A New Adhesive and Agglutinating Substance for Use in Making Artificial Fuel.
Year: 1896

page_text: Date of Application, 10th Feb., 1896
Complete Specification Left, 29th July, 1896-Accepted, 3rd Oct., 1896
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
A New Adhesive and Agglutinating Substance for Use in Making
Artificial Fuel.
I ARTURO ZENDRONI Gentleman, a subject of the Kingdom of Italy, domiciled
3 St. George's Avenue in the City of London do hereby declare the nature of this
invention to be as follows:-
My invention has for object the manufacturing of a new adhesive and agglu-
tinating substance for the manufacturing of agglomerated fuel or briquettes.
This new produce augments the calorimetric power of the fuel. It has a high
point of fusion and will keep together all the parts composing the fuel till all is
burned.
It is very rich in hydrocarburets and so will help to render the fuel smokeless,
that is, it will emit no visible smoke.
To manufacture my agglutinating substance I employ a special apparatus.
This apparatus is composed of a cylinder of metal, able to resist pressure, this
cylinder is jacketed excepting at the two ends.
It has at one end a man hole and at the other end a valve. The jacketed.
part and the interior of the cylinder communicate by a tap placed near the man
hole.
The apparatus is supported on two spindles or pivots. These two pivots turning
in proper bearings. Each spindle receives a tube through a stuffing box. One
tube serves to conduct superheated steam in the jacket. The other is used to let
out the steam from the jacket.
The two pivots are placed opposite one to the other and in the middle of the
length of the cylinder.
To manufacture my produce I proceed in the following manner:
The cylinder is fixed in a vertical position, the man hole being at the top.
I open the man hole and 1 place in the cylinder
of pitch
of naphthaline
of rosin
of lime
of a carburet of lime and
of anthracite or coals or charcoal or coke.
In fact a body rich in carbon. The last substances being crushed. These
proportions will necessarily vary according to the quality of the produces.
When all has been placed in the cylinder I shut the mau hole. The air is
pumped out of the cylinder and is replaced by ordinary gas. Then superheated
steam is sent in the jacket, and a temperature of 300 C., or about, is maintained
in the cylinder for a time, of say, one hour. All the time this temperature is
kept, the cylinder is made to rotate on its two pivots so as to malaxate intimately
the substances inside.
After the time necessary 1 stop the rotation. The cylinder is brought to a
vertical position, the man hole being at the top and the valve at the bottom.
Steam is then sent in the cylinder by the top, and the valve is opened. All the
matters contained in the cylinder are forced through the valve by the pressure of

page_text: steam, and are sent in a recipient full of water disposed in a convenient
position.
It is this substance, after being crushed, that will be employed for the
manufacturing of briquettes or fuel.
My product has a special density, a special point of fusion, a special composition,
it is a new product.
Dated this Seventh day of February 1896.
ARTURO ZENDRONI.
.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
A New Adhesive and Agglutinating Substance for Use in Making
Artificial Fuel.
1, ARTURO ZENDRONI, of 3, St. George's Avenue, Aldermanbury, in the City
of London, Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what
manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in
and by the following statement:-
My invention has for object the manufacture of briquette fuel of high calorific
power and which during combustion will not give off any appreciable amount of
smoke.
To this end I manufacture a special agglutinating substance from pitch, resin,
naphthaline, calcium carbide, lime and well ground coal, (which term includes
anthracite and coke breeze) in the manner hereinafter more particularly
described.
In order to enable my invention to be clearly understood I will describe the same
by reference to the accompanying drawing which represents a vertical section of
an apparatus which I have found suitable for carrying out my invention.
The apparatus consists of a cylinder a provided with a steam jacket and mounted
on hollow trunnions c supported in bearings d, the said trunnions opening at one
end into the jacket 6 and at the other end into a stuffing box e into each of which
stuffing boxes a tube opens, oue of the tubes being marked and the other f';
one of these tubes allows of superheated steam being introduced into the jacket
and the other of its discharge so as to keep up a circulation; g, g' are stop cocks in
the said tubes; his a tube having a stop cock i which tube opens communication
between the steam jacket b and the interior of the cylinder a; j is a feed opening
in the cylinder closed by the door k.
In manufacturing my agglutinating substance the cylinder is turned so that the
feeding door is at the top and place in the cylinder the above mentioned
ingredients in a suitable state of subdivision in the following proportions, namely,
About 500 kilos. of pitch
of naphthaline.
50
of resin
"
100
"
100°
"
50
"
of lime
800
of carbide of calcium
"" of well ground coal.
The openings of the cylinder being closed superbented steam is introduced into
the jacket b so as to maintain in the cylinder a temperature of about 200° C. for
a period of twenty minutes or thereabouts, that is to say, until the hydrocarbons
become liquefied.
The cylinder is then rotated for from 10 to 30 minutes according to the quality
of the ingredients. By this rotation of the cylinder a thorough mixture of the
ingredients is effected and under the action of the heat new combinations take

page_text: place, the point of vaporization of the hydrocarbons becomes changed and a new
compound is formed; the apparatus is then cooled down to about 100° C.
The cylinder being placed in the position shewn in the drawing the stop cock i
and the door k are opened and steam from the jacket 6 being thus admitted to the
cylinder the contents of the same are forced out through the opening j and conveyed
to a supply reservoir to cool and solidify.
I have found in practice that in combining the ingredients to form my agglu-
tinating compound a much better result is obtained if a gas, such as hydrogen or
its compounds with carbon, be admitted to the cylinder; for this purpose the air
is drawn from the cylinder by connecting a pump at and a pipe for the gas at m
whereby the air will be exhausted from the cylinder and the gas drawn in.
Several volumes of gas will mix and combine with the ingredients; no claim,
however, is made in this specification to the employment of gas as just described as
this forms the subject of a separate application No. 14,936 dated 6th July 1896.
I would here remark that in manufacturing my agglutinating substance if
briquettes are required which in burning would give no appreciable smoke-
1 employ a coal as little bituminous as possible, while on the other hand if the
formation of smoke is not detrimental a very bituminous coal may be employed,
the proportion of pitch being in this case diminished.
In all cases where a briquette is required which in burning would give no-
appreciable smoke the percentage of volatile matter other than sulphur and water
in the briquette fuel should be from 25 to 28%, the total of the agglutinating
compound should be 11% by weight of the quantity of carbon contained in the
coal, but where bituminous coal is employed it should be mixed with anthracite
coal in such proportions as to bring them as near as possible to the semi-bituminous.
coal of Wales in quality.
To manufacture briquettes I prepare a paste composed of say 80% of coal
and 20% of my agglutinating compound manufactured as above described. These
materials are well crushed and conveyed in any suitable manner, such as by a
worm, into a closed pug-mill where the materials will be thoroughly mixed, the
mill being heated to a temperature of 200° C., and the materials being subjected
to a pressure of 30 lbs. which pressure is obtained by the gas produced by the heat
in the pug-mill, these gases escaping by a tube in communication with a cooling
worm whereby any volatile matters present will be condensed.
When the materials have been thoroughly mixed and incorporated they are
conveyed from the pug-mill to a cooling pan from which they are passed into a
briquette machine and manufactured into briquettes in the ordinary manner. The
manufacture of such briquettes with the aid of my, agglutinating substance is not
claimed in this specification and such manufacture with the apparatus therefor is
intended to be the subject of another patent.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed, 'I declare that what [
claim is :-
1. A new agglutinating substance suitable for the manufacture of briquettes.
compounded and prepared substantially as hereinbefore described.
2. The manufacture of an agglutinating substance substantially such as is
hereinbefore described in the inanner hereinbefore set forth.
Dated this 29th day of July 1896.
G. F. REDFERN & Co.,
4, South Street, Finsbury, London, Agents for the Applicant..