Improved Apparatus for use in Teaching Arithmetic.
Year: 1889

page_text: Date of Application, 10th Apr., 1889
Complete Specification Left. 18th Nov.. 1889-Accepted. 28th Dec., 1889
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improved Apparatus for use in Teaching Arithmetic.
I, FREDERICK JOHN KNIGHT Certificated Teacher of the Board School in the
arish Lydeard Saint Lawrence in the county of Somerset, do hereby declare the
ature of this invention to be as follows:-
1. A rectangular frame of wood-with or without legs as desired.
2. Through holes in one of the sides run or slide sets of iron or steel bars, three in
set, each set being in the same horizontal plane, and each set runs parallel to the
op or bottom of the frame. The bars of each set are parallel to each other.
3. A portion of the left front of the frame is covered with wood and serves for a
lack Board for use with the frame, and also serves as a screen to hide such portions
the apparatus as are not required. At the corresponding back part of the frame is
door which with the aforesaid Black Board makes a a cupboard to enclose the
ovable portion of the apparatus when not in use.
4. The movable portion of the apparatus consists of the following:-
(a) On each front bar of each set slide a number of single balls or beads
representing the "units" of the apparatus.
(b) On each middle bar of each set hangs sets of "ten" balls or beads, repre-
senting the "tens" of apparatus.
(c) On the back bar of each sets hangs sets of "hundreds" of balls or beads
representing the "hundreds" of the apparatus.
(d) Separate sets of thousands which may be hung on any bar if required.
5. Method of using :-
(a) Supposing that the number 1,257 was required. Seven single beads would
be pushed into sight for the seven" units."
(b) Five sets of tens pushed forward for the fifty, making fifty seven.
(c) Two sets of "hundreds" for 200-thus making two hundred and fifty seven.
(d) On the left of the sets of hundreds, one set of "thousands" would be hung,
completing the number one thousand two hundred and fifty seven.
(e) By sliding back the two "hundreds" the number visible would be 1057.
(By sliding back the seven units or singles, the number of beads or balls
visible would be 1050-& so on.
(g) Actual addition,-subtraction etc. can be worked in a tangible way by means
of this apparatus.
Dated this Eighth day of May 1889.
FRED. J. KNIGHT,
Board School, Lydeard Saint Lawrence, Somerset.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improved Apparatus for use in Teaching Arithmetic.
I, FREDERICK JOHN KNIGHT, head master of the Lydeard Saint Lawrence Board
School, in the parish of Lydeard St. Lawrence, in the County of Somerset, do hereby
declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the same is to be performed,
to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement
:-
1. The apparatus consists of a rectangular frame of wood with or without legs as
preferred.
2. Through holes in the side run sets of iron or steel bars (three bars in each set),
each set of bars being in the same horizontal plane, and each set running parallel to
the top and bottom of the frame.

page_text: The bars of each set are parallel to each other.
3. A portion of the right of the front of the frame is covered with wood, which
ves as a Black Board for use with the apparatus. The same board also serves as a
een to hide such portions of the apparatus as are not required.
At the corresponding back part of the frame, hangs a door, (which is unhung when
apparatus is in use, and) which with the aforesaid Black Board nakes a cupboard
enclose the movable portions of the apparatus when not in use and protect the same
m dust.
4. The movable portion of the apparatus consists of the following:
(a) On each front bar of each set hang and slide a number of "single" heads or
balls, which beads or balls represent the "units" of the apparatus.
(b) On each middle bar of each set, hang and slide sets of "ten" beads, which
sets represent the "tens" of the apparatus.
(c) On each back bar of each set, hang and slide sets of "hundreds" of beads,
which sets represent the "hundreds" of the apparatus.
(d) Separate sets of "thousands" (i.e. ten of c.) of beads which may be hung on
either set of bars as required.
(e) A movable rod painted white, (herein-after styled the "answer-rod") placed
when necessary immediately above the lowest set of bars, to represent the line
drawn between the sum and the answer.
5. Method of using the Apparatus.
(A) For teaching Number.
(a) Supposing the number 1257 was required, seven single beads would be
pushed into sight of the class from behind the screen or Black Board on the
front bar for the seven "units" required.
"
(b) Five of the sets of "tens are pushed forward on the middle bar for the
fifty" thus showing fifty-seven beads, (5¹ tens + 7 units).
وو
(c) Two sets of "hundreds are pushed into sight on the back bar thus showing
2 (hundreds) 5 (tens) 7 (units).
.
(d) One of the "thousands" is hung beside the "hundreds" thus making the
number of beads actually in sight of the class on the same set of bars, 1,257.
(e) By sliding back the two "hundreds" only 1057 beads would be visible.
(f) By sliding back the seven "single" beads only 1050 beads would remain
visible.
"hundreds" might be increased or
(g) Or the respective "singles
lessened at pleasure.
""tens" or
(a) into view 40 neaus.: 5 hundreds 4 tens
their respective bars.
units on
(6) Immediately beneath place 367 beads, the 3 "hundreds" below the
5 "hundreds," "tens" under "tens" and "units" under " units," and fix the
answer-rod.
(c) Since 7 is greater than 3 a "ten" must be borrowed one of the 4" tens
is pushed behind the 3 "singles" thus making 13 (i.e. 1
3 "singles ").
68
ten "
"
and
(d) Then 13. 7=6. Hence six single beads are pushed forward in the
answer set.
(e) Three tens only remain in the top line and six tens below them. Hence the
necessity of borrowing one of the "hundreds." This "hundred" is pushed
behind the three tens making 13 (tens).
Then 13 (tens) - 6 (tens) = 7 tens.
Sarea tens are accordingly placed in the answer set making a total of 76.

page_text: "
(f) Four "hundreds three "hundreds "
-
= one "hundred " One of the sets of
"hundreds" is then placed in the answer line making a total of 176.
(g) Thus the actual number of beads in each of the three lines is shown and the
actual process of working demonstrated.
twos
"
C. Addition Multiplication Division can be worked in a similar manner.
"
" "threes
D. The Multiplication Tables are taught by actual "
' elevens'
(1 ten +1 unit) "twelves" (1 ten + 2 units). Thus 2 x 12 = 24 i.e. "two"
tens + four units.
"
E. By the substitution of sets of "fours" for "tens," and sets of "fortyeights"
(12 × 4) for "hundreds." Addition etc. of money can be taught. Each bead or ball
would represent a "farthing," each set of " four the "
penny," and each set of
"fortyeight" the "shilling" and so on.
"
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said Inven-
tion, and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what
I claim is
The improved apparatus here-in-before described for use in teaching Arithmetic.
Dated this Fifteenth day of November 1889 One thousand eight hundred and
eighty nine.
FREDERICK JOHN KNIGHT.