IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF GREASE OR COMPOSITIONS FOR ATMOSPHERIC PIPES, AND FOR LUBRICATING THE AXLES AND MOVING PARTS OF MA- CHINERY
Year: 1847

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, TIC MAS
DENNE, of Bermondsey, Surrey, Strap Manufacturer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her 'present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at
Westminster, the Twenty-seventh day of April, in the tenth year of Her reign,"
did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said
Thomas Denne, my exors, admors, and assigns, Her especial licence, full
power, sole privilege and authority, that I, the said Thomas Denne, my exors,
adiiors, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Thomas Denne, my exors,
admors, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time
to time and at all times during the continuance of the term of years therein
expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within
England, Her Dominion of Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, my.
Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF GREASE OR COMPOSITIONS FOR
ATMOSPHERIC PIPES, AND FOR LUBRICATING THE AXLES AND MOVING PARTS OF MA-
CHINERY;" in which said Letters Patent is contained a proviso obliging me, the
said Thomas Denne, to cause a particular description of the nature of my said
Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, by an instrument
in writing under my hand and seal, to be enrolled in Her said Majesty's High
Court of Chancery within six calendar months next and immediately after the
date of the said in part recited Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Thomas Denne, do hereby declare that the nature of my said Invention, and

page_text: the manner in which the same is to be performed, is fully described and ascer
tained in and by the following description thereof; that is to say, my improve-
ments consist as follows:-
Firstly, in the use and employment of combinations and chemical compounds
either of oil or of tallow or other grease, with certain light, soft, white, and
unctuous precipitates or bodies insoluble in water, so as to be incapable of
being employed as detergents, and obtainable in manner herein-after described,
and in such proportions as to render the said combinations and chemical com-
pounds suitable to be applied as grease or compositions for atmospheric pipes,
and for lubricating axles and the moving parts of machinery.
Secondly, in the use and employment of combinations of oil or of tallow or
other grease with the light, soft, and unctuous black known by the name of
vegetable black, or otherwise with the ordinary lamp black of commerce, and
in such proportions as to render the said combination suitable also as grease
or compositions for atmospheric pipes, and for lubricating the axles and moving
parts of machinery.
Thirdly, in the use of mixtures of either or any of the aforesaid compositions,
the one with the other, and in any such proportions as may be desirable, in
order to render the same in any respect more suitable than when used alone
for any such lubricating purposes aforesaid; and in order to carry my said
improvements into operation and effect I proceed as follows:-
I take of liquor calcis or otherwise of a saturated or other solution of the
sulphate of magnesia, or I take of a saturated or other solution or solutions of
the sulphate of magnesia and ammonia, (and agreeably to the particular descrip-
tion or quality of grease or composition I am about to manufacture), any such
quantity as shall be deemed amply sufficient for my intended purpose, and
having run the same into a suitable vessel or tank, I gradually pour into and
mix up with the same a strong solution of any such of the vegetable or animal
oils as are most suitable for the purpose, rendered first miscible in water by
the well-known process of boiling the same with alkali, or with a caustic ley
or leys, or otherwise I employ and pour into and gradually stir up with the
same the pasty and saporaceous fluid itself obtainable by such well-known
process or processes of boiling either oil or tallow or other grease with alkali or
otherwise with a caustic ley or leys c, having first drawn the fire and suffered
the same to cool down to about 100° Fah, (or a strong solution either of
the ordinary soft or hard soap of commerce will be found to answer the pur-
pose), and I continue to mix so long as any light, soft, white, and unctuous
precipitate or body continues to be produced, or until I have obtained what I
consider to be a sufficient quantity of the same; and such light, soft, white

page_text: and unctuous precipitate, and which will differ materially according to the
particular solution first poured into the tank as well also as to the particular
nature or character of the saponaceous fluid thereafter mixed up with the
same as aforesaid, I in every case separate from the mother liquor by means
of filtration, as through a sieve either of fine linen or lawn, carefully setting
aside and reserving the said mother liquor when it contains in solution any
valuable salts, so as to make it useful either for or in the manufacture of
caustic leys. Of either or any of the light, soft, white, and unctuous precipi-
tates or bodies so obtained I take, say, one hundred and twelve pounds by
weight, and of palm or other oil or grease I take from forty to one hundred
and twelve pounds, also by weight, for the quantity of oil required is found
to differ materially according to the peculiar character of the oil employed,
but about fifty-six pounds weight of oil is in most cases sufficient, and is the
proportion that I find in practice to be the most proper and convenient to use;
and in order to combine the said ingredients effectually the one with the other,
I first place the one hundred and twelve pounds by weight of either or any of
the said light, soft, white, and unctuous bodies or precipitates in a cylindrical
iron vessel or mill, open at the top, and having an agitator, with flys or fans
proper for mixing, made to work within the same, and which agitator may be
caused to revolve either by horse or by steam power, or in any convenient
way; and the vessel employed should be provided with two eduction pipes at
the bottom of the same, niado to terminato in stop cocks, in order to carry off
any fluid or water that might otherwise be found to accumulate inconveniently
during the processes hereafter described. A pipe for affording the necessary
supply of puro cold water should also be laid on to the upper part of such
cylindrical iron vessell or mill. Having set the mill going, I add the palm or
other oil by degrees to the said other ingredient or ingredients within such
mill, and so soon as the right quantity of oil has been employed the mixture
will be seen to thicken, and to assume a degree of consistency considerably
greater than belonging either to the oil or other ingredient or ingredients in
the first instance, and a chemical combination will so far take place that the
greater bulk of the mother liquor contained in either or any of the light, soft,
white, and unctuous procipitates when first put into the mill will separate
therefrom or be driven out from the same; and such portion of the mother
liquor must be drawn off by one or other of the eduction pipes before men-
tioned into a suitable vessel, for the purpose of reserving the same.
A supply
of clear cold water is next to be turned on upon the grease or composition
within the mill, so that the same may be triturated or washed therein in a
similar manner to that in which butter is usually washed after churning, in

page_text: order to clean it from all adhesive impurities of the mother liquor. The said
water may be afterwards drawn off, and suffered to run to waste; and the addi-
tion of a few pounds weight of oil to the grease or composition is afterwards
desirable; and should be mixed with the same, in order to separate any adhear-
ing particles of water, and to give to it a finer and better appearance, after
which it is ready for use. But should the consistency of the grease or compo-
sition so manufactured be found insufficient for any purpose or purposes for
which it. may be required, I make an addition generally of from five to twenty-
eight pounds by weight of good clean tallow in a melted state, and which,
being triturated in the mill with the same,. will mostly be found to. combine
with advantage; or when tallow is to be used the washing and oiling of the
grease or composition I leave until the required amount of consistency has by
such means been obtained, when such operations are performed in manner
described, and the process is finished.
.
For a black grease or composition possessing properties very different from
the above, and which render it valuable for certain lubricating purposes, since,
in particular, it may be exposed to great extremes of heat and of cold, and
does not readily freeze, I take of palm or of olive oil, or of other oil or
grease, one hundred and sixty pounds by weight, and I take of good pure
vegetable black or of lamp black from ten to forty pounds by weight, accord-
ing to the character of the oil employed, or to the amount of consistency I
may be desirous to give to the grease or composition to be manufactured; and
having first placed the one hundred and sixty pounds by weight of oil in a
cylindrical vessel or mill similar to that already described, I add either the
vegetable black or lamp black (as the case may be) by little and by little at a
time, taking care to agitate the mixture well, so as to combine the suid ingre-
dients effectually, and thus to produce an uniform degree of consistency.
throughout the whole of the said grease or composition, and without any air
bubbles in the same; and so soon as I find that a sufficient amount of con-
sistency has been acquired by the said black grease or composition I cease
agitating, and it is ready for use.
Whenever I consider that an addition of the said last-mentioned black
grease or compositition may be made with advantage to the grease or compo-
sition, or to any of the grease or compositions first described, so as to prevent
the freezing of the same when exposed to frost or snow, or to be otherwise
useful in protecting the same against any extraordinary extremes either of
heat or of cold, then I make such addition accordingly by adding a portion
of such black grease, however minute, and I combine. the same by trituration
of the mixtures in a mill as aforesaid...

page_text: Having now described the nature of my Invention and improvements, and
the manner of carrying the same into effect, I am desirous of stating that I do
not confine myself to the particular proportions of the ingredients herein-before
stated, (and which must vary according to circumstances), nor to the precise
routine herein described for carrying on my said operations, so long as the
peculiar character of my Invention be still retained; neither do I confine -
myself to any precise method for obtaining the light, soft, white, and unctuous
precipitates or bodies herein described, or consider it necessary to enter more
fully or minutely into the details necessary for producing or obtaining of the
same, or for the saturation of any of the vegetable or animal oils with askali
or with caustic leys, (and which I do not so vend as my composition or grease),
so as to make them suitable and proper for assisting in the manufacture herein
described, since such processes, as well as the making of such leys, have all
been abundantly detailed already in a great variety of chemical works, and are
not therefore of my Invention, nor do I consequently lay any claim to the same.
But what I claim as my Invention, and am desirous to secure, is,-
The use and employment of the light, soft, white, and unctuous precipitates
or bodies insoluble in water, and incapable, therefore, of being employed as
detergents, that are obtainable by the means and in the manner herein-before
described, and also of the vegetable black and lamp black; and I claim the
same either singly or collectively, or any of them in combination either with
oil or with tallow or other grease, for and in the manufacture of grease or of
compositions for atmospheric pipes, or for lubricating the axles and moving
parts of machinery.
In witness whereof, I, the said Thomas Denne, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Twenty-seventh day of October, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and forty-seven.
THOMAS (L.B.) DENNE.
Enrolled the Twenty-seventh day of October, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and forty-seven.