IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER
Year: 1859

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Henry Bruce, of Kinleith Mill, Currie, in the County
of Mid Lothian, North Britain, Paper Manufacturer, for the Invention.
of "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER.""
Sealed the 9th August 1859, and dated the 11th February 1859:
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Henry Bruce at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 11th
February 1859.
I, HENRY BRUCE, of Kinleith Mill, Currie, in the County of Mid Lothian,
North Britain, Paper Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER,"
to be as follows, that is to say:―
This Invention relates to an improved mode of manufacturing paper in such
manner that the web of pulp as it leaves the paper-making or air-drying
machine is coloured upon one or both sides, and is then dried and subjected
to the glazing process.
Under one modification of the machinery or apparatus used to carry out
these improvements, the web as it leaves the roller of the paper-making or
air-drying machine, is conveyed between a pair of colour troughs arranged in
convenient proximity to the machine; within each of these colour troughs two
rollers are fitted, round which an endless cloth or band is carried up to and
around another roller arranged above. The web of paper is carried up between
this duplex arrangement of rollers, the endless cloths of which serve to

page_text: distribute the colouring materials over the surfaces of the paper. The arrange-
ment may be modified by using one trough, so as to colour only one side of
the paper. From the colour-distributing rollers the web is carried forward by
means of endless bands of tape, or a travelling cloth, which are or is actuated
by means of rollers arranged with intervening rollers, to keep the bands or
cloth from bulging downwards in the centre; these rollers are, by preference,
arranged in an arched or curvilinear form, and between the rollers and the
surfaces of the bands are arranged a series of heaters for drying the damp web
as it is carried onwards by the endless bands or belt. The heaters consist of
a series of hollow receivers, through which a current of steam or heated air is
caused to pass. The drying of the paper is completed by passing it round a
largo cylinder arranged at the further extremity of the carrying rollers; from
the large cylinder the paper passes over two tension rollers, and is then
subjected to the action of glazing rollers or brushes, to which a rotatory, or
lateral, or lateral and rotatory movement is imparted. The glazing opera-
tion may be assisted by using, in combination with the mechanical
arrangement of glazing rollers or brushes, powdered French .chalk, which is
rubbed upon the paper by the rollers or brushes, to impart thereto a smooth
glossy finish. If required, the glazing rollers or brushes are arranged in pairs
or series one above the other, so as to glaze both sides of the paper at one
operation, and, if necessary, heating or drying apparatus may be arranged
between the rollers or brushes, and used in conjunction therewith. Or, instead
of using rollers or rotatory brushes for glazing or polishing the paper, flat
surfaces may be employed, to which an eccentric or elliptical motion is
imparted. By
By employing an arrangement of suitable rollers and colour
houlders, ornamental or decorative devices may be printed upon the surface of
the paper either before or after the glazing operation is effected. The glazing
process may be applied to sized or unsized paper by modifying the machinery
for this special purpose, and dispensing with the arrangement by which the
colouring is effected.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Henry Bruce in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
11th August 1859.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, HENRY
BRUCE, of Kinleith Mill, Currie, in. the County of Mid Lothian, North Britain,' 35
Paper Manufacturer, send greeting.

page_text: WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Eleventh day of February, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-nine, in the twenty-second year of
Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto
me, the said Henry Bruce, Her special license that I, the said Henry..
Bruce, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the,
said Henry Bruce, my executors, administrators, or assigns, should at.
any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times
thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make,
use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN APPARATUS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER," upon the condition
(amongst others) that I, the said Henry Bruce, by an instrument in writing
under my hand and seal, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature
of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed,
and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Henry Bruce, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the fol-
lowing statement, reference being had to the accompanying Drawings, and
to the letters and figures marked thereon, that is to say :-
My said Invention relates to an improved mode of manufacturing paper in
such a manner that the web as it leaves the paper-making or air-drying
machine is coated with a mixture, in which way papers of every shade of colour
may be made, and the web may be coated upon one or both sides; it is then
dried and subjected to the glazing process, which produces an enamelled
paper..
Under one modification of the machinery or apparatus used to carry out
these improvements, the web as it leaves the roller of the paper-making or
air-drying machine is conveyed between a pair of troughs containing the
mixture above referred to, arranged in convenient proximity to the machine.
Within each of these troughs two rollers are fitted, round one of which an
endless cloth or band is carried up to and around another roller arranged
above. The web of paper is carried up betwixt this duplex arrangement
of rollers, the endless cloths of which serve to distribute the mixture over the
surface of the paper. The arrangement may be modified by using only one
trough, so as to coat only one side of the paper. From the color-distributing

page_text: rollers the web. is carried forward by means of endless bands of tape or a
travelling cloth, which are or is actuated by means of rollers arranged with
intervening rollers to keep the bands or cloth from bulging downwards; the
rollers are by preference arranged an arch or curvilinear form, and between
the rollers are arranged a series of heaters for drying the web as it is carried
on by the endless bands or cloth. The heaters consist of a series of hollow
receivers, through which a current of steam or heated air is caused to pass;
the drying of the paper is completed by passing it round a cylinder or cylinders.
From the cylinder the paper passes over two tension rollers, and is then
subjected to the action of glazing rollers or brushes, to which a rotatory, or
lateral, or lateral and rotatory movement is imparted. The glazing operation
may be assisted by using, in combination with the mechanical arrangement of
glazing rollers or brushes powdered French chalk or some such material,
which is rubbed upon the paper by the rollers or brushes to impart thereto a
smooth glossy finish or enamel, if required; the glazing rollers or brushes are
arranged in pairs or series one above the other, so as to glaze both sides of the
paper at one operation, and, if necessary, heating or drying apparatus may be
arranged between the rollers or brushes, and used in conjunction therewith. Or,
instead of using rollers or rotatory brushes for glazing or polishing the paper,
flat, round, or hollowed surfaces may be employed, to which an eccentric or
elliptical motion is imparted. By employing an arrangement of suitable
rollers or colour holders, ornamental or decorative devices may be printed on
the surface of the paper, either before or after the glazing operation is effected.
The glazing process may be applied to sized or unsized paper by modifying the
machinery for this special purpose.
"
And in order that my said Invention may be properly understood, I shall
now proceed to describe the several illustrative Figures on the explanatory
Sheets of Drawings, which I have hereunto appended for the purpose of
showing certain modifications under which my improvements may be judiciously
carried out in practice, that is to say:
In the Sheets of Drawings hereunto appended my improvements are shown
arranged in conjunction with a paper-making. machine, with which. it is
intended they are to form a part or continuation in actual practice.
Figure 1, on Sheet 1 of the accompanying Drawings, is an elevation of a
portion of a paper-making machine; Figure 2 is a plan corresponding thereto;
Figure 3 on Sheet 2 is a plan corresponding thereto:
Figure 8, on Sheet 2, is a continuation of the elevation from Sheet 1; at the
right hand extremity of this Figure is shown the commencement of my present
improvements in the manufacture of paper. Figure 4, on the same Sheet, is a

page_text: corresponding plan; Figure 5, on Sheet 8, is an elevation, showing the con-
tinuation and extremity of the new machinery or apparatus; Figure 6 is the
plan of the same, and Figure 7, a plan of the reel motion detached; Figure 8,
on Sheet 4, is an end view of the arrangement of the machinery for colouring
or 'staining the paper; Figure 9 is a vertical section; Figure 10, a front
elevation; and Figure 11, a plan, all corresponding to the parts shown in
Figure 8; Figure 12, on Sheet 5, is a partially sectional elevation of a portion
of the mechanism arranged for the drying, glazing, and finishing of the paper;
Figure 13 is a transverse section of one of the drying or steam boxes;
Figure 14 is an elevation of the dusting apparatus; Figures 15 and 16 are
detached parts of the actuating mechanism; and Figure 17 is a transverse
section of one of the brush rolls. As the general arrangement of the paper-
making machine shown in Figures 1 to 4 of the accompanying Drawings
differs but little from those in ordinary use, and as this portion of the
machinery forms no part of my present Invention, it will be unnecessary for
me to enter into a particular description of the several parts more than is
necessary to show the progress of the web of paper to the part where my
improvements cominence. The framing A of the machinery consists of ope:
cast-iron side standards united by transverse rails; towards the extremity of
the machine, at the portion shown on Sheet 3 of the accompanying Drawings,
the framing sweeps upwards, forming a curved or polygonal figure at the part
where the drying and glazing processes are effected. The pulp flows from the
apron of the strainer on to the endless web of wire cloth B; the red line C is
intended to represent the stream of pulp and the web of paper in its passage
through the several parts of the machine. The stream of pulp is carried
forward by the motion of the wire cloth B, which receives a lateral vibratory
motion that causes the pulp to be deposited in a level uniform film, the water
being drawn away by means of vacuum pumps. The film of pulp passes on
to the couch rolls D, where it leaves the wire cloth B, and is carried forward
on an endless felt E, and between the first and second press rolls F and G.
The red line, which extends in a vertical direction through the framing on the
right-hand side öf Sheet 1, marks the junction with the corresponding parts in
Sheet 2. From the press rolls F and G the web of paper passes round and
between the first series of drying cylinders H, then between the rolls I of the
damp calender, next round and between the rolls J of the second series of
drying cylinders, and then between the rolls of the dry calender K. The web
of paper as it issues from the lower roll K is carried under a guide roll L,
and it is at this part of the machinery that the paper is subjected to the
colouring or staining process, which forms the first part of my present improve.

page_text: "
ments. The apparatus for colouring the paper is shown in detail in Figures 8
to 11, on Sheet 4 of the accompanying Drawings; it consists of the parallel end
'standards M, which are supported on the framing A. At the lower part of
the standards are projecting brackets, which support the two colour troughs N,
the ends of which carry the bearings of the colour rolls O. Above each of the
rolls O is arranged a corresponding roll P, round which is passed the endless
felt or cloth Q; the spindles of the rolls P are carried in bearings fitted in
the projecting parts of the standards M. Above the rolls P are arranged a
pair of secondary or tensional rolls R, the endless cloths Q are carried above
these and round the upper rolls S, the bearings of which are fitted in laterally
extending slots formed by the recesses, which are cast in the upper part of the
standards M and by bolting a top plate thereto. The brasses T; in which the
spindles of the rolls S rotate, are furnished with an adjusting screw U, which
projects out beyond the end of the standards M, so that the rolls can be screwed
up to each other with more or less force. The colouring matter or material
for coating the paper is placed in the troughs N, and is taken up by the lower
rolls O, which are driven partly by their frictional contact with the endless
felt Q, and by the wheels V and W, Figure 10; the colour thus imparted or
deposited on the felt is distributed in an even film by the action of the
doctors" or scrapers X, which are arranged in proximity to the rolls P.
The felts as they pass round with the rolls S impart or deposit the colouring
matter upon the paper C, which is travelling upwards between the rolls.
With this arrangement of the colouring rolls the web of paper may be tinted
with different colours upon each side, if such a diversity of colours is required.
The rolls S derive their motion primarily from the main shaft Y of the engine,
Figure 4, Sheet 2; this shaft communicates its motion by means of bevil
gearing to the longitudinal shafting Z, which extends along the machine,
On the
and gives motion to the various rolls and cylinders above it.
shafting Z, and below the arrangement of the colouring rolls, is a bevil wheel a,
which is in gear with a wheel b on 'a short horizontal shaft c, carrying the
pulley d, round which is passed the endless belt e, shown in Figure 3, Sheet 2.
The belte is carried upwards and over a corresponding pulley f, which is
arranged upon a shaft that gives motion by means of the wheel, Figure 5,
Sheet 3, to the wheel g on the spindle of one of the rolls S, the other roll being
driven by the coupling pinions ġ'. From the colouring rolls S the web of
paper is carried to the arrangement of steam drying boxes delineated in
Sheet 3 of the accompanying Drawings. The paper C passes on to an endless
felt or cloth h, which is carried round the end roll. i, and thence over the
rolls arranged on the upper part of the framing A, and over and under the

page_text: lower rolls k, and round an end roll arranged at the upper extremity of
the framing. The centre one of the lower rolls k is arranged in connection with
an adjustable screw motion, which is actuated by the hand wheel m, so that
the endless felt may be adjusted to any required degree of tension. The
rolls i and l, round which the felt h is strained, are put in motion by means of
the belts e and n, the latter being driven by the wheel o on the shaft Z, which
gives motion to the wheel p on the shaft :q carrying the pulley r. In its
passage over the rolls j, the colouring matter or coating material on the
paper is dried by passing the web over the steam boxes s, which are arranged
on the upper part of the framing between the rolls j. The details of this
portion of the machinery are shown in Sheet 5 of the accompanying Drawings.
In this modification of my Invention, the steam boxes s are flattened cham-
-bers of cast iron extending across the framing A, each pair being connected
by a copper steam pipe t,' as shown in Figure 13, Sheet 5. The boxes.'s
are heated by means of a current of steam or heated air, which is caused
to circulate through the series; the steam is conveyed to the first box of
the series by a pipe connected with the boiler or air heating furnace, and is
carried away by a pipe which is connected with the last box of the series. If
preferred, cylinders may be used in place of the flattened boxes, which cylinders
may be heated by similar means to those used for the boxes. From the roll
at the extremity of the drying apparatus, the paper is carried round the
drying cylinder u, the ends of which are carried in bearings that are supported
on brackets projecting outwards from the framing A. From the cylinder 2
the paper passes round. the roll v, and thence downwards and beneath the
5.roll w to the glazing apparatus; this is effected by causing powdered French
.chalk to be distributed over the surface of the paper, and rubbed over by
means, of rolls.or brushes. The powdered chalk is contained in the boxes ac,
the bottoms of which are perforated, a rapid shaking motion being imparted
to them to cause the glazing material to fall through the holes. The boxes
and the glazing rolls or .brushes are arranged to glaze both sides of the paper
.if required, the upper series acting upon one-sidé and the lower ones upon
:the other side of the paper. The arrangement for imparting the shaking
motion to the boxes is shown, in detail in Figures 14 and 15, on Sheet 5 of
the accompanying Drawings. Beneath the boxes a two horizontal shafts :y
5 are fitted in pedestal bearings, which are bolted to the longitudinal rails of the
framing; the shafts have fast to each extremity a ratchet z, which is shown
separately in Figure 15. The ratchets 2 give motion to the vertical rods 1,
slots are made in these rods, through each of which is passed a laterally pro-
jecting pin 2, on the arm 3 of each box. The boxes a are fitted with end

page_text: "
"journals, which work in the bearings 4 on the longitudinal rails of the
framing, so that the boxes rock easily to and fro. The rapid vibratory motion
imparted to the rods 1, when the ratchets z'are put in motion, is communi-
⚫cated. to the boxes through the arms 3, and causes the powdered chalk or
"glazing material to be. dusted over the surface of the paper as it passes
beneath. The glazing material is rubbed over the paper in order to produce
a smooth and glossy: surface, by means of' rolls or brushes arranged parallel to
and near the boxes a. The glazing rolls 5 may be made of wood, and covered
with cloth, as shown in Figure 12 on Sheet 5, or they may be made to form a
circular brush, as shown in Figure 17. As constructed in Figure 12, the
.rolls 5 consist of a central shaft 6, upon which is keyed the octagonal centres 7,
to which are fastened the segmental pieces of wood that form the roll, the
!surface being covered with cloth, felt, or leather, to produce an efficient rubber.
The shafts of the rolls 5 are carried in the adjustable bearings 8, that are fitted
. on the side rails of the framing, and by means of the adjusting screws they are
caused to press with any desired degree of force upon the wooden bed or plat-
'form' 9, over which the paper passes. In addition to the rotatory' motion
imparted to the rolls 5, a lateral motion is also given to them. The shafts 6
project out beyond thé framing A; one extremity of each shaft has a journal
'formed on it," 'which is partly encircled by the forked extremity of the lever 10.
These levers 10 are fast to the horizontal shafts 11; oué extremity of each of
'these shafts is carried in a bearing 12 secured to the framing A, whilst the
other end passes through and is fast to the boss of a horizontal lever 13, the
free end of which enters a slot in the vertical bar 14. A transverse slot is
.formed at the lower part of the 'bar 14, in which a pin projecting from the
face of the disc 15 works; this disc is fast to the end of the horizontal shaft 16.
The actuating pin is set in an oblong plate, which slides to and fro in a
dovetail groove formed on the face of the disc 15, so that the pin may be set
"more or less from the centre of the disc according to the amount of lateral
motion it is desired to give to the glazing rolls. When the shaft 16" is put
in motion, the bar 14 rises and falls with a regular intermittent motion, which
causes the horizontal shafts 11 to rotate partially, and thus impart to the
levers 10 and shafts 6, a transverse movement to and fro at right angles to
the direction in which the web of paper is moving. The dusting boxes and
'glazing rolls are primarily put in motion by the wheel 17 on the shaft Z; this s
wheel gears with the wheel 18 on the shaft 19, which carries the cone
pulley 20, the belt of which drives the cone pulley 21' on the shaft 16. On
-this shaft is a second cone pulley 22 (Figure 12), a crossed belt 23 from
which drives the cone pulley 24 on the nearest shafty; this shaft carries also

page_text: the pulley 25, the belt of which gives motion to the second shaft y. In this.,
manner both the tiers of dusting boxes a are driven, and the lateral motion of.
the glazing rolls is obtained. The shaft 19 carries a second cone pulley 26,
Figure 5, the belt 27 of which drives the shaft of the grooved wheels 28'; the_
endless bands 29 of these wheels are guided to the right and left by small band
wheels, and are then carried round the band wheels 30 on the shafts of the
lower glazing rolls. The bands then pass round guide wheels, and upwards to
the band wheels 31 of the upper glazing rolls 5, and thence back to the
wheels 28. In this manner a rapid and uniform rotatory motion is imparted
to the glazing rolls in addition to the lateral motion herein-before described. :
The paper as it passes from under the upper pair of glazing rolls is carried
over the guide.roll 32, and downwards to the guide roll 83, under which it
passes, the other side of the web being now exposed to the dusting and glazing
mechanism on the lower rail. From the second glazing roll of this series the
paper passes round the guide roll 34, and is finally wound upon the reel 35.
The reel 85 is driven by the belt 86, which is passed round the pulley 37,
the spindle of which carries a wheel which gears with the pinion 88; the
spindle of this pinion has fast to it a wheel which drives the pinion 39 on
the end of the reel 41. A secondary reel 42 is provided, so that when one is
filled the other may be turned over to supply its place. By means of these
several arrangements continuous lengths of paper may be coloured and glazed
or enamelled with great rapidity and in a superior manner.
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of my said
Invention, and the manner in which the same is or may be used or carried
into effect, I would observe in conclusion that what I consider to be novel
and original, and therefore claim as the Invention secured to me by the
herein-before in part recited Letters Patent, is,-
First, the general arrangement and construction of machinery or apparatus
for colouring and glazing or enamelling paper, as herein-before described and
shown in the accompanying Drawings.
Second, the system or mode of manufacturing coloured or highly glazed
paper by means of the machinery or apparatus herein-before described and
shown in the accompanying Drawings.
Third, the mechanical arrangements by means of which colour is imparted
to or deposited upon one or both sides of a continuous web of paper, as
herein-before described and shown in the accompanying Drawings, or any
mere equivalent for the said mechanism.
Fourth, the mechanical arrangement for glazing or enamelling paper, in
which powdered French chalk or other glazing or enamelling material is

page_text: dusted over the paper upon one or both sides by means of mechanically
agitated boxes or other receptacles, and then subjected to the action of glazing
rolls or brushes, as herein-before described and shown in the accompanying
Drawings, or any mere equivalent therefor.
In witness whereof, I, the said Henry Bruce, have hereunto set my
hand and seal,, this Ninth day of August One thousand eight hundred
and fifty-nine..
HENRY BRUCE. (L.B.)