Improvements in and relating to Automatic Calculators, applicable to Type-setting Machines, Typewriters, and the like.
Year: 1897

page_text: Date of Application, 21st Oct., 1897
Complete Specification Left, 21st July, 1803-Accepted, 10th Sept., 1898
TRUVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in and relating to Automatic Calculators, applicable to
Type-setting Machines, Typewriters, and the like.
We, GEORGE SANDEMAN, Journalist, of Colinton, and GEORGE MACKENZIE BROWN,
of 49, Melville Street, Edinburgh, Publisher, both in the County of Midlothian
do hereby declare the nature of our invention to be as follows:-
دو
This invention has reference to a new mechanism adapted to be used in type-
setting machines, typewriters, and the like and is especially designed as an improve-
ment on the Lanston monotype machine. This mechanism is called the automatic
calculator; its purpose is to divide automatically the " copy into lines of any
given length, and automatically to space out the words in each line so as to fill the
given length of the line and automatically to make the spaces between the words
of equal width. The calculator effects this while the operator proceeds, as if setting
or writing an endless line, and paying no attention whatever to lines or spaces.
The Lanston monotype machine consists of two parts, one of which prepares a
record of the copy by punching holes in a continuous paper band, the other part
sets or casts type being controlled by the holes punched in the paper band. The
following improvements refer directly only to that part of the Lanston monotype
which prepares the record, and not to that part which takes up the record and sets
type from it. The part to which this invention refers, which resembles a type-
writer, punches, for each letter, two holes in the band. The machine is provided
with a registering scale, from which the operator reads the amount of the line
which he has filled at any moment. As soon as he is aware that the line will not
contain another word or syllable, or judges that although another syllable might
be put in, it would not be advisable to insert it, he closes the line, and reads off
from the registering scale which of the "space keys" he has to depress, in order
that the spaces between the words for which holes have already been punched, may
be so increased from the minimum by additional interword space that the words
recorded, together with the spaces, may approximately or exactly fill a line of the
length which has been chosen. Thus certain holes are punched at the end of the
line, determining the necessary additional width of the spaces in that line. The
type-casting machine is controlled by the record which is fed into it backwards;
and by this means, before it proceeds to cast the line, it adjusts its space-casting
mechanism for the width of space required between the words in that line.
The improvements herein described are designed to greatly increase the rapidity
of such a machine; for the operator needs only to set the machine for the required
length of line and may then record his copy as if the line were to be endless unless
he has special reasons for interfering with the spacing of the words or with the
divisions of the copy into lines. The machine, as herein described, will automatic-
ally and without hindering the operator, divide the copy into lines of the required
length, and will also automatically punch a record of the necessary width of the
spaces between the words. While it is doing so, the operator may proceed at his
utmost speed.
'Unless the operator specially and designedly interferes with the action of this

page_text: machine, the machine will never divide a word; it will always end a line with a
whole word or with a word in combination with a punctuation mark or other
"sort" which should not be separated from that word; and will always begin a line
with a whole word, or a whole word preceded by a quotation mark, parenthesis, or the
like. At any time the operator may, with the machine herein described, divide
words as easily as he can do with the Lanston machine. In those rare cases where
there are in a line abnormally few spaces and abnormally long words, it might
be advisable for him to do so; but as a rule he would find it better to let such cases
take their chance, allowing the machine perfect automatic freedom, and correcting
any such cases in type.
Another and independent improvements consists in the fact that the machine
herein described admits of punching the "additional interword space" widths for
the line, at the beginning, instead of at the end of that line. This admits of pass-
ing the paper band into the type-casting machine forwards insteads of backwards;
and therefore it is not necessary to finish the copy on the manual machine before
it can begin to be used in the casting machine; the two operations may go on
simultaneously.
2366
We shall describe the automatic calculator in a simple form. The machine
resembles a typewriter in external appearance. It has keys for all the letters,
punctuation marks and other "sorts of type which may be required, and it has
besides three other keys, named space, constant space" and " new line"
respectively. The stem of each key is fixed in the vertical position to a horizontal
rod, which runs from the base of the stem to its bearing at or towards the back
of the machine. All these rods are in a horizontal and parallel series. A short
distance above these key-rods there are transverse horizontal bars, and each trans-
verse bar is carried, at each end, by an oblique arm, which in its turn is carried
on the side frame of the machine. The transverse bar is so adjusted as to be capable
of being slightly depressed from its normal position. There is a transverse bar for
each width in the whole series of letters; that is to say, if there are thirty different
widths in the letters and spaces used, then there are thirty of these bars. By a
modification of this mechanism, their number may be reduced. These are called
the width-bars, and they are connected with ratchets or other mechanism to record
the width. There is also a bar for each of the "letter-punches" and there is lastly
a transverse bar called the " primary bar." Every letter-key and space key
works the transverse bars of one or more punches and of one width. Every key-
rod is provided on its upper surface with hooks, and each of these hooks engages
a transverse bar. The rod of every key is hooked over the bars corresponding to
its one or more punches and over the bar corresponding to the width of the letter
or space which that key represents. To depress a key, therefore is to work one or
more punches, and to record a width. Every letter-key and space-key also works
the primary bar, and the depressions of this bar moves the primary rollers. In
reference to the space-key and constant space-key, the former is for recording such
spaces as may be enlarged to justify the line (that is, the ordinary spaces between
words) and the latter is for such spaces as may be required to be of a definite width
as the space indenting a paragraph or the like. The paper band enters the machine
from a store roller; passes over the "service roller;" and thence it goes between
the "primary rollers." It then runs over a table (the primary table) than falls
over a small roller (drop roller) and making a dependent loop, ascends again over
another drop roller, and moves on over a secondary table, and finally passes out
between the upper and lower pulling rollers. In the dependent loop there is
placed a somewhat heavy free roller, which is a cylinder lying in the loop and
having no bearings, but having a flange at each side to keep it in the loop. The
paper band is moved entirely by the pulling rollers or the free roller. At the
primary rollers its motion is regulated by an escapement wheel at the side of one
of those rollers, and this wheel is engaged by an escapement operated by the
primary bar. This escapement is such as to allow the paper band to move a short
distance every time that a key is raised from its depression.

page_text: The letter punches are carried on the front frame of the machine above holes in
the primary table, each consists of a stem and a short head. The stem is connected
by a light rod with the transverse bar which depresses that punch so as to punch
a hole in the band. The punch is raised after it has been depressed, by a light
spring. This mechanism may be modified so that the punches may be set in a
frame and may be depressed by hammers. At the side of the primary table there
is a slide, or a rail with a flange on each side, and in this slide there runs a slide
rod. This rod is pressed on to the end of one of the primary rollers by a small
wheel (the presser) carried at the end of a lever, which is permanently pressed down
by a spring. Consequently the slide rod moves with the primary rollers, and at
the same speed; and its head preserves, for a time, a constant relation to any spot
on the paper band as the latter travels. The head is a short vertical bar, moving
over a series of "new-line-punches" which are set in a frame over the primary
table. These punches are exactly at that distance from one another which the
paper moves at every operation on the manual; the first of these punches is in line
with the letter-punches, and the last is at the end of the primary table, though these
positions may be modified.
The new-line-hammer is carried on the front frame of the machine near the top,
and above the new-line-punches, when this hammer falls, it strikes the head of the
slide rod, and consequently any new-line-punch over which that happens at the
moment to be. The head of this hammer is as long as the line of new-line-punches.
The presser is released whenever the space-key is depressed, and the slide rod is
pulled back by a spring until its head is opposite to the letter-punches. The
slide-rod is therefore always over that new-line-punch which is opposite to that
hole on the band which was last punched by the space-punch; and so, when the
new-line-hammer falls, it will punch the new-line-hole opposite to the last space
between words.
As soon as a line begins to be recorded, the new-line-hammer is gradually raised,
by means of a lever on the new-line-shaft, which turns round gradually as the record-
ing of the line advances. When the new-line-shaft comes back to its original
position, the weight of this and other hammers brings them down on punches.
This shaft is placed across the machine, and runs right across from one side to the.
other.
The mechanism provides special adjustments to ensure that the movements of
all combinations of heads and hammers are so regulated that the former are always
in their right position before the latter fall.
After the paper has gone through the drop and round the free roller, it comes
on to the secondary table. The upper and lower pulling rollers are pulling on it,
being mechanically driven, until they are stopped by a mechanical action
occasioned by the fall of a catch through a new-line-hole. When this occurs,
the paper rests until the "additional space" has been punched.
Opposite to the point of the "catch" there are one or more transverse rows of
punches called the additional-space-punches with corresponding holes in the table.
These are set in a frame, and their points are just clear of the paper. The space-
hammer is carried on the inside of the front frame of the machine. It is raised
and released by the turning of the new-line-shaft. When this hammer falls it
comes down over the row or rows of additional-space-punches, and depresses any
punch or punches over which there may happen to be at the moment a space-head,
and thus records the additional space required for the line. When the new-line-
shaft again begins to turn, the hammer is raised, and, in rising, it lifts the catch
out of the paper, and releases the pulling rollers, then drops the point of the catch
on to the paper again.
The space heads which come between the space-hammer and the space-punches,
are carried on long arms which are horizontally placed over the primary table, and
carried at the head of a vertical bearing, which is fixed to the front frame of the
machine. As the new-line-shaft revolves, it draws these arms so as to move the
space-heads clear of the space-punches. But when the shaft returns to its normal
"

page_text: position, these space arms are released, and a spring or springs draw them in the
opposite direction as far as they will go. The distance to which the arms and
therefore the heads can return, depends on the position of graduated discs. Each
space-arm bears a spur, and this spur comes against the edge of the graduated disc
opposite to it, and is there stopped.
The "barrel" is a cylinder which has, partly or wholly, a grooved surface. The
barrel or similar device, is caused or allowed to revolve by the width-bars acting
on ratchets or otherwise, for an amount representing the width of each letter or
space struck on the manual.
There are two engaging wheels, so called because they engage the barrel. They
have cogs, grooves, or friction surfaces, by which they engage the barrel. The
right engaging wheel has on its left side, and the left wheel has
on its right side, a snail that is a piece of metal concentric with
the wheel, but bounded by a line of ever increasing radius. The edge of the
snail thus consists of a curved portion and of a straight portion, the latter being
radially disposed. Each wheel and snail is carried in an engaging-wheel-frame
which is supported in such a manner, that the frame can be slightly drawn away
from the barrel, so that the wheel may cease to engage the barrel. A spring.
permanently presses the frame towards the barrel, and the frame is drawn away
by the disengaging pin. The latter is drawn away from the barrel by the action
of the inter-word-space-shaft which revolves slightly every time the space key is
depressed. This shaft is below the new-line-shaft, and is somewhat similar to it.
The disengaging pin may be drawn from side to side, so as to catch the operate on
one or other of the wheel frames alternately. This alternation is secured by the
alternating shaft. The latter is horizontal, and lies from the front to the back
of the machine and at the height of the new-line-shaft. Every time the
new-line-shaft returns to its normal position it drives the alternating
shaft round always in the same direction. At other times the alternating
shaft is at rest. The two shafts are connected by bevelled cogs in such a manner
that the amount which the new-line-shaft moves makes the alternating shaft move
one half revolution. The bevelled cog wheel on the new-line-shaft is not fixed to
the shaft, but is driven in one direction only by a ratchet drum. There is a crank
in the alternating shaft, and a light flexible rod goes from this crank to the head
of the disengaging pin, so that when the shaft revolves one half, the pin moves
from one wheel frame to the other.
Each engaging wheel supplied with a spring which, when the wheel is dis-
engaged from the barrel, brings the wheel back to its normal position. This is
arrived at in the following manner. A pin in the side of the wheel near its edge,
called the stop-pin, catches against a bar called the line-length-stop, which is
carried on bearings in the frame of the machine. Various methods may be adopted
for fixing the normal position of the wheels, as for instance, the stop-pin may be
inserted into any one of holes at varying distances near the circumference of the
wheels, or the line-length-stop may be moved to various positions by a handle out-
side the machine. To this normal position, as above said, each wheel is returned
by its spring whenever it is disengaged from the barrel; that is, at every space
between words.
A long lever is carried on a cylinder through which a stout bar passes, at the
back of the machine. The cylinder is called the shoulder and the bar is called
.the lever-slide. The lever arm passes towards the front of the machine from the
shoulder; and the under surface of the arm projects in a spur which rides upon the
snail of one of the engaging wheels. When the engaging wheel has travelled so
far round that the spur is brought to the highest point of the snail's edge, the next
movement of the wheel allows the spur to drop to the lowest point of the snail's
edge. The lever-shoulder is capable of a lateral movement along the lever slide,
and the shoulder is connected with a crank in the alternating shaft, in such a
manner that when the disengaging pin is working on the frame of one wheel,
the lever spur is on the snail of the other wheel, and vice versa. As soon as the

page_text: lever arm has been raised some distance by the snail, the end of the arm comes in
contact with the lift, which is a pair of arms fixed to the new-line-shaft, with a
bridge between them. Therefore, the lever arm makes the new-line-shaft to revolve
in proportion as the lift is raised. But when the spur falls to the lowest point on
the snail's edge, the lift falls also, and the new-line-shaft returns to its normal
position. The return of the new-line-shaft turns the alternating shaft, and brings
the lever on to the other snail which has already been moved round a certain dis-
tance, in recording the word, if any, in the middle of which the end of the line
comes. This word is therefore counted into the next line.
The inter-word-space between lines is recorded as to its width on the barrel;
yet it does not go into any line. It is not counted on the engaging wheel. The
new-line-shaft is provided with a wheel on which is wound a cord. The cord passes
through the front frame of the machine over a pulley, and moves an indicator on
a scale. This serves to show the progress of the line, and in connection with this
a bell may be rung at any point in the line; so that the operator may, if he wishes,
divide a word at the end of a line. If he wishes to do this, he will merely record
the part of the word and a hyphen, and then press the space-key, and the machine
will begin a new line at that point.
One end of the barrel carries a bevelled cog wheel. This engages another cog
wheel which turns the calculator shaft. The latter runs forward to about the
middle of the machine. It is square in section, and carries a wheel with fine
cogs or a friction surface on its edge. This "sliding-wheel" is free to move along
the shaft; it must turn with it. Beneath the sliding-wheel is the " concentric
table." This is a metal disc, the upper surface of which is marked out into con-
centric circles at exactly equal distances from one another. The radius of each
circle must be a multiple of the radius of the inmost circle, and the radii are to one
another as 1, 2, 3, 4 and so on. Each circle is occupied by a rail which has cogs
or a friction surface on its upper edge. These rails are suited to engage the slid-
ing-wheel. The position of the sliding wheel on the shaft is determined by a
carriage which embraces it. The carriage moves on two horizontal and parallel
rods and is drawn towards the centre of the concentric table by springs round
these rods. These rods with the cross bars supporting then constitute the frame
for the sliding wheel. That end of the frame which is towards the front of the
machine is capable of being slightly raised by the return of the new-line-shaft to
its normal position, as well as by the movement of the inter-word-space-shaft, and
in such a manner that the sliding wheel ceases to engage the table. There are
two escapement bars on each side of the carriage of the sliding wheel, and one of
these is in each case a fixed bar, and the other is a moving bar. The two moving
bars move together, and they move with every depression of the space-key. The
rotation of the inter-word-space-shaft which takes place at each depression of the
space key, drives the moving escapement bars towards the back of the machine
for a distance equal to one tooth of these bars. As the space-key rises, the moving
bars return, but the carriage of the sliding wheel is kept in the position to which
the moving bars had taken it, by the fixed bars. When the sliding wheel does
not engage the concentric table, the latter is returned by the action of a spring to
its normal position, which is determined by a pin on the shaft of the table (vertical
shaft) coming in contact with a pin which is fixed in the frame of the machine.
The calculator arm projects from the new-line-shaft, and when this arm falls,
it has two effects. First, to drop a catch (the table catch) on the outer rim of the
table, so as to keep the latter rigidly at any point of its revolution in which it may
happen to be, and second, as has been said, it raises the sliding wheel off the table,
and it depresses all four escapement bars, so that the carriage of the sliding wheel
may come to the centre of the table.
The mechanism is so adjusted that the sliding wheel engages the inmost or first
rail while the second word of a line is being recorded; and engages the next or
second rail while the third word is being recorded, and engages the third rail
while the fourth word is being recorded, and so on, to the end of the line. By

page_text: a modification of the mechanism the engaging of the sliding wheel with a rail
need not take place until the new-line-shaft is considerably raised, that is to say,
until the recording of a line is somewhat advanced.
The graduated discs revolve with the table. The amount which that table, and
consequently the discs, have moved at the end of a line, and the consequent motion
of the spurs and heads of the space-arms, depends, on the one hand, on the revolution
of the sliding wheel, and, on the other hand, on the particular rail which the slid-
ing wheel happens to be engaging at that moment. Or in other words, it depends
on the one hand on the width of the broken word, if any, at the end of the line,
and on the other hand, on the number of inter-word spaces in that line. The
graduated dises are prepared so as to 'oppose to the spurs of the space arms a
graduated scale, the precise point of the graduated scale which the graduated
discs will present to the spurs at any moment being determined by the width of
broken word and by the number of inter-word-spaces as aforesaid.
"
In preparing these discs we proceed as follows;-A plate of metal is divided into
ten equal segments by radial lines and by ten concentric circles at equal distances
from one another, these lines and circles being drawn on its surface. The dis-
tance between these circles represents the distance which the spur of a space-arm
has to move in order to bring its space-head from one "additional-space-punch
to the next in line. Having marked these lines, the segments of the circles are cut
so that the first segment is bounded as to its circumference by the outer or first
circle, the next or second segment by the next or second circle, the third segment
by the third circle, and so on. Another plate of metal of the same size is marked
with similar circles and similar radial lines, in this case called principal radial
lines. In each of the segments produced by these circles and principal radial
lines, there are nine intermediate radial lines drawn, exactly dividing the segment
into ten equal segments, and these small segments, in every large segment, are
cut as follows. The first segment is bounded by the first circle, the second by the
second circle, and so on. The discs having thus been cut they are fixed to one
another in such a manner that the radial lines of the first disc coincide with the
principal radial lines of the second disc.
0
By this means the two edges in combination make a graduated scale. Other
discs may be added, or the two discs already described may be further subdivided
in order to obtain a more finely graduated scale. In this machine the one disc
presents a graduated scale representing tens of units of width; and the other disc
presents a graduated scale of units of width, the unit being such as may be required.
In cutting the discs any other radical than ten, as 3, 4 and 5 may be used accord-
ing to requirement, and in such a case each graduation on the one disc will repre-
sent 3, 4, or 5, units of width and each graduation on the other disc will represent
units of width.
If desired, the discs may be cut with graduated curves instead of with graduated
steps after the manner described in this machine, and this in such a way that the
curve in each segment shall be a helical curve passing through the points of the
graduated steps in each segment or the discs may be cut in other ways.
The graduated discs may be modified by many mechanical contrivances, as for
instance, the use of a cone turned in a series of graduated steps, or of the graduated
edge of a hollow cylinder, or in many other ways.
The working of the table and scale may be represented as follows. Let N equal
the amount of broken word at the end of a line, if any, and therefore the amount
of revolution of the sliding wheel, which is tending to cause the discs to revolve.
Then the amount of space to be divided among the interword-spaces will be repre-
sented by N/2, N/3 N/4 and so on, according to whether the sliding wheel is
engaging the second, or the third or the fourth rail respectively.
Should the end of a line come exactly at the end of a word, the graduated scale
will be in such a position that the spurs in combination with it, will be out of the
line of the additional-space-punches altogether, and no additional space will be
recorded for distribution between the words.

page_text: The machine, as described, is in the particular form adapted for punching
holes in a roll of paper which may be used to control a type-setting or type-cast-
ing machine. In this form, it is original in the following among other features.
In automatically calculating the amount of copy which can be recorded in a line
of given length.
In automatically justifying that amount of copy to the given length of line, by
striking the necessary "additional-space-punches.'
In automatically punching a new-line-hole, when all the copy which can go
into the given line is recorded; and in punching this new-line-hole opposite to the
last space hole in the line.
In automatically carrying over to a succeeding line, the whole word, or com-
bination of word and punctuation mark, where the whole word or combination
will not go into a line, though part of the word or combination may do so.
In the method of dividing the copy into paragraphs.
In punching the "additional-space" at the beginning of each line of the record.
The machine as described, may be modified to make it directly applicable to type-
setting or type-casting machines, without the necessity of punching a paper roll
which may afterwards control the setting or casting machine.
It may be modified so as to record the operations of the manual in many other
ways than by punching a paper roll, as for instance, by scraping a coating off a
metal surface, or by indenting a mould of some plastic substance, or by other
mechanical contrivance.
It may be modified by the use of a secondary paper roll or other record, to
justify any line with perfect mathematical accuracy.
It may be modified so as to repeat the punching of "additional-space" of a
line, opposite each space of that line.
It may be modified so as to be applicable to typewriters.
It may be modified so as to be applicable to any machine in which it is desirable
to automatically find the quotient when a given divisor and divident have been
recorded.
It may be modified so as to be used in combination with any shorthand manual
which may be applied to typesetting or typewriting machines.
Dated the 21st day of October 1897
W. R. M. THOMSON & Co.,
96, Buchanan Street, Glasgow, Agents.
Improvements in and relating to Automatic Calculators, applicable to
Type-setting Machines, Typewriters, and the like.
We, GEORGE SANDEMAN, of Colinton, Journalist, and GEORGE MACKENZIE BROWN
Publisher, of 49, Melville Street, Edinburgh, both in the County of Midlothian,
Scotland, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the
same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement:-
This invention has reference to a new mechanism adapted to be used in type-
setting machines, typewriters, and the like, and is especially designed as an
improvement on the Lanston monotype machine, as protected under Patents 73999,
and 1326797. This mechanism is called the automatic calculator; its purpose is
to divide automatically the "copy" into lines of any given length, and automatic-
ally to space out the words in each line, so as to fill the given length of the line,
and automatically to make the spaces between the words of equal width. The

page_text: calculator effects this while the operator proceeds as if setting or writing an endless
line, and paying no attention whatever to lines and spaces.
The Lanston monotype machine consists of two parts, one of which prepares a
record of the copy by punching holes in a continuous paper band; the other part
sets or casts type, being controlled by the holes in the paper band.
The
following improvements refer directly only to that part of the Lanston monotype
which prepares the record, and not to that part which takes up the record and sets
type from it. The part to which this invention refers, which resembles a type-
writer, punches for each letter two holes in the band. The machine is provided
with a registering scale from which the operator reads the amount of the line
which he has filled at any moment. As soon as he is aware that the line will not
contain another word or syllable, or judges that, although another syllable might
be put in, it would not be advisable to insert it, he closes the line, and reads off
from the registering scale which of the " space keys" he has to depress, in order
that the spaces between the words for which holes have already been punched, may
be so increased from the minimum by additional interword space, that the words
recorded, together with the spaces, may approximately or exactly fill a line of the
length which has been chosen. Thus, certain holes are punched at the end of the
line, determining the necessary additional width of the spaces in that line. The
type-casting machine is controlled by the record, which is fed into it backwards;
and by this means, before it proceeds to cast the line, it adjusts its space-casting
mechanism for the width of space required between the words in that line.
.
The improvements herein described are designed to greatly increase the rapidity
of such a machine; for the operator needs only to set the machine for the required
length of line, and may then record his copy as if the line were to be endless; unless
he has special reasons for interfering with the spacing of the words, or with the
division of the copy into lines. The machine, as herein described, will automatic-
ally, and without hindering the operator, divide the copy into lines of the required
length, and will also automatically punch a record of the necessary width of the
spaces between the words. While it is doing so, the operator may proceed at his
utmost speed.
Unless the operator specially and designedly interferes with the action of this
machine, the machine will never divide a word; it will always end a line with a
whole word, or with a word in combination with a punctuation mark, or other
"sort" which should not be separated from that word; and will always being a line
with a whole word, or a whole word preceded by a quotation mark, parenthesis, or the
like. At any time the operator may, with the machine herein described, divide
words as easily as he can do with the Lanston machine. In those rare cases where
there are, in a line, abnormally few spaces and abnormally long words, it might
be advisable for him to do so; but as a rule, he would find it better to let such cases
take their chance, allowing the machine perfect automatic freedom, and correcting
any such cases in type.
Another and independent improvement consists in the fact that the machine
herein described admits of punching the "additional interword space" widths for
the line, at the beginning, instead of at the end, of that line. This admits of pass-
ing the paper band into the type casting machine forwards, instead of backwards;
and therefore it is not necessary to finish the copy on the manual machine, before
it can begin to be used in the casting machine; the two operations may go on
simultaneously.
'
We shall describe the automatic calculator in a simple form, so far as it relates
to our invention, reference being made to the accompanying drawings, whereof:-
Fig. 1 is a plan view;
Figs. 2 and 3 are side elevations of different features; and
Figs. 4 and 5 are plan and edge views of a portion of the machine, detached.
The machine resembles a typewriter in external appearance. It has keys, A,
for all the letters, punctuation marks, and other "sorts" of type which may be
required, and it has, besides, three other keys, named
constant space,"
"6
space,
"

page_text: "
وو
and new line" respectively, not all of which are shown, as they do not relate,
with the exception of the space key, to the automatic operation of the machine
which forms the subject of this invention. The stem of each key is fixed, in the
vertical position to a horizontal rod or bar a, which runs from the base of the stem
to its bearing at or towards the back of the machine. All these rods are in a
horizontal and parallel series. A short distance above these key rods, there are
transverse horizontal bars a*, which are so carried and adjusted as to be capable
of being slightly depressed from their normal position. In connection with these
bars a*, are arranged the punches which correspond with the letters to be repro-
duced on the controller, provision being made for letters of different widths and
for spaces between the words. Every key-rod a is provided, on its upper surface,
with hooks, and each of these hooks engages a transverse bar (see Fig. 3). The
rod a of every key is hooked over the bars corresponding to its one or more punches,
and over the bar corresponding to the width of the letter or space which that key
represents. To depress a key, therefore, is to work one or more punches and to
record a width. Every letter key, and space-key also, works the primary bar, and
the depression of this bar moves the primary rollers of the paper-band feeding
mechanism in a manner not necessary to be here described. in reference to the
space-key and constant-space key, the former is for recording such spaces as may
be enlarged to justify the line (that is, the ordinary spaces between words), and
the latter, not shown in the drawings, is for such spaces as may be required to be
of a definite width, as the space indenting a paragraph or the like. The paper
band 1, enters the machine from a store roller, not shown; passes over the "service
roller X, and thence it goes around the "primary" roller Y. It then runs over a
table Y* (the primary table), then falls over a small roller y (drop roller), and mak-
ing a dependent loop, ascends again over another drop roller y¹, and moves on
over a secondary table Z, and finally passes out between the upper and lower pull-
ing rollers zz. In the dependent loop, there is placed a somewhat heavy free
roller Z*, which is a cylinder lying in the loop, and having no bearings, but having
a flange at each side to keep it in the loop. The paper band is moved entirely
by the pulling rollers z z or the free roller Z*. At the primary roller, its motion
is regulated in any well-known manner by an escapement which allows the paper
band to move a short distance every time that a key is raised from its depression.
The letter punches S are carried on the front frame of the machine, above
holes in the primary table Y*; each consists of a stem and a short head. The stem
is connected by a light rod with the transverse bar a*, which depresses that punch
so as to punch a hole in the band. The punch is raised, after it has been depressed,
by a light spring. This mechanism may be modified, so that the punches may
be set in a frame, and may be depressed by hammers. At the side of the primary
table, there is a slide V, and in this slide there runs a slide rod v. This rod is
pressed on to the end of one of the primary rollers Y by a small wheel u¹ (the
presser), carried at the end of a lever u, which is permanently pressed down by a
spring, not shown consequently, the slide rod v moves with the primary roller Y,
and at the same speed and its head 2 preserves for a time a constant relation to
any spot on the paper band 1, as the latter travels. The head is a short transverse
bar moving over a series of "new-line punches" t, which are set in a frame over
the primary table. These punches t are exactly at that distance from one another
which the paper moves at every operation on the manual; the first of these punches
is in line with the letter punches S, and the last is at the end of the primary table,
though these positions may be modified.
The new-line-hammer T is carried on the front frame of the machine, near the
top, and above the new-line-punches t; when this hammer falls, it strikes the
head of the slide rod v', and, consequently, any new-line-punch over which that
happens at the moment to be. The head of this hammer T is as long as the line
of new-line-punches. The presser is released whenever the space-key is depressed,
and the slide rod is pulled back by a spring, not shown, until its head is opposite
to the letter punches. The slide rod is therefore always over that new-line-punch
B

page_text: which is opposite to that hole on the band which was last punched by the inter-
word space punch; and so, when the new-line hammer falls, it will punch the new-
line hole opposite to the last space between words.
As soon as a line begins to be recorded, the new-line hammer is gradually raised,
and on the completion of a line, it is allowed to fall in a manner to be presently
described,
After the paper has gone through the drop and round the free roller, it comes
on to the secondary table. The upper and lower pulling rollers are pulling on it,
being mechanically driven until they are stopped by a mechanical action occasioned
by the fall of a catch o through a new-line hole (see Fig. 1). When this occurs, the
paper rests until the "additional-space" has been punched.
Opposite to the point of the "catch," there are one or more transverse rows of
punches p, called the additional-space-punches, with corresponding holes in the
table. These are set in a frame, and their points are just clear of the paper. The
space hammer P is carried on the inside of the front frame of the machine. It is
raised and released as hereinafter explained. When this hammer falls, it comes
down over the row or rows of additional space punches, and depresses any punch
or punches over which there may happen to be at the moment a space head Q,
and thus records the additional space required for the line. When the hammer
is again raised, it lifts the catch out of the paper, and releases the pulling -rollers;
then drops the point of the catch on to the paper again, where it rests until another
new-line hole is reached. The space heads Q which comes between the space-
hammer and the space punches, are carried on long arms q, which are horizontally
placed over the primary table, and carried at the head of a vertical bearing, which
is fixed to the front frame of the machine. These arms are so arranged as to move
the space heads away from the space-punches and to return them again when
required. The distance to which the arms q, and therefore the heads, can return,
depends on the position of graduated discs R. Each space-arm bears a spur q',
and this spur comes against the edge of the graduated discs opposite to it, and is
there stopped. The graduated discs are carried upon a vertical shaft R', which sup-
ports the calculator table which calculates the proper position for the discs, itself
being operated by an automatic line-closing device which forms the main feature
of this invention. Of this line closing device, and its mode of operation from the
key bars, the following is a description.
Beneath the key-bars a is arranged, according to our invention, a rocking frame B
fulcrummed at b. On the key bars a, and immediately over the front rail of the
frame B, are projections a¹. The length of these projections is proportioned to the
width of the the letters represented by the keys to which the bars are respectively
attached, so that the depression of the keys causes a depression or rocking of the
frame B, corresponding to the width or space required for the letter being used
In other words, the frame B is depressed differentially as the keys are depressed,
according to the letters or interword space selected.
To the back of the frame B is jointed a rod c connected to the tail of the bell-
crank lever C, fulcrummed to the machine framing in any convenient manner.
The lever C carries a pawl D, composed preferably of several members, which
engage with a ratchet drum e on the barrel E. The barrel E is provided with
trunnions turning in suitable bearings, and is capable of rotation under the impulse
of the pawl D, operated by the rocking of the lever C. The members of the
pawl are of slightly different lengths, so that one or other is always in operative
engagement with a tooth of the ratchet drum e, and an exceedingly accurate rotation
of the barrel E is thus provided for.
It will thus be seen, that on the depression of a key, the frame B is rocked to
a greater or less extent according to the length of the projections a¹, and the
barrel is correspondingly rotated through the agency of the rod c, lever C,
pawl D, and ratchet drum e.
The barrel E is provided with surface teeth for engaging with the periphery of
a pair of wheels F, F¹. These engaging wheels have also circumferential surface

page_text: teeth, by which they engage the barrel, and are rotated thereby. The engaging
wheels F, F, which are of the same diameter, and are arranged concentrically, are
mounted in separate frames G, G¹, and are furnished at their sides with snails f f¹,
that is, pieces of metal bounded in one direction by a curved line
of ever increasing radius, and terminating suddenly in a straight line
(see Fig. 2). F has its snail on the left side, and Fon its right,
and each snail is set conversely of the other (see Fig. 1). The
frames GG, which are suitably supported, are spring-pressed, so as to hold the
wheels FF normally in contact with the barrel E, but they are capable of being
separately withdrawn, so as to disengage either wheel from the said barrel, and
allow the said wheel to recoil, under the impulse of a spring, to its normal
position, The withdrawal is effected by means of a disengaging pin h, situated
in a notch g in the tails of the frames G, G¹, which notch is deep enough in either
frame to accommodate the pin h, which therefore withdraws only one frame at a
time, according to its position. The pin his operated to withdraw one of the
frames at the end of every word by means of the depression of an inter-word space
key arranged in the usual manner, and working a rod h¹, & bell-crank lever h³,
mounted on the interword space shaft H (see Fig. 2). The movement of the pin h
from side to side into one or other of the notches g, is effected by the crank i of
an alternating shaft I, mounted in bearings at the side of the apparatus, which,
by its rotation, moves the said pin from one notch to the other. The shaft I has
also another crank i, set oppositely to the crank i, near the back of the machine.
This crank is connected by a stirrup j to the shoulder of a lever arm J. This
shoulder is mounted on a slide j¹ arranged parallel to the barrel E, and is capable
of endway movement and rotary movement thereon. The lever arm J,
which extends towards the front of the machine, has, on its under-
side, a spur ², arranged to rest on one of the snails f, f¹ of the
engaging wheels. When the spur ja rests on the snail f', the pin h
is in the notch of the frame G, and when, by the rotation of the alternating
shaft I, the position of the pin his reversed, the spur of the lever arm J is moved
onto the snail f. The rotation of the shaft I is effected by the shaft K, which we
will call the new-line shaft, arranged transversely across the machine (see Fig. 1).
These shafts being at right angles, are geared together by bevel wheels, so that
the rotation of the shaft K is communicated to the shaft I, the connection between
the shaft K, and its bevel wheel, being through a clutch of any suitable con-
struction which drives only in one direction:
The rotation of the shaft K in one direction is effected by the lever arm J, the
end of which underlies the lift frame k, fast on the shaft K.
It will thus be seen that the step-by-step rotation of the barrel E, causes, by the
rotation of the wheel F, F, and the snails fast thereon, the lifting and sudden
dropping of the lever arm J, and with it the lift k of the shaft K:
From the return rotary movement of the new-line shaft K is taken the impulse
for starting the mechanism which justifies the completed line, according to any
approved system, either by dropping a hammer, indicated by P, adjacent to the
shaft, or in any other suitable manner. The return movement of the shaft K is
also used for reversing the position of the lever arm J onto the other snail, and for
changing over the disengaging pin h to the opposite side of the notch.
In further explanation of this part of the invention, the wheels F F¹ are first
set to a predetermined length of line, by means of a movable stop frame M, which
is adjusted to intercept the stop pin m on the wheels F F¹, when the latter are
free to be held back by their springs. The position of the stop frame M is indicated
by the pointer m¹ (see Fig. 1). Supposing the spur of the lever arm J to rest,
as in the drawing, on the snail f¹, the disengaging pin h then occupies the right-
hand position shown. The step-by-step rotation of the barrel E, caused by the
depression of the keys, as before explained, causes the rotation of both wheels F FI
and the lifting of the arm J and the rotation of the shaft K. At the end of a word,
the operator depresses a space key L, and withdraws the frame G, and thereby

page_text: releases the wheel F from contact with the barrel, which wheel thereupon flies
back to its stop. The composing of the line then proceeds, and, on the completion
of a second word, the space key is again depressed, and again the wheel F flies
back to its stop. The same thing takes place at each succeeding word, until the
predetermined line-length is reached. The snail f¹, which has all the time been
carried round by the wheel F¹, which has remained constantly in touch with the
barrel E, has by this time come to the end of its curved part, and thus the spur of
the arm J, which has been resting thereon, is suddenly allowed to fall, and with
it the lift of the shaft K. The latter shaft, on its return movement under the
influence of a weight or spring, rotates the shaft I, and shifts the lever arm J,
so that its spur rests on the snail f of the wheel F, the pin h being at the same
time shifted to the opposite side of the notch.
So far, no mention has been made of any provision for dealing with words left
incomplete when the line is closed, and the justifying apparatus set to work at
the falling of the lever arm.J. It will be remembered, however that the wheel F
has been in contact with the barrel E since the completion of the last word before
the arm fell. The snailf has therefore already a record of the unfinished word,
having commenced its course before receiving the spur of the arm J. The latter
will continue to be raised by the snail f until the termination of the curve, as
already explained with regard to the snail f¹, the disengaging pin h being now
at work on the frame G1, instead of the frame G.
It will thus be seen that a word which could not wholly find a place in a line,
has been carried over automatically to the next line, and the space thereby left
vacant apportioned among the inter-word spaces in a manner in accordance with
the operations of a calculating device.
With this arrangement, the operator need take no notice of the termination
of his lines, having once set the engaging wheels to the required length. He may,
however, if desired, be furnished with a dial actuated by a pulley N on the shaft K,
(see Fig. 1), which will serve to show the progress of the line, and, in connection
with this, a bell may be rung at any point in the line, so that the operator may, if
he wishes, divide a word at the end of a line. If he wishes to do this, he will
merely record the part of the word and a hyphen, and then press the space-key,
and the machine will begin a new line at that point.
The calculating device is operated from the barrel E by means of a bevel wheel e*,
gearing with a bevel wheel e** on the calculator shaft E*. The calculator shaft E*
being thus geared to the barrel, rotates, like the latter, to an extent proportionate
to the number of unit widths of the letters recorded. The shaft E*, which only
rotates in one direction, carries a small pinion 2, which is keved thereto so as to
rotate therewith, but is free to move endways thereon. This pinion 2, which
is called, in another place, the sliding wheel, therefore rotates always in one
direction proportionately to the number of unit widths of the letters recorded or
punched. The sliding wheel is connected to a transverse bar 3, called the carriage,
and this carriage determines the position on the calculator shaft which the sliding
wheel shall occupy. The wheel 2 is moved along the shaft from time to time by
means of the carriage. The ends of the carriage move along a pair of fixed
rods 3 3, which are parallel to the shaft, and a pair of springs 3b 3b on these
rods tend to drive the carriage, and with it the sliding wheel, in the direction
away from the point at which the shaft E* is geared to the barrel, and so in the
direction towards the vertical shaft. The carriage 3 is engaged by a pair of
toothed or escapement rods 4, 43, one of which, 4. is fixed while the other. 4*, is
capable of movement in the direction of its own length, and the action of these
escapement rods is such that they drive the carriage in a step-by-step manner from
time to time against the stress of the springs 3b upon the fixed rods 3* along
which the ends of the carriage move, that is to say, the action of the escapement
rods is to move the sliding wheel step-by-step away, from the vertical shaft R¹,
upon which is mounted the calculating table R. and the graduated discs herein-
before mentioned. The two rods, 4, 4*, are capable of being jointly depressed in

page_text: such a manner that they cease to engage the carriage, so that the sliding wheel
returns, by means of the action of the springs aforesaid, along the calculator shaft
to its position nearest to the vertical shaft R. The vertical shaft R' bears the
following structures from above downwards: graduated discs R, collar R³, and
calculating table R². The shaft R₁ is itself held in position by bearings below the
discs R, and by a bearing at its foot. The calculating table R2 is attached to a
sleeve R* on the shaft l, which sleeve is capable of sliding thereon, but turns
therewith. This sleeve carries the collar R3 hereafter referred to. * is a spring
beneath the table R2, which supports the said table, but permits of its being
depressed, as hereinafter described. The calculating table R² has on its upper
surface a series of concentric rings of teeth, and these rings are at an equal radial
distance from one another, and the radius of every ring is a multiple of the radius
of the inmost ring. These rings are successively engaged by the sliding wheel,
as the latter moves outwards step by step, and they are disengaged from the sliding
wheel whenever the table is depressed. Now, the teeth on every ring are at an
equal distance from one another, so that in a ring which has a diameter twice or
three times as great as the diameter of the inmost ring, there will be twice or
three times as many teeth as there are on the inmost ring. Consequently, the
amount of rotation of the sliding wheel will result in a various amount of rotation
of the vertical shaft, according as the sliding wheel is engaging
one or another of the concentric rings. For instance, let the amount
of rotation of the sliding wheel be a, and the radii of the rings 1, 2, 3, &c.,
then the amount of rotation of the vertical shaft will be x x x etc., according to
1, 2, 3,
whether the first, the second, or the third, etc. ring be engaged. In other words,
the rotation of the vertical shaft, and therefore of the graduated discs R, is an
amount which is determined by two factors; first, the width of the letters recorded
since the last inter-word space, that is to say, the number to be divided, and
secondly, the number of the ring which is engaged (whether the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc.)
that is to say, the number of inter-word spaces in the line which has been recorded,
which is the divisor. The table is provided with a spring r¹, which tends to
bring it back to zero, when the sliding wheel ceases to engage the same;
it is also provided with a stop, so that it is stopped at zero when that
spring has freedom to act; and whenever the space key is depressed,
the table R2 is depressed by it, in a manner presently to be described,
and so ceases to engage the sliding wheel, and therefore comes back to zero.
the table is at zero, the graduated dises offer their zero edges to the spurs q', on
the arms 9, which carry the
space heads Q. The table R2 is depressed in the follow-
ing two ways: In the first place, it is depressed every time the space key is struck.
An arm 5 jointed to the framing and having two small wheels at its end, lies on
the upper surface of the collar R3 on the sleeve R2* on the vertical
shaft R, and an arm, 5ª, connected to the inter word space shaft H, revolves
slightly, and thus depresses the sleeve and with it the table (see Figure 3).
When
The same end may be secured in any one of many ways; we may simply state,
that when the inter-word space shaft is moved by the space key, the concentric
table is depressed, so that it ceases to engage the sliding wheel, and so returns to
zero. But further, as the calculation is not actually needed until the last word of
the line, it is not necessary, for calculating purposes, that the concentric table
should engage the sliding wheel at all at any earlier moment than the earliest
moment in the line at which the last inter-word space can possibly come. There-
fore, the table is kept permanently depressed by the table catch 6 until the latter
is raised (by means of a cord or otherwise) by the upward movement of the calcu-
ator arm 6, which is an arm on the new line shaft K. It may be here remarked,
that the catch must be raised prior to the insertion of the last inter-word space in
the line, in order that the table may, being depressed by the inter-word space-key
return to zero before finally engaging the sliding wheel. The new line shaft K
begins to turn very early in the line, but it should not raise the table catch, and
hus bring the concentric table into play, until the greater portion of the line is

page_text: recorded. Now the table catch 6 is any mechanism which depresses the table,
thus throwing it out of gear; and which also prevents it from rotating, thus retain-
ing the position of the table when the catch falls. When the new line shaft K, at
the end of the line, makes its rapid return, the table catch 6 immediately depresses
the table, and, at the same time, prevents it from returning to zero.
The depression of the two escapement bars is effected by the return of the new
line shaft K; the movement of one of them by means of which the sliding or pinion
wheel is moved in a step-by-step manner away from the vertical shaft is effected
by the movement of the inter-word space shaft H, which takes place every time the
space key is struck. The particular adjustments which effect these two results
are not shown in the drawings, but may consist of any arrangements by which
(1) the new line shaft, in its return, throws the escapement bars out of gear with
the carriage, and so allows the pinion wheel to slide along the calculator shaft,
until it is as near to the vertical shaft as it will go; and (2) the inter-word space
shaft, in its movement, pushes (by means of lever or other device) one of the escape-
ment bars, so as to move the sliding or pinion wheel one step outward.
The so-called graduated discs R rotate with the table. The amount which that
table, and consequently the discs, have moved at the end of a line, and the consequent
motion of the spurs and heads of the space-arms, depends, on the one hand, on the
rotation of the sliding wheel, and, on the other hand, on the particular ring of
teeth which the sliding wheel happens to be engaging at that. moment. Or, in
other words, it depends, on the one hand, on the width of the broken word, if
any, at the end of the line, and, on the other hand, on the number of inter-word
spaces in that line.
The graduated discs are stepped plates prepared so as to oppose, to the spurs q¹
of the space arms g, a graduated scale, the precise point of the graduated scale
which the graduated discs will present to the spurs at any moment being determined
by the width of broken word, and by the number of inter-word spaces, as afore-
said.
"
In preparing these discs, we proceed as follows: --A plate of metal is divided
into ten equal segments by radial lines, and by ten concentric circles at equal
distances from one another, these lines and circles being drawn on its surface.
The distance between these circles represents the distance which the spur of a space
arm has to move, in order to bring its space-head from one additional-space-
punch" to the next in line. Having marked these lines, the segments of the
circles are cut so that the first segment is bounded, as to its circumference, by the
outer or first circle; the next or second segment, by the next or second circle;
the third segment by the third circle, and so on. Another plate of metal of the
same size is marked with similar circles and similar radial lines, in this case called
principal radial lines. In each of the segments produced by these circles and
principal radial lines, there are nine intermediate radial lines drawn, exactly
dividing the segment into ten equal segments, and these small segments in every
large segment are cut as follows:-The first segment is bounded by the first circle;
the second by the second circle; and so on. The discs having thus been cut, they
are fixed to one another in such a manner that the radial lines of the first disc
coincide with the principal radial lines of the second disc.
By this means, the two edges in combination make a graduated scale. Other discs
may be added; or the two discs already described may be further subdivided, in
order to obtain a more finely graduated scale. In this machine, the one disc pre-
sents a graduated scale representing tens of units of width; and the other disc
presents a graduated scale of units of width; the unit being such as may be
required.
In cutting the disc, any other radical than ten, as 3, 4, and 5, may be used,
according to requirement, and in such a case, each graduation on the one disc will
represent three, four, or five units of width, and each graduation on the other disc
will represent units of width.
If desired, the discs may be cut with graduated curves, instead of with graduated

page_text: steps, after the manner described in this machine, and this in such a way that the
curve in each segment shall be a helical curve passing through the points of the
graduated steps in each segment; or the discs may be cut in other ways.
The graduated discs may be modified by many mechanical contrivances, as, for
instance, the use of a cone turned in a series of graduated steps, or of the gradu-
ated edge of a hollow cylinder, or. in
other ways.
many
The working of the table and scale may be represented as follows:-Let N
equal the amount of broken word at the end of a line, if any, and therefore the
amount of revolution of the sliding wheel which is tending to cause the discs to
revolve. Then the amount of space to be divided among the inter-word spaces
will be represented by N/2, N/3, N/4, and so on, according to whether the sliding
wheel is engaging the second, or the third, or the fourth ring of teeth respectively.
Should the end of a line come exactly at the end of a word, the graduated scale
will be in such a position that the spurs in combination with it will be out of the
line of the additional-space punches altogether, and no additional space will be
recorded for distribution between the words.
The hammer P is raised by a lifter arm p* in the new line shaft K, when the
latter is rotated as above described, and is allowed to drop suddenly when the said
shaft rotates in the opposite direction. The lever arms q have a spring tendency
to fly beneath the hammer P' to their required position, as fixed by the graduated
discs, but are retained from so doing by a small cord or chain q*, coiled on a
pulley **, fast on the shaft K, and attached to the tails q*** thereof, which chain
unwinds when the shaft K rocks backwards, as aforesaid, and allows the arm to
move forward. The arms 9 are so timed that their heads Q are in position above
the selected punches before the hammer P strikes.
The new line hammer T is also operated by the new line shaft K by means of
a lifter arm T*, which alternately raises the said hammer and allows it to fall.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of our said
invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, we declare that what
we claim is:-
1. In a device for automatically starting the justifying mechanism for type-
setting and similar machines, a barrel driven step-by-step by the depression of the
letter keys, a pair of wheels driven thereby, snails fixed on the wheels, means for
withdrawing the wheels separately from engagement with the barrel, means for
throwing the disengaged wheel back to its initial position, a lever arm alternately
raised and allowed to fall by the snails, as and for the purpose above set forth.
2. In a device for automatically starting the justifying mechanism for type-
setting and similar machines, a pair of wheels, means for maintaining one of the
said wheels constantly in contact with a barrel, said barrel being rotated step-by-
step by the depression of the key during the composition of a line of predetermined
length, and means whereby the other wheel is released and returned to its initial
position at every inter-word space, for the purpose of obtaining and carrying over,
to a new line, a record of an unfinished word at a line end, substantially as set
forth.
3. In a machine of the character hereinbefore described, a line-closing device
comprising a rocking frame beneath the key, a ratchet device driven thereby, a
barrel rotated by the ratchet device, a pair of engaging wheels driven by the barrel,
and a disengaging pin for separately withdrawing the wheels by the depression of
a key, snails carried by the wheels, a lever arm adapted to rest alternately upon
the snails, a new line shaft operated by the lever arm, and an alternating shaft
operated by the new line shaft, and adapted to reverse the positions of the lever
arm and disengaging pin, all arranged and operating substantially as set forth.
4. In combination with the automatic device for closing the line, as herein-
before described, the employment of a calculating device driven thereby, and serving
to select the space punches required for properly justifying the matter, in the
manner above set forth.

page_text: 5. A calculating device for proportioning the space left over after closing a line
evenly amongst the inter-word spaces in the manner above explained, comprising
a rotating table, having several concentric rings of teeth thereon, a pinion for
rotating the said table by means of the said teeth, means for shifting the pinion
from one ring of teeth to another, and graduated discs or stops rotating with the
table, and positioned by its movement so as to limit the throw of the space punch
levers, and thereby select the punches for use, according to the space to be divided
as and for the purpose above set forth.
1000