IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM CULTIVATING APPARATUS
Year: 1874

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to David Greig and Max Eyth, both of the Steam
Plough Works, Leeds, in the County of York, for the Invention of
"IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM CULTIVATING APPARATUS."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said David Greig and
Max Eyth at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their
Petition, on the 11th April 1874.
We, DAVID GREIG and MAX EYTH, both of the Steam Plough
Works, Leeds, in the County of York, do hereby declare the nature of
the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM CULTIVATING APPARATUS,”
to be as follows:-
This Invention refers to steam ploughs specially adapted for light and
shallow work but taking a great breadth of land in one cut, and partly
to improvements on an Invention for which a Patent was granted to us,
dated 15th October 1870, No. 2725. It also refers to improvements of
self-mooring anchors to be used in connection with steam cultivating
apparatus,

page_text: In the construction of steam ploughs we employ a rigid horizontal
main frame to which a number of single ploughs are attached. The
frame is carried on 3 wheels. Two of them, the front and hind wheel
are steerable, turning in preference to other arrangements in so called
turntables, whilst the third may best be carried as a castor wheel. This
frame in moving over the field whilst at work stands in a diagonal
position to the line of the furrows so that the individual ploughs follow
behind each other at the proper lateral distance. The front wheel runs
in the last made furrow, being steered by the ploughman. The hind
wheel with its steering gear fixed for the time may either run on the
unploughed land or in the furrow made by the last plough, both of these
arrangements are herein-after described.
The ends of the ploughing rope are attached to two draft levers which
turn freely round two vertical studs attached to the main frame, being
connected by a link or rod so that they readily move together. The two
pulling centres are fixed in advance to the main plough beam and in
such a position that the stud by which the implement is pulled at the
time finds itself in the centre line of the resistance of the whole
implement.
For turning at the headlands the main frame is not turned round but
merely is shifted from one diagonal position towards the furrow line into
the opposite one, the hind wheel remaining stationary, or nearly so,
whilst the front wheel moves along the headland, thus moving at the
same time the implement sideways into unploughed ground. The
individual ploughs are at the same time turned round vertical studs or
in sockets; these are the class of turn-wrist ploughs but may be of various
constructions which we proceed to describe.
One kind of these ploughs has a broad share and a hollow short
mould board, and the ground is cut vertically by the leading edge of
share and mould board. Forming thus a right-hand plough this imple-
ment will work as a left-hand one by turning it round a vertical axis
fixed in the plough beam by which the trailing edge of share and mould
board becomes the leading one, the two edges being exactly similar in
shape. This class of ploughs we shall call in the following description
**turn ploughs."
For another arrangement we place two ploughs with short mould
hoards hack to beak on

page_text: plough works whilst the other follows in the furrow which is being
made. One plough being right hand the other left hand, the soil is
always turned in the same direction in going back and forward. We
call this class of implement a "twin plough."
If longer mould boards are desirable two shares and short plough
bodies may be used, being placed back to back, as described, with a
mould board hinged in such a way that when reversing the motion of the
plough this hinged mould board is turned back by the soil, acting there-
fore similarly in both directions. We call this class "hinged ploughs."
We will now describe in some detail an implement provided with
turn ploughs. All the single ploughs turn in sockets bolted to tho
main beam of the frame round a vertical axis, they are connected
amongst each other by a system of levers and rods, or by toothed gearing
by which the motion of one plough is communicated to all the others so
that they readily turn together and are always kept in the same relative
position to the main frame.
The leading wheel, turning by preference in a turntable travels in the
furrow and is steered by the ploughman who keeps the implement in a
straight line. The trailing wheel is placed into a similar turntable.
This wheel (which becomes the leading wheel during the back journey
of the plough and has then also to travel in the furrow), now as trailing
wheel finds itself on the unploughed land. The relative depth of the
two wheels in respect to the horizontal main frame should therefore be
such that the leading wheel is going deeper than the trailing wheel by
the depth of the furrow, and as the wheels become alternately leading
and trailing their relative depth towards the main frame will have to be
changed whenever the plough turns at the headlands. This we prefer
doing by letting the axle of the wheels slide iu vertical guides fixed to
the turning ring of the turntable. The ends of the axle rest by means
of rollers on the fixed ring which forms part of the main frame. The
bottom edge of this ring is shaped in such a way that in certain positions
of the moveable ring which carries the axle round the latter slides
upwards or is depressed according to the requirements of the case.
During the act of turning the implement at the headlands the two
wheels, by means subsequently to be described, are first turned round so
as to stand square to the length of the main frame. The leading wheel
at this time does not alter its depth relative to the frame but it will be

page_text: steered out of the furrow in which it travelled up to now, and thereby
the front plough will partly be lifted out of the ground. The hind
wheel at the same time that it is turned square with the frame is
depressed into its proper position for the back journey, but standing at
the moment on unploughed land it will raise the hind end of the plough
frame. The main frame will now make its sideway movement, the
leading wheel sweeping along the headland, the hind wheel remaining
stationary; the two wheels will then finally be turned round for the
back journey. This last movement will not alter the depth of what was
up to now the trailing wheel, but which is going to be front and furrow
wheel, but the wheel at the other end of the implement will be permitted
to rise up in the frame to the amount of the furrow depth; it now
becomes the trailing wheel and will have to travel on the unploughed
ground.
The two draft levers centred on vertical studs are linked together and
move when the direction of the pull on the ploughing ropes is reversed
from the position required for the forward motion into the corresponding
position required for the return journey, but instead of swinging round
all at once their movement is stopped about half way by a catch. At
that moment the levers stand about perpendicular to the line of the
main beam and therefore in a favourable position for causing the sideway
motion of the implement which now takes place. As soon as the wheel
travelling over the headland has advanced sufficiently, bringing the
plough frame in the proper diagonal position for the back journey, the
levers are released and swing finally into their position for work. The
two draft levers are connected by a rod, and a chain connects them with
the turntables of the two steering wheels, but nevertheless allowing
sufficient play to steer the wheels separately without interfering with
the position of the levers whilst at work ploughing. Thus the turning
of the two wheels as well as the lifting and lowering of the same is done
by the swinging round of the draft levers whilst the implement makes
its sideway motion.
Fixed to one of the draft levers there is a segment provided with
some teeth which gear into a corresponding number of teeth fixed on
the skife of the nearest plough. The position and number of these teeth
is such that whilst the lever is turning it turns the plough round from
the position for the forward journey into the position for the back
journey, all the other ploughs of course following this motion. Thero

page_text: also turns with the lever a locking disc or rather a segment of a disc of
a circular periphery, interrupted where the above mentioned teeth are
placed, and a corresponding but much smaller disc is fixed to the skife;
it is also circular, with two hollow circular pieces cut out. These
hollows whilst ploughing fit to and touch the circumference of the
locking disc connected with the lever, so that the levers are at liberty
to swing freely at this time whilst the position of the ploughs is fixed.
When turning round at the headlands the following takes place :- -The
carlier part of the motion of the levers brings the toothed portion of
the segments into gear and turns the ploughs completely round ready
for the back journey, at the same time it turns the two steering wheels
square to the direction of the main beam, and by doing so presses the
hind wheel down so that it is in the proper position for a furrow wheel.
The motion of the levers being stopped the plough now turns sideways.
The final swing of the lever merely turns both wheels finally round,
lifting at the same time what is now the hind wheel up to its proper
level for a land wheel.
It will be perceived that the two steering wheels of the plough frame
are both in their lowest position on the unploughed land whilst the
sideway move of the implement takes place, that therefore all the
ploughs are out of the ground just touching the soil with the points of
their shares. At the same time the ploughs by their peculiar shape are
in such a position that they would be able to cut through the soil going
sideways, with perfect case, should the implement sink a little. The
difficulty therefore of the sideway motion is completely overcome, very
little land is left unploughed at the headland.
We will now describe an arrangement of a similar character, where,
instead of turn plough, hinged or twin ploughs may be employed.
The rigid main frame on 3 wheels, two-in turntables, the third a
castor pulled by two draft levers linked together, is as before described;
also the movements of the implement in turning at the headlands. By
reversing the pull of the ropes the levers swing partly round, being
stopped by a catch; in doing so the turntables are partly and the ploughs
entirely turned into the position for the back journey. The implement
then shifts sideways whereupon the levers swing round, finally turning
the steering wheels completely before the return journey begins.
But instead of altering the relative depth of the hind and front wheels

page_text: as before, we prefer in this case to have both wheels constantly running
in furrows, the leading wheel running as usual in the leading furrow
whilst the trailing wheel runs in the furrow made by the last plough.
To get the wheels always into their correct relative position with regard
to the plough beam we place them into an eccentric position in the
turntables. Thus in turning the turntables at the headlands the wheels
alter their lateral distance from the plough beam. This arrangement
doing entirely away with the lifting of the implement in moving
sideways, the ploughs will be partially in the ground, but it will be seen.
that the position of the ploughs is very nearly correct for ploughing
through the soil of the headland sideways till the whole frame has
shifted far enough to be ready for its regular return journey.
Turn and hinged ploughs having to turn only slightly in the main
frame to be ready for the back journey we employ a different gear for
turning them. One of the draft levers works a horizontal disc with an
eccentric groove cast into it which works a die at the end of a rocking
lever. The groove is circular at the two extremities whilst in the
middle it alters its distance from the turning centre. There is as before
a catch which stops the motion of the disc and levers about half way,
and which releases them again after the implement has made its side way
move. Before it comes to this the disc has moved the rocking lever and
so turned the ploughs into the position ready for the back journey. At
the same time the two steering wheels have by means of chains con-
necting them with the levers been turned half round and they stand
vertical to the line of the main frame; the sideway movement of the
implement then takes place, and afterwards, the catch being withdrawn,
the levers make their final move pulling the wheels round ready for the
return trip.
With the ploughs above described no coulters are used. Where it is
intended to employ coulters we fix them to the plough frame by means
of vertical sockets so that they turn round somewhat like a castor wheel
bracket, according to the direction in which the implement travels. The
coulter sockets are in such a position between two neighbouring ploughs
that in turning round the coulter acts as such, cither for the one or
the other of the ploughs, of course always preceeding the working
plough.
The turning motion of the coulters may also be directed by a system
of levers and links similar to that by which the ploughs are turned.

page_text: Instead of attaching ploughs and coulters as above described we also
employ simple tines or any other suitable tilling tooles attached to the rigid
main frame, thus employing the implement as a simple cultivator or
scarifier. The tines may either be turned by mechanical means similar
to that described above for turning the ploughs, or they may be
permitted to swing round as the coulters do.
In steam ploughing with roundabout tackles, we so arrange the
tackle that the pulley carriage is held in position by the strain on the
hauling rope keeping taut a stationary rope along which the pulley.
carriage winds itself forward and by the same arrangement of tackle
the inconveniences which are sometimes experienced from defective
coiling of the hauling rope on the winding drums are very much
diminished.
We start the operation of ploughing along the headland on which the
engine and windlass are fixed, working gradually away from the engine
instead, as it was done hitherto, starting at the far headland and
working towards it, thus the strain of the ploughing rope will absolutely
prevent the anchors from running ahead whilst a small winding drum
put in motion when required by the main sheave of the anchor winds.on
a headland rope and propels the anchor along the headland. As soon as
the winding forward motion is stopped a suitable catch or stop prevents
the headland rope drum from turning either back or forward so that by
the tight headland rope and by the strain of the ploughing rope
combined the anchor is a complete fixture until the motion of the
headland rope drum is started again.
The winding drum of the pulley carriage takes its motion from the
pulley by means of an eccentric which gives a rolling motion to a
toothed wheel within a toothed ring having an additional tooth or teeth,
such toothed ring being formed or fixed upon the drum.
O SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
-
filed by the said David Greig and Max Eyth in the Great Seal
Patent Office on the 9th October 1874.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, wc, DAVID
GREIG and MAX ЕYTH, both of the Steam Plough Works, Leeds, in the.
5 County of York, send greeting.

page_text: WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Eleventh day of April, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-four, in the thirty-
seventh year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto us, the said David Greig and Max Eyth, Her
special license that we, the said David Greig and Max Eyth, our
executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as we, the said
David Greig and Max Eyth, our executors, administrators, and assigns,
should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and
at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and
lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United King-
dom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of
Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM CULTIVATING APPARATUS,"
upon the condition (amongst others) that we, the said David Greig and
Max Eyth, our executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing
under our or their hands and seals, or under the hand and seal of one
of us or them, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of
the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed,
and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said David Greig, on behalf of myself
and the said Max Eyth, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be
particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement
thereof, that is to say :-
This Invention refers to steam ploughs specially adapted for light and
shallow work but taking a greath breadth of land in one cut, and partly
to improvements on an Invention for which a Patent was granted to us
dated 15th October 1870, No. 2725. It also refers to improvements of
self-moving anchors to be used in connection with steam cultivating
apparatus.
In the construction of steam ploughs we employ a rigid horizontal main
frame to which a number of single ploughs are attached, the frame is
carried on 3 wheels, two of them, the front and hand wheel, are steerable,
turning in preferance to other arrangements in so called "turntables,"
whilst the third may best be carried as a castor wheel. This framo in
moving over the field whilst at work stands in a diagonal position to the

page_text: line of the furrows, so that the individual ploughs follow behind each
other at the proper lateral distance. The front wheel runs in the last
made furrow, being steered by the ploughman. The hind wheel with its
steering gear fixed for the time may either run on the unploughed land
or in the furrow made by the last plough, both of these arrangements
are herein-after described.
The ends of the ploughing rope are attached to two draft levers which
turn freely round two vertical studs attached to the main frame, being
connected by a link or rod so that they readily move together. The two
pulling centres are fixed in advance to the main plough beam, and in
such a position that the stud by which the implement is pulled at the
time finds itself in the centre line of the resistance of the whole imple-
ment.
In turning at the headlands the main frame is not turned round but
merely is shifted from one diagonal position towards the furrow linc into
the opposite one, the hind wheel remaining stationary or nearly so,
whilst the front wheel moves along the headland, thus moving at the
same time the implement sideways unto unploughed ground. The
individual ploughs are at the same time turned round vertical studs or
in sockets; they are of the class of turn-wrist ploughs, but may be of
various constructions which we proceed to describe.
One kind of these ploughs has a broad share and a hollow short
mould board, and the ground is cut vertically by the leading edge of
share and mould board. Forming thus a right-hand plough this imple-
ment will work as a left-hand one by turning it round a vertical axis
fixed in the plough beam, by which the trailing edge of share and
mould board becomes the leading one, the two edges being exactly.
similar in shape. This class of ploughs we shall call in the following
description "turn ploughs."
In another arrangement we place two ploughs with short mould
boards back to back on a turning stud, so that in going one way one
plough works whilst the other follows in the furrow which is being.
made. One plough being right-hand the other left-hand the soil is
always turned in the same direction in going back and forward. We
call. this class of implement a "twin plough."
If longer mould boards are desirable two shares and short plough
bodies may be used, being placed back to back as described with a

page_text: mould board hinged in such a way that when reversing the motion of
the plough, this hinged mould board is turned back by the soil acting
therefore similarly in both directions. We call this class "hinged
ploughs."
We will now describe in some detail an implement provided with turn
ploughs. All the single ploughs turn in sockets bolted to the main
beam of the frame round a vertical axis. They are connected amongst
cach other by a system of levers and rods or by toothed gearing by
which the motion of one plough is communicated to all the others, so
that they readily turn together and are always kept in the same relative
position to the main frame.
The leading wheel turning by preference in a turntable travels in the
furrow and is steered by the ploughman, who keeps the implement in a
straight line. The trailing wheel is placed into a similar turntable.
This wheel (which becomes the leading wheel during the back journey of
the plough and has then also to travel in the furrow), now as trailing
wheel finds itself on the unploughed land. The relative depth of the
two wheels in respect to the horizontal main frame should therefore be
such that the leading wheel is going deeper than the trailing wheel by
the depth of the furrow, and as the wheels become alternately leading
and trailing their relative depth towards the main frame will have to be
changed whenever the plough turns at the hoadlands. This we prefer
doing by letting the axle of the wheels slide in vertical guides fixed to
the turning ring of the turntable. The ends of the axle rest by means
of rollers on the fixed ring which forms part of the main frame. The
bottom edge of this ring is shaped in such a way that in certain positions
of the movable ring which carries the axle round the latter slides
upwards or is depressed according to the requirements of the case.
During the act of turning the implement at the headlands the two
wheels by means subsequently to be described are first turned round so
as to stand square to the length of the main frame. The leading wheel
at this time does not alter its depth relative to the frame, but it will be
stecred out of the furrow in which it travelled up to now, and thereby
the front plough will partly be lifted out of the ground. The hind
wheel at the same time that it is turned square with the frame is 3
depressed into its proper position for the back journey, but standing at
the moment on unploughed land it will raise the hind end of the plough

page_text: frame. The main frame will now make its sideway movement, thie
leading wheel sweeping along the headland, the hind wheel remaining
stationary. The two wheels will then finally be turned round for the
back journey. This last movement will not alter the depth of what was
up to now the trailing wheel, but which is going to be front and furrow
wheel. But the wheel at the other end of the implement will be
permitted to rise up in the frame to the amount of the furrow depth,
and now becomes the trailing wheel, and will have to travel on the
unploughed ground.
The two draft levers centred on vertical studs are linked together, and
move when the direction of the pull in the ploughing ropes is reversed
from the position required for the forward motion into the corresponding
position required for the return journey. But instead of swinging round
all at once their movement is stopped about half way by a catch. At
that moment the lovers stand about perpendicular to the line of the
main beam, and therefore in a favorable position for causing the
sideway motion of the implement, which now takes place. As soon as
the wheel travelling over the headland has advanced sufficiently,
bringing the plough frame in the proper diagonal position for the back
journey, the levers are released, and swing finally into their position for
work. The two draft levers are connected by a rod, and a chain connects
them with the turntables of the two steering wheels, but nevertheless
allowing sufficient play to steer the wheels separately without interfering
with the position of the levers whilst at work ploughing. Thus the
turning of the two wheels as well as the lifting and lowering of the same
is done by the swinging round of the draft levers whilst the implement
makes its sideway motion..
.
Fixed to one of the draft lovers there is a segment provided with some
teeth, which gear into a corresponding number of teeth fixed on the
skife of the nearest plough. The position and number of these teeth is
such that whilst the lever is turning it turns the plough round from the
position for the forward journey into the position for the back journey,
all the other ploughs of course following this motion. There also turns
with the lever a locking disc or rather a segment of a disc of a circular
periphery, interrupted where the above-mentioned teeth are placed, and
a corresponding but much smaller disc is fixed to the skife. It is also
circular with two hollow circular pieces cut out. These hollows whilst

page_text: plough. To get the wheels always into their correct relative position with
regard to the plough beam we place them into an eccentric position in
the turntables. Thus in turning the turntables at the headlands the
wheels alter their lateral distance from the plough beam. This arrange-
ment doing entirely away with the lifting of the implement in moving
sideways, the ploughs will be partially in the ground, but it will be seen
that the position of the ploughs is very nearly correct for ploughing
through the soil of the headland sideways till the whole frame has
shifted far enough to be ready for its regular return journey. The
turning of the ploughs, either automatically or by hand steerage, in such
positions that being at work they lead the implement sideways from
one into the reverse diagonal position to the main furrow lines. Not
necessitating therefore any lifting is one of the main features of our
Invention.
Twin and hinged ploughs having to turn only slightly in the main
frame to be ready for the back journey we employ a different gear for
turning them. One of the draft levers works a horizontal disc with an
eccentric groove cast into it which works a die at the end of a rocking
lever. The groove is circular at the two extremities whilst in the middle
it alters its distance from the turning centre. There is as before a catch
which stops the motion of the disc and levers about half way, and which
release them again after the implement has made has made its sideway
move; before it comes to this the disc has moved the rocking lever, and
so turned the ploughs into the position ready for the back journey. At
the same time the two steering wheels have, by means of chains con-
necting them with the levers, been turned half round, and they stand
vertical to the line of the main frame; the sideway movement of the
implement then takes place, and afterwards the catch being withdrawn
the levers make their final move, pulling the wheels round ready for the
return trip.
With the ploughs above described no coulters are used. Where it is
intended to employ coulters we fix them to the plough frame by means
of vertical sockets, so that they turn round somewhat like a castor wheel
bracket, according to the direction in which the implement travels. The
coulter sockets arc in such a position between two neighbouring ploughs
that in turning round the coulter acts as such either for the one or
the other of the ploughs, of course always preceding the working
plough.

page_text: The turning motion of the coulters may also be directed by a system
of levers and links similar to that by which the ploughs are turned.
Instead of attaching ploughs and coulters as above described we also
employ simple tines or any other suitable tilling tools attached to the
ridged main frame, thus employing the implement as a simple cultivator
or scarifier. The tines may either be turned by mechanical means
similar to those described above for turning the ploughs, or they may bo
permitted to swing round as the coulters do.
In steam ploughy with roundabout tackles we so arrange the tackle
that the pulley carriage is held in position by the strain on the hauling
rope keeping taut a stationary rope along which the pulley carriage
winds itself forward, and by the same arrangement of tackle the
inconveniences which are sometimes experienced from defective coiling.
of the hauling rope on the winding drums are very much diminished.
We start the operation of ploughing along the headland on which the
engine and windlass are fixed, working gradually away from the engine,
instead as it was done hitherto, starting at the far headlead and working
towards it, thus the strain of the ploughing rope will absolutely prevent
the anchors from running ahead whilst a small winding drum put in
motion when required by the main sheave of the anchor winds on a 2
headland rope and propels the anchor along the headland. As soon as the
winding forward motion is stopped a suitable catch or stop prevents the
headland rope drum from turning either back or forwards, so that by
the tight headland rope and by the strain of the ploughing rope combined
the anchor is a complete fixture until the motion of the headland rope 2
drum is started again.
The winding drum of the pulley carriage takes its motion from the
pulley by means of an eccentric which gives a rolling motion to a toothed
wheel within a toothed ring, having an additional tooth or teeth, such
toothed ring being formed or fixed upon the drum.
The accompanying Drawings will more clearly explain the principles
and details of our Invention, Figures 1-6 referring to an implement
provided with turn ploughs, and Figures 7-12 representing an implc-
ment with twin or hinged ploughs.
E
Figure 1 is a side view of an eight furrow turn wrist plough; Figure 2 3
a top view of the same; Figure 3 a section through one of the turn

page_text: ploughs, and the nearest pulling centre of the draft lever; Figure 4 a.
top view of a turn plough; Figure 5 a section through the castor wheel;.
Figure 6 a section through the turntable.
A is the main frame, supported by 3 wheels B and B' moving in
turntables, and C which is a castor wheel. The depth of the latter,
which is supported by a projection of the main frame, can be altered to
suit the depth of the ploughing, by screwing the bush in which the.
centre stud of the castor turns either up or down. The axles of the
wheels B and B are fixed to sliding pieces a, a, which move freely up or
down, being held by brackets b, b, fixed to the turning ring c of the
turntable. At the ends of the axles are rollers d which rest on the bottom,
edge e, e,
of the fixed ring of the turntable, the latter being part of the
main frame A. The edge of the fixed ring is not horizontal, but is cut
out in such a way that in turning the table the axle of the wheel is able
to rise up in the frame in certain positions, and is pushed down again in
the same way. There are besides two screws f,f, screwed into brackets
fixed to the turntable, which prevent the axle rising up as far as the
cut position of the edge e, e, would otherwise permit. By these screws.
the depth of the ploughing is regulated. D is a chain wheel, by which
the turntable is steered by hand, a pitched chain being fixed to the
ring e, e. There are also holes g, g, in the ring c, for the purpose of
fixing by means of a pin the position of the trailing wheel. The two.
draft bars E and E' are connected by the link F. The centre studs G.
and G are firmly fixed to the main frame, being placed in such a
position that the pulling centre at the same time finds itself in the centre.
line of the total resistance of the implement, being at the same time
considerably ahead of the main plough beam, and either in the same line
or behind the front steering wheel, by which means not only complete
steering power but also steadiness of the frame in its correct diagonal,
position to the furrow line is maintained. All the single ploughs are
bolted to skifes, which are each provided with a turning stud held by a
bracket on the main plough beam. These studs are provided above the
plough beam with a double-armed lever H, and all these levers are con-
nected by two flat iron rods I and K, so that the turning of one plough
turns all other ploughs, and by the employment of two connecting rods
a complete turn of 180 degrees is possible. Now the plough skife
nearest the turning centre G of one of the draft levers is provided with
a segment of teeth L, and also above this segment with a disc M, all·
.
.

page_text: these parts being cast on or fixed to the skife. The draft lever itself
turns another segment provided with some teeth N, and besides, with
two portions of a circular disc O and O', which exactly fit into hollow
places cut out of the disc M. There is besides a catch P which stops
the turning motion of the segment O, N, O¹, the latter being provided
with corresponding projections m and n. One of these projections acts
whilst the disc is turning in one direction, the other whilst it turns the
other way; the catch is pulled out by a handle when it is intended to
let the motion of the segment or the levers go on. The lever E in
swinging round from the position for going ahead into the corresponding
one for going back moves through portions of a circle e¹, e³, e³, e³, e³,
e¹ and es being the two extremes, e³ the central position, and the
position in which the catch acts, whilst the lever swings from e¹ to e³, e³,
the moment of the catch acting whilst the lever moves from e³ to e¹.
The disposition of the discs and teeth is now such that whilst the lever
moves from e¹ to e² no motion of the single ploughs takes place, the
segment O simply sliding along the hollow portion of the segment M;
this arrangement at the same time fixes the position of the ploughs
whilst at work, although the draft lever is perfectly free to swing about
between certain limits. In moving from e² to e¹ the teeth of the
segments are in gear, and the ploughs are turned completely round;
at e the catch stops the further turning of the levers, and the sideway
motion of the implement takes place. As soon as now the catch is
pulled out the levers and the large segment turns still further, the
disc O¹ sliding now against a second hollow portion of the disc M,
preventing thus the ploughs from altering their relative position to the
main frame, whilst at the same time the levers are at liberty to swing
about between certain limits, following the direction of the pulling rope;
simultaneously a chain which connects the levers with the turntables
and the turntables with cach other has turned the latter, so that when
the lever arrives and is stopped at e* the wheels B and B are turned
square to the main beam, their final turn they receive by the levers
swinging from e* to e; whilst this goes on also the relative depth is
changed, their axles being depressed or permitted to rise by the shape of
the fixed ring of the turntable. The motion goes on this way:- -Whilst
the lever swings from e¹ to e* the front wheel does not alter its depth,
but the hind or land wheel is puslied down to be ready to act as furrow
wheel; whilst the lever makes its final move from e' to e³, the wheel B
is permitted to rise up (becoming now land wheel), whilst B¹ does not

page_text: further alter its depth. It is clear how turning at the other headland
the same movements take place in the reverse way, whilst the lever
moves from e³ to e¹, the intermediate stopping point being e³.
We now come to the second class of implements provided with twin
or hinge ploughs.
Figure 7 is a side view of an 8-furrow plough for twin ploughs;
Figure 8 a top view of the same; Figure 9 a section through the turn-
table; Figure 10, a section through the castor wheel; Figure 11, a
section through one of the pulling centres; Figure 12, two views of a
twin plough with hinged mould boards.
The main frame A, resting on the two turntable wheels B and B¹, and
on the castor wheel C, is similar in construction to the one described.
But the turntables are wider and of the ordinary description without the
lifting arrangement. The wheels are instead not placed in the centre
of the rings but sideways, so that when turned round their relative
position towards the main frame is reversed. Thus the leading wheel
will always run in the leading furrow, whilst the trailing one remains in
the last made furrow of the plough. The turning is done by chains
attached to the levers, first turning them square to the main beam of the
implement, and subsequently turning them right round for the back
journey.
The twin ploughs themselves are turning on vertical studs fixed to
the main plough beam. As the movement these ploughs have to mako
in turning at the headlands is about 30 degrees, only a single rod I
connects the arms H cast to the skifes of the ploughs, and thus makes
them move together.
For turning the ploughs and keeping them fixed in the proper position
there is a disc a connected and turning with the draft lever E. This
disc is provided with a groove, which holds a die b, the latter being fixed
to the end of a rocking lever e. The form of the groove at its two
extremities is circular, so that the motion of the disc does not in this
position affect the die. But in its middle portion it presses the die either
towards or away from the centre of the disc. This motion acting
through the rocking levers on the connecting rod of the ploughs turns
them either back or forward, and holds them in a fixed position, whilst
the draft lever moves near its extreme position,

page_text: The two drait levers and the connecting A D
the two turning studs G and G', are arranged as above. The motion of
the lever E from e¹ to e³, which is stopped at e* by the catch P, and at e²
when turning the other way produces quite the same effect as in the
first instance, turning the wheels and ploughs and swinging the
implement sideways.
Figure 13 represents a turning coulter which swings round according
to the direction in which the implement travels. In Figure 8, at
Figure 13, the position of the socket in relation to the two ploughs for
which the coulter acts alternately is indicated.
Figure 14 illustrates our arrangement of roundabout tackle, and
Figures 15 and 16 the means of giving motion to the winding drum of
the pulley carriage.
Figure 15 is a plan and Figure 16 a longitudinal section. a is a
frame supported on disc wheels, and carrying the rope pulley c; d is an
eccentric, which by a clutch and clutch lever e can be made fast
with the axis of the pulley c. The eccentric gives a rolling motion to
the toothed wheel f, which is always in gear on one side with the ring
of internal teeth g upon the winding drum h. The ring of teeth g has
an additional tooth or teeth over and above the number of teeth in the
wheelf, and so when the wheel f receives motion from the eccentric
the winding drum is slowly turned. The motion of the winding drum
is stopped by throwing out the clutch, and the drum is locked by means
of the bar inserted into a socket on the wheel f, and dropped over a
pin a' on the frame.
.
Figures 17 and 18 shew a modification, Figure 17 is a plan, and
Figure 18 is a longitudinal section. Here upon the boss of the winding
drum spur teeth h³ are formed. With these teeth a pinion k gears.
is another pinion cast of a pieco with the pinion k and gearing with
the fixed toothed wheel 7. The pinions and k¹ are carried upon a pin
fixed in the disc m, which is encircled by a break strap connected with
the arm n. This arm is fixed on the axis of the rope pulley c. When
by means of the hand screw o the break strap is tightened upon the
disc m the pinions k, k³, are carried round with the rope pulley, and the
number of the teeth in these pinions and the wheels with which they
gear is so arranged that the winding drum is then slowly rotated. When
the break strap is slackened the drum remains stationary.

page_text: drum of the anchor by a suitable stop or catch, by which plan any
undue movement of the anchor either back or forward is prevented.
In witness whereof, I, the said David Greig, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Seventh day of October, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-four.