IMPROVEMENTS IN PERMANENT AND ELECTRO-MAGNETS AND ELECTIO TELEPHONES AND TELEPHONE CIRCUITS
Year: 1880

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Samuel Russell, of Brooklyn, in the County of Kings and
State of New York, one of the United States of America, Physician, for an
Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN PERMANENT AND ELECTRO-MAGNETS AND
ELECTIO TELEPHONES AND TELEPHONE CIRCUITS."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Samuel Russell at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents on the 28th April 1880.
SAMUEL RUSSELL, of Brooklyn, in the County of Kings and State of New
York, one of the United States of America, Physician. "IMPROVEMENTS IN
PERMANENT AND ELECTRO-MAGNETS AND ELECTRIC TELEPHONES AND TELEPHONE
CIRCUITS."
The first part of my Invention relates to the construction of magnets either
permanent or electro, and also to their application to telephonic and telegraphic
purposes; and its second part relates to the construction of magnetic telephones for
both transmitting and receiving, and to the connection therewith of transmitting
telephones, which operate by varying the resistance to the passage of a battery
current.
My improved magnet is what is known as a multipolar magnet, and consists of a
solid body-portion with a series of north and another series of south poles projecting
therefrom in the same direction, each series being arranged in a separate row or
position from the other, and the poles of cach having collectively the same
attractive power as that of the other, that the two series may balance each other.
I prefer to arrange the poles of one series in a small circle or cluster, placing cach
pole in close proximity to but not in actual contact with the adjacent ones, and to
dispose the poles of the other series uniformly around the first in a circle concentric
therewith. For the body-portion I employ a metallic plate or ring, and for the
poles I employ slender pins or rods whose one ends I fasten to or in the plate,
leaving their remaining portions projecting perpendicularly therefrom. If the
magnet is to be made a permanent one 1 form either its poles or body, or both, of
steel or other permanently magnetizable material and magnetize the same in any

page_text: usual manner, so as to give to the central cluster a polarity opposite to that of the
surrounding circle of poles.
If such a permanent magnet is to be made an electrically-variable ono I arrange
an electric coil of conducting wire in the annular space between the two series
of poles, so that a current therein will pass outside of the inner poles and inside of
the outer poles, thus acting oppositely upon each series, and serving temporarily to
increase or decrease their attractive power according as it passes in one direction or
the other. In this form my magnet is adapted to be used as a magnet of a magneto-
electric telephone.
If the magnet is to be an electro-magnet it is made entirely of soft iron or similar
material; an electric coil is placed in its annular space as just described, and it is
provided with an armaturo which is arranged opposite its poles and hung as usual,
being capable of a slight movement toward or from the magnet and tending
normally to move away therefrom. My magnet is thus adapted for us in telegraph
relays and other electrical instruments in place of the ordinary electro-magnet.
My magnet possesses greater sensitiveness to inductivo action and greater
attractive power with the same weight than the ordinary magnets; and by all of
the poles being connected with each other through the medium of the body-portion
their action is rendered equal, and each increases the action of the other. Instead
of employing a separate pin for each pole of the magnet each pin may form two
poles by bending it into U shape and fixing it to the body portion at its bend or
conter.
My improved magnotic telephones are adapted for use both as transmitters and
receivers and embody several features which I will describe separately.
The first feature of my telephone consists in employing two or more magnetic
poles enclosed by the same electric-coil approaching the same armature-diaphragm,
and separated slightly from each other that each may act upon the diaphragm, or
be acted upon by it independently of the others, though simultaneously therewith.
By this means greater distinctness and power in the transmission of speech is
secured than when one larger pole is employed, or than when the two or more poles
are in contact with each other..
The second feature of my telephone consists in the employment of one or more
slender poles capable of lateral vibration, arranged before and attracting an
armature-diaphragm and out of contact with its enclosing coil (and if there be more
than one pole, as I prefer, each out of contact with the others) that it or they may
be free to vibrate. I fix the magnet (or cach magnet) at its end or portion remote
from the diaphragm, leaving its pole toward the diaphragm free to vibrate laterally.
The action of the magnets is increased by this vibration, giving the telephone more
power in the transmission of sound.
The third feature of my telephone consists in the employment of a vibrating
electric coil borne by the diaphragm in connection with and enclosing one or more
vibratory magnetic poles. The coil vibrates with the diaphragm, its motion being
longitudinally of the magnets or poles, and an annular space is left between it and
the pole or poles which it encloses, that both it and the poles may be free to vibrate,
the latter vibrating laterally while it vibrates longitudinally. I arrange the coil
to project beyond the poles when tho instrument is at rest, so that when the
current in the coil excites the magnet, and it attracts the diaphragm inward, the coil
will thereby be moved further onto the magnet and more of it be brought to bear
upon the latter, thus heightening its action, and this effect will be inversely tho
same when the diaphragm is repelled by tho magnet, and equally as marked in
transmitting as in receiving.
The fourth feature of my telephone consists in the employment of an armature-
diaphragm, consisting of wire gauze, formed preforably of fine iron wire and
compressed so as to flatten the wires and fill the interstices. A diaphragm thus
constructed is of uniform substance, and has its fibres passing in two directions
at right angles to each other so that it will not warp by the action of the magnet.
The fifth feature of my telephone consists in the employment of an induction-

page_text: coil surrounding the magnetic pole or poles in place of the simple electric coil
heretofore used, the primary wire of the coil being part of a local battery-circuit,
and its secondary wire being part of the line-circuit, which circuit also includes the
secondary wire of the coil of each other telephone which is in connection with the
first. In transmitting the magnet as it is acted upon by the diaphragm, induces
undulations in the battery-current in the local-circuit, and also corresponding
undulatory currents in the line-circuit, while the undulations in the local circuit
will also induce secondary undulatory currents in the line-circuit, which with
the primary undulatory currents therein act directly upon the magnet of the
receiving telephone in the same manner as a simple coil, and also generate tertiary.
currents in the local circuit of the receiving telephone, which currents act also
upon the magnet thereof, co-operatively with those in the line circuit. If preferred
the induction-coil may be arranged outside of the telephone-case, a simple electric
coil surrounding the magnet and forming part of the battery-circuit, in which case
the line-circuit will be entirely extraneous to all the telephones. With this
arrangement the advantage of the combined action of both the primary and
secondary wires of the coil upon the magnet, and of the magnet upon them will be
lost; the magnet in transmitting will act only upon the primary coil in the local
circuit, and in receiving will be acted upon only by the induced tertiary currents
in said circuits.
My Invention further consists in the combination with a magnetic telephone of a
battery transmitting telephone, the two being contained in the same case, using the
same mouth-piece, and being preferably arranged in separate circuits connected through
an induction-coil. I prefer to employ the same diaphragm for both telephones that
the two may act co-operatively, and for the transmitting telephone I prefer to use
what is known as a "carbon transmitter." or one which, when placed in a battery
circuit, varies the resistance to the passage of the current according as it is influenced
by the vibrations of the diaphragm. To secure the best results I arrange the resistance-
contacts (usually of metal and carbon respectively) at the centro of the diaphragm,
and two or more magnetic poles on each side of or in a circle surrounding the
same. The induction-coil may surround the magnets in place of a simple electric-
coil, as hereinbefore described, or it may be exterior to the telephone, as desired.
If the latter arrangement be adopted I prefer that the secondary wire of the
induction-coil shall be arranged in a branch of the line-circuit instead of in the
main line-circuit. In transmitting, the variations in the battery current caused
by the action of the carbon transmitter induce undulatory currents in the line
circuit through the medium of the induction-coil, and corresponding currents are also
simultaneously generated in the line-circuit by the inductive action of the magnets of
the magnetic telephone. Thus in transmitting I avail myself of the combined
effectiveness of both telephones. In receiving, the magnetic telephono alone
operates, being acted upon in the usual manner.
In lieu of fixing the carbon block or button of the transmitter tightly in a holder
and mounting it on the end of a spring, 1 place it loosely in a cup with a yielding
cushion behind it to give it the requisite yielding quality.
I prefer in all forms of my telephone to uso several slender poles of one polarity
(as north) arranged in a group and surrounded by the coil, with a series of poles of
the opposite polarity (as south) arranged equidistantly around the outside of the
coil. The coil, by passing outside of one series and inside of the other, acts upon
their poles oppositely, and its inductive action is more fully utilized than when
the outer poles are omitted. It is desirable that the outer and inner poles should
be connected, either in pairs, ono outer to one inner pole, or all the poles together,
as in my multipolar magnet herein before described.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said Samuel Russoll in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 27th October
1880.
SAMUEL RUSSELL, of Brooklyn, in the County of Kings and State of New York,
one of the United States of America, Physician. "IMPROVEMENTS IN PERMANENT
AND ELECTRO-MAGNETS AND ELECTRIC TELEPHONES AND TELEPHONE CIRCUITS."
The first part of my Invention relates to the construction of compound magnets,
either permanent or electro, and also to their application to telephonic and
telegraphic purposes; and its second part relates to the construction of magnetic
telephones for both transmitting and receiving, and to the connection therewith of
transmitting telephones, which operate by varying the resistance to the passage of a
battery current.
My compound magnet is shown by itself in Figures 1 and 2. Figure 1 is a
plan or end view, and Figure 2 is a longitudinal mid-section taken in the plane of
the line x, x, in Figure 1.
A is a plate or body-portion from which project a number of slender bars or
pins B, B. The pins B, B, are divided into two series, those in one series being
arranged in a cluster or group at or near the center, and those of the other series
being arranged in a circle surrounding and enclosing the first. The pins in the
inner series are lettered a, a, and those in the outer series are lettered b, b. When
the magnet is to be a permanent one, either the pins B, B, or the plate A, or both
are made of steel or other permanently-magnetizable metal, and the pins a, a, aro
given one polarity, while the pins b, b, are given the opposite polarity. Thus tho
pins a, a, may be north poles, and those b, b, the south poles, or vice versa. The
poles a, a, should have collectively substantially the same attractive power as the
poles b, b, that the two series may balance each other, and they are preferably of
equal size and number that their action may be equal. As two of the poles should
be in contact, as they would thereby become in effect one larger pola. A permanent
magnet thus made has great attractive power in proportion to its weight, and does
not readily lose its magnetism.
When a
If my improved magnet is to be made an electrically-variable one, I arrange an
electric coil C of conducting wire in the annular space between the two rows of
poles, as shown in Figures 3 and 4. Figure 3 is a plan or end view of the magnet
with the coil in place, and Figure 4 is a sido elevation of the same.
current circulates through this coil, it will pass outside of the poles a, a, and inside
of the poles b, b, thus acting oppositely upon each in accordance with their opposite
polarization, and it will act to temporarily increase or decrease their magnetism,
according as it flows in one direction or the other. Thus, provided my magnet is
adapted to be used as the magnet of a magneto-electric telephone, as shown best in
Figures 5 and 6, which illustrato a magnetic telephone provided with my magnet.
Figure 5 is a longitudinal mid-section, and Figure 6 is a transverse section taken
on the line x, x, in Figure 5. In these Figures D represents the magnet as a whole,
and O its electric coil. E is the armature-diaphragm of the telephone arranged
close before the poles of the magnet; F is the enclosing case of the telephone. F¹ is
its mouth piece, and c, c, are binding-posts which are in connection with the coil C.
The operation of this form of telephone is the same as that of other telephones, but
by the employment of my compound magnet it is rendered unusually sensitive, and
its action is greatly improved both in receiving and transmitting.
If my magnet is to be an electro-magnet, it will be made entirely of soft iron or
similar material, the coil C will be arranged in its annular space as above described,
and it will be provided with an armature E which is arranged opposito to its poles
and hung as usual so as to be capable of a slight movement toward or from them,

page_text: and tending normally to move away from them. This arrangement is shown in
Figure 7, which is a vertical mid-section illustrating my magnet applied as a
telegraph relay. d is the retracting-spring for the armature, and 6, 6, e, are the
usual adjusting-devices common to all relays. In this Figure I have shown a
second coil C¹ arranged outside of the poles b, b, to reinforce the action of the coil C.
This outer coil must be wound in the opposite direction to the inner one, in order
that it may co-act therewith upon the poles b, b.
My compound or multipolar magnet possesses greater sensitiveness to inductive
action, and greater attractive power to the same weight than ordinary solid bar or
horse-shoe magnets; and by all the poles B, B, being connected with each other
through the medium of the body-portion A their action is rendered equal, and each
increases the action of the other. Instead of employing a separate pin B for each
polo of the magnet, each pin may form two poles by bending it into U-shape, and
fixing it to the body portion at its bend or center, as shown in Figure 8, which is a
longitudinal mid-section.
My improved magnetic telephone is adapted for use both as a transmitter and
receiver, and embodies several novel features in addition to the employment of the
special form of magnet D just described.
Referring to Figures 5 and 6, the several magnetic poles B, B, are made slender
so as to be capable of lateral vibration, and are fixed only at their back ends, their
front portions being out of contact with the coil C or its spool, with each other, and
with all other parts of the instrument, so that they are thus left free to vibrate
laterally. In receiving or transmitting, the poles B, B, vibrate in sympathy with
the vibrations of the diaphragm or the electric pulsations in the coil, thus heightening
their action and rendering the operation of the instrumeut more effective and the
transmitted sound louder. Although the arrangement of poles shown is the
preferable one, the outer poles b, b, may be omitted without departing from this
part of my Invention, and but one pole may be used in place of the several
poles a shown, provided that it be capable of lateral vibration and free to so
vibrate.
The remaining features of my telephone are shown in Figures 9, 10, 11 and 12,
of which Figure 9 is a longitudinal mid-section of a telephone; Figure 10 is a
transverse section thereof taken in the plane of the line x, x, in Figure 9; Figure 11
is a transverse section thereof taken in the plane of the line y, y, in Figure 9, and
Figure 12 is a plan of a portion of the diaphragm.
The coil C is here borne by the diaphragm E and vibrates with the latter in a
direction longitudinally of the pole or poles B of the magnet, while the vibration of
the latter is in a lateral direction. Sufficient space is left between the pole or poles
and the coil prevent their contacting, and thereby interfering with the vibration of
either. As the coil vibrates it moves toward and from the neutral portion of the
magnet, and thus its inductive action upon the magnet and that of the magnet upon
it will be varied according to their relative positions, as well as according to their
electrical or magnetic conditions. The sensitiveness and power of the instrument
are thus perceptibly increased.
The armature-diaphragm E instead of being formed of the ordinary sheet-iron
plate which is liable to warp under the influence of the several magnetic poles B, B,
and thereby to get out of adjustinent is made of wire-gauze formed from fine iron
wire and having its interstices closed or filled. A diaphragm thus constructed is of
uniform substance, and has its fibers passing in two directions at right angles to
each other so that it will not warp. The interstices in the gauze are best closed by
compression or hammering, whereby the wires are flattened or forced together. In
lieu of this, the interstices may be filled by applying a coating of varnish or other
adhering substance. The object of filling the interstices is to give the diaphragm a
better hold on the air than if they are left open.
A portion of my Invention relates to the combination in one case F of a magnetic
telephone, adadted for both transmitting and receiving, and a transmitting telephone
which operates by varying its resistance to the passage of a battery current. In

page_text: Figures 9, 10, and 11, G is such a transmitter, it being arranged at the center of
the magnetic telephone hereinbefore described, and surrounded by the poles a, a,
thereof. It consists of two resistance-varying contacts g, gl, the contact g being
fixed to the center of the diaphragm E and the contact.g' pressed lightly against it.
The contact is preferably of metal with a platina tip, and the contact y' is
preferably a button or block of carbon, but other materials may be substituted for
these.
The coil C is an induction coil, and consists of wires h, i, and h, the wire i being
wound in a layer intermediate of the wire h which is wound in two layers at the
center and periphery of the coil so as to be adjacent to the poles B, B. After leaving
the coil the wire & extends to and its ends terminate at the binding-posts c, c, with
which the line-circuit wires are connected. This wire hand the magnet D
constitute with the diaphragm the magnetic-telephone portion of the combined
instrument. One end of the wire i is connected to the contact g, and its other end
is connected with one of the binding-posts j. The other binding-post j. connects
with the contact g¹ through the adjusting-devices for the latter. Wires from a
battery are connected to the posts j, j, as shown.
Thus constructed, my instrument is of the character of what are known as
"reaction" telephones, and its operation is as follows:-
The
In transmitting the magnet D as it is acted upon by the diaphragm E induces
undulations in the line circuit by its inductive action on the wire h.
simultaneous action of the diaphragm upon the contacts g, g², causes them to vary
their resistance to the passage of the battery current between them and thereby
causes undulations in the local circuit, which by the proximity of the wire i of that
circuit to the wire h of the line circuit induces undulations in the latter. The line
circuit thus bears electrical undulations caused hy the simultaneous inductive action
of the local battery circuit and the magnet D, and these undulations act upon
the magnetic portion of the telephone at the receiving station in the usual
manner.
I make no longer any broad claim to the combination of a battery-transmitter
with a magnetic telephone, nor do I claim the arrangement of an induction-coil in
the telephone case or enclosing its magnet, as these features I have found to be old.
If preferred the induction-coil may be arranged outside of the telephone-case, the
coil C around the magnet being a simple electric coil, and in this case the line-
circuit may be entirely extraneous to the telephones; but I prefer that the coil C
be in the main line circuit, and the induction-coil in a branch thereof, that the
currents may reach the receiving telephone without having to pass through the
induction-coil and encounter its resistance.
In this connection my Invention consists in arranging two or more like magnetic
poles on opposite sides of or surrounding the contacts g, g¹. I thus cause the
diaphragm to vibrate over a much larger proportional area of its surface than
when but a single central pole is used as heretofore, since a series of poles acting
co-operatively at different points have a more thorough control of the vibrations of
the diaphragm than has a single central pole. The transmitted sound is thus
reproduced with greater energy and volume than heretofore.
In Figure 9 is best shown my improved method of connecting the contact g' to
its adjusting device. Instead of fixing it tightly in a holder and mounting it on
the end of a spring I place it loosely in a cup k with a yielding cushion / behind it
to give it the requisite yielding quality. In yielding to the pressure of the
contact g it slides back bodily in the cup and compresses the cushion. The tension
of the cushion is adjusted by moving the cup forward or backward by means of a
differential-screw m working in a fixed tube n, which forms a guide for the cup.
The screw m is turned by engaging its squared head by a key; or its end may
project beyond the case of the telephone and havo a milled head.
In a telephono the outer and inner poles a and b of the magnet may be connected
together in pairs or be entirely independent instead of using the plate A, but I
prefer that all he connected by the plate

page_text: Having thus fully and "accurately described and ascertained the nature of my
said Invention, I declare that what I claim and desire to secure by Letters Patent
is as follows:-
First. The compound magnet constructed as described with a body-plate and
two series of poles of opposite polarity projecting therefrom.
Second. The said compound magnet provided with an electric coil, which
encloses the poles of one polarity and is surrounded by the poles of the opposito
polarity, whether the magnet be an electrically-variable permanent magnet or an
electro-magnet having its poles of soft-iron.
Third. The addition of the outer coil C' to said electrically-varible or electro-
magnet.
Fourth. The arrangement of an armature before the poles of the said electro-
magnet, said armature being capable of a slight motion toward or from said poles,
and tending normally to move away therefrom.
Fifth. A telephone consisting of the improved compound magnet D provided
with a coil C enclosed in a case and facing a diaphragm E.
Sixth. A telephone consisting of a slender magnetic pole B capable of lateral
vibration free from its enclosing coil C, and from all other parts which would
prevent its vibration, and facing and attracting a diaphragm E.
Seventh. A telephone provided with two or more slender vibratory poles of
like polarity arranged within an electric-coil, and out of contact therewith and
with each other, so that they may be free to vibrate laterally.
Eighth. The elements of the preceding clause in combination with a series of
poles of the opposite polarity arranged around the outside of the coil.
Ninth. A telephone consisting of one or more slender magnetic poles B capable
of lateral vibration, and enclosed by a coil C, which is borne by and vibrates with
the diaphragm E.
Tenth. In a telephone an armature-diaphragm formed of fine wire gauze.
Eleventh. In a telephone an armature-diaphragm formed of fine wire gauzo
with its interstices closed or filled either by compression or by the application of
varnish or other filling.
Twelfth. In a combined battery-transmitting and magnetic telephone the
arrangement of the resistance-varying contacts at the center of the diaphragm with
two or more like magnetic poles on opposite sides of or surrounding them and
facing the diaphragm.
Thirteenth. In a battery-transmitting telephone the arrangement of the contact g¹
loosely in a cup k against a yielding cushion l.
In witness whereof, I, the said Samuel Russell, havo hereunto set my hand
and seal, this Fourth day of October, in the year of our Lord, 1880.
SANTIEL PUISSTI