IMPROVED MACHINERY FOR WORKING, CUTTING, SHAPING, SAWING, AND HAMMERING TOOLS BY POWER, AND FOR APPARATUS CONNECTED THEREWITH
Year: 1869

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Hughes Lloyd, M.D., of Llangefni, in the
County of Anglesey, North Wales, for the Invention of "IMPROVED
MACHINERY FOR WORKING, CUTTING, SHAPING, SAWING, AND HAMMERING
TOOLS BY POWER, AND FOR APPARATUS CONNECTED THEREWITH.”
Sealed the 18th September 1869, and dated the 31st March 1869.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Hughes Lloyd at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patcuts, with his Petition, on
the 31st March 1869.
I, JONN HUGHES LLOYD, M.D., of Llangefni, in the County of
Anglesey, North Wales, do hereby declare the nature of the said Inven-
tion for "IMPROVED MACHINERY POR WORKING, CUTTING, SHAPING, SAWING, AND
HAMMERING TOOLS BY POWER, AND FOR APPARATUS CONNECTED THEREWITH," to be
as follows:-
This Invention is particularly applicable to cutting, sawing, chiselling,
drilling, and dressing stone and other substances, to forging and ham-
mering metals, and working tools in general, by motive power.
To a shaft fitted to bearings in strong and suitable framework I fix a
beam or two-armed lever having one arm connected by a strap and chain

page_text: with the tool holder, and the other arm connected by a chain or link to
a crank on a shaft turned by a steam engine or other motive power.
This arm is formed of three rods or bars cast or fixed at one end firmly
to the central boss of the beam, and at the other end to a block and
pulleys at the extreme end of the arm. The chain or link is made of
variable lengths as required and is attached to one of the rods by a ring
or clasp which can be moved forwards and backwards by a screw and
nut or by a rack and pinion in order to vary the range of the fall of the
tool according to the requirements. The other two rods of this arm
support a moveable heavy block or chest having at the bottom grooves
fitting the rods, and the chest containing a greater or lesser number of
pieces of metal, stone, or other heavy substance for acting as a counter-
weight and giving more or less counterbalance to the tool holder and
tool, according to the position of the weight from the centre of the beam.
For moving the chest or block rapidly and steadily I place two pulleys
or chain wheels on the axis of the beam and two others on the extreme
end of the arm, and pass over these pulleys or wheels straps or chains,
which are also passed round a barrel or axle having a handle or handles,
so that when the barrel is turned in one direction the counterweight can
be placed close to the axis of the beam and not interfere with the weight
of the holder and tool, but when the barrel is turned in the reverse.
direction the holder and tool are by degrees counterbalanced to any
extent required. The other arm of the beam is formed of two rods or
bars cast or fixed to the central boss and to a block forming the extreme
end of the arm, and above the centre of the beam there is a strong
horizontal stage or frame to which are fixed standards carrying a roller
having part of a strong strap coiled round it and one end fixed to it,
there being a ratchet wheel and catch for maintaining the roller in the
position required. The other end of the strap is passed from the roller
under a pulley on the axis of the beam, then between the two rods, and
afterwards passed over a pulley at the extreme end of the arm, and here
it it united to a strong chain which passes under a pulley working on a
stud fixed firmly to the bottom of the framework of the machine or to
a bracket fixed to the floor of the building, and from this pulley the
chain is raised and passed over a pulley on a second stage or frame level
with the first one, and from thence carried in a horizontal direction to
another pulley at one end of the stage, from which it descends perpen-
dicularly, and has its end attached to the tool holder, which is moved up
and down by the vibration of the beam, the descent being chiefly by its

page_text: own weight, but assisted and quickened when desired by a metallic
spring of a helical or other shape, or by a spring formed of india-rubber
band, or of india-rubber piping well stuffed with wool or cotton. The
stages are for the purpose of allowing a sufficient fall to the tool and
obtaining a clear space below for the material to be operated upon, and
the moveable platform on which it is placed and the object of connecting
the strap to a roller is to raise or lower the tool independently of the
movement given to it by the vibration of the beam, in order to alter or
regulate the point of impingement or practical point of collision of the
tool on surfaces of different heights and bodies of different diameters,
such as large blocks of stone, so that the tool after levelling their hori-
zontal surfaces shall be able to descend gradually along their sides and
to cut them into shape without altering the positions of such heavy
bodies on the moveable platform unless it is required to act on their
under surfaces or when the operations are complete. I also, when
required, give the tool a lateral movement on both sides of the perpen-
dicular in order to act more or less obliquely on the horizontal surfaces
and sides of stones or other substances so as to imitate as nearly as
possible the oblique or slanting blows of the stone cutter working by
hand, and to make up for the loss of force arising from the tool falling
in an oblique direction metallic or india-rubber springs are connected to
the tool holder. For giving the tool a lateral movement I form or fix
on the tool holder a leg fitted to a square guide or tube fixed on a
triangular or quadrant-shaped frame having at its apex a central boss, on
which there is a hole fitting a stud or bolt fixed to the framework of the
machine, and the lower part of the frame forms a segment of a circle,
which moves to and fro laterally in guides and describes part of a circle
as the leg moves to and fro in the oblique directions in the tube when
the tool holder is raised and lowered by the working of the machine.
To move the tool laterally or obliquely I employ a wheel similar to that
used for turning the vanes of a windmill round to the wind, and from
the lower angles of the triangular or quadrant-shaped frame pass a chain
or rope over rollers and obliquely round the said wheel, which is pro-
vided with handles or spokes similar to the steering wheel of a ship, by
which a man can easily regulate the lateral movements even when the
machine is working with great power. To assist these movements the
pulley from which the chain descends to be attached to the leg of the
tool holder not only rotates by the action of the chain but has also a
lateral movement for the purpose of keeping the chain in position and

page_text: enabling it to work without strain or increased friction. There are
many cases in which it is requisite for the tools to work in a horizontal
direction, and for this purpose I cause the beam to vibrate horizontally
against counterweights or springs, or vertically, and change the move-
ments by levers or pulleys also acting against springs or counter-
weights. The tool holder or hammer block is formed of a square block
of iron or steel of any required weight, and to it are fixed hammers,
forging tools, cutters, and shapers of all descriptions, some of the tools
having more or less teeth of different shapes, and others with surfaces
which are quite smooth or indented with lines, and the tools in general
have their depth of fall regulated as before described, or they have an
oblique or horizontal movement imparted to them when they are required
to strike the metal or stone at different angles on different parts of its
surface; or the hammers and tools have only a vertical movement, and
the metal or material shifted to receive the blows. When it is preferable
to cut or saw portions of the blocks of stone or other material I employ
endless bands or sheets of steel, Bessemer semi-steel, or tempered iron,
and work them vertically or horizontally at as high a speed as possible
without injuring them; and I also employ saws connected to the
vibrating beam on the L levers communicating with it, and form in the
saw teeth or indentations or make them perfectly plain. In order to
cuable the perpendicular edges of the hammer or block to be placed in
any position and to prevent it from moving round on the screw when in
action, I employ a clasp or cramp which can slide up and down on the
square shank of the holder and is provided with two arms with angular
projections which fit into holes in the corners and sides of the top of
the block or hammer and allow its position to be finally fixed as
required.
imaxonoments consists in certain arrangements

page_text: must be moveable in all directions by pulleys, ropes, and other assistant
mechanism. For this purpose I employ two stages, one above the other,
each composed of a strong combination of layers of teak or other wood
and iron or steel, with layers of leather, wool, or india-rubber between
them when required; one stage is to be firmly fixed on a mass of con-
crete or solid stone, and the other is to be capable of moving in all
directions by mans of a number of spheres interposed between the two
stages. These spheres are to be covered with leather, vulcanized rubber,
or woollen material, to prevent any bad effect from concussion, and they
may either be free between the smooth surfaces of the stages or confined
in a square, or triangular, or semi-spheroidal space under the bottom of
the upper stage on on the surface of the lower one, and in this state they
are to be well oiled or greased if necessary to prevent friction, but when
the spheres are free there must be a projecting rim on the stages to
prevent them from running off. In some cases the smooth surfaces of
the stages move upon each other well oiled, one of them being covered
with a thick and strong layer of woollen material, india-rubber, or
leather. It will be necessary to provide a curtain of india-rubber sheeting
or a light iron or wooden framework to prevent grit and refuse from
getting under the moveable stage or rollers or between the two stages,
so that there shall be no interferrence with the free action of the rollers
or spheres. In order to keep the blocks of stone or other material steady
when operated upon by the tools I employ holders formed of bars having
at one of their ends angular projections, and place the bars in guides at
the corners of the moveable stage, and when the angular projections are
forced against the corners of the block by screws, wedges, or eccentrics
the block is held perfectly fast. The moving appliances consist of four
or more ropes attached to blocks or pulleys by which the stage is pulled
in any directions required by wheels and axles or levers so arranged as to
to be under the command and power of one or two men; and in all cases
when neessary I employ breaks to keep the parts steady in the positions
required.
When heavy blocks or pieces of metal are forged they are generally
returned to the furnace to be reheated for enabling the work to be
properly shaped by the tools and hammers. I now propose to prevent
to a great extent the loss of time and attendant expence arising from
this system by keeping the metal after it has once been heated in the
furnace hot during the time required to finish the forging or hammering.

page_text: To attain this object I employ powerful gas blow pipes and jets along
the borders and other parts of the moveable stage or anvil, and supply
the gas and the compressed air required by suitable pipes propely pro-
tected, there being cocks or valves to put on and cut off the supply at
the times required. I propose also to act horizontally as before described
in certain cases where the heating anvils or stages are used either by two
hammers clashing in opposite directions against the substance acted
upon as is now done with steam hammers, or with one hammer against
a vertical block supplied with heating blow pipes or jets of gas. I form
the pipes or passages for supplying the gas and air of cotton, flax, or
hemp rendered incombustible, and place them round the borders of the
lower stage, and the space between the two stages where the rollers or
spheres move I partly fill up with an impalpable and incombustible
powder of high specific gravity, such as silica or baryta, in order to
deaden the shocks and vibration, and also to steady the movements
of the spheres or rollers.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said John Hughes Lloyd in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 29th September 1869.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHN
HUGHES LLOYD, M.D., of Llangefni, in the County of Anglesey, North
Wales, send greeting.
WHEREAS Пler most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Thirty-first day of March, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-nine, in the thirty-
second year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Пer heirs and successors,
give and grant unto me, the said John Hughes Lloyd, Her special license
that I, the said John Hughes Lloyd, my executors, administrators,
and assigns, or such others as I, the said John Hughes Lloyd, my
exccutors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with,
and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during
the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use,
exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVED
MACHINERY FOR WORKING, CUTTING, SHAPING, SAWING, AND HAMMERING TOOLS

page_text: BY POWER, AND FOR APPARATUS CONNECTED TREПEWITH," upon the condition
(amongst others) that I, the said John Hughes Lloyd, my executors or
administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one
of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the
nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to
be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Scal
Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the
date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said John Hughes Lloyd, do hereby
declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same
is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in
and by the following statement thereof, reference being had to the
Figures on the accompanying three Sheets of Drawings, and to the
letters of reference marked thereon, that is to say:-
This Invention is particularly applicable to cutting, sawing, chiselling,
drilling, and dressing stones and other substances, to forging and
hammering metals, and working tools in general, by motive power.
In sawing small or large stones, either in one block or several
together, I employ endless metallic bands without teeth and moved by
revolving wheels or drums of any diameter required, as herein-after
described. The chiselling or dressing of the stones is performed by a
tool or tools in a heavy hammer block or tool holder, the weight and
fall of which is regulated as required, the stone or stones being held
on a moveable platform and moved by mechanical arrangements in
all directions to meet the blows of the hammer; these operations
being in certain cases assisted or completed by means of cylinders of
various diameters and proportions moved rapidly, as again further
described.
On the accompanying three Sheets of Drawings, Figures 1 and 2 are
side and end elevations of my improved machinery for working the
hammers and tools, and moving stones and other substances in any
direction required; Figure 3 an end view of part of the same.
Figures 4 and 5 are end and front views of a cylinder for polishing
hard stones.
Figure 6 is a side elevation, Figure 7 a transverse section of a cutting
cylinder.
And, Figure 8 is a view of jets of gas for heating metal forgings.

page_text: To a shaft a fitted to bearings in strong pillars or uprights b, Figures
1 and 3, or other suitable framework, I fix a beam or two-armed lever,
having one arm c communicating by a strong strap e and chain f to the
shaft or leg g, having one end screwed into the hammer block or tool
holder h, and the other arm i, j, k, connected by a chain 7 to an eccentric
or crank m on a shaft turned by a steam engine or other motive power;
or I connect the chain to a loose crank moved a certain distance by a
fast one, or to a lever worked by tappets, or to the piston rod of a single-
acting steam or water engine. This arm of the beam is formed of three
bars i, j, k, cast or fixed at one end firmly to the central boss of the
beam, and at the other end to a block. The chain is made of variablo
lengths, as required, and is attached to the bar & by a ring or clasp n,
which can be moved forwards and backwards by a screw and nut o, p,
or by a rack and pinion, in order to vary the range of the fall of the
hammer and tool according to the requirements. The other two bars i,j,
of this arm support a moveable heavy block or chest q, having at the
bottom grooves fitting the bars, and the chest contains a greater or lesser
number of pieces of metal, stone, or other heavy substance for acting as
a counterweight, and giving more or less counterbalance to the hammer
or tool holder and tool, according to the position of the weight from the
centre of the beam. Or instead of the chest I employ a single heavy
block. For moving the chest or block rapidly and steadily I place two
pulleys or chain wheels 8 on the axis of the beam, and two others u on a
shaft fixed to the bars i, j, and pass over these pulleys or wheels straps
or chains or ropes w, x, which are also passed round a barrel y working in
standards on a strong horizontal stage a¹ above the centre of the
beam, and one strap or chain or rope is fastened to the front of the chest
or block, and the other to the back, the straps or chains or ropes being
coiled in different directions round the barrel and fastened to it. The
barrel is provided with a handle or handles, and when it is turned in one
direction the counterweight can be placed close to the axis of the beam
and not interfere with the weight of the hammer and tool, but when the
barrel is turned in the reverse direction the hammer and tool are by
degrees counterbalanced to any extent required. The other arm of the
beam is formed of the two bars c cast or fixed to the central boss, and
to a block forming the extreme end of the arm, and the standards
carry a roller e' having part of the strong strap e coiled round it and
one end fixed to it, there being a ratchet wheel and catch for
maintaining the roller in the position required. The other end of the

page_text: strap e before mentioned is passed from the roller e' under a pulley g¹
on the axis of the beam, then between the two bars c, d, and afterwards
passed under the pulley h¹ and over the pulley k¹ at the end of the arm,
and here it is united to the strong chain f, which passes under a pulley
working on a stud fixed firmly to the bottom of the framework of the
machine or to a bracket fixed to the floor of the building; and from this
pulley the chain is raised and passed over a pulley m³, and from thence
carried in a horizontal direction to another pulley o¹ at one end of the
stage, from which it descends perpendicularly, and has its end attached
to the shaft or leg g of the hammer or tool holder h, which is moved up
and down by the vibration of the beam, the descent being chiefly by its
own weight, but assisted and quickened when desired by a metallic
spring of a helical or other shape, or by a spring formed of india-rubber
band or of india-rubber piping well stuffed with wool or cotton. The
stage is for the purpose of allowing a sufficient fall to the hammer, and
obtaining a clear space below for the material to be operated upon and
the moveable platform on which it is placed; and the object of connect-
ing the strap e to the roller et is to raiso or lower the hammer and tool
independently of the movement given to it by the vibration of the beam,
in order to alter or regulate the point of impingement or practical point
of collision of the tool on surfaces of different heights and bodies of
different diameters, such as large blocks of stone, so that the tool after
levelling their horizontal surfaces shall be able to descend gradually
along their sides, and so cut them into shape without altering the
positions of such heavy bodies on the moveable platform, unless it is
required to act on their under surfaces, or when the operations arc
completed. I also, when required, give the tool a lateral movement on
both sides of the perpendicular, in order to act more or less obliquely
on the horizontal and vertical surfaces and sides of stones or other
substances, so as to imitate to some degree, assisted by power, the
oblique or slanting blows of the stone picker or hewer working by hand,
and to make up for the loss of force arising from the tool falling in an
oblique direction I employ one or more metallic or india-rubber springs.
For giving the tool a lateral movement I fix the square guide or tube q',
in which the shaft g of the hammer works to a triangular or quadrant-
shaped frame, having at its apex a central boss, in which there is a
hole fitting a stud or bolt & fixed to the bracket t, and the lower part
of the frame forms a segment of a circle, which moves to and fro
laterally in guides and describes part of a circle as the shaft g moves in

page_text: the oblique directions to and fro in the guide q' when the hammer is
raised and lowered by the working of the machine, and additional force
is given to the blow by the spiral springs attached at one end to the
crosshead v¹, and at their other ends to the regulating screws 201
connected to the triangular frame. To move the tool laterally or
obliquely I employ on the top stage a wheel a², and from each lower
angle of the triangular or quadrant-shaped frame ¹ pass a chain or
rope a over rollers 6', and round a drum c' fixed to the said wheel a³,
which is provided with handles or spokes 6 similar to the steering wheel
of a ship, by which a man or two can easily regulate the lateral move-
ment, even when the machine is working with great power. To assist
these movements the pulley o' from which the chain descends to be
attached to the shaft g of the hammer or tool holder not only rotates
by the action of the chain, but has also a lateral movement for the
purpose of keeping the chain in position and enabling it to work
without strain or increased friction. The triangular frame enables stones
to be cut on the bevil by placing the shaft of the hammer at the
required angle, and moving the stones to and fro; and the cutting tool
can also be worked at an angle when slant blows are required to help
to smooth flat surfaces or sides of stones, and the clastic or spring
apparatus is to be loosened or tightened more or less by screws or
pulleys when the slant cutting is performed. There are many cases in
which it is requisite for the tools to work in a horizontal direction, and
for this purpose I cause the beam to vibrate horizontally against counter-
weights or springs, or vertically, and change the movement by L levers
or pulleys also acting against springs or counterweights. The tool
holder or hammer block is formed of a square block of iron or steel of
any required weight, and to it are fixed hammers, forging tools, cutters,
and shapers of all descriptions, some of the tools having more or less
teeth of different shapes, and others with surfaces which are quite
smooth or indented with lines, and the tools in general have their depth
of fall regulated, as before described, or they have an oblique or hori-
zontal movement imparted to them when they are required to strike the
metal or stone at different angles on different parts of its surface; or
the hammers and tools have only a vertical movement, and the metal or
material shifted to receive the blows. When it is preferable to cut or
saw portions of the blocks of stone or of several stones at the same time,
I employ cudless bands or sheets of steel, Bessemer semi-steel, or
tempered iron moving around drums or pulleys at each end, and work

page_text: them vertically or horizontally at as high a speed as possible, and assisted
when necessary by sand and water; and I also employ saws connected
to the vibrating beam or the L levers communicating with it, and form
in the saws teeth or indentations, or make them perfectly plain. In
order to enable the perpendicular edges of the hammer or block to be
placed in any position and to prevent it from moving round on the
screw at the bottom of the shaft g when in action, I employ a clasp
or cramp c, which can slide up and down on the square shaft g, and
is provided with two pins which fit into holes in the corners and sides
of the top of the hammer block and allow its position to be finally fixed
as required; but instead of fixing the shaft to the hammer block by a
screw I sometimes employ flanges on each, and fix them together by
bolts and wedges or screws.
Another part of my improvements consists in certain arrangements
and appliances for enabling heavy blocks of stone, metal, or other sub-
stances to be moved casily and quickly in all directions, so that the
tools may descend upon any and all except the lower parts of the
blocks, and also that the moveable platform, stages, or anvils supporting
the blocks shall be well able to bear the shocks, collisions, and vibrations
arising from heavy blows. In cases where only one or two movements
are required, the stage may be moved by pulleys or screws on two
rollers covered with leather, vulcanised rubber, or woollen fabric to
deaden the shocks and prevent vibrations. In by far the greater number
of cases the supporting stage or anvil must be moveable in all directions
by pulleys, ropes, screws, and other assistant mechanism. For this
purpose I employ two stages d³, es, one above the other, cach composed
of a strong combination of layers of teak or other wood and iron or
steel with layers of leather, wool, or india-rubber or all combined
between them when required; one stage c² is to be firmly fixed on
a mass of concrete or solid stone, and the other is to be capable of
moving in all directions by means of a number of metallic spheres f
interposed between the two stages. These spheres are to be covered with
leather, vulcanized rubber, or woollen material, either separately or com-
bined, in any required proportion to prevent any bad effect from con-
cussion, and they may move either free between the smooth surfaces
of the stages or confined cach in a square or triangular or semi-splicroidal
space under the bottom of the upper stage or on the surface of the
lower one, and in this state they are to be well oiled or greased if

page_text: necessary to prevent friction, but when the spheres are free there must
bc projecting rims on the stages to prevent them from running off;
and to prevent the dust and debris from getting to the spheres I place
round the lower edges of the stages brushes and stuffed india-rubber
piping to keep the parts clean in every way the stage is moved. In
some cases the smooth surfaces of the stages move upon each other
well oiled, one of them being covered with a thick and strong layer of
woollen material, india-rubber, or leather, either separately or combined
as may be required. It will be necessary at times to provide a curtain
of india-rubber sheeting or a light iron or wooden framework to assist
to prevent grit and refuse from getting under the moveable stage or
between the two stages, so that there shall be no interference with the
free action of the rollers or spheres. The upper or moveable stage is
always to be provided with a strong metallic rim rising vertically to a
greater or lesser height as required to assist to confine the dust and
debris, aud particularly when instead of one large block of stone a
number of smaller ones are to be acted upon, in which case they are
to be wedged tight inside the said metallic rim and be acted upon by
the hammer and tools or by cylinders, herein-after described, as if they
were one block of stone. In order to keep the blocks of stone or other
material steady when operated upon by the tools, I employ holders
formed of bars having at one of their ends angular projections P, and
place the bars in guides at the corners of the moveable stage d², and
when the angular projections are forced against the corners of the block
by screws, wedges, or eccentrics the block is held perfectly fast. For
moving the moveable stage & and the stone or stones or substances
in all directions I employ four barrels or axles n² working in standards o
on the top stage x', and fix to the barrels ropes p³ which are passed
round pulleys g and connected to stationary rings or to rings fixed
to nuts fitted to screws 8 working in bearings at the sides of the
moveable stage d². Each barrel is provided with gearing, as required,
and worked by a man, and when one barrel is turned one way and the
opposite barrel the reverse way the stage is moved in one direction,
and by the proper turning of the barrels the stage with the stone upon
it can be moved to and fro in any direction required. If one rope
is connected to a ring moved to the centre of one of the sides of the
moveable stage by its corresponding screw, the said stage can be moved
half round by the careful turning of the barrels and enable a block
of stone to be shaped of a semicircular form, and if the ropes are

page_text: shifted and another opposite central ring employed the stage can be
fumed so as to shape the other half and complete the circular shape
of the column or circular block of stone. When the stones require
moving only in one or two directions I employ a screw and nut, and
place the screw in bearings on the stationary stage e, and fix the nut
to the moveable stage d², so that when the screw is turned by a handle
the stage with its block of stone or several stones or other substance
can be moved to and fro on the rollers or slides with great steadiness
either by hand or by the action of the machine; or instead of the
screw and nut I use a rack and pinion, the rack being fixed to the
moveable stage and the pinion fixed to a shaft working in bearings
on the stationary stage, and if the pinion is turned by a handle the
stage with its load is moved to and fro.
In
As before stated I do not confine myself to any particular mode of
raising the hammer, the main objects of this part of my Invention
being to afford means of balancing the weight of the hammer block
and tool or tools to a greater or lesser extent, to raise and lower the
hammer block to any position according to the amount of blow required,
and to work the hammer and tools from above to allow space for the
movement of heavy blocks of stone and other substances, and to work
the tools obliquely or transversely upon stationary stones, and also
to afford means of moving heavy blocks with facility under the hammer
and tool by the moveable stage working on spheres or rollers.
some cases when the hammer works vertically I employ one or more
springs before mentioned to add force to the blow, but when the hammer
moves obliquely or horizontally the additional clastic force is absolutely
required. Each spring is made of steel formed of a spiral or helical
shape, or of strong india-rubber material, there being a facility of
tightening or loosening it as required by a lever or screw and nut, and
when two hammers are acting laterally at both sides of a block the
springs act on the crossed ends of the shafts or legs of the hammers,
which are joined by a bolt about half way down their length; or with
one hammer the spring is attached to the upper end of the shaft or
leg of the hammer above the bolt and to a fixed point on the framework,
or to a pin which can be raised and lowered from the top by a wheel
and axle for either one or two hammers. I also in order to cut and
polish stone or other hard substances use revolving cylinders formed
either of cast metal, smooth or roughened, or supplied with projecting

page_text: points or edges to act as cutters, there being heavy fly wheels fixed to
the shafts of the cylinders. In Figures 4 and 5, a³ represents a polishing
cylinder, and the stone; and Figure 6 is a side elevation, and Figure 7
a transverse section of a cylinder having wedged in it a number of
cutters c³. Or the cylinders are formed of dises of various diameters
more or less roughened or toothed and placed on quadrangular shafts
and fixed thereon by flanges and keys, and to form grooves, bevils, and
angles the discs are made of the various diameters required, or grooves
and angular or curved recesses are made on the cylinders to form corre-
sponding projections on the stones or substances acted upon, and the
bearings in which the cylinders revolve rise and fall as required, and
with these arrangements the stages move on rollers or slides worked
by screws and are suited for one block or several wedged together, as
before described. The smaller stones I cause to be hammered tolerably
into shape, and then run them under the cylinders to be further smoothed
or polished. When heavy blocks or smaller pieces of metal are forged
they are generally returned to the furnace to be reheated for cnabling
the work to be properly shaped by the tools and hammers.
I now
propose to prevent to a great extent the loss of time and attendant
expence arising from this system by keeping the metal after it has once
been heated in the furnace hot during the time required to finish the
forging or hammering. To attain this object I employ powerful gas blow
pipes and jets along the borders and other parts of the moveable stage
or anvil, as shewn in Figure 8, and supply the gas and the compressed
air required by suitable pipes properly protected, there being cocks
or valves to put on and cut off the supply at the times required. The
hammers generally work vertically, but I also work them horizontally as
before described, in certain cases where the heating apparatus is used
either by two hammers clashing in opposite directions against the metal
acted upon, or with one hammer against the metal in contact with a
vertical block supplied with heating blow pipes or jets of gas. I form
the pipes or passages for supplying the gas and air of metal jointed
like ordinary gas pipes, or of cotton, flax, or hemp rendered incom-
bustible, and place them round the border of the lower stage, and the
space between the two stages where the rollers or spheres move in a
high temperature as in forging I partly fill up with an impalpable and
incombustible powder of high specific gravity, such as silica or baryta,
in order to deaden the shocks and vibration, and also to steady the
movements of the spheres or rollers when not covered, as before described.

page_text: For smaller forgings and forging hammers in which a moveable stage
is not required, I use reduced sizes of the mechanical arrangements
before described in connection with gascous heat or not, and in work-
shops and manufactories I use a range of them worked from a revolving
shaft, and by preference each hammer is actuated by a beam, a chain,
and an eccentric or crank assisted by one or more springs, as previously
described for larger materials.
Having now described the nature and particulars of my said In-
vention, and the manner in which the same is to be performed, I desire
it to be understood that I claim, the improved machinery for working,
cutting, shaping, sawing, and hammering tools by power, and the
apparatus connected therewith, as all such is herein described and
illustrated in the accompanying three Sheets of Drawings.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Hughes Lloyd, have here-
unto set my hand and seal, this 25th day of September, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-nine.
Witness,
JN°. EDWARDS GRIFFITH.
JOHN HUGHES LLOYD. (L.S.)