IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR CRUSHING, TEARING, AND PULVERIZING ARABLE LAND
Year: 1845

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHN
NAYLOR, of Goole, in the Parish of Snaith, in the West Riding of the County
of York, Agricultural Implement Maker, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date
at Westminster, the Thirty-first day of May, in the eighth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me,
the said John Naylor, my executors, administrators, and assigns, Her especial
license, full power, sole privilege and authority, that I, the said John Naylor,
my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said John
Naylor, my executors, administrators, or assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times during the term of
years therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, my
Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR CRUSHING,
TEARING, AND PULVERIZING ARABLE LAND;" in which said Letters Patent is
contained a proviso that I, the said John Naylor, shall cause a particular
lescription of the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same
is to be performed, to be inrolled in Her said Majesty's High Court of
Chancery within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of
the said in part recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference
being thereunto had, will more fully and at large appear.

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
John Naylor, do hereby declare that the nature of my said Invention, and
the, manner in which the same is to be performed, are fully described and
ascertained in and by the following statement thereof, reference being had to
the Drawings hereunto annexed, and to the figures and letters of reference
marked thereon, that is to say :-
My Invention has reference to "Improvements in the Machinery or Appa-
ratus for Crushing, Tearing, and Pulverizing Arable Land," and consists in an
improved agricultural implement of the class known and distinguished as
spiked rollers. The instrument in its old or usual form has hitherto been
composed of one or two cylindrical rollers of solid wood, of about one foot in
diameter, more or less, and of about six feet in length, and into this roller or
rollers, and about the circumference thereof, numerous strong iron spikes have
been fixed at certain convenient distances asunder, having the points of each
row of such spikes arranged in the same horizontal plane and parallel to that
of the axis of the said roller or rollers. The rollers thus furnished have been
simply mounted on axles set in a frame and supported on two running wheels,
and single or double shafts have been attached to the said frame, by which
one or two horses have drawn the machine to the place of working, and the
roller had then to be turned over and the wheels taken off prior to and during
the working thereof.
:
Now the improvements constituting my said Invention consist,―
First, in composing the total length of the said spiked roller or rollers of
distinct portions and independent short lengths of hollow cylinders of metal,
ench length being of the same diameter, and set on one and the same common
axle, and placed in close contiguity to each other in the direction of their
length, and having liberty of motion independant of each other, or occa-
sionally they may be so fixed to each other (in the manner herein-after
described and represented) as collectively to compose the longer and integral
roller or rollers. The axes of these rollers (there being two lines or sets of
rollers) are placed in the same horizontal plane, and their distance apart may
be adjusted within a limited distance.
Secondly, the spikes of these rollers are so arranged or disposed about the
circumference of the said rollers as that each spike is successively brought into
action, instead of acting simultaneously as in the machines in common and
known use, whereby the draught of the machine is rendered more easy, and
the operations thereof are more effective than heretofore.
Thirdly, the spikes of these rollers are caused to enter more or less deep
into the earth, by furnishing the axles or axes upon which the said rollers

page_text: containing the spikes are mounted and revolve, with the means of adjustinent
of their height, together with the frame in which they are held, and this
adjustment I effect in the manner herein-after described and represented.
And in order to explain my said Invention as completely as possible, I will
proceed to describe the mechanical arrangement and combination of parts
which I consider well calculated for carrying my said Invention into practical
effect, and which will be found to answer extremely well..
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING..
Figure 1 represents a front elevation of the machine. Figure 2 is an
end view thereof. Figure 3 is a top plan view thereof without the rollers.
Figure 4 is a transverse and vertical section of the machine as it would
appear when divided through the line A, B, at Figures 1 and 3. Figure 5
is à back elevation of the machine. Figure 6 is a bottom plan view of the
framing and rollers, shewing the arrangement thereof. Figures 7 and 8.
exhibit diagrams illustrative of the principle of construction of the spiked
rollers. Figure 9 is a front elevation of these rollers, shewing the arrange-
ment of the spikes. Figures 10, 11, and 12, are detached parts herein-after
mentioned and referred to. Similar letters of reference are placed upon
and, denote corresponding parts, in so far as such parts can be seen or
appear respectively, in each of the Figures. A, A, marks the framing of:
the machine, the ends B, B, of which are constructed with vertical slots' or:
openings C, C, through which the axles D, D, of the running wheels D*, D*,-
pass; to the inner ends of the said axles. The lower ends of the vertical racks
E, E, are made. fast, the upper ends thereof being retained in their proper
working position by antifriction rollers F, F, shewn at Figures 3, 4, and 5.
G marks a shaft, extending lengthwise of the framing, mounted in suitable.
bearings H, H, attached to the said framing, and at the upper part thereof,
as shewn. Upon one part of this shaft is keyed a bevilled wheel I, taking into
the bevilled wheel K, keyed upon the shaft L, which is likewise mounted in
bearings attached to the framing, as shewn. M.is a rachet wheel fixed upon
the shaft L, and N is a pall or catch taking into the said ratchet wheel.
O is a lever handle fixed upon the end of the said shaft L for actuating the
bevilled gearing I, K, and parts in connection therewith. P, P, are pinions
fixed upon the ends of the shaft G, and taking into the raeks E, E, by which
the said racks are moved through the agency of the bevilled wheels I and K,
and lever handle above mentioned, At the Figures 1, 6, 9, Q, Q, Q, mark
three spiked rollers or hollow cylinders, the construction of which is herein-after
mentioned. These rollers are placed end to end, and revolve loosely upon the.
shaft or axle R, R, such shaft or axle being fixed. at its ends to the ends B. B..
:

page_text: of the framing, as shewn by the section of the rollers Q', at this Figure
where S, S, marks another similar shaft or axle placed parallel to the shaft or
axle R, R, and having rollers Q', Q', Q, revolving loosely thereon, the con
struction of which is precisely similar to those before mentioned. The ends of
the shaft or axle S, are supported in moveable bearings or carriages T, T,
one of which is shewn at Figure 4, which are so arranged and constructed. as
to be capable of being slided along the framing A, A, by which the distance
between the surfaces of the rollers Q and Q¹, and the ends of the spikes upon
each of such rollers, may be made to approach nearer to or recede farther from
each other according to the nature and quality of the soil to be operated upon,
or as the practical circumstances of the case may deem most expedient.
This may be effected by constructing the under side of the framing with slots
or openings U (as shewn at Figure 6), through which screws 1, 2, pass, and the
ends thereof pass through holes formed in the moveable carriages T, T, which
support the ends of the shaft or axle S, S. The rollers Q', Q, Q, and the
shaft or axle may be adjusted to the required distance by slackening or
unscrewing the nuts 3, 4, upon the ends of the said screws, and will be
retained in the required position by turning the said nuts in a contrary
direction. I would here remark, that in order to reduce the friction of the
working parts of the rollers or cylinders upon the shafts or axles R, R,
and S, S, and to render the draught of the machine more easy, I construct
such of the ends of the rollers as are opposed to each other in such
manner as to exclude the ingress of dirt or stones, and this I effect in the
following manner :-At the Figure 10 are shewn the ends of two rollers; W
marks a casting encircling the ends 5, 6, of the said rollers, and I should
reccommend that the parts 5, 6, be turned true in a lathe, or by any other known
mechanical means whereby such parts will fit more accurately into the casting
W, which should likewise be turned true to receive the said parts. And I
construct these castings of two parts, W and W*, as shewn at Figure 11, and:
I connect them together by screws or pins 7, 8, or in any other convenient
manner so as to enable the said castings to adapt themselves readily to the
alteration of position of the shaft or axle S, S, and of the rollers thereon as
before-mentioned. When it is required to connect the rollers Q, Q, Q,
together, or the rollers Q', Q, Q', together in the direction of their lengths, so
as to compose one or two long or integral rollers, the same may be effected by
turning round the collars V, V, upon the ends of the shafts or axles R, R, and
S, S, such shafts having screws formed thereon upon which the said collars fit,
and to each of these collars one end of each of the outer cylinder only or
spiked rollers is connected, and by forming such of the ends of the said rollers
as are opposed to each other serrated or jagged, as shewn at Figures 9, 10,

page_text: and 12, it will appear evident that by turning round the said collars so as to
cause the indentations upon the ends of the rollers Q, Q, to be brought into
contact with the projections upon the middle roller Q, that they will be firmly
connected together, and may be readily separated by a reverse movement of
the collars V, V. At the Figures 7 and 8 are shewn diagrams illustrative of
the principle upon which the pikes Y are arranged or disposed about the
circumference of each of the said rollers, and is as follows:-Let the line A, B,
represent the plane or centre of action of the shaft or axle upon which the
rollers are mounted, and let a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, (at Figure 7), represent the
position of the holes to be formed in and around the said roller or rollers into
which the spikes Y (at Figure 10) are to be inserted (and securely fixed by a
nut Z, as shewn at that Figure). Now, upon the line A, B, I set, off six or
any other convenient number of points, determined upon by practice; the
above number I have found answer well, according to the proportions of the
roller shewn, and I divide the circumference of the said roller into eight,
equal parts, as shewn by the diagram at a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, Figure 7, and I
set off about two thirds of the distance between any two of the holes so divided
upon one side of the line A, B, as shewn at Figure 7, commencing at the
point 1; and I'arrange the last hole 6 upon the said roller so that it comes:
upon the line A, B, and the intermediate holes 2, 3, 4, 5, I set off from the
line A, B, so that the said holes range in a spiral or helical direction upon the
surface of the said roller, and this I repeat according to the number of rows of
spikes required, which will of course vary with the diameter of the roller; the
mode of setting out the holes in the direction of the length of the said roller
remaining the same, whatever be the length of the said roller or rollers. By:
this mode of arranging the spikes, it will appear evident, that each spike is made
to enter the ground in succession, for the purpose and in the manner herein->>
before particularly described and represented. The depth which the said spikes.
enter or are inserted into the ground may be adjusted to suit the requirement
of the case by turning round the handle O, so as to raise or lower the frame
which supports the shafts or axles upon which the said rollers are placed,
through the agency of the parts herein-before particulary described and
represented for that purpose. The machine so arranged and constructed may
be drawn by the shafts Z, and chains or traces attached to the rings Z³, fixed
to the framing; as shewn at Figures 1 and 3.
Having now described the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner
the same is to be performed and carried into practical effect, I wish it to be
distinctly understood that I do not claim the exclusive use of any of the
separate parts above-mentioned and refered to, except in so far as they may

page_text: employed in combination and for the purposes of my said Invention as the
same is herein-before described. But what I do claim as. of my Inven-
tion, is,―
Firstly, the general combination and arrangement of the several parts as
constituting an improved machine or apparatus for the purposes above men-
tioned, in the manner herein-before particularly described and represented at
the several Figures of the Drawing hereunto annexed.
Secondly, I claim as of my Invention the application of hollow metal spiked
rollers to the purposes of this Invention, the spikes whereof are arranged and:
disposed in the manner herein-before particularly described and represented by
the diagrams at Figures 7 and 8 of the annexed Drawing.
Thirdly, I claim as of my Invention the general combination and arrange-
ment of the parts employed for adjusting the spikes, whereby they are caused
to enter more or less deep into the earth, as herein-before particularly described
and represented by the Drawing hereunto annexed.
Fourthly, I claim as of my Invention the arranging or connecting of the
shaft or axle S to the framing of the machine by and in moveable bearings
T, T, shewn at Figures 4 and 6, whereby the integral roller or series of rollers
Q', Q, Q', composing the same may be adjusted within a limited distance of
the rollers Q, Q, Q, for the purposes of my said 'Invention, as is herein-before
particularly described and represented by the Drawing hereunto annexed.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Naylor, have hereunto set my
.. hand and seal, this Twenty-eighth day of November, in the year of our
Land One thousand night hundund and forty-five
.
JOHN (L.S.) NAYLOR.
AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Twenty-eighth day of November,
in the ninth year of the reign of Her Majesty Queen Victoria, the said John'
Naylor came before our said Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and
acknowledged the Instrument aforesaid, and all and every thing therein
contained and specified, in form above written. And also the Instrument
aforesaid was stamped according to the tenor of the Statute made in the
fifty-fifth year of the reign of His late Majesty. King George the Third.
Inrolled the Twenty-ninth day of November, One thousand eight hundred
and forty-five.