IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUSES FOR GENERATING, SUPERHEATING, AND CONDENSING STEAM
Year: 1861

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Edward Green and Edward Green, the younger,
both of Wakefield, in the County of York, Engineers, for the Invention
of "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUSES FOR GENERATING, SUPERHEATING, AND
CONDENSING STEAM."
Sealed the 22nd April 1862, and dated the 25th October 1861..
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Edward Green and
Edward Green, the younger, at the Office of the Commissioners of
Patents, with their Petition, on the 25th October 1861.
We, EDWARD GREEN and EDWARD GREEN, the younger, both of Wakefield,
in the County of York, Engineers, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUSES FOR GENERATING, SUPERHEATING,
AND CONDENSING STEAM," to be as follows:-
Our Invention in apparatuses for generating and superheating steam consists
in constructing them of a series of vertical or inclined tubes let into or
attached to horizontal tubes or boxes at top and bottom, for the purposes of
getting at the tubes for cleansing, and for removing sediment, also for blowing
off and in enclosing the tubes and furnace in a wall or casing composed of
other tubes, the sides of which are planed or cemented, or otherwise formed
so as to fit closely together and form a tight joint. Instead of all the tubes in
the generator being horizontal and vertical, those forming or enclosing the
furnace may be circular or curved.
When our apparatuses are to be used as condensers the furnace is dispensed.
with, and a water reservoir is placed over the horizontal tubes, with apertures
in the bottom, through which a film of water is allowed to trickle down the
[Price 8d.1

page_text: outside of all the pipes. We cause a strong draught, by means of a fan or
otherwise, to draw away the steam generated by the water coming in contact
with the heated pipes or heated air, and at the same time to cause a con-
tinuous in-draught of air through and among the pipes. Under some
circumstances we condense with air alone, and sometimes with air and
water.
We keep the exterior of our pipes, whether for generating or con-
densing purposes, clean by means of scrapers made to run up and down the
tubes. When generating and superheating steam, we maintain the water
level at some distance from the top of the vertical tubes, in order that the
steam occupying that space may be dried or superheated. Although we have
described our outer case or wall as being formed of tubes, yet it may be made
of brick work, or other suitable material.
Our Invention, lastly, consists in the employment for the vertical tubes of
pipes corrugated or indented longitudinally, or of a hexagonal or octagonal
form in section, in order thereby to obtain increased surface.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Edward Green and Edward Green, the younger, in the Great
Seal Patent Office on the 25th April 1862.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, EDWARD
GREEN and EDWARD GREEN, the younger, both of Wakefield, in the County of
York, Engineers, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-fifth day of October, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-one, in the twenty-fifth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto us,
the said Edward Green and Edward Green, the yourger, Her special licence,
that we, the said Edward Green and Edward Green, the younger, our execu-
tors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as we, the said Edward Green
and Edward Green, the younger, our executors, adminstrators, and assigns,
should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all
times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might
make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IM-
PROVEMENTS IN APPARATUSES FOR GENERATING, SUPERHEATING, AND CONDENSING
STEAM," upon the condition (amongst others) that we, the said Edward
Green and Edward Green, the younger, or one of us, our executors or

page_text: administrators, by an instrument in writing under our, or their, or one of
our or their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the
nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be per-
formed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the
said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said Edward Green and Edward Green,
the younger, do hereby declare the nature of our said Invention, and in
what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and
ascertained in and by the following statement thereof, reference being had
to the Drawings hereunto annexed, that is to say:-
Our Invention in apparatuses for generating and superheating steam
consists in constructing them of a series of vertical or inclined tubes let into
or attached to horizontal tubes or boxes at top and bottom, for the purpose of
getting at the tubes for cleansing, and for removing sediment,also for blowing
off, and in enclosing the tubes and furnace in a wall or casing composed of
other tubes, the sides of which are planed or cemented, or otherwise formed
so as to fit closely together and form a tight joint. Instead of all the tubes
in the generator being horizontal and vertical, those forming or enclosing the
furnace may be circular or curved.
When our apparatuses are to be used as condensers the furnace is dispensed
with, and a water reservoir is placed over the horizontal tubes, with apertures
in the bottom, through which a film of water is allowed to trickle down the
outside of all the pipes. We cause a strong draught, by means of a fan or
otherwise, to draw away the steam generated by the water coming in contact
with the heated pipes or heated air, and at the same time to cause a con-
tinuous in-draught of air through and among the pipes. Under some cir-
cumstances we condense with air alone, and sometimes with air and water
and in some cases also we apply the water inside the tubes. The condensed
steam is employed for feeding the boilers with water. We keep the exterior
of our pipes, whether for generating or condensing purposes,clean by means
of scrapers made to run up and down the tubes. When generating and
superheating steam, we maintain the water level at some distance from the top
of some of the vertical tubes, in order that the steam occupying that space
may be dried or superheated. Although we have described our outer case or
wall as being formed of tubes, yet it may be made of brickwork, or other
suitable material.
Our Invention, lastly, consists in the employment for the vertical tubes of
pipes corrugated or indented longitudinally, or of a hexagonal, octagonal, or

page_text: many-sided for in section, in order thereby to obtain increased surface, and
greater facility for scraping the same.
The taper or parallel tubes which have a plain, hexagonal, many-sided,
corrugated,orindentedsurface longitudinally,are forthe purpose ofincreasing
the heating surfaces, aud for more effectually removing the soot or other
deposit on their exterior surfaces.
We build up our boilers in rows or sections of pipes or tubes, each section
being independent of the adjacent sections, which allows for the difference in
expansion and contraction that may take place in various parts of the boiler;
this mode of constructing the boilers in rows or sections is also convenient for
the easy removal of any one row of tubes without disturbing the others. On
the top of the boiler we have a circular chamber or pipe composed of either
wrought or cast iron. The sides of the boiler are composed sometimes of
tubes of a larger diameter than the inner tubes, which being planed at their
sides make a perfectly tight joint. When, however, we make the outside
tubes of the same size as the inner tubes, we insert pieces of iron or other
substance between the tubes which forms the casing of the boiler. We also
use brick walls for the sides of the boiler. The feed water is supplied to the
tubes at the bottom, and rises up them all simultaneously; in some cases we
keep the level of the water in the boilers below the line of draught, or, in
other words, we expose the upper portion of the tubes which contains the
steam, as before stated, to the action of the fire, and thus the steam becomes
superheated, and a reservoir in the top of the pipe is also formed for the
steam. When it is preferred to maintain the front rows of tubes nearest the
action of the flame of the furnace full of water, we place those tubes at a lower
level than the others, or we make the rows or sections of pipes or tubes rise
"stepwise," those tubes nearest the furnace being quite full of water, while those
more remote only partially so, thus the steam exposed in the end pipe becomes
superheated by the comparatively cooled products of combustion. We provide
lids or cross pipes for the top of the tubes; access can be provided to the
inside of the tubes for the removal of incrustation and deposit if desired. In
all the arrangements of our boilers we prefer to employ scrapers for removing
the soot or deposit on the outer surfaces of the pipes, in some cases to the
whole number of pipes, and in others only a portion thereof. Underneath the
boiler we form chambers for the reception of the soot and other matters
scraped off. We also provide doors for removing the same.
Figure 1 of the accompanying Drawings is a longitudinal section of a
boiler and apparatus constructed according to our Invention.
A is the fire-box; B, B, are the pipes or tubes, set vertically, and tapered,

page_text: as shown, they are of circular form inside, and hexagonal outside; C, C, are
the bottom boxes or chambers in communication with the upright pipes B, B.
The dirt or sediment from the upright pipes falls to the bottom of these
chambers, and is blown off by the discharge cock. D, D, are the top con-
necting tubes, by which communication is effected from one upright tube to
the others; in this sort of connection the cross tube may be made of copper or
otheryielding metal, to allow for any difference in the expansion of the upright
pipes or tubes; E, E, are the branch pipes for conveying the steam to the
main steam chamber or pipe F, which may be made of wrought or cast iron,
or steel; G is the feed pipe for conveying the feed water to the bottom
boxes Cand the fire box A; I, I, are the scrapers for removing soot or other
substances attaching themselves to the outsides of the pipes; they have a con-
tinuous and alternating motion given them; K, K, are lids on the top of each
upright tube for viewing the insides, and removing any scale or deposit ;
L, L, are the lids at the end of the bottom boxes or chambers C, C; the
sediment and dirt will settle in these chambers, which being connected to the
pipe G, the sediment and dirt are blown off at the discharge cock; M is the
feed valve for regulating the supply of water to the boilers. Figure 2 is a
cross section of the fire-box A; Figure 3 is a cross section of the boiler.
C, C, are the bottom boxes or chambers; B, B, are the upright pipes or tubes;
I, I, are the scrapers on the cross bar attached to a chain which passes over a
pulley, whereby motion is communicated to them. Figure 4 is a longitudinal
elevation, with the front part in section, the rest being in elevation, shewing
the water walls B, B, with ribs or pieces of metal O cast on to the pipe;
P, P, are openings left between the water walls on each side of the boiler for
viewing inside the smoke flue, and for removing the soot. These openings
are provided with doors. Figure 5 is a ground plan of the boiler and
apparatus, partly in section. K, K, are the lids on the top of the upright
pipes or tubes, with bolts for fastening the same; I, I, are the scrapers for
removing the soot; and A is the fire-box.
Figure 6 is a longitudinal section of a boiler in which the outer pipes or
water walls as a casing are dispensed with, and fire-brick walls are substituted,
both for the sides of the boiler and also for the furnace. A is the furnace or
fire-box; B, B, are the upright pipes; C, C, are the bottom pipes or chambers;
D, D, are the connecting pipes; F is the steam chamber, made either of
wrought or cast iron; H, H, are the fire-brick walls. Figure 7 is a cross
section of the furnace; Figure 8 is a cross section of the boiler. B, B, are
the upright pipes; G is the feed pipe; C, C, are bottom connecting pipes or
chambers communicating with the upright pipes, and which also form a

page_text: receptacle for the dirt and deposit falling from the upright pipes; L, L. are
the lids for getting into the chambers C to clean out the sediment and dirt;
P is the soot chamber for receiving the soot and matters which are scraped off
the pipes by the scrapers, as before described; F is the steam chamber;
D, D, are the top connecting pipes, which may be removed at pleasure for
getting into the inside of the boiler; M is a pipe communicating between the
chamber F and bottom boxes C, for the purpose of taking off any condensed,
steam or water from the chamber F; I, I, are the scrapers, as before.
Figure 9 is a ground plan of the boiler, partly in section. A is the furnace;
B, B, are the upright pipes; G is the feed pipe; and L, L, are the lids for
clearing out the deposit.
Figure 10 shows a boiler arranged in such manner that the products of
combustion are caused to traverse twice the length of the boiler. This is
effected by having one or more middle partition or partitions of pipes; the
draught also takes three turns of the boiler by having two partitions. This
plan of boiler may either have water walls and partition, or both may be
composed of brickwork. A is the furnace, with water walls E, and brick
arches H; B, B, are the upright pipes; C, C, are the bottom connecting
pipes D, D, are the top connections, which may be either of smaller
tubes, as shown on the plan, or they may have the large top connecting
chamber, as in the plan, Figure 9, whereby the lids may be dispensed with;
F is the steam chamber; H are fire-brick arches; S is the space left between
the two, through which air is admitted to the top and sides of the furnace for
more effectively consuming the smoke; G, G, are the feed water pipes;
E. E, are pipes or tubes forming the sides of the furnace, also the end of the
boiler. Figure 11 is a cross section of the boiler. A is the furnace; E, E, are
the water walls, also forming the sides of the boiler, and likewise the partition
in the middle; G is the feed water pipe. Figure 12 is a cross section of
tubular portion of the boiler. B, B, are the upright pipes; E, E, are the
water walls and partition; C is the feed water and blow-off pipe; G, G, are
the bottom, and D, D, are the connecting pipes or chambers; K, K, are the
lids on the top of upright pipes; L, L, are lids ou chamber C, for removing
sediment; F is the steam chamber. Figure 13 is a ground plan of the boiler
in section. A is the furnace; B, B, are the upright pipes; E, E, are pipes
forming the sides of furnace sides and ends of boiler, they also form the
middle partition; C, C, are the bottom connecting pipes or chambers; G is
the feed water and flow-off pipe; N, opening inte flue to chimney.
Figure 14 shews the mode of arranging the rows of pipes or sections rising
one above the other in steps, thus forming a large reservoir for steam in those

page_text: pipes the farthest from the fire. In this arrangement any sort of pipes or
tubes, taper, corrugated, or otherwise, may be used, and those may be either
brick walls or iron casings, as before described. We employ scrapers to both
these forms of boilers, as in the other cases.
Figure 15 represents the method we adopt for increasing the heating surfaces
of pipes or tubes, whether for generating steam, heating water, or condensing
steam, also our improved scraper for such pipes. A is a pipe of octagonal
section, either taper or parallel longitudinally; where the pipes are made to
taper the jaws of the scraper are made sufficiently long to cover the two sides
of the octagon; the two scrapers A, A, opposite each other are placed higher
than the other two, B, B, clear each other; B, Figure 16, is the pipe of
corrugated section; C. Figure 17, shows a pipe of fluted section. The
scrapers are made to correspond with the outside of any shaped surface used.
Figure 18 is a longitudinal, and Figure 19 a vertical section of a furnace
surrounded by a circular pipe, fire-box, or boiler. A, A, are circular pipes
with branches at top and bottom, the lower branch of which is for receiving
the feed water at the bottom of the boiler, and the upper for the heated water
or steam to pass out; B, B, is a rib or flange extending round the circular
pipe or chamber for joining them one to the other, and making them air-tight;
C, C, are branch or connecting pipes, for the purpose of conveying the feed
water and taking away the heated water or steam when attached to a series of
the hollow circular pipes or chambers; D, D, are lugs for the purpose of
bolting a number of hollow circular pipes together, so as to form a complete
boiler, or for the purpose of making a fire-box to be attached to any other
kind of boiler; E is a dead plate in front of the bars; F, F, are the grate or
fire bars; G is a fire-brick bridge at the far end of the grate bars. Elbows
may be fitted, as shewn at H, to the top branches, to allow of any expansion,
contraction, or other untruth in the circular pipes. Figure 20 is a longitudinal,
and Figure 21 is a vertical section ofa partially circular fire-box or boiler partly
surrounding the furnace. A, A, is the partially circular pipe, having a branch
pipe at top with two branch pipes to connect the same, as shown in Figures
18 and 19; D, D, are lugs for the purpose of bolting the pipes together;
E is the dead plate; F, F, are grate bars, similar to those shown in Figures
18 and 19. We prefer to continue the partially circular pipes somewhat
below the centre of the half circle.
Figure 22 is a vertical, and Figure 23 is a horizontal section of one of our
arrangements for a surface condenser in which the steam enters the tubes.
a is the water reservoir placed above the vertical tubes b, b. The bottom or
lower surface of the reservoir is perforated with small apertures, whereby

page_text: water flows therefrom in fine spray or film, and condenses the steam in the
tubes b, b; c is the fan for taking off the steam generated by the water
coming in contact with the heated pipes, as well as the heated air; d, d, are
the rings or scrapers, and e is the frame for carrying the same. These
rings d, d, are fitted separately to the tubes b, b, as shown, and have an up-
and-down or to-and-fro motion imparted to them, according to whether the
tubes are vertical or horizontal. The rings d, d, are carried by a frame which
allows of their yielding to any inequalities in the outer surface of the tubes.
Figure 24 is a vertical, and Figure 25isa horizontal section of a surface cor-
denser in which the steam is applied outside the tubes, and the water inside
the tubes. The water is caused to travel several times in a to-and-fro
direction through the condenser. The water in the tubes being thus partially
heated may be advantageously used for feeding the boilers. b, b, are the
pipes; d, d, are the rings or scrapers on the tubes; and e, their frame.
And having now described the nature of our said Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, we declare that we claim, as our
"Improvements in Apparatuses for Generating, Superheating,and Condensing
Steam,"―
First, the construction and employment of vertical or inclined tubes let into
or attached to horizontal tubes, boxes, or chambers, in rows or sections, and
in enclosing the tubes and furnace in a wall or casing, substantially in manner
and for the purposes herein-before described and illustrated in the accom-
panying Drawings.
Second, the employment for the vertical tubes of pipes corrugated or
indented longitudinally, or of a hexagonal, octagonal, or many-sided form in
section, substantially as herein-before described and illustrated in the accom-
panying Drawings.
Third, the construction and arrangement of fire-boxes or boilers, by
surrounding or partially surrounding the furnace with circular or curved
tubes, substantially in manner herein-before described and illustrated in the
accompanying Drawings.
Fourth, the construction of scrapers for boiler and surface condenser tubes,
substantially in manner and for the purposes herein-before described and
illustrated in the accompanying Drawings.
Fifth, drying or superheating steam, substantially as herein-before described.
Sixth, fitting or placing a water reservoir over and above the horizontal
tubes, water being allowed to flow or trickle in film or spray therefrom round
the tubes, whereby the steam is condensed, substantially as herein-before
described and illustrated in the accompanying Drawings.

page_text: And, seventh, the employment of a fan or other suitable appliance for
creating a draught, and for drawing away the steam generated by the water
coming in contact with the heated pipes and heated air, as herein-before
described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Edward Green, the younger, have here-
unto set my hand and seal, this Twenty-third day of April, One
thousand eight hundred and sixty-two.
EDWARD GREEN, JB. (L.S.)