IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER HANG- INGS FOR DECORATIVE PURPOSES
Year: 1856

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Arnold Morton, of Wakefield, in the County of York,
for the Invention of" IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER HANG-
INGS FOR DECORATIVE PURPOSES."
Sealed the 17th June 1856, and dated the 7th April 1856.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Arnold Morton at the
Oflice of the Commissioners of Patents, with his. Petition, on the 7th
April 1856.
I, ARNOLD MORTON, of Wakefield, in the County of York, do hereby declare.
the nature of: the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF
PAPER HANGINGS FOR DECORATIVE PURPOSES," to be as follows:-
This Invention consists in an improved mode of combining and treating the.
materials employed in paper staining as follows:-
First, as regards the body colors or stainers, I take eight ounces of yellow
or other soap, and dissolve it in as littlo water as possible by heat; I then take
from two to three pints of skimmed milk and mix the same with the dis-
solved soap; I then add to the above mixture when perfectly cold, from six to
eight ounces of the best alum powdered, and mix the whole well together, and
afterwards pass them through an horizontal color mill, the grinding surfaces
whereof should be capable of resisting the action of acids, so as not prejudicially
to affect the color. I next take China clay, and add thereto sufficient alum
to be in excess of the clay, and incorporate the two by grinding; I take of
soap, say, eight ounces, dissolved in about 1 pint of water by heat, and
when cold I partly or wholly subdue the above mixture of alum and clay by.
the dissolved soap, and to this mixture I add as much of the vehicle No. 1,

page_text: herein-after described, as will properly fix the same to render it a durable
paint; and if necessary a saponaceous solution may be passed over the mixture
according to the mode set forth in a former Patent, dated 13 July, 1853,
No. 1667, intituled "Improvements in the Manufacture of Paints, Pigments,
and Materials for Houso Painting, Paper Staining, and Decorative Purposes
generally."
Another mode of combining and treating colors is as follows:-I take
sulphate of lead, sulphate of barytes or dry zinc, white, adding thereto a suffi-
cient quantity of the dissolved soap to partly reduce or wholly subdue any acid
which may exist, and to these may be added any of the vehicles according to
their affinities, as hereafter referred to, for fixing the same.
In like manner I
treat white lead, using the sulphate of lead vehicle, described in my former
Specification, as a fixer.
Another mode of combining and treating colors is as follows:-I take lime
and prepare it according to the mode set forth in the Specification of my said
former Patent, and then incorporate it with dissolved soap only, and fix the
same with either of the vehicles hereafter referred to; and in this manner
I treat all the other colors or stainers subdued by acids or otherwise, as men-
tioned in the Specification of my said former Patent, by the use of dissolved]
soap as above mentioned.
The following is the improved mode above referred to of manufacturing the
vehicle No. 2-I reduce the soap to a semifluid state in a pug mill with
cold skimmed milk by mixing the soap cut in slices in a pug mill with the
milk, and then passing the same through the color mill, before mentioned,
until the soap and milk are perfectly incorporated; I then add alum thereto,
as before mentioned, so as to be slightly in excess, and pass the mixture
through the color mill; and by these means I preserve the nature of the
milk, and dispense with the necessity for employing heat and water, as in the
former above-mentioned process. After having subdued body, colors and
stainers by the means mentioned in the Specification of my said former Patent,
I further entirely or partly subdue the same by the use of the above-mentioned
dissolved soap only, and add thereto any of the vehicles mentioned either in
this or in the Specification of my said former Patent, according to. the
affinities of the ingredients, vehicle No. 3; I add to the above-mentioned
milky and saponaceous.compounds a sufficient quantity of pure or rough sul-
phate of zinc, as that,, when the whole is incorporated into a mixture. by
grinding, the zine shall be moderately in excess, or in lieu of 'the sulphate of
zinc or alum I employ sugar of lead.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed.
by the said Arnold Morton in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
7th October 1856.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, ARNOLD
MORTON, of Wakefield, in the County of York, send greeting.
WHEREAS IIer most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent bearing date the Seventh day of April, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-six, in the nineteenth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me,
the said Arnold Morton, Her special licence that I, the said Arnold Morton,
my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as J, the said
Arnold Morton, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any
time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter
during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use,
exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,
the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER HANGINGS FOR DECORATIVE PURPOSES," upon the
condition (amongst others) that I, the said Arnold Morton, my executors
or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of
their hands and scals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of
the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and
cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six.
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Arnold Morton, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed,"
to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement
thereof, that is to say:-
My Invention consists in an improved mode of combining and. treating the
materials employed in paper staining as follows:-
First, as regards the body colours or stainers: I take eight ounces of yellow,
or other soap, and dissolve it in as little water as possible by heat; I then take
from two to three pints of skimmed milk and mix the same with the dissolved
soap; I then add to the above mixture, when perfectly. cold, from six to eight
ounces of the best alum powdered, and mix the whole well. together, and after-
wards pass them through an horizontal color mill, the grinding surfaces
whereof should be capable of resisting the action of acids, so as not pre-
judicially to affect the color. I next take China clay, and add thereto

page_text: sufficient alum to be in excess of the clay, and incorporate the two by
grinding; I take of soap, say, eight ounces, dissolved in about one pint of
water by heat, and when cold I partly or wholly subdue the above mixture
of alum and clay by the dissolved soap, or a semi-vehicle, named in the Specifi-
cation, and to this mixture I add-as much of the vehicle No. 1, herein-after
described, as will properly fix the same to render it a durable paint; and if
necessary a saponaceous solution may be passed over the work when dry,
according to the mode set forth. in a former Patent, dated Thirteenth July,
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-three, No. 1667, intituled "Improve-
ments in the Manufacture of Paints, Pigments, and Materials for House:
Painting, Paper Staining, and Decorative Purposes: generally."
. I.
Another inode of combining and treating colors is as follows: I tako
sulphate of lead, sulphate of barytes or dry zinc, white, adding thereto a sufli
cient quantity of the dissolved soap or semi-vehicle, to partly reduce or wholly
subdue any acid which may exist, and to these may be added any of the
vehicles according to their affinities, as hereafter referred to, for fixing the-
same. In like manner I treat white lead, using the sulphate of lead vehicle
described in my former Specification, as a fixer.
-
'
Another mode of combining and treating colors is as follows:-I take lime
and prepare it according to the mode set forth in the Specification of my said
former Patent, and then incorporate it with dissolved soap only or semi-
vehicle, and fix the same with either of the vehicles hereafter referred to,
and in this manner 1 treat all the other colors or stainers. subdued by acids>
or otherwise, as mentioned in the Specification of my said former Patent;
by the use of dissolved soap or semi-vehicle, as above mentioned.
The following is the improved mode above referred to of manufacturing the
vehicle No. 2-I reduce the soap to a semifluid state in a pug mill with cold:
skimmed milk, by mixing the soap cut in slices in a pug mill with the milk;
and then passing the same through the color mill, before mentioned, until the
soap and milk are perfectly incorporated; I then add alum, sulphate of ziuc, or
acetic acid thereto, as before mentioned, so as to be slightly in excess; and pass:
the mixture through the color: mill. And by these means I preserve the
nature of the milk, and dispense with the necessity for employing heat- and
water, as in the former above-mentioned process. After having subdued.
body colors, and stainers by the means mentioned in the Specification
of my said former Patent or present Patent for colors, I further entirely..
or partly subdue the same by the use of the above-mentioned dissolved
soap only or semi-vehicle, and add thereto any of the vehicles mentioned*
either in this, or in the Specification of my said former Patent, according

page_text: to the affinities of the ingredients, vehicle No. 3; 1 add to the above-
mentioned milky and saponaceous compounds a sufficient quantity of pure or
rough sulphate of zinc, as that, when the whole is incorporated into a mixture-
by grinding; the zinc shall be moderately in excess; or in lieu of the sulphate
of zinc or alum I employ sugar of lead.
In order to explain my said Invention as completely as possible, I now pro-
proceed to describe the best means I am acquainted with for carrying my said
Invention into practical effect as follows:-
Firstly, as regards paper staining, I use all colors as prepared and set forth
in the Specification of my Patent, No. 830, dated Fifth April, One thousand
eight hundred and fifty-six, for paints, pigments, &c., only using much more
vehicle than is necessary in house painting, &c.
Secondly, as regards grained papers, it will be optional in passing over a
saponaceous solution as in house painting, as the quantity of vehicle used will
resist all soaps, but the solution preserves it from all filth adhering to it, and
may be always easily removed by soap without any force.
Thirdly, in producing oak papers, I use the requisite colors according to my"
Patent, No. 830, and I put in the lights, veins, or figuring with colors mixed:
with varnish, thereby imparting a gloss so natural to the real wood, which
has a finer effect and requires no varnishing, but the lights or veins may bo
put in with any other mixtures.
Fourthly, in graining marbles, granites, maples, mahogany, and all other
grained papers, the chief thing to be observed is to get in as much vehicle as
possible, according to the affinities of the colors used, and in thinning the
whole with water only, or diluted vehicles 1, 2, 3, or 5.
Fifthly, to produce a double egg gloss on marbles or any other papers, it will'
be necessary to use a strong saponaceous solution, and repeat it afterwards'
when dry, then rub same with a brush as usual with satin papers, or a
moderate gloss is to be obtained without an after solution by brushing only.
Sixthly, in laying grounds for printing upon, use no more vehicle than will
be necessary to fasten the colors to give it a draught.
A
Seventhly, in printing or blocking, the same precaution is necessary, and if"
the color is not stiff enough, extract a little of the water through canvass.
great advantage will be found in mixing these vehicles with size, which to in-
corporate properly must be only luke warm (termed just on the run), and not
in excess, so as to jelly when cold. This mixture, when incorporated with the
colors, as ground by paper stainers, will be found to print and blotch superior to
colors mixed with size alone or any vehicle alone. It has also the properties
of retarding decomposition in the size, and also renders the paper done

page_text: impervious to the paste while in process of being put up, and is also usuable in
a cold room when size alone could not be worked; and if a slight excess of acid
remains in the mixture, a saponáceous solution being passed over it, the work
will be found washable to a great extent, but perfectly so if any of the vehicles
are used in lieu of the saponaceous solution, solution afterwards if necessary.
The peculiar action of all the colors mentioned in the Specification of my
Patent, No 830, for paints, &c., is such as to render paper which may be
colored with them more resembling a skin or tegument, and renders it tough,
flexible, thin, and impervious, that any surface may be covered with an
exactness and neatness so as to defy ordinary detection from having been
painted in the usual-manner adopted by painters, care being had to the mitres,
mouldings, cross joints, &c. of stiles, rails, &c. I therefore propose to call it
sanitary tegument, as being a substitute for ordinary house painting, and
capable of resisting the action of all soaps, and only requiring to be neatly
affixed with paste by a paper-hanger. A saponaceous solution, as mentioned
in the Specification of Patent No. 830 aforesaid, may or not be passed over
all or any of the above papers if thought advisable; the semi-vehicle No. 4
might even be incorporated with any dry pigment, color, or material for
painting, prepared in the manner heretofore practised, and then painted with,
by passing over the same when dry an acid solution, and when this dried in,
the saponaceous solution, aforesaid. The before-mentioned vehicles 1, 2, 3,
and 5 may be incorporated with any of the pigments or colors used by paper
stainers, or any other pigments or colors not enumerated, according to the
affinity of such vehicles; and it might even be sufficient simply to first grind
such pigment or color in water without any other preparation, and no gums,
oils, dryers, or spirits will be required on being applied, as aforesaid; and in
compounding or finally preparing these paints, pigments, or colors for paper-
staining and coloring, they are to be thinned or reduced by water only, as
found necessary, or diluted vehicle, according to affinities. And it may be
remarked, that although I have given directions for the preparing, mixing, and
compounding of paints, pigments, colors, or materials for paper-staining and
decorative purposes generally, yet, as regards distemper colors, it might be
sufficient to paint a surface with them as prepared in the ordinary manner,
and when dry to coat the same with any of the vehicles aforesaid, except
No. 4, and pass over the solution afterwards if necessary, but if semi-vehicle is
used, an acid must be also passed over that, and then the solution, if wanted.
Excess of acid in any of the before-mentioned mixtures may be lessened by
solution of soap only, or by vehicle No. 4, passing the whole through the mill,
thus requiring less saponaceous solution as an after application. Notwith-

page_text: standing all I have stated heretofore, all colors above mentioned may be ground
in semi-vehicle No. 4, and afterwards subdued by any of the acids named
according to their affinities, as aforesaid and re-subdued at option.
Having now described the nature of my said Invention of " Improvements
in the Manufacture of Paper Hangings for Decorative Purposes," together with
the best means I am acquainted with for carrying the same into practical effect,
I would remark, in conclusion, that I do not intend to limit or confine
myself to the exact quantities above set forth, as they will entirely depend on
the relative qualities and strengths of the various ingredients used, and which
are not always to be had of uniform quality; but what I claim as my Inven-
tion is, the use of dissolved soap and compounding of the vehicles aforesaid
for reducing or re-subduing coloring matters employed in the manufacture of
paints and pigments used in making paper hangings employed for decorative
purposes, after such said paints and pigments have or not been subdued by
acids, as above described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Arnold Morton, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Second day of October, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-six.
Witness,
ALEX. PRINCE, Patent Agent,
4, Trafalgar Square.
ARNOLD MORTON. (L.S.)