IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR MANU- FACTURING CARDS EMPLOYED IN THE PREPARATION OF FIBROUS MATERIALS
Year: 1854

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Henry Johnson, of 47. Lincoln's Inn Fields,
in the County of Middlesex, and of Glasgow, North Britain, Gentleman,
for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR MANU-
FACTURING CARDS EMPLOYED IN THE PREPARATION OF FIBROUS MATERIALS."-
A communication from François Pierre Morel, of Tarare, in the Empire
of France, Manufacturer.
Sealed the 21st November 1854, and dated the 22nd September 1854.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Henry Johnson
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 22nd September 1854.
I, JOHN HENRY JOHNSON, of 47, Lincoln's Inn Fields, in the County of
Middlesex, and of Glasgow, North Britain, Gentleman, do hereby declare the
nature of the Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR
MANUFACTURING CARDS EMPLOYED IN THE PREPARATION OF FIREOUS MATERIALS," a
communication from François Pierre Morel, of Tarare, in the Empire of
France, Manufacturer, to be as follows:-
This Invention relates, first, to the piercing of the bands or sheets of leather
into which the wire teeth are to be inserted; second, to the feeding of the wire

page_text: into the inserters; third, to the holding of the wire during the action of the
doublers or benders; fourth, to the cutting of the wire; fifth, to the doubling
or bending of the same; sixth, to the introduction of the wire into the leather;
seventh, to the inclining of the teeth; and, eighth, to the mode of actuating the
leather during the operation of inserting the card teeth therein. The whole of
the mechanism is carried by a suitable cast-iron framework and bed plates.
The band of leather to be operated upon is wound upon a drum or pulley which
works in a moveable support or frame, and one end is passed upwards between
a pair of fluted rollers which regulate the feed of the leather. As fast as the
band is fitted with rows of teeth, it is drawn upwards and passed over two
overhead rollers, carried in suitable supports. A counter weight attached to
the pendant extremity of the band serves not only to keep it in a state of
tension during the operations of the machine, but also to effect its longitudinal
traverse after each range of teeth has been inserted-in-readiness for another
preceding range or row. The mechanism for operating upon the wire is
carried on a sliding bed plate, which is made to advance towards the leather
at suitable intervals by the aid of cams on the main driving shaft. The leather
piercing mechanism consists of a suitable frame, which works upon stud centres
at one extremity, whilst the opposite or free end of the frame carries the
needles or piercers; the stud centres are fitted into slides which work in fixed
horizontal guides on the main fixed bed plate of the machine. A horizontal
movement is given to this frame by the aid of a cam, and a vertical movement
is communicated to the same by causing it to slide up an incline. These com-
bined movements serve to bring the needles or piercers towards the leather,
and to elevate them to the proper height at which the perforations are to be
made. At this point they are pushed forward into and through the leather,
after which the whole is brought back again to its original position by the aid
of helical springs. The wire, on leaving the reel or bobbin on which it is
wound, cuters the machine at the side, and is passed through and held by a
short tube until its end is bent. The bending is effected by a curved metal
plate, which is fixed to a rod actuated by an eccentric or cam on the second
motion shaft. This curved plate is made to advance and press the end of the
wire. which protrudes beyond the extremity of the holding tube, over a fixed
projection which serves as an anvil, over which the wire is bent at a right
angle, that is, with its points towards the leather band. This movement being
accomplished, the bender is drawn back again by a helical spring; the bent
end of the wire is then laid hold of by a nipper, which traverses on a slide,
and draws the wire along in front of the operating instrument. The nippers
then open, and return back to their original position in readiness for another

page_text: length. The wire in this position is laid hold of by a series of hooked levers,
which draw it into a number of jaws or rods which are split at the end.
Whilst held in these jaws the wire is cut into suitable lengths, each length
being exactly sufficient to form a double tooth of the card. This is effected by
shears, which are situated between the jaws, and are actuated by a rod and
eccentric or cam on the main driving shaft. The short lengths are then
doubled inside the jaws, by being pressed therein by the doublers, which are
short vertical arms actuated by cams. The teeth thus formed are inserted or
pushed into the leather by suitable pistons situated inside the jaws, such
pistons being attached to the front of the sliding bed plate, herein-before
mentioned. By causing this bed plate to slide forward, the whole of the
pistons will advance and insert the whole of the wire teeth, whatever their
number may be, simultaneously into the leather band. The teeth being
inserted, the requisite inclination or bend is given to them by a series of wire
hooks, which are large enough to embrace each double tooth. These hooks
are fitted into a horizontal bar, which is connected by a rod with a rocking
shaft, and as this bar descends, by the partial revolution of the rocking shaft,
the hooks press upon the card teeth, and bend them downwards to the proper
inclination. The next operation to be effected is the moving of the leather
band previous to the insertion of another range of teeth. This is effected in
the following manner:-The teeth having been made in the manner hercin-
before described, they are inserted in horizontal lines, the number inserted at
one time corresponding to the number of instruments of the same kind con-
tained in the machine. The present machine is proposed to make & insert six
teeth simultaneously, though of course the number may be varied to any
extent, from one upwards. The teeth in this machine are inserted at hori-
zontal distances asunder, four times greater than the intervals which will
intervene when the row is completed. These intervals are then filled up by
moving laterally the leather band or sheet, which movement is effected by a
tappet wheel fitted with adjustable tappets, such tappets acting upon the
sliding frame which carries the leather. The tappets are adjusted and the
movement of the leather regulated according to the peculiar kind of cord to be
produced. The vertical movement of the leather is permitted to take place
at the completion of each horizontal row of teeth by the two grooves or fluted
rollers between which it passes. The axis of one of these rollers is fitted with a
spur wheel which gears into a pinion, the axis of which carries a ratchet wheel,
which actuated at suitable intervals by a pall. This pall receives its motion
from a lever, which is actuated by a suitable cam or tappet. By a very slight
modification of the leather actuating mechanism, herein-before described, the

page_text: machine may be made to operate upon sheets of leather instead of bands, the
mechanism for constructing and inserting the teeth remaining in principle
the same as that herein-before described.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said John Henry Johnson in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
22nd March 1855.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHN
HENRY JOHNSON, of 47, Lincoln's Inn Fields, in the County of Middlesex,
and of Glasgow, North Britain, Gentleman, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-second day of September, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-four, in the eighteenth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Ier heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said John Henry Johnson, Her special license that I, the said John Henry
Johnson, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the
said John Henry Johnson, my executors, administrators, or assigns, should
at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times
thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make,
use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR MANUFACTURING CARDS EMPLOYED IN THE
PREPARATION OF FIBROUS MATERIALS," a communication from Francois Pierre
Morel, of Tarare, in the Empire of France, Manufacturer, upon the condition
(amongst others) that I, the said John Henry Johnson, by an instrument in
writing under my hand and seal, should particularly describe and ascertain
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be
performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said
Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that 1, the said John Henry Johnson, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement, reference being had to the accompanying Drawings, and
to the letters and figures marked thereon, that is to say:-
The said Invention relates, first, to the piercing of the bands or sheets of

page_text: leather into which the wire teeth are to be inserted; second, to the feeding of
the wire into the inserters; third, to the holding of the wire during the action
of the doublers or benders; fourth, to the cutting of the wire; fifth, to the
doubling or bending of the same; sixth, to the introduction of the wire into
the leather; seventh, to the inclining of the teeth; and, eighth, to the mode
of actuating the leather during the operation of inserting the card teeth
therein.
And in order that the said Invention may be more readily understood, I
shall now proceed to describe the several Figures on the Sheets of Drawings
hereunto annexed, the same letters of reference indicating corresponding parts
throughout all the Figures and Sheets.
Figure 1, on Sheet 1 of the Drawings, represents a front elevation of the
card-making machine complete, drawn to a scale of one-fourth the real size;
Figure 2 is a corresponding side elevation of the same; Figure 3, on Sheet 2,
is a vertical section taken along the line 1, 2, in Figure 4; Figure 4 is a hori-
zontal plan of the machine, the plate on which the perforators and inserters
are fixed being removed, in order that the different movements may be more
clearly represented; Figure 5, on Sheet 3 of the Drawings, represents a
vertical section of the teeth-fixing apparatus and bed plate, drawn to a scale
of one-half the full size; and Figure 6 is a horizontal plan of the upper side
of the same. The remainder of the Figures represent various details and
modifications which I shall herein-after more fully describe and refer to.
The machine is composed of a cast-iron frame, formed of two vertical side
standards A, A, united by two cast-iron tic bars A', and carrying the bearings
of the principle driving shafts. A horizontal bed plate or table B, having
numerous supports and slides cast upon it, is fixed at each side to the standards,
and serves, in conjunction with the upper cross bar B' and lower onc A', to
keep the standards firm and steady. The bars A' and B' serve also to support
the apparatus which carries the leather. This apparatus consists of a moveable
cast-iron frame C, surmounted by two columns C', which are united at their
summit by the cross bar C², furnished with an antifriction pulley C³, which,
by pressing against a fixed beam of wood or iron, serves to support the columns
against the action of a counter weight, which is hung to the end of the leather,
for the purpose of drawing it after each range of teeth have been inserted.
To effect this, the leather, which is wound on to the beam or roller H, is
nipped between the grooved or fluted rollers D and D', and after passing over
the roller E', it is passed over the roller E. A weight is attached to the
pendant extremity of the leather after it is passed over the roller E2, which

page_text: weight draws off the leather from the roller or beam H, whenever the fluted
cylinders D and D' permit of its so doing.
At the back of the machine, and working in suitable bearings fixed to the
side standards, aro two horizontal driving shafts F and G, the first of which is
driven directly by means of the pulley F, which is made fast or loose on its
shaft at will by means of the clutches F and forked lever F. Thus, by
shifting the handle of the fork into one or other of the notches in the piece a,
motion may be communicated or not, as the case may be, to the first motion
shaft F. This shaft transmits motion to the second shaft G by means of
the spur wheels G & G', on the left-hand side of the machine, outside the
standard A. These wheels are of equal diameters, in order that they may both
revolve at the same speed. The fly wheel H³ is driven by the spur wheels H'
and Hat a much greater velocity than that of the shaft G, upon which it
turns loosely in order to give a greater regularity and smoothness to the different
movements of the machine. The teeth forming and inserting apparatus works
in the two supports B³, which are cast in one piece with the plate B. This
apparatus is carried by the upper cast-iron bed plate I.
The apparatus which punctures the holes in the leather. preparatory to the
introduction of the card teeth therein, consists of a cast-iron arm J, fitted with
six double needles or piercers J. The other extremity of this arm is fitted with
trunions or stud centres, which work in the block J', sliding between the
guides b, cast on the upper side of the plate B. As it is necessary that two
movements should be imparted to the piercing apparatus, namely, one to push
forward the needles and prickers j, and another to raise them to the necessary
height at which the leather is to be pierced, the arm J is fitted with an inclined
plane J, Figure 3, which comes in contact with the projecting inclined piece
b', cast on to the top of the plate B. By this means, when the eccentric J²
comes in contact with the head on the end of the sliding spindle or rod J', it
not only pushes forward the arm J, but by means of the inclines simulta-
neously forces it up to the required height. When it is at the proper elevation
the whole of the needles J are pushed into the leather, and the eccentric .J, no
longer acting upon the apparatus, the arm J is brought back to its place again
by the springs J (Figure 4) in time to leave the place free for the advance of
the teeth inserters and nippers or pincers, herein-before described.
The wire, (shewn in blue lines in the Drawings,) on leaving the or roller
drum K, (Figures 3 and 4,) is passed into the tube fixed to the bar K', which
bar serves at the same time as a support to the guide K, and at the other end
as an anvil for the bender. This bender is composed of a bent plate of iron,

page_text: and is fixed to a spindle K, the extremity of which is in contact with the
eccentric K² (Figure 1), fixed upon the shaft G. The projecting part of the
eccentric pushes forward the spindle K in a straight line between the guides
K, and the bender, by the aid of this spindle, presses upon and bends the
wire over the anvil K. So soon as this operation is completed, the spring K³
returns the apparatus to its original position. The wire thus bent at right
angles, as shewn in Figure 4, is then seized by the pincers L, shewn in
onlarged detail at Figures 10, 11, and 12, which conduct it in front of the
teeth insertors. In order to effect this, the pincers are mounted on a small
carriage, which is made to slide upon the rails L', by means of a motion
which I shall now proceed to describe.
On the shaft Fare fixed two bevel wheels L, having teeth round half of
their circumference only, so as to be alternately in gear with the pinion L³.
It will thus be easily understood, that while the toothed portion of one of
these wheels is in gear with the pinion, the other wheel will present its smooth
surface, thereby causing the pinion to be turned to the right when one wheel
is in gear with it, and to the left when the other wheel is in gear. A variable
and intermittant rotatery motion is thus obtained, which may be easily com-
municated to the shaft by the bevil pinions. Upon this shaft is a spiral
worm of large pitch, which actuates the fork P, fixed to the carriage l. By
this means it is compelled to follow the motions of the worm, travelling first
in one direction and then in the other, and remaining stationary a short time
between each change of movement. This pause or dwell is necessary, as will
be seen hereafter. The pincers having seized a piece of wire, prepared for
that purpose by the bender, the worm then causes them to travel from left to
right until they have drawn out the wire to the extent required, that is to say,
in front of or opposite to the six inserters; at this moment the action of the
spiral on the shaft ceases.
The stop a', elevated by the lever a'. which is actuated by the eccentric a³,
comes in contact with the projection 62 on the pincers. (see the details, Figs. 10,
11, and 12, Sheet 3,) and raises the pincers, which then open and release the
wire. The moveable jaw of these pincers is furnished with a stud pin 6, which,
coming in contact with the fixed piece c, and compressing the spring cl, allows
the jaw to open.
It is necessary that the pincers should be raised up while
returning, in order not only to release the wire, but also to prevent the pincers
from interfering with the motion of the teeth-fixing apparatus. It is necessary
also that the pineers should remain elevated during the whole time of their
returning to their original position, and seizing a fresh piece of wire. This is

page_text: effected by means of the fork (Fig. 12), which, when the pincers are raised
by the stop piece a', enters below the collar or shoulder c on the spindles c',
and holds up this spindle, and with it the pincers, which are fixed to the
piece. The pincers thus suspended return to their place above the bent
wire, as I have already shewn. On arriving at their original portion again,
the tail of the fork comes in contact with the small stud d' (Fig. 1), which
pushes it, at the same time compressing the spring d (Fig. 12), and disengages
the fork c from the collar of the spindle c³. The pincers then descend, being
pressed down by the blade spring d"; in descending, they would close if the
small stud were not retained by the stop c, which prevents the jaws from
closing until they have laid hold of the wire, preparatory to recommencing the
next traverse of the pincers.
In order that at each extremity of its traverse the carriage of the pincers
'shall stop for a certain time, there are placed upon the draft G two eccentrics c
(Fig. 1), which actuate two horizontal levers e' (Fig. 4), jointed to vertical
connecting rods, actuating the small hooked levers (Fig. 1) in such a
manner that they force the hooked ends of these levers into corresponding
netches (Fig. 11) in the under side of the carriage 1 of the pincers at the
end of each traverse. The wire, as fast as it is presented in front of the holders
and inserting instruments by the pincers, is seized by a number of hooked
levers, in order to hold it until the doublers act upon it.
For this purpose
there is fixed on the plate I, Figs. 5 and 6, a shaft 1', carrying six cams 1,
which actuate the levers of the hooks i. Near the centre of these levers there
is a slot, through which is passed a pin i', serving as a working centre for the
lever.
On the first motion shaft is a wheel 1, having teeth only round a
part of its circumference, the number of such teeth corresponding to the
number of teeth or the pinion, so that this pinion will only turn once and at
the proper time during one revolution of the shaft F. As this pinion drives the
shaft I, upon which the cams are fixed, they are thus enabled to actuate
the hooks at the proper time. The cams are also formed in such a manner
that they come into operation one after another as fast as the wire g advances,
conducted by the pincers T..
Each of the levers i is fitted with a small stud or inclined projection
(Fig. 5). By this means, when the corresponding cam acts upon the end
of the lever, this projection will come in contact with the fixed cross piece f',
thereby lowering that extremity during the advance of the lever i while the
other extremity rises, and accordingly presents the hooks in front of the wire,

page_text: as shown in both positions in Figs. 16 and 17 (Sheet 3). The cam 1* having
produced this effect, the spring f* comes into action and draws back the hook,
and with it the wire g, into the holder m, as shown in the (Fig. 17). This
operation takes place successively before each holder until the wire arrives
in front of the last holder of the series, that is to say, the right-hand holder;
and in order to prevent the pincers removing it again when they rise, the wire
is retained in its position by the hook i', (seen in detail, Fig. 7 and 8).
This hook is actuated by the cam I', Fig. 6, and is bent down instead of up,
as in the others. The pincers now release the wire and are elevated, and all
the hooks fall back again into their original positions. The doublers then
rise in their turn, and the wire is retained between them and the pistons or
inserters h', as shewn in (Fig. 18).
The horizontal position of the holders is nicely adjusted to the right or to
the left by the eccentric adjusting pins m' (Fig. 9), and the vertical position
by the thumb screws m³ and m³ (Fig. 7). The wire is now to be cut, which
is effected by the following mechanism :-M, M, are fixed shear blades, which
are screwed on to the front edge of the plate 1 (Fig. 5 and 6), and placed
between the holders m, while the moveable jaws of the shears are jointed
thereto, and are connected to the slotted connecting rods n, which are in
their turn jointed to the cranks n', fast on the transverse horizontal shaft n².
Motion is transmitted to this shaft, and consequently to the moveable jaws of
the shears, by the eccentric m³, fast on the shaft F. This eccentric actuates
the rod m', connected at its extremity to the crank m², which crank, after
having produced the movement which closes the shears, and consequently cuts
the wire, is returned to its original position by the spring N³. The piece
of wire thus cut is held, as I have herein-before stated, between the pistons
or inserters h' and the doublers o (Fig. 18), and each piece is now doubled by
means of the vertical arms o of the doublers, which cause it to enter between
the jaws of the holders m. Each of these holders is slotted or forked, both
vertically and horizontally, the latter to a short distance only (Fig. 16), and
is grooved inside the jaws of the vertical slot to serve as a guide to the wire
when forced in by the arm of the doubler. These arms thus form the square
part of the tooth, and the two sides of the holder the two points or prongs.
This operation is performed by a double motion. The first commences by
forcing up the doublers o, in order to hold the wire firm before the cutting
action (as is partly shown in Fig. 18). This is effected by the cam o³ (Fig. 1),
which works on the forked lever o. The second movement, which effects the
entrance of the wire into the holders, and consequently doubles it, is obtained
partly from the two cams o*, which work upon the antifriction pulleys o' of

page_text: the levers O' (Fig. 3, and consequently actuate the two parallel and horizontal
spindles O², fastened behind these levers, which spindles communicate with the
moveable arm 0, carrying the doublers o.
Thus, to effect the entrance of the wire into the holders or jaws, it is merely
necessary to draw back the arın 02, which has just been raised by the forked
lever O. This motion is produced by a catch or projection 0³, fixed on to the
back of each cam 0 (as shown in detail, Figs. 13 and 14), such catch
working on the friction rollers o', in order to draw in the arms of the doublers;
their motion is quite parallel as they slide in the guides o³, cast on to the
plate B. The pistons or inserters h* are simultaneously pushed back by the
doublers o, and the original length of wire is thus pressed into six double teeth,
as shewn in Fig. 19 (Sheet 3). The teeth being thus prepared, the doublers
descend again, the plate I moves forward, and the pistons or inserters h* at the
same time force the whole of the teeth simultaneously into and through the
leather.
To produce these movements, the plate 1, Figs. 5 and 6, is furnished with
arms g', upon which operate the two cams g, fixed on the first motion
shaft F. The plate and apparatus connected therewith is thus brought near
the leather (see Fig. 20), by sliding along the supports B³ (Fig. 3), cast on
the bed plate B. The pistons or inserters h, which were held back by the
cam h (Figs. 5 and 6), which actuates them by the intervention of the lever h¹
& forked connecting rod he, are now pushed forward by the powerful springs h³.
As these springs are fixed to each of the slides g, to the back of which the
pistons are themselves attached, it follows that they will be drawn forward by
these springs, and force the teeth into the leather already punctured by the
piercers, & will complete the introduction of the teeth into the leather, as
shewn at Figure 21.
The next operation to be effected is to give to the teeth the inclination
requisite for the production of a good card. This result is accomplished by
means of a tool P, composed of as many hooks or projecting pieces as there
are double teeth inserted into the leather. These hooks are made of iron
wire p (Fig. 22), bent in such a manner as to encircle the two points of each
double tooth; they are fitted into a grooved bar, which receives the lead into
which the hooks are inserted. This tool is fixed by means of tightening
screws to the rocking shaft p', which turns in bearings fixed to the standards
of the machine. At one end of this shaft is fitted a crank p, jointed to the
connecting rod P', which actuates this crank, and consequently the inclining
tool, at the required time, by means of the cam P, cast on the back of the
bevil wheel L. Each time that the wheel makes a revolution, the incliner P

page_text: is lowered or drawn down by the cam, and in descending comes in contact
with the card teeth, thereby giving them the requisite inclination, as will be
seen on referring to Fig. 22. A helical spring P³, attached to the connecting
rod P', elevates the incliner into its original position again after cach
operation. Behind the leather is placed an iron bar p, to support the leather
during the action of the piercers and inserters, and serves also an anvil upon
which to incline the card teeth.
After the teeth have been made in the manner I have herein-before
described, there will require to be inserted a straight line of teeth across
the leather, the number corresponding to the number of inserters, six being
For
represented in the Drawings, though any other number may be used.
one description of card, these six double teeth are inserted at intervals four
times greater than the intervals which will occur when the row is com-
pleted. For another kind the intervals must be six times greater; in other
words, they will vary according to the kind of card required.
After the apparatus has inserted the first six teeth at intervals of four teeth
apart, that is to say, the first, fifth, ninth, and thirteenth (Fig. 23), the leather
is moved laterally by means of a circular plate furnished with projections, and
the second, sixth, tenth, and fourteenth are inserted (Fig. 4). The leather
is then moved again. and the third. seventh, cleventh, and fifteenth are
inserted (Fig. 25). and so on. until a line of twenty-four teeth are fixed
(Fig. 26). To effect this, the apparatus carrying the leather is moveable. The
frame c is furnished with a rod g (Fig. 1), which is kept pressed by means
of a strong spring g' (Figs. 1 and 4) against the studs 9 on the dise Q (repre-
sented as drawn to a half scale in Figs. 30, 31, and 32, Sheet 4). The
spring is placed on the prolongation of the axis of the fluted cylinder or
roller D', so that the frame is forced to move according to the varying heights
of the studs in the disc Q.
In order to regulate the different heights of these studs so that the card
teeth may be inserted at regular distances apart, each stud is tapped to receive
a screw 2, which works loosely in the plate g, and regulates its height with
great nicety. This will be clearly understood on referring to Fig. 30, which
represents in side elevation the circumference of the disc Q, supposed to be
opened out into a straight line, the projections or studs q being shown in
5 elevation, while the sectioned our colored parts represent the metal of the disc Q.
This disc is fitted on its circumference with worm teeth g', into which is geared
an endless screw Q (Figs. 2 and 4). driven by the bevil wheels QF and ; the
latter is fast on the shaft G. The required movement is thus transmitted to
the dise by means of the madless screw Q. The speed of the dise should

page_text: be one projection or stud for each revolution of the driving shaft, since each
stud causes the frame with the leather to traverse double the length of a
tooth, so that each time a tooth-may be fixed and a space left between each
of them.
In the manufacture of cards, the teeth must not be fixed perpendicularly
one above another, and it is on this account that the disc is furnished with
sixteen studs, this number being necessary for the manufacture of one de-
scription of card, known as (" simples chainettes "), Fig. 27; but for another
description, or ("doubles chainettes "), Fig. 28, 24 studs are necessary; and
for the ("French cards"), (Fig. 29,) only eight studs are required. For
("simples chainettes ") sixteen studs are necessary, since this kind of card is
completed in four rows; that is to say, that in order to insert one row of tecth
the disc must be turned four studs, and that it is necessary that the leather
should be elevated three times to insert three other rows of teeth. This produces
four rows of teeth, placed one above another and inserted diagonally, as shewn
in Fig. 27. When this has been repeated four times, the disc Q has made one
entire revolution, and four times four or sixteen studs have been made use of.
This number multiplied by six, the number of inserting tools in this machine,
gives ninety-six, which is the number of teeth that have been inserted during
one revolution of the disc.
In order to insert a second series of teeth, the frame carrying the leather
must recede the same distance that it has moved forward in four moves; that
is to say, that it must return to its original point of departure directly below
the first tooth, in order to continue the same operation; this movement of the
leather is obtained by means of the two fluted cylinders or rollers D and D',
(Fig. 3.) On the axis of the first is placed a spur wheel R, in gear with the
spur pinion R, on the axis of which is fixed the ratchet wheel; this wheel is
driven by a pall r and r¹, fixed on the lever. On the second motion shaft G
is placed a pinion R³, in gear with the wheel R, the axis of which carries the
pinion, gearing into the wheel r'; on this wheel is fitted or cast a circular
plate, furnished with an indentation or notch at 8.
Each time that the friction roller on the end of the lever slides into this
notch, it draws back the pall a few teeth, and when it slides out it forces
back the pall to its original position, and consequently turns the ratchet wheel
a few teeth, and with it the fluted cylinder or roller D'; as the two are in
communication by means of the wheels R and R', it will bo seen, by referring
to the Drawing, that the leather is raised a very short distance at each revo-
lution of the driving shaft. This is indispensable, as the teeth should almost
touch each other, as will be seen on referring to Fig. 27.

page_text: The machine herein-before described is capable of making fifty revolutions
in a minute when worked by hand, and seventy revolutions when driven by
steam or any other motive power, and can consequently make and insert from
three hundred to four hundred and twenty double teeth in a minute. This
number could be increased to a thousand or two thousand by simply increasing
the number of tools.
The following is the general action of the machine:-At the same time that
the piercer J begins to rise, the pincers L have seized the wire prepared by the
bender, and conducts it horizontally before the holders, and as it arrives in
front of each of them, the hooks i seize the wire and draw and maintain it in
the opening of the holder (Fig. 17); as this is repeated before each holder
during the entire traverse of the pincers, the wire is held by hooks along its
entire length. By this time the piercer has pierced the leather and begins to
descend, and the doublers arrive in order to seize the wire. The hooks now
all descend simultaneously, and the wire is retained between the doublers and
the pistons or inserters h', inside the opening of the holders (see Fig. 18).
The pincers which always hold the bent extremity of the wire are forced to
release it and then to rise, as herein-before described; at the same instant
the shears cut the wire, and the pincers return to their original place to take
hold of another piece of wire, which the bender Khas prepared for that
purpose.
As soon as the wire is cut, the doublers come into operation, and form a
double tooth, with the assistance of the groove cut in the holder, (see Fig. 19);
meanwhile the pincers have returned to the extremity of their course, and
descend and seize another piece of wire prepared by the bender. It is at this
moment that the inserting apparatus advances to push the teeth thro' the
leather, and on arriving at the extremity of their course the doublers leave go
of the teeth (Fig. 20), and the pistons * force them into the leather, Fig. 21).
The inserting apparatus returns to its place, and the incliner finishes the
operation, by giving the necessary inclination to the card teeth. The disc now
acts on the frame carrying the leather, and causes it to move laterally the
required distance, which distance will of course vary according to the kind of
card required.
Fig. 88 (Sheet 4) represents a machine for making sheets of card in place
of ribbons or strips; but it is the same as the one last described, with this
exception, that the movement which must be given to the frame carrying the
sheet of leather is slightly different. In the preceding machine the leather was
raised at the proper time by means of an arrangement of mechanism actuating
a pair of fluted cylinders or rollers between which the leather was passed.

page_text: The same arrangement is adapted to this machine, that instead of actuating
a pair of fluted cylinders or rollers, the mechanism acts upon a shaft S, upon
which are fixed two bevel wheels S', gearing into the pinions S². The shafts
of these latter pinions have screw threads formed upon them, and by means of
two nuts fixed to the frame S, which carries the leather, they cause it to rise
each time that the pall acts on the wheel which drives the shaft S.
In order that the similarity of motion in these machines may be more
apparent, I have placed the same letters of reference on the corresponding
parts in both Drawings.
It will be seen that the difference simply consists in the form of the framing
and in the movement and arrangement of the leather carrier, which retains the
sheet of leather fixed by means of the plates s', instead of being raised by a
continuous movement, as in machines for the manufacture of ribbons or strips
of card. The movement of the incliner P is a little modified; the cam P',
instead of working directly on the lever fixed to the crank, actuates first the
lever T, jointed to the connecting rod T", which, by means of the bell crank
lever t, communicates its motion to the rod T, attached to the crank p³, which
works the teeth incliner. It will thus be evident that the movements are
exactly similar, and that the changes simply consist in the arrangement of
working parts, and in the transmission of motion thereby.
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of the said
Invention, and the manner in which the same is or may be used or carried into
effect, I would observe, in conclusion, that I do not confine or restrict myself
to the precise details or arrangements which I have had occasion to describe or
refer to, as many variations may be made therefrom without deviating from
the principles or main features of the said Invention; but what I consider to
be novel and original, and therefore claim as the Invention secured to me by
the herein-before in part recited Letters Patent, is,-
First, the general construction, arrangement, and combination of machinery
or apparatus for manufacturing cards employed in the treatment of fibrous
material, as herein-before described.
Second, the peculiar construction and arrangement of and mode of working
the leather-piercing apparatus, as herein-before described.
Third, the system or mode of supplying the wire to the teeth forming an
inserting apparatus, and the arrangement and construction of the travelling
pincers employed for that purpose, as herein-before described.
Fourth, the peculiar construction and arrangement of the holders or slotted
jaws and hooks for holding the lengths of wire during the process of doubling,
as herein-before described.

page_text: Fifth, the peculiar construction and arrangement of shares for cutting the
wire, and also the mode of working the same.
Sixth, the system or mode of doubling the several lengths of wire, and
apparatus employed therein, for forming the double card teeth, as herein-
before described.
Seventh, the system or mode of inserting the card teeth into the leather, and
the apparatus employed therein, as herein-before described.
Eighth, the peculiar constructions, arrangements, and modes of working the
teeth-inclining mechanism, as herein-before described.
Ninth, the peculiar system or mode of actuating or moving the leather
during the process of inserting the card teeth; also the machinery for effecting
such movements, as herein-before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Henry Johnson, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, the Twenty-second day of March, One thousand
eight hundred and fifty-five.
J. HENRY JOHNSON. (L.S.)