AN IMPROVEMENT IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CEMENT, AND IN THE APPLICATION OF CEMENT AND OTHER EARTHY SUBSTANCES TO THE PURPOSE OF PRODUCING ORNAMENTAL SURFACES
Year: 1838

page_text: DISCLAIMER.
SPECIFICATION.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, JOHN
DANFORTH GREENWOOD and RICHARD WYNN KEENE, of the Belvidere Road,
Lambeth, in the County of Surry, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at
Westminster, the Twenty-seventh day of February, in the first year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto us,
the said John Danforth Greenwood and Richard Wynn Keene, Her especial
licence, full power, sole privilege and authority that we, the said John
Danforth Greenwood and Richard Wynn Keene, our exors, admors, and
assigns, or such others as we, the said John Danforth Greenwood and Richard
Wynn Keene, our exors, admors, or assigns, should at any time agree with,
and no others, from time to time and at all times during the term of
years therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, our
Invention of "AN IMPROVEMENT IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CEMENT, AND IN
THE APPLICATION OF CEMENT AND OTHER EARTHY SUBSTANCES TO THE PURPOSE
OF PRODUCING ORNAMENTAL SURFACES;" in which said Letters Patent is con-
tained a proviso that we, the said John Danforth Greenwood and Richard
Wynn Keene, or one of us, shall cause a particular description of the
nature of our said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be per-
formed, to be inrolled in Her said Majesty's High Court of Chancery

page_text: within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the
said in part recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference being
thereunto had, will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, we, the said
John Danforth Greenwood and Richard Wynn Keene, do hereby declare the 5
nature of our said -Invention, and the manner in which the same is to be
performed, are fully described and ascertained in and by the following state-
ment thereof, that is to say:--
Our Invention relates,-
First, to a mode of producing cement from gypsum or sulphate of lyme, or 1
other calcareous substances.
And,
Secondly, to a mode of producing inlaid patterns of such and other cements
or earthy substances.}
And in order that our Invention may be fully understood and readily
carried into effect, we will describe the means pursued by us, which we
have found fully to answer.
To make a White Cement of good quality.-We take any quantity of
gypsum or sulphate of lime in lumps, as quarried, which is to be deprived of
its waters of crystallization by heat in a similar manner to that employed in
the manufacture of plaster of Paris of commerce, as is well understood. Into
a large tank, according to the quantity of gypsum, place a number of gallons
of water, having dissolved therein one pound of allum of commerce for each
gallon of water, into which the gypsum above mentioned is placed and
allowed to remain until it has taken up as much as possible of the liquid.
The stone thus saturated is then to be removed from the said liquid, and
suffered to dry in the air, and is afterwards calcined in an oven, furnace, or
kiln, at a low red heat, visible by daylight, in order permanently to fix the alum;
the product is next to be ground to a powder, and if necessary sifted for use.
When a white cement of greater purity is required for particular purposes, we
select the cleanest and best quality of gypsum or sulphate of lime, and for
a solution in place of the alum of commerce, before mentioned, we substitute
.either the clarified or concentrated aluminous mother liquor (as obtained from
the alum works) of the required strength, and which, owing to the absence of
alkali and other extraneous matter, more effectually answers the purpose of
.our Invention.
For a Colored Cement.-We dissolve half a pound of allum of commerce
with one quarter of a pound of copperas or sulphate of iron in each gallon o
water, and at this rate for any number of gallons of liquid that may be required
and excepting the components of this liquid mixture, the process of manufac

page_text: turing the coloured cement is to be the same, as previously described for the
white cement, and the result will be a pale red cement; and further, other
gypseous or calcareous substances may be calcined in combination with alum,
and with one or more of the sulphates or other salts of earths or minerals together
or separately, so as to form other cements of different colors and strengths. It.
should be observed, that in the calcining of the mixtures, heat is not to be con-
tinued so as to produce a smell of sulphur, but a workman, after a little
practice, will soon become fully acquainted with the process; and also, as the
gypsum and other calcareous earths vary in their strengths, it is desirable on-
commencing to work with a fresh quantity of any of such substances, to test
them by making small samples with different quantities or strengths of alum
or salts of other earths or metals, in order to ascertain the best proportions for
the cement required. In using cements of the above description, first, as a
stucco for buildings generally, either internally or externally, it is used in the
same manner as any other cement or plaster now in use. Should a grit be re-
quired, we prefer the scoria or slag of iron or other vitrified mass reduced by
pounding or other means to a sharp grit, and use it merely in sufficient
quantity to cause the cement to work freely; where the surface is required to
be polished, the last coat is to be of the cement alone, and in most instances
the polish given by trowelling is sufficient, but a superior surface is obtained
by pursuing the method used in polishing scagliola.
We will now describe the second part of our Invention for applying the
above cement for producing surfaces with inlaid patterns. We take tempered
clay, wax, or other suitable material, which we beat out to the thickness of
the intended inlaying, and place it on a smooth surface of slate, glass, marble,
or other fit material; we then trace upon it or transfer to its surface from
paper, the intended pattern, and afterwards cut out the pattern, so transferred,
slightly bevelling or sloping the cut edges; it is now ready for casting in
plaster, wax, or sulphur. On the cast thus obtained, having first slightly greased
or soaped its surface, the cement, mixed with water to a proper consistence,
is closely rubbed on, and in about twenty-four hours is sufficiently hard to come
off, having the pattern depressed upon which is is then filled up with cement
of any color required; when dry, the whole is rubbed down to a surface and
polished by any of the usual methods. The same method is also applicable to
the production of inlaid surfaces in tirracotta or pottery of all kinds.
Having thus described the nature of our Invention we would remark, that
although we have described the best means of carrying out the same, we do
not confine ourselves to the precise methods or quantities explained, provided the
principle of our Invention be retained, and the cement may be mixed with other

page_text: materials than those above named, our Invention not relating to the mode
of mixing and using the cement when made, but consists in the mode of
making the cement itself. But we would have it understood, that what we
claim as the first part of our Invention, is the mode of making cement from
gypsum or sulphate of lime, or other calcareous earths, by calcining them in
combination with alum or other earthy or metallic salts, as above explained.
And

page_text: DISCLAIMER.
In the Matter of Letters Patent granted to JOHN DANFORTH GREEN-
WOOD and RICHARD WYNN KEENE, of Belvidere Road, Lambeth, in the
county of Surrey, for their Invention of Ax IMPROVEMENT IN THE
MANUFACTURE OF CEMENT, AND IN THE APPLICATION OF CEMENT AND OTHER
EARTHY SUBSTANCES TO THE PURPOSE OF PRODUCING ORNAMENTAL SURFACES;"
bearing date at Westminster, the Twenty-seventh day of February, in
the first year of the reign of Queen Victoria, and in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and thirty-eight.
DISCLAIMER AND MEMORANDUM OF ALTERATION, entered
with the Clerk of the Patents for England, pursuant to an Act made and
passed in the Session of Parliament held in the Fifth and Sixth years of
the reign of His late Majesty, intituled, "An Act to amend the Law
touching Letters Patent for Inventions.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, RICHARD
WYNN KEENE, send greeting.
WHEREAS since the making of the above-mentioned Letters Patent, and the
making and enrollment of the Specification on the Twenty-fifth day of August,
in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and thirty-eight, in pur-
suance of the proviso in the said Letters Patent contained, it hath been dis-
covered that part of the said Invention for which the said Letters Patent were
granted, as particularly described and ascertained in and by the said Specification,
is not of general utility, and also that certain words and sentences in the said
Specification contained have too general and extensive an import; and whereas
I, the said Richard Wynn Keene, am desirous for the reasons aforesaid to
disclaim part of the title of the said Invention and of the said Specification,
and to enter a Disclaimer and Memorandum of Alteration in the said title
and the said Specification, the same not being such Disclaimer or such
Memorandum of Alteration as will extend the exclusive right granted by the
said Letters Patent, and have obtained leave of Her Majesty's Attorney
General, certified by his fiat and signature, according to the force of the
Statute in such case made and provided.
KNOW YE, THEREFORE, that I, the said Richard Wynn Keene, do
hereby disclaim the following words of the title of the said Invention, that is
to say: I disclaim the words, "and in the application of cement and other
earthy substances" to the purpose of producing ornamental surfaces;" and in
the copy of the said Specification at the foot hereof I disclaim the words which
have been ruled through with black ink, that is to say, the words, "and in the

page_text: 66
application of cement and other earthy substances to the purpose of producing
" ornamental surfaces;" also the words "First," and "Secondly, to a mode
of producing inlaid patterns of such other cements and carthy substances;"
also the words, "in order permanently to fix the alum;" also the words,
"and further other gypseons or calcareous substances may be calcined in
"combination with alum, and with one or more of the sulphates or other salts
"of earths or minerals together or separately, so as to form other cements
"of different colours and strengths;" also the words "with different quantities
or strengths of alum or salts of other earths or metals;" also the words,
"We will now describe the second part of our Invention for applying the
We take
"above cement for producing surfaces with inlaid patterns.
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tempered clay, wax, or other suitable material, which we beat out to the
"thickness of the intended inlaying, and place it on a smooth surface of
"slate, glass, marble, or other fit material; we then trace upon it or transfer
" to its surface from paper the intended pattern, and afterwards cut out the
pattern so transferred, slightly bevilling or sloping the cut edges. It
"is now ready for casting in plaister, wax, or sulphur. On the cast thus
"obtained, having first slightly greased or soaped its surface, the cement
"mixed with water to a proper consistence, is closely rubbed on, and in
"about twenty-four hours is sufficiently hard to come off, having the pattern
depressed upon it, which is then filled up with cement of any color required.
"When dry, the whole is rubbed down to a surface, and polished by any
"of the usual methods. The same method is also applicable to the pro-
"duction of inlaid surfaces in terra cotta or pottery of all kinds;" and
also the words "the first part of," and also the words "and secondly, we claim
"the mode herein described of producing ornamental inlayed surfaces;" and
in the copy of the said Specification at the foot hereof I alter the words ruled
through with red ink, and substitute the words placed above the words so ruled
through with red ink, that is to say, instead of the word "substances," I
substitute the word "earths;" and instead of the words "when a white
"cement of greater purity is required for particular purposes," I substitute
the words "in some cases," and instead of the words "of the required
strength, and which owing to the absence of alkali or other extranous
"matter more," I substitute the words "the said clarified liquor of a
66
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specific gravity of 1.141° or thereabouts, and the said concentrated
liquor of a specific gravity of 1.271° or thereabouts, which;" and before the
words "or other earthy or metallic salts," I insert the word "the." And I
the said Richard Wynn Keene, do hereby declare that the following is a copy
of the said Specification, with the alterations herein-before mentioned made
therein.

page_text: [The words printed in italics are written in red ink in the original, and the
words enclosed in brackets, thus [ ] are erased in red ink in the original.]
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, JOHN
DANFORTH GREENWOOD and RICHARD WYNN KEENE, of the Belvidere Road;
Lambeth, in the County of Surrey, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at West-
minster, the Twenty-seventh day of February, in the first year of Her reign;
did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto us, the said
John Danforth Greenwood and Richard Wynn Keene, Her especial licence;
full power, sole privilege and authority, that we, the said John Danforth
Greenwood and Richard Wynn Keene, our exors, admors, and assigns, or
such others as we, the said John Danforth Greenwood and Richard Wynn
Keene, our exors, adiñors, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and
no others, from time to time and at all times during the term of years
therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, our
"INVENTION OF AN IMPROVEMENT IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CEMENT and-in
"the Application of Cement--and other Earthy Substances--to-the--purpose-of
"Producing Ornamental Surfaces;" "in which said Letters Patent is contained
"a proviso that we, the said John Danforth Greenwood and Richard Wynn
"Keene, or one of us, shall cause a particular description of the nature of
66 our said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be
"inrolled in Her said Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar
"months next and immediately after the date of the said in part recited
"Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference being thereunto had, will
6F more fully and at large appear.
"NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, we, the
"said John Danforth Greenwood and Richard Wynn Keene, do hereby
"declare the nature of our said Invention, and the manner in which the
"same is to be performed, are fully described and ascertained in and by the
"following statement thereof, that is to say :-
66
"Our Invention relates,-
"First, to a mode of producing cement from gypsum or sulphate of lyme,
earths,
or other calcareous [substances] and,
“Secondly, to-a-mode of producing inlaid patterns of such and other cements-or
"-earthly substances.
"And in order that our Invention may be fully understood and readily

page_text: *carried into effect, we will describe the means pursued by us, which we
"have found fully to answer :-To make a white cement of good quality, we
"take any quantity of gypsum or sulphate of lyme in lumps, as quarried,
"which is to be deprived of its waters of crystallization by heat in a similar
"manner to that employed in the manufacture of plaster of Paris of commerce,
as is well understood. Into a large tank, according to the quantity of gypsum,
place a number of gallons of water, having dissolved therein one pound of
"allum of commerce for each gallon of water, into which the gypsum above
" mentioned is placed, and allowed to remain, until it has taken up as much
"as possible of the liquid. The stone thus saturated is then to be removed
"from the said liquid and suffered to dry in the air, and is afterwards calcined
66
in an oven, furnace, or kiln, at a low red heat, visible by daylight, in-order
" permanently to fix the alum. The product is next to be ground to a powder,
"and if necessary, sifted for use, [when a white cement of greater purity-is
"
in some cases
"required for particular-purposes.] We select the cleanest and best quality
"of gypsum or sulphate of lime, and for a solution, in place of the alum
"of commerce before mentioned, we substitute either the clarified or con-
"centrated aluminous mother liquor (as obtained from the alum works)
." the said clarified liquor of the specific gravity of 1,140°, or thereabouts, and the
[of the required strength, and which, owing to the absence of alkali and other
"said concentrated liquor of the specific gravity of 1,271°, or thereabouts, which
extraneous matter, more,] effectually answers the purpose of our Invention.
"For a colored cement we dissolve half a pound of allum of commerce with
one quarter of a pound of copperas, or sulphate of iron, in each gallon of
"water, and at this rate for any number of gallons of liquid that may be
"required; and excepting the compound of this liquid mixture, the process of
"manufacturing the colored cement is to be the same as previously described
"for the white cement, and the result will be a pale red cement; and further,
**other-gypseous-or-calcareous substanees may be ealeined, in combination with
"alum, and with one or more of the sulphates or other salts of earths or minerals,
" together or separately, so as to form other cements of different-colors-and
"
strengths. It should be observed that in the calcining of the mixtures heat
"is not to be continued so as to produce a smell of sulphur, but a workman,
"after a little practice, will soon become fully acquainted with the process,
" and also as the gypsum, and other calcareous earths, vary in their strengths,
"it is desirable, on commencing to work with a fresh quantity of any of such
"substances, to test them by making small samples with different quantities or
"strengths of alum, or salts of other earths or metals, in order to ascertain the
"best proportions for the cement required. In using cements of the above
description, first, as a stucco for buildings generally, either internally or

page_text: "externally, it is used in the same manner as any other cement or plaster
66 now in use. Should a grit be required, we prefer the scoria or slag of iron,
"or other vitrified mass, reduced by pounding or other means to a sharp grit,
"and use it merely in sufficient quantity to cause the cement to work freely.
"Where the surface is required to be polished the last coat is to be of the
"cement alone, and in most instances the polish given by trowelling is
sufficient, but a superior surface is obtained by pursuing the methods used
"in polishing scagliola.
"
66
"We will now describe the second part of our Invention for applying the above
cement for producing surface with inlaid patterns. We take tempered-elay,
wax, or other suitable material which we beat out to the thickness of the intended
inlaying, and place it on a smooth surface of slate, glass, marble, or other fit
"material; we then trace upon it or transfer to its surface from paper the intended
pattern, and afterwards out out the pattern so transferred slightly bevilling or
sloping-the cut edges. It is now ready for casting in plaster, wax, or sulphur.
"On the east thus obtained, having first slightly greased or seaped its surface, the
cement--mixed with water to a proper consistence is closely rubbed on, and
in-about-twenty four hours is sufficiently hard to come off, having the pattern
depressed upon it, which is then filled up with cement of any colour-re-
quired. When dry the whole is rubbed down to a surface, and polished by
any-of the-usual methods. The same method is also applicable to the produe-
"tion of inlaid-surfaces in tirre-cotta or pottery of all kinds.
66
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Having thus described the nature of our Invention, we would remark
"that although we have described the best means of carrying out the same,
"we do not confine ourselves to the precise methods or quantities explained,
"provided the principle of our Invention be retained, and the cement may be
"mixed with other materials than those above named, our Invention not
relating to the mode of mixing and using the cement when made, but
"consists in the mode of making the cement itself. But we would have it
56
understood that what we claim as the first part of our Invention is, the mode
of making cement from gypsum or sulphate of lime, or other calcareous
the
earths, by calcining them in combination with alum, or other earthly or
metallic salts, as above explained; and,
"Secondly, we-claim the mode herein described of producing-ornamental
' inlayed-surfaces.
"In witness whereof, I, the said Richard Wynn Keene, have hereunto
"set my hand and seal, this Twenty-fifth day of August, One thou-
"sand eight hundred and thirty-eight.
RICHARD WYNN (L.S.) KEENE."

page_text: In witness whereof, I, the said Richard Wynn Keene, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Sixteenth day of March, One thousand
eight hundred and forty-four.
within-named Richard Wynn Keene,
in the presence of,
JN° BETHELL,
78, King William St.
To the Clerk of the Patents of England,
This is to certify that the within-named John Danford Greenwood &
Richard Wynn Keene, have applied to me for leave to enter with you the
within-written Disclaimer and Memorandum of Alteration of part of the Title
& Specification of a certain Invention for which Letters Patent were granted
to them under the Great Seal of Great Britain, dated at Westminster the
Twenty-seventh day of February 1887, and to which a Specification was duly
enrolled; and having considered of the said application, and no valid objection
having been made to the same, I have accordingly granted leave to tho said
John Danford Greenwood & Richard Wynn Keene to file their said Disclaimer
and Memorandum of Alteration pursuant to the Statute passed in the fifth &
sixth years of the reign of His late Majesty King William the Fourth,
entitled "An Act to amend the law touching Letters Patent for Inventions.
FRED. POLLOCK.
AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Eighteenth day of March, in the
year of our Lord 1844, the aforesaid Richard Wynn Keene came before our
said Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged the Disclaimer
aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained and specified, in form
above written. And also the Disclaimer aforesaid was stamped according
to the tenor of the Statutes made for that purpose.
Enrolled the Nineteenth day of March, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and forty-four.