IMPROVEMENTS IN VENTILATING AND KEEPING PURE THE AIR WITHIN AND AROUND DWELLINGS AND OTHER BUILDINGS
Year: 1877

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Edward Gregson Banner, of 11, Billiter Square, in the
City of London, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN VENTILATING AND
KEEPING PURE THE AIR WITHIN AND AROUND DWELLINGS AND OTHER
BUILDINGS."
Sealed the 18th January 1878, and dated the 2nd November 1877.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Edward Gregson Banner at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 2nd November 1877.
EDWARD GREGSON BANNER, of 11, Billiter Square, in the City of London. IM-
PROVEMENTS IN VENTILATING AND KEEPING PURE THE AIR WITHIN AND AROUND
DWELLINGS AND OTHER BUILDINGS."
"
The object of my Invention is to improve and purify the air within and around
dwellings and other buildings, and in all the pipes and conduits connected there-
with.
I. form what may be called an air chamber, preferably below the fire-grate, and
have a chimney shaft leading therefrom to above the roof of the house.
I carry up such air conduits in the walls themselves of the house or building, or
as tubes, pillars, pilasters, or columns of any desired form, within the room or place
itself, and I make openings from them at any points between the floors and the
ceilings in any fanciful or other manner, at their capitals or other highest points, or
at any other points, in any ornamental way desired, and I cause such openings to
communicate down, along, and by means of the aforesaid conduits, direct with the
air chamber below, or the fire-grate, or the special uptake shaft, which may be in
the room or place to be ventilated, or in an adjoining place. I stop or lessen as
desired such communication through all the said air conduits by one valve near the
air chamber, which may be regulated at pleasure or in like manner at any one or
more of the several conduits, which may lead from different parts of the room or.
place to be ventilated into the air chamber. To increase the effect of this arrange-
ment I close up temporarily, or otherwise, and in any convenient way, the whole of
the front of the fire-place, or of the grate, or stove, in such a way that air passing.

page_text: to the fire shall reach it entirely or mostly through the air chamber near the fire-
grate, by which means I cause the fire to draw for its consumption air, foul, vitiated,
heated, or other, from the highest or any other levels in the room, direct, instead of
allowing the hottest or most vitiated air in the room to stagnate or rest. near the
ceiling till the air in the whole room becomes inconvenient, hot, impure, and
unhealthly before it can pass at the level of the fire-place, which is below the point
of respiration, to the fire, and up the chimney, or out at such other places as are
sometimes provided for the escape of an excess of air in a room, and called
"ventilators." The fire by suitable arrangements may be left visible always, or
temporarily.
In summer, or when there is not a fire, I utilize the chimney shaft in like manner
as above for the improved or thorough ventilation of the rooms by closing up the
front of the fire-place with a plate of looking glass in a suitable frame, or in any
other convenient and ornamental manner. This arrangement is particularly adapted
at all times for the thorough ventilation of bedrooms or other sleeping or sick
rooms, and smoke from down draught in the chimney will thus be avoided.
For the purpose of inducing or increasing the draught up the chimney, or other
uptake shaft or pipe, led from the room or place to be ventilated, an exhaust cowl,
or a fixed ventilator, constructed in the following manner, is used:-
The ventilator is a tube, triangular in cross section, and with a vertical opening
at each angle. The lower end of the tube is fixed to the top of the chimney or
shaft, whilst its upper end is closed. The sides of the triangle may either be curved
inwards, or straight, or curved outwards. In the latter cases the edges of the
openings have lips or projections standing outwards from them radially to the
centre of the triangle. Each of the three sides might also be brought outwards to
a point, making the cross section of the tube approximately of an hexagonal form,
open at three of its angles and closed at the others. With this construction when
the wind blows against the sides of the tube, in whatever direction the wind may
be blowing, it will be passing across two of the outlet openings, and will produce
an outward suction through them.
In cases where the ventilator is only exposed to currents of air in either of two
opposite directions the tube may similarly be formed with two openings only,
opposite one to the other, and in a line across the direction of the flow of the.
outer air.
The openings may be at two opposite angles of a square or diamond shaped tube,
or the sides may be rounded outwards and radial projecting lips formed at the edges
of the openings; or the openings may be formed at two opposite angles of a square-.
sided figure, with each of the sides turned inwards.
For the purpose of obtaining a current of air down a shaft or pipe into a room or
place to be supplied with fresh air, in order to allow or facilitate foul air being with-
drawn from it, I adopt a fixed injector cowl, arranged to produce a downward.
current of air in the shaft or pipe in place of an upward current.
For the purpose of facilitating in a cheap and effectual manner the thorough
ventilation of any shaft, sewer, soil drain, or other pipe or shaft connected with the
house or building to be ventilated, and yet allow all impure matters to pass.
unperceived from the house, as well as through the ordinary channels outside it, to
reservoirs provided for their reception near or at a distance from it, I place near the
basement a trap formed with sockets, one at one side of the trap to receive the
lower end of the soil pipe, and another on the opposite side of the trap to receive,
the lower end of an air shaft for ventilating the drain; and near to this socket I
also form an opening in the top of the trap, closed by a stone or cover, which can
be raised to enable the interior of the trap to be inspected. I also provide an air.
inlet to the lower end of the soil pipe, and also an air inlet to the drain, at a distance.
from the trap.
The air inlet at the lower part of the soil pipe may be formed with a socket to
receive the end of a rain-water pipe.
In place of forming the trap with a socket to receive an air shaft for ventilating

page_text: the drain it may be formed with a grating above the inspection stone, and with a
passage from the grating to the trap outlet. This grating will serve to admit air
to the drain, and also allow any water flowing on to it to pass to the drain freely.
In the above trap the trap outlet passes away horizontally, it might however be
carried downwards and led away vertically from the under side of the trap. In
this case the ventilating shaft for the drain may be on the opposite side of the trap
to the entrance to the outlet. The trap may also be formed as a double dip trap,
with an air opening between the dips, the second dip entering the basin of the trap
to a less depth than the first, so that if water is syphoned out of the trap to below
the second dip there will be a free access of air, and-prevent any further water from
being syphoned out. This arrangement is applicable to ventilating steam vessels.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed
by the said Edward Gregson Banner in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
2nd May 1878.
EDWARD GREGSON BANNER, of 11, Billiter Square, in the City of London. " IM-
PROVEMENTS IN VENTILATING AND KEEPING PURE THE AIR WITHIN AND AROUND
DWELLINGS AND OTHER BUILDINGS."
The object of my Invention is to improve and purify the air within and around
dwellings and other buildings, and in all the pipes and conduits connected
therewith.
I form what may be called an air chamber below the fire-grate or stove, or gas
burner, placed in any position, and have a chimney or other special uptake shaft
leading therefrom to above the roof of the house.
I carry up air conduits by the sides of or in the walls themselves of the house or
building to the roof, or otherwise outside it, or as tubes, pillars, pilasters, or columns
of any desired form within the room or place itself, and I make openings from them
at any points between the floors and the roofs or ceilings in any fanciful or other
manner at their capitals or other highest points, or at any other points in any
ornamental way desired. I cause such openings to communicate down along and
by means of the aforesaid conduits direct with the air chamber below the fire-grate
or stove, or with the special uptake shaft, which may be placed in any position in
the room or place to be ventilated, or in an adjoining place; I stop or lessen as
desired such communication through all the said air conduits by one or more valves
near the air chamber, which may be regulated at pleasure, or in like manner at any
one or more of the several conduits, which may lead from different parts or points
external or fresh air, or the heated vitiated or other air of the room or place to be
ventilated into the air chamber or uptake shaft. To increase the effect of this
arrangement I close up temporarily or otherwise, and in any convenient way, the
whole of the front of the fire-place or of the coal grate, or gas stove, or burner in
such a way that air passing to the fire or burner shall reach it entirely or mostly
from below. it, or through the air chamber near the fire-grate, by which means -I

page_text: cause the fire or burner to draw for its consumption air (foul, vitiated, heated, or
other) from the highest or any other levels (in the room) direct, instead of allowing
the hottest or most vitiated air in the room to stagnate or rest near the ceiling till
the air in the whole room becomes inconvenient, hot, impure, and unhealthy, before
it can pass at the level of the fire-place, which is below the point of respiration, to a
the fire, and up the ordinary chimney or out at such other places called ventilators
as are sometimes provided, but which admit only of an occasional escape of an
excess of air in a room from it. The fire or burner by suitable arrangements may
be left visable always or temporarily.
In summer or when there is not a fire I utilize the chimney shaft in like manner'
as above for the improved or thorough ventilation of the rooms by closing up the
front of the fire-place with a plate of looking glass in a suitable frame or in any
other convenient and ornamental manner. This arrangement is particularly adapted
at all times for the thorough ventilation of bedrooms or other sleeping or sick
rooms, and down draught in a chimney will also thus be avoided.
For the purpose of inducing or increasing the draught up the chimney or other
uptake shaft or pipe led from the room or place to be ventilated, an exhaust cowl
or fixed ventilators, constructed as herein-after described, are used.
Figure 1 of the Drawings hereunto annexed shews a diagram view of a gas
stove with air channels in connection with it, arranged in the manner above
described.
A is the outer casing of the stove; B, a gas burner within the casing; C, C, air
pipes led upwards to any desired height of room, or may in like manner be led by
tubes and valves to any other room from air chamber below the stove; D, air pipe
led up from the air chamber through the centre of the stove and heated by the gas
burner outside it. This pipe or shaft is continued upwards to above the roof of the
building, and carries if desired a ventilating cowl at its upper end; E, openings for
air to pass from the air chamber to the gas burner and the interior of stove;
F, outlet for burnt air to pass to chimney shaft if desired; G, outlet for burnt air to
pass (F being closed), into pipe D to increase if desired by its escape there the
exhaust force of the arrangement; H, H, outlets for warmed air to pass into the
room itself, or be conveyed to any other room if desired.
In some cases when the warmed air is to pass into the room I make provision for
supplying the lower end of the pipe D with fresh air from the exterior of the
building instead of with air from the air chamber below the stove. The cowl or
ventilator at the top of the pipe or air shaft D may be constructed in the manner
described in the Specification of a former Patent granted to me, No. 3400, in the
year 1874, or with cowls or ventilators such as are herein-after described, or with
other forms of ventilator adapted to produce an upward current of air in the pipe
or air shaft.
Figure 2 shows a vertical, and Figure 2ª a transverse section of a fixed ventilator;
it is formed of a tube A, triangular in cross section, and with a vertical opening at
each angle as shown, the lower end of the tube A is fixed to the top of the
chinney or shaft up which a current is to be produced; the upper end of the tube A
is closed.
In place of the triangular tube A being of uniform section from top to bottom, it
may taper upwards to a point, as shown at Figure 2b, or be of other form in elevation.
The sides of the triangle may either be curved inwards, as shown at Figure 2, or
they may be straight, as shown at Figure 3; or curved outwards, and with pro-
jecting lips at the angles, as shown at Figure 4. Each of the three sides might also
be brought outwards to a point, making the cross section of the tube approximately
of an hexagonal form, open at three of its angles and closed at the others, as shown at
Figure 5. With these constructions when the wind blows against the sides of the
tube in whatever direction the wind may be blowing, it will be passing across two
of the outlet openings, and will produce an outward suction through them.
In cases where the ventilator is only exposed to currents of air in either of two
opposite directions, as for example, when the ventilator is applied to a railway carriage,

page_text: the tube may similarly be formed with two openings only opposite one to the other
and in the line across the direction of the flow of the outer air.
The openings may be at two opposite angles of a square or diamond-shaped tube,
as shown at Figure 6; or the sides may be rounded outwards, and radial projecting
lips formed at the edges of the openings, as shown at Figure 7; or the openings
may be formed at two opposite angles of a square-sided figure, with each of the
sides curved inwards, as shown at Figure 8; or similar ventilators may be made
with one opening only. The ventilator would then be of the form of one half of
those shown in similar ventilators with a single slit or opening, but with the opening
at right angles to the tube or pipe, instead of parallel with or inclined to it as in
the others, is shown at Figure 8. In end view the slit is shown to be of an S form
but it may be straight or of other form. Such ventilators may be secured to the
sides or to the top or bottom of a railway or other carriage; pipes also may be led
from them to any part of the interior of the carriage, so as to draw off air from any
desired spot.
An improved form of revolving ventilator applicable for producing an upward
draught in any air shaft or chimney is shown at Figures 9 and 10. Figure 9 is a
vertical section, and Figure 10 a cross section. It is composed of a short tube A
mounted on a pivot B, and having curved blades on its exterior for the wind to act
against to revolve the tube. The lower end of the pivot B drops into a tubular
bearing carried at the centre of a tube C which is fixed to the upper end of the
chimney or shaft. On the pivot B is an inclined or screw blade, which as it
revolves, causes an upward current, which escapes through the open top of the
revolving tube; D is a conical cap secured to the top of the tube A, and revolving
with it.
The above-described centrifugal pump cowl avoids mainly the known defects in
those of the archimedian screw class and others, because it avoids rain water or
high wind passing down them; and as the only but sufficient escape for the air
pumped up is at the top, below the cover or cap, and as the screw blade does not
retard the free up-rising of air when no wind is blowing, it will not be made to
rotate, as archimedian screw ventilators most frequently do, by the action of the
current of hot or warmed air naturally passing up a chimney shaft in the same way
as the old smoke-jack for roasting.
An improved form of cowl is shown in section at Figure 11; it is a modification
of the cowl described in the Specification of the Patent above mentioned.
To keep the cowl steadier to the wind, the outer casing or cylinder is made staight
or smallest at the wind end without lessening its exhaust power; to prevent any
down draught when in eddies of wind the cowl sometimes turns round, I turn down
the outer end as at B. To increase the useful effect of the cowl I put what I call
druins of suitable length and diameter, cylindrical in shape or nearly so, expanding
slightly towards their outlet ends, as 1, 2, or more, according to the size or diameter
of outer cylinder.
-
For the purpose of preventing any rain or water driven through the inlet cone
from passing down into any room or place with which the chimney or shaft com-
municates, I place a small crescent-shaped rim or bead a at the bottom of the outer
cylinder on its inner side to stop the water flowing down the upshaft, and I pierce
a few small holes b in the outer cylinder to allow the water to flow harmlessly out
of it clear of the rain or wind guard.
In cases where the exhaust power of the cowl is caused by the wind passing
through the annular space between the outer cylinder and the cylindrical end of
the upshaft, as shown at Figure 12, I put similar druins, 1, 2, for a like purpose,
one or more, according to the size of the cowl within and from a little bebind
the end of the upshaft, and I slightly contract them towards their outlet end, and
I put a slight bead c around the outside of the outer one, and inside it a small
crescent-shaped stop a and holes b, as already described, to cause any water which
may get upon or into the drums, to drop into the outer cylinder; so that it may

page_text: pass away from its inlet or funnel-shaped end and not pass down the chimney or
air shaft.
To avoid, in cases where it may be thought advisable, any loss of exhaust power
at the rain guard, I put an extra chamber d for the rain guard to work in, as shown
at Figures 11 and 12, and fill the same with glycerine or other liquid not liable to
freeze or evaporate.
For the greater convenience of occasionally oiling the spindle, I put a small
covered cup with screw cap as at C, Figure 11. Various ornamental forms in which
ventilating cowls, such as herein-before described, may be constructed, are shown at
Figures 13. If desired, the cowl may be of a vertical form, as shown at Figure 14,
with the wind inlet at e and outlet at f, or a fixed ventilator may be formed
as shown at Figure 14, where, the wind enters at e and rises up between the
outer cylinder and the drums 1, 2, and pipe a, which is fixed at the top of the
chimney.or shaft.
As a further means of preventing any down-draught in the up-draught air shafts,
instead of carrying the up-shaft direct from the room with its lower end open, I
curve it from its lowest point upwards towards the ceiling, as shown at Figure 15,
in any ornamental way, and I provide a screw cap a at the lowest point so as to be
able to empty off any water that may condense in or descend into the shaft. This
plan is applicable, whatever kind of cowl or ventilator may be used for producing
an upward current in the air shaft.
i In order to cause or facilitate foul air being withdrawn from any room or place
by means of an exhaust cowl, I adopt a fixed injector cowl arranged to produce
a downward current of fresh air through another pipe or shaft led at any con-
venient point into the room or place to be ventilated.
A fixed plenum cowl or ventilator formed to press outer air into a room which
is without sufficient inlet, the better to ventilate it, as above stated, and to cause an
increased current or draught up the chimney shaft is shown at Figure 16. The
tube a is divided into three equal spaces, as shown in the cross section, Figure 17,
each equal to the area of the tube b, which forms part of the air shaft; the opening
round the top is also similarly divided into three, as shewn, so that from whatever
point the wind blows it will go down one of the three channels in to b from c.
From whatever point exterior to the house the fresh air is admitted or pressed,
I lead it into a room or building through, as it were, the arms of a chandelier
suspended by preference from the ceiling of the room, and I am thus enabled to
bring the air inlets to any height by making the centre portion of the chandelier
telescopic. Such a telescopic inlet for air is shewn at Figure 18, a similar telescopic
inlet, but formed as a pillar instead of being suspended, is shewn at Figure 19.
At the same time I may in addition use other air inlets at the sides of the room as
now usually provided, so that while by the arrangements herein-before described,
down-draught in any room is avoided, the whole of the air in the entire space will
be made to diffuse throughout the room, and the benefit of fresh air will be observable
in every part of it.
The air outlets from the chandelier may be made bell-mouthed to permit of the
ready diffusion of the fresh air as it enters the room, and the diffusion of the air
may be further promoted by carrying a button centrally above the outlets, as
shewn.
In order to speedily and at all times derive increased benefit from the air inlets
as above mentioned, I further set the air in the space to be ventilated in gentle
motion by exhausting a portion of it by the action of the wind upon a ventilating
.cowl fixed above the roof as before described, or by the action of the heat as herein-
after described. .
In order also to vary at pleasure the height of the outlet openings from which
. vitiated air is drawn off from a room, I employ similar telescopic apparatus, either
.suspended or as pillars for the mere purpose of facilitating the escape from a room
of an excess of heated or otherwise vitiated air, for which the Arnott, Boyle, and

page_text: other so-called "ventilators" have hitherto been chiefly used, whether the valves
were made of thin iron balanced, or of mica, cork, or oil silk, or other material
balanced or suspended, I reverse the mode of applying or placing them, and instead
of placing them so that in their normal position they are always closed, I place
them so that in their normal position the valves are always open, as shewn at
Figure 20, and so that in the event of the current of air setting through them into
the room, the valves, of whatever material they may be made, immediately close in
whatever position in the room they may be placed.
For the purpose of ventilating a room by withdrawing vitiated air from it by
the aid of heat, the arrangement shewn at Figure 21 may be used.
A gas burner is at the bottom of the smallest or inner tube a; the tube is led
through above the ceiling of the room or building into and through a chamber x
above it, and terminates at the point 1. The next larger tube b terminates at the
point 2, the next larger, if there be one, at the point 3, and so on.
To further increase the exhaust effect I may place a circular gas burner round
near the bottom of the smallest tube a at the point b, b, so as to heat the cylinder
or plate of iron or other material between b, b, and c, c, and another in a similar
way if desired to heat the cylinder or plate between c, c, and c¹, c. All these tubes
lead first horizontally into an air flue, which is afterwards carried vertically to
above the roof, and has an exhaust cowl mounted upon it. The air chamber x is
closed, except at its lower side, where a grating in the ceiling around the tube
above described admits hot air from the room into it. From this chamber a separate
flue, as shown in Figure 21, is led first horizontally and afterwards vertically to
above the roof, and has an exhaust cowl mounted upon it to exhaust the hot air
from the chamber x, and consequently from the room below it, and may be further
used to draw air from the same or adjoining room as shewn, and by openings
at o, o.
If the arrangement is to be used for ventilating only a sewer or drain, or any
large space, I dispence with burning gas below or within the innermost tube for
light or otherwise, and inake it much larger to cause a large draught from the
sewer, drain, or other place to be ventilated, and in which gaslight is not required
freely through the inner tube, as well in like manner through the outer area
c, c, of the large cylinder, and I utilize in like manner as shewn above the
increased speed of the burnt air has an additional exhaust force to withdraw the
foul, vitiated, heated, or other air from the sewer, room, or place to be ventilated,
besides the effect which, for the same purpose, the heating of the plates or cylinders
between b, b, and c, c, and between c, c, and c', c', and so on, ad infinitum, will
produce.
In ventilating the sewer, my object is to render openings into it from the street
or roadway much less frequent than is now found necessary. In addition to the
increased exhaust force to be created and consequently kept up by the arrangement
above described, I afford one large inlet at any convenient place, preferably at the
head of the sewer for fresh air to be drawn freely into and constantly through the
sewer, such large inlet being in any case at a much greater distance from the exhauster
than has hitherto be found practicable by the usual mode of constructing furnaces
in ventilating shafts erected or used for the purpose.
Instead of using gas as the heating power, proper arrangements are made, as
shewn at Figure 25, for the use of coal, coke, or other suitable material, the
fire-grate is, as shewn, of an annular form, and a current of air passes up through
its centre and also around its exterior.
In cases where the drain is at two sides of the roof of a house, I carry the shafts
to just above the ridge on each side of the roof, and fix the ventilating cowl as
shewn at Figure 22, so that when the wind makes the one cowl an exhaust, the
other (whether near or fixed the opposite way in another part of the building)
becomes an inlet, so that from whatever point the wind blows the fixed cowls
produce useful effect.

page_text: For the purpose of facilitating in a cheap and effectual manner the through
ventilation of any shaft, sewer, soil drain, or other pipe or shaft connected with the
house or building to be ventilated, and yet allow all impure matters to pass unper-
ceived from the house as well as through the ordinary channels outside it, to
reservoirs provided for their reception, near or at a distance from it, I place near
the basement a trap formed as shewn at Figures 23 or 24.
The traps may be made of stoneware, porcelain, iron, or other suitable material;
they may be used inside or outside a house, and may be placed below, upon, or above
the floor or ground level; they are made with flanges or with sockets, and being
inexpensive and having ready means for inspection and cleansing, may be used at
the bottom of rain water pipes and for scullery sinks, and being thoroughly
ventilated, instead of open disconnections for bath, lavatory, and other sinks, and
use for the soil pipe with inlet and cowl as set forth in former Patents granted to me,
one trap in the basement will suffice for several closets, and all D.S. syphon or other
traps usually placed immediately below each closet may be most advantageously
and with perfect safety dispensed with, while by their use the house drain may be
also thoroughly ventilated through them, thus forming a second safeguard against
gas from the sewer, drain, or soil pipe entering the house, while the total cost is
considerably reduced by zinc ventilating shafts from the drain, and from the top
closet for the soil pipe upwards to above the roof instead of lead.
In the trap, shewn at Figure 23, the opening a is for an air inlet to soil pipe or
for rain water. The opening b is to receive the soil pipe, and the opening c is to
be covered with a plate readily removeable for inspecting or cleaning the trap, or to
receive a shaft for ventilating the drain.
In the trap shown at Figure 24, the opening a receives the soil pipe, which is
formed as shown, with an inlet for air or rain water, the opening b is to receive a
shaft to ventilate the drain, and the opening c is to be covered with a plate readily
removeable for inspecting or cleaning the trap; d is the dip plate within the trap.
An inlet to and the outlet from the trap may be inade horizontally, as shown by
the dotted lines, Figure 24.
The means herein-before described to ventilate rooms are also applicable to
ventilating ships and vessels.
Having thus described the nature of my Invention and the manner of performing
the same, I would have it understood that I claim,
First. The arrangement for ventilating a room or building, substantially as
herein-before described with reference to Figure 1.
Second. The construction of ventilators or exhaust cowls or pots, substantially as
herein-before described with reference to Figures 2, 2a, 2b, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 8º.
Third. The construction of ventilator or exhaust cowl or pot, substantially as
described with reference to Figures 9 and 10.
Fourth. The construction of ventilator or exhaust cowl or pot, substantially as
described with reference to Figures 11, 12, 13, 14, and 14ª.
Fifth. The construction of fixed plenum cowls or ventilators, substantially as
described with reference to Figures 16 and 17 for forcing fresh air into a room or
building.
Sixth. The arrangement herein-before described with reference to Figure 15, for
preventing inconvenience arising from occasional down-draughts in up-draught air
ventilating shafts.
Seventh. The employment of telescopic air inlets or outlets to admit of varying
the height at which air is let into or drawn off from a room or building, substan-
tially as described with reference to Figures 18 and 19.
Eighth. The construction of valve ventilators, substantially as described with
reference to Figure 20.
Ninth. The arrangements for drawing vitiated air from a room or building,
substantially as described with reference to Figure 21.
Tenth. The arrangement for ventilating a drain, substantially as described with
reference to Figure 22.

page_text: Eleventh. The construction of drain traps, substantially as described with reference
to Figures 23 or 24.
Twelfth. The arrangements for ventilating sewers, substantially as described
with reference to Figures 25.
In witness whereof, I, the said Edward Gregson Banner, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this First day of May, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and seventy-eight.
EDW. G. BANNER. (L.S.)