Improved Means for Securing Renewable Tread Attachments to the Underside of the Soles and Heels of Boots, Shoes, and similar Artioles without Injury to the Soles and Heels.
Year: 1893

page_text: Date of Application, 80th Jan., 1893
Complete Specification Left, 30th Nov., 1893-Accepted, 27th Jan., 1894
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improved Means for Securing Renewable Tread Attachments to the
Underside of the Soles and Heels of Boots, Shoes, and similar
Artioles without Injury to the Soles and Heels.
I RALPH BAWLING MADDISON of No. 218 Sheffield Road Barnsley in the
County of York, Commercial Clerk, do hereby declare the naturo of this invention
to be as follows:-
This my present invention is the result or outcome of study and experiments that
I have devoted myself to in counection with my previous invention for which I
made an application for a Patent No. 13170 A.D. 1891; and is I consider in some
particulars an improvement upon it.
The object of the invention is to so construct the wearing surfaces, or wearing
materials (commonly known as boot protectors) for the soles and heels of boots
et catera, and to so construct the soles and heals in connection with which they are
used, as to secure to the wearer of the articles the advantages following :—
1st. That the protectors shall be firmly, or securely, held in position.
2nd. That they shall when worn out, bo easily replaced by new ones.
3rd. That they shall be renewed without injury to the soles and heels in, or on,
which they have been placed.
4th. That the invention enables cement to be used not only as it usually is; but
also under conditions that are much more satisfactory than any that have been
adopted hitherto, so far at least as I have been able to ascertain : and
5th. That the protectors may themselves be protected from wear in use on their
exposed surfaces.
have met with such difficulty in finding a cement that can be relied upon for
uniting pieces of india-rubber or india-rubber with leather (so as to be available for
attaching and retaining india-rubber boot protectors in position) especially on boots
that are exposed to the action of water; as boots usually are more or less that I have
sought to devise new and quito satisfactory means of using cement for this purpose.
And I have not only been enabled to accomplish this; but have found that one of
the principles that I have adopted is available in connection with the uso of other
material than what is usually, and properly, called cement.
The main principle that I have made use of is analogous to that which is
exemplified in a dovetail joint; or the use of the key-stone in an arch; or the
contrivance by which builders fasten the shackle, or end of the chain, of their
crains into holes in large stones with; for the purpose of lifting them. This may
for the purpose of this my Provisional Specification be further and conveniently,
though very roughly illustrated by supposing that a small W having been put
within a largo W, and the space between the outside of the small W and the inside
of the large W having been filled with coment, the effect must be that the
small W is prevented from being pulled down out of its position in the large one,
so soon as the cement has set. Never the less the cement may be used with
parallel holes where it is not specially desired to provide against the influence of
water; but if the holes are parallel they are best made with corrugated sides.
There are a variety of methods (obvious to any intelligent person who devotes
attention to this matter) by which I am enabled to make use of this principle in
fastening boot protectors in position; but the following examples will suffico as
illustrations.
Having punched, bored, or otherwise made holes or recesses of any desirable size
and shape in the bottom (or what is usually the wearing part) of the soles and heels

page_text: of boots et cætera. I cause or make the sides of these holes or recesses to be bulged
(in or out) or to taper, or widen, preferably from the bottom upwards. Those holes
may be lined or bushed with any metallic (or other) surface suitablo as a protection
against the alteration of their shape,
against the abrasion or wearing of the holes;
and
and
or
or sizo in use; as a means of providing support to a metallic (or other) flange
or
when such flange is desirable round the mouth of the hole or recess.
When it is desired to use protectors that will bear vory rough usage and be vory
durable, they may be made of any suitable metal. The wearing portions may be
of any form that experience or ingenuity may suggest, but attached thereto, or as a
portion thereof, I provido a root or stump, or a number of roots or stumps, and
these are wider at the end furthest from the wearing part than they are at the end
where they join it. The hole or holes, or recess or recesses into which the root or
stump, or roots or stumps, is or are to be fixed may be lined or bushed with metal
and should be made narrowest at the mouth as already set forth. The width, or
breadth, or diameter of the root or roots is made of such a size ns to just clear the
mouth or entrance of the recess or recesses prepared for it. Hot cement, metal, or
alloy (as typo metal) rendored plastic or liquid by heat is put into the recess and
the protector forced into position. The effect of this action is that the root or
roots become imbedded in the cement, or its substitute, it being forced all round it
or them so as to fill up the (preferably parallel) space that without it would be
vacaut round the root or roots and between it or them and the socket or sockets.
Thus the protector is held fast, so soon as the cement, or its substitute has set.
After the root of a protector has been forced into position, pieces of wood may in
some cases be pushed in among the cement, or its substitute, so as to economise the
quantity used, at the same time securing the additional effect of kneading it and
forcing it more tightly into position.
The withdrawal of the root of a worn out protector is effected by the application
of heat, by means of say a cook's sulamander, or other hot instrument, or hot. iron,
in such a manner that the metallic root shall convey the heat from it to the coment
or substitute thereof and so render it sufficiently plastic to allow the stump to bo
withdrawn. When it is desired to use cement or a substitute for it that is not
rendered plastic by heat, then the stump may be broken or craunched to pieces by
any suitable instrument analogous to a pair of pincers or forceps.
The protectors may for instance too be made of wood when lighter material is
desired having the wear resisting quality that is associated with toughness. Tho
cement or other (say putty-like) fastening to be used in this case, should be such
as can be bored or drilled through and cut with a gouge. So that the recess or
recesses, socket or sockets, may readily be cleared by these tools or instruments (or
others that will serve their purpose) when it is desired to get rid of the root
or roots of an old protector in order to make provision for a new protector.
In connection with the use of india-rubber and other flexible materials a great
variety of arrangements for utilising this invention are available; especially with
respect to the degree of resilience that may be desired, and that is usually
associated with the use of this class of material. For instance rubber protectors
may be made of precisely the same pattern as wooden ones and may be manipulated
in the same way. But where or when economy of material say in had in view the
root, or roots of the protector may be made hollow and fitted with a valve or valves
so that water, or other liquid, or semi liquid; gas or gases, may be so forced into
it or them as to be a means of forcing the walls of the hollow root or roots into the
cavity or cavities provided for it or them in the recess or recesses, socket or sockets ;
and retaining it or them in that position.
Another way of securing resilience is (in conjunction with economy) the use. of
an inflated ball or balls, capsule or capsules; cavity or cavities; preferably placed
in the centre of the root, or roots; and which may or may not be used over

page_text: and over again. The resilience or cushioning thus secured being in effect
indeterioratable.
Where resilience in combination with lightness is the chief feature desired;
there may be used, in addition to the inflated ball, or capsule; a mushroom like
head that is to say the protector may be made of a form analogous to the head
of a mushroom; but with the periphery of this head torminating in a wedge like
point and this point may be sented in and protected by a (preferably) metallic
ring in such a way that a second space for confined air is provided between the
periphery and the stom that holds the head. This space may be occupied by au̟
iuflated washer: and the metallic ring may be imbedded in the anle or heel.
In connection with this arrangement a divided hoop or ring of (preferably) thin
tempered steel may be made to fit in between the periphery of the (preferably)
india-rubber and the metallic seat. This (preferably) steel hoop or ring may
have projections on its periphery, and these projections may be made to pass
through holes into which or towards which the edge like periphery of the
protector projects. This ring that is placed between the periphery of the protector
and the (preferably) metallic ring that is provided for it to project into or towards
may be divided into sections, and each of these sections may be held in position by
projections on its periphery, these projections being not only passed through the
holes provided for them in the metallic ring; but cleuched in such wise that the
said sections cannot readily be released from the position designed for them when
the invention is in operation.
Where but slight resilience is desired it may be secured by forming a hole
through the head of a protector formed of flexible or elastic material, passing a
tapered tube through this hole, and driving through the tube pellets or grains of
say cork or india-rubber, which may or may not be smeared with india-rubber
solution, or other cement calculated to bind them together. The mass thus formed,
or any matter thus introduced, becomes imbedded in the hollow root of the
protector, and tends to force or jam its walls outwards into the position formed for
them; and this position being of the nature of a dovetail joint, the protector is
thus securely hold in position.
The root or roots may take the form of a circle, or of concentric or other circles;
or of the divisions of a circle or circles. Where the root or roots take a circular
form I prefer to have the centre of the circle occupied by a hollow or inflated ball
or capsule which will yield to the weight of the wearer in a manuer that is
calculated to be agreeable.
Or the protectors may be formed of a solid plug. or the root may be of an
unyielding material (hollow or not) which may be put into the dovetail like joint
quito slackly, yet so as to be made tight by the insertion of wood or other material
at the joint, or round the root. Or a otherwise solid plug of plastic material may
have a hole or holes in it for the reception of wood or other material that will
serve to force it outwards into contact with the sent whereby it then becomes held
in position. This is best accomplished by making the holes tapered, providing
pieces of wood to fit sections of the tapered holes, together with a central piece of
wood arranged to act as a key to the tapered pieces, all these, or some only, being
smeared with cement and so held together in position as may be well understood by
any intelligent person who devotes attention to the matter. By this means a stud
or studs of plastic material may be placed within a metallic protector, and packing
may be introduced at the base of the plastic material from time to time; so as to
cause fresh wearing surface to project, as may be well understood.
I may also when the root is formed of a flexible material force it into a recess or
socket the form of which though in effect partaking of the nature of a dovetail
joint may be better described as a groove situated at the widest portion of the
recess or socket.
In this case, or under these circumstances a weak cement such as india-rubber
solution is sufficient for the purpose had in view, and it may be used with the greater
advantage because it is readily removed when replacing an old protector by a new

page_text: one as I have provided a special instrument for the purpose. The success of this
arrangement however greatly depends upon guarding against the effect of the work
cement being interfered with by the action of water as will in due course be clearly
explained in the Complete Specification. As thin soles do not well admit of the
use of these grooves without special provision, they may be faced with a thin sheet
of motal so as to provide for and meet that difficulty.
Likewise make use of the fact that india-rubber solution though it may not
actually unite surfaces may yet be used to stick them together with such tenacity
that it can be used to fasten a head onto what would, without such head, be the
wearing part of a protector. Care however should be taken to guard against the
effect of water, and against the edges of the parts so stuck together being pulled
asunder or frayed. This too I purpose to fully explain in my Complete Specifica-
tion, D.V.
Cement or the like may be used to form the seat of an ordinary screw. This
material while plastic is forced into the recess or cavity provided for it, and cannot
be pulled out after it has eat. In connection with this arrangement I can have a
metallic protector with a screw cast or forged or otherwise fixed upon it for the
purpose of holding it in the cement, or cement like material, which is held in the
cavity provided for it. As a part of this arrangement another one or more screws
(loose, and preferably smaller than the main or fixed screw) may be made to pass
through the metallic head of this protector so as to prevent it from turning. These
(preferably) smaller screws are imbedded like the main screw. Both the screws
and the material in which they are imbedded are readily renewable without injury
to the sole or heel with which they are used, as will be readily understood.
Elastic material (as for instance wood, tempered steel &c.) can have a cushion
of air behind it, and can also be screwed into position with or without the screws
being imbedded in renowable material so as to form the base for a cap like wearing
attachment to be stuck on and held with the aid of cement. Similarly a base of
say steel or wood may be faced with strong india-rubber and arranged to spring
into a metallic ring or frame, and, if desired, may be yet more securely fastoned
with a thin ring provided with projections that can be clenched on the outside of
the holes in the metallic ring or frame as has already been set forth above. Such
a baso need have no screw or root to assist in holding it in position. The screws
in the frame sufficing. A metallic frame to serve as a base may be made to
spring, snap, or be otherwise held in position. It will also be readily understood
that cricketers' and other spikes, skates, swimming-paddles, and the like can be
held in position with the aid of a bed of renewable cement.
The various forms of protectors described may be advantageously used together.
Their heads may bo so formed as to fit up to and support each other, thus
providing a practically even surface from which dirt may be scraped: or resilient
protectors may be so used along with wooden or metallic ones, and the like, as to
cushion the beat of the foot upon paved or other surfaces where a disagreeable
noise might otherwise be produced in walking. With this arrangement the rings
for the wedgo like peripheries to project into, would be replaced by metallic or
, other hard protectors.
Soles and heels having been fitted with the protectors, or simply prepared for
their reception, are attached to boots et cætera, in any ordinary way.
Though I have described various forms of protectors as being made of different
materials, and have not specified the different materials that may be combined in
the manufacture of a single protector it must be obviously clear that a combina-
tion of materials is intended in any case where such is desirable. And I may say
that any cheap alloy of aluminium that is suitable for making stampings would be
desirable as a material for the sockets, and that asbestos may be used as a protection
in walking on hot surfaces.
It will thus be seen and understood that my invention is based on the idea of
securing renewable tread attachments either after the manner in which the key
stone of an arch is used; and by means of cement; or after the manner in which

page_text: the key stone of an arch is used but without cement; or by providing an extended
surface to be coated or smeared with cement (preferably) protected from the effect
of water, so that the renewable material is sufficiently held by its base or
foundation without being actually united to it, and can be torn off when occasion
requires.
By the use of suitable material it may be possible and advantageous to stamp,
press, or mould the sole and heel together in one piece ; or separately and in more
than one piece.
Dated this 28th day of January 1893.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improved Means for Securing Renewable Tread Attachments to the
Underside of the Soles and Heels of Boots, Shoes, and similar
Artioles without Injury to the Soles and Heels.
I RALPH RAWLING MADDISON of No. 218 Sheffold Road Barnsley in the
County of York, Commercial Clerk, do hereby declare the nature of this invention
and in what mauner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and
ascertained in and by the following statement :-
My invention relates to boot protectors which are so designed that they can be
renowed or replaced at those parts of the sole and heel which are most exposed to
wear in use-the principal object of the invention being to effect this operation
without injury to the sole or heel to which they are attached. And 1 accomplish
this in a manner that is more offective and otherwise desirable than is met with in
ordinary use.
It seems to me to be a very desirable thing to possess a cement the charactoristics
of which would be such as to enable it to be used conveniently and successfully in
fastening patches of wearing material onto the soles and heels of boots &c. But it
has hitherto (so far as I have been able to ascertain) been impossible to purchase
such an article.
The reason of this difficulty seems to be, that however strong the cement that is
used in attempting to carry out this purpose may be; dust, and dirt, and water, and
the effects of the elements generally, so not as to fray and destroy the cement at
the edge of the patch or protector, and though this action may be gradual at first,
it no less surely results in the separation of the patch from its position before there
has been time for it to be worn to any considerable extent. The almost ceaseless
motion to which nearly every part of a boot is subjected has too its share in
accelerating this.
Having been led to study this difficulty, I have devised several methods by
which most people will be ablo to keep the soles and heels of their boots &c.
in order, without the loss of time and expense of sending them from home to be
repaired by skilled workmen. Moreover I believe that the life of a boot is so
much more impaired by the strains to which it is subjected by the use of lasts (in
repairing in the ordinary way) than it is by several weeks wear, that the result of
my invention will be a source of very great economy to those who use it.
The essential features of the invention are generally so fully set forth in my
Provisional Specification that I believe that almost every intelligent person who
studies it, and certainly every intelligent person who has skill in matters of this
kind will be able to grasp their scope.
Never the less in order that my invention may be fully understood, and in order
to facilitate its comprehension by all who may be interested in it, I desire to direct
attention to the accompanying drawings, which are illustrative of some typical
examples of its application, and in which it may be noticed that the same lettors of

page_text: reference are used to denote the same parts (or parts for a like purpose) wherever
they recur.
Referring to Sheet 1 Figure I will be seen to represent a plan of the sole and heel of
a boot: and Figure 2 to represent a side olovation of the same. While Figure 3 repre-
seats one of the small protectors from the heel in contact with tube and piston by
which pellets of cork, or india-rubber, or other suitable substance can be forced
into the cavity in the centre of its root, after it has been placed in its seat or socket
in the boot. The object of this arrangement is to secure the stud very firmly in
position, so that it may be suitable for a boot intended to be used in athlotic games;
as will be readily understood without more explicit explanation. The pellets of
cork, india-rubber, &c., are put down the tube with great facility if smeared with
india-rubber solution as a lubricant, the solution also serves to bind the pellets
together in a mass that becomes a part of the stud when the cavity, (after being
also smeared in like manner) is filled with them. Cement however may be injected
into the cavity in any analogous manner, and it proves still more satisfactory in its
effect for this purpose in proportion as it is of an unyielding nature. The studs a 1
and a 2 and a 3 may however be made sufficiently fast for athletic (and for all
practical purposes) by smearing both their roots and the sockets o2 and c3 into
which thoy fit, with india-rubber solution, or other suitable cement, before they are
put into position. And in order that this arrangement may be more effective I
sometimes make the sockets with perforated sides or of perforated material so that
the cement may have access to the material that surrounds them, and thus secure
more holding power. When the wearable portion of the stud is no longer of use,
and it is necessary to replace it with a new one, the root is extracted by
an instrument which I purpose to describe in due course. The Bocket
that is delininted in Figure 3 is a very strong one, made it will be seen with
a flange d3, and is both put into position, and fastened from the outside of the
boot. Referring to Figures 1 and 2: the parts that are shown quite black (except
in cases where dotted lines et cetera would thereby be marred or obliterated) and
that are distinguished by the letters a 1 a 2 a4 a5 and a 6 are designed to be of tough
and wear resisting material, such as the vulcanized india-rubber (for example) that
is put round the wheels of cabs and other vehicles: and they are intended to project
from the sole and heel to any desirable extent. The parts that are shown by
crossed lines and that are distinguished by the letter 62 are designed to be so
pliable as to be capable of being squeezed or pressed into the holes in the
sockets cl and c2 prepared for them. In Figure 2 the stud a2 is held by &
socket c2 the chief characteristic of which socket is its lightness. It is put into
position before the top piece of the heel is fastened on. In Figure 2 the studs a 4
and a 5 here represented have grooves e 2 and e4 running round them and of such
dimensions as to suitably engage with washers 2 and f4 that are placed round the
holes 2 and 94 and sockets 4 and so partly retain them in their respective
positions when in use, and also serve to protect the cement h2 and h4 by which
the studs are mainly held, from outside abrading influences. It will be observed
that the socket c4 is fastened with small rivets at its bottom, and that the hole gб
does not go through the sole. I call attention to this because it may be well to
say that I find such like holes are best made with "The Forstner New and Improved
Auger Bit; "round which I put a clamp, tightened by a screw, so as to prevent the
auger bit penetrating too far. Referring to hole g 6 it will be observed that it is
slightly tapered inwards from the top downwards, that it is lined with cement 45
and that it is occupied by a piece of soft, light, wood j5 which is provided near the
top with projections 2 which serve to guide it into the centre of the hole where it
is very firmly held or secured in position by the cement 5. This piece of wood.
serves as a baso whereon to fasten by sprigs 5, or screws, pieces of wearing
material such as leather a 6 or the like, or wear resisting wood, iron, et cætera,
el cutera, as may be preferred. My principle object in placing it in this position is
that when the studs a 4 and a 5 have been worn down to near the grooves e 2 and e4
and are no longer properly secured and protected by the washer ₤1 and ƒ2 and ƒ4

page_text: or by the socket 4 they may be fastened to the wood by sprigs 6 and in due
time again turned round, and worn until it is no use attempting to wear them any
longer. Referring again to Figure 1 it may be observed that the advantages of
having the heel stud a 4 an oval in plan view, is that after the part which is first at
the outside of the heel has been worn down to near the groove e2 the stud may bo
taken out, turned half round, and replaced with the side that had been in a com-
paratively protected position (on the inside) to that in which it is exposed to the
extreme wear that takes place at the outside of the heel. And a still further
advantage is that after both sides have been worn so far as it is desirable; then
the stud may be again taken out, its seat packed with cement, and a hole made
through the centre of it, for the escapo of the surplus cement (as is represented
at 4 Figure 2) and then turned over and replaced; but so as to occupy a position
the reverse of that which it at first had. Having been worn the proper length of
time in its new position, it is again taken out for the third time, turned half round,
and replaced to be again worn as long as it is desirable. Being now no longer
suitable for use in the hole g 2 bordered by the washer 2 it is now taken out for
the fourth time and fastened on to the wooden base at j5 where it can if desired be
once more turned half way round and finally worn until of no use. When the head
which is designed to be the wearing portion of the protector is screwed or nailed onto
its foundation as at a 6 Figure 2 I sometimes make the foundation stand out beyond
the sole or heel about th of an iuch, and put a loose ring or washer of very hard
and durable metal, or other material, round it; so that when the loose ring or
washer becomes exposed to wear, warning may thereby be taken that the only
material (a 6) intended to be worn should be renewed-protection is also provided
against the foundation itself becoming worn. I sometimes have the studs a 4 and a 5
dished round the centre, on both sides, as seen in Figures 1 and 2 at a 4 in order to
effect economy in weight and material.
With respect to the kinds of cement to be used in connection with this invention:
I have found that india-rubber solution is quite effective with respect to those parts
where surfaces are to be temporaly held in contact-provided that the outside of
the joint is protected from abrading influences. In using the solution I put it on
with a brush, as thinly as possible, and (if I can spare the time) allow three or four
hours to elapse-(in order to let the naptha be thoroughly evaporated) before I
put the surfaces to be united together. I also use pure gutta perohn dissolved in
bisulphide of carbon with very satisfactory results. The best marive glue is
probably more powerful than solutions of either the best indin-rubber or gutta-
percha. It is composed of caoutchouo dissolved in naptha, to which shellac is
added and heated until amalgamated. According to the Encyclopedia Britannica
it is insoluble in water, sufficiently solid to give strength, and adhesive to an intenso
degree. The adhesive solution described in Patent Specification No. 16673 of
1889 also seems to provide for some of the requirements that are found in my
invention. And, in exceptional circumstances any ordinary paint may be made to
serve as cement-especially if mixed with a large proportion of "dryer.” The
putty like cement that I have used for filling the joints that surround the wooden
base or foundation at 5, Figure 1 is what is sometimes sold by ironmongers ns
"Scotch "
or "Imperial Cement." It has to be mixed with a little boiled linseed
oil into a stiff paste and knonded well. Gum mastio mixed with gold size however
forms a cement which is lighter, sets quite as quickly, and may be considered more
convenient in uso. I find too that terobine and cork-dast may be added to it in
the following proportions, viz. gum mastic 300; gold size 60; terebine 10; and
cork-dust 60 by measurement. The addition of the cork-dust gives the advantage
of rendering the removal of old cement-in order to its being replaced by new-
more easy. But the most satisfactory way of fasteuing such a large base or
foundation as that shown at j5 Figure 1 is to surround it with pieces of wood, or
pegs, daubed with india-rubber solution or like waterproof cemont; because thero
is no need to disturb them until the base j5 needs to be renewed, and there cau then
be no objection to using a chisel and outting it, and them, away together. It may

page_text: in some cases be advantageous to have the base placed more to one side of the hole
in which it rests than the other-as for instance, at the outside of the heel-in
which case of course more cement or packing will be required to fill the outside
joint. The metallic or other cement that I have used in a melted state is most
suitable for the heavy protectors that are worn on the very strongest boots of
navvies, and such like country, or outdoor workmen, minors, et cætera. But it can
also be used to fill the cavities of such pliant or elastic studs as are shown in
Figure 3 Sheet 1. Type metal is a good example, and but seldom difficult to
procure. When required in small quantities I melt it in a little vessel-over a
spirit lamp for instance on the work table; and bale it out as required for each
protector by means of a spoon; taking care to keep the latter about as hot as the
melted alloy. But in using it for a large number of boots I heat it in a vessel of
suitable capacity and run it off from a tap or valve near the bottom. It is desirable
that the holes or sockets into which it is run should be imbedded in a good non-
conductor such as asbestos; because a careless workman may allow the type metal
to become so much hotter than is necessary to secure its fluidity that some injury
may be done to the sole or heel in connection with which it is being used. For this
reason I sometimes prefer to employ an alloy composed of 2 parts tin; 3 parts
lead; and parts bismuth because its melting point is very low-viz. 199° Fahr.
And, as the bismuth expands during solidification, this alloy has the advantage of
very considerable holding power. Sealing-wax is serviceable when it is not
convenient to use anything better. Brimstone too melts at a low temperature, and
though rather offensive when heated may be used in emergencies. But it should be
remembered that in all cases where materials that melt at low temperatures are
used, it is of course advisable to have the parts intended to be held together made
at least very perceptibly warm, in order that there inay, as far as possible, bo uo
chilling effect produced on them before they are all put into the positions in which
it is intended that they should be fixed. With respect to material for the metallio
fittings. I find that an alloy composed of aluminium with from one to ten per cent.
of copper is very light, very strong and very suitable for either making stampings
or castings; but I prefer the proportion of about three or four per cent. of copper.
I also think that "platinoid "may be used with great advantage for the sockets
because of its lightness, strength and elasticity. And I certainly consider it
admirably adapted, ou account of its lightness, and toughness, for the wearing part
of metallic boot protectors. With respect to the shape of the protectors-I do not
confine myself to any particular shape; but 1 may say that I prefer to have them.
hexagonal when it is desirable to croud a number onto the sole of a boot-and the
⚫ more so because this shape will sometimes be the most economical in cutting up
material for their wearing surfaces. Those of an oval shape are (on account of the
advantages already pointed out) specially desirable for use on the heel.
•
Referring now to Sheet 2 Figure 1 is a delineation of an instrument for breaking
up the elastic, or pliant root, and packing of a stud, after the head has been so far
worn that it is desirable to make room for a new one to take its place. It is shown
closed. Figure 2 is a similar instrument in every respect, excepting that it is
intended to clean out the remains of cement from the socket out of which an old
stud has been removed-before brushing the said socket out with the fresh cement
that is intended to hold the new stud. It will be readily seon that its jaws are
adapted to fit the inside of the socket e Figure 3. It may be noticed at 4 that
thero is a slight annular indentation in the base of the socket; this is intended to
receive the bottom of the side of the socket in such a manner that the operation of
soldering the two together is effected easily and expeditiously. As a guard against
the socket turning round in its seat when the instruments shown in Figures 1 and 2
are being used on their contents-the base of the socket is made polygonal, and tho
star like rays or points c3 are so turned downwards that they may be imbedded in
the sole or heel in which the socket is placed. The stud a Figure 3 will be seen
to have a broader head than the one seen on Sheet 1 in a similar position, and to
be provided with a recess a 2 into which resilient washers of various thicknesses may

page_text: and
or
be sprung, when it is desirable to provide for an olastic tread to raise the
wearing surface of the stud further from the sole or heel to which it is fixed when
it becomes much worn-and to thus bring it up into symmetrical line with other
studs that may be less worn. Figure 4 is an instrument which acts on the principle
of a wine merchants' corking machine: it is used to force renewable heads into the
protector illustrated by Figure 6 on Sheet 11.
Referring to Sheet 3: Figure 1: it will be seen that the heel here represented
has a metallic frame m so placed at the back as to serve the same purpose as the
washers 1, 2 and ƒ4 in Figures 1 and 2 on Sheet 1 and yet to allow the wearing
portion of the protector a to be brought almost in line with the upper part of the
heal n.
The plate o holds the opposite side of the protector. Referring now to
Figure 2 it will be seen that the heel here represented is provided with a base or
foundation which is held in position by putty like cement -the holding power
of which is secured by the recesses p into which it is to he rammed. When it is
desired to take out the base it is only necessary to bore the cement out of the
whole length of the holes
9.
Referring to Sheet 4 Figure 1 rapresents a base or foundation j held in position
by preferably, two strong wooden pegs cemented into holes which are formed
at an angle with the bottom of the base or foundation j so as to hold it from being
pulled out of the recess in which it is placed. The pegs have to be bored out with.
say a gimblet when it is desired to renew the foundation. Referring now to Figure 2:
it will be seen that in this case the protector a is retained in position by a frame f
which is held by a hinge a at the back, and fastened by a spring bolt & at its
other side.
Referring to Sheet 5, Figure 1: will be seen to delineate a similar frame f
for retaining the protector a as that illustrated in Figure 2 Sheet 4; but in this case
the hinges, which carries the frame is placed at the inside of the heel and is
provided with a split-pin u, so that the frame can be removed altogether should it
at any time be desirable to do so. The frame in this instance is fastened with a
sneck-like spring, and retains in position a base onto which protectors of leather,
vulcanized fibre, and other materials which cannot well bo moulded, may be fastened.
Referring now to Figure 2. It will be seen that the protector a is attached to the
sliding base; which is retained by the frame and that the frame in this instance
does not extend round the back of the heel-so that there is a space there which
admits of the protector a being carried into position by the sliding basej. The
sliding base is kept in position by the spring t.
Referring to Sheet 6, Figure 1: Hore is delineated another base sliding
into and held in position by a frame the difference being that the holding power
is secured by a dovetail joint, and that the frame is fastened in position by the
(preferably) wooden pegs (which can be bored out with a gimblet when removed)
or by cement placed in the corrugated recess, from which it can be cut out by
drawing a pen knife through it. Referring now to Figure 2. Two illustrations of the
principle to be described are delineated here-that to the left showing how the sole
of a boot a may be fastened by cement A and small screws or nails onto a sheet
of, preferably, metal; (say aluminium) and how such a sheet of metal may be
fastened by cement 2 onto another sheet of metal j2 which is attached by cement A3
and sowing to the welt or upper of the boot. And how the edges of the materials
cemented may be protected from abrading influences by a clip of, preferably,
aluminium, or tinned copper, fastened all round the otherwise exposed edges of the
welt, and metal soles. This clip has its looso ends suitably fastened by stitches or
rivets. It is desirable that the plates and 2 should be perforated in order, not
only to secure their being as light as possible but to allow the cements A and A3 to
make their way through, and join in one at 2. Perforations also provide passage
way for the nails and the stitches of the sewing. The drawing to the right.
illustrates such another clip (stamped out of a sheet of metal) as that which is
bound round the cemented edges in the figure to the left; but in this case it is used
B

page_text: to assist in fastening the wearing portion a to the root portion & of a renewable
protector.
Referring to Sheet 7 Figure 1: In this instance the heel protector is devided
into two, a and a 1. These parts are retained in position by the frame f. There
is a space (occupied in the drawing by the packing piece ) through which they
are first pushed, one after the other, and then forced down; so that the edges of
the bases and 1 rest on the frame while a locking piece y (having lips at its
ends which also rest on the frame f) holds them apart, and the packing secures
it and them in the position in which they are used. It will be readily understood
that when the half indicated by the letter a has been worn long enough-new
wearing material can be put onto the base j to which it is fusteued or the half of
the base indicated by the letter and figure j7 carrying a 1 can be made to take
its place. The packing a fits tightly in the recess, and may be secured with such a
slight daub of coment as a thin knife will remove. Referring now to Figure 2:
it will be readily understood that it represents a moulded top piece for a heel
(preferably of aluminium) in which provision may be made for protectors of any
variety of form. In order to economiso material this top pieco is recessed or
boney-combed as much as possible, compatible with strength-and the recessos,
when not left vacant, are filled with (preferably) cork-so as to exclude dirt.
Attached to it are two studs a and a 2 that are screwed into position. They are
provided with washers in order that they may be screwed the tighter. Before cach
one is screwed home, both the screw, the underside of the head, and both sides of
the washer, are lubricated with (preferably) india-rubber solution or other cement,
which when dry holds them with sufficient firmness. It should be understood that
studs occupying the position of those in question need if possible to be more firmly
held than the others, on either the sole or heel of a boot, because the wearer when
going down steep and slippery places is apt to have nearly the whole weight of the
body thrown onto them, and they may in consequence bo released from their position
when this strain comes as a sudden shock. Soles may also, in like manner, be
moulded-though it is of course desirable that they should be of flexible or pliable
material.
Referring to Sheet 8 it will be seen that the Figures 1 and 2 here delineated
show alternative methods illustrativo of how a protector (of any shape) can be hold
in position by means analogous to those seen in Figure 2 on Sheet 5; Figure 1
on Sheet 6; and Figure 1 on Sheet 7. The principle difference being that the
renewable portion at a is quite level with the unrenewable portion of the heel. In
Figure 1 the wooden basoj is seen attached to the plate 2. It (j) is renewable
aud is used as a cheap and ready means of fastening tho wearing portiou a in
position. The plate 2 is retained in pozition by the spring t. The plate and base
may if desired be of one material and in one piece. In Figure 2 also the wooden
base can be used alone (without the intervention of the plate shown as j 2); and
it then forms a very cheap and simple foundation whereon to fasten the wearing
portion a as it only needs a little cement pluced so near its margin that the point of
a thin knife or spatula can be used to remove it. I sometimes bush, or line, the
dovetailed recess so as to protect it from wear in use. But the wood may be
dispensed with, and a metal frame j2 with extensions ;3 may be used alona. The
metal frame or base can be conveniently held in position by such a spring as that
shown in Figure 1 or by a peg (as shown at k,) or other suitable device the choice
of which will be best determined on by its cost. The studs at the corners aro let
into the unrenewable portion of the heel and are attached to wooden bases or
foundations-as will be well understood.
Referring to Sheet 9. In the plan view of Figure 1, will be seen delineated
ata plate (preferably of hard metal) made to a gauge or template, which has two
distinctly different rows of holes round or near its circumference and some others
nearer its centre. The holes i are intended for nails, or tacks, which may, or may
not, have heads made to fit down into countersunk recesses in the plate so that their
tops may lie flush with the surface of the plate. Thoy are intended to be driven

page_text: into protectors or patches a of wearing material so as (with or without the aid of
cement) to hold them in position. The holes 2 are preferably larger than the
holes and may, or may not, be countersunk for the same purpose as the others.
Holos are also bored in the sole or heel to correspond with the holes (i 2) and are
filled with cement, or preferably soft wood pegs or plugs j. The nails that are put
through the holes i 2 in the plate are intended to be driven into the cement or pegs
or plugs j. Either one or both rows of holes may however be dispensed with, and
the nails fastened to (or he a part of) the plate instead of being loose. The
cement, peg, or plug serves as a seat or foundation for the nail 2 to rest in, and be
secured by, and when it is too much worn by repeated use, it can be bored out by
a gimblet and replaced by new material without injury to the sole or hoel in which
it is used. The protector a may be worn away-and the frame or plate on which
it is fastened may also be partly worn away-without injury to the sole or heel on
which it is placed; but if caro is taken not to wear the frame-then it will last
indefinitely. The plate may have a border running round its edge, so as when
new to aid in securing the protector a in its position. So too the sole or heel may
be made with a boss or extention that fits into a recess in the plate-and the plate
may have a hole through the middle, so as to take the form of a washer, and thus
be mude lighter. Sometimes, and especially when either or both the kinds of nails
do not have heads to fit countersunk holes; I put a layer of hard setting cement, on
one or both sides of the plate (or pnds of soft material may be used instead of
cement) the object being to make the arrangement firm, and to avoid jarring or
clanking. Though I prefer to use the plate, it must be obvious that it can be
dispensed with, and that the protector a may be fastened direct to the renowable
foundation by the large nails 2. Sometimes I nail the plate onto the pad or
protector, and then drive the large nails 2 through both the pad, and the plate, so
that their heads become imbedded in the former: but, as in the illustration, I also
make the area of the plate so much larger than the pad, that room is allowed for
the longer nails 2 to be driven through the plate only just at the margin of the
pad. It is obvious that when the pad has become seriously worn at the outsido
edge, it will be an advantage to turn it half way round so as to present the loss
worn edge where it is most needed. Referring now to Figure 2: it will be seen
to deliucate a bout heel on which some kinds of wearing material-such as leather,
vulcanized fibre et cætera (which cannot be moulded as india-rubber is) may be worn.
The attachment is made by cement, the edge of which is protected from abrading
influences by the use of the elastic clip w. The clip is made to fit into grooves in
both the heel and the protector a; as is clearly shown in the drawing. It may
also be seen that a (preferably wooden) screw is sometimes used to supplement the
holding influence of the cement; and to be a support against the strains that are
caused by the beating of the heel upon the ground.
Referring to Sheet 10, Figure 1 will be seen to delineate two instances of the
way in which a ring of hard material, as metal a may be made to be clasped by,
and held by, the rim of an elastic protector &; the point of union being so
irregular as to allow cement to be used without it being seriously deteriorated
by abrading influences. Referring now to Figure 2: The device bere delineated
is one by which persons with, for instance, weak spines may have provided for
them all that they can possibly desire in the way of protection from the shock
that is caused by the benting of the heel upon the ground while walking. It
may be seen that the base is carried on (or carries) one or more shafts: (of
round, or oval, or other shape approaching thereto in plan view) that each shaft
alides into a tube which is made to fit pretty closely both at its base and at
the top end. Between these points its diameter is reduced, and this reduction in
diameter is further reduced at the top-being merged into no annular recess.
In using the arrangement a ring of india-rubber (of such dimensions internally
na to fit tightly into the annular recess at the top of the shaft, and externally
with tightness into the tube) is sprung into the annular recess. Euch shaft ís
then forced into the tube prepared for it-tho rosult on the rubber ring being

page_text: ">
that it is compressed into the space that extends between the annular recess and
the part of the shaft near its base which pretty closely fits the tube in which it
is placed thus the ring is compressed out of a round into an oval shape in
section. In this position its resilience has the effect of such a hold upon both
the shaft and the tube that the base is effectively retained in position thereby-
while at the same time-comparitively unlimited play is allowed for the shaft
to work in and out of the tube. It follows therefore that the cushion of air
placed at receives all, or practically all, the weight that is brought to bear on
the base j. And the air space in may be so proportioued as to cushion and
reliove in the most delicate manner possible the effect of every fall of the heel
upon the ground. A pad (of preferably spongy rubber) is inserted between the
basoj and the heel proper for the purpose of keeping out dirt. It will be readily
understood that the device can be used without either the air cushion, or the
pad & that the tube may form the shell of the heel.
Reforring to Sheet 11, Figure 1, delineates a base or foundation onto which
either heel or sole pads or protectors may be fastened. A screw is provided in
addition to the cement h in which the base is imbedded, in order that there may be
no need for the wearer to wait till the cement has set-should the boot be required
for use immediately after a new base has been put into position. Referring now to
Figure 2: This it will be seen delineates how the periphery of the cemented
surfaces is protected from abrading influences by the ring: and how economy is
effected in the wearing material by the use of the packing which also acts as a
atay against lateral pressure. Referring now to Figure 3: This it will be soeu
delineates how the use of such a rim as in the last illustration-is dispensed with
m this and a groove ef provided to serve the same purpose. An air filled capsule
temporally cemented into position with india-rubber solution is shown for securing
a soft and elastic tread. sometimes also make grooves like ef (or dovetailed
recesses of any shape) in soles and heels for the purpose of affording a good holding
surface for patches of any hard cement that can be used as a boot protector.
Referring now to Figure 4: This will be seen to delineate how such a groove
as ef in the last illustration is supplemented by a ring or washer which holds the
protector a still more securely. Referring now to Figure 5. This will be seen to
delineato how a (preferably) wooden screw serves not only as a stay against
lateral pressure; but also as an instrument for aiding the cemented surfaces in
holding the protector in position. It is desirable that the whole length of the scrow
should be lubricated with india-rubber solution when using it to draw the cemented
surfaces together. Referring now to Figure 6: This will be seen to delineate a
socket having a large boss or pillar carrying a male screw rising from the centre of
its base. This screw provides holding for a female screw which carries a recess
into which wearing material a may be forced by such an instrument as that which
is distinguished as Figure 4 on Sheet 2. India-rubber solution or other lubricating
cement should be applied to the bottom and sides of the protector a before it is put
through the instrument. A cavity is provided at the outside of the female sorew
for the reception of cement or packing to prevent the scrow from working loose;
this cement filled space may of course be fluted on each side with advantage. It
will bo well understood that the employment of cement or packing in this instance,
enables a much less perfect screw to be used than would be otherwise practicable.
Referring to Sheet 12 Figure I will be seen to delineate a stud cemented into a
comparitively thin sole without the use of any socket. And to have a layer or
layers of wear resisting gauze imbedded in the lead a aud it may be well to remark
here that as some persons have a prejudice against the use of india-rubber in the
soles of boots on account of its insulating property; I sometimes make a metallic
connection right through the sole, so as to extend from the ground to the inside of
the boot. This may be done by extending the rivets k4 in Figure 2 in Sheet 1 :
and by inserting a wire through the wearing portion as will be readily understood
by intelligent persons. Referring now to Figure 2: it will be seen how the head
of a sinall protector may be fastened into position by pegs, which may be bored out

page_text: of their seats when it is expedient to change an old protector for a new one.
Referring now to Figure 3 it will be seen how a bed of cement h may be made to
line a socket and serve as a bed for a rough sorow-and how outlets are provided
in the head of the, preferably, metallic protector for the escape of the surplus
cement. The screw of this protector may be tapered so as to have a kneading
effect when being forced home, and type metal may be used with advantage as a
bed in this instance-because it need be only partially melted in order to release
the protector that it holds. It will be understood too that an advantage in using
such an alloy, is the avoidance of expense in providing a female screw.
The male
screw too, may be a quite rough casting. Referring now to Figure 4: it will be
seen to delineate a protector, which is also fixed in an alloy or other bed of material
that melts with heat. Referring now to Figure 6: it will be seen to delineato a
protector which is fixed in an alloy or other bed of material that molts with heat;
but in this instance a socket is used which is imbedded in asbestos so as to protect
the surrounding material from the effect of the heat. The centre of the bottom of
the socket is raised so as to economise the weight of alloy required. Referring now
to Figure 6, it will be seen to delineate how the renewable metal socket/ac may
be fastened into position by the cement and may carry a solid ring of clastio
material a; and how a is held in position by eight tapered keys, which are in their
tura held, or locked, by a parallel master key in the centre. This arrangement
it may be well to note may be used to secure any advantago that there may be in
having different wearing materials in juxtaposition, for the purpose of preventing
slipping. Referring now to Figuro 7, it will be seen to also delineate how a metal
protector fac may be imbedded in cement, h, and form a socket for an elastic
protector a which is partly held in position by cement and partly by a screw in its
centre. The underside of fa o is fluted so as to allow for the escape of surplus
cement h.-
Referring to Sheet 13, Figure 1: is an illustration of an arrangement whereby
the stud a. b. j. is protected by a moveable cap or cover a shown soparately in
Figure 2. The inner surface of a is attached by (preferably) india-rubber solution
to the permanent stud a. b. j., and the periphery of the joined surfaces is protected
from abrading influences by the metallic rin e which encircles it, and which is
secured to the sole or heel by the nails or screws k. The weight of the wearer is
principally sustained by the air confined in the capsule z. When the part a (which
in this instance is the only part intended to be worn) is worn away-then it is torn
off its base a. b. j. and replaced by a new one.
This stud is devised with the idea
of providing for persons with very tender feet a very soft cushion-in the form of a
protector the wearing portion only of which needs to be renewed. It should be
noticed that under the head of a. b. j. a (preferably) metallic ring is placed for the
purpose of strengthening this part against lateral strains, because the part that
surrounds, it being pliant is not fitted to bear such strains. Referring now to
Figure 3: it will be seen in this illustration that the same object is gained as in
Figure with this difference-that owing to the form of the root of a. b. j. it
is more firmly held in position than the other, and that the part inflated is not
separable as in Figure 1. Referring now to Figure 4: it will be seen that the
protector a delineated hero has a male screw which enters, and is held by, a female
screw; which serves as a base or foundation for it; and that the base is held in
position by cement or alloy h occupying the intervening space. In this instance
therefore the base of the protector is renewable as well as is the wearable head
that it holds, without injury to the sole or heel in which they are placed. Referring
now to Figure 5: There is here deliuented an example of a renewable protector
which is held in position by mechanical means, viz., such like springs as are used
to hold together the ends of bracelets. The socket c has indentations made in its
side (preferably near the bottom at c2); they engage with projections formed for
the purpose on the springs a a which act as retainers or fasteners. It may be
noticed that the renewable portion a is fastened onto a plate which also serves as a
base for the springs-they being fastened to it by rivets. Referring now to

page_text: Figure 6. This figure is intended to illustrate an arrangement whereby the
holding power of such a frame as e Figure 1, in this sheet, is supplemented by a
metallic split ring b. b., which is sprung under the retaining frame ; thus securing
an additional hold on the protector a in Figure 1, or a. b. j. in Figure 3. Referring
now to Figure 7: This delineates a mechanical arrangement whereby a male screw
draws the polygonal Hange of the screw socket, into which it takes; towards its
head: so as to cause an intervening elastic ring to be bulged outwards, and jam-
and thereby secure-a firm fastening. The letter a indicates the head of the
protector having holes in it for a turning key to engage with: and c indicates the
polygonal socket in which the polygonal frame cc (carrying the female screw) |
moves upwards (or downwards) so as to bulge outwards and fasten (or inwards and
release) the elastic ring h; which is in its turn the meaus whereby the frame is
held in its seat during the time that the protector is in use. It should be noticed
that the head may be polygonal-so as to be actuated by a box spanner. And
leverage may be used instead of (or to take the place of) the scrow which draws !
the two flanges together-as will be readily understood.
Referring to Sheet 14 and firstly to Figure 1. Here, in plan view and
sectional elevation is delineated an arrangement whereby a sheet or plate of
(preferably tempered metal) bearing wear resisting material a can be sprung
into position, and held there by a number of short projections &r which extend
from the periphery of the plate into pockets provided for them in the frame f.
There are also othor longer projections k. r. 2. which extend through to the outside
of the frame and which have the temper taken out of them so that they can
be turned up, or clenched; and so completely fasten the plato in position (as is
clearly evident at r3 in the elevation) when there is need to do so. A device (as 2
for instance a detachable boss carrying a female screw) is provided at the centro
of the plate for the purpose of enabling a lever (such as the screw k. k. in Figure 2)
to be used to raise the centre of the plate in the manner shown by dotted lines in
Figure 2-thus drawing the periphery of the plate and its projections clear of the
inside of the frame f. An air pad or cushion is seen in the elevation in con-
nection with the plate: it is designed for the use of persons who have tender feet;
but it can be dispensed with for ordinary use. The studs a 2 are it may be seen
also provided with air cushions 2 in the form of washers, or rings under their
heads. It will be readily understood that both cement and nails, tacks, or
screws, may be used in attaching wearing material to the plate; and that the 3
wearing material may he put on in one piece, or (and preferably) in sections: and
that in either case, it can readily be renewed at any time without injury to the
solo or heel on which it is placed. It will also be readily understood that such
cheap material as can be made to spring into a groove, or the pockets shown in
dotted lines at g, in the plan view, can be used both as plate j and wearing material a.
Referring now to Figure 3: The object of this illustration is to show that by the
use of a plate of say aluminium, or vulcanite, as the outer sole; a groove may be
provided for the root of a protector in a comparitively thin sole. The object of
Figure 4 is to delineate one form of socket that has the advantage of great
strongth just where it is specially needed-that is to say round the neck of the 4
protector which occupies it. This is done by fastening, or clenching, on a washer
in much the same way as the eyelets in sail-cloth are clenched. The base of this
washer is riveted onto the side (as well as soldered) by means of projections ou
the bottom of its side, which pass through the base, or bottom, as is clearly shown
in the drawing. The object of Figure 5 is to delineate how the samo purpose 6
is gained in another way, viz., by attaching a washer of comparatively stout
material, to a base and side of comparatively light material.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I
claim is
The

page_text: appliances and mechanism herein before described (or represented on the accom-
panying drawings) or any imitation or modification thereof, constructed and
operating in substantially the same or similar manner for the same or similar
purposes.
2. The arrangement, combinations,
and
or
construction of the various forms of studs
and
or
or pads or plates or patches of renewable wearing material
parts theroof
applied to the soles and heels of boots shoes et cactera, and the several means for
securing them in position, together with the fittings and instruments for and in
connection with the same substantially as and for the purposes heroin set forth.
3. The manufacture of boots shoes et cetera arranged and constructed for using
studs, or pads, or plates, or patches of renewable wearing material substantially as
and for the purposes herein set forth.
4. The manufacture of boot protectors and of fittings for the same of aluminium
alloyed with from 1 to 10 per cent. of copper substantially as and for the purposes
herein set forth.
5. A renewable boot protector held in position for wear in use by hinges catches
springs pegs or cement substantially as and for the purposes heroin set forth.
6. A renewable boot protector of any shape held in position for wear in use by n
base which is retained by a frame on which it slides into position substantially as
and for the purposes horein set forth.
7. A renewable boot protector of any shape held in position by perforated plates
which are held together by cement, the border of which is secured against
abrading influences by a metallio clip substantially as and for the purposes herein
set forth.
8. A renewable boot protector of any suitable shape held in position by cement
the border of which is secured against abrading influences by an elastic ring or
clip which fits into grooves on both the boot and the protector substantially as and
for the purposes herein set forth.
9. The top piece of a boot heel cast in aluminium alloy as per claim No. 4 and
adapted to boot protectors substantially as and for the purposes herein set forth.
10. Soles and heols of boots et cætera so moulded as to be adapted to boot
protectors substantially as and for the purposes herein set forth.
11. Plates (preferably mado to a template) either perforated, or fitted with nails
or prongs, adapted to boot protectors substantially as and for the purposes herein
Bet forth.
12. As part of a renewable boot protector rings of hard wear resisting material
enoircling an elastic or pliable boot protector and forming part of the same
substantially as and for the purposes horein set forth.
13. As part of a renewable boot protector a base carrying a pillar sliding in a
tube and retained there by an elastic ring substantially as and for the purposes
herein set forth.
14. Grooves in the solos and heels of boots for the reception of the roots of boot
protectors so as to secure the cement which holds them in position from abrading
influences as at Figure 3 in Sheot 11 substantially as and for the purposes herein
set forth.
the
15. Wear resisting gauze imbedded in boot protectors substantially as and for
purposes herein set forth.
16. Renewable boot protectors held in position through the agency of springs
with snaps substantially as and for the purposes herein set forth.
17. Renewable boot protectors held in position by the jamming of an elastic or
pliable ring substantially as and for the purposes herein set forth.
18. The sockets marked cc1, c2, and c3 in the drawings made of perforated
material substantially ns and for the purposes herein set forth.
19. The above sockets lined with cement substantially as and for the purposes
herein set forth.

page_text: 20. Renewable boot protectors of an oval form adapted to he turned round and
to be turned over substantially as and for the purposes hercin set forth.
21. Beds, bases or foundations of renewable material for renewable boot protectors
substantially as and for the purposes herein set forth.
22. Cement as a lubricant in connection with renewable boot protectors sub-
stantially as and for the purposes herein set forth.
23. The use of alloys that melt at a low temperature in connection with renewable
boot protectors substantially as and for the purposes heroin set forth.
24. Asbestos used in connection with alloys mentioned in the 23rd claim sub-
stantially as and for the purposes herein set forth.
25. Washers used under the heads of renewable boot protectors for the purpose
of bringing them, when worn, into symmetrical line with other protectors sub-
stantially as and for the purposes heroin set forth.
26. Cement as a packing in connection with renewable boot protectors sub-
stantially as and for the purposes herein set forth.
Dated this 29th day of November 1893.
RALPH RAWLING MADDISON.