IMPROVEMENTS IN FORGING AND SWAGING STEEL AND IRON WHEEL TYRES, AND IN THE APPARATUS OR TOOLS EMPLOYED FOR THAT PURPOSE
Year: 1865

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Josiah Penton, of Sheffield, in the County of York,
Engineer, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN FORGING AND SWAGING
STEEL AND IRON WHEEL TYRES, AND IN THE APPARATUS OR TOOLS EMPLOYED
FOR THAT PURPOSE."
Sealed the 17th April 1866, and dated the 19th October 1865.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Josiah Penton at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 19th
October 1865.
I, JOSIAH PENTON, of Sheffield, in the County of York, Engineer, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
FORGING AND SWAGING STEEL AND IRON WHEEL TYRES, AND IN THE APPARATUS OR
TOOLS EMPLOYED FOR THAT PURPOSE," to be as follows:-
My Invention has for its object a better and more expeditious mode of
forging and shaping tyres and rims of wheels, and more readily forming
single or double treads or flanges thereon. It is more especially adapted for
forging or swaging two tyres simultaneously, and consists in acting upon
the tyres by means of anvil and hammer dies or moulds in vertical or
horizontal steam hammers, which dies or moulds have such a form and
position that the whole surface of one part of the tyre is acted upon at once

page_text: and uniformly, whereby the quality of the tyre is improved. For this purpose
I form one or more sides of the anvil sloping, and I form upon such sloping
side or sides hubs or swages having upon their upper sloping faces dies or
moulds having the configuration of the inner surface of the rim or tyre to be
forged, and upon the correspondingly sloping face or faces of the hammer I
form dies or moulds having the configuration of the outer and one side surface
of the tyre, whilst the sloping side of the anvil forms the mould for the other
opposite side surface. By this arrangement the complete die of the tyre
formed by the hammer and anvil has such a position and arrangement that
no face of the same is parallel to the direction of the stroke of the hammer,
so that every face of the tyre is more or less equally acted upon by the blows
of the hammer, whilst at the same time the tyre freely delivers from the dies.
The tyres are first made in a "cheese" form, after which a sufficiently large
hole is punched in their centre to enable their being placed over the before-
mentioned hubs or swages on the sloping side or sides of the anvil, against
which they consequently lie also in a sloping position. As the tyres are acted
upon they are turned round by hand levers. I prefer to form the anvil with
two sloping sides and dies, so that one tyre can be worked on each side of the
anvil.
Another part of my Invention consists in forming the anvil to vertical
steam hammers with a recess in the middle, across which recess a strong
mandril is placed. One wheel tyre, or by preference two tyres placed face
to face, is or are hung upon such mandril so as to be suspended in the before-
mentioned recess in the anvil, and the parts of such tyres which rest upon
the mandril are then acted upon by a die or mould having the necessary
configuration formed in or fixed to the hammer face.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Josiah Penton in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 19th
April 1866.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOSIAH 3
PENTON, of Sheffield, in the County of York, Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Nineteenth day of October, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-five, in the twenty-ninth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, a

page_text: the said Josiah Penton, Her special licence that I, the said Josiah Penton,
my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said
Josiah Penton, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time
agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter
I during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use,
exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,
the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
FORGING AND SWAGING STEEL AND IRON WHEEL TYRES, AND IN THE APPARATUS OR
TOOLS EMPLOYED FOR THAT PURPOSE," upon the condition (amongst others) that
I, the said Josiah Penton, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in
writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should particu-
larly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what
manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the
Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately
after the date of the said Letters Patent.
I NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Josiah Penton, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be per-
formed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement thereof, reference being had to the accompanying Drawing, and to
the figures and letters marked thereon, that is to say :-
My Invention has for its object a better and more expeditious mode of
forging and shaping tyres and rims of wheels, and more readily forming single
or double treads or flanges thereon; it is more especially adapted for forging
or swaging two tyres simultaneously, and consists in acting upon the tyres by
means of anvil and hammer dies or moulds in vertical or horizontal steam
hammers, which dies or moulds have such a form and position that the whole
surface of one part of the tyre is acted upon at once and uniformly, whereby
the quality of the tyre is improved. For this purpose I form one or more
sides of the anvil sloping, and I form upon such sloping side or sides hubs or
swages having upon their upper sloping faces dies or moulds having the
configuration of the inner surface of the rim or tyre to be forged, and upon
the correspondingly sloping face or faces of the hammer I form dies or moulds
having the configuration of the outer and one side surface of the tyre, whilst
the sloping side of the anvil forms the mould for the other opposite side
surface. By this arrangement the complete die of the tyre formed by the
hammer and anvil has such a position and arrangement that no face of the
same is parallel to the direction of the stroke of the hammer, so that every
face of the tyre is more or less equally acted upon by the blows of the hammer,
whilst at the same time the tyre freely delivers from the dies. The tyres are

page_text: first made in a "cheese" form, after which a sufficiently large hole is punched
in their centre to enable their being placed over the before-mentioned hubs or
swages on the sloping side or sides of the anvil, against which they conse-
quently lie also in a sloping position. As the tyres are acted upon they are
turned round by hand levers. I prefer to form the anvil with two sloping
sides and dies, so that one tyre can be worked on each side of the anvil..
Another part of my Invention consists in forming the anvil to vertical steam
hammers with a recess in the middle, across which recess a strong mandril is
placed; one wheel tyre, or by preference two tyres placed face to face, is or
are hung upon such mandril so as to be suspended in the before-mentioned
recess in the anvil, and the parts of such tyres which rest upon the mandril
are then acted upon by a die or mould having the necessary configuration
formed in or fixed to the hammer face.
Figures 1 to 3 on the accompanying Drawing show one arrangement for
forging and shaping wheel tyres according to the first part of my Invention.
Figure 1 shows a side elevation of the same; Figure 2 shows a front eleva-
tion ;
and Figure 3 shows a perspective view. In this arrangement the
anvil A is formed with two sloping faces a, a¹, upon which are formed or fixed
two strong hubs or swages 6, 61, upon which the blanks B, B', for the tyres
are hung as indicated in blue lines, and which act as the dies for the inner
surfaces of the tyres, while the sloping surfaces of the anvil form the dies for
the one side surface of the same. The bammer face C is formed with die
surfaces c, c, c¹, c¹, corresponding with the outer and other side surface of each
tyre, while the parts d, e, and e¹ of the hammer face are formed to rest upon
the top of the anvil A and the hubs 6, 61, when the tyres have been reduced
to the required thickness and width. It will be observed that the tyre B¹ is
in the reverse position upon the anvil face a¹ to that of B, and that in conse
quence the dies c³, c', of the hammer face are also reversed. The object of
this is that after the outer and one side surface of the tyre have been acted
upon by the dies c, c, of the hammer, it is transferred to the other side of the
anvil, so that the other side surface and the rim thereof may be acted upon by
the dies c¹, c¹, of the hammer. When required, an inner tread or flange may
also readily be formed upon the tyres by my improved arrangement, as indi-
cated in dotted lines at a, Figure 1. To the side of the anvil are attached
spurs D, D', affording fulcra for the levers, by means of which the workmen
turn the tyres on the hubs b, 61, of the anvil, as shown in the perspective
view Figure 3.
Figures 4 and 5 show an arrangement for forging wheel tyres according to
the second part of my Invention. Figure 4 shows a side elevation, and

page_text: Figure 5 shows a front elevation of the same. In this arrangement the anvil
A is formed with a recess a in the middle, across which is placed a strong
mandril E. Upon this mandril are placed two blanks of tyres B, B, face to
face, the mandril having two collars e, e, which act as dies to a portion of the
outer side surfaces of the tyres, while the hammer face C has the dies c, c, for
the outer surfaces and the other part of the side surfaces of the tyres formed
in it, and the parts d, d, of the hammer are formed to rest upon the collars
e, e, of the mandril when the tyre has been worked down to the required
thickness. The tyres B may also be arranged in the reverse position to that
just described, as shown in Figure 6, and instead of the mandril E being
formed with collars to act as the dies for the side surfaces, the dies for the
whole of such surfaces may be formed in the hammer face C, as shown.
Having now described the nature of my Invention, and in what manner
the same is to be performed, I wish it to be understood that I do not limit
myself to the precise arrangements for carrying my Invention into practice
as herein-before described with reference to tompanying Drawing, as
these may be variously modified without departing from the nature of my
Invention. I am also aware that blanks for wheel tyres have been placed
upon a projecting beak or hub on the sloping surface of an anvil in order
to form a bevilled periphery thereon by means of a flat hammer face; also
that rings or blanks for wheel tyres have been formed by suspending them
upon a mandril in a recess in the anvil, and acting upon them with a flat
hammer face, but what I claim under the herein-before in part recited Letters
Patent is,―
First, causing a pressure to be exerted simultaneously on all four surfaces
of the tyre by means of dies on the hammer and anvil by so arranging the
dies and tyre that no surface thereof is parallel to the direction in which the
hammer face moves.
Second, forming the anvil with one or more sloping sides having a projec-
tion or hub upon which the tyre is hung in a sloping position, and which,
together with the sloping side of the anvil, forms the die for the inner and
one side surface of the tyre, while the die for the other side surface and
the outer surface of the tyre is formed in the hammer face, substantially
as herein-before described with reference to Figures 1 to 3 on the accompanying
5 Drawing.
Third, forming a recess in the anvil across which is placed a strong
mandril carrying one or more tyres suspended in the said recess of the
anvil, and acting upon the part of the tyre or tyres which rests upon the

page_text: mandril by means of dies formed in the hammer face, substantially as
herein-before described with reference to Figures 4 to 6 on the accompanying.
Drawing.
In witness whereof, I, the said Josiah Penton, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Eighteenth day of April, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-six.
JOSIAH PENTON. (L.B.)