IMPROVEMENTS IN CASTING ARTICLES IN COPPER, BRONZE, AND OTHER ALLOYS OF COPPER, AND IN THE MOULDS AND APPLIANCES USED FOR THE PURPOSE, PARTs of WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE APPLICABLE TO CASTING ARTICLES IN STEEL.”
Year: 1880

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Perceval Moses Parsons, of Melbourne House, Blackheath,
in the County of Kent, Civil Engineer, for an Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS
IN CASTING ARTICLES IN COPPER, BRONZE, AND OTHER ALLOYS OF COPPER,
AND IN THE MOULDS AND APPLIANCES USED FOR THE PURPOSE, PARTs of
WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE APPLICABLE TO CASTING ARTICLES IN STEEL.”
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Perceval Moses Parsons at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 21st October 1880.
PERCEVAL MOSES PARSONS, of Melbourne House, Blackheath, in the County of
Kent, Civil Engineer. "IMPROVEMENTS IN CASTING ARTICLES IN COPPER,
BRONZE, AND OTHER ALLOYS OF COPPER, AND IN THE MOULDS AND APPLIANCES
USED FOR THE PURPOSE, PARTS OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE APPLICABLE TO
CASTING ARTICLES IN STEEL"
The object of my improvements is to obtain castings of greater strength and
soundness than can be produced by the usual methods of casting in open moulds,
and to make castings in metal moulds having projections on them, and in some
cases to produce articles composed of the casting and the mould combined, and
consist in making the moulds of suitable forms and parts, and applying
pressure to the metal in the moulds while in a fluid or soft state by forcing a
plunger into the mouth of the mould by hydraulic or other mechanical power.
In order to obtain sufficient strength to sustain the pressure applied I make the
moulds of strong cast iron or other suitable metal.
In casting copper, bronze, and other alloys of copper for plain ingots, I make the
mould by preference cylindrical externally, and internally slightly conical or taper,
leaving a hole at the bottom of less diameter than the inner diameter of the mould,
which hole is closed by a plug. This hole is for the purpose of introducing a
drift or plunger by which the ingot after it is cast is forced out of the mould
along with the plug.
For casting articles which have a projection on them, such as a bolt with a
head, or a spindle with a collar, I make the upper part of the mould above the
projection with a lining in two or more pieces divided longitudinally. The part of

page_text: the mould which receives these lining pieces is bored out slightly conical, and the
lining pieces being carefully faced and fitted together are turned on the outside to
fit it and are bored out or made internally to the required form of the casting.
A plug is provided at the bottom of the mould as before described, and when the
casting is made both it, the plug, and the lining pieces are driven out together.
Or instead of using the lining pieces before described, I divide the mould
transversely into two parts at the point where the collar or other projection occurs,
and the parts of the mould properly fitted together so as to make a tight joint are
held together by bolts, clamps, or other suitable means, so that by separating the
parts of the mould the casting may be removed from it with facility.
For some purposes the mould may be formed by the article itself afterwards
intended to be used for any suitable purpose, in which case the metal cast into it
and pressed when in a fluid state remains permanently in it, and in combination
with the mould forms the article required. In this case, there being no necessity
to provide means for forcing the casting out of the mould, the plug at the bottom
of the mould before described may be dispensed with, and the interior of the
mould or article used as such may be of any form desired so as best to fit it for the
purpose intended. This combination will be useful for vessels intended to resist great
internal pressure, the metal being either cast solid and afterwards bored out, or
cast hollow on a mandrell as may be most convenient.
For casting plates or slabs I make the mould in two halves longitudinally, the
interior being of the form required, the outside being provided with strengthening
flanges, the edges of which are turned to fit into a strong casing or ring bored out
slightly conical
For casting tubes or tube ingots the interior of the mould is made slightly
conical, and the plug at the bottom has a mandrell attached to it which stands up
in the centre of the mould to form the core.
The object in making the interior of the moulds conical or taper is to allow of
the ingot after it is cast being driven out of the mould with facility, and the
amount of taper used need not be more than is sufficient to effect this object.
In general a taper of about in 50 in the diameter will be sufficient, and even less
than this down to nearly nothing, when the mould becomes very short in proportion
to its diameter, and the surface is true and smooth; but if required to produce
ingots of considerable length perfectly cylindrical or parallel the lining pieces before
described may be employed for casting plain ingots as well as such as have
projections on them.
In making castings in the moulds herein before described, the moulds are placed
on a frame or table under a suitable hydraulic or other press capable of exerting a
pressure of several tons on each square inch area of the plunger, and the metal
being pourod into the mould, the plunger which is made to fit the mouth of the
mould is forced in while the metal is in a fluid or soft state. The plunger to be
used for casting tubes has a hole bored up it a sufficient distance for the
amandrell to pass into as the plunger descends into the mould.
The improvements hereinbefore described relating to casting articles having
projections upon them, as also to the production of articles composed of the
mould in combination with the metal cast into it as hereinbefore described, are
applicable to the casting of articles in steel as well as to articles of copper, bronze,
and other copper alloys.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said Perceval Moses Parsons in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 19th
April 1881.
PERCEVAL MOSES PARSONS, of Melbourne House, Blackheath, in the County of
Kent, Civil Engineer. "IMPROVEMENTS IN CASTING ARTICLES IN COPPER,
BRONZE, AND OTHER ALLOYS OF COPPER, AND IN THE MOULDS AND APPLIANCES
USED FOR THE PURPOSE, PARTS OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE APPLICABLE TO
CASTING ARTICLES IN STEEL."
The objects of my improvements is to obtain castings of greater strength and
soundness than can be produced by the usual methods of casting in open moulds,
and to make castings in metal moulds having projections on them, and in some
cases to produce articles composed of the casting and the mould combined, and
consist in making the moulds of suitable forms and parts, and applying pressure
to the metal in the moulds while in a fluid or soft stato by forcing a plunger into
the mouth of the mould by hydraulic or other mechanical power.
In order to obtain sufficient strength to sustain the pressure applied I make the
moulds of strong cast iron or other suitable metal.
In casting copper, bronze, and the other alloys of copper for plain ingots I make
the mould by preference cylindrical externally and internally slightly conical or
taper, having a hole at the bottom of less diameter than the inner diameter of the
mould, which hole is closed by a plug. This hole is for the purpose of introducing.
a drift or plunger, by which the ingot, after it is cast, is forced out of the mould.
along with the plug.
Fig. 1 is a section, and Fig. 2 a plan of a mould thus made. a is the body of the
mould, b the plug; c is the plunger ready to be forced into the mould after the metal
has been poured in.
For casting articles which have a projection on them, such as a bolt with a head,
or a spindle with a collar, I make the upper part of the mould above the projection
with a lining in two or more pieces, divided longitudinally. The part of the mould
which receives these lining pieces is bored out slightly conical, and the lining pieces
being carefully faced and fitted together are turned on the outside to fit it, and are
bored out or made internally to the required form of the casting. A plug is pro-
vided at the bottom of the mould as before described, and when the casting is made
both it, the plug, and the lining pieces are driven out together.
a is the
Figure 3 is a section, and Figure 4 a plan of a mould thus constructed.
body of the mould; b, b, are the lining pieces in two halves; a is the plug, and c the
plunger.
Or instead of using the lining pieces before described I divide the mould trans-
versely into two parts at the point where the collar or other projection occurs, and
the parts of the mould properly fitted together so as to make a tight joint are held
together by bolts, clamps, or other suitable means, so that by separating the parts
of the mould the casting may be removed from it with facility.
Figure 5 is a section, and Fig. 6 a plan of a mould thus made for casting a spindle
with a collar on it; Fig. 7 is a section, and Fig. S a plan of a mould for casting a bolt
with a head. In both a is the top part and 6 the bottom part of the mould, held
together by the clamps c, c.
For some purposes the mould may be formed by the article itself afterwards
intended to be used for any suitable purpose, in which case the metal cast into it
and pressed when in a fluid state remains permanently in it, and in combination

page_text: with the mould forms the article required. In this case, there being no necessity
to provide means for forcing the casting out of the mould, the plug at the bottom
of the mould before described may be dispensed with, and the interior of the mould
or article used as such may be of any form desired so as best to fit it for the purpose
intended.
This combination will be useful for vessels intended to resist grent internal
pressure, the metal being either cast solid and afterwards bored out or cast hollow
on a mandrell, as may be most convenient.
Fig. 9 is a section of a mould, with the plunger ready to descend into it as soon
as the metal is poured in. a is the mould; b, c, the plunger, and m the metal in the
mould. In this case the plunger is so made that the lower part of it c will, in
descending, first displace and force up some of the metal in between it and the side
of the mould, thus forming it into a hollow cylinder, by which time the larger part
of the plunger b enters the mouth of the mould, and, being forced in, compresses the
whole of the metal. The dotted lines show the position of the plunger after it has
been forced into the mould; the metal can however, if desired, be compressed in the
mould solid by dispensing with the smaller part of the plunger c, and can be after-
wards bored out to form a hollow cylinder.
For casting plates or slabs I make the mould in two halves longitudinally,
the interior being of the form required, the outside being provided with strengthening
flanges, the edges of which are turned to fit into a strong casing or ring bored out
slightly conical
Fig. 10 is a section, and Fig. 11 a plan showing this arrangement. a, a, is the
mould in two parts with strengthening flanges b, b, and c is the conical casing or
ring.
For casting tubes or tube ingots the interior of the mould is made slightly conical,
and the plug at the bottom has a mandrell attached to it, which stands up in the
centre of the mould to form the core.
Fig. 12 is a section of a mould showing this arrangement with the plunger. a is
the mould, b is the mandrill, which is furnished with a collar near its lower end,
which forms the plug; the lower end passes through a hole in the bottom of the
mould, and is fixed there by a cotter d or other means.
The plunger c in this case has a hole bored up it a sufficient distance for the
mandrell to pass into as the plunger descends into the mould.
The object in making the interior of the moulds conical or taper is to allow of the
ingot after it is cast being driven out of the mould with facility, and the amount of
taper need not be more than is sufficient to effect this object. In general a taper
of about 1 in 50 in the diameter will be sufficient, and even less than this down
to nearly nothing, where the mould becomes very short in proportion to its
diameter and the surface is true and smooth; but if required to produce ingots of 4
considerable length perfectly cylindrical or parallel the lining pieces before
described may be employed for casting plain ingots as well as such as have
projections on them.
In making castings in the moulds hereinbefore described the moulds are placed on
a frame or table under a suitable hydraulic or other press capable of exerting a 4
pressure of several tons on cach square inch area of the plunger, and the metal
being poured into the mould, the plunger, which is made to fit the mouth of the
mould, is forced in while the metal is in a fluid or soft state.
The improvements hereinbefore described relating to casting articles having
projections upon them, as also to the production of articles composed of the mould 5
in combination with the metal cast into it, as horeinbefore described, are applicable
to the casting of articles in steel as well as to articles of copper, bronze, and other
copper alloys.
Having now described the nature of my Invention, I wish it to be understood
that I do not claim casting metals under pressure generally, but what I do claim as 5
my Invention is, the general arrangement and construction of the moulds to be used

page_text: in combination with a plunger forced into the mouth of the moulds while the metal
is in a fluid or soft state, as hereinbefore described and shown.
In witness whereof, I, the said Perceval Moses Parsons, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Nineteenth day of April, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and eighty onc.
P. M. PARSONS. (L.S.)