Improvements relating to Telegraphic Working Through Cable Lines.
Year: 1895

page_text: Date of Application, 8th May, 1895
Complete Specification Left, 7th Feb., 1896-Accepted, 21st Mar., 1896
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements relating to Telegraphic Working Through Cable
Lines.
I, JOSEPH ARTHUR LOVEL DEARLOVE Electrical Engineer of 4 Great
Winchester Street London EC. do hereby declare the nature of this invention to
be as follows
Automatic transmitters have recently been adapted to work telegraph cables.
They operate by means of a strip or tape of paper puuched with holes; there are
three lines of holes along the tape, in the centre line the holes are equally spaced,
in the other lines the holes ne aranged in accordance with the message to be sent.
When the tape so prepared 18 passed through the transmitter the holes in the .
centro line are engaged by pins on a rowel like wheel driven by clockwork or
otherwise. The holes in the other Imes pass over the points of two needles and
when the holes permit the needles rise up through them. When one needle rises
it causes a positive impulso to pass through the cable to the siphou recorder or
other receiving instrument at the distant eud; in like manner the other needle
when it rises causes a negative impulse to pass.
In the usual way of working cable traffic the messages are sent from an inland
station to the cable station by the Moise code, and are there trauslated to cable
code. If the automatic transmitter be employed the punched paper tape has to be
prepared by hand at the cable station.
Now the object of my invention is to avoid this translation and to produce
automatically the punched tape required for forwarding the messages through the
cable.
My invention can be used in the working of two cable lines if the distances be
not too great, but it is convenient to speak of one of the lines as the land line and
the other as the cable line.
To
I propose to work both the land line and the cable line with automatic trans-
mitters using the cable code. To receive the signals from the land line I provide
at the cable station, two polarised relays (preferably in parallel) the one responding
to positive impulses and the other to negative impulscs; or I may employ a single
polarised relay, the tonguo of which 18 by a spring or otherwise caused to tend to a
neutial or cential position The relays control paper punching mechanism
eflect the punching of the paper I may use punches worked pneumatically, the
electrical devices actuating lightly moving valves and so causing the movement at
the proper times of three punch levers The centre lever moves with either of
the side levers but is also to a limited extent independent, and when started it will
produce several holes in succession at the proper intervals. The paper is advanced
iegularly step by step.
A clockwork or like motor running at such a speed as to very roughly synchronise
with the transmission may move the valves by means of cams.
When either of the relay tongues closes its local cucuit the corresponding cam
18 clutched fast with its axis, it makes one complete revolution during which it
opens and closes the valve; or the valve may be self closing The cam is then
cleased and brought to rest. The cam concerned in the production of the centre
me of holes and the forward feed of the paper operates similarly except that it
opeus the valve several times in succession at the proper intervals before it needs
fresh start.

page_text: The motor may be sufficiently powerful to punch the boles without the aid of
pneumatic gear or in place of pneumatic gear other auxiliary source of power may
be provided.
Another method is to so arrange the inland transmitter that a feeble current
passes through the line each time that the needles when they rise fail to find a hole
in the paper tape. This feeble current is insufficient to move the tongues of the
relays previously mentioned but it actuates a third or more sensitive relay provided
at the cable station which causes the centre line of holes to be produced by the
automatic punching apparatus.
Dated this 7ih dan of Mar 100%
Improvements relating to Telegraphio Working Through Cable
Lines.
1, JOSEPH ARTHUR LOVEL DEARLOVE Electrical Engineer, of 4 Great
Winchester Street London, E.C., do hereby declare the nature of this invention and
in what manner the same is to be performed to be particularly described and
ascertained in and by the following statement :--
Automatic transmitter have recently been adapted to work telegraph cables.
They operate by means of a strip on tape of paper punched with holes, there are
three lines of holes along the tape, in the centre line the holes are equally spaced;
in the other lines the holes are arranged in accordance with the message to be sent.
When the tape so prepared is passed through the transmitter the holes in the
centre line are engaged by pins on a rowel like wheel driven by clockwork or
otherwise. The holes in the other lines pass over the points of two needles and
when the holes permit the needles rise up through them. When one needle rises it
causes a positive impulso to pass througli the cable to the siphon recorder or other
receiving instrument at the distant end; in like manner the other needle when it
rises causes a negative impulse to pass.
In the usual way of working cable traffic the messages are sent from an inland
station to the cable station by the Morse code, and are there trauslated to cable
code. If the automatic transmitter be employed the punched paper tape has to be
prepared by hand at the cable station.
Now the object of my invention is to avoid this translation and to produce
automatically the punched tape required for forwarding the messages through the
cable.
My invention can be used in the working of two cable lines if the distances be
not too great, but it is convenient to speak of one of the lines as the land line and
the other as the cable liue.
I work both the cable line and the land line with an automatic transmitter,
preferably I use such as described in my Specification No. 20807; it is unnecessary
that I should here repent the description of this instrument
The mechanism for "cut bing" the signals may or may not be used in the cable
line, it will seldom be needed on what I have termed the land line. The message
18 prepared at the sending station of the land line, a paper tape being punched by
means of a puncher of well known construction manipulated by hand.
Figure 1 of the annexed diawings shows a portion of a punched message tape
produced in this manner. The puncher has three finger keys, when either the
right hand key or the left hand key is put down two punches nie forced through the
paper making two holes sido by side, one in the middle row and the other in the side
Low, right or left as the case may be. The paper is also moved forward by the
operation of either finger key so that the successive holes may be properly spaced.
The centre finger key when struck down moves but one punch and produces but a

page_text: single hole in the centre line; it also advances the paper tape the distance noceusaly
the holes.
space
to
When this paper strip is run through the automatic transmitter belonging to the
land line each hole in the two outer rows as it passes the needles of the transmitter,
produces a signal current, positive or negative as the case may be, but when a hole
of the centre line passes the needles unaccompanied by any othor hole, there is &
momentary pause or prolongation of the interval between the signal currents.
These signal currents may be passed directly into the single line wire or conductor
which constitutes the land line or relays may be employed to repeat the curients
into the land line. These relays if used may be regarded as part of the transmitting
Instrument.
At the receiving station at the further end of the land line and at or near the
cable terminus. is the automatic mechanism by which a duplicate of the hand
punched message tape is produced.
Figure 2 is a diagram to illustrate the general arrangement of the electrical and
mechanical appliances which collectively may be termed the automatic puncher;
the arrangements here shown are such as I prefer but they admit of variation as is
buggested in my Provisional Specification. In Figure 2, X is the automatic
transmitter of the land line.
a is the line we by which the signal impulses pass to the receiving station
where the automatic puncher is situate, are two polarised relays of ordinary
form which receive these impulses. These clays are preferably arranged in parallel
as the diawing indicates. On the arival of each positive impulse the relay b'
momentarily closes a local battery circuit c' and similarly on the arrival of each
negative impulse the relay momentarily closes another local battery circuit c².
d and are three axes driven, it may be by an electio-motor or otherwise, at a
speed a little in excess of tuat at which the transmitter at the distant end of the line
wite is duiven. There should be some power of regulation sufficient at least to keep
the motor within ten per cent. of the mean speed to which it is set. The motor
should also be sufficiently powerful to drive the mechanism with which it is
connected and to perform the punching operations at the requisite speed. There
ure also cams preferably of eccentric form in connection with the axes, d' d' d³ and
these by mechanism heieinafter described can be clutched fast with the axCs so as
at each operation, to start from rest, to make oue complete revolution and then
agam to come to rest. These cams by means of interposed parts move the
punches. ele are levors by the movement of which the clutching of the cams is
brought about as will be fully described later on. The local circuits o' and e*
control the levers el and e', when the relays close the circuits the lovers operate.
Similarly a local circuit controls the lever e and the parts which this lever
bungs into operation. The closing of the circuit c is required to take place when
no signal impulse arrives at the normal time interval. This circuit it will be seen
18 led through an armature level f which is raised to a contact f¹ by a spring. 9 18
nu electio-magnet which at other times holds the leverf down. The electro-
magnet is so made that its self induction is large and it is shunted by a resistance
which preferably is adjustable; in consequence of these arrangements this imaguet
retains its aimature for an appreciable time after the opening of the circuit through
its coils. The coils of the electro-magnet 9 may be made to form pait of either
one on other of two local battery circuits, ' . ', are controllera iu these circuits,
in each there is a spring blade which when resting upon a contact point closes, and
when lifted opens the circuit.
the
spling
The drawing shows both the encuits open, the armature lever has left the
electro-magnet g, and has closed the local circuit thereby bringing the clutch
lever into operation. The circuits h¹h are opened by the action upon
blades of the circuit controllers of projections ; these are on the axes of the
cams driven by the axes d' and d. The drawing shows the projections at a
distance from the axes d' d' but this is simply for convenience of illustration; they
are in reality concentric with these axes.

page_text: Directly the cam commences to rotate the projection (A' or 'as the case may
be) passes away from the spring blade of the circuit coutroller and allows contaut
to be made, a current then passes in the local circuit and the armature lovo 18
retained. So it will be seen that the rotation of either cam causes the arinature
lever to be held, and it is not liberated even by a momentary stoppage of both
and in the positions indicated, but if the stoppage 15 prolonged as it is when no
signal impulse is delivered by the land line, then immediately the lever closes the
circuit and the clutch lever e³ operates.
Figure 3 18 a plan showing more fully some parts of the mechanism.
Figure 4 is an end elevation of the same.
18 a driving pulley, it receives an endless cord from the electio-inuto and is
thus duiven, it is fast upɔn the axis d² also shown in Figure 2. On this axis there
18 a pinion Fig. 3 which gears with an intermediate wheel on the axis m, and this
by means of another intermediate wheel drives a pinion on the axis d'. The last
mentioned intermediate wheel engages with another like wheel on another intermediate
axis n and this gears into a pinion on the axis . Thus the axes d¹ ª dare all
made to rotate continuously and at the same speed. o'o are wheels having
ratchet teeth and they are fixed upon the axes & respectively. p²² p³ are
other three axes which may be regarded as detached prolongations of the
axes. These pairs of axes cau be clutched fast each with each or
disconnected by the action of the clutch levers e¹ e² e³. px px p* are eccentrics ot
cams on the axes p² p² p³ and q'q y³ are plungers actuated by the eccentrics
or cams so that when either axis makes a complete revolution, the corresponding
plunger descends and uses agam. Beneath the three plungers (but not shown in
the drawing) are the three key levers of a puncher in all respects such as is used
in punching message tapes by hand and such as is employed at the sending station
of the land line, to prepare the original tape
The only difference there need be is that the plungers g' 'g' act upon the keys
instead of the keys being depressed by the fingers of a human operator.
At the circuit controllers are seen and 'A' are the projections on the
axes p' and p which act on these controllers to open the circuits as already
explained. The projections are adjustable upon the axes, they should be so set that
when the rotation is continuous or nearly so, the interruptions of the circuit are not
of sufficient duration to permit the lever to rise.
Figure 5 shows one of the clutch levers and the parts in connection therewith,
all the clutch levers are similarly arranged, and here I would state that this clutch
mechanism is not original but is borowed from Professor Hughes' well known
type printing telegraph. 18 an electro-magnet consisting of two coils on soft iron
cores which are magnetised by a permanent horse-shoe magnet below, they hold
down an armature s. When a curient passes in the coils it demagnetises the cores
and the armature being released is thrown up by a spring.
In Figure 5 the clutch lever is marked e, the constantly rotating toothed wheel
18 marked o, and the cam axis 18 marked p Fast upon the axis p there 18 the
piece having a projection which resting against a shoulder ex on the lever e
prevents the axis from turning until the shoulder is moved down out of the way.
is a toothed chick for engaging with the teeth of the wheel o, it is jointed to the
pieco t. In the position shown (which is that of rest) the click is held out ot
engagement by a stationary ridge or sucline u on which a projection from the side
of the click rests. 3, is a spring which is fixed upon the part t, and presses upon
the chick. The action then is as follows:-The armature on being released
strikes upon the lever e and moves it so that now the projection can pass clear,
then the pressure of the spring t' forces the click t, down the incline u, thereby
commencing to rotate the axis p. Soon the teeth upon the click " engage those
upon the wheel o, and they remain engaged until a revolution is nearly completed.
The incline then again operates on the chick and lifts it away from the
wheel o.
The rotation 18 completed by the momentum of the parts, the axis p
being brought finally to rest by the projection again coming against the

page_text: shoulder. The piece carries a cam like projection which during the rotation
replaces the lever é and the armature the cam pressing upwards the inner end of
the lever. The armature is held down by magnetic attraction until liberated by
the next current presing in the magnet coils.
The punched message tape produced by the means described is the counterpart
of the original hand punched tape and as it is produced it is ready to be at once
used in the transmitter of the cable line.
Sometimes dispense with the circuit controllers and and in place thereof,
1 so modify the transmitter which works the land line that feeble curients may be
transmitted, when a signal current is absent.
At the receiving end polarised relays 61 are employed as before but they are
purposely so adjusted that they are not sensitive and cannot be influenced by the
feeble currents, but there is another relay which may be called which is more
sensitive and responds to these currents. This relay then controls the clutch
lever just as the other clutch levers are controlled by the relays b' and . The
arrangement is shown by Figure 6.
X is as before the automatic transmitter of the land line and A. is a lever in this
instrument which oscillates, oach beat being coincident with the passage of one of
the holes in the centre line of perforations.
This lever is now provided with a pusher A' and this at every alternation
pushes the lever B from an insulated stop B to a contact point B and vice versa
C is a jockey roller carried upon a spring blade, it serves to hold the lever B
firmly to its contact during the short interval of time allowed for rest. The
lever B opens and closes perpetually one of the circuits of a local battery D (at
definite intervals according to speed of machine); this circuit may be traced from
D to B to B to E and by E' and E' back to the battery.
E is an adjustable resistance, and E' and E' are the terminals of one of the
windings of a differential polarised relay.
The current passing in this local circuit operates (when permitted) to throw over
the relay tongue F of the differential rolay from the contact G to the contact G+'.
When this occurs one half of the line battery II is connected with the line I; tho
connection may be traced from the middle of the battery, through F to line. AB
the line battery terminal is to earth through the relay tongue K the " feeble'
current passes in the line circuit; it influences the sensitive relay at the receiving
station.
L and M are the two contact levers with which as usual the automatic trans-
mitter is provided and L M are stops against which the levers are brought to
bear to cause the signal impulses to pass into the line wire.
When the lever L rests on the stop L' a local circuit may be traced from local
battery D to L to L' to relay coil N to O to O' and back to the battery. O and O¹
are the terminals of the second winding of the differential relay and the current
passing in this second winding is made exactly to neutralise the curent simul-
taneously passing in the first winding and the relay tongue F does not move.
current passing in the coil N causes the tongue P to be drawn down to its lower
stop Q and the line circuit may then be traced from battery H to Q through P to G
to and so to line.
The
When it is the lever M which rests on its contact M'a local circuit may be traced
from D to M to M' to relay coil R and then as before to O and O' aud back to the
battery. Now the relay tongue F does not move and P also remains at rest,
whilst K is drawn down to its contact S, the line circuit 18 thus completed and
may be traced from battery H to contact T to P to G to F and so to line. The
earth connection of the battery H is now through S and K. Thus when a local
current passes through N or through R the whole of the battery Il is put to line
and the sign of the current which passes doponds on which of these coils is brought
into action; when neither acts, a part of the line battery H is applied to line by
the movement of the tongue F.

page_text: Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed I declaro that what I
-clain 18:-
1. The combination of apparatus consisting of an automatic transmitter producing
positive and negative impulses and pauses at regular intervals and in such order as
to represent a message to be transmitted, a line wie or conductor conveying such
unpulses to a distant station, and a punching instrument at such station 80 influenced
by the impulses received through the line wie o conductor as to produce a
punched paper tape suitable for the retransmission of the message by means of
another automatic transmitter; such paper tape having in it three lines of holes,
the holes in one line corresponding to the positive impulses received by the
instrument, the holes in the other line corresponding to the negative impulses and
the holes in the thud line when unaccompanied by holes in either of the other lines
representing intervals of time during which no impulse was received.
2. The combination with an automatic transmitter of the cable type operating by
means of a paper tape perforated with three rows of holes, of an automatic
punching instrument, connected with the transmitter through a single line wire or
conductor and thereby so controlled that a duplicate of the perfurated paper tape
passing through the transmitter shall be obtained.
3. An automatic punching instrument provided with three punching appliances
substantially as described and controlled by electric impulses supplied to it through
a line wire or conductor, being thereby caused to punch three lines of holes in a
paper tape, each hole in one liue resulting from the arrival of a positive impulse
through the line wire or conductor, each hole in another line resulting from the
arrival of a negative impulse and each hole in the third line unaccompanied by a
hole in either of the other lines resulting from the non-arrival of any impulse
during a time interval.
4. An automatic transmitter which in addition to the signal impulses, positive
and negative, transmits other weaker impulses, and in combination with such trans-
mitter and connected therewith, through a line wire or conductor, an automatic
punching instrument producing a punched paper tape substantially as described
having three lines of holes, a hole in one line resulting from the arrival of a positive
impulse, a hole in another line resulting from the arrival of a negative impulse,
and a hole in the third line, unaccompanied by a hole in either of the other lines,
recording the arrival of a comparatively feeble impulse.
5. The automatic apparatus herein described whereby by signals transmitted
through a telegraph line a duplicate of a punched paper message tape is obtained.
Dated this Seventh day of February 1896
J. A. L. DEARLOVE.