IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR CRUSHING, BREAKING, AND PULVERIZING HARD AND BRITTLE SUBSTANCES
Year: 1876

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Sarah Marsden, of Leeds, in the County of York, Widow
and Administratrix of the Estate of Henry Rowland Marsden, late of Leeds,
aforesaid, deceased, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR
APPARATUS FOR CRUSHING, BREAKING, AND PULVERIZING HARD AND BRITTLE
SUBSTANCES." A communication from Henry Rowland Marsden, of Leeds,
aforesaid.
Sealed the 28th July 1876, and dated the 7th June 1876.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Sarah Marsden at the Office
of the Cominissioners of Patents on the 7th June 1876.
SARAH MARSDEN, of Leeds, in the County of York, Widow and Administratrix
of the Estate of Henry Rowland Marsden, late of Leeds, aforesaid, deceased.
"IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR CRUSHING, BREAKING, AND
PULVERIZING HARD AND BRITTLE SUBSTANCES." A communication from Ifenry
Rowland Marsden, of Leeds, aforesaid.
This Invention relates, first, to that description of apparatus in which the stones
or other hard and brittle substances to be broken or reduced are operated upon
between a stationary jaw and a moveable jaw, or between two moveable jaws,
and which apparatus are generally known as Blake's stone breaking machines,
and it has for its object reducing the stones (for example) to a form approximating
more nearly to that of a perfect cube than is attainable with the apparatus as
heretofore constructed.
In carrying out this part of the Invention as applied (for example) to a machine
having a moveable jaw and a stationary jaw, the moveable jaw is constructed in
the following manner:-The face is provided with teeth or corrugations of any
suitable shape and pitch and extending straight from the top to any required distance
below which the teeth or corrugations, which may be either of the same or smaller
pitch as the upper ones, are diverted laterally, as has previously been proposed, but ac-
cording to the present Invention in lieu of making the front face of the teeth of a con-
tinuous contour from the top of the jaw to the bottom thereof, the lower or diverted
teeth recede, that is to say, the teeth are so arranged that the face of the upper teetli
projects to some extent beyond the face of the lower or diverted teeth. The stationary
jaw is provided with upper teeth and lower diverted teeth in a similar manner,
but the teeth are arranged by preference so that the face of the teeth is straight
[Price Gd.]

page_text: or forms a continuous contour from the top to the bottom, or the stationary jaw
may be made of a counterpart form to the moveable jaw, or otherwise, the object
being to cause the stone under operation, after it has been first broken by the
upper teeth on reaching the top of the lower or diverted teeth, to roll or turn over
by reason of the sudden change or recession in the plane of the face of the teeth
from the upper and lower sets of the teeth of the moveable jaw projecting the one
beyond the other, whereby the stone are reduced to a more perfect cuboidal form
in lieu of to a semi-elongated form, as is frequently the case when operated upon in
the apparatus as previously constructed. It is obvious that the converse of this
arrangement may be adopted, the stationary jaw being made of the shape herein-
before described with reference to the moveable jaw, and rice versa. It is proposed
to make the working faces of the jaws renewable, and also reversible froin top to
bottom and back to front, also to make the face in two parts, the one carrying the
upper teeth and the other the lower teeth, and to secure the two parts together at
their meeting point by means of a wedge extending throughout the width of the
jaw and by bolts and nuts, the jaw stock or frame being made of a suitably dovetail
recessed form for their reception. A flat surface level with the point of the teeth
may be formed transversely on a portion of the jaw face, the teeth merging there-
into either from above or below, or both above and below, as required.
The Invention relates, secondly, to machinery for crushing or reducing stones
and other hard and brittle substances to a fine state of division, and it consists in
the employment of two discs, the one rotating and the other stationary, between
which the substances under treatment are to be operated upon. The discs are
to be provided with teeth or projections arranged by preference in radial sets
either all of the same dimensions or otherwise over the whole or any required
portion of the face of the discs, and which forms the acting or reducing surfaces.
The rotating disc is mounted in a suitable frame or casing on a shaft or axis, by
preference arranged horizontally, and provided with driving pulleys and gear so as
to enable the disc to be driven alternately in opposite directions in order to equalise
the wear of the teeth. The stationary disc is fitted in the frame in such a manner
as to admit of its position relatively to the rotating disc being adjusted to suit
the degree of division to which the substances are to be reduced. One or both
of the discs is or are made slightly dished or concave for the reception of the
substances to be operated upon, and which are fed thereinto from a hopper through
an aperture in the centre of the stationary disc. The teeth of the disc are made of
hard or chilled cast iron by preparing a metal plate or mould to the shape of the
counterpart of the disc with its teeth to be produced, and first pouring in white
iron in a molten condition to a sufficient height to form the teeth, and then filling
the mould with hematite or other suitable iron in one continuous operation,
whereby great durability of the wearing surfaces of the disc is obtained. It is
obvious that the jaw faces of the apparatus first herein-before described may be
cast in a similar manner if desired.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said Sarah Marsden in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 5th December
1876.
SARAH MARSDEN, of Leeds, in the County of York, Widow and Administratrix
of the Estate of Henry Rowland Marsden, late of Leeds, aforesaid, deceased.
"IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR CRUSHING, BREAKING, and
PULVERIZING HARD AND BRITTLE SUBSTANCES." A communication from Henry
Rowland Marsden, of Leeds, aforesaid.
The said Invention relates, first, to that description of apparatus in which the
stones or other hard and brittle substances to be broken or reduced are operated
upon between a stationary jaw and a moveable jaw, or between two moveable jaws,

page_text: and which apparatus are generally known as Blake's stone breaking machines, and
it has for its chief object reducing the stones (for example) to a form approximating
inore nearly to that of a perfect cube than is attainable with the apparatus as
heretofore constructed. A further object of this part of the Invention is to facilitate
the fitting of the jaws and to dispense with the white metal joint ordinarily
required.
The said Invention relates, secondly, to machinery for crushing or reducing stones
and other hard and brittle substances to a fine state of division, and it has for its
object obtaining simplicity of construction in the apparatus, combined with
durability in the crushing surfaces as well as efficiency in their operation.
And in order that the said Invention may be fully understood, I shall now proceed
more particularly to describe the same, and for that purpose shall refer to the
several Figures on the annexed Sheets of Drawings, the same letters of referenco
indicating corresponding parts in all the corresponding Figures.
The several Figures on Sheet 1 of the accompanying Drawings illustrate a modo
of carrying out the first part of the said Invention in order to effect the before-
mentioned objects, on which Sheet, Figure 1 represents a sectional elevation of a
complete machine, consisting of a stationary jaw and a moveable jaw with the
improvements which form the subject of this Invention applied thereto; Figure 2 a
section taken through the two jaws; Figure 3 a front elevation of the moveable
jaw; and Figures 4, 5, and 6, respectively front and back elevations and sectional
plan of the stationary jaw.
The several Figures on Sheet 2 of the accompanying Drawings illustrate a
machine constructed in accordance with the second part of the said Invention.
Figure 1 representing a sectional elevation of the machine; Figure 2 a corresponding
plan of the same, and Figures 3 and 4 transverse views showing the section of a
portion of the framing along the line 1, 2, Figure 1, and the respective faces of the
opposite crushing surfaces.
Referring to Sheet 1 of the Drawings, A, B, is the removeable working face of the
moveable jaw, and C is the jaw stock, D, E, is the removeable working face of the
stationary jaw, and F is the portion of the frame into which it is fitted.
According to this Invention in licu of making the longitudinal line of the teeth
straight or a continuous contour from the top of the jaw to the bottom thereof, a
recession is made in the plane of the teeth, as shewn at a, a, (Figure 2) so that the
longitudinal line of the portion of the toothed surface which is above the point a
(videlicet from a to b) projects to some extent beyond the longitudinal line of the por-
tion of the toothed surface which is below the point a (videlicet from a to c). By means
of this arrangement the stone under operation after it has been first broken by the
upper portions a, b, on reaching the top of the lower portion a, c, is caused to roll or
turn over by reason of the sudden change or recession in the plane of the face of
the teeth, whereby the stones are reduced to an approximately perfect cuboidal
form in lieu of to a semi-elongated form, as is frequently the case when operated
upon in the apparatus as previously constructed. In the Drawings both the
stationary jaw and the moveable jaw are shown as constructed with the recession a;
but either of them may be made straight or of a continuous contour from the top b
to the bottom c, the other only being formed with the recession a. The lines of
the points of the teeth end of the intervening furrows may be continued straight,
hat is to say, without any lateral break or divergance from the top b to the
1ottom c, but it is preferred to continue them straight from the top bas far as the
point a, only below which point the teeth are diverted laterally, that is to say, the
points d, d, of the upper portion (Figures 3 and 4) do not coincide with the points e,
, of the lower portion, this arrangement in conjunction with the recession at a
tending greatly to facilitate the operation of cubing. The teeth of the lower
portion although diverted may be constructed of the same pitch as those of the
upper portion, but it is preferred to construct them of smaller pitch, as shewn in the
Drawing. The mode of arranging the teeth of the lower portion of the opposite
jaws may be varied, but the arrangement in the examplo illustrated has been found

page_text: convenient and efficient in practice. In this example the teeth of the lower portion
of the moveable jaw are continued uniform from the point a to the bottom c, with
the exception that a transverse flat surface is provided at a whilst those of the
lower portion of the stationary jaw are similar at the parts e and c, but their points
and furrows are again diverted at the intermediate portion f. In the upper portions,
moreover, the points of the teeth of one jaw are arranged opposite the furrows
of the other jaw, whilst at the extremity of the lower portions the points of the
teeth of one jaw are arranged opposite the points of the teeth of the other jaw.
The working faces of the jaws are made renewable, and they may also be made
reversible from top to bottom, and from back to front, so as to obtain four successive
wearing surfaces. In the example shewn in the Drawings the removeable working
faces are made reversible from top to bottom only in the following manner:-The
working faces are constructed in two main parts, as shewn, A, B, being those of
the moveable, and D, E, those of the stationary jaw, the upper parts A. and D
respectively, of which terminate at their lower ends at the point of recession of the
plane of the face of the teeth, so that each part of either jaw may be reversed
separately. The lips g, h, of the jaw stock Care slightly undercut, and a wedge
piece G is employed for securing the two parts A, B, in position, by the act of
tightening which wedge piece by the aid of bolts and nuts i, i, the two parts are
forced outwards into and maintained in their place, a tongue and recess at g', ',
(Figure 3) serving to prevent any lateral movement. In fitting the working face A,
B, to the jaw stock C, if the usual white metal joint is not employed, it is requisito
that the front surface of the jaw stock, and the back surface of the working face A,
B, should be planed true and smooth, but as it is also indispensable that the working
face be made of a very hard material, it has hitherto been found impracticable to
dispense with the joint of white metal.
According to this Invention the required object is effected in the following
manner A metal plate or mould is first prepared to the shape of the counterpart
of the jaw face to be produced, and white iron (that is to say, the hardest mixture
of metal practicable) in a molten condition is then poured in to a sufficient height
to form the toothed portion of the face, after which the mould is filled with hematite
or other suitable iron in one continuous operation. By these means the requisite
hard resisting surface is obtained at the toothed portion of the face, whilst the back
is sufficiently soft to admit of its being planed. The working face D, E, of the
stationary jaw may also be fitted to the frame F in a similar manner when
practicable; but it is preferred to employ the arrangement described in the Speci-
fication to Letters Patent granted to the late Henry Rowland Marsden, dated the
Fourth June One thousand eight hundred and seventy-four, No. 1937. In this case
the parts D, E, which are cast of hard metal have wrought iron or other suitable soft
metal bars or strips 6, 7, cast at their back by placing the bars in a mould and pouring
in the metal around them so as to form a surface sufficiently soft to be capable of
being planed. And as it is requisite that the abutting surface of the frame should
also be true and smooth, and it is found to be inconvenient to plane the front surface
of the frame itself, a soft intervening cast-iron plate H is employed, which is planed
to adapt it to the bars 1, 6, and then inserted in the frame F and retained by lips
or projections, the parts D, E, being maintained in position by means of projections
and recesses at with which the plate II and the parts D, E, are respectively
provided, after which the whole is secured by wedges in the usual manner.
The second part of the Invention, which relates to machinery for crushing or
reducing stones and other hard and brittle substances to a fine state of division, is
illustrated by Figures 1, 2, 3, and 4, on Sheet 2, of the accompanying Drawings,
which I shall now proceed to describe.
A, B, are two discs, the one A being a rotatory disc, and the other B a stationary
disc, between which the substances under treatinent are to be operated upon.
These discs are fitted with renewable faces A', B', provided with teeth or pro-
jections a, b, respectively, and which form their acting or reducing surfaces, such
teeth or projections being arranged in radial sets, either of varying sizes, as shewn,

page_text: or all of equal dimensions, if preferred, and either at intervals over the whole
surface of the faces, as represented in the Drawing, or over any required portion
thereof.
The rotating disc A is mounted on a shaft C, which is supported in bearings c, c,
in the main frame D, and receives motion through the intervention of bevel wheels
E, E, or E, E, from the main shaft F, on which the fast and loose pulleys G, G¹,
are carried. The bevel wheels E, E, are fitted loose upon the shaft C, and aro
alternately caused to revolve therewith by the double clutch H being brought by
the aid of the lever d into gear with the one and the other in succession.
The shaft C, and consequently the disc A which it carries, is thus first driven any
required number of revolutions in one direction, and the direction of its motion is
then reversed by the act of moving the clutch EI, and it is driven any required
number of revolutions in the other direction, and so on in succession, the disc being
driven alternately in opposite directions in order to equalize the wear of the teetli.
The stationary disc B is attached to the frame D by means of screw studs e, e, or
otherwise, in such a manner as to admit of its position relatively to the rotating
disc A, being adjusted to suit the degree of division to which the substances are to
he reduced. One of the discs (the stationary one B in the example shewn in the
Drawings) is made slightly dished or concave, as shewn at f, for the reception of the
substances to be operated upon, and which are fed thereinto from a hopper I
through an aperture g in the centre of the stationary disc B. Both discs may,
however, be made dished or concave at the centre if desired.
The substances to be operated upon, introduced to the centre of the discs in the
manner herein-before described, become crushed or reduced to a fine state of division
by the operation of the teeth of the disc A revolving past the teeth of the stationary
disc B with such substances interposed, and the material so reduced is discharged
through a shoot into any suitable receptacle, or conveyed away as may be required.
A casing K forming one with the shoot is provided to inclose the two discs and
intercept any material which may be driven off by the centrifugal action and
conduct it into the shoot h.
The renewable acting portions A¹, B¹, of the discs are constructed in a similar
manner to the jaw faces herein-before described with reference to the first part of
the Invention, that is to say, their front and back faces are cast of metal of different
degrees of hardness so as to provide great durability in the toothed surface, and at
the same time admit of the back being planed in order to fit it to the disc.
This method of constructing the acting portions is also applicable to breaking
and reducing apparatus other than those herein-before described.
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of the said In-
vention, and the manner in which the same is or may be used or carried into effect,
I would observe in conclusion that what I consider to be novel and original, and
therefore claim as the Invention secured to me for improvements in machinery or
apparatus for breaking or reducing stones and other hard and brittle substances by
the herein-before in part recited Letters Patent is-
First. A jaw in which the toothed surface is constructed with a recession so
that the plane of the face of one portion of the length of such surface projects
beyond the plane of the face of another portion of the length of such surface,
substantially as and for the purposes herein-before described.
Secondly. Constructing the toothed surfaces of jaws in such a manner that the
plane of the face of the upper portion of the length of such surface shall project
beyond the plane of the face of the lower portion of the length of such surface, and
that the lines of the points and furrows of the teeth of the lower portion shall be
diverted laterally from the lines of the points and furrows of the teeth of the upper
portion, substantially as and for the purposes herein-before described,
Thirdly. A jaw in which the upper and lower portions of the toothed surface
have their teeth of a different pitch and in different vertical planes, both in the
transverse line of the face of the teeth and at right angles thereto, substantially as
and for the purposes herein-before described.

page_text: Fourthly, Constructing the renewable working faces of jaws, in which the teeth
of the upper and lower portions are in different planes in two or more parts, and
fitting and securing them to the jaw stock or frame in such a manner as to enable
them to be reversed or renewed separately when worn, substantially as herein-
before described.
Fifthly. Constructing the acting portions of breaking and reducing apparatus
when the same are to be removably fitted to or contained in a stock or frame with
their front and back faces cast of metal of different degrees of hardness, substantially
as and for the purposes herein-before described.
Sixthly. The application and use to and in the crushing or reducing of stones and
other hard and brittle substances of radially toothed rotating discs and stationary
discs fitted opposite cach other, between which the substances to be crushed or
reduced are operated upon, such discs being arranged and combined together, and with
accessory parts of the apparatus, substantially in the manner and for the purposes
lerein-before described and as illustrated by the accompanying Drawings.
In witness whereof, I, the said Sarah Marsden, have to this my Specification
set my hand and seal, the Twenty-fourth day of November, One thousand
eight hundred and seventy-six.
SARAH MARSDEN. (L.S.)