IMPROVEMENTS IN CHEMICAL TELEGRAPHS AND IN APPARATUS CONNECTED THEREWITH
Year: 1874

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Edward Newton, of the Office for Patents,
66, Chancery Lane, in the County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer,
for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN CHEMICAL TELEGRAPHS AND IN
APPARATUS CONNECTED THEREWITH."-A communication from abroad by
Theodore Marshall Foote and Charles Adams Randall, of the City
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Edward
Newton at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his
Petition, on the 20th July 1874.
I, WILLIAM EDWARD NEWTON, of the Office for Patents, 66, Chancery
Lane; in the County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, do hereby declare.
the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN CHEMICAL
TELEGRAPHS AND IN APPARATUS CONNECTED THEREWITH," to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to chemical telegraphs, and to apparatus con-
nected therewith, in which the proper makes and breaks in the circuit

page_text: are made at the transmitting instrument through the medium of a
perforated fillet of paper. Part of the Invention may however be applied
to other systems of telegraphy with advantage.
•
In working chemical telegraphs a great obstacle to rapid transmission
has arisen from the fact that the lines become "clogged" or surcharged
either with the battery current
extra induced" or earth current,
an
or
the result being that a discharge continues at the receiving end of a line
after the battery circuit has been completely broken at the transmitting
end: Thus a "tailing" is produced, which in rapid writing often fills the
places of all the spacings, the resultant writing being merely a long
indistinguishable dash or line. In some instances it has been attempted
to obviate this defect by artificial leaks, in which case the battery
the
current also escaping by the leaks the current on arriving at
receiving station was so weakened as to be incapable of writing legibly.
One part of the present Invention is intended to obviate this "tailing,"
and dispensing with artificial leaks, and using only the ordinary or even
a smaller amount than usual of battery power. To this end two currents
of opposite polarities are employed, usually the positive current for
actually recording the message (the recording current), and the one of
opposite polarity for freeing the line, as herein-after explained, the
equating or clearing current.
Upon a recording current being transmitted for making any integral
portion of a telegraph symbol a discharging current from the opposite
pole of the battery (used for the recording current), or from the opposite
pole of a separate battery, is immediately transmitted, which serves to
discharge any of the recording current left upon the line, or counteracts
the effect of any extra induced or earth currents, thereby rendering it
possible for the recording current to act sharply and quickly, and to
produce a well defined signal. To carry this into effect paper having an
extra line of perforations is used for the purpose of closing the circuit
of the clearing current. If the signal or recording perforations are in
one row these additional perforations will form a second row; if in two
rows, as now often used, they will form a third row, and must be between
each and every perforation in the other row or rows. For use with such
paper a drum having two styluses or pens, preferably made of a number
of fine wires forming a brush insulated from each other, is provided and
'connected to the opposite poles of one or two batteries, the current from

page_text: Cloner pore being thrown through the arum upon a common line or earth
connection.
In order to retain at the sending office a copy of the message trans-
mitted upon the shaft of the transmitting drum (but insulated there-
from) is arranged a second or receiving drum, the circuit connections
being so arranged as to compel, when desired, the transmitted current to
pass through this recording drum and mark (upon properly prepared
paper placed thereon) the message transmitted. This recording drum is
also used as a receiver, the connections being so arranged that the
currents received may be passed directly therethrough to the ground.
'
A frictional speed governor is adapted to the last shaft of the motive
power, the speed being obtained through the compression of a spring
placed thereon. This compression is effected by a lever bearing at onc
end upon a collar resting against the spring, the lever being fulcrumed,
and at its other end (the end manipulated by the operator) sweeping
over an index graduated to indicate the degree of compression, and hence
the speed allowed the machine. By this means the different machines
in the lines may be adjusted to a degree of synchronism sufficiently
accurate for this system of telegraphy.
The Invention also further relates to improvements in relays and
repeaters that can be used as relays ordinarily are, that is, as relays
simply at terminal and ordinary way stations; and at repeating stations
in the combination of relays and sounders, known as repeaters. In this
relay is used a pivoted armature, passing through and playing in one or
more helices, by which it is inductively polarized whenever a current is
passed therethrough. Upon one side of this armature is arranged a pair
of electro-magnets, whose cores are contiguous to the armature, the
helices thereof being traversed by a constant electrical current, so that
while no other influence is acting upon the armature it will be attracted
by these cores. On the opposite side is arranged a pair of electro-
magnets, with such connections that the helices thereof are traversed by
the main line current when passing, which current preferably also passes
through the coil surrounding the armature. These three sets of helices
are so wound that when all are excited the vibrating armature shall be
acted on by the attractive force of one set, and the repellant force of
another set simultaneously; that is, there shall be no neutralization by
similar poles acting oppositely on it at the same end, but that it shall be

page_text: acted on by what may be termed a full "push and pull." This makes
an apparatus exceedingly sensitive to the quickest and most delicato
pulsations of the clectric current.
It is well known that short currents, mere flashes, corresponding to
the dot of the Morse alphabet may be transmitted with immense rapidity
over land lines or submarine cables, but when the length of the
pulsations is varied to form dots and dashes the speed is very greatly
reduced. Hence the method preferred is to make such signals by short
currents or pulsations corresponding simply to a dot, a dash being
recognized by the space left after the dot, which is substituted therefor.
This may be done by hand, or preferably by paper perforated in two
rows, one row for positive and one row for negative currents succeeding
each other alternately, and all of equal extent, the dash being repre-
sented by an extra space of unperforated paper. It is preferred to use
with this relay (though it may be used as relays ordinarily are as a
simple relay or in a repeater) momentary currents or impulses of short
duration, that is, mere dots. To do this currents of opposite polarities
are used, regularly alternating and of exactly or nearly equal duration.
Each current so transmitted would represent a dot; to represent a dashi
a space is used after what may be called the initial impulse of the dash
longer than that occurring after a mere dot.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said William Edward Newton in the Great Seal Patent
Office on the 20th January 1875.,
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM
EDWARD NEWTON, of the Office for Patents, 66, Chancery Lane, in the
County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, send greeting..
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Twentieth day of July, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-four, in the thirty-
eighth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto me, the said William Edward Newton, Her special
licence that I, the said William Edward Newton, my executors, admini-:
strators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said William Edward Newton,

page_text: my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during
the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise,
and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
CHEMICAL TELEGRAPHS AND IN APPARATUS CONNECTED THEREWITH," being a com-
munication to me from abroad by Theodore Marshall Foote and Charles
Adams Randall, of the City of New York, United States of America,
upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said William Edward
Newton, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing
under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly
describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what
manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed
in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and
immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
'NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said William Edward Newton, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner
the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained
in and by the following statement, reference being had to the Drawing
hereunto annexed, and to the letters and figures marked thereon (that is
to say):
:-
This Invention relates to chemical telegraphs and to apparatus con-
nected therewith, in which the proper makes and breaks in the circuit
are made at the transmitting instrument through the medium of a
perforated fillet of paper. Part of the Invention may however be applied*
to other systems of telegraphy with advantage.
In working chemical telegraphs a great obstacle to rapid transmission
has arisen from the fact that the lines become "clogged" or surcharged
either with the battery current or an "extra induced" or earth current,
the result being that a discharge continues at the receiving end of a
line after the battery circuit has been completely broken at the
transmitting end. Thus a "tailing" is produced, which in rapid writing.
often fills the places of all the spacings, the resultant writing being.
merely a long indistinguishable dash or line. In some instances it has
5 been attempted to obviate this defect by artificial leaks, in which case
the battery current also escaping by the leaks the current on arriving at
the receiving station was so weakened as to be incapable of writing.

page_text: legibly. One part of the present Invention is intended to obviate this
"tailing" and dispensing with artificial leaks, and using only the
ordinary, or even a smaller amount than usual of battery power. To
this end two currents of opposite polarities are employed, usually the
positive current for actually recording the message (the recording
current), and the one of opposite polarity for freeing the line, as herein-
after explained, the equating or clearing current.
Upon a recording current being transmitted for making any integral.
"portion of a telegraph symbol a discharging current from the opposite
pole of the battery (used for the recording current) or from the opposite
pole of a separate battery is immediately transmitted, which serves to
discharge any of the recording current left upon the line, or counteracts
the effect of any extra induced or earth currents, thereby rendering it
possible for the recording current to act sharply and quickly and to
produce a well defined signal. To carry this into effect paper having an
extra line of perforations is used for the purpose of closing the circuit
of the clearing current. If the signal or recording perforations are in
one row these additional perforations will form a second row; if in two
rows, as now often used, they will form a third row, and must be
between each and every perforation in the other row or rows.
with such paper a drum having two styluses or pens, preferably made
of a number of fine wires forming a brush, insulated from each other is
provided and connected to the opposite poles of one or two batteries, the
current from either pole being thrown through the drum upon a common
linė or earth connection.
For use
In order to retain at the sending office a copy of the message
transmitted upon the shaft of the transmitting drum (but insulated
therefrom) is arranged a second or receiving drum, the circuit con-
nections being so arranged as to compel when desired the transmitted
current to pass through this recording drum and mark (upon properly
prepared paper placed thereon) the message transmitted. This recording
drum is also, used as a receiver, the connections being so arranged that
the currents received may be passed directly therethrough to the
ground.
A frictional speed governor is adapted to the last shaft of the motive
power, the speed being obtained through the compression of a spring
placed thereon. This compression is effected by a lever bearing at one

page_text: end upon a collar resting against the spring, the lever being fulcrumed,
and at its other end (the end manipulated by the operator) sweeping
over an index graduated to indicate the degree of compression, and
hence the speed allowed the machine. By this means the different
machines in the lines may be adjusted to a degree of synchronism
sufficiently accurate for this system of telegraphy.
.
:
and at its other end (the end manipulated by the operator) sweeping
over an index graduated to indicate the degree of compression, and
hence the speed allowed the machine. By this means the different
machines in the lines may be adjusted to a degree of synchronism
sufficiently accurate for this system of telegraphy.
In the accompanying Drawings Fig. 1 (Sheet I.) is a front view with
frame removed; and Fig. 2 is a top view of our improved apparatus.
Fig. 3 is a plan view or diagram shewing the circuits in the
apparatus.
Figures 4, 5, and 6 are diagrams showing the circuits in varying
arrangements of the clearing or freeing battery.
Fig. 7 shews two styles of perforated paper, each having the additional
row of perforations.
Fig. 8 is a detailed view of the governor lever.
A, A, is a suitable metallic frame for holding and supporting the
various parts of the apparatus. It is placed on a suitable base A¹ on
which are also secured the binding posts 1, 2, 3, the switch E, and
contact points therefor G, F. Secured in the framing is a train of
wheels B, B, driven by a spring, weight, or other suitable motive power,
and terminating in the shaft N on which is secured the governor spring
and also the governor regulating the speed of the train. This train
communicates motion to the transmitting drum C and recording drum D
fixed on shaft . The drum C is in metallic connection with the shaft,
and by this means with the frame, while D is insulated from the shaft
and forms a metallic connection only by means of the spring's bearing
against it, and through the springs or styluses c, d, (as seen at Fig. 2,
Sheet I.) the former c resting immediately upon the drum, while the
spring or stylus & rests upon the raised edge thereof. Upon the drum C
rest two styluses a, b, insulated from each other. These styluses are con
nected with the opposite poles of either the same or different batteries,
one closing the circuit of the recording, the other of the discharging
battery. The perforated paper for use therewith is shewn detached at
Fig. 7, in which H shows the signal perforations in one line e, while. in
Hthey are in two lines e, e¹.. It will therefore be seen that immediately
succeeding every perforation for closing the recording current, one of
:
•

page_text: the perforations of a second or third row f is made for closing the dis-
charging battery circuit, so that upon the circuit of the recording
battery being broken, the discharging battery circuit is immediately
completed by one of the perforations of the extra row f coming under
its stylus 6 in this instance, thereby sending upon the line a current of
opposite polarity, cutting off any prolonged action of the battery current,
discharging and neutralizing the effect of any extra earth or induced
currents with which the line may become charged, the line being left
free and clear for the next succeeding recording current.
All the styluses a, b, c, d, Fig. 2, are properly mounted or supported
upon one of the shafts of the train of wheels or in any other suitable
manner. Upon the last shaft N of the train is fixed a coiled spring L
attached to a collar on and revolving with the said shaft. Pivotted at g
to the frame is a lever J having a recess h at its lower end arranged to
embrace the shaft N, and upon being vibrated in one direction to com-
press the spring L and bear against it. The upper end of the lever J
plays over an arc k having graduations i, i, upon it, so that the degree
of compression necessary for a certain speed may be noted and the lever
adjusted accordingly. Surrounding and concentric to the shaft N is a
hollow drum M. Upon N is arranged a centrifugal governor n, n³,
pivotted to N at o, shewn by dots at Fig. 2. This is so adjusted that
at the maximum of speed to be allowed to the train, the ends n, n¹, shall
come in contact with the inner surface of M and keep the speed
uniform by the increased resistance due to the friction between M
and n, n.
The operation and arrangement of circuits is as follows:-Referring
to Fig. 3, post 1 is, say the positive pole of a battery conveying in this
case the recording current, while 2 is the negative pole of a battery
'conveying the discharging current. From post 1 a wire 5 leads to
the transmitting stylus a, and from post 2 a wire 6 leads to the dis-
charging stylus b. From either stylus the circuit is through the drum C,
shaft r, and wire 9 to the button F; the shaft and wire 9 here
representing the connection, preferably made in practice through the
frame of the transmitting connection. The switch E is turned upon F
and the circuit being thence by 8 to spring S, drum D, stylus c or d,
wire 7, to post 3 and line. If now the switch E be upon F, and the
paper H, Fig. 2, be fed or moved over C, as the stylus a falls into a
perforation, thereby closing the recording circuit, the path of-the circuit

page_text: will be from post 1 over 5, a, drum C, 7, 9, F, E, 8, 8, D, c, 7, 3 line,
leaving its record on suitably prepared paper passing over D. On this
recording circuit being broken, 6 immediately closes the discharging
circuit by falling into one of the perforations of the extra row f of the
perforated paper, this current taking the same circuit and acting therein
as before explained. In order to receive from a distant station the
switch E is turned upon the button G, which is connected to an earth
plate. The path of the incoming current is then from line to post 3.
by 7, c, through paper to D, 8, 8, E, G, to ground.
Figures 4, 5, and 6 show modifications in the arrangement of the
batteries easily understood from the foregoing without further ex-
planation, but we would say in regard to Fig. 6 that in said Figure is
shewn a modification of connection and apparatus.
In the Drawing D¹ represents a suitable metallic drum; p¹, a pen or
circuit closer; p, p, the perforated paper; and B, B', the batteries, one
battery B for the purpose of recording, the other battery B for dis-
charging the line. When the pen p¹ is connected with the drum D¹
through the perforated paper a current is sent from the recording
battery over circuit G³, z, B, c, D¹, p¹, to line, and when the pen p¹ is
insulated from D₁ by the unperforated paper intervening the said pen p¹
then comes in contact with screw 8, and an impulse of an opposite
nature is sent over the circuit G³, c, B¹, z; 8, p', to line. By this method
it will be seen that the batteries B and B are alternately sent to line,
and in this case only the regular perforations in the paper are required:
I would remark that the drum D, Fig. 3, may be made loose on the
shaft r, and thrown into action with the drum
by any well-known
frictional devices.
It is evident that friction rolls or equivalent devices for drawing the
paperover the drums are required. As they are old, and the method of
applying them is obvious, I have not deemed it necessary to complicate
the Drawings by shewing them.
It-it evident that the method of freeing or clearing the line by alter-
nating currents may be used without the devices for retaining a copy of
the message sent, and that the additional drum may be arranged to
preserve a record, of messages sent with ordinary transmitters by a
current of unvarying polarity. I therefore do not limit myself to their
'conioint use
.

page_text: '
-
The Invention also further relates to improvements in relays and
repeaters that can be used as relays ordinarily are, that is, as relays
simply at terminal and ordinary way stations, and at repeating stations in
the combination of relays and sounders, known as repeaters. In this
relay is used a pivotted armature, passing through and playing in one or
more helices, by which it is inductively polarized whenever a current is
passed therethrough. Upon one side of this armature is arranged a pair of
electro-magnets, whose cores are contiguous to the armature, the helices
thereof being traversed by a constant electrical current, so that while no
other influence is acting upon the armature it will be attracted by these
cores. On the opposite side is arranged a pair of electro-magnets with
such connections that the helices thereof are traversed by the main line
current when passing, which current preferably also passes through the
coil surrounding the armature. These three sets of helices are so wound
that when all are excited the vibrating armature shall be acted on by
the attractive force of one set, and the repellant force of another set
simultaneously, that is, there shall be no neutralization by similar poles
acting oppositely on it at the same end, but that it shall be acted on by
what may be termed a full "push and pull." This makes an apparatus
exceedingly sensitive to the quickest and most delicate pulsations of the
electric current.
It is well known that short currents, mere flashes, corresponding to
the dot of the Morse alphabet, may be transmitted with immense rapidity
over land lines or submarine cables, but when the length of the
pulsations is varied to form dots and dashes the speed is very greatly
reduced. Hence the method preferred is to make such signals by short
currents or pulsations corresponding simply to a dot, a dash being
recognized by the space left after the dot, which is substituted therefor.
This may be done by hand, or preferably by paper perforated in two
rows, one row for positive and one row for negative currents, succeeding
each other alternately, and all of equal extent, the dash being repre-
sented by an extra space of unperforated paper...
. Fig. 9 of Sheet II. is a side view, and Fig. 10 is a plan of the
improved relay.
Fig. 11 is a circuit diagram thereof, and Fig. 12 is a view of the
perforated paper before referred to.

page_text: 7, and 8, for making the proper local line battery and ground con-
nections are secured, the electro-magnets M, M, and M², M, arranged
generally opposite to each other, but with their cores out of either the
same vertical or horizontal planes (in this case they are in different
vertical planes) so that the circles of their inductive magnetic, influence
respectively shall not interfere. The cores e, e¹, of M² are extended
some little distance beyond the heads of the helices, and between these
cores and the heads of the magnets M is arranged a helix M' through
which passes, and is polarized by it the armature a pivotted to the
upright D, so as to be capable of motion toward either M or M³. The
opposite end of a plays between set screws 8, s', in an upright D. To a
and to s, s', the proper connections may be made for either making or
breaking an electrical circuit upon a imping against either set screw;
M and M² are supported in the usual manner, and are arranged to be
adjusted by adjusting screws C, C, in the usual manner.
Referring to Fig. 11 the arrangement of circuits is as follows:- -To
post 3 a connection is made from a local battery, from which the circuit
passes through M³, M², and thence by post 4 back to the battery. This
causes (when no line current is on) the armature a to be attracted
by M², M², and held against the set screw s'. At post 1 the line current
enters and passes by wire 1' to M³, thence by wire 2' to magnets M, M,
and thence by 3' to post 2, and line again, or to the ground. The
helix M' is so wound that the ends of a will have the same polarity
when polarized as the cores of M², M², opposite thereto, while M is so
wound that the polarity of either of its cores will be opposite to that of
the core of M², M³, opposite thereto, and consequently also opposite to
that of the adjacent end of. a. From this it will be seen that upon a
line current being transmitted through M and M a is repelled by the
cores e, e¹, of M², M², and attracted by M, being thereby swung over to s.
On the current ceasing a is immediately depolarized, and is attracted
again by M², M², over against s'. The letters N, S, upon the armature a,
and the cores of the magnet show the resultant polarities, as they would
be with the connections as described. It is evident, however, that these
connections may be varied, the rule to be observed being that the
winding and connections must be such as to cause one set of magnets to
repel and one to attract the armature, that is, the armature must be
acted on doubly by both "push" and "pull," so that very delicate or
weak currents may be rendered available.

page_text: By posts 5 or 6, 7 or 8, wires 5' or 6', 8¹ or 9¹, armature a, and set
screws s or s¹ a local circuit embracing a battery and any desired
instrument is connected in the usual way. It is preferred to use with
this relay (though it may be used as relays ordinarily are, as a simple
relay or in a repeater) momentary currents or impulses of short duration;
that is mere dots. To do this currents of opposite polarities are used,
regularly alternating, and of exactly or nearly equal duration. Each
current so transmitted would represent a dot; to represent a dash a space.
is used after what may be called the initial impulse of the dash, longer
than that occurring after a mere dot.
Fig. 12, Sheet II., represents paper perforated to accomplish this, the
upper row transmitting, say, + and the lower currents. The
apertures g, h, following each other without intermission indicate dots,
while as to i and j" the intervening unperforated spaces indicate that
they are dashes. In using this paper we prefer to vary the connections
in the relay, M and M² being connected in the line circuit, and M in the
local, the rule before given being followed in making such connection.
Having now described the Invention of " Improvements in Chemical
Telegraphs, and in Apparatus connected therewith," and having
explained the manner of carrying the same into effect, I wish it to be
understood that I claim as the Invention secured to me by Letters
Patent as aforesaid,-
First. The fillet of paper or other non-conducting material for direct
recording chemical telegraphs, provided with an extra row of perfora-
tions, the perforations in such extra row being so arranged as to come
directly after each and every perforation in the row or rows corres-
ponding to the message, as herein set forth.
Second. The fillet of paper or other non-conducting material perforated
with an extra row of perforations between each and every perforation in
the row or rows corresponding to the message, in combination with an
extra pen or stylus connected to pole of battery opposite to the recording
battery, for the purpose of discharging or freeing a telegraph line or
cable of unavailable or surplus electricity, as herein set forth.
"
Third. The fillet of paper or other non-conducting material perforated
with an extra row of perforations between each and every perforation in
the row or rows corresponding to the message, in combination with an

page_text: extra pen or stylus, connected to earth for the purpose of discharging or
freeing a telegraph line or cable of unavailable and surplus electricity,
as herein set forth.
Fourth. A fillet of paper provided with an extra row of perforations
in combination with an extra pen or stylus, connected to earth in com-
bination with a discharging or extra battery at the receiving end of a
line for the purpose of discharging or freeing a telegraph line or cable of
unavailable or surplus electricity, as herein set forth.
Fifth. The method herein set forth of working automatic or chemical
telegraphs, consisting in the transmission of alternating currents of
opposite polarities, one current effecting the recording, the other acting
as a discharging or freeing current, and being thrown upon the line
immediately after each break in the circuit of the recording current, as
and for the purposes described.
Sixth. In automatic or chemical telegraphs, the method of obviating
"tailings" or blurs, and of effecting a ready discharge or freeing of the
line, the same consisting in throwing upon the line, immediately upon
cach and every break in the circuit of the recording current, a current
or impulse of opposite polarity, as and for the purposes described.
Seventh. The combination with the transmitting drum of a recording
and receiving drum, and circuits connecting them and the line, the
transmitted current being thereby thrown through the recording drum,
so that a copy of the message sent may be taken, as herein set forth.
Eighth. The combination of an adjustable governor with the motive
power for driving the receiving and transmitting drums of an automatic
telegraph apparatus, as and for the purpose described.
.
Ninth. In combination with the transmitting drum of an automatic
or chemical apparatus of two or more styluses insulated from each
other, and connected to opposite battery poles, as and for the purposes
described.
Tenth. The combination of the armature a provided with a polarizing
helix or helices M³, and the electro-magnets M, M, M², M², having
electrical circuit connections as described, and arranged to act upon said
armature in the manner and for the purpose herein set forth.
Eleventh. The combination of the electro-magnets M², M², provided
with the extended cores e, e¹, the electro-magnets M, M, and helix M',

page_text: the helix M being arranged transversely to the magnets M, M, M², M³,
and between the cores e, e', as and for the purpose described.
Twelfth. The method herein set forth of transmitting electrical signals,
the same consisting in sending over the line regularly alternating
currents of opposite polarity, and of equal duration, the dots and dashes 5
being distinguished by the space left after the transmission of any single
impulse, substantially as and for the purpose described.
Thirteenth. A fillet of paper or other non-conducting material per-
forated for telegraphic transmission in two rows, each row serving to
transmit currents of a polarity opposite to those transmitted by the 1
other row, the perforations in both rows being of equal size, and in each
row intervening between those in the other row, as and for the purposes
herein set forth.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Edward Newton, have
hereunto set my hand and seal, the Twelfth day of January, in 1
the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-
five.