Improvements in Socket-pipes for Drainage or other Purposes.
Year: 1889

page_text: Date of Application, 15th Feb., 1889
Complete Specification Left, 15th Nov., 1889-Accepted, 21st Dec., 1839
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Socket-pipes for Drainage or other Purposes.
I HENRY KNOWLES of the Albion Sanitary Pipe Works Woodville in the County
of Leicester Manufacturer do hereby declare the nature of this Invention to be as
follows:-
'
:-
My Invention relates to improvements in socket pipes and has for its object to give
them a firmer and more even bearing when laid, and to secure a true level invert at
the joints and to lessen the difficulty of laying and jointing in making sound gas
and water tight joints. It applies to all socket pipes but more especially to pipes
made from clays which vary in shrinkage and are liable to warp in drying and burning.
To allow for this variation it is necessary to make the internal diameter of the
sockets greater according to the size of the pipe than the external diameter of the
pipe to allow for the insertion of the spigot of one pipe into the socket of the other,
and to leave space for the packing material. Hitherto circular pipes have had the
sockets made concentric with the pipes and when the spigot of one pipe is placed into
the socket of another in line with the pipe there is a space left underneath between
the spigot and socket which allows the spigot to drop thereby lowering the invert at the
joint and forming an obstruction to the free flow of the sewage or other liquids. In
the case of drainage where owing either to the carelessness or inexperience of the
workmen in laying the pipes; or to the use of unsuitable material for jointing or to
the difficulty of making the joint properly so as to maintain the pipes in true line or
owing to the nature of the ground in which they aro laid; or to the pressure of the
earth on the pipes there is a constant liability of the spigot of the pipe sinking below
the interior surface of the other pipe against which it abuts and if it does so sink the
flow of the sewage is thereby retarded and a lodgment is formed for the solid matter
where it accumulates, and decomposing becomes dangerous to health. To remedy
this evil and to secure a free flow and to enable the pipes to be easily laid with
a firm bearing in line with each other so that a true level invert shall be maintained
at the joints in all cases, I make the socket excentric to the pipe (instead of con-
centric as hitherto) the centre of the socket being above the centre of the pipe
so that the circumference of the socket internally at the base shall be in line with
the external circumference of the pipe and the depth at the base internally equal to
the thickness of the pipe so that when the spigot of one pipe is placed in the socket of
another, it rests on the said socket and has a solid bearing thereon which maintains
it in line with the other pipe and thereby forms and maintains a true level invert at
the joints even though the pipes may through any cause be disturbed.
The socket or spigot or both may have a groove or grooves for holding the jointing
material which may be clay cement or tarred gasket or other suitable material or a
combination of these to make a sound gas and water tight joint.
I may also make the sockets flat at the base externally which gives a better bearing
on the ground and lessens the liability of the pipes being moved out of true line.
The clay, cement or other packing material may be applied in any of the ordinary
modes of applying the same.
The invention is applicable to all socket pipes round, oval or otherwise shaped and
having either whole or halve sockets or for half pipes with sockets, where the depth at
the base is made equal to the thickness of the pipe.
Dated this 15th day of February 1889.
J. H. JOHNSON & Co.,
47, Lincoln's Inn Fields, Agents.

page_text: COMPLÈTE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Socket-pipes for Drainage or other Purposes.
I HENRY. KNOWLES of the Albion Sanitary Pipe Works Woodville in the County
of Leicester Manufacturer do hereby declare the nature of this Invention and in
what manner the same is to be performed to be particularly described and ascertained
in and by the following statement :-
My Invention relates to improvements in socket pipes and has for its object to give
them a firmer and more even bearing when laid and to secure a true invert or
alignment at the joints and consequently throughout the length of the piping and to
lessen the difficulty of laying and jointing in making sound gas and watertight joints.
It applies to all socket pipes but more especially to pipes made from clays which
vary in shrinkage and are liable to warp in drying and burning. To allow for this
variation it is necessary to make the internal diameter of the sockets greater than the
external diameter of the pipe to allow for the insertion of the spigot of one pipe into.
the socket of the other and to leave space for the packing material. Hitherto
circular pipes have bad the sockets made concentric with the pipes and when the
spigot of one pipe is placed into the socket of another in line with the pipe there is
a space left underneath between the spigot and socket which allows the spigot to.
drop thereby lowering the invert at the joint and forming a ledge which obstructs
the free flow of the sewage or other liquids. In the case of drainage where owing
either to the carelessness or inexperience of the workmen laying the pipes or to the
use of unsuitable material for jointing, or to the difficulty of making the joint
properly, or owing to the nature of the ground in which they are laid or to the
pressure of the earth on the pipes, there is a constant liability of the spigot of the
pipe sinking below the interior surface of the other pipe against which it abuts, and if
it does sink the flow of the sewage is thereby retarded and a lodgment is formed at
the joint for the solid matter in the sewage where it accumulates and decomposing
becomes dangerous to health. To remedy this evil and to secure a free flow of the
sewage or other liquids and to enable the pipes to be easily laid with a solid bearing
and in line with each other so that a true invert or alignment of the piping shall in
all cases be maintained at the joints. I according to my Invention make the socket
internally eccentric to the pipe instead of concentric as hitherto so that the circum-
ference of the socket at the shoulder end internally shall be in line at the base with
the external circumference of the pipe and the depth at the base internally equal to
the thickness of the pipe; or in other words I raise the socket internally at the base
so that when the spigot of one pipe is placed in the socket of another it rests on the
said socket and has a solid bearing thereon which maintains it in line with the
other pipe and thereby forms and maintains a true invert at the joints and con:
sequently a true alignment of the pipes even though the pipes may through any
cause be disturbed. I also prefer to increase the thickness of the socket gradually
towards the base and to make the base flat externally to secure a better and more
solid bearing and thereby lessen the liability of the pipes being disturbed or moved
out of line. Or as an equivalent of the foregoing I make the lower half of the
spigot end thicker than the other part of the pipe for use with ordinary sockets.
The thickness at the base of the spigot end being equal to the depth of the
shoulder of the pipe against which it abuts so that when resting in position the
pipes are in true line with each other.
The socket internally and the spigot externally are preferably roughened in the
usual manner and the socket or spigot or both may have a groove or grooves therein
for holding the jointing material which may be of any suitable material such for
instance as cement clay or a combination of these with or without tarred gasket.
The kind of packing material used will depend mainly on the state of the ground
in which the pipes have to be laid. The upper part of the socket may have one or
more openings for pouring in liquid cement or other suitable material to fill the space
within the socket to secure a gas and watertight joint.

page_text: And in order that my said Invention may be fully understood I shall now proceed
more particularly to describe the same and for that purpose shall refer to the several
figures on the annexed sheet of drawings the same letters of reference indicating
corresponding parts in all the figures.
Figure 1 is a longitudinal section shewing parts of three ordinary socket pipes A, B,
and made as has hitherto been customary the pipes having at the joint the
annular space a a within the socket when the spigot of one pipe is inserted in the
socket of the pipe next it, it being intended that they shall be held in position
concentric with each other as shewn at the joint between the pipes A and B in
Figures 1 and 2 the latter figure being a transverso section on the line 1, 2 of
Figure 1. At the joint 6 of the pipes B, C, the spigot of C is shewn to rest on
the socket of B thus opening the joint and lowering the invert at c and causing the
ledged at the joint which obstructs the flow of the matter passing through the pipes
and in the case of sewage forms a lodgment for the solid matter which gradually
accumulates and where the fall is slight and with little or no flush will eventually.
choke and stop the drain. Figure 3 is a longitudinal section and Figure 4 is a
transverse section on the line 3, 4 Figure 3 of a socket pipe constructed according
to my Invention showing the spigot of the pipe E inserted in the improved socket
of the pipe D and resting on the socket at the base, and forming a true invert at c
of the joint which will be maintained in consequence of the solid bearing, and the
outer face of the socket being flattened at the base as shown at f in Figure 4 will
maintain the pipes solid on the bed, and they will be less liable to disturbance than
when made in the ordinary manner as in Figures 1 and 2. In Figure 3 a groove g is
shewn in the socket at the base internally for the jointing material to fill the lower
half of the socket.
Figure 5 is a longitudinal section and Figure 6 a transverse section on the
line 5. 6 Figure 5 shewing a modification of my improved pipe wherein there is a
thickened part at the base or lower part of the spigot of the pipe F where it rests on
the ordinary socket of the pipe and thereby holds the pipe in position and securing
a true invert at the joint as in the case of Figures 3 and 4.
When making the joints of my improved pipes I prefer to proceed as follows:-
I first press a roll or wad of clay or other suitable material round the socket internally
at the shoulder. I then place a fillet of stiff clay or strong cement or other suitable
material in the lower half of the socket and then I insert the spigot of the next pipe
lifting it so as to enter the socket at the upper part to avoid forcing forward the
cement in the lower part. When the spigot is pressed up to the shoulder of the
socket the roll of clay at the shoulder is forced into the joint which it closes and
prevents the cement entering the pipes. The spigot having been forced home is then
pressed down on the fillet of cement forcing it to fill up and make the joint water-
tight at the lower half of the socket where the leakage generally occurs through the
difficulty of filling the joints properly underneath. The upper half of the socket may
then be filled by ramming in packing material or liquid cement may be forced in
from openings in the top of socket. Or if preferred the whole space in the socket
may be filled by pouring in liquid cement or other suitable material. It may he
advisable in some cases to use one or more strands of tarred gasket. When the joint
is being made by filling with liquid cement a rope should be placed round the pipe
at the mouth of the socket to prevent the cement from running out, and the rope
should remain while other joints are being made in similar manner till the cement is
set when the ropes can be removed and the joints finished in the usual manner.
mode of making the joints and the material to be used will vary with circumstances.
The invention is applicable to all socket pipes round oval or of other shape and having
either whole or half sockets or for half pipes with sockets.
The
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what I
claim is :-
1
:―
Talent inc
1.

page_text: them with such a support, that the lower part of the interior of the socket at the
shoulder forms a rest for the spigot such that the lengths of piping are maintained with
their lower internal surfaces in direct line with each other substantially as herein-
before described.
2. The improved pipe having the socket internally eccentric to the pipe so that the
circumference of the socket internally at the base shall be in line with the external
circumference of the pipe so that when the spigot of one pipe abuts up to the shoulder
of the socket of the next pipe and rests on the said socket it forms a true invert at
the joints and is maintained in position.
3. In pipes thickening of the lower half of the spigot end of the pipe to hold up
the spigot and form a true invert when used with ordinary sockets in the manner
herein before described.
4. In combination with the subject matter of the preceding claiming clauses the
thickening of the lower part of the socket and the flattening of the base externally so
as to secure a firm and solid bearing in true line when the pipes are laid.
thin tish day of November 1889
J. H. JOHNSON & Co.,
Agents.