IMPROVEMENTS IN OR CONNECTED WITH THE PROCESS OF DYEING YARN OR CLOTH WITH ALIZARINE OR ANALOGOUS COLORING MATTERS
Year: 1877

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Thomas Paterson Miller, of the Cambuslang Dye Works;
in the County of Lanark, North Britain, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS
IN OR CONNECTED WITH THE PROCESS OF DYEING YARN OR CLOTH WITH
ALIZARINE OR ANALOGOUS COLORING MATTERS."
aled the 11th December 1877, and dated the 21st June 1877.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Thomas Paterson Miller at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 21st June 1877..
THOMAS PATERSON MILLER, of the Cambuslang Dye Works, in the County of
Lanark, North Britain. "IMPROVEMENTS IN OR CONNECTED WITH THE PROCESS OF
DYEING YARN OR CLOTH WITH ALIZARINE OR ANALOGOUS COLORING MATTERS."
This Invention has for its object to obtain improved results in dyeing with
alizarine or analogous coloring matters yarn or cloth that has been prepared, as
for Turkey red.
:
It has hitherto been a common practice to ultimately raise to a boiling heat the
liquor in which the yarn or cloth is being dyed; but by the present Invention the
heat is kept moderate, say, at from 120 to 140 degrees Fahrenheit, until thë
coloring matter in the dye bath is practically exhausted, and the goods are sub-
sequently steamed instead of being acted on by the exhausted dye liquor at a
boiling heat. The goods are, by preference, washed from the dye liquor and dried
before being subjected to the steaming operation.
The steaming may be effected in a closed box or chamber, the steam having a
pressure of a few pounds per square inch above that of the atmosphere. The result
of this deviation from existing processes is to improve the color and render it
faster.
ご
By another modification, which yields a further improvement, the goods, after

page_text: being dyed at a moderate temperature, as herein-before described, are passed
through a solution of stannate of soda, or of soap, or oleaginous matter, or of soap
or oleaginous matter combined with stannate of soda or with caustic or carbonated
alkali. A proto-salt of tin may also be added to the solution to modify the shade
obtained.
The goods after being treated with the solution are steamed, as herein-before
described, for the first modification.
When the herein-before described processes are employed the ordinary "clearing"
process may be dispensed with or very much simplified.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said Thomas Paterson Miller in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 18th
December 1877.
THOMAS PATERSON MILLER, of the Cambuslang Dye Works, in the County of
Lanark, North Britain. "IMPROVEMENTS IN OR CONNECTED WITH THE PROCESS OF
DYEING YARN OR CLOTH WITH ALIZARINE OR ANALOGOUS COLORING MATTERS."
My said Invention has for its object to obtain improved results in dyeing with
alizarine or analogous coloring matters-yarn-or-cloth-that has been prepared, as
for Turkey red.
The first part of my Invention comprises the dyeing of the goods at low temper-
atures and the subsequent steaming of them, in a manner to secure superiority,
uniformity, and fixity in the colored effect.
The second part of my Invention comprises the brightening of the dyed goods
by improved treatments involving steaming, and which are simpler and yield
better and more uniform results than the "clearing" processes commonly employed
hitherto,
•
In carrying out the first part of my Invention I take yarn or cloth which has
undergone the preparatory processes, including mordanting, usually, employed by
Turkey red dyers, or which has been treated by any suitable one of-the-known
substitutionary processes in which oleates or analogous preparations are used, and
I put such yarn or cloth into a dye bath, to which there has been added the
requisite quantity of alizarine or analogous coloring matter, with or without the
addition of assistant matters such as are sometimes used. The goods are worked
continuously in the dye liquor throughout the dyeing operation, which is.com-
menced at a temperature of about 60 degrees Fahrenheit: During the first 75
minutes the temperature is gradually raised to 110 degrees, and during the next
30 minutes to 120 degrees. By the end of this time, and on or before the said
temperature of 120 degrees has been reached, the mordanted goods will have taken
up the coloring matter so as to practically exhaust the dye liquor, provided that the
proper proportion of coloring matter for the mordanted goods has been put into
the bath.

page_text: I find it best to employ the lowest temperature with which the complete
saturation of the mordanted goods with the coloring matter can be effected; but
I do not restrict myself to the temperatures or durations herein-before stated, as
they may in practice be varied to some extent without much affecting the results.
The goods are washed, or taken directly from the dye bath and dried or partially
dried. At this stage the color is not fully developed nor thoroughly fixed on the
mordanted goods, but is readily removable by soap or alkalies.
The common practice hitherto has been to develop and fix the color by carrying
the temperature of the dye bath up, or nearly up, to the boiling point before
removing the goods. I however obtain a result which is superior as regards fixity
as well as in the uniformity and purity of the color by combining the low-
temperature saturating process, herein-before described, with a subsequent steaming
process. For this steaming process the goods are placed in or passed through a
suitable chamber in which a pressure can be maintained of about half an atmosphere,
such pressure being regulated by means of a loaded valve fitted to the chamber,
and steam is passed through the goods during about one and a half hours.
The pressure of the steam and the duration of the process may be varied without
injuriously affecting the results; those stated are, however, what I believe to be
best and most convenient in practice.
In carrying out the second part of my Invention I adopt what may be termed
a "dry" clearing process, which is applicable to yarn or cloth dyed in the manner
ordinarily practised by Turkey red dyers, or to yarn or cloth dyed at low temper-
atures, and subsequently steamed in the improved manner herein-before described.
In this "dry" clearing process the goods, taken directly from the dye bath, or after
being dried, or partially dried, or steamed, are first passed through any of the
following preparations, namely:-A solution of soap (by preference that made from
olive oil) containing about 21, ounces soap for every gallon of water, the solution
being at a temperature of about 70 degrees Fahrenheit; or a like solution with the
addition of a proto or per-salt of tin, at the rate of one ounce of the tin salt for
every twenty ounces of the soap; or a solution containing about 2 per centum of
stannate, or stannite of soda, or of potash, or a mixture of both, the alkalinity being
reduced to a minimum; or the said alkaline stannates or stannites may be used
in combination with olive or other oils, or oleates, or soaps.
Whichever of the said preparations is employed the subsequent treatment is the
same, and consists in drying or partially drying the goods, and subsequently sub-
jecting them to the process of steaming, which may be effected in the manner
herein-before described as applicable in connection with the dyeing operations.
For some bright tints it may be desirable to repeat the herein-before described
preparation of the goods with one or more of the described solutions, and to subse-
quently dry or partially dry and steam the goods as before.
Having thus particularly described my said Invention, and the manner of
performing the same, I have to state that what I believe to bo novel and original,
and claim as the Invention secured to me by the herein-before in part recited
Letters Patent is,--
1. The steaming of yarn or cloth which has been prepared, as for Turkey red,
either by the ordinary processes or with oleates or similar substitutes, and which
yarn or cloth has been dyed with alizarine or analogous coloring matters in the
manner and at the low temperatures herein-before indicated, and subsequently
dried or partially dried, substantially as and for the purposes herein-before
described.
2. The steaming of yarn or cloth which has been prepared, as for Turkey red,
either by the ordinary processes or with oleates or similar substitutes, and which
has been dyed with alizarine or analogous coloring mattors, as herein-before
described.
3. The improved "dry" process of brightening or clearing yarn or cloth dyed
with alizarine or analogous coloring matters by steaming the goods after treating

page_text: them with the saponaceous or other solutions herein-before specified, and drying or
partially drying them, substantially as herein-before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Thomas Paterson Miller, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Seventeenth day of December, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and seventy-seven.
Witness,
EDMUND HUNT,
.Patent Agent,
Glasgow.
Т. Р. МILLEK.
(L.S.)