CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN OBTAINING MOTIVE POWER
Year: 1855

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Jean Baptiste Pascal, of Lyons, in the Empire of
France, and of 32, Essex Street, Strand, London, for the Invention of
"CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN OBTAINING MOTIVE POWER."
66
CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN OBTAINING MOTIVE POWER."
Scaled the 8th January 1856, and dated the 16th July 1855.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Jean Baptiste Pascal at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
16th July 1855.
I, JEAN BAPTISTE PASCAL, of Lyons, in the Empire of France, and of 32,
Essex Street, Strand, London, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN OBTAINING MOTIVE POWER" to be as
follows, viz.
These improvements refer to a coupled or twin generating apparatus, shown
on Sheets 1, 2, 3, and 4 of the annexed Drawings, which is constructed upon
a different principle from the previous ones, for obtaining a mixture of high
temperature, by applying the calorific power of the furnace to heating the air
which is for burning the gases, and also to heating the water which is to be
converted into steam, this water being thrown in a thin sheet upon a partition
plate which divides the furnace into two parts. On this plate a portion of the
water is evaporated, and the other assumes the spheroidal shape, being always
thrown back on the partition by the flame and the gases which are evolved by
combustion, thus being made to pass from the spheroidal into the gaseous state,
and overheating the steam thus generated by effecting the mixture at a very
high temperature,

page_text: The same Sheets also represent mechanical means for allowing the two
apparatus to work singly. or conjointly, and for increasing and diminishing at
will either the pressure or the temperature of the mixture by regulating in a
constant and sure manner the introduction both of water and of compressed air.
On Sheet 1, Eig. 1 is an elevation of two apparatus coupled together, one of
the apparatus being shown in section through the lines 1, 2, of Fig. 2, Sheet 2.
Fig. 2, Sheet 2, is a plan of one of the furnaces shown in section through
lines 3, 4, of Fig.. 1, Sheet 1.
Fig. 3, Sheet 3, is a vertical section of one of the furnaces through the lines
5, 6, Fig. 5, Sheet 4.
Fig. 4, Sheet 3, is an elevation, shown partly in section, perpendicular to the
junction pipes through the lines 7, -8,-Fig. 5, Sheet. 4.
Fig. 5, Sheet 4, is a horizontal section through a broken line. The same
letters of reference stand for like parts on Sheets 1, 2, 3, and 4.
At the
I shall now proceed to describe one of the generating apparatus, the other
being in all respects like it. This apparatus consists of a cylindrical casing or
jacket A, which is flanched at top and bottom for being bolted to the other
parts. At the upper part there is an aperture a, into which a thermometer b
is secured, for the purpose of ascertaining exactly the temperature of the water.
There is also a flanched pipe with a cock l, which opens into the blow-off pipe k,
för blowing out the sediments of the boiler by the pressure of steam.
lower part is another pipe f, which is connected with the pipe for conducting
the water into the apparatus. The thickness of metal of the casing as well as
that of the pieces attached thereto depends on the temperature and pressure at
which it is desired to work the engine. The hemispherical part Bor ash pit is
secured on the casing A at the lower part by means of flanches, which are
bolted together. The piece B has three pipes or orifices; one, of which c is
hermetically closed by means of a hinged lid d, which is screwed down on a
well faced and clean joint by means of a screw with a handle, which allow
promptly to open and shut it. This orifice is for taking out the ashes and
for raking the grate. The second orifice e is for the air; which enters under-
neath the fire, and communicates by a pipe with the blowing cylinders, which
compress the air. All around inside the ash box there is a wall of fire bricks
C, which supports the furnace. The third orifice.m gives passage to that
portion of the compressed air which is to burn the gases, and enters betwixt
the wall. C and the exterior wall of the ash pit, rising subsequently for circula-
tion round the casing of the envelope, which is supported by cast-iron plates n.
The upper portion of the casing is shut by a top lid D, which is secured like
This lid has two orifices or pipe ends projecting into the inside.
the lower one.

page_text: of the apparatus. One of these g is for feeding fuel into the furnace, and is
shut in the same manner as the orifice d of the ash box; the other pipe end h
is for letting out the mixture of gases and of steam, and joins the steam pipe H,
which leads to the slide of the engine. In the inside of the casing A is a
second cylinder E, which has at its lower extremity an external flanch, which
is held fast between the flanches of the ash box B and the casing A. The
space between the cylinder E and the casing A is only about one twenty-fifth
of an inch for the passage of the water.
Above the lower flanch there is a
groove all round the cylinder at the same height as the centre of the orifice
of the pipe f, which brings the water into the casing A. At the upper part of
the cylinder is an internal flanch for receiving the ring or hoop, which is made
up of segments. The wall C' in the ash box carries the grate of the furnace,
which has a concave shape, lengthening out towards the orifice c for facilitating
the poking of the fire. This grate consists of bent bars, which rest on the cast-
iron plates n, with which the wall C' is coped. On this wall and upon the
grate bars are placed the segmental or circular bricks or pieces of cast-iron I,
which form the sides of the furnace. The compressed air for burning the gases
circulates round these segments, and is there thoroughly heated. Also, in order
not to lose any heat which might easily pass off through conducting sub-
stances, such as the cylinder E is made of, the cylinder I is separated from the
casing E by hollow cast-iron bricks J, whose inside or cavities are filled up with
fire clay. From the segments I up to the flanch of the cylinder E, the sides of
the furnace are made of fire bricks, which are supported by the segments I and
the bricks J joining the inside of the cylinder E in such a manner as to leave
a passage K, Fig. 3, Sheet 3, for the air which rises into the upper portion of
the furnace after having been heated around it. The segmental crown F rests
upon the bricks of the fire box, and upon the upper flanch of the cylinder E,
to which it is slackly fixed, so as to prevent it from turning, and yet not impede;
expansion. One of these segments has a pipe end, which is a continuation of
the pipe g on the lid D. This crown is composed of segments or annular
sectors in order to let the expansion act freely: Upon the crown F there is a
cast-iron hoop L, which is separated from the casing A by a small interval,
which forms, as it were, an extension of the cylinder E, and the said interval
receives the portion of the water which does not evaporate by passing through
the joint of the hoop L with the hoop F, at the same time the hoop L shelters
the casing A from the action of the flame.. On the hoop F the partition plate.
M is placed, for separating the furnace A' from the chamber B', where the
mixture of the steam and the gases of combustion is effected. This partition
consists of a plate of sheet iron of an average thickness; having a hole cut out

page_text: corresponding to the orifice for feeding the furnace. The plate is stayed by
means of two bars P; P, which prevent it from warping by heat, and to which
it is rivetted. The central part is even, whilst the edges are undulating, so as
to form grooves, which diminish from the edge towards the centre.
I will now describe the manner in which this engine is worked:-The fire
having been lighted, and the lids of the orifices c and g closed to, the air from
the blowing engine enters the ash box through the orifice e, passes between
the bars of the grate, and forces the combustion, thus generating various gases
and smoke that tend to escape between the hoop F and the undulated edges of
the plate M; at the same time the compressed air which enters by the pipe m
circulates round the furnace, being thus powerfully heated, and passing next
into the duct K, in order forcibly to rush against the under surface of the
plate M, and there to combine with the gases and the smoke, which it burns
on the red hot plate M, by supplying oxygen to them. This combustion having
taken place, the gaseous products escape betwixt the crown F and the undulated
edge of the plate M, where they meet another obstacle. The water which is
forced into the groove or channel i by the pump of the engine rises, and thus
forms between the cylinder E and the casing A a liquid cylinder. It then
passes between the hoop L and the segmental hoop F, so as to undergo a
powerfull ebullition on said segments, one portion of the water being at once
converted into steam, and the other being projected upon the red hot plate M,
where it divides into spheroidal globules. This projection is facilitated by the
passage of the gases between the segments and the plate M, which tend to get
into the cap, thus breaking up the globules, and causing them to be instan-
taneously converted into steam that forms the mixture, as before described.
For ascertaining the temperature of the mixture, a thermometer r is placed
upon the cap D; also, the temperature of the water when it reaches the red
hot surface is shown by the elbow thermometer b.
I also sometimes construct the diaphragm or partition plate M with flat
metallic bars, that are united together by means of a brace or cross bar, which
allows each bar to expand according to the temperature independently of and
without acting upon the others, and allowing a passage to the gases by giving
to the ends of the bars an undulated shape, or else instead of these undulations
by making apertures; notches, or grooves in or on the metallic ring or hoop by
which the diaphragm is-supported. The same system of construction be
applied to other internal parts of the engine.
may
The single pipe N, Fig. 5, Sheet 4, which leads the compressed air from
the blowing engine to the generating apparatus, divides into two pipes N¹, N";"
the passage of air may be intercepted in either of these branches by means

page_text: of the slides t, t', which are moved by the levers O, O', Fig. 1, Sheet 1,
and Fig. 2, Sheet 2, that are under the hand of the engine driver. The
pipes N', N", lead the air to the orifices e and m of cach of the apparatus,
and its admission may be regulated or stopped by means of the throttle valves
el, e, m', m. The water gets into the apparatus by means of a single tube P¹,
which ends in the double cock R, whose seat carries an exit pipe u for the
water from the pump which does not enter the generating apparatus. These
valves are moved by the levers O, O', thus allowing the engine driver at the
same time to shut off and let on both water and air. The plugs of these
cocks are constructed in a particular manner, so as to allow shutting by one
stroke and also opening by one stroke, always suiting the influx of water to
the requirements of the work. These cocks have a double plug, the hollow
one v containing the one a and mountings. The hollow plug v is put in
motion by the levers O, O', and the water way is more or less opened
by the motion of the plug a in the plug v. The opening thus obtained
is kept constant by the index z, which forms the handle of the plug a,
fixing upon a dial, which forms the handle of the plug v; the two plugs are
thus united and turn together both for opening and shutting, and the exit
orifice remains constant as long as the index does not change its position.
The pipe S unites the pipes H, H', that conduct the motive agent into the
engine; each of these pipes has clack valves y*, which opens towards the pipe
S. When one of the generators is stopped, and when the blow-off cock lis
opened, the mixture acting with a great pressure escapes and carries away all
that might have been collecting upon the plate M, such as the sealings, which
may fall off by expansion and cooling. The pressure.of the other apparatus
working alone, will suffice to shut the communication clack valve y and keep
it shut.
In the engines above described, the proportions of the gaseous mixture must
necessarily vary, according to the stage of the combustion, the dryness of the
fuel, and the quantity of mixture used in the cylinder, as the load varies,
&c., &c.; and the engine driver regulates the introduction of water according
to the circumstances stated, so as to vary the proportions of the mixture, and
obtain a constant volume with equal pressure, for the purposes and in the
circumstances alluded to..
sensitive regu-
In order to facilitate this regulation. I sometimes use a very
lating valve, which is represented on Sheet 5 of the annexed Drawings. Fig. 1
is an elevation, partly in section, of an improved regulating valve for two
generating apparatus; and Fig. 2 is a sectional plan passing through one of
said valves. These valves receive the water from a common pipe A, and pass

page_text: it into the pipes B, B', which conduct it to the generator; that pórtion of the
water which is not admitted into them escapes through an overflow pipe C,
Fig. 2.
Each valve consists of two plugs, one of which D is for opening or
shutting, and the other E for regulating. These two plugs work in the seat G,
being turned by means of levers H and I respectively. The sensibility of these i
valves results from the triangular shape of the water way in the plug E, sincé
this triangle, passing before the aperture with its vertex first, allows very small
quantities of water to be injected into the generators; and the opening is
indicated by means of a hand J, secured to the hand or lever I, marking
the same off on an index secured to the plug D. The angle of the triangle
in the plug E may be varied, according to circumstances.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Jean Baptiste Pascal in the Great Seal Patent Office on
the 16th January 1856.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JEAN
BAPTISTE PASCAL, of Lyons, in the Empire of France, and of 32, Essex
Street, Strand, London, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Sixteenth day of July, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and fifty-five, in the nineteenth year of Her reign,
did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said
Jean Baptiste Pascal, Her special licence that I, the said Jean Baptiste
Pascal, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the
said Jean Baptiste Pascal, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should
at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times
thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make,
use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "CERTAIN
IMPROVEMENTS IN OBTAINING MOTIVE POWER," upon the condition (amongst
others) that I, the said Jean Baptiste Pascal, by an instrument in writing
under my hand and scal, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature
of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed,
and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Jean Baptiste Pascal, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement:-
:
This Invention consists, first, in a system of generating apparatus hermeti-
cally closed, and in which combustion is effected by means of air blown either.
from beneath or from above the fuel, whatever may be the nature of the latter,
and whatever may be the pressure existing in the generators.
Second, in producing inside the apparatus a mixture heated at a high tem-
perature, and consisting of air, steam, and the gazeous products of combustion"
in generating and superheating the steam necessary to the mixture, by bringing"
it in contact with surfaces especially constructed for this purpose, and with.
superheated gases which are generated under the pressure of the mixture.
Third, in constructing vaporizing surfaces with metal substances con-
nected to each other, so as they may dilate independently of one another,
and thereby break the incrustations or sediments caused by the evaporating
of water.
Fourth, in causing the said expansive mixture raised to a high temperature
to act as motive power in those parts of the steam engine fitted for this
purpose.
Fifth, in distributing and varying at will and without interrupting the work
of the apparatus such quantity of water as is necessary to generate the steam
of the mixture, and consequently modify its proportions. *
Sixth, in causing water to drop by very small particles on the vaporising
surfaces' through a capillary issue contrived round the apparatus, and of so
little capaciousness as to allow a continuous current, which prevents all
sediments, and leaves, as soon as the feeding ceases, the generator, deprived,
of water.
"
On the Sheet 1, Fig. 1, are represented two coupled generating apparatus
for obtaining a mixture of high temperature, by applying the calorific power
of the furnace to heating the air which is to burn the gases, and also to heat-
ing the water which is to be converted into steam, this water being thrown in.
a thin sheet upon a partition plate, which divides the furnace into two parts,.
in one of which, the lower part, the combustion of the fuel & gases is
effected, and in the upper part the said mixture. On the same Sheet are
represented besides, the nicchanical arrangements contrived for working the
apparatus singly or conjointly for increasing and diminishing at will the pressure.
or temperature of the mixture by regulating the admission of compressed air
& water.

page_text: On Sheet 1, Fig. 1, is an elevation of two apparatus coupled together, one
of the apparatus being shown in section through the line 1, 2, of Fig. 2.
Fig. 2 is a horizontal projection; one of the furnaces is shown through the
line 3, 4, of the vertical projection; Fig. 3, vertical section of an apparatus
shown through the line 5, 6; Fig. 4, an elevation, shown partly in section,
perpendicular to the junction pipes, through the line 7, 8; Fig. 5 is a
horizontal section through a broken line 9, 10, 10, 3, 3, 4. The same letters
of reference stand for like parts in Sheet 1.
I shall now proceed to describe one of the generating apparatus, the other
being in all respects like it. This apparatus consists of a cylindrical metal
casing A, which is flanched at top & bottom for being bolted to the other
parts. At the upper part there is an aperture a, into which a thermometer b
is secured, for the purpose of exactly ascertaining the temperature of the
water; there is also a flanched pipe with a cock 7, which opens into the blow-
off pipe k, for blowing out the sediments of the boiler by the vaporation of
water. At the lower part there is another pipe f, which is connected with the
pipe for conducting the water into the apparatus. The thickness of metal
of the casing, as well as that of the pieces attached thereto, depends on the
temperature and pressure at which it is desired to work the engine. The
semi-spherical part B, or ash pit is secured on the casing A at the lower part
by means of flanches, which are bolted together. This piece B has three
pipes or orifices, one of which dis hermetically closed by means of a hinged
lid, which is screwed down on a well faced & clean joint by means of a screw
with a handle, which allows promptly to open and shut it, (the said pipe d
serves for the cleaning of the ash pit and the raking of the grate.) The
second pipe or orifice m is for the air, which enters underneath the fire, and
communicates by a pipe with the blowing cylinders which compress the air.
All around inside the ash box, there is a wall of fire brick c, which supports
the furnace. The third orifice e gives passage to that portion of the com-
pressed air which is to burn the gases, and enters betwixt the wall C, and the
external wall of the ash pit, rising subsequently for circulation round the
casing of the grate, supported by cast-iron plates I. The upper portion of
the casing A is shut by a top lid D, which is secured like the lower one.
This
lid has two orifices or pipe ends projecting into the inside of the apparatus;
one of these g is for feeding fuel into the furnace, and is shut in the same
manner as that of the ash pit; the other pipe end h is for letting out the
mixture of gases and of steam, and joins the steam pipe S', which leads to
the slide of the engine. In the inside of the casing A is a second cylinder E,
which has at its lower extremity an external flanch, which is held fast between

page_text: the flanches of the ash box B and the casing A. The space between E and
the casing A is only about one twenty-fifth of an inch for the passage of the
water coming from a groove i; this groove is above the lower flanch, all round
the cylinder, at the same height as the center of the pipe f, which brings the
water into the annular capacity I, and at the upper part of the cylinder there
is an internal flanch for receiving the ring or hoop, which is made up of
segments. The wall C in the ash box carries the grate of the furnace, which
has a concave shape, lengthening out towards the orifice d for facilitating the
poking of the fire. This grate consists of bent bars, which rest on the cast-
iron plates with which the wall C is coped. On this wall and upon the grate
bars are placed the segmental or circular bricks, or pieces of cast iron I, which
form the sides of the furnace. The compressed air for burning the gases
circulates round these segments, and is there thoroughly heated; also not to
lose any beat which might easily pass off through conducting substances, such
as the cylinder A is made of, the air is separated from the said cylinder by
hollow cast-iron bricks J, the inside or cavities of which are filled up with
fire clay. From the segments I up to the flanch of the cylinder E, the sides
of the furnace are made of fire bricks, that are supported by the cast-iron
bricks I joining the inside of the cylinder E in such a manner as to leave a
passage e for the air, which rises into the upper portion of the furnace after
having been heated around it. The segmental crown F rests upon the bricks
of the fire box, and upon the upper flanch of the cylinder E, to which it is
slackly fixed, so as to prevent it from turning, and yet not to impede expansion.
One of those segments has a pipe end, which is a continuation of the pipe g
on the lid D, for feeding the grate. The said crown is made up of segments
or annular sectors in order to let the expansion act freely. Upon the crown
F there is a cast-iron hoop L, which is separated from the casing by a small
interval, which forms, as it were, an extension of the cylinder E, and this
interval receives the portion of the water which does not evaporate by passing
through the joints of the cylinder with the hoop F, at the same time sheltering
the casing A from the action of the flame. On the crown the partition plate
M is placed for separating the furnace A¹ from the chamber D, where the
mixture of the steam and the gases of combustion is effected. This partition
consists of a scries of sheet-iron bands, stayed together by the bars p, p, in
such a manner as to be capable of sliding over one another, when by the effect
of heat they expand or contract, still continuing to form a closed partition.
This partition has a hole cut out, and corresponding to the orifice for feeding
the furnace; its central part is even, whilst the edges are undulating, so as to
form grooves, which diminish from the edges towards the center.

page_text: I shall now proceed to describe.the manner in which this engine is worked.
The fire having been lighted, and the lids of the orifices g & d closed, the air
from the blowing engine enters the ash box through the orifice m, passes
between the bars of the grate and forces the combustion, thus generating
various gases and smoke, that tend to escape between the hoop F and the
undulated edges of the plate or partition M; at the same time the com-
pressed air which enters by the pipe e circulates round the furnace; being thus
powerfully heated, and passing next into the duct I, forcibly rushes against
the under surface of the plate M, there to combine with the gases and the
smoke, which it burns by supplying them with its oxigen, under the high
temperature of the furnace, which overheats the plate M. This combustion
being thus effected, the gaseous products escape betwixt the crown F and
the undulated edge of the plate M, where they meet another obstacle. The
water which is forced into the groove or channel i by the pump of the engine
rises, and forms between the cylinder E and the casing A a liquid cylinder; it
then passes between the hoop L and the segmental hoop F, so as to undergo
a powerful ebullition on said segments, one portion of the water being at once
converted into steam, and the other being projected upon the red-hot plate
M, where it divides into spheroidal globules. This projection is facilitated by
the
passage of the gases between the segments and the plate M, which tend to
get into the cap, thus breaking up the globules, and causing them to be instan-
taneously converted into steam that forms the mixture. For ascertaining the
temperature of the mixture, a thermometer is placed on the cap D, and the
temperature of the water when it reaches the red-hot surface is shown by
the elbowed thermometer.
From the preceding description it is obvious that by this system of apparatus
a mixture of superheated steam and the gaseous products of combustion is
obtained in a hermetically closed furnace under the pressure of said gases and
at a high temperature. The mixture, in order to act as motive power, passes
into the pipe H, which carries a safety valve, that is loaded with a weight cor-
responding to the pressure which it is desired to work at; from there it passes
into the cylinders of the engine, if used as a motive power, or into proper
warming ducts, if used for heating.
The annexed Drawings show the coupled apparatus. The single pipe N,
which leads the compressed air from the blowing engine to the generating
apparatus, divides into two pipes N', N"; the passage of air may be intercepted
in either of these branches by means of the slides t, t', which are moved by the
levers 7, l, that are within the hand of the engine driver. The pipes N¹, N",
lead the air to the orifices m, m, & e, e, of each of the apparatus, & its

page_text: admission may be regulated or stopped by means of the valves m¹, m', e¹, e
The water gets into the apparatus by means of a single tube P, which ends in
the double cock R, the seat of which carries an exit pipe for the water from
the pump which does not enter the generating apparatus. The keys of these
valves are operated by the levers 7, 1, thus allowing the machine driver at the
same time to shut off and let in both water & air. The plugs of these cocks
are constructed in a particular manner, so as to allow shutting by one stroke,
and opening by one stroke too, always suiting the influx of water to the require
ments of the work. The pipe S¹ unites the pipes H, H, that conduct. the
motive agent into the engine; each of these pipes has a clack valve Y, Y, which
open towards the pipe S.. When one of the generators is stopped & when the
blow-off cock is opened, the mixture acting with a great pressure escapes, and
carries away all that might have been collecting upon the plate M, such as the
sealings, which may fall off by expansion and cooling. The pressure of the
other apparatus working alone, will suffice to shut the communication clack
valve y, and keep it shut. The said clack valves may be worked also by
mechanical means. A pipe with cocks U, U, is for running out the water
contained between the cylinder E & the casing A when the apparatus is quite
stopped.
a
On Sheet 2, Figs. 1 & 2 represent separate parts of the cocks for regulating
the introduction of water into the apparatus. These cocks being fed by a
common pipe A, let the water into the pipes B, B¹, leading to the apparatus ;
the remaining water will escape through an exit pipe C. Each cock has. a
double plug, one D for opening or shutting, and the other E for regulating,
both plugs working in the seat c; the plug D being operated by the handle H,
and the plug E by the handle I. The water way is more or less opened by
the motion of the plug E, the top part of which being applied to the opening,
which is of triangular form, will allow the issuing of water by very small quan-
titics, and the regulating work will be pointed out to the operator by the index
J on the handle I, and pointing to the dial keyed on the plug D. By means
of these cocks, the proportions of the mixture may be varied at will by the
introduction of more or less water, or even by letting in no water at all, when
a sufficient quantity is supplied, either by the very nature of the fuel employed,
or by the water resulting from the combustion of its gases.
On Sheet 2, Fig. 3 is a section, & Fig. 4 a view, of the separating plate M.
A is a central binding piece, surrounding the orifice through which fuel is fed ;
to the said piece A all the parallel bars B, B, B, forming partition, are rivetted.
The two oblique rods c, c, are connected to the bars B, B, by the hooks D, D,
the kneed part of which rests on the pieces c, c. The said hooks are also

page_text: secured to the bars B, so as to follow their motions of expansion or of con-
traction without the hooks losing hold of the pieces c, c, or forcing against
them. The length of the hooks is then limited by the length and expansion
of each bar.
Having thus described the whole of my present improvements, as well as
the machinery for which I obtained Letters Patent, dated 5th January 1853,
& 15th December 1853, so as to show clearly the difference between the sub-
ject matters of these Patents, I wish it to be understood that what I claim
with reference to the present improvements as novel, and therefore being
secured to me by the herein-before recited Letters Patent is,―
First, the method of creating in a closed fire box instantaneously at each
stroke of the piston a motive mixture of the burnt gases resulting from the com-
bustion of solid, liquid, or gascous fuel, and of steam which is produced by the
direct contact of water with the flames, the gases and the parts of the furnace
that can be superheated, owing to a particular arrangement of these parts
allowing them to expand in all directions, substantially as above described.
Second, effecting the combustion by introducing at will air under the fire
box, for producing the gases, and above the fire for burning them by an
internal arrangement, which forces the air which is used above the fire to get
overheated around the sides of the fire box, and also regulating this admission
according to the nature of the fuel employed.
Third, the means described for admitting into the generators only the
quantity of water required and no more, and also for varying this quantity
according to the work of the engine, and for distributing the same on the over-
heated parts by which it is evaporated.
Fourth, applying the mixture of superheated gases and of steam, obtained
substantially as above described, either to motive purposes, by its elastic force,"
or to heating purposes, after it has acted as a motive power, or else immediately
after being generated.
In witness whereof, I, the said Jean Baptiste Pascal, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Fifteenth day of January, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-six.
J. B. PASCAL. (L.S.)

page_text: LONDON: Printed by GEORGE EDWARD EYE and WILLIAM SPOTTISWOODE
Printers to the Queen's most Excellent Majesty.1856