CERTAIN IMPROVE- MENTS IN PROPELLING OR MOVING VESSELS AND OTHER FLOATING BODIES ON WATER, AND CARRIAGES ON LAND, WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE APPLICABLE TO WINDMILL AND OTHER PURPOSES
Year: 1836

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, DAVID NUNES
CARVALHO, of Fleet Street, in the City of London, Bookseller, send greeting.
WHEREAS His present most Excellent Majesty King William the Fourth,
by His Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at
Westminster, the Third day of December, in the seventh year of His reign,
did, for Himself, His heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said
David Nunes Carvalho, His especial licence, full power, sole privilege and
authority, that I, the said David Nunes Carvalho, my exors, admors, and
assigns, or such others as I, the said David Nunes Carvalho, my exors,
admors, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time
to time and at all times during the term of years therein expressed, should
and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales,
and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, the Invention of "CERTAIN IMPROVE-
MENTS IN PROPELLING OR MOVING VESSELS AND OTHER FLOATING BODIES ON WATER,
AND CARRIAGES ON LAND, WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE APPLICABLE TO WINDMILL
AND OTHER PURPOSES," communicated to me by a certain foreigner residing
abroad; in which said Letters Patent is contained a proviso that I, the said
David Nunes Carvalho, shall cause a particular description of the nature of
the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be
inrolled in His said Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said in part recited Letters
Patent, as in and by the same, reference being thereunto had, will more fully
and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
David Nunes Carvalho, do hereby declare the nature of the Invention, as
communicated to me from abroad, is fully described and ascertained in and
by the following description thereof, reference being had to the Drawing

page_text: hereunto annexed, and to the figures and letters marked thereon, that is
to say:-
The Invention consists therein, that the power of the current of the air or
of the water is applied in such a manner that nearly its full force or vehe-
mence will be efficacious to turn a plain horizontally round a vertical axis.
Two different principles may be made use of to attain the same aim, but the
best is to unite them together. The following explanation will give a clear
idea of it (Figure 1) A, B, is a vertical axle-tree, and thereon are affixed
the sails a, b, c, d, a', b', c', d', by means of the bars A, a, A, a', d, e, d', e.
The sails are made in the following manner: the part a, b, f, g, h, is made
prismatically, and fixed on the bars a, d, b, c, and a', d', b', c¹; on the lower
corner g, h, g, h, of this prism hangs an inflexible sheet g, h, i, k, g', h³, i¹, k³,
being a little larger than the space g, k, g', k'. From k, i, k', ', downwards
is another prism similar to the before mentioned, and so on alternately a
prism and a sheet. The two opposite wings or sails a, b, c, d, a', b', c',d', are
in such a reciprocal position that when the vertical plane a, b, g, h, of the
prism is to be seen on the left hand, then the prism on the right hand will shew
the edges f, l', or vice versa. Now suppose a current of the air meets these
wings or sails in a perpendicular direction, then this current will have a
greater power on the plain a, b, g, k, than on the edge a', b', f', l, h³, g',
consequently it will produce a revolving motion in the direction of the current
on the left hand. The same effect will be produced by means of the inflexible
sheets or valves g, h, i, k, and g', h', i, k¹; the current opening the valve
g, h', ', k', on the right hand will of course pass through this opening, but
not being able to open the valve g, h, i, k, on the left hand, as it is larger
than the opening, will produce also a revolving movement in the direction of
the current on the left hand. The same revolving movement will be produced
by a current in the opposite direction to the before mentioned, that is to say,
from the back of the Figure. The revolving movement before explained will
take place during the whole time of the current, but only in the case where
there are more than two opposite sails.
=m; the
Here follows the algebraical formula, for the purpose of enabling
everybody understanding it to calculate the power of such arrangement
in all and every case. Let A, aa, feet; a, b, =b feet; b, g, = c feet,
the distance from the point f to the line b, g = d feet (by supposing
b, f, g, f); g, k, e feet; the number of prisms applied
number of the valves = n; the number of miles the current of
the wind runs through in one hour = 7; and it is nearly 121.96 (2 + h)
+n, e,] the number of pounds (lbs.) for the current of the air, and
4 + n. e.] the number of nounds for the current of
L4d' + c.*
242.9b (2a + b) [4. m. c d
150,000

page_text: 126 242
the water. This is to be understood when arranged in such a manner that
one part will not hinder the current to have an influence on the other part. It
is to be remarked, that the power will be increased when the part a', l', h¹, is
made pyramidical or spherical, but it is so trifling that it is hardly worth
noticing; and also, that the application of curved surfaces instead of the plains
will require more material for the same power. The number 150,000 375
in the above formula is grounded on experiments made by means of an
annemometer by a renowned professor of natural philosophy, who found
the power of the wind in one square foot =0,003 lbs. when the velocity is
one foot per second. Now this force, deduced from the above demonstrated
principles, may be applied in the following manner for propelling vessels on
water and vehicles on land in all and in every direction, from whatever quarter
the current may blow. On the verticle axle-tree or mast A, B, is a crown
wheel C, D, whose cogs catching the pinion of the horizontal axle-tree E, F,
will cause it to revolve. If for vessels on water on E, F, may be affixed paddle
wheels, but for vehicles on land will be affixed carriage wheels, and a loco-
motive movement will take place, the direction of which of course is depending
on known arrangements. It must be observed, that the velocity may be
increased by losing power in applying other wheels between the crown
wheels C, D, and the axle-tree E, F, as circumstances may require it. In a
similar manner is the current of the air to be applied for windmills and other
machines; the current of the water may also be applied in the same manner
for watermills when the sails a, b, c, d, and a', b', c', d', &c., are exposed to the
influence of the current.
In witness whereof, I, the said David Nunes Carvalho, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Thirty-first day of May, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and thirty-seven.
DAVID (L.S.) NUNES CARVALHO