Improvements in the Method of and Means for Transferring Vessels from One Canal or Waterway to Another, or to Another Section of the same Waterway at the same or at Different Levels.
Year: 1888

page_text: RESERV
Date of Application; 21st Apr., 1888
Complete Specification Left, 21st Jan., 1889
Complete Specification Accepted, 2nd Mar. 1889
Improvements in the Method of and Means for Transferring Vessels
from One Canal or Waterway to Another, or to Another Section
of the same Waterway at the same or at Different Levels.
We, WILLIAM NATHAN DACK of 10 Byron Street Patricroft in the. County of
Lancaster, Engineer and HENRY BERNOULLI BARLOW of 17 St. Annes Square
Manchester in the said County Consulting Engineer and Patent Agent do hereby
declare the nature of this Invention to be as follows:-
The chief object of our present Invention is to enable vessels to be transferred
from one canal or waterway to another or to another section of the same waterway
at the same or at different levels without the use of swivel bridges without appreciable
loss of water and with great economy in lifting power.
In the Provisional Specification accompanying our Application for Letters Patent
No. 4798 A.D. 1888 we describe a systein of raising a vessel from a sump or pit in
one waterway by means of a caissoon mounted on wheels and traversing the caissoon
with the vessel across a stationary bridge laid with rails and then lowering the
caissoon and vessel into a sump or pit in another section of the same or in another
waterway.
Now according to our present Invention we propose to substitute for the aforesaid
rail bridge an aqueduct closed at each end by movable gates. The caissoons we
employ are fitted in sumps or pits which are deep enough to allow the barges or
vessels to be floated directly into the caissoons from the canal or waterway or vice
versu froin the caissoon into the waterway without necessitating any locking or the
use of gates except as hereinafter provided and the caissoons with the vessels are
raised and lowered preferably by the improved hydraulic machinery hereinafter
described to the level of the aqueduct or the waterway as the case may be. Each
caissoon has preferably only one movable end or gate which when the caissoon is
raised comes opposite to one of the end gates on the aqueduct and the depth or level
of water in the caissoon being the same as that in the aqueduct there is little or no
alteration in the level of the water when the respective gates or ends of the caissoon

page_text: and the aqueduct are opened or withdrawn so as to leave a free passage for the vessel
which is then floated out of the. caissoon across the aqueduct and into a second
caissoon prepared to receive it on the other side. The second caissoon with the vessel
after 'the gates have been closed or replaced is then lowered into the sump or pit
out of which the vessel is floated into the other canal or waterway or other part of
the first waterway.
The improved hydraulic machinery which we prefer to use for the purpose of
raising and lowering the caissoons consists of the following arrangement of parts :-
We sink below the bottom of each sump or pit any suitable number of main
cylinders and a smaller cylinder or cylinders which we designate the friction cylinder:
the rams of all these cylinders act directly upon the bottom of the caissoon and are
powerful enough to raise it when loaded with the maximum weight it is calculated
to transfer from one level to another. We may have also an auxiliary cylinder or,
cylinders and all the cylinders are controlled by a distribution box or boxes and con-
nected to an accumulator or equivalent which is fed by pumps or otherwise for
example in applying our Invention to the Manchester Ship Canal it may in the future
be possible to operate all the hydraulic machinery in connection with that under-
taking from one of the reservoirs at Woodhead near Manchester the water being
supplied by gravitation and without pumping.
善
We will suppose that the caissoon. is lying at the bottom of its sump or pit in the
canal or waterway in readiness for a vessel which may then be floated into the caissoon
without necessitating the opening or closing of any gates and as soon as the vessel
has been lashed to the sides of the caissoon or otherwise secured therein water under
pressure from the accumulator or equivalent is turned into the friction cylinder and
the auxiliary cylinders the rams of which raise the caissoon while the 'main cylinders
draw water from the canal or other source of supply until the caissoon begins to
leave the waterway when the weight becoming too great for them the water from the
accumulator is turned into the main cylinders and the united power of all the rams,
raises the caissoon to the desired level.
A watertight joint between the end of the caissoon and the aqueduct is made by means
of india rubber or other suitable packing in the manner adopted by the Weaver
Canal Navigation Company at Northwich Cheshire or otherwise but we prefer to
use the improved joint hereinafter described. The gates can then be opened and the
vessel floated out of the caissoon and across the aqueduct without any delay or loss of
water as the level of water in the caissoon is practically the same as that in the aqueduct.
The. caissoon after the gates have been closed can then be lowered immediately by
allowing the water from the friction cylinder to escape or flow back into the water-
way while as the caissoon descends the water in the main cylinders and the auxiliary
cylinders is forced back into the accumulator or equivalent, until the resistance
becomes too great then the water from the main cylinders is allowed to escapo or to
flow back into the waterway and the caissoon continues its descent to the bottom
of the sump and by its own weight forces back all the water from the auxiliary
cylinders into the accumulator or equivalent.
From the foregoing description it will be at once apparent that all the loss or waste
of water power which has to be replaced by the pumps or equivalent means consists
in the water discharged by the friction cylinder and a small portion of the contents of
the main cylinders. All the rest of the water being restored to the accumulator or
equivalent during the descent of the caissoon there is practically no delay and
comparatively little power expended in pumping.
It will also be understood that each caissoon is entirely independent of any other
and can be raised or lowered as required without necessitating the reverse movement
on the part of another caissoon or any equivalent counterpoise.
As soon as the caissoon has reached the bottom of the sump the next vessel can be
floated into it and the raising proceeded with as before described.
Any suitable means may be adopted for maintaining the desired depth of water in
the aqueduct as for instance the aqueduct may be filled from the caissoons or by a
pumping engine.

page_text: The auxiliary cylinders above specified might be dispensed with altogether and al
the lifting done by the other cylinders any suitable number of cylinders may be
employed so long as the lifting power be properly proportioned between them and the
friction cylinder. or cylinders and instead of sinking the cylinders below the sump or
pit they might be placed on any convenient foundation and connected together in
pairs to the sides of the caisson. Again instead of the direct acting friction ram
or rams an independent cylinder with a ram connected by chains to the caissoon may
be employed to draw it down and force the water from the lifting cylinders back into
the accumulator. When the cylinders are placed below the sump as described' I prefer
to make a gland house or chamber between the top of the cylinders and the bottom of
the sump which chamber would be watertight and readily accessible for convenience in
examining and adjusting the stuffing boxes.
•
It is obvious that instead of an aqueduct with a caissoon or caissoons and a sump
at each end that the apparatus may be used for transferring vessels from a water-
way on one level to a waterway on another level and instead of having caissoons
with movable gatos at one end only the caissoons may have movable gates at both
ends. Any suitable construction of movable gate for the caissoon and the end of
the aqueduct or waterway may be employed but we prefer to use flap gates of the'
following improved construction forming part of our Invention:-
We propose to fit a shaft of sufficient size in suitable fixed bearings secured to
the caissoon or the aqueduct or end of the waterway as the case may be and on each
end of this shaft we key or secure a lever and on the ends of these levers we hinge
the flap gate at a point about the centre of hydrostatic pressure.
The shaft works in fixed bearings and passes through a hole which extends from
end to end of the flap gate and is made somewhat larger than the diameter of the
shaft so as to allow the gate when raised to be forced by the pressure of water
against its seating. The gate inay be raised or, lowered as required by turning the
shaft by a suitable arrangement of gearing operated by hand or power.
Our improved joint between a caissoon and the end of an aqueduct or waterway
is. inade by having a stuffing box arrangement on either side of these parts preferably
on the fixed part. This stuffing box consists of a metal gland fitted with a face of
greenheart wood or other suitable material backed by india rubber or other clastic
packing held to its work by an arrangement of compressed springs.
When the caissoon is being raised to the level of the aqueduct or waterway the
springs permit the wood face and the packing to yield and the caissoon to slide
easily into its position while the elasticity of the springs and packing bold the
parts so firmly together that a good and watertight joint is obtained.
Dated this 20th day of Anzil 1000

page_text: Improvements in the Method of and Means for Transferring Vessels
from one Canal or Water Way to Another, or to Another Section
of the same Water Way at the same or at Different Levels.
We, WILLIAM. NATHAN DACK of 10 Byron Street Patricroft, in the County of
Lancaster Engineer and HENRY BERNOULLI BARLOW of 17 St. Ann's Square
Manchester in the said County Consulting Engineer and Patent Agent, do hereby
declare the nature of this Invention, and in what manner the same is to be'
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement:-
The chief object of our present Invention is to enable vessels 'to be transferred from
one canal or waterway to another or to another section of the same waterway at
the same or at different levels without the use of swivel bridges without, appreciable
loss of water and with great economy in lifting power.
In the Provisional Specification accompanying our Application for Letter's Patent
No. 4798 A.D. 1888 we describe a system of raising a vessel from a sump or pit in
one waterway by means of a caissoon mounted on wheels and traversing the caissoon
with the vessel across a stationary bridge laid with rails and then lowering the
caisson and vessel into a sump or pit in another section of the same or into another
waterway.
Each
Now according to our present Invention we propose to substitute for the aforesaid
rail bridge an aqueduct closed at each end by movable gates. The caissons we
employ are fitted in sumps or pits which are deep enough to allow the barges or
vessels to be floated directly into the caissoons from the canal or water way or
vice versa from the caissoon into the water way without necessitating any locking or
the use of gates except as hereinafter provided and the, caissoons with the vessels are
raised and lowered preferably by the improved hydraulic machinery hereinafter.
described to the level of the aqueduct or the waterway as the case may be.
caissoon has preferably only one movable end or gate which when the caissoon
is raised comes opposite to one of the end gates on the aqueduct and the depth or
level of water in the caissoon being the same as that in the aqueduct there is little or
no alteration in the level of the water when the respective gates or ends of the
caissoon and the aqueduct are opened or withdrawn so as to leave a free passage for
the vessel which is then floated out of the caissoon across the aqueduct and into a
second caissoon prepared to receive it on the other side. The second caissoon with
. the vessel after the gates have been closed or replaced is then lowered into the sump
or pit out of which the vessel is floated into the other canal or waterway or other part
of the first waterway.
The improved hydraulic machinery which, we, prefer to use for the purpose of
raising and lowering the caissoons consists of the following arrangement of parts:
We sink below the bottom of each sump or pit any suitable number of main
cylinders and a smaller cylinder or cylinders which we designate the friction cylinder;

page_text: the rams of all these cylinders act directly upon the bottom of the caissoon and are
powerful enough to raise it when loaded with the maximum weight it is calculated to
transfer from one level to another. We may have also an auxiliary cylinder or
cylinders and all the cylinders are controlled by a distribution box or boxes and
connected to an accumulator or equivalent which is fed by pumps or otherwise for
example in applying our Invention to the Manchester Ship Canal it may in the future be
possible to operate all the hydraulic machinery in connection with that undertaking
from one of the reservoirs at Woodhead near Manehester the water being supplied by
gravitation and without pumping.
We will suppose that the caissoon is lying at the bottom of its sump or pit in the
canal or waterway in readiness for a vessel which may then be floated into the caissoon
without necessitating the opening or closing of any gates and as soon as the vessel has
heen lashed to the sides of the caissoon or otherwise secured therein water under
pressure from the accumulator or equivalent is turned into the friction cylinder and
the auxiliary cylinders the rains of which raise the caissoon while the main cylinders
draw water from the canal or other source of supply until the caissoon begins to leave
the water way when the weight becoming too great for them the water from the
accumulator is turned into the main cylinders and the united power of all the rams
raises the caissoon to the desired level.
A watertight joint between the end of the caissoon and the aqueduct is made by
means of india rubber or other suitable packing in the manner adopted by the Weaver
Canal Navigation Company at Northwich Cheshire or otherwise but we prefer to use
the improved joint hereinafter described. The gates can then be opened and the
vessel floated out of the caissoon and across the aqueduct without any delay or loss of
water as the level of water in the caissoon is practically the same as that in the
aqueduct. The caissoon after the gates have been closed can then be lowered imme-
diately by allowing the water from the friction cylinder to escape or flow back into
the water way while as the caissoon descends the water in the main cylinders and the.
auxiliary, cylinders is forced back into the accumulator or equivalent until the
resistance becomes too great then the water from the main cylinders is allowed to
escape or to flow back into the waterway and the caissoon continues its descent to the
bottom of the sump and by its own, weight forces back all the water from the auxiliary
cylinders into the accumulator or equivalent.
From the foregoing description it will be at once apparent that all the loss or waste
of water power which has to be replaced by the pumps or equivalent means, consists
in the water discharged by the friction cylinder and a small portion of the contents of
the main cylinders. All the rest of the water being restored to the accumulator or
equivalent during the descent of the caissoon there is practically no delay and
comparatively little power expended in pumping.
It will also be understood that each caissoon is entirely independent of any other
and can be raised or lowered as required without necessitating the reverse movement
on the part of another caissoon or any counterpoise except the accumulator or its
equivalent.
As soon as the caissoon has reached the bottom of the sump the next vessel can be
floated' into it and the raising proceeded with as before described.
Any suitable means may be adopted for maintaining the desired depth of water in
the aqueduct as for instance the aqueduct may be filled from the caissoons or by a
pumping engine.
The auxiliary cylinders above specified might be dispensed with altogether and all the
lifting done by the other cylinders any suitable number of cylinders may be employed
so long as the lifting power be properly proportioned between them and the friction
cylinder or cylinders and instead of sinking the cylinders below the sump or pit they
might be placed on any convenient foundation and connected together in pairs to the
sides of the caissoon. Again instead of the direct, acting friction ram or rams an
independent cylinder with a ram connected by chains to the caissoon may be employed
to draw it down and force the water from the lifting cylinders back into the
accumulator. When the cylinders are placed below the sump as described we prefer

page_text: to make a gland house or chamber between the top of the cylinders and the bottom o
the sump which chamber would be watertight and readily accessible for convenience in
- examining and adjusting the stuffing boxes.
It is obvious that instead of an aqueduct with a caissoon or caissoons and a sump at
each end that the apparatus may be used for transferring vessels from a waterway
on one level to a waterway on another level and instead of having caissoons with
movable gates at one end only the caissoons may have movable gates at both ends.
Any suitable construction of movable gate for the caissoon and the end of the aqueduct
or waterway may be employed but we prefer to use flap gates of the following
improved construction forming part of our invention.
We propose to fit a shaft of sufficient size in suitable fixed bearings secured to the
caissoon or the aqueduct or end of the waterway as the case may be and. on each end
of this shaft we key or securé a lever and on the.ends of these levers we hinge the
flap gate at a point about the centre of the hydrostatic pressure.
The shaft works in fixed bearings and passes through a hole which extends from
end to end of the flap gate and is made somewhat larger than the diameter of the shaft
so as to allow the gate when raised to be forced by the pressure of water against its
seating. The gate may be raised or lowered as required by turning the shaft by a
suitable arrangement of gearing operated by hand or power.
Our improved joint between a caissoon and the end of an aqueduct or waterway is
made by having a stuffing box arrangement on either side of these parts preferably on the
fixed part.. This stuffing box consists of a metal gland fitted. with a face of green
heart wood or other suitable material backed by india-rubber or other elastic packing
held to its work by an arrangement of compressed springs: When the caissoon is
being raised to the level of the aqueduct or waterway the springs permit the wood
face and the packing to yield and the caissoon to slide easily into its position
while the elasticity of the springs and packing hold the parts so firmly together that a
good and watertight joint is obtained.
"
And in order that our Invention. may be fully understood and readily carried into
effect we will describe the accompanying three Sheets of Drawings reference being
had to the figures and letters marked thereon.
Referring first to Sheet 1 of the Drawings the Figures 1, 2 and 3 thereon illustrate
our Improvements as they might be applied to the Manchester Ship Canal at Barton
near Manchester to transport vessels from one section of the Bridgewater Canal across
the Ship Canal into another section of the Bridgewater Canal or from one Canal to
the other.
In these views. a designates the end of one section of the Bridgewater Canal from
which vessels required to be transported across an aqueduct over the. Ship Canal
and lowered into the other section of the Bridgewater Canal at the other end of
the aqueduct which is not shown; c c are two caissoons arranged to be worked
independently of one another, these caissoons are provided with gates at each end and
there are also gates at the end of each section of the Bridgewater Canal and also at
each end of the aqueduct.
Each caissoon has in this instance one main hydraulic ram d¹ shown. in section
Fig. 1 and cylinder d and two friction cylinders e e with rams el el all the cylinders
being connected by pipes ff and f¹¹ to a water tower g which contains near the
top two tanks or reservoirs for water. The desired level of water in the tower g
may be maintained either by a pump or equivalent not shown or by gravitation.
There would also be at each end of the aqueduct a third caissoon c' which is shown in
the end view Fig. 3 but not in the other views. This caissoon c¹ is for the purpose.
of transporting vessels to and from the Bridgewater Canal into or from the Ship
Canal and is operated preferably by an arrangement of hydraulic machinery similar
to that for each of the other caissoons the cylinders being connected to the reservoirs h h¹
in the tower g.
When a caissoon is at the lowest level and a vessel has been passed into it and the
gates closed valves are opened to allow water to flow, from the lower tank h in the.
tower g through the pipes ff into the main cyinder d and the two friction cylinders e
e ei

page_text: thus actuating all three rams and raising the caissoon to nearly its highest level then
the water from the upper tank is admitted through the pipes" which completes
the operation of raising the caissoon.c up to the level of the aqueduct ; the gates
of the caissoon and aqueduct are then opened and the vessel passed out of the caissoon
into the aqueduct and forward to be lowered by the caissoon at the other end and
another vessel if there be one waiting on the aqueduct is passed into the first caissoon ;
after closing the gates the first caissoon either with or without a vessel is lowered by
opening all the cylinders the water from the friction cylinders e e escaping into one
of the water ways while that from the main cylinder d is forced with the full
weight of the caissoon back through the pipes into the lower reservoir of the
tower g.
In place of the tower g which may have one reservoir only ordinary weighted
accumulators may be employed the caissoons in either case being raised and lowered.
entirely independently of one another; and further by making a sump at the end of
each section of the lower waterway no gate would be required either on' them or on
the adjoining ends of the caissoons as the vessels would be floated directly into the
caissoon over its fixed end as it lay sunk in the water.
From the foregoing description it will be apparent that all the loss or waste of
water which has to be replaced by the pump or equivalent consists in the water
discharged by the friction cylinders the rest of the water being restored to the tower
accumulator or equivalent during the descent of the caissoon there is thus practically
no delay.and comparatively little power expended in pumping.
Another advantage is that eacli caissoon is entirely independent of any other and
can be raised or lowered as required. without necessitating the reverse movement
on the part of another caissoon..
As soon as the caissoon has been lowered the next vessel can be floated, into it and
the raising proceeded with as before described.
Figs. 4, 5 and 6 represent respectively a side elevation, end elevation, and plan of
a inodified arrangement of our improved apparatus for transporting vessels from one
waterway to another; in this case, a single caissoon is shown which has a gate at one
end only the caissoon when at the bottom resting in a sump open to the lower water-
way so that a vessel can be floated directly into or from the caissoon.
The caissoon c rests upon a main ram d' and two friction rains ele; there are
also two short auxiliary cylinders ff with rams f¹ f¹ the cylinders of all the rams
being connected by pipes h to the cylinder of an accumulator g or other reservoir
which supplies the desired pressure of water for raising the caissoon.
.
We will suppose that the caissoon is lying at the bottom of its sump or pit a¹ of
the canal or waterway a in readiness for a vessel which may then be floated into the
caissoon without necessitating the opening or closing of any gates and as soon as the
vessel has been lashed to the sides of the caissoon or otherwise secured therein water
under pressure from the accumulator 9 or equivalent is turned into the friction
cylinders e e and the auxiliary cylinders ff the rams ff of which raise the caissoon
out of the water the main rau d' in the mean time drawing water from the canal or
other source until the weight becoming too great for the friction and auxiliary cylinders
water from the accumulator is turned into the main cylinder d'and, the power of its
rain d' united with that of the rams e¹ el raise the caissoon to the desired level, viz.,
the waterway b, the auxiliary cylinders f f ceasing to act about the time the caissoon
leaves the sump. The auxiliary cylinders ff may however always be in communi-
cation with the water under pressure if preferred.
Figs. 7 and 8 are a side elevation and plan respectively of a modification of our
Invention in which as shown there is only one ram employed for raising the caissoon,
the accumulator has three rams but it might be other number and we employ an
independent hydraulic cylinder attached to any convenient part of the framing with
a ram connected by chains to the caissoon.
In these views. a is the lower waterway, a³ the sump, b the upper waterway
c the caissoon, d the main cylinder with a ram d'; g the accumulator with one
large cylinder g and two small friction cylinders e² e all connected by pipes i to the

page_text: to
main hydraulic cylinder d and the cylinder g¹ being also connected by a pipe
an independent hydraulic cylinder the ram of which is connected by chains which
pass over guide pulleys to the underside of the caissoon. We might employ the
cylinder, in combination with a single cylinder accumulator or vice versa we might
employ the three cylinder accumulator as shown and dispense with the cylinder k.
Let it be supposed that the caissoon c is at the bottom of the sump a¹ to raise it
the water from the two friction cylinders e²e is allowed to escape while the water
from the cylinder g enters the lifting cylinder d the ram d¹ of which raises the
caissoon up to the higher waterway L. To lower the caissoon the water from the
lifting cylinder d is allowed to flow back into the cylinders gee² while the pressure
in the cylinder g¹ passing through the pipe moves the ram in the cylinder k which
by the chains assists in forcing the water from the lifting cylinder d back into the
accumulator to bring the latter to its highest position.
Figs. 9 and 10 are a side and front elevation respectively illustrating our improve-
ments in flap gates for closing waterways.
b represents one end of a canal or waterway and c part of a caissoon a portion of
the bottom of each part near the gates being dished out as shown at b' and c'.
For convenience we will describe our improved gate as applied. to the canal only;
a shaft n is fitted in suitable fixed bearings in the sides of the canal on each of
this shaft is a lever o to the upper portion of which is hinged the flap gate p
at a point about its centre of hydrostatic pressure. The shaft n passes freely through
a hole rather larger than itself which extends from end to end of the gate p so
as to allow the gate when raised to be forced evenly by the pressure of water
against its seating at the end of the canal.
which
handle on a shaft
passes over a chain wheel s
that gears into a toothed
The gates p may be raised or lowered by turning a
carries a pitched chain wheel q from which a chain
keyed to the shaft son which is a spur pinion
quadrant n' on the shaft nor the gate may be worked by other gearing.
•
Fig. 11 is a plan view partly in section of our improved arrangement for making
a watertight joint between the end of a waterway or aqueduct and a movable
caissoon and Figs. 12 and 13 show the same on a smaller scale applied to the end
of a caissoon.
Referring to Fig. 11 c'is a portion of the caissoon to which is bolted a metal
frame t which supports bolts t¹ that pass freely through and are secured in a metal
frame u also secured to the caissoon; in the frame is a stuffing box or gland v
free to move on the bolts t¹. The gland is fitted with a face or block of greenheart
wood or other suitable material w which is backed by india-rubber or other elastic
packing contained in the frame t and resting against a plate between which and
the frame u is an arrangement of compressed springs y.
When the caissoon is being raised to the level of the waterway the springs y permit
the wood face w and the packing a to yield so that the caissoon slides easily into its
position while the elasticity of the springs y, and packing a hold the parts so firmly
together that a good and watertight joint is obtained.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of our said Invention
and in what manner the same is to be performed we declare that what we claim is
1. The arrangement use and application of a friction cylinder or friction cylinders
in combination with an hydraulic cylinder or cylinders the rams of said cylinders
being actuated by water pressure supplied from an accumulator, water tower or
equivalent for the purpose of raising and lowering a caissoon or caissoons and
transferring vessels from
one waterway or section of a waterway to another
substantially as herein set forth.
2. The combination with an aqueduct closed at each end by movable gates, of
arrangements of hydraulic lifting machinery and a caissoon or two or more inde-
pendently acting caissoons with movable gates at one or both ends substantially as and
for the purposes herein set forth.,
3. The improved construction of flap gate consisting in bingeing said gate to levers

page_text: fixed on a shaft which is supported and free to turn in bearings and passes freely
through a hole in the flap gate substantially as and for the purposes herein described
with reference to Figs. 9 and 10.
'
4. The improved stuffing box arranged for making a watertight joint between
a caissoon and the end of an aqueduct or waterway said arrangement consisting of a.
metal gland faced with greenheart wood or the like backed by elastic packing and
held to its work by compressed springs substantially as herein described with reference
to Figs. 11, 12 and 13.
5. The improved method of and the several combinations of parts constituting the
improved means for transferring vessels to and from waterways substantially as and
for the purposes herein described and as illustrated by the Drawings annexed.
Dated this 19th day of January 1880
H. B. BARLOW,
17, St. Ann's Square, Manchester,
Agent for Applicants.