Year: 1845

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JAMES
FRANCIS PINEL, of No. 1, Skinner's Place, Sise Lane, in. the City of London,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at
Westminster, the First, day of May, One thousand eighth hundred and forty-
five, and in the eighth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and
successors, give and grant unto me, 'the said James Francis Pinel, my exors,
admňors, and assigns, Her especial licence, full power, sole privilege, and
authority, that I, the said James Francis Pinel, my exors, adññors, and
assigns, or such others as I, the said James Francis Pinel, my exors, adñiors,,
and assigns, should at any time agree with and no others, from time to time
and at all times thereafter, during the term of years therein mentioned,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend within that part of
the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland called England, the
Dominion of Wales, and Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and also in the
Islands of Guernsey, Jersey, Alderney, Sark, and Man, and in all Her

page_text: said Majesty's Colonies and Plantations abroad, my Invention of "CERTAIN
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MODE OF TREATING FARINACEOUS SUBSTANCES;" in which
said Letters Patent is contained a proviso, that I, the said Francis Pinel
shall particularly describe and ascertain the nature of my said Invention, and in
what manner the same is to be performed, by an instrument in writing under
my hand and seal, to be inrolled in Her Majesty's High Court of Chancery,
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said
in part recited Letters Patent, reference being thereunto had, will more fully
and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
James Francis Pinel, do hereby declare the nature of my said Invention, and
the manner in which the same is to be performed, are particularly described
and ascertained in and by the following instrument in writing, that is
to say:-
My improved mode of treating farinaceous substances consists in the
preparation of all kinds of flour (but especially facula of potatoes) 'on account
of its low price, by means of acids to obtain a certain gum so similar in
quality that it is capable of replacing in most of their uses and applications
the tragacanth, sinegal, and other similar gums, generally employed for the
purposes and for the several 'processes of dressing, stiffening, glazing, sizing,
dying, printing, and finishing cotton, calicoes, nets, crapes, laces, silks, papers,
and all goods or fabrics of a similar kind.
I must observe; however, that I am aware that for a long while an article;
commonly called English gum prepared from common starch and other flours,
has been employed as a substitute for tragacanth and other gums, but its
cinnamon color and amyláceous properties which it derives from the starch
will always render it very objectionable. I prepare my gum as follows:-
I pour into a tub one hundred gallons of spring water, to which I add half
a gallon of nitric acid and half a pint of hydrochloric acid, and mix them well
together. To them I add as much flour or facula as is sufficient to form a paste;
which I work well together; it is then left for two hours to settle. It is then
carefully removed to avoid being disturbed into buckets properly prepared to let
the water draw off; when sufficiently drained, the paste is divided into small
lumps and placed on shelves in a drying room where they must remain till
thoroughly dry, so that they can be ground to powder. This powder is then
placed into a stove on shelves, one above the other at the distance of about
ten inches apart, and it remains in the stove, which is successfully raised to
the following atmosphere by means of hot air pipes. On the first day to one

page_text: "
hundred and ten degrees of Fahrenheit; on the second day to one hundred and
fifty degrees of Fahrenheit; on the third day to one hundred and ninety degrees
of Fahrenheit. To finish the operation the powder must be taken out of the
stove, and when cool it is passed through a sieve; this' being done this 'sifted
powder is then placed in an oven the heat of which is raised to three hundred
to three hundred and fifty degrees of Fahrenheit until it is perfectly and
thoroughly baked; it is then ready for use as a powder: To ascertain when
the operation is perfect I mix a small quantity of the powder above-mentioned
with some filtered water, into which it must readily 'dissolve without leaving
any sediment. During this operation each small peroxide of facula has
almost become a small ball of gum. To produce also the above gum in
lumps resembling natural gum in its appearance, being equally transparent
and of the same color, I mix the powder after it has gone through the stove
and been sieved, but before it goes into the oven, with as much water as
will reduce it to a paste; adding one-four-hundredth part (of the weight of
water) of nitric acid; when well mixed I lay it three quarters of an inch
deep in copper dishes, and I place them in an oven of two hundred and forty
to three hundred degrees Fahrenheit; when sufficiently hardened I remove
it from the oven and I place it in the open air to cool; then it is ready for
use as a gum, in small lumps resembling in nature and application the natural
gums. If the flour or facula is grey, that is to say, if it has been badly
prepared, adulterated or damaged, I replace the hydrochloric acid by half pint
of sulphuric acid, by the agency of which the heterogeneous substances are
separated from the healthy flour; that being done, I operate as I have
before stated.
And having now described the nature of my said Invention and in what
manner the same is to be performed, I wish it to be understood that what I
claim as my Invention is :-
Firstly, the combination of nitric and hydrochloric acids with flour, in the
manner herein-before described.
And secondly, the mode of using the sulphuric acid for separating the
heteregineous substances held and contained in the flour and fecula.
In witness whereof, I, the said James Francis Pinel, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this First day of November, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and forty-five.
JACQUES FRANCOIS (L.s.) PINEL.

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the First day of November, in the
year of our Lord 1845, the aforesaid James Francis. Pinel, through the inter-
pretation of Peter Thomas Zohrab, of Tottenham, in the County of Middlesex,
Gentleman, the said Peter Thomas Zohrab having been first sworn that he had
truly and faithfully interpreted the contents of this Specification, and also
the nature and purport of this acknowledgment to him, the said James Francis
Pinel came before our said Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknow-
ledged the Specification aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained
and specified, in form above: written. And also the Specification aforesaid
was stamped according to the tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.
Enrolled the First day of November, in the year of our Lord' One
thousand eight hundred and forty-five.