IMPROVE- MENTS IN. THE MANUFACTURE OF NUTS AND BOLTS; ALSO OF STEPS, BEARINGS, AXLES, AND BUSHES; ALSO OP MILLS AND DIES FOR ENGRAVERS; ALSO OF BELLS, LATHE AND OTHER SPINDLES; ALSO OF WEFT FORKS, SHUTTLE TONGUES AND TIPS FOR LOOMS; ALSO PARTS OF AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS, CHAINS, ROLLER GUIDES AND THROSTLE BARS, BY THE APPLICATION OF MATERIALS NOT HITHERTO USED FOR THESE PURPOSES
Year: 1851

page_text: In the Matter of a Patent granted to WILLIAM ONIONS, of Southwark,
in the County of Surrey, Engineer, for an Invention of "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN. THE MANUFACTURE OF NUTS AND BOLTS; ALSO OF STEPS,
BEARINGS, AXLES, AND BUSHES; ALSO OP MILLS AND DIES FOR ENGRAVERS;
ALSO OF BELLS, LATHE AND OTHER SPINDLES; ALSO OF WEFT FORKS,
SHUTTLE TONGUES AND TIPS FOR LOOMS; ALSO PARTS OF AGRICULTURAL
IMPLEMENTS, CHAINS, ROLLER GUIDES AND THROSTLE BARS, BY THE
APPLICATION OF MATERIALS NOT HITHERTO USED FOR THESE PURPOSES;"
bearing date at Westminster, the Sixteenth day of October, One
thousand eight hundred and fifty-one.
WHEREAS by Indenture of Assignment, bearing date the Twenty-ninth day
of December, One thousand eight hundred and fifty-one, for the considerations
therein mentioned, the said Letters Patent, and all rights and privileges con-
ferred thereby, were assigned to HENRY VALLANCE, of 20, Essex Street, Strand,
in the County of Middlesex, Solicitor, upon the trusts therein mentioned.
DISCLAIMER proposed to be entered by the Assignee of the said Letters
Patent, according to the Statutes in that case made and provided.
I, the said Henry Vallance, do declare that since the date of the said
Letters Patent, it has been discovered that that part of the Invention which

page_text: In witness whereof, I, the said Henry Vallance, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Fourteenth day of April, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-two.
To the Clerk of the Patents of England.
This is to certify, that the above-named Henry Vallance has applied to me
for leave to enter with you the above-written Disclaimer of part of the title of
a certain Invention, for which Letters Patent were granted to William Onions,.
of Southwark, in the County of Surrey, Engineer, under the Great Seal of
Great Britain, dated at Westminster, the Sixteenth day of October, One
thousand eight hundred and fifty-one; and having considered of the above
application, and no objection having been made to the same, I hereby grant
leave to the said Henry Vallance to file his said Disclaimer, pursuant to the
Statutes passed in the fifth and sixth years of the reign of His late Majesty
King William the Fourth, Chapter 83, entitled, "An Act to amend the Law
touching Letters Patent for Inventions;" and the seventh and eighth Victoria,
Chapter sixty-nine, entitled an Act for amending an Act passed in the
Fourth Year of the reign of His late Majesty, intituled "An Act for the
better Administration of Justice in His Majesty's Privy Council," and to
extend its Jurisdiction and Powers.

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Fourteenth day of April, in the
year of our Lord 1852, the aforesaid Henry Vallance came before our said
Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged the Disclaimer aforesaid,
and all and everything therein contained and specified, in form above written.
And also the Disclaimer aforesaid was stamped according to the tenor of the
Statute made for that purpose.
Enrolled the Sixteenth day of April, in the year of our Lord One thousand
eight hundred and fifty-two.

page_text: UNIONS, of Southwark, in the County of Surrey, Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Sixteenth day of
October, One thousand eight hundred and fifty-one, in the fifteenth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said William Onions, my exors, admors, and assigns, Her especial licence, full
power, sole privilege and authority, that I, the said William Onions, my exors,
adiñors, and assigns, or such others as I, the said William Onions, my exors,
adññiors, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time
to time and at all times during the term of years therein expressed, should and
lawfully might make, use, exercise, and. vend, within England, Wales, and the
Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, my Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANU-
FACTURE OF NUTS AND BOLTS; ALSO OF STEPS, BEARINGS, AXLES, AND BUSHES; ALSO
OF MILLS AND DIES FOR ENGRAVERS; ALSO OF BELLS, LATHE AND OTHER SPINDLES ;
ALSO OF WEFT FORKS, SHUTTLE TONGUES, AND LIPS FOR LOOMS; ALSO PARTS OF
AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS, CHAINS, ROLLER GUIDES, AND THROSTLE BARS, BY THE
APPLICATION OF MATERIALS NOT HITHERTO USED FOR SUCH PURPOSES;" in which said
Letters Patent is contained a proviso, that I, the said William Onions, shall
cause a particular description of the nature of my said Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, by an instrument in writing under my

page_text: hand and seal, to be inrolled in Her Majesty's High Court of Chancery within
six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said in part
recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference being thereunto had,
will more fully and at large appear. And whereas since the granting of the
said Letters Patent the following parts of the title, videlicit, "and bolts, also of
steps, bearings, axles, and bushes, also of" "bells," "also parts of agricultural
implements, chains, rollers, guides, and throstle bars," have been disclaimed,
according to the Statute in that case made and provided.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
William Onions, do hereby declare that the nature of my said Invention, and
the manner in which the same is to be performed, are fully described and
ascertained in and by the following statement thereof, that is to say :-
My Invention consists, first, of improvements in the manufacture of nuts.
Secondly, my Invention consists of improvements in the manufacture of
mills and dies for engravers.
Thirdly, my Invention consists of improvements in the manufacture of lathe
and other spindles.
And, fourthly, my Invention consists of improvements in the manufacture of
shuttle tongues and tips for looms.
And in order that my Invention may be most fully understood and readily
carried into effect, I will proceed to describe the means pursued by me.
It is well known that in the manufacture of nuts it has been usual to forge
the same out of wrought iron to the form desired; and in making mills and
dies for engravers, it has heretofore been usual to forge the same out of steel,
and having afterwards produced true and smooth surfaces thereto, it has been
usual to employ the inills when in a soft state to take the impression in relief
off an engraved and hardened steel surface, and when hardened to transfer
such engraving to other soft surfaces; and the dies are when in a soft state
engraved and then hardened, so as to admit of the impressions being taken
therefrom by soft steel mills.
And in the manufacture of lathe and other spindles it has been usual to
forge the same either in steel or iron or partly of steel and iron, and then
to finish them by turning and other cutting tools.
And in the manufacture of shuttle tongues and shuttle tips it has been
usual to forge the same out of wrought iron or steel, and to finish them by the
use of cutting tools.
Now, my Invention consists of improving the manufacture of the above-
mentioned articles, by causing them to be cast from metal not hitherto used for
such purposes, and annealed in the presence of oxide of iron ore or oxide of

page_text: iron, and then finishing and employing them as if they had been made of the
same materials, as heretofore.
In carrying out the Invention, I cause patterns to be accurately made,
preferring to use metal for that purpose; and in making sand moulds for the
casting of nuts I introduce cores, so that each cast blank for a screw nut shall
have a hole through it suitable to be tapped with a screw tool after the cast
blanks have been annealed, as hereafter explained. And for making mills and
dies for engravers, proper patterns are to be prepared, by preference of metal,
and sand moulds are to be made by the aid thereof, and metal castings obtained
by using the description of metal hereafter mentioned.
In the manufacture of lathe and other spindles, which have heretofore been
forged out of wrought iron or steel, I cause patterns of metal by preference to
be made suitable for making sand moulds for casting therein the form of spindle
desired of the metal hereafter stated.
In making shuttle tongues and shuttle tips, it has been heretofore usual to
forge them out of wrought iron. In place of doing so, I cause them to be made
of the metal hereafter mentioned by casting, and then annealing.
In carrying out my Invention, I employ metal, which, after being cast into
the form of either of the articles above mentioned, will, on being annealed in
the presence of oxide iron ore or oxide of iron, become soft and malleable, and
admit of the ordinary finishing processes heretofore resorted to when finishing
the roughly obtained articles by forging from iron and steel.
I take two parts by weight of hæmatite ore, that is, ore of the character
known as Cumberland ore, ground or beaten to a coarse powder, which I place
in a crucible, and I add four parts by weight of steel, made in the ordinary
manner, and ninety-four parts by weight of iron. The iron I use is that made
from Cumberland ore (or other iron, which in like manner will on annealing
become malleable when heated, as herein described), broken up into pieces, and
I cause these matters to be melted. And as I find it is better at once to make
the cast articles, in place of making ingots or bars and remelting, I run the
melted metal at once into sand moulds, prepared according to the nature of the
articles above mentioned intended to be produced; and having thus obtained
castings, I subject them to the process of annealing, by which they will be
rendered malleable. The annealing process is to be carried on, in like manner
to that resorted to for rendering casting of iron, made from Cumberland and
such like ores malleable, that is, by placing the articles into pots or boxes with
the powder of Cumberland ore or other matter heretofore used in the annealing
process, and subjecting them to heat for a time, which varies, as is well known,
according to the thickness of the articles, and therefore it is desirable that the

page_text: articles subjected to the process of annealing at the same time should be (as
nearly as may be) of like substance or thickness, and I find that the heat
should not be raised too quickly or too high, great care being required in per-
forming the process of annealing; but persons who have heretofore practised
'the process of annealing articles made of malleable cast iron will soon become
accustomed to annealing articles such as above described. I find that articles
about one inch square take about one hundred and twenty hours after "they
have been raised to a red heat, and I cause the heat to be raised up to the red
heat in about twenty-four hours, and having retained it at the red heat as
before stated for about one hundred and twenty hours, I allow it to go down
very gradually, that is, in 'about twenty-four hours; articles of greater or less
thickness will respectively, as is well understood, require more or less' time than
those of the substance mentioned."
Having thus made castings of the materials as above explained; and annealed
them, I cause the exterior surfaces of the nuts to be dressed and removed; as
heretofore, and I cut the interior thread or screw in each in the ordinary
manner, as when making like nuts of wrought iron: The annealed "castings of
mills and dies for engravers, made as above' explained, are treated in the same
manner as the like articles forged from steel have heretofore been treated.
The annealed castings of lathe and other spindles having been manufactured
as' above explained, they are then to be finished in' precisely the same manner
as like spindles have heretofore been finished. In regard to the annealed
castings in the form of shuttle tongues, and also of shuttle tips, they are to be
dressed, and if desired, the tongues may be tempered as if made of steel; but
I have not found it necessary to do so, the annealed metal having sufficient
elasticity for the purpose.
4
1
Having thus described the nature of my Invention, and the manner of
performing the same, I would have it understood that I do not make any
claim for the preparation of the metal above described, nor do I confine myself
to the quantities above given, as the same may be varied, though I believe not
with advantage; but what I claim is, the manufacture of nuts, also of mills
and dies for engravers, also lathe and other spindles, also shuttle tongues and
tips, by casting metal of the description above described into the
proper forms
for such articles, and annealing them in the presence of oxide iron ore or
oxide of iron.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Onions, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Sixteenth day of April, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and fifty-two.
WILLIAM (L.B.) ONIONS.

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Sixteenth day of April, in the
year of our Lord 1852, the aforesaid William Onions came before our said
Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged the Specification afore-
said, and all and every thing therein contained and specified, in form above
written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped according to the
tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.
Enrolled the Sixteenth day of April in the year of our Lord One thousand
Enrolled the Sixteenth day of April in the year of our Lord One thousand
eight hundred and fifty-two.