IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING ICE, AND FOR GENERAL REFRIGERATORY PURPOSES
Year: 1850

page_text: NEWTON'S SPECIFICATION.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM
EDWARD NEWTON, of the Office for Patents, 66, Chancery Lane, in the County
of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Royal
Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at West-
minster, the Twenty-second day of August, in the fourteenth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said William Edward Newton, Her especial license, full power, sole privilege
and authority, that I, the said William Edward Newton, my exors, adñors, and
assigns, and such others as I, the said William Edward Newton, my exors,
adñiors, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to
time and at all times during the term of years therein mentioned, should and
lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and
the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and in all Her Majesty's Colonies and
Plantations abroad, and in the Islands of Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney, Sark,
and Man, an Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR
PRODUCING ICE, AND FOR GENERAL REFRIGERATORY PURPOSES," being a communication
from a Foreigner residing abroad; in which said Letters Patent is contained
a proviso obliging me, the said William Edward Newton, by an instrument
in writing under my hand and seal, particularly to describe and ascertain
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be per-
formed, and to cause the same to be enrolled in Her Majesty's High Court of
Chancery within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the
said in part recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference being there-
unto had, will more fully and at large appear.

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
William Edward Newton, do hereby declare that the nature of the said Inven-
tion, and the manner in which the same is to be performed, is particularly
described and ascertained in and by the following description thereof, reference
being had to the Drawings hereunto annexed, and to the letters and figures
marked thereon (that is to say):
This Invention is based upon the well-known physical law, that air in ex-
panding will absorb .heat from substances which may be brought into contact
with it, and it consists in a means of applying this property of air to general
refrigeratory purposes, and particularly to the conversion of water into ice.
In carrying out the object of this Invention, atmospheric air is compressed in
order that it may be in a condition to expand to its former bulk. This
operation is accompanied by the disengagement of heat, which it is expedient
to absorb and carry off. The compressed air is then allowed to expand in inti-
mate contact with the substance to be cooled, whose heat it absorbs while
expanding. The absorption of the heat disengaged by the air during its com-
pression is effected by bringing in contact with it a jet of water or other suit-
able fluid. As the substances which are to be cooled do not part instantly with
their heat, it is expedient to allow the air to expand gradually, in order that
sufficient time may be afforded for the substance to part with its heat, and
for the air to absorb it. To avoid the inconvenience that would arise
from mingling the substance to be cooled with the expanding air, an
intervening agent is employed, which is alternately brought into contact with
the expanding air and the vessels containing the substance to be cooled, and
therefore acts as a vehicle to take the heat from the substance to be cooled, and
to give it out to the expanding air. The intervening agent most suitable for
this purpose is a liquid which is uncongealable at the temperature to which
the article to be cooled is to be reduced. In order to compress air, a con-
siderable amount of force must be expended; but as the air in expanding
from a compressed state will exert considerable force, the refrigerating
apparatus is so arranged that the force which the compressed air exerts in
expanding shall aid in reducing another quantity of air to the requisite
degree of compression, hence the force expended in compressing air is to a
considerable extent recovered by its subsequent expansion. To prevent the
introduction into the apparatus of impurities with which the atmosphere in
many localities is charged, and also to facilitate the attainment of a very low
température, it has been found advisable to use the same air again and again.
These several points, which are deemed essential to the efficient and economic
working of refrigerating apparatus, acting by mechanical in contradistinction to

page_text: chemical means, will be found to be embraced in the arrangement of apparatus
forming the subject of the present Invention.
This improved construction of refrigerating apparatus consists essentially of
an engine by means of which air is compressed or condensed; of receivers or
reservoirs into which the compressed air is forced; of an engine in which the
compressed air from the reservoir expands, and exerts its force to aid in working
the condensing engine; of suitable pumps to inject jets of water into the
condensing engine, to absorb the heat disengaged by the air as it is compressed;
of similar pumps to inject the uncongealable liquid into the expanding engine,
in order that its heat may be absorbed by the expanding air; and of a
refrigerating chamber or room in which the articles to be cooled are placed,
and which also forms a reservoir for the uncongealable liquid, the latter being
drawn from it to be forced into the expanding engine, whence it is returned to
the room after it has given out its heat to the expanding air. There are also
many minor parts which will be mentioned particularly in describing the
accompanying Drawings, in which Fig. 1 is a plan of one of the forms of
apparatus or machines devised for carrying this Invention into effect; Fig. 2 is
a side elevation of the condensing engine; Fig. 3 is a similar elevation of the
cylinder and valve gear of the expanding engine; Fig. 4 is an end elevation of
the two engines and of the reservoir of compressed air; Figs. 5 to 14 represent
various detached portions of the machine in plan, section, and elevation. The
same letters of reference indicate the same parts in all the Figures.
The condensing engine consists of a cylinder A, which is secured to a strong
bed frame B, and is fitted with a piston C; the latter is secured to a piston
rod D, which is passed through a stuffing box a, in the cylinder head, and is
fitted at its outer end with a cross head E; this cross head is linked by a
connecting rod F, with the pin G of a crank H, which is secured to one
extremity of a driving shaft I, to which a rotary motion is imparted by the
prime mover through the intervention of cog wheels J, J¹, or some other
suitable device, and which is also furnished with a fly wheel K, to equalize its
motion. The extremities of the cross head are fitted with guide brasscs c,
which run upon a pair of stationary guides d, d, secured to the bed B. The
cylinder is furnished at each extremity with a valve chest L, L; these are
alike in every particular, and each contains two valves with their appropriate
valve seats. One (e, Fig. 7) of the valves in each chest opens upwards and
inwards to admit air into the cylinder when the piston is moved by the
revolution of the crank from that end of the cylinder. The other valve f
opens outwards to allow the air compressed by the piston, when moving towards
that end of the cylinder, to pass into a pipe 9, 9, through which it flows to an

page_text: independent receiver M, M; from the latter it passes through a pipe h, h, to
a larger or main receiver N, which receives the air passing from the two
smaller ones.
The pump by means of which the water of injection is supplied to the air
while being compressed in the cylinder A is of the variety termed double
acting. It consists of a barrel O, which is bolted fast to the cylinder, and
which is furnished at each extremity with a valve chest P, P, each of which
contains an entry j, and an exit valve k (see Fig. 9). It is also fitted with a
solid piston, which is secured to the inner extremity of a piston rod R.
The latter passes through a packing box 7, in the head M of the pump barrel,
and is secured to a cross head S, which is guided by a pair of guides n, n
(Fig. 1), and is connected by a rod T with an arm U. This arm is keyed to
one extremity of a shaft V, which is supported in blocks or standards V2
secured upon the bed B, and to the other end of the shaft Va pendant arm, W,
is keyed; this arm is connected by a rod X with the prolonged extremity i of
the crank pin G; the whole arrangement being such, that as the crank H is
revolved the pump piston is caused to move to and fro in the pump barrel.
One or both of the arms U, W, are perforated with a series of pin-holes, so
that the pins to which the extremities of the connecting rods are applied can
be shifted towards or from the centre of the shaft V, to vary the stroke of the
pump. That portion of each pump-valve-chest in which the entry valve is
situated is connected by a pipe Y with the well or other source whence the
water of injection is to be drawn, while that portion of each valve-chest in
which the exit valve is situated is connected by a pipe Z with the head of the
condensing cylinder adjoining it, so that the water issuing from the pnmp
barrel will pass into the condensing cylinder. The pipe Z which conveys this
water to the cylinder is forked, and each of its forked extremities terminates in
a rose head q, Fig. 4, (more fully shown at Figs. 10 and 11,) by means of
which the water is diffused in a shower of fine spray throughout the interior of
the condensing cylinder.
The expanding engine is similar in its construction to the condensing engine,
with the exception that it is lined with brass, and that its valves are moved by
valve gear which is put in motion by the revolution of the driving shaft. The
cylinder A¹ of this engine is mounted upon a bed frame B', and is fitted with
a suitable piston C', piston rod D', 'passing through a stuffing box a', cross-
head E¹, guides d', d, and connecting rod F', which is linked to a crank pin G',
on the wheel H¹. The latter is secured to the opposite extremity of the same
driving shaft I to which the crank H of the condensing engine is secured.
The enlarged portion of the rim of the wheel H¹ is perforated with a series of

page_text: holes all equidistant from its centre, in order that the crank pin G¹ may be
shifted from one hole to another, to force the piston of the expanding engine to
commence its stroke when the piston of the condensing engine has completed
such desired portion of its stroke as may be found expedient to equalize
5 the motion of the driving shaft. The cylinder A' is also furnished at
each extremity with an entry valve e' and an exit valvo f¹ (Figs. 6 and 8).
These are situated in valve chests L', L', which are secured to the opposite
ends of the cylinder. The valves are each fitted to the lower extremity of a
stem, which passes up through a stuffing box in the bonnet above. Each is
also guided in rising and falling by a stem, which extends through a cross bar
below it. The stems of each entry valve is connected with an arm t (Figs. 3
and 8), of a rocking shaft u. The latter is supported in suitable blocks upon
the bed frame B', and is fitted with a depending arm v, which is connected by
rods w, x, with a lever y, to which a vibratory motion is imparted by a cam A
on the driving shaft. The cam acts upon a friction wheel z, which is pivotted
to the vibrating lever y; it is of such form that it shall cause each entry valve to
open as the piston leaves that extremity of the cylinder at which the valve is
situated, and shall allow each valve to close at that point of the stroke at which
it is wished to cut off the entrance of the compressed air. Each exit valve is
also fitted with a stem s¹ (Fig. 8), and is actuated by valve gear similar to that
described for working the entry valve e', namely, the arm t', the rocking shaft u³,
the depending arm v³, and the rods w¹, x, which connect the depending arm v¹
of the rocking shaft with its appropriate vibrating lever y'. The cam A', which
puts these vibrating levers in motion, is of such form that each exit valve is
opened as the piston begins to move towards that end of the cylinder at which
it is situated, and is allowed to close as the piston arrives at the end of its
stroke; these valves are therefore open to allow the escape of the expanded
air and uncongealable liquid throughout the whole stroke of the piston. The
pump, by means of which the uncongealable liquid is supplied to the expanding
air, is in this instance secured to the side of the cylinder A¹. It is similar in
its construction and operation to the pump of the condensing cylinder, O¹ being
its barrel; P¹, P₁, its valve chests; R¹ its piston rod, connected to the cross-
head S', the guides of which are shewn at n', n'; T¹ is the connecting rod of
the pump; V' the rocking shaft; Vs the standards to support the shaft; and
U, W, the arms to which the rods T', X¹ are pivotted. This pump draws
the uncongealable liquid through a suitable pipe, Y¹ from the refrigerating
room, and forces it into the expanding cylinder through pipes Z', which
terminate in rose heads q, q (Figs. 4 and 10), similar to those used in the
condensing engine. The compressed air is conducted from the main reservoir N

page_text: to the valve chests L' of the expanding engine by a pipe B, and the expanded
air and cooled uncongealable liquid which espapes from the expanding engine
are conducted by suitable pipes, C, C (Figs. 1 and 12), to the refrigerating
room. The latter consists of a close chamber, which is placed at a convenient
distance from the expanding engine. Its interior is divided by suitable
partitions, a, a' (Fig. 18), into a large chamber D, and into a series of smaller
ones, E, E¹. One of the partitions (a¹) which separate the smaller chambers
from each other is solid from top to bottom; the others (a) are perforated, to allow
the uncongealable liquid to circulate round the larger chamber. The pipes C, C,
through which the uncongealable liquid and expanded air are conducted from the
expanding engine, terminate in a single forked pipe F, which introduces the
air and liquid at one end of the series of small chambers. The last chamber, E,
in the series, is connected with the valve chests L, L, of the condensing engine,
by a pipe G, through which the expanded air, after passing through the whole
series of chambers, is conducted to the condensing engine, to be recompressed
into the air reservoir N. This last chamber in the series is also connected
with the pump 0', which supplies the uncongealable liquid to the expanding
engine, by the suction pipe Y'. Each chamber is fitted with a move-
able cover 6 (Fig. 12), which should be made of some substance which is a
bad conductor of heat, and the walls c, and bottom (Fig. 14), of the refri-
gerating room, are made double, in order that a stratum of some bad conductor
of heat (charcoal dust, for example,) may be inserted in the hollow space, to
prevent the conduction of heat to the interior.
The machine thus described is intended particularly for the congelation of
water, and the series of small chambers E, E', are constructed to admit and
support vessels H (Fig. 14), in which the water to be frozen is introduced.
These water vessels are formed of thin sheet metal, which will rapidly transmit
the heat of the water within them to the cold uncongeable liquid by which
they are surrounded. The sides of these vessels converge downwards, to
permit the block of ice formed in them to be removed with greater facility.
If the vessels H were filled with the water to be frozen before the process of
congelation was commenced, and the water was suffered to remain quiescent,
a casing of ice would form on the sides of each vessel at an early stage of the
operation, and thereby retard the passage of heat from the unfrozen water
within to the uncongealable liquid without; the conversion of the mass of water
into ice would thus be rendered a very slow operation. Various methods of
obviating this difficulty have been essayed, but four only of these plans are
deemed worthy of special mention. First, the jarring or rocking each water
vessel by the action of suitable machinery connected with the apparatus.

page_text: Second, agitating the water by means of a stirrer kept turning in it by power
until the mass of water is at the point of congelation, when this instrument is
suddenly withdrawn, and the water allowed to solidify. A third method con-
sists in scraping the interior surfaces of the freezing vessels by scrapers, which
are moved incessantly against them so as to detach the films or scales of ice
from the sides of the vessel as fast as they are formed thereon, by which means
fresh portions of water are brought in rapid succession in contact with the sides
of the vessel, and when the great.part of the water has thus been converted
into thin pellicles of ice the scrapers are withdrawn, and a solid lump of ice is
almost immediately formed. These scrapers should have acute edges, and be
actuated by the driving machinery. The action of the stirrer or scraper may
be suspended by the action of the machinery itself, after the water has been
subjected to the refrigerating effects of such a number of strokes of the ex-
panding engine as experience may dictate; or the action of these instruments
may be suspended by means of a thermostat or other analogous device which
will put the mechanism in motion, by which the stirrer is withdrawn whenever
the temperature of the water sinks to a determined point. The fourth and last
of these methods consist in supplying the water to the freezing vessels gra-
dually, and only as fast as it is frozen. In order to effect this a water pipe I
(Fig. 12) is conducted around the refrigerating room, and is fitted, at intervals
which
corresponding with the positions of the chambers, with branch pipes q,
enter holes made in the covers of the chambers, and are fitted in such manner
that they can be turned up (as represented in dotted lines at Fig. 14), to be
out of the way when the covers are to be opened. Each branch pipe is fitted
with a cock h, by means of which the supply of water can be regulated, and
each is also fitted with a disc h', which closes the opening in the cover. The
large central chamber D, in the refrigerating room, may be used for preserving
or cooling substances, or for storing the products of the apparatus. The
various pipes which convey the uncongealable liquid and the expanded air to
and fro should be coated with some bad conductor of heat, to prevent then
from absorbing heat from the surrounding atmosphere; it is also advisable to
insulate the expanding cylinder and its jet pump in the same manner..
In manufacturing ice with this apparatus, the power of the prime mover is
applied to turn the driving shaft I, which, by means of the cranks H, H', com-
municates an alternating movement to the pistons C, C¹, of the condensing and
expanding cylinders A, A³, respectively, and puts in operation other moving parts
of the apparatus. When the piston C moves from either end of the cylinder,
the exit valve ƒ thereat is closed, while the corresponding entry valve e is opened
by the air rushing in to fill the partial vacuum caused by the movement of the

page_text: piston. As the piston approaches the opposite end of the cylinder, the air be
fore it is condensed, the entry valve e is closed, and the exit valve f is opened
by the pressure, to allow the condensed air to pass into the pipes g, by which it
is conveyed to the receiver M. Upon the return stroke of the piston these
operations are reversed, and the air drawn in during the preceding stroke is
compressed into the reservoir. While the air is being compressed in the
cylinder of the engine, heat is disengaged, which is absorbed by the injection
water forced into it in fine jets through the roseheads by the pump O. As the
piston alternately nears each end of its stroke, this water of injection is forced
out with the compressed air through the exit valves into the pipes g, g, which
conduct them to the intermediate receivers M, M. In these the air and water
separate; the air passes out through the pipes h, h, (Fig. 2) to the main re-
servoir N, while the water lodges in the bottoms of the intermediate receivers,
whence it escapes through pipes provided for the purpose. The orifice of each
of these escape pipes is provided with a valve, which is connected with a float
in its respective receiver, so that as soon as the water rises above a certain pre-
determined height the valve is opened by the float, to permit its escape. Two
intermediate receivers are provided, each of which receives the air and water
from one side only of the piston of the condensing engine. These receivers are
provided with thermometers, an inspection of which is sufficient to indicate
whether the condensing engine is performing its work in a proper manner.
The compressed air in the main reservoir is conducted by the pipe B to the
expanding engine, and as the driving shaft revolves the entry valve at that end
of the cylinder from which the piston is moving is opened by the valve gear, to
admit the compressed air. As soon as the piston has completed a predeter-
mined portion of its stroke, the valve gear closes the entry valve, and the air in
the cylinder being thus separated from that in the reservoir, expands as the
piston continues moving towards the opposite end of the cylinder. As the
piston moves, the pump O' at the side of the cylinder injects the uncongeal-
able liquid in a shower of fine drops or spray into the expanding air, which
absorbs its heat, and thus cools it. As the piston returns in the cylinder,
the exit valve is opened, and the expanded air and cooled liquid are
expelled by the piston, and conducted to the refrigerating room. They here
enter at one end of the series of chambers E, and pass in succession through
the whole series to the last chamber E¹, from which the air escapes by the
pipe G (Fig. 13), provided for the purpose, while the uncongealable liquid is
drawn off by the pump 0¹, to be reinjected into the expanding engine. As
the latter is double acting, each stroke of the piston will expel a fresh quantity
of the expanded air and cooled liquid, which in their passage through the series

page_text: room.
of chambers absorb the heat of the articles placed therein. As the piston of
the expanding engine is connected with a crank H' on the diving shaft I, the
force exerted by the expanding air will tend to turn the driving shaft, and will
thus aid in driving the condensing engine, by which means a large amount of
the power expended in the condensation of the air is recovered, while at the
same time, as the movement of the piston is gradual, the compressed air is
compelled to expand gradually, and a suflicient space of time is given to allow
the heat of the uncongealable liquid to be absorbed. As the air escaping from
the refrigerating room is still at a very low temperature, it may be used to
cool the water to be frozen, by passing it through a vessel in which a worm
pipe is fixed, through which this water passes on its way to the refrigerating
The temperature of the expanded air after leaving this worm vessel is
still below that of the atmosphere; it has therefore been deemed expedient to
conduct it to the valve chests of the condensing engine, to be re-condensed into
the air reservoir. As the pipe which conveys this expanded air to the con-
densing engine is liable to obstruction from the precipitation of moisture
therein, it should be provided at its lowest point with a self-acting float valve,
by means of which the moisture can be discharged whenever it rises above a
determined limit, which in all cases should be below the level of the empty
valves. In order to facilitate the repair of the apparatus when any one por-
tion of it becomes accidentally deranged, suitable valves should be inserted in
the various pipes which convey the air and uncongealable liquid to and fro, in
order that any portion of the apparatus may be thrown out of gear, and opened
for repair, without disturbing the other portions, or allowing the compressed
air in the reservoir to escape. There should be suitable pressure guages on
the receivers, to show the tension of the air within them, and thermometers, to
indicate the temperature of the same. Adjustable cut-off valves should be
provided to regulate the admission of the condensed air into the expanding
engine. Any adjustable cut-off apparatus in use on steam engines will
answer for this purpose, the only object to be attained by adjustment being
power of proportioning the quantities of air expanded to those compressed
in such manner that the tension of the air in the reservoir shall remain
constant.
the
From the above description it will be perceived that the action of the
machine is continuous, fresh portions of air being compressed and cooled while
fresh portions of the compressed air are expanded to absorb heat from the un-
congealable liquid; fresh portions also of the uncongealable liquid which have
absorbed the heat of the articles placed in the refrigerating room are drawn
off by the pump, and injected into the expanding air; they are then returned in

page_text: The
a cooled state, to absorb fresh portions of heat in the refrigerating room.
uncongealable liquid acts, therefore, as a vehicle to take the heat from the
articles to be cooled, and to give it out to the expanding air. It is also evident
that as the water injected into the condensing engine and the uncongealable
liquid in the expanding engine are denser than air, they will be forced out last,
and hence, when either piston arrives at the end of its stroke, the space between
it and the valves will be filled with a substance which being almost incom-
pressible will not re-expand when the piston returns, and prevent the entrance
of air. The quantity of air, therefore, discharged at each stroke (if no leakage
takes place) will be equal to the area of the piston multiplied by its stroke.
The uncongealable liquid which has been employed with success in freezing
water with this apparatus is an alcoholic spirit; but there are many other
liquids which do not congeal at the temperature at which it is wished to cool
many substances, and which may therefore be employed in certain cases with
advantage.
This method of refrigeration has been described with special reference to
the manufacture of ice, but with slight and obvious variations in the minor
details it is applicable to other purposes; as, for example, to the cooling of the
atmosphere of buildings, of steam and other vessels; the maintenance of a low
temperature in buildings in which particular branches of manufacture are
carried on that can be prosecuted to the best advantage under a regular and
low temperature; the cooling with greater rapidity large masses of hot liquid
which ordinarily cool slowly, as for example, the worts in breweries.
Whenever it is deemed advisable to cool gaseous fluids by mixing them
with the expanding air, they may be injected by means of the force pump into
the cylinder.
I have thus described the construction and operation of the apparatus which
has been found fully to answer the purpose of abstracting heat from articles to
be cooled by means of expanding air; but I do not confine myself rigidly to
the details of the apparatus as herein described, as many variations can be
made both in the form and arrangement of the parts, without deviating from
the principles of the Invention. Thus, for example, the engines, instead of
being of the horizontal variety, may be built upon the general plan of any
engine in use for working steam at the same tension as that of the compressed
air. The construction of the intermediate receivers and reservoir may also be
varied, and the latter, instead of consisting of a single cylindrical vessel, may be
composed of a series of smaller vessels connected together by suitable pipes.
The water of injection, after its temperature has been raised by cooling the
condensed air, may be employed to feed the boiler of the steam engine which

page_text: propels the machinery, and in this way effect a saving of the fuel which would
be required to raise it from the temperature of the ordinary source of supply
to that at which it is thus furnished. The force with which the water issues
from the receivers under the pressure of the condensed air may, if it is
deemed expedient, be used to aid in propelling the machinery, or to actuate
supplementary machinery.
.
The arrangement of the refrigerating room may be modified as expediency
may require to suit the circumstances of any particular case; thus, in some
cases it may be advisable to mount the water vessels upon wheels, and to intro-
duce them at one end of the series of refrigerating chambers, and cause
them in succession to pass towards that end of the series at which the cooled
liquid enters, whence they may be withdrawn. All such modifications are
manifestly mere changes in the arrangement and construction of the apparatus,
and not deviations from the principles of the Invention.
Having now described the Invention of Improvements in Machinery or
Apparatus for producing Ice, and for General Refrigeratory Purposes, as com-
municated to me by my foreign correspondent, I wish it to be understood,
that under the above in part recited Letters Patent I claim,―
First, the means for effecting the absorption of heat disengaged from air
during its compression in the condensing engine.
Second, the use of an engine so arranged as to render the expansion of
the compressed air gradual, in order to obtain more fully its frigorific effects,
and at the same time to render available the force which the air in expanding
exerts to aid in working the condensing engine.
Third, the use of intermediate receivers, to which the compressed air and
water are conducted, in order that they may separate before the air passes into
the main reservoir.
Fourth, the construction and use of the refrigerating room or chamber
connected by pipes with the chambers or cylinders in which the condensation
and expansion of the air is effected.
And, fifth, the means whereby I am enabled to utilize the expanded air,
and subject it to recondensation for the purpose above described.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Edward Newton, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Twenty-second day of February, in the
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-one.
year
W. E. (Ls.) NEWTON.

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Twenty-second day of February,
in the year of our Lord 1851, the aforesaid William Edward Newton came
before our said Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged the
Specification aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained and specified,
in form above written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped
according to the tenor of the Statute made for that
purpose.
. Enrolled the Twenty-second day of February, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-one.