IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR BREAKING OR PULVERISING Land
Year: 1857

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Henry Vennor Cowham, of Skeffling, in the County
of York, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR BREAKING
OR PULVERISING Land,"
Scaled the 12th January 1858, and dated the 20th July 1857.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Henry Vennor Cowham,
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
20th July 1857.
J, HENRY VENNOR COWHAM, of Skeffling, in the County of York, do hereby
declare the nature of the Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR
BREAKING OR PULVERISING LAND," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in machines for breaking or
pulverising land. For these purposes each machine is constructed with an
axis with wheels at the ends suitably arranged for adjusting the depth to which
the tines or teeth carried by the axis shall penetrate into the land. On the
axis are a series of naves or bosses having projecting teeth; and such bosses
or naves are arranged to turn freely on the axis so that as the machine is
moved over the land the tines on each of the bosses or naves penetrate the
earth in succession. Between each two bosses or naves there is fixed a tine,
which penetrates the land below the axis, and such fixed tines are drawn

page_text: through the land as the machine is moved along. The effect of this com-
bination of rotatory tines and fixed tines is that the clods of earth will be
broken more effectually than heretofore.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Henry Vennor Cowham, in the Great Seal Patent Office on
the 18th January 1858.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, IIENRY
VENNOR COWHAM, of Skeffling in the County of York, send greeting.
WHEREAS IIer most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twentieth day of July, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven, in the twenty-first year of
Her reign, did, for Ilerself, IIer heirs and successors, give and grant unto
me, the said Henry Vennor Cowham, Her special licence that I, the said
Henry Vennor Cowham, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such
others as I, the said Henry Vennor Cowham, my executors, administrators, and
assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and
at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully
might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY POB BREAKING OR PULVERIZING LAND," upon
the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Henry Veunor Cowham, my
executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my or their
or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the
nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be per-
formed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said
Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Henry Vennor Cowham, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement thereof, that is to say :-
This Invention has for its object improvements in machines for breaking
or pulverizing land. For those purposes each machine is constructed with
an axis, with wheels at the ends suitably arranged for adjusting the depth to
which the tines or teeth carried by the axis shall penetrate into the land. On
the axis are a series of naves or bosses having projecting teeth, and such

page_text: broken more cllectually than heretofore.
And in order that my said Invention may be most fully understood and
readily carried into effect, I will proceed to describe the Drawing hereunto
annexed.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING.
Figure 1 is an end view, Figure 2 is a plan, and Figure 3 is a longitudinal
section, of a machine constructed according to my Invention. a, a, is the
frame of the machine which is mounted on the axis b, and on this axis the
bos:es or naves c, c, are placed, and they are capable of turning freely thereon;
d, d, are radial tines or teeth fixed to the bosses or naves c. A side view of
one of these bosses or naves with its tines or teeth is shown separately at
Figure 4. e, e, are fixed tines or teeth which are placed alternately with the
rotating tines or teeth d. The tines or teeth e are fixed in bosses or naves f,
each of which also carries a radial arm g, one of these bosses or naves f, with
its time or tooth and radial arm as shown separately at Figure 5, and at
Figure 6, the same parts are shewn in combination with an additional clearing
tooth e; is a lever handle also fixed on the axis k, so that by lifting the
Landle, the tines or teeth e, c, may be raised out of the land to clear them
from weeds or other obstructions. On the ends of the axis b, wheels aro
mounted, and these wheels when the implement is in use, are of such a size
as to allow the tines or teeth to enter the land to the required depth, that is
to say, from four to eight inches, according to the nature of the soil; and
wheels of a larger diameter are used when moving the implement from
place to place; or the wheels may be mounted on stud axes, which studs slido
in slots in the side frame of the machine, and may be held in any required
position by screw nuts, as is usual in other agricultural implements. Figure 6
is an end view, Figure 7 is a plan, and Figure 8 a longitudinal section, of
another machine, constructed according to my Invention, and differing in some
respects from that just described. In this machine the tines or teeth e, e,
in place of being mounted on bosses or naves on the axis, are carried by a bar
running across the machine, and they are raised out of the land vertically, by
means of a lerer handle arranged so as to lift the bar by which they are

page_text: carried, as is shewn by the Drawing. Figures 9, 10, and 11, show different
forms which the tines or teeth e, e, may take, aud when they are made
according to either of these forms, I fix steadying bars to the under side of the
frame in the positions shown by dotted lines at m, Figure 7, and slots are
formed in these steadying bars in which the tines or teeth e slide.
In witness whereof, I, the said Henry Vennor Cowham, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Fourteenth day of January, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-eight.
Witness,
Thomas Cowham,
Skeffling, near Hu¦l.
HENRY VENNOR COWHAM. (L.S.)