IMPROVEMENTS IN TYPOGRAPHICAL PRINTING, COMBINING THE ADVANTAGES OF MOVEABLE TYPES WITH THE STEREOTYPE PROCESS, BY SUBSTITUTING FOR DISTRIBUTION A SPECIAL FONT FOR EACH NEW WORK, BY MEANS OF A PNEUMATIC MACHINE FOR CASTING, AND A UNIPLANE MACHINE FOR COMPOSING
Year: 1843

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOSEPH
MAZZINI, of King's Road, Chelsea, in the County of Middlesex, Gentleman,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at
Westminster, the Sixteenth day of May, in the sixth year of Her reign, did,
for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said
Joseph Mazzini, Her especial licence, full power, sole privilege and authority,
that I, the said Joseph Mazzini, my executors, administrators, and assigns,
and such others, as I, the said Joseph Mazzini, my executors, administrators,
or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time
and at all times during the term of years therein mentioned, should and law-
fully might make use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and
the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, an Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN
TYPOGRAPHICAL PRINTING, COMBINING THE ADVANTAGES OF MOVEABLE TYPES WITH
THE STEREOTYPE PROCESS, BY SUBSTITUTING FOR DISTRIBUTION A SPECIAL FONT FOR
EACH NEW WORK, BY MEANS OF A PNEUMATIC MACHINE FOR CASTING, AND A
UNIPLANE MACHINE FOR COMPOSING," being partly a communication from a
Foreigner residing abroad; in which said Letters Patent is contained a
proviso obliging me, the said Joseph Mazzini, by an instrument in writing
under my hand and seal, particularly to describe and ascertain the nature
of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed

page_text: and to cause the same to be inrolled in Her Majesty's High Court of
Chancery within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of
the said in part recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference being
thereunto had, will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Joseph Mazzini, do hereby declare that the nature of the said Invention, and
the manner in which the same is to be performed, are particularly described
and ascertained in and by the following description thereof, reference being
had to the Drawings hereunto annexed, and to the letters and figures marked
(that is to say):-
The object of the Invention forming the subject of this Patent is clearly
pointed out by the above title, which is a correct definition of the Invention.
According to the present mode of proceeding, types are cast either, one by
one by hand, or in moulds formed to cast several letters at once. These letters,
which are about one inch in length, are, after being submitted to several
operations, delivered by the founder to the printer. The printer composes or
arranges these types in order for printing by hand, and when composed the
pages of type are put in the press for use, and the types are afterwards
distributed so as to serve for other work. The art of stereotype consists in
casting a fac-simile of the moveable type in one piece, which may be pre-
served for any length of time. By the new method about to be described
these three operations, viz, casting or founding, composing, and stereotyping,
are considerably modified and altered. The Inventor intends to do away with
the operation called "distribution," and to substitute therefore a special font
for each new work. And in order that this method may not be more
expensive than distribution, and may be as expeditiously performed, he has
invented a machine by means of which type may be cast in a very expeditious
manner. He also intends to diminish the length of the stem of the type. by
one half or two thirds, so that a page when composed will not be much thicker
than stereotype. In order to compose types of such small size he has
invented a machine adapted for composition in general, but more particularly
to this kind of composition. The Invention may be defined as follows:-
Instead of casting a set of letters which may serve for any work, they are cast
separately for each work in a mould constructed for casting a number
together, but only about one half or one third of an inch in height. Instead
of composing by hand a machine is used for that purpose: Lastly, instead of
keeping a number of impressions in hand, the pages of type thus composed
may be kept for use in the same manner as stereotype.
Having now described the nature of the Invention, I will give an accurate

page_text: and detailed description of the apparatus, by means of which the same is
carried into effect. I will commence with the machine for founding :-
Pueumatic Type-founding Machine.-This machine is intended for founding
or casting type for printing, and the principal feature of novelty is, that this is
effected in a vacuum. The principal difficulty hitherto encountered in casting
type has been the presence of air, in consequence whereof it has been found
necessary to have vent holes in the moulds; and for the purpose of having
these vent holes the moulds have been formed of several badly joined pieces.
From this arise the beards of projections upon the type when it comes
from the mould, and consequently the necessity of removing them by fric-
tion; from this also arises the necessity of the operation called revision, and
touching-up the face of the letter. In a word, air is the greatest of type
founders, and the greatest obstacle to performing their operations in a proper
manner, causing flaws, and imperfections, and defects, which they are obliged
to remedy after the casting. In this apparatus all this is done away with;
and for this reason the Inventor has called it the Pneumatic Founding
Machine. Upon a cast-iron framing a, a, supported by four columns, is
mounted an horizontal iron shaft b, which turns in suitable bearings. At the
extremities of this shaft are two fly wheels c, c, which communicate rotary
inotion thereto when required. On the centre of this shaft is fixed a toothed
wheel d, which gears into another toothed wheel or pinion e of the same
diameter and number of teeth, the axle of which latter is supported by and
turns in bearings fixed upon two cross pieces f, f; seen best in the plan view.
These cross pieces extend from side to side of the iron framing a, a, and
form part thereof. The cross pieces f, f, are placed parallel to and a
short distance from each other, thereby leaving a space between them which
I call a groove. Two vertical sliding racks g, g, the one gearing into the
toothed wheel d on the fly wheel shaft, and the other into the pinion e, move
up and down in this groove or space.
And from this it will be understood
that these racks rise and fall according as the fly wheels are turned in one
direction or the other. The racks g. 9, are termined at their upper ends by a
cross piece h, which is connected to them by screws or otherwise, and seves to
bind them together and keep them in their relative positions. The lower
ends of these racks are fastened to the upper part of a hollow cylinder i,
which may consequently be raised or lowerd at will. These are the principal
parts of the upper portion of the apparatus. The lower part is composed of
a cylindrical boiler j, j, made of cast iron, open at the top, and furnished at its
sides with two grooves k, k. This boiler is firmly secured by brickwork in a
furnace, and a second cylinder is inserted therein. This second cylinder is

page_text: accurately turned and fitted to the first or upper cylinder i, i, and is made hollow,
but is hermetically sealed, and encloses some light substance, such as coal dust,
so that the specific gravity of this lower cylinder is less than the mixture of lead
and antimony in the boiler; it is therefore supported by this mixture when in
a state of fusion, and floats therein. Its natural tendency will therefore be to
rise to the surface of the melted metal, if some other movement is not com-
municated to it; but the movements of this cylinder must always be in
concert with and are regulated by that of the first, in the manner hereafter
described. This second cylinder l, which for greater clearness we shall call
the lower or small cylinder, on account of its relative position and size, is fixed
at its base upon a horizontal square bar of iron m, which is prolonged beyond
the edges or sides of the cylinders, and forms projecting wings, to which two
long bars of iron n, n, are attached by mortices, tenons, or otherwise. These
bars of iron rise vertically from the cylinder 2, 1, and are consequently parallel
to the racks g, g, and are connected to the cross piece m in such a manner as
to allow the lower cylinder to enter the upper one i, i. The bars n, n, also
slide in grooves made in the cover of the large cylinder i, i, as seen in the
Drawing. The upper and lower cylinders being connected together in this
manner, it will be easily understood that if the upper one descends or the
lower one rises, they will meet with great exactness, and the lower or smaller
one will enter the larger. The same effect will be produced, but with twice
the speed, if while the upper one descends the lower rises at the same
time, and also their separation will be effected twice as quickly if while the
upper one rises the lower one descends with an equal speed. Now, these
motions of the cylinders in contrary directions are produced by another system
of gearing that takes place between the racks g, g, of the upper cylinder and
the bars of the lower one in the following manner:-To the right and to the
left of the racks of the upper cylinder, and in the space between the racks
and the bars of the lower cylinder, small toothed pinions o, o, are placed, and
turn upon shafts mounted in bearings fixed upon the cross pieces f, f, of the
iron framing, seen best in the plan view. The axles or shafts of these pinions
o, o, thus pass above the main shaft, and in a direction at right angles thereto.
Each of these pinions o, o, gears in one side into a rack p, p, connected by a
small framing s, s, above to the racks 9, 9, of the upper cylinder, and on the
other side into similar racks q, q, formed on the sides of each of the long bars
n, n. From this it will be seen that the upper or large cylinder i cannot
descend without raising the smaller one; in a word, when the gearing takes
place the motion given to the upper cylinder is communicated in an opposite
direction to the lower one. The one descends when the other rises, and vice

page_text: versa. Now, the lower cylinder, as we have already seen, is hollow, but
closed at both ends; furthermore, its length is calculated so that with the
mould (of which we shall speak presently) it exactly fills the upper or
larger cylinder. It will now be understood that in causing the upper cylinder
i to descend it will be filled by the lower one with the mould mounted thereon,
and that by then raising the large cylinder a vacuum is formed. These are
the principal parts of the machine, which consist of the double gearing,
by means of which the two cylinders are made to enter one another
and separate when required. The other parts are only accessories, which
are employed to regulate the double gearing, we shall therefore say but a
few words in explanation thereof. A platform resting upon the framing by
feet fitted into the groove formed by the cross pieces f.f, and extending
above the wheel of the main shaft and its pinion, is the solid base from
which we take our point of support for the purpose of guiding cither the
bars n, n, or the racks 9,g, and consequently their gearing. This is effected
in the following manner:-From the middle of this platform a round rod w
rises vertically, the other and upper end of which is attached to large semi-
circles extending from the four corners of the framing, and forming by their
intersections a sort of arch above the machine. This round rod w or bar of
which the racks g, g, are
iron, by passing through the cross piece h,
connected, thereby regulates the position of these racks, and consequently
guides the movements of the large or upper cylinder, which they support.
Two holes are also made at the two ends of the said platform, in which holes
two square iron rods t, t, (the ends of which are bent in the form of a bayonet)
are placed; the other extremity of these rods are inserted in holes made in a
horizontal circular framing of iron, as seen at u, u, in Figs. 1 and 2, for the
purpose of steadying thein. The bayonet rods t, t, also pass through the
framing which connects the upper ends of the bars n, n, together, and thereby
prevents them from getting out of their place or becoming deranged, and by
this means guides the lower cylinder, to which they are connected at their
lower ends. Upon the centre of the platform an open framing is placed and
fixed thereon by means of screws, for the purpose of supporting the end of the
round rod before mentioned, and also for maintaining the racks 9, 9, on the
bars n, n, in gear with the small pinions o. The open framing is furnished
with regulating screws, whereby the racks are kept in their proper place, anıl
may be regulated at pleasure.
We have mentioned all the several parts of the machine except the
screw v, which is mounted on the cover of the upper cylinder i, and is
employed for the purpose hereafter mentioned. The upper cylinder i being

page_text: raised as high as possible, the small or lower cylinder will stand about
the level of the edges of the boiler. It is brought to this altitude by its
lightness, and is held there by a screw which stops the framing of the long
bars n at any desired point upon the iron rods which have been denominated
above "bayonets." The mould is then placed upon the lower cylinder. We
shall, when describing the mould hereafter, explain in what manner it is fixed
upon the cylinder. That done, the fly wheels are to be turned so as to make
the large or upper cylinder i descend, and the two cylinders will meet and
fit each other exactly. The air hole, which is an opening made in the centre
of the covering of the upper cylinder, must then be shut by means of the
screw above mentioned; when the air hole is closed, and the upper cylinder
raised, the operation is performed; in fact, when the upper cylinder rises
the lower cylinder sinks. Now the proportions are arranged in such a manner,
that the separation of the two cylinders takes place below the surface of the
melted metal, and the air enclosed within the moulds is then at the moment
of separation dilated or expanded to the whole extent of the large cylinder, in
the same manner as in a pneumatic pump. But this is a pneumatic machine
of the largest size, and therefore the dilated air will not offer any obstacle to
the free entrance of the molten metal into the moulds. At the same time
that the upper cylinder is raised the lower or smaller one rises of itself, from
its own lightness. The mould is then taken away, and replaced by another
one, which is operated upon in the same manner.
Description of the Machine for forming the Matrices.-The machine for casting
or founding, which has just been described, is no doubt sufficiently characterized
by one of its peculiar features, viz., casting in a vacuum; it has, nevertheless,
another essential feature, viz., the mode of adjusting the matrices or moulds, which
has not been hitherto mentioned. The matrices or moulds which I employ are
totally dissin.ilar to those employed in the ordinary mode of founding; neither is
the mode in which they are justified the same as with the polyamatype moulds,
with a rammer, hitherto employed. In short, they are not arranged as they
have always been before, by the proportionate number that are required, by
noticing the relative numbers of the respective letters which occur in the work,
and arranging them accordingly, but in families of letters, viz., one or several
rows of a, b, &c. This mode of arranging them necessarily requires a great
quantity of matrices. For the purpose of procuring them easily, the Inventor,
by altering entirely this part of the operation as ordinarily conducted, has
thought of applying in a novel manner the old procèss of Heran, which is not
in use at the present day, for making copper matrices for stereotype, the result
of which is that the matrices are made and justified in every respect; viz., the

page_text: bodies or height of the letters, the evenness of the lines, and the distances
between the letters, are corrected in a manner hitherto unknown either in
France or England, and by means of particular tools or apparatus.
Fig. 1 in Sheet 3, represents a plan view of the improved machine.
Figures 2 and 3, in Sheet 4, represent different sectional views of the same.
A copper platform a, a, fixed upon four low supports b, b, b, b, and having a
fifth support 6, see Figs. 2 and 3, which is a little larger, and, being fixed in
the centre, serves as a solid base to the apparatus, which I shall denominate
the machine for stamping or forming the matrices. Two pilasters c, c, Fig. 2,
of a square form, are fixed upon this platform. Between these pilasters two
raised pieces d, d, are fastened to the platform by screws, as shewn in the
Drawing at Fig. 2. Along the groove formed by the raised pieces d, d, a
carriage e is made to slide, and is stopped by abutting against a smaller
carriage f, seen in the plan view Fig. 1, which carriage may be moved back-
wards or forwards, and thereby regulated by means of a screw k, according to
the point at which the larger carriage is required to stop. The exact position
of the large carriage may by this means be regulated with precision in one
direction; in the other or transverse directions it is retained by the grooves in
which it slides, and prevented from moving sideways. The two pilasters
above mentioned support a transverse piece 9, which is fixed thereon in the
form of an architrave. This transverse piece is hollowed out so as to allow a
piston h to pass across from right to left, or vice versa, as seen in Figures
2 and 3. The punch i is attached to the end of this piston. The body of the
matrix is first drawn through a draw plate and cut to the required height or
length. Thus prepared it is placed between two jaws or clamps j, *, seen in
the plan view, and one of which is fixed to the carriage by screws, and the
other is moveable or adjustable. When the instrument has been carefully
prepared for stamping matrices of any required letter, by means of adjusting.
screws or other regulators, it will only be necessary to strike the top of the
piston h with a hammer to stamp or form the matrices.
Description of the Mould-When the matrices are thus formed and justified
they serve to form the mould. For this purpose they are perforated laterally so
as to allow a steel wire to pass through them, and, by separating them by means
of oblong pieces 1, 1, as seen in Sheet 5, they are formed into lines strung
together on the wire, and which lines are separated from each other by means of
steel plates m, m. A frame n, n, of a quadrangular form, holds these matrices
in their places by means of a notch or groove inside, as seen in the sectional
Figure in Sheet 5, in such a manner that they cannot be disaranged. This
square frame has a circular projection o at its base. This square frame is set

page_text: in a sort of chair or support, in which a square hole is made of the same size
as the frame. The frame filled with matrices is placed upon a third piece, in
which it is fixed by the projection at its base by means of a kind of screw
nut p. Lastly, the mould, thus composed of three pieces fastened together, is
fixed upon the small cylinder l, l, Figs. 1 and 2 in Sheet 1, by means
of two plates, one of which is always fixed upon the said cylinder, and the
other upon the mould. The above-described arrangements in the manufacture
of the moulds are for the purpose of facilitating the removing the letters from
the small moulds in which they have been cast. This is effected by separating
the square frame n, n, in which the matrices are fixed from the two pieces
affixed thereto. This frame n is surrounded by a bed or cup of metal q, q
(see section in Sheet 5), hollowed out at the sides conically. It is this bed or
cup 9 which affords the necessary support or fulcrum for drawing out the
letters. When the letters are cast and have been thus separated from the
mould the body of metal to which they are affixed is carried under a sort of
cutter, by which the types are divided into lines and removed from the
superfluous metal by cutting through the same in such a manner that the
letters of each line only are united, and are not connected with the other lines.
It now only remains to smooth the bottom as usual.
This
Uniplane Machine for Composing.-We will now proceed to describe the
composing machine. The Figures contained in Sheet 6 of the Drawings will
serve to explain this. A piece of wood A, B, C, D, Figures 1, 2, and 3,
Sheet 6, is mounted upon an axle a, Fig. 3, fixed in the framework
plate of wood is furnished with a number of grooves b, b, to receive the lines
of type which are intended for composition. To the lower end of this plate
metal pieces c and d are attached, as seen in the enlarged and detached views,
Figs. 4 and 6, and form a prolongation of the grooves, the lower ends of the
grooves being closed by a shutter e, which may be mounted on hinges or
otherwise affixed to the machine. A square piece f, made of wood or metal,
is secured on the upper part of the ends of the grooves, and in this piece
holes or apertures 9, 9, (corresponding in number to the grooves in the plate
A, B, C, D,) are inade. These apertures are furnished with pistons h, which
carry on their inner ends small pushers i, i, for the purpose of forcing out the
letters or types from the line or groove of the plate A, B, C, D, as shewn
at E in the detached view Fig. 6. Near the outer end of the pistons ha
small cams or excentric pieces j are fastened. A shaft k, carrying a number
of small bent or elbow levers 1, 2, is mounted immediately below the pistons
in bearings attached to the metal plate m fastened to the back part of
the machine. At each end of the shaft k is mounted a toothed sector n, n,

page_text: which sectors gear into straight racks o, o.
These racks carry an angular
piece of polished metal s, which is carried forward or backward by means of
the said racks for purposes hereafter described. On the inner side of the
racks o, o, are formed teeth, as seen in Figures 4, 5, and 6, but best in Fig. 5.
These teeth gear into a small pinion p, mounted vertically on the plate m, and
by that means actuate another rack 9, which also gears into the pinion p on
the oposite side. The raks q, q, are attached to the end of a strip or plate of
metal r, which is furnished with grooves or cavities corresponding in size
and position to the grooves in the plate d. It will now be seen that upon
depressing one of the pistons h the pusher i will force out a type or letter from
one of the grooves, as seen at E, in Fig. 6, and at the same time when the
piston is forced in the cam j will act against the end of the bent lever / on the
shaft k, and depress it, thereby turning the shaft k on its axis, and causing the
toothed sector n to act upon the rack o, and by that means bring forward the
angular metal plate s even with the groove in the plate d. At the same time
that the rack o is being acted upon by the sector n, the teeth on the side of
the said rack cause the pinion p to revolve, and thereby act upon the rack q,
and cause the piece r to approach and meet the plate s immediately under
the groove in the plate d before mentioned. The meeting of these two plates
forms a groove for the reception of the type when forced out. Immediately
that the pressure of the workman's hand is removed from the piston ha
spring t in the socket in which the piston works acting against its under side
forces it out into its original position, and when the pusher is thereby with-
drawn from the groove another type or letter. drops down to the shutter e,
ready to be acted upon on the next occasion. At the same time that the
piston has been thus released other springs u, u, (see Fig. 5) acting against
the racks o, o, force the said racks and the plate s out or back again, and
thereby turn the pinions p, which, as they are in gear with the racks q. q,
bring them also together with the grooved plater connected therewith back
again into the position they at first occupied. By this means the type
becomes released and slides down or is conducted into the composing stick.
Upon referring to Figs. 1 and 3 it will be seen, that although the grooves 6 of
the letters are made at an angle of 45 degrees from the horizon, the plate or
framing A, B, C, D, is mounted vertically; and in order to prevent the types
from falling out I apply a small instrument to retain them in their position
and shut them in. This instrument I denominate a shutter; and in order
that this object may be effected, and at the same time-every facility offered
to inspecting and touching the letters should they become disarranged, the
instrument is made of a piece of wire, having at each end a cross or I piece

page_text: which takes into grooves made in the sides of the grooves b of the wooden
plate A, B, C, D, as seen in Fig. 4, in which the letters or types are placed.
This instrument is seen at v in Fig. 4. The machine above described is
intended to be worked by the attendant depressing the pistons h, h, by his
fingers, to do which conveniently it is necessary for him to stand erect;
but in Figs. 2 and 7 a method is shewn whereby the necessity of standing is
obviated, as all the pistons may be acted upon in a similar nanner, allowing
the attendant at the same time to sit down. The pistons are forced in as in
the other machine; but this object is effected by means of small bell-crank
levers w, w, which have their fulcrums in pieces a, a, which are fastened to
to the piece before mentioned. One end of the levers w, w, is con-
nected to the outer end of the pistons h, and from the other end connecting
rods y descend, the lower extremities of which rods are jointed to the
keys z. These keys have for their fulcrums a horizontal shaft 1, which
is mounted in bearings connected to the frame 2, and which frame is sus-
pended from and firmly attached to the plate m at the back of the wooden
frame A, B, C, D. With the exception of this addition the other parts
of the machine are exactly the same as that described in reference to
Figs. 1, 3, 4, 5, and 6. The principal feature of these composing machines
is the use of two planes inclined in oposite directions, but at the same angle
in relation to the horizon. It only now remains to follow the letter after it
has fallen to the bottom of the inclined plane, and point out the manner in
which the line and subsequently the page of type, is formed. How is the line
of type formed? Nothing can be more simple. The same movement which
causes the letters to fall causes them to advance into a long composing stick,
as before mentioned, and which composing stick is placed at the lower end of
the inclined plane. A small spring, which acts each time the inclined plane
rises, and which pushes the letter just descended to a distance equal to the
thickness of an m (the largest of the whole set of letters), effects this object.
The letters thus pushing the others forward in the composing stick, the line
becomes sufficiently long to form one or more pages. It is evident that the
line if too long would offer too great a resistance, and prevent the movement
of the types; it therefore becomes necessary from time to time to divide the
line by moving that part of it previously formed from the other by hand.
We will now describe the justification. It is performed in the following
manner: At the extremity of the long composing stick, composed of two
bands or raised pieces, distant from each other the thickness of the body of
the letter, is a moveable carriage on the same plane. On this carriage is a
frame of the size of the intended page. When it is desired to justify, the

page_text: carriage is placed in such a position that its extremity shall correspond or be
in juxta-position with the composing stick, and the end of the line is intro-
duced therein. An indicator descends upon the carriage on a level with the
line. The way in which the line falls (to use a technical expression), that is
to say, the manner in which it must be divided, must then be noticed, and by
means of the indicator, the extremity of which is divided by points, it will
be seen how many points are required to fill the page. Suppose six are
required, and that there are seven words in the line, or six spaces, a space of
one point must be added between each word. This mode of justification is
only supposing spaces divided by points. The types may also be arranged in
pages by means of a moveable carriage of the same kind. A long page is
first formed, in the same manner as a long line had been formed, and this
page is afterwards divided into pages of the required size of the book, as the
line had been divided into lines of the required size.
The line and the page
having been formed, all the other operations of printing may be effected in
the ordinary manner, or very nearly so. In fact, if the letters are only half
the ordinary size, viz., about half an inch, there is not the least difficulty in
arranging and fixing the pages in the frames, only they must be constructed
on a rather improved principle than in ordinary printing, such, for example,
as those used in certain kinds of stereotype printing. The only difference will
be to fix them in in pages and not in forms on the table of the press, and
in preparing it for their reception by steel guides, for example; these altera-
tions need scarcely be mentioned. If, instead of making the types one half,
they are only made one third, the usual size, steps must be taken to prevent
such small types from being carried away or disarranged while under the
press. The following are the means to be pursued for that purpose:-Two
nicks must be formed in the side of the type, one on each side. These nicks
are made a little deeper and more of a square form than ordinary. The
spaces between the lines will have projections corresponding to these nicks,
and will also have a projection at their extremities, with a hole in the middle.
Very thin rods of iron passing through these holes will serve to keep them
in their places; and as they will keep the types in their places, that
necessary firmness and solidity will be thus obtained which is ordinarily
effected by wetting them or tyeing them with twine. On being placed
in suitable frames or forms these pages will be twenty times more firm
and solid under press than the ordinary pages of type. As persons not prac-
tically acquainted with printing might say, perhaps, that it would be difficult
to correct any errors in such small type, we may observe, that correction will
be much casier by using nippers than with types of the ordinary size; and any

page_text: workman will be of the same opinion, provided that in very complicated cor-
rections or alterations a different mode is adopted, viz., that of recomposing,
which may be easily done with the composing machine.
In witness whereof, I, the said Joseph Mazzini, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Sixteenth day of November, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and forty-three