IMPROVEMENTS IN STEEPING, DRYING, HEATING, AND EXTRACTING ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE FIBRES OR SUBSTANCES, AND IN APPARATUS AND MACHINERY EMPLOYED THEREFOR
Year: 1879

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to George Rydill, of Grove House, Dewsbury, in the County
of York, for tho Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN STEEPING, DRYING, HEATING,
AND EXTRACTING ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE FIBRES OR SUBSTANCES, AND IN
APPARATUS AND MACHINERY EMPLOYED THEREFOR."
Sealed the 5th September 1879, and dated the 26th June 1879.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said George Rydill at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents on the 26th June 1879.
GEORGE RYDILL, of Grove House, Dewsbury, in the County of York.
"IM-
PROVEMENTS IN STEEPING, DRYING, HEATING, AND EXTRACTING ANIMAL AND
VEGETABLE FIBRES OR SUBSTANCES, AND IN APPARATUS AND MACHINERY EMPLOYED
THEREFOR."
This Invention consists of improvements in steeping, drying, heating, and
extracting animal and vegetable fibres, and in apparatus and machinery, and a
method or methods for the effectual and economical mode of extracting cotton and
vegetable substances without injury, such as burs and shieves from wool, noils,
alpaca, hair, mohair, and vegetable substances from woollen piece goods, Scotch and
other woollen waste, hosiery waste and clippings, woollen braids, coburgs, woollen
comforters, linsey stockings, white stockings, indigo stockings, white cloth, silk rags
and waste, new and old linsey cloth rags, woollen rags, indigo blue cloth rags,
shallies or linsey skirting, angolas, uncut woollen cloth rags, hard stuffs, or woollen
skirting, coloured stockings, flocks, and other woollen rags and material, which are
composed partly of animal and partly of vegetable fibres and substances.
In order to describe clearly what my improvements consist of so that they may be
understood, I first place the material to be extracted in an open vessel in warm, hot,
or boiling water, or in a cylindrical vessel under hydraulic pressure to wet, soften,
and penetrate vegetable substances mixed with animal fibres, stitched seams of
twisted vegetable threads. The wool, animal, silk, and vegetable substances so

page_text: "
steeped, after being raised or removed from the vessel, are placed in an hydro-
extractor, to remove all water possible, or the same is allowed to drain. The
material so steeped and freed from excess of moisture is then placed in a vessel or
vessels to steep, containing dilute sulphuric or muriatic acid, acid gases, chloride of
aluminium, or to the action of chlorides of the metals or sulphates of the oxides of
the metals, or steeped in dilute nitric acid, or nitrate of soda, or nitrate of potash
dissolved in dilute sulphuric or muriatic acid. The dilute chemical liquids may
vary in strength from 2 to 20 degrees on Twaddell's hydrometer, according to the
nature and strength of the material, in order to preserve. the elasticity of the
fibres. The material so chemically, treated is placed in an hydro-extractor to remove.
excess of the chemical liquid, or the same is allowed to drain, after which it is dried
by cold atmospheric or warm air to prevent hot vapours, or steam, or a burning
action being produced.
Under this arrangement of extracting, a large oven or hot air chamber is con-
structed, the same as bakers' ovens, or along the bottom are placed brick flues or
large sanitary tubes, iron flues, or pipes heated with fire, gas, products of combus-
tion, hot air, or steam, and over the Blues, tubes, or pipes are placed iron or steel
bearers, over which metal rails are laid, so that small or large iron or steel waggons
on wheels, according to size of the oven or chamber, are run in to be heated, filled
with dry or wet sea or river sand to be heated or dried, or earths, ashes, clay,
quicksand, chalk, stone dust, or other refuse substances, pulverised or ground gravel,
stones, old bricks, refuse marble, spar, granite, flint, glass, broken earthenware, or
small shot or pellets, marbles, iron or steel filings or borings, or other metal or
metallic substances or material. As dry river sand is a material well known, I will
speak of it as the material used to explain clearly my improvement for extracting
vegetable substances, which dry sand is placed in a waggon or waggons, and run
into the oven or chambers as described, to be heated to a temperature of from 100
to 600 degrees Fahrenheit. Warm or hot air for drying purposes is allowed to
escape when required through openings from the oven or chamber, to dry chemically
treated material to be extracted, and the waggon or waggons containing the hot
sand or other heated material is withdrawn from the oven or heated chamber, which
sand if over-heated is reduced with cold dry sand to a temperature of from 100 to
200 degrees Fahrenheit. The heated sand is then spread upon the floor of a room,
or is spread betwixt partitions, or on platform waggons with high sides from 2 to
6 inches thick; then any required quantity of thoroughly dryed chemically treated
burry wool, animal fibres, piece goods, woollen, linsey, silk rags, or material, con-
taining vegetable substances or cotton threads, are spread on the top of the dry
heated sand to be extracted. Another layer of hot sand is then thrown over the
wool, animal fibres, piece goods, woollen, linsey, or silk rags several inches in thick.
ness, and in this manner any required number of layers of hot sand and alternate
layers of wool, rags, animal fibres, or material to be extracted are placed one upon
the other, and are allowed to remain until the heat of the sand or other material
In thus
has thoroughly penetrated through every burr, scam, fibre, or material
treating the material certain chemical reactions take place, whereby the vegetable
fibres or substances are decomposed, and the animal fibres are recovered uninjured
either in substance, elasticity, or colour, milling or felting properties being preserved ;
the hard handle of the woollen fibre is prevented, and the dry chemical gases
decompose the vegetable substances in about 15 minutes without smell, nuisance, or
danger of fire, less strength and cost of chemicals used, and when the floor of a
room, partition, platform, waggon bottom or sides is coated on the underside of the
floor or the outside of a partition with a con-conducting heat material, the heat is
maintained for a considerable time, and in this manner of extracting any room,
open space, or field could be made use of for extracting in fine weather.
I also heat the sand or other material for extracting in a room or vessel con-
taining crossed steam pipes, or in a strong iron or steel cylindrical or other shaped
vessel containing pipes or tubes passing from one end to the other like those of a

page_text: Cornish steam boiler, where a number of what are known as Galloway tubes stand
crossways in the tubes. A. Galloway steam boiler containing such tubes would
answer the purpose for heating sand or other material for drying, heating, and
extracting. I first set the cylindrical vessel or boiler on end, sufficiently elevated
by means of strong iron pillars, or supported by beams or other means, so that
waggons may be run underneath each tube or tubes as required. A sliding valve
or door works on the underside of the pipes or tubes to open or close the same.
The top of the metal cylindrical vessel or boiler is fenced round, with a cover for the
top, and by means of what are known as elevators fixed to an endless chain or belt
dry sand or other material or materials are raised to the top of the vessel or boiler,
and is conducted into the tubes to be heated. The cylindrical vessel or boiler is
fitted with a safety valve, water, and steam gauge. This vessel is connected by
means of a pipe or pipes containing a valve or valves to a steam boiler, and the
steam being let into the cylindrical vessel the tubes are surrounded by steam, which
also passes through the crossed Galloway tubes or pipes, heating the sand or other
material or substances for drying, heating and extracting to a temperature, according
to the pressure of the steam heat. The condensed water or steam is conducted back
into the steam boiler, or the water or steam is drawn off near the bottom and is
made to pass through steam or hot water pipes to heat a drying room or produce
warm air to dry the chemically treated or other material. The condensed water may
then be conducted back into the steam boiler, or the condensed hot water is drawn
through the pipes and used for steeping and washing purposes. The steam is there-
fore economically used when this arrangement is made use of for heating the dry
material. The oven or chamber for drying and heating sand and other material in
waggons
is used to advantage in drying or freeing sand or other material of
moisture by a gentle heat.
The cylindrical vessel or boiler tubes may be heated on the inside by heated air,
or the products of combustion may be drawn or forced by a fan through openings
in the bottom or side, escaping at the top; or the direct heat from a fire enters in
at the bottom or side and escapes at the top, so that the sand or material is heated
in the tubes. Gas may also be used for heating, or the cylindrical vessel may be
flued round the side, partly filled with water, and heated like an ordinary water
or steam boiler to heat the sand or material or to produce heated air.
Or heated sand or other material may be spread over a floor and wool, rags,
animal or vegetable fibres or substances, may be dried upon it. But a raised per-
forated floor and waggons containing hot sand or other heated substances or
material run underneath is moro economically worked. In this manner any room
or pluce is heated without a fire for warming or heating the air, or iron tubes or
flues heated with fire, gas, mineral or vegetable oils, covered over with dry sand,
material, or substances, give out a great heat for producing warm or hot air.
Or I place a cylindrical vessel, five feet or more in diameter, of any required
length, in a horizontal position, having a moveable end. Rails are laid along its
bottom, and dried chemically treated animal and vegetable material and substances
are placed on a layer of hot sand in carriages on wheels, and alternate layers of
hot sand and material to be extracted fills the carriage or carriages, which are run
into the cylindrical vessel fitted with safety valve. The end door or lid is hinged to
the vessel, run to on wheels or swung to by a crane, which is firmly secured to the
cylindrical vessel by means of bolts and screws. An air pump or pumps are con-
nected to the cylindrical vessel by means of a pipe or pipes, and dry heated air is
drawn into the air pump or pumps and forced into the cylindrical vessel until a
pressure from 10 to 50 pounds upon the square inch is obtained, when almost
instantly the vegetable substances are penetrated and extracted. When great heat
or pressure is required I place betwixt layers of sand heated inetal plates, or the
plates may lay when not over-heated upon the material, and may then be covered
over with sand or other material.
Or I run chemically treated dried wool, rags, animal fibres, and material into the

page_text: cylindrical vessel on carriages, and the warm or dry air, or the heat developed by
mechanical pressure of the air pump acts upon the material to extract vegetable
fibres and substances.
The dyed woollen rags and materials steeped in dilute nitric acid, or dissolved
nitrate of soda, or nitrate of potash in dilute sulphuric or muriatic acid, on being
drained and dried at a low temperature is extracted and changed in colour to a
bright yellow or fawn colour on the material being covered by layers of hot sand
or other material. Particulars of this change in colour in hot acid liquids is fully
described in my Patent dated December 5th, 1876, No. 4696.
When the animal fibres and silk material is extracted and freed from vegetable
substances, washed, and dried, it is then in a proper condition for passing through
the machines for the manufacture into cloth, blankets, yarns, carpets, and other
textile fabrics, and the refuse washings will clarify and precipitate sewage.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said George Rydill in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 20th December
1879.
"IM-
GEORGE RYDILL, of Grove House, Dewsbury, in the County of York.
PROVEMENTS IN STEEPING, DRYING, HEATING, AND EXTRACTING ANIMAL AND
VEGETABLE FIBRES OR SUBSTANCES, AND IN APPARATUS AND MACHINERY EMPLOYED
THEREFOR."
This Invention consists of improvements in steeping, drying, heating, and
extracting animal and vegetable fibres, and in apparatus and machinery, and a
method or methods for the effectual and economical mode of extracting cotton and
vegetable substances without injury, such as burs and shieves from wool, noils,
alpaca, hair, mohair, and vegetable substances from woollen piece goods, Scotch and
other woollen waste, hosiery wasto and clippings, woollen braids, coburgs, woollen
comforters, linsey stockings, white stockings, indigo stockings, white cloth, silk rags
and waste, new and old linsey cloth rags, woollen rags, indigo bluo cloth rags,
shallies or linsey skirting, angolas, uncut woollen cloth rags, hard stuffs or woollen
skirting, coloured stockings, flocks, and other woollen rags and material which are
composed partly of animal and partly of vegetable fibres and substances.
In order to describe clearly what my improvements consist of, so that they may
be understood, I first place the material to be extracted in an open vessel in warm,
hot, or boiling water, or in a cylindrical vessel under hydraulic pressure, to wet,
soften, and penetrate vegetable substances mixed with animal fibres, stitched seams
of twisted vegetable threads. The wool, animal, silk, and vegetable substances so
steeped, after being raised or removed from the vessel, are placed in an hydro-
extractor to remove all water possible, or the same is allowed to drain. The
material so steeped and freed from excess of moisture is then placed in a vessel or
vessels to steep, containing dilute sulphuric or muriatic acid, acid gases, chloride of
aluminium, or to the action of chlorides of the metals or sulphates of the oxides of
the metals, or steeped in dilute nitric acid, or nitrate of soda, or nitrate of potash
dissolved in dilute sulphuric or muriatic acid. The dilute chemical liquids may vary
in strength from 2 to 20 degrees on Twaddell's hydrometer, according to the nature
and strength of the material, in order to preserve the elasticity of the fibres. The
material so chemically treated is placed in an hydro-extractor to remove excess of
the chemical liquid, or the same is allowed to drain, after which it is dried by cold
atmospheric or warm air, to prevent hot vapours, or steam, or a burning action
being produced.
Under this arrangement of extracting a large oven or hot air chamber is con-
structed, the same as bakers' ovens, or along the bottom are placed brick flues or
large sanitary tubes, iron flues or pipes heated with fire, gas, products of combustion,
hot air or steam, and over the flues, tubes, or pipes are placed iron or steel bearers,
over which metal rails are laid, so that small or large iron or steel waggons on
wheels, according to size of the oven or chamber, are run in to be heated, filled with
dry or wet sea or river sand to be heated or dried, or earths, ashes, clay, quicksand,
chalk, stone dust, or other refuse substances, pulverised or ground gravel, stones,
old bricks, refuse marble, spar, granite, flint, glass, broken earthenware, or small
shot or pellets, marbles, iron or steel filings or borings, or other metal or metallic
substances or material. As dry river sand is a material well known, I will speak of
it as the material used to explain clearly my improvement for extracting vegetable
substances, which dry sand is placed in a waggon or waggons and run into the oven
or chamber, as described, to be heated to a temperature of from 100 to 600 degrees
Fahrenheit. Warm or hot air for drying purposes is allowed to escape when
required through openings from the oven or chamber to dry. chemically treated
material to be extracted, and the waggon or waggons containing the hot sand or

page_text: other heated material is withdrawn from the oven or heated chamber, which sand,
if over-heated, is reduced with cold dry sand to a temperature of from 100 to 200
degrees Fahrenheit. The heated sand is then spread upon the floor of a room, or is
spread betwixt partitions or on platform waggons with high sides from 2 to 6 inches
thick; then any required quantity of thoroughly dried chemically treated burry
wool, animal fibres, picce goods, woollen, linsey, silk rags, or material containing
vegetable substances or cotton threads are spread on the top of the dry heated sand
to be extracted. Another layer of hot sand is then thrown over the wool, animal
fibres, piece goods, woollen, linsey, or silk rags several inches in thickness, and in
this manner any required number of layers of hot sand and alternate layers of wool,
rags, animal fibres, or material to be extracted are placed one upon the other, and
are allowed to remain until the heat of the sand or other material has thoroughly
penetrated through every burr, seam, fibre, or material. In thus treating tho
material certain chemical reactions take place whereby the vegetable fibres or sub-
stances are decomposed, and the animal fibres are recovered uninjured either in
substance, elasticity, or colour, milling or felting properties heing preserved, the hard
handle of the woollen fibre is prevented, and the dry chemical gases decompose the
vegetable substances in about 15 minutes without smell, nuisance, or danger of fire,
less strength and cost of chemicals used; and when the floor of a room, partition,
platform, waggon bottom or sides, is coated on the underside of the floor, or the
outside of a partition, with a non-conducting heat material, the heat is maintained
for a considerable time; and in this manner of extracting any room, open space, or
field could be made use of for extracting in fine weather.
I also heat the sand or other material for extracting in a room or vessel containing
crossed steam pipes, or in a strong iron or steel cylindrical or other shaped vessel
containing pipes or tubes passing from one end to the other like those of a Cornish
steam boiler, where a number of what are known as Galloway tubes stand crossways
in the tubos.
A Galloway steam boiler containing such tubes would answer the purpose for
heating sand or other material for drying, heating, and extracting. I first set the
cylindrical vessel or boiler on end sufficiently elevated by means of strong iron
pillars or supported by beams or other means, so that waggons may be run underneath
each tube or tubes as required. A sliding valve or door works on the underside of
the pipes or tubes to open or close the same. The top of the metal cylindrical
vessel or boiler is fenced round with a cover for the top, and by means of what are
known as elevators fixed to an endless chain or belt dry sand or other material or
materials are raised to the top of the vessel or boiler and is conducted into the
tubes to be heated. The cylindrical. vessel or boiler is fitted with a safety valve,
water, and steam gauge. This vessel is connected by means of a pipe or pipes
containing a valve or valves to a steam boiler, and the steam being let into the
cylindrical vessel the tubes are surrounded by steam, which also passes through the
crossed Galloway tubes or pipes, heating the sand or other material or substances for
drying, heating, and extracting to a temperature, according to the pressure of the
steam heat. The condensed water or steam is conducted back into the steam boiler,
or the water or steam is drawn off near the bottom and is mado to pass through
steam or hot water pipes to heat a drying room or produce warm air to dry the
chemically treated or other material. The condensed water may then be conducted
back into the steam boiler, or the condensed hot water is drawn through the pipes
and used for steeping and washing purposes. The steam is therefore economically
used when this arrangement is made use of for beating the dry material. The oven
or chamber for drying and heating sand and other material in waggons is used to
advantage in drying or freeing sand or other material of moisture by a gentle
heat.
The cylindrical vessel or boiler tubes may be heated on the inside by heated air,
or the products of combustion may be drawn or forced by a fan through openings
in the bottom or side, escaping at the top, or the direct heat from a fire enters in at

page_text: the bottom or side and escapes at the top, so that the sand or material is heated in
the tubes. Gas may also be used for heating, or the cylindrical vessel may be flued
round the side, partly filled with water and heated like an ordinary water or steam
boiler to heat the sand or material or to produce heated air.
Or heated sand or other material may be spread over a floor, and wool, rags,
animal or vegetable fibres or substances may be dried upon it, but a raised perforated
floor and waggons containing hot sand or other heated substances or material run
underneath is more economically worked. In this manner any room or place is
heated without a fire for warming or heating the air, or iron tubes or flues heated
with fire, gas, mineral or vegetable oils, covered over with dry sand, material, or
substances give out a great heat for producing warm or hot air.
Or I place a cylindrical vessel five feet or more in diameter, of any required
length, in a horizontal position having a moveable end. Rails are laid along its
bottom, and dried chemically treated animal and vegetable material and substances
are placed on a layer of hot sand in carriages on wheels, and alternate layers of hot
sand and material to be extracted fills the carriage or carriages which are run into
the cylindrical vessel fitted with safety valve. The end door or lid is hinged to the
vessel run to on wheels or swung to by a crane which is firmly secured to the
cylindrical vessel by means of bolts and screwa. An air pump or pumps are con-
nected to the cylindrical vessel by.n
means of a pipe or pipes, and dry heated air.is
drawn into the air pump or pumps and forced into the cylindrical vessel until.a
pressure from. 10 to 50 pounds upon the square inch is obtained, when almost
instantly the vegetable substances are penetrated and extracted.
When great heat or pressure is required I place betwixt layers of. sand heated
metal plates, or the plates may lay when not over-heated upon the material, and
may then be covered over with sand or other material.
Or I run chemically treated dried wool, rags, animal fibres, and material into the
cylindrical vessel on carriages, and warm or dry air, or the heat developed by me-
chanical pressure of the air pump, acts upon the material to extract vegetable fibres
and substances.
The dyed woollen rags and, material steeped in dilute nitric acid, or dissolved
nitrate of soda, or nitrate of potash in dilute sulphuric or muriatic acid, on being
drained and dried at a low temperature is extracted and changed in colour to a
bright yellow or fawn colour on the material being covered by layers of hot sand
or other material. Particulars of this change in colour in hot acid liquids is fully
described in my Patent, dated December 5th, 1876, No. 4696..
:
When the animal fibres and silk material is extracted and freed from vegetable
substances, washed and dried, it is then in a proper condition for passing through
the machines for the manufacture into cloth, blankets, yarns, carpets, and other
textile fabrics, and the refuse washings will clarify and precipitate sowago.
The steeping of burry wool, rags, or material in hot water in an open vessel or in
an enclosed iron vessel under hydraulic pressure produced by a force pump or water
run in from hydraulic mains, and after removing all water possible from the material
by an hydro-extractor, afterwards steeping the same in sulphuric, muriatic, or other
acid liquids for removing vegetable substances at a strength from 2 to 20 degrees
on Twaddell's hydrometer; and after removing excess of the chemical liquids by an
hydro-extractor the same is dried by cold, warm, or hot air.
The oven or chamber for producing heated air and for drying and heating is
erected of brick, stone, or iron, and may be heated with fire, gas, hot air, or steam
in the tubes or flues; also to economise and apply to practical and useful purposes
what would otherwise be waste heat arising from furnaces or steam boilers. I will
describe certain modifications of the same in detail for the purpose of showing in
what manner the same may be judiciously carried out.
When an old steam boiler is in an unsafe condition for steam purposes, and.is
only fit for breaking up as old metal, I use it as an oven or chamber; I will therefore
describe the oven or chamber formed from an old Cornish steam boiler ten yards.in
length and eight feet wide fitted with flues or tubes three feet in diameter, which

page_text: are fixed to the boiler ends. I cut away the metal from the front and back ends of
the boiler just above the flues or tubes, leaving several inches round the top side of
the boiler shell, and sufficient metal is left on each side, according to the size of the
boiler, to which I fix a hinged or movable metal door or doors at one or both ends,
which. doors are made to fit close, so that when fixed with screw the doors are made.
tight to resist pressure of air when forced in through pipes into the oven or chamber
by a blowing engine or fan, so that the heated air is made to pass under pressure or
a natural current through pipes to any distance for heating, drying, extracting, and
warmning rooms or buildings. Over the flues or tubes are placed iron or steel
bearers, rivetted to or supported from each side, over which metal rails are laid
above the flues or tubes through the entire length of the oven or chamber, so that iron
or steel waggons on wheels, according to the size of the door or doors, pass into the
oven or chamber, which waggons are filled with sand or other material to be heated,
and are run into the oven or chamber; or sand and chemically treated burry wool
or rags are spread in layers or surrounded with sand or other material to be heated
in waggons, and are run into the oven or chamber to be extracted. To prevent
anything from falling on to the flues or tubes metal or pierced plates may fill up
the openings betwixt the metal rails and bearers, at the same time allowing the
heated air to rise through the pierced openings or the air to be heated passes on
the underside of the plates to near the end of the oven or chamber, and then
rises up and travels over the top side of the plates, until the heated air escapes
through the openings at the top to the drying or extracting chamber or chambers.
A brick arch may.be turned as desired taking its spring from each side, built on
the top of metal plates placed over the bearers. The man-hole door near the
bottom is fitted with a valve or sliding metal door to admit air, and the man-hole
door on the top side serves as a means to carry off the steam, warm or hot air;
also other openings are made on the top as desired to carry off the steam or heated
air, to which are attached pipes and valves so that the warm or hot air may be
used at considerable distances for drying, heating, warming, and extracting, which
may vary in temperature from 100 to 600 degrees, as circumstances require.
When the oven or chamber is so constructed it is fixed with flues run along the
bottom, sides, and top, to utilize the heat, or set and fired in a similar manner as
the setting of an ordinary steam boiler. When the oven or chamber is constructed
only for producing hot air, it is fitted with any required number of tubes or flues
and which is applicable for warming rooms and buildings; the doors may or may
not be dispensed with as circumstances require, but man-hole air inlets at the
bottom, and air inlets at the top or side are indispensable. A cylindrical boiler
flued round answers the same purpose as an oven or chamber.
It is clear that this Invention is of great importance, as large quantities of sand,
which is almost worthless, is to be obtained from the sea-shore, river beds, and from
inland sand beds, and the hot sand in addition to drying, heating, extracting
warming rooms and railway carriages when encased in tin or metal foot-warmers,
avoids leakages and waste of water; and the same is also applicable for foot
warmers for beds. The sand .not only retains heat for a considerable time, but.
saves, time and expense, as the sand or foot warmers only require to be again
heated in the oven or chamber without emptying out and refilling; also a greater
heat can be obtained if required than hot water is capable of being heated to, so
that such serves a useful and commercial purpose, as any room may be heated
without a fire, and for small rooms an ordinary oven in any house will heat the
sand or other material.
When the wool, rags, or material to be extracted is run into the cylindrical
vessel to be extracted under pressure, dry air is forced with an air pump or blowing
engine into the oven or chamber made to stand pressure, and the heated air is con-
ducted through pipes from the oven or chamber to the cylindrical vessel placed in a
horizontal position, so that the material is extracted as soon as a few pounds
pressure of air is obtained, and any pressure of heated air according to the strength
of the oven or chamber may be obtained in the cylindrical vessel; or a fan or

page_text: blowing engine may draw and force warm or hot air amongst the material to be
dried or extracted from the oven or chamber.
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of my said
Invention, and the manner in which the same is or may be used or carried into
effect, I would observe in conclusion that what I consider to be novel and original,
and therefore claim as the Invention secured to me by the hereinbefore in part
recited Letters Patent is,-
First. The improvement in steeping rags in warm or hot water prior to
chemically treating the rags, for the purposes described.
Second. The construction of an oven or chamber and utilizing old steam boilers
for producing warm or hot air, for warming, drying, heating, and extracting with
continuous increasing temperature of currents of air, substantially as described.
Third. The heating of sand and other substances for extracting vegetable
substances from animal and woollen material, free from nuisance or danger of fire,
drying wool and rags, and for warming rooms without a fire, substantially as and
for the purpose set forth.
Fourth. The setting on end of a steam boiler containing flues with Galloway
tubes or pipes for drying, heating sand, and extracting, supplied with elevators, and
utilizing steam or hot water, for the purposes described.
Fifth. Heating a cylindrical vessel or boiler tubes or flues by the products of
combustion, gas, heated air, or steam, substantially as and for the purposes set
forth.
Sixth. The drying of material with hot sand and producing warm air, as herein
described.
Seventh. Drying and extracting chemically treated material in a cylindrical
vessel with hot sand or hot air forced under pressure by means of an air pump or
fan, forced or drawn from the oven or chamber into a room or cylindrical vessel,
substantially as herein described.
Eighth. Extracting with heated plates and sand, as and for the purposes set
forth.
Ninth. Extracting chemically treated wool and rags by warm or dry air, or the
heat developed by mechanical pressure by an air pump, as herein described.
Tenth. Changing the colour of rags and material a yellow or fawn colour,
substantially as described.
C
In witness whereof, I, the said George Rydill, have hereunto set my hand
and seal, this Twentieth day of December, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and seventy-nine.
CFORCE RVDILI. (1.8)
GEORGE RVDILL (LS)