IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR BURNING LIGHTING GAS AND OTHER LIGHT GIVING FLUIDS
Year: 1884

page_text: I, HENRI DELMAS-AZÉMA of Saint Quentin (Aisne) France, Engineer, do hereby
declare the nature of my Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR
BURNING LIGHTING GAS AND OTHER LIGHT GIVING FLUIDS" and in what manner
the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement:-
Hitherto the various burners or jets applicable to liquid or gaseous hydrocarbons
have not, in spite of the utilization in the case of gas, of a part of the heat of
combustion, given all the results desired; they have not realised the proper
proportion between the weight or volume of air and of hydrocarbon neither have
they effected the combustion of the gaseous mixture at the lowest pressure, with
the highest possible temperature.
Now according to this Invention the flame is completely enveloped, whether it
be flat or round by one or more regular currents of heated air coming wholly or
principally downwards without reversing the flame, an ample means of escape
being offered to the gases of combustion. This latter point is realised in the case
of round burners by drawing the heated air into the centre itself. Intense flames
can thus be obtained less in capacity than a single Carcel burner and under the
most favorable conditions.
Burners for gas and oils are known commercially as either flat or round. The
former are generally called batswings and are single or multiple.
Referring to the accompanying Sheet of Drawings Figs. 1 to 10 shew the
Invention applied to these two kinds of burners. In each case there is apparatus
for drawing in the air; the forms of the apparatus vary, but the principle is the
same in each case.
Figs. 1 and 2 shew in vertical section at right angles to each other the
construction of a batswing burner. Fig. 3 is a cross section illustrating the
construction of the device A for drawing in heated air. This is mounted, with the
interposition of an asbestos washer or collar, upon a very short glass or globe B,
bent to such a shape as to be adapted to fit regularly around the flame. This
glass or globe, which can be higher if desired and be prolonged between the two
layers or folds in place of the piece x by which they are shown separated, is
Dis Cl

page_text: mounted by a socket I cemented or otherwise fixed, and furnished with a groove
upon the slightly conical foot of the burner. This foot is furnished with a collar j
engaging in the groove of the socket I, and by this means its position is fixed
exactly in relation to the plane of the batswing, while at the same time it
can be easily mounted and dismounted. The ignition of the gas is effected from
above.
To the drawing-in apparatus there is, or may be adapted, a moveable reflector U
of white enamelled metal. By applying tin foil or other reflective metal to one
half of the globe or chimney all the light can be reflected in one direction.
The air enters by the channels a of the zone K, following the arrows f, as far as
the chamber where it turns and descends towards the flame by the passages
marked by the odd numbers 1, 3, 5 &c., of the zone L. The passages marked
with the even numbers 2, 4, 6. . are reserved for the ascent of heated products of
combustion. The opening C is adjusted once for all for a given consumption
regulated by a rheometer r, the section of the passages a, a, and of the channels
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6...
Figs. 4 to 10 shew different forms and applications of the drawing-in apparatus
for heated air. In the case of the round burner in Fig. 4 the air rises following
the arrows f¹, through the exterior crown or bell K¹ of the drawing-in apparatus A¹;
this crown or bell can be disengaged from the folds or corrugations forming the
channels of the drawing-in apparatus A. A part of the air enters the chamber b
whence it re-descends by the annular crown L, upon the exterior of the flame, and
constitutes a first descending current. The other part by the small radiating
channels numbered odd and even c, c, descends by the central tube T into the
centre of the burner, where it divides into two currents, one of which remains in
the interior and is inflected to remount, the other, passing below the crown of the
burner rejoins the first current, and rises with it on the exterior until it meets the
central inflected current.
These three currents of air, clearly indicated by the arrows, after having thus
aided the combustion, escape in the condition of hot gases by the annular crown
and the channels C¹ C₁ heating the exterior air which flows through the channels
c, c of the crown K¹.
The interior current of air, besides improving the combustion at the interior of
the flame, which it tends to compress and hold together, detaches it from the end
of the pipe T, to which, without the aid of the ascending current, it would join
itself. The crown C¹ offers to the exit of the hot gas a large section, which a
central pipe could not present, at least not without either an augmentation of the
pressure and velocity of the gas, which would impair the favorable conditions of
the combustion, or without an increase in the diameter of the burner, which
would necessitate the employment of flame of large consumption, and giving but a
moderate effect. .
Air is supplied to the first descending current L', shewn in Figs. 4, and 5 by
admission across the openings o. o of which the section is regulated by aid of the
moveable socket d-Figs. 6 and 7 shew how the existing commercial burners are
to be utilized by means of a lower current, indicated by the arrows g. g. traversing
the perforated basket P, which is enveloped by the solid basket or cup P¹. The
central current in this special case, does not divide, and after having come in
contact with a plug of plaster or metal, it remounts by the centre of the flame to
rejoin the current shewn by the arrows g, g and to escape with it by the crown
and channels C¹¹.
•
The drawing-in apparatus for hot air, of which various modifications have been
described above, is applicable to all kinds of jets or burners either for gas alone, or
for liquid hydrocarbons alone, or for the two substances or elements combined.
This latter condition is illustrated in Fig. 9, where there is shewn an intense
round burner having a large consumption and many jets. It is placed upon the
top of a reservoir R filled with oil or spirit, above the level of which the gas is
delivered to be enriched by the vapours of the hydrocarbon warmed by the heat

page_text: transmitted from the foot of the burner. The ignition is effected by a taper.
Fig. 10 is a plan of Fig. 9 and shews that the drawing-in apparatus can be reduced
to a central pipe T", of which the head, formed of cross channels or tubes C₁, C",
and resting on a glass chimney B¹¹, is enveloped in another chimney, also of glass,
forming with the first an annular zone K", by which air is admitted following
the arrows f fill These chimneys can terminate at the level of the burner, or
descend lower, as shewn to the right of Fig. 9. A screw valve h serves to regulate
the flow of gas according to the extent of its enrichment.
In this arrangement a part of the central air current spreads itself in the
Omiddle of the crown of flames, by the holes with which the bottom of the pipe T¹¹
is pierced, or from the bottom orifice of that pipe; the other part passes below
the burner by various openings, and envelopes the exterior of the same flames.
Each of the jets of the ring or crown is thus completely surrounded by hot air.
.
By placing in any of the annular burners, for example that shewn in Fig. 6, a
wick of asbestos as shewn in Fig. 8, and feeding it with oil or mineral spirit by
any known means, the drawing-in apparatus operates under exactly the same
conditions and with the same advantage as for gas.
By placing an asbestos wick in an ordinary oil lamp, and by closing the central
hole of the burner, the arrangement shewn in Fig. 6 can be employed, which will
thus be transformed into an intense lamp. To ordinary flat wick oil lamps the
arrangements shewn in Figs. 1, 2, 3 may be applied, enclosing the wick in a flat
globe.
The drawing-in apparatus is also applicable in the case of a ring or crown
formed by the regular and symmetrical assemblage of flat flames, arranged to
produce an intense centre of illumination with a large consumption, as in Figs. 11
and 12. In such case it can be either entirely central, as in Fig. 11 and in full
lines Fig. 12, or it may comprise the two arrangements, both central and exterior,
as in dotted lines in Fig. 12, the one being further a transformation of the
other.
In the first case, Fig. 11, the air penetrates by the openings a¹, a¹, into the
closed chamber G, it descends by means of the central pipe Tl of the drawing-in
apparatus A to the middle of the flames situated below the lantern, which is
hermetically sealed, and which it surrounds and traverses. The gases escape by
the crown C1111
In the second case shewn in full lines in Fig. 12, the flames are in a closed space
surrounded by a glass or cup B, supporting the folded or corrugated drawing-in
apparatus A, similar to that marked A, in Figs. 1, 2 and 3, and operating in the
same manner, taking the air from the lantern, which; like all the public lanterns,
is in communication with the external atinosphere.
In the third case shewn in dotted lines in Fig. 12, the flames, situated in the
closed space formed by the glass or cup B₁111, are fed at the same time both
internally and externally in the manner just explained.
It will be seen that this Invention relating to jets or burners for gas, and for
various oils and spirits, consists in the application of an apparatus for drawing-in
hot air, in moderating the upward velocity of the flame, and in effecting most
completely the combustion at feeble pressures.
The said drawing-in apparatus, either oval or round and adapted either for
exterior currents, or for central currents or both is applicable both to very small
and to very large centres of illumination, and to different kinds of burners.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
Invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what
I claim is
1. In intense batswing burners, whether they be designed for large or for small
consumptions, the use of an apparatus A for drawing-in air of high temperature,
the said apparatus consisting of the channels a. a., and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, formed of thin
metallic folds or corrugations to increase the surface exposed, the whole being
mounted upon a globe or glass B of the same oval form with which it is combined,

page_text: the said globe or glass resting itself by a grooved socket upon the foot of the
burner, the whole substantially as described and illustrated.
2. In intense round burners whether they be designed for large or small
consumption's the use of the apparatus A for drawing-in air of high temperature,
the said apparatus consisting of the central pipe T and heating channels c. c, its
first current of hot air descending by the zone L', and its central jet or current
dividing or bifurcating as shown by the arrows, Fig. 4, the whole substantially
as described and illustrated.
3. In intense round burners, whether they be designed for large or small
consumptions, the use of the apparatus A for drawing-in air of high temperature,
the said apparatus consisting of the central pipe T, and heating channels c. c. with
another current from below, following the arrows g. g*(Figs. 6 & 8), and across
the perforated basket P, which is enveloped by the solid basket P1 without
bifurcation of central jet or current, as shewn in Figs. 5 and 7 relative to the
round burners of commerce the whole substantially as described and shewn in the
Drawings.
4. In intense round burners with a large consumption, and having the flames
or jets forming the crown fed by gas which has been enriched in passing over a
hydro-carbon enclosed in the receiver R, arranged immediately below the burner,
the use of the drawing-in apparatus A111, the double chimney of which is
represented in Figs. 9 and 10 the whole substantially as described and illustrated.
I also claim in intense burners having several batswing flames arranged at the
angles of a regular polygon and designed for either large or small consumptions :-
5. The use of the drawing-in apparatus with the central pipe T. fed by the
tubes cc and the orifices a¹. a. of the chamber G substantially as described
with reference to and shewn in Fig. 11.
6. The use of the exterior drawing-in apparatus A, mounted on a glass cup B,
arranged and operating as described, with reference to and shewn in full lines in
Fig. 2.
'
7. The use of the combined central and exterior drawing-in apparatus comprising
the tube T, fed as indicated in Fig. 11, and the drawing-in apparatus as described
with reference to and indicated in Fig. 12 by the dotted lines.
Dated this 3rd day of May 1884.
W. LLOYD WISE.
Per F. J. Brougham,
Applicant's Agent.