali and acid, and of other materials with powder of
gypsum and powder of lime stones and chalk (and their subsequent calcina-
tion, by which the desired product and their respective advantageous properties
are obtained) I will now describe the manner of using them and as the
cements made from the powder of calcined gypsum, and the cements made
from the powder of lime, possess different properties, it will be neccessary to
describe the manner of using them separately.
I will first describe that made of the powder of gypsum: The calcined bricks
or cakes before described, having been first pulverised and sifted in the ordi-
nary way applied to hard cements, are to be mixed with grit or sand. As this

page_text: cement does not give out any sensible heat in solidification, it is desirable that
the grits used in admixture should be free from animal and vegetable sub-
stances, therefore grits well burned or vitrified are best for the purpose, and
for a plaister or stucco may be mixed and applied in like manner as lime and
other calcarious cements are used. As this gypsum cement may be used for
casting and other applications where but little absorbtion can be depended
on, care must be taken not to use an excess of water in mixing; from a fifth
to a sixth of the measure of water to material will be generally sufficient, but
much will of course depend on the nature of the material on which it is applied;
the same rule will govern the application of the cement without grit, and when
used by itself, or as a thin coat on the grit stucco. If it is intended to imitate
marble, it is to be ground to an even face and polished after the manner
scagliola is finished, and color may be varied or introduced during its
application.
I will now describe the manner of using the cements made from the powder
of limestones and chalk. These cements, when fresh, give out very con-
siderable heat in their process of solidification, and there is, therefore, less
danger of their subsequent disintegration when mixed with common grits,
which grits it is better to use burned or vitrified, of the character before
described. The cakes before described, having being pulverized, are to be
mixed with grits and used in the manner customary with other calcarious
cements.
Now, whereas, it is evident that the grits which I have described as used
in the application of my said Invention for stucco and other purposes may
be mixed with the powdered gypsum, lime stone, or chalk, when the alkali
and acids are added, and thus submitted with the other ingredients to the
subsequent burning or heating process, in which case no further addition
or admixture of grits will be necessary when applied to use; and, whereas,
other alkalies and acids besides those herein-before mentioned will answer
the purposes of my said Invention, though none that I have tried have
answered so well as the alkali and acid herein-before set forth; and whereas
I claim as my Invention the processes of mixing the powdered materials,
alkalies, and acids as berein-before described, and subsequently burning,
heating, or calcining the same for the purposes herein-before set forth;
and such my Invention being, to the best of my knowledge and belief, en-
tirely new and never before used within that part of His said Majesty's
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland called England, His said
Dominion of Wales, or Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, I do hereby declare
this to be my Specification of the same, and that I do verily believe this my

page_text: said Specification doth comply in all respects, fully and without reserve or dis-
guise, with the proviso in the said herein-before in part recited Letters Patent
contained, wherefore I hereby claim to maintain exclusive right and privilege
to my said Invention.
In witness whereof, I, the said Richard Freen Martin, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Fourth day of April, One thousand eight
hundred and thirty-five.