IMPROVEMENTS IN MOTORS TO BE WORKED BY GAS AND AIR."
Year: 1873

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Frederick William Turner, of Hannover, British
Subject, Engineer, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN MOTORS
TO BE WORKED BY GAS AND AIR."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Frederick William
Turner at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his
Petition, on the 11th December 1873.
I, FREDERICK WILLIAM TURNER, of Hannover, British Subject,
Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IM-
PROVEMENTS IN MOTORS TO BE WORKED BY GAS AND AIR," to be as follows:-
It is well known that during the combustion of certain gaseous
compounds, such as atmospheric air and coal gas, the generation of heat,
the developement of expansive force, and the subsequent condensation
of the gases is so exceedingly rapid that they are with difficulty utilized
as a motive power practically applicable to the driving of machinery.
Motive power has however been obtained to some extent by the pro-

page_text: duction of a partial vacuum consequent upon the condensation of the
gases subsequent to combustion, without regard to and without utilising
the explosive and expansive force produced by the combustion of the
gases. In other cases motive power has been obtained by the explosive
force alone of such gases without regard to and without utilising by
condensation the atmospheric pressure.
My Invention relates to improvements in that class of motors in which
motion is obtained by a piston working in a cylinder and propelled in
one direction by the explosive and expansive force of the gas during
combustion, and in the opposite direction by the pressure of the atmo-
sphere consequent upon a partial vacuum being produced by the con-
densation of the gas subsequent to combustion.
The objects of my Invention are,-
Firstly. To utilise to a great extent the explosive and expansive forces
of the gases in addition to the pressure of the atmosphere resulting from
the condensation of the gases, at the same time to prevent the noise and
concussions especially at the moment of explosion of the gases (hitherto
inseparable in such motors), to reduce the wear and tear, and to provide
for the renewal of the wearing parts without dissecting the machine."
Secondly. To simplify the construction of the valves of such motors
whereby the possibility of setting fast by expansion or contraction is
obviated, and greater facility given for releasing, examining, and cleaning
the same from sediment passing from the cylinder, and to give the
necessary intermittent motion to such valves without noise, concussion,
or undue strain to the different parts.
Thirdly. To insure a uniform length of stroke of the piston, to com-
pletely expel the foul gas from the cylinder at the termination of each
stroke, and to attain absolute certainty of firing the gases.
Fourthly. To more effectually regulate the speed of such motors.
Fifthly. To adapt such motors to the purpose of fire engines (either
portable or fixed), or for raising or forcing air, water, or other fluids:
These different objects I attain in the following manner :—
Firstly. By means of a new arrangement which I have called a
"locking friction crank, and grooved annular wheel arrangement," for
absorbing in the first instance the power exerted by the gases during

page_text: combustion, and transmitting such power together with the atmospheric
pressure upon the piston indirectly by means of an elastic rocking beam
or other elastic connections to the main shaft of the machine without
the intervention of cogs and tooth gearing between the piston and main
shaft, as heretofore employed.
Secondly. By constructing the slide valve with two faces placed at an
angle to each other, the one of which contains the inlet and lighting
ports, and the other the exhaust ports, and by letting the slide valve
work against corresponding surfaces on the cylinder forming an open
slide box; the valve being pressed against the cylinder faces by an anti-
friction roller turning in elastic bearings. Furthermore, by applying
one eccentric for the working of the slide valve and the lifting of the
piston, and (to avoid noise and concussions) by introducing my new
arrangement of locking friction crank and grooved annular wheel for
transmitting motion to the valve in the place of the pawls and ratchets,
as heretofore employed.
Thirdly. This point, a uniform length of stroke, is attained by con-
necting the piston rod by means of the rocking beam (or otherwise) to a
crank wheel which turns through a complete half circle at every stroke,
the dead centre at the end of forward or up stroke of piston being over-
come, and the crank wheel returned on its path by a buffer or recoil.
spring. The piston coming down to the bottom of the cylinder at the
end of every stroke the foul gas must be completely expelled by the
exhaust passages which remain freely open to the atmosphere at this
time.
Fourthly. The improved regulation of speed is attained by con-
structing the governor to operate in a direct manner upon the mechanism
which works the slide valve so as to completely control the action of the
same; this arrangement obviates the necessity of throttling the exhaust.
passages, as heretofore done. The proper regulation is also influenced.
upon by the fly wheel being placed upon a second shaft or spindle, and
driven at a velocity greater than that of the main shaft.
Fifthly. In motors to be adapted for the purposes named under this
point the pumps are worked in connection with and form part of the same
machine, I prefer to place them between the cylinder and the standard
of the rocking beam, and to work them from an eccentric on the main.
shaft.

page_text: I construct my improved engines in three different modifications.
In the first arrangement I key fast on the main shaft a wheel with a
projecting rim having bevilled grooves on the inside; in front of this
wheel I place the crank wheel which is free to revolve upon the shaft.
In bearings provided in this loose crank wheel I fit the axes of one,
two, or more locking cranks, and to the latter shoes of iron, to which are
fastened blocks of hard wood formed externally to fit the grooves of the
wheel first named. The crank wheel is connected to a rocking beam by
means of a crank pin and connecting rod whilst the other end of the
beam carries a spring, to which is attached the piston rod. The piston
works in a cylinder open at the top, the same is surrounded by a water
tank; on the end of the crank pin I place a loose roller covered with an
elastic substance, such as leather or india-rubber, which upon the crank
pin reaching its lowest point of motion comes into contact with a strong
absorbing and recoiling spring or buffer. The crank wheel has an
oscillating motion imparted_to it through half a circle, being propelled
in one....
time
{
it moves freely upon the shaft and absorbs the force imparted to
the expanding gases. By the momentum attained by the crank whe
the piston is carried considerably beyond the point where the propelling
action of the gases ceases; thus ample time is allowed for the con-
densation of the attenuated gases, and a more complete vacuum obtained
for the return stroke; any excess of power imparted to the crank wheel
being transmitted to the absorbing spring before mentioned, the spring
returning such power to the crank wheel in the return motion by its
recoil. During the return motion of the crank wheel it engages with the
annular grooved wheel by means of the locking friction gear and thus
imparts motion to it, as also the power it has accumulated in addition to
the atmospheric pressure on the piston. The power exerted on the
main shaft not being continuous the motion is continued and regulated
by a fly wheel revolving on a second shaft or spindle at an increased
velocity.
To regulate the influx of gas and air to the cylinder and the lighting
of the same I construct a slide valve on the principle that has already
been explained. The lighting of the gas is done in the ordinary way by
a jet of gas always burning on the side of the valve box. The slide valve
receives motion from an eccentric mounted mounted loosely upon the main
shaft, and which is at intervals made to rotate by means of an annular

page_text: grooved wheel fixed to the shaft, and a locking friction crank provided
on one side of the eccentric. On the opposite end of the axis of the
locking crank is a controlling lever, the end of which comes into contact
at intervals with two catch levers, the one of which is actuated by a
striker upon the main crank wheel, so that when the crank pin has
arrived at its highest point the catch lever releases the controlling lever
and the eccentric revolves, imparting motion to the slide valve; at the
same time the eccentric operates through a lever upon the loose crank
wheel sufficient to move the piston from the bottom of the cylinder the
distance necessary for the charge of gas and air for the following stroke.
The second catch lever with which the controlling lever comes into
contact is operated by an ordinary governor, in such manner that the
eccentric cannot revolve until the controlling lever is also released by
the governor.
In the second arrangement of motor I place the cylinder horizontal,
and from the piston rod of same rectangular on cross sections having a
number of angular grooves planed in its upper side through the greater
portion of its length; a roller grooved to fit this is made to revolve in
bearings fitted in a rocking frame which swings upon the spindle of a
second grooved roller placed somewhat higher. The piston rod is sup-
ported in a parallel line to the cylinder by means of a third roller placed
beneath it and immediately opposite the first roller. The bearings of the
first named grooved roller are allowed a little room to move in a direction
vertical to their axis for the purpose of allowing this roller during the
outward stroke of the piston to recede from the upper roller, and during
the inward stroke to approach the same and become compressed into
frictional contact with it as well as with the piston rod so that the
power is transmitted to the upper roller which is fast to the main shaft
of the machine. The apparatus for actuating the slide valve is con-
structed as described in the first arrangement. A bell-crank lever
carrying a weight is connected to the piston by means of a suitable rod
for the purpose of pressing out the altermated gases at the end of each
stroke.
In the third arrangement of motor I construct what I term an " accu-
mulator," which is a large vertical cylinder fitted with a piston and a
piston rod working through a stuffing box in an air-tight cover. On the
outer end of the rod is a collar for the purpose of lifting the piston by
means of a lever worked from the eccentric; this eccentric, which also

page_text: works the slide valve is fitted on a shaft revolving in bearings provided
upon the side of the accumulator. The piston rod is not connected to
any machinery. In the outward stroke of the piston the cover of the accu-
mulátor is allowed to rise somewhat to allow of the expulsion of the air.
As soon as the piston begins to descend the cover closes, the gases below
the piston condense, and a partial vacuum is produced above and below
the piston. A pipe is led from the top of the accumulator to the
exhaust port of a small cylinder of an engine constructed as an ordinary
steam engine, atmospheric air being admitted instead of steam to the
slide valve chest; thus motion is obtained by alternately admitting (by
means of the ordinary slide valve) the pressure of the atmosphere upon
the piston and exhausting the same by the accumulator. This cylinder
and shaft are attached to the side of the accumulator and give motion
to the first shaft mentioned, together with the slide valve of the accu-
mulator by means of pulleys and a strap. A second pipe from the accu-
mulator can be led to a second or third engine placed at any convenient
distance from the accumulator, and worked together or separately, thus
saving long lengths of shafting or straps for transmitting power to
a distance.
SPECIFICATION filed in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters
Patent, and of an Order of the Lord Chancellor, by the said
Frederick William Turner in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
18th June 1874.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, FREDERICK
WILLIAM TURNER, of Hanover, British Subject, Engineer, send.
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Eleventh day of December, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-three, in the
thirty-seventh year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and suc-
cessors; give and grant unto me, the said Frederick William Turner,
Her special licence, that I, the said Frederick William Turner, my
executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said
Frederick William Turner, my executors, administrators, and assigns,
should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time,

page_text: and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should
and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle
of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MOTORS TO BE WORKED BY
GAS AND AIR," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said
Frederick William Turner, my executors or administrators, by an instru-
ment in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals,
should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Inven-
tion, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause
the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office on or before the
Nineteenth day of June 1874.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Frederick William. Turner, do
hereby declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner
the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained
in and by the following statement :-
It is well known that during the combustion of certain gaseous
compounds, such as atmospheric air and coal gas, the generation of heat,
the development of expansive force, and the subsequent condensation
of the gases, is so exceedingly rapid that it is with difficulty utilized as a.
motive power practically applicable to the driving of machinery.
Motive power has however been obtained to some extent by the pro-
duction of a partial vacuum consequent upon the condensation of the
gases subsequent to combustion without regard to and without utilising
the explosive and expansive force produced by the combustion of the
gases. In other cases motive power has been obtained by the explosive
force alone of such gases without regard to and without utilising by
condensation the atmospheric pressure.
My Invention relates to improvements in that class of motors in
which motion is obtained by a piston working in a cylinder and
propelled in one direction by the explosive and expansive force of the
gas during combustion, and in the opposite direction by the pressure
of the atmosphere consequent upon a partial vacuum being produced by
the condensation of the gas subsequent to combustion.
The objects of my Invention are:-
Firstly. To utilise to a great extent the explosive and expansive forces
of the gases in addition to the pressure of the atmosphere resulting from
the condensation of the gases, at the same time to prevent the noise

page_text: Fourthly. To more effectually regulate the speed of such motors.

page_text: wheel for transmitting motion to the excentric and valve in the place of
the palls and ratchets, as heretofore employed.
Thirdly. This point, a uniform length of stroke, is attained by con-
necting the piston rod by means of the rocking beam (or otherwise) to
a crank wheel, which turns through a complete half circle at every
stroke. The crank pin is forced over the dead centre (and returned in
its path of motion at the end of the forward or up-stroke of the piston
by a buffer or recoil spring. The piston coming down to the bottom of
the cylinder at the end of every stroke the foul gas must be completely
expelled through the exhaust passages which remain freely open to the
atmosphere this time.
Fourthly. The improved regulation of speed is attained by construct-
ing the governor to operate in a direct manner upon the mechanism
which works the slide valve so as to completely control the action of
the same. This arrangement obviates the necessity of throttling the
exhaust passages, as heretofore done. The proper regulation is also
influenced by the fly wheel being placed upon a second shaft or spindle
and driven at a velocity greater than that of the main shaft.
Fifthly. In motors to be adapted for purposes named under this point
the pumps are worked in connection with and form part of the same
machine. I prefer to place them between the cylinder and the standard
of the rocking beam, and to work them from an excentric on the main
shaft.
I construct my improved engines in three different modifications
which are represented in Drawing in the accompanying Sheet in
Figures 1 to 14, and which I will now proceed to describe fully.
In the first arrangement, represented by Fig. 1 to 10, Fig. 1
is an elevation with section of cylinder and slide valve; Fig. 2,
a transverse section through slide valve and box; Fig. 3, elevation
of valve box with check valve box in section; Fig. 4, face of valve;
Fig. 5, end view of the same; Fig. 6, a crank wheel with an
arrangement of double-locking friction cranks for motors of greater
power; Fig. 7, a transverse section through main shaft bearing
block at line I. of Fig. 9; Fig. 8, section of crank wheel and
grooved annular wheel with excentric for working pump when required;
Fig. 9, section through centre of main shaft; and Fig. 10, view

page_text: of excentric for slide valve with annular grooved wheel for working
the same.
In all these Figures the same letters of reference denote the
same parts.
In this arrangement of motor to be used for working other machinery
I key fast on the main shaft L an annular wheel C¹ having a rim.
projecting on one side, on the inside of which (by preference) one,
two, or three or more grooves are cut, the sides of which form an
angle of about 30 degrees with the face of the rim. In front of this
wheel, and upon the same shaft, I place the crank wheel C; but which
is free to revolve upon the shaft. In bearings provided in this loose
crank wheel I fit the axes of one, two, or more locking cranks m,
and to these locking cranks I fit shoes of iron n, and into these are
fitted blocks of hard wood n¹ to take the wear, and which can be
renewed at pleasure; these are formed externally to fit the grooves
in the rim of the wheel first named.
The shoes with the hardened blocks are so fastened to the crank
wheel that they can slide a little forwards and backwards, and that
they are prevented from coming too far out of gear with the grooved
annular wheel, as will be seen from the Drawing.
In Fig. 6 the same object has been attained in a somewhat
different way. Into the loose crank wheel I fit an ordinary crank
pin w; this is attached by means of a connecting rod R to one end
of a rocking lever beam E working on a fulcrum supported by suitable
bearings, the other end of such beam being connected through the
medium of an elastic spring x to a piston rod a¹ and a piston a
working in a cylinder A open at the top; the object of the spring
being to avoid concussion at the moment of the explosion of the
gases. The cylinder is surrounded by a water tank 7. The cylinder
end of the beam is made longer than the other, therefore a longer
stroke is given to the piston than to the crank pin. This arrange-
ment reduces the size of the engine, and enables me to obtain a long
stroke of piston and large diameter of grooved wheel, and thus reduce
the strain upon the parts, and also the frictional contact necessary to
drive a given power to a minimum.
4
The crank wheel is so balanced that when at rest the crank pin
will always stand at the highest point in its path of motion, and
thus bring the piston to the bottom of the cylinder. On the end

page_text: of the crank pin I place a loose roller covered with an elastic sub-
stance, as india-rubber or leather, which, upon the crank pin reaching
its lowest point of motion, comes into contact with a strong absorbing
and recoiling spring or buffer F. The crank wheel has an oscillating
motion imparted to it through half a circle in the same manner as
the balance wheel of a watch being propelled in one direction by the
explosive and expansive forces of the gases, during which time it
moves freely upon the shaft and absorbs the force imparted to it by
the expanding gases in the manner of a fly wheel, and which, by its
momentum and the angular position of the crank pin at the point
where the gases have expanded their force, carries the piston con-
siderably beyond the point where the force from the expanded gases
ceases; thus ample time is allowed for the complete condensation of the
attenuated gases, and a more complete vacuum is obtained for the return
stroke with a smaller expenditure of gas; any excess of power imparted
to the crank will, during the combustion and expansion of the gases
over and above that which is necessary to propel the piston to the
end of its course is in the second instance transmitted to the absorbing
spring before mentioned, when the elastic roller on the crank pin
comes into contact with the same the spring returning such power
to the crank wheel in the return motion by its recoil. During the
return motion of the crank wheel it engages with the annular grooved
wheel C¹ by means of the wooden shoes n¹ which it carries. These shoes
being always kept close to the rim of the annular wheel by the arrange-
ment of the same are forced into the grooves of this wheel automatically
upon the reversing of the motion of the crank wheel.
As soon as there is any friction between the shoes and the rim of the
wheel the locking cranks come into action, and both wheels turn
together. By these means the power the crank wheel has accumulated
from the explosive and expansive force of the gases and the recoil of the
spring are transferred to the annular wheel, and consequently to the
main shaft, together with the atmospheric pressure upon the piston.
The
power exerted upon the main shaft not being continuous, the motion
is continued and regulated by a fly wheel z revolving upon a second'
shaft or spindle at an increased velocity, being connected to and driven
from the first shaft by means of spur wheels y and y¹, or by friction
gear or strap. To regulate the influx of gas and air to the cylinder, and
the lighting of the same, I construct a slide valve 6 triangular in

page_text: cross section to work with two sides in contact with the face of an open
valve box attached to the cylinder. The valve is kept in contact with
the valve box by an antifriction roller c at the back of the same, the
roller being mounted in bearings formed in one end of an elastic lever d
hinged to the valve box, the other end being compressed by a screw.
The lighting of the gas is done in the ordinary way by a jet of gas
always burning on the side of the valve box. Of the gas pipes, shown
in Fig. 2 and 3, 6¹ is for supplying outside jet; 6" to supply inside jet ;
for gas charge to cylinder; the port 61 is for air charge to
cylinder; e is a cavity in the valve for exploding flame; f, exhausting
ports; f¹, check valve to prevent air from entering into the cylinder
whilst there is a vacuum in it.
The working of the slide valve takes place in the following manner :—
A rocking spindle g with lever g¹ supported in suitable bearings on the
cylinder receives motion from the excentric ¹ mounted loosely upon the
main shaft L, and which is at intervals made to rotate by means of the
annular grooved wheel M fixed to the shaft. With this (subject to the
operations of the governor) the locking lever by means of a spring p¹
comes into frictional contact, and revolves therewith. In a suitable
bearing provided on one side of the excentric works the axis u³ of the
locking crank v. On the opposite end of the axis is fixed a controlling
lever, the end of which comes into contact at intervals with two
catch levers p and r, one of which p is actuated by a striker p² upon
the loose crank wheel C, so that when the crank pin has arrived at its
highest point the catch lever p releases the controlling lever . The
locking friction lever is brought into gear by the spring p', and the
excentric revolves, imparting motion to the slide valve. At the same
time the excentric operates through a levers with the wooden roller t
upon a plane s¹ on the loose crank wheel C sufficient to move the piston
from the bottom of the cylinder the distance necessary for the charge
of gas and air for the following stroke. The second catch lever r, with
which the controlling lever 1 comes into contact, is operated by an
ordinary governor o in such a manner that the slide valve cannot be put
in motion, nor can the excentric revolve until the controlling lever ¹ is
also released by the falling of the governor. Thus the speed of the
engine and number of strokes of the piston is regulated in a more certain
manner than heretofore, one excentric only being necessary for working
the slide valve and raising the piston for the purpose of charging the

page_text: cylinder with gas and air. As a pump motor for pumping and forcing
fluids I prefer to place the pump H (generally of the double action kind)
upon the bed plate B between the cylinder and the standard of the
rocking beam E, and work the same by means of an excentric i placed
upon the main shaft and a rocking beam T, the principal object being to
construct the pump with its connections so as to form one machine
together with the motor.
In the second arrangement of motor, which is represented in Figures
11 and 12, I place the cylinder A horizontal. The same is surrounded
by a water tank M. The piston rod E rectangular in cross section has a
number of grooves planed in its upper side through the greater portion
of its lengthened roller L grooved to fit. This is made to revolve in
bearings fitted in a rocking frame N, which swings upon the spindle of
a second grooved roller C¹ placed somewhat higher. The piston rod is
supported in a parallel line to the cylinder by means of a third roller K
placed beneath it and immediately opposite the first roller L. The
bearings of this roller are allowed a little room to move in the swinging
frame N in lines parallel to their axis for the purpose of allowing the
roller during the outward stroke of the piston to recede from the upper
roller C, and during the inward stroke to approach the same and become
compressed into frictional contact with it, as well as with the piston rod,
so that the power is transmitted to the former, which is fast on the main
shaft C of the machine. A bell-crank lever T carrying a weight is
connected to the piston by means of two rods g, g, for the purpose
pressing out the attenuated gases at the end of each stroke.
valve F is constructed as in the first arrangement.
of
The slide
The same is actuated
by the excentric a, with rod a¹, and weigh shaft and levers b. The
control lever e is detained and released by the piston rod, and also by.
the governor in similar manner as in the first arrangement. F is the
locking friction crank for driving excentric which engages with the
grooved wheel H. d is a lever actuated by excentric a for drawing out
the piston for gas and air charge, and which operates upon the side of
the weighted lever T.
·

page_text: through an air-tight cover t. On the outer end of the rod is fitted a
collar or crosshead y for the purpose of lifting the piston at intervals by
means of a lever L worked on the top of the accumulator by the
excentric h. On the side of the accumulator are provided two bearings
g, in which revolves a shaft H carrying the aforesaid excentric, from
which is also worked the slide valve 6 at the bottom of the accumulator
for the admission of gas and air, as described in the first arrangement.
The piston rod of the accumulator is not connected to any machinery,
but freely works from end to end of the cylinder, being forced in one
direction by the explosive force of the gases and in the other by a
partial vacuum produced by the condensation of the gases.
In the outward stroke of the piston the cover of the accumulator
(guided by the ribs o) is allowed to rise somewhat to allow of the
expulsion of the air, it being prevented to rise too high by the fixed
shield or cover u with the openings v, v, for the escape of the air. As
soon as the piston begins to descend the cover closes air-tight by means
of the leather packing t¹, the gases below the piston condense and a
partial vacuum is produced above and below the piston. A pipe M. is
led from the top of the accumulator to the exhaust port of a small
cylinder C of an engine constructed as an ordinary steam engine,
atmospheric air being admitted instead of steam to the slide valve box 7.
Thus motion is obtained by alternately admitting (by means of the
ordinary slide valve K) the pressure of the atmosphere upon the piston
and exhausting the same by the accumulator. This cylinder and shaft
D are attached to' the side of the accumulator and give motion to the
first shaft mentioned, together with the slide valve of the accumulator
by means of the pulleys N and G, and strap x, x. A second pipe M
from the accumulator can be led to a second or third engine placed at
any convenient distance from the accumulator and worked together or
separate by the vacuum produced in the same accumulator, thus saving
long lengths of shafting or straps for transmitting power to a distance.
The locking friction wheel and grooved wheel T for working excentric
with control lever m are the same as described in the first arrangement.
n is the catch lever in connection with the weighted lever w, which is
worked from the collar y. The governor which controls the movements
of the excentric h, and consequently the action of the slide valve as
before described, are here omitted in order to render the novel portions
of this arrangement more intelligible.

page_text: Having now particularly described and set forth the nature and object
of my said Invention, and in what manner the same may be performed
or put in practice, I hereby declare that I claim the following as new
and important points or features of the same,-
1st. The arrangement in the crank wheel and of the locking friction
cranks connected with shoes acting upon the annular grooved wheel as
described for transmitting motion and power in such motors.
2nd. The construction and adaptation of the locking friction crank
and grooved annular wheel for actuating the excentric and connecting
these parts by frictional contact simply as described.
3rd. The adaptation of the crank wheel in combination with the recoil
or buffer spring or its equivalent, so that the crank pin can work through
a complete half circle and return in the same path for the purpose as
set forth in the foregoing.
4th. The working of the slide valve and the lifting of the piston by
the same excentric as described.
5th. The application of the governor to control the movements of the
slide valve by direct connection with the machinery actuating the same,
in the manner as has been explained.
6th. The construction of the slide valve as described, so that two faces
of the same placed at an angle to each other, the one containing the
inlet and lighting ports, and the other the exhaust ports, work in contact
with the face of the cylinder or valve box, the valve being kept in con-
tact with the face of the cylinder by an antifriction roller with flexible
bearing, as described.
7th. The placing and working the fly wheel upon a second shaft or
spindle at an increased velocity to the main shaft.
8th. The construction of pumping engines for forcing fluids propelled
by gas and air where the pump forms part and parcel of the same
machine.
9th. The application of an intermediate friction roller between the
piston rod and main shaft of gas motors mounted in a rocking frame
with sliding bearings, as described in second arrangement, for the
purpose of transmitting the power exerted upon the piston to the main
shaft of such gas motors.

page_text: 10. The adaptation of an accumulator worked by gas and air for the
purpose of drawing and accumulating air through one or more machines,
as described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Frederick William Turner, have
hereunto set my hand and seal, this Thirteenth day of June, in
the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-
four.
FREDERICK WILLIAM TURNER. (L.s.)
Witness,
H. J. NOONE,
8, Southampton Buildings,
London.

page_text: In the Matter of Letters Patent granted to FREDERICK WILLIAM
TURNER, of Hanover, British Subject, Engineer, for the In-
vention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN MOTORS TO BE WORKED BY GAS AND
AIR," bearing date at Westminster the 11th day of December
One thousand eight hundred and seventy-three, No. 4088.
DISCLAIMER AND MEMORANDUM OF ALTERATION as proposed
to be entered by EUGEN LANGEN, of the Gas Motor Fabrick, in Deutz,
near Coeln, in the Empire of Germany, Engineer, pursuant to the
Statutes in that case made and provided.
WHEREAS Her Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters Patent
under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Eleventh day of December

page_text: One thousand eight hundred and seventy-three, did give and grant unto
Frederick William Turner, his executors, administrators, and assigns,
the sole privilege, for the term of fourteen years thence next ensuing,
of making, using, exercising, and vending, within the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man,
the said Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN MOTORS TO BE WORKED BY GAS
AND AIR:
"
And whereas in pursuance of a proviso in the said Letters Patent
contained, the said Frederick William Turner, did, before the Nineteenth
day of June, One thousand eight hundred and seventy-four, cause a
Specification or instrument in writing under his hand and seal, pur-
porting to describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and
in what manner the same was to be performed, to be duly filed in the
Great Seal Patent Office :
And whereas the said Letters Patent have been assigned to and became
and are now vested in me, the said Eugen Langen:
And whereas since the filing of the said Specification I, the said
Eugen Langen, have discovered that part of the said Invention, as
described and claimed in the said Specification, may be objected to on
the ground that as described and claimed it was not new, and farther,
that there are certain clerical or other errors in the said Specification, or
that certain portions of the said description and claiming clauses are not
sufficiently precise, in consequence thereof I hereby disclaim and alter
parts of the said Specification and claiming clauses in manner following,
that is to say:―
Referring to the Queen's Printers' copy of the Final Specification in
page 8, line 2, for the word "produce" I substitute "reduce." In
page 8, line 13, I omit the word "absolute" and the letter "e" from
the word "fireing," so as to make it read "firing." In the same page 8
I omit lines 15, 16, and 17. In page 9, at line 4, I omit the words
(or otherwise)," and at line 16 for the word "is" I substitute the words
may be." In page 9 I omit lines 19, 20, 21, 22, and 23.
66
66
6
In page 10,
omit " but,"
hardened "I
line 6, I omit the words " (by preference)." In line 9 I
and in line 13 I omit "and." In line 16 for the word
substitute the words "hard wood." In page 10, line 19, I omit the
words *
as will be seen from the Drawing." In page 10, line 25,

page_text: I omit the letters "x" and "a." In page 10, line 31, I omit
the words "reduces the size of the engine," and in line 34 I
omit the words "to a minimum." In page 11, line 9, I omit
the word "and." In page 11, line 11, for "expanded" I substitute
'expended," and in line 16 I omit the word "will.” In page 11, line
"
a
33
18, I omit the words "in the second instance." In page 11, line 31,
for the word " are I substitute " is." In page 12, line 5, after the
word "hinged" I insert the words "at the one end," and in lines 8
and 9 for the reference letters "6", 61, and 6" I substitute "8²,
b³, 6+," respectively; and in line 10 for "f¹" I substitute "." In page
12, line 16, I omit the words "which is," and in line 29 at the beginning
of the line I insert in parentheses the words " (Fig. 1 marked in
Fig. 7)," and in the same line 29 after the letter "81" I insert in
parentheses the words "(marked 's' in Fig. 7)." In page 13, line 12,
I substitute for the word "lengthened " the words "length and a," and
between the letter "L" and the word "grooved " I insert the word "is."
In page 13, line 18, I omit the words "in lines parallel to their axis."
In page 13, lines 23 and 33, for the reference letter T I substitute “I,”
and in line 29 for "F" I substitute "f." In page 13, line 33, between.
the word "upon" and the words "the side" I insert the words "
stud on." In page 13, line 37, I omit the reference letter "a¹." In
page 14, line 10, I insert between the last two words "by" and "a
the words "atmospheric pressure when," and in line 11 after the word
"
vacuum I insert the word "is." In page 14, line 15, I omit the
reference letter "u." In page 14, line 27, for the small reference letters
"x, x," I substitute capitals "X, X," and in line 32 for the reference
letter "T" I substitute "I.” In page 14, line 37, I substitute "is"
for "are." In page 15, line 5, I omit the word " and," and in line 6
I omit the word "connected." In line 7 after the word motors I insert
the words "as are herein-before referred to." In page 15, lines 9 and
10, I omit the words "and connecting these parts." I insert at the
beginning of line 16 the words "one and." I omit the "7th" and
"Sth" claims, being lines 26, 27, 28, 29, and 30 of page 15. In line 31
for "9th "I substitute "7th," and I omit the words "of an intermediate
friction roller" and insert these words in line 32 after the words " gas
motors." I omit the "10th" claim, being lines 1, 2, and 3 of page 16.
And the said Specification when disclaimed, altered, and amended, will
read as follows:-
"

page_text: SPECIFICATION filed in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters
Patent, and of an Order of the Lord Chancellor, by the said
Frederick William Turner, in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
18th June 1874.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, FREDERICK
WILLIAM TURNER, of Hanover, British Subject, Engineer, send
greeting.
.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Eleventh day of December, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-three, in
the thirty-seventh year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and
successors, give and grant unto me, the said Frederick William Turner,
Her special license that I, the said Frederick William Turner, my
executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said
Frederick William Turner, my executors, administrators, and assigns,
should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and
at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and
lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle
of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MOTORS TO BE WORKED BY
GAS AND AIR," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said
Frederick William Turner, my executors or administrators, by an
instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and
seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said
Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and
cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office on or before
the Nineteenth day of June 1874.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Frederick William Turner, do hereby
declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same
is, to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement :-
It is well known that during the combustion of certain gaseous
compounds, such as atmospheric air and coal gas, the generation of
heat, the development of expansive force, and the subsequent con-
densation of the gases is so exceedingly rapid that it is with difficulty
utilized as a motive power, practically applicable to the driving of

page_text: combustion, and transmitting such power, together with the atmospheric
pressure upon the piston, indirectly, by means of an elastic rocking beam
or other clastic connections, to the main shaft of the machine without
the intervention of cogs and toothed gearing between the piston and
main shaft, as heretofore employed.
Secondly. By constructing the slide valve with two faces placed at an
angle to each other, the one of which contains the inlet and lighting ports
and the other the exhaust ports, and by letting this slide valve work
against corresponding surfaces on the cylinder, forming an open slide
box, the valve being pressed against the cylinder faces by an antifriction
roller, turning in elastic bearings.
of
Furthermore, by applying one excentric for the double purpose of
working the slide valve and the lifting of the piston, and (to avoid
noise and concussion) by introducing my new arrangement of locking
friction crank and grooved annular wheel for transmitting motion to
the eccentric and valve in the place of the palls and ratchets, as herc-
tofore employed.
Thirdly. This point, a uniform length of stroke, is attained by con-
necting the piston rod by means of the rocking beam to a crank wheel,
which turns through a complete half circle at every stroke. The crank
pin is forced over the dead centre, and returned in its path of motion at
the end of the forward or up stroke of the piston by a buffer or recoil
spring. The piston coming down to the bottom of the cylinder at the
end of every stroke, the foul gas must be completely expelled through
the exhaust passages, which remain freely open to the atmosphere at
this time.
Fourthly. The improved regulation of speed is attained by constructing
the governor to operate in a direct manner upon the mechanism which
works the slide valve, so as to completely control the action of the
same. This arrangement obviates the necessity of throttling the exhaust
passages, as heretofore done. The proper regulation may be also
influenced by the fly wheel being placed upon a second shaft or spindle
and driven at a velocity greater than that of the main shaft.
I construct my improved engines in three different modifications,
which are represented in Drawing in the accompanying Sheet, in
Figures 1 to 14, which I will now proceed to describe fully.

page_text: In the first arrangement represented by Fig. 1 to 10, Fig. 1 is an
elevation with section of cylinder and slide valve; Fig. 2, a transverso
section through slide valve and box; Fig. 3, clevation of valve box with
check valve box in section; Fig. 4, face of valve; Fig. 5, end view of
the same; Fig. 6, a crank wheel with an arrangement of double-locking
friction cranks for motors of greater power; Fig. 7, a transverse section
through main shaft bearing block at line I. of Fig. 9; Fig. 8, section
of crank wheel and grooved annular wheel with excentric for working
pump when required; Fig. 9, section through centre of main shaft;
and Fig. 10, view of excentric for slide valve with annular grooved
wheel for working the same. In all these Figures the same letters of
reference denote the same parts.
In this arrangement of motor to be used for working other machinery
I key fast on the main shaft L an annular wheel C¹ having a rim
projecting on one side, on the inside of which one, two, or three, or
more grooves are cut, the sides of which form an angle of about
30 degrees with the face of the rim. In front of this wheel, and upon
the same shaft, I place the crank wheel C, which is free to revolve
upon the shaft. In bearings provided in this loose crank wheel I fit
the axes of one, two, or more locking cranks m, and to these locking
cranks I fit shoes of iron n, and into these are fitted blocks of hard
wood ¹ to take the wear, which can be renewed at pleasure; these are
formed externally to fit grooves in the rim of the wheel first-named.
tho
A
The shoes with the hard wood blocks are so fastened to the crank
wheel that they can slide a little forwards and backwards, and that they
are prevented from coming too far out of gear with the grooved annular
wheel,
In Fig. 6 the same object has been attained in a somewhat different
way. Into the loose crank wheel I fit an ordinary crank pin w; this is
attached by means of a connecting rod R to one end of a rocking lever
beam E working on a fulcrum supported by suitable bearings, the other
end of such beam being connected through the medium of an elastic
spring to a piston rod a¹, and a piston working in a cylinder A open at
the top, the object of the spring being to avoid concussion at the
moment of the explosion of the gases. The cylinder is surrounded by a
water tank . The cylinder end of the beam is made longer than the
other, therefore a longer stroke is given to the piston than to the crank

page_text: pin. This arrangement enables me to obtain a long stroke of piston and
large diameter of grooved wheel, and thus reduce the strain upon the
parts, and also the frictional contact necessary to drive a given power.
its
A
The crank wheel is so balanced that when at rest, the crank pin will
always stand at the highest point in its path of motion, and thus bring
the piston to the bottom of the cylinder. On the end of the crank pin I
place a loose roller u covered with an elastic substance, as india-rubber or
leather, which upon the crank pin reaching the lowest point of motion
comes into contact with a strong absorbing and recoiling spring or
buffer F. The crank wheel has an oscillating motion imparted to it
through half a circle, in the same manner as the balance wheel of a
watch, being propelled in one direction by the explosive and expansive
forces of the gases, during which time it moves freely upon the shaft
and absorbs the force imparted to it by the expanding gases in the
manner of a fly wheel, which by its. momentum and the angular position
of the crank pin at the point where the gases have expended their force
carries the piston considerably beyond the point where the force from the
expanded gases ceases, thus ample time is allowed for the complete con-
densation of the attenuated gases, and a more complete vacuum is
obtained for the return stroke with a smaller expenditure of gas, any
excess of power imparted to the crank during the combustion and
expansion of the gases over and above that which is necessary to propel
the piston to the end of its course is transmitted to the absorbing spring
before-mentioned, when the elastic roller on the crank pin comes into
contact with the same, the spring returning such power to the crank
wheel in the return motion by its recoil. During the return motion of
the crank wheel it engages with the annular grooved wheel C', by means
of the wooden shoes n¹ which it carries. These shoes being always kept
close to the rim of the annular wheel by the arrangement of the same,
are forced into the grooves of this wheel automatically upon the
reversing motion of the crank wheel.
k..
of the
A
As soon as there is any friction between the shoes and the rim of the
wheel the locking cranks come into action and both wheels turn
together. By these means the power the crank wheel has accumulated
from the explosive and expansive force of the gases, and the recoil of the
spring is transferred to the annular wheel, and consequently to the
main shaft together with the atmospheric pressure upon the piston,

page_text: The power exerted upon the main shaft not being continuous the
motion is continued and regulated by a fly wheel z revolving upon a
second shaft or spindle at an increased velocity, being connected to and
driven from the first shaft by means of spur wheels y and y¹, or by
friction gear or strap.
To regulate the influx of gas and air to the cylinder and the lighting
of the same I construct a slide valve triangular in cross section to
work with two sides in contact with the face of an open valve box
attached to the cylinder. The valve is kept in contact with the valve
box by an antifriction roller c at the back of the same, the roller being
mounted in bearings formed in one end of an elastic lever d hinged at
the one end to the valve box, the other end being compressed by a
The lighting of the gas is done in the ordinary way by a jet of
gas always burning on the side of the valve box.
screw.
Of the gas pipes shewn in Fig. 2 and 3 6 is for supplying outside jet;
62 to supply inside jet; 6³ for gas charge to cylinder; the port 6* is for
air charge to the cylinder; e is a cavity in the valve for exploding
flame; f, exhausting ports; 1, check valve to prevent air from entering
into the cylinder whilst there is a vacuum in it.
The working of the slide valve takes place in the following manner :-
A rocking spindle g with lever 9³ supported in suitable bearings on the
cylinder receives motion from the excentric ¹ mounted loosely upon the
main shaft L, and at intervals made to rotate by means of the annular
grooved wheel M fixed to the shaft. With this (subject to the _
operations of the governor) the locking lever v. by means of a spring p².
comes into frictional contact and revolves therewith. In a suitable
bearing provided on one side of the excentric works the axis u² of the
locking crank v. On the opposite end of the axis is fixed a controlling
lever, the end of which comes into contact at intervals with two catch
levers p and r, one of which p is actuated by a striker på upon the loose
crank wheel C, so that when the crank pin has arrived at its highest
point the catch lever p releases the controlling lever r². The locking
friction lever is brought into gear by the spring p¹, and the excentric
revolves, imparting motion to the slide valve. At the same time the
excentric operates through a levers with the wooden roller t (Fig. 1,
marked r, in Fig. 7) upon a plane s¹ (marked s, in Fig. 7) on the loose
crank wheel C sufficient to move the piston from the bottom of the

page_text: "
cylinder the distance necessary for the charge of gas and air for the
following stroke. The second catch lever with which the controlling
lever comes into contact is operated by an ordinary governor o in such
a manner that the slide valve cannot be put in motion, nor can the
excentric revolve until the controlling lever r¹ is also released by the
falling of the governor. Thus the speed of the engine and number of
strokes of the piston is regulated in a more certain manner than here-
tofore, one excentric only being necessary for working the slide valve
and raising the piston for the purpose of charging the cylinder with gas
and air. As a pump motor for pumping and forcing fluids I prefer to
place the pump H (generally of the double action kind) upon the bed
plate B between the cylinder and the standard of the rocking beam E,
and work the same by means of an eccentric i placed upon the main
shaft and a rocking beam T, the principal object being to construct the
pump with. its connections so as to form one machine together with the
motor.
In the second arrangement of motor, which is represented in Figures 11
and 12, I place the cylinder A horizontal; the same is surrounded by a
water tank M. The piston rod E, rectangular in cross section, has a
number of grooves planed in its upper side through the greater portion
of its length, and a roller L is grooved to fit. This is made to revolve
in bearings fitted in a rocking frame N, which swings upon the spindle
of a second grooved roller O' placed somewhat higher. The piston rod
is supported in a parallel line to the cylinder by means of a third roller K.
placed beneath it and immediately opposite the first, roller L. The
bearings of this roller are allowed a little room to move in the swinging
frame N for the purpose of allowing the roller during the outward stroke
of the piston to recede from the upper roller C³, and during the inward
stroke to approach the same and become compressed into frictional
contact with it as well as with the piston rod, so that the power is trans-
mitted to the former, which is fast on the main shaft C of the machine.
A bell-crank lever I carrying a weight is connected to the piston by
means of two rods g, g, for the purpose of pressing out the attenuated
gases at the end of each stroke. The slide valve F is constructed as in
the first arrangement. The same is actuated by the excentric a with
rod a¹ and weigh shaft and levers b. The control lever e is detained and
released by the piston rod and also by the governor in a similar manner
as in the first arrangement. f is the locking friction crank for driving

page_text: excentric, which engages with the grooved wheel H. d is a lever
actuated by excentric a for drawing out the piston for gas and air
charge, and which operates upon a stud on the side of the weighted
lever I.
the
-A
Figures 13 and 14 represent my third arrangement of motor. In the
same I construct what I term an accumulator, which is a large vertical
cylinder A placed upon a bed B vertically, and surrounded by a water
tank P. In the cylinder is fitted the piston a, the rod of which works
through an air-tight cover t. On the outer end of the rod is fitted.
a collar or cross head y for the purpose of lifting the piston at intervals
by means of a lever L worked on the top of the accumulator by the
excentric h. On the side of the accumulator are provided two bearings 9,
in which revolves a shaft H carrying the aforesaid excentric, from which
is also worked the slide valve b at the bottom of the accumulator for the
admission of gas and air, as described in the first arrangement. The
piston rod of the accumulator is not connected to any machinery but
freely works from end to end of the cylinder, being forced in one
direction by the explosive force of the gases, and in the other by
atmospheric pressure, when a partial vacuum is produced by the con-
densation of the gases. In the outward stroke of the piston the cover
of the accumulator (guided by ribs o) is allowed to rise somewhat to
allow of the expulsion of the air, it being prevented from to rise too high
by the fixed shield or cover with the openings v, v, for the escape of the
air. As soon as the piston begins to descend the cover closes air-tight
by means of the leather packing t¹, the gases below the piston condensc,
and a partial vacuum is produced above and below the piston. A pipe M
is led from the top of the accumulator to the exhaust port of a small
cylinder C of an engine constructed as an ordinary steam engine,
atmospheric air being admitted instead of steam to the slide valve
box 7. Thus motion is obtained by alternately admitting (by means of
the ordinary slide valve K) the pressure of the atmosphere upon the
piston, and exhausting the same by the accumulator. This cylinder and
shaft D are attached to the side of the accumulator and give motion to
the first shaft mentioned, together with the slide valve of the accu-
mulator by means of the pulleys N and G and strap X, X. A second
pipe M¹ from the accumulator can be led to a second or third engine
placed at any convenient distance from the accumulator and worked
together or separate by the vacuum produced in the same accumulator;

page_text: thus saving long lengths of shafting or straps for transmitting power to
a distance. The locking friction wheel and grooved wheel I for working
excentric with control lever m are the same as described in the first
arrangement; n is the catch lever in connection with the weighted
lever w, which is worked from the collar y:
The governor which controls the movements of the exentric / and
consequently the action of the slide valve as before described is here
omitted in order to render the novel portions of this arrangement more
intelligible.
Having now particularly described and set forth the nature and object
of my said Invention, and in what manner the same may be performed
or put in practice, I hereby declare that I claim the following as new and
important points or features of the same :-
1st. The arrangement in the crank wheel of the locking friction
cranks, with shoes acting upon the annular grooved wheel, as described, 1
for transmitting motion and power in such motors as are herein-before
referred to.
2nd. The construction and adaptation of the locking friction crank
and grooved annular wheel for actuating the excentric by frictional
contact simply as described.
3rd. The adaptation of the crank wheel in combination with the recoil
or buffer spring or its equivalent, so that the crank pin can work through
a complete half circle and return in the same part for the purpose as set
forth in the foregoing.
2
4th. The working of the slide valve and the lifting of the piston by 2
one and the same excentric, as described.
5th. The application of the governor to control the movements of the
slide valve by direct connection with the machinery actuating the same
in the manner as has been explained.
6th. The construction of the slide valve as described, so that two faces a
of the same placed at an angle to each other, the one containing the
the other
4
inlet and lighting ports and the exhaust ports work in contact with
the face of the cylinder or vavle box, the valve being kept in contact
with the face of the cylinder by an antifriction roller with flexible
bearing, as described,
ย

page_text: 7th. The application between the piston rod and the main shaft of
gas motors of an intermediate friction roller mounted in a rocking frame
with sliding bearings, as described in second arrangement, for the
purpose of transmitting the power exerted upon the piston to the main
shaft of such gas motors.
In witness whereof, I, the said Frederick William Turner, have
hereunto set my hand and seal, this Thirteenth day of June, in
the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-
foux
8, Southampton Buildings,
London.
In witness whereof, I, the said Eugen Langen, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Twenty-first day of January in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-
To the Commissioners of Patents for Inventions.
I hereby grant my fiat, giving leave to the above-named Eugen
Langen, of Deutz, near Coeln, in the Empire of Germany, Engineer,
Assignee of Patent granted to Frederick William Turner, to file in the
Great Seal Patent Office, with the Specification to which the same
relates, the above-written Disclaimer and Memorandum of Alteration.