IMPROVEMENTS IN GUNS AND OTHER FIRE-ARMS,
Year: 1860

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Rigby, of the City of Dublin, Ireland, Gun
Maker, and William Nicholas Norman, of said City of Dublin, Gentleman,
for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN GUNS AND OTHER FIRE-ARMS, AND
Sealed the 4th October 1860, and dated the 10th April 1860.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Rigby and William
Nicholas Norman at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with
their Petition, on the 10th April 1860.
I, JOHN RIGBY, of the City of Dublin, Gun Maker, and I, WILLIAM
NICHOLAS NORMAN, of said City of Dublin, Gentlemen, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN GUNS AND OTHER FIRE-ARMS,
AND IN CARTRIDGES TO BE USED THEREWITH," to be as follows:-
Our Invention consists, first, in a particular form and arrangement of jointing
the barrels to the breech in double or single breech-loading guns, by attaching
a piece of metal to the under surface of the barrels at the back end; said
piece of metal has at the extremity towards the muzzle a strong stud, which
passes through a hole in the breech-piece carried forward under the barrel
to a convenient distance from the breech, and at the butt end a projection,
which enters a slot made in the breech-piece; by this arrangement the barrele
can be turned on the stud out of the line of the gun so as to bring their breech
ends clear of the breech-piece & so permit the insertion of the cartridges
while upon bringing them again into their original position the projection

page_text: before mentioned enters the slot in the breech-piece and so prevents the
explosion from opening the joint. This joint is made by shaping the ends
of the barrels and the part of the breech-piece against which they rest in
the form of a segment of a circle, the centre of the circle being about the
same distance from the joint as the stud upon which the barrels turn, but
eccentric to that stud, so that the jointing surfaces approach gradually in
place of sliding on one another.
Secondly, in adjusting and locking the barrels in their places by means
of a stud, which has a screw thread of rapid pitch cut on it and a lever attached
which lies along the bottom of the breech-piece; upon turning this stud by
means of the lever its conical end enters a corresponding hole in the metal
plate attached to the barrels.
Thirdly, in a peculiar arrangement of the parts for igniting the cartridge
in breech-loaders, applicable to guns on the above construction, to those
known as Lefaucheux & others. This arrangement consists in making the
cartridge with a small wire pin, having one end in contact with a detonating
cap inserted in the base of the cartridge, and the other end slightly pro-
jecting above the surface of the cartridge; this pin is at the side of the cartridge,
and receives the blow of the lock by means of a steel stud or pin projecting
on the cock nose, which reaches it through a small opening made for that
purpose on the upper side of the barrel near the joint. By this arrangement
the pin is driven by the blow of the cock under the surface of the cartridge,
thus permitting the exploded cartridges to be pushed up the barrel.
Fourthly, in a method of igniting cartridges of needle guns, by introducing
a small pin or needle point into the base of the cartridge, the sharpened
end of which is close to the cap, and the other somewhat under the surface
of the end of the cartridge. This pin receives the blow of the lock, a
short blunt striker being used for that purpose, in place of the ordinary needle.
Fifthly, a method of constructing the breech-piece of all breech-loading
guns in which a cartridge is used, which requires to be withdrawn after
the discharge. To effect this we excavate the face of the breech-piece (which
is received in an enlargement in the bore,) in such manner that the back
end of the cartridge is received therein; this is expanded by the discharge,
and the excavation being under-cut, a good hold is established between the
breech plugand the cartridge case, so that upon withdrawing the breech-piece
the cartridge case is drawn out of the barrel. For this purpose the cartridge
case is usually made with a wadding in the bottom, through the centre of
which a hole is made to permit the flame of the cap to reach the charge,
or for the needle in a needle gun to reach the cap. This construction of

page_text: breech-piece is also applicable to the gun known as Rissar's Patent, and
is attended with the following additional advantages, that it preserves the
needle from injury, preventing the escape of gas and enabling the lock to
be so made that the act of opening the breech brings the gun to half-cock.
The next part of our Invention relates to improvements in pistols having
revolving chambers, and consists, 1st, in so disposing the rear of the lock
frame and the stock, that the line of resistance of the haud is in line
with the line of recoil, thereby producing greater steadiness of the pistol
in shooting; 2ndly, in mounting the barrel of the pistol on a joint pin at
the lower part of its frame, whereby the barrel may be used as a powerful
lever to load the chambers, a short ramrod being jointed to the frame in
suitable position for that purpose; 3rdly, in arranging the trigger and lock
in connection with a safety guard or lever, on which the thumb presses at
will, so that during the the pressure of the thumb on the guard the pull of the
trigger will cock and discharge the pistol, whereas if the pressure of the
thumb is removed, the pull of the trigger will simply cock the pistol, the
subsequent pressure of the thumb on safety guard will discharge the pistol.
The last part of our Invention relates to improvements in guns in which
the action moves out of the line of the bore for loading. In this we make
the cap which withdraws from and discloses the breech, so as to slide on the
central pin instead of moving on a screw; this cap has clutch pieces, which
when drawn back interlock with similar clutch pieces on the body, these
clutch pieces when the cap is moved forward and turned a quarter of a
revolution abut against each other, and offer the abutment necessary to keep
the breech close. In order to effect the motion of the cap piece a jointed
lever projects from it, which lever has teeth projecting into the central piece
on which the cap moves, in which piece are also a few rack teeth to afford
the necessary hold, one or more of such rack teeth being carried quarter
round the centre pin to permit the necessary revolution of the cap. We also
form the cavity in the nose of the piece closing the breech in these guns to
receive and withdraw the discharged cartridge as herein before described;
by these means a greater movement of the breech piece, and consequently
more room is provided for introducing and withdrawing the cartridge than
can be obtained by means of a screw as heretofore. We further fit the nose-
piece of the cap which closes the breech of the gun separate from the cap,
and fit it on a central pin on which it may revolve, the pin having a counter-
sunk head received in the nose piece in order to withdraw it.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said John Rigby and William Nicholas Norman in the Great
Seal Patent Office on the 1' th October 1860.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, JOHN
RIGBY, of the City of Dublin, Ireland, Gunmaker, and WILLIAM NICHOLAS
NORMAN, of said City of Dublin, Gentleman, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Tenth day of April, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and sixty, in the twenty-third year of Her reign,
did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto us, the
said John Rigby & William Nicholas Norman, Her special licence that
we, the said John Rigby & William Nicholas Norman, our executors,
adininistrators, and assigns, or such others as we, the said John Rigby &
William Nicholas Norman, our executors, administrators, and assigns, should
at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times
thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might
make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN GUNS AND OTHER FIRE-ARMS AND IN CARTRIDGES TO BE USED
THEREWITH, upon the condition (amongst others) that we, the said John
Rigby & William Nicholas Norman, our executors or administrators, by
an instrument in writing under our, or their, or one of their hands and seals
should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention
and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be
filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and
immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
"
NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said John Rigby & William Nicholas
Norman, do hereby declare the nature of our said Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascer-
tained in and by the following statement, reference being had to the Sheet of
Drawings hereunto annexed and to the letters and figures marked thereon
(that is to say):-
Our Invention consists, first, in a particular form and arraugement of
jointing the barrels to the breech in double or single loading guns, byattaching
a piece of metal to the under surface of the barrels at the back end,said piece
of metal has at the extremity towards the nozzle a strong stud which passes
through a hole in the breech-piece, carried forward under the barrel to a
convenient distance from the breech, and at the butt end a projection which

page_text: enters a recess made in the breech-piece. By this arrangement the barrels can
be turned on the stud out of the line of the gun, so as to bring their breech
ends clear of the breech-piece, and so permit the insertion of the cartridges,
while upon bringing them again into their original position the projection
before mentioned enters the recess in the breech-piece, and so prevents the
explosion from opening the joint. This joint is made by shaping the ends of
the barrels and the part of the breech-piece against which they rest, in the
form of a segment of a circle, the centre of the circle being at about the same
distance from the joint as the stud upon which the barrel turns, but eccentric
to that stud,so that the jointing surfaces approach gradually in place of sliding
on one another.
Also in adjusting and locking the barrels in their place by means of a stud
which has a screw thread of rapid pitch cut on it, and a lever attached which
lies along the bottom of the breech-piece; upen turning this stud by means of
the lever its conical end enters a corresponding hole in the metal plate attached
to the barrels.
Our Invention relates also topeculiar arrangements of the parts ofc artridges
to be used in breech-loaders, applicable to guns known as Lefaucheux and
others. This arrangement consists.Ist, in making the cartridge with a small
wire pin,having one end in contact with a detonating cap inserted in the base
of the cartridge, and the other end slightly projecting above the surface of the
cartridge; this pin is at the side of the cartridge and receives the blow of the
lock by means of a steel stud or pin projecting on the cock nose, which reaches
it through a small opening made for that purpose on the upper side of the
barrel near the joint; by this arrangement the pin is driven by the blow of
the cock under the surface of the cartridge, thus permitting the exploded
cartridges to be pushed up the barrel; 2ndly, introducing a small pin or
needle point into the base of the cartridge, the sharpened end of which is close
to the cap, and the other somewhat under the surface of the end of the
cartridge. This pin receives the blow of the cock, a short blunt striker being
used for that purpose in place of the ordinary needle.
Our Invention relates also to a method of constructing the breech-piece of
all breech-loading guns in which a cartridge is used which requires to be
withdrawn after the discharge. To effect this we excavate the face of the
breech-piece (which is received in an enlargement in the bore), in such
manner that the back end of the cartridge is received therein; the cartridge
is expanded by the discharge, and the excavation being undercut a good hold
is established between the breech plug & the cartridge case, so that upon

page_text: withdrawing the breech plug or piece from the barrel, or vice versa, the
cartridge case is drawn out of the barrel; for this purpose the cartridge case
is usually made with a wadding in the bottom, through the centre of which a
hole is made to permit the flaine of the cap to reich the charge, or for the
needle in the needle gun to reach the cap. This construction of breech piece
is applied to guns known as Rissack's Patent and others; it is attended with
the following additional advantages, that it preserves the needle from injury,
prevents the escape of gas, and enables the lock to be so made that the act of
opening the breech may bring the gun to half cock.
The next part of our Invention relates to improvements in pistols having
revolving chambers, and consists, 1st,in so disposing the rear of the lock frame
and the stock, that the line of resistance of the hand coincides with the line
of recoil, thereby producing greater steadiness of the pistol in shooting; 2ndly,
in mounting the barrel of the pistol on ajoint pin at the lower part of its frame,
whereby the barrel m y be used as a powerful lever to load the chambers, a
short ramrod being jointed to the frame in suitable position for that purpose;
3rdly, in arranging the lock and trigger in connection with a safety guard or
lever on which the thumb presses at will, so that during the pressure of the
thumb on the guard the pull of the trigger will cock and discharge the pistol,
whereas if the pressure of the thumb is removed the pull of the trigger will
simply cock the pistol, and a subsequent pressure of the thumb on safety
guard will discharge it.
The last part of our Invention relates to improvements in guns in which
the part of the mechanism which closes the breech moves out of the line of the
bore for loading. In this we make the cap which withdraws from and
discloses the breech so as to slide on a central pin, and be moved by rack
teeth instead of moving on a screw; this cap has clutch pieces, which, when
drawn back, interlock with similar clutch pieces on the body at the base of
the pin; these clutch pieces, when the cap is moved forward and turned a
quarter of a revolution, abut against each other and offer the abutment
necessary to keep the breech closed. In order to effect the motion of the cap
piece a lever is jointed to it, which lever has teeth projecting into the central
pin on which the cap moves, in which pin are also a few rack teeth to afford
the necessary hold, one or more of such rack teeth being carried a quarter
round the central pin to permit the necessary revolution of the cap. By these
means we obtain greater movement of the breech piece, and consequently
more room for introducing and withdrawing the cartridge than can be
obtained by means of a screw as heretofore.

page_text: Figs. and 2 represent a side view and an under side plan of a gun,
arranged according to the first part of our Invention, & consisting of a
peculiar jointed connection of the barrels to the breech applicable to single
or double barrel guns. Fig. 1 is a side view of the gun, having the barrels
separated from the breech in position for loading, while Fig. 2 is an under
plan of the same. a is a metal arm extending from the breech piece 1,
in the direction of the muzzle of the gun; it is formed of a piece with the breech,
and is of considerable strength; el is a plate of metal attached to the under
side of the barrels, and has at one extremity a stud pin c¹, which enters a hole
at the end of the arm a', and forms an axis on which the barrel or barrels d are
mounted, & are turned for the purposes of opening and loading at the breech
as required. The axis c' unites the barrel or barrels securely with the arm a',
and breech b, and permits the freedom of rotary motion required. The butt
or rear ends of the barrels are of the form of a portion of circle described from
a point near the axis c¹, as a centre. The face of the breech is of a like arc
of a circle, and these surfaces are so adjusted that the one moves into close
contact with the other; when the barrels are rotated on centre c¹ at the rear
end of the barrels is a projection e" on the plate of metal e¹, which extends
rearwards and is adapted to an undercut recess f¹ in the breech, so that
the projection e" is received in recess f¹, when the barrels are brought in
position for firing, and whereby they are firmly held down in that position.
In order to ensure the accuracy of position and secure it sideways in the act
of firing we form a conical hole g¹ in the under surface of the barrel or barrels,
into which the conical point of the screw fits.
and passes through the arm a', and has a lever /
is of a rapid pitch, and when the barrels d' are brought into position in line
with the breech the screw h¹ is turned a portion of a revolution, when it enters
the hole g aud fixes the barrels securely in position for discharging; the
thread of the screw is of such a pitch that a fourth part of a revolution
withdraws the part within the arm a¹, and leaves the barrels free to be rotated
on c¹ as required; the other parts of the gun will be readily understood without
further description.
This screw /
affixed to it.
is fitted in
The screw
Fig. 3 of the annexed Sheet of Drawings represents a longitudinal section
of a cartridge according to our Invention, & Fig. 3* a transverse section of
the same. a is the detonating cap inserted in a suitable wad b while c is a wire
whereby the cap is ignited. The general construction of this cartridge is
similar to cartridges heretofore used, the peculiarity being the length of the

page_text: wire and the manner of discharging it, which is effected by a projecting pin
d, formed on the nose of the hammer shown separately at Fig. 4. In
cartridges heretofore used the pin c has been of such length that even after
discharging the cartridge it projected sufficiently to take hold of, and whereby
to withdraw the cartridge, whereas, according to our Invention, it projects but
slightly beyond the cartridge case e, being just sufficient to guide the pin c
into position to be struck by the pin d on the cock nose in firing, or it may
even be sunk below the level of the case e, if other means of guiding it into
position are adopted; in either case when the cartridge is discharged the
pin c, is driven below the surface of the cartridge case e, so that the butt of
the cartridge case may be pushed forward through the barrel and ejected by
the next discharge instead of being withdrawn at the breech as heretofore.
cap
Fig. 4 represents a longitudinal section of another cartridge according to
our Invention. This cartridge is in every respect like cartridges used with
needle guns, with the exception that, instead of the point or needle by which
the capf, is fired belonging to the gun, it is placed in each individual cartridge
as seen at g, instead of the needle of the gun being projected into the cartridge,
for that purpose. In order to fire this cartridge the ping is struck by a blunt
striker (in action similar to the ordinary needle) which drives the pin g, into
the and so discharges the cartridge; the butt of the cartridge and ping of
the discharged cartridge are thrust up the barrel and discharged at next shot.
The pin g, being central, may be a little under the surface of the cartridge which
requires no other adjustment in order that the striker may take proper effect.
I sometimes form these cartridges with a case or lining of thin brass or other
sheet metal as seen at j, j, Fig. 4*, which encircles the wad containing the
cap, and extends throughout the length of the cartridge, the edges of the
metal having a lap on itself equal to about a third or fourth part of the
circumference, a capsule of thin metal may be used in the like manner.
The third part of our Invention which relates to improvements in breech-
loading guns is represented in Figs. 5, 6, 7, & 8; Fig. 5, shows the breech
part in longitudinal section of the gun known as Rissack's in which the
barrel is mounted on a pin h, on which it moves as seen dotted, when the
plug i is withdrawn by its rapid pitch screw, actuated by the lever k, as well
understood. Fig. 6 is an external view while Fig. 7 represents an end view
of the plug, and Fig. 8 a longitudinal section of plug i. Our improvements
consists in forming a recess x, x, in the nose of plug i, into which the base
of the cartridge is received. The nose of the plug i, is received within a
recess in the breech end of the barrel, and the recess x, is such that the
mouth coincides with the bore of the barrel, behiud which point it is con-

page_text: tracted and again enlarged even to a greater diameter than the bore of the
gun. The cartridge when introduced at the breech and forced forward by
the pressure of the nose of the plug i, meets with an obstruction from the
contraction of the barrel, and is by such or other resistance caused to enter
the chamber x, r. When the cartridge is fired the force of the explosion
enlarges the base to fill the recess, and this being undercut it becomes
tightly fixed therein, the cartridge case covering the joint, and the force
of the explosion on the cartridge and on the metal surrounding x, causes
the joint to be tight. On withdrawing the plug i to reload, and on moving
the barrel on its joint pin h, for that purpose, the cartridge is drawn back-
wards and held tightly by the breech plug and is thus removed without
the necessity of picking it out with a hook as now practised.
Fig. 8*, represents a portion of a gun in which the barrel slides, and is
withdrawn from the breech, being an arrangement known as Bastin's Patent;
the breech plugs or nose pieces y, y, have recesses formed therein, and fit into
the barrels in manner precisely similar to that before described, with reference
to Figs. 5, 6, 7, & 8, being for like purpose; the Drawing shows the cartridge
dotted, in the position it would occupy when first introduced, and before
closing the gun, as also the position occupied by the cartridge case after the
gun is discharged, and the barrels opened. In this case, we fire the gun by the
ordinary nipple and detonating cap, the fire from which passes by the channel
from the nipple, which is carried through the breech at the centre of the bore;
and in order that the fire may take effect, we form the cartridges with a hole
in the centre of the end wad, through which the fire enters and ignites the
powder. This method of withdrawing the cartridge case is also applicable to
other arrangements of breech-loading guns, as will be readily understood
without further illustration. Fig. 9, represents a side view of a revolver pistol
constructed according to our Invention, and Fig. 10, a section showing part
of the action of the same, and Fig. 11, a transverse section in further illns-
tration of the same. The first part refers to using the barrel as a lever for
loading; for this purpose we joint the barrel to the frame at 1, so that it will
move thereon as on a hinge, as seen by the dotted lines, the upper tie bar m
having a catch n, which is secured and released by a spring catch and thumb
bolt p, which also serves for removing the revolving chamber, as well under-
stood. To the bar supporting the barrel, from the joint pin 7, we joint a short
rammer q, by which we ram the charges in the small chambers of the
revolving piece, using the barrel as a lever moving on fulcrum / for that
purpose. The next part refers to disposing the back part of the lock frame
and stock of revolving chamber pistols, so that the line of resistance of the

page_text: hand in firing is in a direct line with the line of recoil, as will be readil
understood by reference to Fig. 9, without further description.
Another part of our Invention consists of an arrangement of the trigger and
lock of these pistols, in connection with a safety guard or lever, this is ex-
hibited at Figs. 10 & 11; r is the pall of the trigger, giving motion to the
hammers, which may be raised a little by the action of the trigger, and held
on half cock by catch levert; by the continuance of the motion of the trigger,
the hammer is raised to full cock, but it will not discharge without the safety
guard being brought into play. This safety guard consists of a lever u, on
which the thumb of the hand holding the pistol is placed, it is mounted on a
fulcrum at v, and constantly pressed outwards from the stock by a suitable
spring; w is an inclined surface projecting from lever u, which comes imme-
diately under the tail of catch levert; to the catch lever t a bar v¹ is jointed
at y, the end of which bar abuts against the pall, when the lock is at full
cock. Thus when the lever u is pressed toward the stock, the incline w
slides on and lifts the tail of catch lever t, thereby removing the catch of the
half cock, and at same time (if the trigger has been previously completely
pulled) throwing out the pall from its hold on the cock, thereby producing
the fall of the hammer, and consequently the discharge of the pistol. If on
the other hand the safety guard has been acted on first, the mere effect of
pulling the trigger will full cock and discharge the pistol immediately and
without interruption, the click sliding from its hold of the cock by reason
of the forward position of and contact with bar v¹.
The last part of our Invention, which relates to improvements in breech-
loading guns, in which the action moves out of the line of the barrel, is
represented at Figs. 12, 13, & 14, Fig. 12 being a side view of that part of the
gun containing the action, & Figs. 13 & 14 the parts of the action detached ;
is the body part of the action, which is mounted on the joint pin on which
the action moves out of the line of the barrel as usual; on the cylindrical part
62 of the body is fitted the cap or socket piece 2 the end of which moves up
and closes the breech end of the barrel. This piece c² is fitted to slide on 62,
and has clutch pieces d2, d2, which interlock with like pieces e³, e2, on the
body; when so interlocking, or in position to do so, the cap pieces c2 may
be slid back from, and so as to disclose the breech of the barrel; on the
other hand, when the parts d2 & e², abut end to end as seen dotted black in
Fig. 13, the piece C2 is forced up against and closes the breech of the gun.
The motions of the sliding cap are communicated to piece C2 by means of a
short lever f passing through and pivotted to the cap, having at the short end
a few teeth which take into rack teeth or notches cut in the body part 62

page_text: of the action.
The teeth cut in b² are in part carried a quirter round, so that
the cap piece c² and with it the lever, are free to move round on the body 62
to the extent of a quarter revolution. In the position of the cap c². shown red,
it is free to slide & is slid backwards, so as to interlock parts d² & e², the teeth
7, 7, in the body being continued at that point, so that the teeth on the
short end of lever may by its action propel the cap in the direction required.
The action is then free to be raised to the vertical position as indicated by
dotted lines in Fig. 12, and the gun loaded. When the action is lowered, the
cap is advanced by the motion of the lever f2 to its forward position, so that
the nose enters and closes the breech, it is then turned partially round, causing
the parts d² & c² to abut as shown black, which fixes the cap piece c² firmly
in its place, and the discharge may then take place, the abutting ends of parts
d2&e², may be slightly inclined so that the pressure of cap piece up to the
breech may be increased by the movement of rotation. This system of breech.
loading guns being well known, the other parts of this gun will be readily
understood without further description.
Having described the nature of our Invention, and the manner of
performing the same, we declare that what we claim as our Invention to be
protected by the herein-before in part recited Letters Patent, is, -
First, the peculiar combination and arrangement of the parts of a gun
described with reference to and represented in Figs. 1 & 2, of the Sheet of
Drawings hereunto annexed.
Secondly, constructing cartridges to be discharged by means of a wire
struck by a projecting pin on the cock or hammer, which forces such wire
within the limits of the cartridge, as and for the purposes and as herein-before
described.
Thirdly, constructing cartridges fired by the penetration of a needle or sharp
point with such needles or points forming part of their construction as
described.
Fourthly, forming the cavity a in the nose of the plug or breech-piece of
breech-loading fire-arms, for the purpose of closing the joint and withdrawing
the cartridge as described.
Fifthly, the application of the barrel of revolving pistols, to act as a
ever on the rammer, in loading such pistol chamber as herein-before
described.
Sixthly, the arrangement or disposition of the lock, frame, and stock of
evolving chamber pistols, as and for the purposes described & represented.
Seventhly, the application and arrangement of parts constituting the safety
guard of revolving chamber pistols as herein-before described.

page_text: And lastly, we claim the combination of parts constituting the action of
breech-loading guns herein-before described and represented at Figs. 12, 13,
& 14, of the Drawings, hereunto annexed.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Nicholas Norman, on behalf of
myself and the said John Rigby, have hereunto set my hand and
seal, this Sixth day of October, in the year of our Lord One thousand
eight hundred and sixty.
Witness to the signature of Wm. N. Norman,
W. N. NORMAN. (L.S.)
JOHN POPE.