IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR RAISING AND FORCING WATER AND FOR FEEDING STEAM BOILERS
Year: 1868

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to George Tomlinson Bousfield, of Loughborough
Park, Brixton, in the County of Surrey, for the Invention of
"IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR RAISING AND FORCING WATER AND
FOR FEEDING STEAM BOILERS."-A communication from abroad by
Alexander Friedman, residing at Vienna, in the Empire of Austria.
Sealed the 23rd June 1868, and dated the 25th February 1868.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said George Tomlinson
Bousfield at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his
Petition, on the 25th February 1868.
I, GEORGE TOMLINSON BOUSFIELD, of Loughborough Park, Brixton,
in the County of Surrey, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR RAISING AND FORCING
WATER AND FOR FEEDING STEAM BOILERS," to be as follows:-
This apparatus is constructed with the view of realizing on a novel
principle the effective power of steam issuing from a boiler of any
known construction at any pressure, and this object is effected by
allowing the steam to act gradually on the water, and gradually
diminishing the velocity of the steam and transferring the power gained
out of each lessening of the velocity to the body of water to be set in

page_text: motion, as also by effecting a gradual and thorough condensation of
the steam by allowing it to act at intervals upon different separate lots
of water, and thus obtaining several distinct and perfect times of direct
contact between the steam and the water to be propelled. To effect
this object I make use of a set of pipes which may be of any section,
but which I prefer round or oval at the mouth. If steam is let into a
tube communicating at top and bottom with water the steam sets the
water in motion but loses at once by the stroke a large amount of power,
and to diminish this loss I place between the steam outlet and the end
pipe a set of pipes which I call intermediate pipes in such a manner
that the steam outlet (inlet of the apparatus) leads out into one inter-
mediate tube, this tube into a second, and so on according to the body
of water to be propelled, until it comes to the last water outlet on the
end pipe. The steam entering from the steam pipe sets the water in
the first intermediate pipe in motion and becomes partially condensed, it
then enters the second pipe taking with it a certain amount of water,
becomes further condensed, and this continues till all the intermediate
pipes are passed. The steam loses a portion of its power in cach pipe,
but the sum total of this loss is in practice smaller than if the steam
had to move the whole of the water at once; through this arrangement
the condensation of steam is much more complete and regular than
could be obtained by other means. The vibrations or jars that are
commonly so injurious in apparatus of this class caused by the irregular
condensation of the jet of steam are greatly lessened, a greater vacuum
is obtained, and the apparatus can feed water of a high temperature. In
very large apparatus the condensation can be facilitated by making the
steam opening and the intermediate pipes of an oval section.
For certain apparatus, such as steam feed apparatus, farther modifica-
tions can be made, as for instance, the end pipe can form the casing for
the whole and contain the steam inlet, and the intermediate pipes a
valve or cock can be fixed on the end of the end pipes and opened when
the apparatus is first set in motion so as to avoid any reaction or jar of
steam on its first entrance into the pipe. If the apparatus be employed
to raise water from a certain depth a separate apparatus can be fixed on
the end pipe to exhaust the air before the apparatus is set in motion,
the water then rises into the apparatus and is in partial motion when
steam is let on to it.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said George Tomlinson Bousfield in the Great Seal
Patent Office on the 25th August 1868.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, GEORGE
TOMLINSON BOUSFIELD, of Loughborough Park, Brixton, in the County
of Surrey, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Twenty-fifth day of February, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight, in the
thirty-first year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto me, the said George Tomlinson Bousfield, Her
special licence, that I, the said George Tomlinson Bousfield, my
executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said
George Tomlinson Bousfield, my executors, administrators, and assigns,
should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and
at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and
lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United.
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and
Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR RAISING
AND FORCING WATER AND FOR FEEDING STEAM BOILERS," a communication
to me from abroad. by Alexander Friedman, a person resident at
Vienna, in the Empire of Austria, upon the condition (amongst
others) that I, the said George Tomlinson Bousfield, my executors
or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their,
or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and
ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the
same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in
the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and
immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said George Tomlinson Bousfield, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner
the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained.
in and by the following statement thereof, that is to say :-
In order to render the fundamental idea in the construction of my
steam pumps and boiler feed pumps intelligible, it will be necessary,
first briefly to develope the theory I propose to this end.

page_text: When a fluid, for example water from the quantity m with a velocity
of strikes against a body, for example, the paddle of an undershot
water wheel, whose peripheral velocity shall be v, the water eventially
retains but the velocity of v, but then as is well known the whole
vital power answering to the decrease of velocity from
to v, viz.,
m V, m v², has not passed into the wheel, but a part viz., m,
(V), has been lost, and this lost part is called "loss from the shock."
The same is the case when a fluid in motion (water or steam) has
to set another fluid (water or air) in motion. If we wish to conduct a
fluid, for example, steam, whose quantity is m and whose velocity is v
from a pipe ", see Figure 11 into a larger pipe R, which communicates
at both ends with air or water, then the steam on leaving the piper
will carry air or water along with it, whose quantity I will call M, and
the compound of m and M will move in the pipe R with a decreased
velocity which I will call v, e. And the loss caused by the stroke will
amount to exactly the same as in the case of the water wheel m,
(ve). The more the loss from the shock would be lessened the
greater would be the mechanical effect, and therefore I propose the
following new argumentation and combination. Instead of permitting the
steam m suddenly to pass over from the velocity to the lesser terminal
velocity, I cause the velocity to decrease gradually by bringing in
several intermediate pipes 1, 2, 3, 2, 7, between the piper and the
terminal pipe R, so that each following pipe forms a receiving pipe for
the compound issuing from the preceding pipe as shown in the
subjoined Figure 12, and also effecting the work of aspiration and
acceleration. By this I obtain the result that the loss from the
shock is less and therefore the quantity of the compound in motion in
the terminal pipe or the velocity of the same, i.e., the mechanical
effect is much greater than in the first case in Figure 11, as is proved
by the following calculation :-
To facilitate the calculation I assume that the dimensions of each
intermediate pipe are such that an x times greater velocity prevail in each
intermediate pipe than in the preceding one, and that is less than 1,
therefore that in pipe r, the velocity v in pipe r, the velocity v in pipe
,the velocity vxin, the velocity v×³ in (n-1) pipe the velocity
vxn1, and lastly in the last or nth pipe the velocity vx" prevail.
Then according to the above example of the water wheel the loss
from the shock in the passage of the steam into the first intermediate

page_text: pipe is m (vv), thus the extent of the vital power of the mixture
in motion in the first intermediate pipe is m v²-m (v-v); i,e:,
xm, that is to say, the compound in the first intermediate-
piper has the velocity X and the quantity m2. In the same way is
the loss from the shock in the passage from the first intermediate pipe r
into the second 2 to be calculated and the measure of the vital power
present in the second pipe is found in v×4 m (*), and thus in the
same way the measure of the vital power present in the terminal tube is
found in vx" m (2-x) * (12). But the measure of vital power is
actually much greater than that found by the same calculation in the
contrivance sketched in Figure 11, for if the terminal pipe R had exactly
such a diameter that in it too the compound must have the velocity vx"
then the vital power there present would be only v³×" m (2-x") (11).
This principle of the diminution of the loss from the shock by means
of the gradual lessening of the velocity which I have realized in the
contrivance of the intermediate pipes forms one of the elements upon
which the construction of the steam pumps and boiler feed pumps is.
based.
The second element consists in the following:-Upon issuing from-
the steam outlet pipe the steam. meets the water, which must be found
in its neighbourhood, and on condensing in the same a vacuum is
formed, in consequence of which the water streams on towards the
pump. The vacuum must be made as great as possible. The size of
the vacuum depends upon the completeness of the condensation and
the power of the mechanical effect, and the latter is again partly much
influenced by the regularity of the condensation, how to effect a
complete and regular condensation is therefore the question. But the
condensation will be effected all the more completely the greater the
surface of contact between the issuing current of steam and the water
sucked up to effect the condensation. Therefore, the issuing current
of steam must be so directed that the jet of steam presents as great a
surface as possible, that is, in such a manner that its cross section
presents the greatest possible circumference, that is, that the outlet for
the issuing current of steam have the same shape, or in case the outlet
for the issuing current of steam would have to be round that the
working be so contrived that the contact of the issuing steam with the
water sucked up can be repeated, viz., in such a manner that the suction
instead of being effected at once, be divided into 2. or 3 several parts,
the contact between the jet of steam and the water sucked up being

page_text: thus repeated 2 or 3 times. In order that the condensation may proceed
as regularly as possible it is necessary that the steam issuing from the
outlet shall not at once mingle with the whole quantity of water
intended to be raised, but that this water enter by degrees, as instead
of forming a jet continually moving in a straight line and requiring
merely a pipe of small diameter through which it moves with the
greatest possible velocity, a jet is formed which is more or less
interrupted in its continuity by being filled up with tense steam
bubbles, whose irregular condensation produce every moment irregularity
in the diameter of the jet, causing shocks and starts which consume
the best part of its vital power.
These two above explained conditions in respect to the completeness
and regularity of the condensation can be attained by the application
of the intermediate pipes; and moreover, those effecting the condensation
(particularly in the larger pumps in which the outlet for the current of
steam must be large) are assisted by their oval or oblong shape.
After the above explanation every engineer will understand the
steam pumps and boiler feed pumps as sketched in the four subjoined
Drawings, these pumps showing the practical application of the
principles laid down and developed in the foregoing.
The following will further contribute to this understanding. Figure 1,
Sheet I., shows the vertical section of a steam pump in its natural
size with an elastic force in the boiler of 2 atmospheres, will raise
2,550 gallons of water per hour to the height of 36 feet. A is the
steam pipe through which the steam passes from the boiler to the
pump. On some part of the pipe a cock or some other contrivance
must be fixed to some part of the pipe so that the steam may be turned
off when the action of the pump has to be stopped; is the mouth piece
through which the elastic force of the steam in the boiler rushes in
order to effect the intended elevation of the water. The outlet r should
according to the before mentioned principles properly speaking be
allowed to offer a large circumference in respect to its surface;
accordingly the shape of the outlet might be oval, oblong, polygon,
circular, or star-shaped or any other shape, but in fixing the shape of
the outlet the case or difficulty of manufacture must be taken in
consideration. The shape of the cross section of all the intermediate
pipes must agree with the shape of the outlet for the steam. If the
steam outlet is round then the cross section of the intermediate pipes

page_text: must also be round, and the same can be obtained by simply boring.
If the steam outlet is oblong as in Figure 2, Sheet I., then the cross
sections of the intermediate pipes must also be oblong, and supposing
the pipes are neither too long nor too narrow, this can be done by the
well known oblong hole boring machine; these two are the only really
practical shapes that I can recommend.
For the pump Figure 1, Sheet I., I have chosen a round outlet as for
such a small orifice as the steam outlet in Figure 1, the relative length
and circumference is sufficiently great so that the condensation be
sufficient after the passage of the jet through the first intermediate pipe
where the same again comes into contact with the water.
For pumps that have to raise more water, the outlet and consequently
also the cross sectional orifice of the intermediate pipes, should be
oblong;,,, are three consecutive intermediate pipes which have
the shape and dimensions exactly according to the principles laid down
as above, and whose purpose is to effect the division of action between
them. In order to keep the axis of each intermediate pipe exactly in
the centre, which is of the utmost importance, these pipes have each
four ribs n by which they are fixed in the body P of the pump and are
able mutually to preserve their position in the centre and at a proper
distance; R is the last pipe which has to perform the last part of the
work. The pipe R is connected with the pressure pipe C through which
the water streams into the reservoir intended for the collection of the
water; B is the suction pipe that reaches down into the water to be
raised and at whose end a flap or a suction valve is attached, although
the valve s already fulfils the function of a suction valve; is a lid.
permitting the examination of the valve S.
The pump works in the following manner:-The steam issuing
through the outlet of the mouth pipe r absorbs water upon its entrance
into the first intermediate pipe and becomes partially condensed, so
that upon issuing from the pipe it forms a jet of very hot water
strongly mingled with steam. This jet upon its entrance into the
intermediate pipe again absords water, by this becomes cool and
more completely condensed and more powerful, its diameter being
increased to that of. In the same way the jet rushes through all
the consecutive intermediate pipes, and after the passage through the
last pipe R the water enters the pressure pipe C to rise in the same to
a height answering to its vital power still present in the passage of the

page_text: pipe R. If this last vital power of the water in its passage through R
is compared with the vital power in the steam upon issuing from the
outlet r, then the mechanical effect of the pump is found. In the
pump Figure 1, I have only brought in three intermediate pipes.
This Drawing represents the pump I tried first, and which already
produced a very satisfactory effect. It is, moreover, evident that the
most advantageous number of intermediate pipes, as well as the
dimensions of the cross sections and lengths, and the cone of each
pipe cannot be accurately determined by a first trial, for that as in all
other things, some experience is necessary, but the Drawing, Figure 1,
together with the theoretical explanation, and the rest of the given and
following explanations, will enable every engineer after a certain
amount of experience, to find out the practical rules for determining the
dimensions in every single case that may occur.
The following are supplementary directions in using these pumps :-
Every one of the intermediate pipes must have a somewhat conical
form, and the first and second 2 and 21 somewhat more than the others,
because the condensation is effected much quicker during the passage
through these intermediate pipes, and thus the jet lessens its diameter
during this passage, but the remainder of the intermediate pipes must be
somewhat conical, so that the jet be compact upon its transit from one
intermediate pipe to the other. The inner surface of intermediate pipes
must be perfectly smooth, so that no great loss from the friction may be
caused; lastly, the bell-shaped enlargements of intermediate pipes at
the back ends must be well wrought in order as much as possible to
prevent loss from contraction, and their dimensions must be such that
the product of the multiplication of the free section between the widened
end and the intermediate inlet pipe by the velocity of the water in the
body of the pump shall at least give as great a volume as the volume
of water which the jet in the passage of the respective intermediate
pipe is able to carry along with it. Finally, it will be well to have the
last pipe R made of any metal (bronze, brass, red metal, &c.) which
resist destruction by rust better than cast iron.
In Figure 2, Sheet I., I have given cross sections of the steam outlet
and the intermediate pipes, as I should propose for a pump intended to
raise 800 eimers=10,200 gallons per hour to a height of 36 feet.
The Figures in Sheets II., III., and IV., with the exception of
Figures 5 and 7, show boiler feed pumps which were made under

page_text: observation of special requirements, and according to the principles laid
down in the above. With regard to the boiler feed pumps, one must
endeavour to enhance (increase) the mechanical effect, not only to be
able relatively to feed faster but also because then these pumps are able
to fulfil their function with certainty (accuracy) within very wide limits
as regards the temperature of the feed water, for almost everywhere the
feed water is taken from heating reservoirs or condensers and is very hot.
It is further necessary that the pump be able to work with accuracy
within a great space employed for the generation of the elastic force of
steam without being compelled continually to regulate the same, for
this continual regulation would demand more attention and skill on the
part of the stoker than he would be able to apply, and by this the
general application of these pumps might be prevented. These conditions
are realized by the boiler feed pumps which I now describe, viz.,
Figure 3 is a side view; Figure 3b is a horizontal longitudinal section
along to axis of the pump; Figure 3 is a vertical cross section of the
pump, the axis of the suction rose or pipe K; Figure 3d is a vertical
longitudinal section through the small safety cock E.
A is the pipe through which the boiler feed steam rushes in at the
steam inlet, and along, leaving which the steam effects the suction and
transmission of water as described above. is an intermediate pipe of
which the construction has already been explained; R is the last or end
pipe which in its prolongation is connected with C, the pressure pipe,
and which at the same time forms at the back the body of
the pump (which I marked with P in describing the steam pump
in Figure 1,) to which the steam cock F by means of the
flange a and a water cock D by means of the flange B is attached,
which latter likewise receives the suction pipe. The principal form
of the pipe R is that of two obtuse cones which meet at their smallest
diameters, and of which the one placed near the intermediate pipe is
pierced near its smallest cross section by a cylinder L placed at right
angles to it; L is closed at one end and open at the other. At the
open end of the cylinder L the suction rose K is screwed on, which
has to suck up the water into the body of the pump before the pump
is set in motion. The suction rose consists of a small cylindrical
pipe K, one end of which is open, and into the other end of
which is open, and into the other end of which a small air pipe
enters, communicating by means of a cock m with a small pipe t,

page_text: which latter is connected with the end of the steam cock always
open. At the end of the pipe R towards the side of the pressure
pipe a hole o is bored in which a small cock E is fastened drawn
in detail in Figure 34 and which I call safety cock; this is a
small common cock supplied with a small valve opening outwards.
The handle of the little safety cock is coupled with that of the cork m
of the suction rose K, so that these two small cocks open and shut
together and simultaneously. The pressure valve must be placed in
the course of the pressure pipe.
The working of the pump is as follows:-The water cock D is first
opened; then the safety cock E and the little cock m of the suction
rose K, this produces the effect that the steam approaching through the
small pipet rushes through the vertical cylinder of the suction rose K,
absorbing the air from all the pipes and creating a vacuum, by which
means the water is driven into the interior of the pump. If the
water has once risen into the pump, which is easily noticed because
the noise made during the suction of the air then ceases, the steam
cock F is then opened and some seconds later the two small coupled
cocks are closed, and the pump is in motion. The steam escaping
from the steam outlet is partially condensed in the water which it
meets at the moment it issues from the steam outlet to its entrance
into the intermediate pipe. The opening of the intermediate pipe is
smaller than that of the one following (viz., the pipe R) into which the
intermediate pipe enters several milimeters apart in the passage of the
steam and water formed in the intermediate pipe from the intermediate
pipe to the end pipe R; this mixture (composition) performs the
second part of the entire work in again attracting water by suction; in
this manner the steam and water is condensed as required while passing
through the first part of the pressure pipe and passes as water jet in the
second cones of the end pipe R through the pressure pipe C into the
water tank of the boiler. The part of the end pipe R placed towards
the pressure pipe is also of a conical shape, so as to prevent water from
issuing sideways from the cylinder L while in operation. As it is well
known that a pipe which is made gradually narrower towards its end
does not occasion a pressure but a vacuum at its narrow end when
water passes through with great speed (velocity, therefore there is no
fear of any fluid in the pipe exuding sideways if an opening in the
pipe is made near its narrow part. The requisite quantity of water to

page_text: make the pump work best is regulated of itself by the intermediate
pipe because the jet takes with it just as much water as it wants,
neither more nor less, on its entrance from the intermediate pipe
r into
the pipe R, by which the pump works with just the same accuracy
whether the boiler pressure is 2 or 5 atmospheres. If the level of the
water reservoir (whether condenser or heater) lies higher than the axis
of the pump, or if the pump can be placed so that the steam outlet of
the pump lies lower than the level of the feed water, so that when the
water cock D is open the water can run down into the interior of the
pump, then the suction rose K is not required, and instead of the safety
cock E quite a small common cock without valve may be used, screwed
on so as to lengthen the hole o at the end of the pipe R, and instead of
the suction rose K a small knee pipe is screwed on in order to be able
to let off the water from the pump whilst setting it in motion.
The pump is set in motion in the following manner :-First, the
small safety cock is opened, then the water cock, and lastly the steam
cock. A few seconds later the small safety cock is turned off or
closed, and the pump gets into full action. The action of the small
safety cock is of great importance; it allows the water that is pressed
forward in setting the pump in motion to attain gradually the requisite
degree of force to raise the pressure valve, so that at first a part the
of water can escape through the small opening o at the end of the
pipe R which corresponds with the small cock; hereby not only the
shocks on setting the pump in motion will be avoided, but also a too
vchement reaction upon the steam of the steam outlet will be prevented,
and hence the safety cock once turned on the steam sets the pump
to action without ever rushing back to press into the feed reservoir
instead of feeding the water into the boiler. Hence the small cock E
ensures great safety for setting the pump in regular action, and I
therefore term it "safety cock."
The water cock D instead of being screwed on to the body of the
pump (or rather to the back part of the pipe R which forms the body
of the pump) can be cast in one piece with the said body (of the
pump), whereby the triangular flange together with the whole of the
connecting adjustment is saved, and the manufacture considerably
simplified. As, however, it often happens that the cocks are placed
in other parts than the body of the pump, and as it is usual then to
connect to the cocks special pipes with the corresponding opening of

page_text: the pump, I prefer for general application not to cast the water cock
in one piece with the body of the pump. It sometimes happens that
it is desirable to feed the boiler from two reservoirs, one containing cold
the other warm water. In this case a cross pipe is fastened to the
triangular flange of the pump, at both ends of which two water cocks
are fixed, one of which is connected with the cold water reservoir and
the other with the reservoir for warm water by means of pipes. I can
then at will open or close the one or the other cock, just as it may
be wished to feed with warm or cold water. This is especially important
if, as I here propose, the boiler feeders are to be used as a direct-acting
steam fire engine, which is easily done, as these pumps have great
super-pressure and give a continual jet. For this purpose it is only
necessary to join to the pressure pipe C a branch pipe supplying it,
with a pipe to cut off the water, and conducting it to that part of the
establishment where the danger from fire is greatest. Should fire
break out the water cock of the cold water reservoir and the corre-
sponding cock of the branch pipe from the pressure pipe is opened.
For the boiler feed pumps in most cases an intermediate pipe is
sufficient, as with these the temperature of the feed water may be above
60 degrees Celsius, a higher temperature of the feeding water rarely
occuring in practice. As a matter of course instead of one intermediate
pipe two can be employed, and the effect must thus be increased, but
the cost of the pump would then be much greater.
The pumps can be placed horizontally as well as vertically without
occasioning any change in their action.
The Figures 4° 4b, Sheet III., shows a special boiler feed pump
for locomotives. Figure 4b is a vertical cross section like G, H, of
Figure 4 Figure 4* is a vertical length section. The letters A, B,
C, D, r, r, R, are the same letters as in the description of the pump,
Figure 3, Sheet II.
The pump, Figure 4, is different in principle from the pump,
described in Figure 3, Sheet II., only in the disposal of the cylinder L,
which pierces the first cone of the pipe R, viz., instead of fixing a
section rose or a common knee pipe to let off the water whilst
setting the pump in motion, to the open end of this cylinder it is
supplied with a valve S opening from the inside towards the outside
whenever the closing flange is raised, and which hermetically closes
the said open end of the cylinder L whenever the pole N. is pressed

page_text: down by a screw or lever fixed for this purpose, and handy for the
man in charge of the machine. The pump has to be fixed underneath
the water level of the tender or other feed water reservoir. For
locomotives it could be fixed under the driver's platform on the.
outside of the fire-box. At the end of the pipe R near the flange
of the pressure pipe C is drilled a small hole o with a safety cock:
fixed in its prolongation, the same as in the pump, Figure 3. The
action of the safety cock is produced by means of a small rod reaching.
to the hand of the man in charge of the engine. The water cock
is fixed to the pump just as in Figure 3, and its movement is effected
by a hollow key or lever, the handle reaching over the platform to
meet the hand of the stoker. The steam cock is at the top of the
boiler at the hand of the engine driver, and is connected with the
steam outlet by means of a steam conducting pipe fixed to the back
flange a of the pump. When the rod N is raised the pump is in
action, and is worked exactly the same as the pump described in
Figure 3, from which it then does not at all differ. Hence, as above,
the small safety cock is first opened, then the water cock, and then
the steam cock, and after this the safety cock is closed; in the same
manner the pump is stopped first by closing the steam cock and
then the water cock. If the rod N is pressed down so that the
valve S hermetically closes the end of the cylinder L, which forms
the valve seat of S, then the pump cannot feed, but however it can
perform the junctions of the water heating cock in locomotives;
that is, as soon as the valve S is closed, while the water cock and
steam cock are turned on, the current of steam issuing through the
steam outlet instead of pressing on and carrying water along with it
rushes back through the water cock and the suction pipe into the
tender or water reservoir and heating the water in the same. The
cause of this action of the pump when the valve S is closed is the
following If the steam upon issuing from the steam outlet meets
with water in motion it has the power of quickening this motion
and communicating to the water the required feeding velocity,
particularly if this can be done gradually as in the pump by means
of the safety cock. If the rod N is raised and the safety cock and
water cock opened, then the water enters the pump, and by its
being closed in through the cylinder L and the valve S which yields
to the water pressure of the tender as well as through the turned on
safety cock, the water attains a certain velocity which the steam has

page_text: to accelerate and can accelerate; but if the valve S and the safety
cock are closed, the water in the pump will stagnate and the steam
will not be able immediately to overcome the inertia of the whole
body of water filling the pump and pipes. The steam rushes in, has
a violent reaction, and instead of forming a vacuum round about the
steam orifice it attains there a certain pressure which forces the
water through the suction pipe at the back. After which the steam
moves in the direction which offers the least resistance, and continues to
escape into the tender. Therefore, the only use of the valve rod N
and the valve S is to be able to employ the pump as heating cock
in cases in which special heating cocks are required. This contrivance
is, however, of no importance, as in all locomotives heating cocks are
found in readiness, and even where they may be wanting I should
not willingly advise the employment of the pump as heating cock,
as the continual flow of hot steam very quickly wears out the steam
outlet, and immediately after heating the intermediate pipe the whole
of the interior of the pump gets so hot that if required to feed
directly after heating the pump mostly refuses to work.
Figure 4 shows a vertical cross section to G, H, of Figure 4ª in
case if required to supply this pump both with the valve S and with
a suction rose, thus preparing the pump for suction and also for the
heating of water; in this case too the suction rose K can be attached
to the safety cock, and in such a manner that the safety cock forms
one body with the suction rose, forming an inlet into the same; if
the safety cock is then opened and afterwards the small steam cock
of the suction rose, then the same aspirates the air from the pump
and pipes through the hole o bored in the prolongation of the safety
cock in the end pipe R.
Figure 6 shows the longitudinal section of a modification of the
feed pump described in Figure 3.
The body of the pump P instead of being made of one piece with
the pipe R is of cast iron, and is joined hermetically at the back end
of the tube. The pipe R itself is set in a cylindrical body Q of cast
iron, which is supplied at the bottom with a ground plate which
forms the basis of the whole pump. The body Q has at the side an
orifice to fix the suction rose in a similar manner as in Figure 3, and
quite near the pressure pipe through Q and the pipe R a hole o is
bored which is then connected with the safety cock, its handle being

page_text: joined together with the handle of the suction rose as in Figure 3. The
end of the pipe R on the side of the pressure pipe is supplied direct
with the pressure valve y. The action of this pump is the same as in
the pump, Figure 3, with the exception that the body of the pump P
is exposed to rust, allowing the same to pass with ease into the
intermediate pipe as well as the pipe R, thus exposed this pump to
disorder. Another disadvantage is that this construction does not
allow of concentrating the axis of the different parts of the pump
as in the pump, Figure 3, which operates in general to disadvantage
in the action of the pump. For these reasons I will not recommend
the erection of the pumps according to Figure 6 (with perhaps the
exception of the direct employment of the pressure valve y at the
end of the pipe R); I have sketched the same only to prevent
imitation. For the same reasons I have sketched the arrangement
as in Figure 7.
Figure 7 shows a partial palliative of the intermediate pipe which
is morcover not to be recommended.
The pipe R has at the back a prolongation nearly the shape of the
intermediate pipe ", Figures 6 and 3. At about the same place where
in Figure 6 and Figure 3 the ends of the intermediate pipes are
formed round the external circumference of the pipe R, straight or
rather slanting to the axis, the bored holes i are placed, through
which the water sucked into the body of the pump is allowed to
enter again, so as to come partially in contact with the jet in
formation and to further its condensation. It is therefore an attempt
(although incomplete) to realize the principle I set down at the
beginning of this Specification in respect to repeating the contact
between the jet in the course of formation and the water sucked up
for the purpose of promoting the condensation. Figure 7 shows a
detail modification by which at the end of the pipe R the pressure
valve y is attached, and that instead of joining the pipe R in one
cast-iron piece as at Q, Figure 6, it remains detached and is fixed
direct to the cast-iron or metal body P.
After having described in the above, and especially at Figures 1, 2,
3, 4, the construction of pumps and boiler feed pumps upon the principle
of the raising power of steam and its regular condensation, I will now
proceed to describe fully using up the direct living power of steam

page_text: pumps.
Figure 5 shows the longitudinal section of a locomotive boiler feed
pump by which the steam moves the whole quantity of water direct,
and with the loss by the shock taking place in the same, and by which
its irregularity in condensation is visible. The pump shown in Figure 5
can only feed with water at a low temperature, as well as only with a
certain low pressure of steam; it is very simple, and has especially the
property that the end pipe R forms in its prolongation the whole body
of the pump, so that the steam cock and water cock can be fixed direct
on to it, has further a safety cock, and that the suction rose can be fixed
direct on to the pressure pipe, or rather on to the cylinder L which forms
one piece; or if required to use the pump to heat the water before
forcing it into the boiler then the valve S or a simple cock can be fixed
I, therefore, even without reflecting that it were foolish not to
use the really good and practical intermediate pipes of the pump being
a simple realization of the bases of the principle, I do not intend using
the pump Figure 5, but to show at once by the Drawing of the pump
Figure 5 the necessity of preventing any imitation of the outward
shape of the pump to the detriment of its good qualities, and to the
loss which could easily occur by that of Figure 5.
After a recapitulation of the whole of the foregoing I therefore claim
as the sole right the manufacture and sale of steam pumps and boiler
feed pumps constructed according to the principles, or after the types,
or according to the peculiar details in the foregoing description, and
in the pumps and boiler feed pumps drawn in the subjoined plans,
vizt:
The fixing of the safety cock to the terminal or end pipe R.
And, the employment of a suction apparatus on the boiler feeder to
effect the water suction into the pump divided from the action of the
steam outlet (inlet) of the pump according to Figures 3 and 4.
3
The construction of the pipe R to form the whole of the body of
the pump, and thus to take up the steam cock or the steam pipe, 3
the water cock or the suction pipe, the safety cock, etc., and in case

page_text: it is wished to be able to employ the pump as heating cock, then to
form direct the valve seat of the valve S, according to Figures 4 and 5.
In witness whereof, I, the said George Tomlinson Bousfield, have
hereunto set my hand and seal this Twenty-fifth day of June,
in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-
eight..
GEO. T. BOUSFIELD. (L.S.)