IMPROVEMENTS-IN. MACHINERY OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED: IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CANDLES
Year: 1866

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Arthur Field, of the Firm of John, Charles, and
John Field, of Upper, Marsh, Lambeth, in the County of Surrey, for.
the Invention of" IMPROVEMENTS-IN. MACHINERY OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED:
IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CANDLES."
Sealed the 18th April 1867, and dated the 23rd October 1866.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Arthur Field at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 23rd October
.1866.
'I, ARTHUR FIELD,. of the Firm of John, Charles, and John Field, of Upper
Marsh, Lambeth, in the County of Surrey; do hereby declare the nature of
the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED
IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CANDLES," to be as follows:→
My Invention consists in the construction of machinery or apparatus for
forming candles with tapering or conical lower ends, according to the Inven-
tion for which Letters Patent have been granted to Frederick Field, bearing
date the 16 May 1866, No. 1888, whereby the tapering lower ends are
formed on the candles after these have been formed in the usual manner.

page_text: .
For this
purpose I construct over the ordinary moulds in which the candles
are cast a second set of moulds corresponding in form with the tapering ends
required to be added to the candles. These moulds are divided longitudinally
of the candles, so as to be capable of opening out; the lower ends thereof are
open and are so formed as to fit closely round the candles, near their lower
ends when these are inserted into the moulds from below, the candles them-
selves being thus made to close the bottoms of the moulds for the tapering
ends. These are also open at top, where they are all connected together by
means of a trough through which they are filled with the melted paraffine,
stearine, or other substance, which trough also opens out, one part of the same
being formed on each half of the moulds. The one half of each mould is
fixed permanently to a frame capable of sliding up and down to a certain
extent in guides fixed to the casing of the lower moulds, for a purpose to be
presently described. The other halves of the moulds are hinged to the fixed
halves, and being connected together as before described can all be opened
out together by hand. When the candles are inserted from below into the
moulds the moveable halves of the latter are pressed tightly against the fixed
halves, as also against the candles by means of a series of cams upon spindles
carried by the same framing that carries the moulds, the cams being actuated
by handles fixed to the ends of the said spindles, or any other suitable known
arrangement may be employed for pressing the one half of the mould against
the other half so as to form a fluid-tight joint between them when the
conical ends require to be cast on the candles. The frame carrying the upper
moulds is provided with legs passing through guides fixed to the casing of the
lower moulds, the lower ends of which legs are so formed that when the
platform carrying the pistons of the lower moulds has been raised in the usual
manner, so as to push the candles partially out of the lower moulds and into
the upper moulds, it also commences to push up the said legs, and with them
-the framing and upper moulds, at the same time that the candles are pushed
entirely out of the lower moulds. When the frame has been raised to a
certain height and the upper moulds have been closed so as to hold the
candles tightly that have been pushed into them, the platform and pistons to
the lower moulds are lowered again into their usual position for casting a fresh
set of candles, while spring catches attached to the legs of the frame maintain
the latter and the upper moulds in their raised position, the candles held
thereby being thus suspended over the lower moulds, with the wicks attached
thereto passing through the latter to the reels below ready for casting the next
set of candles. The melted paraffine, stearine, or other substance is then
run into the lower moulds, thus forming a new set of candles, and. also

page_text: into the upper moulds, thus forming. the conical ends on the candles that
have just been cast. When the material has sufficiently solidified, the upper
moulds are opened out, and the candles with the conical ends are removed.
therefrom.. The frame with the upper moulds is then. lowered by withdrawing
the spring catches by hand or otherwise, and the candles in the lower moulds are.
raised into the upper moulds, and the process is repeated as before described.
If requisite each part of the upper moulds. may be provided with a water.
jacket connected by means of lengths of flexible or jointed tubing to a four-
way cock, whereby a communication may be established either with a steam.
pipe for heating the moulds just before casting, or with a cold water service.
for cooling the moulds rapidly after casting.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed,
by. the said Arthur Field in the Great Seal Patent Office on the,
23rd April 1867.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, ARTHUR
FIELD, of the Firm of John, Charles, and John Field, of Upper Marsh,,
Lambeth, in the County of Surrey, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen. Victoria, by Her Letters:
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-third day of October, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-six, in: the thirtieth year of Her'
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said Arthur Field, Her special licence that me, the said Arthur Field, my
executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Arthur-
Field, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the
term therein- expressed, should and lawfully might, make, use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel.
Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR;
APPARATUS EMPLOYED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CANDLES," upon the condition.
(amongst others) that I, the said Arthur Field, my executors or adminis-
trators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of their
bands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of
the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed,.
and, cause the same to be filed in: the Great Seal. Patent Office within six:
calendar month's next. and immediately after the date of the said Letters.
Patent.

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Arthur Field, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention, and in what manner. the same is to be per-
formed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and-by the following
statement thereof, reference being had to the accompanying Drawings, and
to the figures and letters marked thereon, that is to say:
.
My Invention consists in. the construction, of machinery or apparatus for
forming candles with. tapering or conical: lower, ends according to the Inven-
tion for which Letters Patent have been granted to Frederick Field, bearing
date the 16 May. 1866, No. 1888, whereby the tapering lower ends are
formed on the, candles after, these have been formed in the usual manner.
For this purpose I construct over the ordinary moulds in which the candles.
are cast a second set of moulds corresponding in form with the tapering ends
required to be added to the candles. These moulds are divided longitudinally
of the candles so as to be capable of opening out; the lower ends thereof are
open, and are so formed as to fit closely round the candles near their lower
ends, when these are inserted into the moulds from below, the candles them-
selves being thus made to close the bottoms of the moulds for the tapering
ends. These, are also open at top, where they are all connected together.by
means. of a trough through which they are filled with the melted paraffine,
stearine, or other substance, which- trough, also-opens-out, one, part of the
same being formed on each half of the moulds. The one half of each mould
is fixed permanently to a frame capable of sliding up and down to à certain
extent in guides fixed to the casing of the lower-moulds for a purpose to be
presently described.. The other halves.of.. the moulds are, hinged to the fixed;
halves, and, being connected together as before described, can all be opened
out together by band. When, the candles are inserted from below into the
moulds the moveable halves of the latter are pressed tightly against the fixed
halves, as also against the candles, by means of a series of cams. upon spindles.
carried by the same framing, that carries the moulds, the cams, being, actuated,
by handles fixed, to the ends of the said spindles; or any other suitable known,
arrangement may be employed for-pressing, the one half, of, the mould against
the other half, so as to form a fluid-tight joint between them when the conical
ends require to be cast on the candles. The frame carrying, the uppen. moulds
is provided with legs passing, through guides fixed to the casing of the lower
moulds, the lower, ends of which legs, are, so formed that when the. platform
carrying the pistons of the; lower moulds has been raised, in the usual manner;
agas to push the candles partially out of the lower moulds and into the upper;
moulds it also, commences to, push, up; the, said legs, and with them, the
framing and upper moulds, at the same time that the candles are pushedi

page_text: entirely out of the lower moulds. When the frame bas been raised 'to à
certain height, and the upper moulds have been closed so as to hold the candles
tightly that have been pushed into them, the platform and pistons to the lower
moulds are lowered again into their usual position for casting a fresh set of
candles, while spring catches attached to the legs of the frame maintain the
latter and the upper moulds in their raised position; the candles held thereby
being thus suspended over the lower moulds with the wicks attached 'thereto
passing through the latter to the reels below 'ready for casting 'the next set of
candles. The melted paraffine, stearine, or other substance is then run into
the lower moulds, thus forming a new set of candles, and also into the upper
moulds, thus forming the conical ends on the candles that have just been'
cast. When the material has sufficiently solidified the upper moulds are
opened out, and the candles with the conical ends are removed therefrom.
The frame with the upper moulds is then lowered by withdrawing the spring'
catches by hand or otherwise, and the candles in the lower moulds are raised'
into the upper moulds, and the process is repeated as before described. If
requisite each part of the upper moulds may be provided with a water jacket
connected by means of lengths of flexible or jointed tubing to a four-way
cock; whereby a communication may be established either with a steam pipe
for heating the moulds just before 'casting, or with a cold-water service for
cooling the moulds rapidly after casting.
Having thus set forth the nature of my Invention I will now proceed more
particularly to describe the best means I am acquainted with of performing
the same.
Figure 1 on Sheet I. of the accompanying Drawings shows a 'side elevation
of the apparatus; Figure 2 shows a transverse section of the same; Figure 's
on Sheet II. shows a part transverse section to a large scale; Figure 4,
Sheet I., shows a part plan of the same; and Figures 5 and 6 on Sheet 'II.
show details of the moulds for the tapering ends. Similar letters of reference
indicate similar parts in each of the Figures.
A, A, are the moulds for the candles enclosed in a casing B, through
which water and steam are inade to pass, and provided with noveable
pistons C actuated by the hollow rods D, through which the wicks pass from
the reels E, and which are raised and lowered for pushing out the formed
candles by means of the platform F worked by means of two racks and
pinions G, H, and crank handle Z in & well-known manner, and forming no
part of my present Invention. Over the moulds A are placed the moulds I, I;
for the conical ends that require to be formed on the candles as they pass out
of the moulds A. The moulds I, I, are supported-opon-a-moveable table or
+

page_text: "
framing J having four supports K, K; capable of working up and down in
guides K, K', fixed to the sides of the casing B in a manner and for the
purpose-to be-presently described. As will be observed the conical moulds I
arè in an inverted position to correspond with the inverted: position in which
the candles pass out of the moulds A; they are open at top and bottom, and
are divided longitudinally into two halves, the one half I being fixed firmly to
...the framing J, while the other half I¹ is hinged to I at M, and is capable of
'being turned up into the position indicated in red lines in Figure 3. The
fixed halves of the two rows of these moulds are by preference all connected
together and arranged so as to form an enclosed space N between them, and
"each row of .moveable halves I' is in like manner connected together and
-enclosed so as to form a space O. The lower open ends of the moulds are
made of such a form as to fit exactly round the ends of the candles P when
these have been pushed up into them from the lower moulds, as shown at
Figure 3, by means of the platform F and pistons C, the candle itself being
thus made to close the lower ends of the moulds I, I'. The upper ends of
the moulds I are all connected together by means of a trough Q, through
which they are filled with melted paraffine, stearine, or other substance when
the candles P. have been inserted. This trough is also divided, as shown, one
part of the same being formed on the fixed parts of the moulds I, while the.
other parts are formed on the moveable parts of the moulds 1'. In order to
press the fixed and moveable parts of the trough and moulds firmly against
each other, as also to make the moulds fit tightly round the candles so as to
.prevent any escape of the melted material between the meeting surfaces when
the conical:ends are being. cast, three spindles R, R, R¹, carried by the
framing J are provided with cams S, S, S¹, which when the spindles are
turned by means of the handles T, T, T', are caused to press against pro-
jecting ribs U, U, upon the moveable parts of the moulds, and they thus
press these firmly against the fixed parts. The meeting surfaces of the
moulds and troughs may be made either to form simply a butt joint, as shown
at Figure 8, a plate V being, however, made to project from the under sidé
of the fixed moulds I so as to cover the butt joint at bottom, and a similar
projecting flange W being made to cover the side joints of the trough, as
shown in Figure 4; but by preference I form the joints as shown at Figures 5
and 6, which are respectively a part vertical section through the moulds at X, X,
Figure 4, and a sectional plan at Y, Y, Figure 3. In this arrangement thin
meeting edges are formed upon the two parts, as shown, the surfaces between
'these edges being recessed, and into the recesses of the one part of the mould,
by preference of the moveable part, are fixed. pieces of felt a, a, or other

page_text: suitable material, which project beyond the edges, so that on pressing the
two surfaces together the felt is made to enter the recesses in the fixed
'mould I, the side surfaces of which are somewhat bevilled, whereby a
perfectly fluid-tight joint is formed. A piece of felt or other suitable
substance 6 is also fixed to the before-mentioned. projecting plate V, against
which the lower surface of the moulds I are made to press. If requisite à
ring of felt may also be fixed in a recess formed in that part of the mould
which fits round the candle. At the ends of the moulds I, I', are small
pipes c, c, c, which communicate with the interior of the spaces N and O. At
one end these pipes are connected by means of lengths of flexible or jointed
tubing d, d, to a four-way cock e, whereby the spaces N, O, are pot in
communication either with a steam pipe for heating the moulds before
casting, or with a cold water pipe for cooling the moulds after casting..
The pipes c and tubing g at the other ends of the moulds serve to allow the
water that has passed through the spaces and become warmed to flow off in
the same manner as the water in the casing. B. The supports. K of the
frame J are provided at bottom with projections K³, which when the frame J
is in its lowest position, indicated in red lines in Figures 1 and 2, are also in
the position shown in red lines in Figure 2. The platform F in being raised
in order to push out the candles from the moulds A comes in contact with the
projections K, as indicated in red lines in Figure 2, and in completing its
upward motion consequently pushes up the frame J and moulds I until these
have arrived in the position shown in full lines in the several Figures. In
this position the frame is supported while the platform F descends again by
means of spring bolts h attached to the supports K, which bolts as soon as
they have been raised above the side of the casing B spring forward so as to
rest upon the top of the casing, as shown. When it is required to lower the
moulds I again, the workmen take hold simultaneously of handles i fixed to
the supports K and of levers ; connected to the spring bolts h, which are by
this means withdrawn, and the workmen then lower the frame into the
position shown in red lines. Should the frame J and moulds. I be too heavy
to be readily managed by two men. the weight. of the same may be balanced
to a certain extent, either by their being suspended from a balance weight
over head, or india-rubber or other springs k may be attached to the supports'
and to the framing, as indicated in dotted lines in Figure 1. ¡
:
:
The manner of operating with this apparatus is as follows:-A' set of
candles having been cast in the moulds A, and the frame J having been
lowered into the position shown in red, the platform F is raised by turning.
the crank handle Z, whereby the candles Pare-pushed up- into the moulds

page_text: into the position shown in red lines in Figure 3; at this point the platform
[comes in contact with the.supports K, and consequently the moulds I. are
now made to travel up with the candles, which are at the same time secured
in the moulds by turning the cams S,.S, S), into the positions shown-in--full
lines at Figures 2 and 3; when arrived in their highest position the
moulds I hold the candles P susperided over the moulds A in the position
shown in Figure 3, with the wicks L passing down through the moulds A
ready for the next set of candles. It will be seen that a certain length of
wick is left between the ends of the candles Pand the tops of the moulds .B,
one portion of this wick is left on the pointed end of the candle P, as usual,
while the other portion that will project from the bottom ends of the candles
in the moulds.A forms the wick to the length that is added on to the candle
in the moulds I. The apparatus being in the condition described, the melted
paraffine or other substance is poured into the moulds A, thus forming a new
set of candles; and also into the moulds I, thus forming the tapering ends on
the candles P. When the material has sufficiently solidified in the moulds
the cams S, S, S¹, are turned so as to allow of the moveable parts I¹ being
opened out, which is effected either by taking hold of the pipes c, or separate
handles may be provided; the .candles P, having now the conical ends
formed thereon, are then removed by first drawing them sideways out of the
fixed moulds I (for which purpose the holes in the frame Jare made
somewhat slotted, as shown in Figures 3 and 4), and then drawing them out
vertically; the frame J is then lowered as before described, and the candles
that have just been formed in the moulds A are pushed up into the moulds I,
and the process above described is repeated.
:
When, the above described machine is employed for making stearine
candles, the moulds I, 1', need not necessarily be provided with water jackets
. or spaces N, O, to accelerate the cooling of the candles.
Having now described the nature of my Invention, and the manner of carrying
the same into practice, I wish it to be understood that I do not limit myself
to the precise details of the apparatus herein-before described and shown on
the accompanying Drawings, as these may be variously modified without
departing from the nature of my Invention; thus any other arrangement
may be employed for opening out the moulds I for removing the candiles, as
also for pressing the moulds together; but what I claim is,-
. First, so arranging moulds for forming tapering or conical lower ends on
candles that they fit tightly round the inverted lower ends thereof, and thus
serve to hold them suspended over the moulds for the candles while another
set is being cast, substantially as and for the purposes herein-before set forth.

page_text: Second, the general arrangement of apparatus for forming tapering or
conical lower ends on candles, herein-before described with reference to the
accompanying Drawings.
In witness whereof, I, the said Arthur Field, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Twentieth day of April, in the year of our Lord,
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven.
ARTHUR FIELD. (Ls.)