Improvements in or relating to Heating Fluids and Distilling.
Year: 1897

page_text: Date of Application, 6th July, 1897-Accepted, 7th Aug., 1897
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in or relating to Heating Fluids and Distilling.
A communication from ADDISON GOODYEAR WATERHOUSE, of the City and County
of Hartford, State of Connecticut, United States of America, Mechanical
Engineer, and ALFRED WELLS CASE, of Highland Park, County of Hartford,
State of Connecticut, U.S.A., Manufacturer.
I, ALFRED JULIUS BOULT of 111 Hatton Garden, in the County of Middlesex,
Chartered Patent Agent, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in
what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described. and
ascertained in and by the following statement:-
This invention relates to the art of distilling and heating liquids of any, sort,
and has for its object a very material reduction of the cost for performing such
work as now practised.
With this object in view, the invention consists when applied to distilling, in
conducting the heat of the condensate to liquid on its way to the still and at the
same time utilizing the latent heat of the steam or vapor for producing evapora-
tion in the still and when applied simply to the work of heating liquids it
consists in returning the heat from the heated outgoing liquids to the cold inflowing
liquid and, by so doing, retains the heat employed and uses the same over and over
again.
..
The invention may be carried out by employing mechanical energy to reduce the
pressure upon the liquid to be vaporized, or to increase the pressure upon the vapor
to be condensed, or both and transferring the heat of condensation and the heat
of the condensate to liquid to be vaporized, or it may be carried out in the process
of distilling liquids known as distilling by multiple effect" which consists of
a series of two or more vaporizing chambers arranged so that the vapor or steam
from one will be condensed into a second and the latent heat liberated by such
condensation will be used for performing vaporization in such second. chamber,
and so on this operation being repeated to a certain extent. By the application
of this invention certain objections are avoided and losses of heat prevented which
effect a very material saving in the cost of distilling by the metliod in which the
multiple effect is employed."
The invention further consists of a method by which power can be produced
and liquids heated in connection with our improved method of distilling, together
with certain details and combinations to be hereafter described.
It is known that stills have been designed in which the latent heat of the
distilled vapor has been used to assist the evaporation of the liquid to be distilled
by compressing such vapor into a vessel surrounded by the liquid to be distilled;
and also that stills have been made in which the multiple effect has been secured
by employing the latent heat of the steam from one still as it is condensed in a
second still for furnishing the heat required for producing evaporation in said
second still, and so on, repeating the process, but the means heretofore employed
have failed to secure any considerable saving in the cost of distilling owing to
certain defects common to these methods which consists in the loss of heat carried

page_text: away by the condensed liquid withdrawn from the still or stills in a heated
condition. The leading feature of this invention consists of means for preventing
this loss of heat by preserving the heat of the liquid of condensation or the heat
from the liquid being treated and returning the same to the apparatus through
the cold liquid on its way to the apparatus so that both liquids will pass to and
from the apparatus cold, and all of the heat employed will be preserved and used
over and over again.
In order to more fully set forth the invention, reference will be had to the
accompanying drawings in which ;
Fig. 1, illustrates one of the practical forms of an apparatus for carrying out
the invention.
Fig. 2, is a modified form of the part of the apparatus shown in Fig. 1, used for
heating liquids.
Figs. 3 and 4, are further modifications of that part of the apparatus used for
heating liquids.
Fig. 5, shows a distilling apparatus worked by electricity.
Fig. 6, is a sectional view of a form of still showing a boiler and condenser with
parts relating thereto.
Fig. 7, represents a series of stills used for multiple effect, showing how this
invention can be applied.
Fig. 8, shows a different way of arranging the stills and applying this invention.
Fig. 9, shows a series of stills made to be worked by mechanical energy with a
set in which steam is used direct, and in both of which the multiple effect is
employed.
Fig. 10, shows a means of employing both power and a supply of steam for
working a single set of stills.
In describing the operation of the invention reference will be made to distilling
water by mechanical energy, an apparatus for which is shown in Fig. 1.
In preparing water for distilling it is generally necessary to first heat the water
to the boiling point, in order to expel the gases from the same before the water is
transformed into steam, and in some cases all that is necessary is to first heat the
water in a separate vessel whereby the gases are separated, while in others the
water has to be heated, then cooled and filtered in order to kill and separate the
organic matter before it is ready for distillation or other uses, and this apparatus
is adapted for both heating and distilling as hereinafter described.
The water to be treated first enters the funnel A, then passes down the external
pipe A', and around the coil A2, which forms the heat exchange E, composed of
an inner pipe A9, and an outer pipe A². It then passes along pipe A³, and up
pipe A, into the heating or scalding tank S, then down pipe A, and through A,
into the still boiler or boiling chamber B. An initial charge of heat is applied
at H, until the water in B, is raised to a boiling temperature, and enough steam
is produced to pass up through the aperture P2, and through the pump P, and fill
the chamber C, which may be termed the condensing chamber. The steam then
continues from C, on through the inner pipe A7, A8, and through the inner pipe A",
of the exchange E, where it would pass through pipe A10, but is condensed by
meeting the cold water entering at A. These two pipes are placed together as
shown, or in a form such that they are thermally connected, the heat of one being
readily conducted to the other. The height of the water in both chambers is
shown by broken lines, the steam filling the pump P, most of the chamber C, and
the small space above the water line in chamber B. At this point power is applied
to the piston P¹, of pump P, working it up and down. When it moves down a
valve closes the aperture P2, and the steam in the pump cylinder passes up through
the valves in the piston P¹, where it is trapped. When the piston moves up, the
steam is forced from the pump cylinder through the pipe P³, into the condenser C,
wherein the steam is compressed, while at the same time the same piston move-
ment, by drawing in steam under the piston P, rarifies the steam in the boiler B.
Thus the boiling point in B, is lowered below 212 degrees, while the temperature

page_text: То
In C, owing to the pressure exerted, raises above 212 degrees, so that the higher
temperature in C will cause heat to pass by conduction to the water in chamber B,
thereby supplying the heat required for converting the water into steam.
facilitate the conduction of this heat the condenser C, is made in a multitubular
form so that a large surface will be created between the steam inside of the tubes
and the water which surrounds them. As fast as the heat in C is drawn off, the
steam in C, being under pressure, will condense at a higher temperature than that
of the boiling water in B. This water of condensation or condensate will, in
passing out through the pipes A7, A8, A, and A10, gradually transmit its heat by
conduction to the cold water coming in at A, so that the cold water from A, will
reach the still boiler, hot, and the hot condensate will flow from the pipe A¹º, cold,
or in other words, the water both enters and leaves the apparatus cold and no heat
is lost or carried away.
2
1
As fast as the heat in C, is drawn off, the steam in C, being under pressure
condenses into water at a higher temperature than that of the boiling water in B,
so that the sum of the heat liberated by the condensation of the steam in C, and
the heat of the condensate which is above the heat of the boiling water in B, and
the heat of the outgoing distilled water, will supply the amount of heat required for
converting into steam the water to be distilled, and this operation will be
maintained by the constant working of the pump P.
The heat applied at H, can be discontinued, except as far as may be required to
supply what heat is lost by surface radiation or conduction, which loss can be
reduced to a minimum by properly coating the apparatus with non-conducting
material.
The loss of heat by radiation will partly, if not quite, be made up by the heat
evolved from the power expended in performing the work. The pressure in both
boiler and condenser may average above or below one atmosphere, or be raised to
several atmospheres. In practice it is found to be more economical to work at
high pressures, owing to the fact that the steam is more condensed and a less
volume has to be pumped, in order to secure a given quantity of distilled water.
While working above atmospheric pressure it is necessary to blow off the gases
which accumulate in the condenser C, in order to prevent them from displacing
the steam from the condensing surface of C, and when it is necessary to carry on
the work of distilling at a pressure below that of atmosphere a gas pump G, has to
be used in order to first extract the air from the apparatus in order to reduce the
bciling point to a lower temperature, and also to withdraw such gases as
accumulate in order to maintain the boiling point at such reduced temperature.
The remaining details of Fig. 1, are as follows:-The scalding tank S, is used
in this case for bringing the water to the boiling point before it enters the still,
in order to first extract the gases which would otherwise pass over to the condenser
and contaminate the distilled water. By first bringing the water in S, to the
boiling point, as described, by conducting the heat from the outflowing hot water
to the inflowing water on its way to S, the occluded gases are driven out of the
hot water in S, into the air or are made to pass up through the pipe S¹, into the
tank T, where the vapors which escape are condensed and the gases pass down
through pipe T2, and when combustible are consumed at the burner T. The heat
evolved by such combustion is employed at the heating coil H, for maintaining
the small amount of auxiliary heat required for the apparatus. In order to
regulate the heat of the still there is employed a regulator composed of a closed
vessel V, placed in thermal contact with the still so that it will have the same
temperature and by filling V, with different solutions such as alcohol or saturated
salt water, that will boil at the temperature required and at such boiling point
cause a pressure upon the diaphragm V, sufficient to raise the bell-crank lever N,
thereby operating the valve I. and controlling the heat applied to the heater H.
In operating this form of still sediment accumulates in the boiler B, or in case
To draw off
salt water is being distilled, the water in B, becomes over saturated.
this solution without losing its heat, it issues at D, passes through the pipe D¹,

page_text: and out at D2, while at the same time a like amount of fresh liquid is caused to
enter at 13, and pass down through the pipe D, and through the inner pipe D³,
and up D, into the boiler B, thereby absorbing the heat from the solution. In
al cases these pipes and the whole apparatus are to be thoroughly insulated, so
the amount of heat lost from surface causes will be very small. These pipes used
for the exchange of heat, will in practice be made of a considerable length, and
by preference in the form of coils, or forms which make them compact in size,
and may be designated heat exchanges, their object being not only to heat the
inflowing but to cool the outflowing water, by gradually bringing different parts of
the oppositely flowing stream into thermal contact with each other, so that their
differences of heat will be uniform throughout their length, thereby effecting a
more thorough and rapid exchange.
The construction of these exchanges vary according to their use. For instance,
if the work to be performed was simply to scald or bring water to the boiling point,
the apparatus in Fig. 1, would be modified by cutting off the still, that is the
boiler B, and condenser C, and connect the pipes at A5, and A8, together, so that
the water which entered A, would run through the exchange E, to the chamber S.
and then back through E, and out at A10. Then after initially heating the water
in'S, to the boiling point, the water passing from A10, will be cooled to within two
degrees of that which flows in at A, or in other words, the loss of heat would be
two units for every pound of water, and since one pound of coal will produce about
10,000 units of heat then the expense of keeping up the boiling would be at the
rate of a pound of coal for each 5000 pounds of water treated.
Fig. 2, shows a modified form of exchange adapted for a double purpose. Water
enters at A, passes through a pipe inside of B3, then out through pipe A¹, into
tank A2, then out through pipe A3, and the pipe inside of pipe B, then it is
discharged through pipe A4; while at the same time a like volume of water enters
at B, passes through pipe B₁, into tank B2, then out through pipe B, and is
discharged at pipe B. To begin operation the waters in tanks A2 and B2, are
heated to the required temperature, say for destroying the life of organic matter,
then as the waters begin to flow, the hot outgoing water from tank A², will heat
the cold water flowing to tank B2, and the hot outflowing water from tank B, will
heat the cold inflowing water to tank A². The exchange of heat will occur between
the outer and inner pipes leading to and from each tank, and the same result
would be produced with one tank, if the other tank was taken out, or if the pipes
at A and A3, were made continuous. The water flowing in at A, and out at A4,
started cold, became hot and then cold, by first absorbing the heat of the water
from tank 12, then transmitting such heat back to the water flowing to the same.
In this case pure water may be passed through tank A², and impure water, or
sewerage through tank B2, the heat of one could be transmitted to the other
without there being any mixing between them. In this case gas evolved from the
sewerage may be burned to produce the heat required for maintaining the
operation, and in most cases for all the power required for distilling either or both
liquids, which would result in pure distilled water from one, and useful products
from the other. When the tanks A2, or B2, are not required for collecting gas,
they, may be dispensed with and the pipe leading from A to A, and also the pipe
leading from B to B, can be made continuous and if heat be applied at or near
where the tanks are now shown, then the apparatus will act the same in heating
and cooling the passing liquids.
Fig. 3, shows a form of exchange E, applied to two separate boilers X and Y.
This applies where the boilers are to be filled and emptied at intervals; boiler X,
is supposed to be filled with hot liquid, and is to be emptied, while Y, is empty,
but is to be filled with fresh liquid. The four-way valve V, is turned so the hot
liquid of X, runs through one exchange E, while at the same time a like volume of
fresh cold liquid runs in at, through the exchange E, and into the boiler Y, and a
in so doing the exchange E, bas transferred the heat from X to Y, while the liquids
have been changed, but the heat has been preserved. In this form of exchange

page_text: two coils of pipe are used, one leading from the funnel A, to the valve U, and the
other from U, to the discharge A', both coils being placed in a tank filled with
water or a transmitting medium, and this medium must be prevented from
circulating so that the fluid, in the cold end of the exchange, will not flow to the
hot end, gravitation acting through the specific gravities, caused by the different
degrees of heat, in this medium, may to a feeble extent produce the result, but it
is better to resort to partitions or positive means for preventing such a circulation.
io effect a proper exchange of heat in all cases no heat must be added or taken
from the exchange and a like volume of liquid passed each way, or each kind. of
liquid should be so proportioned that the total specific heat of each should be
the same.
Fig. 4, shows a form of exchange similar to that shown in Fig. 1. In this case
i is used only for heating and cooling the water which passes through it; the
water passing in at A, cold, moves down, then up through the inner pipe A¹, of
the coil, until it reaches H, where heat is applied as indicated at H. The water
then moves down the outer pipe of the coil, and is discharged at B, in a cold state,.
as its heat has been transferred to and absorbed by the cold water, on its way to H.
The coil of pipe is enclosed in a box which being led with insulating material
preserves the heat, and all the extra heat that need be applied after the apparatus
has received its initial charge, is that amount necessary to make up the difference
due to the temperature of the water between where it enters at A, and leaves at B¹
By causing the water to enter and leave the pipes under pressure, a higher degree
of heat may be used at H, without transforming the water into steam.
method of heating liquids may also be advantageously applied to heating fluids
generally as, for instance, air for drying purposes. In such an event, referring to
Fig. 4, air at ordinary temperature would be forced in at A, heated at H, then
circulated through a drying chamber, thence returning through B, issue from B,
at nearly ordinary temperature having on its way from H to B, given up its heat
to the inflowing air.
This
Fig. 5, represents a still substantially the same as that shown in Fig. 1, in which B,
is the boiler containing a condenser and a pump placed inside of the boiler, of
which the piston rod P, is connected to a sliding head h, which works up and down
on the guide g. Pivoted to the head h, is a lever L, which is fulcrumed by the
link. The lever L, is oscillated by the geared wheel f, the pin f', working in
the slot of the lever. The wheel f, is rotated by an electric motor M. The motion
of the lever L, works the pump rod 1', and the pumn piston within the boiler B.
The exchange of the still is shown at E, with its feed and discharge
pipes A and A
The motor is run by an electric current passing on the wire W, through the
adjustable resistance r, then to brush b, through the motor M, out on brush. b',
and back on wire W. There is a branch circuit used for its heating effect, leading
from wire W, or wire I, through adjustable resistance, to the heating coil H,
which is in thermal contact with, and adapted for heating the water in the still.
This circuit to heating coil H, is continued on wire H2, then through more or less
of the automatic resistance, then on the swinging contact pointer n, to its
bearing n', then on wire H³, to the main line W. The contact pointer n, regulates.
the current so as to maintain a fixed temperature in the still by changing the..
resistance, and the pointer is worked by the diaphragm regulator V, which in
turn is acted upon, by the pressure of the temperature of the still, as described in
connection with Fig. 1. Instead of transferring the latent heat of the condensing
vapor to the liquid to be vaporized within the chamber where the latent heat
originated, as described above, such transfer may take place in another chamber, or
chambers as hereinafter described.
Fig. 6, shows a form of still used in carrying out this invention by employing
what is known as the multiple effect. It consists of a boiler B, and internal worm
or condensing chamber C, with steam pipe C, leading to the top of condenser C;
and a condensed water pipe F', leading from the bottom of the same. The boiler B,

page_text: has a steam pipe C, leading from its top and a feed pipe D¹, leading into its lower
end. The lower end of C, at F, has a reducing valve F2, which prevents the escape
of liquid from C, until it reaches a given pressure, or in some cases we use at F¹,
a steam trap that allows the water to pass out as it condenses in C, but prevents
the passage of steam. With this description in view, the use of this form of still
will be described, by representing it in the form of an oblong chamber having a
central floor which divides it into two parts, the upper part representing the
boiler B, and the lower part the condenser C.
Referring then to Fig. 7, S, represents a steam boiler, S¹, an engine, while a
series of stills are represented at A1, A2, A3, etc., so arranged that they will use in
multiple effect the heat of the exhaust steam from the engine S¹. The pipes C¹,
lead steam from one still to the next, and the pipes F¹, lead the distilled water from
the condenser C, and the pipes D¹, the feed water to the boilers B. There is also
attached to still A', a heat exchange which, when applied to this method of
distilling, represents the leading feature of our invention. In this apparatus it
is assumed that the steam starts from the boiler S, at a pressure of 150 pounds per
square inch and performs work at the engine S¹, with a pressure of 100 pounds and
then is exhausted through pipe C2, under pressure of fifty pounds, and passes into
the condenser C, of the still A¹.
The heat being conducted through the floor which separates the
chambers B, and C, and being taken up by the water in B, this water is converted
into steam at a lower pressure, which steam passing out through the second
pipe C¹, into the condenser C, of the still A2, is condensed by its heat being absorbed
by the water in the boiler B, of the still A².
In this way the operation goes on to the end of the system or last still.
There may be a great number of stills in the line and the same heat may be used
over again as many times as there are stills, and the economy attained by this
method is increased by the number of multiple effects secured; and to increase
the practical number of these effects is the leading object of the invention.
Heretofore the extent to which this distilling by multiple effect could be carried
has been limited by the fact that each time the steam was condensed in one of the
condensers C, the condensed water, in being drawn off hot, would carry off a certain
quantity of heat, and on the other hand, if cold water was fed into the boilers B, a
large amount of heat would be absorbed in raising such water to the boiling
temperature. These two causes for the loss of heat would, after producing three
or four multiple effects, use up all the latent heat of the steam.
The loss caused by the heat being carried off by the hot condensed water from
the condenser C, would alone put a limit to the extent to which the multiple effect
can be carried.
This objection has been overcome by preventing this loss of heat in the following
way: Attached to still A, is the feed pipe which starts at I, into which the cold
feed water enters, and passes through the pipe D, until it enters the boiler B, of
still A. Surrounding the nipe D, is a pipe I, which starts from the bottom of
condenser C, in still A, and has at its end an opening O. This pipe in practice
is thoroughly insulated with a non-conducting coating.
The hot water which forms in the condenser C, of still A*, flows out through this
pipe F, while at the same time cold water is flowing in an opposite direction
through pipe D. The contents of these two pipes are in thermal contact with each
other so that the heat of the outflowing condensed water from C, will be transferred
of heat will be gradual through the whole course of the run, as before described.
The extent of the multiple effect in this form of distilling can be increased, and
by conduction to the cold inflowing water on its way to B, and this transferring
the only real limit is produced by the drop in pressure between condensers and
boilers necessary to give that difference in temperature, which will cause the heat
from the condenser to pass through the metal to the water in the boiler, thereby
producing condensation in one and creating steam in the other.
Now, supposing that each of the stills is supplied with a heat exchange E, the

page_text: same as still A', and the difference in pressure in each still is five pounds per
square inch, then fifty pounds pressure of the exhaust would admit of ten stills
or ten separate evaporating effects. If one pound of coal would in a single still
evaporate ten pounds of water, the ten stills would evaporate one hundred pounds
of water from the same amount of fuel, and this result could be carried much
further by increasing the pressure of the steam at the beginning.
To present the case by figures; when this multiple effect is used without the
heat exchange, the steam enters the still at fifty pounds per square inch. For each
pound of water carried over in the form of steam it takes 1168 units of heat and
from this 281 units of heat would be lost in the condensed water taken from A¹,
887 units of heat which would pass into the boiler and convert 887/1168 or
.76 pounds of water into steam at 45 pounds pressure. This steam would pass to
the condenser of A2, and condense; the condensate carrying off 208 units of heat
and leave 679 units of heat which would convert 679/1163 or .58 pounds of water
into steam at 40 pounds pressure, and so on until very soon all of the heat is
expended or wasted, by being withdrawn with the condensed water. The latent
heat of the steam which passes from the last still A5, can be used to reduce this
loss, but this heat will dwindle down to a very small item by the time it has
reached this end, and must be employed to furnish the heat required for raising
the temperature of the feed water to the boiling point, which supplies each
boiler B, in the separate stills A¹, A³, etc.
If each still is provided with a heat exchange as is still A, the heat of the out-
going condensate will be returned to the boiler B, by the inflowing feed water;
thereby the same heat would be used over and over to the end of the systems of
stills, the number of which could be indefinitely extended.
The latent heat from the steam of the last boiler A5, could be used for supplying
what heat may be lost through the difference in temperature between the condensed
water that leaves the exchange through the discharge O, and what enters through
the feed pipe D.
This loss of heat can be reduced to a very small item by increasing the length
of the exchange.
Fig. 8, shows a series of stills A1, A2, etc., arranged to work for their multiple
effect with each feed pipe D', D¹, etc. connected to the main feed pipe D, and also
their discharge pipes F, F", etc. for the condensate, all connected to the main
discharge pipe F, and these main pipes D and F, thermally connected so as to
form a common heat exchange E, for the purposes first described.
Fig. 9, shows the combination of the two methods of distilling worked together
in which 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, are stills connected to secure the multiple effect and
to be worked by mechanical energy, by means of the pump P, drawing the
exhausted steam from still 5, and forcing it under pressure into still 1, so that the
same heat energy returned by the pump will again pass through the stills at
successive lower pressures and produce the changes from steam to condensed liquid
as described. This form offers certain advantages over the single effect apparatus
described in connection with Fig. 1. Among these is the fact that the pump P,
can be made smaller for a given amount of work as high pressure may be used."
Another advantage lies in being able to lubricate the pump P, and draw off all the
oil carried to the stills with the condensed liquid from still 1, which liquid can
be conducted separately from the product of the other stills.
1.7
There is also shown a means for using the exhaust steam from the engine S¹,
which drives the pump P, in working a separate set of multiple effect:
stills 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10.
It is evident that live steam may be used for power in driving the pump P, and
the exhaust steam from the engine S', which drives the pump may also be used as
shown in Fig. 9, or as shown in Fig. 10, by using a high pressure of steam to work
the engine and let it exhaust at the same pressure that the pump P, produces in
the steam which it returns to the still 1, and letting the exhaust steam from S¹,
join with the pumped steam in entering the still 1.

page_text: In both of these sets of stills. the liquid to be treated enters at I, and the
cndensed liquid after passing through the exchange leaves at the discharge O.
It is obvious that by means of air-pumps or condensers distilling can be carried
on by the means above described at low temperatures and pressures.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of this invention
as communicated to me by my foreign correspondents and in what manner the
same is to be performed, I declare that what I claim is:-
1. The method of distilling liquids by transferring the heat given off by the
condensation of steam or vapor, to the liquid to be distilled, and transferring the
heat from the condensed liquid to liquid to be distilled while on its way to the still,
substantially as and for the purpose set forth.
2. The herein described method of heating liquids by passing the same through
pipes or passages to a point where heat is applied, and transferring the heat of the
liquid passing from said point to that passing to the same, substantially as and for
the purpose set forth.
3. An apparatus for heating liquids consisting of passages in thermal connection
with each other leading to and from where heat is applied, substantially as and
for the purposes set forth.
4. The herein described method of distilling by multiple effect, consisting of
taking steam from a series of stills and returning it to the same under pressure by
means of mechanical energy, substantially as and for the purposes set forth.
5. The process of distilling, consisting in heating the liquid to the boiling
point, withdrawing the vapor from said liquid and compressing the same,
transferring the heat from the compressed vapor back to the boiling liquid, and
transferring the heat of the liquid produced by the condensation of said vapor to
the liquid on its way to the evaporating chamber, substantially as set forth.
•
6. In a still run by mechanical energy, the method of retaining all of the heat
used as a medium for distilling by compressing the vapor and returning its latent
heat to the liquid to be distilled, and transferring by conduction the heat of the
outgoing condensed liquid to the inflowing liquid to be distilled.
7. The combination of pipes or passages adapted for exchanging the heat
between the hot distilled liquid as it leaves the still, and the cold liquid as it enters
the still, substantially as and for the purposes set forth.
8. In a still, the combination of a boiling and a condensing chamber, thermally
connected, an inlet and an outlet pipe, thermally connected outside the still and
leading to and from said chambers, and a pump leading from the boiling to the
condensing chamber, substantially as and for the purposes set forth.
9. The method of distilling by passing steam from an external source into a
still, then transferring the heat of such steam to the liquid to be distilled until
such steam is condensed into water, then transferring the heat of such condensed
water, while on its way from the stills, to the liquid to be distilled while on its
way to the still, substanially as and for the purpose set forth.
10. In a set of two or more stills arranged to work for their multiple effect, the
combination of pipes or passages in thermal contact with each other, one forming
a passage for the condensed water from the still or stills and another a passage
for the liquid to be treated while on its way to the still or stills, substantially as
and for the purposes set forth.
11. The method of distilling by using a plurality of stills arranged to secure
their multiple effect, consisting in transferring the heat of the steam which passes
from the last of the stills through pipes or passages in thermal contact with the
pipes, passage or passages through which the material or materials to be distilled
passes on its way to said stills, substantially as and for the purposes set forth.
12. The method of distilling by using a plurality of stills arranged to secure
their multiple effect, consisting in passing the exhaust steam from the last still,
the condensed water or liquid while on its way from each still, and the liquid to
be distilled while on its way to the stills, through separate pipes or passages which

page_text: are all thermally connected to each other, substantially as and for the purposes
set forth.
13. An apparatus for distilling by multiple effect, consisting of a series of stills
placed so that the vapor from one will produce heat for the next still, and the heat
exchange E, through which the distillate passes in opposite direction to the
material which is fed into said stills, substantially as and for the purposes set
forth.
14. The process of distilling at a pressure less than that of atmosphere, by first
pumping air from the interior of the still and also the uncondensable gases as
they accumulate therein, then compressing the vapor or distillation and return-
ing its heat to the liquid to be distilled, and conducting the heat of the outgoing
distilled liquid to the cold liquid on its way to the still, substantially as and for
the purposes set forth.
15. In a still wherein an external mechanical force is employed to assist the
evaporation of liquid, and the condensation of vapor, and wherein the heat of
condensation is utilized to assist in the evaporation, the combination of a heater
with a regulator for controlling the heat applied to the still, substantially as and
for the purposes set forth.
16. In a still, an electric heater combined with a pressure gage controlling the
operation of the same, substantially as and for the purposes set forth.
17. The process of heating fluids and of separating the gases therefrom by
passing the fluids through conduits leading to a collecting chamber, where the
liberated gases are collected, and at or near where heat is applied, then through
conduits thermally connected to those through which fluids enter, substantially as
and for the purposes set forth.
18. The process of heating fluids and separating the gases therefrom, by passing
the fluids through conduits leading to a collecting chamber, where the liberated
gases are secured, and applying heat at or near said chambers by means of the
combustion of such gases, then passing the heated fluid through conduits thermally
connected to those through which the fluid enters, substantially as and for the
purposes set forth.
or
19. The method of distilling liquids by passing steam or vapour into a closed
chamber forming part of a still, passing liquid to be distilled into a chamber
forming another part of the still, transferring the heat from the steam
vapor to the liquid to be distilled, and causing the steam or vapor to be condensed
into liquid, and the liquid to be distilled to form into steam or vapor, and pass
from its chamber at a pressure below that at which the steam or vapor entered,
also transferring the heat from the liquid formed by the condensed steam or vapor
while on its way from the still to the liquid to be distilled while on its way to the
still, substantially as and for the purposes set forth.
20. Heating and distilling liquids by the method and apparatus, substantially
as hereinbefore set forth.
Dated this fith day of July 1807
BOULT & WADE,
Agents for the Applicant.